,?is etext 0 produc$ by ,ju/9 7dopefi%ju/9yahoo4com74 ,,cont5ts ,,collect+ ,,sea%ells ,,sea%ells4 4 4,,:at ,,are ,,!y8 ,,! ,,%ell ,,z ,,an ,,ar*itect ,,let',s ,,meet ,,"s ,,%ells ,,:]e ,,to ,,look ,,/>t+ ,a ,,collection4 4 4,,"h',s ,,h[ ,,collect+ ,,rocks ,,rocks ,,are ,,made ,,( ,,m9]als ,,ma9 ,,k9ds ,,( ,,rocks ,,collect+ ,,gems ,,= ,,! ,,lucky ,,few ,,introduction ,millions ( p ?r\gh\t ! _w h f\nd _m h\rs ( pleasure1 adv5ture & education by collect+ ei!r rocks or %ells4 ,?is booklet won't tell y ev]y?+ !re is to "k ab\t rocks & %ells4 ,t w\ld require _m l>ge volumes4 ,we only want to ar\se y\r curiosity ab\t two delightful pa/imes t are s broad & v>i$ t !y c lead to a c>e] or a satisfy+ hobby4 ,%ell ,oil ,company's int]e/ 9 ! subjects comes f its hi/ory & ! nature ( its bus9ess4 ,! "n--*os5 by a company t 0 f\nd$ ye>s be=e anyone ?\ght ( drill+ = oil--comes f ! sea%ells ?is company br\ght f ! ,ori5t = use 9 "m-(-pe>l items su* z buttons & knife h&les4 ,n[ its _w-fam\s emblem 7! ,pect57 is recogniz$ by millions ( p 9 e walk ( life4 ,x's on s]vice /ations1 trucks1 build+s1 oil d]ricks & *emical plants4 ,ev5 ! company's indu/rial lubricants are nam$ = %ells because %ells h ! same sci5tific names ev]y:]e 9 ! _w4 ,= an oil company1 rocks h a special int]e/4 ,crude oil is f\nd n 9 und]gr\nd lakes or pools b 9 ! t9y spaces betwe5 gra9s ( s& or 9 ! pores ( rocks4 ,only c]ta9 types ( rock =mations are favorable to ! accumulation ( oil4 ,?us1 oilm5 ne$ to "k ev]y?+ !y c ab\t ! "r k9d ( rocks4 ,%ell has sci5ti/s :o "w ) rocks all day & laboratories fill$ ) rock1 m9]al & cry/al specim5s4 ,we are always le>n+ new ?+s ab\t !m4 ,! pages t foll[ provide basic in=mation ab\t two subjects t c be ri*ly rew>d+ :e!r y foll[ !m = pr(it1 z ,%ell does1 or = pleasure1 z millions ( p ar\nd ! _w d4 ,,sea%ells4 4 4,,:at ,,are ,,!y8 ,fir/1 a sea%ell is "o ( ! #ajj1jjj species ( backboneless animals belong+ to ! zoological gr\p kn[n z ! ,mollusca4 ,mollusks include n only ! famili> clams1 scallops & snails1 b also ! squids1 octopus & ,*amb]$ ,nautilus4 ,o!r %ells f\nd 9 ! ocean include ^? ( crabs1 lob/]s1 b>nacles & sea ur*9s4 ,true molluscan %ells come 9 two ma9 v>ieties3 ,,bivalves & ,,univalves4 ,bivalves h two valves1 fitt+ toge!r along a too!d h+e on "o side1 & kept clos$ by means ( ,,adductor ,,muscles4 ,univalves h only "o %ell1 usually coil$1 b sometimes %ap$ l a cap or m9iature volcano4 ,"s m>9e univalves c seal !mselves inside ) an op]culum1 :i* cov]s ! op5 end ( ! %ell l a trap door4 ,al?\gh %ells take on _m diff]5t %apes1 !y are mu* alike inside4 ,ea* has a foot1 a brea?+ siphon1 a t9y bra9 & he>t1 & a fle%y mantle :i* secretes lime = %ell-build+4 ,mo/ true mollusks h eyes1 b a few are bl9d4 ,_m h tee?1 call$ ,,radulae4 ,l any o!r animal1 ! mollusk g5]ally moves ab\t4 ,x pu%es along on ! ocean floor on its foot1 or x might swim a little4 ,x lays millions ( eggs & hat*es c\ntless baby mollusks4 ,x lives its life 9 its %ell1 lugg+ x ar\nd1 snuggl+ into x :5 al>m$1 burr[+ into mud1 fa/5+ itself to a rock & creat+ +5i\s cam\flage4 ,x builds its calc>e\s h\se ) a great in/9ctive tal5t = color & sculpture4 4 4& ! clos] x lives to ! tropical zones1 ! m beautifully spectacul> is its art4 ,! two p>ts ( a bivalve %ell are l ?9 sauc]s1 concave inside1 convex outside4 ,! inside is smoo?1 poli%$4 ,! outside is r\gh]1 sometimes ) graceful ribs or conc5tric ridges or comb9ations ( bo?4 ,univalves are conical & spiral+1 ) a s]ies ( :orls com+ d[n l wid5+ /eps f ! t9y nucleus on top4 ,univalves may h sp9es on _! %\ld]s4 ,! op5+1 call$ ! ap]ture1 has a delicate "r-h& rim call$ ! lip & a heavy1 left-h& edge call$ ! columella4 figure captions ,,bivalve',s anatomy3 a7 foot1 b7 adductor muscles1 c7 gills1 d7 h+e1 e7 adductor muscles1 f7 siphon1 g7 /oma*1 h7 mantle4 ,oy/]s1 clams1 mussels all h !m4 ,,univalve',s anatomy3 ,z be=e1 a7 foot1 b7 siphon1 c7 mantle1 b also d7 op]culum4 ,univalves include :elks1 w9kles1 con*s4 ,*amb]$ nautilus is bro!r to ! octopus1 b he we>s 8 ca/le p]man5tly--& on ! outside4 ,,! ,,%ell ,,z ,,an ,,ar*itect4 4 4,,h[ ,,does ,,he ,,d ,,x8 ,picture a va/ und]sea factory ) billions ( %ells 9 con/ant production4 ,ea* is made sl[ly & entirely ( lime :i* ! little animal inside extracts f its food1 almo/ f ! fir/ day ( its life4 ,ea* %ell build] flawlessly foll[s ! %ape & design ( ! species to :i* x belongs4 ,all ^! sea animals come f eggs1 all diff]5t accord+ to species1 b all laid 9 measureless abundance--sometimes releas$ into ! op5 sea1 sometimes protect$ 9 homemade ne/s1 sometimes encas$ 9 capsules /rung l beads4 ,hat*$1 mo/ baby mollusks swim freely = a :ile1 _! t9y1 transp>5t bodies almo/ invisible to ! nak$ eye4 ,!n !y />t build+ a heavi] %ell & s9k to ! bottom4 ,ea* %ell's mantle conta9s a network ( microscopic tubes4 ,ea* tube secretes a t9y am\nt ( lime :i* in/antly adh]es to ! %ell4 ,! animal builds 8 %ell to ! prop] size & ?ickness & det]m9es its ridges & :orls4 ,"s k9ds ( %ells take two to five ye>s to rea* maturity4 ,o!rs keep gr[+ all _! lives4 ,color tubes are spac$ l holes on a play] piano roll all[+ pigm5ts to t9t ! %ell at ! "r spots 9 ! gr[+ design4 ,_m %ells are cov]$ ) a self-made br[n %ea?1 ! ,,p]io/racum4 figure captions ,mo/ %ells don't *ange basic /ructure z !y gr[4 ,"y ,,c[ries 7l471 h[ev]1 alt] greatly 9 maturity 7r474 ,t\gh1 loz5ge-%ap$ egg cases on ?is /r+ hat* baby ,,:elks l ones %[n4 ,newborn mollusks are usually free swimm+1 mov$ by hairs4 ,%ell is !re1 b transp>5t = a few days4 ,,let',s ,,meet ,,"s ,,%ells ,lat9 ab\nds 9 con*ology1 z y've already notic$4 ,:y8 ,well1 because ?is is a hobby & sci5ce t spans ! _w4 ,engli%m51 ,fr5*m51 ,greeks & ,indians all h _! own local names = %ells4 ,b sci5ti/s ev]y:]e give ?+s 9 nature ,lat9 names4 ,%ells ( ! same sort c>ry ! same ,lat9 label on e bea* 9 e sea4 ,mu* ( ! fasc9ation ( %ell collect+ is le>n+ ^! names & h[ !y 7 d]iv$4 4 4 = %ells h be5 nam$ = almo/ ev]y?+4 ,we c't catalog #ajj1jjj species "h1 b let's call (f ! names ( a few ( ! int]e/+ specim5s y might come across4 ,_m %ells h wond]fully descriptive names4 ,= example1 !re's ,,arca ,,zebra1 :i* has /ripes & looks l a m9iature turkey w+ & is commonly call$ ,turkey ,w+4 ,!n !re's a scallop call$ ! ,lion's ,paw2 ,,n]ita ,,peloronta1 or ,ble$+ ,too?2 & ,,cypraea ,,c]v9etta1 little de] c[rie :i* resembles a spott$ fawn4 7,c[rie is a common "n = a k9d ( %ell us$ z money 9 p>ts ( ,africa & ,asia47 ,!re are %ells nam$ = p3 ,,conus ,,juliae 7,julia's cone %ell71 ,,pleurotomella ,,jeffreysii 7,jeffrey's ,pleurotomella71 & ,,aclis ,,wall]i 7,wall]'s ,aclis74 ,_m are nam$ = ! place !y 7 fir/ discov]$3 ,,urosalp9x ,,tampa5sis1 ,tampa ,drill2 & ,,iphig5ia ,,brasiliana1 ,brazil ,clam4 ,"s %ells take _! names f fl[]s3 ,,fasciol>ia ,,tulipa1 ,tulip ,%ell4 ,_m get nam$ f mammals--n always too accurately4 ,,cypraea ,,tigris & ,,cypraea ,,zebra bo? h spots1 n /ripes4 ,b ,,cypraea ,,talpa 7mole c[rie7 does look a lot l a mole4 ,!n !re's 7let's skip ! ,lat9 ?is "t7 ,magpie ,%ell1 ,mottl$ ,dove ,%ell1 ,m\se ,cone1 ,horse ,con*1 ,*eck]$ ,pheasant1 & ,cuban ,frog ,%ell4 ,!re's my?ology3 ,v5us1 ,neptunea1 ,p&ora1 ,tritonis4 ,music3 ,bucc9um 7trumpet71 ,ci?>as 7guit>71 ,h>pa4 ,religion is repres5t$1 too4 ,9 ! g5us ,,mitra are species ,,pontificalis1 ,,episcopalis1 ,,papalis1 & ,,patri>*alis4 ,"s o!r fanciful names are3 ,great ,he>t1 ,jewel1 ,box1 ,ris+ ,sun1 ,*eck]bo>d1 ,wood ,l\se1 ,wri?+ ,%ell1 ,sundial1 ,key-,hole ,limpet1 ,r$ ,turban1 & ,black ,lace ,murex4 ,& t's :]e we /op & draw brea?4 ,y'll f9d o!rs--!re are lit]ally ?\s&s m6 ,y've got to be a detective4 ,^! little animals are ! natural food = _m ( ! l>g] und]sea creatures1 s "o ( _! greate/ tal5ts is hid+4 ,approa*+ dang]1 :e!r f octopus1 fi% or man1 ar\ses caution 9 a small mollusk & x becomes z inconspicu\s z x c4 ,?is c be pretty inconspicu\s1 z ! novice con*ologi/ le>ns e>ly 9 8 se>*4 ,,rememb] - by all means1 don't be a l&lubb]4 ,get into ! wat]4 ,no matt] :e!r y g %ell+ up ,nor?1 d[n ,s\?1 9 ! ,we/ or 9 ! ,tropics1 y won't get any satisfaction 7or value7 f collect+ dead %ells wa%$ up on a bea*4 ,to build a good collection1 y %\ld take y\r mollusks alive1 !n clean & prep>e !m y\rself4 7,m ab\t t lat]47 ,y won't f9d live ones unless y g :]e !y live4 figure captions ,,conus ,,spurius ,,alphabet ,,cone ,,cyrtopleura ,,co/ata ,,angel ,,w+ ,,t]ebradislocata ,,atlantic ,,aug] ,,murex ,,dilectus ,,lace ,,murex ,,epitonium ,,humphreysi ,,humphrey',s ,,w5tletrap ,,lyropect5 ,,nodosus ,,lion',s ,,paw ,,fasciol>ia ,,di/ans ,,b&$ ,,tulip ,,diodora ,,cay55sis ,,keyhole ,,limpet ,,anat9a ,,plicatella ,,*annel$ ,,duck ,,:]e ,,to ,,look99 ,_m %ells are end[$ ) p]fect cam\flage4 ,! colorful seafans (f ,florida are hid+ places = ! ,,simnia ^: long purple or yell[ %ells1 cl++ to sea fans & mat*+ p]fectly 9 color1 are ne>ly indisc]nible4 ,o!r %ells create disguises z !y g along4 ,9 ,florida wat]s1 a pile ( dead & brok5 %ells may be wor? inve/igation3 ,,x5ophora ,,con*yliophora 7c>ri] %ell7 might be "u x2 x cem5ts ! old1 disc>d$ %ells to its own4 ,nor!rn tide pools accommodate _m k9ds ( ,,littor9a 7p]iw9kles74 ,^! pretty little %ells1 9 %ades f yell[ to br[n1 are well conceal$ among ! dimly-lit seawe$4 ,along any rocky %ore1 limpets gr[ z wide z two in*es b rema9 h>d to f9d4 ,_! turtleback %ells1 cov]$ ) moss1 look j l rocks1 & !y /ick s tightly to ! big /ones t--ev5 :5 !y are se5--!y c sc>cely be pri$ loose4 ,abundant on wave-wa%$ bea*es ( bo? ! ,nor? & ! ,s\? are dead %ells ( ano!r p]fectly cam\flag$ clam call$ ,,arca4 ,:ile alive1 ! %ells are cov]$ ) hairy1 br[n or black epid]mis & look l pebbles among tufts ( seawe$ & m>9e grass4 ,on ! ,we/ ,coa/1 ! abalone is a mo/ typical species 9 addition to be+ a delici\s food4 ,! bright-hu$ %ell is widely us$ = s\v5irs su* z a% trays & is 9 dem& = buttons & decorative purposes4 ,mo/ %ells ( int]e/ to ! collector are f\nd 9 ! sea-- b n all4 ,liv+ =e/ mollusks h be5 f\nd #ah1jjj feet high 9 ! ,himalayas4 ,& 9 ?is c\ntry a great v>iety ( mollusks live 9 riv]s1 ponds1 & ev5 hot spr+s4 ,sev]al species are peculi> to ! ,nile ,riv]4 ,also1 species ( mollusks live on l&--= example ! common g>d5 snail4 ,:]ev] y g1 be x ! ,s\? ,seas1 a m\nta9 lake1 or ! %oals (f ! ,gulf ,coa/1 y'll f9d %ells to collect & opportunities to exp& y\r hobby4 99,collectors %\ld famili>ize !mselves ) local regulations4 ,9 "s areas1 su* z p>ks & m>9e sanctu>ies1 collection ( %ells & o!r m>9e organisms may be re/rict$ or prohibit$4 ,,/>t+ ,a ,,collection4 4 4,,"h',s ,,h[ ,kn[+ ,,:]e to look = %ells y probably wond] ,,:5 is ! be/ "t4 ,! answ] is ,,anytime4 ,mollusks "k no season4 ,"s species appe> sudd5ly = sev]al days & !n vani%2 o!rs c be f\nd almo/ anytime4 ,mo/ mollusks appe> at night1 b o!rs "w only 9 ! daytime & g out ( sight aft] d>k4 ,! tides may h some?+ to d ) x4 ,s does ! wea!r-- x c be hot or cold1 dry or ra9y4 ,:ile y won't f9d ! same %ell at all times1 y'll f9d a great v>iety at any "t4 ,:at to take8 ,! ?+s pictur$ on page #h %\ld be en\gh4 ,if y're go+ out on ! coral reefs along ,florida1 x w\ld be wise to keep y\r legs cov]$ z protection aga9/ /+s or scrat*es4 ,don't ev] =get to we> "s k9d ( %oes 9 ! wat]4 ,ev5 ?\gh y're we>+ a mask or goggles1 take along a gig or "s sl5d] /ick & feel y\r way along s y don't fall into a hole y c't see 9 ! deceptive ne>-tropical wat]s4 ,if1 despite precautions1 y get a sea ur*9's ne$lelike sp9e brok5 (f 9 y\r sk91 soak ! w\nd 9 v9eg> :i* w dissolve ! fragm5ts & /op ! pa9 9 a few m9utes4 ,t9y %ells buri$ 9 s& c be nett$ 9 y\r sieve4 ,cl++ ones mu/ be *isel$ (f rocks4 ,frail1 delicate cl+]s %\ld be g5tly nudg$ loose ) tweez]s4 ,subm]g$ s&b>s are good spots to f9d sev]al k9ds ( univalves & bivalves1 b ! latt] w dig !mselves quickly out ( sight--z f> d[n z sev]al feet4 ,:5 y see "o go+ und]gr\nd1 don't dig directly ov] x--y might break its %ell4 ,in/ead1 dig to "o side1 & break ! mud or s& away ) y\r h&s4 ,aft] y've _h a good day's haul & a re/ 7y'll ne$ "o7 y mu/ clean y\r %ells4 ,put y\r t9ie/1 mo/ fragile ones 9 rubb+ alcohol4 ,put ! re/ 9 a pot ( fre% wat] & sl[ly br+ x to a boil4 ,let !m cool 9 ! wat] sl[ly to prev5t ! glossy %ells f crack+4 ,:5 cool1 y\r bivalves w be gap+ op52 simply scrape !m clean4 ,y\r univalves w be m difficult2 remove ! animal ) a crocket hook or o!r piece ( b5t wire1 turn+ x g5tly ) ! spiral2 try to get x out :ole to save y\rself tr\ble4 ,save ! univalve's op]culum & slice x (f ! muscle t holds x4 ,x w pres]ve indef9itely & is a valuable "p ( ! %ell4 ,clean ! %ell's ext]ior by scrap+ x g5tly ) a dull knife or nail file1 !n soak+ x 9 a ,clorox solution 7#a cup to #b qu>ts wat]7 = two h\rs4 ,"s w be cov]$ ) an ugly sk9--sci5ti/s keep ?is intact & y %\ld try to4 ,! be/ collection has two ( ea* species--"o ) & "o )\t ! epid]mis4 ,aft] y\r clean %ells h dri$ 79 %ade1 n sun71 g ov] !m ) a rag damp5$ 9 light oil4 ,?is insures pres]vation & re/ores _! natural lu/]4 ,e ?ree mon?s or s1 rub !m ) oil aga9--_! mo/ delicate colors w rema9 brilliant = ye>s4 ,don't ev] use %ellac1 lacqu] or v>ni%4 ,get a ref]5ce book f y\r libr>y & id5tify y\r %ells4 ,keep an acc\nt ( :5 & :]e y collect$ !m4 ,/ore y\r %ells 9 clos$ conta9]s to protect !m f sunlight & du/4 ,almo/ any set ( small draw]s or a cab9et w d4 ,mat*boxes or pillboxes are excell5t = small specim5s4 ,= display purposes1 glass-cov]$ cases are be/ to prev5t h&l+ ( ! %ells4 ,a %ell's beauty is (t5 deceptive4 ,_m unattractive & drab %ells are wor? hundr$s ( doll>s :ile ! mo/ colorful are frequ5tly valu$ at a doll> or less4 ,! r>ity ( a species det]m9es its value4 ,a truly valuable %ell may come f deep1 inaccessible wat]s or remote l&s--or x may be "o ( an ext9ct species4 ,a ,slit ,%ell collect$ #ajj fa?oms d[n 9 wat]s (f ! ,briti% ,we/ ,indies is valu$ at #ajjj4 ,ano!r und]sea treasure1 ! ,glory-,(-,!-,seas1 0 fir/ f\nd 9 #agga & "o "t w\ld br+ ! con*ologi/ #aejj4 ,! greate/ r>ities1 h[ev]1 are truly valueless & are n = sale4 4 4 4,& !re x is1 ! fasc9at+ hobby ( %ell collect+4 ,x's a lot ( "w--b a lot ( fun1 too4 figure captions ,take a ,,sieve4 ,or an orange sack4 ,besides c>ry+ y\r %ells1 x may help y cat* !m4 ,a few p9t ,,bottles w hold delicate ones4 ,,mask 7or goggles7 is ess5tial = look+ und]wat]4 ,ba?+ suit or old clo!s1 ( c\rse4 ,high %oes 7or sneak]s7--nev] g b>efoot$6 ,heavy clo? ,,gloves4 ,wat* out = sunburn6 ,,gig or fi% spe> 7if y're go+ ,s\?7 to keep pesky crabs1 sea ur*9s (f4 ,,clam ,,digg+ ,,hoe or tr[el = burr[+ %ells4 ,,v9eg> = fir/ aid1 9 case y're /uck by ur*9's sp9es4 ,,*isel & ,,hamm] to get ! cl+]s1 spatula = frail limpets4 ,y may f9d o!r h>dw>e h&y1 b ^! are basic4 ,,n[ ,,let',s ,,look ,,at ,,rocks ,,rocks ,,are ,,made ,,( ,,m9]als ,rocks1 to beg9 )1 are made ( m9]als4 ,:at is a m9]al8 ,! def9ition may s\nd difficult--a m9]al is a *emical elem5t or comp\nd 7comb9ation ( elem5ts7 occurr+ naturally z ! result ( inorganic processes4 ,b don't be disc\rag$4 ,?+s w cle> up soon4 ,! _w conta9s m ?an #a1ajj k9ds ( m9]als4 ,^! c be gr\p$ 9 ?ree g5]al classes4 #a4 ,,metallic ,,m9]als4 ,^! include ?+s mo/ ( u w\ld ?9k ( if we 7 ask$ to "n "s m9]als4 ,famili> examples are copp]1 silv]1 m]cury1 iron1 nickel & cobalt4 ,mo/ ( !m are f\nd 9 comb9ation ) o!r ?+s--z ores4 ,we get lead f gal5a1 or lead sulfide4 ,t9 comes f ! ore cassit]ite2 z9c f sphal]ite & z9cbl5de1 or blackjack4 ,*romium t makes ! family c> fla%y comes f *romite4 ,_m m9]als yield alum9um4 ,uranium occurs 9 ab\t #ej m9]als1 ne>ly all r>e4 ,tw5ty-f\r c>at gold is a metallic m9]al4 ,a #ad c>at gold r+ conta9s #ad_/bd or #eh gold4 ,an av]age sample ( e>? conta9s #i alum9um1 #e4e iron1 4#ja z9c1 4#jjh copp]1 4#jjd t91 4#jjb lead1 4#jjje uranium1 & 4#jjjjjjf gold or plat9um4 ,x w\ld be hopelessly exp5sive to recov] su* metals f an av]age ton ( e>?4 ,t's :y metallic m9]als are tak5 f conc5trat$ deposits 9 m9es4 ,_m valuable m9]als are f\nd 9 ve9s runn+ ?r\gh rock4 ,ve9s c be =m$ :53 7a7 m9]al-lad5 gr\nd wat] seeps into cracks1 evaporates1 & leaves m9]al gra9s t build up into a ve92 7b7 hot wat] f deep )9 ! e>? fills cracks1 !n cools & deposits mu* ( ! mat]ial 9 solution z m9]als 9 a ve9--sometimes includ+ metals su* z gold & silv]2 7c7 molt5 gase\s mat]ial squeezes into cracks ne> ! e>?'s surface1 !n sl[ly h>d5s into a ve94 #b4 ,,nonmetallic ,,m9]als4 ,^! are ( great importance to c]ta9 indu/ries4 ,y w f9d !m 9 insulation & filt]s4 ,!y are us$ ext5sively 9 ! c]amic & *emical indu/ries4 ,!y include sulfur1 graphite 7! lead 9 p5cils71 gypsum1 halite 7rock salt71 borax1 talc1 asbe/os & qu>tz4 ,und\bt$ly1 y'll h "s nonmetallic m9]als 9 y\r collection4 ,rocks conta9+ asbe/os are especially h&some & v>i$4 #c4 ,,rock-,,=m+ ,,m9]als4 ,^! are ! build+ mat]ials ( ! e>?4 ,!y make m\nta9s & valleys4 ,!y furni% ! +r$i5ts ( soil & ! salt ( ! sea4 ,!y are l>gely silicates--t is1 !y conta9 silicon & oxyg54 7,silicon is a nonmetallic elem5t1 always f\nd 9 comb9ation ) some?+ else4 ,x is second only to oxyg5 z ! *ief elem5t>y con/itu5t ( ! e>?'s cru/47 ,o!r rock-=m+ m9]als are ! l>ge family ( micas1 ) names l muscovite & phlogopite4 ,!re are ! feldsp>s1 includ+ albite & or?oclase4 ,o!rs are amphiboles1 pyrox5es1 zeolites1 g>nets & _m o!rs y may nev] f9d or he> ab\t unless y become a true m9]alogi/4 ,a rock may be made almo/ entirely ( "o m9]al or ( m ?an "o m9]al4 ,rocks conta9+ diff]5t comb9ations ( ! same m9]als are diff]5t4 ,ev5 two ?+s made ( ! same s+le m9]al c be q diff]5t4 ,c>bon may turn up z a lump ( coal or a diamond4 ,h[ ,m9]als ,got ,_! ,names ,names ( mo/ m9]als end 9 ite--apatite1 calcite1 dolomite1 fluorite4 ,b _m d n3 amphibole1 copp] 7! mo/ common pure metal 9 rocks71 feldsp>1 gal5a1 gypsum1 hornbl5de1 mica1 qu>tz4 ,_m m9]als take _! names f a ,greek ^w ref]r+ to "s out/&+ prop]ty ( ! m9]al4 ,= example1 hematite1 an oxide ( iron1 0 nam$ ab\t #cbe ,b4,c4 f ! ,greek ,,haima1 or blood1 because ( ! color ( its p[d]4 ,"s m9]als are nam$ = ! locality 9 :i* !y 7 fir/ discov]$4 ,coloradoite 0 fir/ f\nd 9 ,colorado4 ,b5itoite turn$ up 9 ,san ,b5ito ,c\nty1 ,cali=nia4 ,& s ) labradorite & brazilite4 ,o!r m9]als got _! names f fam\s p4 ,willemite 0 nam$ 9 honor ( ,willem ,i1 ,k+ ( ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,! great ,g]man poet-philosoph]1 ,goe!1 c\ld turn up 9 y\r collection z goe?ite4 ,& !re's smi?sonite1 nam$ = ,james ,smi?son1 f\nd] ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 figure captions ,gold1 jasp]1 uncut diamond1 qu>tz 7violet 9 color71 halite 7,c>lsbad ,n4,m471 calcite 7,s4 ,dakota71 copp]1 turquoise 7brilliant color7 ,out ,( ,?is ,_w ,"s m9]als come f out] space4 ,!y're meteorites1 :i* are rock fragm5ts4 ,e day1 hundr$s ( millions ( !m ent] ! e>?'s atmosph]e4 ,mo/ ( !m1 h[ev]1 are burn$ up by ! heat f air friction & nev] rea* ! gr\nd4 ,meteors l>ge en\gh to rea* ! e>? are call$ meteorites4 ,mo/ m9]als f\nd 9 meteorites are ! same z ^? we h on e>?4 ,b1 !re are "s r>e m9]als kn[n only 9 meteorites4 ,two ( !m are coh5ite & s*reib]site4 ,,ma9 ,,k9ds ,,( ,,rocks ,rocks are ! build+ blocks ( ! e>?'s cru/4 ,!y may be massive1 z 9 granite l$ges1 or t9y4 ,soil1 gravel1 s& & clay are rocks4 ,,!re ,,are ,,?ree ,,ma9 ,,types ,,( ,,rocks4 #a4 ,,igne\s rocks are ^? =m$ at v high temp]atures or f molt5 mat]ials4 ,!y come f magmas--molt5 mixtures ( m9]als1 (t5 conta9+ gases4 ,!y come f deep bel[ ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,if !y cool (f :ile bel[ ! surface1 !y =m intrusive rocks1 :i* may lat] be reveal$ by erosion4 ,:5 magmas rea* ! surface r$ hot1 !y =m extrusive rocks1 su* z volcanic rocks4 ,?us1 granite is an igne\s1 intrusive rock2 lava is an igne\s1 extrusive rock4 7,notice h[ ! type ( rock tells its pa/ hi/ory--if y "k :at to look =47 #b4 ,,s$im5t>y rocks are =m$ by ! action ( w9d1 wat]1 or organisms4 ,!y cov] ab\t ?ree qu>t]s ( ! ,e>?'s surface4 ,mo/ are laid d[n--z s$im5ts--on ! bottom ( riv]s1 lakes & seas4 ,_m h be5 mov$ by wat]1 w9d1 waves1 curr5ts1 ice or gravity4 ,! mo/ common s$im5t>y rocks are s&/ones1 lime/ones1 conglom]ates & %ales4 ,oil is f\nd 9 s$im5t>y =mations4 #c4 ,,metamorphic rocks are ^? t h be5 *ang$ f :at !y 7 at fir/ into some?+ else--by heat1 pressure1 or *emical action4 ,all k9ds ( rocks c be *ang$4 ,! result is a new cry/all9e /ructure1 ! =mation ( new m9]als1 or a *ange 9 ! rock's texture4 ,slate 0 once %ale4 ,m>ble came f lime/one4 ,gneiss 7pron\nc$ nice7 is p]haps rework$ granite4 figure captions ,igne\s rocks are =m$ at high temp]atures or f molt5 mat]ials4 ,!y come f deep b5ea? ! e>?4 ,!y c be intrusive or extrusive--dep5d+ on :]e !y cool$ (f4 ,s$im5t>y rocks are =m$ by ! action ( w9d1 wat]1 or organisms4 ,!y usually are laid d[n on ! bottom ( riv]s1 lakes & seas4 ,mo/ ( ! e>?'s surface is cov]$ by ^! rocks4 ,oil is f\nd 9 s$im5t>y =mations4 ,metamorphic rocks h be5 *ang$ f _! orig9al /ate into some?+ else4 ,heat1 pressure1 *emical action *ange ! cry/all9e /ructure1 ! texture1 ev5 =m new m9]als4 ,all k9ds ( rock c be *ang$4 ,a ,^w ,on ,fossils ,p]haps y'll f9d rocks conta9+ fossils--or ev5 fossils by !mselves4 ,!y %\ld =m a sep>ate "p ( y\r collection4 ,fossils are ! rema9s--or ! outl9es--( =m] plant or animal life buri$ 9 rock4 ,! old] ! rock1 ! simpl] ! plant & animal life x conta9s4 ,?us fossils c give a clue to ! age ( ! rock /rata4 ,fossils c tea* hi/ory4 ,!y tell u ab\t plants & animals t are n[ ext9ct--! d9osaur1 = example4 ,!y c also tell ( anci5t climates4 ,coral f\nd 9 rocks 9 ,gre5l& sugge/s x mu/ h once be5 w>m4 ,rema9s ( fir & spruce trees h be5 f\nd 9 ! tropics4 ,h[ are fossils =m$8 ,tee?1 bone & wood don't la/ long 9 _! orig9al /ate4 ,h[ev]1 buri$ mat]ials decompose1 leav+ a film ( c>bon z a fossil4 ,?is results 9 a leaf trac]y1 or ! outl9es ( "s simple animal4 ,on a gigantic scale1 ?is process ( =m+ c>bon has result$ 9 our great coal deposits4 ,sometimes ! buri$ mat]ial is gradually replac$ by silica or o!r sub/ances1 mak+ petrifi$ objects4 ,wood c be replac$--cell by cell--by agate or opal f silica-be>+ wat]4 ,! result is petrifi$ wood1 ! f9e/ examples ( :i* c be f\nd 9 our ,petrifi$ ,=e/ ,national ,p>k 9 ,arizona4 ,?is c happ5 to %ells1 too4 ,h[ ab\t molds & ca/s ( footpr9ts ( anci5t animals8 ,a brontosaurus might h /omp$ along 9 s(t1 w>m mud eons ago4 ,! mud h>d5$ & lat] ano!r lay] ( s(t e>? cov]$ ! pr9t1 pres]v+ x4 ,,collect+ ,if y want to collect rocks & m9]als j = ! sake ( hav+ !m1 y c buy specim5s4 ,_m c be pur*as$ = #be c5ts to #a ea*1 :ile a r>e specim5 c co/ hundr$s ( doll>s4 ,! true pleasure is 9 f9d+ y\r own samples4 ,lat]1 :5 y h a good-siz$ collection1 y c fill gaps by buy+ specim5s or swapp+ extras ) o!r collectors4 ,y'll be amaz$ at ! numb] ( amateur collectors4 ,p]haps no bran* ( sci5ce owes m to ! "w ( amateurs ?an m9]alogy4 ,our great collection ( m9]als 9 ! ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum 9 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 0 ga!r$ almo/ entirely by two amateurs :o devot$ _m ye>s & mu* money to _! hobby4 ,:]e ,to ,look ,look = pebbles by ! roadside1 9 b$s ( /reams & riv]banks4 ,g out into ! c\ntry = l$ges on hillsides4 ,e road cut1 cliff1 bank1 excavation1 or qu>ry %[s rocks & m9]als4 ,railroad cuts1 rock pits1 dump piles ar\nd m9es1 build+ sites--!y'll all yield specim5s4 ,"s ( ! be/ m9]al specim5s collect$ 9 ,new ,york ,city came f skyscrap] & subway excavations4 ,help a ,new ,engl& f>m] cle> 8 field & y'll h m rocks ?an y "k :at to d )4 ,z = ref]5ce books1 _m /ates publi% guides to m9]al deposits4 ,m9]alogical magaz9es li/ m9]al localities4 ,tips ,= ,! ,field ,don't try to collect too mu* at once4 ,"w e>ly 9 ! day or late 9 ! aft]noon4 ,a hot sun on b>e rock c make y sizzle--especially if y're load$ ) equipm5t & samples4 ,"h's ! equipm5t to take3 newspap]s = wrapp+ samples1 notebook & p5cil1 geologi/'s pick1 cold *isel1 magnify+ glass1 compass1 heavy gloves1 a knife1 & a knapsack4 ,lat] on1 y may want a ,geig] c\nt] = spott+ radioactive rocks4 ,be selective4 ,h&-siz$ specim5s are be/4 ,if y\r sample is too l>ge1 trim x to size1 %[+ its mo/ /rik+ feature to be/ advantage4 ,:5 y wrap ! sample 9 newspap]1 include a note tell+ :5 & :]e y f\nd x4 ,?is in=mation w be transcrib$ to a fil+ c>d :5 y add ! specim5s to y\r display1 s make x z complete & accurate z y c4 ,:5 y get home1 clean specim5s ) soapy1 w>m wat]1 appli$ ) a s(t bru%4 ,soluble m9]als l halite c't be wa%$1 b %\ld be r9s$ ) alcohol4 ,a coat ( cle> lacqu] w protect "s samples aga9/ dirt4 ,arrang+ ,y\r ,collection ,put a spot ( enamel on ! specim54 ,write on ! spot--9 ,india ink--a catalog numb] & h ?is numb] ref] to a c>d 9 a file draw]4 ,! c>d %\ld li/ date1 place f\nd1 id5tification ( specim51 etc4 ,gr\p y\r samples3 metallic m9]als1 semipreci\s /ones1 nonmetallic m9]als4 ,display !m on a %elf1 or buy or build a m9]al cab9et ) p>tition$ draw]s4 ,= small] samples1 use a ,rik] m\nt ) a glass top4 figure captions ,a common rock ,"h's ! equipm5t to take3 newspap]s = wrapp+ samples1 notebook & p5cil1 geologi/'s pick1 cold *isel1 magnify+ glass1 compass1 heavy gloves1 a knife1 & a knapsack4 ,:at ,d ,i ,h8 ,h[ d y id5tify specim5s8 ,get books & magaz9es on rocks & m9]als4 ,_m h color$ pictures t help4 ,b id5tification is be/ made by not+ ! physical *>act]i/ics ( ! rock or m9]al4 ,= m9]als1 !re's a h>dness scale 9 :i* a m9]al ( ! high] numb] c scrat* a m9]al ( ! l[] numb] b n be scrat*$ by x4 ,! scale is3 #a7 talc2 #b7;gypsum2 #c7 calcite2 #d7 fluorite2 #e7 apatite2 #f7 or?oclase2 #g7 qu>tz2 #h7 topaz2 #i7 corundum2 #aj7 diamond4 ,rememb] x by ?is silly s5t5ce3 ,! girls c flirt & o!r que] ?+s c d4 ,:5 on a trip1 rememb] t a f+]nail has a h>dness ( #b4e2 a p5ny1 #c2 a knife blade1 #e4e2 & a /eel file1 #f4e4 ,use ^! to scrat* y\r sample & y c get an approximate idea ( its h>dness4 ,y c buy a set ( h>dness po9ts4 ,!y're po9t$ pieces ( m9]als set 9 brass tubes1 ea* m>k$ ) its h>dness scale4 ,! set co/s ab\t #cj 7half t if y assemble y\r own74 ,o!r te/s = id5tify+ m9]als include specific gravity 7weight ( m9]al comp>$ to ! weight ( an equal volume ( wat]71 optical prop]ties & cry/al =m1 color & lu/]4 ,m9]als diff] 9 cleavage & fracture 7h[ !y come ap>t :5 cut74 ,!y leave di/9ctive /reaks on unglaz$ porcela94 ,"s are magnetic1 "s h electrical prop]ties1 "s gl[ "u ultraviolet or black light1 "s are radioactive1 "s fuse "u a l[ flame :ile o!rs are unaffect$4 ,_m /udies ) ! dissolv$ m9]al c id5tify x beyond d\bt4 ,b mo/ ( ^! are too complicat$ = ! beg9n]4 ,z y read1 look at pictures & samples1 & talk ) o!r rockh\nds or lead]s ( m9]alogy clubs1 y'll get bett] at id5tify+ rocks4 ,museum exp]ts & y\r /ate's geologi/ c help1 too4 figure captions ,specific gravity balance ,bl[pipe analysis ,,gems ,,= ,,! ,,lucky ,,few ,if y're lucky1 y'll f9d gems or semipreci\s /ones4 ,gems are ! f9]1 m cry/all9e =ms ( m9]als :i* are ord9>ily less beautiful & spectacul>4 ,! true gems are diamonds1 em]alds1 rubies & sapphires4 ,all o!rs are semipreci\s & ornam5tal4 ,diamonds are pure c>bon1 b did y "k t rubies & sapphires are corundum m9]als--r>e =ms ( alum9a4 ,9 slightly diff]5t =m1 !y'd turn up on em]y pap]4 ,o!r /ones y might f9d are ! qu>tz gems3 rose qu>tz1 ame?y/1 rock cry/al1 agate1 jasp]1 blood/one4 ,or opaque gems su* z jade1 moon/one1 lapis-lazuli1 obsidian1 & turquoise4 ,y don't h to f9d !m4 ,y c buy gems 9 ! r\gh or 9 blanks1 !n cut & poli% !m to make y\r own jewelry or decorations4 ,?is takes practice1 plus a cutt+ & poli%+ outfit1 wood vise1 maybe a diamond :eel4 7,or y c jo9 a lapid>y club t might already h ! equipm5t74 ,fir/ le>n to make cabo*ons--/ones ) r\nd or curv$ surfaces4 ,!n try cutt+ facets 7or faces7 9 transp>5t gems4 ,le>n by read+1 work+ ) an exp]t1 trial & error4 ,mak+ jewelry is fun1 & collect+ gems is z int]e/+ z collect+ rocks & m9]als2 x br+s ! _w into y\r home4 ,f ! ,we/ come agates1 jasp]s1 petrifi$ woods2 f ! ,ea/1 colorful m>bles1 s]p5t9es1 granites4 ,alaska1 ,idaho1 ,connecticut or ,au/ria w yield d>k r$ g>nets4 ,f9e moon/ones come f ,ont>io2 qu>tz cry/als f ,hot ,spr+s1 ,arkansas1 c be comp>$ ) simil> ones f ! ,swiss ,alps or ,brazil4 ,rock collect+ is a hobby y c tailor to y\r ta/e4 ,b :e!r y conc5trate on an area close to home or travel across :ole cont95ts1 y'll f9d t ! pleasure & k y ga9 f y\r collection are mat*$ by ! fun & adv5ture ( ! se>*4 figure captions ,drop /icks to hold /ones ,diamond cutt+ :eel ,,back ,,cov] ,a ,brontosaurus ,%ell ,oil ,company ,revis$ #h_/hh