,,political ,,ideals   by  ,b]tr&       
,russell     ,,cont5ts     ,i3          
,political ,ideals   ,,ii3 ,capitalism &
 ! ,wage ,sy/em  ,,iii3 ,pitfalls 9     
,socialism   ,,iv3 ,individual ,lib]ty &
 ,public ,control    ,v3 ,national      
,indep5d5ce & ,int]nationalism          
,*apt] ,i3 ,political ,ideals   ,9 d>k  
days1 m5 ne$ a cle> fai? & a well-gr\nd$
 hope2 & z ! outcome ( ^!1 ! calm c\rage
 :i* takes no acc\nt ( h>d%ips by ! way4
  ,! times ?r\gh :i* we are pass+ h     
af=d$ to _m ( u a confirmation ( our    
fai?4  ,we see t ! ?+s we _h ?\ght evil 
are really evil1 & we "k m def9itely ?an
 we ev] did be=e ! directions 9 :i* m5  
mu/ move if a bett] _w is to arise on ! 
ru9s ( ! "o :i* is n[ hurl+ itself into 
de/ruction4  ,we see t m5's political   
deal+s ) "o ano!r are bas$ on :olly     
wrong ideals1 & c only be sav$ by q     
diff]5t ideals f cont9u+ to be a s\rce (
 suff]+1 deva/ation1 & s94  ,political  
ideals mu/ be bas$ ^u ideals = !        
individual life4 ,! aim ( politics %\ld 

be to make ! lives ( individuals z good 
z possible4  ,!re is no?+ = ! politician
 to consid] outside or above ! v>i\s m51
 wom51 & *ildr5 :o compose ! _w4 ,!     
problem ( politics is to adju/ !        
relations ( human be+s 9 su* a way t ea*
 sev]ally may h z mu* ( good 9 8 exi/5ce
 z possible4  ,& ?is problem requires t 
we %\ld fir/ consid] :at x is t we ?9k  
good 9 ! individual life4  ,to beg9 )1  
we d n want all m5 to be alike4  ,we d n
 want to lay d[n a patt]n or type to :i*
 m5 ( all sorts are to be made by "s    
means or ano!r to approximate4  ,?is is 
! ideal ( ! impati5t adm9i/rator4  ,a   
bad tea*] w aim at impos+ 8 op9ion1 &   
turn+ out a set ( pupils all ( :om w    
give ! same def9ite answ] on a d\btful  
po9t4  ,mr4 ,b]n>d ,%aw is said to hold 
t ,troilus & ,cressida is ! be/ (       
,%akespe>e's plays4 ,al?\gh ,i disagree 
) ?is op9ion1 ,i %\ld welcome x 9 a     
pupil z a sign ( individuality2 b mo/   
tea*]s w\ld n tol]ate su* a het]odox    
view4  ,n only tea*]s1 b all commonplace

 p]sons 9 au?ority1 desire 9 _!         
subord9ates t k9d ( uni=mity :i* makes  
_! actions easily pr$ictable & nev]     
inconv5i5t4  ,! result is t !y cru%     
initiative & individuality :5 !y c1 & :5
 !y _c1 !y qu>rel ) x4  ,x is n "o ideal
 = all m51 b a sep>ate ideal = ea*      
sep>ate man1 t has to be realiz$ if     
possible4  ,e man has x 9 8 be+ to      
develop into some?+ good or bad3 !re is 
a be/ possible = him1 & a wor/ possible4
  ,8 circum/ances w det]m9e :e!r 8      
capacities = good are develop$ or cru%$1
 & :e!r 8 bad impulses are /r5g!n$ or   
gradually div]t$ into bett] *annels4  ,b
 al?\gh we _c set up 9 any detail an    
ideal ( "* :i* is to be univ]sally      
applicable--al?\gh we _c say1 = in/ance1
 t all m5 ought to be indu/ri\s1 or     
self-sacrific+1 or fond ( music--!re are
 "s broad pr9ciples :i* c be us$ to     
guide our e/imates z to :at is possible 
or desirable4  ,we may di/+ui% two sorts
 ( goods1 & two correspond+ sorts (     
impulses4  ,!re are goods 9 reg>d to :i*

 individual possession is possible1 &   
!re are goods 9 :i* all c %>e alike4  ,!
 food & clo?+ ( "o man is n ! food &    
clo?+ ( ano!r2 if ! supply is           
insuffici5t1 :at "o man has is obta9$ at
 ! exp5se ( "s o!r man4  ,?is applies to
 mat]ial goods g5]ally1 & !re=e to !    
great] "p ( ! pres5t economic life ( !  
_w4  ,on ! o!r h&1 m5tal & spiritual    
goods d n belong to "o man to !         
exclusion ( ano!r4  ,if "o man kn[s a   
sci5ce1 t does n prev5t o!rs f kn[+ x2  
on ! contr>y1 x helps !m to acquire ! k4
  ,if "o man is a great arti/ or poet1 t
 does n prev5t o!rs f pa9t+ pictures or 
writ+ poems1 b helps to create !        
atmosph]e 9 :i* su* ?+s are possible4   
,if "o man is full ( good-w t[>d o!rs1 t
 does n mean t !re is less good-w to be 
%>$ among ! re/2 ! m good-w "o man has1 
! m he is likely to create among o!rs4  
,9 su* matt]s !re is no possession1     
because !re is n a def9ite am\nt to be  
%>$2 any increase any:]e t5ds to produce
 an increase ev]y:]e4  ,!re are two k9ds

 ( impulses1 correspond+ to ! two k9ds (
 goods4  ,!re are possessive impulses1  
:i* aim at acquir+ or reta9+ private    
goods t _c be %>$2 ^! c5t] 9 ! impulse (
 prop]ty4  ,& !re are creative or       
con/ructive impulses1 :i* aim at br++   
into ! _w or mak+ available = use ! k9d 
( goods 9 :i* !re is no privacy & no    
possession4  ,! be/ life is ! "o 9 :i* !
 creative impulses play ! l>ge/ "p & !  
possessive impulses ! smalle/4  ,?is is 
no new discov]y4  ,! ,gospel says3 ,take
 no ?\ght1 say+1 ,:at %all we eat8 or   
,:at %all we dr9k8 or1 ,:]e)al %all we  
be clo!d8 ,! ?\ght we give to ^! ?+s is 
tak5 away f matt]s ( m importance4  ,&  
:at is worse1 ! habit ( m9d eng5d]$ by  
?9k+ ( ^! ?+s is a bad "o2 x leads to   
competition1 envy1 dom9ation1 cruelty1 &
 almo/ all ! moral evils t infe/ ! _w4  
,9 p>ticul>1 x leads to ! pr$atory use (
 =ce4 ,mat]ial possessions c be tak5 by 
=ce & enjoy$ by ! robb]4 ,spiritual     
possessions _c be tak5 9 ?is way4  ,y   
may kill an arti/ or a ?9k]1 b y _c     

acquire 8 art or 8 ?\ght4 ,y may put a  
man to dea? because he loves 8 fell[-m51
 b y w n by s do+ acquire ! love :i*    
made 8 happ9ess4  ,=ce is impot5t 9 su* 
matt]s2 x is only z reg>ds mat]ial goods
 t x is effective4  ,= ?is reason ! m5  
:o believe 9 =ce are ! m5 ^: ?\ghts &   
desires are preoccupi$ ) mat]ial goods4 
,! possessive impulses1 :5 !y are /rong1
 infect activities :i* ought to be      
purely creative4  ,a man :o has made "s 
valuable discov]y may be fill$ ) jeal\sy
 ( a rival discov]]4  ,if "o man has    
f\nd a cure = canc] & ano!r has f\nd a  
cure = consumption1 "o ( !m may be      
delight$ if ! o!r man's discov]y turns  
out a mi/ake1 in/ead ( regrett+ ! suff]+
 ( pati5ts :i* w\ld o!rwise h be5       
avoid$4  ,9 su* cases1 in/ead ( desir+ k
 = its own sake1 or = ! sake ( its      
usefulness1 a man is desir+ x z a means 
to reputation4  ,e creative impulse is  
%ad[$ by a possessive impulse2 ev5 !    
aspirant to sa9tl9ess may be jeal\s ( ! 
m successful sa9t4 ,mo/ affection is    

accompani$ by "s t+e ( jeal\sy1 :i* is a
 possessive impulse intrud+ into !      
creative region4  ,wor/ ( all1 9 ?is    
direction1 is ! %e] envy ( ^? :o h miss$
 ev]y?+ wor? hav+ 9 life1 & :o are      
in/9ctively b5t on prev5t+ o!rs f enjoy+
 :at !y h n _h4  ,!re is (t5 mu* ( ?is 9
 ! attitude ( ! old t[>d ! "y4  ,!re is 
9 human be+s1 z 9 plants & animals1 a   
c]ta9 natural impulse ( gr[?1 & ?is is j
 z true ( m5tal z ( physical developm5t4
  ,physical developm5t is help$ by air &
 n\ri%m5t & ex]cise1 & may be h9d]$ by !
 sort ( treatm5t :i* made ,*9ese wom5's 
feet small4  ,9 j ! same way m5tal      
developm5t may be help$ or h9d]$ by     
outside influ5ces4  ,! outside influ5ces
 t help are ^? t m]ely provide          
enc\ragem5t or m5tal food or            
opportunities = ex]cis+ m5tal faculties4
  ,! influ5ces t h9d] are ^? t int]f]e )
 gr[? by apply+ any k9d ( =ce1 :e!r     
discipl9e or au?ority or fe> or !       
tyranny ( public op9ion or ! necessity (
 engag+ 9 "s totally incong5ial         

occupation4  ,wor/ ( all influ5ces are  
^? t ?w>t or twi/ a man's fundam5tal    
impulse1 :i* is :at %[s itself z        
consci5ce 9 ! moral sph]e2 su* influ5ces
 are likely to d a man an inw>d dang] f 
:i* he w nev] recov]4  ,^? :o realize ! 
h>m t c be done to o!rs by any use ( =ce
 aga9/ !m1 & ! wor?lessness ( ! goods t 
c be acquir$ by =ce1 w be v full (      
respect = ! lib]ty ( o!rs2 !y w n try to
 b9d !m or fett] !m2 !y w be sl[ to     
judge & swift to sympa?ize2 !y w treat e
 human be+ ) a k9d ( t5d]ness1 because !
 pr9ciple ( good 9 him is at once       
fragile & inf9itely preci\s4  ,!y w n   
condemn ^? :o are unlike !mselves2 !y w 
"k & feel t individuality br+s diff]5ces
 & uni=mity means dea?4  ,!y w wi% ea*  
human be+ to be z mu* a liv+ ?+ & z     
little a me*anical product z x is       
possible to be2 !y w *]i% 9 ea* "o j ^? 
?+s :i* ! h>% usage ( a ru?less _w w\ld 
de/roy4  ,9 "o ^w1 all _! deal+s ) o!rs 
w be inspir$ by a deep impulse (        
rev]5ce4  ,:at we %all desire =         

individuals is n[ cle>3 /rong creative  
impulses1 ov]p[]+ & absorb+ ! in/9ct (  
possession2 rev]5ce = o!rs2 respect = ! 
fundam5tal creative impulse 9 ourselves4
  ,a c]ta9 k9d ( self-respect or native 
pride is necess>y to a good life2 a man 
mu/ n h a s5se ( utt] inw>d defeat if he
 is to rema9 :ole1 b mu/ feel ! c\rage &
 ! hope & ! w to live by ! be/ t is 9   
him1 :atev] outw>d or inw>d ob/acles x  
may enc\nt]4  ,s f> z x lies 9 a man's  
own p[]1 8 life w realize its be/       
possibilities if x has ?ree ?+s3        
creative r ?an possessive impulses1     
rev]5ce = o!rs1 & respect = ! fundam5tal
 impulse 9 himself4  ,political & social
 in/itutions are to be judg$ by ! good  
or h>m t !y d to individuals4  ,d !y    
enc\rage creativ5ess r ?an              
possessiv5ess8  ,d !y embody or promote 
a _s ( rev]5ce betwe5 human be+s8  ,d !y
 pres]ve self-respect8  ,9 all ^! ways !
 in/itutions "u :i* we live are v f>    
inde$ f :at !y ought to be4             
,in/itutions1 & especially economic     

sy/ems1 h a pr(\nd influ5ce 9 mold+ !   
*>act]s ( m5 & wom54  ,!y may enc\rage  
adv5ture & hope1 or timidity & ! pursuit
 ( safety4 ,!y may op5 m5's m9ds to     
great possibilities1 or close !m aga9/  
ev]y?+ b ! risk ( obscure mis=tune4  ,!y
 may make a man's happ9ess dep5d ^u :at 
he adds to ! g5]al possessions ( ! _w1  
or ^u :at he c secure = himself ( !     
private goods 9 :i* o!rs _c %>e4  ,mod]n
 capitalism =ces ! wrong decision ( ^!  
alt]natives ^u all :o are n h]oic or    
exceptionally =tunate4  ,m5's impulses  
are mold$1 p>tly by _! native           
disposition1 p>tly by opportunity &     
environm5t1 especially e>ly environm5t4 
,direct prea*+ c d v little to *ange    
impulses1 ?\gh x c lead p to re/ra9 !   
direct expression ( !m1 (t5 ) ! result t
 ! impulses g und]gr\nd & come to !     
surface aga9 9 "s contort$ =m4  ,:5 we h
 discov]$ :at k9ds ( impulse we desire1 
we mu/ n re/ cont5t ) prea*+1 or ) try+ 
to produce ! outw>d manife/ation )\t !  
inn] spr+2 we mu/ try r to alt]         

in/itutions 9 ! way t w1 ( itself1      
modify ! life ( impulse 9 ! desir$      
direction4  ,at pres5t our in/itutions  
re/ ^u two ?+s3 prop]ty & p[]4 ,bo? ( ^!
 are v unju/ly di/ribut$2 bo?1 9 !      
actual _w1 are ( great importance to !  
happ9ess ( ! individual4 ,bo? are       
possessive goods2 yet )\t !m _m ( !     
goods 9 :i* all might %>e are h>d to    
acquire z ?+s are n[4  ,)\t prop]ty1 z  
?+s are1 a man has no fre$om1 & no      
security = ! necessities ( a tol]able   
life2 )\t p[]1 he has no opportunity =  
initiative4  ,if m5 are to h free play =
 _! creative impulses1 !y mu/ be lib]at$
 f sordid c>es by a c]ta9 measure (     
security1 & !y mu/ h a suffici5t %>e (  
p[] to be able to ex]cise initiative z  
reg>ds ! c\rse & conditions ( _! lives4 
,few m5 c succe$ 9 be+ creative r ?an   
possessive 9 a _w :i* is :olly built on 
competition1 :]e ! great majority w\ld  
fall into utt] de/itution if !y became  
c>eless z to ! acquisition ( mat]ial    
goods1 :]e honor & p[] & respect are    

giv5 to weal? r ?an to wisdom1 :]e ! law
 embodies & consecrates ! inju/ice ( ^? 
:o h t[>d ^? :o h n4 ,9 su* an          
environm5t ev5 ^? :om nature has end[$ )
 great creative gifts become infect$ ) !
 poison ( competition4  ,m5 comb9e 9    
gr\ps to atta9 m /r5g? 9 ! scramble =   
mat]ial goods1 & loyalty to ! gr\p      
spreads a halo ( quasi-idealism r\nd !  
c5tral impulse ( gre$4  ,trade-unions & 
! ,labor p>ty are no m exempt f ?is vice
 ?an o!r p>ties & o!r sections (        
society2 ?\gh !y are l>gely inspir$ by !
 hope ( a radically bett] _w4  ,!y are  
too (t5 l$ a/ray by ! imm$iate object ( 
secur+ = !mselves a l>ge %>e ( mat]ial  
goods4  ,t ?is desire is 9 accordance ) 
ju/ice1 x is impossible to d5y2 b some?+
 l>g] & m con/ructive is ne$$ z a       
political ideal1 if ! victors ( to-morr[
 are n to become ! oppressors ( ! day   
aft]4  ,! inspiration & outcome ( a     
re=m+ movem5t ought to be fre$om & a    
g5]\s _s1 n niggl+ re/rictions &        
regulations4  ,! pres5t economic sy/em  

conc5trates initiative 9 ! h&s ( a small
 numb] ( v ri* m54  ,^? :o are n        
capitali/s h1 almo/ always1 v little    
*oice z to _! activities :5 once !y h   
select$ a trade or pr(ession2 !y are n  
"p ( ! p[] t moves ! me*anism1 b only a 
passive portion ( ! ma*9]y4  ,despite   
political democracy1 !re is /ill an     
extraord9>y degree ( diff]5ce 9 ! p[] ( 
self-direction belong+ to a capitali/ & 
to a man :o has to e>n 8 liv+4 ,economic
 affairs t\* m5's lives1 at mo/ times1  
mu* m intimately ?an political que/ions4
  ,at pres5t ! man :o has no capital    
usually has to sell himself to "s l>ge  
organization1 su* z a railway company1 =
 example4  ,he has no voice 9 its       
managem5t1 & no lib]ty 9 politics except
 :at 8 trade-union c secure = him4  ,if 
he happ5s to desire a =m ( lib]ty :i* is
 n ?\ght important by 8 trade-union1 he 
is p[]less2 he mu/ submit or />ve4      
,exactly ! same ?+ happ5s to pr(essional
 m54  ,probably a majority ( j\rnali/s  
are engag$ 9 writ+ = newspap]s ^:       

politics !y disagree )2 only a man (    
weal? c own a l>ge newspap]1 & only an  
accid5t c enable ! po9t ( view or !     
int]e/s ( ^? :o are n weal?y to f9d     
expression 9 a newspap]4  ,a l>ge "p ( !
 be/ bra9s ( ! c\ntry are 9 ! civil     
s]vice1 :]e ! condition ( _! employm5t  
is sil5ce ab\t ! evils :i* _c be        
conceal$ f !m4  ,a ,noncon=mi/ m9i/]    
loses 8 livelihood if 8 views displease 
8 congregation2 a memb] ( ,p>liam5t     
loses 8 seat if he is n suffici5tly     
supple or suffici5tly /upid to foll[ or 
%>e all ! turns & twi/s ( public op9ion4
  ,9 e walk ( life1 indep5d5ce ( m9d is 
puni%$ by failure1 m & m z economic     
organizations gr[ l>g] & m rigid4  ,is x
 surpris+ t m5 become increas+ly docile1
 increas+ly ready to submit to dictation
 & to =ego ! "r ( ?9k+ = !mselves8  ,yet
 along su* l9es civilization c only s9k 
into a ,byzant9e immobility4  ,fe> (    
de/itution is n a motive out ( :i* a    
free creative life c gr[1 yet x is !    
*ief motive :i* inspires ! daily "w (   

mo/ wage-e>n]s4  ,! hope ( possess+ m   
weal? & p[] ?an any man ought to h1 :i* 
is ! correspond+ motive ( ! ri*1 is q z 
bad 9 its effects2 x compels m5 to close
 _! m9ds aga9/ ju/ice1 & to prev5t      
!mselves f ?9k+ hone/ly on social       
que/ions :ile 9 ! dep?s ( _! he>ts !y   
uneasily feel t _! pleasures are b\ght  
by ! mis]ies ( o!rs4  ,! inju/ices (    
de/itution & weal? alike ought to be    
r5d]$ impossible4  ,!n a great fe> w\ld 
be remov$ f ! lives ( ! _m1 & hope w\ld 
h to take on a bett] =m 9 ! lives ( !   
few4  ,b security & lib]ty are only !   
negative conditions = good political    
in/itutions4  ,:5 !y h be5 won1 we ne$  
also ! positive condition3 enc\ragem5t (
 creative en]gy4  ,security alone might 
produce a smug & /ation>y society2 x    
dem&s creativ5ess z its c\nt]p>t1 9 ord]
 to keep alive ! adv5ture & int]e/ (    
life1 & ! movem5t t[>d p]petually new & 
bett] ?+s4 ,!re c be no f9al goal =     
human in/itutions2 ! be/ are ^? t mo/   
enc\rage progress t[>d o!rs /ill bett]4 

,)\t ef=t & *ange1 human life _c rema9  
good4  ,x is n a f9i%$ ,utopia t we     
ought to desire1 b a _w :]e imag9ation &
 hope are alive & active4  ,x is a sad  
evid5ce ( ! we>9ess mank9d has suff]$ f 
excessive toil t 8 heav5s h usually be5 
places :]e no?+ ev] happ5$ or *ang$4    
,fatigue produces ! illusion t only re/ 
is ne$$ = happ9ess2 b :5 m5 h re/$ = a  
"t1 bor$om drives !m to r5ew$ activity4 
,= ?is reason1 a happy life mu/ be "o 9 
:i* !re is activity4  ,if x is also to  
be a useful life1 ! activity ought to be
 z f> z possible creative1 n m]ely      
pr$atory or def5sive4  ,b creative      
activity requires imag9ation &          
orig9ality1 :i* are apt to be subv]sive 
( ! /atus quo4  ,at pres5t1 ^? :o h p[] 
dread a di/urbance ( ! /atus quo1 le/ _!
 unju/ privileges %\ld be tak5 away4 ,9 
comb9ation ) ! in/9ct =                 
conv5tionality1#a :i* man %>es ) ! o!r  
greg>i\s animals1 ^? :o pr(it by ! exi/+
 ord] h e/abli%$ a sy/em :i* puni%es    
orig9ality & />ves imag9ation f ! mom5t 

( fir/ go+ to s*ool d[n to ! "t ( dea? &
 burial4  ,! :ole _s 9 :i* education is 
conduct$ ne$s to be *ang$1 9 ord] t     
*ildr5 may be enc\rag$ to ?9k & feel =  
!mselves1 n to acquiesce passively 9 !  
?\ghts & feel+s ( o!rs4  ,x is n rew>ds 
aft] ! ev5t t w produce initiative1 b a 
c]ta9 m5tal atmosph]e4  ,!re h be5 times
 :5 su* an atmosph]e exi/$3 ! great days
 ( ,greece1 & ,elizabe?an ,engl&1 may   
s]ve z examples4  ,b 9 our own day !    
tyranny ( va/ ma*9e-l organizations1    
gov]n$ f above by m5 :o "k & c>e little 
= ! lives ( ^? :om !y control1 is kill+ 
individuality & fre$om ( m9d1 & =c+ m5 m
 & m to con=m to a uni=m patt]n4  #a ,9 
,engl& ?is is call$ a s5se ( humor4     
,va/ organizations are an inevitable    
elem5t 9 mod]n life1 & x is useless to  
aim at _! abolition1 z has be5 done by  
"s re=m]s1 = in/ance1 ,william ,morris4 
,x is true t !y make ! pres]vation (    
individuality m difficult1 b :at is ne$$
 is a way ( comb9+ !m ) ! greate/       
possible scope = individual initiative4 

,"o v important /ep t[>d ?is end w\ld be
 to r5d] democratic ! gov]nm5t ( e      
organization4  ,at pres5t1 our          
legislative in/itutions are m or less   
democratic1 except = ! important fact t 
wom5 are exclud$4  ,b our adm9i/ration  
is /ill purely bureaucratic1 & our      
economic organizations are mon>*ical or 
olig>*ic4  ,e limit$ liability company  
is run by a small numb] ( self-appo9t$  
or copt$ directors4  ,!re c be no real  
fre$om or democracy until ! m5 :o d ! "w
 9 a bus9ess also control its managem5t4
  ,ano!r measure :i* w\ld d mu* to      
increase lib]ty w\ld be an increase (   
self-gov]nm5t = subord9ate gr\ps1 :e!r  
geographical or economic or def9$ by "s 
common belief1 l religi\s sects4  ,a    
mod]n /ate is s va/ & its ma*9]y is s   
little und]/ood t ev5 :5 a man has a    
vote he does n feel himself any         
effective "p ( ! =ce :i* det]m9es its   
policy4 ,except 9 matt]s :]e he c act 9 
conjunction ) an exceptionally p[]ful   
gr\p1 he feels himself almo/ impot5t1 & 

! gov]nm5t rema9s a remote imp]sonal    
circum/ance1 :i* mu/ be simply endur$1 l
 ! wea!r4  ,by a %>e 9 ! control (      
small] bodies1 a man might rega9 "s ( t 
s5se ( p]sonal opportunity &            
responsibility :i* belong$ to ! citiz5 (
 a city-/ate 9 anci5t ,greece or m$ieval
 ,italy4  ,:5 any gr\p ( m5 has a /rong 
corporate consci\sness--su* z belongs1 =
 example1 to a nation or a trade or a   
religi\s body--lib]ty dem&s t x %\ld be 
free to decide = itself all matt]s :i*  
are ( great importance to ! outside _w4 
,?is is ! basis ( ! univ]sal claim =    
national indep5d5ce4  ,b nations are by 
no means ! only gr\ps :i* ought to h    
self-gov]nm5t = _! int]nal conc]ns4  ,& 
nations1 l o!r gr\ps1 ought n to h      
complete lib]ty ( action 9 matt]s :i*   
are ( equal conc]n to =eign nations4    
,lib]ty dem&s self-gov]nm5t1 b n ! "r to
 int]f]e ) o!rs4  ,! greate/ degree (   
lib]ty is n secur$ by an>*y4  ,!        
reconciliation ( lib]ty ) gov]nm5t is a 
difficult problem1 b x is "o :i* any    

political !ory mu/ face4  ,! ess5ce (   
gov]nm5t is ! use ( =ce 9 accordance )  
law to secure c]ta9 ends :i* ! hold]s ( 
p[] consid] desirable4 ,! co]cion ( an  
individual or a gr\p by =ce is always 9 
itself m or less h>mful4  ,b if !re 7 no
 gov]nm5t1 ! result w\ld n be an abs5ce 
( =ce 9 m5's relations to ea* o!r2 x    
w\ld m]ely be ! ex]cise ( =ce by ^? :o  
_h /rong pr$atory in/9cts1 necessitat+  
ei!r slav]y or a p]petual read9ess to   
repel =ce ) =ce on ! "p ( ^? ^: in/9cts 
7 less viol5t4  ,?is is ! /ate ( affairs
 at pres5t 9 int]national relations1 ow+
 to ! fact t no int]national gov]nm5t   
exi/s4  ,! results ( an>*y betwe5 /ates 
%\ld suffice to p]suade u t an>*ism has 
no solution to (f] = ! evils ( ! _w4    
,!re is probably "o purpose1 & only "o1 
= :i* ! use ( =ce by a gov]nm5t is      
b5efic5t1 & t is to dim9i% ! total am\nt
 ( =ce us$ m ! _w4  ,x is cle>1 =       
example1 t ! legal prohibition ( murd]  
dim9i%es ! total am\nt ( viol5ce 9 ! _w4
  ,& no "o w\ld ma9ta9 t p>5ts %\ld h   

unlimit$ fre$om to ill-treat _! *ildr54 
,s long z "s m5 wi% to d viol5ce to     
o!rs1 !re _c be complete lib]ty1 = ei!r 
! wi% to d viol5ce mu/ be re/ra9$1 or ! 
victims mu/ be left to suff]4  ,= ?is   
reason1 al?\gh individuals & societies  
%\ld h ! utmo/ fre$om z reg>ds _! own   
affairs1 !y ought n to h complete fre$om
 z reg>ds _! deal+s ) o!rs4  ,to give   
fre$om to ! /rong to oppress ! weak is n
 ! way to secure ! greate/ possible     
am\nt ( fre$om 9 ! _w4 ,?is is ! basis (
 ! sociali/ revolt aga9/ ! k9d ( fre$om 
:i* us$ to be advocat$ by laissez-faire 
economi/s4  ,democracy is a device--!   
be/ s f> inv5t$--= dim9i%+ z mu* z      
possible ! int]f]5ce ( gov]nm5ts )      
lib]ty4  ,if a nation is divid$ into two
 sections :i* _c bo? h _! way1 democracy
 !oretically insures t ! majority %all h
 _! way4  ,b democracy is n at all an   
adequate device unless x is accompani$  
by a v great am\nt ( devolution4  ,love 
( uni=mity1 or ! m]e pleasure ( int]f]+1
 or dislike ( diff]+ ta/es & temp]am5ts1

 may (t5 lead a majority to control a   
m9ority 9 matt]s :i* d n really conc]n !
 majority4  ,we %\ld none ( u l to h !  
int]nal affairs ( ,great ,brita9 settl$ 
by a p>liam5t ( ! _w1 if ev] su* a body 
came into exi/5ce4 ,nev]!less1 !re are  
matt]s :i* su* a body c\ld settle mu*   
bett] ?an any exi/+ in/rum5t ( gov]nm5t4
  ,! !ory ( ! legitimate use ( =ce 9    
human affairs1 :]e a gov]nm5t exi/s1    
seems cle>4  ,=ce %\ld only be us$ aga9/
 ^? :o attempt to use =ce aga9/ o!rs1 or
 aga9/ ^? :o w n respect ! law 9 cases  
:]e a common decision is necess>y & a   
m9ority are oppos$ to ! action ( !      
majority4  ,^! seem legitimate occasions
 = ! use ( =ce2 & !y %\ld be legitimate 
occasions 9 int]national affairs1 if an 
int]national gov]nm5t exi/$4  ,! problem
 ( ! legitimate occasions = ! use ( =ce 
9 ! abs5ce ( a gov]nm5t is a diff]5t "o1
 ) :i* we are n at pres5t conc]n$4      
,al?\gh a gov]nm5t mu/ h ! p[] to use   
=ce1 & may on occasion use x            
legitimately1 ! aim ( ! re=m]s to h su* 

in/itutions z w dim9i% ! ne$ = actual   
co]cion w be f\nd to h ?is effect4  ,mo/
 ( u ab/a91 = in/ance1 f !ft1 n because 
x is illegal1 b because we feel no      
desire to /eal4  ,! m m5 le>n to live   
creatively r ?an possessively1 ! less _!
 wi%es w lead !m to ?w>t o!rs or to     
attempt viol5t int]f]5ce ) _! lib]ty4   
,mo/ ( ! conflicts ( int]e/s1 :i* lead  
individuals or organizations into       
disputes1 are purely imag9>y1 & w\ld be 
se5 to be s if m5 aim$ m at ! goods 9   
:i* all c %>e1 & less at ^? private     
possessions t are ! s\rce ( /rife4  ,9  
proportion z m5 live creatively1 !y     
cease to wi% to int]f]e ) o!rs by =ce4  
,v _m matt]s 9 :i*1 at pres5t1 common   
action is ?\ght indisp5sable1 might well
 be left to individual decision4  ,x us$
 to be ?\ght absolutely necess>y t all !
 inhabitants ( a c\ntry %\ld h ! same   
religion1 b we n[ "k t !re is no su*    
necessity4  ,9 l mann] x w be f\nd1 z m5
 gr[ m tol]ant 9 _! in/9cts1 t _m       
uni=mities n[ insi/$ ^u are useless &   

ev5 h>mful4  ,good political in/itutions
 w\ld weak5 ! impulse t[>d =ce &        
dom9ation 9 two ways3 fir/1 by increas+ 
! opportunities = ! creative impulses1 &
 by %ap+ education s z to /r5g!n ^!     
impulses2 secondly1 by dim9i%+ ! outlets
 = ! possessive in/9cts4  ,! diffusion (
 p[]1 bo? 9 ! political & ! economic    
sph]e1 in/ead ( its conc5tration 9 ! h&s
 ( (ficials & capta9s ( indu/ry1 w\ld   
greatly dim9i% ! opportunities = acquir+
 ! habit ( comm&1 out ( :i* ! desire =  
ex]cis+ tyranny is apt to spr+4         
,autonomy1 bo? = di/ricts & =           
organizations1 w\ld leave few] occasions
 :5 gov]nm5ts 7 call$ ^u to make        
decisions z to o!r p's conc]ns4  ,& !   
abolition ( capitalism & ! wage sy/em   
w\ld remove ! *ief inc5tive to fe> &    
gre$1 ^? correlative passions by :i* all
 free life is *ok$ & gagg$4  ,few m5    
seem to realize h[ _m ( ! evils f :i* we
 suff] are :olly unnecess>y1 & t !y c\ld
 be aboli%$ by a unit$ ef=t )9 a few    
ye>s4  ,if a majority 9 e civiliz$      

c\ntry s desir$1 we c\ld1 )9 tw5ty ye>s1
 aboli% all abject pov]ty1 q half !     
illness 9 ! _w1 ! :ole economic slav]y  
:i* b9ds d[n n9e t5?s ( our population2 
we c\ld fill ! _w ) beauty & joy1 &     
secure ! reign ( univ]sal peace4  ,x is 
only because m5 are apa!tic t ?is is n  
a*iev$1 only because imag9ation is      
sluggi%1 & :at always has be5 is reg>d$ 
z :at always mu/ be4  ,) good-w1        
g5]osity1 intellig5ce1 ^! ?+s c\ld be   
br\ght ab\t4     ,*apt] ,,ii3           
,capitalism & ! ,wage ,sy/em   ,i  ,! _w
 is full ( prev5tible evils :i* mo/ m5  
w\ld be glad to see prev5t$4            
,nev]!less1 ^! evils p]si/1 & no?+      
effective is done t[>d aboli%+ !m4  ,?is
 p>adox produces a/oni%m5t 9 inexp]i5c$ 
re=m]s1 & too (t5 produces              
disillusionm5t 9 ^? :o h come to "k !   
difficulty ( *ang+ human in/itutions4   
,w> is recogniz$ z an evil by an imm5se 
majority 9 e civiliz$ c\ntry2 b ?is     
recognition does n prev5t w>4  ,! unju/ 
di/ribution ( weal? mu/ be obvi\sly an  

evil to ^? :o are n prosp]\s1 & !y are  
n9e t5?s ( ! population4 ,nev]!less x   
cont9ues unabat$4  ,! tyranny ( ! hold]s
 ( p[] is a s\rce ( ne$less suff]+ &    
mis=tune to v l>ge sections ( mank9d2 b 
p[] rema9s 9 few h&s1 & t5ds1 if any?+1 
to gr[ m conc5trat$4  ,i wi% fir/ to    
/udy ! evils ( our pres5t in/itutions1 &
 ! causes ( ! v limit$ success ( re=m]s 
9 ! pa/1 & !n to sugge/ reasons = ! hope
 ( a m la/+ & p]man5t success 9 ! ne>   
future4  ,! w> has come z a *all5ge to  
all :o desire a bett] _w4  ,! sy/em :i* 
_c save mank9d f su* an appall+ disa/]  
is at fault some:]e1 & _c be am5d$ 9 any
 la/+ way unless ! dang] ( great w>s 9 !
 future c be made v small4  ,b w> is    
only ! f9al fl[] ( an evil tree4  ,ev5 9
 times ( peace1 mo/ m5 live lives (     
monoton\s labor1 mo/ wom5 are condemn$  
to a drudg]y :i* almo/ kills !          
possibility ( happ9ess be=e y\? is pa/1 
mo/ *ildr5 are all[$ to gr[ up 9        
ignorance ( all t w\ld enl>ge _! ?\ghts 
or /imulate _! imag9ation4  ,! few :o   

are m =tunate are r5d]$ illib]al by _!  
unju/ privileges1 & oppressive ?r\gh fe>
 ( ! awak5+ indignation ( ! masses4  ,f 
! highe/ to ! l[e/1 almo/ all m5 are    
absorb$ 9 ! economic /ruggle3 ! /ruggle 
to acquire :at is _! due or to reta9 :at
 is n _! due4  ,mat]ial possessions1 9  
fact or 9 desire1 dom9ate our outlook1  
usually to ! exclusion ( all g5]\s &    
creative impulses4  ,possessiv5ess--!   
passion to h & to hold--is ! ultimate   
s\rce ( w>1 & ! f\ndation ( all ! ills f
 :i* ! political _w is suff]+4  ,only by
 dim9i%+ ! /r5g? ( ?is passion & its    
hold ^u our daily lives c new           
in/itutions br+ p]man5t b5efit to       
mank9d4  ,in/itutions :i* w dim9i% !    
sway ( gre$ are possible1 b only ?r\gh a
 complete recon/ruction ( our :ole      
economic sy/em4 ,capitalism & ! wage    
sy/em mu/ be aboli%$2 !y are tw9 mon/]s 
:i* are eat+ up ! life ( ! _w4  ,9 place
 ( !m we ne$ a sy/em :i* w hold 9 *eek  
m5's pr$atory impulses1 & w dim9i% !    
economic inju/ice t all[s "s to be ri* 9

 idl5ess :ile o!rs are poor 9 spite (   
unremitt+ labor2 b above all we ne$ a   
sy/em :i* w de/roy ! tyranny ( !        
employ]1 by mak+ m5 at ! same "t secure 
aga9/ de/itution & able to f9d scope =  
individual initiative 9 ! control ( !   
indu/ry by :i* !y live4  ,a bett] sy/em 
c d all ^! ?+s1 & c be e/abli%$ by !    
democracy :5ev] x gr[s we>y ( endur+    
evils :i* !re is no reason to endure4   
,we may di/+ui% f\r purposes at :i* an  
economic sy/em may aim3 fir/1 x may aim 
at ! greate/ possible production ( goods
 & at facilitat+ te*nical progress2     
second1 x may aim at secur+ di/ributive 
ju/ice2 ?ird1 x may aim at giv+ security
 aga9/ de/itution2 &1 f\r?1 x may aim at
 lib]at+ creative impulses & dim9i%+    
possessive impulses4  ,( ^! f\r purposes
 ! la/ is ! mo/ important4  ,security is
 *iefly important z a means to x4  ,/ate
 socialism1 ?\gh x might give mat]ial   
security & m ju/ice ?an we h at pres5t1 
w\ld probably fail to lib]ate creative  
impulses or produce a progressive       

society4  ,our pres5t sy/em fails 9 all 
f\r purposes4  ,x is *iefly def5d$ on ! 
gr\nd t x a*ieves ! fir/ ( ! f\r        
purposes1 namely1 ! greate/ possible    
production ( mat]ial goods1 b x only    
does ?is 9 a v %ort-sight$ way1 by      
me?ods :i* are wa/eful 9 ! long run bo? 
( human mat]ial & ( natural res\rces4   
,capitali/ic ent]prise involves a       
ru?less belief 9 ! importance ( increas+
 mat]ial production to ! utmo/ possible 
ext5t n[ & 9 ! imm$iate future4  ,9     
ob$i5ce to ?is belief1 new portions ( ! 
e>?'s surface are cont9ually br\ght "u !
 sway ( indu/rialism4  ,va/ tracts (    
,africa become recruit+ gr\nds = ! labor
 requir$ 9 ! gold & diamond m9es ( !    
,r&1 ,rhodesia1 & ,kimb]ley2 = ?is      
purpose1 ! population is demoraliz$1    
tax$1 driv5 into revolt1 & expos$ to !  
contam9ation ( ,european vice & disease4
  ,heal?y & vigor\s races f ,s\!rn      
,europe are tempt$ to ,am]ica1 :]e      
sweat+ & slum life r$uce _! vitality if 
!y d n actually cause _! dea?4  ,:at    

damage is done to our own urban         
populations by ! conditions "u :i* !y   
live1 we all "k4  ,& :at is true ( !    
human ri*es ( ! _w is no less true ( !  
physical res\rces4  ,! m9es1 =e/s1 &    
:eat-fields ( ! _w are all be+ exploit$ 
at a rate :i* mu/ practically exhau/ !m 
at no di/ant date4  ,on ! side ( mat]ial
 production1 ! _w is liv+ too fa/2 9 a  
k9d ( delirium1 almo/ all ! en]gy ( ! _w
 has ru%$ into ! imm$iate production (  
some?+1 no matt] :at1 & no matt] at :at 
co/4  ,& yet our pres5t sy/em is def5d$ 
on ! gr\nd t x safegu>ds progress6  ,x  
_c be said t our pres5t economic sy/em  
is any m successful 9 reg>d to ! o!r    
?ree objects :i* ought to be aim$ at4   
,among ! _m obvi\s evils ( capitalism & 
! wage sy/em1 none are m gl>+ ?an t !y  
enc\rage pr$atory in/9cts1 t !y all[    
economic inju/ice1 & t !y give great    
scope to ! tyranny ( ! employ]4  ,z to  
pr$atory in/9cts1 we may say1 broadly   
speak+1 t 9 a /ate ( nature !re w\ld be 
two ways ( acquir+ ri*es--"o by         

production1 ! o!r by robb]y4  ,"u our   
exi/+ sy/em1 al?\gh :at is recogniz$ z  
robb]y is =bidd51 !re are nev]!less _m  
ways ( becom+ ri* )\t contribut+ any?+  
to ! weal? ( ! community4  ,own]%ip ( l&
 or capital1 :e!r acquir$ or inh]it$1   
gives a legal "r to a p]man5t income4   
,al?\gh mo/ p h to produce 9 ord] to    
live1 a privileg$ m9ority are able to   
live 9 luxury )\t produc+ any?+ at all4 
,z ^! are ! m5 :o are n only ! mo/      
=tunate b also ! mo/ respect$1 !re is a 
g5]al desire to ent] _! ranks1 & a      
widespread unwill+ness to face ! fact t 
!re is no ju/ification :atev] = incomes 
d]iv$ 9 ?is way4  ,& ap>t f ! passive   
enjoym5t ( r5t or int]e/1 ! me?ods (    
acquir+ weal? are v l>gely pr$atory4  ,x
 is n1 z a rule1 by means ( useful      
inv5tions1 or ( any o!r action :i*      
increases ! g5]al weal? ( ! community1 t
 m5 amass =tunes2 x is mu* m (t5 by     
skill 9 exploit+ or circumv5t+ o!rs4    
,nor is x only among ! ri* t our pres5t 
rgime promotes a n>r[ly acquisitive _s4 

,! con/ant risk ( de/itution compels mo/
 m5 to fill a great "p ( _! "t & ?\ght )
 ! economic /ruggle4  ,!re is a !ory t  
?is increases ! total output ( weal? by 
! community4  ,b = reasons to :i* ,i    
%all return lat]1 ,i believe ?is !ory to
 be :olly mi/ak54  ,economic inju/ice is
 p]haps ! mo/ obvi\s evil ( our pres5t  
sy/em4  ,x w\ld be utt]ly absurd to     
ma9ta9 t ! m5 :o inh]it great weal?     
des]ve bett] ( ! community ?an ^? :o h  
to "w = _! liv+4  ,i am n prep>$ to     
ma9ta9 t economic ju/ice requires an    
exactly equal income = ev]ybody4  ,"s   
k9ds ( "w require a l>g] income =       
effici5cy ?an o!rs d2 b !re is economic 
inju/ice z soon z a man has m ?an 8 %>e1
 unless x is because 8 effici5cy 9 8 "w 
requires x1 or z a rew>d = "s def9ite   
s]vice4  ,b ?is po9t is s obvi\s t x    
ne$s no elaboration4  ,! mod]n gr[? (   
monopolies 9 ! %ape ( tru/s1 c>tels1    
f$]ations ( employ]s & s on has greatly 
increas$ ! p[] ( ! capitali/ to levy    
toll on ! community4  ,?is t5d5cy w n   

cease ( itself1 b only ?r\gh def9ite    
action on ! "p ( ^? :o d n pr(it by !   
capitali/ rgime4  ,un=tunately !        
di/9ction betwe5 ! prolet>iat & !       
capitali/ is n s %>p z x 0 9 ! m9ds (   
sociali/ !oriz]s4  ,trade-unions h funds
 9 v>i\s securities2 fri5dly societies  
are l>ge capitali/s2 & _m individuals   
eke out _! wages by inve/$ sav+s4  ,all 
?is increases ! difficulty ( any        
cle>-cut radical *ange 9 our economic   
sy/em4  ,b x does n dim9i% !            
desirability ( su* a *ange4  ,su* a     
sy/em z t sugge/$ by ! ,fr5*            
syndicali/s1 9 :i* ea* trade w\ld be    
self-gov]n+ & completely indep5d5t1 )\t 
! control ( any c5tral au?ority1 w\ld n 
secure economic ju/ice4  ,"s trades are 
9 a mu* /rong] b>ga9+ position ?an o!rs4
  ,coal & transport1 = example1 c\ld    
p>alyze ! national life1 & c\ld levy    
blackmail by ?reat5+ to d s4  ,on ! o!r 
h&1 su* p z s*ool tea*]s1 = example1    
c\ld r\se v little t]ror by ! ?reat ( a 
/rike & w\ld be 9 a v weak b>ga9+       

position4  ,ju/ice c nev] be secur$ by  
any sy/em ( unre/ra9$ =ce ex]cis$ by    
int]e/$ p>ties 9 _! own int]e/s4  ,= ?is
 reason ! abolition ( ! /ate1 :i* !     
syndicali/s seem to desire1 w\ld be a   
measure n compatible ) economic ju/ice4 
,! tyranny ( ! employ]1 :i* at pres5t   
robs ! great] "p ( mo/ m5's lives ( all 
lib]ty & all initiative1 is unavoidable 
s long z ! employ] reta9s ! "r (        
dismissal ) consequ5t loss ( pay4  ,?is 
"r is suppos$ to be ess5tial 9 ord] t m5
 may h an inc5tive to "w ?or\ghly4  ,b z
 m5 gr[ m civiliz$1 inc5tives bas$ on   
hope become increas+ly pref]able to ^? t
 are bas$ on fe>4  ,x w\ld be f> bett] t
 m5 %\ld be rew>d$ = work+ well ?an t !y
 %\ld be puni%$ = work+ badly4  ,?is    
sy/em is already 9 op]ation 9 ! civil   
s]vice1 :]e a man is only dismiss$ = "s 
exceptional degree ( vice or virtue1 su*
 z murd] or illegal ab/5tion f x4       
,suffici5t pay to ensure a livelihood   
ought to be giv5 to e p]son :o is will+ 
to "w1 indep5d5tly ( ! "q :e!r !        

p>ticul> "w at :i* he is skill$ is want$
 at ! mom5t or n4  ,if x is n want$1 "s 
new trade :i* is want$ ought to be      
taught at ! public exp5se4  ,:y1 =      
example1 %\ld a hansom-cab driv] be     
all[$ to suff] on acc\nt ( !            
introduction ( taxies8 ,he has n        
committ$ any crime1 & ! fact t 8 "w is  
no long] want$ is due to causes entirely
 outside 8 control4  ,in/ead ( be+ all[$
 to />ve1 he ought to be giv5 in/ruction
 9 motor driv+ or 9 :atev] o!r trade may
 seem mo/ suitable4  ,at pres5t1 ow+ to 
! fact t all indu/rial *anges t5d to    
cause h>d%ips to "s section (           
wage-e>n]s1 !re is a t5d5cy to te*nical 
cons]vatism on ! "p ( labor1 a dislike (
 innovations1 new processes1 & new      
me?ods4  ,b su* *anges1 if !y are 9 !   
p]man5t int]e/ ( ! community1 ought to  
be c>ri$ out )\t all[+ !m to br+ unm]it$
 loss to ^? sections ( ! community ^:   
labor is no long] want$ 9 ! old =m4  ,! 
in/9ctive cons]vatism ( mank9d is sure  
to make all processes ( production *ange

 m sl[ly ?an !y %\ld4  ,x is a pity to  
add to ?is by ! avoidable cons]vatism   
:i* is =c$ ^u organiz$ labor at pres5t  
?r\gh ! unju/ work+s ( a *ange4  ,x w be
 said t m5 w n "w well if ! fe> (       
dismissal does n spur !m on4  ,i ?9k x  
is only a small p]c5tage ( :om ?is w\ld 
be true at pres5t4  ,& ^? ( :om x w\ld  
be true might easily become indu/ri\s if
 !y 7 giv5 m cong5ial "w or a wis]      
tra9+4  ,! residue :o _c be coax$ into  
indu/ry by any su* me?ods are probably  
to be reg>d$ z pa?ological cases1       
requir+ m$ical r ?an p5al treatm5t4  ,& 
aga9/ ?is residue mu/ be set ! v mu*    
l>g] numb] :o are n[ ru9$ 9 heal? or 9  
morale by ! t]rible unc]ta9ty ( _!      
livelihood & ! great irregul>ity ( _!   
employm5t4  ,to v _m1 security w\ld br+ 
a q new possibility ( physical & moral  
heal?4  ,! mo/ dang]\s aspect ( !       
tyranny ( ! employ] is ! p[] :i* x gives
 him ( int]f]+ ) m5's activities outside
 _! work+ h\rs4  ,a man may be dismiss$ 
because ! employ] dislikes 8 religion or

 8 politics1 or *ooses to ?9k 8 private 
life immoral4  ,he may be dismiss$      
because he tries to produce a _s (      
indep5d5ce among 8 fell[ employees4  ,he
 may fail completely to f9d employm5t   
m]ely on ! gr\nd t he is bett] educat$  
?an mo/ & !re=e m dang]\s4  ,su* cases  
actually occur at pres5t4  ,?is evil    
w\ld n be rem$i$1 b r int5sifi$1 "u /ate
 socialism1 because1 :]e ! ,/ate is !   
only employ]1 !re is no refuge f its    
prejudices su* z may n[ accid5tally     
arise ?r\gh ! diff]+ op9ions ( diff]5t  
m54  ,! ,/ate w\ld be able to en=ce any 
sy/em ( beliefs x happ5$ to l1 & x is   
almo/ c]ta9 t x w\ld d s4  ,fre$om (    
?\ght w\ld be p5aliz$1 & all indep5d5ce 
( _s w\ld die out4  ,any rigid sy/em    
w\ld involve ?is evil4  ,x is v necess>y
 t !re %\ld be div]sity & lack (        
complete sy/ematization4 ,m9orities mu/ 
be able to live & develop _! op9ions    
freely4  ,if ?is is n secur$1 ! in/9ct (
 p]secution & con=mity w =ce all m5 into
 "o mold & make all vital progress      

impossible4  ,= ^! reasons1 no "o ought 
to be all[$ to suff] de/itution s long z
 he or %e is will+ to "w4  ,& no k9d (  
inquiry ought to be made into op9ion or 
private life4  ,x is only on ?is basis t
 x is possible to build up an economic  
sy/em n f\nd$ ^u tyranny & t]ror4   ,,ii
  ,! p[] ( ! economic re=m] is limit$ by
 ! te*nical productivity ( labor4  ,s   
long z x 0 necess>y to ! b>e subsi/5ce (
 ! human race t mo/ m5 %\ld "w v long   
h\rs = a pittance1 s long no            
civilization 0 possible except an       
ari/ocratic "o2 if !re 7 to be m5 )     
suffici5t leisure = any m5tal life1 !re 
_h to be o!rs :o 7 sacrific$ = ! good ( 
! few4  ,b ! "t :5 su* a sy/em 0        
necess>y has pass$ away ) ! progress (  
ma*9]y4  ,x w\ld be possible n[1 if we  
_h a wise economic sy/em1 = all :o h    
m5tal ne$s to f9d satisfaction = !m4    
,by a few h\rs a day ( manual "w1 a man 
c produce z mu* z is necess>y = 8 own   
subsi/5ce2 & if he is will+ to =go      
luxuries1 t is all t ! community has a  

"r to dem& ( him4  ,x ought to be op5 to
 all :o s desire to d %ort h\rs ( "w =  
little pay1 & devote _! leisure to      
:atev] pursuit happ5s to attract !m4    
,no d\bt ! great majority ( ^? :o *ose  
?is c\rse w\ld sp5d _! "t 9 m]e         
amusem5t1 z mo/ ( ! ri* d at pres5t4  ,b
 x c\ld n be said1 9 su* a society1 t !y
 7 p>asites ^u ! labor ( o!rs4  ,& !re  
w\ld be a m9ority :o w\ld give _! h\rs (
 nom9al idl5ess to sci5ce or art or     
lit]ature1 or "s o!r pursuit out ( :i*  
fundam5tal progress may come4  ,9 all   
su* matt]s1 organization & sy/em c only 
d h>m4  ,! "o ?+ t c be done is to      
provide opportunity1 )\t rep9+ at ! wa/e
 t results f mo/ m5 fail+ to make good  
use ( ! opportunity4  ,b except 9 cases 
( unusual laz9ess or ecc5tric ambition1 
mo/ m5 w\ld elect to d a full day's "w =
 a full day's pay4  ,= ^!1 :o w\ld =m ! 
imm5se majority1 ! important ?+ is t    
ord9>y "w %\ld1 z f> z possible1 af=d   
int]e/ & indep5d5ce & scope =           
initiative4  ,^! ?+s are m important ?an

 income1 z soon z a c]ta9 m9imum has be5
 rea*$4 ,!y c be secur$ by gild         
socialism1 by indu/rial self-gov]nm5t   
subject to /ate control z reg>ds !      
relations ( a trade to ! re/ ( !        
community4  ,s f> z ,i "k1 !y _c be     
secur$ 9 any o!r way4  ,guild socialism1
 z advocat$ by ,mr4 ,orage & ! ,new     
,age1 is associat$ ) a polemic aga9/    
political action1 & 9 favor ( direct    
economic action by trade-unions4  ,x    
%>es ?is ) syndicalism1 f :i* mo/ ( :at 
is new 9 x is d]iv$4  ,b ,i see no      
reason = ?is attitude2 political &      
economic action seem to me equally      
necess>y1 ea* 9 its own "t & place4  ,i 
?9k !re is dang] 9 ! attempt to use !   
ma*9]y ( ! pres5t capitali/ /ate =      
sociali/ic purposes4  ,b !re is ne$ (   
political action to trans=m ! ma*9]y ( !
 /ate1 side by side ) ! trans=mation :i*
 we hope to see 9 economic in/itutions4 
,9 ?is c\ntry1 nei!r trans=mation is    
likely to be br\ght ab\t by a sudd5     
revolution2 we mu/ expect ea* to come   

/ep by /ep1 if at all1 & ,i d\bt if ei!r
 c\ld or %\ld advance v f> )\t ! o!r4   
,! economic sy/em we %\ld ultimately wi%
 to see w\ld be "o 9 :i* ! /ate w\ld be 
! sole recipi5t ( economic r5t1 :ile    
private capitali/ic ent]prises %\ld be  
replac$ by self-gov]n+ comb9ations ( ^? 
:o actually d ! "w4  ,x ought to be     
optional :e!r a man does a :ole day's "w
 = a :ole day's pay1 or half a day's "w 
= half a day's pay1 except 9 cases :]e  
su* an arrangem5t w\ld cause practical  
inconv5i5ce4  ,a man's pay %\ld n cease 
?r\gh ! accid5t ( 8 "w be+ no long]     
ne$$1 b %\ld cont9ue s long z he is     
will+ to "w1 a new trade be+ taught him 
at ! public exp5se1 if necess>y4        
,unwill+ness to "w %\ld be treat$       
m$ically or educationally1 :5 x c\ld n  
be ov]come by a *ange to "s m cong5ial  
occupation4  ,! work]s 9 a giv5 indu/ry 
%\ld all be comb9$ 9 "o autonom\s unit1 
& _! "w %\ld n be subject to any outside
 control4  ,! /ate %\ld fix ! price at  
:i* !y produce1 b %\ld leave ! indu/ry  

self-gov]n+ 9 all o!r respects4  ,9 fix+
 prices1 ! /ate %\ld1 z f> z possible1  
all[ ea* indu/ry to pr(it by any        
improvem5ts :i* x might introduce into  
its own processes1 b %\ld endeavor to   
prev5t undes]v$ loss or ga9 ?r\gh *anges
 9 ext]nal economic conditions4  ,9 ?is 
way !re w\ld be e inc5tive to progress1 
) ! lea/ possible dang] ( unm]it$       
de/itution4  ,& al?\gh l>ge economic    
organizations w cont9ue1 z !y are b\nd  
to d1 !re w be a diffusion ( p[] :i* w  
take away ! s5se ( individual impot5ce f
 :i* m5 & wom5 suff] at pres5t4   ,,iii 
,"s m51 ?\gh !y may admit t su* a sy/em 
w\ld be desirable1 w argue t x is       
impossible to br+ x ab\t1 & t !re=e we  
mu/ conc5trate on m imm$iate objects4   
,i ?9k x mu/ be conc$$ t a political    
p>ty ought to h proximate aims1 measures
 :i* x hopes to c>ry 9 ! next session or
 ! next p>liam5t1 z well z a m di/ant   
goal4  ,m>xian socialism1 z x exi/$ 9   
,g]many1 seem$ to me to suff] 9 ?is way3
 al?\gh ! p>ty 0 num]ically p[]ful1 x 0 

politically weak1 because x _h no m9or  
measures to dem& :ile wait+ = !         
revolution4  ,& :51 at la/1 ,g]man      
socialism 0 captur$ by ^? :o desir$ a   
less impracticable policy1 !            
modification :i* occurr$ 0 ( exactly !  
wrong k9d3 acquiesc5ce 9 bad policies1  
su* z milit>ism & imp]ialism1 r ?an     
advocacy ( p>tial re=ms :i*1 h[ev]      
inadequate1 w\ld /ill h be5 /eps 9 ! "r 
direction4  ,a simil> defect 0 inh]5t 9 
! policy ( ,fr5* syndicalism z x exi/$  
be=e ! w>4  ,ev]y?+ 0 to wait = ! g5]al 
/rike2 aft] adequate prep>ation1 "o day 
! :ole prolet>iat w\ld unanim\sly refuse
 to "w1 ! prop]ty own]s w\ld ackn[l$ge  
_! defeat1 & agree to ab&on all _!      
privileges r ?an />ve4  ,?is is a       
dramatic conception2 b love ( drama is a
 great enemy ( true vision4  ,m5 _c be  
tra9$1 except "u v r>e circum/ances1 to 
d some?+ sudd5ly :i* is v diff]5t f :at 
!y h be5 do+ be=e4  ,if ! g5]al /rike 7 
to succe$1 ! victors1 despite _!        
an>*ism1 w\ld be compell$ at once to =m 

an adm9i/ration1 to create a new police 
=ce to prev5t loot+ & wanton de/ruction1
 to e/abli% a provisional gov]nm5t issu+
 dictatorial ord]s to ! v>i\s sections (
 revolution>ies4  ,n[ ! syndicali/s are 
oppos$ 9 pr9ciple to all political      
action2 !y w\ld feel t !y 7 dep>t+ f _! 
!ory 9 tak+ ! necess>y practical /eps1 &
 !y w\ld be )\t ! requir$ tra9+ because 
( _! previ\s ab/5tion f politics4  ,= ^!
 reasons x is likely t1 ev5 aft] a      
syndicali/ revolution1 actual p[] w\ld  
fall into ! h&s ( m5 :o 7 n really      
syndicali/s4  ,ano!r objection to a     
program :i* is to be realiz$ sudd5ly at 
"s remote date by a revolution or a     
g5]al /rike is t en?usiasm flags :5 !re 
is no?+ to d mean:ile1 & no p>tial      
success to less5 ! we>9ess ( wait+4  ,! 
only sort ( movem5t :i* c succe$ by su* 
me?ods is "o :]e ! s5tim5t & ! program  
are bo? v simple1 z is ! case 9         
rebellions ( oppress$ nations4  ,b ! l9e
 ( dem>cation betwe5 capitali/ &        
wage-e>n] is n %>p1 l ! l9e betwe5 ,turk

 & ,arm5ian1 or betwe5 an ,engli%man & a
 native ( ,india4  ,^? :o h advocat$ !  
social revolution h be5 mi/ak5 9 _!     
political me?ods1 *iefly because !y h n 
realiz$ h[ _m p !re are 9 ! community ^:
 sympa?ies & int]e/s lie half on ! side 
( capital1 half on ! side ( labor4  ,^! 
p make a cle>-cut revolution>y policy v 
difficult4  ,= ^! reasons1 ^? :o aim at 
an economic recon/ruction :i* is n      
likely to be complet$ to-morr[ mu/1 if  
!y are to h any hope ( success1 be able 
to approa* _! goal by degrees1 ?r\gh    
measures :i* are ( "s use 9 !mselves1   
ev5 if !y %\ld n ultimately lead to !   
desir$ end4  ,!re mu/ be activities :i* 
tra9 m5 = ^? t !y are ultimately to c>ry
 out1 & !re mu/ be possible a*ievem5ts 9
 ! ne> future1 n only a vague hope ( a  
di/ant p>adise4  ,b al?\gh ,i believe t 
all ?is is true1 ,i believe no less     
firmly t really vital & radical re=m    
requires "s vision beyond ! imm$iate    
future1 "s realization ( :at human be+s 
might make ( human life if !y *ose4     

,)\t "s su* hope1 m5 w n h ! en]gy &    
en?usiasm necess>y to ov]come           
opposition1 or ! /eadfa/ness to p]si/ :5
 _! aims are = ! mom5t unpopul>4 ,e man 
:o has really s9c]e desire = any great  
amelioration 9 ! conditions ( life has  
fir/ to face ridicule1 !n p]secution1 !n
 cajol]y & attempts at subtle           
corruption4  ,we "k f pa9ful exp]i5ce h[
 few pass unsca!d ?r\gh ^! ?ree ordeals4
  ,! la/ especially1 :5 ! re=m] is %[n  
all ! k+doms ( ! e>?1 is difficult1     
inde$ almo/ impossible1 except = ^? :o h
 made _! ultimate goal vivid to !mselves
 by cle> & def9ite ?\ght4  ,economic    
sy/ems are conc]n$ ess5tially ) !       
production & di/ribution ( mat]ial      
goods4  ,our pres5t sy/em is wa/eful on 
! production side1 & unju/ on ! side (  
di/ribution4  ,x involves a life (      
slav]y to economic =ces = ! great       
majority ( ! community1 & = ! m9ority a 
degree ( p[] ov] ! lives ( o!rs :i* no  
man ought to h4  ,9 a good community !  
production ( ! necess>ies ( exi/5ce w\ld

 be a m]e prelim9>y to ! important &    
int]e/+ "p ( life1 except = ^? :o f9d a 
pleasure 9 "s "p ( ! "w ( produc+       
necess>ies4  ,x is n 9 ! lea/ necess>y t
 economic ne$s %\ld dom9ate man z !y d  
at pres5t4  ,?is is r5d]$ necess>y at   
pres5t1 p>tly by ! inequalities ( weal?1
 p>tly by ! fact t ?+s ( real value1 su*
 z a good education1 are difficult to   
acquire1 except = ! well-to-d4  ,private
 own]%ip ( l& & capital is n def5sible  
on gr\nds ( ju/ice1 or on ! gr\nd t x is
 an economical way ( produc+ :at !      
community ne$s4  ,b ! *ief objections to
 x are t x /unts ! lives ( m5 & wom51 t 
x en%r9es a ru?less possessiv5ess 9 all 
! respect :i* is giv5 to success1 t x   
leads m5 to fill ! great] "p ( _! "t &  
?\ght ) ! acquisition ( purely mat]ial  
goods1 & t x af=ds a t]rible ob/acle to 
! advancem5t ( civilization & creative  
en]gy4  ,! approa* to a sy/em free f ^! 
evils ne$ n be sudd52 x is p]fectly     
possible to proce$ /ep by /ep t[>ds     
economic fre$om & indu/rial             

self-gov]nm5t4  ,x is n true t !re is   
any outw>d difficulty 9 creat+ ! k9d (  
in/itutions t we h be5 consid]+4  ,if   
organiz$ labor wi%es to create !m1 no?+ 
c\ld /& 9 its way4  ,! difficulty       
involv$ is m]ely ! difficulty ( inspir+ 
m5 ) hope1 ( giv+ !m en\gh imag9ation to
 see t ! evils f :i* !y suff] are       
unnecess>y1 & en\gh ?\ght to und]/& h[ !
 evils are to be cur$4  ,?is is a       
difficulty :i* c be ov]come by "t &     
en]gy4 ,b x w n be ov]come if ! lead]s (
 organiz$ labor h no bread? ( outlook1  
no vision1 no hopes beyond "s slight    
sup]ficial improvem5t )9 ! framework ( !
 exi/+ sy/em4 ,revolution>y action may  
be unnecess>y1 b revolution>y ?\ght is  
indisp5sable1 &1 z ! outcome ( ?\ght1 a 
rational & con/ructive hope4     ,*apt] 
,,iii3 ,pitfalls 9 ,socialism   ,i  ,9  
its e>ly days1 socialism 0 a            
revolution>y movem5t ( :i* ! object 0 ! 
lib]ation ( ! wage-e>n+ classes & !     
e/abli%m5t ( fre$om & ju/ice4  ,!       
passage f capitalism to ! new rgime 0 to

 be sudd5 & viol5t3 capitali/s 7 to be  
expropriat$ )\t comp5sation1 & _! p[] 0 
n to be replac$ by any new au?ority4    
,gradually a *ange came ov] ! _s (      
socialism4  ,9 ,france1 sociali/s became
 memb]s ( ! gov]nm5t1 & made & unmade   
p>liam5t>y majorities4  ,9 ,g]many1     
social democracy grew s /rong t x became
 impossible = x to resi/ ! temptation to
 b>t] away "s ( its intransigeance 9    
return = gov]nm5t recognition ( its     
claims4  ,9 ,engl&1 ! ,fabians taught ! 
advantage ( re=m z aga9/ revolution1 & (
 conciliatory b>ga9+ z aga9/            
irreconcilable antagonism4  ,! me?od (  
gradual re=m has _m m]its z comp>$ to ! 
me?od ( revolution1 & ,i h no wi% to    
prea* revolution4  ,b gradual re=m has  
c]ta9 dang]s1 to wit1 ! own]%ip or      
control ( bus9esses hi!rto 9 private    
h&s1 & by enc\rag+ legislative int]f]5ce
 = ! b5efit ( v>i\s sections ( !        
wage-e>n+ classes4  ,i ?9k x is at lea/ 
d\btful :e!r su* measures d any?+ at all
 to contribute t[>d ! ideals :i* inspir$

 ! e>ly sociali/s & /ill inspire ! great
 majority ( ^? :o advocate "s =m (      
socialism4  ,let u take z an illu/ration
 su* a measure z /ate pur*ase (         
railways4  ,?is is a typical object (   
/ate socialism1 ?or\ghly practicable1   
already a*iev$ 9 _m c\ntries1 & cle>ly !
 sort ( /ep t mu/ be tak5 9 any         
piecemeal approa* to complete           
collectivism4  ,yet ,i see no reason to 
believe t any real advance t[>d         
democracy1 fre$om1 or economic ju/ice is
 a*iev$ :5 a /ate takes ov] ! railways  
aft] full comp5sation to ! %>ehold]s4   
,economic ju/ice dem&s a dim9ution1 if n
 a total abolition1 ( ! proportion ( !  
national income :i* goes to ! recipi5ts 
( r5t & int]e/4  ,b :5 ! hold]s (       
railway %>es are giv5 gov]nm5t /ock to  
replace _! %>es1 !y are giv5 ! prospect 
( an income 9 p]petuity equal to :at !y 
might reasonably expect to h d]iv$ f _! 
%>es4  ,unless !re is reason to expect a
 great increase 9 ! e>n+s ( railways1 ! 
:ole op]ation does no?+ to alt] !       

di/ribution ( weal?4  ,?is c\ld only be 
effect$ if ! pres5t own]s 7 expropriat$1
 or paid less ?an ! m>ket value1 or giv5
 a m]e life-int]e/ z comp5sation4  ,:5  
full value is giv51 economic ju/ice is n
 advanc$ 9 any degree4  ,!re is equally 
little advance t[>d fre$om4  ,! m5      
employ$ on ! railway h no m voice ?an !y
 _h be=e 9 ! managem5t ( ! railway1 or 9
 ! wages & conditions ( "w4  ,in/ead (  
hav+ to fight ! directors1 ) !          
possibility ( an appeal to ! gov]nm5t1  
!y n[ h to fight ! gov]nm5t directly2 & 
exp]i5ce does n lead to ! view t a      
gov]nm5t dep>tm5t has any special       
t5d]ness t[>d ! claims ( labor4  ,if !y 
/rike1 !y h to cont5d aga9/ ! :ole      
organiz$ p[] ( ! /ate1 :i* !y c only d  
successfully if !y happ5 to h a /rong   
public op9ion on _! side4  ,9 view ( !  
influ5ce :i* ! /ate c always ex]cise on 
! press1 public op9ion is likely to be  
bias$ aga9/ !m1 p>ticul>ly :5 a nom9ally
 progressive gov]nm5t is 9 p[]4  ,!re w 
no long] be ! possibility ( div]g5ces   

betwe5 ! policies ( diff]5t railways4   
,railway m5 9 ,engl& d]iv$ advantages = 
_m ye>s f ! comp>atively lib]al policy (
 ! ,nor? ,ea/]n ,railway1 :i* !y 7 able 
to use z an argum5t = a simil> policy   
else:]e4  ,su* possibilities are exclud$
 by ! dead uni=mity ( /ate adm9i/ration4
  ,& !re is no real advance t[>d        
democracy4  ,! adm9i/ration ( ! railways
 w be 9 ! h&s ( (ficials ^: bias &      
associations sep>ate !m f labor1 & :o w 
develop an autocratic temp] ?r\gh !     
habit ( p[]4  ,! democratic ma*9]y by   
:i* ^! (ficials are nom9ally controll$  
is cumbr\s & remote1 & c only be br\ght 
into op]ation on fir/-class issues :i*  
r\se ! int]e/ ( ! :ole nation4  ,ev5 !n 
x is v likely t ! sup]ior education ( ! 
(ficials & ! gov]nm5t1 comb9$ ) !       
advantages ( _! position1 w enable !m to
 mislead ! public z to ! issues1 &      
ali5ate ! g5]al sympa?y ev5 f ! mo/     
excell5t cause4  ,i d n d5y t ^! evils  
exi/ at pres5t2 ,i say only t !y w n be 
rem$i$ by su* measures z !              

nationalization ( railways 9 ! pres5t   
economic & political environm5t4  ,a    
great] upheaval1 & a great] *ange 9 m5's
 habits ( m9d1 is necess>y = any really 
vital progress4   ,,ii  ,/ate socialism1
 ev5 9 a nation :i* possesses ! =m (    
political democracy1 is n a truly       
democratic sy/em4  ,! way 9 :i* x fails 
to be democratic may be made pla9 by an 
analogy f ! political sph]e4  ,e        
democrat recognizes t ! ,iri% ought to h
 self-gov]nm5t = ,iri% affairs1 & ought 
n to be told t !y h no grievance because
 !y %>e 9 ! ,p>liam5t ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4
  ,x is ess5tial to democracy t any gr\p
 ( citiz5s ^: int]e/s or desires sep>ate
 !m at all widely f ! re/ ( ! community 
%\ld be free to decide _! int]nal       
affairs = !mselves4  ,& :at is true (   
national or local gr\ps is equally true 
( economic gr\ps1 su* z m9]s or railway 
m54 ,! national ma*9]y ( g5]al elections
 is by no means suffici5t to secure =   
gr\ps ( ?is k9d ! fre$om :i* !y ought to
 h4  ,! p[] ( (ficials1 :i* is a great &

 gr[+ dang] 9 ! mod]n /ate1 arises f !  
fact t ! majority ( ! vot]s1 :o         
con/itute ! only ultimate popul> control
 ov] (ficials1 are z a rule n int]e/$ 9 
any "o p>ticul> "q1 & are !re=e n likely
 to int]f]e effectively aga9/ an (ficial
 :o is ?w>t+ ! wi%es ( ! m9ority :o are 
int]e/$4  ,! (ficial is nom9ally subject
 to indirect popul> control1 b n to !   
control ( ^? :o are directly affect$ by 
8 action4  ,! bulk ( ! public w ei!r    
nev] he> ab\t ! matt] 9 dispute1 or1 if 
!y d he>1 w =m a ha/y op9ion bas$ ^u    
inadequate in=mation1 :i* is f> m likely
 to come f ! side ( ! (ficials ?an f !  
section ( ! community :i* is affect$ by 
! "q at issue4  ,9 an important         
political issue1 "s degree ( k is likely
 to be diffus$ 9 "t2 b 9 o!r matt]s !re 
is little hope t ?is w happ54  ,x may be
 said t ! p[] ( (ficials is mu* less    
dang]\s ?an ! p[] ( capitali/s1 because 
(ficials h no economic int]e/s t are    
oppos$ to ^? ( wage-e>n]s4  ,b ?is      
argum5t involves f> too simple a !ory ( 

political human nature--a !ory :i*      
or?odox socialism adopt$ f ! classical  
political economy1 & has t5d$ to reta9 9
 spite ( gr[+ evid5ce ( its falsity4    
,economic self-int]e/1 & ev5 economic   
class-int]e/1 is by no means ! only     
important political motive4  ,(ficials1 
^: sal>y is g5]ally q unaffect$ by _!   
decisions on p>ticul> que/ions1 are     
likely1 if !y are ( av]age hone/y1 to   
decide accord+ to _! view ( ! public    
int]e/2 b _! view w none ! less h a bias
 :i* w (t5 lead !m wrong4  ,x is        
important to und]/& ?is bias be=e       
entru/+ our de/9ies too unres]v$ly to   
gov]nm5t dep>tm5ts4  ,! fir/ ?+ to      
obs]ve is t1 9 any v l>ge organization1 
& above all 9 a great /ate1 (ficials &  
legislators are usually v remote f ^?   
:om !y gov]n1 & n imag9atively acqua9t$ 
) ! conditions ( life to :i* _!         
decisions w be appli$4  ,?is makes !m   
ignorant ( mu* t !y ought to "k1 ev5 :5 
!y are indu/ri\s & will+ to le>n :atev] 
c be taught by /ati/ics & blue-books4   

,! "o ?+ !y und]/& intimately is ! (fice
 r\t9e & ! adm9i/rative rules4  ,!      
result is an undue anxiety to secure a  
uni=m sy/em4  ,i h he>d ( a ,fr5* m9i/] 
( education tak+ out 8 wat*1 & rem>k+1  
,at ?is mom5t all ! *ildr5 ( su* & su*  
an age 9 ,france are le>n+ s & s4 ,?is  
is ! ideal ( ! adm9i/rator1 an ideal    
utt]ly fatal to free gr[?1 initiative1  
exp]im5t1 or any f> rea*+ innovation4   
,laz9ess is n "o ( ! motives recogniz$ 9
 textbooks on political !ory1 because   
all ord9>y k ( human nature is consid]$ 
unwor?y ( ! dignity ( ^! works2 yet we  
all "k t laz9ess is an imm5sely p[]ful  
motive ) all b a small m9ority ( mank9d4
  ,un=tunately1 9 ?is case laz9ess is   
re9=c$ by love ( p[]1 :i* leads en]getic
 (ficials to create ! sy/ems :i* lazy   
(ficials l to adm9i/]4  ,! en]getic     
(ficial inevitably dislikes any?+ t he  
does n control4  ,8 (ficial sanction mu/
 be obta9$ be=e any?+ c be done4        
,:atev] he f9ds 9 exi/5ce he wi%es to   
alt] 9 "s way1 s z to h ! satisfaction (

 feel+ 8 p[] & mak+ x felt4  ,if he is  
consci5ti\s1 he w ?9k out "s p]fectly   
uni=m & rigid s*eme :i* he believes to  
be ! be/ possible1 & he w !n impose ?is 
s*eme ru?lessly1 :atev] promis+ gr[?s he
 may h to lop d[n = ! sake ( symmetry4  
,! result inevitably has some?+ ( !     
deadly dullness ( a new rectangul> t[n1 
z comp>$ ) ! beauty & ri*ness ( an      
anci5t city :i* has liv$ & gr[n ) !     
sep>ate lives & individualities ( _m    
g5]ations4  ,:at has gr[n is always m   
liv+ ?an :at has be5 decre$2 b !        
en]getic (ficial w always pref] !       
tid9ess ( :at he has decre$ to ! app>5t 
disord] ( spontane\s gr[?4  ,! m]e      
possession ( p[] t5ds to produce a love 
( p[]1 :i* is a v dang]\s motive1       
because ! only sure pro( ( p[] consi/s 9
 prev5t+ o!rs f do+ :at !y wi% to d4  ,!
 ess5tial !ory ( democracy is !         
diffusion ( p[] among ! :ole p1 s t !   
evils produc$ by "o man's possession (  
great p[] %all be obviat$4  ,b !        
diffusion ( p[] ?r\gh democracy is only 

effective :5 ! vot]s take an int]e/ 9 ! 
"q involv$4  ,:5 ! "q does n int]e/ !m1 
!y d n attempt to control !             
adm9i/ration1 & all actual p[] passes   
into ! h&s ( (ficials4  ,= ?is reason1 !
 true ends ( democracy are n a*iev$ by  
/ate socialism or by any sy/em :i*      
places great p[] 9 ! h&s ( m5 subject to
 no popul> control except t :i* is m or 
less indirectly ex]cis$ ?r\gh p>liam5t4 
,any fre% survey ( m5's political       
actions %[s t1 9 ^? :o h en\gh en]gy to 
be politically effective1 love ( p[] is 
a /rong] motive ?an economic            
self-int]e/4  ,love ( p[] actuates !    
great millionaires1 :o h f> m money ?an 
!y c sp5d1 b cont9ue to amass weal?     
m]ely 9 ord] to control m & m ( ! _w's  
f9ance4#b  ,love ( p[] is obvi\sly !    
rul+ motive ( _m politicians4  ,x is    
also ! *ief cause ( w>s1 :i* are        
admitt$ly almo/ always a bad speculation
 f ! m]e po9t ( view ( weal?4  ,= ?is   
reason1 a new economic sy/em :i* m]ely  
attacks economic motives & does n       

int]f]e ) ! conc5tration ( p[] is n     
likely to effect any v great improvem5t 
9 ! _w4  ,?is is "o ( ! *ief reasons =  
reg>d+ /ate socialism ) suspicion4  #b  
,cf4 ,j4 ,a4 ,hobson1 ,! ,evolution (   
,mod]n ,capitalism4   ,,iii  ,! problem 
( ! di/ribution ( p[] is a m difficult  
"o ?an ! problem ( ! di/ribution (      
weal?4  ,! ma*9]y ( repres5tative       
gov]nm5t has conc5trat$ on ultimate p[] 
z ! only important matt]1 & has ignor$  
imm$iate executive p[]4 ,almo/ no?+ has 
be5 done to democratize adm9i/ration4   
,gov]nm5t (ficials1 9 virtue ( _!       
income1 security1 & social position1 are
 likely to be on ! side ( ! ri*1 :o h   
be5 _! daily associates ev] s9ce ! "t ( 
s*ool & college4  ,& :e!r or n !y are on
 ! side ( ! ri*1 !y are n likely1 = !   
reasons we h be5 consid]+1 to be g5u9ely
 9 favor ( progress4  ,:at applies to   
gov]nm5t (ficials applies also to memb]s
 ( ,p>liam5t1 ) ! sole diff]5ce t !y h  
_h to recomm5d !mselves to a con/itu5cy4
  ,?is1 h[ev]1 only adds hypocrisy to ! 

o!r qualities ( a rul+ ca/e4  ,:oev] has
 /ood 9 ! lobby ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons    
wat*+ memb]s em]ge ) w&]+ eye &         
hypo!tical smile1 until ! con/itu5t is  
espi$1 8 arm tak51 my de> fell[ :isp]$ 9
 8 e>1 & 8 /eps guid$ t[>d ! inn]       
prec9cts--:oev]1 obs]v+ ?is1 has realiz$
 t ^! are ! arts by :i* m5 become &     
rema9 legislators1 c h>dly fail to feel 
t democracy z x exi/s is n an absolutely
 p]fect in/rum5t ( gov]nm5t4  ,x is a   
pa9ful fact t ! ord9>y vot]1 at any rate
 9 ,engl&1 is q bl9d to ins9c]ity4  ,!  
man :o does n c>e ab\t any def9ite      
political measures c g5]ally be won by  
corruption or flatt]y1 op5 or conceal$2 
! man :o is set on secur+ re=ms w       
g5]ally pref] an ambiti\s w9dbag to a   
man :o desires ! public good )\t        
possess+ a ready tongue4  ,& ! ambiti\s 
w9dbag1 z soon z he has become a p[] by 
! en?usiasm he has ar\s$1 w sell 8      
influ5ce to ! gov]n+ clique1 sometimes  
op5ly1 sometimes by ! m subtle me?od (  
int5tionally fail+ at a crisis4  ,?is is

 "p ( ! normal work+ ( democracy z      
embodi$ 9 repres5tative in/itutions4    
,yet a cure mu/ be f\nd if democracy is 
n to rema9 a f>ce4  ,"o ( ! s\rces (    
evil 9 mod]n l>ge democracies is ! fact 
t mo/ ( ! electorate h no direct or     
vital int]e/ 9 mo/ ( ! que/ions t arise4
  ,%\ld ,wel% *ildr5 be all[$ ! use ( ! 
,wel% language 9 s*ools8  ,%\ld gipsies 
be compell$ to ab&on _! nomadic life at 
! bidd+ ( ! education au?orities8  ,%\ld
 m9]s h an eight-h\r day8  ,%\ld        
,*ri/ian ,sci5ti/s be compell$ to call 9
 doctors 9 case ( s]i\s illness8 ,^! are
 matt]s ( passionate int]e/ to c]ta9    
sections ( ! community1 b ( v little    
int]e/ to ! great majority4  ,if !y are 
decid$ accord+ to ! wi%es ( ! num]ical  
majority1 ! int5se desires ( a m9ority w
 be ov]borne by ! v slight & un9=m$ :ims
 ( ! indiff]5t rema9d]4  ,if ! m9ority  
are geographically conc5trat$1 s t !y c 
decide elections 9 a c]ta9 numb] (      
con/itu5cies1 l ! ,wel% & ! m9]s1 !y h a
 good *ance ( gett+ _! way1 by ! :olly  

b5efic5t process :i* its enemies        
describe z log-roll+4  ,b if !y are     
scatt]$ & politically feeble1 l !       
gipsies & ! ,*ri/ian ,sci5ti/s1 !y /& a 
v poor *ance aga9/ ! prejudices ( !     
majority4  ,ev5 :5 !y are geographically
 conc5trat$1 l ! ,iri%1 !y may fail to  
obta9 _! wi%es1 because !y ar\se "s     
ho/ility or "s in/9ct ( dom9ation 9 !   
majority4  ,su* a /ate ( affairs is !   
negation ( all democratic pr9ciples4  ,!
 tyranny ( ! majority is a v real dang]4
  ,x is a mi/ake to suppose t ! majority
 is necess>ily "r4  ,on e new "q !      
majority is always wrong at fir/4  ,9   
matt]s :]e ! /ate mu/ act z a :ole1 su* 
z t>iffs1 = example1 decision by        
majorities is probably ! be/ me?od t c  
be devis$4  ,b !re are a great _m       
que/ions 9 :i* !re is no ne$ ( a uni=m  
decision4  ,religion is recogniz$ z "o (
 ^!4  ,education ought to be "o1 provid$
 a c]ta9 m9imum /&>d is atta9$4         
,milit>y s]vice cle>ly ought to be "o4  
,:]ev] div]g5t action by diff]5t gr\ps  

is possible )\t an>*y1 x ought to be    
p]mitt$4  ,9 su* cases x w be f\nd by ^?
 :o consid] pa/ hi/ory t1 :5ev] any new 
fundam5tal issue arises1 ! majority are 
9 ! wrong1 because !y are guid$ by      
prejudice & habit4 ,progress comes ?r\gh
 ! gradual effect ( a m9ority 9 conv]t+ 
op9ion & alt]+ cu/om4  ,at "o "t--n s v 
long ago--x 0 consid]$ mon/r\s wick$ness
 to ma9ta9 t old wom5 ought n to be     
burnt z wit*es4  ,if ^? :o held ?is     
op9ion _h be5 =cibly suppress$1 we %\ld 
/ill be /eep$ 9 m$ieval sup]/ition4  ,= 
su* reasons1 x is ( ! utmo/ importance t
 ! majority %\ld refra9 f impos+ its w z
 reg>ds matt]s 9 :i* uni=mity is n      
absolutely necess>y4   ,,iv  ,! cure = !
 evils & dang]s :i* we h be5 consid]+ is
 a v great ext5sion ( devolution & f$]al
 gov]nm5t4  ,:]ev] !re is a national    
consci\sness1 z 9 ,wales & ,irel&1 !    
area 9 :i* x exi/s ought to be all[$ to 
decide all purely local affairs )\t     
ext]nal int]f]5ce4  ,b !re are _m matt]s
 :i* ought to be left to ! managem5t1 n 

( local gr\ps1 b ( trade gr\ps1 or (    
organizations embody+ "s set ( op9ions4 
,9 ! ,ea/1 m5 are subject to diff]5t    
laws accord+ to ! religion !y pr(ess4   
,some?+ ( ?is k9d is necess>y if any    
semblance ( lib]ty is to exi/ :]e !re is
 great div]g5ce 9 beliefs4  ,"s matt]s  
are ess5tially geographical2 = in/ance1 
gas & wat]1 roads1 t>iffs1 armies &     
navies4  ,^! mu/ be decid$ by an        
au?ority repres5t+ an area4  ,h[ l>ge ! 
area ought to be1 dep5ds ^u accid5ts (  
topography & s5tim5t1 & also ^u ! nature
 ( ! matt] involv$4  ,gas & wat] require
 a small area1 roads a some:at l>g] "o1 
:ile ! only satisfactory area = an army 
or a navy is ! :ole planet1 s9ce no     
small] area w prev5t w>4  ,b ! prop]    
unit 9 mo/ economic que/ions1 & also 9  
mo/ que/ions t are intimately conc]n$ ) 
p]sonal op9ions1 is n geographical at   
all4  ,! int]nal managem5t ( railways   
ought n to be 9 ! h&s ( ! geographical  
/ate1 = reasons :i* we h already        
consid]$4  ,/ill less ought x to be 9 ! 

h&s ( a set ( irresponsible capitali/s4 
,! only truly democratic sy/em w\ld be  
"o :i* left ! int]nal managem5t (       
railways 9 ! h&s ( ! m5 :o "w on !m4    
,^! m5 %\ld elect ! g5]al manag]1 & a   
p>liam5t ( directors if necess>y4  ,all 
que/ions ( wages1 conditions ( labor1   
runn+ ( tra9s1 & acquisition ( mat]ial1 
%\ld be 9 ! h&s ( a body responsible    
only to ^? actually engag$ 9 ! "w ( !   
railway4  ,! same argum5ts apply to o!r 
l>ge trades3 m9+1 iron & /eel1 cotton1 &
 s on4  ,briti% trade-unionism1 x seems 
to me1 has err$ 9 conceiv+ labor &      
capital z bo? p]man5t =ces1 :i* 7 to be 
br\ght to "s equality ( /r5g? by !      
organization ( labor4  ,?is seems to me 
too mode/ an ideal4  ,! ideal :i* ,i    
%\ld wi% to sub/itute involves ! conque/
 ( democracy & self-gov]nm5t 9 !        
economic sph]e z 9 ! political sph]e1 & 
! total abolition ( ! p[] n[ wield$ by !
 capitali/4  ,! man :o works on a       
railway ought to h a voice 9 ! gov]nm5t 
( ! railway1 j z mu* z ! man :o works 9 

a /ate has a "r to a voice 9 ! managem5t
 ( 8 /ate4  ,! conc5tration ( bus9ess   
initiative 9 ! h&s ( ! employ]s is a    
great evil1 & robs ! employees ( _!     
legitimate %>e ( int]e/ 9 ! l>g]        
problems ( _! trade4  ,fr5* syndicali/s 
7 ! fir/ to advocate ! sy/em ( trade    
autonomy z a bett] solution ?an /ate    
socialism4  ,b 9 _! view ! trades 7 to  
be indep5d5t1 almo/ l sov]eign /ates at 
pres5t4  ,su* a sy/em w\ld n promote    
peace1 any m ?an x does at pres5t 9     
int]national relations4  ,9 ! affairs ( 
any body ( m51 we may broadly di/+ui%   
:at may be call$ que/ions ( home        
politics f que/ions ( =eign politics4   
,e gr\p suffici5tly well-m>k$ to        
con/itute a political entity ought to be
 autonom\s 9 reg>d to int]nal matt]s1 b 
n 9 reg>d to ^? t directly affect !     
outside _w4  ,if two gr\ps are bo?      
entirely free z reg>ds _! relations to  
ea* o!r1 !re is no way ( av]t+ ! dang] (
 an op5 or cov]t appeal to =ce4  ,!     
relations ( a gr\p ( m5 to ! outside _w 

ought1 :5ev] possible1 to be controll$  
by a neutral au?ority4  ,x is "h t !    
/ate is necess>y = adju/+ ! relations   
betwe5 diff]5t trades4  ,! m5 :o make "s
 commodity %\ld be entirely free z      
reg>ds h\rs ( labor1 di/ribution ( !    
total e>n+s ( ! trade1 & all que/ions ( 
bus9ess managem5t4  ,b !y %\ld n be free
 z reg>ds ! price ( :at !y produce1 s9ce
 price is a matt] conc]n+ _! relations  
to ! re/ ( ! community4  ,if !re 7      
nom9al fre$om 9 reg>d to price1 !re w\ld
 be a dang] ( a con/ant tug-(-w>1 9 :i* 
^? trades :i* 7 mo/ imm$iately necess>y 
to ! exi/5ce ( ! community c\ld always  
obta9 an unfair advantage4 ,=ce is no m 
admirable 9 ! economic sph]e ?an 9      
deal+s betwe5 /ates4  ,9 ord] to secure 
! maximum ( fre$om ) ! m9imum ( =ce1 !  
univ]sal pr9ciple is3 ,autonomy )9 ea*  
politically important gr\p1 & a neutral 
au?ority = decid+ que/ions involv+      
relations betwe5 gr\ps4  ,! neutral     
au?ority %\ld1 ( c\rse1 re/ on a        
democratic basis1 b %\ld1 if possible1  

repres5t a con/itu5cy wid] ?an t ( !    
gr\ps conc]n$4  ,9 int]national affairs 
! only adequate au?ority w\ld be "o     
repres5t+ all civiliz$ nations4  ,9 ord]
 to prev5t undue ext5sion ( ! p[] ( su* 
au?orities1 x is desirable & necess>y t 
! v>i\s autonom\s gr\ps %\ld be v jeal\s
 ( _! lib]ties1 & v ready to resi/ by   
political means any encroa*m5ts ^u _!   
indep5d5ce4  ,/ate socialism does n     
tol]ate su* gr\ps1 ea* ) _! own (ficials
 responsible to ! gr\p4  ,consequ5tly x 
ab&ons ! int]nal affairs ( a gr\p to !  
control ( m5 n responsible to t gr\p or 
specially aw>e ( its ne$s4  ,?is op5s ! 
door to tyranny & to ! de/ruction (     
initiative4  ,^! dang]s are avoid$ by a 
sy/em :i* all[s any gr\p ( m5 to comb9e 
= any giv5 purpose1 provid$ x is n      
pr$atory1 & to claim f ! c5tral au?ority
 su* self-gov]nm5t z is necess>y to !   
c>ry+ out ( ! purpose4  ,*ur*es ( v>i\s 
d5om9ations af=d an in/ance4  ,_!       
autonomy 0 won by c5turies ( w>f>e &    
p]secution4  ,x is to be hop$ t a less  

t]rible /ruggle w be requir$ to a*ieve !
 same result 9 ! economic sph]e4  ,b    
:atev] ! ob/acles1 ,i believe !         
importance ( lib]ty is z great 9 ! "o   
case z x has be5 admitt$ to be 9 ! o!r4 
,*apt] ,,iv3 ,individual ,lib]ty &      
,public ,control   ,i  ,society _c exi/ 
)\t law & ord]1 & _c advance except     
?r\gh ! initiative ( vigor\s innovators4
  ,yet law & ord] are always ho/ile to  
innovations1 & innovators are almo/     
always1 to "s ext5t1 an>*i/s4  ,^? ^:   
m9ds are dom9at$ by fe> ( a relapse     
t[>ds b>b>ism w emphasize ! importance (
 law & ord]1 :ile ^? :o are inspir$ by !
 hope ( an advance t[>ds civilization w 
usually be m consci\s ( ! ne$ (         
individual initiative4  ,bo? temp]am5ts 
are necess>y1 & wisdom lies 9 all[+ ea* 
to op]ate freely :]e x is b5efic5t4  ,b 
^? :o are on ! side ( law & ord]1 s9ce  
!y are re9=c$ by cu/om & ! in/9ct =     
uphold+ ! /atus quo1 h no ne$ ( a       
reason$ def5se4  ,x is ! innovators :o h
 difficulty 9 be+ all[$ to exi/ & "w4   

,ea* g5]ation believes t ?is difficulty 
is a ?+ ( ! pa/1 b ea* g5]ation is only 
tol]ant ( pa/ innovations4  ,^? ( its   
own day are met ) ! same p]secution z   
?\gh ! pr9ciple ( tol]ation _h nev] be5 
he>d (4  ,9 e>ly society1 says          
,we/]m>ck1 cu/oms are n only moral      
rules1 b ! only moral rules ev] ?\ght (4
  ,! savage /rictly complies ) !        
,hegelian comm& t no man mu/ h a private
 consci5ce4  ,! foll[+ /atem5t1 :i*     
ref]s to ! ,t9nevelly ,%an>s1 may be    
quot$ z a typical example3 ',solit>y    
individuals among/ !m r>ely adopt any   
new op9ions1 or any new c\rse (         
proc$ure4  ,!y foll[ ! multitude to d   
evil1 & !y foll[ ! multitude to d good4 
,!y ?9k 9 h]ds4'#c  #c ,! ,orig9 &      
,developm5t ( ! ,moral ,ideas1 #b;d     
edition1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aai4  ,^? among  
ourselves :o h nev] ?\ght a ?\ght or    
done a de$ 9 ! slighte/ degree diff]5t f
 ! ?\ghts & de$s ( our neighbors w      
congratulate !mselves on ! diff]5ce     
betwe5 u & ! savage4  ,b ^? :o h ev]    

attempt$ any real innovation _c help    
feel+ t ! p !y "k are n s v unlike !    
,t9nevelly ,%an>s4  ,"u ! influ5ce (    
socialism1 ev5 progressive op9ion1 9    
rec5t ye>s1 has be5 ho/ile to individual
 lib]ty4  ,lib]ty is associat$1 9 ! m9ds
 ( re=m]s1 ) laissez-faire1 ! ,man*e/]  
,s*ool1 & ! exploitation ( wom5 & *ildr5
 :i* result$ f :at 0 euphemi/ically     
call$ free competition4 ,all ^! ?+s 7   
evil1 & requir$ /ate int]f]5ce2 9 fact1 
!re is ne$ ( an imm5se increase ( /ate  
action 9 reg>d to cognate evils :i* /ill
 exi/4  ,9 ev]y?+ t conc]ns ! economic  
life ( ! community1 z reg>ds bo?        
di/ribution & conditions ( production1  
:at is requir$ is m public control1 n   
less--h[ mu* m1 ,i d n pr(ess to "k4    
,ano!r direction 9 :i* !re is urg5t ne$ 
( ! sub/itution ( law & ord] = an>*y is 
int]national relations4  ,at pres5t1 ea*
 sov]eign /ate has complete individual  
fre$om1 subject only to ! sanction ( w>4
  ,?is individual fre$om w h to be      
curtail$ 9 reg>d to ext]nal relations if

 w>s are ev] to cease4  ,b :5 we pass   
outside ! sph]e ( mat]ial possessions1  
we f9d t ! argum5ts 9 favor ( public    
control almo/ entirely disappe>4        
,religion1 to beg9 )1 is recogniz$ z a  
matt] 9 :i* ! /ate ought n to int]f]e4  
,:e!r a man is ,*ri/ian1 ,mahometan1 or 
,jew is a "q ( no public conc]n1 s long 
z he obeys ! laws2 & ! laws ought to be 
su* z m5 ( all religions c obey4  ,yet  
ev5 "h !re are limits4  ,no civiliz$    
/ate w\ld tol]ate a religion dem&+ human
 sacrifice4  ,! ,engli% 9 ,india put an 
end to suttee1 9 spite ( a fix$ pr9ciple
 ( non-int]f]5ce ) native religi\s      
cu/oms4  ,p]haps !y 7 wrong to prev5t   
suttee1 yet almo/ e ,european w\ld h    
done ! same4  ,we _c effectively d\bt t 
su* practices ought to be /opp$1 h[ev]  
we may !orize 9 favor ( religi\s lib]ty4
  ,9 su* cases1 ! int]f]5ce ) lib]ty is 
impos$ f )\t by a high] civilization4   
,b ! m common case1 & ! m int]e/+1 is :5
 an indep5d5t /ate int]f]es on behalf ( 
cu/om aga9/ individuals :o are feel+ _! 

way t[>d m civiliz$ beliefs &           
in/itutions4  ,9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 says 
,we/]m>ck1 ! fir/-born ( e lubra us$ to 
be eat5 by ! tribe 'z "p ( a religi\s   
c]emony4' ,9 ! realm ( ,khai-muh1 9     
,*9a1 accord+ to a native acc\nt1 x 0   
cu/om>y to kill & dev\r ! elde/ son     
alive4  ,among c]ta9 tribes 9 ,briti%   
,columbia ! fir/ *ild is (t5 sacrific$  
to ! sun4  ,! ,indians ( ,florida1      
accord+ to ,le ,moyne de ,morgues1      
sacrific$ ! fir/-born son to !          
*ief4444'#d  #d ,op cit41 p4 #dei4  ,!re
 are pages & pages ( su* in/ances4  ,!re
 is no?+ analog\s to ^! practices among 
ourselves4  ,:5 ! fir/-born 9 ,florida 0
 told t 8 k+ & c\ntry ne$$ him1 ?is 0 a 
m]e mi/ake1 & ) u mi/akes ( ?is k9d d n 
occur4  ,b x is int]e/+ to inquire h[ ^!
 sup]/itions di$ out1 9 su* cases1 =    
example1 z t ( ,khai-muh1 :]e =eign     
compulsion is improbable4  ,we may      
surmise t "s p>5ts1 "u ! selfi% influ5ce
 ( p>5tal affection1 7 l$ to d\bt :e!r !
 sun w\ld really be angry if ! elde/    

*ild 7 all[$ to live4 ,su* rationalism  
w\ld be reg>d$ z v dang]\s1 s9ce x 0    
calculat$ to damage ! h>ve/4  ,=        
g5]ations ! op9ion w\ld be *]i%$ 9      
secret by a h&ful ( cranks1 :o w\ld n be
 able to act ^u x4  ,at la/1 by         
concealm5t or flight1 a few p>5ts w\ld  
save _! *ildr5 f ! sacrifice4  ,su*     
p>5ts w\ld be reg>d$ z lack+ all public 
_s1 & z will+ to endang] ! community =  
_! private pleasure4  ,b gradually x    
w\ld appe> t ! /ate rema9$ intact1 & !  
crops 7 no worse ?an 9 =m] ye>s4  ,!n1  
by a fiction1 a *ild w\ld be deem$ to h 
be5 sacrific$ if x 0 solemnly d$icat$ to
 agriculture or "s o!r "w ( national    
importance *os5 by ! *ief4  ,x w\ld be  
_m g5]ations be=e ! *ild w\ld be all[$  
to *oose its own occupation aft] x _h   
gr[n old en\gh to "k its own ta/es &    
capacities4  ,& dur+ all ^? g5]ations1  
*ildr5 w\ld be rem9d$ t only an act (   
grace _h all[$ !m to live at all1 & w\ld
 exi/ "u ! %ad[ ( a purely imag9>y duty 
to ! /ate4  ,! position ( ^? p>5ts :o   

fir/ disbeliev$ 9 ! utility ( infant    
sacrifice illu/rates all ! difficulties 
:i* arise 9 connection ) ! adju/m5t (   
individual fre$om to public control4  ,!
 au?orities1 believ+ ! sacrifice        
necess>y = ! good ( ! community1 7 b\nd 
to insi/ ^u x2 ! p>5ts1 believ+ x       
useless1 7 equally b\nd to d ev]y?+ 9 _!
 p[] t[>d sav+ ! *ild4  ,h[ ought bo?   
p>ties to act 9 su* a case8  ,! duty ( !
 skeptical p>5t is pla93 to save ! *ild 
by any possible means1 to prea* !       
uselessness ( ! sacrifice 9 season & out
 ( season1 & to endure pati5tly :atev]  
p5alty ! law may indict = evasion4  ,b !
 duty ( ! au?orities is f> less cle>4   
,s long z !y rema9 firmly p]suad$ t !   
univ]sal sacrifice ( ! fir/-born is     
indisp5sable1 !y are b\nd to p]secute ^?
 :o seek to und]m9e ?is belief4  ,b !y  
w1 if !y are consci5ti\s1 v c>efully    
exam9e ! argum5ts ( oppon5ts1 & be will+
 9 advance to admit t ^! argum5ts may be
 s\nd4  ,!y w c>efully se>* _! own he>ts
 to see :e!r hatr$ ( *ildr5 or pleasure 

9 cruelty has any?+ to d ) _! belief4   
,!y w rememb] t 9 ! pa/ hi/ory (        
,khai-muh !re are innum]able in/ances ( 
beliefs1 n[ kn[n to be false1 on acc\nt 
( :i* ^? :o disagre$ ) ! preval5t view 7
 put to dea?4  ,f9ally !y w reflect t1  
?\gh errors :i* are traditional are (t5 
wide-spread1 new beliefs seldom w9      
acceptance unless !y are ne>] to ! tru? 
?an :at !y replace2 & !y w conclude t a 
new belief is probably ei!r an advance1 
or s unlikely to become common z to be  
innocu\s4  ,all ^! consid]ations w make 
!m hesitate be=e !y resort to puni%m5t4 
,,ii  ,! /udy ( pa/ times & unciviliz$  
races makes x cle> beyond "q t ! cu/om>y
 beliefs ( tribes or nations are almo/  
inv>iably false4  ,x is difficult to    
dive/ ourselves completely ( ! cu/om>y  
beliefs ( our own age & nation1 b x is n
 v difficult to a*ieve a c]ta9 degree ( 
d\bt 9 reg>d to !m4  ,! ,inquisitor :o  
burnt m5 at ! /ake 0 act+ ) true        
humanity if all 8 beliefs 7 correct2 b  
if !y 7 9 error at any po9t1 he 0       

inflict+ a :olly unnecess>y cruelty4  ,a
 good work+ maxim 9 su* matt]s is ?is3  
,d n tru/ cu/om>y beliefs s f> z to p]=m
 actions :i* mu/ be disa/r\s unless !   
beliefs 9 "q are :olly true4  ,! _w w\ld
 be utt]ly bad1 9 ! op9ion ( ! av]age   
,engli%man1 unless he c\ld say          
,britannia rules ! waves2 9 ! op9ion ( !
 av]age ,g]man1 unless he c\ld say      
,deuts*l& b] alles4 ,= ! sake ( ^!      
beliefs1 !y are will+ to de/roy         
,european civilization4  ,if ! beliefs  
%\ld happ5 to be false1 _! action is    
regrettable4  ,"o fact :i* em]ges f ^!  
consid]ations is t no ob/acle %\ld be   
plac$ 9 ! way ( ?\ght & its expression1 
nor yet 9 ! way ( /atem5ts ( fact4  ,?is
 0 =m]ly common gr\nd among lib]al      
?9k]s1 ?\gh x 0 nev] q realiz$ 9 !      
practice ( civiliz$ c\ntries4  ,b x has 
rec5tly become1 ?r\gh\t ,europe1 a      
dang]\s p>adox1 on acc\nt ( :i* m5 suff]
 imprisonm5t or />vation4  ,= ?is reason
 x has aga9 become wor? /at+4  ,! gr\nds
 = x are s evid5t t ,i %\ld be a%am$ to 

repeat !m if !y 7 n univ]sally ignor$4  
,b 9 ! actual _w x is v necess>y to     
repeat !m4  ,to atta9 complete tru? is n
 giv5 to mortals1 b to advance t[>d x by
 successive /eps is n impossible4  ,on  
any matt] ( g5]al int]e/1 !re is        
usually1 9 any giv5 community at any    
giv5 "t1 a receiv$ op9ion1 :i* is       
accept$ z a matt] ( c\rse by all :o give
 no special ?\ght to ! matt]4  ,any     
que/ion+ ( ! receiv$ op9ion r\ses       
ho/ility1 = a numb] ( reasons4  ,! mo/  
important ( ^! is ! in/9ct (            
conv5tionality1 :i* exi/s 9 all greg>i\s
 animals & (t5 leads !m to put to dea?  
any m>k$ly peculi> memb] ( ! h]d4  ,!   
next mo/ important is ! feel+ (         
insecurity ar\s$ by d\bt z to ! beliefs 
by :i* we are 9 ! habit ( regulat+ our  
lives4  ,:oev] has tri$ to expla9 !     
philosophy ( ,b]keley to a pla9 man w h 
se5 9 its unadult]at$ =m ! ang] ar\s$ by
 ?is feel+4  ,:at ! pla9 man d]ives f   
,b]keley's philosophy at a fir/ he>+ is 
an uncom=table suspicion t no?+ is      

solid1 s t x is ra% to sit on a *air or 
to expect ! floor to su/a9 u4  ,because 
?is suspicion is uncom=table1 x is      
irritat+1 except to ^? :o reg>d ! :ole  
argum5t z m]ely nons5se4  ,& 9 a m or   
less analog\s way any que/ion+ ( :at has
 be5 tak5 = grant$ de/roys ! feel+ ( /&+
 on solid gr\nd1 & produces a condition 
( bewild]$ fe>4  ,a ?ird reason :i*     
makes m5 dislike novel op9ions is t ve/$
 int]e/s are b\nd up ) old beliefs4  ,! 
long fight ( ! *ur* aga9/ sci5ce1 f     
,giordano ,bruno to ,d>w91 is           
attributable to ?is motive among o!rs4  
,! horror ( socialism :i* exi/$ 9 !     
remote pa/ 0 entirely attributable to   
?is cause4  ,b x w\ld be a mi/ake to    
assume1 z is done by ^? :o seek economic
 motives ev]y:]e1 t ve/$ int]e/s are !  
pr9cipal s\rce ( ang] aga9/ novelties 9 
?\ght4  ,if ?is 7 ! case1 intellectual  
progress w\ld be mu* m rapid ?an x is4  
,! in/9ct ( conv5tionality1 horror (    
unc]ta9ty1 & ve/$ int]e/s1 all militate 
aga9/ ! acceptance ( a new idea4  ,& x  

is ev5 h>d] to ?9k ( a new idea ?an to  
get x accept$2 mo/ p might sp5d a       
lifetime 9 reflection )\t ev] mak+ a    
g5u9ely orig9al discov]y4  ,9 view ( all
 ^! ob/acles1 x is n likely t any       
society at any "t w suff] f a ple?ora ( 
h]etical op9ions4  ,lea/ ( all is ?is   
likely 9 a mod]n civiliz$ society1 :]e !
 conditions ( life are 9 con/ant rapid  
*ange1 & dem&1 = successful adaptation1 
an equally rapid *ange 9 intellectual   
outlook4  ,!re %\ld be an attempt1      
!re=e1 to enc\rage1 r ?an disc\rage1 !  
expression ( new beliefs & !            
dissem9ation ( k t5d+ to support !m4  ,b
 ! v opposite is1 9 fact1 ! case4 ,f    
*ildhood upw>d1 ev]y?+ is done to make !
 m9ds ( m5 & wom5 conv5tional & /]ile4  
,& if1 by misadv5ture1 "s sp>k (        
imag9ation rema9s1 its un=tunate        
possessor is consid]$ uns\nd & dang]\s1 
wor?y only ( contempt 9 "t ( peace & (  
prison or a traitor's dea? 9 "t ( w>4   
,yet su* m5 are kn[n to h be5 9 ! pa/ ! 
*ief b5efactors ( mank9d1 & are ! v m5  

:o receive mo/ honor z soon z !y are    
safely dead4  ,! :ole realm ( ?\ght &   
op9ion is utt]ly unsuit$ to public      
control2 x ought to be z free1 & z      
spontane\s z is possible to ^? :o "k :at
 o!rs h believ$4  ,! /ate is ju/ifi$ 9  
insi/+ t *ildr5 %all be educat$1 b x is 
n ju/ifi$ 9 =c+ _! education to proce$  
on a uni=m plan & to be direct$ to !    
production ( a dead level ( glib        
uni=mity4 ,education1 & ! life ( ! m9d  
g5]ally1 is a matt] 9 :i* individual    
initiative is ! *ief ?+ ne$$2 ! function
 ( ! /ate %\ld beg9 & end ) insi/5ce on 
"s k9d ( education1 &1 if possible1 a   
k9d :i* promotes m5tal individualism1 n 
a k9d :i* happ5s to con=m to !          
prejudices ( gov]nm5t (ficials4   ,,iii 
,que/ions ( practical morals raise m    
difficult problems ?an que/ions ( m]e   
op9ion4  ,! ?ugs hone/ly believe x _!   
duty to commit murd]s1 b ! gov]nm5t does
 n acquiesce4  ,! consci5ti\s objectors 
hone/ly hold ! opposite op9ion1 & aga9 !
 gov]nm5t does n acquiesce4  ,kill+ is a

 /ate pr]ogative2 x is equally crim9al  
to d x unbidd5 & n to d x :5 bidd54 ,!  
same applies to !ft1 unless x is on a   
l>ge scale or by "o :o is already ri*4  
,?ugs & ?ieves are m5 :o use =ce 9 _!   
deal+s ) _! neighbors1 & we may lay x   
d[n broadly t ! private use ( =ce %\ld  
be prohibit$ except 9 r>e cases1 h[ev]  
consci5ti\s may be its motive4  ,b ?is  
pr9ciple w n ju/ify compell+ m5 to use  
=ce at ! bidd+ ( ! /ate1 :5 !y d n      
believe x ju/ifi$ by ! occasion4  ,!    
puni%m5t ( consci5ti\s objectors seems  
cle>ly a violation ( individual lib]ty  
)9 its legitimate sph]e4  ,x is g5]ally 
assum$ )\t "q t ! /ate has a "r to puni%
 c]ta9 k9ds ( sexual irregul>ity4  ,no  
"o d\bts t ! ,mormons s9c]ely believ$   
polygamy to be a desirable practice1 yet
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates requir$ !m to ab&on its
 legal recognition1 & probably any o!r  
,*ri/ian c\ntry w\ld h done likewise4   
,nev]!less1 ,i d n ?9k ?is prohibition 0
 wise4  ,polygamy is legally p]mitt$ 9  
_m p>ts ( ! _w1 b is n mu* practis$     

except by *iefs & pot5tates4  ,if1 z    
,europeans g5]ally believe1 x is an     
undesirable cu/om1 x is probable t !    
,mormons w\ld h soon ab&on$ x1 except   
p]haps = a few m5 ( exceptional         
position4  ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x _h prov$ 
a successful exp]im5t1 ! _w w\ld h      
acquir$ a piece ( k :i* x is n[ unable  
to possess4  ,i ?9k 9 all su* cases !   
law %\ld only int]v5e :5 !re is "s      
injury inflict$ )\t ! cons5t ( ! injur$ 
p]son4  ,x is obvi\s t m5 & wom5 w\ld n 
tol]ate hav+ _! wives or husb&s select$ 
by ! /ate1 :atev] eug5i/s might h to say
 9 favor ( su* a plan4  ,9 ?is x seems  
cle> t ord9>y public op9ion is 9 ! "r1 n
 because p *oose wisely1 b because any  
*oice ( _! own is bett] ?an a =c$       
m>riage4 ,:at applies to m>riage ought  
also to apply to ! *oice ( a trade or   
pr(ession2 al?\gh "s m5 h no m>k$       
pref]5ces1 mo/ m5 greatly pref] "s      
occupations to o!rs1 & are f> m likely  
to be useful citiz5s if !y foll[ _!     
pref]5ces ?an if !y are ?w>t$ by a      

public au?ority4  ,! case ( ! man :o has
 an int5se conviction t he ought to d a 
c]ta9 k9d ( "w is peculi>1 & p]haps n v 
common2 b x is important because x      
includes "s v important individuals4    
,joan ( ,arc & ,flor5ce ,night+ale defi$
 conv5tion 9 ob$i5ce to a feel+ ( ?is   
sort2 re=m]s & agitators 9 unpopul>     
causes1 su* z ,mazz9i1 h belong$ to ?is 
class2 s h _m m5 ( sci5ce4  ,9 cases (  
?is k9d ! individual conviction des]ves 
! greate/ respect1 ev5 if !re seems no  
obvi\s ju/ification = x4 ,ob$i5ce to !  
impulse is v unlikely to d mu* h>m1 &   
may well d great good4  ,! practical    
difficulty is to di/+ui% su* impulses f 
desires :i* produce simil>              
manife/ations4  ,_m "y p wi% to be      
au?ors )\t hav+ an impulse to write any 
p>ticul> book1 or wi% to be pa9t]s )\t  
hav+ an impulse to create any p>ticul>  
picture4  ,b a little exp]i5ce w usually
 %[ ! diff]5ce betwe5 a g5u9e & a       
spuri\s impulse2 & !re is less h>m 9    
indulg+ ! spuri\s impulse = a "t ?an 9  

?w>t+ ! impulse :i* is g5u9e4           
,nev]!less1 ! pla9 man almo/ always has 
a t5d5cy to ?w>t ! g5u9e impulse1       
because x seems an>*ic & unreasonable1 &
 is seldom able to give a good acc\nt ( 
itself 9 advance4  ,:at is m>k$ly true (
 "s notable p]sonalities is true1 9 a   
less] degree1 ( almo/ e individual :o   
has mu* vigor or =ce ( life2 !re is an  
impulse t[>ds activity ( "s k9d1 z a    
rule n v def9ite 9 y\?1 b gr[+ gradually
 m %>ply outl9$ "u ! influ5ce (         
education & opportunity4  ,! direct     
impulse t[>d a k9d ( activity = its own 
sake mu/ be di/+ui%$ f ! desire = !     
expect$ effects ( ! activity4  ,a "y man
 may desire ! rew>ds ( great a*ievem5t  
)\t hav+ any spontane\s impulse t[>d !  
activities :i* lead to a*ievem5t4  ,b ^?
 :o actually a*ieve mu*1 al?\gh !y may  
desire ! rew>ds1 h also some?+ 9 _!     
nature :i* incl9es !m to *oose a c]ta9  
k9d ( "w z ! road :i* !y mu/ travel if  
_! ambition is to be satisfi$4  ,?is    
arti/'s impulse1 z x may be call$1 is a 

?+ ( inf9ite value to ! individual1 &   
(t5 to ! _w2 to respect x 9 oneself & 9 
o!rs makes up n9e t5?s ( ! good life4   
,9 mo/ human be+s x is r frail1 r easily
 de/roy$ or di/urb$2 p>5ts & tea*]s are 
too (t5 ho/ile to x1 & our economic     
sy/em cru%es out its la/ remnants 9 "y  
m5 & "y wom54  ,! result is t human be+s
 cease to be individual1 or to reta9 !  
native pride t is _! bir?right2 !y      
become ma*9e-made1 tame1 conv5i5t = !   
bureaucrat & ! drill-s]geant1 capable ( 
be+ tabulat$ 9 /ati/ics )\t any?+ be+   
omitt$4  ,?is is ! fundam5tal evil      
result+ f lack ( lib]ty2 & x is an evil 
:i* is be+ cont9ually int5sifi$ z       
population gr[s m d5se & ! ma*9]y (     
organization gr[s m effici5t4  ,! ?+s t 
m5 desire are _m & v>i\s3 admiration1   
affection1 p[]1 security1 ease1 outlets 
= en]gy1 are among ! commone/ ( motives4
  ,b su* ab/ractions d n t\* :at makes !
 diff]5ce betwe5 "o man & ano!r4  ,:5ev]
 ,i g to ! zological g>d5s1 ,i am /ruck 
by ! fact t all ! movem5ts ( a /ork h "s

 common quality1 diff]+ f ! movem5ts ( a
 p>rot or an o/ri*4  ,x is impossible to
 put 9 words :at ! common quality is1 & 
yet we feel t ea* ?+ an animal does is !
 sort ( ?+ we might expect t animal to  
d4  ,?is indef9able quality con/itutes !
 individuality ( ! animal1 & gives rise 
to ! pleasure we feel 9 wat*+ ! animal's
 actions4  ,9 a human be+1 provid$ he   
has n be5 cru%$ by an economic or       
gov]nm5tal ma*9e1 !re is ! same k9d (   
individuality1 a some?+ di/9ctive )\t   
:i* no man or woman c a*ieve mu* (      
importance1 or reta9 ! full dignity :i* 
is native to human be+s4  ,x is ?is     
di/9ctive individuality t is lov$ by !  
arti/1 :e!r pa9t] or writ]4  ,! arti/   
himself1 & ! man :o is creative 9 no    
matt] :at direction1 has m ( x ?an !    
av]age man4  ,any society :i* cru%es ?is
 quality1 :e!r int5tionally or by       
accid5t1 mu/ soon become utt]ly lifeless
 & traditional1 )\t hope ( progress &   
)\t any purpose 9 its be+4  ,to pres]ve 
& /r5g!n ! impulse t makes individuality

 %\ld be ! =emo/ object ( all political 
in/itutions4   ,,iv  ,we n[ arrive at   
c]ta9 g5]al pr9ciples 9 reg>d to        
individual lib]ty & public control4  ,! 
great] "p ( human impulses may be divid$
 into two classes1 ^? :i* are possessive
 & ^? :i* are con/ructive or creative4  
,social in/itutions are ! g>m5ts or     
embodim5ts ( impulses1 & may be         
classifi$ r\ghly accord+ to ! impulses  
:i* !y embody4  ,prop]ty is ! direct    
expression ( possessiv5ess2 sci5ce & art
 are among ! mo/ direct expressions (   
creativ5ess4  ,possessiv5ess is ei!r    
def5sive or aggressive2 x seeks ei!r to 
reta9 aga9/ a robb]1 or to acquire f a  
pres5t hold]4  ,9 ei!r case an attitude 
( ho/ility t[>d o!rs is ( its ess5ce4   
,x w\ld be a mi/ake to suppose t        
def5sive possessiv5ess is always        
ju/ifiable1 :ile ! aggressive k9d is    
always blamewor?y2 :]e !re is great     
inju/ice 9 ! /atus quo1 ! exact opposite
 may be ! case1 & ord9>ily nei!r is     
ju/ifiable4  ,/ate int]f]5ce ) ! actions

 ( individuals is necessitat$ by        
possessiv5ess4  ,"s goods c be acquir$  
or reta9$ by =ce1 :ile o!rs _c4  ,a wife
 c be acquir$ by =ce1 z ! ,romans       
acquir$ ! ,sab9e wom52 b a wife's       
affection _c be acquir$ 9 ?is way4  ,!re
 is no record t ! ,romans desir$ !      
affection ( ! ,sab9e wom52 & ^? 9 :om   
possessive impulses are /rong t5d to c>e
 *iefly = ! goods t =ce c secure4  ,all 
mat]ial goods belong to ?is class4      
,lib]ty 9 reg>d to su* goods1 if x 7    
unre/rict$1 w\ld make ! /rong ri* & !   
weak poor4 ,9 a capitali/ic society1 ow+
 to ! p>tial re/ra9ts impos$ by law1 x  
makes cunn+ m5 ri* & hone/ m5 poor1     
because ! =ce ( ! /ate is put at m5's   
disposal1 n accord+ to any j or rational
 pr9ciple1 b accord+ to a set (         
traditional maxims ( :i* ! explanation  
is purely hi/orical4  ,9 all t conc]ns  
possession & ! use ( =ce1 unre/ra9$     
lib]ty involves an>*y & inju/ice4       
,fre$om to kill1 fre$om to rob1 fre$om  
to defraud1 no long] belong to          

individuals1 ?\gh !y /ill belong to     
great /ates1 & are ex]cis$ by !m 9 ! "n 
( patriotism4  ,nei!r individuals nor   
/ates ought to be free to ex]t =ce on _!
 own initiative1 except 9 su* sudd5     
em]g5cies z w subsequ5tly be admitt$ 9  
ju/ification by a c\rt ( law4  ,! reason
 = ?is is t ! ex]tion ( =ce by "o       
individual aga9/ ano!r is always an evil
 on bo? sides1 & c only be tol]at$ :5 x 
is comp5sat$ by "s ov]:elm+ resultant   
good4 ,9 ord] to m9imize ! am\nt ( =ce  
actually ex]t$ 9 ! _w1 x is necess>y t  
!re %\ld be a public au?ority1 a        
repository ( practically irresi/ible    
=ce1 ^: function %\ld be prim>ily to    
repress ! private use ( =ce4  ,a use (  
=ce is private :5 x is ex]t$ by "o ( !  
int]e/$ p>ties1 or by 8 fri5ds or       
accomplices1 n by a public neutral      
au?ority accord+ to "s rule :i* is      
int5d$ to be 9 ! public int]e/4  ,!     
rgime ( private prop]ty "u :i* we live  
does mu* too little to re/ra9 ! private 
use ( =ce4  ,:5 a man owns a piece ( l&1

 = example1 he may use =ce aga9/        
trespass]s1 ?\gh !y mu/ n use =ce aga9/ 
him4  ,x is cle> t "s re/riction ( !    
lib]ty ( trespass is necess>y = !       
cultivation ( ! l&4  ,b if su* p[]s are 
to be giv5 to an individual1 ! /ate     
ought to satisfy itself t he occupies no
 m l& ?an he is w>rant$ 9 occupy+ 9 !   
public int]e/1 & t ! %>e ( ! produce ( !
 l& t comes to him is no m ?an a j rew>d
 = 8 labors4  ,probably ! only way 9 :i*
 su* ends c be a*iev$ is by /ate own]%ip
 ( l&4  ,! possessors ( l& & capital are
 able at pres5t1 by economic pressure1  
to use =ce aga9/ ^? :o h no possessions4
  ,?is =ce is sanction$ by law1 :ile =ce
 ex]cis$ by ! poor aga9/ ! ri* is       
illegal4  ,su* a /ate ( ?+s is unju/1 & 
does n dim9i% ! use ( private =ce z mu* 
z x might be dim9i%$4  ,! :ole realm ( !
 possessive impulses1 & ( ! use ( =ce to
 :i* !y give rise1 /&s 9 ne$ ( control  
by a public neutral au?ority1 9 !       
int]e/s ( lib]ty no less ?an ( ju/ice4  
,)9 a nation1 ?is public au?ority w     

naturally be ! /ate2 9 relations betwe5 
nations1 if ! pres5t an>*y is to cease1 
x w h to be "s int]national p>liam5t4   
,b ! motive und]ly+ ! public control (  
m5's possessive impulses %\ld always be 
! increase ( lib]ty1 bo? by ! prev5tion 
( private tyranny & by ! lib]ation (    
creative impulses4  ,if public control  
is n to d m h>m ?an good1 x mu/ be s    
ex]cis$ z to leave ! utmo/ fre$om (     
private initiative 9 all ^? ways t d n  
involve ! private use ( =ce4  ,9 ?is    
respect all gov]nm5ts h always fail$    
egregi\sly1 & !re is no evid5ce t !y are
 improv+4  ,! creative impulses1 unlike 
^? t are possessive1 are direct$ to ends
 9 :i* "o man's ga9 is n ano!r man's    
loss4  ,! man :o makes a sci5tific      
discov]y or writes a poem is enri*+ o!rs
 at ! same "t z himself4  ,any increase 
9 k or good-w is a ga9 to all :o are    
affect$ by x1 n only to ! actual        
possessor4  ,^? :o feel ! joy ( life are
 a happ9ess to o!rs z well z to         
!mselves4  ,=ce _c create su* ?+s1 ?\gh 

x c de/roy !m2 no pr9ciple ( di/ributive
 ju/ice applies to !m1 s9ce ! ga9 ( ea* 
is ! ga9 ( all4  ,= ^! reasons1 !       
creative "p ( a man's activity ought to 
be z free z possible f all public       
control1 9 ord] t x may rema9 spontane\s
 & full ( vigor4  ,! only function ( !  
/ate 9 reg>d to ?is "p ( ! individual   
life %\ld be to d ev]y?+ possible t[>d  
provid+ outlets & opportunities4  ,9 e  
life a "p is gov]n$ by ! community1 & a 
"p by private initiative4  ,! "p gov]n$ 
by private initiative is greate/ 9 ! mo/
 important individuals1 su* z m5 ( g5ius
 & creative ?9k]s4  ,?is "p ought only  
to be re/rict$ :5 x is pr$atory2        
o!rwise1 ev]y?+ ought to be done to make
 x z great & z vigor\s z possible4  ,!  
object ( education ought n to be to make
 all m5 ?9k alike1 b to make ea* ?9k 9 !
 way :i* is ! fulle/ expression ( 8 own 
p]sonality4  ,9 ! *oice ( a means (     
livelihood all "y m5 & "y wom5 ought1 z 
f> z possible1 to be able to *oose :at  
is attractive to !m2 if no money-mak+   

occupation is attractive1 !y ought to be
 free to d little "w = little pay1 &    
sp5d _! leisure z !y *oose4 ,any k9d (  
c5sure on fre$om ( ?\ght or on !        
dissem9ation ( k is1 ( c\rse1 to be     
condemn$ utt]ly4  ,huge organizations1  
bo? political & economic1 are "o ( !    
di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics ( ! mod]n _w4  ,^! 
organizations h imm5se p[]1 & (t5 use _!
 p[] to disc\rage orig9ality 9 ?\ght &  
action4  ,!y ought1 on ! contr>y1 to    
give ! free/ scope t is possible )\t    
produc+ an>*y or viol5t conflict4  ,!y  
ought n to take cognizance ( any "p ( a 
man's life except :at is conc]n$ ) !    
legitimate objects ( public control1    
namely1 possessions & ! use ( =ce4 ,& !y
 ought1 by devolution1 to leave z l>ge a
 %>e ( control z possible 9 ! h&s (     
individuals & small gr\ps4  ,if ?is is n
 done1 ! m5 at ! head ( ^! va/          
organizations w infallibly become       
tyrann\s ?r\gh ! habit ( excessive p[]1 
& w 9 "t int]f]e 9 ways t cru% out      
individual initiative4  ,! problem :i*  

faces ! mod]n _w is ! comb9ation (      
individual initiative ) ! increase 9 !  
scope & size ( organizations4  ,unless x
 is solv$1 individuals w gr[ less & less
 full ( life & vigor1 & m & m passively 
submissive to conditions impos$ ^u !m4  
,a society compos$ ( su* individuals _c 
be progressive or add mu* to ! _w's /ock
 ( m5tal & spiritual possessions4  ,only
 p]sonal lib]ty & ! enc\ragem5t (       
initiative c secure ^! ?+s4  ,^? :o     
resi/ au?ority :5 x encroa*es ^u !      
legitimate sph]e ( ! individual are     
p]=m+ a s]vice to society1 h[ev] little 
society may value x4 ,9 reg>d to ! pa/1 
?is is univ]sally ackn[l$g$2 b x is no  
less true 9 reg>d to ! pres5t & !       
future4     ,*apt] ,v3 ,national        
,indep5d5ce & ,int]nationalism   ,9 !   
relations betwe5 /ates1 z 9 ! relations 
( gr\ps )9 a s+le /ate1 :at is to be    
desir$ is indep5d5ce = ea* z reg>ds     
int]nal affairs1 & law r ?an private =ce
 z reg>ds ext]nal affairs4  ,b z reg>ds 
gr\ps )9 a /ate1 x is int]nal indep5d5ce

 t mu/ be emphasiz$1 s9ce t is :at is   
lack+2 subjection to law has be5 secur$1
 on ! :ole1 s9ce ! end ( ! ,middle      
,ages4  ,9 ! relations betwe5 /ates1 on 
! contr>y1 x is law & a c5tral gov]nm5t 
t are lack+1 s9ce indep5d5ce exi/s =    
ext]nal z = int]nal affairs4  ,! /age we
 h rea*$ 9 ! affairs ( ,europe          
corresponds to ! /age rea*$ 9 our       
int]nal affairs dur+ ! ,w>s ( ! ,roses1 
:5 turbul5t b>ons fru/rat$ ! attempt to 
make !m keep ! k+'s peace4  ,?us1 al?\gh
 ! goal is ! same 9 ! two cases1 ! /eps 
to be tak5 9 ord] to a*ieve x are q     
diff]5t4  ,!re c be no good int]national
 sy/em until ! b\nd>ies ( /ates co9cide 
z ne>ly z possible ) ! b\nd>ies (       
nations4  ,b x is n easy to say :at we  
mean by a nation4  ,are ! ,iri% a       
nation8  ,home ,rul]s say yes1 ,unioni/s
 say no4  ,are ! ,ul/]m5 a nation8      
,unioni/s say yes1 ,home ,rul]s say no4 
,9 all su* cases x is a p>ty "q :e!r we 
are to call a gr\p a nation or n4  ,a   
,g]man w tell y t ! ,russian ,poles are 

a nation1 b z = ! ,prussian ,poles1 !y1 
( c\rse1 are "p ( ,prussia4  ,pr(essors 
c always be hir$ to prove1 by argum5ts (
 race or language or hi/ory1 t a gr\p   
ab\t :i* !re is a dispute is1 or is n1 a
 nation1 z may be desir$ by ^? :om !    
pr(essors s]ve4  ,if we are to avoid all
 ^! controv]sies1 we mu/ fir/ ( all     
endeavor to f9d "s def9ition ( a nation4
  ,a nation is n to be def9$ by         
aff9ities ( language or a common        
hi/orical orig91 ?\gh ^! ?+s (t5 help to
 produce a nation4 ,switz]l& is a       
nation1 despite div]sities ( race1      
religion1 & language4  ,engl& & ,scotl& 
n[ =m "o nation1 ?\gh !y did n d s at ! 
"t ( ! ,civil ,w>4  ,?is is %[n by      
,cromwell's say+1 9 ! height ( !        
conflict1 t he w\ld r be subject to !   
doma9 ( ! royali/s ?an to t ( ! ,scot*4 
,great ,brita9 0 "o /ate be=e x 0 "o    
nation2 on ! o!r h&1 ,g]many 0 "o nation
 be=e x 0 "o /ate4  ,:at con/itutes a   
nation is a s5tim5t & an in/9ct1 a      
s5tim5t ( simil>ity & an in/9ct (       

belong+ to ! same gr\p or h]d4 ,! in/9ct
 is an ext5sion ( ! in/9ct :i*          
con/itutes a flock ( %eep1 or any o!r   
gr\p ( greg>i\s animals4  ,! s5tim5t :i*
 goes ) ?is is l a mild] & m ext5d$ =m (
 family feel+4  ,:5 we return to ,engl& 
aft] be+ on ! ,cont95t1 we feel some?+  
fri5dly 9 ! famili> ways1 & x is easy to
 believe t ,engli%m5 on ! :ole are      
virtu\s1 :ile _m =eign]s are full (     
design+ wick$ness4  ,su* feel+s make x  
easy to organize a nation into a /ate4  
,x is n difficult1 z a rule1 to         
acquiesce 9 ! ord]s ( a national        
gov]nm5t4  ,we feel t x is our gov]nm5t1
 & t its decrees are m or less ! same z 
^? :i* we %\ld h giv5 if we ourselves _h
 be5 ! gov]nors4  ,!re is an in/9ctive &
 usually unconsci\s s5se ( a common     
purpose animat+ ! memb]s ( a nation4    
,?is becomes especially vivid :5 !re is 
w> or a dang] ( w>4  ,any "o :o1 at su* 
a "t1 /&s out aga9/ ! ord]s ( 8 gov]nm5t
 feels an inn] conflict q diff]5t f any 
t he w\ld feel 9 /&+ out aga9/ ! ord]s (

 a =eign gov]nm5t 9 ^: p[] he might     
happ5 to f9d himself4  ,if he /&s out1  
he does s ) "s m or less consci\s hope t
 8 gov]nm5t may 9 "t come to ?9k z he   
does2 :]eas1 9 /&+ out aga9/ a =eign    
gov]nm5t1 no su* hope is necess>y4  ,?is
 gr\p in/9ct1 h[ev] x may h aris51 is   
:at con/itutes a nation1 & :at makes x  
important t ! b\nd>ies ( nations %\ld   
also be ! b\nd>ies ( /ates4  ,national  
s5tim5t is a fact1 & %\ld be tak5 acc\nt
 ( by in/itutions4  ,:5 x is ignor$1 x  
is int5sifi$ & becomes a s\rce ( /rife4 
,x c only be r5d]$ h>mless by be+ giv5  
free play1 s long z x is n pr$atory4  ,b
 x is n1 9 itself1 a good or admirable  
feel+4  ,!re is no?+ rational & no?+    
desirable 9 a limitation ( sympa?y :i*  
conf9es x to a fragm5t ( ! human race4  
,div]sities ( mann]s & cu/oms &         
traditions are1 on ! :ole1 a good ?+1   
s9ce !y enable diff]5t nations to       
produce diff]5t types ( excell5ce4  ,b 9
 national feel+ !re is always lat5t or  
explicit an elem5t ( ho/ility to        

=eign]s4  ,national feel+1 z we "k x1   
c\ld n exi/ 9 a nation :i* 0 :olly free 
f ext]nal pressure ( a ho/ile k9d4  ,&  
gr\p feel+ produces a limit$ & (t5      
h>mful k9d ( morality4  ,m5 come to     
id5tify ! good ) :at s]ves ! int]e/s (  
_! own gr\p1 & ! bad ) :at works aga9/  
^? int]e/s1 ev5 if x %\ld happ5 to be 9 
! int]e/s ( mank9d z a :ole4  ,?is gr\p 
morality is v mu* 9 evid5ce dur+ w>1 &  
is tak5 = grant$ 9 m5's ord9>y ?\ght4   
,al?\gh almo/ all ,engli%m5 consid] !   
defeat ( ,g]many desirable = ! good ( ! 
_w1 yet nev]!less mo/ ( !m honor a      
,g]man = fight+ = 8 c\ntry1 because x   
has n occurr$ to !m t 8 actions ought to
 be guid$ by a morality high] ?an t ( ! 
gr\p4  ,a man does "r1 z a rule1 to h 8 
?\ghts m occupi$ ) ! int]e/s ( 8 own    
nation ?an ) ^? ( o!rs1 because 8       
actions are m likely to affect 8 own    
nation4  ,b 9 "t ( w>1 & 9 all matt]s   
:i* are ( equal conc]n to o!r nations & 
to 8 own1 a man ought to take acc\nt ( !
 univ]sal welf>e1 & n all[ 8 survey to  

be limit$ by ! int]e/1 or suppos$       
int]e/1 ( 8 own gr\p or nation4  ,s long
 z national feel+ exi/s1 x is v         
important t ea* nation %\ld be          
self-gov]n+ z reg>ds its int]nal        
affairs4 ,gov]nm5t c only be c>ri$ on by
 =ce & tyranny if its subjects view x ) 
ho/ile eyes1 & !y w s view x if !y feel 
t x belongs to an ali5 nation4  ,?is    
pr9ciple meets ) difficulties 9 cases   
:]e m5 ( diff]5t nations live side by   
side 9 ! same area1 z happ5s 9 "s p>ts (
 ! ,balkans4  ,!re are also difficulties
 9 reg>d to places :i*1 = "s            
geographical reason1 are ( great        
int]national importance1 su* z ! ,suez  
,canal & ! ,panama ,canal4  ,9 su* cases
 ! purely local desires ( ! inhabitants 
may h to give way be=e l>g] int]e/s4  ,b
 9 g5]al1 at any rate z appli$ to       
civiliz$ communities1 ! pr9ciple t !    
b\nd>ies ( nations ought to co9cide ) ! 
b\nd>ies ( /ates has v few exceptions4  
,?is pr9ciple1 h[ev]1 does n decide h[ !
 relations betwe5 /ates are to be       

regulat$1 or h[ a conflict ( int]e/s    
betwe5 rival /ates is to be decid$4  ,at
 pres5t1 e great /ate claims absolute   
sov]eignty1 n only 9 reg>d to its       
int]nal affairs b also 9 reg>d to its   
ext]nal actions4  ,?is claim to absolute
 sov]eignty leads x into conflict )     
simil> claims on ! "p ( o!r great /ates4
  ,su* conflicts at pres5t c only be    
decid$ by w> or diplomacy1 & diplomacy  
is 9 ess5ce no?+ b ! ?reat ( w>4  ,!re  
is no m ju/ification = ! claim to       
absolute sov]eignty on ! "p ( a /ate ?an
 !re w\ld be = a simil> claim on ! "p ( 
an individual4  ,! claim to absolute    
sov]eignty is1 9 effect1 a claim t all  
ext]nal affairs are to be regulat$      
purely by =ce1 & t :5 two nations or    
gr\ps ( nations are int]e/$ 9 a "q1 !   
decision %all dep5d solely ^u :i* ( !m  
is1 or is believ$ to be1 ! /rong]4  ,?is
 is no?+ b primitive an>*y1 ! w> ( all  
aga9/ all1 :i* ,hobbes ass]t$ to be !   
orig9al /ate ( mank9d4  ,!re _c be      
secure peace 9 ! _w1 or any decision (  

int]national que/ions accord+ to        
int]national law1 until /ates are will+ 
to "p ) _! absolute sov]eignty z reg>ds 
_! ext]nal relations1 & to leave !      
decision 9 su* matt]s to "s int]national
 in/rum5t ( gov]nm5t4#e  ,an            
int]national gov]nm5t w h to be         
legislative z well z judicial4  ,x is n 
en\gh t !re %\ld be a ,hague tribunal1  
decid+ matt]s accord+ to "s already     
exi/+ sy/em ( int]national law2 x is    
necess>y also t !re %\ld be a body      
capable ( enact+ int]national law1 & ?is
 body w h to h ! p[] ( transf]r+        
t]ritory f "o /ate to ano!r1 :5 x is    
p]suad$ t adequate gr\nds exi/ = su* a  
transf]5ce4  ,fri5ds ( peace w make a   
mi/ake if !y unduly glorify ! /atus quo4
  ,"s nations gr[1 :ile o!rs dw9dle2 !  
population ( an area may *ange its "* by
 emigration & immigration4  ,!re is no  
good reason :y /ates %\ld res5t *anges 9
 _! b\nd>ies "u su* conditions1 & if no 
int]national au?ority has p[] to make   
*anges ( ?is k9d1 ! temptations to w> w 

sometimes become irresi/ible4  #e ,=    
detail$ s*eme ( int]national gov]nm5t   
see ,int]national ,gov]nm5t1 by ,l4     
,woolf4 ,all5  ,unw94  ,! int]national  
au?ority ought to possess an army &     
navy1 & ^! ought to be ! only army &    
navy 9 exi/5ce4  ,! only legitimate use 
( =ce is to dim9i% ! total am\nt ( =ce  
ex]cis$ 9 ! _w4  ,s long z m5 are free  
to indulge _! pr$atory in/9cts1 "s m5 or
 gr\ps ( m5 w take advantage ( ?is      
fre$om = oppression & robb]y4  ,j z !   
police are necess>y to prev5t ! use (   
=ce by private citiz5s1 s an            
int]national police w be necess>y to    
prev5t ! lawless use ( =ce by sep>ate   
/ates4  ,b ,i ?9k x is reasonable to    
hope t if ev] an int]national gov]nm5t1 
possess$ ( ! only army & navy 9 ! _w1   
came into exi/5ce1 ! ne$ ( =ce to enact 
ob$i5ce to its decisions w\ld be v      
tempor>y4  ,9 a %ort "t ! b5efits       
result+ f ! sub/itution ( law = an>*y   
w\ld become s obvi\s t ! int]national   
gov]nm5t w\ld acquire an unque/ion$     

au?ority1 & no /ate w\ld dream ( rebell+
 aga9/ its decisions4  ,z soon z ?is    
/age _h be5 rea*$1 ! int]national army &
 navy w\ld become unnecess>y4  ,we h    
/ill a v long road to travel be=e we    
arrive at ! e/abli%m5t ( an int]national
 au?ority1 b x is n v difficult to =esee
 ! /eps by :i* ?is result w be gradually
 rea*$4  ,!re is likely to be a cont9ual
 increase 9 ! practice ( submitt+       
disputes to arbitration1 & 9 !          
realization t ! suppos$ conflicts (     
int]e/ betwe5 diff]5t /ates are ma9ly   
illusory4  ,ev5 :]e !re is a real       
conflict ( int]e/1 x mu/ 9 "t become    
obvi\s t nei!r ( ! /ates conc]n$ w\ld   
suff] z mu* by giv+ way z by fight+4  ,)
 ! progress ( inv5tions1 w>1 :5 x does  
occur1 is b\nd to become increas+ly     
de/ructive4  ,! civiliz$ races ( ! _w   
are fac$ ) ! alt]native ( cop]ation or  
mutual de/ruction4  ,! pres5t w> is mak+
 ?is alt]native daily m evid5t4  ,& x is
 difficult to believe t1 :5 ! enmities  
:i* x has g5]at$ h _h "t to cool1       

civiliz$ m5 w delib]ately *oose to      
de/roy civilization1 r ?an acquiesce 9 !
 abolition ( w>4  ,! matt]s 9 :i* !     
int]e/s ( nations are suppos$ to cla%   
are ma9ly ?ree3 t>iffs1 :i* are a       
delusion2 ! exploitation ( inf]ior      
races1 :i* is a crime2 pride ( p[] &    
dom9ion1 :i* is a s*oolboy folly4  ,!   
economic argum5t aga9/ t>iffs is        
famili>1 & ,i %all n repeat x4  ,! only 
reason :y x fails to c>ry conviction is 
! enmity betwe5 nations4  ,nobody       
proposes to set up a t>iff betwe5 ,engl&
 & ,scotl&1 or betwe5 ,lanca%ire &      
,york%ire4  ,yet ! argum5ts by :i*      
t>iffs betwe5 nations are support$ might
 be us$ j z well to def5d t>iffs betwe5 
c\nties4  ,univ]sal free trade w\ld     
indubitably be ( economic b5efit to     
mank9d1 & w\ld be adopt$ to-morr[ if x 7
 n = ! hatr$ & suspicion :i* nations    
feel "o t[>d ano!r4  ,f ! po9t ( view ( 
pres]v+ ! peace ( ! _w1 free trade      
betwe5 ! diff]5t civiliz$ /ates is n s  
important z ! op5 door 9 _! dep5d5cies4 

,! desire = exclusive m>kets is "o ( !  
mo/ pot5t causes ( w>4  ,exploit+ :at   
are call$ inf]ior races has become "o ( 
! ma9 objects ( ,european /atecraft4  ,x
 is n only1 or prim>ily1 trade t is     
desir$1 b opportunities = inve/m5t2     
f9ance is m conc]n$ 9 ! matt] ?an       
indu/ry4  ,rival diplomati/s are v (t5 !
 s]vants1 consci\s or unconsci\s1 (     
rival gr\ps ( f9anci]s4  ,! f9anci]s1   
?\gh !mselves ( no p>ticul> nation1     
und]/& ! art ( appeal+ to national      
prejudice1 & ( induc+ ! taxpay] to incur
 exp5diture ( :i* !y reap ! b5efit4  ,! 
evils :i* !y produce at home1 & !       
deva/ation t !y spread among ! races :om
 !y exploit1 are "p ( ! price :i* ! _w  
has to pay = its acquiesc5ce 9 !        
capitali/ rgime4  ,b nei!r t>iffs nor   
f9anci]s w\ld be able to cause s]i\s    
tr\ble1 if x 7 n = ! s5tim5t ( national 
pride4  ,national pride might be on !   
:ole b5efic5t1 if x took ! direction (  
emulation 9 ! ?+s t are important to    
civilization4  ,if we prid$ ourselves ^u

 our poets1 our m5 ( sci5ce1 or ! ju/ice
 & humanity ( our social sy/em1 we might
 f9d 9 national pride a /imulus to      
useful endeavors4  ,b su* matt]s play a 
v small "p4  ,national pride1 z x exi/s 
n[1 is almo/ exclusively conc]n$ ) p[] &
 dom9ion1 ) ! ext5t ( t]ritory t a      
nation owns1 & ) its capacity = en=c+   
its w aga9/ ! opposition ( o!r nations4 
,9 ?is x is re9=c$ by gr\p morality4    
,to n9e citiz5s out ( t5 x seems        
self-evid5t1 :5ev] ! w ( _! own nation  
cla%es ) t ( ano!r1 t _! own nation mu/ 
be 9 ! "r4  ,ev5 if x 7 n 9 ! "r on !   
p>ticul> issue1 yet x /&s 9 g5]al = s   
mu* nobl] ideals ?an ^? repres5t$ by !  
o!r nation to ! dispute1 t any increase 
9 its p[] is b\nd to be = ! good (      
mank9d4 ,s9ce all nations equally       
believe ?is ( !mselves1 all are equally 
ready to insi/ ^u ! victory ( _! own    
side 9 any dispute 9 :i* !y believe t !y
 h a good hope ( victory4  ,:ile ?is    
temp] p]si/s1 ! hope ( int]national     
cop]ation mu/ rema9 dim4  ,if m5 c\ld   

dive/ !mselves ( ! s5tim5t ( rivalry &  
ho/ility betwe5 diff]5t nations1 !y w\ld
 p]ceive t ! matt]s 9 :i* ! int]e/s (   
diff]5t nations co9cide immeasurably    
outweigh ^? 9 :i* !y cla%2 !y w\ld      
p]ceive1 to beg9 )1 t trade is n to be  
comp>$ to w>f>e2 t ! man :o sells y     
goods is n do+ y an injury4  ,no "o     
consid]s t ! but*] & ! bak] are 8       
enemies because !y dra9 him ( money4    
,yet z soon z goods come f a =eign      
c\ntry1 we are ask$ to believe t we     
suff] a t]rible injury 9 pur*as+ !m4 ,no
 "o rememb]s t x is by means ( goods    
export$ t we pur*ase !m4  ,b 9 ! c\ntry 
to :i* we export1 x is ! goods we s5d   
:i* are ?\ght dang]\s1 & ! goods we buy 
are =gott54  ,! :ole conception ( trade1
 :i* has be5 =c$ ^u u by manufactur]s :o
 dread$ =eign competition1 by tru/s :i* 
desir$ to secure monopolies1 & by       
economi/s poison$ by ! virus (          
nationalism1 is totally & absolutely    
false4  ,trade results simply f division
 ( labor4  ,a man _c himself make all ! 

goods ( :i* he has ne$1 & !re=e he mu/  
ex*ange 8 produce ) t ( o!r p4  ,:at    
applies to ! individual1 applies 9      
exactly ! same way to ! nation4  ,!re is
 no reason to desire t a nation %\ld    
itself produce all ! goods ( :i* x has  
ne$2 x is bett] t x %\ld specialize ^u  
^? goods :i* x c produce to mo/         
advantage1 & %\ld ex*ange its surplus ) 
! surplus ( o!r goods produc$ by o!r    
c\ntries4  ,!re is no use 9 s5d+ goods  
out ( ! c\ntry except 9 ord] to get o!r 
goods 9 return4  ,a but*] :o is always  
will+ to "p ) 8 meat b n will+ to take  
bread f ! bak]1 or boots f ! bootmak]1  
or clo!s f ! tailor1 w\ld soon f9d      
himself 9 a sorry plight4 ,yet he w\ld  
be no m fooli% ?an ! protectioni/ :o    
desires t we %\ld s5d goods abroad )\t  
receiv+ paym5t 9 ! %ape ( goods import$ 
f abroad4  ,! wage sy/em has made p     
believe t :at a man ne$s is "w4 ,?is1 ( 
c\rse1 is absurd4  ,:at he ne$s is !    
goods produc$ by "w1 & ! less "w involv$
 9 mak+ a giv5 am\nt ( goods1 ! bett]4  

,b ow+ to our economic sy/em1 e economy 
9 me?ods ( production enables employ]s  
to dismiss "s ( _! employees1 & to cause
 de/itution1 :]e a bett] sy/em w\ld     
produce only an increase ( wages or a   
dim9ution 9 ! h\rs ( "w )\t any         
correspond+ dim9ution ( wages4  ,our    
economic sy/em is topsyturvy4  ,x makes 
! int]e/ ( ! individual conflict ) !    
int]e/ ( ! community 9 a ?\s& ways 9 :i*
 no su* conflict ought to exi/4  ,"u a  
bett] sy/em ! b5efits ( free trade & !  
evils ( t>iffs w\ld be obvi\s to all4   
,ap>t f trade1 ! int]e/s ( nations      
co9cide 9 all t makes :at we call       
civilization4  ,inv5tions & discov]ies  
br+ b5efit to all4  ,! progress ( sci5ce
 is a matt] ( equal conc]n to ! :ole    
civiliz$ _w4  ,:e!r a man ( sci5ce is an
 ,engli%man1 a ,fr5*man1 or a ,g]man is 
a matt] ( no real importance4  ,8       
discov]ies are op5 to all1 & no?+ b     
intellig5ce is requir$ 9 ord] to pr(it  
by !m4  ,! :ole _w ( art & lit]ature &  
le>n+ is int]national2 :at is done 9 "o 

c\ntry is n done = t c\ntry1 b = mank9d4
  ,if we ask ourselves :at are ! ?+s t  
raise mank9d above ! brutes1 :at are !  
?+s t make u ?9k ! human race m valuable
 ?an any species ( animals1 we %all f9d 
t none ( !m are ?+s 9 :i* any "o nation 
c h exclusive prop]ty1 b all are ?+s 9  
:i* ! :ole _w c %>e4  ,^? :o h any c>e =
 ^! ?+s1 ^? :o wi% to see mank9d        
fruitful 9 ! "w :i* m5 alone c d1 w take
 little acc\nt ( national b\nd>ies1 & h 
little c>e to :at /ate a man happ5s to  
owe allegiance4  ,! importance (        
int]national cop]ation outside ! sph]e (
 politics has be5 br\ght home to me by  
my own exp]i5ce4  ,until lately ,i 0    
engag$ 9 tea*+ a new sci5ce :i* few m5 9
 ! _w 7 able to tea*4  ,my own "w 9 ?is 
sci5ce 0 bas$ *iefly ^u ! "w ( a ,g]man 
& an ,italian4  ,my pupils came f all   
ov] ! civiliz$ _w3 ,france1 ,g]many1    
,au/ria1 ,russia1 ,greece1 ,japan1 ,*9a1
 ,india1 & ,am]ica4  ,none ( u 0        
consci\s ( any s5se ( national          
divisions4  ,we felt ourselves an outpo/

 ( civilization1 build+ a new road into 
! virg9 =e/ ( ! unkn[n4  ,all cop]at$ 9 
! common task1 & 9 ! int]e/ ( su* a "w !
 political enmities ( nations seem$     
trivial1 tempor>y1 & futile4  ,b x is n 
only 9 ! some:at r>efi$ atmosph]e (     
ab/ruse sci5ce t int]national cop]ation 
is vital to ! progress ( civilization4  
,all our economic problems1 all !       
que/ions ( secur+ ! rights ( labor1 all 
! hopes ( fre$om at home & humanity     
abroad1 re/ ^u ! creation ( int]national
 good-w4  ,s long z hatr$1 suspicion1 & 
fe> dom9ate ! feel+s ( m5 t[>d ea* o!r1 
s long we _c hope to escape f ! tyranny 
( viol5ce & brute =ce4  ,m5 mu/ le>n to 
be consci\s ( ! common int]e/s ( mank9d 
9 :i* all are at "o1 r ?an ( ^? suppos$ 
int]e/s 9 :i* ! nations are divid$4  ,x 
is n necess>y1 or ev5 desirable1 to     
oblit]ate ! diff]5ces ( mann]s & cu/om &
 tradition betwe5 diff]5t nations4  ,^! 
diff]5ces enable ea* nation to make its 
own di/9ctive contribution to ! sum     
total ( ! _w's civilization4  ,:at is to

 be desir$ is n cosmopolitanism1 n !    
abs5ce ( all national *>act]i/ics t "o  
associates ) c\ri]s1 wagon-lit          
att5dants1 & o!rs1 :o h _h ev]y?+       
di/9ctive oblit]at$ by multiple &       
trivial contacts ) m5 ( e civiliz$      
c\ntry4  ,su* cosmopolitanism is !      
result ( loss1 n ga94  ,! int]national  
_s :i* we %\ld wi% to see produc$ w be  
some?+ add$ to love ( c\ntry1 n some?+  
tak5 away4  ,j z patriotism does n      
prev5t a man f feel+ family affection1 s
 ! int]national _s ought n to prev5t a  
man f feel+ affection = 8 own c\ntry4   
,b x w some:at alt] ! "* ( t affection4 
,! ?+s :i* he w desire = 8 own c\ntry w 
no long] be ?+s :i* c only be acquir$ at
 ! exp5se ( o!rs1 b r ^? ?+s 9 :i* !    
excell5ce ( any "o c\ntry is to !       
advantage ( all ! _w4  ,he w wi% 8 own  
c\ntry to be great 9 ! arts ( peace1 to 
be em95t 9 ?\ght & sci5ce1 to be        
magnanim\s & j & g5]\s4  ,he w wi% x to 
help mank9d on ! way t[>d t bett] _w (  
lib]ty & int]national concord :i* mu/ be

 realiz$ if any happ9ess is to be left  
to man4  ,he w n desire = 8 c\ntry !    
pass+ triumphs ( a n>r[ possessiv5ess1 b
 r ! endur+ triumph ( hav+ help$ to     
embody 9 human affairs some?+ ( t _s (  
bro!rhood :i* ,*ri/ taught & :i* !      
,*ri/ian *ur*es h =gott54  ,he w see t  
?is _s embodies n only ! highe/         
morality1 b also ! true/ wisdom1 & !    
only road by :i* ! nations1 torn & ble$+
 ) ! w\nds :i* sci5tific madness has    
inflict$1 c em]ge into a life :]e gr[?  
is possible & joy is n bani%$ at !      
fr5zi$ call ( unreal & fictiti\s duties4
  ,de$s inspir$ by hate are n duties1   
:atev] pa9 & self-sacrifice !y may      
involve4  ,life & hope = ! _w are to be 
f\nd only 9 ! de$s ( love4