,illu/ration3 ,,fifte5?-,,c5tury ,,%ield 7,hewitt's ,anci5t ,arms & ,arm\r1 vol4 ii1 p4 #dif74 ,see page #fj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,dates ,,( ,,v>i\sly-,,%ap$ ,,%ields1 ,,) ,,co9cid5t ,,dates ,,& ,,examples4 ,illu/ration ,,enl>g$ ,,f ,a ,,pap] ,,read ,,be=e ,,! ,,hi/oric ,,society ,,( ,,lanca%ire ,,& ,,*e%ire4 4 7,h]od4 vi4 #abd47 ,,by ,,george ,,grazebrook1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,,liv]pool3 ,,pr9t$ ,,= ,,private ,,circulation4 #ahij4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,t4 ,,brakell1 ,,typ41 ,,liv]pool4 ,illu/ration ,,preface4 ,9 v5tur+ to place be=e ! public ?is little "w--:i* takes up a l9e ( enquiry nev] be=e attempt$1--,i w\ld solicit criticism1 n ( t sla%+ condemnatory k9d :i* de/roys a /atem5t )\t po9t+ out its correction2--t w\ld only break my head1 & make no "o ! wis]6--b ,i hope t antiqu>ies :o h m k ?an ,i1 may1 :5 po9t+ out errors1 also expla9 :at su* /atem5ts ought to be1 & give exact ref]5ces 9 pro(4 ,) ! help ( su* criticism 7& ! m sev]e1 ! m valuable x w be7 ,i tru/ t ano!r p]fect$ issue1 by myself1 or by "s o!r m qualifi$ writ]1 may ev5tually appe> z a h&book--mo/ useful to ! /ud5t1 ! antiqu>y1 & ! travell]4 ,x is n[ a subject = mu* regret to all ( u t ! great k ( seals 7! *ief s\rce ( evid5ce z to anci5t %ields7 acquir$ by ! late ,mr4 ,alb]t ,way1 ,f4,s4,a41 & by ! late ,mr4 ,*>les ,sp5c] ,p]ceval1 ,f4,s4,a41 has pass$ away ) !m1 nev] hav+ be5 record$2 & x seems v desirable t a classifi$ body ( su* k %\ld be drawn up & available--enabl+ u to date ) "s c]ta9ty 7)9 ! limit ( a few ye>s7 seals p5dant to undat$ *>t]s1 /one c>v+s on anci5t build+s1 & illu/rations 9 ,,mss41 :i* are n[ labell$ circa4 ,9 ! c\rse ( my rese>*es ,i h notic$ a numb] ( cases :]e incorrect dates h be5 suppos$1--& f "s ( ^! d$uctions h be5 drawn1 :i* are consequ5tly all wrong4 ,9 ! foll[+ treatise ea* c5tury f ! elev5? to ! fifte5? is sep>ately dealt )2 aft] t date ! nom5clature ( %ields devis$ by my fri5d ,mr4 ,j4 ,paul ,ryl&s1 ,f4,s4,a41 is foll[$1 & ! e>lie/ & late/ examples f\nd ( ea* %ape adduc$1--?us %[+ ! range ( "t :5 t v>iety 0 mo/ commonly 9 use4 ,ref]5ces are giv5 = e /atem5t4 ,mantl+s1 torces1 wrea?s1 palm bran*es1 & o!r adjuncts are discuss$ "u _! sev]al head+s--) descriptions & dates ( any v>ieties f\nd4 ,9 conclusion a concise index is giv51 :i*1 x is hop$1 suffici5tly focuses ! :ole book = ready ref]5ce4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,an ,,attempt ,,to ,,classify ,,& ,,date ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,%apes ,,f\nd ,,9 ,,h]aldic ,,%ields--,,pr9cipally ,,9 ,,engl&1 ,,) ,,incid5tal ,,dat+s4#a ,x seems necess>y1 by way ( introduction1 to say a few words on ! circul> convex %ields us$ f v e>ly times by our ,saxon & ,norman ance/ors4 ,^! 7 ( wood1 ) a c5tral boss ( bronze1 & 7 sometimes ( v l>ge size2 frequ5tly1 if we may judge f contemporane\s illum9ations1 z mu* z f\r feet 9 diamet]4 ,across ! inside ( ! boss a h&le 0 fix$1 & ! %ields1 :i* 7 ?us held out almo/ at arm's l5g?1 z repres5t$ 9 _m anci5t ,,mss41 mu/ h be5 mo/ cumb]some4 ,x is h>d to see h[ ! sword or lance c\ld h be5 conv5i5tly us$4 ,! r\nd %ape mu/ h int]f]$ greatly ) ! view ( "o's oppon5t1 & a bungl] w\ld inevitably slice pieces f (f 8 own %ield :ile attack+ 8 enemy4 ,moreov]1 su* %ields mu/ h be5 lightly made3 we "k exactly h[ ! bosses 7 fa/5$ ) rivets ?r\gh ! %ield1 = !y are con/antly f\nd 9 ,anglo-,saxon grave m\nds1 & ! wood is ?us kn[n to h be5 ( "s ?ickness4 ,b we c obta9 f contempor>y writ+s _m m p>ticul>s4 ,by ! laws ( ,gula said to h be5 e/abli%$ by ,hacon ! ,good1 :o di$ #ifc any possessor ( six m>ks 0 requir$ to furni% himself ) a r$ %ield1 ( two bo>ds 9 ?ickness1 a spe>1 & an axe or a sword4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ! same k+ ,heimskr+la1 vol4 i1 p4 #aee he is ?us describ$3 he put on 8 tunic ( mail 7brynio71 gird$ r\nd him 8 sword call$ qu]n-bit i4e41 mill/one-bit]1 & set on 8 head 8 gild$ helmet4 ,he took a spe> 9 8 h&1 & hung 8 %ield by 8 side4 ,aga91 9 ! same book ,heimskr+la1 ii1 #ceb1 9 ! description ( ! ,battle ( ,/ickla/ad1 :]e ,olaf ,k+ ( ,norway1 call$ ! ,sa9t1 0 sla9 #ajcj1 ! mon>* is said to h worn a gold5 helmet1 a :ite %ield1 a gold5 hilt$ & exce$+ly %>p sword1 & a tunic ( r+$ mail 7hr+a brynio74 ,aga91 9 ! ,edda ,gunn> "o ( ! ,reguli ( ,g]many says1 ,my helmet & my :ite %ield come f ! ,hall ( ,ki>s4 ,^! quotations are h>dly suffici5t evid5ce ( x p]haps1 b x seems z if 9 ! t5? c5tury :ite %ields 7 borne by lead]s & r$ ones by ! common soldi]s1--e "o :o possess$ six m>ks4 ,supplem5t+ ^! & complet+ our description1 ,saxon poetry tells u t ! wood 0 by pref]5ce ! lime tree4 ,i ne$ n give quotations2 !y w be f\nd 9 ! sev]al works on anci5t arms & arm\r4 ,be[ulf l9e #ebae describes h[ ,wigluf seiz$ 8 %ield--! yell[ l9d5 wood4 ,aga91 ^! l9es occur ,poem ( ,judi?1 ,?orpe's ,analecta1 p4 #acg3-- ,! w>riors m>*$ ,! *iefta9s to ! w> ,protect$ ) t>gets1 ,) ar*$ l9d5 %ields4 ,x seems almo/ z if l9d5 trees 7 cultivat$ ) ?is view1 = ! ,saxon ,*ronicle1 "u anno #icg1 tells u h[ ,k+ ,a!l/an & 8 h]oes ! bo>d walls clove1 ,& hew$ ! w> l9d5s4 ,b c]ta9ly on "o occasion rema9s ( oak timb] 7 f\nd 9 connection ) ! bronze boss ( an ,anglo-,saxon %ield4 ,occasionally rims ( metal h be5 f\nd ) su* rema9s1 b su* protect+ edg+s d n seem to h be5 ! usual cu/om4 ,! laws ( ,gula1 quot$ above1 m5tion two bo>ds 9 ?ickness1 t is1 glu$ crossways1 to prev5t w>p+ or splitt+4 ,su* a =mation 9 a convex %ield w\ld %[ a v great am\nt ( skill 9 ! work+ ( wood at ?is e>ly date4 ,lea!r seems to h be5 sometimes /ret*$ ov] ! %ield2 because ! laws ( ,a!l/an =bade ! use ( %eepsk9s = ! purpose1 "u a p5alty ( #cjs43 a v l>ge sum4 ,_h sk9 cov]+s be5 common1 rema9s ( su* sk9s w\ld be f\nd /ill atta*$ inside ! bronze bosses2 b only "o sk9-cov]$ %ield has be5 f\nd at ,l9ton ,hea?1 9 ,cambridge%ire1 & 9 t ! sk9 cov]$ ! boss also1 hav+ be5 /ret*$ ov] ! :ole %ield4 ,la/ly1 r$ seems to h be5 at lea/ a fav\rite col\r1 = ,smund's ,edda m5tions a r$ %ield ) a gold5 bord]1 & ,giraldus de ,b>ri says ! ,iri% c>ri$ r$ %ields1 9 imitation ( ! ,danes4 ,! boss 0 (t5 c>ri$ out into a %>p spike1 & ! %ield c\ld ?us be us$ = (f5ce z well z = protection4 ,b p]haps su* po9ts 7 also f\nd ( use 9 /opp+ ! cut ( a sword1 :i* might o!rwise slip d[n ! %ield & f9d a re/+-place 9 ! leg or o!r expos$ "p4 ,illu/ration3 ,date #adgc4 ,we %all see z we proce$ t su* circul> %ields or t>gets con/antly appe> till ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 borne by foot soldi]s1 ) pikes1 halb]ds1 & swords1 & sometimes z l>ge z two feet 9 diamet]4 ,frequ5tly foot soldi]s are repres5t$ ) a small t>get1 t5 or twelve in*es 9 diamet]1 :]e) to receive _! oppon5t's cut1 :ile ! o!r arm wields a huge broadsword4 ,su* 7 9 lat] times call$ t>geti]s4 ,_! small t>gets 7 hook$ to ! side :5 n 9 use1 & "o is repres5t$ 9 #adgc :i* projects to a po9t 7,hewitt1 ii1 #dhh71 :ile o!rs are flat & /udd$ ) nails1 or o!rwise ornam5t$1 su* z appe> among ! ,scot* & ,iri% till a mu* lat] date4 ,small %ields ( a squ>e =m1 & t5 in*es squ>e1 7 us$ by f5c]s ) rapi]s 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies4 ,su* is a ha/y sket* ( ! circul> %ields4 ,!y 7 us$ by all ranks ( ! ,saxon nations--among :om1 ( c\rse1 7 ^? we call ,normans--to ! end ( ! t5? c5tury4 ,fitness = ! purposes ( def5ce is ! prime gov]n+ law 9 su* matt]s4 ,we %all see ?is lead+ to _m /range alt]ations ( %ape 9 aft] c5turies1 &1 at ! date at :i* we h n[ arriv$1 7! fir/ half ( ! elev5? c5tury17 a p]fect revolution 9 ! appe>ance ( %ields took place )9 a space ( ab\t fifty ye>s4 ,meyrick expla9s h[ ! ,normans :o 7 engag$ 9 ! conque/ ( ,apulia1 9 ! s\?-ea/ ( ,italy1 ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! elev5? c5tury1 le>n$ !re ! advantages ( long & n>r[ %ields1 su* z 7 !n 9 use among ! ,sicilians1 & /ates t ab\t fifty ye>s be=e ! battle ( ,ha/+s !y receiv$ f ,melo1 ! *ief ( ,b>ri1 supplies ( su* va/ly improv$ arms4 ,! intimate relations ) ,norm&y at t "t1 & "u ,edw>d ! ,confessor1 l$ to _! prompt adoption 9 ,engl& also2 & h5ce 9 ! ,bayeux tape/ry kite-%ap$ %ields ,no4 #c are univ]sal among horse soldi]s1 bo? ,anglo-,saxon & ,norman4 ,"s ,saxon foot soldi]s be> ! old r\nd %ields1 & "o squ>e-%ap$ "o appe>s on t roll4 ,!re is a v amus+ picture ( ,h>old & 8 companions proce$+1 9 company ) ,william ( ,norm&y1 to ! conque/ ( ,britanny4 ,!y came to ! little riv] ,cosnon1 :]e1 ! tide be+ out1 ! riv]-b$ 0 an expanse ( slipp]y mud4 ,! prud5t ones dism\nt$ & l$ _! horses across2 b "o horse is repres5t$ com+ d[n & ! rid] fall+ ov] 8 head1 :ile 8 %ield flies ?r\gh ! air atta*$ to 8 neck by ! guige ,bruce's ,bayeux ,tape/ry1 p4 #fa4 ,?is guige 0 ano!r mo/ valuable improvem5t :i* probably came f ,sicily ) ! new %ape ( %ields4 ,x 0 a lea!r /rap suffici5tly long to let x hang f ! neck1 & s1 :5 two h&s 7 requir$ to wield a battle axe or heavy weapon1 ! %ield c\ld be flung loose & recov]$ aga94 ,i am aw>e t 9 ,cotton ,,ms4 ,cleopatra1 cviii1 writt5 e>ly 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 a gr\p ( ,saxon horsem5 is repres5t$ on a j\rney1 & ! r\nd %ield ( "o hangs f 8 back1 look+ l ! beehive :i* ! knight 9 ,alice 9 ,wond]l& ?\ght might "s day prove useful4 ,x has1 x w be se51 an absurdly awkw>d appe>ance ,hewitt1 vol4 i1 p4 #gg2 ,cutts1 p4 #cac4 ,illu/ration ,! pr9ciple1 !n1 ( ! kite-%ap$ %ields :i* we see 9 ! elev5? c5tury 0 t1 ) z mu* compactness z possible1 !y %\ld protect ! body ) ! wid] "p1 :ile ! ext5d$ po9t 0 suffici5t to def5d ! leg2 & foll[+ s ne>ly ! %ape ( ! body ! knight _h 8 sword-arm free4 ,!y seem to h be5 five feet long or ev5 m1 = !y s]v$ z a bi] :]eon to c>ry away ! sla9 or w\nd$4#b ,x is amus+ to see ,golia? repres5t$ ) a kite-%ap$ %ield1 :ile ! little ,david on ! top ( him tries to wield 8 huge sword4 ,?is appe>s 9 a ,lat9 ,bible ( #aagj4 ,brit4 ,mus41 ,add4 ,,ms4 #adghi1 fo4 #aj2 engrav$1 ,hewitt1 i1 #acd4 ,illu/ration ,a rem>kable recrudesc5ce ( old ideas bo? 9 ! %apes & sizes ( %ields occurs f "t to "t z we proce$4 ,at times !y seem to h be5 ne>ly z mu* z five feet long--& !n1 z protective mail became m p]fect1 & probably ! v>y+ /yle ( fight+ requir$ x1 !y 7 greatly r$uc$4 ,k+ ,david & 8 foll[]s appe> ,cutts1 p4 #cce1 on _! exp$ition aga9/ ,nabal1 9 full mail ( ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ) %ields sc>cely eighte5 in*es long--j suffici5t to prev5t ! po9t ( a lance rea*+ "s flat or dang]\s or vuln]able spot f :5ce x w\ld n readily glide (f1 or to receive ! bl[s ( an assailant's sword4 ,nor c we suppose t "o scale ( size1 or inde$ "o exact %ape ( %ield1 reign$ univ]sal at any "o p]iod2 e knight _h 8 own fancies z to :i* be/ suit$ him2 & at l5g? we f9d _m illum9ations ( ! sixte5? c5tury 9 :i* knights appe> j\/+ & fight+ )\t any %ields at all4 ,!y 7 hung up1 to %[ ! h]aldry1 on _! t5ts1 & ! massive body-arm\r alone 0 consid]$ suffici5t protection4 99 99 99 99 99 ,^! few explanatory words are necess>y to introduce ^u ! sc5e ! v>i\s %ap$ %ields occurr+ dur+ ! c5turies :i* foll[4 ,:ile consid]+ ^! v>iations we mu/ be> 9 m9d t !y are /rongly m>k$ into two great divisions1 viz41 be=e ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 %ields 7 9 actual use & any alt]ation 9 _! outl9e 0 consid]$ to be an improvem5t to meet "s fre%ly notic$ want2 ?is w be fur!r ref]r$ to z in/ances occur4 ,dur+ & aft] ! sixte5? c5tury1 %apes 7 select$ 9 an arbitr>y way1 z a matt] ( ta/e alone2 & h5ce e>li] examples 7 sometimes exactly adopt$1 :ile at o!r times details & alt]ations 7 introduc$1 j to suit ! fancy ( ! pur*as] or arti/ & ! conv5tional /yle ( ! times4 ,z ref]5ces = :at has already be5 said1 ,i w\ld "n ! works ( ,meyrick & ,hewitt1 ,plan*'s "w on ,co/ume1 ,/rutt's ,horda1 & a le>n$ pap] on %ields1 by ,sir ,fr$]ick ,madd51 9 ,ar*ologia1 vol4 xxiv4 ,?is1 al?\gh prim>ily discuss+ ! *essm5 f\nd 9 ! ,isl& ( ,lewis1 conta9s ! results ( wide rese>*es z to %ields 9 ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies4 ,!re is also a valuable & well illu/rat$ book1 ,sc5es & ,*>act]s ( ! ,middle ,ages1 by ,a4 ,l4 ,cutts1 publi%$ by ,messrs4 ,virtue & ,co41 #ahgb4 ,! pr9cipal au?ority = ! accurate dat+ & classify+ ( %ields is ! imm5se numb] ( m$ival seals atta*$ to de$s & *>t]s1 & ) dates exactly kn[n4 ,if x 7 practicable to arrange 9 *ronological sequ5ce illu/rations ( a suffici5t numb] ( ^!1 we %\ld at once h ! classification ( dates1 /yles1 & %apes1 :i* w\ld be s v valuable1 & :i* x is ! attempt ( ?is pap] to display4 ,h5ce x is t to ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury seals =m s l>ge a "p ( ! evid5ces submitt$4 ,! c]ta9ty ( su* records is unsurpass$3 we h a p>*m5t1 itself dat$1 or ! date ( :i* 9 v e>ly in/ances c be o!rwise closely asc]ta9$2 & atta*$ to ?is we h a seal ) ! %ield2 &1 to make x p]fectly c]ta91 we h ! own]'s "n inscrib$ ar\nd x1 & s we "k he is n us+ "s "o else's seal1 f\nd or come d[n to him f e>li] times4 ,su* in/ances frequ5tly occur1 & are at once 9 ?is way detect$4 ,!re are in/ances :]e ! same seal1 acquir$ 9 e>ly life1 cont9u$ to be us$ = ov] fifty ye>s2 b t is ! ext5t to :i* su* valuable pro(s c w&] f ! actual prevail+ type & date4 ,besides seals1 ! _m invaluable illum9ations 9 ! ,briti% ,museum & ,bodleian ,libr>ies1 & 9 ! great ,cont95tal ,libr>ies1 furni% numb]less pictures ( knights & _! acc\trem5ts1 contemporane\sly execut$1 & ) ! mo/ manife/ exactness 9 e detail4 ,_m ( ^! h be5 engrav$ 9 our popul> lit]ature1 z well z 9 ! le>n$ works nam$ above2 b to enable ! m9d to =m correct conclusions ^! %\ld be all cut out & arrang$ 9 gr\ps ( exact dates1 or drawn z !y are 9 a /ud5t's note book4 ,! e>li] monum5tal effigies af=d _m valuable examples ( %ields1 & aft] !y cease to be repres5t$ by ! side ( ! figure1 su* (t5 appe> among ! ar*itectural details1 giv+ ! %ape ( %ield1 ) an exact date atta*$4 ,monum5tal brasses give evid5ce to a lat] date1 & ! canopy "w introduc$ (t5 c>ries ornam5tal %ields4 ,ar*itectural /one c>v+s frequ5tly give data ( great value4 ,i ne$ only ref] to ^? put up 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey ab\t #abfj1 :i* %[ ! exact %ape & proportions ( "s ( ! %ields !n us$1 & are repres5t$ z hang+ by _! guiges f /one projections c>v$ into v>i\s devices4 ,b repres5tations 9 /one & 9 /a9$ glass1 especially ^? ( lat] date1 seem to be greatly influ5c$ by _! surr\nd+s1 & _c !re=e be implicitly reli$ on z pro(s ( /yle & date4 ,!y are (t5 f\nd n to correspond exactly ) o!r examples2 inde$ x is a curi\s fact1 :i* all my fell[ /ud5ts w v\* =1 t ^! two--/one & glass--seem ( all mat]ials mo/ liable to err4 ,! good "n ( _m a respectable family has be5 ru9$ by ! b5d s9i/] introduc$ ?r\gh ! ignorant det]m9ation ( "s /one-c>v]2 :ile 9 glass1 col\rs are alt]$1 & impal$ %ields h be5 turn$ r\nd & s rev]s$2 :ile1 9 ! p>ticul> subject "u discussion1 viz41 ! exact %apes ( %ields :i* obta9$ at v>i\s dates1 we f9d 9 bo? /one & glass t _! %apes foll[ ! necessities ( ! re/ ( ! design1 & are made to fit into !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,i4 ,,%apes ,,( ,,%ields ,pr9t$ books supply _m %ields f ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 %[+ ! arti/ic ta/e 9 su* matt]s :i* prevail$ f t date to ! pres5t4 ,pr9t]s' m>ks beg9 /ill e>li]1 & are (t5 conta9$ 9 %ields2 b ^! usually %[ a _s ( exagg]ation1 & convey ! impression t su* w\ld n be f\nd else:]e1 & h5ce !y are n ( mu* use to u 9 our pres5t purpose ( lay+ d[n exact dates4 ,grants ( arms & book-plates come 9 to cont9ue our in=mation1 giv+ %apes & ! decorations surr\nd+ !m4 ,book-plates are usually ef=ts ( art & ta/e at ! dates :5 !y 7 execut$1 & ^! two occur j at ! "t :5 o!r evid5ces fall %ort1 & s !y are peculi>ly valuable4 ,9 ! foll[+ rem>ks ,i %all gladly avail myself ( ! new sy/em ( nom5clature devis$ & introduc$ by my fri5d1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,paul ,ryl&s1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,i welcome x z a mo/ valuable desid]atum1 by means ( :i* ,i hope to make my subject intelligible4 ,)\t su* a sy/em a /ill great] numb] ( illu/rations w\ld h be5 requir$1 & ,i %\ld l to be> my small te/imony to its v great &1 ,i expect1 increas+ usefulness4 ,x is n ev]yone :o has ! ready h& to da% (f ! correct outl9e :5 seek+ to communicate ! /yle ( a %ield1 or a book-plate1 & "h we h a simple alphabet ( %apes :i* c be read & und]/&$ ( all m51 & :i* w c]ta9ly be f\nd s conv5i5t t x w come into g5]al use4 ,,elev5? ,,c5tury4 ,our examples ( %ields %[ v few v>ieties1 ne>ly all seem to foll[ ! long kite %ape or ,norman pe> ,nos4 #c & #d4 ,! great seals ( ,william ,i41 ,william ,rufus1 & ,h5ry ,i4 all %[ ?is %ield1 also t ( ,ilb]t de ,laci ,ar*ological ,j\rnal1 vol4 iv1 p4 #bdi1 :ile ! ,bayeux tape/ry1 work$ at ! end ( ?is c5tury1 repres5ts !m exactly4 ,see+1 z we d 9 ! seals ( ?is date1 :i* mo/ly repres5t$ m\nt$ horsem51 ! inside only1 x may be notic$ t all seem to be /r5g!n$ r\nd _! edges4 ,9 ^? ( ,william ,i4 & ,ilb]t de ,laci a metal rim is %[n2 9 t ( ,william ,rufus two ( su* /rips1 :ile 9 t ( ,h5ry ,i4 rivets appe> to fa/5 a simil> rim on ! o!r side4 ,9 ! ,bayeux tape/ry "s r\nd %ields ) po9t$ bosses appe>1 & "o ( a squ>e %ape r\nd$ at ! corn]s4 ,illu/ration ,9 seals ! lett]+ ( ! inscriptions is 9 pla9 ,roman capitals1 :ile longob>dic lett]s = ,g ,e ,a & ,d appe> sometimes1 b 9 sev]al seals pres]v$ f ?is e>ly date ! inscriptions h un=tunately decay$ away4 ,illu/ration3 ,gilb]t de ,gant1 ob4 #aaef4 ,,! ,,twelf? ,,c5tury exhibits sev]al v>ieties ( %ape1 ,norman & ! ,norman convex at ! top 7,nos4 #a1 #b1 #c1 & #d72 & _m ( ^! are curv$1 s z to p>tially surr\nd ! body4 ,! great seal ( ,/eph5 repres5ts a po9t$ boss & a %ield almo/ pe>-%ap$4 ,"o v curi\s seal1 t ( ,ri*>d ,basset1 ab\t #aade1 m]its a full description4 ,he appe>s be>+ a kite-%ap$ or v elongat$ pe>-%ap$ %ield 7,no4 #c71 ab\t f\r feet long1 & c>ri$ d[n to a %>p po9t4 ,! top is bi-lob$1 l a he>t1 & x is /r5g!n$ all r\nd by a metal rim1 :ile fur!r /r5g? is imp>t$ by a boss or figure l a simple esc>b\cle1 c>ri$ out to ! sides4 ,he wields a v p[]ful sword1 ) an extraord9>ily heavy hilt1 & ) x he cuts (f ! l>ge duck-l beak ( a =midable rampant-w+$ animal l a dragon1 &1 app>5tly1 ?us frees a human figure held 9 its beak4 ,?is curi\s seal is atta*$ to a *>t] pr9t$ 9 ,blomefield's ,hi/ory ( ,norfolk 7see ,no4 #dd74 ,! seal ( ,gilb]t de ,gant1 :o di$ #aaef1 pres5ts a %ield m triangul> ?an ,no4 #b1 & 9 ! c5tre is a %>p po9t$ boss ,top4 & ,g541 i1 #cag4 ,! same boss appe>s 9 ! seal ( ,ralph son ( ,william1 ( ,dimsdale-on-,tees1 #aagd-hj 7,h]ald & ,g5ealogi/1 i1 #bbg72 also 9 a good _m contemporane\s seals1 & x 0 evid5tly meant = use z an (f5sive weapon4 ,x is notewor?y t on ! fir/ seal ( ,ri*>d ,i4 a spike is %[n on ! %ield2 8 fir/ coronation 0 9 #aahi4 ,on ! second seal !re is none2 8 second coronation took place on #ag? ,april1 #aaid4 ,?is may %[ ! date :5 ?is fa%ion 0 discont9u$4 ,9 ! seal ( ,sewal de ,e?9don1 ab\t #aafg1 ! curv$ %ield ( ,norman =m1 ,no4 #b1 runs d[n into a long po9t1 some:at twi/$ r\nd1 s z to %[ d[n on ! "r side ( ! rid]4 ,x does n protect 8 leg at all2 9 fact1 ! arrangem5t1 to our eyes1 seems awkw>d & mo/ emb>rass+ to ! m\nt$ knight 7engrav$ ,ni*olas ,upton1 p4 #hd2 see ,no4 #de74 ,:ile 9 t ( ,say] de ,qu9ci1 t[>ds ! end ( ?is c5tury1 a heat]-pe> %ield ,no4 #f appe>s4 ,?is is engrav$ 9 ,spelman's ,aspilogia1 p4 #fg4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,ii4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,! m5's seals ( ?is date :i* pres5t _! %ields = our consid]ation usually %[ !m on horseback1 fully cap>ison$2 & _m int]e/+ details ( spurs1 swords1 & arms are repres5t$1 z well z ! furniture = _! horses4 ,we are able "h to %[ ! two seals ( ,malg]us le ,vavas\r1 #aadj-ej1 %[+ heat]-pe>1 almo/ he>t-%ap$ %ields4 ,see ,collect4 ,topog4 et ,g5ealog41 vol4 vi1 p4 #abg1 :]e ! de$ to :i* ^! are atta*$ is suppos$ to date betwe5 #aahj-f2 b ,malg]'s son1 ,william ,vavas\r1 0 a judge #aaff-hd ,it9]>y ( ,h5ry ,,ii41 & ,sir ,rob]t1 ! gr&son1 paid a heavy f9e--#abjj m>ks & two palfreys--9 #i ,john1 #abjg-h1 t ,maud 8 daught] & wid[ ( ,!obald ,walt] might m>ry ,fulke ,fitzw>9e3 we h ?us no difficulty 9 prov+ t ! date ( ?is seal is circa #aadj to #aaej4 ,we also give ! beautiful seal ( ,egidius de ,gorram1 #aage-hj ,collectanea ,topog4 et ,g5ealog41 vol4 v1 p4 #ahg4 ,! unm\nt$ knight is repres5t$ 9 scale arm\r1 kneel+1 & hold+ a sort ( heat]-pe> %ield1 ,no4 #f1 ) a po9t$ boss4 ,illu/ration ,! fields ( seals are n[ q pla91 except sometimes 9 ^? ( ladies4 ,9 ! fir/ seal ( ,roheis de ,gant1 ,c\ntess ( ,l9coln be=e #aaef1 lilies are introduc$1 to fill up :at w\ld o!rwise appe> too great a b>e space4 ,?is is engrav$ 9 ,topog4 & ,g5ealogi/1 vol4 i1 p4 #cah4 ,illu/ration ,9 c\nt]seals ( ?is c5tury heat] %ields appe> su* z are common dur+ ! next c5tury4 ,a mo/ curi\s in/ance ( a pe>-%ap$ curv$ %ield1 hav+ a b\*e cut into x = ! introduction ( ! spe>1 occurs 9 ! seal ( ,!odoric ,c\nt ( ,fl&]s1 #aaei1 :o we>s tegulat$ arm\r4 ,x is engrav$ 9 ,oliv] ,vr$ius1 p4 #ag 7see ,no4 #df74 ,s f> z we "k1 ?is useful b\*e1 z a re/+ place = ! spe>1 disappe>$--to crop up aga91 z an improvem5t & novelty1 9 ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,h>l4 ,,ms4 ,y4 #f4 7,see p4 #ah47 ,! m>vell\s set ( *essm5 f\nd 9 ! ,isle ( ,lewis af=d u a mo/ int]e/+ s]ies ( %ields ( ?is c5tury4 ,!y are fully illu/rat$1 ,ar*ologia1 vol4 xxiv4 ,!y give u ! long ,norman pe> or kite-%ap$ ,no4 #c1 ! ,norman convex ,no4 #d1 also a flatt5$ convex ) r\nd$ corn]s1 & ^! %ields are all long & n>r[1 j wide en\gh to cov] ! body4 ,!re are _m in/ances ( exactly simil> %ields4 ,9 ,h>l4 ,,ms4 #bhjc1 a ,bible1 writt5 ab\t #aagj1 ,golia? ( ,ga? be>s a %ield exactly resembl+ !m2 & 9 ! mo/ int]e/+ monum5tal effigy ( ,william1 ,c\nt ( ,fl&]s1 son ( ,rob]t1 ,duke ( ,norm&y1 :o di$ 9 #aabg1 engrav$ 9 ,oliv] ,vr$ius' ,seals ( ! ,c\nts ( ,fl&]s1 #afci1 p4 #ad4 ,he app>5tly 0 a v old man at 8 dea?4 ,he be>s a %ield exactly l ! ,lewis *essm5 9 %ape1 b ! face ( x is fill$ up ) an elaborate esc>b\cle1 c>ri$ out & atta*$ to ! rim1 :i* :olly surr\nds ! %ield4 ,%ields ) ! flatt5$ convex top & r\nd$ corn]s1 b ( mu* %ort] proportions1 occur 9 ,h>l4 ,,ms4 ,y4 #f4 7engrav$ ,hewitt1 vol4 i1 p4 #abg71 writt5 at ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury1 & "o cle>ly %[s ! curv$ =mation :i* is indicat$ 9 numb]less seals & illum9ations ( ?is date4 ,! inscriptions are 9 ,lat9 & 9 longob>dic *>act]s1 b ,go?ic lett]s are sometimes alt]nat$1 :ile 9 o!rs pla9 ,roman capitals /ill occur4 ,i h notic$ "o rem>kable in/ance ( an inscription ( ?is c5tury1 9 ,norman-,fr5*1 ar\nd ! seal ( ,alanus fil4 ,adam1 temp4 ,h5ry ,,ii4 ,! de$ to :i* x is atta*$ is pr9t$ 9 ,collectanea ,topographica et ,g5ealogica1 vol4 v1 p4 #aaf4 ,,?irte5? ,,c5tury4 ,9 ! e>lie/ ye>s ( ?is c5tury ,norman %ields curv$ r\nd ! body /ill cont9ue2 :ile 9 seals1 :i* at ?is date are our pr9cipal s\rce ( evid5ce1 animals1 su* z dragons1 appe> to fill up ! field1 & especially to support a pla9 %ield 9 l>ge c\nt]seals2 also di/9ctive badges are introduc$1 su* z c9quefoils1 e/oiles1 mascles1 bo>s' heads1 lions1 c42 b sometimes 9 "* !y foll[ greatly ! patt]n obta9+ at ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,heat]-pe> ,no4 #f occurs1 & frequ5tly su* a %ield /&s 9 ! c5tre ( a circul> seal1 m]ely surr\nd$ by ! inscription 9 longob>dic4 ,! heat] %ield is n[ r m po9t$ ?an x appe>s 9 lat] examples4 ,illu/ration ,a v curi\s triangul> %ield ,no4 #a also n[ appe>s1 z 9 ! seal ( ,johannes fil4 ,galfridi de ,ed9ton1 su* a triangul> %ield on a pla9 circul> field1 ar\nd :i* is ! inscription1 9 pla9 ,roman capitals4 ,?is is engrav$ 9 ! ,visit4 ,hunts41 #afac1 p4 #ajj4 ,ano!r seal1 ,nigellus de ,amundeville1 is entirely ?ree-corn]$1 a little long] ?an an equilat]al triangle2 ! %ield is ( ! same cont\r1 & %[s ?ree *evrons1 :ile ! edg+ leaves space = ! inscription r\nd ! ?ree sides4 ,?is is also engrav$ 9 ! ,visit4 ( ,hunt+don1 #afac1 p4 #aba1 publi%$ by ! ,camd5 ,society4 ,?is %ape ( triangul> seal seems to h be5 m common ?an 0 suppos$4 ,! curi\s seal ( ! ,trev]b9 family ( ,cornwall is engrav$1 ,ar*ological ,j\rnal1 vol4 x1 p4 #aej2 b1 z x %[s no %ield1 x /&s outside our pres5t subject4 ,ano!r curi\s %ield is figur$ 9 ,ni*olas ,upton1 ,de ,usu ,milit>i1 ,bisse edition1 #afed1 p4 #cg1 & ( date #abeg 7see ,no4 #dg74 ,h5ry de ,f]nbureg /&s ) a squ>e %ield 9 8 left h&4 ,x is ab\t two feet long1 consid]ably curv$1 & appe>s to be v ?ick4 ,9 8 "r h& he holds a hamm] ext5d+ into a %>p spike at ! back4 ,squ>e %ields v mu* l ?is1 b m oblong 9 %ape1 & ) a r\nd boss project+ f ! middle1 occur 9 ! v curi\s illu/ration ( a wag] ( duel 9 ! ,miscel4 ,rolls1 temp4 ,h5ry ,,iii41 & !re=e ( date #abaj-ej4 ,ea* duelli/ c>ries su* a %ield2 !y mu/ be ov] two feet long1 & are mu* curv$2 :ile ) ! o!r h& he wields an awkw>d look+ hamm]1 or m prop]ly a pick1 z x is po9t$ at bo? ends2 :ile1 aft] ! mann] ( anci5t pictures1 ! vanqui%$ 7& !re=e ! guilty "o7 is se5 hang+ up 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,?is is engrav$ 9 ,hewitt's ,anci5t ,arm\r1 vol4 i1 p4 #cge1 also 9 ,madox's ,hi/ory ( ! ,ex*equ]1 p4 #chc4 ,illu/ration ,9 ! v curi\s in/ance ( ! seal ( ,?omas ,furnival1 8 arms are %[n 9 a loz5ge-%ap$ %ield4 ,?is is ( date #abgd-i1 & is engrav$ 9 ,h]ald & ,g5ealogi/1 vol4 iii1 p4 #ccd4 ,ev5 at ?is e>ly date su* a %ape seems to h be5 usually res]v$ = ladies4 ,sir ,george ,mack5zie quot$ 9 ,guillim's ,display1 ed4 #agbd m5tions t ,muriell1 ,c\ntess ( ,/ra!rne1 bore h] arms 9 a loz5ge 9 #abhd4 ,illu/ration ,ano!r v curi\s %ield ( ,helie ,c\nt de ,ma9e is reproduc$ 9 ,montfauon's ,mon>*ie ,franaise4 ,?is is a w$ge-%ap$ or triangul> %ield1 b ! top has squ>e corn]s & is peak$ 7see ,no4 #dh74 ,! seal ( ,tur/an ,disp5sator ,regis1 ab\t #abaj1 %[s ! heat]-pe> ) ! upp] corn]s slightly v>i$4 ,?is is engrav$ 9 ,collect4 ,top4 et ,g541 vol4 iv1 p4 #bci4 ,! anci5t arms ( ,desp5c] are said to h be5 ,erm9e1 a *ief ,gules2 b ?is seems to repres5t 444 six cloves1 f\r & two1 & a *ief2 & to fill up ! space ?ree c9quefoils are introduc$ 9 ! field4 ,b1 z be=e laid d[n1 ! g5]al %apes ( %ields 9 ?is c5tury are ! ,norman ,no4 #b1 (t5 ( v long proportions1 z %[n 9 ,william de ,longespee1 ,e>l ( ,s>um1 #abbf1 & ! /atues at ,wells ,ca!dral1 #abcj2 ! heat]-pe> ,no4 #f1 & ! pla9 heat] ,no4 #e1 r long & po9t$4 ,a ,clif=d seal giv5 9 ,ni*olas ,upton1 p4 #ia1 ( date #abbj1 has a heat]-pe> %ield on ! seal1 & an ord9>y heat] on ! small] c\nt]seal 7see ,no4 #di74 ,we may rem>k t on ! tomb ( ,que5 ,eleanor1 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 appe>s1 on a long-%ap$ heat] %ield1 ! fir/ example ( qu>t]+ 9 ,engl& :i* j comes )9 ! limits ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,?is repres5ts ! two k+doms ( ,ca/ile & ,leon1 b x 0 und\bt$ly ! example :i* aft]w>ds l$ to regul> qu>t]+s ( arms by families4 ,x is noticeable t dur+ ! latt] half ( ?is c5tury %ields beg9 to be %[n 9 seals1 susp5d$ by ! guige1 :i* is pass$ r\nd a tree or o!r device f :i* x c hang4 ,fl[]s1 leaves1 & ev5 ar*itectural details1 en>*+1 c41 n[ beg9 to appe>1 to fill up ! field1 & ! :ole tone approa*es ! /yle prevail+ 9 ! foll[+ c5tury4 ,x may be z well to rem>k 9 ?is place t mill$1 dott$1 or rop$ l9es ar\nd seals are no indication ( date4 ,!y appe> 9 all ^! v>ieties z e>ly z ,william ! ,conqu]or1 & ext5d to ! late/ times1 accord+ to ! fancy ( ! arti/4 ,inscriptions are 9 longob>dic1 ) pla9 ,lat9 capitals (t5 alt]nat$2 & 9 ! seal ( ,h5ry ,,ii4 ! lett] ,r has a l9e across ! tail1 signify+ a contraction--,,h5r = ,h5rici4 ,until ! end ( ?is c5tury a cross is us$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! inscriptions1 b ab\t #abge />s appe>1 & 9 ! next c5tury trefoils & o!r devices are frequ5tly introduc$ in/ead ( crosses4 ,,f\rte5? ,,c5tury4 ,?is c5tury op5s ) t mo/ valuable fund ( in=mation ! celebrat$ ,b>on's lett]1 #acja1 ! seals atta*$ to :i* are beautifully engrav$ 9 ! ,monum5ta ,vetu/a ( ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies1 vol4 i1 plates #bh-cc4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ^! %[ heat] %ields1 "s m & "s less po9t$4 ,! beautiful r\nd seal ( ,simon de ,montacute %[s a squ>e %ield1 ,no4 #g1 ) a po9t$ ,fr5* base2 :ile to repres5t ! curv+ ( ! %ield ! top is concave4 ,! side spaces 9 ! field1 z is frequ5tly ! case ) seals ( ?is date1 are fill$ up ) two grotesque animals or worms1 :ile 9 ! place :]e a cre/ w\ld be appe>s a l>ge ca/le1 c4 ,! c\nt]seal to ?is is squ>e1 repres5t+ a griff9 segreant1 n 9 a %ield at all1 b surr\nd$ by a bordure4 ,badges or portions ( armorial be>+s obta9$ f heiresses n[ frequ5tly appe> on ! fields1 to fill up2 be+ ! way 9 :i* su* int]m>riages 7 %[n be=e ! g5]al introduction ( qu>t]+s4 ,fl[]s 9 ! field1 also en>*+ & ar*itectural details1 are freely us$ to fill up ! blank spaces1 & 9 "o ( ! seals atta*$ to ! ,b>on's lett]--t ( ,hugo ,b>dolf1 ( ,wormgay 7see ,no4 #ej7--no room is left outside ! ar*itectural embelli%m5t = an inscription4 ,seals also occur %ap$ entirely l a heat] %ield2 ) a simil> %ield 9 ! c5tre conta9+ ! arms1 z 9 t ( ,mat!w ,fitz ,john1 :]e ! ?ree lions rampant appe>1 :ile ! space beyond is fill$ up ) ! inscrib$ "n ( ! own]4 ,see ,no4 #ea4 ,illu/ration ,! seals ( ?is :ole c5tury are mo/ beautifully design$ & execut$1 & almo/ univ]sally %[ ! heat] %ape2 po9t$ 9 ! e>li] decades1 & becom+ gradually %ort] & m squ>e-%ap$ say ab\t #acgj4 ,! secretum ( ,rob]t ,braybroke1 ,bi%op ( ,london #achb-adja1 well %[s ?is squ>5ess4 ,x is engrav$ 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies1 #i? ,dec1 #ahfi1 also #crd ,feb41 #ahhg4 ,to ! same de$1 dat$ #ba/ ,may1 #acib1 is also atta*$ ! seal ( ,sir ,g]>d ,braibrok ! y\ng]4 ,illu/ration ,! fields are beautifully decorat$1 be+ diap]$ or fill$ up ) ar*itectural or ornam5tal details--l9es1 dots1 & fl[]s2 :ile frequ5tly cre/s1 ) helmets & mantl+s1 occur2 & sometimes two ( su* helmets are plac$ z support]s on ea* side ( ! %ield1 or two grotesque animals hold up ! helmet & cre/1 :ile ! %ield ( arms appe>s 9 ! base4 ,illu/ration ,go?ic lett]+ 9 ! ,lat9 inscriptions n[ fir/ appe>s1 al?\gh m frequ5tly longob>dic1 & occasionally /ill ! pla9 ,roman capitals4 ,frequ5tly ! :ole face ( ! seal is s fill$ up t ! only spaces left = ! inscription are on ! edges1 above & bel[ ! arms4 ,! seal ( ,edmund ( ,arundel1 #acja-bf1 %[s ?is arrangem5t4 ,x is f ,h]ald & ,g5ealogi/1 vol4 ii1 p4 #ef4 ,n[1 also1 two1 ?ree1 or m %ields appe>1 conjo9t$ or /&+ side by side4 ,! e>lie/ in/ance ,i h notic$ is ,sigillum ,ide de ,cl9ton1 #abih-acjj1 ) ?ree heat] %ields1 po9ts to ! c5tre ,ni*olas ,upton1 p4 #hb4 ,t[>ds ! middle ( ! c5tury !y are frequ5tly f\nd4 ,illu/ration ,9 ! curi\s seal ( ,ri*41 fil4 ,ric>di de ,beyvill ( ,wodewalton1 :i* is heat]-%ap$1 & atta*$ to a de$ #acdi1 a squ>e heat] %ield %[s a *evron betwe5 ?ree r\ndels1 & is support$ by two worms or dragons1 :ile across ! top ( ! seal appe>s ! "n ,beyvil4 ,?is is engrav$ ,visit4 ,hunt+don1 p4 #aaf4 ,besides ! curv$ heat] ( ! la/ c5tury1 :i* appe>s 9 ! great seal ( ,edw>d ,,ii41 #acjg1 & 9 sev]al monum5tal effigies1 o!rs ( ,norman heat] =m ,no4 #b appe> ) ! upp] corn]s cut (f & sometimes r\nd$4 ,ref] to an effigy 9 ,norton ,*ur*1 ,durham1 engrav$ 9 ,surtees ,hi/ory1 vol4 iii1 p4 #aee 7see ,no4 #eb71 :ile 9 illum9at$ ,,mss4 %ields occur ) ! b\*e deeply cut & ! base ( ! %ield curv$ outw>ds4 ,?is curv$ outw>d turn+ w be discuss$ :ile speak+ ( simil> %ields f\nd 9 ! next c5tury4 ,two :i* occur 9 ,bamb]g ,ca!dral are engrav$ ,ar*ological ,j\rnal1 vol4 ii1 p4 #bag1 & 9 ,hewitt's ,arm\r1 vol4 ii1 pp4 #ach-i1 & are specially curi\s 7see ,no4 #ee72 & sev]al are %[n f ,h>l4 ,,ms4 #adcgi1 & engrav$ 9 ,cutts1 p4 #dcd4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,iii4 #ei see ,plate iv4 ,%ields on monum5tal effigies almo/1 if n entirely1 disappe> 9 ! c\rse ( ?is c5tury1 & 9 battles & t\rnam5ts 9 anci5t ,,mss4 ( ?is date ! knights are m usually repres5t$ )\t %ields4 ,su* is ! fact2 ! reason be+ t def5sive arm\r _h be5 add$ to & improv$1 & increas$ 9 respect ( weight1 z exp]i5ces ( w> %[$ ! cont+5cies aga9/ :i* x 0 desirable to be protect$4 ,! %ield1 !re=e1 became an encumbrance to ! m\nt$ knight1 :ile s p]fect 0 8 case ( /eel1 & s admirably fitt$ & design$1 t ! %ield 0 no long] requir$4 ,we notice t ?is g5]al disc>d+ ( %ields by m\nt$ knights beg9s ab\t ! latt] half ( ?is f\rte5? c5tury among ! weal?y & p[]ful1 :o c\ld procure exp5sive & p]fect suits ( mail4 ,x is 9 memory ( su* only t co/ly monum5tal effigies 7 erect$1 &1 z a consequ5ce1 ! %ields =m]ly %[n c>v$ by ! side ( ! knights n[ entirely disappe> f effigies4 ,! reasons "h put =w>d are q borne out by o!r evid5ces4 ,monum5tal brasses1 :i* n[ l5d _! assi/ance to our se>*1 7 f> less co/ly memorials ?an su* effigies4 ,"s ( ! e>lie/ ( ^! repres5t ! dead knight z he appe>$ 9 8 life1 )1 8 %ield ^u ! arm2 b 9 ! c\rse ( ! foll[+ fifte5? c5tury ^!1 too1 foll[ ! fa%ion we f9d prevail+ 9 ,,ms4 illu/rations1 & ! %ields are only us$ = ! purposes ( h]aldry1 & are relegat$ into ! corn]s ( ! brass1 or up among its tab]nacle "w4 ,:ile on ?is subject ( suits ( mail1 ,i may ) advantage ov]/ep ! limits ( ?is c5tury--z1 inde$1 ,i h already done--& m5tion t su* w5t on increas+ s greatly 9 protective p]fectness1 &1 p>i passu1 9 _! oppressive weight1 t a knight fall+ (f ! horse ^u :i* he _h be5 plac$ lay p]fectly helpless2 & hi/ory records _m times t !y 7 sla9 by cl[ns & boys :ile ly+ helpless on ! gr\nd4 ,:5 ! /yle ( protective arm\r became s exagg]at$1 a man s hamp]$ c\ld d little m ?an hold 8 spe> & guide 8 horse4 ,until at la/1 ab\t ! ye> #afjb1 ,k+ ,james ,i4 summ$ up ! pa/ exp]i5ce ( arm\r ?us3--,x 0 an admirable inv5tion1 :i* pres]v$ a man f be+ injur$1--& made him incapable ( injur+ any "o else4 ,9 "s books x is /at$ t ! introduction & gradually increas+ use ( gunp[d] 9 w> l$ by degrees to ! ab&onm5t ( %ields2 b ! above evid5ces completely refute su* an idea4 ,heavy mail arm\r1 exagg]at$ into an absurdity--z po9t$ out by ,k+ ,james--did s disappe> :5 x became evid5t t su* af=d$ no protection :atev] aga9/ a small bit ( well-direct$ lead4 ,b %ields _h already be5 ab&on$ by ! knights1--long be=e1 at a p]iod :5 gunp[d] 0 z yet a great & r>e my/]y4 ,besides1 we f9d r\nd %ields 7 /ill 9 cont9u$ use by ! foot-soldi]y1 :5 e battlefield 0 conte/$ ) fire & sword--! smoke z well z ! d9 ( battle4 ,moreov]1 examples h come d[n to u ( su* %ields ) fix$ pi/ols project+ ?r\gh1 & ) a peep-hole = sight+4 ,?us %ields 7 made ! h&maid ( gunp[d]2 &1 z a matt] ( fact1 !y 7 9 use by foot soldi]s s late z ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration ,we notic$ t ! heat] %ields :i* obta9$ s l>gely dur+ ?is c5tury1 & grew less & less po9t$ z x progress$1 at la/ became mu* squ>]4 ,! seal ( ,edmund ,mortim]1 ,e>l ( ,m>*1 #acgb1 might well be tak5 = ! fifte5? c5tury2 ! squ>e heat]1 ) blunt-%ap$ base2 ! inscription 9 ,go?ic1 & curi\sly plac$ at ! top & bottom2 & ! two support+ helmets1 ) mantl+s & huge pana*es1 out ( :i* appe> bel[ ! h9d] half ( ! bodies & legs ( two animals1 ! re/ ( _! c>casses be+ cramm$ inside ^! helmets4 ,?is is tak5 f ! engrav+ 9 ,h]ald & ,g5ealogi/1 vol4 ii1 p4 #ef4 ,illu/ration ,b f ab\t ?is date d[nw>ds we c p]ceive mu* m discrim9at+ ta/e ex]cis$ 9 design+ seals4 ,! seal ( ,ri*>d ,e>l ( ,arundel1 #accj-gf1 f ! engrav+ 9 ,h]ald & ,g5ealogi/1 vol4 ii1 p4 #ed1 is an example ( su* beautiful design & execution4#c ,! small seal ( ,matilde ,fraunceys1 relict ( ,simon ,fraunceys1 citiz5 ( ,london1 atta*$ to a de$ #cc ,edw>d ,,iii4 #acei1 is a *>act]i/ic example ( ord9>y small well-execut$ seals prevail+ 9 ?is c5tury4 ,! engrav+ is f ! ,proce$+s ( ,society ( ,antiqu>ies1 #aa? ,dec41 #ahef4 ,illu/ration ,"s families seem to h tak5 a special pride 9 _! seals4 ,^? ( ! ,b>dolfe family ( ,wyrmegeye1 ,norfolk1 cont9ue pre-em95t = sev]al g5]ations4 ,occasionally "o memb] ( a family %[s a seal ( extreme beauty1 ! "w ( "s ,/rongi?>m or ,wyon ( ^? days1 & 9 ?is way ! c5turies may frequ5tly seem to ov]lap ea* o!r4 ,su* exceptional seals %[ an execution1 %ape ( %ield frequ5tly1 & design some:at lat] ?an _! art-date1 9 ! sequ5ce we are endeav\r+ to lay d[n4 ,o!r su* ov]lapp+s occur f ! great age ( ! seal us]4 ,elianor ,f]re uses on a de$1 #acdh1 a dimidiat$ seal1 :i* 0 surely made ab\t #abij4 ,%e di$1 a v old lady1 9 #acdi4 ,?is seal is engrav$ 9 ,ar*ological ,j\rnal1 vol4 xi1 p4 #cge2 & if y w ref] to ,h]ald & ,g5ealogi/1 vol4 i1 p4 #dhe1 y w see a seal ( ,cl>e & ,fitzg]ald dimidiat$ on a %ield ( app>5tly id5tical date4 ,! inscription is ,sigill-,elianore-,f]re2 s %e us$ h] own seal made 9 e>ly life1 p]haps dat+ f h] m>riage4 ,! seal ( ,isabella de ,=tibus1 ,c\ntess ( ,albem>le1 us$ 9 #abib1 is ano!r dimidiat$ h]aldic seal1 almo/ id5tical4 ,see ,no4 #ec4 ,illu/ration ,po9t$ heat] %ields ) concave tops1 sugge/+ _! curv$ %ape1 are n uncommon 9 ?is c5tury1 & inscriptions 9 ,go?ic type became mu* m frequ5t4 ,! description ( a %ield :i* us$ to hang1 be=e ! ,great ,fire1 9 old ,/4 ,paul's1 ,london1 w be an int]e/+ illu/ration ( h[ %ields 7 made 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,?is 0 ! %ield ( ,john ( ,gaunt 7or ,gh5t1 z x 0 orig9ally spell$71 our ,duke ( ,lanca/]1 ! ?ird bro!r ( ,edw>d ! ,black ,pr9ce1 & fa!r ( ,h5ry ,,iv4 ,he 0 born #acdj1 & di$ #acii1 s we may assign #acgj z ab\t ! date ( its manufacture4 ,9 %ape x is an oblong squ>e ) r\nd$ corn]s & holl[$-out sides & base1 :ile a v deep b\*e is cleft into ! dext] *ief4 ,x mu* resembles ! ,go?ic-r\nd$ ,no4 #ab1 b ! base is flat & holl[$ out4 ,i am quot+ f ,bolton's ,elem5ts ( ,armories1 #afaj1 p4 #fi3--;,x is v convex t[>d ! be>]1 :e!r by w>p+ ?r\gh age1 or z made ( purpose4 ,x ha? 9 dim5sions m ?an ?ree-qu>t]s ( a ye>d ( l5g? & above halfe a ye>d 9 bread?3 next to ! body is a canvas glew'd to a boord1 ^u t ?9 bo>d are broad ?9 axicles1 slices or plates ( horne nail'd fa/1 & aga9e ov] !m #bj & sixe peeces ( ! l all meet+ or c5tr+ ab\t a r\nd plate ( ! same 9 ! navell ( ! %ield1 & ov] all a lea!r cloz$ fa/ to !m ) glew or o!r hold+ /uffe1--^u :i* 8 armorie 0 pa9t$1 b n[ !y ) ! lea!r itself h v lately & v lewdly b9 utt]ly spoil'd4 ,?is is engrav$ 9 ,bolton's ,elem5ts1 9 ,willem5t's ,regal ,h]aldry1 9 ,r&le ,holme's ,academy1 & 9 sev]al o!r h]aldic works4 ,!re is also engrav$ 9 ,bolton's ,elem5ts1 p4 #fg1 ! %ield ( ,edw>d ! ,black ,pr9ce hang+ ov] 8 tomb at ,cant]bury4 ,?is 0 ( ! egg %ape ,no4 #ce2 & 9 a circle 9 ! c5tre 71 on a heat] %ield ,no4 #e1 ! arms ( ,france & ,engl& qu>t]ly ) a label ( ?ree po9ts2 :ile ar\nd ?is circle ! re/ ( ! %ield 0 emboss$ or tool$ ) an elaborate filagree patt]n1 & a n>r[ pla9 rim ext5d$ r\nd ! out] edge4 ,! inscriptions 9 ?is c5tury cont9ue to be 9 ,lat9 & 9 ,roman lett]s1 b sometimes ,go?ic lett]+ is us$4 ,,fifte5? ,,c5tury4 ,our mat]ials = pro( dur+ ?is c5tury are peculi>ly num]\s & ri*4 ,!re is great /ore ( beautiful seals1 _m ( !m highly decorat$1 & prep>+ u = _! decay & disappe>ance aft] ab\t #adij4 ,!n aga91 ,,ms4 illu/rations ( t\rnam5ts %[ ! %ap$ %ields ( ! knights hung up on t5ts or else:]e1 & adorn$ ) _! h]aldry2 & occasionally1 & 9 "o case z late z #adhj1 two knights appe> on horseback1 j\/+ & be>+ %ields2 also1 9 "s cases1 combats on foot1 :]e ! knights c>ry %ields4 ,we h also /a9$ glass ) %ields1 :i*1 at ?is e>ly "t1 seem m closely to foll[ ! %apes ( ^? actually 9 use4 ,grants ( arms n[ beg9 to supply %apes ( %ields1 & t[>ds ! end ( ! c5tury pr9t]s' m>ks appe>1 al?\gh ^! la/ seem to be affect$ by a fanciful exagg]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,add4 ,,ms4 #ae1dgg--;date #acfj4 ,z a case ( recrudesc5ce ( old ideas we mu/ ref] to ! in/ance ( a b\*e1 9 :i* to re/ ! spe>1 s e>ly z #acfj1 9 ,add4 ,,ms4 #ae1dgg1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,hewitt1 vol4 ii1 p4 #bca72 inde$ "o is repres5t$ va/ly e>li]1 9 #aaei1 9 ! seal ( ,!odoric ,c\nt ( ,fl&]s1 engrav$ 9 ,oliv] ,vr$ius1 p4 #ag 7see ,no4 #df74 ,su* %ields are n[ v frequ5t1 except ^u seals1 :]e !y seldom occur2 & ! reason is1 no d\bt1 t !y w\ld h int]f]$ ) ! h]aldic *>ges1 :i* n[ beg9 to be multipli$4 ,heat] %ields1 & sometimes po9t$1 j z !y appe> at e>li] dates1 are /ill cont9u$2 b 9 mo/ cases1 & especially t[>ds ! middle & end ( ! c5tury1 !y become mu* m squ>e & blunt] at ! base4 ,seals ( ! m important families are fill$ up ) elaborate decorations--diap]+ on ! fields1 leaves & mantl+s fill+ up ! :ole space1 & support+ animals1 f9ely & boldly design$1 are introduc$2 & sev]al conc5tric l9es1 diff]5tly ornam5t$1 ) quatrefoils1 crosses1 mullets1 & />s ^u ^! circul> b&s sometimes occur )9 ! inscription4 ,illu/ration ,f ab\t #adbj a cu/om began1 & is occasionally adopt$ 9 ! l>g] seals1 to repres5t z scrolls ^? b&s ^u :i* ! inscriptions ( "n & title1 c41 7 writt51 :ile ! ends 7 ornam5tally unfold$ & loose4 ,to %[ exactly :at ,i mean ,i w\ld ref] to ! seal ( ,john de ,cl9ton de ,say1 #adch1 ,no4 #ed1 engrav$ 9 ,ar*ologia1 vol4 xxxviii1 p4 #bgb1 & to t ( ,sir ,john ,pelham1 #adfi4 ,?is is engrav$ 9 ,ar*ological ,j\rnal1 vol4 vii1 p4 #cbc2 ! ,sussex ,ar*ological ,society's vol4 iii1 p4 #bbj2 also 9 ,hi/orical & ,g5ealogical ,notices ( ! ,pelham ,family1 privately pr9t$ 9 #ahgc by ! late ,mr4 ,m4 ,a4 ,l[]4 ,_m ( ^! seals are m>vels ( design & execution4 ,at ! v end ( ! c5tury we notice s mu* is s\ght to be repres5t$ t ! designs 9 consequ5ce become flat & weak1 los+ mu* ( _! "* & boldness1 & ?us prep>+ u = ! />tl+ *ange 9 ! foll[+ c5tury4 ,ano!r noticeable circum/ance is t su* spl5did & pret5ti\s seals are n conf9$ to ! greate/ nobility or p ( va/ t]ritorial influ5ce4 ,_m untitl$ families t[>ds ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury %[$ seals n q s l>ge1 b fully equal 9 workman%ip & beautiful design to ^? ( ! h\se ( ,lanca/]1 ! ,nevilles1 ,lords ( ,ab]gav5ny2 ! ,dukes ( ,buck+ham1 & o!r great titl$ nobles4 ,?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,h4 ,s4 ,grazebrook ,i am able to %[ ! seal ( ,ri*>d ,dudley ( ,clapton1 ,nor?ants2 ! arms ( ,dudley qu>t]+ ,hotot see ,william ,salt ,society vol4 x1 p4 #ed4 ,?is seal 0 exhibit$ to ! ,h]alds at _! ,visitation ( ,nor?ants1 #afah1 antiquum ,sigillum arg5teum1 & is trick$ 9 _! orig9al ,,ms4 ,z its date is betwe5 #addj & #adge1 ,i h no d\bt x 0 made = t ,ri*>d ,dudley ( ,clapton :o condidit te/am5tum #adfe4 ,illu/ration ,we mu/ n[ take up ^? curi\sly curv$ outw>d %ields1 allud$ to z %[n 9 ,h>l4 ,,ms4 #dcgi1 ( a date ab\t #acfj1 see ,no4 #ee1 & aga9 at ,bamb]g ,ca!dral1 #acgj page #bd1 see ,no4 #ee;,a & ,no4 #ee;,b4 ,we may lay x d[n z an axiom t e alt]ation 9 ! %apes ( %ields at ^! e>ly dates1 & !re=e = actual use1 arose f "s app>5t advantage to be ga9$ by x4 ,hewitt1 vol4 ii1 p4 #cad1 engraves a curv$ %ield1 ab\t ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 f an ivory *essman4 ,9 ! ,ar*ological ,j\rnal1 vol4 ix1 p4 #aai1 !re is "o1 f /a9$ glass1 ( e>ly 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,?is is a squ>e p>allelogram ) a b\*e1 & ! top & bottom are project$ =w>ds1 :ile ! int]m$iate portion is flat4 ,?is %ield is ( consid]able ?ickness1 see ,no4 #ef4 ,9 ! /atue ( ,h5ry ,,vi4 at ,we/m9/]1 ( ! date #adbb1 a simil> %ield appe>s )\t any b\*e1 b ) ! top & bottom ends simil>ly project$ & ! middle portion flat1 see ,no4 #eg4 ,?is is engrav$ 9 ,meyrick's ,anci5t ,arm\r1 plate #db4 ,a simil> %ield1 f an anci5t *e/ 9 ,york ,m9/]1 is %[n 9 ! same book1 vol4 ii1 at p4 #abd4 ,9 ! grant ( arms to ! ,ironmong]s' ,company1 #adee1 & 9 _m o!r in/ances1 a b\*$ %ield1 deeply engrail$ at top & bottom1 has bo? ends simil>ly project$1 ! middle portion be+ curv$1 b to a less] degree4 ,?is is engrav$ 9 ,h]ald & ,g5ealogi/1 vol4 i1 p4 #cg1 & ! same %ield ( arms is illum9at$ 9 ! m>g9 ( ! *>t] grant$ to ! ,ironmong]s 9 #adhc4 ,x seems evid5t t ! int5tion 9 ?us holl[+ out ! face ( ! %ield 0 to receive & to reta9 ! spe> po9t ) great] c]ta9ty ^u t "p ( ! %ield2 z 9 combat x 0 f\nd to slip (f above or bel[1 & se>* out = itself "s dang]\s re/+ place on ! helmet or o!r vuln]able "p ( ! arm\r4 ,?is %ape c\ld n readily be %[n 9 front view on seals1 b su* %ields curv$ outw>ds appe> frequ5tly ) great cle>ness 9 illum9ations :]e a side view is commonly giv51 see an engrav+ ( m5 at arms 9 f\rte5? c5tury 9 ,cutts1 p4 #cci4 ,i am also able to %[ a mo/ int]e/+ illum9ation ( a knight ( ! fifte5? c5tury be>+ a v curi\s %ield4 ,?is is f ,cutts1 p4 #cih4 ,illu/ration3 ,date #ad? c5tury4 ,cutts1 p4 #cci4 ,illu/ration3 ,grant ( ,arms to ! ,ironmong]s' ,company1 #a/ ,septemb]1 #adee4 ,f ,h]ald & ,g5ealogi/1 vol4 i1 p4 #cg4 ,illu/ration ,r\nd %ields borne by foot soldi]s appe> curv$ & bulg$ out 9 ! same way4 ,i annex ! repres5tation ( a soldi] ) a spe> & su* a r\nd %ield f ,cotton ,,ms4 ,claudius1 ,d4 ii1 fol4 #cj4 ,?is dates f ! e>li] "p ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & is engrav$ 9 ,hewitt1 vol4 ii1 p4 #aad4 ,?is =mation is app>5tly meant to give /r5g?1 & to ensure a cut or ?ru/ glid+ (f1 r ?an re/+ ^u ! %ield4 ,illu/ration ,! reasons = "s o!r alt]ations are n s app>5t2 = in/ance1 9 ! seal ( ,ralph ,%elton1 circa #adfj1 see ,no4 #eh1 a curi\s project+ po9t is %[n 9 ! "r h& base call$ s9i/] 9 h]aldry ( ! %ield1 & a simil> projection occurs 9 ! beautiful escut*eon ( ,elizabe? ( ,york1 wife ( ,h5ry ,,vii41 #adhe1 see ,no4 #ei1 engrav$ 9 ,willem5t's ,regal ,h]aldry4 ,a /one c>v+ ( a b\*e1 ) a v simil> =mation & ( ! same date1 & be>+ ! ,tilney arms1 is f\nd ^u ,%elly ,hall1 ,suffolk1 & is et*$ 9 ! ,ana/atic ,draw+ ,society's volume = #ahga4 ,x seems probable ?is 0 orig9ally meant to protect "s "p ( ! left leg or ankle :i* 0 liable to be injur$ 9 combat4 ,ano!r %ield "h %[n gives ) great cle>ness ?is curi\s po9t4 ,x is engrav$ 9 ,mr4 ,cutts' book1 p4 #djb1 & tak5 f ,h>l4 ,,ms4 #dibe1 fo4 cxxx4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is too small to protect ! leg4 ,illu/ration ,_m %ields n[ occur ) holl[$-out sides1 & engrail$ at ! top & base1 & are class$ 9 our plate "u ! v>i\s =ms ( ,go?ic 7,nos4 #i to #ab74 ,sometimes ! top is /raight1 :ile ! sides & base are engrail$ out1 & 9 in/ances1 p]haps "u ,g]man influ5ce1 ! bases are r\nd$4 ,! endless v>iety ( ^! beautiful ,go?ic %ields is mo/ fasc9at+4 ,! wond] is t !y la/$ = s v %ort a "t1 f ! middle ( ?is fifte5? c5tury to ! fir/ few decades ( ! sixte5?4 ,9 ,cutts' valuable book1 p4 #ded 7see ,no4 #ei71 two unm\nt$ knights1 f an engrav+ by ,hans ,burgmai]1 are repres5t$ 9 combat1 ab\t #adej1 c>ry+ two v curi\s %ields1 some:at simil> 9 idea to ^! ,go?ic %ields4 ,be+ divid$ l5g?ways into ?ree p>titions2 bo? are broad] at ! top & n>r[$ at ! l[] end1 & !y seem to be ab\t #c feet #f in*es long4 ,"o is convex at ! top & engrail$1 ) a bluntly-po9t$ base2 ! o!r is flat b slightly engrail$1 & ! r\nd$ base some:at brok5 by ! ?ree divisions1 :i* evid5tly sugge/ t ^! %ields 7 curv$ r\nd ! body4 ,b ! old pla9 heat] cont9ues z by f> ! mo/ preval5t %ape ?r\gh\t ?is c5tury4 ,x is usually v squ>e1 & 9 sev]al in/ances !re is an approa* to ! ,fr5* base ( ,mr4 ,ryl&s' nom5clature4 ,z already rem>k$1 foot soldi]s ( all ages1 d[n to ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 appe> ) r\nd %ields4 ,dur+ ?is c5tury & ! next ^! are %[n ) h&some decorations1 b nev] ) h]aldry on ! face3 foot soldi]s1 p]haps1 7 n consid]$ h]aldically armig]\s4 ,9 an ,italian pa9t+ ( ?is c5tury1 foot soldi]s are repres5t$ ) squ>e & diamond %ap$ %ields1 ea* side %ap$ out 9 curves2 & 9 "o h]aldry is pa9t$2 p]haps he 0 a dism\nt$ knight & ! o!rs only reta9]s4 ,?is may be se5 engrav$ 9 ,jacquem>t's ,hi/ory ( ,furniture1 p4 #bd 7see ,no4 #fj74 ,9 _m o!r %ields at ! end ( ?is c5tury ! heat] %ape has gradually arriv$ at :at is nam$ squ>e ,no4 #g1 & 9 ! *>t] grant$ to ! wax*&l]s1 #adhd 7see ,no4 #fa71 & 9 _m o!r in/ances1 ^! %ields 7 v long 9 proportion to _! wid?4 ,! same elongat$ %ape appe>s 9 a %ield on ,*ri/ ,*ur* gate1 ,cant]bury1 date #aeag2 engrav$ ,ar*ologia1 vol4 xvi1 p4 #aid4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,iv4 ,,mantl+s4 ,! fir/ obs]v$ in/ance ( a mantl+ or lambrequ91 z x 0 !n call$1--a t]m /ill appli$ to x by ! mod]n ,fr5* h]alds1--occurs 9 ! l>ge seal ( ,ralph de ,mon!rm]1 ,e>l ( ,gl\ce/] & ,h]t=d1 #abii4 ,?is is engrav$ 9 ,ni*olas ,upton1 ,de ,usu ,milit>i ,bisse edition1 #afed1 p4 #fc4 ,9 ,plan*'s ,p\rsuivant ! helmet & mantl+ alone are engrav$ f ?is seal4 ,x is repres5t$ z a squ>e h&k]*ief or %awl fa/5$ at "o end "u ! cre/1 & fly+ out loose beh9d4 ,!re is no hack+ 7see ,no4 #fb74 ,ralph de ,mon!rm] 0 a pla9 esquire1 b attract$ ! att5tion & secur$ ! love ( ,joan ( ,acres1 daught] ( ,edw>d ,i4 & relict ( ,gilb]t de ,cl>e1 ,e>l ( ,gl\ce/]4 ,may we be all[$ to fancy we see "h ! k]*ief ( ! fair lady ^: fav\r l$ to 8 advancem5t1 & ^: m>riage ev5tually br\ght him 8 title8 ,8 second wife 0 also a wid[1 namely1 ! relict ( ,john de ,ha/+s & si/] ( ,aym] de ,val5ce1 ,e>l ( ,pembroke4 ,9 ,plan*'s ,p\rsuivant is engrav$ ano!r v simil>1 f ! seal ( ,?omas1 ,e>l ( ,lanca/] 7see ,no4 #fc74 ,he 0 behead$ by ,edw>d ,,ii4 7#acba74 ,?is seems to be ( "s ?ick mat]ial & bord]$4 ,x is bett] %[n 9 ! full-siz$ engrav+ 9 ,s&=d's ,g5ealogical ,hi/ory1 p4 #ajb4 ,b\tell 7,h]aldry1 p4 #bab7 describes ,no4 #fd z a contoise1 & says x 0 us$ until ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,^! seem to h be5 /iff to /& out1 b ,i h n f\nd repres5tations ( any m ( !m4 ,mr4 ,b\tell ref]s to two effigies %[+ !m 9 ,exet] ,ca!dral1 & ano!r 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,9 ! seal ( ,john de ,tilneye to a de$1 #acec engrav$ 9 ! ,visit4 ,hunts41 p4 #bi1 a volum9\s & squ>e fold$ mantl+1 )\t any hacks1 is ext5d$ out to ! inscription on ea* side1 & is fix$ "u a broad-brimm$ hat :i* /&s on ! top ( ! helm1 & on ?is hat is ! cre/1 viz41 a tree support$ by two lions gambs4 ,!re is ano!r in/ance on ! monum5t at ,norton ,brize1 ,ox=d%ire1 to ,john ,daubygn1 #acdf1 :]e ! mantl+ is ext5d$ out squ>e 9 folds1 )\t any hack+1 & hangs on ea* side ( ! helmet1 :ile bel[ is plac$ ! %ield4 ,?is is engrav$ 9 ,b\tell's ,h]aldry1 p4 #aef 7see ,no4 #fe74 ,ano!r su* squ>ely-fold$ & unhack$ mantle is %[n on ! seal ( ,elizabe? de ,lucy1 #aced1 ) a man's helmet & cre/ 7667--see ,no4 #ff--;& yet ano!r 9 t ( ,sir ,william de ,lucy1 #acib4 ,bo? ( ^! are engrav$ 9 ,ni*olas ,upton1 p4 #gc 7see ,no4 #fg74 ,b ^! mu/ all be tak5 z r>e exceptions4 ,usually mantl+s ( s e>ly a date z ! f\rte5? c5tury are ( v small dim5sions1 hack$ & ly+ close on _! helmets1 cl++ to !m1 z x 71 & s fa/5$ "u ! cre/ t !y c\ld n hang o!rwise4 ,z we see 9 ! seal ( ,ri*>d1 ,e>l ( ,arundel1 ab\t #acej-gj 7illu/rat$ at p4 #bg71 also 9 ! seals ( ,sir ,?omas ,bys%e1 #acha ,ni*olas ,upton1 p4 #ec1 see ,no4 #fh2 & 9 t ( ,john de ,cl9ton1 #achf ,ni*olas ,upton1 p4 #hb1 see ,no4 #fi2 b seals ( ! f\rte5? c5tury m commonly %[ no mantl+s3 !y 7 only j beg9n+ to be introduc$4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury ! same small hack$ mantl+s1 hang+ closely ^u _! helmets1 /ill cont9ue1 & become ! rule2 x 0 ! exception to h any mantl+ at all 9 ! f\rte5?4 ,ab\t #adbj1 h[ev]1 !y beg9 to spread ov] ! field ( ! seal1 9 free & bold curves & waves4 ,9 ! seal ( ,john1 ,"l ,cl9ton de ,say1 #adch 7,no4 #ed71 & 9 t ( ,humphrey1 ,e>l ( ,/af=d & ,p]*e1 #adch1 bo? engrav$ ,ar*ologia1 vol4 xxxviii1 p4 #bgb1 !y are se5 hack$1 w&]+ away f ! helm1 & half way d[n ! %ield4 ,b a notewor?y *>act]i/ic ( ! mantl+s ( ?is e>ly date1 & "o to :i* ,i mu/ draw y\r p>ticul> att5tion1 is t1 al?\gh /ret*+ _! arms boldly ab\t ! field1 & 9 ,,mss4 :]e space w all[1 !y may ext5d d[n bel[ ! base ( ! %ield1 !y are n1 p]haps nev]1 se5 to hide !mselves beh9d x6 ,! _s ( ^? old times :5 ! mantl+ w\ld probably be ! gift ( "s fair lady1 p]haps h] k]*ief or mantle1 & borne ) *ivalr\s f]v\r ?r\gh ! _m adv5tures 9 :i* ! knight ( ^? days s\ght to ga9 fame & exp]i5ce--?is _s ( hon\r+ ! mantlet /ill rema9$ burn+ brightly2 a fold 0 !re=e too preci\s to be hidd5 beh9d ! %ield4 ,:5 we come to consid] su* decorations 9 lat] times1 :5 su* s5tim5t _h dep>t$1 y w see :y beyond ! valuable indication ( date suppli$ ,i h drawn y\r att5tion p>ticul>ly to ?is peculi>ity to be not$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! seal ( ,?omas ,/range1 #adai1 %[s a curi\s arrangem5t ( mantl+4 ,?is is engrav$ 9 ,miscell4 ,g5ealogica et ,h]aldica1 #ahhd1 p4 #ei4 ,9 ! v curi\s & int]e/+ seal ( ,sir ,john ,pelham1 #adfi1 engrav$ 9 ,ar*ological ,j\rnal1 vol4 vii1 p4 #cbc1 & already illu/rat$ on p4 #cb1 ! field ( ! seal is fill$ up ) bold contortions ( ! hack$ mantl+1 :ile on ! helmet appe>s ! mo/ extraord9>y cre/--a l>ge birdcage :i* is high] ?an ! helmet itself2 x is divid$ into ?ree ti]s ( wick]work1 & has a po9t$ ro(1 :ile on ! field appe> two buckles4 ,sir ,john ,pelham1 at ,poicti]s 9 #acef1 p]sonally assi/$ at ! capture ( ! ,fr5* ,k+1 :5 ! honor>y di/9ction ( ! buckle z a family badge 0 accord$ to him4 ,8 desc5dants sometimes us$ ! birdcage cre/1 9 remembrance ( ! same exploit & ! imprison$ k+4 ,9 illum9ations ( ?is date1 say ( ! latt] half ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 we see ! same *>act]s--! mantl+s s divid$ into n>r[ ribbon-l folds1 mu* hack$ & twi/$ to %[ ! l9+1 & ?r[n out into bold arms ar\nd ! %ield & ext5d+ "s way bel[ x ) f9e arti/ic effect4 ,i w\ld ref] to ! grant ( arms to ! ,fell[%ip ( ,ironmong]s ( ,london1 #a/ ,septemb]1 #adee1 already illu/rat$ on p4 #ce1 also to ! %ield ( ,edw>d ,,iv41 #adfj1 9 ,willem5t's ,regal ,h]aldry4 ,!re are also two beautiful specim5s engrav$ 9 ,b\tell's ,brasses2 "o1 ! /all plate at ,w9dsor ( ,sir ,humphrey ,/af=d1 ,k4,g41 #adfj1 at p4 #bai 7see ,no4 #gj71 & at p4 #bjg ! brass ( ,sir ,william ,say1 at ,broxb\rne1 ,h]ts1 #adgc 7see ,no4 #ga73 ! mantl+ 9 ! la/ ends 9 f\r tassels2 ?is addition ( tassels becomes ! ord9>y usage 9 ! ,,ms4 illum9ations & 9 grants ( arms1 b n 9 seals ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,i ref] to ,no4 #gb = ! li?ograph ( t v curi\s mantl+ c>v$ 9 /one at ,wyv]ton1 ,nott+ham%ire 7,?oroton's ,hi/ory1 p4 #ih71 :i* displays ?ree tassels4 ,?is /&s ) two o!r helmets1 ea* ov] its respective %ield ( h]aldry1 & on exam9ation ,i am able to decl>e _! date to be ab\t #addj-ej4 ,lic5ce ( free w>r5 & to make a p>k "h 0 grant$ #bd ,h5ry ,,vi4 7#adde71 at :i* "t ,?oroton supposes ?is h\se 0 built4 ,foll[+ our entirely diff]5t l9es ( enquiry1 ,i am able to /ate1 to )9 tw5ty or ?irty ye>s1 ! date ( ^! c>v+s2 & ,i w\ld fur!r say t z to "o ( ! qu>t]+s display$1 ! ,*awor? family did n inh]it ! "r to be> x until #adbb2 ?us confirm+ v exactly ,?oroton's date4 ,p]haps ! fir/ appe>ance ( a tassel on a mantl+ is on a monum5t to -- ,h>syck 9 ,s\?acre ,*ur*1 ,norfolk1 #achd2 engrav$ 9 ,b\tell's ,h]aldry1 plate ,i 7see ,no4 #gc74 ,?is is also int]e/+ z be+ a v e>ly example ( ! wrea? or torse :i* supports ! cre/1 consi/+ ( a twi/$ cord ( silk ( two col\rs4 ,9 a brass to ,sir ,hugh ,ha/+s1 at ,els+1 co4 ,norfolk1 #acdg1 ! same is %[n4 ,9 ! effigy ( ,sir ,ri*>d ,pembruge1 #acge1 n[ 9 ! nave ( ,h]e=d ,ca!dral1 ! cre/ & helmet are atta*$ ) a wrea? ( leaves1 above :i* rises a great pana*e ( fea!rs4 ,! e>lie/ in/ance ( a date ^u ! face ( a %ield is said to occur ab\t ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 b su* are v uncommon until ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 !y are f\nd bo? on p]sonal & (ficial seals4 ,! inscriptions on ,engli% seals ( ?is fifte5? c5tury are almo/ univ]sally 9 ,lat9 & 9 ,go?ic lett]+4 ,i h1 s f>1 only not$ "o seal ) ,roman lett]s1 & t occurs 9 #adjc4 ,,sixte5? ,,& ,,foll[+ ,,c5turies4 ,be=e ent]+ ^u our subject dur+ ?is p]iod1 x is necess>y to consid] ! great *anges1 social & legal1 :i* pass$ ov] ,engl& f say #adej to ! end ( ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,ev5ts = ?irty ye>s be=e ! accession ( ,h5ry ,,vii4 7#adhe7 _h be5 gradually r$uc+ ! p[] ( ! nobility4 ,enactm5ts _h be5 pass$ :i* facilitat$ ! transf] ( l&s2 & ! disa/r\s w>s ( ! ,roses1 9 :i* ! blood ( ! nobility fl[$ l wat]1 br\ght also ! disp]sion ( a l>ge portion ( _! e/ates1 & ! consequ5ce 0 t :5 ,h5ry ,,vii4 began 8 reign1 & ! conflicts betwe5 ! rival ,h\ses ( ,york & ,lanca/] 7 completely hu%$ say #adhe1 he f\nd himself 9 possession ( ! sole p[]4 ,! great nobles :o _h hamp]$ ! actions ( 8 pr$ecessors _h disappe>$ f ! sc5e4 ,at 8 fir/ ,p>liam5t ,h5ry ,,vii4 only summon$ tw5ty-eight pe]s2 & s gradually did ?is class recov] itself t we f9d at ! fir/ ,p>liam5t ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 only ?irty-eight pe]s 7 summon$ to att5d4 ,we c ?us und]/& h[ ^? seals ( exce$+ size & magnific5ce1 :i* we f\nd prevail+ dur+ ! middle & ?ird qu>t] ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 entirely disappe>4 ,! great] nobility1 z an ass]tion ( _! dignity & importance1 _h !n atta*$ to _! *>t]s seals ( great pret5sions1 & gradually increas+ 9 size until1 z ,s&=d ,g5ealogical ,hi/ory1 p4 #ajh rem>ks ( ^? ( ! ,dukes ( ,lanca/]1 !y rivall$ or ev5 exce$$ 9 size :at 7 us$ by ! cr[n itself4 ,_h _! emb>rass$ affairs all[$ !m to ent] aga9 into mutual rivalry1 ! /]n gov]nm5t ( ,h5ry ,,vii4 w\ld h reg>d$ su* an assumption ( dignity z treason to ! ?rone1 & !re=e we c fix ! date #adhe = ! disappe>ance ( su* l>ge & spl5did seals4 ,only occasionally d !y cont9ue to appe>1 & )9 ! limit ( t5 ye>s aft] ?is "t4 ,! l&$ g5try1 ! desc5dants 9 _m in/ances ( a mu* e>li] feudal ari/ocracy1 _h suff]$ almo/ z mu* f ! rivalries & conflicts :i* _h deva/at$ ! c\ntry4 ,!y1 too1 lab\r$ "u ! same depression & necessity = retirem5t2 & h5ce1 if we take up a bundle ( de$s1 say ( ! ?ird qu>t] ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 we %all f9d !m load$ ) l>ge & beautiful seals1 :ile 9 a simil> p>cel1 dat$ e>ly 9 ! sixte5?1 small bits ( wax only are f\nd1 _m ( !m be>+ "o or m initials1 or a cre/ surr\nd$ by a circle ( l>ge dots1 & ! coats ( arms1 :i* d occur1 are altoge!r small & insignificant3 9 fact1 p]sonal seals are n[ r$uc$ 9 size to :at may be conv5i5tly hung on a wat* *a91 or worn z a some:at l>ge signet r+4 ,i annex "s h]aldic seals j to %[ :at aft] ?is "t are look$ ^u z unusually f9e4 ,!y are a v great contra/ to ^? we h be5 consid]+4 ,illu/ration3 ,ivory ,?umb-r+ ,signet ( ,francis1 #e? ,e>l ( ,%rewsbury1 #aede4 ,proce$+s ( ,society ( ,antiqu>ies1 #bbnd ,decemb]1 #ahei4 ,illu/ration3 ,rob]t ,ap ,rece1 #aedh4 ,engrav$ 9 ,visit4 ( ,hunts1 #afac ,camd5 ,soc41 p4 #cb4 ,illu/ration3 ,seal engrav$ by ,?omas ,simon = ,sir ,edw>d ,ni*olas1 ,secret>y to ,*>les ,i41 circa #afdi4 ,collect4 ,g54 et ,topog41 vol4 viii1 p4 #bad4 ,illu/ration3 ,?omas ,bate1 ( ,a%by-de-la-,z\*e2 born #afdh1 di$ #agjg4 ,b /ill fur!r reasons h to be consid]$4 ,! anci5t =m ( draw+ *>t]s 0 gradually disappe>+1 :i* aft] decl>+ ! transaction1 end$ ) ! all-important seal1 put on 9 ! pres5ce ( su* responsible witnesses z c\ld be got toge!r1 & :o 7 aft]w>ds always to be f\nd to come =w>d & v\* = ! transaction4 ,writ+ also n[1 e>ly 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 0 becom+ mu* m common1 & ! s5se ( ! nation %[$ t a de$ sign$ & seal$ by ! p>ties 0 mu* m satisfactory ?an any numb] ( witnesses1 ! limit ( ^: te/imony 0 b\nd$ by t ( _! lives4 ,i am only putt+ into few words :at is ably po9t$ out by ,williams 9 8 "w on ,real ,prop]ty1 ed4 #ahhb1 p4 #aec1 & by ,black/one 9 8 ,comm5t>ies1 ed4 #ahbc1 book ii1 p4 #cje4 ,b ! curi\s ?+ is t ?is *ange seems to h gradually tak5 place )\t any enactm5t direct+ x4 ,! ,/atute ( ,frauds & ,p]juries1 #bi ,*>les ,,ii4 7#afgg-h1 cap4 #e71 is ! fir/ in/ance :]e x is expressly decl>$ by act ( ,p>liam5t t all devises ( l&s or t5em5ts mu/ be 9 writ+ & sign$ by ! p>ty & ?ree or f\r cr$ible witnesses4 ,su* _h already be5 occasionally ! practice = at lea/ two hundr$ ye>s1 = ,i f9d a de$ ( gift ( ,?omas ,hoo to ! ,abbot ( ! ,mona/]y ( ,battle is ?us e/abli%$ ,sigillum meum1 una cum subscriptione propria manu et signo manuali apposito2 ! date is #ba/ ,septemb]1 #adhj ,?orpe's ,battle ,abbey ,de$s1 #ahce1 p4 #abd4 ,occasional in/ances occur ( ! old sy/em ( seal+ only be=e a numb] ( witnesses1 b aft] say #aebj ! almo/ univ]sal me?od ( execut+ de$s 0 by sign manual & seal1 & two or ?ree atte/+ witnesses4 ,! e>lie/ in/ance ,i h notic$ ( execut+ a de$ by sign manual is z above1 9 #adhj4 ,! late/ :i* ,i h met )1 9 :i* ! anci5t =m ( execution _h be5 foll[$1 is a *>t] pr9t$ 9 ! ,salop ,ar*ological ,society's vol4 x1 p4 #bbb3--,?omas ,scriv51 armig41 grants a ye>ly paym5t ( #h_/ /]l+ out ( 8 mead[ at ,coleham1 juta sive prope ,ville ,salop1 hiis te/ibus c4 c41 dat4 ,salop #be? ,sept41 #aj ,h5ry ,,viii41 #aeah2 b probably yet lat] in/ances may be f\nd4 ,! fur!r reason1 ly+ at ! root ( ! :ole matt]1 0 ! wond]ful expansion ( trade1 weal?1 & intellig5ce :i* broke ^u ,engl& at ?is "t1--! ,engli% r5aissance1 z x is call$1 & :i* culm9at$ 9 ! brilliant company ( poets & au?ors ( ,elizabe?'s reign4 ,foll[+ ^u ! break+-up ( ! old nobility1 & ! resumption ( peace at home1 weal? 0 rapidly accumulat$ by _m self-made m51 & by _m y\ng] sons ( old families1 :o ent]$ into trade4 ,^! pur*as$ l&s & became ! c\nty g5try4 ,s expansive 0 ?is _s ( trade1 t anci5t t[ns l ,york1 ,*e/]1 ,lanca/]1 ,cov5try1 & ,l9coln1 :]e long-e/abli%$ guilds re/rict$ trad+ to ! burgh]s alone1 fell (f 9 population & importance1 :ile new di/ricts )\t su* re/rictions1 su* z ,man*e/] & ,birm+ham1 z rapidly increas$4 ,9 an act1 #cc ,h5ry ,,viii41 c4 #ae #aeda1 x is /at$ t ! p ( ,man*e/] 7 !n well set to "w 9 mak+ ( clo?s1 z well ( l95 z ( wooll51 :]eby ! inhabitants ( ! said t[n h gott5 & come into ri*es & weal?y liv+s3 & by reason ( great occupy+1 good ord]1 /rict & true deal+ ( ! inhabitants ( ! said t[n1 _m /rang]s1 z well ( ,irel& z ( o!r places1 _h resort$ ?i!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,v4 ,ov] all ?is boil+-up ( busy-ness sat ,h5ry ,,vii4 & ,h5ry ,,viii41 z almo/ irresponsible sov]eigns1 & out ( x grew ! ,commons ( ,engl&6 ,! population meantime increas$ ) wond]ful /rides4 ,9 #acgg ! population ( ,engl& & ,wales did n exce$ #b1ejj1jjj4 ,by ! milit>y mu/]s1 tak5 #aegd-e1 !re 7 #a1agb1fgd ( able m5 = s]vice1 :i* x is e/imat$ w\ld give a total population ( ab\t #d1gjj1jjj4 ,?is a/oni%+ revolution ( trade & le>n+ is s rem>kable t ,i mu/ quote a portion ( :at old ,h>rison says on ! *anges he _h notic$ )9 fifty ye>s4 ,8 mo/ curi\s ,description ( ,brita9 0 pr9t$ ) ,holl+%$'s ,*ronicle 9 #aehf1 b 0 probably writt5 "s t5 ye>s e>li]3 an exact] date ,i h n yet be5 able to fix4 ,!re are old m5 yet dwell+ 9 ! village :]e ,i rema9e :i* h not$ ?ree ?+s to be m>vell\slie alt]$ 9 ,engl& )9 _! s\nd remembrance3 & o!r ?ree ?+s too1 too mu* increas$4 ,"o is ! multitude ( *imnies latelie erect$1 :]eas 9 _! "y daies !re 7 n ab\ve two or ?ree1 if s _m1 9 mo/ upl&i% t[nes ( ! realme ! religi\s h\ses & manor places ( _! lords alwaies except$1 & p]adv5ture "s great p]sonages1 b e*e "o made 8 fire aga9/ a r]$osse 9 ! haull :]e he liv$ & dress$ 8 meat2 secondly1 ! b$d+ n[ fea!rs & com=t1 c41 !n /raw or wood only1 c42 ?irdly1 ! ex*ange ( vessells z ( tre5e platt]s into pewt]1 & wood5 spoones into silv] or t94 ,s common 7 all sorts ( tre5e /uff 9 old "t1 t a man %\ld h>dlie f9d f\r pieces ( pewt] ( :i* "o 0 p]adv5ture a salt 9 a good f>m]'s h\se1 c41 c41 c4 ,:]eas1 9 my "t1 al?o' p]adv5ture #d ( old r5t be improv$ to #dj1 #ej or #ajj1 yet w ! f>m]1 z ano!r palm or date tree1 ?9k 8 ga9es v]ie small t[>d ! end ( 8 t]m if he h n six or sev5 ye>s' r5t li5g by him1 !re) to pur*ase a new lease1 besides a faire g>ni% ( pewt] on 8 cupbord1 ) s mu* m 9 od vessell go+ ab\t ! h\se1 ?ree or f\r fea!r b$ds1 s _m cov]lids & c>pets ( tapi/rie1 a silv] salt1 a b[le = w9e if n an :ole nea/1 & a dozz5 ( spoones to furni% up ! sute4 ,b1 alas1 !re is ano!r side to all ?is national prosp]ity4 ,f ?is "t1 also1 agriculturi/s--requir$ 9 few] numb]s "u ! new /yles ( cultivation 7:i* aim$ at graz+ & ! production ( wool7--cr[d$ into ! t[ns 9 hope ( "w1 & l>ge portions ( ! population began to s9k into ! l[e/ dep?s ( pov]ty4 ,9 our rese>*es z to ! %apes ( %ields we h n[1 !re=e1 lo/ t ri* body ( evid5ce suppli$ by ! seals on *>t]s1 :i* ext5d$ to ne>ly ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & ! ,,ms4 pictures ( knights & t\rnam5ts4 ,! evid5ces n[ available consi/ ( p$igrees1 ! small] h]aldic seals atta*$ to docum5ts & de$s1 h]aldic visitations & grants ( arms1 pr9t$ books on h]aldry1 :i* beg9 #adif1 /a9$ glass1 ! /one c>v+s on build+s1 tombs1 & l$g] /ones1 &1 f ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury or a little e>li]1 book-plates4 ,co9s1 too1 n[ prove ( "s value to u1 %[+ :at 7 prevail+ types ( %ields4 ,b inasmu* z !re 7 no %ields actually 9 use1 ! %apes prevail+ n[ became entirely a matt] ( fa%ion & ta/e4 ,r&le ,holme pr9ts sixty-five v>ieties ( %ields1 & rem>ks 7p4 #aj 9 8 ,academy ( ,arm\ry1 ,*e/]1 #afhh73--;,b z to ! =m] %ield s to ?is1 a "q may be made1 :e!r su* an "o 0 us$ by him1 or only ! inv5tion ( ! cutt]8 ,if s1 !n ! %apes & =ms ( %ields1 t>gets1 & buckl]s w\ld be z _m z c>v]s1 /one cutt]s1 engrav]s1 & pa9t]s please4 ,g]>d ,legh gets ! cr$it ( hav+ greatly multipli$1 9 8 ,acc$5s ( ,arm\ry1 #aefb1 ! fanciful %apes ( %ields2 & lat] writ]s on h]aldry seem to h foll[$ him4 ,h]ald & ,g5ealogi/1 vol4 i1 p4 #aia4 ,b an exam9ation ( ! ,wapp5b*1 publi%$ 9 ,g]many 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 & simil> h]aldic draw+s ( ,italian coats1 h op5$ out to me a va/ly wid] field = v>iety ?an old ,r&le ,holme ev] suppos$4 ,i h be=e me a copy ( ,virgil ,solis1 :i* 0 publi%$ at ,nurnb]g 9 #aeee4 ,?is conta9s hundr$s ( coats1 9 %ields ( an endless v>iety ( %apes & great boldness ( design2 & :5 we come to critically comp>e ^! %ields ) "o ano!r1 we discov] t _! outl9es dep5d ^u ! *>ges6 ,^! 7 fir/ laid d[n ) grotesque boldness1 & ! outl9e ( ! %ield to be> !m 0 !n drawn ar\nd !m1 to ! arti/'s fancy ( :at be/ suit$ ! be>+s & w\ld mo/ r$uce ! am\nt ( empty field4 ,?is is1 aft] all1 only rev]s+ ! anci5t me?od1 :]e a lion 0 di/ort$ to suit a po9t$ heat]2 & x is sugge/$ t a pale1 = a simil> reason1 might sometimes be po9t$ into a pile4 ,) ?is revelation f ,virgil ,solis1 we c detect t ! same me?od ( design+ prevails else:]e4 ,we mu/ !re=e multiply ,r&le ,holme's c>v]s1 /one cutt]s1 engrav]s1 & pa9t]s by ! possible v>iety ( _! fancies1 & !n multiply ! quoti5t by ! numb] ( all ! h]aldic be>+s--plus all ! positions & =ms !y may be made to assume--if we wi% to arrive at ! v>iety ( %ields possible dur+ ! p]iod we are n[ ab\t to consid]4 ,9 def]5ce to ?is unansw]able position1 ,i f9d x necess>y to alt] entirely ! classification pursu$ 9 ! e>li] c5turies--to take ,mr4 ,ryl&s' draw+s s]iatim1 & to give = ea* %ape ! e>lie/ & late/ dates at :i*1 9 my limit$ rese>*es1 ,i h f\nd !m 9 use4 ,?is me?od ( treatm5t elim9ates f our enquiry all /rictly fanciful %ields :i* did n ga9 a hold on public ta/e1 & leaves u /ill ) a suffici5tly heavy li/ ( v>iations to :i* x is possible1 f _! frequ5t recurr5ce1 to atta* ! dates4 ,a few lead+ rem>ks on po9ts be>+ on our subject w prove useful at ?is /age ( our enquiry4 ,be=e wat*es became common1 seals 7 sometimes atta*$ to ! arms1 l bracelets4 ,9 ,m]curius ,ru/icus1 ,no4 #cj 7= #ai_/bj ,july1 #affj71 an adv]tisem5t appe>s = a gold seal1 be+ a coat ( arms1 cut 9 a piece ( gold1 9 ! =m ( a loz5ge1 fa/5$ to a black ribb& to tye ab\t ! wri/4 ,9 ! ,visitation ( ,essex1 #afcd ,h>leian ,society1 p4 #dee1 appe>s ! foll[+ c]tificate3--,?is coate is c]tiffi$ by ,?omas ,scott to bee by him se5 on a seale "s #dj ye>s s9ce1 & to be ! seale ( armes ( ,?omas ,moore ,esq4 fa!r ( ! said ,hunt+ ,moore1 & t ,rob]t ,scott 8 fa!r did we>e ! same ab\t 8 neck 9 a sc>ffe ab\t xx ye>es--9 witnes :e>( ,i h sett to my h&4 ,?o4 ,scott4 ,rob]t ,scott _h m>ri$ ,anne1 daught] ( ,ri*>d ,hunt+ & relict ( ,?omas ,moore1 ( ,orsett1 co4 ,essex4 ,?is seal 01 ( c\rse1 a r+4 ,wat*es1 :i* naturally sugge/ small atta*$ seals1 71 h[ev]1 9 pretty g5]al use 9 ,que5 ,elizabe?'s reign4 ,9 ,%akespe>e's ,twelf? ,night1 ,malvolio says3--,i fr[n ! :ile1 & p]*ance w9d up my wat*1 or play ) "s ri* jewel4 ,a wat* 0 f\nd ^u ,guy ,fawkes1 #c ,james ,i4 7#afje_/f71 :i* he & ,p]cy _h b\ght ! day be=e1 to try conclusions = ! long & %ort burn+ ( ! p[d]4--,/['s ,*ronicle1 p4 #hgh1 & introduction to ,mr4 ,reub5 ,burr['s ,almanac = #aggh4 ,,l9es ,,= ,,t9ctures4 ,! fir/ ,engli% examples ( seals ) l9es 9 ! engrav+1 to indicate ! t9ctures1 are said to be on "s ( ^? atta*$ to ! dea? w>rant ( ,*>les ,i41 #afdh-i ,plan*'s ,pursuivant ( ,arms4 ,n[1 z ?is sy/em 0 unque/ionably fir/ devis$ by ,fa!r ,silve/] de ,petra ,sancta--^: two books1 ,l',armorial ou la ,sci5ce du ,blason1 #dto1 & ,s\maire ,armorial1 #dto1 7 bo? publi%$ 9 ,p>is #afch--;x seems curi\s t )9 t5 ye>s we %\ld f9d su* conv5tional l9es 9 use 9 ,engl&2 & x foll[s1 also1 t su* ( ^! seals z 7 s treat$ 9 #afdh mu/ all h be5 rec5tly cut6 ,a diagram1 %[+ ! col\rs s indicat$1 is giv5 by ,sir ,edw>d ,bysse 9 8 edition ( ,ni*olas ,upton's "w1 ,de ,usu ,milit>i1 publi%$ 9 #afed4 ,! e>li] works on h]aldry1 :i* ,i h be5 able to consult1 h ! illu/rations 9 some:at r\gh wood blocks--x w\ld h be5 difficult & exp5sive at t "t to h got f9] "w 9 wood2 b we mu/ rememb] t ,sylvanus ,morgan1 9 8 ,armilogia1 publi%$ #afff1 ref]s to ,silve/] de ,petra ,sancta's ,epi/les1 & elaborately describes--z if !y 7 some?+ q />tl+ & new--:y ! sev]al conv5tional l9es 7 select$4 ,john ,gibbon1 9 8 ,introductio ad ,lat9am ,blazoniam1 publi%$ ,london #afhb1 p4 #aeb1 says1 = ! di/9ction ( col\rs 9 arms :i* 0 devis$ by ! ,rev4 ,fa!r ,s4 de ,petra ,sancta1 & he 7,gibbon7 frames "s ,lat9 v]ses = ! bett] rememb]+ !re(2 b 9 ! woodcuts :i* adorn 8 book he does n foll[ ! sy/em :i* he recomm5ds4 ,! e>lie/ ,engli% book :i* %[s !m 9 ! copp] plate engrav+s is ,bysse's edition ( ,ni*olas ,upton1 publi%$1 z already notic$1 9 #afed4 ,i am aw>e t ,b\tell1 9 8 ,h]aldry1 *ap4 v1 says t su* l9+ may be occasionally f\nd be=e #afcj4 ,n[ !re seems no mann] ( d\bt z to ! inv5tor2 & any ref]5ces ) dates1 :i* ,mr4 ,b\tell c\ld h giv51 w\ld h be5 valuable inde$6 ,at pres5t we are involv$ 9 a p>adox3 if ,fa!r ,silve/] inv5t$ ! idea2 did he discuss x = ye>s1 p]haps be=e committ+ x to pr9t1 & hav+ 8 own beautiful copp] plate illu/rations s drawn 9 #afch8 ,i po9t out ?is int]e/+ "q4 ,any in/ance ( a seal or engrav+ s treat$ ) ! prop] l9es to repres5t t9ctures & occurr+ be=e #afch %\ld be c>efully not$ ) ! exact dates2 & ,i v5ture to ?9k any su* solit>y in/ance w\ld prove to be purely accid5tal4 ,! seal ( ,sir ,edw>d ,ni*olas1 secret>y to ,*>les ,,ii41 engrav$ = him by ! celebrat$ ,?omas ,simon1 does n %[ any t9cture l9es 7see ! woodcut at p4 #de74 ,9 ?is seal ! second & ?ird qu>t]s are ! pat]nal arms ( ,ni*olas1 :ile 9 ! fir/ & f\r? are display$ t hon\rable augm5tation grant$ to ,sir ,edw>d 9 #afdi4 ,we may safely conclude t ?is seal 0 cut imm$iately aft] he receiv$ t di/9ction4 ,p>ticul>s ( ,sir ,edw>d's c>e] may be le>n$ f ,mann+ & ,bray's ,hi/ory ( ,surrey1 vol4 iii1 p4 #dj2 also f ,ho>e's ,s\? ,wilt%ire1 p4 #hh4 ,he 0 ,secret>y to ,*>les ,i41 foll[$ ,*>les ,,ii4 into exile1 & 0 cont9u$ by him 9 8 po/ ( ,secret>y4 ,he ev5tually return$ ) him1 & di$ 9 #affi1 at ! age ( sev5ty-sev54 ,i regret ,i h nev] _h ! opportunity to exam9e = myself ! orig9al dea?-w>rant :i* 0 c>ri$ out on t *ill ?irtie? day ( ,janu>y1 #afdh-i2 & s ,i am n able to say ) exactness :i* ( ! seals %[ t9cture l9es1 z x is said !y d4 ,,*aplets ,,or ,,wrea?s4 ,ab\t ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 arms are frequ5tly f\nd surr\nd$ by a wrea? ( laurel or bay leaves1 usually1 at ?is date1 divid$ into f\r p>ts by ribb&s4 ,m5e/ri] gives ! date #adhj z ! e>lie/ in/ance he has f\nd 8 mo/ le>n$ works seem too little kn[n by ,engli% h]alds3 ! ,orig9e des ,armoiries 0 publi%$ 9 ,p>is #afgi1 & ! ,orig9e des ,ornem5s des ,armoiries 9 ,p>is #afhj4 ,we see an example 9 ! tomb ( ,m>g>et1 ,c\ntess ( ,ri*mond1 #aeji1 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey 7engrav$ ,s&=d's ,g5ealogical ,hi/ory1 #afgg1 p4 #cbf7--see ,no4 #gd4 ,we f9d simil> wrea?s or g>l&s 9 ,sylvanus ,morgan's ,sph]e ( ,g5try1 publi%$ #affa1 vol4 i1 p4 #bb1 & vol4 ii1 p4 #fh2 & engrav+s ( sev]al fanciful v>ieties are also !re giv54 ,wrea?s ( olive1 =m$ ( two bran*es ti$ at ! top & bottom ) ribb&s1 appe> sev]al times surr\nd+ coats ( arms 9 ,w4 ,holl>'s beautiful engrav+s 9 ,?oroton's ,hi/ory ( ,nott+ham%ire1 publi%$ #afgg 7see pages #aii1 #bjj1 #bjc1 #caj1 #dhf & #dhg74 ,aft] a :ile1 su* wrea?s 7 frequ5tly introduc$ 9 ! out] edge surr\nd+ (ficial & also p]sonal r\nd seals1 & s arrang$ t !y m resemble bell-%ap$ fl[]s ( ?ree leaves 7l ! side view ( blue bells71 & )\t any divid+ ribb&s4 ,! annex$ wood-cut ( ! ,/atute ,m]*ants' seal ( ,c>lisle1 #afgj1 w %[ ?is4 ,?is seal 0 9 two halves to be kept 9 sep>ate cu/ody1 & :5 us$1 ^! 7 screw$ toge!r into a h&le to make x complete be=e affix+ to any de$4 ,! seal & h&le are "h %[n f ! engrav+ 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies1 #af? ,may1 #ahhi4 ,?r\gh\t ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! blue bell ornam5t appe>s 9 corporate seals1 & book-plates ab\t #ahjj are f\nd surr\nd$ by su* oval bell-fl[]$ wrea?s4 ,illu/ration ,,palm ,,bran*es4 ,m5e/ri] ,orig9e des ,ornem5s1 publi%$ #afhj writes3--,n[ auj\rd'hui p]sons ( quality1 p>ticul>ly m>ri$ ladies femmes1 place two palms toge!r on ! escut*eon ( _! arms1 :i* makes an agreeable ornam5t1 & is1 at ! same "t1 ! symbol ( conjugal love1 :i* ! anci5ts h repres5t$ by ! palms1 male & female4 ,! e>lie/ in/ance ,i h not$ 9 ,engl& is on ! cups ( ,sir ,e4 ,b4 ,godfrey1 :o di$ 9 #afgh engrav$ 9 ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e1 #ahdh1 & 9 ,topograph] & ,g5ealogi/1 vol4 ii1 p4 #dfg4 ,!y occur b5ea? a %ield ( ,bridgeman1 ,b>t4 7! pla9 arms n impal$71 9 ,s&=d's ,g5ealogical ,hi/ory1 #afgg1 p4 #bbh2 also on a monum5tal slab1 #afga1 engrav$ 9 ,miscell4 ,g5ealogica et ,h]aldica1 #ahhd1 vol4 i1 p4 #aea4 ,ab\t #agfe we see two palms ext5sively us$ z decorations bel[ ,georgian %ields 7see ! plates 9 ,dugdale's ,w>wick%ire1 #agfe2 ,ha/$'s ,k5t1 #aggh2 ,rudd]'s ,gl\ce/]%ire1 #aggi2 & ,hut*9's ,dorset%ire1 #aggd74 ,su* are ext5sively se5 ?r\gh\t ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 & 7 frequ5tly pa9t$1 z a pleas+ decoration1 bel[ ! arms on c>riage panels1 almo/ to our own times4 ,b !y mu/ h lo/ ! orig9al symbolism1 = !y occur con/antly on l$g] tombs see ,miscell4 ,g5ealogica et ,h]aldica1 ,m>41 #ahhe1 p4 #bcc2 dat$ #afif1 & mu/ !n ref] to ! resurrection life4 ,!y are f\nd 9 book-plates 9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & cont9ue d[n to #ahjj or lat]4 ,! l$g] tomb to ,a%ley ,palm] & 8 wife at ,haw/ead1 dat$ #agib1 %[s a pleas+ example4 ,?is engrav+ is f ,miscell4 ,g5ealogica et ,h]aldica1 #ahhe1 p4 #cjg4 ,illu/ration ,,support]s4 ,x is h>d to say :5 we may s "n ! grotesque animals1 :i* fir/ appe>$ to fill up ! fields 9 seals ev5 e>li] ?an ! f\rte5? c5tury--see t ( ,ralph de ,mon!rm]1 ,e>l ( ,gl\ce/] & ,h]t=d1 #abii engrav$1 ,ni*olas ,upton1 edition #afed1 p4 #fc1 & sev]al ( ^? atta*$ to ! ,b>on's lett]1 #acja 7,monum5ta ,vetu/a1 vol4 i74 ,^! gradually1 z ! f\rte5? c5tury progresses1 assume an appe>ance on seals exactly correspond+ ) our mod]n support]s4 ,we h ,s' ,fratris ,?ome ,ar*]1 #acbe 7,ni*olas ,upton1 p4 #gc71 support$ by two lions rampant c\nt]-reg>dant 7see ,no4 #ge72 ,sigillum ,petri de ,veel1 #acfa 7on ! same page7 support$ by two helmets ) pana*es1 v simil> to ^? ( ,edmund de ,arundel /ill e>li] #acja1 giv5 on p4 #bc1 & ,edmund ,mortim]1 #acgb1 engrav$ on p4 #bf2 & we h two griff9s support+ ! helmet 9 ! seal ( ,ri*>d1 ,e>l ( ,arundel1 #accj-ge1 see p4 #bg4 ,9 ! next c5tury1 support+ animals appe> on _m ( ! l>ge & beautiful seals3 two greyh\nds 9 t ( ,john1 ,"l ,cl9ton de ,say1 #adch 7see ,no4 #ed72 two horses 9 t ( ,john1 ,e>l ( ,arundel1 #adae-ba 7see ,h]ald & ,g5ealogi/1 vol4 ii1 p4 #ee72 two h]aldic antelopes support ! cre/ ( ,humfrey1 ,e>l ( ,/af=d & ,p]*e1 #adch 7,ar*ologia1 vol4 xxxviii1 p4 #bgc72 & _m o!rs might be quot$4 ,x is q impossible to say :5 we may beg9 to call su* decorative adjuncts support]s4 ,plan* 7,pursuivant1 p4 #agg7 says t at ! close ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 9 "o in/ance1 ,ri*>d ,,ii4 7#acgg7 us$ two :ite h>ts1 8 fav\rite badge1 z support]s2 b t ^? ( ,h5ry ,,vi4 7#adbb7 are consid]$ to beg9 ! ,royal s]ies4 ,9 ,france1 "o support] is frequ5tly se5 & is !n call$ a t5ant4 ,9 ,scotl&1 :]e ,fr5* influ5ce is 9 _m ways visible1 we frequ5tly meet ) seals :]e a s+le tree1 man1 bird1 fabul\s bea/1 c41 c41 supports ! %ield ( arms4 ,m5e/ri] ,orig9e des ,ornem5s1 p4 #ic traces _m ( ^! grotesque animals to ! att5dants at t\rnam5ts :o p>ad$ 9 su* disguises1 c>ry+ ! %ields & weapons ( ! knights4 ,support]s also occur 9 illum9ations & c>v+s1 & n be+ !n conf9$ )9 ! n>r[ sph]e ( a seal1 !y /& mu* z 9 mod]n draw+s--see ! arms ( ,edw>d ,,iv41 #adfj1 9 ,willem5t's ,regal ,h]aldry2 also ! c>v+ on ! ,f\nd]'s pew 9 ,nor? ,)am ,*ur*1 co4 ,l9coln1 be+ ! arms & support]s ( ,sir ,?omas de la ,laund1 #adgj 7,ar*ological ,j\rnal1 vol4 ii1 p4 #hg74 ,f ! above rem>ks x w be se5 t no dat+s1 at any rate 9 ! e>li] c5turies1 c be d$uc$ f ! pres5ce ( support]s2 inde$1 !re are in/ances ( /one c>v+s on dwell+s1 9 :i* x seems to me t ! cutt]1 z 9 e>ly seals1 has add$ support]s m]ely to beautify 8 design & balance 8 %ield1 )\t any h]aldic int5tion or au?ority :atev]4 ,h]aldry 0 a my/]y z well z a sci5ce1 & if ! cutt] _h plac$ support]s1 :5 decorat+ ! mansion ( a neighb\r+ "l1 he might1 9 ! same way1 balance 8 design on ! h\se ( "s obscure g5tleman4 ,,mottoes4 ,call$ 9 ,fr5* ,devises or1 :5 ( anci5t orig91 ,cri de gu]re4 ,m5e/ri] 7,orig9e des ,ornem5s7 traces su* to v anci5t1 ev5 ,roman1 times4 ,^! arose f v>i\s circum/ances1 (t5 accid5tal & frivol\s1 & z fre% mottoes 7 frequ5tly assum$ by ,engli% families1 x is sometimes possible to e/abli% an approximate date by discov]+ :5 ! accompany+ motto 0 adopt$4 ,,helmets1 sometimes1 on e>ly seals & c>v+s1 are valuable z indications ( date & examples ( ! types !n preval5t2 b1 9 o!r & lat] in/ances1 !y seem to be fancifully treat$1 & s w\ld n be reliable4 ,!y =m too l>ge a subject = discussion "h1 & "o t has be5 mo/ ably & exhau/ively treat$ 9 works on ,arm\r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i n[ proce$ to consid] ! %apes z sket*$1 tak+ ! sev]al numb]s by ! gr\ps into :i* !y naturally fall4 ,_m m in/ances might h be5 quot$ = ! v>i\s %apes1 b ,i h select$ ^! to %[1 s f> z ,i h be5 able to ga!r !m1 ! extreme range ( dates4 ,p]haps ,i may v5ture "h to rem>k t ! se>* = anci5t %apes ( %ields1 ) a view to _! slavi% reproduction1 :i* is n[ s usual1 does n seem to h be5 s preval5t be=e ab\t ! ye> #ahdj4 ,?is is ! date :i* seems g5]ally accept$ z t :5 orig9ality 9 ! matt] ( seals & book-plates ceas$1 & e v>iety ( old examples began to be s$ul\sly se>*$ out & copi$4 ,all ( ^! %ields are subject to slight v>iations ( outl9e1 accord+ to ! fancy ( ! arti/ & _! necess>y adaptation to _! surr\nd+s4 ,no4 #h 9 ! accompany+ plate ( %apes appe>s 9 /a9$ glass to ! memory ( ,sir ,wm4 ,b]dwell 7w1 dat$ #adcd71 ,blomefield's ,norfolk1 vol4 i1 p4 #bjc4 ,an ,iri% in/ance1 b ( v ungraceful proportions1 date #aejg1 is engrav$ ,ar*ological ,j\rnal1 vol4 xv1 p4 #ahh4 ,x also occurs 9 ! mantelpiece at ,helmdon1 ,nor?ants1 #aecc2 describ$ 9 ,ar*ologia1 vol4 xiii1 plate #ab4 99 99 99 99 99 ,nos4 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 & #ab all occur on ! beautiful monum5t to ,abbot ,?omas ,ramrage1 9 ,/4 ,alban's ,ca!dral1--( ! date #aebi2 ,b\tell's ,h]aldry1 p4 #ceg4 ,engrav+s ( :i* may also be frequ5tly f\nd else:]e4 ,no4 #aj occurs 9 a small signet seal1 two impressions ( :i* are atta*$ z a c\nt]seal to a lease by ! ,priory ( ,d>t=d1 co4 ,k5t1 be>+ date #bd? ,decemb]1 #aebi4 ,?is seal+ on ! back r5d]$ x impossible to deta* ! l>ge wax seal & apply x fraudul5tly to ano!r docum5t4 ,?is is engrav$ ,proce$+s ( ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies1 #bg? ,may1 #ahge4 ,illu/ration ,occurs also 9 a brass1 ,okeov] impal+ ,a/on1 date #aebj 7,b\tell's ,brasses1 p4 #abg71 see ,no4 #ge4 ,also 9 ano!r brass1 at ,spr\/on1 ,norfolk1 dat$ #aeei4 ,no4 #aa occurs )\t ! b\*e on a *imney-piece at ! ,episcopal ,palace1 ,exet]1 #adhf4 ,) ! b\*e1 9 ! ,ramrage ,*antry1 ,/4 ,alban's ,abbey1 ( ab\t ! same date 7,b\tell's ,h]aldry1 p4 #ih74 ,also 9 h]aldic draw+s ( #aecf1 9 ,willem5t's ,regal ,h]aldry4 ,no4 #ab1 b )\t ! b\*e1 occurs 9 ,h5ry ,,vii4's *apel 7,ar*ologia1 vol4 xvi1 p4 #aid74 ,! annex$ engrav+ %[s a mo/ int]e/+ knightly %ield ( ! ,s*utz family1 ( ,%otov]1 co4 ,ox=d1 dat+ f ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,x is #b feet #h in*es long by #a foot #a in*es broad1 & 01 :5 ,mr4 ,hewitt wrote 8 book1 9 ! possession ( ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,wilson1 ,presid5t ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,x is engrav$ & describ$1 ,anci5t ,arms & ,arm\r1 vol4 ii1 p4 #dif4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ,john ( ,gaunt's %ield1 describ$ at p4 #bi1 v closely resembles ,no4 #ab4 99 99 99 99 99 ,nos4 #ac1 #ad1 & #ae4 ,no4 #ac is %[n 9 ! seal ( ! ,free ,s*ool ( ,ri*mond1 ,york%ire1 f\nd$ #aece-f 7,gale's ,regi/rum ,honoris de ,ri*mond1 p4 #bed74 ,9 an old engrav+1 %[+ ,h5ry ,,viii4 & 8 ,p>liam5t1 9 ,hall's ,*ronicle1 publi%$ #aedh1 a %ield ( ?is %ape appe>s on ! curta9 ext5d+ beh9d ! ?rone4 ,no4 #ad--;,9 a h]aldic draw+1 #aeeh1 ( ! arms ( ,elizabe?1 9 ,h>l4 ,,ms4 #fjif1 ?ree ( ^! %ields are gr\p$ 7,willem5t's ,regal ,h]aldry74 ,annex$ engrav+ ( an enamell$ plaque1 suppos$ to h =m$ orig9ally ! c5tre ( a l>ge salv] or di%1 is tak5 f ,proce$4 ,soc4 ,antiq41 #g? ,dec41 #ahgf1 & %[s our %ield ,no4 #ad ) ! date #aefc4 ,sir ,?omas ,bell di$ 9 #aeff2 he 0 ?rice ,mayor ( ! ,city ( ,gl\ce/]1 & also repres5t$ x 9 ,p>liam5t4 ,illu/ration ,a ,scot* seal1 ,francis ,e>l ( ,bo?well1 #aehg 7engrav$ ,h]ald & ,g5ealogi/1 vol4 iv1 p4 #ai74 ,ano!r ,scot* seal1 ! ,e>l ( ,egl9ton1 #afbj 7engrav$ ,h]ald & ,g5ealogi/1 vol4 iv1 p4 #ah74 ,engrav+s 9 ,! ,engli% ,b>onetage1 #agda1 %[ ! same4 ,also 9 ,pr9cipal ,hi/orical & ,allusive ,arms1 by ,de la ,motte1 #ahjc1 :i* "w1 inde$1 aims at v>iety 9 its %apes & designs4 ,no4 #ae--;,9 ! pr9t]'s m>k ( ,ant4 du ,ry1 ( ,leyd51 #aebe4 ,9 ! %ield ( ,anne ,bull51 #aecc 7,willem5t's ,regal ,h]aldry74 ,also a seal1 #aege1 ,miscell4 ,g5ealogica1 vol4 ii1 p4 #agj4 ,^! %apes l5d !mselves p>ticul>ly to decorations 9 /a9$ glass1 :]e v>iations may be con/antly f\nd1 b x is g5]ally difficult 9 su* cases to give an exact date4 ,f all :i* x appe>s t ^! %apes--,nos4 #ac to #ae--;began ab\t #aebj1 & prevail$ till ab\t ! ?ird qu>t] ( ! sixte5? c5tury2 & f _! beautiful outl9es1 !y occasionally are us$ ev5 to ! pres5t day4 ,dur+ ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies !y may (t5 be f\nd hack$ & scroll$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,no4 #af occurs 9 a monum5t to ,raynes1 #afhi 7engrav$ 9 ,drake's ,eboracum1 p4 #eae74 ,?is is a %ape :i* w\ld l5d itself peculi>ly to monum5ts or /a9$ glass4 ,! %ields engrav$ 9 ,*auncey's ,hi/ory ( ,h]t=d%ire1 #agjj1 are ( ?is %ape1 slightly e>$1 & v slightly holl[$ out 9 ! sides4 99 99 99 99 99 ,nos4 #ag & #ah4--;,9 ^! a decid$ly ,g]man influ5ce is visible4 ,!y occur 9 ! ,g]man book ( ,virgil ,solis1 #aeee4 ,! e>lie/ ,engli% in/ance ( ,no4 #ag :i* ,i h notic$ appe>s 9 ! ,visit4 ,hunts1 #afac 7,camd5 ,society71 p4 #d1 ) ! arms ( ,clifton1 b no exact date is atta*$4 ,9 ! #agbd edition ( ,guillim's ,display simil> %ields are engrav$1 ) scroll "w r\nd ! edges4 99 99 99 99 99 ,nos4 #ai1 #bj1 #ba1 & #bb4 ,no4 #ai is f\nd on ! tomb ( ,m>g>et1 ,c\ntess ( ,ri*mond1 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 :o di$ #aeji 7,s&=d's ,g5ealogical ,hi/ory1 p4 #cbf71 see ,no4 #gc4 ,illu/ration ,aga9 9 a l$g] tomb at ,br5t-eleigh1 9 memory ( ,mrs4 ,sawy]1 & dat$ #agcd 7,miscellanea ,g5ealogica et ,h]aldica = ,janu>y1 #ahhf74 ,also 9 ! engrav+s 9 ,blomfield's ,norfolk1 #agci1 ) a %ap$ base4 ,no4 #bj1 may be se5 9 /a9$ glass1 9 ,grapp5hall ,old ,rectory w9d[1 ( date ab\t #aebg4 ,aga9 9 a brass 9 ,antr+ham ,*ur*1 ,suffolk1 dat$ #aefb4 ,no4 #ba1 a brass at ,/4 ,m>y ,quay1 ,ipswi*1 #aebe 7,b\tell's ,brasses1 p4 #acb74 ,also on a seal1 #aege 7engrav$1 ,miscell4 ,g5ealogica et ,h]aldica1 vol4 ii1 p4 #agj74 ,also on a seal1 #aegh1 9 ,oliv] ,vr$ius 7,seals ( ! ,c\nts ( ,fl&]s74 ,aga9 9 a grant ( arms1 #agae 7,miscell4 ,g5ealogica et ,h]aldica1 second s]ies1 vol4 i1 p4 #ahh74 ,a l$g] at ,kel/on *ur*y>d1 ,gibbes qu>t]+ ,h>r+ton & ,specott1 #agcj 7engrav$ 9 ,miscellanea ,g5ealogica et ,h]aldica = ,jan41 #ahhd74 ,illu/ration ,?us %[+ t its pres5t use s ext5sively by ! ,college ( ,arms is a return to an old patt]n exi/+ at any rate s9ce #aeji4 ,%ields v simil> occur 9 ,! ,anci5t ,ord] ( ,pr9ce ,ar?ure1 publi%$ by ,r4 ,rob9son1 #aehc2 also 9 ,sylvanus ,morgan's ,sph]e ( ,g5try1 #affa2 :ile ! ,college ( ,arms %ield ,no4 #bb appe>s 9 ! ,great ,seal ( ,edw>d ,,vi41 #aedg4 ,?is gr\p1 !re=e1 ext5ds f ab\t #aejj to ! pres5t day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is conv5i5t to take ,nos4 #bc & #bd ,/u>t1 toge!r ) #be & #bf ! ,georgian4 ,no4 #bc1 ! annex$ seal ( ,rob]t ,greysbrooke ( ,middleton1 is app5d$ to 8 w1 dat$ #a/ ,septemb]1 #affh1 & pr9t$ ,miscell4 ,g5ealogica et ,h]aldica = #ahgh4 ,illu/ration ,x appe>s v con/antly 9 seals f ab\t #afaj to #afid4 ,! %ape is us$ 9 ,sir ,pet] ,leyce/]'s ,hi/orical ,antiquities ( ,*e%ire1 publi%$ 9 #afgc4 ,aga9 9 ,sylvanus ,morgan's ,sph]e ( ,g5try1 publi%$ #affa4 ,no4 #bd appe>s 9 /one c>v+ at ,p5%ur/ ,place1 ,k5t1 %[+ ! arms ( ,edw>d ,,vi41 #aedg4 ,! side po9ts are curl$ r\nd1 & ! c5tre "o is capp$ ) a fillet & half globe3 an improvem5t by ! /one cutt] 7,willem5t's ,regal ,h]aldry71 see ,no4 #gg4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! seals & 9 ! cr[n-pieces ( ! ,commonweal?1 dat$ #afej4 ,tak+ !n ! ,georgian ,no4 #be--;,9 ,willem5t's ,regal ,h]aldry1 ! arms ( ,h5rietta ,m>ia1 ! wife ( ,*as4 ,i41 #afbe1 are reproduc$ 9 ?is %ape4 ,x becomes v frequ5t #aghc-ib1 & up to #ahjf 9 monum5ts & book-plates--see page #ef4 ,! %ield is us$ 9 a "w publi%$ at ,worce/] #agie1 ,hi/orical ,anecdotes ( ,h]aldry & ,*ivalry4 ,v _m ( ! bulky seals s common dur+ ! la/ ?irty ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury display coats ( arms on %ields ( ?is %ape1 :i* seems to h be5 mu* us$ ab\t ?is date4 ,! ,liv]pool halfp5ny1 #agia1 see ,no4 #gh2 ! ,le$s halfp5ny1 #agia2 & ! ,cronebane halfp5ny1 #aghi2 & no d\bt _m o!r copp] tok5s %[ ,no4 #be4 ,no4 #bf is figur$ by ,r&le ,holme 7,academy ( ,arm\ry1 #afhh71 :o took x f ,sylvanus ,morgan's ,sph]e ( ,g5try1 #affa4 ,he expla9s x is f old & decay$ monum5ts4 ,x is really adapt$ f anci5t %ields1 :i* 7 us$ by ! ,amazons1 & !y are con/antly repres5t$ ) su* %ields & ) d\ble-head$ battle axes on ,greek co9s 7see ,petiti de ,amazonibus ,diss]tatio1 #afhg1 p4 #ahj1 c47 ,! only *ange noticeable 9 ^! %ields is t ! ,/u>t1 :i* ext5d$ d[n to c]ta9ly z late z #afid1 h p]p5dicul> sides1--) an occasional exception1 z t quot$ #afbe1--:ile 9 ! ,georgian ! sides are always m or less bulg$ out4 99 99 99 99 99 ,nos4 #bg1 #bh1 #bi1 & #cj1 ) :i* may conv5i5tly be tak5 ! tops1 designat$ e>$ c\p$4 ,no4 #bg--,?is %ape occurs 9 ,brussels tape/ry1 dat$ #afaj4 ,! sides are m holl[$-out1 & ! e>s m project$ 7,jacquem>t's ,hi/ory ( ,furniture1 p4 #ajb1 ,engli% translation74 ,v frequ5tly 9 l$g] tombs1 #agah1 #agdi1 #agej1 & 9 #afhj 7see ,miscell4 ,g5ealogica et ,h]aldica1 ,novemb]1 #ahhd1 p4 #agb74 ,9 a ,,ms4 dat$ #agaj2 ,also 9 ! ,radcliffe book-plate1 circa #agbj1 engrav$ 9 ,mr4 ,ryl&s' ,notes on ,book-,plates1 #ahhi1 p4 #cj4 ,no4 #bh--,! arms ( ,c>ol9e ( ,br&5burg1 wife ( ,george ,,ii41 #agbg1 are giv5 on ?is %ield 9 ,willem5t's ,regal ,h]aldry4 ,no4 #bi--,sev]al ( ! engrav+s 9 ,guillim's ,display1 edition #agbd1 & 9 ,! ,engli% ,b>onetage1 #agda1 p>take ( ?is "*1 ?us giv+ a range f #afaj to #agda = ?is gr\p4 99 99 99 99 99 ,no4 #ca is a %ield v ext5sively us$ 9 ,g]many & ,holl&4 ,x fir/ appe>s 9 ! seals ( ! ,c\nts ( ,fl&]s 7,oliv] ,vr$ius7 9 #adgg & #adhg1 & disappe>s 9 #afjb4 ,x is figur$ fo4 #a;b 9 ! ,nuremb]g ,*ronicle1 publi%$ #adic4 ,x may be con/antly f\nd at all dates1 & d[n to ! pres5t day 9 ,g]man h]aldry4 99 99 99 99 99 ,nos4 #cb1 #cc1 & #cd4 ,no4 #cb--,?is %ield has a v ext5sive range ( date2 ! fir/ ,i h notic$ is on ! tomb ( ,anne ( ,cleves1 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 #aeci 7engrav$ 9 ,willem5t's ,regal ,h]aldry74 ,engrav+s 9 an illu/rat$ edition ( ,ario/o1 pr9t$ ,v5etia1 #aegb1 repeat ! same %ape4 ,9 ,bolton's ,elem5ts ( ,armories1 #afaj1 :]e su* arms z ^? ( ,p>ac\ssi1 ,k+ ( ,plate1 ,! ,navatalcas1 e>ly ,mexicans1 & ! ,incas ( ,p]u1 are plac$ 9 su* %ields4 ,! sixp5ces & ,york half-cr[ns ( ,*>les ,i41 #afad1 & ! arms on 8 ,great ,seal1 #afbg 7,s&=d's ,g5ealogical ,hi/ory1 p4 #eae74 ,9 a ,,ms41 #afeb1 reproduc$ 9 ,miscell4 ,g5ealogica = ,janu>y1 #ahhe1 p4 #bjd4 ,! ,great ,seal ( ,*>les ,,ii41 #afec 7,s&=d's ,g5ealogical ,hi/ory1 p4 #eag74 ,! seals ( ! ,commonweal? 9 #afea & #afef4 ,engrav+s 9 ,bisse's edition ( ,ni*olas ,upton1 publi%$ #afed2 ,also 9 ,s&=d's ,g5ealogical ,hi/ory1 #afgg4 ,9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 seals ) ?is %ape are common en\gh1 _m ( mo/ beautiful execution1 support$ by cornucopi1 fruit & fl[]s issuant !refrom2 ^! ext5d f #afgj to #agjj4 ,we ne$ only look at our ,britannia's %ield 9 a mod]n p5ny to see ! same1 adapt$ f t co9 ( ,anton9us ,pius :]e occurs ! fir/ repres5tation ( ! figure ( ,britannia1 ,a4,d4 #ach4 ,no4 #cc4--,! e>lie/ ,i h not$ is on ! seal ( ,sir ,?omas de ,bik5ore1 ,knt41 atta*$ to a *>t]1 s4d41 b ab\t #acjj2 ?is is engrav$ ,ar*olog4 ,cantiana1 vol4 ii1 p4 #da4 ,x occurs ^u ! seals ( ! ,c\nts ( ,fl&]s f #adjc to #afbc 7,oliv] ,vr$ius72 x also appe>s else:]e 9 8 "w4 ,x is also on ! tomb 9 ,maid/one ,*ur* to ,john ,wotton1 #adag 7,ar*4 ,cantiana1 vol4 i1 p4 #aha74 ,x may be se5 9 ! pr9t]'s m>k ( ,ri*>d ,pynson1 #aecj4 ,i h also notic$ ,no4 #cc 9 "o ( ,camd5's grants1 dat$ #bnd ,may1 #afjh1 to ,james ,ma/] ( ,ea/ ,l&51 ,k5t3 ?is is engrav$ ,ar*ologia ,cantiana1 vol4 v1 p4 #bch4 ,no4 #cd is1 ,i ?9k1 *iefly re/rict$ to =eign seals & engrav+s4 ,i h n1 s f>1 notic$ an ,engli% example4 99 99 99 99 99 ,nos4 #ce1 #db1 & #dc4 ,no4 #ce--;,egg-%ap$ may be reg>d$ v mu* z a v>iation ( ,no4 #cb1 "s arti/s consid]+ x m graceful & bett] adapt$ to hold ! arms & leave less ( ! field vacant4 ,! %ield ( ,edw>d ! ,black ,pr9ce1 pres]v$ at ,cant]bury1 & already notic$ at p4 #cj1 0 ( ?is %ape4 ,he di$ #acgf 7,bolton's ,elem5ts1 p4 #fg74 ,b !re is a l>ge numb] ( su* seals z may be describ$ egg-%ap$1 ) holl[$-out sides1 & frequ5tly fram$ 9 scrolls2 ^! are class$ z c>dioid ,nos4 #db & #dc1 ! outl9es hav+ be5 alt]$ by scroll "w1 al?\gh sometimes ! scrolls are omitt$4 ,^! occur 9 ,divi ,britannici1 by ,sir ,w9/on ,*ur*ill1 #afge2 ,9 monum5ts ( #afhd1 c41 9 ,blomefield's ,norfolk2 ,& ( #afii1 ,miscell4 ,g5ealogica et ,h]aldica = ,decemb]1 #ahhd1 p4 #ahe2 ,aga9 9 #agae1 ,h]ald & ,g5ealogi/1 vol4 ii1 p4 #bcj2 & !y are con/antly to be f\nd 9 monum5tal tablets4 ,v frequ5tly ! bases ( %ields ) holl[$-out sides are turn$ ei!r to dext] or s9i/]1 z notic$ 9 seals ?r\gh\t ! eighte5? c5tury2 & 9 "s lat] ,jacobean1 & 9 ,*ipp5dale book-plates say f #agbj to ne>ly ! end ( ! c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,seal ( ,b>tlett ( ,m>ldon & ,exet]1 co4 ,devon 7,miscell4 ,g5ealogica et ,h]aldica = ,june1 #ahhg74 ,illu/ration3 ,seal ( ,mi*ael ,grazebrooke ( ,audnam3 born #agbc1 di$ #agff 7,miscell4 ,g54 et ,h]aldica = #ahgh74 ,illu/ration3 ,seal ( ,joseph ,palm]1 ,k+'s ,mess5g]3 born #afhc1 di$ #agei 7,miscell4 ,g5ealogica et ,h]aldica1 second s]ies1 vol4 i1 p4 #hf74 ,illu/ration3 ,seal ( ,joseph ,siket to 8 w1 #ageh 7,h]ald & ,g5ealogi/1 vol4 iii1 p4 #caf2 also vol4 vi1 p4 #baa47 ,no4 #cf--;,fr5* %ields1 s con/antly repres5t$ 9 ,fr5* h]aldry1 appe> also 9 ,engli% grants ( arms1 #aeeg1 #aefa1 #aehb1 #afab4 ,?is is j an ord9>y squ>e %ield1 ,no4 #g1 ) a po9t$ ,fr5* base4 ,?is %ield1 h[ev]1 may be f\nd at mu* e>li] dates--see rem>ks on ,simon de ,montacute's seal to ! ,b>on's lett]1 #acja1 on p4 #bb2 also ! v curi\s brass =m]ly 9 ,/4 ,ni*olas' ,*ur*1 ,lynn1 to ,?omas ,wat]deyn1 ,mayor ( ,lynn 9 #acig & #adjd4 ,?is %[s two %ields1 ,no4 #cf1 :i* be> 8 m]*ant's m>k1 & /& on ei!r side ( a tree4 ,he 0 alive 9 #adaj 7see engrav+1 ,ar*ologia1 vol4 xxxix1 p4 #eje74 99 99 99 99 99 ,no4 #ci4--,?is curi\s ,italian %ield occurs 9 ,g]>d ,leigh's ,acc$5s ( ,arm\ry1 #aefb4 ,also ) curi\s scroll-"w1 dat$ #aehi1 9 a timb] h\se at ,norwi*1 engrav$1 ,ar*ologia1 vol4 xvi1 p4 #aid4 ,9 ! ,great ,seal ( ,*>les ,i41 #afdj1 ,s&=d's ,g5ealogical ,hi/ory1 p4 #eaf4 ,9 ! halfp5ny ( ,*>les ,,ii41 #affj4 ,9 ! halfp5ny ( ,james ,,ii41 #afhe4 ,r&le ,holme1 book i1 p4 #f1 w\ld h u believe ?is 0 ! v]itable %ape ( ! ,*ri/al %ield giv5 by ! goddess ,m9]va to ,p]seus1 to enable him to slay ! ,gorgon ,m$usa1 & :i* 0 aft] d$icat$ to ,pallas1 & ?is conceit may acc\nt = a mon/]'s head introduc$ 9 ! ,great ,seal ( ,*>les ,i41 #afdj4 ,grotesque %ields1 some:at ( ?is %ape1 are giv5 to ,anci5t ,britons1 z 9 ,spe$'s ,!atre ( ,great ,brita91 #afgf1 & 9 ,,ms4 p$igrees ( e>ly sev5te5? c5tury1 = ! arms ( ,wel% pr9ces & e>ly pot5tates4 ,r&le ,holme 7,academy ( ,arm\ry7 gives "o ( ^! z f ! monum5t ( ,mahomet1 ,emp]or ( ,turkey1 & ano!r f ! monum5t ( ,tam]lane1 ,emp]or ( ,t>t>ia4 99 99 99 99 99 ,nos4 #dj & #da actually d occur frequ5tly 9 ,roman bronzes & monum5ts1 & are reproduc$ 9 engrav+s 9 ,bolton's ,elem5ts ( ,armories1 #afaj1 p4 #adg1 c4 ,bolton expla9s t x 7#da7 occurs on ! ,column to ,anton9us at ,rome1 b lat] discov]ies h %[n t ?is column 0 really erect$ to ,m>cus ,aurelius ,anton9us 9 #agd ,a4,d4 ,illu/ration ,nos4 #db & #dc c>dioid %ields 7see ! rem>ks ^u #cc1 #cd & #ce74--;,i ?9k ^! arose f ! decorative scroll-"w plac$ ar\nd egg-%ap$ %ields1 & especially 9 late ,jacobean & ,*ipp5dale times1 :5 !y may be f\nd 9 monum5ts & book-plates4 ,! e>lie/ mural tablet ,i h notic$ is dat$ #afii1 at ,w9*e/] ,ca!dral4 ,?is is engrav$ ,miscellanea ,g5ealogica et ,h]aldica = ,decemb]1 #ahhd1 p4 #ahe4 ,! engrav+s 9 ,divi ,britannici1 notic$ "u ! v>iations ( #ce1 ne>ly approa* ^!4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in/ances ( pure he>t-%ap$ %ields occur 9 ! brass to ,willem ,w5ema]1 sla9 #acbe4 ,?is is 9 ! ve/ibule to ! hospital :i* he f\nd$ at ,gh5t 7,ar*ological ,j\rnal1 vol4 vii1 p4 #bhg72 ,illu/ration ,also 9 a monum5t at ,/4 ,m>g>et's1 ,h]t=d1 #afia-b1 %[n 9 ! annex$ illu/ration4 ,?is is f ,miscell4 ,g5eal4 et ,h]aldica1 ,janu>y1 #ahhg1 p4 #aig2 & ! %ape may also be f\nd at lat] dates4 ,my read]s w also ref] to t v int]e/+ seal ( ,ri*>d ,basset1 ab\t #aade1 describ$ at p4 #ac1 & ,no4 #dd3 x is he>t-%ap$1 greatly l5g!n$ out4 ,a v curi\s he>t-%ap$ %ield1 ) ! po9t turn$ r\nd & scroll$1 appe>s 9 ! wood5 effigy to "o ( ! family ( ,ogl&] 9 ,brad+ ,*ur*1 ,isle ( ,wight4 ,?is is suppos$ to be ( sixte5? c5tury4 ,x is engrav$ 9 ! ,ana/atic ,draw+ ,society's vol4 = #ahhc4 ,a curi\s in/ance ( ! recrudesc5ce ( e>ly =ms occurs :5 ,sylvanus ,morgan1 vol4 i1 p4 #bg1 places ! arms ( "o ,gill 9 a triangul> %ield1 su* z we notic$ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & figur$ ,no4 #a 9 ! %eet4 ,aga91 heat]-pe> %ields1 ,no4 #f1 frequ5tly occur 9 e>ly monum5ts1 z !y accord$ well ) ! /yle ( decoration--see ! monum5t to ,h5ry ,will\ghby1 #aeha1 at ,wollaton 7,?oroton's ,notts1 p4 #bg72 also t to ,ri*>d ,mansfield1 #afbd1 at ,we/ ,lake ,*ur* 7,?oroton1 p4 #bg72 also t to ,?omas ,atk9son1 #affa1 at ,new>k-on-,tr5t 7,?oroton1 p4 #bjj72 also 9 a monum5t to ! ,clifton family1 ab\t #afgj1 engrav$ p4 #fa 9 ! same book4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x w\ld be possible to give mu* m fully ! exact] hi/ory ( sev]al ( ^! %ields1 %[+ _! v>i\s slight v>iations prevail+ at diff]5t dates1 b su* w\ld ext5d my attempt beyond a conv5i5t l5g?4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 select$ "o ( ! mo/ common occurr5ce1 feel+ sure t its hi/ory w !re=e be ! m int]e/+4 ,9 ,a ,gloss>y ( ,t]ms us$ 9 ,briti% ,h]aldry1 publi%$ by ,p>k]1 ,ox=d1 #ahdg1 ! date #agbd is giv5 z ! e>lie/ %ield t has be5 notic$ ( ?is ta/eless1 ?\gh /ill preval5t =m1 ,no4 #ha4 ,n[1 "h is ! exact sequ5ce ) ! small v>iations :i* ,i h be5 able to trace3-- ,no4 #gi--,occurs 9 a book pr9t$ by ,w4 ,ra/ell 9 #aecc1 quot$ 9 ,p>k]'s ,gloss>y4 ,9 an inlaid *imney-piece at ,bolsov] ,ca/le1 ) ! arms ,cav5di% impal+ ,ogle1 & !re=e ! date is #aeij-afjj4 ,also 9 a ,,ms4 p$igree ( ,h[>d1 date #aehj1 9 ! possession ( ,col4 ,crosse at ,%aw ,hill1 co4 ,lanca/]4 ,! next in/ance ,i h f\nd is c>v$ on a pew 9 ,w>r+ton ,*ur*1 & be>s ! inscription ,ri*>d ,massye1 #afag4 ,?is %[s arms qu>t]ly1 7#a7 ,rixton ( ,rixton1 7#b7 ,mascy ( ,rixton1 7#c7 ,w>burton 7871 see ,hi/oric ,society ( ,lanca%ire & ,*e%ire vol4 xxxix1 p4 #aed1 :]e ?is qu>t]+ is discuss$2 7#d7 ,horton ( ,horton4 ,! same %ap$ %ield appe>s 9 a monum5t to ,ri*>d ,wiatt1 :o di$ 9 #afai4 ,?is /&s 9 ,islewor? ,*ur*1 & is engrav$ 9 ,h]ald & ,g541 vol4 iii1 p4 #ejj4 ,no4 #hd--;,is frequ5tly f\nd 9 ,,mss4 ab\t #afbj4 ,i c ref] to ! p$igree ( ! ,holl& & ,duk5field families1 :i* is dat$ #afbb4 ,! same %ield is us$ 9 ,bysse's edition ( ,ni*olas ,upton1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #afed4 ,also 9 a c]tificate ( arms by ,seg> ,g>t]1 #afbe1 ,hi/oric ,society ( ,lanca%ire & ,*e%ire1 vol4 xxxviii1 p4 #gb4 ,x is also c>v$ 9 oak 9 ,prescot ,*ur*1 ) ! arms ( ,ogle ( ,:i/on qu>t]+ ,b]tram1 & ! date #afej4 ,x aga9 occurs on ! grave/one ( ,ri*>d ,clegg1 ,vic> ( ,kirkham2 ! e>lie/ date on :i* is #afgg 7,*e?am ,society1 vol4 xcii1 p4 #abh74 ,! same1 b m slightly e>$1 occurs frequ5tly ) ! d$icatory arms ( ! donors ( ! plates to ,s&=d's ,g5ealogical ,hi/ory1 publi%$ #afgg4 ,a l$g] /one1 dat$ #afij1 ) ! e>s /ill less /rongly m>k$1 is engrav$ ,miscell4 ,g5ealog4 = ,febru>y1 #ahhe1 p4 #bdb4 ,no4 #hb--,occurs 9 a grant ( arms1 dat$ #afhd1 ,miscell4 ,g5ealogica1 second s]ies1 vol4 i1 p4 #cig4 ,! same %ield appe>s 9 a grant1 dat$ #afif1 pr9t$ 9 ! same "w1 fir/ s]ies1 vol4 ii1 p4 #aia4 ,su* %ields ) v slightly m>k$ e>s1 & ) po9t$ or angul>1 also ) ,fr5* bases1 are f\nd v frequ5tly 9 book-plates ( #agjj & = t5 ye>s or s lat]1 & sometimes ) ! sides v slightly holl[$-out4 ,no4 #hc--;,is a %ield ) ,que5 ,anne's arms1 #agjf1 engrav$ 9 ,willem5t's ,regal ,h]aldry4 ,no4 #hj--,may be se5 9 ! monum5t to ,?o4 ,norreys1 #afbd1 9 ,ra9ham ,*ur*1 ,k5t 7,ar*ologia ,cantiana1 vol4 vi1 p4 #bie74 ,a grant ( arms1 dat$ #agbj1 is engrav$ 9 ,miscell4 ,g5ealogica1 vol4 ii1 p4 #beb1 & %ews ! same %ield4 ,seals ab\t ! ye> #agah appe> ) ?is same %ape1 ( r broad proportions1 & ) ,fr5* bases r flatt5$4 ,no4 #ha--;,9 ,wright's edition ( ,pet] ,heyl9's ,helps to ,hi/ory1 publi%$ #aggc1 ?is v>iation is us$1 b ( r long] proportions4 ,ab\t #aghj1 seals are notic$ to foll[ ! same "*1 & ) angul> or ,fr5* bases1 j z we see !m prevail+ ev5 to ! pres5t day4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,vi4 ,?is %ield !re=e1 ) slight v>iations 9 ! e>s1 may be f\nd f #aecc to ! pres5t day2 & ! date giv5 9 ,p>k]'s ,gloss>y 0 fix$ ^u insuffici5t rese>*4 ,,c\nt]seals 9 ,engl& are usually ( ! same %ape & size z ! seal prop]2 ! p5dant cake ( wax ?us %[+ two complete impressions1 "o on ea* side4 ,edw>d ! ,confessor & 8 successors h cont9u\sly us$ !m2 b among subjects !y d n appe> be=e #aacj--;except+1 p]haps1 t rem>kable in/ance ( two seals conjo9$ back to back on ! *>t] ( ,odo1 ,bi%op ( ,baieux 9 #ajge4 ,see ,ar*ologia1 vol4 i1 p4 #cce4 ,nobility ( ! blood royal1 _! wives & daught]s1 seem to h us$ c\nt]seals pretty g5]ally f ! middle ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,! great] titul> nobility also adopt$ !m occasionally dur+ t c5tury2 b 9 ! next1 & until ! ,b>on's lett] 7#acja71 a mu* l>g] numb] occur4 ,_! use1 h[ev]1 0 v irregul>3 _m prom95t titul> nobles neglect$ !m1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 we f9d _m families ( only mod]ate t]ritorial position plac+ secreta on ! back ( *>t] seals4 ,i notice z q rem>kable h[ _m ladies :o _h come to repres5t a manor1 ab\t ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :5 ! fa%ion 0 at its height1 at once beautifi$ or safegu>d$ _! seals ) a secretum4 ,aft] #acja su* extra seal+ almo/ disappe>s1 b !re are "s v late in/ances4 ,humfrey ,e>l ( ,/af=d & ,p]*e1 #adch1 plac$ on ! back ( 8 spl5did seal a small] "o--! ,/af=d arms on a heat] %ield1 )9 a decoration ( ?ree ,/af=d knots1 b )\t any inscription 7,ar*ologia1 vol4 xxxviii72 & "s ( ^? l>ge & pret5ti\s seals m5tion$ z appe>+ #adej-adge 7 us$ ) small c\nt]seals4 ,_m ecclesia/ical communities us$ c\nt]seals1 also ! old ,c9que ports & o!r anci5t bor\ghs4 ,anci5t (ficial dep>tm5ts too1 su* z ! ,norwi* ,/aple1 #abgb-acjg3 ^! hav+ begun1 ( c\rse cont9u$ _! use z an e/abli%$ =m4 ,,secreta 7 usually small1 & inscrib$ ,secretum4 ,! fir/ ,i h notic$ is t ( ,seh]us de ,qu5ci1 creat$ ,e>l 9 #abaj--,secretum ,comitis ,w9tonie4 7,spelman's ,aspilogia1 p4 #fg47 ,john de ,busli1 h[ev]1 is ev5 a little e>li]2 ,secretum ,johannis de ,bueli 7,! ,e>ls ( ,eu1 by ,*e/] ,wat]s1 p4 #cc74 99 99 99 99 99 ,aft] a c>eful exam9ation ,i h come to ! conclusion t no regulations re/rict$ _! use1 b c\nt]seals & secreta 7 adopt$ or n1 accord+ to ta/e4 ,"s reg>d$ !m z an accession ( dignity1 & "s z a safegu>d3 !re seems no d\bt x 0 = ! second reason t t signet 0 plac$1 9 #aebi1 on ! back ( ! ,d>t=d ,priory ,seal 7see p4 #fj72 & ,i f9d ano!r in/ance1 :]e a seal ( ! same ,priory1 9 #aecd1 _h z a c\nt]seal ! impression ( a small signet ) ! lett]s ,i ,f1 be+ app>5tly ! initials ( ,isabel or ,joan ,fane1 ! prioress at t "t4 ,x w give "s idea z to ! preval5ce ( c\nt]seals if ,i say t to ! ,b>on's lett]1 #acja1 are app5d$ n9ety-five seals ( ! pr9cipal nobility4 ,sev5ty-n9e h no c\nt]seals3 to sixte5 su* are atta*$2 namely1 eight ( ! same size z ! seals1 & eight greatly small]4 ,two ( ^! small] ones are n inscrib$ 7,william de ,breh\se & ,simon de ,montacute71 & "o only is call$ ,secretum 7,walt]i de ,teye74 ,i ?9k ?is %[s !y 7 less commonly us$ 9 #acja ?an ab\t #abej4 ,,mantl+s ,,f ,,! ,,sixte5? ,,to ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury4 ,x is some:at difficult to treat di/9ctly ( ! mantl+s prevail+ s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury2 b z !y af=d indirect evid5ce ( date1 ,i v5ture to draw up ! foll[+ %ort description ( _! v>iations2 & ,i d s ) "s diffid5ce1 9 ! hope t fell[-/ud5ts may add to my feeble ef=t1 & t ?us we may pres5tly arrive at a p]fect & dat$ s*eme ( ^! *anges4 ,i am oblig$ to treat seals sep>ately f draw+s & /one c>v+s1 because ! circumscrib$ space 9 a seal seems to h prev5t$ "s ( ! v>iations notic$ 9 ! o!rs4 ,at ! same "t1 sev]al *>act]i/ic *anges are f\nd to occur1 & at tol]ably di/9ct dates2 & s x is possible to lay d[n v cle>ly1 z to seals1 ! curr5t ( progressive *ange4 99 99 99 99 99 ,by f> ! great] numb] ( h]aldic ,,seals at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury h no mantl+1 b display only a b>e %ield1 )\t ornam5t--unless "s scroll-"w or ar*itectural l9es1 to fill up ! space )9 ! dott$ or pla9 circles4 ,su* seals occur con/antly till ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,ab\t #aeej helmets ) mantl+s1 op5 & r sp>se1 & kept high up on ! top ( ! %ield1 appe>4 ,^! mantl+s are r flat1 s t a good space is left = ! cre/1 :i* ?us /&s out di/9ctly4 ,z a specim51 see ,wm4 ,lamb>de's seal1 #aeeb 7,ar*ologia ,cantiana1 vol4 v1 p4 #bef74 ,al?\gh a good _m seals cont9ue /ill ) ! mantl+s kept up ab\t ! top ( ! %ield 7:ile sometimes a motto1 c41 is introduc$ bel[71 x is obs]v$ t a little aft] ?is date mantl+s gradually creep d[nw>ds1 p]haps to two-?irds ( ! dep? ( ! %ield4 ,see a seal ( ! ,?rockmorton family1 #aegf 7,visitation ( ,w>wick1 #afai1 ,h>l4 ,soc472 also ^? ( ,"l ,*ancellor ,bromley1 #aeha 7,h]ald & ,g5ealogi/1 vol4 v1 p4 #e72 ,john ,ogle1 #aeig 7,mascy ,*>t]s1 plate ,c1 ,hi/oric ,society ( ,lanca%ire & ,*e%ire = #ahhg72 & ,edw>d ,osborne1 #afah 7,h]ald & ,g5ealogi/1 vol4 iv1 p4 #bda2 also ,ar*ologia ,cantiana1 vol4 v1 p4 #bcd74 ,?is is ! "* ( _m examples occurr+ d[n to ab\t ! ye> #afej1 :5 a great] pr(usion ( mantl+ began to be %[n3 ( ?is ! seal ( ,sir ,edw>d ,ni*olas1 engrav$ on p4 #de1 is a good example2 & x is ! fir/ in/ance ,i h notic$ 9 :i* ! folds ( ! mantl+ come out f beh9d ! %ield1 ?us m>r+ its di/9ctness4 ,usually1 al?\gh ! volume ( fold+s increases1 !y are kept away f x1 s z to leave ! impression ( ! %ield /&+ out & q cle>4 ,9 ?is1 too1 ! folds ext5d high] up on ei!r side ( ! cre/ ?an is usual 9 e>li] examples4 ,x may be int]e/+ "h to note t ( ! fifty-n9e seals atta*$ to ! dea? w>rant ( ,*>les ,i41 9 #afdh-i--;foll[+ ! v accurate engrav+ 9 ,monum5ta ,vetu/a1 vol4 ii1--tw5ty-"o %[ mantl+s1 elev5 are di/9ctly )\t1 t5 are d\btful1 & ! rema9+ sev5te5 seals are q illegible4 ,f ab\t #afej _m beautifully cut signets are f\nd--! arms1 ) helmets1 cre/s1 & mantl+s1 ! po9ts ( :i* rise up on ei!r side ( ! cre/1 ?us fill+ up t empty space4 ,! seal ( ! ,cordwa9]s ( ,ox=d1 made 9 #afhj1 is a fav\rable example ( ! date 7,ar*4 ,j\rnal1 vol4 vi1 pp4 #aei & #bgi74 ,ab\t #afhj ,i h obs]v$ tassels sometimes appe> z a f9i% to ! l[] ends ( mantl+s1 z 9 ! seal ( ,?omas ,bate1 engrav$ on p4 #de2 also 9 a signet ( #afhc1 9 ,miscellanea ,g5ealogica et ,h]aldica = #ahhf1 p4 #adc2 & else:]e4 ,%ields set 9 frames ( scroll-"w1 )\t mantl+s1 7 preval5t f ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,= an example1 see a signet ( ,fe!r/on1 #afch1 engrav$ 9 ! ,visitation ( ,w>wick 7,h>leian ,society74 ,f ab\t #afgj cornucopi1 ) fl[]s1 c41 appe>1 support+ %ields m or less egg-%ap$2 & "s ( !m are mo/ exquisitely engrav$4 ,b ev5 at s late a date1 ,i h n obs]v$ t9cture l9es introduc$4 ,i h notic$ v few seals ab\t ?is "t 9 ! ,jacobean ta/e4 ,probably no room 0 left 9 s conf9$ a space = scroll-"w ar\nd ! base ( ! %ield4 ,b mantl+s--r heavy1 al?\gh n volum9\s1 & kept up pretty high--are f\nd t[>ds ! end ( ?is sev5te5? c5tury4 ,9 _m cases also1 at ?is "t1 pla9 ,georgian %ields occur1 )\t mantl+4 ,e>ly 9 ! eighte5? c5tury seals are f\nd 9 late ,jacobean frames1 op5 & ) trellis-"w1 adorn$ ) ru%es & fl[]s1 & )\t mantl+s4 ,! influ5ce ( ,*ipp5dale ta/e /rongly affect$ seals f ab\t #agej to #agge4 ,_m foll[$ 9 ! /yle ( ,adam1 ) ribbons & fe/oons ( fl[]s1 & sometimes lightly scroll$ frames4 ,^!1 ( c\rse1 are )\t mantl+s4 ,we are ?us br\ght to ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,only occasionally h ,i met ) mantl+s betwe5 ab\t #agdj & #ahjj2 b ,i mu/ expla9 t x is v difficult to get toge!r a body ( examples ( ! eighte5? c5tury3 su* are n old en\gh to be figur$ 9 engrav+s1 & docum5ts likely to be> !m are n ( suffici5t int]e/ to be exam9$ = any o!r purpose4 ,i tru/ fell[-/ud5ts :o read ?is book w sket*1 ) _! dates1 all in/ances ( ?is epo*3 x is only 9 t way we c get toge!r a body ( evid5ce4 ,x seems to h be5 v common1 also1 = successive g5]ations to repeat ! /yle ( _! seals1 z if t 7 z important z ! h]aldry display$2 & ?us in/ances ( ! sev]al v>iations occur1 p]haps1 mu* lat] ?an _! legitimate dates--z classifi$ above1 f _m examples4 ,i "k "o family ^: seals f #agah to #ahdj %[1 ) only "o or two exceptions1 ! ta/eless ?\gh /ill preval5t =m ,no4 #hj1 & )\t any mantl+s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,al?\gh tak+ ,,draw+s & ,,/one ,,c>v+s toge!r1 !re are c]ta9 diff]5ces obs]vable 9 ea*2 = in/ance1 we con/antly f9d1 9 monum5tal sculptures ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 designs ) mantl+s above & scroll-"w bel[1 :i* v closely correspond ) ,jacobean book-plates & engrav+s su* z did n appe> till ab\t #agbj4 ,i w\ld ref] to ,?oroton's ,hi/ory ( ,notts1 p4 #bbg2 :]e is engrav$ a monum5t1 at ,wollaton1 to ,h5ry ,will\ghby1 :o di$ #aeha1 :i* is q ,jacobean 9 ta/e & treatm5t4 ,ano!r equally s is at ,new>k-^u-,tr5t ,*ur*3 ?is 0 erect$ 9 #affa1 to ,?omas ,atk9son 7,?oroton's ,notts1 p4 #bjj74 ,ano!r ) cornucopi & scrolls /&s 9 ,we/ ,lake ,*ur*1 to ! memory ( ,ri*>d ,mansfield1 :o di$ #afbd 7,?oroton's ,notts1 p4 #bg74 ,?is la/ exactly corresponds ) "s ( ,holl>'s beautiful designs1 9 ,s&=d's ,g5ealogical ,hi/ory1 publi%$ 9 #afgg2 & x is v rem>kable t ^! are a di/9ct advance ^u ,holl>'s own designs 9 ! preface & d$ication to ! ,bysse edition ( ,ni*olas ,upton1 :i* he engrav$ 9 #afed2 :ile = ne>ly fifty ye>s ?is monum5tal example _h /ood 9 ,we/ ,lake ,*ur*1 & we "k x 0 only "o ( _m simil> ,engli% works4 ,i h _m times notic$ t sculpture prec$es engrav+s or pa9t+s4 ,x is1 ,i ?9k1 inh]5tly s3 design+ 9 ! r\nd comes fir/1 to be aft]w>ds translat$1 by skilful & arti/ic & educat$ %ad+1 into ! flat4 ,?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,dr4 ,jackson ,h[>d1 ,maltrav]s ,h]ald1 & ,messrs4 ,mit*ell & ,hughes1 ,i am able to %ew ! engrav+ 7f ,miscell4 ,g5ealogica et ,h]aldica = #ahhd1 p4 #ii7 ( a v unusual mantl+ f ! ,confirmation ( ,arms 9 #aebf1 by ,?omas ,hawley1 ,cl>5ceux1 to ,francoys ,galu]det1 a native ( ,rhodes1 & ,receiv] ,g5]al 9 ,engl& = ! ,hospital ( ,/4 ,john ( ,j]usalem4 ,?is mantl+ is unusually small2 !re is no helmet1 & ! torce is beautifully work$ comp>e ! brass to ,sir ,wm4 ,say1 li?ograph ,no4 #ga4 ,i put ?is =w>d fir/ because ( its e>ly date1 & x seems t at ?is "t mantl+s 9 h]aldic draw+s1 grants1 c41 7 kept v small4 ,illu/ration ,x w be conv5i5t to describe1 & 9 a numb]$ li/ z foll[s1 ! v>iations obs]v$ at successive dates4 #a4--;,f #aeej to #aegj !re is a t5d5cy to keep ! great] portion ( mantl+s above ! %ield4 ,!y are ( small] volume1 & "o fold is all[$ to w&] d[n on ea* side1 end+ 9 a tassel ab\t "o-?ird d[n ! dep? ( ! %ield4 ,a v *>act]i/ic example is engrav$ 9 ,miscell4 ,g5ealogica et ,h]aldica = ,june1 #ahhg1 be+ ! grant to ,?omas ffletewood1 ( ,london1 #a/ ,june1 #aede4 ,9 ! grant to ,john ,lamb>d1 #ae? ,janu>y1 #aeea 7engrav$ 9 ,ar*ologia ,cantiana1 vol4 v1 p4 #bdg71 su* a mantl+ has f\r tassels1 two above c>ri$ up some:at high1 & two bel[ /&+ ab\t "o-?ird d[n ! %ield4 ,! mantl+ to ! arms ( ,goodricke1 engrav$ 9 ,g]>d ,legh's ,acc$5s ( ,armory1 edition #aefb1 is ( ! same "*1 b )\t tassels4 #b4--;,a little lat] ! numb] ( folds is obs]v$ to increase1 & ! tassels are c>ri$ d[n fur!r & turn inw>ds t[>ds ! base po9t ( ! %ield4 #c4--;,9 a grant dat$ #aegb1 :i* is pr9t$ 9 ,miscell4 ,g5ealogica et ,h]aldica1 vol4 i1 p4 #cba1 occurs ! fir/ in/ance ,i h notic$ ( ! fold+s com+ f beh9d ! %ield1 & ! same may be se5 9 a grant ( #aege1 pr9t$ 9 ,sylvanus ,morgan's ,sph]e ( ,g5try1 lib4 ii1 p4 #gd4 #d4--;,f ab\t #aeij to #afcj a return to ! simpl] /yle is obs]vable2 a s+le fold w&]+ away f ! body & rea*+ ) tassels to ! base ( ! %ield4 ,occasional in/ances return :olly to ! descriptions giv5 "u #a & #b4 #e4--;,aft] ab\t #afbj ! volume ( mantl+ gradually increas$1 & seem$ to be purposely s arrang$ z to come out f beh9d1 probably because x 0 f\nd 9 draw+s to give arti/ic relief to ! %ield4 #f4--;,by ab\t ! ye> #afgj mantl+s are frequ5tly f\nd ( excessive volume1 & 9 a mass1 :i* w\ld be solid 7 x n skilfully brok5 by light] hack+s appe>+ 9 ! c5tral portions2 ! folds come d[n 9 heavy masses1 sometimes l great sausages or cucumb]s1 to ! bottom ( ! %ield4 ,examples ( su* may be se5 9 ,s&=d's ,g5ealogical ,hi/ory1 #afgg1 & 9 book-plates engrav$ 9 ,miscell4 ,g5ealogica et ,h]aldica1 ,decemb]1 #ahhf1 p4 #ahd1 & else:]e4 ,! skill ( ! arti/ affects wond]fully ! quality ( ^! designs2 x is n only ! *i>o-oscuro1 b ! turn+ ( a l9e may (t5 sp>kle ) g5ius4 ,sometimes !y are extremely flat & heavy1 = in/ance1 9 ! map atta*$ to ,?oroton's ,notts1 #afgg1 may be se5 a specim51 :i* is a great contra/ to ,holl>'s designs 9 ,s&=d's ,g5ealogical ,hi/ory1 publi%$ 9 ! same ye>4 ,aga91 ! frontispiece to ,c>t]'s ,honor ,r$ivivus1 publi%$ 9 #afgc1 %[s flat waves1 & beh9d ! %ield1 com+ out two-?irds d[n its l5g?1 ! edges rippl+ into leaves & hack+s1 :ile ! folds ext5d d[n to a boldly hack$ & curl$ c>t\*e = ! motto1 out ( :i* spr+ two bran*es ( olive4 ,in/ances ( ?is /yle cont9ue to occur d[n to #agej4 ,we f9d !m s engrav$ 9 ,guillim's ,display1 #agbd1 also 9 ! ,engli% ,b>onetage1 #agda1 & 9 "s ( ! engrav+s 9 ,atkyn's ,gl\ce/]%ire1 #agfh4 #g4--;,ab\t ! ye> #agjj appe>$ = a few ye>s1 p]haps we may say till ab\t #agbj1 book-plates & d$icatory arms ) great hack$ fold+s twi/$ r\nd & look+ some?+ l ,ca!r9e-:eel fireworks4 ,two or f\r ( ^! occur 9 book-plates1 & sometimes z _m z six1 ?ree on ea* side4 ,we notice t ^! are conv5tional exagg]ations ( ! less pron\nc$ circul> fold+s & turn+s se5 s e>ly z #afgg 9 "s ( ,holl>'s engrav+s 9 ,s&=d's ,g5ealogical ,hi/ory4 ,an engrav+ at p4 #ahe 9 ,*auncey's ,hi/ory ( ,h]t=d1 publi%$ 9 #agjj1 is especially int]e/+2 x %[s a monum5t1 dat$ #affb1 to ,hewytt1 9 ,sawbridgewor? ,*ur*1 :]e ! c>v] has /ruggl$ to avoid ! long ugly folds 7cucumb]s71 & has introduc$ v vigor\sly twi/$ leaves & hacks :i* almo/ approa* ^? conv5tional ,ca!r9e-:eel fireworks z f\nd 9 book-plates ( a lat] date1 say f #agjj to #agbj4 ,i w\ld po9t out t all ! armorial engrav+s 9 ,*auncey's ,h]ts are well wor? /udy+3 ! mantl+s are hack$ all ov]1 & ext5d ab\t f\r-fif?s d[n ! %ields 9 endless small & vigor\s twi/s1 ! %ields !mselves be+ v>iations ( ,no4 #af4 ,"s ( ! engrav+s 9 ,plot's ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,ox=d%ire1 publi%$ 9 #agje1 %[ ! same "*1 also "s ( ^? 9 ,atkyn's ,hi/ory ( ,gl\ce/]%ire1 publi%$ 9 #agfh4 #h4--,! reb\nd f ?is ta/e l$ to small mantl+s1 kept a good deal at ! top ( ! %ield1 ev5 al?\gh !re 7 no support]s1 z 9 a pe]'s coat ( arms1 to prev5t _! d[nw>d fl[4 ,^! occur also :5 ! bases ( ! %ields 9 ,jacobean book-plates are f9i%$ (f ) scroll "w1 trellis1 scales1 c41 c42 ! upp] "p ( ! %ield be+ ornam5t$ ) su* smalli% mantl+s4 ,9 ,blomefield's ,norfolk1 #agci1 ribbon scrolls ext5d all r\nd "s ( ! %ields 9 ! place ( a mantl+2 :ile 9 :at is1 ,i suppose1 a book-plate1 ,holl& impal+ ,upton1 pr9t$ 9 ! p$igrees at ! beg9n+ ( vol4 i1 acan?us leaves occur 9 ! base1 & break out occasionally1 :]e conv5i5t1 f su* scrolls1 :i* are arrang$ r\nd ! upp] "p ( ! %ield4 ,scrolls are /rictly ar*itectural ornam5ts1 & n vegetables4 ,^! correspond to ! ,fr5* /yle call$ ,bomb1 9 :i* curves & undulations ( surface 9 ribbons1 c41 7 roll$ & toss$ ab\t = arti/ic effect4 ,b ) our ,engli% examples ( monum5ts ( ! sixte5? c5tury 9 ! same ta/e 7see p4 #hj71 we ne$ n consid] t our ,jacobean /yle 0 borr[$ f ! ,fr5*1 al?\gh t nation1 = a full c5tury1 end+ 9 #agij1 guid$ ! arti/ic ta/es ( ,europe4 #i4--;,dur+ ! ,*ipp5dale fa%ion all m>tial elem5ts disappe>1 helmets & mantl+s are swept away1 & we see ! /yle ( ,l\is ,,xv4 borr[$ f ! prevail+ ,fr5* ta/e1 brok5 %ell-%ap$ woodwork1 rocks1 & %ell curves 7rocaille coquille71 h5ce call$ ,rococo4 ,x 0 well en\gh 9 ! frames ( mirrors & furniture1 b seems /rangely out ( place ar\nd a c>dioid %ield ( arms1 ) fe/oons ( fl[]s & spikes ( re$s or grass1 :ile p]haps ,cupids or ,greek vases on brackets are introduc$4 ,nev]!less1 ! g5ius ( ,*ipp5dale sublimat$ ?is into specim5s ( great beauty4 ,*ipp5dale's ,books ( ,designs 7 publi%$ 9 #agei1 i vol41 folio1 & 9 #agfb1 i vol41 folio4 #aj4--,mantl+s1 ( c\rse1 cont9u$ to be %[n 9 grants ( arms4 ,we f9d ab\t #agge !y appe> to be small] aga91 & conf9$ to ! top ( ! %ield1 (t5 be+ c>ri$ r high up on ea* side ( ! cre/1 & frequ5tly end+ at ! base 9 two tassels see a grant #aggi1 ,miscell4 ,g5ealogica et ,h]aldica1 second s]ies1 vol4 iii1 p4 #da4 #aa4--,?is /yle cont9u$ to ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 :5 ,i h obs]v$ v light & graceful mantl+s ?r[n ab\t 9 airy & mu* hack$ fold+s1 & g5]ally end+ 9 tassels 7see a grant #ahjc1 ,miscell4 ,g5ealogica et ,h]aldica1 orig9al s]ies1 vol4 ii1 p4 #bj74 ,?is "* is also se5 9 _m book-plates ( ?is date4 #ab4--;,i mu/ n[ say a few words on ! /yle introduc$ & skilfully en=c$ by ,rob]t & ,james ,adam4 ,!y1 too1 adopt$ f ! ,fr5*1 & by _! skill & arti/ic ta/e develop$ to great p]fection ! /yle ( ,l\is ,,xvi4 7#aggd-ij74 ,! rage = ?is fa%ion arose 9 ,europe ^u ! discov]y at ,pompeii ( ,roman frescoes pres]v$ 9 _! orig9al col\rs4 ,! bro!rs ,adam caught ! exact _s ( ^!1 & produc$ h]aldic designs1 consi/+ ( %ell-flut$ scrolls1 ) light & airy fe/oons ( fl[]s & ribbons1 surr\nd+ %ields almo/ inv>iably ,georgian ,no4 #be4 ,! fe/oons 7 frequ5tly ext5d$ 9 graceful curves1 f pegs1 j z we see !m 9 ! recov]$ ,roman arabesques1 or on ! walls ( ! ,petit ,trianon4 ,rob]t & ,james ,adam publi%$ _! book 9 ?ree vols41 imp4 folio1 #aggc-ahbb4 ,= examples ( ?is /yle see ,dugdale's ,w>wick%ire1 #agfe2 ,hut*9's ,dorset1 #aggd2 ,ha/$'s ,k5t1 #aggh2 ,rudd]'s ,gl\ce/]%ire1 #aggi 7"o specim5 only72 ,ni*ol's ,leice/]%ire1 #agie2 ,%aw's ,/af=d%ire1 #agih2 ,mann+ & ,bray's ,surrey1 #ahjd4 ,?is long li/ w %[ h[ extremely popul> ! ,adam /yle cont9u$ to be = ab\t ?irty ye>s4 #ac4--;,z e>ly z #aejj1 a fan-%ap$ mantl+ ) r\nd$ base appe>s2 x 0 =m$ ( an unhack$ clo? ) _m closely fold$ rays1 & occasionally two tassels are atta*$ to ! upp] corn]s & hang d[n z supports on ea* side ( ! %ield1 :i* /&s 9 ! middle--see examples engrav$ 9 ,h]ald & ,g5ealogi/1 vol4 viii1 p4 #bdg2 ,ar*ologia ,cantiana1 vol4 v1 p4 #bdh2 ,miscell4 ,g5ealogica et ,h]aldica1 fir/ s]ies1 vol4 ii1 p4 #ajj2 c41 c4 ,?is design is cont9u$ until aft] #agjj1 b seems less closely fold$ at ! lat] dates1 :5 !y are (t5 f\nd 9 ornam5tal a*ievem5ts 9 p$igrees4 #ad4--;,a curi\s example ( a mantl+ is engrav$ ,h]ald & ,g5ealogi/1 vol4 viii1 p4 #bed1 9 :i* a squ>e %eet or clo?1 hav+ no hack+1 & atta*$ to ! helmet1 is fold$-9 r\nd ! edges2 ?r\gh ^! a cord is pass$1 end+ 9 two tassels :i* ext5d a little bel[ ! bottom ( ! mantle4 ,?is portion ( ! clo?1 z well z ! back1 hangs d[n /raight )\t any folds4 ,! result is t ! %ield /&s out aga9/ ! deeply %ad$ back gr\nd )9 ^! fold$-9 edges1 !y be+ 9 high light4 ,! ,,ms4 f :i* ?is is tak5 is dat$ #afde1 & ! %ield displays ! arms ( ,helsby4 #ae4--,! e>lie/ in/ance ,i h notic$ ( ^? l>ge unhack$ squ>e %eets or mantles call$ by ,porney drap]y1 :i* are drawn up ?r\gh two r+s or ribbons at ! upp] corn]s & fall 9 folds1 :ile 9 ! middle /&s ! %ield ( arms1 occurs 9 a monum5t at ,holme ,pi]po9t to ! ,c\ntess ( ,k+/on1 :i* be>s date #afdi 7,?oroton's ,notts1 p4 #ij74 ,su* are also engrav$ 9 ! ,sph]e ( ,g5try1 #affa2 & 9 ! ,engli% ,b>onetage1 #agda4 ,^! are occasionally to be met ) d[n to #ahdj4 ,9 ,fr5* h]aldry !y are commonly f\nd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ,ar*ologia ,cantiana1 vol4 x1 p4 #cbi1 is engrav$ a curi\s t5t-%ap$ drap]y1 drawn ov] ! helm & held !re by a ducal coronet1 f :i* />ts ! cre/1 :ile b5ea?1 & 9 ! middle ( ! %eet1 /& ! %ield ( arms & support]s4 ,?is is f ,! ,confirmation ( ,support]s1 ,cre/ & ,arms to ,sir ,edw>d ,d]+1 ,knt4 & ,b>t41 by ,sir ,wm4 ,seg>1 ,g>t]4 ,! fir/ b>onet 0 creat$ #a/ ,feb41 #afbf1 & ,sir ,wm4 ,seg> di$ 9 #afcc2 s ! date ( ?is draw+ is )9 ^? sev5 ye>s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x mu/ be evid5t t ea* arti/ gave a c]ta9 "* & /yle ( 8 own to 8 "w2 at ! same "t ! v>i\s fa%ions not$ above are f\nd /rongly prevail+ at ! dates giv54 ,!y 7 :at 0 approv$ by ! public ta/e1 & any v>iations only ext5d to m or less skilful work+ out4 ,x w be notic$ t public ta/e has sev]al times alt]nat$ betwe5 sp>se & volum9\s mantl+s4 ,!re are indications at ! pres5t "t :i* seem to po9t to a return1 )9 a few ye>s1 ( ! massive convolutions se5 dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 l$g] /ones & monum5ts f #afej ! *>act]i/ics giv5 above are foll[$ until ab\t #aghj1 :5 o!r k9ds ( decoration--palm bran*es1 fe/oons1 & scrolls--v l>gely sup]s$$ mantl+s4 ,,important ,,note ,,on ,,t9cture-,,l9es ,,9 ,,seals4 ,my read]s w\ld notice at page #eb & aga9 at page #gi t ,i c\ld n accept ! /atem5ts t seals s e>ly z #afdh-i c\ld possibly %[ t9cture-l9es4 ,i !re=e gave my au?orities1 & %[$ pretty evid5tly t ,i c\ld n1 9 ! face ( o!r facts1 accept !m4 ,s9ce ! writ+ ( ^? pages1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,/4 ,john ,hope has v k9dly exam9$ = me ! orig9al docum5t pres]v$ among ! munim5ts at ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 & reports t 9 none ( ! seals atta*$ to ! dea?-w>rant ( ,*>les ,i4 are ! t9ctures indicat$ by l9es4 ,x is n = me to expla9 h[ s accurate an obs]v] z ! late ,mr4 ,plan* made su* a mi/ake4 ,i ?9k x is probable t ! late ,mr4 ,b\ttell foll[$ him & enl>g$ some:at4 ,! fact1 h[ev]1 is n[ def9itively settl$4 ,i _h obs]v$ t 9 ^? e>li] pr9t$ books :i* h copp] plates1 ! inv5tion ( ,fa!r ,silve/] de ,petra ,sancta _h be5 v cauti\sly & undecid$ly adopt$4 ,9 ,spelman's ,aspilogia includ$ 9 t small folio publi%$ by ,edw>d ,bysse 9 #afed1 & to :i* ,i h frequ5tly ref]r$ z conta9+ also ! works ( ,ni*olas ,upton & ,john de ,bado ,aureo mo/ ( ! %ields h t9cture l9es2 b 9 "s ( ! copp] plates1 signs ( v>i\s planets are giv5 in/ead ( ^? lett]s = t9ctures :i* are usually se5 9 tricks4 ,,note ,,to ,,page #cf4 ,i h no d\bt t ! curi\s project+ po9t to :i* ! att5tion ( ! read] has be5 drawn1 0 meant z a protection aga9/ ! ,c\p de j>ret1 t t]rible feat ( arms :i* aim$ at sev]+ ! muscles beh9d ! knee1 a spot necess>ily cov]$ by lea!r only1 & !re=e peculi>ly vuln]able4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,index4 ,,%ields ,,figur$ ,,on ,,plate ,i1 ,,page #aa4 ,no4 ,pages4 #a--ab1 #ah1 #ai1 #gb #b--ab1 #ad1 #ba1 #bd #c--;,introduc$ #e1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #ag #d--aa1 #ab1 #ag1 #bd #e--af1 #ba1 #bb1 #bd1 #bf1 #cb1 #ch #f--ad1 #ae1 #ah1 #bj1 #ba1 #gb #g--bb1 #bd1 #ch #h--ei #i--cg1 #fj #aj--cg1 #fj #aa--cg1 #fj #ab--cg1 #fj #ac--fa #ad--fa #ae--fa1 #fb #af--fb #ag--fb1 #fc #ah--fb #ai--fc #bj--fc #ba--fd #bb--fd #bc--fe #bd--fe #be--fe #bf--fe1 #ff #bg--ff #bh--ff #bi--ff #cj--444 #ca--fg #cb--fg #cc--fg1 #fh #cd--fg1 #fh #ce--fh #cf--gj #cg--444 #ch--444 #ci--gj #dj--ga #da--ga #db--fh1 #ga #dc--fh1 #ga 99 99 99 99 99 ,adam /yle1 #hf ,animals 9 ! fields ( seals1 #ah1 #bb1 #bc1 #bd1 #bg1 #cb ,bosses 9 r\nd %ields1 #d2 9 o!r %apes1 #ac1 #ad1 #af ,bomb /yle1 #hd ,b\*es1 #af1 #bd1 #ca1 #cg ,*aplets or ,wrea?s1 #ed ,*ipp5dale /yle1 #he ,c\nt]seals1 #ge ,crosses & o!r signs beg9n+ inscriptions1 #ba ,dates on seals1 #dc ,dea? ,w>rant ( ,*>les ,i41 #eb1 #ed1 #hh ,decorations on ! field 9 seals1 #af1 #ba1 #bc1 #cb ,decl9e 9 ! /yle ( seals1 #bg1 #cj1 #cc1 #dd1 #di ,guiges1 #f1 #ba ,gunp[d]1 use (1 #bf ,helmets1 #ei ,inscriptions1 /yle (1 giv5 at ! end ( ea* c5tury2 cross & o!r signs at _! comm5cem5t1 #ba ,l$g] /ones1 #hh ,l9es1 dots1 ropes1 c41 surr\nd+ seals1 #ba ,mantl+s1 #ci to #dc2 sixte5? c5tury & lat]1 #gg to #hg2 fan-%ap$1 #hf2 squ>e %eets1 #hf1 #hg ,mottoes1 #eh ,palm bran*es1 #ee ,rococo /yle1 #he ,seals sometimes us$ = a long p]iod1 #i1 #bi2 l9es1 dots1 ropes1 c41 surr\nd+1 #ba2 "t requir$ 9 mak+1 #bg1 ,note2 decorations on ! fields1 #af1 #ba1 #bc1 #cb2 animals 9 fields (1 #ah1 #bb1 #bc1 #bd1 #bg1 #cb2 inscriptions1 crosses1 & o!r signs at _! beg9n+1 #ba2 unfold$ scrolls 91 #cb2 c\nt]seals1 #ge2 secreta1 #gf2 dates on seals1 #dc2 decl9e 9 /yle (1 #bg1 #cj1 #cc1 #dd1 #di ,secreta1 #gf ,%ields1 r\nd1 #a1 #bf1 #cf1 #ch2 laws relat+ to1 #b2 he>t-%ap$1 #ac1 #ae1 #ga2 e>$1 #gc to #ge2 squ>e1 #e1 #ai1 #bj1 #ch2 loz5ges1 #bj2 turn$ r\nd at base1 #ad1 #fi1 #gb2 curv$ outw>ds1 #bd1 #cc to #cf2 curi\s po9t 9 s9i/] base1 #cf1 #hi2 ,john ( ,gaunt's %ield1 #bi2 ! ,black ,pr9ce's %ield1 #cj2 l5g? ( %ields1 #d1 #g2 _! use ab&on$ 9 w>1 #h1 #bd to #bf2 introduction ( gunp[d] n ! cause1 #bf2 bosses 9 r\nd %ields1 #d2 9 o!r %apes1 #ac1 #ad1 #af ,s\rces ( in=mation1 #i1 #di ,support]s1 #ef ,t>geti]s1 #e ,t9cture l9es1 #eb1 #gi1 #hh ,torces1 #dc1 #ha ,wrea?s or ,*aplets1 #ed ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,be+ deeply impress$ ) ! great value ( a ,,corpus ,,sigillorum :i* w\ld br+ toge!r 9 "o view a l>ge numb] ( ,engli% ,seals ( ea* c5tury = ! eye to re/ ^u & s to compreh5d ! v>y+ /yles at diff]5t dates1 ,mr4 ,grazebrook puts =w>d ! foll[+ proposal to see if a suffici5t numb] ( ,subscrib]s w be f\nd to support him1 & meet ! heavy exp5se ( produc+ su* a "w4 ,x is obvi\s t to less5 ! numb] ( illu/rations w\ld impair its usefulness1 & ,mr4 ,grazebrook w\ld n und]take ! book unless x c be ?or\ghly c>ri$ out4 ,:at he contemplates w\ld %[ p]haps fifty select$ *>act]i/ic seals = ea* c5tury f ! elev5? to ! sev5te5?1 display$ 9 ord] ( date4 ,s l>ge a numb] w\ld n be ne$$ at ! e>lie/ or late/ dates1 b = "s ( ! p]iods a great] numb] ought to be giv54 ,/ud5ts n[ get toge!r su* collections 9 trac+s & draw+s--z ! lab\r ( ye>s2 & x is fe>$ v few h p]sev]ance en\gh to c>ry out fully _! aim1 b )\t su* exact data conclusions mu/ be guess-"w4 ,mr4 ,grazebrook has su* a collection = 8 own use1 & kn[s f exp]i5ce :at a great advantage x is4 ,?is propos$ well-illu/rat$ book w\ld n only be mo/ valuable & in/ructive to ! ,antiqu>y1 x w\ld also possess a f> wid] & g5]al int]e/1 because ^! are ! highe/ specim5s ( ,art rema9+ to u ( ! e>ly times 9 :i* !y 7 made4 ,seals at all dates are ! results ( ! greate/ skill & c>e to be procur$1 accord+ to ! own]'s means2 & _m ( !m are ma/]pieces1 bo? ( design & execution4 ,!y display ! :ole c>e] ( ,art3 ! simplicity ( e>ly times1 gradually develop+ & culm9at+ 9 ! p]fection ( ! f\rte5? c5tury2 to be foll[$ by ov]load$ designs1 beautifi$ by exquisite workman%ip1 at ! end ( ! fifte5?4 ,su* a pictur$ ,hi/ory ( ,art c\ld n fail to be int]e/+ & attractive to _m :o w\ld n c>e to /udy ! subject f a /rictly antiqu>ian po9t ( view4 ,?is l>ge collection ( engrav+s w\ld be accompani$ by explanations giv+ an acc\nt ( mo/ ( ! seals1 ! orig9 ( _! decorations1 & o!r p>ticul>s involv+ a consid]able am\nt ( g5ealogical rese>*2 :i*1 ev5 :5 epitomis$1 mu/ =m a bulky volume2 & x w\ld require a l>ge body ( ,subscrib]s at #cjs4 to cov] ! exp5se2 b ! au?or tru/s he may be enc\rag$ by su* ext5d$ support t he may be able some:at to increase ! numb] ( illu/rations--_m ( :i* mu/ be reproduc$ f ! copp] plates 9 old & r>e works1 ?us involv+ consid]able exp5se4 ,subscriptions payable :5 ! "w is complet$4 ,g5tlem5 :o w\ld be will+ to subscribe w please write to t effect to ,,george ,,grazebrook1 ,f4,s4,a41 ,oak ,hill ,p>k1 ne> ,liv]pool4 ,any sugge/ions = ! improvem5t ( ! "w w\ld be e/eem$4 ,! au?or w conf9e himself /rictly to ,! ,art ,hi/ory ( ^? seals ^: dates are accurately kn[n2 ,! ,*>act]i/ic ,/yles prevail+ at ea* p]iod2 & ,! v>i\s ,signs ( ,date z !y are develop$4 ,,footnotes #a ,i h to ackn[l$ge ! k9d p]mission to use ! foll[+ illu/rations--by ,messrs4 ,virtue & ,co41 f\r blocks f ,cutts' ,sc5es & ,*>act]s ( ! ,middle ,ages1 #ahgb2 by ,messrs4 ,mit*ell & ,hughes1 six blocks f ,dr4 ,jackson ,h[>d's ,miscellanea ,g5ealogica et ,h]aldica2 by ,messrs4 ,ni*ols & ,son1 sixte5 blocks f ,! ,h]ald & ,g5ealogi/1 ,collectanea ,g5ealogica et ,h]aldica1 ,! ,topograph] & ,g5ealogi/1 & ,! ,visitation ( ,hunt+don1 #afac ,camd5 ,society2 by ,messrs4 ,p>k]1 eight blocks f ,hewitt's ,anci5t ,arms & ,arm\r & ,! ,ar*ological ,j\rnal1 vol4 iv2 by ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies1 eight blocks publi%$ 9 _! ,proce$+s2 & by ! ,royal ,ar*ological ,in/itute1 "o block f ,! ,ar*ological ,j\rnal1 vol4 xi4 #b ,r&le ,holme's ,academy ( ,arm\ry1 book i4 p4 #i1 tells u h[ ,froiss>t1 describ+ ! battle ( ,poicti]s1 says t ! ,black ,pr9ce comm&$ ! body ( ! ,"l ,ri*>d ,duras to be laid on a %ield1 & t five m5 %\ld be> ! same to ! ,c>d9al ( ,p]egor? = a pres5t1 c4 ,also1 t t[>ds ! end ( ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,iii1 ! ,fr5*m51 to save !mselves f ! lib]al %ot ( ! ,engli% ar*]s1 _h %ields made ( elme-wood1 sev5 feet 9 l5g? & ?ree 9 bread? & an in* 9 ?ickness1 :i* 7 made %>p at ! foot to pit* into ! gr\nd4 #c ,x w\ld be curi\s to asc]ta91 if we c\ld1 h[ long ! die s9k]s 9 e>ly times requir$ to make ^! l>ge & spl5did seals4 ,i h only not$ a few in/ances :i* ?r[ light ^u x1 b1 no d\bt1 a c>eful se>* might %[ ! e>lie/ dates aft] _! succession :5 ! sev]al k+s us$ _! new great seals4 ,rym]'s ,fd]a conta9s _m ord]+s & surr5d]+s ( su* seals2 ! great difficulty is to connect ! impression ) ! ?+ ord]$ or dealt )4 ,black/one ,! ,great ,*>t] & ! ,*>t] ( ! ,=e/1 #dto1 #agei1 pp4 xxix & xliii in=ms u t ! great ,*>t] ( ,h5ry ,,iii1 dat$ #ab? ,novemb]1 #abaf 7he 0 cr[n$ at ,gl\ce/]1 #bh? ,octob]1 #abaf71 0 seal$--z decl>$ 9 ! docum5t--) ! seals ( ,gualo ! ,legate & ,william ,e>l ( ,pembroke2 ,k+ ,john's seal hav+ be5 lo/ 9 pass+ ! ,wa%es ( ,l9coln%ire1 & no new seal be+ made = ,k+ ,h5ry till two ye>s aft]4 ,ab\t #f? ,novemb]1 #abah1 a new great seal 0 made = ,k+ ,h5ry ,,iii1 & !n began to be us$ 9 seal+ writs1 ( c\rse1 b 0 =bidd5 to be put to any?+ :i* might t5d to p]petuity till ! k+ %\ld arrive to full age2 & a footnote is add$1 ,x has n ev5 9 lat] times be5 altoge!r unusual = ! successor to def] = a :ile ! mak+ ( a new great seal1--& 9 ! int]im to use 8 pr$ecessor's3--,! ,editor has met ) a pat5t ( ,ri*d ,cromwell1 dat$ #ah ,nov4 #afeh1 #aa weeks aft] 8 protector%ip comm5c$ :i* 0 seal$ ) ,oliv]'s seal4 ,rog] de ,hov$5 notes1 "u ! ye> #aaid1 t ,ri*>d ,i4 ord]$ a new great seal to be made1 b ! e>lie/ de$ to :i* x is kn[n to be atta*$ be>s date #ah? ,may1 #aaih--t is1 f\r ye>s aft]w>ds4 7,m4 ,deville's ,treatise on ! ,seals ( ,ri*>d ,i41 & ,ar*ological ,j\rnal1 vol4 iii1 p4 #cgb47 ,among ! ,/&i% ,de$s1 :i* ,i _h lately ! hon\r to lay be=e ?is ,society1 0 "o--a lic5ce to f\nd a *antry at ,/&i%--grant$ by ,edw>d ,,iii4 on #ab? ,febru>y1 #acbh1 & ) app>5tly an unf9i%$ seal4 ,! impression is a bad "o1 b ! lions aft]w>ds on ! horse clo?+ seem to be want+4 ,he only asc5d$ ! ?rone #be? ,janu>y1 #acbg4 ,on ! f\r? day ( 8 reign1 viz41 #bh? ,janu>y1 #acbg1 he deliv]$ 8 great seal to ! ,bi%op ( ,ely z ,*ancellor1 two fleur-de-lys hav+ be5 engrav$ on ! "u side !re( 7,rym]'s ,fd]a1 vol4 ii1 p4 #fhc74 ,?is 0 8 fa!r's seal1 ?us slightly alt]$ on "o side4 ,9 ,octob] ( ! same ye> ,edw>d ,,iii4 /at$ by proclamation t he _h a new great seal1 diff]5t on bo? sides f ! seal hi!rto us$2 :i* great seal 0 to h au?ority f #d? ,octob]1 #acbg4 ,rym]1 vol4 ii1 p4 #gah1 records t ! previ\s seal 0 brok5 up 9 ! k+'s pres5ce1 9 8 *amb] 9 ! ,ca/le ( ,nott+ham4 ,see ,pr(essor ,willis on ! great seals ( ,edw>d ,,iii41 a le>n$ pap] pr9t$ 9 ! ,ar*ological ,j\rnal1 vol4 ii1 p4 #ad4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,! c>et "* is us$ to repres5t sup]scripts1 e4g4 ,ri*d4 ,bo? torse & torce 7 us$ 9 ?is book4 ,bo? scroll "w & scroll-"w :]e us$ 9 ?is book4 ,bo? wood-cut & woodcut 7 us$ 9 ?is book4 ,page #bd1 p4 *ang$ to pp4 ,page #bf1 clos+ squ>e bracket add$ aft] p4 #ahg4 ,page #ci1 #ae *ang$ to by 7,he 0 behead$ by ,edw>d ,,ii474 ,page #ea1 p]iod add$ aft] sett to my h&4 ,page #ec1 ,,ii *ang$ to ,,ii4 ,page #fj1 clos+ p>5!sis add$4 ,page #fg1 cornucopia *ang$ to cornucopi4 ,page #fi1 clos+ p>5!sis add$ aft] p4 #baa4 ,page #gd1 clos+ p>5!sis add$4 ,page #hf1 indroduc$ *ang$ to introduc$4 ,page #id1 p]iod add$ aft] consid]able exp5se4