,,?ree ,,hundr$ ,,?+s    ,a    ,,bright 
,,boy ,,c ,,d      ,,by    ,,_m ,,h&s   
,,fully ,,illu/rat$      ,,london       
,,sampson ,,l[1 ,,m>/on  ,,co41 ,,ltd4  
#aiad          ,,cont5ts        ,,*apt] 
,,page      ,i4 ,,9 ,,tra9+             
#a      ,,ii4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,become ,a     
,,gymna/                                
#g      ,,iii4 ,,walk+1 ,,runn+1 ,,&    
,,jump+                           #bb   
,,iv4 ,,hockey ,,& ,,indian ,,clubs     
#bf      ,v4 ,,swimm+1 ,,r[+1 ,,& ,,wat]
 ,,polo                          #db    
,,vi4 ,,pap]*as+1 ,,football1 ,,golf1   
,,& ,,box+                 #dh          
,,vii4 ,,on ,,! ,,ice                   
#eg      ,,viii4 ,,angl+                
#fg      ,,ix4 ,,canoes ,,& ,,ya*ts     
#hd      ,x4 ,,cook+ ,,9 ,,camp         
#aab      ,,xi4 ,,butt]flies ,,& ,,mo?s 
#aag      ,,xii4 ,,h9ts ,,on ,,aqu>iums 
#aca      ,,xiii4 ,,9 ,,! ,,play+       
,,fields                                
#ach      ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,g>d5             
#aej      ,,xv4 ,,! ,,boy ,,z ,,arti/   

#aeg      ,,xvi4 ,,v5triloquism ,,&     
,,polyphony                             
#aia      ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,boy ,,z         
,,magician                              
#bjh      ,,xviii4 ,,pets               
#bbh      ,,xix4 ,,?+s ,,boys ,,c ,,make
                                   #bee 
,,xx4 ,,fireside ,,amusem5ts            
#bgc      ,,xxi4 ,,"w ,,& ,,play ,,at   
,,! ,,b5*                               
#cej      ,,xxii4 ,,sci5ce ,,= ,,!      
,,play-,,h\r                            
#cfe      ,,xxiii4 ,,home-,,made ,,toys 
#chi      ,,xxiv4 ,,conc]n+ ,,_m ,,?+s  
#daf          ,,preface      ,! ,editor 
hopes t ?is volume w be ! means (       
inspir+ boys  to adopt "s hobby & to    
foll[ x dilig5tly4 ,at any rate he has  
arrang$ t !y %all be able to h a wide   
*oice ( occupations1  & %all beg9 )     
exp]t assi/ance4 ,too _m y\?s fall into 
m]e  aimless dawdl+1 & wa/e ! gold5 ye>s
 ( _! life loaf+  ab\t smok+ cig>ettes1 
wat*+ o!rs play1 *att]+ endlessly  ab\t 
games1 b nev] engag+ 9 !m4 ,?\gh ?is    

book is writt5  = ! boy's play h\r1 x w 
n be )\t value 9 aid+ him  ^u ! /]n]    
side ( 8 c>e]1 if x %[s him h[ to tra9  
h&  & eye1 h[ to /r5g!n 8 w & muscles1 &
 if x inculcates  pati5ce1 exactitude1 &
 p]sev]ance4          ,,?ree ,,hundr$   
,,?+s ,a ,,bright ,,boy ,,c ,,d         
,,*apt] ,i    ,,9 ,,tra9+      ,!re are 
few ?+s ab\t :i* s _m mi/ak5 notions    
exi/ z  ab\t tra9+4 ,!re are sev]al     
reasons = ?is1 b mo/ ( !  errone\s ideas
 may be trac$ back to ! days :5         
pr(essional  pugili/s & runn]s 7 ! only 
m5 :o ev] ent]$ on any  a?letic ex]cise 
) any sort ( organis$ prep>ation4 ,= !m 
a sev]e c\rse ( tra9+ 0 possibly a      
necessity4 ,!y 7 =  ! mo/ "p m5 well    
advanc$ 9 ye>s & naturally fle%y2 &  to 
a*ieve ! feats :i* !y accompli%$ !y no  
d\bt f\nd x  necess>y to r$uce _!       
weight1 & = ?is purpose to take a great 
deal ( ex]cise & to avoid all food t5d+ 
to ! =mation (  fle%2 b = ! av]age      
s*ool-boy :o plays football or fives1   
or goes pap]-*as+1 or1 9 fact1 takes !  

ord9>y am\nt (  boy's ex]cise1 tra9+1 z 
x is g5]ally misund]/ood1 is q          
unnecess>y1 ev5 if n h>mful4 ,he has no 
sup]flu\s fat ( :i*  to rid himself1 s  
any sweat+ :i* he may d only weak5s him 
&  r5d]s him liable to cold4 ,8 lungs   
are 9 prop] ord] & !re=e  8 w9d is good1
 & s !re is no ne$ = him to deprive     
himself  ( vegetables or 8 fav\rite pies
 or pudd+s4 ,all he wants is to  lead a 
heal?y active life1 & to d a fair am\nt 
( practice 9 !  p>ticul> bran* (        
a?letics 9 :i* he hopes to excel4    ,if
 a boy be accu/om$ to walk to & f s*ool1
 or ev5 a "p (  ! way1 or to take 8     
place regul>ly 9 ! s*ool games1 he w    
already be 9 prop] condition ( w9d &    
limb4 ,he w n[ only  require to develop 
! muscles :i*1 9 8 conte/s1 he w f9d x  
mo/ necess>y to use4 ,^! v>y 9 ne>ly e  
bran* ( a?letics2  s 8 practice mu/ be  
specially direct$ to ! races or ev5ts 9 
:i* he int5ds to take "p4 ,n[ ?is       
practice is (t5 z mu*  ov]done z 9 ! old
 days ! diet+ & sweat+ us$ to be4 ,i    

rememb] t :5 ,i 0 at s*ool & tra9+ = a  
mile race1 ,i 0  seldom cont5t unless ,i
 _h run two or ?ree miles ea* day4 ,s9ce
 !n  ,i h f\nd out ! error ( my ways4 ,!
 result ( my long practice  run 0 t :5 !
 day came = ! sports ,i 0 mu* ov]-tra9$1
  & 9 ! /ate usually describ$ z /ale4 ,i
 c\ld h p\nd$  along = miles1 b ,i 0 z  
sl[ z ! prov]bial c>t-horse1 &  :5 x    
came to h>d rac+ ,i 0 beat5 by boys :o  
_h practis$ less  p]si/5tly ?an ,i _h1 &
 ^: limbs & muscles 7 !re=e  lissom &   
pliant4    ,! exact am\nt ( practice    
requir$ dep5ds a good deal on !  /am9a &
 build ( ea* p>ticul> boy4 ,big1 muscul>
 boys c  und]go f> m "w ?an             
lightly-/rung ones ( less robu/         
con/itution2 b x may be tak5 = grant$ z 
a g5]al rule t  x is bett] to d too     
little ?an too mu*4 ,practice %\ld nev] 
be  cont9u$ aft] "o beg9s to feel tir$2 
& if "o is /ill feel+  ! effects ( !    
previ\s day's practice1 x is always a   
good ?+  to re/ = a day f active "w1 &  
in/ead to take a good %>p  walk ( f\r or

 five miles4 ,:5 y\r muscles are /iff1 z
 !y are  b\nd to be at ! beg9n+1 nev]   
=ce !m4 ,get !m gradually  into work+   
ord]1 & nev] hesitate to re/ entirely if
 y feel  dis9cl9$ = ex]cise4    ,re/1 9 
mod]ation1 is always good1 & = ?is      
reason ,i advise boys  ( all ages :o may
 be tra9+1 to make a po9t ( go+ to b$   
e>ly4  ,to get up e>ly is ano!r aid to  
lead+ a heal?y life1 b ,i w\ld          
especially w>n my read]s aga9/ tak+ any 
viol5t ex]cise be=e  breakfa/4 ,h y\r   
ba?1 foll[$ by a brisk rub d[n ) a r\gh 
t[el2 dress quickly1 & !n1 if y l & c   
manage x1 g out  into ! op5 air = a     
qu>t] ( an h\r or tw5ty m9utes4 ,put on 
pl5ty ( clo!s1 & eat ei!r a biscuit or a
 piece ( bread &  walk quietly ab\t1    
brea?+ freely4 ,9 ! same way nev] d any 
practis+ imm$iately aft] a heavy meal4  
,an int]val ( at lea/ two  h\rs %\ld    
elapse to all[ ( ! dige/ion ( food4     
,rememb] t y\r "o object 9 tra9+ is n to
 =ce y\r p[]s1  b to s increase & nurse 
!m1 t :5 ! day = ! sports  comes y w be 

able to d y\r v be/ )\t fe> ( hurt+ or  
ov]-/ra9+ y\rself4    ,be=e ent]+ = 8   
s*ool sports a boy mu/ realise !        
important  fact t x is giv5 only to a   
few to excel at ev]y?+4 ,!  majority mu/
 be cont5t to discov] ! bran* ( sport = 
:i*1 by  _! natural abilities1 !y are   
mo/ suit$1 & !n to practise  quietly &  
p]si/5tly s z to ga9 ! be/ possible     
results4    ,s*ool games & odd trials ( 
skill w probably give ! aspir+  a?lete  
"s idea ( ! direction 9 :i* he is bett] 
?an1 or z  good z1 8 fell[s4 ,9 runn+   
races x is g5]ally f\nd t !  heavily &  
p[]fully-built boy is be/ suit$ by      
%ort-di/ance  races1 t is f a hundr$    
y>ds to a qu>t] ( a mile2 b a long1     
loosely-knit lad usually excels at      
di/ances f half a mile to a  mile4 ,a   
%ort1 /urdy boy1 z a rule1 develops into
 a long-di/ance  runn]1 b z ev5ts above 
a mile are g5]ally exclud$1 & v  wisely 
too f ! programmes ( s*ool sports1 he   
has v little  *ance ( di/+ui%+ himself  
until lat] ye>s1 :5 8 frame is  set1 & 8

 he>t & lungs are 9 a fit condition to  
)/& !  /ra9 caus$ by prolong$ conte/s4  
,! prime object ( ! boy :o desires to   
tra9 = %ort-di/ance  runn+ %\ld be to   
improve 8 spe$4 ,) ?is purpose 9 view1  
he  %\ld practise runn+ f ?irty to fifty
 y>ds at a "t--runn+  h>d f ! v beg9n+1 
& go+ at 8 fa/e/ possible pace  ! :ole (
 ! way4 ,he %\ld d ?is ?ree or f\r times
 ea* day1  occasionally--t is1 once or  
twice a week--runn+ ! full hundr$  y>ds4
 ,races ( two hundr$ y>ds & a qu>t] ( a 
mile 9 l5g?  may be prep>$ = 9 j ! same 
way1 except t = ! latt]1  a practice-run
 %\ld seldom exce$ ?ree hundr$ & fifty  
y>ds4 ,a  qu>t] ( a mile is a v fatigu+ 
di/ance1 & al?\gh x may be  run 9       
practice at a mod]ate spe$1 x %\ld n be 
tak5 at rac+  pace1 except 9 an actual  
race4 ,9 ! int]vals ( tra9+ x is a  good
 plan to obta9 ! assi/ance ( a fri5d1 & 
practise />t+4  ,9 a %ort race s mu*    
dep5ds on ! />t1 t "o :o is able to  g  
"r away directly ! signal is giv5       
possesses a great advantage4            

,illu/ration3 ,,he ,,%\ld ,,jump        
,,cleanly4    ,! boy :o int5ds to take  
"p 9 ! half-mile & mile races mu/       
pursue a some:at diff]5t me?od1 b he    
also mu/ make a po9t  ( practis+ = spe$4
 ,mo/ ( 8 "w mu/ consi/ ( runn+  a qu>t]
 ( a mile1 or six hundr$ y>ds1 ) an     
occasional sp9  ( half or ?ree-qu>t]s ( 
a mile4 ,! =m] di/ances mu/ be          
accompli%$ at almo/ top spe$1 b )\t q   
exhau/+ oneself2  ! latt] mu/ be tak5 at
 a regul>1 /eady gait1 br++ ! legs  out 
well to ! front1 b n c>ry+ ! knees too  
high4 ,"o run a  day is q suffici5t1 &  
p]haps once be=e ! sports ! full  mile  
may be run1 b ?is %\ld n be done )9 a   
week ( !  ev5tful day4    ,walk+ races  
are sometimes includ$ 9 ! sports'       
programme1 !  di/ance usually be+ "o    
mile4 ,! be/ tra9+ = ?is is to walk     
half a mile1 or sometimes ?ree-qu>t]s1  
at "o's be/ pace1 tak+  great c>e to be 
p]fectly fair1 to keep ! head erect1 &  
to avoid  all semblance ( wriggle or    
%uffle4    ,= ! hurdle race & /eeple*ase

 ! beg9n] %\ld practise  p]si/5tly ov]  
ob/acles simil> to ! ones :i* are to be 
us$ on  ! day1 b nev] go+ ! full        
di/ance1 & occasionally runn+  fifty    
y>ds or s on ! level ) a view to an     
improvem5t 9 spe$4    ,( jump+          
competitions !re are usually two k9ds--!
 high jump &  ! long jump1 & mu* ! same 
k9d ( advice applies to bo?4 ,9  ea*    
in/ance practice %\ld be daily1 ) an    
occasional re/ = a  day1 & tak+ great   
c>e to leave (f always at ! fir/ symptom
  ( fatigue1 c\pl$ ) ! feel+ t :at has  
already be5 done  _c be improv$ ^u4 ,9 !
 high jump a beg9n+ %\ld be made at  a  
height well )9 rea*1 ! jump] go+ g5tly &
 lightly ov] s  z to gradually ext5d !  
muscles4 ,!n z he approa*es ! summit  ( 
8 p[]s1 he %\ld pull himself toge!r s z 
to put full =ce  into ea* ef=t4 ,he %\ld
 jump cleanly1 & />t fac+ ! b>4 ,he     
%\ld avoid all contortions & /ra9+ ( !  
body1 & above all  ?+s1 refra9 f !      
some:at entic+-look+ practice ( jump+  f
 "o side--a practice :i* ,i once he>d   

describ$ z putt+ "o  leg ov] ! b>1 & !n 
go+ r\nd & fet*+ ! o!r4 ,x  may pay up  
to a c]ta9 po9t1 b aft] t po9t is rea*$ 
x is  absolutely useless4    ,! be/ &   
mo/ successful jump]s h be5 ^? :o h     
dep5d$  entirely on ! spr+ f ! hips4 ,x 
is !nce t all ! p[]  is obta9$4 ,byrd   
,page1 ! fam\s ,am]ican jump]1 :o (t5   
cle>$  #f ft41 & once rea*$ #f ft4      
#d-a_/d ins41 0 a ?or\gh believ] 9  !   
/raight=w>d me?od4 ,to %[ :at p]si/5t   
practice w d1  ,i may m5tion t :5 he 0 v
 "y1 8 legs 7 s weak t  he 0 compell$ to
 we> irons to support !m4 ,"o day !     
doctor told  him to att5d a gymnasium & 
practise jump+ 9 ord] to /r5g!n  8      
limbs4 ,he did s1 ) ! result t 8        
weakness 0 entirely  cur$1 & t he       
became1 z well z an exp]t bicycli/1 !   
mo/  fam\s jump] ! _w has ev] se54      
,to long jump+ _m ( my previ\s rem>ks   
apply4 ,9 prep>+ = !  jump1 too long a  
run %\ld n be tak51 & 9 mak+ ! spr+1 !  
feet %\ld be plac$ firmly toge!r4 ,!    
:ole ( "o's =ce %\ld  be put into ea*   

ef=t1 & c>e %\ld be tak5 to avoid mak+  
false  attempts4 ,:5 once he has />t$1 !
 jump] %\ld make up 8 m9d  to g "r      
?r\gh4 ,bo? ! jump] & ! %ort-di/ance    
runn]  w f9d t a few m9utes' daily      
practice ) a skipp+ rope w  greatly     
/r5g!n ! legs & ! =e "p ( ! feet1 on :i*
  mu* ( ! /ra9 is plac$4    ,to all     
aspir+ "y a?letes ,i w\ld say3 ,be      
mod]ate1 & take  c>e n to ov]do x2 lead 
heal?y1 active lives2 & avoid /uff+     
y\rselves betwe5 meals ) pa/ry & sweets4
          ,,*apt] ,,ii    ,,h[ ,,to     
,,become ,a ,,gymna/      ,mu* b5efit c 
be d]iv$ f gymna/ic appliances if !y are
  us$ und]/&+ly4 ,no advantage is to be 
ga9$ by ex]cise t  is c>ri$ on 9 a      
c>eless mann]4 ,nei!r too mu* nor too   
viol5t  ex]cise is b5eficial1 ?\gh      
con/ant & regul> "w is necess>y4  ,x is 
bett] to "w = a c]ta9 l5g? ( "t e o!r   
day ?an  to devote all ( "o week to     
ex]cise1 & n g ne> ! gymnasium  ! next4 
,to use any app>atus c>elessly is to use
 x dang]\sly4 ,! writ]  has _h _m ( 8   

wor/ falls 9 do+ "s ( ! simple/ tricks1 
because he 0 c>eless1 & did n put 8     
entire m9d ^u :at he  0 do+4 ,!re is    
some?+ besides & beyond ! m]e pleasure (
  be+ able to p]=m tricks 9 a gymnasium2
 !re is a la/+ b5efit  to be obta9$ 9   
c>eful gymna/ic ex]cise4    ,9 beg9n+   
y\r ex]cises !re are two po9ts t y mu/  
be> 9  m9d always4 ,/& erect1 & be=e    
beg9n+ any "w draw a long  deep brea?4  
,brea! f ! abdom51 s t ! l[] p>ts ( !   
lungs are exp&$4 ,y w f9d by foll[+ ?is 
simple advice  t any?+ y attempt w be   
mu* easi] = y ?an if y g  ab\t y\r      
ex]cises 9 a c>eless or sl\*y way4 ,!re 
%\ld be no  r\nd-%\ld]$ gymna/s4 ,!re is
 no "o :o has a*iev$ di/9ction  z a     
gymna/ :o is n z /raight z an arr[1 &   
across ^:  %\ld]-blades a y>d/ick c\ld n
 be plac$ )\t t\*+ 8  back4    ,9 y\r   
ex]cises avoid devot+ too mu* "t to "o  
k9d ( "w4  ,d n sp5d all y\r "t1 =      
in/ance1 on ! horizontal b>1 or  on !   
p>allel b>s4 ,:at all w\ld-be gymna/s   
%\ld /rive = is  a symmetrical          

developm5t ( _! muscles4 ,y d n want to 
h  legs l a piano1 h>d & knott$ )       
muscles1 & arms l pipe  /ems4 ,nor d y  
want to h ! arms & *e/ ( a blacksmi?1 & 
legs l ^? ( a crane4 ,y want to h all   
y\r muscles develop$  alike1 n "o at !  
exp5se ( ano!r4 ,to avoid ?is lop-sid$  
k9d ( gr[? is ! reason t gymnasiums h   
su* a v>iety (  appliances4    ,n[ = !  
app>atus1 & h[ x %\ld be us$4 ,:at boy1 
especially  if he has liv$ 9 ! c\ntry1  
has n tri$ to climb a rope1 or g  up a  
ladd] h& ov] h&1 & !n1 = ! fir/ "t 9 8  
life1  realis$ h[ heavy he is8 ,p]haps  
no =m ( ex]cise develops s  quickly !   
upp] arm & ! *e/ z "w on ! rope & ladd] 
9 a  gymnasium4 ,9 practis+ on ! ladd]1 
fir/ try to pull y\rself up  until y\r  
*9 is ev5 ) ! rung4 ,keep at ?is ex]cise
 until y  c repeat x ?ree or f\r times  
)\t tir+ y\rself2 !n try to  rea* ! rung
 above4 ,d n g up too f> at fir/1 = y   
may f9d  y\rself _m feet f ! floor )\t  
/r5g? en\gh to come back  z y w5t up4   
,t1 x is almo/ ne$less = me to rem9d y1 

means  a fall--& a h>d "o too x may be4 
,! same advice applies to !  rope4      
,almo/ z quick results may be obta9$ by 
practice ) !  dumb-bells1 ) :i* x is    
possible to ex]cise almo/ e muscle  9 ! 
body4 ,! dumb-bells %\ld be light4 ,too 
heavy dumb-bells are  apt to make a boy 
sl[ & sluggi% 9 8 movem5ts4 ,! prop]    
weight  = a beg9n] is half a p\nd1 & "u 
no circum/ances %\ld a boy  use = regul>
 ex]cise bells t weigh m ?an two p\nds4 
,indian  clubs are valuable1 *iefly 9   
/r5g!n+ ! muscles ( ! arms  & wri/s4    
,ex]cises on ! r+s are divid$ into two  
classes--/ation>y &  sw++4 ,9 ! =m] !   
r+s are n swung4 ,9 ! latt] !  tricks   
are p]=m$ :ile sw++4 ,!re are two ways (
 grasp+ !  r+s ) ! h&s4 ,9 s+le grip1 ! 
r+s are clasp$ z a boy  grips 8         
base-ball bat :5 he is ready to /rike4  
,x is us$ *iefly  9 sw++ tricks4 ,9 !   
d\ble-grip1 ! ?umbs are kept close to  !
 palms1 & ! h&s re/ on & ov] ! r+s4     
,! fir/ trick on ! r+s1 & ! "o t mu/ be 
ma/]$ be=e  any?+ else is attempt$1 is !

 brea/-up4 ,?is consi/s 9 tak+  a       
d\ble-grip1 & rais+ ! body s t ! *9 is  
ev5 ) !  h&s4 ,! h&s & wri/s %\ld be ov]
 ! r+s1 & ! elb[s  /raight out f !      
%\ld]4 ,n[1 by lean+ =w>d y necess>ily  
br+ y\r h&s "u y\r armpits1 & y f9d     
y\rself 9 su* a  position t y c pu% d[n 
on ! r+s & raise y\r body erect  by     
simply /raight5+ y\r arms4 ,y mu/ n     
expect to be able  to d ?is ! fir/ "t4  
,x w take _m ef=ts be=e y c  accompli%  
x4 ,! be/ way to le>n x is to hold y\r  
weight ) "o  h&1 aft] y h rais$ y\r *9  
ev5 ) ! r+s1 :ile y  practise pull+ !   
o!r 9 & "u y\r armpit4 ,:5 a boy c d    
?is trick easily he w f9d t he has /r5g?
 & skill en\gh to  le>n ! o!r feats1 (  
:i* ?is is ! f\ndation4    ,9 horizontal
 b> ex]cises ! brea/-up is execut$ 9 !  
same  way1 b x is seldom us$ 9 gett+ up 
on ! b>4 ,a mu* pretti]  way is ! trick 
call$ ! circle4 ,?is is done by clasp+ !
 b>  ) ! d\ble-grip--:i*1 by-!-way1 is !
 only "o us$ on !  b>--& rais+ y\r body 
z high z y c4 ,if y c raise y\r  *9     

above ! b>1 all ! bett]4 ,n[ raise y\r  
legs 9 front (  y z high z possible1 &  
lift !m ov] ! b>1 lett+ y\r head  drop  
back4 ,?is w br+ y\r legs & body d[n on 
! o!r side4  ,if a boy c d ?is ) a      
=tnight's h>d practice1 he is do+       
rem>kably well4 ,9 le>n+ ?is trick l[] !
 b> to ! height  ( ! %\ld] & />t !      
circle ) a jump1 :i* mat]ially  assi/s  
y\r progress dur+ ! revolution4    ,all 
boys :o practise on ! horizontal b>     
probably h 9 m9d !  giant sw+1 ! h>de/ &
 mo/ d>+ feat on ! b>2 b t is  a long   
way 9 ! future1 & _m o!r tricks mu/ be  
ma/]$ be=e  x %\ld ev5 be attempt$4     
,p]haps ! be/ ( ^! int]m$iate  ex]cises 
is ! hook sw+4 ,?is is a v neat trick4  
,y sit on  ! b>1 app>5tly fall backw>d1 
cat*+ ! b> 9 ! knee jo9ts1  & sw+ ar\nd1
 until y come up 9 y\r orig9al position 
)\t  t\*+ y\r h&s to ! b>4 ,x is n s h>d
 z x looks if y  g ab\t x 9 ! "r way1 & 
?is is ! prop] way3    ,fir/ practise by
 hang+ head d[nw>d f ! b> by ! knees4   
,any boy c d ?is2 b to le>n ! re/ ( !   

trick y ne$ two  assi/ants1 :o take hold
 ( y\r h&s & sw+ y g5tly at fir/1       
gradually increas+ ! sw+ z y ga9        
confid5ce4 ,:5 y c  sw+ easily & safely 
)\t los+ y\r grip & fall+ to !  mattress
 z y sw+ backw>d1 /raight5 y\r knees1 & 
y w  leave ! b> & alight ^u y\r feet4   
,y\r assi/ants w save y  f fall+ on y\r 
head %\ld y happ5 to let g ) y\r knees  
too soon1 :i* y w\ld c]ta9ly d m times  
?an once %\ld y  attempt ! trick alone4 
,practise ?is until y c d x )\t help4   
,! next /ep is to sit on ! b>1 :i* %\ld 
be l[]$ to )9  f\r feet ( ! gr\nd1 &    
fall backw>d4 ,:5 y come to ! end (  !  
sw+1 let g ) y\r knees & alight on y\r  
feet4 ,at fir/ y  w ne$ help 9 ?is1 z 9 
! e>ly "p ( ! practice4    ,:5 ?is is   
le>n$ y c g half-way ar\nd4 ,! object n[
 is to  come back to ! position y       
orig9ally _h on ! top ( ! b>4 ,!  mi/ake
 t n9e boys out ( t5 make at ?is po9t is
 9 ?9k+  t all t is ne$$ to complete !  
revolution is to give ! body  a h>d]    
sw+4 ,:5 y dropp$ f ! b> 9 ! way ,i h j 

describ$ x 0 because y /raight5$ y\r    
knees4 ,if y b5t y\r  knees m at ?is    
po9t 9 ! sw+1 & at ! same "t ?rew y\r   
head back1 y w\ld h f\nd y\rself on ! b>
 in/ead ( on !  mattress4 ,to prev5t    
accid5t at fir/1 y %\ld h an assi/ant   
/& 9 front ( y1 s t 9 case y %\ld pit*  
=w>d !  mom5t y rea* ! top ( ! b>1 y w  
fall into 8 arms4 ,9  case y %\ld sw+ s 
h>d t y _c /op :5 y\r body  becomes     
erect1 y w simply make ano!r            
half-revolution backw>d1  :5 y c        
/raight5 y\r legs & come d[n on y\r feet
 9 ! way  describ$ already4    ,! mo/   
important ex]cises on ! p>allel b>s are 
call$ ! dip  & ! gras%opp]4 ,to d a dip1
 /& betwe5 ! b>s1 plac+  y\r h&s ^u !m1 
& raise y\r body to arm's l5g?4 ,!n l[] 
! body & raise x aga9 by b5d+ &         
/raight5+ ! arms4  ,to d a gras%opp]1   
beg9 9 ! same mann]1 b z ! arms are     
almo/ /raight make a little =w>d jump1  
lift+ y\r h&s f !  b>s1 & br++ !m d[n a 
few in*es 9 advance ( _! orig9al        
position4 ,9 ?is way y c travel f "o end

 ( ! b> to !  o!r1 z ?is trick c be done
 equally well =w>d & backw>d4 ,!  jump  
may be comb9$ ) a sw+ 9 an ex]cise call$
 ! pump4  ,^! tricks are easily le>n$2  
!y are v safe & make muscle  fa/4 ,!    
*ief dang] 9 _! use lies 9 _!           
ov]-indulg5ce4 ,9  ?is1 z 9 all o!r     
gymna/ic ex]cises1 en\gh is z good z a  
fea/4    ,! fly+ trapeze is ! mo/       
difficult ( all ! app>atus1 &  feats on 
! d\ble trapeze are dang]\s ev5 to !    
tra9$ gymna/4  ,aft] y h ma/]$ !        
ex]cises already describ$1 x w be  "t   
en\gh = y to ?9k ab\t ! trapeze4    ,d n
 practise j be=e y\r meal h\r1 nor      
directly aft] x4 ,!  be/ "t is f an h\r 
& a half to two h\rs aft] eat+4 ,d n    
practise = ov] an h\r a day at fir/2 t  
is suffici5t = any  boy provid$ he does 
n wa/e 8 "t4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t      
gymna/ic feats are n necess>y = heal?4  
,x is q possible to  ex]cise all !      
muscles )\t an indulg5ce 9 dang]\s      
displays2  b _m boys h ! c\rage1 !      
desire1 & ! skill to pass f  ex]cises to

 gymna/ics4    ,we may supplem5t our    
rem>ks by add+ "s obs]vations ^u h[ he  
became a gymna/ by a writ] :o *ooses to 
be kn[n z ,an ,ex-,little  ,fell[4 ,he  
says3 ,i h no d\bt at lea/ "o ( ! read]s
 ( ?is  book is a little fell[4 ,he has 
j z mu* pluck z 8 bigg]  bro!r1 8 eye is
 z true & 8 m9d z quick1 b he does n    
weigh en\gh to be a success at a?letics4
 ,8 arms are too weak to  knock out     
home-runs2 8 legs are n /rong en\gh to  
c>ry a football  ?r\gh a ru% l9e2 & z = 
8 back1 ! muscles are n h>d  en\gh1 & ! 
o!r fell[ always turns him ov] :5 !y are
  wre/l+ on ! grass4    ,?is little     
fell[ d\btless ?9ks he is made t way1 & 
_c  help himself4 ,no matt] h[ mu* he   
dislikes x1 he feels t he w  h to g     
?r\gh life wat*+ bigg] & /rong] fell[s  
play+  all ! games & hav+ mo/ ( ! fun4  
,n[ ?is is all a mi/ake1  t is1 if !    
little fell[ has z mu* pluck &          
p]sev]ance z  little fell[s g5]ally h4  
,! writ] ( ?is sket* 0 a little fell[   
himself n _m ye>s  ago4 ,he rememb]s h[ 

he us$ to look ) complete & absolute    
disgu/ on 8 bony little arms & ?9       
pipe-/em legs4 ,he us$ to  look at ! big
 muscles ( "o or two companions )       
hopeless envy4 ,9  fact1 x got s bad t  
?is p>ticul> little fell[ det]m9$ to    
get /rong1 if x took ye>s to d x4    ,! 
fir/ ?+ 0 to get a b>4 ,i select$ a nice
 spot 9 ! g>d51  plant$ deep 9 ! gr\nd  
two heavy timb] uprights1 & fa/5$       
firmly across ! top1 ) mortis$ ends1 a  
long heavy pit*=k  h&le1 :i* 0 pur*as$  
at a village /ore1 at a co/1 ,i believe1
  ( t5p5ce4 ,:5 ! turn+-pole 0 f9i%$1 ! 
next ?+ 0 to  le>n to d some?+4 ,! fir/ 
?+ ,i le>n$ 0 to hang on !  pole4 ,?is  
may n seem l a v excit+ trick1 b ! fact 
is my  muscles 7 s weak t x took all my 
/r5g? to hang !re4    ,aft] hang+ a:ile 
,i le>n$ to sw+ a little back & =?1     
work+ up high] & high]1 & x 0 a pr\d day
 :5 ,i 0 able  to sw+ my body up ov] !  
b>1 & re/ my /oma* on ! top (  x4 ,!n ,i
 _h to le>n to *9 myself4 ,?is came m   
sl[ly2 b  daily practice at dumb-bells &

 con/ant tugg+ at ! b> gradually  h>d5$ 
! biceps & back1 until on "o happy day  
my arms b5t to  ! /ra91 my head w5t up1 
& my *9 project$ triumphantly ov]  ! b>4
    ,by ?is "t ! o!r boys became        
int]e/$4 ,!y began to put b>s  9 _! own 
y>ds1 & ! little fell[ _h to sup]9t5d ! 
op]ation & give in/ructions4 ,! uprights
 %\ld be ab\t ?ree by  ?ree1 & plant$ ) 
side braces4 ,! po/-holes %\ld be at    
lea/  ?ree feet deep1 & aft] ! po/s are 
set1 fill$ 9 ) /ones  & e>? firmly /amp$
 d[n4 ,! b> mu/ be j a c\ple ( in*es    
out ( "o's rea* /&+ "u x flat foot$4    
,half a doz5 private  b>s result$ 9 a   
gymnasium 9 an empty /able l(t1 equipp$ 
) a  b>1 a ladd]1 & two trapezes4 ,!    
little fell[ wat*$ 8 arms &  legs )     
great conc]n1 & c\ld n = ! life ( him   
see t  !y 7 gett+ any bigg]4            
,illu/ration3 ,,o!r ,,boys ,,became     
,,int]e/$4    ,x did n take _m mon?s = !
 breeze to bl[ ov] ) ! o!r  boys1 b !   
little fell[ kept on4 ,:5 ! wea!r got   
too cold  = ! out-door b>1 he read      

,blaikie's ,h[ to get ,/rong1 & w5t     
?r\gh ! prescrib$ dumb-bell ex]cises e  
night be=e go+  to b$4 ,!n two pairs (  
cleats 7 put 9 ! door-frame1 z ,mr      
,blaikie directs1 & a %ort b> cut to fit
 !m4 ,x did n improve  ! looks ( !      
b$room door1 b ! little fell[ 0 det]m9$ 
to h muscle at any co/1 & swung on !    
high b>1 & pu%$ on  ! l[ "o e night = ! 
:ole w9t]4 ,! next spr+ he 0  happy4 ,8 
*e/ 0 beg9n+ to /& out 9 front ( 8      
%\ld]s1  & 8 biceps 7 swell+ a little4  
,he & 8 *um pur*as$ a boat  t summ]1 &  
r[$ on ! riv] e day1 until !y 7 br[n z  
,indians1 & c\ld beat mo/ ( ! light     
craft on ! riv]4    ,! foll[+ ye> !     
little fell[ w5t to ! city1 & jo9$ a    
,y4,m4,c4,a4 gymnasium4 ,!re 0 pl5ty (  
good app>atus "h1 & he  wat*$ ! o!r     
fell[s & tri$ _! tricks4 ,a ye> or two 9
 ?is  gymnasium1 ) daily r[+ 9 ! summ]1 
began to tell4 ,! little  fell[ /ripp$  
at #abc p\nds n[2 8 arms 7 br[n & s9ewy2
 he  c\ld hold a good /eady /roke = t5  
or fifte5 miles 9 a work+  boat2 c\ld   

run sev]al miles at a dog-trot2 & _h    
le>n$ to h&le  8 body on ! b>4    ,!n he
 w5t to college1 & 9 ! gymnasium 8 arms1
 br[n to !  %\ld]s f r[+ 9 ! sun1 won   
him among 8 classmates !  sobriquet (   
,a?lete4 ,?is 0 v agreeable to ! little 
fell[4    ,f\r ye>s ( "w & practice 9 a 
college gymnasium c\ld h only  "o       
result4 ,at ! end ( t "t ! little fell[ 
0 no long] a  little fell[4 ,he weigh$ 9
 8 clo!s #aej p\nds1 & e muscle  9 8    
body 0 h>d & well tra9$4 ,! fri5ds :o   
came d[n to  college to see him get 8   
diploma 7 greatly surpris$ to see him   
on ! programme z ,capta9 ( ! ,gymna/ic  
,team1 & /ill m  a/oni%$ to see him no  
long] a little fell[1 b a /\t gymna/    
circl+ ! b>1 sw++ gaily on ! trapezes1 &
 build+ pyramids  ) 8 nimble confr]es4  
,t is n v long ago1 & n[ !  little fell[
 is surpris$ to f9d himself spok5 ( z   
ab\t ! be/  gymna/ 9 "o ( ! l>ge/       
amateur a?letic clubs 9 ! c\ntry4    ,s 
mu* = our ,ex-,little ,fell[2 & n[ we   
may rec\nt h[ ,mr4 ,e4  ,lawr5ce ,levy  

became ! amateur *ampion weight lift] ( 
! _w4  ,al?\gh :5 a boy at s*ool he 0   
pr(ici5t 9 ne>ly e bran*  ( a?letics1 & 
an adept at all games1 x 0 n until lat] 
ye>s  t he turn$ 8 att5tion to          
gymna/ics4 ,x came ab\t 9 ?is way4  ,:5 
tw5ty-five ye>s old1 ,mr4 ,levy1 hav+   
pass$ f s*ool-boy  to tutor1 />t$ a     
s*ool ( 8 own1 & ) a g5u9e love (       
a?letics & a k ( ! b5efit :i* boys may  
ga9 f !m  by foll[+ !m )9 reason1 he _h 
fitt$ up 9 8 s*ool-room a  trapeze on   
:i* he 0 wont to practise ) 8 pupils4   
,f9d+ t  x 0 sc>cely safe to d ?is )\t  
skill$ tuition1 he s5t =  ,pr(essor     
,hubb>d1 ! in/ructor ( ! ,birm+ham      
,a?letic ,club4 ,!  result 0 t ! trapeze
 0 remov$ f ! s*ool-room to !           
playgr\nd1 :]e o!r appliances su* z     
horizontal & p>allel b>s  7 also fix$4  
,"h ,mr4 ,levy aga9 jo9$ 8 pupils1 & !n1
 aft]  ?ree or f\r lessons1 he1 to !    
in/ructor's surprise1 accompli%$  sev]al
 feats :i* are1 z a rule1 only a*iev$ by
 practis$  gymna/s4 ,f9d+ t he 0        

out/ripp+ 8 boys1 he det]m9$ to  jo9 !  
,birm+ham ,a?letic ,club4 ,"h he 0 able 
to measure himself  aga9/ m5 ( 8 own age
 & /r5g?4    ,x 0 at ! club gymnasium t 
he "o night saw ! heavy dumb-bells      
belong+ to two pr(essional /rong m54 ,he
 tri$ to lift ! bells1  b fail$4 ,?is   
seems to h %ap$ 8 future c\rse4 ,in/ead 
(  be+ disc\rag$ by failure1 he det]m9$ 
to ov]come all ob/acles  & g 9 = heavy  
dumb-bell ex]cise4 ,he began )          
comp>atively  light bells1 & ) ^! he    
practis$ 9 ! solitude ( 8  s*ool-room = 
h\rs at a "t4 ,!n he b\ght two new bells
 weigh+  #bh lbs4 ea*1 us+ !m assidu\sly
 until he c\ld d almo/ any?+  )         
!m--hold+ !m out at arms' l5g?1 br++ !m 
d[n to !  sides ( 8 legs & up aga94     
,:5 he _h ?or\ghly ma/]$ ! tw5ty-eights1
 he tri$ two  fifty-sixes4 ,^! he reta9$
 = mon?s1 be+ det]m9$ n to  attempt !   
heavi] bells until he 0 q p]fect ) !    
light]  ones4 ,at l5g? ,mr4 ,levy 0 able
 to put up ! #aab lb4 dumb-bell4  ,?is 0
 m ?an any memb] ( ! ,birm+ham          

,gymnasium _h ev]  done1 & x !n became  
necess>y to add two #hd lb4 dumb-bells  
to !  collection4 ,) ^! ,mr4 ,levy began
 quietly practis+1 "o at a  "t4 ,!n he  
took to us+ !m toge!r1 & gradually      
ov]com+ !  difficulties ( ! h>d] "w1    
succe$$ "o ev5+ 9 putt+ !m  up          
simultane\sly4    ,f t po9t he nev] w5t 
back4 ,hav+ done z mu* ) !  dumb-bells z
 at ! "t seem$ possible1 he decid$ to   
add !  lift+ ( b>-bells to 8 ex]cises4  
,he b\ght ?ree1 weigh+ #adj  lbs41 #afe 
lbs4 & #ahj lbs4 ,he practis$ assidu\sly
 ) ^!1 b  all ! "t he 0 ye>n+ to d /ill 
bigg] feats ) dumb-bells4  ,at la/ 8    
opportunity came4 ,"o ,friday ev5+1 on  
visit+ !  ,gymnasium1 he f\nd a         
dumb-bell weigh+ #aej lbs4 ,x _h be5 s5t
  !re = exhibition by "s pr(essionals :o
 7 visit+ ! city4  ,he tri$ to put x up1
 & fail$2 b ! dogg$ p]sev]ance :i*  m>k$
 8 :ole c>e] came once aga9 to 8 aid4   
,f9d+ t !  huge play?+ 0 to be left at !
 gymnasium till ! foll[+  ,tuesday1 he  
began practis+ indefatigably1 & on !    

,tuesday ev5+1  9 ! pres5ce ( 8 club    
fell[s1 he a*iev$ 8 self-impos$ task4   
,! next week a dumb-bell ( ! same weight
 7#aej lbs47 0 add$  to 8 private       
collection1 & he us$ x regul>ly4 ,?is   
private  collection n[ consi/$ ( two #bh
 lbs41 two #ef lbs41 two #hd lbs41  two 
#ajj lbs41 "o #aab lbs41 & "o #aej lbs4 
9 dumb-bells1 ! ?ree  b>-bells already  
m5tion$1 & two iron b>s1 "o #gj lbs4 &  
"o  #abj lbs4--all ^!1 toge!r ) two r+  
weights ( #ef lbs4 ea*1  repres5t+ a    
total weight ( ne>ly sixte5 hundr$      
p\nds4    ,mr4 ,levy appe>$ con/antly 9 
public4 ,9 #ahia he won ! conte/1  held 
!n = ! fir/ "t1 = ! amateur weight-lift+
  *ampion%ip1 & aft]w>ds he succe$$1 at 
,nor?ampton1 9  e/abli%+ a new record by
 putt+ up above 8 head no few] ?an  t5  
times a b>-bell weigh+ 9 all #agj lbs4  
,( ! recognis$ records = weight-lift+ he
 held z _m z n9e2  b ,mr4 ,levy did n   
conf9e himself to "o bran* ( gymna/ics1 
nor  made gymna/ics 8 only a?letic      
ex]cise4 ,ea* ye> at ! gr&  display ( ! 

,birm+ham ,a?letic ,club he figur$ z a  
lead] 9  ex]cises on ! horizontal &     
p>allel b>s & on ! r+s4 ,he  0 also an  
en?usia/ic & exp]t cycli/1 & took an    
intellig5t  int]e/ 9 ne>ly e =m ( manly 
sport4 ,he 01 too1 a busy bra9  work]4  
,8 height 0 #e feet #c-a_/b in*es2 8 *e/
 measurem5t #da in*es2 he  weigh$ #aa /4
 #d lbs41 & _h biceps measur+ #af in*es 
& a =e>m  ( #ab-a_/d in*es4 ,at         
tw5ty-five ye>s ( age1 be=e he took to  
gymna/ics1 8 *e/ measurem5t 0 #cd in*es1
 & ! circumf]5ce  ( 8 biceps 0 twelve   
in*es4    ,illu/ration3 ,,a*iev$ ,,8    
,,self-,,impos$ ,,task4    ,to my read]s
 ,i comm5d ,mr4 ,levy z an example ( :at
 pluck &  p]sev]ance w d :5 us$ to a    
rational end4 ,= ! b5efit (  ^? :o may  
wi% to foll[ 9 8 foot/eps1 ,i w quote "s
 advice  f 8 own p53--    ,9 gymna/ics x
 is nev] too late to beg94 ,!re may be  
"s :o may  want1 l ,i did1 to emulate ! 
de$s ( ! /rong m5 :om e  age supplies2  
to !m ,i w\ld say1 give y\rself up to   
y\r fav\rite  ex]cise z y w\ld to music 

if y w\ld excel 9 x4 ,a?leticism is  z  
jeal\s an accompli%m5t z any art y w\ld 
acquire4 ,excel 9 x  & y w f9d y\r rew>d
 9 t r\gh physical vig\r :i* !  _w has n
 ceas$ to admire4 ,9 ord] to ga9 x y w g
 ?r\gh  a c\rse ( tra9+ :i* w lay !     
impress ( heal? on all y  d4 ,in/ead (  
defy+ nature y w le>n m readily to obey 
h]1  & y\r ob$i5ce w be gratefully1     
*e]fully accord$1 = y  w realise h[     
magnific5t x is to be /rong y\rself1 &  
by y\r  example & y\r de$s inspire o!rs 
to dignify _! physical p[]s4    ,x w\ld 
be difficult to say :i* ranks ! high] 9 
! e/imation  ( mod]n boys--bra9 or      
muscle4 ,c]ta9 x is t 9 ^! days boys  ( 
grit feel a contemptu\s pity = ! y\? :o 
is all head &  no muscle4 ,possibly mo/ 
read]s w admit t muscul> & m5tal        
developm5t %\ld g toge!r1 & t mod]n     
a?letics are !  necess>y adjunct ( s*ool
 life = ! build+ up ( a s\nd m9d  9 a   
s\nd body 7,m5s sana 9 corpore sano74   
,( ! anci5ts x may be said t _! fai? 0 9
 muscle4 ,ev5  old ,hom]1 philosoph] &  

poet1 goes s f> z to say1 ,!re is  no   
great] hon\r = a man dur+ 8 life ?an t  
he %\ld be  accompli%$ 9 ! use ( 8 h&s &
 feet4 ,x 0 ! man (  muscle :o 9 anci5t 
,greece receiv$ ! highe/ hon\rs &       
rew>ds2  x 0 = him t brea*es 7 made 9 ! 
city walls t he might  pass ?r\gh 9 8   
triumphal m>*4 ,x 0 he :o 0 reliev$ f  !
 paym5t ( taxes1 ^: /atue 0 erect$ at ! 
public co/1 &  ^: praise 0 sung by !    
poets4    ,9 anci5t days lead]s & rul]s 
7 select$ simply on acc\nt (  _!        
developm5t ( muscle4 ,h5ce we read (    
,caius ,maxim9us1 :o  f ! l[ly position 
( h]dsman1 0 rais$ to ! dignity ( a     
,roman ,emp]or on acc\nt ( 8 physical   
/r5g?4 ,?is ,maxim9us1 x  is said1 c\ld 
squeeze to p[d] ! h>de/ /one ) 8 f+]s1  
& hi/ory tells u t on "o occasion he    
knock$ d[n six m5  )\t draw+ brea?6 ,^? 
f+]s ( 8 mu/ surely h be5  mov$ by      
muscles ( iron1 & 8 biceps mu/ h appe>$ 
a  v]itable m\nta96 ,a consid]ation ( ! 
fact t ,maxim9us 0  upw>ds ( eight feet 
9 height r5d]s ^! feats less surpris+1  

b to mo/ beef-eat+ ,briti% boys x w     
p]haps be a /agg]]  to le>n t ! mighty  
de$s ( ,maxim9us 7 p]=m$ on a  vegetable
 diet4    ,illu/ration3 ,,milo ,,(      
,,crotona4    ,! hi/ory ( ano!r muscul> 
lead]1 ,milo ( ,crotona1 may possibly  h
 "s elem5ts ( tru? 9 x1 & we c q imag9e 
8  m>*+ ) 8 c\ntrym5 aga9/ an army (    
,syb>ites1 clo!d 9  a lion's sk9 &      
br&i%+ a trem5d\s club2 b x w take m    
?an ! prov]bial gra9 ( salt to enable u 
to swall[ ! /ory  ( 8 runn+ a mile ) a  
f\r-ye>-old ox on 8 %\ld]s1 kill+  !    
animal1 & eat+ ! c>case1 e in*1 9 "o    
day6    ,x is n ! way ( mod]n a?letes to
 %[ _! /r5g? by kill+  f\r-ye>-old ox51 
or knock+ m5 d[n l n9ep9s4 ,!y let u see
  _! developm5t ( muscle at ! wre/l+    
mat*1 at ! o> & !  wicket1 at swimm+ &  
cycl+1 at _! walk+1 runn+1 & leap+      
p]=mances1 & "o great advantage ( ?is is
 t ! ladies1 :o  7 exclud$ f ! anci5t   
gymnasia on pa9 ( dea?1 c 9  ^! days1 by
 _! pres5ce1 n only secure enjoym5t to  
!mselves1  b give pleasure & enc\ragem5t

 to _m an aspirant = a?letic  fame1 :o1 
if = no o!r reason1 w\ld endure ! h>de/ 
tra9+ to  w9 ! plaudits ( ! fair4    ,9 
! matt] ( tra9+ & develop+ ! muscles1 ! 
old ,italian  prov]b w1 z 9 s _m o!r    
cases1 apply1 ,*i va piano va  sano e   
lontano1 or1 z we %\ld say1 ,he t goes  
g5tly &  /eadily goes safely & f>4 ,!re 
mu/ be mod]ation 9 !  comm5cem5t1 or !re
 w be a breakd[n 9 ! end4 ,no y\? :o    
d\bts ! s\ndness ( 8 he>t & lungs %\ld g
 9 = muscul>  tra9+--= heavy "w ) !     
dumb-bells1 = in/ance--)\t  m$ical      
advice4 ,to weakly con/itutions tra9+   
may be injuri\s--ev5  fatal4 ,9 develop+
 ! volunt>y muscles1 z ( ! arm & leg1 ! 
gr[? ( :i* we c measure1 we mu/ be      
c>eful ( ! involunt>y  muscles--^?      
regulat+ ! he>t & lungs1 & :i* are      
naturally  & unconsci\sly br\ght into   
use4 ,( c\rse1 ^? muscles mo/  br\ght   
into play by special ex]cise w be mo/   
develop$--( !  legs & ?ighs1 = in/ance1 
9 walk+1 & ^? ( ! arms1  legs1 & lo9s 9 
r[+4 ,= ! g5]al developm5t ( muscle1  x 

is1 ( c\rse1 well to take on ^? sets (  
muscles n us$ 9  "o's ord9>y occupation4
 ,?us a y\? :o is sitt+ ! great] "p  ( 8
 "t at /udy or "w %\ld walk1 swim1 & r[2
 "o :o has a  walk+ occupation w\ld d   
well to take bo? to r[+ & swimm+2  :il/ 
a wat]man w\ld d be/ to g 9 = h>d walk+4
    ,e "o kn[s t diet has a great deal  
to d ) ! developm5t  or det]ioration (  
muscle1 & t meat1 vegetables1 & dr9k    
%\ld be v judici\sly comb9$4 ,we/on--^: 
great walk1 9 #ahhd1  ( #e1jjj miles 9  
#ajj days1 0 spok5 ( by ,dr4 ,&rew ,bly?
 z !  greate/ record$ lab\r1 if its     
cont9uity be consid]$1 t a human  be+   
has ev] tak5 )\t injury--diet$ himself z
 foll[s3--    ,,breakfa/ 7#f4cj         
a4m474--,porridge1 eggs or fi%1 bread & 
butt]1 toa/  or mutton1 & c(fee4        
,,lun* 7#aa a4m474--,bread & butt]1 &   
c(fee4    ,,d9n] 7#b p4m474--,mutton    
bro?1 meat1 potatoes1 cabbage1 bread    
pudd+1  & soda wat] or g+] ale4    ,,tea
 7#g p4m474--,a little toa/1 & tea or   
c(fee4    ,,supp] 7#aj4cj p4m474--,toa/1

 figs1 sponge cake1 pudd+1 & milk or    
soda wat]4    ,x w be ?us se5 t alcohol 
=m$ no "p ( ,we/on's diet1 &  t 8       
pr9cipal dr9ks 7 tea1 c(fee1 & milk4    
,?is says mu* = ! advantage ( ! practice
 ( total ab/95ce1  especially 9 view ( !
 fact ( ! cont9uity ( muscul>  ex]tion4 
,! numb] ( /eps tak5 9 ,we/on's great   
walk has be5  calculat$ at ab\t         
#aa1jjj1jjj1 & ! daily "w ( ! muscles   
equival5t to t ( rais+ #gic tons "o     
foot4    ,ano!r te/imony to ! advantage 
( ab/95ce f /imulants 9 !  developm5t ( 
muscle is giv5 by ,l\is ,cyr1 !         
,canadian a?lete1  :o secur$ ! title (1 
,/ronge/ ,man 9 ! ,_w at a ,p>is        
,exhibition4 ,he weigh$ #cae lbs41 &    
m5tion$1 among 8 feats1 t  he c\ld break
 ) 8 b>e fi/ a /one two in*es ?ick1 f\r 
in*es  wide1 & six in*es long4 ,he took 
8 wife 7:o weigh$ #aaj lbs47 &  balanc$ 
h] on ! top ( a #ab-;ft4 ladd]1 re/+ on 
8 *94 ,cyr  said t ! great secret ( 8   
/r5g? 0 8 total ab/95ce  f all alcoholic
 dr9ks1 & ?is be>s out ,dr4 ,b4 ,w4     

,ri*>dson's  /atem5t t ! idea ( alcohol 
giv+ =ce & activity to !  muscles is    
entirely false4          ,,*apt] ,,iii  
,,walk+1 ,,runn+1 ,,& ,,jump+           
,walk+4--,z a rule1 ! walk+ ( long      
di/ances 9 a %ort "t  is a sad mi/ake4  
,!re is little or no pleasure 9 x1 & !  
injury  x may d y q c\nt]-balances !    
satisfaction y may feel  9 hav+         
accompli%$ x4 ,i w\ldn't give a p9 to be
 able to d my  ?ree miles 9 #ba m94 #bh 
secs4 l ,web/]1 because ,i "k p]fectly  
well t my m9d w\ld ga9 no?+1 or my body 
ei!r f su* an  a*ievem5t4 ,e day ( !    
ye>1 unless specially h9d]$1 ,i walk    
betwe5 eight & t5 miles1 & ,i am always 
discont5t$ if any?+  /&s 9 ! way ( my   
walk4 ,f my own exp]i5ce1 ,i feel sure t
  boys1 :e!r tra9+ = football1 or s*ool 
exam9ations1 _c  d bett] = !mselves ?an 
walk :5ev] !y h ! *ance4 ,y  nev] "k :at
 call may sudd5ly be put ^u ! muscles ( 
y\r  legs4 ,a life may dep5d ^u y\r     
ability to spr9t sev5 or eight  miles 9 
! h\r4 ,& if y c walk z _m miles /raight

 (f &  enjoy e y>d ( x1 y may rely on   
be+ able to walk & run !  di/ance 9 !   
"t4    ,a few words may be said on /yle 
9 walk+4 ,x is simply wond]ful  h[ p    
diff] 9 ?is respect4 ,h>dly two p]sons  
walk alike4 ,!y  ei!r c>ry _! heads1 or 
bodies1 or arms diff]5tly1 or !re is  a 
di/9ct diff]5ce 9 ! way !y use _! legs  
or feet4 ,h[ev]1  !re is no?+ v sad ab\t
 ?is4 ,v>iety is *>m+1 ev5 9            
p$e/rianism1 ?\gh 9 pr(essional walk]s  
?is v>iety is apt  to %[ itself 9 a walk
 t is almo/ tw9 bro!r to a trot4 ,!     
foll[+ words ( ! once celebrat$ ,we/hall
 are valuable = boys  & m5 :o walk =    
heal? & pleasure1 z well z pr(essionals 
:o  walk = pots or purses3--,to be a    
good & fair walk] ! attitude  %\ld be   
upright1 or ne>ly s1 ) ! %\ld]s well    
back1 ?\gh  n /iffly s1 & ! arms1 :5 9  
motion1 held well up 9 a b5t  position1 
& at e /ride sw++ ) ! movem5t ( ! legs  
well across ! *e/1 :i* %\ld be well ?r[n
 out4 ,! lo9s  %\ld be slack1 to give   
pl5ty ( fre$om to ! hips1 & ! leg       

p]fectly /raight1 ?r[n out f ! hip      
bodily & directly  9 front ( ! body1 &  
all[$ to rea* ! gr\nd ) ! heel  be+     
decid$ly ! fir/ portion ( ! foot to meet
 x4 ,"s p  insi/ on ! toes be+ turn$ out
 9 a mo/ unmi/akable way :5  walk+4 ,x  
is n at all a pretty sight1 & mu* m     
sugge/ive  ( a duck waddl+ out ( a pond 
?an a well-tra9$ human be+4  ,besides1 x
 ?r[s an undesirable & h>mful am\nt (   
/ra9 ^u !  small] toes4 ,bett] to po9t !
 toes d[nw>ds & =w>ds1 nev]  outw>ds2   
spr+ %>ply t[>ds ! tiptoe1 /raight5+ !  
knee4  ,le>n also to hold ! gr\nd ) !   
great toe at ! beg9n+ &  at ! end ( ea* 
/ep4 ,we _c grasp ! gr\nd2 good foo?old 
is  only to be obta9$ by pressure ( !   
toes aga9/ x4 ,?is may1 at  fir/ read+1 
seem r /range c\nsel2 b if we h any     
physical  relation%ip ) monkeys1 !      
/rang5ess ( x is at once remov$4  ,m>k  
h[ ! monkey holds ) 8 feet4 ,p]haps a   
million ye>s ago we  also 7or r our     
prototypes7 held ! gr\nd ) our feet 9 l 
mann]4    ,"o ?+ is c]ta91 t bad walk]s 

7bad 9 /yle1 ,i mean7 are v  ugly to    
see1 :]eas !re is some?+ maje/ic ab\t ! 
c>riage (  a good walk]4    ,spr9t+4--,n
 _m a?letes c excel 9 all k9ds ( runn+1 
&  ! *ampion spr9t] is n g5]ally a w9n] 
( long-di/ance races4  ,moreov]1 x is   
necess>y = ea* runn] to decide :i* he w 
be1  = ! tra9+ = ea* is diff]5t4 ,tra9  
gradually4 ,at fir/  take %>p walks (   
?ree or f\r miles4 ,?is w make ! muscles
  beg9 to h>d54 ,!n run /eadily = a     
qu>t] ( a mile at a "t1  n tr\bl+ mu*   
ab\t ! spe$4 ,cultivate ! use ( ! toes &
  /ride /raight =w>d4 ,t[>ds ! end ( !  
run ! spe$ may be  increas$1 = ! muscles
 w !n be 9 work+ ord]4 ,ev5 n[1  h[ev]1 
! "y spr9t] %\ld n tire himself4 ,a week
 %\ld be  employ$ 9 ?is way be=e ! m    
sev]e tra9+ is und]tak54  ,nev] beg9 to 
run viol5tly at fir/1 & ?is rule %\ld be
 obs]v$  p>ticul>ly 9 cold wea!r1 =     
until ! muscles h w>m$ to  _! "w !y are 
liable to /ra91 or ev5 to suff] m sev]e 
injury4 ,practise />t+4 ,if y h a fri5d 
ask him to act z  />t]1 & />t ov] & ov] 

aga91 go+ to ! m>k & putt+  y\rself 9   
position "t aft] "t4 ,9 a %ort race l   
?is a good  />t (t5 makes all !         
diff]5ce1 = x means sometimes a ga9 (  a
 y>d4    ,middle ,di/ance ,races4--,spe$
 w9s %ort-di/ance races2 endurance  w9s 
long-di/ance races1 b a comb9ation ( ea*
 is ne$$ 9 !  m$ium di/ance conte/s4    
,long ,di/ances4--,! tra9+ =            
long-di/ance races ne$s pati5ce  &      
endurance1 = ! tax ^u ! runn] is great4 
,boys %\ld n  compete 9 long di/ances4  
,no "o "u eighte5 ye>s ( age %\ld  run a
 mile4 ,! me?od ( tra9+ is to run a     
qu>t]1 or half a mile1  accord+ to !    
/r5g? ( ! runn]1 & !n ea* day to        
increase  ! di/ance or to run ! same    
di/ance at a great] spe$4 ,gradually  by
 ?is process ! lungs1 ! he>t1 & !       
muscles are /r5g!n$  until feats hi!rto 
impossible become easy4 ,9 a            
long-di/ance race  judgm5t mu/ be       
ex]cis$ :e!r to g ! di/ance rapidly &   
tru/  to endurance or to run w>ily & w9 
by a spurt at ! end1 :5 x  may be t y\r 

oppon5t is exhau/$4    ,! ,long         
,jump4--,spe$ is an important elem5t 9  
?is feat1 m  important inde$ ?an ! spr+4
 ,exp]ts take a run ( f a hundr$  to two
 hundr$ feet z ?\gh !y 7 runn+ a spr9t  
race & are  go+ at _! highe/ spe$ :5 !y 
rise f ! gr\nd4 ,:5 !y  are com+ to !   
gr\nd aga9 !y ?ru/ _! legs =w>d z f>  z 
!y c1 & s ga9 a foot or ev5 m4 ,?is ne$s
 practice1  h[ev]1 = if ! leap] loses 8 
balance & falls backw>d 8  jump does n  
c\nt4 ,to />t f ! m>k also ne$s         
practice1 &  "o ( ! me?ods ( ma/]+ ?is  
feat is to run sl[ly to a po9t  ab\t n9e
 paces %ort ( ! />t+ place4 ,9 tra9+ ?is
 po9t  may be m>k$ by a piece ( pap]4   
,!n spr9t f ! pap] to !  />t+ place4    
,exp]ts are able to jump tw5ty-f\r feet1
 & a leap  ( tw5ty-two is excell5t1 b n 
_m c hope to rea* ^!  l5g?s4    ,! ,high
 ,jump4--,"h ! a?lete beg9s 8 run to !  
c5tre (  ! b> sl[ly1 !n he increases 8  
spe$ a little1 f9i%+ )  a quick run & a 
b\nd4 ,! spr+ is tak5 9 some?+ l a      
cr\*+ position ) ! head drawn 91 b 9 !  

air ! %\ld]s  are lift$ & ! arms & legs 
j]k$ upw>ds4 ,z ! jump] crosses  ! b> he
 %oots out 8 legs1 raises 8 %\ld]s /ill 
high]1  & twi/s 8 body until he faces   
d[nw>ds4 ,9 fact he is !n  ne>ly        
horizontal1 & an amateur *ampion ( ! _w 
has lik5$  8 position at ?is /age to t (
 an arr[ cross+ a b[4 ,:5  he comes to !
 gr\nd he faces ! b>4 ,"s jump]s rise f 
!  "r foot1 "s f ! left4 ,! "y a?lete   
%\ld f9d =  himself :i* me?od suits him 
be/4 ,x is usual to take ! leap z  f> 9 
front ( ! b> z ! b> is f ! gr\nd4 ,?us1 
if !  b> is f\r feet high ! leap w\ld   
beg9 f\r feet f a po9t on  ! gr\nd      
directly "u ! b>4 ,! run usually beg9s  
twelve good  paces f ! b>1 & consi/s (  
"o b\nd aft] ano!r1 conclud+  ) ?ree    
%ort en]getic ones4 ,!n comes ! spr+ f a
 cr\*+  position4 ,if ! />t is f ! "r   
foot1 ?is foot %\ld be  almo/ p>allel to
 ! b>1 & ! heel ( ?is foot %\ld be !    
la/ to leave ! gr\nd4 ,a run w\ld c>ry y
 f>1 b 9 ?is feat  x is ! vigor\s spr+  
:i* c>ries y high4 ,!re are ^? :o  c    

jump m ?an six-feet high 9 ?is way1 b !y
 are among !  *ampions4          ,,*apt]
 ,,iv    ,,hockey ,,& ,,indian ,,clubs  
,hockey4--,hockey is a game :i* has     
become v popul> 9 ,engl&  dur+ ! pa/ few
 ye>s4 ,x is g5]ally believ$ to be a    
s\!rn  =m ( ! ,highl& game ( %9ty1 !    
great game ( ! clansm5  9 ye>s gone pa/1
 & /ill play$ 9 _m ( ! nor!rn gl5s1     
notably on ! ,dumb>ton%ire side ( ,lo*  
,lomond4 ,! hockey ( !  ,nor? is n play$
 accord+ to any scale ( po9ts1 ! w9n+   
team be+ t :i* secures mo/ goals2 9 !   
,s\?1 :]e x is  frequ5tly play$ on ice z
 well z on t]ra firma1 c]ta9 m>ks (     
m]it are aw>d$1 aft] ! /yle ( ,rugby    
,union football4    ,! mod]n hockey /ick
 is to "s ext5t an artificial           
contrivance  aft] ! /yle ( ! driv] or   
play club ( golf4 ,inde$1 to golf  x    
be>s "s little semblance1 & /rang]s     
frequ5tly conf\nd  ! two pa/imes4 ,!    
,scotti% s*ool-boy1 :5 hockey comes on 9
  its turn ) o!r recreations ( !        
playgr\nd1 sets out = !  woodl&s ) a    

/rong1 %>p pocket-knife4 ,he exam9es    
c>efully all  ! h$ge-r[s to see if !re  
is any "y plant :i* has a natural  turn 
at ! end4 ,if he c f9d su* ) a ?ree feet
 %aft & a  f\r-in* crook at ! end he    
sets to "w !re & !n1 & 9 due  "t 8 %9ty 
or hockey /ick is prun$ & ready = !     
game4 ,!  full-gr[n ,highl& play] w     
possibly provide himself ) a v  heavy   
oak sapl+1 & ) ?is he w /rike p[]ful    
/rokes1 )  8 "r h&1 or bo? h&s if       
requir$1 :5 9 a close conte/$  maul or  
fray 9 front ( ! goal4 ,^!              
naturally-gr[n clubs h  m spr+ 9 !m ?an 
^? ( artificial make1 b unless !y are   
c>efully b\nd ) cord ! head is apt to   
give aft] a little h>d  play4           
,illu/ration    ,illu/ration            
,illu/ration    ,a good deal ( ! art ( !
 game consi/s 9 pass+ or nurs+1 z  9    
,association football4 ,a novice w\ld   
/rike ! knag or knob away  f him z soon 
z he _h obta9$ 8 opportunity4 ,n s !    
adept1  :o w\ld dribble x =w>d1 to use a
 football phrase1 a few y>ds  at a "t1  

"w x on to 8 p>tn]1 back up1 & keep     
foll[+ x1  !n1 ) "o sw++ bl[1 make a %ot
 = goal4 ,9 hockey on !  ice ! dribbl+  
game is se5 to mo/ advantage1 z !       
skilful skat]  c take ! knag a hundr$   
y>ds or m by adroit nurs+ or pass+2  7  
he to /rike x away ) ! fir/ bl[ ! *ances
 are t x  w\ld be imm$iately return$ )  
int]e/1 & a goal scor$ to !  opposite   
side4    ,illu/ration      ,illu/ration 
,9 ! ,highl&s x is a gr& sight to see   
two oppos+ bodies (  clansm5--met z (   
old !y met ) t>ge & claymore--to fight  
out a fri5dly game4 ,ev]y?+ is ca/ aside
 b %irt & kilt1  & b>e-head$ & b>e-legg$
 ! conte/ants seem to h walk$  out ( !  
picture ( "s anci5t ,highl& =ay4 ,/rik+ 
(f 9  mid-gr\nd ! welk9 soon r+s ) _!   
%\ts 9 ,gaelic1 _!  *e]s &              
expo/ulations4 ,bl[s t 7 meant = ! knag 
sometimes  fall heavy ^u an oppon5t's   
knees1 & soon legs are to be se5  /ream+
 ) blood4 ,9 ! heat ( ! play !y feel x  
n1 ?\gh  next day !y w possibly n h a "p
 ( _! "u limbs  )\t bruises betwe5      

ankles & knees4 ,) t]rific sw+ ,donald  
or ,duncan1 :o /&s six-feet two 9 8     
socks1 w drive x l  a cannon ball ?r\gh 
! air2 & arre/$ by ,malcolm's head 9 its
  flight ! latt] drops l a /one1 only to
 recov] 8 s5ses 9  a m9ute aga9 & g (f 9
 wild pursuit4 ,:5 ! sun s9ks1 !  game  
is proclaim$ ov]1 & bo? sides %ake h&s1 
dress1 & dep>t  homew>d1 well pleas$ )  
_! sport1 no matt] :e!r !y may  h won or
 lo/4    ,illu/ration    ,indian        
,clubs4--,club sw++1 if c>ri$ out 9 !   
correct /yle1  br+s almo/ e muscle into 
play1 develops ! *e/ & arms1  imp>ts an 
easy c>riage to ! figure1 &1 if p]sev]$ 
91 "u  prop] conditions to be h]eaft]   
m5tion$1 w ultimately enable  ! mo/     
r\nd-%\ld]$ individual to assume t      
lissom &  p]p5dicul> attitude :i* is !  
*>act]i/ic ( ! f9i%$  a?lete4    ,fir/  
let me impress ^u y ! importance (      
avoid+ heavy clubs  :5 y comm5ce !      
ex]cise1 or ev5 aft] becom+ mod]ately   
pr(ici5t4 ,difficult feats are n easy to
 accompli% ) v heavy  clubs1 besides !  

latt]1 in/ead ( /r5g!n+ ! muscles1 are  
m likely to produce ! opposite effect4  
,directly ! club is heavy  en\gh to sway
 y ab\t on y\r feet1 ! ex]cise is do+ y 
h>m1  & y\r attitude w appe> ungraceful4
 ,%\ld y be ambiti\s to  sw+ v heavy    
clubs1 be advis$ to proce$ cauti\sly1 & 
gradually  increase ! weight at long    
int]vals4 ,clubs recomm5d$ = ord9>y  use
 %\ld weigh betwe5 #a-a_/b & #b lbs4    
ea*1 z t weight af=ds  pl5ty ( muscul>  
ex]tion to /rong & comp>atively weak m5 
alike1  especially 9 difficult ex]cises4
 ,aft] becom+ fairly pr(ici5t  ) !      
light] weights1 heavi] clubs might be   
us$ ) advantage1  say ?ree or f\r p\nds 
ea*1 b a practis$ a?lete ( great        
muscul> p[] may safely sw+ clubs ( tw5ty
 p\nds or m4 ,a club1  say tw5ty-two    
in*es 9 l5g?1 made ( will[ :i* %\ld     
weigh  ab\t #a-a_/b lbs41 is ! mo/      
suitable = "y boys or ladies4 ,!  club  
%\ld be well tap]$ t[>ds ! top &        
arti/ically %ap$3  an ill-%ap$ club is a
 v awkw>d & unsatisfactory in/rum5t4  ,9

 ne>ly all ex]cises ! feet %\ld be "s   
di/ance ap>t 9  proportion to y\r       
height3 = a man ( five feet n9e in*es1  
ab\t  ! prop] di/ance betwe5 heels w\ld 
be sev5te5 in*es4 ,= _m  ex]cises !     
%\ld]s %\ld be kept squ>e to ! front1   
:ile 9  o!rs x is necess>y to turn m or 
less to ! "r or left4 ,if  ! %\ld]s are 
turn$ ?r\gh half a "r angle1 reckon+ f  
! position ) ! %\ld]s squ>e1 ! %\ld]s   
are said to be  half-"r or half-left2 if
 ! %\ld]s are turn$ ?r\gh a complete  "r
 angle1 ! %\ld]s are consid]$ full "r or
 full left z  ! case may be4 ,/yle is a 
mo/ important item to be consid]$1  n   
only = ! sake ( appe>ance1 b also 9 ord]
 t !  utmo/ physical b5efit may be d]iv$
 f ! ex]cise4 ,an em95t  au?ority1 9    
speak+ ( /yle1 rem>ks3 ,if y sw+ clubs  
)\t  reg>d to /yle1 y w naturally       
contrive to ca/ almo/ all !  lab\r ^u   
y\r /ronge/ muscles1 s t ! ex]cise1     
in/ead (  se>*+ out & /r5g!n+ y\r weak  
po9ts1 w m]ely t5d to  increase !       
muscles :i* are already                 

disproportionately develop$2  :]eas1 if 
y att5d c>efully to /yle1 y w be        
compell$ to  br+ a great v>iety into    
play1 s t y\r weake/ muscles w be  at   
fir/ mo/ sev]ely tax$1 & w gradually    
become develop$ 9  proportion to ^? :i* 
are naturally /rong4    ,x is necess>y t
 ! knees be kept /raight & ! muscles ( !
  legs well brac$1 z !re is a t5d5cy at 
fir/1 especially )  heavy clubs1 to let 
! knees b5d 9 ! c\rse ( c]ta9 movem5ts2 
! head %\ld be c>ri$ erect1 & %\ld turn 
) ! %\ld]s1  s t y always look 9 a      
direction at "r angles to ! l9e (  !    
%\ld]s4 ,! be/ way to keep ! head /eady 
& 9 its prop]  position is to fix ! eyes
 on "s po9t a trifle above _! own       
level1 9 a direction at "r angles to !  
l9e ( ! %\ld]s =  ! "t be+4 ,%\ld y all[
 y\r eyes to w&]1 y w f9d  x impossible 
to keep ! head /eady4 ,9 summ+ up ! *ief
 po9ts  relat+ to /yle1 ! foll[+ %\ld be
 kept 9 view1 viz43--    7#a7 ,all      
unnecess>y movem5t ( ! body %\ld be     
avoid$1 ! head  %\ld be c>ri$ erect1 & !

 feet firmly plac$ at a di/ance ap>t  9 
proportion to y\r height4    7#b7 ,9    
sw+s1 keep ! arm z ne>ly /raight z      
possible2 9 twi/s1  ! h& %\ld be kept   
almo/ 9 ! same place ?r\gh\t !  movem5t4
    7#c7 ,! movem5t ( ! club %\ld be    
kept ev51 & avoid all abrupt  or sudd5  
*anges ( pace4    7#d7 ,! clubs %\ld be 
kept 9 accurate turn ) ea* o!r4    ,9   
ord] to correct y\r own /yle1 a good    
plan is to practise be=e a  look+-glass4
    ,! prop] position = hold+ ! club    
be=e beg9n+ an ex]cise  is call$ ! c>ry4
 ,/& erect & grasp ! club ) ! "r  h&1   
lift ! club & hold x up v]tically1 ) !  
h& j 9 a  l9e1 & n rais$ high] ?an !    
%\ld]4    ,club ex]cises are divid$ into
 f\r s]ies4 ,! fir/1 call$ ,outw>d1  are
 ^? 9 :i* ! "r club moves 9 ! same      
direction z !  h&s ( a clock fac+ y1    
:il/ ! left club moves aga9/ !  h&s ( ! 
clock4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4      
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4    ,inw>d      
ex]cises are ^? 9 :i* ^! conditions are 
entirely  rev]s$1 & p>allel ex]cises are

 ^? 9 :i* bo? clubs sw+  ) or aga9/ !   
clock4 ,w9dmill ex]cises are expla9$ at 
,fig4  #b1 ! subject is made cle> 9     
,fig4 #a1 :]e1 = ! sake (  simplicity1  
bo? h&s are hold+ ! same club2 ! "r h&1 
:i*  is travell+ 9 ! same direction z a 
clock fac+ ! a?lete1  is mak+ an outw>d 
circle1 z ! left h& is work+ aga9/ !    
clock1 ! left h& is mak+ an inw>d       
circle1 & z bo? h&s are  sw++ ) ! clock1
 a p>allel ex]cise w\ld be 9 progress1  
if  !re 7 two clubs in/ead ( "o z %[n 9 
! illu/ration4    ,! outw>d front sw+   
foll[s ! c>ry z a natural consequ5ce4   
,/raight5 ! arm completely till ! h& is 
above & ab\t ?ree  in*es 9 front ( !    
%\ld]2 ! po9t ( ! club %\ld !n  be all[$
 to move slightly =w>d1 ) ! wri/ turn$  
91 !n  let ! h& & club move to ! "r1 !  
arm be+ kept /raight1  & ! club be+ kept
 9 a /raight l9e ) ! arm ?r\gh\t  !     
movem5t4 ,a circle c !n be describ$ & a 
return made to !  initial position4     
,to make ?is description m easily       
und]/ood1 ,i h a capital  illu/ration 9 

front ( me1 & ,i _c d bett] ?an quote x4
    ,if y 7 to /& ) a wall ab\t t5 in*es
 9 front ( y1  ! po9t ( ! club1 w\ld1 9 
! prep>atory position1 j t\*  ! wall at 
! highe/ po9t y c\ld rea* ) ! club2 & z 
y did ! sw+1 ! po9t ( ! club w\ld always
 t\* ! wall1  &1 if x 7 *alk$1 w\ld draw
 a circle on ! wall1 ( :i* !  radius    
w\ld be z ne>ly z possible equal to !   
l5g? ( y\r arm  & ! club toge!r4    ,?is
 is "o ( ^? simple-look+ movem5ts :i*   
are by no means  easy ( accompli%m5t4 ,!
 arm %\ld be kept /raight ) ! arm  & !  
club 9 a l9e1 & avoid /oop+ z ! club    
passes 9 front  ( ! legs4 ,beg9n]s %\ld 
practise front sw+s1 & foll[ !m up      
until !y are done ) be=e attempt+ any?+ 
else4    ,,circles1 ,,sw+s1 ,,&         
,,twi/s4--,x %\ld be not$ t circles are 
divid$ into sw+s & twi/s4 ,! club & =e>m
 act+ 9  a /raight l9e dur+ ! movem5t   
w\ld come "u ! head+ (  sw+s1 :il/      
circles swung f ! wri/ ) ! h& z a c5tre 
po9t are reckon$ z twi/s4 ,"s ( ! v     
advanc$ movem5ts1  h[ev]1 unite !       

*>act]i/ics ( bo? sw+s & twi/s1 & x is  
difficult to say "u :i* head+ !y %\ld be
 class$4    ,fig4 #b illu/rates ! outw>d
 front sw+ ) bo? clubs4 ,!  ex]cise %[n 
is a cross w9dmill1 ! p]=m] ) bo? clubs 
/raight above ! %\ld] sw+s ! left club  
outw>ds2 s soon z  ! left club po9ts    
d[nw>ds he w sw+ ! "r club outw>ds1  & x
 w arrive at ! l[e/ po9t j z ! left club
 has  complet$ its circle4    ,,!       
,,outw>d ,,back ,,twi/4--,f ! c>ry1     
raise ! h& a little  above ! %\ld]1     
pass+ x slightly to ! re>1 s t !  =ef+] 
is level ) & )9 two in*es ( ! lobe ( !  
e>1  ! elb[ be+ rais$ to ! "r till x is 
ne>ly z high z !  %\ld]1 all[+ ! club to
 slope a little backw>ds f ! h&4  ,f ?is
 prep>atory position1 let ! po9t ( !    
club move to !  "r1 &1 keep+ ! h& close 
to ! e> ?r\gh\t ! movem5t1  a circle c  
be describ$ by ! po9t ( ! club4    ,9   
?is twi/ get ! po9t ( ! club suffici5tly
 to ! "r  & to ! re> z ! club desc5ds1 9
 ord] to avoid lett+ !  po9t ( ! club   
pass too f> to ! re> z x asc5ds4 ,c>e   

%\ld  be tak5 to keep ! h& 9 ! same     
place ?r\gh\t ! twi/1  & don't duck !   
head =w>d dur+ ! asc5t ( ! club4 ,?is   
t5d5cy is produc$ by ! fe> ( a bl[ on ! 
head :ile ! club  is travell+ 9 its     
upw>d c\rse4    ,,w9dmill               
,,ex]cises4--,! ex]cises kn[n z w9dmill 
are v  int]e/+4 ,z 9 p>allel ex]cises1 !
 "o club does outw>d  circles & ! o!r   
inw>d circles1 keep+ exact pace ) ea*   
o!r1 ! "o be+ always half a circle ahead
 ( ! o!r2  !re=e1 :5 "o club po9ts      
/raight up1 ! o!r po9ts /raight  d[n1 s 
t :5 view$ f ! front1 ! clubs appe>     
always to  po9t 9 exactly opposite      
directions4 ,a w9dmill ex]cise is       
difficult  to le>n1 b :5 grasp$1 y %\ld 
at once tackle ! correspond+  =m on !   
o!r side4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4   
,fig4 #c %[s ! inw>d back twi/ be+ cross
 w9dmill$4    ,,! ,,outw>d ,,cross      
,,front ,,twi/4--,9 ?is twi/ ! h& %\ld  
be kept  close to ! left brea/ ?r\gh\t !
 movem5t1 & z ! club  desc5ds1 turn !   
wri/ out & b5d x ov]1 ! :ile turn+ !    

wri/ out z ! club asc5ds till x is      
horizontal on ! left1 aga9  turn+ x     
%>ply z ! club f9i%es its asc5t4 ,twi/s 
simil> to  ! cross front twi/ may be    
p]=m$ ) ! h& above or bel[ !  height ( !
 %\ld]1 also a cross front twi/ may be  
done ) !  h& at ! height ( & 9 front (  
ei!r ! "r or left hip4  ,avoid lett+ !  
clubs g too f> =w>d :ile !y are bel[ !  
horizontal1 & too f> back dur+ ! high]  
"p ( ! movem5t4  ,ea* front sw+ %\ld be 
done 9 good /yle1 & endeav\r n to  /oop 
z ! clubs pass ea* o!r :5 !y beg9 to    
asc5d4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4      
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d;,a4    ,fig4 #d 
%[s ! outw>d cross front twi/ ) ! "r h& 
at  arm's l5g?1 :il/ ! left club is     
simultane\sly mak+ an outw>d  back twi/ 
at arm's l5g?1 x mu/ be not$1 t al?\gh !
 "r  club is mov+ t[>ds ! p]=m]1 yet z x
 is mov+ 9 ! same  direction z ! h& ( a 
clock1 p>allel1 & 9 front ( ! twi/      
made1 x is call$ an outw>d twi/4        
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4    ,fig4 #e %[s
 an outw>d back twi/ at arm's l5g? ) !  

"r club1  ! left club is mak+ an outw>d 
front twi/1 ! only diff]5ce  be+1 t !   
circle is made ) ! left club entirely 9 
front (  ! left arm1 in/ead ( 9 ! re> ( 
x4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4    ,fig4 
#f %[s an inw>d sw+ ) ! "r club done    
simultane\sly  ) an inw>d sw+ ) ! left  
club4 ,?is ex]cise c be made into  a    
cross inside w9dmill 9 ! same way t     
,fig4 #b c be made into a  regul>       
outside ex]cise1 in/ead ( be+ a cross   
outside w9dmill4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4
 #g4    ,fig4 #g %[s an inside back twi/
 at arm's l5g? above ! head &  an inw>d 
cross front twi/ at arm's l5g? d[nw>ds1 
! connect+  inw>d front sw+s be+ also   
%[n4 ,?is is v difficult4    ,,p>allel  
,,ex]cises4--,^! consi/ ( an outw>d     
circle ) "o  club & an inw>d circle ) ! 
o!r1 9 :i* ! two circles  are begun     
toge!r1 & 9 :i* ! two clubs keep exact  
pace )  ea* o!r ?r\gh\t1 consequ5tly bo?
 clubs appe> to be always  p>allel to   
ea* o!r4 ,?is is call$ a p>allel        
comb9ation4 ,:5  ! v>i\s p>allel        

comb9ations h become famili> to ! le>n]1
  he may cont9ue su* comb9ations 9      
succession to ea* o!r &  pr(it !reby4   
,p>allel ex]cises are consid]$ ! greate/
 te/ (  pr(ici5cy ) clubs1 z ! slighte/ 
error w cause a div]g5ce  ( ! clubs & be
 at once detect$4    ,endeav\r to ma/] a
 p>allel comb9ation ?or\ghly1 & !n !    
comb9ation on ! o!r side w come easy    
en\gh4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4      
,fig4 #h %[s a p>allel ex]cise1 an inw>d
 front sw+ ) ,r4 be+  done simultane\sly
 ) an outw>d front sw+ ) ,l4            
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4    ,fig4 #i %[s
 an outw>d back twi/ ) ,r4 & an inw>d   
cross twi/  ) ,l4    ,illu/ration3      
,,fig4 #aj4    ,fig4 #aj %[s an inw>d   
back twi/ ) ,r4 & an outw>d back twi/  )
 ,l41 foll[$ by an inw>d front sw+ ) ,r4
 & an outw>d front  sw+ ) ,l4           
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4    ,fig4 #aa  
%[s an inw>d back twi/ ) ,r4 & an outw>d
 front sw+  ) ,l4    ,illu/ration3      
,,fig4 #aa;,a4    ,fig4 #aa;,a %[s an   
outw>d front sw+ ) ,r4 & an inw>d back  

twi/  ) ,l4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4
    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4           
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4    ,figs4 #ab1
 #ac1 #ad %[ "s ( ! movem5ts ( clubs z  
g5]ally  practis$ on ! ,cont95t1 b we   
consid] dumb-bells m suitable  = lung+  
movem5ts4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4  
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4    ,figs4 #ae1
 #af %[ "s wri/ ex]cises1 :i* are       
suffici5tly pla9 to  ne$ no explanation4
    ,fig4 #ad %[s ! outw>d cross front  
twi/ ) ! ,r4 h& ne> left  brea/1 :ile ! 
left club is mak+ an outw>d front sw+2 !
  correspond+ movem5t w\ld be an outw>d 
cross front ) ! ,l4  :il/ ! ,r4 made !  
outw>d front sw+4    ,,miscellane\s     
,,circles4--,circles :i* may be done ) !
 arm pass$  beh9d ! neck1 & ! h& br\ght 
=w>d ov] ! left %\ld]1  require         
extraord9>y l5g? ( arm & ela/icity4     
,circles are  sometimes done 9 :i* !    
c5tre ( gravity ( ! club is caus$ to    
rema9 /ation>y :ile ! h& moves 9 a      
circle1 :i* conveys !  impression t !   
club is revolv+ ab\t an axle ?r\gh its  

c5tre  ( gravity4 ,^! are difficult     
movem5ts1 & v attractive4    ,,?r[+ ,,! 
,,clubs4--,^! ex]cises require great    
dext]ity be=e  satisfactory results c be
 obta9$4 ,to let g ! club & cause x  to 
turn twice or m 9 ! air & cat* x aga91  
is a feat t  entails endless practice4  
,deal+ only ) ! "r club1 a few brief    
notes reg>d+ "s ( ! simpl] movem5ts mu/ 
suffice4 7#a7 ,p]=m  an outw>d front    
sw+1 & z ! club approa*es ! horizontal 9
  its asc5t let x g1 & aft] x has made  
"o revolution 9 ! air  cat* x aga92 ?is 
is ! outw>d ?r[4 7#b7 ,! inw>d ?r[ is an
  exact c\nt]p>t ( ! outw>d ?r[1 b done 
by an inw>d sw+4  7#c7 ,! d\ble outw>d  
?r[ & ! d\ble inw>d ?r[ are done  by    
all[+ ! club to turn twice be=e cat*+ x4
 ,!re are  endless v>ieties ( o!r ?r[s1 
all ( :i* all[ unlimit$ action1  z !    
%\ld] _c be kept /rictly 9 position1    
because ! clubs  h to be c>efully wat*$ 
:ile !y are 9 ! air4    ,)\t d\bt1      
,indian club ex]cise is an attractive   
pa/ime1 &  entails no /ra9 on ! sy/em1  

unless by ! fooli% practice (  us+ too  
heavy clubs4          ,,*apt] ,v        
,,swimm+1 ,,r[+1 ,,& ,,wat] ,,polo      
,swimm+4--,a glance at "s books (       
in/ruction conveys !  impression t      
swimm+ is difficult & complicat$2 b _m  
boys  le>n 9 ?ree or f\r days1 & we "k a
 timid boy :o _h mu* to  ov]come 9 fe> (
 ! wat] :o le>nt 9 f\rte5 )\t m aid  ?an
 he obta9$ f read+ directions 9 books4  
,x is easi] to  le>n 9 a tepid indoor   
ba?1 because ! novice is n worri$ by    
hav+ to keep himself w>m1 & he has !    
rail1 a sure bottom1 &  ! side ( ! ba?  
to help him4 ,a fri5dly companion :o w  
support  8 *e/ ) "o h& at fir/1         
especially if he c in/ruct him  too1 w  
%ort5 ! p]iod ( le>n+4 ,!re is no ne$ to
 g into  deep wat]1 nor to run any risks
 9 le>n+ to swim4    ,! action ( ! arms 
may be practis$ 9 or out ( ! wat]4 ,draw
  ! arms to ! *e/ ) ! elb[s t\*+ !      
sides4 ,close !  f+]s & ?umb ( ea* h&1 &
 make ! h&s slightly holl[4  ,! h&s w be
 "u ! *9 & ! holl[$ palms d[nw>ds4  ,pu%

 !m out 9 front ( y\r nose1 n vigor\sly1
 b quietly &  /eadily1 = s f> ! action  
is "o t ret>ds ! swimm] r  ?an advances 
him4 ,once at _! full ext5t1 h[ev]1 !   
h&s %\ld  be turn$ almo/ back to back1 &
 !n ea* %\ld be swept away f  ! o!r 9 a 
semi-circle1 some?+ l ! action ( ! o>s  
:5  a boat is be+ r[$4 ,:5 ! elb[s t\* !
 body ! /roke ends1  & ! h&s %\ld g back
 to _! position "u ! *9 ready =  ano!r  
/roke4    ,m important ?an ! arms 9     
swimm+ are ! legs1 b _!  movem5ts are v 
simple & easy to le>n4 ,grasp ! rail t  
runs  r\nd ! ba? ) "o h& & place ! o!r  
h& flat ^u !  side ( ! ba? ab\t a foot  
bel[4 ,draw ! legs up to ! body1  ) !   
heels t\*+ ea* o!r1 toes ( ea* foot     
turn$ outw>ds1  ! toes ( ! "r foot to ! 
"r1 ! toes ( ! left foot to  ! left4    
,keep ! knees wide ap>t & turn$ outw>ds4
 ,:5 ! legs  h be5 drawn up z f> z      
possible ! soles ( ! feet %\ld be  only 
j "u ! wat]4 ,n[ %oot bo? legs out      
vigor\sly1 n  only z f> z !y w g1 b z   
widely asund] z y c spread  !m4 ,!n br+ 

! heels sm>tly toge!r s t ! legs return 
9  a l9e ) ! body aga94 ,?is la/ movem5t
 is v important1 =  x is 9 displac+ !   
w$ge ( wat] betwe5 ! widely op5$ legs  t
 ! body receives its =w>d impulse4      
,writ]s ^u swimm+ h  lik5$ ?is action to
 ! flight ( ! slipp]y orange pip :5 x is
  squeez$ 9 ! f+]s ( ! s*ool-boy4    ,:5
 ! use ( arms & legs is practis$ toge!r 
! legs are drawn  up & ! h&s are plac$  
"u ! *9 at ! same "t1 & !  h&s & legs   
are s5t out f ! body toge!r4 ,! head    
%\ld be  ?r[n back well1 & x w help !   
le>n] to d ?is if he looks  at ! sky or 
at ! ceil+ ( ! ba? :5 he is le>n+4    ,x
 is easi] to swim ^u ! back ?an ^u !    
*e/4 ,! movem5t (  ! legs is ! same1 & !
 movem5t ( ! h&s n v diff]5t4  ,lie     
backw>ds ^u ! wat] & ) ! h&s toge!r     
/ret* !  arms beh9d ! head1 palms       
upw>ds1 ?umbs t\*+4 ,!n sweep !  h&s    
away f ea* o!r1 us+ !m l o>s1 & s br++  
!m  back ) a wide curve to ! hips4 ,^u !
 back x is possible to  swim )\t ! use (
 ! arms at all4    ,le>n+ to swim makes 

"o sadly out ( brea?1 b ) practice !    
art becomes easy1 & we swim ) almo/ z   
mu* ease z we walk4  ,hav+ le>n$ pla9   
swimm+ x is n difficult to add gradually
 !  num]\s o!r me?ods ( propell+ ! body 
?r\gh ! wat]4    ,r[+4--,to wat* &      
imitate a good r[] is ! be/ way to      
acquire  a good /yle1 b a few h9ts w    
help4 ,sit squ>ely ^u ! seat  & /ret*   
y\r legs /raight be=e y1 b ) y\r toes   
turn$  out slightly4 ,r[]s are n agre$  
ab\t ! knees4 ,"s keep !m  toge!r2 o!rs 
h !m ap>t1 & !y w tell y t ?is          
arrangem5t p]mits ! body to come fur!r  
=w>d ov] ! knees4  ,y\r feet %\ld be    
plac$ firmly aga9/ ! /ret*]1 & ?is mu/  
be let out or %ort5$1 to suit ! l5g? ( !
 r[]4 ,"o foot may  be plac$ 9 ! /rap   
:i* is (t5 atta*$ to ! /ret*]4 ,!       
outside h& is plac$ ^u ! h&le ( ! o>1 ) 
! ?umb z  well z ! f+]s above x1 :ile ! 
o!r h& grasps x firmly  l[] d[n1 keep+ !
 nut t[>ds y4 ,! arms are n[ quickly    
?ru/ =w>d till !y are q /raight at !    
elb[s1 aft] :i*  ! back foll[s ! arms by

 b5d+ =w>d at ! hips4 ,be c>eful1       
h[ev]1 to avoid r\nd %\ld]s4 ,:5 y\r h&s
 h rea*$ _!  full /ret* raise !m1 & !   
blade w drop quietly into !  wat]4 ,!n )
 ! wat] j cov]+ ! blade1 ! body is      
br\ght  back ) a /rong b n clumsy       
movem5t1 till x rea*es a little  beyond 
! p]p5dicul> ( ! back ( ! seat1 :5 ! h&s
 are  br\ght back to ! ribs1 ! elb[s    
glid+ ne> ! hips2 & at !  la/ mom5t1 z !
 h& t\*es ! ribs1 ! wri/ ( ! inside h&  
is l[]$1 ! knuckles be+ at ! same "t    
br\ght aga9/ !  *e/1 & ! o> is made to  
revolve 9 ! r[lock4 ,?is is call$       
fea!r+ ! o>1 a process by :i* x is      
br\ght neatly out (  ! wat]4 ,n[ pu% !  
o> rapidly =w>d aga91 fir/1 h[ev]1      
re/or+ x to its orig9al position 9 !    
r[lock4 ,?is is done by  rais+ ! wri/1 &
 !n d>t+ ! arms =w>d till ! elb[s  are q
 /raight4 ,n[ ! r[] is at 8 />t+ po9t4  
,to back  wat] ^! actions are rev]s$4 ,!
 o> is fir/ rev]s$ 9 !  r[lock1 & !n x  
is pu%$ ?r\gh ! wat] ) z mu* p[] z  is  
ne$$1 & pull$ ?r\gh ! air4 ,:5 ! o>s on 

"o side are  pull$1 & ^? on ! o!r are   
back$1 ! boat is made to turn  r\nd     
completely 9 a small space4 ,exp]t r[]s 
h arriv$ at !  foll[+ maxims3 ,/raight5 
! arms be=e b5d+ ! body =w>d2  drop ! o>
 neatly into ! wat]2 draw ! o> /raight  
?r\gh at  ! same dep?2 fea!r ! o>       
cleanly1 & )\t br++ ! o>  out be=e do+  
s2 use ! back & %\ld]s freely1 keep+ !  
arms z /raight z possible2 keep y\r eyes
 fix$ on ! r[] be=e  y4 ,by ?is means ! 
body is almo/ sure to sw+ backw>ds &    
=w>ds regul>ly 9 a /raight l9e4 ,if y   
look out ( ! boat y  w probably lose ?is
 rhy?mic motion4    ,scull+4--,?is      
process is diff]5t f t ( r[+ 9 t !      
scull] has a scull = ea* h&1 :]eas ! r[]
 uses bo? h&s  = "o o>4 ,! r[] sits ne> 
! side ( ! boat1 ! scull] 9  ! c5tre ( !
 seat4 ,! sculls are light] ?an o>s1 !  
action  quick]4 ,!re are f ?irty to =ty 
/rokes a m9ute 9 scull+1  b ! av]age is 
ab\t ?irty-two4 ,! boy :o goes out      
scull+  alone is (t5 8 own /e]]1 & s    
ne$s to keep a %>p look-out  ov] 8      

%\ld]4 ,hav+ tak5 a seat 9 ! c5tre1     
/ret* out  y\r legs to _! fulle/ ext5t &
 adju/ ! /ret*]4 ,grasp !  sculls1 "o 9 
ea* h&1 by ! h&les1 & b5d y\r body =w>d 
until y\r head is well ov] y\r knees4   
,?r[ y\r arms well =w>d1  & /raight1 s t
 ! sculls w be ?r[n well backw>ds4 ,!n  
dip ! sculls1 try to keep ! dip uni=m1 &
 pull h>d4    ,! /roke comes to an end  
:5 ! elb[s are br\ght to ! top (  !     
hips1 & ! h&s to ! *e/1 ) ! body well   
back z a  result ( ! /rong pull4 ,!     
sculls are fea!r$ z !y leave !  wat] by 
! depress+ ( ! elb[s & ! b5d+ upw>ds ( !
  wri/s1 z ! back ( ! h&s are turn$     
t[>ds ! =e>ms1 an  op]ation :i* (f]s !  
lea/ resi/ance to ! wat] :5 releas+  !  
sculls to obta9 ! position kn[n z !     
return1 t is1 !  position to beg9 aga94 
,to turn a boat 9 ! wat] ! scull] mu/   
back wat] ) "o scull & pull ) ! o!r4 ,to
 d ?is "o scull  is rev]s$1 its r\nd$   
face be+ t[>ds ! re> z ! scull]  pu%es x
 f him4 ,at ! same "t pull %>ply ) ! o!r
 scull  until ! boat's head has be5     

turn$ r\nd completely4 ,boats )\t       
rudd]s are manag$ 9 ! wat]1 ei!r by     
pull+ bo? sides alike1  9 :i* case !    
boat moves 9 a /raight l9e1 or by rev]s+
 !  action ( ! o>s1 equally on bo?      
sides1 pu%+ !m ?r\gh !  wat] in/ead (   
pull+ !m1 & call$ back+ wat]4 ,9 ?is    
case  ! boat rec$es4 ,by pull+ "o side  
only1 ! boat describes a "p  ( a circle1
 :i* is made small] by pull+ "o o>1 &   
back+ !  o!r4 ,by means ( a rudd] ! boat
 may be made to take almo/ any          
direction )\t ref]5ce to ! r[]s4    ,a  
few exp]im5ts ) a rudd] w soon          
demon/rate :at its p[]s  are4           
,illu/ration3 ,,wat] ,,polo4    ,wat]   
,polo4--,boys :o c swim w f9d ?is       
excell5t sport4 ,ea*  play] %\ld provide
 himself ) a s\nd cask4 ,place x ^u its 
side  & weight x ) lead or o!r mat]ial1 
mak+ ?is balla/ fa/ s  t x _c move ab\t4
 ,n[ make ! cask q wat]-tight4 ,^u  "o  
end fix a horse's head made ( wood1 ^u !
 o!r a tail4 ,^!  features may be made z
 extravagant & comic z ! own] pleases4  

,get a paddle l a canoe paddle1 & a/ride
 ( ?is horse take to !  wat]4 ,*oose    
sides z at football & h = goals /akes   
driv5  into ! b$ ( ! riv] or float+     
objects moor$ into position4  ,! ball   
%\ld be a light holl[ india-rubb] "o1 or
 a bladd] f  ! but*]4 ,"s play]s use !  
inn] "p ( a football4 ,! paddle  bo?    
/rikes ! ball & propels ! /e$4 ,?is game
 %\ld nev] be  play$ unless ! play]s are
 accompani$ by a capable p]son 9 a boat 
:o c g to ! assi/ance ( ^? :o may be 9  
difficulties4          ,,*apt] ,,vi     
,,pap]*as+1 ,,football1 ,,golf1 ,,&     
,,box+      ,pap]*as+4--,?is may be     
practis$ ) m or less success all  ! ye> 
r\nd1 b x is 9 ! w9t] "t t x c be/ be   
enjoy$4 ,x is !n t ! air is cool &      
invigorat+1 & t  ! fields1 be+ unoccupi$
 by crops1 may be run ov] )\t any  v    
great damage be+ done4 ,= boys x is a   
gr& game2 x af=ds  a welcome *ange f !  
scrimmages & knocks ( football & fives2 
& if ! di/ance run be n too f>1 nor !   
pace too fa/1 !re  are few :o _c take "p

 9 x ) pleasure4    ,an important po9t 9
 its fav\r is t ! exp5ses connect$ ) x  
are small4 ,! pap]*as] we>s j]sey1      
knick]bock]s & /ock+s  z at football1 ) 
! addition1 9 v cold wea!r1 ( wooll5    
mitt5s to keep ! wri/s w>m1 & !         
sub/itution ( light lea!r  or rubb] &   
canvas %oes1 = heavy boots4 ,= ea* ( !  
h>es  !re mu/ be provid$ a bag 9 :i* to 
c>ry ! sc5t4 ,^! bags  %\ld be ( /\t l95
 or canvas & %ap$ l a life-buoy1 s  t !y
 g r\nd ! runn]--"u ! left %\ld] & ov] !
  "r--) a hole 9 ! "u-side1 by means (  
:i* !y are fill$  & empti$4 ,"t 0 :5 !  
sc5t consi/$ ( pap] torn up v  small1 ! 
prep>ation ( :i* af=d$ almo/ z mu* fun z
 !  *ase itself2 b n[adays we h gr[n    
luxuri\s1 & fill ! bags  ) ! pap] %av+s 
:i* may be pur*as$ = a v small sum  f   
any bookb9d] or pr9t]4    ,mu* ( !      
success ( a pap]*ase dep5ds on ! *oos+ (
 !  h>es4 ,( ^! !re are g5]ally two or  
?ree--m (t5 !  =m]--& x is necess>y t "o
 ( !m %\ld h a good  k ( ! surr\nd+     
c\ntry4 ,! "t ( _! dep>ture  hav+ be5   

not$1 !y />t (f & lay a trail z !y g4   
,sometimes  "o w lay = a :ile1 & !n !   
o!r w take a turn2  occasionally "o w   
lead & lay 8 trail1 & ! o!r foll[+  "s  
little di/ance 9 ! re>1 w look out =    
gaps & fill !m  94 ,x is n necess>y to  
lay a cont9u\s trail1 b c>e %\ld be     
tak5 t x is q easy to see f "o pat* (   
sc5t to ! next4  ,:5 ! w9d is high1 x is
 always well 9 cross+ f "o field to     
ano!r1 to spr9kle "s sc5t on ! h$ge     
itself4    ,! lay+ ( an occasional false
 sc5t adds to ! tr\bles (  ! h\nds1 &   
gives ! h>es a *ance ( rega9+ "s ( !    
advantage :i* !y naturally lose 9 *oos+ 
_! c\rse4 ,a false  is usually manag$ by
 ! h>es sep>at+1 & ea* lay+ a trail  9  
diff]5t directions2 !n "o ceases lay+1 &
 makes 8 way  /raight across c\ntry to  
jo9 8 companion1 & !y g on aga9  toge!r 
z be=e4 ,9 lay+ a false trail1 mu*      
+5uity may be  %[n4 ,"o way is to make !
 wrong "o mu* ! m di/9ct (  ! two2 b ?is
 mu/ n always be done1 or naturally x w 
soon  cease to h any effect4 ,9 select+ 

a c\rse1 x is well to *oose  a circul>  
"o1 s t 9 case ( accid5ts1 ! di/ance f  
home  is n v f>2 & x is a v good plan1 &
 "o :i* is likely  to be ( advantage to 
all1 to />t out aga9/ ! w9d & to return 
) x4 ,! reason = ?is is t x is easi] to 
face ! w9d :5  />t+ out fre% ?an :5     
return+ home fatigu$ at ! end ( a  run4 
,! h\nds1 or pack1 mu/ be provid$ ) a   
capta9 & a  :ipp]-9--! =m] to set ! pace
 & g5]ally take comm&1  & ! latt] to    
look aft] ! /raggl]s & see t none are   
left  beh9d4 ,bo? %\ld be good runn]s1 &
 if possible %\ld h _h  "s exp]i5ce ( ! 
game4 ,aft] an int]val--! l5g? ( :i* is 
arrang$ ) ! h>es be=e !y />t1 & dep5ds  
*iefly on !  di/ance x is propos$ to    
travel--! pack set out on _! j\rney4  ,!
 pace %\ld be a /eady jog-trot1         
especially at ! beg9n+2  aft]w>ds1 if   
all goes well1 x may be increas$4 ,x is 
a rule t s  long z ! h>es are n 9 sight1
 all mu/ foll[ ! trail2 b if  once !y   
are se51 x becomes a case ( cat* :o c1 !
 sc5t is  ignor$1 & all g (f /raightway 

9 pursuit4 ,if ! h>es are n  se5 & !re  
appe>s to be no likelihood ( _! be+     
caught1 x is  usual = ! capta9 on gett+ 
)9 a mile or s ( home1 to give  ! ^w = a
 race & = ! h\nds to set (f !n to       
compete among  !mselves = ! hon\r ( be+ 
! fir/ to rea* ! goal4    ,c>ri$ out on 
^! l9es1 pap]*as+ provides pl5ty ( fun1 
&  is z heal?y a pa/ime z c be f\nd4 ,n[
 & aga9 !re w be  a duck+ caus$ by a    
failure to cle> a brook1 or a /umble at 
a  f5ce2 b if ! victims ( ^! mi%aps keep
 mov+1 & imm$iately  !y rea* home1 *ange
 _! clo!s1 little h>m w be done4 ,two   
w>n+s may be giv53 ,d n g too f>2 & :5  
feel+ tir$1 d  n /ra9 y\rself by try+ to
 race4 ,a six or sev5 miles sp9 is  q   
long en\gh = any "o2 & x is bett] to g  
all ?r\gh at  a jog-trot1 & ev5 to walk 
occasionally1 ?an to s[ ! se$s (  future
 ills by /riv+ to outdo fleet] rivals4  
,h9ts on ,football4--,football is "o ( !
 games :i* _c  be le>n$ f books4 ,its   
be/ lessons are ^? taught by h>d        
exp]i5ce1 & z mu* may be le>n$ 9 an     

aft]noon's play & 9  wat*+ a mat* betwe5
 two good teams1 z by a dilig5t /udy (  
all ! books on ! game t h ev] be5       
writt52 b at !  same "t !re are a numb] 
( unwritt5 rules :i*1 al?\gh !y  (t5    
take ye>s to le>n1 are ( s]vice to e    
play]2 & ,i h  !re=e deem$ x wise to    
collect !m & put !m d[n "h 9  black &   
:ite 9 ! hope t !y may be ( use to _m   
:o1 )  "s exp]i5ce ( ! game1 & eag] to  
improve _! play1 h no  opportunity =    
see+ big mat*es1 & no "o :om !y c ask = 
advice4 ,^! rules are f\rte5 9 numb]1 & 
%\ld be le>n$ by  he>t by e play]4 ,!y  
apply specially to ! ,rugby game1 b "s  
( !m are ( use also to ^? :o fav\r !    
,association pa/ime3--    #a4 ,nev] play
 imm$iately aft] a meal4 ,x is be/ to h 
d9n] two  h\rs be=e ! game beg9s4    #b4
 ,9 pass+ a ball to a comrade s5d x     
sm>tly & quickly /raight  into 8 h&s4   
#c4 ,nev] pass ! ball :5 y are ne> y\r  
own goal l9e1 & nev]  pass /raight back 
except :5 opposite y\r oppon5ts' goal1 &
 !  play] to :om y pass is well plac$ = 

dropp+ a goal4    #d4 ,nev] be too eag] 
to pick up ! ball & run ) x4 ,a neat    
dribble ) ! feet is (t5 mo/ effective1 &
 x is g5]ally v  difficult to /op4      
#e4 ,9 coll>+ an oppon5t always keep y\r
 eyes op51 & always g  h>d & l[4    #f4 
,nev] speculate or take fly+ kicks at ! 
ball4    #g4 ,:5 fairly held by an      
oppon5t1 d n wa/e y\r /r5g? by  useless 
/ruggl+1 b at once cry held1 & put d[n !
 ball4    #h4 ,:5 y h ! ball 9 y\r      
possession1 & f9d x impossible to  pass 
x to advantage or to proce$1 always punt
 into t\*4    #i4 ,9 h&+ (f an oppon5t1 
turn y\r ?umb inside y\r h& &  turn !   
palm outw>ds ) ! f+]s held toge!r4      
#aj4 ,:5 "o ( y\r own side is runn+ ) ! 
ball1 always foll[  up close beh9d1 b a 
little on "o side ( him4 ,:5 pass$ by an
  oppon5t :o has x1 try to get r\nd aga9
 to meet him be=e he  rea*es y\r goal   
l9e4    #aa4 ,9 y\r sp>e "t practise    
punt+1 drop-kick+1 &  place-kick+1 ) bo?
 feet4 ,an o!rwise good play] is (t5    
left  out ( a team 9 ord] to make room =

 "o :o is n q s good1  b is able to     
kick4    #ab4 ,/udy ! laws ( ! game     
:5ev] y h an opportunity4    #ac4       
,always keep y\r temp] & d n talk4 ,obey
 y\r capta9 at once1  & unhesitat+ly    
accept ! decision ( ! ref]ee4    #ad4   
,*ange y\r clo!s z soon z possible aft] 
play+1 & 9 go+  home be c>eful to wrap  
up well4    ,9 conclusion1 ,i w\ld po9t 
out t if prop]ly play$ ,rugby ,football 
is n dang]\s4 ,! great majority (       
accid5ts :i* occur are due  to ! neglect
 ( "o ( ! simple rules "h laid          
d[n--?r\gh  useless /ruggl+1 loose      
coll>+1 wild kick+1 or bl9d ru%+4  ,!   
rules = ! ,association & ! ,rugby game  
may be obta9$ =  "o p5ny ea*1 s we h    
refra9$ f reproduc+ !m "h4              
,illu/ration3 ,,driv+    ,golf4--,?is is
 ano!r ( ^? games well le>n$ on ! field1
 by  obs]vation ( ! be/ play]s1 & by    
h9ts f fri5ds4 ,we h1  h[ev]1 compil$ a 
s]ies ( injunctions bas$ ^u long        
exp]i5ce4    ,,driv+4--,l[] y\r left    
%\ld]4 ,/& /ill & d n see-saw )  y\r    

body4 ,plant y\r feet squ>ely4 ,grasp   
y\r club lightly yet firmly  9 ! holl[ (
 y\r f+]s4 ,sl[ly sw+ well back &       
complete y\r  /roke well ?r\gh1 pu%+ to 
! v end ) y\r "r h&4 ,x  is a           
disadvantage to try to get "u ! ball4   
,illu/ration    ,,! ,,brassy4--,9 us+   
?is club sw+ z f> back z y c1 sl[ly4    
,,! ,,ma%ie ,,& ,,iron4--,sw+ back v    
sl[ly & h ! =ef+] (  y\r "r h& well d[n 
! club1 :i* %\ld be held lightly4 ,g    
well ?r\gh ) ! /roke & rise slightly (f 
y\r left heel4    ,,putt+4--,grasp !    
club firmly1 sw+ back v sl[ly1 & g well 
?r\gh ) ! /roke4    ,illu/ration3 ,,out 
,,( ,,! ,,furze    ,illu/ration3 ,,out  
,,( ,a ,,bunk]    ,illu/ration3 ,,putt+ 
,,g5]al ,,advice4--,9 all k9ds ( /rokes 
sw+ back sl[ly ) y\r  left %\ld] d[n & !
 =ef+] ( y\r "r h& well d[n !  club4    
,ev] h y\r eye ^u ! ball1 & f9i% e /roke
 to !  v end4 ,9 all y\r /rokes let y\r 
arms g well out f y\r body4  ,y\r h&s   
%\ld be close toge!r on y\r club & ! "r 
h&  well r\nd to ! left b n "u ! club4  

,press ! gr\nd )  y\r feet & /& well    
back ^u y\r heels4    ,h9ts on          
,box+4--,x is true t box+ has become    
associat$  ) all mann] ( ruffianism1 b x
 is true also t x is "o (  ! mo/        
effective =ms ( physical ex]cise1 & t l[
 life &  brutality ne$ no m ent] into   
?is pa/ime ?an into cricket4 ,all  !    
muscles are ex]cis$1 & dext]ity1        
nimbl5ess1 prompt decision1  quickness (
 sight & _m o!r admirable qualities are 
promot$4    ,! "r arm is held across !  
body s z to protect ! pit (  ! /oma*4 ,!
 elb[ ( ! left arm is held to ! side4   
,?is  position enables ! box] to hit f !
 %\ld]1 an important  matt] 9 box+4 ,!  
"r leg be>s mo/ ( ! weight ( ! body1  an
 arrangem5t :i* p]mits rapid movem5t    
backw>ds & =w>ds  z occasion dem&s ) a  
m9imum ( exposure4 ,! left side %\ld  be
 t[>ds y\r antagoni/1 ! left h& has !   
pr9cipal "p (  hitt+ allott$ to x1 ! "r 
/ops1 p>ries1 & at close qu>t]s  hits   
too4    ,/udy all ^! ?+s c>efully be=e a
 mirror1 not+ :at p>ts are  expos$ & !  

mann] 9 :i* ! exposure may be rem$i$4   
,?r[ y\r head well back1 & wat* y\r     
oppon5t's eyes1 = !re  y get ! e>lie/   
indication ( 8 int5tions1 & !re=e y  are
 able to make y\r arrangem5ts =         
circumv5t+ 8 plans4 ,:5  y /rike let x  
be f ! %\ld] & ) all ! weight ( y\r     
body press+ ! "r foot ^u ! gr\nd & mak+ 
a k9d (  spr+4 ,d n draw back y\r h& to 
make a /roke1 because t gives  y\r      
adv]s>y w>n+4 ,come ^u him unaw>es & !n 
recov] y\r  position imm$iately4        
,g5]ally ! "t to /rike is :5 y\r left   
toe is level ) 8 heel1 b if 8 rea* is   
long] or %ort] ?an  y\rs ?is rule may   
ne$ modification4 ,rememb] t a curv$ bl[
 is  long] on its way ?an a /raight "o4 
,if y\r adv]s>y /rikes at y\r face or ! 
upp] "p ( ! *e/1  d n retreat f ! bl[1 b
 fl+ y\r "r arm %>ply outw>ds  & upw>ds1
 cat*+ y\r oppon5t's arm by ! wri/1 &   
?r[+ x  out ( ! direction 9 :i* x 0     
aim$4 ,?is g5]ally lays op5  y\r        
oppon5t's head1 & gives opportunity = a 
sm>t return bl[  ) ! left h&2 x is !n   

ne> 8 head1 & has only a %ort  di/ance  
to g4 ,?is return bl[ is call$ ! c\nt]1 
& is v  effective1 z x arrives :5 y\r   
oppon5t is expect+ to give r  ?an       
receive a bl[4 ,?is plan ( campaign may 
be practis$ be=e a  mirror4    ,/opp+   
comes 9 :]e ?is p>ry is impracticable4  
,if y\r  adv]s>y /rikes at y\r body y   
mu/ ei!r get away1 /op1 or  suff] ! bl[ 
9 hopes ( be+ able to hit him 9 return4 
,9  /opp+ y receive ! bl[ on y\r arm1 & 
break its =ce4          ,,*apt] ,,vii   
,,on ,,! ,,ice      ,figure ,skat+4--,z 
soon z ! skat] has ga9$ confid5ce & c   
skate 9 ! ord9>y way1 he %\ld beg9 to   
ma/] ! art ( skat+  ^u ! outside edge4  
,put ^u ! ice a small /one1 piece (     
wood1  or any o!r object to s]ve = a    
c5tre4 ,f ?is /& ?ree y>ds  ) y\r "r    
side t[>ds x4 ,lean+ a little 9 !       
direction (  ?is c5tre & press+ y\r     
weight ^u ! out] edge ( ! blade  ( !    
skate1 pu% y\rself r\nd & r\nd ! c5tre )
 y\r left  foot4 ,!n practise go+ r\nd  
on ! outside edge ( y\r left skate  9 a 

simil> way4 ,difficult z ^! movem5ts w  
be at fir/1 !y  become easy l o!r h>d   
tasks by practice1 & !y op5 ! way to    
graceful figure skat+4    ,:5 ! two     
circles h be5 ma/]$ x is q easy to cut a
  figure #c ^u ! ice4 ,beg9 on ! outside
 edge ( ! "r skate  z ?\gh y meant to g 
9 a circle1 b all[ y\r left foot to     
hang beh9d y\r "r foot4 ,!re x w act z a
 k9d ( weight1  y\r body w t5d to sw+   
r\nd & y w cut ! second "p (  ! #c      
travell+ backw>ds1 & ^u ! inn] edge ( ! 
skate4  ,! impetus ga9$ 9 cutt+ ! fir/  
"p ( ! figure w c>ry  y to ! end4 ,go+ 9
 ! o!r direction cut ano!r #c )  y\r    
left foot1 & :5 y c d ^! y are on ! high
 road to  complete success z a skat]4   
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4                
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4                
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4                
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4                
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4    ,sail+ on   
,skates4--,boys :o are s =tunate z to   
live :]e !re  is a l>ge %eet ( ice w f9d
 mu* fun 9 sail+4 ,if y h !  money !    

drap] w supply y ) calico1 or %eet+1 or 
o!r  simil> mat]ial1 two y>ds wide1 & a 
j\rney to ! jo9] w be  necess>y1 z we   
%all see4 ,a ,b 9 ,figure #a is ! y>d   
made ( wood1  "o & a half in*es ?ick 9 !
 middle1 tap]+ to ea* end to            
five-eigh?s ( an in*4 ,at ,c & ,d holes 
are bor$ = ! la%+s (  ! sail4 ,e ,f is !
 sprit1 & we get its l5g? by measur+ !  
boy  :o is go+ to use ! sail f 8 neck to
 8 ankles4 ,?is gives  ! l5g? ( ! sprit1
 & ! y>d %\ld be made twice z long4 ,we 
h giv5 ! longe/ t ! sprit %\ld be4 ,x   
may be %ort]1  & !n1 ( c\rse1 ! y>d w\ld
 be %ort5$ 9 proportion4 ,!  sprit is   
tap]$ t[>ds ,f & a hole is bor$ at ,g = 
la%+s4 ,!  sprit is connect$ ) ! y>d by 
:at sailors call a crot*4 ,we h  giv5 a 
repres5tation ( x 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,! cord is
 us$ to la% !  sprit to ! y>d4 ,c ,d ,g 
9 ,fig4 #a %[s ! sail4 ,x is cut to all[
  a broad hem1 & may be sewn rapidly ) a
 sew+ ma*9e4 ,a /rong  loop ( tape or   
cord %\ld be sew$ at ea* corn] ( ! sail 
,c ,d ,g1  & at ! head ( ! sail1 t is f 

,c to ,d1 eyelets %\ld be  made six     
in*es ap>t4 ,at ea* ( ^! ! sail is ti$  
to ! y>d  & also at ,g4 ,a ref]5ce to   
,figures #c1 #d & #e w %[ h[ ! sail  is 
us$1 b practice w be ne$$ & mu* /udy+ ( 
! effect  ( w9d ^u ! sail be=e ! art (  
sail+ on skates has be5  ma/]$4 ,a wood5
 rod may be atta*$ to ,f1 ,fig4 #a4 ,?is
 w aid 9  ! managem5t ( ! sail1 z is %[n
 9 ,figures #d & #e4    ,curl+4--,l mo/ 
o!r pa/imes1 curl+ is be/ le>n$ :5 y    
are "y4 ,y\r good golf]1 :o swipes clean
 & clev] f !  tee1 pick$ up t draw & sw+
 :i* ! able golf] s mu* prides  himself 
^u1 9 y\?4 ,x is q true t laddies 9     
,scotl& fir/  le>n to skate2 yet _m ( ! 
be/ h&s at ! ro>+ game h  le>n$ to ?r[ a
 /ane ere fifte54 ,y _c le>n "y en\gh   
at any?+1 a true sportsman w tell y4 ,t 
little1 b>e-legg$  h]d laddie1 :o sits  
on ! banks ( ! ,ettrick or ,y>r[1 w     
laugh  at ! middle-ag$ tyro :o va9ly    
tries to fl+ a fly :]e !re is  no fi%   
ly+4 ,! "y ya*tsman gets 8 till] h& 9 8 
fir/  mat*es 9 an op5 boat2 ! trigg] f+]

 ( ! crack %ot is made  ov] 8 e>ly      
successes at rooks or rabbits2 & ! good 
seat 9 !  saddle on ! back ( ! ,%etl&   
pony2 b our boys are ready =  _!        
bonspeil1 :i* means a good spell or     
game4 ,be=e giv+  a description ( an    
actual game1 ! writ] w endeav\r to give 
"s idea ( :at curl+ is l4 ,9 ,g]many x  
has be5 successfully  introduc$ by ,sir 
,edw>d ,malet1 ! ,engli% ambassador1 &  
!re is  e reason to believe t 9 a few   
ye>s x w take z /rong a  hold ( !       
,engli% p1 z already golf has done4     
,p5nant1 9 8 ,t\r ( ! ,nor? 7#agib71    
writes ( x z foll[s3--,(  all ! sports (
 ^! p>ts1 t ( curl+ is ! fav\rite1 &  "o
 unkn[n 9 ,engl&4 ,x is an amusem5t ( ! 
w9t]1 & play$ on  ! ice1 by slid+ f "o  
m>k to ano!r great /ones ( f =ty  to    
sev5ty p\nds weight1 ( a hemisph]ical   
=m1 ) an iron or  wood5 h&le at ! top4  
,! object ( ! play] is to lay 8 /one  z 
ne> ! m>k z possible1 to gu>d t ( 8     
p>tn]1 :i* _h  be5 well laid be=e1 or to
 /rike 8 antagoni/'s4    ,illu/ration3  

,,! ,,ro>+ ,,game    ,! game is play$ on
 a c>efully-*os5 piece ( ice call$ !    
r9k1  :i* %\ld be =ty-two y>ds long1    
unless special circum/ances1  su* z ?aw1
 & consequ5tly dull ice1 require x to be
 %ort5$4  ,?is piece ( ice %\ld be z    
level1 smoo?1 & free f cracks  z        
possible4 ,!re is usually a trifl+ bias1
 :i* h[ev] to !  skill$ curl] r adds    
int]e/ to ! game1 z x calls =?          
additional sci5ce 9 ! play4             
,illu/ration3 ,,br++ ,,d[n ,,! ,,/ones  
,:5 ! r9k is *os51 a little m>k is made 
at ea* end4 ,?is is  call$ ! 'tee1' &   
ne> t po9t /&s1 9 8 turn1 ea* play]1  ^:
 object is to hurl or slide 8 /ones to !
 opposite end by a  sw++ motion ( ! arm4
 ,ea* oppon5t also endeav\rs to place 8 
/ones ne>] ! tee ?an ^? ( 8 oppon5ts4   
,s f> = ,p5nant's description ( curl+ 9 
! old5 "t4 ,! old  /yle1 ?anks to !     
,ed9burgh m51 :o play on ,dudd+/on ,lo*1
 has  long gone out4 ,sev5ty p\nd /ones 
w\ld no long] be tol]at$ by  any body ( 
sportsm5 affiliat$ "u ! ,royal          

,cal$onian ,curl+  ,club4 ,9 ! old5     
times x seems1 9 "s p>ts ( ,scotl&1     
notably  9 ! s\?-we/1 to h be5 a game ( 
/r5g? r ?an (  skill1 & ! man :o ?rew 8 
huge block ! f>!/1 & /ruck  8 oppon5t's 
/one f ! tee1 or cock1 0 consid]$ to be 
! sup]ior play]4 ,! /ones are n n[ mu* m
 ?an half ?is  weight1 & s highly are ! 
soles poli%$ t !y slip along ke5  ice s 
mu* fa/] ) slight ex]tion on ! "p ( !   
play]1  t !y pass ! tee or m>k altoge!r1
 & g clean (f ! r9k4  ,! r9ks or sides h
 be5 *os5--f\r play]s1 "o ( :om acts  z 
skip or director4 ,he is g5]ally ! able/
 & mo/ exp]i5c$  curl]1 & equal to !    
responsible duty ( gu>d+ ! w9n+ %ot1  if
 9 8 fav\r1 or secur+ x if aga9/ him1 ) 
8 la/ /one4  ,! r9k1 :i* is also ! "n ( 
! diagram ( ! game1 is drawn  (f accord+
 to ! rules ( ! ,royal ,cal$onian ,curl+
 ,club1 &  c>efully swept cle> ( all sn[
 or ho> fro/4 ,! skip takes up  8 /ation
 at ! tee1 :i* is ! inn]mo/ ( a set (   
circles1  kn[n z ! hoose1 no /one       
outside ( ! out] "o c\nt+ 9  ! actual   

score4 ,sweep+ scores are drawn = !     
guidance ( !  play]s2 "o d[n ! c5tre1   
:i* practically is a sort ( hockey      
arrangem5t1 z y mu/ /ick to y\r own side
 ( ! r9k4    ,illu/ration3 ,,prep>+ ,,= 
,,! ,,game    ,sweep+ comm5ces half-d[n1
 t is1 at ! c5tre ( ! =ty-two  y>ds     
betwe5 tee & tee1 & c be c>ri$ on by !  
play]s' side  up to ! tee1 :51 if x /ill
 has a little impetus1 ! oppos+  skip w 
sweep x out ( ! h\se altoge!r4 ,:5 ?is  
happ5s aft]  a /one has be5 br\ght on :5
 app>5tly lagg+1 x is g5]ally  greet$ ) 
:at 9 ,p>liam5t>y phrase w\ld be call$  
,opposition  *e]s & laught]4 ,9 ?is a   
skip may %[ v sup]ior judgm5t1  & ord] 8
 m5 to desi/ f sweep+4 ,at 8 words up   
h&s1  brooms mu/ be rais$ imm$iately4 ,9
 front ( ! h\se or c\nt+  circle is !   
hog score4 ,if /ones are n ?r[n )       
suffici5t =ce  to be tak5 ov] ?is ) !   
assi/ance ( ! sweep]s !y are  %ov$ (f ! 
ice z dead4 ,?is is sometimes gall+ to a
 "y play]  :o1 :5 x happ5s1 z x does    
repeat$ly happ5 on s(t ice1 is          

practically put out ( ! game4 ,b !      
crampits h be5 adju/$4  ,^! are         
foot-bo>ds1 grat$ s t !y hold firmly to 
! ice4 ,on  ^! bo? feet mu/ be plac$ :5 
! /one is deliv]$4 ,! skip  gives 8     
directions to 8 fir/ play] to place him 
a /one on !  ne> edge ( ! out] r+4 ,:y n
 exactly at ! tee8 ,because if  !re x   
w\ld =m a re/ = ! /one ( 8 oppon5t & be 
=c$  out4 ,our "y play]1 :o is wield+ a 
beautifully poli%$ pair  ( ,ailsa       
,craigs1 ) a sweep or two ( ! ice does  
exactly :at is  want$4 ,8 oppon5t is    
ask$ to play to ! face ( ?is /one4 ,?is 
he does1 hurl+ x out & lay+ 8 own almo/ 
9 its place4 ,!  next /one ( ! lead+    
play] fails to cat* x1 & goes away to  !
 re>1 dead4 ,! f\r? /one play$          
effectually cov]s or gu>ds  ! w9n]4 ,!  
next pair ( play]s give up _! brooms to 
!  lead]s1 & take up _! position at !   
crampits4 ,a g5tle draw  pa/ gu>d & w9n+
 /one is c\nsell$2 & ?is is well        
execut$1  ! brooms tak+ ! /one to ! v   
edge ( ! tee or c5tre  circle4 ,! next  

play] fails to remove ?is1 & be+ sl[    
gu>ds 8  oppon5t's /one4                
,illu/ration3 ,soop h] up    ,?is is a  
piece ( good =tune = ! o!r side1 :o n[ h
 a  second %ot drawn by a v skilful     
play]4 ,! ?ird pair ( play]s  _c well   
get home & try to wick1 & curl 9 7f !   
latt]  expression we h curl+74 ,?is is  
done by putt+ ) a turn  ( ! wri/ a c]ta9
 bias or screw1 by means ( ! h&le :5 !  
/one is be+ deliv]$4 ,! position ( !    
game is n *ang$ :5  ! skips lay aside _!
 brooms4 ,!re is a little m ?an half (  
! w9n+ %ot visible ?r\gh a port or      
*annel4 ,?r\gh ?is !  skip1 aga9/ :om ! 
%ot c\nts1 ?reads 8 /one g5tly & easily 
& rubs ! w9n] out4 ,8 oppon5t has no    
*ance n[1 unless he  rattles out ! ne>e/
 gu>ds4 ,?is he tries to d1 b 8 oppon5t 
gu>ds aga91 ?is "t j across ! hog score4
 ,a g5tle draw1  ) an inn] twi/1 might  
succe$4 ,x is bravely attempt$1 b x  is 
%ort a foot1 & ! lead+ skip claims "o   
%ot--victory = a  well conte/$ end4 ,& s
 ! game w la/ = tw5ty m heads1  ! w9n+  

r9k be+ t :i* has ! majority ( %ots4 ,x 
is a  happy1 heal?y game1 n s well-kn[n 
9 ,engl& z x ought to be4 ,9  ,g]many "s
 en?usia/s h introduc$ x1 & f !         
milit>y-l  "* 9 :i* x is c>ri$ out1     
gu>d+ & /orm+ &  knock+ out occupants ( 
! =tress1 x is likely !re to come       
greatly into fav\r4 ,x is to be hop$ t  
we may (t see ! pond  :]e1 9 ! language 
( an old ,scotti% curl+ poet--          
,drawn are ! r9ks :]e l9es & curves     
comb9e1      ,! tee1 ! h\se1 hog score &
 c5tral l9e2      ,! cramps are laid1 ! 
*ampions ready /&1      ,) eye int5t &  
tru/y broom 9 h&4    ,^? :o decide to   
include ?is game 9 _! activities %\ld   
put  !mselves into t\* ) ! ,royal       
,cal$onian ,curl+ ,club ?r\gh  its      
honor>y ,secret>y1 ,a4 ,davidson ,smi?1 
,esq41 at ! headqu>t]s (  ! club1 ,york 
,place1 ,ed9burgh4 ,!y w !n be able to  
obta9 !  rules = ! prop] play+ ( ?is    
delightful game4          ,,*apt] ,,viii
    ,,angl+      ,h9ts by an ,old       
,h&4--,:5 fi%+ 9 ponds1 lakes1 m]es1    

canals1  or 9 wat]s :]e !re is no /ream1
 ! dep? %\ld be c>efully  tak5 ! night  
be=e1 or :5 gr\nd-bait+1 & m>k$ on !    
rod1  or by measur+ ! di/ance f !       
plummet to ! cap ( ! float  ) a piece ( 
cotton or /r+4 ,if ! angl] pref]s ! bait
 to be  )9 t\* ( ! bottom1 ! bett] plan 
is to use a self-cock+  float1 & always 
use ! f9e/ possible tackle 9 cle> wat]2 
b if  an ord9>y float be employ$1 & !   
novice wi%es ! bait to lie  six or eight
 in*es on ! bottom 7a good plan71 ! l[e/
 %ot %\ld  be f #ae 94 to #bj 94 f !    
hook4 ,?is w nei!r int]f]e  ) ! prop]   
cock+ ( ! float nor ) ! angl] /rik+1 =1 
f ! mom5t ! fi% seizes ! bait to !      
indication ( a bite1  ! resi/ance ( 7at 
mo/7 two or ?ree small %ots is          
inf9itesimal4  ,if ! bottom be at all   
muddy1 !n ! plummet %\ld be z light z   
possible1 or into ! ooze x w s9k1 & :5  
?is is kn[n to  be ! case1 ! dep? may be
 obta9$ by ! aid ( a small pellet  (    
bread & bran4 ,%\ld x drop (f ! hook    
be=e ! dep? is  obta9$1 ! pellet %\ld be

 made a little /iff]4 ,a piece ( tea    
lead f a tea-*e/1 or lead wire1 simil>  
to t us$ on ! gut  9 ,lea fi%+ 7"s use  
no?+ else71 may be c>efully ti$ r\nd !  
bottom ( ! float1 to make x cock )\t us+
 any %ots on !  tackle1 & pa9t$ ! same  
col\r z ! float1 or1 fail+ ?is1 !  usual
 self-cock+ float sold at ! tackle-%ops 
may be us$4    ,g5tles %\ld be kept 9   
pl5ty ( damp s& = a few days 9 an       
e>!nw>e pan1 biscuit-t91 or t9 pail1 9 a
 cell>1 or any d>k1  cool place1 :5 !y w
 be ready = use4 ,! sides ( ! pan  or t9
 %\ld n be all[$ to get wet1 or _m ( !  
g5tles w  make _! escape4 ,!y %\ld be   
kept 9 :at is t]m$ gold5 s&4  ,?is s&1  
:i* %\ld be damp1 is almo/ z f9e to !   
t\* z  b>ley-meal1 ( a deep ri* gold5   
col\r1 & !y w live 9 x  = days )\t turn+
 into ! *rysalis /ate1 :i* !y d 9 a     
comp>atively %ort "t if expos$ to !     
sun--a practice to :i*  _m angl]s are   
addict$1 & !n wond] ! g5tles *ange      
col\r4  ,x is a great mi/ake to use     
silv] s&1 z x ov]-sc\rs & makes  !m     

att5uat$ & h>d4 ,i h repeat$ly se5 !m 9 
?is /ate4  ,s mu* = s&4 ,! f9e/ g5tles  
,i ev] saw 7 obta9$ f !  be/ rump /eak &
 a %eep's head1 & kept 9 co>se bran2 b =
  tak+ out ! black /eck or saddle-back  
ne> ! head1 & sc\r+  !m until p]fectly  
:ite1 give me ! s& m5tion$ above & pl5ty
  ( x4    ,! weight floats requir$ may  
be arrang$ & te/$ be=e !y are  w\nd on !
 w9d] = f9al use4 ,?is saves ! beg9n]   
consid]able  "t & tr\ble at ! wat]-side4
 ,if he has a f\r-l9e w9d]1 )  l9es     
already weight$ or %ott$ = roa*1 p]*1   
bream1 t5*1  s mu* ! bett]4 ,a piece (  
cork ab\t ! size & %ape ( a  ,tonqu9    
bean atta*$ to ! l9e may sometimes be   
us$ ) success  = fi%+-swims1 )9 easy    
di/ance f ! side1 9 smoo? cle>  wat]1   
ne> pat*es ( we$s1 flags1 or c&ocks1 !  
angl] tak+  great c>e to keep out (     
sight1 & to be z /ill z possible4 ,:5  !
 bean-l piece ( cork goes "u or runs1   
/rike g5tly4    ,nev] use long-%ank$    
hooks 7! well-kn[n cry/al roa* hooks1 = 
in/ance7 = su* baits z g5tles1 cockspur1

 or small worms1 small  pellets ( pa/e1 
:eat & malt4 ,a consid]able portion ( ! 
%ank  is c]ta9 to become b>e 9 a %ort   
"t1 & s prev5t ! fi% f  bit+4 ,i h      
repeat$ly se5 ne>ly ! :ole %ank ( a     
cry/al hook  b>e1 & ! small worm1       
g5tles1 & m especially a gra9 ( cre$    
:eat1 dangl+ f ! b5d z a kidney might f 
a but*]'s hook2  & ,i h an idea t no fi%
 prop]ly con/itut$ w\ld be /upid  en\gh 
to be caught "u su* absurd conditions4  
,i may j m5tion  9 pass+1 t :5 fi%+ )   
g5tles1 ! la/ "o put on !  hook %\ld h !
 po9t to come ?r\gh ! sk9 ( ! ?ick or   
tail end1 & ! twirl+ ?9 or head end to  
hang cle> ( ! hook4  ,"o g5tle on a ,no4
 #ab or #ac hook w (t5 d ! trick1 :5 !y 
won't look at a bun* ( g5tles4    ,use z
 small hooks z possible4 ,!y w hook a   
fi%1 or = !  matt] ( t1 get fa/ into    
almo/ any?+1 mu* quick] ?an l>ge  hooks3
 !y p5etrate soon]1 hold v fa/1 & pi]ce 
! lips (  su* fi% z tr\t1 p]*1 *ub1     
b>bel1 c>p1 :5 a l>ge hook w\ld  n4 ,=  
in/ance1 ! o!r day ,i hook$ a #c lb4    

b>bel 9 ! c5tre  ( ! upp] lip ) a ,no4  
#aj sneck-b5d1 & x 0 q a job to  extract
 x4 ,i once saw f\r spl5did *ub1 all    
caught ) simil>  hooks2 & on sev]al     
occasions ,i h caught good p]* ) roa*   
hooks4 ,if ! novice w only rememb] n to 
all[ slack l9e :5  play+ a good fi% on a
 small hook1 provid$ ! tackle is good & 
/rong1 a fi% %\ld seldom escape4        
,beg9n]s (t5 use hooks ?ree  times too  
big = ! fi% !y are aft]1 & x goes )\t   
say+1  t ! small] ! hook ! f9] ! gut    
%\ld be2 = a small  hook on ?ick1 co>se 
gut is n to be ?\ght (4 ,on ! o!r h&1   
nev] use a too small hook = too l>ge a  
pellet ( pa/e1 ) !  hook emb$d$ 9 !     
c5tre1 in/ead ( ! po9t j protrud+4 ,i  h
 se5 an angl] fi%+ "u ^! conditions =   
*ub ) *eese  pa/e miss five fi% out (   
six1 ! damson-l pellet be+ pull$  clean 
out ( ! m\? ( ! *ub1 )\t ! slighte/     
*ance (  hook+ ! fi%4    ,we w n[       
supplem5t :at our ,old ,h& has told u by
 o!r h9ts4    ,bait & ,o!r ,matt]s4--,we
 %all n occupy space discuss+ rods1  &  

su* ?+s4 ,ea* boy settles ^! que/ions = 
himself1 9  accordance ) ! money he c   
sp>e1 aft] a talk ) ! deal]  & a        
contemplation ( 8 w>es4 ,su* accessories
 z l&+ nets he  leaves g5]ally until he 
is gr[n up1 & manages v well )\t  !m4   
,he may1 h[ev]1 provide himself ) a     
cle>+ r+ & l9e1  because he is likely to
 feel ! ne$ = ^! (t54 ,?is useful  cle>+
 tackle consi/s ( a numb] ( y>ds ( /rong
 cord1 to !  end ( :i* is fa/5$ a heavy 
r+ ( lead or brass4 ,if ! hook  %\ld get
 fa/ 9 a we$ or any?+ else1 ?is r+ is   
put ov] !  butt ( ! rod1 & all[$ to slip
 d[n ! l9e to ! hook4 ,!  rod %\ld be   
held 9 ! "r h&1 ! top po9t+ d[nw>ds1  ! 
cle>+-l9e 9 ! left2 ! r+ fall+ on ! hook
 f its  weight usually cle>s ! hook4 ,if
 n1 ! angl] %\ld grasp ! rod  firmly1 & 
draw ! l9e sideways1 & break away4 ,9   
?is case1 he  seldom loses m ?an a hook2
 b )\t ! use ( a cle>+-l9e  he frequ5tly
 loses 8 float z well z 8 hook & l9e1 & 
sometimes breaks 8 rod4 ,! brass        
cle>+-r+s are be/1 because  !y are      

jo9t$1 & c be us$ :5 ! angl] has a reel 
on 8 rod4    ,an old angl] advises t    
aft] ! "y fi%]man has made *oice  ( a   
place to fi%1 he %\ld fir/ plumb ! dep? 
truly1 & ) z  little di/urbance to !    
wat] z may be4 ,if ! wat] be /ill ?r[  9
 small pieces ( gr\nd bait2 if !re is a 
/rong curr5t l>ge  pieces4 ,keep z f> f 
! wat] z y c1 & g slily to "w1  = ev5 ! 
%ak+ ( ! bank w fright5 "s ( ^! fi%4 ,! 
bait %\ld be dropp$ into ! wat] quietly4
 ,/& z f> f !  edge ( ! wat] z possible1
 & nev] let y\r %ad[ fall ^u !  wat]4   
,:5 x is possible hide beh9d a bu% or a 
tree4    ,9 bait+ a hook ins]t ! po9t ( 
! hook ne> to ! top ( !  worm's head1 & 
c>ry x d[n to )9 a qu>t] ( an in* ( its 
tail4 ,to d ?is y mu/ "w up ! worm ) y\r
 left ?umb &  f+]1 :ile ) y\r "r y are  
gradually press+ ! hook  d[nw>ds4 ,if   
too mu* ( ! worm hangs loose ! fi% w    
seldom  take ! :ole 9 _! m\?1 & w n be  
hook$4 ,to bait a hook  well ) a worm is
 necess>y to ensure cat*+ a fi% :5 y    
/rike2 & x consi/s 9 draw+ ! worm )\t   

injur+ x q  ov] & up ! %ank ( ! hook1   
leav+ only a small lively "p  ( ! tail  
bel[4 ,if y bait ) half a worm1 *oose ! 
tail end1  & ins]t ! po9t ( ! hook into 
! top "p1 & br+ x d[n  ne>ly to ! end ( 
! tail1 leav+ only a v small piece ( x  
free4 ,if y bait ) two worms on ! same  
hook1 draw ! fir/ up  above ! %ank1 &   
put ! second on 9 ! same mann] z direct$
  ) "o worm1 b ins]t ! hook ne> ! tail (
 ! second worm2  !n draw ! fir/ "o d[n  
on ! second ov] ! %ank ( ! hook4    ,,r$
 ,,worm4--,f\nd ) ! br&l+ b n s common4 
,at _! be/ 9  tan heaps1 b are f\nd also
 9 ! banks ( dit*es & sew]s4    ,,m>%   
,,worms4--,kn[n also z blue heads4 ,f\nd
 9 m>%es at night1  especially aft] ra94
 ,a good bait = gudgeon1 tr\t1 p]*1     
bream1  & grayl+4    ,,tag              
,,tail4--,tail has a yell[ t9t4 ,f\nd 9 
fields 9 moi/ spr+  wea!r4 ,(t5 pref]r$ 
:5 ! wat] is muddy1 especially = tr\t4  
,,wat] ,,worms4--,f\nd 9 s$ges & at !   
bottom ( dock roots4 ,turn  up ! long   
slimy moss on weirs = !m4 ,!y are ( a   

cle> blui%  :ite1 occasionally v light  
purple1 becom+ r$ at ! head4 ,fi%  eat  
!m voraci\sly4    ,,a% ,,grub4--,look = 
^! 9 ! b>k ( trees4 ,!y are good =      
grayl+1 dace1 roa*1 or *ub4    ,,c[     
,,dung ,,bait4--,f ,may to ! end (      
,septemb] ^! may be f\nd  "u c[ dung4   
,!y are eat5 by roa*1 *ub1 grayl+1 &    
dace4    ,,g5tles4--,! usual t]m1 us$ 9 
angl+1 = maggots4 ,putrid meat1         
especially liv]1 w produce !m4 ,!y may  
be obta9$ f but*]s  or fell-mong]s4     
,good = mo/ fi%4    ,,lob               
,,worm4--,sometimes call$ ! dew worm1 or
 ! wa*el4 ,x is !  ord9>y l>ge g>d5     
worm4 ,dig = !m if !y are ne$$ at once4 
,if wet /raw is /rew$ ^u ! gr\nd = a    
c\ple ( days !y w  come to ! surface4 ,9
 ! ev5+s !y come out1 & a quiet se>*  ) 
a lant]n 9 g>d5s1 or *ur*-y>ds1 or on   
lawns w discov]  !m4 ,!y are useful =   
tr\t1 eels1 l>ge p]*1 b>bel1 *ub1 &     
salmon4    ,,br&l+4--,se>* = ^! 9 *aff  
pits1 old heaps ( compo/1  rott5 tan1   
sweep+s1 manure ( all k9ds & tann]s'    

b>k4 ,good =  tr\t1 grayl+1 c>p1 bream1 
& inde$ = almo/ e fi%4    ,,miscellane\s
 ,,baits4--,cock*af]1 black or ev5+     
beetle1  gras%opp]s1 mo?s1 ,may-flies1  
caddis worms1 bees1 cat]pill>s1         
wasp-grubs1 bak$ = half an h\r1 pa/e    
made ( bread or *eese4    ,,gr\nd       
,,bait4--,9 addition to ! bait ^u ! hook
 ! angl] usually  /rews :at is kn[n z   
gr\nd bait1 & s attracts ! fi% to :]e   
he is angl+4 ,x is *iefly by ! judici\s 
use ( gr\nd baits1 &  by fi%+ at a prop]
 dep?1 t "o angl] is m successful ?an   
ano!r1 al?\gh fi%+ ) ! same baits & )9 a
 few y>ds (  ea* o!r4 ,if a place c be  
gr\nd bait$ frequ5tly fi% beg9 to  come 
!re regul>ly = food4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n 
to glut ! fi%1  & ! bait ^u ! hook ought
 to be m attractive ?an ! bait  flung   
into ! /ream4 ,! gr\nd bait mo/ 9 use   
includes bran mix$  ) clay1 & made into 
balls ( ab\t ! size ( a pigeon's egg4   
,if  ! curr5t is /rong a /one 9 ! ball  
may be ne$$4 ,ano!r gr\nd  bait is made 
by cutt+ ! cru/ f a loaf4 ,!n cut ! loaf

 into  slices ea* ab\t two in*es ?ick4  
,put ^! slices into a deep vessel  (    
wat]1 & :5 ! bread has be5 well soak$   
squeeze x until x  is ne>ly dry4 ,add   
bran & knead ! :ole until ! mixture is z
  /iff z clay4 ,?is is well adapt$ =    
/ill wat]s4 ,ano!r gr\nd  bait is made (
 b>ley-meal "o "p1 ma%$ potatoes ?ree   
p>ts1  /iff clay two p>ts1 work$        
?or\ghly well toge!r1 b bett] ev5  ?an  
?is is "o compos$ ( /iff clay ) z mu*   
bran z x w  hold )\t de/roy+ its        
/ick9ess4 ,at ! wat] side sep>ate       
pieces ab\t ! size ( ! egg ( a goose1   
into :i* /ick a few  worms & g5tles4 ,z 
^! drop f ! dissolv+ clay !y are  seiz$ 
on by ! fi%1 :o cont9ue to wait 9 !     
expectation ( m1  & are ?us ready to    
take ! angl]'s bait1 especially if x is 
m  tempt+ ?an ! gr\nd bait4 ,boil$ malt1
 b>ley1 :eat1 & su*  ?+s1 mix$ ) co>se  
s& to s9k !m also answ] ! purpose4      
,tr\t-fi%+4--,9 ! ,ea/] holidays boys   
are apt to f9d x  difficult to decide j 
:at to d4 ,football is ne>ly ov]1       

cricket  is h>dly 94 ,x is /ill some:at 
e>ly = bird-ne/+1 except =  rooks1 &    
p]haps blackbirds & ?ru%es4    ,j at ?is
 juncture ! oblig+ tr\t come into       
season1 & be/ (  all1 are rav5\sly      
hungry4 ,n[ is ! "t = ! beg9n] to try  8
 h& ) ! deceitful fly4 ,d n be          
disc\rag$1 ev5 if y  h made a dismal    
failure ( x la/ ,augu/4 ,9 ! summ]      
holidays  x requires a practis$ h& to   
take tr\t ) fly2 b 9 ,april on a  moorl&
 /ream a boy may g out & actually h "s  
success on 8  fir/ attempt4 ,x w be     
wis]1 c]ta9ly1 to practise a little     
fir/1  9 y\r own g>d51 ) all ! tackle   
except ! fly4    ,by tackle ,i don't    
mean necess>ily a glitt]+ rod1 fre% f ! 
%op1 ) a brilliant w9* & gaudy fitt+s4  
,x is well to get all  ^! ?+s if y c    
af=d !m1 ?\gh !y %\ld be ton$ d[n  be=e 
us+2 b want ( money ne$ n prev5t a boy f
 try+ 8  h& at tr\t-fi%+4 ,a long will[ 
w&1 or ev5 a hazel /ick w  ?r[ a fly if 
prop]ly manag$2 & runn+ tackle is n an  
absolute  necessity1 ?\gh 9 e respect   

advantage\s4    ,! only ?+s t mu/ be    
b\ght are ! hooks1 & ^! are v  *eap1 z  
mo/ boys "k4    ,= ?is "t ( ye> y\r     
flies %\ld be ,m>* br[ns & blue         
uprights1 & ne$ n be ti$ on v f9e gut4  
,! outfit t is  requir$ !n ne$ co/ b a  
few %ill+s1 b if y c sp>e m  get a small
 fi%+-basket1 & a fly-book1 ) a /ock (  
flies4 ,?us  equipp$ & ) good boots y   
may fi% = weeks )\t ne$+ to  visit a    
%op4    ,9 ord] to le>n h[ to ?r[ a fly 
y %\ld p]suade a fri5d to  %[ y ! way he
 does x4 ,?is ne$ n be at ! riv]1 nor   
ne$  y tax y\r fri5d's "t to any great  
ext5t4 ,aft] y h once  le>nt ! knack    
practice only is requir$ to enable y to 
?r[ a fly  fairly1 ?\gh x may be ye>s   
be=e y c d s well4    ,?is prelim9>y    
trial 7dur+ :i* y w h w\nd ! l9e r\nd   
y\r neck a few times7 be+ ov]1 y c g )  
"s confid5ce to  ! /ream4 ,arriv$ at !  
bank1 don't pe] ov] to see :e!r !re  are
 any tr\t1 because if y d !re won't be  
any--at lea/1 n  aft] y h %[n y\rself4  
,if conv5i5t1 make = a po9t "s di/ance  

d[n-/ream1 & "w  upw>ds4 ,by ?is plan y 
w h a *ance ( circumv5t+ !  tr\t1 ev5 if
 ! wat] be cle>1 & n r\gh4 ,9 r\gh or   
col\r$  wat] ^! tactics are n necess>y1 
&1 9 fact1 x is z well1  because mu*    
easi]1 to fi% d[n-/ream "u su*          
circum/ances4    ,let u take fir/ ! case
 ( cle> wat]1 n v r\gh4 ,keep back  f ! 
edge & /oop a little1 tak+ advantage (  
any cov]1 ev5  ! /ump ( a ?i/le4 ,wat* =
 a rise1 &1 if possible1 ?r[ y\r  fly   
lightly a little above x1 & let x float 
d[n ov] ! fi%4  ,%\ld ! fi% be extra    
silly he may take y\r fly1 & !n y mu/   
/rike1 z 9 bait-fi%+1 b ) less =ce4     
,if y are fi%+ a nor!rn /ream1 or a     
,devon or ,cornwall brook1 y  w f9d x   
wor? :ile to g on ca/+ ev5 if y see no  
rises2  b on ,hamp%ire1 or o!r sl[ runn+
 riv]s1 ! usual plan is to  wait = a    
rise4 ,b ?is /yle ( fi%+1 ?\gh practis$ 
) "s  success by ! lucky fell[s :o are 9
 ,w9*e/] ,s*ool1 is n  altoge!r suit$ = 
! re/less nature ( a boy4    ,to return 
to ! fi% :i* has tak5 y\r fly4 ,be+ a   

little "o 7=  no?+ l>ge w\ld be s       
silly71 he w give y little tr\ble to    
l&4 ,take c>e1 ?\gh1 to guide him       
d[n-/ream2 :i*1 be+ bel[  him1 y c      
easily d4 ,lift him out z quietly z y c1
 & lose no  "t 9 gett+ y\r flies on !   
wat] once m4 ,i say flies1 because  y w 
f9d x be/ to use two 9 ord9>y fly-fi%+4 
,! upp] fly1 or bob1 z x is call$1 %\ld 
be two feet or m  f ! tail1 & %\ld only 
h ab\t ?ree in*es ( gut atta*$  to x1 s 
t x may /ick out ne>ly at "r angles ) ! 
l9e4  ,x %\ld be fa/5$ to a knot 9 !    
gut1 s t x may n slip up  & d[n4    ,!re
 are sev]al ways ( fa/5+ x on1 b !y _c  
be fully  expla9$ )\t diagrams1 & a boy 
( any +5uity c easily f9d  out =        
himself4    ,! plan mo/ commonly adopt$1
 t ( loop+ x on1 ?\gh x is  n s neat z a
 knot1 has ! advantage ( p]mitt+ ! fly  
to be  *ang$ easily--a great po9t :5 !  
tr\t are fickle4    ,illu/ration        
,hav+ l&$ y\r fir/ tr\t1 d n try aga9 9 
! same place1  b "w gradually upw>ds1   
try+ e likely pool & eddy2 b n  ca/+ m  

?an two or ?ree times 9 "o place4 ,if y 
succe$ 9  gett+ two or ?ree little tr\t 
on y\r fir/ attempt 9 cle> wat]  y may  
?9k y\rself lucky4    ,9 ,april 'tis    
likely en\gh y may f9d ! wat] col\r$ &  
high4  ,if x is 9 flood1 or approa*+ to 
x1 ( c\rse ! worm or m9n[  %\ld be us$2 
b ( ^! anon4    ,we w suppose ! /ream to
 be b little above its usual level1  & (
 t ri* br[ni% col\r s de> to ! he>t ( ! 
angl]4  ,d\btless a worm or a m9n[ might
 /ill succe$2 b a fly w give  abundant  
sport1 & t )\t requir+ a high degree (  
skill4    ,y\r mode ( proc$ure ne$ n n[ 
be s cauti\s z be=e describ$2  &1 9     
fact1 y w f9d d[n-/ream fi%+ (t5 be/ 9 a
  col\r$ wat]4 ,?r[1 !n1 a long l9e "r  
across ! /ream1 ne>  ! edge ( :i* y c   
safely %[ y\rself1 & "w y\r flies       
across & t[>ds y1 /rik+ sm>tly at any   
rise4 ,y w (t5  miss1 = 9 d[n-/ream fi%+
 a /rike t5ds to pull ! fly out (  !    
fi%'s m\?1 besides :i* ! tr\t1 on t\*+ !
 surface1  hav+ 8 head t[>ds y1 is apt  
to get a sight ( y\r rod1 & to  rise    

%ort4    ,if ! wea!r & wat] are bo?     
fav\rable = d[n-/ream fi%+1  y w h lots 
( rises1 & "s ( ! fi% at lea/ w fa/51  s
 t y h a *ance ( gett+ a doz5 or s on a 
good day1 ev5  be=e y h acquir$ any     
great skill4    ,! be/ fly = ?ick wat]  
,i h f\nd to be ! soldi] palm]1  a r$   
fly ) gold twi/1 b x w n always succe$4 
,a ,m>*  br[n1 or a blue upright1 or    
blue palm] ) silv] twi/1 may also be    
useful4 ,rememb] t ! ?ick] ! wat] ! l>g]
 & m gaudy  ! fly may be4    ,we h to   
consid] ! *ance ( ! wat] be+ too ?ick = 
fly4  ,!n ei!r m9n[ or worm w answ]1 !  
=m] 9 mod]ately ?ick  wat]1 & ! latt] 9 
an absolute flood1 unless ! wat] is l   
pea s\p4 ,! m9n[ is us$ on a %ort l9e1 )
 a longi% rod4 ,x  requires consid]able 
skill1 & _c be practis$ ) safety 9      
/range wat] by ! beg9n]1 or ! m9n[ w    
con/antly be gett+  lo/ by f\l+ snags4  
,z m9n[s are exp5sive1 ?is is a bad sort
 (  sport = a boy ) limit$ pocket-money4
    ,x is a fav\rite1 h[ev]1 ) !        
pr(essional angl] 9 ! nor?1  & he       

doesn't lose 8 m9n[s4 ,x is a treat to  
see "o ( ^!  g5try sp9 a r\gh run ) 8   
m9n[1 & take two or ?ree good  tr\t :]e 
an amateur w\ld d no?+ b lose tackle4   
,! be/ way to le>n to sp9 a m9n[ is to  
wat* an old h& d x2  b if ! /ream y fi% 
is free f snags y might f9d x wor?  :ile
 to try to le>n )\t su* tea*+4 ,if s1 be
 c>eful to keep  ! tip ( ! rod ne> !    
wat]1 &1 us+ a %ort l9e1 to sp9  y\r    
m9n[ ne> ! surface4 ,if y get a run     
don't snat* y\r m9n[  away1 b keep x    
/eadily on4 ,v likely ! tr\t may bite   
%ort1  b !re is always a good *ance t "o
 ( ! revolv+ hooks may  cat* 8 jaw4 ,if 
y d hook a fi% get him out quickly1 =   
y\r  tackle be+ /\t 7z x mu/ be =       
m9n[-fi%+7 w be> !  /ra9 ( any?+ %ort ( 
a snat*4    ,to turn to worm-fi%+4 ,x   
is1 ( c\rse1 comp>atively easy to  get a
 few fi% ) a worm1 b x takes a practis$ 
h& to take a  basketful1 ev5 f ?ick     
wat]4 ,a c\ple ( %ot w g5]ally be       
en\gh1 & !y %\ld be ab\t a foot f !     
hook1 :i* %\ld  be l>ge1 unless y use ! 

,/ew>t tackle1 :i* consi/s ( two  or    
?ree small hooks4 ,a small m>% worm is  
consid]$ be/1 b a  br&l+ or a r$ worm w 
answ]2 or 9 a flood ! tail half  ( a lob
 worm4 ,! worm %\ld be kept roll+ along 
! bottom (  fairly swift wat]1 :]e !    
soil is gravelly2 & a little "t  %\ld be
 giv5 :5 y feel a bite4 ,9 ?is way n    
only are l>ge  tr\t (t5 tak5 9 a flood1 
b sea tr\t1 grilse1 & sometimes  salmon4
 ,a delicate h& is ! *ief requisite2 b  
mu* judgm5t is  also requir$ 9 decid+   
:i* pools to fi%1 & :5 to %ift y\r      
gr\nd1 accord+ to ! ris+ or fall+ ( !   
wat]4    ,!re is a sort ( worm-fi%+ :i* 
is v diff]5t f !  k9d j describ$4 ,!    
tackle us$ is mu* f9]1 & ! me?od        
altoge!r diff]5t4 ,= z x is practis$ 9 !
 cle>e/ wat] &  9 ! hotte/ wea!r1 x is  
necess>y to take great c>e n to be  se51
 & to avoid ! slighte/ possible         
di/urbance ( ! wat]4 ,a  v small r$ worm
 is us$ on "o or two t9y hooks1 & ! boy 
:o  c take good tr\t 9 ?is way is z mu* 
a skill$ angl] z any  fly-fi%] c claim  

to be4    ,fi%+ = ,roa*4--,mo/ boys "k  
:at a roa* is l1 s x w  be en\gh by way 
( description to say t x is a fi% ( !   
c>p  tribe1 ( a silv]y col\r1 & cov]$ ) 
scales4 ,its f9s are ( a  pale1 p9ki%   
grey1 & its m\? is small & s(t1 suit$   
be/ =  vegetable food4    ,! roa* gr[s  
sometimes to two p\nds 9 weight1 b 9 mo/
 riv]s  "o p\nd is consid]$ l>ge1 :il/ 9
 ponds ! fi% seems to  det]iorate1 &    
sw>ms ( little roa* are g5]ally to be   
se51 b  v few fi% ( ov] a qu>t] ( a     
p\nd4    ,9 riv]s roa* %\ld n be kill$  
unless !y are sev5 or eight  in*es long2
 b 9 ponds1 :]e !y are v num]\s1 x is   
be/ to  keep all t are caught4 ,m food  
is ?us left = ! rema9d]4    ,! roa*     
spawns 9 ,may1 & is1 !re=e1 out (       
condition f !  end ( ,april till ,june  
or ,july4 ,x is fatte/ & mo/ heal?y 9   
autumn & w9t]1 & :5 caught f a cle> riv]
 w be f\nd  fairly good eat+4 ,pond roa*
 ta/e muddy2 b be=e we br+ our  fi% to  
table we mu/ le>n h[ to cat* x4    ,!   
rod %\ld be long1 light1 & /iff4 ,:ite  

cane is be/1 b is  v de>2 & ! rods n[ to
 be _h at _m tackle-mak]s = ?ree  or f\r
 %ill+s w answ] ne>ly z well4 ,!y are ( 
,japanese  make1 & h no metal on !m1 :i*
 makes !m light & *eap1  ?\gh less      
durable ?an ! exp5sive ,engli% rods4    
,= ! l9e1 if roa* only are expect$1 no?+
 is bett] ?an good  s+le horse-hair4 ,if
 !re are l>ge c>p ab\t1 f9e gut w be    
bett]2 b c>p d n fe$ aft] ,octob]4 ,9   
any case1 x w be  f\nd conv5i5t to h a  
few in*es ( f9e plait$ silk = t  "p ( ! 
l9e :i* is next ! rod4 ,! float %\ld be 
z small z  c conv5i5tly be us$1 & if !  
fi% are v %y1 a little r\gh  bit ( /ick 
is sometimes pref]able4 ,a porcup9e     
quill is g5]ally  be/1 & j en\gh %ot to 
s9k x )9 a qu>t] ( an in*1 or  less1 ( !
 surface %\ld be put on ! l9e4 ,"o ( !  
%ot %\ld  be plac$ )9 six in*es ( !     
hook1 & ! re/ ab\t a foot  high]4 ,!    
hook %\ld be ( f9e wire & ab\t ,no4 #ab4
    ,x is important to see t ! hair or  
gut on :i* ?is is ti$ is  p]fectly r\nd 
& cle>4    ,) reg>d to baits1 ! v be/   

are wasp-grubs2 b ^! are (t5            
unobta9able1 & g5tles 7! maggots ( !    
fri5dly bluebottle7  answ] fairly well4 
,a clean] & pleasant] bait to use is    
pa/e1  made f bread "o day old4 ,?is    
%\ld be dipp$ 9 wat]1 &  !n quickly     
squeez$ dry ) clean h&s1 or 9 a clo?4 ,9
 "s  riv]s--! ,ouse = in/ance--boil$    
:eat is a v good bait4    ,9 ord] to f9d
 ! dep?1 use a little roll ( lead1 call$
 a  plummet4 ,?is %\ld be atta*$ to !   
l9e1 close to ! hook1 by  be+ p>tly     
unroll$1 to admit ! hook1 & !n fa/5$    
aga92 &  ! dep? %\ld be plumb$ z soon z 
! tackle is ready1 & be=e  bait is      
prep>$4 ,! op]ation necess>ily di/urbs !
 fi%1 & "t  mu/ elapse be=e !y w fe$4 ,x
 is desirable to keep well away  f !    
wat] :ile putt+ y\r rod toge!r1 &1 if   
possible1 ev5  :ile fi%+4    ,_m roa*   
fi%]s c>ry a light squ>e box1 or basket1
 :i* s]ves  = a seat4 ,^! angl]s w sit  
/ill = h\rs1 pati5tly wait+  = ! roa* to
 come on2 !y are (t5 v successful4 ,:5 a
 roa*  is hook$1 ! angl] reta9s 8 seat1 

& 9 ord] to br+ ! fi%  to ! net1 w      
remove ! butt & second jo9t ( ! rod4    
,?is is  also done :5 rebait+4 ,x is !  
great l5g? ( ! rod & !  %ortness ( ! l9e
 t makes ?is necess>y4 ,b to return to !
  me?od ( fi%+3 ! dep? be+ asc]ta9$1 !  
float %\ld be s  plac$ t ! bait w j t\* 
! bottom at ! %all[e/ "p  ( ! swim1 &   
only a foot ( l9e %\ld be us$ betwe5 !  
float  & ! top ( ! rod4    ,calm wea!r  
is be/ = roa*-fi%+1 z x is easi] to see 
!  bites2 b if !re is a g5tle w9d f s\? 
or we/1 sport is (t5  good4    ,9 summ]1
 ev5+ is mu* ! be/1 b at ?is "t ( ye>   
roa*  w (t5 fe$ all day4 ,let u suppose 
t y />t fi%+ on a  calm aft]noon 9      
,febru>y or ,m>*1 & on rea*+ ! riv]1 :i*
  is free = fi%+1 wond] :]e to beg94 ,x 
is l9$ ) ru%es1  b "h & !re are gaps1 & 
on ! banks at "s ( ^! po9ts  y notice   
scraps ( gr\nd-bait on ! gr\nd1 & y also
 see t  ! grass is trampl$ & worn4 ,?is 
%[s t angl]s h f\nd !  spot a good "o4  
,seat y\rself1 or /& quietly ne> "o ( ^!
  po9ts1 & put y\r rod toge!r4 ,!n atta*

 y\r l9e & plummet z  describ$1 & :5 all
 ! re/ is ready put 9 a little          
gr\nd-bait1  "s y>ds above y\r swim4    
,*ew$ bread w d if y h no bran to  mix )
 x4    ,if y\r tackle is 9 ord]1 & !    
roa* are !re1 y w h  a nibble be=e _m   
m9utes2 b at ?is /age ( y\r education  x
 is useless to /rike at nibbles4 ,keep  
on ! al]t1 & y w  f9d t if y c manage to
 /rike z ! float is s9k+1 :5 a  bite    
occurs1 y w hook y\r fi%2 n o!rwise4 ,a 
g5tle j]k is  en\gh1 z y\r little hook  
is %>p1 & ! roa*'s m\? s(t4    ,viol5ce 
risks break+ ! l9e1 & 9 any case di/urbs
 ! fi%  unduly4    ,if ! roa* is ( good 
size1 rememb] t y\r tackle is weak1 &   
play y\r fi% c>efully2 & don't attempt  
to get x out1 :e!r )  net or o!rwise1   
till q exhau/$4 ,ev5 if y h only a small
  fi% x is well to l& him g5tly1 or y w 
sc>e o!rs4    ,:5 plac+ ! l9e d n flop x
 91 b let x s9k bait fir/1  & be prep>$ 
= a bite ! mom5t ! float cocks1 = ! fir/
  few seconds are ! be/4 ,!re is also a 
good *ance at ! end (  ! swim4 ,if !re  

is a /ream ! top ( y\r rod mu/ foll[ !  
c\rse ( ! float4 ,! rule1 z to only a   
foot ( l9e above !  float1 may be relax$
 if ! swim is long1 = to walk along is  
mo/  undesirable2 x sc>es ! fi% by %ak+ 
! banks4 ,y %\ld /&  /ill1 or bett] sit 
/ill :ile roa*-fi%+4 ,ev5 ?is rule has  
_m  exceptions4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ! /ream 
is v rapid1 ! sav+ 9  "t effect$ by     
foll[+ y\r float may m ?an comp5sate = !
  di/urbance caus$ by y\r foot/eps4     
,9 swift or flood$ /reams fi% are less  
easily sc>$ ?an :5 !  wat] is quiet4 ,"u
 ^! circum/ances a worm is (t5 bett]    
bait  ?an pa/e1 or ev5 ?an g5tles4      
,aga91 9 cle> wat] :i* is swift & n deep
 x may be desirable  to let out l9e by  
us+ runn+ tackle4 ,9 ?is way y may rea* 
fi%  :i* are too %y to let y get )9 ca/+
 di/ance ( !m4    ,! ,nott+ham angl]s   
are p>ticul>ly exp]t at ?is sort ( fi%+1
  & use rods & reels :i* are specially  
adapt$ = x4 ,!y are  v successful on _! 
own riv]1 ! ,tr5t1 & h introduc$  _!    
/yle on ! ,?ames1 & ev5 ! ,lea1 & h     

sometimes  tak5 fi% :5 ord9>y fi%+ 0    
useless4 ,!y are v skilful  9 ca/+ f !  
reel )\t unw9d+ any l9e fir/2 b _m      
diff]5t circum/ances mu/ be /udi$ be=e !
 sort ( fi%+ mo/  effective c be *os54  
,rules are v necess>y2 b ! "y angl] w   
soon f9d t !  mo/ important ?+ is to f9d
 out :5 ! exceptions1 :i* are s  num]\s 
& important1 come 94 ,?is c be/ be le>nt
 by c>eful  /udy ( ! habits ( ! fi%1    
c>ri$ on pati5tly1 day aft] day1  at !  
wat]-side4    ,! ,fi%+ ,season4--,on    
,june #af? ! close "t comes to an end1  
& boys may fi% 9 free wat] = any k9d (  
fi%1 f bleak to  b>bel4    ,if we h _h a
 v g5ial spr+1 _m fi% w h f9i%$  spawn+ 
& be gett+ into condition1 s t !re w be 
no h>m  9 tak+ advantage ( legal        
p]mission1 & beg9n+ to fi% z soon  z    
opportunity occurs4    ,x w be f\nd t _m
 fi%1 especially *ub & dace1 c  be      
caught mu* bett] at ?is season by flies1
 ei!r natural or  artificial1 ?an by !  
usual float & %ot sy/em4    ,a common   
h\se fly1 us$ ei!r on ! top ( ! wat] or 

sunk by a  s+le %ot1 w be f\nd v        
effective1 bo? = ^! fi% & =  roa*1 rudd1
 & bleak4 ,*ub w take any l>ge insect   
readily1 if x  is pres5t$ to !m 9 an    
arti/ic mann]--t is1 9 su* a way t  !y c
 see little ( ei!r tackle or angl]4     
,on "s p>ts ( ! ,lea ! wood$ banks &    
deep holes af=d capital  *ances = dapp+ 
= *ub--a k9d ( fi%+ 9 :i* a boy )  "s   
pati5ce & +5uity %\ld be v successful4  
,no cumbr\s tackle is requir$1 only a   
long1 light1 & /iff rod1 &  two or ?ree 
y>ds ( m$ium gut1 end+ 9 a foot or two (
 f9]  /uff1 ) a l>gi% hook1 ab\t ,no4 #f
 or #g4 ,runn+ tackle w\ld  seldom be ( 
use1 z ! awkw>d places1 ov]gr[n by      
bu%es1 9 :i*  ! be/ *ub are usually     
hook$1 make x v desirable to keep y\r   
l9e %ort4 ,if ! *ub run l>ge 7two p\nds 
or m71 y w h  to use /\t tackle1 or ev5 
c>ry a l&+ net4    ,if y h a bamboo rod1
 :i* is holl[ ?r\gh\t 7?r\gh !  knots71 
x is a good plan to pass ! l9e ?r\gh !  
middle1 in/ead  ( ! r+s4 ,9 ?is way "o  
disadvantage ( us+ runn+ tackle is      

avoid$--! rod c be pu%$ ?r\gh bu%es1    
etc41 )\t entangl+  ! l9e4    ,ano!r & m
 lively plan = *ub cat*+ is to :ip = !m 
)  ! artificial fly2 & 9 ?is case runn+ 
tackle is1 ( c\rse1  necess>y4    ,9 !  
%all[] p>ts ( ! riv]s y w get m dace &  
bleak  ?an *ub 9 ?is way1 & v pretty    
sport x is1 only second to  tr\t-fi%+4  
,:5 y are try+ = roa* only1 x is be/ to 
use a sunk fly1 &  to move x up & d[n v 
g5tly4 ,y c feel ! roa* bite if y  h a  
delicate h&1 b if y f9d ?is difficult   
put on a small  g5tle ) ! fly4 ,?is c be
 se5 at a consid]able dep?1 & w         
disappe>1 ( c\rse1 :5 ! roa* takes !    
fly4    ,x also =ms an additional       
attraction1 & at a p9* w d alone2  b ,i 
h f\nd ! h\se fly g5]ally m effective4  
,s+le hair is  be/ = y\r l9e1 unless y  
see l>ge *ub cruis+ ab\t1 :i* is  (t5 ! 
case4    ,9 ?is sort ( fi%+ y c g5]ally 
wat* y\r qu>ry1 & y  h to be v c>eful t 
!y d n see too mu* ( y4    ,x w be f\nd 
f> m int]e/+ ?an regul> bottom-fi%+1 &  
requires m ?\ght & m res\rce = its      

successful prosecution4    ,among !     
insects mo/ useful = bait1 ! gras%opp]  
/&s 7or  jumps7 pre-em95t1 b is n (t5   
obta9able mu* be=e ,july4 ,!  c[-dung   
fly has a brilliant yell[ col\r1 :i* is 
v fasc9at+  to roa*2 & ! gre5 cat]pill> 
7to be obta9$ by tapp+ !  b\ghs ( oaks7 
is almo/ irresi/ible1 especially to     
tr\t4 ,!  oak-fly1 call$ also ! up & d[n
 fly1 f ! position x  always assumes on 
! oak trunk1 is equally attractive1 & no
 d\bt  w\ld be appreciat$ also by o!r   
fi%4    ,! hotte/ & calme/ wea!r is be/ 
= ?is sort ( fi%+1 z x  is usually wor/ 
= ! o!r sorts4    ,9 case ! day %\ld be 
w9dy or o!rwise unsuitable = dapp+1  &  
yet ! season too e>ly to fi% ! deeps1 a 
good plan is to put  on a v small quill 
float1 & "o %ot2 &1 us+ a ,no4 #aj or   
#aa  hook & a s+le g5tle1 to fi% ! %all[
 gravelly runs f z  great a di/ance z y 
c manage4    ,! ,nott+ham me?od is v    
useful = ?is purpose4 ,?is consi/s  9   
us+ a free runn+ wood5 reel1 & a light  
l9e1 & ?r[+  f ! reel4 ,x is difficult1 

b v useful on op5 riv]s1 :]e  fi%+ f9e &
 f> (f is ess5tial4    ,( c\rse1 y h to 
fi% d[n-/ream by ?is me?od1 & w  (t5    
miss y\r fi% :5 /rik+2 b t is bett] ?an 
gett+  no bites--! usual result ( fi%+  
"u y\r nose at ?is "t (  ye>4           
,occasionally y may get hold ( a b>bel 9
 ?is way1 :5 us+  g5tles = bait2 &1 if  
s1 x w n be easy to l& him1 ?\gh  he is 
n s /rong n[ z he w\ld be lat] on4      
,bream-fi%+ w be com+ on be=e long1 & ! 
e>ly boy w get  ! bream4 ,be=e sunrise  
is ! be/ "t1 & = ?is fi%-tackle (  a    
diff]5t sort is requir$4 ,a /rong rod ) 
r+s is useful1 &  ! gut & reel l9e may  
be /\t4    ,if ! wat] is deep1 use a    
long float & fairly heavy lead1 & fi%   
on ! bottom ) a worm 7a small lob by    
pref]5ce7 on a l>ge hook4  ,put 9       
gr\nd-bait1 ov]-night if possible1 &    
lose no "t :5  fi%+4 ,a ?ree-p\nd bream 
c be got out 9 two m9utes1 & tw5ty  or  
?irty may ?us be _h 9 an h\r or two (   
e>ly morn+1 &1  p]haps1 n ano!r all day1
 ?\gh 9 ! ,norfolk broads ,i've kn[n  ! 

bites cont9ue till mid-day4             
,roa*-fi%+ prop] is n 9 season till     
,augu/1 & has be5  describ$ 9 ^! pages4 
,jack %\ld be let alone = a mon? or two 
yet1 & p]* are sc>cely  9 ord]4    ,9   
conclusion1 let me sugge/ t all fi% f\nd
 to be out (  condition %\ld be g5tly   
return$ to ! wat]4          ,,*apt] ,,ix
    ,,canoes ,,& ,,ya*ts      ,to speak 
( canoes is to recall ! "n ( ,john      
,macgregor1 ,m4,a41 !  au?or ( ^?       
delightful books ,a ,?\s& ,miles 9 !    
,rob ,roy ,canoe  on ,riv]s & ,lakes (  
,europe2 ,! ,rob ,roy on ! ,baltic2 ,!  
,voyage ,alone 9 ! ,yawl ,rob ,roy1 &   
o!r int]e/+ works4 ,:5  ! fir/ ( ^! 0   
issu$ o!r p built canoes1 ! ,canoe ,club
  0 =m$ ) ! !n ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 aft]w>ds
 ,k+ ,edw>d !  ,sev5?1 z ,commodore4    
,macgregor 0 en?usia/ic ab\t canoes4 ,:5
  he contemplat$ 8 voyage ( a ?\s& miles
 he conclud$ t no  r[-boat w\ld s]ve on 
a l&-wat] voyage ( ?is sort1 = 9 !      
wilde/ p>ts ( ! be/ riv]s ! *annel is   
too n>r[ = o>s1  or1 if wide en\gh1 x is

 (t5 too %all[2 & ! tortu\s passages1  !
 rocks & banks1 ! we$s & snags1 !       
milldams1 b>ri]s1  fall5 trees1 rapids1 
:irlpools1 & wat]falls t con/antly occur
  on a riv] w9d+ among hills1 make ^? v 
p>ts :]e ! sc5]y  is wilde/ & be/ to be 
q unapproa*able 9 su* a boat1 = x  w\ld 
be swamp$ by ! %>p waves1 or upset ov] !
 sunk5 rocks1  :i* _c be se5 by a       
/e]sman4    ,n[ ^! v ?+s :i* bo!r !     
'pair o>1' become *e]y  excitem5ts to ! 
voyag] 9 a canoe4 ,= n[1 z he sits 9 8  
little b>k1 he looks =w>d1 & n backw>d4 
,he sees all 8  c\rse1 & ! sc5]y        
besides4 ,) "o sweep ( 8 paddle he c    
turn aside :5 only a foot f de/ruction4 
,he c /e] )9 an  in* 9 a n>r[ place1 & c
 easily pass ?r\gh re$s & we$s  or      
bran*es & grass2 c "w 8 sail )\t *ang+ 8
 seat2  c %ove ) 8 paddle :5 agr\nd1 & c
 jump out 9 good "t  to prev5t a bad    
sma%4 ,he c wade & haul 8 craft ov]     
%all[s1  or drag x on dry gr\nd1 ?r\gh  
fields & h$ges1 ov] dykes1  b>ri]s1 &   
walls2 c c>ry x by h& up ladd]s & /airs1

 &  c transport 8 canoe ov] high m\nta9s
 & broad pla9s 9 a c>t  drawn by a man1 
a horse1 or a c[4    ,besides all ?is1 !
 cov]$ canoe is f> /rong] ?an an op5    
boat1  & may be fe>lessly dropp$ into a 
deep pool1 a lock1 or a millrace1  & :5 
! break]s are high 9 ! op5 sea or 9 riv]
 rapids1 !y  c only wa% ov] ! deck ( a  
canoe1 :ile x is always dry )94    ,!   
canoe is also saf] ?an a r[+-boat1      
because y sit s l[ 9  x1 & nev] require 
to %ift y\r place or lose hold ( !      
paddle2  :ile = com=t dur+ long h\rs1 = 
days & weeks ( h>d "w1  ! canoe is      
evid5tly ! be/1 because y lean all ! "t 
aga9/  a sw++ backbo>d1 & :5 ! paddle   
re/s on y\r lap y are at  ease z 9 an   
arm-*air2 s t1 :ile drift+ along ) !    
curr5t  or ! w9d1 y c gaze ar\nd1 & eat 
or read1 or sket*1 or *at  ) ! />]s on !
 bank1 & yet1 9 a mom5t ( sudd5 al>m1 ! 
h&s are at once on ! fai?ful paddle     
ready = action4    ,f9ally1 y c lie at  
full l5g? 9 ! canoe1 ) a sail z an  awn+
 = ! sun1 or a %elt] = ra91 & y c sleep 

at night  "u its cov]1 or inside x :5   
made = t purpose1 ) at lea/  z mu* room 
= turn+ 9 y\r b$ z suffic$ = ! great    
,duke  ( ,well+ton2 or1 if y are tir$ ( 
! wat] = a "t1 y c  leave y\r boat at an
 inn--:]e x w n be 'eat+ its head (f1'  
l a horse2 or y c s5d x home1 or sell x1
 & take to ! road  y\rself1 or s9k back 
aga9 into ! lazy cu%ions ( a fir/-class 
c>riage1 & dream y are see+ ! _w4    ,b 
x may well be ask$ f "o :o ?us praises !
 paddle1 ',has he  travell$ 9 o!r ways1 
s z to "k _! sev]al pleasures8 ,has he  
climb$ glaci]s & volcanoes1 div$ into   
caves & catacombs1 trott$  9 ! ,norway  
c>riole1 ambl$ on an ,arab1 & gallop$ on
 ! ,russian  /eppes8 ,does he "k ! *>ms 
( a ,nile boat1 or a ,tr9ity ,eight1  or
 a ,yankee /eam]1 or a sail 9 ! gean1 or
 a mule 9 ,spa98 ,has  he swung ^u a    
camel1 or glid$ 9 a sleigh1 or sail$ a  
ya*t1 or  trundl$ 9 a ,rantoone8'       
,yes1 he has ?or\ghly enjoy$ ^! & o!r   
modes ( locomotion1  fa/ & sl[4 ,& n[   
hav+ us$ ! canoe 9 ,europe1 ,asia1      

,africa1  & ,am]ica1 he f9ds ! pleasure 
( ! paddle is ! be/ ( !m  all4    ,!    
,rob ,roy ,canoe 0 built ( oak1 ) a deck
 ( c$>4 ,%e 0  made j %ort en\gh to g   
into ! ,g]man railway waggons2 t is  to 
say1 fifte5 feet 9 l5g?1 tw5ty-eight    
in*es broad1 n9e in*es  wide1 & weigh$  
eighty p\nds4 ,my baggage = ?ree mon?s 0
 9  a black bag "o foot squ>e & six     
in*es deep4 ,a paddle sev5 feet  long1 )
 a blade at ea* end1 & a lug-sail & jib1
 7 ! means  ( propulsion2 & a pretty    
blue silk ,union ,jack 0 ! only ornam5t4
    ,aft] ! cruise ! au?or _h a bett]   
canoe con/ruct$1 %ort]1  & n>r[] 7b ) ! 
same "n71 & 9 h] he voyag$ ?r\gh  ,sw$51
 ,norway & ,d5m>k1 ,hol/e91 & "s ,g]man 
wat]s4 ,!  acc\nt ( ?is voyage is giv5 9
 ,! ,rob ,roy on ! ,baltic1 #e?         
,edition 7,l[ & ,m>/on74 ,! lat]        
improvem5ts ( ! canoe are  describ$ 9 t 
book1 ) woodcuts4 ,! full description ( 
a ?ird  canoe = sleep+ 9 dur+ a six     
mon?s' voyage is giv5 9 ,!  ,rob ,roy on
 ! ,jordan1 ,nile1 ,r$ ,sea1 &          

,g5nes>e?1 a canoe cruise  9 ,pale/9e & 
,egypt & ! wat]s ( ,damascus1 #f?       
,edition1 )  eighty illu/rations & maps 
7,murray74 ,a f\r? canoe 0 us$ 9 !      
,zuyd] ,zee & among ! isles ( ,holl& & !
 ,friesl& coa/2 &  ! late/ ,rob ,roy    
7,numb] #g7 ran ?r\gh ! ,%etl& ,isles & 
!  ,orkneys1 & ,scot* lakes4    ,!      
,build+ ,( ! ,rob ,roy4--,john          
,macgregor has told u t among  ! _m :o  
are build+ canoes1 !re may be "s p]sons 
:o h  undue expectations z to :at su*   
boats c d4 ,n[1 ! ?ree k9ds  ( canoes1 =
 rac+1 = sail+1 & = travell+1 are q     
di/9ct 9 _! =ms & capabilities4    ,a   
long1 n>r[1 light rac+-canoe1 ) a long1 
spoon$ paddle1 w  atta9 great spe$4     
,a sail+-canoe ) flat be>+1 & "s keel1 w
 sail (f !  w9d admirably4    ,!        
travell+-canoe has to sail1 to paddle1 &
 to be> portage &  r\gh h&l+4    ,!     
endeav\r to comb9e ^! ?ree qualities 9  
suitable proportions1  )\t sacrific+ m (
 any ( !m ?an c be well disp5s$  )1 has 
l$ to ! build+ ( ! canoe n[ to be       

describ$2 & !  new ,rob ,roy has be5 a  
great success4    ,! old ,rob ,roy      
canoe1 :i* made a voyage ?r\gh ,france1 
,g]many1  c41 0 specially built = !     
purpose2 & x is describ$ 9  ! book :i*  
gives an acc\nt ( t j\rney4 ,a m detail$
  description 0 giv5 9 ! ,transactions (
 ! ,in/itute ( ,naval  ,ar*itects1 b !  
num]\s improvem5ts sugge/$ dur+ t       
voyage1  & 9 c>eful exp]im5ts aft]w>ds1 
7 embodi$ 9 ! new ,rob  ,roy1 s t ?is   
novel1 inexp5sive1 & heal?ful mode (    
travell+  might be facilitat$4    ,!    
,rob ,roy 0 design$ to sail /eadily1 to 
paddle easily1 to float  lightly1 to    
turn readily1 & to be> r\gh usage on    
/ones & banks1  & 9 c>ts1 railways1 &   
/eam]s2 to be durable & dry1 z well  z  
com=table & safe4 ,to secure ^! objects 
e plank &  timb] 0 c>efully consid]$    
be=eh&1 z to its size1 %ape1 &  mat]ial1
 & ! result has be5 mo/ successful4     
,9 ! ef=ts to obta9 a suitable canoe =  
?is purpose ready  made1 x 0 soon f\nd t
 boat-build]s might be pr(ici5t at  !   

cab9et-mak]s' "w ( _! call+1 )\t any k (
  ! pr9ciples requir$ = a new design1   
especially :5 sail+1  paddl+1 & c>ry+ _h
 to be provid$ = at once1 & !           
requirem5ts = ea* 7 n und]/ood1 except  
by ^? :o _h  p]sonally obs]v$ !m1 & _h  
kn[n h[ to "w ! paddle z well  z ! saw &
 ! plane4    ,a canoe ought to fit a man
 l a coat2 & to secure ?is ! measure  ( 
! man %\ld be tak5 = 8 canoe4 ,! fir/   
regulat+ /&>d  is ! l5g? ( ! man's foot1
 :i* w det]m9e ! height ( !  canoe f    
keel to deck2 next1 ! l5g? ( 8 leg1 :i* 
gov]ns  ! size ( ! well2 & !n ! weight (
 ! crew & luggage1  :i* regulates !     
displacem5t to be provid$ =4 ,! foll[+  
description is = a canoe to be us$ by a 
man #f feet high1 #ab /one  weight1 & ) 
boots #a foot long 9 ! sole4    ,! ,rob 
,roy is built ( ! be/ oak1 except ! top 
/reak (  mahogany1 & ! deck ( f9e c$>4  
,! weight1 )\t fitt+s1  is #fj lb41 & ) 
all complete1 #ga lb4 ,lightness is n ( 
s mu*  consequ5ce 9 ?is case z good l9e1
 = a light boat if crank1 w  tire !     

canoei/ f> m 9 a week's cruise ?an w\ld 
a heavi] b  /iff craft1 :i* does n /ra9 
8 body at e mom5t to keep h]  pois$ "u !
 alt]nate /rokes ( ! paddle or ! sudd5  
pressure  ( a squall on ! sail4         
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a1 ,fig4 #b1 ,fig4 
#f1 ,fig4 #e1 ,fig4 #aj1 ,fig4 #aa      
,scale  ( ,figs #a  #b4 #a_/d ( an in*  
to ! foot4    ,! illu/ration on page #hi
 repres5ts1 on a scale a qu>t] ( an  in*
 to ! foot1 ,fig4 #a1 a section1 ) ma/s 
& sails2 ,fig4 #b a  bird's-eye view ( !
 deck4 ,! woodcuts at pages #ia1 #ic    
repres5t1  on a scale ( an in* to !     
foot1 ,figs4 #c & #d1 cross sections at 
! beam & at ! /ret*]2 ,figs #i1 #aj1 &  
#aa1 ! backbo>d &  ! apron2 ! re/ ( !   
draw+s %[+ p>ticul> portions m  m9utely4
 ,! pr9cipal dim5sions are3--,l5g? ov]  
all1 ,a ,s1 #ad  feet2 f /em to beam1   
,b1 #g feet #f in*es2 beam1 outside 7#f 
in*es  abaft mid%ips71 #bf in*es2 dep? f
 top ( deck at ,c1 =e end (  ! well1 to 
upp] surface ( keel1 #aa in*es2 keel1   
dep?1 outside1  #a in*1 ) an iron b&    

along its :ole l5g?1 #c_/h in* wide2    
camb]1 #a in*2 dep? at gunwale1 #h-a_/b 
in*es4 ,! upp] /reak is (  mahogany1 & q
 v]tical at ! beam1 :]e its dep? is #c  
in*es4  ,! g>bo>d /reaks1 & ! next on   
ea* side are /rong1 :ile !  next two on 
ea* side are light1 z x is f\nd t !y are
 less  expos$ ?an ! o!rs1 p>ticul>ly 9 a
 canoe :]e all ^! l[]  /reaks are ( oak4
 ,! /em & /]n po/s project ov] deck1 !  
canoe1 if turn$ ov]1 w re/ on ! upp]    
edge ( ! comb+1  r\nd ! well1 #a_/h in* 
deep1 project+ #a_/b in*1 ( /eam$ oak1  
curv$ at ! corn]s1 & add+1 by its angul>
 position1 v mu*  to ! /r5g? ( ! deck   
ab\t ! well4 ,! well is #cb in*es f  ,c 
to ,d1 & #bj in*es f ,e to ,f1 s plac$ t
 ,d ,m is #b feet1 &  ?us ! beam ( !    
boat be+ aft ( ! mid%ips ! weight ( !   
luggage ,g1 & ( ! ma/s & sails /[$ =w>d1
 br+s ! boat  to ne>ly an ev5 keel4 ,!  
additional basket ( cook+-?+s at ,i     
7,fig4 #b7 br+s h] a little by ! /]n4 ,=
 a boat )\t luggage  ! beam %\ld be #a  
foot abaft mid%ips to secure an ev5     

keel4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c1 ,,fig4
 #e1 ,,fig4 #d1 ,,fig4 #f    ,! deck is 
support$ on f\r c>l9es =w>d & ?ree aft1 
!  latt] portion be+ ?us m /r5g!n$1     
because1 9 "s cases1 x  is requir$ to   
support ! weight ( ! canoei/ sitt+ on ! 
deck  ) 8 legs 9 ! wat]4 ,ea* c>l9e has 
a piece cut out ( its end  7see ,fig4   
#f71 s t ! wat] inside may run along to 
! beam :5  ! canoe is cant$ to sponge x 
out4 ,! aft] edge ( ! c>l9e at  ,c is   
bevell$ (f 7,fig4 #e 9 section71 s z n  
to cat* ! %9s (  y\r legs4 ,all ! c>l9es
 are n>r[ & deep1 to economize /r5g?1  &
 ! deck is screw$ to !m ) brass screws1 
s t x might be  remov$ = int]nal        
repairs4 ,a flat piece is ins]t$ "u !   
deck  at ! ma/-hole ,h1 :i* is also     
furni%$ ) a flang$ brass r+4  ,! deck is
 s ar*$ z to enable ! feet to re/       
com=tably on !  broad /ret*] ,j 7,fig4  
#d71 ! c5tre ( x be+ cut d[n 9 a curve  
9 ord] t ! ma/ & sails1 roll$ toge!r1   
may re/ !re :5  !re is no luggage1 & be 
kept "u ! deck1 b above any wet on  !   

floor4 ,:5 !re is luggage 7z 9 ?is      
voyage7 ,i usually put !  ma/ & sails "u
 ! aft] deck4 ,! c$> deck r\nd ! well at
 ,e  ,f is firmly secur$ by knee-pieces1
 & ! boat may ?us be lift$ up  by any   
"p1 & may be sat ^u 9 any position1 )\t 
injury4  ,! luggage = ?ree mon?s1 weigh+
 #i-a_/b lbs41 is c>ri$ 9 a  black      
lea!r-clo? bag1 #a foot by #a foot by #e
 in*es deep 7,g1 ,figs4 #a  & #b74    ,a
 wat]-tight comp>tm5t may be made by an 
aft] bulkhead1 ) a lid  to op51 s z to  
all[ ! air to circulate :5 on %ore4     
,! floor-bo>ds1 ab\t #b feet long1 re/  
on ! timb]s until1 at  ! "p bel[ ,c     
7,fig4 #b71 !y end at ,p ,p 7,fig4 #g71 
9 not*$  grooves1 :i* fit into %ort oak 
pieces ,m ,n1 #a_/d in* ?ick1 slop+     
=w>ds on ea* side ( ! keel ,o4 ,_! ends 
re/ on ! g>bo>d  /reaks1 & s l[] ! heels
 ne>ly #a in* bel[ ! level (  !         
floor-bo>d on ! top ( ! timb]s4 ,!      
canoei/ sits on !  floor-bo>ds1 ,i pref]
 ?is to any cu%ion or mat :atev]2 b if  
a mat or cu%ion be us$1 x %\ld be firmly

 fix$1 especially 9  r\gh wat]4 ,!      
canoei/'s knees t\* ! comb+ & ! apron   
bo>ds1 :ile 8 heels t\* ! keel4 ,?us !  
dott$ l9es 9  ,fig4 #a1 f ! /ret*] to ! 
deck1 %[ h[ ! %9-bones are  support$ 9  
com=t1 enabl+ ! paddl] to sit = h\rs    
toge!r  )\t /ra9+4 ,b com=t is          
additionally secur$ by my new  k9d (    
backbo>d1 %[n 9 ,figs4 #h & #i1 9       
section & elevation4  ,?is consi/s ( two
 /rips ( oak1 #ah in*es long1 #b-a_/b   
in*es  wide1 & unit$ by a cross piece at
 ,y1 & ano!r at ,x1 ! latt]  be+ groov$ 
7,fig4 #h7 s z to re/ on ! top ( !      
comb+1 &  to oscillate ) ! movem5t ( !  
canoei/'s back1 :i* is ?us  support$ on 
bo? sides along ! muscles1 :ile ! sp9e  
is unt\*$  betwe5 ! /rips4 ,! dott$ l9e 
,u 7,fig4 #h7 is a /rong cord pass$     
r\nd all 7?r\gh a hole 9 ! deck or two  
eyes71 & ?is s]ves to  keep ! backbo>d 9
 g5]al upright1 :ile x is free to       
vibrate1  or1 :5 on %ore1 to be clos$   
d[n flat on deck or to be remov$        
entirely 9 a mom5t by unloos+ ! cord4 ,!

 use ( ?is backbo>d  is a lead+ feature 
( ! canoe1 & adds v mu* inde$ to !      
canoei/'s com=t1 &1 !re=e1 to 8         
effici5cy4 ,! l5g?  & wid? ( ! oak5     
/rips1 & ! wid? ( ! int]val betwe5  !m1 
ought to be c>efully adju/$ to ! size & 
build ( !  canoei/1 j z a saddle ought  
to fit a horse & its rid] too4    ,!    
paddle is #g feet long1 flat-blad$1 ) a 
bread? ( #f in*es 9  ea* palm1 :i* is   
copp]-b&$1 & made ( ! be/ spruce fir1 ! 
weight be+ little ov] #b lbs4 ,!        
spoon-%ap$ blade is bett] =  spe$1 & a  
long] paddle is suitable = a rac+-boat1 
b = a  travell+ canoe1 :]e long paddl+1 
occasional sail+1 & frequ5t  %ov+1      
require ! in/rum5t to comb9e lightness1 
/raight edge1  h&9ess1 & /r5g?1 x is    
f\nd t a %ort paddle is be/ =  ! v>i$ "w
 ( a protract$ voyage4 ,lea!r cups h be5
 usually  employ$ on ! wri/s ( ! paddle 
to cat* ! dripp+ wat]1 b  r\nd          
india-rubb] r+s look mu* bett] & answ] e
 purpose1 if  plac$ j above ! po9ts :]e 
! paddle dips into ! wat] 9  an ord9>y  

/roke4 ,^! r+s may be _h = twop5ce1 & c 
be  slipp$ on ov] ! broad blade4 ,if    
necess>y1 two are us$ on ea*  side1 & !y
 be> r\gh usage well1 :ile if !y /rike !
 c$>  deck1 no injury is done to x4     
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad1 ,,fig4 #i1    
,,fig4 #h1 ,,fig4 #g1 ,,fig4 #aa1 ,,fig4
 #aj    ,aft] num]\s exp]im5ts1 ! foll[+
 v simple plan has be5  devis$ = a      
wat]pro( apron1 & its application at    
once removes  "o ( ! *ief objections to 
canoes 9 r\gh wat]1 z h]et(ore          
con/ruct$4 ,x is necess>y to h a cov]+ =
 ! well :i*  %all effectually exclude ! 
wat]1 & yet be s atta*$ z n to  hamp] ! 
canoei/ 9 case ( an upset1 or :5 he     
desires to get  out ( ! boat 9 a m      
legitimate mann]4 ,^! desid]ata are     
completely secur$ by ! new apron1 :i* is
 n p]man5tly atta*$  9 any mann] to !   
boat1 b is =m$ z foll[s3-,a piece (     
light  wood1 ( ! =m 9 ,fig4 #aj1 #b feet
 long & #c in*es deep at !  deepe/ "p1  
is plac$ along ea* side ( ! deck        
v]tically1 s z  j to re/ aga9/ ! outside

 ( ea* knee ( ! canoei/1 & !n  a piece (
 mac9to% clo? 7drab col\r is be/7 is    
tightly nail$  along & ov] ^!1 s z to =m
 an apron1 support$ at ea* side  on ,z  
7,fig4 #aa71 & slop+ f ! highe/ "p =w>ds
 d[n to !  deck 9 front ( ! comb+1 ov]  
:i* its edge projects #a in*1 &  !n lies
 flat4 ,! o!r or aft] end is s cut & =m$
 z to fit  ! body neatly1 & ! ends may  
be tuck$ 9 beh9d1 or1 :5 !  waves are v 
r\gh1 !y %\ld be secur$ outside !       
backbo>d  by a /r+ ) a knot4 ,:5 ?is    
apron is s appli$1 & ! knees  are 9     
position1 _! pressure keeps ! :ole apron
 /eady1 & !  spla% ( small waves is n   
en\gh to move x4 ,9 r\gh wat] ,i place  
a /r+ across ! end & r\nd two screw     
nails on ! deck2 or an  india-rubb] cord
 run ?r\gh ! hemm$ end1 b be/ ( all is a
  /rip ( wood b5t across ! deck ) its   
ends "u two screws or  *ocks4    ,a     
button-hole at ! highe/ po9t ( ! apron  
all[s x to be  support$ on ! wai/coat4  
,:5 y h to get out on %ore1 or :5       
sail+1 x is usually be/ to /[ ! apron   

away1 s t ! legs  may be turn$ into any 
desir$ position ( ease4 ,! apron ,i us$ 
9  ?is t\r _h be5 p]fectly fitt$ by     
myself to me & ! boat4  ,sev]al o!rs1 a 
little l x 7v little671 r\ghly made =   
o!r  canoes1 h1 z might be expect$1     
fail$ to give satisfaction4    ,"o      
important advantage ( a canoe is !      
capacity = sail+ )\t  alt]+ ! canoei/'s 
seat2 & we %all n[ describe ! ma/ &     
sails f\nd by exp]i5ce to be mo/        
conv5i5t1 aft] ?ree ma/s _h  be5 brok5 &
 eight sets ( sails _h m or less fail$4 
,! ma/  is #a-c_/d in*es ?ick 7tap]+71 &
 #e feet #f in*es long1 ( :i*  ! "p     
above deck is #d feet #i in*es4 ,!      
lug-sail ,k 7,fig4 #a71 has  a y>d & a  
boom1 ea* #d feet #i in*es long1 s t :5 
furl$ !  end ( ! boom & ma/ come toge!r4
 ,! =e-lea* is #b feet long1  & !       
aft]-lea* #f feet #f in*es1 giv+ an area
 ( ab\t #ae squ>e  feet4 ,! y>d & boom  
are ( bamboo1 & ! y>d passes into a     
broad  hem on ! sail-head1 :ile ! haly>d
 is rove al(t ?r\gh a small  boxwood    

block #c_/d in* long1 & ) a brass %eave1
 & ?r\gh  ano!r 7a brass bl9d pulley7   
well fa/5$ on ! side ( ! ma/  ne> !     
deck1 s t ! sail c be l[]$ & hoi/$      
readily4 ,!  l[] jo9t ( a fi%+-rod1 #d  
feet #i in*es long1 is a sp>e boom4  ,! 
tack end ( ! boom is made fa/ to ! ma/  
by a flat piece (  lea!r1 la%$ to its   
upp] "p & to ! ma/1 & s z to be free  to
 sw+ 9 e direction2 aft] _m o!r plans _h
 fail$ ?is 0  q successful1 & la/$ ?r\gh
 ! :ole voyage4 ,no hole is made  9 !   
ma/1 & no nail or screw driv5 into x1 = 
^! are causes  ( weakness4 ,two cord    
loops1 ab\t #f in*es ap>t1 ne> !        
ma/-head1  support ! flag/aff1 (        
bamboo-cane #b feet long1 & ) a silk    
flag #g in*es by #i in*es4 ,:5 ! ma/ is 
n us$ ?is flag/aff  is deta*$ & plac$ 9 
! ma/-hole1 :i* x fits by a button #b   
in*es wide1 p]man5tly fix$ on ! /aff1 ! 
l[] end ( :i*  re/s 9 ! ma/-/ep4 ,!     
haly>d & %eet %\ld be ( wov5 cord1  :i* 
does n untwi/1 & is s(t to h&le 9 ! wet4
 ,! %eet  :5 n 9 h& may be belay$ r\nd a

 cleat on deck on ei!r side  ( ! apron1 
:]e x is highe/1 & ?us ^! cleats are    
protect$  f ! paddle4    ,= ! sake (    
conv5i5ce ! ma/ is /epp$ s f> =w>d z to 
all[ ! boom to sw+ pa/ ! canoei/'s brea/
 :5 ! sail is  jibb$ or br\ght ov]4 ,?is
 also all[s ! luggage-bag to be betwe5  
! /ret*] & ! ma/4 ,?us ! ma/-hole ,h is 
at #c feet #f in*es  di/ance f ! /em4 ,!
 ma/-/ep is a simple w$ge-l piece  ( oak
 7see ,r1 ,fig4 #ad71 made fa/ to !     
keel1 & abutt+ on !  g>bo>d /reak on ea*
 side1 ) a squ>e hole 9 x = ! foot  ( ! 
ma/4 ,x may be ?\ght t ! ma/ is ?us     
/epp$ too f>  =w>d1 b ! importance (    
hav+ ! sail free to sw+1 )\t  ly+ aga9/ 
! canoei/'s body1 or gett+ entangl$ ) 8 
paddle1 :i* is us$ 9 /e]+1 is s great1 t
 "s sacrifice  mu/ be made to secure ?is
 po9t4 ,h[ev]1 x is f\nd t ! boat  sails
 v well on a w9d ) ?is sail1 if ! breeze
 is /rong2  & 9 light breezes x is only 
exp$i5t to sail ) ! w9d well  aft1 :5 ! 
jib c also be us$4 ,a canoe mu/ h a     
/rong1 light1  flexible pa9t]1 suitable 

= con/ant use1 because a great deal has 
to be done by its means 9 t[+ on dull   
wat]1 guid+ ! boat :ile  wad+ d[n %all[s
 or beside falls1 l[]+ into lo*s1 haul+ 
h] ov] h$ges1 walls1 locks1 banks1 & ev5
 h\ses2 & rais+ or  l[]+ h] 7) luggage  
97 to & f /eamboats4 ,! ,alp9e  ,club   
rope1 us$ 9 ! new ,rob ,roy1 0 f\nd to  
be h>d & k9ky  :5 wet1 & ! s(t] rope us$
 9 ! old ,rob ,roy 0 f> bett]4  ,ano!r  
k9d ( br[n-tann$ rope has be5 recomm5d$4
 ,! pa9t]  %\ld n be long] ?an twice !  
l5g? ( ! boat4 ,ea* end is  :ipp$ )     
wax-end1 :i* sort ( f9e tw9e is also    
invaluable =  all ! o!r fa/5+s1 z x nev]
 slips4 ,! pa9t] passes ?r\gh  a hole 9 
! /em1 & ano!r 9 ! /]n-po/1 & is drawn  
tight  to lie on deck 9 ! l9es ,,ay &   
,,sy1 ,fig4 #b2 ! slack ( ab\t f\r  feet
 is belay$ r\nd ! w9dw>d cleat & coil$  
outside1 s t  x may be seiz$ in/antly :5
 y g a%ore1 or h to jump out to  save a 
sma% or an ov]set 9 a dang]\s place4    
,?is mode ( fix+  & belay+ ! pa9t] ,i   
adopt$ aft] num]\s trials ( o!r  plans1 

& x is f\nd to be f> ! be/4    ,! jib is
 a triangle ( #c feet hoi/ & #c feet    
foot1 ! =e-lea*  fa/ by a loop1 pass+ "u
 ! pa9t] & ov] ! /em2 ! head  is fix$ by
 a loop ov] ! ma/-head1 & "u ! flag/aff 
button4  ,?us ! jib c be /ruck :ile !   
canoei/ rema9s 9 ! boat1  by pu%+ (f ^! 
two loops ) 8 paddle4 ,to set ! jib1 x  
is be/ to l&4 ,?is is mu* m g5]ally     
conv5i5t ?an to h  jib-tackle on ! ma/4 
7,i h n[ disc>d$ ! jib entirely47 ,!    
sails are ( calico1 )\t any seam4 ,?is  
la/s q well en\gh1  dries spe$ily1 &    
sets well1 too1 provid$ t c>e is tak5 to
 h  x cut out ) ! selvage along !       
aft]-lea*1 & n along any (  ! o!r sides4
 ,inatt5tion to ?is la/ direction simply
 ru9s sails2  & x _c be too (t5 repeat$ 
t ! success ( ! six ,rob ,roy  voyages  
c\ld n be expect$ if great c>e _h n be5 
devot$ to all  ^! details4    ,a good   
travell+ canoe co/+ #ae ought to la/ a  
long "t1 = x  is n rack$ & pull$ 9      
pieces at e /roke1 z a r[+-boat is4     
,,! ,,paddle4--,x has be5 said t ! use (

 a canoe paddle mu/  contract ! *e/1 b  
?is is c]ta9ly a mi/ake4 ,if inde$1 y   
m]ely dapple ea* blade ( ! paddle 9 !   
wat] )\t tak+ !  full l5g? ( ! /roke !  
%\ld]s are n ?r[n back1 & !  effect w be
 injuri\s2 b exactly ! same is true if y
 scull  or r[ ) a %ort j]ky /roke4 ,9 a 
prop] use ( ! paddle !  arms ought to be
 9 turn fully ext5d$1 & !n br\ght well  
back1  s t ! elb[ grazes ! side1 & ! *e/
 is !n well pli$ 9  bo? directions4 ,9 v
 %all[ wat] ! paddle %\ld be clasp$     
lightly 7turn+ ! ?umbs upw>ds !n71 s t  
if x /rikes !  bottom or a rock ! h& w  
yield & n ! blade be brok54 ,!  di/ance 
betwe5 ! h&s %\ld be t ( ! bread? ( !   
*e/4  ,"o c tell a tyro 9 a mom5t by    
see+ him ) 8 h&s two feet  ap>t1 & !re=e
 ) a %ort5$ /roke or too long a paddle4 
,great caution %\ld be us$ :5 plac+ !   
blade 9 advance to meet  a rock1 or ev5 
a gravel bank1 o!rwise x gets jamm$ 9 ! 
rock or  gravel1 or ! boat ov]rides x4  
,x is bett] 9 su* a case to ret>d  !    
spe$ r by dragg+ ! paddle 7t5d]ly71 &   

always ) its  flat side d[nw>ds1 s t !  
edge does n get nipp$4    ,= long       
cruises lightness is ! fir/ necessity4  
,an ounce m  or less makes a great      
diff]5ce :5 y h to c>ry x )  out/ret*$  
arms all day4 ,my paddle weighs two     
p\nds4 ,a swivel crut*  on deck on !    
qu>t] is us$ sometimes4 ,9 my ,%etl&    
cruise ,i us$  a s+le paddle blade &    
/e]$ by my feet act+ on a light rudd]   
by two cords4 ,?is plan has _m          
advantages = a sail+ cruise &  g5]al "w1
 b x is n good = rapids4    ,,rudd]4--,=
 long sail+ ?is is useful1 & foot-l9es  
%\ld be  us$1 or a rod to ! yoke4 ,i us$
 ! rod = sail+ 9 ! ,dut*  cruise always4
    ,,leebo>ds4--,^! may be made ( wood5
 triangles "o foot ea* way1  hung at ea*
 side by two corn]s4 ,! lee "o is ?us   
press$ aga9/  ! gunwale1 & acts well4   
,,c5tre-,,bo>d4--,:5 ! ,ro?ion sail$    
across ! ,engli% ,*annel1  ! late ,hon4 
,james ,gordon us$ a c5tre-bo>d at my   
sugge/ion1 &  8 ,rob ,roy ?us furni%$   
held h] w9d admirably4 ,! c5tre-bo>d    

might come up ?r\gh a slit "o foot long 
9 ! g>bo>d /reak 7n  ?r\gh ! keel7 into 
a clos$ mack9to% bag1 s t :5 rais$ x    
w\ld turn to "o side1 & lie flat on !   
bilge )94    ,,! ,,apron4--,! canoei/   
soon f9ds t ?is is ! mo/ difficult  "p (
 ! boat to arrange ) p]fect             
satisfaction4 ,i h _h m  exp]im5ts &    
tr\ble & ?\ght ab\t ! apron ?an ^u any  
o!r  "p ( ! canoe's arrangem5ts4    ,a  
full wood5 hat* does well = common "w1 b
 n = r\gh  cruis+4 ,n[ & !n ! legs ne$  
play1 & if ! hat* is rigid  at ! height 
?us ne$$1 x is mu* too high 9 ord9>y    
times2 &  x curbs ! fre$om = ! arms ne> 
! deck1 be+ also unwieldy  = in/ant     
deb>k+ 9 rapids1 & = /[+ away4    ,!    
deta*$ apron ( ! ,baltic patt]n is wet 9
 use4 ,side pieces on  deck to clut* !  
wood5 *eeks kept out by a cane across ! 
knees1  & a p]man5t flap on deck1 cov]+ 
! =e end ( ! mack9to%1  are great       
improvem5ts4 ,! ,jordan ,rob ,roy _h a  
%eet mack9to%  apron1 ) only a cane fix$
 9 ! comb+ to keep ! apron (f !  knees4 

,= h] cruise %e _h "u ?is apron six     
in*es ( ! aft]  "p ( wood4 ,! loose     
brea/ flap & side flaps roll$ up        
7usually7  =m a curv$ edg+ ne> ! body4  
,by lift+ ?is hat*1 & lay+  x =w>d1 !   
:ole apron is fold$ =w>d ( ! knees1 & 9 
"o  foot ( space =e & aft4 ,?is plan is 
a complete success2 & at  la/ my apron  
is all "r4 ,:5 a s+le blad$ paddle is   
us$ !  apron is ne$$ only 9 r\gh wat]1 t
 is1 "o day 9 f\r4    ,,/ret*]4--,! =m  
describ$ ) a cut 9 ! ,rob ,roy on !     
,jordan1 is a v great improvem5t4 ,ea*  
foot has a light bo>d  abutt+ on ! c>l9e
 above & ! timb] bel[1 s t ample  room  
is giv5 = ! luggage bag1 & mu* /r5g? is 
comb9$ )  extreme lightness4            
,,sail4--,_m =ms h be5 tri$1 b ! ,club  
sail+ mat*es h  (t5 be5 won by a lug    
sail4 ,?is rig is also ! safe/ ( all1 & 
! boom c be deta*$ f a hook on ! ma/ to 
/[ away4    ,,portable ,,canoes4--,a    
wood5 canoe 9 f\r pieces is easily made1
  al?\gh some:at heavy4 ,! additional   
exp5se is soon sav$1 if  ! canoe is tak5

 (t5 by railway z a box4 ,colonel       
,brad=d's  india-rubb] canoe packs up   
into a p>cel five feet long1 & "o  foot 
across4 ,9 ! ,ea/]n trip a canoe 9 two  
pieces might h  be5 readily c>ri$ on a  
horse1 b ! ,rob ,roy1 undivid$1 0 ?us   
c>ri$ easily4 ,b]?on's ,collapsible     
,boat ,company pres5t$ to me a  *>m+    
collapsible canoe1 n9e feet long1 & :i* 
is v *eap1  safe1 light1 & c easily be  
c>ri$ 9 "o h&4 ,! %orte/ canoe  9 !     
,club 0 ! ,:>be1 #h feet #f in*es long4 
,b ,i h paddl$  ! little d+y only eight 
feet long1 :i* 0 c>ri$ abo>d !  ,rob    
,roy yawl4 ,i ?9k #ab feet ! be/ l5g? = 
a cruis+ canoe4    ,i h design$ a cork  
canoe 9 ?ree pieces1 five feet1 f\r     
feet1 &  ?ree feet long2 ! la/ to pack 9
 ! next1 & bo? 9 ! l>ge  middle "o2     
weight ab\t #cj lbs4    ,,sun4--,:5 !re 
is a brilliant gl>e ( ! sun1 & x is l[1 
&  directly 9 front1 & ! eyes are dazzl$
 by its reflection on !  wat]1 a good   
plan is to direct ! b[ to "s po9t y are 
to /e]  =1 & !n obs]ve ! reflection ( ! 

sun on ! c$> deck (  ! boat4 ,hav+ done 
?is y may l[] ! peak ( y\r hat s z  to  
cut (f ! direct rays ( ! sun1 & its     
reflect$ rays on !  wat]1 :ile y /e]    
simply by ! light on ! deck4            
,,caution4--,:5 a great curr5t moves    
across a riv] to a po9t :]e  x seems v  
unlikely to h an exit1 y may be c]ta9 t 
"s  unusual con=mation ( ! banks or ( ! 
riv] b$ w be f\nd  !re1 & caution %\ld  
be us$ 9 approa*+ ! place4 ,?is1  h[ev]1
 is less necess>y :5 ! riv] is deep4    
,,we$s4--,! ripple & bubbles among we$s 
are s totally diff]5t  f ^? on free wat]
 t _! appe>ance at a di/ance z a        
crit]ion ( ! dep?1 curr5t1 & direction (
 ! *annel mu/ be  le>n$ sep>ately4 ,9   
g5]al1 :]e we$s are "u wat]1 & c  sway  
or wave ab\t1 !re w be wat] en\gh to    
pass--! requisite  ?ree in*es4 ,back+ up
 /ream aga9/ long we$s is s tr\blesome1 
& s sure to sway ! /]n r\nd a?w>t /ream1
 t x is be/ to  =ce ! boat =w>d in/ead1 
ev5 if y h to get out & pull  h] ?r\gh4 
,paddl+ ?r\gh ru%es1 or flags1 or o!r   

plants1 s z  to cut (f a corn]1 is a    
mi/ake4 ,mu* m way is lo/ !n by !       
friction ?an might be suppos$4          
,,/ores ,,on ,,! ,,rob ,,roy4--,paddle1 
pa9t] 7#ca feet at fir/1 b cut d[n  to  
#bj feet71 sponge1 wat]pro( cov]1 #e    
feet by #b feet #c in*es1 silk  blue    
union jack1 #aj in*es by #h in*es1 on a 
/aff two feet long4 ,ma/1  boom1 & y>d4 
,lug sail1 jib1 & sp>e jib 7us$ z a sun 
%awl74  ,/ret*]1 two back bo>ds1        
floor-bo>ds1 basket hold+ a mack9to%    
coat4 ,= repairs--iron & brass screws1  
%eet copp] & copp]  nails1 putty &      
:itelead1 a gimlet1 cord1 /r+1 & ?read1 
"o  sp>e button1 ne$le1 p9s1 canvas wad+
 %oes 7wood5 clogs w\ld be  bett]72 all 
! above %\ld be left ) ! boat4 ,black   
bag = #c  mon?s' luggage1 size1 #ab     
in*es by #ab in*es1 by #e in*es deep 7j 
"r71 clos$ by ?ree buttons1 & )         
%\ld]-/rap4 ,flannel  ,norfolk jacket   
7flaps n too long1 else !y dip 9 ! wat]1
 or !  pockets are inv]t$ 9 gett+ out & 
972 wide flannel tr\s]s1  ga!r$ by a    

broad back buckle belt1 second tr\s]s = 
%ore %\ld  h braces1 b 9 ! boat ! back  
buttons are 9 ! way4 ,flannel  %irt on1 
& ano!r = %ore4 ,be=e me :ile writ+ ?is 
!re  are #ba v>i\s head cov]s us$ 9     
diff]5t t\rs1 b = boat+  ! /raw hat is  
be/ ( all4 ,?9 alpaca black ,sunday     
coat1 ?ick  wai/coat1 black lea!r       
light-sol$ %oes 7%\ld be /rong = rocks  
& village pavem5ts71 clo? cap 7only us$ 
z a bag71 #b coll>s1 #c  pocket         
h&k]*iefs1 ribbon tie1 #b pairs ( cotton
 socks 7easily got  (f = sudd5 wad+1 &  
dry+ quickly on deck74 ,bru%1 comb1 &   
too?-bru%4 ,te/am5t1 passport 7sc>cely  
ne$$ n[71 lea!r purse1  l>ge 7& full71  
circul> notes1 small *ange 9 silv] &    
copp]  = frequ5t use1 blue spectacles 9 
/rong case1 book = j\rnal &  sket*es1   
black1 blue1 & r$ *alk1 & /eel p54      
,maps1 cutt+  (f a six in* squ>e at a "t
 = pocket ref]5ce4 ,guide-books &       
pleasant ev5+ read+ book4 ,cut (f cov]s 
& useless pages1 &  e page z read2 no   
ne$less weight %\ld be c>ri$ hundr$s (  

miles2 ev5 a fly settl+ on ! boat mu/ be
 refus$ a free passage4  ,m$ic9e 7rhub>b
 & c\rt pla/]71 small knife1 & p5cil4   
,rocks & ,curr5ts4--,ev5 if a set (     
rules c\ld be laid d[n =  ! managem5t ( 
a boat 9 ! difficult p>ts ( a riv]1 x   
w\ld  n be made easi] until practice has
 giv5 ! boatman t quick  judgm5t z to _!
 application :i* has to be pati5tly     
acquir$ 9  all a?letic ex]cises4    ,b !
 canoei/1 :o passes _m h\rs daily 9 !   
consid]ation (  ! riv] problems always  
set be=e him1 w feel "s int]e/ 9  ?is   
attempt to classify ^? t occur mo/      
frequ5tly4    ,/e]+ a boat 9 a curr5t   
among rocks is l walk+ on a cr[d$       
pavem5t1 :]e ! o!r pass5g]s are go+ 9   
v>i\s directions1  & at v>i\s spe$s4 ,a 
great deal ( practice1 & lessons en=c$  
by collisions1 are ne$$ to make a       
p$e/rian au fait 9 a cr[d4  ,b ye>s (   
walk+ produce a c]ta9 p[]1 :i* ins5sibly
 directs  a man 9 8 c\rse & 8 spe$4     
,aft] ?is capacity becomes1 z x 71      
in/9ctive1 a man c walk  briskly along  

,fleet-/reet at f\r ,p4,m41 &1 )\t any  
di/9ct  ?\ght ab\t o!r p1 or ab\t 8 own 
progress1 he c get safe  to ! end4      
,inde$1 if he does beg9 to ?9k ( rules  
or h[ to apply  !m1 he is almo/ sure to 
knock up aga9/ somebody4 ,nay1 if two m5
  meet z !y walk ?r\gh a cr[d1 & ea* (  
!m cat*es ! eye  ( ! o!r1 !y w probably 
cease to move in/9ctively1 &1 )  unc]ta9
 data to reason f1 a collision is (t5 ! 
result4    ,! importance ( ?is subject (
 boat+ in/9ct w be consid]$  suffici5t  
to ju/ify ^! rem>ks :5 ! canoei/ has by 
mu*  practice at la/ atta9$ to t        
desirable pr(ici5cy :i* enables  him to 
/e] )\t ?9k+ ab\t x1 & !re=e to enjoy ! 
conv]sation ( o!r p on ! bank1 or !     
sc5]y1 :ile he is  rapidly spe$+ ?r\gh  
rocks1 eddies1 & curr5ts4    ,z ! desc5t
 ( a curr5t among rocks resembles a walk
 along !  pavem5t ?r\gh a cr[d1 s !     
passage across a rapid is ev5  m /rictly
 9 resemblance ) ! c\rse ( a man :o has 
to  cross a /reet :]e vehicles are pass+
 at unc]ta9 int]vals &  at v>i\s spe$s1 

?\gh all 9 ! same direction4 ,= x is    
pla9  t ! ?+ to be done is ne>ly ! same1
 :e!r ! ob/acles  7z break]s7 are fix$ &
 ! curr5t c>ries y t[>ds !m1 or  !      
ob/acles 7z cabs & c>ts7 are mov+1 :ile 
y h to walk  ?r\gh !m on t]ra firma4 ,to
 cross ,p>k-lane 9 ! aft]noon  requires 
! v same sort ( calculation z ! passage 
across !  /ream 9 a rapid on ! ,rh9e4   
,we may divide ! rocks ?us enc\nt]$ 9   
fa/ wat] into two  classes--7#a7 ,^? t  
are sunk1 s t ! boat may possibly  float
 ov] !m1 & :i* d n deflect ! direction (
 ! surface  curr5t4 7#b7 ,^? t are      
break]s1 & s deflect ! curr5t1  & d n   
all[ ! boat to float ov] !m4 ,! curr5ts 
may be  divid$ into--7#a7 ,^? t are     
equable 9 =ce1 & 9 ! same  direction    
?r\gh ! c\rse to be /e]$4 7#b7 ,^? t    
alt] _!  direction 9 a "p ( t c\rse4    
,9 ! problems be=e ! canoei/ w be f\nd !
 comb9ations  ( e degree & v>iety ( ^!  
rocks & curr5ts1 b !  actual            
circum/ances he has to deal ) at any    
specifi$ mom5t may  be g5]ally rang$ "u 

"o or o!r ( ! six cases depict$ 9  !    
accompany+ woodcut4 ,9 ea* ( ! figures 9
 ! diagram !  curr5t is suppos$ to run  
t[>ds ! top ( ! page1 & ! g5]al  c\rse (
 ! canoe is suppos$ to be ) ! curr5t4 ,!
 p>ticul>  direction ( ! curr5t is      
indicat$ by ! dott$ l9es4 ,! rocks  :5  
%ad$ are suppos$ to be sunk1 & :5 n %ad$
 !y are  break]s4 ,?us ! curr5t is uni=m
 9 ,figs4 #a1 #b1 #c2 & x is  o!rwise 9 
,figs4 #d1 #e1 #f4 ,! rocks are all sunk
 9 ,figs4 #a1 #b1 #c1  & #e2 :]eas 9    
,figs4 #d & #f !re are break]s4 ,! black
 l9e 9  all ! figures %[s ! prop] c\rse 
( ! c5tre ( ! boat1 &  x is well to     
habituate oneself to make ! c\rse su* z 
t ?is  l9e %all nev] be ne>] to ! rock  
?an "o-half ( ! boat's  l5g?4    ,!     
simple/ case t c occur is :5 ! canoe is 
m]ely float+  )\t way ?r\gh a curr5t1 & 
! curr5t be>s x ne> a rock4  ,if ?is be 
a break]1 ! curr5t1 be+ deflect$1 w     
g5]ally  c>ry ! boat to "o side4 ,! /e]+
 9 su* cases is s easy1 &  its frequ5t  
occurr5ce gives s mu* practice1 t no m  

ne$ be  said ab\t x4 ,b if ! rock be a  
sunk rock1 & if x be n q  pla9 f !      
appe>ance ( ! wat] t !re is dep? en\gh  
ov]  ! rock to float ! boat1 !n x is    
necess>y to pass ei!r above  ! rock1 z 9
 ,fig4 #a1 or bel[ x1 z 9 ,fig4 #b4     
,a few days' practice is n ?r[n away if 
! canoei/ seizes e  opportunity ( p]=m+ 
"u easy circum/ances feats :i* may at   
o!r times h to be done "u necessity1 &  
:i* w\ld n be s  well done !n if        
attempt$ = ! fir/ "t4 ,let him1 !re=e1 z
  soon z possible1 become adept 9 cross+
 above or bel[ a s+le  sunk rock ) 8    
boat's b[ po9t$ to any angle ( !        
semi-circle  be=e him4    ,illu/ration  
,next we h to consid] ! cases 9 :i* m   
?an "o rock w  h to be avoid$4 ,n[1     
h[ev] great ! numb] ( ! rocks may be1   
!y c be divid$ into sets ( ?ree1 & 9 ea*
 ( ! figures #c1  #d1 #e1 #f x is       
suppos$ t 7= reasons :i* may be diff]5t 
9 ea*  case1 b always suffici5t7 ! canoe
 has to pass betwe5 rocks ,a &  ,b1 & !n
 betwe5 ,b & ,c1 b mu/ n pass o!rwise   

betwe5 ,a &  ,c4    ,9 ,fig4 #c ! c\rse 
is bel[ ,b1 & above ,c1 be+ a comb9ation
 (  ! in/ance 9 ,fig4 #b ) t 9 ,fig4 #a4
 ,! precise angle to !  l9e ( ! c\rse   
:i* ! boat's long] axis ought to h w    
dep5d ^u :at is to be done next aft]    
pass+ betwe5 ,b & ,c1 &  h5ce !         
importance ( be+ able to effect !       
passages 9 ,fig4 #a &  ,fig4 #b1 ) !    
axis at any requir$ angle4    ,we may   
next suppose t "o ( ! ?ree rocks1 say   
,b1 z 9 ,fig4 #d1  is a break] :i* w    
deflect ! curr5t 7z indicat$ by ! dott$ 
/ream l9es71 & x w !n be necess>y to    
modify ! angle ( !  boat's axis1 ?\gh ! 
boat's c5tre has to be kept 9 ! same    
c\rse  z be=e4 ,x w be se5 at once t if 
,a 7 a break] ! angle  w\ld be influ5c$ 
9 ano!r mann]1 & t if ,c 7 a break] !   
angle at :i* ! boat %\ld em]ge f ! gr\p 
( rocks w\ld  be influ5c$ by ! /ream f  
,c also2 b x is only necess>y  to rem9d 
! read] t all ! comb9ations &           
p]mutations (  break]s & sunk rocks ne$ 
n be sep>ately discuss$1--!y  may be met

 by ! exp]i5ce obta9$ 9 "o case ( ea*   
class (  circum/ances4    ,fig4 #e      
repres5ts a circul> curr5t ov] ! gr\p ( 
?ree rocks4  ,?is is a v deceptive case1
 = x looks s easy t at fir/ x  is likely
 to be treat$ c>elessly4 ,if ! boat 7   
suppos$ to be a  sub/ance float+1 b )\t 
weight1 x w\ld h its direction  ( motion
 in/antly alt]$ by t ( ! curr5t4 ,b !   
boat has  weight1 & z x has velocity 7t 
( ! curr5t ev5 if ! boat is  n urg$ also
 by ! paddle s z to h way ?r\gh ! wat]71
  !re=e x w h mom5tum1 & ! t5d5cy w be  
to cont9ue  ! motion 9 a /raight l9e1   
in/ead ( a curve guid$ solely by !      
curr5t4 ,9 all ^! cases1 !re=e1 x w be  
f\nd t ! boat  insi/s ^u pass+ betwe5 ,a
 & ,c1 :]e x mu/ n be all[$  to g 7on ! 
hypo!sis we h />t$ )71 & if x effects a 
compromise by runn+ ^u ,c1 t w be by no 
means satisfactory4  ,?is class ( cases 
includes all ^? 9 :i* ! riv] makes a    
quick turn r\nd a rock or a tongue ,b1  
:]e ! b\nd>y =m$ by !  rock ,a on ! out]
 b5d ( ! /ream is a solid bank1 or a    

fr+e (  gr[+ trees1 or ( faggots        
artificially built z a protection aga9/ 
! erosion ( ! wat]4 ,?is case occurs1   
!re=e1 v frequ5tly  9 "s fa/ riv]s1 say1
 at lea/1 a hundr$ times 9 a day's "w1  
& p]haps no te/ ( a man's exp]i5ce &    
capacity z a canoei/  is m decisive ?an 
8 mann] ( /e]+ r\nd a fa/1 %>p b5d4  ,! 
t5d5cy ( ! canoei/ 9 su* cases is always
 to br+ ! boat  r\nd by paddl+ =w>d ) ! 
out] h&1 !reby add+ to  ! way1 & mak+ ! 
=ce ( ! curr5t 9 its circul> turn  less 
p[]ful relatively4 ,:]eas1 ! prop] plan 
is to back )  ! inn] h&1 & s to /op all 
way 9 ! direction ( ! boat's  l5g?1 & to
 give ! curr5t its full =ce on ! boat4  
,repeat$  lessons are ne$$ be=e ?is is  
le>n$ ?or\ghly4    ,! case we h la/     
rem>k$ ^u is made easi] if ei!r ,a or ,c
 is  a break]1 b x is v mu* increas$ 9  
difficulty if ! rock ,b is  a break] or 
is a /rong tongue ( bank1 & s deflects !
 curr5t  outw>ds at ?is critical po9t4  
,! difficulty is (t5 increas$ by  ! fact
 t ! wat] inside ( ! curve ( ! /ream may

 be %oal1  & s ! paddle on t side /rikes
 ! bottom or gr9ds along x 9  back+4    
,:5 ! curve is all 9 deep wat]1 & !re is
 a pool aft] ,b1 !  boat ought n to be  
turn$ too quickly 9 endeav\r+ to avoid !
  rock ,c1 else x w sometimes !n ent] ! 
eddy bel[ ,b1 :i* runs  up /ream        
sometimes = fifty y>ds4 ,9 su* a case ! 
absurd position  y are !reby ?r[n into  
naturally causes y to /ruggle to resi/  
or /em ?is curr5t2 b ,i h f\nd1 aft]    
repeat$ trials ( e  plan ,i c\ld ?9k (1 
t if once ! back curr5t has tak5 !      
canoe x is be/ to let ! boat sw+ ) !    
eddy s z to make an  entire circuit1    
until ! b[ c come back t[>ds ,b 7& bel[ 
x71  :5 ! nose ( ! boat may be aga9 ?ru/
 into ! ma9 /ream1  :i* w n[ turn ! boat
 r\nd aga9 to its prop] c\rse4 ,mu*  "t 
& lab\r may be sp5t uselessly 9 a wrong 
& ob/9ate conte/  ) an eddy4    ,9 ,fig4
 #f1 :]e ! ?ree rocks are 9 a /raight   
l9e1 & !  middle "o is a break]1 an     
in/ance is giv5 :5 ! prop] c\rse  mu/ be
 kept by back+ dur+ ! fir/ "p ( x4 ,we  

mu/ suppose  t ! canoei/ has atta9$ !   
p[] ( back+ ) p]fect  ease1 = ?is w be q
 necess>y if he int5ds to take 8  boat  
safely ?r\gh sev]al hundr$ comb9ations (
 sunk rocks &  break]s4 ,presum+ ?is1 ! 
case 9 ,fig4 #f w be easy en\gh1  ?\gh a
 little reflection w %[ t x might be v  
difficult1  or almo/ impossible1 if !   
canoei/ c\ld give only a =w>d motion  to
 ! boat4 ,to pass mo/ arti/ically1 !n1  
?r\gh ! gr\p (  rocks 9 ,fig4 #f ! /]n  
%\ld be turn$ t[>ds ,a1 z %[n 9 !       
diagram1 & ! passage across ! curr5t1   
betwe5 ,a & ,b1 is to  be effect$ solely
 by back+ 7& *iefly 9 ?is case ) ! left 
h&7 until ! fur!/ po9t ( ! "r ( ! curve 
is rea*$1  ) ! boat's l5g? /ill z be=e 9
 ! position repres5t$ 9  ! figure4 ,!n !
 =w>d action ( bo? h&s w take ! canoe   
spe$ily ?r\gh ! passage betwe5 ,b & ,c4 
,cases ( ?is sort are r5d]$ m difficult 
by ! di/ance (  ,c f ! po9t above ,a1   
:]e y are situat$ :5 ! in/ant  decision 
has to be made z to :at to d1 & x w\ld  
usually be  imprud5t to rise 9 ! boat 9 

su* a place to survey ! rock ,c4 ,if  x 
is evid5t t ! plan describ$ above w n be
 applicable1  because o!r & future      
circum/ances w require ! boat's b[ to   
em]ge 9 ! opposite direction 7po9t+ to !
 "r71 !n y mu/  ent] =w>ds1 & mu/ back  
betwe5 ,b & ,c1 s z to be ready1 aft]   
pass+ ,c1 to drive =w>d1 & to ! "r4 ,x  
is pla9 t ?is is  v mu* m difficult ?an 
! =m] case1 = y\r back+ n[ has  to be   
done aga9/ ! full /ream f ! break] ,b4  
,9 all ^! in/ances ! action ( ! w9d has 
be5 entirely  omitt$ f consid]ation1 b x
 mu/ n be =gott5 t a /rong  breeze      
mat]ially complicates ! problem be=e !  
canoei/4 ,?is is  especially s :5 ! w9d 
is aft2 :5 x is ahead y are n likely  to
 =get its pres5ce4 ,a /rong fair w9d 7t 
has sc>cely be5 felt  ) y\r back to x7 &
 ! swift /ream & ! boat's spe$ f  paddl+
 be+ all 9 "o direction1 ! breeze w     
sudd5ly become a  new elem5t 9 ! case :5
 y try to cross above a rock z 9 ,fig4  
#a1 & f9d t ! w9d c>ries y broadside on 
aga9/ all y\r  calculations4    ,z =    

sail+ among rocks 9 a curr5t1 if ! rapid
 is long ! canoe  mu/ be direct$ solely 
by ! paddle1 & 9 %ort gr\ps ( rocks  !  
c\rse to be /e]$ by a boat sail+ is !   
same z if x 7  paddl$1 ?\gh ! action ( !
 w9d has to be c>efully tak5 into       
consid]ation4    ,9 all ^! ?+s free     
boldness & skill come be/ aft] lessons (
  exp]i5ce1 & ! canoei/ w f9d himself   
ready & able1 at !  end ( 8 voyage1 to  
sail d[n a rapid :i* he w\ld h approa*$ 
v timidly1 at ! beg9n+1 ev5 ) ! paddle4 
,b p]haps en\gh has be5 said = !        
exp]i5c$ paddl]1 :ile  surely m ?an     
en\gh has be5 said to %[ ! tyro aspirant
 :at  v>i$ "w he has to d1 & h[ int]e/+ 
are ! circum/ances  t w occupy 8        
att5tion on a delightful riv] cruise4   
,! ,boy z ,ya*t ,own]4--,boys :o live   
ne> a %eet ( wat] may l  to "k h[ to    
make--or to h made = !m by a c>p5t]--a  
homely  r\gh-hewn ya*t4 ,!y may n be    
able to w9 ! ,am]ican cup ) x1  b !y may
 h mu* fun on bo>d1 & x w be difficult  
to wreck4  ,inde$1 x is said to be      

impossible to upset a ya*t ( ?is patt]n4
  ,! natives ( ,s\? ,am]ica use ya*ts ( 
?is build1 & ev5 g to  sea 9 ?is k9d (  
craft4 ,we d n advise our read]s to r\nd
 ,cape  ,horn or to cross ! ,bay (      
,biscay 9 a ya*t l ?is1 b on a lake  or 
riv] !y are n likely to come to grief4  
,all ! same1 skill 9  swimm+ %\ld prec$e
 boat+ ( all k9ds4    ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d    
repres5t six p9e logs1 ea* "o f\rte5    
feet long &  eight in*es 9 diamet]4 ,!  
six jo9$ toge!r make a deck f\r  feet   
wide4 ,bo? ends ( ea* log are r\ghly    
trimm$ ) an adze &  und]nea? ea* log is 
bevell$ along ?ree feet ( its l5g? at   
ea*  end4 ,! middle eight feet ( ea* log
 is ?us left 9 its natural  /ate1 r\nd &
 /ill be>+ its b>k2 b ?ree feet at ea*  
end (  ea* log is trimm$ to slope & tap]
 t[>ds its t]m9ation4 ,e is  f\r feet   
sev5 in*es f ! b[ & repres5ts a hole d[n
 to !  wat] two in*es wide & eighte5    
in*es long4 ,x is =m$ by cutt+  an in*  
away f ea* ( ! two c5tre logs to make   
two in*es1 &  mak+ ! l5g? ( ! ind5tation

 eighte5 in*es on ea* ( ^!  two logs4 ,!
 purpose ( ! hole is to hold a          
c5tre-bo>d1 :i* is  pass$ ?r\gh x to act
 in/ead ( a keel4 ,x is a piece (       
two-in*  plank eighte5 in*es wide4 ,next
 ! b[ ends ( ! logs are fa/5$  toge!r by
 :at jo9]s call rabbet+ & bolt+4 ,fig4  
#b repres5ts  a rabbet1 & gives !       
dim5sions4 ,"o ( ^! rabbets is cut ^u  !
 upp] side ( ea* log1 "o foot six in*es 
f ! b[1 s t  :5 all ! logs h be5 s]v$   
exactly alike1 & !y h be5  plac$ 9      
position side by side1 ^! ind5tations =m
 an unbrok5  *annel across ! boat4 ,n[ a
 piece ( ! t\ghe/ dry wood--!           
bolt--%ap$ l ,fig4 #c1 %\ld be made to  
fit ?is groove1 & %\ld  !n be plac$     
!re94 ,at ,h1 ,i1 9 ,fig4 #a bore ) an  
aug] holes  ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9      
diamet] ?r\gh ! bolt1 & "r on  ?r\gh !  
log4 ,into ^! holes fit pegs ( h>d1 v   
dry wood4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4   
,if ^! pegs & ! bolt fit tightly :5 !y  
are q dry !y  w swell & fit v mu* tight]
 :5 !y become wet4 ,two &  a half feet  

fur!r back at ,j1 ,k1 ! logs are rabbet$
 aga9 9  precisely ! same way1 & aga9 at
 ,l ,m1 ,n ,o1 & ,p ,q4 ,! ma/  %\ld be 
z long z ! boat1 & at its base f\r & a  
half in*es  9 diamet]4 ,g5]ally x       
consi/s ( a small tree1 a spruce fir1 or
  some?+ ( t k9d4 ,! boom1 se5 9 !      
complet$ picture1 is  almo/ z long z !  
ma/1 ?\gh m sl5d]1 & x mu/ h a  =k at   
its ?icke/ end4 ,a light] b\gh1 ) a =k1 
?ree feet  six-in*es long1 is ne$$ z a  
re/ = ! boom4    ,illu/ration    ,! ma/ 
is fix$ at ,r 9 ,fig4 #a1 & is secur$ z 
9 ,fig4 #d4 ,x  /&s 9 a hole f\r in*es 9
 diamet] & f\r in*es deep4 ,a &  ,b 9   
,fig4 #d /& a foot away f ! ma/ 9 holes 
?ree in*es 9  diamet] & ?ree in*es deep4
 ,a & ,b are ea* eighte5 in*es long1  & 
,c is a piece ( two-in* plank eighte5   
in*es wide1 & x has a  hole bor$ 9 x f\r
 in*es 9 diamet] to admit ! ma/4 ,at ,s1
 ,t1 ,u1  ,v1 9 ,fig4 #a holes are bor$ 
?ree in*es 9 diamet] exactly ^u !       
middle ( ! next to ! out]mo/ log on ea* 
side ( ! boat4 ,^!  are fitt$ ) =k$     

uprights1 ^? at ,s & ,t are eight in*es 
long2 ^? at ,u & ,v are twelve in*es    
long4 ,at ,w1 ,x1 ,y & ,z 9  ,fig4 #a   
bore holes ?ree in*es 9 diamet] & ?ree  
in*es deep1 ,w &  ,x be+ "o foot away f 
,n1 ,o4 ,two feet f ,w & ,x %\ld be ,y  
,z4  a & b are holes ( ! same size ov] !
 middle logs ( ! boat4  ,9 ,w1 ,x1 ,y & 
,z %\ld be =k$ uprights f\rte5 in*es    
long4 ,9 a  & b are uprights sixte5     
in*es long ) a cross piece ^u :i*  to   
re/ ! o> ( ! /e]sman4 ,fig4 #e %[s :at !
 arrangem5ts  are ) reg>d to ^!         
uprights4 ,a little be=e ! ma/1 on ea*  
side ( ! boat1 a pole runs ?r\gh ! =ks (
 ! uprights4 ,!  ends ( ^! poles are    
jo9$ aft by a piece ( "o-in* plank1 ^u  
:i* sits ! man at ! helm4 ,a %elt] may  
be made ) a piece (  sailclo? or o!r    
mat]ial z %[n 9 ,fig4 #f4               
,illu/ration    ,! helm consi/s ( a pole
 f\r feet long1 :i* is fix$ at an angle 
( =ty-five degrees to a piece ( in*     
plank two feet long & eight  in*es wide1
 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #g4 ,x w be f\nd t !     

vessel  easily answ]s ?is helm1 :i* is  
us$ l an o>4 ,along ! ma/  ! sail is n9e
 feet long4 ,x does n run on r+s1 b is  
nail$  to ! ma/4 ,! corn] is ti$        
securely to ! end ( ! boom1  ^: l5g? is 
t5 feet4 ,! boom re/s ) its =k ^u ! ma/ 
& is prev5t$ f slipp+ away by a =k$1    
upright support4 ,x  is an easy matt] to
 unfurl ! sail4 ,take ! =k ( ! boom f  !
 ma/1 & ! sail collapses in/antane\sly4 
,mu* navigation c  be le>n$ 9 a vessel (
 ?is k9d1 & x may be t "s future        
admiral w h 8 small beg9n+s 9 a craft ( 
?is homely  "*4          ,,*apt] ,x     
,,cook+ ,,9 ,,camp      ,9 ! la/ *apt]  
we _h mu* to say ( ! fam\s canoe        
travell]1  ! late ,john ,macgregor1 &   
our read]s w welcome an acc\nt (  8     
portable cook+ app>atus1 because ev5 if 
!y d n g voyages  9 a boat !y w f9d x   
useful = picnics & camp+ out4 ,?is      
app>atus1 ! voyag] tells u1 has be5     
design$ aft] num]\s  exp]im5ts ) v>i\s  
portable cook+-ma*9es :i* ,i c\ld       
procure = trial1 &1 z x succe$s bett]   

?an any ( !m1 & has  be5 approv$ by     
trial 9 five ( my own voyages1 & 9 ano!r
 to  ,icel&1 besides %ort] trips1 & 9 ! 
,abyss9ian campaign1 x may  be ( "s use 
to describe ! contrivance "h4    ,!     
object propos$ 0 to provide a light b   
/rong app>atus :i*  c\ld spe$ily boil   
wat] & heat or fry o!r mat]ials ev5 9   
wet  & w9dy wea!r1 & ) fuel en\gh c>ri$ 
9 itself = sev]al  days' use4    ,fig4  
#a is a section ( ! ,rob ,roy cuis9e z x
 is made up =  c>ry+4 ,!re is fir/ a    
/rong wat]pro( bag ab\t "o foot high1  &
 clos$ at ! top by a runn+ cord4 ,at !  
bottom is ! cuis9e  itself1 a1 :i*      
occupies a space ( only six in*es by    
?ree in*es  7:5 ( small] size71 & has ! 
v>i\s p>ts pack$ inside1 except  ! dr9k+
 cup b4    ,provisions1 su* z bread &   
cold meat or eggs1 may be /[$ 9 !  bag  
above ! cuis9e1 & if ! /r+ ( x be !n    
atta*$ to a  nail fix$ 9 ! boat1 ! :ole 
w be kept /eady4    ,= use1 :5 x is     
desir$ to boil wat]1 ! cuis9e be+ op5$1 
! l[] "p is a copp] pan1 c1 ,fig4 #b1 ) 

a h&le1 e1 :i*  c be fix$ ei!r into a   
socket 9 ! side ( ! pan1 or ano!r       
socket 9 ! side ( ! lid1 z repres5t$ 9  
,figs4 #b & #f4    ,?ree iron legs also 
fix into sockets & support ! pan ov] !  
_s-lamp1 f1 by :i* ! pan1 two-?irds full
 ( liquid1 w be  boil$ 9 five m9utes4   
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4    ,illu/ration3
 ,fig4 #b4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4   
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4    ,illu/ration3
 ,fig4 #d4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4   
,! lamp is ! ma9 feature ( ! app>atus1 &
 x is repres5t$ 9  section 9 ,fig4 #c4  
,x consi/s ( two cyl9d]s1 "o )9 ! o!r4  
,! space betwe5 ^! 7%ad$ d>k7 is clos$  
at top & bottom1 &  a tube b1 fix$ ?r\gh
 ! bottom1 rises ) "o op5 end inside1  &
 ano!r 7a small nozzle7 curv$ upw>ds 9 !
 op5 int]nal  cyl9d]4 ,ano!r tube1 h1   
op5s into ! annul> *amb] betwe5 !       
cyl9d]s1 & x has a funnel-%ap$ m\? at ! 
out] end1 ?r\gh  :i* ! *amb] may be     
fill$1 :ile a screw 9 ! inside all[s a  
h&le1 ,fig4 #d 79 section71 to h its    
end1 j1 screw$ 94 ,a small  hole 9 !    

upp] surface is clos$ by a little cork1 
:i* w be  expell$ if ! pressure )9 is s 
high z to require escape by ?is         
safety-valve4 ,! hole may be 9 any "p ( 
! annul> cov] 7b is  n %[n 9 ! sket*71 &
 9 su* case ! hole %[n 9 ! h&le  is     
omitt$4    ,! out] cyl9d] ( ! lamp1 be+ 
l>g] ?an ! inn] "o1 has a  bottom1 k1   
,fig4 #c1 :i* =ms a circul> tray ( ab\t 
two in*es  wide & half an in* deep4     
,! orig9al =m ( ! lamp1 :i* 0 fir/      
br\ght to notice by !  cook ( ! ,royal  
,canoe ,club1 _h a deta*$ tray = !      
bottom1 b  n[1 in/ead ( ?is plan = !    
admission ( air into ! lamp1 two  saw   
cuts are made1 ea* ab\t an in* long4 ,"o
 ( !m is %[n bel[  f1 ,fig4 #b1 & ?us ! 
lamp & tray are unit$ 9 "o compact piece
  :ile !re /ill is access = air4    ,!  
late ,pr(essor ,j4 ,d4 ,=bes1 :o us$ ?is
 lamp1 says x 0  introduc$ into ?is     
c\ntry f ,russia by ,dr4 ,samuel ,br[n1 
& t  ! jet ( burn+ _s has su* =ce z to  
resi/ ! bla/ ( a  hurricane4    ,to put 
! lamp 9 op]ation1 unscrew its h&le f ! 

position  9 ,fig4 #b1 s t x w be z 9    
,figs4 #c & #d4 ,!n f a t9  flask 7:i*  
has be5 pack$ ) ! re/ ( ! ?+s 9 ! pan7  
p\r spirits ( w9e--or1 if ! od\r is n   
object$ to1 me?ylat$  _s1 into ! measure
 m1 ,fig4 #e1 & f t into ! int]ior  ( ! 
lamp ?r\gh ! op5+ at h4 ,next screw 9 ! 
h&le1 &  place ! lamp level "u ! pan1 & 
p\r ne>ly ano!r measure  full into !    
int]ior tray4 ,set fire to ?is1 & %elt] 
x = a few  seconds if !re be mu* w9d4 ,i
 us$ ?is always ) complete success  on !
 ,jordan1 ,nile1 ,danube1 & _m o!r      
riv]s4    ,9 a %ort "t ! flame heats !  
spirits 9 ! clos$ *amb]1 &  ! spiritu\s 
/eam is =c$ by pressure d[n ! tube1 &   
inflames  at ! nozzle1 f :i* x issues ) 
mu* =ce & "s noise 9 a  light$ column1  
:i* is ab\t "o foot 9 height :5 unimp$$4
    ,?is p[]ful flame op]ates on ! :ole 
( ! bottom & l[] edge  ( ! pan1 & x _c  
be bl[n out by w9d nor by a bla/ f !    
m\?1 b may be in/antly ext+ui%$ by %>ply
 plac+ ! flat  bottom ( ! measure ^u x4 
,! cov] may be put on s z to re/ ) !    

flat bottom d[nw>ds1  & ) or )\t ! h&le4
 ,if tea is to be made ) ! wat]  :5 x   
boils1 ! requisite quantity is to be    
plac$ 9 ! tea  vessel1 n1 ,fig4 #e1 :i* 
has p]=at$ sides1 &1 its lid be+  clos$1
 ?is is plac$ 9 ! wat]1 :]e x w re/ on !
 curv$  side1 & c be agitat$ n[ & !n = a
 m9ute1 aft] :i* ins]t  ! h&le 9 !      
socket ( ! pan & remove ! lamp1 all[+ ! 
tea to infuse = f\r m9utes1 :5 ! tea    
vessel may be remov$  & ! made tea may  
be p\r$ out into ! cup4 ,! dry tea c be 
conv5i5tly c>ri$ 9 a pap] inside ! tea  
vessel4 ,salt is c>ri$  9 ! box o1 & !  
mat*es are 9 ! box p4 ,c(fee may be  be/
 c>ri$ 9 ! /ate ( ess5ce 9 a bottle4 ,an
 egg-spoon & a  s\p-spoon are suppli$4  
,a flat clasp knife & =k may be _h      
extra4    ,if bacon is to be fri$1 or   
eggs to be poa*$ or cook$ sur le plat1  
!y may be put into ! lid & held by h&   
ov] ! lamp-flame1 s  z to w>m all p>ts  
equally1 or ! sl[] heat ( a simple flame
 may  be employ$ by light+ ! measure    
full ( spirits & !n plac+  x on ! bottom

 ( ! upturn$ pan z %[n at ,fig4 #f1 :]e 
x w  be obs]v$ t ! ?ree legs are plac$ 9
 _! sockets ) !  convex curve ( ea*     
turn$ outw>d1 s t ! lid1 z a fry+-pan1  
c re/ ^u _! ?ree po9ts4    ,! _s-flask  
conta9s en\gh = six sep>ate *>ges ( !   
lamp1  & ! co/ ( us+ me?ylat$ spirits at
 #ds4 #f;d4 a gallon is n "o  p5ny a    
meal4 ,! lamp-flame la/s f t5 to fifte5 
m9utes1 & !  weight ( ! cuis9e1         
exclusive ( ! bag & cup1 is ab\t two    
p\nds4    ,^! cuis9es1 improv$ by !     
sugge/ions obta9$ 9 _! use1  %\ld be    
c>efully made ) ! be/ mat]ials &        
workman%ip1 &  ! co/ w\ld be ab\t two & 
a half gu9eas2 or if ) t9 boil]  in/ead 
( copp]1 & brass lamp1 #a #abs4 #f;d4   
,_m ( mu* l>g] size  7to cook = tw5ty   
m57 h be5 us$ 9 ,au/ralia4    ,! lamp   
above describ$ 0 us$ daily 9 my yawl b !
 o!r  fitt+s 7 on a m enl>g$ scale1 z   
extreme lightness 0 n  !n requir$4    ,!
 ,norwegian ,cook+ ,app>atus ( ano!r k9d
 entirely w be a  valuable adjunct to ! 
ya*tsman's /ores4 ,by means ( ?is1 meat 

or  pudd+ aft] be+ heat$ = only five    
m9utes1 & !n enclos$  9 a box :i* reta9s
 ! heat1 w be f\nd to be p]fectly cook$ 
aft] ?ree h\rs1 ?\gh no m heat has be5  
appli$ to x4    ,illu/ration    ,s9ce   
,john ,macgegor us$ ?is /ove !re h be5  
o!r wickless  /oves inv5t$1 & sold at m 
mod]ate prices4 ,= in/ance !re  are !   
,primus & ! ,optimus & ! ,wickless oil  
/ove ( ! ,wilson  ,eng9e]+ ,company4    
,sev]al su* /oves1 ( :i* two are        
illu/rat$  "h1 are includ$ 9 ! li/s (   
,messrs4 ,a4 ,w4 ,gamage1 ,ltd41 & !y   
are useful indoors & 9 ! op54           
,,*apt] ,,xi    ,,butt]flies ,,& ,,mo?s 
,= ^? boys :o h ! good =tune to live 9  
,brita91 few  hobbies are bett] or m    
entic+ ?an collect+ butt]flies &  mo?s4 
,! foll[+ app>atus w be en\gh to />t )3 
7#a7 a butt]fly  net2 7#b7 a few doz5s (
 "o ounce & two ounce deep will[        
pill-boxes1 :i* may be /r5g!n$ by a     
little liquid %ellac glue  run r\nd !   
inside edges2 7#c7 a h&bag :i* excludes 
! light2 7#d7  a two-p\nd biscuit-t9 )  

tightly-fitt+ lid2 7#e7 a z9c p9n+  box1
 cork l9$2 7#f7 "s entomological p9s 9  
?ree sizes2 7#g7 "s  sett+ bo>ds or     
blocks2 & 7#h7 a /ore box = keep+ !     
specim5s  :5 dry en\gh to remove f !    
sett+ bo>ds4 ,we w n[ consid]  ^! items 
9 detail4    ,! butt]fly net c q easily 
be home-made1 ?\gh1 :]e money  is       
pl5tiful1 x is be/ b\ght ) ! o!r ?+s    
above nam$4 ,to  make ! net-frame1 obta9
 f a deal] :at is call$ a ,y-piece1 9   
brass tube4 ,!n obta9 a piece ( %ort    
walk+-/ick1 n m ?an  two feet long1 :i* 
w fit into ! l[] section ( ! ,y1 :i*    
has a broad] tube ?an ! two upp]        
sections4 ,a %ort /ick is always  be/1  
because m h&y & sure 9 manipulation :5  
cat*+ !  butt]flies4 ,into ! upp]       
sections ( ! ,y place ! ends ( a piece  
( cane ab\t ?ree or f\r feet long1 be+  
c>eful t ea* end (  ! cane fits tightly 
into ! brass sockets4 ,!n get a lady    
fri5d to  make = y a gre5 or :ite       
l5o-musl9 bag net1 ) a br[n calico  hem 
atta*$1 into :i* ! cane runs4 ,?is net  

%\ld be made j  deep en\gh to rea* ) !  
h& to ! bottom1 or an in* or s  deep]   
only4 ,m9d ! bottom is made r\nd1 & n   
jelly-bag %ap$  ) a po9t1 :i* w ru9     
ne>ly all y\r captures be=e !y are      
secur$4 ,be=e us+ ! net1 h ! musl9 /eep$
 9 wat] = a  :ole night1 s z to take all
 ! /iffness out ( ! musl94 ,x w  require
 sev]al r9s+s be=e ! size is all remov$1
 & x becomes  q s(t4 ,nev] m9d ! loss ( 
col\r if gre5--x w only look  ! m       
workman-l4 ,9 us+ ! net to cat* !       
specim5s1 l s  _m o!r ?+s1 x requires   
practice to make p]fect2 b :5 once  !   
knack is obta9$1 x %\ld be a r>e ?+ to  
miss a specim54  ,don't race aft] !m1 b 
wait until ! butt]fly hov]s ov] a  fl[]1
 or flies /eadily pa/1 !n1 ) a bold1    
/eady /roke1 cat*  x 9 ! c5tre ( ! net  
op5+1 at ! same mom5t giv+ !  wri/ a %>p
 half-turn1 :i* w close ! m\? ( ! net1 &
 s  secure ! novelty4    ,c>ry ! empty  
pill-boxes 9 ! "r-h& side pocket ( !    
coat1  transf]r+ !m to ! left-h& side z 
fill$1 s t ! full  & empty boxes nev]   

get mix$ 9 ! pockets4 ,hav+ safely nett$
  ! butt]fly1 place ! net on ! gr\nd1 & 
take a suitable siz$  pill-box 9 ! "r   
h&4 ,remove ! lid1 :i* is to be plac$ 9 
! ball ( ! h& loosely "u ! bottom ( !   
pill-box4 ,?is  leaves ! left h& free4  
,!n ins]t ! "r h& into ! net1 &  cov] ! 
butt]fly ) ! pill-box1 hold+ x ) ! left 
h&  f ! outside ( ! net1 c>efully keep+ 
! gauze tightly ov]  ! box ) ! left     
=ef+]4 ,! "r h&1 :i* is n[ free1  /ill  
conta9s ! lid ( ! pill-box1 :i* g5tly   
place ov] !  butt]fly1 sl[ly draw+ out !
 gauze rema9+ betwe5 ! lid &  ! box4    
,quickly transf] ! fill$ box1 :i* %\ld  
conta9 only  "o specim51 into ! d>k     
left-h& pocket4 ,mo/ butt]flies w  at   
once become quiet 9 ! d>k1 if x is n too
 hot4 ,z opportunity  occurs1 x is be/  
to transf] !m to ! h&-bag1 :i* %\ld be  
left ne>1 "u ! %ade ( a bu% 9 a cool    
place4 ,by ?is means  e specim5 %\ld be 
s box$ )\t ! app>5t loss ( a s+le  scale
 f _! w+s4 ,only take good              
specim5s--don't be tempt$ to  get a     

quantity1 b r g 9 = f9e quality4        
,especially avoid any  :i* are *ipp$1   
rubb$1 or o!rwise unfit = cab9et        
specim5s4  ,x is a great mi/ake to take 
imp]fect specim5s1 = !y give j  z mu*   
tr\ble z ! f9e/1 & are nev] ( use ei!r =
 !  collection or = sci5tific purposes4 
,if x is n conv5i5t on  arrival home to 
imm$iately set out our captures1 !y %\ld
 n be  kill$1 b plac$ 9 ! biscuit-t9 or 
left 9 ! bag j z !y  are1 9 a cold1 d>k 
cell>1 or l place1 :]e !y w be all  "r =
 a c\ple ( days or m1 rema9+ p]fectly   
/ill4    ,hav+ br\ght home our captures 
we n[ produce ! biscuit-t94 ,?is  is to 
be us$ = ! le?al-*amb]1 :]e ! specim5s  
are to be  s5t to sleep1 b n to awake   
refre%$4 ,! processes ( by-gone  times =
 kill+ butt]flies = collections h be5   
_m1 ! mo/  primitive1 p]haps1 be+ p9*+ !
 "u side ( ! ?orax1 or  t "p ( ! body to
 :i* ! w+s are atta*$4 ,d\btless1 !re   
are 9 ! v>i\s collections ( butt]flies1 
l>ge numb]s ( f9e  specim5s :i* h be5 s 
kill$2 b x is an objectionable plan1    

because ev5 :5 skilfully execut$1 !     
specim5s are m or less  mutilat$ 9 !    
/ructure1 & are consequ5tly difficult to
 set out  ) accuracy4 ,we are almo/     
c]ta9 by ?is me?od to break (f a leg  or
 two1 or o!rwise r5d] ! specim5         
imp]fect4 ,*lor(orm is us$  by "s p to  
kill _! butt]flies1 b x is              
unsatisfactory1  = x (t5 r5d]s !m v     
rigid & too /iff to imm$iately set  out1
 :i* is a great disadvantage4 ,mu* !    
same may be said ( !  fumes ( cyanide ( 
potassium1 :i* con/itute ! active       
prop]ties  ( ! kill+ bottles sold by !  
deal]s4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 always  wise to   
keep "o ( ^! bottles 9 ! h&-bag1 9 case 
some?+  v special is to be imm$iately   
/upefi$4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be a  good l>ge 
bottle1 ) wide m\?1 = x is ne$$ g5]ally 
= !  big butt]flies1 su* z ! l>g]       
fritill>ies1 purple emp]ors1 &  ! l 9   
size & /r5g?4 ,!re is no?+1 h[ev]1 s    
good =  obta9+ p]fect specim5s z box+ ! 
butt]flies 9 ! nets1  convey+ !m home 9 
a d>k h&-bag1 & !n kill+ !m 9 a         

biscuit-t9 ) ! fumes ( /rong liquid     
ammonia4 ,x is be/  to buy a f\r-ounce  
tightly-/opp]$ squat-bottle = keep+ !   
ammonia1 :i*1 :5 n 9 use1 %\ld be plac$ 
out ( ! light1  9 a draw] or cupbo>d1   
tak+ c>e ! /opp] is tightly fix$4 ,9    
buy+ ! ammonia ask ! *emi/ = t ) a      
specific gravity  ( 4#hhj1 :i* is       
commonly kept by !m4 ,"s *emi/s w try to
  p]suade ! buy] t x is n safe1 s z to  
supply a weak]  article2 9 :i* case     
don't trade ) him aga91 = any?+ weak]  w
 n only n kill ! butt]flies1 b simply   
irritate !m into  knock+ !mselves into  
small pieces4 ,n[ to proce$4 ,we place  
ab\t a  l>ge teaspoonful ( ! liquid     
ammonia into a little cup1 or bett]1  9 
a small mu/>d-t9 lid1 tak+ c>e to keep  
our eyes & nose cle>  ( ! fumes4 ,place 
?is z quickly z possible at ! bottom ( !
  biscuit-t91 & ov] x loosely a piece ( 
pap]1 s z to let out  ! fumes1 b to /op 
! pill-boxes f fall+ into ! fluid1 &  s 
do+ damage to box & cont5ts4 ,!n place !
 boxes conta9+  ! butt]flies into ! t9 &

 tightly close ! lid & leave !m  = n    
less ?an half an h\r1 or bett] /ill1 a  
little long]4 ,!  boxes ?us plac$ may be
 left ov]night & op5$ next morn+1 if  m 
conv5i5t2 b 9 t case x is be/ to put 9 )
 !m a  small piece ( damp sponge ab\t ! 
size ( a walnut1 s z to keep  ! specim5s
 f gett+ too dry4 ,?is damp atmosph]e   
%\ld also be  !re :5 ! butt]flies are   
/or$ away alive 9 ! d>k1 = a day  or    
two1 z describ$ already4    ,on op5+ !  
lid ( ! biscuit-t9 conta9+ ! ammonia &  
pill-boxes1 be c>eful to keep y\r face  
well away1 or ! puff (  vap\r may be v  
pa9ful4 ,!re is no dang] :atev] to be   
fe>$  f ! use ( ammonia 9 ?is mann]1 b  
/ill x may lead to  tempor>y discom=t1  
su* z pa9 9 ! eyes & loss ( brea? = a   
mom5t4    ,hav+ remov$ ! lid proce$ 9 ! 
foll[+ mann]3 ,fir/ place  on ! table   
be=e y a %eet ( :ite pap] or a          
blott+-pad4 ,by  y\r side on ! table h a
 small tea-tray1 or o!r flat receptacle4
  ,take out ( ! t9 "o ( ! top           
pill-boxes1 op5 ! lid1 & %ake  out !    

butt]fly on ! %eet ( pap] 9 front ( y4  
,!n put !  lid ( ! pill-box ) its top   
turn$ d[nw>ds1 on ! tea-tray1  & place !
 rema9d] ( ! pill-box1 sideways )9 !    
lid4  ,! object is to let ! air get to !
 inside ( ! boxes1 s z to  evaporate !  
ammonia /ill rema9+ ab\t !m1 or ! next  
butt]fly  to occupy ! box w object to ! 
/ale fumes ( smell+ salts1  & probably  
knock itself ab\t 9 consequ5ce4 ,! boxes
 may be ?us  all empti$ & left to air1  
:i* w n require mu* m ?an an  h\r1 or   
ev5 less1 if ! tray be plac$ 9 ! sun%9e 
ne> an op5  w9d[4 ,by plac+ ea* box     
sideways 9 its lid1 ! boxes & lids all  
fit "o ano!r1 & d n get tiresomely mix$4
    ,9 %ak+ out ! butt]flies place !m 9 
r[s neatly on ! pap]1  s t y "k :i* 0 ! 
fir/ to leave ! boxes1 = t r[  %\ld be !
 fir/ p9n$1 hav+ be5 expos$ long] to !  
fre%  air1 to p]mit ! ammonia atta*$ to 
!m to evaporate4 ,if p9n$ too  soon1 !  
ammonia is apt to affect ! metal ( ! p9 
& make x  brittle :]e x passes ?r\gh !  
body ( ! insect4 ,! action (  ?is gas is

 mo/ peculi> on ! col\rs ( "s insects1  
especially  on t ( ! small hea?         
butt]fly1 m>bl$ :ites1 or "s ( !  blues4
 ,:5 se5 = ! fir/ "t "o is              
horror-/rick51 & apt  to exclaim t !    
specim5s are ru9$ ) ! na/y /uff4 ,?is1  
h[ev]1 soon all passes away z ! ammonia 
evaporates & ! normal  col\rs reappe> 9 
all _! =m] beauty4 ,"s collectors rail  
aga9/ ammonia1 us+ !mselves "s worse    
kill+ m$ium4 ,!re is  no o!r su* m$ium  
:i* w all[ ( "o1 aft] p9n+ ! insect1  to
 move x up & d[n quickly 9 ! air ) !    
effect t !  w+s are z flaccid z ?\gh !  
specim5 7 alive4 ,x leaves n  ! slighte/
 trace ( rigidity1 :i* is ( ! highe/    
importance =  quick & successful sett+  
out4    ,! next proce$+ is "o :i*       
requires delicate h&l+ &  t\*1 :i* c    
only come ) practice4 ,x is p9n+ !      
insects4  ,to d ?is !re is only "o way  
:i* p]mits ( ! specim5 be+  aft]w>ds    
exactly set out1 & t is1 ! prop] way4   
,any  deviation f x1 simple z x is1     
leads to all sorts ( tr\ble &  vexation 

:5 we come to set ! butt]flies out on ! 
blocks4 ,take  ! butt]fly--) ! w+s clos$
 toge!r ov] ! back1 s t  ! "u side only 
c be se5--betwe5 ! left h& fir/ f+] &   
?umb4 ,t\* x deftly1 b firmly1 hold+ no 
m ?an is necess>y  ( ! "u side ( !      
?orax1 :]e ! legs are fix$4 ,be v       
c>eful n to break (f any ( ! legs1 or   
rub (f any scales f  ! body or legs4 ,a 
small pair ( curv$ =ceps are ( great use
 9  delicately plac+ ! butt]fly 9       
position betwe5 ! f+]s4 ,!  prop]       
position all[s ( ! w+s to m ?an half    
op51 :5 g5tly  bl[n ^u ) "o's brea?4 ,!n
 *oose a p9 ( suitable size1  r a little
 l>ge ?an o!rwise1 & pass x ?r\gh !     
c5tre (  ! upp] "p ( ! ?orax1 j :]e !   
two front w+s meet4 ,m9d  x is exactly 9
 ! c5tre & s plac$ t ! p9's head leans  
some:at =w>d :5 ! p9 is fully 9 ! body4 
,pass ! p9 well  ?r\gh ! body1 s t at   
lea/ "o ?ird ( its l5g? is cle> (  !    
und]side ( ! butt]fly1 & all z ne>ly z  
possible ! same  di/ance ?r\gh4    ,:5  
we h p9n$ ! specim5s1 we proce$ to set  

or spread !m out  on ! blocks to dry4 ,9
 select+ ^!1 say !y are = butt]flies1  d
 n get ! slot groove d[n ! c5tre too    
wide1 z is ne$$ =  ! fat-bodi$ mo?s4 ,^?
 blocks us$ 9 ?is c\ntry are g5]ally    
some:at r\nd$ on ea* side :]e ! w+s are 
to re/4 ,?is is  call$ r\nd-sett+ 9     
di/9ction to flat-sett+1 :i* means  t ! 
w+s1 :5 q dry1 rema9 set out flatly at  
"r angles  f ! body2 :ile r\nd-sett+    
leaves !m droop+ at ! tips 9  an        
unnatural mann]4 ,r\nd-sett+ is         
consid]$1 outside ! ,briti%  ,isl&s1 an 
insul> abom9ation4 ,x 0 ! /yle1         
un=tunately1  adopt$ 9 ?is c\ntry ) !   
dawn ( ! pres5t activity among  ,briti% 
entomologi/s1 & ev]ybody kn[s h[        
difficult x is to  *ange ev5 su* a      
simple fa%ion z ! r\nd-sett+ (          
butt]flies4  ,simple z ! matt] seems at 
fir/ sight1 x has contribut$ m ?an  any 
o!r cause to ! g5]ally %ameful ignorance
 :i* prevails  among ,briti%            
entomologi/s ( ev5 ! butt]flies ( !     
,cont95t  ( ,europe outside our isl&s4  

,because !y c only be obta9$ f  abroad  
flat-set1 mo/ ( our collectors w\ld     
h>dly look at a  =eign butt]fly2 & s !  
/udy ( ! ,briti% species has be5  block$
 = ye>s1 entirely f ?is cause1 :i* fo/]$
 s l>gely  ! prejudice 9 fav\r ( ,briti%
 specim5s4 ,a ,briti% ,camb]well        
,beauty is n[ wor? a sov]eign1 if tak5 9
 ,brita91 al?\gh x  d\btless flew ov] f 
! opposite ,cont95t2 b ! same specim51  
if tak5 9 ,france or ,belgium1 w\ld n be
 wor? sixp5ce to a ,briti%  collector4  
,n[ all ?is is wrong & %\ld n be4 ,(    
c\rse1 x is  q "r to "k :at does occur 9
 our c\ntry1 b !re is no  ne$ = ^!      
absurd diff]5ces 9 value ( ! specim5s1  
:e!r  tak5 9 ,brita9 or on ! ma9l& (    
,europe4 ,x leads to fraud1  & x is sad 
to ?9k t "s pr(essional deal]s h        
actually  made m ?an com=table liv+s1   
*iefly by induc+ "y or  inexp]i5c$ p to 
pay long prices = ,briti% specim5s :i*  
7 p]haps captur$ 9 ,g]many1 :]e !y 7 set
 on r\nd$  blocks1 s5t out = ! purpose  
to deceive ,engli% p1 because  !y 7     

r\nd-set & p9n$ ) ,birm+ham-made p9s6   
,ano!r result ( ?is insul> prejudice is 
t "s species (  butt]flies v closely    
alli$ to o!rs h be5 ov]look$ = want  (  
famili>ity ) ano!r ,cont95tal species4  
,a case ( ?is k9d  0 ! cause ( our la/  
addition to ! ,briti% li/ be+ s long    
ov]look$4 ,!re 0 ?is butt]fly1 q common1
 ye> aft] ye>1  )9 tw5ty miles (        
,london1 & fly+ ov] fifty miles (       
c\ntry1  ov]look$2 all because ( our    
want ( k ( ev5 ! commone/  ,european    
species4    ,we !re=e recomm5d !        
flat-sett+1 & if ! new g5]ation (       
/ud5ts ( butt]flies w adopt x1 !        
r\nd-sett+ /yle w  disappe> 9 a v few   
ye>s4    ,! blocks %\ld be cov]$ ) v f9e
 cork1 or may be ( s(t  wood1 if ! /eel 
p9s c be obta9$4 ,!n !y w\ld be *eap]1  
z ! cork cov]+ adds mu* to ! exp5se1    
besides be+ always  unsatisfactory1 9   
consequ5ce ( ! holes 9 ! cork1 :i* hold 
mites & su* v]m94    ,place ! sett+     
block on ! table1 ) ! top fur!/ away  f 
y4 ,proce$ to select ! v>i\s butt]flies 

f y\r damp  collect+-box :i* w be/ suit 
! size ( ! block1 all[+  ab\t a qu>t] ( 
an in* cle> f ! out] edge on ea* side4  
,!n1 ) ! =ceps1 take hold ( ! upp] "p ( 
! p9 ne>  to ! body & firmly drive x 9 !
 same lean+ position z x is  fix$ into !
 body1 firmly into ! exact c5tre ( !    
groove4 ,if  ! p9 w n g readily into !  
block1 make a lead = x ) a  %>p-po9t$   
p5knife4 ,d n be tempt$ to pu% d[n !    
body on !  p91 or y\r specim5s w1 on    
removal f ! blocks1 be all sorts  (     
heights on ! p9s1 & q unfit = cab9et    
purposes4 ,next see  t ! %\ld]s ( ! w+s 
j t\* ! edge ( ! block1 s z  to place ! 
w+s flat1 )\t tilt+ up ! tips4 ,obs]ve  
c>efully  t ! bodies are /raight & lift$
 by plac+ "u !m bits (  pap] or cotton  
wool s z to ext5d on an ev5 plane ) !   
?orax  & w+s4 ,cont9ue plac+ y\r        
specim5s until exhau/$ 9 numb]1  or     
until ! block is q full1 aft] leav+ a   
cle> space betwe5  ea* butt]fly         
suffici5t to lift ! w+ tips slightly    
=w>d (  ! front "p ( ! head4 ,!n ) a %>p

 p5knife1 v neatly  cut a ?9 nick 9 ! "u
 edge ( ! ends ( ! block directly  bel[ 
! %\ld] piece ( ! c5tre groove4 ,!re    
%\ld be f\r (  ^! little nicks4 ,next   
get a piece ( glaz$ cotton ?read1 &  tie
 a knot at "o end4 ,ins]t ?is knot 9 !  
top left-h& nick1  ! knott$ end be+ bel[
 ! block4 ,v g5tly1 b firmly1 br+  !    
?read ov] ! end ( ! block1 close to !   
%\ld]1 d[n !  left-h& side closely into 
! inn] edge ( ! block1 cat*+ x  9 !     
bottom left-h& nick "u ! block4 ,?is w h
 _h !  effect ( plac+ all ! w+s firmly  
on t side ( ! block4 ,!n  c>ry ! ?read  
und]nea? ! block into ! top "r-h& nick &
  ov] ! end ( ! block1 d[n ! "r-h& upp] 
side1 ov] !  l[] end1 firmly fix 9 t    
nick & cut (f ! ?read4 ,great c>e  mu/  
be tak5 to pull ! ?read ov] ! w+s n s   
tightly z to  m>k !m4 ,a good plan is to
 pu% "u ea* upp] end ( ! ?read  a ?9 p9 
:i* eases x1 s z to avoid damag+ ! top &
 bottom  specim5s 9 ! r[ :ile sett+ !m  
into _! respective places4  ,^! p9s may 
aft]w>ds be )drawn4 ,next proce$ ) a v  

f9e  po9t$ ne$le to g5tly lift all ! w+s
 into _! prop] places  s z to get !     
effect ( a well-set butt]fly4    ,x may 
be f\nd t ! ?read is too slack 9 places 
to hold d[n !  w+s 9 prop] position4 ,t 
may be obviat$ by neatly cross-p9n+  d[n
 ! ?read on ei!r side at int]vals betwe5
 ! butt]flies4    ,:5 all ! specim5s h  
be5 arrang$ ) p]fect uni=mity1 take  two
 slips ( trac+-pap]1 :i* h be5 previ\sly
 cut to fit !  l5g? ( ! block1 & ea* mu/
 be ?ree-f\r?s ! bread? ( "o  side ( !  
sett+ block4 ,!n lay "o ( ^! /rips (    
pap] on !  left-h& side1 be+ v c>eful to
 keep j cle> ( ! ?read4  ,all ! w+s w be
 se5 pla9ly ?r\gh ! transp>5t pap] &  c 
be readju/$ if any slip out ( position4 
,next place ) !  =ceps a ,no4 #aj       
entomological p9 firmly ?r\gh ! top & at
 !  bottom ( ! pap]1 ne> ! edge next !  
cotton4 ,place ano!r  betwe5 ! fir/ &   
second butt]fly on ! block1 & s on d[n  
! r[2 also1 z y g along1 place ano!r p9 
betwe5 ! out]  ind5tation :]e ! upp] &  
l[] w+s meet2 also put a f\r?  p9 by !  

tip ( ! upp] w+4 ,^! p9s %\ld firmly    
secure !  pap] ov] ! w+s1 :i*1 :5 ?us   
treat$ on bo? sides1 w dry  into !      
desir$ position = cab9et specim5s4 ,!   
greate/ c>e  mu/ be tak5 n to all[ any  
p9-po9t to ent] ! w+ or fr+e  ( a       
butt]fly1 or x w be q spoil$4 ,next v   
c>efully &  g5tly undo ! fa/5$ ?read1   
fir/ tak+ out any cross p9s :i*  secure 
x4 ,aft] its removal g5tly /roke f !    
body t[>ds !  pap] on ea* side ) a s(t  
camel's hair bru% any di/urb$ scales4   
,) practice !re %\ld n be ! lea/ damage 
done by ! ?read1  :i* leaves no m>k     
:atev] if mov$ at once :5 ! pap]s are   
firmly fix$4 ,if !y %\ld be left on     
c>elessly1 or by any mi/ake1  ! ?reads w
 be c]ta9 to m>k e butt]fly1 to _!      
complete  disfigurem5t4    ,keep !      
blocks :i* conta9 ! set-out butt]flies 9
 a dry  cupbo>d or o!r safe place4 ,:5  
?us dry+ !y fall an easy prey  to       
e>wigs1 wasps1 ants1 cockroa*es1 & su* l
 small bea/s1  :i* w /rip (f all !      
bodies on a block 9 a s+le night4  ,!y  

%\ld n be expos$ to too bright a light  
:il/ dry+ on !  blocks1 or !y (t5 suff] 
9 col\r4 ,:5 s+le specim5s h to  be set 
out x is easy to "w ! ?read by putt+ a  
p9 ?r\gh !  knot & hold+ d[n ! o!r end )
 ! left-h& =ef+] until  ! pap] is fix$1 
& !n treat+ ! o!r w+s 9 l mann]4    ,x  
is advisable to leave ! butt]flies on ! 
blocks = ab\t a  week1 ?\gh ! sure/ te/ 
is to t\* ! body g5tly ) a p91  & if q  
h>d1 x is safe to remove ! insects to a 
/ore box  )\t fe> ( ! w+s spr++4 ,aft]  
remov+ ! butt]flies1  pass ov] ! surface
 ( ! block "s h>d sub/ance1 su* z !     
back ( an ivory-h&l$ knife1 to rub d[n  
any little r\ghness made  by ! p9s on ! 
surface1 :]e ! w+s are plac$1 :5 sett+  
any fre% insects on ! same block4       
,mo/ ( ! butt]flies are easily re>$     
?r\gh all _! /ages1  f ! eggs up to !   
p]fect insect4 ,?is is by f> ! mo/      
int]e/+ "p ( ! /udy4 ,until )9 ! la/ few
 ye>s1 :5  ! writ] ( ^! *apt]s press$ "s
 ( 8 fri5ds to look m  closely into !   
life hi/ories ( our common butt]flies1 x

 0 !  cu/om ( "s naturali/s to sne] at  
butt]fly-cat*]s4 ,s9ce  !n a wond]ful   
book has be5 publi%$ on ! butt]flies ( !
  ,ea/]n portion ( ,nor? ,am]ica by ,mr4
 ,scudd]1 & all ^! sc(f]s  mu/ feel v   
small :5 !y see su* spl5did sci5ce 9 !  
/udy  ( butt]flies4 ,n[1 _m p1 :o nev]  
?\ght ( re>+ a  butt]fly1 are giv+      
c>eful att5tion to !m 9 all _! /ages4   
,sev]al k9ds ( butt]flies are readily   
induc$ to lay _! eggs  9 captivity :5   
c>efully manag$4 ,v>i\s species diff]   
mu*  9 ?is--"s may be dep5d$ ^u )       
c]ta9ty1 su* z !  gre5-ve9$ :ite 7,pi]is
 napi71 :i* w deposit its eggs at  night
 ^u a piece ( wat]cress1 "u ! influ5ce (
 a w>m room1  & ! bright light ( a      
p>aff9 lamp4 ,?is species1 h[ev]1 is  q 
an exception1 =1 z a rule1 e att5tion   
%\ld be giv5  to copy+ _! natural       
surr\nd+s z closely z possible4 ,a good 
plan is to h ready plant$ 9 a l>ge      
fl[]-pot a plant ( ! food  ( ! p>ticul> 
species f :i* x is desir$ to h eggs1 or1
  z !y are call$ by ! entomologi/s1 !   

ova--t be+1 z y  "k1 ! plural ( ovum1 ! 
,lat9 = an egg4 ,hav+ got y\r plant     
nicely e/abli%$ 9 its fl[]-pot1 buy a   
piece ( wire-nett+1  ab\t a foot wide1 &
 b5d x r\nd s z to fit j inside !       
fl[]-pot4 ,by cutt+ ! wire s z to ov]lap
 a little1 x is easy  to twi/ or hook ! 
ends1 s z to make a cyl9d] to j fit     
inside  ! pot4 ,!n cov] ?is ) v op5     
musl9 all r\nd & ov] !  top1 neatly     
/ret*$1 s z n to look untidy or to /op a
 s+le  ray ( sun%9e :i* c get ?r\gh4    
,hav+ _h sev]al ( ^!  cages prep>$1 !y  
may be us$ at ! mom5t :5 y br+ home !   
fre%ly-caught females4    ,! soon] !    
female butt]flies are plac$ 9 ! cage !  
bett]1  = if !y rema9 too long 9 !      
pill-box !y are apt to get too  dry1 & s
 nev] recov] en\gh to deposit _! ova4   
,aft] firmly  ty+ ! cage to ! pot1 d n  
di/urb !m :5 once 9 ! cages1  s long z  
!y are alive2 b leave !m out ( doors1   
:]e !y get  all ! sunlight or ra94 ,if !
 plant be wat]$1 t is be/ done  by soak+
 ! fl[]-pot 9 wat] up to two-?irds !    

height ( !  soil1 & n by remov+ ! cage4 
,/ill1 9 dry wea!r x is be/ to  spr9kle 
! cage ) wat]1 s t ! captive may dr9k1  
:i* !y  (t5 require to d4    ,ano!r way1
 especially 9 ! case ( small butt]flies1
 is to use  l>ge glass jam-pots1 ) a    
piece ( musl9 ti$ ov] ! top4 ,9  ^! pots
 %\ld be a little sprig ( food-plant 9 a
 small bottle (  wat]1 & also a bit (   
damp sponge to keep up a moi/ atmosph]e1
  )\t :i* !re w r>ely be any eggs4 ,!   
pots may be plac$  9 ! sunlight 9 a room
 ne> an op5 w9d[1 b c>e %\ld be  tak5 t 
! glass does n get too hot1 or bo? p>5t 
& eggs  may be kill$4 ,:5 ! eggs hat*1  
nev]1 if possible1 t\*1 except  ) a     
camel-hair bru%1 ! "y cat]pill>s--or l>v
 z !y  are sci5tifically call$1 t be+ ! 
plural = l>va1 a s+le  cat]pill>4 ,pupa 
is ! s+ul>1 & pup ! plural1 = !         
*rysalis2 imago ! s+ul>1 & imag9es !    
plural1 = ! p]fect  insects or complete 
butt]flies4 ,^! sci5tific t]ms are q    
easy  to le>n1 & are ! be/ to use :5    
ref]r+ to ! v>i\s /ages  ( insects      

g5]ally4    ,9 select+ females =        
deposit+ ova1 take ^? :i* are a little  
worn1 & n too rec5tly em]g$ f pup1 z !y 
are ! m  likely to produce f]tile eggs4 
,:5 ! ova hat*1 wat* !m v closely1 at   
lea/ ?ree or f\r  times a day4 ,if !y   
are on gr[+ food1 d n t\* !m at all1 b  
if !y require mov+ = any reason1 a s(t1 
%>p-po9t$ camel-hair  p5cil is ! be/    
tool to use4    ,glass jam-pots are v   
nice = fe$+ "y l>v ( any k9d4  ,! me?od 
is1 to *ange ! food daily1 tak+ c>e to  
remove at  ! same "t all dirt made by ! 
l>v1 :i* is call$ frass4  ,cleanl9ess 9 
re>+ l>v is ! fir/ consid]ation1 & !    
next  mo/ important ?+ is to always ga!r
 _! food f ! same tree  z t f :i* !y    
began to fe$ :5 hat*$4 ,if !y are f$ on 
gr[+ plants ?is does n1 ( c\rse1 apply4 
,tie ov] ! m\? (  ! pot ) f9e unglaz$   
calico1 & ov] ?is place a piece ( glass 
s z to /op1 z f> z possible1 ! dry+ ( ! 
food plant 9 !  j>4 ,be v p>ticul> to   
supply ! fre% food always q dry1 &  nev]
 9 a wet condition1 :i* is apt to give !

 l>v di>rhoea1  to :i* 9 captivity !y   
are v subject4 ,nev] give m food ?an  ! 
"y l>v are likely to eat1 increas+ !    
supply z !y get  old]4    ,:5 *ang+ !   
l>v always c\nt !m1 or "s w be lo/ &    
?r[n out ) ! )]$ food4 ,! be/ plan is to
 spread out a  %eet ( :ite pap] on a    
table1 & empty ! cont5ts ( ! j> on  x4  
,!n exam9e ! int]ior ( ! j>1 see+ t e   
little "o  is out4 ,hav+ clean$ x out ) 
a clean1 dry du/]1 put 9 !  fre% food4  
,!n lift 9 ) ! hair-p5cil any active    
l>v4 ,^? :i* are  sulky-look+ on !      
leaves clip (f ) "p ( ! leaf1 & drop    
into ! j>4 ,!y may be *ang+ _! sk91 &1  
if di/urb$ !n1  w probably n recov]4 ,! 
food %\ld be *ang$ at lea/ once  e day4 
,:ile gr[+1 l>v ( butt]flies g5]ally l  
pl5ty ( light1 b  x is unsafe to leave !
 sun%9e too long on ! j>s1 9 case !     
liv+ cont5ts get bak$1 z w ! food       
c]ta9ly4 ,"s species  :ile 9 ! l>val    
/age1 fe$ only at night1 hid+ away 9 !  
daylight4 ,^! are matt]s :i* w soon be  
f\nd out by exp]i5ce4    ,we h nev] he>d

 ( any "o hav+ re>$ all ! ,briti%       
species  ?r\gh _! /ages1 b we "k "o     
fri5d :o re>$ no less ?an  eighte5      
diff]5t k9ds ?r\gh1 f ova to imag9es1 9 
a s+le  season4    ,mo? ,cat*+4--,/ud5ts
 ( natural hi/ory 9 se>* ( mo?s  :i* !y 
may id5tify by a ref]5ce to su* works ^u
 ! subject  z ^? by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,g4     
,wood1 w f9d an int]e/+ me?od (  cat*+  
!m 9 prep>+ ,treacles4 ,! fancy gold5   
syrups ( !  kit*5 %\ld be avoid$4 ,ask !
 groc] to get common treacle--gre5      
treacle !y call x 9 ! trade4 ,to a p\nd 
( ?is w be add$ a  w9eglassful ( /ale   
be] & ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( a w9eglassful  
( ! mo/ inf]ior rum y c buy4 ,a few     
drops ( oil ( anise$  w improve ?is     
dreadful concoction4 ,d n add ! rum1    
be]1 &  anise$ to ! treacle at once1 b  
keep !m 9 a bottle ap>t until  y are go+
 to use ! mixture4    ,) a companion :o 
c>ries a net1 look out n[ = isolat$     
trees  t h a r\gh b>k4 ,d n wa/e        
att5tion on dead trees1 f5ces1  nor     
*e/nut trees1 will[s1 nor fl[]+ ivy4 ,9 

w>m1 damp wea!r  :5 !re is no moon1 g   
out ) a bottle ( ?is mixture & a        
h\se-pa9t]'s bru%1 a sa% tool1 z pa9t]s 
call x1 w s]ve  y well1 & a lant]n1 "s  
pill-boxes or simil> small receptacles4 
,hav+ select$ a tree daub x well ) y\r  
mixture 9 a pat* ab\t  a foot long &    
half a foot broad4 ,s pass f tree to    
tree4 ,come back  at la/ to ! fir/ tree 
aga94 ,y\r companion %\ld hold ! net  "u
 ! treacle pat* = "s ( ! mo?s t h come  
to enjoy  ! rum & treacle w fall :5 y   
turn ! lant]n light ^u  !m4 ,^? t d n   
may be tak5 f ! tree by an upw>d scoop  
( a pill-box1 & !n secur$ by ! lid4 ,try
 to avoid gett+ !  /icky mixture ^u !   
h&le ( ! bru% & ^u y\r h&s1 =  x w      
prev5t y\r deft manipulation ( y\r pill 
boxes4 ,aft] !  fir/ night v little     
treacle w be ne$$ to fre%5 ! pat*es1  b 
! mixture may be us$ freely on y\r fir/ 
r\nd4 ,! treacl+  season beg9s ab\t ,m>*
 #ba & goes on until ! end ( ,april4    
,may  does n yield _m mo?s1 nor ! fir/  
week 9 ,june1 b aft] t  y may g r\nd    

aga9 ) y\r bottle until ! end (         
,septemb]4 ,y  may f9d sometimes t toads
 & bats poa* on y\r pres]ves4           
,illu/ration    ,ano!r way to secure    
specim5s ( mo?s is to make a mo? trap4  
,our  diagram gives a plan ( x1 t is a  
repres5tation ( x z se5 f  above if we  
look d[n at x ) ! lid (f4 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d
 is a box4  ,x may be made = ! purpose1 
or a soap box or o!r case may be        
pur*as$ f ! groc] = a few copp]s4 ,e1   
,f1 & ,g are panes (  glass1 held 9     
grooves4 ,h is ano!r pane ( glass :i*   
comes up to  ! lid1 & cuts ! box into   
two unequal p>ts4 ,j is ! reflector  ( a
 light$ lamp plac$ 9 front ( x4 ,!re w  
ne$ to be a hole  9 ! lid ov] ! lamp1 & 
a fl[] pot upside d[n may be put ov]    
?is hole4 ,x is be/ to h ?ree doors into
 ! l>g] comp>tm5t2  "o 9 ! lid & "o 9   
ea* ( ! two sides1 ,k & ,l1 s t two  h&s
 may be us$ 9 putt+ ! mo?s t come to !  
light into pill  boxes4          ,,*apt]
 ,,xii    ,,h9ts ,,on ,,aqu>iums      ,x
 is bett] to h sev]al aqu>iums ?an "o4  

,(t5 ! mi/ake is  made ( ga!r+ toge!r   
all k9ds ( savage & voraci\s creatures  
t prey ^u ea* o!r4 ,pretty z !y are1 !re
 is no ne$ to buy  ! glass aqu>iums1 &  
inde$ bett] 9 e way = ! inhabitants  is 
a l>ge tub put out ( doors 9 a place :]e
 !re is n too mu*  sun4 ,clean s& or    
gravel %\ld be /rew$ ^u ! bottom & 9 ?is
  wat]-plants may be fix$4 ,if y h any  
bivalves !y w love to  burr[ 9 x1 & "s  
k9ds ( fi% love to re/ ^u a bottom ( ?is
  k9d4 ,l>ge /ones %\ld be built to rea*
 half-way up ! tub1 )  spaces betwe5 s t
 ! fi% may d>t out ( ! light :5ev] !y   
wi%4 ,if y keep fi% t ne$ runn+ wat] x w
 be necess>y to  put ! tub "u a tap1 &  
to pi]ce a hole ne> ! top ( ! tub  = !  
sup]flu\s wat] to fl[ away4 ,9 ?is case 
x w be z well  to cov] ! tub ) a net1 or
 ! fi% may be f\nd to h leapt  ov] !    
edge4 ,boys may make _! own net f !     
in/ructions giv5  9 ,*apt] ,,xix41 or   
may buy *eap gauze or o!r simil>        
mat]ial4    ,if ! tub is = newts & su*  
?+s z d n live :olly 9 !  wat]1 !n !    

/ones %\ld be built until !y come above 
! wat]  & s =m a little isl&4 ,= ^!     
creatures ! wat] %\ld n  be s deep1 &   
!re %\ld be an abundance ( we$s4        
,fre%wat] %rimps & crayfi% %\ld h a     
%all[ tub or tr\gh1  a s&y bottom1 &    
places 9 :i* !y c hide4 ,"h1 too1 !re   
mu/ be wat] runn+ 9 & out always4 ,by ^!
 means we imitate !  natural surr\nd+s (
 ! %rimps & crayfi%1 = !y delight  9 !  
runn+ wat] ( %all[ /reams t h a bottom (
 s&  & /ones4 ,! outlet = ! wa/e wat]   
%\ld be protect$ ) a  grat+ & probably )
 gauze1 or "s ( ! inhabitants ( ! tub  w
 escape4    ,!re are _m objections to   
glass vessels1 ?\gh "s ( _! faults  may 
be correct$4 ,!y tr\ble ! fi% ) too mu* 
light1 b if a  br[n pap] case ( ! same  
size & %ape z ! aqu>ium be made x  c be 
slipp$ ov] ! vessel & remov$            
occasionally :5 y wi%  to obs]ve !      
movem5ts ( ! fi%4 ,glass soon becomes   
f\l1 &  ne$s frequ5t clean+4 ,9 any case
 ! aqu>ium %\ld be kept out  ( ! sun1 & 
= ?is reason a nor!rn w9d[ is be/4      

,:atev]  =m ( aqu>ium is select$ !re mu/
 be soil & s& at ! bottom1  we$s1 &     
%elt] = ! fi%4 ,! bell glass is ! lea/  
fav\rable  =m ( aqu>ium1 b ev5 t may be 
made tol]able if ! h9ts we  h giv5 are  
adopt$4 ,9 ! squ>e or oblong =m only "o 
side ne$  be glass & ! rema9+ ?ree sides
 wood1 metal or slate4 ,! s&  t =ms !   
bottom ( an aqu>ium %\ld be q clean4 ,if
 y h  f\nd x 9 ! bottom ( a swift /ream 
x w n ne$ mu* wa%+1  b if f any o!r     
place x %\ld be wa%$ ?or\ghly4 ,put a   
l>ge  bucket "u a tap1 & z ! wat] runs  
into ! bucket /rew !  s& gradually into 
! mov+ wat] ) "o h&1 & /ir ! wat]  z h>d
 z y c ) ! o!r4 ,keep ?is go+ until !   
wat] t  runs out ( ! bucket is q clean4 
,ev5 n[1 h[ev]1 ! s& may  n be ?or\ghly 
cleans$4 ,put a drop ( ! wat] ^u a piece
 (  clean glass1 & :5 ! wat] has be5    
evaporat$ !re %\ld be no  s$im5t4 ,:5 ! 
s&1 plants1 pebbles & /ones h be5       
arrang$  9 an aqu>ium x is be/ to       
introduce ! wat] g5tly by means ( a     
syphon1 a me?od expla9$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xix4 

,! aqu>ium may be empti$  9 ! same way4 
,!re are a numb] ( ways ( supply+ ! fi% 
) ! am\nt (  oxyg5 !y ne$4 ,"o is to    
*ange ! wat] frequ5tly1 ano!r  already  
m5tion$ is to h runn+ wat] & a pipe = ! 
surplus  wat]2 a ?ird means is to h a   
f\nta91 an attractive elem5t  describ$ 9
 ,*apt] ,,xix4    ,^! me?ods1 h[ev]1 are
 me*anical & artificial4 ,! natural  way
 ( provid+ ! oxyg5 is to secure ! aid ( 
wat] plants4  ,^! absorb c>bonic acid   
gas1 &1 hav+ made use ( ! c>bon 9  _!   
gr[?1 set free ! oxyg51 :i* is wa/e z f>
 z !y are  conc]n$4 ,?us 9 a            
well-balanc$ aqu>ium ! fi% provide !    
plants  ) c>bonic acid gas1 & receive   
back ! oxyg5 :i* !y ne$2  ! plants      
provide ! fi% ) oxyg5 :i* !y d n want1 b
  :i* is ! v life ( ! fi%1 & receive    
back ! c>bon )\t  :i* !y w\ld die4      
,wat]-beetles1 newts & "s o!r creatures 
come to ! surface = _! air1 & take no   
oxyg51 or v little1  f ! wat]4    ,= _m 
reasons ! be/ aqu>ium is a pond 9 !     
g>d51 = "h we  may h great] v>iety (    

animal & vegetable life1 & beautiful    
surr\nd+s ( plant life too4 ,! pond %\ld
 be ab\t ?ree feet  deep1 & ! banks %\ld
 slope1 s t !re w be a little spade  "w 
at fir/4 ,! bottom may be ( clay1 b x is
 bett] = _m  reasons to h cem5t4 ,!     
po9ts m5tion$ ) reg>d to ! indoor       
aqu>ium apply "h also1 b _m ( !         
arrangem5ts are m easily  c>ri$ out 9 ! 
pond ?an 9 ! tank4    ,plants = !       
,aqu>ium4--,! duckwe$s float & ne$ no   
plant+4  ,!y spread rapidly4 ,!re are   
f\r k9ds3 ! ,less] ,duckwe$ 7,lemna     
m9or72 ! ,ivy-leav$ ,duckwe$ 7,lemna    
trisulca74 ,!n !re is  ! ,am]ican       
,pondwe$ 7,ana*>is als9a/rum71 a we$ t  
almo/  blocks sl[ mov+ riv]s & canals4  
,x w gr[ ei!r atta*$ to  ! bottom or    
float+4 ,n only does x supply ! fi% )   
air b  ) food also4 ,! ,hornwort        
7,c]atophyllum dem]sum7 ne$s no soil1  &
 gives (f mu* oxyg51 ?\gh probably n s  
mu* z ,vallisn]ia  spiralis1 a great    
fav\rite 9 ! aqu>ium4 ,easi] to obta9 is
 !  ,wat] ,cr[foot 7,ranunculus         

aquatilis71 & we may m5tion also !      
,broad-leav$ ,pondwe$ 7,potamogeton     
natans71 ,close-leav$ ,pondwe$          
7,potamogeton d5sus71 ! ,p]foliate      
,pondwe$ 7,p4 p]foliatus71 !  ,curl$    
,pondwe$ 7,p4 crispus71 ! ,/>wort       
7,callitri*e v]na71  ! ,grassy ,pondwe$ 
7,potamogeton gram9eus71 & ! ent]pris+  
boy w f9d _m o!rs = himself 9 ponds1    
/reams1 & canals4  ,=eign plants are    
sold by deal]s4 ,= ! g>d5 pond !        
beautiful  wat] lilies may be obta9$4 ,!
 we$s %\ld be prev5t$ f  occupy+ too mu*
 space1 & if ! creatures 9 ! aqu>ium d n
  keep !m 9 *eck by eat+ !m x w be      
necess>y to remove "s  ( ! plants       
occasionally4    ,sanitation4--,if a fi%
 dies remove x at once1 or its dead body
 w  pollute ! wat]4 ,to clean a glass   
aqu>ium let ! wat] run away  ?r\gh a    
siphon until only a few in*es rema91 !n 
clean ! sides  ) a piece ( rag ti$ ^u a 
/ick4 ,n[ siphon ! rema9+ wat]  away1 at
 ! same "t supply+ fre% wat]4 ,d n ?r[ a
 lot (  food to ! fi%es4 ,:at !y d n eat

 decays & poisons ! wat]4  ,if !re are  
molluscs 9 ! aqu>ium ?is dang] is       
less5$1 = _m  ( !m act z scav5g]s1 & !y 
are assi/$ by fre%wat] %rimps1          
tadpoles1 & beetles4 ,! %rimps1 h[ev]1  
may eat ! liv+ z well  z ! dead1 & !    
tadpoles1 in/ead ( be+ all[$ to eat1 may
  !mselves be eat54    ,! ,food         
,supply4--,fi% eat ! buds & t5d] %oots (
 pond we$s4  ,!y may h also a mod]ate   
supply ( small worms1 g5tles1 diff]5t   
k9ds ( l>v1 & :at are call$ ants' eggs4 
,frogs & toads eat  insects1 little     
beetles1 worms1 grubs1 cat]pill>s1 &    
newts ne$ an  occasional worm4    ,!    
,fi%4--,_m ( ! fi% t sw>m 9 mo/ ponds & 
/reams are  suitable = ! aqu>ium4 ,! c>p
 is relat$ to ! goldfi%1 :i*  is ! gold5
 c>p4 ,x is quiet & h>mless1 & w n      
int]f]e  ) o!r creatures 9 ! aqu>ium4   
,m9n[s are pretty1 & %\ld  h runn+ wat]1
 & ! roa* is ano!r suitable fi% = life  
9 captivity4 ,! gudgeon1 loa*1 &        
bullhead s]ve = bottom fi%4  ,jack &    
/icklebacks are extremely int]e/+1 b ne$

 a place =  !mselves1 z !y eat any o!r  
inhabitants ( ! same aqu>ium4    ,fi%es 
z ,pets4--,p]haps1 writes "o ( our      
contributors1 !  mo/ int]e/+ ( fre%wat] 
fi%es to wat* is ! /ickleback1          
especially if a pair c be kept dur+ !   
bre$+ season 9 a  good-siz$ aqu>ium1 s t
 !y h ! opportunity to collect  mat]ials
 & build _! curi\s ne/ 9 ! natural way4 
,! male fi% develops dur+ ?is season a  
mo/ beautiful  v]milion-col\r$ brea/1 & 
is exce$+ly pugnaci\s1 s t x is  useless
 to attempt to keep two males 9 ! same  
aqu>ium4    ,9 fact1 ! /ickleback is (t5
 s qu>relsome t x is n  desirable to try
 to keep o!r fi% ) him1 unless !y are   
mu*  l>g] ?an he is4    ,! easie/ fi% to
 keep alive are ! c>p 7to :i* tribe !   
goldfi% belongs7 & ! m9n[4    ,^! c be  
kept = ye>s )\t mu* difficulty1 & w n be
  likely to injure "o ano!r1 or any o!r 
fi% t may be plac$ 9  ! same tank4      
,small rudd are also v good pets1 & are 
ne>ly z h>dy & equally  h>mless4        
,roa* are easily obta9$1 & w n qu>rel1 b

 !y are n q  s /rong4    ,p]*1 on !     
contr>y1 w live a long "t if regul>ly   
f$1 b x  w n d to put any small] fi%1   
except /icklebacks1 ) !m2  yet !y look s
 h&some t an aqu>ium conta9+ two or ?ree
  p]* & a pair ( /icklebacks is p]haps  
bett] wor? look+ at  ?an "o :i* c only  
boa/ ( %oals ( roa* or o!r s(t-m\!d     
fi%es4    ,dace & *ub are pretty &      
h>mless1 b require m *anges (  wat] ?an 
is usually conv5i5t1 or !y w soon die4  
,t5* are t5aci\s ( life1 b sluggi% &    
fond ( ly+ at !  bottom4 ,small bream   
are fairly lively1 & ,i h f\nd !m       
mod]ately  h>dy4 ,!y d n require wat] ( 
special purity4 ,gudgeons live  v well1 
& may be kept ) m9n[s1 be+ good fri5ds  
toge!r4  ,! loa* & ! bullhead are fairly
 h>dy1 b h little o!r  attraction4 ,!   
grayl+ is v delicate1 & x is n possible 
to  keep h] long1 except "u v fav\rable 
conditions4 ,! ruffe or  pope is h>dy1 l
 its relative ! p]*1 & might1 if        
obta9able  7x is n a common fi%71 be    
plac$ 9 a p]* tank1 z a humble          

companion4    ,! bleak is almo/ z       
delicate z ! grayl+2 & ! jack is too    
rav5\s = any fi% to live 9 8 company    
except ano!r jack (  8 own size4 ,?is   
ab\t ends ! li/1 except+ t ,i've left   
till  ! la/ ! noble/ ( fi%--tr\t &      
salmon4    ,) reg>d to ! latt] ,i don't 
want to enc\rage a boy 9 ! notion  t he 
c keep a t5-p\nd salmon 9 a tank4       
,nev]!less1 ,i h = _m successive seasons
 kept salmon = weeks  or mon?s 9 a small
 tank2 b ^! 7 "y ones1 v "y1 ab\t  !    
size ( tadpoles1 9 fact1 & n unlike !m 9
 "s respects4    ,!y are almo/          
indi/+ui%able f ! "y tr\t ) :i* ,i  keep
 !m4 ,( c\rse1 !y are b babies1 & !y h  
_! fe$+  bottles atta*$1 & d n want fe$+
 till ^! are absorb$4    ,to return to  
tr\t4 ,^! fi%1 :5 ab\t a ye> old1 are v 
int]e/+1 & if a con/ant *ange ( wat] c  
be secur$ may be  kept alive = ye>s4    
,ev5 )\t ?is advantage1 ,i h kept !m  _m
 mon?s1 & h f\nd _! little ways v       
curi\s4    ,! trait ,i object$ to ! mo/ 
0 ! habit ( cannibalism :i* !  l>g] fi% 

develop$4 ,i f\nd "o fi% ( ab\t "o & a  
half ounces  ) ano!r ab\t half t size   
half way d[n its ?roat4    ,?is makes x 
desirable to keep only su* tr\t z are   
ab\t ! same  size toge!r4 ,!y w         
gradually1 ?\gh v sl[ly1 get tame1 &  w 
come out f _! %elt] "u a we$ to eat a   
caddis z y  drop x f y\r h&4 ,?is 0 only
 ! case ) "s ( ! fi%1  o!rs rema9+ z %y 
z ev] 9 spite ( pett+4    ,x is be/ to  
*oose fi% t h be5 tak5 by net1 b tr\t   
tak5  by a fly1 or roa* tak5 by a small 
hook 9 ! lip1 w live v  well4    ,i h   
kept tr\t = mon?s t ,i _h caught ) fly &
 c>ri$  home = miles4 ,"s ( ^! 7 f a    
qu>t] to half-a-p\nd 9  weight2 b ,i    
f\nd small] fi% w\ld ?rive bett]4    ,= 
food1 caddis or o!r wat] insects are    
be/2 b g5tles w\ld  p]haps d1 if ! =m]  
are n to be _h4 ,i f\nd ! fre%wat]      
%rimp capital food1 z x keeps alive1 (  
c\rse1 till ! tr\t is  incl9$ to eat4   
,"o ( ! *ief causes ( mortality 9 !     
aqu>ium  is ! f\l+ ( wat] by !          
decomposition ( surplus food4 ,if y  are

 oblig$ to use dead matt]1 su* z *opp$  
liv]1 or meat1 be  c>eful to remove any 
t may be left4    ,flies may be put on !
 surface1 & w be appreciat$2 b ! tr\t  w
 seldom take !m :ile y are wat*+1 ?\gh  
!y w (t5  eat ! caddis z y put !m 91 &  
ev5 *ase ! %rimps4    ,on ! :ole1 ,i ?9k
 p]* are ! be/ fi% to make pets (1 z !y 
c be taught ev5 to take worms f y\r h&1 
& require mu* less  wat] runn+ 9 & out  
?an d ! tr\t4 ,i've kn[n a p]* to live  
= ye>s 9 a t9 ba? 9 my /able2 :]eas !   
tr\t w\ld n be  happy )\t a long tank1 &
 cont9ual *ange ( wat]4    ,if y h only 
a v small aqu>ium x may be bett] to be  
cont5t$  ) a few m9n[s4 ,^!1 ) ! wat]   
we$s & little fre%-wat]  snails1 :i*    
%\ld be 9 e aqu>ium1 w be q en\gh to    
make  x look pretty4          ,,*apt]   
,,xiii    ,,9 ,,! ,,play+ ,,fields      
,nickie1 ,nickie1 ,night4--,be=e ! p]iod
 :5 lucif] mat*es came  into g5]al usage
 & 7 manufactur$ at a mod]ate price1 our
  gr&p>5ts reli$ on ! fl9t1 ! /eel1 & ! 
t9d]-box to  produce fire4 ,^! implem5ts

 h be5 v completely dealt ) by  v>i\s   
writ]s & illu/rators1 :o h giv5 u "s    
idea ( !  importance !y 7 to e h\sehold4
    ,to ! /ud5t1 & to ! curi\s :o desire
 a m tangible  acqua9tance1 we may rem>k
 t a v f9e collection (  t9d]-boxes1    
fl9ts1 & /eels c be se5 bo? at ! ,briti%
 ,museum  & at ! ,guildhall ,museum ( ! 
,city ( ,london4    ,a v fav\rite boys' 
game1 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! n9ete5?  c5tury1 
:i* necessitat$ ! possession ( at lea/ a
 fl9t &  /eel1 ! game be+ play$ 9 !     
aft]-d>k ( ev5+1 0 some:at  simil> to ! 
mod]n game ( ,t\*4 ,! game 0 call$      
,nickie1  ,nickie1 ,night1 & admitt$ any
 numb] ( play]s4 ,a boy 0 elect$  to !  
position ( ,nickie1 & he c\ld only reta9
 ?is position by  fleetness ( foot &    
dext]ity 9 avoid+ 8 pursu]s1 ! pursu]s  
be+ =m$ by ! rema9+ numb] ( play]s4 ,!  
game 0 play$ 9  any op5 locality1 &     
,nickie be+ all[$ a />t ( p]haps ?irty  
to =ty seconds1 disappe>$ into !        
d>kness1 %\ts ( ,nickie6  ,nickie6      
,night6 %[ y\r light6 %[ y\r light6     

res\nd+ f !  wait+ boys1 :]eupon ,nickie
 /ruck a few sp>ks f 8 fl9t  & /eel1    
indicat+ to ! o!rs 8 position2 ^! at    
once tore  (f 9 8 direction2 :ile he1 z 
quickly & sil5tly z possible1  *ang$ 8  
locality to elude capture4 ,hav+ baffl$ 
8 pursu]s1  ,nickie w\ld1 if a good     
play]1 aga9 quickly *9k fl9t & /eel1    
draw+ (f ! boys 9 a new direction2 & s !
 game w\ld cont9ue  amid/ ! greate/     
excitem5t1 fun1 & laught]2 ,nickie1 l a 
,w-o'-!-,wisp1 d>t+ "h1 !re1 & ev]y:]e1 
greet$ )  %\ts ( ,nickie6 ,nickie6      
,night6 %[ y\r light6 until1 be+        
ultimately captur$1 he gave way to a new
 ,nickie1 & took 8 place  among/ !      
pursu]s4    ,illu/ration    ,our        
illu/rations ( fl9t & t9d]-box are      
select$ f num]\s  patt]ns2 9 _m         
cases--old] read]s w probably rememb] ! 
imm5se v>iety ( ^!--! t9d]-box 0 r\nd1 &
 ! /eel  consi/$ ( an old file /uck 9 a 
wood5 h&le1 ! fl9t be+  frequ5tly pick$ 
up f among ! /ones 9 ! roadway4         
,illu/ration    ,h[ to make a           

,kite4--,take a la?1 ,a1 ,b1 :i* %\ld be
 ?ree feet  long & ab\t an in* wide4 ,"o
 ( ! ord9>y la?s us$ by build]s  w be q 
suitable if "o ( ! light] ones is       
select$1 & if  c>e is tak5 to *oose a   
/raight "o4 ,next take a cane or o!r    
piece  ( light flexible wood1 & b9d !   
c5tre ( x tightly at ! po9t  ,g an in*  
bel[ ,a4 ,b5d ! cane into a semi-circle 
& connect ,c &  ,d ) /r+4 ,if ?is has   
be5 done prop]ly ! di/ance f ,c to  ,d w
 be two feet4 ,n[ connect ,d ,b ,c ) /r+
 & ! frame w  be ready4 ,_m ye>s ago x 0
 possible to cov] a kite ) ord9>y       
newspap]1 b ! pap] t is us$ n[ is n     
/rong en\gh1 & x  is bett] to use       
calico4 ,place ! frame ^u ! calico & cut
 r\nd  ! frame ) scissors1 n close to ! 
frame1 b leav+ a m>g9  ( calico4 ,turn  
?is ov] /r+ & cane & /it* x 9 position4 
,?is may be done ) a sew+ ma*9e4 ,at ,e 
midway betwe5 ,h ,g bore a  hole ) a    
prick]1 & ano!r at ,f1 :i* is ! same    
di/ance f  ,h z ,e is4 ,/r+ a foot long 
%\ld connect ,e & ,f1 & ?is is kept  9  

position by hav+ knott$ ends s t ! ends 
_c pass ?r\gh  ! holes at ,e & ,f4 ,?is 
/r+ w n be tight1 b w hang  loosely4 ,at
 ,c & ,d tassels ab\t eight in*es long  
may be fix$4    ,! tail is made by fold+
 pap]4 ,take a numb] ( pieces ab\t five 
in*es long & f\r broad1 & fold !m z ?\gh
 y 7 mak+  spills = ! light+ ( c&les4   
,h[ long ! tail %\ld be is a  matt] =   
exp]im5t4 ,try x ) =ty & a tassel at !  
end1 &  y w see aft]w>ds :5 y try to fly
 ! kite if t is !  "r l5g? & weight4    
,atta* y\r long fly+ l9e n[ to ! /r+  t 
connects ,e & ,f1 ab\t f\r & a half     
in*es bel[ ,e4    ,*oose a breezy day & 
ask someone to face ! w9d & hold !  kite
 al(t4 ,keep+ ! l9e tight1 run a few    
y>ds 9 ! face (  ! w9d to give ! kite a 
/>t ^u its upw>d j\rney4 ,n[ is !  "t to
 see if ! tail is too heavy or too      
light4 ,if ! kite lab\rs  upw>ds & %[s a
 t5d5cy to come /raight d[n1 tail fir/1 
!n  x may be inf]r$ t ! tail is too     
heavy1 & by r$uc+ !  numb] ( *ick5s z !y
 are call$ 9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1  & by  

tak+ f ! tassel ! kite may be reliev$ ( 
its too  heavy burd54 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 
! tail is n heavy en\gh1 !  kite w      
plunge madly f side to side & w dive    
d[nw>ds head  =emo/1 dem&+ m *ick5s or a
 heavi] tassel4 ,! kite may  be fl[n 9 !
 d>k ) a ,*9ese lant]n :]e ! tassel is4 
,illu/ration    ,rackets4--,a racket    
gr\nd is 9 ! =m ( a p>allelogram1 n     
less ?an fifty y>ds long & tw5ty-five   
broad4 ,sometimes a wall (  a g>d5 may  
be adapt$ by fix+ bo>ds & net-"w along !
 top1  if !re is space en\gh bel[4 ,!   
wall %\ld be pa9t$ black1 &  ! gr\nd be 
divid$ into f\r equal divisions1        
di/9ctly m>k$4 ,!  floor+ ( ! c\rt %\ld 
be pav$4 ,! divisions are1 two close to 
! wall1 ,a & ,b1 & two 9 front ( !m1 ,c 
& ,d4 ,^! divisions  are occupi$ by ^?  
:o play ! game4 ,! wall %\ld be m>k$ by 
a  broad l9e ( :ite pa9t ,e at =ty-two  
in*es f ! gr\nd1 &  above ?is l9e ea*   
ball %\ld /rike4 ,! ball weighs "o      
ounce1  & %\ld be :ite4 ,:5 x becomes   
dirty its :it5ess is r5ew$  by dipp+ x  

into a bag ( *alk1 s t x may be se5     
aga9/ !  black wall4 ,! game may be     
play$ by two or m play]s4 ,:5 x is      
play$ by f\r1 "o /&s 9 ea* ( !          
comp>tm5ts1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d2  ^? ne> !   
wall be+ call$ 9-h&1 & ^? fur!/ f x     
out-h& play]s4 ,:5 two play1 ea* play]  
has two ( ! divisions1  & ! "o :o takes 
! ,a & ,b is call$ 9-h& play]1 & !  o!r 
out-h& play]4 ,hav+ decid$ :o is to beg9
 ! game1 !  9-h& play] ne>e/ ! wall     
/rikes 8 ball aga9/ ! wall2 if  x /rikes
 "u ! l9e1 goes ov] ! wall1 does n      
reb\nd into  ! out-h& spaces1 or goes   
beyond ! racket gr\nd1 ! /rik] is  out1 
& ! out-h& play] takes 8 place2 b if !  
play] is  successful1 & ! ball reb\nds  
into ! out-h& spaces1 & z x  rises is   
s5t back to ! wall1 to reb\nd into "o ( 
! 9 spaces1  ! game proce$s4 ,9 a       
close-c\rt game ! s]v] :o s]ves !  ball 
prop]ly above ! l9e b n into 8 adv]s>y's
 c\rt is  all[$ ?ree trials be=e 8 h& is
 out4 ,! game is1 t !  9-play] %\ld s5d 
! ball 9 su* a mann] aga9/ ! wall t1  on

 its reb\nd1 ! opposite play]1 or       
play]s1 %all be able to pick  x up or   
/rike x4 ,:5 ?is happ5s1 he :o /ruck !  
ball c\nts  "o po9t1 or an ace1 & ! play
 proce$s until "o play] or play]s       
scores elev51 or fifte51 z ! play]s     
decide4    ,?is game may be play$ ei!r 9
 an op5 c\rt1 t is 9 a c\rt  ) only "o  
wall1 aga9/ :i* ! game is play$1 or 9 a 
clos$  c\rt surr\nd$ by f\r walls4      
,sometimes !re is an ord9>y high  front 
wall1 & a small] back wall1 omitt+ !    
side walls4 ,!  close-c\rt game is !    
be/1 b ! exp5se compels _m to adopt !   
op5-c\rt game4    ,fives4--,?is game    
ne$s a high wall1 free f abutm5ts1 & "u 
x a smoo?1 dry1 pav$ gr\nd4 ,a l9e is   
drawn on ! wall1 ab\t  ?ree feet f !    
gr\nd2 ano!r l9e is drawn ^u ! gr\nd    
itself ab\t #aj feet f ! wall1 ,a2 & two
 o!rs are drawn on  ea* side z b\nd>ies1
 ,b1 ,c4 ,! play] ne$s a ball (         
tightly-sewn  lea!r & a fives-bat4 ,?is 
has a long h&le1 & an oval b[l (  wood4 
,! ball is h>d1 capable ( b\nc+1 small &

 :ite4 ,!  game may be play$ by two or  
f\r p2 9 ! la/ arrangem5t1  two on ea*  
side4 ,! game may be play$ ei!r s+le-h&$
 or )  p>tn]s4 ,:5 x is play$ ) p>tn]s1 
! play]s toss up =  fir/ inn+s4 ,! fir/ 
play] takes ! ball1 & /rikes x aga9/  ! 
wall ) 8 bat above ! l9e on ! wall1 & s 
t x may  fall outside ! l9e on ! gr\nd4 
,! o!r !n /rikes x1 & !  play]s cont9ue 
to hit x aga9/ ! wall1 ei!r be=e x comes
 to  ! gr\nd or at ! fir/ reb\nd1 until 
"o ( !m miss+ x1 or  driv+ x out (      
b\nds1 or b5ea? ! wall-l9e1 loses or    
goes out4  ,! ball may fall any:]e )9 ! 
side b\nd>ies1 aft] be+ once  /ruck up  
by ! play] :o is 94 ,! game is usually  
fifte51 b is  sometimes ext5d$ to       
tw5ty-five4 ,?is is bat-fives1 & is n   
unlike  rackets1 except t x may be play$
 9 any op5 c\rt1 & t  ano!r k9d ( bat & 
a l>g] ball are us$4 ,fives 0 orig9ally 
play$ ) ! h&1 in/ead ( a racket4        
,prison]s' ,base4--,appo9t ! two be/    
play]s capta9s1 & let  !m *oose _! m5   
alt]nately4 ,next m>k ! homes & prisons4

  ,two semicircles are drawn1 l>ge en\gh
 to hold ! two sides1 !  di/ance betwe5 
! semicircles be+ ab\t tw5ty y>ds4 ,^!  
are  ! homes1 or b\nds4 ,tw5ty y>ds 9   
front ( ^!1 two o!r  semicircles1 ( a r 
l>g] size1 are drawn4 ,^! are ! prisons1
  & ! prison ( ea* p>ty is 9 a l9e ) !  
enemy's home4  ,hav+ settl$ :i* side    
%all comm5ce ! game ! capta9 ( t  side  
ord]s out "o ( 8 own side :o mu/ run at 
lea/ beyond !  prisons be=e he returns4 
,z soon z he has />t$1 ! ,capta9 (  !   
o!r side s5ds out "o ( 8 m5 to try to   
t\* him be=e  he c rega9 8 own home4 ,if
 ?is is accompli%$1 ! successful  runn] 
is p]mitt$ to return home :ile ! boy :o 
has be5 t\*$  mu/ g to ! prison belong+ 
to 8 enemies' side2 f :i* he  _c move   
until someone f 8 own side releases him1
 by evad+  ! enemy & t\*+ him4 ,?is is n
 easy1 because 9 ord] to  rea* ! prison1
 ! play] mu/ cross ! enemy's headqu>t]s4
 ,x  is all[able = ! prison] to /ret* 8 
h& z f> t[>ds 8  rescu] z possible1 b he
 mu/ keep "s "p ( 8 body )9 !  prison2 &

 if a numb] ( prison]s are captur$1 x is
 suffici5t  = "o to rema9 )9 ! prison1  
:ile ! re/1 by jo9+ h&s  make a l9e     
t[>ds ! boy :o is try+ to release !m4   
,:5 ?is is  done1 bo? ! prison] & 8     
rescu] return home1 no "o be+ able  to  
t\* !m until !y h rea*$ _! home & />t$  
(f aga94  ,! game1 h[ev]1 is n only     
conf9$ to ! two orig9ally s5t out4  ,z  
soon z a capta9 sees 8 man 9 difficulty 
he s5ds out a ?ird1  :o is 9 8 turn     
pursu$ by ano!r f ! o!r side2 ea* be+   
able to t\* any :o h prec$$1 b none :o h
 left _! home  aft] him4 ,! capta9s     
direct1 & hold !mselves ready 9 case (  
an  em]g5cy1 & ! side w9s :i* imprisons 
! :ole ( ! boys ^u  ! o!r side4    ,fr5*
 & ,engli%4--,*oose two sides 9 ! usual 
way4 ,"o side  takes hold ( "o end ( a  
/\t rope1 & ! o!r side ( ! o!r  end4 ,a 
l9e is made midway betwe5 ! sides1 ea*  
/rives to pull !  o!r ov] x1 & ^? :o are
 s pull$ ov]1 lose ! game4    ,two      
capta9s %\ld be appo9t$1 & ea* %\ld h a 
code (  signals to communicate ) 8 own  

side1 t he may direct !m :5  to /op1 :5 
to slack51 or :5 to pull h>d4    ,9 ?is 
game sometimes a good capta9 may w9 ev5 
:5 he has an  inf]ior team4 ,= in/ance1 
if he sees all ! boys are pull+ _!      
h>de/1 ! capta9 ( ! o!r side sees t 8   
oppon5ts are  lean+ back too mu*1 t is  
!y are tru/+ to _! weight r  ?an to _!  
/r5g?4 ,he gives ! signal to slack51 :5 
d[n g  ! enemy1 & are !n dragg$ ov] !   
l9e ) ! greate/ ease4  ,if ! enemy beg9s
 to be tir$ a unit$ & sudd5 tug w       
g5]ally  br+ !m upright1 & once mov$1 ! 
victory is easily ga9$4 ,no  knots are  
to be all[$ on ! rope1 nor is ! game    
won1 unless !  :ole side has be5 dragg$ 
ov] ! l9e4    ,fight = ! ,flag4--,a game
 play$ f a m\nd1 & any numb]  may play4 
,ea* p>ty *ooses a capta91 & hav+ done  
?is1 divide  !mselves into attack]s &   
def5d]s4 ,! def5d+ p>ty provide         
!mselves ) a small flag1 :i* is fix$ on 
a /aff on ! top (  ! m\nd1 & !n arrange 
!mselves r\nd x s z to def5d x f  !     
attacks ( _! oppon5ts1 :o advance t[>ds 

! hillock1 &  try to ?r[ d[n ^? :o      
oppose !m4 ,^? :o are s ?r[n on  ei!r   
side1 are call$ dead m51 & mu/ lie quiet
 till ! game is  f9i%$4 ,?is happ5s ei!r
 :5 all ! attack+ p>ty are dead1  or :5 
! flag has be5 c>ri$ (f by "o ( !m4 ,!  
play] :o  c>ries (f ! flag is call$ !   
knight1 & is *os5 capta9 =  ! next game4
    ,hop-,scot*4--,a game play$ by hopp+
 on "o foot & kick+ an  oy/]-%ell or    
piece ( tile or /one f "o comp>tm5t to !
  o!r1 )\t plac+ ! lift$ foot1 except 9 
"o case1 ^u !  gr\nd1 & )\t all[+ ! %ell
 or tile to re/ on any ( !  l9es4 ,a    
diagram is fir/ drawn consi/+ ( twelve  
comp>tm5ts1 ea*  be+ numb]$1 & at its   
fur!r end ! picture ( a plum pudd+  )   
knife & =k4 ,9 comm5c+ ! game1 ! play]s 
take _!  /& at ! place m>k$ by ,a1 & ?r[
 = inn+s4 ,he :o c g  ne>e/ to ! plum 9 
! c5tre ( ! pudd+1 plays fir/4          
,illu/ration    ,! w9n] beg9s by ?r[+ 8 
%ell into ,no4 #a2 he !n hops into  !   
space1 & kicks ! tile out to ,a2 he next
 ?r[s ! tile into  ,no4 #b1 kicks x f   

,no4 #b to ,no4 #a1 & !nce out4 ,he !n  
?r[s x  into ,no4 #c1 kicks x f #c to   
#b1 f #b to #a1 & out4 ,he next ?r[s  x 
into ,no4 #d1 kicks x f #d to #c1 f #c  
to #b1 f #b to #a1 & out2  & s he goes  
on till he has pass$ ! cross & comes to 
,no4 #g1 :5  he is all[$ to re/1 by /&+ 
) "o foot 9 ,no4 #f & ! o!r  9 ,no4 #g2 
b he mu/ g on hopp+ be=e he kicks ! tile
 home4 ,he  !n passes ?r\gh ! b$s #h1   
#i1 #aj & #aa1 z he did ^? ( #a1 #b1    
#c1 #d1 #e1 etc41 & s on1 till he gets  
to plum pudd+1 :5 he may  re/1 & plac+ 8
 tile on ! plum1 he is requir$1 :ile /&+
  on "o foot1 to kick x ) su* =ce z to  
s5d x ?r\gh all !  o!r b$s to ,a at "o  
kick4 ,if "o play] ?r[s 8 tile into !   
wrong comp>tm5t1 or :5 he is kick+ x    
out1 he loses 8 inn+s1  z he does also  
if ! tile or 8 foot at any "t re/s on a 
l9e1 or  if he kicks 8 tile out ( !     
diagram4    ,we give also diagrams =    
simpl] =ms ( ! game4                    
,turnpike4--,al?\gh turnpike-keep]s ^u !
 roads h long s9ce  be5 aboli%$1 !re is 

no reason :y ! game ( turnpike1 play$  )
 hoops1 %\ld be play$ no long]4 ,any    
numb] ( boys may play1  b we w suppose  
!re are six4 ,"o %\ld h a hoop & !  o!rs
 w !n be turnpike-keep]s4 ,^! take two  
/ones or two  bricks & place !m ab\t two
 in*es ap>t ^u ! gr\nd4 ,we may  call   
ea* pair ( /ones or bricks ! toll-b>1 & 
ea* toll-b>  %\ld be "s di/ance f !     
o!rs4 ,x is ! task ( ! boy )  ! hoop to 
pass betwe5 ! /ones )\t t\*+ !m1 & if he
  goes ?r\gh ! five !n he turns & comes 
?r\gh !m aga9 f  ! o!r side1 & s on     
until he fails4 ,if he t\*es a toll-b>  
!n  ! keep] ( ! b> takes t hoop1 & he :o
 _h hi!rto be5  driv+ ! hoop becomes !  
keep] ( t p>ticul> toll-b> at  :i* he   
fail$4 ,if ! hoop driv] t\*es 8 hoop ) 8
 h&s1 or  all[s x to fall he mu/ give x 
to ! ne>e/ toll-b> keep] &  take 8 place
 :ile ! toll-b> keep] becomes a hoop    
driv]4 ,ea*  keep] mu/ /& ^u t side ( 8 
toll-gate :i* is t[>ds !  "r h& ( ! hoop
 driv]1 s t :5 ! hoop driv] returns he  
mu/ cross to ! o!r side ( 8 toll-b>4 ,if

 he is on ! wrong  side ! hoop driv] ne$
 n tr\ble to pass ?r\gh 8 toll-b> at    
all4 ,if ! boys pref] x !re may be m    
hoop driv]s & few]  toll-b> keep]s4     
,po/+4--,places call$ po/+-/ations are  
=m$ at regul>  int]vals 9 a l>ge circle 
or oval1 & at ea* place a play] takes  8
 /&4 ,e play]1 except ! hoop driv]1 has 
*>ge ( "o (  ^! /ations4 ,suppose !re   
are sev5 play]s--,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 ,f1
 &  ,g1 & t ,g holds ! hoop4 ,! o!r six 
play]s hav+ tak5 _!  places1 ,g />ts f !
 /ation belong+ to ,f1 & drives ! hoop  
t[>ds ,a1 :o waits1 ) hoop-/ick 9 h&1   
ready to relieve ,g (  8 hoop4 ,g /ops  
at ! po/+-/ation1 :ile ,a runs ! hoop to
 ,b1  :o takes *>ge ( x1 & deliv]s x to 
,c4 ,c trundles ! hoop to ,d2  ,d takes 
x to ,e2 ,e to ,f1 & ,f conveys x to !  
fir/ play]1 ,g4 ,9  ?is way ! game      
cont9ues1 until all ! play]s h work$    
r\nd  ! circle five or six times4 ,!    
game is r5d]$ m boi/]\s  by increas+ !  
numb]s ( play]s1 & hav+ two or ?ree hoop
  driv]s4 ,d n t\* ! hoop ) y\r h&s1 & d

 n let ! hoop  fall4    ,fox4--,"o play]
 is call$ ,fox1 & he has a d5 :]e none (
 !  play]s may annoy him4 ,! o!r play]s 
arm !mselves ) knott$  h&k]*iefs1 & wait
 = ,reyn>d's appe>ance4 ,he is also arm$
 )  a knott$ h&k]*ief1 & hops out ( 8   
d54 ,:5 he is out1 !  o!r play]s attack 
him ) _! h&k]*iefs1 & he endeav\rs to   
/rike "o ( !m )\t putt+ d[n 8 o!r foot4 
,if he puts d[n  8 foot he has to run   
back z fa/ z he c1 )\t ! "r to  /rike ! 
o!r play]s1 :o flog him ! :ole way4 ,if1
 h[ev]1 he  succe$s 9 /rik+ "o )\t los+ 
8 balance1 ! "o s /ruck  becomes ,fox2  
&1 z he has bo? feet d[n1 is ?ra%$ to 8 
d54    ,drop ,ball4--,a l9e mu/ be drawn
 ?ree feet f ! wall at :i*  ?is game (  
ball is to be play$4 ,! play] mu/ kneel 
outside ?is  l9e1 & nev] cross x2 if !  
ball falls inside ! l9e x is  reckon$ a 
miss4 ,ea* "t ! play] ?r[s up ! ball &  
cat*es x  x c\nts a po9t4 ,!re are _m   
ways ( play+ ?is game4    #a4 ,?r[+ !   
ball & cat*+ x be=e x t\*es ! gr\nd4    
#b4 ,clapp+ ! h&s aft] ?r[+1 be=e ! ball

 t\*es !  gr\nd4    #c4 ,putt+ "o knee  
to ! gr\nd be=e cat*+ ! ball4    #d4    
,putt+ "o knee to ! gr\nd & clapp+ ! h&s
 be=e  cat*+ ! ball4    #e4 ,circl+ r\nd
 on "o heel be=e cat*+ ! ball4    #f4   
,circl+ r\nd on "o heel & c\nt+ #a1 #b1 
#c1 or any numb]  agre$ ^u1 be=e cat*+ !
 ball4    #g4 ,/rike ! play] ne>e/ y    
be=e cat*+ ! ball4    ,!re %\ld n be too
 _m play]s1 = !y w\ld h to wait too     
long = a turn4    ,j+l+4--,! game %\ld  
be play$ on s(t grass inside a l>ge     
circle1 enclos$ ) ropes4 ,! play]s %\ld 
n exce$ t54 ,all  except "o ( ! nimble/1
 :o is ! j+l]1 h _! eyes  bl9dfold$ )   
h&k]*iefs4 ,! j+l] holds a bell 9 8 h&1 
:i* he is oblig$ to keep r++4 ,! aim ( !
 j+l] is to elude  ! pursuit ( 8        
companions1 :o foll[ him by ! s\nd ( !  
bell  )9 ! b\nd>ies ( ! rope1 = he is   
=bidd5 to pass beyond  x4 ,if he be     
caught 9 ! "t allott$ = ! game1 g5]ally 
tw5ty  m9utes1 ! play] :o caught him w9s
 ! mat*2 if !y are n able  to take him1 
he is proclaim$ ! victor4    ,!         

,fugleman4--,! ,fugleman places himself 
9 a prom95t place1  & arranges ! o!r    
boys be=e him 9 a l9e4 ,he !n beg9s )   
grotesque ge/ures1 :i* all ! boys are   
compell$ to copy4 ,^? :o  are se5 to    
laugh are imm$iately ord]$ to /& out ( !
 l9e1 &  :5 half ! numb] ( play]s are s 
put out1 ! o!rs are all[$  to ride !m   
?ree times r\nd ! playgr\nd1 :ile !     
,fugleman )  a knott$ h&k]*ief beats !  
/e$s f beh9d4          ,,*apt] ,,xiv    
,,! ,,g>d5      ,h[ to ,dig4--,x is     
beyond ! scope ( ?is book to ent] into  
all  ! intricacies ( g>d5+4 ,to d ?is we
 %\ld ne$ a volume l>g]  ?an ?is devot$ 
to t subject alone4 ,:atev] bran* (     
g>d5+  a boy may pursue1 h[ev]1 :e!r he 
gr[s gooseb]ries1 sweet peas1  or       
cabbages1 he w ne$ to "k h[ to dig4 ,"o 
( ! pleasures (  life is to come to a   
g>d5 t has be5 neglect$ or to a plot (  
l& t hi!rto has be5 a field & to see x  
gradually become a  well kept g>d5 )\t a
 we$1 "u ! magic ( good spade "w4  ,x is
 l subdu+ an enemy4 ,! simple/ way to   

dig is to take a  spade full ( e>?1 turn
 x ov]1 & put x back :]e y f\nd x4      
,?is1 h[ev]1 is only = light5+ ! soil :5
 ! g>d5 has be5  cultivat$ already4 ,y  
w\ld n subdue an unruly g>d5 9 t way4   
,%all[ ,tr5*+4--,if ,,abcd is a plot (  
l& & y are beg9n+  at ! ,,ab end1 dig   
out ! e>? ,,abef & convey x to ! ,,dc   
end &  put x ne> b (f ! plot y are      
digg+4 ,n[ dig ,,efgh & ?r[  ! e>? f t  
into ! tr5* ,,abef & s on = ! re/ ( !   
plot4 ,:5 y h come to ! end ( ! plot !re
 w be a tr5*1  b ?is w be fill$ by ! e>?
 y took !re at ! beg9n+ (  y\r digg+4   
,illu/ration3 ,,%all[ ,,tr5*+4    ,deep 
,tr5*+4--,! be/ basis = g>d5+1 h[ev]1 is
 a m  dra/ic1 deep] tr5*+ ?an ?is4 ,let 
,,abcd be ! plot we are go+  to dig     
deeply4 ,divide x into equal p>ts by !  
l9e ,,ef4 ,make !  l9e ,,gh #c-a_/b feet
 f ,,fc4 ,dig out ! e>? f ,,ghcf & c>ry 
x  to ,x :]e x may be put 9 a heap4     
,make ! l9e ,,ij #c feet f ,,gh4  ,dig  
out ! e>? "o spade deep f ,,ghij & ?r[ x
 ^u ! heap  at ,x4 ,?is e>? at ,x tak5 f

 ! top is kn[n z top soil4 ,n[  return  
to ,,gf* & g ano!r spade deep]1 ?r[+ !  
soil ( ?is  digg+ into a heap at ,y4    
,/ill at ,,gf* break up ! soil !re ) a  
=k1 & manure & refuse may be plac$ !re4 
,we$s put d[n "h  w\ld h no *ance to gr[
 aga94 ,g n[ to ,,gijh1 dig out !       
subsoil  !re & put x into ,,gf*4 ,on !  
top ( ?is subsoil s remov$ place  ! top 
soil f ,,kijl4 ,g on l ?is until y come 
to ,,eb1 :5 !  top soil f ,,aemn %\ld g 
to ,,noqr & ! subsoil ( ,,aemn into     
,,noqr  & ! top soil f ,,mnpq into      
,,ebon4 ,:5 y get to ,,df y w f9d  !    
subsoil at ,y & ! top soil at ,x ready =
 ! fill+ ( !  la/ tr5*4 ,x is important 
to keep ! top soil on ! top & !  subsoil
 und]nea?4 ,drive ! spade into ! e>? 9 a
 p]p5dicul>  direction & ! full dep? ( !
 blade4 ,let ! g>d5 endure !  w9t] ) a  
r\gh surface s t ! soil may pres5t z _m 
surfaces to ! fro/ z possible4 ,jack    
,fro/ is "o ( ! v be/  g>d5]s1 & to see 
soil be=e he has bitt5 x & aft]w>ds w   
be a revelation to ! "y g>d5]4    ,d\ble

 ,digg+4--,! deep tr5*+ j describ$1 9   
:i* ! top  soil 0 kept ^u ! top1 & !    
subsoil und]nea?1 is excell5t  :]e !    
subsoil is unfit = plant food1 b !re is 
a problem  :i* x does n solve4 ,suppose 
we come to a g>d5 matt$ h>d ^u  !       
surface ) butt]cups1 convolvulus1 grass1
 twit*1 gr\ndsel1  ?i/les & o!r tiresome
 we$s1 !n ! la/ ?+ we desire is  t ^!   
%\ld rema9 on top4 ,y _c pull up ! we$s 
by h&  because ! gr\nd is s h>d t y d no
 m ?an break !  we$s1 leav+ ! roots     
emb$d$ firmly 9 ! e>?4 ,be=e !re  is any
 peace 9 ! g>d5 ^! we$s mu/ be kill$1 & 
we w  n[ describe h[ to d x4 ,suppose   
,,abcd is ! plot ( gr\nd4 ,f  ,,ab      
measure f\r feet & draw ! l9e ,,ef4 ,f  
,,abfe take out !  soil "o spade deep1 t
 is ! top soil1 & put x 9 a heap at ,g  
outside ! plot4 ,n[ f ,,abfe take out ! 
soil ano!r spade deep1  ! subsoil1 & put
 x 9 a heap at ,h4 ,n[ f ,,ef measure   
two feet  & draw ! l9e ,,ij4 ,take ! top
 soil1 we$s & ev]y?+1 f  ,,efji & ?r[ x 
to ,,abkl--,,kl is two feet f           

,,ab--leav+ ,,klfe empty  = ! pres5t4   
,n[ take ! subsoil f ,,efji & ?r[ x into
 ,,abkl1  t is ^u ! top ( ! top soil y h
 j ?r[n !re4 ,n[  measure ano!r two feet
 f ,,ij & draw ! l9e ,,mn4 ,! soil f    
,,ijnm w g into ,,klfe1 top soil fir/ & 
! subsoil on ! top (  x4 ,proce$ 9 ?is  
way1 two feet at a "t1 & :5 y come to   
,,cd  ?r[ ! soil at ,g & ,h into ! tr5* 
t w be left1 top soil  fir/ & subsoil ^u
 ! top ( x4 ,! plot ,,abcd w n[ be well 
dug1 & all ! we$s w be deep "u ! soil   
:]e !y w  spe$ily die & decay2 & ev5    
suppos+ t ! subsoil y _h  br\ght to !   
top is n good1 y may d\ble dig aga9 next
 ye> &  s recov] ! old top soil m9us !  
we$s4 ,any we$s t gr[ n[  may be        
eradicat$ easily f ! loose soil1 & ev5 !
 we$s (  twit* & convolvulus may be     
foll[$ d[n & extract$4 ,unless y  h     
unlimit$ "t & pati5ce to look aft] !m d 
n be tempt$  to leave grass pa?s1 b dig 
! g>d5 f side to side4 ,grass pa?s  are 
always spread+ ^u ! g>d5 & mak+ ! edges 
we$y &  untidy4 ,if y pref] x y may d   

?is d\ble digg+ ) ! plot  divid$ z we   
divid$ x = deep tr5*+4    ,illu/ration3 
,,deep ,,tr5*+4    ,h[ to s[ ,se$4--,x  
is n wise to s[ old se$4 ,ev5 if !y gr[ 
! plants are (t5 )\t vig\r4 ,g to a     
se$sman :o has a good  "* & d n buy se$ 
because its price is l[4    ,! soil mu/ 
be f9e & firm1 por\s & moi/4 ,x mu/ n be
 /icky  nor dry4 ,! se$s w n g]m9ate    
until !y c h bo? w>m?  & moi/ure4 ,s[   
?9ly because cr[d$ plants d n gr[ well4 
,x  is be/ to s[ small fl[] se$s 9 pans 
& boxes well dra9$1 z  expla9$ 9 our    
article on w9d[-boxes to foll[4 ,level !
 surface  ( ! e>? & make x firm4 ,wat] x
 ) a f9e spray & !n  /& x 9 ! %ade =    
ab\t five h\rs4 ,n[ scatt] ! se$ ?9ly  &
 cov] x v lightly ) sift$ e>?4          
,:ite-wa%$ or pap]  %ad$ glass may be   
plac$ ov] ! box or pan until ! se$s     
appe>4  ,! glass w keep ! air w>m &     
moi/4 ,except 9 ! case ( !  v small     
se$s1 ! dep? at :i* !y are s[n %\ld be  
ab\t  ?ree times _! size or ?ickness4   
,9 ! g>d5 d n s[ broadca/1 b 9 drills1 z

 ! gr\nd c  !n be m easily we$$ & kept  
loose :5 ! se$s h gr[n4    ,aft] s[+    
press ! soil well d[n & !n wat] g5tly s 
t !  se$s are n wa%$ out1 & ! wat] dra9s
 away quickly4    ,! soil mu/ n be all[$
 to get q dry1 & yet excessive  moi/ure 
mu/ be avoid$4 ,too mu* wat]+ is a      
common cause (  failure4    ,if ! soil  
becomes cak$ be=e ! se$l+s appe> or     
pat*es be  lift$ by !m1 break x up ) !  
po9t ( a knife1 & !n wat]  g5tly & j    
suffici5tly to settle ! soil r\nd !     
plants4    ,d n wat] se$s or se$l+s )   
wat] t is cold] ?an !  soil1 & 9 summ] d
 n wat] until ! ev5+4 ,if ! wat]+ (  v  
small se$s is necess>y1 /& ! pans or    
boxes 9 a %all[  vessel ( wat] = an h\r4
    ,= wat]+ se$l+s use a vaporis]1 or  
dip a hair bru% 9 wat]1  %ake (f mo/ ( !
 fluid1 & !n1 :ile hold+ ! bru% ov] !   
plants draw ! h& along ! bri/les sev]al 
times4    ,:5 ! se$l+s are up1 loos5 !  
soil ar\nd !m v g5tly4    ,a ,w9d[      
,box4--,!re are n _m =ms ( g>d5+ t are s
  pleasant z t ( hav+ a w9d[ box4 ,!re  

ne$ be no be>+ (  ! heat & burd5 ( !    
day1 no labori\s d\ble digg+1 no t$i\s  
we$+1 no back-a*+ hoe+1 no h>d days ) ! 
:eelb>r[4  ,! w9d[ box1 too1 is n m]ely 
a f9e wea!r fri5d4 ,z y sit  9 y\r room 
^u a ra9y day x is at ! w9d[ beside y1 &
 if  y\r w9d[ is op5 ! sc5t f ! fl[]s   
comes 9 ) e  breeze4 ,if y h a          
succession ( w9d[-boxes y c h a blaze  (
 fl[]s ^u y\r w9d[ sill at mo/ seasons (
 ! ye>4    ,illu/ration3 ,,d\ble        
,,digg+4    ,! box ne$ n be made        
elaborately1 & ?\gh "s p d give         
!mselves mu* tr\ble yet fl[]s look z    
well or ev5 bett] 9  su* a r\ghly made  
box pa9t$ gre5 z mo/ boys c make out ( a
  pack+ case b\ght = a few copp]s f !   
groc]4 ,y may put  plants already 9 pots
 9 y\r box1 b if y desire to gr[ fl[]s  
9 ! box itself x w be necess>y to fill x
 ) e>?4 ,be=e  ?is is done holes ab\t ! 
size ( a f>?+ %\ld be bor$ 9 !  bottom (
 ! box ) a brace & bit or ) t m homely  
if  unjo9]-l tool ! r$ hot pok]4 ,^! are
 to provide dra9age4  ,!n !re %\ld come 

betwe5 "o & two in*es ( brok5 /ones &   
^u ?is ! e>?4 ,z a rule ?is may be !    
ord9>y e>? f  ! g>d51 b x is bett] to   
add "s co>se s& if y h x1  & if 9 y\r   
walks into woods & along ! h$ges y c    
secure  "s leaf m\ld to put ) ! e>? s   
mu* ! bett]4 ,well decay$  manure1 odds 
& ends ( mort> & lime :i* ! build]s may 
h  left ab\t w all help to provide !    
fl[]s ) food4 ,!re are  s _m fl[]s t    
look well 9 w9d[-boxes t no complete li/
  c be giv54 ,boys %\ld be ev] on ! look
 out to f9d f !  boxes ( o!r p :at      
?rives 9 ^! boxes4 ,ea* end ( ! box     
%\ld be left = climb]s t w run up ea*   
side ( ! w9d[1  & no bett] plant = ?is  
position c be nam$ ?an ! delicate  can>y
 creep] ) its pale gre5 leaves & da9ty  
yell[ fl[]s4  ,na/urtiums1 too1 look    
well 9 ?is position1 & no bett] bord] = 
! front ( ! box c be imag9$ ?an ! blue (
 ! beautiful  lobelia4 ,ano!r good      
climb] is convolvulus major4 ,^! climb]s
 live  = "o season only1 b "o t gr[s ye>
 aft] ye> is tropolum  p5taphyllum4 ,9 !

 w9t] ! tub]s ( ?is plant are kept 9 s& 
& are plac$ 9 position ea* spr+4 ,plants
 t hang ov] ! front  ( ! box are        
graceful l s+le petunias & rock b9dwe$1 
&  = ! re/ ea* boy c make a selection ( 
8 fav\rites = !  rema9+ "p ( ! box4 ,if 
he likes he may h a numb] ( boxes s  t  
:5 "o has _h its day ano!r may be ready4
 ,9 ! spr+ box  he w\ld h crocuses1     
sn[drops1 squills1 daffodils & su*      
fl[]s2  !n a box ) primroses1 tulips &  
hyac9?s2 & aft] t a box  ( p9ks1 lilies 
( ! valley1 anemones1 & next ! real     
summ]  fl[]s & blooms ( autumn4 ,let !  
plants be wat]$ regul>ly )  wat] t is n 
too cold1 & if x be possible use ra9    
wat]4          ,,*apt] ,,xv    ,,! ,,boy
 ,,z ,,arti/      ,x w\ld be idle to    
pret5d t x is possible 9 ! *apt] ( a    
book1 or inde$ 9 a book itself1 to give 
in/ruction t w\ld make a  boy an arti/2 
b mo/ p h ! capacity to make sket*es1 & 
?is is a pleas+ & useful tra9+ ( ! eye &
 h&4 ,! p[]  to br+ away a sket* ( a    
sc5e t has *>m$ u is "o well wor?  !    

cultivation1 & 9 ! mak+ ( ! sket* we see
 _m ?+s  t w\ld o!rwise escape our      
notice4 ,if a boy f9ds he has special   
ability 9 ?is direction he %\ld read !  
lives ( arti/s1 visit  picture gall]ies1
 & jo9 an art class1 :]e he w be        
conduct$  ?r\gh ! sev]e discipl9e t     
leads him to draw+ ! liv+  human =m1    
amus+ himself mean:ile by sket*+ 9 !    
lanes &  woods1 among ! m\nta9s1 or     
:]ev] he happ5s to be1 ev5 if x is  9 ! 
/reets4    ,h9ts on ,sket*+4--,! draw+ (
 a ca!dral ) all its  complexities &    
innum]able details is gov]n$ by ! same  
rules z  ! draw+ ( a b>n or ev5 ( a     
brick1 & ^! rules are simple1  & are    
easily /at$4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4
    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4    ,9      
sket*+ we h to draw ?+s z !y seem1 n z  
we "k !m  to be4 ,! top ( a bucket is a 
p]fect circle2 yet :5 we draw x1  unless
 we look d[n ^u x f a po9t exactly above
 its c5tre1  we repres5t x by an oval4  
,simil>ly1 :5 we look along a /ret*  (  
railway l9e we "k t ! l9es are exactly  

p>allel1 b  !y seem to draw ne>] to ea* 
o!r4 ,! rails ( a f5ce are (  equal     
height1 & h be5 put at equal di/ances   
ap>t1 b z we  look along ! f5ce x seems 
z ?\gh fur!r away ! workman _h  us$     
%ort] po/s1 & _h put !m ne>] toge!r4 ,if
 we c see  ?r\gh a railway tunnel1 x    
looks z ?\gh ! way out at ! o!r  end 7  
small] ?an ! way 9 at ?is2 b we "k !y   
are ( !  same size4 ,! rules "u :i* l9es
 seem to draw toge!r & spaces  become   
small] h be5 call$ ! rules ( p]spective1
 & x is  important t we %\ld le>n ^!    
rules4 ,luckily !y are few &  n         
difficult to und]/&1 & we w le>n !m z we
 g along 9  draw+ a few simple =ms t    
%all include !m4 ,9 ,fig4 #a we h a     
box1 its corn] t[>ds u4 ,9 ! box itself 
! l9es ,a ,b1 ,c ,d1 &  ,e ,f w\ld be ! 
same di/ance f ea* o!r f end to end1 &  
if  !y 7 made ev] s long w\ld nev] meet1
 b "h 9 ! draw+  !y meet at ,g4 ,9 !    
same way ! l9es ,a ,h1 ,c ,e1 & ,d ,f1  
:i* 9  ! actual box are p>allel or      
equi-di/ant & s draw no ne>] to  ea*    

o!r1 meet 9 ! draw+ at ,i4 ,9 ! draw+1 z
 9 reality1  ! l9es ,e ,h1 ,c ,a1 & ,d  
,b are p>allel1 & w\ld nev] meet1 h[ev] 
f> we might l5g!n !m4 ,! l9es ( ! brass 
r\nd ! key-hole  foll[ ! same rules4    
,let ?is box illu/rate ano!r matt]4 ,we 
move  x into a slightly diff]5t         
position1 s t we almo/ lose sight (  !  
end ,e ,c ,a ,h4 ,?is end1 9 ! language 
( arti/s1 is n[ said to  be =e-%ort5$4  
,! l9es t draw ne>] toge!r are said to  
vani%4 ,! po9t :]e !y meet is _! vani%+ 
po9t4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4    ,we
 w give "s fur!r examples ( ! same rules
 ( p]spective  appli$ to diff]5t =ms4 ,!
 "y arti/ /&+ be=e a sc5e he  is go+ to 
sket* %\ld decide :at po9t is opposite 8
 eyes4 ,x  may be "s place 9 a *ur* wall
 or 9 a tree1 or ev5 9 ! sky4  ,h[ev]1  
hav+ fix$ x1 m>k x also ^u y\r pap]1 &  
!n draw a  horizontal l9e ?r\gh x4      
7,fig4 #c47    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 
,,rigg',s ,,f>m1 ,,ne> ,,aysg>?1        
,,w5sleydale4    ,9 ! sc5e we h select$ 
we /& ^u a hill & look at a  f>mh\se t  

/&s ^u ano!r hill4 ,! po9t opposite our 
eyes  is ! w9d[ ,a4 ,x w be notic$ t !  
l9es above ! eyes come  d[n to ! l9e (  
sight or horizontal l9e1 ,b ,c4 ,^? bel[
 rise to  x4 ,l9es t are p>allel to ea* 
o!r1 :e!r !y are ro( l9es  tiles1 ! tops
 or bottoms ( w9d[s1 meet 9 ! same po9t1
 s t  if y get "o ( ^? l9es "r1 x is    
easy to get all ! o!rs  "r by cont9u+ !m
 to ! same po9t4    ,f ?is sket*1 & !   
=ego+ examples1 we arrive at !  foll[+  
rules3--    ,illu/ration3 ,,sket* ,,at  
,,norton4    ,p>allel l9es1 z !y rec$e1 
vani% to a po9t4    ,horizontal1 rec$+  
l9es1 if !y are bel[ ! level ( ! eyes1  
appe> to rise4    ,horizontal1 rec$+    
l9es1 if !y are above ! level ( ! eyes1 
appe> to desc5d4    ,spaces1 z !y rec$e1
 appe> to become small]4                
,illu/ration3 ,,saskia ,,van ,,ul5burgh1
 ,,rembr&t',s ,,wife4 ,f a draw+  by    
,rembr&t 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum4    ,objects1
 z !y rec$e1 appe> to become small]4    
,all horizontal rec$+ l9es h _! vani%+  
po9t ^u ! l9e  ( sight4    ,all p>allel 

retir+ l9es h ! same vani%+ po9t z ea*  
o!r4    ,all horizontal l9es :i* are    
p>allel ) ! picture plane are  drawn    
p>allel ) ea* o!r1 & ) ! l9e ( sight4   
,all horizontal retir+ l9es =m+ "r      
angles ) ! picture  plane1 or ) our     
position1 h ! po9t ( sight = _!  vani%+ 
po9t4    ,we h "h introduc$ a new t]m1 !
 picture plane4 ,! be/ way to  und]/&   
?is is to imag9e y are look+ at ev]y?+  
?r\gh  a pane ( glass4 ,9 ?is case !    
glass w\ld be ! picture plane1  & if we 
c\ld /& /eadily en\gh 9 "o place & trace
 ^u !  w9d[ pane ! l9es ( ! /reets &    
h\ses1 we %\ld f9d !  l9es ^u ! pane    
foll[+ ! rules we h giv54    ,_m ( !    
rules ( p]spective are to be se5 9 !    
sket* ( ,rigg's  ,f>m1 ,w5sleydale1     
,york%ire1 ,fig4 #d4 ,! rec$+ l9es ( !  
road1  ! grass edges1 & ! walls2 ! front
 ( ! f>mh\se is s mu*  =e%ort5$ t x is  
possible to see only a v small "p ( x1  
?\gh ! build+ is really a long "o4      
,we h giv5 also a sket* by ,rembr&t1 & a
 p5 & ink l&scape  draw+ made at ,norton

 9 ,nor? ,d]by%ire by ,*>les ,a%more4   
,/5cill+4--,! use ( /5cils is famili> to
 mo/ p 9 "o  =m or o!r4 ,ladies         
frequ5tly use /5cil plates 9 :i* _!     
names or initials are cut out to m>k    
l954 ,a common] use is t (  metal plates
 9 :i* ! lett]s ( ! alphabet are cut out
 9 ?9  metal = use 9 labell+ trunks1    
boxes 9 comm]ce1 ) ! "n  & de/9ation ( !
 own]1 m]*ant1 or goods4 ,x is possible 
t  a v delicate =m ( /5cill+ is famili> 
to _m ( my read]s1  :i* is us$ to       
multiply copies ( lett]s1 circul>s or   
notices to g  ?r\gh ! po/4 ,! ma*9e     
consi/s ( a h&le to :i* is atta*$  a    
small :eel :i* has project+ f its rim a 
s]ies ( %>p  po9ts4 ,! lett]s are =m$ by
 writ+ ) ?is :eel4 ,z ! :eel  passes ov]
 ! pap] ! po9ts pi]ce small r\nd holes1 
suffici5tly  close to ea* o!r to        
indicate ! lett]s1 :ile ! pap] betwe5  !
 holes are bridges or ties hold+ !      
inside ( ! loops firmly  to ! re/ ( !   
%eet4 ,?is writ+ becomes ! /5cil4 ,to   
obta9  copies1 ! /5cil is laid ov] a    

%eet ( pap]1 & a bru% *>g$  ) col\r is  
rubb$ across4 ,! col\r passes ?r\gh !   
holes  to ! pap] b5ea?1 & ! copy is     
secur$4 ,9 mak+ ! metal  /5cil plates ( 
lett]s1 ties or bridges h to be left to 
prev5t  ! inn] p>ts ( ! lett]s becom+   
solid l a pr9t]'s4  ,su* lett]s z ,i1   
,f1 ,j1 ,t1 & "s o!rs1 c be giv5 9 _!   
complete =m1 ?\gh 9 ! case ( ! ,f1 x    
w\ld be bett]1 t  is1 ! /5cil plate w\ld
 be firm]1 if a tie 7 left :]e !  top   
horizontal l9e jo9s ! p]p5dicul> /em4 ,9
 cutt+ /5cils  ?is matt] ( ty+ or       
support+ all ! int]ior or enclos$ p>ts  
( ! composition is v important1 & %\ld  
nev] be lo/ sight  (4 ,x is bett] to err
 9 an excess ( ties1 ?an to risk ! fall+
  to pieces ( ! :ole by insuffici5t     
support4 ,! read] w  p]ceive t if ! :ite
 p>ts ( ! loops 9 ! lett] ,b are n      
connect$ ) ! out] surr\nd+ :ites1 !y    
w\ld fall out1 &  ! lett] w\ld /5cil    
solid1 :ile if only "o tie is giv51 !   
loops w\ld get out ( position1 z ! pap] 
swells ) ! moi/ure  ( ! pa9t4 ,in/ances 

( ^! ties w be f\nd 9 ne>ly all !       
illu/rations1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,mooresque 
design1 ,fig4 #b4 ,x is !  aim ( !      
design] to make ^! ties a "p ( !        
composition1 &  an assi/ance 9 ! effect 
( ! :ole4 ,b cases w occur :]e  !       
composition mu/ be ru?lessly cut across 
z 9 ! ,greek design1  ,fig4 #a1 :]e 9 "o
 repeat ! c5tral portions are %[n )     
ties1  & 9 ! o!r 9 its complete =m4 ,!  
re/oration is made ) !  bru% aft]w>ds4  
,! ties %\ld be broad or n>r[ accord+ to
 !  /r5g? ( ! mat]ial ( :i* ! /5cil is  
made1 & ! numb]  ( repeats = :i* x w be 
us$4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4        
,,frieze ,,or ,,dado4    ,illu/ration3  
,,fig4 #a;,a4 ,,alt]$ ,,= ,,v]tical     
,,use4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4      
,,mooresque ,,design ,,= ,,dado4        
,/5cill+ is employ$ z an easy me?od (   
repeat+ ! same  ornam5t1 figures1 or    
lett]s1 ) exactness & spe$4 ,if ,i      
desir$  to use ! simple ,greek          
composition ,fig4 #a1 z a frieze 9 !    
/udy  9 :i* ,i am writ+1 n by any means 

a l>ge room1 be+ ab\t #ad  feet by #aa  
feet1 x w\ld be necess>y to repeat x    
betwe5 #ij &  #ajj times4 ,if ,i _h to  
draw ?is 9 by h&1 & labori\sly pa9t  x1 
probably ! en?usiasm = art :i* project$ 
! s*eme w\ld  be fritt]$ away long be=e 
,i complet$ x1 & ,i %\ld ?r[ x  up 9    
disgu/ & call 9 ! pap]hang] to put on ! 
usual wall  furni%+4 ,b if ! design 7   
cut out 9 /5cil1 x w\ld take  b little  
if any long] to /5cil ! frieze ?an x    
w\ld = !  hang] to pap] x1 & ! s*eme be+
 c>ri$ out 9 ! o!r  details1 ,i %\ld h !
 satisfaction & enjoym5t ( a room       
specially decorat$ to suit my own ta/e1 
& unique accord+ to !  orig9ality ( !   
design4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4     
,,frieze3 ,,silv]we$1 ,,frog4           
,illu/ration3 ,,& ,,toad4    ,9 !       
article on ! use ( leaves :i* foll[s1 x 
is sugge/$  t ! =ms ( leaves to be met )
 9 ! field1 h$g][ or  wood1 are         
peculi>ly adapt$ to ornam5tal purposes1 
/5cill+ 9  decoration ( ! home among    
o!rs4 ,b ?is use ( natural =ms 9        

ornam5t requires ta/e & consid]ation4   
,to /ick a leaf "h &  ano!r !re1 )\t a  
purpose or design 9 ! composition1 is n 
ornam5t4 ,i propose1 ) ! aid ( ! pr9t]1 
to give an idea  ( ! pr9ciples :i* gov]n
 ! mak+ ( designs4 ,! fir/ "o  is       
repetition4 ,to use a /> ?us 99 s+ly1 is
 n ornam5t4 ,place  a numb] ( />s side  
by side at regul> di/ances betwe5       
p>allel  l9es ?us3--            99  99  
99  99  99  99  99  99  99  99  99      
& y h a design1 elem5t>y1 x is true1 b z
 f> z x goes  decorative4 ,9 place ( !  
/> put a clov] leaf1 a conv5tional  fl[]
 su* z is us$ 9 ,fig4 #c1 or a bri> leaf
 laid slant+ to !  "r or left1 & y h a  
bord] :i* may be us$ = a light  frieze  
or ! top ( a dado4 ,arrange ! />s 9     
p>allel r[s ?us3--      99     99     99
     99     99     99     99       99   
99     99     99     99     99    99    
99     99     99     99     99     99   
99     99     99     99     99     99   
s t ea* /> falls midway betwe5 ! />     
above & bel[1 &  y h ! elem5ts ( a      

design su* z is v commonly us$ 9        
wall-pap]s1 pr9ts1 & ne>ly all =ms (    
decoration "u ! "n  ( diap] patt]ns4    
,aga91 9 place ( ! /> put "s o!r =m1  z 
an ivy leaf or a small spray4 ,b 9 ?is  
class ( design we %all  n be mu* conc]n$
 9 room decoration1 z !y are only us$ = 
l>ge panels4 ,ano!r pr9ciple 9 ornam5t  
is alt]nation4 ,x may be  illu/rat$     
?us3--               99        99       
99        99       99        9 :i*      
p>allel l9es alt]nate ) />s4 ,?is       
composition is n  m crude ?an mu* ( :at 
passes = decoration at ! pres5t  "t4 ,= 
our imm$iate purpose let a %apely leaf  
take ! place (  ! upright l9es & a fl[] 
! place ( ! />1 & y h a  m advanc$      
bord]1 & if ! masses are well balanc$ & 
drawn1  "o agreeable to ! eye4 ,i ?9k ! 
pr9t] c illu/rate ano!r  pr9ciple (     
design = u 9 symmetry ?us3--            
99    6    99    6    99    6    99    6
    99         66       66       66     
66     99    -    99    -    99    -    
99    -    99        9 :i* ?ree         

exclamation m>ks are plac$ side by side 
at diff]5t  levels1 ) p>allel l9es & a  
hyph5 bel[1 alt]nat+ ) />s4  ,or a      
simpl] =m /ill ( ! same pr9ciple may be 
giv5 ?us3--                             
99        99        99        99        
99        99                            
9 :i* ! d\ble dagg] alt]nates ) a />4   
,if y draw a  p]p5dicul> l9e up ! c5tral
 exclamation m>k or ! dagg]s1 !  "r &   
left sides w be f\nd to be alike or     
symmetrical4 ,9  place ( ! dagg]s or !  
exclamation m>ks1 draw ! leaves ( !     
wild rose1 "o 9 ! c5tre & "o incl9+ to !
 "r1 ano!r  to ! left2 put a fl[] 9     
place ( ! p>allel l9es1 & y w  h a      
symmetrical composition1 ! /alks be+    
prolong$ bel[4 ,?is  pr9ciple ( design  
is cle>ly %[n 9 ! two designs1 ,figs4 #a
 &  #a;a4 ,a p]p5dicul> l9e divides !   
designs into two equal p>ts4  ,?is is   
two-sid$ symmetry1 :at we are m         
p>ticul>ly conc]n$  )4 ,ano!r pr9ciple 9
 ornam5t is balance ( p>ts4 ,?is is     
symmetry ( ano!r ord]1 9 :i* ! two sides

 ( ! composition1  al?\gh diff]5t 9 all 
! details1 yet pres]ve ! same weight  or
 balance4 ,! g5]al effect is ! same4    
,?is is illu/rat$ 9  ,fig4 #c1 :i* is a 
design = a frieze4 ,9 no place c\ld a   
l9e be  drawn :i* w\ld divide !         
composition into two simil> p>ts1 b  by 
! disposition ( ! leaves ( ! silv]we$   
!re is an equal  di/ribution ( weight on
 ei!r side ( ! design4 ,?is balance  (  
p>ts is important to pres]ve :5 ! design
 dep>ts f !  symmetrical 9 its          
arrangem5ts4 ,x makes all ! diff]5ce    
betwe5  a pleas+ & unsatisfactory       
composition1 & is n to be acquir$  )\t  
consid]able practice4 ,! *rysan!mum     
design1 ,fig4 #f1 is  an illu/ration (  
?is pr9ciple4 ,x is design$ = ! panels (
 a  door1 or ! sides ( a grate1 or to g 
r\nd a door 9 ! =m ( a  v]tical bord]1 b
 9 e case :]e x c be plac$ 9 pairs )  ! 
fl[]s away f ! c5tre1 to be done by     
rev]s+ ! /5cil4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 
#d4 ,,dado ,,or ,,frieze3 ,,oak ,,&     
,,squirrels4    ,hav+ ?us cle>$ ! gr\nd 

= practical "w1 we c describe !  way to 
make /5cils4 ,= our purpose ! be/       
mat]ial = ! /5cil  is ! oil$ pap] us$ 9 
! lett]-copy+ press4 ,?is w be f\nd     
/rong1 h>d1 & non-absorb5t4 ,x is       
comp>atively *eap & c be  pur*as$ at mo/
 /ation]s4 ,9 cases 9 :i* ?is pap] w\ld 
n  be l>ge en\gh1 :i* may happ5 9 "s ( !
 runn+ patt]ns1  c>tridge pap]1 or bett]
 /ill1 hot-press$ ,:atman's1 if coat$ on
  bo? sides ) knott+ v>ni% 7to be       
procur$ at any oilman's %op71  w\ld d v 
well4 ,= small] subjects1 :i* are n     
requir$ =  m ?an a score repeats1 ord9>y
 note pap]1 ! highly poli%$  k9d t      
crackles l %eet iron :5 b5t is excell5t1
 & has be5  l>gely us$ by ! writ]4 ,!   
knife us$ is "o ) a blade t  runs to a  
%>p po9t4 ,?is po9t mu/ be kept ) a ke5 
edge1 s  t "o cut w g ?r\gh ! pap]1     
leav+ a cle> edge4 ,hold !  blade ( !   
knife at "r angles to ! pap]1 :i* mu/   
re/ ^u  a clean %eet ( glass4 ,if cut ^u
 any yield+ surface1 ! pap]  w bruise4  
,a hone %\ld be close at h& to keep a   

good edge to  ! knife4 ,x is important  
to get a clean1 squ>e cut1 ) no ragg$   
m>g9s4    ,to get ! draw+ on ! pap]1    
fir/ make a r\gh sket* giv+  ! size &   
g5]al "* ( ! design on ord9>y sket*+    
pap]4 ,if ! design is symmetrical1 i4e41
 bo? sides alike1 rule a  p]p5dicul>    
l9e4 ,draw z cle>ly & c>efully z        
possible "o-half  ! composition1 t is   
all t w appe> on ! left-h& side  ( !    
l9e4 ,:5 y are satisfi$ ) ?is1 place a  
piece (  look+-glass exactly on !       
v]tical l9e2 y w see ! image (  y\r     
draw+ 9 ! glass1 b 9 rev]se1 ?us        
complet+ ! design4  ,if look+-glass is n
 available1 a coat ( ,brunswick black on
 "o  side ( any piece ( glass w give y a
 suffici5tly good reflector4  ,probably 
y w n be altoge!r satisfi$ ) ! draw+ z  
%[n  complete 9 ! glass4 ,! l9es are n  
agreeable ones1 or pretty 9  curve1 or !
 balance ( ! p>ts is n q z y w\ld l x4  
,make ! alt]ations y feel necess>y1 &   
apply ! glass aga94  ,:5 satisfi$1 place
 trac+-pap] ov] ! draw+4 ,?is may be    

fa/5$ d[n by draw+-p9s1 a t\* ( gum1 or 
pieces ( ! free  edge ( po/age-/amps4   
,indicate c>efully by cle> m>ks !       
position  ( ! v]tical l9e1 & proce$ to  
draw a firm outl9e ( ! design1  )1 say1 
an ,f p5cil or an ,,hb4 ,:5 done1 remove
 ! trac+-pap]  & fold x exactly d[n !   
v]tical l9e1 ) ! p5cil draw+  outside4  
,d\ble x1 9 fact4 ,!n plac+ x on a %eet 
( :ite pap]1  draw ! o!r half1 ?us      
complet+ ! design4 ,put x1 p5cill$  side
 d[nw>ds1 on ! oil pap] or note-pap]1 & 
rub (f ) y\r  ?umb nail4 ,g ov] !       
design1 m>k+ all ! ties v di/9ctly4  ,!n
 cut out z be=e1 tak+ c>e n to cut ?r\gh
 ! ties4 ,9  practice y w f9d x be/ to  
beg9 cutt+ at ! ties2 ! pap]  w readily 
sp9 r\nd on ! glass s t y c foll[ !     
curves  ( ! design ) y\r knife4 ,%\ld y 
cut ?r\gh a tie1 x mu/  be made good4   
,cut (f a slip ( pap] ( ! same size1 put
 on "s (  ! knott+1 & :5 x is tacky1    
/ick d[n ! /r5g!n+ slip4  ,! /5cil may  
include m ?an "o repeat ( ! patt]n1 ! m 
repeats !re are ! quick] ! "w c be done4

 ,"s decorators  9 mak+ /5cils d r m ?an
 !y int5d to use :5  /5cill+1 s t p>ts  
ov]lap1 :i* is done to get ! repeat     
true4 ,i f9d x bett]1 m exact1 to "w f  
two l9es on !  /5cil1 "o a horizontal   
l9e & ano!r a v]tical l9e4 ,by us+  a   
ne$le po9t 7a ne$le 9 a wood h&le71 ,i  
rule a horizontal l9e  ^u ! wall 9 !    
position ! horizontal l9e on ! /5cil    
%\ld  fall4 ,?is is altoge!r            
indi/+ui%able :5 ! "w is f9i%$4  ,!n1   
v]tically to ?is l9e1 ) ! same po9t1 ,i 
indicate :]e  ! repeats %\ld fall1 & !n 
g ahead4 ,x is a consid]able help  to   
get a fri5d to jo9 9 ! "w1 z he c assi/ 
9 hold+ !  /5cil on ! surface to be     
decorat$1 giv+ y m fre$om 9 !  use ( !  
"r h&4 ,if work+ alone ! /5cil is held )
 !  left h& :ile ! col\r is appli$ ) !  
free h&4 ,! /raight  l9es are n /5cill$1
 !y are run on by ! help ( a bevell$    
/raight-edge4 ,! position ( ^! l9es is  
indicat$ by rul+ z  above or by twang+ a
 piece ( /r+ *>g$ ) *>coal du/ 9  !     
position requir$4    ,illu/ration3      

,,fig4 #e4 ,,runn+ ,,bord]4    ,9       
decorat+ y\r room1 ! fir/ po9t to be    
decid$ is to :at  ext5t & :]e y w apply 
! "w4 ,if co/ is n a great              
consid]ation1 und\bt$ly ! be/ ?+ to d is
 to pa9t ! wall  ov] ) a pleas+ tone 9  
oil col\rs4 ,a frieze runn+ r\nd !  room
 imm$iately "u ! m\ld+1 ! dep? be+      
accord+ to !  height ( ! room2 a dado   
runn+ r\nd ! bottom ( ! walls1 high     
en\gh to cle> ! top ( ! *air-backs3 & if
 ! room is l>ge  en\gh1 ! division ( !  
room into panels by ornam5tal columns at
  ! corn]s1 & appropriate divisions4 ,a 
bord] may be run r\nd !  doors & ! sides
 ( ! fireplace may receive sep>ate      
att5tion  if !re are surfaces suitable =
 /5cill+4 ,b x is usual to  apply ?is   
sy/em ( decoration to di/emp]$ walls1 9 
:i* case  ! decoration to be appli$ w\ld
 probably be above ! dado 7:i*  w\ld be 
pap]$ 9 "s ri*ly decorat$ patt]n71 a    
frieze "u !  ceil+1 & a bord] r\nd !    
door4 ,9 mix+ ! di/emp] 7:it+  & size71 
p[d] col\rs are us$ to get ! tone       

desir$4 ,?is w  v>y ) ! ta/e ( ! read]1 
! use ! room is put to1 & !  aspect1    
:e!r on ! %ady or sunny side ( ! h\se4  
,d n let x  be too d>k1 or muddy 9 tone3
 a *e]ful t]ra-cotta1 ) a da% (  amb] 9 
x1 if on ! %ady side2 or "s tone ( sage 
gre51 ,fr5*  grey1 or peacock blue1 if  
on ! sunny side4 ,p]haps ! be/ way is   
to keep y\r eyes op5 :5 pass+ "s        
decorator's e/abli%m5t1  or buy+ ! pap] 
= ! dado1 & fix ^u ! tone ( col\r  y    
w\ld l4 ,!n mix "s h>moniz+ t9ts :i* w g
 well  ) ! wall col\r = y\r /5cil "w4 ,y
 w f9d t if y  decide ^u /5cill+ 9 d>k  
tones ^u light1 t x w be  m pleas+ to   
get ^! ri*]1 t is m pure1 ?an ! gr\nd   
col\r4 ,! ?ree ri* or prim>y col\rs are 
r$1 blue1 & yell[4  ,9 mix+ y\r /5cil   
col\rs1 approa* ^! 9 purity1 accord+ to 
! tone us$4 ,^! p[d] col\rs are obta9$  
by ounces or p\nds  at col\rm5's %ops4  
,! fir/ ?\ght to ! beg9n]1 if he wi%es  
to d>k5 a tone1 is to put black         
7lamp-black7 94 ,9 practice ?is  mu/ be 
us$ sp>+ly4 ,r get y\r /r5g? ( t9t by   

us+ pure  col\rs4 ,) di/emp] col\rs1 y w
 f9d t !y are mu*  d>k] wet ?an dry4 ,if
 y wi% to employ m col\rs ?an "o1 ea*   
col\r %\ld h a sep>ate /5cil4           
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,,pila/]3      
,,*rysan!mums4    ,hav+ made y\r /5cils1
 fix$ ^u & mix$ y\r col\rs1 &  indicat$ 
! position ( ! repeats1 ! next /ep is ! 
direct  application ( ! col\r4 ,?is is  
usually done ) flat-head$  hog-hair     
bru%es1 ab\t #c_/d ( an in* across1     
specially made =  ! purpose4 ,) y\r     
palette knife spread out a ?9 film ( !  
col\r on ! palette1 :i* may be ! back ( 
a plate1 or a glaz$  tile1 *>ge ! flat  
end ( ! bru% ) x1 & br+ x d[n           
p]p5dicul>ly ^u ! /5cil4 ,don't ov]*>ge 
! bru%4 ,if !  patt]n is irregul> 9 its 
details1 d e o!r "o ) "o side  ( !      
/5cil1 & !n hav+ be5 r\nd1 wa% (f !     
col\r f  ! /5cil1 & turn x r\nd & d !   
int]v5+ repeats4 ,!  l9es are put on ) a
 small] bru%1 us+ ! bevell$ side ( !    
/raight-edge to guide ! h&1 us+ m       
pressure = a broad l9e1  & *>g+ ! bru%  

heavily ) col\r4 ,bru%es specially made 
= l9+1 kn[n z ,fit* hair tools1 co/1    
accord+ to size1 f  #a-a_/b;d4 to #e;d4 
ea*4 ,/5cill+ bru%es co/ only a few     
p5ce4    ,! me?od ( produc+ designs1    
/5cils1 & us+ ! /5cils is  employ$ 9 !  
production ( designs = pap]-hang+s1     
c>pets1  floor clo?s1 damasks & mo/ flat
 manufactur$ mat]ials1 except  t ! :ite 
us$ is flake-:ite1 & ! col\rs are mix$ )
 gum  & wat]4 ,! col\rs are kn[n 9 !    
trade z temp]a col\rs4  ,! gr\nd is laid
 ev5ly ^u /ra9$ c>tridge pap]1 &        
absolute  flatness ( t9t 9 work+ out !  
design may be ga9$ by us+  /5cils4 ,9   
mak+ irregul> designs1 t is designs :i* 
are n  symmetrical1 ! :ole composition  
has to be drawn & trac$4    ,9 decorat+ 
a room1 !re is a v consid]able range (  
*oice 9  ! /yles available1 "s idea (   
:i* is giv5 9 ! accompany+  designs1 f !
 purely ornam5tal ones ( ,figs4 #a & #b 
to !  natural treatm5t ( ,figs4 #d & #f4
 ,! design suitable = ! top  ( a dado z 
,fig4 #a w\ld1 ) a slight modification1 

equally suit  ! frieze ( a room1 z bo?  
are horizontal treatm5ts2 b =           
p]p5dicul> applications1 ! designs %\ld 
be r$rawn4 ,"s idea  ( ! fre% treatm5t  
requir$ is giv5 9 ,fig4 #a;a1 :]e ! p>ts
  ( ! composition h be5 re-arrang$ to   
suit a v]tical position4  ,%\ld x be    
desir$ to adopt two col\rs1 ! pr9ciple  
to be act$  ^u is to make ! small]      
masses d>k] tones1 & m int5se  col\rs1 !
 l>g] ! mass1 ! light] & m neutral !    
tone  %\ld be4 ,fig4 #d is equally      
adapt$ = a frieze or dado top4 ,x  is   
design$ 9 squ>es1 s t by a re-arrangem5t
 ( ! squ>es1  i4e41 by plac+ ! squirrel 
squ>es "u ! oak-leaf squ>es1 x  c be    
made suitable = a v]tical treatm5t1 or =
 ! body ( !  dado4 ,9 design+ su*       
patt]ns z ,fig4 #f1 :]e aga9 two or m   
col\rs may well be us$1 c>e %\ld be tak5
 t ! repeats fit  well 9 ) "o ano!r1 s t
 no ugly spaces are left unfurni%$1  z  
decorators say1 & also to prev5t !      
recurr5ce ( horizontal or  diagonal     
l9es4 ,?is is a failure ) _m comm]cial  

designs & is a  fault v di/ress+ to !   
eye4    ,h[ a ,portrait ,bu/ is         
,made4--,! *ief "w ( ! sculptor consi/s 
9 work+ 9 clay2 !re9 lies ! ma9 portion 
( 8 art1 & !re  are ^? at ! head ( _!   
pr(ession :o r>ely h&le a *isel1  & !n  
only to give a f9al t\* "h & !re aft] _!
 c>v]  has f9i%$ 8 "w4 ,moreov]1 !re are
 _m m bu/s made 9  bronze & 9 t]ra-cotta
 ?an 9 m>ble2 b ! initial proc$ure (    
build+ up is ! same 9 all cases4    ,!  
fir/ ?+ a sculptor does 9 sett+ ab\t a  
bu/ is to fix a  squ>e1 upright peg1 or 
support1 ab\t tw5ty in*es 9 l5g?1 into  
a wood5 plat=m eighte5 in*es squ>e4 ,!  
plat=m1 9 ord] to  prev5t w>p+1 %\ld be 
made ( two pieces ( bo>d s jo9$ z to  h 
! gra9 ( ! "o runn+ transv]se to ! o!r4 
,! peg is  g5]ally furni%$ ) a b>1 l a  
,lat9 cross1 & is provid$ at  ! top )   
:at is call$ an armature1 t is1 two     
pieces ( lead  pip+ loop$ ov] ! peg f   
side to side1 s z to =m1 z x  71 !      
outl9e ( a head4 ,! ends ( "o piece are 
nail$ to ei!r  side ( ! top ( ! peg1 & !

 ends ( ! o!r to ! back &  front ( x2 or
 ! armature may consi/ 7z "s sculptors  
pref] t  x %\ld7 ( a loop ( lead-pip+1  
fix$ to a l>ge nail1 ) :at  is call$ a  
butt]fly atta*$ 7see illu/ration74 ,!   
transv]se1 or  crosspiece1 is fitt$ into
 a slot cut 9 ! upright1 & is int5d$  to
 support ! %\ld]s ( ! bu/1 ! armature   
s]v+ z !  skeleton1 s to speak1 ( !     
head4 ,be+ made ( lead1 ! armature  c be
 b5t ?is way & t1 & twi/$ ab\t1 ev5 aft]
 x has  be5 cov]$ ) clay4 ,?is is a v   
important matt]1 z a portrait  frequ5tly
 consi/s z mu* 9 a *>act]i/ic pose ( !  
head z  9 ! exact repres5tation (       
features1 & ! peculi>ity or habit  ( !  
"o ^: bu/ is to be made _c always be    
p]ceiv$ at !  fir/ sitt+1 ev]ybody      
attitud9is+ m or less at fir/ :5  ab\t  
to h a lik5ess tak54 ,b aft] a :ile !   
sitt] is sure to  =get himself2 !n !    
natural pose comes1 & ! sculptor flexes 
8 armature ?is way or t1 & secures ! "r 
expression1 9 s  f> z ! turn or cant ( !
 head is conc]n$4    ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ 

,a ,,bu/ ,,is ,,made4    ,hav+ ?us      
prep>$ 8 skeleton1 ! sculptor is n[     
ready to beg9  ) ! m important matt] (  
modell+4 ,b fir/ ( all he has to  see t 
8 clay is all "r4 ,! clay commonly us$ =
 ?is purpose  is ! *9a clay ( ! pott]2 b
 at a p9* any clay w d1 & ,i  "k ( m ?an
 "o sculptor :o1 9 8 impecuni\s days1   
has be5  oblig$ to turn to ! common clay
 ( ! brick-field4 ,! ess5tial  ?+ is t x
 %\ld n be rott5 & friable1 b r ela/ic1 
spread+ easily & coh]+ well4 ,:5 ! clay 
is too dry x is  put 9 wat] ov] night4  
,9 ! morn+ x is 9 su* a /ate t x  may be
 pass$ ?r\gh a co>se sieve1 & s ! r\gh  
p>ticles be got  rid (4 ,!n1 :5 x has   
dri$ until ( ! consi/5cy ( putty1 x  is 
ready = use4    ,! sculptor n[ takes f\r
 or five l>gi% lumps & rolls !m )  8 h&s
 into long /rips1 f half to ?ree-qu>t]s 
( a foot 9  l5g?1 & ( ! ?ickness ( a    
good-siz$ rul]4 ,he !n takes  portions (
 ^! /rips & applies !m bit by bit to !  
armature  & ! transv]se b>1 ?us         
gradually build+ up ! g5]al %ape (  !   

head & %\ld]s4 ,c>e has to be tak5 f !  
fir/ to h an  eye to ! features & cont\r
 ( ! head t is be+ modell$4 ,x  is n    
necess>y t ! model %\ld keep seat$ 9 !  
same attitude  all ! "t4 ,if requir$ to 
d s1 he or %e1 z ! case may be1 is  apt 
to acquire a v /iff pose1 ) ! result t !
 /iffness  may be transf]r$ to ! bu/4 ,!
 be/ way is to let ! sitt]  conv]se     
freely1 & assume a natural position4 ,by
 ?is means !  habitual expression is    
seiz$1 & a good lik5ess is m likely to  
be  ! result4    ,:5 a g5]al r\gh outl9e
 ( ! head has be5 secur$1 x is !n  "t to
 beg9 to "w = exactitude ( feature &    
facial expression4  ,?is ! arti/ does by
 putt+ on a bit "h1 & tak+ (f a bit     
!re4 ,all ?is is done ) ! f+]s & ?umb4  
,occasionally x may  be necess>y to use 
a tool1 b r>ely4 ,! be/ sculptors "w    
ma9ly  ) ! in/rum5t nature has provid$  
!m )al1 ! h&s4 ,)  8 f+]s ! arti/ has m 
fre$om 9 h&l+ 8 mat]ial1 &  9           
communicat+ to x t life-l expression :i*
 is ! aim &  object ( 8 art4 ,no tool   

yet inv5t$ by man enables him to enjoy  
su* f95ess ( t\*1 or to give s mu*      
bread? or su* delicacy (  detail to 8   
"w1 z t :i* he naturally comm&s 9 ! use 
(  8 f+]s4    ,( c\rse1 a bu/ is n      
modell$ 9 an h\r1 nor 9 a day4 ,a good  
sculptor w f9i% "o 9 f\r or five sitt+s 
( an h\r or an  h\r & a half ea*2 o!rs w
 require a doz5 or m4 ,ev]y?+  dep5ds ^u
 ! facility ( ! arti/ 9 seiz+ ^u        
expression4  ,?is w be ! difficult po9t 
) ! beg9n]4 ,he may1 aft] a  :ile1 get !
 g5]al outl9e ( ! head & face ( 8 sitt] 
&  feel utt]ly helpless to g fur!r4 ,b  
!n is ! "t to ex]cise  pati5ce4 ,mi*ael 
,angelo did n become a sculptor 9 a day1
 nor  yet 9 a ye>4 ,:5 ! tyro feels t he
 _c g fur!r1 x is  g5]ally because he   
does n see fur!r4 ,( c\rse1 he sees t 8 
portrait is n l2 b he has n yet le>n$ to
 see 9 detail1  9 m9utiae4 ,t he mu/ n[ 
beg9 to d by obs]v+ e little  po9t1     
depression1 curve1 wr9kle1 w>t1 hair1 & 
s =?4 ,& !n1  :at 8 m9d has le>n$ to    
take note (1 8 h& w soon le>n to        

imitate4    ,all ! "t ! "w is 9 progress
 ! clay mu/ be kept moi/1  o!rwise x w  
crack & fall to pieces4 ,?is is commonly
 done by  spray+ x ) a g>d5 syr+e1 &    
cov]+ x ov] at night )  wet clo?s4      
,:5 ! bu/ is f9i%$1 if x has to be ca/ 9
 bronze1 or  reproduc$ 9 m>ble1 a ca/ ( 
x is tak5 9 pla/] ( ,p>is2 b  if x is   
int5d$ to fire x1 & make a t]ra-cotta   
bu/ ( x1 !  op]ation ( holl[+ x is      
necess>y4 ,?is is effect$ by slic+ (f  !
 cr[n ( ! head ) a piece ( ?9 wire or   
?read1 & !n  scoop+ out ! inside until a
 uni=m ?ickness ( ab\t an in* &  a half 
is left4 ,:5 ?is is done ! bu/ w be     
easily fre$ f  its peg1 & ! armature    
atta*$ to x4 ,! next ?+ is to set x     
aside to dry4 ,?is takes "s "t1 & only  
:5 x is q free  f all moi/ure is x ready
 to be tak5 to ! kiln to bake or fire4  
,! kiln 9 :i* x is fir$ is ! ord9>y "o (
 ! pott]4 ,?is  hav+ be5 done1 ! "w is  
complete4    ,if ! bu/ has to be        
reproduc$ 9 bronze1 ! pla/] ca/ mu/ be  
tak5 to ! bronze ca/]s1 :]e !           

trans=mation w be effect$4  ,! process (
 mak+ an exact reproduction 9 m>ble is  
g5]ally done  by ! sculptor himself1 or 
by 8 assi/ant1 & is m or less a  m]e    
me*anical op]ation1 ! c>v]s work+ by    
po9ts1 z !y are  call$1 ma!matically    
accurate1 by means ( :i* he is enabl$ to
  make an exact copy ( ! ca/4 ,:5 ?is is
 done ! sculptor goes  ov] x c>efully ) 
8 *isel & gives "s f9al t\*es by way  ( 
f9i%1 & to add to ! vividness &         
life-lik5ess1 s to speak1  ( expression4
    ,h[ to ,use ,leaves4--,!re is "o    
desirable quality 9 ! hobby ,i  am ab\t 
to recomm5d boys1 & t is its inexp5sive 
"*4  ,a qu>t] ( a y>d ( na9sook musl91 a
 tube or two ( oil pa9t1  a good-siz$   
h&ful ( l9t or cotton wool1 two or ?ree 
%eets (  foolscap1 & z _m ( c>tridge    
pap]1 & y are set up = any  numb] ( wet 
days or vacant half-holidays4 ,! leaves 
c be obta9$  free ( co/1 any:]e & at any
 "t1 w9t] or summ]1 & 9 any  numb]4 ,ivy
 leaves d well1 leaves ( ! black or r$  
currant or  gooseb]ry bu%es are bett]1 &

 ! fl[]+ currant bett] /ill4  ,brambles1
 lime1 & plane trees :i* gr[ ev]y:]e1 & 
mo/ trees  or bu%es except holly1 w give
 y excell5t subjects4 ,"s boys  "k h[ to
 keep 9 ! good graces ( ! h\sekeep]1 &  
w\ld  borr[ ! musl9 f h]4 7,say y w\ld l
 x f9e47 ,probably  "o ( y\r si/]s pa9ts
 a bit1 & w\ld l5d y ! burnt si5na  tube
 7oil col\r7 ^u ! same t]ms2 ( c\rse1 ! 
wool or l9t y  w\ld get f ! h\sekeep] ) 
! musl92 :ile an application  to ! pat] 
= "s foolscap--y w\ld pref] blue1 x is m
  bus9ess-l--w\ld be sure to be         
successful1 = someh[ fa!rs l  to        
enc\rage boys :5 !y mean to d some?+    
s]i\s2 & !re is  left only ! c>tridge   
pap] to f9i% ! outfit4 ,p]haps some:]e  
9 ! e/abli%m5t !re is ev5 a /ore ( ?is2 
if n1 !re is  no?+ = x b a visit to !   
/ation] & an attack ^u !  pocket-money4 
,n[ to proce$4 ,make ! cotton wool into 
a nice r\nd ev5 ball1 q  free f lumps1  
p>ticul>ly at ! bottom4 ,fold ! musl9 to
 get a  d\ble ?ickness1 place ! wool    
inside1 make x into a mass ab\t !  size 

( a cricket-ball1 tie ?is tightly1 leav+
 en\gh musl9 free to  take hold (       
easily4 7,see ,fig4 #a47                
,illu/ration3 ,,dabb]4 ,fig4 #a4        
,illu/ration3 ,,maple ,,leaf ,,c5tre4   
,fig4 #c4    ,next get y\r leaves4 ,!   
front or back g>d51 or ! gre5h\se1  w   
probably af=d all y want1 to beg9 )4    
,*oose 9 pref]5ce  leaves :i* lie flat1 
) no bulg+s or cockles2 y w get mu*     
bett] results4 ,put !m 9 a di% or bas9  
l>ge en\gh to take !m  easily1 & cov] ) 
a damp clo?4 ,if y h to g f>!r afield  =
 y\r leaves take ) y1 if possible1 a t9 
box or botani/'s  vasculum1 & spr9kle a 
little wat] ^u !m4 ,if n able to obta9  
su* a box1 !n a wood5 or c>dbo>d "o mu/ 
d1 b pack ! leaves  9 damp moss1 if able
 to get any4 ,:5 y rea* home cov] up z  
be=e4    ,y are n[ ready to comm5ce4    
,squeeze out "s col\r ^u !  foolscap1   
spread ?is ev5ly ) ! musl9 dabb]1 n by  
sme>+  b by dabb+1 ) a slight twi/+     
motion ( ! wri/1 tak+ c>e  t ! col\r is 
ev5ly di/ribut$ on ! pap] & ! dabb]4 ,!n

  try x by br++ d[n ! dabb] ^u a clean  
%eet ( pap] ) a  sm>t bl[4 ,if ! col\r  
comes away ev5ly y are ready to beg9 ^u 
! leaves2 if n1 "w away ) ! dabb] on !  
foolscap till y  get bett] results4     
,pati5ce w d x4    ,take "o ( y\r       
flatte/ leaves1 & remove all moi/ure f !
  surface4 ,a piece ( blott+-pap] is    
good = ?is purpose4 ,!n1 )  a s]ies (   
good h>d raps ) ! dabb]--don't be afraid
 ( hurt+  ! leaf--get ! col\r ev5ly ^u !
 face1 work+ z ne> to !  ve9s z         
possible4 ,cut a piece ( c>tridge pap]  
twice ! size ( !  leaf--& n[ comes !    
c>eful treatm5t--put ! leaf d[n1 h&l+  x
 by ! /alk1 9 ! place y want x2 don't   
%ift x ab\t or  attempt any fre%        
arrangem5t4 ,to d s w\ld sme> ! pap]4   
,br+  d[n ! upp] half ( ! pap] ^u !     
leaf1 & hold /eadily )  ! left h&4 ,!n1 
) ! =ef+] ( ! "r h& inside y\r  h&k]*ief
 or a clo?1 re/ ^u ! outside ( ! pap]1  
tak+  c>e n to let ! leaf inside slip   
ab\t4 ,y may use "s am\nt (  pressure2 !
 col\r w n yield itself up too readily4 

,if ! leaf  is full ( sap1 less =ce mu/ 
be us$1 or y w cru% ! tissue4  ,n[ raise
 ! pap] & remove ! leaf4 ,probably y w n
 be  satisfi$ ) ! fir/ attempt4 ,"s p>ts
 w be fa9t1 o!r p>ts  load$ ) col\r4    
,possibly also ! leaf has %ift$ a       
little4 ,if  ?is has n occurr$ y w h got
 a portrait ( ! leaf1 %[+  ! cutt+ ( !  
edges & ! ramifications ( ! ve9s4 ,n[   
try  aga91 ei!r ^u ! same leaf or a fre%
 "o4 ,at ea* fre% attempt  y w be gett+ 
m skilful 9 h&l+ ! leaf1 9 ! use (  !   
dabb]1 & ! c>eful plac+ & rubb+ to get !
 impression4  ,& ! dabb]1 too1 w be     
gett+ into bett] condition4 ,! col\r  w 
h p5etrat$ ! musl9 & gone a little way  
into ! wool4  ,use z little col\r z     
possible1 gett+ ! col\r on r by sm>t    
bl[s ?an any o!r way4 ,x w\ld be well to
 h ! c>tridge pap]  fold$ ready = use1 9
 appropriate sizes1 a little too l>ge1  
to  p]mit ( aft]-trimm+4                
,illu/ration3 ,,haw?orn ,,bord]4 ,,fig4 
#b4    ,illu/ration3 ,,plaque3 ,w4      
,,veit*',s ,,creep] ,,leaves4 ,,fig4 #e4

    ,y w f9d t leaves are n alike 9 ! "*
 ( !  surface4 ,"s are cov]$ ) hairs1 l 
! mulle9s2 ^! w  take almo/ any quantity
 ( col\r4 ,p]haps y _h bett] beg9 ^u    
su* leaves4 ,o!rs h a few /iff hairs1 & 
o!rs1 aga91 are  q free f su* app5dages4
 ,^! require lea/ col\r ( all4  ,y w    
f9d1 too1 t x is bett] to comm5ce ) !   
back ( !  leaf4 ,! ve9s are usually m   
prom95t1 & ! impression obta9$  is m    
int]e/+4 ,!re is great] difficulty 9    
gett+ ! col\r  on all p>ts ( ! leaf1    
close up to ! pr9cipal ve9s1 & !  rubb+ 
= ! impression is h>d]4 ,b by pati5ce & 
p]sev]ance1  to quote ! copybook1 y w   
soon obta9 pleas+ results4    ,i don't  
?9k ,i c tell y mu* m t w aid y 9 gett+ 
good impressions4 ,i h recomm5d$ ! use (
 burnt si5na1 because  x is a *eap &    
easily work$ col\r2 b any oil col\r c be
 us$1  ei!r /raight f ! tube1 or mix$ to
 suit y\r judgm5t or ta/e4  ,gre5s1     
olives1 russets1 br[ns1 greys1 yell[s1  
or ev5 r$s1 c  be us$4 ,y c c]ta9ly get 
"s />tl+ effects ) ^!1 if  remov$ "s    

di/ance f ,nature2 or by us+ two or m   
col\rs &  dabb]s y may graduate ! tones 
or col\rs on ! same leaf4 ,suppose  y   
want an autumn effect4 ,mix or *oose y\r
 yell[1 & prep>e also  an orange-r$     
col\r4 ,coat ! leaf fir/ ( all ) !      
yell[--don't  use gamboge--!n ) ! r$    
dabb] apply t col\r to ! end or  m>g9 ( 
! leaf1 & take (f z be=e                
,illu/ration3 ,,leaves ,,( ,,! ,,g9ko   
,,tree4 ,fig4 #d4    ,y may say1 ,:at is
 ! use ( x all :5 ! necess>y skill is   
obta9$8 ,y w f9d x a v good & useful    
hobby ev5 to s  obta9 a s]ies ( pr9ts ( 
! leaves ( our =e/ trees4 ,!re are1     
p]haps1 m ( ^! ?an y are aw>e (4 ,& !re 
is ano!r  po9t--! leaves ( any p>ticul> 
plant v>y v mu* 9 %ape4 ,a  collection (
 ^! v>iations1 if at all complete1 w\ld 
be held ev5  by botani/s to be v        
valuable inde$4 ,!n1 :at a numb] ( =e/  
trees !re are6 ,! common & wy* elms1 !  
oak & maple1 ! two  *e/nuts1 ! ,spani% &
 horse--a full-gr[n leaf ( ! latt] y  w 
f9d a l>ge ord]--! bee* & hornbeam 7note

 ! diff]5ce  9 ! m>g971 ! wild *]ry1    
crab1 & sloe1 ! dogwood1 !  two         
buck?orns1 ! s]vice tree1 ! wayf>+ tree1
 ! back (  ! leaf ( :i* y w f9d good to 
beg9 )4 ,a good in/ance  ( ! v>iety 9 =m
 9 ! leaves ( "o plant is ! n[ common   
wall plant1 ,veit*'s ,virg9ian creep]1  
:i* ,i h us$ to decorate  a plaque 9    
,fig4 #e4 ,! se$l+ leaves1 too1 are well
 wor?y (  collection--!y v>y v mu* f ! m
 adult leaves4 ,i h no  ne$ to write m  
^u ?is1 z1 if y make ! collection (     
leaves  a hobby1 ^! details w come4     
,b ! use ( leaves does n /op "h4 ,m ?an 
any o!r "p (  ! plant1 leaves are us$ by
 ! design] = sculptural details1 &  =   
decoration 9 all its bran*es4 ,b mo/    
boys are n design]s  or skilful         
draughtsm51 nei!r h !y ! "t to make     
draw+s  or pa9t+s :i* w\ld give !       
results s easily obta9$ by  ?is process4
 ,ev5 excell5t arti/s %r9k f giv+ !     
am\nt  ( details :i* are secur$ 9 ^!    
transf]s f ! objects  !mselves4 ,"s     
applications ( foliage :i* c be done f !

  leaves !mselves are giv5 z h9ts ( :at 
is possible4 ,^! v>y 9  difficulty1     
until ! results are to be describ$ only 
z works ( art4    ,figs4 #c & #d are    
applications ( leaves to ! decoration ( 
occasional tables1 :i* m frequ5tly ?an n
 are ebonis$4    ,fig4 #d is an         
arrangem5t ( ! leaves ( ! ,g9ko1 or     
,adiantum  tree4 ,:5 ! table is ready = 
! v>ni%1 apply ! leaves 9  ! positions  
m>k$ out be=eh&4 ,9 ! illu/ration a b& (
  col\r is suppos$ to be previ\sly pa9t$
 to ! %ape indicat$1 &  %\ld be "s ri*  
olive or russet tone1 ^u :i* ! leaves   
are  pr9t$ 9 a light]1 say a sage gre54 
,a v good scale ( col\rs1  adapt$ = use 
on black1 is us$ by ! ,japanese on !    
trays to be  f\nd 9 almo/ any h\se4 ,y  
may n be able to get ,g9ko leaves1  b   
sev]al ( ! adiantums h fronds ! p9n (   
:i* c\ld be  simil>ly us$4 ,an          
arrangem5t ( maple leaves 9 ,fig4 #c    
c\ld be  copi$ = ! c5tre ( ! table1 &   
simil>ly treat$4 ,by-!-by1  %\ld y 9    
plac+ ! leaf make any false m>ks1 ^! c  

be  easily remov$ :ile ! col\r is wet by
 wip+ (f ) a clo?1  us+ turp5t9e or _s (
 w9e if ob/9ate4    ,illu/ration3       
,,photo4 ,,m\nt ,,decorat$ ,,) ,,bramble
 ,,leaves4 ,,fig4 #f4    ,fig4 #f is an 
arrangem5t ( bramble leaves4 ,a v       
consid]able  v>iety ( =m is usually f\nd
 on ! same plant2 ?is v>iety has  be5   
utilis$4 ,use pale tones ( col\r1 & make
 out ! /alks )  a bru% aft]w>ds4 ,x w be
 f\nd useful to r\ghly indicate !       
position ( ! leaves by p5cil or *alk    
aft] hav+ plac$ !m1 &  be=e apply+ _!   
pa9t$ surfaces4 ,x is int5d$ z a        
decoration  to a photographic m\nt4 ,if 
! m\nt is ( a d>k tea-gre5 col\r  a v   
consid]able ri*ness ( effect c be       
obta9$4 ,! *ief  difficulty w be !      
c>eful adju/m5t & selection ( ! leaves4 
,fig4 #e is ! application ( ,veit*'s    
,ampelopsis to a t]ra-cotta  plaque4 ,y 
w f9d ?is m difficult1 z ! surfaces to  
:i*  ! leaves are appli$ are n flat1 & !
 mat]ial is absorb5t to  a high degree4 
,fir/ give ! plaque a coat+ ( size2 ?is 

w keep  ! col\r on ! surface4 ,r\ghly   
sket* ! position ( ! leaves  9 p5cil2   
apply col\r m copi\sly to ! leaves1 &   
transf]4  ,:5 dry give a coat+ (        
quick-dry+ v>ni%4 ,copal1 dissolv$ 9    
me?ylat$ spirits1 w prove ! mo/         
satisfactory4 ,! end ( !  spray is done 
all at once4 ,! /ems1 /alks1 & t5drils  
are put 9  aft]w>ds by bru% "w4    ,fig4
 #b is ! mo/ difficult ( all4 ,x is an  
arrangem5t ( haw?orn  leaves 9 diff]5t  
tones ( col\r1 & int5d$ = a title-page  
or  elaborate m\nt4 ,! leaves c be      
easily obta9$ 9 consid]able  v>iety4    
,r\ghly m>k out ! places ! leaves %\ld  
occupy4 ,"s  are 9 front ( o!rs2 d ^!   
fir/ 9 a pal] gre54 ,cut out pap]  %apes
 to cov] !m1 & /ick !m d[n tempor>ily   
aft] !y are  dry4 ,!n1 9 d>k] & ri*]    
tones ( col\r1 transf] ! back  leaves2  
:5 dry remove ! cov]s1 & t\* up ) a bru%
 any  defici5cies4 ,add ! /alks1 /ems1 &
 ?orns1 & pa9t 9 ! haws4    ,!re are _m 
o!r applications to :i* ^! pr9ts f      
leaves  c\ld be put4 ,a bran* ( oak     

runn+ across ! panels ( a door1 a       
simple leaf ^u ! cov] ( a book1 nicely  
done2 9 ! mak+ (  /5cil plates1 =       
bord]s1 friezes1 & dados1 or a          
conv5tional  patt]n = wall pap]s4       
,/udies = wood c>v+ c easily be  obta9$ 
f ! /ore ( pr9ts f leaves1 su* z !      
/rawb]ry1  pot5tilla1 goose-grass1      
butt]cup1 d&elion1 & _m wayside plants4 
,:5 ! /alk or pr9cipal ve9 is too       
succul5t or ?ick1 x w\ld be  well to p>e
 x d[n1 to p]mit ( easi] rubb+1 n       
attempt+ to  get an impression f m ?an  
"o surface ( ! leaf4    ,x may be useful
 to "s read]s to give ! prices at :i* ! 
mat]ials may be obta9$4 ,! *eap] col\rs 
are 9 e respect  q z good = ! purpose z 
! m exp5sive ones1 & %\ld  co/ ab\t     
?reep5ce a tube f an arti/s' col\rman4  
,a small  camel-hair bru%1 f a p5ny     
upw>ds1 w\ld d2 b x might be  sable 9   
pref]5ce1 f sixp5ce upw>ds4 ,y c get a  
good-siz$  %eet ( c>tridge pap] = a     
p5ny4 ,! na9sook musl9 %\ld be  new1 & (
 a f9e quality4 ,any holes 9 x w\ld be  

fatal to good  "w4 ,a p5ny or two w\ld  
buy ! foolscap pap]4    ,illu/ration3   
,,! ,,app>atus4    ,illu/ration3 ,,!    
,,po9ts4    ,pyrography4--,! outfit     
consi/s ( a plat9um po9t1 sometimes     
call$ ! burn]1 an alcohol lamp1 & a     
b5z9e bottle ) rubb]  tub+ t]m9at+ 9 a  
bulb z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,! po9ts  or
 burn]s may be obta9$ 9 _m sizes = f9e  
or broad l9es4 ,!  "w is done ^u        
unv>ni%$ wood1 :i* %\ld be season$ &    
free  f res94 ,sometimes designs are    
drawn too ^u calf1 c>dbo>d1 &  ev5 ^u   
velvet1 b ^u ^! mat]ials be c>eful !    
po9t is  n too hot4 ,to use ! pyrography
 app>atus fill bo? ! alcohol  lamp & !  
b5z9e bottle half full4 ,^u ! b5z9e     
bottle put !  rubb] /opp] t has ! metal 
nozzle & jo9 ! bell[s & !  tub+4 ,n[    
light y\r alcohol lamp1 & 9 its flame   
hold ) y\r  "r h& ! plat9um po9t1 & )   
y\r left h& "w ! bulb  /eadily &        
cont9u\sly4 ,! plat9um po9t w ?us become
 r$ hot  & x mu/ be kept s4 ,) ?is hot  
po9t draw ^u ! wood & y  w f9d t all    

k9ds ( designs & effects are possible by
 us+  diff]5t po9ts1 &1 inde$1 by us+ ! 
same 9 diff]5t ways &  at diff]5t       
temp]atures4 ,! judici\s use ( s&pap]   
improves  ! g5]al effect aft]w>ds1 & a  
wax f9i% may be obta9$ by  ! application
 ( pure bees'-wax sl[ly melt$ 9         
turp5t9e4 ,:5  x is 9 a syrupy /ate     
apply x ) a clo?1 & a few days lat]     
bru% away ! sup]flu\s wax & wipe t5d]ly 
) a s(t clo?4  ,! g5]al effect may be   
height5$ by ! use ( col\r4 ,! "y        
pyrographi/ may practise ^u "s ( !      
designs giv5 9 ! o!r  sections ( ?is    
*apt]1 & he w be able to pur*ase 8      
outfit  ) directions = its use4 ,messrs4
 ,gamage1 9 ,holborn1 & ,messrs4        
,b5etf9k1 9 ,*eapside1 h _m k9ds (      
app>atus & accessories4          ,,*apt]
 ,,xvi    ,,v5triloquism ,,& ,,polyphony
      ,v5triloquism4--,v5triloquism is  
no m a gift ?an is ! ability  to talk or
 s+2 x does n dep5d on any peculi>      
=mation ( !  ?roat2 x is1 9 fact1 an art
 :i* c be acquir$ by almo/ any "o       

possess+ a voice ( av]age compass 7"s   
twelve notes71 toge!r  ) an ord9>ily    
good e> = music4 ,if1 9 addition to ^!1 
!  tyro %[ any aptitude = act+ &        
mimicry1 !re is prospect ( 8  becom+ an 
exp]t p]=m]4    ,broadly speak+1        
v5triloquism consi/s 9 a close imitation
 (  s\nd z x falls ^u ! e>1 !           
v5triloqui/ effect+ ?is by  skilfully   
modify+ ! cavity ( ! m\? 9 su* a way z  
to give  8 voice a deceptive "*4    ,!  
"y v5triloqui/ mu/ /udy all sorts &     
conditions ( s\nds  & voices z !y fall  
on ! e>4 ,he mu/ become famili> ) !     
models he seeks to imitate4 ,he mu/1 =  
example1 note t a voice  f ! cell>1 he>d
 9 a room above1 has a subdu$ & muffl$  
s\nd1 _m ( ! consonants be+ /rangely    
alt]$1 s t !  words1 ,i'm d[n "h 9 !    
cell>1 sir6 w\ld s\nd m l1 ,9'e  d[n "h 
9 a zell>1 zir6 ,aga91 9 li/5+ to !     
knife-gr9d]1  he mu/ obs]ve1 fir/ !     
bur-r-r ( ! :eel1 & !n a  comb9ation ( !
 bur-r-r ) a prolong$ iss :5 ! knife    
t\*es ! gr9d/one4 ,^! little h9ts w1 we 

tru/1 suffici5tly  impress ! beg9n] ) ! 
necessity ( le>n+ to li/5 ) new  e>s    
:il/ endeav\r+ to speak ) a new voice4  
,y w obs]ve1 too1 t ! "* ( ! assum$     
voice is  det]m9$ *iefly by ! %ape ( !  
m\?4 ,?is is ! m  important1 because    
misguid$ le>n]s are s apt to /ra9 !     
l>ynx4  ,!re %\ld be no pressure on !   
?roat1 ?\gh "s pressure mu/  necess>ily 
be ex]t$ on ! *e/ & ! abdom9al muscles  
by reason  ( ! sl[ rate at :i* ! air is 
all[$ to leave ! lungs2 =1  be x        
c>efully not$1 ! v5triloquial voice c   
only be spok5  dur+ a sl[ expiration ( !
 brea?4 ,consequ5tly1 ! le>n] mu/       
ex]cise himself 9 controll+ ! brea?1 =  
:i* purpose let him  practise fill+ !   
lungs ) air & !n read+ al\d z long a    
passage z he c :il/ ! air is be+ sl[ly  
expell$4    ,) reg>d to modify+ !       
natural voice1 e "o kn[s h[ ?is  c be   
done by extrane\s means4 ,a             
speak+-trumpet1 = example1  r5d]s x l\d 
& h>%1 :il/ a h& plac$ lightly ov] ! m\?
  makes x l[ & muffl$4    ,at an ev5+   

p>ty :]e we _h be5 amus+ "s juv5ile     
fri5ds1  a voice seem$ to come f !      
*imney 9 ob$i5ce to "o ( !  boys1 :o    
/ood be=e ! fireplace z a new fl$g$     
pr(essor (  v5triloquism1 & we consid]$ 
! imitation to be r good until1  ^u     
lift+ ! table-clo? ne> u1 we discov]$ a 
conf$]ate  on ! floor1 talk+ into an    
empty jug4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 0 m]e         
juggl]y1 b g5u9e v5triloquism is to be  
atta9$ by a c>eful  managem5t ( ! brea? 
:il/ modify+ ! %ape ( ! cavity (  ! m\? 
by a prop] adju/m5t ( lips1 tee?1 jaws1 
tongue &  palate4    ,& "h let u po9t   
out t1 al?\gh ! be/ v5triloquial        
effects c only be produc$ by ! mature   
voice1 x is well to beg9  practis+ at an
 e>ly age1 9 ord] to make ! vocal organs
 /rong  & flexible4 ,! pres5t writ]     
began exp]im5t+ at ! age (  twelve1 only
 re/+ !refrom1 z e boy %\ld1 dur+ t     
beautiful p]iod ( gruff9ess consequ5t on
 ! break+ ( !  voice4 ,aft] t we w5t on 
aga91 mak+ sl[ headway1 until "o        
memorable night :5 we receiv$ und\bt$   

assurance ( our ability to  deceive4 ,x 
0 at a p>ty giv5 by a bluff sea-capta9 9
 a nor!rn  t[n1 & a "y g5tleman 0 s++ a 
v s5tim5tal ditty to a  sadd5$ audi5ce1 
:5 we essay$ betwe5 :iles to imitate !  
s+]  9 a falsetto voice1 muffl$1 z if   
com+ ?r\gh ! clos$ %utt]s1  t[>ds :i* we
 took c>e to ca/ an occasional glance ( 
annoyance4  ,pres5tly ! capta9 rose &   
left ! room on tiptoe1 at ! same  "t    
indicat+ by vigor\s pantomime t ! s+] 0 
to proce$  ) 8 song4 ,be=e long a       
trem5d\s spla% ( wat] 0 he>d on  !      
pavem5t outside1 & our ho/ soon aft]    
re-ent]$1 rem>k+  t he _h taught ^? "y  
vagabonds n to mock p outside !  %utt]s1
 = he'd giv5 !m bill[s f ! top b$-room  
w9d[4    ,!re are 9 reality only ?ree   
well-def9$ v5triloquial voices3  7#a7 ! 
di/ant voice1 z f ! ro(1 ! /reet1 etc42 
7#b7 !  resonant voice1 z f a *imney1   
cupbo>d1 cell>1 etc42 & 7#c7  ! falsetto
 voice4    ,b1 exclaims ! intellig5t    
read]1 h[ c ea* voice be us$ =  v>i\s   
imag9>y places8 ,w ! di/ant voice s]ve  

equally well  = ro( or /reet8 ,x w2 &   
?is br+s u to a v important  po9t1 viz41
 t we judge ( ! direction ( s\nd p>tly  
by means  ( ! s5se ( sight4 ,a railway  
travell]1 = in/ance1 seat$ 9 a          
wait+-room1 is (t5 p]plex$ z to :e!r an 
approa*+ tra9 is  up or d[n until he    
notes ! demean\r ( ^? on ! plat=m  :o c 
see ! tra9 com+ 94 ,x is always         
difficult to det]m9e  ! direction f :i* 
di/ant s\nds proce$1 & frequ5tly (      
s\nds mu* ne>]4 ,b ?is unc]ta9ty is (   
vital importance to !  v5triloqui/1 z x 
enables him to make ! e>s ! fool ( !    
o!r s5ses4 ,:5 he uses ! di/ant voice1 !
 audi5ce w  be unable to ref] x to any  
p>ticul> qu>t]1 unless ! place be       
sugge/$ to !m by ! p]=m]4 ,! mom5t he   
does ?is1 h[ev]1  by ^w or sign or m]e  
glance ev51 ! imag9ation ( ! audi5ce    
does ! re/1 & ! illusion is complete4 ,x
 is pla91 !re=e1  t ! tyro %\ld h "s    
ta/e = act+1 o!rwise he c  nei!r conceal
 ! int]nal ef=ts he is mak+1 nor inve/ 8
  %ad[y *>act]s ) any degree (          

naturalness4    ,com+ n[ to practical   
details1 let ! /ud5t attempt ! di/ant   
voice 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,say ! ^w       
,hallo6 j 9 y\r  ord9>y speak+ voice1 9 
ord] to fix ! pit*4 ,!n op5 ! m\?       
slightly1 draw 9 ! l[] jaw a little1 &  
firmly fix bo? jaws4  ,next1 /ret* or   
ar* ! s(t palate z 9 ! act ( yawn+ take 
a  deep brea?1 & utt] ! ^w ,hallo6 9 !  
same pit* z be=e1  b s(tly1 & )\t mov+ !
 lips1 endeav\r+ at ! same  "t to direct
 ! s\nd aga9/ ! s(t palate by turn+ !   
tongue  well back s z to /rike ! ro( ( !
 m\?4 ,at fir/ y\r /range  gurgl+s may  
al>m ! h\sehold1 & mu* fatigue may be   
felt 9 !  jaws & tongue1 b p]sev]e & y w
 soon acquire a new voice (  />tl+ "*4  
,! resonant voice is produc$ on ! l[]   
tones ( ! scale1 !  s\nd be+ =c$ into ! 
nasal passages ) a j]ky explosive       
deliv]y ( ! brea?4 ,! p>ts aga9/ :i* !  
voice & !  tongue %\ld respectively     
/rike may be felt by prolong+ ! s\nd  ( 
! lett] n on a l[ note ) ! m\? ne>ly    
clos$ &  ! l[] jaw drawn back a little z

 be=e4 ,9 ?is way utt] !  s5t5ce1 ,joe's
 d[n "h 9 ! cell>6 & ! words w s\nd     
deep & muffl$ & be accompani$ by a      
resonant hum4 ,rememb] always  to keep !
 lips & jaws immovable1 ev5 at ! co/ (  
mutilat+  y\r words4 ,^! w greatly      
improve by-&-by4    ,! practis$         
v5triloqui/ c1 ( c\rse1 judge ! effect  
he is  produc+1 b ! le>n]1 z soon z he  
makes any progress1 _h  bett] get a     
companion to criticize 8 ef=ts4    ,!   
falsetto voice is fem99e & mu/ be       
famili> to all4 ,if spok5  ) ! l[] jaw  
drawn 9 & ! m\? all b clos$ x w /rike   
aga9/ ! h>d palate & produce a ?91      
metallic voice l t (  a *ild4 ,x c also 
be us$ = di/ant effects1 accord+ to !   
me?od set =? = voice ,no4 #a4 ,!        
falsetto voice is frequ5tly  us$ =      
doll-talk+--a bran* ( ! v5triloquial art
 conc]n+  :i*1 & polyphonism also1 we   
%all h some?+ to say pres5tly4          
,mean:ile1 devote a few m9utes daily to 
ea* ( ! foll[+  ex]cises3--    7#a7 ,s++
 ! common musical scale to ! v[el s\nds1

 z well z to  ! syllables ha & coo4 ,all
 good vocal ex]cises are an aid to      
v5triloquism4    7#b7 ,practis+ !       
managem5t ( ! brea? z already describ$4 
7#c7 ,exp]im5t+ ) ! ?ree v5triloquial   
voices4    7#d7 ,/udy+ all !            
peculi>ities ( voices & o!r s\nds z !y  
fall ^u ! e>4    ,! le>n] /ill f9ds x   
difficult1 no d\bt1 to enunciate 8 words
  at all cle>ly )\t mov+ ! lips & jaws1 
b ?is difficulty1  ?\gh x w nev] q      
vani%1 may be greatly r$uc$4 ,! v[els   
run smoo?ly en\gh1 b ! consonants give  
tr\ble1 p>ticul>ly !  labials1 b1 p1 m1 
& _! fir/ c\s9s1 ! spirants1  v1 f1 w4  
,z to ! spirants1 "o may soon acquire ! 
knack (  s\nd+ f fairly well1 s ?is mu/ 
be us$ = v also1 unless "o  c hit ^u t  
ne>] sub/itute got by comp\nd+ g & f4   
,to cat* ?is s\nd ) lips & jaws         
immovable1 pron\nce ! ^w  nev] z negf]1 
quickly1 ) a light t\* on ! g4 ,!  s\nd 
( w is well repres5t$ by t ( oo4 ,= !   
labials1  h[ev]1 dem&+ z !y d a positive
 clos+ ( ! lips1 we mu/  sub/itute !    

lett]s g1 k1 ng4 ,?us1 ! s5t5ce1 ,jim   
broke  sev5 ( ,tom's p5s ?is morn+1 w\ld
 be r5d]$ z ,j+ groke  se7g7f5 ( ,tong's
 k5s ?is ng-orn+1 & ! qu]y1 ,:5 am ,i   
to come up8 w\ld become ,ooh5 ang ,i to 
cung uk8 ,su* s5t5ces1  ?\gh good =     
practice1 are bad = exhibition1 & mu/ be
 c>efully  avoid$ 9 ! prep>ation (      
dialogue4 ,nev]!less1 !y look mu*  m    
imp]fect "h ?an !y w\ld s\nd 9 ! m\? (  
an able  v5triloqui/2 besides1 z nobody 
expects to he> p]fect words f  a di/ant 
s\rce1 ! audi5ce readily accepts !      
p]=m]'s mode  ( r5d]+ !m4 ,9 ?is        
connection x %\ld be rem>k$ t !  p]=m]  
may occasionally turn 8 face f view1 &  
all[ 8 lips  free play1 al?\gh1 z a     
rule1 ei!r a side face1 or a ?ree-qu>t]s
  face %\ld be pres5t$ to ! audi5ce1 &1 
pretty frequ5tly1 a  front face also4   
,we h next to deal ) v5triloquial       
p]spective1 :i* app]ta9s  to ! gradual  
increase or decrease 9 ! l\dness ( a    
s\nd z  x approa*es or rec$es4 ,att5tion
 to ?is w give our assum$  voices j !   

magic t\*4 ,= ! rec$+ voice1 speak m &  
m g5tly1 :il/ gradually clos+ ! m\?1    
until ! s\nd  is %ut (f4 ,= an approa*+ 
voice1 rev]se ! process1 b  9 ei!r case 
take c>e to ma9ta9 ! orig9al pit*4 ,?is 
is  j :]e beg9n]s /umble2 !y mo/ly alt] 
! pit* at e  /ep1 graduat+ x f a gr[l to
 a squeak1 or vice v]sa2 nor  d !y      
obs]ve h[ ! words spok5 by a rec$+ voice
 gr[ less  & less di/9ct until only !   
v[el s\nds rema94 ,! foll[+  pres5tm5t (
 ^! important matt]s may impress itself 
on !  read]'s m9d3--,,good-,,night6     
,,good-,,night6 ,,goo'-,,nigh'6         
'oo'-nigh'6 'igh'6    ,we %all n[ give 9
 outl9e a few sket*es = ! /ud5t to fill 
9  ) dialogue ( 8 own4 ,! situations w  
readily sugge/ "s  simple conv]sations  
well suit$ = effective treatm5t4    ,= !
 man 9 ! *imney1 assume a voice ( l[    
pit*1 /rongly  resonant ?r\gh\t4        
,express y\r belief t somebody is up !  
*imney1 & /oop ne> ! fireplace to "q !  
intrud] 9 a  s(t & r high-pit*$ voice4  
,!n draw d[n ! corn] ( !  m\? turn$ f ! 

audi5ce1 & deliv] y\r answ]s ) =ce1  s t
 ! s\nd may be deflect$ f ! /one-"w     
support+ !  mantel-piece4 ,y\r man 9 !  
*imney is a r\gh1 cantank]\s fell[1  :o 
acc\nts = 8 pres5ce 9 ! mo/ absurd way1 
& answ]s )  great w>m?1 especially :5   
!re is a fire 9 ! grate4 ,z soon z  he  
beg9s to asc5d ! *imney1 /ep back a     
pace1 keep+ y\r face 9  ! same          
direction4 ,to w9d up1 ei!r leave him   
/uck 9 ! *imney1  or dismiss him by way 
( ! ro(4    ,9 speak+ to ! man on ! ro(1
 beg9 by tak+ a delib]ate  look at !    
ceil+1 & !n %\t ,hallo-o6 ,! answ]1 giv5
  9 ! di/ant voice1 %\ld s\nd almo/ l an
 e*o4 ,be=e  answ]+1 turn y\r face to ! 
audi5ce1 &1 ) ! head 9 an  easy1 li/5+  
attitude1 produce ! reply s(tly on a    
note ( middle  pit*4 ,! man on ! ro(    
r>ely speaks m ?an a few s5t5ces4  ,!   
audi5ce seem to und]/& h[ try+ x is =   
him to conv]se at  su* a di/ance1 s he  
is humanely dismiss$ v soon1 & may !n be
  he>d fa9tly answ]+ z he w&]s on f ro( 
to ro(1 or rea*es  ! gr\nd by a ladd]4  

,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! voice gr[s 9 /r5g? 
& resonance z ! man ent]s ! *imney1 &   
desc5ds almo/ to  ! he>?rug2 at o!r     
times1 if ! night is p>ticul>ly cold1 y 
may ask him to rema9 :]e he is 9 !      
silv]y moonlight4    ,illu/ration3 ,,!  
,,man ,,9 ,,! ,,hall4    ,illu/ration3  
,,! ,,talk+ ,,h&4    ,illu/ration3 ,,!  
,,trap ,,door4    ,illu/ration3 ,,rais+ 
,,! ,,trap ,,door4    ,! man 9 ! hall is
 a capital voice to practise4 ,) y\r h& 
on ! h&le ( ! door1 p>ley ) ! r\gh fell[
 :o is try+  to pu% x op5 f ! o!r side4 
,at ?is /age use ! resonant  voice1 &   
explode y\r answ]s aga9/ ! panel ( !    
door4 ,z !  man is noisy1 y may produce 
a /rik+ effect by alt]nately op5+  &    
%utt+ ! door rapidly1 accompany+ !      
action ) a sudd5  swell+ & s9k+ ( !     
voice1 rememb]+ at ! same "t to  ma9ta9 
! orig9al pit*4 ,mu* amusem5t w arise if
 y\r visitor  happ5s to be a sweep :o   
has come to ! wrong h\se1 b insi/s on   
clean+ ! draw+-room *imney4 ,y may ev5  
put y\r head outside  ! door = a mom5t  

to remon/rate ) him1 & !n /ep back      
sudd5ly ) ! m>k ( a grimy h& ^u y\r     
face--self-inflict$1  ( c\rse1 ) a burnt
 cork4 ,z ! voice moves away1 its       
resonant  quality %\ld be mod]at$1 &1 9 
case ! man talks himself out  into !    
/reet1 x %\ld m]ge into ! di/ant voice4 
,sometimes1  h[ev]1 affairs take a novel
 turn1 & ! sweep1 9 seek+ an exit1  w&]s
 into ! cell>1 :]e he may be he>d mak+  
unk9d rem>ks 9  acc5ts fa9t & sooty4    
,! voice ( ! man 9 ! cell> is a modifi$ 
=m ( !  resonant voice1 deliv]$ ) less  
=ce & less ( ! nasal  quality4 ,a f9e   
effect may be introduc$ by mak+ y\r man 
sl[ly  asc5d & desc5d ! cell> /eps1     
talk+ or s++ all ! "t4  ,moreov]1 ?is   
effect may be greatly height5$ by us+ a 
trap-door  made 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,cov] 
a %eet ( /\t c>dbo>d 7ab\t  #b-a_/b ft4 
squ>e7 ) gra9$ wall-pap] to imitate     
woodwork1 &  let x dry ?or\ghly "u      
pressure1 z w>p+ w\ld r5d] x  useless4  
,on x pa9t two l>ge h+es ) black enamel1
 & ne> !  front edge fix a l>ge black r+

 by means ( a loop ( lea!r or  black    
tape4 ,! r+ may be ei!r a wood5         
curta9-r+ or a coil (  cane b\nd )      
wax-end4 ,to ! "u-side ( ! bo>d glue two
  lea!r tabs1 9 l9e ) ! h+es1 b         
project+1 s t !  trap may !reby be fa/5$
 to ! floor ) draw+-p9s4 ,be=e  !       
audi5ce arrive1 fix ! trap-door 9       
position1 well to ! "r  or left ( !     
plat=m or o!r space1 & take c>e to      
indicate !  ?ickness ( ! woodwork on !  
edge :i* is to face ! p]=m]4  ,"u ! trap
 a correspond+ squ>e ( black tissue pap]
 %\ld be  p9n$ to ! floor1 s t1 :5 !    
trap is rais$1 a d>k hole  may appe>    
b5ea?4 ,dur+ ! p]=mance1 ! trap mu/ be  
lift$  ) consid]able toil1 else its     
flimsy nature w be discov]$1 &  p]haps  
cause an untimely titt]4 ,if manag$     
prop]ly1 h[ev]1 x is  mo/ reali/ic1 &   
may be employ$ 9 a />tl+ way to convey !
  idea ( a man rais+ x f bel[4 ,?is is  
done by fix+ to !  upp] edge ( ! bo>d a 
piece ( /rong black ?read 7invisible to 
! audi5ce7 at a few y>ds di/ance &      

atta*+ ! o!r end to  a /rong f+]-r+ to  
be worn by ! p]=m]4 ,! r+1 if plac$  on 
a table or *air ne> ! trap-door1 may be 
slipp$ on ! f+]  at ! "r mom5t1 & w ?us 
enable ! p]=m]1 :5ev] he  raises 8 arm )
 a ge/ure ( al>m or ( comm&1 to raise ! 
trap-door at ! same "t4    ,doll-talk+  
is a bran* ( our subject :i* f9ds great 
fav\r  ) boys1 = x is (t5 z funny z     
droll figures & sm>t witty  dialogue c  
make x4 ,! nature ( ! dialogue1 inde$1  
is ( mu*  m importance "h ?an 9 pure    
v5triloquism4 ,! voices are easy to     
acquire1 b n s easy to describe4 ,draw  
back ! l[] jaw pretty  well2 press ! tip
 ( ! tongue aga9/ ! l[] tee?2 raise  !  
re/ ( ! tongue until x ne>ly t\*es 7& x 
w t\*  e n[ & !n7 ! ro( ( ! m\?1 & !n   
project ! s\nd  =cibly aga9/ ! h>d      
palate1 j above ! front tee?4 ,!        
falsetto voice treat$ 9 ?is way1        
sometimes becomes almo/ p]fect1  enabl+ 
! v5triloqui/ to s\nd ne>ly e lett]2    
:il/  appe>+ to be absolutely mute4     
,fix ^u two well-contra/$ *>act]s3 "o   

speak+ 9 a %rill  falsetto1 ! o!r 9 a   
h>d1 metallic voice ( middle pit*4      
,figures  = ?is purpose c be pur*as$ at 
"s ( ! ,london toy baza>s  & conjur]s'  
%ops4 ,a pair ( l>ge dolls1 ) practical 
m\?s  & eyes1 w\ld co/ ab\t two p\nds1 b
 heads may be pur*as$  sep>ately & fix$ 
to home-made bodies4 ,^! heads1 :i*     
repres5t  a funny man1 an old woman1 a  
little girl & a negro1 range 9 price  f 
five %ill+s & sixp5ce to eighte5 &      
sixp5ce1 ! latt]  k9d be+ life-size4 ,! 
pairs ( dolls mo/ly us$ are /yl$ ,tommy 
& ,joey1 ,tommy & ,granny1 etc4 ,! p]=m]
 places a doll on ea*  knee & holds a   
lively conv]sation ) !m1 (t5 int]rupt$1 
h[ev]1 by ! cry+1 giggl+1 & s++ ( !     
dolls1 ^:  unseasonable jokes & g5]al   
naught9ess call d[n ^u _! wood5  heads  
_m a res\nd+ bl[4    ,illu/ration3      
,,betty ,,b\nc]4    ,!re is a *eap]     
figure1 h[ev]1 call$ ,! ,talk+ ,h&1 :i* 
may be b\ght at almo/ any l>ge toy %op =
 ab\t half-a-cr[n4  ,z great fun c be   
got f ?is figure1 we %all n[ tell our   

boys  h[ to make x at ! co/ ( a few     
p5ce4 ,get a qu>t]-y>d (  unblea*$      
calico1 fold x d\ble & trace ^u x an    
outl9e (  ! "r h& & wri/4 ,!n cut r\nd !
 outl9e1 tak+ c>e to  leave a broad m>g9
 & a long ?umb4 ,/it* r\nd ! glove1 turn
  x inside out1 & ins]t ! h&4 ,n[ close 
! h&1 &1 ) a  s(t blacklead1 m>k 9      
r\ghly ! eyes1 nose1 etc4 ,! project+   
knuckles w =m ! nose & ! ?umb ! l[] jaw4
 ,to give !  latt] a bett] appe>ance    
fill out ! tip ) wadd+ & sew x  to t "p 
( ! glove j above x4 ,hav+ )drawn y\r   
h&1  flatt5 ! glove1 & proce$ to m>k 9 !
 features m c>efully  ) good writ+-ink &
 a quill p54 ,! furr[s 9 ! face &  !    
hair %\ld also be m>k$ ) black ink1 b ! 
wide m\? &  ! tip ( ! nose ) r$ ink4    
,col\r ! face ) p[d]$ *alk  7yell[ o*re 
& r$7 rubb$ 9 ) pellets ( blott+-pap]4  
,take  c>e to make ! eyes extra l>ge &  
pa9t !m ) ,*9ese :ite4  ,to complete !  
figure1 sew to ! glove a cap-frill1 a   
%awl ( r$  flannel1 & a l>ge b[ "u ! *91
 & ,betty ,b\nc] becomes  "o ( ! mo/    

comical creatures y ev] saw1 ready to   
talk1 laugh1  or cry to ord]1 :ile z to 
s++--well1 y %\ld j see ! old  lady     
gett+ h] top note6    ,! *ief subject ( 
our next section w be polyphonism1 or ! 
imitation ( v>i\s musical in/rum5ts1    
cries ( animals1 & o!r  s\nds4 ,mean:ile
 ! "y v5triloqui/ w f9d q en\gh to d  9 
practis+3 7a7 ,s5t5ces conta9+ labials &
 spirants2 7b7  voices say+ ,good-night1
 etc41 9 a monotone1 :il/ approa*+ or   
rec$+2 7c7 voices at ! door1 on ! ro(1  
up ! *imney1 9 !  cell>2 7d7 ! talk+ h& 
or o!r figures4                         
,polyphony4--,polyphony is ! art (      
imitat+ s\nds ( v>i\s  k9ds1 usually1   
)\t attempt+ to deceive ! he>] z to _!  
direction4 ,x may !re=e be /udi$        
indep5d5tly ( v5triloquism4  ,already ! 
art is mu* 9 vogue4 ,we all "k ! boy :o 
occasionally  al>ms ! /reet ) ! yelp (  
an injur$ dog1 or imitates !  cock's    
%rill cl>ion clev]ly en\gh to deceive   
half ! roo/]s 9  ! neighb\rhood & make  
quiet p mutt] ( canes & con/ables4    ,z

 9 v5triloquism1 s n[ ! le>n] mu/ fir/ (
 all /udy closely  ! s\nds he wi%es to  
imitate4 ,v (t5 !y may be r\ghly        
indicat$ 9 words or syllables1 & ?is is 
v helpful4 ,inde$1 _m  words 9 our      
language1 su* z buzz1 bang1 t9kle1 ?ud1 
cra%1 spla%1  & ! l1 orig9at$ 9 ?is v   
way4 ,let u beg9 ) a few easy  examples4
    ,knife-gr9d+ s\nds l ! comb9ation ( 
a bur-r-r--made  by flutt]+ ! lips--) a 
prolong$ ss4 ,saw+ may be  indicat$ by !
 syllables %uh-szee utt]$ alt]nately ) !
  diff]5ce ( a semitone4 ,plan+ c be    
effectively r5d]$ by  /rongly :isp]+    
%ee-yick1 %ee-ic-yick1 ll-ll-luc1 & !n  
yu-yu-yook z a long %av+ curls out ( !  
plane4 ,) reg>d  to musical in/rum5ts1  
!re is ! ta-ra-ra ( ! trumpet1 !        
pangka-bongka ( ! banjo1 ! zh+-s*+ ( !  
cymbals1 !  pom-pome ( ! trombone1 !    
r-rhumbu-dhumba ( ! drum1 !  explosive  
plim-blim ( ! h>p1 & ! floo-lu-loo ( !  
flute1  :il/ ! notes ( a cl>ionet may be
 imitat$ by ! play]'s runn+  rapidly d[n
 ! scale f a %>p nasal                  

pli-li-li-plan-plah into  a deep]       
glug-lu-lu-glah4 ,syllables l ! =ego+   
give1 z x  71 an outl9e = ! polyphoni/  
to fill 9 ) s\nd ( !  "r col\r or       
quality4 ,?us1 a tune on ! cornet %\ld  
be sung  to a ra-ra-ra =c$ ?r\gh !      
tightly compress$ lips1 & !  flu-lu-loo 
( ! flute1 ) its r\ndness ( tone &      
brea?9ess1  %\ld be vocalis$ 9 !        
falsetto :ile ! *eeks are di/5d$  ) air4
 ,an amus+ & reali/ic imitation ( !     
,jew's-h>p c  be giv5 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 
,/iff5 ! fir/ & second f+]s  ( ! left h&
 & place !m firmly ov] ! lips1 b        
lightly1 s  z to all[ ! lips p]fectly   
free play4 ,!n give a /rongly nasal     
r5d]+ ( "s monoton\s air :il/ r++ !     
*anges z rapidly  z possible on !       
syllables :anga-:onga :ee-:aw           
:oodle-ongle  e$le-ongle :[-ze$le       
oodle-ee :ay-:onga :aw1 dur+ :i* beat   
"t ^u ! project+ f+]s ) ! "r =ef+] z if 
twang+ ! tongue ( ! in/rum5t4 ,by foll[+
 on ! l9es n[  laid d[n ! apt le>n] may 
ev5 become skilful en\gh to imitate  an 

entire brass b&1 a feat :i* has be5     
p]=m$ by at lea/ "o  v5triloqui/ ( our  
acqua9tance4 ,"s s\nds1 ( c\rse1 x is   
almo/  impossible to r$uce to writ+1 z1 
= example1 ! holl[ skaw &  murmur       
produc$ by a multitude ( skat]s1 or !   
ro> ( an excit$  cr[d1 b 9 li/5+ to ^!  
s\nds1 x is useful to rememb]  t we may 
(t5 obta9 a key tone to "w ^u by p>tly  
clos+  ! e>s--j z a pa9t] c (t5 f9d !   
prevail+ t9t ( a  confus$ mass ( objects
 by p>tly clos+ ! eyes4    ,illu/ration3
 ,,phantom ,,poodles4    ,illu/ration3  
,i ,,h ,,to ,,wat* ,,*>lotte6    ,:5 !  
"y polyphoni/ has acquir$ "s degree (   
skill1 he ne$  n be at a loss to ent]ta9
 8 fri5ds1 provid$ he is fairly         
res\rceful z reg>ds act+4 ,b act+ is ( !
 greate/ importance  to ! polyphoni/4 ,z
 a knife-gr9d] he mu/ "w an imag9>y     
:eel1  & deftly turn ! blade ( a table  
knife ^u ! /one2 z a wait]  ab\t to pop 
a cork ) a /rong click ( ! tongue aga9/ 
!  palate--he %\ld fir/ ins]t a %ad[y   
cork-screw ) a *irrupy  squeak2 & z a   

cook frizzl+ bacon1 he may d a c>dbo>d  
ra%] to  a turn on a battl$ore or       
fire-%ovel4 ,ev5 ! buzz ( a bluebottle  
7made sometimes by a prolong$ cornet    
note1 sometimes by a /ream (  air =c$   
?r\gh ! compress$ lips7 w occasion mu*  
amusem5t  if ! p]=m] acts ! "p ( a      
languid mortal loll+ beh9d 8  newspap] 9
 ! dog days1 & murmur+1--        ,oh6 = 
! gre5 ( a lane1        ,:]e "o might   
lie & be lazy6      ,buzz6 goes a fly 9 
! pane--        ,bluebottles drive me   
crazy6    ,!n might foll[ a reckless    
*ase aft] t fly1 :i* %\ld f9ally  buzz  
itself crazy b5ea? ! huntsman's         
h&k]*ief4 ,aga91 !  b>k+ ( dogs may n be
 mu* 9 itself1 yet we h se5 a p]=m]     
cause ro>s ( laught] by mak+ 8 phantom  
poodles dance1 tumble1  & leap ov] *airs
 & ?r\gh a hoop1 to a lively tune on !  
piano4    ,z a f9al /ep 9 polyphony1 !  
le>n] %\ld practise !  v5triloquial     
treatm5t ( noises4 ,?is adds greatly to 
!  effectiv5ess ( a v5triloquial sket*2 
z :5 ! man 9 ! cell>  takes to saw+ &   

plan+2 or goes home accompani$ by a dog1
  ^: b>k+1 m+l$ ) ! %\ts ( ! man1 gr[s  
fa9t] &  fa9t] 9 ! di/ance2 or1 x may   
be1 ! moan+ ( ! w9d is  he>d )\t1 :ile a
 la/-c5tury wat*man proclaims ! h\r 9 a 
/orm-toss$ voice4    ,to %[ h[ p]fect   
su* displays may become1 we may in/ance 
!  case ( ,?omas ,r+1 a conjur] :o gave 
an ent]ta9m5t be=e !  entire ,engli%    
,c\rt 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,f beh9d a   
scre5  he imitat$ ! voices ( ?ree but*]s
 engag$ 9 a conv]sation1  :i* 0 pres5tly
 int]rupt$ by a b>k+ dog4 ,! dog hav+   
be5  :ipp$1 a bleat+ calf 0 dragg$ 91 a 
knife :ett$1 & ! calf  kill$ amid ! talk
 & laught] ( ! m54 ,all ?is is1 no d\bt1
  )9 ! rea* ( "s ( our liv+             
v5triloqui/s4    ,illu/ration3          
,,bluebottles ,,drive ,,me ,,crazy6     
,illu/ration3 ,,good-,,bye4    ,& n[ a  
few necess>y h9ts mu/ be giv5 9 reg>d to
 ! managem5t  ( an audi5ce4 ,get y\r    
he>]s seat$ 9 front ( y1 n ar\nd  y1 ) !
 front r[ at a di/ance ( at lea/ t5 or  
twelve feet4  ,politely impose sil5ce ^u

 !m1 & take c>e to repeat y\r op5+  "q  
two or ?ree times be=e reply+ 9 !       
v5triloquial voice1  because ?is /ra9+ !
 att5tion /imulates ! imag9ation (  y\r 
audi5ce1 & makes ! illusion m complete4 
,ano!r important  po9t--keep ! assum$   
voice & ! natural voice 9 contra/ all  !
 "t1 by means ( a runn+ fire ( que/ions2
 f9ally1 nev] use  elaborate app>atus4  
,besides1 ord9>y w9d[s1 doors1 &        
fireplaces1  an old *e/1 a fold+ scre51 
a trap-door1 & p]haps "o or two         
practical dolls1 w amply suffice4       
,v5triloqui/s :o employ a :ole family ( 
+5i\sly contriv$  figures--we h se5 "s (
 ^! dance a jig--%\ld get !m to  talk by
 ma*9]y z well4 ,!re is v little arti/ic
 m]it 9 su*  p]=mances4 ,nor %\ld !     
p]=m] be suspici\sly surr\nd$ by  sc5]y2
 x may cause misund]/&+1 z ! foll[+     
in/ance w  prove3--    ,a v5triloqui/   
p]=m+ at a ,london !atre "s ye>s ago    
imitat$  a voice on ! ro( s successfully
 z to induce a man 9 ! audi5ce  to asc5d
 to ! ro( 9 se>* ( a conf$]ate4         

,un=tunately1  h[ev]1 two o!r m51 fill$ 
) ! self-same idea1 also f\nd  _! way to
 ! ro( 9 company1 & mi/ak+ ! fir/ man = 
!  guilty p]son1 gave him a s\nd ?ra%+4 
,9 draw+ our in/ructions to a close1 let
 u po9t out t !  prop] end & aim (      
v5triloquism %\ld be n to play ! pranks 
( ,val5t9e ,vox1 b to af=d our fri5ds   
innoc5t amusem5t4 ,(  c\rse1 no manly   
boy w\ld ev] ?9k ( fright5+ little      
*ildr52  b he might be tempt$ to give   
old] p a little surprise4 ,x  is !re=e  
well he %\ld "k t p]sons altoge!r       
ignorant (  v5triloquism may be         
wond]fully deceiv$4    ,"o morn+1 j aft]
 a new s]vant _h come to ! h\se1 we     
notic$ a doll 9 ! kit*51 sitt+ bolt     
upright & />+ z h>d  z h] glass eyes    
w\ld let h]4 ,s1 go+ up to x1 9 pres5ce 
( !  girl1 we %ook h&s gravely1 & said1 
,good morn+1 ,dolly6 ,to :i*  %e sweetly
 repli$1 ,good morn+1 sir6 ,i h to wat* 
,*>lotte6  ,! effect produc$ on ! girl 0
 s pron\nc$ t = days aft]  %e w\ld h>dly
 t\* ! uncanny creature4    ,on ano!r   

occasion1 at a h\se 9 ,k5ti% ,t[n1      
affairs took a m  s]i\s turn2 = a "y    
woman1 ^u he>+ a gruff voice proce$  f !
 *imney1 a/oni%$ a company ( six or     
eight p]sons by  fall+ on h] knees 9    
broad daylight to implore ! tr\bl$ _s   
to unburd5 its m9d4 ,^u ?is we at once  
desi/$1 & expla9$1  ?\gh n )\t          
difficulty1 ! nature ( ! deception4     
,! v5triloqui/ %\ld !re=e use 8 /range  
p[] ) caution1  & ma9ly1 z we h said1 = 
! innoc5t amusem5t ( e "o  conc]n$4 ,at 
! same "t he w reap f 8 /udies c]ta9    
advantages (t5 lo/ sight (1 viz41 !     
tra9+ giv5 to ! e> z  reg>ds ! nice     
discrim9ation ( s\nd--musical &         
non-musical--&  ! comm& obta9$ ov] !    
vocal organs ) respect to elocution4    
,! :ole ( our in/ructions may be        
summ>iz$ ?us3 7#a7 ,li/5 to  s\nd       
int5tly2 7#b7 le>n to analyze x2 7#c7   
exp]im5t pati5tly &  regul>ly2 7#d7     
cultivate act+4 ,) ^! po9ts 9 view1 no  
read]  possess+ an av]age voice1 toge!r 
) "s aptitude = mimicry1  %\ld fail to  

acquire ! covet$ art4    ,"s folks may  
fe> t ^! practical lessons w produce    
v5triloqui/s by ! score4 ,to su* we     
reply1 ,re/ easy1 good p6               
,v5triloquism1 l e o!r art1 requires    
pati5ce & p]sev]ance  = its atta9m5t4   
,consequ5tly1 _m a read]1 suffici5tly   
gift$  by nature1 w fail 9 its pursuit4 
,x is ! en?usia/s :o w  succe$1 & !y1   
aft] all1 are ! ones :o des]ve ! rew>d4 
,,*apt] ,,xvii    ,,! ,,boy ,,z         
,,magician      ,cremat$ ,alive4--,!    
curta9 rises & a "y & beautiful girl1   
clo!d 9 :ite1 is introduc$ to !         
spectators z ! victim :o has  be5 doom$ 
to cremation1 :i* w be in/antane\sly    
accompli%$4  ,! girl m\nts ^u a table   
plac$ at ! back ( a k9d ( alcove1       
consi/+ ( a ?ree-sid$ scre51 & above h] 
is susp5d$ a big  fire-pro( sack1 fold$ 
up z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a4    ,! table ^u :i* 
! victim /&s ready = sacrifice appe>s to
  h f\r legs1 & "u ?is table burn1 or   
appe> to burn1 f\r  c&les1 ! purpose be+
 to indicate to ! public t ! space      

b5ea? ! table is op51 p]fectly free1 &  
beyond suspicion (  any trick]y4 ,!     
sack1 :i* =ms a cyl9drical scre5 "u :i* 
! victim is to be burn$1 has be5        
previ\sly h&$ r\nd to !  spectators1 s t
 !y might assure !mselves t x 0 entire1 
)\t any hole or split1 lac+1 or o!r     
artifice all[+ ( an  escape f beh9d--a  
precaution inv>iably tak5 to allay ! too
  ready suspicions ( incr$ul\s          
spectators4 ,all ^! v]ifications  be+   
made1 & ! audi5ce p]fectly satisfi$ z to
 ! bona fides  ( ! case1 ! sack is l[]$ 
^u ! victim1 a pi/ol is fir$1  & !      
cremation comm5ces4    ,flames & smoke  
7see ,fig4 #b7 soon indicate to !       
t]rifi$ spectators  t ! fire is pursu+  
its de/ructive "w4 ,:5 ! flames h       
ceas$1 ! sack1 compos$ z we h /at$1 ( an
 incombu/ible  mat]ial1 is rais$1 & !re 
is se5 ^u ! table1 9 ! mid/ (  ! /ill   
smok+ dbris1 only a few bones & a skull 
7,fig4 #c47    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,fig4 #c4     
,,cremat$ ,,alive4    ,an exam9ation ( !

 conditions "u :i* ! disappe>ance has   
tak5 place does n 9 ! lea/ reveal !     
me?ods by :i* x has  be5 s rapidly      
accompli%$2 b z x is cle>ly inadmissible
 t  ! sacrifice ( a "y & beautiful p]son
 %\ld ?us take place  e ev5+ = ! simple 
gratification ( ! public1 "o is1 (      
c\rse1 pu%$ to ! conclusion t !re mu/ be
 "s trick4 ,& a  trick !re is ( a mo/   
+5i\s "*1 z w be se5 by !  foll[+       
explanation1 ! compreh5sion ( :i* w be  
aid$ by ,fig4  #d4    ,illu/ration3     
,,fig4 #d4    ,9 ?is p>ticul> case !    
illusion is a happy comb9ation (        
suitable  appliances und]nea? ! sc5e & (
 ! well-kn[n prop]ties (  plane mirrors 
plac$ on ! incl9e4 ,! table ^u :i* our  
victim  m\nts = cremation has1 z a matt]
 ( fact1 only two legs1 in/ead  ( f\r1 &
 ! two o!rs are only se5 by ! spectators
 z a  reflection ( ! two real legs 9 !  
two glasses incl9$ at an  angle ( #ij   
degrees ) ea* o!r1 & at #de degrees ) ! 
two  side panels ( ! ?ree-fold scre5 :i*
 conta9s ! sc5e ( !  disappe>ance4 ,x is

 precisely ! same ) ! two c&les1 :i*1 9 
consequ5ce ( _! reflection 9 ! mirrors1 
appe> to be f\r 9  numb]1 :il/ ! c5tral 
rod hides ! edges ( ! mirrors4    ,?anks
 to ! comb9ation ( ! glasses & panels1 &
 to !  adoption ( a uni=m surface = ^!  
panels1 ! reflection ( !  two sides 9 ! 
two l[] glasses appe>s to be b !        
cont9uation  ( ! panel at ! back4 ,!    
triangul> box1 ( :i* ! two glasses      
comprise ! two sides1 & ! floor !       
bottom1 has its surface  =m$ ( two p>ts2
 ! "o made up ( ! top ( ! table itself1 
& ! o!r ( pieces ( mirror :i* reflect ! 
back panel1 &  pieces ( mat]ial ( ! same
 col\r z ! panel itself4    ,x is easy f
 ?is to und]/& ! :ole c\rse ( !         
op]ations1  m or less fanta/ic1 :i* !   
spectator wat*es ) su*  brea?less       
int]e/4 ,z soon z ! victim is hidd5 by !
 sack :i*  comes d[n ^u h]1 %e at once  
escapes by a secret trap-door 9 !  top (
 ! table1 z is %[n 9 ,fig4 #d2 %e !n    
rapidly puts into  position ! skull &   
bones1 z well z "s inflammable mat]ial1 

to  :i* %e sets fire :5 %e he>s ! pi/ol 
%ot4 ,%e !n1 clos+  ! trap1 tranquilly  
retires1 & rema9s hidd5 9 ! triangul>   
space arrang$ betwe5 ! back panel & !   
two glasses until !  fall ( ! curta94   
,money ,dissolv$ 9 ,wat]4--,= ?is trick 
! "y magician ne$s  a glass1 :i* may be 
ei!r ! ord9>y tumbl] or a w9e-glass1 z  
%[n 9 our illu/ration 7,fig4 #b74 ,x mu/
 be ( su* a size t if a  half-cr[n be   
dropp$ into ! glass1 x %all1 ly+ flat1  
ne>ly or  q fill ! bottom space4 ,!     
conjuror mu/ be provid$ also ) a  glass 
disc1 ( ! ?ickness ( a half-cr[n1 & 9   
diamet] exactly  correspond+ ) ! bottom 
space ( ! glass4 ,?is1 :5 ab\t to  p]=m 
! trick1 he holds conceal$ 9 8 "r h&1   
aft] !  mann] ( ,a 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,fill+ ! 
glass ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s full1  z %[n 9   
,fig4 #b1 he h&s x to a spectator to    
hold4 ,he !n asks  ! loan ( a half-cr[n1
 & a lady's pocket-h&k]*ief4 ,tak+ !    
co9 z ,c 9 ,fig4 #c1 he accord+ly ?r[s !
 h&k]*ief ov] x1  or1 r1 makes believe  
to d s1 = 9 reality1 "u cov] ( !        

h&k]*ief1 he deftly sub/itutes ! glass  
disc1 & holds ?is  betwe5 8 f+]s1 :ile !
 co9 takes its place 9 8 palm4    ,he n[
 asks ! p]son hold+ ! glass to take *>ge
 ( ! co9  also4 ,he is in/ruct$ to hold 
x 7! glass disc7 j ov] ! glass1  ! f\r  
corn]s ( ! h&k]*ief hang+ d[n ar\nd x1 &
 at !  ^w ?ree1 to drop x into ! glass4 
,! conjuror c\nts "o1 two1  ?ree8 ,at ! 
^w ?ree ! suppos$ co9 falls1 & is he>d  
to  t9kle ^u ! glass4    ,illu/ration   
,t\* ! glass ?r\gh ! h&k]*ief ) y\r     
magic w&1 &  /ate t by ! "t y h c\nt$   
?ree ! half-cr[n w h  dissolv$4 ,c\nt   
?ree v sl[ly1 !n ! h&k]*ief is remov$1  
! wat] is se51 b ! suppos$ co9 has      
vani%$1 = ! disc1  be+ ( glass1 lies q  
invisible at ! bottom2 & if x fits !    
wat] may be p\r$ away )\t ! disc fall+  
out1 ! ?9 lay]  ( wat] rema9+ und]nea? x
 hold+ x by atmosph]ic pressure to  !   
bottom ( ! tumbl]4 ,x is n wor? :ile to 
d ?is unless "s  "o *all5ges y to p\r (f
 ! wat]1 !n ! *all5ge %\ld be  accept$  
readily4    ,! conjur] %\ld n[ pay back 

! half-cr[n1 b x w assi/ !  illusion if 
he pays x back ) two %ill+s & a sixp5ce1
 or 9  "s o!r co9s1 in/ead ( 9 ! =m 9   
:i* x 0 borr[$4    ,! ,vani%$           
,half-,cr[n4--,! trick ( ! dissolv$     
half-cr[n may  be v>i$4 ,9 ?is case !   
co9 %\ld be m>k$ by ! own]4 ,^u  f9d+ x 
is n 9 ! wat] :5 ! h&k]*ief has be5     
remov$  pret5d to be anxi\s ab\t its    
loss4 ,say y w pay x back 9  in/alm5ts1 
& (f] a %ill+ t[>ds x4 ,:5 ! money-l5d] 
tries to take ! pr(f]$ %ill+ x vani%es  
too4 ,?is is manag$  by bor+ a hole 9 ! 
%ill+1 ty+ "s ela/ic ?r\gh ! hole1  &   
/it*+ ! o!r end ( ! ela/ic up y\r       
sleeve4 ,!n z soon  z y leave hold ( !  
co9 x d>ts back up y\r sleeve4 ,has t   
gone too6 y exclaim4 ,well1 we mu/ try  
to f9d t half-cr[n2  p]haps x is 9 ?is  
ball ( wor/$1 y say1 z y pick "o f  !   
table4 ,h& ! ball ( wor/$ to someone to 
exam9e & !y  decl>e t ! co9 is n 9 x4 ,z
 y walk back to ! table  secretly       
ex*ange ?is ball = ano!r4 ,n[ ?is o!r   
ball ( wor/$  has be5 prep>$ 9 ?is way4 

,x has be5 w\nd r\nd a t9 tube ab\t     
?ree in*es long1 a tube ?r\gh :i*       
half-a-cr[n may be pass$4  ,:5 y h !    
m>k$ co9 at ! beg9n+ ( ! trick y %\ld  h
 ! ball ( wor/$ 9 y\r pocket1 & putt+   
y\r h& !re1  %\ld put ! co9 ?r\gh ! tube
 into ! ball ( wor/$4 ,!n  take ! tube  
away & press ! ball into its prop] %ape4
 ,x is ?is  ball t y n[ place 9 an empty
 glass1 & giv+ ! end ( !  wor/$ to "s   
lady 9 ! audi5ce1 ask h] to unw9d x4 ,z 
%e does  s ! half-cr[n w beg9 to rattle 
^u ! glass4    ,magic ,flor9s4--,take   
f\r half %eets ( note-pap] f any table1 
& !n borr[ f\r flor9s2 ^! flor9s y place
 ^u a table  ab\t a foot ap>t1 & g5tly  
lay ! half %eets ov] ea*4 ,y !n  take up
 "o %eet & discov] ! flor9 und]nea?4    
,plac+ !  pap] on "o side y take up !   
co91 & )\t t\*+1 9 "s  extraord9>y way1 
make x pass ?r\gh ! next pap]4 ,y lift  
x1  & sure en\gh1 !re lie two flor9s4   
,y !n lift ! ?ird pap]1 to f9d ! flor9 y
 plac$ !re4  ,aga91 9 ! same my/]i\s    
mann] y pass ! co9 ?r\gh !  pap]4 ,x    

makes no hole go+ ?r\gh1 b :5 ! pap] is 
lift$ up  !re are ! ?ree ( !m4    ,n[ y 
lift up ! la/ piece ( pap]1 !reby       
uncov]+ ! la/  flor94 ,repeat+ ! same   
process1 y !n reque/ "o ( !  audi5ce to 
lift ! pap]1 s t he or %e may see t !re 
is  no deception4 ,?is be+ done1 !re lie
 ! f\r flor9s z cosy z  little fl$gl+s 9
 a ne/4    ,! extreme simplicity ( !    
trick is ! mo/ tak+ "p ( x4    ,& n[ to 
expla9 ?is seem+ my/]y4    ,"o great    
gold5 rule ( conjur+ successfully is1 z 
x 71 to  take y\r audi5ce into p>tn]%ip 
) y4 ,:5 y borr[$ !  f\r flor9s ( c\rse 
!y ?\ght t 0 all y want$4 ,b y  began ! 
trick ) "o 9 y\r left h& cunn+ly        
conceal$ "u  ! f\r %eets1 all ( :i* y   
hold 9 t h&4 ,!n plac+ !  f\r borr[$    
co9s on ! table 7:i*1 by ! by1 mu/ h a  
?ick  clo? on x to dead5 ! s\nd71 twelve
 in*es ap>t1 ) ! "r  h& y take ! ?ree   
top %eets4 ,?is leaves y ) ! f\r?  %eet 
9 ! left h&1 ! co9 bel[ be+ held 9      
position by g5tle  pressure f f+]s bel[1
 & ?umb above4 ,!n simultane\sly )  ea* 

h& y place a %eet ( pap] ov] two ( ! f\r
 co9s on !  table4 ,do+ x simultane\sly 
di/racts ! audi5ce's att5tion f  :at y  
are do+ ) y\r left h&2 = x is at ?is    
p>ticul>  mom5t t ! trick is be+ p]=m$4 
,z y place ! pap] d[n1  ) a g5tle & ev5 
motion ( ! ?umb y leave ! fif? co9  !re1
 too1 tak+ great c>e t x does n cla% ) !
 "o !re  already4 ,n[ y h two co9s "u t 
%eet1 ?\gh ! audi5ce  only "k ( "o4 ,!re
 is "o "u ea* ( ! o!r ?ree %eets4  ,y   
take "o ( ^! %eets up n[ & take ! co9   
betwe5 ! top  ( ! ?umb & f+]s ( ! left  
h&1 !n ) ! f+]s &  ?umb ( ! "r h& y     
pret5d to take x1 b 9 reality y let  x  
fall into ! palm ( ! left h&1 a feat t  
mu/ be practis$  c>efully be=e a mirror4
 ,y close ! f+]s ( ! "r h& ov]  !       
imag9>y co9 9 !m1 & act z if x 7 !re4   
,"o way (  aid+ ! deception is to foll[ 
! "r h& ) y\r eyes z x  goes away f !   
left1 at ! same "t dropp+ ! left h& 9 an
  easy uncon/ra9$ position to ! side4   
,n[ *oos+ ! %eet :i* cov]s ! two co9s   
7?\gh ! audi5ce  only "k ( "o71 y place 

! "r h& a few in*es above x1 &  op5 !   
f+]s1 mak+ "s my/]i\s passes4 ,( c\rse1 
no?+  passes 9 reality1 b :5 y proce$ to
 lift up ! %eet &  display ! second co91
 ! audi5ce w ei!r ?9k t !y c\ld  n see  
x1 or t y are a v my/]i\s p]son1 :i*1   
inde$1  y are4 ,! rema9d] ( ! trick is  
only a repetition ( :at has  be5 already
 expla9$2 b x excites m & m a/oni%m5t z 
x  proce$s4 ,! bewild]m5t ( ! audi5ce   
culm9ates 9 ! la/ act1  :51 z be=e1 y h 
pret5d$ to take ! co9 9 ! "r h&  7really
 hav+ left x 9 ! left71 & mak+ ! passes1
 reque/  "o ( ! audi5ce to lift up ! la/
 %eet--!re lie all ! f\r  flor9s4       
,mean:ile1 y\r left has dropp$ quietly  
to y\r side1 ! co9 9 x  be5 slipp$      
noiselessly into ! pocket1 & bo? h&s are
 free to  return to _! a/oni%$ own]s !  
f\r borr[$ co9s4    ,?is trick is a     
p>ticul>ly effective "o1 requir+1 z x   
does1 no  p>aph]nalia except :at are    
always to be met ) 9 almo/ e  room4     
,only let ! beg9n] recollect ?is4 ,he   
mu/ nev] beg9 ! trick  )\t ! fif? co91  

or he w come to grief4 ,nor mu/ he acc$e
 to  reque/s to d x aga91 or he w be    
detect$4    ,magic ,p5s4--,take a small 
quantity ( ,anil9e ,violet1 obta9able at
  any *emi/'s1 two p5nywor? mak+ ab\t   
two doz5 p5s1 & make x  into a ?ick pa/e
 ) wat]1 tak+ c>e n to leave any lumps2 
!n  add a few drops ( mucilage or good  
gum4 ,d n add too mu*1 or !  pa/e w n   
set well4 ,apply a small quantity ( !   
pa/e ?us made  to ! holl[ "p ( a clean  
p51 )9 a qu>t] ( an in* ( !  po9t1 &    
leave x = a few h\rs to dry4 ,:5 dry1   
tell y\r fri5ds  t y w write any?+ !y l 
to tell y ) ! p51 b  in/ead ( us+ ink1 y
 w use wat]4 ,!n dip ! p5 into !  wat]1 
tak+ c>e n to %[ ! side ) ! pa/e on1 &  
write  :atev] !y ask y to1 ! writ+      
appe>+ ! same z if y 7  us+ an ord9>y   
p54    ,! ,magic ,bottle4--,y w ne$ two 
c>dbo>d cases op5 at ea*  end1 & l>ge   
en\gh to slip easily ov] ! bottles2 a   
specially  con/ruct$ bottle1 ! upp] "p (
 :i* c conta9 a liquid1 &  ! l[] "p     
conta9+ an op5 space 9 :i* a glass c /&2

  an imitation bottle made ( t9 & l>ge  
en\gh to j slide ov]  ! special bottle2 
& two glasses4 ,) ?is app>atus be=e u we
  are ready to proce$ ) ! p]=mance4 ,we 
introduce an empty glass  & :at appe>s  
to be an ord9>y w9e bottle1 b :i* is    
really  a special bottle1 ) its t9 case 
ov] x1 & conta9+ a second  w9e-glass    
inside4 ,by c>eful manipulation we p\r !
 cont5ts f  ! upp] "p ( ! bottle into ! 
w9e-glass1 & !n sett+  ! bottle d[n 9   
its position1 p\r back half ! liquid1   
:i*  n[ runs ?r\gh a hole 9 ! p>tition  
into ! glass b5ea?4 ,s  t ! audi5ce sees
 "o glass half full1 two c>dbo>d cases1 
& :at appe>s to be ! bottle 7z 9        
figure71 b :i* really  is our special   
bottle cov]$ by its t9 case1 %ap$ &     
col\r$  l a bottle1 & a second glass    
half full b5ea? x4 ,n[ we %[  ! c>dbo>d 
cases to prove t !y are empty1 & !n     
place  "o case ov] ! glass & ano!r ov] !
 bottle4 ,at ?is /age  ev]y?+ dep5ds on 
! talk ( ! p]=m]1 :o1 by 8 jokes &      
comicalities1 some:at div]ts ! att5tion 

( 8 audi5ce4 ,"s  excuse is n[ inv5t$ = 
*ang+ ! cases1 & 9 do+ ?is by  nipp+ !  
"o ov] ! bottle ! t9 case is lift$ (f ) 
x 7z  9 ,fig4 #b71 & plac$ ov] ! glass1 
!n on aga9 rais+ ! cases1  ! glass has  
disappe>$1 & !re are n[ two bottles     
in/ead4  ,aga91 ! cases are put ov] !   
bottles1 & aga9 !y are rais$1  b by     
nipp+ bo? ! cases1 ! bottles are lift$ )
 !m1 &  n[ only ! two glasses appe>4    
,aga9 ! cases are put on1 & !  bottle & 
glass re/or$ z at fir/1 & s a numb] (   
*anges c  be work$ at w1 ! p]=m]1 (     
c\rse1 talk+ all ! :ile  & ref]r+ 9 !   
language ( magicians to 8 p[] & skill 9 
caus+ ! bottle & ! glasses to obey 8 w4 
,fig4 #c %[s !  con/ruction ( ! special 
bottle ) its two l9+s & ! space  = !    
glass to /& )9 x4    ,illu/ration    ,! 
,magic ,w&4--,by means ( ?is w& 7a piece
 ( ?9 glass rod7  we may produce fire at
 w4 ,take a teaspoonful ( ca/or sug>1 & 
r less ?an half a teaspoonful ( gr\nd   
*lorate ( pota%1  ?or\ghly mix )\t      
friction1 & place on a sauc] /&+ on an  

old tray4 ,secretly dip ! po9t ( ! glass
 rod 9 sulphuric acid  7oil ( vitriol7 &
 !n t\* ! mass on ! sauc]4    ,ano!r ,w&
 ,trick4--,leave ! room "u "s pretext & 
br+ 9  ) y a w& t has be5 made hot4 ,t\*
 ! wick ( a c&le1  9 :i* y h conceal$   
previ\sly a piece ( phosphorus1 & tell  
x to light & x w obey4 ,x is bett] to   
use a c&le t has  already be5 light$1   
because su* a wick lights m readily4    
,! ,danc+ ,egg4--,reque/ someone to play
 ! piano1 &1 t\*+  an egg ) y\r magic   
w&1 call ^u x to dance4 ,x w d s if  y  
obs]ve ! foll[+ directions4 ,let ! egg  
be boil$ h>d &  br\ght into ! room pip+ 
hot4 ,make a small hole 9 ! %ell &      
?r\gh ?is pu% into ! egg a quill t      
conta9s quicksilv]1 &  has bo? ends     
firmly seal$4 ,s long z ! egg reta9s its
 heat1 s  long w x dance4    ,my/ic     
,?read4--,h susp5d$ by a long ?read an  
ord9>y r+4  ,let someone 9 ! audi5ce    
/rike a mat* & set fire to ! ?read4  ,x 
burns1 b ! r+ does n fall because !     
?read has be5  ?or\ghly /eep$ 9 common  

salt & wat]4    ,eggs )\t ,h5s4--,h a   
bag made ( calico or simil> mat]ial4  ,h
 x made d\ble & j inside ! m\? ( ! "p y 
keep  t[>ds y h six little pockets made4
 ,into ea* ( ^! put an egg  t has be5   
bl[n or suck$ until no?+ rema9s 9 x4 ,y 
may n[  %ake ! bag & turn x inside out  
to %[ x is empty1 & yet y  are able to  
produce "o egg aft] ano!r4 ,"o may be a 
full "o1 &  if y break ?is ! trick w    
seem m real4    ,fea!rs f a             
,h&k]*ief4--,obta9 "s long fea!rs--!    
long]  ! bett]4 ,take (f y\r coat & lay 
! fea!rs 9 ! left sleeve  ) ! quills ne>
 ! wri/4 ,n[ put on y\r coat ) ! fea!rs 
/ill !re4 ,borr[ a l>ge h&k]*ief1 & aft]
 fl\ri%+ x1  to %[ x conceals no?+1 ?r[ 
x ov] y\r left arm4 ,:5 y  take x up    
aga9 take ) x "o ( ! fea!rs1 & :5 y %ake
  ! h&k]*ief aga9 out drops ! fea!r4 ,if
 ! fea!r is l>ge  & curv$ x w n appe> z 
?\gh x _h be5 up y\r sleeve4  ,repeat ! 
process ) suitable talk until all !     
fea!rs h be5  produc$4    ,ink ,*ang$ to
 ,wat]4--,fit a black silk l9+ into a   

glass vessel s  t x l9es ! sides b n !  
bottom4 ,put wat] 9 ! glass &  gold fi%1
 b let ! audi5ce see no?+ except ! black
 l9+4  ,beh9d ! glass h a spoon ) ink 9 
x4 ,speak to ! audi5ce  ) an empty spoon
 9 y\r h&1 & !n g to ! glass1 secretly  
*ange ! spoons & pret5d to take a       
spoonful ( ink f ! glass4  ,n[ %[ !     
spoon ) ! ink 9 x to ! audi5ce1 & !y w  
believe ! vessel is full ( ink4 ,?r[ a  
clo? ov] ! glass &  call ^u ! ink to    
*ange to wat]4 ,remove ! clo?1 & ) x !  
black l9+1 & !re y h ! wat] & ! gold fi%
 swimm+  9 x4    ,! ,my/]i\s            
,box4--,secure a little r\nd box1 into !
 bottom (  :i* a half-cr[n w fit        
exactly4 ,l9e ! box ) d>k pap] &  cov]  
"o side ( a half-cr[n ) ! same mat]ial4 
,reta9+ ?is  half-cr[n1 pass ! box r\nd 
to be exam9$ s t ! audi5ce  may be sure 
x has no false bottom4 ,n[ borr[        
half-a-cr[n1 & z  y return to ! table   
ex*ange x = y\r prep>$ "o4 ,%[ ?is  to !
 audi5ce1 keep+ ! pap]$ side c>efully   
t[>ds y1 &  let !m see y drop x into !  

box4 ,9 do+ ?is keep ! pap]$  side      
upw>ds4 ,close ! box & %ake x up & d[n s
 t ! co9  rattles4 ,n[ t\* ! box ) y\r  
w& & *>ge ! co9 to pass  into a box1    
vase1 or any o!r object 9 ano!r "p ( !  
room into  :i* y h previ\sly plac$      
half-a-cr[n4 ,%ake ! box aga91  ?is "t f
 side to side1 & !re w be no rattle4    
,op5 x1 !  co9 _c be se54 ,n[ ask !     
audi5ce to g to ! place :]e  y h plant$ 
! o!r half-cr[n1 & :ile !y are look+ =  
x take out y\r pap]$ half-cr[n4 ,:5 !y h
 f\nd ! o!r  half-cr[n h& r\nd ! box    
aga9 = !m to exam9e4 ,simple z is  ?is  
trick1 x is v puzzl+ to ! audi5ce4      
,h[ ,?reep5ce ,vani%$4--,place a        
?reep5ny piece ^u ! palm (  y\r h&4     
,close y\r h&1 b h a piece ( wax ^u !   
nail (  y\r middle f+]4 ,press ?is ^u ! 
co91 op5 y\r h&1 & !  co9 w be out (    
sight4    ,! ,hat ,trick4--,borr[ a hat1
 = a trick ) a hat always has an  air ( 
importance4 ,n[1 ) a deal ( elaboration1
 take a glass  ( wat] & proce$          
delib]ately to cov] ! glass ov] ) !     

hat4 ,y und]take to dr9k ! wat] )\t     
remov+ ! hat4 ,y\r  *all5ge is accept$4 
,y /oop b5ea? ! table & comm5ce mak+  a 
l\d suck+ noise ) ! lips1 z ?\gh y 7    
draw+ !  wat] ?r\gh ! table4 ,) a %>p   
,n[1 sir6 ! curiosity ( y\r  oppon5t w  
make him lift up ! hat2 y in/antly seize
 ! glass  & swall[ ! cont5ts1 say+1 ,y  
p]ceive1 sir1 ,i h drunk !  wat] & ,i h 
n remov$ ! hat4    ,c>d                 
,tricks4--,,insep>able ,,k+s4--,take f\r
 k+s4 ,b5ea? ! la/  place any two c>ds1 
:i* y take c>e to conceal4 ,!n %[ ! f\r 
k+s & replace ! six c>ds "u ! pack4 ,!n 
take a k+ &  place x on ! top ( ! pack1 
place "o ( ! two o!r c>ds 9  ! middle1 &
 ! o!r ab\t ! same place1 & !n1 turn+ up
  ! pack1 %[ t "o k+ is /ill at !       
bottom4 ,!n let ! c>ds  be cut1 & z ?ree
 k+s 7 left bel[1 all mu/ necess>ily get
  toge!r some:]e ab\t ! middle ( ! pack4
 ,( c\rse 9 plac+  ! two o!r c>ds y     
pret5d to be plac+ two k+s4    ,,to     
,,guess ,,*os5 ,,c>ds4--,make a set (   
all ! clubs & spades1 &  ano!r set (    

he>ts & diamonds4 ,%uffle well ea* set1 
& ev5  let !m be %uffl$ by ! spectators4
 ,!n reque/ a p]son to draw  a c>d f "o 
( ! sets1 & ano!r p]son to draw "o f !  
second set4 ,y n[ take a set 9 ea* h&1  
pres5t+ !m to ! two  p]sons reque/+ !m  
to replace ! drawn c>ds4 ,y mu/ pret5d  
to pres5t to ea* p]son ! set f :i* he   
drew 8 c>d1 b 9  reality y pres5t ! r$  
set to ! p]son :o drew ! black c>d1  & !
 black set to ! p]son :o drew ! r$ c>d4 
,,to ,,tell ,a ,,c>d ,,?\ght ,,(4--,take
 tw5ty-"o c>ds ( a pack1 & deal  !m out 
"o by "o 9 ?ree lots1 reque/+ someone to
 ?9k ( a  c>d1 & rememb] 9 :i* lot x is4
 ,hav+ dealt out ! c>ds1  ask him 9 :i* 
lot ! c>d is4 ,take up ! lots           
successively1 &  place ! lot conta9+ !  
c>d 9 ! middle4 ,deal out ! c>ds  aga91 
& ask him to /ate 9 :i* lot ! c>d is2 & 
proce$ z  be=e1 plac+ ! lot conta9+ !   
c>d 9 ! middle4 ,deal out  ! c>ds 9 l   
mann] a ?ird "t1 proce$+ z be=e4 ,!n    
deal  !m out z usual1 & ! elev5? c>d w  
be ! "o ?\ght (1  infallibly4 ,?is is ! 

usual way ( %[+ ! c>d ?\ght (2 b1  z !  
trick may be p>tly discov]$ by ! c\nt+1 
x is bett] to  hold ! c>ds 9 y\r h&1 &  
take out ! elev5? c>d1 c\nt+  to        
y\rself1 ( c\rse1 f ! left h&1 b pret5d+
 to be  consid]+ ! guess4    ,,*eat+ ,,!
 ,,maid4--,= ?is amus+ trick y arrange !
 c>ds ?us3  ,hold+ ! pack 9 y\r h&s1 f9d
 all ! knaves1 place "o ( !m  next to   
y\r left h&1 & ! o!r ?ree on ! table4   
,!n f9d a  que51 :i* also place on !    
table4 ,!n say3--,?ree scamps w5t  into 
a tav]n1 & ord]$ dr9k4 ,"h !y are--!    
?ree knaves4  ',:o's to pay8 ,i c't1'   
said ! fir/4 ',i won't1' said ! second4 
',i  wi% %e may get x1' said ! ?ird4    
',i'll manage x1' said ! fir/1  !       
greate/ rogue ( ! ?ree4 ',i say1 my     
pretty girl1 hav5't y  "s v old w9e 9   
y\r cell>8' ,"h's ! b>maid ?us address$ 
by ! rogue 9 "q 7%[+ ! que571 & %e      
repli$3--',oh1  yes1 sir1 prime old     
w9e4' ',let's h a bottle4' ,(f w5t !    
b>maid4  7,put ! que5 9 y\r pocket47    
',n[ = x1 my lads1' said ! knave  9 "q2 

'run is ! ^w4 ,let's be (f 9 opposite   
directions1  & meet to-night2 y "k :]e4'
 ,h]eupon !y decamp$1 tak+  opposite    
directions1 :i* ,i w indicate by plac+  
"o on ! top (  ! pack1 "o at ! bottom1 &
 ! o!r 9 ! middle4    ,:5 ! poor b>maid 
return$ 7tak+ out ! que5 f y\r pocket7  
) ! w9e1 great 0 h] a/oni%m5t to f9d !  
room empty4  ',lor6' %e exclaim$1 ':y1  
,i d decl>e--did y ev]6--,oh6 b ,i'm  n 
ago+ to be s>v$ s4 ,i'll cat* ! rogues1 
all ( !m--t ,i  w4' ,& (f %e w5t aft]   
!m1 z %[n by plac+ h] on or aft]  !     
fir/4    ,n[1 to cat* ! ?ree seems      
impossible2 b ! ladies h always  smil$  
at impossibilities1 & wond]s nev] cease2
 =1 if y h  ! goodness to cut ^! c>ds1 y
 w f9d t %e has caught  ! ?ree rogues4  
,:5 ! c>ds are cut1 proce$ 9 ! usual way
  aft] cutt+2 & tak+ up ! c>ds1 y w f9d 
! que5  & ?ree knaves toge!r1 :i* y take
 out & exhibit to !  a/oni%$ audi5ce4   
,"o ( ^! knaves is n "o ( ! ?ree fir/   
exhibit$1 b ! "o :i* y slipp$ on y\r    
left h& at fir/4  ,!re is no *ance (    

detection1 h[ev]2 simply = ! reason be=e
  giv5--nobody suspects ! trick4        
,,ano!r ,,guess+ ,,trick4--,lay out     
tw5ty c>ds ( any k9d1 two by two1  &    
reque/ a fri5d to ?9k ( two 9 a l9e2 t  
is1 "o ( !  t5 sets =m$ by ! tw5ty c>ds4
 ,?is done y take up ! sets 9  ! ord] 9 
:i* !y lie1 & place !m 9 r[s accord+ to 
!  lett]s ( ! foll[+ words3--           
-------------------------      c    i   
c    o    s                             
-------------------------      d    e   
d    i    t                             
-------------------------      t    u   
m    u    s                             
-------------------------      n    e   
m    o    n                             
-------------------------    ,y may use 
a diagram l ! above1 b z ! words are    
easily  reta9$ x _h bett] be disp5s$ )1 
di/ribut+ ! c>ds on  ! table j z ?\gh ^u
 ! diagram1 :i* w make ! trick  m puzzl+
 & extraord9>y4 ,proce$ z               
foll[s3--,place ! c>ds  two by two on   
simil> lett]s3 ?us1 place ! two c>ds ( !

 fir/  set on ! two d's 9 d$it2 ! two   
c>ds ( ! second set on !  two i's (     
cicos & d$it2 ! two ( ! ?ird set on !   
two  c's1 & s on ) ! t5 sets4    ,all ! 
lett]s ( ! words be+ ?us cov]$1 ask !   
fri5d :o  has ?\ght ( ! c>ds to tell y 9
 :i* l9es ^! c>ds are4  ,if bo? are 9 ! 
fir/ l9e 7cicos71 !y mu/ be ^? on ! two 
c's2 if !y are bo? 9 ! second l9e1 !y   
cov] ! d's 9  d$it2 bo? 9 ! ?ird l9e1 !y
 cov] ! u's 9 tumus2 bo?  9 ! f\r?1 !y  
cov] ! n's 9 nemon4    ,if "o be 9 !    
fir/ l9e & ! o!r 9 ! second1 !y cov]  ! 
i's 9 cicos & d$it1 & ?us ( ! re/--! two
 c>ds  ?\ght ( necess>ily cov]+ two     
simil> lett]s1 :il/ ea* (  ! lett]s     
occurs only twice 9 ! diagram4    ,,to  
,,tell ,a ,,c>d ,,?\ght ,,(4--,take any 
numb]--say tw5ty4 ,pret5d to  %uffle !m 
) ! faces t[>ds y & rememb] ! fir/ c>d z
  y close ! pack--say1 ! t5 ( diamonds4 
,tell ! fri5d t !  only condition y     
require is to be told ! ord] 9 :i* ! c>d
 is  dealt out by y2 9 o!r words he mu/ 
tell y :e!r 9 deal+ x  comes out fir/1  

second1 ?ird1 etc4    ,rememb]+ y\r fir/
 c>d1 y may !n turn y\r back to him1 &  
deal out ! c>ds "o by "o1 & "o ^u ! top 
( ! o!r1  reque/+ him to ?9k ( a c>d &  
its ord] z be=e said4    ,!n take up !  
c>ds1 & %uffle !m repeat$ly by ?r[+ a   
portion ( !m f ! bottom to ! top1 tak+  
c>e n to mix !  c>ds or lett+ any drop1 
& !n let ! fri5d cut !m z (t5  z he     
pleases4 ,!n take ! c>ds 9 h&4 ,pret5d  
to exam9e !m  my/]i\sly1 b 9 reality    
only look = y\r c>d--! fir/ dealt       
out--! t5 ( diamonds1 = in/ance4 ,n[1   
suppose he tells y t  ! c>d he ?\ght (  
came out fif?4 ,!n1 = a c]ta9ty1 x is  !
 f\r? c>d on ! "r ( ! t5 ( diamonds1 9  
spite ( all  %uffl+1 = %uffl+ _c alt] ! 
ord] or sequ5ce ( !  c>ds4 ,always      
rememb] to c\nt f y\r own c>d inclusive 
to !  numb] ( ! c>d ?\ght ( t[>ds y\r "r
 h&4 ,b1 %\ld  y\r c>d happ5 to be s ne>
 ! "r h& or ! top z n to  all[ suffici5t
 c\nt+1 !n c\nt z f> z x admits to ! "r 
& !n cont9ue at ! left4 ,?us1 suppose   
!re are only two c>ds  above ! t5 (     

diamonds1 !n c\nt two m on ! left1 mak+ 
!  fif?4 ,if ! c>d y rememb]1 or y\r    
fir/ c>d1 is fir/1 !n  c\nt ! requisite 
numb] on ! left1 always beg9n+ ) y\r    
c>d1 h[ev]4    ,! reason ( ?is trick is 
simply t by m]ely cutt+ ! c>ds &  %uffl+
 !m 9 ! way indicat$1 y d n alt] !      
sequ5ce (  ! c>ds4    ,,ano!r           
,,me?od4--,=m ?ree ranks ( five c>ds    
ea*1 & reque/ a  p]son to ?9k ( "o ( ^! 
c>ds1 & tell y 9 :i* rank x  is4 ,take  
up ! c>ds ( ! ?ree ranks1 tak+ c>e to   
place !  c>ds ( ! ranks 9 :i* is ! c>d  
?\ght ( betwe5 ^? ( !  two o!r ranks4   
,make ?ree m ranks z be=e4 ,ask him aga9
 9 :i* rank ! c>d  is1 & take !m up1    
plac+ ! rank 9 :i* ! c>d is betwe5 !    
two o!rs4 ,op]ate 9 l mann] a ?ird "t1 &
 ! c>d ?\ght  ( w infallibly be ! ?ird (
 ! rank nam$4    ,obs]ve1 h[ev]1 y mu/ n
 =m ea* rank ) five consecutive  c>ds2 b
 y mu/ place ! c>ds "o by "o1 plac+ "o  
successively 9 ea* rank3 ?us1 "o at !   
top on ! left ( !  fir/ rank1 "o bel[ t 
fir/ = ! second rank1 "o bel[ !  second 

= ! ?ird rank1 !n "o 9 ! fir/1 "o 9 !   
second1  "o 9 ! ?ird1 & s on4    ,?is   
trick1 :i* is v easy1 always produces a 
great effect4 ,x only  requires a little
 att5tion1 & x c nev] fail unless y make
 a  mi/ake 9 arrang+ ! c>ds4    ,,to    
,,tell ,,*os5 ,,c>ds4--,! c>ds may be   
easily divid$ into two  num]ical p>ts1  
ev5 & odd3 by tak+ a k+ = f\r po9ts1  a 
que5 = ?ree1 a knave = two1 & ! o!r c>ds
 = _!  especial po9ts1 we may make up   
two sets ( sixte5 c>ds ea*1 !  ev5      
compos+ "o1 & ! odd ! o!r4 ,^! two sets 
be+ be=e  ! p]=m]1 he takes "o1 %uffles 
x well1 & lets a p]son take  a c>d4 ,he 
!n takes ! o!r1 %uffles x1 & lets ano!r 
p]son  take a c>d4 ,!n1 :il/ ea* p]son  
is look+ at 8 c>d1 :i* he  is reque/$ to
 d1 ! p]=m] dext]\sly *anges ! place ( !
  two sets1 & he reque/s !m to replace !
 c>ds 9 ! set :5ce  !y took !m4 ,x      
foll[s t he :o took a c>d f ! ev5 set   
places x 9 ! odd set1 & he :o took x f !
 odd set places  x 9 ! ev5 set4         
,consequ5tly all ! %uffl+ & cutt+ 9 !   

_w w be useless1 = ! p]=m] has only to  
spread out !  c>ds ( ea* set to po9t out
 ! c>ds drawn4    ,,s+ul> ,,arrangem5t  
,,( ,,sixte5 ,,c>ds4--,take ! f\r k+s1 !
 f\r  que5s1 ! f\r knaves1 & ! f\r t5s (
 a pack1 & ask if !re  be any "o 9 !    
company :o c =m a squ>e ) !m 9 su* a    
mann] t1 tak5 9 any direction1 f "r to  
left1 f ! top  to ! bottom1 by !        
diagonal--anyh[1 9 fact--!re w always be
  9 ea* l9e a k+1 que51 knave1 & a t54  
,ev]ybody w ?9k !  ?+ easy1 b x is c]ta9
 t no "o w succe$ 9 do+ x4  ,:5 !y give 
x up1 take ! sixte5 c>ds & arrange !m z 
foll[s1 :5 ! k+1 que51 knave1 & t5 w /& 
z requir$4                              
--------------------------------------- 
,t5        ,jack     ,que5     ,k+      
(          (       (        (           
,spades4    ,clubs4   ,diamonds4 ,he>ts4
                                        
--------------------------------------- 
,k+      ,que5     ,jack       ,t5      
(         (       (        (            
,spades4   ,he>ts4   ,diamonds4  ,clubs4

                                        
--------------------------------------- 
,jack       ,t5       ,k+     ,que5     
(        (        (        (            
,he>ts4   ,diamonds4  ,clubs4    ,clubs4
                                        
--------------------------------------- 
,que5     ,k+       ,t5      ,jack      
(        (        (        (            
,spades4   ,diamonds4  ,he>ts4  ,spades4
                                        
--------------------------------------- 
,,! ,,c>d ,,t ,,_c ,,be ,,f\nd4--,take  
any numb] ( c>ds & spread  !m out fan-l 
9 y\r h&1 faces front+ ! spectators4    
,ask "o ( !m to select a c>d4 ,y tell   
him to take x1 & !n to  place x at !    
bottom ( ! pack4 ,y hold up ! pack1 s t 
!  spectators may see t ! c>d is really 
at ! bottom4 ,suppose ?is  c>d is ! k+ (
 he>ts4    ,!n1 pret5d+ to take t c>d1 y
 take ! c>d prec$+ x1 &  place x at a   
po9t correspond+ to ,a 9 ! foll[+       
figure4      ,a   ,c    ,b   ,d    ,y !n
 take ! c>d drawn1 namely1 ! k+ ( he>ts1

 & place x  at ! po9t correspond+ to ,b 
9 ! above figure4 ,f9ally1 y take  any  
two o!r c>ds1 & place !m at ,c & ,d4 ,( 
c\rse1 ! c>ds  are plac$ face d[nw>ds4  
,aft] ?is location ( ! c>ds1 y tell !   
p]son :o has *os5  ! c>d t y w *ange !  
position ( ! c>ds1 by pu%+  alt]nately t
 at ! po9t ,a to ,b1 & t at ,d to ,c1 & 
vice  v]sa2 & y defy him to foll[ y 9 ^!
 gyrations ( ! c>d1  & to f9d x4    ,(  
c\rse1 see+ no difficulty 9 ! ?+1 &     
believ+ )  ev]ybody t 8 c>d is plac$ at 
! po9t ,a1 he w und]take to  foll[ & f9d
 8 c>d4 ,!n p]=m+ :at y und]take to d1 y
  rapidly *ange ! places ( ! c>ds1 & yet
 sl[ly en\gh to enable  ! p]son to keep 
9 view ! c>d :i* he ?9ks 8 own1 & s  t y
 may n lose sight ( ! "o y plac$ at ,b4 
,hav+ ?us dis>rang$ ! c>ds = a few      
mom5ts1 y ask ! p]son  to p]=m 8 promise
 by po9t+ out 8 c>d4 ,feel+ sure t he   
nev] lo/ sight ( x1 he in/antly turns "o
 ( ! c>ds & is  a/oni%$ to f9d t x is n 
8 own4 ,!n y say3--,i told y  y w\ld n  
be able to foll[ y\r c>d 9 its ramble4  

,b ,i h  done :at y c\ldn't d3 "h is y\r
 c>d6    ,! a/oni%m5t ( ! spectators is 
increas$ :5 y actually %[  ! c>d2 =1    
hav+ made !m obs]ve1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 t
  y did n ev5 look at ! drawn c>d1 !y   
are utt]ly at a loss to  discov] ! means
 y employ$ to f9d out & produce ! c>d 9 
"q4          ,,*apt] ,,xviii    ,,pets  
,cavies or ,gu9ea ,pigs4--,9 />t+ ^!    
little *ats1 suppose we  comm5ce )      
cavies4 ,"s :o ought to "k bett] h said 
t  cavies are v dull1 /upid little      
animals1 b ,i entirely disagree  ) ?is1 
z w also ! lad :o has kept !m = ev] s   
%ort a  "t2 !y are bright1 intellig5t   
little fell[s1 & mo/ pleasant to  make  
pets (1 & al?\gh !y belong to ! rod5t or
 rat family are  n ! lea/ vici\s4       
,cavies are extremely clean 9 _! habits1
 v  h&some 9 col\r1 & if _! little h\ses
 are kept clean !re is  no disagreeable 
smell f !m4    ,n[ be=e y buy y\r gu9eas
 y %\ld build & furni% _!  h\se1 & ,i w 
proce$ to tell y h[ to d ?is4 ,!        
selection  ( a suitable place comes     

fir/4 ,if y live 9 ! c\ntry !re is      
g5]ally an ou?\se or wood-%$1 & if s "h 
is ! spot to  comm5ce op]ations2 if1 on 
! o!r h&1 y only h a small  g>d5 or     
back-y>d1 !n select a spot 9 x :i* gets 
a fair %>e  ( pure air & sunlight1 & :i*
 is protect$ f ! cruel ea/  w9ds4 ,!    
smoo?-hair$ cavy mu/ h a hut* n less ?an
 #b ft4  long1 #ah to #bj 94 f front to 
back1 & ab\t ! same height4  ,let !     
floor ( y\r hut* h a slight fall to !   
back s z to  c>ry (f ! moi/ure2 ! ro(   
mu/ also h a slope1 & %\ld be  cov]$ )  
t>r$ felt1 or br[n pap] well t>r$ & s&$1
 :i*  makes a capital wat]pro( cov]+4 ,9
 ! front ( y\r hut* h  a closely &      
well-fitt+ wood5 door1 l>ge en\gh = y to
 clean  out ! int]ior com=tably2 ! o!r  
portion ( ! front mu/ be  cov]$ ) wire  
nett+ ( a v close me%4 ,be sure t y\r   
doors  fa/5 securely1 z "s cavies h a   
habit ( %ak+ !m1 & if  n prop]ly secur$1
 op5 comes ! door & out drops poor      
gu9ea1  :o is almo/ sure to be kill$4 ,x
 is always be/ to h ! hut*  two or ?ree 

feet f ! gr\nd1 & re/+ on f\r legs1 :i* 
is  mu* bett] ?an nail+ x to ! wall4    
,aft] hav+ got s f>1 g  c>efully ov] y\r
 "w to see t !re are no cracks or       
crannies 9  y\r hut*1 z ^! let 9        
draughts1 :i* lead to disease & dea?4   
,cov] ! floor ( ! hut* ) f9e sawdu/1 &  
ov] ?is "s  sweet *opp$ hay1 & y\r h\se 
is ready = its occupants4    ,)\t go+   
fully into ! hi/ory ( ! cavy1 ,i may say
 t x is  a native ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 :]e 9 
_m p>ts x is v num]\s4 ,9  its wild /ate
 ! cavy1 :]e ! gr\nd is suitable1 burr[s
 l  a rabbit2 9 damp1 m>%y places x     
hides "u ! _m plants t  fl\ri% 9 su*    
neighb\rhoods4 ,!y are n difficult to   
cat*1 &  n be+ ( a savage nature are    
easily tam$4 ,9 _! native haunts  !y are
 greatly e/eem$ z an article ( food1 &  
al?\gh ,i h  nev] _h ! pleasure ( ta/+  
cavy fle%1 ,i am told by ^? :o  h1 & :o 
are well able to give an op9ion1 t x is 
delici\s2  & ,i see no reason to d\bt x1
 z cavies are exce$+ly cleanly 9  _!    
habits & fe$+4    ,!re are sev]al       

v>ieties ( cavies1 & z ^! are br$ 9     
almo/  e col\r !y af=d ! greate/        
pleasure1 n only to ! lad :o  is fond ( 
exp]im5t+1 b also to hundr$s ( m5 &     
wom54 ,t  ! v>i\s col\rs c be easily br$
 & well fix$1 has be5 prov$  beyond d\bt
 by ! _m h&some little specim5s t are to
 be se5  at any ( our exhibitions       
to-day4 ,z we h !m n[1 we may =  our    
purpose divide ! cavy into ?ree classes 
or divisions1 namely1  long-hair$       
7,p]uvians71 r\gh-hair$ 7,abyss9ian71 & 
smoo?-hair$2  b be=e go+ on ) _!        
description ,i w\ld l to say a ^w  z to 
h&l+ !m4 ,?is may seem sup]flu\s1 b x is
 n s1 z  !y are easily injur$2 !re=e1 :5
 y h occasion to lift y\r  pet put y\r  
f+] & ?umb ( ! "r h& r\nd its neck1 n   
tightly1 b suffici5tly firm to h9d] x   
slipp+1 g5tly raise x  & place x on y\r 
left h&1 & s x c be safely lift$ ab\t  &
 h&l$4 ,9 mat+ y\r cavies rememb] t !   
bo> 7male7  controls ! col\r & outw>d   
*>act]i/ics ( ! future family1          
consequ5tly he %\ld be z typical 9 col\r

 & %ape z possible1  & n y\ng] ?an t5 or
 twelve mon?s2 ! s[ 7female7 mu/ n  be  
less ?an ab\t six mon?s old1 & 9 select+
 h] see t %e  is v tame & g5tle1 z %e   
gives ! inw>d *>act]i/ics to  ! "y ones4
 ,( c\rse1 9 keep+ cavies1 z 9 any o!r  
v>iety  ( pets1 a v great deal dep5ds on
 ! individual fancy1 &1  !re=e1 ,i %all 
give a %ort description ( ! ?ree classes
  m5tion$1 & leave y boys to select :i* 
y ?9k w give y  ! greate/ pleasure4     
,,! ,,p]uvian ,,cavy4--,! ,p]uvian cavy 
is not$ = its long hair1 :i*  is its    
*ief *>act]i/ic1 & :5 nicely comb$ &    
bru%$ x  w\ld be h>d to f9d a h&som]    
little fell[4 ,! hair gr[s "r  ov] its  
head & face1 s t x is sometimes         
difficult to see ei!r  its eyes or e>s2 
yet its beautiful bright eyes are always
 on ! look  out1 & c see y & all y\r    
movem5ts4 ,on ! body ! hair gr[s  to su*
 a l5g? t x trails on ! gr\nd1 "s       
actually hav+ x  z long z sev5 or eight 
in*es4 ,! hair or fur %\ld be z long1   
s(t1 & silky z possible1 & to keep x 9  

prop] ord] a good deal  ( att5tion is   
necess>y2 x gr[s v ev5ly f a natural    
p>t+1  f ! cr[n ( ! head to ! /]n1 fall+
 ov] to ea* side1 &  to keep y\r pet    
neat & trim z well z heal?y y mu/ bru%  
its  coat regul>ly1 us+ a s(t bru%1 & if
 any "p is matt$ take a  wide-too!d comb
 & v g5tly comb x out4 ,y boys "k :at x 
is  to comb y\r hair :5 x is matt$1 & h[
 x hurts if r\ghly done4  ,rememb]1     
!re=e1 t )\t c>e y w n only cause y\r   
pet  pa91 b1 z ! fur or hair on x is    
only1 comp>atively speak+1  slightly    
atta*$ to ! sk91 c>elessness w result 9 
pull+ x  out1 ?us leav+ b>e & unsightly 
pat*es4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! bru% is  regul>ly 
us$1 !re w be little or no ne$ ( ! comb4
    ,,! ,,abyss9ian ,,cavy4--,! next    
v>iety t claims our notice is !  qua9t  
little ,abyss9ian or r\gh-hair$ cavy4   
,unlike ! ,p]uvian1 !  hair ( !         
,abyss9ian is %ort & h>d or r\gh to !   
t\*1 &  in/ead ( gr[+ all "o way x is   
rosett$1 z x 71 9 bun*es1  ea* rosette  
or bun* be+ sep>ate & di/9ct1 & ! m     

ev5ly  ^! are di/ribut$ ov] ! body ! m  
*>m+ ! result4    ,:at d my read]s ?9k (
 "o ( ^! little fell[s--a beautiful     
tortoise%ell1 v well rosett$1 & ) %ort1 
h>d hair1 be+  sold = upw>ds ( #cj8 ,b  
su* is a fact4 ,x 0 br$ by a lady :o    
takes a v great int]e/ 9 ,ma/] ,cavy1 & 
:o exhibits "s mo/  beautiful specim5s1 
& x 0 dispos$ ( = ! sum m5tion$4 ,!     
,abyss9ian is a h>dy little *ap & mu/ n 
be coddl$ up 9 a  w>m hut*4 ,keep him   
dry & %elt]$ f draughts & he w ?rive    
m]rily4    ,,smoo?-,,hair$              
,,cavies4--,la/1 b n lea/ 9 any %ape or 
=m1 comes  ! smoo?-hair$ v>iety1 :i* y  
boys all "k1 ,i am sure1 &  :i* is1 z x 
fully des]ves to be1 ! fav\rite4 ,! coat
 ( !  smoo?-hair$ cavy is s(t & velvety 
to ! t\*1 & ! imm5se  numb] ( col\rs 9  
:i* x is n[ br$ makes x a mo/ delightful
  little pet4 ,i w n g ?r\gh ! _m       
diff]5t col\rs fur!r  ?an to m5tion t we
 h !m black1 :ite1 gold51 br[n1 grey1   
r$1 & ! v>i\s sub-divisions & bl5d+s    
betwe5 ^! col\rs4    ,! cavy has a      

good-siz$ head1 is ,roman-nos$1 has a v 
?ick1 or  bull1 neck1 & a nicely r\nd$  
body1 tap]+ t[>ds ! /]n2  eyes full &   
bright1 & small1 neatly-%ap$ e>s2 8 :ole
 make-up  giv+ him ! appe>ance ( a      
*e]ful1 happy1 & cont5t$ little  fell[4 
,n[1 z to fe$+1 rememb] t regul>ity &   
cleanl9ess mu/ be  obs]v$1 & t a v>iety 
or *ange 9 food is v mu* reli%$1  & is  
necess>y = ! heal? ( y\r cavies4 ,=     
breakfa/1 :i*  give e>ly1 provide "s    
bread & milk sop1 9 :i* n[ & aga9  put a
 piece ( boil$ potato2 & z a *ange1 9   
cold wea!r "s  b>ley-meal1 scald$ 9     
boil+ wat] & made into a nice crumbly   
mass4 ,?is latt] is v w>m & com=t+1 too1
 = supp]1 9 cold  fro/y wea!r4 ,z dry   
food1 y mu/ h good s\nd oats1 :eat1  a  
few cru%$ peas1 bran1 & hay4 ,gre5 food 
mu/ on no acc\nt  be ov]look$1 z x is "o
 ( ! mo/ valuable ?+s = keep+  ! blood  
cool & ! /oma* 9 prop] work+ ord]2 b    
rememb]  t all gre5 food mu/ be fre% &  
dry4 ,almo/ any gre5 /uff  is reli%$1 b 
!re are a few k9ds t are v good3        

lettuce1  cabbage leaves 7n too _m71    
p>sley1 cel]y tops1 c>rot1 turnip1      
beet-root1 *ickwe$1 gr\ndsel1 & *icory4 
,clean wat] mu/ be  always at h&1 & a   
dr9k ( milk n[ & !n is mu* appreciat$4  
,z cavies are v apt to scrat* _! food   
all ov] ! hut*1 &  s wa/e a lot ( x1 y  
%\ld always fe$ 9 di%es or tr\ghs4  ,!  
heavy e>!nw>e tr\ghs1 ) flang$ edges1   
:i* are us$ =  rabbits1 are be/1 z !y _c
 be upset1 nor ! food scrat*$ out       
easily4 ,i pref] e>!nw>e to any o!r     
mat]ial1 z x is s easily  cleans$1 & !re
 is no?+ ab\t x t w poison or give a    
disagreeable ta/e to ! food4 ,?\gh wat] 
& dry food %\ld always  be at h& = y\r  
cavies1 nev] leave s(t food or gre5s    
long 9 !  hut*1 z ^! soon become ta9t$1 
& if eat5 9 t /ate br+  on disease4 ,let
 !m eat _! fill ( s(t food & gre5s1 & !n
  take away any t is left4 ,! lad :o    
pays prop] att5tion to 8  pets w soon be
 able to gauge to a nicety ! am\nt (    
food !y  require4    ,rabbits4--,if y h 
suffici5t pocket-money y c buy a hut*   

ready-made1 or y c build x on simil>    
l9es to t = cavies1  b ( c\rse mu* l>g]4
    ,= ord9>y-siz$ rabbits a hut*       
#c-a_/b ft4 long by #bj or #bb 94 w  d1 
b = lop-e>$ & ,belgians x %\ld be       
#d-a_/b ft4 by #b ft42  :il/ = ,flemi%  
giants #e ft4 by #b ft4 ,x is always    
pref]able to  h y\r hut* 9 "s ou?\se1   
:]e1 ?\gh ! inmates w h  pl5ty ( fre%   
air1 !y w be protect$ f v cold w9ds &   
ra94 ,z !re is a deal ( moi/ure f       
rabbits1 x is a good plan to  h ! floor 
( ! ou?\se cem5t$ & connect$ ) a dra91 s
  z to c>ry (f ! wet t comes f ! hut*es2
 b z ?is _c  always be manag$ by boys :o
 keep a few rabbits z pets1 y %\ld  h a 
piece ( gutt]+ fix$ along ! back ( !    
hut* & s  plac$ t x w dra9 into a pail1 
9 :i* put "s sawdu/ & a  little         
dis9fectant1 :i* w keep d[n any         
unpleasant smell4 ,?is  pail y mu/ empty
 e two or ?ree days4 ,9 e hut* ,i l a   
"p ( x bo>d$ (f z a sleep+-room1 :i* c  
be easily done by  mak+ a wood5 p>tition
 & slipp+ x into ! hut*1 all[+ a  space 

( #ab in*es = ?is purpose4 ,?is p>tition
 mu/ h a hole  cut 9 x l>ge en\gh = !   
rabbits to pop 9 & out com=tably4  ,ov] 
?is "p ( ! hut* y mu/ h a well-fitt+    
wood5 door1  n only to keep !m w>m1 b to
 d>k5 ! ne/ & s make !m  com=table4 ,9  
giv+ y\r rabbits _! food1 rememb] t y   
_c measure ! quantity exactly1 any m ?an
 y c say t  because y h eat5 s mu*      
to-day y w want exactly s mu*  to-morr[ 
& e day dur+ ! week4 ,/udy & obs]vation 
are !  only true guides4 ,9 giv+ s(t    
food & gre5 food let !m h z  mu* z !y   
eat up gre$ily & no m4 ,fe$ twice a day1
 z e>ly  z possible 9 ! morn+ & ab\t    
sund[n4 ,9 ! morn+ give s(t  food1 su* z
 b>ley-meal1 poll>d1 %>ps1 middl+s1 &   
bran1 :i*  mix ) scald+ wat] into a s(t1
 r crumbly ?an /icky mess4 ,a  few      
tea-leaves 9 ! s(t food n[ & !n is a    
nice *ange4    ,( c\rse1 ^! foods mu/ n 
be all mix$ toge!r1 b giv5 on  diff]5t  
morn+s1 s z to provide a nice v>iety4 ,z
 !re is n  mu* fe$+ 9 bran x %\ld always
 h "o ( ! o!r foods mix$  9 x4    ,:5 !y

 h _h breakfa/ put suffici5t corn into  
_! tr\ghs  to la/ !m all day to nibble  
at1 & = ?is oats are be/2 b z  a *ange1 
once or twice a week crack up "s b>ley =
 !m4 ,a fe$1  once a week1 ( grey peas1 
/eep$ till well soak$1 w also be mu*    
reli%$4 ,bits ( biscuit & dry1 /ale     
cru/s are also good1 & c  be giv5 at any
 meal4 ,= ! ev5+ fe$ give a bit ( sweet 
hay1  dry1 sweet clov]1 & gre5 food (   
almo/ any description t gr[s1  s long z 
x is fre% & dry4 ,x is impossible "h to 
m5tion all  ! gre5s !y w eat1 b among/  
o!rs ,i may m5tion p>sley1  *icory1     
d&elion1 lettuce1 cabbage1 cel]y1 clov] 
9 fl[]2  c>rots1 turnips1 & mangolds 7a 
slice or two7 are v good4 ,be v  c>eful 
n to leave any s(t food or gre5s ly+    
ab\t ! hut*1 z  !y soon spoil1 & n only 
smell (f5sively1 b injure ! rabbits4    
,on ! floors ( y\r hut*es spread sawdu/ 
7p9ewood sawdu/ is  fir/-rate :5 x c be 
_h71 & ov] ?is "s nice clean /raw2  &   
always keep 9 ! hut* a little ( "o ( !  
_m dis9fectants  t are n[ manufactur$4  

,dr9k+ vessels & fe$+ tr\ghs %\ld  all  
be made ( glaz$ e>!nw>e1 ! latt] hav+ a 
flange r\nd  !m to prev5t ! rabbit      
scrat*+ out ! food1 & be+ heavy  en\gh  
to prev5t !m be+ pull$ ab\t & upset4    
,once m1 d n  neglect cleanl9ess &      
regul>ity 9 fe$+4    ,,! ,,lop-,,e>$    
,,rabbit4--,"o ( ! olde/ v>ieties ( !   
rabbit :5  ^! 7 fir/ tak5 9 h& & br$ z  
fancy or dome/ic /ock1  0 ! ,lop-e>2 &  
s1 pay+ rev]5ce to 8 age1 ,i w give him 
! fir/ place4 ,at ! majority ( rabbit   
%[s ,i see lads & "y  m51 z well z old  
ones1 congregat$ 9 eag] gr\ps r\nd ! p5s
  conta9+ ! ,lops1 or1 z !y are         
sometimes call$1 ! ,k+ ( !  ,fancy4 ,i  
ne$ sc>cely tell our boys t ! great     
feature 9 ! ,lop  rabbit is ! imm5se lop
 or hang+ e>s4    ,well d ,i rememb] 9 !
 e>ly days h[ pr\d ! own] ( a ,lop 0  if
 he c\ld %[ to ^? assembl$ a specim5 ^: 
e>s measur$ f  tip to tip #ai in*es2 yet
 to-day1 su* a rabbit 7if an adult7 w\ld
  n be look$ at by ! judges 9 a %[1 =   
specim5s #be in*es &  upw>ds are n[     

produc$4 ,9 measur+ ! e>s y mu/ und]/& x
  is done z foll[s3 ,take hold ( "o e>1 
lay x flat out full l5g?1  b n /ret*+ x 
to hurt ! rabbit1 !n place a rule at !  
extreme tip ( ! e>1 pass x along1 across
 ! head1 & s on to  ! tip ( ! o!r e>1   
:i* mu/ be held out at full l5g? z 0  ! 
o!r1 & s y h ! prop] measurem5t ( y\r   
specim5  s f> z l5g? is conc]n$4        
,besides ?is1 h[ev]1 y want wid?  ( e>1 
& ?is %\ld1 r\ghly speak+1 be "o qu>t] !
 total  l5g?1 measur$ across ! wide/ "p 
( "o e>4    ,! e>s ( ! ,lop mu/ be z    
long z possible & wide 9 proportion2  n 
set on too closely on top ( ! head2 ?ick
 at ! root1 &  fall gracefully d[n !    
sides ( ! *eeks1 nicely r\nd$ at !  tip 
& free f knots or lumps2 ! head l>ge1 ) 
full1 r\nd1  bright eyes4 ,! body1 :5 9 
repose1 %\ld be r l[ at !  %\ld]s1 ris+ 
9 a graceful curve to ! h9d qu>t]s1 :i* 
%\ld be gradually & nicely r\nd$ (f1 !  
head re/+ on !  p\* or dew-lap2 ! tail  
mu/ be /raight1 & c>ri$ close to !      
body1 & ! =e-legs /raight & /rong4 ,lops

 are br$ 9 v>i\s  col\rs1 su* z black1  
yell[1 fawn1 blue1 grey1 & tortoise%ell1
 s  t !re is any am\nt ( room =         
exp]im5t+4 ,"s p1 ,i am  sorry to say1 h
 ! absurd idea t con/ant pull+ & /ret*+ 
! e>s ( _! rabbits1 :il/ ev5 9 ! ne/1   
greatly helps to  l5g!n !m1 b l _m cruel
 & ignorant ideas x is altoge!r  wrong4 
,all t ,lop rabbits require to develop !
 l5g? ( e> &  keep !m heal?y is regul>  
fe$+1 cleanl9ess1 & be+ kept at  a      
temp]ature ( f #ee to #fj degrees       
,fahr5heit2 to secure :i*1  dur+ spr+1  
autumn1 & w9t]1 artificial heat mu/ be  
suppli$1  ! be/ = ! purpose probably be+
 hot-wat] pipes4    ,lops bre$ freely1  
b1 z ! "y ones require a good deal (    
n\ri%m5t1 ! doe %\ld1 9 ord] n to weak5 
h] too mu*1  only be all[$ to br+ up two
 or ?ree1 ! o!rs be+ giv5 to  nurse-does
 or fo/]-mo!rs1 :i* c g5]ally be _h     
easily if a  little tr\ble is tak5 to   
enquire = "o or two among/ fri5ds :o    
keep rabbits4 ,a heal?y common rabbit   
makes a good fo/]-"m4    ,,! ,,himalayan

 ,,rabbit4--,x w\ld be difficult to f9d 
a m h&some  little rabbit ?an !         
,himalayan1 & z x is "o ( ! heal?ie/  & 
h>die/ ( ! coney family1 ,i propose to  
give a few p>ticul>s  ( x4 ,to comm5ce1 
!n1 ! ,himalayan1 or1 z x has be5 call$1
 !  ,*9ese rabbit1 has a p]fectly :ite  
body1 ) d>k *ocolate-br[n  7z ne>ly     
black z c be7 e>s1 nose1 feet1 & tail1 &
 p9k or  ri* gold5 eyes1 ! :ole         
appe>ance be+ t ( a v h&some  animal4 ,!
 e>s mu/ be %ort1 close toge!r1 & /& v  
erect1  s mu* s t if y b5d !m 9 any     
direction !y imm$iately  spr+ back into 
_! prop] position :5 releas$4 ,! eye is 
r\nd1 bright1 & r full1 & z ,i h j said1
 p9k or ri*  gold5 9 col\r2 ! %ape is v 
graceful1 r long ?an %ort  or /umpy1    
giv+ x all ! appe>ance ( a ?or\ghbr$    
animal4 ,!  coat is %ort1 pure :ite1 &  
f9e & silky 9 texture1 & !  weight ( a  
full-gr[n specim5 %\ld n exce$ ab\t six 
lbs4 ,!  fur is greatly 9 reque/ = !    
mak+ ( imitation erm9e1 &  good sk9s are
 always saleable to ! manufactur]s4 ,n[ 

t we h  ?is beautiful little rabbit 9   
our hut*1 h[ are we to pres]ve its      
di/9ctive m>k+s 9 all _! beauty8 ,= be x
 rememb]$ t !  :ite turns yell[1 & !    
black or d>k br[n m>k+s grey1 unless    
prop] att5tion is paid to !m4 ,9 ,*9ese 
or ,russian m>kets :]e  ^! rabbits are  
on sale1 we are told t ! col\r1         
especially on  ! feet1 is n s di/9ct z  
is se5 9 our dome/ic specim5s2 &  ?is ,i
 c q und]/&1 z1 ) _! con/ant burr[+ &   
scrat*+ among/ damp s&1 e>?1 lime1 etc41
 ! col\r on ! feet  w soon be affect$4  
,a v great deal ( c>e is be/[$ by ^?  :o
 exhibit ,himalayans 9 ord] to h _!     
h&some m>k+s z ev5  z possible2 =       
in/ance1 ! e>s1 f roots to tips1 %\ld be
 z  d>k z possible1 & ! nose ! same     
col\r1 z well z all f\r  feet & tail4   
,?is is (t5 difficult to get2 /ill1 7 x 
all z  simple z ,a ,b ,c1 !re w\ld be   
little hon\r 9 produc+ :at any "o  else 
c\ld produce )\t tr\ble4    ,z on _m o!r
 que/ions1 consid]able discussion has   
be5 c>ri$  on z to h[ be/ to pres]ve !  

di/9ct col\r4 ,_m argu$ t  ! rabbits    
%\ld be kept 9 entirely d>k hut*es1 z !y
 said !  light n only de/roy$ ! col\r1 b
 ! rabbits 9 _! wild  /ate liv$ 9 d>k   
burr[s2 j s1 b ^! p =got t su*  ( ! wild
 specim5s z are to be se5 9 ! =eign     
m>kets are n  ( t d>k or ne>ly black    
col\r1 especially s f> z _! feet  are   
conc]n$1 z are ^? :i* are dome/icat$4   
,o!rs took up !  extreme opposition     
view1 & recomm5d$ z mu* light z         
possible4  ,^! latt] 7 fur!r a/ray ?an  
_! d>k oppon5ts1 = !re  is no d\bt t    
con/ant exposure to ! full light does   
de/roy !  purity ( bo? black & :ite4    
,ano!r ?+ t 0 ov]look$ by  ! advocates (
 light 0 t too mu* exposure to light    
affect$  ! eyes ( ! ,himalayan1 :i*1 z  
,i h said1 are p9k1 = x is  a well-kn[n 
fact t human be+s1 z well z animals &   
birds :o  h p9k eyes1 avoid a /rong     
light4 ,himalayans are be/ provid$  = 9 
a p>tially d>k5$ or %ad$ hut*1 & ?is c  
be easily  arrang$1 especially if ! hut*
 /&s 9 an ou?\se or %$2 if  n1 !n       

p>tially cov] ! front ) a bit ( sack+ or
 any?+  t w keep (f ! full gl>e4 ,if y\r
 ,himalayan is all[$ to  sleep or sit   
ab\t 9 a wet hut* ! col\r ( ! feet w    
soon be  de/roy$2 b if ! hut* is built z
 ,i previ\sly describ$1 all  wat] f !   
rabbit w soon run away4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! case
 ( !  rabbit "u notice1 x is be/ to make
 assurance d\bly sure1 s1  on ! bottom (
 y\r hut* put a nice lay] ( f9e s& or   
sawdu/1  & ov] ?is /raw or dri$ f]ns1 !n
 any wat] w run ?r\gh &  be absorb$ by !
 s& or sawdu/1 :i* %\ld be rak$ ov] ea* 
morn+1 & r5ew$ once a week4 ,d n give   
y\r ,himalayan too mu*  gre5 meat1 &    
nev] any t is wet or /ale1 z !y are r   
prone to sc\rs4 ,a few acorns are always
 a valuable ?+ to h on  h&1 & imm$iately
 bunny is se5 to be relax$2 give "o or  
two1 &  y w soon see ! great good !y w  
d4    ,,silv] ,,& ,,angora              
,,rabbits4--,among/ ! _m beautiful      
specim5s  t are to be se5 n[-a-days at  
exhibitions & 9 ! rabbitries  ( bre$]s1 
! silv] v>ieties hold a des]v$ly high   

place4 ,!  v>i\s col\rs include silv]   
grey 7light1 m$ium1 & d>k %ade71  silv] 
br[n1 silv] cream1 silv] fawn1 & silv]  
blue4 ,! silv]s  are ( m$ium size1 &    
%\ld weigh betwe5 six lbs4 & sev5 lbs41 
be compactly built1 hav+ a v neat head1 
e>s mod]ately %ort1  cle> bright eyes1 &
 ) t g5]al appe>ance ( activity t       
d5otes a heal?y con/itution4 ,! coat or 
fur is close-fitt+ &  smoo? to ! t\*4 ,!
 sk9 or gr\nd col\r ( ! silv] grey  %\ld
 be blue1 ! fur consi/+ ( black1 :ite1 &
 blue hair1  &1 accord+ to its          
di/ribution1 s we h ! ?ree %ades (      
light1 m$ium1 or d>k1 z m5tion$4 ,:5 !  
silv] grey is born x  is black1 ! col\r 
only beg9n+ to develop betwe5 ! age ( "o
  & two mon?s1 & be+ fully develop$ at  
ab\t five or six mon?s1  :5 _! coats are
 v h&some4 ,"s bre$]s1 9 ord] to get  ! 
silv]+ z quickly z possible1 help nature
 by keep+ _!  pets 9 artificially heat$ 
hut*es2 !y succe$ 9 ?us accel]at+       
developm5t1 b1 z we h f\nd f _m ye>s'   
exp]i5ce1 ^?  :o s int]f]e1 & ?9k !y "k 

m ?an ,"m ,nature1 h  g5]ally to pay !  
p5alty = _! presumption2 = rabbits1 too 
quickly develop$1 al?\gh _! coats h a   
beautiful appe>ance1 d  n cont9ue s long
 9 t gr& bloom & brightness t d5otes  ! 
rabbit t has be5 all[$ to get its coat z
 nature int5d$4  ,all ! w>m? t is       
necess>y c be obta9$ by hav+ ! hut*es   
wat]-tight1 kept clean1 & protect$ f !  
extremes ( heat &  cold4    ,dur+ ! ye>s
 ! silv] grey col\r 0 be+ p]fect$1 x is 
ne$less to say1 crosses ( v>i\s col\rs  
_h to be resort$ to1 &  among/ ^! 7 :ite
 rabbits1 :i* naturally ?rew (fspr+ )   
:ite or v pale gr\nd 7sk97 col\r 9 _m   
cases1 & z ! fur  grew1 x 0 obs]v$ t !  
:ite hair pr$om9at$1 giv+ !  rabbit a   
cream or fawn col\r1 ! light] be+       
designat$ creams1  :il/ ! d>k] 7or      
m$ium7 7 call$ fawns4 ,! silv] br[n 0   
ano!r outcome ( ! v>i\s crosses1 !      
,belgian1 wild ,engli%1  & common grey  
hut* rabbit1 all leav+ _! trace 9 !     
silv]  v>iety1 ! "u coat & top coat be+1
 z ! "n d5otes1 a  br[n col\r2 ?is      

col\r1 pretty z x is1 is n s tak+ to !  
eye z ! o!r h&some ones are1 & s x has n
 be5 kept or  br$ s c>efully z ! =ego+  
col\rs m5tion$4 ,! silv] blue  is /ill a
 r>e col\r1 & has n yet rea*$ any?+ l   
su*  p]fection z ! o!rs2 a correct blue1
 :il/ ev5ly silv]$1  %\ld %[ a beautiful
 blue col\r all ?r\gh4    ,al?\gh n s   
frequ5tly se51 ! ,angora is an exce$+ly 
h&some  rabbit1 b ne$s a good deal (    
att5tion to keep x z x ought  to be4 ,! 
great feature ( ?is bre$ is ! imm5se    
l5g? ( its  wool--n hair1 m9d1 boys--:i*
 %\ld be ( ! f9e/ quality1 s(t  z silk1 
pure :ite1 & well di/ribut$ all ov] !   
body2 ! face  & e>s h less wool1 9      
proportion to ! o!r p>ts1 b f9]  & m    
silky4 ,! head is n v broad1 & is       
surm\nt$ ) a  pair ( small & neatly-%ap$
 e>s1 ! eyes be+ p9k & bright1 a        
beautiful contra/ to ! sn[-:ite wool4 ,!
 weight %\ld n exce$  sev5 lbs4 or eight
 lbs41 al?\gh f ! am\nt ( wool !y c>ry1 
!y look v mu* heavi]4 ,angoras mu/ be   
kept 9 l>ge hut*es1  on ! bottoms ( :i* 

h nice1 clean1 s(t1 oat /raw4 ,to keep  
_! coats 9 prop] ord]1 !y mu/ be g5tly  
comb$ & bru%$ at  lea/ e o!r day1 c>e   
be+ tak5 to pull z little wool out z    
possible4 ,%\ld any "p ( ! coat become  
matt$1 d n tug at x  ) ! comb1 :i* %\ld 
be a wide-too!d "o1 b dis5tangle x  )   
y\r f+]s1 & use a little w>m wat] on x  
to help2 if x is  too securely matt$ to 
enable y to loos5 x1 !re is no?+ = x  b 
to clip x (f1 :i* w1 ( c\rse1 spoil its 
appe>ance till  ! wool gr[s aga94    ,a 
heal?y1 well-groom$ ,angora is "o ( !   
h&some/ pets possible2  b on ! o!r h&1  
if neglect$1 ! coat becomes f\l & matt$1
  & a m disconsolate1 mis]able-look+    
animal x w\ld be difficult  to imag9e4  
,! hut*es mu/ be clean$ out ?rice a     
week1 & a mang]  fix$ 9 :i* to put hay  
or clov]1 ( :i* !y are v fond1 &  :i* is
 good = !m4    ,,belgian ,,h>es4--,!    
,belgian h>e is a l>ge & v h&some v>iety
  ( our dome/ic rabbit4 ,al?\gh         
designat$ h>e1 x is n a h>e  at all1 b a
 rabbit pure & simple1 al?\gh x has m ( 

!  h>e-l =m & col\r ?an any o!r v>iety4 
,be+ a l>ge animal1  scal+ f eight p\nds
 to t5 p\nds 9 weight1 x is necess>y  t 
x %\ld be kept 9 a l>ge1 roomy hut*4 ,an
 old & exp]i5c$  bre$] says ! hut* %\ld 
be at lea/ #e feet long1 by #b feet     
broad1  & #ah in*es high1 & ! %ad$      
sleep+ comp>tm5t #f in*es wid]  ?an 9 ! 
ord9>y hut*4 ,! ,belgian 9 col\r some:at
 resembles  ! ,engli% h>e1 be+ ( a      
s&y-br[n or gold5-foxey col\r1 tick$  z 
ev5ly z possible ) d>k *ocolate1 ?us    
giv+ ! fur1 :i*  %\ld be %ort1 firm &   
glossy1 a v h&some appe>ance2 ! head  is
 ( good size1 broad betwe5 ! eyes1 &    
gradually tap]+ t[>ds  ! nose2 ! eyes1 a
 special feature 9 ,belgians1 are a     
beautiful  br[n col\r1 full1 bright1 &  
wild-look+2 ! e>s1 ab\t five  in*es     
long1 %\ld be lac$ r\nd ! edges ) black1
 & c>ri$  v neatly & closely toge!r2 !  
body %\ld be long1 giv+ x a  graceful1  
h>e-l c>riage1 s mu* e/eem$1 & ! legs   
/rong1  long1 & /raight4 ,belgians are v
 apt to develop a dew-lap or  p\*1 or z 

"s h call$ x a l>ge d\ble *92 ?is is a  
defect1  b1 ow+ to an und\bt$ cross at a
 remote "t ) ! lop rabbit1  is v        
difficult to avoid4 ,_m specim5s        
n[-a-days d n %[  ?is po9t until !y get 
old & fat4 ,"o ( ! be/ prev5tatives  we 
believe is l>ge airy hut*es1 & !        
avoidance ( ov]-fe$+4  ,:]e x c be done1
 ,belgians %\ld be all[$ to run 9 a nice
 dry  op5 %$1 or fail+ ?is1 an h\r's run
 ?ree or f\r times a week  on a nice1   
dry grass plot4 ,pl5ty ( room1 judici\s 
fe$+1 &  cleanl9ess1 "w wond]s 9 !      
developm5t ( ! ,belgian h>e4    ,,dut*  
,,rabbits4--,unlike ! ,belgian1 ! ,dut* 
rabbit is not$ = its  small size1 & is  
g5]ally call$ ! dw>f or bantam          
repres5tative  ( ! dome/ic rabbit4 ,!re 
are few lads :o h n be5 captivat$  by ! 
h&some little ,dut*man1 & !re are few   
l>ge rabbitries  :]e "s ( !m are n kept1
 su* great fav\rites are !y4 ,!  bre$   
be+ ( small size %\ld n exce$ ab\t five 
p\nds 9  weight1 & _m gr& ones are to be
 f\nd "u t weight4 ,!  pretty m>k+s1    

comb9$ ) ! v>i\s col\rs ( ?is v>iety &  
! difficulties 9 gett+ bo? col\r & m>k+s
 exactly z !y  ought to be1 makes !     
bre$+ ( !m v fasc9at+ to ^? fond  (     
exp]im5ts1 & :o delight 9 obs]v+ ! v>i\s
 developm5ts  ( ! little animal4        
,probably ! mo/ fav\rite col\rs are !   
blacks & ! blues2 b  greys1             
tortoise%ells1 & yell[s1 are all alike  
h&some4 ,! head (  ! ,dut* rabbit is    
%apely & n l>ge1 ! e>s small1 neat1 &   
c>ri$ slightly backw>ds2 ! eyes 9 ?is   
v>iety are frequ5tly  n bo? ( ! same    
col\r ow+ to cross+ = v>i\s col\rs1 &  !
 too frequ5t & p]nici\s habit ( 9-bre$+4
 ,x is1 h[ev]1  necess>y t bo? eyes %\ld
 mat*1 & be bright & sp>kl+2 !  body    
rises f beh9d ! %\ld]s1 curv+ nicely ov]
 ! /]n1  & giv+ ! rabbit a compact1     
well-put-toge!r %ape2 legs1 m$ium  l5g?1
 /raight1 & f9e 9 bone4    ,n[ to come  
to ! m>k+s ( ?is little ari/ocrat ( !   
rabbitry4  ,f betwe5 ! e>s comes a n>r[ 
:ite l9e1 gradually wid5+  z x desc5ds  
to1 & encircles ! smell]s1 & cont9u+    

r\nd  ! face1 ?is is call$ ! blaze1 !   
*eeks & e>s are ( !  same col\r z !     
body1 :il/ ! *e/1 =e-legs1 & %\ld]s  are
 pure :ite1 & ! h9d feet = ab\t an in* &
 a half %\ld  also be :ite1 ! :ole      
rema9+ "p ( ! rabbit be+ a solid  col\r1
 z black1 blue1 grey1 etc4 ,! coll> (   
:ite :i* runs r\nd  ! %\ld]s %\ld desc5d
 9 a /raight l9e1 z ?\gh cut )          
scissors1 encircl+ ! =e-legs4 ,! m>k+s (
 a ,dut* rabbit  %\ld be %>ply def9$1 & 
n blur or run into ea* o!r4 ,=  in/ance1
 9 a black ,dut*1 ! *eeks1 e>s1 & body f
 beh9d !  %\ld]s %\ld be a bright1      
solid1 glossy black1 & ! rema9+  "p pure
 :ite1 a v beautiful contra/ inde$4 ,"o 
great advantage  9 keep+ & bre$+ ,dut*  
rabbits is t !y are small & c be  m     
successfully br\ght up 9 cool1 outdoor  
hut*es4    ,if y\r rabbit has cank] ( ! 
e>1 cle> out ! dis*>ge by g5tle         
pressure ) a sponge or s(t rag soak$ 9  
w>m wat]1 tak+ great  c>e t none ( !    
wat] falls into ! e>4 ,:5 dry aft] ?is  
ba?+1 apply ! foll[+ lotion1 :i* any    

druggi/ w make up  = y3 sulphate ( z9c  
#ab gra9s1 wat] #b ounces1 w9e ( opium  
#a  dra*m1 mix$4 ,or y might try a      
mixture ( "o "p ,g\l>d's extract  ( lead
 to five p>ts ( pure olive oil4 ,hold ! 
rabbit's head on "o  side & p\r into !  
e> half a teaspoonful ( ei!r ( ! above  
twice a day4 ,give pl5ty ( ! be/ food1 =
 if ! rabbit does n  fe$ well ! *ances (
 recov]y are slight4    ,cage           
,birds4--,,can>ies4--,hav+ det]m9$ to   
keep a bird1 ! fir/  ?+ is to provide   
prop] accommodation = x1 & "h let u     
suppose ! lad has only accommodation =  
"o1 or at mo/1 a pair  ( birds4 ,v well1
 !n1 procure a cage4 ,oh1 yes1 says !   
boy2 (  c\rse1 ,i "k t4 ,j s1 b d n =get
 t !re are cages  & cages1 & t :il/ "s  
look v pretty & are q  an ornam5t1 !y   
are p]haps ! mo/ unsuitable & mis]able (
  prisons = poor little ,dick2 avoid by 
all means r\nd cages1 :i*  are ! wor/   
possible = ! poor little inmates1 :o h  
no room  to ex]cise !mselves1 & :]e x is
 q impossible = !m to  get out ( ! way (

 draughts or %elt] !mselves f ! scor*+  
sun4 ,! be/ & mo/ conv5i5t cages are ^? 
:i* h pla9 wire  9 front1 ! re/ be+ made
 ( wood2 ! l>g] ! size ! bett]1  z a    
great ?+ is to give ! inmates pl5ty (   
room = ex]cise4  ,! size t ,i h us$ =   
ye>s 9 :i* to keep a pair ( can>ies  or 
o!r small birds1 is z foll[s3--,l5g? #bd
 941 dep?1 f back  to front1 #aj 941 &  
height #ae 94 ,9 su* a cage small birds 
w  live heal?ily = ye>s4 ,next 9        
importance to size ( cage is :]e  to    
hang x1 & a great deal dep5ds ^u ?is    
po9t4 ,fir/1 !n1 let  me impress ^u y   
nev] to hang ,dickey 7except1 p]haps1 = 
an h\r  or two's *ange 9 f9e1 b n too   
sunny wea!r7 9 front ( !  w9d[1 = "h !  
bird is expos$ to draughts & e *ange (  
temp]ature1 :i* is m injuri\s to ! heal?
 & well-be+ (  y\r pet ?an any?+ else4  
,select a "p ( ! room aga9/ "o (  !     
walls z free f draught z possible1 & :]e
 !re is pl5ty  ( light & air2 & be      
p>ticul> n to hang ! cage high] ?an  7b 
r bel[7 ! level ( ! gas1 z :5 t is      

light$ !  air 9 ! high] p>ts ( ! room   
becomes v hot1 & any?+ b  com=table or  
heal?y = ! bird4 ,n[ t y h got y\r cage1
  :i* w be fitt$ ) ! necess>y p]*es1    
dr9k+ glasses1 &  se$ hopp]s1 exam9e x  
c>efully to see t x is clean & free  f  
insects1 !n fill y\r wat]-glasses1 & put
 se$ 9 ! t9s  or hopp]s1 & on ! bottom (
 ! cage a good supply ( s& &  small     
grit1 :i* c be b\ght 9 p5ny bags at all 
corn *&l]s  or bird-%ops1 & y\r h\se is 
ready = ,ma/] ,dick4 ,p]*es are  usually
 too ?94 ,!y %\ld n be l a lead p5cil1 b
 m l  y\r ?umb1 & flat on top4 ,fe$     
regul>ly ea* morn+1 on ei!r  ! mix$ se$1
 or1 z we pref] x1 buy "s good1 clean1  
sweet1  can>y se$ & summ] rape se$1 &   
mix !m y\rself1 "o "p (  ! latt] to two 
p>ts ( ! =m]2 clean wat] ea* day1 & a   
wee  bit ( nice1 dry1 fre%1 gre5 food1  
su* z gr\ndsel1 wat]cress1  lettuce1    
*ickwe$1 or planta91 z !y are 9 season4 
,d n indulge  y\r bird 9 luxuries1 b    
,dickey w enjoy 7& x w d x good7  n[ &  
!n1 a morsel ( sweet1 ripe apple1 pe>1  

grape1 or *]ry4  ,foll[+ ^! directions1 
& keep+ ! cage ?or\ghly clean1 y  w f9d 
,dickey a delightful pet & "o t w repay 
y = any  little tr\ble4    ,:5ev] y h   
occasion to g ne> ! cage1 ei!r to look  
at  ! bird or to fe$ or clean x1 always 
speak to x *e]fully b  quietly1 & s ga9 
its confid5ce1 & y w soon be surpris$ h[
  e>ne/ly x w greet y :5ev] y come into 
! room4 ,x w  greatly contribute to !   
heal? & vig\r ( y\r bird if y c  n[ & !n
 let x fly 9 ! room :]e ! cage is4      
,close ! room  door & w9d[s1 &1 y\rself 
& ,dick be+ ! only inmates1 talk  to him
 & !n op5 ! cage-door & sit d[n1 & y w  
be amus$  at ! bird's antics2 fir/ he w 
hop on ! l$ge ( ! door1 !n1  look+ ?is  
way & t1 he w ei!r try 8 w+s on a fly   
r\nd  ! room or drop to a table or      
*air-back1 & s inve/igate ! :ole        
surr\nd+s2 d n />tle ! bird :il/ x is   
out or x w get  fright5$ & da% itself   
ab\t4 ,if x seems unable to f9d its way 
back to ! cage1 talk to x & drive x     
g5tly 9 t direction1 b  nev] wave a     

h&k]*ief or pap] at x or y w probably   
fright5  x to dea?4                     
,,zebra-,,f9*es4--,"o ( ! m]rie/1       
bolde/1 mo/ impud5t &  inquisitive      
little fell[s is ! h&some zebra1 or     
*e/nut-e>$1  f9*2 a pretti] or m *>m+   
little pet x w\ld be difficult to  f9d4 
,zebra-f9*es are ! h>die/ & be/ kn[n ( !
 ,au/ralian  f9*es1 & are natives (     
,que5sl& & ,new ,s\? ,wales1 :]e !y  are
 f\nd 9 great numb]s2 !y are /\tly      
built1 compact little  birds1 measur+   
betwe5 f\r & five in*es f beak to end ( 
tail1  ! tail itself be+ ab\t an in* & a
 half long4 ,! h5 is sob]ly  clad 9 grey
 ) yell[ beak & legs1 b h] mate is a    
h&some  little fell[ & some:at difficult
 to describe2 8 beak is r$2  head1 neck1
 & ?roat grey1 ! fea!rs on ! latt] be+  
p5cill$  ) :ite1 :i* gives x a v        
beautiful appe>ance2 ! e>s are a  bright
 *e/nut col\r1 & a l9e ( black & "o (   
:ite surr\nd  ! beak2 ! brea/ is :ite1  
sides d>k] *e/nut spott$ )  :ite2 back &
 w+s grey2 tail black1 b>r$ & spott$ )  

:ite2  legs orange col\r4    ,no        
description1 h[ev]1 c adequately convey 
! h&some appe>ance  ( ,ma/] ,zebra-f9*  
:5 9 ! full beauty ( 8 plumage4 ,he is a
  fe>less little fell[ & bold to ! ext5t
 ( ra%ness 9 def5d+  8 mate1 = he w     
attack birds _m times l>g] ?an himself1 
&  g5]ally comes (f ! victor2 & !n      
doesn't he let y "k x2  h[ he /ruts     
ab\t1 bl[+ himself out & trumpet+ to 8  
he>t's  cont5t4 ,!y are mo/ lovable     
little birds1 _! e action be+  full (   
grace4    ,zebra-f9*es d n s+1 b ! male 
bird's note is a sweet  trumpet+ s\nd1 v
 *e]ful & pleasant1 & v>y+ 9 tone4      
,wat* him mak+ love to 8 little mate or 
help+ h] to make a  ne/2 h[ l[ & soo?+  
is 8 little trumpet1 & h[ mu* x  is     
appreciat$ is easily p]ceiv$ by ! joy\s 
twitt]+s ( 8  sob]ly clad lady-love2    
li/5 to him aga9 :5 he is %[+-(f2  ) :at
 vig\r does he bl[ 8 trumpet1 & h[      
pr\dly he hops  ab\t1 especially if he  
has j ?ra%$ a bigg] fell[ ?an himself4  
,i kept a pair = sev]al ye>s 9 a cage1  

su* z ,i describ$ to y1  & al?\gh kept 9
 a room :]e m or less noise 0 go+ on all
  day !y 7 z happy z ! day 0 long1 & be+
 cont9ually  pett$ & talk$ to became v  
tame1 ,ma/] ,jocky nev] fail+  to       
trumpet to u :5 we w5t to ! cage or     
spoke coax+ly to him2  8 little wife    
,j5ny 01 h[ev]1 v %y & always all[$ h]  
"l & ma/] to d all ! talk+1 %e *im+ 9 n[
 & aga9 z  ?\gh say+ ,he>1 he>1 to 8    
rem>ks4 ,z ,i _h n1 at ! "t1  conv5i5ce 
= an avi>y1 ,i made a po9t1 z soon z !  
birds 7  ?or\ghly tam$1 ( op5+ !        
cage-door e aft]noon = an h\r  or two s 
t !y might fly r\nd ! room2 & h[ !y did 
enjoy  !mselves6 ,! fir/ "t ,i op5$ !   
cage-door !y made no ru%  = fre$om1 b   
seem$ to talk ! matt] ov] ) ea* o!r1 &  
!n ,jocky came to ! op5 door1 trumpet+ 8
 be/ to attract my  att5tion4 ,i spoke  
to him1 & !n1 app>5tly reassur$1 he     
laun*$  himself =? across to :]e ,i 0 & 
back aga9 to 8 cage2 !n he  entic$ ,j5ny
 to come out1 & !y flew r\nd & r\nd1    
re/+ close  toge!r on ! top ( ! cage n[ 

& !n1 :5 he w\ld trumpet 9  8 l\de/ &   
mo/ vigor\s tones2 !y w\ld ?us tire     
!mselves  out1 & 9 a few m9utes aft]    
w\ld be s\nd asleep4 ,?us !y liv$       
joy\sly = ye>s1 b %e at la/ succumb$ to 
egg-b9d+1 :i*1  un=tunately1 ) ?is      
v>iety is m common & m fatal ?an  ) _m  
o!rs4 ,!y _h liv$ toge!r s long & s     
happily t  poor little ,jock nev] got   
ov] 8 sorr[1 8 delightful little        
trumpet+s soon lo/ _! bonny s\nd1 & d   
:at we c\ld we fail$  to r\se him to    
any?+ l :at he us$ to be1 & s "o morn+  
:5 we took ! cov] (f 8 cage he 0 dead4  
,we all sorr[$ ov]  _! dea?s1 = !y made 
!mselves mo/ lovable little companions  
to "o & all ( u4    ,dr4 ,gre5e1 !      
naturali/1 speak+ ( 8 fir/ exp]i5ce ) ^!
  delightful little birds1 says3--    ,z
 soon z ,i got !m home1 ,i turn$ ! birds
 loose into a gre5h\se  9 :i* 0 no?+ b a
 grape-v9e 9 full foliage4 ,i %all nev] 
=get ! delight ( ! little c\ple z !y    
ru%$ into ! mid/  ( ! leaves1 ! male    
trumpet+ l\dly & 8 mate twitt]+ 9       

joyful response4 ,!y pair$ almo/ z soon 
z ,i let !m out ( !  cage1 & 9 a m9ute  
or two ! h5 bird 0 hopp+ ab\t )  a      
little bit ( fibre %e _h pick$ up (f !  
floor 9 h] beak1  look+ = a place to    
build h] ne/ 92 ?is %e 0 n long 9  f9d+1
 & on my supply+ h] ) "s f9e hay1 %e v  
soon1  or1 ,i %\ld say !y1 = ! male     
help$ 9 ! con/ruction1 made a  little   
dom$ ne/ among ! v9e bran*es1 & 9 less  
?an a week 7  engag$ 9 ! important duty 
( incubation1 male & female sitt+       
alt]nately on five t9y :ite eggs4       
,zebra-f9*es bre$ freely1 especially :5 
kept 9 cages 9 a r  w>m temp]ature4 ,!  
"y ones1 :i* are hat*$ 9 ab\t twelve    
days1 d n leave ! ne/ till fully fl$g$1 
:5 !y almo/  imm$iately comm5ce to fe$  
!mselves1 :5 !y mu/ be remov$ or  !y w  
int]f]e ) ! old birds4 ,:5 kept 9 an    
avi>y n  suppli$ ) heat artificially1 !y
 g5]ally cont5t !mselves )  two or      
p]haps ?ree broods a ye>1 :i* is mu*    
bett] = !m4 ,x  mu/ be rememb]$ t :5    
kept 9 an avi>y ) o!r birds !y  are     

incl9$ to be qu>relsome & ma/]ful1      
frequ5tly ei!r tak+  possession ( "s o!r
 ne/ or pull+ x to pieces to con/ruct   
_! own1 9 spite ( ! fact t abundant     
ne/-mak+ mat]ial is  ly+ ab\t4    ,=    
food1 can>y se$ & millet is ! be/1 & w  
keep !m  vigor\s & 9 good heal?4 ,z a   
*ange give !m a few hay-se$s1  a spray (
 millet1 or "s grass 9 fl[]1 :i* !y w   
greatly  enjoy1 z also n[ & aga9 a      
morsel ( sweet apple or pe>4 ,:5  br++  
up "y1 give a small piece ( sponge cake 
& a little (  ! yolk ( a h>d-boil$ egg  
cru%$ & mix$ ) sweet biscuit4  ,always  
see t !y h pl5ty ( grit1 & keep a piece 
( rock-salt  & cuttlefi%-%ell = !m to   
peck at4 ,!y are v cleanly birds1  & :5 
! wea!r is n too cold1 %\ld be all[$ a  
ba? at lea/  twice or ?rice a week4     
,,budg]ig>s4--,?is beautiful little     
bird1 call$ v>i\sly ,undulat$  ,grass   
,p>rakeet1 ,zebra ,grass ,p>rakeet1 &   
,%ell ,p>rot1 is a  native ( ,s\?       
,au/ralia1 & is des]v$ly a v g5]al      
fav\rite1  its h>dy con/itution1 !      

read9ess ) :i* x adapts itself to       
conf9em5t1 its h&some plumage1 & its    
w9n+ ways1 all t5d+  to make x a great  
pet4 ,x c be kept 9 a l>ge cage1 b is   
mu*  m]ri] & m cont5t$ 9 a g>d5 avi>y1  
:]e x may be kept all  ! ye> r\nd s long
 z x has an inn] comp>tm5t to retire to 
9  v sev]e cold or wet wea!r4 ,x is a   
m9iature long-tail$ p>rot1  measur+ sev5
 or eight in*es1 ( :i* ! tail is ab\t   
half t  l5g?2 its g5]al col\r is a      
brilliant grass-gre51 ! head pale       
primrose1 :il/ ! neck1 %\ld]s1 & w+s are
 yell[-gre51 !  fea!rs be+ edg$ ) grey1 
giv+ x an undulat+ appe>ance1  h5ce "o (
 its names2 ! two long middle-tail      
fea!rs are blue1  :il/ ! o!rs are yell[ 
) gre5 tips2 ! beak is :ite1 *9  yell[1 
spott$ ) blue1 :i* latt] col\r also runs
 d[n ea* side  ( ! beak l a m\/a*e2 legs
 & feet grey or slate col\r4 ,!  male   
bird is di/+ui%$ f ! female by ! blue   
col\r ( !  c]e r\nd ! no/rils1 :i* 9 !  
female is ( a br[n %ade4    ,budg]ig>s  
bre$ well 9 conf9em5t1 ! season la/+ f  

ab\t  ,decemb] to ,july1 dur+ :i* two or
 ?ree broods w be produc$4  ,sev]al     
pairs c be kept toge!r 9 "o avi>y1 !    
only ?+ to be  p>ticul> ab\t is to      
provide suffici5t ne/+ mat]ial1 o!rwise 
qu>rels ensue4 ,9 ! native woods ^!     
h&some little fell[s  g5]ally make _!   
ne/s 9 ! holl[s ( gum-trees1 tak+ v     
little tr\ble z to furni%+ x2 9 an avi>y
 !y w select  almo/ any hole or corn]2 b
 "o ( ! be/ ne/s ,i "k ( is !  husk ( a 
cocoa-nut1 :i* %\ld h a hole cut 9 "o   
end2 ?is  %\ld be hung high up s t mice 
_c rea* x1 & a p]* %\ld  be provid$     
close to ! hole1 :]e ! male w sit & s+ 8
  love ditties1 & tell 8 wife all !     
gossip ( ! day1 :il/ %e  is att5d+ to h]
 mat]nal duties inside4 ,! h5 lays ?ree1
 f\r1  five & sometimes six eggs1 !     
y\ng/]s be+ hat*$ 9 f\rte5  or fifte5   
days4 ,:5 fe$+-"t comes ! "y ones d n   
op5  _! m\?s z d s _m "y birds1 b !     
p>5ts take ! beak  ( _! (fspr+ into _!  
own1 & ! y\ng/]s fe$ !mselves  on ! food
 :i* ! old ones disgorge = !m4 ,! "y    

birds  leave ! ne/ :5 five or six weeks 
old1 z soon z !y are fully  fl$g$1 & 9 a
 few days leave ! p>5ts1 :o soon set    
ab\t  ne/+ aga92 ! fir/ ?+ !y d be+ to  
?or\ghly clean out  ! husk = ! reception
 ( ! next bat* ( eggs4 ,if husks _c  be 
got conv5i5tly1 little wood5 boxes 7:i* 
%\ld h "s  sawdu/ put 9 s t ! eggs w n  
roll ab\t7 holes 9 ! wall1  or a rott5  
wood log w d4    ,:5 kept 9 small cages 
budg]ig>s1 n hav+ room to prop]ly %[    
(f1 are apt to become sil5t1 b once 9 an
 avi>y & ! *ange  is m>vell\s1 z !y d>t 
ab\t1 tumbl+1 twi/+1 & climb+ 9  all    
positions 9 ! mo/ graceful & delightful 
mann]1 & s++  a pleasant little song all
 ! :ile1 /opp+ n[ & aga9 z ?\gh  to     
ex*ange confid5ces & to express delight 
at _! surr\nd+s4  ,^! birds d n ba!1 b  
"o ( _! greate/ delights is to  tumble &
 roll ab\t 9 wet grass2 if1 !re=e1 !    
avi>y has n  a grass bottom1 a l>ge sod 
%\ld be suppli$ & artificial ra9        
produc$ by ! aid ( ! wat]+ c4 ,:5 ?us   
tumbl+ ab\t1 &  ! sun gl9ts on _!       

plumage x sp>kles l s _m gems4 ,s f>  z 
food is conc]n$ ^! *>m+ little birds are
 easily satisfi$1  can>y se$ & :ite     
millet be+ suffici5t to keep !m heal?y &
  vigor\s1 ! only *ange necess>y be+ :5 
!y are fe$+ "y  ones1 :5 a little /ale  
bread soak$ 9 wat] & squeez$ dry1 & a   
few oats1 %\ld be add$ to _! bill ( f>e2
 ! simpl] ! diet  ! bett]1 s d n indulge
 !m ) tit-bits4 ,9 ! avi>y or cage      
always h a supply ( clean dr9k+ wat] at 
h&1 p\nd$ oy/]  %ells1 z well z s&1 f9e 
%ell grit & cuttlefi% bone1 :i* c  be _h
 at all bird %ops1 se$ deal]s1 etc4     
,be+ su* h>dy1 sprightly little fell[s1 
! h&some budg]ig>s  are n liable to s _m
 illnesses z frequ5tly fall to ! lot  ( 
our cag$ pets2 n[ & aga9 "o may h a fit1
 due probably  to improp] fe$+2 %\ld su*
 occur1 be c>eful to correct y\r  fe$+1 
& give grass 9 fl[]1 d&elion1 or a bit (
 gr\ndsel4  ,cramp !y sometimes suff] f1
 :i* is produc$ by cold or damp1  !     
latt] m especially2 a simple rem$y is ! 
removal ( !  bird to a w>m & dry        

atmosph]e4 ,all cage-birds 7h5s7 are    
liable  to egg-b9d+1 "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s   
compla9ts1 & difficult to  deal )1 &    
budg]ig>s suff] f x l ! re/2 x is seldom
  curable1 b imm$iately ! h5 is obs]v$  
to be suff]+ %e %\ld  be tak5 g5tly1 v  
g5tly1 9 h&1 & a drop or two ( ca/or oil
  or sweet oil put 9 h] m\?1 :il/ ! egg 
passage %\ld be g5tly  oil$ ) a fea!r1 &
 !n held ov] ! m\? ( a jug ( hot  wat]1 
s t ! /eam may get to ! "p affect$1 & s 
relax x  & assi/ 9 ! deliv]y ( ! egg4 ,a
 bird :i* has be5 egg-b\nd  %\ld n be   
all[$ to mate & g to ne/ aga91 z soon]  
or lat]  %e w aga9 suff] f ! di/ress+   
compla9t & die4    ,any "o fond ( birds 
_c fail to be delight$ & *>m$ )  su* a  
h&some1 good-temp]$1 lov+1 & jolly      
little fell[ z !  budg]ig>4    ,h[ to   
treat ,dogs4--,twice a day fe$ ! dog    
mod]ately4 ,paun* &  tripe are excell5t 
= dogs4 ,boil ?is food1 cut into small  
pieces1  9 a mod]ate quantity ( wat]1 & 
:5 ! meat is suffici5tly  done ?r[ into 
! gravy "s good dog biscuits4 ,:5 ^! are

 s(t  mix meat1 biscuits & gravy well   
toge!r4 ,= an occasional *ange  oatmeal 
or rice may be giv5 in/ead ( meat4 ,dur+
 ! summ] boil a  cabbage ) ! food twice 
a week1 = unless dogs h vegetable food  
occasionally !y are liable to h mange & 
scurvy4 ,9 w9t] put  ma%$ potatoes 9 !  
food sometimes1 = ^! conta9 ! prop]ties 
= :i* dogs sometimes eat ! co>se grass 9
 "s p>ts call$  c\* grass1 9 o!rs twit*4
 ,once or twice a week a dog %\ld h     
boil$ liv] & sometimes milk 9 :i* p[d]$ 
brim/one has be5  plac$4 ,always he %\ld
 be able to dr9k clean wat]4 ,a dog's   
k5nel  %\ld be 9 a dry1 %elt]$ place &  
lift$ f ! gr\nd4 ,x  %\ld face s\? or   
we/4 ,let him h pl5ty ( dry /raw4 ,:eat 
/raw & oat /raw are be/2 x is said t    
b>ley /raw w cause  mange4 ,c$> or p9e  
%av+s are good if y c secure "s4 ,9     
cold wea!r a piece ( canvas or c>pet    
%\ld be nail$ to hang  ov] ! entrance1 &
 great c>e %\ld be tak5 to keep ! k5nel 
dry1 or !re w be mange & lam5ess4 ,a    
k5nel ) an adju/able  bottom :i* c be   

remov$ to be clean$1 is bett] ?an "o ) a
  fix$ bottom4 ,at lea/ e two weeks !   
k5nel %\ld be ?or\ghly  clean$4 ,apply  
"s good dis9fectant to e crevice ) a    
bru%1  !n expose ! inside to ! sun & air
 to dry x4 ,x is usual to  *a9 ! dog to 
! k5nel1 b a bett] plan is to place 9   
front (  ! k5nel a /\t wire ab\t fifte5 
feet long /ret*$ betwe5 two  po/s t are 
ab\t ?ree feet above ! gr\nd4 ,! r+ at !
 end  ( ! dog's *a9 %\ld h ?is wire     
runn+ ?r\gh x4 ,?is plan  gives him a   
mu* wid] range4    ,to de/roy v]m9 9 a  
dog rub s(t soap well into 8 coat1 & 9  
ab\t a qu>t] ( an h\r la!r x well into  
him1 & !n wa% x  away ) an abundance (  
tepid wat]4    ,:5 dogs h ! husk1 a k9d 
( c\gh1 !y %\ld be f$ )  f9ely *opp$    
suet boil$ 9 milk1 ) a little g>lic also
 f9ely  *opp$ add$ to ! suet4 ,= worms1 
adm9i/] a teaspoonful ( salt  ei!r dry  
or dissolv$ 9 lukew>m wat]4 ,?is is also
 a good rem$y  :5 di/emp] beg9s1 = x    
acts z an emetic4    ,! lea/ ex]cise a  
dog %\ld h is an h\r ea* day4 ,dogs kept

 9  ! h\se %\ld h ex]cise = half an h\r 
be=e breakfa/ &  aft] supp] too4 ,a run 
at mid-day1 too1 is an advantage4 ,to   
lead !m  out sob]ly on a *a9 & back aga9
 is n suffici5t = a dog4 ,he  ne$s m    
lively ex]cise ?an t4 ,a l>ge dog %\ld  
run six miles  ea* day4 ,bru% y\r dog's 
coat ea* day & wa% him once a week4     
,bad habits %\ld be *eck$ :5 ! dog is   
"y1 ) a :ip if  t is necess>y1 b )\t    
cruelty4 ,a little :ip goes a long way  
) a dog4 ,ev5 ! sight ( x is suffici5t  
usually4 ,be sure he  und]/&s = :at he  
is be+ puni%$1 & be consi/5t4 ,don't    
laugh at him = "o ?+ "o day1 & puni% him
 = x ano!r4 ,d  n let him annoy         
neighb\rs by b>k+4 ,if y d x w s]ve y   
"r if ! neighb\rs obta9 an ord] f !     
magi/rates = 8  de/ruction4 ,!y are     
entitl$ to d ?is1 &1 inde$ ! "r ought   
to be ex]cis$ m (t5 ?an x is4    ,s f>  
we h m5tion$ gr[n dogs only1 b a few    
h9ts ab\t puppies  may be giv54 ,:5 ^!  
are five or six weeks old !y may be     
wean$4  ,fe$ !m n[ = ?ree weeks ^u boil$

 milk1 sometimes break+ into  x a little
 /ale bread4 ,!n !y may beg9 to h s\p   
made ( meat  & vegetables occasionally4 
,:5 !y are betwe5 six weeks & a ye>  old
 !y may be f$ ?ree times a day1 ! mo/   
g5]\s meal at night  be=e !y g to sleep4
    ,! ,rav54--,if y keep a rav5 be     
prep>$ = un5d+ mis*ief  & de/ruction4   
,he ne$s pl5ty ( room1 & w eat mo/ ?+s4 
,raw meat is p]haps 8 fav\rite diet1 &  
he is pleas$ ) rats1  mice1 small birds1
 beetles1 grubs or worms1 & bread4 ,he  
ought to be  f$ once1 & once only1 ea*  
day1 = he w f9d insects1 worms1 &  o!r  
delicacies = himself4 ,f "t to "t he    
loves to retire to a  place t is %elt]$1
 w>m & d>k1 & :]e no "o c see him4      
,:ite ,mice4--,! pr9cipal food = :ite   
mice is bread-&-milk1  oatmeal grits1 & 
any o!r common food1 except *eese1 :i*  
is bad  = !m4 ,!y %\ld be kept          
p>ticul>ly clean1 & _! cages  ov]haul$  
ea* day & ! b$d+ *ang$1 or !y w smell   
(f5sively4 ,cages may be adapt$ f boxes4
 ,give !m m room ?an  ! b\ght cages give

 !m1 & a d>k comp>tm5t4                 
,jackdaws4--,! jackdaw is tam$ easily1 &
 c be taught to say a  few words4 ,x is 
z al]t z a t]ri] = visitors1 &          
affectionate  t[>ds its fri5ds4 ,jack   
loves a ba?1 & may be f$ on bread &     
milk1 oats1 mice1 small birds1 insects1 
& meat4    ,! ,jay4--,! jay is n s      
impati5t ( captivity z ! magpie1  & w   
tol]ate conf9em5t 9 a l>ge cage4 ,x w   
eat meat1 small  birds1 mice1 insects1  
worms1 & is p>ticul>ly fond ( eggs4 ,x  
eats1  too1 mu* vegetable food4    ,!   
,magpie4--,d n keep a magpie unless y c 
give him g5]\s  room4 ,he is a v clev]  
talk] & mimic4 ,he is extremely fond  ( 
ba?+1 & a pl5tiful supply ( wat] is     
ne$ful to keep 8  beautiful plumage 9   
good condition4 ,! food ( ! magpie is ! 
same  z t ( ! jackdaw4    ,!            
,h$gehog4--,?is animal likes insects &  
snails1 frogs & mice1  & w ev5 kill a   
snake1 & eat x4 ,9 its wild /ate x      
sleeps all  ! w9t]1 roll$ up 9 a hole   
:i* x has fill$ ) grass1 moss1  or      

leaves2 & :5 tam$ x w hide itself 9 "s  
d>k place =  weeks1 & nev] make its     
appe>ance1 unless x %\ld feel hungry4   
,h$gehogs de/roy beetles1 eat+ !m       
quickly & gladly4 ,!y ne$  no look+     
aft]1 b w f5d = !mselves1 ?\gh x is     
bett] to  h a little hut* to put !m into
 sometimes4 ,_! fe$+-"t is  9 ! night2 &
 if !re are black-beetles 9 ! kit*51 !  
be/  plan is to leave ! h$gehog !re4    
,silkworms4--,buy a few eggs1 :i* %\ld  
be ( a lilac or grey  col\r4 ,avoid     
yell[ ones4    ,! silkworm :5 hat*$ is  
black1 & ab\t "o-f\r? ( an in*  long4 ,!
 desire = food is ! fir/ sign ( life1 & 
x is m  alive !n ?an at any o!r "t4 ,:5 
ab\t eight days h elaps$  its head      
becomes enl>g$ & x turns ill1 refuses   
food1 & rema9s  torpid = ab\t ?ree days4
 ,?is seems to be caus$ by ! pressure ( 
! sk91 :i* has become too tight4 ,!     
diff]5ce 9 ! size ( !  worm f ! beg9n+  
to ! end ( ! cat]pill> /ate is su*1  t !
 worm has be5 provid$ ) sev]al sk9s1 ea*
 ( :i* x  ?r[s (f 9 succession4    ,!   

silkworm fe$s on ! leaves ( ! :ite      
mulb]ry2 or1 :5 ^!  _c be obta9$1 ^u ^? 
( ! black mulb]ry2 or ev5 ^u !  leaves (
 ! lettuce4    ,! eggs %\ld be b\ght    
ab\t ! end ( ,april & plac$ 9 trays     
made ( pa/ebo>d4 ,ov] ! case put ?9     
gauze4 ,! trays may be  plac$ 9 a w9d[  
fac+ ! s\?1 :]e !y are fully expos$ to  
! sun1 & !re !y %\ld rema9 undi/urb$    
till ! eggs beg9  to hat*4 ,z ! worms   
appe> !y %\ld be remov$ into o!r trays1 
& f$ ) ! mulb]ry leaves4 ,! temp]ature  
%\ld be f  sixty-six to sev5ty degrees1 
& ! room v5tilat$1 & pres]v$  free f    
damp & f too mu* dryness4 ,! trays %\ld 
be kept  clean1 dead leaves & any o!r   
refuse cle>$ away4 ,9 mov+ !  cat]pill>s
 f "o tray to ano!r !y %\ld n be t\*$ by
 !  f+]s1 b remov$ by ?reads ( cotton   
pass$ "u _! bodies1 or  ) a camel-hair  
bru%4    ,! cat]pill> has f\r m\lt+s1   
:i* may be all ov] 9 f\r  days ea*1 if !
 heat ( ! room be increas$ to f         
n9ety-five  to "o hundr$ degrees (      
,fahr5heit4 ,:5 ! heat is l[]1 !  fir/  

m\lt+ takes place on ! f\r? or fif? day 
aft] hat*+1  ! second 9 f\r days m1 !   
?ird 9 five or six days m1  & ! la/ 9   
ab\t eight days4 ,t5 days m are requir$ 
aft]  ?is m\lt+1 s t 9 ab\t ?irty-two   
days aft] hat*+ !  cat]pill> is fully   
gr[n4    ,illu/ration    ,at ! end ( ?is
 "t ! silkworms *ange to a cle> p9k or  
fle%  col\r1 & look semi-transp>5t2 !y  
refuse food1 become re/less1  & prep>e  
to sp9 _! cocoon4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to  
raise !  walls ( _! tray or !y w climb  
ov] & be lo/4 ,! cocoon  ne/ %\ld n[ be 
prep>$ by twi/+ ! corn]s ( a piece (    
writ+-pap]1 & rais+ its edges into ! =m 
%[n 9 !  illu/ration4 ,a numb] ( ^! %\ld
 be prep>$ & fix$ to a piece  ( tape1 ) 
_! po9t$ ends d[nw>ds2 & into ea* "o a  
s+le  worm %\ld be plac$ :5 x refuses   
its food1 & seems incl9$ to  sp93 x w !n
 weave its web s z to leave a space )94 
,! cocoon consi/s ( ?ree lay]s ( silk3 !
 fir/ is loose &  flossy1 & is ( no use 
= ! silk manufacture2 ! second is       
clos]1 ! silk cross+ f side to side2 & !

 ?ird is /ill  f9]1 & is /uck firmly    
toge!r1 s z to =m a compact inn]  coat+4
    ,:5 ! cocoon is complet$1 ! enclos$ 
cat]pill> once m ca/s  its sk91 ) its   
head & jaws atta*$ to x4 ,x is n[ a     
conical  *rysalis ( ! ord9>y %ape4 ,at  
fir/ ! *rysalis1 :5 op5$1  conta9s only 
a yell[ fluid1 b by degrees ! p>ts ( !  
mo?  appe>1 & 9 a =tnight or ?ree weeks 
a swell+ ( ! *rysalis  indicates !      
approa* ( ano!r *ange4 ,a rupture d[n   
its back comes  next1 & ! mo? bur/s     
?r\gh its coat+ into ! holl[ ( !        
cocoon1 & if left to itself w\ld soon   
eat its way ?r\gh4    ,! *rysalis1      
h[ev]1 mu/ be /opp$ f eat+ ?r\gh !      
cocoon2  & ! silk mu/ be w\nd4 ,:51 by  
%ak+ ! cocoon1 x is f\nd to  rattle1 !n 
x is "t to w9d ! silk4 ,! cocoon is     
plac$ 9 a cup  ( w>m wat]1 aft] ! loose 
outw>d silk has be5 remov$1 & !n1  an   
end be+ tak51 ! :ole filam5t may be w\nd
 (f on a piece (  c>d4 ,! l5g? ( ! ?read
 ( a cocoon v>ies f #fjj to #a1jjj      
feet4    ,:5 ! silk is w\nd (f ! aurelia

 pres5ts itself1 & be+ put  9 a sep>ate 
case1 x rema9s motionless = ab\t tw5ty  
days1 :5  x appe>s z a pale yell[ mo?4  
,! male soon dies2 ! females lay  _!    
eggs on ! slips ( pap] provid$ = t      
purpose4 ,!y !n  soon die4              
,,*apt] ,,xix    ,,?+s ,,boys ,,c ,,make
      ,a ,way to ,b9d ,magaz9es4--,fir/1
 we mu/ h a frame 9 :i* to  /it* ! %eets
 toge!r4 ,"h is m9e 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,i made 
x myself1  & any h&y lad c make "o4 ,!  
frame %[n has an op5+ a foot  long1 s x 
is big en\gh to b9d a book z long z t1  
or any  small] magaz9e4 ,i h drawn x    
fitt$ ) five /r+s1 :i* w\ld  be ! "r    
numb] = a full-siz$ magaz9e2 m or less  
/r+s are  requir$ accord+ to ! size ( ! 
book4 ,!y are1 z may be se51  pass$     
?r\gh holes bor$ opposite to ea* o!r    
above & bel[1 &  fix$ tight ) pegs4 ,^! 
/r+s are tapes #a_/d in* wide1 :i*  "m  
or si/] w supply4    ,n[ = ! sew+4 ,we h
 /ripp$ (f ! wrapp]s1 clean$ !  backs ( 
! %eets1 & laid !m 9 ord]1 ! la/ %eet on
 !  top4 ,b to make neat "w1 we %\ld h  

:at bookb9d]s call end  pap]s--pla9     
pieces ( pap] cut & fold$ to ! size ( ! 
magaz9e--to g at ! beg9n+ & end ( !     
volume2 "o leaf (  ea* w be pa/$ d[n    
by-&-by to ! inside ( ! cov] adjo9+  x4 
,we beg9 by lay+ an end pap] on ! frame 
) its back aga9/  ! tapes4 ,we take a   
ne$le & ?read1 tie a knot at ! end ( !  
latt]1 & pass ! ne$le1 z 9 ,fig4 #b1    
?r\gh ! middle ( tape  ,no4 #a1 & ?r\gh 
! pap]1 draw+ ! ?read to ! knot4 ,h[ we 
!n g on is %[n by ! dott$ l9e 9 ,fig4   
#b2 at ! ne>] side (  tape ,no4 #b we   
pass ! ne$le out aga91 c>ry x beh9d !   
tape1 9  aga9 at ! f>!r side ( ! tape1 &
 s on1 till we f9ally br+  x out on !   
ne> side ( tape ,no4 #e4 ,please to     
notice t we d  n pass ! ne$le ?r\gh any 
tape except ?r\gh ,no4 #a at fir/  />t+2
 ) t exception1 ! ?read m]ely goes beh9d
 !  tapes4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4  
,:5 we h rea*$ ! la/ tape & br\ght !    
ne$le out on !  ne> side ( x1 we lay a  
%eet1 9 ?is case ! la/ %eet1 ( !        
magaz9e1 on ! frame1 & pass ! ne$le     

?r\gh x inw>ds on !  f>!r side ( tape   
,no4 #e1 & !n "w back to ! ne>e/ side ( 
tape ,no4 #a4 ,ano!r %eet is n[ laid on1
 & s we proce$ till !  :ole volume1     
includ+ ! front end pap]1 is /it*$      
toge!r4    ,if we n[ lay a good heavy   
weight on our volume1 we c squeeze x    
into  n>r[] compass1 = z ! ?reads m]ely 
g r\nd ! tapes1 !y  w slip d[n !m2 & we 
c !n glue ! back4 ,ev]ybody has n a     
glue-pot1 b ev]ybody c get a #d;d4      
bottle ( ,le ,page's ,liquid ,glue1  &  
no?+ is bett] or m h&y4 ,damp a /rip (  
pap]1 or bett]1  ( ?9 musl91 & rub x d[n
 on ! glue2 x w /r5g!n !  back4 ,leave !
 volume "u pressure till ! glue has set1
 & we may  !n take x out ( ! frame & cut
 (f ! tapes to1 say1 ab\t two  in*es    
long on ea* side4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4
 #b4    ,& n[ we are ready = our cov]s2 
a c\ple ( pieces ( /iff  millbo>d1 !    
wreckage ( "s old drap]'s box1 w d v    
well4  ,we cut !m to size1 & glue d[n ! 
tapes ^u !m1 z is %[n 9  ,fig4 #c2 & :5 
! volume is heavy x is well to pa/e a   

/rip (  ?9 musl9 ov] ! h+e1 z indicat$  
by ! dott$ l9es at a1 to  keep all      
tight4    ,i h j spok5 ( pa/e2 we %all  
want x = ev]y?+ else t  we h to d1 s ,i 
w tell y h[ to make x4 ,take a c\ple (  
tablespoonfuls ( fl\r & half a          
teaspoonful ( p[d]$ alum1 beat  !m      
c>efully ) cold wat] to ! consi/5cy ( ?9
 cream1 &  boil briskly = f\r m9utes1   
/irr+ all ! "t4    ,:at we want to d n[ 
is to put a back to our volume4 ,we want
  some?+ t w look well1 & be /rong1 &   
no?+ t ,i h  tri$ has be5 equal to      
w9d[-bl9d holl&4 ,a d>k gre5 ,i pref]1  
b col\r is a matt] ( ta/e4 ,?is mat]ial 
w n /ret* out  ( place 9 pa/+1 z        
bookb9d]s' clo? is apt to d4 ,fig4 #d   
%[s  h[ ! back piece is cut4 ,! middle  
"p b has a /rip ( /iff  pap] pa/$ on x1 
:i* is n exactly ! wid? ( ! back ( !    
volume1 b j a %ade wid]1 t :5 pa/$ 9    
place1 x may h  ! prop] curve outw>ds4  
,! flap c is to be turn$ & pa/$ d[n  on 
?is /rip ( pap]1 b ! flaps d & d w be   
turn$ &  pa/$ d[n inside ! cov]s1 aft] !

 back has be5 pa/$ 9 its  place on !    
volume2 & :5 t has be5 done1 ! volume   
%\ld be  kept "u pressure till ! pa/e is
 dry4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c41 ,fig4 
#d4    ,we mu/1 ( c\rse1 cov] ! sides ( 
our volume2 bookb9d]s' clo?  or m>bl$   
pap]1 bo? ( :i* are v inexp5sive1 are   
:at ,i  commonly use4 ,aft] t1 we c l9e 
! insides ( ! cov]s by  pa/+ d[n on !m a
 leaf ( ! end pap]4 ,& only "o m ?+  n[ 
rema9s to be done1 t is to lett] a label
 neatly1 & to pa/e  x on ! back4        
,scrap ,book & ,index4--,keep two       
scrap-books--"o = cutt+s &  ! o!r =     
notes4 ,! scrap-book might be made (    
br[n pap]4 ,take  an ord9>y qu>to       
ex]cise-book1 ) ab\t #ajj pages 9 x1 &  
set  ap>t ! fir/ fifte5 pages = =m+ !   
index1 = a scrap-book  or a note-book   
)\t an index is z absurd z a public     
libr>y  )\t a catalogue4 ,on ! fir/ page
 ( y\r scrap-book write1 9  cle> /yle1  
y\r "n & address4 ,next1 put ! date on  
:i* y  comm5c$ to ins]t cutt+s 9 ! book4
 ,& !n y might add an  appropriate      

motto4 ,h[ w\ld ?is title-page d8       
,illu/ration3      ,:5 f\nd make a note 
(4      ,,capta9 ,,cuttle4              
99       99       99       99       99  
,,my    ,,newspap]    ,,cutt+s4         
99       99       99       99       99  
,,fr$]ick ,,c[ley1    #ad1 ,,abbey      
,,road1 ,,knuts=d4      ,comm5c$ ,jan4  
#be?1 #aiaj4      ,illu/ration3 ,fig4   
,a4    ,hav+ f9i%$ ! all-important "q ( 
a title-page1 :i* might  be mu* m       
ornam5tal ?an ! "o above1 beg9 ! index  
on page #b  ( ! book4    ,take a /rip ( 
pap] ( ! same l5g? z ! pages 9 y\r book1
  & by d\bl+ x 9 half twice & !n divid+ 
x into ?ree equal  p>ts1 m>k x (f into  
twelve portions1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 ,b4      
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,b4 ,,/rip1 ,,!     
,,same ,,l5g? ,,z ,,! ,,page4 #a #b #c  
#d #e #f  #g #h #i #aj #aa #ab      ,n[ 
place y\r /rip alongside ( ! edge ( page
 #b1 & rule a l9e  on ! page exactly :]e
 ! figure #a has be5 put4 ,only a t9y   
l9e1  ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 l5g?1 
is ne$$4 ,on page #c1 aga9  place y\r   

/rip along ! edge1 & rule a l9e :]e !   
figure #b  occurs4 ,on page #d rule a   
l9e :]e ! figure #c is2 on page #e rule 
a  l9e :]e ! figure #d is2 on page #f   
rule a l9e :]e ! figure #e  is2 & s on1 
till on page #ab y rule a l9e :]e !     
figure #aa is4  ,i expect y see :y ,i h 
done ?is4 ,n[ neatly cut f ! bottom  (  
page #b a /rip1 ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in*    
wide1 z f> z ! l9e  y h rul$4 ,?is w    
leave at ! top ( ! page a piece ( pap]  
jutt+ out4 ,on ?is write ! lett]s ,a  ,b
 9 ink4 ,!n on page #c  cut y\r /rip    
?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* wide1 up to ! rul$ 
l9e1  & write ,c  ,d on ! little squ>e  
:i* projects und]nea? ,a   ,b2 & cont9ue
 to write two lett]s ( ! alphabet on ea*
 page till  y get to page #ab1 :5 y mu/ 
write ,,uv  ,w4 ,on page #ac y c  write 
,,xy  ,z4 ,n[ y\r index is complete s f>
 z ! lett]+4 ,!  edge ( y\r book %\ld   
look some?+ l ,fig4 ,c4    ,if y want ! 
index to look /ill bett]1 y %\ld write !
  lett]s alt]nately 9 r$ & black ink4   
,on ! fir/ l9e ( page #b 9 y\r book put 

,a1 & turn+ ov] !  leaf write ,b on !   
top l9e4 ,on page #c write ,c1 & turn+  
ov]leaf  write ,d ^u ! top l9e4 ,?us y w
 h allott$ a page to ea*  lett] 9 !     
alphabet1 ) ! exception ( ! la/ six     
lett]s4 ,i  ?9k ,i %\ld put on ! top l9e
 ( page #ab ,u ,v1 & ov]leaf write  ,w1 
z ,w ne$s m room ?an ,u ,v4 ,on page #ac
 write ,x ,y1 & ov]leaf ,z4             
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,c4    ,n[ t !      
my/]ies ( :at ! bookb9d]s call index    
cutt+  h be5 ov]come1 no?+ rema9s to be 
done 9 ! way ( prep>+  y\r scrap-book = 
! reception ( ! num]\s newspap] cutt+s  
:i* ,i hope w f9d a home !re94    ,we w 
suppose y are int]e/$ 9 cricket4 ,"h    
comes !  usefulness ( y\r book4 ,:5 !   
av]ages ( ! ,c\nty ,cricket are  publi%$
 y c cut out ! li/ & pa/e x 9 y\r book1 
& ent]  9 y\r index1 "u ,c1 ! fact ?us3 
,cricket1 ,c\nty ,av]ages1 #be1  ! #be  
ref]r+ to ! page on :i* y h pa/$ !      
cutt+4  ,:5 ,br[n m9or is try+ to prove 
t 8 c\nty ( ,k5t 0  ?ird on ! li/1 y w  
be able to conv9ce him ( 8 error by  a  

ref]5ce to ! page 9 y\r scrap-book1     
:]eon y h pa/$  a cutt+ head$ ,c\nty    
,*ampion%ip4 ,res]ve a few pages 9 y\r  
book = cutt+s f ! comic pap]s4 ,y h no  
idea1 until y  comm5ce1 h[ int]e/+ &    
engross+ y\r scrap-book w prove4  ,9 !  
newspap]s !re are s _m curi\s little    
incid5ts record$  z to swimm+1 cycl+1   
football1 sci5ce1 :i* y w be glad  to   
pres]ve = future ref]5ce4 ,!n1 any      
little facts ab\t y\r  fav\rite h]o may 
well f9d a place 9 y\r book4 ,& :5 y h  
fill$ "o book1 comm5ce ano!r1 & ?us     
manufacture y\r own  libr>y ( be/ bits4 
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a    ,illu/ration3 
,fig4 #b4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4    
,net ,mak+4--,9 ,fig4 #a we h a nett+   
ne$le & ! way (  fill+ x1 9 ,fig4 #b a  
me% /ick4 ,! /ick may be almo/ any %ape 
& ab\t n9e in*es long4 ,x regulates !   
me% ( ! net1 =  ! me% is twice !        
circumf]5ce ( ! /ick1 s y may make a    
co>se net = t5nis or a f9] "o to protect
 y\r /rawb]ries1 or a  hammock net1 or  
any k9d y wi%4 ,fix a hook into a wall  

or door1 or  9 "s o!r simil> position4  
,take a piece ( tw9e1 a foot long w     
s]ve1 tie ! ends toge!r1 & hang ! circle
 ,a ?us made ov]  ! hook z 9 ,fig4 #c4  
,take ! ne$le 9 y\r "r h& & pass x      
?r\gh ! loop4 ,at ,b hold ! loop & !    
tw9e t comes f !  ne$le4 ,n[ ca/ a turn 
( ! tw9e s t x re/s on ! upp] "p  ( y\r 
left h& & wri/1 & also ov] loop ,a4     
,next pass ! ne$le  9 an upw>d          
direction1 pull+ sl[ly & f9i%+ ) a tight
 knot4  ,:at makes ! knot is %[n at     
,fig4 #d4 ,9 ,fig4 #e ! knot loose &    
tight is %[n4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4
    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4             
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4    ,illu/ration3
 ,fig4 #g4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4   
,sl[ly z ?is is done a "t w come :5 y c 
d x rapidly4  ,:5 y h tight5$ ! knot1   
hold ! me% /ick 9 ! left h&1  lay ! tw9e
 ov] ! /ick ) ! knot re/+ at its edge1 z
 9  ,fig4 #f4 ,pass ! ne$le ?r\gh ! loop
 t has ?us be5 made1 pull  ! tw9e firmly
 r\nd y\r me% /ick1 !n ?r[ a turn ( !   
tw9e  ov] y\r wri/ & s make ! same knot 

aga94 ,?r[ ! tw9e once  m r\nd ! /ick & 
make "o m /it* ?r\gh our old fri5d  loop
 ,a4 ,at ?is /age slip all y h done f   
y\r me% /ick1  & y w f9d two half me%es 
atta*$ to y\r loop ,a4 ,9 ,fig4 #g  ^!  
are %[n z #a & #b4 ,treat #a & #b z y   
treat$ loop ,a1 t  is fir/ 9 #b make #c 
& #d 9 #a4 ,n[ y h y\r fir/ complet$    
me%1 #d4 ,me% #e also is made on #a1 !  
knots be+ "o on ! top (  ! o!r4 ,n[ g on
 9 ! same way1 mak+ ! me%es 9 ! ord]  t 
y f9d !m numb]$ 9 ,fig4 #g4 ,! tak+ (   
two /it*es  ?r\gh ! la/ me% ( ea* r[ is 
! wid5+ process1 & ?is  op]ation is     
ma9ta9$ to ! end ( ! net z f> z ! top   
edge is  conc]n$4 ,on ! o!r edge1 h[ev]1
 z soon z y h rea*$ !  wid? y ne$ y mu/ 
*ange ?is policy to t ( tak+ ! /it*     
?r\gh ! la/ two me%es ( ! prec$+ r[ z 9 
,fig4 #h4 ,:5  ! net is z long z y ne$ x
 ?is n>r[+ z x is call$ is  appli$ to   
bo? edges1 & ! f\r? corn] is f9i%$ (f by
 tak+  ! /it* ?r\gh ! la/ two me%es4 ,!n
 !y %\ld be ti$ fa/4  ,d n wid5 or n>r[ 
at ! wrong edges z y "w4 ,to prev5t ?is 

mi/ake "s nett]s lie a piece ( ribbon ^u
 ! top or n>r[+  edge4    ,nets = fi%+ &
 = su* pursuits may be made 9 ?is way4  
,fir/  make a squ>e1 !n g along ! edges 
( ! squ>e1 n>r[+ at  regul> int]vals    
until ! net is ( ! size ne$$4 ,gloves   
may be  worn if ! f+]s become *af$1 or !
 knots may be drawn tight 9  su* a way t
 ! /ra9 is on ! ne$le & n on ! f+]4 ,:5 
a new ne$leful is comm5c$ be sure to    
make ! fir/ knot v firm4  ,among !      
useful articles t may be made 9 ?is way 
are t5nis nets1  onion bags1 nets = !   
protection ( gr[+ fruit1 & hammock nets4
    ,photographic ,enl>gem5ts4--,!re are
 s _m excell5t s\rces1  easily          
available1 f :i* boys may le>n h[ to use
 _! cam]as1  s _m develop]s1 ton]s1 &   
fix]s ready to _! h&s at !  *emi/'s1 t  
we h n occupi$ space "h ) a g5]al       
diss]tation ^u photography4 ,we ?9k1    
h[ev]1 a *apt] on  enl>gem5ts w be      
welcome4 ,! rapid developm5t ( bromide  
pr9t+  pap]1 & ! ease by :i* enl>gem5ts 
may be produc$ !reon1  has creat$ q a   

new era 9 amateur photography4 ,no long]
 is x  necess>y to c>ry ab\t an unwieldy
 heavy kit1 :i* de/roys half !  pleasure
 ( ! amateur1 :5 on pictures b5t1 = n[  
he may make  use ( ev5 ! smalle/ =m (   
cam]a1 & enl>ge 8 pictures :5  he has   
return$ f 8 me&]+s4 ,enl>gem5ts may be  
produc$ 9  sev]al ways4 ,! negative     
itself may be enl>g$1 or :at is simpl]  
/ill a direct enl>gem5t may be made on  
bromide pap]4 ,! latt]  may be easily   
effect$ 9 two ways--7#a7 by means (     
daylight1 or 7#b7  by artificial light4 
,x is ) ! =m] t ! writ] int5ds to  deal 
9 ! pres5t pap]4 ,a ^w fir/ z to ! k9d (
 negative be/  adapt$ = enl>g+ purposes4
 ,! qu>t]-plate size w be f\nd  mo/     
suitable1 & ^! may be successfully      
enl>g$ to #ab by #aj4 ,!  negative mu/  
be p]fectly %>p1 full ( crisp detail1 & 
p]fect 9  e way4 ,any small defect 9 a  
negative is fatal to its enl>gem5t1  z x
 is made s mu* m app>5t by              
magnification4    ,mo/ amateurs f9d a   
room at ! top ( ! h\se ! mo/ conv5i5t  =

 enl>g+ purposes1 & "o ) only "o w9d[ is
 be/1 &  t pref]ably ) an un9t]rupt$    
view ( ! sky4 ,! light  mu/ next be     
exclud$ by pa/+ br[n pap] ov] ! entire  
w9d[1  or by hav+ a tightly-fitt+ wood5 
frame made to answ] ! same  purpose4    
,provision is !n made to fit into !     
frame a qu>t]-plate  pr9t+ frame1 9 :i* 
is plac$ ! negative4 ,by ?is means no   
light is p]mitt$ to ent] ! room1 save t 
:i* filt]s ?r\gh  ! negative4 ,z a g5]al
 rule1 x w be f\nd necess>y to fit on  !
 outside ( ! w9d[ frame a reflector ( "s
 sort1 & a piece  ( :ite glaz$ bo>d fix$
 at an angle w be f\nd z effective z    
any?+4 ,?is w conc5trate ! light &      
produce an equal am\nt  ( illum9ation   
ov] ! entire negative4    ,! arrangem5t 
( ! cam]a calls next = consid]ation4 ,if
 !  cam]a possess$ by ! w\ld-be enl>g]  
is "o :i* focuses f  ! front1 no        
adaptation ( any sort w be requir$4 ,all
 t is  necess>y is to place an oblong   
table close to ! w9d[1 s arrang+  x t ! 
cam]a :5 plac$ !reon w be on ! same     

level z !  negative4 ,! gr\nd-glass at !
 back ( ! cam]a be+ remov$1  place !    
cam]a z ne> to ! negative z possible1   
:i* mu/ h  its film side fac+ ! room4   
,to prev5t any escape ( light ?r\gh  !  
body ( ! cam]a !re %\ld be z little     
space z possible  betwe5 ! negative & ! 
cam]a1 a black clo? be+ ?r[n ov]  ! end 
( ! latt] to make q c]ta94 ,at ! o!r end
 ( !  table is fix$ ! enl>g+ bo>d1 on   
:i* ! bromide is affix$ by  means (     
draw+ p9s4 ,! f>!r ?is bo>d is f ! l5s1 
!  great] ! enl>gem5t1 ( c\rse4 ,a few  
exp]im5tal trials w soon  %[ ! tyro !   
prop] di/ance ! bo>d %\ld be plac$1 &   
?is  discov]$1 ! place %\ld be m>k$ =   
future ref]5ce4    ,x w be f\nd a great 
conv5i5ce to h a piece ( ruby glass     
fix$ 9 ! end ( ! l5s cap1 z ?is w enable
 ! op]ator to  see ! full size ( ! image
 on ! enl>g+ bo>d1 & ?us obviate  any   
difficulty z to ! exact spot 9 :i* !    
bromide pap] %\ld  be4 ,! greate/       
difficulty exp]i5c$ by ! beg9n] 9 enl>g+
  is und\bt$ly ! gaug+ ( ! correct      

exposure4 ,light v>ies s1  t x w be f\nd
 necess>y to give ! same negative long] 
or  %ort] exposures at diff]5t times4 ,!
 be/ plan is to make a table  (         
approximate exposures by exp]im5t+ ) a  
few /rips ( bromide  pap]1 giv+ ea* a   
diff]5t exposure4 ,^! /rips %\ld !n be  
pa/$ 9 a note-book = any future ref]5ce1
 toge!r ) !  foll[+ p>ticul>s3--7#a7 ,"t
 ( day & ye>2 7#b7 int5sity (  ! light2 
7#c7 d5sity ( negative2 7#d7 br& ( pap]2
 & 7#e7 size  ( ! enl>gem5t4 ,an        
obs]vant work] w soon ma/] all ^!       
little difficulties1 & :5 once success  
has be5 a*iev$1 enl>g+  pictures f small
 negatives w be f\nd to be "o ( ! mo/   
int]e/+ bran*es ( photographic          
op]ations4    ,magic ,lant]n            
,slides4--,draw fir/ on pap] ! figures y
 wi% to  pa9t1 lay ! pap] on ! table1 & 
cov] x ov] ) a piece  ( glass ( ! "r    
size & %ape4 ,draw ! outl9es ) a f9e    
camel's hair p5cil or a p51 9 black pa9t
 mix$ ) v>ni%1 &  :5 ?is is dry1 add !  
prop] col\rs4 ,! transp>5t col\rs are   

alone to be us$ 9 ?is k9d ( pa9t+1 & ^! 
include aureol91  gamboge1 ,italian p9k1
 ,indian yell[1 madd] lake1 crimson     
lake1  ,prussian blue1 indigo1 burnt    
si5na1 madd] br[n1 v&yke br[n1 lamp     
black4 ,ox gall w cause ! col\rs to fl[ 
m easily on glass4  ,be c>eful t ! glass
 is n greasy4 ,bo? wat] col\rs & oil    
col\rs are available4    ,an easy way to
 make diagrams & o!r outl9e draw+s = !  
magic  lant]n is to take a piece ( fro/$
 glass ( ! "r size & draw  ^u x1 us+    
,indian ink4 ,! fro/ enables y to d ?is1
 b w\ld  prev5t ! maximum ( light pass+ 
?r\gh ! glass :5 x 0 9  ! lant]n4       
,accord+ly1 to remove ! fro/ n[ t x has 
s]v$  its purpose1 p\r ,canada balsam ^u
 x1 cov] ) ano!r piece (  glass & b9d ! 
two pieces toge!r z o!r magic lant]n    
slides  are b\nd4    ,a curi\s effect   
may be obta9$ by a magic lant]n slide   
made z  foll[s3--,t9t vasel9e ) co*9eal 
& place "s betwe5 glasses  ( ! magic    
lant]n slide size1 mak+ a k9d ( vasel9e 
s&wi*4  ,put ?is slide 9 ! lant]n &     

focus x1 & !n ins]t a knife  po9t a     
little way betwe5 ! two pieces ( glass &
 s let !m be  alt]nately =c$ asund] &   
drawn toge!r4 ,! effect ^u !  vasel9e z 
se5 ^u ! %eet is v peculi>4    ,?ree    
,ways ( ,mak+ a ,hectograph4--,x happ5s 
(t5 t a boy1  especially if he be !     
secret>y ( a cricket or football club1  
ne$s  to s5d away _m lett]s or notices1 
all alike2 & few ?+s are s  we>isome z  
?is writ+ ( ! same ?+ ov] & ov] aga94   
,if he  w make = himself a hectograph he
 ne$ write 8 notice no m  ?an once & yet
 he may h m copies ?an he is likely to  
ne$4  ,"h is ! mixture t w prove s      
useful3 gelat9e1 #d ounces2  glyc]9e1   
#ae fluid ounces2 c>bolic acid1 #a_/b   
fluid ounce2 wat]1 #ae  fluid ounces4   
,fir/ add ! wat] to ! gelat9e & let x /&
  until ! gelat9e is q s(t4 ,n[ place   
all ?is 9 ! glyc]9e  & heat x ov] ! fire
 until ! gelat9e has be5 dissolv$1 &  !n
 until ! wat] has pass$ away 9 /eam4 ,! 
c>bolic acid is to  keep ! mixture f    
turn+ s\r1 & x mu/ be add$ gradually n[1

  be=e cool+ beg9s4 ,p\r ! :ole into "s 
%all[ tray l !  lid ( "o ( ^? squ>e t9  
boxes 9 :i* groc]s keep biscuits4  ,:5 !
 mixture has become firm & cold x is    
ready to be us$4    ,get a bottle (     
anil9e ink & write or sket* :atev] y    
desire  to multiply4 ,:5 ! ink is dry   
place y\r lett] or draw+ face  d[nw>ds  
^u ! pad y h made ) ! gelat9e4 ,rub !   
back  ( ! pap] ) y\r h& to =ce ! ink ^u 
! gelat9e4 ,:5  ! pap] has be5 ^u !     
hectograph = "s "t /rip x (f &  y w f9d 
t y\r draw+ or writ+ has be5 transf]r$  
to !  gelat9e4 ,if y n[ press clean pap]
 ^u ?is draw+ or writ+ x  w be pr9t$ ^u 
! pap]1 & s y may h copy aft] copy4     
,:5 y h z _m z y ne$ clean ! surface ( !
 hectograph  = ! next "t y wi% to use x4
 ,?is may be done ) a s(t  sponge &     
tepid wat]1 b ?is process be+ r t$i\s1  
mo/  boys w be pleas$ to he> ( an easi] 
me?od1 ?\gh x causes !  hectograph 9 "t 
to lose its clean appe>ance4 ,put x 9 ! 
ov5 &  let x melt1 & :5 x is cold aga9 x
 w be ready = ! next  lett] or draw+4   

,! foll[+ is ano!r way to make a        
hectograph3 ,take ( pure  glyc]9e1 #i   
p>ts2 wat]1 #f p>ts2 b>ium sulphate1 #c 
p>ts2 sug>1  #a-a_/b p>ts2 gelat9e1     
#a-a_/b p>ts4 ,mix well toge!r1 & all[  
all  to /& = tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 !n heat    
g5tly ov] a sl[ fire  until ! :ole is   
melt$1 /irr+ cont9u\sly until ! v>i\s   
+r$i5ts are ?or\ghly amalgamat$4 ,x may 
n[ be p\r$ into !  %all[ t9 or di%      
prep>$ to receive x1 & all[$ to /& =  a 
day :]e x w be free f du/4 ,x %\ld n be 
us$ until  absolutely cold & firm4      
,"h is ano!r me?od we h f\nd v          
successful4 ,take #b ounces  ( f9e      
,russian glue & #d fluid ounces ( cold  
wat]4 ,let ! glue  /eep 9 ! wat] until !
 wat] has be5 absorb$1 or ne>ly s4  ,n[ 
place ! glue & wat] 9 a vessel ^u ! fire
 until ! glue  melts4 ,x ne$ n boil4    
,add eight fluid ounces ( common glyc]9e
 &  six drops ( c>bolic acid1 & also z  
mu* ,p>is :ite z w make  ! solution     
milky4 ,/ir well & !n p\r ! mixture into
 a %all[  tray4 ,9 ab\t twelve h\rs x w 

h set4 ,= ink ,judson's purple  dye w   
s]ve4    ,h[ to ,make a ,filt]4--,y %\ld
 procure a common fl[]-pot1 n9e  or t5  
in*es deep4 ,put 9 a lay] ( animal      
*>coal two in*es ?ick4  ,wood *>coal may
 be us$1 b animal *>coal--t is *>coal   
made  f bones--is be/4 ,on ?is put a    
lay] ( well wa%$ s&4 ,= !  way to wa% s&
 see page #acb4 ,! lay] is two in*es    
?ick4 ,!n  comes a two-in* lay] ( small 
pebbles1 ea* ab\t z l>ge z a pea4  ,at !
 hole at ! bottom ( ! fl[]-pot %\ld be a
 fragm5t (  brick :i* fits ! hole       
loosely4 ,put ! filt] on a /ool or on a 
%elf4 ,!re %\ld be a hole 9 ! /ool or   
%elf to correspond )  ! hole 9 !        
fl[]-pot1 & "u ! hole a vessel to cat* !
  filt]$ wat]4 ,! fir/ drops t come     
?r\gh ! filt] may n be  cle>1 b 9 ab\t a
 qu>t] ( an h\r cle> wat] w comm5ce to  
issue f ! hole 9 ! bottom ( ! fl[]-pot4 
,take out ! s&  & ! pebbles & wa% !m    
?or\ghly once 9 six weeks1 & once 9  f\r
 mon?s replace ! vegetable *>coal4    ,!
 ,syphon4--,9 aqu>ium "w & 9 o!r        

occupations x is  necess>y sometimes to 
empty wat] f a vessel by means ( a      
syphon4  ,suppose t we wi% to empty a   
bucket4 ,! simple/ ?+ w\ld be to  take !
 bucket & turn x upside d[n4 ,suppose1  
h[ev]1 ! bucket  7 fa/ & c\ld n be mov$1
 or suppose !re 7 "s dregs or  s$im5t 9 
! bucket :i* we did n wi% to di/urb1 !n 
we %\ld  f9d a syphon useful4 ,suppose a
 bucket is on a table4 ,"o end ( a pipe 
is 9 ! wat] 9 ! bucket & ! o!r end is   
dangl+ d[n4 ,n[  if we c once induce !  
wat] to fl[ ?r\gh ! pipe ! wat] w       
cont9ue to run1 al?\gh at fir/ x has to 
run up-hill a little1 a  mo/ unwat]like 
proce$+4 ,!re are two ways ( induc+ !   
fl[4  ,if y take ! l[] end ( ! pipe &   
suck1 wat] w be br\ght  ov] ! elb[4 ,or 
if be=e y put ! pipe 9 position y fill x
  ) wat]1 x w fl[1 & 9 ea* case x w     
cont9ue to fl[  until x has empti$ !    
bucket2 t is1 if ! pipe rea*es to !     
bottom ( ! bucket4    ,h[ to ,make a    
,f\nta94--,a f\nta9 is bas$ on !        
pr9ciple t  wat] /rives to f9d its own  

level4 ,! wat] tries to rise z high  z !
 res]voir :i* fe$s x1 & w\ld succe$1 b !
 pressure  ( ! air prev5ts x4 ,9 a ,u   
tube ! wat] keeps at ! same level  9 ea*
 "p ( ! tube1 b if y 7 to cork "o arm ( 
! tube  x w\ld n come s high !re1       
because ! air w\ld n all[ x4  ,! writ] (
 ?is article :5 he 0 a boy made f\nta9s 
= a f]n  rock]y & = a g>d5 aqu>ium 9 !  
foll[+ simple way3--,^u  ! g>d5 wall he 
plac$ a bucket4 ,at ! bottom ( ! bucket 
he  pun*$ a hole & ins]t$ "o end ( a    
l5g? ( india-rubb] tube  b\ght f a %op  
:]e !y sell ! appliances = ! tea*+ (    
*emi/ry4 ,at ! same place he b\ght "s   
pieces ( glass tub+ (  su* a size t x   
w\ld fit inside ! rubb] tub+4 ,expla9 to
 !  man 9 ! %op1 & he w "k exactly :at y
 ne$4 ,take a few  in*es ( ! tube & hold
 ! middle ( x 9 ! gas flame1 or 9  a    
,buns5 burn] if y h "o4 ,:5 ! glass is  
s(t draw ! ends  asund] g5tly1 & y w f9d
 y h two pieces ( glass %ap$  l a       
f\nta9-p5 fill]4 ,x may be t "o end (   
ea* ( ^! two  pieces ( tube may h be5   

clos$ by ?is process1 b all t ne$s  to  
be done is to file ! %>p po9t until y h 
come to :]e  ! tube is op5 aga94 ,?is   
s]ves = ! nozzle ( ! f\nta94  ,!re 7 no 
f\nta9 p5s :5 ! au?or made 8 f\nta91 & x
  has j occurr$ to him t p]haps ! be/ ?+
 w\ld be to buy  a f\nta9 p5-fill] at   
once & h y\r nozzle ready-made4 ,if y   
make y\r own y may n get x "r fir/ "t4  
,x may be crook$  or ! op5+ too l>ge or 
too small4 ,h[ev]1 !re w be ?is         
advantage1 y may make _m nozzles1 & s by
 *ang+ !m h a  v>iety ( sprays4 ,! f9] !
 op5+ ! high] w be ! jet4 ,x  is n      
difficult to apply ! f\nta9 to an       
aqu>ium4 ,= a rock]y x  w be easy to    
arrange ! pipe & nozzle1 & to fix x 9   
position  ) ! /ones4    ,case = ,%av+   
,pap]s4--,decide ^u ! size ( pap] y l   
be/4 ,cut a piece ( millbo>d1 celluloid1
 or ev5 ?9 wood ! same  size1 & ^u ?is  
pa9t an attractive design4 ,n[ cut a    
/rip (  ! same mat]ial z wide z ?is     
piece1 b only an in*1 or less1  deep4   
,arrange piece1 pap] & /rip z 9 ! sket*4

 ,a is ! piece  ( millbo>d1 ,b ! %eets (
 pap]1 ,c ! /rip4 ,at ,d ,e ,f bore     
holes  & secure ! :ole ) pap] fa/5]s put
 ?r\gh ^!4 ,?is pad  may hang ^u ! wall 
) ribbon1 b ! design & n ! /rip  %\ld   
hang outw>ds4 ,:5 all ! pieces ( pap] h 
be5 us$ !  pap] fa/5]s may be unfa/5$1 &
 a new set ( pap]s introduc$4  ,!       
turn$-d[n ends ( ! pap] fa/5]s are ugly 
& are liable to  scrat*4 ,pa/e ov] !m v 
neatly a /rip ( br[n pap] or o!r        
suitable mat]ial4    ,a ,blott+         
,pad4--,a v s]viceable blott+-pad may be
 made ^u !  same pr9ciple z ! case =    
%av+ pap]s4 ,! measurem5ts only  w be   
diff]5t1 & a pad ( writ+ pap] may be    
made 9 ! same  way4    ,illu/ration3    
,,%av+ ,,pap]s4    ,illu/ration3        
,,hygromet]4    ,a ,hygromet]4--,?is is 
a ,greek ^w made up ( hygros mean+      
moi/1 & metron a measure4 ,x indicates  
h[ mu* or h[ little  moi/ure !re is 9 ! 
air4 ,9 ! diagram is a small nail ,a1 a 
?read ,b1 or bett] /ill1 a long hair    
begg$ f y\r "m1 si/]1  or fri5d4 ,c is a

 weight ( "s k9d4 ,! au?or _h a p5ny t  
_h  a hole 9 x4 ,hang ?is on a wall 9   
y\r b$room or 9 an ou?\se1 or  ev5 9 "s 
%elt]$ place out ( doors4 ,:5 y hang x  
up rule a  l9e at ,d1 & put ! date4 ,9  
damp wea!r ! weight w rise1 9  dry x w  
desc5d s y may rule o!r l9es %[+ :]e x 0
  at diff]5t times ( ! ye>4 ,! hair %\ld
 be z free f oil z  possible4 ,y may h  
notic$ t ! clo!s l9e slack5s 9 dry      
wea!r1 & tight5s on ra9y days1 & ?is    
applies also to ! cords  ( ! w9d[ bl9ds4
 ,!re is a /ory t :5 "s m5 7 putt+  a   
,london monum5t 9 position1 by a        
miscalculation x ne$$ to be  rais$ j a  
few in*es m1 & ?is elevation ! m5 7     
unable  to br+ ab\t4 ,at la/1 f ! cr[d t
 _h ga!r$ to wat* !  proce$+s1 a sailor 
bawl$1 ,wet ! ropes4 ,!y wett$ ! ropes1 
& up w5t ! heavy monum5t into its "r    
place4          ,,*apt] ,,xx            
,,fireside ,,amusem5ts      ,*ess 9     
,twelve ,easy ,lessons4--,!re is no?+ l 
beg9n+ at !  beg9n+1 s ,i fir/ give a   
diagram ( ! bo>d & m5 z set out  = play4

    ,illu/ration3 ,,black4 ,,:ite4    ,x
 w be notic$ t 9 ! above diagram ! squ>e
 at ! bottom  "r h& is a :ite "o1 & x is
 9 ?is way t1 by cu/om1 !  *ess-bo>d is 
always plac$4 ,! bo>d is divid$ into #fd
 squ>es1  col\r$ alt]nately black &     
:ite1 or "s simil> di/9ctive  col\rs4 ,!
 squ>es are always call$ ,:ite & ,black1
 :atev]  _! actual col\r may be1 &      
simil>ly ! m5 are inv>iably t]m$  ,:ite 
& ,black1 ?\gh1 z a matt] ( fact1 (t5   
col\r$ :ite  & r$4    ,hav+ got ! bo>d 9
 prop] position1 ) its :ite squ>e at  ! 
bottom "r-h& corn]1 ! next ?+ is to set 
up ! m5  9 prop] ord]4 ,!re are         
?irty-two m5 9 all--sixte5 ,:ite &      
sixte5 ,black4 ,!y consi/ ( ! foll[+3-- 
,,two ,,k+s3 "o ,:ite1 "o ,black4 ,!    
,:ite ,k+ /&s on ! f\r?  squ>e1 c\nt+ f 
! ,:ite play]'s "r h&1 & ! ,black  ,k+  
/&s on ! f\r? squ>e1 c\nt+ f ! ,black   
play]'s  left h&4 ,?is br+s ! two ,k+s  
opposite ea* o!r1 ! ,:ite  ,k+ /&+ on a 
black squ>e & ! ,black ,k+ on a :ite    
squ>e4    ,,two ,,que5s3 "o ,:ite & "o  

,black4 ,! ,:ite ,que5 /&s on !  :ite   
squ>e to ! left ( ! squ>e occupi$ by !  
,k+4 ,simil>ly1  ! ,black ,que5 /&s on !
 black squ>e next to ! ,black ,k+4 ,x   
is ( importance 9 sett+ up ! m5 to be> 9
 m9d t ! ,que5s  /& on squ>es ( ! same  
col\r z !mselves1 ! ,:ite ,que5  be+ on 
a :ite squ>e & ! ,black ,que5 on a black
 squ>e4    ,,f\r ,,bi%ops3 two ,:ite &  
two ,black4 ,^! /& on ! squ>es  adjo9+  
_! respective ,k+ & ,que54 ,! "o next ! 
,k+ is  call$ ! ,k+'s ,bi%op1 & ! "o    
next ! ,que5 is kn[n z !  ,que5's       
,bi%op4    ,,f\r ,,knights3 two ,:ite & 
two ,black4 ,^! /& on ! squ>es  adjo9+ !
 ,bi%ops4 ,! ,knight ne>e/ ! ,k+ is     
call$ ! ,k+'s  ,knight2 ! o!r is call$ !
 ,que5's ,knight4    ,,f\r ,,rooks3 two 
,:ite & two ,black4 ,^! occupy ! f\r    
corn]  squ>es1 ! "o ne>e/ ! ,k+ be+ t]m$
 ! ,k+'s ,rook2 !  "o ne>e/ ! ,que5 !   
,que5's ,rook4 ,! ,rooks are sometimes  
call$  ,ca/les4    ,^! sixte5 m5 are    
collectively call$ pieces4    ,,sixte5  
,,pawns3 eight ,:ite & eight ,black4 ,^!

 /& on ! squ>es  imm$iately 9 front ( ! 
sixte5 pieces4 ,!y are nam$ aft] !      
pieces 9 front ( :i* !y /&1 z ! ,k+'s   
,pawn1 ! ,que5's  ,pawn1 ! ,k+'s        
,bi%op's ,pawn1 & s on4    ,z x w\ld be 
v cumbr\s to use ! full "n ( ea* piece  
or ,pawn  e "t x may be necess>y to ref]
 to x1 ,i %all 9 future use  ! recognis$
 ,engli% notation1 z foll[s3--      ,k  
=  ,k+4    ,q   =  ,que54    ,b   =     
,bi%op4    ,kt  =  ,knight4    ,p   =   
,pawn4    ,o!r abbreviations w be--     
,sq       =  squ>e4    ,*       =  *eck4
    ,dis *   =  discov]$ *eck2 &        
,d\b-*  =  d\ble *eck4    ,writt5 9 ?is 
notation1 ,k+'s ,rook's ,pawn becomes ,k
 ,r ,p1 & ,que5's  ,bi%op's squ>e ,q ,b 
sq1 & s on4    ,n[ = ! practical use (  
?is lesson4 ,let all ! read]s :o wi%  to
 le>n ! game fir/ ( all set ! bo>d be=e 
!m z h]e9  describ$4 ,!n let !m place ! 
,:ite m5 9 _! prop] ord] on  ! bo>d1    
beg9n+ ) ! ,k4 ,simil>ly let !m place ! 
,black  m5 on ! bo>d1 beg9n+ also ) !   
,k4 ,z a second try1 let !m  place ! m5 

on ! bo>d beg9n+ ) "o ( ! ,r's1 & go+   
across to ! o!r ,r4 ,f9ally1 let !m     
famili>ise !mselves )  ! ,engli%        
notation1 z giv5 above4 ,by ! "t !y h   
done ?is  !y w be 9 a position to b5efit
 by a fur!r lesson4      ,,ii    ,,!    
,,bo>d4--,! *ess-bo>d is n m]ely some?+ 
^u :i* ! game  ( *ess is play$2 x is "p 
( ! game itself1 = x limits1 &1  to "s  
ext5t1 controls ! action ( ! m54 ,9 my  
fir/ lesson ,i  gave a diagram ( ! bo>d 
) ! m5 set out = play1 & ,i n[  give an 
outl9e diagram ( ! bo>d on :i* ! "n (   
ea* squ>e  is giv51 bo? f ! ,:ite & !   
,black side4    ,n[1 9 ord] to read !   
moves correctly1 x is ( ! greate/       
importance = ! /ud5t to und]/& ! me?od (
 nam+ !  v>i\s squ>es4 ,f ! diagram on  
page #bgf x is cle> t1  accord+ to our  
,engli% /yle1 ea* squ>e has two names1 !
 ,:ite  play] nam+ ! squ>es f 8 own     
side1 & ! ,black play] f  84 ,?us1 :at !
 ,:ite play] calls 8 ,k+'s squ>e !      
,black  play] calls 8 ,k+'s eigh?1 & s  
on ) all ! o!r squ>es4  ,all ! boys :o  

are tak+ an int]e/ 9 ^! lessons %\ld get
  ?is po9t fix$ 9 _! m9ds to avoid      
mi/akes4    ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,black',s
 ,,side4 ,,f ,,:ite',s ,,side4          
,,iii    ,! squ>es runn+ across ! bo>d  
are t]m$ ranks2 ^? runn+  up & d[n1     
files2 & ^? 9 a slant+ direction1       
diagonals4  ,! squ>es1 z w be se51 are  
nam$ f ! pieces1 :i*1 at  />t+1 occupy  
_! fir/ rank2 ?us ! squ>e at ! l[]      
"r-h& corn] is ,:ite's ,k+'s ,rook's    
,squ>e 7,k ,r sq72 ! squ>e  imm$iately 9
 front is ,:ite's ,k+'s ,rook's second  
7,k ,r #b7--! ^w  squ>e be+ omitt$2 !   
next 9 front is ,:ite's ,k ,r #c1 & s on
  till y come to ,:ite's ,k ,r #h4 ,9 a 
simil> way y get ,:ite's ,k  ,kt sq1 or 
#b or #c1 etc41 or ,:ite's ,k or ,q sq1 
or #b or #c1 & s on4  ,simil>ly1 by     
turn+ ! bo>d r\nd1 y c\nt ! squ>es f !  
,black side z ,black's ,k ,r sq1 or #b1 
etc41 or ,black's ,k or ,q sq1 or  #b or
 #c1 etc4 ,! files are also nam$ 9 a    
simil> mann]2 ?us !  file runn+ f       
,:ite's ,k sq to ,black's ,k sq is call$

 ! ,k's file1  & s ) all ! o!r files4 ,!
 ranks are simply call$ fir/  rank1     
second rank1 etc4 ,! diagonals h no     
special "n1 ) !  exception ( ! two runn+
 direct f "o corn] ( ! bo>d to !  o!r--t
 is1 ! diagonal f ,:ite's ,k ,r sq to   
,black's ,q ,r sq1 &  t f ,:ite's ,q ,r 
sq to ,black's ,k ,r sq4 ,^! are call$ !
 long  diagonals4 ,( c\rse1 "s ( ! v %>p
 boys :o read ?is w  at once exclaim1   
,:y1 !y are ! only diagonals a squ>e c  
h1  = a rectangul> figure c only h two  
diagonals4 ,well1 t is  all "r 9        
ma!matics1 b 9 *ess1 use or cu/om has   
br\ght ab\t  ! practice ( call+ all !   
slop+ l9es ( squ>es diagonals1 &  ! two 
:i*1 accord+ to ma!matics1 are really   
diagonals1 ! long  diagonals4    ,hav+  
?us describ$ ! bo>d1 ,i next proce$ to  
describe ! moves  ( ! v>i\s m54    ,,!  
,,k+4--,! ,k+ is by f> ! mo/ important  
man on ! bo>d1  inasmu* z a successful  
attack ^u him 7z w be expla9$ lat]  on7 
involves ! loss ( ! game4 ,on ! o!r h&1 
8 moves are  mu* m circumscrib$ & 8 p[]s

 ( attack m limit$ ?an  ^? ( any o!r man
 except ! ,pawn4 ,he moves only "o squ>e
 at  a "t1 b t move c be made 9 any     
direction--t is1 to any  adjac5t squ>e1 
ei!r =w>d1 backw>d1 sideways1 or        
diagonally4  ,place ! k+ on 8 own squ>e 
& he c move to ,q sq1 ,q #b1 ,k #b1 ,k  
,b #b1 or ,k ,b sq4 ,simil>ly1 if he be 
plac$ on a c5tre squ>e1 he c  move on to
 any ( ! eight adjac5t squ>es4 ,! ,k+   
captures 9 !  same direction 9 :i* he   
moves2 t is1 if any "o ( ! enemy's  m5  
/&s on an adjac5t squ>e to 8 own1 he c  
occupy t squ>e1  ! o!r piece be+ remov$ 
f ! bo>d1 or tak5 or captur$1  z x is   
t]m$4 ,! ,k+ _c move on to any squ>e    
comm&$ by  an enemy's man1 or1 z x is   
te*nically call$1 he _c move into  *eck2
 nei!r c ! two ,k+s occupy adjac5t      
squ>es4 ,once dur+  ! progress ( ea*    
game ! ,k+ has ! option ( an ext5sion ( 
8 ord9>y move1 b ?is ,i w describe "u   
its prop] head (  ca/l+4    ,,!         
,,que54--,! ,que5 is by f> ! mo/ p[]ful 
piece on ! bo>d1  z %e possesses su* a  

wide range ( moves4 ,l ! ,k+1 %e c  move
 9 any direction--=w>d1 backw>d1        
sideways1 or diagonally2 b  ^! moves are
 n conf9$ to ! adjac5t squ>es1 = ! only 
limits to h] range ( moves are ! sides (
 ! bo>d1 provid$ no  piece or ,pawn is 9
 ! way ( h] m>*4 ,place ! ,que5 on h]   
own  squ>e1 & %e c be mov$ to any "o (  
tw5ty-"o squ>es1 namely1  ,q ,b sq1 ,q  
,kt sq1 ,q ,r sq1 ,k sq1 ,k ,b sq1 ,k   
,kt sq1 ,k ,r sq1 ,q #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1    
#f1 #g & #h squ>es1 ,q ,b #b1 ,q ,kt #c1
 ,q ,r #d1 ,k #b1 ,k ,b #c1 ,k ,kt #d1 &
 ,k ,r  #e4 ,simil>ly plac$ on a c5tre  
squ>e1 say ,q #d or #e1 or ,k #d or #e1 
&  x w be f\nd t %e comm&s 7t is1 c be  
mov$ to7 no less  ?an tw5ty-sev5 squ>es 
on a cle> bo>d4 ,! ,que5 takes 9 ! same 
direction z %e moves2 ?is %e does by    
displac+ ! enemy's man1  & occupy+ !    
vacat$ squ>e h]self4    ,,!             
,,rook4--,next 9 importance comes !     
,rook4 ,?is piece moves  =w>d1 backw>d1 
or sideways1 z f> z ! op5 bo>d p]mits1 b
  n diagonally4 ,place ! ,k ,r on its   

own squ>e1 & x c move to  f\rte5 squ>es1
 namely1 ,r's #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g &  
#h squ>es1 ,k ,kt sq1  ,k ,b sq1 ,k sq1 
,q sq1 ,q ,b sq1 ,q ,kt sq & ,q ,r sq4  
,plac$ on any position  on ! op5 bo>d1 9
 a corn]1 at ! side1 or 9 ! c5tre1 x w  
be f\nd t x always comm&s f\rte5 squ>es1
 nei!r m nor  less4 ,x captures 9 ! same
 direction z x moves 9 a simil> mann]   
to ! ,k+ or ,que52 t is1 by remov+ !    
enemy's attack$ man &  occupy+ ! squ>e s
 vacat$4      ,,iv    ,,! ,,bi%op4--,!  
,bi%op moves diagonally only 7t is1 9 a 
simil>  mann] to a man at draughts7 b he
 c pass ov] any numb] ( squ>es  t may be
 op5 to him4 ,place ! ,k ,b on its own  
squ>e1 & x c  move on to any ( ! foll[+ 
sev5 squ>es1 viz43 ,kt #b1 ,r #c1 ,k #b1
 ,q  #c1 ,b #d1 ,kt #e1 or ,r #f4 ,plac$
 on a c5tre squ>e1 x comm&s ?irte5      
squ>es 9 all4 ,x captures 9 ! same      
direction z x moves1 & 9  a mann] simil>
 to ! ,k & ,q4 ,f ! nature ( its move ! 
,b c  nev] leave ! squ>es ( ! col\r on  
:i* x orig9ally /ood4  ,!re=e ! ,:ite ,k

 ,b is always on a ,:ite squ>e1 & !     
,black ,k ,b  ^u a ,black "o4    ,,!    
,,knight4--,:il/ ! move ( ! ,kt is "o ( 
! mo/ beautiful  ^u ! *ess-bo>d1 x is1  
at ! same "t1 ! mo/ difficult to        
describe1 ?\gh a k ( its move is n by   
any means difficult  to acquire by a    
little practice4 ,x may be describ$ z a 
comb9ation  ( ! %orte/ move ( ! ,r ) !  
%orte/ move ( ! ,b2 t is1  "o squ>e 9 a 
/raight direction--=w>d1 backw>d1 or    
sideways--&  "o squ>e 9 a diagonal      
direction4 ,place ! ,k ,kt on its own   
squ>e1  & x c move on to ! foll[+ ?ree  
squ>es1 viz43 ,k #b1 ,b #c1  & ,r #c4 ,x
 w be se5 t its imag9>y ,r's move w\ld  
br+ x  ov] ,kt #b1 & !n its imag9>y ,b's
 move places x on ,b #c or ,r #c4  ,or  
its imag9>y ,r's move takes x ov] ,b    
sq41 & !n its imag9>y  ,b's move places 
x on ,k #b4 ,plac$ on a c5tre squ>e1 say
 ,k's #d1 x  comm&s eight squ>es--,k ,b 
#b1 ,k ,kt #c1 ,k ,kt #e1 ,b #f1 ,q #f1 
,q ,b #e1 ,q  ,b #c1 & ,q #b4 ,x w be   
notic$ t x inv>iably moves on to a      

squ>e diff]+ 9 col\r f t :i* x has j    
left2 or1 9  o!r words1 t x leaps f a   
,:ite squ>e to a ,black "o1 &  f a      
,black squ>e to a ,:ite "o4 ,?is        
peculi>ity arises f !  comb9ation ( ! ,r
 & ,b moves4 ,place ! ,kt aga9 on ,k's  
#d 7a ,:ite  squ>e71 & x w be se5 t !   
imag9>y ,r's move br+s x on  to a squ>e 
( a diff]5t col\r 79 ?is case a ,black  
"o71 ei!r ,k  #c1 ,q #d1 ,k #e1 or ,b   
#d--;& !n ! imag9>y ,b's move keeps x on
 !  same col\r4 ,! ,knight captures z x 
moves 9 ! same mann] z !  o!r pieces--t 
is1 ! captur$ piece is remov$ f ! bo>d1 
& ! captur+ ,kt occupies ! vacat$ squ>e4
 ,x has "o advantage  possess$ by no o!r
 man1 & t is ! p[] ( leap+ ov] any      
int]v5+ piece or ,pawn1 :e!r belong+ to 
its own side or !  enemy's4 ,= example1 
:5 ! m5 are fir/ set out 9 battle array1
  ! only piece t c move )\t "s ( !      
,pawns fir/ mak+ an  op5+ is ! ,kt1 = x 
c at once spr+ on to ,b #c or ,r #c1    
despite  ! int]v5+ ,pawns4    ,,!       
,,pawns4--,! ,pawn moves 9 "o direction 

only1 & t is "o  squ>e /raight =w>d 7t  
is ! %orte/ ,p's move1 except t  on its 
fir/ move x has ! option ( mov+ =w>d    
ei!r "o or  two squ>es74 ,place ! ,k ,p 
on its squ>e1 & x c move ei!r to ,k  #c 
or ,k #d4 ,place on ,k #d1 h[ev]1 x c   
only move to ,k #e4 ,unlike !  pieces1 !
 ,pawn does n capture 9 ! same direction
 t x moves1  b diagonally1 "o squ>e only
 7! ,bi%op's %orte/ move74 ,place a     
,pawn at ,k #d1 & :il/ x c move to ,k #e
 x c only capture at ,b #e  or ,q #e4 ,!
 capture is effect$1 z x is by ! pieces1
 by remov+  ! enemy's man & plac+ !     
,pawn on ! squ>e ?us left vacant4  ,!   
,pawn has ! privilege ( claim+ promotion
 z soon z x rea*es  ! eight squ>e4 ,?is 
is done by its be+ ex*ang$ = any piece (
  its own col\r 7except+ a ,k+7 :i* !   
play] may desire4 ,?is  is te*nically   
call$ que5+ a pawn1 al?\gh x does n     
foll[  t a ,que5 is always call$ =4 ,x  
is n necess>y t ! play]  %\ld h lo/ a   
piece :5 he ?us promotes a ,pawn1 & x   
!re=e  foll[s t he c h two or m ,que5s  

or ?ree or m ,rooks1  etc41 on ! bo>d at
 ! same "t4    ,?is la/ /atem5t may     
puzzle a good _m boys1 "s ( :om may say3
  ,i am "u ! impression t !re is only "o
 set ( *essm5 us$  at a game ( *ess4 ,if
 ?is is s ,i d n see t !re c be two or  
m ,que5s1 etc41 ( ! same col\r on ! bo>d
 at ! same "t4  ,w y k9dly expla9 ?is8  
,!y w\ld be p]fectly "r 9 /at+ t only "o
 set ( m5 is  us$ 9 a game4 ,! set      
con/itutes ?irty-two m5 7sixte5 ,:ite  &
 sixte5 ,black71 & ^! ?irty-two m5 =m a 
complete set4 ,to  di/+ui% "o piece f   
ano!r diff]5t figures are us$1 b !  %ape
 ( ^! figures is purely conv5tional1 &  
flat c\nt]s c\ld  be us$ ) ! "n or ) "s 
o!r di/+ui%+ m>k writt5  on !m4 ,z a    
matt] ( fact1 inde$1 ! ,mohamm$ans d    
play *ess  ) su* c\nt]s1 sculptur$      
figures ( any k9d be+ prohibit$ by  !   
,koran4 ,n[1 suppos+ a set is r5d]$     
incomplete by a man be+  lo/1 ! place ( 
! lo/ man c be tak5 by any?+ t w  s]ve  
to d5ote t ! piece %\ld be on ! bo>d4 ,i
 h (t5  play$ a game :]e a ?imble has   

done duty = a ,bi%op1 & a small         
pap]-weight = a ,rook1 & s on4 ,s t x is
 q easy to get  some?+ to d duty z a    
second ,que51 etc4    ,9 clubs & *ess   
resorts1 :]e !re are _m sets ( m51 a    
second  ,que51 if ne$ be1 is borr[$ f   
ano!r set4 ,sometimes1 :]e only  "o set 
( m5 is available1 a ,rook 7if "o has   
be5 captur$7 is  turn$ upside d[n1 !    
promot$ ,pawn is plac$ on ! top1 & !re  
y h a mo/ excell5t sub/itute = a ,que54 
,suppos+1 h[ev]1  t no piece has be5 lo/
 :5 ! ,pawn is promot$1 !n a piece (    
twi/$ pap] c be plac$ on ! head ( !     
,pawn1 & aga9 we h  a good sub/itute = a
 ,que54    ,"s boys may ask me to expla9
 to !m :at is meant by ,ca/l+ &  ,tak+  
en passant1 & z x is some:at difficult  
to d s )\t  ! use ( diagrams1 ,i ?9k ,i 
_c d bett] ?an give ! requir$           
explanation4      ,v    ,,ca/l+4--,9    
describ+ ! move ( ! ,k1 ,i /at$ t once  
dur+  ! game ! ,k _h ! option ( an      
ext5sion ( 8 ord9>y move1  & promis$ to 
describe x lat] on4 ,?is ext5d$ move ( !

 ,k--or  r comb9$ moves ( ,k & ,r--is   
t]m$ ,ca/l+4 ,!re are two  species (    
,ca/l+1 "o on ! ,k's side1 ! o!r on !   
,q's side1 z  %[n on ! diagrams ^u !    
next page4    ,! op]ation ( ,ca/l+ c    
only be p]=m$ once on ea* side 9 a      
game1 & t "u ! foll[+ conditions3--     
#a4 ,! ,k+ mu/ n be 9 *eck4    #b4 ,!   
,k+ mu/ n h mov$4    #c4 ,! ,rook mu/ n 
h mov$4    #d4 ,! ,k+ mu/ n pass ov] or 
occupy any squ>e comm&$ by an  adv]se   
man4    #e4 ,all ! squ>es betwe5 ! ,k+ &
 ! ,rook mu/ be unoccupi$4              
,illu/ration3    ,^! five po9ts be+ kept
 9 view1 ,ca/l+ is p]=m$ z  foll[s3--,on
 ! ,k+'s side by ! ,k be+ mov$ to ,k ,kt
 sq & ! ,k  ,r ov] him to ,k ,b sq4 ,on 
! ,que5's side by ! ,k be+ mov$ to ,q ,b
  sq & ! ,q ,r ov] him to ,q sq4 ,by    
inspect+ ! diagrams ?is w  be made cle>4
 ,9 ,ca/l+ x w be obs]v$ t ! ,k moves   
two  squ>es 7to ! "r or left1 z ! case  
may be71 & ! ,r leaps  ov] him to !     
adjo9+ squ>e4 ,9 ,ca/l+ x is always be/ 
to  move ! ,k fir/ to %[ cle>ly t ,ca/l+

 is ! move int5d$4  ,! diagrams %[ only 
,:ite's me?od ( ,ca/l+1 b ,black ca/les 
exactly 9 ! same way4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 
m9d t previ\s *ecks  d n prev5t ! ,k    
,ca/l+1 s long z he has n be5 mov$1 &   
is n 9 *eck at ! "t ( ,ca/l+4 ,! "y     
play] mu/ also  rememb] t ?\gh ! ,k be  
on 8 own squ>e1 & ! ,r on its  squ>e )  
no int]v5+ piece1 yet ,ca/l+ _c be p]=m$
 if  ei!r ! ,k or ,r has mov$1 & !n come
 back to 8 orig9al squ>e4    ,,pawn     
,,tak+ ,,en ,,passant4--,?is me?od (    
captur+ c only be ex]cis$  by a ,p /&+  
on its fif? squ>e1 & ! captur$ ,p on !  
move  imm$iately prec$+ ! capture1 h be5
 play$ f ! second to  ! f\r? squ>e4 ,!  
foll[+ diagram w assi/ ! /ud5t4         
,illu/ration3    ,if ,black 9 ?is       
position move ! ,p to ,k #c1 !n ! ,:ite 
,p at ,b #e  c capture x 9 ! usual      
c\rse1 t is by tak+ x (f ! squ>e  x     
occupi$ at ,k #c & occupy+ ! vacat$     
squ>e4 ,%\ld1 h[ev]1  ! ,black ,p g to  
,k's #d !n ! ,:ite ,p at ,b #e c\ld     
capture x en  passant1 or 9 pass+ z !   

t]m means4 ,?is is done by lift+  ! ,b  
,p f ,k #d 7to :i* squ>e x has gone7 &  
plac+ ! ,w ,p n  on ! squ>e ?us left    
vacant b on ! ,k #f 7,black ,k #c7      
precisely z  if ! ,black ,p _h only mov$
 to ,k #c4 ,9 ! position on ! diagram1  
%\ld ! ,black ,p g to ,k #d1 !n ! ,:ite 
,p at ,q's f\r? c\ld  capture x 9 !     
ord9>y mann]4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t  !
 "r ( captur+ en passant mu/ be ex]cis$ 
on ! move  imm$iately foll[+ ! "o :i* ! 
adv]se ,pawn has made its move  f !     
second to ! f\r? squ>e1 o!rwise ! "r    
lapses4      ,,vi    ,i n[ resume ! easy
 lessons by giv+ a li/ ( ,,te*nical     
,,t]ms4    ,,adv]se ,,piece1 ,,adv]se   
,,pawn4--,an adv]se piece is a piece (  
an  opposite col\r to y\r own1 &1 (     
c\rse1 belongs to y\r adv]s>y4          
,simil>ly1 an adv]se ,pawn is a ,pawn ( 
an opposite col\r to y\r  own4          
,,attack4--,! comb9$ action ( sev]al m5 
aga9/ an adv]se  position4 ,attacks1 (  
c\rse1 are g5]ally made directly aga9/ !
  ,k+1 b occasionally !y are direct$    

aga9/ "s weak po9t 9 !  enemy's position
 ap>t f ! ,k+4    ,,to ,,attack3        
,,attack$4--,a piece or ,pawn attacks an
 adv]se man :5 x  ?reat5s to capture x  
on ! move4 ,a piece or ,pawn is said to 
be  attack$ :5 x is ?reat5$ ) capture on
 ! move by an adv]se  man4              
,,ca/l+4--,?is comb9$ move ( ,k & ,r ,i 
h fully describ$  previ\sly4            
,,*eck4--,?is t]m signifies t ! ,k+ is  
attack$ by an adv]se  piece or ,pawn4 ,x
 is "o ( ! v fundam5tal pr9ciples ( !   
game  t ! ,k+ _c be captur$1 & !re=e :5 
a move is made by  :i* he is attack$1   
notice !re( mu/ be giv5 by audibly say+ 
,*eck4 ,! ,k+ is n[ said to be *eck$1 or
 9 *eck1 & ?is  *eck mu/ be at once     
p>ri$4 ,!re are ?ree me?ods by :i* ?is  
c be done3--    #a4 ,by mov+ ! ,k+ on to
 a squ>e n comm&$ by any ( !  adv]se m54
    #b4 ,by int]pos+ a man betwe5 !     
attack+ piece & ! ,k+4    #c4 ,by       
captur+ ! attack+ man4    ,!re are ?ree 
descriptions ( *ecks3--    #a4 ,! direct
 *eck1 :i* is giv5 by a piece or ,pawn  

directly  attack+ ! ,k+4    #b4 ,!      
discov]$ *eck1 or *eck by discov]y1 :i* 
is giv5 by a  piece1 :i*1 :il/ x does n 
attack ! ,k+ directly1 yet by its       
removal1 uncov]s an attack f ano!r      
piece4    #c4 ,d\ble *eck1 :i* is a     
comb9ation ( ! direct *eck & !  discov]$
 *eck4 ,?is is br\ght ab\t by a piece   
directly attack+  ! ,k+ & at ! same "t  
uncov]+ an attack f ano!r piece4    ,?is
 la/ is ! mo/ dang]\s =m ( all ! *ecks1 
= x _c  be p>ri$ ei!r by int]position or
 captur+4 ,! available def5ces  ( ! ,k+ 
are !re=e greatly less5$1 z he mu/ move 
to get out  ( *eck4      ,,vii          
,,*eckmate4--,:5 ! ,k+ is 9 *eck & has  
no p[] ( escape--t  is1 ! attack+ piece 
_c be captur$1 ! ,k+ mov$1 or a piece   
int]pos$ betwe5 ! ,k+ & ! attack+       
piece--x is *eckmate1  & ! game is lo/ =
 8 side4 ,to escape f a d\ble *eck !    
,k+ mu/ move1 & if !re is no squ>e to   
:i* he c move ! game  is lo/1 ?\gh bo? !
 attack+ pieces are en prise1 = x is    
pla9 t if "o be tak5 ! *eck f ! o!r yet 

rema9s4    ,! diagram on page #bhf w    
help ! /ud5t to und]/& ^!  diff]5t      
*ecks4    ,9 ! fir/ place let ,:ite play
 ,r to ,q #b1 & x is a direct *eck4  ,! 
,black ,k _c move out ( *eck1 z all !   
squ>es adjo9+ 8  pres5t position are    
ei!r gu>d$ by ,:ite pieces1 or block$ by
  ,black ones2 nei!r c ! ,r be tak51 =  
no ,black piece attacks x4  ,black1     
h[ev]1 has "o move to p>ry ! *eck1 & t  
is by play+  ,q to ,q #e1 or int]pos+ ! 
,q z x is t]m$4 ,simil>ly1 ,:ite c  play
 ,q to ,q sq1 aga9 giv+ direct *eck1 to 
:i* ,black c aga9  only reply ,q to ,q  
#e4 ,once m1 ,:ite c play ,p to ,r #h1  
becom+ a ,q  or a ,b & giv+ direct *eck1
 to :i* ,black's only reply is ,q1 ,q   
,kt #b4    ,9 ! second place1 if ,:ite  
play ,kt to ,q #b he gives a discov]$   
*eck2 t is1 by s mov+ 8 ,kt he uncov]s !
 attack ( ! ,q  ^u ! ,k1 or1 9 o!r      
words1 ! ,kt mov+ discov]s ! *eck by  ! 
,q4 ,9 reply to ?is move ,black has aga9
 only "o move1 t be+  ,p to ,b #e or    
int]pos+ ! ,p4 ,if ,:ite play ,b ,r #g1 

,q #c1 ,b #b1 or ,kt sq4  !re is aga9 a 
discov]$ *eck1 = ! ,r n[ attacks ! ,k4  
,9  reply to ?is ,black has ?ree l9es ( 
play1 namely1 ,k takes ,kt 7at ,k  #c7  
:i* is left ungu>d$ by ! removal ( ! ,b1
 or by play+ !  ,q ei!r to ,k #d1 or ,kt
 #d int]pos+4 ,if ! ,b _h gone to ,kt #f
 ! ,q  c\ld only int]pose at ,k #d2 & if
 x _h gone to ,kt #d or ,r #c ! ,k  c\ld
 n !n capture ! ,kt1 b1 in/ead1 c\ld h  
mov$ to ,k #e  out ( *eck4              
,illu/ration3 ,,black--#e ,,m54         
,,:ite--#aa ,,m54    ,9 ! ?ird place if 
! ,b move to ,k #d !re is !n giv5 d\ble 
*eck1 = :il/ ! ,b n[ directly *ecks     
himself1 by mov+ he has  also discov]$ !
 *eck f ! ,r1 & ! ,k+ to get out ( ?is  
d\ble attack mu/ move4 ,he has two l9es 
( escape1 "o by captur+  ! ,kt at ,k's  
?ird1 ! o!r by captur+ ! attack+ ,b4    
,9 ! f\r? place let ,:ite play ,p ,k #d1
 & ! ,k is 9 direct *eck2  b x is n[    
*eckmate1 = ! ,k has no possible move   
out ( *eck1  & ! *eck+ ,pawn _c be tak54
 ,aga91 let ,:ite play ,kt1 ,kt #f1  &  

he gives d\ble *eck1 = ! ,kt *ecks      
directly1 & has also  discov]$ ! *eck by
 ! ,q4 ,once m ?is is *eckmate1 = ! ,k  
has no possible move4 ,x is true t ! ,b 
c\ld capture ! attack+  ,kt1 b !n ! ,q  
/ill *ecks & ! dang] ( mate has n be5   
av]t$2 simil>ly1 ! ,p c\ld cov] at ,b   
#e1 b ! attack f !  ,kt rema9s all !    
same4 ,?is aptly illu/rates :at ,i h    
already  said z to ! extra dang] ( a    
d\ble *eck4      ,,viii    ,,close      
,,game4--,see ,game lat] on4            
,,comb9ations4--,! conc5trat$ action (  
two or m pieces & ,pawns1  op]at+ 9     
common ei!r = attack or def5ce4         
,,comm&3 ,,comm&$4--,to comm& a squ>e is
 to h ! p[] (  mov+ a piece on to x1 or 
to capture an enemy's piece t already   
occupies x4 ,to comm& ! bo>d is to h !  
pieces s plac$  t a great _m ( ! squ>es 
are comm&$4    ,,c\nt] ,,gambit4--,see  
,game lat] on4    ,,c\nt]               
,,attack4--,see ,game lat] on4          
,,debut4--,a ,fr5* ^w1 mean+ op5+1      
sometimes us$ by ,engli%  writ]s on     

*ess4    ,,defi4--,a ,fr5* ^w mean+     
*all5ge1 & sometimes us$ 9 ,engli%  *ess
 books4    ,,develop3 ,,developm5t4--,to
 develop a piece is to br+ x into m     
active play4 ,to develop a game is to   
br+ z _m pieces z y  possibly c into    
active co-op]ation4    ,,d\bl$          
,,pawn4--,two ,pawns ( ! same col\r /&+ 
on ! same file  are said to be d\bl$4   
,g5]ally1 b n always1 ?is is a weak     
position = ! ,pawns to occupy1 z "o _c  
support ! o!r4    ,,d\bl$ ,,rooks4--,:5 
two ,rooks ( ! same col\r occupy ! same 
file1  or ! same rank ) no man ( _! own 
col\r int]v5+ !y are  said to be d\bl$4 
,?is is "o ( ! /ronge/ positions !      
,rooks  c occupy4    ,,end ,,game4--,see
 ,game lat] on4    ,,en ,,passant4--,a  
,fr5* t]m1 mean+ 9 pass+1 & appli$ to a 
peculi> capture ( ,p by ,p1 :i* ,i h    
fully describ$ previ\sly4    ,,en       
,,prise4--,a ,fr5* t]m signify+ expos$1 
or 9 dang] ( capture4  ,9 *ess a piece  
or ,pawn is said to be en prise :5 x is 
attack$  by an enemy's piece & n        

suffici5tly gu>d$4 ,we d n say1  h[ev]1 
t ! ,k is en prise :5 attack$1 b 9 *eck1
 z  already expla9$4    ,,e/abli%4--,to 
e/abli% a piece or ,pawn is to place x 9
 su* a  position t x _c be dislodg$ by !
 enemy's pieces1 except at a  loss4 ,to 
e/abli% a c5tre ( ,pawns is to occupy ! 
c5tre squ>es (  ! bo>d ) ,pawns1 :i*    
mutually /r5g!n & support ea* o!r4      
,,ex*ange4--,! w9n+ ( "o piece by ! los+
 ( ano!r4    ,,ex*ange1 ,,to ,,w9       
,,!4--,! w9n+ ( a sup]ior piece by los+ 
an  inf]ior "o4 ,especially us$ :5 a    
,rook is won at ! exp5se ( a ,b  or ,kt4
 ,! play] on w9n+ ! ,r is said to h won 
! ex*ange2  ! play] los+ ! ,r is said to
 h lo/ ! ex*ange4      ,,ix             
,,file4--,ea* l9e ( squ>es /ret*+ f "o  
play]'s side ( !  bo>d to ! o!r is t]m$ 
a file1 & appe>s p]p5dicul> 9  pr9t$    
diagrams4 ,ea* file is nam$ f ! piece   
:i* orig9ally  /ood on its out]mo/      
squ>e1 z ! ,k+'s file1 ! ,que5's file1  
! ,k ,r's file1 & s on4 ,! l9es ( squ>es
 /ret*+ horizontally  across ! bo>d are 

t]m$ ranks4    ,,file3 ,,op54--,an op5  
file is "o unoccupi$ by pieces or       
,pawns1 & x  is a great po9t t a ,rook  
%\ld be play$ s z to comm& su* a  file4 
,9 ! diagram on page #bhi ! ,k ,b's file
 is op51 :il/ ,:ite  has d\bl$ 8 ,rooks 
on ! o!rwise op5 ,k ,kt's file4         
,,=k4--,a t]m orig9ally appli$ to !     
attack ( a ,pawn ^u two (  ! oppon5t's  
m5 at ! same "t4 ,x is n[1 h[ev]1 s     
ext5d$ z  to include ! m9or pieces :5   
any "o ( !m--m especially !  ,kt1       
h[ev]--attacks two pieces at ! same "t4 
,9 ! diagram ! ,black ,pawn on ,q ,kt #d
 =ks ! ,q & ,b4 ,if ,:ite  plays ,p ,q  
#d *1 !n ! ,p =ks bo? ,k & ,q4 ,if ! ,kt
 goes to ,q #g  *1 x also =ks ,k & ,q4  
,simil>ly if ,kt ,b #c x =ks ! ,q &  ,r1
 & la/ly1 if ,b takes ,kt *1 x =ks ,k & 
,q4 ,a =k f a  ,kt on two sup]ior pieces
 is always dang]\s1 & (t5 fatal1 :il/  t
 f a ,pawn is also dang]\s4             
,illu/ration3 ,,black--#f ,,m54         
,,:ite--#aa ,,m54      ,x               
,,gambit4--,see ,game4                  

,,game4--,besides its ord9>y mean+1 ! ^w
 is us$ 9 a te*nical  s5se1 su* z op5   
game1 close game1 etc4 ,a game ( *ess   
has  ?ree phases m or less well def9$4  
,! op5+1 ! mid game1  & ! end game4     
,,! ,,op5+4--,! fir/ or develop+ moves 9
 a game1 :]e9 !  pieces are br\ght f _! 
orig9al comp>atively inop]ative         
position into active co-op]ation1 bo? = 
attack & def5ce4 ,x is  "h t book play  
comes 91 & 9 ! /udy ( op5+s ! "y  /ud5t 
( *ess w f9d wide scope4    ,,! ,,mid   
,,game4--,t portion ( ! game imm$iately 
foll[+ !  op5+2 ! pieces be+ develop$ on
 bo? sides1 comb9ations  result1 &      
attack1 def5ce1 & c\nt]-attack take     
place4 ,x is "h  t ! native skill ( !   
play] f9ds full scope = its display4    
,,! ,,end ,,game4--,! f9al sc5e ( all1  
aft] ! bu/le & life (  ! mid-game pieces
 h be5 ex*ang$1 ! bo>d /ripp$ ( ! m51  &
 ! combat r$uc$ to n>r[] b\nds4 ,"h aga9
 book k is  ( ! greate/ b5efit to !     
play]4    ,x is to be not$ t "s games   
nev] pass into ! ?ird /age1 =  ! attack 

9 ! mid-game may h be5 s /rong t surr5d]
 0  imp]ative =?)4 ,nay1 9 ! h&s ( a    
weak play]1 or by "s  gross blund]1 a   
game may be f9i%$ ev5 9 ! op5+ /age4    
,! op5+s may be ?us classifi$--    7a7  
,,games1 :5 nei!r play] (f]s any        
sacrifice ( mat]ial =ce  9 ord] to ga9  
"s /rategical advantage4    7b7         
,,gambits1 :5 ! fir/ play] (f]s to      
sacrifice "s mat]ial  =ce 9 ord] to     
quickly develop 8 game1 or o!rwise to   
ga9 "s  advantage 9 position4 ,a ,pawn  
is g5]ally sacrific$ 9 ! gambits4    7c7
 ,,c\nt] ,,gambits1 :5 ! second play]   
makes ! sacrifice4    7d7 ,,def5ces1 :5 
! game ga9s its di/9ctive "* f !  l9e ( 
play adopt$ by ! second play]4 ,"s      
def5ces may prop]ly  be t]m$ ,c\nt]     
,attacks4    ,!re are _m well-kn[n      
op5+s1 all ( :i* h a di/9ctive  "n1     
sometimes t ( _! inv5tor1 sometimes t ( 
a well-kn[n  play] :o may h made !m     
famili>1 sometimes f "s place  or       
incid5t ) :i* !y h be5 connect$4 ,?us   
!re are !  ,scot* ,game1 ! ,/e9itz      

,gambit1 ! ,greco ,c\nt] ,gambit1 !     
,philidor ,def5ce1 & ,petr(f ,def5ce1 ! 
latt] ( :i* %\ld  be m prop]ly t]m$     
,petr(f ,c\nt] ,attack4 ,!n !re are _m  
o!r recognis$ op5+s4      ,,xi          
,,game1 ,,close4--,a close game is "o   
:]e9 ! developm5t bo? (  pieces & ,pawns
 is ma9ly ( a cons]vative or            
non-committal nature1  ! ,pawns be+ v   
cauti\sly advanc$1 & ! pieces ma9ly     
mass$ beh9d !m4 ,! t]m close is us$ to  
designate ?is class  ( op5+s1 because1 z
 a rule1 = _m moves ! bo>d pres5ts a    
cr[d$ appe>ance1 ow+ to ! mass+ ( !     
pieces & ,pawns1 &  ! few ex*anges      
effect$4 ,great nicety is requir$ 9     
play+ !  close game1 s t :5 ! "t does   
come = dissolv+ ! close  position1 !    
pieces may occupy comm&+ positions4     
,,game1 ,,op54--,an op5 game is "o :]e9 
! op5+ moves are (  a m imm$iately      
attack+ nature1 & :]e ! pieces are m    
quickly m>*$ to ! front4 ,! game is t]m$
 op5 because !  bo>d1 z a rule1 soon    
pres5ts an op5 appe>ance4 ,pieces &     

,pawns  are (t5 got rid ( e>ly1 & attack
 & def5ce emb>k$ on at an  e>ly /age4   
,=m]ly all games comm5c+ #a ,p ,k #d on 
ea* side 7  class$ z op51 & all games1  
su* z ! ,fr5*1 etc41 :]e9 "o  or bo?    
play]s adopt$ o!r op5+ moves 7 class$ z 
close4  ,?is is1 h[ev]1 n[ giv5 up1 = z 
a matt] ( fact1 _m ,fr5*  def5ces       
develop into v op5 games inde$1 :il/    
games comm5c+  #a ,p ,k #d1 ,p ,k #d (t5
 e>ly take on a close "*4    ,,hole1    
,a4--,?is is a mod]n t]m greatly us$ by 
,mr4 ,/e9itz1 :o  may be consid]$ z !   
great apo/le ( :at is call$ ! mod]n     
s*ool ( *ess4 ,z us$ by him1 a hole     
means any squ>e on !  ?ird rank left    
ungu>d$ by a ,pawn dur+ ! develop+ or   
op5+  moves4 ,= example1 if a play] hav+
 advanc$ bo? 8 ,k ,p & ,q ,p1  %\ld     
foll[ ?is up by advanc+ 8 ,k ,b ,p1 or 8
 ,q ,b ,p1 9 ea*  case he creates a     
hole2 9 "o in/ance at ,k #c1 9 ! o!r at 
,q  #c4 ,^! holes are reg>d$ by mod]n   
!ori/s z v dang]\s1  = an adv]se piece c
 (t5 be po/$ ) great advantage on !     

ungu>d$ squ>e4      ,,xii               
,,int]pose4--,to move a man betwe5 an   
attack$ man & ! oppon5t's  piece :i*    
attacks x4 ,v (t5 *ecks to ! ,k+1 &     
attacks  ^u ! ,que5 are w>d$ (f by      
int]pos+ a ,pawn or piece4 ,z an        
illu/ration ( int]pos+ let ! /ud5t ref] 
to ! diagram  on page #bhi4 ,if ,:ite   
play #a ,q ,r #c *1 !n ,black plays #a  
444 ,p ,kt  #e1 !reby w>d+ (f ! *eck4 ,!
 ,pawn ?us mov$ is said to be  int]pos$4
 ,simil>ly1 if x 7 ,black's turn to     
move1 & he play$  #a ,q ,k #h *1 or #a  
,r ,q #h *1 !n ,:ite c\ld play ei!r #a  
444 ,r ,kt  sq1 or #a 444 ,kt ,b sq1    
ei!r piece !n w>d+ (f ! *eck1 or        
int]pos+4    ,,isolat$ ,,pawn4--,:5 a   
,pawn occupies any file1 bo? ! adjo9+   
files  ( :i* are unoccupi$ by any ,pawns
 or ,pawn ( ! same col\r1 su*  ,pawn is 
said to be isolat$4 ,9 ! diagram on page
 #bhf1 ,:ite's  ,pawns on ,q ,b #c & ,q 
,r #g are bo? isolat$4 ,isolat$ ,pawns 9
 an end  game are (t5 weak1 :il/ ,pawns 
on adjo9+ files are g5]ally  /rong4     

,j',,ad\be4--,?is is a ,fr5* t]m1 &     
means ,i adju/1 & is us$ by  play]s :o  
may t\* a man )\t int5d+ to move x4 ,any
 ,engli%  expression signify+ t ! man is
 t\*$ m]ely ) ! int5tion  ( adju/+ x on 
! bo>d may be us$4 ,any man t may be    
t\*$  )\t su* intimation be+ giv51 mu/  
be mov$ %\ld x be !  play]'s turn to    
move1 h5ce ! importance ( say+ j'ad\be  
7or  simil> words7 9 su* cases4 ,"y     
play]s 7& inde$ old ones also  = t      
matt]7 %\ld nev] get into a habit ( t\*+
 any piece  unless !y int5d to move x1  
except su* piece manife/ly ne$s to  be  
adju/$ on its squ>e4 ,su* a habit is    
likely to irritate y\r  oppon5t4        
,draughts 9 ,n9ete5 ,easy ,lessons4--,x 
is v easy to le>n !  moves ( ! m5 on !  
draught-bo>d1 b x is n q s easy to  le>n
 to play draughts4 ,draughts is n a     
complex game l *ess1 b  simple &        
/raight=w>d1 & h]e9 lies its *>m to _m p
  :o are afraid ( *ess ) its v>iety (   
m51 & _! div]se  p[]s & moves4 ,9       
draughts !re is only "o description ( m5

  :5 ! bo>d is set = play1 & ! only     
addition is :5 any (  ^! m5 become      
promot$ to ,k+s by ga9+ ! opposite side 
( !  bo>d f t :5ce !y />t$4 ,x is pla9  
!n t any boy c  le>n ! moves ( ! game 9 
a few m9utes1 & c at once comm5ce  to   
play4    ,engli% draughts is play$ on ! 
#cb :ite squ>es ( a #fd-squ>e  bo>d1 !  
squ>es ( :i* are alt]nately col\r$ :ite 
& black1  :ite & r$1 or 9 "s o!r simil> 
di/9ctive mann]4 ,!re are  #bd m5--#ab  
,:ite & #ab ,black4    ,illu/ration3    
,,black4 ,,:ite4    ,above is a diagram 
( ! numb]$ draught-bo>d1 & x is well =  
! beg9n]s to numb] ! :ite squ>es ( _!   
draught-bo>d 9  a simil> mann]4 ,! be/  
way to d ?is is to write ! numb]s on    
small pieces ( pap] & /ick ^! on ! upp] 
left-h& corn] (  ! squ>es4 ,!n :5 ! m5  
are plac$ on ! squ>es ! numb]s  c /ill  
be read4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! position ( !
 bo>d  is ! rev]se ( t ( ! *ess-bo>d1 = 
"h a black1 & n a  :ite squ>e1 occupies 
! l[] "r-h& corn]4 ,?is br+s :at is     
te*nically call$ ! d\ble corn] to ! "r  

h& ( ! play]4  ,! black d\ble corn] is  
=m$ by ! squ>es #a & #e2 ! :ite  d\ble  
corn] by squ>es #cb & #bh4    ,at !     
comm5cem5t ( ! game ! ,black m5 occupy !
 #c r[s (  squ>es numb]$ f #a to #ab1 & 
! ,:ite ! #c r[s numb]$ f  #cb to #ba1 !
 int]v5+ two r[s1 numb]$ f #ac to #bj1  
be+  vacant4 ,! r[ #a to #d is ,black's 
cr[n-head1 & ! r[ #cb to #bi  ,:ite's   
cr[n-head2 ! squ>e #d be+ ,black's s+le 
corn]1 !  squ>e #bi ,:ite's s+le corn]4 
,by usage 9 ?is c\ntry ,black is  always
 giv5 ! fir/ move1 :i* aga9 rev]ses !   
cu/om obs]v$  9 *ess4 ,! fir/ move at   
draughts1 h[ev]1 gives no advantage to  
! play] hav+ x1 :]eas 9 *ess ! advantage
 ( ! fir/ move  is ( "s mom5t4      ,,ii
    ,at draughts ! m5 move =w>d         
diagonally f squ>e to squ>e4  ,t is1 a  
black man on #aa c move to #ae or #af1 &
 a :ite man on #bb  c move to #ag or    
#ah4 ,:5 a man rea*es ! f> side ( ! bo>d
 he  becomes a ,k+1 or is cr[n$2 t is1 a
 second man is plac$ on top  ( him4 ,a  
,k+ moves precisely 9 a simil> way to an

 ord9>y man1  except t he c g ei!r      
backw>ds or =w>ds2 t is1 a ,k+  7ei!r   
,black or ,:ite7 on #aa c g to #g or #h1
 or #ae or #af4    ,9 captur+ or tak+1 !
 captur+ piece jumps ov] ! captur$      
piece or pieces4 ,suppos+ a ,black man  
is on #ae & a ,:ite man on #ah1  :il/   
#bb is vacant1 !n ! ,black man c capture
 ! ,:ite man4  ,?is he does by jump+ ov]
 him to squ>e #bb1 & ! captur$ man is   
remov$ f ! bo>d4 ,if a second ,:ite man 
/ood on #be1 & #bi 7  vacant1 ! ,black  
man c\ld jump ov] bo? ! ,:ite m51 & g to
 #bi4  ,! ,k+ captures 9 a simil> mann]1
 except t he c capture z he  moves ei!r 
backw>ds or =w>ds4      ,,iii    ,a game
 at draughts is won :5 all ! pieces ( "o
 col\r h ei!r  be5 captur$1 or =c$ into 
su* a position t _! ultimate  capture is
 c]ta91 or :]e ! rema9+ pieces ( "o     
col\r are  s block$ t ! play] !re( _c   
move any ( !m :5 x is  8 turn to move1 &
 ! play]1 :o ?us captures or blocks all 
8  oppon5t's m51 is ! w9n] ( ! game4    
,a game at draughts is drawn :5 an end  

game results :]e9 ! two  =ces are s     
balanc$1 bo? 9 numb] & position1 t nei!r
 side  c =ce ! capture or block+ ( all !
 pieces ( ! opposite  side4    ,! foll[+
 positions are illu/rations ( ! close ( 
games4    ,:ite to move & ,black to w94 
7,fig4 #a47    ,9 ?is position ,:ite _c 
g to #bg1 or he w\ld lose at once2 he   
!re=e plays #ca-bf1 & ! game goes on    
#cb-bg1 #bf-bb1 #bg-bc1 #bb-ag1  #bc-ah1
 #ag-ac1 #ah-ad4 ,:ite has n[ no o!r    
move ?an #ac-i1 :]eupon  ! ,black ,k+   
jumps ov] x & ! game is won4 ,_h ,:ite  
_h a ,k+  in/ead ( a man he w\ld j z    
surely h lo/4    ,black to move & w94   
7,fig4 #b47    ,9 ?is position ! pieces 
are p]fectly equal on bo? sides1 b      
,black has ! advantage 9 position4 ,he  
play$ #a-f1 & ! game  goes on #e-a1     
#f-i1 #ad-e1 #g-aj4 ,n[ ,:ite has no o!r
 move ?an #a-f1  :]eupon ! ,black ,k+   
jumps ov] x to #a1 & ! rema9+ ,:ite  man
 is block$ & consequ5tly ,black has won4
      ,,iv    ,fur!r illu/rations ( won 
& drawn games are ! foll[+  positions3--

    ,:ite to move & w94 7,fig #c47      
,black m5 on #c1 #h1 #ab1 #ag1 #bj1 #ba1
 #be1 & #bh4    ,k+s on #bi1 #cj1 #ca1 &
 #cb4    ,:ite man on #ae4 ,k+s on #ah &
 #ai4    ,?is is a position well kn[n to
 old h&s at ! game2 ?\gh x is  n likely 
to occur 9 actual play1 yet x illu/rates
 ! p[] ( !  block4 ,:ite has only ?ree  
pieces aga9/ ,black's twelve1 yet he    
w9s ! day4 ,"h is ! play :i* br+s ?is   
ab\t3--      #ai-bd  #ag-bf  #aj- #f    
#h-aa    #bj-bg  #ae-aj  #af-ai   #a- #e
    #ah-bb  #ab-af   #f- #a  #aa-ae     
,:ite n[ plays #e-a & #a-e alt]nately1 &
 ! ,black m5 mu/ g  =w>d until !y are   
block$2 & ,:ite !re=e w9s4    ,n[1 to   
illu/rate "o =m ( ! draw1 let ! /ud5t   
look aga9  at ! fir/ position 9 ?ird    
easy lesson4 ,_h x be5 ,black's turn  to
 move1 no m ?an a draw w\ld result1 =   
,black mu/ play #cb-bh1  :]eupon ,:ite  
plays #ca-bg & runs d[n to #a1 mak+ a   
,k+ &  draw+4    ,9 ! foll[+ position   
,:ite has two ,k+s to "o1 yet ,black1 by
 !  /r5g? ( 8 position1 =ces ! draw4    

,black to move & draw4 7,fig4 #d47      
,black ,k+ on #bb4    ,:ite ,k+s on #be 
& #bi4    ,! ,black n[ plays #bb-ag or  
#bf1 ,:ite replies #be-ba or #cj1       
:]eupon  ! ,black ,k+ comes back to #be 
& ! draw is manife/4      ,v    ,:5 a   
man rea*es ! cr[n-head 9 captur+1 & ?us 
becomes a  ,k+1 t completes ! move1     
al?\gh !re may be a piece or pieces  :i*
 c\ld h be5 captur$ if x _h be5 a ,k+ & 
n a man1  :i* made ! orig9al capture4   
,_m ( ! f9e/ /roke problems are  bas$ ^u
 ?is peculi>ity1 = ! oppos+ play] has   
!reby "t  to make a move4 ,! subjo9$    
position 7,fig4 #e7 %[s ano!r won game1 
! victory be+ br\ght ab\t by ,:ite ga9+ 
a move ?r\gh !  ,black hav+ to /op to be
 cr[n$4    ,black m5 on #b1 #f1 #ae1 &  
#bb4 7,fig4 #e47    ,:ite m5 on #bg1    
#cj1 & #cb4    ,:ite plays #cj-bf1 !n   
,black mu/ play #bb-ca & becomes a ,k+4 
,!n  ! game goes on #cb-bh1 #ca-bd1     
#bh-a4 ,black mu/ n[ play #b-g1 & ,:ite 
foll[s him up & takes him #bd4 ,if !    
piece on #bb _h be5 a ,k+  ?is c\ld n h 

be5 br\ght ab\t1 = aft] go+ to #ca1     
!reby  tak+ ! man on #bf1 ! move w\ld n 
!n h be5 f9i%$1 b  ! ,k+ w\ld h cont9u$ 
by tak+ ! man on #bg1 ?us w9n+  easily4 
,illu/ration3 ,,black--,,"o ,,piece4    
,,:ite--,,"o ,,piece4 ,,fig4 #a4        
,illu/ration3 ,,black--#b ,,pieces4     
,,:ite--#b ,,pieces4 ,,fig4 #b4         
,illu/ration3 ,,black--#ab ,,pieces4    
,,:ite--#c ,,pieces4 ,,fig4 #c4         
,illu/ration3 ,,black--#a ,,piece4      
,,:ite--#b ,,pieces4 ,,fig4 #d4    ,_m  
"y play]s are puzzl$ h[ to =ce ! victory
 :5 !y  h two ,k+s aga9/ "o1 ! s+le ,k+ 
be+ )9 rea* ( !  d\ble corn]4 ,take !   
foll[+ position z an example3--         
,black ,k+s on #ah & #ai4 7,fig4 #f47   
,:ite ,k+ on #bg4    ,black w9s ?us3--  
#ah- #a  #ae-ai      #bh-cb  #ae-ah     
#bg-cb  #bh-cb      #bg-ca  #bf-ca      
#ai-bd  #bd-bh  7a7 #ai-ae  #ah-bb      
#cb-bh  #cb-bg      #ca-bf  ,b4 w9s4    
7a7 ,x is "h t _m "y play]s miss ! po9t4
 ,!y play #ai-bc  & ,black moves to     
#ca-bg & ! "w is all to d ov] aga94     

,,vi    ,! la/ lesson %[$ h[ to w9 ) two
 ,k+s aga9/ "o1 !  latt] be+ able to    
rea* ! d\ble corn]4 ,?ree ,k+s c also w9
  aga9/ two1 ev5 :5 ea* ( ^! latt] c    
rea* a sep>ate d\ble  corn]4 ,! way to  
w9 has (t5 puzzl$ "y play]s1 b yet x  is
 comp>atively easy4 ,! foll[+ position  
%[s h[ to =ce !  victory3--    ,black   
,k+s on #ad1 #ah1 & #bc4 7,fig4 #g47    
,:ite ,k+s on #f & #bd4    ,black to    
move & w94    ,! w9 is br\ght ab\t      
?us3--      #ah-ae 7a7   #f- #a 7c7     
#bg-bd       #e- #a 7f7    #bd-bh       
#ad-aj       #a- #e 7e7  #bd-ai         
#bc-bg 7b7  #bh-cb 7d7  #aj-f       ,b4 
w9s4    7a7 ,"o ( ! ,black ,k+s mu/ n[ g
 into ! d\ble corn]4    7b7 ,?is is an  
important move1 =c+ z x does ! rema9+   
,k+  into ! o!r d\ble corn]4    7c7 ,=  
if #bh-cb1 !n #ae-ah w9s4    7d7        
,compulsory1 = if #a-e1 !n #bg-bd w9s4  
7e7 ,if #cb-bh1 !n #bd-ai w9s4    7f7   
,if #cb-bh1 !n #f-aj w9s4    ,x w be    
notic$ t ,black mu/ =ce ! ex*ange ( a   
,k+1 &  !n he w9s ) two ,k+s aga9/ "o1 z

 %[n 9 fif? lesson4      ,,vii          
,already x has be5 po9t$ out t ! weak]  
side1 ?\gh a man  d[n1 c (t5 =ce a draw 
by correct play4 ,"h is a position f    
,/urge3--    ,black man on #g4 ,k+ on   
#f4 7,fig4 #h47    ,:ite m5 on #ad &    
#bj4 ,k+ on #c4    ,black to play &     
draw4    ,! draw is br\ght ab\t ?us3--  
#g-aj   #f- #b   #b-bj  #bj-af    #ad-  
#g  #bj-af   #c- #g  ,drawn4    ,"h is  
ano!r example ( a draw1 ?is "t by       
,payne3--    ,black ,k+s on #g & #aa4   
7,fig4 #i47    ,:ite man on #bj4 ,k+s on
 #ah & #ai4    ,black to move & draw4   
,?is position is m complicat$ ?an ! =m]1
 & ,:ite c v>y  8 moves to a consid]able
 ext5t1 b ,black1 by c>eful play1 c     
always =ce ! draw4 ,! po9t is t ,black  
mu/ hold ! ,:ite man  on #bj4 ,"h is a  
lead+ l9e ( play3--       #g-aj  #ah-bc 
#ae-aa  7a7 #ab-af    #ai-af  #aa-ae    
#bc-ai       #c- #g    #aj-    #af-ab   
#g- #c       ,drawn4    7a7 ,if #ai-af  
!n #aa-ae draws4    ,?is is a useful    
position z simil> end+s (t5 occur 9     

actual  play1 & all y\ng] /ud5ts %\ld   
/udy x c>efully4      ,,viii    ,"h are 
"s examples ( easy =c$ w9s4 ,payne has !
 foll[+3--    ,black man on #a4 ,k+ on  
#g4 7,fig4 #aj47    ,:ite man on #ad4   
,k+ on #e4    ,black to move & w94    ,!
 w9 is br\ght ab\t ?us3--      #a-f     
#f-i   #g-aj  #aj-a    #e-a  #ad-e   #a-
 #f  ,b4 w9s4    ,ano!r v int]e/+       
position is3--    ,black man on #b4 ,k+s
 on #f & #aa4 7,fig4 #aa47              
,illu/ration3 ,,black4    ,,:ite4       
,,fig4 #e4    ,illu/ration3 ,,black4    
,,:ite4    ,,fig4 #f4    ,illu/ration3  
,,black4    ,,:ite4    ,,fig4 #g4       
,illu/ration3 ,,black4    ,,:ite4       
,,fig4 #h4    ,:ite man on #h4 ,k+s on  
#a & #d4    ,black to move & w94        
,black w9s ?us3--      #aa-af   #b- #g  
#af-ab     #a-aj  #aj- #c  ,b4 w9s4     
,,ix    ,"s ( ! f9e/ play 9 end games   
occurs 9 positions :5 two ,k+s  m or    
less %elt]$ by ! d\ble corn] are oppos$ 
by ?ree ,k+s  or two ,k+s & a man4 ,!   
po9t = ! play] ) ! /rong =ces  to seize1

 is ei!r to =ce ! ex*ange ( a ,k+ = a   
,k+1 or to  give up a ,k+ = a =c$ won   
position4 ,x is "h t great nicety  (    
judgm5t is requir$1 & ! greate/ att5tion
 is necess>y if !  game is to be won4 ,!
 foll[+ position is f ,payne3--         
,black ,k+s on #a & #b4 7,fig4 #ab47    
,:ite man on #e4 ,k+s on #aj & #aa4     
,ei!r to move4 ,:ite w9s4    ,"h is ! w9
 :5 ,black moves fir/3--       #b- #f   
#f- #i      #i- #f   #f-ac    #aa-ae    
#ad-ag     #bb-ah  #ah-ad     #f- #i    
#i-ac      #f- #b   #b- #g    #ae-ah    
#ah-bb     #ac- #i   #a- #f     #i- #f  
#ac- #i      #a- #f  ,:ite w9s 7b7      
#aj-ad  #ag-ac  7a7 #e- #a    7a7 ,"h   
comes ,:ite's opportunity ( sacrific+ a 
,k+1 !reby  obta9+ a position won by    
=ce4    7b7 ,= ?is ,k+ mu/ ultimately   
fix ! ,k+ n[ on #g4    ,?is is ! victory
 :5 ,:ite moves fir/3--          #aj-ad 
#f- #b      #ah-bb      #ac- #i         
#b- #f  #af-ai       #f-b       #ad-aj  
#ad-ag   #b- #f  7b7 #ac-i        #i-ac 
#f- #i  #ai-bc  7c7  #a-f        #e- #a 

#ag-ac   #f- #b      #bb-ah  7d7 #ac-ag 
#i- #f  #bc-ah       #f-ac       #a- #e 
7a7 #aa-af   #b- #f      #ah-ad  ,:ite  
w9s 7e7    7a7 ,n #aa-ae1 = !n ,black   
w9s two = "o by #f-i1 & ?is dang]  mu/  
be gu>d$ aga9/ = sev]al moves4    7b7   
,?is is ! decisive mom5t :5 ! sacrifice 
( ! ,k+ mu/ be  prep>$4    7c7 #b-g1    
too1 w\ld lose1 = ,:ite w\ld !n move up 
8 ,k+ n[ on  #bb1 & ultimately man (f4  
7d7 ,if #b-g1 #aj-ad1 #g-b1 #ad-i1 &    
,:ite w9s4    7e7 ,black mu/ play #ag-ac
 or #ag-bb1 & !n comes #aj-f1 #b-i1     
#e-ad1 &  all is ov]4      ,x    ,! play
 9 ^! d\ble corn] positions is always ( 
a v  delicate nature4 ,"h is a drawn    
position f ,payne1 requir+ great  nicety
 ( play3--    ,black ,k+s on #a & #f4   
7,fig4 #ac47    ,:ite man on #e4 ,k+s on
 #ad & #ae4    ,black to move & draw4   
,! draw is prov$ ?us3--       #f- #i    
#ah-bb    #i-ac   #bb-ah    #ae-ah      
#ac- #i   #ag-ad    #i-ac 7a7     #i-ac 
#ad-ag   #ac- #i   ,drawn4    7a7 ,black
 keeps comm& ( squ>e #ac & s =ces !     

draw4    ,"h is ano!r drawn position1 f 
,rog]s3--    ,black ,k+s on #a & #aj4   
7,fig4 #ad47    ,:ite man on #ac4 ,k+s  
on #c & #af4    ,black to move & draw4  
,! play on ! position runs ?us3--       
#a- #f      #aj- #f    #b-f     #i-ac   
#af-aa       #i- #e    #g-b    #ae-aj   
#f- #b       #f- #a    #f-i    #ac- #i  
7b7    #ac- #i 7a7   #c- #g   #aa-ae    
,drawn4            7a7   #c- #h    #f-  
#a   #af-ai                #b- #f       
#ab-af   #aj-ad                #h-ab    
#a- #f   ,drawn4    7b7 ,:ite _c cr[n ! 
man or =ce an ex*ange1 & h5ce ! game  is
 drawn4    ,illu/ration3 ,,black4       
,,:ite4 ,,fig4 #i4    ,illu/ration3     
,,black4 ,,:ite4 ,,fig4 #aj4            
,illu/ration3 ,,black4 ,,:ite4 ,,fig4   
#aa4    ,illu/ration3 ,,black4 ,,:ite4  
,,fig4 #ab4      ,,xi    ,:5 ! =ces on  
ea* side are r$uc$ to two m51 or a man &
  a ,k+ ea*1 _m positions occur :i* are 
won1 lo/1 or drawn by  well-kn[n &      
long-recognis$ l9es ( play1 & all :o wi%
 to  become draught play]s %\ld h a k ( 

!m4 ,"h is su* a  position3--    ,black 
man on #bb4 ,k+ on #bg4 7,fig4 #ae47    
,:ite man on #cj4 ,k+ on #g4    ,black  
to move & w94    ,"h is ! w93--         
#bg-bc   #ah-ad   #f- #a   #e- #a       
#g-aj    #f- #a   #e- #i  #be-ba        
#bb-bf   #bb-ah   #a- #e   #a- #e    7a7
 #aj-cf    #a- #f   #i-ac  #aj- #f      
#bf- #a   #ah-ae  #aj-ad  #ah-ae        
#f- #i    #f- #a  #ac- #i  #ba-ag       
#ca-bf   #ae-aj  #ad-ah   #e- #a        
#i- #f    #a- #e   #i- #f   #f- #i      
#bf-bb   #aj- #f  #ah-ae  #ae-ah        
#f-aj    #e- #a  #cj-be  ,black w9s     
#bc-ah   #ad-aj  #ae-ah   by fir/       
#aj- #f    #a- #e   #f-aj   position4   
7a7 #cj-be   #aj- #f   #a- #f   #a- #e  
#bc-ah   #ah-ad  #bf-bb  ,black w9s     
#be-ba    #f- #a   #f- #a   by fir/     
#bf-cj   #cj-bf  #bb-ag   position4     
,"h is ano!r position3--    ,black ,k+s 
on #ad & #bb4 7,fig4 #af47    ,:ite man 
on #bi4 ,k+ on #a4    ,black to move &  
w94    ,?is is ! play = ! defeat ( y\r  
oppon5t3--      #bb-ag    #a- #e        

#ah-ae   #ba-ag     #a- #e    #f- #a    
#bi-be    #e- #a    #ag-ac    #e- #i    
#ae-ah    #f- #i     #e- #a    #a- #e   
#f-aj   #ae-ah    #ac- #i    #i-ac      
#e- #a   ,black w9s     #a- #e   #aj-ad 
#be-ba    by fir/     #i- #f   #ac- #i  
#a- #e    position4     #e- #a   #ad-ah 
#aj-f    #ad-aj    #i- #f   #ah-ae    ,!
 /ud5t w notice t all ^! victories are  
by fir/  position4 ,?is s-call$ fir/    
position w be expla9$ 9 !  next lesson4 
,,xii    ,we n[ come to ! end+ kn[n     
among/ all draught play]s z      ,,!    
,,fir/ ,,position4    ,black ,k+s on #ad
 & #ag4 7,fig4 #ag47    ,:ite man on    
#ba4 ,k+ on #e4    ,black to move & w94 
,if ! /ud5t ref]s to ! solution ( !     
position on ! fir/  diagram 9 ! elev5?  
lesson1 he w f9d t ! play %[n 9  note   
7a7 ends ) ! position %[n above4 ,!     
victory is br\ght  ab\t ?us3--          
#ag-ac   #ad-aj   #ae-ah      #e- #a    
#e- #a    #a- #e    #e- #i7;a7   #f- #i 
#ac- #i    #f- #a    #a- #e     #ae-ah  
#a- #e    #e- #i    #i- #f7;b7  ,see    

#i- #f   #aj-ae   #ah-ae      position  
#e- #a    #i- #e   #ba-ag      bel[4    
7a7 #ba-ag    #a- #f    #a- #e          
,black        #ah-bb    #e- #a   #bb-ag 
w9s4        #ag-ad    #f- #b      7b7   
#i-ac    #e- #a   #ad-aj      #e- #a    
#ah-bb   #ag-ad   #bb-ah     ,black     
#ba-ag    #a- #e   #aj- #f      w9s4    
,a ,,m ,,advanc$ ,,/age ,,( ,,fir/      
,,position4    ,black ,k+s on #a & #ah4 
7,fig4 #ah47    ,:ite man on #ag4 ,k+ on
 #i4    ,:ite to move4 ,black to w94    
,?is position is =m$ at ! end ( ma9 play
 ( bo? positions giv5  9 elev5? easy    
lesson1 z well z ( ma9 play 9 ! position
 on !  fir/ diagram above4    ,:ite has 
two l9es ( play4 ,fir/--      #ag-ac    
#ae-aj   #be-bb   #aj-ae    #ah-ae      
#ag-bb    #a- #f   #bb-be     #i-ad     
#aj-ad   #bb-be   #ae-ah     #a- #e     
#bb-be    #f-aj   ,black    #ad-ag      
#a- #e   #be-bb    w9s4    ,illu/ration3
 ,,black4 ,,:ite4 ,,fig4 #ac4           
,illu/ration3 ,,black4 ,,:ite4 ,,fig4   
#ad4    ,illu/ration3 ,,black4 ,,:ite4  

,,fig4 #ae4    ,illu/ration3 ,,black4   
,,:ite4 ,,fig4 #af4    ,second--        
7a7  #i- #e    #a- #f    #a- #e   ,black
        #ah-bb    #e- #a   #bb-ag       
w9s4        #ag-ad    #f- #b   #ad- #i  
7a7 ,bo? #ag-ad & #i-ac lose at once by 
#f-b4      ,,xiii    ,a c>eful /udy ( ! 
pr9ciples und]ly+ ! play giv5 9 !       
positions 9 ! elev5? & twelf? lessons w 
suffice to %[  ! /ud5t h[ to secure     
success 7if t is possible7 :5 two  ,k+s 
are oppos$ to man & ,k+1 ! latt] comm&+ 
or occupy+  8 oppon5t's d\ble corn]1 :]e
 also ! man c only hope to be  cr[n$4   
,if ! s+le man & ! ,k+ _c be =c$ to take
 up  "s ( ! positions %[n at "s "p ( !  
diff]5t l9es ( !  play1 !n ! game w be  
drawn4    ,! next class is compos$ (    
end+s 9 :i* two ,k+s are oppos$ to  two 
,k+s & a man4    ,! foll[+ diagram %[s  
:at is call$      ,,! ,,?ird ,,position4
    ,black man on #e4 ,k+s on #ac & #ba4
 7,fig4 #ai47    ,:ite ,k+s on #ad &    
#bb4    ,black to move & w94    ,! end  
is br\ght ab\t ?us--      #ac- #i       

#be-bb   #bg-bc   #bd-bj    #bb-ah      
#ae-aj   #bb-be   #bb-bf     #i- #f     
#bb-bf    #b- #g   #bj-af    #ah-bb     
#ad-ah   #be-bb   #bf-bb     #f- #a     
#e- #i    #g-aa   #af-ab    #bb-ah      
#aj- #f   #bb-be   #bb-bf    #ba-be     
#i-ac   #aa-ae   #ab- #h    #ah-ae      
#f-aj   #be-bb   #bf-bb     #a- #f      
#bf-ca   #bc-bg    #h- #c    #ad-ag     
#aj-ad   #bb-bf   #ad- #i     #f- #b    
#ca-bg   #bg-bd   #ae-aj    #ag-ad      
#ah-bb   #bf-bb   ,black w9s4      ,,xiv
    ,ano!r class ( end+s is :5 ?ree     
pieces are oppos$ to ?ree  pieces1      
g5]ally1 ( c\rse1 drawn1 b yet 9 "s     
cases admitt+  ( =c$ w9s by delicate    
play4 ,! foll[+ is a *>act]i/ic  specim5
 ( su* a =c$ victory1 & %\ld be c>efully
 /udi$ by  all "y /ud5ts ( ! game4 ,x is
 well kn[n to exp]ts z    ,,! ,,second  
,,position4    ,black m5 on #c & #f4 ,k+
 on #a4 7,fig4 #bj47    ,:ite m5 on #ab 
& #ac4 ,k+ on #h4    ,black to move &   
w94    ,! play = ! victory foll[s3--    
#a- #e   #cb-bh   #bd-bg   #bh-cb       

#h-aa   #bd-bg   #bh-bd   #ai-bd     #e-
 #i   #bh-cb   #bg-cb   #cb-bh    #aa-ae
   #bg-ca   #bd-bh   #aa-af     #i-ad   
#cb-bh   #cb-bg   #bh-ai    #ae-aa      
#ca-bg   #bh-cb   #af-bc    #ad-ah      
#bh-cb   #bg-bd   #ab- #h    #aa-af     
#bg-bc   #cb-bh   #bc-ah    #ah-ae      
#cb-bh   #bd-ai    #h- #d    #af-bj     
#bc-ah   #bh-cb   #ah-ad    #ae-aa      
#bh-bd   #ai-ae    #d- #h    #bj-bd     
#ah-ad   #cb-bh    #f- #a     #c- #g    
#bd-ai   #ae-aj    #h-aa    #bd-ai      
#f-aj   #bh-bd   #ad- #i     #g-aj      
#ai-bc   #aj- #f   #ac- #f    #ai-bc    
#aj-ae   #bd-ai    #a-aj    #aj-ae      
#bc-bg   #ad-aj   #aa-af    #bc-bg      
#ae-ai   #ai-bd   #aj-ae    #ae-ai      
#bg-cb   #aj-ae   #af-bj    #bg-cb      
#ai-bd   #bd-bh   #ae-ai    #ai-bd      
#cb-bh   #ae-ai   ,black w9s4      ,,xv 
,! position giv5 bel[ is well kn[n to   
exp]ts1 & ! play ^u x  is v f9e2 b ) !  
proviso1 ,black to move & w91 x _c      
easily occur 9 actual play1 z ! /ud5t w 
spe$ily discov] if  he exam9e ! position

 c>efully4 ,nev]!less1 x aptly          
illu/rates  an important pr9ciple 9 end 
game play1 & is well wor?y ( c>eful     
/udy4 ,x is kn[n z    ,,! ,,f\r?        
,,position4    ,illu/ration3 ,,black4   
,,:ite4 ,,fig4 #ag4    ,illu/ration3    
,,black4 ,,:ite4 ,,fig4 #ah4            
,illu/ration3 ,,black4 ,,:ite4 ,,fig4   
#ai4    ,illu/ration3 ,,black4 ,,:ite4  
,,fig4 #bj4    ,black man on #ba4 ,k+s  
on #bb1 #bc1 & #bh4 7,fig4 #ba47        
,:ite man on #cj4 ,k+s on #ca & #cb4    
,black to move & w91 or ,:ite to move & 
draw4    ,! ,black victory is br\ght    
ab\t z foll[s3--      #bh-bd   #bc-ai   
#ah-bb   #bd-bg    #cb-bh   #bg-ca      
#ca-bg   #ca-bd    #bd-bj   #ai-bd      
#bb-bf   #bj-ah    #bh-cb   #cb-bg      
#cj-bc   ,black    #bb-ah   #bd-bh      
#bh-bd    w9s4    #ca-bg   #bg-cb       
#bg-ca    ,! draw arises ?us3--         
#ca-bg   #cb-bg   #ca-bg   #ca-bf       
#bc-ai   #bd-bj   #bh-bd    #bg-ca      
#bg-cb   #bg-ca   ,drawn4    #ai-bd     
#bb-ah   #ah-bc    ,black c v>y 8 play  

to "s ext5t1 b he c nev] man (f to      
advantage1 or =ce a w9n+ position by any
 l9e ( play1 & !  position is drawn4    
,,xvi    ,"h is an example ( a ,black w9
 br\ght ab\t by v f9e play1 &  well     
wor?y ( att5tive /udy4 ,x is by !       
celebrat$ ,james ,wyllie3--    ,black   
man on #c4 ,k+s on #aa1 #ai1 #bg4 7,fig4
 #bb47    ,:ite m5 on #ab1 #bj4 ,k+s on 
#a1 #b4    ,:ite to move1 ,black to w94 
#a- #f   #ah-ad        #a- #f    #g-aj  
#bg-bc    #e- #a        #e- #a   #ah-bc 
#f-aj   #ad- #i        #f- #i   #aj-ae  
#bc-ah    #f- #b       #ai-ae   #bc-bg  
#aj- #f   #ac-ag   7b7  #i- #e   #ae-ai 
#ah-ad    #a- #e       #aa- #g   #bg-cb 
#f- #a   #ag-ad       #ad- #i   #ai-bc  
#ad-ag    #e- #a        #g- #b   #cb-bh 
#a- #f    #i- #e        #i-ac    #f-aj  
#ai-bc    #b- #f       #ae-aa   #bh-bd  
#f- #i   #ad-ah       #ac-ag   #aj-ae   
#bc-ah    #f-aj        #c- #g   ,black  
#b- #f   #ah-bc       #ag-ad    w9s4    
#ag-ac 7a7 #aj-ad     #b- #f     #i- #e 
#bc-ai     #ad-ah    ,v>4 7a47      #aj-

 #f     #ai-ae      #f- #b     ,black   
#bc-ai      #b-f      #ag-aj     w9s4   
#f- #b      #c-g    ,v>4 7b47           
#i-ac     #ag-ba     #ag-ac     #bj-af  
#aa- #g      #a- #f     #aj-ad          
#ah-ae    #ad-ag     #ac-ag     #ac-ag  
,black    #ae-ah      #f-aj      #g-aj  
w9s4      ,,xvii    ,! position giv5 9 !
 la/ easy lesson %[$ a ,black w9 :5 x  0
 ,:ite's turn to play1 b x is only a    
draw if ,black _h to play  fir/4 ,let ! 
/ud5t add to ! diagram ! condition      
,black to move1  ,:ite to draw4    ,!   
draw is br\ght ab\t z foll[s3--         
#bg-bc      #aj- #f     #g-aj      #b-  
#f     #a- #f      #ai-ae     #e- #a    
#ah-bc    #ai-ae       #f- #b    #ad- #i
      #f-aj     #f- #a       #g-aa      
#bj-af     #ae- #f    #ae-ah       #i-  
#f    #aj-ae      #a-aj     #a- #f      
#ag-ac     #a- #f     #bc-ai    #ah-bb  
#f- #a     #i- #e     #af-aa     #f- #i 
#ae-aj     #f- #a     #ai-af    #bb-ag  
#b- #f    #ac-ag     #aa- #g     #b- #f 
#aj-ad     #b- #f     ,drawn4    #bc-ai 

#a- #e    #ag-ad     #f-aj  7a7 #aa- #g 
#f- #b    #aa- #g       #f- #b    #ad-ah
    ,v>47a47      #aa-ae      #aj-ad    
#ah-bc     #bc-ai     #e- #a       #e-  
#a     #f-aj     #aa- #g    #ad-aj      
#i- #e    #ae- #f     #ai-af     #f- #b 
#bj-af     #a-aj      #g- #b    #ac- #i 
#ad-ah     #e- #i     ,drawn     #a- #e 
#b- #f     #f-aa    ,illu/ration3       
,,black4 ,,:ite4 ,,fig4 #ba4            
,illu/ration3 ,,black4 ,,:ite4 ,,fig4   
#bb4    ,"h is a neat w9n+ /roke f      
,/urges3--    ,black ,k+s on #aj1 #af1  
#bc4 7,fig4 #bc47    ,:ite ,k+s on #i1  
#ai4    ,black to move & w94    ,! w9 is
 =c$ ?us3--    #aj-ad1 #i-bg1 #af-cb4   
,black w9s4      ,,xviii    ,i give !   
foll[+ beautiful example ( a ,black w9  
by ,w4 ,g4 ,w4  ,leggett3--    ,black   
man on #a4 ,k+s on #c & #aa4 7,fig4     
#bd47    ,:ite m5 on #i1 #aj1 #ac4 ,k+  
on #d4    ,black to move & w94    ,! w9 
is ?us br\ght ab\t3--         #aa- #g   
7b7 #a- #e   #be-bb     #e- #a          
#aj- #f      #ae-ai    #i- #e     #g-aj 

#a-aj       #e- #a   #bb-ah     #a- #e  
#i- #f      #ai-bc    #e- #i    #aj- #f 
#g- #b       #a- #e   #ah-ae     #e- #a 
7a7 #f- #a      #bc-bf    #i- #e        
#ad-aj        #b- #f       #e- #i       
#ae-aa     #a- #e        #a- #e         
#bf-cj    #e- #i     #f- #a       #aj-ae
       #i- #e   #aa- #g     #e- #i      
#e- #a      #cj-be    #i- #e     #a- #e 
#f-aj       #e- #i   #aj-ad    ,black   
w9s4    ,v>4 7a47      #ac- #i       #c-
 #g    #h-aa    #ah-bb    #aj-ae        
#d- #h   #ae-ah    ,black     #f- #a    
#g-aj   #aa-af    w9s4    ,v>4 7b47     
#ac- #i       #d- #h     #h-c    ,black 
#c- #g      #ae-ah     #g-b    w9s4     
,,xix    ,,classifi$ ,,li/ ,,(          
,,pr9cipal ,,op5+s4    #i-ac ,,op5+4    
,ed9burgh    ,illu/ration3 ,,black4     
,,:ite4 ,,fig4 #bc4    ,illu/ration3    
,,black4 ,,:ite4 ,,fig4 #bd4            
#i-ad ,,op5+      ,d\ble ,corn]         
#i-ad      ,*oice                       
#i-ad1 #bb-ah1 #aa-ae                   
#aj-ad ,,op5+      ,d5ny                

#aj-ad                                  
#aj-ae ,,op5+      ,kelso               
#aj-ae                                  
#aa-ae ,,op5+4      ,ayr%ire ,lassie    
#aa-ae1 #bd-bj1 #h-aa1 #bh-bd           
,second ,d\ble ,corn]                   
#aa-ae1 #bd-ai      ,virg9ia            
#aa-ae1 #bc-ai1 #aj-ad      ,glasg[     
7,irregul>7                             
#aa-ae1 #bc-ai1 #i-ad1 #bb-ag           
#h-aa1 #be-bb1 #aa-af      ,wilt]       
7,irregul>7                             
#aa-ae1 #bc-ai1 #i-ad1 #bb-ag           
#g-aa      ,fife                        
#aa-ae1 #bc-ai1 #i-ad1 #bb-ag           
#e-i      ,s\t]                         
#aa-ae1 #bc-ai1 #i-ad1 #bb-ag           
#f-i      ,sund]l&                      
#aa-ae1 #bc-ai1 #i-ad1 #bb-ag           
#ad-ah      ,defiance                   
#aa-ae1 #bc-ai1 #i-ad1 #bg-bc      ,w o'
 ! ,wisp                                
#aa-ae1 #bc-ai1 #i-ac      ,old ,f\rte5?
                                 #aa-ae1
 #bc-ai1 #h-aa1 #bb-ag                  

#d-h      ,alma                         
#aa-ae1 #bc-ai1 #h-aa1 #bb-ag           
#c- #h      ,glasg[                     
#aa-ae1 #bc-ai1 #h-aa1 #bb-ag           
#aa-af      ,laird & ,lady              
#aa-ae1 #bc-ai1 #h-aa1 #bb-ag           
#i-ac      ,c5tre                       
#aa-ae1 #bc-ai1 #h-aa1 #bb-ag           
#ae-ah      ,doctor                     
#aa-ae1 #bc-ai1 #h-aa1 #bb-ag           
#i-ac1 #ag-ad1 #aj-ag1 #ai-aj           
#g-ad      ,nailor                      
#aa-ae1 #bc-ai1 #h-aa1 #bf-bc           
,cuckoo                                 
#aa-ae1 #bc-ai1 #h-aa1 #bb-ah           
,wilt]                                  
#aa-ae1 #bc-ai1 #g-aa      ,wilt]-,cross
                                        
#aa-ae1 #bc-ai1 #g-aa1 #bf-bc           
#c-g1 #bc-ah      ,cross                
#aa-ae1 #bc-ah      ,cross ,*oice       
#aa-ae1 #bc-ah1 #i-ad      ,dyke 7second
 ,irregul>7                             
#aa-ae1 #bc-ah1 #h-aa1 #bf-bc           
#d-h1 #cj-bf1 #ae-ai      ,s+le ,corn]  

#aa-ae1 #bb-ah1 #ae-bb1 #be-ah          
#h-aa      ,flora ,temple               
#aa-ae1 #bb-ah1 #ae-bb1 #be-ah          
#i-ac      ,maid ( ! ,mill              
#aa-ae1 #bb-ag1 #ae-ah      ,maid ( !   
,mill                                   
#aa-ae1 #bb-ag1 #h-aa1 #ag-ac           
7,irregul>7                             
#ae-ah      ,pione]                     
#aa-ae1 #bb-ag1 #h-aa1 #be-bb      ,:ite
 ,dyke                                  
#aa-ae1 #bb-ag1 #h-aa1 #ag-ad           
,albem>le                               
#aa-ae1 #bb-ag1 #h-aa1 #ag-ac           
#d-h1 #ba-ag      ,erie                 
#aa-ae1 #bb-ag1 #h-aa1 #ag-ac           
#i-ad      ,dyke                        
#aa-ae1 #bb-ag1 #ae-ai      ,dyke       
7,irregul>7                             
#aa-ae1 #bb-ag1 #i-ad1 #be-bb           
#ae-ai      ,bo/on                      
#aa-ae1 #bb-ag1 #i-ac1 #ag-ad           
,wagram                                 
#aa-ae1 #bb-ag1 #i-ac1 #bd-bj           
,swit*]                                 

#aa-ae1 #ba-ag                          
#aa-af ,,op5+4      ,bri/ol             
#aa-af1 #bd-bj      ,liv]pool           
#aa-af1 #bd-bj1 #i-ac1 #bj-aa           
#h-ae      ,paisley                     
#aa-af1 #bd-ai      ,man*e/]            
#aa-af1 #bc-ah      ,london             
#aa-af1 #bb-ah      ,:ite ,doctor       
#aa-af1 #bb-ah1 #aj-ad1 #bd-bj          
#af-ai1 #bc-af1 #ad-bc      ,le$s       
#aa-af1 #bb-ag      ,newca/le           
#aa-af1 #ba-ag                          
#ab-af ,,op5+4      ,dundee             
#ab-af    ,,! ,,los+ ,,game4    ,z a    
matt] ( fact v f9e sci5tific play is    
possible ) ?is  =m ( ,draughts1 b all ! 
same ! y\nge/ beg9n] c play at  x1 & v  
amus+ results w foll[4 ,! object 9 !    
game is  = "o ( ! play]s to give all 8  
m5 away1 or get !m fix$  immovably1 :i*1
 ( c\rse1 w\ld be a lo/ game 9 ord9>y   
draughts1  b is a won "o at ! los+ game4
 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 9  play+ ! los+ 
game1 t x is n good policy to give away 
m5  at ! beg9n+ ( ! game s z to be left 

) ?ree m5 aga9/  six1 or two aga9/ five1
 = z a matt] ( fact 9 mo/ positions !   
play] ) ! sup]ior =ces c give all 8 m5  
away1 leav+ !  o!r play] ) "o or m ( 8  
m5 left4 ,"h is :]e ! laugh  comes 94 ,!
 ha/y play] keeps giv+ away 8 m5 until  
possibly he  has only "o left1 :il/ 8 m 
w>y oppon5t has ?ree or f\r4  ,b c he   
give t man away & s w98 ,n mu*6 ,he soon
 f9ds he  is p]fectly helpless1 & ! o!r 
play] c =ce him to take all  8 m51 :il/ 
8 solit>y man or ,k+ rema9s /ill on !   
bo>d1 a  woeful example ( vault+        
ambition1 ov]leap+ itself & fall+  on   
t'o!r side4 ,9 ! los+ game x is a case (
 ! m ha/e  ! lea/ spe$1 = he :o is too  
ha/y to give away 8 m5 at !  beg9n+ f9ds
 he _c give ! rema9d] away at ! end4 ,f 
! fir/ position mu/ be play$ =1 ! bo>d  
op5$1 & m5  ex*ang$ c>efully1 s t at !  
end ! play] :o wants to w9  may h su*   
advantage t he c compel 8 oppon5t to    
capture 8  rema9+ pieces4 ,:5 ! game is 
r$uc$ to "o man on ea* side he  :o has !
 move1 z x is call$1 :i* w\ld enable him

 to w91 or  draw1 at ! lea/1 9 ! ord9>y 
game mu/ lose at ! ,los+ ,game4  ,"h is 
an example (      ,a ,,los+ ,,game4     
#aa-ae     #h-aa     #e- #i    #bj-bg   
#bd-ai    #bb-ah    #ag-ac    #cj-bf    
#ae-bd     #i-ad     #c- #h    #bc-ad   
#bg-bj    #ah- #i    #bi-be    ,:ite    
w9s1     #h-aa     #f-ac    #ab-af    = 
8 sole    #bj-af    #be-bb    #bc-ai    
rema9+ man    #aa-bj     #a- #f         
#af-cb    is block$4    #cb-bg    #bb-ag
    #ca-bg     #d- #h    #ac-bb         
#cb-bc    #bh-bd    #bf-ag    #ba-ag    
,ano!r =m ( ! ,los+ ,game is = "o play] 
to h all 8  twelve m5 aga9/ a s+le man (
 ! o!r play]4 ,i give a position  ( ?is 
k9d z    ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,problem ,,9 
,,! ,,los+ ,,game4 ,,black4 ,,:ite4     
,,fig4 #be4    ,! #ab ,black m5 on _!   
orig9al squ>es4    ,:ite man on #bi4    
,black to move & w91 t is1 give all 8 m5
 away4    ,ano!r funny =m ( draughts is 
= "o play] to give ! o!r !  odds ( hav+ 
once 7or (t5] dur+ ! progress ( ! game7 
!  "r ( mov+ twice 9 succession1 ?is "r 

be+ ex]cis$ at su*  "t z ! odds-receiv] 
may *oose4 ,!re %\ld be great disp>ity  
9 ! /r5g? ( ! two play]s1 z ! odds is   
really v great4    ,,! ,,int]*ang$ ,,m54
    ,z a f9al pos] = ^? :o l to puzzle  
_! bra9s1 ,i give  ! foll[+ z a problem4
 ,place ! m5 9 due ord] on !            
draught-bo>d1 & !n by a s]ies ( legal   
moves rev]se ! position  ( ! m51 t is1 !
 ,black m5 mu/ /& :]e ! ,:ite m5 came   
f1 & vice v]sa4                         
,quat]nions4--,quat]nions is ! "n ( a   
some:at easy yet  int]e/+ game play$ on 
a *eck]$ bo>d 7simil> to a draughts     
bo>d7 ) ?irty-two c\nt]s or draughtsm5  
7sixte5 :ite &  sixte5 black74 ,! play]s
 move alt]nately by plac+ "o ( _!  m5 on
 a :ite squ>e ( ! bo>d1 & ! object ( !  
game is  to get f\r m5 ( ! same col\r 9 
a l9e1 ei!r p]p5dicul>1  horizontal1 or 
diagonally1 & ! play] :o fir/ succe$s 9 
do+  ?is w9s ! game4 ,( c\rse1 ea* play]
 also does 8 be/ to /op  8 oppon5t f =m+
 8 quat]nion or file ( f\r4 ,%\ld  nei!r
 play] be able to =m a quat]nion1 !n !  

game is drawn4    ,to %[ cle>ly :at a   
quat]nion is1 ,i give ! foll[+          
diagram3--    ,illu/ration3 ,,black4    
,,:ite4 ,,fig4 #bf4    ,! f\r m5 on     
squ>es #a1 #b1 #c1 & #d1 =m a quat]nion1
 &  simil>ly d ^? on #e1 #ac1 #ba1 &    
#bi1 & ^? on #aj1 #ae1 #ai1 &  #bd4 ,!  
numb]s "h giv5 to ! squ>es are ! same z 
9 draughts4  ,! po9t to be borne 9 m9d 9
 play+ ! game is to try to unite  a     
p]p5dicul> ) a horizontal l9e ( squ>es1 
or ) a diagonal  l9e4 ,by c>eful play   
?ree m5 c be got on "o ( ^! l9es1  &    
?ree on a communicat+ l9e1 ea* hav+ a   
vacant squ>e4 ,!  play] ( ! opposite    
col\r c fill only "o ( ^! squ>es1 &     
consequ5tly _c prev5t ! =mation ( !     
quat]nion on !  o!r l9e4    ,! mo/      
c>eful play on bo? sides is requir$ f ! 
v fir/  move1 or ! game c be =c$ "r (f4 
,i give a diagram ( an  op5+3--         
,illu/ration3 ,,black4 ,,:ite4 ,,fig4   
#bg4    ,x is n[ ,black's turn to play1 
& he mu/ /op ,:ite f =m+ a  l9e ( ?ree  
m5 ) a vacant squ>e at ea* end4 ,to d   

?is he mu/  place a man ei!r on #g or   
#ag4 ,suppos+ he plays on to #ag1 !n    
,:ite  c =ce ! game ?us3--      ,:ite4  
,black4       #ah     #bc    ,black     
plays on #bc to /op ,:ite      #g       
#c    gett+ an op5 ?ree2 #i w\ld n      
#i      #e    be s good4     #aa     #ab
      #b    ,! position is n[ z         
diagramm$3--    ,illu/ration3 ,,black   
,,to ,,play4 ,,fig4 #bh4    ,x w be se5 
t ,:ite has n[ ?ree on a p]p5dicul>     
7beg9n+  at #b7 ) a vacant squ>e1 & he  
also has ?ree on a diagonal 7also       
beg9n+ at #b7 ) a vacant squ>e4 ,black c
 n[ only occupy "o (  ! vacant squ>es1 &
 ,:ite !reupon occupies ! o!r1 !reby    
=m+ 8 quat]nion & w9n+4 ,black lo/ !    
game on 8 second  play by plac+ 8 man on
 #ag2 _h he gone on to #g 8 game w\ld h 
be5 z good z ,:ite's4    ,n[ = a few    
g5]al h9ts4 ,op5 ! game on ! middle ( ! 
bo>d4 ,play to squ>es ne> ^? occupi$ by 
y\r oppon5t's m54  ,keep y\r m5 9       
connection 7) an eye to =m+ ?rees1 z 9 !
  illu/rative game giv5 above74 ,keep   

=m+ ?rees z long z y c  s z to =ce y\r  
oppon5t to /op ! ?reat5$ quat]nion4     
,keep  a w>y eye always on y\r oppon5t's
 game1 & try to conf9e him  z mu* z     
possible s z to prev5t him f =m+ ?rees )
 an  adjac5t vacant squ>e4 ,play !      
cauti\s game r ?an ! risky  "o--t is1   
keep ! draw always 9 h&1 & w9 if y c4   
,consequ5ces4--,ea* play] has a slip (  
pap]4 ,?ree in*es broad  & eight in*es  
long is a conv5i5t %ape & size4 ,ea*    
play]  writes ^u ! top an adjective :i* 
might be appli$ to a lady1 &  !n folds !
 top ( ! slip s z to cov] ! ^w4 ,all n[ 
pass  _! slips to _! neighb\rs s t ea*  
"o has ano!r slip4  ,)\t look+ at !     
adjective1 :i* %\ld be well cov]$ by !  
fold1 ea* writes ! "n ( a lady :o is 9 !
 room1 & folds !  slip aga9 s t no writ+
 may be se54 ,once m ! slips are  pass$ 
along1 & ^u ! new slip :i* ea* play] has
 n[ %\ld  be writt5 an adjective        
applicable to a g5tleman4 ,fold ! pap] &
  pass x along aga94 ,?is process is    
repeat$ until ?is adjective  has be5    

foll[$ by ! "n ( "s g5tleman ( ! p>ty1  
!n  by ! "n ( a place1 next by :at !    
g5tleman said to ! lady1  !n h] reply4  
,aft] t come ! consequ5ces1 & f9ally :at
 !  _w said4 ,all ! slips are n[ dropp$ 
into a hat1 & someone is  appo9t$ to    
read !m "o by "o1 supply+ ! v]bs 9 ! "r 
place4 ,!y w create ro>s ( laught]1 = !y
 w run some?+  l ?is3 ,simp]+ ,jane     
,cook met ,knock-kne$ ,pet] ,?ompson up 
a  tree4 ,he said to h]1 ,well1 ,i am   
surpris$ & %e repli$1 ,does  y\r "m "k  
y're out8 ,! consequ5ces 7 t he pawn$ 8 
boots1 & ! _w said1 ,i told y s4        
,conc]t4--,! play]s hav+ select$ a      
conductor1 seat !mselves  r\nd him4 ,!  
conductor n[ gives to ea* a musical     
in/rum5t1  & %[s h[ x is to be play$4   
,:5 all are provid$ ) _!  imag9>y       
in/rum5ts1 he ord]s !m to tune1 & s     
gives ea*  musician a *ance to make all 
sorts ( noises4 ,next ! conductor waves 
an imag9>y baton1 & beg9s to hum a      
lively tune1 9 :i* he  is accompani$ by 
8 b&1 ea* play] imitat+ ) 8 h&s !       

diff]5t movem5ts made 9 p]=m+ on 8      
suppos$ in/rum5t4  ,e n[ & !n !         
conductor pret5ds to play an in/rum5t1 &
  ! play] to :om x belongs mu/ in/antly 
alt] 8 movem5ts =  ^? ( ! conductor1 &  
cont9ue to beat "t until ! conductor    
ab&ons 8 in/rum5t4 ,%\ld a play] fail to
 take ! conductor's  (fice at ! prop]   
"t1 he mu/ pay a =feit4    ,%ad[        
,buff4--,a %eet or o!r l>ge piece ( :ite
 l95 %\ld be  fa/5$ at "o end ( ! room1 
s t x hangs )\t wr9kles2  ,buff seats   
himself on a l[ /ool ) 8 face to ! %eet1
 &  a table1 on :i* is a light$ c&le1   
%\ld be plac$ ab\t f\r  or five feet    
beh9d him1 & ! re/ ( ! lights 9 ! room  
ext+ui%$4 ,buff's playfell[s next pass 9
 succession1 betwe5 him  & ! c&le1      
di/ort+ _! features z mu* z             
possible--hopp+1  limp+1 & p]=m+ odd    
antics1 s z to make _! %ad[s v  unlike  
!mselves4 ,buff1 :o is n bl9dfold$1 mu/ 
try to guess to  :om ! %ad[s belong1 &  
if he guesses correctly1 ! play] ^:     
%ad[ he recognises takes 8 place4 ,buff 

is all[$ only "o guess  = ea* p]son1 &  
mu/ n turn 8 head ei!r to ! "r or to  ! 
left to see :o passes4    ,! ,boat      
,race4--,a mo/ excit+ game1 & "o t is   
p>ticul>ly  suit$ to p>ties4 ,any numb] 
( play]s may take "p 9 x1 ! m  ! m]ri]1 
& !y mu/ be divid$ into two sides4 ,!   
play]s /&  9 two r[s1 fac+ "o ano!r2 at 
"o end ( ! l9e !re is !  />t] & at ! o!r
 ! umpire4    ,at ! ^w ,g6 ! />t] drops 
a p5ny into ! h&s ( ea*  ( ! two m5     
ne>e/ him4 ,^! two m5 !n drop x into !  
out/ret*$ palms ( ! p next to !m1 & s ! 
p5nies are  pass$ along f "o to ! o!r1 &
 ! w9n+ side is ! "o  :i* manages to get
 its p5ny into ! h&s ( ! umpire fir/4   
,a great po9t :i* all ! play]s mu/ be> 9
 m9d is t on no  acc\nt mu/ ! co9 be    
t\*$ by ! f+]s4 ,ea* play] mu/  secure !
 p5ny 9 ! palms ( 8 h&s plac$ toge!r1 & 
mu/  drop ! p5ny into ! h&s ( ! man next
 him by simply op5+ 8  palms4 ,?is      
greatly adds to ! fun ( ! game4 ,9 !    
hurry to pass  on ! co9 ! excit$ play] w
 drop ! money & pick x up 9  8 f+]s1 & 8

 side is !n disqualifi$ = t game4    ,a 
,musical ,glass4--,take a ?9 cut-glass  
goblet1 & hav+ cut out (  /iff          
writ+-pap] a cross ) arms ( equal l5g?1 
lay x on !  top ( ! glass1 & turn d[n   
ea* end ( ! f\r arms1 s t !  cross w n  
slip (f4 ,hav+ ?us fitt$ ! cross1 take x
 (f !  glass & p\r wat] into ! glass    
until x is ne>ly full4 ,n[ wipe  ! rim  
c>efully1 s t no p>ticle ( moi/ure      
rema9s on x1 &  replace ! cross4 ,y c   
make ! glass vibrate & give out a s\nd  
by rubb+ y\r damp$ f+] ov] "s "p ( !    
ext]ior4 ,t is  :y x is call$ a musical 
glass2 b an ev5 m wond]ful exp]im5t  may
 be made ) x4 ,y rub ! glass ) y\r damp$
 f+] "u  "o ( ! arms ( ! cross2 ! cross 
w n move4 ,rub x betwe5  any two ( !    
arms1 & ! cross w beg9 to turn sl[ly1 z 
if by  magic1 & w n /op turn+ until "o (
 ! arms rea*es a po9t  imm$iately ov] ! 
place y are rubb+4 ,y c !n move y\r  f+]
 r\nd ! glass & make ! cross move z y   
please4    ,boom]angs4--,! wood5        
boom]ang ( ! ,au/ralian savage has      

elem5ts ( dang]1 & attempts %\ld n be   
made to ?r[ x except  away f o!r p & f  
animals4 ,ev5 ! ?r[] w d well  to h a   
tree beh9d :i* he c retire2 b mean:ile  
mu* fun c  be d]iv$ f small boom]angs   
made ( pa/ebo>d4 ,!y %\ld be cut  9 !   
%apes giv51 ,a & ,b are ! be/4 ,!re is  
no ne$ to be v  exact1 b ! c>d %\ld n be
 b5t & %\ld be capable ( ly+  flat ^u a 
table4 ,o!r simil> %apes may be inv5t$4 
,! curi\s  flight ( a little boom]ang ( 
?is k9d is induc$ by plac+ x ^u  a book 
) "o ( its ends project+ ov] ! side ( ! 
book4 ,raise  ! book to a level ) y\r   
eyes & !n ) a p5cil or p5hold]  /rike   
%>ply ! edge ( ! boom]ang ne> ! end4 ,d 
n treat !  boom]ang z ?\gh y 7 play+ at 
tip-cat or peggy1 & avoid  smit+ x ^u   
its upw>d flat surface4 ,:5 y h le>n$ to
  hit x prop]ly x w skim ?r\gh ! air1 !n
 rise a little1 &  f9ally come back to  
"s place n f> f its />t+-po9t4 ,9 any   
case its peculi> movem5ts are likely to 
be amus+4 ,a flip ) !  f+] nail is ano!r
 way to />t ! boom]ang ^u its c\rse4    

,an ,amus+ ,game4--,9 ?is game ! ball is
 an empty egg-%ell1 &  ! field a cov]$  
table4    ,aft] ! sides h be5 *os5--any 
numb] ( p]sons tak+  "p--! play]s kneel 
at bo? sides ( ! table1 a capta9 at !   
head on "o side1 & ano!r capta9 at !    
foot on ! o!r side4 ,9  front ( ea*     
capta9 are plac$ two upright            
articles--c&le/icks1  tumbl]s1 or :at n4
 ,^! are ! goals1 across :i* a ribbon is
  /ret*$4    ,illu/ration3 ,,boom]angs4 
,! egg-%ell is plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( !      
table1 & put 9 play by  bo? capta9s bl[+
 at x4 ,all ! o!r play]s !n assi/ 9 !   
bl[+1 :i* keeps ! ball mov+ ab\t ! table
 at su* a rapid  succession ( tang5ts z 
to cause a great deal ( fun4 ,soon mo/ (
  ! play]s w be helpless ) laught]4     
,a t\*d[n1 :i* scores f\r po9ts1 is made
 by bl[+ ! ball  ?r\gh ! oppon5ts' goal4
 ,! capta9 ( ! victori\s side !n  takes 
! ball back to ! opposite goal & bl[s x 
across ! table1  ! object be+ to pass x 
?r\gh ! same goal aga94 ,?is1 if        
successful1 scores two m po9ts4    ,! "t

 limit ( ! game is ?irty m9utes1 divid$ 
into two p>ts  ( fifte5 m9utes ea*4     
,aft] ! fir/ half ! two teams *ange     
positions1 z 9 football4    ,n9e ,m5's  
,morris4--,two p]sons1 hav+ ea* ( !m n9e
 pieces1  or m51 diff]5t 9 col\r f ^? ( 
8 oppon5t1 lay !m d[n  alt]nately1 "o by
 "o1 ^u ! spots2 & ! aim ( bo? play]s   
is to prev5t 8 antagoni/ f plac+ ?ree ( 
8 pieces s z  to =m a r[ ( ?ree )\t !   
int]v5tion ( an oppos+ piece4  ,if a r[ 
be =m$1 he t made x is at lib]ty to take
 up "o (  8 competitor's pieces f any "p
 he ?9ks mo/ to 8 advantage2  unless he 
has made a r[1 :i* mu/ n be t\*$4 ,:5   
all !  pieces are laid d[n1 !y are play$
 backw>ds & =w>ds 9 any  direction t !  
l9es run1 b c only move f "o spot to    
ano!r at "o "t4 ,he t takes all 8       
antagoni/'s pieces1 is !  w9n]4         
,illu/ration3 ,,n9e ,,m5',s ,,morris4   
,,fox ,,& ,,geese4    ,fox &            
,geese4--,fifte5 draughtsm5 s]ve = !    
flock ( geese4  ,! fox may be two       
draughtsm5 plac$ "o ^u ano!r4 ,! game is

  play$ on a bo>d m>k$ z %[n 9 !        
illu/ration4 ,sometimes holes  are      
prick$ at ! junction ( ! l9es & pegs are
 us$ in/ead (  draughtsm54 ,! fox is    
plac$ 9 ! middle ( ! bo>d1 & !  geese z 
%[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,! game is to      
conf9e ! fox to  "s spot on ! bo>d1 s t 
!re %all be ei!r ! edge ( !  bo>d or    
else two r[s ( m5 r\nd him4 ,:5 ! fox _c
 escape1  ! game is done1 & ! play] ( ! 
geese w9s2 b :5 "o (  ! geese is left on
 a po9t next to t occupi$ by ! fox1 & is
  n support$ by ano!r goose beh9d1 or by
 ! edge ( ! bo>d1  ! fox c take x1 & by 
jump+ ov] its head to ! next space1  z 9
 draughts1 he may1 p]haps1 escape !     
o!rs1 z all ! geese  are compell$ to    
move =w>ds t[>ds ! end ( ! bo>d t 0     
unoccupi$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ! game4 ,!  
fox is all[$ to move  ei!r backw>ds or  
=w>ds4 ,nei!r ! fox nor a goose mu/ be  
mov$  m ?an "o space at a "t4 ,if ! fox 
neglects to take :5 he has  a *ance1 he 
is huff$1 & "o ( ! captur$ geese is     
re/or$ to  ! bo>d4 ,! fox %\ld avoid    

gett+ into ! l[] squ>e ( !  bo>d if     
possible1 z he w f9d x difficult to     
extricate himself  f a position :i* c be
 s easily blockad$4    ,illu/ration3    
,,fox ,,& ,,geese--,a ,,second ,,me?od4 
,a ,,second ,,me?od4--,!re is ano!r way 
( play+ fox & geese on a  *essbo>d1 )   
f\r :ite m51 repres5t+ ! geese1 & "o    
black  "o1 = ! fox4    ,! geese are     
plac$ on ! f\r :ite squ>es ne>e/ "o     
play]1 &  ! fox may be put :]e 8 own]   
pleases4 ,! be/ place = him is  t m>k$ 9
 ! diagram4    ,! geese c move =w>d     
only1 & ! fox moves ei!r way4 ,!  object
 ( ! geese is to p5 ! fox s t he _c     
move1 & !  fox has to break ?r\gh4    ,!
 geese h a great advantage1 & a good    
play] keeps !m 9 a  l9e z mu* z he c4   
,?is ! fox tries to prev5t1 & if ! geese
  make a false move he is able g5]ally  
to break ?r\gh ! l9e4                   
,puzzles4--,,dead ,,dogs ,,made         
,,liv+4--,! dead dogs are1 by plac+ two 
l9es ^u !m1 to be sudd5ly ar\s$ to life 
& made to run away4  ,h[ & :]e %\ld ^!  

l9es be plac$1 & :at %\ld be !  %apes ( 
!m8    ,,! ,,spr+s ,,puzzle4--,a is a   
wall1 ,b ,c ,d ?ree h\ses1 & ,e ,f ,g   
?ree  spr+s4 ,x is requir$ to br+ ! wat]
 f ,e to ,d1 f ,g to ,b1  & f ,f to ,c1 
)\t "o pipe or *annel cross+ ! o!r1 &   
)\t pass+ outside ( ! wall ,a4          
,,?ree-,,squ>e ,,puzzle4--,cut sev5te5  
slips ( c>dbo>d ( equal  l5g?s1 & put !m
 on a table to =m six squ>es1 z 9 !     
figure4  ,n[ take away five ( ! pieces1 
leav+ only ?ree p]fect squ>es4    ,,six 
,,& ,,five ,,make ,,n9e4--,draw six     
v]tical l9es1 &1 by add+ five  m l9es   
let ! :ole make n9e4    ,,cyl9d]        
,,puzzle4--,cut a piece ( c>dbo>d ab\t  
f\r in*es long1 (  ! oblong %ape ( !    
figure1 & make ?ree holes 9 x z %[n4    
,make "o piece ( wood pass ?r\gh1 & also
 exactly fill1 ea* ( !  ?ree holes4     
,illu/ration3 ,,dead ,,dogs ,,made      
,,liv+4    ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,spr+s    
,,puzzle4    ,illu/ration3 ,,?ree       
,,squ>e ,,puzzle4    ,illu/ration3 ,,six
 ,,& ,,five ,,make ,,n9e4               

,illu/ration3 ,,cyl9d] ,,puzzle4        
,illu/ration3 ,a ,,button ,,puzzle4     
,a ,,button ,,puzzle4--,9 ! middle ( a  
piece ( lea!r make two p>allel  cuts1 & 
bel[ a small hole ( ! wid? ( ! di/ance  
betwe5 !  cuts1 pass a piece ( /r+ "u ! 
slit & ?r\gh ! hole1 z 9  ! diagram1 &  
tie two buttons mu* l>g] ?an ! hole to !
 ends  ( ! /r+4 ,! problem is to draw ! 
/r+ out )\t tak+ (f  ! buttons4    ,a   
,,slit ,,puzzle4--,cut a r\nd piece (   
wood z 9 ,a1 & f\r o!rs1  l ,b4 ,get !m 
all into ! cross-%ap$ slit1 z 9 ,c4     
,illu/ration3 ,a ,,slit ,,puzzle4       
,illu/ration3 ,,creep+ ,,?r\gh ,a       
,,small ,,space4    ,,creep+ ,,?r\gh ,a 
,,small ,,space4--,take a piece (       
c>dbo>d or (  lea!r1 ! %ape & size      
sugge/$ 9 ! diagram4 ,cut x 9 su* a  way
 t y may creep ?r\gh x1 /ill keep+ x 9  
"o piece4    ,,an ,,+5i\s ,,squ>e4--,"h 
is a way to place "o to n9e 9 ?ree r[s  
( ?ree figures ea*1 s t !y w add up to  
fifte5 9 eight  diff]5t ways4           
,illu/ration      ------     #d #i #b   

------     #c #e #g    ------     #h #a 
#f    ------      ,illu/ration3 ,,circle
 ,,puzzle4      -------------------    o
        o        o                      
o o            o                 o      
o o                                     
o        o        o                     
-------------------      ,,!            
,,cab9et-,,mak]',s ,,problem4--,a       
cab9et-mak] _h a r\nd piece (  v5e]+1 ) 
:i* he has to cov] ! tops ( two oval    
/ools4  ,x s happ5s t ! area ( ! /ools1 
)\t ! h&-holes 9  ! c5tre1 & ! circul>  
piece1 are ! same4 ,h[ mu/ he cut 8     
v5e] s z to be exactly en\gh = 8        
purpose8    ,,circle ,,puzzle4--,secure 
a piece ( c>dbo>d1 ! size & %ape ( !    
diagram1 & pun* 9 x twelve holes 9 !    
position %[n 9 !  diagram4 ,cut !       
c>dbo>d into f\r pieces ( equal size1   
ea* piece  to be ( ! same %ape1 & to    
conta9 ?ree holes1 )\t cutt+  into any (
 !m4    ,,! ,,nuns4--,tw5ty-f\r nuns 7  
plac$ 9 a conv5t by night to c\nt  n9e  
ea* way1 z 9 ! figure4 ,f\r ( !m w5t = a

 walk2 h[  7 ! rema9+ nuns arrang$ 9 !  
squ>e s z /ill to c\nt  n9e ea* way8 ,! 
f\r :o w5t out return$1 br++ ) !m f\r   
fri5ds2 h[ 7 !y all arrang$ /ill to c\nt
 n9e ea* way1 &  ?us to deceive ! si/] 9
 *>ge1 z to :e!r !re 7 #bj1 #bd1  #bh1  
or #cb 9 ! squ>e8    ,illu/ration3 ,,!  
,,nuns4    ,,cross-,,cutt+4--,h[ c y cut
 out ( a s+le piece ( pap]1 &  ) "o cut 
( ! scissors1 a p]fect cross1 & all !   
o!r =ms  t are %[n 9 ! diagram8         
,,cross ,,puzzle4--,cut ?ree pieces (   
pap] to ! %ape ( ,a1 "o to !  %ape ( ,b1
 & "o to t ( ,c4 ,let !m be ( ! same    
relative  sizes z 9 ! diagram4 ,place ! 
pieces toge!r s z to =m a  cross4    ,,m
 ,,cross ,,cutt+4--,) ?ree pieces (     
c>dbo>d ( ! =m &  size ( ,a1 & "o ea* ( 
,b & ,c1 to =m a cross4    ,illu/ration3
 ,,cross ,,cutt+4    ,illu/ration3      
,,cross ,,puzzle4    ,illu/ration3 ,,m  
,,cross ,,cutt+4    ,a ,,problem ,,=    
,,surveyors4--,a g5tleman :o liv$ 9 a   
h\se on an e/ate  decid$ t he w\ld      
divide ! e/ate into five build+ plots4  

,!re  7 t5 f9e old trees1 & 8           
in/ructions to ! surveyor 73  ,don't    
c\nt my h\se 9 ! division4 ,i %all h t  
extra1 b  divide ! rema9d] ( ! p>k into 
five equal p>ts ) /raight  b\nd>ies4 ,i 
%all reta9 "o "p = my own gr\nds4 ,be   
c>eful  to arrange t ea* plot %all h two
 ( ! trees4 ,h[ did !  surveyor divide !
 e/ate8    ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,problem   
,,= ,,surveyors4    ,,ano!r ,,problem   
,,= ,,surveyors4--,a squire plant$ a    
numb] ( oaks :5  8 heir 0 born1 & on !  
tw5ty-sev5? bir?day ( ! "y man  !re 0 a 
tree = e ye>1 & yet ?\gh !re 7 only #bg 
trees1 !re 7 t5 r[s & six trees 9 ea*   
r[1 :i* made sixty1  ! age ( ! squire   
himself4 ,h[ did he manage x8           
,,halfp5ce ,,puzzle4--,place t5 halfp5ce
 9 a r[ on ! table4 ,take  up "o ( !m & 
place x on ano!r1 nev] 9 any case pass+ 
ov] m ?an two halfp5ce4 ,repeat !       
op]ation until no halfp5ny  rema9s by   
itself 9 ! r[4    ,,puzzl+              
,,advice4--,read ! foll[+3--      ,if   
y\r ,b  m  t   put 3    ,:5    y\r ,,is 

4   putt+ 3    ,,! ,,mis]',s ,,ruse4--,a
 mis] once ask$ 8 t5ants to d9n] at an  
inn1  & ask$ ! l&lord to jo9 ! p>ty4 ,:5
 ! bill 0 pres5t$1  ! mis] sugge/$ t !y 
%\ld ca/ lots :o %\ld pay !  score4 ,x 0
 decid$ t !y %\ld be c\nt$ by ! days ( !
  week1 & t e "t he :o c\nt$ call$      
,saturday1 ! p]son  s nam$ %\ld leave ! 
room until !re 0 only "o man left1 &  he
 %\ld pay4 ,h[ did ! mis] manage to ?r[ 
! exp5se on !  l&lord8    ,,two ,,eyes  
,,bett] ,,?an ,,"o4--,put a co9 on a    
table's edge1 ) half !  co9's edge      
ov]lapp+4 ,move ?ree y>ds away & close  
"o eye2 n[  advance1 & try to knock x (f
 ) "o f+]1 keep+ ! "o eye  %ut all ! "t4
    ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,d\ble ,,h&cuffs4
    ,,wolf1 ,,goat1 ,,&                 
,,cabbages4--,suppose a man has a wolf1 
a goat1 & "s  cabbages on ! bank ( a    
riv]1 & he wi%es to cross ) !m1  & t 8  
boat is only l>ge en\gh to c>ry "o out (
 ! ?ree  besides himself4 ,he mu/1      
!re=e1 take !m ov] "o by "o1 9 su*  a   
mann] t ! wolf %all h no opportunity (  

dev\r+ ! goat1  or ! goat ! cabbages4 ,9
 :i* way is he to d ?is8    ,,! ,,d\ble 
,,h&cuffs4--,ask two fri5ds to all[ _!  
h&s to be  fa/5$ toge!r ) /r+1 :i* mu/  
be loop$1 z %[n 9 !  illu/ration4 ,n[   
tell !m to lib]ate !mselves )\t unfa/5+ 
! knots1 or cutt+ ! /r+4      ,answ]s to
 ,puzzles4    ,illu/ration3 ,,dead      
,,dogs ,,made ,,liv+4    ,illu/ration3  
,,! ,,spr+s ,,puzzle4    ,,?ree-,,squ>e 
,,puzzle4--,take away ! pieces numb]$   
#h1 #aj1 #a1 #c1 #ac1  & ?ree squ>es    
only w rema94    ,illu/ration3 ,,six ,,&
 ,,five ,,make    ,a ,,slit             
,,puzzle4--,arrange ! pieces side by    
side 9 ! %ort arms (  ! cross1 draw out 
! c5tre piece1 & ! re/ w foll[ easily4  
,! same process rev]s$ w put !m back    
aga94    ,illu/ration3 ,,slit ,,puzzle4 
,illu/ration3 ,,creep+ ,,?r\gh ,a       
,,small ,,space4    ,,creep+ ,,?r\gh ,a 
,,small ,,space4--,d\ble ! c>dbo>d or   
lea!r  l5g?ways d[n ! middle1 & !n cut  
fir/ to ! "r1 ne>ly to  ! end1 & !n to !
 left & s on to ! end ( ! c>d2 !n  op5 x

 & cut d[n ! middle1 except ! two ends4 
,by op5+ !  c>d or lea!r1 a p]son may   
pass ?r\gh x4 ,a t\gh leaf may be       
treat$ 9 ?is way4    ,illu/ration3      
,,circle ,,puzzle4    ,,!               
,,cab9et-,,mak]',s ,,problem4--,!       
cab9et-mak] mu/ f9d ! c5tre  ( ! circle1
 & /rike ano!r circle1 half ! diamet] ( 
!  fir/1 & hav+ ! same c5tre4 ,!n cut ! 
:ole into f\r p>ts1  by means ( two l9es
 drawn at "r angles to ea* o!r1 !n cut  
along ! inn] circle1 & put ! pieces     
toge!r z 9 ! foll[+  diagram4           
,illu/ration3 ,,cab9et-,,mak]',s        
,,problem4    ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,nuns4 
,illu/ration3 ,,m ,,cross ,,cutt+4      
,,button ,,puzzle4--,pull ! n>r[ slip ( 
! lea!r ?r\gh ! hole1  & ! /r+ & buttons
 may be releas$4    ,illu/ration3       
,,cross ,,cutt+4    ,illu/ration3       
,,cross ,,puzzle4    ,,cross            
,,cutt+4--,take a piece ( writ+ pap]    
ab\t ?ree times z  long z x is broad1   
say six in*es long & two wide4 ,fold !  
upp]  corn] d[n1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a2 !n   

fold ! o!r upp] corn] ov]  ! fir/1 & x w
 appe> z 9 ,fig4 #b2 y next fold ! pap] 
9  half l5g?wise1 & x w appe> z 9 ,fig4 
#c4 ,!n ! la/ fold is  made l5g?wise    
also1 9 ! middle ( ! pap]1 & x w exhibit
  ! =m ( ,fig4 #d1 :i*1 :5 cut ?r\gh ) !
 scissors 9 !  direction ( ! dott$ l9e1 
w give all ! =ms m5tion$4               
,illu/ration3 ,,cyl9d] ,,puzzle4        
,,cyl9d] ,,puzzle4--,take a r\nd cyl9d] 
( ! diamet] ( ! circul>  hole1 & ( !    
height ( ! squ>e hole4 ,hav+ drawn a    
/raight  l9e across ! end1 divid+ x into
 two equal p>ts1 cut an equal  section f
 ei!r side to ! edge ( ! circul> base1 a
 figure  l t repres5t$ by ! woodcut 9 ! 
m>g9 w\ld !n be  produc$1 :i* w\ld      
fulfil ! requir$ conditions4            
,,halfp5ce ,,puzzle4--,place ! f\r? on !
 fir/1 sev5? on ! ?ird1  fif? ^u ! n9?1 
! second ^u ! six?1 & ! eigh? ^u  ! t5?4
    ,,puzzl+ ,,advice4--      ,if y\r   
grate be 7great ,b7 empty1 put coal on4 
,:5 y\r grate is 7great ,,is7 full1 /op 
putt+ coal on4    ,,! ,,mis]',s         

,,ruse4--,! c\nt+1 :i* /opp$ at e sev5? 
man1  0 made to beg9 at ! six? f !      
l&lord1 :o sat at ! end (  ! table4     
,,wolf1 ,,goat1 ,,& ,,cabbages4--,fir/  
he takes ov] ! goat2 he !n  returns &   
takes ! wolf2 he leaves ! wolf on ! o!r 
side1 &  br+s back ! goat2 he n[ takes  
ov] ! cabbages1 & comes back  once m to 
fet* ! goat4 ,?us ! wolf w nev] be left 
) !  goat1 nor ! goat ) ! cabbages4     
,illu/ration3 ,a ,,problem ,,=          
,,surveyors4    ,illu/ration3 ,,ano!r   
,,problem ,,= ,,surveyors4    ,,!       
,,d\ble ,,h&cuffs4--,?is is ! way to d  
x4 ,c mu/ ga!r up into  a loop ! /r+ :i*
 b9ds 8 h&s1 pass x "u ! /r+  fa/5$ r\nd
 ei!r ( ,b's wri/s1 & slip x ov] ,b's   
h&s4 ,?is  done1 bo? w be set free4 ,to 
replace ! /r+s1 rev]se !  process4      
,,*apt] ,,xxi    ,,"w ,,& ,,play ,,at   
,,! ,,b5*      ,wood ,c>v+4--,! be/ k9ds
 ( wood include :ite holly1 walnut &    
sycamore1 & pieces ( empty cig> boxes1  
(t5 ,spani% c$>1 are n  to be despis$4  
,a pocket-knife1 "s bradawls1 a few     

files1 flat1 r\nd  & triangul>1 a f9e   
saw & "s co>se s&pap] complete ! tools  
ne$$ = mo/ ( ! "w4    ,draw v c>efully  
^u pap] ! design ) :i* y wi% to  ornam5t
 "s article y may h made ) wood4 ,:5 y h
 at  la/ drawn ! design q accurately !re
 are _m ways 9 :i* y  may transf] !     
draw+ to ! wood4 ,x may be pa/$ ^u !    
wood s  t pap] & wood w be cut away     
toge!r 9 ^? p>ts t are  to fall bel[ !  
g5]al surface ( ! wood & at ! end ! pap]
  t rema9s may be wa%$ away4 ,ano!r way 
is to cut out ! design  ) scissors1 lay 
x ^u ! wood & g c>efully r\nd ! edges  )
 a lead p5cil2 or y may )\t cutt+ x out 
place x ^u !  wood & prick ?r\gh !      
design or at any rate ! pr9cipal po9ts  
) a p94 ,if y 7 to scribble ) crayon1   
col\r$ *alk or  p5cil ^u ! back ( ! pap]
 & 7 !n to lay ! pap] ^u  ! wood & g ov]
 ! design ) a h>d po9t1 us+ "s pressure1
  ! design w\ld be transf]r$ to ! wood1 
or /ill ano!r way w\ld  be to use c>bon 
pap] 7see ,*ap4 ,,xxiv47 betwe5 ! pap] &
 ! wood  in/ead ( scribbl+ ^u ! back ( !

 pap]4    ,h[ev]1 we w suppose ! design 
9 "s way or ano!r has be5  plac$ 9 p5cil
 ^u ! wood4 ,n[ ) reg>d to e "p 9 :i*  !
 int5tion is to take out ! wood         
completely f front to back  bore a hole4
 ,!n take y\r fret-cutt]'s saw or       
d5ti/'s saw &  unfa/5+ "o end put ?is   
end ?r\gh ! hole & fa/5 x aga94  ,saw   
p]p5dicul>ly4    ,at ?is /age ! "y c>v] 
w ne$ to decide :e!r he w  foll[ ! p5cil
 l9es exactly4 ,if he is a v exp]t sawy]
 he  may1 b x is mu* saf] to leave a    
little wood to be remov$ by             
pocket-knife1 *isel1 or file4 ,x is easy
 to d ?is2 b if he saws  out a little   
too mu* wood1 if he transgresses ! p5cil
 l9e1 he  _c put back ! wood he has     
wrongfully cut away4 ,aft] ! fil+ a     
little rubb+ ) s&pap] w complete ! "w4  
,sometimes x is  an advantage to adju/ !
 saw 9 its frame ) ! tee? inside or     
sideways4    ,h[ to make a              
,s*oon]4--,take a block ( wood two feet 
f\r in*es  long1 eight in*es wide1 &    
eight in*es deep4 ,we "n ?is z a        

conv5i5t size2 b a boy may if he likes  
make 8 boat twice ?is  size1 or half ?is
 size1 & s long z he makes 8 alt]ations 
9  proportion x w n matt]4 ,try to get !
 wood )\t knots or  o!r faults4 ,:ite   
p9e or deal ) a /raight gra9 is ! be/1 =
  ?is wood is easy to cut into %ape1 & x
 is light4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a   
,be=e ! s*oon] is %ap$ x %\ld be holl[$4
 ,draw a /raight  l9e ) p5cil along !   
c5tre ( ! upp] surface ( ! block ,a ,b  
7,fig4 #a74 ,if ! bread? ( ! block is   
eight in*es !n ! c5tre  w be f\r in*es f
 ea* edge4 ,next1 9 a simil> way divide 
!  l5g? ( ! block into two equal p>ts ) 
a p5cil l9e ,c ,d4 ,if !  l5g? is two   
feet f\r in*es !n ?is l9e w be "o foot  
two f  ea* end ( ! block4 ,n[ divide !  
l5g? into ?ree equal p>ts by  ! l9es ,e 
,f & ,g ,h4 ,"o ?ird ( two feet f\r     
in*es is n9e in*es  & "o ?ird ( an in*1 
s t ea* ( ! ?ree p>ts w h  ?is          
measurem5t4 ,draw n[ ! l9e ,i ,j ,c ,b &
 :5 ?is l9e is (  ! "r %ape make a trac+
 ( x1 & f ! trac+ a c>dbo>d  model4 ,by 

plac+ ?is model ^u ! o!r side ( ! l9e ,a
 ,b &  draw+ r\nd its edge y w get ! l9e
 ,b ,d ,k ,i & x w be  exactly l ,i ,j  
,c ,b1 a v important matt]4 ,) a knife1 
g\ge1 &  *isel ! boat may n[ be holl[$ )
 c>e1 & we may repeat t  x is easi] to  
holl[ ! block be=e its outside has be5  
%ap$  ?an aft]w>ds1 because x /&s n[ m  
firmly ^u ! table or  b5*4    ,! %ape ( 
! outside is %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 & x %\ld be
 notic$  t ! l9e ,l ,m ,n is n /raight b
 curves s t ,m is ! l[e/  po9t & ,l & ,n
 ! highe/4 ,^u ! c\nt] at ,o a hole mu/ 
be  bor$ = ! /]n-po/1 :i* w come ?r\gh  
at ,p 9 ,fig4 #a4    ,illu/ration3      
,,fig4 #b    ,x is well f "t to "t to   
try ! boat 9 wat] to see if x  floats   
ev5ly1 or if m has be5 tak5 f "o side   
?an ! o!r4  ,^! little matt]s %\ld be   
correct$1 & a numb] ( little  t\*es w be
 ne$$ "h & !re ) tools or s&pap] be=e  !
 vessel is "r inside & out4 ,!n put a   
deck ( ?9 wood ov]  ! holl[$ "p4 ,?is   
%\ld be fitt$ v c>efully s t no  wat] c 
pass into ! hold ( ! %ip4 ,if bulw>ks   

are desir$ !  deck may be half an in* or
 an in* bel[ ! edge ( ! vessel1 b  if ! 
deck is flu% ) ! sides ( ! hull !re w be
 no place  = wat] to lodge4    ,we n[   
come to ! ma/s1 ( :i* !re w be two4 ,= !
 =ema/  make a hole ?r\gh ! deck at ,q  
on ,fig4 #a4 ,x is ab\t an in* f  ! l9e 
,g ,h4 ,at ,r two in*es f ! l9e ,e ,f a 
simil> hole %\ld  p5etrate ! deck = !   
ma9 ma/4 ,! circumf]5ce ( ! l[]  ma/s   
%\ld be "o in* & ?ree qu>t]s1 b an in* w
 s]ve  = ! topma/s4 ,! b[sprit & ! booms
 %\ld measure "o in*  & a qu>t] r\nd1 & 
! gaffs an in*4    ,illu/ration3 ,a     
,,s*oon]4      ,a ,bob/ay4    ,b        
,b[sprit4    ,c ,=e/ay4    ,d ,/ay      
,=esail4    ,e ,=ema/4    ,f ,gaff      
,=esail4    ,g ,=e ,gaff4    ,h ,=e     
,boom4    ,i ,ma9ma/4    ,j ,ma9sail4   
,k ,ma9 ,boom4    ,l ,ma9 ,gaff4    ,m  
,ma9 ,topma/4    ,n ,gaff ,topsail4     
,o ,ma9 ,topma/ ,/ay4    ,p ,=e ,peak   
,hauly>ds4    ,q ,=e ,?roat ,hauly>ds4  
,r ,ma9 ,peak ,hauly>ds4    ,s ,ma9     
,?roat ,hauly>ds4    ,t ,ma9%eet4    ,u 

,=e%eet4    ,v ,/ay ,=e%eet4    ,w      
,rudd]4    ,x ,lead ,balla/4    ,y      
,=ecap & ,cross ,trees4    ,z ,ma9cap & 
,cross ,trees4    ,l95 w s]ve = ! sails1
 & odds & ends ( fi%+ l9es =  ! ropes & 
rigg+1 ) /\t] cord l :ipcord = ! %r\ds4 
,! caps1 deadeyes1 blocks & su* ?+s may 
be made1 b ! process  is we>isome &     
difficult & p]haps ! bett] way is to buy
 !m4  ,! foll[+ measurem5ts w be        
useful3--                               
in*es    ,b[sprit                       
#c-a_/b    ,=ema/                #ae    
,ma9ma/                #af    ,topma/   
#f    ,=e boom                #h-a_/b   
,=e gaff                #h    ,ma9 boom 
#ab    ,ma9 gaff                #h    ,!
 sails %\ld be made to fit ^!4 ,if !    
s*oon] has be5  prop]ly made %e w sail  
well ) ! rudd] b slightly turn$  to "o  
side4 ,if x is necess>y to turn h] rudd]
 mu* %e w lose  spe$ & w n rank 9 ! fir/
 class4 ,to /eady ! s*oon]  x is        
necess>y to nail or screw along h] keel1
 a /rip ( lead z  balla/4 ,err ^u ! side

 ( mak+ ?is too heavy1 because x is     
easi] to cut & file away ?an x is to    
add4    ,! mak+ ( a ,cutt]4--,hav+ made 
a s*oon] x w n be  difficult to make a  
cutt] f ! app5d$ diagrams ) a few       
p>ticul>s reg>d+ ! measurem5ts4         
,illu/ration    ,! cutt] has b "o ma/   
rea*+ ab\t fifte5 in*es above !  deck4  
,?is is surm\nt$ by a sev5-in* top-ma/1 
s t !  complete height above ! deck is  
tw5ty-two in*es4 ,"h are ! o!r          
measurem5ts4    ,b[sprit1 #i in*es f !  
/em ( ! vessel to ! end4    ,ma9 gaff1  
#i in*es long4    ,ma9 boom1 #ae in*es4 
,illu/ration3 ,a ,,cutt]4      ,a       
,bob/ay4    ,b ,b[sprit4    ,c ,=e/ay4  
,d ,=esail4    ,e ,jib4    ,f ,topmo/   
,/ay4    ,g ,ma/4    ,h ,topma/4    ,i  
,ma9sail4    ,j ,ma9 ,boom4    ,k ,ma9  
,gaff4    ,l ,gaff ,topsail4    ,m ,peak
 ,hauly>ds4    ,n ,?roat ,hauly>ds4     
,o ,ma9 ,%eet4    ,p ,rudd]4    ,q ,lead
 ,balla/4    ,r ,jib ,%eets4    ,s ,!   
,cap4    ,t ,cross ,trees4    ,a ,sleigh
 t c be ,/e]$4--,) ! sket*es we %all    

give1 a boy  unaid$1 or ) a little      
assi/ance f a c>p5t]1 w be able  to make
 a sleigh t he c /e]4 ,take a piece (   
bo>d #i-a_/b feet  long1 six in*es wide 
& #g_/h ( an in* ?ick4 ,a% is excell5t4 
,avoid  l>ge knots4 ,let ,fig4 #a       
repres5t ! face ( ! bo>d4 ,f ,b measure 
?ree in*es to ,c4 ,connect ,a ,c4 ,f ,a 
measure two feet1 f\r times4  ,^!       
measurem5ts w give y ,d ,e ,f ,g4 ,f ,c 
repeat ?is process  & y w h ,h ,i ,j &  
,k4 ,saw f ,a to ,c2 f ,d to ,h2 f ,e to
  ,i2 ,f to ,j1 & f ,g to ,k4 ,y w h n[ 
f\r pieces ( wood l  ! piece 9 ,fig4 #b 
& "s wood to sp>e = a purpose t w be    
expla9$ soon4 ,) reg>d to y\r f\r pieces
 ( wood :i* are to  s]ve = runn]s       
rememb] t two w be "r-h& runn]s & two   
left-h& runn]s1 because ! treatm5t ( ea*
 k9d v>ies a little4    ,illu/ration3   
,,fig4 #a4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4  
,) reg>d to ,fig4 #b draw ! curv$ l9e ,a
 ,e4 ,no rule c be giv5  = ?is except t 
,b ,e repres5ts eight in*es4 ,cut !     
curve f ,a  to ,e1 r\nd (f ! angle ,c ,d

 ,b a little1 & y w h a runn]  f :i* !  
?ree rema9+ runn]s may be made4 ,?is    
runn] h[ev]  is n yet f9i%$4 ,f ,c 9    
,fig4 #b measure #b-a_/b in*es to ,f1 !n
  ano!r #b-a_/b in*es to ,g4 ,make ,f ,h
 "o in* deep & ,g ,i4 ,!n connect  ,h   
,i4 ,measure #h in*es f ,g to ,j & !n   
m>k (f ,j ,k ,l ,m mak+  x l ,h ,g ,f   
,i4 ,n[ direct y\r att5tion to ! upp]   
edge ( !  runn] repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #c4   
,two po9ts w h be5 fix$ already4  ,m ,j1
 ,g ,f4 ,to f9d ! rema9+ po9ts ,n ,o1 ,p
 ,q draw ! l9es ,m ,n2 ,j  ,o2 ,g ,p &  
,f ,q mak+ ! angles ,n ,m ,j2 ,o ,j ,m2 
,p ,g ,f & ,q ,f ,g ! same  z ! angle ,b
 ,d ,c 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,n[ saw & *isel out  
c>efully ,n ,o ,m  ,j ,l ,k & ,p ,q ,g  
,f ,i ,h mak+ :at jo9]s call mortices4  
,9 repeat+  ?is process ^u ! o!r runn]s 
rememb] to h ! n>r[] end  ( ^! dovetails
 inside ! sl$ge4 ,! arrangem5t w be z 9 
,fig4 #d4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4   
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4                
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4    ,! next ?+  
is to connect y\r f\r runn]s ) cross b>s

 7,fig4 #e7  :i* are ea* f\rte5 in*es   
long1 two & a half in*es broad1 &  "o   
in* ?ick4 ,( ^! cross b>s !re are f\r4  
,! di/ance f ,a  to ,b & f ,c to ,d is  
"o in* 9 ea* case4 ,^! ends are %ap$ to 
=m :at jo9]s call dovetails1 & !y %\ld  
fit exactly into !  mortices ^u ! upp]  
edges ( ! runn]s4 ,! black dots repres5t
  screws4 ,"o ( ! cross b>s does n appe>
 9 ,fig4 #ac4 ,! runn]s  %\ld be %od )  
iron by ! blacksmi?4    ,he w ne$       
elev5-&-a-half feet ( half r\nd #e_/h   
in* roll$ iron1  divid$ into f\r1 a     
piece = ea* runn]4 ,ea* piece w be #cd  
in*es long pi]c$ = screws z 9 ,fig4 #f4 
,a & ,b are an in* f  c5tre to c5tre4 ,c
 is eight in*es f ! end1 ,d ano!r t5    
in*es2  ,e a fur!r t5 in*es4 ,f ,g are l
 ,a & ,b4    ,take n[ a piece ( bo>d "o 
foot wide1 fifte5 in*es long & "o  in*  
?ick 7,fig4 #g74 ,f9d ! c5tre by        
connect+ ,b & ,c & ,a & ,d  by /raight  
l9es4 ,! place :]e !y cross1 ,e1 w be ! 
c5tre4  ,?is bo>d %\ld be plac$ l5g?ways
 ^u ! cross b>s ( ! front  portion ( y\r

 sleigh & %\ld be fix$ v securely 9     
position  ) long screws4 ,x %\ld be at  
,a 9 ! complet$ sleigh1 ,fig4 #ac4  ,n[ 
= ! long bo>d ^u :i* y sit1 ! bo>d t    
connects !  two pairs ( runn]s1 ! bo>d  
m>k$ ,b 9 ! complet$ sleigh1 ,fig4  #ac4
 ,its wid? is sixte5 in*es1 its l5g?    
#g-a_/b feet1 its ?ickness  #a-a_/b     
in*es4 ,x is kn[n z ! rea* bo>d & %\ld  
be ( season$  p9e4 ,?is bo>d is         
repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #h4 ,fix y\r compass  
at ,a &  describe a semi-circle1 & !n at
 ,b4 ,a & ,b are ea* sev5 in*es  f ! end
 ( ! bo>d & sev5 in*es f ! sides4 ,by ! 
aid  ( ^! l9es y w be able to give y\r  
bo>d r\nd$ ends z 9  ,fig4 #i4          
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4                
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4                
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4                
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4    ,hav+      
decid$ :i* end ( ?is bo>d y w h =w>d    
measure  und]nea? #h in*es f ! front    
extremity & at t po9t draw  ! l9e ,a ,b 
7,fig4 #aj74 ,n[ take ! piece ( wood y  
sp>$ f  y\r runn]s & saw x l5g?wise into

 two equal p>ts4 ,make ea*  "p precisely
 z long z y\r rea* bo>d is wide4 ,screw 
"o at ,c ,d  9 ,fig4 #aj s t its out]   
edge is close to ! l9e ,a ,b4 ,! screws 
g ?r\gh ! rea* bo>d into ! cross piece4 
,9 ! c5tre ( !  cross piece bore a hole 
) a half in* bit "r ?r\gh cross piece  &
 rea* bo>d1 ?is is = ! bolt4 ,n[ take t 
o!r piece (  runn] wood & fix h+es ^u x 
z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aa4 ,! h+es  %\ld be #dd 
h+es1 & %\ld move r\nd to _! full ext5t 
ea*  way4 ,leav+ ! rea* bo>d = a few    
m9utes we g to ! pair (  runn]s t w be  
at ! back ( ! sleigh4 ,x w be se5 t  we 
connect$ ^! ) two cross pieces4 ,x is ^u
 ! back cross  piece t we h to place our
 piece ( wood t has ! h+es ^u  x4 ,lay x
 ^u ! cross piece & :5 ! two are ev5 all
 r\nd  fa/5 ! rema9+ flap ( ! h+es )    
screws ^u ?is cross  piece ( ! runn]s4  
,^! two cross pieces ( wood w be sep>at$
  only by ! ?ickness ( ! h+es if ! "w   
has be5 deftly done4  ,place ! rea* bo>d
 s t ! out] edge ( ! cross piece %all   
come exactly to a l9e we may draw n[ ^u 

! "u-side ( ! rea*  bo>d five in*es f   
its backw>d end z 9 ,fig4 #ab4          
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4                
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4               
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4               
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4    ,fa/5 !re !
 rea* bo>d to ! cross piece ) screws4 ,!
 front  pair ( runn]s is fa/5$ by pass+ 
a half in* bolt ?r\gh !  half in* hole  
we bor$ 9 ! rea* bo>d & 9 ! top ( !     
front  pair ( runn]s4 ,"h y w ne$ a few 
wa%]s & a nut4 ,ea* back  runn] %\ld be 
fa/5$ to ! rea* bo>d by a loose *a9 z   
%[n  9 ! complet$ sleigh4 ,foot re/s (  
b5t iron or ( wood are a great          
advantage4 ,place ^! :]e y ne$ !m4 ,!   
sleigh is /e]$ by  means ( two /rong    
cords4 ,fig4 #ac is m]ely g5]al4 ,"s ( !
  details d n appe> !re4                
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a41 ,fig4 #b41     
,fig4 #c41 ,fig4 #e41 ,fig4 #f41 ,fig4  
#d4    ,baby's ,sleigh4--,9 ,fig4 #a we 
h ! sleigh z x looks :5 x is  f9i%$4 ,to
 uphol/] x w\ld add to our difficulties1
 s we w  dep5d ^u an abundance ( cu%ions

 = baby's com=t4 ,9 ,fig #b we  h a     
piece ( /rong bo>d ,a ,b ,c ,d #c_/h (  
an in* ?ick1 two feet  long & "o foot   
wide4 ,f ,c to ,e is ?ree in*es1 f ,c to
 ,g sev5  in*es & f ,d to ,f ?ree in*es4
 ,! curve f ,a to ,g mu/ be  drawn      
accord+ to ! ta/e ( ! "y jo9]4 ,:5 ?is  
side has  be5 cut out x is easy to make 
! o!r f x4    ,n[ = ! backbo>d4 ,9 ,fig4
 #c ,a ,b ,c ,d we h a piece ( wood     
fifte5 in*es squ>e4 ,! inside l9es at ! 
bottom are "o &  a half in*es f ,d & ,c4
 ,e & ,f are ?ree in*es f ,a & ,b4  ,put
 y\r compasses at ,i = a c5tre & draw ! 
curve ,e ,f4 ,if y\r  compasses are n   
l>ge en\gh a piece ( p5cil ti$ to a /r+ 
w  s]ve4 ,! front bo>d may be made l !  
l[] half ( ! back  bo>d4 ,nail or screw 
! p>ts toge!r & put on a bottom t fits4 
,inside1 ! seat re/s on two /rips1 "o   
screw$ ^u ea* side4 ,^!  /rips are (    
wood ?ree eigh?s ( an in* ?ick1 an in*  
wide &  eight in*es long4 ,! seat may be
 ab\t a foot wide4 ,! runn]s come  next4
 ,9 ,fig4 #d ,a ,b ,c ,d1 we h a bo>d   

?ree qu>t]s ( an in*  ?ick1 ?ree feet   
long & sev5 in*es wide4 ,! di/ance f ,d 
to ,e  is eight in*es4 ,f ,a measure    
eight in*es along ! upp] edge to  ,g1 !n
 two in*es to ,h & f ,h draw ! l9e ,h   
,f4 ,draw ! curve ,a  ,h4 ,f %\ld be    
?ree in*es f ! l9e ,b ,c4 ,f ,f draw a  
/raight  l9e to ,c4 ,cut out ! runn] &  
use x z a patt]n = ! mak+  ( ano!r4 ,to 
connect ! two runn]s use a c\ple ( cross
 b>s (  h>d wood ea* an in* & a half    
wide1 "o in* ?ick & a foot long4  ,cut !
 ends z %[n 9 ,fig4 #e1 ! cuts be+ ?ree 
qu>t]s ( an  in* deep4 ,c>p5t]s call an 
arrangem5t ( ?is k9d a t5on4 ,!  front  
cross b> w connect ! two runn]s fifte5  
in*es f !  front & ! back cross b> w be 
fifte5 in*es fur!r back ?an  t4 ,! me?od
 ( fix+ !m is %[n 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,! cuts ,a
 &  ,b--mortices1 jo9]s call !m--are    
half an in* deep4 ,hav+ plac$  ! t5ons 9
 ! mortices fa/5 !m !re ) screws4 ,n[   
get a  bo>d t5 in*es wide1 half an in*  
?ick & two feet long & screw  ?is to !  
b>s4 ,if y want ! runn]s %od ) iron !   

blacksmi?  w d ?is = y4 ,place n[ ! c> 9
 position ^u ! runn]s1  & bore two      
qu>t]-in* holes 9 ! c5tre ( ! bottom1 "o
 "u  ! seat & ! o!r 9 front4 ,make two  
correspond+ holes 9 !  bo>d ( ! sleigh &
 s ) two bolts & nuts secure ! c> to  ! 
runn]s4    ,illu/ration3 ,,hammock ,,f  
,a ,,b>rel4    ,a ,hammock f a          
,b>rel4--,look r\nd = a clean b>rel4    
,p]haps  an apple b>rel w be z easy to  
f9d z any4 ,/rip (f ! hoops  & draw all 
! nails4 ,measure ?ree in*es f ! top1 & 
?ree  in*es f ! bottom ( ! b>rel1 & draw
 !nce a l9e r\nd !  top & a l9e r\nd !  
bottom ( ! b>rel1 keep+ x ?ree in*es  f 
top or bottom all ! way r\nd4 ,^u ^!    
l9es1 & ^u ea*  /ave1 bore two holes ) a
 brace & bit4 ,place ! holes s t  !y are
 ab\t ! same di/ance f ea* o!r & f !    
edges (  ! /aves4 ,if "s ( ! /aves are  
wid] ?an o!rs1 ea* w ne$  slightly      
diff]5t treatm5t4 ,a /\t rope %\ld be   
?read$ ?r\gh  ^! holes 9 ! mann] %[n 9 !
 diagram4 ,ab\t tw5ty feet (  rope w be 
suffici5t4 ,an in* or !reab\ts %\ld be  

left betwe5  ea* /ave4 ,cu%ions add to !
 com=t ( ?is simple hammock4            
,illu/ration3 ,,hammock ,,f ,a ,,b>rel4 
,illu/ration3 ,,olian ,,h>p4    ,an     
olian ,h>p4--,make a %all[ box ( ?9 dry 
p9e4 ,! top piece  %\ld be free f knots 
& ?ree-sixte5?s ( an in* ?ick4 ,?is  is 
! s\nd+ bo>d4 ,! sides & bottom ( ! box 
may be ( wood  "o qu>t] ( an in* 9      
?ickness4 ,! h>p %\ld be two in*es      
%ort] ?an ! wid? ( ! w9d[ 9 :i* y are   
go+ to place  x4 ,! wid? ( ! box itself 
may be t5 in*es1 its dep? two & a  half 
in*es4 ,! ends %\ld be ( h>d wood1 = !y 
h to be> !  /ra9 ( ! /r+s4 ,9 "o end put
 /uds or r+s or eyes to :i*  are fa/5$ !
 wires or catgut /r+s4 ,at ! o!r end    
%\ld be  a correspond+ r[ ( viol9 pegs  
if y use catgut1 or iron piano  p9s if y
 use wire4 ,if y d use wire x %\ld be ( 
/eel4 ,9  ! diagram y w see ! two       
bridges ( h>d wood glu$ diagonally      
across ea* end = ! /r+s to re/ ^u4 ,if  
/eel wire is employ$  a piece ( wire    
%\ld run along ! top ( ea* bridge to    

prev5t !  o!r wires f cutt+ into ! wood4
 ,f\r holes1 ea* an in* 9  diamet]1 9 ! 
s\nd+ bo>d improves ! h>p4 ,! tun+ may  
be  h>monics1 ?irds1 fif?s1 & octaves4  
,raise ! sa% ( ! w9d[1  & place ! h>p s 
t ! w9d bl[s across ! /r+s4             
,,*apt] ,,xxii    ,,sci5ce ,,= ,,!      
,,play-,,h\r      ,a ,home-,made        
,electrical ,ma*9e4--,to make a really  
fir/-class ma*9e  ( ! mod]n type w\ld   
require a good deal ( me*anical skill1  
ev5  suppos+ my read]s to be ! happy    
possessors ( ! necess>y tools  &        
mat]ials2 b ! old] type ( ma*9e--?\gh ( 
c\rse n s  p[]ful--w probably d q well  
en\gh = mo/ ( _! purposes4    ,i w1     
!re=e1 describe "o ( ! simple/ =ms ( ^! 
ma*9es1 su* z any "o1 ) a little c>e &  
pati5ce1 c make  = himself4    ,! fir/  
?+ to d is to get a g5]al idea ( :at y  
are go+ to  con/ruct1 :i* may be _h f ! 
illu/ration1 & f ! actual  ma*9es y may 
sometimes see 9 a %op w9d[ or 9 a       
sci5tific  collection1 l ! ,sci5ce      
,dep>tm5ts ( ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton  ,museum4  

,x is ! mak+ ( ! cyl9d] ma*9e we are go+
 to  "w out1 &1 !re=e1 to beg9 )1 !     
glass cyl9d] mu/ be  procur$4 ,?is c be 
_h f a deal] 9 *emical app>atus & co/s  
only a few p5ce = ! small] size--ab\t #c
 in*es by #f in*es4 ,at  ! same "t      
pur*ase a r\nd glass rod1 #c_/h in*     
diamet] by #e in*es  long2 a %eet or two
 ( t9foil1 & sixp5nywor? ( amalgam4 ,f  
a c>p5t] or timb]-m]*ant y w require a  
base-bo>d = !  ma*9e1 say #ac in*es by  
#h in*es1 by #a in* ?ick1 & ( heavy     
wood2  also two uprights1 :i* are to /& 
on ! base-bo>d to support !  cyl9d]4 ,^!
 may be #f in*es tall1 by #b in*es by   
#c_/d in*4    ,hav+ n[ ! pr9cipal p>ts (
 ! frame1 ! "w ( fitt+  toge!r c be     
begun by mak+ a circul> hole 7c5tre ab\t
  #a-a_/d in*es f ! end7 9 "o wood5     
upright1 to take easily  "o ( ! project+
 glass pieces1 or pivots1 at ! ends ( ! 
cyl9d]--probably #c_/d in* diamet] w d4 
,?is hole may be  made ) a brace &      
suitable bit1 or fail+ t1 ) a r\nd      
*isel--tak+ c>e n to split ! wood4 ,9 "o

 end ( ! o!r  upright cut a slot ( same 
wid? z ! hole1 ! bottoms ( bo? be+  on !
 same level4 ,!n re/ ! two glass pivots 
9 ! hole & slot1  hold+ ! uprights      
v]tically on ! base-bo>d1 :5 ! cyl9d]   
%\ld be q horizontal4 ,if x is n s1     
deep5 ! slot1 or  %ort5 ei!r upright1 z 
requir$4 ,drill a hole ?r\gh ! two sides
  ( ! slot at ! top1 & ins]t a r\nd nail
 to keep ! pivot f  hav+ too mu* play4  
,x w next be necess>y to secure ^!      
supports to ! bo>d1 :i*  may be done by 
driv+ /\t screws f bel[1 toge!r ) ! aid 
( "s /rong glue4 ,if y h ! skill x w be 
bett] to s9k  ! supports #a_/b in* into 
! surface4    ,! position %\ld be su*1 t
 ! cyl9d] is n q ov] !  middle ( ! bo>d4
 7,see illu/rations47 ,next remove !    
cyl9d] by  a little side work+1 & screw 
a piece ( wood1 #a-a_/b in*es by #a_/d  
in* by ab\t #g in*es1 to ! supports &   
base4 ,?is is to act z a  brace to !    
supports1 & also = hold+ tight5+ screws 
= !  rubb]4    ,we n[ come to !         
prep>ation ( ! rubb]1 :i* is an         

important  detail4 ,get a wood5 block   
#a-a_/d in*es by #a_/b in* & #a in*     
%ort]  ?an ! cyl9d]4 ,smoo! (f all !    
corn]s1 & glue on "o long  edge1 a piece
 ( ?9 lea!r 7*amois w d72 fold ov] !    
flat  side1 & !n glue x aga9 at ! o!r   
long edge2 d\ble x back  loosely1 & glue
 aga9 9 orig9al place4 ,?is %\ld make a 
sort (  bag on "o side ( ! block1 :i*   
%\ld n[ be /uff$ ) dry  wool or hemp1 & 
! two ends fa/5$ d[n4 ,a piece ( black  
silk1  ab\t #e in*es by #i in*es1 mu/ be
 atta*$ to ! bottom edge4               
,illu/ration3 ,,front ,,view1 ,,%[+     
,,rubb] ,,se5 ,,?r\gh ,,cyl9d]2         
,,conductor ,,remov$4 ,a ,a ,supports2  
,r ,rubb]2 ,b ,brace ,bo>d2 ,c ,c       
,adju/+  ,screws2 ,f ,rubb] ,/&4        
,illu/ration3 ,,end ,,view4 ,h ,h&le2 ,d
 ,conductor2 ,e ,glass ,support4        
,,rubb]1 ,,silk ,,flap ,,& ,,support4 ,a
 ,,home-,,made ,,electrical ,,ma*9e4    
,n[ place ! cyl9d] on its be>+s1 & press
 ! rubb] aga9/  ! middle ( "o side1 :i* 
w %[ :at l5g? to make ! rubb]  /&4 ,!   

?ickness may be #a_/d in*1 & ! bread? #b
 in*es2 "o end  be+ screw$ to ! rubb]   
block at ! back1 & ! o!r re/+  on !     
base-bo>d1 b atta*$ to ! brace piece by 
two bolts )  adju/able nuts4 ,^! y c get
 at an ironmong]'s--?umb nuts are       
pref]able1 z !y c be tight5$ up )\t     
pli]s4    ,z ?is bo>d w be on a slope1 !
 cu%ion block mu/ be bevell$  (f ) a    
*isel1 s t x may re/ squ>ely aga9/ !    
glass4  ,! adju/+ screws w enable !     
pressure on ! glass to be  regulat$4 ,be
 c>eful to see t ! silk flap 7atta*$ to 
! bottom  edge ( ! rubb]7 comes betwe5 !
 lea!r & ! cyl9d]1 &  !n folds ov] !    
cyl9d] to ab\t ! middle ( ! opposite    
side4    ,we next come to ! prime       
conductor1 :i* is a piece ( r\nd$  wood1
 #b in*es 9 diamet] & #a in* less ?an ! 
l5g? ( !  cyl9d]4 ,! end corn]s mu/ be  
made r\nd ) a knife &  s&pap]1 s ! :ole 
surface may be q smoo?4 ,!n lay on      
ev5ly ) pa/e1 a %eet ( t9foil1 not*+ x s
 t x may  fold nicely ov] ! sph]ical    
ends1 & take out any ridges by rubb+  ) 

! knife h&le4    ,an insulat+ support   
mu/ be giv5 to ! conductor1 z x is to   
hold ! accumulat$ electric en]gy1 & =   
?is ! glass rod  above m5tion$ is       
requir$4 ,make a suitable hole 9 "o side
 ( !  conductor1 & 9 x fix "o end ( !   
rod ) cem5t4 ,! o!r end  c be fix$ to ! 
base-bo>d 9 ! same way2 or a sep>ate /& 
may be us$2 b be=e do+ ?is1 drive a     
horizontal r[ ( /rong  p9s along a side 
( ! conductor1 at "r angles ) ! rod4 ,^!
  %\ld be #a_/d in* ap>t1 />t+ & f9i%+  
#a_/d in* f :]e  ! surface becomes      
sph]ical at ! two ends2 ! heads %\ld be 
cut  (f previ\sly ) pli]s1 & ! ext]nal  
l5g?1 :5 driv5 into  ! wood1 %\ld n     
exce$ #a_/b in*4 ,n[ erect ! conductor1 
& see  t ! rod br+s x level or !reab\ts 
) ! c5tre l9e ( !  cyl9d]-side4 ,! po9ts
 %\ld n q t\* ! latt]2 & !  silk flap   
mu/ n hang d[n f> en\gh to come betwe54 
,!re rema9s n[ b "o piece ( me*anism to 
con/ruct--!  h&le4 ,?is is apt to give  
tr\ble at fir/1 b ) c>e may be          
successfully complet$4 ,a %ort piece (  

h>d wood 7say #b-a_/b in*es  long71 half
 ( circul> & half ( squ>e section1 mu/  
be procur$1  & ! r\nd$ half cem5t$ into 
"o ( ! glass pivots4 ,?is  mu/ be done )
 good cem5t & bo? ! glass & wood w>m$1  
& clean$ fir/ ( all4 ,be c>eful n to    
crack ! glass by too  rapid heat+4 ,a ?9
 lay] ( cem5t is be/1 :ile1 ( c\rse1 !  
wood5 rod ought to fit closely4 ,! squ>e
 end n[ project+ mu/  be provid$ ) a    
h&le1 ! mak+ ( :i* w s]ve to pass !  "t 
dur+ :i* ! cem5t is dry+4 ,cut a squ>e  
hole to fit !  end 9 a piece ( wood say 
#a_/d in* by #b-a_/b in*es by #a in*1   
:i*  is ! h&le %aft4 ,pass a bolt ?r\gh 
! l[] "p & secure  ! h&le-bobb9 itself  
by a nut4 ,if no?+ else c be got1 a     
cotton-reel makes a fair h&le :5 !      
flanges are cut (f4 ,if !  nut works    
loose1 p9* ! ?reads at ! end ( ! screw1 
or add a  lock nut--i4e4 an extra nut4  
,dry ! cyl9d] & put a wood5  /opp] 9 !  
o!r glass pivot to keep out damp4       
,take c>e to h ! h&le on ! "r-h& end ( !
 ma*9e :5  ! rubb] is close/ to y & !   

conductor opposite2 notice also  t ( !  
supports ! slott$ "o %\ld n[ be on !    
left-h&  side4    ,all ! woodwork1 z    
well z ! ends & pivots ( ! cyl9d]1  & ! 
glass rod %\ld be pa9t$ ) %ellac v>ni%1 
:i* may  g5]ally be _h ready mix$ f pa9t
 m]*ants1 or may be made  at home by    
dissolv+ %ellac 9 me?ylat$ spirits4 ,a  
/ick ( r$  seal+-wax gives a m pleas+   
col\r = ! glass "w if add$ to  ! %ellac 
solution4    ,all ?r\gh ! con/ruction ( 
! ma*9e mu/ be borne 9 m9d !  fact t    
r\gh edges or po9ts attract away !      
electricity1 &1  !re=e1 all ! edges &   
corn]s mu/ be well r\nd$ (f &  smoo!d ) 
s&pap]1 & ev]y?+ mu/ be kept clean &    
free  f du/4    ,:5 ! %ellac is dry1 let
 all ! p>ts1 especially ! rubb]1        
cyl9d]1 & rod1 h a good w>m+ be=e !     
fire4 ,!n fix+  ! cyl9d] 9 its place1   
press ! rubb] firmly aga9/ x by means  (
 ! adju/+ screws4 ,aft] turn+ = a few   
m9utes1 ! h&le  %\ld become /iff]1 & a  
small sp>k be obta9$ on t\*+ !          
conductor4 ,if n1 tight5 up ! screws a  

little m4 ,x is also  advisable to lay a
 little amalgam ) tall[ on ! rubb]1     
betwe5  ! silk & ! lea!r3 a piece (     
t9foil is also said to be (  advantage  
:5 amalgam is n h&y4 ,sometimes1 too1 a 
wire connection  f ! back ( ! cu%ion to 
a neighb\r+ gas or wat] pipe helps  !   
success ( ! ma*9e1 b if prop] att5tion  
be paid to w>m+  & clean+ & ! avoid+ (  
edges & corn]s1 success is almo/  c]ta9 
aft] a %ort "t4 ,a delicate te/ is to   
obs]ve :e!r a  ?read is attract$ by !   
conductor1 & if s1 a sp>k may be soon   
look$ =4    ,an iron clamp or two w be  
f\nd ( great assi/ance = hold+ d[n  !   
base-bo>d to ! corn] ( a table4    ,!   
,inde/ructible ,c&les4--,:5 a c&le      
burns1 ! matt] (  :i* ! c&le is compos$1
 is n lo/ nor de/roy$4 ,x is simply     
*ang+ its =m1 & e "p ( x may be acc\nt$ 
=4    ,if we take a cold clean tumbl] & 
hold x ov] ! flame ( !  c&le 7,fig4 #a7 
we %all see t ! inside becomes moi/ )   
wat]1  & on t\*+ x our f+]s are made    
wet4 ,on ! tumbl] becom+  w>m1 ?is      

moi/ure disappe>s4 ,if we c\ld surr\nd !
 tumbl]  ) an ice jacket1 we %\ld see ! 
wat] f ! flame ( !  c&le dripp+ d[n1 &  
if ?is 7 caught 9 a vessel we c\ld      
obta9 f an ord9>y c&le ab\t a           
w9e-glassful ( wat]4 ,we may  !re=e     
produce wat] f a burn+ c&le4 ,! cause ( 
! wat]  be+ =m$ is t !re is 9 ! fat ( ! 
c&le1 z "o ( its  con/itu5ts1 hydrog51 &
 z ! c&le burns1 ?is unites ) !  oxyg5 (
 ! air to =m wat]4 ,:]ev] wat] is f\nd x
 always  consi/s ( hydrog5 & oxyg5 9    
comb9ation1 & ( no?+ else4              
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4                
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4                
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4                
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4                
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4                
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4                
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4                
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4    ,pres5ce (  
,hydrog5 ,prov$4--,we may prove !       
pres5ce ( hydrog5  gas by br++ a light$ 
tap] )9 two or ?ree in*es ( !  wick ( a 
c&le j aft] x has be5 ext+ui%$4 ,on     

hold+ !  light$ tap] 9 ! /ream ( smoke  
com+ f ! wick1 we %all see  a t9y flame 
run d[n ! smoke & re-light ! c&le4 ,!   
hydrog5  gas com+ f ! hot fat is be+    
c>ri$ (f 9 ! smoke4 ,x is  v            
inflammable1 & ! flame f ! tap] ignites 
x1 & 9 turn  rek9dles ! c&le4 ,:5 !     
/ream ( smoke has ceas$1 x does  n matt]
 h[ ne> we hold ! tap] to ! wick )\t    
actually  t\*+1 x w n be re-light$4     
7,see ,fig4 #b47    ,! ,hydrog5         
,locat$4--,a /ill bett] way ( %[+ !     
pres5ce (  ?is gas is by b5d+ a piece ( 
glass tub+ ( small-bore1 into !  %ape   
%[n 9 ,fig4 #d4    ,glass tub+ may be   
b5t easily to any %ape by hold+ x 9 !   
flame  ( an ord9>y gas burn]4 ,! tube   
becomes cov]$ ) soot1 & ?is  prev5ts its
 gett+ hot too rapidly1 & s enables !   
tube to b5d  easily & ev5ly4 ,! b5d+ mu/
 nev] be =c$1 b v g5tly  done z ! glass 
s(t5s4 7,see ,fig4 #c47 ,a little       
practice w enable  any boy to make a    
fir/-rate b5d4    ,on c>efully obs]v+ ! 
flame ( ! c&le we %all see t x  really  

consi/s ( ?ree di/9ct p>ts4 ,r\nd ! wick
 x looks black1  ?is is really a holl[  
*amb] fill$ ) unconsum$ hydrog54 ,next  
to ?is is a bright lum9\s cone1 &       
outside ( t is an almo/  invisible cov]+
 ( blue flame4 ,9 ! black space gas is  
unconsum$1  9 ! lum9\s "p ! combu/ion is
 only p>tial1 b outside (  all1 :]e !re 
is mo/ oxyg51 ! combu/ion is complete1 &
 !  flame c h>dly be discov]$4 ,n[ :5 ! 
flame is q /eady !  tube mu/ be g5tly   
ins]t$ at an angle into ! black cone2   
aft] a  few m9utes1 on apply+ a light at
 ! end ( ! tube1 al?\gh !  c&le is /ill 
burn+1 we %all see t ?is free hydrog5 w 
burn  !re too ) a small blui% flame4    
,! ,c&le's ,c>bon4--,z ! c&le burns1    
ano!r "p ( its  con/itu5ts is pass+ (f  
into ! air z soot or c>bon1 & ?is  c be 
%[n by hold+ a %eet ( :ite pap] or      
c>dbo>d 9 ! top  ( ! flame1 or bett]    
/ill1 a cold sauc]1 on :i* !re w be a   
copi\s deposit ( black soot4 ,?is is    
ano!r pro( t z a c&le  burns x is n     
de/roy+ matt]1 b only *ang+ its =m2 f  !

 :ite fat ( ! c&le1 black sooty c>bon is
 lib]at$ by !  process ( incomplete     
combu/ion t is go+ on4 7,see ,fig4 #e47 
,c>bonic ,acid ,gas4--,:5 sub/ances     
conta9+ c>bon are burnt1 "o  ( !        
products is an invisible gas1 commonly  
call$ c>bonic acid  gas4 ,aft] an       
explosion 9 a m9e1 all ! work+s are     
fill$ )  a deadly gas1 :i* (t5 kills m  
m5 ?an ! explosion4 ,?is is  call$ *oke 
damp1 & is ! same z c>bonic acid gas4   
,:5ev] a  fire burns--gas1 lamp1 coal   
fire1 or c&le1 ?is gas is "o ( !        
products4 ,let u fa/5 a piece ( wire    
r\nd our c&le1 &1 aft]  light+ x1 l[] x 
d[n into a glass bottle ) a wide m\?4   
,at fir/ ! c&le burns dimly1 & !n1 :5 a 
curr5t ( air is  e/abli%$1 bright5s4 ,n[
 cov] ! m\? ( ! j> ) a piece (  c>d or !
 h&1 & we %all see t ! c&le aga9 burns  
dimly  & quickly goes out4 ,! j> n[     
conta9s a consid]able quantity (  ?is   
c>bonic acid gas4 ,we may prove its     
pres5ce by p\r+ into !  j> a little cle>
 lime-wat] & %ak+ x up4 ,! c>bonic acid 

gas  w turn ! lime-wat] milky4 7,see    
,fig4 #f47    ,lime-wat] c be pur*as$ at
 any *emi/'s v *eaply1 or x c  be made  
by p\r+ wat] on a piece ( quicklime1    
well %ak+ x1 &  !n all[+ x to settle4 ,!
 cle> lime-wat] may !n be p\r$  (f4 ,!  
lime may be us$ aga9 & aga9 until x is  
all dissolv$4    ,our ,use (            
,oxyg54--,we are brea?+ out c>bonic acid
 gas2 &  on brea?+ ?r\gh a piece ( glass
 tub+ into "s ( ! cle>  lime-wat] we    
%all see t x w be turn$ milky 9 j ! same
  way z :5 ! c&le burn$4 ,we are us+ up 
oxyg5 to support  life1 ! c&le uses up  
oxyg5 to support life1 & 9 bo? cases  ! 
product is c>bonic acid gas1 z we h     
prov$ by means ( !  lime-wat] te/4 7,see
 ,fig4 #g47    ,conv9c+ ,pro(4--,all t  
we h done up to ! pres5t supports  our  
/atem5t t ! matt] ( ! c&le is n de/roy$4
 ,9 fact  we h acc\nt$ = all its p>ts   
except+ t ( a little m9]al  a% :i* w be 
left aft] ! c&le has burn$ away4 ,we    
may1  h[ev]1 %[ 9 a v conv9c+ way t our 
cont5tion is true4 ,an  ord9>y gas      

*imney is obta9$1 & at ab\t ?ree in*es f
 "o  end a piece ( wire gauze is plac$1 
& ! op5 end fill$ up )  quicklime1 at ! 
l[] end a cork is fix$ ^u :i* a %ort    
piece  ( c&le is plac$4 ,!re mu/ also be
 a hole 9 ! cork = !  admission ( air2  
:5 all is ready1 c>efully c\nt]poise !  
scales4  ,!n remove ! cork & light !    
c&le & quickly replace4 ,aft]  burn+ a  
%ort "t x w be f\nd t ! *imney glass    
be>s  d[n ! beam because ( increas$     
weight4 ,! products ( ! burn+  c&le h   
unit$ ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 & ^! products1 
consi/+ *iefly ( c>bonic acid gas &     
wat]1 h be5 caught by  ! quicklime4     
,because ( ! add$ oxyg5 !y are heavi]   
?an !  orig9al c&le4 7,see ,fig4 #h47   
,capill>y ,attraction4--,!re is /ill "o 
int]e/+ ?+ to  illu/rate ab\t ! burn+   
c&le1 & t is ! way 9 :i*  ! p>ticles (  
fat asc5d ! wick to rea* ! flame4 ,?is  
is  accompli%$ by :at is kn[n z capill>y
 attraction4 ,a v good  illu/ration (   
?is is af=d$ by a piece ( salt /&+ ^u a 
plate1 on :i* is p\r$ "s salt wat]      

col\r$ blue ) indigo or  ink4 ,! liquid 
w rise up ! pill> ( salt1 & ev5tually   
rea*  ! top4 ,x rises by ! =ce (        
capill>y attraction4 ,let ! pill>  (    
salt repres5t ! wick ( ! c&le1 & !      
col\r$ wat]1 !  fat1 & ! illu/ration is 
complete4    ,analysis ( ,c&le          
,flame4--,our c&le c /ill give u "s     
useful  & sugge/ive illu/rations ( flame
 & combu/ion4 ,we h se5 t  unconsum$    
gase\s vap\rs c be obta9$ f ! flame by  
means  ( a b5t glass tube4 ,9 ! c&le    
flame 7,fig4 #i7 we see t ?is  is       
because ( ! way ! flame is built4 ,! "p 
m>k$ o is !  gase\s *amb]1 i is ! lum9\s
 "p1 & e is :]e combu/ion  is complete4 
,on tak+ a %eet ( clean :ite pap] &     
press+ x  d[n on ! c&le flame = a mom5t 
or two we %all get ! fact (  ?is holl[  
*amb] demon/rat$ by ! smoke r+ ^u !     
pap]1  :i* w appe> ?us--    ,! pap] is  
left clean at ! holl[ *amb]1 b m>k$ )   
smoke at  ! lum9\s "p ( ! flame4 7,see  
,fig4 #aj47    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4               

,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4               
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4               
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4               
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4    ,n[ we mu/ 
f9d ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! non-lum9\s out]
  flame & ! lum9\s inn] flame4 ,to d ?is
 ?or\ghly we mu/  h a ,buns5 burn] to   
af=d ! be/ illu/ration4 ,?is is n an    
exp5sive item4 ,a *eap & simple =m ( x c
 be obta9$ = #as4  #c;d4 ,to und]/& !   
nature ( ! flame we mu/ fir/ und]/& !   
pr9ciples ( ! ,buns54 ,x is a burn] 9   
:i* a mixture ( air &  gas is consum$4  
,a is a brass tube1 m\nt$ on a solid    
foot ,k1 ) a  small tube ,c to admit !  
gas4 ,!re are two holes at ! bottom ( ! 
brass tube to admit air 9 ! direction ( 
! arr[s1 & a movable  brass coll> fits  
ov] ^! holes1 s t ! air c be admitt$ or 
exclud$ at w4 ,on ignit+ ! gas1 ) !     
holes ( ! ,buns5  op51 we %all see t x  
burns ) a non-lum9\s b exce$+ly  hot    
flame4 ,on clos+ ! holes we %all notice 
t ! flame becomes  lum9\s1 mu* m        
languid1 & does n give (f ne>ly s mu*   

heat4  7,see ,fig4 #aa47    ,we mu/ ask 
ourselves ! "q1 ,:at is ! cause ( ?is   
diff]5ce8 ,! answ] is a simple b v      
in/ructive "o4 ,coal-gas1  l ! fat ( !  
c&le1 conta9s c>bon1 & 9 ! lum9\s flame1
  ow+ to ! limit$ supply ( oxyg51 ^!    
p>ticles ( c>bon are  made :ite hot1 & s
 emit light1 b are n entirely consum$   
till  !y rea* ! out] edge ( ! flame1 :]e
 combu/ion is m  complete1 ow+ to !     
contact ( ! flame ) ! air1 & ev5 !n  _m 
( !m escape2 & s :]e gas is burnt !     
ceil+s aft] a  "t become black5$4    ,9 
! non-lum9\s flame1 ow+ to ! air be+    
admitt$ & mix$  ) ! gas1 ! increas$     
supply ( oxyg5 r5d]s combu/ion m        
complete1 greatly increases ! heat ( !  
flame1 b r5d]s x  incapable ( giv+      
light4 ,n[1 ! reasons = ! diff]5ces ( ! 
two flames are made cle>4    ,a v clev] 
modification ( ?is pr9ciple has be5     
utilis$ 9 :at  is kn[n z ! ,arg& burn]1 
9 :i* ! gas & air are n mix$  z 9 a     
,buns51 b ! burn] is made circul>1 & !  
air is made to  pass up ! c5tre ( !     

flame1 s t x gets its supply ( oxyg51   
burns /eadily1 & pres5ts a v l>ge       
surface ( lum9\s flame4  7,see ,fig4    
#ab47    ,a ,pretty ,exp]im5t4--,let u  
n[ g back to our c&le flame4 ,we  see t 
x gives light1 emits smoke1 & does n    
yield a v  l>ge am\nt ( heat4 ,we h     
le>nt t x gives light because !         
p>ticles ( c>bon are heat$ to a :ite    
heat1 b n entirely  consum$4 ,^!        
p>ticles 9 ! flame are held v closely   
toge!r1  & s pres5t a cont9u\s surface4 
,if we c\ld get inside ! flame  & scatt]
 !m we %\ld h a pretty %[] ( gl[+ sp>ks4
    ,we c illu/rate ?is by ! foll[+     
exp]im5t4 ,take z mu*  gunp[d] z w re/  
on a sixp5ce1 & a l quantity ( iron     
fil+s1 mix !m toge!r on a small t9 di%4 
7,see ,fig4 #ac47    ,?is mu/ be done   
c>efully & )\t friction4 ,!n ignite ) a 
tap]4 ,! gunp[d] burns1 makes ! p>ticles
 ( iron r$ hot1 &  scatt]s !m 9 a       
beautiful %[] ( gl[+ sp>ks4 ,?is is a   
fair  repres5tation ( pull+ a c&le flame
 to pieces1 ! only diff]5ce  is t ! gl[+

 p>ticles are ( iron in/ead ( c>bon4    
,artificial ,lightn+4--,?is may be fur!r
 illu/rat$ by putt+  a flame toge!r4 ,we
 may accompli% ?is by pass+ any v f9e   
p>ticles ( c>bonace\s matt] ?r\gh a     
non-lum9\s flame1 & we  %all see t :il/ 
^! p>ticles pass ?r\gh ! flame x w  give
 light ow+ to _! pres5ce4    ,we require
 a little lycopodium1 a piece ( glass   
tub+ "o foot long1  & ab\t a qu>t]-in*  
bore1 & ! non-lum9\s flame ( ! ,buns5   
burn] or a _s lamp4 ,ins]t into "o end (
 ! tube a little (  ! lycopodium p[d]1 &
 !n1 pea-%oot] fa%ion1 apply ! m\?  to !
 o!r end ( ! tube1 & bl[ ! cont5ts into 
! flame4  ,!re w be a great fla% ( light
 :il/ ^! inf9itely small  p>ticles are  
pass+ ?r\gh ! flame1 ?us e/abli%+ ! fact
  t lum9osity is due to ! pres5ce (     
unconsum$ solid matt] 9  ! flame4 ,?is  
exp]im5t is sometimes call$ mak+        
artificial  lightn+1 & 9 a d>k room x is
 v effective4 7,see ,fig4 #ad47         
,flames t ,laugh4--,:at makes ! c&le    
flame burn /eadily is !  next problem   

be=e u1 & we %all see t x is v simple & 
at  ! same "t mo/ philosophical4 ,x     
tells u ! reason :y c&les  are made     
r\nd1 & n squ>e4 ,! section ( a c&le be+
 circul>1  ) ! wick 9 ! c5tre1 x c1 z x 
burns1 get its supply  ( oxyg5 f all    
directions at an equal di/ance2 ?us x   
burns  regul>ly & /eadily4 ,if ! c&le 7 
squ>e1 ! f\r corn]s  be+ at a great]    
di/ance f ! wick ?an ! sides1 we %\ld  h
 f\r columns ( fat /&+ up at ! corn]s1 &
 z ! air  ru%$ 9 to fe$ ! flame x w\ld  
come into contact ) ^!1 &  s ! curr5t   
w\ld be brok5 & ! flame w\ld become     
un/eady4 ,we  c %[ ?is by plac+ "s      
cotton wool on t9 di%es1 & saturat+  x )
 me?ylat$ spirits & ignit+ x4 ,?is w    
give u :at are  kn[n z laugh+ flames1   
because !y burn s un/eadily4 ,! air     
ru%+ 9 to fe$ ! flame comes into contact
 ) ! wool1 :i*  imp$es x1 & s ! flame   
has a danc+ or laugh+ appe>ance4 ,?is   
exp]im5t may be made v pretty by r5d]+ !
 flames col\r$4  ,to d ?is add to !     
cotton wool1 be=e p\r+ on ! me?ylat$    

_s1 *loride ( copp]2 ?is w give a gre5  
flame2 to ano!r1  *loride ( /rontium2   
?is w col\r ! flame r$2 to ano!r1       
common salt2 ?is w give a yell[         
coloration4 ,all ^! %\ld be  %[n 9 a d>k
 room4    ,! ,importance ( ,oxyg54--,by 
previ\s exp]im5t we h se5 t  oxyg5 is   
necess>y to a flame1 & our +5i\s read]s 
may n[ make  a piece ( app>atus to prove
 ?is4 7,see ,fig4 #ae47 ,x consi/s ( two
  pieces ( glass tube /&+ upright ne> ! 
two ends ( a bo>d1 9  :i* !re is a cov]$
 *annel communicat+ ) ! two4 ,a small   
c&le is light$ & plac$ 9 "o ( ! tubes4  
,! air heat$ by !  flame rises 9 ! tube 
& causes a correspond+ desc5t ( cold air
  d[n ! o!r tube4 ,?is gives u a good   
illu/ration ( v5tilation  produc$ by    
artificial heat4 ,s great is ! d[n      
draught1 t if we  hold a light$ tap] ov]
 ! m\? ( ! cold tube ! smoke & !  flame 
w be c>ri$ d[n1 ) ! result t ! c&le is  
soon  ext+ui%$4 ,! reason = ?is is t !  
smoke & burnt air  f ! tap] conta9      
insuffici5t oxyg5 to fe$ ! c&le flame1  

& x dies4 ,to make ?is app>atus1 obta9 a
 piece ( deal bo>d  ab\t t5 in*es long &
 f\r in*es wide1 cut along ! middle a   
groove ab\t ?ree qu>t]s ( an in* deep1 &
 ab\t ! same wid?1  leav+ ab\t half an  
in* at ea* end uncut4 ,cov] ?is groove )
  a tightly-fitt+ slip4 ,ov] ! two ends 
( ! groove are fa/5$  two small blocks (
 cork pi]c$ ) ap]tures1 into :i* fit !  
v]tical glass tubes2 ^! %\ld be ab\t t5 
in*es high & ab\t  ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 
bore4 ,fig4 #af1 :i* is a section ( "o  
end  ( ! app>atus1 %[s h[ a small c&le l
 ^? us$ on ,*ri/mas  trees is held erect
 by a wood5 socket at ! end ( ! groove s
 z  n to imp$e ! curr5t ( fre% air4     
,rates ( ,combu/ion4--,we mu/ rememb] t 
all ?+s d n burn  at ! same rate4 ,iron 
ru/ is a product ( v sl[ combu/ion4 ,9  
us+ up food to ma9ta9 ! heat ( ! body1  
combu/ion goes on m  quickly ?an 9 ru/+ 
iron1 ! c&le burns m quickly /ill1 gas  
/ill fa/]1 ! ,buns5 burn] fa/] /ill4 ,we
 may get an idea (  ! diff]5t rates (   
combu/ion by ! two foll[+ exp]im5ts4 ,on

  a t9 di% place half a ?imbleful (     
gunp[d] & lay on x a t9y  piece (       
gun-cotton4 ,ignite ! gun-cotton2 x     
burns s fa/ t x  has no "t to set fire  
to ! gunp[d]1 :i* may n[ be ignit$ 9    
its turn by ! tap]4 ,ano!r example is ! 
lay+ ( two long tra9s  ( gunp[d]1 "o f9e
 gra9 & ! o!r co>se4 ,x w be f\nd  t !  
two flames travel at v diff]5t rates    
along ! same pa?4    ,! ,egg & ,bottle  
,trick4--,an ord9>y wat]-bottle1 a      
h>d-boil$  egg1 dive/$ ( its %ell1 & a  
piece ( ?9 pap] are all t is  requisite4
 ,h[ c we make ?is egg get inside !     
bottle8 ,light !  pap]1 quickly ?ru/ x  
into ! bottle1 & imm$iately place ! egg 
ov] ! m\? ( ! bottle1 g5tly press+ x    
closely d[n to !  glass4 ,! burn+ pap]  
consumes "s ( ! air1 a p>tial vacuum is 
=m$1 & air pressure w =ce ! egg into !  
bottle ) a l\d  detonation4 7,see ,fig4 
#ag47    ,mak+ ,wat] ,boil by ,means (  
,coldness4--,heat "s wat] to boil+  9 a 
glass flask ov] a _s lamp4 ,aft] ! wat] 
has boil$ = a  m9ute or two1 quickly    

ins]t a well-fitt+ cork1 & remove !     
flask  f ! flame4 ,wrap a du/] or t[el  
r\nd ! neck ( ! flask1  &1 hold+ x ov] a
 bas9 79 case ( breakage71 p\r g5tly a  
/ream ( cold wat] on to ! flask4 ,! /eam
 inside is cond5s$1 a  p>tial vacuum is 
=m$1 & z long z any heat rema9s 9 !     
wat]1  x w boil1 :il/ ! /ream ( cold    
wat] is cont9u$ on !  outside4 ,:5      
ebullition no long] occurs1 x w be f\nd 
t !  cork is held 9 s tightly by air    
pressure t x is v difficult to  draw x4 
7,see ,fig4 #ah47    ,fire              
,designs4--,?is is v simple1 amus+1 &   
effective4 ,make a  saturat$ solution ( 
nitrate ( pota% 7common nitre or        
saltpetre71 by  dissolv+ ! sub/ance 9   
w>m wat]1 until no m w dissolve2  !n    
draw ) a smoo? /ick ( wood any design or
 word+ on %eets  ( :ite tissue pap]1 let
 x ?or\ghly dry1 & ! draw+ w  become    
invisible4 ,by means ( a sp>k f a       
sm\ld]+ mat* ignite  ! potassium nitrate
 at any "p ( ! draw+1 fir/ lay+ !  pap] 
on a plate or tray 9 a d>k5$ room4 ,!   

fire w sm\ld]  along ! l9e ( ! invisible
 draw+ until ! design is complete4      
7,see ,fig4 #ai47    ,! ,magic ,w9e     
,glass4--,! hold+ ( a w9e-glass to a    
sub/ance  m\? upw>ds )\t its fall+ (f1  
may be accompli%$ ?us4 ,obta9  a        
w9e-glass ) a v ev5 edge 7?is may be    
done by gr9d+ on a  flat /one71 a squ>e 
( blott+-pap]1 & a piece ( glass4 ,ab\t 
half fill ! glass ) wat]1 place ^u its  
rim ! blott+ pap]1  & !n ! piece (      
glass4 ,:il/ press+ !m closely d[n inv]t
  ! glass4 ,! blott+-pap] absorbs "s ( !
 wat]1 a p>tial  vacuum is =m$1 & on    
hold+ ! %eet ( glass1 ! w9e-glass  w    
rema9 susp5d$1 be+ held on by atmosph]ic
 pressure4 7,see ,fig4  #bj47           
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4               
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4               
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4               
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4               
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4               
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4    ,! ,float+ 
,ne$le4--,! idea ( mak+ a ne$le float ^u
 wat]  at fir/ sight seems an           

impossibility b x c be done1 & t  )     
comp>ative ease4 ,take a f9e ne$le1 &   
rub ! f+]s ov]  x g5tly to grease x4 ,n[
 lay x v c>efully on a piece ( ?9       
tissue pap] on ! surface ( ! wat]1 z    
%[n4 ,pres5tly ! pap]  w s9k1 & leave ! 
ne$le float+ on ! wat]4 ,! ?9 coat+  (  
grease s]ves to protect ! ne$le f actual
 contact ) !  wat]1 & ?us enables x to  
float4 7,see ,fig4 #ba47    ,a ,glass ( 
,wat] ,turn$ ,upside ,d[n4--,a tumbl] is
 fill$ ) wat]1  a piece ( pap] laid on1 
& ! surface & ! tumbl] deftly  inv]t$1 !
 atmosph]ic pressure be+ unable to ent] 
! glass1  ! wat] is kept 91 s long z !  
pap] holds4 ,! effect ( !  exp]im5t is v
 greatly increas$1 if1 in/ead ( us+     
pap]1 a  piece ( ?9 mica1 cut to ! size 
( ! glass1 is us$4 ,! audi5ce  _c !n    
discov] :at prev5ts ! wat] f runn+ out4 
,any  gasfitt] w supply a piece ( mica4 
,! ,inexhau/ible ,bottle4--,?is wond]ful
 bottle1 f :i* five  sep>ate liquids c  
be p\r$1 owes its m>vell\s qualities to 
!  application ( ! simple law (         

atmosph]ic pressure4 ,x is made (  t91 &
 encloses five int]nal cyl9d]s1 ea* (   
:i* has a tube  f ! upp] end runn+ into 
! neck ( ! bottle1 & ano!r  tube f ! l[]
 end op5+ into ! side4 ,! cyl9d]s are   
fill$  ) diff]5t liquids--wat]1 milk1   
tea1 c(fee1 lemonade4 ,:il/ !  f+]s are 
kept ov] ! holes ! bottle may be inv]t$1
 & no?+  w run out4 ,on op5+ ! holes "o 
by "o ! liquid may be p\r$  out1 accord+
 to ! wi%es ( ! audi5ce1 & greatly to _!
  a/oni%m5t4 7,see ,fig4 #bb47    ,!    
,magic ,writ+4--,fill a deep tumbl] )   
wat]1 & add a few  cry/als ( iodide (   
potassium & a few drops ( sulphuric     
acid4 ,!  liquid w rema9 p]fectly cle> l
 wat]4 ,on "s /rips ( :ite  c>dbo>d     
write v>i\s names ) />* pa/e2 :5 dry ^! 
w  be invisible4 ,on dipp+ ! c>dbo>d    
into ! liquid ! "n w  appe> 9 blue      
writ+1 ow+ to ! =mation ( />* iodide1   
:i*  is blue4 ,by previ\sly prep>+ !    
names ( ^? pres5t at !  exp]im5t1 by a  
little manipulation y c1 to ! a/oni%m5t 
(  ! audi5ce1 produce any "n call$ =4   

,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4               
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4               
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4               
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4               
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4    ,produc+   
,smoke at ,w4--,two glass cyl9d]s are ! 
be/ = ?is1  b ord9>y tumbl]s w d4 ,) a  
sep>ate fea!r make ! inside  ( ea*      
tumbl] q wet1 "o ) hydro*loric acid1 & !
 o!r  ) liquid ammonia4 ,bo? glasses    
appe> to be q empty1 & no?+  occurs4 ,b 
on br++ ! m\?s ( ! two vessels toge!r1 a
 ?ick  :ite smoke is at once develop$4  
,! hydro*loric acid gas & !  ammonia gas
 unite *emically1 & =m ! solid :ite p[d]
 kn[n z  sal-ammoniac4 7,see ,fig4 #bc47
    ,a ,novel ,f\nta94--,?is is a pretty
 exp]im5t1 & owes its action  to ! fact 
t ammonia gas is v soluble 9 wat]4 ,9 a 
bas9 place  "s wat]4 ,fit up a flask ) a
 small-bore glass tube1 ab\t eighte5    
in*es long1 z %[n4 ,! end ent]+ ! flask 
%\ld be drawn  out s t !re is only a    
small op5+4 ,9 ! flask place ab\t  a    
teaspoonful ( liquid ammonia1 & heat x  

ov] a _s lamp4 ,z  soon z ! liquid boils
 a l>ge am\nt ( ammonia gas is dis5gag$1
  & fills ! flask & ! tube4 ,n[ close ! 
tube by means ( !  f+]1 & inv]t ! flask 
ov] ! bas9 ( wat]4 ,:5 ! end (  ! tube  
is "u ! wat] remove y\r f+]1 & !n1 z !  
wat]  dissolves ! gas1 x w rise 9 !     
tube1 & w pres5tly play  into ! flask l 
a f\nta9 until ! flask is full4 7,see   
,fig4 #bd47    ,to ,boil ,wat] 9 a ,pap]
 ,bag4--,"h is a %eet ( note-pap]2 c  y 
boil me a little wat] 9 x8 ,?is w\ld    
appe> to be a ?or\gh  puzzl]1 yet x is  
exce$+ly easy to d4 ,fold a piece ( pap]
 s  t x w hold wat]1 n[ susp5d x above !
 flame ( a lamp4 ,!  wat] w s readily   
take up all ! heat t !re is none left ) 
:i* to burn ! pap]1 & pres5tly x w      
bubble & give (f  /eam4 7,see ,fig4     
#be47    ,illum9at$ ,wat]4--,wet a lump 
( loaf sug> ) phosphoriz$ e!r1  & ?r[ x 
into a bas9 ( wat] 9 a d>k room4 ,!     
surface (  ! wat] w become lum9\s4 ,bl[ 
on ! wat]1 & y w h  phosphoresc5t waves1
 & ! air1 too1 w be illum9at$4 ,9 w9t]  

! wat] %\ld be w>m$ a little4 ,if !     
phosphoriz$ e!r be  appli$ to ! h& or to
 o!r w>m bodies ^! w become lum9\s4  ,! 
e!r w n injure ! h&4    ,brilliant      
,cry/als4--,spread ^u a plate ( glass or
 ^u a smoo?  slate1 a few drops (       
nitrate ( silv]1 previ\sly dilut$ )     
d\ble  its quantity ( s(t wat]4 ,place  
at ! bottom ( x1 flat ^u !  glass1 & 9  
contact ) ! fluid1 a copp] or z9c wire1 
b5t  to any figure1 & let ! :ole rema9  
undi/urb$ 9 a horizontal  position4 ,9 a
 few h\rs a brilliant cry/allization (  
metallic silv]  w make its appe>ance    
ar\nd ! wire ^u ! glass1 & ?is          
arrangem5t ( cry/als w ext5d gradually  
till ! :ole quantity  ( fluid has be5   
act$ on by ! wire4    ,a ,well (        
,fire4--,add gradually "o ounce1 by     
measure1 ( sulphuric  acid1 to five or  
six ounces ( wat] 9 an e>!nw>e bas92 &  
add  to x also1 gradually1 ab\t ?ree    
qu>t]s ( an ounce ( granulat$  z9c4 ,a  
rapid production ( hydrog5 gas w        
in/antly take place4  ,!n add1 f "t to  

"t1 a few pieces ( phosphorus ( ! size (
  a pea4 ,a multitude ( gas bubbles w be
 produc$1 :i* w fire on  ! surface ( !  
eff]vesc+ liquid2 ! :ole surface ( !    
liquid  w become lum9\s1 & fire balls1 )
 jets ( fire1 w d>t f  ! bottom ?r\gh ! 
fluid ) great rapidity & a hiss+ noise4 
,! ,writ+ on ! ,wall4--,take a piece (  
phosphorus f ! bottle  9 :i* x is kept1 
&1 :ile ! room is light$ write ^u a     
:itewa%$ wall any ^w or s5t5ce1 or draw 
any object4 ,n[ put out  ! light1 & !   
writ+ w appe> 9 illum9at$ lett]s4 ,c>e  
mu/ be tak5 to dip ! p5cil ( phosphorus 
9 cold wat] frequ5tly  :ile y are us+ x4
 ,o!rwise x w burn4    ,to ,make a      
,gho/4--,put "o "p ( phosphorus into six
 ( olive oil1  & let x dissolve 9 a     
slightly w>m place4 ,%ut y\r eyes       
tightly  & rub ! mixture ^u y\r face4 ,9
 ! d>k y\r face w be  lum9\s1 y\r eyes &
 m\? l d>k spots4 ,altoge!r y w h  a v  
gha/ly appe>ance4 ,!re is no dang] 9 !  
exp]im5t1 &  ! effect might be useful 9 
*>ades or home !atricals4    ,a ,seem+  

,conflagration4--,take half an ounce (  
sal-ammoniac1 "o  ounce ( camphor1 & two
 ounces ( aqua vitae4 ,put !m into an   
e>!n vessel t is small at ! top4 ,set   
fire to ! cont5ts1 &  ! room w seem to  
be on fire4    ,?ree ,haloes4--,"o ( !  
pleas+ exp]im5ts ( ,dr4 ,brew/] 0 to    
take a saturat$ solution ( alum1 & hav+ 
spread a few drops ( x  ov] a plate (   
glass1 x w cry/allize rapidly ?\gh !    
cry/als  are s small y may sc>cely see  
!m4 ,:5 ?is plate ( glass  is held      
betwe5 y & ! sun or artificial light1 ) 
! eyes  v ne> to ! smoo? side ( ! glass1
 !re w be se5 ?ree  beautiful haloes (  
light4    ,beautiful ,cry/als4--,p\r    
?ree ounces ( dilut$ nitric acid into  a
 glass vessel1 & add gradually to x two 
ounces ( bismu?1 brok5  by a hamm] into 
small pieces4 ,! metal w be attack$ )   
great  en]gy1 & nitrate ( bismu? w be   
=m$4 ,cry/allize ! solution  by a g5tle 
heat1 & pres]ve ! cry/als1 :i* possess  
great  beauty1 "u a glass4    ,! ,c5tre 
( ,gravity4--,a %ill+ may be made to    

balance on !  po9t ( a ne$le ) v simple 
app>atus4 ,put a bottle on !  table ) a 
cork 9 its neck2 into ! cork /ick a     
middle-siz$  ne$le 9 an upright         
position4 ,9 ano!r cork cut a slit1 &   
ins]t  ! %ill+1 !n into ?is cork /ick a 
c\ple ( =ks1 "o on  ea* side1 ) ! h&les 
incl9+ outw>ds4 ,n[ poise ! rim (  !    
%ill+ ^u ! po9t ( ! ne$le1 & x w rotate 
)\t  fall+4 ,s long z ! c5tre ( gravity 
is kept )9 ! po9ts  ( support ( a body x
 _c fall4 ,! balanc+ %ill+ may be       
transpos$ to ! edge ( a bottle1 & x w   
/ill p]=m1 ev5 z  ! bottle is be+ tilt$4
    ,:at a ,vacuum ,c ,d4--,take a new  
or ne>ly new p5ny & rub x  briskly ^u   
y\r coat sleeve until x is w>m4 ,!n     
slide x up &  d[n ^u a door panel1      
press+ x closely to ! wood4 ,n[ hold x  
9 "o place = a few seconds & y w f9d x w
 /ick !re1  because betwe5 ! p5ny & !   
surface ( ! door !re is a lay]  ( air   
:i* 0 slightly heat$4 ,z x became cool a
 p>tial vacuum  0 =m$1 & ! pressure ( ! 
out] air held ! p5ny to !  door4    ,an 

,exp]im5t 9 ,lev]age4--,x w\ld seem     
almo/ impossible t a  column ( iron or a
 plank or a sp> ( any k9d c\ld be s     
plac$  t "o end ( ! sp> ne$s support    
only1 :il/ ! o!r end  w\ld ext5d f1 say 
! edge ( a precipice1 horizontally into 
space2 b t su* c be done is v easily    
demon/rat$1 by v  simple mat]ials almo/ 
always at h&4 ,by adopt+ ! pr9ciple we  
may easily p]=m an int]e/+ sci5tific    
p>l\r exp]im5t1 :i*  always causes      
difficulty to ! non-/udi\s section (    
humanity1 until  ! app>5t my/]y is      
expla9$4    ,9 illu/rat+ ?is exp]im5t ! 
prongs ( two ord9>y table =ks  are fa/5$
 toge!r1 "o ov] ! o!r--net fa%ion--?us  
caus+  ! h&les ( ! =ks to =m ! t]m9i (  
an angle ( ab\t #de  degrees4 ,n[ take  
an ord9>y lucif] mat* & place "o end    
betwe5  ! network ( ! prongs firmly4 ,!n
 place ! o!r end ( ! mat*  ^u ! edge (  
an elevation1 su* z a tumbl] or cup1 :5 
!  mat*1 act+ z a lev]1 ) ! =ks giv+ a  
hundr$ or a ?\s&  times additional      
weight to ! lev]1 w re/ 7or app>5tly    

float 9  ! air7 )\t fur!r support4      
,ask y\r fri5ds to try ! exp]im5t1 aft] 
plac+ ! mat]ials  be=e !m1 & f9d h[ _m c
 p]=m x )\t guidance4    ,col\r$        
,fires4--,x is p]il\s to make "s col\r$ 
fires1  especially ^? 9 :i* !re is      
sulphur1 & ev5 if !y d n  explode _!    
fumes are h>mful1 s t _! use 9 ! h\se  =
 *>ades or o!r home purposes is         
objectionable & at times  positively    
dang]\s4 ,we give1 h[ev]1 a numb] (     
col\r$ fires  t are free f ^! drawbacks1
 ?\gh all ! same x is wis]  to r$uce !  
+r$i5ts to p[d] q sep>ately be=e !y are 
mix$1 & if a pe/le & mort> are us$ all  
traces ( "o p[d]  %\ld be remov$ be=e   
ano!r is introduc$4 ,ea* +r$i5t %\ld  be
 r$uc$ to a f9e p[d]4                   
,,r$ ,,fire4                            
,p>ts4    ,/rontia                      
#ah    ,%ellac                          
#d    ,*lorate ( ,pota%               #e
    ,*>coal                         #d  
,,gre5 ,,fire4      ,nitrate ( ,b>ytes  
#ah    ,%ellac                          

#d    ,calomel 7,*loride ( ,m]cury7     
#d    ,*lorate ( ,pota%               #b
                  ,,gre5 ,,fire4        
,nitrate ( ,b>ytes               #i     
,%ellac                          #c     
,*lorate ( ,pota%              #ab      
,*>coal                         #d      
,,blue ,,fire4                          
,p>ts4    ,*lorate ( ,pota%             
#ad    ,salpetre                        
#f    ,ammonia ,sulphate ( ,copp]       
#f    ,ars5ite ( ,copp]              #f 
,%ellac                         #b      
,,blue ,,fire4      ,ammonia ,sulphate (
 ,copp]      #h    ,*lorate ( ,pota%    
#f    ,%ellac                         #a
    ,*>coal                        #b   
,,r$ ,,fire4      ,nitrate ( ,/rontia   
#i    ,%ellac                         #c
    ,*lorate ( ,pota%                   
#a-a_/b    ,*>coal                      
#d          ,,*apt] ,,xxiii             
,,home-,,made ,,toys      ,x may be t "s
 ( ^! toys w\ld amuse only little boys1 
b we  h includ$ !m because our          

directions w enable old] boys to        
ent]ta9 _! little si/]s & bro!rs4    ,h[
 to ,make ,fire ,balloons4--,y w require
 = mat]ials1 tissue  pap]1 :i* may be   
all :ite1 or v>i$ 9 col\r4 ,a balloon ( 
:ite  & r$ gores alt]nately is p]haps ! 
be/1 z x may be us$ day or  night2 & z !
 balloon is con/antly turn+ :5 x is 9 ! 
air1  ! /ripes add to ! effect4 ,!n aga9
 !re are conditions ( !  cl\ds &        
atmosph]e :5 a :ite balloon asc5d+ by   
daylight w\ld  be sc>cely visible1 & =  
p>a*ute purposes a daylight asc5t is    
desirable4 ,tissue pap]1 !n1 pa/e1      
bonnet wire or cane1 f9] wire2  "s t[1  
cotton wool1 or common sponge1 or bett] 
?an all1 "s r\nd  lamp-cotton1 &        
me?ylat$ _s or tall[1 z fuel = y\r      
furnace4    ,! %ap+ ( ! gores :i* are to
 =m y\r balloon mu/ be y\r  fir/        
consid]ation4 ,y w f9d x advisable n to 
g 9 =  ov]gr[n balloons4 ,!y are f> m   
tr\blesome to build1 & to  manage :5 !y 
are built1 & are little if any m        
effective ?an  ^? ( mod]ate dim5sions4  

,ab\t f\r feet 9 height is ! size  :i*  
produces ! be/ results1 & 9 mak+ x "o is
 nei!r  cramp$ = room1 nor are ! gores (
 unmanageable proportions4    ,twelve or
 f\rte5 gores1 if y use two col\rs1 or  
?irte5 if y  conf9e y\rself to "o1 w be 
ne$$2 & x w be wise n to  attempt to    
emulate ! graceful pe>-%ape ( ! ord9>y  
pass5g]  gas balloon1 b to aim at some?+
 approa*+ mu* ne>] to a  ball 9 =m4 ,!  
pe>-%ap$ balloon w\ld take fire to a    
c]ta9ty4  ,fig4 #a is an example ( !    
unsafe =m :i* is to be avoid$2 ,fig4 #b 
is a p]fectly safe model4               
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4    ,illu/ration3
 ,fig4 #b4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fire      
,,balloons4    ,a piece ( common c>dbo>d
 or /\t br[n pap]1 six feet 9 l5g?  & a 
foot 9 wid?1 w s]ve = a patt]n gore4    
,fold x exactly 9  half l5g?wise1 & !n  
m>k (f ea* foot1 beg9n+ at ! bottom     
7,fig4 #c74 ,at a measure (f            
horizontally #b in*es2 at b1 :i* is  !  
fir/ foot1 #c-a_/b in*es2 at c1 #e      
in*es2 at a po9t #d in*es  above d1 !   

?ird foot1 measure (f #f in*es2 at e    
#e-a_/b in*es1  m>k+ ea* po9t4 ,!n      
connect ! po9ts by z graceful a curve z 
may be1 & cut ?r\gh ! l9e ?us obta9$1   
unfold ! patt]n1 &  y h y\r /&>d gore4  
,suffici5t tissue pap] %\ld h be5 pa/$  
toge!r by ! n>r[  edges f :i* to cut !  
#ab1 #ac1 or #ad l5g?s ( #f feet ea*4 ,!
  %eets %\ld n[ be plac$ "o ^u ! o!r1 & 
! patt]n be+  op5$ out & laid ^u ! top1 
! :ole ( ! gores may be cut at  "o      
op]ation4    ,fold a gore 9 half        
l5g?wise & lay x ^u y\r table or !      
floor1  & ^u ?is place a second ab\t    
half an in* )9 ! m>g9 (  ! fir/ 7,fig4  
#d74 ,) a /iff bru%--sable is !         
be/--pa/e !  protrud+ edge ( ! l[] gore1
 turn x ov] ! edge ( ! upp]  & smoo? x  
d[n ) a du/]4 ,if y h a w>m flat-iron by
  y\r side1 & lay+ a piece ( flannel or 
clo? ov] ! jo91 y  run ! iron c>efully  
along1 ! pa/e w dry at once & all fe>  (
 puck]+ or displacem5t w be obviat$4    
,fold ! upp] gore  l5g?wise z y did !   
l[]1 & proce$ 9 ! same way ) !  rema9d] 

( ! gores until ! :ole h be5 pa/$ 7,fig4
 #e74 ,if  y\r balloon is a v big "o x w
 be advisable to lay a /r+  inside ea*  
seam z y pa/e x1 leav+ ! ends long en\gh
 to tie  r\nd ! hoop :i* is to g at !   
bottom or neck ( y\r balloon4    ,a     
piece ( bonnet wire or split cane #e    
feet long1 b5t to a circle1  w =m ?is   
hoop1 & ?is mu/ n[ be pa/$ at ! bottom1 
& !  neck may be /r5g!n$ by pa/+ inside 
a /rip ( /\t] pap]1  su* z foolscap or  
c>tridge1 snick$ ) ! scissors s t x may 
take ! "r %ape readily4    ,n[ a circul>
 piece ( /rong] pap]1 curl pap] =       
in/ance1  ab\t #i in*es or a foot       
across1 %\ld be pa/$ ov] ! top to  cov] 
! hole :]e ! po9ts ( ! gores approa* ea*
 o!r1 &  to ?is %\ld be pa/$ a piece (  
yet /rong] pap]1 writ+ pap]  = in/ance1 
to =m ! loop by :i* ! balloon is to be  
support$  dur+ ! process ( inflation4 ,!
 h&le ( a saucepan-lid %\ld be  ! model 
to be foll[$4    ,?is is ! me?od to be  
adopt$ if y want to produce a balloon ( 
a %ape :i* w be> criticism1 b if y are n

 p>ticul> 9  ?is respect1 a r\gh & ready
 gore may be made by a mu* simpl]       
process4 ,y h only to take f\r %eets (  
tissue pap] & pa/e  !m toge!r by ! n>r[ 
edges4 ,!n trim (f ! two outside %eets  
z %[n 9 ,fig4 #f1 & f ! pieces s trimm$ 
(f1 add a small  piece at ! top ,a1 &   
!re is y\r patt]n gore 9 a little less  
?an no "t4 ,y c !n pa/e sev]al toge!r z 
already direct$1  arrang+ ! numb] z y   
wi% y\r balloon to be pudgy & safe1 or  
lanky & dang]\s4    ,! next ?+ is to    
provide ! means ( asc5sion4             
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d41 ,fig4 #e41     
,fig4 #c41 ,fig4 #f41 ,fig4 #g41 ,fig4  
#h41  ,fig4 #i41 ,fig4 #aj41 ,fig4 #aa41
 ,fig4 #ab41 ,fig4 #ac41 ,fig4 #ad41    
,fig4 #ae41  ,fig4 #af41 ,fig4 #ag41    
,fig4 #ah41 ,fig4 #ai41 ,fig4 #bj4      
,lamp cotton is ! be/ mat]ial = ! wick1 
?\gh any ( ! o!r  sub/ances already     
m5tion$ may be us$ if ?is is n          
come-at-able4  ,x may be saturat$ )     
me?ylat$ _s1 or1 if ! mat]ial is  easily
 accessible1 melt$ tall[4 ,9 ! latt]    

case ! wick %\ld  !n be spr9kl$ )       
turp5t9e t x may cat* fire readily4 ,!  
tall[ gives ! be/ light1 & la/s !       
longe/4    ,two pieces ( ?9 wire %\ld be
 atta*$ to ! hoop z %[n 9 ,fig4  #g1 ,w 
,w1 & y\r ball ( lamp-wick is to be     
plac$ 9 ! c5tre1 ,l ,w4  ,! plac+ ( !   
wick is ! la/ op]ation1 b ( c\rse1 x w  
h be5 prep>$ be=eh&4 ,x is simply a     
loosely roll$ ball (  lamp-cotton ?r\gh 
:i* a piece ( f9e wire has be5 pass$ & !
  ends =m$ into hooks 7,fig4 #h74 ,!    
size ( ! ball mu/ be gov]n$  by !       
dim5sions ( ! balloon & by y\r ambition 
z to ! height  to :i* x is to rise4 ,!  
wick may easily be made l>ge en\gh to   
c>ry ! balloon out ( sight altoge!r1    
especially if tall[ be us$4    ,9 ?is   
case ! wick %\ld h be5 saturat$ ) melt$ 
tall[  be=eh&1 b :]e me?ylat$ _s is us$ 
! proce$+s mu/ be  delay$ till ! mom5t (
 asc5sion4    ,) a fan--a fold$ newspap]
 w d z well z any?+--fan !  balloon full
 ( air to />t )4 ,!n y\r assi/ant mu/   
elevate  ! balloon to ! "r height by !  

aid ( a smoo? /ick ins]t$  9 ! loop1 &  
he mu/ /& on some?+ to raise him to ! "r
  level4    ,n[ ! air 9 ! inflat$       
balloon mu/ be w>m$ by hold+ b5ea?  x a 
pap] tor*1 c>e be+ tak5 t no flame t\*es
 ! balloon1  or x w be %rivell$ up by ! 
fire 9 a mom5t & y\r lab\r  wa/$4       
,ano!r assi/ant mean:ile %\ld h be5     
look+ aft] !  me?ylat$ _s--if y use !   
tall[ y c d )\t him4 ,!  _s %\ld be kept
 9 a closely cork$ bottle & z f> f y\r  
pap] tor* z possible4 ,:5 ! balloon     
beg9s to try to rise give  ! ^w to      
assi/ant ,no4 #b1 :o w p\r "s ( ! _s    
into !  jam-pot 9 :i* ! wick is ly+1    
wait till x is saturat$1 &  !n1 tak+ x f
 ! jam-pot1 run ) x to ! balloon & atta*
  x to ! cross wire by ! hooks4         
,directly x is 9 position1 give  ! ^w to
 assi/ant ,no4 #a to let g2 t\* ! wick )
 a light1 &  up w sail ! balloon into ! 
air4 ,a w9dy day %\ld1 naturally1  be   
avoid$1 or y\r balloon is n likely to   
proce$ f> on its j\rney  9 safety4    ,b
 a good deal m is to be got out ( a fire

 balloon ?an a m]e  asc5sion1 & ev5 !   
m]e asc5sion may be improv$4 ,y may1 =  
in/ance1 atta* a c> to ! balloon 7,fig4 
#i7 & a c\ple ( figures  ,a ,a--x matt]s
 little h[ r\gh !y are--w1 v %ortly aft]
  ! lib]ation ( ! balloon1 look s       
natural t ! balloon w  be tak5 = ! real 
?+4 ,:5 x has m\nt$ b a little di/ance  
!re is no?+ by :i* its size may be      
comp>$1 & if nett+ is  imitat$ by l9es  
drawn ) a p5 & ink1 ! illusion w be yet 
m complete4    ,! c> may be made ( a    
squ>e ( writ+ pap] ) ! f\r edges  fold$ 
ov] equally all r\nd4 ,! corn]s %\ld !n 
be p9*$  toge!r1 fold$ ov] z 9 !        
illu/ration1 & secur$ ) a little  pa/e4 
,a p>a*ute may be dropp$ f ! cl\ds4 ,?is
 may be simply a  squ>e ( pap] ) a /r+  
at ea* corn] & a figure hang+ on  at !  
ends 7,fig4 #aa74 ,! figure may be z    
r\gh z y l1 detail  w\ld be lo/4 ,or1   
two squ>es ( pap] may be us$1 ! /r+s be+
  cross$ ov] ! l[] & kept 9 place by !  
upp]1 :i* %\ld be  pa/$ ^u x 7,fig4     
#ae74    ,a m elaborate p>a*ute may be  

made by fold+ a squ>e ( pap]  f corn] to
 corn] into a triangle4 ,?is %\ld be    
fold$ aga9 &  once aga9 f corn] to corn]
 :5 x w take ! %ape ( ,fig4  #ab4 ,a cut
 ?r\gh ! dott$ l9e & a c\ple ( holes    
pi]c$ at !  dots w give1 :5 op5$ out1   
,fig4 #ac2 & a /r+ pass$ ?r\gh  ea* hole
 & made to c>ry a c> w give ! complete  
p>a*ute  7,fig4 #ad74    ,a piece (     
cotton or tw9e %\ld be pass$ ?r\gh !    
p>a*ute to  atta* x to ! balloon4 ,!n a 
piece ( wire %\ld be twi/$ &  b5t1 z 9  
,fig4 #aj1 w4 ,fa/5 to ?is ) ?9 wire a  
piece (  "t-fuse1 t f1 turn$ up z %[n1 &
 to ! b5d b atta* !  cotton4 ,at ! mom5t
 ( asc5sion1 light ! top end ( ! fuse at
  a1 & :5 x has burn$ to b ! p>a*ute w  
be lib]at$4    ,fireworks may be light$ 
9 ! same way4 ,y w ne$ "t-fuse1         
quickmat*1 & su* fireworks z y pref]4   
,blue lights1 squibs1  & fireworks ( t  
description %\ld be arrang$ z 9 ,fig4   
#bj4  ,"h c is a cork or bung ) holes   
bor$ 9 x = ! ins]tion  ( ! fireworks f f
 f f4 ,q is ! quickmat* :i* is to light 

!m simultane\sly :5 ! "t-fuse1 t f1 has 
burnt f> en\gh4 ,a  ca!r9e :eel may be  
p9n$ at ! bottom ( ! cork & connect$  ) 
! quickmat*1 or ! p9 may be disp5s$ )1  
:5 x w  :izz ?r\gh ! d>kness 9 gr& /yle4
    ,"o ( ! mo/ successful effects may  
be obta9$ ) ! balls or  />s f ,roman    
c&les4 ,y c1 ( c\rse1 pull ! c&les to   
pieces1 b a bett] plan is to buy ! balls
 at #f;d4 a doz54    ,b5d a piece ( wire
 into a circle 7,fig4 #af7 & take two   
wires across  at a "r angle4 ,!n place !
 balls1 "o by "o1 9 pieces ( tissue     
pap] & cov] !m ) meal p[d] & tie up !   
ends 7,fig4 #ag71  fa/5+ !m on ! wire1 z
 %[n 9 ,fig4 #af4 ,a piece ( "t-fuse1   
or quickmat*1 q1 z y want ! />s to drop 
s+ly or 9 a  %[]1 mu/ next be pass$     
?r\gh ea* ball packet & connect$ )      
light$ "t-fuse4 ,( c\rse ! fireworks    
%\ld hang "s di/ance  bel[ ! balloon4   
,crack]s or m>oons may be arrang$ z 9   
,figs4 #ah  & #ai1 & _m o!r devices     
inv5t$4    ,y\r balloon may also c>ry up
 a piece ( magnesium wire ) :i* !       

c\ntry may be light$ up1 or x may take  
up a ,*9ese lant]n--9 fact  !re is no   
end to ! fun :i* may be got out ( x4 ,y 
w f9d x  difficult1 h[ev]1 to get an    
effect to beat ! ,roman c&le balls4     
,quickmat* co/s #b;d4 or #c;d4 a        
six-feet l5g?1 accord+ to !  ?ickness   
requir$2 "t-fuse "o p5ny an in*4        
,bubble ,balloons4--,"o reason = ! %ort 
life ( ! bubble z  usually bl[n is !    
excessive evaporation :i* takes place f 
! l>ge surface pres5t$ to ! air4 ,z ?is 
evaporation ( !  fluid goes on1 ! film  
gets ?9n]1 ! t5sion gets m acute1       
accompani$ by ev] *ang+ & bright5+ hues 
( col\r1 until  ! ?9 walls c no long]   
be> ! /ra91 & ! bubble bur/s  into f9e  
spray4 ,ano!r1 p]haps1 m p[]ful reason  
is ! unequal  /r5g? ( ! walls1 due to ! 
dra9age ( ! moi/ure f !  upp] p>ts ( !  
bubble into ! l[] p>ts by its own       
weight4  ,?is produces a weak & ?9 area1
 d5ot$ by ! refraction ( !  blue rays ( 
light 9 ! top ( ! bubble1 & x _c resi/ !
  pressure f )94 ,!re are two ways (    

prolong+ ! life ( a  bubble4 ,:5 ! brea?
 is fir/ driv5 into ! liquid1 ! =ce us$ 
is suffici5t to s5d ! fluid surg+ 9 all 
directions1 & ! film  is fairly well    
n\ri%$4 ,pres5tly z ! soapy wat] dipp$  
out by  ! b[l ( ! pipe gets di/ribut$   
ov] ! walls ( ! bubble &  x increases 9 
size1 ?is no long] acts1 & dra9age f !  
top  at once sets 94 ,if ! bl[+ is n[   
cont9u$1 ! end s mu* !  m quickly       
approa*es4 ,to enable y to cont9ue      
enl>g+ ! bubble  & l5g!n its life1 fe$  
x4 ,?is may be done readily & safely1   
by dipp+ a camel-hair bru% 9 ! soapy    
emulsion &1 lett+ x  t\* ! bubble at !  
top1 :5 ! fluid w /ream d[n ov] !       
surface1 ?ick5+ ! film1 & p]mitt+ y to  
get a bubble z big  z y\r hat4    ,?is  
is only a tempor>y exp$i5t1 a flank     
movem5t1 & m]ely def]s  ! end by a m9ute
 or two4 ,to attack ! difficulty ) m    
success1  *ange ! mixture4 ,%r$ "s      
,ca/ile soap1 :i* may be pur*as$  by !  
p5nywor? at ! *emi/'s1 & beat up 9 !    
usual way )  wat]2 y w f9d t mu* m c be 

done ) ?is prep>ation  ?an ! usual      
h\sehold soap4 ,if y\r aim is m]ely to  
produce an  ov]gr[n1 sagg+1 wobbl+      
bubble1 fe$ ) a bru% z above4  ,= fur!r 
exp]im5ts d n bl[ l>ge unmanageable     
ones1 b an  ord9>y siz$ bubble bl[n 9   
?is liquid w enable y to %[ its         
t\ghness1 l5g? ( life1 & o!r qualities4 
,if y\r coat is made (  a wooll5 fabric1
 release "s bubbles on ! %\ld]2 !y w    
roll  d[n ! sleeve & tumble (f to !     
floor1 if !y d n meet )  any cotton     
fabric on ! way2 ,?is is due to !       
repulsion :i* exi/s  betwe5 wool & !    
wat]y film1 d\btless due to ! pres5ce ( 
fat  9 "s =m ^u ! fibres4 ,:ile ^u !    
sleeve !y may be c>ri$  ab\t ! room1 or 
pass$ f "o p]son to ano!r4 ,?is         
repulsion  may be fur!r utiliz$1 too1 & 
! bubble treat$ z a %uttlecock4    ,to d
 ?is1 procure ! ord9>y wood5 bat us$ by 
y\r si/] = !  game ( bat & %uttlecock4  
,cov] x ) a piece ( flannel1 f9e  or    
co>se w d4 ,!n bl[ a bubble n too l>ge1 
s t ! film  %all be robu/ & heavy4 ,su* 

is ! t\ghness ( ! sk9 ( !  bubble1 & !  
repulsion ( ! wooll5 surface to ! soapy 
film1  t x may be batt$ ne>ly two hundr$
 times be=e ! collapse  takes place4 ,by
 /rik+ x on ! side & gett+ "s "w into  !
 bubble1 x revolves sl[ly & ! dra9age f 
! upp] "p  is c\nt]act$4 ,two or m c    
play ?us ) ! glitt]+ ball1  pass+ x on1 
or a r+ ( play]s may be =m$ & a /ream ( 
bubbles pass$ r\nd f "o memb] to ano!r4 
,ano!r =m ( !  game is ! keep+ up a     
numb] ( bubbles by ! same bat4 ,z !     
bubbles are v light !y fall sl[ly1 & six
 or eight may be kept  up by ! play]4   
,by hav+ two bats1 "o 9 ea* h&1 ?is     
becomes a  game ( consid]able skill1 & w
 tax ! conc5trat$ att5tion (  ! play] to
 ! utmo/4    ,n[ cut "s circul> discs   
out ( note-pap] ab\t ! size ( a         
sixp5ce1 l>g] r ?an small]4 ,get a reel 
( f9e :ite cotton1  & pass ! end ( !    
?read ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! disc4 ,tie a    
knot 9 ! cotton1 s t x _c readily be    
pull$ ?r\gh !  hole4 ,!n dip ! disc 9 ! 
mixture till ! pap] is wet4 ,bl[  y\r   

bubble1 & be=e y release x f ! pipe b[l1
 place !  dripp+ disc ( pap] on ! side (
 ! bubble by dangl+ x f  y\r "r h& by ! 
cotton4 ,:5 x is 9 complete contact1 a  
slight  turn ( ! wri/ releases ! bubble 
f ! pipe1 & y w f9d  t y h x atta*$ to !
 pap] disc1 :i* 9 ! meantime has  sunk  
to ! l[e/ "p ( ! bubble4 ,x c n[ be     
c>ri$ ab\t by  means ( ! disc4    ,!re  
is s mu* c>bon dioxide 9 ! brea? t      
bubbles bl[n 9  ?is way h v little p[] (
 ris+1 z ! diff]5ce 9 !  heat ( ! brea? 
does n suffici5tly c\nt]balance ! heavi]
  weight ( ! expir$ air4 ,by atta*+ a   
piece ( india-rubb] tub+  to ! /em ( !  
pipe & gas burn]1 y c get a supply (    
light]  gas :i* w make ! bubble into a  
balloon4 ,hav+ effect$ ?is  arrangem5t1 
dip ! pipe 9 ! mixture & turn on ! gas4 
,fe$ !  top ( ! bubble ) m fluid1 & :5 x
 has rea*$ a size :i*  satisfies y1     
atta* ! pap] disc z be=e4 ,x w be an    
easy task  to deta* ! bubble1 :i* w rise
 t[>ds ! ceil+1 until !  weight ( !     
?read c\nt]balances ! buoyancy ( ! gas4 

,x w  probably rise to ! ceil+1 :]e x is
 q safe1 z a cu%ion  ( air w prev5t !   
bubble /rik+ ! surface4 ,in/ead ( !     
long ?read1 make out ( ! ?9ne/ & lighte/
 pap] y c get1  a small c>1 atta* cotton
 to ! corn]s ( ! c> & ga!r !  ?reads    
toge!r & tie !m s t ! c> hangs level4   
,atta* ?is  to ! cotton :i* be>s ! pap] 
disc1 & connect ! disc )  ! bubble z    
be=e1 wett+ only ! disc4 ,y w h a       
m9iature  gossam] balloon4 ,cut out two 
small figures ( m5 9 pap] & put  inside 
! c>4 ,d all ?is be=e bl[+ ! bubble4 ,if
 y h  a glass %ade1 a numb] ( ^! bubbles
 balanc$ by ?reads may be  kept = h\rs  
inside4 ,y w f9d x v int]e/+ to wat* !  
*anges ( col\r 9 ! films z !y get ?9n]  
?r\gh evaporation4  ,to *eck ?is1 put "u
 ! %ade a wet sponge1 ?is w moi/5 !  air
 enclos$ 9 ! %ade1 & prolong ! life ( ! 
bubbles4    ,no great skill is requir$ 9
 mak+ ! above exp]im5ts1 &  v>iations ( 
an amus+ "* c be made by cutt+ out      
figures  ( animals & m5 & atta*+ !m to !
 disc 9 place ( ! c>4  ,if ! figures are

 pa9t$ s mu* bett] w ! trick look4 ,to  
make ! mixture /ill /rong] add ne>ly    
half z mu* aga9 ( pure  glyc]9e4        
,box+ by ,electricity4--,a ,b ,c is a   
piece ( iron wire ins]t$ 9  ! bo>d ,d ,e
 ,f ,g4 ,cut out ! box] ,h 9 c>dbo>d4   
,on "o side (  ?is figure pa/e t9foil   
br++ ! t9foil to ! o!r side (  ! figure 
j a little at ! edges4 ,y w be able to  
get y\r  t9foil f ! packages ( tea1     
*ocolate1 tobacco or o!r s\rce4  ,fa/5 !
 box] to ! bo>d ) seal+-wax4 ,n[ make ! 
o!r  box] ,i 9 ! same way & susp5d him f
 ! iron wire by means (  ?read4 ,borr[ a
 lamp glass or ! *imney f ! inc&esc5t   
gas  burn] & fit a cork ,k into !       
bottom4 ,?r\gh ! cork pass a nail  ,l4  
,connect ! nail ) ! box] by means ( !   
wire ,m4 ,w>m & dry  ! lamp *imney1 &   
rub x ) fur or silk4 ,! box] ,i w ru% at
  box] ,h1 !n retreat hurri$ly1 & ?is w 
be repeat$ z long z  y rub ! lamp       
*imney4 ,m51 skill$ 9 ! sci5ce (        
electricity1  w tell y t ! reason = ^!  
/range proce$+s is t !  rubb+ ( ! lamp  

*imney produces electricity2 ?is passes 
along !  wire to box] ,h :o becomes *>g$
 ) ! my/]i\s prop]ty4 ,?is  electricity 
attracts box] ,i :o goes = box] ,h4 ,:5 
he t\*es he  becomes *>g$ ) ! same k9d (
 electricity & is !n attract$  no long] 
b repell$1 & he cont9ues to be repell$  
until 8  electricity has dra9$ away by !
 l95 ?read1 wire & bo>d to !  e>?4 ,!n  
he is ready = ano!r r\nd4               
,illu/ration3 ,,box+ ,,by ,,electricity4
    ,a ,pranc+ ,horse4--,c>ve ! figure (
 a horse1 & hav+ fix$ a  b5t wire to !  
"u "p ( its body1 place a small ball (  
lead  ^u ! end ( ! wire4 ,place ! h9d   
legs ( ! horse ^u !  table1 & x w prance
 to & fro4 ,sometimes ! figure ( a man  
is treat$ 9 ! same way & 9 ,york%ire x  
us$ to be call$ a  ,saag+ ,tommy1 to    
saag be+ an old ^w mean+ to saw or      
see-saw4    ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,pranc+   
,,horse4    ,boats ,made (              
,pa/ebo>d4--,pa/ebo>d is n a v          
satisfactory  mat]ial ( :i* to con/ruct 
model boats1 if ^! are want$ to  sail1 b

 x is possible to make !m4 ,! be/ plan =
 mak+  pa/ebo>d wat]pro( is to pa9t x ) 
a solution ( seal+ wax4  ,to make ?is1  
take seal+ wax ( ! col\r y pref]1 break 
x  into small pieces & place x 9 a      
wide-m\!d bottle4 ,n[ p\r 9  "s me?ylat$
 spirits & %ake occasionally until ! wax
 is all  dissolv$4 ,if too ?ick1 add m  
_s2 if too ?91 m wax4 ,apply  ) a bru%4 
,ow+ to ! evaporation ( ! _s1 ?is pa9t  
dries  h>d & glossy 9 an h\r4           
,illu/ration3 ,a ,,simple ,,top4    ,a  
,simple ,top4--,procure a piece ( :ite  
c>dbo>d1 two in*es squ>e1  & cut x into 
a sexagon1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,n[ bore a 
small hole  9 ! middle1 into :i* pu% an 
ord9>y mat*4 ,y may numb] !  sections ( 
! sexagon & see :o scores ! highe/      
numb]1 c\nt+  ! figure re/+ aga9/ !     
table z x falls4 ,fig4 #b %[s ! top     
complete4    ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,apple  
,,or ,,potato ,,mill4    ,! ,apple or   
,potato ,mill4--,?is is made by bor+ a  
hole 9 a nut1  j l>ge en\gh to pass a ?9
 skew] ?r\gh2 ! k]nel %\ld  !n be       

extract$1 & ano!r hole bor$ 9 ! side ( !
 nut1 z  9 ! diagram4 ,a skew] %\ld next
 be cut l>ge en\gh at ! top to  =m a    
head4 ,a piece ( /r+ is !n ti$ to !     
skew]1 & pass$  ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! side ( 
! nut1 & an apple or potato /uck  on !  
end ( ! skew]4 ,! mill %\ld be twirl$   
r\nd 9 !  same way z ! humm+ top to w9d 
up ! /r+1 hold+ ! nut  /ation>y betwe5 !
 =ef+] & ?umb ( ! left h&4 ,:5 ?is  is  
done1 ! /r+ mu/ be pull$ out rapidly1 & 
! mill w sp94  ,_m o!r toys may be made 
^u ! same pr9ciple1 & "s ( ^!  we w n[  
describe4    ,illu/ration3 ,,:irl+      
,,mac4    ,:irl+ ,mac4--,our illu/ration
 %[s h[ ! apple mill may be  modifi$ = a
 :irl+ ,mac4 ,! arms & legs ( ! figure  
%\ld  be ti$ loosely to ! body & ! skirt
 %\ld be loose too4 ,tie !  /r+ to !    
sp9dle inside ! nut & h a button on !   
end (  ! /r+ s t y may h a firm hold4   
,n[ twi/ ! figure r\nd  until all ! /r+ 
is w\nd1 !n hold ! nut firmly 9 y\r left
  h& & draw ! /r+ out sudd5ly & swiftly 
) y\r "r h&4  ,! figure w :irl r\nd1    

?r[+ out 8 arms & legs4 ,:5 !  /r+ comes
 to an end slack5 x1 & ! impetus ( !    
figure w  cause x to w9d ! /r+ aga94    
,?us y may g on & on until y  are tir$4 
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a41 ,,fig4 #b41   
,,fig4 #c41 ,,fig4 #d4 ,,fly+ ,,ma*9e4  
,a ,fly+ ,ma*9e4--,simil> 9 pr9ciple is 
! fly+ ma*9e n[ to  be describ$4 ,9     
,fig4 #a a is a h&le cut 9 any h>d wood 
f\r &  a half in*es long4 ,into ! top ( 
?is h&le bore a hole d[n its  c5tre ab\t
 "o in* deep1 & =ce into ?is a piece (  
wire s t  ! wire w be q firm4 ,?is wire 
%\ld be ( iron or /eel1 )  a diamet] (  
"o-eigh? ( an in*1 & x %\ld be ab\t ?ree
 &  a half in*es long4 ,x w be easi] to 
=ce ! wire into ! wood  if x is %>p5$4  
,! hole y h bor$ is only an in* deep2   
=ce  ! wire half an in* deep] ?an t4    
,obta9 n[ f y\r "m or  si/] an ord9>y   
cotton spool ab\t "o & a qu>t] in*es    
long4  ,?is is %[n at b 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,9 !
 same figure c is a k9d (  :eel made z  
foll[s4 ,if y _c f9d some?+ ready made  
take  a small piece ( well-season$ wood4

 ,cut x until x is an in* 9  diamet] &  
five-eigh?s ( an in* deep4 ,see ,fig4   
#b4 ,d[n ! middle  bore ! hole a l>ge   
en\gh t ! wire y put d[n ! h&le 9  ,fig4
 #a may turn easily 9 x4 ,m>k ! upp]    
surface ( ! :eel into  f\r equal p>ts1 &
 !n y w be able to draw f\r p]p5dicul>  
l9es r\nd ?is :eel at equal di/ances4   
,two ( ^! l9es are %[n  9 ,fig4 #c4     
,n[ draw ! l9e a b 9 ,fig4 #c half way  
d[n ! :eel4 ,foll[ ?is  l9e r\nd & bore 
f\r pairs ( holes z deeply z y c )\t    
pi]c+ ! c5tre hole4 ,"o pair is %[n 9   
,fig4 #c4 ,ea* little hole  is ab\t a   
qu>t] ( an in* f its neighb\r4 ,^! pairs
 ( holes  mu/ be ! same di/ance f ea*   
o!r2 !y are = ! w+s y  see 9 ,fig4 #a1 &
 :i* we w n[ proce$ to make4 ,take      
=ty-two  in*es ( light brass wire4      
,divide ?is into f\r equal p>ts4 ,y w   
!n h f\r pieces ( t5 & a half in*es ea*4
 ,b5d ea* "o into  ! %ape %[n 9 ,fig4   
#d4 ,^! w+s w be ab\t f\r in*es long  & 
ab\t two in*es broad at _! wide/ "p4 ,! 
ends ( ! wire  %\ld be ab\t a qu>t] ( an

 in* ap>t4 ,cov] ^! wire frames  ) light
 t\gh pap]1 us+ z little pa/e z         
possible4 ,! w+s  are ins]t$ slant+ l ! 
sails ( a w9dmill4 ,n[ let u g back  to 
! spool4 ,^u ! upp] surface midway      
betwe5 its c5tre hole  & ! edge ( !     
spool ins]t a piece ( /rong wire or !   
end (  a brok5 knitt+ ne$le4 ,! wire    
%\ld be rigid1 & %\ld project  f ! spool
 ab\t half an in*4 ,:5 y put y\r :eel & 
w+s  ^u ! spool ?is wire w re/ beside "o
 ( ! w+s & cause x  to turn :5 ! spool  
turns4 ,n[ take a piece ( cord & w9d x  
away  f y ) y\r "r h& r\nd ! spool4     
,hold ! h&le firmly  9 y\r left h& &    
)draw ! /r+ rapidly4 ,! :eel &  w+s w   
m\nt rapidly 9 ! air = ab\t fifty feet &
 !n come  /eadily d[n4    ,illu/ration3 
,a ,,danc+ ,,figure4    ,a ,danc+       
,figure4--,! illu/ration %[s ! back view
 ( a toy  easily con/ruct$ b capable (  
af=d+ mu* amusem5t to !  little ones4 ,a
 is an ord9>y la? glu$ to a c>dbo>d     
figure ( a  man4 ,! arms & legs too are 
( c>dbo>d fix$ loosely ) %ort  /r+      

knott$ at ea* end4 ,at ! extremities ( !
 arms & legs  ! /r+s ,b & ,c are ti$ &  
connect$ ) ! /r+ ,d4 ,pull !  /r+ ,d & !
 figure w ?r[ up 8 arms & legs wildly4  
,be>s  & o!r figures may be made ^u !   
same pr9ciple4 ,a /r+ ,f may  be put at 
,e & !n ! la? is n necess>y1 = ! p]=m] c
  !n hold /r+ ,f 9 "o h& & pull /r+ ,d )
 ! o!r4    ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,lively   
,,donkey4    ,! ,lively ,donkey4--,on   
/\t pap] or c>dbo>d draw ^u a l>ge      
scale ! illu/ration4 ,divide ! draw+    
into ?ree p>ts by cutt+  out ! circle4  
,y may n[ p9 ! p>ts ^u ! wall 9 su*     
attitudes z are %[n 9 ! small]          
illu/ration1 or if y cut out  _m donkeys
 y may h all ^! attitudes & m4          
,illu/ration3 ,,cam]a ,,obscura4    ,a  
,cam]a ,obscura4--,obta9 an oblong box1 
ab\t two feet long1 twelve  in*es wide1 
& eight high4 ,9 "o end ( ?is a tube mu/
 be fitt$  conta9+ a l5s4 ,x mu/ be     
possible to slide ! tube backw>ds &     
=w>ds s z to obta9 ! focus4 ,inside !   
box %\ld be a pla9  mirror recl9+       

backw>ds f ! tube at an angle ( =ty-five
  degrees4 ,see ,a ,b 9 ! ,figure4 ,at !
 top ( ! box at ,c is a squ>e  ( fro/$  
glass or a piece ( tissue pap]1 ^u :i* f
 b5ea?  ! picture w be ?r[n1 & may be   
se5 by rais+ ! lid ,d4 ,to  use ! cam]a 
place ! tube ) ! l5s 9 x opposite !     
object  or sc5e1 & hav+ adju/$ ! focus1 
! image w be ?r[n ^u  ! gr\nd-glass or  
tissue pap]4    ,jig ,saw ,puzzle4--,?is
 old =m ( toy has be5 reviv$ lately4 ,x 
is  easily made4 ,glue ^u a ?9 piece (  
wood a picture1 a col\r$ "o  is be/4 ,!n
 ) a fret saw cut picture & bo>d into   
all mann] (  wild %apes1 %ake !m into   
disord] & !n try to put !m back  aga9   
into _! prop] position4 ,jig saw is a   
piece ( ,am]ican slang  = fret saw4     
,! ,wond]ful ,*ick54--,) ! help ( !     
diagram x w n be  difficult to con/ruct 
a *ick5 t w move its head & tail 9  a   
comic mann]4 ,a ,b ,c ,d is a box t acts
 z a base & conceals !  p5dulum4 ,x w   
ne$ to h a slit 9 ! top = ! /r+s :i*    
hold ! p5dulum4 ,! *ick5 is ( wood & its

 body has two sides4  ,"o side has be5  
remov$ s t ! me*anism may be se51 b :5  
! *ick5 is complete ! me*anism is hidd54
 ,x w be se5 t  ! head & tail are atta*$
 to ! body ) nails1 b 9 su* a  way t !y 
are n rigid b w move up & d[n4 ,e is a  
p5dulum  ( lead or o!r heavy mat]ial1 & 
z x sw+s to & fro !  /r+s cause ! head &
 tail to bob up & d[n alt]nately4 ,o!r  
mov+ figures may be made ^u ! same      
pr9ciple4 ,long] /r+s1  & a long] box to
 accommodate !m1 give sl[] & m la/+     
movem5ts4    ,illu/ration3 ,,!          
,,wond]ful ,,*ick54    ,! ,m\se 9 !     
,trap4--,cut a piece ( c>dbo>d ( ! size 
( a  p5ny1 & pa9t on "o side a m\se1 &  
on ! o!r a trap2 fa/5  two pieces (     
?read "o on ea* side at opposite po9ts (
 ! c>d1  s t ! c>d c be made to revolve 
by twirl+ ! ?reads )  ! f+] & ?umb4     
,:ile ! toy is 9 its revolution1 ! m\se 
w be se5 inside ! trap4 ,_m o!rs may be 
made ^u ! same  pr9ciple4    ,di/ort$   
,l&scapes4--,take a piece ( smoo? :ite  
pa/ebo>d &  sket* a picture ^u x4 ,prick

 ! outl9es 9 e "p ) a p9  or ne$le1 !n  
put ! prick$ draw+ 9 a p]p5dicul>       
position1  & place a light$ c&le beh9d  
x4 ,/& 9 front ( x ano!r  piece (       
pa/ebo>d1 & trace ) a p5cil ! l9es giv5 
by !  light1 & y w h a peculi> di/ort$  
l&scape4 ,take away  ! c&le & ! prick$  
draw+1 & put y\r eye :]e ! light  01 & !
 draw+ w lose its peculi>ities4 ,to f9d 
! prop]  position = y\r eye x w be be/  
to cut out a piece ( c>d1  adju/ x1 &   
look ?r\gh a hole made to occupy ! place
 :]e /ood  ! flame ( ! c&le4            
,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,m\se ,,9 ,,! ,,trap4
    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a41 ,,fig4    
#b41 ,,fig4 #c4    ,! ,work+            
,woodman4--,! w9d1 z well z a p5dulum1  
may be us$ to  make wood5 figures move4 
,9 ,fig4 #a we h two pieces ( wood1 ea* 
an in* ?ick1 an in* & a half wide1 &    
twelve in*es long4 ,if we  place !m z 9 
,fig4 #a we h f\r arms five & a qu>t]   
in*es  long4 ,ea* "o ( ^! f\r arms has  
n[ to be cut into a %ape to  adapt x z a
 w9dmill sail2 t is x has to be made    

into a slant+  ?9 blade n m ?an an eigh?
 ( an in* ?ick1 & all !  blades mu/     
pres5t a simil> slope to ! w9d4 ,z      
mi/akes are likely  to occur1 "h we w   
endeav\r to make ! po9t cle>4 ,take !   
arm ,a1 ,fig4 #b4 ,suppose y h slant$   
?is f x to y4 ,n[ imag9e  t ,b comes    
r\nd to ,a's position1 !n x1 too1 mu/ be
 slop$ 9  precisely ! same way1 & n     
slop$ f y to x4 ,! same applies to  arms
 ,c & ,d4 ,imag9e !m com+ to ?is upright
 position1 & make  !m all alike z !y    
arrive !re4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 
,illu/ration    ,illu/ration    ,! me?od
 ( fix+ ! f\r arms into "o piece is %[n 
9 ,fig4 #c4 ,a  hole %\ld n[ be bor$    
exactly 9 ! c5tre at ! cross+ ( !  arms4
 ,! plat=m ^u :i* ! figure ( ! woodman w
 /&1  %[n 9 ,fig4 #d1 consi/s ( a piece 
( wood half an in* ?ick1 six  in*es wide
 & twelve in*es long4 ,at ea* end is    
screw$ a block to  hold ! %aft :i*      
communicates ! movem5t ( ! sails to !   
figure4 ,?is %aft is a piece ( /rong    
wire fifte5 in*es long1 b5t  into a     

crank1 z %[n 9 ! diagram1 & work+ r\nd &
 r\nd  9 ! two blocks4 ,! end ( ! wire t
 comes ?r\gh ! c5tre  ( ! w9dmill sails 
%\ld be b5t up or d[n to prev5t x f     
slipp+ out ( position4 ,! vane1 :i* w   
cause ! mill to keep  9 ! "r position   
:i*ev] way ! w9d bl[s1 is %[n twice 9   
,fig4 #d4 ,x is ( ?9 wood1 & is fa/5$ to
 ! und]side ( !  plat=m by means ( !    
little cat*1 :i* %\ld be left :5 !  vane
 is made4 ,! figures ^: p>ts are %[n    
%\ld be cut out (  ?9 wood ) a fret-saw1
 & put toge!r s t ! jo9ts turn  easily  
on ! p9s t are put ?r\gh !m4 ,two bodies
 are ne$$4 ,to  adju/ ! figure take (f  
"o side ( ! body & place ! woodman  9 ! 
act ( complet+ 8 /roke1 ) ! axe t\*+ !  
wood1  !n put a peg or small tack or    
nail imm$iately beh9d ! projection  on !
 top ( ! legs4 ,?is w keep 8 body f b5d+
 too f>  =w>d4 ,n[ let ! axe be rais$ to
 ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke1 &  put a peg 9     
front ( ! projection4 ,! arm is connect$
 ) !  crank by a piece ( wire4 ,y may n 
f9d ! "r place at fir/1  b a few trials 

w put y "r4 ,bore a hole 9 ! arm1 put ! 
wire ?r\gh1 & twi/ x r\nd to keep x !re4
    ,illu/ration    ,a sawy] may be made
 ^u ! same pr9ciple1 z ! illu/rations   
%[1 or y may h a simple w9dmill & no    
figures4 ,fix !  plat=m & its figures on
 ! top ( a pole ) a pivot s t  !y may   
turn freely 9 ! w9d4 ,be=e y bore ! hole
 ?r\gh !  plat=m balance ! :ole c>efully
 ^u ! pole or y w put !  hole 9 ! wrong 
place4    ,! ,skip-,jack4--,! skip-jack 
is made out ( ! m]ry-?\ght (  a goose4  
,a /rong d\bl$ /r+ mu/ be ti$ at ! two  
ends ( !  bone1 & a piece ( wood ab\t   
?ree in*es long put betwe5 !  /r+s1 z   
%[n 9 ! illu/ration1 & twi/$ r\nd until 
!  /r+ has ! =ce ( a spr+4 ,a bit (     
%oemak]'s wax %\ld !n  be put 9 ! holl[ 
( ! bone at ! place :]e ! end ( !  piece
 ( wood t\*es1 & :5 ! wood is press$    
slightly on !  wax ! toy is set4 ,! wood
 /icks only a v %ort "t1 & !n  spr+s    
=cibly up4 ,! skip-jack is plac$ on !   
gr\nd ) !  wax d[nw>ds4 ,^u ?is pr9ciple
 toy frogs are made sometimes4          

,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,skip-,,jack4        
,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,jolly ,,pea4    ,!  
,jolly ,pea4--,/ick ?r\gh a pea1 or     
small ball ( pi?1 two p9s  at "r angles1
 & put ^u ! po9ts pieces ( seal+-wax4 ,!
 pea  may be kept danc+ 9 ! air at a    
%ort di/ance f ! end ( a  /raight tube1 
by means ( a curr5t ( brea? f ! m\?4    
,?is  imp>ts a rotatory motion to ! pea4
 ,a piece ( brok5 clay tobacco  pipe    
s]ves v well4 ,"s boys pref] "o p9 7!   
v]tical "o7 &  disp5se ) ! cross p94    
,illu/ration3 ,,revolv+ ,,s]p5t4    ,a  
,revolv+ ,s]p5t4--,draw on a piece (    
c>dbo>d a spiral s]p5t1  z %[n 9 !      
figure4 ,cut along ! l9es ) a %>p knife1
 &  m\nt x on a ne$le fix$ 9 a cork4 ,! 
s]p5t w n[ revolve on  its own acc\nt4  
,its movem5ts may be greatly accel]at$  
by fix+ x  by means ( a b5t wire ov] !  
flame ( a lamp or c&le4          ,,*apt]
 ,,xxiv    ,,conc]n+ ,,_m ,,?+s      ,a 
,simple ,%elt]4--,a v easy way to rig up
 a %elt] f sun or  ra9 is giv5 9 !      
accompany+ sket*4 ,two poles ) a deep   

not*  9 ! top ( ea*1 a rope1 two pegs1 a
 %eet1 & a few l>ge /ones  complete !   
%elt]4 ,an +5i\s boy c\ld arrange an    
end1 or two if  he ne$s !m4             
,illu/ration3 ,a ,,simple ,,%elt]4    ,a
 ,cal5d> on ,y\r ,f+]s4--,?is is ! way t
 an old-tim]  manages to keep acc\nt ( !
 days ( ! week t mon?s op5 )4  ,x w be  
f\nd correct & int]e/+ to p :o h a      
memory  = su* ?+s3    ,:at day ( ! week 
did ,janu>y come 9 on8 ask$ ,gr&fa!r    
,m>t94 ,if y c tell t1 ,i c tell y ! day
 t any mon?  w come 9 on1 by help ( a   
little l+o ,i le>n$ f my fa!r  :5 ,i 0 a
 boy4 ,friday1 did y say8 & he held up 8
 h&  prep>atory to c\nt+ 8 f+]s4 ,n[1   
,april is ! f\r? mon?2  let u see--',at 
,dov] dwelt ,george ,br[n1 ,esq41 good  
,*ri/oph] ,f9*1  & ,david ,fri]4' ,we g 
by ! fir/ lett]s ( ^! words--#a1 #b1 #c1
  #d3 ',at ,dov] dwelt ,george'--,g is !
 lett]1 & x is ! sev5? 9  ! alphabet4   
,janu>y came 9 on ,friday y say1        
,friday1 ,saturday1  ,sunday1 ,monday1  
,tuesday1 ,w$nesday1 ,?ursday--sev52    

,april comes 9 on  ,?ursday4 ,take      
,febru>y--second mon?3 ',at ,dov]4' ,d  
is ! lett]1  & f\r? 9 ! alphabet4       
,friday1 "o2 ,saturday1 two2 ,sunday1   
?ree2  ,monday1 f\r2 ,febru>y comes 9 on
 ,monday4    ,if y make no mi/ake 9 us+ 
! rule1 x w give y ! answ]  e "t4    ,b 
x did n give ! answ] = ,april1 said     
,h>ry1 :o _h be5  ref]r+ to an almanac4 
,april began on ,friday4    ,to be sure1
 boy6 ,?is is ,leap ,ye>1 is x n8 ,leap 
ye> requires !  addition ( "o day = !   
la/ t5 mon?s1 to all[ = ! #bi? (        
,febru>y4 ,s ,all ,fools' ,day came on  
,friday ?is ye>4    ,i nev] knew anybody
 outside ( my fa!r's family1 cont9u$ !  
old  g5tleman1 :o knew ?is little l+o & 
h[ to use x4 ,he taught x  to 8 *ildr51 
& ,i h tri$ to tea* x to m9e1 b !y seem 
to =get x1 & ,i am afraid x w get lo/4  
,:5 fa!r us$ to g  to ,presbyt]y1 fifty 
ye>s ago1 x (t5 happ5$ t a "q (  dates &
 _! relation to days w\ld come up1 & no 
almanac at h&2  9 fact1 ! "q might be z 
to "s day ( ! next ye>2 b  almanac or n1

 my fa!r c\ld always f9d ! fact want$ ) 
j  ! little key ( ! fir/ day ( ! ye>4   
,leap ,ye>4--,divide ! ye> by #d4 ,if   
no?+ rema9s x is leap ye>4  ,= in/ance  
#ahgf _/ #d  #dfi s t #ahgf is leap ye>4
 ,if #a1 #b or #c  rema9 ^! figures give
 ! ye>s aft] leap ye>4 ,rememb]1 leap   
ye> lapses once a c5tury4    ,spid]s & !
 ,wea!r4--,if ! wea!r is likely to      
become ra9y1  w9dy1 or any?+ b f9e1     
spid]s fix ! t]m9at+ filam5ts1 on  :i* !
 :ole web is susp5d$1 unusually %ort4   
,if ^! filam5ts  are made unusually long
 we may expect a spell ( f9e wea!r4 ,9  
proportion to _! l5g? is ! f95ess ( !   
wea!r4 ,spid]s are  g5]ally indol5t 9   
ra9y wea!r4 ,if !y are active 9 ra9 !   
ra9 w n long cont9ue4    ,a             
,b>omet]4--,put two drams ( pure nitre &
 half a dram ( *loride  ( ammonia1 r$uc$
 to p[d]1 into two ounces ( spirits (   
w9e1 or  pure alcohol1 & place ?is      
mixture 9 a glass tube1 t5 in*es long  &
 ab\t an in* 9 diamet]1 ! upp] extremity
 ( :i* mu/ be  cov]$ ) a piece ( sk9 or 

bladd]1 pi]c$ ) small holes4  ,if !     
wea!r is to be f9e1 ! solid matt]s rema9
 at ! bottom  ( ! tube1 & ! alcohol is  
transp>5t4 ,if ra9 is to fall 9 a  %ort 
"t1 "s ( ! solid p>ticles rise & fall 9 
! alcohol1  :i* becomes some:at ?ick4   
,:5 a /orm or ev5 a squall is ab\t  to  
come on all ! solid matt]s rise f !     
bottom ( ! tube &  =m a cru/ on !       
surface ( ! alcohol1 :i* appe>s 9 a /ate
  ( f]m5tation4 ,^! appe>ances take     
place tw5ty-f\r h\rs be=e  ! /orm comes1
 & ! po9t ( ! horizon f :i* x is to bl[ 
is indicat$ by ! p>ticles ga!r+ mo/ on !
 side ( ! tube  opposite to t "p :5ce ! 
w9d is to come4    ,ano!r ,simple       
,b>omet]4--,take a common phial bottle1 
& cut (f  ! rim & "p ( ! neck4 ,?is may 
be done by means ( a piece  ( /r+1 or   
bett] /ill1 :ipcord1 twi/$ r\nd x1 &    
pull$  /rongly 9 a saw+ position by two 
p]sons1 "o ( :om holds !  bottle firmly 
9 8 left h&4 ,heat$ 9 a few m9utes by ! 
friction  ( ! /r+1 & !n dipp$ sudd5ly   
into cold wat]1 ! bottle  w be behead$  

easily4 ,let ! bottle be fill$ n[ )     
wat]1 &  apply+ ! f+] to its m\?1 turn x
 quickly upside d[n4 ,:5 y  remove y\r  
f+] x w be f\nd t only a few drops w    
escape4  ,)\t cork or /opp] ( any k9d1 !
 wat] w be reta9$ )9  ! bottle by !     
pressure ( ! ext]nal air4 ,n[ let a bit 
( tape  be ti$ r\nd ! middle ( ! bottle 
to :i* ! two ends ( a  /r+ may be atta*$
 s z to =m a loop to hang on a nail4    
,let x  be ?us susp5d$ 9 a p]p5dicul>   
mann]1 ) ! m\? d[nw>ds4  ,:5 ! wea!r is 
fair1 & incl9$ to rema9 fair1 ! wat] w  
be level ) ! section ( ! neck1 or p]haps
 elevat$ above x1  & =m+ a concave      
surface4 ,:5 ! wea!r is dispos$ to be   
wet  a drop w appe> at ! m\?1 :i* w     
enl>ge till x falls1 &  !n ano!r drop s 
long z ! humidity ( ! air cont9ues4     
,h[ to g to ,sea4--,decide fir/ :e!r y w
 g by w9d or /eam1  z /eamboat seam5 &  
sail+-%ip sailors are di/9ct1 ! =m]     
hav+ little to d ) actual seaman%ip1 !  
latt] ev]y?+4  ,consequ5tly1 mo/ p>5ts  
are well advis$ to s5d _! boys on  sail+

 %ips only4 ,p>5ts g5]ally are at _!    
wits' end to "k  :at to d ) boys ) ! sea
 craze4 ,!re=e !y are1 z a  g5]al rule1 
ru%$ into pay+ exorbitant sums =        
appr5tic+  fees1 only to f9d1 aft] a    
voyage1 _! sons refuse to g aga91  hav+ 
_h en\gh to tire !m ( x4 ,n[1 ! be/ &   
safe/ way to  get boys com=tably b]!d z 
appr5tices is to see by ! daily  pap]s1 
or ! ,%ipp+ ,gazette1 ! names ( ! l>ge/ 
firms  adv]tis+ ,au/ralian voyages1 or  
voyages to ! ,ea/ ,indies1 &  write !m  
p>ticul>s briefly1 enclos+ a /amp$      
envelope = reply4    ,! l>ge firms keep 
a book or regi/]1 :]e boys' names are   
ent]$1  s t :5 an appr5tice is requir$ !
 fir/ on ! page has !  pref]5ce4 ,?is is
 ! simple/ & safe/ way1 = !re are always
  pl5ty ( %>p]s adv]tis+ = boys 9 !     
,london & ,liv]pool  j\rnals1 (f]+      
mid%ip b]?s & o!r baits at ! mod]ate sum
  ( f #aj to #ej4 ,?is is by no means a 
high e/imate1 = by "s (  ! g5try l>g]   
sums are ask$1 & ^! reap gold5 h>ve/s4  
,^!  %>p]s act z int]m$iates betwe5 !   

(fice p & !mselves1  %>+ ! b\nty4 ,n[1  
few are aw>e t :5 appr5tic+ boys to  !  
sea a trial voyage is necess>y4 ,a numb]
 ( lads aft] "o voyage  pref] %ore4     
,!re=e1 be=e any b9d+ moneys are paid1  
be c>eful  to see t ! ind5tures are made
 out cle>ly1 z (t5 !y are  c>efully     
word$1 or bl9d$1 z x is call$ at sea2 s 
t if by  *ance money 7 paid d[n !       
difficulty w\ld be to get x refund$1  = 
if ?is is n /ipulat$1 & a wi% is        
aft]w>ds express$ to  cancel agreem5ts1 
! pur*ase-money is =feit$4    ,an       
excell5t plan is to h a pap] drawn up & 
sign$ by bo?  p>ties1 witness$1 & !     
ind5tures made up aft] ! fir/ trial     
trip2 b x mu/ be und]/ood t ! "t ( !    
fir/ voyage1 if  x be a long "o1 makes a
 diff]5ce1 z unless lads are appr5tic$  
(f-h& ! "t is c\nt$ z no?+4    ,!re is a
 pamphlet sold by m]cantile /ation]s at 
"o %ill+  conta9+ mu* in=mation1 %[+    
p>ts1 & describ+ ! v>i\s  builds (      
sea-go+ craft4 ,! cont5ts ( ?is %\ld be 
completely  ma/]$ be=e any boy jo9s a   

%ip1 z x w help him to "k "p  ( 8 duties
 9 addition to ! nautical language1     
!reby %[+ to  8 (fic]s t he is n a      
"k-no?+ lad4 ,x w also help him  9 a    
v>iety ( ways1 x be+ 9 po9t ( fact ! ,a 
,b ,c ( %ip life4  ,d z y are told ) a w
 is an expression (t5 made use (1  & 9  
fact x mu/ be practis$ by all           
contemplat+ sea life4 ,%ip  %ape is     
ano!r say+ sugge/$ by ! rigid discipl9e 
ex]cis$ by  m>9]s4    ,on "o l>ge vessel
 ! foll[+ maxim 0 pa9t$ on ! walls ( !  
mid%ip qu>t]s3 ,!re is a place = ev]y?+2
 put ev]y?+ 9  its place4 ,"o ( ! ?+s a 
capta9 or ! mates dislike to see is  a  
boy clamb]+ ov] ! rigg+ 9 port2 "t &    
circum/ance w  soon tea* him t "p ( 8   
duties1 s t :ile he is 9 port a  lad    
%\ld busy himself 9 tidy+ up ! deck1 or 
by do+ ! "w  allott$ to him4    ,a boy  
does well to be on bo>d 8 %ip a day or  
two be=e dep>t+1  s z to get acqua9t$ ) 
! v>i\s p>ts1 also to get himself  kn[n1
 & some:at us$ to ! deck4    ,appr5tices
 are expect$ to h a /\t *e/ made = !    

purpose  ( /or+ clo!s & sundries4 ,"s   
companies provide ! articles  necess>y =
 ! mess-room use1 b x is well to inquire
 (  b]?-mates1 or ! /ew>d1 & arrange    
accord+ly4    ,a /\t t9 box1 capable (  
hold+ l95 is necess>y1 & !  foll[+      
articles mu/ be procur$3--    ,:ite     
%irt1 coll>s1 & a uni=m suit = %ore we>4
 ,?is mu/  be made 9 accordance ) !     
rules ( ! company1 ! coat &  wai/coat   
brass-button$1 & ! cap embelli%$ ) !    
h\se flag  design & gold cordage4    ,= 
%ip we> no complete li/ c be giv51 !    
pr9cipal articles  be+ ! foll[+3 oilsk9 
suit1 "o pair ( sea boots1 "o or  two   
pairs ( half ,well+tons2 flannel %irts1 
& z _m pairs  ( tr\s]s & %oes z c be    
procur$1 ! limit ( ^! be+  at lea/ ?ree 
pairs4 ,! num]\s small articles may be  
left to  discretion4    ,ano!r ^w (     
w>n+--d n deal ) slop-%op outfitt]s     
adv]tis+ rig outs at l[ figures1 b r g  
to respectable  tailors & trad]s1 &     
pur*ase1 or h made1 ! articles          
sep>ately4    ,) /rict ob$i5ce1         

promptitude1 & a *e]ful disposition a   
lad  c h>dly fail to get promot$4    ,to
 ,make ,y\r ,own ,t(fee4--,to "o p\nd ( 
! be/ ,dem]>a sug> add  ab\t a qu>t] ( a
 p9t ( cold wat] & a p9* ( cream ( t>t>4
  ,g on boil+ x until :5 y drop a little
 into cold wat] x goes  h>d4 ,y may look
 = ?is /age 9 ab\t t5 m9utes4 ,next take
 x  (f & add ?ree ounces ( butt] cut    
into small pieces4 ,boil aga9  & te/ 9 !
 same way = h>dness4 ,at ?is /age put 9 
lemon juice  to flav\r x & !n p\r !     
mixture into oil$ t9s4 ,:5 x is  ne>ly  
cold m>k x into squ>es1 & :5 x is q cold
 divide x  accord+ to ^! m>ks4    ,/eam 
,r+s4--,:5 ! kettle is boil+ & s5d+ /eam
 f its  sp\t g5tly raise ! lid & !n %ut 
x d[n aga9 deftly4 ,?is  w =ce ! /eam   
rapidly f ! sp\t 9 ! %ape ( v pretty    
r+s :i* w rise 9 ! air1 gr[+ l>g] &     
l>g]4    ,skeleton ,leaves4--,leaves f  
:i* ! read] int5ds to d]ive !  skeleton 
%\ld be ga!r$ fre% f tree or %rub1 & put
 9 an  e>!n pan fill$ ) ra9 wat] & plac$
 9 ! sun%9e4 ,:5 !  sub/ance ( ! leaf   

becomes s(t & easily deta*$1 !y %\ld be 
remov$ to ano!r pan1 conta9+ clean wat]1
 9 :i* !y mu/ be  %ak5 ab\t until ! s(t 
tissue breaks away f ! skeleton4 ,wa%   
aga9 9 fre% wat]1 & s cont9ue until only
 ! ribs & n]vures  rema94 ,a s(t        
too?-bru%1 c>efully us$1 w assi/ 9 !    
f9al  "p ( ?is op]ation1 ! leaf be+ held
 9 ! palm ( ! h&  dur+ ! process4 ,n[ = 
! blea*+4 ,pur*ase two p5nywor? (       
purifi$ *loride ( lime1 & dissolve x 9 a
 p9t ( wat]4 ,9 ?is  solution put y\r   
skeleton leaves1 & keep !m "u           
obs]vation4 ,z  soon z "o has become q  
:ite x %\ld be tak5 out & r9s$  9 cle>  
wat]1 !n c>efully dri$4 ,! s(t5+ process
 w take  weeks1 9 "s t\gh] species (    
leaf x may take mon?s4 ,?is p]iod  may  
be less5$ by us+ a small quantity ( ei!r
 muriatic acid or  *loride ( lime1 b )  
ei!r ( ^! ag5ts !re is dang] (  rott+ ! 
skeleton4 ,! ra9-wat] process is ! safe/
 & mo/  p]man5t4    ,to ,imitate a      
,night+ale4--,_m ye>s ago a clev]       
,fr5*man analys$  ! song ( ! night+ale &

 made out t x consi/s ( !  foll[+       
s\nds3--      ,temee temee temee tan    
,spretu zqua    ,qu]ree pee pee    ,teeo
 teeo teeo tix    ,quteeo quteeo quteeo 
,zquo zquo zquo zquo    ,zee zee zee zee
 zee zee zee    ,qu]r] teeu zqula peepee
 quee4    ,pi? ,beads4--,a little boy we
 "k amuses himself by ?read+ pieces  (  
pi? & !n pa9t+ ! pi? ) wat] col\rs4 ,:5 
8 "m  we>s ! necklace he has made 9 ?is 
way p are v curi\s to  "k :at ! beads   
are1 & fancy !y mu/ h be5 made by !     
natives ( =eign p>ts1 probably ( ! ,s\? 
,sea ,isl&s4    ,h9ts on                
,h&writ+4--,al?\gh typewrit]s are       
excell5t ?+s1  !y are comp>atively      
useless j 9 ^? p>ticul> cases :]e       
di/9ct h&writ+ is ( ! greate/           
importance1 & :]e x is  s v r>ely met )4
 ,by "s /range process ( reason+1 x has 
come ab\t t almo/ any sort ( writ+ is   
?\ght good en\gh =  a po/c>d1 telegram1 
or m$ical prescription4 ,! same man :o  
w\ld  make a v fair p]=mance :5 engag$  
on a long communication1  9 :i* !       

context w\ld be almo/ c]ta9 to help !   
read] to  deciph] a que] ^w "h & !re1 w 
da% (f ! mo/ puzzl+  p5man%ip :5 writ+ a
 %ort b urg5t note or po/c>d4 ,! v      
brevity ( ! communication adds to !     
difficulty ( und]/&+  x4 ,:5 ! pres5t   
writ] 0 at s*ool1 x 0 impress$ ^u u  t1 
:atev] else might be faulty1 ! address+ 
( ! envelope  %\ld be z ne> p]fection z 
we c\ld make x4 ,! po/man ( !  pres5t   
day w tell y t ?is arrangem5t is n[     
rev]s$1 &1  ) ! exception ( lett]s s5t  
out by bus9ess firms1 ! addresses  he   
has to grapple ) are v badly &          
incompletely writt54    ,"h are a few   
%ort h9ts1 ! act+ ^u :i* w va/ly improve
  ! mo/ slov5ly h&writ+ 9 a week1 if    
p]sev]$ 94 ,9 !  fir/ place1 r$uce !    
slope ( y\r h&writ+ until x is almo/1   
if n q v]tical4 ,!n break y\rself ( !   
habit ( cr[d+  y\r lett]s too closely   
toge!r1 on ! "o h&1 & sprawl+  !m out   
unduly1 on ! o!r4 ,in/ead ( sprawl+ !   
lett]s out  s1 write ea* "* compactly1 b
 jo9 x to ! foll[+ "o  by a di/9ct      

l9k-/roke1 z x 74 ,?is is ! sort ( writ+
  approv$ ( by ! ,civil ,s]vice         
,commission]s4 ,at "o "t mu* /ress  0   
laid ^u ! importance ( ?ick & ?9 /rokes1
 hair /rokes1  & s on4 ,except+ 9 ! case
 ( pr(essional engrav]s1 & =  arti/ic   
purposes1 all ^! ref9em5ts are out (    
date4 ,:at is (  va/ly m importance is !
 mak+ ( a c>eful di/9ction betwe5  !    
lett]s m1 n1 & u1 & aga9 betwe5 ! lett]s
 e & i4 ,good  te/-words to practice )  
are ^!3 union1 comm5ce1 ounce1 suit1    
sweet1 manumotive1 imm5se1 unite1 untie4
 ,*>act]s :i* ext5d  above or bel[ ! l9e
 %\ld n d s m ?an is suffici5t to       
prev5t _! be+ mi/ak5 = o!r lett]s4 ,all 
! i's %\ld be  dott$ & ! t's cross$4    
,f9ally1 ! la/ lett] ( e ^w  %\ld be    
writt5 di/9ctly1 no matt] 9 :at hurry y 
may be1  = x is wond]ful :at an aid to  
legibility ! obs]vance ( ?is  simple    
rule w af=d4 ,^? :o foll[ ^! h9ts may   
nev] write  a pretty h&1 b !y c sc>cely 
fail to write a legible "o1 no  small   
accompli%m5t 9 ^! days1 :5 s _m ( u c d 

almo/  any out-(-!-way ?+1 b f9d x      
difficult to sign our names  di/9ctly4  
,secret ,writ+4--,mix well "s l>d ) a   
little ,v5ice turp5t9e1  & rub a small  
"p ( x equally on v ?9 pap] by means ( a
  piece ( f9e sponge1 or 9 "s o!r way4  
,lay ?is ) ! greasy  side d[nw>ds ^u a  
%eet ( note-pap]1 & write y\r message ^u
  ! pla9 side ( ! greasy pap] ) a /yle  
or ! ?9 end (  y\r p5-hold]1 us+ a      
little pressure4 ,no?+ w be se5 on !    
note-pap]2 b :at y h writt5 may be made 
visible !re by  du/+ ^u x "s p\nd$      
*>coal or o!r col\r$ du/4 ,%ake or  bl[ 
?is du/ away & !re w rema9 z mu* ( x z  
has fall5  ^u ! p>ts :]e y\r /yle press$
 ! l>d ^u ! note-pap]4    ,res9         
,bubbles4--,if ! end ( a copp] tube or (
 a tobacco pipe be  dipp$ 9 melt$ res9  
at a temp]ature a little above t ( boil+
  wat]1 tak5 out & held ne>ly 9 a       
v]tical position1 & bl[n  ?r\gh1 bubbles
 w be =m$ ( all possible sizes1 f t ( a 
h5's egg d[n to sizes :i* c h>dly be    
se54 ,^! bubbles h a  v pleas+ appe>ance

 & are p]man5t4    ,et*+ on             
,glass4--,cov] ! glass ) a ?9 coat (    
beeswax1 &  draw y\r design ) a ne$le   
cutt+ d[n ?r\gh ! wax to !  surface ( ! 
glass4 ,place ! glass 9 a %all[ ba?1 &  
cov] x  ev5ly ) fluor-sp> to ! dep? ( an
 eight ( an in*4 ,n[ p\r  sulphuric acid
 dilut$ ) ?ree times its weight ( wat]  
^u !  sp>4 ,let ?is rema9 ?ree or f\r   
h\rs4 ,p\r away ! acid1 remove  ! sp>1 &
 clean ! glass ) turp5t9e1 & y\r design 
w be  f\nd ^u ! glass4    ,h[ to make   
,c>bon ,pap]4--,c>bonic pap] = use )    
ord] books1  & = o!r purposes1 is made z
 foll[s3 ,cold l>d well mix$ )          
lamp-black is well rubb$ into ! pap] ) a
 s(t piece ( cotton  rag4 ,:5 ev5ly &   
?or\ghly done1 wipe ! surface g5tly )   
flannel until ! col\r ceases to come (f2
 x is !n ready = use4  ,to obta9 simil> 
pap]s b ( o!r col\rs1 sub/itute ord9>y  
pa9t p[d]s = ! lamp-black4 ,! mo/       
suitable col\rs w be  f\nd to be        
,v5etian r$1 ,prussian blue1 *rome gre54
    ,! ,mak+ ( ,pa/e4--,!re are s _m    

occupations ) :i* boys  amuse !mselves t
 ne$ pa/e t we h includ$ a few recipes4 
,a ,,simple ,,pa/e4--,= a breakfa/ cup  
full ( a simple pa/e1 ne$$  = use at !  
mom5t1 & n requir$ to be kept = _m days1
 take  a heap$ tablespoonful ( fl\r4    
,mix x ?or\ghly ) cold wat] z  ?\gh y 7 
mix+ mu/>d1 !n fill ! cup ) boil+ wat]1 
p\r ! :ole into a saucepan1 & let x boil
 g5tly = a few  m9utes4 ,x is !n ready =
 use4 ,y may use />* in/ead ( fl\r4     
,a ,,l>ge ,,quantity ,,t ,,w ,,la/4--,9 
a qu>t ( wat] dissolve a  teaspoonful ( 
pure p[d]$ alum4 ,into ?is /ir z mu*    
fl\r z  w make a ?ick cream1 & keep on  
/irr+ until ! mixture is  smoo? & until 
e lump has be5 remov$4 ,?or\ghly mix )  
?is  a teaspoonful ( p[d]$ res91 & into 
?is mixture p\r a cup (  boil+ wat]4    
,keep on /irr+1 & if ! mixture does n   
?ick5  f ! action ( ! boil+ wat] assi/ x
 to ?ick5 by plac+ x  ^u ! fire = a     
m9ute or two4 ,aft]w>ds add a few drops 
( oil (  cloves to pres]ve x f go+ s\r4 
,p\r ! pa/e into "s vessel  t has a     

cov]1 & keep x cov]$ & 9 a cool place4  
,9 ?is =m  x w be ?ick] & /rong] ?an is 
necess>y = g5]al use1 b  take a little z
 y ne$ x & r$uce x to its "r consi/5cy  
) w>m wat]4    ,rice ,glue4--,mix rice  
fl\r well ) cold wat]1 !n simm] x  g5tly
 ov] ! fire4 ,?is makes a f9e k9d (     
pa/e1 durable &  effective4 ,mix$ ?ickly
 x may be us$ z a modell+ clay1 & :5  x 
is dry x takes a high poli%4    ,dress+ 
! ,sk9s ( ,small ,animals4--,diff]5t    
dress+s h be5  recomm5d$1 mo/ ( :i*     
conta9 ars5ic or corrosive sublimate1   
:i* are deadly poisons2 b really all t  
is necess>y is simple  alum1 a p\nd (   
:i* c be b\ght = ?ree-halfp5ce4 ,/ret* !
  sk9 fur d[nw>ds on a bo>d1 & fa/5 x ) 
tacks4 ,put p[d]$  alum ov] x1 & rub x 9
 well4 ,cont9ue to d ?is e two or  ?ree 
days = a =tnight4 ,!n remove ! alum1 & )
 a knife  scrape c>efully (f any bits ( 
fle% or fat t may be left on !  sk94 ,:5
 dri$1 to r5d] x s(t1 rub a little yolk 
( egg or oil  into x1 & draw x backw>ds 
& =w>ds across ! edge ( a blunt  knife1 

fix$ = ! purpose4 ,draw+ ?r\gh a r+1 or 
well rubb+  betwe5 ! h&s w also s]ve to 
s(t5 x4    ,ca/s ( ,m$als & ,co9s4--,cut
 a /rip ( br[n pap] ab\t six  in*es long
 by "o in* deep4 ,rub a little oil or   
grease all ov] t  side ( ! co9 y wi% to 
reproduce1 clean+ (f all sup]flu\s      
grease ) a little cotton wool1 b /ill   
leav+ ! surface  greas$4 ,!n roll ! pap]
 r\nd ! edge ( ! co9 s t x  resembles a 
pill-box ) a metal bottom1 & fix ! loose
 end ) a  dab ( seal+ wax4 ,into ?is p\r
 a mixture ( pla/] ( ,p>is &  wat] made 
to ! consi/5ce ( cream1 tapp+ ! box     
lightly on  ! table to cause ! pla/] to 
settle d[n free f bubbles4 ,:5  ! pla/] 
is set q h>d1 /rip (f ! pap]1 & y h y\r 
pla/] m\ld4 ,by soak+ ?is ) oil & fa/5+ 
a /rip ( pap]  r\nd x z r\nd ! co91 y h 
a complete m\ld into :i* y  c p\r pla/] 
& s take a ca/ exactly l ! orig9al      
except  9 col\r1 :i* h[ev] may be       
imitat$ ) wat] col\rs4 ,ano!r  plan is  
to make ! m\ld ( a diff]5t sub/ance1 su*
 z is+lass2  ?or\ghly dissolve is+lass 9

 spirits ( w9e1 !n p\r ^u !  co9 z be=e1
 & set aside = a day or two4 ,:5 q h>d x
 w  sep>ate easily & be f\nd z cle> z a 
bit ( glass4    ,removal ( ,ink         
,blots4--,ink-blots c be remov$ f pap]  
by  pa9t+ ov] ) a camel-hair bru% dipp$ 
9 a solution ( #b  dra*ms muriate ( t9 9
 #d dra*ms ( wat]4 ,:5 ! ink has q      
disappe>$1 r9se ! pap] 9 clean wat]2 !n 
dry x4    ,grease remov$ f ,pap]4--,to  
remove grease spots f pap]1 g5tly  w>m !
 greasy "p & press x1 "u & ov]1 )       
blott+-pap]4  ,repeat$ly *ange !        
blott+-pap] until mo/ ( ! grease has    
disappe>$4 ,!n heat a v little oil (    
turp5t9e until ne>ly  boil+1 aga9 w>m ! 
pap]1 & apply ! turp5t9e to ! grease    
spot by means ( a camel's hair bru%1 on 
bo? sides ( ! pap]4  ,repeat ?is process
 until ! grease has q disappe>$4        
,f9ally1  ) a clean bru%1 dipp$ 9       
spirits ( w9e1 aga9 bru% ov] !  spot1 & 
z ! _s evaporates ! pap] w be left free 
f  grease or /a94 ,rememb] t oil (      
turp5t9e is v inflammable4  ,x w\ld be  

saf] to heat x 9 ! ov54    ,invisible   
,ink4--,take an ounce ( oil ( vitriol1 &
 mix ) a p9t  ( ra9 wat]1 & :5 cool     
write ) a clean p54 ,:5 x is cold x  w  
disappe>4 ,heat x & x w appe> 9 black   
ink4 ,"h are "s  o!r inks :i* appe> &   
disappe> at ! writ]'s w3--    ,solution 
( nitro-muriate ( cobalt1 :5 heat$ turns
 gre52 solution  ( acetate ( cobalt1 ) a
 little nitre becomes rose-col\r :5     
w>m4 ,inks :i* rema9 visible :5 heat$1 b
 d n disappe>  :5 cool$ include1        
onion-juice1 yell[2 equal p>ts ( copp] &
  sal-ammoniac 9 wat]1 yell[2 aqua=tis1 
spirits ( salt1 oil (  vitriol1 & salt &
 wat]1 yell[ or br[n4 ,inks :i* appe> :5
  expos$ to light may be made ) dilut$  
solution ( nitrate (  silv]1 or ) dilut$
 solution ( t]*loride ( gold4    ,h[    
,leaves ,keep ,clean4--,:ile leaf %apes 
h =m$ a subject (  /udy ev] s9ce        
botanical sci5ce has exi/$1 x is only   
rec5tly  t "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable purposes
 :i* ! po9ts ( leaves  s]ve has be5     
cle>ly br\ght out4    ,x has be5 %[n1 z 

! result ( "s special inve/igations made
 9  ,g]many1 t ! long po9ts quickly dra9
 (f ! excess ( moi/ure  deposit$ ^u !   
foliage 9 heavy ra9s4    ,?is ready     
me?od ( dispos+ ( a surplus ( moi/ure is
 important to  "s plants4 ,x also s]ves 
z a means ( clean+ ! surface ( !        
leaves4    ,r\nd leaves d n s easily get
 rid ( ! ra9 wat]1 & x has  be5 notic$ t
 !y rema9 du/y & dirty aft] a %[]1 !    
escape ( ! wat] by evaporation n t5d+ to
 cleanse !m1 :ile  long1 n>r[1 po9t$    
leaves are wa%$ clean & bright4         
,illu/ration    ,illu/ration3 ,,deaf ,,&
 ,,dumb ,,alphabet    ,illu/ration3     
,,deaf ,,& ,,dumb ,,alphabet ,,s+le     
,,h&4    ,illu/ration3 ,,deaf ,,& ,,dumb
 ,,alphabet ,,s+le ,,h&4                
,illu/ration3 ,h[ to ,tie ,knots4       
,illu/ration3    ,illu/ration3    ,,!   
,,end          ,,index        ,alcohol &
 ,a?letics1 #ba      ,alphabet1 ,deaf & 
,dumb1 #dbh      ,angl+1 #fg      ,apple
 ,mill1 #djb      ,aqu>iums1 #aca       
,arti/1 ,! boy z1 #aeg      olian ,h>p1 

,an1 ,h[ to make1 #cfc        ,balloons1
 ,bubble1 #cif      ,balloons1 ,fire1   
,to make1 #chi      ,b>omet]s1 ,simple1 
#dah      ,b>rel1 ,hammock made f a1    
#cfb      ,beads ( ,pi?1 #dbb      ,b9d+
 ,books1 #bee      ,blott+ ,pad1 #bga   
,boat ,race1 ,game (1 #cbh      ,boats  
made ( ,pa/ebo>d1 #dja      ,books1 ,h[ 
to b9d1 #bee      ,boom]angs1 #cbi      
,bottle1 ,! inexhau/ible1 #chb          
,box+1 #ee      ,box+ by ,electricity1  
#cii      ,bubble ,balloons1 #cif       
,bubbles ( ,res91 #dbd      ,budg]ig>s1 
#bdf      ,bu/ 9 ,clay1 ,h[ made1 #age  
,butt]flies1 #aag        ,cage ,birds1  
#bdb      ,cal5d>1 ,a1 on y\r f+]s1 #daf
      ,cam]a ,obscura1 ,a1 #djg         
,camp1 ,cook+ 91 #aab      ,can>ies1    
#bdb      ,c&le1 ,! *emi/ry ( a1 #cgj   
,canoes1 #hd      ,canoes1 ,/e]+ (1 #ajj
      ,c>bon ,pap]1 ,h[ to make1 #dbd   
,c>d ,tricks1 #bbj      ,ca/+ ,co9s &   
,m$als1 #dbf      ,cavies1 #bbh         
,*ess1 ,h[ to play1 #bgc      ,*ick51 ,!
 wond]ful1 #djh      ,co9s1 ,h[ to ca/1 

#dbf      ,col\r$ ,fires1 #chg          
,conc]t1 ,game (1 #cbg                  
,conflagration1 ,a seem+1 #che          
,conjur+1 #bjh      ,consequ5ces1 ,game 
(1 #cbg      ,cook+ 9 ,camp1 #aab       
,cremat$ ,alive1 #bjh      ,cry/als1    
,beautiful1 #che      ,cry/als1         
,brilliant1 #chd      ,curl+1 #fj       
,cutt]1 ,model1 ,h[ to make1 #ced       
,cyr ,l\is1 #ba        ,danc+ ,figure1  
#djf      ,deaf & ,dumb ,alphabet1 #dbh 
,digg+1 #aej      ,di/ort$ ,l&scapes1   
#dji      ,dogs1 #bdi      ,donkey1 ,!  
lively1 #djg      ,draughts1 ,h[ to     
play1 #bib      ,draughts1 ,! los+ game1
 #cba      ,draw+1 #aeg      ,drop      
,ball1 #adh      ,dumb ,bells1 #h1 #ab1 
#ac1 #ae        ,egg & ,bottle ,trick1  
#cgi      ,electricity1 ,box+ by1 #cii  
,electrical ,ma*9e1 ,an1 ,h[ to make1   
#cfe      ,enl>gem5t ( ,photographs1    
#bfd      ,et*+ on ,glass1 #dbd         
,fight = ! ,flag1 #ade      ,filt]1 ,h[ 
to make a1 #bfh      ,fire1 ,a well (1  
#chd      ,fire ,balloons1 ,to make1    

#chi      ,fires1 ,col\r$1 #chg         
,fire ,designs1 #chj      ,fi%+1 #fg    
,fives1 #adc      ,fly+ ,ma*9e1 #djd    
,football1 #di      ,f\nta91 ,a novel1  
#chc      ,f\nta91 ,h[ to make a1 #bfi  
,fox1 #adh      ,fox & ,geese1 #cca     
,fr5* & ,engli%1 #add      ,fugleman1   
#adi        ,game1 ,an amus+1 #ccj      
,games1 #ach      ,g>d5+1 #aej          
,gho/1 ,to make a1 #che      ,glass1    
,et*+ on1 #dbd      ,glue made ( ,rice1 
#dbe      ,golf1 #eb      ,gravity1 ,!  
c5tre (1 #chf      ,grease1 ,to remove1 
#dbf      ,gu9ea ,pigs1 #bbh            
,gymna/ics1 #g        ,haloes1 ,?ree1   
#che      ,hammock1 ,h[ to make a1 #cfb 
,h&writ+1 ,h9ts on1 #dbb      ,h>p1     
olian1 ,an1 ,h[ to make1 #cfc           
,hectograph1 ,h[ to make1 #bfg          
,h$gehog1 ,!1 #beb      ,hockey1 #bf    
,hoops1 ,games )1 #adg      ,hop-,scot*1
 #ade      ,horizontal ,b>1 #i1 #ab     
,horse1 ,a pranc+1 #dja      ,hurdle    
,races1 #e      ,hygromet]1 ,a1 #bga    
,illusions1 ,optical1 #dji      ,index1 

,h[ to make1 #beh      ,indian ,clubs1  
#h1 #ca      ,ink1 ,invisible1 #dbg     
,ink1 ,removal (1 #dbf        ,jackdaws1
 #bea      ,jay1 ,!1 #bea      ,jig ,saw
 ,puzzle1 #djh      ,j+l+1 #adi         
,jump+1 #e1 #bd        ,kite1 ,h[ to    
make a1 #aci      ,knots1 ,h[ to tie1   
#dcb        ,l&scapes1 ,di/ort$1 #dji   
,lant]n ,slides1 #bff      ,leap ,ye>1  
#dag      ,lev]age1 ,an exp]im5t 91 #chf
      ,leaves1 ,h[ !y keep clean1 #dbg  
,leaves1 ,h[ to use1 #ahj      ,leaves1 
,skeleton1 #dba      ,levy1 ,mr4 ,e4    
,lawr5ce1 #ad        ,mac1 ,a ,:irl+1   
#djc      ,macgregor1 ,john1 #hd        
,magaz9es1 ,h[ to b9d1 #bee             
,magician1 ,! boy z1 #bjh      ,magic   
,lant]n ,slides1 #bff      ,magpie1 ,!1 
#bea      ,m$als1 ,h[ to ,ca/1 #dbf     
,mice1 ,:ite1 #bea      ,modell+ )      
,clay1 #age      ,mo?s1 #aag      ,m\se1
 ,!1 ,9 ! ,trap1 #dji      ,musical     
,glass1 ,a1 #cbi        ,ne$le1 ,!      
float+1 #chj      ,net ,mak+1 #bfa      
,newspap] ,cutt+s ,book1 #beh           

,nickie ,nickie ,night1 #ach            
,night+ale1 ,to imitate a1 #dbb         
,n9e ,m5's ,morris1 #cca        ,optical
 ,illusions1 #dji        ,pap]*as+1 #dh 
,p>allel ,b>s1 #aj      ,pa/ebo>d1      
,boats made (1 #dja      ,pa/e1 ,h[ to  
make1 #dbe      ,pea1 ,! jolly1 #dad    
,p]spective1 ,rules (1 #afa      ,pets1 
#bbh      ,photographic ,enl>gem5ts1    
#bfd      ,pi? ,beads1 #dbb             
,polyphony1 #bja      ,portrait ,bu/1   
,h[ made1 #age      ,po/+1 #adg         
,potatoe ,mill1 #djb      ,prison]s'    
,base1 #add      ,puzzles1 #ccc         
,puzzles1 #djh      ,puzzles1 ,answ]s   
to1 #cdb      ,pyrography1 #ahi         
,quat]nions1 ,h[ to play1 #cbd          
,rabbits1 #bcb      ,rackets1 #ada      
,rav51 ,!1 #bea      ,res9 ,bubbles1    
#dbd      ,rice ,glue1 #dbe      ,r+s1  
,ex]cises )1 #h      ,r+s ( ,/eam1 #dba 
,rob ,roy ,canoe1 #hd1 #hf      ,r[+1   
#dc      ,runn+1 #c1 #bc        ,sail+  
on ,skates1 #eg      ,s*oon]1 ,model1   
,h[ to make1 #cea      ,scrap ,book1 ,h[

 to make1 #beh      ,scull+1 #de        
,sea1 ,h[ to g to1 #dai      ,secret    
,writ+1 #dbd      ,se$1 ,h[ to s[1 #aec 
,s]p5t1 ,a revolv+1 #dae      ,%ad[     
,buff1 #cbh      ,%av+ ,pap]s1 ,case =1 
#bgj      ,%elt]1 ,a simple1 #daf       
,silkworms1 #beb      ,skates1 ,sail+   
on1 #eg      ,skat+1 #eg      ,skeleton 
,leaves1 #dba      ,sket*+1 #aeg        
,sk9s1 ,h[ to dress1 #dbe               
,skip-,jack1 ,!1 #dac      ,sleigh =    
,baby1 ,h[ to make1 #cfj      ,sleigh1  
,h[ to make1 #cef      ,slides = ,magic 
,lant]n1 #bff      ,smoke produc$ at ,w1
 #chc      ,spid]s & ! ,wea!r1 #dag     
,spr9t+1 #bc      ,/eam ,r+s1 #dba      
,/eeple*as+1 #e      ,/5cill+1 #afc     
,swimm+1 #db      ,syphon1 ,!1 #bfi     
,t5t1 ,a simple1 #daf      ,t(fee1 ,to  
make y\r own1 #dba      ,top1 ,a simple1
 #djb      ,tra9+ = a?letics1 #a        
,trapeze1 #aa      ,turnpike1 #adg      
,vacuum1 ,a1 ,:at x c d1 #chf           
,v5triloquism1 #aia        ,walk+1 #e1  
#ba1 #bb      ,wat] boil$ by ,coldness1 

#chj      ,wat] boil$ 9 ,pap] ,bag1 #chd
      ,wat]1 ,illum9at$1 #chd      ,wat]
 ,polo1 #df      ,wat] upside d[n1 #chb 
,wea!r1 ,!1 & ,spid]s1 #dag             
,we/on's ,walk1 #ba      ,:irl+ ,mac1   
,a1 #djc      ,:ite ,mice1 #bea         
,w9d[ ,box1 #aed      ,w9e ,glass1 ,!   
magic1 #chj      ,wood ,c>v+1 #cej      
,woodman1 ,! work+1 #daj      ,writ+    
,pad1 #bga      ,writ+1 ,secret1 #dbd   
,writ+1 ,! magic1 #chb      ,writ+1 ,!1 
on ! wall1 #che        ,ya*ts1 #hd1 #ajg
        ,zebra ,f9*es1 #bdc             
,,pr9t$ ,,by    ,,! ,,london ,,&        
,,norwi* ,,press1 ,,limit$    ,,london  
,,& ,,norwi*            ,transcrib]'s   
,notes3      ,! symbol #c repres5ts a   
rev]s$ num]al ?ree4      ,miss+         
punctuation has be5 add$ 9 sev]al       
places4      ,! symbol ,a  ,b repres5ts 
an ,a pr9t$ v]tically above a ,b4       
,! oe ligature is r5d]$ z oe4           
,italics are r5d]$ betwe5 und]scores1   
e4g4 italics4      ,bold text is r5d]$  
betwe5 doll> signs1 e4g4 bold4          

,small caps are r5d]$ ) ,,all ,,caps4   
,! foll[+ table li/s o!r *anges made by 
! transcrib]4                           
---------------------------             
,transcrib]'s ,*anges                   
-------------------------    page z     
pr9t$*ang$ to                           
-------------------------     #abf      
?r\ght  ?\ght       #bbd %uffll+%uffl+  
#bha               ,v                   
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