,a transcriber's note follows the text4 ,,records ,,of ,,steam ,,boiler ,,explosions1 ,,by ,,edward ,,bindon ,,marten1 ,,mem4 ,,inst4 ,,of ,,mechanical ,,engineers2 ,,associate ,,of ,,institution ,,of ,,civil ,,engineers1 ,,and ,,chief ,,engineer ,,to ,,the ,,midland ,,steam ,,boiler ,,inspection ,,and ,,assurance ,,co4 ,,london2 ,e4 ,f4 ,n4 ,,spon1 #dh1 ,,charing ,,cross4 ,,stourbridge3 ,r4 ,,broomhall1 #adh1 ,,high ,,street4 #ahgb4 ,,preface4 ,accurate information as to ,boiler ,explosions must always be useful to those who are interested in the safe working of ,steam ,boilers4 ,the following pages contain very brief abstracts of records obtained for the ,midland ,steam ,boiler ,inspection and ,assurance ,company1 by whose permission they are now republished in a compact and convenient form4 ,by permission of the ,council of the ,institution of ,mechanical ,engineers1 the records are prefaced by a ,paper on ,steam ,boiler ,explosions and their records1 and on ,inspection as a means of prevention1 read before that ,institution at ,manchester1 ,august #ast1 #ahff1 and a further ,paper on the ,conclusions derived from the experience of recent ,steam ,boiler ,explosions1 read before the same ,institution at ,nottingham1 ,august #crd1 #ahgj4 ,all names of ,works or ,firms are omitted from the records as unnecessary4 ,,on ,,steam ,,boiler ,,explosions ,,and ,,their ,,records1 ,,and ,,on ,,inspection ,,as ,a ,,means ,,of ,,prevention1 ,,by ,,edward ,b4 ,,marten1 ,,mem4 ,,inst4 ,m4,e4 ,a4,i4,c4,e41 ,,excerpt ,,minutes ,,of ,,proceedings ,,of ,,the ,,meeting ,,of ,,the ,,institution ,,of ,,mechanical ,,engineers1 ,,at ,,manchester1 #a,,st ,,august1 #ahff1 ,,joseph ,,whitworth1 ,,esq41 ,,president1 ,,in ,,the ,,chair4 ,,by ,,permission ,,of ,,the ,,council4 ,the subject of ,steam ,boiler ,explosions1 which was brought before this ,institution in ,june1 #ahdh1 in a paper by the late ,mr4 ,william ,smith of ,dudley in reference to an explosion near that place1 and again in #ahei in a paper by ,mr4 ,longridge on the economy and durability of stationary boilers1 is one of great importance and is now attracting increased attention4 ,the first public notice of the subject was by a parliamentary committee in #ahag1 which was appointed in consequence of a very fatal boiler explosion in ,london in #ahae2 evidence was then collected as to steamboats1 and many boiler explosions were referred to4 ,that committee recommended among other things that boilers should be made of wrought iron1 instead of cast iron or copper1 which had been the materials mainly used previously2 that they should be inspected and tested2 and that there should be two safety valves1 each loaded to one third of the test pressure1 under penalties for any excess4 ,a great part of the information now existing upon the subject1 especially in regard to the earlier explosions1 is to be found in the records of inquests after fatal cases2 and some of the careful reports of eminent engineers on those occasions have materially assisted in the formation of correct views as to the causes of explosion4 ,latterly also the printed reports of the inspectors of mines1 and more especially the reports of the explosions of locomotives1 illustrated by diagrams by the inspectors of railways1 have furnished very valuable information4 ,since the subject has been taken up by private associations for the prevention of explosions1 many more records have been published1 although their usefulness is much impaired by their not containing the names of the places whereby the explosions could be identified4 ,when the writer's attention was first directed to this subject1 he met with great difficulty in obtaining correct records of boiler explosions1 from which to arrive at the results of past experience2 and wishing to base his own opinion on facts1 rather than on the inferences of others however reliable1 he followed the example of the ,franklin ,institute in their elaborate investigation of the subject1 and collected all the records he could find2 and by way of facilitating reference1 arranged an index1 a manuscript copy of which is presented with the present paper to the ,library of this ,institution4 ,all must be agreed as to the importance of reliable information on such accidents as boiler explosions2 and the writer would suggest that this ,institution may materially aid in obtaining the desired records and placing them within easy access1 by becoming the depository of reports on explosions1 and by inducing those who have the opportunity to forward copies of reports1 that these may be arranged so as to be easily found and consulted4 ,it is very desirable that these reports should as far as possible be illustrated by sketches1 as aids to the description2 and also by slight models like those now shown to the meeting1 by which the whole matter may be seen at a glance4 ,so few persons comparatively have the opportunity of examining boilers after explosion1 that the most erroneous ideas have prevailed1 and theories have been advanced which would soon be dissipated by practical experience or by reading accurate reports4 ,it would also very much aid in the understanding of published matter on the subject1 if full descriptions of each case alluded to in illustration could be obtained4 ,these records are as useful to the engineer as the precedents or cases to the lawyer or the surgeon4 ,after any serious explosion1 the newspapers of the neighbourhood in which it has occurred contain voluminous articles describing the disastrous result and the damage done1 which1 although useful as far as they go1 do not in the least assist in arriving at the cause of explosion4 ,the really important particulars1 such as the description and construction of the boiler1 its dimensions1 and the pressure at which it worked1 are in most cases omitted altogether4 ,the record of explosions presented to the ,institution contains a list of the boiler explosions in each year of the present century1 as far as known to the writer1 with the names of the places1 and the description and sizes of the boilers1 and the supposed cause of explosion1 together with references to the books or papers from which further information may be obtained4 ,of course many of the explosions have to be put down as uncertain in some of the particulars2 but every year improves the record1 as fresh information is obtained1 and with the assistance of the members of this ,institution it might be made far more perfect and extensive4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the total number of explosions here recorded is #ajdf1 and they caused the death of #djgf persons and the injury of #bijc4 ,the causes assigned for the several explosions are very numerous1 and are no doubt incorrect in many cases2 but they may be generally stated as follows3 #cig are too uncertain to place under any heading2 but of the rest #ade were from the boilers being worn out1 or from corrosion1 or from deteriorated plates or rivets4 #acg from over pressure1 from safety valves being wedged or overweighted1 in some cases intentionally1 or from other acts of carelessness4 #abe from faulty construction of boiler or fittings1 want of stays1 or neglect of timely repair4 #aai from collapse of internal tubes1 generally from insufficient strength4 #aad from shortness of water1 or from scurf preventing the proper contact of the water with the plates2 or from improper setting so as to expose the sides of the boiler to the flame above the water line4 #i from extraneous causes1 such as effect of lightning striking down the stacks upon the boilers1 or from fire in the building or explosion of gas in the flues4 ---- #ajdf total number of explosions4 ,the exploded boilers were of the following descriptions3-- #bcb are not sufficiently described to place under any head2 but of the rest #cbj were ,marine boilers of various forms4 #ada were ,cornish1 ,lancashire1 or other boilers internally fired4 #abj were ,locomotive1 or other multitubular boilers4 #aaf were plain ,cylindrical boilers1 externally fired4 #fd were ,balloon or haystack1 wagon1 ,butterley1 ,british-tube1 elephant1 or ,trevithick boilers4 #bi were ,portable1 agricultural1 upright1 or crane boilers4 #ad were ,heating apparatus or kitchen boilers4 #aj were ,upright boilers attached to puddling or mill furnaces at ironworks4 ---- #ajdf total number of explosions4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,the theories as to the causes of explosion have been numerous4 ,in the early days of the steam engine1 when the steam was used only as a condensing medium and the pressure in the boiler was frequently allowed to get below atmospheric pressure1 many boilers were destroyed by the access of the external atmospheric pressure becoming too great1 causing them to be collapsed or crumpled up2 and this led to the use of the atmospheric valve still found on old boilers4 ,even so lately as last year1 #ahfe1 a boiler in the neighbourhood of ,bury1 ,lancashire1 has suffered in this way by collapse from external pressure2 its appearance after the accident is shown in ,fig4 #a1 which is copied from a photograph4 ,the early explosions were so palpably due to the weakness of the boilers1 which compared with those of the present day were most ill constructed1 that no one thought of any other cause than the insufficient strength of the vessel to bear the expansive force of the steam contained in it4 ,when the advantages of high-pressure steam became recognized1 and the boilers were improved so as to bear the increased strain1 the tremendous havoc caused by an explosion led many to think that something more must be required than the expansive force of the steam to produce such an effect2 and they appear to have attributed to steam under certain conditions a detonating force1 or a sudden access of expansive power that overcame all resistance4 ,to support this somewhat natural supposition1 it was asserted that the steam became partially decomposed into its constituent gases1 forming an explosive mixture within the boiler4 ,that this belief is still sometimes entertained is seen from the verdict of a jury even in the present year1 #ahff1 in the case of the explosion of a plain cylindrical boiler at ,leicester1 shown in ,fig4 #b41 the real cause of which appears to have been that the shell of the boiler was weakened by the manhole4 ,it seems hardly necessary to point out the fallacy of imagining decomposition and recomposition of the steam to take place in succession in the same vessel without the introduction of any new element for causing a change of chemical combination2 but it is necessary to refer to this supposition1 as the idea is shown to be not yet extinct4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,again it has been asserted that the steam when remaining quite still in the boiler becomes heated much beyond the temperature due to the pressure2 and that therefore when it is stirred or mixed or brought more in contact with the water by the opening of a valve or other cause1 the water evaporates so rapidly as to produce an excessive pressure by accumulation of steam4 ,in support of this view the frequency of explosions upon the starting of the engine after a short stand is adduced2 but it is very doubtful whether by this means a sufficient extra pressure could be produced to cause an explosion1 unless the boiler had been previously working up to within a very small margin of its strength4 ,explosions are seldom caused by a sudden increase of pressure1 but rather by the pressure gradually mounting to the bursting point1 when of course the effect is sudden enough4 ,nor is it necessary in many cases to look for much increase of pressure as the cause of explosion2 for it is far more often the case that the strength of the boiler has gradually degenerated by wear or corrosion1 until unable to bear even the ordinary working pressure4 ,it is so very easy1 when examining the scene of an explosion1 for the first cause of rupture to be confounded with the causes of the subsequent mischief1 that in many cases erroneous conclusions have been arrived at in this way4 ,the most important points to find out in connection with any explosion are the condition of the boiler and all belonging to it immediately before the explosion1 together with the locality of the first rent1 the direction of the line of rupture1 and the nature of the fracture2 as everything occurring after the instant of the first rent is an effect and not a cause of explosion4 ,as soon as the first rent has taken place1 the balance of strain in the fabric is disturbed1 and therefore the internal pressure has greatly increased power in continuing the rupture2 and also the pressure being then removed from the surface of the water1 which is already heated to the temperature of the steam1 the whole body of the water gives out its heat in the form of steam at a considerable pressure1 and thus supplies the volume of steam for carrying on the work of destruction4 ,when thus quickly generated1 the steam perhaps carries part of the water with it in the same way that it does in ordinary priming2 and it has been thought by some that the impact of the water is thus added to that of the steam1 to aid in the shock given to all surrounding obstacles4 ,it is seldom that one out of a bed of boilers explodes without more or less injury to the others on either side of it2 but sometimes two boilers in one bed1 or three1 or even five1 have exploded simultaneously4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the causes of boiler explosions may be considered under the two general heads of-- ,firstly1 faults in the fabric of the boiler itself as originally constructed1 such as bad shape1 want of stays1 bad material1 defective workmanship1 or injudicious setting3--and ,secondly1 mischief arising during working1 either from wear and tear1 or from overheating through shortness of water or accumulation of scurf2 or from corrosion1 in its several forms of general thinning1 pitting1 furrowing1 or channelling of the plates2 or from flaws or fractures in the material1 or injury by the effect of repeated strain2 or from undue pressure through want of adequate arrangements for escape of surplus steam4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,there is no doubt that many of the early explosions were from faults of construction4 ,the stronger materials now used were then found so difficult to manipulate that others easier to work were chosen1 and often the shape of the boiler was only selected as the one easiest to make4 ,the early boilers were made of copper or cast iron1 with leaden or even wooden tops1 and of the weakest possible shape4 ,such was the boiler used by ,savery1 shown in ,fig4 #c41 and the ,tun ,boiler and ,flange boiler1 ,figs4 #d and #e4 ,the very fatal explosion in ,london in #ahae1 referred to by the parliamentary commission previously named1 was of a cast-iron boiler1 which failed because one side was too thin to bear the pressure1 as the casting was of irregular thickness4 ,the steam being at that time used only at or below atmospheric pressure as a means of obtaining a vacuum by condensation for working by the external pressure of the atmosphere1 so little was pressure of the steam thought of1 that boilers were proposed and it is believed were actually constructed with hooped wooden shells1 like barrels1 and internal fireplaces and flues of copper2 and even a stone chamber was named as being a suitable shell for a boiler1 with internal fireplace and copper flue passing three times the length of the inside and out at the top1 like an ordinary stove and piping4 ,these boilers must have been something like the sketches given in ,figs4 #f and #g1 and were intended to be exposed only to the external pressure of the atmosphere4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,cast iron was frequently used for the shell of boilers1 with an internal fireplace and tubes of wrought iron1 as shown in ,fig4 #h1 and boilers of this construction are still to be found in use at some of the older works at the present day4 ,as the outside shell and front plate are #a-a_/b inch thick and are not exposed to any wear at all1 these boilers are sufficiently strong4 ,a duplicate front plate with set of tubes attached is always kept on hand in case of need4 ,another form of cast-iron boiler is shown in ,fig4 #i41 made in several parts put together with flange joints1 with an internal fireplace and flue also made of cast iron4 ,when cast iron was used for the parts exposed to the fire in boilers intended for high pressure1 it was sometimes employed in the form of tubes of small diameter and proportionately thinner2 as in ,woolf's boiler1 so much spoken of in the evidence before the parliamentary committee of #ahag4 ,this boiler1 shown in ,fig4 #aj41 consisted of nine cast-iron pipes1 about #a foot diameter and #i feet long1 set in brickwork so that the flame played all round them4 ,these small tubes were connected with another of larger size placed transversely above them1 forming a steam receiver1 and this again with a still larger one1 which formed a steam chamber4 ,no details of any explosions of the three last mentioned boilers have been obtained2 but it is known that the cast iron was found a most treacherous material1 especially when exposed to the action of the fire2 and that the effect of explosion was very disastrous1 because the boiler burst at once into many pieces1 each of which was driven out with great velocity1 and the danger was not mitigated by the circumstance of large masses holding together1 as is found to be the case with wrought-iron boilers when exploded4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,when wrought-iron boilers came into use the shapes were most varied1 and the dimensions much larger than before4 ,one of the earliest was the ,wagon boiler1 shown in ,fig4 #aa1 with round top and plain flat sides1 which could only be made to bear even the smallest pressure by being strengthened with numerous stays4 ,in most cases of explosion of this class of boiler the bottom was torn off1 owing to the angle iron round it being weakened by the alternate bending backwards and forwards under each variation of pressure1 as all the sides and the bottom must be constantly springing when at work4 ,such was the explosion at ,chester in #ahbb1 and many others4 ,this shape was soon improved in its steam generating powers by making the sides concave instead of flat1 as shown in ,fig4 #ab1 so that the heating surface was greater and also in a better position to receive the heat from the flame in the flues4 ,this shape was further elaborated by rounding the ends as in ,fig #ac1 and in some cases making the bottom convex to correspond with the top1 as in ,fig4 #ad4 ,all these forms however still required numerous stays to retain them in shape1 the safety of the boiler being dependent upon the stays2 and numerous explosions show the weakness of these boilers4 ,they generally gave way at the bottom1 as in an explosion that occurred at ,manchester in #ahdb1 where the boiler had been weakened by frequent patching2 they also sometimes exploded through the failure of the stays4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,a very early improvement in the right direction consisted in making the shell circular2 and some few large boilers still exist that were made completely spherical1 as show in ,fig4 #ae1 so that the whole of the iron was exposed to tension only1 and required no assistance from stays1 and the boiler had no tendency to alter its shape under varying pressure4 ,this shape however had the great disadvantage of possessing the least amount of heating surface for its size or cubic contents2 and also it was very liable to injury from sediment on the bottom1 which accumulated on the most central spot4 ,the spherical form was therefore soon modified into the shape shown in ,fig4 #af1 by making the bottom more shallow1 although still convex2 and afterwards by putting flat or concave sides and a flat or concave bottom1 with the angle constructed either of bent plates or angle iron1 as in ,figs4 #ag and #ah1 which represent the forms known so well in the ,staffordshire district as the common ,balloon or ,haystack boiler4 ,many of these have been made of very great size1 measuring as much as #bj feet diameter1 and containing so much water and steam as to be most formidable magazines for explosion4 ,perhaps no form of boiler has exploded more than this1 partly because of the great number that have been used1 but chiefly because of the inherent weakness of the shape4 ,the records however have not been obtained of the great majority of these explosions1 because they seldom caused sufficient damage or loss of life to attract much attention1 as these boilers generally worked in isolated positions at collieries4 ,the bottom is only prevented from blowing down into the fireplace by numerous stays from the top1 and the angle iron round the bottom of the sides is much tried by the constant springing of the plates under every alternation of pressure2 and the weakness thus occasioned is increased by the angle resting on the brickwork and being exposed to corrosion4 ,the effect of this continued alternation of strain is well shown by the elastic model exhibited4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,notwithstanding the dependence of these boilers upon stays for their strength1 many have been made as large as #ab and #ae feet diameter without stays2 and explosion sooner or later has been the consequence4 ,such was an explosion that took place at ,smethwick in #ahfb1 which is shown in ,fig4 #ai4 ,as the force of the explosion was only slight1 the effect of the bottom giving way1 and the consequent rolling over caused by the reaction of the issuing steam and water1 is clearly seen4 ,another example that occurred at ,wednesbury in #ahfb is shown in ,fig4 #bj1 where the explosion was rather more violent1 the bottom of the boiler being torn off all round and left upon the firegrate1 and rent nearly into two pieces2 while the top and sides were thrown some height in one mass1 and were only put out of shape by the fall4 ,the weakness of this boiler had been further increased by making the bottom angle of angle iron1 as shown enlarged in ,fig4 #ba1 with a ring of flat plate ,a interposed between the angle-iron ring and the concave bottom of the boiler2 so that all the effect of the springing of the bottom1 as shown by the dotted lines1 was thrown upon the angle iron1 which was accordingly found cut off all round4 ,had the concave bottom been made to rise direct from the angle iron1 as in ,fig4 #bb1 the springing could not have been so great1 and the angle iron would only have had to stand the shearing strain of retaining in its place the rigid bottom2 but as about one foot all round the bottom was flat1 and the concavity was only in the central part1 the angle-iron ring had to bear an up and down strain1 as shown by the dotted lines in ,fig4 #ba1 and the bending action was more severe than it would have been if the bottom had even been made quite flat all over4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,a further form of the ,balloon boiler is shown in ,fig4 #bc1 where the heating surface of the bottom is increased by an internal central dome-shaped fireplace1 with an arched and curved flue conducting the flame through one revolution within the boiler before passing again round the outside4 ,this construction however must necessarily have diminished the strength of the boiler greatly4 ,in the drawing the top of the boiler1 as indicated by the dotted lines1 is removed to show the interior4 ,the desire to add to the strength of boilers by lessening the diameter of the shell led to the construction of the ,plain ,cylindrical boilers4 ,they were made first with flat ends of cast iron1 which frequently cracked and gave way when exposed to the fire1 as described in many of the early ,american explosions4 ,the flat ends when made of wrought iron1 as shown in ,fig4 #bd1 are exposed to the same strain as the bottom of the balloon and wagon boilers1 and are constantly springing with variation of pressure like drum heads1 causing injury to the angle-iron joint4 ,they also require long stays through them to hold in the ends1 and these are subject to so much vibration that they seldom continue sound for long together1 especially when joined with forked ends and cotters4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,as the flat ends of such boilers are always being sprung by each alternation of pressure into a more or less spherical shape1 as shown by the elastic model exhibited1 this consideration no doubt led to the ends being made hemispherical1 as shown in ,fig4 #be2 and plain cylindrical boilers with these hemispherical ends are now so commonly used that they far outnumber any other form of boiler4 ,their shape renders them very strong1 as the whole of the iron is in simple tension1 and internal pressure has no tendency to alter the shape1 as is shown by the elastic model exhibited4 ,there is one circumstance very much in favour of the plain cylindrical boilers1 and that is that they can be so easily cleaned and repaired1 as a man can stand properly at his work at every part and the whole of the interior surface is exposed equally to view4 ,they are of course exposed to all the evils of boilers externally fired1 the part under greatest strain being weakened by the action of the fire2 and the bottom is also exposed to injury from accumulation of mud and chips of scurf1 which cannot be prevented from falling there1 and lying upon the part exposed to the direct action of the fire4 ,when made of great length1 such as #gj or #hj feet1 as is the practice for applying the waste gas from blast furnaces1 these boilers are also liable to seam-rips or broken backs1 owing to the greater expansion of the bottom exposed to the fierce flame for its whole length1 than of the top which is kept cooler by exposure to the air2 and it would therefore be better to have a succession of short boilers1 rather than only a single one1 where great length is required4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,one boiler has been seen by the writer where extreme length was avoided by curling the boiler round until the ends met forming a ,ring or ,annular boiler4 ,this boiler is shown in ,fig4 #bf1 and is #e feet diameter with #be feet external diameter of the ring1 or a mean length of about #fc feet2 it has been found to work well for some years1 although exposed to the heat of six puddling furnaces4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,explosions of plain cylindrical boilers have been very frequent indeed1 although they have not caused a proportionate number of deaths1 because they work usually in isolated positions at colliery and mine engines4 ,the sketch shown in ,fig4 #bg1 represents an explosion that occurred at ,darlaston in #ahfc1 and illustrates the way in which these boilers usually explode4 ,they generally open first at a longitudinal seam over the fire1 which has become deteriorated by accumulations of scurf preventing proper contact of the water1 so that the plates become overheated1 their quality injured1 their edges cracked or burnt1 and the rivets drawn or loosened4 ,the rent generally continues in the longitudinal direction to the sound seam beyond the bridge at the one end1 and at the other end to the seam joining the front end to the shell2 and then runs up each of the transverse seams1 allowing the rent part of the shell to open out flat on both sides1 and liberating both ends of the boiler1 which fly off in opposite directions4 ,of course it is seldom that an explosion is quite so simple as this1 as the direction of the flight of the various pieces is so much influenced by the last part that held in contact with the main body of the boiler4 ,the want of due observation of this point has often led to erroneous conclusions4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,in the explosion shown in ,fig4 #bh1 and in the model exhibited1 which occurred at ,westbromwich in #ahfd1 the lower part of the side of an upright boiler was blown out2 and the liberated part was also divided into two pieces1 each of which fell some distance behind the boiler1 in an opposite direction to the side from which they came4 ,the explanation of this became obvious on examination1 as the cause of the rupture had been the corrosion of the bottom1 and the rent had run up the seams until it met the angle iron of the side tubes1 round which it ran to the first seam above4 ,this seam acted as a hinge on which the ruptured pieces turned1 and they swung round so violently that they were wrenched off1 but not before they had pulled the boiler over and received the diverting force which gave them their direction1 for they flew off at a tangent1 to the circle in which they had swung round on the sound upper seam as upon a hinge4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,in order to avoid having a large diameter for plain cylindrical boilers1 especially where exposed to the fire1 boilers have been used that have supplied the required steam power by a combination of several cylinders of small diameter4 ,one of these known as the ,elephant boiler1 has been so much used in ,france that it is sometimes called the ,french boiler2 it is shown in ,fig4 #bi1 and consists of two cylinders of small diameter connected by upright conical tubes to a large cylinder above4 ,another form called the ,retort ,boiler1 shown in ,fig4 #cj1 has been described at a previous meeting of this ,institution 7see ,proceedings ,inst4 ,m4 ,e4 #ahee page #aia74 ,the disadvantages of these two combinations of plain cylinders are that they are not easy to clean or examine internally1 and also there is not free exit for the steam1 which has to find its way along small channels1 and carries the water away with it1 causing priming1 and also retarding the generation of steam and endangering the boiler plates4 ,with a view to strengthen the plain cylinder made of wrought-iron plates1 the seams are sometimes made to run diagonally1 as shown in ,fig4 #ca1 on the principle that1 as the longitudinal is the weakest seam and the transverse the strongest1 a diagonal between them gives the greatest amount of strength to the boiler as a whole4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ca4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,plain cylindrical and wagon boilers have for many years been made with internal tubes of various shapes and arrangement1 through which the flame passes to add to the heating surface4 ,these are shown in dotted lines on the previous drawings of wagon boilers1 ,figs4 #aa and #ab4 ,they are also shown in ,fig4 #cb1 where a tube passes from over the fire to the front of a plain cylindrical boiler2 in ,fig4 #cc two tubes pass from the sides to the front3 in ,fig4 #cd the tube passes from the back1 but returns over the fire and passes again to the back3 and in ,fig4 #ce a tube from the back passes out through a cross tube in each side4 ,the boilers in all these cases are fired externally4 ,this addition of tubes has tended very much to increase the size of these boilers in order to make room for the tubes4 ,these boilers are now found of #i1 #aj1 and even #aa feet diameter2 and this large shell being fired externally is exposed to the same dangers as those described in the plain cylindrical boiler1 while it is not so easy to keep clean on account of the obstruction offered by the internal flues4 ,when the flame has passed under the whole length of the bottom of these large boilers before going through any tube1 it is doubtful whether the heating surface of the tube helps much in the generation of steam2 but the tube is of use in reducing the quantity of water in the boiler1 as it occupies a considerable space4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,explosions of these boilers have sometimes taken place by collapse of the tubes1 but much more generally by the failure of the shell over the fire1 as shown in the sketch ,fig4 #cf1 representing an explosion that occurred at ,wolverhampton in #ahfe1 in which the first rent took place in a seam over the fire where frequent repair had led to a considerable length of longitudinal seam being in one continuous line4 ,the four plates over the fire parted and opened out until they had ripped two seams completely round the boiler2 and the plates were thrown in one flat piece1 as shown1 upon a bank behind4 ,the main body of the boiler with the tubes was turned over1 and the front end blown away4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,a modification or amalgamation of several of the forms of boilers already mentioned led to the construction known as the ,butterley boiler1 shown in ,fig4 #cg1 with a wagon-shaped end over the fire1 continued in a single tube within a plain cylindrical shell beyond4 ,this boiler has been found to generate steam very rapidly2 but the extreme weakness of the construction over the fire and along the tube1 especially at the part where the front end of the tube widens out in a bell mouth to meet the wagon-topped fireplace1 has led to so many explosions that few boilers are now made of this form4 ,a very early explosion that occurred at ,edinburgh in #ahba was of a boiler somewhat of this shape1 only that the wagon-topped fireplace was much longer4 ,other explosions of this form of boiler occurred at ,ashton-under-,lyne in #ahde1 at ,wolverhampton in #ahed1 and at ,tipton in #ahef4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,the desire to economise fuel led to placing the fire inside the boiler1 in a tube running from end to end1 as shown in ,fig4 #ch1 and the great number of boilers of this form used in ,cornwall gave it the name of the ,cornish boiler4 ,the exceedingly good duty performed by these boilers led many to believe them the most perfect for economy and durability2 but the great number of explosions1 or more properly of collapsed flues1 that have happened1 have altered this opinion1 and led to the double-flue boiler shown in ,fig4 #ci1 in which not only is the heating surface increased but the strength also1 by having two tubes of smaller diameter in the same shell4 ,there are a great many varieties of the two-tube boiler1 which have been made for the purpose of obtaining various particular results4 ,in some cases the two tubes have been made to unite into a single tube immediately behind the fires1 forming what is known as the ,breeches-tube boiler1 as shown in ,fig4 #dj1 and in other instances the outside shell of the boiler has been made oval1 as shown in ,fig4 #da1 with the two tubes continued through from end to end4 ,the heating surface has also been increased1 and the strength of the main tubes1 by placing smaller transverse tubes across them at right angles2 but these advantages are gained by increased complication1 leading of course to greater difficulty in examination and repair4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the frequent failure of tubes by collapse when used for high pressures1 and also the results of careful experiments1 led to the simple addition of strengthening rings of different makes around the exterior of these tubes1 by which the shell and the tubes are rendered of equal strength4 ,it has taken considerable time for the belief in the weakness of large tubes when exposed to external pressure to become general1 and a great many boilers are still made and used having even large tubes without the strengthening rings2 and in some districts such boilers are used in great numbers and at far higher pressures than can be considered judicious4 ,in more than one bed of boilers1 one boiler after another has exploded by the collapse of the tube from the want of strengthening rings1 and yet these have still been believed unnecessary2 and the cases of isolated boilers of this construction where the large tubes have collapsed are extremely numerous1 yet any other reason than the weakness of the tube has been considered more probable as the cause of explosion4 ,a sketch of a boiler with collapsed flue is given in ,fig4 #db1 which exploded at ,burton-on-,trent in #ahfe2 and it is selected from many others because it was a new boiler1 well made and mounted1 and was a good example of the weakness of a large tube to resist high external pressure when made of great length without the support of strengthening rings4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,there are a great many advantages in the tubular boiler internally fired4 ,the shell which is exposed to the greatest tension is not also exposed to the first action of the fire4 ,the fire is in the midst of the water1 so that the greatest effect is obtained from it2 and the heating surface immediately over the fire1 from which most steam is generated1 has not so great a depth of water above it for the steam to pass through as in the externally fired boilers heated from the bottom4 ,the tubes also act as stays to the ends2 and the mud in the water falls off the tubes1 where it would do mischief1 and settles on the bottom1 where it is comparatively harmless4 ,these tubular boilers are however subject to disadvantages peculiarly their own4 ,it is not so easy to move about within them for cleaning and examination as in the plain cylindrical boiler1 as the tubes fill up the space so much4 ,the difference of expansion between the highly heated tube and the comparatively cool shell produces a strain1 which causes the ends to bulge out2 or if the ends are made rigid1 the strain sets up a contortion in the tube1 which causes furrowing of the plates by making the iron softer or more susceptible of corrosion in certain lines of strain4 ,notwithstanding these drawbacks however this form of boiler is an excellent one4 ,many modifications in the forms of boilers have been made to enable the manufacturers to use the waste heat from various processes1 especially from the making of iron4 ,the plain cylindrical boiler has been used in this way1 with sometimes as many as eight puddling furnaces made to work upon one boiler4 ,one of the earliest special arrangements for this purpose was the ,upright boiler with central tube1 shown in ,fig4 #dc1 which was originally made for two furnaces2 and about #g feet diameter and #af feet high4 ,the size has since been increased to #aj feet diameter and #bh feet high1 as shown in ,fig4 #dd4 ,these boilers are made for one1 two1 three1 or four puddling furnaces2 and consist of a cylinder with spherical ends1 standing upright1 with a central tube from the bottom to about half the height1 into which the side tubes join4 ,the heat from each furnace plays over a portion of the shell1 and then passes through the side tubes and down the centre tube into the underground flue to the chimney4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,these boilers have many good points3 there is great heating surface2 and the shell being heated all round does not strain the plates and seams by unequal expansion so much as in the horizontal plain cylindrical boiler heated only at the bottom2 and as both ends are spherical there is no alteration of shape under internal pressure4 ,moreover in consequence of the upright position of the boiler a safe depth of water can easily be maintained1 and yet the steam is taken off so high above its surface that there is little priming2 and every part can most easily be cleaned and examined1 as a man can stand upright both in the boiler and in the flues4 ,but the great drawback to this class of boilers is that they must stand in the midst of the workmen2 so that1 although they are not more liable to explode than any other form of boiler1 yet when they do burst they necessarily endanger more lives than is usually the case with other boilers that can be placed more away from the men employed at the works4 ,should anything arise with the boiler to make it desirable to withdraw the fire1 this cannot be done without much delay1 as the furnaces have to be stopped and the iron run out4 ,also an explosion can hardly happen without some of the melted iron being scattered among the men at work4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,some of the most fatal explosions of these boilers have arisen from careless construction4 ,such was the case in an explosion at ,dudley in #ahfb1 shown in ,fig4 #de1 where the crown plate forming the top of the centre tube was attached to the sides of the tube by so slight an angle iron1 as shown enlarged in ,fig4 #df1 that the pressure of steam on the flat crown plate fairly sheared the angle iron through1 and allowed the plate to be blown down the centre tube into the chimney flue1 whereupon the boiler was violently thrown off its seating by the reaction of the issuing steam and water thus liberated4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the double-tube horizontal boiler is also used in connection with iron-making furnaces in many places1 one furnace working into each tube4 ,although by this arrangement the boiler can be placed a little further from the workmen1 some very fatal explosions have happened to such boilers1 as at ,masborough in #ahfb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,single-furnace boilers have been much used in the form of a single-tube boiler standing on end1 as shown in ,fig4 #dg1 with the flame passing up the tube1 which is continued in the form of a chimney on the top of the boiler4 ,the tube passes through the steam at the top1 so that the plate is not protected from overheating by contact with water2 and this has caused explosion in some instances1 although the tube has been lined on the inside with firebrick to shield the plate from the flame4 ,another great disadvantage of this ,chimney boiler is that the space between the tube and the shell is so narrow that it is almost impossible to examine or clean it internally4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a further arrangement for a single-furnace boiler is the ,elbow boiler1 shown in ,fig4 #dh1 where the two difficulties mentioned in the previous boiler are avoided4 99 99 99 99 99 ,many internally fired upright boilers of various shapes have been constructed to suit various purposes4 ,one of a large size that has been at work many years is shown in ,fig4 #di1 with an internal fireplace and a suspended cone and cross tube for increasing the heating surface4 ,this boiler is set in brickwork in such a way that the heat passes through the side tubes and round the exterior shell before going off to the chimney4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,a very fatal explosion at ,stoke-upon-,trent1 in #ahfc1 resulted from an attempt to work a boiler of somewhat the same general form1 but without the same careful attention to the details of construction4 ,this boiler is shown in ,fig4 #ej2 the internal fireplace is of conical shape1 #d ft4 #f ins4 diameter on the top and #f ft4 #aj ins4 at bottom1 and was joined to the external shell by a flat annular bottom4 ,almost the first time it was worked at high pressure the conical fireplace collapsed1 breaking off at the seam at the top of the cone1 and blowing down upon the grate1 as shown in ,fig4 #ea4 ,the flat bottom was then left without the support of the cone and side tubes1 and gave way all round the outside angle iron2 and the top flew up a great height into the air1 and fell a crumpled heap1 as shown in the sketch4 ,in this case the only wonder is that a boiler of such weak construction worked at all without explosion4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ea4 99 99 99 99 99 ,there yet remains to be noticed a very large and varied class of boilers that have been designed with the express object of avoiding explosion4 ,some of these1 made of cast-iron pipes of small diameter1 have already been referred to4 ,when steam carriages were first constructed1 boilers were tried made of a cluster of small pipes1 set both upright and horizontally1 connected with a general receiver and with each other by still smaller pipes4 ,these were found to have such small circulation of water that they very soon burnt out1 and also led to much priming4 ,afterwards1 narrow chambers made of corrugated plates set like the cells of a battery were tried1 but without much success4 ,the multitubular boilers of the locomotive type soon superseded all others as quick steam generators1 and until lately they have been considered as almost absolutely safe from explosion4 ,it is found however that the barrel of these boilers is peculiarly liable to furrowing1 owing to the strain weakening the iron in certain lines4 ,perhaps no boiler shows more clearly than the locomotive how necessary it is that every part should be open to examination2 and also how unwise it would be to use for stationary purposes small cramped up boilers1 only intended to meet the necessities of locomotion4 ,many explosions of locomotive boilers have taken place2 but it is not necessary to give details in this paper1 as they are fully given in the published official reports of the government inspectors4 ,among the form of boilers designed to obtain very rapid generation of steam1 combined with increased safety from explosion1 may be specially named that consisting of a system of small pipes within a shell with an artificial circulation of water1 and also the boiler consisting of a cluster of cast-iron spheres1 both of which have been described at previous meetings of the ,institution 7see ,proceedings ,inst4 ,m4 ,e4 #ahfa page #cj1 and #ahfd page #fa72 but neither has been much used in this country at present4 ,the boilers also which consist chiefly of small tubes hanging down into the fire1 with smaller tubes or other arrangements within them for securing a natural circulation1 deserve mention1 as they appear successfully to accomplish that end4 ,the principle of all these small boilers appears to be that only a small quantity of water should be contained in them1 so that there should not be a reservoir of danger in the shape of a mass of highly heated water ready to be converted into steam if a rupture takes place3 and it cannot be denied that this is an advantage4 ,but on the other hand these boilers of small capacity1 which evaporate their whole contents in a few minutes1 are subject to new dangers from that very cause2 and although admirably adapted for purposes where steam is wanted quickly on a sudden emergency1 as in the case of fire engines1 or where the generating power required varies each moment1 as in the locomotive1 they are for the most part ill adapted for ordinary stationary purposes1 such as the mill or the colliery4 ,they require constant firing and vigilant attention to the feed1 and cannot be left for a time with safety like the ordinary stationary boilers4 ,it has to be borne in mind also that the very reservoir of danger so much dreaded is also a reservoir of power1 which assists in the steady maintenance of the machinery in motion4 ,the large mass of water heated to the evaporating point1 the heated brickwork of the flues1 and the large fireplace1 are so many assistances to regularity1 and enable the man in charge to attend to his other duties without the risk of spoiling the boiler or letting down the steam by a few minutes' absence from the stoke hole4 ,steam employers are found at present to prefer the known dangers of the large boilers to the supposed safety of small boilers1 which they fear are troublesome in practice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,many of the early boilers were rendered weak by the injudicious manner of arranging the seams4 ,the longitudinal seams were made in a continuous line from end to end1 as shown in ,fig4 #bd1 page #bj1 with the transverse seams also continued completely round the boiler1 so that at the corner of each plate there were four thicknesses of iron4 ,the crossing of the seams1 as in ,fig4 #be1 page #ba1 adds much to the strength1 and also often prevents a rent from continuing forward to a dangerous extent4 ,it is scarcely requisite to mention the necessity of good material and workmanship to secure strength in a boiler1 however perfect the design4 ,if the plates are of weak and brittle iron1 or imperfectly manufactured1 they will never make a good boiler4 ,apart from the strain upon the boiler when at work1 the iron has to undergo the strain of the necessary manipulation1 shaping1 and punching1 during the construction of the boiler4 ,if the plates forming the boiler are not well fitted to their places before the rivet holes are made1 the errors have to be partially rectified by using the drift in the holes to an unwarrantable extent1 and then using imperfect rivets to fill up the holes that do not correspond with each other2 and the mischief is too frequently increased afterwards by excessive caulking1 in the endeavour to stop the leaking which is sure to show itself4 ,in this way a boiler is often exposed to most unequal internal strain between its several parts before it is set to work at all2 and when the heat is applied to it1 the mere expansion causes undue contortion1 and leads to seam rips1 and ultimately to disaster4 ,several specimens of faulty rivetting and caulking were exhibited to the meeting1 and a sketch of one of them is shown in ,fig4 #eb4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,the strength of a boiler is often very much lessened by the injudicious manner in which the mountings are fixed upon the boiler1 and many explosions are the consequence of this defect4 ,not only are a great many holes for fittings cut out of the boiler in one line1 but these holes are made needlessly large4 ,steam domes are often so placed as greatly to weaken the shell of the boiler1 the hole cut out of the plate being made the full diameter of the dome2 and in some cases the domes or steam chests have been made square or rectangular1 so as to weaken the shell still more1 as shown in ,fig4 #ec4 ,manholes are often a source of danger1 if not properly arranged and duly strengthened4 ,even in very small boilers they are often placed with the longest diameter in the longitudinal direction of the boiler1 so that the shell is greatly weakened1 as in the sketch1 ,fig4 #ed1 of an exploded boiler at ,walsall in #ahfe4 ,this boiler was #e ft4 #c ins4 long and #b ft4 #f ins4 diameter1 and yet the manhole was #ah inches by #ac inches1 and placed within a few inches of one end4 ,the end was fastened in by angle iron1 which was not welded1 and consequently there was so little strength at the small portion of the shell between the end and the manhole that it gave way and liberated the end and the manhole lid1 after which the main body of the boiler was thrown by the reaction across several streets to a great distance4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,a somewhat similar injudicious arrangement of the manhole is shown in ,fig4 #ee1 where a manhole #ag inches by #ad inches was cut out of the flat top of a steam dome only #b ft4 #f ins4 diameter1 without any strengthening ring to compensate for it4 ,the repeated strain of screwing up the manhole lid1 combined with the pressure of the steam1 caused the lid to force its way out through the plate and blow away4 ,this explosion occurred at ,birmingham in #ahfe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,the preceding examples have shown how explosions often result from faults in the construction of boilers2 and the following instances illustrate the explosions caused by mischief arising during working4 ,a boiler perhaps more than any other structure is subject to wear and tear2 and let it be worked ever so carefully1 it will seriously deteriorate4 ,the wonder is1 considering the work they have to perform1 that so many boilers are found which have worked twenty1 thirty1 or even fifty years without explosion4 ,the terms wear and tear however are too vague for this subject1 and the mischief met with must be considered under distinct heads4 ,there is no doubt that the thing most to be dreaded for boilers is corrosion2 because when the plate is once thinned1 it cannot be strengthened again1 but must remain permanently weakened4 ,corrosion the more deserves attention because it is easily detected by moderate vigilance1 and can generally be prevented by moderate care1 or by the boilers being so arranged that they can be readily examined in every part4 ,corrosion has been the direct and unmistakeable cause of a very large proportion of the explosions that have happened3 it occurs both inside and outside the boiler1 according to circumstances1 and attacks the iron in various ways and in different places4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eh4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ei4 ,internal corrosion sometimes takes place from bad feed water1 and its effects are different in extent in the different parts of the same boiler4 ,it very seldom thins the plate over a large surface regularly1 but attacks the iron in spots1 pitting it in a number of holes4 ,these are sometimes large1 as if gradually increasing from a centre of action2 and sometimes small1 but so close together as to leave very little more space whole than that which is attacked4 ,a very curious example of the latter was exhibited to the meeting1 and shown in ,figs4 #ef and #eg1 cut from the lower part of the shell of a large tubular boiler externally fired4 ,the corrosion was greatest along that part of the shell most exposed to heat1 and was so extensive that two boilers exploded simultaneously4 ,the boilers had been at work sixteen years1 but the corrosion commenced about eight years before the explosion1 when the feed water was rendered corrosive by being obtained from some iron mines4 ,this explosion occurred at ,aberaman in #ahfd4 ,the corrosion had been seen going on for years1 and was not considered sufficient to cause danger2 but the depth to which it extended through the thickness of the metal is seen in the half size section1 ,fig4 #eg4 ,another sample equally curious was exhibited to the meeting1 and shown in ,figs4 #eh and #ei1 taken from the sweep plate over the fire in a plain cylindrical boiler which had worked about ten years4 ,the feed water was occasionally bad1 and attacked the iron over the area ,,ddd1 where unprotected by scale4 ,the protection afforded by scale against occasional corrosive feed water is worthy of notice4 ,in the two specimens exhibited it is seen that the protection has been perfect where the scale has not been chipped off2 and the edge of the sound part projects over the hollow1 as seen in the half size sections1 ,figs4 #eg and #ei1 the corrosive water having eaten away a larger area beneath than that through which it first entered the surface of the iron4 ,internal corrosion is frequently observed where boilers are fed from canals or streams in the neighbourhood of chemical works from which corrosive matter is discharged at intervals into the water4 ,the corrosion takes place in isolated spots1 but causes deep holes2 which seems to be accounted for on the supposition that the scale previously upon the plate cracks during the cooling of the boiler for cleaning1 and forms a blister1 so that a piece of about #b inches area is raised slightly from the iron4 ,when the boiler is again put to work1 this blister becomes filled with the corrosive water1 which is held there without circulation and causes corrosion4 ,when the boiler is again emptied these blisters may be seen1 and if broken show the blackened water and the injured surface4 ,in future working each of these blisters forms a constant unprotected point for attack4 ,it is frequently seen further that such corrosion is arrested if water be used which deposits scurf2 but fresh blisters and renewed corrosion will result from a return to the use of the bad water4 ,the internal corrosion called furrowing has proved a frequent cause of explosion1 especially in locomotive boilers4 ,it differs from other corrosion by being in deep narrow continuous lines with abrupt edges4 ,it will sometimes go completely through a plate2 and is found where a sudden change of thickness occurs1 either along the lines of the seams1 or opposite the edge of angle-iron attachments4 ,this effect is supposed to be due to the alternate springing of the plates under each variation of the pressure or temperature1 causing the line of least resistance to receive a strain somewhat similar to that produced by bending a piece of iron backwards and forwards for the purpose of breaking it4 ,this line of injury is exposed to constant attack from corrosion1 because the scurf is always thrown off from it4 99 99 99 99 99 ,external corrosion is a far more frequent cause of explosion in stationary boilers2 and it arises from many causes4 ,the most frequent cause1 although the most easily detected1 is leakage from the joints of the fittings on the top of the boiler1 which are too frequently attached by bolts instead of rivets4 ,this evil is much increased when the boilers are covered with brickwork1 which holds the water against the plates1 and hides the mischief from observation4 ,it is astonishing to find how much damage is allowed in this way to go on without attention1 until the tops of boilers are corroded so thin that little holes burst through4 ,these are sometimes found stopped with wooden pegs or covered by screwed patches of plate1 either of which cause leakage that hastens the mischief1 as shown by the sample exhibited4 ,boilers exposed to the weather will of course become corroded like anything else made of iron and not painted2 and yet so much mischief is sometimes caused by leakage beneath improper covering that exposure may almost be said to be the smaller evil of the two1 as it is better to see what is going on than to rest in false security4 ,no covering will be found cheaper1 or better1 in the long run1 than a roof1 which prevents the loss of heat by exposure1 and yet allows free access to all the fittings and joints on the top of the boiler4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fj4 ,some examples of the evils of covering can be given that have come under the writer's observation4 ,a set of boilers had been well covered by arches of brickwork1 so built as to keep out all water1 and also set so as to touch the boilers only at intervals1 leaving a space generally of a few inches4 ,after about seven years' working1 the whole of the tops of the boilers were discovered to be dangerously thin1 and had to be renewed4 ,the cause was leakage from the joints of fittings and seams of the boilers1 and the issuing steam had been drawn along the space between the boilers and the arches1 and had escaped at a place where it had not attracted notice4 ,in another case1 a somewhat similar set of boilers were covered with ashes1 to prevent the loss of heat by radiation2 and the rain and the leakage beneath the ashes1 in conjunction with the corrosive matter from the ashes themselves1 thinned the tops of the boilers to a dangerous extent in less than two years4 ,a sketch of the corrosion caused in this instance by covering with ashes is shown in ,figs4 #fj and #fa4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fa4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fb4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fc4 ,similar mischief has been noticed in boilers covered with sand1 as shown in the sketches ,figs4 #fb and #fc1 which represent an instance of corrosion after eight years' working2 although nothing forms a better covering than sand for preventing loss of heat by radiation4 ,in both these examples it will be seen that the corrosion has continued until the thickness of the plate has been so eaten away that a hole has been burst out at ,,ss4 ,a very good covering is formed by brickwork in cement2 or various cements made for the purpose1 which adhere to the surface of the plate and yet show leakage2 or such materials as sacking or felt2 or sheet-iron casing1 leaving about #f inches of air space all round the boiler4 ,but all these have the great objection that they hide the boiler from inspection1 except by the expensive process of removing the covering2 and in this way dangers that have caused explosion have remained hidden from observation4 ,explosions have also taken place from general corrosion of the surface of the boilers in the flues4 ,a new boiler which was set on sidewalls built upon a foundation of porous rock was found to have become corroded all along the bottom in less than two years1 owing to the dampness which rose from the foundations causing a constant presence of vapour4 ,the corrosion was peculiar1 and more like that found on old iron left for a long time in a damp place2 for the iron plate fell to pieces when touched1 and large flakes could be raised from the surface1 and the greater part of the thickness of the plate could be removed with the fingers4 ,somewhat similar corrosion had taken place in a boiler which exploded at ,loughborough in #ahfc2 the bottom of the shell became rent at the corroded part1 and as the fracture continued spirally round the boiler several times1 nearly all the shell was peeled off in the curious manner shown in ,fig4 #fd4 ,the explosion shown in ,fig4 #fe1 which occurred at ,leeds in #ahff1 also arose from corrosion of the bottom of the boiler4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fd4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ff4 ,the greater part of the corrosion found in the side flues of boilers is caused by the leakage of seams4 ,many boilers are emptied for cleaning as soon as work is over on ,saturday night1 and long before the brickwork of the fireplaces and flues has cooled2 and consequently1 the boiler1 having no water in it1 is made much hotter than it ever is in working1 and the seams are injured and sprung and the rivets loosened by the extra expansion so caused4 ,this is sometimes done intentionally1 in order to loosen the scale by the greater expansion of the iron than of the scurf4 ,when the boiler is again set to work1 the seams and rivets leak and cause that corrosion which is called channelling4 ,this has been observed to occur to such an extent that all the seams in a boiler have been seen thus corroded2 and the same has sometimes been found in all the boilers in a large manufactory4 ,specimens of this channelling were exhibited to the meeting4 ,one in particular1 shown in ,figs4 #ff and #fg1 deserves attention1 as it shows the effect of a jet of steam and water from the leaking rivet ,r1 in cutting a series of channels into the plate along the course of the dotted lines ,,eee1 and producing a hole in the plate at ,s4 ,this corrosion had been going on for about four years1 but was in a part of the boiler seldom seen in ordinary examination4 ,many explosions have resulted from this form of corrosion2 for when a rent is once made1 the fracture continues along the thinned channel of the plate4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fg4 ,the corrosion most to be dreaded1 because most difficult to detect1 is that which takes place where the boiler is in contact with brickwork2 and it is found alike in all forms of boilers set in brickwork4 ,when found at the part where the side flues are gathered in at the top against the boiler1 it is usually occasioned by the leaking of fittings or feed pipes1 or by rain being allowed to run between the boiler and the brickwork4 ,more than one explosion has been caused by the droppings from a roof being allowed to fall upon the tops of the flues4 ,when the corrosion is found at the point where the bottom flue walls touch the boiler1 it is frequently caused by the leaking of seams that have been strained by the weight of the boiler2 and this often arises from want of care to replace the brickwork1 after repair of the boiler or flues1 in such a position as to take again its proper proportion of the weight of the boiler4 ,cases have been met with where the shape of the bottom of large boilers has been quite altered by such means4 ,the brackets on the sides of heavy boilers have not only been strained so that the rivets or bolts have leaked and caused corrosion1 but they have also bent or cracked the side plates of the boiler4 ,the bracket shown at ,b in ,fig4 #ec1 page #dj1 made of only an angle iron with a piece of plate attached1 is especially liable to cause injury if the brickwork is not rebuilt close up to the angle iron1 as the leverage is so great4 ,this is avoided by the better form of bracket shown at ,c1 consisting of an elbow of flat bar-iron rivetted at top and bottom to the boiler4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fh4 ,in the old balloon and wagon boilers1 the angle where the bottom joined the sides scarcely ever remained sound for long when in contact with the brickwork1 and many of those that exploded have been found almost corroded through where they stood upon the brickwork4 ,the explosion before alluded to and shown in ,fig4 #g1 was caused by corrosion of the bottom of the boiler where it was set on the brickwork4 ,many boilers are so set that the brickwork of the flues is made to follow the shape of the boiler1 with as little space between as possible2 but the slight advantage gained in increased heating effect is far outweighed by the impossibility of getting into the flues for examination4 ,it is only by having the flues sufficiently roomy that proper examination can be made1 and that the indications on the brickwork of leaking can be seen and remedied1 and corrosion arrested4 ,a remarkable case of corrosion occurred in a boiler with an oval shell1 set upon a middle wall4 ,the flues were too narrow for a man to enter1 and a leak in the bottom was only discovered by the boiler nearly running empty while the engine pumps were standing for a short time4 ,it was subsequently found that the whole bottom where it rested on the wall was extensively corroded in a continuous line1 and that explosion was only prevented by the numerous stays across the bottom to compensate for the oval shape4 ,fig4 #fh1 shows the position and extent of the corrosion1 and the plate was completely in holes at the parts indicated by the black marks4 ,this corrosion was supposed to have been going on for about three years4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fi4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gj4 ,it is sometimes asserted that corrosion cannot be the cause of an explosion1 because the corroded place would simply give way and let off the steam harmlessly1 or at least the boiler would not be displaced from its seating4 ,when the corrosion is only local1 and surrounded by sound plates of sufficient strength to arrest the extension of the fracture1 this may be the case1 as in an explosion at ,sheffield in #ahfe1 shown in ,fig4 #fi1 where a piece of plate was blown out on one side of the boiler1 allowing the steam and water to escape without displacing the boiler2 the thickness of the plate at that part had been reduced to #a_/hth inch by corrosion in about #a-a_/b years1 which had been caused by leakage at the seams from inefficient repair with bolts instead of rivets1 and also from the moisture having been allowed to be kept against the plate by the brickwork4 ,but even under such circumstances1 if the piece blown out should be from the bottom1 the whole boiler may be thrown a great distance by the reaction of the issuing steam1 as in an explosion at ,leeds in #ahfe1 shown in ,fig4 #gj4 ,if the corrosion extends for any length1 the first rent is almost sure to continue until a complete explosion is the result4 ,several of the small models exhibited to the meeting showed the line of fracture in various cases of explosion4 ,one showed the appearance of a plain cylindrical boiler after explosion caused by corrosion along the whole length where it rested on brickwork2 this explosion occurred at ,wigan in #ahfe1 and a sketch of it is given in ,fig4 #ga4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ga4 ,many explosions of boilers have been caused by accumulation of scurf4 ,the mischief is not so much from scurf being gradually deposited all over the interior of the boiler to a dangerous thickness as from the chips off the sides falling in heaps on the bottom4 ,the plate beneath this accumulation becomes overheated1 because not in contact with the water1 and softens and sinks down into a pocket1 which if unnoticed will soon burn quite through4 ,if the scurf that has caused the mischief is thick and hard enough to resist the pressure for a little time1 the hole enlarges1 until the scurf suddenly gives way and allows the contents to issue so violently as to disturb the boiler1 or at least to blow the fire out of the grate4 ,such was an explosion at ,bilston in #ahfc1 where a large plain cylindrical boiler1 #i ft4 diameter1 was heated by three large fires placed side by side along the bottom2 and a large pocket burst out over the third grate1 and scalded the attendant to death4 ,a similar pocket in a boiler1 #d ft4 #f ins4 diameter1 which exploded at ,dudley in #ahfd1 after having been at work six weeks without cleaning1 is shown in the transverse section1 ,fig4 #gb4 ,in this case the scurf had filled up the circle of the boiler to a depth of #c inches at the bottom1 as shown in the drawing1 and was of a very hard description2 and the boiler plate was bent out in a gradual curve1 and thinned to about #a_/af inch1 the original thickness being #a_/b inch4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gb4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gc4 ,the whole bottom of a boiler is sometimes injured1 and the plates buckled and the seams sprung1 from the accumulation of mud4 ,one case may be mentioned where the water was very full of mud1 and the boilers were worked day and night during the week but stopped for several hours on ,sunday1 during which time the deposit of mud was so thick that it did not get thoroughly disengaged again from the bottom when the boiler was set to work1 but hardened into a mass4 ,although many of these pockets and injuries to the plates may occur without serious damage1 they sometimes cause that first rent which destroys the equilibrium of the structure and leads to explosion4 ,some of the specimens of scurf exhibited to the ,meeting show that their thickness is made up of small chips1 carelessly left after cleaning or fallen from the sides of the boiler1 as seen in ,fig4 #gc1 or from cotton waste or other matter left in the boiler and forming a nucleus for the scurf to accumulate upon4 ,other specimens show that foreign matter must have been put into the boiler to stop leaking4 ,accumulations of scurf in the feed pipes at the point of entrance into the boiler have also caused explosion by stopping the supply of water4 ,the same result is caused by the freezing of the water in the pipes which are exposed1 and each winter one or two boilers are injured or exploded from this cause1 especially small household boilers placed behind kitchen grates4 ,scurf cannot be considered so great an evil as corrosion1 since it can be removed1 and if this is done in time1 the boiler is restored to its original condition4 ,the advantage of a pure water1 which does not deposit scurf1 is so great for the supply of boilers that it is always worth while to go to considerable expense for obtaining it2 or to take some steps for purifying the feed water as much as possible4 ,if it is only mud mechanically suspended1 which would deposit by gravity on the bottom of the boiler1 frequent use should be made of the blow-off apparatus4 ,if the impurity is light enough to be carried to the surface in the form of scum1 the blow-off apparatus should discharge from the surface of the water as well as from the bottom4 ,if the impurity is chemically suspended in the water1 some one of the many substances which form the refuse from various manufactures1 and which may contain suitable ingredients1 should be used to counteract the effect of the impurity4 ,common soda will answer the purpose perhaps better than anything else4 ,it must not be forgotten however that the blow-off apparatus must afterwards be used more frequently1 to rid the boiler of the foreign matter1 or the mischief will be increased4 ,in marine boilers1 constant attention is necessary to get rid of the saline deposit2 and in stationary boilers using impure water an equally systematic attention is needed to get rid of the earthy deposit4 99 99 99 99 99 ,perhaps no cause of explosion is oftener mentioned than shortness of water1 and this is not unfrequently coupled with turning on the feed suddenly into an overheated boiler4 ,many explosions have been attributed to this cause1 when closer investigation would have revealed some far more probable reason4 ,for instance1 shortness of water was stated as the cause of the explosion1 at ,abercarn in #ahfe1 of a single-tube boiler with a very large flue tube1 which collapsed upwards from the bottom4 ,the top of the tube and the sides of the shell had not the slightest mark of overheating1 although exposed to the flame of three furnaces1 one of which worked through the tube1 and the others on each side of the shell4 ,in this case the cause of explosion was clearly the weakness of the tube1 and not shortness of water4 ,it is erroneous to suppose that if a boiler runs dry1 or if the feed is turned into a red-hot boiler1 there must necessarily be an explosion4 ,if a boiler unconnected with any other runs rapidly empty1 from the breaking of the blow-off pipe or any such cause1 it will simply get red-hot and sink out of shape upon the fire1 as may often be seen1 but no explosion would happen4 ,if the water only falls gradually1 as it would if the feed were turned off and evaporation continued1 the parts exposed to the fire would get overheated as the water left them4 ,if the subsidence of the water were very slow1 those parts might get red-hot1 and so much softened and weakened as to be incapable of bearing the pressure1 when an explosion would take place1 as at ,smethwick1 in the present year1 where the flues were set above the water line1 as shown in ,fig4 #gd4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gd4 ,if however the water were turned on again before the overheating had gone so far1 and the feed pipe were1 as usual1 carried down to nearly the bottom of the boiler1 the water would gradually creep up the heated sides and cool the plates1 the heat of which would not be sufficient to cause greater evaporation than the ordinary safety valves would carry off4 ,the danger would not arise so much from the excess of steam generated by the heat accumulated in the heated plates of the boiler1 as from the injury and strain that would be caused to the plates by the undue expansion and sudden contraction1 especially as this action would take place on only a portion of the boiler4 ,a singular case1 bearing on this point1 may be mentioned4 ,a four-furnace upright boiler1 like that shown in ,fig4 #dd1 happened to run so nearly empty1 through the accidental sticking of the self-acting feed apparatus1 that the level of the water sank to the top of the hemispherical end forming the bottom of the boiler4 ,the feed apparatus then became released of itself1 and1 the feed being turned full on1 the water gradually rose until the whole occurrence was only discovered by the leaking at the seams that had been sprung1 which caused so much steam in the flues as to stop the working of the furnaces4 ,the overheating had been sufficient to buckle the plates1 and in one place a rupture had almost commenced2 but there was no explosion4 ,by way of direct experiment upon this point1 boilers have been purposely made red-hot and then filled with cold water1 without causing explosion4 ,it has been supposed that boilers sometimes explode from overheating without the water level being below the usual point1 or without the accumulation of scurf previously alluded to1 but simply by the rapidity of the evaporation from an intensely heated surface causing such a continuous current of steam as to prevent the proper contact of the water with the heated plate4 ,such has been the cause assigned for the explosion of a three-furnace upright boiler at ,birmingham in #ahfe1 shown in ,fig4 #ge4 ,a piece of plate about #c ft4 by #a-a_/b ft4 was blown out of the side1 at a place where an enormous flame impinged continually4 ,the plates had first bulged out1 and then given way in the centre of the bulge1 each edge being doubled back and broken off4 ,there was no positive evidence as to the water supply2 but the crown of the centre tube1 which was much above the bottom of the part blown out1 remained uninjured4 ,a somewhat similar case was that of a large horizontal boiler at ,kidderminster1 the tube of which collapsed in #ahfe1 as shown in ,fig4 #gf4 ,it was heated by four furnaces1 one of which worked into the tube1 one under the bottom1 and one on each side2 and all the furnaces worked into the same end of the boiler4 ,the tube was found to have partially collapsed at that end1 and the top had dropped #aa inches4 ,this was repaired in the first instance1 but was afterwards again found injured by overheating1 although not so seriously4 ,it is very probable that the extremely rapid ebullition from the sides and bottom1 from which the steam had to pass up the narrow space between the tube and the shell1 produced such a foaming that very little solid water could reach the top of the tube where it was exposed to extreme heat4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ge4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gf4 ,many explosions have been attributed to deterioration of the iron through long use1 as in an explosion at ,durham in #ahfd1 and another at ,haswell1 near ,sunderland1 #ahfe1 where the boilers had worked constantly for #be and #cj years respectively4 ,when an explosion arises from the failure of a plate which has not been properly welded in rolling1 there is no question that it was unsound when put in1 and escaped notice2 but when the plate that fails is found to be brittle and of bad iron1 the fault is rather attributed to the effect of working than to original bad quality4 ,of course this is not always the case1 as the injury done to plates by overheating has been already explained4 ,pieces of plate have in some cases been erroneously pronounced to be deteriorated by work1 which have been taken from situations in the boilers where they were not exposed to any action of fire that could cause overheating2 and therefore in reality the injury could only have taken place when the boiler was being made1 by burning the iron in bending it to the required shape4 ,a frequent cause of fatal injury to boilers is injudicious repair1 whereby the crossing of the seams is destroyed1 as in the explosion at ,wolverhampton in #ahfe1 previously referred to and shown in ,fig4 #cf4 ,moreover the edges of the old plates1 already tried by the first rivetting and the subsequent cutting out of the rivets1 are frequently strained again by the use of the drift to draw them up to the strong new plates2 and many a seam rip is thus started which ultimately causes explosion4 ,many explosions have been caused by the want of proper apparatus for enabling the attendant to tell the height of the water and the pressure of the steam1 and also by the want of sufficient apparatus for supply of feed water and escape of steam1 or by the failure of one or other of these2 but such explosions can only be referred to generally in the present paper4 ,the mountings on a boiler are usually so open to observation1 and the importance of having them good and efficient is so universally acknowledged1 that much remark is not needed4 ,mention has already been made of the sticking of self-acting feed apparatus as a cause of mischief1 and similar failures of floats and gauges have constantly happened2 but this should by no means be considered to condemn self-acting apparatus1 either for assisting in the steadiness of working1 or for giving warning of danger4 ,the apparatus however should be relied on for assistance only2 and an attendant cannot be called careful who leaves a boiler dependent on such apparatus without watching4 ,the self-acting principle has been seen by the writer applied in a novel and useful way in a recording pressure gauge1 which proved the more interesting as it had shown the actual pressure of steam at the time of the explosion of one of the boilers with which it was connected4 ,among the numerous boiler explosions that have been attributed to over-pressure through deficient arrangements for escape of steam1 in many cases the safety valves have been placed on the steam pipes in such a manner that the communication with them was cut off whenever the steam stop-valve was shut1 which is just the time when the safety valves are most wanted4 ,safety valves are too often found needlessly overweighted2 and it is believed that many boilers are constantly worked with safety valves so imprudently arranged and weighted1 that they could not carry off all the steam the boilers would generate without a very great increase of pressure4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it is concluded that enough has now been said to show that boiler explosions do not arise from mysterious causes1 but generally from some defect which could have been remedied if it had been known to exist4 ,it only remains therefore to consider what is the most ready and efficient way to discover the true condition of a boiler4 ,it has been maintained that this end is best accomplished by what is called the hydraulic test1 in which a pressure of water is maintained in the boiler for a given time at a certain excess above the working pressure4 ,this test is undoubtedly useful so far as it goes1 and is perhaps the only one that can be applied to boilers with small internal spaces1 such as locomotive boilers1 not admitting of personal inspection over the whole of the interior2 and it is also admirable for testing the workmanship of a new boiler4 ,but on the other hand the conditions of a boiler at work are so different from those which exist during the hydraulic test1 that this alone cannot be depended on2 for old boilers have been known to stand this test to double their working pressure without apparent injury1 although known to be dangerously corroded4 ,the difficulty also of seeing or measuring the effect of the hydraulic test upon large boilers set in elaborate brickwork is so great that little practical benefit has resulted in many cases4 ,it is believed by the writer that the surest way to ascertain the true condition of a boiler is to examine it at frequent intervals in every part1 both inside and outside2 and as this can only be done when both the boilers and the flues can be readily entered1 it is specially important that facility for examination should be made a consideration in selecting a construction of boiler4 ,permanent safety should be considered as an element of economy1 in addition to its still higher importance in reference to the preservation of life4 ,,on ,,the ,,conclusions ,,derived ,,from ,,the ,,experience ,,of ,,recent ,,steam ,,boiler ,,explosions1 ,,by ,,edward ,b4 ,,marten1 ,,mem4 ,,inst4 ,m4,e41 ,,excerpt ,,minutes ,,of ,,proceedings ,,of ,,the ,,meeting ,,of ,,the ,,institution ,,of ,,mechanical ,,engineers1 ,,at ,,nottingham1 #c,,rd ,,august1 #ahgj1 ,,thomas ,,hawksley1 ,,esq41 ,,vice-,,president1 ,,in ,,the ,,chair4 ,,by ,,permission ,,of ,,the ,,council4 ,the records of ,steam ,boiler ,explosions in recent years are very numerous1 as the increased attention drawn to the subject in this and other countries has placed far more information at disposal2 and the experience of the last four years1 since a former paper was read by the writer on the subject of boiler explosions1 has confirmed the opinion then expressed1 that all boilers1 however good in original construction1 are liable in the course of time to get into bad order and explode4 ,the particulars of the explosions during this period are given in the ,tables appended to the present paper1 which show the number of explosions due to each cause in each class of boiler1 distinguishing those of the ,united ,kingdom from those in foreign countries4 ,an analysis is also given of the explosions in the last four years1 showing the causes of explosion of each form of boiler2 and also a summary of the causes of explosion under the three general heads of--7#a7 faults in construction or repair3 7#b7 faults in working which creep on insidiously and unnoticed3 7#c7 faults which might be seen and guarded against by careful attendants4 ,nearly all of the faults in these three classes would have been detected by periodical examination4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in the case of ,cornish1 ,lancashire1 and other boilers with internal flues1 the faults of construction which have caused explosions have been weakness in the tubes1 combustion chambers1 ends1 domes1 or manholes2 and explosions in these1 as in other classes of boilers1 have also resulted from external or internal corrosion1 shortness of water1 undue pressure of steam1 and scale or mud on the boiler plates4 ,in plain cylindrical boilers1 and others without internal flues1 explosions have resulted from the boiler ends being made flat1 and also from frequent repairs producing seam rips1 especially in boilers having the plates arranged lengthways instead of in rings4 ,in marine boilers1 weak flues and weak ends have also led to explosion1 in addition to the other causes mentioned above4 ,locomotive boilers have in two cases exploded in consequence of the strains thrown upon them by their being used as a frame for the engine4 ,other explosions have resulted from want of stays1 and from too much heat impinging on some particular part2 and in domestic boilers from freezing of pipes under pressure4 99 99 99 99 99 ,altogether the total number of explosions in this country that have been recorded during the past four years has amounted to #bai1 which may be classed under the following heads3-- ,faults of construction or repair #ie ,faults to be detected only by periodical examination #fb ,faults which should be prevented by careful attendants #ed ,extraneous or uncertain causes #h --- ,total #bai --- ,by these #bai explosions #cae persons were killed and #dej injured4 ,the following are the particulars of the construction of the #bai exploded boilers3-- ,cornish1 ,lancashire1 or other boilers with internal flues #hd ,plain ,cylindrical boilers or others without internal flues #ed ,marine boilers #ab ,agricultural boilers #aa ,locomotive boilers #aj ,furnace-upright boilers #h ,crane boilers #f ,rag steamers1 c4 #f ,balloon and ,elephant boilers #e ,domestic boilers1 c4 #af ,not sufficiently described #g --- ,total #bai --- ,the causes of these #bai explosions may also be classed as follows3-- ,worn out1 corroded1 or burnt plates #hi ,undue pressure1 overloaded valves1 intentional or from carelessness #be ,bad construction1 defective fittings or stays1 or want of repair #fi ,shortness of water1 formation of scale or mud1 or external flues set too high #bh ,extraneous or uncertain causes #h --- ,total #bai --- ,sketches are given of the most instructive examples of boiler explosions during the last four years1 which are sufficient to explain themselves1 with a brief reference to their special features4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,although the importance of periodical examination as the best safeguard against explosion is generally admitted1 a great number of those who make or use boilers have not at present sufficient belief in its importance to adopt this course4 ,boilers are still constructed or set in such a manner as to render examination next to impossible2 and are continued to be worked without making it the duty of those who mind them1 or of any one else1 to examine every part at frequent intervals2 and hence such explosions have occurred as shown in ,fig4 #a1 ,no4 #ab1 #ahgj1 in which the original position of the boiler before explosion is indicated by the dotted lines4 ,it is thought by many steam users that all has been done which is possible1 if their boilers are the best that can be procured1 and are set in the most approved way2 and it is taken for granted that such boilers should last for many years1 under the idea that a good boiler can never explode unless the feed is neglected4 ,similar boilers are often referred to as having worked safely for ten or twenty years1 but it is forgotten that they may be exposed to the insidious action of furrowing on the inside or channelling on the outside1 such as caused the explosions of the originally good boilers shown in ,figs4 #b1 #c1 #d1 and #e1 ,nos4 #ce1 #ahgj2 #ej1 #ahff2 #df1 #ahfi2 and #be1 #ahgj4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,much mischief arises from special classes of boilers1 fittings1 or apparatus1 being looked upon as promising permanent safety from explosion2 while the inevitable circumstance is overlooked that it is only so long as everything is maintained in good condition that safety is insured4 ,an apparatus1 for instance1 for preventing explosion from shortness of water or over-pressure1 however perfect for any such object1 would be quite inefficient as a safeguard against explosion from corrosion1 furrowing1 channelling1 or weak construction4 ,it is curious to note how often it is the case that every other part of an establishment is subject to severe and perpetual scrutiny1 the engines especially being overhauled with the most scrupulous regularity2 while the boilers1 the very source of the power and the heart of the whole business1 are left to themselves for long periods1 even for years1 without examination2 and it is too often only after bitter experience that owners have understood the need of this examination4 ,in this1 as in many other matters1 experience has shown that there is no royal road to safety1 and that immunity is only secured by unremitting care and constant watchfulness4 ,it should never be forgotten that even a good boiler can explode2 for however good at the outset1 sooner or later the time must eventually arrive1 when such wear and tear will have taken place as will result in dangerous weakness1 unless the boiler is carefully and systematically attended to4 ,although a boiler may even last safely for ten to thirty or more years if worked slowly and with care1 no confidence can be placed in a boiler which has worked so long1 unless it is examined in every part4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,the opinion is more general than many are aware of1 that explosions as a rule are caused by shortness of water and the sudden turning on of the feed water upon red-hot plates2 and the appearances of injury in the plates from fire1 arising in the ordinary course of working1 have been frequently mistaken for signs of overheating from shortness of water at the time of explosion1 as illustrated in ,figs4 #f and #g1 ,no4 #bd1 #ahfg1 and ,no4 #ei1 #ahff4 ,although boilers do explode from the softening of the plates by overheating in consequence of shortness of water1 yet it is very doubtful whether the turning on of the cold water at such a time is ever the cause of explosion4 ,the feed water being always introduced at the bottom of the boiler1 as in ,figs4 #h1 #i1 and #aj1 cannot be scattered suddenly near the overheated parts1 but must rise gradually up the sides2 and the boiler would have gone to pieces from the giving way of the softened parts long before the water reached them1 as was the case in the explosions shown in ,figs4 #aa and #ab1 end of #ahfh4 ,the experiment of injecting cold water into red-hot boilers has been carefully tried more than once1 without producing any explosion4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,although it may be too much to suppose that boiler explosions will ever be entirely prevented1 it is important that those who have the care of boilers should understand better what are the true causes of explosion1 in order that they may know what to guard against in addition to shortness of water4 ,this better understanding of the subject has been much retarded by the supposition that the causes of boiler explosions are beyond the comprehension of the boiler minders2 and still more by the important differences of opinion among those under whom they work4 ,much evil has resulted from the promulgation of strongly expressed views1 which have been founded upon facts but of too limited extent1 and such as must become modified by consideration of the facts of a large number and variety of explosions4 ,mysterious theories to account for explosions have been resorted to only from want of clearer explanations4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,before considering in detail the causes of explosion1 it is necessary to recall to mind that beyond question there is sufficient accumulated force in any working boiler to cause all the violent effects of an explosion1 if this force be suddenly liberated4 ,in ,figs4 #ac and #ad1 ,no4 #ah1 #ahfi1 and ,no4 #fc1 #ahff1 are shown the violent effects of the rupture of vessels employed for steaming rags1 which were filled with steam only4 ,in ordinary boilers however there is present1 besides the steam1 a quantity of water heated much beyond the atmospheric boiling point2 and when rupture takes place and the pressure is suddenly relieved1 part of this water evaporates1 and keeps up the supply of steam to continue the rupture and destruction4 ,the explosion of a boiler differs from the discharge of electricity or lightning1 which cleaves the air and instantly leaves a vacuum2 it also differs from the discharge of detonating compounds which act suddenly and leave a vacuum2 but it more nearly resembles the discharge of gunpowder1 which burns sufficiently slowly to keep up a continuous pressure behind a projectile until it leaves a gun2 and each cubic foot of water in a boiler working at #fj lbs4 pressure has been shown to produce in steam an explosive effect equal to one pound of gunpowder4 ,none of the elaborate but unlikely theories of decomposed steam1 or of electric accumulations1 suppose a force so fitted to cause destruction as that contained in the highly heated water existing in all working boilers4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the following appear to be the general results to be derived from the experience of the explosions in this country during the last four years4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,first as to faults of construction which fall under the department of the boiler maker or repairer4 ,one of the most apparent causes of explosion in stationery boilers is the loss of strength occasioned by frequent repair1 not only from the injury done to the old plates by removing rivets1 but from the want of bond in the new work4 ,this has lead to many of the explosions of the ,plain ,cylindrical boilers1 such as are shown in ,figs4 #ae1 #af1 and #ag1 ,no4 #de1 #ahfi1 ,no4 #cb1 #ahgj1 and ,no4 #bj1 #ahgj4 ,where the plates are arranged longitudinally instead of in rings1 the danger is increased1 as there is less chance of a dangerous rip being arrested by a crossed joint4 ,so great a number of boilers with continuous longitudinal seams1 especially in the ,north1 have worked for twenty or thirty years1 that it can hardly be supposed they are any weaker than the boilers made in rings2 but they are more liable to explode1 for if a seam rip occurs1 it more easily extends along the seam1 and leads to the general break up of the boiler1 shown in ,fig4 #ah1 ,no4 #ei1 #ahfi4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,perhaps no boilers have worked for a greater number of years than the ,plain ,cylindrical boilers1 many specimens being in existence and apparently in good order which were put to work fifty or sixty years ago4 ,when such boilers have been too much or injudiciously repaired1 they are treacherous and uncertain2 but their rupture and explosion occur not so much on account of fault of shape1 as from the simple reason that like willing horses they are easily overworked4 ,the grates are usually twice as large as the fair proportion to the heating surface1 producing the double evil of forcing more heat through the iron plates over the fire than they can transmit without injury1 and allowing a great amount of heat to pass away to the chimney without useful effect4 ,careful experiment shows that nearly as good duty can be obtained with the plain cylindrical boiler as with any other form1 provided the rate of combustion is in fair proportion to the extent of heating surface in the boiler4 ,the circumstance that many plain cylindrical boilers have exploded is not sufficient to condemn this make of boiler1 which is the cheapest1 simplest1 and most easily set4 ,if the number of explosions alone were to be taken as the guide1 it would lead to the condemnation of the ,cornish and ,lancashire boilers1 from the experience of the past four years4 ,but in case of both plain cylindrical and other forms of boilers1 most of the dangers admit of remedy1 and can be guarded against by frequent examination4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,five very fatal explosions have occurred of boilers heated by ,puddling and ,mill ,furnaces1 leading in some cases to the supposition that this form of boiler is more liable to explosion than others4 ,they were not adopted however in the iron-making districts without great care and consideration1 and there does not seem ground for attributing special danger to them4 ,the causes of the five explosions referred to of these boilers were manifest1 and would have led to the explosion of any form of boiler2 the loss of life however was great1 because the situation of the boilers was among a large number of workmen4 ,the steam power required in ironworks so far exceeds that in any other trade1 that an ironwork is half composed of boilers2 the workmen are necessarily within the range of explosion of many boilers1 and hence the great loss of life when such an accident occurs4 ,the explosions of such boilers shown in ,figs4 #ai and #bj1 ,no4 #bd1 #ahfh1 and ,no4 #ca1 #ahfh1 were from external and internal corrosion respectively of the bottoms1 rendering them too weak to bear the ordinary pressure4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,those shown in ,figs4 #ba and #bb1 ,no4 #bc1 #ahgj1 and ,no4 #ec1 #ahfi1 were from the collapse of the central tubes1 which were weakened by external and internal corrosion respectively4 ,in ,fig4 #bd1 ,no4 #ce1 #ahfh1 the shell was in bad order from over work and receiving too much heat from four large furnaces1 one of these especially causing a constant mass of flame to impinge upon a single plate1 which resulted in a seam rip4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,the greatest number of explosions and the greatest loss of life and personal injury have been in the case of ,cornish and ,lancashire boilers1 or others with internal flues4 ,in the county of ,cornwall itself there have been many explosions1 as often from the rupture of the shell1 ,fig4 #bc1 ,no4 #eh1 #ahfi1 as from the collapse of the tube1 ,fig4 #be1 ,no4 #ce1 #ahfi4 ,the temporary patching on some of these old boilers was most extensive1 ,fig4 #bf1 ,no4 #eb1 #ahfi1 and the only wonder really was that they held together as long as they did4 ,the belief that shortness of water is the only cause which can lead to the collapse of tubes is so strong1 that the boiler minders have often been condemned almost unheard in cases of explosion1 as if there were no room for doubt that their neglect was the cause4 ,explosions from weakness of tubes are not however confined to ,cornwall1 as for example in ,fig4 #bg1 ,no4 #db1 #ahfh1 where the flue was oval and very weak3 although it was supposed that shortness of water caused the accident1 from the idea that nothing else could account for it4 ,the strain caused by the varying temperature of the internal tubes in ,cornish or ,lancashire boilers1 and the difficulty of staying their flat ends so as to make them sufficiently secure without being too rigid to allow for the expansion of the tubes1 render them liable to corrosion or furrowing in particular lines of strain1 the destructive action of which is very rapid2 while the large quantity of brickwork around the outside1 necessary to form the external flues1 also renders them liable to corrosion in the parts most difficult of access4 ,in this favourite form of boiler therefore careful and frequent examination in every part is more needed than in boilers of simpler form and setting2 and the increasing number of explosions among these boilers seems to establish that they are only trustworthy if frequently examined and kept in perfect order4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,several instances have occurred of explosion of ,portable ,crane ,boilers4 ,their small size has led to their condition being disregarded1 under the idea that scarcely any pressure could burst them4 ,in practice it is found however that they are often exposed to greater pressure than other boilers1 because the fire is large and quick in proportion to their size2 and they often have to stand for a considerable time with the steam up1 and their exposed position and long intervals of rest add to the chances of corrosion1 as shown by the example in ,fig4 #bh1 ,no4 #ad1 #ahfi4 ,the large manholes without strengthening rings1 that are so often put in these boilers1 have been the cause of explosions such as that shown in ,fig #bi1 ,no4 #eg1 #ahff4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,the same remark applies to some of the portable or agricultural boilers which have exploded1 such as those shown in ,figs4 #cj and #ca1 ,no4 #dc1 #ahfh1 and ,no4 #ab1 #ahfi4 ,much mischief is often caused by bad imitation of well planned boilers4 ,thus in boilers of the ,cornish form1 the ends are made sometimes so rigid as to give no allowance for the expansion of the tube1 and the result is such continued strain as to cause constant leaking and the consequent risk of fracture4 ,in furnace boilers the tops of the crowns of the inside tubes are often made flat1 as in ,fig4 #cg1 instead of being domed2 or the inside tube is of undue size1 as in ,fig4 #ba1 ,no4 #bc1 #ahgj1 see page #gc4 ,furnace boilers have been made with the omission of the stays that are so peculiarly necessary in that form1 whereby both ends have been left free to bulge outwards with the pressure1 as in ,fig4 #cb4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,cornish boilers are often altered to the plain cylindrical form1 without compensation being made for the loss of strength caused by the removal of the tube2 this has led to such explosions as shown in ,fig4 #cc1 ,no4 #dg1 #ahfi1 where two tubes where taken out1 and ,fig4 #cd1 ,no4 #db1 #ahfg1 where one tube was taken out4 ,one of the most frequent and serious causes of loss of strength is the repairing of externally fired boilers4 ,not only are the patches sometimes only bolted on in a temporary manner1 as in ,fig4 #ce1 ,no4 #bi1 #ahfi1 but even where they are rivetted on there is an entire want of bond or crossed joint1 as in the case of the exploded boilers shown in ,figs4 #ae1 #af1 and #ag1 see page #gj and #ga1 ,no4 #aj1 #ahfi1 and ,fig4 #cf4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,an attempt is made in ,fig4 #ch to show the effect of wear and tear of boiler plate in an ordinary upright furnace boiler1 such as is shown in ,fig4 #cg4 ,the external surface is exposed to intense heat and consequently expands1 while the internal surface is kept cool by contact with the water and expands to a much less degree4 ,the continued repetition of this process produces the same effect of cracking the surface as that seen in the anvil blocks of steam hammers2 and the strength of the plate is reduced in proportion to the destruction of the continuity of its surface4 ,the deleterious effect of this process is much increased if the boiler is subject to alternate heating and streams of cold air on opening the fire-doors4 ,to avoid it the flame should have room to spread over as large a surface as possible1 without impinging on one particular point1 and the firing should be as regular as possible2 and hence the greater freedom from injury in boilers mechanically fired or heated by gas4 ,the above action is quite distinct from the overheating of the plates that occurs when no water is in contact with them1 which simply softens them and reduces their strength1 as in ,fig4 #ci4 ,it is believed that many boilers suffer from overheating without being short of water3 and an attempt is made to show this action in such an upright boiler as is represented in ,fig4 #cg1 page #gh1 by the enlarged section of the side shown in ,fig4 #dj4 ,the flame is shown impinging on a limited surface1 as before1 and the steam rises so rapidly from the inner surface as to maintain a continuous stratum of steam between the iron and the water1 and the plate consequently becomes overheated at that part4 ,when the intense flame subsides by an alteration of the working of the furnace1 the stream of steam diminishes1 and the water returns and suddenly cools and contracts the plate1 but often not before it has commenced to get out of shape4 ,this has perhaps led to the explosion shown in ,fig4 #ei1 ,no4 #cg1 #ahfh1 page #hb4 ,the same thing may happen to the crowns of tubes of internally fired boilers when over fired1 as in ,fig4 #da4 ,success has attended the use of internal linings to boilers1 arranged so as to ensure a rapid circulation over the most heated parts1 and also to catch all the mud and loose scale4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ei4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,in order to enable boiler minders to make proper periodical examinations1 it is necessary that care should be taken to arrange both the boilers and the flues with that view2 and this can be done without materially injuring the efficiency of the boiler4 ,ordinary plain cylindrical boilers can be entered easily1 as in ,fig4 #db2 and although the small spaces between the tubes and the shells of ,cornish and ,lancashire ,boilers1 as shown in ,fig4 #dc1 render the complete examination troublesome1 there is no difficulty in seeing those parts most likely to need examination1 such as the crowns of the tubes and the end plates and angle iron4 ,it is in the external flues that greater accommodation is needed1 as in many cases these are so narrow that the boiler is quite inaccessible without pulling down the brickwork1 as in ,figs4 #dd and #de4 ,the loss of heating effect caused by the use of wider flues is so little1 that it is far outweighed by the greater security obtained from the more efficient examination that is thereby rendered practicable4 ,the flues of the plain cylindrical boiler are easily made wide enough for a man to pass through them4 ,the flues of ,cornish and ,lancashire boilers should be made as shown in ,figs4 #df and #dg1 so that a man can enter them without such inconvenience as in ,fig4 #dh4 ,one point of danger being the use of wide mid-feather walls1 on which corrosion is apt to take place1 these should be narrowed and the weight of the boiler supported on side brackets2 the top of the mid-feather and side walls can then be constructed with sight holes as at ,a ,a in ,figs4 #di and #ej1 so as to give the means of examining the plates near each seam by simply removing loose bricks4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,the explosions of fourteen ,domestic or ,heating-,apparatus ,boilers are included in the list of explosions1 ,table ,,iii2 and some notice is required to be taken of these1 because they have led to the loss of the lives of those who could not be expected to know their construction or how to guard against accident2 and as these boilers are seldom seen or examined after they are once set1 they should be the more carefully constructed4 ,in one or two cases these boilers were of a rectangular shape1 as in ,fig4 #ea1 ,no4 #da1 #ahfh1 ill adapted to bear internal pressure1 and yet placed in connection with cisterns in the roofs of lofty houses1 so as to expose them to a hydrostatic pressure almost up to their bursting strength without any addition of steam pressure4 ,the most usual cause of explosion is the lighting of the fire during frosty weather in a house that has been left vacant1 so that steam pressure accumulates in the boiler whilst the exit is frozen up1 as was the case in ,fig4 #eb1 ,no4 #f1 #ahgj4 ,the cast-iron boilers commonly used1 ,fig4 #ec1 end of #ahfi1 are capable of bearing but little pressure2 and the wrought iron boilers1 as in ,fig4 #ed1 ,no4 #g1 #ahgj1 are found often so badly welded as to be but little stronger2 but even if they were as strong as they could be made1 the stoppage of the pipes by ice would lead to explosion4 ,steam pressure may be guarded against by a safety valve2 but as this may become set fast in a little time1 it would be far better to avoid all chance of steam accumulation by such an arrangement as that shown in ,fig4 #ee1 where the circulating boiler is placed within an open-topped boiler behind the kitchen fire1 and only receives its heat through the hot water surrounding it1 and therefore cannot itself become sufficiently hot to generate steam4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,a few remarks may be useful as to those faults arising in working which fall under the department of the boiler minders4 ,not a few of the explosions during the last four years have occurred from acts of simple carelessness1 such as where a blow-off pipe was left open1 so that the boiler was nearly emptied of water while at work2 or in another case where two boilers were fed at the same time through a common pipe without a back valve1 and the water from one kicked over into the other4 ,undue pressure has been allowed to accumulate by safety valves being tied down1 as in the agricultural boiler1 ,fig4 #ef1 ,no4 #af1 #ahfg2 or by an extra weight being put upon the safety valve1 as in an instance where three bricks were fastened to the lever and the fires were lighted earlier than usual1 under the idea that an accumulation of steam could be raised during the night to make a good start in the morning4 ,another explosion was caused by working a boiler at more than three times its proper pressure to meet a temporary emergency4 ,in not a few cases of explosion there was no pressure gauge on the boiler1 or the gauge was out of repair in consequence of being placed on the steam pipe1 so that it vibrated with every stroke of the engine2 as in the examples shown in ,figs4 #bd and #af1 ,no4 #ce1 #ahfh1 ,no4 #cb1 #ahgj1 pages #gj and #gd4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,corrosion has been the direct cause of many of the explosions4 ,in one or two cases the corrosion was known to exist1 but the renewal of the boiler was too long delayed1 as in ,fig4 #eg1 ,no4 #h1 #ahfi1 in others it took both owners and minders by surprise1 as in ,fig4 #a1 ,no4 #ab1 #ahgj1 page #fc4 ,it is said that to produce rapid rusting of iron there must be present oxygen1 water1 and carbonic acid2 and as all these are present in a boiler flue when there are leaks1 it is not surprising that so many cases occur of explosions from corrosion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,much mischief is often done by the injudicious use of compositions in the boiler that are designed to prevent incrustation1 especially where there is no blow-off cock or where its use is neglected4 ,a hard deposit on the boiler plates is1 in the writer's opinion1 not so injurious as the soft and muddy deposit produced by the use of such compositions4 ,a hard scale is equivalent to thickening the plate2 and although this is sufficiently mischievous1 the injury to the plates is much more rapid when a thicker but spongy deposit entirely prevents contact of the water and impedes the transmission of the heat4 ,an attempt to illustrate this is given in ,fig4 #eh1 which is an enlarged view of a portion of such a boiler as is shown in ,fig4 #cg4 ,the money spent in boiler compositions would be better applied in securing a supply of proper water1 or in filtering and purifying the water before it enters the boiler4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eh4 ,the writer has had to mention only faults in boilers2 but it is not to be inferred that all boilers are working in actual danger4 ,a very small percentage perhaps are so2 but without periodical examination no one can feel sure of the condition of any boiler4 ,it is not likely that explosions in future will be from exactly the same causes as those now described1 because the known faults will be avoided4 ,for instance no new ,balloon1 ,wagon1 or ,butterley boilers are now made2 and the peculiar faults and the weakness of the tubes in ,cornish and others of the better classes of boilers are now so well known as to be generally avoided2 and as information spreads1 many evils will become things of the past4 ,as periodical examination has been so strongly advocated1 it might seem natural to desire that it should be enforced by government authority2 but this is by no means recommended4 ,a select parliamentary committee has been recently investigating the subject1 with a view to ascertain whether that would be desirable1 but has adjourned for the session without coming to any decision on this point4 ,even if a perfect system of government inspection could be contrived and perfectly administered1 it would have the effect of taking the responsibility from the owners1 who are the natural guardians of the safety of their boilers4 ,although the loss of #gj lives per annum by boiler explosions is sufficiently deplorable1 the deaths by railway accidents are more than three times that number2 yet very little inspection of railways is held to be necessary1 and that inspection takes place chiefly before the commencement of working or after accidents4 ,a coercive system may introduce more evils than it cures1 especially as at present so much difference of opinion exists respecting the causes of boiler explosions4 ,in the opinion of the writer1 far more real good arises from the calm discussion of the facts and from the spread of correct information by such societies as this ,institution1 than from enforcing by law any action which is not perhaps believed by the majority of steam users to be at all necessary or useful4 ,it has been at times suggested to increase the power and responsibility of coroners in holding inquests upon those killed by boiler explosions1 by requiring them to obtain scientific evidence and to insist that the causes of the explosions shall be added to the verdicts of juries4 ,but it is believed that this would only encumber an important institution1 because a jury who might well decide whether a person had been killed by any criminal carelessness would not be a suitable tribunal to decide between possibly conflicting scientific evidence2 and also1 as an inquest may result in a verdict of manslaughter1 the eliciting of information on such an occasion is checked by the natural fear of inadvertently involving some one in so serious a charge4 ,the public at large1 and steam users generally1 would gain more information and guidance from the scientific evidence itself than from the verdict of a coroner's jury2 and it is believed much good has resulted in preventing locomotive boiler explosions by publishing the reports of the government inspecting engineers1 who have gained their knowledge of the facts in conversation with all those concerned1 and have added recommendations which have been promptly acted upon4 ,the writer's object has been that the boilers found most convenient and best suited for the different purposes for which they are used should be made to work with safety1 rather than that reliance should be placed upon the qualities of any particular kind of boiler or fittings4 ,no form of boiler at present admits of absolute reliance upon its freedom from risk4 ,the following general conclusions appear to arise from the consideration of the records of boiler explosions4 #a4 ,that the force accumulated in an ordinary boiler is enough to account for the violence of an explosion4 #b4 ,that no form of boiler1 however well constructed and fitted1 is free from the liability to explosion1 if allowed to get out of order2 and that boilers which bear the hydraulic test may still be dangerous4 #c4 ,that the condition of a boiler can be satisfactorily ascertained only by periodical examinations1 and that no boiler should work without being thoroughly examined at short intervals4 #d4 ,that the cost of periodical examination is so little as to be far outweighed by the greater security obtained2 and that the settings of all boilers should be constructed with a view to facilitate examination4 #e4 ,that the surest way to make systematic examination general is to spread as widely as possible correct information as to the facts and ascertained causes of boiler explosions1 and to inform boiler owners and minders what dangers to guard against2 and that this is preferable1 and more likely to lessen explosions than enforcing any system of inspection by legal enactment4 ,,table ,i4 ,summary of ,records of ,steam ,boiler ,explosions up to #cjth ,june1 #ahgj1 showing ,description of ,exploded ,boilers4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,description of ,explosions up to ,june ,explosions in the #d ,boiler4 #ahff4 years from ,june #ahff to ,june #ahgj4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,english4,foreign4,total,english4,foreig n4,total ,marine #eg #bjc #cbj #ab #fd #gf ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,cornish1 #adj #a #ada #hd #c #hg ,lancashire1 or others with internal flues ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,locomotive #ia #bi #abj #aj #fh #gh ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,plain ,cylindrical #aad #b #aaf #ed #c #eg externally fired ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,balloon1 ,haystack1 ,wagon1 #fb #b #fd #e #b #g ,butterley1 ,british-,tube ,elephant1 or ,trevithick ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,portable1 ,agricultural1 #bh #a #bi #ag #ag #cd ,upright1 ,crane1 or very small ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,heating1 ,kitchen1 #ad 44 #ad #bb #ad #cf ,domestic1 ,rag ,steamers1 c4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,furnace-upright #aj 44 #aj #h 44 #h ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,not sufficiently #bjc #bi #bcb #g #age #ahb described to be classified ,totals #gai #cbg #ajdf #bai #cdf #efe ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,,table ,i 7continued7 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,description of ,total ,explosions ,boiler4 up to ,june1 #ahgj4 ------------------------ ,english4,foreign4 ,total4 ,marine #fi #cbg #cif ---------------------------------------- -- ,cornish1 #bbd #d #bbh ,lancashire1 or others with internal flues ---------------------------------------- -- ,locomotive #aja #ig #aih ---------------------------------------- -- ,plain ,cylindrical #afh #e #agc externally fired ---------------------------------------- -- ,balloon1 ,haystack1 ,wagon1 #fg #d #ga ,butterley1 ,british-,tube ,elephant1 or ,trevithick ---------------------------------------- -- ,portable1 ,agricultural1 #de #ah #fc ,upright1 ,crane1 or very small ---------------------------------------- -- ,heating1 ,kitchen1 #cf #ad #ej ,domestic1 ,rag ,steamers1 c4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,furnace-upright #ah 44 #ah ---------------------------------------- -- ,not sufficiently #baj #bjd #dad described to be classified ,totals #ich #fgc #afaa ---------------------------------------- -- ,,table ,,ii4 ,summary of ,records of ,steam ,boiler ,explosions up to #cjth ,june1 #ahgj1 showing ,causes of ,explosions4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,cause of ,explosions up to ,june ,explosions in the #d explosion4 #ahff4 years from ,june #ahff to ,june #ahgj4 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,english4,foreign4,total4,english4,forei gn4,total4 ,worn out1 #ib #ec #ade #hi #e #id corroded1 or burnt plates ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,undue pressure1 #acb #e #acg #be #f #ca overloaded valves1 intentional or from carelessness ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,bad #acf #ajh #bdd #fi #h #gg construction1 weak tubes1 defective fittings or stays1 or want of repair ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,shortness of #ajf #h #aad #bh #b #cj water1 formation of scale or mud1 or external flues set too high ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,extraneous #f #c #i #b 44 #b causes1 lightning1 fire1 gas1 c4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,too uncertain to #bdg #aej #cig #f #cbe #cca be classified ,totals #gai #cbg #ajdf #bai #cdf #efe ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,table ,,ii 7continued7 ---------------------------------------- - ,cause of ,total ,explosions up to explosion4 ,june #ahgj4 ---------------------- ,english4,foreign4,total ,worn out1 #aha #eh #bci corroded1 or burnt plates --------------------------------------- ,undue pressure1 #aeg #aa #afh overloaded valves1 intentional or from carelessness --------------------------------------- ,bad #bje #aaf #cba construction1 weak tubes1 defective fittings or stays1 or want of repair --------------------------------------- ,shortness of #acd #aj #add water1 formation of scale or mud1 or external flues set too high --------------------------------------- ,extraneous #h #c #aa causes1 lightning1 fire1 gas1 c4 --------------------------------------- ,too uncertain to #bec #dge #gbh be classified ,totals #ich #fgc #afaa --------------------------------------- ,,table ,,iii4 ,analysis of ,steam ,boiler ,explosions in the ,united ,kingdom during the ,four years ending #cjth ,june1 #ahgj1 showing the ,causes of ,explosion of ,boilers of different descriptions4 ,a ,faults in construction or repair4 ,b ,faults which should be detected by periodical examination4 ,c ,faults which should be prevented by careful attendants4 ,d ,causes extraneous or uncertain4 ,e number of ,explosions4 ,k number of persons ,killed4 ,i number of persons injured4 ,,cornish1 ,,lancashire1 or other ,boilers with internal flues4 ,e ,k ,i ,weak ,tubes #bf #ag #da ,weak combustion chambers #e #h #g ,a ,weak ends #c #aj #aj ,weak dome #a #j #j ,weak manhole #a #a #a ,bad repair #c #e #b ,e ,k ,i ------------ #ci #da #fa ,b ,external ,corrosion #ah #db #aja ,internal ,corrosion #f #d #e ------------ #bd #df #ajf ,shortness of ,water #ad #aa #bc ,c ,scale of mud #c #a #j ,undue ,pressure #d #ad #d ------------ #ba #bf #bg ,e ,k ,i ------------ #hd #aac #aid ,,plain ,,cylindrical1 or other ,boilers without internal flues4 ,e ,k ,i ,weak flat ends #h #i #ab ,weak manhole #a #j #b ,frequent repair producing ,a seam rip in boilers with #ae #ah #bh plates arranged lengthways ,do4 with plates arranged in rings #h #aa #be ------------ #cb #ch #fg ,b ,external ,corrosion #aa #e #ai ,internal ,corrosion #e #e #f ------------ #af #aj #be ,shortness of ,water #b #a #j ,c ,scale #a #a #j ,undue pressure #c #d #c ------------ #f #f #c ------------ #ed #ed #ie ------------ ,,marine ,,boilers4 ,e ,k ,i ,weak flues #c #f #c ,a ,weak ends #b #f #e ,bad material #a #c ,e ,k ,i ------------ #f #ae #i ,b ,external ,corrosion #b #aj #c ,internal ,corrosion #c #a #d ------------ #e #aa #g ,c ,shortness of water #a #aa #g ------------ #a #aa #g ------------ #ab #cg #bc ,,locomotive ,,boilers4 ,a ,boiler used as frame for engine #b #a #b ------------ #b #a #b ,b ,external ,corrosion #b #a #d ,internal ,corrosion #b #j #c ------------ #d #a #g ,broken connecting-rod ,d pierced boiler #a #b #a ,dome caught by railway bridge #a #a #j ,uncertain causes #b #j #d ------------ #d #c #e ----------- #aj #e #ad ,,agricultural ,,boilers4 ,a ,weak manhole #a #a #d ------------ #a #a #d ,b ,external ,corrosion #b #c #c ,internal ,corrosion #a #a #g ------------ #c #d #aj ,c ,shortness of water #a #j #j ,undue pressure #f #ae #ae ------------ #g #ae #ae ----------- #aa #bj #bi ,,furnace ,,upright ,,boilers4 ,too much flame on one part #a #b #j ,a ,frequent repair producing seam rip #a #ac #b ------------ #b #ae #b ,b ,external ,corrosion #b #ac #aa ,internal ,corrosion #b #ae #f ------------ #d #bh #ag ,c ,shortness of ,water #b #c #h ------------ #b #c #h ----------- #h #df #bg ,,elephant ,,boilers4 ,a ,weak ends or want of stays #a #b #b ------------ #a #b #b ,b ,external ,corrosion #a #j #d ------------ #a #j #d ----------- #b #b #f ,,crane ,,boilers4 ,e ,k ,i ,a ,weak manhole #c #g #c ,e ,k ,i ------------ #c #g #c ,b ,external ,corrosion #a #d #b ------------ #a #d #b ,c ,shortness of water #b #b #j ------------ #b #b #j ----------- #f #ac #e ,,rag ,,steamers1 ,c4 ,weak manhole #c #b #e ,a ,bad material #a #a #e ,want of stays #a #a #j ------------ #e #d #aj ,c ,undue ,pressure #a #b #f ------------ #a #b #f ----------- #f #f #af ,,feed-,,water ,,heaters4 ,d ,uncertain causes #b #j #f ------------ #b #j #f ----------- #b #j #f ,,domestic ,,boilers4 ,a ,weak shape #c #d #g ------------ #c #d #g ,b ,corrosion #b #j #e ------------ #b #j #e ,c ,undue ,pressure from freezing of ,pipes #i #g #i ------------ #i #g #i ----------- #ad #aa #ba ,,balloon ,,boilers4 ,b ,external ,corrosion #b #a #b ------------ #b #a #b ,c ,undue ,pressure #a #a #j ------------ #a #a #j ----------- #c #b #b ,,boilers ,,of ,,uncertain ,,description4 ,a ,weak manhole #a #j #j ------------ #a #j #j ,steam entered through blow- off pipe from another boiler #a #a #b ,c while cleaning ,steam pipes broken #b #d #c ,shortness of ,water #a #a #d ------------ #d #f #i ,d ,uncertain causes #b #j #c ------------ #b #j #c ----------- #g #f #ab ---------- ,e ,k ,i ,,totals #bai #cae #dej ,,table ,,iv4 ,summary of causes of the ,steam ,boiler ,explosions comprised in ,table ,,iii4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,e ,k ,i ,number ,number of,number of ,causes of ,explosion4 of persons persons ,explosions4 ,killed4 ,injured4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,a ,faults in construction or repair #ie #abh #afg ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,b ,faults which should be detected #fb #aje #ahe by periodical examination ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,c ,faults which should be prevented #ed #gi #hd by careful attendants ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,d ,extraneous or uncertain causes #h #c #ad ,totals #bai #cae #dej ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,brief ,,abstracts ,,from ,,reports ,,on ,,steam ,,boiler ,,explosions1 ,,presented ,,to ,,the ,,midland ,,steam ,,boiler ,,inspection ,,assurance ,co41 ,,by ,,edward ,,bindon ,,marten1 ,,chief ,,engineer ,,to ,,the ,,company4 ,description is shortened as much as possible1 and facilitated by slight sketches1 showing the position of the fragments or line of fracture1 and the general construction of the ,boilers4 ,,republished ,,by ,,the ,,permission ,,of ,,the ,,company4 ,,stourbridge3 ,b4 ,,broomhall1 ,,printer1 ,,high ,,street4 #ahfi4 ,,boiler ,,explosions ,,in #ahff4 ,no4 #a4 ,nottingham4 ,january #ast4 none injured4 ,locomotive1 #aaj lbs41 standing with steam up near a platform4 ,all but the fire box was blown away1 the main portion being thrown a distance of #djj yards4 ,the first rent took place at a longitudinal seam of the barrel where grooving had gone on very rapidly1 which was not discovered when examined and tested a short time before4 ,no4 #b4 ,walsall4 7,fig4 #a47 ,january #bnd4 #b injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,butterley1 #bf;ft4 #f;in4 long1 and #i;ft4 diameter4 ,the wagon-shaped top to the fire place was #h;ft4 #f;in4 long1 and was attached to the bell-mouth of the internal tube1 which then continued circular to the back of the boiler4 ,the tube was #c;ft4 #f;in4 diameter4 ,all the plates were about #g_/afths inch thick1 and although the boiler was an old one1 they were nowhere reduced in thickness by wear4 ,the usual pressure of steam was #ah lbs41 and a self-registering gauge showed that at the time of explosion it did not exceed #bj lbs4 ,the top of the fire grate on the right side rent longitudinally1 and the upper part of the shell consisting of four rings of plates1 and also the top of the fire place opened out and blew away to a considerable distance4 ,the front end also blew away4 ,the bell-mouth of the tube was blown to the front1 and the tube which remained in the back part of the shell collapsed upwards4 ,the cause of the explosion was most likely the intrinsic weakness of boilers of this shape1 especially over the fire1 where the top is only retained in its shape by numerous stays4 ,the boiler had been very frequently repaired1 at this the weakest place1 and its strength had been thus so reduced as to make it unable to bear even a few pounds more than the ordinary working pressure4 ,the whistle was found to have been gagged by hemp1 carefully inserted1 so that there is ground for supposing there had been intentional unfair usage4 ,no4 #c4 ,blyth4 7,fig4 #b47 ,january #hth4 #a killed #a injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,marine1 #bj;ft4 long1 and #e;ft4 diameter1 with internal fire place and return flue1 #ad lbs4 ,there were altogether three rents in the tube over the fire1 as a small band was held in its place by a stay from the tube to the shell4 ,the escaping contents scalded those near1 but no damage was done to anything but the boiler4 ,the cause was stated to be shortness of water4 ,there was no water gauge4 ,no4 #d4 ,london4 ,january #ith4 #a killed4 ,one tube ,cornish1 #bh;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 with one tube #c-f diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #de lbs4 ,the tube collapsed in an incline direction from weakness without strengthening rings4 ,the appearance after explosion was nearly the same as that shown in sketch given at ,no4 #ab explosion4 ,no4 #e4 ,glasgow4 7,fig4 #c47 ,january #acth4 #d killed1 #d injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,two tube ,cornish1 #bb;ft4 #c;in4 long1 and #g;ft4 #g;in4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 tubes #b;ft4 #g;in4 diameter1 #dj lbs4 ,about #h;ft of the back portion of the shell was torn off1 leaving the tubes and ends intact4 ,the cause of the explosion was considered to be excessive pressure1 but how accumulated did not transpire4 ,it is most natural to expect that there must have been corrosion under the bottom to cause the first rent4 ,no4 #f4 ,coatbridge4 ,january #agth4 #a injured4 ,cornish4 ,no details have been obtained4 ,no4 #g4 ,york4 7,fig4 #d47 ,january #ahth4 #a killed1 #b injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,agricultural1 #h;ft4 #b;in4 long1 #c;ft4 #f;in4 diameter in the barrel1 #e_/afths inch plates1 internal fire box1 #b;ft4 #d;in4 wide1 #b;ft4 #d;in4 high1 and #b;ft4 #aj;in4 deep4 ,from the back of this fire box1 two #ab-;inch tubes passed to an internal chamber at the back of the barrel4 ,from this again passed nine #c-c_/d inch tubes to an exterior smoke-box fixed over the fire door4 ,the boiler was fitted with one spring safety valve1 which was screwed down tight1 but there was no pressure gauge4 ,the front plate was intended to be bolted on so that the fire-box and tubes could be taken out for cleaning1 but it had been rivetted1 leaving no means of cleaning1 and it was nearly full of scurf4 ,the crown plate of fire-box which was too flat and unstrengthened1 rent at the front and along both top edges1 and was driven into the fire4 ,the boiler was thrown backwards and reared against a wall1 resting on the front right hand corner4 ,the cause of the explosion was that the very dirty state1 caused overheating where the water was not in proper contact with the plates1 and the defective construction did not admit of proper cleaning4 ,the mountings were insufficient for the proper protection of the boiler4 ,no4 #h4 ,durham4 7,fig4 #e47 ,january #bith4 #a killed1 #c injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,plain ,cylinder ,boiler with hemispherical ends1 #cj;ft4 long and #f;ft4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #cj lbs4 ,it was the second from the engine in a bed of five1 and had been at work three years1 then remained idle for eight years1 working again fourteen years4 ,the boiler was mounted with two safety valves #c-g_/h and #d inches diameter1 a float and alarm whistle4 ,the boiler had been more than once repaired over the fire with several new plates4 ,one seam over the fire had been observed to leak about a week before the explosion1 but not seriously1 and had been caulked4 ,the boiler had just been started after cleaning4 ,six months before explosion1 the boiler had been tested to #fi lbs4 ,about #e feet of the front end of the boiler opened out flat1 and was thrown to the rear about #fj yards2 the front hemispherical end was liberated and thrown #bj yards also to the rear and right hand4 ,the back part of the boiler was thrown in a mass1 and after bounding twice1 lodged at a distance of #bcj yards4 ,the cause of the explosion appeared to be from the failure of a seam over the fire place in a plate deteriorated by age1 and overheated through a deposit of scurf and mud4 ,no4 #i4 ,birmingham4 7,fig4 #f47 ,february #gth4 #a killed1 #d injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,plain ,cylindrical ,boiler1 with hemispherical ends1 #bc;ft4 long1 and #e;ft4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #ej lbs4 ,it was set so as to be fired under the bottom if required1 but the grate was seldom used4 ,the principal heat was supplied from a mill furnace1 the neck of which was at the left hand of the back1 and the flame was carried by a wheel flue round the front of the boiler to the stack on the right hand side of the back4 ,the boiler was fitted with a #d-c_/d-;inch safety valve1 and also a float1 but it was suspected that the latter had broken from the rod4 ,a horizontal seam about the middle of the left hand side had given way1 and the upper portion of the #crd and #dth rings of plates had spread out like a lid without being detached from the boiler4 ,the front end became detached and was thrown some distance to the front4 ,the cause of explosion was1 that the left side of the boiler became overheated1 and so much softened1 that it first bulged outwards with the ordinary working pressure1 and then rent open4 ,the overheating was most likely the result of shortness of water1 but it might possibly have been in consequence of the intense heat of a mill furnace impinging on a small area so near the water line1 leading to such rapid ebullition as to prevent sufficient contact of the water to keep the plates cool4 ,no4 #aj4 ,dunse4 ,february #adth4 #a injured4 ,locomotive4 ,it exploded while standing in a shed1 but no particulars have been obtained4 ,no4 #aa4 ,middlesbro'4 ,february #bfth4 #a injured4 ,marine1 in a small tug boat1 but no details have been obtained4 ,no4 #ab4 ,gainsbro' 7,fig4 #g7 ,february #bfth4 #a injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,one ,tube ,cornish1 #ba;ft4 long1 #e;ft4 diameter1 with one tube #b;ft4 #aa;in4 diameter1 plates #c_/h inch1 #fd lbs4 ,there were no strengthening rings on the tube4 ,the boiler was second-hand1 and had only worked a part of a day at its new position when it exploded4 ,the tube collapsed from weakness without strengthening rings4 ,no4 #ac4 ,redruth4 7,fig4 #h47 ,march #crd4 #a killed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,one ,tube ,cornish1 #ca;ft4 #i;in4 long1 and #e;ft4 #i;in4 diameter1 tube #c;ft4 #h;in4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #dj lbs4 ,the tube had been repaired with a bolted patch on the left side the day before the explosion1 and it is presumed it was slightly out of the circular shape1 as it collapsed sideways1 the top being thrown up above its proper height4 ,there was no evidence of shortness of water4 ,the tube without strengthening rings was too weak to sustain the ordinary working pressure4 ,no4 #ad4 ,london4 ,march #eth4 #g injured4 ,cornish1 at #bg lbs41 but as the boiler was not injured1 it is only noticed as an explosion1 because of the imprudence of placing fittings in such dangerous positions4 ,the boiler was beneath a work room1 and the lever of the safety valve became displaced1 allowing the valve to blow out1 and the escaping steam rushed into the room above and scalded seven men very badly4 ,no4 #ae4 ,manchester4 ,march #fth4 #a killed4 ,this was a ,boiler with two internal fireplaces1 connected into one flue at the back4 ,the crowns of both furnaces were collapsed1 and slightly rent1 and the escaping steam and water scalded the attendant4 ,the water was #h or #i inches below its proper level1 allowing the furnace crowns to become overheated and unable to bear the working pressure4 ,each furnace had been fitted with a fusible plug1 but they proved inefficient4 ,no4 #af4 ,norwich4 7,fig4 #i47 ,march #acth4 #a killed1 #a injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,this was a very small boiler1 #h;ft4 long1 and #c;ft4 #b-a_/b;in4 diameter1 with two small tubes4 ,it was fired externally4 ,the dome was blown off and the rents continuing1 the top opened out on each side1 and the upper portion of both back and front was bent back4 ,the dome cut away the whole of the top plate1 and so much reduced the strength that it would not bear the ordinary working pressure4 ,no4 #ag4 ,dudley4 7,fig4 #aj47 ,march #aith4 none injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,plain ,cylinder ,boiler1 #cf;ft4 long1 #e;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 #fj lbs4 ,it had frequently been repaired over the fire1 so that the longitudinal seams ran for several plates without break of joint4 ,a patch had been put on a few days before explosion1 and as the rivet holes had badly fitted1 there had been much strain caused by drifting1 and the rivets were much distorted4 ,a longitudinal seam gave way over the fire1 when two rings of plates opened out1 rending the transverse seams at each side until completely separated1 and fell in two parts at a distance of about #ajj yards in front of the boiler4 ,the front end was liberated and fell in one piece about #ajj yards beyond the two pieces of the shell4 ,the main body of the boiler was driven back a few yards and rolled over so as to be upside down1 but was little injured4 ,the frequent and badly executed repair over the fireplace1 had so weakened the structure as to make it unable to bear the very high ordinary pressure4 ,this frequent repair over the fireplace had been made necessary by very hard firing and deposits of scurf from muddy water1 preventing the proper contact of the water with the plates4 ,no4 #ah4 ,liverpool4 ,march #bbnd4 #a killed4 ,this was a small ,boiler to supply steam for some steam winches on board a steam boat1 and exploded from the overheating of the upper tubes through shortness of water1 or from over pressure in consequence of having only one safety valve4 ,no4 #ai4 ,leeds4 7,fig4 #aa47 ,march #bgth4 #b killed1 #ah injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,two ,tube ,cornish1 #bd;ft4 #f;in4 long1 #f;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 tubes #b;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #ed lbs41 fitted with steam gauge1 blow-off cock1 #a-a_/b inch dead weight safety valve1 loaded to #ed lbs41 and #d-c_/h inch lever safety valve1 loaded to #fb lbs41 and had been at work about five years4 ,nearly the whole of the two back rings of the shell were torn off and opened out1 and the boiler was turned partly round1 and moved upon its seat sideways and forwards4 ,there was extensive corrosion at the under side of the back of shell1 where the first rent took place1 caused by the leaking of the joints and seams4 ,no4 #bj4 ,swansea4 7,fig4 #ab47 ,april #dth4 #e killed1 #d injured4 ,one ,tube ,cornish ,boiler1 #cj;ft4 long1 and #g;ft4 diameter1 tube slightly oval about #d;ft4 diameter1 #g_/af inch plates1 #dc lbs41 fitted with #c-a_/b inch safety valve1 which is much too small for such a boiler1 glass water gauge1 two gauge cocks1 and pressure gauge4 ,the tube collapsed from end to end4 ,the front end was blown out with a short length of the tube attached1 and was driven against a wall about #cj yards to the front4 ,the main body of the shell1 and the back end1 with the collapsed tube within it1 were driven back against another wall1 about the same distance away4 ,very great damage was done to the surrounding property4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,the cause of the explosion was the weakness of the tube of so large a diameter1 without strengthening rings1 which made it unable to bear the ordinary working pressure4 ,it is very probable1 however1 that at the time of the explosion1 the pressure was considerably more than usual during the stoppage of the engine1 and the confusion caused by a man becoming entangled in the machinery4 ,no4 #ba4 ,morpeth4 ,april #ajth4 #a killed4 ,plain ,cylinder ,boiler1 #cd;ft4 long1 and #e;ft4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates placed lengthways1 #cc lbs4 ,the explosion took place at a seam in the front part of the bottom of the boiler just over the fire4 ,this rupture allowed the sides to expand1 until the boiler was completely destroyed and torn into seven pieces4 ,the cause of the explosion was supposed to be the defective state of the seams over the fire1 which1 being placed longitudinally1 were in the weakest position4 ,no4 #bb4 ,shiffnal4 7,fig4 #ac47 ,april #bast4 none injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,two ,tube ,cornish1 #ae;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diameter1 tubes #a;ft4 #h;in4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #dj lbs4 ,the heat was supplied by two furnaces1 one of which played into each tube4 ,the left hand tube collapsed from shortness of water1 and tore away from the angle iron in the front plate1 and allowed the contents to issue violently and scatter the brickwork1 but the boiler was not disturbed4 ,no4 #bc4 ,burnley4 ,april #bfth4 #b killed1 #b injured4 ,small internally fired ,boiler1 #e;ft4 high1 #b;ft4 #d;in4 diameter1 and was intended to work at #gj lbs4 ,the fittings were defective1 the spiral spring of the safety valve being most easily altered1 so as to cause over pressure4 ,the manhole was not strengthened by any ring1 and the first rents commenced at that point4 ,the cause of the explosion was over pressure and defective construction4 ,the sketch at ,no4 #eg explosion in this year1 is of a similar boiler which exploded from nearly similar causes4 ,no4 #bd4 ,bilston4 7,fig4 #ad47 ,may #acth4 none injured4 ,balloon or ,haystack ,boiler1 about #af;ft4 diameter1 #e_/af inch plates1 and worked at very little above atmospheric pressure4 ,the boiler was chiefly used to store water during the time another boiler by the side of it was emptied4 ,when the water was required to refill the other boiler1 a fire was lighted under the balloon1 and sufficient steam generated to drive the water from it into the other boiler4 ,the safety valve never being used1 it had become fast1 and as a little more steam than usual had accumulated1 the bottom gave way1 and the reaction of the issuing contents made the boiler rise from its seat1 and it fell on its side at some distance away flattened by the fall4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,no4 #be4 ,westbromwich4 7,fig4 #ae47 ,may #beth4 none injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,one ,tube ,cornish ,boiler1 #ae;ft4 long1 and #d;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 taper tube1 #b;ft4 #i;in4 diameter in front1 and #b;ft4 diameter at back1 #c_/h inch plates1 #dj lbs4 ,the boiler rested on two walls forming the bottom flue4 ,there was a safety valve1 a glass water gauge1 a pressure gauge1 and two fusible plugs upon the tube4 ,two longitudinal rents took place on the under side of the shell1 allowing two strips1 forming the central part1 to open out by the continuation of the fracture1 until they were blown to a considerable distance4 ,the tube with the front end1 and one ring of the shell were thrown to the front1 while the back end was thrown to the rear1 the smallest end of the tube having torn away from the back4 ,the shell was deeply corroded where it rested on the side walls of the bottom flue1 and the strength of the boiler was thereby so much reduced1 that it was unable to bear the ordinary working pressure4 ,no4 #bf4 ,halifax4 7,fig4 #af47 ,may #bfth4 #a killed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,one ,tube ,cornish1 #bd;ft4 #f;in4 long1 and #e;ft4 diameter1 taper tube1 slightly oval in the front1 #b;ft4 #h;in4 diameter1 and #b;ft4 diameter at the back1 #c_/h inch plates4 ,the boiler was fitted with glass water gauge1 float1 self-acting feed apparatus1 and safety valve loaded to #eb lbs41 and also a mercury gauge4 ,the tube collapsed over the fire1 a rent taking place in the second ring of plates4 ,the issuing steam and water caused the death of a man in front1 but the shell of the boiler was not injured or moved4 ,the cause of the explosion was shortness of water1 and as the glass gauge was set unusually low1 the man in charge may have been deceived4 ,the oval shape of the fireplace1 and the laminated iron1 as shown in the fracture1 rendered the tube peculiarly liable to collapse4 ,no4 #bg4 ,durham4 ,may #bfth4 #a killed4 ,plain ,cylinder ,boiler1 #cd;ft4 long1 #e;ft4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #de lbs41 fitted with two #e-;inch safety valves1 and #b floats4 ,the boiler was torn in two pieces1 that were thrown to a considerable distance4 ,the first rent had taken place immediately over the fire4 ,the cause of the explosion was the weakening of the shell by frequent repair over the fire1 rendered necessary by the deposit from the muddy water preventing proper contact of the water with the plates4 ,no4 #bh4 ,durham4 ,may #bgth4 #a killed4 ,plain ,cylinder ,boiler1 #cb;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #ce lbs41 fitted with two safety valves1 two floats1 and two alarm whistles4 ,the boiler was lifted from its seat1 and one end was separated and thrown to a considerable distance4 ,the cause of the explosion was weakening of the shell from repair a few days before1 and perhaps over pressure1 as the gauge was found some time after1 and indicated that the pressure had at some time exceeded #hj lbs4 ,no4 #bi4 ,redruth4 ,may #bhth4 #a killed1 #d injured4 ,one ,tube ,cornish1 #cj;ft4 #h;in4 long1 #f;ft4 #h;in4 diameter1 tube1 #d;ft4 diameter1 #g_/af inch plates1 #dj lbs4 ,the tube collapsed1 and rent1 and the issuing steam and water scalded those near1 as it was too weak to bear the ordinary working pressure4 ,no4 #cj4 ,leicester4 7,fig4 #ag47 ,may #cast4 #a killed1 #a injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,plain ,cylinder ,boiler1 with dished ends1 and only #d;ft4 #b;in4 long1 and #b;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 #a_/d inch plates4 ,it was most inefficiently mounted1 the safety valve was only #a-e_/h-;inch diameter1 and of such faulty construction1 that it would not open under a pressure of #afb lbs4 ,there was no steam gauge or float1 and the gauge cocks were defective4 ,there was no means of putting water in the boiler when there was a pressure of steam4 ,the manhole was very large for so small a boiler4 ,four rents started from the manhole and continued along the top of the boiler and round the end seams4 ,a tongue-shaped strip of the top plate was attached to the back end plate2 two strips about a foot wide on either side were blown away4 ,the boiler had been turned nearly round in its flight1 and fell with the back about #ab feet from the original position of the front4 ,the boiler was worked until it was nearly dry1 and1 during a temporary stoppage of the engine1 an accumulation of steam caused a greater pressure than the boiler could bear4 ,no4 #ca4 ,newcastle4 ,june #gth4 none injured4 ,marine ,boiler in a ,tug ,boat4 ,the boiler was blown completely out of the vessel1 and the greater part of it fell into the water1 and a large piece alighted on a crowded quay1 but without doing any damage4 ,the cause of the explosion was supposed to be over-pressure during a temporary stoppage of the engine4 ,no4 #cb4 ,barnard ,castle4 7,fig4 #ah47 ,june #aath4 #b injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,agricultural1 of about #g horse power4 ,the barrel of the boiler was #f;ft4 #a;in4 long1 #b;ft4 #e;in4 diameter2 the fire-box end was #c;ft4 wide1 and #b;ft4 #d;in4 deep2 the fire-box was #b;ft4 #e-a_/b;in4 wide1 and #b;ft4 #g;in4 high1 and #a;ft4 #i-a_/b;in4 deep1 with #bc tubes passing from it through the barrel to the smoke box and chimney4 ,the boiler was fitted with a #b;in4 safety valve1 which was intended to blow at #de lbs41 but as there was no ferrule1 it is supposed to have been screwed down to a much greater pressure4 ,the upper portion of the shell over the fire-box rent through the manhole1 and allowed the shell to open out and fall on each side4 ,a large portion of the front plate was also torn off4 ,the cause of the explosion was the weakness of the manhole1 which was not strengthened by any ring1 and also excessive pressure from want of proper safety valve4 ,no4 #cc4 ,breage4 ,june #aath4 #a killed4 ,cornish ,boiler1 #cf;ft4 #f;in4 long1 and #f;ft4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #de lbs4 ,the tube collapsed and rent1 and the issuing contents caused the death of the attendant4 ,the weak tube of such large diameter1 was unable to bear the ordinary working pressure1 having no strengthening rings4 ,no4 #cd4 ,nottingham4 ,june #aith4 #b killed1 #d injured4 ,locomotive1 #a_/b inch plates1 #adj lbs4 ,the explosion occurred at the left hand side of the ring of plates in the barrel next the fire-box1 and below the foot-plate4 ,the rent tore along the edge of the lap and into the next ring of plates4 ,the reaction of the issuing contents threw the engine off the rails4 ,the cause of the explosion was partial corrosion at the point of rupture and strain of the plates1 as the boiler itself formed part of the frame of the engine4 ,no4 #ce4 ,richmond4 ,june #bfth4 #b injured4 ,locomotive1 being tried for the first time4 ,the funnel came in contact with a bridge1 and the dome was also torn off4 ,no4 #cf4 ,gainsbro' ,june #bith4 none injured4 ,no details have been obtained4 ,no4 #cg4 ,durham4 ,july #bnd4 #d killed4 ,plain ,cylindrical ,boiler1 #cj;ft4 long1 and #f;ft4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #bh lbs4 ,it had been repaired a short time before the explosion1 with #e new plates4 ,the boiler was torn up into several pieces1 but the main portion remained flattened out on the seating1 while some smaller pieces were sent #bej yards away4 ,the cause of the explosion was the deterioration of the boiler1 and its frequent repair over the fireplace4 ,no4 #ch4 ,liverpool4 ,june #abth4 #d injured4 ,elephant ,boiler1 #bj;ft4 long1 and #d;ft4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 and worked at low pressure4 ,the bottom shell had a tube through its whole length4 ,a rent took place in the lower part of the fireplace1 and extended along the bottom1 and the reaction of the issuing contents caused the top to rear up4 ,the cause of the explosion was supposed to be that the bottom plates were worn too thin to bear the ordinary pressure4 ,no4 #ci4 ,sheffield4 ,july #dth4 none injured4 ,two ,tube ,cornish ,boiler1 externally fired1 #cj;ft4 long1 and #f;ft4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #dj lbs4 ,the second seam over the fire gave way1 and the plate sank down upon the fire4 ,the cause of the explosion was the deterioration of the seams over the fire1 in consequence of the deposit of scurf which could not be properly cleared off owing to the internal tubes4 ,no4 #dj4 ,oldham4 ,july #adth4 none injured4 ,boiler1 with two internal furnaces1 #i;ft4 #f;in4 long1 and #b;ft4 #aa;in4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 uniting into one tube beyond4 ,the furnace crown collapsed near the front of the boiler4 ,there was an extra weight upon the safety valve1 and the steam valve was left closed1 so that more pressure accumulated than the boiler could bear4 ,no4 #da4 ,oxford4 ,july #bcrd4 #c injured4 ,rag ,boiler1 not used for the generation of steam4 ,it was a plain cylinder1 with hemispherical ends1 about #af;ft4 long1 and #g;ft4 diameter4 ,there was a neck at each end upon which the boiler revolved1 and through one of these the steam was admitted to a pressure of #cj lbs41 in order to assist in cleaning the rags4 ,there was a large manhole for filling and emptying4 ,the boiler rent in the middle1 and each half was blown to some distance4 ,the manhole was so large1 that the strength of the boiler was too much reduced1 and the constant strain of revolving caused a central seam to give way at the ordinary pressure4 ,the sketch to ,no4 #fc is of a similar boiler4 ,no4 #db4 ,tunstall4 7,fig4 #ai47 ,july #bhth4 #b killed1 #g injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,boiler1 #cf;ft4 #f;in4 long1 and #h;ft4 #i;in4 diameter1 #g_/af inch plates1 with flat back and hemispherical front end1 #cf lbs4 ,a tube #c;ft4 #c;in4 diameter1 passed from the back end nearly to the front1 and returned to the back end1 but of #f inches less diameter and then passed to an iron chimney4 ,the fire grate was beneath the hemispherical end4 ,the angle iron of the flat back end gave way1 and separated from the shell and with the tubes attached was blown to a good distance1 and the reaction drove the shell far in the opposite direction4 ,the cause of the explosion was the bad construction of the boiler1 as the back end was quite unsupported1 as there were no stays1 and the bend of the tubes was not attached to the shell4 ,an adjoining boiler which was being cleaned inside by two men1 was rolled off its seat by the force of the explosion4 ,no4 #dc4 ,widnes4 ,august #bnd4 #b killed1 #f injured4 ,plain ,cylindrical ,boiler1 with flat ends1 #bc;ft4 long1 #e;ft4 #c;in4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #dj lbs4 ,both the flat ends were blown out1 and the first ring of plates at the front end torn off4 ,the cause of the explosion was the weakness of the flat ends without stays4 ,no4 #dd4 ,sunderland4 ,august #gth4 #a killed1 #c injured4 ,locomotive1 #ac;ft4 #d;in4 long1 #c;ft4 #aa;in4 diameter1 with #adj #b-;in4 tubes4 ,the fire-box was #d;ft4 #e;in4 long1 #c;ft4 #f;in4 broad1 and #e;ft4 deep1 and made of copper1 #a_/b inch thick1 #ajj lbs4 ,it was fitted with two #d-;in4 safety valves1 and a steam gauge4 ,the fire-box gave way about the middle of the left side1 #b;ft4 #f;in4 below the water line1 where corroded to #a_/h inch1 and the issuing water and steam scalded those near4 ,no4 #de4 ,runcorn4 7,fig4 #bj47 ,august #bbnd4 #c killed1 #e injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,marine ,multitubular1 #e;ft4 #h;in4 long1 and #f;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 with two internal tubular furnaces1 which joined to an internal chamber of large size1 and small tubes passed to a smoke box and chimney in the front over the fire doors4 ,both ends were flat4 ,the flat back end was insufficiently stayed1 and was blown completely out and torn into two pieces1 the lower portion remaining in the vessel1 and the upper part falling in the water1 and the reaction of the issuing contents caused the boiler to be thrown on to the side of the quay4 ,no4 #df4 ,hull4 7,fig4 #ba47 ,august #beth4 #a injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,one ,tube ,cornish1 #bd;ft4 #c;in4 long1 and #f;ft4 diameter1 taper tube #c;ft4 #e;in4 diameter1 for about #g;ft4 #f;in4 in length1 and #b;ft4 #f;in4 diameter for the rest of the length1 #cc lbs4 ,the tube was much corroded1 and the fireplace gave way on left side1 and was so much torn1 that the plates were forced out of the front4 ,no4 #dg4 ,morecombe4 ,august #bgth4 #c killed1 #a injured4 ,marine1 of the usual construction1 and had been tested to #fj lbs4 ,it gave way at the lower portion of the back1 and the issuing steam and water scalded those near4 ,a seam rent1 #f;ft4 #f;in4 long1 had not been detected by testing4 ,no4 #dh4 ,tuddenham4 ,august #bith4 #b killed1 #b injured4 ,agricultural4 ,it burst during a temporary stoppage from accumulation of steam1 causing undue pressure4 ,no4 #di4 ,glasgow4 ,august #cast4 #c killed1 #f injured4 ,upright ,boiler1 #cf;ft4 high1 #e;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 #g_/af inch plates1 #de lbs4 ,the bottom gave way from shortness of water1 and the main bulk of the boiler was thrown straight up into the air to a great height1 but descended again on its seating4 ,no4 #ej4 ,chatham4 7,fig4 #bb47 ,september #gth4 #b killed1 #cj injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,two ,tube ,cornish1 #bb;ft4 long1 #g;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 with tubes1 #c;ft4 diameter1 #g_/af inch plate1 #fj lbs4 ,some rents took place at the under side of the shell1 allowing the central portion to open out and blow away4 ,the portion containing the dome was thrown to the left1 and the other to the right4 ,the front end1 with #c rings of the shell1 with the tubes and back end1 were but little moved from their original position4 ,the tubes were dented in on the top and bottom1 by the fall of some large coping stones upon them1 but the crowns of the furnaces were uninjured1 and there was no sign of shortness of water or overheating4 ,extensive corrosion on the under side of the shell1 where it rested on the brickwork1 had so reduced the strength1 that it was unable to bear the working pressure4 ,in the sketch the fragments are drawn so as to show their position when in the boiler4 ,no4 #ea4 ,newark4 ,september #bast4 none injured4 ,one tube ,cornish4 ,the tube collapsed from shortness of water1 and the escape of the steam and water blew off the door frame4 ,no4 #eb4 ,ashton4 ,september #bcrd4 #a injured4 ,plain ,cylindrical ,boiler1 #g;ft4 long1 and #b;ft4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #cj lbs4 ,the upper part of the boiler at the first ring of plates was torn off1 and the front end was blown out4 ,extensive external corrosion1 where the plates rested against the brickwork1 rendered the boiler too weak to bear the ordinary pressure4 ,no4 #ec4 ,norwich4 7,fig4 #bc47 ,september #beth4 #g killed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,one ,tube ,cornish1 #bj;ft4 long1 #d;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 tube #b;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #ajj lbs4 ,it was double-rivetted1 and the crown of tube was strengthened with angle iron4 ,the shell was formed of six rings1 each of two plates alternately jointed top and sides4 ,the third ring from the front had stripped off1 and was thrown to the right and forwards against a wall4 ,the line of rent was confined to the plates forming the ring1 which was an outer one1 and covered the two adjoining rings in the laps1 the rent being from the edge of the inner lap to the nearest rivets4 ,the first rent had taken place in the solid iron1 about #a inch from the rivets of a seam on one side1 and from this the rent had extended along the seams on either side1 and of course the whole ring soon tore off when the equilibrium was destroyed by the first rent4 ,the fittings of the boiler were sufficient1 except that there was only one safety valve1 and that was so constructed that it could only open a very little way4 ,the cause was a defect in the iron at the point of the first rent1 and accumulated pressure during the time of standing4 ,no4 #ed4 ,macclesfield4 ,september #beth4 none injured4 ,multitubular ,boiler1 with large internal fireplace1 #fj lbs4 ,the furnace crown became overheated from shortness of water1 and was crushed down and torn across two seams4 ,the boiler was lifted from its seat and thrown back against a stone wall4 ,no4 #ee4 ,chelmsford4 ,october #eth4 #a killed1 #g injured4 ,agricultural1 #de lbs41 and had only just been set to work4 ,the crown plate to the fire-box was so deeply corroded from long wear that it gave way1 and the issuing contents scalded those near4 ,no4 #ef4 ,greenwich4 7,fig4 #bd47 ,october #hth4 #b killed1 #b injured4 ,marine1 #af;ft4 long1 slightly oval1 front end flat1 #h;ft4 #f;in4 wide1 #g;ft4 #aj;in4 high1 and the dimensions of the back hemispherical end were #b;ft4 less each way1 #c_/h inch plates1 #bf lbs4 ,there were two internal fireplaces1 of irregular shape1 uniting at the back into one flue of similar shape1 which did not come to the front1 but passed through the steam space1 and out at the top of the boiler4 ,while the vessel was waiting to start1 with steam up1 the wing furnace of the starboard boiler collapsed on the wing side1 as shown by the dotted lines1 and allowed the steam and water to escape into the stoke hole4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,the side of the furnace next the shell was rent along the edge of a longitudinal seam in a line1 which was slightly nicked in the caulking4 ,this rent extended about #e;ft4 #f;in4 from the front1 and then at a cross seam it went along the line of rivets from the crown to the bottom of the furnace4 ,beyond this cross seam the furnace was collapsed1 until it nearly touched the other side of the furnace1 and the bulge died away towards the back end4 ,there was also a rent in the lower part of the front of the shell1 as shown in dotted line4 ,the cause of the explosion was the weakness of the shape of the flue1 which was not stayed to the shell4 ,it had evidently gradually been giving way some time before the explosion1 and eventually collapsed at nearly the ordinary pressure4 ,symptoms of the same alteration of shape were noticed in the corresponding flue of the other boiler4 ,no4 #eg4 ,liverpool4 7,fig4 #be47 ,october #ith4 #g killed1 #a injured4 ,crane ,boiler1 #e;ft4 #f;in4 high1 and #b;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 with internal conical fire-box1 with two cross tubes and a chimney at the top1 #a_/d inch plates1 #ge lbs4 ,the outer shell of the boiler was rent into many pieces1 leaving the central conical fireplace intact4 ,the nature of the rents showed that the plate round the manhole1 which was unstrengthened by a ring1 had first given way1 and all the other fractures had led away from that point4 ,this is confirmed by the fact1 that the manlid was thrown a good distance1 with force enough to make its way through the timber walls of a cabin4 ,the front plate divided into many pieces1 and scattered right and left1 while the back plate was thrown through a cabin in the opposite direction to the manhole4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,the central flue showed a slight indication of overheating1 but the construction was such that the upper portion passed through the steam space1 and was always exposed to the action of the fire1 without the protection of the contact of water4 ,the manhole without a ring on its edge to strengthen the plate1 and held in by two clamps1 which caused additional strain when carelessly screwed up1 was by far the weakest place4 ,the engine was standing after a short time of working1 and as the safety valve was very defective1 and could be screwed down until tight1 against almost any pressure1 it is most probable that the pressure mounted much higher than usual1 when the weakest part gave way1 and led to the sudden tearing up and scattering of the whole fabric4 ,faulty construction of both boiler and fittings1 rendered it unable to bear that accumulated pressure1 which the safety valve ought to have made impossible4 ,no4 #eh4 ,durham4 ,october #acth4 #a killed4 ,one ,tube ,cornish1 #ad;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diameter1 internal flue #c;ft4 #c;in41 by #b;ft4 #aj;in41 #c_/h inch plates1 #bg lbs41 standing on three saddles1 with a bearing surface of #c;ft4 by #d inches4 ,a portion of plate #bj;in4 by #ah;in41 at the bottom of the boiler1 was so corroded that it was blown out1 and the issuing contents scalded a man to death4 ,no4 #ei4 ,bristol4 7,fig4 #bf47 ,november #ast4 #g killed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,two ,marine ,boilers exploded simultaneously4 ,they were #af;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 #f;in4 diameter at the flat front ends1 and somewhat less at the hemispherical back ends4 ,each had two internal fireplaces1 united in one flue1 which returned nearly to the front and passed up through the steam space1 and out at the top of shell into the funnel4 ,the central fireplaces were not circular1 and the outside fireplaces and the return flues were still more distorted1 but the weakness of the shape was somewhat compensated for by stays between the tubes1 and from the tubes to the shell4 ,the mountings to the boiler were of the ordinary kind and efficient4 ,the under sides of the shells were so deeply corroded that they were rent longitudinally for their whole length1 allowing the sides to open out and tear away from the front ends4 ,each shell fell at a considerable distance4 ,the furnaces1 with parts of the front ends attached1 fell into the water1 but except one of the side flues that was a little collapsed1 they were uninjured4 ,small pieces of the front ends were thrown to a great distance4 ,the sides of the vessel were so completely blown out that she sank4 ,the corrosion was no doubt caused by the leakage of the vessel1 keeping the shells of the boilers constantly wet4 ,no4 #fj4 ,london4 7,fig4 #bg47 ,november #crd4 none injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,agricultural1 barrel was #c;ft4 #i;in4 long1 and #b;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 #gj lbs4 ,from the internal fire-box the heat passed through a number of #a-;inch tubes to the front smoke box and chimney4 ,during a stoppage for breakfast1 the fire-box end was torn from the barrel1 and from the position of those fragments that could be found1 the boiler appeared to have turned over4 ,part of the fire-box was sent through the stage upon which the boiler was travelling1 and the barrel with the tubes remaining in it1 first struck a rail which caused it to be dented in1 and then rebounded to a point about #ajj yards from its original position4 ,enough of the fragments were not recovered from the river to trace the cause of the explosion1 but it is presumed that1 although when the boiler was left1 only #bj lbs4 pressure was shown by the gauge2 the fire door being left closed1 the pressure must have risen to a point much above the working pressure1 and to more than the boiler could bear4 ,no4 #fa4 ,bilston4 7,fig4 #bh47 ,october #ast4 none injured4 ,one ,tube ,cornish1 #bb;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diameter1 tube #d;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #ab lbs4 ,there was an unusually large dome at the back end1 #e;ft4 diameter1 and the whole of the shell was cut out from under it1 so that the construction was peculiarly weak4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,the boiler had been off for cleaning1 and steam was being got up in the night1 and it was said that an extra pressure was caused by the stop valve being left closed1 but it could not have been very great1 or the large tube would have collapsed4 ,the dome was split in two1 in the line marked in the sketch1 owing to the extreme weakness of the shell at the juncture of the dome1 and the shell was a little ruptured on each side of it1 and so large a rent was suddenly made1 that the contents of the boiler passed harmlessly into the air1 without moving the boiler on its seat4 ,no4 #fb4 ,preston4 7,fig4 #bi47 ,november #aath4 #a killed1 #a injured4 ,illustration3 ,,front ,,view4 ,,back ,,view4 ,fig4 #bi4 ,one ,tube ,cornish1 #af;ft4 #c;in4 long1 and #e;ft4 #h;in4 diameter1 tube #c;ft4 #a;in4 diameter1 #g_/af inch plates1 #fj lbs4 ,the tube collapsed from end to end1 from over-pressure1 as the man in charge had fastened #c bricks to the lever of the safety valve causing #bg lbs4 extra pressure1 under the impression that he could thus accumulate a quantity of steam during the night1 to be available on commencing work on the morrow4 ,no4 #fc4 ,tamworth4 7,fig4 #cj47 ,november #bjth4 none injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,revolving ,steam ,chamber1 #ab;ft4 #f;in4 long1 and #e;ft4 diameter1 #ab lbs4 ,the manhole was large1 to facilitate filling and emptying1 and was rectangular and unstrengthened on the edges1 and measured #c;ft4 #f;in4 in length1 and #a;ft4 #f;in4 in width1 and the lid fitted on the inside and was held by clamps4 ,the boiler was much out of repair1 and a crack shown in sketch1 from one corner of the manhole to the commencement of the hemispherical end was only temporarily prevented from leaking by a screw-patch1 which did not restore the strength4 ,the explosion happened when in revolving1 the manlid was downwards1 and the lid was driven nearly through the floor1 and the shell was rent from opposite corners of the manhole1 and blown through the roof4 ,the large manhole cut away nearly all the strength on one side1 and the fastenings of the lid were not contrived to compensate at all for the loss of strength4 ,the constant strain when revolving1 also tended to weaken it4 ,these two causes together were sufficient to account for the explosion1 at the usual working pressure of #ab lbs41 although it is possible that it might have been increased to #ce lbs41 as that was the pressure in the boiler supplying the steam1 although the pressure was regulated by a check valve4 ,this explosion 7and also ,no4 #da in this year7 clearly show that a mere vessel of steam not exposed to the fire1 or any chance of overheating of the plates1 can burst and cause very great destruction1 although there could be no sudden increase of pressure which is so often supposed necessary to account for the havoc caused by explosions4 ,no4 #fd4 ,manchester4 ,november #bfth4 none injured4 ,this ,boiler was #bh;ft4 long1 #g;ft4 diameter1 made of #g_/af inch plates1 and worked at #ej lbs4 pressure1 with two internal fireplaces united into one tube beyond4 ,the sides of the oval chamber forming the junction of furnaces and tube1 crushed inwards1 being of such a weak shape as to be unable to resist the ordinary working pressure4 ,no4 #fe4 ,hull4 7,fig4 #ca47 ,december #ast4 #c killed1 #b injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,agricultural1 #g;ft4 #f;in4 long1 and #c;ft4 #h;in4 diameter1 #a_/d inch plates1 #ce lbs41 fire-box #b;ft4 long1 and #b;ft4 #aj;in4 broad4 ,two #aa-a_/b-;inch tubes led to an internal chamber at the other end of the boiler1 and three #h-a_/d-;inch tubes led back again to an external smoke box and chimney fixed over the fire door4 ,the bottom of the right hand side lower tube was forced upwards1 and rent along to within #ab inches of the fire-box4 ,the tubes were so corroded from leakage of patches1 that they were unable to bear the slight increase of pressure during a short stoppage4 ,no4 #ff4 ,glasgow4 ,december #dth4 #b killed1 #f injured4 ,two ,tube ,cornish1 #bb;ft4 long1 and #g;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 tubes #c;ft4 diameter1 and strengthened with rings in the approved manner4 ,the second from the back of the seven rings1 was ruptured at the bottom and torn off by a rent through the line of rivets on each side1 and the boiler was thrown from its seat1 and turned completely over1 so as to lie in a contrary direction to what it was before4 ,extensive corrosion1 from leaking of the seams beneath the brickwork1 where hidden from view1 was the cause of explosion4 ,no4 #fg4 ,willenhall4 ,december #gth4 none injured4 ,plain ,cylinder1 with hemispherical ends1 #i;ft4 long1 #c;ft4 #c;in4 diameter1 #bj lbs4 ,the boiler was rent all along one side1 and the reaction of the issuing contents caused it to be thrown some yards away1 and one of the ends became altogether detached1 and flew to a considerable distance4 ,the plates were so thinned by corrosion1 that they gave way on a very slight increase of pressure during a temporary stoppage of the engine4 ,no4 #fh4 ,glasgow4 ,december #abth4 #a killed1 #a injured4 ,this ,boiler was #ad;ft4 long1 with hemispherical ends1 and #g;ft4 diameter1 #cj lbs4 ,the cause of the explosion was over-pressure and thinness of plates1 wasted by corrosion4 ,no4 #fi4 ,manchester4 7,fig4 #cb47 ,december #aeth4 #e injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,two ,tube ,cornish1 #bd;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 tubes #b;ft4 #h;in4 diameter1 #g_/af inch plates1 #ej lbs4 ,the boiler was fired in each of the tubes in the ordinary way1 and also the heat from two furnaces passed from the back1 one on each side of the outside shell4 ,both the internal furnaces collapsed1 until the crowns almost touched the fire bars1 as shown in dotted lines1 but without fracture4 ,the back of the shell1 on the right side1 had evidently been overheated1 and had rent along the centre of a bulge1 and this rent had extended along the line of rivets of the transverse seam on each side1 allowing two rings of the plates of the shell to open out flat as shown4 ,there was a bulge on the plate1 on the right side of shell1 corresponding with the one which parted on the opposite side4 ,the cause of the explosion was overheating of the plates from shortness of water4 ,no4 #gj4 ,aberdeen4 ,december #bdth4 #a injured4 ,no particulars have been obtained4 ,,boiler ,,explosions ,,in #ahfg4 ,no4 #a4 ,hull4 ,january #bnd4 #a killed1 #a injured4 ,a small ,boiler to heat a bath4 ,it exploded1 causing great damage1 because the connecting pipes were frozen4 ,all such boilers should have a proper safety valve4 ,no4 #b4 ,durham4 7,fig4 #a47 ,january #bnd4 #c killed1 #c injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,plain ,cylinder1 #cc;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diameter1 #cc lbs4 pressure4 ,only set two days1 but was old and deteriorated1 and had worked before at another place4 ,it had been turned #a_/d round1 and old fitting-holes stopped4 ,first rent was supposed to be in a seam at front end1 over the fire4 ,main portion of shell was driven back1 and front end forward1 and torn in its flight4 ,the cause of explosion was1 that the seam in front was overheated and injured1 and also incautious working without a steam gauge4 ,no4 #c4 ,sheffield4 7,fig4 #b47 ,january #bnd4 #a killed1 #d injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,one ,tube externally fired1 #cj;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 with dished ends4 ,tube #b;ft4 #i;in4 diameter1 slightly oval4 ,pressure #fj lbs4 ,tube collapsed sideways from end to end1 because it was not strengthened by hoops or other means1 which were the more needed1 because it was slightly oval1 and the longitudinal seams were nearly in one line4 ,no4 #d4 ,preston4 ,january #crd4 #a killed4 ,boiler for heating apparatus4 ,fire was lighted without noticing that as there was no safety valve1 and that all escape of steam was prevented by the connecting pipes being frozen4 ,no4 #e4 ,westerham4 ,january #eth4 #a killed4 ,cast-iron ,boiler for heating water for a horse shower bath1 fixed behind an ordinary fireplace4 ,burst and caused great damage1 owing to the pipes being frozen4 ,there was no safety valve4 ,no4 #f4 ,barr4 ,january #ith4 #a killed1 #c injured4 ,kitchen ,boiler1 which burst because the supply pipes were stopped by frost1 and there was no safety valve4 ,no4 #g4 ,london4 ,january #aath4 #a killed4 ,cornish1 #ab;ft4 long1 #d;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 tube #b;ft4 #d;in4 diameter1 pressure #dj lbs4 ,small piece of plate was blown out near the bottom1 and the boiler was displaced by the reaction of issuing contents4 ,the cause of explosion was extensive external corrosion on the lower part4 ,no4 #h4 ,preston4 ,january #afth4 none injured4 ,kitchen ,boiler4 ,burst and did great damage1 because pipes were frozen preventing escape of steam4 ,there was no safety valve4 ,no4 #i4 ,brechin4 ,january #bcrd4 #a killed4 ,kitchen ,boiler4 ,fire had been out some days1 and the boiler burst soon after re-kindling it and did much damage1 because the supply pipes were stopped by frost1 and there was no safety valve for escape of steam4 ,no4 #aj4 ,sunderland4 7,fig4 #c47 ,january #bfth4 #c injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,plain ,cylinder1 #cj;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 #b;in4 diameter4 ,pressure #cj to #ce lbs4 ,rent into four pieces1 which were flattened out and scattered on to other boilers1 but are arranged in sketch so as to show their original position in the boiler4 ,it had worked a very long time1 and was overheated and injured along the fractured line4 ,no4 #aa4 ,exeter4 7,fig4 #d47 ,january #cjth4 #b killed1 #b injured4 ,elephant ,boiler1 #af;ft4 long1 #e;ft4 diameter1 tubes #a;ft4 #aj;in4 diameter1 #de lbs4 pressure4 ,flat end blew out1 throwing boiler upwards by reaction1 but shell and tubes were not injured4 ,the flat end was not sufficiently stayed1 having only one stay-rod to the centre1 the bolt of which was broken4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,no4 #ab4 ,glasgow4 ,february #hth4 #a killed1 #d injured4 ,small ,boiler to #f-;horse power engine4 ,gave way at centre of furnace1 and water forced out at both ends1 and it was suspected that the water was low4 ,no4 #ac4 ,sheffield4 7,fig4 #e47 ,february #aath4 #d injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,cornish1 about #cj;ft4 long4 ,tubes #c;ft4 unstayed4 ,tube collapsed sideways1 and was rent from grate bars to end1 without injuring front plates or shell4 ,it was said to be short of water1 but most likely the true cause was the weakness of the tube4 ,no4 #ad4 ,manchester4 ,february #aeth4 none injured4 ,two flued1 #bh;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 #i;in4 diameter1 slightly oval2 plates #c_/h inch2 tube #b;ft4 #h;in4 diameter1 pressure #de lbs4 ,shell had once been externally fired4 ,rent along the seams which were in one line1 and a large piece of the plate blew away1 leaving tubes uninjured4 ,the cause of explosion was defective form and worn out state of shell4 ,no4 #ae4 ,weymouth4 7,fig4 #f47 ,march #abth4 #a killed1 #c injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,agricultural1 #de lbs4 pressure4 ,fire-box blew off1 and the outer shell separated from it4 ,the cause of explosion was over-pressure from the safety valve being screwed down4 ,no4 #af4 ,lynn4 7,fig4 #g47 ,march #aith4 #h killed1 #d injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,agricultural1 #de lbs4 pressure4 ,fire-box and tubes blew out4 ,the cause of explosion was over-pressure1 as the safety valve was tied down with string4 ,no4 #ag4 ,blackbraes4 ,march #bcrd4 #c killed1 #a injured4 ,colliery ,boiler1 #cj lbs4 pressure4 ,rent in two while the engine was standing1 but no details obtained4 ,no4 #ah4 ,barnsley4 7,fig4 #h47 ,march #bith4 #b killed1 #b injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,small plain ,cylinder1 with ends nearly flat1 #d;ft4 #g;in4 long1 #b;ft4 #d;in4 diameter1 plates #c_/af inch4 ,no emptying plug or feed-pipe1 and only a very small hand-hole4 ,front end attached by slight angle iron1 which gave way1 leaving the shell unmoved4 ,the cause of explosion was the internal corrosion of front end owing to very bad water being used4 ,the plates were reduced to a knife edge in line of fracture4 ,no4 #ai4 ,cornwall4 7,fig4 #i47 ,april #ajth4 #a killed1 #a injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,cornish1 one tube #cb;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diameter1 tube #c;ft4 #aj;in4 diameter1 plates #c_/h inch1 pressure #be to #dj lbs4 ,it was #bj years old1 but just repaired and reset4 ,furnace tube failed and collapsed from one end to the other1 except about #d feet of front1 owing to its weakness1 being unstrengthened by hoops or cross tubes4 ,no4 #bj4 ,belfast4 7,fig4 #aj47 ,april #bjth4 #a killed1 #b injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,plain ,cylinder1 #f;ft4 long1 #b;ft4 #e;in4 diameter1 plates #a_/d inch1 pressure #ij lbs4 ,the end blew out from excessive pressure1 as the escape from the safety valve was prevented by a plug in the exit pipe4 ,no4 #ba4 ,birmingham4 7,fig4 #aa47 ,may #ith4 #b injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,plain ,cylinder1 #c;ft4 #b;in4 long1 #a;ft4 #h;in4 diameter1 plates #e_/af inch1 pressure #cj lbs4 ,workmanship and material very inferior4 ,piece of top ripped out from manhole and allowed manlid to blow out through manhole4 ,the cause of the explosion was1 the large manhole and over-pressure4 ,the safety valve was too small1 and very roughly made4 ,no4 #bb4 ,hartlepool4 7,fig4 #ab47 ,may #ajth4 #a killed1 #a injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,locomotive1 #acj lbs4 pressure4 ,barrel blown away and broken to pieces1 leaving fire and smoke boxes4 ,the cause of explosion was supposed to be the strain on the boiler caused by its being made a stay to the frame without allowance for expansion1 and thereby weakening a horizontal seam4 ,no4 #bc4 ,newark4 7,fig4 #ac47 ,may #ahth4 #d injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,cornish1 one tube #bj;ft4 #f;in4 long1 #e;ft4 #d-a_/b;in4 diameter1 tube #c;ft4 diameter1 plates #c_/h inch1 pressure #fd lbs4 ,the ends came out and tube collapsed for its full length1 every joint being broken4 ,the cause of explosion was bad construction and workmanship1 and tube too weak for pressure4 ,no4 #bd4 ,tamworth4 7,fig4 #ad47 ,june #dth4 #b killed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,two tube1 externally fired1 #cj;ft4 long1 #g;ft4 diameter1 tubes #b;ft4 #d;in4 diameter1 pressure #ej lbs4 ,two plates lately put in bottom gave way1 and shell rent along bottom and opened out1 dividing into several pieces1 which were scattered to great distances1 but are arranged in sketch so as to show their original position4 ,the cause of explosion was too frequent repair over the fireplace1 and external firing4 ,no4 #be4 ,dudley4 7,fig4 #ae47 ,july #ajth4 #a killed1 #b injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,balloon1 #bb;ft4 diameter1 pressure #e lbs4 ,bottom blew out and was torn in pieces4 ,main portion of shell fell over on to another boiler4 ,the cause of explosion was deep corrosion along the bottom where it rested on the brickwork4 ,no4 #bf4 ,batley4 7,fig4 #af47 ,july #aath4 #c killed1 #c injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,one tube ,cornish1 #bf;ft4 long1 #h;ft4 #aj-a_/b;in4 diameter1 tube #e;ft4 diameter1 for #h;ft4 #f;in4 of front end1 tapering to #d;ft4 diameter at back1 pressure #cj lbs4 ,rent along bottom1 allowing central ring of plates to open out4 ,the whole boiler was thrown some distance by the reaction of issuing contents4 ,the cause of explosion was corrosion at mid-feather wall1 the plates being little thicker than paper4 ,no4 #bg4 ,rotherham4 7,fig4 #ag47 ,july #acth4 none injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,two tube ,cornish1 #ca;ft4 long1 #g;ft4 diameter1 tube #b;ft4 #g;in41 tapering to #b;ft41 pressure #ee lbs4 ,left hand tube collapsed1 and about the centre of collapse1 plate was torn in two pieces from seam to seam4 ,the cause of explosion was overheating1 because the water was being let low before all the fire was out4 ,no4 #bh4 ,bilton4 7,fig4 #ah47 ,july #bdth4 #a injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,locomotive4 ,side-plate in the upper part of high top fire-box blew away4 ,the cause of explosion was most likely the boiler being made the frame of the engine without allowance for expansion4 ,no4 #bi4 ,ecclesfield4 ,august #eth4 #a killed1 #b injured4 ,full particulars were not obtained1 but the steam and hot water were allowed to come in from a neighbouring boiler through the blow-off pipe while the men were cleaning4 ,no4 #cj4 ,belfast4 7,fig4 #ai47 ,august #bgth4 #g killed1 #c injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,cornish1 #ah;ft4 long1 #d;ft4 #i;in4 diameter1 tube #a;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 plates #c_/h inch1 pressure #ej lbs4 ,there were no stays4 ,end plate blew out while being caulked at a jump joint in back angle iron4 ,the cause of explosion was bad construction and want of stays1 and also want of proper care in working4 ,no4 #ca4 ,plashetts4 ,september #bnd4 #b injured4 ,locomotive1 but no details obtained4 ,no4 #cb4 ,ashton4 ,september #ith4 none injured4 ,two flued1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,the cast-iron mouth-piece of manhole fractured from insufficient strength1 and allowed lid and upper flange to blow off4 ,no4 #cc4 ,blackburn4 ,october #dth4 #d injured4 ,water ,heater1 made of large bottle-shaped pipes placed in the flue4 ,the force of explosion caused the neighbouring boilers to be unseated4 ,no details have been obtained as to the cause of the explosion4 ,no4 #cd4 ,london4 7,fig4 #bj47 ,october #gth4 #a killed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,one tube ,cornish1 #aa;ft4 long1 #d;ft4 diameter1 plates #c_/h inch1 tube #b;ft4 #a-a_/b;in4 diameter1 pressure #ej lbs4 ,gave way underneath4 ,top thrown upwards4 ,front part and tube thrown to the front4 ,the cause of the explosion was extensive corrosion at the bottom where it touched the walls4 ,no4 #ce4 ,preston4 ,october #cast4 none injured4 ,cornish1 #bf;ft4 long1 #e;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 tube #b;ft4 #aa;in4 diameter1 plates #c_/h inch4 ,pressure #cj lbs4 ,tube collapsed for want of proper strengthening hoops1 blowing out back end1 and throwing boiler forward4 ,no4 #cf4 ,durham4 7,fig4 #ba47 ,november #crd4 #a killed1 #a injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,plain ,cylinder1 #ai;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diameter1 pressure #dj lbs4 ,it was #cf years old1 and iron deteriorated and also much patched4 ,the cause of explosion was over-pressure for so old a boiler4 ,no4 #cg4 ,bradford4 7,fig4 #bb47 ,november #fth4 #b killed1 #c injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,agricultural1 wagon-shaped1 #f;ft4 #e;in4 long1 #c;ft4 high1 #b;ft4 #d;in4 wide1 plates #c_/h inch1 pressure #ej lbs4 ,upper portion of barrel blew off4 ,the cause of the explosion was over-pressure from locked safety valve and defective construction4 ,no4 #ch4 ,sheffield4 7,fig4 #bc47 ,november #gth4 #a injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,plain ,cylinder1 #ab;ft4 #c;in4 long1 #c;ft4 #aa;in4 diameter1 pressure #bj lbs41 flat front1 and round back end4 ,main portion thrown back and front forward4 ,front torn all round the root of angle iron1 and stay rivets drawn through flat end4 ,the cause of explosion was weakness of construction of flat end1 and bad safety valve1 which could have been loaded to #fj lbs4 ,no4 #ci4 ,langley ,mill4 7,fig4 #bd47 ,november #aath4 #c killed1 #aj injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,plain ,cylinder1 #dj;ft4 long1 #e;ft4 diameter1 plates #g_/af inch1 pressure #de to #ej lbs4 ,parted at third seam1 and front thrown forward and main portion backwards4 ,the cause of explosion was a seam-rip of old standing near patch at place of first rupture4 ,no4 #dj4 ,bradford4 7,fig4 #be47 ,november #adth4 #d killed1 #c injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,breeches tube #be;ft4 #f;in4 long1 #g;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 plates #g_/af inch1 pressure #cj lbs4 ,front end and fire-grate tubes and taper junction were thrown to the front in one piece4 ,main shell not injured4 ,back part of tube remained in boiler4 ,bottom part of taper junction where flattened to receive the two fire tubes1 collapsed upwards4 ,the cause of explosion was the want of proper stays or strengthening tubes1 and consequent weakness4 ,there was only one safety valve of small size4 ,no4 #da4 ,chippenham4 7,fig4 #bf47 ,november #bast4 #c killed1 #b injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,one tube ,cornish1 #aa;ft4 long1 #e;ft4 diameter1 pressure #dd lbs4 ,tube gave way at an old crack at back of strap-plate and partially collapsed4 ,no4 #db4 ,dudley4 7,fig4 #bg47 ,november #bgth4 #a killed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,plain ,cylinder1 #be;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diameter1 plates #g_/af inch1 pressure #ej lbs4 ,had been a one tube ,cornish1 but tube had been taken out1 leaving flat ends4 ,back end was blown out4 ,main shell thrown forwards4 ,the cause of explosion was weakness of construction in not sufficiently strengthening the flat end to compensate for loss of tube4 ,no4 #dc4 ,shields4 7,fig4 #bh47 ,december #gth4 none injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,one tube ,cornish1 #bh;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diameter1 tube #d;ft4 diameter1 plates #c_/h inch4 ,pressure #bh lbs4 ,tube collapsed for the whole length1 but no particulars of the cause obtained4 ,no4 #dd4 ,belfast4 ,december #adth4 #b killed4 ,some repair had been done to a ,boiler1 and a blank flange used to stop off the steam was being removed without shutting the stop-valves to the other boilers1 and the joint blew out when the bolts were loosened4 ,no4 #de4 ,manchester4 7,fig4 #bi47 ,december #bcrd4 #f killed1 #d injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,one tube ,cornish1 #ah;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diameter1 tube #c;ft4 #b;in4 diameter1 plates #c_/h inch4 ,pressure #be lbs4 ,rent along bottom1 and two rings of plates blown away1 but tube and ends not much injured4 ,the cause of explosion was extensive corrosion on the part resting on the mid-feather wall4 ,no4 #df4 ,barnsley4 7,fig4 #cj47 ,december #bhth4 #a killed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,balloon1 #aa;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 and #aa;ft4 #f;in4 high1 plates #c_/h inch4 ,bottom domed up #c;ft4 #f;in4 over fire2 ordinary pressure #h lbs4 ,boiler had worked two days at #be lbs4 pressure1 but safety valve loaded to #af lbs4 ,the cause of explosion was undue pressure for an old boiler of such weak shape4 ,no4 #dg4 ,leeds4 7,fig4 #ca47 ,december #cjth4 #b injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,two tube ,cornish1 #bb;ft4 long1 #g;ft4 #b;in4 diameter1 tubes #b;ft4 #g;in4 diameter1 pressure #ae lbs4 ,rent along bottom1 and shell blown away1 leaving tubes and ends nearly uninjured4 ,the cause of explosion was1 that the bottom was corroded to a knife edge all along the mid-feather wall4 ,no4 #dh4 ,shields4 7,fig4 #cb47 ,december #cast4 #b killed1 #a injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,plain ,cylinder1 #cj;ft4 long1 #d;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 plates #c_/h inch1 pressure #bi lbs4 ,rent over fire near where a new plate had lately been put in4 ,front part of shell opened out and rent1 and back end blew away in one piece4 ,the cause of explosion was deterioration from #bj years' wear1 and bad management4 ,,boiler ,,explosions ,,in #ahfh4 ,no4 #a4 ,newcastle4 7,fig4 #a47 ,january #acth4 none injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,one of three4 ,plain ,cylinder1 #bg;ft4 long1 #e;ft4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #ce lbs4 pressure4 ,the boiler was much torn up1 and all the fragments thrown to the front of their original position4 ,the cause of the explosion was that the boiler was very old and much deteriorated1 so that it was unable to bear the ordinary pressure4 ,the longitudinal arrangement of the plates1 and the entrance of the feed directly on the bottom1 no doubt contributed to the weakness4 ,no4 #b4 ,glasgow4 ,january #bgth4 #a killed1 #e injured4 ,one of four4 ,kier or steam chamber1 and not used for generating steam4 ,it was #h;ft4 #f;in4 high1 #f;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 #g_/af inch plates1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,it was rent from top to bottom1 owing to inferior iron and workmanship4 ,no4 #c4 ,sheffield4 7,fig4 #b47 ,january #bhth4 #a killed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,one of four4 ,one tube ,cornish1 #bf;ft4 #d;in4 long1 #f;ft4 #f;in4 diameter4 ,tube #c;ft4 #i;in4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #ae lbs4 pressure4 ,the dotted line shows outside shell of boiler4 ,the tube collapsed from end to end while the steam was being raised1 owing to the weakness of so large a tube without strengthening rings4 ,no4 #d4 ,london4 7,fig4 #c47 ,january #bith4 #a killed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,one tube ,cornish1 #ah;ft4 #c;in4 long1 #d;ft4 #aj;in4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates4 ,tube #c;ft4 diameter1 #e_/af inch plates4 ,in sketch the external shell is shown in outline to allow the tube to be seen4 ,the tube collapsed owing to shortness of water1 and rent open at one seam1 allowing the contents to issue violently1 although the boiler itself was not disturbed4 ,no4 #e4 ,bolton4 7,fig4 #d47 ,january #cast4 #a injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,locomotive1 #ij lbs4 ,sketch shows interior view of fire-box with front removed4 ,the left side of the copper fire-box burst inwards owing to the plate in line of fracture being corroded to less than #a_/h inch4 ,no4 #f4 ,stoke4 7,fig4 #e47 ,february #fth4 none injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,one of three4 ,one tube ,cornish1 with two external fire grates with a water tube over each fire4 ,it was #cj;ft4 #b;in4 long1 #f;ft4 diameter4 ,tube #c;ft4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,external shell is shown in dotted lines to allow of the tubes being seen4 ,the tube had formerly been placed rather higher in the boiler4 ,the tube collapsed sideways1 having become overheated from shortness of water4 ,the boiler itself was but little disturbed4 ,no4 #g4 ,kelso4 7,fig4 #f47 ,february #aath4 none injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,one tube ,cornish1 #i;ft4 #i;in4 long1 #d;ft4 #f;in4 diameter4 ,tube #b;ft4 #c;in4 diameter1 #e_/af inch plates1 #cj lbs4 pressure4 ,the boiler rent open at the bottom1 and was thrown a considerable distance by the reaction of the issuing contents4 ,the plates along the bottom were reduced by corrosion to #a_/af inch where in contact with the brickwork1 so that the boiler was unable to bear the usual working pressure4 ,no4 #h4 ,durham4 7,fig4 #g47 ,february #abth4 #b killed1 #a injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,one of four4 ,external shell is shown in dotted lines in sketch1 to allow the tubes to be seen4 ,it was #bj;ft4 long1 #g;ft4 diameter1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,the two internal fire grates in the flues were #b;ft4 #h;in4 diameter1 which joined at the back with a central return flue to a chimney passing out of the top of the boiler4 ,the sides of flues were flattened to allow them to be packed closer together1 and especially the central return flue1 which was flattened on both sides1 and thus rendered so weak that the left side collapsed and allowed the contents of the boiler to issue1 blowing out the grate on the left side4 ,no4 #i4 ,halifax4 7,fig4 #h47 ,march #crd4 none injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,plain ,cylinder1 with flat ends1 #ah;ft4 #f;in4 long1 #c;ft4 #aa;in4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,the back end gave way at the root of the angle iron all round1 and was thrown #fj yards to the rear4 ,the boiler was forced forward1 and tilted up by the reaction of the issuing contents1 and forced through a wall4 ,the cause of explosion was the want of sufficient stays to the flat end4 ,no4 #aj4 ,newcastle4 7,fig4 #i47 ,april #dth4 #a killed1 #d injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,one of four4 ,plain ,cylinder1 #bh;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #cj lbs4 pressure4 ,the boiler was much torn and scattered1 and much damage was done4 ,the plates were improperly arranged longitudinally4 ,the boiler gave way at a patch lately put on1 and had become so deteriorated by nearly #cj years' wear1 that it was unable to bear the usual pressure4 ,no4 #aa4 ,aberdeen4 ,april #gth4 #a killed4 ,two tube ,cornish1 #f;ft4 diameter4 ,few particulars have been obtained4 ,the upper part of front end was blown out and did considerable damage4 ,most likely this was for want of proper stays4 ,no4 #ab4 ,april #aeth4 #a injured4 ,one of four4 ,one tube ,cornish1 #ae;ft4 long1 #d;ft4 #g;in4 diameter4 ,tube #b;ft4 #h;in4 diameter1 #a_/d inch plates1 #fj lbs4 pressure4 ,the tube collapsed and rent open near the bridge1 owing to its weakness with such thin plates and no strengthening rings4 ,no4 #ac4 ,cornwall4 ,may #ast4 #a killed4 ,no details obtained4 ,one tube ,cornish4 ,tube collapsed1 owing to its weakness without strengthening rings4 ,no4 #ad4 ,cornwall4 ,may #ith4 none injured4 ,few particulars obtained4 ,one tube ,cornish1 #cd;ft4 long4 ,tube #d;ft4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,tube collapsed owing to its weakness without strengthening rings4 ,no4 #ae4 ,oldham4 ,may #aath4 #a killed1 #a injured4 ,a very small plain cylinder1 #c;ft4 #e;in4 long1 #a;ft4 #h;in4 diameter1 #a_/d inch plates1 #de lbs4 pressure4 ,it burst at a faulty place at the lower part of the back1 on the left hand side1 allowing the hot water to issue1 but the boiler was not much disturbed4 ,no4 #af4 ,bristol4 ,may #aath4 #a killed4 ,marine4 ,single internal fire grate1 with small return tube1 #g;ft4 #i;in4 long1 #e;ft4 #d;in4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 tube #b;ft4 #g;in4 diameter1 #a_/d inch plates1 #fb lbs4 pressure4 ,tube collapsed and rent open owing to its weak1 corroded1 and deteriorated condition1 and the contents issued so violently1 as to cause much damage to the boat4 ,no4 #ag4 ,hull4 7,fig4 #aj47 ,may #abth4 #b killed1 #b injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,one of two4 ,plain ,cylinder1 #d;ft4 #i;in4 long1 #c;ft4 diameter1 #a_/d inch plates1 #be lbs4 pressure4 ,this was a second-hand boiler1 and rent into several pieces just after being put to work1 owing to its having become thinned to #a_/h inch by corrosion4 ,no4 #ah4 ,coatbridge4 ,may #aeth4 #a injured4 ,plain ,cylinder1 flat ends1 #ae;ft4 long1 #e;ft4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #cj lbs4 pressure4 ,the back end blew out and caused considerable damage1 and the boiler was thrown some distance4 ,the end was very insufficiently stayed4 ,no4 #ai4 ,gravesend4 7,fig4 #aa47 ,may #bhth4 #b killed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,one of two4 ,marine1 #ac;ft4 #e;in4 long1 #g;ft4 #b;in4 diameter1 #e_/af inch plates1 #be lbs4 pressure4 ,the fire was in two internal furnace tubes united at the back1 and the flame was returned to the front by four smaller tubes4 ,the furnace tubes were of exceedingly weak shape as the sides followed the curve of the shell1 but were not attached to it by proper stays1 so that the left hand tube collapsed upwards1 and one seam rent open and allowed the contents to violently escape4 ,it is probable there may have been greater pressure than usual at the time1 but the furnaces without stays were unsafe1 even at the ordinary pressure4 ,no4 #bj4 ,durham4 7,fig4 #ab47 ,june #hth4 #b killed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,one of eight4 ,plain ,cylinder1 #cj;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #ce lbs4 pressure4 ,the plates were arranged longitudinally4 ,boiler had worked #bg years1 and was much deteriorated1 and gave way at an old fracture over the grate1 and was torn into #d pieces1 which were thrown a great distance4 ,no4 #ba4 ,huddersfield4 7,fig4 #ac47 ,june #bjth4 #a killed1 #f injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,one tube ,cornish1 #bd;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diameter4 ,tube #c;ft4 #c;in4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,the seams were arranged diagonally1 but the rents had not followed the seams1 but had torn the plates4 ,the shell gave way where extensive corrosion had reduced the plates to #a_/h inch in thickness1 and all the shell was blown off1 and the tube thrown over and turned end for end4 ,no4 #bb4 ,june #bbnd4 none injured4 ,two tube ,cornish1 #bg;ft4 long1 #g;ft4 #f;in4 diameter4 ,tube #c;ft4 diameter1 #g_/af inch plates1 #gj lbs4 pressure4 ,left hand tube collapsed from end to end owing to its weakness without strengthening rings4 ,no4 #bc4 ,halifax4 ,july #ith4 #f injured4 ,two tube ,cornish1 #bj;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 #c;in4 diameter4 ,tube #b;ft4 #c;in4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #ee lbs4 pressure4 ,the shell was blown completely off1 leaving the tubes and ends intact4 ,the bottom was extensively corroded1 so that the strength of the boiler was so reduced as not to be able to bear the usual pressure4 ,no4 #bd4 ,wrexham4 7,fig4 #ad47 ,july #ith4 #b injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,two ,furnace ,upright1 #bb;ft4 high1 #h;ft4 #aj;in4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #ad lbs4 pressure4 ,small piece was blown out of the bottom1 and the issuing contents disturbed the brickwork surrounding the boiler4 ,the plate was corroded to a knife edge in the line of fracture1 from the leaking of the adjacent blow-pipe joint4 ,no4 #be4 ,dundee4 ,july #acth4 #a killed1 #a injured4 ,two tube ,cornish1 #bh;ft4 #f;in4 long1 #g;ft4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates4 ,tube #b;ft4 #b;in4 diameter1 #g_/af inch plates1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,both furnaces collapsed1 and ruptured from overheating through shortness of water4 ,no4 #bf4 ,halifax4 ,july #adth4 #c injured4 ,locomotive1 #aj;ft4 #i;in4 long1 #d;ft4 diameter1 #a_/b inch plates1 #acj lbs4 pressure4 ,nearly all the barrel was blown away4 ,the inside was very much corroded1 and there was a deep furrow at the line of first rupture1 caused by the alteration in form of the boiler in the strain of working4 ,this is usually obviated by substituting butt for lap joints1 so that the pressure does not tend to alter the circular shape of barrel4 ,no4 #bg4 ,limerick4 ,july #bast4 #b killed1 #a injured4 ,locomotive4 ,few particulars are obtained4 ,the connecting rod broke1 and the loose end attached to the crank pierced the boiler1 and allowed the contents to issue and scald those near4 ,no4 #bh4 ,hanley4 7,fig4 #ae47 ,july #cast4 #a killed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,one of three4 ,plain ,cylinder1 #cf;ft4 #i;in4 long1 #e;ft4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,the boiler parted at a seam over the fire bridge4 ,the front end was thrown upwards and to a considerable distance to the front4 ,the back part of the boiler was forced backwards4 ,the first rent took place at a seam-rip at the ruptured seam1 and the boiler exploded while the fire was being drawn in order to repair the faulty place4 ,no4 #bi4 ,easter ,ross4 ,august #hth4 #b killed1 #c injured4 ,agricultural4 ,it exploded while travelling1 by its own steam power4 ,the engine had stuck fast1 and extra pressure of steam was raised to try and extricate it4 ,the boiler was torn in pieces1 and scattered to a great distance4 ,no4 #cj4 ,bilston4 7,fig4 #af47 ,august #agth4 #a killed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,one of two4 ,plain ,cylinder1 #cj;ft4 long1 #e;ft4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #df lbs4 pressure4 ,the boiler gave way on the side where the plates were overheated by the water being too low1 and the front part of the shell was flattened out and thrown some distance to the rear1 as its course was influenced by its remaining attached to the rest of the boiler as by a hinge2 while the front end was rent into several pieces1 and the back end was thrown also to the rear and rolled down a declivity into a stream4 ,no4 #ca4 ,liverpool4 7,fig4 #ag47 ,august #bjth4 #g killed1 #e injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,two ,furnace ,chimney ,boiler1 #db;ft4 #d;in4 high1 #f;ft4 #i;in4 diameter1 #a_/b inch plates1 #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,nearly half the bottom plate was blown out1 and the issuing contents found their way into the furnace and increased the damage4 ,the line of rupture near where it joined the shell was corroded almost to a knife edge1 which so reduced its strength as to make it unable to bear the usual working pressure of steam1 in addition to that of the column of water in the boiler4 ,no4 #cb4 ,accrington4 ,august #cast4 #a killed4 ,a ,kier or ,steam ,bleaching ,chamber1 somewhat like ,no4 #b1 and not used for generating steam1 #i;ft4 high1 #h;ft4 diameter1 #a_/b inch plates1 #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,the bottom blew out1 and the shell was torn to pieces4 ,the cause of explosion was weakness of the ruptured end1 and want of care in working4 ,no4 #cc4 ,birmingham4 ,september #aath4 #a killed1 #a injured4 ,two tube ,cornish4 ,the manlid was wrongly fixed outside with internal clamps4 ,it was being screwed up tighter to stop leaking when the bolt broke1 and the lid came off and allowed the contents of the boiler to escape4 ,no4 #cd4 ,greatbridge4 7,fig4 #ah47 ,september #bast4 none injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,one of four4 ,one tube1 externally fired1 #ah;ft4 #f;in4 long1 #f;ft4 #f;in4 diameter4 ,tube #c;ft4 diameter1 #a_/b inch plates1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,in sketch the shell is shown in dotted lines to allow the tube to be seen4 ,the tube collapsed from end to end and ruptured at two seams1 and the contents issued so violently as to knock down the brickwork and displace the boiler4 ,the tube was in a very weak and corroded condition1 and unable to bear the usual working pressure4 ,no4 #ce4 ,moxley4 7,fig4 #ai47 ,september #bhth4 #ac killed1 #b injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,one of four4 ,four ,furnace ,upright1 #bb;ft4 high1 #aj;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 #g_/af inch plates1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,the boiler was rent into nine pieces1 one of which was not found4 ,the dotted line in sketch shows the outline of the boiler before explosion1 and the fragments are arranged as nearly as possible in their original position4 ,the first rent was at a seam-rip opposite the largest furnace1 from whence the rupture opened in every direction4 ,this seam-rip must have existed some time before explosion1 and must have extended from rivet to rivet1 until the boiler was so much weakened as to be unable to bear the usual pressure4 ,no4 #cf4 ,winsford4 ,september #cjth4 #a killed4 ,plain ,cylinder4 ,few particulars obtained4 ,the end over the fire burst open and allowed the contents to escape4 ,a thick accumulation of scale on the bottom had caused the plate to become overheated by preventing proper contact of the water4 ,no4 #cg4 ,elsecar4 7,fig4 #bj47 ,october #bnd4 #b killed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,one of four4 ,two ,furnace ,upright1 #ba;ft4 high1 #g;ft4 diameter1 #g_/af inch plates1 #eh lbs4 pressure4 ,a large piece of plate was blown out of the side of the boiler1 and the reaction of the issuing contents threw the boiler over on to its side4 ,the plate was said to be overheated from shortness of water1 but as the centre tubes were uninjured1 the ruptured plate may have become overheated from the intense heat impinging on one place1 causing so rapid a generation of steam as to prevent proper contact of water4 ,no4 #ch4 ,glasgow4 ,october #abth4 #a killed1 #a injured4 ,plain ,cylinder1 #ci;ft4 long1 #e;ft4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates4 ,a small piece of plate about one-and-half-feet area blew out of the bottom1 and the contents issued so violently as to do much damage1 although the boiler itself was not otherwise injured4 ,the ruptured plate was corroded1 to #a_/af inch thickness by the leaking of seams1 caused by the feed water entering close to the bottom of the boiler4 ,no4 #ci4 ,swansea4 ,october #acth4 #b killed1 #a injured4 ,one of twenty-four4 ,one tube ,cornish1 worked by two furnaces1 #bc;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 #f;in4 diameter4 ,tube #c;ft4 #i;in4 diameter1 #a_/b inch plates1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,the tube was divided by a wall down the middle4 ,the tube collapsed sideways4 ,it was said that one side was overheated through shortness of water1 but it is more than probable the explosion was owing to the weakness of so large a tube without strengthening rings4 ,no4 #dj4 ,preston4 ,october #afth4 #b injured4 ,this was an arrangement of pipes1 called an ,economiser1 placed in the flues of a set of boilers for heating the feed water4 ,it was shattered into fragments1 causing considerable damage4 ,as the whole apparatus was said to be in proper order1 the explosion had been attributed to coal gas in the flues1 and some peculiarities in the ruptured pipes bear out the supposition4 ,no4 #da4 ,london4 7,fig4 #ba47 ,october #aith4 #f injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,kitchen ,boiler1 for supplying hot water to the top of a lofty house4 ,it was rectangular1 #c;ft4 #f;in4 wide1 #b;ft4 #f;in4 high1 and #a;ft4 deep4 ,the front was blown out and caused considerable damage4 ,the boiler was of most weak shape1 and although no pressure of steam was intended1 it appeared to have been overlooked that the column of water to the top of the house would give sufficient pressure to make such a boiler unsafe4 ,no4 #db4 ,london4 7,fig4 #bb47 ,october #cjth4 #b killed1 #aj injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,one tube ,cornish1 #ae;ft4 long1 #e;ft4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,tube oval at fire end1 #b;ft4 #aa;in4 wide1 #b;ft4 #f;in4 high4 ,circular beyond bridge1 tapering to #b;ft4 diameter at back end4 ,in sketch outside shell is shown in dotted lines to allow tube to be seen4 ,the front of the tube burst beneath the fire bars1 and rent upwards4 ,tube collapsed beyond bridge and rent open at each side1 but remained intact over the fire4 ,the oval part of the tube was of so very weak a shape1 that it burst open1 and the collapse of the back part followed as a consequence4 ,no4 #dc4 ,birmingham4 7,fig4 #bc47 ,december #bnd4 #a injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,small ,portable ,boiler1 #d;ft4 #i;in4 high1 #b;ft4 #c;in4 diameter1 #a_/d inch plates1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,the shell was rent completely off4 ,the explosion arose from the large size of the manhole1 which had no guard ring on the edge1 and the lid had strained it and caused several cracks1 and at last forced itself through the boiler1 and the rents spread in every direction1 and caused the break up of the boiler4 ,no4 #dd4 ,newcastle4 7,fig4 #bd47 ,december #aath4 #c killed1 #c injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,marine ,upright1 #ac;ft4 #c;in4 high1 #f;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 #a_/b inch plates4 ,internal fire-box #h;ft4 #f;in4 high1 #f;ft4 diameter at bottom1 #e;ft4 #c;in4 diameter at the top1 #c_/h inch plates1 #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,in the sketch the shell is shown in dotted lines to allow the internal fire-box to be seen4 ,the boiler was rent into many pieces1 many of which were lost in a river1 so that a satisfactory conclusion as to the cause of the explosion was impossible4 ,the boiler was not very firmly stayed1 and it is supposed that it was weakened by corrosion round the fire doors4 ,no4 #de4 ,hartlepool4 ,december #bith4 #a injured4 ,marine1 with #c internal fireplaces joined at the back4 ,the back of the junction tube gave way at a place deeply corroded1 and allowed the contents of the boiler to escape4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,note4--,two more illustrations may be given which are not sufficiently important to include in the above list4 99 99 99 99 99 ,willenhall4 7,fig4 #be47 ,december #bdth4 none injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,one of two4 ,plain ,cylinder1 #be;ft4 #f;in4 long1 #e;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #cj lbs4 pressure4 ,the water was allowed to get low1 and the overheated plates opened and allowed the steam to escape harmlessly4 ,stoke4 7,fig4 #bf47 ,december #ith4 none injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,one of eight4 ,four ,furnace ,upright1 #bb;ft4 high1 #i;ft4 diameter1 #g_/af inch plates1 #de lbs4 pressure4 ,the water was allowed to get so low that the shell was overheated and rent1 and the side tube slightly collapsed1 and the injury was not discovered until the feed water had risen up to the rupture1 when it ran into the furnaces without causing any violent explosion1 although cold water had been put into a red hot boiler4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,stourbridge3 ,,printed ,,by ,r4 ,,broomhall1 ,,high ,,street4 ,,boiler ,,explosions ,,in #ahfi4 ,no4 #a4 ,chesterfield4 7,fig4 #a47 ,january #adth4 #d killed1 #b injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,one of two4 ,one tube ,cornish1 #bf;ft4 #f;in4 long1 #f;ft4 diameter1 tube #c;ft4 #c;in4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #de lbs4 pressure4 ,the gauge glass was broken and the float was either out of order or unobserved1 as the water was allowed to get #i inches below the usual level1 so that the crown of the furnace became overheated and collapsed1 and rent open where a patch had been put on some little time before4 ,no4 #b4 ,manchester4 7,fig4 #b47 ,january #bbnd4 none injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,locomotive4 ,the barrel was #aj;ft4 #f;in4 long1 #d;ft4 diameter1 #g_/af inch plates1 #acj lbs4 pressure4 ,the engine was #ad years old1 and had lately been tested to #ahj lbs4 hydraulic pressure4 ,the seams near the bottom were so deeply furrowed or corroded just above the lap joint in a continuous line that they rent open4 ,no4 #c4 ,greatbridge4 7,fig4 #c47 ,january #bfth4 #a killed1 #a injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,one of two4 ,plain ,cylinder1 with flat ends1 #bb;ft4 long1 #d;ft4 #c;in4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #fj lbs4 pressure4 ,there had formerly been a tube with internal furnace1 and this had been removed without sufficient stays to compensate for the loss of strength4 ,the plates were arranged in the weakest way with seams in one line from end to end1 and the strength of the boiler had been further reduced by very frequent patching4 ,fracture commenced about the centre of the long seam under the dome1 which had gradually ripped from rivet to rivet1 until unable to bear the ordinary pressure4 ,the boiler exploded because it was completely worn out1 and shows how treacherous and uncertain a boiler becomes by constant patching and alteration4 ,see also ,no4 #de4 ,no4 #d4 ,rotherham4 7,fig4 #d47 ,january #bgth4 #a injured4 ,one of five4 ,plain cylinder1 with dished ends1 #cf;ft4 long1 #d;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #ee lbs4 pressure4 ,it had worked about #h years1 and was much patched over the fire end1 and had lately been put into what was supposed to be thorough repair4 ,as there was no need of an inquest the wreck was quickly cleared and some of the fragments cut up1 but enough particulars were obtained to give some idea of the nature of the explosion4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,the first rent must have taken place in the bottom seams over the fire1 where weakened by frequent repair4 ,no4 #e4 ,durham4 7,fig4 #e47 ,february #bnd4 #a killed1 #d injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,one of twelve4 ,plain cylinder1 #ac years old1 #cj;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #ce lbs4 pressure4 ,the plates were arranged lengthways1 so that the seams were in continuous lines from end to end4 ,this has often been mentioned as giving far less strength than where the plates are placed in rings4 ,there had been considerable repair at various times1 and just previous to explosion the boiler had been placed as was supposed in thorough repair1 and some new plates had been put over the fireplace4 ,the first rent appears to have taken place where one of these plates joined the old work4 ,the rent quickly extended along a straight seam1 and the boiler was blown into three pieces4 ,the explosion was simply caused by the boiler having been weakened by frequent repair until unable to bear the ordinary working pressure4 ,externally fired boilers1 when so frequently patched become treacherous and uncertain1 and more especially so when the seams run from end to end4 ,see ,no4 #ei4 ,no4 #f4 ,south ,wales4 ,february #abth4 #b injured4 ,this was a colliery boiler4 ,very few particulars were obtained4 ,the roof of the engine house was blown off1 the boiler was torn from its fittings and turned right round1 and knocked down three walls and fell in an upright position4 ,no4 #g4 ,cornwall4 7,fig4 #f47 ,february #aeth4 none injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,one of four4 ,one tube ,cornish1 #cg;ft4 #f;in4 long1 #g;ft4 diameter4 ,tube #d;ft4 #d;in4 diameter1 #g_/af inch plates1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,the tube collapsed for the whole length beyond the bridge1 and the back end of boiler was blown out4 ,the portion of tube over the fire was left intact1 and the fusible plug was uninjured4 ,the cause of the explosion was the weakness of the tube of such large diameter and so great length4 ,see ,no4 #eg4 ,no4 #h4 ,yarmouth4 7,fig4 #g47 ,february #bcrd4 #c injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,marine1 #ag;ft4 long1 and #ae;ft4 high1 #c_/h inch plates1 #ae lbs4 pressure4 ,the top was blown off1 the plates having been extensively corroded4 ,the boiler had also been much weakened by altering it from a round to a flat top without sufficient stays4 ,no4 #i4 ,drogheda4 ,march #crd4 #b injured4 ,the roof of a shed was blown off1 but no particulars have been obtained4 ,no4 #aj4 ,west ,bromwich4 7,fig4 #h47 ,march #ith4 #c injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,one of two4 ,plain cylinder1 #be;ft4 long1 #d;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #db lbs4 pressure4 ,the boiler had been very frequently repaired1 and a seam gave way where a large patch had just previously been put on over the fire1 in doing which the rivet holes of the old work had evidently been cracked1 rendering the boiler unable to bear the usual working pressure4 ,see ,no4 #de4 ,no4 #aa4 ,cornwall4 ,march #ahth4 none injured4 ,one tube ,cornish4 ,the tube collapsed from want of water4 ,no4 #ab4 ,broseley4 7,fig4 #i47 ,april #ast4 #a killed1 #d injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,multitubular1 #i years old1 #h;ft4 #f;in4 long1 barrel #f;ft4 long1 and #b;ft4 #d;in4 diameter1 #e_/af inch plates1 #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,the cylinder was attached to right side of the top of the boiler over the fire box1 and on the other side there was a very large manhole1 the edges of which were corroded1 and so strained and cracked by the screwing up of the manlid1 as to be unable to bear the working pressure4 ,the rent started in all directions from the manhole allowing the boiler to split up into three pieces4 ,see ,nos4 #ah and #cf4 ,no4 #ac4 ,cornwall4 ,april #aath4 none injured4 ,one tube ,cornish--but no particulars4 ,no4 #ad4 ,barking4 7,fig4 #aj47 ,april #aith4 #d killed1 #b injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,portable ,crane1 #h years old1 #h;ft4 #c;in4 high1 #d;ft4 #d;in4 diameter1 with internal fire box1 #f;ft4 high and #c;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 and chimney passing out at the top1 #e_/af inch plates1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,the internal fire box crushed in sideways1 and the shell was rent into several pieces4 ,the attachment of the fire box to the shell was made by bending the plates1 as shown in enlarged sketch1 and this is not so rigid as double angle iron and had evidently strained the chimney tube4 ,this weakness had been so increased by deep corrosion just at the bend of the plates that it had given way4 ,the havoc and loss of life was far greater than would have been supposed possible from so small a boiler1 but similar cases are mentioned in ,no4 #dc1 #ahfh1 and ,no4 #eg1 #ahff4 ,no4 #ae4 ,durham4 7,fig4 #aa47 ,april #bcrd4 none injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,one of two4 ,plain cylinder1 with plates arranged lengthways1 #cj;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #i lbs4 pressure4 ,a seam gave way on the right side over the fire and immediately rent along the straight seam from end to end1 and the boiler was thrown in one mass a great distance to the left4 ,the boiler was very old and much weakened by frequent repair1 and at the time of explosion was being imprudently worked at twice its usual pressure for a temporary purpose4 ,see ,no4 #ei4 ,no4 #af4 ,bury4 7,fig4 #ab47 ,april #bith4 none injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,double ,furnace1 internally fired1 #bh;ft4 long1 #g;ft4 diameter1 #g_/af inch plates1 #ee lbs4 pressure4 ,furnace tubes #g;ft4 long1 #c;ft4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates4 ,the crown of the left hand furnace collapsed and the right hand furnace was slightly altered in shape1 as if from overheating by shortness of water1 although the true cause was supposed to be the thickening of the water by use of anti-incrustation composition1 preventing proper contact of the water with the plates4 ,no4 #ag4 ,liverpool4 7,fig4 #ac47 ,may #abth4 #a killed1 #a injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,plain cylinder1 #aj;ft4 long1 #c;ft4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,the ends were flat made of plates1 with turned edges1 and there was such extensive corrosion on the inside of the bend that the back end came out and was blown #cj yards to the right and rear1 the rest of the boiler being thrown to the front4 ,the front plate had been repaired with angle iron where similarly corroded1 and the shell was also much patched4 ,the fractured edges were not #a_/af inch thick1 so that the boiler was not fit to carry any pressure with safety4 ,no4 #ah4 ,abingdon4 7,fig4 #ad47 ,may #acth4 #b killed1 #b injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,revolving ,rag boiler1 #af;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diameter1 #g_/af in4 plates4 ,there was no fire applied to the boiler itself1 but it received steam through one end from other ordinary boilers at #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,there were two large rectangular manholes for putting in and taking out the rags1 with cast iron frames and lids1 attached by bolts with large nuts or clamps4 ,the explosion appeared to have taken place when1 in revolving1 the manlids were approaching the bottom1 and the first part to give way was at one of the manholes where the frame was previously broken4 ,the cause of the explosion was the weakness of the manholes1 which were very large1 and both in the same line1 and the attachment of the lids was insecure1 as the bolts did not go through the lids1 or in any way help to compensate for the large portion of the plate cut away4 ,the boiler was only supported at each end1 and had to act as a hollow girder to bear not only its own weight but the repeated shocks of the heavy material inside falling over and over in addition to the pressure4 ,see ,nos4 #da and #fc1 #ahff4 ,no4 #ai4 ,glasgow4 ,may #aith4 #a killed1 #a injured4 ,two tube ,cornish4 ,one of the tubes collapsed for a length of #h feet having become overheated through shortness of water4 ,no4 #bj4 ,durham4 7,fig4 #ae47 ,may #bith4 #c injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,one of ten1 #af years old1 ,plain ,cylinder with plates arranged lengthways1 #cd;ft4 long1 #e;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 #g_/af inch plates1 #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,the boiler gave way at one of the long straight seams near the bottom1 and rent into five pieces1 which were scattered to wide distances1 but are so drawn in sketch as to show whereabouts in the boiler they came from4 ,the boiler had been weakened by frequent repair until unable to bear the ordinary pressure4 ,see ,no4 #ei4 ,no4 #ba4 ,south ,wales4 7,fig4 #af47 ,may #cast4 #e killed1 #d injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,one of three1 very old1 plain ,cylinder1 with flat ends1 #cd;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,there had formerly been a tube through the boiler1 and when this was taken away new flat ends had been put in without sufficient stays to compensate for the loss of the tube4 ,the front end was blown out1 and the reaction sent the boiler upwards and broke it into three pieces4 ,see ,no4 #dg4 ,no4 #bb4 ,bingley4 7,fig4 #ag47 ,june #ith4 #ae killed1 #cc injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,two tube ,cornish1 #af;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 #i;in4 diameter1 #g_/af inch plates1 #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,tubes #b;ft4 #f;in4 diameter4 ,the bottom was so much corroded that it rent open1 and the boiler was torn to pieces which were scattered to wide distances4 ,the boiler had been much neglected and badly used1 and the safety valve was insufficient1 of bad construction1 and overloaded1 and the alarm whistle was gagged4 ,no4 #bc4 ,cornwall4 ,june #adth4 #a injured4 ,cornish1 but no particulars have been obtained4 ,no4 #bd4 ,durham4 7,fig4 #ah47 ,june #afth4 #c killed1 #a injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,one of three4 ,plain ,cylinder1 with plates arranged lengthways1 #cj;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #bh lbs4 pressure1 #be years old4 ,a seam gave way over the fire where there had been frequent repair1 and the boiler was rent into two pieces1 which were thrown to some distance4 ,see ,no4 #ei4 ,no4 #be4 ,airdrie4 ,june #bcrd4 #b killed1 #c injured4 ,two tube ,cornish1 #ce;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diameter4 ,tube #c;ft4 #b;in4 diameter over fire1 and #b;ft4 diameter beyond1 #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,the tube collapsed over the fire1 having been very much weakened by frequent repair4 ,no4 #bf4 ,nuneaton4 7,fig4 #ai47 ,july #eth4 #c injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,plain ,cylinder1 #be;ft4 long1 #d;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 #g_/af inch plates1 #be lbs4 pressure4 ,the plates along the line of rupture were corroded to #a_/af inch1 and in some places much less1 so that the boiler was quite unfit for the ordinary working pressure4 ,no4 #bg4 ,birmingham4 7,fig4 #bj47 ,july #fth4 #a injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,small ,plain ,cylinder1 #e;ft4 long1 #b;ft4 #b;in4 diameter1 #a_/d inch plates1 #be lbs4 pressure4 ,both sides of the boiler were corroded nearly through so that the strength was entirely gone1 and it rent in two at the ordinary pressure4 ,no4 #bh4 ,wishaw4 ,july #ith4 #b killed1 #b injured4 ,one of six4 ,breeches ,tube4 ,the tube or combustion chamber collapsed1 having become overheated through shortness of water4 ,no4 #bi4 ,kidderminster4 7,fig4 #ba47 ,july #afth4 #a killed1 #d injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,plain ,cylinder1 #ba;ft4 long1 #d;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,the boiler was very old and very much corroded4 ,it had slightly rent open at some former time1 and a most wretchedly made patch1 shown in enlarged sketch1 had been put on to stop leaking1 made of thin sheets of iron inside and out and pasteboard between1 held together by #cf slight bolts4 ,of course this patch did not restore the strength of the boiler1 and it soon leaked badly1 and the leaking hastened the corrosion of the plate below1 until it was nearly eaten away1 and quite unfit to bear the working pressure4 ,no4 #cj4 ,leeds4 ,july #aith4 #d injured4 ,one of three1 #ab years old4 ,two tube ,cornish1 #cb;ft4 long1 #g;ft4 #f;in4 diameter4 ,tube #b;ft4 #aj;in4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #de lbs4 pressure4 ,the right hand tube collapsed from end to end sideways1 and ruptured in the furnace1 and part of the tube was blown out4 ,the cause of the explosion was simply the weakness of the tube without strengthening rings4 ,no4 #ca4 ,south ,wales4 7,fig4 #bb47 ,july #aith4 #a killed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,one of two4 ,plain ,cylinder1 #cb;ft4 long1 #e;ft4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,it gave way where deeply corroded on the inside4 ,no4 #cb4 ,burslem4 7,fig4 #bc47 ,july #bbnd4 #a killed1 #c injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,one of six4 ,plain ,cylinder1 #cf;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,although the boiler was not an old one1 it had been much repaired at the seams with strap plates4 ,it was said that the water was very bad1 and deposited much mud1 which allowed the seams to get overheated and injured4 ,the seam which rent was an original one1 and no doubt was ripped as the others had been before repair1 and that this rip extended from hole to hole until a rupture at the ordinary pressure was the result4 ,no4 #cc4 ,preston4 ,august #dth4 #a killed4 ,locomotive4 ,in shunting the engine was dragged under a bridge that was not intended for locomotives to pass1 and the dome was knocked off4 ,no4 #cd4 ,london4 7,fig4 #bd47 ,august #aath4 #c killed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,marine1 #h;ft4 long1 #e;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #hj lbs4 pressure4 ,the flat front end gave way at the angle iron all round1 allowing the front with tubes attached1 and the shell to be thrown in opposite directions4 ,the front being flat was very weak1 and depended for its strength on gusset stays and small bolts connecting the back of the combustion chamber and the round end of the shell4 ,these stays were very defective and insufficient1 and the angle iron was bad and not welded into one ring1 and the boiler was therefore unfit to bear the ordinary pressure1 and gave way at the weakest place4 ,no4 #ce4 ,cornwall4 7,fig4 #be47 ,august #afth4 none injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,one tube ,cornish1 #cb;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 #f;in4 diameter4 ,tube #d;ft4 diameter1 #g_/af inch plates1 #dj to #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,there was no steam gauge4 ,the tube collapsed from end to end1 both ends being torn1 but the boiler was not moved from its seat4 ,the fusible plug was uninjured4 ,the cause of the explosion was the weakness of the large tube4 ,see ,no4 #eg4 ,no4 #cf4 ,leicester4 7,fig4 #bf47 ,september #ast4 #a injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,upright1 #e;ft4 #f;in4 high1 #d;ft4 diameter1 #g_/af inch plates1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,the top of the boiler was blown out4 ,the rent commenced in the manhole1 which was unguarded by a ring1 and cracks two inches long had existed before explosion4 ,see ,nos4 #ab and #ah4 ,no4 #cg4 ,preston4 7,fig4 #bg47 ,september #crd4 #a killed1 #a injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,one of two4 ,two tube ,cornish1 #cj;ft4 long1 #g;ft4 #b;in4 diameter4 ,tube #b;ft4 #h;in4 in furnaces1 and #b;ft4 #d;in4 beyond1 #c_/h inch plates1 #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,the left furnace crown collapsed and ruptured1 and the right furnace crown was slightly altered in shape4 ,the two boilers were connected by one feed pipe without back valves1 so that the water from this boiler was forced into the other and allowed the tubes to be overheated4 ,no4 #ch4 ,liverpool4 7,fig4 #bh47 ,september #hth4 #a killed1 #a injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,one tube ,cornish1 #bb;ft4 #f;in4 long1 #f;ft4 diameter1 #c;ft4 tube1 #g_/af inch plates1 #ee lbs4 pressure4 ,the tube collapsed over the fire4 ,it was so much thinned by corrosion1 and so many of the rivet heads were eaten off1 that there was not strength left to bear the ordinary pressure4 ,no4 #ci4 ,boxmoor4 7,fig4 #bi47 ,september #ajth4 #a killed1 #d injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,one of three4 ,one tube ,cornish1 #bg;ft4 #c;in4 long1 #e;ft4 diameter4 ,tube #b;ft4 #aj;in4 over furnace1 and #b;ft4 #h;in4 beyond1 #c_/h inch plates1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,one ring of plates was blown out of the back end of shell4 ,there was such extensive external corrosion on the seating at the bottom that the boiler was unable to bear the working pressure4 ,no4 #dj4 ,hull4 7,fig4 #cj47 ,september #afth4 #a killed1 #a injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,breeches ,tube1 #ac years old1 #cj;ft4 long1 #g;ft4 diameter4 ,furnace tube #b;ft4 #aj;in4 diameter4 ,main tube #c;ft4 #e-a_/b;in4 diameter1 and originally made to work at #bj lbs4 pressure1 but working lately at #de lbs4 ,the main tube collapsed4 ,the boiler was not adapted for the pressure at which it was worked1 and the tube was much weakened by the overheating caused by a thick incrustation of scale1 and was not strengthened by any rings or stays1 and was of very weak construction as the plates were arranged lengthways4 ,no4 #da4 ,south ,wales4 7,fig4 #ca47 ,september #bfth4 #a killed1 #a injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,one of two1 #bj years old4 ,plain ,cylinder1 #cf;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 #i_/af inch plates1 #ce lbs4 pressure4 ,the plates and rivet heads were very much reduced in thickness by internal corrosion1 and in many places were only #a_/h inch or less4 ,no4 #db4 ,warrington4 ,october #fth4 #b killed1 #f injured4 ,one of seventeen4 ,two tube ,cornish1 #bb;ft4 long1 #g;ft4 #f;in4 diameter4 ,tube #b;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 #g_/af inch plates1 #de lbs4 pressure4 ,the left hand tube collapsed4 ,the blow-off cock was left open until the water was so low as to allow the tube to be overheated4 ,no4 #dc4 ,rowley4 7,fig4 #cb47 ,october #acth4 none injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,plain ,cylinder1 with flat ends1 #ae;ft4 long1 #c;ft4 #aj;in4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #be lbs4 pressure4 ,the back end ripped all round the angle iron1 and was blown out1 and the rest of the boiler was thrown forward a considerable distance4 ,there had once been an internal tube1 and when this was taken out the flat end had no stay1 and was unfit to bear the usual pressure4 ,see ,no4 #dg4 ,no4 #dd4 ,newcastle4 7,fig4 #cc47 ,october #adth4 #b killed1 #e injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,plain ,cylinder1 with plates arranged lengthways1 #bi;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #be lbs4 pressure4 ,although only #c years old the boiler had always given trouble1 and had been very frequently repaired4 ,some new plates had just been put in the bottom1 and as the primary rent was in the old plates adjoining them1 it is most likely they had caused seam rips in the old metal4 ,the frequent repair had reduced the strength until unequal to bear the ordinary pressure4 ,see ,no4 #ei4 ,no4 #de4 ,greatbridge4 7,fig4 #cd47 ,october #ahth4 #b killed1 #b injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,one of eight1 #ae years old4 ,plain ,cylinder1 #dj;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diameter1 #a_/b inch plates4 ,the boiler had originally carried #fj lbs41 but lately only #dj lbs4 ,the boiler had been worked very hard1 and had been so often repaired1 that many of the seams were continuous for a long distance without break of joint1 so that its strength was reduced until unable to bear the ordinary pressure4 ,the treacherousness and uncertainty of boilers with one patch over another has often been pointed out1 as in ,nos4 #c1 #d1 #aj1 and #cb4 ,no4 #df4 ,acorington4 7,fig4 #ce47 ,october #aith4 #b killed1 #c injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,one tube ,cornish1 #ad;ft4 #f;in4 long1 #e;ft4 diameter4 ,tube #b;ft4 #aj;in4 diameter1 #g_/af inch plates1 #dj lbs4 pressure usually1 and sometimes #fj lbs4 ,one ring of plates was blown out of shell4 ,the boiler was so very badly corroded at the bottom1 that the edges of the rent were quite sharp like a knife1 and the boiler was therefore unable to bear the usual working pressure4 ,the flues were too narrow to enter for proper inspection1 and the bearing surfaces were too wide and retained moisture against the plates4 ,no4 #dg4 ,lydney4 7,fig4 #cf47 ,october #bhth4 #a killed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,one of four4 ,plain ,cylinder with round front and flat back end1 #cf;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diameter1 #g_/af inch plates1 #bj lbs4 pressure4 ,the flat end was blown out1 the rent extending all round the angle iron4 ,there had originally been a breeches tube in the boiler with a strong stay to the front end1 but when this was taken out no stays were put to the flat end to compensate for the loss of their support4 ,the angle iron attaching the flat end was made in four pieces instead of being welded1 and it was reduced to #c_/af inch thick by external corrosion1 so that it was not strong enough to bear the ordinary working pressure4 ,the extreme imprudence of altering boilers without due care to preserve their strength has been often pointed out4 ,see ,nos4 #ba and #dc4 ,no4 #dh4 ,newcastle4 7,fig4 #cg47 ,october #bith4 none injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,one of six4 ,plain ,cylinder1 with plates arranged lengthways1 #dj;ft4 long1 #e;ft4 #c;in4 diameter1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,the boiler gave way at the fire end1 and divided in two1 and both pieces were blown to a great distance4 ,the boiler was old and had been much repaired1 and the seams running from end to end made it very weak1 but the immediate cause of the rupture was supposed to be shortness of water and consequent overheating of the plates4 ,see ,no4 #ei4 ,no4 #di4 ,stockport4 ,october #cjth4 #a killed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,one of eight4 ,two tube ,cornish1 #cj;ft4 long1 #g;ft4 #d;in4 diameter4 ,tube #b;ft4 #aa;in4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,the crown of the right hand tube became overheated from shortness of water1 and bulged down and rent half round at the second seam of rivets4 ,no4 #ej4 ,durham4 7,fig4 #ch47 ,november #bnd4 #a injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,one of four4 ,plain ,cylinder1 with the plates arranged lengthways1 #ch;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #ce lbs4 pressure4 ,a seam over the fire slightly to the right side gave way where there had been frequent repair to stop leaking4 ,at the part which gave way there had formerly been a side fire1 which had perhaps damaged the seams4 ,this boiler was known to have been in bad condition and needing repairs4 ,see ,no4 #ei4 ,no4 #ea4 ,sheerness4 7,fig4 #ci47 ,november #crd4 #aa killed1 #g injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,one of three4 ,marine1 #ae;ft4 #f;in4 long1 #f;ft4 diameter4 ,furnace ,tube #b;ft4 #d;in4 diameter1 #e_/h inch plates1 #hj lbs4 pressure4 ,the left hand tube collapsed and ruptured1 and the contents issued at the front and scalded all near4 ,the right hand tube was also slightly out of shape on the top4 ,the cause of the collapse was1 that the water had been allowed to get below the crowns of the furnaces4 ,there was no means of ascertaining how the shortness of water occurred1 as all were killed who had the opportunity of knowing4 ,no4 #eb4 ,cornwall4 7,fig4 #dj47 ,november #beth4 #a injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,one of five1 #cj years old4 ,one tube ,cornish1 #cf;ft4 long1 #g;ft4 diameter4 ,tube #c;ft4 #aj;in4 diameter1 #g_/af inch plates1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,the shell was rent into several large pieces and thrown to some distance4 ,the tube was also thrown out and broken1 chiefly by its fall and striking against walls4 ,the boiler was corroded very badly on the seating1 which must have been known1 as there were numerous small screw patches to prevent leaking at the corroded places4 ,the shell was in such bad condition1 that it was quite unfit to bear the ordinary working pressure4 ,see ,no4 #eh4 ,no4 #ec4 ,bilston4 7,fig4 #db47 ,december #crd4 #h killed1 #a injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,one of three4 ,four ,furnace ,upright1 #bj;ft4 high1 #aj;ft4 diameter4 ,centre tube #aj;ft4 high1 #d;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 side tubes #b;ft4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #ce lbs4 pressure4 ,the central tube collapsed1 and the bottom part was blown out1 and allowed the contents of the boiler to issue from the bottom into the culvert leading to the stack1 and into the necks of the furnaces from which it was heated4 ,the reaction sent the boiler up to a great height1 and it divided into eleven fragments1 which were very widely scattered4 ,comparatively little damage was done to the furnaces and premises1 only the brickwork surrounding the boiler being thrown down4 ,although it had only worked a short time at this place1 it was very old1 and the central tube was corroded until only #a_/h inch thick in many places1 and many of the rivet heads were quite eaten away4 ,it was altogether so worn out that it was quite unfit to work at any pressure4 ,no4 #ed4 ,cornwall4 7,fig4 #dc47 ,december #fth4 none injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,one tube ,cornish1 #cb;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diameter4 ,tube #d;ft4 diameter1 #g_/af inch plates1 #dj to #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,the tube collapsed from end to end1 and the front portion was blown out with the front end1 and the back end was left attached to the shell1 and but little moved from its seat4 ,the cause was doubtless the weakness of such a large tube4 ,this is the third explosion at this engine4 ,one of the previous explosions is described at ,no4 #ce4 ,no4 #ee4 ,stonehaven4 ,december #ith4 #b injured4 ,locomotive1 but no particulars have been obtained4 ,no4 #ef4 ,cornwall4 7,fig4 #dd47 ,december #ajth4 none injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,one tube ,cornish1 #bf;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 tube #c;ft4 #aj;in4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,the tube collapsed and ruptured in the central part from weakness4 ,no4 #eg4 ,cornwall4 7,fig4 #de47 ,december #aath4 none injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,one tube ,cornish1 #cb;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 #f;in4 diameter4 ,tube #d;ft4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #fj lbs4 pressure4 ,it was an old boiler1 and some of the plates of the tube were thinned by corrosion1 but it had only just been put to work at this place1 and burst the first day of working4 ,the tube collapsed beyond the bridge1 and the back part with the back end plate was blown out to a great distance4 ,the front end was also ruptured1 and the whole boiler was sent forwards4 ,the tube over the fire had not collapsed4 ,the cause of explosion was the weakness of such a large tube without strengthening rings4 ,many similar boilers have exploded in the same way from the same cause1 as described in ,nos4 #bh1 #cj1 #ce1 #dj1 #ed1 and #ef4 ,no4 #eh4 ,cornwall4 7,fig4 #df47 ,december #adth4 #b killed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,one tube ,cornish1 #bf;ft4 #h;in4 long1 #f;ft4 diameter4 ,tube #c;ft4 #aj;in4 at front end1 and #c;ft4 beyond1 #g_/af inch plates1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,the shell was rent into several pieces1 which were scattered to wide distances4 ,the tube was also thrown to a great distance1 but was uninjured4 ,the boiler was #cf years old4 ,the shell was very badly corroded1 and temporarily repaired with screw patches to stop leaking1 so that the boiler was unfit to bear the usual pressure4 ,see ,no4 #eb4 ,no4 #ei4 ,durham4 7,fig4 #dg47 ,december #bith4 #b killed1 #a injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,one of three4 ,plain ,cylinder1 with plates arranged lengthways1 #dg;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #cj lbs4 pressure4 ,it gave way at the seams over the fire1 where the edges of the plates had been injured by injudicious and excessive repairing and caulking4 ,the pieces were sent to great distances4 ,the weakness of boilers with seams from end to end in continuous lines has often been pointed out4 ,eight of the exploded boilers this year1 ,nos4 #e1 #ae1 #bj1 #bd1 #dd1 #dh1 #ej1 and #ei1 and many others in former years were of the same objectionable construction4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the following1 not being steam boilers1 are not included in the list1 but the details may be useful4 99 99 99 99 99 ,oldbury4 ,march #ajth4 #d killed4 ,illustration ,tar still1 #aj;ft4 high1 #g;ft4 diameter1 with round top and domed bottom1 #c_/h inch plates1 and not intended to work at any pressure4 ,the vapour passing away became congealed1 and stopped up the small exit pipe1 and pressure accumulated sufficiently to burst the weak shaped vessel4 ,the bottom came completely out and was left upon the fire1 while the top ascended to a great height and fell a long distance away4 ,the loss of life was owing to the material igniting and suffocating those who were thrown down by the explosion4 ,greatbridge4 ,december #bith4 #b killed4 ,illustration ,tar still1 #ab;ft4 high1 #ab;ft4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 and not used at any pressure usually4 ,the upper part separated from the bottom1 rending in the angle iron all round4 ,the angle iron near the outlet pipe was corroded nearly away1 as shown in enlarged sketch1 and the rivet heads were eaten completely off4 ,it was supposed that the intense frost1 during a long stoppage for holidays1 had caused the worm to be stopped up and pressure to accumulate1 as in the one previously described4 ,but it is perhaps more probable that the vessel gave way because it was corroded so thin in so important a part as the angle iron4 ,the explosion was very slight1 the damage and loss of life being from the fierce fire which immediately succeeded it4 ,darlington4 ,august #bfth4 #b injured4 ,domestic4 ,rectangular1 and made of wrought iron4 ,the front blew out4 ,it was said that all the communication pipes were shut1 and therefore steam accumulated until the weakest part gave way4 ,manchester4 ,december #bith4 #a killed1 #a injured4 ,illustration ,the sketch is to a much larger scale than the others4 ,domestic1 #ad;in4 wide1 #aa;in4 high1 and about #aj;in4 deep1 made of cast iron #a_/d inch thick4 ,it had close top and two circulating pipes to warm a bath about #aj;ft4 above it4 ,the supply cistern was about #ag;ft4 above the boiler4 ,the front was blown out into the kitchen4 ,it was said that the pipes were frozen1 and that steam pressure had thus accumulated4 ,the boiler was of a treacherous material and weak shape1 and unfit to bear safely the #g lbs4 pressure the column of water from the cistern would give4 ,the fire also acted on the sides of the boiler without any intervening brickwork4 ,if a closed top boiler is used1 there should be a dead weight safety valve to prevent pressure4 ,a far safer plan is to have the kitchen boiler with open top and the circulating heater within it1 so that it can never get overheated1 as it only obtains its heat from the water in the open boiler4 99 99 99 99 99 ,r4 ,broomhall1 ,printer1 ,stourbridge4 ,,boiler ,,explosions ,,in #ahgj4 ,no4 #a4 ,newcastle4 7,fig4 #a47 ,january #gth4 #c killed1 #a injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,one of five4 ,cornish1 #ac years old1 #cj;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 #f;in4 diameter4 ,tube #c;ft4 #c;in4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #cj lbs4 pressure4 ,tube collapsed sideways from weakness1 and the front part and the front plate were blown out1 carrying the attendants into a deep and swollen river which ran close in front of boilers4 ,no4 #b4 ,south ,wales4 7,fig4 #b47 ,january #aeth4 #a killed1 #d injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,plain cylinder1 very old1 #cb;ft4 long1 #e;ft4 diameter1 #g_/af inch plates1 #cj lbs4 pressure4 ,externally corroded to #a_/af inch1 and gave way near a seam1 the front being thrown forward into a house1 and the back end #aej yards to the rear1 carrying away the stack4 ,it had been badly repaired with bolted patches which had hastened corrosion1 and as it was known to be nearly worn out1 it was to have been replaced in a few days4 ,no4 #c4 ,worksop4 7,fig4 #c47 ,january #bhth4 #b killed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,domestic1 #b;ft4 wide1 #a;ft4 #aj;in4 high1 and #g;in4 deep1 #c_/h inch plates1 with badly welded joints4 ,the circulating pipes to cistern1 #ae;ft4 above1 were frozen1 and steam pressure accumulated and blew out the front4 ,no4 #d4 ,ipswich4 7,fig4 #d47 ,february #dth4 #a killed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,one of three4 ,cornish1 #g years old1 #bd;ft4 long1 #e;ft4 diameter4 ,tube #c;ft4 diameter1 #g_/af inch plates1 #fe lbs4 pressure4 ,the boiler was good and well fitted1 but an accumulation of salt on tube caused overheating and rupture of #crd seam4 ,no4 #e4 ,sheffield4 7,fig4 #e47 ,february #hth4 #b killed1 #f injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,one of three4 ,rag ,boiler1 #b years old1 #aa;ft4 diameter1 #i-a_/b;ft4 deep1 #g_/af inch plates4 ,steam was supplied from the engine exhaust1 and was usually about #aj lbs4 pressure1 but as the boilers from which the steam was originally supplied worked at #fj lbs41 it is possible this was sometimes exceeded4 ,the vessel was of very weak shape for even #aj lbs4 pressure4 ,no4 #f4 ,derby4 7,fig4 #f47 ,february #adth4 #a killed1 #b injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,domestic1 #a;ft4 high1 #a;ft4 wide1 #h;in4 across top1 and #ab;in4 across bottom1 made of cast-iron1 #g_/af inch thick4 ,the fire had been let out sometime1 and the circulating pipes to cistern #af;ft4 above were frozen1 and on lighting fire steam was formed for which there was no escape1 and the boiler was shattered4 ,no4 #g4 ,sheffield4 7,fig4 #g47 ,february #adth4 #b killed1 #a injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,domestic1 used for warming rooms above1 #b;ft4 #f;in4 wide1 #b;ft4 high1 #i;in4 across top1 and #ac;in4 across bottom1 #c_/h inch plates4 ,the circulating pipes to cistern1 #ab;ft4 above1 were frozen1 and steam was formed for which there was no vent1 and boiler was rent open4 ,the joints were so badly welded that they soon gave way1 and little damage was done to property4 ,no4 #h4 ,walsall4 7,fig4 #h47 ,february #aith4 none injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,one of two4 ,plain cylinder1 #ab years old1 #cj;ft4 long1 #g;ft4 diameter1 #a_/b inch plates1 #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,the seams and plates were overheated by shortness of water1 and gave way at ordinary pressure4 ,it is supposed the water kicked into the other boiler1 as there was no back valve to prevent this whenever one boiler happened to be fired a little harder1 and consequently at slightly higher pressure than the other4 ,there was no damage except to the boiler4 ,no4 #i4 ,birmingham4 7,fig4 #i47 ,february #beth4 none injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,cornish1 #e years old1 #cb;ft4 long1 #g;ft4 diameter4 ,tube #b;ft4 #d;in4 diameter1 #g_/af inch plates1 #cj lbs4 pressure4 ,cracked along the bottom of front end where internally furrowed4 ,the boiler was not disturbed1 but as the water escaped into an iron furnace the bricks were scattered1 but little damage done4 ,the boiler was intended for two tubes1 and therefore there was a large part supported only by stays1 allowing of a slight movement with varying pressure which facilitates the corrosion in certain lines of strain called furrowing4 ,in this case they were so close to the angle iron and filled with scale that they were difficult to detect4 ,no4 #aj4 ,cornwall4 7,fig4 #aj47 ,march #agth4 #e injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,upright ,boiler1 #b ft4 high1 #a;ft4 #i;in4 diameter1 #a_/d inch plates4 ,it gave way where deeply corroded externally round the bottom angle iron4 ,the top was blown through the roof and did considerable damage1 the bottom being left in the grate4 ,no4 #aa4 ,sheffield4 7,fig4 #aa47 ,march #bgth4 #a injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,agricultural or ,contractor's ,engine1 #i;ft4 #b;in4 long1 #b;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #cj lbs4 pressure4 ,the heads of stays on each side were corroded outside and drew through the holes1 allowing the angles of fire box to open4 ,boiler was not disturbed and no damage was done4 ,no4 #ab4 ,portsmouth4 7,fig4 #ab47 ,march #bith4 #c killed1 #a injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,one of two4 ,cornish1 #i years old1 #bb;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diameter4 ,tube #c;ft4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,gave way at mid-feather wall where corroded to #a_/cb inch1 at a place where flues were too narrow to enter4 ,two rings of plates were torn out and blown into an adjoining street1 while the reaction of the escaping contents forced the boiler into a building in a very singular manner1 doing very great damage4 ,this case is of peculiar interest1 because although the cause of explosion was so plain to see1 all the old theories of decomposition of steam1 and ignition of hydrogen1 were revived1 and it was even stated that a bad boiler could not explode1 as the corroded part would give way1 and allow the steam to escape harmlessly1 and any cause seemed to be considered more probable than the plain and simple one1 that it was corroded to the thickness of card board4 ,like many other examples this explosion shows that however well a boiler is tended1 it should be examined in the flues to make sure that it is safe4 ,no4 #ac4 ,manchester4 ,march #cjth4 #b killed1 #c injured4 ,underground4 ,some alterations were being done to some brick arching1 which fell upon and broke steam pipes1 and the escape of steam suffocated those near4 ,no4 #ad4 ,warrington4 7,fig4 #ac47 ,april #acth4 #f killed1 #c injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,lancashire1 used for evaporation only1 #bd;ft4 #f;in4 long1 #h;ft4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 and usually worked with little or no pressure4 ,the boiler was very old and much patched1 and incapable of bearing the #ae lbs4 pressure which was temporarily put upon it4 ,no4 #ae4 ,scotland4 ,april #ahth4 none injured4 ,plain cylinder1 said to have exploded from shortness of water1 but no particulars have been obtained4 ,no4 #af4 ,cornwall4 7,fig4 #ad47 ,april #ahth4 #a killed1 #a injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,one of two4 ,cornish1 very old1 #cd;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diameter4 ,tube #c;ft4 #aj;in4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,the tube collapsed and the front part was blown out1 and the boiler was forced back a little4 ,it was said to have been short of water1 but the weakness of a tube of such large diameter was most likely the true cause4 ,no4 #ag4 ,wellington4 7,fig4 #ae47 ,april #bbnd4 none injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,one of two4 ,balloon1 very old1 #aa;ft4 high1 #i;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #e lbs4 pressure4 ,the bottom was corroded externally to #a_/h inch1 and temporarily repaired with screw patches1 and was so reduced in strength that it gave way at the ordinary pressure4 ,the top was blown about #bj yards away1 but little damage was done4 ,no4 #ah4 ,cornwall4 ,may4 none injured4 ,cornish1 #cj;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diameter4 ,tube #c;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,boiler gave way under bottom where corroded very thin1 but little damage was done4 ,no4 #ai4 ,darlaston4 7,fig4 #af47 ,may4 none injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,cornish1 #ae;ft4 long1 #d;ft4 #c;in4 diameter4 ,tube #a;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 #g_/af inch plates1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,tube collapsed and ruptured1 having been softened by overheating through shortness of water4 ,very little damage was done4 ,no4 #bj4 ,westbromwich4 7,fig4 #ag47 ,may #abth4 #b killed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,one of three4 ,plain cylinder1 #e years old1 #cd;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diameter1 #g_/af inch plates1 #de lbs4 pressure4 ,gave way by the rent of a ripped seam over the fire1 which had been repeatedly temporarily patched without restoring the strength or stopping the rip4 ,three rings were torn out of the middle1 while the front end was blown into the bed room of a house1 and the back part of the boiler was thrown across a canal through two walls into a distant street4 ,great damage was done4 ,no4 #ba4 ,dublin4 7,fig4 #ah47 ,may #ahth4 #c killed1 #f injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,cornish4 ,second-hand1 but just started at this place1 #bf;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diameter4 ,tube #c;ft4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #dj lbs4 usual pressure4 ,tube collapsed from end to end4 ,the pressure at time was supposed to be #gj lbs41 and as there was no evidence of shortness of water1 it is presumed the tube gave way from weakness4 ,the boiler was moved forward about #bj feet1 but much damage was done to premises4 ,no4 #bb4 ,bury4 7,fig4 #ai47 ,may #beth4 none injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,domestic ,saddle1 #e;ft4 long1 #c;ft4 high1 #b;ft4 #f;in4 wide1 #c_/h inch plates1 #ae lbs4 pressure1 the cistern being #cj;ft4 above4 ,there were no stays between the inner and outer shell1 and the space between them was too small to allow proper circulation of water to keep the plates from overheating1 so that it was hardly fit for its ordinary pressure1 and the top was blown off4 ,no4 #bc4 ,kidsgrove4 7,fig4 #bj47 ,may #bfth4 #ac killed1 #i injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,one of three4 ,four ,furnace ,upright1 #ab years old1 #ag;ft4 #f;in4 high1 #i;ft4 diameter4 ,centre tube #e;ft4 #i;in4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,the centre tube was much corroded on the inside and collapsed inwards from consequent weakness1 allowing the contents to issue at the bottom of the boiler1 and the reaction sent the whole boiler high up into the air1 and on to a roof causing great damage4 ,no4 #bd4 ,lowestoft4 7,fig4 #ba47 ,may #bgth4 #b killed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,crane or ,donkey boiler on board a vessel4 ,about #f;ft4 high1 and #c;ft4 diameter1 #be lbs4 pressure4 ,the internal fire box collapsed from the softening of the plates through shortness of water1 the blow off pipe having been left open too long4 ,little or no injury was done to the ship4 ,no4 #be4 ,birmingham4 7,fig4 #bb47 ,june #bnd4 #b killed1 #a injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,cornish1 #f years old1 #ba;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diameter4 ,tube #c;ft4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,the tube was so much weakened by cracks and by being out of true circle1 that it collapsed from end to end at the ordinary working pressure4 ,no4 #bf4 ,wigan4 7,fig4 #bc47 ,june #fth4 none injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,one of two4 ,cornish1 #bh;ft4 #g;in4 long1 #e;ft4 #d;in4 diameter4 ,tube #c;ft4 diameter1 slightly oval1 #c_/h inch plates1 #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,tube collapsed over the fire and ruptured from weakness4 ,the boiler was not moved and the damage was not great4 ,no4 #bg4 ,bury4 ,june #ith4 #a injured4 ,lancashire4 ,the plates were reduced to #a_/af inch by external corrosion1 so that the boiler was not able to bear the ordinary pressure1 but no details have been obtained4 ,no4 #bh4 ,workington4 7,fig4 #bd47 ,june #ith4 #g injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,one of two4 ,cornish1 nearly new1 #af;ft4 long1 #e;ft4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #de lbs4 pressure4 ,three plates over fire collapsed from overheating through shortness of water4 ,no4 #bi4 ,nottingham4 7,fig4 #be47 ,june #acth4 #c injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,ten years old4 ,plain cylinder1 with flat ends1 #aj;ft4 long1 #b;ft4 diameter1 diagonal seams1 #a_/d inch plates1 #be lbs4 pressure4 ,the whole shell was blown #hj yards to the front1 and the chimney and engine house much damaged4 ,it was much corroded and badly patched1 so as to be unfit to carry pressure4 ,no4 #cj4 ,blackburn4 7,fig4 #bf47 ,june #agth4 #b killed1 #a injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,sixteen years old4 ,galloway1 #bf;ft4 long1 #g;ft4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #ef lbs4 pressure4 ,there was a combustion chamber between the furnace tubes and the main tube1 and this had been lately repaired insecurely1 and gave way and burst upwards4 ,the boiler was not moved1 but the contents issued so violently that a good deal of damage was done to surrounding premises4 ,no4 #ca4 ,glasgow4 7,fig4 #bg47 ,june #agth4 none injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,crane ,boiler1 about #b years old1 #g;ft4 high1 #d;ft4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,the internal fire box collapsed and the external shell was blown to pieces4 ,there was no sign of shortness of water1 but it is supposed that the fire box was not circular1 and therefore too weak to bear the ordinary pressure4 ,no4 #cb4 ,bilston4 7,fig4 #bh47 ,june #bast4 #b killed1 #f injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,one of seven4 ,plain cylinder1 #cj years old1 #cj;ft4 long1 #h;ft4 #c;in4 diameter1 #a_/b inch plates1 #ce lbs4 pressure4 ,it gave way over fire place1 where it had been weakened by frequent repair1 which had caused a seam rip near a patch4 ,the fragments were widely scattered1 and much damage was done to the premises4 ,the insecurity of boilers so frequently repaired with patch upon patch has been often pointed out4 ,no4 #cc4 ,darlington4 7,fig4 #bi47 ,june #bdth4 #b injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,one of twelve4 ,two ,furnace ,upright1 about #b years old1 #bj;ft4 high1 #h;ft4 diameter1 #g_/af inch plates1 #cj lbs4 pressure4 ,the water was allowed to run so low that the plates softened by the overheating1 and a small piece was blown open and threw down the brickwork4 ,no4 #cd4 ,dudley4 7,fig4 #cj47 ,june #beth4 #b injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,one of two4 ,balloon1 #cd years old1 #ab;ft4 diameter1 #aj;ft4 high1 #c_/h inch plates1 #g lbs4 pressure4 ,there were no stays1 and the boiler was of very weak shape1 and as the boiler it worked with was loaded to #ae lbs41 it is presumed this also was exposed to that pressure1 and burst in consequence4 ,it gave way at the angle at front over the fire1 and was thrown over the engine house4 ,no4 #ce4 ,manchester4 7,fig4 #ca47 ,june #bgth4 #b killed1 #a injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,one of four4 ,galloway1 #d years old1 #cb;ft4 long1 #h;ft4 diameter1 #g_/af inch plates4 ,tube #b;ft4 #aj;in4 diameter1 originally intended for #dj lbs41 but worked at #fe lbs4 pressure4 ,the left hand tube collapsed sideways1 having been very much weakened by internal corrosion4 ,no4 #cf4 ,july #bnd4 #a injured4 ,marine4 ,one of the oval tubes collapsed4 ,the boiler was worked at a higher pressure than it was capable of bearing safely1 but no particulars have been obtained4 ,no4 #cg4 ,scotland4 ,july #crd4 #b killed1 #c injured4 ,plain ,cylinder1 #c years old1 #bj;ft4 long1 #d;ft4 diameter1 #belbs4 pressure4 ,it was so corroded inside about the water line from bad water1 that it gave way at the ordinary pressure4 ,the boiler was thrown #afj yards from its seat4 ,no4 #ch4 ,july #bith4 none injured4 ,cornish1 #bf;ft4 long1 #e;ft4 #i;in4 diameter1 tube #c;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 #g_/af inch plates1 #ce lbs4 pressure4 ,the boiler rent open where externally corroded to #a_/cb inch1 and #c widths of plates were torn away4 ,no4 #ci4 ,nottingham4 ,august #abth4 none injured4 ,tubulous ,boiler1 quite new1 made entirely of tubes4 ,one tube gave way at defective weld1 but no other damage was done4 ,no4 #dj4 ,leicester4 7,fig4 #cb47 ,august #acth4 #d killed1 #e injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,upright ,boiler1 nearly new1 #aj;ft4 high1 #e;ft4 diameter1 with internal fire box1 #a_/b inch plates1 #de lbs4 pressure4 ,the shell was rent into many pieces1 which were widely scattered1 doing much damage4 ,the safety valve was defective and incapable of relieving the pressure1 and the spring indicated wrongly1 so that a much higher pressure was used than the boiler could bear safely4 ,no4 #da4 ,newcastle-on-,tyne4 7,fig4 #cc47 ,sep4 #adth4 #e killed1 #bj injured4 ,one of two4 ,plain ,cylinder1 with plates arranged lengthways1 #ag years old1 #bg;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #cjlbs4 pressure1 mechanically fired4 ,it had just been extensively repaired over the fire1 but it gave way at the back end1 where a plate had been put in some time before1 and it is supposed that a seam rip or injury to the old plate1 not visible outside or in1 was then set up1 which was perhaps increased by the strain of late repairs and gave way as soon as steam was again raised to working pressure4 ,see ,no4 #ee this year and many others in past years of similar construction4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,no4 #db4 ,nottingham4 7,fig4 #cd47 ,september #aeth4 #a killed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,tubulous1 or all tubes1 #a-a_/b years old1 #ajj lbs4 pressure4 ,steam was being raised with too little water in the boiler1 so that the tube became overheated and incapable of bearing pressure1 and rent open1 and as the boiler was in a small space the steam suffocated the attendant1 but the boiler was not disturbed or the premises injured4 ,no4 #dc4 ,tunstall4 7,fig4 #ce47 ,september #agth4 #c killed1 #a injured4 ,one of four4 ,plain ,cylinder1 #h years old1 #cf;ft4 long1 #e;ft4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,it gave way at fifth seam1 where a seam rip1 caused by bad repair1 had so far weakened it that it was unable to bear the usual pressure1 and the ends were blown in opposite directions4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,no4 #dd4 ,exeter4 7,fig4 #cf47 ,september #bgth4 #a killed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,lancashire1 #b years old1 #ca;ft4 long1 #g;ft4 diameter1 tube #b;ft4 #aj;in4 diameter1 with #ef ,field tubes in each1 #c_/h inch plates1 #de lbs4 pressure4 ,the right hand tube collapsed and ruptured from softening of plates through shortness of water4 ,the fire was blown out and set the premises on fire and much damage was done4 ,no4 #de4 ,cardiff4 ,october #ast4 #a killed1 #b injured4 ,locomotive1 #d-a_/b years old1 #ad;ft4 long1 #d;ft4 diameter1 #g_/af inch plates1 #abj lbs4 pressure4 ,the fire box was reduced to #a_/cb inch by corrosion1 and unable to bear the usual pressure and rent open1 and the escaping contents rushed out at the fire doors and injured those near4 ,no4 #df4 ,liverpool4 7,fig4 #cg47 ,october #dth4 #d killed1 #d injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,plain ,cylinder1 #f;ft4 #f;in4 long1 #c;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #hj lbs4 pressure4 ,the plates were corroded both inside and out1 and in some places reduced to less than #a_/af inch in thickness1 and it was quite unfit to bear the ordinary pressure4 ,the damage to the surrounding property was very great although the boiler was so small4 ,the shell of the boiler was thrown across a street into an upper room of the house opposite4 ,no4 #dg4 ,bathgate4 ,october #adth4 #b injured4 ,rag ,boiler4 ,the boiler became exposed to higher pressure than it was intended to bear4 ,the boiler house was destroyed1 but no particulars have been obtained4 ,no4 #dh4 ,walsall4 7,fig4 #ch47 ,october #aith4 #a killed1 #b injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,cornish1 #g years old1 #ac;ft4 #c;in4 long1 #e;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 tube #c;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 and supposed to work at #cj lbs4 pressure4 ,the gauge was so out of order that it only indicated half the real pressure4 ,the tube was not in good condition and had leaked very much and was quite unfit for the pressure of #fj lbs4 to which the valve was loaded4 ,the tube collapsed beyond the bridge1 and the contents issued at the back and drove the boiler forward #cj feet and into a workshop4 ,no4 #di4 ,soho4 7,fig4 #ci47 ,october #aith4 #a killed1 #a injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,one of four4 ,lancashire1 #bc;ft4 long1 #g;ft4 diameter1 tube #b;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 #cj lbs4 pressure1 usually1 but #ae lbs4 at time of explosion4 ,the left side of left tube collapsed and rent owing to shortness of water4 ,no4 #ej4 ,north ,wales4 7,fig4 #dj47 ,october #aith4 #a killed1 #h injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,one of two4 ,cornish1 #bf;ft4 long1 #e;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 tube #c;ft4 diameter1 #g_/af inch plates1 #bc lbs4 pressure4 ,the bottom was so thinned by external corrosion that it was not able to bear the usual pressure and rent open4 ,the boiler was turned upside down1 and the house much injured4 ,no4 #ea4 ,berwick4 7,fig4 #da47 ,october #bast4 #a killed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,cornish1 #ab;ft4 long1 #d;ft4 #c;in4 diameter1 tube #b;ft4 #d-a_/b;in4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #cb lbs4 pressure4 ,the tube collapsed1 having become overheated through shortness of water4 ,no4 #eb4 ,sheffield4 7,fig4 #db47 ,october #bfth4 #a killed1 #a injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,locomotive1 #aa years old1 #i;ft4 #f;in4 long1 #d;ft4 diameter1 #a_/b inch plates1 #hj lbs4 pressure4 ,the top plate over fire box was blown off1 having given way along a furrow caused by corrosion in a line of strain owing to position of stays4 ,it was in a part of the boiler where it is not usual to find it1 and as it could not be seen1 it increased until unable to bear the usual pressure4 ,no4 #ec4 ,darlaston4 7,fig4 #dc47 ,october #bgth4 #c injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,plain ,cylinder1 #bb;ft4 long1 #d;ft4 diameter1 #g_/af inch plates1 #be lbs4 pressure4 ,the water was allowed to get so low that the sides were softened by overheating1 and rent open4 ,the boiler was not moved and only a few bricks were disturbed4 ,no4 #ed4 ,cornwall4 7,fig4 #dd47 ,october #bgth4 #a killed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,one of three4 ,cornish1 #ab years old1 #cf;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diameter1 tube #c;ft4 #i;in4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #ch lbs4 pressure4 ,the tube collapsed from end to end1 the front and central parts being blown out4 ,the shell and back of tube were thrown in one piece to the rear1 and much damage was done4 ,it was supposed to have been short of water1 because the tube had collapsed1 but it is more likely it collapsed because of its weakness without strengthening rings4 ,a tube in this boiler collapsed in a similar way about #e years previously4 ,no4 #ee4 ,newcastle4 7,fig4 #de47 ,november #agth4 #a killed1 #b injured4 ,one of seven4 ,plain ,cylinder1 with plates arranged lengthways1 #cj years old1 #bf;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #ce lbs4 pressure1 mechanically fired4 ,gave way at a seam on the right hand side of the fire place1 where the insertion of a new plate had caused injury to the old plate1 and it divided into two parts which were sent in different directions4 ,the uncertainty and treacherousness of these straight seamed boilers has often been pointed out4 ,see ,no4 #da1 and many examples in former years4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,no4 #ef4 ,south ,wales4 ,november #aith4 none injured4 ,cornish1 #g;ft4 diameter1 tube #d;ft4 diameter1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,tube collapsed from weakness4 ,no4 #eg4 ,shields4 7,fig4 #df47 ,november #bdth4 #a killed1 #b injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,one of two4 ,marine1 second hand when put in #c years since4 ,return tube #ab;ft4 #d;in4 long1 slightly oval1 #f;ft4 diameter at front1 and #e;ft4 #f;in4 at back2 tube1 oval1 #c;ft4 #aj;in4 wide1 and #c;ft4 deep1 #e_/af inch plates1 #be lbs4 pressure4 ,the tube collapsed4 ,it was in such a corroded and cracked condition1 and so badly repaired1 with screw patches1 that it was unable to bear the ordinary pressure4 ,no4 #eh4 ,manchester4 7,fig #dg47 ,december #bnd4 #c injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,one of two4 ,balloon1 used for evaporating only1 nearly new1 #i;ft4 high1 and #i;ft4 diameter1 #a_/b inch plates1 not usually worked at any pressure4 ,the top was thrown #fj yards away1 and the bottom left on furnace4 ,the boiler was temporarily exposed to pressure which it was too weak a shape to bear4 ,no4 #ei4 ,bilston4 7,fig4 #dh47 ,december #bnd4 #a killed1 #b injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,plain ,cylinder1 #e years old1 #ad;ft4 #i;in4 long1 #d;ft4 #i;in4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #cj lbs4 pressure4 ,the water was allowed to get so low that the sides became softened by overheating and rent open1 and blew the fire upon those near1 but without disturbing the boiler or brickwork4 ,no4 #fj4 ,hanley4 7,fig4 #di47 ,december #afth4 #a killed1 #e injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,one of two4 ,balloon1 #cj years old1 #ae;ft4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 worked at #bj lbs4 pressure4 ,it rent in two and threw down the engine house and chimney4 ,the boiler was not intended to work at more than #e lbs4 pressure1 and was quite unable to bear the extra pressure to which it was exposed4 ,no4 #fa4 ,leeds4 7,fig4 #ej47 ,december #bdth4 #a injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,domestic1 wrought iron1 welded1 #ac-a_/b inches wide1 #ab inches high4 ,the house had been empty1 and the pipes to cistern1 #bf feet above1 had frozen1 and when a fire was lighted the accumulated pressure1 having no escape1 forced out the front4 ,no4 #fb4 ,leamington4 7,fig4 #ea47 ,december #beth4 none injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,domestic ,saddle1 wrought iron welded1 #a;ft4 #i;in4 long1 and the same width and height4 ,the circulating pipes were stopped by ice1 and the accumulated pressure forced down the underside and rent open the joint4 ,the building was injured4 ,no4 #fc4 ,morley4 7,fig4 #eb47 ,december #beth4 none injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,domestic ,saddle1 wrought iron welded1 #b;ft4 #f;in4 long1 #a;ft4 #f;in4 wide and high4 ,the circulating pipes being stopped by ice the accumulated pressure forced out the plate on the under side4 ,the building was injured4 ,no4 #fd4 ,liverpool4 7,fig4 #ec47 ,december #beth4 #b injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,domestic1 #a;ft4 #h;in4 wide and high1 #a;ft4 deep1 #a_/b inch cast iron4 ,the circulating pipes were stopped with ice1 and the accumulated pressure forced out the front1 and did great damage to the house4 ,no4 #fe4 ,london4 7,fig4 #ed47 ,december #beth4 #a killed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,domestic1 wrought iron1 #a;ft4 #c;in4 wide1 #a;ft4 #d;in4 high1 #f;in4 deep1 #c_/h inch thick4 ,the circulating pipes to the cistern about #cj;ft4 above were stopped with ice1 and the accumulated pressure rent the boiler in the welded joints1 and did great damage to the house4 ,no4 #ff4 ,dukinfield4 7,fig4 #ee47 ,december #bfth4 none injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,domestic1 cast iron1 #c_/h inch thick1 #a;ft4 #c;in4 wide1 #a;ft4 deep4 ,the circulating pipes were frozen1 and the pressure accumulated and rent the boiler to fragments and did great damage to the room4 ,no4 #fg4 ,northallerton4 7,fig4 #ef47 ,december #bith4 #a injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,locomotive1 #bj years old1 #ab;ft4 #i;in4 long1 with plates arranged lengthways1 #c;ft4 #h;in4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #hj lbs4 pressure4 ,the barrel appears to have given way on the under side near fire box1 and opened out and rent into fragments4 ,as the pieces containing the probable first rent were missing1 nothing positive could be ascertained4 ,it may have contributed to the rupture that the engine drew from the fire box instead of from the frame4 ,no4 #fh4 ,london4 7,fig4 #eg47 ,december #bith4 none injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,domestic1 ,saddle1 wrought iron1 welded1 #a;ft4 #f;in4 long1 #a;ft4 #b;in4 wide1 and #a;ft4 high1 #c_/h inch thick4 ,the circulating pipes to cistern #be;ft4 above were frozen1 and the accumulated pressure forced the crown out of under side of boiler1 and caused great damage to premises4 ,no4 #fi4 ,london4 ,december #cjth4 none injured4 ,domestic1 the circulating pipes were frozen1 and the accumulated pressure caused the boiler to rent open1 but little damage was done4 ,no4 #gj4 ,burton4 ,date not ascertained4 #a killed4 ,plain ,cylinder1 underground1 internally corroded until too weak to bear ordinary pressure4 99 99 99 99 99 ,r4 ,broomhall1 ,printer1 ,stourbridge4 ,,boiler ,,explosions ,,in #ahga4 ,no4 #a4 ,tranmere4 7,fig4 #a47 ,january #ast4 #a injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,domestic4 ,cast-iron1 #a;ft4 #d;in4 wide1 #a;ft4 high1 and #aa;in4 deep4 ,the circulating pipes being frozen the pressure accumulated1 and rent the boiler into pieces1 doing great damage4 ,no4 #b4 ,rochdale4 7,fig4 #b47 ,january #bnd4 #a injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,plain cylinder1 #aa;ft4 long1 #c;ft4 #a;in4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #be lbs4 pressure4 ,ruptured at a bad patch over grate1 around which were many old cracks1 and the rent passed along the bottom1 and through the unguarded manhole1 and round several of the transverse seams1 dividing the boiler into #d or #e pieces1 which were widely scattered1 but are arranged in sketch near their original position4 ,no4 #c4 ,january #bnd4 none injured4 ,cornish1 #cb;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #cj lbs4 pressure4 ,tube ruptured at first seam over the fire from weakness caused by internal corrosion4 ,no4 #d4 ,middlesbro4 7,fig4 #c47 ,january #dth4 #a killed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,domestic1 #a;ft4 #c;in4 wide1 #a;ft4 high1 #aa;in4 deep1 #e_/af inch thick4 ,the circulating pipes being frozen1 the pressure accumulated and rent the boiler open1 doing considerable damage4 ,no4 #e4 ,stirchley4 7,fig4 #d47 ,january #ith4 #a killed1 #d injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,one of five1 about #cj years old4 ,lancashire1 #ah;ft4 #b;in4 long1 #g;ft4 #f;in4 diameter4 ,tubes #b;ft4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #ab lbs4 pressure4 ,ruptured at corroded steam pipe joint at top of front end1 and the rent followed along the angle ring of shell which was also corroded1 and then along the seams of some plates in the bottom1 placed longitudinally1 allowing the top of the boiler to open up like a lid1 without moving it much out of its original position4 ,no4 #f4 ,cornwall4 ,january #abth4 #a killed4 ,cornish1 #cj;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diameter1 #g_/af inch plates1 #ce lbs4 pressure4 ,the ball weight of the safety valve was unusually near the steam pipe1 and it is supposed that the boy who was scalded having put his dinner on the pipe to warm1 it slipped between the ball and pipe2 and that in trying to extricate it he lifted the valve which was held open by the pasty wedged under the ball4 ,no4 #g4 ,dalry4 ,january #acth4 #c injured4 ,one of two1 #be years old4 ,plain cylinder1 #bd;ft4 long1 #d;ft4 diameter1 #e_/af inch plates1 #cj lbs4 pressure4 ,gave way at a ring seam where much corroded near the back end1 which was blown to the rear1 the front end being thrown considerably forwards1 and the shell was torn into many fragments which damaged the engine house1 and so injured the other boiler that it also was rent into pieces and thrown some distance away4 ,one safety valve was made to serve for the two boilers1 and the connecting valve being shut there was no escape from this boiler1 so that the bursting pressure soon accumulated4 ,a similar boiler attached to the same engine exploded in ,april1 #ahgj1 and is mentioned as ,no4 #ae in the records of that year4 ,no4 #h4 ,s4 ,wales4 ,january #aeth4 none injured4 ,plain cylinder1 #e years old1 #ce;ft4 #f;in4 long1 #d;ft4 #aj;in4 diameter1 #a_/b inch plates1 #ee lbs4 pressure4 ,some plates over the fire became red hot from the accumulation of scale some inches thick upon them and gave way1 and the reaction of the issuing contents sent the boiler some distance and did much damage4 ,no4 #i4 ,manchester4 ,january #afth4 #a injured4 ,plain cylinder1 flat ends1 very old1 #h;ft4 #d;in4 long1 #c;ft4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,the front plate was blown out1 and the boiler was thrown backwards for some distance4 ,the boiler was corroded until too weak to bear the ordinary pressure4 ,no4 #aj4 ,sunderland4 ,january #agth4 #a killed1 #a injured4 ,marine4 ,the steam expansion joint was placed between two opposite curves in the pipe1 and one end drew out when first under pressure4 ,no4 #aa4 ,leslie4 ,january #bfth4 #b killed4 ,cornish1 #aj;ft4 long1 #d;ft4 diameter4 ,tube #b;ft4 #d;in4 diameter1 plates #e_/af inch1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,gave way at bottom where it rested on the brickwork1 the plates being completely eaten away by external corrosion4 ,no4 #ab4 ,gateshead4 7,fig4 #e47 ,january #bgth4 none injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,domestic1 #c;ft4 high1 #b;ft4 wide1 and #a;ft4 #a;in4 deep1 #c_/h inch plates4 ,the circulating pipes being frozen1 the pressure accumulated1 and rent the boiler open doing great damage4 ,no4 #ac4 ,bradford4 7,fig4 #f47 ,february #ast4 #a killed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,plain cylinder1 #e years old1 flat ends1 #g;ft4 #e;in4 long1 #c;ft4 #d;in4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #de lbs4 pressure4 ,the safety valve was loaded to #gj lbs41 and this pressure was too great for the insufficient stay to the flat end1 which was blown out1 the boiler being thrown backwards4 ,no4 #ad4 ,dover4 ,february #eth4 #a killed4 ,marine1 #gj lbs4 pressure4 ,the boiler was not moved from its place1 and the damage appeared to have been slight1 but no particulars have been obtained4 ,no4 #ae4 ,newcastle4 7,fig4 #g47 ,feb4 #ajth4 none injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,one of three1 #c years old4 ,chimney1 #bg;ft4 high1 #e;ft4 diameter4 ,tube #b;ft4 #i;in4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #be lbs4 pressure4 ,collapsed about half-way up the tube from overheating through shortness of water4 ,no4 #af4 ,birmingham4 7,fig4 #h47 ,february #aeth4 #c injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,one of two1 #a year old4 ,portable upright1 #f;ft4 high1 #c;ft4 diameter1 #g_/af inch plates1 #be lbs4 pressure4 ,there was but one safety valve1 and that was on the other boiler4 ,the junction valve between the boilers was closed1 when left for the night1 without the fire being properly put out1 and there being no outlet for the steam the pressure accumulated1 and the boiler ruptured at the unguarded manhole and rent into fragments1 much damaging the closely packed houses near4 ,no4 #ag4 ,stockton4 ,march #hth4 none injured4 ,locomotive4 ,the connecting rod broke and pierced the boiler1 allowing contents to issue violently4 ,a similar case was mentioned as ,no4 #bg1 ,july #bast1 #ahfh1 and others have occurred in previous years4 ,no4 #ah4 ,bradford4 7,fig4 #i47 ,march #ith4 #a killed1 #a injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,one of six1 #c years old4 ,lancashire1 #bg;ft4 long1 #g;ft4 diameter4 ,tubes #b;ft4 #h;in4 diameter1 slightly oval1 #g_/af inch plates1 #fj lbs4 pressure4 ,the left hand tube collapsed downwards from overheating through shortness of water4 ,the boiler was not moved1 and little damage was done to premises4 ,no4 #ai4 ,glasgow4 ,march #aath4 #c killed1 #c injured4 ,rag ,boiler4 ,the screws of the manlid were loosened before the steam was exhausted1 and the issuing contents scalded those near4 ,no4 #bj4 ,wootton ,bassett4 7,fig4 #aj47 ,march #aath4 #b killed1 #a injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,cornish1 #ab;ft4 long1 #d;ft4 #h;in4 diameter4 ,tube #b;ft4 #c;in4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #gb lbs4 pressure4 ,tube collapsed downwards from overheating through shortness of water4 ,this was the second time the tube had collapsed1 although the boiler had only worked #ah months4 ,no4 #ba4 ,newcastle4 7,fig4 #aa47 ,march #afth4 #a killed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,plain cylinder1 flat ends1 #af;ft4 long1 #c;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 #e_/af inch plates1 #be lbs4 pressure4 ,there being no stays to support the flat ends the varying pressure caused a slight movement backward and forward 7sometimes called drum-head motion71 which facilitated corrosion in certain lines of strain1 and produced a furrow at the front near the bottom1 which rent open4 ,the boiler was not moved1 and little damage was done to the premises4 ,no4 #bb4 ,brigg4 7,fig4 #ab47 ,march #agth4 #a killed1 #a injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,one of five1 #e years old4 ,plain cylinder1 #fh;ft4 long1 #d;ft4 #d;in4 diameter1 plates #e_/af inch full1 #fe lbs4 pressure4 ,heated by gas4 ,rent at fourth seam1 the front end being thrown a great distance forward1 and the back end to the rear1 displacing the other #d boilers4 ,the ruptured seam was next to a patch where the cutting out of the old rivets and putting in of new had caused a seam-rip4 ,no4 #bc4 ,s4 ,wales4 7,fig4 #ac47 ,march #ahth4 none injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,one of two1 #cf years old4 ,lancashire1 #cj;ft4 long1 #i;ft4 diameter4 ,tubes #c;ft4 diameter1 #a_/b inch plates1 #bb lbs4 pressure4 ,the boiler was rent into #c pieces4 ,five rings of the back part were torn off and thrown to the rear4 ,four rings in the middle were opened out flat and fell across the other boiler1 and the remaining part of the shell with the tubes were left on the seating4 ,the boiler was old and much patched1 and was corroded too thin to bear the usual pressure4 ,no4 #bd4 ,lynn4 7,fig4 #ad47 ,march #bcrd4 #b killed4 ,cornish1 #aj years old1 #g;ft4 #c;in4 long1 #c;ft4 #b;in4 diameter4 ,tubes #a;ft4 #aj;in4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #cf lbs4 pressure4 ,the tube ruptured at the last ring of plates1 and was forced inwards1 allowing the contents to issue at the back4 ,the boiler was slightly thrown forward4 ,it was only used occasionally1 but was so much reduced by internal corrosion as to be unable to bear the usual pressure4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,no4 #be4 ,northwich4 7,fig4 #ae47 ,may #crd4 #a killed1 #a injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,marine1 #g years old1 #i;ft4 #b;in4 long1 #f;ft4 #a;in4 diameter4 ,furnace tube #b;ft4 diameter1 and #c inch small tubes1 #c_/h inch plates1 #ha lbs4 pressure4 ,there were two bands as clips round the outside of boiler4 ,gave way at a seam where some new bottom plates had been inserted1 and where the old plate was so thinned by internal corrosion as to be unable to bear the usual pressure4 ,a small plate was blown out and shattered into three pieces1 and the boiler was turned end for end4 ,no4 #bf4 ,barnstaple4 ,may #ith4 #a killed4 ,revolving ,rag boiler of plain cylindrical shape1 with three filling holes4 ,the steam was supplied from other boilers4 ,the central lid was unscrewed1 without trying1 by a small hole for the purpose1 whether there was any pressure1 and the lid came off1 and the contents issued and scalded the attendant4 ,no4 #bg4 ,leamington4 7,fig4 #af47 ,may #ahth4 #a killed1 #b injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,portable multitubular1 #i years old1 #h;ft4 #f;in4 long1 #b;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 #e_/af inch plates1 #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,the safety valve was fastened down by a nail 7,a7 between the lever and the cover1 and in consequence the pressure accumulated to more than the boiler could bear1 and it was rent into many pieces1 which were widely scattered4 ,illustration ,no4 #bh4 ,may #bjth4 none injured4 ,portable vertical1 of peculiar construction1 with return down flue tubes1 #f;ft4 high1 #d;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #ce lbs4 pressure4 ,the shell was torn off1 the bottom having given way through weakness1 from want of proper stays1 from the crown of the fire box to top of the boiler4 ,no4 #bi4 ,hull4 7,fig4 #ag47 ,may #bbnd4 #c killed1 #a injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,lancashire1 #bb;ft4 #f;in4 long1 #g;ft4 #f;in4 diameter4 ,tubes #b;ft4 #aj;in4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #gj lbs4 pressure4 ,the tube was somewhat corroded on the top1 and gave way over the fire from weakness4 ,no4 #cj4 ,bath4 ,may #beth4 #a killed1 #a injured4 ,revolving ,rag boiler of plain cylindrical shape1 but revolving on trunnions1 in the opposite direction to ,no4 #bf1 #ab;ft4 high1 #f;ft4 diameter1 #i_/af inch plates1 #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,the steam was supplied from another boiler4 ,the cover at one end was insecurely fastened and was blown off4 ,no4 #ca4 ,oakengates4 7,fig4 #ah47 ,june #fth4 none injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,one of two1 #bj years old4 ,balloon1 #ad;ft4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #f lbs4 pressure4 ,the pressure was allowed to far exceed the proper height during a temporary stoppage of the engine1 and the bottom was rent off1 and the top thrown some distance1 but very little damage was done4 ,no4 #cb4 ,wellingbro'4 7,fig4 #ai47 ,june #agth4 #a killed1 #b injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,cornish1 #bh;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diameter4 ,tube #c;ft4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,tube collapsed from weakness1 and partly tore away from the back end1 and the reaction from the issuing contents forced the boiler back a long way4 ,no4 #cc4 ,tunstal 7,fig4 #bj74 ,june #bhth4 #h killed1 #bj injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,cornish1 #dc;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 #g_/af inch plates4 ,tube #c;ft4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,the tube collapsed sideways from end to end through weakness1 being without strengthening hoops1 and with continuous longitudinal seams4 ,the back end and part of the tube were thrown to the rear1 and the rest of the boiler was thrown to the front1 and separated into several fragments4 ,no4 #cd4 ,glasgow4 ,july #ith4 #c killed4 ,the lid of a steam valve was being removed while under pressure1 and the steam escaped and scalded those near4 ,no4 #ce4 ,rotherham4 7,fig4 #ba47 ,july #aath4 none injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,cornish1 #aj years old1 #g;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 #f;in4 diameter4 ,tube #c;ft4 #c;in4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #de lbs4 pressure4 ,gave way where much corroded by the damp brickwork of the central wall1 and the back ring of plates was torn out1 and the boiler turned up on end1 and much damage was done to the premises4 ,no4 #cf4 ,july #agth4 none injured4 ,cornish1 #af years old1 #ab;ft4 long1 #d;ft4 diameter1 #g_/af inch plates1 #dh lbs4 pressure4 ,gave way at the bottom and rent open1 a belt of plates being blown away to some distance4 ,the bottom had been extensively corroded1 by the boiler being left exposed to wet for many years before it was set at this place1 rendering it unfit to bear the usual pressure4 ,no4 #cg4 ,cumnock4 7,fig4 #bb47 ,july #bhth4 #a injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,one of five1 about #bj years old4 ,plain cylinder1 #bj;ft4 long1 #d;ft4 diameter1 #e_/af inch plates1 #de lbs4 pressure4 ,the boiler had been much patched and altered1 and was in very poor condition1 and unfit to bear safely the ordinary pressure4 ,rupture commenced near the feed pipe1 and ran along one side and then round each end1 both of which were liberated and thrown far away1 the barrel of the boiler spreading out on to the neighbouring boilers1 one of which was much injured4 ,no4 #ch4 ,shields4 7,fig4 #bc47 ,august #ast4 #a killed1 #g injured4 ,multitubular1 #aj years old1 #g;ft4 long1 #c;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 #e_/af inch plates1 #ej lbs4 pressure1 but valve loaded to #hj lbs4 ,rupture commenced at the unguarded manhole1 and the shell was rent into several pieces which were much scattered4 ,the safety valve was defective1 and the boiler had been much weakened by many patches1 and was in poor condition and unable to bear the pressure at which it was worked at the time of explosion4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,no4 #ci4 ,wakefield4 ,august #crd4 #a killed1 #a injured4 ,one of five4 ,rag boiler1 #e lbs4 pressure from the exhaust steam of an engine4 ,the manhole was of very large size and insecurely fastened1 and was blown off4 ,no4 #dj4 ,cornwall4 7,fig4 #bd47 ,august #agth4 #b killed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,cornish1 #cj;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 #c;in4 diameter4 ,tube #d;ft4 #c;in4 diameter1 #ah lbs4 pressure4 ,ruptured near brickwork at the bottom where much corroded externally1 and one ring of plates was rent open4 ,the boiler was displaced1 and the premises were greatly damaged4 ,no4 #da4 ,shields4 ,august #bfth4 none injured4 ,chemical pan1 #ab;ft4 long1 #e;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates4 ,the end was blown off1 the rivets not being strong enough for the pressure of #ce lbs4 as supplied from the boilers4 ,no4 #db4 ,blackburn4 7,fig4 #be47 ,august #bith4 #a killed1 #b injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,lancashire1 #bf;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 #f;in4 diameter4 ,tubes #b;ft4 #i;in4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #fj lbs4 pressure4 ,the left hand tube collapsed from overheating through shortness of water1 and the contents issued violently and scalded those near4 ,no4 #dc4 ,hereford4 ,august4 #b injured4 ,chemical boiler1 ,plain cylinder1 #ab;ft4 #f;in4 high1 #d;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 with cast-iron hemispherical ends with manhole in each4 ,the pressure of #cd lbs4 was obtained from another boiler4 ,the bottom end gave way where the casting was defective1 a piece was blown out1 and the reaction of the issuing contents projected the boiler through the roof1 through which it again descended and did much damage4 ,no4 #dd4 ,cardiff4 7,fig4 #bf47 ,september #ast4 #b killed1 #b injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,marine4 ,multitubular1 #f;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 diameter1 #fj lbs4 pressure4 ,the under side of fire box gave way at the front rivets1 the heads of which were corroded1 and a tongue of plate was torn upwards1 allowing the contents to issue so violently1 that those near were carried overboard and drowned4 ,no4 #de4 ,gresley4 7,fig4 #bg47 ,september #bnd4 #g injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,one of six1 #b years old4 ,plain cylinder1 #dj;ft4 long1 #e;ft4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,this case was peculiar1 as the back part of the boiler was found a long way to the front1 and the front end in the rear4 ,an accumulation of scale caused pocket to form1 and a hole to burn through the bottom over the grate1 allowing the contents to issue so violently that the boiler was sent over end for end1 when the front end was knocked off and thrown to the rear1 and the contents then issuing more violently1 the reaction sent the rest of the boiler in one piece a great distance to the front1 where it fell1 and was crushed nearly flat and broken into several fragments4 ,no4 #df4 ,cornwall4 7,fig4 #bh47 ,september #afth4 #d injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,one of two1 #ah years old4 ,cornish1 #cb;ft4 #i;in4 long1 #f;ft4 #f;in4 diameter4 ,tube #d;ft4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #de lbs4 pressure4 ,the tube collapsed from end to end1 dropping together like an old sack1 and cracking at the edges4 ,a small piece at the front end was blown out4 ,the cause was supposed to be shortness of water as there was no gauge glass1 but it was far more likely the weakness of so large a tube without strengthening hoops4 ,the pressure was doubtless more than usual1 as the engine had made a temporary stand4 ,a similar collapse took place in the next boiler in ,december1 #ahfi1 and is described as ,no4 #eg in the records of that year4 ,no4 #dg4 ,hull4 7,fig4 #bi47 ,september #bbnd4 #b injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,vertical1 with fire box of peculiar corrugated construction1 #g;ft4 #f;in4 high1 #c;ft4 diameter1 #ej lbs4 pressure4 ,gave way round the bottom of fire box where much corroded and rent open1 and the reaction of the issuing contents carried the whole boiler to a considerable distance4 ,the pressure gauge had been removed1 and the safety valve did not act freely1 and the pressure accumulated to more than the boiler could bear4 ,no4 #dh4 ,grindleton4 7,fig4 #cj47 ,september #bfth4 #a killed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,lancashire1 #c years old1 #bj;ft4 long1 #g;ft4 diameter4 ,tube #b;ft4 #b;in4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #fj lbs4 pressure4 ,the boiler gave way at the second ring of plates from the back end1 at the side where externally corroded to a knife edge1 by brickwork made damp by being next the side of a hill4 ,the rents extended round the boiler1 and it was turned nearly bottom upwards1 and the shell opened out in the curious way shown in the sketch4 ,no4 #di4 ,bradford4 ,october #ith4 none injured4 ,one of three4 ,portable1 multitubular1 #h;ft4 long1 #b;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 #hj lbs4 pressure4 ,there was no safety valve1 dependence being placed on that of the boiler to which it was connected4 ,steam was got up without opening the connecting steam cock1 and the consequent excessive pressure forced off the front end4 ,no4 #ej4 ,tipton4 ,october #agth4 none injured4 ,one of twenty1 #bb years old4 ,one tube worked by two furnaces1 #cf;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 #c;in4 diameter4 ,tube from end to left side #b;ft4 #h;in4 diameter1 #a_/b inch plates1 #cj lbs4 pressure4 ,the tube collapsed from overheating through shortness of water1 and cracked at the edges and allowed the contents to escape without any violence4 ,no4 #ea4 ,bury4 ,october #bast4 #b killed1 #a injured4 ,a wall fell upon and broke the steam pipes1 and the escaping steam scalded those near4 ,no4 #eb4 ,october #beth4 #b injured4 ,chemical boiler4 ,plain cylinder1 #i;ft4 #c;in4 long1 #f;ft4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates4 ,the back end was blown out1 and the boiler moved forward a few yards1 and the premises were much injured4 ,the outlet pipes were choked up1 and more pressure accumulated than it was capable of bearing4 ,no4 #ec4 ,chesterfield4 7,fig4 #ca47 ,october #beth4 none injured4 ,plain cylinder1 #f;ft4 #f;in4 long1 #b;ft4 #b;in4 diameter1 #e_/af inch plates1 #hj to #ajj lbs4 pressure4 ,the manhole was weak and unguarded with a strengthening ring1 and ruptured and allowed the lid to blow out4 ,the rents spread along a part where strength was much reduced by the rivets being countersunk to make room for attachments4 ,the safety valve was defective and overloaded1 and there was no gauge1 and the boiler was unfit to bear the pressure to which it was exposed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,no4 #ed4 ,northwich4 ,october #bhth4 #a killed1 #a injured4 ,chemical4 ,the cover was unscrewed before the pressure was off1 and the contents blew out violently and scalded those near4 ,no4 #ee4 ,bowling4 7,fig4 #cb47 ,october #cjth4 #a killed1 #a injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,one of two1 #ag years old4 ,marine1 #ab;ft4 #g;in4 long1 #f;ft4 #c;in4 diameter4 ,tube #d;ft4 wide1 #b;ft4 #i;in4 high1 #af lbs4 pressure4 ,the tube was much weakened by corrosion and screw-patching and collapsed upwards1 with the slightly increased pressure of a temporary stoppage of the engine4 ,no4 #ef4 ,bilston4 ,october4 none injured4 ,chemical1 #i;ft4 long1 slightly oval1 #d;ft4 greatest diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #b lbs4 pressure4 ,although not at work1 it is supposed that a gas was gently passing off through a small pipe1 #cj;ft4 long1 to a receiver which was under repair1 and that this gas being accidentally lighted1 communicated through the pipe with that in the boiler and exploded it4 ,one end was blown off1 the rupture passing completely round through the solid plate4 ,no4 #eg4 ,newcastle4 7,fig4 #cc47 ,november #eth4 none injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,cornish1 #be;ft4 long1 about #f;ft4 diameter4 ,tube #c;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #cj lbs4 pressure4 ,tube collapsed from overheating through shortness of water4 ,no4 #eh4 ,gravesend4 7,fig4 #cd47 ,november #hth4 #b killed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,one of two4 ,marine1 #af;ft4 #f;in4 long1 #h;ft4 #d;in4 diameter4 ,tube of irregular shape1 about #b;ft4 #aj;in4 high1 #c_/h inch plates1 #bg lbs4 pressure4 ,the gauge was so much out of order1 that it only showed #bd lbs4 under a real pressure of #hj lbs4 ,the safety valve was defective and overloaded1 and the pressure was sufficient to collapse and rupture the side flue1 and the contents rushed out at the front4 ,no4 #ei4 ,bilston4 7,fig4 #ce47 ,november #abth4 none injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,one of four4 ,cornish1 about #bj years old1 #bf;ft4 long1 #f;ft4 #f;in4 diameter1 #g_/af inch plates1 #dj lbs4 pressure4 ,tube #c;ft4 #i;in4 diameter had been made in two parts1 joined in the centre by a narrow plate #c_/h inch thick1 and it collapsed at this joint1 so that the top met the bottom1 and thus so retarded the issue of the contents after being set in motion1 that a shock was produced1 which blew out an end and half the tube in opposite directions4 ,the shell was left resting in its seat1 and little damage was done to premises4 ,the tube had much the appearance of collapse from shortness of water1 but the most probable cause was that it was too weak without strengthening hoops to bear the ordinary pressure with safety4 ,no4 #fj4 ,diss4 7,fig4 #cf47 ,november #aath4 #b killed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,portable1 multitubular1 about #aj years old1 #h;ft4 #c;in4 long1 #b;ft4 #g;in4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #cj lbs4 pressure4 ,the bottom of the smoke box was reduced by external corrosion to less than #a_/af inch in thickness1 and was consequently unable to bear the ordinary pressure1 and a piece was blown out1 and the reaction of issuing contents displaced the boiler a little and much damaged the premises4 ,no4 #fa4 ,rotherham4 ,november #ahth4 #a killed4 ,the screws of a manhole were loosened while the pressure remained in the boiler1 and the lid was blown off4 ,no4 #fb4 ,newcastle4 ,november #beth4 #a killed4 ,one of twelve4 ,chimney1 #bh;ft4 high1 #f;ft4 diameter4 ,tube #b;ft4 #e;in4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #be lbs4 pressure4 ,the blow pipe was left open while some men were inside repairing1 and the steam and water from the blow-off of another boiler in the same pipe was forced in upon them4 ,no4 #fc4 ,cradley4 ,december #hth4 #a injured4 ,locomotive1 #aa;ft4 long1 #c;ft4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #ie lbs4 pressure4 ,the pressure amounted to about #acd lbs4 during a temporary effort to get up a steep curved incline1 and the fire box was forced inwards and the outside shell outwards1 and the stays drawn1 but little other damage was done4 ,no4 #fd4 ,middlesbro'4 7,fig4 #cg47 ,december #acth4 #a injured4 ,locomotive1 #ah;ft4 #f;in4 long1 #d;ft4 diameter1 #g_/af inch plates1 #abj lbs4 pressure4 ,gave way under bottom of barrel where furrowed by the combined action of corrosion and the strain upon the plates1 by attachment to the frame of the engine4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,no4 #fe4 ,westbromwich4 7,fig4 #ch47 ,december #bhth4 #a injured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,one of five1 #bc years old4 ,balloon1 #af;ft4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #e lbs4 pressure4 ,it ruptured at the back where the plates in contact with brickwork were reduced by external corrosion1 and the bottom was forced down upon the grate1 and the top rolled over on to its side4 ,the boiler was not being used1 although connected with the other at work4 ,the strain upon the bottom was increased by the boiler being over full and nearly to the brim4 ,those near were drenched with nearly cold water from it when it upset4 ,no4 #ff4 ,glasgow4 7,fig4 #ci47 ,december #cjth4 #aa killed1 #cj injured4 ,portable upright1 about #h years old1 #aa;ft4 #d;in4 high1 #d;ft4 diameter1 #c_/h inch plates1 #ajj lbs4 pressure4 ,the internal portion gave way where attached to the fire holes and collapsed inwards1 and the reaction of the issuing contents forced the boiler up some distance on to the top of a house4 ,the safety valve did not act properly1 and the pressure appears to have accumulated to more than the boiler could bear1 during a temporary stoppage of the engine4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ci4 99 99 99 99 99 ,r4 ,broomhall1 ,printer1 ,stourbridge4 ,transcriber's note3 ,some of the figures are out or order1 as in the original4 ,several 7apparently7 missing punctuation marks have been added to improve readability4 ,the word 'guage' appears several times4 ,it has been changed to 'gauge' in each location4 ,italics are rendered between underscores e4g4 italics4 ,small caps are rendered as ,,all ,,caps4 ,the following table lists other changes made by the transcriber4 ----------------------------- ,transcriber's ,change table --------------------------- pageas printed changed to --------------------------- #ie ,uudue ,undue #aje ,fig4 #e4 ,fig4 #f4 #aaj to to to #aaj place placed #adc he ,the #agb reqair repair #aie discribed described #baf reqaired repaired #bba diamer diameter #bej;consderableconsiderable ---------------------------