,,! ,,ocean ,,_w4 ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,william ,,cl[es ,,& ,,sons1 ,,/am=d ,,/reet ,,& ,,*>+ ,,cross4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,i4--,! ,argonaut sail+ 9 ! op5 sea4 ,,! ,,ocean ,,_w3 ,,be+ ,a ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,sea ,,& ,,its ,,liv+ ,,inhabitants4 ,,by ,,l\is ,,figui]4 ,,! ,,*apt]s ,,on ,,con*ology ,,revis$ ,,& ,,enl>g$ ,,by ,,*>les ,o4 ,,groom-,,napi]1 ,f4,g4,s41 c4 ,,) #dbg ,,illu/rations4 ,,london3 ,,cassell1 ,,pett]1 ,,& ,,galp92 ,,& #eif1 ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 ,,preface4 ,our ,planet is surr\nd$ by two great oceans1 says ,dr4 ,maury1 ! em95t ,am]ican savant3 ! "o visible1 ! o!r invisible2 "o is "u foot1 ! o!r ov] head4 ,"o entirely envelopes x1 ! o!r cov]s ab\t two-?irds ( its surface4 ,x is propos$ 9 ,,! ,,ocean ,,_w to give a brief record ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( "o ( ^? great oceans & its liv+ inhabitants1 ) z little ( ! nom5clature ( ,sci5ce1 & z few ( ! repulsive details ( ,anatomy1 z is consi/5t ) cle>ness ( expression2 to describe ! ocean 9 its maje/ic calm & angry agitation2 to del9eate its inhabitants 9 _! _m metamorphoses2 ! cunn+ ) :i* !y attack or evade _! enemies2 _! in/ructive indu/ry2 _! qu>rels1 _! combats1 & _! loves4 ,! le>n$ ,s*leid5 eloqu5tly pa9ts ! liv+ wond]s ( ! deep3 ,if we dive into ! liquid cry/al ( ! ,indian ,ocean1 ! mo/ wondr\s en*antm5ts are op5$ to u1 rem9d+ u ( ! fairy tales ( *ildhood's dreams4 ,! /rangely-bran*+ ?ickets be> liv+ fl[]s4 ,d5se masses ( ,me&r9eas & ,a/reas contra/ ) ! leafy1 cup-%ap$ expansions ( ! ,explan>ias1 & ! v>i\sly-bran*+ ,madrepores1 n[ spread out l f+]s1 n[ ris+ 9 trunk-l bran*es1 & n[ display+ an elegant array ( int]lac+ trac]y4 ,! col\r+ surpasses ev]y?+2 vivid gre5s alt]nate ) br[n & yell[2 ri* t9ts1 rang+ f purple & deepe/ blue to a pale r$di%-br[n4 ,brilliant rose1 yell[1 or pea*-col\r$ ,nullipores ov]gr[ ! decay+ masses3 !y !mselves be+ int]wov5 ) ! pe>l-col\r$ plates ( ! ,retipores1 rivall+ ! mo/ delicate ivory c>v+s4 ,close by wave ! yell[ & lilac ,sea-fans 7,gorgonia71 p]=at$ l delicate trellis-"w4 ,! bright s& ( ! bottom is cov]$ ) a ?\s& /range =ms ( sea-ur*9s & />-fi%es4 ,! leaf-l ,flu/r & ,es*> adh]e l mosses & li*5s to ! bran*es ( coral--! yell[1 gre51 & purple-/rip$ limpets cl++ to _! trunks4 ,! sea-anemones exp& _! cr[ns ( t5tacula ^u ! rugg$ rocks or on flat s&s1 look+ l b$s ( v>iegat$ ranunculuses1 or sp>kl+ l gigantic cactus blossoms1 %9+ ) brighte/ col\rs4 ,ar\nd ! bran*es ( ! coral %rubs play ! humm+-birds ( ! ocean3 little fi%es sp>kl+ ) r$ or blue metallic glitt]1 or gleam+ 9 gold5 gre5 or brighte/ silv]y lu/re2 l spirits ( ! deep1 ! delicate milk-:ite jelly-fi%es float s(tly ?r\gh ! *>m$ _w4 ,"h gleam ! violet & gold-gre5 ,isabelle1 & ! flam+ yell[1 black1 & v]milion-/rip$ ,coquette1 z !y *ase _! prey2 !re ! b&-fi% %oots snake-l ?r\gh ! ?icket1 resembl+ a silv]y ribbon glitt]+ ) rose & azure hue4 ,!n come ! fabul\s cuttle-fi%es1 9 all ! diaphan\s col\rs ( ! ra9b[1 b ) no def9ite outl9e4 ,:5 day decl9es1 ) ! %ades ( night ?is fanta/ic g>d5 is light$ up ) r5ew$ spl5d\r4 ,millions ( microscopic m$us & cru/aceans1 l s _m gl[+ sp>ks1 dance ?r\gh ! gloom4 ,! ,sea-p5 waves 9 a gre5i% phosphoresc5t light4 ,:atev] is beautiful or wondr\s among fi%es1 ,e*9od]ms1 jelly-fi%es & polypi & molluscs1 is cr[d$ into ! w>m & cry/al wat]s ( ! ,tropical ocean4 ,x is /at$ on ! ,title-page t ,,! ,,ocean ,,_w is *iefly translat$ f ,m4 ,l\is ,figui]'s two mo/ rec5t works4 ,9 ju/ice to t g5tleman1 we mu/ expla9 ?is /atem5t4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,ocean is to a l>ge ext5t1 b n :olly1 compil$ f ,la ,t]re et les ,m]s1 "o ( ! volumes ( ,m4 ,figui]'s ,tableau de la ,nature2 b ! l>g] portion ( ! "w is a free translation ( t au?or's late/ "w1 ,la ,vie et les ,moeurs des ,animaux4 ,o!r *apt]s1 su* z ,life 9 ! ,ocean1 ! *apt] on ,cru/aceans1 & "s o!rs1 are compil$ f v>i\s s\rces2 !y w n be f\nd 9 ei!r ( ,m4 ,figui]'s volumes2 b 9 o!r respects 8 text has be5 pretty closely foll[$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m4 ,figui]'s plan is to beg9 ! /udy ( animals ) ! less p]fect be+s occupy+ ! l[] r\nds ( ! ,zoological ladd]1 8 reason = do+ s be+ an impression t ! pres5ce ( ! gradually p]fect+ animal /ructure1 f ! simple/ organisms up to ! m p]fect =ms1 0 specially calculat$ to attract ! read]4 ,:at c be m curi\s or m int]e/+ to ! m9d1 he asks1 ?an to exam9e ! successive l9ks 9 ! un9t]rupt$ *a9 ( liv+ be+s :i* comm5ce ) ! ,infusoria & t]m9ate 9 ,man8 ,! "w1 he hopes1 is n )\t ! impress ( a true "* ( novelty & orig9ality2 at lea/ he kn[s no "w 9 :i* ! /range habits & special int]e/s ( ! ,zoophytes & ,molluscs c be /udi$1 nor any "w 9 :i* an attempt is made to repres5t !m by means ( designs at once sci5tifically correct & attractive f ! picturesque "* ( ! illu/rations1 mo/ ( :i* h be5 made f specim5s select$ by ,monsieur ,*4 ,bvalet f ! v>i\s museums 9 ,p>is4 ,"o ( ^? *>m+ pla9-speak+ *ildr5 we sometimes meet ) lately said to ,m4 ,figui]1 ,!y tell me ?\ art a vulg>is] ( ,sci5ce4 ,:at is t8 ,he took ! *ild 9 8 arms1 & c>ri$ x to ! w9d[1 :]e !re 0 a beautiful rose-tree 9 blossom1 & invit$ x to pull a rose4 ,! *ild ga!r$ ! p]fum$ fl[]1 n )\t prick+ itself cruelly ) ! sp9es2 !n1 ) its little h&s /ill ble$+1 x w5t to di/ribute roses to o!rs 9 ! room4 ,?\ art n[ a vulg>is]1 said he to ! *ild2 = ?\ take/ to ?yself ! ?orns1 & give/ ! fl[]s to o!rs6 ,! p>allel1 al?\gh exagg]at$1 is n )\t its basis ( tru?1 & 0 probably sugge/$ by ! criticism "s ( 8 works h met )2 ! critics =gett+ app>5tly t ^! works are an attempt to r5d] sci5tific subjects popul>1 & attractive to ! g5]al read]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! pres5t edition ( ,,! ,,ocean ,,_w x is only necess>y to add to ! above 7dat$ ,janu>y1 #ahfh71 t ! "w has be5 revis$ ?r\gh\t1 & "s n unimportant errors correct$4 ,= sev]al ( ^! ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,c4 ,o4 ,g4 ,napi]1 :o has re>rang$ ! :ole ( ! ,mollusca4 ,mr4 ,david ,grieve has k9dly revis$ & add$ to ! ,cru/acea2 & to ! ,messrs4 ,john/on ( ,montrose1 & ,dr4 ,wilson ,john/on ( ! ,b5gal s]vice1 ,i am indebt$ = "s valuable practical in=mation respect+ ! salmon & ! v>i\s modes ( tak+ x4 ,w4 ,s4 ,o4 ,m>* #a1 #ahfi4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,page ,,! ,,ocean #a ,dep? ( ! ,sea #e ,col\r ( ! ,ocean #aa ,phosphoresc5ce #ac ,saltness ( ! ,sea #ae ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,curr5ts ,,( ,,! ,,ocean #bg ,trade-w9ds #bh ,gulf ,/ream #ca ,/orms #cb ,tides #ce ,pol> ,seas #dc ,ant>ctic ,seas #ej ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,life ,,9 ,,! ,,ocean #fj ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,zoophytes #fh ,=am9if]a #hg ,infusoria #ig ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,polypif]a #aaf ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,corall9es #aai ,tubipor9 #abj ,gorgoniad #aba ,isidians #abd ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,zoan?>ia #adg ,madreporid #adi ,porites #afb ,act9i>ia #aha ,m9yad9ians #aic ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,acaleph #aie ,m$usad #bac ,rhizo/oma #bai ,vilellad #bbi ,ct5ophora #bed ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,e*9od]mata #bei ,a/]ias #bfj ,cr9oidea #bgj ,e*9id #bhj ,,mollusca4 ,,g5]al ,,def9ition #cja ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,molluscoida #cjc ,tunicata #cji ,ascidians #cji ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,acephal\s ,,mollusca #caf ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,acephal\s ,,mollusca #cdd ,mytilid #cdd ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,cephal\s ,,mollusca #cia ,_! ,*>act]i/ics #cia ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,pulmon>y ,,ga/]opods #cif ,limnid #cig ,bucc9id #dbh ,purpura #dcj ,pt]oc]a #dci ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,mollusc\s ,,pt]opods #dda ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,cephalopod\s ,,mollusca #dde ,t5taculif]a #dde ,acetabula #ddh ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,cru/aceans #dgg ,g5]al ,def9ition #dgg ,crabs & ,crayfi% #dhf ,lob/]s #dif ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,fi%es #ejb ,,c>tilag9\s ,,fi%es #ejh ,cyclo/omata #ejh ,sela*ia #eaj ,/uriona #ebd ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,ossei1 ,,or ,,bony ,,fi%es #ebi ,plectogna?i #ebi ,lophobran*ii #ecd ,malacopt]ygii #ecf ,abdom9ales #efj ,acan?opt]ygians #eij ,ph>yngeans #eif ,,illu/rations4 ,,plate ,,page ,i4 ,,! ,,argonaut ,,sail+ ,,be=e ,,! ,,w9d 7,frontispiece7 #dfg ,,ii4 ,,sponge ,,fi%+ ,,on ,,! ,,coa/ ,,( ,,syria #gh ,,iii4 ,,coral ,,fi%+ ,,on ,,! ,,coa/ ,,( ,,sicily #ach ,,iv4 ,,coral ,,isl& ,,9 ,,! ,,pomot\an ,,ar*ipelago #afi ,v4 ,,sea ,,anemones 7,i47 #ahg ,,vi4 ,,sea ,,anemones 7,,ii47 #ahi ,,vii4 ,,agalma ,,rubra #bci ,,viii4 ,,galeol>ia ,,aurantiaca #bdd ,,ix4 ,,sea-,,ur*9s #bij ,x4 ,,fi%+ ,,= ,,holo?uria #bie ,,xi4 ,,synapta ,,duv]naea #bii ,,xii4 ,,dr$g+ ,,= ,,oy/]s #cgd ,,xiii4 ,,oy/] ,,p>ks ,,on ,,lake ,,fus>o #cgf ,,xiv4 ,,pect9id #chf ,,xv4 ,,spondylus #chh ,,xvi4 ,,anodonta #cdj ,,xvii4 ,,tridacna ,,gigantea #cch ,,xviii4 ,,v5us ,,& ,,cy!rea #ccf ,,xix4 ,,sol5id 7,razor-fi%7 #ccc ,,xx4 ,,temple ,,( ,,s]apis #ccj ,,xxi4 ,,conus #dbg ,,xxii4 ,,cypr,,ad #dba ,,xxiii4 ,,voluta #dbf ,,xxiv4 ,,capture ,,( ,a ,,gigantic ,,cuttle-,,fi% #dfb ,,xxv4 ,,%>k ,,fi%+ #ebj ,,xxvi4 ,,/urgeon ,,fi%+ ,,on ,,! ,,volga #ebh ,,xxvii4 ,,fi%+ ,,= ,,electrical ,,eels #eci ,,xxviii4 ,,gre5l&]s ,,fi%+ ,,= ,,halibut #eea ,,xxix4 ,,! ,,h]r+ ,,fi%]y #ehj ,,xxx4 ,a ,,roman ,,fea/ #eic ,,xxxi4 ,,fi%+ ,,= ,,tunny ,,9 ,,prov5ce #eih ,,xxxii4 ,,fi%+ ,,= ,,mack]el ,,(f ,,! ,,cornwall ,,coa/ #fja ,,! ,,ocean ,,_w4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,ocean4 --,! be/ ( all ?+s is wat]4--,,p9d>4 ,x is e/imat$ t ! sea cov]s ne>ly two-?irds ( ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,! calculation1 z giv5 by a/ronom]s1 is z foll[s3 ,! surface ( ! e>? is #ca1fbe1fbe squ>e miles1 t portion occupi$ by ! wat]s be+ ab\t #bc1had1aba squ>e miles1 & t consi/+ ( cont95ts1 p59sulas1 & isl&s1 be+ #g1haa1ejd miles2 :5ce x foll[s t ! surface cov]$ ) wat] is to dry l& z #ch is to #ab4 ,! wat]s ?us cov] a little m ?an sev5-t5?s ( ! :ole surface4 ,on ! surface ( ! globe1 ,mi*elet rem>ks1 wat] is ! rule1 dry l& ! exception4 ,nev]!less1 ! imm5sity & dep? ( ! seas are aids r ?an ob/acles to ! int]c\rse & comm]ce ( nations2 ! m>itime r\tes are n[ trav]s$ by %ips & /eam]s convey+ c>goes & pass5g]s equal 9 ext5t to ! l& r\tes4 ,"o ( ! features mo/ *>act]i/ic ( ! ocean is its cont9uity2 =1 ) ! exception ( inl& seas1 su* z ! ,caspian1 ! ,dead ,sea1 & "s o!rs1 ! ocean is "o & indivisible4 ,z ! poet says1 x embraces ! :ole e>? ) an un9t]rupt$ wave4 ' ' 4 ,,s*ylus 9 ,prome!us ,v9ctus4 ,! mean dep? ( ! sea is n v exactly asc]ta9$1 b c]ta9 ph5om5a obs]v$ 9 ! movem5t ( tides are suppos$ to be incapable ( explanation )\t admitt+ a mean dep? ( ?ree ?\s& five hundr$ fa?oms4 ,x is true t a great numb] ( deep-sea s\nd+s fall %ort ( t limit2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 _m o!rs rea* sev5 or eight ?\s&4 ,admitt+ t ?ree ?\s& fa?oms repres5ts ! mean dep? ( ! ocean1 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el f9ds t ! volume ( its wat]s w\ld exce$ ?ree ?\s& two hundr$ & sev5ty-n9e million cubic y>ds4 ,?is va/ volume ( wat] is divid$ by geograph]s into five great oceans3 ! ,arctic1 ! ,atlantic1 ,indian1 ,pacific1 & ,ant>ctic ,oceans4 ,! ,arctic ,ocean ext5ds f ! ,pole to ! ,pol> ,circle2 x is situat$ betwe5 ,asia1 ,europe1 & ,am]ica4 ,! ,atlantic ,ocean comm5ces at ! ,pol> ,circle & rea*es ,cape ,horn4 ,x is situat$ betwe5 ,am]ica1 ,europe1 & ,africa1 a l5g? ( ab\t n9e ?\s& miles1 ) a mean bread? ( two ?\s& sev5 hundr$1 cov]+ a surface ( ab\t tw5ty-five million squ>e miles1 plac$ betwe5 ! ,old ,_w & ! ,new4 ,beyond ! ,cape ( ,/orms1 z ,cape ,horn may be truly call$1 x is only sep>at$ by an imag9>y l9e f ! va/ seas ( ! s\?1 9 :i* ! waves1 :i* are ! pr9cipal s\rce ( tides1 h _! bir?4 ,"h1 accord+ to ,maury1 ! "y tidal wave1 ris+ 9 ! circumpol> seas ( ! s\?1 & ob$i5t to ! sun & moon1 rolls on to ! ,atlantic1 & 9 twelve h\rs aft] pass+ ! p>allel ( ,cape ,horn is f\nd p\r+ its flood into ! ,bay ( ,fundy1 :5ce x is project$ 9 great waves across ! ,atlantic & r\nd ! globe1 sweep+ along its %ores & p5etrat+ its gulfs & e/u>ies1 ris+ & fall+ 9 ! op5 sea two or ?ree feet1 b along ! %ore hav+ a range ( t5 or twelve feet4 ,sometimes1 z at ,fundy on ! ,am]ican coa/2 at ,bre/ on ! ,fr5* coa/2 & ,mil=d ,hav51 & ! m\? ( ! ,sev]n 9 ! ,bri/ol ,*annel1 ris+ & fall+ ?irty or =ty feet1 impetu\sly ru%+ aga9/ ! %ores1 b g5tly /opp+ at a giv5 l9e1 & fl[+ back to its place :5 ! ^w goes =?1 ',?us f> %alt ?\ g1 & no f>!r4' ,t :i* no human p[] c repel1 returns at its appo9t$ "t s regul>ly & surely1 t ! h\r ( its approa* & ! measure ( its mass may be pr$ict$ ) un]r+ c]ta9ty c5turies be=eh&4 ,! ,indian ,ocean is b\nd$ on ! nor? by ,asia1 on ! we/ by ,africa1 on ! ea/ by ! p59sula ( ,molucca1 ! ,sunda ,isles1 & ,au/ralia4 ,! ,pacific1 or ,great ,ocean1 /ret*es f nor? to s\?1 f ! ,arctic to ! ,ant>ctic ,circle1 be+ b\nd$ on "o side by ,asia1 ! isl& ( ,sunda1 & ,au/ralia2 on ! o!r by ! we/ coa/ ( ,am]ica4 ,?is ocean contra/s 9 a /rik+ mann] ) ! ,atlantic3 ! "o has its greate/ l5g? f nor? to s\?1 ! o!r f ea/ to we/2 ! curr5ts ( ! ,pacific are broad & sl[1 ^? ( ! o!r n>r[ & rapid2 ! waves ( ?is are l[1 ^? ( ! o!r v high4 ,if we repres5t ! volume ( wat] :i* falls into ! ,pacific by "o1 t receiv$ by ! ,atlantic w be repres5t$ by ! figure #e4 ,! ,pacific is ! calme/ ( seas1 & ! ,atlantic ,ocean is ! mo/ /ormy4 ,! ,ant>ctic ,ocean ext5ds f ! ,ant>ctic ,pol> ,circle to ! ,s\? ,pole4 ,x is rem>kable t "o half ( ! globe %\ld be entirely cov]$ ) wat]1 :il/ ! o!r conta9s less ( wat] ?an dry l&4 ,moreov]1 ! di/ribution ( l& & wat]1 if1 9 consid]+ ! g]m ( ! oceanic bas9s1 we comp>e ! hemisph]es sep>at$ by ! ,equator & ! nor!rn & s\!rn halves ( ! globe1 is f\nd to be v unequal4 ,oceans communicate ) cont95ts & isl&s by coa/s1 :i* are said to be sc>p$ :5 a rocky coa/ makes a /eep & sudd5 desc5t to ! sea1 z 9 ,brittany1 ,norway1 & ! we/ coa/ ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s4 ,9 ?is k9d ( coa/ c]ta9 rocky ind5tations encircle x1 sometimes above1 sometimes "u wat]1 =m+ a labyr9? ( isl&s1 z at ! ,l&'s ,end1 ,cornwall1 :]e ! ,scilly ,isl&s =m a compact gr\p ( f "o to two hundr$ rocky islets1 ris+ out ( a deep sea2 or 9 ! case ( ! ,*annel1 on ! opposite coa/ ( ,france1 :]e ! coa/ makes a sudd5 desc5t1 =m+ /eep cliffs & leav+ an op5 sea4 ,! coa/ is said to be flat :5 x consi/s ( s(t argillace\s soil desc5d+ to ! %ore ) a g5tle slope4 ,( ?is description ( coa/ !re are two1 namely1 s&y bea*es1 & hillocks or dunes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:at is ! av]age dep? ( ! sea8 ,x is difficult to give an exact answ] to ?is "q1 because ( ! great difficulty met ) 9 tak+ s\nd+s1 caus$ *iefly by ! deviations ( subm>9e curr5ts4 ,no reliable s\nd+s h yet be5 made 9 wat] ov] five miles 9 dep?4 ,laplace f\nd1 on a/ronomical consid]ation1 t ! mean dep? ( ! ocean c\ld n be m ?an t5 ?\s& feet4 ,alex&] von ,humboldt adopts ! same figures4 ,dr4 ,"y attributes to ! ,atlantic a mean dep? ( a ?\s& y>ds1 & to ! ,pacific1 f\r ?\s&4 ,mr4 ,airy1 ! ,a/ronom] ,royal1 has laid d[n a =mula1 t waves ( a giv5 bread? w travel ) c]ta9 velocities at a giv5 dep?1 f :i* x is e/imat$ t ! av]age dep? ( ! ,nor? ,pacific1 betwe5 ,japan & ,cali=nia1 is two ?\s& "o hundr$ & =ty-n9e fa?oms1 or two miles & a half4 ,b ^! e/imates fall f> %ort ( ! s\nd+s report$ by navigators1 9 :i*1 z we %all see1 !re are important & only rec5tly discov]$ elem5ts ( error4 ,du ,petit ,?\>s1 dur+ 8 sci5tific voyage 9 ! frigate ,v5us1 took "s v rem>kable s\nd+s 9 ! ,s\!rn ,pacific ,ocean3 "o1 )\t f9d+ bottom at two ?\s& f\r hundr$ & elev5 fa?oms2 ano!r1 9 ! equ9octial region1 indicat$ bottom at ?ree ?\s& sev5 hundr$ & n9ety4 ,9 8 la/ exp$ition1 9 se>* ( a nor?-we/ passage1 ,capta9 ,ross f\nd s\nd+s at five ?\s& fa?oms4 ,lieut5ant ,wal%1 ( ! ,am]ican ,navy1 reports a ca/ ( ! deep-sea lead1 n f> f ! ,am]ican coa/1 at ?irty-f\r ?\s& feet )\t bottom4 ,lieut5ant ,b]ryman report$ ano!r unsuccessful attempt to fa?om mid ocean ) a l9e ?irty-n9e ?\s& feet 9 l5g?4 ,capta9 ,d5man1 ( ,h4 ,m4 ,s4 ,h]ald1 report$ bottom 9 ! ,s\? ,atlantic at ! dep? ( =ty-six ?\s& feet2 & ,lieut5ant ,j4 ,p4 ,p>k]1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates frigate ,congress1 on attempt+ s\nd+s ne> ! same region1 let g 8 plummet1 aft] x _h run out a l9e fifty ?\s& feet long1 z if ! bottom _h n be5 rea*$4 ,we h ! au?ority ( ,lieut5ant ,maury = say+1 h[ev]1 t !re are no su* dep?s z ^!4 ,! "u-curr5ts ( ! deep sea h p[] to take ! l9e out long aft] ! plummet has ceas$ to s9k1 & x 0 be=e ?is fact 0 discov]$ t ^! great s\nd+s 7 report$4 ,x has also be5 discov]$ t ! l9e1 once dragg$ d[n into ! dep?s ( ! ocean1 runs out unceas+ly4 ,?is difficulty 0 f9ally ov]come by ! +5uity ( ,mid%ipman ,brooke4 ,"u ! judici\s patronage ( ! ,secret>y to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy1 ,mr4 ,brooke inv5t$ ! simple & +5i\s app>atus 7,fig4 #a71 by :i* s\nd+s are n[ made1 9 a mann] :i* n only e/abli%es ! dep?1 b br+s up specim5s ( ! bottom4 ,! s\nd+-l9e 9 ?is app>atus is atta*$ to a weighty rod ( iron1 ! l[] extremity ( :i* conta9s a holl[ cup = ! reception ( tall[ or "s o!r s(t sub/ance4 ,?is rod is pass$ ?r\gh a hole 9 a ?irty-two p\nd sph]ical %ot1 be+ support$ 9 its position by sl+s ,a1 :i* are hook$ on to ! l9e by ! swivels a4 ,:5 ! rod /rikes ! bottom1 ! t5sion on ! l9e ceases1 ! swivels are rev]s$1 ! sl+s ,b are ?r[n out ( ! hooks1 ! ball falls to ! gr\nd1 & ! rod1 releas$ f its weight1 is easily drawn up1 br++ ) x portions ( ! bottom atta*$ to ! greasy sub/ance 9 ! cup4 ,by means ( ?is app>atus1 specim5s ( ! bottom h be5 br\ght up f ! dep? ( f\r miles4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,brooke's ,s\nd+ ,app>atus4 ,! greate/ dep? at :i* ! bottom has be5 rea*$ ) ?is plummet is 9 ! ,nor? ,atlantic betwe5 ! p>allels ( ?irty-five & =ty degrees nor?1 & imm$iately s\? ( ! great bank ( rocks (f ,newf\ndl&4 ,?is does n appe> to be m ?an tw5ty-five ?\s& feet deep4 ,! bas9 ( ! ,atlantic1 says ,maury1 accord+ to ! deep-sea s\nd+s 9 ! accompany+ diagram1 is a long tr\gh sep>at+ ! ,old ,_w f ! ,new1 & ext5d+1 probably1 f pole to pole4 ,9 bread?1 x contra/s /rongly ) ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,f ! top ( ,*imborazo to ! bottom ( ! ,atlantic1 at ! deepe/ place yet rea*$ by ! plummet 9 t ocean1 ! di/ance 9 a v]tical l9e is n9e miles4 ,c\ld ! wat]s ( ! ,atlantic be drawn (f1 s z to expose to view ?is great sea ga% :i* sep>ates cont95ts1 & ext5ds f ! ,arctic to ! ,ant>ctic ,seas1 x w\ld pres5t a sc5e ! mo/ rugg$1 gr&1 & impos+2 ! v ribs ( ! solid e>? ) ! f\ndations ( ! sea w\ld be br\ght to light1 & we %\ld h pres5t$ to u 9 "o view1 9 ! empty cradle ( ! ocean1 'a ?\s& fe>ful wrecks1' ) ! array ( 'dead m5's skulls1 great an*ors1 heaps ( pe>ls1 & ine/imable /ones1' :i*1 9 ! poet's eye1 lie scatt]$ on ! bottom ( ! sea1 mak+ x hide\s ) ! sight ( ugly dea?4 ,! dep? ( ! ,m$it]ranean is comp>atively inconsid]able4 ,betwe5 ,gibralt> & ,ceuta1 ,capta9 ,smi? e/imates ! dep? at ab\t five ?\s& sev5 hundr$ feet1 & f "o to ?ree ?\s& 9 ! n>r[] p>ts ( ! /raits4 ,ne> ,nice1 ,saussure f\nd bottom at ?ree ?\s& two hundr$ & fifty4 ,x is said t ! bottom is %all[] 9 ! ,adriatic1 & does n exce$ a hundr$ & =ty feet betwe5 ! coa/ ( ,dalmatia & ! m\?s ( ! ,po4 ,! ,baltic ,sea is rem>kable = its %all[ wat]s1 its maximum r>ely exce$+ six hundr$ feet4 ,x ?us appe>s t ! sea has simil> inequalities to ^? obs]v$ on l&2 x has its m\nta9s1 valleys1 hills1 & pla9s4 ,! ,deep-sea ,s\nd+ ,app>atus ( ,lieut5ant ,brooke has already furni%$ "s v rem>kable results4 ,aid$ by x1 ,dr4 ,maury has con/ruct$ 8 f9e orographic map ( ! bas9 ( ! ,atlantic1 :i* is probably z exact z ! maps :i* repres5t ,africa or ,au/ralia4 ,dr4 ,maury has also publi%$ _m *>ts1 giv+ ! dep?s ( ! ocean1 ! sub/ance ( :i* is giv5 9 ! accompany+ map1 :i* repres5ts ! configuration ( ! ,atlantic up to ! t5? degree ( s\? latitude1 n 9 figures1 z 9 ,dr4 ,maury's *>ts1 b 9 t9ts2 diagonal l9es f "r to left1 repres5t+ ! %ores ( bo? hemisph]es1 indicate a dep? ( less ?an a ?\s& fa?oms2 f left to "r1 indicate bottom at "o ?\s& to two ?\s&2 horizontal l9es1 two to ?ree ?\s& fa?oms2 cross l9es %[ an av]age dep? ( ?ree to f\r ?\s& fa?oms2 f9ally1 ! p]p5dicul> l9es indicate a dep? ( f\r ?\s& fa?oms & upw>ds4 ,solid black indicates cont95ts & isl&s2 wav+ l9es1 surr\nd+ bo? cont95ts at a %ort di/ance f ! %ore1 indicate ! s&s :i* surr\nd ! coa/ l9e at a little di/ance f ! %ore4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,*>t ( ! ,atlantic ,ocean4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! "q may be ask$1 :at useful purpose is s]v$ by tak+ s\nd+s at great dep?s8 ,to ?is we may quote ! answ] ( ,frankl9 to a "q ( simil> t5d5cy1 address$ to a]onauts--,:at purpose is s]v$ by ! bir? ( a *ild8 ,e fact 9 physics is int]e/+ 9 itself2 x =ms a rally+ po9t1 r\nd :i*1 soon] or lat]1 o!rs w meet1 9 ord] to e/abli% "s useful tru?2 & ! importance ( mak+ & record+ deep-sea s\nd+s is e/abli%$ by ! successful imm]sion ( ! transatlantic telegraph4 ,at ! bottom ( ! ,atlantic !re exi/s a rem>kable plateau1 ext5d+ f ,cape ,race 9 ,newf\ndl&1 to ,cape ,cle> 9 ,irel&1 a di/ance ( ov] two ?\s& miles1 ) a bread? ( f\r hundr$ & sev5ty miles3 its mean dep? along ! :ole r\te is e/imat$ at two miles to two miles & a half4 ,x is ^u ?is telegraphic plateau1 z x has be5 call$1 t ! attempt 0 made to lay d[n ! cable 9 #aheh1 & x is on x t ! ent]prise has be5 s successfully complet$1 dur+ ! ye> #ahff4 ,tubul> annelids1 capable ( bor+ into all organic sub/ances1 are native to ?is plateau1 & h mat]ially assi/$ 9 de/roy+ ! electric cable4 ,! surface ( ! plateau _h be5 previ\sly explor$ by means ( ,brooke's app>atus1 & ! bottom 0 f\nd to be compos$ *iefly ( microscopic calc>e\s %ells 7,=am9if]a71 & a few silice\s %ells 7,diatomace74 ,^! delicate & fragile %ells1 :i* seem$ to /rew ! bottom ( ! sea1 9 b$s ( great ?ickness1 7 br\ght up by ! s\nd+-rod 9 a /ate ( p]fect pres]vation1 :i* proves t ! wat] is rem>kably quiet 9 ^! dep?s1--an inf]5ce :i* is fully borne out by ! condition 9 :i* ! cable ( #aheh 0 f\nd1 :5 pick$ up 9 #ahff4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,section ( ! ,atlantic1 %[+ its dep? & ! position ( ! ,atlantic ,telegraph4 ,! fir/ exploration ( ?is plateau 0 und]tak5 by ! ,am]ican brig ,dolph91 :i* took a hundr$ s\nd+s "o hundr$ miles f ! coa/ ( ,scotl&1 aft]w>ds tak+ ! direction ( ! ,azores1 to ! nor? ( :i* bottom 0 f\nd1 consi/+ ( *alk & yell[ s&1 at n9e ?\s& six hundr$ feet4 ,to ! s\? ( ,newf\ndl&1 ! dep? 0 f\nd to be sixte5 ?\s& five hundr$ feet4 ,9 #ahef1 ,lieut5ant ,b]ryman1 ( ! ,am]ican /eam] ,arctic1 complet$ a l9e ( s\nd+s f ,/4 ,john1 ,newf\ndl&1 to ,val5tia1 (f ! ,iri% coa/1 & 9 #aheg1 ,lieut5ant ,dayman1 ( ! ,engli% /eam%ip ,cyclops1 repeat$ ! same op]ation3 ?is la/ l9e ( s\nd+s1 ! result ( :i* is repres5t$ 9 ! accompany+ section1 diff]$ slightly f t foll[$ by ,lieut5ant ,b]ryman4 ,9 ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 ! dep? does n seem to exce$ sev5 ?\s& feet2 ! ,baltic does n 9 any place exce$ elev5 hundr$4 ,! dep? ( ! ,m$it]ranean is1 z we h said1 v v>iable4 ,at ,nice1 accord+ to ,horace de ,saussure1 ! av]age dep? is ?ree ?\s& ?ree hundr$ feet4 ,betwe5 ! ,dalmatian coa/ & ! m\? ( ! ,po1 bottom is f\nd at a hundr$ & =ty feet4 ,capta9 ,smi? f\nd s\nd+s at f "o ?\s& to n9e ?\s& feet 9 ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt>1 & at t5 ?\s& feet betwe5 ,gibralt> & ,ceuta1 :]e ! bread? exce$s sixte5 miles4 ,betwe5 ,rhodes & ,alex&ria1 ! greate/ dep? is t5 ?\s& feet4 ,betwe5 ,alex&ria & ,c&ia x is t5 ?\s& ?ree hundr$4 ,a hundr$ & tw5ty miles ea/ ( ,malta x is fifte5 ?\s&4 ,! peculi> =m ( ! ,m$it]ranean has l$ to its be+ comp>$ to a va/ inv]t$ tunnel4 ,! ,arctic ,ocean has1 probably1 no great dep?4 ,h5ce salt wat]1 foll[+ ! g5]al law ( contract+ z x is cool$ until x freezes1 no ice c be =m$ on its surface till ! temp]ature has fall5 ?r\gh its entire dep? ne>ly to freez+ po9t1 :5 ! entire mass is consolidat$ into pack-ice4 ,accord+ to ,b>on ,wrangel1 ! bottom ( ! glacial sea1 on ! nor? coa/ ( ,sib]ia1 =ms a g5tle slope1 &1 at ! di/ance ( two hundr$ miles f ! %ore1 x is /ill only f n9ety to a hundr$ feet4 ,nev]!less1 9 ,baff9's ,bay1 ,dr4 ,kane made s\nd+s at elev5 ?\s& six hundr$ feet4 ,! inequalities ( ! bas9 ( ! ,pacific ,ocean are1 comp>atively1 unkn[n to u4 ,! greate/ dep? obs]v$ by ,lieut5ant ,brooke 9 ! great ocean is two ?\s& sev5 hundr$ fa?oms1 :i* he f\nd 9 fifty-n9e degrees nor? latitude & "o hundr$ & sixty-six degrees ea/ longitude4 ,apply+ ! !ory ( waves to ! bill[s propell$ f ! coa/ ( ,japan to ,cali=nia1 dur+ ! e>?quake ( ! #bcrd ( ,decemb]1 #ahed1 ,pr(essor ,ba*e calculat$ t ! mean dep? ( ?is "p ( ! ,pacific is f\rte5 ?\s& f\r hundr$ feet4 ,9 ! ,pacific ,ocean1 latitude sixty degrees s\? & "o hundr$ & sixty degrees ea/ longitude1 he f\nd s\nd+s at f\rte5 ?\s& six hundr$ feet--ab\t two miles & a half4 ,ano!r ca/ ( ! lead 9 ! ,indian ,ocean 0 made 9 sev5 ?\s& & =ty fa?oms1 b )\t br++ up any soil f ! bottom4 ,among ! fragm5ts br\ght up f ! bottom ( ! ,coral ,sea1 a rem>kable abs5ce ( calc>e\s %ells 0 not$1 :il/ ! silice\s fragm5ts ( sponges 7 f\nd 9 great quantities4 ,o!r s\nd+s made 9 ! ,pacific1 at a dep? ( f\r or five miles1 7 exam9$ by ,ehr5b]g1 :o f\nd a hundr$ & ?irty-five diff]5t =ms ( infusoria repres5t$1 & among !m tw5ty-two species new to him4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! composition ( ! infusoria ( ! ,atlantic are calc>e\s2 ^? ( ! ,pacific1 silice\s4 ,^! animalcules draw f ! sea ! m9]al matt] ) :i* x is *>g$--t is1 ! lime or silica :i* =m _! %ell4 ,^! %ells accumulate aft] ! dea? ( ! animal1 & =m ! bottom ( ! ocean4 ,! animals con/ruct _! habitations ne> ! surface2 :5 !y die1 !y fall into ! dep?s ( ! ocean1 :]e !y accumulate 9 myriads1 =m+ m\nta9s & pla9s 9 mid ocean4 ,9 ?is mann]1 we may rem>k1 en passant1 _m ( ! exi/+ cont95ts _h _! bir? 9 geological times4 ,! horizontal b$s ( m>9e deposits1 :i* are call$ s$im5t>y rocks1 & especially ! cretace\s rocks & calc>e\s b$s ( ! ,jurassic & ,t]ti>y p]iods1 all result f su* rema9s4#a ,! sea level is1 9 g5]al1 ! same ev]y:]e4 ,x repres5ts ! sph]ical =m ( our planet1 & is ! basis = calculat+ all t]re/rial heights2 b _m gulfs & inl& seas op5 on ! ea/ are suppos$ to be exceptions to ?is rule3 ! accumulation ( wat]s1 press$ into ^! receptacles by ! g5]al movem5t ( ! sea f ea/ to we/1 x is alleg$1 may pile up ! wat]s1 9 "s cases1 to a great] height ?an ! g5]al level4 ,x _h long be5 admitt$1 on ! fai? ( inexact obs]vation1 t ! level ( ! ,r$ ,sea 0 high] ?an t ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,x has also be5 said t ! level ( ! ,pacific ,ocean at ,panama is high] by ab\t =ty in*es ?an ! mean level ( ! ,atlantic at ,*agres1 & t1 at ! mom5t ( high wat]1 ?is diff]5ce is increas$ to ab\t ?irte5 feet1 :ile at l[ x is ov] six feet 9 ! opposite direction4 ,?is has be5 prov$1 s f> z ! evid5ce goes1 to be error 9 :at conc]ns ! diff]5ce 9 level ( ! ,r$ ,sea & ,m$it]ranean2 & ! op5+ ( ! ,suez ,canal1 :i* is ne> at h&1 w probably furni% /ill m conv9c+ pro(s4 ,rec5t s\nd+s %[ t ! mean level ( ! ,pacific & ,atlantic ,oceans are id5tical4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x has be5 calculat$ t all ! wat]s ( ! sev]al seas ga!r$ toge!r w\ld =m a sph]e ( fifty or sixty leagues 9 diamet]1 &1 suppos+ ! surface ( ! globe p]fectly level1 t ^! wat]s w\ld subm]ge x to ! dep? ( m ?an six hundr$ feet4 ,aga91 admitt+ ! mean dep? ( ! sea to be ?irte5 ?\s& feet1 its e/imat$ cont5ts ought to be ne>ly two ?\s& two hundr$ & fifty millions ( cubic miles ( wat]2 &1 if ! sea c\ld be imag9$ to be dri$ up1 all ! sew]s ( ! e>? w\ld require to p\r _! wat]s into x = =ty ?\s& ye>s1 9 ord] to fill ! va/ bas9s anew4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if we c\ld imag9e ! entire globe to be divid$ into "o ?\s& sev5 hundr$ & eighty-six p>ts by weight1 we %\ld f9d approximately1 accord+ to ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 t ! total weight ( ! oceanic wat]s is equival5t to "o ( ^! p>ts4 ,! specific weight ( sea wat] is a little above t ( fre% wat]1 ! proportion be+ z a ?\s& to a ?\s& & tw5ty-sev54 ,! ,dead ,sea1 :i* receives no fre% wat] into its bosom to ma9ta9 itself at ! same level z o!r seas1 acquires a high] degree ( saltness1 & is equal to a ?\s& & tw5ty-eight4 ,! specific gravity ( sea wat] is ab\t ! same z ! milk ( a heal?y woman4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! col\r ( ! sea is cont9ually v>y+1 & is *iefly caus$ by filtration ( ! sol> rays4 ,accord+ to ! te/imony ( ! majority ( obs]v]s1 ! ocean1 se5 by reflection1 pres5ts a f9e azure blue or ultram>9e 7cruleum m>e74 ,:5 ! air is pure & ! surface calm ?is t9t s(t5s ins5sibly1 until x is lo/ & bl5d$ ) ! blue ( ! heav5s4 ,ne> ! %ore x becomes m ( a gre5 or glaucus1 & m or less brilliant1 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,!re are "s days :5 ! ocean assumes a livid aspect1 & o!rs :5 x becomes a v pure gre52 at o!r times1 ! gre5 is sombre & sad4 ,:5 ! sea is agitat$1 ! gre5 takes a br[ni% hue4 ,at sunset1 ! surface ( ! sea is illum9$ ) t9ts ( e hue ( purple & em]ald4 ,plac$ 9 a vase1 sea wat] appe>s p]fectly transp>5t & col\rless4 ,accord+ to ,scoresby1 ! ,pol> seas are ( brilliant ultram>9e blue4 ,ca/az says ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 t x is cele/ial blue1 & ,tuckey describes ! equ9octial ,atlantic z be+ ( a vivid blue4 ,_m local causes influ5ce ! col\rs ( m>9e wat]s1 & give !m c]ta9 decid$ & con/ant %ades4 ,a bottom ( :ite s& w communicate a greyi% or apple-gre5 col\r to ! wat]1 if n v deep2 :5 ! s& is yell[1 ! gre5 appe>s m sombre2 ! pres5ce ( rocks is (t5 ann\nc$ by ! deep col\r :i* ! sea takes 9 _! vic9ity4 ,9 ! ,bay ( ,loango ! wat]s appe> ( a deep r$1 because ! bottom is !re naturally r$4 ,x appe>s :ite 9 ! ,gulf ( ,gu9ea1 yell[ on ! coa/ ( ,japan1 gre5 to ! we/ ( ! ,can>ies1 & black r\nd ! ,maldive gr\p ( isl&s4 ,! ,m$it]ranean1 t[>ds ! ,ar*ipelago1 sometimes becomes m or less r$4 ,! ,:ite & ,black ,seas appe> to be nam$ aft] ! ice ( ! "o & ! tempe/s to :i* ! o!r is subject4 ,at o!r times1 col\r$ animalcules give to ! wat] a p>ticul> t9t4 ,! ,r$ ,sea owes its col\r to a delicate microscopic alg 7,try*odesmium ery?rum71 :i* 0 subject$ to ! microscope by ,ehr5b]g2 b o!r causes ( col\ration are sugge/$4 ,"s microscopi/s ma9ta9 t x is imp>t$ by ! %ells & o!r rema9s ( infusoria2 o!rs ascribe ! col\r to ! evaporation :i* goes on unceas+ly 9 t riv]less di/rict1 produc+ salt rocks on a great scale all r\nd its %ores4 ,9 ! same mann] sea wat]1 conc5trat$ by ! action ( ! sol> rays 9 ! salt m>%es ( ! s\? ( ,france1 :5 !y arrive at a c]ta9 /age ( conc5tration take a f9e r$ col\r1 :i* is due to ! pres5ce ( "s r$-%ell$ animalcules :i* only appe> 9 sea wat] ( ?is /r5g?4 ,! sal9e lakes on ! ,great ,?ibetian wat] %$s are due to ?is cause4 ,/rangely en\gh1 ^! m9ute creatures die :5 ! wat]s atta9 great] d5sity by fur!r conc5tration1 & also if x becomes weak] f ! effects ( ra94 99 99 99 99 99 ,navigators (t5 trav]se long pat*es ( gre51 r$1 :ite1 or yell[ col\r$ wat]1 all ( :i* are due to ! pres5ce ( microscopic cru/aceans1 m$us1 zoophytes1 & m>9e plants2 ! ,v]milion ,sea on ! ,cali=nian coa/ is entirely due to ! latt] cause4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ph5om5on kn[n z ,phosphoresc5ce ( ! ,sea is due to analog\s causes4 ,?is wond]ful sight is obs]vable 9 all seas1 b is mo/ frequ5t 9 ! ,indian ,ocean1 ! ,arabian ,gulf1 & o!r tropical seas4 ,9 ! ,indian ,ocean1 ,capta9 ,k+man1 ( ! ,am]ican %ip ,%oot+ ,/>1 trav]s$ a zone tw5ty-?ree miles 9 l5g? s fill$ ) phosphoresc5t animalcules t at sev5 h\rs =ty-five m9utes ! wat] 0 rapidly assum+ a :ite1 milky appe>ance1 & dur+ ! night x pres5t$ ! appe>ance ( a va/ field ( sn[4 ,!re 0 sc>cely a cl\d 9 ! heav5s1 he cont9ues1 yet ! sky1 = ab\t t5 degrees above ! horizon1 appe>$ z black z if a /orm 7 rag+2 />s ( ! fir/ magnitude %one ) a feeble light1 & ! ',milky ,way' ( ! heav5s 0 almo/ entirely eclips$ by t ?r\gh :i* we 7 sail+4 ,! animals :i* produc$ ?is appe>ance 7 ab\t six in*es long1 & =m$ ( a gelat9\s & transluc5t matt]4 ,at times1 ! sea 0 "o blaze ( light1 produc$ by c\ntless millions ( m9ute globul> creatures1 call$ ,noctiluc4 ,! motion ( a vessel or ! pla% ( an o> w (t5 excite _! lucidity1 & sometimes1 aft] ! ebb ( tide1 ! rocks & seawe$ ( ! coa/ are gl[+ ) !m4 ,v>i\s o!r tribes ( animals !re are :i* contribute to ?is lum9\s appe>ance ( ! sea4 ,m4 ,p]on ?us describes ! effect produc$ by ,pyrosoma ,atlanticum1 on 8 voyage to ! ,isle ( ,france3 ,! w9d 0 bl[+ ) great viol5ce1 ! night 0 d>k1 & ! vessel 0 mak+ rapid way1 :5 :at appe>$ to be a va/ %eet ( phosphorus pres5t$ itself float+ on ! waves1 & occupy+ a great space ahead ( ! %ip4 ,! vessel hav+ pass$ ?r\gh ?is fi]y mass1 x 0 discov]$ t ! light 0 occasion$ by animalcules swimm+ ab\t 9 ! sea at v>i\s dep?s r\nd ! %ip4 ,^? :i* 7 deepe/ 9 ! wat] look$ l r$-hot balls1 :ile ^? on ! surface resembl$ cyl9d]s ( r$-hot iron4 ,"s ( ! latt] 7 caught3 !y 7 f\nd to v>y 9 size f ?ree to sev5 in*es4 ,all ! ext]ior ( ! creatures bri/l$ ) long ?ick tub]cles1 %9+ l s _m diamonds1 & ^! seem$ to be ! pr9cipal seat ( _! lum9osity4 ,inside also !re appe>$ to be a multitude ( oblong n>r[ gl&s1 exhibit+ a high degree ( phosphoric p[]4 ,! col\r ( ^! animals :5 9 repose is an opal yell[1 mix$ ) gre52 b1 on ! slighte/ movem5t1 ! animal exhibits a spontane\s contractile p[]1 & assumes a lum9\s brilliancy1 pass+ ?r\gh v>i\s %ades ( deep r$1 orange1 gre51 & azure blue4 ,! phosphoresc5ce ( ! sea is a spectacle at once impos+ & magnific5t4 ,! %ip1 9 plung+ ?r\gh ! waves1 seems to advance ?r\gh a sea ( r$ & blue flame1 :i* is ?r[n (f by ! keel l s mu* lightn+4 ,myriads ( creatures float & play on ! surface ( ! waves1 divid+1 multiply+1 & reunit+1 s z to =m "o va/ field ( fire4 ,9 /ormy wea!r ! lum9\s waves roll & break 9 a silv]y foam4 ,glitt]+ bodies1 :i* might be tak5 = fire-fi%es1 seem to pursue & cat* ea* o!r--lose _! hold1 & d>t aft] ea* o!r anew4 ,f "t immemorial1 ! phosphoresc5ce ( ! sea has be5 obs]v$ by navigators4 ,! lum9\s appe>ance pres5ts itself on ! cre/ ( ! waves1 :i* 9 fall+ scatt]s x 9 all directions4 ,x atta*es itself to ! rudd] & da%es aga9/ ! b[s ( ! vessel4 ,x plays r\nd ! reefs & rocks aga9/ :i* ! waves beat1 & on sil5t nights1 9 ! tropics1 its effects are truly magical4 ,?is phosphoresc5ce is due *iefly to ! pres5ce ( a multitude ( mollusks & zoophytes :i* seem to %9e by _! own light2 !y emit a fluid s susceptible ( expansion1 t 9 ! zigzag movem5t pursu$ !y leave a lum9\s tra9 ^u ! wat]1 :i* spreads ) imm5se rapidity4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( ^! m9ute mollusks is a species ( ,pyrosoma1 a sort ( muc\s sac ( an in* long1 :i*1 ?r[n ^u ! deck ( a %ip1 emits a light l a rod ( iron heat$ to a :ite heat4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el not$ on ! surface ( calm wat] a v curi\s =m ( ?is phosphoresc5ce2 x 0 a polygon ( rectil9e> %ape1 cov]+ _m squ>e feet ( surface1 & x illum9at$ ! :ole region = "s mom5ts ) a vivid light1 :i* trav]s$ x ) great rapidity4 ,! phosphoresc5ce ( ! sea may also result f ano!r cause4 ,:5 animal matt] is decompos$1 x becomes phosphoresc5t4 ,! bodies ( c]ta9 fi%es1 :5 !y become a prey to putrefaction1 emit an int5se light4 ,,mm4 ,becqu]el & ,bres*et h not$ f9e phosphoresc5t effects f ?is cause 9 ! wat]s ( ! ,br5ta at ,v5ice4 ,animal matt] 9 a /ate ( decomposition1 proce$+ f dead fi% :i* floats on ! surface ( ponds1 is capable ( produc+ l>ge pat*es ( oleag9\s matt]1 :i*1 pil$ ^u ! wat]1 communicates to a consid]able ext5t ! phosphoresc5t aspect4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:atev] may be ! case else:]e1 !re are local causes :i* affect ! col\r ( ! wat]s 9 c]ta9 riv]s1 & ev5 orig9ate _! names4 ,! ,guania1 :i* ) ! ,casiquaire =ms ! ,rio ,negro1 is ( a deep br[n1 :i* sc>cely int]f]es ) ! limpidity ( its wat]s4 ,! wat]s ( ! ,or9oco & ! ,casiquaire h also a br[ni% col\r4 ,! ,ganges is ( a muddy br[n1 :ile ! ,djumna1 :i* x receives1 is gre5 or blue4 ,! :iti% col\r belongs to ! ,rio ,bianco1 or ,:ite ,riv]1 & to _m o!r riv]s4 ,! ,ohio 9 ,am]ica1 ! ,torg$ale1 ! ,goe?a1 ! ,traun at ,is*l1 & mo/ ( ! ,norwegian riv]s1 are ( a delicate limpid gre54 ,! ,yell[ ,riv] & ! ,blue ,riv] 9 ,*9a are di/+ui%$ by ! *>act]i/ic t9t ( _! wat]s4 ,! ,arkansas1 ! ,r$ ,riv]1 & ! ,lobregat 9 ,catalonia1 are rem>kable = _! r$ col\r1 :i*1 l ! ,d>t & o!r ,engli% riv]s1 !y owe to ! e>? ov] :i* !y fl[1 or :i* _! wat]s hold 9 susp5sion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! wat] ( ! sea is ess5tially salt1 ( a peculi> flav\r1 slightly acrid & bitt]1 & a little nause\s4 ,x has an od\r p]fectly sui g5]is1 & is slightly visc\s4 ,9 %ort1 x includes a great numb] ( m9]al salts & "s o!r comp\nds1 :i* give x a v disagreeable ta/e1 & r5d] x unfit = dome/ic use4 ,x conta9s ne>ly all ! soluble sub/ances :i* exi/ on ! globe1 b pr9cipally *loride ( sodium1 or m>9e salt1 & sulphate ( magnesia1 ( potassium1 & ( lime4 ,pure wat] is produc$ by a comb9ation ( "o volume ( oxyg5 & ( two volumes ( hydrog51 or 9 weight1 #ajj oxyg5 & #abej hydrog54 ,sea wat] is compos$ ( ! same2 b we f9d !re1 besides1 o!r elem5ts1 ! pres5ce ( :i* *emi/ry reveals to u4 ,9 #ajjj gra9s ( sea wat] ! foll[+ +r$i5ts are f\nd3-- ,wat] #ifbj ,*loride ( sodium #bga ,*loride ( magnesium #ed ,*loride ( potassium #jd ,bromide ( magnesia #ja ,sulphate ( magnesia #ab ,sulphate ( lime #jh ,c>bonate ( lime #ja ,leav+ a residuum ( #bi ----- #ajjj consi/+ ( sulphurett$ hydrog51 hydro*lorate ( ammonia1 iod9e iron1 copp]1 & ev5 silv] 9 v>i\s quantities & proportions1 accord+ to ! locality ( ! specim54 ,9 exam9+ ! plates ( copp] tak5 f ! bottom ( a %ip at ,valp>aiso1 :i* _h be5 long at sea1 di/9ct traces ( silv] 7 f\nd deposit$ by ! sea4 ,f9ally1 we f9d dissolv$ 9 ! ocean a peculi> mucus1 :i* seems ( a mix$ animal & vegetable nature1 & is evid5tly organic matt] proce$+ f ! successive decomposition ( ! innum]able g5]ations ( animals :i* h disappe>$ s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! _w4 ,?is matt] has be5 describ$ by ! ,c\nt ,m>sigli1 :o designates x sometimes "u ! "n ( glu1 & sometimes z an unctuosity4 ,x is ! ooze ( m>9e surveyors1 & consi/s *iefly ( c>bonate ( lime1 n9ety p] c5t4 ( :i* is =m$ ( m9ute animal organisms4 ,its mealy adhesiv5ess results f ! pressure ( ! sup]impos$ wat]4 ,! num]\s salts :i* exi/ 9 ! sea c nei!r be deposit$ 9 its b$1 nor exhal$ ) ! vap\r1 to be aga9 p\r$ ^u ! soil 9 %[]s ( ra94 ,p>ticul> ag5ts reta9 ^! salts 9 solution1 trans=m !m1 & prev5t _! accumulation4 ,h5ce sea wat] always ma9ta9s a c]ta9 degree ( saltness & bitt]ness1 & ! ocean cont9ues to pres5t ! *emical *>act]s :i* x has exhibit$ 9 all times1 v>y+ only 9 c]ta9 localities :]e m or less fre% wat] is p\r$ into ! sea bas9 f riv]s3 ?us ! saltness ( ! ,m$it]ranean is great] ?an t ( ! ocean1 probably because x loses m wat] by evaporation ?an x receives f its fre%-wat] afflu5ts4 ,= ! opposite reason1 ! ,black & ! ,caspian ,seas are less *>g$ ) ^! salts4 ,! ,dead ,sea is s /rongly impregnat$ ) salt t ! body ( a man floats on its surface )\t s9k+1 l a piece ( cork ^u fre% wat]4 ,! suppos$ cause is excessive evaporation & ! abs5ce ( riv]s ( any importance4 ,! saltness ( ! sea seems to be g5]ally less t[>ds ! poles ?an ! equator2 b !re are exceptions to ?is law4 ,9 ! ,iri% ,*annel1 ne> ! ,cumb]l& coa/1 ! wat] conta9s salt equal to ! =tie? ( its weight2 on ! coa/ ( ,france1 x is equal to "o ?irty-second2 9 ! ,baltic1 x is equal to a ?irtie?2 at ,t5]iffe1 a tw5ty-eigh?2 & (f ! coa/ ( ,spa91 to a sixte5?4 ,aga91 9 _m places ! sea is less salt at ! surface ?an at ! bottom4 ,9 ! ,/raits ( ! ,d>danelles1 at ,con/ant9ople1 ! proportion is z sev5ty-two to sixty-two4 ,9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 x is z ?irty-two to tw5ty-n9e4 ,x is also /at$ t z ! salt increases at a c]ta9 dep?1 ! wat] becomes less bitt]4 ,at ! m\? ( ! great riv]s x is sc>cely necess>y to add t ! wat] is always less sal9e ?an on %ores :i* receive no supplies ( fre% wat]2 ! same rem>k applies to sea wat] 9 ! vic9ity ( pol> ice1 ! melt+ ( :i* is productive ( mu* fre% wat]4 ,a rec5t analysis ( ! wat] ( ! ,dead ,sea by ,m4 ,r\x gives ab\t two p\nds ( salt to "o gallon ( wat]4 ,no m9]al wat]1 if we except t ( ! ,salt ,lake ( ,utah1 is s l>gely impregnat$ ) sal9e sub/ances2 ! quantity ( bromide ( magnesia is #jce grammes to ! litre4 ,! wat] ( ! ,dead ,sea is1 accord+ to ^! proportions1 ! ri*e/ natural depository ( bromide1 :i* x might be made to furni% abundantly4 ,! wat]s ( ! great ,lake ( ,utah & ,lake ,ourmiah 9 ,p]sia are bo? highly sal9e4 ,9 ,lake ,ourmiah1 z 9 ! ,dead ,sea1 ! proportion ( salt is six times great] ?an 9 ! ocean4 ,_m ( our fre%-wat] lakes 7 probably salt orig9ally1 b h by degrees lo/ _! sal9e prop]ties by ! m+l+ ( _! wat]s ) ^? ( ! riv]s :i* trav]se or fl[ into !m4 ,among ! lakes :i* appe> to h be5 dive/$ ( _! sal9e prop]ties may be m5tion$ ! great lakes ( ,canada & ! ,sea ( ,baikal1 9 all ( :i* seals & o!r m>9e animals are /ill f\nd1 :i* h become acclimatiz$ z ! wat] gradually became fre%4 ,! saltness ( sea wat] increases its d5sity1 & at ! same "t its buoyancy1 ?us adapt+ x = be>+ %ips & o!r burd5s on its bosom2 moreov]1 to abbreviate slightly ,dr4 ,maury's rem>k1 ! br9e ( ! ocean is ! ley ( ! e>?4 ,f x ! sea d]ives dynamical p[]1 & its curr5ts _! ma9 /r5g?4 ,x is ! salt ( ! sea t imp>ts to its wat]s ^? curi\s anomalies 9 ! laws ( freez+ & ( !rmal dilatation1 t assi/ ! rays ( heat to p5etrate its bosom2 ! salts ( ! sea inve/ x ) adaptations :i* fre% wat] c\ld n possess4 ,9 ! latt] case1 ! maximum d5sity w\ld be ?irty-n9e degrees two seconds ,f4 in/ead ( tw5ty-sev5 degrees two seconds ,f41 :5 ! dynamical =ce ( ! sea w\ld be insuffici5t to put ! ,gulf ,/ream 9 motion4 ,nor c\ld x regulate ^? climates we call m>9e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we h said t sea wat] conta9s ne>ly all ! soluble sub/ances :i* exi/ 9 ! globe4 ,nev]!less its exhalation is comp>atively pure4 ,! wat] :i* evaporates f ! sea1 says ,y\man1 9 8 ,*emi/ry1 is ne>ly pure1 conta9+ b v m9ute traces ( salts4 ,fall+ z ra9 ^u ! l&1 x wa%es ! soil1 p]colates ?r\gh ! rocky lay]s1 & becomes *>g$ ) sal9e sub/ances1 :i* are borne seaw>d by ! return+ curr5ts4 ,! ocean1 !re=e1 is ! great depository ( all sub/ances t wat] c dissolve & c>ry d[n f ! surface ( ! cont95ts2 &1 z !re is no *annel = _! escape1 !y w\ld con/antly accumulate1 7 x n = ! creatures :i* inhabit ! seas1 & utilize ! mat]ial ?us br\ght )9 _! rea*4 ,^! sub/ances are *loride ( sodium or m>9e salt1 sulphates ( magnesia1 potassa1 lime1 & o!r sub/ances :i* ! wat] ( v>i\s seas is f\nd to conta94 ,9 ! ye> #ahdg1 ,i made an analysis ( wat] tak5 a few leagues f ! coa/ at ,havre1 :i* gave ! foll[+ result1 f "o litre 7#a p9t#gfjggc73--b ,grammes4 ,*loride ( sodium #begjd ,*loride ( magnesium #bije ,sulphate ( magnesia #bdfb ,sulphate ( lime #abaj ,sulphate ( potassa #jjid ,c>bonate ( lime #jacb ,silicate ( soda #jjag ,bromide ( sodium #jajc ,bromide ( magnesium #jjcj ,oxide ( iron1 c>bonate & phosphate ( magnesia1 ,only & oxide ( manganese traces4 ------ #cbfeg ,! wat] ( ! ,m$it]ranean conta9s m salts ?an t ( ! ocean4 ,! foll[+ are1 accord+ to ,m4 ,usiglio1 :o 0 "o ( a commission s5t to exam9e ! diff]5t k9ds ( salt wat] 9 ! s\? ( ,france1 ! compon5t p>ts ( "o hundr$ gallons ( ,m$it]ranean wat]3-- lbs4 ,*loride ( sodium #biebd ,*loride ( potassium #jdje ,*loride ( magnesium #cbai ,sulphate ( magnesia #bdgg ,*loride ( calcium #fjhj ,sulphate ( lime #aeeg ,c>bonate ( lime #jaad ,bromide ( sodium #jcef ,protoxide ( iron #jjjc ------ ,total #dcgce ,we conclude1 f ! quantity ( sea salt conta9$ 9 ! wat] ( ! ocean1 t1 if x 7 spread ov] ! surface ( ! globe1 x w\ld =m a lay] ( m ?an ?irty feet 9 height4 ,! salt conta9$ 9 sea wat] gives x a great] d5sity ?an fre% wat]2 its av]age specific weight is #a4jbg4 ,! d5sity ( ! wat] ( ! ,m$it]ranean is1 accord+ to ,m4 ,usiglio1 #a4jbe :5 at ! temp]ature ( sev5ty degrees4 ,b ! saltness ( ! sea v>ies v mu* "u ! influ5ce ( a great _m local circum/ances1 among :i* we mu/ c\nt pr9cipally curr5ts1 w9ds fav\rable to evaporation1 riv]s com+ f ! cont95ts1 c4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ t ! sea is less salt t[>ds ! poles ?an at ! equator2 t ! saltness increases1 9 g5]al1 ) ! di/ance f l&1 & ! dep? ( ! wat]2 t ! int]ior seas1 su* z ! ,baltic1 ! ,black ,sea1 ! ,:ite ,sea1 ! ,sea ( ,m>mora1 & ! ,yell[ ,sea1 are less salt ?an ! ocean4 ,! ,m$it]ranean is an exception to ?is la/ rule2 x is1 z we h se51 salt] ?an ! ocean4 ,?is diff]5ce is expla9$ by ! fact t ! quantity ( fre% wat] br\ght into x by riv]s is less ?an t lo/ by evaporation4 ,! ,m$it]ranean mu/ !re=e gr[ salt] ) "t1 unless its wat] is dis*>g$ into ! ocean by a c\nt] curr5t1 :i* w\ld run "u ! curr5t com+ f ! ,atlantic by ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt>4 ,! ,black ,sea1 on ! contr>y1 ! wat] ( :i* has a d5sity ( only #a4jac1 receives f riv]s m fre% wat] ?an x loses by evaporation4 ,! saltness ( ?is int]ior sea is only half z int5se z t ( ! ocean4 ,! ,sea ( ,azov & ! ,caspian ,sea are /ill less salt ?an ! ,black ,sea4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! relative composition ( ! wat] 9 ^! ?ree int]ior seas3-- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,black ,sea4 ,sea ( ,azov4 ,caspian ,sea4 ,9 #ajj ,gallons ( ,wat]4 ,d5sity ,d5sity ,d5sity #ajac #ajji4 #ajje4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,*loride ( sodium #adjaie #ifehc #cfgca ,*loride ( potassium #iahib #jabgi #jjgfa ,*loride ( magnesium #acjde #jhhgj #jfcbd ,sulphate ( magnesia #adgjd #jgfdb #abchi ,sulphate ( lime #jajdg #jbhgi #jdijc ,bic>bonate ( magnesia #jbjhf #jabhf #jjabi ,bic>bonate ( lime #jcfdf #jjbba #jagje ,bromide ( magnesium #jjjeb #jjjce traces ---------------------------------------- -- #agfffc #aahgie #fbidb ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,9 lakes )\t any outlet1 z ! ,dead ,sea & ! ,lake ( ,ural1 ! degree ( saltness is consid]ably augm5t$4 ,num]\s exp]im5ts h prov$ t ! wat] ( ! ,dead ,sea is six times salt] ?an t ( ! ocean4 ,,mm4 ,b\tron & ,o',h5ry analys$1 9 ,april1 #ahej1 aft] ! ra9y season1 "s wat] ( ! ,dead ,sea1 tak5 at ab\t two leagues f ! m\? ( ! ,jordan2 its d5sity 0 !n #aaj4 ,! saltness ( sea wat] makes x m fitt$ to float %ips1 because its d5sity is increas$ by ! salts :i* are dissolv$ 9 x4 ,besides ?is1 ^! salts contribute to prev5t ! wat] becom+ contam9at$ ) decompos$ organic matt]4 ,by ! table repres5t+ ! composition ( ! wat] ( ! ocean & ( t ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 we see t salts ( lime & potassium1 z well z iod9e & silica1 are only f\nd 9 inf9itely small quantities4 ,nev]!less1 ! lime & silica conta9$ 9 ! sea wat] are ( v great importance2 = ^! quantities1 :i* appe> to u s small 9 ! table ( a *emical analysis1 become enorm\s 9 ! entire ext5t ( ! ocean4 ,! m>9e plants take 9 ! lime1 ! silica1 ! potassa1 & ! iodides :i* are dissolv$ 9 ! sea wat]2 ^! m9]al sub/ances ent] into _! textures4 ,x is f ! c>bonate ( lime & silica t ! m>9e animals =m _! solid cov]+1 _! %ell or c>apace4 ,! infusoria make use ( ! lime1 silica1 & potassa = ! same purpose4 ,x is by ! life & habits ( ! polypi t we expla9 ^? ,coral ,isl&s f\nd 9 ! sea1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* has be5 a subject ( mu* a/oni%m5t1 & ought1 !re=e1 to f9d a place 9 ?is *apt]4 ,! ,pacific & ,indian ,oceans are /udd$ ) isl&s 9 a /ate ( =mation1 :i* owe _! orig9 to ! polypi & corall9es4 ,^! zoophytes extract f ! sea wat] ! lime & silicium :i* are f\nd !re 9 ! /ate ( soluble salts4 ,9 ord] to gr[ & develop1 !y mu/ be cont9ually "u wat]4 ,!y are con/antly produc+ calc>e\s deposits2 ^! deposits rise rapidly1 & at la/ rea* ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,!n ! seawe$ & rubbi% ( all k9ds t ! sea c>ries along ) x1 arre/$ by ^! em]g$ masses1 cov] !m ) a lay] ( f]tile soil2 :i* is soon cov]$ ) vegetation1 z ! birds & ! waves br+ se$s ?i!r4 ,! ,coral ,isl&s ( ! ,pacific1 :i* are describ$ 9 ano!r *apt]1 are =m$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,besides ! sub/ances nam$1 sea wat] also conta9s1 9 inf9itesimally small quantities1 metals1 su* z iron1 copp]1 lead & silv]4 ,! old copp] collect+ r\nd ! keels ( %ips sometimes s mu* silv] t x has be5 ?\ght wor? extract+6 ,a curi\s calculation has be5 attempt$1 bas$ on ! age ( %ips & ! di/ance !y h gone dur+ all _! voyages1 to %[ t ! sea conta9s 9 solution two million tons ( silv]4#c ,! "q has (t5 be5 ask$1 :5ce comes ! salt & o!r sub/ances held 9 solution 9 sea wat]8 ,if our read]s w turn back to ! fir/ few pages ( ,! ,_w be=e ! ,deluge1 !y w bett] und]/& ! v simple geological explanation t we are go+ to give ( ! orig9 ( diff]5t sub/ances dissolv$ 9 sea wat]4 ,9 ! fir/ /age ( our planet1 be=e ! wat]y vap\rs conta9$ 9 ! primitive atmosph]e 7 cond5s$1 & be=e !y _h begun to fall on ! e>? 9 ! =m ( boil+ ra91 ! %ell ( ! e>? conta9$ an inf9ite v>iety ( het]og5e\s m9]al sub/ances1 "s soluble 9 wat]1 o!rs n4 ,:5 ra9 fell on ! burn+ surface = ! fir/ "t1 ! wat]s became *>g$ ) all ! soluble sub/ances1 :i* 7 reunit$ & aft]w>ds deposit$1 accumulat+ 9 ! l>ge depressions ( ! soil4 ,! seas ( ! primitive globe 7 ?us =m$ ( ra9 wat]1 hold+ 9 solution all t ! e>? _h giv5 up1 collect$ 9 l>ge bas9s4 ,*loride ( sodium1 sulphates ( soda1 magnesia1 potassium1 lime1 & silica1 9 ! =m ( soluble silicate2 9 a ^w1 e soluble matt] t ! primitive globe conta9$ =m$ "p ( ! m9]al cont+5t ( ?is wat]4 ,if we reflect t ?r\gh all "t up to ! pres5t day none ( ! g5]al laws ( nature h *ang$--if we consid] t ! soluble sub/ances conta9$ 9 ! wat] ( ! primitive seas h rema9$ !re1 & t ! fre% wat] ( ! riv]s con/antly replaces ! wat] :i* disappe>s by evaporation--we h ! true explanation ( ! saltness ( sea wat]4 ,x is a v simple !ory1 x is true1 adds ,m4 ,figui]1 b "o t we h f\nd n[h]e1 & ! responsibility ( :i* we !re=e claim4 ,! *loride ( sodium is by no means ! only sub/ance dissolv$ 9 sea wat]4 ,x conta9s1 besides1 _m o!r m9]al sub/ances3 9 %ort1 e soluble salt on ! face ( ! globe1 &1 along ) !m1 portions ( diff]5t metals 9 inf9itely small quantities4 ,! mean temp]ature ( ! surface ( ! sea is ne>ly ! same z ! atmosph]e1 s long z no curr5ts ( heat or cold int]pose _! p]turb+ influ5ce4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,tropics1 x appe>s t ! surface ( ! wat] is slightly w>m] ?an ! ambi5t air1 b exp]im5ts on ! temp]ature ( ! sea f ! surface to ! bottom reveal1 accord+ to our au?or1#d "s evid5ce :i* e/abli%es a curi\s law4 ,9 v deep wat] a p]fectly uni=m temp]ature ( f\r degrees bel[ z]o prevails1 :i* corresponds1 z physics h e/abli%$1 to ! maximum d5sity ( wat]4 ,"u ! ,equator ?is temp]ature exi/s at ! dep? ( sev5 ?\s& feet4 ,9 ! ,pol> regions1 :]e wat] is cold] at ! surface1 ?is temp]ature is ma9ta9$ at f\r ?\s& six hundr$ feet4 ,! iso!rmal l9es ( f\r degrees =m a l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! ,zones1 :]e ! surface ( ! sea is cold]1 & ^? :]e x is w>m] ?an ! b$ ( f\r degrees bel[ z]o4 ,?is is m cle>ly %[n 9 ,fig4 #d1 :i* repres5ts a section ( ! ocean1 ! curv$ l9e :i* t\*es two po9ts at ! surface indicat+ ! dep?s :]e ! temp]ature is con/antly fix$ at f\r degrees4 ,dr4 ,maury's acc\nt ( ?is ph5om5on is ass]t$ ) less confid5ce4 ,! exi/5ce ( an iso!rmal floor ( ! ocean1 z he calls x1 0 fir/ sugge/$ by ! obs]vations ( ,kotzebue1 ,admiral ,bee*ey1 & ,sir ,james ,c4 ,ross4 ,its temp]ature1 accord+ to ,kotzebue1 is ?irty-six degrees ,fahr41 or f\r degrees ,c5t42 ! dep? ( ?is b$1 ( inv>iable & uni=m temp]ature1 is twelve hundr$ fa?oms at ! ,equator2 !nce x gradually rises to ! p>allel ( ab\t fifty-six degrees nor? & s\?1 :5 x crops out1 & !re ! temp]ature ( ! sea f top to bottom is conjectur$ to be p]man5t at ?irty-six degrees4 ,! place ( ?is outcrop1 no d\bt1 %ifts ) ! seasons1 vibrat+ nor? & s\?1 aft] ! mann] ( ! ,calm belts4 ,proce$+ onw>ds to ! ,frigid zones1 ?is aque\s /ratum ( an un*ang+ temp]ature dips aga91 & cont9ues to incl9e till x rea*es ! ,poles1 at ! dep? ( sev5 hundr$ & fifty fa?oms2 s t on ! equatorial side ( ! outcrop ! wat] above ! iso!rmal floor is ! w>m]1 b 9 ,pol> seas ! sup]natant wat] is ! cold]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #d4 ,!rmal ,l9es ( equal ,temp]ature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! sal9e prop]ties ( sea wat] ,maury discov]s "o ( ! pr9cipal =ces f :i* curr5ts 9 ! ocean proce$4 ,! br9e ( ! ocean is ! ley ( ! e>?1 he says2 f x ! sea d]ives dynamical p[]s1 & its curr5ts _! ma9 /r5g?4 ,h5ce1 to und]/& ! dynamics ( ! ocean1 x is necess>y to /udy ! effects ( _! saltness ^u ! equilibrium ( ! waves4 ,:y is ! sea made salt8 ,x is ! salts ( ! sea t imp>t to its wat]s ^? curi\s anomalies 9 ! laws ( freez+ & ( !rmal dilatation4 ,x is ! salts ( ! sea t assi/ ! rays ( heat to p5etrate its bosom4 ,! circulation ( ! ocean is indisp5sable to ! di/ribution ( temp]ature--to ! ma9t5ance ( ! meteorological & climatic conditions :i* rule ! developm5t ( life2 & ?is circulation c\ld n exi/--at lea/1 ! "* ( its wat]s w\ld be completely *ang$--if !y 7 fre% 9 place ( salt4 ,let u imag9e1 says ,m4 ,juli51 t ! sea1 n[ entirely compos$ ( fre% wat]1 ( "o uni=m temp]ature f ! ,pole to ! ,equator1 & f ! surface to its greate/ dep?s2 ! sol> heat w\ld p5etrate ! liquid b$s ne>e/ to ! ,equator2 x w\ld dilate !m1 s z to raise !m above _! primitive level2 by ! s+le effect ( gravitation1 !y w\ld glide on ! surface t[>ds ! pol> zones4 ,! abs5ce ( all sol> radiation w\ld t5d1 on ! contr>y1 to cool & contract !m )\t ?is t5d5cy4 ,an ex*ange w\ld be e/abli%$ f ! extremities t[>ds ! c5tre2 9 o!r words1 a c\nt] curr5t ( cold & heavy wat]1 calculat$ to replace ! losses occasion$ by ! action ( sol> radiation1 w\ld desc5d f ! ,poles1 b q ma9ta9+ itself b5ea? ! light & w>m curr5t f ! ,equator4 ,9 a l sy/em ( g5]al circulation1 ! physical prop]ties ( pure wat]1 :i* atta9s its maximum ( d5sity sev5 degrees two seconds ,f4 bel[ z]o1 w\ld produce ! mo/ s+ul> consequ5ces4 ,z its temp]ature rose above t po9t1 ! wat] w\ld become light]1 hav+1 consequ5tly1 a t5d5cy to asc5d t[>ds ! upp] b$s4 ,aft] ?is1 ! equatorial curr5t1 meet+ 9 its progress t[>ds ! ,poles ! cold wat]1 w\ld itself be cool$ d[n2 & :5 its temp]ature _h rea*$ f\r degrees bel[ z]o1 be+ n[ heavi] ?an ! pol> curr5t1 w\ld *ange places ) x1 desc5d+ until x rea*$ wat] equally d5se1 :ile ! pol> curr5t w\ld asc5d4 ,h5ce w\ld arise a sort ( confusion ( curr5ts :i* w\ld give to a fre%-wat] ocean ! /range/ results1 dis>rang+ e in/ant ! regul> circulation ( its wat]s4 ,x c\ld n be s1 h[ev]1 9 an ocean ( salt wat]1 :i* atta9s its maximum specific gravity at f\r degrees eight seconds ,f4 bel[ z]o4 ,by evaporation at ! surface x is conc5trat$ & precipitat$1 & ?us r5d]$ d5s] ?an t imm$iately bel[ ! surface4 ,x consequ5tly s9ks1 :ile ! l[] b$s come up to replace1 9 ord] to modify x1 & 9 turn to be precipitat$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,9 ?is mann] we f9d e/abli%$ a cont9ually asc5d+ & desc5d+ movem5t1 :i* c>ries d[n into ! dep?s ( ocean ! wat] w>m$ at ! surface by ! sol> rays ( ! ,torrid zone4 ,?is d\ble v]tical curr5t facilitates & prep>es ! gr& horizontal curr5t :i* puts ^! subm>9e res]voirs ( heat 9 communication ) ! l[] b$s ( ! glacial sea4 ,9 ! ,arctic bas9 ! cl\ds1 ! melt$ sn[1 & ! great riv]s1 :i* h _! m\?s on ! nor? ( bo? cont95ts1 produce consid]able quantities ( fre% wat]1 :i*1 mix+ ) ! waves ( ! ,pol> ,sea1 =m a b$ ( mean d5sity light en\gh to ma9ta9 itself & fl[ (f t[>ds ! ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,^! surface movem5ts det]m9e 9 ! l[] regions c]ta9 contr>y movem5ts1 :5ce orig9ate ! p[]ful c\nt] curr5ts :i* asc5d ! ,/raits f ,baff9's ,bay & reappe> 9 ! my/]i\s ',polynia' ( ,kane1 diffus+ !re its treasure ( heat br\ght f int]tropical seas4 ,dr4 ,kane1 9 8 int]e/+ ,n>rative1 reports an op5 sea nor? ( ! p>allel ( eighty-two degrees1 :i* he & 8 p>ty cross$ a b>ri] ( ice eighty miles broad to rea*1 & be=e he rea*$ x ! !rmomet] m>k$ sixty degrees4 ,beyond ?is ice-b\nd region he f\nd himself on ! %ores ( an iceless sea1 ext5d+ 9 an unbrok5 %eet ( wat] z f> z ! eye c\ld rea* t[>ds ! ,pole4 ,its waves 7 da%+ on ! bea* ) ! swell ( a great ocean2 ! tides ebb$ & fl[$4 ,n[ ! "q arises1 ,:]e did ^? tides h _! orig98 ,! tidal wave ( ! ,atlantic c\ld n h pass$ "u ! icy b>ri] :i* ,de ,hav5 f\nd s firm2 !re=e !y mu/ h be5 cradl$ 9 ! cold sea r\nd ! ,pole2 9 :i* case x foll[s t mo/1 if n all1 ! unexplor$ regions ab\t ! ,pole mu/ be cov]$ ) deep wat]1 ! only s\rce ( /rong & regul> tides4 ,seals 7 sport+ & wat]f[l fe$+ 9 ?is op5 sea1 z ,dr4 ,kane tells u1 & ! temp]ature ( ! wat] :i* roll$ 9 & da%$ at 8 feet ) measur$ beat 0 ?irty-six degrees1 :ile ! bottom ( ! icy b>ri] ( eighty miles 0 probably hundr$s ( feet bel[ ! surface level4 ,! exi/5ce ( ^! tides1 says ,maury1 ) ! imm5se fl[ & drift :i* annually take place f ! ,pol> ,seas & ! ,atlantic1 sugge/s _m conjectures z to ! condition ( ^! unexplor$ regions4 ,:alem5 h always be5 puzzl$ z to ! bre$+ place ( ! great :ale4 ,x is a cold-wat] animal1 &1 foll[+ up ! tra9 ( ?\ght1 ! "q arises1 ,is n ! nurs]y = ! great :ale 9 ?is ,pol> ,sea1 :i* is s set ab\t & hemm$ 9 by a h$ge ( ice1 t man may n trespass !re8 ,"o or two po9ts wor?y ( notice may be record$ "h4 ,%all[ wat]1 & wat] ne> ! coa/1 or cov]+ rais$ s&-banks1 is cold] ?an wat] 9 ! op5 sea4 ,alex&] von ,humboldt expla9s ?is ph5om5on by suppos+ t deep wat]s ( high] temp]ature reasc5d f ! l[e/ dep?s & m+le ) ! upp] b$s4 ,fogs are frequ5tly =m$ ov] s&-banks1 because ! cold wat] :i* cov]s !m produces a local precipitation ( atmosph]ic vap\r4 ,! cont\r ( ^! fogs are p]fectly def9$ :5 se5 f a di/ance3 !y reproduce ! =m & accid5ts due to ! subm>9e soil4 ,moreov]1 we (t5 see cl\ds arre/$ ov] ^! po9ts1 :i* look f af> l ! peaks ( m\nta9s4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,_w be=e ! ,deluge4 ,second edition4 ,footnote #b3 ,exam5 ,comp>atif des ,pr9cipales eaux ,m9rales ,sal9es de ,france et d',allemagne1 p> ,,mm4 ,l4 ,figui] et ,mialhe4 ,read at ! ,acadmie de ,mdec91 #bcrd ( ,may1 #ahdh4 ,footnote #c3 ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el's ,physical ,geography1 p4 #bb1 gives ! basis & details ( ?is calculation4 ,footnote #d3 ,la ,t]re et les ,m]s1 p4 #eag4 ,troisime ,ed4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,curr5ts ,,( ,,! ,,ocean4 444 seas t sweep ,! ?ree-deck]'s oak5 ma/4 ,,t5nyson4 ,! ocean is a sc5e ( unceas+ agitation2 its va/ surface rises & falls1 to use ! image sugge/$ by ,s*leid51 z if x 7 gift$ ) a g5tle p[] ( respiration2 its movem5ts1 g5tle or p[]ful1 sl[ or rapid1 are all det]m9$ by diff]5ces ( temp]ature4 ,heat increases its volume & *anges ! specific gravity ( ! wat]1 :i* is dilat$ or cond5s$ 9 proportion to ! *ange ( temp]ature4 ,9 proportion z x cools1 wat] increases 9 d5sity1 & desc5ds into ! dep?s until x rea*es a con/ant temp]ature ( f\r degrees tw5ty-five m9utes ,c5t4 bel[ z]o1 :i* x pres]ves 9 all latitudes at ! dep? ( a ?\s& y>ds1 accord+ to ,m4 ,d',urville4 ,if ! wat] cont9ues to cool1 & rea*es z]o1 x becomes light] ?an x 0 at f\r degrees tw5ty-five m9utes ,c5t41 & asc5ds 9 a /ate ( congelation--a process :i*1 by an admirable provision ( nature1 c only take place at ! surface4 ,s long z ! temp]ature is above f\r degrees tw5ty-five m9utes1 wat] is light1 & asc5ds to ! surface1 :ile cold] wat] s9ks to ! bottom4 ,bel[ f\r degrees tw5ty-five m9utes ! process is rev]s$2 ! fir/ ph5om5on is always 9 =ce "u ! ,equator1 ! second ne> ! ,poles4 ,! evaporation1 :i* is 9 cont9ual op]ation 9 w>m seas1 =m+ va/ ra9-cl\ds at ! exp5se ( ! sea1 is comp5sat$ by unceas+ curr5ts ( cold] wat] fl[+ f ! ,poles4 ,?is evaporation has a direct influ5ce1 moreov]1 on ! d5sity ( sea wat]1 & is po9t$ out by ,dr4 ,maury z a rem>kable in/ance ( ! comp5sations by :i* ! oceanic wat]s are gov]n$3 ,accord+ to ,rodg]s' obs]vations1 he says1 ! av]age specific gravity ( sea wat] on ! p>allels ( ?irty-f\r degrees nor? & s\?1 at a mean temp]ature ( sixty-f\r degrees1 is j :at x ought to be1 accord+ to sal9e & !rmal laws2 b its specific gravity1 :5 tak5 f ! ,equator at a mean temp]ature ( eighty-"o degrees1 is mu* great] ?an1 accord+ to ! same laws1 x ought to be--! obs]v$ diff]5ce be+ #jjae1 :]eas x ought to be #jjbe4 ,let u inquire1 he adds1 :at makes ! equatorial wat]s s mu* heavi] ?an !y ought to be4 ,! anomaly occurs 9 ! trade-w9d region1 & is be/ develop$ betwe5 ! p>allel ( =ty degrees 9 ! ,nor? ,atlantic & ! ,equator1 :]e ! wat] gr[s w>m]1 b n proportionally light]4 ,! wat] suck$ up by ! trade-w9ds is fre% wat]1 & ! salt x conta9$1 be+ left beh9d1 is j suffici5t to c\nt]act by its weight ! effect ( !rmal dilatation ^u ! specific gravity ( wat] betwe5 ! p>allels ( ?irty-f\r degrees nor? & s\?4 ,! ?ir/+ ( ! trade-w9ds = vap\r is s balanc$ z to produce p]fect comp5sation1 & a m beautiful in/ance ?an we h "h /umbl$ ^u is n1 x appe>s to me1 to be f\nd 9 ! me*anism ( ! univ]se4 ,! oceanic curr5ts are due to a great numb] ( causes3 ! duration & =ce ( ! w9ds1 = in/ance2 ! rise & fall ( tides all ov] ! globe2 ! v>iations 9 ! d5sity ( ! wat]s1 accord+ to its temp]ature1 & ! evaporat+ p[]s ( ! atmosph]e2 ! dep? & degree ( saltness to :i* we h already allud$2 f9ally1 to ! v>iations ( b>ometric pressure4 ,! curr5ts :i* furr[ ! ocean pres5t a /rik+ contra/ ) ! immobility ( ! neighb\r+ wat]s2 !y =m riv]s ( a det]m9ate bread?1 ^: banks are =m$ by ! wat] 9 repose1 & ^: c\rse is (t5 made q p]ceptible by ! vra*s & o!r aquatic plants :i* foll[ 9 _! tra94 ,9 ord] to compreh5d ! orig9 ( ^! pelagic riv]s1 x is necess>y to consid] ! laws :i* gov]n ! atmosph]ic curr5ts1 9 p>ticul> ! trade-w9ds4 ,h5ce1 says ,maury1 9 /udy+ ! sy/em ( oceanic circulation1 we set out ) ! v simple assumption1 t f :atev] "p ( ! ocean a curr5t is f\nd to run1 to t same "p a curr5t ( equal volume is b\nd to return2 = on ?is pr9ciple is bas$ ! :ole sy/em ( curr5ts & c\nt] curr5ts4 ,! diff]5ces ( temp]ature betwe5 equ9octial & pol> c\ntries g5]ate two oppos+ curr5ts1 ! upp] "o proce$+ f ! ,equator to ! ,poles1 ! l[] "o direct$ f ! ,poles t[>ds ! ,equator4 ,on rea*+ ! ,equator1 ! cold curr5t ( air f ! ,poles is w>m$ & r>efi$1 & asc5ds to ! upp] b$s ( ! atmosph]e1 :5ce x is aga9 l$ to its po9t ( dep>ture2 !re x is aga9 cool$1 & returns ) ! l[] curr5t t[>ds ! tropical regions4 ,b ! rotatory movem5t ( ! e>? modifies ! direction ( ^! atmosph]ic curr5ts4 ,! movem5t by :i* x is c>ri$ f we/ to ea/ be+ almo/ no?+ at ! ,poles1 b inconceivably rapid "u ! ,equator1 x foll[s t ! cold air1 9 proportion z x advances t[>ds ! ,tropics1 ought to incl9e a little t[>ds ! we/4 ,?is is j :at takes place ) ^! c\nt] curr5ts4 ,! nor?-ea/ trade-w9ds1 :i* prevail 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 move 9 a sort ( spiral curve1 turn+ to ! we/ z !y ru% f ! ,poles to ! ,equator1 & 9 ! opposite direction z !y move f ! ,equator t[>ds ! ,poles2 ! imm$iate cause ( ?is motion be+ ! rotation ( ! e>? on its axis4 ,! e>?1 says ,dr4 ,maury1 moves f we/ to ea/4 ,n[1 if we imag9e a p>ticle ( atmosph]e at ! ,nor? ,pole1 :]e x is at re/1 to be put 9 motion 9 a /raight l9e t[>ds ! ,equator1 we c easily see h[ ?is p>ticle ( air1 com+ f ! v axis ( diurnal rotation1 :]e x did n p>take ( ! diurnal motion1 w\ld1 9 consequ5ce ( its own vis in]ti1 f9d z x travell$ s\? t ! e>? 0 slipp+ f "u x1 z x 71 & x w\ld appe> to be com+ f ! nor?-ea/ & go+ t[>ds ! s\?-we/2 9 o!r words1 x w\ld be a nor?-ea/ w9d4 ,9 ! same mann]1 ! upp] curr5ts ( air1 :i* proce$ t[>ds ! ,poles ) equatorial rapidity1 ought to out/rip ! atmosph]ic b$s1 :i* are gift$ ) mu* small] rapidity ( motion t[>ds ! ,poles1 & turn !m t[>ds ! ea/ 9 consequ5ce4 ,^! are ! s\?-we/ & nor?-we/ c\nt] trade-w9ds1 :i*1 pass+ above ! nor? & s\?-ea/ trades1 (t5 sweep ! surface ( ! sea 9 ! latitudes ( ! ,temp]ate zone4 ,! two trades are sep>at$ by a belt m or less broad1 :]e ! friction exp]i5c$ at ! surface ( ! sea neutralizes _! impulse t[>ds ! we/2 9 g5]al1 ! curr5t ( air !re is an asc5d+ curr5t4 ,?is belt1 :i* does n exactly correspond ) ! ,equator1 is call$ ! ,zone ( ,calms1 :]e atmosph]ic tempe/s frequ5tly occur1 & ! w9ds make ! entire t\r ( ! compass1 :i* has acquir$ = !m ! "n ( tornadoes4 ,! trade-w9ds1 ^: movem5t t[>ds ! we/ is ret>d$ by ! friction :i* ! waves ( ! ocean oppose to !m1 communicate to ^! waves1 by a sort ( reaction1 a t5d5cy t[>ds ! we/1 or1 to speak m exactly1 t[>ds ! s\?-we/ 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 & t[>ds ! nor?-we/ 9 ! opposite hemisph]e4 ,! curr5ts on ! surface ( ! wat] :i* result f ?is reaction1 reunite "u ! ,equator1 & =m ! gr& equ9octial curr5t :i* impels ! wat]s ( ! ea/ t[>ds ! we/4 ,?is movem5t is /rong] at ! edges ?an 9 ! middle ( ! curr5t1 because ! =ce :i* produces x acts !re ) m en]gy3 x results f ?is1 t ! curr5ts bifurcate m readily :5 any ob/acle pres5ts itself to its movem5t4 ,9 ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 bifurcation takes place a little to ! s\? ( ! ,equator2 ! s\!rn bran* desc5ds along ! coa/ ( ,brazil1 & probably returns by reasc5d+ along ! we/ coa/ ( ,africa4 ,! nor!rn bran* foll[s ! coa/ ( ,brazil & ,guiana1 ent]s ! ,sea ( ! ,antilles1 & directs its c\rse1 re9=c$ by ! curr5t :i* rea*es x f ! nor?-ea/1 into ! ,bay ( ,honduras1 trav]ses ! ,yucatan ,*annel1 & ent]s ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 :5ce x deb\*es by ! ,florida ,*annel1 "u ! "n ( ! ,gulf ,/ream4 ,( ?is oceanic m>vel ,dr4 ,maury obs]ves t !re is a riv] 9 ! bosom ( ! ocean2 9 ! sev]al dr\ghts x nev] fails1 & 9 ! mightie/ floods x nev] ov]fl[s2 its banks & its bottom are ( cold wat]1 :ile its curr5t is ( w>m2 x takes its rise 9 ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 & empties itself into ! ,arctic ,seas4 ,?is mighty riv] is ! ,gulf ,/ream4 ,9 no o!r "p ( ! _w is !re su* a maje/ic fl[ ( wat]2 its curr5t is m rapid ?an ! ,amazon1 m impetu\s ?an ! ,mississippi1 & its volume is m ?an a ?\s& times great]4 ,its wat]s1 z f> z ! ,c>ol9a coa/1 are ( indigo blue2 !y are s di/9ctly indicat$ t _! l9e ( junction c be m>k$ by ! eye4 ,su* is ,dr4 ,maury's description ( ?is p[]ful curr5t ( w>m wat]1 :i* trav]ses ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 & influ5ces 9 no slight mann] ! climate ( ,nor!rn ,europe1 & especially our own %ores4 ,! ,gulf ,/ream ?us describ$ by ! ,am]ican savant issues f ! ,florida ,*annel1 ) a bread? ( ?irty-f\r miles1 & a dep? ( two ?\s& two hundr$ feet1 mov+ at ! rate ( f\r & a half miles p] h\r4 ,! temp]ature ( ! wat] 9 ! vic9ity is ab\t ?irty degrees ,c5t4 ,f ! ,am]ican coa/ ! curr5t takes a nor?-ea/ direction t[>ds ,spitzb]g51 its velocity & volume dim9i%+ z x exp&s 9 bread?4 ,t[>ds ! =ty-?ird degree ( latitude x =ms two bran*es1 "o ( :i* /rikes ! coa/ ( ,irel& & ( ,norway1 :i!r x frequ5tly transports se$s ( tropical orig93 x also w>ms ! froz5 wat]s ( ! glacial sea4 ,! o!r bran*1 incl9+ t[>ds ! s\?1 n f> f ! ,azores1 visits ! coa/ ( ,africa1 :5ce x returns to ! ,antilles4 ,?r\gh\t ?is va/ circuit may be se5 all sorts ( plants & driftwood1 ) waifs & /rays ( e description borne on ! bosom ( ! ocean4 ,midway ! ,atlantic1 9 ! triangul> space betwe5 ! ,azores1 ,can>ies1 & ,cape de ,v]d ,isl&s1 is ! great ,s>gasso ,sea1 cov]+ an area equal 9 ext5t to ! ,mississippi ,valley3 x is s ?ickly matt$ ov] ) ! ,gulf ,we$ 7,s>gassum baccif]um71 t ! spe$ ( vessels pass+ ?r\gh x is actually ret>d$1 & to ! companions ( ,columbus x seem$ to m>k ! limits ( navigation2 !y became al>m$4 ,to ! eye at a little di/ance x seem$ suffici5tly sub/antial to walk ^u4 ,^! mov+ vegetable masses1 always gre51 :i* tail (f to a /eady breeze1 s]v+ z an anemomet] to ! m>9]1 af=d an asylum to multitudes ( mollusks & cru/aceans4 ,! ,gulf ,/ream plays a gr& "p 9 ! ,atlantic sy/em4 ,x c>ries ! tepid wat] ( ! equ9octial regions into ! high latitudes2 beyond ! =tie? p>allel ! temp]ature is sixte5 degrees ,c5t4 ,urg$ by ! s\?-we/ w9ds :i* pr$om9ate 9 t zone1 its tepid wat]s mix ) ^? ( ! ,nor!rn ,sea1 s(t5+ ! rig\r ( ! climate 9 ^! regions4 ,to ! s\? ( ! great bank ( ,newf\ndl&1 ! w>m curr5t1 9 va/ volume ru%+ f ! ,florida ,/raits1 meets ! cold curr5ts desc5d+ f ! ,arctic ,circle ?r\gh ,baff9's ,bay & ! ,sea ( ,gre5l&1 runn+ ) equal velocity t[>ds ! s\?4 ,a portion ( ^! wat]s reasc5d t[>ds ! ,pole along ! we/]n coa/ ( ,gre5l&4 ,x is to ?is conflict ( ! pol> & equatorial wat]s1 t ! =mation ( ! banks ( ,newf\ndl& is ascrib$4 ,ea* ( ^! great curr5ts hav+ unceas+ly deposit$ ! dbris c>ri$ 9 its bosom1 ! bank has be5 ?us =m$ bit by bit 9 ! conc\rse ( ages4 ,! diff]5ce ( temp]ature betwe5 ! ,gulf ,/ream & ! wat]s x trav]ses gives bir? inevitably to tempe/s & cyclones4 ,9 #aghj a t]rible /orm ravag$ ! ,antilles1 9 :i* tw5ty ?\s& p]sons p]i%$4 ,! ocean quitt$ its b$ & inundat$ :ole cities2 ! trunks ( trees1 m+l$ ) o!r dbris1 7 toss$ into ! air4 ,num]\s cata/rophes ( ?is k9d h e>n$ = ! ,gulf ,/ream ! title ( ! ,k+ ( ! ,tempe/s4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! num]\s nautical docum5ts :i* h be5 plac$ at ! comm& ( ! ,national ,obs]vatory ( ,wa%+ton1 & ! admirable use made ( !m by ! late ,naval ,secret>y & 8 assi/ants1 ! directions & range ( ^! cyclones eng5d]$ by ! ,gulf ,/ream may be =ese51 & _! mo/ dang]\s ravages turn$ aside4 ,z an example ( ! utility ( ,dr4 ,maury's lab\rs 9 settl+ ! direction ( /orms 9 ! traject ( ! ,gulf ,/ream1 we quote a well-kn[n in/ance3 ,9 ! mon? ( ,decemb]1 #ahei1 ! ,am]ican packet ,san ,francisco 0 employ$ z a transport to convey a regim5t to ,cali=nia4 ,x 0 ov]tak5 by "o ( ^! sudd5 /orms1 :i* plac$ ! %ip & its freight 9 a mo/ dang]\s position4 ,a s+le wave1 :i* swept ! deck1 tore out ! ma/s1 /opp$ ! eng9es1 & wa%$ ov]bo>d a hundr$ & tw5ty-n9e p]sons1 (fic]s & soldi]s4 ,f t mom5t ! un=tunate /eam] float$ ^u ! wat]s1 a waif ab&on$ to ! fury ( ! w9d4 ,! day aft] ! disa/] ! ,san ,francisco 0 se5 9 ?is desp]ate situation by a %ip :i* rea*$ ,new ,york1 al?\gh unable to assi/ h]4 ,ano!r %ip met h] "s days aft]1 b1 l ! o!r1 c\ld r5d] no assi/ance4 ,:5 ! report rea*$ ,new ,york1 two /eam]s 7 despat*$ to h] assi/ance2 b 9 :at direction 7 !y to g8 :at "p ( ! ocean 7 !y to explore8 ,! lum9>ies ( ,wa%+ton ,obs]vatory 7 appeal$ to6 ,hav+ consult$ 8 *>ts z to ! direction & limits ( ! ,gulf ,/ream at t p]iod ( ! ye>1 ,dr4 ,maury trac$ on a *>t ! spot to :i* ! disabl$ /eam] 0 likely to be driv5 by ! curr5t1 & ! c\rse to be tak5 by ! vessels s5t to h] assi/ance4 ,! crew & pass5g]s ( ! ,san ,francisco 7 sav$ be=e _! arrival4 ,?ree %ips1 :i* _h se5 _! di/ress+ situation1 _h be5 able to rea* !m1 & ! /eam]s s5t to _! assi/ance only arriv$ to witness ! safety ( ! pass5g]s & crew4 ,b ! po9t :]e ! /eam] f\nd]$ %ortly aft] !y 7 transf]r$ to ! rescu+ %ips 0 precisely t indicat$ by ,dr4 ,maury4 ,if ! %ips s5t to _! assi/ance _h rea*$ 9 "t1 ! triumph ( ,,sci5ce w\ld h be5 complete4 ,! equ9octial curr5ts ( ! ,pacific are v imp]fectly kn[n4 ,x is believ$1 h[ev]1 t !y trav]se ! ,great ,ocean 9 its :ole l5g?1 & bifurcate opposite ! ,asiatic coa/1 :]e ! weake/ bran* b5ds nor?w>d until x enc\nt]s ! pol> curr5t f ,behr+'s ,/raits1 :5 x returns along ! ,mexican coa/4 ,! l>g] bran* incl9es t[>ds ! s\?1 pass+ r\nd ,au/ralia1 :]e x is met by "o or _m c\nt] curr5ts com+ f ! ,indian ,ocean--( ! complicat$ & dang]\s nature ( :i* bo? ,cook & ,la ,peyr\se speak4 ,! cold wat]s f ! ,ant>ctic ,pole are c>ri$ t[>ds ! ,equator by ?ree great oceanic riv]s4 ,! fir/ bifurcates 9 =ty-five degrees2 "o portion goes r\nd ,cape ,horn2 ! o!r--,humboldt's curr5t--asc5ds ! ,*ilian & ,p]uvian coa/s up to ! ,equator1 ameliorat+ ! ra9less climate z x goes1 & mak+ x delightful4 ,a second great curr5t takes ! direction ( ! ,african coa/1 & is divid$ at ! ,cape1 asc5d+ bo? ! ea/ & we/ coa/s ( ,africa4 ,on ei!r side ( ! w>m curr5t :i* escapes f ! int]tropical p>ts ( ! ,indian ,ocean1 b especially along ! ,au/ralian coa/1 a pol> curr5t w5ds its way f ! ,ant>ctic regions1 c>ry+ supplies ( cold wat] to modify ! climate & re/ore ! equilibrium 9 t "p ( ! _w4 ,?is cold curr5t turns at fir/ t[>ds ! we/1 !n t[>ds ! s\? 9 ! direction ( ,madagasc>2 m to ! s\? /ill x is driv5 back by ! pol> curr5t f ,cape ,horn4 ,x is ?us t ! w>m wat]s f ! ,bay ( ,b5gal1 press$ by ! ,indian pol> curr5t1 circulate betwe5 ,africa & ,au/ralia1 "o lat]al bran* ( ! curr5t sweep+ along ! s\? coa/ ( ?is va/ cont95t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! monsoons :i* reign 9 ! ,indian ,ocean t5d /ill m to complicate ! curr5ts1 already suffici5tly intricate & confus$4 ,b x is n int5d$ at pres5t to occupy ! read]'s att5tion fur!r ) ^! que/ions ( intricate curr5ts4 ,we h already spok5 ( a subm>9e curr5t :i* appe>s to c>ry ! wat]s ( ! ,m$it]ranean into ! ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,its exi/5ce is 9 "s respects e/abli%$ by calculations :i* prove t ! quantity ( salt wat] suppli$ by ! upp] curr5t ?r\gh ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt> is equal to sev5ty-two cubic miles p] annum1 :ile ! quantity ( fre% wat] br\ght d[n by ! riv]s is equal to six1 & ! quantity lo/ by evaporation to twelve cubic miles p] annum4 ,?is w\ld leave an annual excess ( sixty-six cubic miles1 if ! equilibrium 0 n re-e/abli%$ by an "u curr5t fl[+ into ! ,atlantic4 ,?is hypo!sis w\ld appe> to h be5 confirm$ by a v curi\s fact4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 a ,dut* brig1 pursu$ by ! ,fr5* corsair ,pho5ix1 0 ov]haul$ betwe5 ,tangi] & ,t>ifa1 & seem$ to be sunk by a s+le broadside2 b1 9 place ( f\nd]+ & go+ d[n1 ! brig1 be+ freight$ ) a c>go ( oil & alcohol1 float$ betwe5 ! two curr5ts1 &1 drift+ t[>ds ! we/1 f9ally ran agr\nd1 aft] two or ?ree days1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,tangi]1 m ?an twelve miles f ! spot :]e %e _h disappe>$ "u ! waves4 ,%e _h !re=e trav]s$ t di/ance1 drawn by ! action ( ! "u curr5t 9 a direction opposite to t ( ! surface curr5t4 ,?is asc]ta9$ fact1 add$ to "s rec5t exp]im5ts1 l5d _! support to ! op9ion :i* admits ( ! exi/5ce ( an outw>d curr5t ?r\gh ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt>4 ,dr4 ,maury quotes an extract f ! log ( ,lieut5ant ,temple1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy1 be>+ ! same inf]5ce4 ,at noon on ! #h? ( ,m>*1 #ahee1 ! %ip ,levant /ood into ,alm]ia ,bay1 :]e _m %ips 7 wait+ = a *ance to get we/w>ds4 ,"h he 0 told t at lea/ a ?\s& sail 7 wait+ betwe5 ! bay & ,gibralt>1 "s ( !m hav+ got z f> z ,malaga only to be swept back aga94 ,inde$1 he adds1 no vessel _h be5 able to get out into ! ,atlantic = ?ree mon?s pa/4 ,suppos+ ?is curr5t to run no fa/] ?an two knots an h\r1 & assum+ its dep? to be f\r hundr$ feet only1 & its wid? sev5 miles1 & t x conta9$ ! av]age proportion ( solid matt]1 e/imat$ at "o-?irtie?1 x appe>s t salt en\gh to make eighty-eight cubic miles ( solid matt] 7 c>ri$ into ! ,m$it]ranean 9 ^? n9ety days4 ,n[1 cont9ues ,dr4 ,maury1 unless !re 7 "s escape = all ?is solid matt] :i* has be5 runn+ into ! sea1 n = n9ety days1 b = ages1 x is v cle> t ! ,m$it]ranean w\ld long ere ?is h be5 a vat ( /rong br9e1 or a b$ ( cubic cry/als4 ,= ! same reason1 ,dr4 ,maury consid]s x c]ta9 t !re is an "u curr5t to ! s\? ( ,cape ,horn1 :i* c>ries into ! ,pacific ,ocean ! ov]fl[+s ( ! ,atlantic4 ,9 fact1 ! ,atlantic is f$ unceas+ly by ! ,great ,am]ican riv]s1 :ile ! ,pacific receives no important afflu5t1 b ought to be1 & is1 subject$ to enorm\s losses1 9 consequ5ce ( ! evaporation cont9ually tak+ place at ! surface4 ,,tides4 ,tides are p]iodical movem5ts produc$ by ! attraction ( ! sun & moon4 ,?is action1 :i* influ5ces ! :ole mass ( ! e>?1 is made manife/ by ! swell+ movem5t ( ! wat]s4 ,! attractive =ce ex]cis$ by ! moon is ?ree times t ( ! sun1 9 consequ5ce ( its approximation to ! e>?1 z comp>$ to ! great] lum9>y4 ,9 ord] to compreh5d ! !ory ( tides1 we %all fir/ consid] ! lun> influ5ces1 putt+ aside = a mom5t ! sol> action4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,lun> ,tides4 ,! attraction :i* ! moon ex]cises ^u any po9t on ! e>?'s surface is 9 ! inv]se ratio ( ! squ>e ( its di/ance4 ,if we draw a /raight l9e f ! moon pass+ ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 ?is l9e w meet ! surface ( ! wat]s at two po9ts diametrically opposite to ea* o!r--namely1 ,z & ,n 7,fig4 #e72 "o ( ^! po9ts w\ld be to ! moon its z5i?1 ! o!r its nadir4 ,! po9t ( ! sea :i* has ! moon 9 ! z5i?--namely1 t above :i* ! moon is p]fectly p]p5dicul>--w be ne>e/ to ! planet1 & w consequ5tly be m /rongly attractive to ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 :ile ! po9ts diametrically opposite to :i* ! moon is ! nadir w be m di/ant1 & consequ5tly less /rongly attract$ by t lum9>y4 ,x foll[s t ! wat]s situat$ directly "u ! moon w be attract$ t[>ds x1 & =m an accumulation or swell+ at t po9t2 ! wat]s at ! antipodes be+ less /rongly attract$ to ! moon ?an to ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 w =m also a second>y swell+ on ! surface ( ! sea1 ?us =m+ a d\ble tide1 accumulat+ at ! po9t ne>e/ ! moon & at its antipodes4 ,at ! int]m$iate po9ts ( ! circumf]5ce ( ! globe1 :]e ! wat]s are n subject$ to ! direct attraction ( ! moon1 ! sea is at l[ wat]1 z repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,! e>?1 9 its movem5t ( rotation1 pres5ts1 9 ! c\rse ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 e m]idian on its surface to ! lun> attraction2 consequ5tly1 ea* po9t 9 its turn1 & at int]vals ( six h\rs1 is ei!r "u ! moon1 or n9ety degrees remov$ f x3 x foll[s1 t 9 ! space ( a lun> day--t is to say1 9 ! "t :i* passes betwe5 two successive passages ( ! moon on ! same m]idian--! oceanic wat]s w be at high & l[ tide twice 9 ! mon? on e po9t ( ! surface ( ! globe4 ,b ?is result ( attraction is n ex]cis$ in/antane\sly4 ,! moon has pass$ f ! m]idian ( ! spot be=e ! wat]s h atta9$ _! greate/ height2 ! flux rea*es its maximum ab\t ?ree h\rs aft] ! moon has culm9at$2 & ! wat]y m\nta9 foll[s ! moon all r\nd ! globe1 f ea/ to we/1 ab\t ?ree h\rs 9 its re>4 ,x is obvi\s1 h[ev]1 t ! great inequalities ( ! bottom ( ! sea2 ! exi/5ce ( cont95ts2 ! slopes ( ! coa/1 m or less /eep2 ! diff]5t bread?s ( *annels & /raits2 f9ally1 ! w9ds1 ! pelagic curr5ts1 & a cr[d ( local circum/ances1--mu/ mat]ially modify ! c\rse ( ! tides4 ,nor is ! moon ! only cele/ial body :i* influ5ces ! rise & fall ( ! wat]s ( ! sea4 ,we h already said t ! sun ass]ts an influ5ce on ! waves4 ,x is true t1 9 consequ5ce ( its great di/ance1 ?is only am\nts to a ?irty-eight-hundr$? "p ( t ( ! e>?'s satellite4 ,! inequality :i* exi/s betwe5 ! sol> & lun> days--! latt] exce$+ ! fir/ by fifty-f\r m9utes--has also ! effect ( add+ to or subtract+ f ?is =ce alt]nately4 ,:5 ! sun & moon are 9 conjunction 7,fig4 #f71 or 9 opposition1 t is to say1 plac$ ^u ! same "r l9e1 _! attraction on ! sea is comb9$1 & a spr+ tide is produc$4 ,?is happ5s at ! p]iod ( ! syzygies--! p]iod ( new & full moon4 ,at ! p]iod ( ! quadrature1 or ! fir/ & la/ qu>t]s1 ! sol> action1 be+ oppos$ to t ( lun> attraction1 t5ds to produce a s5sibly weak] tide4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,lun>-,sol> ,tides4 ,^! effects are nev] produc$ in/antane\sly2 b1 ! impulse once giv51 x w cont9ue to influ5ce ! tides = two or ?ree days1 ! highe/ & l[e/ tides be+ ne>ly 9 ! proportion ( #ach to #fc1 or ( #g to #c4 ,! highe/ tides occur at ! equ9oxes1 :5 ! moon is 9 p]igee2 ! l[e/ at ! sol/ices1 :5 x is 9 apogee4 ,9 our ports1 & along ! coa/1 ! wat] rises twice 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 :5 x is said to be high wat]2 :5 x retires1 x is l[ wat]3 !y are respectively ! flux & reflux ( ! waves4 ,! tide is ret>d$ e day ab\t fifty m9utes1 ! lun> day be+ tw5ty-f\r h\rs fifty m9utes ( mean "t4 ,if1 = in/ance1 x is high wat] to-day at two o'clock 9 ! morn+1 t ( ! next day w take place at fifty m9utes pa/ two4 ,l[ wat] does n occur1 h[ev]1 at ! half ( ! int]m$iate "t2 ! flux is m rapid ?an ! reflux3 ?us at ,havre1 ,b\logne1 & at correspond+ places on ?is side ( ! ,*annel1 x takes two h\rs & eight m9utes m 9 retir+2 at ,bre/1 ! diff]5ce is only sixte5 m9utes m ?an ! flux4 ,! daily ret>dation ( high wat] by ! passage ( ! moon 9 ! m]idian1 at ! equ9oxes1 is a con/ant quantity = ! same locality1 :i* c be det]m9$ by direct obs]vation4 ,! height ( ! tide v>ies 9 ! diff]5t regions ( ! globe1 accord+ to local circum/ances4 ,! ea/]n coa/ ( ,asia & ! we/]n coa/ ( ,europe are expos$ to extremely high tides2 :ile 9 ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s1 :]e !y are v regul>1 !y sc>cely rea* ! height ( tw5ty in*es4 ,on ! we/]n coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! tides r>ely rea* ?ree y>ds2 on ! we/]n coa/ ( ,india !y rea* ! height ( six or sev52 & 9 ! ,gulf ( ,cambay x ranges f five to six fa?oms4 ,?is great diff]5ce makes itself felt 9 our own & adjo9+ c\ntries3 ?us1 ! tide1 :i* at ,*]b\rg is sev5 & eight y>ds high1 atta9s ! height ( f\rte5 y>ds at ,sa9t ,malo1 :ile x rea*es ! height ( t5 y>ds at ,swansea1 at ! m\? ( ! ,bri/ol ,*annel1 increas+ to d\ble t height at ,*ep/[1 high] up ! riv]4 ,9 g5]al1 ! tide is high] at ! bottom ( a gulf ?an at its m\?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! highe/ tide :i* is kn[n occurs 9 ! ,bay ( ,fundy1 :i* op5s up to ! s\? ( ! i/hmus unit+ ,nova ,scotia & ,new ,brunswick4 ,!re ! tide rea*es =ty1 fifty1 & ev5 sixty feet1 :ile x only atta9s ! height ( sev5 or eight 9 ! bay to ! nor? ( ! same i/hmus4 ,x is relat$ t a %ip 0 ca/ a%ore ^u a rock dur+ ! night1 s high1 t at daybreak ! crew f\nd !mselves & _! %ip susp5d$ 9 mid-air f> above ! wat]6 ,9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 :i* only communicates ) ! ocean by a n>r[ *annel1 ! ph5om5on ( tides is sc>cely felt1 & f ?is cause--t ! moon acts at ! same "t ^u its :ole surface1 :i* are n suffici5tly abundant to increase ! swell+ mass ( wat]s =m$ by ! moon's attraction2 consequ5tly1 ! swell+ rema9s sc>cely p]ceptible4 ,?is is ! reason :y nei!r ! ,black ,sea or ,:ite ,sea pres5ts a tide1 & ! ,m$it]ranean a v inconsid]able "o4 ,nev]!less1 at ,alex&ria ! tide rises tw5ty in*es1 & at ,v5ice ?is height is increas$ to ab\t six feet & a half4 ,lake ,mi*igan is slightly affect$ by ! lun> attraction4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pr(essor ,:ewell has prep>$ maps1 9 :i* ! c\rse ( ! tidal wave is trac$ 9 e c\ntry ( ! globe4 ,we see "h t x trav]ses ! ,atlantic1 f ! fiftie? degree ( s\? latitude up to ! fiftie? p>allel nor?1 at ! rate ( five hundr$ & sixty miles an h\r4 ,b ! rapidity ) :i* x proce$s is lea/ 9 %all[ wat]4 ,9 ! ,nor? ,sea x travels at ! rate ( a hundr$ & eighty miles4 ,! tidal wave :i* proce$s r\nd ! coa/ ( ,scotl& trav]ses ! ,g]man ,ocean & meets 9 ,/4 ,george's ,*annel1 betwe5 ,engl& & ,irel&1 :]e ! conflict betwe5 ! two oppos+ waves pres5ts "s v complicat$ ph5om5a4 ,! w9ds1 aga91 ex]cise a great influ5ce on ! height ( ! tides4 ,:5 ! impulse ( ! w9d is add$ to t ( ! attract+ planet1 ! normal height ( ! wave is consid]ably increas$4 ,if ! w9d is contr>y1 ! flux ( ! tide is almo/ annihilat$4 ,?is happ5s 9 ! ,gulf ( ,v]a ,cruz1 :]e ! tide is only p]ceptible once 9 ?ree days1 :5 ! w9d bl[s ) viol5ce4 ,an analog\s ph5om5on is obs]vable on ! coa/ ( ,tasmania4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,po9t du ,raz1 ,coa/ ( ,brittany4 ,! ris+ tide sometimes /rikes ! %ore ) a cont9u\s & incr$ible =ce4 ,?is viol5t %ock is call$ ! surf4 ,! swell !n =ms a bill[1 :i* exp&s to half a mile4 ,! surf increases z x approa*es ! coa/1 :5 x sometimes atta9s ! height ( six or sev5 y>ds1 =m+ an ov]hang+ m\nta9 ( wat]1 :i* gradually s9ks z x rolls ov] itself4 ,b ?is motion is n 9 reality progressive--x transports no float+ body4 ,! surf is v /rong at ! ,isle ( ,fogo1 "o ( ! ,cape de ,v]d ,isl&s 9 ! ,indian ,ocean1 & at ,sumatra1 :]e ! surf r5d]s x dang]\s & sometimes impossible to l& on ! coa/4 ,fig4 #g repres5ts ! effects ( ! surf at ,po9t du ,raz1 on ! coa/ ( ,brittany4 ,! w9ds add+ _! influ5ce to ^! causes1 give bir? on ! surface ( ! sea to waves or bill[s1 :i* increase rapidly1 ris+ 9 foam+ m\nta9s1 roll+1 b\nd+1 & break+ "o aga9/ ! o!r4 ,9 "o mom5t1 says ,malte ,brun1 ! waves seem to c>ry sea-goddesses on its brea/1 :i* seem to revel amid plays & dances2 9 ! next in/ant1 a tempe/ ris+ out ( !m1 seems to be animat$ by its fury4 ,!y seem to swell ) passion1 & we ?9k we see 9 !m m>9e mon/]s :i* are prep>$ = w>4 ,a /rong1 con/ant1 & equal w9d produces long swell+ bill[s1 :i*1 ris+ on ! same l9e1 advance ) a uni=m movem5t1 "o aft] ! o!r1 precipitat+ !mselves ^u ! coa/4 ,sometimes ^! bill[s are susp5d$ by ! w9d or arre/$ by "s curr5t1 ?us =m+1 z x 71 a liquid wall4 ,9 ?is position1 unhappy is ! d>+ navigator :o is subject$ to its fury4 ,! highe/ waves are ^? :i* prevail 9 ! (f+ (f ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope at ! p]iod ( high tide1 "u ! influ5ce ( a /rong nor?-we/ w9d1 :i* has trav]s$ ! ,s\? ,atlantic1 press+ its wat]s t[>ds ! ,cape4 ,! bill[s !re lift !mselves up 9 long ridges1 says ,dr4 ,maury1 ) deep holl[s betwe5 !m4 ,!y run high & fa/1 toss+ _! :ite caps al(t 9 ! air1 look+ l ! gre5 hills ( a roll+ prairie capp$ ) sn[1 & *as+ ea* o!r 9 sport4 ,/ill1 _! m>* is /ately1 & _! roll maje/ic4 ,! sc5]y among !m is gr&4 ,_m an ,au/ralian-b\nd trad]1 aft] d\bl+ ! ,cape1 f9ds h]self foll[$ = weeks at a "t by ^! magnific5t roll+ swells1 furi\sly driv5 & la%$ by ! brave we/ w9ds4 ,^! bill[s are said to atta9 ! height ( ?irty1 & ev5 =ty feet2 b no v exact measurem5t ( ! height ( waves is record$4 ,"o ( ^! m\nta9 waves plac$ betwe5 two %ips conceals ea* ( !m f ! o!r--an effect :i* is p>tially repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #h4 ,9 r\nd+ ,cape ,horn1 waves are enc\nt]$ f tw5ty to ?irty feet high2 b 9 ! ,*annel !y r>ely exce$ ! height ( n9e or t5 feet1 except :5 !y come 9 contact ) "s p[]ful resi/+ ob/acle4 ,?us1 :5 bill[s are da%$ viol5tly aga9/ ! ,eddy/one ,ligh?\se1 ! spray goes "r ov] ! build+1 :i* /&s a hundr$ & ?irty feet above ! sea1 & falls 9 torr5ts on ! ro(4 ,aft] ! /orm ( ,b>badoes 9 #aghj1 "s old guns 7 f\nd on ! %ore1 :i* _h be5 ?r[n up f ! bottom ( ! sea by ! =ce ( ! tempe/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,height ( ,waves (f ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,if ! waves1 9 _! reflux1 meet ) ob/acles1 :irlpools & :irlw9ds are ! result--! =m] ! t]ror ( navigators4 ,su* are ! :irlpools kn[n 9 ! ,/raits ( ,mess9a1 betwe5 ! rocks ( ,*>ybdis & ,scylla1 celebrat$ z ! t]ror ( anci5t m>9]s1 & :i* 7 sung by ,hom]1 ,ovid1 & ,virgil3-- ,scylla latus dextrum1 lvum irrequieta ,*>ybdis1 ,infe/at2 vorat hc raptis revomitque c>9as4 444 ,incidit 9 ,scyllam1 cupi5s vit>e ,*>ybdim4 ,^! rocks are bett] und]/ood1 & less r$\bt$ 9 our days4 ,at ,*>ybdis1 !re is a foam+ :irlpool2 at ,scylla1 ! waves da% aga9/ ! l[ wall ( rock :i* =ms ! promontory1 sc>cely notic$ by ! navigator ( our days4 ,ano!r celebrat$ :irlpool is t ( ,euripus1 ne> ! ,isl& ( ,euboea2 ano!r is kn[n 9 ! ,gulf ( ,bo?nia4 ,b p]haps ! be/ kn[n rocky dang] is ! ,mael/rm1 ^: wat]s h a gyratory movem5t1 produc+ a :irlpool at c]ta9 /ates ( ! tide1 ! result ( oppos+ curr5ts1 :i* *ange e six h\rs1 & :i*1 f its p[] & magnitude1 is capable ( attract+ & engulf+ %ips to _! de/ruction1 al?\gh *iefly dang]\s to small] craft4 ,to ! comb9$ effects ( tides & :irlpools may also be attribut$ ! hurricanes1 s dread$ by navigators1 :i* s frequ5tly visit ! ,mauritius & o!r p>ts ( ! ,indian ,ocean4 ,9 p]iods ( ! utmo/ calms1 :5 !re is sc>cely a brea? to ruffle ! air1 ^! %ores are sometimes visit$ by imm5se waves1 accompani$ by :irlw9ds1 :i* seem capable ( bl[+ ! %ips out ( ! wat]1 seiz+ !m by ! keel1 :irl+ !m r\nd on an axis1 & f9ally capsiz+ !m4 ,at ! p]iod ( ! *ang+ monsoon1 ! w9ds1 break+ loose f _! controll+ =ces1 seem to rage ) a fury capable ( break+ up ! v f\nta9s ( ! deep4 ,! hurricanes ( ! ,atlantic occur 9 ! mon?s ( ,augu/ & ,septemb]1 :ile ! s\?-we/ monsoon ( ,africa & ! s\!a/ monsoon ( ! ,we/ ,indies are at _! height2 ! ag5ts ( ! "o draw+ ! nor?-ea/ trade-w9ds into ! int]ior ( ,mexico & ,texas1 ! o!r draw+ !m into ! int]ior ( ,africa1 greatly di/urb+ ! equilibrium ( ! atmosph]e4 ,,! ,,pol> ,,seas4 ,! extreme columns ( ! kn[n _w are ,m\nt ,p>ry1 situat$ at eight degrees f ! ,nor? ,pole1 & ,m\nt ,ross1 twelve degrees f ! ,s\? ,pole4 ,beyond ^! limits our maps are mute2 a blank space m>ks ea* extremity ( ! t]re/rial axis4 ,w man ev] succe$ 9 pass+ ^! icy b>ri]s8 ,w he ev] ju/ify ! pr$iction ( ! poet ,s5eca1 :o tells u t ! "t w come 9 ! di/ant future :5 ,ocean w relax h] hold on ! _w1 :5 ! imm5se e>? w be op51 :5 ,te?ys w appe> amid new orbs1 & :]e ,?ule 7,icel&7 %all no long] be ! extreme limit ( ! e>?8 ,v5i5t annis ,scula s]is quibus oceanus ,v9cula r]um laxet et +5s ,pateat tellus1 ,te?ysque novos ,detegat orbes1 nec sit t]ris ,ultime ,?ule4 ,m$ea4 ,no "o c say4 ,e /ep we h tak5 9 ord] to approa* ! ,pole has be5 de>ly pur*as$2 & x is n )\t reason t navigators h nam$ ! s\? po9t ( ,gre5l&1 ,cape ,f>ewell4 ,( ! numb] ( exp$itions1 = ! mo/ "p ,engli%1 :i* h be5 fitt$ out1 at ! co/ ( ne>ly a million /]l+1 to explore ! ,froz5 ,ocean1 "o-tw5tie? h _h = _! mission to asc]ta9 ! fate ( ! lam5t$ ,sir ,john ,frankl94 ,! fir/ navigator :o p5etrat$ to ,arctic pol> regions 0 ,seba/ian ,cabot1 :o 9 #adih s\ght a nor?-we/ passage f ,europe to ,*9a & ! ,indies4 ,consid]+ ! date1 & ! /ate ( navigation at t p]iod1 ?is 0 p]haps ! bolde/ attempt on record4 ,sc&9avian traditions attribute simil> und]tak+s to ! son ( ! ,k+ ,rodian1 :o liv$ 9 ! sev5? c5tury2 to ,o%]1 ! ,norwegian1 9 #hgc2 & to ! ,pr9ces ,h>old & ,magnus1 9 #aaej4 ,seba/ian ,cabot rea*$ z high z ,hudson's ,bay1 b a mut9y ( 8 sailors =c$ him to retrace 8 /eps4 ,9 #aejj1 ,gasp>d de ,cort]eal discov]$ ,labrador2 9 #aeec1 ,sir ,hugh ,will\ghby ,nova ,zembla2 & ,*ancellor ! ,:ite ,sea1 ab\t ! same "t4 ,davis visit$ 9 #aehe ! we/ coa/ ( ,gre5l&1 & two ye>s lat] he discov]$ ! /rait :i* be>s 8 "n4 ,9 #aeif ,b>5tz discov]$ ,spitzb]g51 :i* 0 aga9 se5 by ,h5dri* ,hudson1 :o sail$ up to & beyond ! eighty-second p>allel4 ,?ree ye>s lat] ,hudson gave 8 "n to ! great ,labrador ,bay1 b he c\ld get no f>!r4 ,8 crew also revolt$1 & he 0 left 9 ! %ip's laun* ) 8 son1 sev5 sailors1 & ! c>p5t]1 :o rema9$ fai?ful4 ,?us p]i%$ "o ( our greate/ navigators4 ,! ,isl& ( ,jan ,may5 0 discov]$ 9 #afaa2 ! *annel :i* ,baff9 took = a bay1 & :i* be>s 8 "n1 0 discov]$ 9 #afaf4 ,behr+ discov]$1 9 8 fir/ voyage 9 #agbg1 ! /rait :i* sep>ates ,sib]ia f ,am]ica2 he sail$ ?r\gh x 9 #agda1 b 8 %ip 0 /r&$1 & he himself di$ ( scorbutic disease4 ,9 ! ye> #agga ! ,pol> ,sea 0 discov]$ by ,he>ne1 a fur m]*ant2 x 0 explor$ long aft] by ,mack5zie4 ,f ! ye> #ahaj1 :5 ,sir ,john ,ross1 ,frankl91 & ,p>ry turn$ _! att5tion to ! ,arctic regions1 ^! exp$itions to ! ,pol> ,seas rapidly succe$$ ea* o!r4 ,9 #ahbg ,p>ry rea*$ ! eighty-second degree ( nor? latitude2 & 9 #ahde ,sir ,john ,frankl91 ) ! %ips ,erebus & ,t]ror1 & _! crews1 dep>t$ on _! la/ voyage1 f :i* nei!r he nor 8 companions ev] return$4 ,!re is n[ no d\bt t !y p]i%$ mis]ably1 aft] hav+ discov]$ ! nor?-we/ passage1 :i* ,capta9 ,m',clure also discov]$1 com+ f ! opposite direction1 9 #ahej4 ,9 #ahee ! exp$ition ( ,dr4 ,eli%a ,kane f\nd ! sea op5 f ! ,pole4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,ant>ctic ,pole _h 9 ! meantime attract$ ! att5tion ( navigators4 ,9 #aggb ! ,dut* capta91 ,k]guel51 discov]$ an isl& :i* he took = a cont95t4 ,9 #aggd ,capta9 ,cook explor$ ^! regions up to ! sev5ty-fir/ degree ( latitude4 ,james ,w$dell1 9 a small :al]1 sail$ pa/ ?is p>allel 9 #ahbc4 ,biscoe discov]$ ,end]by's ,l& 9 #ahca4 ,! ,zele & ,a/rolabe1 "u ! comm& ( ,capta9 ,dumont ,d',urville1 ( ! ,fr5* ,m>9e1 & ! ,am]ican exp$ition1 "u ,capta9 ,wilkes1 rea*$ ! same region 9 #ahch4 ,! =m] discov]$ ,adelia's ,l&4 ,f9ally1 9 #ahda1 ,sir ,james ,cl>k ,ross1 nephew ( ,sir ,john ,ross1 ) ! ,erebus & ,t]ror1 p5etrat$ up to ! sev5ty-eigh? degree s\? latitude4 ,"h he discov]$ ! volcanic isl&s :i* he nam$ aft] 8 %ips1 &1 f>!r to ! s\?1 a new cont95t or l&1 :i* he call$ ,victoria's ,l&4 ,:ile ^! ef=ts 7 be+ made to p5etrate ! ice :i* surr\nds ! ,ant>ctic ,pole1 a region hav+ little :i* c\ld attract human ent]prise1 ! int]e/s ( comm]ce seem$ to call = ob/9ate & p]sev]+ attempts to p5etrate to ! ,arctic ,pole4 ,9 spite ( ^! num]\s exp$itions1 h[ev]1 :i* ext5d ov] two c5turies1 ! regions r\nd ! ,nor? ,pole are f> f be+ kn[n to geograph]s4 ,! fogs & sn[s :i* almo/ always cov] !m 7 ! s\rce ( _m errors made by ! e>li] navigators4 ,9 8 fir/ voyage1 made 9 #ahah1 ,sir ,john ,ross 0 l$ to ?9k t ,lanca/] ,s\nd 0 clos$ by a *a9 ( m\nta9s1 :i* he call$ ! ,crok] ,m\nta9s2 b 9 ! foll[+ ye> ,capta9 ,p>ry1 9 comm& ( two %ips1 ! ,hecla & ,grip]1 discov]$ t ?is 0 an error4 ,?is celebrat$ navigator discov]$ ,b>r['s ,/raits1 ,well+ton ,*annel1 & ,pr9ce ,reg5t ,inlet2 ,cornwallis1 ,sir ,byam ,m>t91 & ,melville ,isl&s1 to :i* ! "n ( ,p>ry's ,ar*ipelago has be5 giv54 ,9 ?is %ort voyage he ga!r$ m new results ?an 7 obta9$ by 8 successors dur+ ! next =ty ye>s4 ,he 0 ! fir/ to trav]se ^! seas4 ,^u ,sir ,byam ,m>t9 ,isl& he has describ$ ! ru9s ( "s anci5t habitations ( ! ,esquimaux4 ,he pass$ ! w9t] on ,melville ,isl&4 ,9 ord] to atta9 8 *os5 an*orage 9 ,w9t]'s ,bay1 he 0 compell$ to saw a passage 9 ! ice ( a league 9 l5g?1 :i* involv$ ! lab\r ( ?ree days2 b sc>cely 7 !y moor$ 9 _! *os5 h>b\r ?an ! !rmomet] fell to eighte5 degrees bel[ z]o4 ,!y c>ri$ a%ore ! %ip's boats1 ! cables1 ! sails1 & log-books4 ,! ma/s 7 /ruck to ! ma9top2 ! re/ ( ! rigg+ s]v$ to =m a ro(1 slop+ to ! gunwale1 ) a ?ick cov]+ ( sail-clo?1 :i* =m$ an admirable %elt] f ! w9d & sn[4 ,numb]less precautions 7 tak5 aga9/ cold & wet "u ! decks4 ,/oves & o!r contrivances ma9ta9$ a supportable degree ( temp]ature4 ,9 ea* dormitory a false ceil+ ( imp]meable clo? int]pos$ to prev5t ! collection ( moi/ure on ! wood5 walls ( ! %ip4 ,! crew 7 divid$ into companies1 ea* company be+ "u ! *>ge ( an (fic]1 *>g$ ) ! daily inspection ( _! clo!s & cleanl9ess--an ess5tial protection aga9/ scurvy4 ,z a measure ( precaution1 ,capta9 ,p>ry r$uc$ by "o-?ird ! ord9>y ration ( bread2 be] & w9e 7 sub/itut$ = spirits2 & citron & lemon dr9ks 7 s]v$ out daily to ! sailors4 ,game 0 sometimes sub/itut$ to v>y a repa/ wor?y ( ,sp>tans4 ,z a rem$y aga9/ ennui1 a !atre 0 fitt$ up & com$ies act$1 = :i* occasions ,p>ry himself compos$ a vaudeville1 entitl$ ,! ,nor?-we/ ,passage2 or1 ! ,end ( ! ,voyage4 ,dur+ ?is long night ( eighty-f\r days1 ! !rmomet] 9 ! saloons m>k$ #bh1 & outside #ce bel[ z]o1 & = a few m9utes actually rea*$ #dg4 ,"s ( ! sailors _h _! memb]s froz51 f :i* !y nev] q recov]$4 ,"o day ! hut :i* s]v$ z an obs]vatory 0 discov]$ to be on fire4 ,a sailor :o sav$ "o ( ! preci\s in/rum5ts lo/ 8 h&s 9 ! ef=t2 !y 7 completely fro/-bitt5 9 ! attempt4 ,nev]!less1 ! mon? ( ,june arriv$1 & ) x ! opportunity ( mak+ excursions 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,x 0 f\nd t1 9 ,melville ,isl&1 ! e>? 0 c>pet$ ) moss & h]bage1 ) saxifrages & poppies4 ,h>es1 re9de]1 ! musk-ox1 nor!rn geese1 plov]s1 :ite wolves & foxes1 roam$ ar\nd _! haunts1 disput+ _! booty ) ! crew4 ,capta9 ,p>ry c\ld n risk a second w9t] 9 ?is t]rible region4 ,he return$ home z soon z ! ?aw left ! passage op54 ,9 #ahba1 ,capta9 ,p>ry und]took a second voyage ) ! ,fury & ,hecla4 ,he visit$ ,hudson's ,bay & ,fox's ,*annel4 ,9 8 ?ird voyage1 und]tak5 9 #ahbd1 he 0 surpris$ by ! fro/ 9 ,pr9ce ,reg5t's ,*annel1 & 0 con/ra9$ to pass ! w9t] !re4 ,! ,fury 0 dismantl$1 &1 be+ f\nd unfit = s]vice1 ,capta9 ,p>ry 0 oblig$ to ab&on h] & return to ,engl&4 ,accompani$ by ,sir ,james ,ross1 ,p>ry aga9 put to sea 9 ! ,hecla1 9 ,april1 #ahbf4 ,on 8 ?ird voyage1 on leav+ ,table ,isl& on ! nor? ( ,spitzb]g51 ,p>ry plac$ 8 crew 9 ! two tra9+ %ips1 ,ent]prise & ,endeav\r2 ! fir/ "u 8 own comm&1 ! second "u ord]s ( ,sir ,james ,ross4 ,sometimes !y sail$1 sometimes haul$ ?r\gh ! cru/ ( ! ice2 sometimes ! ice1 :i* pi]c$ _! %oes1 %[$ itself bri/l+ ) po9ts1 int]sect$ into valleys & little hills1 :i* x 0 difficult to scale4 ,9 spite ( ! c\rage & en]gy ( _! crews1 ! two %ips sc>cely advanc$ f\r miles a day1 :ile ! drift+ ( ! ice t[>ds ! s\? l$ !m imp]ceptibly t[>ds _! po9t ( dep>ture4 ,!y rea*$ latitude eighty-two degrees =ty-five m9utes fifte5 seconds1 h[ev]1 & ?is 0 ! extreme po9t :i* !y atta9$4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,may1 #ahbi1 ,sir ,john ,ross1 accompani$ by 8 nephew1 ,james ,cl>k ,ross1 aga9 turn$ t[>ds ! ,pol> ,seas4 ,he ent]$ ,pr9ce ,reg5t's ,*annel1 & !re he f\nd ! ,fury1 :i* _h be5 dismantl$ & ab&on$ by ,p>ry1 9 ^! regions1 eight ye>s be=e4 ,! provisions1 :i* ! old %ip /ill conta9$1 7 q a provid5tial res\rce to ,ross's crews4 ,! di/+ui%$ navigator explor$ ! ,boo?ian ,p59sula1 & pass$ f\r ye>s consecutively 9 ,port ,felix1 )\t be+ able to dis5gage 8 vessel1 ! ,victory4 ,?is gave him ample leisure to become famili> ) ! ,esquimaux4 ,sir ,john ,ross1 9 8 acc\nt ( ?is long soj\rn 9 pol> c\ntries1 has record$ _m conv]sations ) ! natives1 :i* our space does n p]mit u to quote4 ,f ?is t]rible position he 0 extricat$1 & em]g$ ) 8 crew f ?is icy prison1 :5 all hope ( 8 return _h be5 ab&on$4 ,aft] be+ expos$ to a ?\s& dang]s1 ,ross & 8 crew 7 at la/ obs]v$ by a :al+ %ip1 :i* receiv$ !m on bo>d1 aft] _m ef=ts to attract att5tion4 ,on le>n+ t ! %ip :i* _h sav$ !m 0 ! ,isabella1 =m]ly comm&$ by ,capta9 ,ross1 he made himself kn[n4 ,b ,capta9 ,ross has be5 dead two ye>s1 0 ! reply4 ,we ne$ n repeat "h ! en?usia/ic reception ,capta9 ,ross & 8 companions met ) on _! arrival 9 ,london4 ,dur+ an excursion made by ! nephew ( ! ,comm&] 7aft]w>ds ,sir ,james ,cl>k ,ross71 he v closely approa*$ ! ,nor? ,magnetic ,pole4 ,?is 0 at eight o'clock on ! morn+ ( ! #a/ ( ,june1 #ahca1 on ! we/ coa/ ( ,boo?ia4 ,! dip ( ! magnetic ne$le 0 ne>ly v]tical1 be+ eighty-n9e degrees fifty-n9e seconds--"o m9ute %ort ( n9ety degrees4 ,! site 0 a l[ flat %ore1 ris+ into ridges f fifty to sixty feet high1 & ab\t a mile inl&4 99 99 99 99 99 ,contr>y to ! judgm5t ( _m (fic]s ( exp]i5ce 9 pol> explorations1 ! la/ & mo/ fatal ( all ! exp$itions 0 und]tak5 by ,sir ,john ,frankl91 ) "o hundr$ & ?irty-sev5 pick$ (fic]s & m51 9 ! %ips ,erebus & ,t]ror4 ,! adv5tur]s left ,%e]ness on ! #bf? ( ,may1 #ahdf1 ! %ips hav+ be5 /r5g!n$ 9 e conceivable way1 & f\nd 9 ev]y?+ calculat$ to secure ! safety ( ! exp$ition4 ,on ! #bbnd ( ,july ! %ips 7 spok5 by ! :al] ,ent]prise1 &1 f\r days lat]1 !y 7 sight$ by ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 ( ,hull1 moor$ to an iceb]g1 wait+ an op5+ to ent] ,lanca/] ,s\nd4 ,!re ! veil dropp$ ov] ! %ips & _! unhappy crews4 ,9 #ahdh1 _! fate began to excite a lively int]e/ 9 ! public m9d4 ,exp$ition 9 se>* ( !m succe$$ exp$ition1 at imm5se co/1 s5t bo? by ! ,engli% & ,am]ican au?orities1 & by ,lady ,frankl9 h]self1 "s ( :i* p5etrat$ ! ,pol> ,seas ?r\gh ,behr+'s ,/raits1 :ile ! majority took ,baff9's ,bay4 ,9 #ahej1 ,capta9s ,ommaney & ,p5ny discov]$1 at ! entrance ( ,well+ton ,*annel1 "s ve/iges ( ,frankl91 :i* l$ to ano!r exp$ition 9 #aheg1 :i* 0 got up by private ent]prise1 ( :i* ,capta9 ,m',cl9tock _h ! comm&4 ,guid$ by ! indications collect$ 9 ! previ\s exp$ition1 & intellig5ce ga!r$ f ! ,esquimaux by ,dr4 ,rae 9 8 l& exp$ition1 ,capta9 ,m',cl9tock 9 ! ya*t ,fox discov]$1 on ! #f? ( ,may1 #ahei1 ^u ! nor? po9t ( ,k+ ,william's ,l&1 a cairn or heap ( /ones4 ,sev]al leaves ( p>*m5t1 :i* 7 buri$ "u ! /ones1 be>+ date ! #bh? ( ,april1 #ahdh1 solv$ ! fatal enigma4 ,! fir/1 dat$ ! #bd? ( ,may1 #ahdg1 gave "s details end+ ) all well4 ,! pap]s _h be5 dug up twelve mon?s lat] to record ! dea? ( ,frankl91 on ! #aa? ( ,june1 #ahdg4 ,! survivors are suppos$ to h be5 on _! way to ! m\? ( ! ,riv] ,back1 b !y mu/ h sunk "u ! t]rible h>d%ips to :i* !y 7 expos$1 9 addition to cold & hung]4 ,9 ,septemb]1 #ahei1 ,capta9 ,m',cl9tock return$ to ,engl&1 br++ ) him _m relics ( our lo/ c\ntrym51 f\nd 9 ! !atre ( _! mis=tunes4 ,x only rema9s to u to say a few words on ! late/ voyages und]tak5 9 ! ,pol> ,seas4 ,aft] ! return ( ,capta9 ,m',cl9tock1 9 #ahej1 ,capta9 ,m',clure1 leav+ ,behr+'s ,/raits1 discov]$ ! nor?-we/ passage betwe5 ,melville & ,b>+'s ,isl&1 :i* passage _h be5 s\ght = )\t success dur+ s _m ages4 ,he saw ! !rmomet] desc5d fifty degrees bel[ z]o4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,octob]1 #ahed1 he return$ to ,engl&1 & at a subsequ5t p]iod x 0 asc]ta9$ ) c]ta9ty t1 be=e 8 dea?1 ,frankl9 knew ( ! o!r passage :i* exi/s to ! nor? ( ,am]ica1 to ! s\? ( ,victoria ,l&1 & ,wolla/on4 ,! exp$ition ( ,dr4 ,kane ent]$ ,smi?'s ,/rait 9 #ahec1 & advanc$ t[>ds ! nor? ^u sl$ges drawn by dogs2 ! mean temp]ature1 :i* rang$ betwe5 ?irty degrees & =ty degrees bel[ z]o1 fell at la/ to fifty degrees4 ,at elev5 degrees f ! ,pole !y f\nd two ,esquimaux villages1 call$ ,etah & ,pet]ovik1 !n an imm5se glaci]4 ,a deta*m5t1 conduct$ by ,lieut5ant ,morton1 discov]$1 beyond ! eightie? degree ( latitude1 an op5 *annel inhabit$ by innum]able sw>ms ( birds1 consi/+ ( swall[s1 ducks1 & gulls1 :i* delight$ !m by _! %rill1 pi]c+ cries4 ,seals 7phoca7 enjoy$ !mselves on ! float+ ice4 ,9 asc5d+ ! banks1 !y met ) fl[]+ plants1 su* z ,ly*nis1 ,hesp]is1 c4 ,on ! #bd? ( ,june1 ,morton hoi/$ ! flag ( ! ,ant>ctic1 :i* _h be=e ?is se5 ! ice ( ! ,s\? ,pole1 on ,cape ,indep5d5ce1 situat$ beyond eighty-"o degrees4 ,to ! nor? /ret*$ ! op5 sea4 ,on ! left 0 ! we/]n bank ( ! ,k5n$y ,*annel1 :i* seem$ to t]m9ate 9 a *a9 ( m\nta9s1 ! pr9cipal peak ris+ f n9e ?\s& to t5 ?\s& feet1 :i* 0 nam$ ,m\nt ,p>ry4 ,! exp$ition return$ t[>ds ! s\?1 & rea*$ ! port ( ,upp]navick exhau/$ ) hung]1 :]e x 0 receiv$ on bo>d an ,am]ican %ip4 ,dr4 ,kane1 weak5$ by 8 suff]+s1 f :i* he nev] q recov]$1 di$ 9 #aheg4 ,we _c conclude ?is rapid sket* ( ev5ts connect$ ) ! exp$itions to ! ,arctic ,pole )\t not+ a geological fact ( great & s+ul> int]e/4 ,:5 opportunities h pres5t$ !mselves ( exam9+ ! rocks 9 ! regions adjo9+ ! ,nor? ,pole1 x has be5 f\nd t great numb]s belong to ! coal measures4 ,su* is ! case 9 ,melville ,isl& & ,pr9ce ,patrick's ,isl&4 ,"u ! ice :i* cov]s ! soil 9 ^! isl&s coal exi/s1 ) all ! fossil vegetable dbris :i* inv>iably accompany x4 ,?is %[s t 9 ! coal p]iod ( geology1 ! ,nor? ,pole 0 cov]$ ) ! ri* & abundant vegetation ^: rema9s con/itute ! coal-fields ( ! pres5t day2 & proves to demon/ration t ! temp]ature ( ^! regions 01 at "o p]iod ( ! e>?'s hi/ory1 equal to t ( equatorial c\ntries ( ! pres5t day4 ,:at a wond]ful *ange 9 ! temp]ature ( ^! regions is ?us indicat$6 ,x is1 inde$1 a /range contra/ to f9d coal =mations "u ! soil cov]$ by ! pol> ice4 ,let u suppose t human indu/ry %\ld dream ( e/abli%+ itself 9 ^! c\ntries1 & draw+ f ! e>? ! combu/ible s ne$$ to make x habitable1 ?us furni%+ ! means ( ov]com+ ! rigor\s climatic conditions ( ^! inhospitable regions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,ant>ctic ,pole is probably surr\nd$ by an icy canopy n less ?an two ?\s& five hundr$ miles 9 diamet]2 & num]\s circum/ances lead to ! conclusion t ! va/ mass has dim9i%$ s9ce #aggd1 :5 ! region 0 visit$ by ,capta9 ,cook4 ,! ,ant>ctic region c only be approa*$ dur+ ! summ]1 namely1 9 ,decemb]1 ,janu>y1 & ,febru>y4 ,! fir/ navigator :o p5etrat$ ! ,ant>ctic circle 0 ! ,dut* capta91 ,!odoric de ,gh]itk1 ^: vessel =m$ "p ( ! squadron comm&$ by ,simon de ,cordes1 de/9$ = ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #afjj1 a tempe/ hav+ disp]s$ ! squadron1 ,capta9 ,gh]itk 0 driv5 z f> s\? z ! sixty-f\r? p>allel1 :]e he obs]v$ a coa/ :i* rem9d$ him ( ,norway4 ,x 0 m\nta9\s1 cov]$ ) sn[1 /ret*+ f ! coa/ to ! ,isles ( ,solomon4 ,! report ( ,simon de ,cordes 0 receiv$ ) great incr$ulity1 & ! d\bts rais$ 7 only dissipat$ :5 ! ,new ,s\? ,%etl& ,isl&s 7 def9itely recogniz$4 ,! idea ( an ,ant>ctic cont95t is1 h[ev]1 "o ( ! olde/ conceptions ( speculative geography1 & "o :i* m>9]s & philosoph]s alike h f\nd x mo/ difficult to rel9qui%4 ,! exi/5ce ( a s\!rn cont95t seem$ to !m to be ! necess>y c\nt]poise to ! ,arctic l&4 ,! ,t]ra ,au/ralis incognita is m>k$ on all ! maps ( ,m]cator1 r\nd ! ,s\? ,pole1 & :5 ! ,dut* (fic]1 ,k]guel51 discov]$1 9 #aggb1 ! isl& :i* be>s 8 "n1 he quot$ ?is idea ( ,m]cator z ! motive :i* sugge/$ ! voyage4 ,9 #aggd1 ,capta9 ,cook v5tur$ up to & beyond ! sev5ty-fir/ degree ( latitude "u ! "o hundr$ & n9? degree we/ longitude4 ,he trav]s$ a hundr$ & eighty leagues1 betwe5 ! fiftie? degree & sixtie? degree ( s\? latitude1 )\t f9d+ ! l& ( :i* m>9]s _h spok53 ?is l$ him to conclude t m\nta9s ( ice1 or ! great fog-banks ( ! region1 _h be5 mi/ak5 = a cont95t4 ,nev]!less1 ,cook clung to ! idea ( ! exi/5ce ( a s\!rn cont95t4 ,i firmly believe1 he says1 t ne> ! ,pole !re is l& :]e mo/ "p ( ! ice is =m$ :i* is spread ov] ! va/ ,s\!rn ,ocean4 ,i _c believe t ! ice c\ld ext5d itself s f> if x _h n l&--& ,i v5ture to say l& ( consid]able ext5t--to ! s\?4 ,i believe1 nev]!less1 t ! great] "p ( ?is s\!rn cont95t ought to lie )9 ! ,pol> ,circle1 :]e ! sea is s encumb]$ ) ice z to be unapproa*able4 ,! dang] run 9 survey+ a coa/ 9 ^! unkn[n seas is s great1 t ,i d>e to say no "o w v5ture to g f>!r ?an ,i h1 & t ! l& t lies to ! s\? w always rema9 unkn[n4 ,! fogs are !re too d5se2 ! sn[/orms & tempe/s too frequ5t2 ! cold too sev]e2 all ! dang]s ( navigation too num]\s4 ,! appe>ance ( ! coa/ is ! mo/ horrible t c be imag9$4 ,! c\ntry is condemn$ by nature to rema9 unvisit$ by ! sun1 & buri$ "u et]nal ho> fro/4 ,aft] ?is report1 ,i believe t we %all he> no m ( a s\!rn cont95t4 ,?is description ( ^! desolate regions1 to :i* ! great navigator might h appli$ ! words ( ,pl9y1 ,p>s mundi a natura damnata et d5sa m]sa calig9e1 only excit$ ! c\rage ( 8 successors4 ,9 our days1 sev]al exp$itions h be5 fitt$ out = ! express survey ( regions :i* may be *>act]is$ z ! abode ( cold1 sil5ce1 & dea?4 ,9 #ahcc1 a free passage op5$ itself into ! ,ant>ctic ,sea4 ,! ,scotti% :al+ %ip1 comm&$ by ,james ,w$dell1 ent]$ ! pack ice1 & p5etrat$ x 9 pursuit ( seals2 b hav+1 by *ance1 f\nd ! sea op5 on 8 c\rse1 he =c$ 8 way up to sev5ty-f\r degrees s\? latitude1 & "u ! ?irty-f\r? degree ( longitude1 b ! season 0 too advanc$1 & he & 8 crew retrac$ _! /eps4 ,! voyage ( ,capta9 ,w$dell caus$ a great s5sation1 & sugge/$ ! possibility ( m s]i\s exp$itions4 ,twelve ye>s lat] ?ree great exp$itions 7 fitt$ out3 "o1 "u ,dumont ,d',urville1 ( ! ,fr5* ,m>9e2 an ,am]ican exp$ition1 "u ,capta9 ,wilkes1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy2 & an ,engli% exp$ition1 "u ,sir ,james ,cl>k ,ross4 ,dumont ,d',urville1 :o p]i%$ s mis]ably 9 ! railway cata/rophe at ,v]sailles1 9 #ahdb1 pass$ ! ,/raits ( ,magellan on ! #i? ( ,janu>y1 #ahch1 hav+ "u 8 comm& ! two corvettes ,a/rolabe & ,zele4 ,he expect$ to f9d x z ,w$dell _h describ$1 & t1 aft] pass+ ! fir/ icy b>ri]1 he %\ld f9d an op5 sea be=e him4 ,b he 0 soon compell$ to r5\nce ?is hope4 ,! float+ iceb]gs became m & m closely pack$ & dang]\s4 ,! s\!rn iceb]gs d n circulate 9 /raits & *annels already =m$1 l ^? ( ! ,nor? ,pole1 b 9 enorm\s deta*$ blocks :i* hug ! l&4 ,sometimes 9 %all[ wat] !y =m belts p>allel to ! base ( ! cliffs1 int]sect$ by a small numb] ( s9u\s n>r[ *annels4 ,^! icy cliffs pres5t a face m or less dis9tegrat$ z !y approximate to ! rocky %ore4 ,! blocks ( ice =m at fir/ huge prisms1 or tabul>1 regul> masses ( a :iti% pa/e2 b !y get us$ up by degrees1 & r\nd$ (f & sep>at$ "u ! action ( ! waves1 :i* *afe !m1 & _! col\r becomes m & m limpid & blui%4 ,!y asc5d freely t[>ds ! nor?1 9 spite ( ! w9ds & curr5ts :i* c>ry !m 9 ! contr>y direction4 ,"o ye> ) ano!r ^! float+ iceb]gs accumulate ) v /rik+ diff]5ces1 & x is only by a r>e *ance t !y op5 up a free passage su* z ,capta9 ,w$dell _h discov]$4 ,^! float+ isl&s ( ice h be5 met ) 9 ?irty-five degrees s\? latitude1 & ev5 z high z ,cape ,horn4 ,! two ,fr5* %ips frequ5tly f\nd !mselves %ut up 9 ! iceb]gs1 :i* cont9u$ to press ^u !m1 & driv5 be=e ! nor? w9ds1 until ! s\? w9d aga9 disp]s$ _! va/ masses1 enabl+ !m to issue f _! prison 9 heal? & safety4 ,9 "s cases ,d',urville f\nd x necess>y to =ce 8 %ip ?r\gh fields ( ice by :i* he 0 surr\nd$ & imprison$1 & to cut 8 way by =ce ?r\gh ! accumulat+ blocks1 us+ ! corvette z a sort ( batt]+-ram4 ,9 #ahch he recogniz$1 ab\t fifty leagues f ! ,s\? ,orkney ,isles1 a coa/1 to :i* he gave ! "n ( ,l\is ,philippe's & ,jo9ville's ,l&4 ,?is coa/ is cov]$ ) enorm\s masses ( ice1 :i* seem$ to rise to ! height ( two ?\s& six hundr$ feet4 ,ross discov]$ /ill m l(ty peaks1 su* z ,m\nt ,p5ny & ,m\nt ,hadd+ton1 ris+ ab\t sev5 ?\s& feet4 ,! ,engli% navigator /ates t ?is l& is only a great isl&4 ,! crew ( ,d',urville's %ip be+ sickly & ov]work$1 he return$ to ! port ( ,*ili1 :5ce he aga9 issu$ = ! ,s\? ,pole 9 ! foll[+ ,janu>y4 ,on ?is occasion 8 approa* 0 made f a po9t diametrically opposite to ! =m]4 ,he v soon f\nd himself 9 ! middle ( ! ice4 ,he discov]$ )9 ! ,ant>ctic ,circle l&1 to :i* he gave ! "n ( ,adelia's ,l&4 ,! long & l(ty cliffs ( ?is isl& or cont95t he describes z be+ surr\nd$ by a belt ( isl&s ( ice at once num]\s & ?reat5+4 ,d',urville did n hesitate to navigate 8 corvettes ?r\gh ! middle ( ! b& ( enorm\s iceb]gs :i* seem$ to gu>d ! ,pole & =bid 8 approa* to x4 ,= "s mom5ts 8 vessels 7 s surr\nd$ t !y _h reason to fe>1 f mom5t to mom5t1 "s t]rible %ock1 "s irrep>able disa/]4 ,9 addition to ?is1 ! sea produces ar\nd ^! float+ iceb]gs1 eddies1 :i* 7 n unlikely to draw on ! %ip to ! de/ruction ) :i* x 0 ?reat5$ at e in/ant4 ,x 0 9 pass+ at _! base t ,d',urville 0 able to judge ( ! height ( ^! icy cliffs4 ,! walls ( ^! blocks ( ice1 he says1 f> exce$ our ma/s & rigg+s 9 height2 !y ov]hang our %ips1 ^: dim5sions seem ridicul\sly curtail$4 ,we seem to be trav]s+ ! n>r[ /reets ( "s city ( giants4 ,at ! foot ( ^! gigantic monum5ts we p]ceive va/ cav]ns holl[$ by ! waves1 :i* are engulf$ !re ) a cra%+ tumult4 ,! sun d>ts 8 oblique rays ^u ! imm5se walls ( ice z if x 7 cry/al1 pres5t+ effects ( light & %ade truly magical & />tl+4 ,f ! summit ( ^! m\nta9s1 num]\s brooks1 f$ by ! melt+ ice produc$ by ! summ] heat ( a ,janu>y sun 9 ^! regions1 ?r[ !mselves 9 cascades into ! icy sea4 ,occasionally ^! iceb]gs approa* ea* o!r s z to conceal ! l& entirely1 & we only p]ceive two walls ( ?reat5+ ice1 ^: sonor\s e*oes s5d back ! ^w ( comm& ( ! (fic]s4 ,! corvette :i* foll[$ ! ,a/rolabe appe>$ s small1 & its ma/s s sl5d]1 t ! %ip's crew 7 seiz$ ) t]ror4 ,= ne>ly an h\r we only saw v]tical walls ( ice4 ,ultimately !y rea*$ a va/ bas91 =m$ on "o side by ! *a9 ( float+ isl&s :i* !y _h trav]s$1 & on ! o!r by high l& ris+ ?ree & f\r ?\s& feet1 rugg$ & undulat+ on ! surface1 b clo!d ov] all ) an icy mantle1 :i* 0 r5d]$ dazzl+ly impos+ 9 its :it5ess by ! rays ( ! sun4 ,! (fic]s c\ld only advance by ! %ip's boats ?r\gh a labyr9? ( iceb]gs up to a little islet ly+ opposite to ! coa/4 ,!y t\*$ ! l& at ?is islet2 ! ,fr5* flag 0 plant$1 possession 0 tak5 ( ! new cont95t1 &1 9 pro( ( possession1 "s portions ( rock 7 torn f ! sc>p$ & d5ud$ cliffs4 ,^! rocks are compos$ ( qu>tzite & gneiss4 ,! s\!rn cont95t1 !re=e1 belongs to ! primitive =mation1 :ile ! nor!rn region belongs 9 great "p to ! transition1 or coal =mation4 ,accord+ to ! map ( ,adelia's ,l&1 trac$ by ,d',urville ov] an ext5t ( ?irty leagues ( c\ntry1 ! region is "o ( dea? & desolation1 )\t any trace ( vegetation4 ,a little m to ! nor?1 ! ,fr5* navigator _h a vague vision on ! :ite l9es ( ! horizon ( ano!r l&1 :i* he nam$ ,cte ,cl>ie1 or ,coa/ ,cle>1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* 0 soon confirm$ by ! ,am]ican exp$ition "u ,commodore ,wilkes4 ,?is (fic] has explor$ ! s\!rn l& on a l>g] scale ?an any o!r navigator1 b he suff]$ himself to be l$ into error by ! d5se fogs ( ! region1 & has laid d[n coa/ l9es on 8 map :]e ,sir ,james ,boss subsequ5tly f\nd only op5 sea--an error :i* has v unju/ly ?r[n discr$it on ! :ole exp$ition4 ,! ,engli% exp$ition ent]$ ?is region on ,*ri/mas ,day1 #ahdj1 :i* 0 pass$ by ,ross 9 a /rong gale1 ) con/ant sn[ or ra94 ,soon aft]1 ! fir/ iceb]gs 7 se51 hav+ flat tabul> summits1 9 "s in/ances two miles 9 circumf]5ce1 b\nd$ on all sides by p]p5dicul> cliffs4 ,on ,new ,ye>'s ,day1 #ahda1 ! %ips cross$ ! ,ant>ctic ,circle1 & rea*$ ! edge ( ! pack ice1 :i* !y ent]$1 aft] skirt+ x = sev]al days4 ,on ! #e?1 ! pack 0 pass$ ?r\gh1 amid bl9d+ sn[ & ?ick fog1 :i* on cle>+ away reveal$ an op5 sea1 & on ! #aa? ( ,janu>y l& 0 se5 directly ahead ( ! %ips4 ,a coa/ l9e rose 9 l(ty sn[-cov]$ peaks at a great di/ance4 ,on a ne>] view1 ?is coa/ is ?us describ$3 ,x 0 a beautifully cle> ev5+1 & two magnific5t ranges ( m\nta9s rose to elevations v>y+ f sev5 ?\s& to t5 ?\s& feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,! glaci]s :i* fill$ _! int]v5+ valleys1 & :i* desc5d$ f ne> ! m\nta9 summits1 project$ 9 _m places sev]al miles into ! sea1 & t]m9at$ 9 l(ty p]p5dicul> cliffs4 ,9 a few places ! rocks broke ?r\gh _! icy cov]+1 by :i* alone we c\ld be assur$ t lava =m$ ! nucleus ( ?is1 to all appe>ance1 enorm\s iceb]g4 ,?is ant>ctic l& 0 nam$ ,victoria ,l&1 9 hon\r ( ! ,que54 ,x 0 coa/$ up to latitude sev5ty-eight degrees s\?1 & ne> to ?is a magnific5t volcanic m\nta9 pres5t$ itself1 ris+ twelve ?\s& feet above ! level ( ! sea1 :i* emitt$ flame & smoke 9 spl5did pr(usion4 ,! flanks ( ?is gigantic m\nta9 7 clo!d ) sn[ almo/ to ! m\? ( ! crat] f :i* ! flam+ smoke issu$4 ,at a %ort di/ance1 ,ross discov]$ ! cone ( an ext9ct1 or1 at lea/1 inactive volcano ne>ly z l(ty4 ,he gave to ^! two volcanoes ! names ( 8 vessels1 ,erebus & ,t]ror 7,fig4 #i7--names p]fectly 9 h>mony ) ! surr\nd+ desolation4 ,! ice-cov]$ cliffs rose ab\t a hundr$ & n9ety feet high1 & appe> to be ab\t ?ree hundr$ feet deep1 s\nd+s be+ f\nd at ab\t f\r hundr$ fa?oms4 ,9 ! di/ance1 t[>ds ! s\?1 a range ( l(ty m\nta9s 7 obs]v$1 :i* ,ross nam$ ,m\nt ,p>ry1 9 hon\r ( 8 old comm&]4 ,:5 ,ross retrac$ 8 /eps1 ! exp$ition _h advanc$ z f> z ! sev5ty-n9? degree ( s\? latitude4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,m\nts ,erebus & ,t]ror4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x may be said ( pol> c\ntries1 t !y =m a transition /ate betwe5 l& & sea1 = wat] is always pres5t1 al?\gh 9 a solid /ate2 ! surface is always at a v l[ temp]ature2 sn[ does n melt z x falls1 & ! sea is ?us sometimes cov]$ ) a cont9u\s %eet ( froz5 sn[2 sometimes ) enorm\s float+ blocks ( ice :i* are driv5 by ! curr5ts4 ,meet+ ) ^! float+ masses ( ice is "o ( ! dang]s ( pol> navigation4 ,capta9 ,scoresby has giv5 a v detail$ description ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( ice met ) 9 ! ,arctic ,seas4 ,! ice-fields ( ?is writ] =m ext5sive masses ( solid wat]1 ( :i* ! eye _c trace ! limits1 "s ( !m be+ ?irty-five leagues 9 l5g? & t5 broad1 ) a ?ickness ( sev5 to eight fa?oms2 b g5]ally ^! ice-fields rise only f\r to six feet above ! wat]1 & rea* f ?ree to f\r fa?oms b5ea? ! surface4 ,scoresby has se5 ^! ice-fields =m+ 9 ! op5 sea4 ,:5 ! fir/ cry/als appe>1 ! surface ( ! ocean is cold en\gh to prev5t sn[ f melt+ z x falls4 ,on ! approa* ( congelation ! surface solidifies1 & seems z if cov]$ ) oil2 small circles are =m$1 :i* press aga9/ ea* o!r1 & are f9ally sold]$ toge!r until !y =m a va/ field ( ice1 ! ?ickness ( :i* increases f ! l[] surface4 ,! wat] produc$ f melt$ ice is p]fectly fre%--! result ( a well-kn[n physical cause4 ,:5 a sal9e solution l sea wat] is congeal$ by cold1 pure wat] alone passes into ! solid /ate1 ! sal9e solution becomes m conc5trat$1 increases 9 d5sity1 &1 s9k+ to ! bottom1 rema9s liquid4 ,blocks ( ice1 !re=e1 9 ! ,pol> ,seas1 are always available = dome/ic use4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 salt blocks ( ice1 :i* are di/+ui%$ f fre%-wat] ice by _! opaqu5ess & _! dazzl+ :ite col\r3 ?is saltness is due to ! sea wat] reta9$ 9 its int]/ices4 ,scoresby amus$ himself sometimes by %ap+ l5ses ( ice1 ) :i* he is said to h set fire to gunp[d]1 mu* to ! a/oni%m5t ( 8 crew4 ,! ice-fields1 :i* are =m$ 9 high] latitudes1 are driv5 t[>ds ! s\? by w9ds & curr5ts1 b soon] or lat] ! action ( ! waves breaks !m up into fragm5ts4 ,! edges ( ! brok5 iceb]gs are ?us (t5 ris+ & cont9ually *ang+3 ^! asp]ities & protub]ances are call$ hummocks by ,engli% navigators2 !y give to ! pol> ice an odd1 irregul> appe>ance4 ,hummocks =m !mselves ( ! /ray1 brok5 iceb]gs :i* come 9 contact ) ea* o!r at _! edges1 & ?us =m va/ rafts1 ! pieces ( :i* may exce$ a hundr$ y>ds 9 l5g?4 ,:5 ^! iceb]gs are sep>at$ by op5 spaces1 ?r\gh :i* vessels c be navigat$1 ! pack ice is said to be op54 ,b x (t5 happ5s t m\nta9s ( ice occur p>tly subm]g$1 :]e "o edge is reta9$ "u ! pr9cipal mass1 :ile ! o!r is above ! wat]4 ,scoresby once pass$ ov] a calf1 z ,engli% m>9]s call ^! icy m\nta9s1 b he trembl$ :ile he did s1 dread+ le/ x %\ld ?r[ 8 vessel1 himself1 & crew into ! air be=e he c\ld pass x4 ,! aspect ( ! ice-fields v>ies 9 a ?\s& ways4 ,"h x is an incoh]5t *aos resembl+ "s volcanic rocks1 ) crevices 9 all directions1 bri/l+ ) un%apely blocks pil$ up at r&om2 !re x is a /rongly-m>k$ pla91 an imm5se mosaic =m$ ( va/ blocks ( ice ( e age & ?ickness1 ! divisions ( :i* are m>k$ by long ridges ( ! mo/ irregul> =ms2 sometimes resembl+ walls compos$ ( great rectangul> blocks1 sometimes resembl+ *a9s ( hills1 ) great r\nd$ summits4 ,9 ! spr+1 :5 a ?aw sets 91 & ! fields beg9 to break up1 ! pieces ( light ice :i* unite ! great blocks into unique masses are ! fir/ to melt2 ! sev]al blocks !n sep>ate1 & ! motion ( ! wat] soon disp]ses !m1 & ! imprison$ %ips f9d a free passage4 ,b a day ( calm is /ill suffici5t to unite ! disp]s$ masses1 :i* oscillate & gr9d aga9/ ea* o!r ) a /range noise1 :i* sailors comp>e to ! yelp+ ( "y dogs4 ,:5 a %ip is %ut up 9 "o ( ^! float+ ice-fields1 inexplicable *anges sometimes occur 9 ! va/ incoh]5t aggregations4 ,vessels1 :i* ?9k !mselves immovable1 are f\nd 9 a few h\rs to h completely rev]s$ _! positions4 ,two %ips %ut 9 at a %ort di/ance f ea* o!r 7 driv5 _m leagues )\t be+ able to p]ceive any *ange 9 ! surr\nd+ ice4 ,at o!r times %ips are drawn ) ! float+ ice-fields1 l ! :ite be>s1 :o make long voyages at sea ^u ^! mon/] vehicles4 ,9 #aggg ! ,dut* vessel1 ! ,wilhelm9a1 0 driv5 ) "s o!r :al+ %ips f eighty degrees nor? back to sixty-two degrees1 9 sight ( ! ,icel& coa/4 ,dur+ ?is t]rible j\rney ! %ips 7 brok5 up "o aft] ! o!r4 ,m ?an two hundr$ p]sons p]i%$1 & ! rema9d] rea*$ l& ) difficulty4 ,lieut5ant ,de ,hav51 navigat+ 9 se>* ( ,sir ,john ,frankl91 0 caught 9 ! ice 9 ! middle ( ! *annel 9 ,well+ton ,/rait4 ,dur+ ! n9e mon?s :i* he rema9$ 9 captivity1 he drift$ ne>ly ?irte5 hundr$ miles t[>ds ! s\?2 & ! %ip ,resolute1 ab&on$ by ,capta9 ,kellet 9 an ice-field ( imm5se ext5t1 0 drift$ t[>ds ! s\? ) ?is va/ mass to a mu* great] di/ance4 ,"s curi\s speculations are haz>d$ by ,dr4 ,maury1 aris+ out ( 8 inve/igations ( w9ds & curr5ts1 facts be+ reveal$ :i* indicate ! exi/5ce ( a climate1 mild by comp>ison1 )9 ! ,ant>ctic ,circle4 ,^! indications are a l[ b>omet]1 a high degree ( a]ial r>efaction1 & /rong w9ds f ! nor?4 ,! w9ds1 he says1 7 ! fir/ to :isp] ( ?is /range /ate ( ?+s1 & to intimate to u t ! ,ant>ctic climates are 9 w9t] v unlike ! ,arctic = rig\r & sev]ity4 ,! result ( an imm5se mass ( obs]vation on ! pol> & equatorial w9ds reveals a m>k$ diff]5ce 9 atmosph]ical movem5ts nor?1 z comp>$ ) ! same movem5ts s\? ( ! ,equator2 ! equatorial w9ds ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e be+ only 9 excess betwe5 ! t5? & ?irte5? p>allel1 :ile ^? ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e are dom9ant ov] a zone ( =ty-five degrees1 or f ?irty-five degrees s\? to t5 degrees nor?4 ,! fact t ! influ5ce ( ! pol> indraught ^u ! w9ds %\ld ext5d f ! ,ant>ctic to ! p>allel ( =ty degrees s\?1 :ile t f ! ,arctic is s feeble z sc>cely to be felt 9 fifty degrees nor?1 is indicative en\gh z to ! diff]5ce 9 degree ( a]ial r>efaction ov] ! two regions4 ,! significance ( ! fact is enhanc$ by ! consid]ation t ! 'brave we/ w9ds1' :i* are b\nd to ! place ( greate/ r>efaction1 ru% m viol5tly & con/antly along to _! de/9ation ?an d ! c\nt]-trades ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,:y %\ld ^! pol>-b\nd w9ds diff] s mu* 9 /r5g? & preval5ce1 unless !re be a mu* m abundant supply ( caloric1 &1 consequ5tly1 a high] degree ( r>efaction1 at "o pole ?an at ! o!r8 ,t ?is is ! case is confirm$ by all kn[n b>ometrical obs]vations1 :i* are v mu* l[] 9 ! ,ant>ctic ?an 9 ! ,arctic1 & ,dr4 ,maury ?9ks ?is is d\btless due to ! excess 9 ,ant>ctic regions ( aque\s vap\r & ?is lat5t heat4 ,!re is r>efaction 9 ! ,arctic regions4 ,! w9ds %[ x1 ! b>omet] atte/s x1 & ! fact is consi/5t ) ! ,russian !ory ( a ,polynia 9 pol> wat]s4 ,)9 ! ,ant>ctic ,circle1 on ! contr>y1 ! w9ds br+ air :i* has come ov] ! wat] = ! di/ance ( hundr$s ( leagues all ar\nd2 consequ5tly1 a l>ge portion ( atmosph]ic air is driv5 away f ! au/ral regions by ! =ce ( vap\r4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,life ,,9 ,,! ,,ocean4 ,see :at a lovely %ell1 small & pure z a pe>l1 ,frail1 b a "w div9e1 made s fairly well1 ,) delicate spore & :orl1 a miracle ( design4 ,,t5nyson4 ,! appe>ance ( ! op5 sea1 says ,frdol1 f ^: elegant "w ?is *apt] is *iefly compil$1 f> f ! %ore--! b\ndless ocean--is to ! man :o loves to create a _w ( 8 own1 9 :i* he c freely ex]cise 8 ?\ghts1 fill$ ) sublime ideas ( ! ,inf9ite4 ,8 se>*+ eye re/s ^u ! f>-di/ant horizon4 ,he sees !re ! ocean & ! heav5s meet+ 9 a vap\ry outl9e1 :]e ! />s asc5d & desc5d1 appe> & disappe> 9 _! turn4 ,pres5tly ?is ev]la/+ *ange 9 nature awak5s 9 him a vague feel+ ( t sadness ':i*1' says ,humboldt1 'lies at ! root ( all our he>tfelt joys4' ,emotions ( ano!r k9d & equally s]i\s are produc$ by ! contemplation & /udy ( ! habits ( ! innum]able organiz$ be+s :i* inhabit ! great deep4 ,9 fact1 t imm5se expanse ( wat]1 :i* we call ! sea1 is no va/ liquid des]t2 life dwells 9 its bosom z x does on dry l&4 ,"h ?is my/]y reigns supreme 9 ! mid/ ( its expansions1 luxuries1 & agitations4 ,x pleases ! ,creator4 ,x is ! mo/ beautiful1 ! mo/ brilliant1 ! noble/1 & ! mo/ incompreh5sible ( ,8 manife/ations4 ,)\t life1 ! _w w\ld be z no?+4 ,! be+s end[$ ) x transmit x fai?fully to o!r be+s1 _! *ildr51 & _! successors1 :i* w be1 l !m1 ! deposit>ies ( ! same my/]i\s gift2 ! m>vell\s h]itage ?us trav]ses ye>s & hundr$s ( ye>s )\t los+ its p[]s2 ! globe is r$ol5t ) ! life :i* has be5 s b\nte\sly di/ribut$ ov] x4 ,9 ! words ( ,lam>t9e1 ,we "k :at produces life1 b we "k n :at x is2 & ?is ignorance is p]haps ! p[]ful attraction :i* provokes our curiosity & excites u to /udy4 ,e liv+ be+ is animat$ by two pr9ciples1 betwe5 :i* a sil5t b incessant combat is be+ c>ri$ on--life1 :i* assimilates1 & dea?1 :i* dis9tegrates4 ,at fir/1 life is all p[]ful--x lords x ov] matt]2 b its reign is limit$4 ,beyond a c]ta9 po9t its vig\r is gradually impair$2 ) old age x decays2 & is f9ally ext+ui%$ ) "t1 :5 ! *emical & physical laws seize ^u x1 & its organization is de/roy$4 ,b ! elem5ts1 ?\gh in]t at fir/1 are soon reanimat$ & occupi$ ) a new life4 ,e plant1 e animal is b\nd up ) ! pa/1 & is "p ( ! future1 = e g5]ation :i* />ts into life is only ! coroll>y ^u t :i* expires1 & ! prelude ( ano!r :i* is ab\t to be born4 ,life is ! s*ool ( dea?2 dea? is ! fo/]-"m ( life4 ,life1 h[ev]1 does n always exhibit itself at ! mom5t ( its =mation4 ,x is visible lat]1 & only aft] o!r ph5om5a4 ,9 ord] to develope itself1 a suitable soil or o!r m$ium mu/ be prep>$1 & o!r det]m9ate physical & *emical conditions provid$4 ,! pres5ce & diffusion ( liv+ be+s are no *ance products2 !y foll[ rigor\sly an ord] ( law4 ,speak+ ( ! high] =ms ( animal life1 ! ,duke ( ,argyll says1 9 8 able & satisfactory "w1 ,! ,reign ( ,law1--,9 all ^! !re is an obs]v$ ord] 9 ! mo/ rigid sci5tific s5se1 t is1 ph5om5a 9 uni=m connexion & mutual relations :i* c be made1 & are made1 ! basis ( sy/ematic classification4 ,^! classifications are imp]fect1 n because !y are f\nd$ on ideal connexions :]e none exi/1 b only because !y fail 9 repres5t+ adequately ! subtle & p]vad+ ord] :i* b9ds toge!r all liv+ ?+s4 ,! k ( fossils has ?r[n great light ^u ! regul> & progressive developm5t ( organization4 ,! evolution ( liv+ be+s seems to h comm5c$ ) ! m rudim5t>y =ms2 ! m anci5t rocks1 until v rec5tly1 _h reveal$ no traces ( life1 & :at has be5 reveal$ t5ds to confirm ?is view4 ,9 ! ,cambrian rocks ( ,bray ,head1 c\nty ,wickl[1 ! ,oldhamia is a zoophyte ( ! simple/ organization1 & ! ,rhizapods f\nd ne> ! bottom ( ! ,azoic rocks ( ,canada are ! l[e/ =m ( liv+ types2 & x is only 9 b$s ( comp>atively rec5t =mation t complex organization exi/s4 ,vegetables fir/ %[ !mselves1 & ev5 among ^! ! simple/ =ms h priority4 ,animals aft]w>ds appe>1 :i*1 z we h se51 belong to ! lea/ p]fect classes4 ,! comb9ations ( life1 at fir/ simple1 h become m & m complex1 until ! creation ( man1 :o may be consid]$ ! ma/]piece ( organization4 ,if we expose a c]ta9 quantity ( pure wat] to ! light & air 9 ! spr+1 we %\ld soon see x produc+ %ades ( a yell[i% or gre5i% col\r4 ,^! spots1 exam9$ ?r\gh ! microscope1 reveal ?\s&s ( vegetable agglom]ates4 ,pres5tly ?\s&s ( animalcules appe>1 :i* swim ab\t among ! float+ masses1 n\ri%+ !mselves ) its sub/ance4 ,o!r animalcules !n appe>1 :i*1 9 _! turn1 pursue & dev\r ! fir/4 ,9 %ort1 life trans=ms inanimate into organiz$ matt]4 ,vegetables appe> fir/1 !n come h]bivor\s animals1 & !n come ! c>nivor\s4 ,life ma9ta9s life4 ,! dea? ( "o gives food & developm5t to o!rs1 = all are b\nd up toge!r--all assi/ at ! metamorphoses cont9ually occurr+ 9 ! organic z 9 ! m9]al _w1 ! result be+ g5]al & pr(\nd h>mony--h>mony always wor?y ( admiration4 ,! ,creator alone is un*angeable1 omnipot5t1 & p]man5t2 all else is transition4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! inhabitants ( ! wat] are mu* m num]\s ?an ^? ( ! solid e>?4 ,^u a surface less v>i$ ?an we f9d on cont95ts1 says ,humboldt1 ! sea conta9s 9 its bosom an exub]ance ( life ( :i* no o!r portion ( ! globe c\ld give u any idea4 ,x exp&s 9 ! nor? z 9 ! s\?2 9 ! ea/ z 9 ! we/4 ,! seas1 above all1 ab\nd ) x2 9 ! bosom ( ! deep1 creatures correspond+ & h>moniz+ ) ea* o!r sport & play4 ,among ^! especially ! naturali/ f9ds in/ruction1 & ! philosoph] subjects = m$itation4 ,! *anges !y und]go only impress ^u our m9ds m & m a s5tim5t ( ?ankfulness to ! ,au?or ( ! univ]se4 ,yes1 ! ocean 9 its pr(\nde/ dep?s--its pla9s & its m\nta9s1 its valleys1 its precipices1 ev5 9 its ru9s--is animat$ & embelli%$ by innum]able organiz$ be+s4 ,^! are at fir/ plants1 solit>y or social1 erect or droop+1 spread+ into prairies1 gr\p$ 9 pat*es1 or =m+ va/ =e/s 9 ! oceanic valleys4 ,^! subm>9e =e/s protect & n\ri% millions ( animals :i* creep1 :i* run1 :i* swim1 :i* s9k into ! s&s1 atta* !mselves to rocks1 lodge !mselves 9 crevices1 :i* con/ruct dwell+s = !mselves1 :i* seek = or fly f ea* o!r1 :i* pursue or fight1 c>ess ea* o!r lov+ly1 or dev\r ea* o!r )\t pity4 ,*>les ,d>w9 truly rem>ks some:]e t our t]re/rial =e/s d n ma9ta9 ne>ly s _m liv+ be+s z ^? :i* sw>m 9 ! bosom ( ! sea4 ,! ocean1 :i* = man is ! region ( asphyxia & dea?1 is = millions ( animals ! region ( life & heal?3 !re is enjoym5t = myriads 9 its waves2 !re is happ9ess on its banks2 !re is ! blue above all4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! sea influ5ces its num]\s inhabitants1 animal or vegetable1 by its temp]ature1 by its d5sity1 by its saltness1 by its bitt]ness1 by ! nev]-ceas+ agitation ( its waves1 & by ! rapidity ( its curr5ts4 ,we h se5 9 prec$+ *apt]s t ! sea only freezes "u int5se cold1 & !n only at ! surface1 & t at ! dep? ( five hundr$ fa?oms ! same p]man5t temp]ature exi/s 9 all latitudes4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is agre$ t ! agitations produc$ by ! mo/ viol5t /orms are nev] felt beyond ! dep? ( twelve or ?irte5 fa?oms4 ,f ?is x foll[s t animals & vegetables1 by desc5d+ m or less1 accord+ to ! cold or di/urb+ movem5ts1 c always rea* a m$ium :i* agrees ) _! con/itutions4 ,! ho/s ( ! sea are di/+ui%$ by a peculi> s(tness4 ,c]ta9 pelagic plants pres5t only a v weak1 feeble consi/5ce2 a great numb] are trans=m$ by ebullition into a sort ( jelly4 ,! fle% ( m>9e animals is m or less flaccid2 _m seem to consi/ ( a diaphan\s mucilage4 ,! skeleton ( ! m p]fect species is m or less flexible & c>tilag9\s2 & x r>ely atta9s1 z to weight & consi/5cy1 ! /r5g? ( bone exhibit$ by t]re/rial v]tebrate animals4 ,nev]!less1 bo? ! %ells & coral produc$ 9 ! bosom ( ! ocean are rem>kable = _! /ony solidity4 ,among m>9e bodies1 9 %ort1 we f9d at once ! s(te/ & h>de/ ( organiz$ sub/ances4 ,! sep>ation ( organiz$ be+s1 n\ri%$ by ! ocean1 is subject$ to c]ta9 fix$ laws4 ,we nev] f9d on ! coa/1 except by evid5t accid5t1 ! same species t we meet ) f> f ! %ore2 nor on ! surface1 creatures ^: habits lead !m to hide 9 ! dep?s ( ocean4 ,:at imm5se v>ieties ( size1 %ape1 =m1 & col\r1 f ! ne>ly invisible vegetation :i* s]ves to n\ri% ! small zoophytes & mollusks1 to ! long1 sl5d] alg ( fifty--& ev5 five hundr$--y>ds 9 l5g?6 ,h[ va/ ! disp>ity betwe5 ! microscopic infusoria & ! gigantic :ale6 ,we f9d 9 ! sea1 says ,lacep$e1 unity & div]sity1 :i* con/itute its beauty2 gr&eur & simplicity1 :i* give x sublimity2 puissance & imm5sity1 :i* comm& our wond]4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages we %all figure & describe _m inhabitants ( ! sea2 b h[ _m rema9 /ill to figure & describe6 ,dur+ m ?an two ?\s& ye>s rese>* has be5 multipli$1 & succe$$ by rese>* )\t int]ruption4 ,b h[ va/ ! field1 z ,lam>ck obs]ves1 :i* ,sci5ce has /ill to cultivate1 9 ord] to c>ry ! k already acquir$ to ! degree ( p]fection ( :i* x is susceptible6 99 99 99 99 99 ,:5 ! tide retires f ! %ore1 ! sea leaves ^u ! coa/ "s few ( ! numb]less be+s :i* x be>s 9 its bosom4 ,9 ! fir/ mom5ts ( its retreat1 ! naturali/ may collect a cr[d ( sub/ances1 vegetable & animal1 ) _! v>i\s *>act]i/ic col\rs & prop]ties4 ,! inhabitants ( ! coa/ f9d !re _! food1 _! comm]ce1 & _! occupations4 ,at l[ wat] ! ne>e/ villages & hamlets s5d _! cont+5ts1 old & "y1 m51 wom51 & *ildr51 to ! h>ve/4 ,"s apply !mselves to ga!r+ ! rib& seawe$ 7,zo/]a71 ! membran\s ,ulva1 ! sombre br[n ,fucus vesiculosus1 =m]ly a s\rce ( great weal? to ! dwell]s by ! sea1 be+ !n mu* us$ 9 mak+ kelp2 o!rs ga!r ! small %ells left on ! s&s2 boys m\nt ^u ! rocks 9 se>* ( :elks 7,bucc9um71 mussels 7,mytilus71 deta* limpets 7,patella71 & o!r edible m>9e animals1 f ! rocks to :i* !y h atta*$ !mselves4 ,on "s coa/s1 %ells1 z ,mactra1 ,cy!ria1 & ,buc>dium1 are s\ght = _! beauty4 ,by turn+ ! /ones1 or by s\nd+ ! crevices ( ! rocks ) a hook at ! end ( a la?1 polypes & calm>s are sometimes surpris$--sometimes ev5 sea & cong] eels1 :i* h s\ght refuge !re2 :ile ! pools1 left "h & !re by ! retir+ tide1 are dragg$ by nets ( v small me%1 9 :i* ! small] cru/ace\s mollusks & small fi% are secur$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! ,m$it]ranean & o!r inl& seas1 :]e ! tide is almo/ inappreciable1 !re exi/ a great numb] ( animals & vegetables belong+ to ! deep sea1 :i* ! waves or curr5ts v r>ely leave ^u ! sea %ore4 ,!re are o!rs s fugitive1 or :i* atta* !mselves s firmly to ! rocks1 t we c wat* !m only 9 _! habitats4 ,x is necess>y to /udy !m float+ on ! surface ( ! waves1 or 9 _! my/]i\s retirem5ts4 ,h5ce ! necessity t naturali/s %\ld /udy ! liv+ productions ( ! salt wat] ev5 9 ! bosom ( ! ocean1 & n on ! sea %ore4 ,! means g5]ally employ$ = ?is purpose is a drag-net1 s\nd+-l9e1 & o!r eng9es suitable = scrap+ ! bottom1 & break+ ! h>d] rocks4 ,9 a voyage :i* ,milne ,edw>ds made to ! coa/ ( ,sicily1 he =m$ ! idea ( employ+ an app>atus inv5t$ by ,colonel ,paul91 :i* consi/$ ( a metallic casque provid$ ) a visor ( glass1 & consequ5tly transp>5t1 :i* fix$ itself r\nd ! neck by means ( a copp] coll> made wat]-tight by /uff+--a div+-bell1 9 %ort1 9 m9iature4 ,x communicat$ ) an air-pump by means ( a flexible tube4 ,f\r m5 7 employ$ 9 s]v+ ! pump1 two ex]cis+ x :ile ! o!r two re/$ !mselves4 ,o!r m5 held ! extremity ( a cord1 :i* 0 pass$ ov] a pulley atta*$ at a high] elevation1 & enabl$ !m to hoi/ up ! div] ) ! necess>y rapidity 9 em]g5cies4 ,a vigilant obs]v] held 9 8 h& a small signal cord4 ,! imm]sion ( ! div] 0 facilitat$ by heavy lead5 %oes1 :i* assi/$ him at ! same "t to ma9ta9 8 v]tical position at ! bottom4 ,m4 ,edw>ds made ! desc5t ) ?is app>atus 9 ?ree fa?oms wat] ) p]fect success4 ,he 0 ?us enabl$ to /udy1 9 _! mo/ hidd5 & mo/ inaccessible retreats1 ! radiate animals1 mollusks1 cru/aceans1 & annelids1 especially _! l>v & eggs1 & by 8 descriptions to contribute mo/ ess5tially to make kn[n ! functions1 mann]s1 & mode ( developm5t ( c]ta9 inhabitants ( ! sea1 ^: soj\rn & habits w\ld seem to seque/rate !m = ev] f our obs]vation4 ,ano!r & easi] mode ( /udy+ ! liv+ creatures %elt]$ by ! sea 0 fir/ sugge/$ by ,m4 ,*>les des ,m\l9s ( ,bordeaux1 9 #ahcj4 ,! aqu>ium1 :i* is *>g$ ) fre% or salt wat]1 accord+ to ! be+s x is int5d$ to conta91 s]ves ! same purpose = ! inhabitants ( ! deep :i* ! avi>y does = ! birds ( ! air--cages ( glass be+ us$ 9 place ( iron wire or wick]-"w1 & wat] 9 place ( atmosph]ic air4 ,:5 a globe is fill$ ) fre% wat]1 & ) mollusks1 cru/aceans1 or fi%es1 x is obs]v$1 aft] a few days1 t ! wat] loses its transp>5cy & purity1 & becomes slightly corrupt4 ,x necess>ily foll[s t ! wat] mu/ be *ang$ f "t to "t4 ,*ang+ ! wat]1 h[ev]1 causes mu* suff]+1 & ev5 dea? to ! animals4 ,besides1 ! new wat] does n always pres5t ! same composition1 ! same a]ation1 or ! same temp]ature ) t :i* is replac$4 ,to obviate ?is defect1 & tak+ a leaf out ( ,nature's book1 ,m4 ,m\l9s propos$ to put into ! vase a c]ta9 numb] ( aquatic plants float+ or subm]g$--duckwe$1 = example--:i* w\ld act ^u ! wat] 9 a direction inv]se to t ( ! animals inhabit+ x4 ,x is kn[n t vegetables assimilate c>bon1 :ile decompos+ ! c>bonic acid produc$ by ! respiration ( animals1 ?us dis5gag+ ! oxyg5 indisp5sable to animal life4 ,9 ?is simple mann] 0 ! necess>y *ange ( wat] obviat$4 ,! same happy idea has be5 successfully appli$ to salt wat]1 & aqu>iums = salt-wat] plants & animals h be5 propos$ on a great scale4 ,t ( ! ,zoological ,g>d5s ( ,p>is1 9 ! ,bois de ,b\logne1 inaugurat$ 9 #ahfa1 is p]haps ! l>ge/ 9 ! _w4 ,x is a solid /one build+ ( fifty y>ds 9 l5g? by ab\t twelve broad1 pres5t+ a range ( =ty res]voirs ( ,ang]s slate1 runn+ nor? & s\?4 ,! res]voirs are ne>ly cubical1 pres5t+ 9 front ! /rong glass ( ,sa9t ,goba91 :i* p]mits ( ! int]ior be+ se54 ,!y are light$ f above2 b ! light is weak1 gre5i%1 uni=m1 & consequ5tly my/]i\s & gloomy1 giv+ a pretty exact imitation ( ! subm>9e light "s fa?oms d[n4 ,ea* res]voir conta9s ab\t two hundr$ gallons ( wat]4 ,x is furni%$ ) rocks dispos$ a little 9 ! =m ( an amphi!atre1 & 9 a picturesque mann]4 ,^u ! rocks v>i\s species ( m>9e vegetables are plant$4 ,! bottom is ( %+le1 gravel1 & s&1 9 ord] to give c]ta9 animals a suffici5tly natural retreat4 ,t5 ( ^! res]voirs are int5d$ = m>9e animals4 ,! wat] employ$ is nev] *ang$1 b x is kept 9 cont9ual agitation by circulation1 produc$ by a curr5t ( wat] l$ f ! great pipe :i* fe$s ! ,bois de ,b\logne4 ,?is wat]1 be+ subject$ to a /rong pressure1 compresses a c]ta9 portion ( air1 :i*1 be+ p]mitt$ to act on a portion ( ! sea wat] conta9$ 9 a clos$ cyl9d] plac$ bel[ ! level ( ! aqu>ium1 makes x asc5d1 & ent] ) great =ce into a res]voir1 into :i* x is ?r[n f a small jet4 ,! sea wat] ?us press$ absorbs a portion ( ! air1 :i* is drawn ) x into ! res]voir4 ,a tube plac$ 9 a corn] ( ! res]voir receives ! ov]fl[1 & conducts x into a clos$ c>bon filt]1 :5ce x passes into a gravelly und]gr\nd res]voir1 return+ aga9 to ! clos$ cyl9d]4 ,! wat] is once m subject$ to ! pressure ( air1 & aga9 asc5ds to ! aqu>ium4 ,! cyl9d] be+ und]gr\nd1 a temp]ature equal to ab\t sixte5 degrees ,c5t41 :i* is ne>ly ! uni=m temp]ature ( ! ocean1 is easily ma9ta9$4 ,dur+ w9t]1 ! aqu>ium is heat$ artificially4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,zoophytes4 ,nature is n[h]e m p]fect ?an 9 h] small] works4 ,natura nusquam magis qum 9 m9imis tota e/4 ,,pl9y4 ,x w n be out ( place "h to (f] "s rem>ks on animals 9 g5]al1 includ+ ! :ole k+dom z well z ! great divisions :i* =m ! subject ( ?is p>ticul> volume4 ,b consid]+ ! va/ness ( ! subject1 & our imp]fect k ( ! :ole animal s]ies z a subject ( /udy1 no?+ is m difficult ?an to seize ^u ! real analogies betwe5 be+s ( types s v>i$1--( organizations s dissimil>4 ,! arrangem5ts :i* naturali/s h e/abli%$ 9 ord] to /udy & describe animals--! divisions1 classes1 ord]s1 families1 g5]a1 & species--are admirable contrivances = facilitat+ ! /udy ( creatures num]\s z ! s&s ( ! sea %ore4 ,)\t ?is preci\s means ( logical di/ribution1 ! individual m9d w\ld recoil be=e ! task ( describ+ ! innum]able phalanges ( contempor>y animal life4 ,b ! read] mu/ nev] =get t ^! me?odical divisions are pure fictions1 due to human inv5tion3 !y =m no "p ( nature2 = has n ,l9nu told u t nature makes no leaps1 natura non facit saltus8 ,nature passes 9 a mann] almo/ ins5sibly f "o /age ( organization to ano!r1 altoge!r irrespective ( human sy/ems4 ,moreov]1 :5 we come to wat* ! conf9es ( ! animal & vegetable k+dom1 we realise h[ difficult x is to seize ! precise l9e ( dem>cation :i* sep>ates ! great k+doms ( ,nature4 ,we h se5 9 ! ,vegetable ,_w g]ms ( ! simple/ organization1 z 9 ! ,cryptogamia1 spores1 z 9 ! ,alg1 & fruitful corpuscles1 z 9 ! ,mosses1 :i* seem to be inve/$ ) "s ( ! *>act]i/ics ( animal life1 = !y appe> to be gift$ ) organs ( locomotion1 namely1 vibratile cilia1 by means ( :i* !y execute movem5ts :i* are to all appe>ance q volunt>y4 ,side by side ) ^! are vegetable g]ms & fecundat+ corpuscles1 kn[n z an!rozoides among ! ,alg1 ,mosses1 & ,f]ns1 :i*1 :5 float+ 9 wat]1 g & come l ! inf]ior animals1 seek+ to p5etrate into cavities1 )draw+ !mselves1 return+ aga91 & aga9 introduc+ !mselves1 & exhibit+ all ! signs ( an app>5t ef=t4 ,let u comp>e ! ,infusoria1 or ev5 ! ,polypi & ,gorgons1 ) ^! %ift+ vegetable organisms1 & say if x is easy to det]m9e1 )\t consid]able /udy1 :i* is ! plant & :i* ! animal4 ,! precise l9e ( dem>cation :i* x is s desirable to e/abli% betwe5 ! two k+doms ( ,nature is inde$ difficult to trace4 ,! ^w zoophyte1 to :i* ?is comp>ison introduces u1 seems v happily appli$3 x is d]iv$ f ! ,greek ^w 1 animal1 & 1 plant2 & is1 z x seems to u1 q wor?y ( be+ reta9$ 9 ,sci5ce1 because x consecrates & mat]ialises1 s to speak1 a sort ( fusion betwe5 ! two k+doms ( ,nature at _! conf9es4 ,let u gu>d ourselves1 h[ev]1 f c>ry+ ?is idea too f>1 &1 ^u ! fai? ( a happy ^w1 alt]+ altoge!r ! true relations ( creat$ be+s4 ,9 adopt+ ! "n zoophyte1 to indicate a great division ( ! animal k+dom1 ! read] mu/ n imag9e t !re is any ambiguity ab\t ! creatures designat$1 or t !y belong at once to bo? k+doms1 or t !y might be rang$ indiff]5tly 9 ! "o or ! o!r4 ,zoophytes are animals1 & no?+ b animals2 ! ju/ification = us+ a designation :i* signifies animal-plant is1 t _m ( !m h an ext]ior resemblance to plants2 t !y divide !mselves by (f%oots1 z "s plants d1 & are sometimes cr[n$ ) organs t9t$ ) lively col\rs1 l "s fl[]s4 ,?is analogy betwe5 plants & zoophytes is n[h]e m app>5t ?an 9 ! coral4 ,root$ 9 ! soil & ^u rocks1 ! =m ( its bran*es _m times subdivid$1 above all1 ! col\r$ app5dages :i* at c]ta9 p]iods s closely resemble ! corolla ( a fl[]1 h all ! =m & appe>ance ( plants4 ,until ! eighte5? c5tury mo/ naturali/s class$ ! coral z ,l9nu did1 )\t ! lea/ hesitation1 ) analog\s creations 9 ! vegetable _w4 ,raumur long cont5d$ = ! contr>y op9ion2 b x is only 9 our day t ! animal nature ( ! coral is satisfactorily e/abli%$4 ,! sea anemone may be cit$ z ano!r /rik+ example ( ! resemblance borne by c]ta9 inf]ior organisms to vegetables4 ,we hold1 !n1 t we are ju/ifi$ 9 us+ ! ^w zoophyte to designate ! be+s :i* n[ occupy our att5tion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we %all n surprise our read]s by tell+ !m t ! /ructure ( ! zoophyte1 especially 9 its inf]ior ord]s1 is excessively simple4 ,!y are ! fir/ /eps 9 ! scale ( animal life1 & 9 !m a purely rudim5t>y organization 0 to be expect$4 ,9 ^! be+s--true types ( animal life--! sev]al p>ts ( ! body1 9 place ( be+ dispos$ 9 pairs on ea* side ( its longitud9al plane1 z occurs 9 animals ( a high] organization1 are f\nd to radiate habitually r\nd an axis or c5tral po9t1 & ?is :e!r 9 its adult or juv5ile /ate4 ,zoophytes h n g5]ally an articulate skeleton1 ei!r ext]ior or int]ior1 & _! n]v\s sy/em1 :]e x exi/s1 is v slightly develop$4 ,! organs ( ! s5ses1 o!r ?an ^? ( t\*1 are altoge!r abs5t 9 ! great] "p ( be+s :i* belong to ?is1 ! l[e/ class ( ! la/ division ( ! animal k+dom4 ,sev]al que/ions arise "h3 ,has ! zoophyte s5tim5t1 feel+1 p]ception8 ,has x consci\sness1 s5se1 s5sibility8 ,! "q is insoluble2 x is an abyss ( obscurity4 ,! coral1 or r ! aggregation ( liv+ be+s :i* be> ! "n1 are atta*$ to ! rock :i* has se5 _! bir?1 & :i* w witness _! dea?3 ! infusoria1 ( microscopic dim5sions1 :i* revolve p]petually 9 a circle inf9itesimally small2 ! ,amoeb1 ! m>vell\s ,proteus1 :i* 9 ! space ( a m9ute *anges its =m a hundr$ times "u ! surpris$ eyes ( ! obs]v]1 are1 9 tru?1 m]e atoms *>g$ ) life4 ,yet all ^! be+s h an exi/5ce to appe>ance purely vegetative4 ,9 _! obscure & bl9d impulse1 h !y consci\sness or in/9ct8 ,d !y "k :at takes place at ! ?ree-?\s&? "p ( an in* f _! microscopic bodies8 ,to ! ,creator alone does ! k ( ?is my/]y belong4 ,x w\ld be =eign to ! object ( ?is "w to ent] into m9ute division ( ! innum]able creatures :i* sw>m on ! ocean & on its conf9es4 ,we %all p]haps be/ consult ! conv5i5ce ( our read]s by adopt+ ! foll[+ simple arrangem5t ( ^! animals into ,i4 ,,protozoa1 includ+ ! ,spongiad1 ,infusoria1 & ,=am9if]a4 ,,ii4 ,,polypif]a1 includ+ ! ,hydr1 ,s]tul>ia1 & ,p5natul>i4 ,,iii4 ,,e*9od]mata1 or ,sea-ur*9s & ,/>-fi%es4 ,our space w prev5t our do+ m ?an pres5t+ to ! read] 9 succession ! mo/ *>act]i/ic types ( ea* ( ^! gr\ps4 ,i4 ,,! ,,protozoa4 ,! ,protozo>es repres5t animal life r$uc$ to its mo/ simple expression4 ,!y are organiz$ atoms1 m]e animat$ & mov+ po9ts1 liv+ sp>ks4 ,z !y are ! simple/ =ms ( animal life z reg>ds _! /ructure1 s also !y are ! smalle/4 ,_! microscopic dim5sions hide !m f our view4 ,! discov]y ( ! microscope 0 a necess>y /ep to our becom+ acqua9t$ ) ^! be+s1 ^: exi/5ce 0 ignor$ by ! anci5t _w1 & only reveal$ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury by ! discov]y ( ! microscope4 ,:5 arm$ ) ?is m>vell\s in/rum5t1 appli$ to exam9e ! v>i\s liquid m$iums--z :5 ,leuw5hoek1 = example1 appli$ ! magnify+ glass to ! inspection ( /agnant wat]1 ) its infusions ( mac]at$ vegetable & animal sub/ances--:5 he scrut9iz$ a drop ( wat] borr[$ f ! ocean1 f riv]s1 or f lakes1 he discov]$ !re a new _w--a _w :i* w be unveil$ 9 ^! pages4 ,"s mod]n writ]s believe t ! ,protozoa is a m]e cellul> organism1 t be+ ! pr9ciple & end ( organization1 su* z we f9d x 9 ! cellul> vegetable4 ,accord+ to ?is hypo!sis1 ! ,protozo>es w\ld be ! cellul>s ( ! animal k+dom1 z ! ,alg & ,mu%rooms are ( ! vegetable _w4 ,?is idea is s f> wrong1 t x has be5 f\nd$ ^u ! empire ( pure !ory4 ,9 reality1 says ,paul ,g]vais & ,van ,b5$51 ! animals to :i* we ext5d x v r>ely resemble elem5t>y cellul>s4 ,! tissue ( :i* ! bodies ( ! ,protozoa are compos$ is habitually de/itute ( cellul> /ructure4 ,!y are =m$ ( a sort ( animat$ jelly1 amorph\s & diaphan\s1 & h receiv$ f ,duj>d9 ! "n ( ,s>coda1 or s(t-fle%$ animals4 ,inf9itely v>i$ 9 _! =m1 ! ,protozo>es are furni%$ ) vibratile cilia1 :i* are organs ( locomotion belong+ to ! l[] animals inhabit+ ! liquid elem5t4 ,_! bodies are sometimes nak$1 sometimes cov]$ ) a silice\s1 *alky1 or membran\s cuirass4 ,!y are divid$ into two great classes1 ! ,rhizopoda & ,infusoria4 ,,spongia4 ,! ,sponge is a natural production1 :i* has be5 kn[n f times ( ! highe/ antiquity4 ,ari/otle1 ,pl9y1 & all o!r writ]s :o occupi$ !mselves ) natural hi/ory 9 anci5t times1 are agre$ 9 accord+ to x a s5sitive life4 ,!y recognize ! curi\s fact t ! sponge evades ! h& :i* tries to seize x1 & cl+s to ! rocks on :i* x is root$1 z if x w\ld resi/ ! ef=ts made to deta* x4 ,pl9y1 ,dioscorides1 & _! comm5tators1 ev5 =m$ ! idea t sponges 7 capable ( feel+1 t !y adh]$ to _! native rock by special =ce1 & t !y %runk f ! h& :i* tri$ to seize !m4 ,!y ev5 di/+ui%$ males f females4 ,erasmus1 h[ev]1 criticis+ ,pl9y1 concludes t he may pass ov] all he has writt5 ^u ! sponge4 ,! sponge1 9 %ort1 0 to ! anci5ts some?+ betwe5 a plant & an animal4 ,rondelet1 ! fri5d ( ! celebrat$ ,rabelais1 :om ! m]ry curate ( ,meudon designat$ "u ! "n ( ,rondibilis1 :o 0 himself a physician & naturali/ ( ,montpelli]1 d5i$ at fir/ ! exi/5ce ( s5sibility 9 sponges4 ,he orig9at$ ! idea t ^! productions belong$ to ! vegetable _w--an idea :i* ,t\rne=t1 ,gasp>d ,bauh91 ,rey1 & ev5 ,l9nu1 9 ! fir/ editions ( 8 ,sy/ema ,natur1 support$ by ! great au?ority ( _! names4 ,aft]w>ds1 influ5c$ by ! conv9c+ lab\rs ( ,trembley & "s o!r obs]v]s1 ,l9nu )drew ! sponges f ! vegetable _w4 ,he satisfi$ himself1 9 %ort1 t c]ta9 polypi]s mu* resembl$ sponges 9 ! nature ( _! p>5*yma1 & t1 on ! o!r h&1 ! assimilation ( sponges ) plants 0 n su* z c\ld be ma9ta9$4 ,neuremb]g1 ,peyssonnel1 & ,trembley ma9ta9 ! animal nature ( sponges1 & _! views are adopt$ by ,l9nu1 ,guett>d1 ,donati1 ,lam\r\x1 & ,ehr5b]g on ! ,cont95t1 & by ,ellis1 ,flem+1 & ,grant 9 ,engl&4 ,!y live at ! bottom ( ! seas 9 five to tw5ty-five fa?oms ( wat]1 among ! clefts & crevices ( ! rocks1 always adh]+ & atta*+ !mselves1 n only to inorganic bodies1 b ev5 gr[+ on vegetables & animals1 spread+1 erect1 or p5d5t1 accord+ to ! body :i* supports !m & _! natural habit4 ,! p[] ( fix+ !mselves to o!r objects1 :i* c]ta9 animals possess1 is v s+ul>4 ,nev]!less1 x is c]ta9 t :ole tribes exi/ consi/+ ( innum]able /rictly adh]5t species1 :i* live & die atta*$ to "s rock or o!r object2 & among ^! are all polypi]s1 su* z ! sponges & corall9es4 ,x foll[s t !y are :olly dep5d5t on ext]nal ag5cies = _! means ( exi/5ce4 ,! poor little creatures1 says ,alfr$ ,frdol1 receive _! n\ri%m5t f ! wave :i* wa%es pa/ !m2 !y inhale & respire ! bitt] wat] all _! lives2 !y are ins5sible to t :i* is only ! hundr$? "p ( an in* f _! m\?4 ,9 ! mon?s ( ,april & ,may1 ^! animalcules eng5d] g]ms1 r\nd1 yell[1 or :ite1 :5ce proce$ c]ta9 ovoid granul> embryos furni%$ t[>ds _! l>ge/ extremity ) small vibratile cilia4 ,!y are ?r[n (f by ! curr5ts1 :i* s]ve z a /oma*1 & =m sw>ms ( l>v r\nd ! polypi]4 ,!y swim ab\t ) a glid+ wavy motion1 & :5 !y h be5 "s "t 9 ! wat] !y usually come to ! surface2 b !y are also (t5 c>ri$ (f by ! curr5t4 ,dur+ two or ?ree days !y seem to seek a conv5i5t place to fix !mselves4 ,once fix$1 ! l>v loses ! cilia1 spreads itself out1 & takes ! =m ( a flatt5$ gelat9\s disk4 ,its int]ior organization consi/s ( contractile cellules & num]\s spicul--a tribe1 says ,gosse1 ( ! mo/ debateable =ms ( life1 long d5i$ a "r to /& 9 ! animal ranks at all1 & ev5 /ill admitt$ !re d\bt+ly & grudg+ly by "s excell5t naturali/s4 ,yet su* !y c]ta9ly are1 e/abli%$ beyond reasonable controv]sy z true & prop] examples ( animal life4 ,x may1 !n1 be safely ass]t$ t all naturali/s are n[ satisfi$ ( ! animal nature ( sponges1 al?\gh !y repres5t ! l[e/ & mo/ obscure grade ( animal exi/5ce1 & t s close to ! conf9es ( ! vegetable _w1 t x is difficult 9 "s species to det]m9e :e!r !y are on ! "o side or ! o!r4 ,sev]al ( !m1 h[ev]1 says ,mr4 ,gosse1 if view$ ) a l5s "u wat] :ile 9 a liv+ /ate1 display vigor\s curr5ts con/antly p\r+ =? f c]ta9 orifices2 & we necess>ily inf] t ! wat] ?us eject$ mu/ be con/antly tak5 9 ?r\gh "s o!r *annel4 ,on te>+ ! mass op51 we see t ! :ole sub/ance is p]=at$ 9 all directions by irregul> canals1 lead+ into ea* o!r1 ( :i* "s are sl5d]1 & communicate ) ! surface by m9ute b num]\s pores1 & o!rs are wide1 & op5 by ample orifices2 ?r\gh ! =m] ! wat] is admitt$1 ?r\gh ! latt] x is eject$4 ,x is n to be d5i$1 h[ev]1 t ^! be+s con/itute1 9 spite ( inve/igations ( mod]n naturali/s1 a gr\p /ill some:at problematical1 & /ill v imp]fectly kn[n z reg>ds _! int]nal organization4 ,sponges are masses ( a light ela/ic tissue1 :i* is1 at ! same "t1 resi/ant1 full ( air-cells1 & ) mu* v>i$ ext]ior arrangem5ts4 ,ne>ly ?ree hundr$ species are kn[n1 ! diff]5t appe>ances ( :i* h be5 *>act]is$ by names m or less s+ul>4 ,!re is1 = in/ance1 ! ,fea!r ,sponge1 ! ,fan ,sponge1 ! ,bell1 ! ,lyre1 ! ,trumpet1 ! ,di/aff1 ! ,peacock ,tail1 & ,neptune's ,glove4 ,!re are riv] sponges & sea sponges4 ,! fir/ are irregul> & ar5ace\s masses1 :i* pile !mselves ^u plants & solid bodies imm]g$ 9 fre% wat]4 ,su* are ! spongilles1 ^u :i* anatomic & embryonic obs]vations h v frequ5tly be5 made 9 relation to ! gr\p m imm$iately "u consid]ation4 ,! second is f\nd 9 almo/ e sea2 especially are !y f\nd 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 ! ,r$ ,sea1 & ! ,mexican ,gulf4 ,affect+ w>m & quiet wat]s1 !y atta* !mselves to bold & rugg$ rocks at dep?s rang+ f five to tw5ty-five fa?oms4 ,!y are erect1 p5d5t1 or spread+1 accord+ to _! =m or position4 ,fig4 #aj1 drawn f ,nature1 repres5ts a v rem>kable =m ( sponge1 :i* 0 fi%$ up 9 sixty fa?oms4 ,! sponge is v common 9 ! ,m$it]ranean & r\nd ! ,grecian ,ar*ipelago1 & is kn[n vulg>ly "u ! "n ( ! ,m>9e ,mu%room1 ! ,sailor's ,ne/1 & ! f9e s(t sponge ( ,syria4 ,x is a mass m or less r\nd$1 cov]$ ) a muc\s b$1 glut9\s above1 =m$ ( a light ela/ic b resi/+ tissue full ( gaps1 & riddl$ ) air-cells4 ,?is tissue is =m$ ( delicate flexible fibres1 unit+ 9 all directions by ana/omosis1 b pres5t+ num]\s pores1 :i* are =m$ by :at is t]m$ osculation1 hav+ irregul> conduits :i* connect !m4 ,9 ?is tissue c]ta9 v small solid bodies are discov]$1 nam$ spicul4 ,! spicul are silice\s or calc>e\s 9 _! nature1 v>y+ accord+ to ! species1 & sometimes v>y+ ev5 9 ! same species4 ,"s ( ^! resemble ne$les1 o!rs are p9-l1 & o!rs aga9 resemble v small />s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,spongia1 half ! natural size1 atta*$ to its rocky b$4 ,! physiological function ( ^? tubes & orifices :i* pres5t !mselves on all p>ts ( ! sponge has be5 int]pret$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,ellis1 writ+ 9 #agfe1 supposes t !y 7 ! orifices ( ! cells occupi$ by ! polypi4 ,9 #ahaf1 ,lam>ck /ill advocat$ ?is op9ion2 & ev5 n[ we f9d ! obs]v]1 ^: notes ,m4 ,frdol has edit$ ) s mu* judgm5t1 ass]t+ t ! inhabitants ( ! sponge are a species ( fleet+1 transp>5t1 gelat9\s tube1 susceptible ( ext5sion & contraction2 "y polypes1 z we may call !m1 )\t consi/5ce1 )\t cilia2 incipi5t polypes1 9 %ort1 ( v simple b suffici5t organization4 ,! animalcule ( ! sponge is a /oma*1 )\t arms1 v simple1 v elem5t>y--9 %ort1 an animal all /oma*6 ,?is mode ( consid]+ ! sponge is n con=mable to ! views ( ! lead]s ( mod]n sci5ce1 h[ev]4 ,mr4 ,milne ,edw>ds1 = in/ance1 9 place ( see+ 9 ! sponge a collection ( unit$ be+s1 =m+ z x 7 a colony1 consid]s ea* to be an isolat$ be+1 an unique individual4 ,! innum]able canals by :i* ! sponge is trav]s$1 accord+ to t au?or1 are at once ! dige/ive organs & brea?+ pores ( ! zoophyte4 ,! vibratile cilia are necess>y to ! r5ew$ a]ation ( ! wat] requir$ z a respiratory fluid 9 ! int]ior canals ( ! sponge4 ,! curr5ts 9 ^! *annels h "o con/ant direction4 ,! wat] p5etrates ! sponge by num]\s orifices ( m9ute dim5sions & irregul> disposition2 x trav]ses *annels 9 ! body ( ! zoophyte1 :i* reunite some:at l ! root ( a plant1 9 ord] to con/itute ! trunk & increase its sub/ance2 f9ally1 ! wat] makes its escape by special op5+s4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 ! *annels ( ! sponge h a k9d ( cumulative physiology1 p]=m+ ! two functions ( dige/ion & respiration4 ,! rapid curr5ts ( a]at$ wat] :i* trav]se !m lead into !m ! sub/ances necess>y to ! n\ri%m5t ( ^! /range creatures1 reject+ all excrem5tal matt]4 ,at ! same "t1 ! walls ( ^! canals pres5t a l>ge absorb+ surface :i* sep>ates ! oxyg5 ) :i* ! wat] is *>g$1 & dis5gages ! c>bonic acid :i* results f respiration4 ,sponges conta9 true eggs1 f :i* embryo polyps are produc$2 ^! h n cilia at fir/4 ,9 ! int]ior ( ^! eggs ! contractile cellules h _! bir?2 !n ! spicul2 & :5 !y are f9ally cov]$ ) ! vibratile cilia1 aid$ by !m ^! l>v ( ovoid =m swim1 or r glide1 ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,! species ( infusoria born ( ! sponge resemble ! l>v ( v>i\s polypes at ! mom5t !y issue f ! egg4 ,!y soon atta* !mselves to "s =eign body1 says ,mr4 ,milne ,edw>ds1 & become h5ce=? immovable2 no long] giv+ signs ei!r ( s5sibility or ( contractibility1 :ile 9 _! enl>gem5t !y are completely trans=m$4 ,! gelat9\s sub/ance ( _! bodies is *annel$ & riddl$ ) holes--! fibr\s framework is complet$--! sponge is =m$4 ,we may add1 h[ev]1 t o!r zoologi/s1 & among !m ,,mm4 ,paul ,g]vais & ,van ,b5$51 take a diff]5t view ( ! developm5t ( ! sponges1 & ,dr4 ,john/on omits !m altoge!r f 8 great "w on ,briti% ,zoophytes4 ,if !y are n ! production ( polypi1 he says1 ! zoologi/ :o reta9s !m 9 8 prov9ce mu/ cont5d t !y are individually animals1 an op9ion to :i* ,i _c ass5t1 see+ t !y h no animal /ructure or individual organs1 & exhibit n "o function usually suppos$ to be *>act]i/ic ( ! animal k+dom4 ,g]vais & ,van ,b5$5 consid]1 z ,milne ,edw>ds does1 t ! embryos are at fir/ movable1 !n fix$1 _m ( !m unit+ toge!r1 & melt+1 z x 71 into "o common colony1 :i* become a sponge1 su* z we see x4 ,an isolat$ embryo might also1 by ?r[+ out g]ms1 produce a simil> colony1 :i* w\ld ?us become a product ( agam\s g5]ation4 ,?us x appe>s t ,sci5ce is f> f be+ settl$ 9 its views z to ! organization & developm5t ( ^! obscure & complex =mations2 nor is x m advanc$ 9 its k ( ! duration ( life & ! quickness ( gr[? 9 sponges4 ,x is agre$1 h[ev]1 on "o po9t--namely1 t ! sponge-fi%] may return to ! same fi%+-gr\nd aft] ?ree ye>s f ! la/ fi%+4 ,at ! pres5t "t sponge-fi%+ takes place pr9cipally 9 ! ,grecian ,ar*ipelago & ! ,syrian littoral4 ,! ,greeks & ,syrians sell ! product ( _! fi%+ to ! ,we/]n nations1 & ! trade has be5 imm5sely ext5d$ 9 rec5t times1 :5 ! sponge has become an almo/ necess>y adjunct ( ! toilet z well z ! /able1 & 9 o!r cleans+ op]ations4 ,fi%+ usually comm5ces t[>ds ! beg9n+ ( ,june on ! coa/ ( ,syria1 & f9i%es at ! end ( ,octob]4 ,b ! mon?s ( ,july & ,augu/ are peculi>ly fav\rable to ! sponge h>ve/1 if we may use ! t]m4 ,latakia furni%es ab\t t5 boats to ! fi%]y1 ,batr\n tw5ty1 ,tripoli tw5ty-five to ?irty1 ,kalki fifty1 ,simi ab\t a hundr$ & sev5ty to a hundr$ & eighty1 & ,kalm9os m ?an two hundr$4 ,! op]ations ( "o ( ^! boats fi%+ = sponges on ! ,syrian coa/ is repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,,ii4 ,! boat's crew consi/s ( f\r or five m51 :o scatt] !mselves along ! coa/ = two or ?ree miles 9 se>* ( sponges "u ! cliffs & l$ges ( rock4 ,sponges ( inf]ior quality are ga!r$ 9 %all[ wat]s4 ,! f9] k9ds are f\nd only at a dep? ( f twelve to tw5ty fa?oms4 ,! fir/ are fi%$ = ) ?ree-too!d h>poons1 by ! aid ( :i* !y are torn f _! native rock2 b n )\t det]iorat+ !m m or less4 ,! f9] k9ds ( sponges1 on ! o!r h&1 are collect$ by div]s aid$ by a knife2 !y are c>efully deta*$4 ,?us ! price ( a sponge br\ght up by div+ is mu* m consid]able ?an t ( a h>poon$ sponge4 ,among div]s1 ^? ( ,kalm9os & ( ,ps>a are p>ticul>ly r5[n$4 ,!y w desc5d to ! dep? ( tw5ty-five fa?oms1 rema9 d[n a %ort] "t ?an ! ,syrian div]s1 & yet br+ up a m abundant h>ve/4 ,! fi%+ ( ! ,ar*ipelago furni%es few f9e sponges to comm]ce1 b a great quantity ( v common ones4 ,! ,syrian fi%]ies furni% _m ( ! f9] k9ds1 :i* f9d a ready m>ket 9 ,france2 !y are ( m$ium size4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? :i* are furni%$ f ! ,b>b>y coa/ are ( great dim5sions1 ( a v f9e tissue1 & mu* s\ght = 9 ,engl&4 ,on ! ,bahama banks1 & 9 ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 ! sponges gr[ 9 wat] ( small dep?4 ,! fi%]m51 ,spani%1 ,am]ican1 & ,engli%1 s9k a long ma/ or p]* into ! wat] moor$ ne> ! boat1 d[n :i* !y drop ^u ! sponges2 by ?is means !y are easily ga!r$4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,ii4--,sponge ,fi%+ on ! ,coa/ ( ,syria4 ,9 ! ,r$ ,sea1 ! ,arabs fi% = sponges by div+1 _! produce be+ ei!r sold to ! ,engli% at ,ad5 or s5t to ,egypt4 ,sponge-fi%+ is c>ri$ on at v>i\s o!r /ations 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 b )\t any intellig5t direction1 & 9 consequ5ce x is effect$ )\t any cons]vative =esight4 ,at ! same "t1 h[ev]1 ! trade 9 ?is product goes on increas+4 ,b x is only a "q ( "t :5 ! trade %all cease2 ! dem& :i* e ye> cle>s ! subm>9e fields ( ^! zoophytes causes su* de/ruction t _! reproduction w soon cease to be equal to ! dem&4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ?is tr\blesome result1 x is v desirable t ! sev]al species ( sponges %\ld be naturaliz$ on ! ,fr5* & ,alg]ian coa/1 & ! cultivation & reproduction ( ! zoophyte protect$4 ,= ?is purpose1 ! rocky coa/s ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 f ,cape ,cruz to ,nice1 & r\nd ! isl&s ( ,corsica & ,hyres1 9 ! ,alg]ian wat]s1 & ev5 "s ( ! salt lakes ( ! dep>tm5ts ne> ! ,m$it]ranean1 might be utiliz$4 ,! :ole ( ! ,italian littoral w\ld also be available "u ! new rgime = ?is purpose4 ,m4 ,lamiral consid]$ t ! composition ( ! wat] ( ! ,m$it]ranean be+ ?\ght ! same on ! coa/ ( ,france1 ( ,alg]ia1 & on ! ,syrian coa/1 t ! diff]5ce ( temp]ature betwe5 ! two latitudes--especially at ! dep? :]e ! sponges fl\ri% mo/--w\ld n int]f]e ) ! exi/5ce ( ^! robu/ zoophytes1 & t _! acclimatization on ! coa/s ( ,france & ,alg]ia w\ld be a c]ta9 success4 ,he rem>k$1 moreov]1 t ! m ! sponges advanc$ t[>ds ! nor?1 ! f9] & compact] _! tissues became2 & he argu$ f ?is fact1 t a consid]able improvem5t 9 ! quality w\ld result f ! exp]im5t4 ,! only difficulty1 !n1 w\ld consi/ 9 ! transplant+ sponges f ,syrian wat]s to ! coa/s ( ,france & ,alg]ia4 ,a subm>9e boat1 su* z ,m4 ,lamiral makes use ( = op]ations conduct$ 9 deep wat]1 w\ld1 accord+ to ?is naturali/1 give e facility = collect+ sponges = ! purpose4 ,?is boat c desc5d to great dep?s1 & its crew c dwell !re a consid]able "t1 = x is cont9ually f$ ) fre% air f above1 :i* is convey$ by an air-pump & tube into ! int]ior ( ! boat1 s t ! m5 c\ld readily select su* individuals z 7 suit$ = acclimatiz+2 remov+ ! blocks ( rock along ) !m1 ei!r by plac+ !m 9 cases pi]c$ ) holes1 or by t[+ !m to _! new abode4 ,ev]y?+ seems to promise t 9 ! foll[+ ye> ! zoophytes w\ld beg9 to multiply 9 _! new c\ntry4 ,! l>v might also be collect$ 9 ! mon?s ( ,april & ,may1 z !y sep>ate f ! p>5t sponge1 & be transplant$ to fav\rable localities4 ,at ! end ( ?ree ye>s1 :5 ^! true subm>9e fields w\ld be ripe = h>ve/+1 !y c\ld be put 9 tra9 = me?odical collection by means ( div+ boats4 ,! toilet sponge is an article :i* produces a high price1 (t5 z mu* z =ty %ill+s ! p\nd = v *oice specim5s1 a price :i* few comm]cial products atta91 :i* prohibits its use1 9 %ort1 to all b ! weal?y4 ,x is1 !re=e1 v desirable to c>ry out ! subm>9e ent]prise ( ,m4 ,lamiral4 ,) ! assi/ance ( ! ,acclimatization ,society ( ,p>is1 "s exp]im5ts h already be5 made 9 ?is direction--s f> )\t any satisfactory results1 x is true1 b ev]y?+ indicates t by p]sev]ance we %all see ! ent]prise cr[n$ by ! success x m]its4 ,su* specim5s z n[ rea* our ports are *iefly di/+ui%$ by _! appe>ance1 quality1 & orig94 ,! f9e s(t ,syrian sponge is di/+ui%$ by its lightness1 its f9e flax5 col\r1 its =m1 :i* is t ( a cup1 its surface convex1 volut$1 pi]c$ ) innum]able small orifices1 ! concave "p ( :i* pres5ts canals ( mu* great] diamet]1 :i* are prolong$ to ! ext]ior surface 9 su* a mann] t ! summit is ne>ly always pi]c$ ?r\gh\t 9 _m places4 ,?is sponge is sometimes blan*$ by ! aid ( cau/ic sub/ances1 acids1 or alkalies2 b ?is prep>ation %ort5s its duration & *anges its col\r4 ,?is sponge is specially employ$ = ! toilet1 & its price is high4 ,^? :i* are r\nd-%ap$1 l>ge1 & s(t1 sometimes produce z mu* z five or six p\nds4 ,! ,f9e ,sponge ( ! ,ar*ipelago is sc>cely di/+ui%able f t ( ,syria1 ei!r be=e or aft] be+ cleans$2 nev]!less1 x is weighti]1 its texture is n s f9e1 & ! holes ) :i* x is pi]c$ are at once l>g] & less 9 numb]4 ,x is ne>ly ( ! same c\ntry z ! =m]1 9 fact1 ! fi%+ ext5d+ along ! ,syrian coa/ z well z ! littoral ( ,b>b>y & ! ,ar*ipelago4 ,! ,f9e ,h>d ,sponge1 call$ ,greek1 is less s\ght = ?an ei!r ( ! prec$+2 x is useful = dome/ic & = c]ta9 indu/rial purposes4 ,its mass is irregul>1 its col\r fauve2 x is h>d & compact1 & pi]c$ ) small holes4 ,! ,:ite ,sponge ( ,syria1 call$ ,v5etian1 is e/eem$ = its lightness1 ! regul>ity ( its =m1 & its solidity4 ,9 its r\gh /ate x is br[n 9 col\r1 ( a f9e texture1 compact & firm4 ,purifi$1 x becomes flax5 & ( a loos] texture4 ,! orifice ( ! great *annels :i* trav]se x are edg$ ) r\gh & bri/ly hairs4 ,illu/ration3 7,f ,dr4 ,grant47 ,fig4 #aa4 ,spongia oculata1 %[+ ! orifices & curr5ts outw>ds4 #b4 ,ana/omos+ horny sub/ance ( ,spongia communis4 #c4 ,silice\s spiculum ( ,s4 papill>is4 #d4 ,( ,s4 c9]ia4 #e4 ,s4 panicea4 #f4 ,calc>e\s spiculum ( ,s4 compressa4 #g4 ,transv]se section ( a canal ( ,s4 papill>is1 %[+ ! /ructure ( ! ova pass+ along ! canal4 #h4 ,ovum ( ,s4 panicea se5 lat]ally--! cili ant]ior4 #i4 ,! same se5 on ! end1 ) a circle produc$ by ! cili>y action4 #aj4 ,"y ,spongia papill>is4 ,! ,br[n ,b>b>y ,sponge1 call$ ! ,m>seillaise1 :5 fir/ tak5 out ( ! wat]1 pres5ts itself z an elongat$ flatt5$ body1 gelat9\s1 r\nd 9 %ape1 & *>g$ ) blacki% mud4 ,x is !n h>d1 heavy1 co>se1 b compact1 & ( a r$di% col\r4 ,by a simple wa%+ 9 wat] x becomes r\nd1 /ill rema9+ heavy & r$di%4 ,x pres5ts _m gaps1 ! int]vals ( :i* are occupi$ by a s9u\s & t5aci\s network4 ,x is valuable = dome/ic use1 because ( ! facility ) :i* x absorbs wat]1 & its great /r5g?4 ,o!r sorts ( sponges are v abundant4 ,! ,blonde ,sponge ( ! ,ar*ipelago1 (t5 conf\nd$ ) ! ,v5etian2 ! ,h>d ,b>b>y ,sponge1 call$ ,gel9a1 :i* only comes by accid5t into ,france2 ! ,salonica ,sponge is ( middl+ quality2 f9ally1 ! ,bahama ,sponge1 f ! ,antilles1 is want+ 9 flexibility & a little h>d1 & s is sold at a l[ price1 hav+ few useful prop]ties to recomm5d x4 ,_m species ( ,spongia are describ$ z inhabit+ ,briti% seas1 b none ( any comm]cial value4 ,reg>d+ !m z apolypif]\s zoophytes1 ,dr4 ,grant has po9t$ out c]ta9 pr9ciples ( analysis on :i* !y may be gr\p$1 accord+ to ! arrangem5t ( ! horny fibres1 ! calc>e\s & silice\s spicul1 & ! di/ribution & =mation ( _! pores & orifices4 ,i4 ,,gr\ps ,,( ,,:i* ,,! ,,con/itu5t ,,/ructure ,,is ,,kn[n4 ,spongia4--,mass s(t1 ela/ic1 m or less irregul> 9 %ape1 v por\s1 trav]s$ by _m tortu\s canals1 :i* t]m9ate at ! surface 9 di/9ct orifices4 ,sub/ance ( ! skeleton c>tilag9\s1 fibres ana/omos$ 9 all directions1 )\t any e>?y spicula4--,example1 ,s4 communis 7,fig4 #aa #b74 ,calcispongia 7,bla9ville74--,mass rigid or slightly ela/ic1 ( irregul> =m1 por\s1 trav]s$ by irregul> canals1 :i* t]m9ate on ! surface 9 di/9ct orifices2 skeleton c>tilag9\s1 fibres /r5g!n$ by calc>e\s spicula1 (t5 tri-radiate4--,example1 ,s4 compressa 7,fig4 #aa #f74 ,halispongia 7,bla9ville74--,mass m or less rigid or friable1 irregul>1 por\s1 trav]s$ by tortu\s irregul> canals1 :i* t]m9ate at ! surface 9 di/9ct orifices2 sub/ance c>tilag9\s1 fibres /r5g!n$ by silice\s spicula1 g5]ally fusi=m or cyl9drical4--,example1 ,s4 papill>is 7,grant7 7,fig4 #aa #c74 ,spongilla 7,lam>ck74--,mass m or less rigid or friable1 irregul>1 por\s1 b n furni%$ ) regul> orifices or int]nal canals4--,example1 ,s4 fluviatalis 7,l9n474 ,,ii4 ,,gr\ps ,,dep5d+ ,,on ,,*>act]s ,,( ,,surface ,,or ,,g5]al ,,figure4 ,geodia 7,lam>ck74--,fle%y mass1 tub]\s1 irregul>1 holl[ )91 ext]nally incru/$ by a por\s envelope1 :i* be>s a s]ies ( orifices 9 a small tub]cul> space4--,example1 ,g4 gibb]osa 7,s*meig]74 ,coelopty*ium 7,goldfuss74--,mass fix$1 p$icl$1 ! upp] "p exp&$1 ag>ici=m1 concave1 & radiato-porose above1 flat & radiato-sulcate bel[2 sub/ance fibr\s4--,example1 ,c4 ag>isidioideum 7,goldfuss74 ,fossils f ! *alk ( ,we/phalia4 ,siphonia 7,p>k9son74--,mass polymorph\s1 free or fix$1 ramose or simple1 concave or fi/ul\s above1 por\s at ! surface1 & p5etrat$ by ana/omos+ canals1 :i* t]m9ate 9 sub-radiat+ orifices )9 ! cup4 ,myrmecium 7,goldfuss74--,mass sub-globul>1 sessile1 ( a close fibr\s texture1 =m+ ramifi$ canals :i* radiate f ! base to ! circumf]5ce4 ,summit ) a c5tral pit4 ,scyphia 7,ok574--,mass cyl9drical1 simple1 or bran*$1 fi/ul\s1 end+ 9 a l>ge r\nd$ pit1 & compos$ entirely ( a reticulat$ tissue4 ,eudea 7,lam\r\x74--,mass fili=m1 att5uat$1 sub-p$icellate at "o end1 enl>g$ & r\nd$ at ! o!r1 ) a l>ge t]m9al pit2 surface reticulat$ by irregul> lacun1 m9utely por\s4 ,halirrhoa 7,lam\r\x74--,mass turb9at$1 ne>ly regul>1 circul>1 or lobate2 surface por\s2 a l>ge c5tral pit on ! upp] face4 ,happalimus 7,lam\r\x74--,mass fungi=m1 p$icellate bel[1 exp&+ conically1 ) a c5tral pit above2 surface por\s & irregul>ly excavat$4 ,cnemidium 7,goldfuss74--,mass turb9ate1 sessile1 compos$ ( close fibres & horizontal canals1 div]g+ f ! c5tre to ! circumf]5ce2 a c5tral pit on ! upp] surface1 c>iose 9 ! ext]ior & radiate at ! m>g94 ,i]ea 7,lam\r\x74--,mass ovoid1 sub-p$icellate1 f9ely por\s2 pi]c$ on ! upp] "p by _m orifices1 ! t]m9ations ( ! int]nal tubes4 ,te?ium 7,lam>ck74--,mass sub-globose1 tub]ose1 compos$ ( a c>iose firm sub/ance1 /r5g!n$ by abundance ( silici>y spicula1 fasciculat$1 & div]g+ f ! c5tre to ! circumf]5ce4 ,,rhizopoda4 ,g]vais & ,van ,b5$5 include "u ! "n ( ,rhizopods1 or foot-root$ animals 7s call$ f 11 root2 1 1 foot$ animals71 ^? ( ! simple/ organization1 :i* may be *>act]is$ by ! abs5ce ( di/9ct dige/ive cavities1 & ! pres5ce ( vibratile cilia1 z well z by ! s(t p>ts ( _! tissues4 ,?is tissue emits prolongations or filam5ts :i* admit ( easy ext5sion1 sometimes simple1 sometimes bran*+4 ,occasionally we see ^! bran*+ filam5ts )draw !mselves t[>ds ! mass ( ! body1 disappe>1 & gradually melt into its sub/ance 9 su* a mann] t ! individual seems to absorb & dev\r itself4 ,if1 9 exceptional cases1 "s ( ! sup]ior animals1 z ! wolf1 dev\r ea* o!r1 ! rhizopods g mu* f>!r3 !y dev\r !mselves1 s to speak6 ,! rhizopods are f\nd bo? 9 fre% & salt wat]4 ,!y live1 z p>asites1 on ! body ( worms & o!r articulat$ animals4 ,! class is divid$ into _m ord]s4 ,we %all speak "h only ( ?ree1 namely1 ! ,amoeb1 ,=am9if]a1 & ,noctiluca4 ,,amoeb4 ,9 ne>ly all anci5t animal & vegetable infusions1 n q putrid--^u all oozy b$s cov]+ bodies :i* h rema9$ = "s "t 9 fre% or sea wat]--we f9d ! s+ul> be+s :i* belong to ?is ord]4 ,!y are ! simple/ organisms 9 creation1 be+ r$uc$ to a m]e drop ( liv+ matt]4 ,_! bodies are =m$ ( a gelat9\s sub/ance1 )\t appreciable organization4 ,! quantity ( matt] :i* =ms !m is s inf9itesimal1 t x becomes incr$ibly diaphan\s1 & s transp>5t t ! eye1 arm$ ) ! microscope1 trav]ses x 9 all directions1 s t x is necess>y to modify ! nature ( ! liquid 9 :i* x is held 9 susp5sion1 & introduce ! ph5om5on ( refraction 9 ord] to obs]ve !m4 ,x w\ld be difficult to say exactly :at is ! =m ^! creatures assume4 ,!y frequ5tly h ! appe>ance ( small r\nd$ masses1 l drops ( wat]2 b1 :atev] _! =m may be1 x is always s un/able1 t x *anges1 s to speak1 e mom5t1 s t x is f\nd impossible to make a draw+ f ! model "u ! microscope--! design mu/ be f9i%$ by an appeal to memory4 ,?is in/ability is ! *>act]i/ic manife/ation ( life 9 ! ,amoeb1 :i* are nak$ be+s1 )\t app>5t organization2 9 fact1 !y occupy ! fir/ /ep 9 ! scale ( creation4 ,! transp>5t immovable drop "u consid]ation emits an expansion1 & a lobe ( a vitre\s appe>ance ^u its circumf]5ce1 :i*1 glid+ l a drop ( oil ^u ! object-glass ( ! microscope1 beg9s by fix+ itself to x z a support+ po9t1 aft]w>ds sl[ly attract+ to itself ! :ole mass1 & ?us gradually increas+ its bulk "u ! obs]v]'s eye4 ,! ,amoeb1 accord+ to _! dim5sions & degree ( developm5t1 successively emit a great] or small] numb] ( lobes1 none ( :i* are precisely alike1 b1 aft] hav+ appe>$ = an in/ant1 ea* successively re-ent]s into ! common mass1 ) :i* x becomes completely incorporat$4 ,v>iable 9 _! respective =ms1 ^! lobes pres5t appe>ances q diff]5t 9 ! sev]al g5]a4 ,!y are m or less l5g?y1 m or less fr+$1 & (t5 bran*+2 sometimes !y are fili=m1 spr\t+ 9 all directions ov] ! animal mass1 :i* rolls 9 ! liquid l ! husk ( a small *e/nut4 ,if we ask h[ ^! animals are n\ri%$1 9 :i* no dige/ive app>atus c be di/+ui%$1 ! "q is difficult to answ]4 ,x is ?\ght t !y are n\ri%$ by simple absorption1 & by absorption only4 ,9 ! int]ior ( ! gelat9\s mass :i* con/itutes ! animals1 h[ev]1 granules & microscopic portions ( vegetables are frequ5tly discov]$4 ,we c conceive1 says ,duj>d91 h[ ^! objects h p5etrat$ to ! int]ior1 if we rem>k1 on ! "o h&1 t 9 creep+ on ! surface ( ! glass1 to :i* !y adh]e v exactly1 ! ,amb c be made to receive1 by pressure1 =eign sub/ances into _! own bodies1 by means ( ! alt]nate contraction & ext5sion ( ! v>i\s p>ts natural to !m1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 t ! gelat9\s mass is susceptible ( spontane\s depressions--"h & !re ne> to or ev5 at ! surface ( ! sph]ical cavities1 :i* successively contract !mselves & disappe> 9 connection ) ! /range body :i* !y h absorb$4 ,! ,amoeb are (t5 obs]v$ to be t9t$ r$ or gre52 ?is arises f ! special col\r+ matt] :i* has be5 absorb$ into its mass4 ,! "q arises1 ,h[ d ^! creatures1 s simple 9 _! organization1 propagate _! species8 ,we believe t !y are *iefly multipli$ by p>t+ ) a lobe1 :i*1 9 c]ta9 conditions1 is enabl$ to live an indep5d5t exi/5ce1 & develop itself1 ?us =m+ a new individual4 ,?is is :at naturali/s t]m g5]ation by division--fissip>ism or fission4 ,! abs5ce ( a nutritive & reproductive app>atus 9 ! ,amoeb1 & ! want ( /ability 9 _! =ms1 expla9 h[ ne>ly impossible x is to *>act]ise z species ! num]\s individuals daily met ) 9 infusions ( organic matt] 9 /agnant wat]4 ,9 ord] to di/+ui% "s ( ! gr\ps1 ,duj>d9 bases 8 descriptions ^u _! size & ! g5]al =m into :i* !y exp&4 ,we %all be able to =m "s idea ( ! appe>ance ( ^! be+s1 r5d]$ my/]i\s by _! v simplicity1 by ?r[+ a glance ^u ! two accompany+ figures 7,figs4 #ab & #ac71 borr[$ f ! ,atlas ( ,duj>d9's great "w1 ,les ,zoophytes ,infusoires1 :i* we %all h occasion to quote m ?an once4 ,we h said t ! ,amb *ange _! =m e few mom5ts "u ! eyes ( ! obs]v]4 ,fig4 #ac repres5ts ! *anges ( =m ?r\gh :i* !y pass1 accord+ to ,duj>d91 :5 exam9$ "u ! microscope4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,amoeb pr9ceps 7,ehr5b]g71 magnifi$ #ajj times4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,v>i\s =ms ( ,amoeb difflu5s 7,mll]71 magnifi$ #djj times4 ,duj>d9 po9ts out v cle>ly ! id5tity ( /ructure betwe5 organisms l ,amoeb & su* =ms z ,difflugia & ,arcella4 ,all ^! creatures are )\t trace ( m\? or dige/ive cavity1 & ! entire body is a s+le cell1 or aggregation ( cells1 :i* receive _! nutrim5t by absorption2 =1 al?\gh ! creatures h nei!r m\? nor /oma*1 yet1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,kllik]1 !y take 9 solid nutrim5t1 & reject :at is indige/ible4 ,:5 9 its progress ?r\gh ! wat] "o ( ^! m9ute organisms approa*es "o ( ! equally m9ute ,alg1 f :i* x draws n\ri%m5t1 x seizes ! plant ) its t5tacul> filam5ts1 :i* x gradually encloses on all sides2 ! filam5ts1 to all appe>ance1 becom+ m or less %ort5$ 9 ! process4 ,9 ?is way ! captive is br\ght close to ! surface ( ! body2 a cavity is ?us =m$1 9 :i* ! prey is lodg$1 :i* closes r\nd x on all sides4 ,9 ?is situation x is gradually drawn t[>ds ! c5tre1 & passes at la/ entirely into ! mass4 ,! engulf$ morsel is gradually dissolv$ & dige/$4 ,,=am9if]a4 ,!re is no?+ small 9 ,nature4 ,! idea ( littl5ess or greatness is a human conception--a comp>ison :i* is sugge/$ by ! dim5sions ( 8 own organs4 ,nature1 on ! o!r h&1 comp5sates smallness by numb]s4 ,! result produc$ by ! bones ( "s l>ge animals is also accompli%$ by ! accumulat$ spoils ( millions ( animalcules4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,=am9if]a is a /rik+ example ( ?is great tru?4 ,:at1 !n1 is a ,=am9if]8 ,x is a v small zoophyte1 a %ell ne>ly invisible to ! nak$ eye2 =1 9 g5]al1 its dim5sions r>ely exce$ ! two hundr$? "p ( an in*2 9 %ort1 x is /rictly microscopic4 ,exam9e "u a microscope ! s& ( ! ocean1 & x w be f\nd t "o-half ( x consi/s ( ! dbris ( %ells1 ( v>i\s b well-def9$ =ms1 ea* habitually pi]c$ ) a numb] ( holes4 ,to ?is !y are indebt$ = _! "n ,=am9if]a1 f =am51 a hole4 ,) ^! microscopic animalcules ,nature has work$ wond]s 9 geological times2 nor h ! wond]s ceas$ 9 our days4 ,_m b$s ( ! t]re/rial cru/ consi/ entirely ( ! rema9s ( ,=am9if]a4 ,9 ! mo/ remote ages 9 ! hi/ory ( our planet1 ^! zoophytes mu/ h liv$ 9 innum]able sw>ms 9 ! seas ( ! p]iod2 !y buri$ !mselves 9 ! bottoms ( ! seas1 & _! %ells1 heap$ up dur+ _m ages1 h f9i%$ by =m+ hills ( great ?ickness & ext5t4 ,we may say1 to give an example1 t dur+ ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod1 a s+le species ( ^! zoophytes has =m$1 9 ,russia alone1 enorm\s b$s ( calc>e\s rock4 ,_m b$s ( cretace\s =mation are1 9 great "p1 compos$ ( ,=am9if]a1 & !y exi/ 9 imm5se numb]s 9 ! :ite *alk :i* cov]s & =ms ! va/ m\nta9s rang+ f ,*ampagne1 9 ,france1 ne>ly to ! c5tre ( ,engl&4 ,b x is to ! ,t]ti>y =mation t ^! zoophytes h contribut$ ! mo/ enorm\s deposits4 ,! great] "p ( ! ,egyptian pyramids is only an aggregation ( ,nummulites ins]t$ 9 ! sy5ite4 ,a prodigi\s numb] ( ,=am9if]a pres5t !mselves 9 ! t]ti>y deposits ( ! ,gironde1 ( ,italy1 & ( ,au/ria4 ,! *alk s abundant 9 ! bas9 ( ,p>is is almo/ entirely compos$ ( ,=am9if]a4 ,! rema9s ( ^! creatures are s abundant 9 ! ,p>is *alk1 t ,m4 d',orbigny f\nd upw>ds ( fifty-eight ?\s& 9 a small block1 sc>cely exce$+ a cubic in* ( *alk1 f ! qu>ries ( ,*antilly4 ,?is fact1 accord+ to ?is au?or1 implies ! exi/5ce ( ?ree ?\s& millions ( ^! zoophytes 9 ! cubic mtre 7?irty-n9e in*es squ>e & a small fraction7 ( rock6 ,z ! *alk f ^! qu>ries has s]v$ to build ,p>is1 z well z ! t[ns & villages ( ! neighb\r+ dep>tm5ts1 x may be said t ,p>is1 & o!r great c5tres ( population :i* surr\nd x1 are built ) ! %ells ( ^! microscopic animals4 ,! s& ( ! littoral ( all exi/+ seas is s full ( ^! m9ute b elegant %ells1 t x is (t5 half compos$ ( !m4 ,ehr5b]g1 ! celebrat$ ,g]man microscopi/1 0 rec5tly invit$ by ! ,prussian gov]nm5t to assi/ 9 trac+ ! robb]y ( a special case ( w9e4 ,x _h be5 repack$ 9 littoral s& only f\nd 9 an anci5t sea-bo>d 9 ,g]many4 ,! crim9al 0 ?us detect$4 ,m4 d',orbigny f\nd 9 ?ree grammes 7=ty-six gra9s troy7 ( s& f ! ,antilles1 f\r hundr$ & =ty ?\s& %ells ( ,=am9if]a4 ,bian*i f\nd 9 ?irty grammes 7f\r hundr$ & sixty-sev5 gra9s7 f ! ,adriatic1 six ?\s& ( ^! %ells4 ,if we calculate ! proportion ( ^! be+s conta9$ 9 a cubic mtre alone ( sea-s&1 we rea* a figure :i* passes all conception4 ,:at w\ld ?is be if we c\ld ext5d ! calculation to ! imm5sity ( surface cov]$ by ! waves :i* surr\nd ! globe8 ,m4 d',orbigny has satisfi$ himself1 by microscopic exam9ation ( s&s f all p>ts ( ! globe1 t x is ! dbris ( ,=am9if]a :i* =m1 9 all exi/+ seas1 ^? enorm\s deposits :i* raise banks1 ob/ruct ! navigation 9 gulfs & /raits1 & fill up ports1 z may be se5 9 ! port ( ,alex&ria4 ,9 common ) ! corals & madrepores1 ! ,=am9if]a are ! great ag5ts 9 =m+ ! isles :i* surge up "u our eyes f ! bosom ( ! ocean 9 ! w>m] regions ( ! globe4 ,?us %ells1 sc>cely appreciable to ! sight1 suffice by _! accumulations to fill up seas1 :ile p]=m+ a v consid]able "p 9 ! great op]ations ( ,nature1 al?\gh x may n be app>5t to u4 ,our exact k ( ! ,=am9if]a is ( v rec5t date4 ,great numb]s ( m9ute p>ticles1 ( regul> & symmetrical =m1 7 long di/+ui%$ on ! s&s ( ! sea %ore4 ,^! corpuscul> atoms e>ly attract$ ! att5tion ( obs]v]s4 ,b ) ! discov]y ( ! microscope1 ^! small elegant %ells1 :i* 7 among ! curiosities reveal$ by ! in/rum5t1 assum$ imm5se importance4 ,we h /at$ t ^! corpuscles are no?+ b ! %ell or solid framework ( a cr[d ( m>9e animalcul3 we may !n consid] !m z liv+ species analog\s to ! ,ammonites & ,nautilus ( geological times4 ,l9nu has plac$ !m 9 ?is la/ g5us1 :i* w\ld include1 accord+ to t au?or1 all ! multilocul> %ells4 ,9 #ahjd1 ,lam>ck class$ !m among ! mollusc\s cephalopods4 ,b ,alcide d',orbigny1 :o has devot$ long ye>s to /udy & obs]vation1 & may be consid]$ ! great hi/orian ( ! ,=am9if]a1 makes x appe> t ?is mode ( classification 0 inexact4 ,duj>d9 sep>at$ !m altoge!r f ! class ( mollusks1 & %[$ t !y ought to be consign$ to an inf]ior class ( animals4 ,^! m9ute creatures1 9 %ort1 are defici5t 9 ! true app5dages analog\s to feet1 :i* exi/ 9 ! high] mollusks4 ,!y simply possess filam5t\s expansions1 v v>iable 9 _! =m4 ,we h /at$ t ! ,=am9if]a are ( microscopic dim5sions4 ,) "s trifl+ exceptions1 ?is is g5]ally true2 b !re exi/ a numb] ( species :i* are visible to ! nak$ eye4 ,! ,=am9if]s f\nd 9 ! nummulite =mation ( ,trem/$1 9 ,bav>ia1 betwe5 ,muni* & ,saltzb]g1 are /ill l>g]1 be+ ne>ly d\ble ! size ( ! nummulite ( ! ,pyramids2 9 %ort1 !y are ! giants ( ?is tribe ( animals4 ,aft] ^! rem>ks1 we may v5ture to give "s idea ( ! /ructure & classification ( ^! be+s1 ^: "p 9 ! "w ( creation has1 9 =m] times1 be5 s consid]able4 ,! bodies ( ! ,=am9if]a are =m$ ( a gelat9\s sub/ance1 sometimes entire & r\nd1 sometimes divid$ into segm5ts1 :i* c be plac$ ^u a l9e1 simple or alt]nate1 w\nd up into a spiral =m or roll$ r\nd its axis1 l a ball4 ,a te/ace\s envelope1 modell$ ^u ! segm5ts1 foll[s ! v>i\s modifications ( =m1 & protects ! body 9 all its p>ts4 ,f ! extremity ( ! la/ segm5t ( "o or _m op5+s ( ! %ell1 or ( ! num]\s pores1 issue c]ta9 long & sl5d] filam5ts1 m or less num]\s1 :i* are divid$ & subdivid$ ov] _! :ole l5g?1 l ! spread+ bran*es ( a tree4 ,!y c atta* !mselves to ext]nal bodies ) =ce en\gh to det]m9e ! progression ( ! animal4 ,be+ =m$ ( transp>5t non-col\r+ matt]1 !y may be said to be m]e expansions1 :i* v>y 9 =m & l5g? accord+ to ! conditions ( ! ambi5t m$ium4 ,! filam5ts h also v v>iable positions3 sometimes !y =m an unique & retractile b&1 issu+ f a s+le op5+2 sometimes !y project !mselves across f num]\s little pores 9 ! %ell1 :i* cov]s ! la/ segm5t ( ! animal4 ,^! pores1 or op5+s1 give ! "n to ! creatures "u consid]ation4 ,9 conclusion1 ! filam5ts1 contractile & v>iable 9 _! =m1 :i* con/itute ! feet & arms ( ^! little creatures1 appe> to h some?+ electric 9 !m3 x is /at$ t ! ,infusoria are at once p>alys$ 9 _! motions :5 br\ght 9 contact ) ! m9ute arms ( ! ,=am9if]a4 ,x is probably by ?is means1 says ,m4 ,frdol1 t ^! creatures succe$ 9 cat*+ _! prey4 ,is x n wor?y ( rem>k t ^! be+s1 h[ev] small _! size & slight _! =m1 are unpity+ fle%-eat]s8 ,! smalle/1 ! weake/1 & ! mo/ microscopic animal 9 exi/5ce ?us becomes1 by means ( a homopa?ic dose ( poison1 a mo/ =midable de/roy]4 ,ano!r s+ul> obs]vation on ^! little filam5ts or arms we owe to ,duj>d94 ,?is naturali/ obs]v$ t1 :5 a miliola attempt$ to climb up ! walls or sides ( a vase1 x c\ld improvise1 z x 71 on ! in/ant1 & at ! exp5se ( its own sub/ance1 a provisional foot1 :i* /ret*$ itself out rapidly & p]=m$ all ! functions ( a p]man5t memb]4 ,! occasion s]v$1 ?is tempor>y foot seem$ once m to return to ! common mass1 & 0 absorb$ into ! body4 ,x w\ld ?us appe> t ) ^! m9ute creatures ! pres5ce ( a necessity gives ! p[] to create an organ by ! m]e w ( ! creature1 :ile man1 ) all 8 g5ius1 _c manufacture a hair4 ,to ! pres5t day1 h[ev]1 we h n be5 able to discov] any organ ( nutrition 9 ! ,=am9if]a2 !y h no /oma*1 prop]ly s call$1 b ,nature has gift$ !m ) a peculi> tissue1 at once gelat9\s & contractile1 & ess5tially simulative1 :i* probably s]ves ! same purpose4 ,we h already said t ! %ells ( ^! m9ute zoophytes v>y mu* 9 =m4 ,!y are g5]ally _m-*amb]$1 ea* *amb] communicat+ by pores 9 ! walls2 ! diff]5t gelat9\s p>ts ( ! animalcules are1 9 ?is mann]1 plac$ 9 cont9ual communication ) ea* o!r4 ,alcide d',orbigny1 to :om we owe almo/ all t is kn[n ( ! class1 has di/ribut$ !m into six families1 mak+ ! =m ( ! %ell ! basis ( _! arrangem5t4 ,^! six families include sixty g5]a1 & m ?an sixte5 hundr$ species1 ! families be+ z foll[s3-- ,i4 ,mono/ega4--,animals consi/+ ( a s+le segm5t4 ,%ell ( a s+le *amb]4 ,,ii4 ,/i*o/ega4--,animal 9 segm5ts1 arrang$ 9 a s+le l9e4 ,%ell 9 *amb]s1 sup]impos$ l9e>ly on a /raight or curv$ axis4 ,,iii4 ,helico/ega4--,animal 9 segm5ts1 spirally arrang$4 ,*amb]s pil$ or sup]impos$ on "o axis1 =m+ a spiral erection4 ,9 ,fig4 #ba we h a horizontal section ( ,faujas9a1 9 :i* ! spiral convolutions are visible on ! truncat$ half ( ! %ell4 ,,iv4 ,entomo/ega4--,animal compos$ ( alt]nat+ segm5ts =m+ a spiral4 ,*amb]s sup]impos$ on two alt]nat+ axes1 also =m+ a spiral4 ,v4 ,enallo/ega4--,animal =m$ ( alt]nate segm5ts4 ,non-spiral *amb]s dispos$ alt]nately along two or ?ree axes1 also non-spiral4 ,,vi4 ,aga?i/ega4--,animal =m$ ( segm5ts w\nd r\nd an axis4 ,*amb]s =m$ r\nd a common axis1 ea* inve/+ half ! circumf]5ce4 ,! simple/ =m ( ,=am9if]a is illu/rat$ by ,fig4 #ad 7,orbul9a univ]sa71 :i* is a small sph]ical %ell1 hav+ a lat]al ap]ture1 ! int]ior ( :i* has be5 occupi$ by ! liv+ jelly1 to :i* ! %ell owes its exi/5ce4 ,9 ! second ord]1 ! %ell 7,fig4 #ae71 ,d5tal9a communis1 advances beyond ?is simple type by a process ( l9e> budd+1 ! fir/ cell be+ sph]ical1 ) an op5+ ?r\gh :i* a second segm5t is =m$1 g5]ally a little l>g] ?an ! fir/4 ,?is new gr[? is successively foll[$ by o!rs develop$ 9 ! same way1 until ! organism atta9s its maturity1 :5 x exhibits a s]ies ( cells arrang$ end on end1 9 a slightly curv$ l9e4 ,9 ! next gr\p ! gemmation takes a spiral bias1 produc+ ! nautilus %ape :i* misl$ ! e>li] naturali/s4 ,9 "s cases all ! convolutions are visible1 z 9 ,op]cul9a 7,fig4 #af74 ,9 o!rs1 ! ext]nal convolute conceals ^? previ\sly =m$1 z 9 ,nummulitis l5ticul>is 7,fig4 #ag71 ,cassidul9a 7,fig4 #ah71 ,textil>ia 7,fig4 #ai71 & ,alveol9a oblonga1 d',orbigny 7,fig4 #be71 ! latt] =m+ "p ( ! eoc5e =mation 9 ! qu>tz & grey/one rocks ( ! neighb\rhood ( ,p>is2 "o figure repres5t+ ! %ell entire1 & ! o!r a v]tical section1 :ile ! small figure betwe5 repres5ts x 9 its natural size4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,orbul9a univ]sa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,d5tal9a communis4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,op]cul9a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,nummulitis l5ticul>is4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,cassidul9a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,textil>ia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,spirolocul9a4 ,9 ! f\r? gr\p ! %ell is spiral1 ) ! *amb] equilat]al1 ) a l>g] & small] side1 ! position be+ alt]nately rev]s$ z ! segm5ts are multipli$1 z 9 ,cassidul9a 7,fig4 #ah74 ,9 ! succe$+ gr\p ! new segm5ts are arrang$ alt]nately on opposite sides ( ! c5tral l9e1 z 9 ,textil>ia 7,fig4 #ai71 ?us =m+ two alt]nat+ non-spiral p>allel segm5ts1 ea* connect$ by a s+le orifice4 ,! six? family diff] entirely 9 appe>ance & /ructure f ! o!r ,=am9if]a4 ,!y are m opaque ?an ! o!r ord]s1 hav+ a resemblance to :ite porcela91 :i* pres5ts a ri* amb]-br[n hue :5 view$ by transmitt$ light4 ,!y are m or less oblong1 ea* new segm5t be+ ne>ly equal to ! entire l5g? ( ! %ell1 s t ! t]m9al orifice pres5ts itself alt]nately at its opposite extremities1 sometimes 9 "o uni=m plane1 z 9 ,spirolocul9a 7,fig4 #bj71 & ,faujas9a 7,fig4 #ba74 ,at o!r times ea* new segm5t1 in/ead ( be+ exactly opposite ea* o!r1 is a little on "o side4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,faujas9a4 ,pr(essor ,williamson has %[n t ! %ell enclos+ ea* new segm5t is at fir/ v ?92 b z additional calc>e\s *amb]s are =m$1 ea* addition n only encases ! new gemmation ( ! s(t animal1 b ext5ds ov] all ! ext]ior ( ! previ\sly =m$ %ell4 ,! exact mann] 9 :i* ?is is accompli%$ is d\btful2 b ! ,pr(essor ?9ks x probable t ! s(t animal has ! p[] ( diffus+ its sub/ance ov] ! %ell1 & ?us deposit+ ^u its surface additional lay]s ( calc>e\s matt]4 ,! fossil ,=am9if]a are *iefly di/+ui%$ f rec5t & exi/+ species by ! size ( ! =m]4 ,:ile ! liv+ =ms range f "o-f\r? to ! "o-hundr$? "p ( an in*1 ! t]ti>y /rata ab\nd 9 examples ( ,nummulites v>y+ f ! eigh? ( an in* to ! size ( half-a-cr[n4 ,! engrav+ is a draw+ f ,nature1 by ,,mm4 d',ar*aic & ,haime1 ( a piece ( nummulitic rock1 ( ,n\sse1 9 ! ,l&es1 9 :i* a great v>iety ( sizes & =ms are exhibit$4 ,! ,nummul9a belong to ! ?ird family1 or ,helico/ega1 9 :i* ! out] convolutions completely embrace ! e>li]-=m$ ones4 ,h5ce x is only by mak+ microscopic sections1 or ?9 slices1 t _! /ructure c be fully se54 ,:5 su* a section is c>ri$ horizontally ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! %ell1 ! segm5ts pres5t a spiral arrangem5t1 :i*1 l ! convolutions1 are rem>kable = _! small size1 & consequ5t great numb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,nummulites ,r\aulti 7d',ar*aic & ,j4 ,haime74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,sid]olites calcitrapoides 7,lam>ck74 ,natural size & magnifi$4 ,) respect to ! di/ribution ( ! ,=am9if]a accord+ to geological p]iods1 we may briefly /ate t !y h be5 f\nd 9 e =mation f ! ,silurian to ! ,t]ti>y4 ,! species1 at fir/ v simple 9 _! =ms1 beg9 to appe> 9 increas+ numb]s 9 ! c>bonif]\s =mations4 ,!y become m num]\s1 &1 at ! same "t1 m complex 9 _! =ms1 9 ! ,cretace\s p]iod2 !y are /ill m div]sifi$1 & appe> to h multipli$ mu* m rapidly 9 ! ,t]ti>y p]iod1 :]e !y atta9 ! maximum ( _! num]ical developm5t4 ,9 ! celebrat$ qu>ries ( ,/4 ,pet]1 at ,mae/re*t1 ! ,sid]olites calcitrapoides ( ,lam>ck are f\nd 9 ! upp] *alk 7,fig4 #bc74 ,9 ! calc>e\s =mation ( ,*aussy1 9 ! ,se9e & ,oise di/rict1 & o!r p>ts ( ! ,p>is bas91 ! ,fabul>ia discoli!s 7,fig4 #bd7 ( ,defrance is f\nd4 ,f9ally1 ! ,dactylopora cyl9dracea ( ,lam>ck 7,fig4 #bf7 is f\nd 9 ! eoc5e =mation ( ,valmondois & 9 ! *alk ( ,grignon4 ,at fir/1 ?is little creature 0 ?\ght to be a polype2 b d',orbigny1 9 8 ,prodrome de ,paleontologie1 has plac$ x among ! ,=am9if]a1 ?9k+ t x appe>$ to occupy a place betwe5 ! two classes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,fabul>ia discoli!s 7,defrance74 ,natural size & magnifi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,alveol9a oblonga 7d',orbigny74 ,natural size & magnifi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,dactylopora cyl9dracea 7,lam>ck74 ,natural size & magnifi$4 ,! exi/+ ,=am9if]a are by no means equally di/ribut$ 9 e ocean4 ,"s g5]a belong to w>m c\ntries1 o!rs to temp]ate & cold climates4 ,!y are mu* m num]\s1 h[ev]1 & mu* m v>i$ 9 _! =ms1 9 w>m ?an 9 cold climates1 &1 we may add1 l>g] also1 = ,sir ,e4 ,bel*] br\ght a rec5t species f ,borneo :i* measur$ two in*es 9 diamet]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e pass+ on to ! /udy ( ! ,infusoria1 a few words may be (f]$ on ! ,noctiluca1 a g5us ( animals usually ref]r$ to ! class ,,acaleph4 ,"o species only ( ?is g5us has be5 describ$1 :i* occurs occasionally on ! ,engli% coa/ 9 prodigi\s numb]s4 ,x is a small creature1 sc>cely ! hundr$? "p ( an in* 9 diamet]1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,huxley 7,fig4 #bg1 ,noctiluca mili>is74 ,x 0 discov]$ by ,m4 ,surriray1 9 #ahaj1 :o describes x z a sph]ical gelat9\s mass1 sc>cely bigg] ?an a p9's head1 ) a long fili=m t5tacul> app5dage1 a m\?1 an oesophagus1 "o or _m /oma*s1 & bran*+ ov>ies--?us exhibit+ a c]ta9 complexity ( organization4 ,de ,bla9ville took ! same view1 & plac$ x among ! ,diphyd4 ,van ,b5$5 & ,doyre1 on ! o!r h&1 d5y its relation to ! ,acaleph1 conceiv+ its organization to be mu* m simple3 !y place x ) ! ,rhizopoda4 ,quatrefages adopts ! same view1 d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( a true m\? or inte/9al canal3 he consid]s ! s-call$ /oma*s z simple vacuales1 simil> to ^? obs]v$ 9 ! ,rhizopoda & ,infusoria4 ,mr4 ,huxley1 describ+ x 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,microscopical ,sci5ce 7vol4 iii471 says x has ne>ly ! =m ( a pea*1 a fili=m t5tacle1 equal 9 l5g? to ! diamet] ( ! body1 occupy+ ! place :]e ! /alk ( ! pea* might be1 :i* dep5ds f x1 & exhibits sl[ wavy motions :5 ! creature is 9 full activity4 ,i h ev5 se5 a noctiluca1 he adds1 appe> to pu% aga9/ ob/acles ) ?is t5tacle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,noctiluca mili>is4 ,magnifi$4 ,! body1 he cont9ues1 is compos$ ( a /ructureless & some:at d5se ext]nal membrane1 :i* is cont9u$ on to ! t5tacle4 ,b5ea? ?is is a lay] ( granules1 or r ( gelat9\s membrane1 ?r\gh ^: sub/ance m9ute granules are scatt]$ )\t any v def9ite arrangem5t2 f h5ce arises a network ( v delicate fibrils1 ^: me%es are n m ?an "o ?ree-hundr$? "p ( an in* 9 diamet]1 :i* gradually pass int]nally--! reticulation becom+ m & m op5--into co>s] fibres1 tak+ a conv]g5t direction t[>ds ! /oma* & nucleus4 ,all ^! fibres & fibrils are cov]$ ) m9ute granules1 :i* are usually l>g] t[>ds ! c5tre4 ,mr4 ,huxley is incl9$ to ?9k1 f all he has obs]v$1 t ! animal has a def9ite alim5t>y cavity1 & t ?is cavity has an excretory ap]ture di/9ct f ! m\?4 ,surriray discov]$ ! noctiluca :ile inve/igat+ ! cause ( phosphoresc5ce ( sea wat] at ,havre1 :]e x 0 abundant 9 ! bas9s2 sometimes 9 su* abundance z to =m a cru/ on ! surface ( ! wat] ( consid]able ?ickness4 ,?is s+ul> little creature1 says ,m4 ,frdol1 (f]s "h & !re 9 its int]ior c]ta9 granules1 probably g]ms1 & also lum9\s po9ts1 :i* appe> & disappe> ) great rapidity--! lea/ agitation det]m9+ _! lu/re4 ,! noctiluca are s abundant 9 ! ,m$it]ranean & 9 "s p>ts ( ! *annel1 t 9 a cubic foot ( sea wat]1 :i* has be5 r5d]$ phosphoresc5t by _! pres5ce1 x is calculat$ t !re exi/ ab\t tw5ty-five ?\s&4 ,,infusoria4 ,) ! ,infusoria we return to ! doma9 ( ! inf9itely little4 ,( ?is v int]e/+ gr\p a l>ge proportion are m>9e1 & num]\s v>ieties ( !m are f\nd 9 ,briti% seas4 ,9 _! m9ut5ess & v>iety !y almo/ baffle ! attempts ( naturali/s to classify !m4 ,! wat]s1 bo? fre% & salt1 are inhabit$ by legions ( active1 ev]-mov+ be+s1 ( dim5sions s small z to be inappreciable to ! nak$ eye2 ^! m9ute creatures are dissem9at$ by millions & ?\s&s ( millions 9 ! great deep1 & all k ( !m w\ld h escap$ u1 z !y escap$ ! k ( ! anci5ts1 b = ! discov]y ( ! microscope1 ! six? s5se ( man1 z x has be5 happily express$ by ! hi/orian & poet ,mi*elet4 ,ano!r writ] ( equally poetical m9d1 ,m4 ,frdol1 tells u t ! infusorial animalcules are s small t a drop ( wat] may conta9 !m 9 _m millions4 ,!y exi/ 9 all wat]s1 ! fre% z well z ! salt1 ! cold z well z ! hot4 ,! great riv]s are cont9ually dis*>g+ !m 9 va/ quantities into ! sea4 ,! ,ganges transports !m 9 ! c\rse ( "o ye> 9 masses equal to six or eight times ! size ( ! great pyramid ( ,egypt4 ,among ^! animalcules1 accord+ to ,ehr5b]g1 we may reckon sev5ty-"o diff]5t species4 ,! wat] collect$ 9 vases betwe5 ! ,philipp9e & ! ,m>ianne ,isles at ! dep? ( tw5ty-two ?\s& feet 7mak+ "s all[ance = errone\s s\nd+s71 h yield$ a hundr$ & sixte5 species4 ,ne> ! ,poles1 :]e be+s ( high] organization c\ld n exi/1 ! ,infusoria are /ill met ) 9 myriads2 ^? :i* 7 obs]v$ 9 ! ,ant>ctic ,seas1 dur+ ! voyages ( ,capta9 ,sir ,james ,ross1 (f] a ri*ness ( organization1 (t5 accompani$ by elegance ( =m1 q unkn[n 9 m nor!rn regions4 ,9 ! residuum ( ! blocks ( ice float+ ab\t 9 latitude sev5ty-eight degrees t5 m9utes1 ne>ly fifty diff]5t species 7 f\nd4 ,_m ( !m _h ov>ies1 accord+ to ,ehr5b]g1 /ill gre51 :i* prov$ t !y _h /ruggl$ successfully ) ! rig\rs ( ! climate 9 se>*+ = food4 ,at a dep? 9 ! sea :i* exce$s ! height ( ! l(tie/ m\nta91 ,humboldt ass]ts t ea* b$ ( wat] is animat$ by an innum]able phalanx ( inhabitants imp]ceptible to ! human eye4 ,^! microscopic creatures are1 9 %ort1 ! smalle/ & ! mo/ num]\s creations 9 ,nature4 ,!y con/itute ) human be+s "o ( ! :eels ( t v complicat$ ma*9e1 ! globe4 ,!y are 9 ! rank & at ! /ation will$ = !m1 z det]m9$ 9 ! great ,fir/ ,?\ght4 ,suppress ^! microscopic be+s1 & ! _w w\ld be incomplete4 ,x 0 said1 & wisely said1 long1 long ago1 !re is no?+ s small to ! view b t x may become great by reflection4 ,! ,infusoria1 9 %ort1 ab\nd ev]y:]e4 ,we f9d _! rema9s on ! l(tie/ m\nta9 ridges1 & 9 ! pr(\nde/ dep?s ( ! sea4 ,!y increase & multiply alike "u ! ,equator1 & t[>ds ! pol> regions4 ,! seas1 riv]s1 ponds--! fl[] vase :i* re/s ^u ! casem5t--ev5 our tissues1 & ! fluids ( our bodies--all conta9 infusorial animalcules4 ,:ole b$s ( /rata1 (t5 _m feet ?ick1 & cov]+ a surface ( consid]able ext5t1 are almo/ exclusively =m$ ( _! accumulat$ dbris4 ,x is to ! ,infusoria t ! mud ( ! ,nile & o!r fluviatile & lacu/r9e deposits owe _! prodigi\s f]tility4 ,to !m also is due ! r$ or gre5 lay] ( col\r+ matt] f\nd 9 ponds & tanks at c]ta9 seasons4 ,:5 expos$ to great sol> heat1 9 ord] to extract ! salt1 z x is 9 ! va/ artificial bas9s holl[$ out = ! purpose 9 ! salt m>%es ne> ! sea-%ore 9 ! s\? ( ,france1 ! salt wat]1 :5 x rea*es a c]ta9 degree ( conc5tration1 acquires a f9e rose col\r1 :i* is due to ! pres5ce ( innum]able masses ( small ,infusoria hav+ a r$di% %ell4 ,f9ally1 let u add t ! solid dbris ( c]ta9 fossil ,infusoria1 ( surpris+ m9ut5ess1 h =m$ ! /one s mu* us$ by work]s 9 metal1 :i* is kn[n z tripoli4 ,! /udy ( ^! creatures is int5sely int]e/+ to ! naturali/1 ! philosoph]1 ! physician1 & ! g5]al read]4 ,!y h _h a great "p assign$ to !m 9 ,nature1 z is evid5t 9 ! =mation ( c]ta9 b$s ( rock ( imm5se ext5t1 9 :i* ! geologi/ traces _! action4 ,our e>lie/ k ( ! ,infusoria is traceable to ! sev5te5? c5tury2 to ! celebrat$ naturali/1 ,leuw5hoek1 we are indebt$ = _! discov]y4 ,on ! #bd? ( ,april1 #afgf1 ?is obs]v] saw = ! fir/ "t "s infusorial animalcules4 ,fifty ye>s lat]1 ,bak] & ,trembley /udi$ !m anew4 ,9 #ageb1 ,hill essay$ ! fir/ attempt at _! classification4 ,9 #agfd1 ,wiesb]g gave !m ! "n ( ,infusoria1 because he f\nd !m 9 su* great abundance 9 animal & vegetable infusions4 ,mll] publi%$ a special book ^u !m4 ,f t "t ! ,infusoria h be5 consid]$ z =m+ a special gr\p among ! radiate animals2 aft]w>ds1 9 ! pages ( ,ba] & ( ,de ,bla9ville1 we see 9 ^! creatures1 s imp]fect 9 appe>ance1 only ! indet]m9ate prototype ( o!r classes4 ,b ideas *ang$ altoge!r respect+ !m :5 microscopes ( great p[]1 & arm$ ) a*romatic l5s1 7 employ$ 9 _! /udy4 ,?anks to ! lab\rs ( ,ehr5b]g & ,duj>d91 we h arriv$ at a bett] compreh5sion ( ! organization ( ^! inf9itely small be+s4 ,naturali/s h e/abli%$1 ) m exactness1 ! limits ( ! zoological gr\p to :i* !y belong4 ,"s /agnant wat]s are s fill$ ) ,infusoria t x is only necess>y to dip at r&om into ! liquid m$ium to procure !m 9 abundance4 ,9 o!r wat]s !y =m a b$1 occupy+ ! :ole bas94 ,9 g5]al1 x is necess>y to se>* = !m :]e ! wat] is calm1 & occupi$ by vegetation ( "s k9d1 su* z ! conf]v1 or lemna1 c41 9 ! m>%es1 & c]amium if 9 ! sea4 ,c]ta9 ,infusoria live n only 9 wat]1 b also 9 places habitually moi/1 z among tufts ( mosses2 9 b$s ( oscill>ia1 on moi/ soil1 or on air-damp walls4 ,o!rs live z p>asites on ! ext]ior or 9 ! int]ior ( animals1 su* z hydra1 lombrics1 & naads4 ,quantities ( !m are f\nd 9 ! liquid excrem5ts & o!r products ( c]ta9 organisms1 & !y h be5 not$ ev5 9 wom5's milk4 ,b1 z _! "n indicates1 x is 9 aque\s infusions1 vegetable or animal1 t ^! animalcules ab\nd4 ,arm$ ) a microscope1 ! read] may1 ) v little tr\ble1 af=d himself ! pleasure ( /udy+ ^! animals4 ,x is only necess>y to place "s organic dbris--! :ite ( an egg1 or "s grass1 = example--9 a vase ) a l>ge m\?1 fill$ ) wat]1 & expose x to ! light & air4 ,c]ta9 reag5ts1 z phosphate ( soda1 ! phosphates1 nitrates1 or oxalates ( ammonia1 or c>bonate ( soda add$ to ^! infusions1 w s+ul>ly fav\r ! developm5t ( ,infusoria4 ,!re are also "s accid5tal infusions :i* seem to furni% ^! microscopic be+s 9 great abundance4 ,wat] :i* /agnates 9 g>d5 soil or 9 vegetable m\ld1 9 ! wat]+-c>t or 9 fl[] vases1 is fill$ ) myriads ( ^! be+s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,s mu* = ! m$ium 9 :i* !y live1 move1 & h _! be+4 ,let u pass on to _! organization4 ,we h already dwelt on _! extreme m9ut5ess2 _! mean size is a fif? ( a l9e or ! sixtie? "p ( an in*2 ! l>ge/ species sc>cely reveal !mselves to ! nak$ eye4 ,!y are g5]ally col\rless2 "s ( !m are1 nev]!less1 gre51 blue1 r$1 br[n1 & ev5 blacki%4 ,se5 on ! object-glass ( ! microscope1 !y appe> to be gelat9\s1 transp>5t1 & nak$1 or inve/$ ) an envelope m or less resi/ant1 :i* we %all designate aft] ,duj>d9 by ! t]m ,s>coda1 a sub/ance :i* is homog5e\s1 diaphan\s1 ela/ic1 contractile1 &1 above all1 de/itute ( e k9d ( organization4 ,!y are usually ovoid or globul>4 ,^? mo/ frequ5tly met )1 & :i* attract ! mo/ att5tion f obs]v]s1 are furni%$ ) vibratile cilia1 :i* cov] ! :ole body1 act+ z paddles4 ,^! organs are evid5tly int5d$ to propel ! animal f "o place to ano!r4 ,at o!r times !y appe> to be employ$ 9 convey+ food to ! m\?1 if we may use ! expression4 ,"s ,infusoria are )\t ^! cilia1 hav+ only "o or _m v sl5d] filam5ts1 ! undulat+ movem5t ( :i* suffices to det]m9e _! progression ?r\gh ! liquid :i* surr\nds !m4 ,au?ors :o h writt5 on ! ,infusoria h sometimes1 l ,leuw5hoek1 ,ehr5b]g1 & ,p\*et1 attribut$ to !m a v complex /ructure4 ,o!rs1 l ,mll]1 ,cuvi]1 & ,lam>ck1 h consid]$ !m to be gift$ ) an organization extremely simple4 ,we %all probably f9d t ! tru? lies betwe5 ^! two extremes4 ,9 ! sup]ior ,infusoria1 besides ! granules1 ! int]ior globules1 vesicles full ( liquid1 vibratile cils1 & a tegum5t>y sy/em1 m or less complex1 we f9d ! sub/ance :i* is call$ ,s>coda4 ,! dige/ive app>atus ( ! ,infusoria has be5 ! subject ( num]\s obs]vations1 & has be5 provocative ( v animat$ discussions4 ,9 ! inf]ior ord] ( ! class1 :i* compreh5ds ! v smalle/ animalcules1 x has n be5 f\nd possible to obs]ve ! organization ( ! dige/ive app>atus 9 a satisfactory mann]4 ,"s writ]s ?9k !y h no m\?1 :at has be5 tak5 = t organ be+ only holl[ dimples on ! surface ( ! body2 o!rs recognize ! exi/5ce ( a buccal orifice1 sometimes furni%$ ) a solid armature4 ,z to ! arrangem5ts ( ! int]ior cavities 9 :i* dige/ion takes place1 we "k no?+ c]ta94 ,! dige/ive app>atus is bett] und]/ood 9 ! sup]ior ,infusoria1 call$ ciliate1 namely1 ^? provid$ ) vibratile cils4 ,^! cils seem to det]m9e ! curr5ts ( ! liquid1 lead+ ! nutritive corpuscles susp5d$ 9 ! wat] t[>ds ! entrance ( ! dige/ive app>atus4 ,!y =m1 9 "s sort1 ! preh5sile organs :i* seize ! alim5t4 ,! cils are1 at ! same "t1 ! organs int5d$ to facilitate respiration2 9 %ort1 ^! little :ips play+ ^u ! wat] unceas+ly r\nd ! ,infusoria1 is j ! action requir$ = ! absorption ( ! oxyg5 conta9$ 9 ! wat]4 ,^! cils1 !n1 s]ve at once = ! propulsion ( ! animal1 = its nutrition1 & = its respiration1 pres5t+ a rem>kable example ( cumulative functions 9 physiology4 ,! corpuscles ( nutritive sub/ances direct$ t[>ds ! buccal orifice by ! vibratile cils soon disappe> 9 ! int]ior ( ! animal4 ,avail+ himself ( ?is fact & ! transp>5cy ( ! animal1 ,h]r ,glei*51 a ,g]man physiologi/ ( ! la/ c5tury1 conceiv$ ! happy idea ( col\r+ ! wat] :i* conta9$ ^! animalcules ) a f9ely-p[d]$ c>m9e2 he trac$ ! col\r+ matt] 9 ! bodies ( "s ( !m4 ,b x 0 res]v$ = ,ehr5b]g to avail himself ( ! same artifice 9 ord] to /udy ! int]nal /ructure & mode ( absorb+ nutritive matt] 9 ^! m9ute creatures4 ,?is physiologi/ f$ _m gr\ps ( ,infusoria1 "s ( !m ) wat] col\r$ ) c>m9e1 o!rs ) indigo & o!r col\r+ matt]s4 ,he saw1 besides1 "s col\r$ globules1 ne>ly uni=m 9 size1 9 diff]5t individuals ( ! same species4 ,f ?is he arriv$ at ! conclusion t ! col\r+ matt] 0 deposit$ 9 _m ( ! surr\nd+ dimples4 ,ehr5b]g ?\ght t ea* ( ^! dimples 0 a /oma*1 & t ! introduction ( ! food into ! int]ior ( ^! res]voirs1 z well z ! evacuations1 7 produc$ by means ( an inte/9e ar\nd :i* ^! /oma*s are arrang$4 ,9 "s cases he ev5 ?\ght he c\ld di/+ui% ! outl9es ( ?is inte/9al canal1 & its connection ) numb]s ( ampula or bladd]s4 ,g5]aliz+ ! conclusions drawn f 8 obs]vations1 9 %ort1 we f9d t 8 class1 ,infusoria1 embrac$ two v diff]5t =ms ( animal life1 :i* he divid$ into ,infusoria1 ,polyga/rica1 & ,rotif]a1 ! latt] division includ+ ^? kn[n z ,:eel animalcules2 ! ,polyga/rica be+ s call$ f 8 idea t ! typical =ms possess$ a numb] ( /oma*s4 ,9 "s1 ,ehr5b]g c\nt$ f\r /oma*s1 an organization :i* br+s ^! microscopic be+s into a /range k9d ( comp>ison ) ! ox & ! goat4 ,9 o!rs he c\nt$ two /oma*s4 ,o!r obs]v]s 7 n sl[ 9 rais+ objections to ^! views4 ,duj>d91 especially1 0 mu* oppos$ to ! bat* ( /oma*s attribut$ to ^! creatures by ! ,g]man physiologi/4 ,he attempt$ to e/abli% ! fact t ! col\r$ globules :i* appe>$ 9 ! bodies ( ! ,infusoria1 :ile subject$ to a regim5 ( c>m9e & indigo1 are n conf9$ by a membrane2 t is to say1 !y are n conta9$ 9 inte/9al sacs4 ,accord+ to ,milne ,edw>ds1 !y are a species ( bas9s1 con/itut$1 he says1 by ! alim5t>y matt] ) :i* ea* is gorg$1 unit$ into a r\nd$ pa/y mass1 :]e x c\ld no long] be disp]s$1 b w\ld cont9ue to advance1 /ill pres]v+ its =m4 ,we h1 9 %ort1 se5 ^! sph]ules *ang+ _! places1 & pass+ "o ano!r 9 _! progress f ! m\? to ! inte/9al canal4 ,t !y c\ld n d ?is is evid5t1 if _m /oma*s 7 atta*$ to ! inte/9al canal6 ,?is op9ion1 due to ! pati5t & precise /udies ( ,duj>d91 has be5 adopt$ by mo/ naturali/s ( em95ce4 ,besides1 ?is le>n$ microscopi/ does n admit t !re 0 9 ! s>codic mass ( ,infusoria any pre-exi/5t cavity de/9$ to receive ! food4 ,9 a ^w1 he does n recognise any /oma* :atev]4 ,?is view ( ! extreme simplicity ( /ructure 9 ! ,infusoria has1 h[ev]1 met ) mu* opposition4 ,to accord !m nei!r f\r nor two /oma*s1 x is n necess>y to deprive !m ( ! organ altoge!r4 ,mey5 repres5ts !m z hav+ "o great holl[ /oma* occupi$ by a pulpy matt]1 into :i* ! alim5t>y masses are successively absorb$4 ,all rec5t obs]vations1 says ,milne ,edw>ds1 t5d to e/abli% ! fact t ! dige/ive app>atus ( ! ciliate ,infusoria consi/s (--fir/1 a m\?2 second1 ( a ph>yngeal canal1 9 :i* ! food (t5 assumes ! =m ( a bolus2 ?ird1 ( "o great /oma* ) di/9ct walls1 & m or less di/ant f ! common tegum5t>y membrane2 f\r?1 ( an excretory orifice4 ,?is m\? pres5ts s5sible diff]5ces bo? z to its position & con=mation1 (t5 occupy+ ! bottom ( a holl[1 ! edges ( :i* are furni%$ ) well-develop$ cilia1 ! action ( :i* attracts ! alim5t2 9 %ort1 ! m\? is a sort ( decoy at ! bottom ( a simple pit1 be+ at once contractile & preh5sile1 ! int]ior "p be+ sometimes capable1 accord+ to ,milne ,edw>ds1 ( be+ turn$ inside out 9 ! =m ( a trumpet1 :ile 9 a great _m species x is provid$ ) a peculi> armature1 consi/+ ( a b& ( rigid bri/les dispos$ 9 ! =m ( a b[-net1 & susceptible ( dilatation & contraction1 accord+ to ! wants ( ! animal4 ,! oesophagus1 :i* is connect$ by means ( ! canal ) ! m\?1 has g5]ally an oblique direction backw>ds1 (t5 t]m9at+ 9 a great undivid$ /oma*4 ,! reproduction ( ! ,infusoria exhibits "s v surpris+ ph5om5a1 :ile x (f]s ano!r pro( ( ! wond]ful means ,nature employs = p]petuat+ ! races ( animals4 ,!y c be reproduc$ by ?ree diff]5t processes3 #a4 ,by gemmation1 or budd+1 some:at aft] ! mann] ( plants4 #b4 ,by sexual reproduction2 = 9 ^! little creatures x has rec5tly be5 discov]$ t sexual diff]5ces exi/4 #c4 ,by ! spontane\s division ( ! animal into two individuals--a process kn[n to zoologi/s z fissip>ism or fission4 ,among ^! ?ree processes1 t :i* appe>s be/ und]/ood is ! la/4 ,! s+ul> ph5om5on ( spontane\s division may be witness$ by any "o hav+ pati5ce to exam9e ! creature long en\gh1 isolat$ f its innum]able companions1 "u ! microscope4 ,! oblong body ( ! animal w soon be obs]v$ to contract at ! middle1 ! compression becom+ m & m m>k$4 ,! l[] segm5t soon beg9s to %[ a few vibratile cils1 ?us indicat+ ! place :i* w soon be a new m\?2 ! organ soon becomes m & m di/9ct1 & n[ ! ,infusoria lit]ally cuts itself into two p>ts4 ,we see1 at fir/1 ! fragm5t ( glut9\s sub/ance flutt]+ on ! edge ( ! plate2 ! two halves !n sep>ate f ea* o!r v quickly1 ea* moiety hav+ f9ally a p]fect resemblance to ! primitive animal4 ,?is process is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #bh1 ,a & ,b be+ ! adult1 ,c ! same 9 c\rse ( sep>ation1 ,d aft] its completion4 ,assur$ly ?is is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ph5om5a :i* ! /udy ( liv+ be+s c pres5t4 ,by ?is mode ( propagation1 says ,duj>d91 an infusoria is ! half ( ! "o :i* prec$$ x1 ! f\r? ( ! p>5t ( t1 ! eigh? ( its gr&-p>5t1 & s on1 if we c apply ! t]ms fa!r or "m to animals :i* mu/ see 9 its two halves ! gr&fa!r himself by a new division aga9 liv+ 9 8 f\r p>ts4 ,we might imag9e su* an infusoria to be an aliquot "p ( "o l x1 :i* _h liv$ ye>s1 & ev5 ages be=e1 & :i* by cont9u$ subdivision into pairs might cont9ue to live = ev] by its successive developm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,propagation ( an ,infusoria by spontane\s division4 ,?is mode ( g5]ation1 h[ev]1 enables u to compreh5d ! miracul\s fecundity ( ^! be+s4 ,! process defies calculation1 if we wi%$ to be precise4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 arrive at a proximate e/imate ( ! numb] :i* may be d]iv$ f a s+le individual by ?is process ( fission4 ,x has be5 f\nd t at ! end ( a mon? two ,/yloni*i _h a prog5y ( m ?an "o million & =ty-eight ?\s& individuals1 & t 9 a lapse ( =ty-two days a s+le ,p>amecium _h produc$ m ?an "o million ?ree hundr$ & sixty-f\r ?\s& =ms l itself4 ,life is spread ov] ,nature 9 su* abundance t ! smalle/ infusoria has its p>asite a little small]2 ^! 9 _! turn s]v+ z a dwell+ & pa/ure gr\nd1 to use ,humboldt's words1 = /ill small] animalcules1 z repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #bi--;a be+ p>asites 9 v>i\s /ages2 b1 ! l>g] animalcule on :i* !y h e/abli%$ !mselves4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,p>amecium aurelia & its ,p>asites4 ,! prodigi\s numb] to :i* ! calculation w\ld rea*1 if we 7 to add ! o!r modes ( propagation1 viz41 by g]ms & by budd+1 we d>e n m5tion3 x w\ld only be necess>y to place a s+le g]m 9 a fav\rable condition = its developm5t1 9 ord] to produce myriads ( ^! microscopic animalcules 9 a v few days4 ,we h se5 ?ree modes ( reproduction 9 ! ,infusoria2 x is possible t a f\r? mode exi/s1 to :i* its p>tisans give ! "n ( spontane\s g5]ation4 ,accord+ to _! views1 an infusoria c be produc$ )\t egg-g]m or pre-exi/5t p>5t4 ,x w\ld be suffici5t to expose organic matt]1 animal or vegetable1 to ! action ( ! air & wat] at a suitable temp]ature1 9 ord] to see ?is matt] organize itself1 & =m itself into liv+ infusorial animals4 ,su* is ! g5]al enum]ation ( ! "q ( spontane\s or het]og5e\s g5]ation1 on :i* s mu* has be5 writt5 9 ! la/ t5 ye>s4 ,! great exp\nd]s ( ! doctr9e h be5 ! two ,fr5* naturali/s1 ,,mm4 ,p\*et & ,joly4 ,_! views h1 h[ev]1 made little progress2 !y h1 on ! contr>y1 met ) vigor\s opposition f ! g5]ality ( ,fr5* naturali/s1 & f mo/ ( ! memb]s ( ! ,acadmie des ,sci5ces ( ,p>is1 :o h rais$ _! voices aga9/ a doctr9e :i* is contr>y to ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature4 ,9 %ort1 ! direct obs]vations made ^u ! !ory ( primitive g5]ation are z yet want+ 9 necess>y exactness2 ^? obs]v]s :o pr(ess to h witness$ ! sudd5 orig9 ( ! m9ute/ ( ! infusoria f elem5t>y sub/ances h 9 all probability ov]look$ ! organic /ructure ( ^! elem5t>y bodies4 ,! wond]ful *anges ( =m und]gone by _m infusoria h _! limits1 & ! laws gov]n+ !m h /ill to be def9$4 ,) ! poet we may say3 ,grammatici c]tant et adhuc sub judice lis e/4 ,_m ( ! ,infusoria are subject to metamorphoses1 & x has already be5 asc]ta9$ t c]ta9 species :i* h be5 consid]$ z di/9ct are only transition =ms ( ! same species dep5d+ on age4 ,we "k t x is common = insects to enclose !mselves 9 protect+ envelopes1 & to rema9 = :ole mon?s %ut up 9 ?is _! retreat1 to all appe>ance dead4 ,simil> facts h be5 obs]v$ 9 ! ,infusoria4 ,we h ev5 se5 "s ( ^! be+s surr\nd+ /range bodies z if 9 a mass ( jelly1 =m+ a sort ( liv+ envelope ar\nd !m4 ,! av]age duration ( life ) !m is only a few h\rs2 b c]ta9 species pres5t1 9 relation to ! duration ( life1 ph5om5a :i* are only imp]fectly kn[n1 b :i* nev] fail to excite ! surprise & admiration ( ! naturali/4 ,by dry+ c]ta9 infusoria ) c>e1 x is possible to susp5d & indef9itely prolong its life4 ,?us dri$1 & cov]$ ) a p[d]1 :i* %elt]s x f e brea? ( w9d1 x may be c>ri$ to any giv5 di/ance1 ?r\gh any indef9ite p]iod ( "t--ab&on$ on "s l$ge ( rock1 on a h\setop1 9 ! cleft ( a wall1 or "u ! capital ( a column2 b let a drop ( wat] approa* x1 & ! dormant be+ awakes imm$iately--! microscopic ,laz>us spr+s aga9 into exi/5ce3 fe$s & multiplies z be=e3 & its life1 susp5d$ possibly = ye>s1 resumes its int]rupt$ c\rse6 ,into :at a _w ( reflection does n a revelation ( ?is my/]i\s prop]ty ( a liv+ creature plunge u6 ,! physiologi/ ,mll] has not$ ano!r peculi>ity 9 infusorial life4 ,^! animalcules c lose a "p ( _! bodies )\t be+ de/roy$2 ! dead "p disappe>s1 & ! individual1 dim9i%$ by "o-half1 or r$uc$ to a f\r? ( its =m] size1 cont9ues to live z if no?+ _h happ5$4 ,mll] has obs]v$ a kalpode 7,kolpoda meleagris7 ?us melt be=e 8 eyes until sc>cely a sixte5? "p ( its body rema9$4 ,aft] its loss1 ?is sixte5? "p ( an animal cont9u$ to swim ab\t )\t tr\bl+ itself z to its dim9i%$ proportions4 ,! infusoria1 says ,frdol1 9 ,la ,monde de la ,m]1 pres5t yet ano!r k9d ( decomposition4 ,if we approa* ! drop ( wat] 9 :i* x swims ) ! b>b ( a fea!r dipp$ 9 ammonia1 ! animalcule is arre/$ 9 its movem5t1 b its cils cont9ue to move rapidly4 ,all at once1 ^u "s po9t ( its circumf]5ce1 a not* is =m$1 :i* increases bit by bit until ! :ole animal is dissolv$4 ,if a drop ( pure wat] is add$1 ! decomposition is sudd5ly /opp$1 & :at rema9s ( ! animalcule recomm5ces its swimm+ movem5ts4 7,duj>d947 ,we may divide ! ,infusoria into two ord]s--! ,ciliate ,infusoria1 namely1 ^? provid$ ) vibratile cilia1 & ! ,flagellif]\s ,infusoria1 ^?1 namely1 :i* h arms or bran*es4 ,! great] "p ( ,infusoria belong to ! fir/ ord]1 :i* compreh5ds _m families2 our space limits u to ! m5tion "h ( a few typical =ms only 9 ea* gr\p1 select+ ^? :i* appe> ! mo/ int]e/+1 f _! size1 /ructure1 r>ity1 or abundance4 ,,flagellif]\s ,,infusoria4 ,! family ( ,vibrionid1 s nam$ f _! d>t+ or quiv]+ motion1 includes ! eel-l microscopic animalcules :i* occur 9 /ale pa/e1 v9eg>1 c41 ) "s o!rs1 :i* are p>asitic on liv+ vegetables1 su* z ,vibrio tritici1 :i* infe/ ! gra9s ( :eat1 produc+ ! de/ructive disease call$ corn-cockle or purples4 ,!y are fili=m animals1 extremely sl5d]1 )\t appreciable organization1 int]nal /oma*1 or app>5t organs ( locomotion4 ,!y are ! fir/ animalcules :i* %[ !mselves 9 any infusion ( organic matt]4 ,by us+ microscopes ( ! highe/ magnify+ p[]1 traces ( v ?91 %ort l9es c be p]ceiv$1 ei!r /raight or s9u\s1 ! ?icke/ ( !m n exce$+ ! ?\s&? "p ( ! fraction ( an in*4 ,!y are contractile1 & propagat$ by spontane\s division1 or fission4 ,among !m "s resemble "r l9es1 m or less di/9ctly articulat$1 & end[$ ) a v sl[ movem5t2 ^! are ,bact]id4 ,o!rs are flexu\s & undulat+1 & m or less lively2 ^! are true ,vibrions4 ,o!rs h ! body fa%ion$ 9 ! =m ( a corkscrew1 turn+ unceas+ly ^u !mselves ) great rapidity2 ^! are ! ,spirillid1 hav+ an oblong fusi=m or fili=m body1 :i* undulates or turns spirally ^u itself4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,bact]ium1 t]mo 7,mll]71 magnifi$ #fjj times4 ,! same1 magnifi$ #afjj times4 ,! ,bact]ium t]mo 7,fig4 #cj7 is ! smalle/ ( ! ,infusoria4 ,x is f\nd1 at ! end ( a %ort "t1 9 all vegetable or animal infusions expos$ to ! air4 ,x %[s itself 9 inf9ite numb]s1 =m+ sw>ms ( animalcules1 :i* disappe> z o!r species multiply 9 ! liquid1 to :i* animals x s]ves = n\ri%m5t4 ,:5 ! infusion becomes too foetid = ^! new species to live 9 x1 9 consequ5ce ( f]m5tation or putrefaction1 ! ,bact]ium t]mo reappe>s4 ,?is species 0 "o ( ! fir/ obs]v$2 ,leuw5hoek f\nd x 9 ! :ite matt] 9 ! tee? & gums1 :i* is call$ tee? t>t>4 ,x is also f\nd 9 ! fluids ( v>i\s animals :i* h be5 affect$ by disease4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,vibrion baguette 7,mll]71 magnifi$ #cjj times4 ,! ,w&-l ,vibrion 7,fig4 #ca7 has ! body transp>5t1 fili=m1 ) long articulations1 (t5 appe>+ z if brok5 at ea* connection4 ,x moves v sl[ly 9 ! wat]4 ,leuw5hoek obs]v$ ?is second species jo9$ to ! fir/ 9 ! tee? t>t>1 & also 9 a great numb] ( organic infusions4 ,!re is no microscopic object1 says ,duj>d91 :i* excites ! admiration ( ! obs]v] m vividly ?an ! twi/+ spirillum 7,fig4 #cb74 ,he is /ruck ) surprise :5 he fir/ contemplates ?is little creature1 :i*1 "u ! greate/ magnify+ p[]1 only pres5ts ! appe>ance ( a ?9 black l9e1 fa%ion$ l a corkscrew1 :i* e in/ant turns ^u itself ) m>vell\s velocity1 su* z ! eye c sc>cely foll[1 or ! m9d div9e ! cause :i* produces ?is />tl+ ph5om5on4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,spirillum t\rnoyant 7,ehr471 magnifi$ #cjj times4 ,! ,monads are o!r infusorial animalcules :i* make an e>ly appe>ance 9 vegetable infusions4 ,!y con/itute a family t are de/itute ( any cov]+4 ,! sub/ance ( _! bodies c swall[ itself1 or draw itself out m or less2 _m ( ! :ip-l filam5ts s]ve z organs ( locomotion4 ,!y are sometimes provid$ ) lat]al app5dages dispos$ z a k9d ( tail4 ,_! organization is extremely simple2 _! :ip-l filam5ts are s f9e z to be sc>cely p]ceptible1 _! l5g? be+ sometimes d\ble & ev5 quadruple ! l5g? ( ! animal itself4 ,! ,l5tille ,monad 7,fig4 #cc7 is a species :i* is frequ5tly met ) 9 vegetable & animal infusions4 ,! old] microscopi/s _h x indicat$ "u ! =m ( a globule1 mov+ 9 a sl[ & vacillat+ mann]4 ,! globule is =m$ ( a homog5e\s transp>5t sub/ance1 swoll5 into tub]cles on its surface1 & ?r[s out obliquely a :ip-l filam5t1 ?ree1 f\r1 or ev5 five times ! l5g? ( ! body ( ! ,monad4 ,! ,c]comonad ( ,dava9e 0 discov]$ by ?is g5tleman 9 ! /ill w>m ejections ( *ol]a pati5ts4 ,its body is pyri=m1 hav+1 9 front1 a vibratile filam5t1 v long1 v flexible1 & easily agitat$4 ,beh9d ! body !re is a ?ick] /raight filam5t atta*+ itself sometimes to neighb\r+ corpuscles1 r\nd :i*1 9 ?is case1 ! ,c]comonad oscillates l ! ball ( a p5dulum r\nd its /em4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,monade l5tille 7,duj>d971 magnifi$ #ajjj times4 ,! ,volvoc9e are inhabitants ( fre% limpid wat] full ( conf]v & o!r aquatic plants4 ,! ,volvoc9e are1 accord+ to ,duj>d91 animalcules ( a gre5 or yell[i% br[n col\r1 regul>ly dissem9at$ 9 ! ?ickness & ne> ! surface ( a gelat9\s & transp>5t globe1 :i* w\ld become holl[ & be fill$ ) wat] 9 its p]fect /ate4 ,9 ?is /ate1 f five to eight small] globules1 ) ! same organization1 appe> de/9$ to und]go ! same *anges :5 !y are releas$ by ! rupture ( ! globule4 ,^! animalcules are ea* furni%$ ) "o or two flagelli=m filam5ts1 :i*1 by _! agitation1 det]m9e ! movem5t by rotation ( ! mass4 ,a v rem>kable ph5om5on is record$ 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,microscopic ,society1 namely1 ! conv]sion ( ! cont5ts ( an ord9>y vegetable cell into a free mov+ mass ( ,protoplasm1 be>+ a /rong resemblance to ! animal ,amoeb 7,fig4 #bj74 ,?is1 x is affirm$ by ,dr4 ,hicks1 takes place 9 ,volvox1 "u circum/ances :i* sugge/ a vegetable trans=mation4 ,b ,dr4 ,c>p5t] does n consid] t ?is involves any real confusion 9 ! b\nd>ies ( ,animal & ,vegetable ,life4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #cd & #ce4 ,volvox globator 7,mll]71 magnifi$ #gjj times4 ,! ,revolv+ ,volvox1 ,v4 globator 7,figs4 #cd & #ce71 is f\nd 9 great abundance1 dur+ summ]1 9 tanks & ponds ( /agnant wat]4 ,x consi/s ( gre5 or br[ni%-yell[ globules ab\t ! eigh? "p ( an in*1 =m$ ( animalcules scatt]$ r\nd a gelat9\s & diaphan\s sph]ical membrane1 ea* furni%$ ) a flagelli=m filam5t & ) a r$di% int]ior po9t1 :i* ,ehr5b]g took = an eye4 ,leuw5hoek fir/ obs]v$ ?is ,volvox 9 m>%y wat]s4 ,?is em95t naturali/ has left a v int]e/+ acc\nt ( 8 obs]vations on ^! microscopic inhabitants ( ! wat]s1 display+ an am\nt ( pati5ce & address :i* _c be too mu* admir$2 8 obs]vations 7 made ) a simple l5s1 :i* he con/ruct$ himself4 ,9 "o h& he held 8 in/rum5t1 :i* 0 v co>se if we comp>e x to ! m p]fect & inf9itely m p[]ful in/rum5ts n[ 9 use2 :il/1 9 ! o!r h&1 he c>ri$ to 8 eye ! glass tube full ( wat] :i* conta9$ ! object "u obs]vation4 ,! microscopes ( ,leuw5hoek1 says ,duj>d91 7 ! v smalle/ bi-convex l5ses1 m\nt$ 9 a silv] frame4 ,he made a collection ( tw5ty-six1 :i* he bequea!d to ! ,royal ,society ( ,london4 ,^! in/rum5ts1 subject to all ! inconv5i5ces ( a maximum ( sph]ical ab]ration & a total want ( /ability1 7 only fit = use 9 ! h&s ( ,leuw5hoek himself1 :o _h acquir$1 9 8 lab\r ( tw5ty ye>s1 habits ( obs]vation :i* comp5sat$1 9 great "p1 = ! want ( p]fection 9 8 in/rum5ts4 ,! ,eugl5i are infusoria usually col\r$ gre5 or r$4 ,_! =m is v v>iable4 ,!y are oblong or fusi=m 9 %ape1 swell+ at ! middle dur+ action1 & contract$ or b[l-%ap$ 9 repose1 or aft] dea?4 ,!y are furni%$ ) ! usual :ip-%ap$ filam5t1 :i* issues f an op5+ 9 front1 & f "o or _m r$di% po9ts irregul>ly plac$ ant]iorly4 ,eugl5ia viridis 7,fig4 #cf7 is ! mo/ common species1 &1 p]haps1 ! mo/ widely diffus$ ( all ! ,infusoria4 ,x is ?is animalcule :i* habitually cov]s /agnant pools ) its float+ surface ( gre51 & :i* =ms1 on ! surface ( m>%y wat]s1 ! %9+ pellicle s /rongly col\r$1 :i*1 collect$ ^u pap]1 s long pres]ves its brilliant t9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf4 ,eugl5ia viridis 7,ehr471 magnifi$ #cej times4 ,! ,eugl5ia sangu9ea1 at fir/ gre51 becomes subsequ5tly ( a blood col\r4 ,x has (t5 be5 met ) by microscopi/s4 ,ehr5b]g1 :o fir/ describ$ x1 attributes to its great abundance ! r$ col\r ( "s /agnant wat]s4 ,its pres5ce expla9s ! pret5d$ miracle ( wat] *ang+ into blood1 :i* 0 frequ5tly invok$ by ! ,egyptian prie/s4 ,,ciliate ,,infusoria4 ,let u n[ take a glance at "s ( ! m rem>kable species ( ,ciliate ,infusoria4 ,! bodies ( ^! creatures are all m or less transluc5t4 ,!y h n sub/ance en\gh1 9 fact1 to rea* a /ate ( opacity4 ,_! bodies are m or less globul> or ovoid1 sometimes fa%ion$ l a %uttle1 or curv$ :ile gr[+1 sometimes swoll5 9 ! middle l an ampulla1 or bell-%ap$1 & flatt5$ into a discoid %ape2 "s slightly resemble a tadpole1 a ?imble1 a %oe1 a rose-bud1 a fl[]1 ev5 a se$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,co?urnia pyxidi=mis 7,udckem74 ,! ,p>amecians h a s(t flexible body1 usually ( oblong =m1 & m or less depress$4 ,!y are provid$ ) a loose reticulat$ cov]+1 ?r\gh :i* issue num]\s vibratile cilia1 arrang$ 9 a regul> s]ies4 ,!y 7 kn[n to ! old] naturali/s2 & x is 9 ?is gr\p t organization is c>ri$ to ! highe/ p]fection x atta9s among ! ,infusoria4 ,! ,p>amecium possess1 besides _! reticulat$ & contractile tegum5t1 cilia dispos$ 9 su* a mann] z to s]ve at once = locomotion1 = preh5sion1 t is1 = seiz+ its food1 & z a means ( respiration4 ,!y are furni%$ ) a m\?1 at ! bottom ( :i* ! :orl excit$ by ! cilia det]m9es1 accord+ to ,duj>d91 ! holl[+ out ( a cavity1 =m$ aft] ! mann] ( a cul-de-sac1 & also ! =mation ( vacuoles ) p]man5t p>titions1 9 :i* are enclos$ ! sub/ances :i* ! animalcules h swall[$ along ) ! wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,p>amecium burs>ia 7,prit*>d74 ,! ,p>amecium are propagat$ by spontane\s division1 z already describ$4 ,!y ab\nd1 z we h said1 9 /agnant wat]1 or 9 pure wat] :i* is occupi$ by aquatic plants1 sometimes 9 su* prodigi\s quantities t !y become tr\blesome4 ,!y occur also 9 fl[] vases :]e ! wat] is n frequ5tly r5ew$4 ,! species ( ?is g5us h an oblong compress$ body1 ) an oblique longitud9al fold1 direct$ t[>ds ! m\?1 :i* is lat]al4 ,!y are suffici5tly l>ge to be obs]v$ by ! common l5s1 or eye-glass4 ,p>amecium aurelia appe>s *iefly 9 vegetable infusions4 ,x is common 9 dit*es & moats ) aquatic plants4 ,humboldt's ass]tion is fully v]ifi$ 9 ! case ( ! ,infusoria "u consid]ation1 :i* is (t5 f\nd ) its p>asites4 ,^! are small creatures1 cyl9drical 9 =m1 & provid$ ) suck]s4 ,swimm+ vigor\sly 9 ! wat]1 !y devote !mselves to *as+ ! ,p>amecium4 ,:5 !y h ov]tak5 ! fugitive1 !y ?r[ !mselves ^u x1 & e/abli% !mselves !re4 ,!y soon multiply 9 ! int]ior ( its body1 & _! />v+ prog5y suck & dev\r ! un=tunate animalcule1 :i* s]ves !m at once = dwell+-h\se & l>d]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,condylo/oma pat5s 7,duj471 magnifi$ #cej times4 ,ano!r ( ! p>asites :i* prey ^u ! ,p>amecium1 9 place ( pursu+ x1 rema9s p]fectly quiet until "o ( ^! approa*1 :5 x ?r[s itself ^u its victim1 & is c>ri$ along ) x4 ,x buries itself 9 ! body ( ! ,p>amecium1 &1 9 a %ort "t1 multiplies to su* a degree1 t sometimes fifty ( !m are f\nd on a s+le individual4 ,poor victim6 ,! ,nassula h ! body entirely cov]$ ) cilia2 !y are ovoid or oblong 9 =m1 contractile1 ! m\? plac$ lat]ally & d5tate1 or surr\nd$ ) a b& ( horny bri/les1 ! b& dilat+ & contract+ accord+ to ! size ( ! prey :i* x w\ld swall[4 ,x ei!r advances to seize ! prey1 :i* ! movem5t ( vibratile cilia h fail$ to draw )9 ! vortex ( its m\?1 or1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,p>amecium1 x is sometimes oblig$ to seek = its prey4 ,^! curi\s infusoria live 9 /agnant wat]s1 fe$+ on ! dbris ( aquatic plants1 f :i* !y draw _! *ief n\ri%m5t z well z _! col\r4 ,! ,burs>ians are animals ) an oval or oblong contractile body1 provid$ also ) vibratile cilia1 especially on ! surface1 hav+ also a l>ge m\?1 surr\nd$ ) cilia1 =m+ a sort ( microscopic m\/a*e1 spirally arrang$4 ,among ! species belong+ to ?is gr\p may be not$ ! ,condylo/oma pat5s 7,fig4 #ci71 rem>kable = its size & voracity4 ,x sometimes atta9s ! twelf? ( an in*1 & ab\nds on e %ore f ! ,m$it]ranean to ! ,baltic4 ,ano!r ,burs>ian1 a species ( ,plagio/oma1 lives betwe5 ! inte/9es & ! ext]nal muscul> b$ ( ! e>?-worm1 ,lumbricus t]re/ris4 ,to ! gr\p ( ,urceol>ians belong ! ,/5tors1 :i* are 9 numb] ! mo/ num]\s ( ! ,infusoria2 !y are1 = ! mo/ "p1 visible to ! nak$ eye4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,/5tor ,muell]i 7,enr471 magnifi$ #ge times4 ,! ,/5tors are inhabitants ( fre%1 tranquil wat]1 n subject to agitation1 & cov]$ ) wat] plants4 ,!y are ne>ly all col\r$ gre51 blacki%1 or blue2 _! bodies cov]$ ) cilia4 ,!y are em95tly contractile1 & v v>iable 9 =m4 ,!y c atta* !mselves tempor>ily1 by means ( ! cils at _! po/]ior extremities1 :5 !y assume a trumpet-l =m1 ! bell ( :i* is clos$ by a convex membrane1 ! edge be+ furni%$ ) a r[ ( v /rong obliquely-plac$ cilia1 rang$ 9 a spiral1 meet+ at ! m\?1 :i* is plac$ ne> ?is edge4 ,:5 !y swim freely1 !y alt]nately resemble a club1 a sp9dle1 or a sph]e4 ,! ,/5tor ,muell]i is se5 9 ponds 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,p>is & else:]e2 x has be5 f\nd ev5 9 ! bas9s ( ! ,j>d9s des ,plantes 7,fig4 #dj74 ,! animals :i* con/itute ?is g5us are fix$ 9 ! fir/ "p ( _! exi/5ce1 b free 9 ! second4 ,s long z !y are fix$1 !y resemble1 9 _! exp&+ /ate1 a bell or funnel1 ) ! edges rev]s$ & ciliate4 ,:5 !y become free1 !y lose _! cr[n ( cilia1 take a cyl9drical =m1 m or less ovoid & elongat$1 & move !mselves by means ( a new organ4 ,!re is no animal1 says ,duj>d91 :i* excites our admiration 9 a high] degree ?an ! ,vorticellate ,infusoria1 by _! cr[n ( cilia1 & by ! vortex :i* x produces2 by _! ev]-v>y+ =ms2 above all1 by _! p$icle1 :i* is susceptible ( rapid spiral contraction1 by draw+ ! body backw>d & aga9 ext5d+ x4 ,?is p$icle is a flat membran\s b&1 ?ick] ^u "o ( its edges ?an ! o!r1 & conta9+ on ! ?ick] side a cont9u\s *annel1 occupi$1 at lea/ 9 "p1 by a fle%y sub/ance1 analog\s to t ( ! int]ior ( ! body4 ,dur+ contraction1 ?is ?ick edge is %ort5$ m ?an ! ?9 side1 & h5ce results ! precise =m ( ! spiral ( ! corkscrew4 ,we _c conclude our brief hi/ory ( ^! curi\sly-organiz$ be+s )\t record+ ! d\bt :i* /ill exi/s 9 ! m9ds ( our mo/ em95t naturali/s1 :e!r "s ( ^? we h nam$ are animal or vegetable 9 _! orig94 ,! ,desmide1 long class$ among animals1 are n[ g5]ally recogniz$ z plants4 ,! gr\p ( ,diatomace are /ill consid]$ d\btful1 & ! ,monads & ,voloc9a are /ill subjects ( discussion1 ! evid5ce incl9+ 9 fav\r ( ^? :o argue = _! vegetable nature4 ,messrs4 ,busk1 ,williamson1 & ,cohn1 h publi%$ 9 ! ,microscopical ,transactions m9ute details ( ! evolutions ( ^! curi\sly-organiz$ globules1 :i* seem to prove _! vegetable nature4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is difficult to imag9e s accurate an obs]v] z ,agassiz writ+ s positively z he does on a d\btful subject4 ,rem>k+ on a =m] pap]1 9 :i* he _h %[n t ! embryo hat*$ f ! egg ( a ,plan>ia 0 a true polyga/ric animalcule ( ! g5us ,p>amecium1 he adds1 t 9 =m] writ]s a l9k 0 want+1 viz41 trac+ ! "y hat*$ f ! egg ( ,di/oma4 ,?is defici5cy1 he says1 ,i c n[ fill4 ,x is ano!r ,infusorium1 a g5u9e ,opal9a4 ,) su* facts be=e u !re is no long] any d\bt left respect+ ! "* ( all ^! ,polyga/ria2 !y are ! e>lie/ l>v condition ( worms4 ,amid ^! fri5dly disputes we congratulate ourselves t we h to d ) ! oceanic creations1 bo? animal & vegetable4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,polypif]a4 ,happy is he :o1 satisfi$ ) 8 humble =tune1 lives cont5t$ly 9 ! obscure /ate :]e ,god has plac$ him4--,,rac9e4 ,ent]+ on ! class ,polypif]a1 we leave ! doma9 ( ! inf9itely small to ent] ! _w ( ! visible4 ,beside ! ,infusoria1 ! ,polypif]a1 :i* are sometimes sev]al in*es 9 l5g?1 are v important be+s4 ,sci5ce has made great advances t[>ds giv+ u an exact k ( ^! s+ul> animals4 ,_m sci5tific prejudices h be5 dissipat$1 _m errors h be5 correct$4 ,! ,polyps1 z !y are def9$ 9 ! actual /ate ( ,sci5ce1 correspond n only ) ! ,polypes1 prop]ly s call$1 ( ,cuvi] & ,de ,bla9ville1 b also ) ! acaleph\s zoophytes ( ! same au?ors4 ,we n[ "k t c]ta9 ,polyps eng5d] m$us1 or acaleph\s zoophytes1 & t !re exi/ "s m$us sc>cely diff]+ 9 _! /ructure & habits ( life f ! ord9>y ,polyps4 ,?us reg>d$1 ! ,polyps compreh5d a great v>iety ( animals1 ! bodies ( :i* are g5]ally s(t or gelat9\s sub/ances4 ,! pr9cipal & small] divisions1 to ! numb] ( m ?an two1 are arrang$ r\nd an imag9>y axis1 repres5t$ by ! c5tral "p ( ! body4 ,^! divisions ( ! body h 9 _! ensemble ! appe>ance ( a regul> cyl9d]1 ( a truncat$ cone1 or ( a disk4 ,!y are inve/$ ) a sk9 or envelope ( calc>e\s or silice\s corpuscles1 & ev5 a portion ( ! deepe/-ly+ tissues may be invad$ by a calc>e\s deposit1 ! mass ( :i* belongs sometimes to an individual2 sometimes x is common to _m1 con/itut+ :at ,dr4 ,john/on calls ! ,polypidom1 ( :i* ,pr(essor ,grant says1 !re is b "o life & "o plan ( developm5t 9 ! :ole mass1 & ?is dep5ds1 n on ! ,polypi1 :i* are b second>y1 & (t5 decidu\s p>ts1 b on ! g5]al fle%y sub/ance ( ! body2#e ! ramifications1 says ,dr4 ,john/on1 be+ dispos$ 9 a v>iety ( elegant plant-l =ms4 ,! /em & bran*es are alike 9 texture3 sl5d]1 horny1 fi/ul>1 & almo/ always jo9t$ at %ort & regul> int]vals1 ! jo9t be+ a m]e break 9 ! cont9uity ( ! %ea?1 )\t any "* ( a prop] h+e1 & =m$ by regul> p]iodical int]ruptions 9 ! gr[? ( ! polypidoms4 ,along ! sides ( ^!1 or at _! extremities1 we f9d ! d5ticles or cup-l cells ( ! polypi arrang$ 9 a det]m9ate ord]1 ei!r sessile or elevat$ on a /alk4 ,ne> ! base ( ea* ( ^! !re is a p>tition or diaphragm1 on :i* ! body ( ! polyps re/s1 ) a pla9 or tubul\s p]=ation 9 ! c5tre1 ?r\gh :i* ! connection betwe5 ! individual polyps & ! common m$ull>y pulp is reta9$4 ,besides ! cells1 !re are f\nd at c]ta9 seasons a l>g] sort ( vesicle1 readily di/+ui%$ f ! o!rs by _! size1 & ! irregul>ity ( _! di/ribution1 :i* are de/9$ to conta9 & maturate ! ovules4 ,) ^! animals ! dige/ive tube is v simple1 & pres5ts only "o di/9ct orifice2 ! same op5+ s]v+ at once = receiv+ ! food & ! expulsion ( ! residuum ( dige/ion4 ,?is is "o ( ,nature's economies1 :i* x is n = u to dispute3 we mu/ record x )\t fur!r rem>k4 ,9 ne>ly all ! ,polyps ! sexes are sep>ate2 ! g5]ation is sometimes sexual2 b ^! be+s multiply also by :at ! zoologi/s call gemmation1 or buds4 ,!y are provid$ ) organs ( ! s5ses2 ne>ly all ( !m h eyes--an imm5se progress 9 organization z comp>$ ) ! animals :i* h hi!rto engag$ our att5tion4 ,_! respiration is effect$ by ! sk9--ano!r in/ance ( ! economy ( ,nature4 ,! app>atus ( _! circulation is indi/9ct1 b !y h a n\ri%+ fluid analog\s to ! blood 9 v]tebrat$ animals4 ,vibratile cilia & /++ hairs (t5 cov] ! entire surface ( ! ,polyps4 ,^! g5]al rem>ks may appe> obscure & insuffici5t to ! l>g] numb] ( our read]s4 ,!y are necess>ily s2 !y are g5]alities ^u animals v little kn[n1 ev5 to naturali/s4 ,we quit ?is difficult gr\nd1 tru/+ to make ! special /udy ( ! sev]al types we %all h to describe m int]e/+4 ,! gr\p ( ,polyps divide !mselves into _m classes1 namely1 ! ,alcyonid1 ! ,zoan?9a1 ! ,discophora1 & ,ct5ophora4 ,x w be our task to describe 9 succession ! habits & *>act]s ( ea* ( ^! classes1 dwell+ on su* species z appe> to u to (f] to ! read] mo/ real int]e/4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #e3 ,outl9es ( ,comp>ative ,anatomy4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,corall9es4 ,z = y\r pretty little se$-cups or vases1 !y are a sweet confirmation ( ! pleasure ,nature seems to take 9 sup]add+ elegance ( =m to mo/ ( h] works4 ,h[ poor & bungl+ are all ! imitations ( art6 ,:5 ,i h ! pleasure ( see+ y next1 we %all sit d[n--nay1 kneel d[n--& admire ^! ?+s4--,,hog>? ,,to ,,ellis4 ,! ,alcyon>ia are s designat$ f _! pr9cipal type1 t ( ! ,alcyons4 ,! fre%-wat] species are compos$ ( a fle%y1 sponge-l mass1 consi/+ ( v]tical1 aggregat$1 membranace\s tubes1 :i* are op5 on ! surface4 ,9 ^! tubes ! polyps1 :i* are ,isidians1 are locat$4 ,! m\? is encircl$ ) a s+le s]ies ( fili=m t5tacula1 :i*1 l ^? ( ! :ole family1 are depress$ or incomplete on "o side4 ,! eggs are conta9$ 9 ! tubes1 & are coriace\s & smoo?4 ,! t5tacula ( ^! polyps are g5]ally eight1 dispos$ some:at l ! b>bs ( a fea!r1 & too!d on _! edges l a saw1 :i* has procur$ !m ! "n ( ,ct5oc]os1 f ! ,greek ^w 1 a comb4 ,_! bodies pres5t eight p]iga/ric lamell2 _! coral is (t5 =m$ ( spicul4 ,we %all see1 f>!r on1 t among ! ,gorgonid ! coral ceases to be p>5*ym\s--t is1 spongy & cellul>2 t its axis assumes a horny & resi/ant consi/5ce1 :i* becomes /ony 9 ! corall9es4 ,9 ?is la/ gr\p1 ! ext]nal b$1 :i* is ! special lodg+ ( ! polyps1 always rema9s s(t on ! surface4 ,we %all h a g5]al idea ( ! organization1 mann]s1 & mode ( multiplication among ! ,alcyon>ia :5 we come to treat ( corals & _! /range hi/ory4 ,! class ,alcyon>ia is divid$ into _m ord]s4 ,we %all consid]--,i4 ,! ,tubipor94 ,,ii4 ,! ,gorgoniad4 ,,iii4 ,! ,p5natulid4 ,,iv4 ,! ,alcyon>ia1 prop]ly s call$4 ,i4 ,,! ,,tubipor9 =m a gr\p consi/+ ( sev]al species1 :i* live 9 ! bosom ( tropical seas1 9 :i* ! ,coral ,isl&s =m s prom95t a feature4 ,! gr\p is exclusively =m$ ( ! curi\s g5us ,tubipora4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,tubipora musica 7,l9n471 half ! natural size4 ,! ,tubipora is a calc>e\s coral1 =m$ by a comb9ation ( di/9ct1 regul>ly-arrang$ tubes1 connect$ toge!r at regulat$ di/ances by lamell> expansion ( ! same mat]ial4 ,! aggregate =mation result+ f ?is comb9ation ( tubes con/itutes a r\nd$ mass1 :i* (t5 atta9s a v consid]able size4 ,9 ,fig4 #da we h a repres5tation ( ! zoophyte ,tubipora musica & its product1 :i* is sometimes designat$ by ! vulg> "n ( ,sea-,organ4 ,9 ! engrav+1 #a is ! calc>e\s product1 r$uc$ to half its size2 #b1 is a portion 9 its natural size2 #c1 ! tubes magnifi$1 & conta9+ ! polyp :i* occupies ! summit ( ! tube1 ! :ole ( :i* con/itutes ?is curi\s coral2 #d1 is ! polyp magnifi$2 #e1 ! head or collection ( t5tacula ( ! individual polyp4 ,zoologi/s ( ! la/ c5tury conf\nd$ all ! species ( ?is g5]a inhabit+ ! tropical seas1 mak+ only "o species1 to :i* !y gave ! "n ( ,tubipora musica4 ,b x is n[ kn[n t !re are _m species ( ,tubipor1 readily di/+ui%able 9 a fre% condition by a diff]5ce 9 ! col\r ( ! polyps4 ,! tissue ( ^! s+ul> be+s is ( an int5sely r$ col\r4 ,! disposition ( _! tubes 9 ! /yle ( organ pipes has always attract$ ! att5tion ( ! curi\s inquir] into ! secrets ( ,nature4 ,,ii4 ,,gorgoniad4 ,milne ,edw>ds divides ?is ord] into ?ree natural gr\ps3--,i4 ,! ,gorgoniad4 ,,ii4 ,! ,isidians4 ,,iii4 ,! ,corall9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,! ,sea ,fan1 ,gorgonia flabellum 7,l9n474 ,! ,gorgonians are compos$ ( two sub/ances3 ! "o ext]nal1 sometimes gelat9\s & fugitive2 sometimes1 on ! contr>y1 cretace\s1 fle%y1 & m or less t5aci\s4 ,animat$ ) life1 ?is membrane is irritable & encloses ! polyp2 x becomes friable or ar5ace\s 9 dry+4 ,! second sub/ance1 int]nal & c5tral1 su/a9s ! fir/1 & is call$ ! axis4 ,?is axis pres5ts a horny appe>ance1 & 0 =m]ly believ$ to possess *emical *>act]s analog\s to ! horns & ho(s ( "s ( ! v]tebrat$ animals4 ,x has rec5tly be5 ass]t$ t ! tissues ( ^! corals consi/ ess5tially ( a p>ticul> sub/ance :i* resembles horn1 b :i* is call$ ,corne9e4 ,a little c>bonate ( lime is sometimes f\nd unit$ ) ?is sub/ance1 b nev] 9 a suffici5t quantity to give x a /ony consi/5ce4 ,?is out] cov]+ developes itself 9 conc5tric b$s1 betwe5 ! portion ( ! axis previ\sly =m$ & ! int]nal surface ( ! scl]otic cov]+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,fan ,gorgon1 magnifi$4 ,! mode ( gr[? 9 ?is axis pres5ts great v>iations4 ,sometimes x rema9s simple & rises l a sl5d] rod1 sometimes x has num]\s bran*es4 ,x is arboresc5t :5 ! bran*es & _! accompanim5ts take diff]5t directions s z to con/itute tufts4 ,x is panicl$ :5 !y arrange !mselves on bo? sides ( ! /em or pr9cipal bran*es1 aft] ! mann] ( ! b>bs ( a fea!r4 ,x is flabelli=m :5 ! bran*es rise irregul>ly "u ! same plane2 reticulat$1 :5 bran*es are s dispos$ z to be atta*$ to ea* o!r by network 9 place ( rema9+ free4 ,! ,gorgoniad are f\nd 9 e sea1 & always at consid]able dep?s4 ,!y are l>g] & m num]\s betwe5 ! ,tropics ?an 9 cold or ev5 temp]ate climates4 ,"s ( ^! corals sc>cely atta9 ! twelf? ( an in* 9 height1 :ile o!rs rise to ! height ( sev]al feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,gorgonia v]ticellata 7,pallas74 ,=m$ 9 ! bosom ( ! ocean1 x is only necess>y to behold ^! s+ul> creations 9 ord] to admire ! brilliant col\rs :i* decorate _! semi-membranace\s bran*es4 ,! brilliancy ( _! robes are s+ul>ly dim9i%$1 h almo/ entirely disappe>$1 inde$1 :5 !y make _! appe>ance 9 ! cases ( our natural hi/ory collections4 ,! ,fan ,gorgon1 f ! ,antilles 7,fig4 #db71 is a species :i* (t5 atta9s ! height ( eighte5 or tw5ty in*es1 & ne>ly z mu* 9 bread?4 ,! network ( its int]/ices ) its unequal & s]ri$ me%es1 resembl+ f9e lace1 h l$ to its designation ( ,sea ,fan4 ,its col\r is yell[ or r$di%4 ,9 ,fig4 #dc we h ! ,sea ,fan magnifi$ to twice its natural size1 %[+ ! curi\s details ( its organization4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,gorgonia v]ticellata 7,pallas71 magnifi$ f\r times4 ,! ,:orl$ ,gorgon 7,g4 v]ticellata71 :i* is f\nd 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 is yell[i% 9 col\r1 & also ( elegant =m4 ,x is sometimes call$ ! ,sea ,p54 ,?is species is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #dd1 :ile ,fig4 #de repres5ts a small bran* magnifi$ f\r times1 9 ord] to give an exact idea ( its =m4 ,! ,gorgons are n kn[n to be useful ei!r 9 ! arts or 9 m$ic9e4 ,!y are ornam5tal 9 cab9ets1 & int]e/+ bo? z objects ( /udy & ( zoological curiosity4 ,,isidians4 ,! ,isid con/itute an int]m$iate gr\p betwe5 ! ,gorgons & ,corall9es4 ,_! polypidom is arboresc5t1 b its axis is =m$ ( articulations alt]nately calc>e\s & horny4 ,! pr9cipal g5us is t ( ! ,isis1 :i* is met ) 9 ! ,indian ,ocean1 on ! ,am]ican coa/1 & 9 ,oceania4 ,! inhabitants ( ! ,molucca ,isl&s use ^! animals m$ic9ally z a rem$y 9 c]ta9 diseases2 b z !y use !m = ! mo/ opposite maladies1 x may be d\bt$ if !y are really efficaci\s 9 any m$ic9al po9t ( view4 ,! ,isis corollodis ( ,oceania has a coral ) num]\s sl5d] bran*es1 furni%$ ) cyl9drical knots at int]vals1 contract$ t[>ds ! middle1 f9ely /riat$1 & rose-col\r$4 ,isis hippuris1 repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #df1 has a s+ul> resemblance to ! ,common ,m>e's ,tail 7,hippuris vulg>is74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,isis hippuris4 ,f\r o!r species ( ,isidians are kn[n4 ,! same family includes ! g5]a ( ,melita & ,mopsea1 :i*1 h[ev]1 our limits =bid u to describe4 ,,corall94 ,! gr\p ( ,corall9es consi/ ( a s+le g5us1 ,corallium1 hav+ a common axis1 in>ticulate1 solid1 & calc>e\s1 ! typical species ( :i* furni%es matt] h>d1 brilliant1 & ri*ly col\r$1 & mu* s\ght aft] z an object ( adornm5t4 ,?is int]e/+ zoophyte & its product require to be describ$ ) "s detail4 ,f v e>ly times1 ! coral has be5 adopt$ z an object ( ornam5t4 ,f ! highe/ antiquity1 also1 ef=ts 7 made to asc]ta9 its true orig91 & ! place assignable to x 9 ! works ( ,nature4 ,!ophra/us1 ,dioscorides1 & ,pl9y consid]$ t ! coral 0 a plant4 ,t\rne=t1 9 #agjj1 reproduc$ ! same idea4 ,raumur slightly modifi$ ?is op9ion ( ! anci5ts1 & decl>$ 8 op9ion t ! coral 0 ! /ony product ( c]ta9 m>9e plants4 ,sci5ce 0 9 ?is /ate :5 a naturali/1 :o has acquir$ a great "n1 ! ,c\nt de ,m>sigli1 made a discov]y :i* ?rew q a new light on ! true orig9 ( ?is natural product4 ,he ann\nc$ t he _h discov]$ ! fl[]s ( ! coral4 ,he repres5t$ ^! fl[]s 9 8 f9e "w1 ,la ,physique de la ,m]1 :i* includes _m int]e/+ details respect+ ?is curi\s product ( ! ocean4 ,h[ c\ld x be long] d\bt$ t ! coral 0 a plant1 s9ce he _h se5 its exp&$ fl[]s8 ,no "o d\bt$ x1 & ,raumur proclaim$ ev]y:]e ! discov]y ( ! happy ,academician4 ,unhappily1 a discordant note soon m+l$ 9 ?is conc]t4 ,x ev5 emanat$ f a pupil ( ,m>sigli6 ,jean ,&r de ,peyssonnel 0 born at ,m>seilles 9 #afid4 ,he 0 a /ud5t ( m$ic9e & natural hi/ory at ,p>is :5 ! ,acadmie des ,sci5ces *>g$ him ) ! task ( /udy+ ! coral on ! sea-%ore4 ,peyssonnel began 8 obs]vations 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,m>seilles 9 #agbc4 ,he pursu$ x on ! ,nor? ,african coa/1 :]e he _h be5 s5t on a mission by ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,aid$ by a long s]ies ( obs]vations z exact z !y 7 delicate1 ,peyssonnel demon/rat$ t ! pret5d$ fl[]s :i* ! ,c\nt de ,m>sigli ?\ght he _h discov]$ 9 ! coral1 7 true animals1 & %[$ t ! coral 0 nei!r plant nor ! product ( a plant1 b a be+ ) life1 :i* he plac$ 9 ! fir/ rung ( ! zoological ladd]4 ,i put ! fl[] ( ! coral1 says ,peyssonnel1 9 vases full ( sea-wat]1 & ,i saw t :at _h be5 tak5 = a fl[] ( ?is pret5d$ plant 01 9 tru?1 only an insect1 l a little sea-nettle1 or polyp4 ,i _h ! pleasure ( see+ remov$ ! claws or feet ( ! creature1 & hav+ put ! vase full ( wat]1 :i* conta9$ ! coral1 9 a g5tle heat ov] ! fire1 all ! small insects seem$ to exp&4 ,! polyp ext5d$ 8 feet1 & =m$ :at ,m4 de ,m>sigli & ,i _h tak5 = ! petals ( a fl[]4 ,! calyx ( ?is pret5d$ fl[]1 9 %ort1 0 ! animal1 :i* advanc$ & issu$ out ( its cell4 ,! obs]vations ( ,peyssonnel 7 calculat$ to put aside altoge!r !ories :i* _h lately attract$ univ]sal admiration1 b !y 7 coldly receiv$ by ! naturali/s1 8 contempor>ies4 ,raumur di/+ui%$ himself greatly 9 8 opposition to ! "y innovator4 ,he wrote to ,peyssonnel 9 an ironical tone3 ,i ?9k 7he says7 z y d1 t no "o has hi!rto be5 dispos$ to reg>d ! coral z ! "w ( insects4 ,we _c d5y t ?is idea is bo? new & s+ul>2 b ! coral1 z x appe>s to me1 nev] c\ld h be5 con/ruct$ by sea-nettles or polyps1 if we may judge f ! mann] 9 :i* y make !m lab\r4 ,:at appe>$ impossible to ,raumur 01 h[ev]1 a fact :i* ,peyssonnel _h demon/rat$ to hundr$s by 8 exp]im5ts at ,m>seilles4 ,nev]!less1 ,b]n>d de ,jussieu did n f9d ! reasons he urg$ /rong en\gh to induce him to ab&on ! op9ions he _h =m$ z to _! vegetable orig94 ,afflict$ & disgu/$ at ! indiff]5t success ) :i* 8 lab\rs 7 receiv$1 ,peyssonnel ab&on$ 8 inve/igations4 ,he ev5 ab&on$ sci5ce & society1 & s\ght an obscure retirem5t 9 ! ,antilles z a naval surgeon1 & 8 manuscripts1 :i* he left 9 ,france1 h nev] be5 pr9t$4 ,^! manuscripts1 writt5 9 #agdd1 7 pres]v$ 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory at ,p>is4 ,! title is compreh5sive & suffici5tly descriptive4 ,x %\ld be add$1 9 ord] to complete ! recital1 t ,raumur & ,b]n>d de ,jussieu f9ally recogniz$ ! value ( ! discov]ies & ! validity ( ! reason+ ( ! naturali/ ( ,m>seilles4 ,:5 ^! illu/ri\s savants became acqua9t$ ) ! exp]im5ts ( ,trembley ^u ! fre%-wat] hydr2 :5 !y _h !mselves repeat$ !m2 :5 !y _h made simil> obs]vations on ! sea anemone & alcyonid2 :5 !y f9ally discov]$ t on o!r s-call$ m>9e plants animalcules 7 f\nd simil> to ! hydra1 s admirably describ$ by ,trembley2--!y no long] hesitat$ to r5d] full ju/ice to ! views ( _! =m] adv]s>y4 ,:ile ,peyssonnel /ill liv$ =gott5 at ! ,antilles1 8 sci5tific lab\rs 7 cr[n$ ) triumph at ,p>is2 b x 0 a /]ile triumph = him4 ,raumur gave to ! animalcules :i* con/ruct ! coral ! "n ( ,polyps1 & ,coral to ! product itself1 = su* he consid]$ ! ar*itectural product ( ! polyps4 ,9 o!r words1 ,raumur introduc$ into ,sci5ce ! views :i* he _h ke5ly conte/$ ) _! au?or4 ,b f t "t ! animal nature ( ! corall9e has nev] be5 d\bt$4 ,)\t paus+ to note ! v>i\s au?ors :o h giv5 _! att5tion to ?is f9e natural production1 we %all at once direct our att5tion to ! organization ( ! animalcules1 & ! con/ruction ( ! coral4 ,m4 ,lacaze-,du?i]s1 pr(essor at ! ,j>d9 des ,plantes ( ,p>is1 publi%$ 9 #ahfd a rem>kable monograph1 entitl$ ,l',hi/oire ,naturelle du ,corail4 ,?is le>n$ naturali/ 0 *>g$ by ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t1 9 #ahfj1 ) a mission hav+ = its object ! /udy ( ! coral f ! natural hi/ory po9t ( view4 ,8 obs]vations ^u ! zoophytes are num]\s & precise1 & wor?y ( ! successor ( ,peyssonnel2 b = close obs]vation1 practical conclusions1 & popul> exposition1 ! _w is m indebt$ to ,*>les ,d>w9 ?an to any o!r naturali/4 ,a bran* ( liv+ coral1 if we may use ! t]m1 is an aggregation ( animals d]iv$ f a fir/ be+ by budd+4 ,!y are unit$ among !mselves by a common tissue1 ea* seem+ to enjoy a life ( its own1 ?\gh p>ticipat+ 9 a common object4 ,! bran* seems to orig9ate 9 an egg1 :i* produces a "y animal1 :i* atta*es itself soon aft] its bir?1 z already describ$4 ,f ?is is d]iv$ ! new be+s :i*1 by _! unit$ lab\rs1 produce ! bran* ( coral or polypidom4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,liv+ ,b$ ( ,coral aft] ! entrance ( ! ,polyps4 7,lacaze-,du?i]s47 ,?is bran* is compos$ ( two di/9ct p>ts3 ! "o c5tral1 ( a h>d1 brittle1 & /ony nature1 ! well-kn[n coral ( comm]ce2 ! o!r altoge!r ext]nal1 l ! b>k ( a tree1 s(t & fle%y1 & easily impress$ ) ! nail4 ,?is is ess5tially ! b$ ( ! liv+ colony4 ,! fir/ is call$ ! polypidom1 ! second is ! colony ( polyps4 ,?is b$ 7,fig4 #dg7 is mu* contract$ :5 ! wat] is )drawn f ! colony4 ,x is cov]$ ) sali5t mammals or protub]ances1 mu* wr9kl$ & furr[$4 ,ea* protub]ance encloses a polyp1 & pres5ts on its summit eight folds1 radiat+ r\nd a c5tral pore1 :i* pres5ts a />-l appe>ance4 ,?is pore z x op5s gives to ! polyps ! opportunity ( com+ out4 ,its edge pres5ts a r$di% calyx1 l ! re/ ( ! b>k1 ! fe/oon$ ?roat ( :i* pres5ts eight d5tations4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,?ree ,polyps ( ! ,coral4 7,lacaze-,du?i]s47 ,! polyp itself 7,fig4 #dh7 is =m$ ( a :iti% membran\s tube1 ne>ly cyl9drical1 hav+ an upp] disk1 surr\nd$ by its eight t5tacula1 be>+ _m delicate fibres spread+ out lat]ally4 ,?is assemblage ( t5tacula resembles ! corolla ( "s fl[]s2 its =m is v v>iable1 b always truly elegant4 ,fig4 #di 7:i* is borr[$ f ,m4 ,lacaze-,du?i]s' great "w7 repres5ts "o ( ^! =ms ( ! coral4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,coral ,polyp4 7,lacaze-,du?i]s47 ,! arms ( ! polyps are at times subject to viol5t agitation3 ! t5tacula become mu* excit$4 ,if ?is excitem5t cont9ues1 ! t5tacula c be se5 to fold & roll !mselves up1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ej4 ,if we look at ! exp&$ disk1 we see t ! eight t5tacula atta* !mselves to ! body1 describ+ a space p]fectly circul>1 9 ! middle ( :i* rises a small mammal1 ! summit ( :i* is occupi$ by a small slit l two r\nd$ lips4 ,?is is ! m\? ( ! polyps1 ! =m be+ v v>iable1 b well repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ej1 :]e ! organ "u consid]ation is display$4 ,a cyl9drical tube connect$ ) ! m\? repres5ts ! oesophagus or gullet2 b all o!r portions ( ! dige/ive tube are v rudim5t>y4 ,! oesophagus connects ! g5]al cavity ( ! body ) ! ext]ior1 & looks z if x 7 susp5d$ 9 ! middle ( ! body by c]ta9 folds1 :i* issue ) p]fect symmetry f eight po9ts ( its circumf]5ce4 ,! folds :i* ?us fix ! oesophagus =m a s]ies ( cells1 above ea* ( :i* x atta*es itself1 & supports an arm or t5taculum4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,ano!r =m ( ! ,coral ,polyp4 7,lacaze-,du?i]s47 ,let u pause an in/ant ov] ! s(t & fle%y b>k 9 :i* ! polyps are engag$4 ,let u see also :at are ! mutual relations :i* exi/ betwe5 ! sev]al inhabitants ( "o ( ^! colonies1 h[ !y are atta*$ to "o ano!r1 & :at is _! connection ) ! polypidom4 ,! ?ick fle%y body1 s(t1 & easily impress$ ) ! f+]1 is ! liv+ "p :i* produces ! coral2 x ext5ds itself s z exactly to cov] ! :ole polypidom4 ,if x p]i%es at any "o po9t1 t "p ( ! axis :i* corresponds ) ! po9t no long] %[s any increase4 ,an intimate relation1 !re=e1 exi/s betwe5 ! b>k & ! polypidom4 ,if ! b>k is exam9$ m closely1 ?ree pr9cipal elem5ts are recogniz$--a common g5]al tissue1 "s spicula1 & c]ta9 vessels4 ,! g5]al tissue is transp>5t1 glossy1 cellul>1 & contractile4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,corall9e ,spicula4 7,lacaze-,du?i]s47 ,! spicul are v small calc>e\s concretions1 m or less elongat$1 cov]$ ) knott$ jo9ts bri/l+ ) sp9es1 & ( regul> det]m9ate =m 7,fig4 #ea74 ,!y refract ! light v vividly1 & _! col\r is t ( ! coral1 b mu* weak]1 9 consequ5ce ( _! want ( ?ickness4 ,!y are uni=mly di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! b>k1 & give to ! coral ! f9e col\r :i* g5]ally *>act]ises x4 ,! vessels con/itute a network1 :i* ext5ds & repeats itself 9 ! ?ickness ( ! cru/4 ,^! vessels are ( two k9ds 7,fig4 #eb72 ! "o1 comp>atively v l>ge1 is imb$d$ 9 ! axis1 & dispos$ 9 p>allel lay]s2 ! o!rs are regul> & mu* small]4 ,!y =m a network ( unequal me%es1 :i* occupies ! :ole ?ickness ( ! ext]nal cru/4 ,?is network has direct & important connection ) ! polyps on ! "o h&1 & ) ! c5tral sub/ance :i* =ms ! axis on ! o!r4 ,x communicates directly ) ! g5]al cavity ( ! body ( ! animal1 by e *annel :i* approa*es x1 :ile ! two ranges ( network approa* ea* o!r by a great numb] ( ana/omos+ processes4 ,su* is ! vascul> arrangem5t ( ! coral4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,circulat+ ,app>atus = ! nutritive fluids 9 ! ,coral4 7,lacaze-,du?i]s47 ,! circulation ( alim5t>y fluids 9 ! coral is accompli%$ by means ( vessels ne> to ! axis1 )\t1 h[ev]1 directly ana/omos+ ) ! cavities conta9+ ! polyps :i* live 9 ! polypidom2 !y only communicate ) ^? cavities by v delicate int]m$i>y canals4 ,! alim5t>y fluids !y receive f ! second>y sy/em ( network1 :i* br+s !m into direct communication ) ! polyps4 ,! alim5t>y fluids elaborat$ by ! polyps pass into ! bran*es ( ! second>y & irregul> network sy/em1 9 ord] to rea* ! great p>allel tubes :i* ext5d f "o extremity ( ! organism to ! o!r1 s]v+ ! same purpose to ! :ole community4 ,:5 ! extremity ( a bran* ( liv+ coral is torn or brok51 a :ite liquid imm$iately fl[s f ! w\nd1 :i* m+les ) wat]1 & pres5ts all ! appe>ance ( milk4 ,?is is ! fluid alim5t :i* has escap$ f ! vessel conta9+ x1 *>g$ ) ! dbris ( ! organism4 ,:at occurs :5 ! bud produces new polyps8 ,x is only r\nd well-develop$ animals1 & p>ticul>ly ^? ) bran*+ extremities1 9 :i* ?is ph5om5on is produc$4 ,! new be+s resemble little :ite po9ts pi]c$ ) a c5tral orifice4 ,aid$ by ! microscope1 we discov] t ?is :ite po9t is />r$ ) radiat+ :ite l9es1 ! edge ( ! orifice be>+ eight di/9ctly-trac$ ind5tations4 ,all ^! organs are enl>g$ /ep by /ep until ! "y animal has atta9$ ! %rub-l or bran*$ aspect :i* belongs to ! comp\nd polypidom4 ,! tube is bran*+1 & ! orifices f :i* ! polypi exp& become dilat$ into cup-l cells4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,section ( a ,bran* ( ,coral4 7,lacaze-,du?i]s47 ,! coral ( comm]ce1 s beautiful & s appreciat$ by lov]s ( bij\t]ie1 is ! polypidom4 ,x is cyl9drical1 mu* *annel$ on ! surface1 ! l9es usually p>allel to ! axis ( ! cyl9d]1 ! depressions sometimes correspond+ to ! body ( ! animal4 ,if ! transv]se section ( a polypidom be exam9$1 x is f\nd to be regul>ly fe/oon$ on its circumf]5ce4 ,t[>ds its c5tre c]ta9 s9uosities appe>1 sometimes cross+1 sometimes trigonal1 sometimes 9 irregul> l9es1 & 9 ! rema9+ mass are r$di% folds alt]nat+ ) bright] spaces :i* radiate f ! c5tre t[>ds ! circumf]5ce 7,fig4 #ec74 ,9 ! section ( a v r$ coral1 x w be obs]v$ t ! col\r is n equally di/ribut$1 b sep>at$ into zones m or less deep 9 col\r1 conta9+ v ?9 prep>ations :i* crack1 n irregul>ly1 b p>allel to ! edge ( ! plate1 & 9 su* a mann] z to reproduce ! fe/oons on ! circumf]5ce4 ,f ?is x may be d$uc$ t ! /em increases by conc5tric lay]s be+ deposit$1 :i* m\ld !mselves "o ^u ! o!r4 ,9 ! mass ( coral c]ta9 small corpuscles occur1 *>g$ ) irregul> asp]ities1 mu* r$d] ?an ! tissue into :i* !y are plung$4 ,^! are mu* m num]\s 9 ! r$ ?an 9 ! light b&1 & !y necess>ily give m /r5g? to ! g5]al t9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,bir? ( ! ,corall9e ,l>v4 7,lacaze-,du?i]s47 ,to ! mode ( reproduction 9 ! coral polyps1 s well describ$ by ,lacaze-,du?i]s1 we c only devote a few l9es4 ,sometimes1 accord+ to ?is able obs]v]1 ! polyps ( ! same colony are all ei!r male or female1 & ! bran* is unisexual2 9 o!rs !re are bo? male & female1 :5 ! bran* is bisexual4 ,f9ally1 b v r>ely1 polyps are f\nd unit+ bo? sexes4 ,! coral is vivip>\s2 t is to say1 its eggs become embryos inside ! polyp4 ,! l>v rema9 a c]ta9 "t 9 ! g5]al cavity ( ! polyp1 :]e !y c be se5 ?r\gh its transp>5cy1 z exhibit$ 9 ,fig4 #ed4 ,aid$ by ! magnify+ p[]s ( ! microscope1 coral l>v may "h be p]ceiv$ ?r\gh ! transp>5t membran\s envelope4 ,f ?is position !y escape f ! m\? ( ! "m 9 ! mann] repres5t$ 9 ! upp] bran*4 ,! animal !n resembles a little :ite grub or worm1 m or less elongat$4 ,! l>va is1 h[ev]1 /ill egg-%ap$ or ovoid2 moreov]1 x is sunk 9 a holl[ cavity1 & cov]$ ) cilia1 by ! aid ( :i* x c swim4 ,sometimes "o ( its extremities becomes enl>g$1 ! o!r rema9+ sl5d] & po9t$4 ,^u ?is an op5+ is =m$ communicat+ ) ! int]ior cavity3 ?is is ! m\?4 ,! l>v swim backw>ds2 t is to say1 ) ! m\? beh9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,v "y ,polyps1 atta*$ to a ,bryozoa4 ,x is only at a c]ta9 p]iod aft] bir? t ! coral polyp fixes itself & comm5ces its metamorphoses1 :i* consi/ ess5tially 9 a *ange ( =m & proportions4 ,! buccal extremity is dim9i%$ & tap]s (f1 :il/ ! base swells1 & is enl>g$--x becomes discoid2 ! po/]ior surface ( ?is sort ( disk is a plane1 ! front repres5t+ ! m\?1 at ! bottom ( a depression edg$ ) a great cu%ion4 ,eight mammillations or swell+s n[ appe>1 correspond+ to ! *amb]s :i* divide ! int]ior ( ! disk3 ! worm has tak5 its radiate =m4 ,f9ally1 ! mammals are elongat$ & trans=m$ into t5tacula4 ,9 ,fig4 #ee a "y coral polyp is repres5t$ fix$ ^u a bryozoa1 a "n employ$ by ,ehr5b]g = zoophytes hav+ a m\? & anus4 ,x =ms a small disk1 ! =tie? "p ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & hav+ its spicula already col\r$ r$4 ,fig4 #ef %[s ! successive =ms ( ! "y polyps 9 ! progressive phases ( _! developm5t--be+ a "y corall9e polyp fix$ ^u a rock /ill contract$4 ,fig4 #eg is a simil> corall9e atta*$ to a rock & exp&+ its t5tacula4 ,fig4 #eh repres5ts a small po9t$ rock cov]$ ) polypi & polypidoms ( ! natural size & ( diff]5t %apes1 b all "y1 & indicat+ ! def9ite =m ( developm5t :i* ! collective be+s are to assume4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,a "y ,coral ,polyp fix$ ^u a ,rock4 7,lacaze-,du?i]s47 ,! simple isolat$ /ate ( ! animal1 ^: phases ( developm5t we h indicat$1 does n la/ long4 ,x possesses ! prop]ty ( produc+ new be+s1 z we h already said1 by budd+4 ,b h[ is ! polypidom =m$8 ,if we take a v "y bran*1 we f9d 9 ! c5tre ( ! ?ickness ( ! cru/ a nucleus or /ony sub/ance resembl+ an agglom]ation ( spicula4 ,:5 !y are suffici5t 9 numb] & size1 ^! nuclei =m a k9d ( /ony plate1 :i* is imb$d$ 9 ! ?ickness ( ! tissues ( ! animal4 ,^! lam91 at fir/ q flat1 assume 9 ! c\rse ( _! developm5t a horse-%oe %ape4 ,figs4 #ei & #fj w give ! read] "s idea ( ! =m 9 :i* ! "y pres5t !mselves4 ,fig4 #ei repres5ts ! corpuscles 9 :i* ! polypidom has its orig92 ,fig4 #fj1 ! rudim5t>y =m ( ! corall9e polypidom4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,"y ,coral ,polyp atta*$ to a ,rock & exp&$4 7,lacaze-,du?i]s47 ,our in=mation fails to convey any precise notion ( ! "t necess>y = ! coral to acquire ! v>i\s proportions 9 :i* x pres5ts itself4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4 ,a ,rock cov]$ ) "y ,polyps & ,polypidom4 7,lacaze-,du?i]s47 ,d>w91 :o exam9$ "s ( ^! creatures v m9utely1 tells u t sev]al g5]a 7,flu/r1 ,es*>1 ,cell>ia1 ,cresia1 & o!rs7 agree 9 hav+ s+ul> movable organs atta*$ to _! cells4 ,! organs 9 ! great] numb] ( cases v closely resemble ! head ( a vulture2 b ! l[] m&ible c be op5$ mu* wid] ?an a real bird's beak4 ,! head itself possesses consid]able p[]s ( movem5t1 by means ( a %ort neck4 ,9 "o zoophyte ! head itself 0 fix$1 b ! l[] jaw free2 9 ano!r x 0 replac$ by a triangul> hood1 ) a beautifully-fitt$ trap-door1 :i* evid5tly answ]$ to ! l[] m&ible4 ,9 ! great] numb] ( species ea* cell 0 provid$ ) "o head1 b 9 o!rs ea* cell _h two4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4 ,corpuscles f :i* orig9ate ! ,polypidom4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4 ,fir/ =m ( ! ,polypidom4 7,lacaze-,du?i]s47 ,! "y cells at ! end ( ! bran*es ( ^! corall9es conta9 q immature polypi1 yet ! vulture heads atta*$ to !m1 ?\gh small1 are 9 e respect p]fect4 ,:5 ! polypus 0 remov$ by a ne$le f any ( ! cells1 ^! organs did n appe> to be 9 ! lea/ affect$4 ,:5 "o ( ! vulture-l heads 0 cut (f f a cell1 ! l[] m&ible reta9$ its p[] ( op5+ & clos+4 ,p]haps ! mo/ s+ul> "p ( _! /ructure is1 t :5 !re are m ?an two r[s ( cells on a bran*1 ! c5tral cells 7 furni%$ ) ^! app5dages ( only "o-f\r? ! size ( ! outside ones4 ,_! movem5ts v>i$ accord+ to ! species2 b 9 "s ,i nev] saw ! lea/ motion1 :ile o!rs1 ) ! l[] m&ible g5]ally wide op51 oscillat$ backw>ds & =w>ds at ! rate ( ab\t five seconds ea* turn2 o!rs mov$ rapidly & by />ts4 ,:5 t\*$ ) a ne$le1 ! beak g5]ally seiz$ ! po9t s firmly t ! :ole bran* might be %ak54 ,9 ! ,cresia1 ,d>w9 obs]v$ t ea* cell 0 furni%$ ) a long-too!d bri/le1 :i* _h ! p[] ( mov+ v quickly2 ea* bri/le & ea* vulture-l head mov+ q indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r2 sometimes all on "o side1 sometimes ^? on "o bran* only mov+ simultane\sly1 sometimes "o aft] ! o!r4 ,9 ^! actions we app>5tly behold z p]fect a transmission ( w 9 ! zoophyte1 ?\gh compos$ ( ?\s&s ( di/9ct polyps1 z 9 any di/9ct animal4 ,:at c be m rem>kable1 he adds1 ?an to see a plant-l body produc+ an egg1 capable ( swimm+ ab\t & *oos+ a prop] place to adh]e to1 :]e x spr\ts out into bran*es1 ea* cr[d$ ) innum]able di/9ct animals1 (t5 ( complicat$ organization6--! bran*es1 moreov]1 sometimes possess+ organs capable ( movem5t indep5d5t ( ! polypi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pass+ to ! coral fi%+1 x may be said to be q special1 pres5t+ no analogy ) any o!r fi%+ 9 ! ,european seas1 if we except ! sponge fi%]ies4 ,! fi%+ /ations :i* occur are f\nd on ! ,italian coa/ & ! coa/ ( ,b>b>y2 9 %ort1 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! ,m$it]ranean bas94 ,9 all ^! regions1 on abrupt rocky b$s1 c]ta9 aquatic =e/s occur1 compos$ entirely ( ! r$ coral1 ! mo/ brilliant & ! mo/ celebrat$ ( all ! corals1 ,coralium decus liquidi6 ,dur+ _m ages1 z we h se51 ! coral 0 suppos$ to be a plant4 ,! anci5t ,greeks call$ x ! daught] ( ! sea 7 71 :i* ! ,lat9s translat$ into corralium or coralium4 ,x is n[ agre$ among naturali/s t ! coral is con/ruct$ by a family ( polyps liv+ toge!r1 & compos+ a polypidom4 ,x ab\nds 9 ! ,m$it]ranean & ! ,r$ ,sea1 :]e x is f\nd at v>i\s dep?s1 b r>ely less ?an five fa?oms1 or m ?an a hundr$ & fifty4 ,ea* polypidom resembles a pretty r$ leafless "u %rub be>+ delicate little />-l radiat+ :ite fl[]s4 ,! axes ( ?is little tree are ! p>ts common to ! association1 ! fl[rets are ! polypi4 ,^! axes pres5t a s(t reticulat$ cru/1 full ( little cavities1 :i* are ! cells ( ! polyps1 & are p]meat$ by a milky juice4 ,b5ea? ! cru/ is ! coral1 prop]ly s call$1 :i* equals m>ble 9 h>dness1 & is rem>kable = its /rip$ surface1 its bright r$ col\r1 & ! f9e poli% ( :i* x is susceptible4 ,! anci5ts believ$ t x 0 s(t 9 ! wat]1 & only took its consi/5ce :5 expos$ to ! air3-- ,sic et coralium1 quo primum contigit auras ,tempore1 durescit4 ,,ovid4 ,! fi%+ is *iefly conduct$ by sailors f ,g5oa1 ,leghorn1 & ,naples1 & x is s fatigu+1 t x is a common say+ 9 ,italy t a sailor oblig$ to g to ! coral fi%]y %\ld be a ?ief or an assass94 ,! say+ is a gratuit\s insult to ! sailor1 b conveys a good idea en\gh ( ! occupation4 ,! b>ks s5t to ! fi%+ range f six to fifte5 tons2 !y are solid1 & well adapt$ = ! lab\r2 _! rig is a great late5 sail1 & a jib or /aysail4 ,! /]n is res]v$ = ! cap/an1 ! fi%]s1 & ! crew4 ,! =e "p ( ! vessel is res]v$ = ! requirem5ts ( ! patron or ma/]4 ,! l9es1 wood1 & irons employ$ 9 ! coral fi%]ies are call$ ! eng9e3 x consi/s ( a cross ( wood =m$ ( two b>s1 /rongly la%$ or bolt$ toge!r at _! c5tre2 bel[ ?is a great /one is atta*$1 :i* be>s ! l9es1 arrang$ 9 ! =m ( a sac4 ,^! l9es h great me%es1 loosely knott$ toge!r1 resembl+ ! well-kn[n swab4 ,! app>atus c>ries ?irty ( ^! sacs1 :i* are int5d$ to grapple all !y come 9 contact ) at ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,!y are spread out 9 all directions by ! movem5t ( ! boat4 ,! coral is kn[n to atta* itself to ! summit ( a rock & to develop itself1 =m+ banks !re1 & x is to ^! rocks t ! swab atta*es itself s z to te> up ! preci\s h>ve/4 ,exp]i5ce1 :i* 9 "t becomes almo/ intuitive1 guides ! ,italian fi%] 9 discov]+ ! coral banks4 ,! craft employ$ 9 ! great fi%]y h a patron or capta91 ! b>k hav+ a poop1 ) a crew ( eight or t5 sailors1 & 9 ! season x is cont9u$ night & day4 ,! :ole app>atus1 & mode ( us+ x1 is %[n 9 ,,pl4 ,,iii4 ,:5 ! patron ?9ks t he has rea*$ a coral bank1 he ?r[s 8 eng9e ov]bo>d4 ,z soon z ! app>atus is engag$1 ! spe$ ( ! vessel is ret>d$1 ! cap/an is mann$ by six or eight m51 :ile ! o!rs guide ! helm & trim ! sails4 ,two =ces are ?us br\ght to act ^u ! l9es1 ! horizontal action ( ! vessel & ! v]tical action ( ! cap/an4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! _m inequalities ( ! rocky bottom1 ! eng9e advances by j]ks1 ! vessel yield+ m or less1 accord+ to ! concussion caus$ by ! action ( ! cap/an or sail4 ,! eng9e seizes ^u ! rugg$ rocks at ! bottom1 & raises !m to let !m fall aga94 ,9 ?is mann] ! swab1 float+ ab\t1 p5etrates b5ea? ! rocks :]e ! coral is f\nd1 & is hook$ on to x4 ,to fix ! l9es ^u ! coral & br+ !m home1 is a "w ( unhe>d-( lab\r4 ,! eng9e long resi/s ! mo/ en]getic & repeat$ ef=ts ( ! crew1 :o1 expos$ almo/ nak$ to ! burn+ sun ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 "w ! cap/an to :i* ! cable & eng9e are atta*$1 :ile ! patron urges & excites !m to increas$ ex]tion1 & ! sailors trim ! sail & s+ ) a sl[ & monoton\s tone a song1 ! words ( :i* improvise 9 a sort ( psalmody ! names ( ! sa9ts mo/ rev]$ among ! seaf>+ ,italian population4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,iii4--,coral ,fi%+ on ! ,coa/ ( ,sicily4 ,! l9es are f9ally br\ght home1 te>+ or break+ blocks ( rock1 sometimes ( enorm\s size1 :i* are br\ght on bo>d4 ,! cross is n[ plac$ on ! side ( ! vessel1 ! l9es are arrang$ on ! deck1 & ! crew occupy !mselves 9 ga!r+ ! results ( _! lab\r4 ,! coral is ga!r$ toge!r1 ! bran*es ( ! preci\s zoophyte are cleans$1 & dive/$ ( ! %ells & o!r p>asitic products :i* accompany !m2 f9ally1 ! produce is c>ri$ to & sold 9 ! ports ( ,mess9a1 ,naples1 ,g5oa1 or ,leghorn1 :]e ! work]s 9 jewell]y pur*ase !m4 ,behold1 fair read]1 ) :at h>d lab\r1 fatigue1 & p]il1 ! elegant bij\t]ie ) :i* y are deck$ is torn f ! deepe/ b$ ( ! ocean6 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,p5natulid1 ,,or ,,sea-,,p54 ,?is curi\s family receiv$ f ,cuvi] ! "n ( ,swimm+ ,polypi1 & f ,lam>ck t ( ,float+ ,polypi4 ,! "n ( ,p5natul1 by :i* !y are g5]ally kn[n1 is tak5 f _! resemblance to a quill1 p5na4 ,9 ! words ( ,lam>ck1 ,x seems z if ,nature1 9 =m+ ?is composite animal1 _h wi%$ to copy ! ext]nal =m ( a bird's fea!r4 ,our fi%]m5 call x ! cock's comb1 :i* is n inapt1 b less expressive ( its peculi>ities4 ,?is animal is f two to f\r in*es 9 l5g?1 ( a uni=m purpli%-r$ col\r1 except at ! hip or base ( ! /alk1 :]e x is pale orange-yell[2 ! sk9 is ?icki%1 v t\gh1 & ( a curi\s /ructure1 be+ compos$ ( m9ute cry/all9e cyl9d]s1 d5sely arrang$ 9 /raight l9es1 & held toge!r by a t5aci\s glut9\s matt]1 ! cyl9d]s be+ ab\t six in*es 9 diamet]1 9 l5g? /raight & ev51 or sometimes slightly curv$1 & ( a r$ col\r1 :i* communicates itself to ! zoophyte4 7,john/on47 ,! animals by :i* x is =m$ con/itute colonies1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are only atta*$ to ! rocks by an enl>g$ basis2 x appe>s to live g5]ally at ! bottom ( ! sea2 its root1 if we c use ! t]m1 buri$ 9 ! s&s or mud2 its polypif]\s portion sally+ out into ! wat]4 ,! agitation ( ! waves & ! fi%]m5's nets (t5 displace ^! aggregates ( creation1 & !n !y float at v>i\s dep?s 9 ! bosom ( ! ocean4 ,! /alk ( ! polypidom is holl[ 9 ! c5tre1 hav+ a long sl5d] bone-l sub/ance1 :i* is :ite1 smoo?1 & squ>e1 b tap]+ at ea* extremity to a f9e po9t4 ,! polyps1 :i* are fle%y & :ite1 are provid$ ) eight long retractile t5tacula1 beautifully ciliat$ on _! inn] edge ) two s]ies ( %ort processes /r5g!n$ ) cry/all9e spicula4 ,! m\? 9 ! c5tre ( ! t5tacula is some:at angul>1 b\nd$ by a :ite ligam5t1 a process f :i* encircles ! base ( ea* t5taculum1 :i* ?us seems to issue f an ap]ture4 ,! ova lie betwe5 ! membranes ( ! p9n2 !y are globul>1 ( a yell[i% col\r1 & by a little pressure c be made to pass ?r\gh ! m\?4 ,! polyps are di/ribut$ ) m or less regul>ity 9 su* a mann] t "o ( ! extremities ( ! common axis is always nak$3 ?is "p has be5 comp>$ to ! tubul\s "p ( a fea!r4 ,! /em1 common to ! colony1 is a solid c5tral axis1 m or less develop$1 :i* is cov]$ ) a fle%y fibr\s sub/ance1 susceptible ( dilatation & contraction4 ,! ,p5natulid compreh5d ?ree g5]a2 namely1 ^? ) polyps on bip9nate w+s1 hav+--accord+ to ,dr4 ,john/on-- ,polypidoms plumose1 9 ,p5natula4 ,polypidoms virgate1 or w&-%ap$ ,virgul>ia4 ,polypi1 unilat]al & sessile ,polypidom1 l9e>-elongate4 ,pavon>ia4 ,9 ! g5us ,p5natula1 ! polyps are dispos$ 9 transv]se r[s ^u ! out] & inn] edge1 9 a s]ies ( prolongations 9 ! =m ( a fea!r4 ,^! w+$ species ( polypidom are some:at scy!-%ap$1 well develop$1 & furni%$ ) a great quantity ( po9t$ spicul1 :i* are con/itut$ ( bundles at ! base ( ! calyx4 ,! space betwe5 ! two r[s ( app5dages is sometimes a tissue1 sometimes scaly1 sometimes granul\s4 ,( ! ,p5natula five species are kn[n1 & all ( !m appe> to be gift$ ) phosphoresc5t prop]ties4 ,we may note among ^! species ,p5natula sp9osa 7,fig4 #fa71 :i* inhabits ! ,m$it]ranean1 & takes its "n f its col\r2 ,p5natula phosphorea1 :i* ab\nd 9 mo/ ,european seas1 be+ f\nd 9 great pl5ty1 cl++ to ! fi%]m5's l9es r\nd our own nor!rn %ores1 m especially :5 !y are bait$ ) mussels4 ,p4 phosphorea is ( a r$di% purple1 ! base ( ! smoo? /alk pale2 ! ra*es r\gh5$ ) close-set papill1 & furr[$ d[n ! middle2 p9n close2 polyp cilia unis]ial1 tubul>1 ) sp9\s ap]tures4 7,sibbald47 ,bohads* says ! ,p5natul swim by means ( _! p9n1 :i* !y use z fi%es d _! f9s4 ,ellis says1 ,x is an animal t swims ab\t 9 ! sea1 _m ( !m hav+ a muscul> motion z !y swim along2 ^! motions be+ effect$1 z he tells u 9 ano!r place1 by means ( ! p9nules or fea!r-l f9s1 evid5tly design$ by ,nature to move ! animal backw>d or =w>d 9 ! sea4 ,cuvi] tells u !y h ! p[] ( mov+ by ! contraction ( ! fle%y "p ( ! polypidom1 & also by ! comb9$ action ( its polyps4 ,dr4 ,grant says1 ,a m s+ul> & beautiful spectacle c\ld sc>cely be conceiv$ ?an t ( a deep purple ,p4 phosphorea ) all its delicate transp>5t polypi exp&$1 & emitt+ _! usual brilliant phosphoresc5t light1 sail+ ?r\gh ! /ill & d>k abyss1 by ! regul> & syn*ron\s pulsations ( ! m9ute fr+$ arms ( ! :ole polypi2 :ile ,l9nu tells u t ! phosphoresc5t sea-p5s :i* cov] ! bottom ( ! ocean ca/ s /rong a light1 t x is easy to c\nt ! fi%es & worms ( v>i\s k9ds :i* sport among !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4 ,sea-p51 ,p5natula sp9osa4 7,edes47 ,lam>ck1 ,s*weigg]1 & o!r naturali/s1 h[ev]1 reason+ f :at is kn[n ( o!r comp\nd animals1 d5y ! exi/5ce ( ?is locomotive p[] 9 ^! zoophytes2 & !re is little d\bt1 says ,dr4 ,john/on1 t ^! au?ors are "r1 =1 :5 plac$ 9 a bas9 ( sea wat]1 ! ,p5natul are nev] obs]v$ to *ange _! position2 !y rema9 9 ! same spot1 & lie ) ! same side up or d[n1 j z !y h be5 plac$4 ,!y inflate ! body until x becomes to a consid]able degree transp>5t1 & only /reak$ ) int]cept$ l9es ( r$1 :i* di/5d at "o place & contract at ano!r2 !y spread out ! p9n1 & ! polyps exp& _! t5tacula1 b !y nev] attempt to swim1 or p]=m any process ( locomotion4 ,p4 mirabilis is common 9 ! ea/ & nor? coa/s ( ,scotl&4 ,! virgul>ias diff] f ! p5natula *iefly 9 _! developm5t1 relative to ! axis ( ! colony & ! %ortness ( ! p9n1 :i* c>ry ! polyps2 & 9 ?is1 t no spicul ent] into ! composition ( its s(t] p>ts4 ,v4 mirabilis is f\nd 9 ! ,nor? ,sea1 on ! coa/ ( ,scotl&1 & z f> nor? z ,norway4 ,9 ,zetl& x is kn[n z ! sea-ru%4 ,x is abundant 9 ,belfa/ ,l\gh1 b1 f its brittle nature1 p]fect specim5s are difficult to obta94 ,x seems1 says ,s[]by1 to repres5t a quill /ripp$ ( its fea!rs4 ,! base looks l a p5 9 ?is z 9 o!r species1 swell+ a little way f ! end1 & !n tap]+4 ,! upp] "p is ?ick]1 ) alt]nate semicircul> pect9at$ swell+s1 l>g] t[>ds ! middle1 tap]+ upw>ds1 & t]m9at+ 9 a ?9 bony sub/ance1 :i* passes ?r\gh ! :ole ext5t1 & is f six to t5 in*es 9 l5g?4 ,9 a communication to ,dr4 ,john/on1 f ,mr4 ,r4 ,patt]son ( ,belfa/1 comm5t+ on ,mll]'s figure ( ,virgul>ia1 he tells u t 9 ! longe/ specim5 he _h1 no two plumes 7 precisely alike--s unlike1 inde$1 t ! arti/ copy+ "o1 c\ld n = a mom5t hesitate1 aft] rais+ h] eyes f h] pap]1 to look at ! animal1 z to :i* %e 0 copy+4 ,its %ort wav+ & deeply d5tat$ w+s are ( a brilliant yell[4 ,! polyps1 :i* appe> ^u _! lobes1 are :iti%1 transp>5t1 & =m a fr+e ( small diaphan\s :ite />s 7,figs4 #fb & #fc74 ,we may figure to ourselves a sl5d] w&-l & mu*-elongat$ polypidom1 c>ry+ only a non-contractile polyp on "o side1 :i* w\ld give u an idea ( ! ,pavon>ia1 ( :i* we "k only "o species1 :i* is f ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,virgul>ia mirabilis is und\bt$ly "o ( ! f9e/ polypidoms f\nd 9 ! ocean4 ,two s]ies ( half-moon %ap$ w+s1 obliquely horizontal1 are plac$ symmetrically r\nd an upright axis4 ,!y embrace ! /em some:at 9 ! mann] t]m$ petiolate by botani/s1 clasp+ x alt]nately2 or1 %all we say1 l two broad ribbons roll$ r\nd a /em 9 an inv]se direction1 9 su* a mann] z to produce ! effect ( two oppos+ flights ( /airs4 ,^! w+s are wav+1 v&yk$1 & fr+$ on _! out] edge1 & ( a brilliant yell[2 ! d5tature ( ! fr+e be+ ! lodg+ ( _! pretty little polyps1 :i* display occasionally _! gap+ m\?s & exp&$ gills4 ,! polyps are :ite & semi-transp>5t4 ,:5 !y display _! rays1 ! m>g9 ( ea* w+ pres5ts an edg+ ( silv]y />s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4 ,loose-w+$ ,virgul>ia1 ,virgul>ia mirabilis 7,lam>ck74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4 ,bran* ( ,virgul>ia1 enl>g$4 ,! ,umbellul>ia h a v long /em1 support$ by a bone 7,fig4 #fd7 ( ! same l5g?1 & t]m9at$ at ! summit only by a clu/] ( polyps4 ,!y h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,gre5l& & o!r nor!rn seas4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4 ,umbellul>ia ,grecul&rea 7,lam>ck74 ,! ,v]etillum1 :i* inhabit ! ,m$it]ranean 7,fig4 #fe71 h a simple cyl9drical body1 )\t bran*i1 & a rudim5t>y polypidom1 furni%$ ) v l>ge polyps ( a :iti% col\r4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,alcyon>ia ,,prop]4 ,! be+s :i* compose ?is gr\p h ! fle%y polypidom always adh]5t1 )\t axis or solid int]ior /em4 ,!y are divid$ into f\r families or tribes4 ,"o ( ^!1 ! ,cornul>ia1 are zoophytes1 & live 9 isolation1 or ga!r$ toge!r 9 small numb]s on ! surface ( a common membrani=m expansion4 ,! ,cornul>ia cornucopia live on ! coa/ ( ,naples1 ,c4 crassa on ! ,alg]ian coa/4 ,o!r g5]a make _! appe>ance on ! coa/ ( ,scotl&1 ( ,norway1 9 ! ,r$ ,sea1 & 9 ! ,indian ,ocean !y appe> 9 great numb]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4 ,v]etillum cynomorium 7,lam>ck74 ,9 ! ,alcyon>ia1 prop]ly s call$1 ! polypidom is v ?ick1 ( a semi-c>tilag9\s consi/5ce1 granul>1 & r\gh to ! t\*4 ,! g5us ,alcyonium is num]\s 9 species & widely disp]s$4 ,a4 digitatum is v common on our coa/s1 & on _m p>ts ( ! coa/ sc>cely a /one or %ell is dr$g$ up f deep wat] :i* does n s]ve z a support to "s "o or m species ( ,alcyonium4 ,x is kn[n by v>i\s popul> names by our sea-side population1 su* z c['s paps1 f its resemblance to ! teats ( ! c[--dead man's f+]s1 f ! occasional resemblance ( its f+]-l lobes to a man's f+]s4 ,! polypidom is a simple obtuse process1 ! out] sk9 ( :i* is t\gh & coriace\s1 /udd$ all ov] ) />-l figures1 :i* on exam9ation are f\nd to be divid$ into eight rays1 indicat+ ! numb] ( ! polyps enclos$ 9 its transp>5t vesicul> membrane4 ,x is dott$ ) m9ute calc>e\s gra9s1 & m>k$ ) eight longitud9al l9es or septa1 /ret*+ betwe5 ! membrane & ! c5tral /oma*1 :i* divide ! int]m$iate space into an equal numb] ( comp>tm5ts4 ,^! l9es n only ext5d to ! base ( ! t5tacula1 b run across ! anal disk1 & t]m9ate 9 a c5tral m\?4 ,! t5tacula are %ort1 obtuse1 ciliate on ! m>g9s1 & /r5g!n$ at _! roots by num]\s cry/all9e spicul4 ,! polyp cells are oval1 plac$ j "u ! sk91 & are ! t]m9at+ po9ts ( c]ta9 long canals :i* trav]se ! :ole polypidom4 ,! polyps1 :i* are di/ribut$ ov] ! :ole surface1 c )draw into ! cavities2 !y are1 besides1 ( an extremely vital s5sibility3 ! lea/ %ock impresses itself on ! t5tacula1 ! impulse ( a wave ev5 produc+ contraction2 9 response1 ! animal1 :i* is well develop$1 sallies out p]ceptibly1 b imm$iately retires aga9 to hide itself 9 ! cell4 ,we f9d on ! coa/1 9 ! ,*annel1 & 9 ! ,nor? ,sea1 ,alcyonium digitatum1 ! mass ( :i* is ( a r$di% :ite1 f]rug9\s1 or orange2 ,a4 /ellatum1 f\nd on ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 is exp&$ 9 its upp] "p1 n>r[ t[>ds its base1 v r\gh on ! surface1 & rose-col\r$2 ,a4 palmatum1 is cyl9drical1 bran*+ at ! summit1 ( a deep r$1 except at ! base1 :]e x is yell[3 ?is is met ) 9 ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,we may note z a type1 altoge!r diff]5t f any yet t\*$ ^u1 ! ,nephtys1 9 :i* ! polypidom is a coriace\s tissue bri/l+ ) spicul ov] its :ole surface4 ,9 ,n4 ,*abroli1 ! polypidom is squat1 ) ?ick spread+ arms cov]$ ) lobili=m bran*es1 ! tub]cul> polypidom ( :i* are column> & obtuse1 ! sicula gre51 & ! t5tacula ( ! polyps yell[4 ,on a cursory view1 says ,dr4 ,john/on1 ! polypodium ( ! ?ree families embrac$ appe> v dissimil>1 & accord+ly1 by _m rec5t au?ors1 !y h be5 scatt]$ ov] ! class1 & plac$ widely asund]4 ,! aff9ity betwe5 !m1 h[ev]1 is g5]ally ackn[l$g$1 & _h be5 di/9ctly p]ceiv$ by "s ( ! e>lie/ zoophytologi/s4 ,?us ,bohads* f\nd s mu* 9 common 9 ! typical p5natul & a species ( ,alcyonium1 t he has n hesitat$ to describe !m z memb]s ( ! same g5us2 &1 al?\gh ! m sy/ematic "* ( ,pallas prev5t$ him f fall+ into ?is error1 if error x c be call$1 he did n ! less recognize ! relation%ip betwe5 ! g5]a or families4 ,pallas also tells u t 8 ,p5natula cynomorium diff]s f ! ,alcyonium only 9 ?is1 t ! =m] is a movable & ! latt] a fix$ polypidom2 & he saw ) equal cle>ness ! connection :i* exi/s betwe5 ^! g5]a & ! %rub-l ,gorgonia4 ,( ! ,p5natula mirabilis he _h d\bts :e!r x 0 n r a species ( ,gorgonia1 until he p]ceiv$ t ! /em 0 att5uat$ at ea* end1 & free2 & ( ! ,sea-p5s g5]ally1 ,ellis rem>ks t !y are 'a g5us ( zoophytes n f> remov$ f ! ,gorgonias1 on acc\nt ( _! polyp m\?s1 z well z hav+ a bone 9 ! inside & fle% )\t4' ',on ! o!r h&1 ! ,gorgoni seem1' says ,pallas1 ') ! exception ( _! horny skeleton1 to be ne>ly simil> 9 /ructure to ! ,alcyonia2 b z !re are species ( ,gorgonia :i* are sub]ose int]nally1 & almo/ ( a uni=m m$ull>y consi/5ce1 ev5 ?is m>k ( di/9ction fails to sep>ate ! tribes1 & we h little left to guide u 9 arrang+ ^! escul5t species except+ _! ext]nal habits4' ,) mo/ corall9es1 says ,frdol1 ! elem5t>y individual1 9 spite ( ! adhesion e/abli%$ among !m1 possesses a vital en]gy all its own2 x is 9 "s respects q indep5d5t4 ,!y h ea* its own p>ticul> w1 :i* x is difficult to mi/ake = a common w2 b x is n ?us ) ! ,p5natula4 ,_! association consi/s ( a non-adh]5t polyp1 :i* moves--obscurely1 x is true--b /ill x moves4 ,to :at does ?is lead8 ,to ?is3 t ! p>ts :i* !y possess 9 common1 9 place ( be+ horny or calc>e\s--t is1 completely in]t--are fle%y1 ) contractile p[]s2 t is to say1 animat$4 ,consequ5tly1 ! polyp ( ! ,p5natula are less indep5d5t ( ea* o!r ?an ! coral polyp1 :i* h a c5tral1 p]haps a s5sible organ1 common to all1 :i* b9ds !m to ea* o!r1 giv+ a c]ta9 unity to _! acts4 ,! ,corall9e polyps h no w2 ! ,p5natula h4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,zoan?>ia1 ,,or ,,animal ,,fl[]s4 ,i saw ! liv+ pile asc5d ,! mausoleum ( its ar*itects1 ,/ill dy+ upw>ds z _! lab\r clos$3 ,slime ! mat]ial1 b ! slime 0 turn$ ,to adamant by _! petrific t\*4 ,,montgom]y',s ,pelican ,isl&4 ,! zoophytes :i* con/itute ! class ,zoan?>ia are q great p]sonages4 ,"s ( !m are eighte5 or tw5ty in*es long2 at ! same "t1 o!rs sc>cely exce$ ! eigh? "p ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,!y live 9 all seas1 & seem to h exi/$ ?r\gh _m ages ( ! e>?'s hi/ory2 !y appe> at an e>ly geological p]iod1 & !y h p]=m$ an important "p 9 its =mation2 we %all see t1 ) great numb]s ( !m1 p>ts cut (f f _! bodies cont9ue to live & become new individuals4 ,! "n ( ,zoan?>ia 0 fir/ giv5 to ! class by ,gray2 b "h we give x a some:at wid] signification1 embrac+ "u x ! madrepores & />r$ /ones ( ,lasueur1 :o is rem9d$ ( a field enamell$ ) small fl[]s :5 he sees ! little polyp ( ,porites ,a/rodes 9 full bl[4 ,b x is only1 says ,john/on1 :5 !y lie ) _! upp] disk exp&$1 & _! t5tacula display$1 t !y solicit comp>ison ) ! boa/s ( ,flora2 =1 :5 contract$1 ! polyp ( ! madrepores conceal !mselves 9 _! calc>e\s cups1 & ! act9i hide _! beauty1 assum+ ! %ape ( an obtuse cone or hemisph]e ( a fle%y consi/5ce1 or elongat+ !mselves into a sort ( flabby cyl9d] t indicates a /ate ( relaxation & indol5t repose4 ,^! zoophytes are fle%-eat]s1 & consume quantities truly prodigi\s1 ( animals su* z ! cru/aceans1 worms1 & small fi%es4 ,!y are all m>9e1 ne>ly all atta*$ to ! same spot = life1 & !y live 9 colonies4 ,"s few are isolat$ & live by !mselves1 ei!r free or atta*$ to ! soil4 ,!y diff] altoge!r f ! animals belong+ to ! ,alcyon>ia by _! disposal (1 & mode ( multiply+1 t5tacula4 ,^! app5dages 9 ! ,zoan?>ia nev] pres5t ! bip9nate arrangem5t :i* is obs]vable 9 ! ,alcyon>ia4 ,!y are habitually simple1 &1 if !y pres5t ramifications1 ^! are only exceptional4 ,9 ne>ly e in/ance1 ! t5tacles exi/ to ! numb] ( twelve1 eighte51 tw5ty-f\r1 & ev5 l>g] numb]s1 :i* =m a sort ( conc5tric cr[n to ! animal4 ,zoan?a ?alassan?os 7,lesson71 :i* has giv5 its "n to ! gr\p1 consi/s ( l>ge turf-l tufts ( coral atta*$ to a rock4 ,its animalcules are pack$ closely toge!r1 & _! exp&$ fl[]-l heads h a curi\s resemblance to a mass ( fl[]s 9 full bloom4 ,!y are borne on b5d+ root-l /ems ( pure :ite1 int]lac+ "o ) ! o!r1 surm\nt$ by a fusi=m or sp9dle-%ap$ body1 p$iculate & swell+ t[>ds ! middle1 b truncate at ! summit1 ( a r$di%-br[n col\r1 m>k$ ) longitud9al /ripes m highly col\r$2 its consi/5ce is firm & p>*m5t-l4 ,f ! body issues a tube1 n>r[1 muscul>1 contractile1 & r$ 9 col\r1 t]m9at+ at ! summit 9 eight elongat$ arms or t5tacula1 ( a pure yell[1 trav]s$ by a n]vure ( ! same col\r4 ,! edges ( ^! arms are fr+$ ) f9e p9n1 p>allel to ea* o!r1 ( a bright m>oon col\r1 & resembl+ ! b>bs ( a fea!r4 ,accord+ to ,lesson1 ! arms ( ?is ,zoan?a are kept unceas+ly 9 motion1 :i* produces 9 ! wat] small oscillat+ curr5ts1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* ! animalcules on :i* ! polyps fe$ are precipitat$ into ! /ream lead+ to _! m\?s4 ,! t5d5cy to produce a calc>e\s polypidom is a prop]ty almo/ univ]sal ) animals ( ?is class4 ,zoologi/s are agre$ 9 divid+ !m into ?ree v di/9ct ord]s--namely1 ! ,,antipa?id1 consi/+ ( ! g5]a ,antipa!s1 ,cirripa!s1 & ,seipa!s1 9 :i* ! polypidom is ( a horny consi/5ce2 ! ,,madreporid1 9 :i* ! polypidom is calc>e\s & /ony2 f9ally1 ! ,,act9id1 :i* produce no polypidom4 ,,antipa?id4 ,we ne$ n dwell ^u ?is gr\p1 :i* is comp>atively un9t]e/+4 ,!y correspond ) ! family ( ,gorgonid among ! ,alcyon>ia1 :i* !y resemble 9 hav+ ! c5tral axes bran*+ aft] ! mann] ( a %rub2 b ! polyps h ! m\? surr\nd$ ) a cr[n ( six simple t5tacula4 ,! axis is ( a h>d] & d5s] tissue ?an t ( ! ,gorgons1 & pres5ts on its surface small sp9i=m projections4 ,! polypif]\s cru/1 ) :i* !y are cov]$1 is 9 g5]al v ar5ace\s1 & is s easily deta*$1 t x is r>e to see 9 collections any?+ b ! d5ud$ skeleton ( ! colony4 ,9 ,a4 arborea1 ! polypidom is fragile & brittle2 :5 dry1 ! bran*es1 always sl5d] & delicate1 resemble ! b>bs ( a fea!r4 ,! col\r is ( a deep black1 or r bi/re & t]ra de si5na t9t4 ,"u a p[]ful l5s1 ! extremities ( ! bran*es appe> to be cov]$ ) small sp9es1 & ! trunk is =m$ ( oval & irregul> conc5tric b$s1 :i* are ! zones ( gr[?4 ,its consi/5ce is firm1 s t x c be work$ up & conv]t$ into *aplets = pe>ls & o!r bij\t]ie3 x is kn[n 9 comm]ce z black coral4 ,,madreporid4 ,! ,madrepora are bett] kn[n ?an _! cong5]s4 ,!y are sometimes1 b errone\sly1 designat$ corals1 s9ce ! coral =ms no "p ( ?is gr\p4 ,! ,madrepores are rem>kable = ! calc>e\s cru/ :i* always surr\nds _! tissue1 & det]m9es ! =mation ( _! polypidom4 ,!y are 9 o!r respects easily recogniz$ by ! />-l /ructure ( _! polypidom1 9 :i* may always be di/+ui%$ a visc]al *amb]1 ! circumf]5ce ( :i* is furni%$ ) p]p5dicul> lam9 or p>titions1 :i* are always direct$ t[>ds ! axis ( ! body4 ,:5 suffici5tly develop$ !y con/itute1 by _! assemblage1 a />-l body =m$ ( a great numb] ( rays4 ,! polypidom is always calc>e\s4 ,! consolidation ( ! envelope ( ea* polyp produces at fir/ a k9d ( %ea?1 to :i* ,milne ,edw>ds has giv5 ! "n ( ! wall4 ,! p>titions :i* proce$ f ! int]ior t[>ds ! axis ( ! visc]al *amb] occupy ! subt5tacul> cells2 ! t]m9al & op5 portion designat$ ! calyx is 9 organic cont9uity ) ! polyp1 :i* has retir$ ?i!r m or less completely z into a cell4 ,milne ,edw>ds rem>ks t ! polypidom ( ! ,madrepora pres5t 9 _! /ructure five pr9cipal modifications1 due 9 "p to ! fundam5tal numb] ( :i* ! *amb]$ cells are ! multiple1 & 9 "p to ! mode ( division 9 ! visc]al *amb]1 & f9ally to ! mann] 9 :i* its tissue is con/itut$4 ,m4 ,edw>ds avails himself ( ?is peculi>ity ( /ructure 9 ord] to divide ! ,madrepores into fix$ sections2 namely1 ,madrpores apores1 ,madrpores p]=s1 ,madrpores tabuls1 ,madrpores tub]leux1 & ,madrpores rugueux4 ,9 ! gr\p ( ,apor\s ,madrepores1 ! polypidom is p]haps ! mo/ highly organiz$4 ,we f9d !re a well-develop$ & v p]fect wall1 & a well-develop$ visc]al app>atus4 ,! calyx is neatly />r$2 ! numb] ( rays 9 ! e>li] /ages be+ six1 :i* soon aft]w>ds rea* f twelve to tw5ty-f\r4 ,! cells betwe5 ! *amb]s are sometimes op5 9 all _! dep?1 sometimes m or less %ut up by transv]se plates2 ^!1 be+ indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 are nev] reunit$ 9 ! bread? ( ! visc]al cavity1 s t !y con/itute discoid plates su* z we f9d 9 tabul> & rugose ,madrepores4 ,! animals belong+ to ?is gr\p1 :i* may be *>act]is$ z /elli=m or />-l1 are v abundant 9 e sea1 & 9 sev]al geological =mations4 ,!y con/itute _m families1 among :i* may be not$ ! ,,millepor9a ( ,ehr5b]g1 ! polypidom ( :i* ,dr4 ,john/on describes z calc>e\s1 fix$1 plant-l1 bran*+ or lob$1 ) cells scatt]$ ov] ! :ole surface1 di/9ct1 sunk 9 little fosses1 obscurely /ellate1 ! lamell n>r[ & almo/ obsolete4 7,,john/on',s ,zoophytes1 vol4 i4 p4 #aid47 ,9 ,turb9olia1 ! animal is simple1 conical1 /rip$1 furr[$ ext]nally ) l>g] & small] ribs1 ! m\? surr\nd$ by num]\s t5tacula1 & solidifi$ by a calc>e\s polypidom1 :i* is free1 conical1 & also furr[$ ext]nally2 att5uat$ at ! base1 b enl>g$ at ! summit1 & t]m9at+ 9 a %all[ radiat$ lamell> cup or cell4 ,sev]al species h be5 dr$g$ (f ! coa/ ( ,cornwall1 & ! we/ coa/ ( ,scotl& & ,irel&4 ,t4 melletiana is describ$ z coral-:ite1 w$ge-%ap$1 some:at compress$1 ) int]spaces or ribs equidi/ant1 smoo?1 & glossy4 ,above1 ! ribs turn ov] ! edge1 & are cont9u$ into ! c5tre ( ! enl>g$ cup1 =m+ its lamell4 ,t ! zoophyte mu/ h liv$ = "s "t aft] hav+ become a movable ?+1 is prov$1 says ,dr4 ,john/on1 by ! ribs be+ cont9u$ beyond or r\nd ! po9t ( atta*m5t4 ,! specim5 "h describ$ 0 dr$g$ alive1 & ,pr(essor ,=bes says ( x t x is a mo/ int]e/+ & beautiful species1 ! m s z x is c]ta9ly id5tical ) ,defrance's ,turb9olia melletiana1 f\nd 9 bo? ! crag =mations4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4 ,c>yophillia cya?us 7,lam>ck74 ,! ,c>yophilli 7,lam>ck71 f 1 a nut1 & 1 a leaf1 h ! polypidom p]man5tly fix$1 simple1 /riat$ longitud9ally1 & ! summit holl[$ into a lamellat$ />-l cup2 ! animal1 act9ia-l1 is provid$ ) a simple1 or d\ble cr[n ( t5tacula1 project+ f ! surface ( />-l1 cyl9drical1 cone %ap$ cells4 ,9 ,c4 cya?us 7,lam>ck7 7,fig4 #ff71 :i* inhabits ! ,m$it]ranean1 ! polyps are ( a greyi% col\r1 ! t5tacula /reak$ ) black4 ,! polypidom is erect & upright1 sometimes cyl9drical1 & g5]ally s firmly atta*$ to ! rock z to seem a "p ( x4 ,! lamell are ( ?ree k9ds3 "o l>ge & prom95t1 betwe5 e pair ( :i* !re are ?ree1 sometimes five1 small] ones1 ! c5tre "o be+ divid$ into two portions =m+ an inn] s]ies4 ,! lamell are ar*$ entire & /riat$ on ! sides1 :5ce ! m>g9 appe>s some:at cr5elat$4 ,x is f\nd1 says ,mr4 ,c\*1 ( all sizes1 f a m]e speck to an in* 9 height4 ,9 a v "y /ate1 x is sometimes f\nd p>asitical on ,alcyonium digitatum1 on %ells1 & on ! /alks ( sea-we$s2 b z ^! sub/ances are v p]i%able1 & (f] no solid f\ndation1 l>ge specim5s are nev] f\nd on !m4 ,9 its "y /ate ! animal is nak$1 & measures ab\t ! fifte5? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & ab\t ! ?irty-second ( an in* 9 height4 ,9 ! e>lie/ /ate 9 :i* ,i h se5 ! calc>e\s polypidom1 !re 7 f\r small rays1 :i* 7 free or unconnect$ d[n to ! base2 9 o!rs ,i h notic$ six prim>y rays1 b 9 e case !y 7 unconnect$ ) ea* o!r4 ,o!r rays soon make _! appe>ance betwe5 ^? fir/ =m$2 !y are m]e calc>e\s specks at fir/1 b aft]w>ds increase 9 size4 ,! fir/ union ( rays is obs]v$ z a small calc>e\s rim at ! base ( ! polyp1 :i* aft]w>ds increases 9 height & diamet] ) ! age ( ! animal4 ,! animals ( ?is int]e/+ polypidom are vividly describ$ by ,dr4 ,cold/ream1 9 a communication to ,dr4 ,john/on1 z he obs]v$ !m at ,torquay3-- ,:5 ! s(t p>ts are fully exp&$1 he says1 ! appe>ance ( ! :ole animal closely resembles an act9ia4 ,:5 %runk1 !y are almo/ entirely hid among/ ! radiat+ plates4 ,!y are f\nd p5d5t1 he adds1 f l>ge b\ld]s ( s&/one1 j at l[-wat] m>k4 ,sometimes !y are dr$g$ f ! middle ( ! bay4 ,_! col\r v>ies consid]ably4 ,i h se5 ! s(t p>ts :ite1 yell[i%1 orange-br[n1 r$di%1 & ( a f9e apple-gre54 ,! t5tacula are usually pal]4 ,! ,c>yophilli are sometimes dr$g$ f great dep?s2 ,pr(essor ,trav]s dr$g$ "o 9 eighty fa?oms1 & ,dr4 ,john/on rem>ks t ! exi/5ce ( an animal s vividly col\r$ at s great a dep? is wor?y ( rem>k4 ,:5 tak51 says ! pr(essor1 ! animal 0 sc>cely visible1 be+ contract$2 :5 exp&$1 ! disk 0 conspicu\sly m>k$ by two d5tat$ circles ( bright apple-gre51 ! "o m>g9al & outside ! t5tacula1 ! o!r at "s di/ance f ! transv]se & l9e> m\?4 ,9 ! d>k1 ! animal gave out a few dull fla%es ( phosphoresc5t light4 ,9 addition1 we may m5tion ! ass]tion ( ,mr4 ,swa9son1 t ,c4 ramea1 common 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 is occasionally f\nd on ! ,corni% coa/2 b ,dr4 ,john/on ?9ks x improbable t x c\ld h escap$ ! att5tion ( ,mr4 ,c\* & ,mr4 ,pea*1 _h x be5 s4 ,z belong+ to ?is family1 we pres5t "h illu/rations ( ,flabellum pavon9um1 ,lesson 7,fig4 #fg74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4 ,flabellum pavon9um 7,lesson74 #a4 ,v]tical position4 #b4 ,upp] edge1 ) its plates & m$ian ?read4 #c4 ,=m ( ! animal4 ,( ! ,occul91 ! animal is unkn[n1 b x is conta9$ 9 regul> r\nd radiat$ cells1 m or less prom95t1 & scatt]$ on ! surface ( a solid1 compact1 fix$ tree-l coral4 ,! individuals dispose !mselves 9 asc5d+ spiral l9es1 & appe> to be regul>ly disp]s$ on ! surface ( ! sev]al bran*es4 ,! typical species1 ,o4 virg9ea1 =m]ly kn[n z ! ,:ite ,coral1 al?\gh x diff]s widely 9 reality f ! true ,coral1 bo? 9 its /ructure & by its />-l polypif]\s cells 7,fig4 #fh71 is f\nd 9 ! ,m$it]ranean & also 9 ! equatorial seas4 ,ov] ! specim5 we see 7#b7 a portion ( a bran* magnifi$1 9 ord] t ! read] may appreciate num]ically ! =m ( polype ov] its cells4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4 ,occul9a virg9ea 7,lam>ck74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4 ,/yla/] flabelli=mis 7,lam>ck74 ,! species =m]ly nam$ ,occul9a flabelli=mis1 & :i* n[ be>s ! "n ( ,/yla/] flabelli=mis1 :i* is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #fi1 w give an excell5t idea ( ^! arboresc5t zoophytes4 ,! polypidom is 9 ! =m ( a fan1 ) _m v unequal bran*es2 ! l>g] bran*es are smoo?1 ! middle-siz$ are cov]$ ) small po9ts4 ,?is f9e zoophyte is f\nd 9 ! seas :i* surr\nd ! ,isle ( ,b\rbon & ! ,mauritius1 a f9e example ( :i* is to be se5 9 ! collection ( ! ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,p>is4 ,,a/r,,acea4 ,h[ div]sifi$ are ! =ms ( aquatic life6 ,nature revels 9 ^! div]sities1 to p>aphrase ! say+ ( "o ( ! anci5t k+s ( ,france4 ,"h are animals1 ! frame ( :i* might h be5 design$ by a geometrician4 ,!y are call$ ,/> ,corals 7,a/rea74 ,_! resemblance to ! well-kn[n figure 0 too /rik+ to escape ! obs]vation ( naturali/s2 b ! organization ( ^! creatures ( ! ocean is f> f be+ rigor\sly regul>1 = ,nature r>ely employs p]fectly /raight l9es1 giv+ an evid5t pref]5ce to circles & wav+ l9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4 ,a/rea punctif]a 7,lam>ck74 ,! ,a/rea are inhabitants ( ! ,indian ,ocean1 :]e !y are f\nd 9 a great v>iety ( =ms1 :i* has l$ to _! subdivision into _m g5]a by ,messrs4 ,milne ,edw>ds & ,j4 ,haime4 ,! animals are %ort1 m or less cyl9drical1 ) r\nd$ m\? plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( a disk1 cov]$ ) a few r %ort t5tacula2 ! cells are %all[1 ) radiat+ lamell 9 ,a/rea punctif]a 7,fig4 #gj71 =m+ by _! union a _m-=m$ coral1 :i* (t5 encru/s o!r bodies4 ,9 %ort1 ?is polyp may be describ$ z a p>asite1 = x g5]ally atta*es to "s o!r bodies1 & x is by no means unusual to meet ) x atta*$ ev5 to %ells4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4 ,me&r9a c]ebri=mis 7,lam>ck74 ,! ,me&r9a diff] f ! ,a/reas 9 hav+ ! surface holl[$ out into %all[ s9u\s elongat$ cells1 furni%$ on ea* side ( ! mesial l9e ) hook$ lamell1 end+ aga9/ "o or o!r ( ! ridges ) sep>ate valleys2 ! polypidom1 :i* is calc>e\s1 be+ fix$1 simple1 & inv]sely conical :5 "y1 & globul> :5 old4 ,! animals h ea* a di/9ct m\?1 & lat]al s]ies ( %ort t5tacula2 !y are conta9$ 9 %all[ cells1 meet+ at ! base1 & =m+ by _! union long & tortu\s holl[s4 ,me&r9a c]ebri=mis 7,fig4 #ga71 s call$ f its resemblance to ! folds ( ! bra91 is a native ( ! ,am]ican ,seas4 ,! ,fungia1 s call$ by ,lam>ck f _! resemblance to ! vegetable ,fungi1 are too rem>kable 9 _! appe>ance to be pass$ ov] 9 sil5ce4 ,! major "p ( ! species only occur 9 rec5t geological /rata4 ,nev]!less "s ( ! species 7 v num]\s 9 ! ,cretace\s p]iod1 & ev5 f9d repres5tatives 9 ! ,silurian p]iod2 x is ?is gr\p 9 :i* ,madrepores ( great size are f\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4 ,fungia e*9ata 7,milne ,edw>ds74 ,! family1 z we h already said1 take _! names f _! suppos$ resemblance to ! ,mu%room4 ,b1 says ,peyssonnel1 !re is ?is diff]5ce betwe5 t]re/rial & m>9e mu%rooms--t ! =m] h leaflets bel[1 & ^? ( ! ocean h !m above 7,fig4 #gb74 ,^! leaflets are only expansions ( ! ,madrepores4 ,n[1 al?\gh ,i h n actually exam9$ ^! petrifi$ ,mu%rooms ( ! sea1 ,i h no reason to d\bt b t !y are true g5]a or species ( ,madrepores1 conta9+1 l o!rs1 ! zoophytes :i* =m !m4 ,9 my travels 9 ,egypt1 9 #agad & #agae1 ,i nev] he>d x said t ! ,nile c\ld produce !m4 ,9 ?is la/ rem>k1 ,peyssonnel makes allusion to ! op9ion ent]ta9$ by _m anci5t au?ors1 t ! ,fungia 7 productions ( ! ,nile4 ,! animal is gelat9\s or membran\s1 g5]ally simple1 depress$1 & oval1 ) m\? sup]ior & transv]se1 9 a l>ge disk1 :i* is cov]$ by _m ?ick cirrhi=m t5tacula2 ! polypidom is r5d]$ solid int]nally by a calc>e\s solid deposit ( a simple figure1 hav+ a /> ( radiat+1 acutely-po9t$ lamell above1 & simple rays1 full ( wr9kles1 b5ea?4 ,!re are n9e species1 mo/ly natives ( ! ,indian ,seas1 :i* ,de ,bla9ville arranges 9 ?ree gr\ps1 accord+ z !y are simple & circul>1 simple & compress$1 or complex & oblong4 ,9 ,fungia e*9ata1 repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #gb1 we h a species :i* inhabits ! ,indian & ,*9ese ,seas4 ,x belongs to ! la/ gr\p1 be+ oblong 9 =m1 convex above1 & concave bel[4 ,! holl[1 f :i* ! lamell or *amb]-walls proce$1 are ( consid]able l5g?2 ! too!d p>titions are v irregul>1 ?9 & prickly1 re/+ ^u _! l[] edge1 9 ord] to leave ! concave portion ( ! field free to a ho/ ( excresc5ces1 resembl+ ! ro( ( a grotto /udd$ ) small /alactites4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4 ,fungia ag>ici=mis 7,lam>ck74 ,! con=mation ( ! s(t] p>ts ( ?is polypus has be5 describ$ by _m travell]s4 ,! upp] portion ( ! body ( ! animal1 correspond+ to ! lamelli=m "p ( ! polypus1 is furni%$ ) scatt]$ t5tacula1 v long 9 "s species1 & rem>kably %ort 9 o!rs4 ,^! t5tacula appe> to t]m9ate 9 a small suck]1 & ! animal seems to recov] its position ) difficulty1 :5 ov]turn$4 ,9 ord] to complete our description ( ^! curi\s madrepores1 we may ref] to ,fungia ag>ici=mis1 repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #gc4 ,?is rem>kable species inhabits ! ,r$ ,sea & ! ,indian ,ocean1 & is "h repres5t$ ) its polyps4 99 99 99 99 99 ,de ,bla9ville gave ! "n ( ,,madrepor,a to ! second gr\p ( 8 /ony ,zoan?>ia1 plac+ !m aft] ! ,madrephylli4 ,! products ( ?is section are g5]ally arboresc5t1 ) small1 p>tially lamelli=m cells1 :i* are con/antly por\s 9 ! int]/ices ( ! walls ( ! cells1 ?is be+ its mo/ important *>act]i/ic4 ,?us ! visc]al app>atus con/itutes ! ess5tial "p ( ! polypus1 pres5t+ no side plates1 ! visc]al *amb] be+ op5 f ! base to ! summit1 & nei!r fill$ ) dissepim5ts1 pulpy matt]1 nor ) plates4 ,! hi/ory ( ^! inhabitants ( ! deep is extremely obscure1 & w probably always rema9 s2 ! mo/ beautiful ( _! productions are int]tropical1 & consequ5tly beyond ! rea* ( discrim9at+ obs]v]s dur+ ! life ( ! animal4 ,sol&] propos$ to divide ! g5us accord+ to c]ta9 *>act]i/ics 9 ! gr[? ( ! coral1 & ,de ,bla9ville has re>rang$ ! gr\ps =m$ by ,lam>ck1 ,lam\r\x1 & ,goldfuss1 ) special ref]5ce to ! s(t p>ts ( ! animals figur$ by ,lesueur1 ,quoy1 ,gaim>d1 & o!rs1 :o h obs]v$ !m 9 _! native /ate4 ,! p]=at$ ,zoan?>ia =m ?ree v natural families3 ! ,eupsammid1 ! ,madreporid1 & ! ,poritid4 ,! fir/ h ! solid p>ts ( ! polyps1 simple or complex1 ) well-develop$ lamell> portions1 ! c5tral column spongi\s1 walls granul>1 semi-ribb$1 & p]=at$4 ,! second are composite1 increas+ by gemmation2 walls spongy & por\s2 septa lamell\s1 & well develop$4 ,9 ! ?ird ! visc]al *amb]s are divid$ into two equal p>ts by ! pr9cipal septa1 :i* are m develop$ ?an ! o!rs1 meet+ by _! inn] edge4 ,! ,d5drophylli 7,fig4 #gd7 are conspicu\s among ! ,eupsammid4 ,we %all describe ?ree g5]a1 ! two fir/ ( :i* belong to ! ,,madrepor,a1 & ! la/ ( ! family ( ! ,porides4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4 ,d5drophyllia ramea1 half natural size 7,de ,bla9ville74 ,d5drophyllia ramea1 repres5t$ 9 ,figs4 #ge & #gf1 is an elegant madrepore ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,its polyp pres5ts a v l>ge trunk *>g$ ) %ort asc5d+ bran*es2 x usually atta9s to ab\t a y>d & a half 9 height4 ,! polyps are provid$ ) a great numb] ( t5tacula1 9 ! c5tre ( :i* ! m\? is plac$4 ,!y are deeply buri$ 9 ! cells1 :i* radiate f num]\s unequally saillant plates4 ,peyssonnel1 :o _h se5 ! polyps ( ?is colony1 says3 ,i may obs]ve t ! extremities or summits ( ! bran*+ madrepore1 ! species 9 "q1 :i* 9 ! ,prov5cal we call ,sea-f5nel1 is s(t & t5d]1 fill$ ) a glut9\s & transp>5t muc\s ?read1 simil> to t :i* ! snail leaves on its pa?4 ,^! extremities are ( a f9e yell[ col\r1 five or six l9es 9 diamet]2 s(t1 & m ?an a f+]'s bread? 9 l5g?4 ,i h se5 ! animal ne/l+ 9 !m2 x seem$ to be a species ( cuttle-fi% or sea-nettle4 ,! body ( ?is sea-nettle mu/ h fill$ ! c5tre2 ! head be+ 9 ! middle1 surr\nd$ by _m feet or claws1 l ^? ( ! cuttle-fi%4 ,! fle% ( ?is animal is v delicate1 & is easily r$uc$ to ! =m ( a pa/e1 melt+ almo/ "u ! t\*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4 ,d5drophyllia ramea 7,de ,bla9ville74 ,natural size1 ) polypi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4 ,a "p magnifi$4 ,! madrepores ab\nd 9 all int]tropical seas1 tak+ a consid]able "p 9 ! con/itution ( ! reefs :i* =m ! coral & madreporic isl&s s conspicu\s 9 ! ocean4 ,! tree-l ,d5drophyllia 7,d4 ramea1 ,figs4 #ge & #gf7 h cells ( consid]able dep?1 radiat+ into num]\s lamell1 =m+ a widely-bran*+ arboresc5t coral1 ext]nally /riat$1 int]nally furr[$1 & truncate at ! extremities4 ,! animals are act9i=m1 furni%$ ) num]\s cleft t5tacula1 9 ! c5tre ( :i* is ! polygonal m\?4 ,9 ! ,lobophyllia1 ! t5tacula are cyl9drical1 ! cells conical1 sometimes elongat$ & s9u\s1 ) a sub-circul> op5+ t]m9at+ ! few bran*es ( ! polyp1 :i* is fix$1 turb9ate1 & /riat$4 ,! ,planta9 ,madrepore1 ,m4 plantag9ea 7,lam>ck71 is an int]e/+ example1 ! polyp pres5t+ itself1 z 9 ,fig4 #gg1 9 tufts1 ) sl5d] & prolific bran*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4 ,madrepora plantag9ea 7,lam>ck74 ,9 ,madrepora palmata1 vulg>ly nam$ ,neptune's ,c>1 we h a l>ge & beautiful species1 ^: exp&+ bran*es are flat1 r\nd at ! base1 & =m+ 9 lobes1 ^: l5g? is (t5 z mu* z ?ree feet high1 ) a bread? ( tw5ty in*es1 & a ?ickness ( two to two & a half3 ?is f9e madrepore is f\nd 9 ! ,c>ibbean ,sea & among ! ,antilles4 ,,porites4 ,! ,porites are madrepores produc$ by a pit*]-%ap$ fle%y animal1 ) twelve %ort t5tacula2 ! cells are unequally polygonal1 imp]fectly def9$1 slightly radiat+ by ?read-l po9t$ rays1 ) prickles plac$ at int]vals4 ,! polypus is polymorph\s or _m-=m$1 compos$ ( a reticulat$ & por\s tissue1 ! individuals =m+ x be+ always completely unit$ toge!r4 ,ext]nally x pres5ts ! figure ( an irregul> trellis-"w1 m or less loosely connect$ 9 its me%es4 ,z a type ( ?is organization1 we give a figure ( ! ,=k$ ,porites 7,p4 furcata1 ,fig4 #gh71 ( ! natural size4 ,! bran*es are g5]ally di*otom\s1 t is1 ris+ 9 pairs obtusely lob$4 ,9 "s ( ! species ! rays are m fully m>k$1 & resemble a b$ ( m9iature anemones ?ickly cr[d$ toge!r1 z 9 ,gonispora columna1 9 :i* ! polypi h a c5tral m\?1 r\nd :i* ! twelve %ort t5tacula radiate2 ! coral is /ony1 fix$1 bran*$1 or lob$1 hav+ a free surface cov]$ ) a great numb] ( regul> />s1 :i* are highly *>act]i/ic1 & _c be conf\nd$ ) ^? ( an a/rea or madrepore4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4 ,porites furcata 7,lam>ck71 natural size4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gi4 ,millepora alcicornis 7,l9n471 "o-f\r? natural size4 ,9 ! ,tabulate ,madreporides1 ! polyp is ess5tially compos$ ( a highly-develop$ mural sy/em4 ,! visc]al *amb]s are divid$ into a s]ies ( /ages or /ories1 by p]fect diaphragms or plates plac$ transv]sely1 ! plates dep5d+ f ! walls & =m+ p]fect horizontal divisions1 ext5d+ f "o wall ( ! g5]al cavity to ! o!r4 ,9 ord] t ! read] may =m "s idea ( ! ,tabulate ,madrepores1 "o ( ! polyps kn[n z millepores is "h repres5t$4 ,! millepores 7 fir/ sep>at$ f ! madrepores by ,l9nu1 along ) a great numb] ( species di/+ui%$ by ! m9ut5ess ( _! pores or polypif]\s cells 7,fig4 #gi71 repres5t$ above1 z ne>ly alli$1 & p]haps id5tical ) ,dr4 ,john/on's ,cellepora c]vicornis1 a species f\nd 9 deep wat] on ! ,devon%ire & ,cornwall coa/s1 &1 inde$1 all r\nd our we/ coa/4 ,a s+le specim5 ( ?is millepore is ab\t ?ree in*es 9 height1 says ,dr4 ,john/on1 & some:at m 9 bread?4 ,x rises f a broad flatt5$ base1 & beg9s imm$iately to exp& & divide into kne$ bran*es or broad segm5ts1 _m ( :i* ana/omose1 s z to =m ar*es & imp]fect circles4 ,! extreme segm5ts are dilat$ & v>i\sly cut1 sometimes truncate1 bo? sides be+ p]=at$ ) num]\s pores j visible to ! nak$ eye1 & arrang$ 9 r[s2 ! pores circul>1 & level ) ! surface on ! smoo? & newly-=m$ p>ts2 b 9 ! old] p>ts !y =m ap]tures ( urceolate cells1 :i* appe> to be =m$ ov] ! prim>y lay] ( cells1 giv+ to ! surface a r\ghi% or angul> appe>ance4 ,! orifice is simple1 contract$1 ) a v small d5ticle on "o side2 ! ?ickness ( ! bran*es v>ies f "o half to two l9es2 ! int]ior is cellul>2 ! new p>ts are =m$ ( two lay]s ( horizontal cells1 b ! old] p>ts are ?ick5$ by cells sup]impos$ on ! prim>y lay]s4 ,millepora monili=mis is a species :i* atta*es itself to ! bran*es ( ! gorgons1 & =ms !re a s]ies ( little r\nd$ or lat]al lobes4 ,! animal is unkn[n1 ! cells v small1 unequal1 completely imm]s$1 obsoletely radiate & scatt]$2 ! polypi] fix$1 cellul> )91 f9ely por\s & reticulat$ ext]nally1 ext5d+ into a palmat$ =m4 ,( tub]\s or wr9kl$ madrepores1 :i* consi/ almo/ entirely ( fossil species *iefly belong+ to ! ,silurian =mation1 we %all only note ,cya?ophyllum z "o ( ! be/ kn[n species4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re is no spectacle 9 ,nature m extraord9>y1 or m wor?y ( our admiration1 ?an t n[ "u consid]ation4 ,^! zoophytes1 ^: hi/ory we are ab\t to inve/igate--wret*$ be+s gift$ ) a half-lat5t life only--^! animalcules s small & s fragile--lab\r sil5tly & incessantly 9 ! bosom ( ! ocean1 &1 z !y exi/ 9 innum]able aggregat$ masses1 _! cells & solid axes f9i% by produc+ 9 ! end enorm\s /ony masses4 ,^! calc>e\s deposits increase & multiply ) su* incalculable rapidity1 t !y n only cov] ! subm>9e rocks z ) a c>pet1 b !y f9i% by =m+ reefs1 & ev5 entire isl&s1 :i* rise above ! surface ( ! ocean 9 a mann] rem>kable at once = _! =m & ! regul>ity ) :i* !y repeat !mselves4 ,9 not+ ! ,indian & ,pacific ,oceans1 navigators _h long be5 /ruck ) ! appe>ance ( c]ta9 e>?y bases1 :i* pres5t$ a con=mation altoge!r s+ul>4 ,9 #afja1 ,pyr>d de ,laval1 speak+ ( ! ,mal\9e 7n[ ! ,falkl&7 ,isl&s1 said3 ,!y are divid$ into ?irte5 prov9ces1 nam$ atollons1 :i* is s f> a natural division 9 t place1 t ea* atollon is sep>at$ f ! o!r1 & conta9s a great numb] ( small] isl&s4 ,x is a m>vel to see ea* ( ^! atollons surr\nd$ on all sides by a great bank ( /one--walls su* z no human h&s c\ld build on ! space ( e>? allott$ to !m4 ,^! atollons are almo/ r\nd1 or r oval1 be+ ea* ab\t ?irty leagues 9 circumf]5ce1 "s a little less1 o!rs a little m1 & all rang+ f nor? to s\?1 )\t any "o t\*+ ! o!r4 ,!re is betwe5 !m sea *annels1 "o broad1 ! o!r n>r[4 ,be+ 9 ! middle ( an atollon1 y see all ar\nd y ?is great /one bank1 :i* surr\nds & protects ! isl& f ! waves2 b x is a =midable attempt1 ev5 = ! bolde/1 to approa* ! bank & wat* ! waves z !y roll 9 & break ) fury ^u ! %ore4 ,s9ce ! publication ( ,laval's description1 _m circul> isles1 or gr\ps ( isl&s1 analog\s to ^! atollons1 s9ce call$ atolls1 h be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,pacific ,ocean & o!r seas4 ,! naturali/ ,=/]1 :o accompani$ ,cook 9 8 voyage r\nd ! _w1 fir/ made kn[n ! m rem>kable *>act]i/ics ( ^! gigantic =mations4 ,he p]fectly compreh5d$ _! orig91 :i* he 0 ! fir/ to attribute to ! developm5t ( ! calc>e\s zoophytic polypi]4 ,aft] ,=/]1 _m o!r naturali/s--,lam\r\x1 ,*amisso1 ,quoy1 ,gaim>d1 ,ehr5b]g1 ,ellis1 ,d>w91 ,c\?ony1 & ,dana--h furni%$ ,sci5ce ) _m preci\s lessons on ! natural hi/ory ( coral isl&s & madreporic reefs4 ,we c only glance at a few ( ! m rem>kable g5]a ( ^! int]e/+ creatures4 ,^? occupy+ ! same ,coral1 says ,frdol1 live 9 p]fect h>mony2 !y con/itute a family ( bro!rs1 physically unit$ 9 ! close/ bonds ( union4 ,!y occupy ! same dwell+1 ea* hav+ its sep>ate *amb]2 b ! p[] ( ab&on+ x is d5i$ !m4 ,atta*$ ea* to its cell1 !y are driv5 to tru/ 9 ,provid5ce = ! food :i* nev] fails !m2 moreov]1 :at is eat5 by ea* m\? pr(its ! :ole community4 ,urg$ on by a wond]ful in/9ct1 ! polypes lab\r toge!r at ! same "w2 isolat$1 !y w\ld be weak & helpless2 9 comb9ation1 !y are /rong4 ,m4 ,lacaze-,du?i]s has ev5 demon/rat$ t ,antipa!s glab]rima1 ,gorgonia tub]culata 7,lam>ck71 ,leiopa!s glab]rima 7,gray71 & ,leiopa!s ,lam>ckii 7,haime71 7 pres5t on ! same coral1 ! ,g]>dia ( ,lam>ck4 ,x is ?us recogniz$ t1 "u ! g5]al d5om9ation ( polyps1 v di/9ct g5]a are f\nd1 "s be+ ( ! ,hydra type1 o!rs belong+ to ! ,plumul>ia4 ,! fir/ are v common on our coa/3 !y include ! ,tubul>ia1 ! ,campanul>ia1 & ! ,s]tul>ia4 ,! ,re$ ,tubul>ia 7,t4 indivisa7 is rem>kably curi\s3 its num]\s /ems are horny1 yell[1 & m>k$ at int]vals ) irregul> knots1 resembl+ ! jo9ts ( a /raw4 ,_! l[] extremity is tortu\s1 & apt to adh]e to =eign bodies2 ! upp] "p is ne>ly upright1 & slightly flexu\s1 ! :ole resembl+ "s fl[]+ plant1 )\t leaves or lat]al bran*es4 ,! ,campanul>ias are altoge!r diff]5t2 ! end ( ! bran*es :5ce ! polyps issue are broad & bell-%ap$1 ,c4 di*otoma pres5t+ a /em ( br[ni% col\r1 ?9 z a silk5 ?read1 b /rong & ela/ic4 ,! polyps are num]\s1 a bran* eight in*es 9 height be+ inhabit$ by z _m z twelve hundr$ individuals4 ,! ,s]tul>ias h a horny /em1 sometimes simple1 sometimes bran*+1 & may easily be mi/ak5 = small plants4 ,_! "n is d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 s]tum1 a b\quet2 &1 inde$1 !y c only be describ$ z trees 9 m9iature1 ) bran*es yell[ & semi-transp>5t1 ea* tree hav+ sev51 eight1 twelve1 or tw5ty small panicles1 ea* ( :i* w conta9 ab\t five hundr$ animals1 ! tree itself conta9+ probably an association ( t5 ?\s&4 ,occasionally ,s]tul>ia arg5tea is said to af=d %elt] & employm5t = a hundr$ ?\s& ( ^! creatures4 ,s4 falcata1 hav+ all ! grace & elegance ( ! delicate & sl5d] ,mimosa1 is n[ plac$ among ! ,bryozo>es4 ,! m9ute cells 9 :i* ! polyps are lodg$ are n always arrang$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,sometimes ! cells occupy "o side only2 9 o!r in/ances !y occupy bo?2 sometimes !y are gr\p$ l ! pipes ( an organ1 at o!rs !y are rang$ spirally r\nd ! /em1 or arrang$ at int]vals1 =m+ horizontal r+s r\nd x4 ,! ,alcyon>ia are v common on "s p>ts ( our coa/1 :]e sc>cely a /one or %ell is dr$g$ up t does n support "o or m specim5s kn[n to ! fi%]m5 z c['s paps1 dead m5's f+]s1 & o!r popul> names4 ,?is r\nd & lob$ fle%y mass is q a colony 9 itself2 plac$ 9 pure sea wat]1 x v soon pres5ts c]ta9 yell[ or grass-l po9ts1 :i* gradually exp& & display !mselves 9 _! native transp>5t & animat$ corall9e4 ,ea* ( ^! polyps h eight d5tate petals1 9 ! c5tre ( :i* is ! m\?2 ! body ( ! polyp is tubul>1 v>y+ ext]nally 9 l5g?1 trav]s$ int]nally ?r\gh\t its entire mass by a tissue /udd$ ) r$di% spicul1 & furr[$ ) small re$-l ribbons1 common to all ! individuals ( ! association4 ,among ! ,tubiporid may be not$ ,tubipora musica 7,l9nu71 f ! ,indian ,ocean1 *>act]is$ by its /ony tubes1 simple1 num]\s1 /raight or flexible1 p>allel1 & slightly radiat+1 ( a f9e purple1 & unit$ toge!r at int]vals by transv]se b&s1 s z to resemble ! pipes ( an organ4 ,! polyp is a brilliant grass gre51 accord+ to ,pron2 ! t5tacula furni%$ on ea* side ) two or ?ree r[s ( granul\s fle%y papill1 to ! numb] ( sixty to eighty 7,lesson74 ,! ,gorgonia is /udd$ ) calc>e\s or silice\s spicul :i* =m a cru/ 9 dry+4 ,?is cru/ is friable1 & frequ5tly pres]ves ! col\rs m or less brilliant :i* *>act]ise x4 ,_! cells are sometimes holl[$ out ( ! pla9 surface2 sometimes !y occur 9 ! project+ mammals2 ^! are smoo?1 r\gh1 or scaly--sometimes p5d5t ! "o f ! o!r4 ,^! animals atta* !mselves to solid bodies1 sometimes ev5 to ea* o!r1 graft+ !mselves or int]lac+ ea* o!r 9 all directions4 ,9 col\r !y are :iti%1 pure :ite1 yell[1 & apple-gre52 _! %ades1 pass+ f olive-br[n to deep blue1 f v]milion to violet1 & f pale yell[ to pe>ly-grey4 ,ea* tube or cell conta9s an individual4 ,! cells are m or less deep1 accord+ to ! species4 ,! polyps are compos$ g5]ally ( a hidd5 portion m or less tubul>1 & ( a />-l portion m or less display$4 ,?is latt] portion pres5ts f eight to twelve s(t & granul\s wattles1 susceptible ( expansion1 l ! petals ( a fl[]4 ,:5 ^! app5dages are display$1 !y (t5 atta9 twice ! height ( ! body2 9 ?is /ate !y are ne>ly transp>5t1 except t[>ds ! extremity4 ,!y ext5d or compress ^! wattles1 dilate or contract ! m\? accord+ to _! wants2 b _! dige/ive tube is firmly sold]$ to ! cell1 :ile ! axis :i* supports ! cells is motionless4 ,:at a s+ul> comb9ation is "h pres5t$6 ,trees1 "o-half ( :i* are animat$1 gr[+ at ! bottom ( ! sea2 polyps1 "o-half ( :i* is imprison$1 & rivet$ to _! p]son2 _! /oma*s 9 ! b>k1 _! arms on a bran*1 _! movem5ts p]fect repose6 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,iv4--,coral ,isl& ( ,cl]mont-,tonn]re1 9 ! ,pomot\an ,ar*ipelago4 ,^! m9ute sil5t work]s are active & indefatigable2 _! task is to sep>ate ! salt & o!r *emical p>ticles f ! wat]s ( ! ocean1 &1 :ile fe$+ !mselves1 secrete & organise ! axis :i* be>s _! lodg+4 ,!y love ! w>m] regions ( ! ocean2 9 cold] regions1 ! results ( _! lab\rs are extremely limit$3 ! "o =ms a sw>d ( subm>9e life1 :i* c>pets ! rocks2 ! o!r produces animat$ /alactites1 great %rubs1 :ole =e/s ( small trees4 ,! electric cable :i* unites ,s>d9ia to ! ,g5oese =t 0 s encru/$ ) corals & bryozo>es1 t c]ta9 portions tak5 f ! wat] = repairs _h atta9$ ! size ( a small b>rel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! atolls pres5t ?ree unfail+ & con/ant peculi>ities4 ,sometimes !y con/itute a great circul> *a91 ! c5tre ( :i* is occupi$ by a deep bas91 9 direct communication ) ! ext]ior sea1 ?r\gh "o or _m brea*es ( great dep?4 ,^! are ! atolls1 describ$ m ?an two c5turies ago by ,pyr>d de ,laval2 sometimes !y surr\nd1 b at "s di/ance1 a small isl&1 9 su* a mann] z to con/itute a sort ( skeleton or girdle ( reefs2 f9ally !y may =m ! imm$iate edg+ or bord] ( an isl& or cont95t4 ,9 ?is la/ case !y are call$ fr++ littorals1 or edg+ reefs4 ,at ! di/ance ( a few hundr$ y>ds only f ! edge ( "s ( ^! reefs1 ! sea is ( su* a dep? t ! s\nd+-lead has fail$ to rea* ! bottom4 ,9 ord] to give an idea ( ! g5]al =m ( ^! atolls1 al?\gh !y are r>ely s regul>1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ,,pl4 ,,iii41 :i* repres5ts "o ( ^! isl&s ( ! ,pomot\an ,ar*ipelago1 9 ! ,indian ,ocean4 ,x repres5ts ! isl& ( ,cl]mont-,tonn]re1 figur$ by ,capta9 ,wilkes 9 ! ,am]ican ,explor+ ,exp$ition4 ,! ext]ior girdle ( rocks "h surr\nds a bas9 ne>ly circul>4 ,su* is ! g5]al =m--! typical =m1 s to speak--( ! coral isles1 ( :i* ?is is a fair repres5tation4 ,! zoophytes :i* =m ^! m9]al accumulations belong to div]se gr\ps1 & n[h]e h ! results ( obs]vations made ^u ^! atolls be5 m m9utely describ$ ?an 9 ,mr4 ,d>w9's rem>ks on ! gr& ,cocos ,isl& situat$ to ! s\? ( ,sumatra1 9 ! ,indian ,ocean4 ,no writ]1 x seems to u1 has reason$ on ^! atolls m compreh5sively ?an ! au?or ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species4 ,! e>li] voyag]s1 he says1 fanci$ t ! coral-build+ animals in/9ctively built up _! great corals to af=d !mselves protection 9 ! inn] p>ts2 b s f> is ?is f ! tru?1 t ^? massive k9ds1 to ^: gr[? on ! expos$ out] %ores ! v exi/5ce ( ! reef dep5ds1 _c live )9 ! lagoon1 :]e o!r delicately-bran*+ k9ds fl\ri%4 ,moreov]1 9 ?is view1 _m species ( di/9ct g5]a & families are suppos$ to comb9e = "o end2 & ( su* a comb9ation n a s+le in/ance c be f\nd 9 ! :ole ( nature4 ,! !ory t has be5 mo/ g5]ally receiv$ is1 t atolls are bas$ on subm>9e crat]s1 b :5 ! =m & size ( "s ( !m are consid]$1 ?is idea loses its plausible "*4 ,?us1 ! ,suadiva atoll is =ty-f\r geographical miles 9 diamet] 9 "o l9e by ?irty-f\r 9 ano!r2 ,rimsky is fifty-f\r by tw5ty miles across2 ,b[ atoll is ?irty miles long1 &1 on an av]age1 six miles broad4 ,?is !ory1 moreov]1 is totally inapplicable to ! ,nor!rn ,maldivian atolls 9 ! ,indian ,ocean1 "o ( :i* is eighty-eight miles 9 l5g?1 & betwe5 t5 & tw5ty 9 bread?4 ,! v>i\s !ories :i* _h be5 prop\nd$ fail+ to expla9 ! exi/5ce ( ! coral isl&s1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 0 l$ to reconsid] ! :ole subject4 ,num]\s s\nd+s tak5 all r\nd ! ,cocos atoll %[$ t at t5 fa?oms ! prep>$ tall[ 9 ! holl[ ( ! s\nd+ rod came up p]fectly clean1 & m>k$ ) ! impression ( liv+ polyps4 ,z ! dep? increas$1 ^! impressions became less num]\s1 b adh]+ p>ticles ( s& succe$1 until x 0 evid5t t ! bottom consi/$ ( smoo? s&4 ,f ^! obs]vations1 x 0 obvi\s to him t ! utmo/ dep? at :i* ! coral polyps c con/ruct reefs is betwe5 tw5ty & ?irty fa?oms4 ,n[1 !re are enorm\s areas 9 ! ,indian ,ocean 9 :i* e isl& is a coral =mation rais$ to ! height to :i* ! waves c ?r[ up fragm5ts & ! w9ds pile up s&2 & ! only !ory :i* seems to acc\nt = all ! circum/ances embrac$1 is t ( ! subsid5ce ( va/ regions 9 ?is ocean4 ,z m\nta9 aft] m\nta9 & isl& aft] isl& sl[ly sunk b5ea? ! wat]1 he says1 fre% bases w\ld be successively af=d$ = ! gr[? ( ! corals4 ,i v5ture to defy any "o to expla9 9 any o!r mann] h[ x is possible t num]\s isl&s %\ld be di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t va/ areas1 all ! isl&s be+ l[1 all built ( coral absolutely requir+ a f\ndation )9 a limit$ dep? bel[ ! surface4 ,! ,porites1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,d>w91 =m ! mo/ elevat$ deposits ( ^? :i* are situat$ ne>] ! level ( ! wat]3 ,millepora complanata also ent]s into ! =mation ( ! upp] banks4 ,v>i\s o!r bran*$ corals pres5t !mselves 9 great numb]s 9 ! cavities left by ! ,porites & ,millepora cross+ ea* o!r4 ,x is difficult to id5tify species occupy+ !mselves 9 ! deep] p>ts1 b1 accord+ to ,d>w91 ! l[] p>ts ( ! reefs are occupi$ by polyps ( ! same species z 9 ! upp] p>ts2 at ! dep? ( eighte5 fa?oms & upw>ds1 ! bottom consi/s alt]nately ( s& & corals4 ,! total bread? ( ! circul> reef or r+ :i* con/itutes ! atoll ( ! ,keel+ or ,cocos ,isl& v>ies f two hundr$ to five hundr$ y>ds 9 bread?4 ,"s little p>asitic isles =m !mselves ^u ! reefs1 at two or ?ree hundr$ y>ds f _! ext]ior edge1 by ! accumulation ( ! fragm5ts ?r[n up "h dur+ great /orms4 ,!y rise f two to ?ree y>ds above ! sea level1 & consi/ ( %ells1 corals1 & sea ur*9s1 ! :ole consolidat$ into h>d & solid rock4 ,mr4 ,d>w9's description ( a k9d ( ,sea-p51 ,virgul>ia ,patagonia1 ?r[s "s curi\s light on ! habits ( ^! creatures4 ,?is zoophyte consi/s ( a ?91 /raight1 fle%y /em1 ) alt]nate r[s ( polypi on ea* side1 & surr\nd+ an ela/ic /ony axis1 v>y+ 9 l5g? f eight in*es to two feet4 ,! /em at "o extremity is truncate1 b at ! o!r is t]m9at$ by a v]mi=m fle%y app5dage4 ,! /ony axis1 :i* gives /r5g? to ! /em1 may be trac$ at ! extremity into a m]e vessel fill$ ) granul> matt]4 ,at l[ wat]1 hundr$s ( ^! zoophytes might be se5 project+ l /ubble1 ) ! truncate end upw>ds1 a few in*es above ! surface ( ! muddy s&4 ,:5 t\*$ or pull$1 !y sudd5ly drew !mselves 9 ) =ce1 s z ne>ly1 or q1 to disappe>4 ,by ?is action1 ! highly ela/ic axis mu/ be b5t at ! l[] extremity1 :]e x is naturally slightly curv$2 & ,i imag9e x is by ?is ela/icity alone t ! zoophyte is enabl$ to rise aga9 ?r\gh ! mud4 ,ea* polyp1 ?\gh closely unit$ to its bre?r51 has a di/9ct m\?1 body1 & t5tacula4 ,( ^! polyps1 9 a l>ge specim5 !re mu/ be _m ?\s&s1 yet we see t !y act by "o movem5t4 ,!y h also "o c5tral axis connect$ ) a sy/em ( obscure circulation1 & ! ova are produc$ 9 an organ di/9ct f ! sep>ate individuals4 ,=1 adds ,mr4 ,d>w91 9 a note1 ! cavities lead+ f ! fle%y comp>tm5ts ( ! extremity 7 fill$ ) a yell[ pulpy matt] :i*1 "u a microscope1 consi/$ ( r\nd$ semi-transp>5t gra9s aggregat$ toge!r into p>ticles ( v>i\s sizes4 ,all su* p>ticles1 z well z sep>ate gra9s1 possess$ ! p[] ( rapid motion1 g5]ally revolv+ r\nd diff]5t axes1 b sometimes progressive4 ,! description ( ! ,isl& ( ,cocos or ,keel+ is z foll[s3--,! r+-=m$ reef ( ! lagoon isl& is surm\nt$1 9 ! great] "p ( its l5g?1 by l9e> islets4 ,on ! nor!rn1 or leew>d side1 !re is an op5+ ?r\gh :i* vessels c pass to ! an*orage )94 ,on ent]+1 ! sc5e 0 v curi\s1 & r pretty2 its beauty1 h[ev]1 entirely dep5d$ on ! brilliancy ( ! surr\nd+ col\rs4 ,! %all[1 cle>1 & /ill wat] ( ! lagoon1 re/+ 9 its great] "p on :ite s&1 is1 :5 illum9$ by a v]tical sun1 ( ! mo/ vivid gre54 ,?is brilliant expanse1 sev]al miles 9 wid?1 is on all sides divid$1 ei!r by a l9e ( sn[-:ite break]s f ! d>k heav+ wat]s ( ! ocean1 or f ! blue vault ( heav5 by ! /rips ( l& cr[n$ by ! level tops ( ! cocoa-nut tree4 ,z a :ite cl\d "h & !re af=ds a pleas+ contra/ to ! azure sky1 s 9 ! lagoon b&s ( liv+ coral d>k5 ! em]ald-gre5 wat]4 ,! next morn+ ,i w5t a%ore on ,direction ,isl&4 ,! /rip ( dry l& is only a few hundr$ y>ds 9 wid?2 on ! lagoon side !re 0 a :ite calc>e\s bea*1 ! radiation f :i*1 "u ?is sultry climate1 0 v oppressive4 ,on ! out] coa/1 a solid broad flat ( coral rock s]v$ to break ! viol5ce ( ! op5 sea4 ,except+ ne> ! lagoon1 :]e !re is "s s&1 ! l& is entirely compos$ ( r\nd$ fragm5ts ( coral4 ,9 su* a loose1 dry1 /ony soil1 ! climate ( ! int]tropical regions alone c\ld produce s vigor\s a vegetation4 ,on "s ( ! small] islets1 no?+ c\ld be m elegant ?an ! mann] 9 :i* ! "y & full-gr[n cocoa-nut trees1 )\t de/roy+ ea* o!r's symmetry1 7 m+l$ into "o wood4 ,a bea* ( glitt]+ :ite s& =m$ a bord] to ^? fairy spots4 ,! natural hi/ory ( ^! isl&s1 f its v paucity1 possesses peculi> int]e/4 ,! cocoa-nut tree1 at ! fir/ glance1 seems to compose ! :ole wood2 !re are1 h[ev]1 five or six o!r trees4 ,"o ( ^! gr[s to a v l>ge size1 b1 f ! extreme s(tness ( its wood1 x is useless2 ano!r sort af=ds excell5t timb] = %ipbuild+4 ,besides ! trees1 ! numb] ( plants is exce$+ly limit$1 & consi/ ( insignificant we$s4 ,9 my collection1 :i* includes1 ,i believe1 ne>ly ! p]fect ,flora1 !re are tw5ty species1 )\t reckon+ a moss1 li*51 & fungus4 ,to ?is numb] two trees mu/ be add$1 "o ( :i* 0 n 9 fl[]1 & ! o!r ,i only he>d (4 ,! latt] is a solit>y tree ( its k9d1 & gr[s ne> ! bea*1 :]e1 )\t d\bt1 ! "o se$ 0 ?r[n up by ! waves4 ,! next day ,i employ$ myself 9 exam9+ ! v int]e/+ yet simple /ructure & orig9 ( ^! isl&s4 ,! wat] be+ unusually smoo?1 ,i wad$ ov] ! flat ( dead rock z f> z ! liv+ m\nds ( coral1 on :i* ! swell ( ! op5 sea breaks4 ,9 "s ( ! gulleys & holl[s !re 7 beautiful gre5 & o!r col\r$ fi%es1 & ! =ms & t9ts ( _m ( ! zoophytes 7 admirable4 ,x is excusable to gr[ en?usia/ic ov] ! inf9ite numb] ( organic be+s ) :i* ! sea ( ! ,tropics1 s prodigal ( life1 teems2 yet ,i mu/ confess1 ,i ?9k ^? naturali/s :o h describ$ 9 well-kn[n words ! subm>9e grottoes1 deck$ ) a ?\s& beauties1 h indulg$ 9 r exub]ant language4 ,i accompani$ ,capta9 ,fitzroy to an isl& at ! head ( ! lagoon2 ! *annel 0 exce$+ly intricate1 w9d+ ?r\gh fields ( delicately-bran*$ corals4 ,at ! head ( ! lagoon we cross$ a n>r[ islet1 & f\nd a great surf break+ on ! w9dw>d coa/4 ,i c h>dly expla9 ! reason1 b !re is1 to my m9d1 mu* gr&eur 9 ! view ( ! out] %ores ( ^! lagoon isl&s4 ,!re is a simplicity 9 ! b>ri]-l bea*1 ! m>g9 ( gre5 bu%es & tall cocoa-nuts1 ! solid flat ( dead coral-rock1 /rew$ "h & !re ) great loose fragm5ts1 & ! l9e ( furi\s break]s1 all r\nd+ away t[>ds ei!r h&4 ,! ocean1 ?r[+ its wat]s ov] ! broad reef1 appe>s an inv9cible1 all-p[]ful enemy2 yet we see x resi/$ & ev5 conqu]$ by means :i* at fir/ seem mo/ weak & ineffici5t4 ,x is n t ! ocean sp>es ! rock ( coral2 ! great fragm5ts scatt]$ ov] ! reef1 & heap$ on ! bea* :5ce ! tall cocoa-nut spr+s1 pla9ly bespeak ! unrel5t+ p[] ( ! waves4 ,nor are any p]iods ( repose grant$2 ! long swell caus$ by ! g5tle b /eady action ( ! trade-w9ds1 always bl[+ 9 "o direction ov] a wide area1 causes break]s almo/ equall+ 9 =ce ^? dur+ a gale ( w9d 9 ! temp]ate regions1 & :i* nev] cease to rage4 ,x is impossible to behold ^! waves )\t feel+ a conviction t an isl&1 ?\gh built ( ! h>de/ rocks--let x be porphyry1 granite1 or qu>tz--w\ld ultimately yield & be demoli%$ by su* an irresi/ible p[]4 ,yet ^! l[1 insignificant coral islets /&1 & are victori\s2 = "h ano!r p[]1 z an antagoni/1 takes "p 9 ! conte/4 ,! organic =ces sep>ate ! atoms ( c>bonate ( lime1 "o by "o1 f ! foam+ break]s1 & unite !m into a symmetrical /ructure4 ,let ! hurricane te> up its ?\s& huge fragm5ts1 yet :at w t tell aga9/ ! accumulat$ lab\r ( myriads ( ar*itects at "w night & day1 mon? aft] mon?8 ,?us d we see ! s(t & gelat9\s body ( a polyp1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! vital laws1 conqu]+ ! great me*anical p[] ( ! waves ( an ocean :i* nei!r ! art ( man nor ! inanimate works ( ,nature c\ld successfully resi/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we h said t madreporic or corall9e =mations affect ?ree =ms1 to :i* ! names ( atolls1 b>ri] reefs1 & fr++ reefs h be5 appli$4 ,we h spok5 ( atolls2 we %all n[ say a few words on b>ri] & fr++ reefs4 ,b>ri] reefs are =mations :i* surr\nd ! ord9>y isl&s1 or /ret* along _! banks4 ,!y h ! =m & g5]al /ructure ( atolls4 ,l atolls1 ! b>ri] reefs appe> plac$ on ! edge ( a m>9e precipice4 ,!y rise on ! edge ( a plateau :i* looks d[n on a bottomless sea4 ,on ! coa/ ( ,new ,cal$onia1 only two l5g?s ( 8 %ip f ! reef1 ,capta9 ,k5t f\nd no bottom 9 a hundr$ & fifty fa?oms4 ,?is 0 v]ifi$ at ,gambi] ,isl& 9 ! ,pacific ,ocean1 9 ,qualem ,isl&1 & at _m o!rs4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,d>w91 ! b>ri] reef situat$ on ! we/]n coa/ ( ,new ,cal$onia is f\r hundr$ miles long2 t along ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,au/ralia ext5ds almo/ )\t int]ruption = a ?\s& miles1 rang+ f tw5ty or ?irty to fifty or sixty miles f ! coa/4 ,z to ! elevation ( ! isl&s ?us surr\nd$ ) reefs1 x v>ies consid]ably4 ,! ,isle ( ,tahiti rises six ?\s& eight hundr$ feet above ! level ( ! sea2 ! ,isle ( ,maurua to six hundr$2 ,aituaki to ?ree hundr$2 & ,manonai to ab\t fifty feet only4 ,ar\nd ! ,isle ( ,gambi] ! reef has a ?ickness ( a ?\s& & sixty feet1 at ,tahiti ( two hundr$ & ?irty4 ,r\nd ! ,fiji ,isl&s x is f two to ?ree ?\s&4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! fr++ reefs imm$iately surr\nd+ ! isl&1 or a portion ( x1 might be conf\nd$ ) ! b>ri] reefs we h be5 describ+1 if !y only diff]$ 9 _! small] bread?2 b ! circum/ance t !y abut imm$iately on ! coa/ 9 place ( be+ sep>at$ by a *annel or lagoon m or less deep & cont9u\s1 proves t !y are 9 direct communication ) ! slope ( ! subm>9e soil1 & p]mits ( _! be+ di/+ui%$ f ! b>ri] reefs4 ,! dang]\s break]s :i* surr\nd ! ,mauritius are a /rik+ example ( ! fr++ reef4 ,?is isl& is almo/ entirely surr\nd$ by a b>ri] ( ^! rocks1 ! bread? ( :i* v>ies f a hundr$ & fifty to ?ree hundr$ & ?irty feet2 _! rugg$ & abrupt surface is worn almo/ smoo?1 & is r>ely uncov]$ at l[ wat]4 ,analog\s reefs surr\nd ! ,isle ( ,b\rbon2 all r\nd ?is isl& ! polyps con/ruct on ! volcanic bottom ( ! sea deta*$ mammalons1 :i* rise f a fa?om to a fa?om & a half above ! wat]4 ,madreporic coa/+ reefs pres5t !mselves also on ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,africa & ( ,brazil4 ,9 ! ,r$ ,sea1 reefs ( corals exi/ :i* may be rank$ among ! madreporic coa/+ reefs1 9 consequ5ce ( ! limit$ bread? ( ! gulf4 ,ehr5b]g & ,hempri* exam9$ a hundr$ & fifty /ations 9 ! ,r$ ,sea1 all ( :i* _h outly+ fr++ reefs ( ?is description4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x may be ask$1 ,) :at rapidity are ^! coral & madreporic banks =m$1 s z to become atolls & fr++ reefs8 ,to answ] ?is "q ev5 approximately is v difficult4 ,on ! coa/ ( ! ,mauritius1 accord+ to ,m4 d',ar*aic1#f ! le>n$ pr(essor ( ! ,j>d9 des ,plantes1 ! edge ( ! reef is produc$ by ,madrepora corymbosa1 ,m4 pocillif]a1 & two species ( ,a/rea1 :i* pursue _! op]ations at ! dep? ( f eight to fifte5 fa?oms4 ,at ! base is a bank ( ,s]iatopora1 f fifte5 to tw5ty fa?oms 9 height4 ,at ! bottom1 ! s& is cov]$ ) ,s]iatopora4 ,at tw5ty fa?oms we also meet ) fragm5ts ( ,madrepora4 ,betwe5 tw5ty & =ty fa?oms ! bottom is s&y1 & ! s\nd+-rod br+s up great fragm5ts ( ,c>yophylla4 ,accord+ to ,,mm4 ,quoy & ,gaim>d1 ! ,a/reas1 :i*1 z ^! naturali/s consid]1 con/itute ! great] "p ( ! reefs1 _c live beyond f\r or five fa?oms deep4 ,millepora alcicornis ext5ds f ! surface to ! dep? ( twelve fa?oms2 ! ,madrepores & ,s]iatopores d[n to tw5ty fa?oms4 ,consid]able masses ( ,me&r9a h be5 obs]v$ at sixte5 fa?oms2 & a ,c>yophylla has be5 br\ght up f eighty fa?oms 9 ?irty-?ree degrees s\? latitude4 ,among ! polyps :i* d n =m solid reefs1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 m5tions ,cell>ia1 f\nd at a hundr$ & n9ety fa?oms deep1 ,gorgonia at a hundr$ & sixty1 ,corall9es at a hundr$1 ,millepora at f ?irty to =ty-five1 ,s]tul>ias at =ty1 & ,tubulipora at n9ety-five fa?oms4 ,accord+ to ,dana1 none ( ! species :i* =m reefs--namely1 ,madrepora1 ,millepora1 ,porites1 ,a/reas1 & ,me&r9eas--c live at a great] dep? ?an eighte5 fa?oms4 ,x is only ne> ! surface ( ! wat] t ! zoophytes :i* produce m9]als & =m madreporic banks put =? _! p[]s2 ! po9ts mo/ expos$ to ! beat+ ( ! waves is t :i* is mo/ fav\rable to _! gr[?2 x is !re t ! ,a/reas1 ,porites1 & ,millepores mo/ ab\nd4 ,! proportionate increase ( ! /ructures1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,d>w91 dep5ds at once ^u ! species :i* con/ruct ! reefs & ^u v>i\s access>y circum/ances4 ,! ord9>y rate ( increase ( ! madrepores1 accord+ to ,dana1 is ab\t an in* & a half annually2 &1 z _! bran*es are mu* scatt]$1 ?is w n exce$ half an in* 9 ?ickness ( ! :ole surface cov]$ by ! madrepore4 ,aga91 9 consequ5ce ( _! porosity1 ?is quantity w be r$uc$ to ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* ( compact matt]4 ,x is1 besides1 to be not$ t great spaces are want+2 ! s&s fill+ up ! de/roy$ "p ( ! polyp are wa%$ out by ! curr5ts 9 ! great dep?s :]e !re are no liv+ corals1 & ! surface occupi$ by !m is r$uc$ to a six? ( ! :ole corall9e region1 :i* r$uces ! prec$+ ?ree-eigh?s to "o-six?4 ,! %ells & o!r organic dbris w probably repres5t a f\r? ( ! total produce 9 relation to corals4 ,9 ?is mann]1 tak+ ev]y?+ into acc\nt1 ! mean increase ( a reef _c exce$ ! eigh? ( an in* annually4 ,accord+ to ?is calculation1 "s reefs :i* are n less ?an two ?\s& feet ?ick w\ld require = _! =mation a hundr$ & n9ety-two ?\s& ye>s4 ,x is necess>y to add1 h[ev]1 t 9 fav\rable circum/ances ! increase ( ! masses ( coral may be mu* m rapid4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 speaks ( a %ip :i*1 hav+ be5 wreck$ 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 0 f\nd1 aft] be+ subm]g$ only tw5ty mon?s1 to be cov]$ ) a b$ ( coral two feet 9 ?ickness2 he also m5tions exp]im5ts made by ,mr4 ,all5 on ! coa/ ( ,madagasc>1 :i* t5d to prove t 9 ! space ( six mon?s c]ta9 corals increas$ ne>ly ?ree feet4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we proce$ to ! !oretic explanation ( ^! curi\s m9]al =mations4 ,naturali/s & navigators h be5 mu* divid$ 9 op9ion z to ! true orig9 ( ^! madreporic isl&s4 ,mo/ ( !m h admitt$ t ^! enorm\s banks are compos$ ( ! m9]al spoils & e>?y detritus ( ! madrepores & corals1 :i*1 develop+ !mselves 9 _! mid/1 or ^u ! b$ ( ! ocean1 multiply+ & sup]pos+ !mselves1 age aft] age1 & g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 h f9ally conclud$ by =m+ deposits ( ?is imm5se ext5t4 ,! gr[? ( ! va/ madreporic column w\ld be f9ally arre/$ by ! want ( wat] :5 its summit approa*$ ! level ( ! sea4 ,x is ?us t ,=/]1 ,pron1 ,fl9d]s1 & ,*amisso h expla9$ ! =mation ( ! atolls & madreporic reefs4 ,?is op9ion has also f\nd a support]1 9 our times1 9 ! ,fr5* admiral1 ,du ,petit ,?\>s4 ,b he objects1 ) reason1 t ! corals _c live at ! prodigi\s dep? ( sea at :i* ! base ( ^! islets lie4 ,x has !re=e be5 f\nd necess>y to seek = ano!r cause to satisfy ! div]se conditions ( ! ph5om5a1 & expla91 at ! same "t1 ! /range circul> arrangem5t ( ^! isl&s1 :i* is almo/ con/ant1 & :i* x is ess5tial to keep 9 view4 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell 0 ( op9ion t ! base ( an atoll 0 always ! crat] ( an anci5t subm>9e volcano1 :i*1 :5 cr[n$ ) corals & madrepores1 w\ld naturally reproduce ?is circul> wall =m$ ( heap$-up corals4 ,?is !ory supposes ! exi/5ce ( volcanic crat]s 9 ! neighb\rhood ( all ! coral isl&s4 ,x is q c]ta9 t ^! isl&s are (t5 f\nd n f> f ext9ct volcanoes1 & ,sir ,*>les ,lyell has publi%$ a v curi\s map 9 connection ) ! subject2 nev]!less1 ! co9cid5ce does n always exi/4 ,we h already rem>k$ on ! !ory by :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9 seeks to expla9 ! complicat$ conditions ( ! ph5om5a4 ,! explanation propos$ acc\nts = ! kn[n facts1 z well z ! pres5t appe>ance ( ! madreporic isl&s4 ,! circul> atolls & madreporic banks :i* are dispos$ z a sort ( girdle1 are pr9cipally =m$ ( porites1 millepora1 & a/rea1 zoophytes :i* _c exi/ at any great dep? 9 ! ocean1 b :i* sw>m on ! rocks at "s few fa?oms only bel[ ! limits ( ! tide4 ,^! animals1 by means ( _! accumulat$ dbris1 soon =m a sort ( coat+ r\nd ! isl&1 :i* con/itutes ! littoral reefs3 ?is m>g9al tongue or %\ld]1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,d>w91 is ! fir/ /age 9 ! exi/5ce ( a madreporic isl&4 ,at ?is po9t ! au?or introduces a geological cause1 namely1 a great subsid+ movem5t ( ! soil1 9 :i* ! madreporic colony is sunk "u ! wat]4 ,x is evid5t t aft] subm]sion ! zoophyte w only cont9ue to develop itself on ! upp] surface1 & )9 ! limits :i* its nature prescribes4 ,! madrepores exhibit+ _! greate/ vitality at ! po9ts mo/ expos$ to ! fury ( ! waves1 x w be ne> ! out] edge ( ! reef t ! developm5t w be mo/ rapid4 ,if ! subsid5ce ( ! isl& ?us surr\nd$ %\ld /ill cont9ue1 z m\nta9 aft] m\nta9 & isl& aft] isl& sl[ly s9k b5ea? ! wat]1 fre% bases w\ld be successively af=d$ = ! gr[? ( ! corals1 & ! out] edge elevat$ by _! cont9ual lab\r1 ?us trans=m+ ! space into a sort ( circul> lagune4 ,! madreporic deposits w\ld ?us =m an isolat$ girdle1 & ! lagune1 :i* occupies ! c5tre1 w\ld become deep] & deep] 9 proportion to ! l[]+ ( ! soil4 ,?is is ! second /age ( ! madreporic isle4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! atolls are ?us subord9at$ to two pr9cipal conditions3 ! progressive subsid5ce ( ! %ore wa%$ by ! sea1 & ! exi/5ce ( coral =m$ ( /ony cells1 ! gr[? & multiplication ( :i* are extremely rapid4 ,x foll[s f ?is t madreporic isles _c exi/ 9 all seas2 t !y only h _! bir? 9 ! ,torrid zone1 or at lea/ ne> ! ,tropics1 = x is only 9 ^! regions :]e ! w>m? exi/s1 s necess>y to _! developm5t1 t ! madrepores %[ !mselves 9 greate/ abundance4 ,! great field ( madreporic =mations1 9 %ort1 is f\nd 9 ! w>m p>ts ( ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,x is f ?is po9t1 z f a common c5tre1 r\nd :i* are rang$ ! s]ies ( madreporic isles & islets1 t x w be useful1 9 conclud+ ?is *apt]1 to trace _! geographical di/ribution4 ,we borr[ ! mat]ials = ?is f ,milne ,edw>ds's tableaux ( _! di/ribution 9 ! pr9cipal seas ( ! _w4 ,x is1 z we h said1 only 9 ! w>m p>ts ( ! ,pacific ,ocean t ! great mass ( ^! isl&s are f\nd4 ,!y give bir? t[>ds ! s\? to ! gr\p ( atolls kn[n z ! ar*ipelago ( ! ,ba%ee ,isl&s1 ! extreme limit ( ! region be+ ! ,isle ( ,ducie4 ,a multitude ( o!r isl&s ( ! same nature are sp>sely scatt]$ ov] ! sea1 up to ! ea/ coa/ ( ,au/ralia4 ,!re are enorm\s areas "h1 9 :i* e s+le isl& is ( coral =mation1 & is rais$ to ! height at :i* ! waves c ?r[ up fragm5ts4 ,! ,radack gr\p is an angul> squ>e1 f\r hundr$ miles long by two hundr$ & =ty broad4 ,betwe5 ?is gr\p & ! ,l[ ,ar*ipelago itself1 eight hundr$ & =ty miles by f\r hundr$ & tw5ty1 !re are gr\ps & s+le isl&s cov]+ a l9e> space ( m ?an f\r ?\s& miles4 ,to ! nor? ( ! ,equator1 ! ar*ipelago ( ! ,c>ol9e ,isl&s con/itutes a v consid]able gr\p ( madreporic =mation1 compreh5d+ upw>ds ( a ?\s&1 ext5d+ 9 a broad belt ov] ne>ly =ty degrees ( longitude4 ,on ! o!r h&1 all along ! coa/ ( ! ,am]ican cont95t1 r\nd ! ,galapagos & ! ,isle ( ,paques1 we f9d no trace ( !m4 ,! reason assign$ is1 t 9 ^! regions a great curr5t ( cold wat]1 fl[+ f ! ,ant>ctic ,pole1 s mu* l[]s ! temp]ature ( ! sea1 t ! zoophytes no long] possess ! requisite vig\r4 ,we /ill meet ) atolls 9 ! ,*9ese ,seas1 & madreporic b>ri] reefs are abundant r\nd ! ,m>ianne & ,philipp9e ,isl&s4 ,^! m>g9al reefs =m also an imm5se tract1 f ! ,isle ( ,timor1 along ! s\? coa/ ( ,sumatra1 up to ! isl& ( ,nicob>1 9 ! ,bay ( ,b5gal4 ,to ! we/ ( ! ,indian ,p59sula1 ! ,maldive & ,laccadive ,isl&s =m ! extremity ( ano!r gr\p ( atolls1 & important madreporic reefs1 :i* ext5d t[>ds ! s\?1 by ! ,maldives & ! ,*agos ,isl&s2 !y consi/ ( l[ coral =mations1 d5sely clo!d ) cocoa-nut trees4 ,! ,maldives1 ! mo/ s\!rly clu/]1 include upw>ds ( a ?\s& isl&s & reefs2 ! ,laccadives1 sev5te5 9 numb]1 are ( simil> orig94 ,! ,saya de ,malha bank1 t[>ds ! s\?-ea/1 con/itutes a fur!r gr\p ( madreporic islets4 ,f9ally1 ! coa/ ( ! ,mauritius1 ( ,madagasc>1 ( ! ,sey*elles1 & ev5 ! ,african cont95t1 f ! nor!rn extremity ( ! ,mozambique ,*annel to ! bottom ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 are /udd$ ) num]\s reefs ( ! same nature4 ,!y fail1 h[ev]1 almo/ completely1 along ! coa/ ( ! ,asiatic cont95t1 :]e1 among o!rs1 ! wat]s ( ! ,euphrates1 ! ,indus1 & ! ,ganges1 ent] ! sea1 & div]sify its inhabitants4 ,! we/]n coa/ ( ,africa1 & ! ea/ coa/ ( ! ,am]ican cont95t1 are almo/ entirely de/itute ( great madreporic reefs1 b !y ab\nd 9 ! ,c>ibbean ,seas4 ,9 ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 :]e ! va/ fre%-wat] curr5t ( ! ,mississippi deb\*es into ! sea1 !y are unkn[n4 ,x is pr9cipally on ! nor? coa/ & ^u ! ea/]n flanks ( ! *a9 ( ,we/ ,indian ,isl&s t ! madreporic reefs %[ !mselves 9 ^! regions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! polyps :i* h produc$ ^! va/ ranges ( isl&s w\ld be set d[n1 at fir/ sight1 z ! mo/ incapable objects 9 creation = accompli%+ x4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,p5natulid1 ! case is coriace\s1 /r5g!n$ ) calc>e\s p>ticles2 ! int]ior is a fibr\s network conta9+ a transp>5t jelly 9 ! squ>es1 & p]meat$ by a c]ta9 numb] ( longitud9al c>tilag9\s tubes2 ! s(t "p is uni=mly gelat9\s1 b ! sk9 is also coriace\s1 ) a great numb] ( calc>e\s spicula plac$ p>allel to "o ano!r1 add+ greatly to its /r5g? & consi/5cy4 ,! polyps are plac$ 9 ?is ext]nal fle%y cru/2 _! position be+ m>k$ by an orifice on ! surface1 di/+ui%$ by eight />-l rays1 :i* op5 :5 ! upp] portion ( ! body is =c$ outw>ds1 9 :i* /ate x resembles a cyl9drical bladd] or nipple cr[n$ ) a fr+e ( t5tacula1 :i* surr\nd ! m\?4 ,"u ?is orifice is ! /oma*1 occupy+ ! c5tre ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! space betwe5 ?is /oma* & ! out] envelope is divid$ into eight equal comp>tm5ts or cells by z _m ?9 septa1 orig9at+ 9 a labial rim or lip betwe5 ! basis ( ! t5tacula1 :i* desc5d ?r\gh ! cyl9d] atta*$ on ! "o side to ! inn] tunic ( ! body1 & on ! o!r to ! /oma*1 :i* is ?us reta9$ 9 its position4 ,! protrud+ portion ( ! polyp is v delicate1 ! int]nal visc]a be+1 z x 71 enclos$ 9 a bladd] =m$ ( two v ?9 membranes 9 intimate union1 s transp>5t z to p]mit a view ( _! arrangem5t4 ,at ! base ( ! body1 :]e ?icke/1 x coalesces ) ! base ( ! adjac5t polyp2 ?us con/itut+ ! common cortical portion into :i* ea* animal retreats at w1 by a process 9 _m respects resembl+ t by :i* a snail draws 9 its horns4 ,9 ! great] numb] ( ,a/]oid ?is common portion secretes c>bonate ( lime1 :i* is deposit$ 9 ! me%es ( its tissues ei!r 9 granules or 9 cry/all9e spicul1 :i* imp>ts a solid consi/5cy to ! :ole4 ,! inn] tissue mean:ile cont9ues unalt]$1 be+ prolong$ ?r\gh\t ! polypif]\s l9+ ( ! cell1 ! abdom9al cavity1 & ! longitud9al canals :i* p]meate ! :ole polyp1 z well z ! tubul> network ) :i* ! space betwe5 ! canals is occupi$4 ,x is among ^! inn] tissues t ! buds or gemm are g5]at$1 by ^: increase & evolution ! polyp mass is enl>g$1 ! %ape & size dep5d+ on ! mann] 9 :i* ! buds are evolv$2 = 9 "s1 z 9 ! ,p5natulid1 det]m9ate spots only h ! appropriat$ organization1 :ile 9 o!rs1 z 9 ,alcyonium1 ! g5]ative faculty appe>s to be undef9$ & m diffus$4 ,,! ,,act9i>ia4 ,"h we leave ! gr\p ( polyps :i* =m unit$ families4 ,! ,sea ,anemones1 ( :i* ! ,act9ia are ! type1 consi/ ( ,zoan?aires1 :i* produce no corals1 t is to say1 ( polyps ^: cov]+ rema9s always s(t1 & 9 ^: int]ior no?+ solid is produc$4 ,?is ord] is usually divid$ into two families--! ,act9iad1 hav+ ! t5tacles 9 un9t]rupt$ circles1 ) no corallum1 & ! ,m9yad91 hav+ globose bodies1 & v %ort t5tacula4 ,! mod]n aqu>ium exposes ! spectator to _m wond]ful surprises4 ,coil$ up aga9/ ! transp>5t cry/al walls ( ! bas91 he obs]ves liv+ creatures ( ! mo/ brilliant %ades ( col\r1 & m resembl+ fl[]s ?an animals4 ,support$ by a solid base & cyl9drical /em1 he sees !m t]m9ate l ! corolla ( a fl[]1 z 9 ! petals ( ! anemone3 ^! are ! animals we call ,sea ,anemones--curi\s zoophytes1 :i*1 z all p]sons famili> ) ! sea %ore may h obs]v$1 are n[ se5 susp5d$ f ! rocks1 & pres5tly buri$ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 or float+ on its surface4 ,^! *>m+ & timid creatures are also call$ ,act9ia1 z indicat+ _! disposition to =m rays or />s1 f ! ,greek 1 a ray4 ,! body ( ^! animals is cyl9drical 9 =m1 t]m9at+ b5ea? 9 a muscul> disk1 :i* is g5]ally l>ge & di/9ct1 enabl+ !m to cl+ vigor\sly to =eign bodies4 ,x t]m9ates above 9 an upp] disk1 be>+ _m r[s ( t5tacles1 :i* diff] f ea* o!r only 9 _! size4 ,^! t5tacles are sometimes decorat$ ) brilliant col\rs1 =m+ a species ( coll>ette1 consi/+ ( contractile & (t5 retractile tubes1 pi]c$ at _! po9ts ) an orifice1 :5ce issue jets ( wat]1 :i* is eject$ at ! w ( ! animal4 ,arrang$ 9 multiples ( circles1 !y di/ribute !mselves ) p]fect regul>ity r\nd ! m\?4 ,^! are ! arms ( ?is species ( zoophyte4 ,! m\? ( ! ,act9ia op5s among ! t5tacles4 ,oval 9 =m1 x communicates by means ( a tube ) a /oma*1 broad & %ort1 :i* desc5ds v]tically1 & abuts by a l>ge op5+ on ! visc]al cavity1 ! int]ior ( :i* is divid$ into little cells or *amb]s4 ,^! cells & *amb]s are n all ( ! same dim5sions2 9 p>t+ f ! cyl9drical walls ( ! body1 !y advance1 ! "o increas+1 ! o!rs gett+ small]1 9 ! direction ( ! c5tre4 ,moreov]1 !y h _m k9ds ( cells1 :i* dispose !mselves 9 _! diff]5t relations ) great regul>ity--_! t5tacula1 :i* correspond ) !m1 be+ arrang$ 9 circles radiat+ m or less f ! c5tre4 ,! /oma* ( ! sea anemones fulfils a multitude ( functions4 ,at fir/1 x is ! dige/ive organ2 x is also ! seat ( respiration2 & is unceas+ly moi/5$ by ! wat]1 :i* x passes ?r\gh1 imbibes1 & ejects4 ,! visc]al cavity absorbs ! atmosph]ic air conta9$ 9 ! wat]2 = ! /oma* is also a lung1 & ?r\gh ! same organ x ejects its "y6 ,9 %ort1 ! reproductive organs1 ! eggs1 & ! l>v1 are all connect$ ) ! t5tacles or arms4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,septemb] ! eggs are fecundat$1 & ! l>v or embryos develop$4 ,z ,frdol says 9 ,la ,monde de la ,m]1 ,^! animals be> _! "y1 n ^u _! arms1 b 9 _! arms4 ,! l>v g5]ally pass f ! t5tacula into ! /oma*1 & are aft]w>ds eject$ f ! m\? along ) ! rejecta ( _! food--a mo/ s+ul> =mation1 9 :i* ! /oma* brea!s1 & ! m\? s]ves ! purposes ( acc\*em5t--facts :i* x w\ld be difficult to believe on o!r ?an ! mo/ positive evid5ce4 ,! ,daisy-l ,anemones 7,sag>tia bellis--,gosse71 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s ( ,p>is1 says ,frdol1 frequ5tly ?r[ up little embryos1 :i* are disp]s$1 & atta* !mselves to v>i\s p>ts ( ! aqu>ium1 & f9ally become m9iature anemones exactly l ! p>5t4 ,an act9ia :i* _h tak5 a v copi\s repa/ eject$ a portion ( x ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs lat]1 & 9 ! middle ( ! eject$ food 7 f\nd ?irty-eight "y individuals4 ,accord+ to ,dalyell1 an acc\*em5t is "h a fit ( indige/ion4 ,! l[] class ( animals h1 9 fact1 z ! g5]al basis ( _! organization1 a sac ) a s+le op5+1 :i* is appli$1 z we h se51 to a great v>iety ( uses4 ,x receives & rejects2 x swall[s & x vomits4 ,! vomit+ becomes necess>y & habitual--! normal condition1 9 %ort1 ( ! animal--& is p]haps a s\rce ( pleasure to x1 = x is n a malady1 b a function1 & ev5 a function multipli$4 ,9 ! sea anemone x expels ! excrem5t1 & lays its eggs2 9 o!rs1 z we h se51 x ev5 s]ves ! purposes ( respiration2 s t ! animal fl[]s may probably be said to enjoy _! regul> & p]iodical vomit4 ,! sea anemones multiply _! species 9 ano!r mann]4 ,on ! edge ( _! base c]ta9 bud-l excresc5ces may (t5 be obs]v$4 ,^! buds are by-&-by trans=m$ into embryos1 :i* deta* !mselves f ! "m1 & soon become individuals 9 all respects resembl+ h]4 ,?is mode ( reproduction greatly resembles "s ( ! vegetative processes4 ,ano!r & v s+ul> mode ( reproduction has be5 not$ by ,mr4 ,hogg 9 ! case ( ,act9ia oeillet4 ,wi%+ to deta* ?is anemone f ! aqu>ium1 ?is g5tleman us$ e ef=t to effect 8 purpose2 b only succe$$1 aft] viol5t ex]tions1 9 te>+ ! l[] "p ( ! animal4 ,six portions rema9$ atta*$ to ! glass walls ( ! aqu>ium4 ,at ! end ( eight days1 attempts 7 aga9 made to deta* ^! fragm5ts2 b x 0 obs]v$1 ) mu* surprise1 t !y %rank f ! t\* & contract$ !mselves4 ,ea* ( !m soon became cr[n$ ) a little r[ ( t5tacula1 & f9ally ea* fragm5t became a new anemone4 ,e "p ( ^! /range creatures ?us becomes a sep>ate be+ :5 deta*$1 :ile ! mutilat$ "m cont9ues to live z if no?+ _h happ5$4 ,9 %ort1 x has long be5 kn[n t ! sea anemones may be cut limb f limb1 mutilat$1 divid$1 & subdivid$4 ,"o "p ( ! body cut (f is quickly replac$4 ,cut (f ! t5tacles ( an act9ia1 & !y are replac$ 9 a %ort "t1 & ! exp]im5t may be repeat$ indef9itely4 ,! exp]im5ts made by ,m4 ,trembley ( ,g5eva ^u ! fre%-wat] polypi 7 repeat$ by ! ,abb ,dicquem>e on ! sea anemones4 ,he mutilat$ & torm5t$ !m 9 a hundr$ ways4 ,! p>ts cut (f cont9u$ to live1 & ! mutilat$ creature _h ! p[] ( reproduc+ ! p>ts ( :i* x _h be5 depriv$4 ,to ^? :o accus$ ! ,abb ( cruelty 9 ?us tortur+ ! poor creatures1 he repli$ t1 s f> f be+ a cause ( suff]+ to !m1 he _h increas$ _! t]m ( life1 & r5ew$ _! y\?4 ,! ,act9iad v>y 9 _! habitat f pools ne> l[-wat] m>k to eighte5 or tw5ty fa?oms wat]1 :5ce !y h be5 dr$g$ up4 ,!y adh]e1 says ,dr4 ,john/on1 to rocks1 %ells1 & o!r extrane\s bodies by means ( a glut9\s secretion f _! enl>g$ base1 b !y c leave _! hold & remove to ano!r /ation :5soev] x pleases !m1 ei!r by glid+ along ) a sl[ & almo/ imp]ceptible movem5t 7half an in* 9 five m9utes71 z is _! usual me?od1 or by rev]s+ ! body & us+ ! t5tacula = ! purpose ( feet1 z ,raumur ass]ts1 & z ,i h once witness$2 or1 la/ly1 inflat+ ! body ) wat]1 s z to r5d] x m buoyant1 !y deta* !mselves1 & are driv5 to a di/ance by ! r&om motion ( ! waves4 ,!y fe$ on %rimps1 small crabs1 :elks1 & simil> %ell$ mollusca1 & probably on all animals br\ght )9 _! rea* ^: /r5g? or agility is insuffici5t to extricate !m f ! grasp ( _! num]\s t5tacula2 = z ^! organs c be inflect$ 9 any direction1 & greatly l5g!n$1 !y are capable ( be+ appli$ to e po9t1 & adh]e by suction ) consid]able t5acity1 ?r[+ out1 accord+ to ,ga]tn]1 ( _! :ole surface a numb] ( extremely m9ute suck]s1 :i*1 /ick+ fa/ to ! small protub]ances ( ! sk91 produce ! s5sation ( r\ghness1 :i* is s f> f be+ pa9ful t x ev5 _c be call$ disagreeable4 ,! size ( ! prey is frequ5tly 9 unseemly disproportion to ! prey]1 be+ (t5 equal 9 bulk to itself4 ,i _h once br\ght me a specim5 ( ,a4 crassicornis1 t might h be5 orig9ally two in*es 9 diamet]1 :i* _h someh[ contriv$ to swall[ a valve ( ,pect5 maximus ( ! size ( an ord9>y sauc]4 ,! %ell1 fix$ )9 ! /oma*1 0 s plac$ z to divide x completely into two halves1 s t ! body1 /ret*$ t5sely ov]1 _h become ?9 & flatt5$ l a pancake4 ,all communication betwe5 ! inf]ior portion ( ! /oma* & ! m\? 0 ( c\rse prev5t$2 yet1 in/ead ( emaciat+ & dy+ ( atrophy1 ! animal _h avail$ itself ( :at und\bt$ly _h be5 a v unt[>d accid5t to increase its enjoym5t & its *ance ( d\ble f>e4 ,a new m\?1 furni%$ ) two r[s ( num]\s t5tacula1 0 op5$ up on :at _h be5 ! base1 & l$ to ! "u /oma*2 ! individual _h inde$ become a sort ( ,siamese ,tw91 b ) great] intimacy & ext5t 9 its unions6 ,! sea anemones pass ne>ly all _! life fix$ to "s rock1 to :i* !y seem to h tak5 root4 ,!re !y live a sort ( unconsci\s & obtuse exi/5ce1 gift$ ) an in/9ct s obscure t !y are n ev5 consci\s ( ! prey 9 _! vic9ity until x is actually 9 contact1 :5 x seizes x 9 its m\? & swall[s x4 ,nev]!less1 ?\gh habitually adh]5t1 !y c move1 glid+ & creep+ sl[ly by successive contractile & relax+ movem5ts ( ! body1 ext5d+ "o edge ( _! base & relax+ ! opposite "o4 ,at ! approa* ( cold wea!r ! ,act9iad desc5d into ! deepe/ wat]1 :]e !y f9d a m agreeable temp]ature4 ,we h said t ! sea anemones are sc>cely possess$ ( vital in/9ct2 b !y are capable ( c]ta9 volunt>y movem5ts4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( light1 !y exp& _! t5tacles z ! daisy displays its florets4 ,if ! animal is t\*$1 or ! wat] is agitat$ 9 its neighb\rhood1 ! t5tacles close imm$iately4 ,^! t5tacles appe> occasionally to s]ve ! purpose ( (f5sive arms4 ,! h& ( ! man :o has t\*$ !m becomes r$ & inflam$4 ,m4 ,holl>d has se5 small mack]el1 two to ?ree in*es long1 p]i% :5 t\*$ by ! t5tacles ( ! ,gre5 ,act9ia 7,comactis viridis--,allman74 ,?is is a *>m+ little animal4 ,! brilliancy ( its col\rs & ! great elegance ( its t5tacul> cr[n :5 fully exp&$1 says ,pr(essor ,allman1 r5d] x em95tly attractive2 hundr$s may (t5 be se5 9 a s+le pool1 & few sights w be reta9$ ) great] pleasure by ! naturali/ ?an t pres5t$ by ^! little zoophytes1 z !y exp& _! gre5 & rosy cr[ns amid ! alg1 millepores1 & plumy corals1 co-t5ants ( _! rock-cov]$ vase4 ,! toxological prop]ties ( ! ,act9ia h be5 attribut$ to c]ta9 special cells full ( liquid2 b ,m4 ,holl>d believes t ^! effects are nei!r con/ant en\gh nor suffici5tly g5]al to con/itute ! *ief function ( ^! organs1 :i* are f\nd 9 all ! species & ov] _! :ole surface1 ext]nal & int]nal4 ,?\gh q incapable ( disc]n+ _! prey at a di/ance1 ! sea anemone seizes x ) avidity :5 x comes to (f] itself up a victim4 ,if "s adv5tur\s little worm1 or "s "y & sluggi% cru/acean1 happ5s to ruffle ! exp&$ involucrum ( an act9ia 9 its lazy progress ?r\gh ! wat]1 ! animal /rikes x at once ) its t5tacles1 & in/9ctively sweeps x into its op5 m\?4 ,?is habit may be obs]v$ 9 any aqu>ium1 & is a fav\rite spectacle at ! ,j>d9 d',acclimatation ( ,p>is1 at noon on ,sunday & ,w$nesday1 :5 ! aquatic animals are f$4 ,small morsels ( food are ?r[n into ! wat]4 ,prawns1 %rimps1 & o!r cru/aceans & zoophytes inhabit+ ?is m$ium1 *ase ! morsels z !y s9k to ! bottom ( ! bas92 b x is o!rwise ) ! ,act9ia2 ! morsels glide d[nw>ds )9 ! tw5tie? "p ( an in* ( _! cr[n )\t its pres5ce be+ suspect$4 ,x requires ! aid ( a propiti\s w&1 direct$ by ! h& ( ! keep]1 to guide ! food "r d[n on ! animal4 ,!n its arms or t5tacles seize ^u ! prey1 & its repa/ comm5ces =?)4 ,! ,act9ia are at once glutton\s & voraci\s4 ,!y seize _! food ) ! help ( ! t5tacula1 & engulf 9 _! /oma*1 z we h se51 sub/ances ( a volume & consi/5ce :i* contra/ /rangely ) _! dim5sions & s(tness4 ,9 less ?an an h\r1 ,m4 ,holl>d obs]v$ t "o ( ^! creatures void$ ! %ell ( a mussel1 & dispos$ ( a crab all to its h>de/ p>ts2 nor 0 x sl[ to reject ^! h>d p>ts1 by turn+ its /oma* inside out1 z "o might turn out "o's pocket1 9 ord] to empty x ( its cont5ts4 ,we h se5 9 ,dr4 ,john/on's acc\nt ( ,a4 crassicornis t :5 ?reat5$ ) dea? by hung]1 f hav+ swall[$ a %ell :i* sep>at$ x into two halves1 at ! end ( elev5 days x _h op5$ a new m\?1 provid$ ) sep>ate r[s ( t5tacula4 ,! accid5t :i*1 9 ord9>y animals1 w\ld h left x to p]i% ( hung]1 became1 9 ! sea anemone1 ! s\rce ( r$\bl$ ga/ronomical enjoym5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,v4--,sea ,anemones4 #a1 #b1 #c4 ,a4 sulcata4 #d4 ,phymactis sanct ,hel54 #e4 ,act9ia cap5sis4 #f4 ,a4 ,p]uviana4 #g4 ,a4 sanct ,ca!r94 #h4 ,a4 ame?y/9a4 #i4 ,comactis viridis4 ,! anemones1 ,frdol tells u1 are voraci\s1 & full ( en]gy2 no?+ escapes _! gluttony2 e creature :i* approa*es !m is seiz$1 engulf$1 & dev\r$4 ,nev]!less1 ) all ! p[] ( _! m\?1 _! insatiable /oma*s _c reta9 ! prey !y h swall[$4 ,9 c]ta9 circum/ances x contrives to escape1 9 o!rs x is adroitly snat*$ away by "s neighb\r+ m>aud] m cunn+ & m active ?an ! anemone4 ,9 ,,pl4 ,,iv4 are repres5t$ ! pr9cipal species ( ,anemone usually obs]v$ 9 ! aqu>ium4 ,figs4 #a1 #b1 & #c1 ,a4 sulcata1 is surmis$ by ,johnson to be ! "y ( ,a4 effoeta 7,l9n474 ,x is also quot$ z a synonyme ( ,an!a c]eus1 f ,drayton's /anza3 ,an!a ( ! fl[]s1 t ha? a g5]al *>ge1 ,& ,syr9x ( ! we$s1 t gr[ ^u ! m>ge4 ,fig4 #d1 ,phymactis ,sanct ,hel5 7,edw472 ,fig4 #e1 ,a4 ,cap5sis 7,lesson72 ,fig4 #f1 ,a4 ,p]uviana 7,lesson72 ,fig4 #g1 ,a4 ,sanct ,ca!r92 ,fig4 #h1 ,a4 ame?y/9a 7,quoy72 ,fig4 #i1 ,comactis viridis 7,milne ,edw>ds74 ,x is sometimes obs]v$ 9 aqu>iums t a %rimp1 :i* has se5 ! prey dev\r$ f a di/ance1 w ?r[ itself ^u ! ravi%]1 & audaci\sly wre/ ! prey f him & dev\r x be=e 8 eyes1 to 8 great disappo9tm5t4 ,ev5 :5 ! sav\ry morsel has be5 swall[$1 ! %rimp1 by great ex]tions1 succe$s 9 extract+ x f ! /oma*4 ,seat+ itself ^u ! ext5d$ disk ( ! anemone1 ) its small feet x prev5ts ! approa* ( ! t5tacles1 at ! same "t t x ins]ts its claws into ! dige/ive cavity & seizes ! food4 ,9 va9 ! anemone tries to contract its gills & close its m\?4 ,sometimes ! conflict betwe5 ! s$5t>y zoophyte & ! vagrant cru/acean becomes s]i\s4 ,:5 ! =m] is /rong & robu/1 ! aggression is repell$1 & ! %rimp runs ! risk ( supplem5t+ ! repa/ ( ! anemone4 ,if ! act9ias are voraci\s1 !y c also support a prolong$ p]iod ( fa/+4 ,!y h be5 kn[n to live two & ev5 ?ree ye>s )\t hav+ receiv$ any n\ri%m5t4#g ,al?\gh ! sea anemone is said to be delicate eat+1 man d]ives v little b5efit f !m 9 t respect4 ,9 ,prov5ce1 ,italy1 & ,greece1 ! ,gre5 ,act9ia is 9 great repute1 & ,dicquem>e speaks ( ,a4 crassicornis z delicate food4 ,( all ! k9ds ( sea anemones1 ,i w\ld pref] ?is = ! table2 be+ boil$ "s "t 9 sea wat]1 !y acquire a firm & palatable consi/5ce1 & may !n be eat5 ) any k9d ( sauce4 ,!y are ( an invit+ appe>ance1 ( a light %iv]+ texture1 & ( a s(t :ite & r$di% hue4 ,_! smell is n unlike t ( a w>m crab or lob/]4 ,dr4 ,john/on admits ! tempt+ description1 & does n d\bt _! be+ n less a luxury ?an ! sea ur*9s ( ! ,greeks1 or ! snails ( ! ,roman epicures1 b he 0 n induc$ to te/ its tru?4 ,rondeletius tells u1 hav+1 z ,dr4 ,john/on ?9ks1 ,a4 crassicornis 9 view1 t x br+s a good price at ,bordeaux4 ,act9ia dian?us also is good to eat1 quo? ,dicquem>e1 & ,plaucus directs ! cook to dress x aft] ! mann] ( dress+ oy/]s1 ) :i* x is frequ5tly eat54 ,act9ia coriacea is f\nd 9 ! m>ket at ,ro*e=t dur+ ! mon?s ( ,janu>y1 ,febru>y1 & ,m>*4 ,its fle% is said to be bo? delicate & sav\ry4 ,) ^! g5]al consid]ations1 we proce$ to note "s ( ! m rem>kable g5]a & species ( ^! int]e/+ creatures4 ,among ^!1 ! species repres5t$ 9 ,,pl4 ,,iv4 are ^? usually se5 collect$ 9 su* aqu>iums z ^? ( ! ,zoological ,g>d5s ( ,london & ! ,g>d5s ( ,acclimatization ( ,p>is4 ,! fir/ section ( ! ,act9iad1 accord+ to ,milne ,edw>ds1 includes ! ,common ,act9ia1 ! feet ( :i* are broad & adh]5t1 ! lat]al walls s(t & imp]=ate4 ,to ?is section belongs1 among o!rs1 ! g5]a ,anemonia1 ,act9ia1 & ,metridium4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,vi4--,sea ,anemones4 #a4 ,act9ia dian?us4 #b4 ,c]eus gemmaceus4 #c4 ,act9ia bicolor4 #d4 ,sag>tia viduata4 #e4 ,c]eus papillossus4 #f4 ,act9ia picta4 #g4 ,act9ia equ9a4 #h4 ,sag>tia rosea4 #i4 ,sag>tia cocc9ea4 ,! ,gre5 ,act9ia 7,a4 viridis7 has v num]\s t5tacula1 sometimes z _m z two hundr$1 exce$+ 9 l5g? ! bread? ( ! body1 ( a f9e br[ni% or olive gre51 & rose-col\r$ at ! extremity4 ,! trunk is ( a greyi% gre5 or br[n2 ! disk is br[n ) gre5i% rays4 ,?is species is pl5tiful 9 ! ,m$it]ranean & 9 ! ,*annel4 ,:5 atta*$ to ! v]tical sides ( a rock1 a little bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]1 9 :i* position x is (t5 se5 on ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 ! t5tacles hang susp5d$ z if ! animal _h no p[] to display !m 9 _! radiate =m2 b :5 fix$ horizontally 9 a calm sea1 !y are spread out 9 all directions1 & are kept 9 a /ate ( cont9ual agitation2 its long1 mane-l t5tacula1 fully exp&$1 float & balance !mselves 9 ! wat] 9 spite ( ! action ( ! waves1 pres5t+ a mo/ int]e/+ spectacle z x displays its beauties a few feet bel[ ! pass+ boat4 ,a4 dian?us 7,ellis71 hav+ a numb] ( synonymes1 is repres5t$ 9 ,,pl4 ,v4 ,fig4 #a2 its body is smoo? & cyl9drical2 ! disk m>k$ 9 ! c5tre ) clavate radiat+ b&s2 t5tacula num]\s1 irregul>1 ! out] small1 & =m+ r\nd ! m>g9 a ?ick filam5t\s fr+e4 ,?is species atta*es itself to rocks & %ells 9 deep wat]1 or )9 l[-wat] m>k1 to :i* x p]man5tly atta*es itself1 & _c be remov$ )\t organic injury to ! base4 ,:5 contract$1 ! body pres5ts a ?ick1 %ort1 sub-cyl9drical =m1 ab\t ?ree in*es long1 & "o & a half 9 diamet]1 & ab\t five in*es :5 fully exp&$2 ! sk9 is smoo?1 ( an uni=m olive1 :iti%1 cream1 or fle% col\r4 ,! c5tre ( ! disk is ornam5t$ ) a circle ( :ite b&s1 radiat+ f ! m\?1 ! lamell runn+ across1 ! circumf]5ce be+ p]ceptible ?r\gh ! transp>5t sk94 ,f ! n>r[1 col\rless int]spaces betwe5 ! lamell ! t5tacula orig9ate4 ,!y are plac$1 says ,dr4 ,john/on1 betwe5 ! m\? & ! m>g91 :i* is encircl$ by a d5se fr+e ( inconte/able beauty1 compos$ ( innum]able %ort t5tacula or filam5ts1 =m+ a ?ick1 furry bord]4 ,9 ,,pl4 ,v4 ,fig4 #b1 we h probably ,ga]tn]'s ,an!a c]eus1 ! body ( :i* is a light *e/nut col\r1 smoo?1 sulcat$ l5g?wise1 ) t5tacula ris+ f ! disk to ! numb]1 9 ag$ animals1 ( two hundr$4 ,sag>tia viduata--,gosse 7,fig4 #d7 has ! body adh]5t1 cyl9drical1 )\t a sk91 de/itute ( w>ts1 emitt+ capsulif]\s filam5ts f pores2 nettl+-?reads %ort1 d5sely arm$ ) a bru% ( hairs2 t5tacles conical4 ,a4 picta 7,,pl4 ,,iv4 ,fig4 #f71 :i* ,pr(essor ,edw>d ,=bes *anges to ,adamsia palliata1 is describ$ by ,mr4 ,adams1 :o fir/ discov]$ x1 z longitud9ally sulcat$1 hav+ ! edges ( ! base cr5at$2 ! l[] "p an obscure r$1 & ! upp] "p transp>5t :ite1 m>k$ ) f9e purple spots2 ! out] circumf]5ce ( ! ap]ture has a n>r[ /ripe ( p9k4 ,:5 exp&$1 ! sup]ior division ( ! body seems =m$ ( membrane4 ,f p]=at$ w>ts plac$ )\t ord] on ! out] coat1 issu$ :ite filam5t\s sub/ances v>i\sly twi/$ toge!r4 ,i h obs]v$1 he adds1 simil> bodies eject$ f ! m\?s ( all ! species ( ?is g5us :i* h fall5 )9 my notice4 ,a4 mesembryan!mum 7,john/on74--,! ,a4 equ9a ( ,lesson 7,,pl4 ,,iv4 ,fig4 #f71 kn[n 9 ,france z ! ,cul d'ane1 is extremely common 9 ! ,*annel on rocks betwe5 ! tide m>ks4 ,x atta*es itself *iefly to rocks beat5 by ! waves & expos$ to view at ! mom5t ( reflux4 ,! body is f two to ?ree in*es 9 height1 & f an in* to an in* & a half 9 diamet]2 hemisph]ical :5 contract$1 x resembles a bell p]=at$ at ! summit1 dilat$ into a cyl9d]4 ,:5 fully ext5d$ ! t5tacula are ne>ly equal to ! height ( ! body1 ( a uni=m liv] col\r1 or olive gre51 & sometimes /reak$ ) blue1 hav+ a gre5i% l9e ei!r cont9u\s or 9 spots1 ! base g5]ally ( a gre5i% col\r encircl$ ) an azure blue l9e1 (t5 /reak$ ) r$4 ,! t5tacula are t]m9at$ by a small pore4 ,its col\r is v>iable1 b g5]ally x is ( a violet-r$4 ,sometimes x pres5ts r\nd spots ( a f9e gre52 at o!r times x is only ( a gre5i% hue2 ! edge ( ! feet h a n>r[ bord] ( r$1 ) gre5 & blue b5ea?4 ,metridium dian?us has a ?ick body ) russet grey sk91 ! disk /rongly lob$1 ?9 & transp>5t r\nd ! m\?2 ! t5tacula v num]\s1 v %ort1 & occupy+ a broad1 /rong zone ^u ! disk4 ,! mesial l9es are :iti% & wide ap>t2 ext]nally !y are clos]1 papili=m1 & br[n4 ,?is species is f\nd on /ones & %ells 9 ! ,nor? ,sea & 9 ! ,*annel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! v]ruc\s1 or w>ty section ( ! ,act9iad1 h ! lat]al walls ( ! body cov]$ ) agglut9at$ tub]cles1 & well-develop$ feet4 ,to ?is section belong ! ,coriace\s ,c]eus1 ,act9ia crassicornis 7,john/on71 & ,a4 s5ilis 7,holl>d & ,dicquem>e71 :i* seem to v>y 9 habit4 ,holl>d describes !m z frequ5tly buri$ 9 ! s&s on ! %ore1 :ile ,cocks describes !m z atta*+ !mselves to %ells & /ones 9 deep wat]1 or atta*$ on ! littoral to ! sides ( rocks1 9 crevices1 or on ! face ( clean /ones 9 %elt]$ places4 ,! body is v>iegat$1 gre51 & r$2 ! t5tacles ?ick1 %ort1 & greyi%1 ) broad roseate b&s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4 ,edw>dsia ,calimorpha 7,gosse74 ,! ,anemones belong+ to ! f\r? section1 or tap-root$ act9ia1 h ! base small1 & t]m9at+ 9 a r\nd$ po9t1 & ! body mu* elongat$1 z 9 ,edw>dsia ,calimorpha 7,fig4 #hj71 9 :i* ! body is non-adh]5t1 some:at worm-l1 hav+ ! m\? & t5tacula seat$ on a retractile column1 ! l[] extremity inflat$1 membran\s1 & retractile4 ,9 ! great family ( ! ,act9i>ians1 ,milne ,edw>ds =ms a special gr\p ( ! ,phyllact94 ,9 ?is gr\p ! polyps are simple1 fle%y1 & pres5t at once simple & composite t5tacula4 ,su* is ,phyllactis prtexta 7,fig4 #ha71 :i* is f\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,rio ,janeiro4 ,! zoophyte fixes itself ^u ! rocks on ! sea %ore1 & cov]s itself ) s&4 ,its trunk1 ( cyl9drical =m1 is ( a fle%-col\r1 ) v]tical l9es1 hav+ r$ po9ts4 ,! int]ior t5tacles =m two simple elongat$ r[s2 ! ext]ior t5tacles are spatulate & lob$1 n v unlike ! leaves ( ! oak4 ,ano!r gr\p1 t ( ! ,?alassian?id1 is di/+ui%$ f ! prec$+ by hav+ all its t5tacula %ort1 p9nate1 & bran*+1 or papillif]\s4 ,"o species only is kn[n1 ,t4 a/]1 ( a slate col\r1 :i* inhabits ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha4 ,phyllactus prtexta 7,dana71 natural size4 ,9 ! la/ gr\p ( ,act9iad1 z arrang$ by ,milne ,edw>ds1 ! polypes occur 9 clu/]s1 & are multipli$ by buds1 ris+ f a common creep+1 root-l1 fle%y base2 !y ?us pres5t a sort ( coriace\s polypi]1 z 9 ,zoan?us socialis 7,fig4 #hb74 ,9 ! ,briti% ,*annel ?is species1 :i* ,dr4 ,john/on has nam$ ,z4 ,c\*ii1 aft] ,mr4 ,c\*1 jun41 is f\nd along ! ,corni% coa/1 on flat slates & rocks1 9 deep wat]1 & f "o to t5 leagues f ! %ore4 ,x is v small1 resembl+1 bo? 9 %ape & size1 a split pea4 ,:5 liv+1 its surface is pla9 b gl&ul>1 becom+ corrugat$ :5 pres]v$4 ,:5 semi-exp&$1 :i* is its fav\rite /ate1 x elevates itself to twice its ord9>y height1 becom+ contract$ ab\t ! middle1 l an h\r-glass4 ,:5 ! creature is fully exp&$1 ! t5tacula become di/5d$ & elongat$ to ab\t ! l5g? ( ! transv]se diamet] ( ! body2 & !y are g5]ally d>k] at _! extremities ?an t[>ds ! base4 ,l all ! ,act9iad1 ! pres5t species possess a p[] ( consid]ably alt]+ _! %ape2 sometimes ! m\? is depress$1 & at o!rs x is elevat$ into an obtuse cone4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ inactive ( its ord]1 says ,mr4 ,a4 ,c\*2 =1 :e!r 9 a /ate ( contraction or expansion1 x w rema9 s = _m days )\t app>5t *ange4 ,9 its exp&$ /ate a t\* w make x contract1 & x w commonly rema9 s = _m days4 ,! trail+ connect+-b& is flat1 ?91 n>r[1 gl&ul>1 & ( ! same texture z ! polyp1 sometimes enl>g+ into small papill>y em95ces1 :i*1 z !y become enl>g$1 become develop$ into polyps4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4 ,zoan?us socialis 7,cuvi]71 natural size4 ,,m9yad9ians4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc4 ,blue ,m9yade4 ,m9yas coeulea 7,cuvi]71 natural size4 ,! ,m9yad9ians seem to repres5t among ! ,zoan?airia ! =m peculi> to ! ,p5natula among ! ,alcyonians4 ,9 ! case ( ^! animals1 ! base ( ! body1 9 place ( ext5d+ itself 9 a disk-l =m1 9 ord] to grapple ) ! rock & o!r projections at ! bottom ( ! sea1 turns itself inw>ds1 =m+ a sort ( purse1 :i* seems to imprison ! air4 ,f ?is results a sort ( hydro/atic app>atus1 aid$ by :i* ! animals c float 9 ! wat] & transport !mselves f "o place to ano!r4 ,! ,blue ,m9yade 7,m9yas cyanea--,fig4 #hc7 w s]ve z a type ( ?is family2 its globose1 melon-l =m is ( azure blue1 /udd$ ) :ite w>t-l excresc5ces2 x is flatt5$ at its two extremities 9 its /ate ( contraction1 & x has ?ree r[s ( t5tacula1 :i* are %ort1 cyl9drical1 & :ite4 ,! int]nal organs are ( a delicate rose col\r4 ,cuvi] places ?is species among ! ,e*9od]mata1 b ! obs]vations ( ,lesueur & ,quoy1 :o 7 acqua9t$ ) ! liv+ animal1 place x among ! ,act9iad4 ,_m ( ! species1 :i* are usually fix$1 are /ill capable ( swimm+ & ( inflat+ _! suctorial disks2 !re=e x is by no means c]ta9 t ! free habit ( ,m9yas cyanea is con/ant4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #f3 ,c\rs de ,paleontologie ,/ratigraphique4 ,footnote #g3 ,on en a vu vivre deux et mme trois ans1 sans recevoir de n\rriture4--,vie des ,animaux1 p4 #aag4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,acaleph1 ,,or ,,sea ,,nettles4 ,9 nova f]t animus mutatis dic]e =mas corpora4--,,ovid1 ,,met4 ,! class ,acaleph1 f 1 a nettle1 s call$ f ! /++ prop]ties :i* _m ( !m possess1 include a great numb] ( radiate animals ( :i* ! ,m$us are ! type4 ,!y =m ! ?ird class ( ,cuvi]'s zoophytes4 ,! ,acaleph1 =m+ ! fir/ ord]1 are *>act]is$ z float+ & swimm+ 9 ! sea by means ( ! contraction & dilation ( _! bodies1 _! sub/ance be+ gelat9\s1 )\t app>5t fibres4 ,! great g5us ,m$usa is *>act]is$ by hav+ a disk1 m or less convex above1 resembl+ a mu%room or exp&$ umbrella--! edges ( ! umbrella1 z well z ! m\? & suck]s1 be+ m or less prolong$ into p$icles1 :i* take _! place 9 ! middle ( ! l[] surface2 !y are furni%$ ) t5tacula1 v>y+ 9 =m & size1 :i* h giv5 rise to _m subdivisions1 ) :i* we ne$ n conc]n ourselves4 ,! sub/ance ( ! disk pres5ts an uni=m cellul> appe>ance int]nally1 b ! cellul> sub/ance be+ v s(t1 no trace ( fibre is obs]vable4 ,tak5 f ! sea & laid ^u a /one1 a ,m$usa weigh+ fifty ounces w rapidly dim9i% to five or six gra9s1 s9k+ into a sort ( deliquesc5ce1 f :i* ,spalanzani conclud$ t ! sea-wat] p5etrat$ ! organic texture ( its sub/ance1 & con/itut$ ! pr9cipal volume ( ! animal4 ,^? :i* h cilia r\nd _! m>g9s h also cellul> b&s runn+ along _! bases1 & mo/ ( ! projectile & ext5sile t5tacula & filam5ts h sacs & canals conta9+ fluids at _! roots4 ,suck]s are also f\nd at ! extremities1 & along ! sides ( ^! t5tacles 9 sev]al g5]a are suck]s1 by :i* !y are able m securely to cat* _! float+ prey1 or to an*or !mselves :5 at re/4 ,! indications ( n]ves or n]v\s sy/em are too slight to be receiv$ z evid5ce1 al?\gh ,dr4 ,grant obs]v$ "s /ructure :i* he ?\ght c\ld only belong to a n]v\s sy/em1 & ,ehr5b]g ?\ght he obs]v$ eyes 9 ,m$usa aurita1 z well z a n]v\s circle =m$ ( f\r ganglion-l masses dispos$ r\nd ! m\?4 ,b mo/ naturali/s seem to be ( op9ion t t\* is ! only s5se ( :i* any conclusive pro( c be advanc$4 ,"h we behold a class ( bell-%ap$ semi-transp>5t organisms1 :i* float gracefully 9 ! sea--a great family ( s(t1 w&]+ animals1 con/itut$ 9 a mo/ extraord9>y mann]4 ,!y look l float+ umbrellas1 bree*es1 or1 bett] /ill1 float+ mu%rooms1 ! foot/alk replac$ by an equally c5tral body1 b divid$ into div]g5t lobes at once s9u\s1 twi/$1 & fr+$1 s t "o is at fir/ tempt$ to take !m = a species ( root4 ,! edges ( ! umbrella or mu%room are entire or d5tate1 sometimes elegantly figur$1 (t5 ciliate1 or provid$ ) long fili=m app5dages :i* float v]tically 9 ! wat]4 ,sometimes ! animal is uncol\r$1 & limpid z cry/al2 sometimes x pres5ts a slightly opal9e appe>ance1 n[ ( a t5d] blue1 or ( a delicate rose col\r2 at o!r times x reflects ! mo/ brilliant & vivid t9ts4 ,9 c]ta9 species ! c5tral p>ts only are col\r$1 %[+ brilliant r$s & yell[s1 blues or violets1 ! re/ be+ col\rless4 ,9 o!rs ! c5tral mass seems clo!d 9 a ?9 iridesc5t or diaphan\s veil1 l ! light evanesc5t soap-bubble1 or ! transp>5t glass %ade :i* cov]s a gr\p ( artificial fl[]s4 ,! ,acaleph are animals )\t consi/5ce1 imbu$ ) mu* wat]1 s t we c sc>cely compreh5d h[ !y resi/ ! agitation ( ! waves & ! =ce ( ! curr5ts2 ! waves1 h[ev]1 float )\t hurt+ !m1 ! tempe/ scatt]s )\t kill+ !m4 ,:5 ! sea retires1 or !y are )drawn f _! native wat]s1 _! sub/ance dissolves1 ! animal is decompos$1 !y are r$uc$ to no?+2 if ! sun is ard5t1 ?is disorganisation occurs 9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye1 s to speak4 ,:5 ! ,m$us travel1 _! convex "p is always kept 9 advance1 & slightly oblique4 ,if !y are t\*$ :ile swimm+1 ev5 lightly1 !y contract _! t5tacula1 fold up _! umbrella1 & s9k into ! sea4 ,l ,ehr5b]g1 ,m4 ,kllik] ?\ght he discov]$ visual & auditory organs 9 an ,oceania1 & ,geg5bau] ?\ght he detect$ !m 9 o!r g5]a1 su* z ,rhizo/oma & ,pelagia4 ,! eyes are said to consi/ ( c]ta9 small1 hemisph]ical1 cellulose1 col\r$ masses1 9 :i* are sunk small cry/all9e globules1 ! free p>ts ( :i* are p]fectly nak$4 ,! suppos$ auditory app>atus is seat$ close to ^! organs2 !y are small vesicles fill$ ) liquid2 ! eyes hav+ nei!r pupil nor cornea1 & ! e>s )\t op5+ or ar*4 ,b x is 9 _! reproduction t ^! evanesc5t be+s pres5t ! mo/ m>vell\s ph5om5a4 ,at "o p]iod ( ! ye> ! ,m$us are *>g$ ) numb]s ( v m9ute eggs1 ( ! mo/ lively col\rs1 :i* are susp5d$ 9 l>ge fe/oons f _! float+ bodies4 ,9 "s cases ^! eggs develop !mselves graft$ to _! bodies1 & are only deta*$ at maturity4 ,9 o!r cases ! l>v produc$ be> no resemblance to ! "m2 !y are elongat$ & v]mi=m1 broad at _! extremity2 we speak ( ! microscopic lee*es1 :i* h vibrat+ cilia1 sc>cely p]ceptible1 by :i* !y execute ! mo/ lively motions4 ,at ! end ( a c]ta9 "t !y are trans=m$ into polyps1 & furni%$ ) eight t5tacula4 ,?is prep>atory sort ( animal seems to possess ! faculty ( reproduction by means ( c]ta9 buds or tub]cles :i* develop !mselves on ! surface ( ! body1 & also by filam5ts :i* />t up "h & !re1 s t a s+le individual orig9ates a num]\s colony4 ,?is polyp is subject$ to a trans=mation /ill m rem>kable2 its /ructure becomes complex1 its body articulate1 & x seems to be compos$ ( a doz5 disks pil$ "o ^u ! o!r1 l ! j>s ( a voltaic pile2 ! upp] disk is convex1 & is sep>at$ f ! colony aft] a convulsive ef=t2 x becomes free1 & an excessively small1 />-l ,m$usa is ! result2 e disk1 t is1 e individual1 is isolat$ "o aft] ! o!r 9 ! same mann]4 ,?us ( ! sexual zoophytes :i* propagate _! k9d accord+ to ! usual laws2 b o!rs eng5d] "y :i* h no resemblance to ! p>5t zoophyte at all3 9 ?is respect !y are neut]1 t is1 non-sexual1 or agam\s4 ,^! are produc$ by budd+1 or fissip>ity1 f individuals l !mselves4 ,!y c also give sexual di/9ctions2 b be=e ?is *ange takes place ! creature1 :i* 0 simple1 is trans=m$ into a composite animal1 & x is f its disaggregation t individuals hav+ sexual organs are produc$1 ! process be+ t :i* has be5 call$ alt]nate g5]ation4 ,x goes on 9 a p]fectly regul> mann]1 al?\gh x is a fact t ! "y nev] resemble _! mo!rs1 b _! gr&mo!rs4 ,?is great family ( ,zoophytes ,gosse divides into-- ,discophora1 hav+ ! body 9 ! =m ( a circul> disk1 m or less convex & umbrella-%ap$1 mov+ by alt]nate contractions & expansions ( ! disk4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hd4 qu]ea violacea1 natural size 7,milne ,edw>ds74 ,ct5ophora1 body cyl9drical1 mov+ by means ( _m p>allel rims ( cilia set 9 longitud9al l9es on ! surface4 ,sophonophora1 body irregul>1 )\t c5tral dige/ive cavity l ! o!rs1 hav+ suck+ organs1 & mov+ by means ( a contractile cavity1 or by air-vessels4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #he4 ,aurelia aurita 7,lam>ck74 ,cyanea aurita 7,cuvi]74 ,"o-?ird natural size4 ,! ,discophora are aga9 subdivid$ into ,gymnoph?almata1 hav+ ! eye-specks uncov]$ or want+1 a great c5tral dige/ive cavity1 circulat+ vessels proce$+ to ! m>g9 q simple or bran*$2 & ,/eganoph?almata hav+ ! eye-specks protect$ by membran\s hoods1 or lob$ cov]+s1 circulat+ vessels mu* ramifi$1 & unit$ ) a network4 ,( ! ,gymnoph?almata we h an example 9 qu]ea violacea 7,fig4 #hd71 9 :i* ! disk is slightly convex1 glass-l 9 appe>ance1 & furni%$ all r\nd ) v %ort1 sl5d]1 ?read-l1 violet-col\r$ t5tacula2 ) circulat+ vessels1 eight 9 numb]1 q simple1 & ov>ies plac$ on !m2 p$uncle wide1 exp&+ into _m broad & long fr+$ lobes4 ,! ,/eganoph?almata include ! ,m$usad prop]1 9 :i* ! umbel is hemisph]ical1 ) num]\s m>g9al t5tacles1 eight eyes cov]$ by lobes1 f\r ov>ies1 f\r *amb]s1 f\r fr+$ arms1 ) a c5tral & f\r lat]al op5+s4 ,aurelia aurita 7,fig4 #he7 is "h repres5t$ z a type ( ! gr\p2 x is pl5tiful 9 ! ,baltic1 & has be5 c>efully /udi$ by ! ,sw$i% naturali/s4 ,ros5?al has made its anatomy 8 special /udy4 ,s>s has also made x ! subject ( obs]vations4 ,9 ! same gr\p we f9d ! ,pelagia cyanella ( ,pron1 ^: body is globose1 scollop$ ) eight m>g9al t5tacles1 p$uncles end+ 9 f\r leaf-l1 furbel[$ arms1 unit$ at ! base1 hav+ f\r ov>ies1 & app5dages to ! /oma*1 )\t orifices4 ,! ,pelagia1 z ! "n implies1 belong to ! deep sea4 ,p4 noctiluca has a transp>5t1 glass-l disk1 ( a r$di%-br[n col\r & w>ty appe>ance4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 ab\t ! coa/ ne> ,nice1 & is /ill m pl5tiful on ! coa/ ( ,sicily1 & on ! ,african coa/4 ,ano!r species1 ,p4 panopyra1 is v common 9 ! ,atlantic & ,pacific1 betwe5 ! ,tropics4 ,! naturali/ ,lesson met :ole banks ( !m 9 ! equatorial ocean1 ab\t ! tw5ty-sev5? degree nor? latitude & ! tw5ty-second degree we/ longitude4 ,dur+ ! night1 ?is species emits a brilliant phosphoric light1 & liv+ individuals1 :i* ,lesson succe$$ 9 pres]v+1 exhibit$ great lum9osity 9 ! d>k4 ,?is m$usa is rem>kable = its semi-sph]ical disk1 slightly depress$1 umbilicate at ! summit1 a little compress$ at ! edges1 & d5sely bri/l+ on ! surface ) small elongat$ w>ts1 b regul>ly fe/oon$ along ! edges4 ,9 col\r x is a delicate rose4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! animals :i* con/itute ?is class ( ,zoophytes1 &1 9 =m] times1 s curi\s & s imp]fectly kn[n1 7 designat$ ,polypom$us1 9 ord] to rem9d u t at "o "t !y 7 call$ ,m$us1 & at o!rs rang$ among ! ,polyps4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 rec5tly discov]$ t1 %ortly aft] !y issue f ! egg1 ^! zoophytes %[ !mselves 9 ! =m ( polyps1 & t1 at a lat] p]iod1 !y assume ! animal =m1 to :i* we give ! "n ( m$us4 ,^! animals are1 !n1 true proteans3 h5ce ! v consid]able difficulty ( /udy+ !m--difficulties :i* h long r$uc$ naturali/s to despair4 ,ev5 n[ _! hi/ory is too obscure & too complicat$ to ju/ify u 9 pres5t+ x1 except 9 its g5]al features4 ,we %all1 !re=e1 cont5t ourselves "h ) a description ( ! be/ kn[n species ( ! class only--^?1 namely1 :i* h p>ticul>ly attract$ ! att5tion ( naturali/s1 & :i* are1 at ! same "t1 ( a nature to int]e/ our read]s4 ,! class ( ,discophor may be divid$ into f\r ord]s or families1 namely3-- ,i4 ,,! ,,hydraid1 hav+ s+le1 nak$1 gelat9\s1 sub-cyl9drical1 b v contractile /ems1 mutable 9 =m1 m\? encircl$ ) a s+le s]ies ( granul\s fili=m t5tacula4 ,,ii4 ,,s]tul>iad1 plant-l & horny1 root$ & v>i\sly bran*$1 fill$ ) semi-fluid organic pulp1 ! polyps conta9$ )9 sessile cells dispos$ along ! sides ( ! ma9 /em or bran*lets1 b nev] t]m9al4 ,,iii4 ,,m$usad4 ,umbel hemisph]ical1 ) m>g9al t5tacula2 hav+ eight eyes cov]$ by lobes1 f\r ov>ies1 f\r cells1 f\r fr+$ arms1 a c5tral op5+1 & f\r lat]al op5+s4 ,,iv4 ,,siphonophora1 hav+ ! animals d\ble1 & bell-%ap$1 "o fitt+ into ! cavity ( ! o!r2 9 ,dyphyes ! animal has a l>ge air-vessel ) num]\s t5tacula2 9 ,physalia1 ! animal /ret*es ov] a c>tilag9\s plane4 ,! true =m ( ! ,m$usa does n appe> 9 ! two fir/ ord]s4 ,,hydraid4 ,! ,hydraid are1 accord+ to mod]n naturali/s1 ,discophor arre/$ 9 _! developm5t4 ,!y compreh5d ! s+le g5us ,hydra1 ( :i* _m species are kn[n1 ^: habits & metamorphoses x w be our object to p>ticul>ise4 ,hydra vulg>is inhabits /agnant ponds & sl[ly-runn+ wat]s4 ,x is ( an orange-br[n or r$ col\r1 ! int5sity ( ! col\r dep5d+ on ! nature ( its food1 becom+ almo/ blood-r$ :5 f$ on ! small crimson worms & l>v to be f\nd 9 su* places4 ,m4 ,laur5t ev5 succe$$ 9 col\r+ !m blue1 r$1 & :ite1 by means ( indigo1 c>m9e1 & *alk1 )\t any real p5etration ( ! tissue1 ! buds f !m acquir+ ! same col\r z ! "m1 :ile ! col\r ( ! ova reta9s its natural t9t1 ev5 :5 ! ,hydra "m has be5 f$ ) col\r$ sub/ances dur+ ! progress ( ?is mode ( reproduction4 ,! t5tacula1 usually sev5 or eight 9 numb]1 nev] exce$ ! l5g? ( ! body1 tap]+ ins5sibly to a po9t4 ,hydra viridis1 ! fre%-wat] polyp1 be+ m imm$iately )9 ! sph]e ( our obs]vation1 naturally pres5ts itself to our notice4 ,x is common 9 ponds & /ill wat]s4 ,x 0 notic$ by ,pallas1 :o 0 ( op9ion t (fspr+ 0 produc$ f e "p ( ! body4 ,de ,bla9ville1 on ! contr>y1 0 ( op9ion t (fspr+ 0 always produc$ f ! same place2 namely1 at ! junction ( t "p :i* is holl[ & t :i* is n4 ,van d] ,hv51 ! ,leyd5 pr(essor1 agrees ) ,pallas1 & ,dr4 ,john/on's op9ions accord ) ,pallas4 ,! gre5 ,hydra is common all ov] ,europe1 inhabit+ brooks fill$ ) h]bage--atta*+ itself p>ticul>ly to ! duckwe$ ( /agnant ponds1 & m especially to ! "u surface ( ! leaf4 ,! animal is r$uc$ to a small gre5i% tubul> sac1 clos$ at "o ( its extremities1 op5 at ! o!r1 & be>+ r\nd ?is op5+ f six to t5 app5dages1 v sl5d]1 & n exce$+ a l9e 9 bread?4 ,! tubul\s sac is ! body ( ! animal 7,fig4 #hg74 ,! op5+ is at once its m\? & ! entrance to ! dige/ive canal2 ! app5dages1 ! t5tacula or arms4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf4 ,hydra vulg>is4 #a4 ,hydra ) ova & "y1 unhat*$4 #b4 ,hydra ( natural size atta*$ to a piece ( float+ wood4 #c4 ,egg ready to bur/ its %ell4 ,! ,hydras h no lungs1 no liv]1 no inte/9es1 no n]v\s sy/em1 no he>t4 ,!y h no organ ( ! s5ses1 except ^? :i* exi/ 9 ! m\? & ! sk94 ,! arms or bran*es are holl[ int]nally1 & communicate ) ! /oma*4 ,!y are provid$ ) vibratile cells1 furni%$ ) a great numb] ( tub]osities dispos$ spirally1 & conta9+ 9 _! int]ior a numb] ( capsules provid$ ea* ) a sort ( fillet4 ,^! ?reads1 :i* are ( extreme t5acity1 are ?r[n out :5 ! animal is irritat$ by contact ) any /range body4 ,we may see ^! filam5ts wrapp+ !mselves r\nd _! prey1 sometimes ev5 p5etrat+ its sub/ance1 & effectually subdu+ ! enemy4 ,! gre5 ,hydra has ?us a v simple organisation4 ,nev]!less1 x w\ld be a mi/ake to say ! animal 0 imp]fect1 = x possesses ev]y?+ necess>y = its n\ri%m5t & = ! propagation ( its species4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hg4 ,hydra viridis 7,trembley74 #a4 ,hydra magnifi$1 be>+ an embryo ready to deta* itself4 #b4 ,animal1 natural size4 #c4 ,bud mu* magnifi$4 #d4 ,bud1 natural size4 ,!re are le>n$ m5 :o h compos$ hundr$s ( volumes1 :o h publi%$ :ole libr>ies--naturali/s & physici/s :o h writt5 m ?an ,voltaire ev] p5n$1 b ^: names are utt]ly =gott54 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are "s :o h left only two or ?ree monograms1 & yet _! names w live = ev]4 ,( ?is numb] is ! ,g5evois1 ,a4 ,trembley4 ,?is writ] publi%$ 9 #agdd a ,memoir on ! ,fre%-wat] ,polyps4 ,9 ?is little "w he record$ 8 obs]vations on "s ( ^! animals ( smalle/ dim5sions4 ,he limit$ himself ev5 to two sets ( exp]im5ts3 he turn$ ! fre%-wat] polyp outside 91 & he multipli$ x by cutt+ x up4 ,^! exp]im5ts ^u ?is little creature1 :i* few p]sons _h se51 h suffic$ to secure immortality to 8 "n4 ,trembley 0 tutor to ! two sons ( ,c\nt de ,b5t9ck4 ,he made 8 obs]vations at ! c\ntry-h\se ( ! ,dut* nobleman1 & he _h1 z he assures u1 frequ5t occasion to satisfy himself1 9 ! case ( 8 two pupils1 t we c ev5 9 infancy ta/e ! pleasures d]ivable f ! /udies ( ,nature6 ,let u hope t ?is ?\ght1 utt]$ by a celebrat$ naturali/1 :o spoke only f :at he knew himself1 may rema9 engrav$ on ! m9ds ( our y\ng] read]s4 ,trembley e/abli%$ by 8 obs]vations1 a ?\s& times repeat$1 t ,hydra viridis c be turn$ outside 91 z completely z a glove may be1 )\t injury to ! animal1 :i* a day or two aft] ?is revolution resumes its ord9>y functions4 ,su* is ! vitality ( ^! little be+s1 t :at 0 once ! out] surface soon fulfils all ! functions ( a /oma*1 dige/+ its food1 :ile ! inte/9al tube exp&+ its ext]ior p]=ms all ! functions ( an out] surface2 x absorbs & respires4 ,b we %all leave ,trembley to relate 8 v rem>kable exp]im5ts4 ,i attempt$1 he says1 = ! fir/ "t to turn ^! polyps inside out 9 ! mon? ( ,july1 #agda b unsuccessfully4 ,i 0 m successful ! foll[+ ye>1 hav+ f\nd an exp$i5t :i* 0 ( easy execution4 ,i began by giv+ a worm to ! polyp1 & put x1 :5 ! /oma* 0 well fill$1 into a little wat] :i* fill$ ! holl[ ( my left h&4 ,i press$ x aft]w>ds ) a g5tle p9* t[>ds ! po/]ior extremities4 ,9 ?is mann] ,i press$ ! worm :i* 0 9 ! /oma* aga9/ ! m\? ( ! polyp1 =c+ x to op5--cont9u+ ! p9*+ pressure until ! worm 0 p>tly press$ out ( ! m\?4 ,:5 ! polyp 0 9 ?is /ate ,i conduct$ x g5tly out ( ! wat]1 )\t damag+ x1 & plac$ x ^u ! edge ( my h&1 :i* 0 simply moi/5$1 9 ord] t ! polyp %\ld n /ick to x4 ,i =c$ x to contract itself m & m1 &1 9 do+ s1 assi/$ 9 enl>g+ ! m\? & /oma*4 ,i n[ took 9 my "r h& a ?ick & po9tless bo>'s bri/le1 :i* ,i held z a lancet is held 9 ble$+4 ,i approa*$ its ?ick] end to ! po/]ior extremity ( ! polyp1 :i* ,i press$ until x ent]$ ! /oma*1 :i* x does ! m easily s9ce x is empty at ?is place & mu* enl>g$4 ,i cont9u$ to advance ! bri/le1 &1 9 proportion z x advanc$1 ! polyp became m & m inv]t$4 ,:5 x came to ! worm1 by :i* ! m\? is kept op5 on "o side1 & ! po/]ior "p ( ! polyp is pass$ ?r\gh ! m\?1 ! creature is ?us turn$ completely inside out2 ! ext]ior sup]ficies ( ! polyp has become ! int]ior4 ,! poor animal w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 feel+ "s surprise at its new situation--disagreeably surpris$ we may add1 = x makes e imag9able ef=t to recov] its natural position1 & x always succe$s 9 ! end4 ,! glove is re/or$ to its prop] =m4 ,i h se5 polyps1 says ,trembley1 :i* h recov]$ _! natural ext]ior 9 less ?an an h\r4 ,b ?is w\ld n h s]v$ ! purpose ( our exp]im5t]4 ,he wi%$ to "k if ! polyps ?us turn$ outside 9 c\ld live 9 ?is /ate2 he _h consequ5tly to prev5t x f rectify+ itself1 = :i* purpose a ne$le 0 run ?r\gh ! body ne> ! m\?--9 o!r words1 he impal$ ! creature by ! neck4 ,x is no?+ = a polyp only to be spitt$1 says ,trembley4 ,x is 9 fact a v small ?+1 z we %all see1 = ?us rev]s$ & spitt$ !y live & multiply z if no?+ _h happ5$4 ,i h se5 a polyp1 says ?is +5i\s exp]im5t]1 turn$ inside out1 :i* has eat5 a small worm two days aft] ! op]ation4 ,i h f$ "o 9 t /ate = m ?an two ye>s1 & x has multipli$ 9 t condition4 ,hav+ exp]im5t$ successfully myself1 ,i 0 desir\s ( hav+ ! te/imony ( o!rs capable ( =m+ op9ions on ! subject4 ,m4 ,allam& 0 p]suad$ to put 8 h& to ! "w1 :i* he did ) ! same success ,i _h met )4 ,he has done m1 hav+ succe$$ 9 p]man5tly turn+ specim5s :i* _h be5 previ\sly turn$1 & :i* cont9u$ to live 9 _! re-inv]t$ /ate2 he has se5 !m eat soon aft] bo? op]ations2 f9ally1 he has turn$ "o = ! ?ird "t1 :i* liv$ "s days1 b p]i%$ )\t hav+ eat5 any?+1 al?\gh x did n appe> t its dea? 0 ! result ( ! op]ation4 ,we h said t ! ,hydra viridis has nei!r bra91 n]v\s sy/em1 he>t1 muscul> r+s1 lungs1 nor liv]2 ! organs ( ! s5ses--namely1 ^? ( sight1 he>+1 & ( smell--h also be5 d5i$ !m4 ,nev]!less1 !y act z if !y possess$ all ^! s5ses4 ,oh ,nature6 h[ hidd5 are ?y secrets1 & h[ ! pride ( man is humbl$ by ! my/]ies :i* surr\nd !e--by ! spectacles :i* /rike 8 eyes1 & :i* he attempts 9 va9 to expla96 ,trembley /ates t ! fre%-wat] polyps1 hav+ no muscul> r+1 c nei!r ext5d nor contract !mselves1 nor c !y walk4 ,if t\*$1 or if ! wat] 9 :i* !y are imm]s$ is sudd5ly agitat$1 !y are c]ta9ly obs]v$ to contract m or less =cibly1 & ev5 to inflect !mselves 9 all directions2 & by ?is p[] ( ext5sion1 ( contraction & inflection1 !y contrive to move f place to place2 b ^! movem5ts are s+ul>ly sl[1 ! utmo/ space !y h be5 obs]v$ to trav]se be+ ab\t eight in*es 9 ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,pa9fully consci\s ( 8 p[]s ( progression1 h[ev]1 he has f\nd means ( rem$y+ x1 & ! aquatic snail is 8 /e$2 he creeps ^u ! %ell ( a ,planorbis1 or ,limna1 & by means ( ?is improvis$ m\nt he w make m way 9 a few m9utes ?an he w\ld 9 a day by 8 own unassi/$ ef=ts4 ,! ,hydra viridis1 al?\gh de/itute ( organs ( sight1 are nev]!less s5sible ( light2 if ! vase conta9+ !m is plac$ p>tly 9 %ade & p>tly 9 ! sun1 !y direct !mselves imm$iately t[>ds ! light2 !y appreciate s\nds2 !y atta* !mselves to aquatic plants & o!r float+ bodies4 ,)\t eyes1 )\t bra91 & )\t n]ves1 ^! animals lie 9 wait = _! prey1 recognize1 seize1 & dev\r x4 ,!y make no blund]1 & only attack :]e !y are sure ( success4 ,!y "k h[ to flee f dang]2 !y evade ob/acles1 & fight ) or fly be=e _! enemies4 ,!re are1 !n1 "s p[]s ( reflection1 delib]ation1 & prem$itat$ action 9 ^! insignificant creatures2 _! hi/ory1 9 %ort1 is calculat$ to fill ! m9d ) a/oni%m5t4 ,trembley insi/s mu* ^u ! address :i* ! ,hydra employs to secure its prey3 by ! aid ( its long arms1 small animals1 :i* s]ve to n\ri% x1 are seiz$1 = x is c>nivor\s1 & ev5 passably voraci\s4 ,worms1 small insects1 & l>v ( dipt]\s insects are its habitual prey4 ,:5 a worm or woodl\se 9 pass+ its portals happ5s to t\* !m1 ! polyp1 tak+ ! h9t1 seizes ^u ! w&]]1 tw9+ its flexible arms r\nd x1 &1 direct+ x rapidly t[>ds its m\?1 swall[s x4 ,trembley amus$ himself by fe$+ ! ,hydra1 :ile he obs]v$ ! mann] 9 :i* x dev\r$ its prey4 ,:5 its arms 7 ext5d$1 ,i h put into ! wat] a woodl\se or a small worm4 ,z soon z ! woodl\se feels itself a prison] x /ruggles viol5tly1 swimm+ ab\t1 & draw+ ! arm :i* holds x f side to side2 b1 h[ev] delicate x may appe>1 ! arm ( ! polyp is capable ( consid]able resi/ance2 x is n[ gradually drawn 91 & o!r arms come to its assi/ance1 :ile ! polyp itself approa*es its prey2 pres5tly ! woodl\se f9ds itself engag$ ) all ! arms1 :i*1 by curv+ & contract+1 gradually b inevitably approa* ! m\?1 9 :i* x is soon engulf$4 ,frdol also notices a s+ul> fact4 ,! small worms1 ev5 :5 swall[$ by ! polyp1 he says1 frequ5tly try to escape2 b ! ravi%] reta9s !m by plung+ "o ( its arms into ! dige/ive cavity6 ,:at an admirable contrivance1 by :i* ! worms are dige/$ :ile ! arm is respect$6 ,! food ( ! fre%-wat] ,hydra influ5ces ! col\r ( _! bodies 9 consequ5ce ( ! ?9ness & transp>5cy ( _! tissues2 s t ! r$di% matt] ( ! woodl\se r5d]s !m r$1 :ile o!r food r5d]s !m black or gre51 accord+ to its prevail+ col\r6 ,! multiplication ( ^! creatures takes place 9 ?ree diff]5t ways3 #a4 ,by eggs4 #b4 ,by buds1 aft] ! mann] ( vegetables4 #c4 ,by sep>ation1 9 :i* an individual may be cut into two or _m segm5ts1 ea* reproduc+ an individual4 ,we %all only say a few words on ! fir/ mode ( reproduction4 ,! eggs1 accord+ to ,ehr5b]g1 come to maturity 9 ! ,h4 viridis at ! base ( ! feet1 :]e ! visc]al cavity t]m9ates4 ,!y are c>ri$ dur+ sev5 or eight days1 & det]m9e by _! fall ! dea? ( ! animal4 ,:5 ! ,hydra has laid its eggs1 accord+ to ,m4 ,laur5t1 x gradually l[]s itself until x cov]s !m ) half its body1 :i*1 spread+ out & gett+ proportionably ?91 passes into ! condition ( a horny sub/ance1 t glues ! eggs dispos$ 9 a circle r\nd ! body to plants & o!r =eign sub/ances4 ,%e ends h] c>e] by dy+ 9 ! mid/ ( h] ova4 ,trembley has /udi$ ) great c>e ! mode ( reproduction by budd+--a process :i* seems to prevail 9 ! summ] mon?s4 ,! buds :i* are to =m ! "y polyp appe> on ! surface ( ! body z little sph]ical excresc5ces t]m9at+ 9 a po9t4 ,a few /eps fur!r t[>ds maturity1 & x assumes a conical & f9ally a cyl9drical =m4 ,! arms n[ beg9 to pu% out at ! ant]ior extremity ( ! "y animal2 ! po/]ior extremity by :i* x is atta*$ to ! "m contract+ by degrees1 until x appe>s only to t\* h] at "o po9t4 ,f9ally1 ! sep>ation is effect$1 ! "m & ! "y act+ 9 conc]t to produce ! entrance ( ?is int]e/+ "y polyp into ! _w4 ,ea* ( !m take ) _! head & arms a /rong po9t ( support ^u "s neighb\r+ body2 & a small ef=t suffices to procure ! sep>ation3 sometimes ! "m *>ges h]self ) ! ef=t1 sometimes ! "y1 & (t5 bo?4 ,:5 ! "y polyp is sep>at$ f ! "m1 x swims ab\t1 & executes all ! movem5ts peculi> to adult animals4 ,! entrance into life & maturity takes place ) ^! be+s at "o & ! same mom5t4 ,infancy & y\? are suppress$ 9 ?is little _w4 ,s long z ! "y polyp rema9s atta*$ to ! "m1 %e is ! nurse2 by a t\*+ *ange1 ! "y polyp nurses h] 9 8 turn4 ,9 %ort1 ! /oma* ( ! "m & h] "y h communication2 s t ! prey swall[$ by ! p>5t passes p>tially into ! /oma* ( h] prog5y4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :ile /ill atta*$ to ! "m1 ! little ones seize ! prey1 :i* !y %>e 9 _! turn ) _! p>5t by means ( ! communication ,nature has arrang$ betwe5 ! two organisms4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 exp]im5ts ,trembley /ates ano!r fact /ill m rem>kable4 ,^u a "y polyp /ill atta*$ to its p>5t he obs]v$ a new polyp or polypule1 & ^u ?is unborn creature 0 ano!r individual4 ,?us ?ree g5]ations 7 app5d$ to ! p>5t1 :o c>ri$ at once h] *ild1 h] gr&*ild1 & great-gr&*ild4 ,9 obs]v+ ! "y polyps /ill atta*$ to _! p>5t1 says ,trembley1 ,i h se5 "o :i* _h itself a little "o :i* 0 j issu+ f its body2 t is to say1 x 0 a "m :ile yet atta*$ to its own p>5t4 ,i _h 9 a %ort "t _m "y polyps atta*$ to _! p>5ts :i* _h already _h ?ree or f\r little ones1 ( :i* "s 7 ev5 p]fectly =m$4 ,!y fi%$ = woodlice l o!rs1 & !y ate !m4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,i h se5 a "m-polyp :i* _h c>ri$ its ?ird g5]ation4 ,f ! little "o :i* %e _h produc$ issu$ ano!r little "o1 & f ?is a ?ird4 ,*>les ,b5net1 ! naturali/ ( ,g5eva1 says wittily1 t a polyp ?us *>g$ ) all its desc5dants con/itutes a liv+ g5ealogical tree4 ,we h j spok5 ( turn+ polyps inside out6 ,if "o ( ^! creatures is ?us op]at$ ^u :ile x be>s its "y on ! surface ( its body1 su* ( !m z are suffici5tly advanc$ cont9ue to increase2 al?\gh !y f9d !mselves 9 ?is sudd5 mann] imprison$ 9 an int]nal cavity1 !y re-issue subsequ5tly by ! m\?4 ,^? less advanc$ at ! mom5t ( rev]sal issue by little & little f ! mat]nal sac1 & complete _! c>e] ( developm5t on ! newly-made ext]ior4 ,! ?ird & mo/ extraord9>y mode ( reproduction 9 ! polyps has be5 discov]$ by ,trembley 9 ! case ( ! gre5 ,hydra4 ,s surpris$ 0 ?is naturali/ at ! /range anomalies :i* surr\nd$ ^! creatures1 t he began to h d\bts1 & gravely to ask ! "q1 ,0 ?is polyp an animal8 ,is x a plant8 ,9 ord] to escape f ?is /ate ( indecision1 x occurr$ to him to cut a ,hydra into pieces4 ,conclud+ t plants alone c\ld reproduce !mselves by slips1 he wait$ ! result ( ! exp]im5t = ! conclusion he s\ght4 ,on ! #be? ( ,novemb]1 #agdj1 he cut a polyp into sections4 ,i put1 he tells u1 ! two p>ts into a flat glass1 :i* conta9$ wat] f\r or five l9es 9 dep?1 & 9 su* a mann] t ea* portion ( ! polyp c\ld be easily obs]v$ ?r\gh a /rong magnify+ glass4 ,x w suffice to say t ,i _h cut ! polyp transv]sely1 & a little ne>] to ! ant]ior4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! day aft] hav+ cut ! polyp1 x seem$ to me t on ! edges ( ! second "p1 :i* _h nei!r head nor arms1 ?ree small po9ts 7 issu+ f ^! edges4 ,?is surpris$ me extremely1 & ,i wait$ ) impati5ce = ! mom5t :5 ,i c\ld cle>ly asc]ta9 :at !y 74 ,next day !y 7 suffici5tly develop$ to leave no d\bt on my m9d t !y 7 true arms4 ,! foll[+ day two new arms made _! appe>ance1 &1 "s days aft]1 a ?ird appe>$1 & ,i c\ld n[ trace no diff]5ce betwe5 ! fir/ & second half ( ! polyp :i* ,i _h cut4 ,?is is assur$ly "o ( ! mo/ />tl+ facts belong+ to natural hi/ory4 ,divide a fre%-wat] polyp into five or six p>ts1 & at ! end ( a few days all ! sep>ate p>ts w be organiz$1 develop$1 & =m s _m new be+s1 resembl+ ! primitive individual4 ,let u add1 t ! polyp :i* %\ld ?us h lo/ five-six?s ( its body1 ! mutilat$ fa!r ( all ?is g5]ation1 rema9s complete 9 itself2 9 ! int]val1 x has recup]at$ itself & recov]$ all its primitive sub/ance4 ,aft] ?is1 if a ,hydra vulg>is wi%es to procure = itself ! bless+s ( a family1 x has only "o ?+ to d3 cut (f an arm2 if x desire two desc5dants1 let x cut ! arm 9 two p>ts2 if ?ree1 let x divide itself into ?ree2 & s on ad inf9itum4 ,divide "o ( ! animals1 says ,trembley1 & ea* section w soon =m a new individual 9 all respects l ! creature divid$4 ,a :ole ho/ ( polyps hewn into pieces1 says ,frdol1 w be f> f be+ annihilat$4 ,on ! contr>y1 we may say1 9 our turn1 its y\? w be r5ew$1 & multipli$ 9 proportion to ! numb] ( pieces into :i* x has be5 divid$4 ,! same polyp1 says ,trembley1 may be successively inv]t$1 cut into sections1 & turn$ back aga91 )\t be+ s]i\sly injur$4 ,if a gre5 ,hydra is cut into two pieces1 & ! /oma* is cut (f 9 ! op]ation1 ! voraci\s creature w1 nev]!less1 cont9ue to eat ! prey :i* pres5ts itself4 ,x gorges itself ) ! food1 )\t tr\bl+ itself ) ! loss :i* x has su/a9$2 b ! food no long] n\ri%es x1 = x m]ely ent]s by "o op5+1 passes ?r\gh ! inte/9al canal1 & escapes by ! o!r4 ,x realizes ,h>leville's pleasantry ( ,m4 de ,crac's horse1 9 ! piece ( t "n1 :i* eats unceas+ly1 b nev] gets any fatt]4 ,all ^! in/ances ( mutilation1 result+ 9 an increase ( life1 are v /range4 ,! naturali/s to :om !y 7 fir/ reveal$ c\ld sc>cely believe _! own eyes4 ,raumur1 :o repeat$ _m ( ,trembley's exp]im5ts1 writes z foll[s3 ,i confess t :5 ,i saw = ! fir/ "t two polyps =m+ by little & little f t :i* ,i _h cut 9 two1 ,i c\ld sc>cely believe my eyes2 & x is a fact t1 aft] hundr$s ( exp]im5ts1 ,i nev] c\ld q reconcile myself to ! sight4 ,9 %ort1 we "k no?+ analog\s to x 9 ! animal k+dom4 ,ab\t ! same p]iod ,*>les ,b5net writes3 ,we c only judge ( ?+s by comp>ison1 & h tak5 our ideas ( animal life f ! l>g] animals2 & an animal :i* we cut & turn inside out1 :i* we cut aga91 & x /ill be>s itself well1 gives "o a s+ul> %ock4 ,h[ _m facts are ignor$1 :i* w come "o day to d]ange our ideas ( subjects :i* we ?9k we und]/&6 ,at pres5t we j "k en\gh to be aw>e t we %\ld be surpris$ at no?+4 ,not)/&+ ! philosophic s]5ity :i* ,b5net recomm5ds1 ! fact ( new individuals result+ f divid+ ^! fre%-wat] polyps 0 always a subject ( pr(\nd a/oni%m5t1 & ( nev]-end+ m$itation4 ,,s]tul>iad4 ,all ,hydraid1 ) ! exception ( ! ,hydra & a few o!r g5]a1 are m>9e productions1 v>y+ f a few l9es to upw>ds ( a foot 9 height1 atta*+ !mselves to rocks1 %ells1 sea-we$s1 & corall9es1 & to v>i\s species ( %ell-fi%4 ,_m ( !m atta* !mselves indiscrim9ately to ! ne>e/ object1 b o!rs %[ a decid$ pref]5ce4 ,?ui>ia ?rya atta*es itself to old bivalves2 ,?oa halecuia pref]s ! l>g] univalves2 ,ant5nul>ia ant5n9a atta*es itself to co>se s& on rocks2 ,laom$ea g5iculata delights 9 ! broad frond ( ! tangle2 ,plumul>ia ca!r9a atta*es itself 9 deep wat] to old %ells1 corall9es1 & ascidians1 gr[+ 9 a mann] calculat$ to puzzle ! naturali/1 z x did ,crabbe1 ! poet1 :o writes ( x3-- ,involv$ 9 sea-wrack1 "h y f9d a race ,:i* sci5ce1 d\bt+1 kn[s n :]e to place2 ,on %ell or /one is dropp'd ! embryo se$1 ,& quickly vegetates a vital bre$4 ,s]tul>ia pumila1 on ! o!r h&1 loves ! common] & co>s] wracks4 ,! *oice1 says ,dr4 ,john/on1 may 9 "p be dep5d5t on _! habits1 = su* z are de/9$ to live 9 %all[ wat]1 or on a %ore expos$ by ! reflux ( e tide1 are1 9 g5]al1 vegetable p>asites2 :ile ! species :i* spr+ up 9 deep seas mu/ select betwe5 rocks1 corall9es1 or %ells4 ,!re seems to be a selection ev5 z to ! position on ! rocks4 ,accord+ to ,lam\r\x1 "s polyps always occupy ! s\!rn slopes1 & nev] t t[>ds ! ea/1 we/1 or nor?2 o!rs1 on ! contr>y1 gr[ only on ^! exposures1 & nev] on ! s\?1 alt]+ _! position1 h[ev]1 accord+ to ! latitude1 & its relation to ! ,equator4 ,! ,s]tul>iad h a horny /em1 sometimes simple1 sometimes s bran*+ t !y might readily en\gh be mi/ak5 = small plants1 _! bran*es be+ flexible1 semi-transp>5t1 & yell[4 ,_! "n is d]iv$ f ,s]tum1 a b\quet4 ,ea* ,s]tul>ia has sev51 eight1 twelve1 or tw5ty small panicles1 ea* conta9+ z _m z five hundr$ animalcules2 ?us =m+1 sometimes1 an association ( t5 ?\s& polyps4 ,ea* plume1 says ,mr4 ,li/]1 9 ref]5ce to a specim5 ( ,plumul>ia cri/ata1 might comprise f f\r to five hundr$ polyps2 & a specim5 ( no unusual size n[ be=e me1 says ,dr4 ,john/on1 ) c]ta9ly n few] cells on ea* ?an ! l>g] numb] m5tion$1 ?us giv+ six ?\s& z ! t5antry ( a s+le polypidom1 & ?is on a small species4 ,on ,s]tul>ia arg5tea1 x is ass]t$1 polyps are f\nd on :i* !re exi/ n less ?an eighty to a hundr$ ?\s&4 ,ea* colony is compos$ ( a "r axis1 on ! :ole l5g? ( :i* ! curv$ bran*es are implant$1 ^! be+ longe/ 9 ! middle4 ,along ea* ( ^! bran*es ! cells1 ea* conta9+ a polyp1 are gr\p$ alt]nately4 ,! head ( ! animal is conical1 ! m\? be+ at ! top surr\nd$ by tw5ty to tw5ty-f\r t5tacles4 ,^! curi\s be+s h no dige/ive cavity belong+ to !mselves2 ! /oma* is common to ! :ole colony--a mo/ s+ul> comb9ation1 a s+le /oma* to a :ole gr\p ( animals6 ,nev] h ! pr9ciples ( association be5 pu%$ to ?is l5g? by ! w>me/ advocates ( communism4 ,c]ta9 species belong+ to ! colony1 :i* seem de/9$ to p]petuate ! race1 h n ! same regul> =m4 ,de/itute ( m\? & t5tacles1 !y occupy special cells1 :i* are l>g] ?an ! o!rs4 ,! entire colony is compos$ exclusively ( individuals1 male or female4 ,we h trac$ ,s]tul>ia cupress9a ?r\gh e /age ( its developm5t1 say ,messrs4 ,paul ,g]vais & ,van ,b5$54 ,at ! end ( sev]al days1 ! embryos are cov]$ ) v %ort vibratile cells2 _! movem5t is excessively sl[2 !n1 f ! sph]oid =m :i* !y take at fir/1 !y get elongat$1 & take a cyl9drical =m1 all ! body incl9+ lightly sometimes to ! "r1 sometimes to ! left4 ,! vibratile cells fad+ aft]w>ds1 ! embryo atta*es itself to "s solid body1 a tub]cle is =m$1 & ! base ext5ds itself z a disk4 ,at ! same "t t ! fir/ rudim5ts ( ! polyp appe>1 ! disk-l tub]cle ?r[s out on its flanks a sort ( bud1 & a second polyp soon %[s itself2 its surface is h>d5$2 ! polyp appe>s 9 its turn1 & ! same process ( g5]ation is repeat$2 a colony ( ,s]tul>iad is ?us e/abli%$ at ! summit ( a discoid projection4 ,at ! end ( fifte5 days ! colony1 :i* has be5 =m+ "u our eyes1 consi/s ( two polyps & a bud1 :i* already indicates a ?ird polyp4 ,! sea-cypress1 z ?is species is call$1 is robu/1 ) longi% bran*es decid$ly fan-%ap$1 ! p9n be+ clos] & ne>ly p>allel to ea* o!r4 ,! cells =m two r[s1 ne>ly opposite1 smoo? & pellucid4 ,! bran*es 9 "s specim5s are gracefully ar*$1 b5d+ z x 7 "u ! load ( pregnant ov>ies :i* !y c>ry1 arrang$ 9 close-set r[s along ! upp] side ( ! p9n4 ,!y are f\nd 9 deep wat] on ! coa/ ( ,scotl&1 & z f> s\? z ! ,york%ire coa/ & ! nor? ( ,irel&4 ,! cells1 :i* are ! abode ( ! polyps1 are n always alike 9 _! di/ribution4 ,sometimes !y are rang$ on two sides1 sometimes on "o only4 ,sometimes !y are gr\p$ l ! small tubes ( an organ1 at o!r times !y assume a spiral =m r\nd ! /em1 or !y =m "h & !re horizontal r+s r\nd x4 ,,m$usad4 ,! ,m$us compreh5d1 n only ! animals s designat$ 9 ! days ( ,cuvi] "u t "n1 b also ! polyps kn[n z ,tubul>iad & ,campanul>iad4 ,if we walk along ! sea %ore1 aft] ! reflux ( ! tide1 we may (t5 see1 ly+ immovable ^u ! s&s1 disk-l1 gelat9\s masses ( a gre5i% col\r & repulsive appe>ance1 f :i* ! eye & ! /eps in/9ctively turn aside4 ,^! be+s1 ^: blubb]-l appe>ance inspires only feel+s ( disgu/ :5 se5 ly+ grey & dead on ! %ore1 are1 h[ev]1 :5 se5 float+ on ! bosom ( ! ocean1 "o ( its mo/ graceful ornam5ts4 ,^! are ,m$us4 ,:5 se5 susp5d$ l a piece ( gauze or an azure bell 9 ! middle ( ! waves1 t]m9at+ 9 delicate silv]y g>l&s1 we _c b admire _! iridesc5t col\rs1 or d5y t ^! objects1 s =bidd+ 9 "s ( _! aspects1 rank1 9 _! natural localities1 among ! mo/ elegant productions ( ,nature4 ,we c\ld n bett] comm5ce our /udies ( ^! *ildr5 ( ! sea ?an by quot+ a passage f ! poet & hi/orian ,mi*elet3 ,among ! rugg$ rocks & lagunes1 :]e ! retir+ sea has left _m little animals :i* 7 too sluggi% or too weak to foll[1 "s %ells w be !re left to !mselves & suff]$ to become q dry4 ,9 ! mid/ ( !m1 )\t %ell & )\t %elt]1 ext5d$ at our feet1 lies ! animal :i* we call by ! v inappropriate "n ( ! ,m$usa4 ,:y 0 ?is "n1 ( t]rible associations1 giv5 to a creature s *>m+8 ,(t5 h ,i _h my att5tion arre/$ by ^! ca/aways :i* we see s (t5 on ! %ore4 ,!y are small1 ab\t ! size ( my h&1 b s+ul>ly pretty1 ( s(t light %ades1 ( an opal :ite2 :]e x lo/ itself z 9 a cl\d ( t5tacles--a cr[n ( t5d] lilies--! w9d _h ov]turn$ x2 its cr[n ( lilac hair float$ ab\t1 & ! delicate umbel1 t is1 its prop] body1 0 b5ea?2 x _h t\*$ ! rock--da%$ aga9/ x2 x 0 w\nd$1 torn 9 its f9e locks1 :i* are also its organs ( respiration1 absorption1 & ev5 ( love4444 ,! delici\s creature1 ) its visible innoc5ce & ! iridesc5ce ( its s(t col\rs1 0 left l a glid+1 trembl+ jelly4 ,i paus$ beside x1 nev]!less3 ,i glid$ my h& "u x1 rais$ ! motionless body cauti\sly1 & re/or$ x to its natural position = swimm+4 ,putt+ x into ! neighb\r+ wat]1 x sank to ! bottom1 giv+ no sign ( life4 ,i pursu$ my walk along ! %ore1 b at ! end ( t5 m9utes ,i return$ to my ,m$usa4 ,x 0 undulat+ "u ! w9d2 really x _h mov$ itself1 & 0 swimm+ ab\t ) s+ul> grace1 its hair fly+ r\nd x z x swam2 g5tly x retir$ f ! rock1 n quickly1 b /ill x w5t1 & ,i soon saw x a long way (f4 ,( all ! zoophytes :i* live 9 ! ocean !re is none m num]\s 9 species or m s+ul> 9 _! matt]1 m odd 9 _! =m1 or m rem>kable 9 _! mode ( reproduction1 ?an ^? to :i* ,l9nu gave ! "n ( ,m$usa1 f ! my?ical *ief ( ! ,gorgons4 ,! seas ( e latitude ( ! globe furni% v>i\s tribes ( ^! s+ul> be+s4 ,!y live 9 ! icy wat]s :i* ba! ,spitzb]g51 ,gre5l&1 & ,icel&2 !y multiply "u ! fires ( ! ,equator1 & ! froz5 regions ( ! s\? n\ri% num]\s species4 ,!y are1 ( all animals1 ^? :i* pres5t ! lea/ solid sub/ance4 ,_! bodies are little else ?an wat]1 :i* is sc>cely reta9$ by an imp]ceptible organic network2 x is a transp>5t jelly1 almo/ )\t consi/5ce4 ,x is a true sea-wat] jelly1 says ,raumur1 writ+ 9 #agja1 hav+ little col\r or consi/5ce4 ,if we take a morsel 9 our h&s1 ! natural heat is suffici5t to dissolve x into wat]4 ,spallanzani c\ld only )draw five or six gra9s ( ! pellicle ( a m$usa weigh+ fifty ounces4 ,f c]ta9 specim5s weigh+ f t5 to twelve p\nds1 only six to sev5 p5nyweights c\ld be obta9$ ( solid matt]1 accord+ to ,frdol4 ,mr4 ,telfair saw an enorm\s m$usa :i* _h be5 ab&on$ on ! bea* at ,bombay2 ?ree days aft]1 ! animal began to putrefy4 ,to satisfy 8 curiosity1 he got ! neighb\r+ boatm5 to keep an eye ^u x1 9 ord] to ga!r ! bones & c>tilages belong+ to ! great creature1 if by *ance x _h any2 b its decomposition 0 s rapid & complete t x left no rema9s1 al?\gh x requir$ n9e mon?s to dissipate x entirely4 ,float+ on ! bosom ( ! wat]s1 says ,frdol1 ! ,m$usa resembles a bell1 a pair ( bree*es1 an umbrella1 or1 bett] /ill1 a float+ mu%room1 ! /ool ( :i* has "h be5 sep>at$ into lobes m or less div]g5t1 s9u\s1 twi/$1 %rivell$1 fr+$1 ! edges ( ! cap be+ delicately cut1 & provid$ ) long ?read-l app5dages1 :i* desc5d v]tically into ! wat] l ! droop+ bran*es ( ! weep+ will[4 ,! gelat9\s sub/ance ( :i* ! body ( ! ,m$usa is =m$ is sometimes col\rless & limpid z cry/al2 sometimes x is opal9e1 & occasionally ( a bright blue or pale rose col\r4 ,9 c]ta9 species ! c5tral p>ts are ( a lively r$1 blue1 or violet col\r1 :ile ! re/ ( ! body is ( a diaphan\s hue4 ,?is diaphan\s tissue1 (t5 deck$ 9 ! f9e/ t9ts1 is s fragile1 t :5 ab&on$ by ! wave on ! bea*1 x melts & disappe>s )\t leav+ a trace ( its hav+ exi/$1 s to speak4 ,nev]!less1 ^! fragile creatures1 ^! liv+ soap-bubbles1 make long voyages on ! surface ( ! sea4 ,:il/ ! sun's rays suffice to dissipate & ev5 annihilate its vapor\s sub/ance on "s inhospitable bea*1 !y ab&on !mselves )\t fe> dur+ _! entire life to ! agitat$ waves4 ,! :ales :i* haunt r\nd ! ,hebrides are *iefly n\ri%$ by ,m$us :i* h be5 transport$ by ! waves 9 innum]able sw>ms f ! coa/ ( ! ,atlantic to ! region ( :ales4 ,! locomotion ( ! ,m$us1 :i* is v sl[1 says ,de ,bla9ville1 & d5otes a v feeble muscul> en]gy1 appe>s1 on ! o!r h&1 to be unceas+4 ,s9ce _! specific gravity consid]ably exce$s ! wat] 9 :i* !y are imm]g$1 ^! creatures1 :i* are s s(t t !y probably c\ld n repose on solid gr\nd1 require to agitate con/antly 9 ord] to su/a9 !mselves 9 ! fluid :i* !y inhabit4 ,!y require also to ma9ta9 a cont9ual /ate ( expansion & contraction1 ( sy/ole & dia/ole4 ,spallanzani1 :o obs]v$ _! movem5ts ) great c>e1 says t ^? ( translation are execut$ by ! edges ( ! disk approa*+ s ne> to ea* o!r t ! diamet] is dim9i%$ 9 a v s5sible degree2 by ?is movem5t a c]ta9 quantity ( wat] conta9$ 9 ! body is eject$ ) m or less =ce1 by :i* ! body is project$ 9 ! inv]se direction4 ,r5ovat$ by ! cessation ( =ce 9 its fir/ /ate ( developm5t1 x contracts itself aga91 & makes ano!r /ep 9 advance4 ,if ! body is p]p5dicul> to ! horizon1 ^! successive movem5ts ( contraction & dilatation cause x to asc5d2 if x is m or less oblique1 x advances m or less horizontally4 ,9 ord] to desc5d1 x is only necess>y = ! animal to cease its movem5ts2 its specific gravity secures its desc5t4 ,x is1 !n1 by a s]ies ( contractions & dilatations ( _! bodies t ! ,m$us make _! long voyages on ! surface ( ! wat]s4 ,?is d\ble movem5t ( _! light skeleton _h already be5 rem>k$ by ! anci5ts1 :o comp>$ x to ! action ( respiration 9 ! human *e/4 ,f ?is notion ! anci5ts call$ !m ,sea ,lungs4 ,! ,m$us usually inhabit ! deep seas4 ,!y are r>ely solit>y1 b seem to w&] ab\t 9 consid]able battalions 9 ! latitudes to :i* !y belong4 ,dur+ _! j\rney !y proce$ =w>d1 ) a c\rse slightly oblique to ! convex "p ( _! body4 ,if an ob/acle arre/s !m1 if an enemy t\*es !m1 ! umbrella contracts1 & is dim9i%$ 9 volume1 ! t5tacles are fold$ up1 & ! timid animal desc5ds into ! dep?s ( ! ocean4 ,we h said t ! ,m$us con/itute 9 ! ,arctic seas "o ( ! pr9cipal supports ( ! :ale4 ,_! innum]able masses sometimes cov] _m squ>e leagues 9 ext5t4 ,!y %[ !mselves & disappe> by turns 9 ! same region1 at det]m9ate epo*s--alt]nations :i* dep5d1 no d\bt1 on ! rul+ ( ! w9ds & curr5ts :i* c>ry or lead !m4 ,! b>ks :i* navigate ,lake ,?au meet1 says ,frdol1 at c]ta9 p]iods ( ! ye> ) num]\s colonies ( a species ab\t ! size ( a small melon1 ne>ly transp>5t--:iti%1 l wat] :5 x is mix$ ) a %ade ( anise$4 ,"o w\ld be tempt$ to take ^! animals at fir/ = a collection ( float+ musl9 bonnets4 ,! ,m$us are furni%$ ) a m\? plac$ habitually 9 ! middle ( ! neck4 ,?is m\? is r>ely unoccupi$4 ,small molluscs1 "y cru/aceans1 & worms1 =m _! ord9>y food4 ,9 spite ( _! %ape1 !y are mo/ voraci\s1 & snap up _! prey all at "o m\?ful1 )\t divid+ x4 ,if _! prey resi/s & disputes ) x1 ! ,m$usa :i* has seiz$ x holds fa/1 & rema9s motionless1 &1 )\t a s+le movem5t1 waits till fatigue has exhau/$ & kill$ its victim1 :5 x c swall[ x 9 all security4 ,9 respect to size1 ! ,m$us v>y imm5sely4 ,"s are v small1 :ile o!rs atta9 m ?an a y>d 9 diamet]4 ,_m species are phosphoresc5t dur+ ! night4 ,mo/ ,m$usad produce an acute pa9 :5 !y t\* ! human body4 ,! pa9ful s5sation produc$ by ?is contact is s g5]al 9 ?is gr\p ( animals1 t x has det]m9$ _! designation4 ,until v rec5tly all ! animals ( ! gr\p h be51 aft] ,cuvi]1 designat$ "u ! "n ( ,acaleph1 or sea nettles1 9 ord] to rem9d u t ! s5sation produc$ is analog\s to t occasion$ by contact ) ! /++ leaves ( ! nettle4 ,accord+ to ,dicquem>e1 :o made exp]im5ts on himself 9 ?is matt]1 ! s5sation produc$ is v l t occasion$ by a nettle1 b x is m viol5t1 & endures = half an h\r4 ,9 ! la/ mom5ts1 says ! abb1 ! s5sation is su* z w\ld be produc$ by reit]at$ b v weak prick+s4 ,a consid]able pa9 p]vad$ all ! p>ts :i* _h be5 t\*$1 accompani$ by pu/ules ( ! same col\r1 ) a :iti% po9t4 ,! sea-bladd]1 says ,fa!r ,feuille1 occasions me1 on t\*+ x1 a sudd5 & sev]e pa91 accompani$ ) convulsions4 ,dur+ ! fir/ voyage ( ! ,pr9cess ,l\ise r\nd ! _w1 to quote ,frdol1 ,mey5 rem>k$ a magnific5t physalia1 :i* pass$ ne> ! %ip4 ,a "y sailor leap$ nak$ into ! sea1 to seize ! animal4 ,swimm+ t[>ds x1 he seiz$ x2 ! creature surr\nd$ ! p]son ( its assailant ) its num]\s ?read-l filam5ts1 :i* 7 ne>ly a y>d 9 l5g?2 ! "y man1 ov]:elm$ by a feel+ ( burn+ pa91 cri$ out = assi/ance4 ,he _h sc>cely /r5g? to rea* ! vessel & get abo>d aga91 be=e ! pa9 & inflammation 7 s viol5t t bra9 fev] decl>$ itself1 & great fe>s 7 ent]ta9$ = 8 life4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hh4 ,*rysaora ,gaudi*audi4 ,! organization is mu* m complicat$ ?an e>ly obs]v]s 7 dispos$ to ?9k x4 ,dur+ _m ages naturali/s 7 incl9$ to imag9e1 ) ,raumur1 t ! ,m$us 7 m]e masses ( organiz$ jelly1 ( gelat9iz$ wat]4 ,b :5 ,c\rtant ,dum]il tri$ ! exp]im5t ( inject+ milk into _! cavities1 & saw ! liquid p5etrat+ into true vessels1 he began to compreh5d t ^! v enigmatical be+s 7 wor?y ( s]i\s /udy--! /udy ( subsequ5t naturali/s1 su* z ,cuvi]1 ,de ,bla9ville1 ,ehr5b]g1 ,br&t1 ,makel-,es*s*oltz1 ,s>s1 ,milne ,edw>ds1 ,=bes1 ,gosse1 & o!r mod]n naturali/s1 :o h demon/rat$ :at ri*ness ( /ructure is conceal$ "u ?is gelat9i=m & simple /ructure 9 ! ,m$us2 at ! same "t !y h reveal$ to u mo/ my/]i\s & incr$ible facts z connect$ ) _! metamorphoses4 ,among ! ,m$us prop]1 ! mo/ common are ,aurelia1 ,pelagia1 & ,*rysaora4 ,9 ! latt]1 ,c4 ,gaudi*audi 7,fig4 #hh71 ! disk is hemisph]ical1 fe/oon$ ) num]\s t5tacles1 atta*$ to a sac-l /oma*1 op5+ by a s+le orifice 9 ! c5tre ( ! p$uncle1 ) f\r long1 furbel[$1 unfr+$ arms4 ,gaudi*audi's *rysaora is f\nd r\nd ! ,falkl& ,isl&s4 ,! disk =ms a regul> half-sph]e1 v smoo?1 & p]fectly concave1 =m+ a sort ( canopy 9 ! %ape ( a vault4 ,! circle :i* surr\nds x is divid$ into sections by means ( v]tical l9es1 regul>ly divid$1 ( a r$di%-br[n col\r1 :i* =ms an edg+ to ! umbrella-l disk4 ,twelve broad regul> fe/oons =m ?is edg+4 ,f ! summit ( ^! lobes issue twelve bundles ( v long1 simple1 capill>y t5tacles1 ( a bright r$4 ,! p$uncle is broad & flat1 p]=at$ 9 ! middle1 to :i* are atta*$ f\r broad foliace\s arms4 ,,rhizo/oma4 ,! ,m$us :i* be> ! "n ( ,rhizo/oma h ! disk hemisph]ically fe/oon$1 depress$1 )\t m>g9al t5tacles1 p$uncle divid$ into f\r pairs ( arms1 =k$1 & d5tat$ almo/ to inf9ity1 ea* hav+ at _! base two too!d auricles4 ,su* is ,rhizo/oma ,cuvi]i ( ,pron 7,fig4 #hi71 ! disk ( :i* is ( a blui%-:ite1 l ! arms1 & ( a ri* violet ov] its circumf]5ce4 ,?is beautiful zoophyte is f\nd pl5tifully 9 ! ,atlantic1 liv+ 9 flocks1 :i* atta9 a great size4 ,x is common 9 ! mon? ( ,june on ! %ores ( ! ,sa9t ,onge2 9 ,augu/ on ! ,engli% coa/2 & along ! /r& ( e port 9 ! ,*annel !y are se5 9 ! mon? ( ,octob] 9 ?\s&s1 :]e !y lie high & dry ^u ! %ore1 on :i* !y h be5 ?r[n by ! =ce ( ! w9ds4 ,su* also is ,r4 ,aldrov&i 7,fig4 #ij71 :i* appe>s all ! ye> r\nd 9 calm wea!r4 ,x is an animal mu* dread$ by ba!rs4 ,x possesses an urticace\s app>atus1 :i* produces an effect simil> to ! /++-nettle :5 appli$ to ! sk94 ,if ! animal t\*es ! fi%]man at ! mom5t ( be+ drawn f ! wat]1 x is apt to inflame ! "p & raise x into pu/ules4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hi4 ,rhizo/oma ,cuvi]i4 ,cassiopea & ,cephea are two o!r types belong+ to ! same gr\p4 ,9 ,cassiopea ,&rom$a 7,fig4 #ia71 belong+ to ! fir/1 ! disk is hemisph]ical1 b mu* depress$1 )\t m>g9al t5tacles or p$uncle1 b ) a c5tral disk1 ) f\r to eight half-moon-%ap$ orifices at ! side1 & ?r[+ (f eight to t5 bran*+ arms1 fr+$ ) retractile suck+ disks4 ,cephea ,cyclophora1 ,pron 7,fig4 #ib71 is ano!r v rem>kable =m ( ^! /rangely-con/itut$ organisms4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hav+ pres5t$ to ! read] c]ta9 *>act]i/ic types ( ,m$usad1 we proce$ to (f] "s g5]al rem>k ^u ! organization & functions ( ^! /range creatures4 ,we h1 9 %ort1 select$ ^! types because !y h be5 special objects ( anatomical & physiological /udy to "s ( our be/ naturali/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ij4 ,rhizo/oma ,aldrov&i4 ,! ,m$us h no o!r means ( brea?+ b ?r\gh ! sk94 ,we rem>k all ov] ! body ( ^! zoophytes c]ta9 cutane\s elongations1 dispos$ s z to fav\r ! ex]cise ( ! brea?+ function4 ,c]ta9 m>g9al fr+es ( ext5d$ surface1 z well z ! t5tacle1 are ! special seats ( ! app>atus4 ,! organs ( dige/ion also pres5t arrangem5ts peculi> to !mselves2 ! m\? is plac$ on ! l[] "p ( ! body1 & is pi]c$ at ! extremity ( a trumpet-l tube1 hang+ sometimes l ! tongue ( a bell4 ,! walls ( ! /oma*1 aga91 are furni%$ ) a multitude ( app5dages1 :i* h _! orig9 9 ! cavity ( ! organ1 & :i* are v ela/ic4 ,! /oma*1 furni%$ ) ^! vibratile cells1 appe>s to secrete a juice ^: function is to decompose ! food & r5d] x dige/ible4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ia4 ,cassiopea ,&rom$a 7,tilesius74 ,9 "s ( ! ,m$usad ! c5tral m\? is abs5t altoge!r4 ,) ! ,rhizo/oma1 = in/ance1 ! /oma*al res]voir has no inf]ior orifice2 x communicates lat]ally ) ! canals :i* desc5d ?r\gh ! ?ickness ( ! arms1 & op5 at _! extremities ?r\gh a multitude ( small m\?s4 ,^! are ! root-l op5+s f :i* ! animals d]ive _! "n ( ,rhizo/oma1 f ! ,greek words 1 root1 & 1 m\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ib4 ,cephea ,cyclophora4 ,! arms ( ! ,rhizo/oma are usually eight 9 numb]1 ! free extremities ( ea* be+ slightly enl>g$3 9 ^! arms _m small op5+s or m\?s occur1 :i* are ! entrances to s _m asc5d+ canals communicat+ ) l>g] ones1 z ! ve9s d 9 ! high] animals3 ! common trunk canal is ?us =m$1 :i* directs itself to ! /oma*1 receiv+ 9 its way ?i!r all ! lat]al bran*es4 ,a v di/9ct circulation exi/s 9 ! ,m$us4 ,! p]iph]ic "p ( ! /oma* suff]s ! n\ri%+ liquid :i* has be5 elaborat$ 9 ! dige/ive cavity to pass3 ?is fluid !n circulates ?r\gh num]\s canals1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* h be5 cle>ly trac$4 ,x is also a s+ul> fact1 t organs ( s5se seem to h be5 discov]$ 9 ^! ,m$us1 :i* e>ly obs]v]s believ$ to be altoge!r de/itute ( organization4 ,dur+ my soj\rn on ! banks ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 says ,ehr5b]g1 9 8 "w on ! ,m$usa aurita1 al?\gh ,i _h _m times exam9$ ! br[ni% bodies ^u ! edge ( ! disk ( ! ,m$us1 x is only 9 ! mon? pa/ t ,i h recogniz$ _! true nature & function4 ,ea* ( ^! bodies consi/s ( a little yell[ button1 oval or cyl9drical1 fix$ ^u a ?9 p$uncle4 ,! p$uncle is atta*$ to a vesicle1 9 :i* ! microscope reveals a gl&ul> body1 yell[ :5 ! light trav]ses x1 b :ite :5 ! light is only reflect$ on x4 ,f ?is body issue two bran*es1 :i* proce$ t[>ds ! p$uncle or base ( ! br[n body up to ! button or head4 ,i h f\nd t ea* ( ^! small br[n bodies pres5ts a v di/9ct r$ po9t plac$ on ! dorsal face ( ! yell[ head2 & :5 ,i comp>e ?is ) my o!r obs]vations ( simil> r$ po9ts 9 o!r animals1 ,i f9d t !y greatly resemble ! eyes ( ! ,rotif]a & ,entomo/raca4 ,! bifurcat+ body plac$ at ! base ( ! br[n spot appe>s to be a n]v\s ganglion1 & its bran*es may be reg>d$ z optic n]ves4 ,ea* p$unculat$ eye pres5ts ^u its l[] face a small yell[ sac1 9 :i* are f\nd1 9 great] or small] numb]s1 small cry/all9e bodies cle> z wat]4 ,! pres5ce ( a r$ pigm5t 9 v f9e gra9s is an argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! exi/5ce ( visual organs 9 ^! zoophytes1 = ! small cry/als dissem9at$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! organ w\ld no d\bt p]=m ! "p ( refract+ light :i* is produc$ by cry/all9e 9 ! eyes ( v]tebrat$ animals4 ,moreov]1 x is f\nd t !re are m>g9al corpuscles analog\s to ^! br[n spots 9 o!r species ( ,m$us4 ,!y are ( a pali% yell[1 or q col\rless1 & enclose sometimes a s+le1 sometimes _m calc>e\s corpuscles4 ,:5 !y are col\rless1 "s naturali/s h r tak5 !m = e>s r$uc$ to _! mo/ simple expression4 ,! ,m$us are n absolutely de/itute ( n]v\s sy/em4 ,we h se5 t !y h ganglions1 & probably optic n]ves4 ,ehr5b]g also /ates t !y h ganglions at _! base1 :i* furni% !m ) n]v\s filam5ts4 ,)\t ent]+ fur!r into ! details ( _! delicate & complicat$ /ructure1 we %all pause briefly on _! mode ( reproduction4 ,we %all f9d "h physiological ph5om5a s rem>kable z to appe> incr$ible1 _h n ! rese>*es ( mod]n naturali/s plac$ ! facts beyond all d\bt4 ,:i* ( u1 says ,m4 de ,quatrefages1 w\ld n proclaim ! prodigy1 if he saw a reptile issue f an egg laid 9 8 c\rt-y>d1 :i* aft]w>ds gave bir? to an indef9ite numb] ( fi%es & birds8 ,well1 ! g5]ation ( ! ,m$us is at lea/ z m>vell\s z ! fact :i* we h imag9$4 ,let u note1 = example1 :at takes place ) ! ,rose ,aurelia1 a beautiful ,m$usa1 ( a pale rose col\r1 ) ne>ly hemisph]ical disk1 f f\r to five in*es 9 diamet]1 ^: edge is furni%$ ) %ort russet-br[n t5tacles2 tak+ = our guide ! eloqu5t & le>n$ au?or ( ! ,metamorphosis 9 ,m5 & ,animals1 ,m4 de ,quatrefages4 ,! ,m$usa1 designat$ "u ! "n ( ,rose ,aurelia1 lays eggs :i* are *>act]is$ by ! exi/5ce ( ?ree conc5tric sph]es4 ,^! eggs are trans=m$ into oval l>v1 cov]$ ) vibratile cells1 hav+ a slight depression 9 front4 ,!y swim ab\t = a %ort "t ) great activity1 mu* l ! infusoria1 :i* !y /rik+ly resemble 9 o!r respects4 ,at ! end ( =ty-eight h\rs ! movem5ts decrease4 ,aid$ by ! depression already not$1 ! l>v atta*es itself to "s solid body1 fix+ itself to x at ?is po9t by ! assi/ance ( a ?ick muc\s matt]4 ,a *ange ( =m soon takes place3 x becomes elongat$2 its p$icle is contract$1 & its free extremity swells into a club-l %ape4 ,an op5+ soon pres5ts itself 9 ! c5tre ( ?is extremity1 ?r\gh :i* an int]nal cavity appe>s4 ,f\r little mammals h n[ appe>$ on ! edge1 :i* are elongat$ 9 ! mann] ( arms4 ,o!rs soon foll[3 ^! are ! t5tacles ( a polyp3 ! "y infusoria has become a polyp6 ,! polyp increases by buds & %oots1 j l a /rawb]ry plant1 :i* ?r[s out its sl5d] /ems 9 all directions1 cov]+ all ! neighb\r+ gr\nd4 ,! "y ,m$usa lives "s "t "u ?is =m4 ,!n "o ( ! polyps becomes enl>g$ & its =m cyl9drical4 ,?is cyl9d] is divid$ into f t5 to f\rte5 sup]pos$ r+s4 ,^! r+s1 at fir/ smoo?1 =m !mselves into fe/oons1 & sep>ate into bifurcat$ ?ongs2 ! int]m$iate l9es become *annel$4 ,! animal n[ resembles a pile ( plates1 cut r\nd ! edges4 ,9 a %ort "t ea* r+ is /irr$ at ! free edge ( its fr+e3 ?is becomes contractile4 ,! r+s are individualis$4 ,f9ally1 ^! annul> creatures1 obscure 9 _! lives1 isolate !mselves4 ,:5 deta*$1 !y beg9 to swim3 f t "t !y h only to p]fect & modify _! =m4 ,f be+ flat1 !y become concave on ! "o side & convex on ! o!r4 ,! dige/ive cavity--! ga/ro-vascul> canals--become m decid$2 ! m\? op5s1 ! t5tacles are elongat$1 ! float+ m>g9al cirri become m & m num]\s2 & n[1 aft] all ^! metamorphoses1 ! ,m$usa appe>s3 x p]fectly resembles ! "m4 ,,tubul>id4 ,we h already said t rec5t rese>*es h l$ to a sep>ation ( a class ( animals f ! ,s]tul>ia1 & to _! be+ unit$ ) ! ,m$us4 ,( ^! creatures we =m]ly only knew "o ( ! =ms1 namely1 ! polyp =m2 or1 r1 ! fir/ /age ( x4 ,dur+ _! e>lie/ days !y possess a polyp1 furni%$ ) t5tacles1 & a bell-%ap$ body4 ,dur+ _! m$usoid age1 !y pres5t a c5tral /oma*1 ) f\r canals 9 ! =m ( a cross1 & f\r to eight t5tacles ) cirri4 ,! animals con/itute ! ,tubul>id1 compreh5d+ _m g5]a2 among o!rs ! ,tubul>ia & ,campanul>ia1 9 /udy+ :i* ,van ,b5$5 ( ,l\va9 discov]$ mo/ int]e/+ facts connect$ ) ! subject ( alt]nate g5]ation4 ,! class ( zoophytes rang$ among ! ,tubul>ia h ! p[] ( secret+ an inv]t+ tube ( a horny nature1 9 :i* ! fle%y body c move up & d[n1 exp&+ its t5tacles ov] ! top4 ,o!rs ( !m give =? buds1 ea* ( :i* takes ! =m ( a polyp1 & ^!1 be+ p]man5t1 give x a %rub-l or bran*$ appe>ance2 x is n[ a comp\nd polyp4 ,! tube is bran*$1 & ! orifices f :i* ! polyps exp& usually dilate into cups or cells4 ,?is is ! condition ( ! ,tubul>i-campanul>iad gr\ps1 :i* are num]\s r\nd our own coa/ & 9 ! ,*annel4 ,! ,tubul>ia are plant-l & horny1 root$ by fibres1 tubul>1 & fill$ ) a semi-fluid organic pulp2 polyps nak$ & fle%y1 protrud+ f ! extremity ( e bran*let ( ! tube1 & arm$ ) "o or two circles ( smoo? fili=m t5tacles2 bulbules s(t & nak$1 g]m9at+ f ! base ( ! t5tacles2 embryo m$usi=m4 ,"s mod]n au?ors1 says ,frdol1 assure u t ! tree-l =m ( ^! polyps is a degrad$ & transitory =m ( ! ,m$us4 ,! ,m$usa orig9ates ! polyp1 ! polyp becomes a ,m$usa4 ,tubul>ia ramea s p]fectly resembles an old tree 9 m9iature1 depriv$ ( its leaves1 t x is difficult to believe x is n ( a vegetable orig92 x is n[ a vigor\s tree 9 m9iature1 9 full fl[]1 ris+ f ! summit ( a br[n-spott$ /em1 ) _m bran*es & tuft$ %oots1 t]m9at+ 9 s _m hydras ( a beautiful yell[ or brilliant r$4 ,t4 ramosa1 ( a br[ni% col\r & horny sub/ance1 ris+ six in*es1 is root$ by tortu\s1 wr9kl$ fibres1 ) flexible1 smoo?1 & ?read-l %oots1 bran*+ into a d\bly p]meate =m4 ,9 ,t4 indivisa ! tubes are clu/]+2 its num]\s /ems are horny1 yell[1 & f six to twelve in*es 9 height1 ab\t a l9e 9 diamet]1 & m>k$ ) unequal knots f space to space1 l ! /alk ( ! oat-/raw ) ! jo9ts cut (f4 ,_! l[] extremity is tortu\s1 atta*+ itself readily to %ells & /ones 9 deep wat]1 fl\ri%+ 9 deep muddy bottoms1 & upright z a fl[]1 fix$ by ! tap]+ root-l t]m9ations ( its horny tube3 a fl[]+ animal1 hav+1 h[ev]1 nei!r fl[] nor bran*4 ,at ! summit ( ea* /em1 a d\ble sc>let corolla is develop$ ( f five to ?irty-five petals1 9 r[s1 ! ext]nal "o spread+1 ^? 9 ! int]ior ris+ 9 a tuft2 a little bel[1 ! ov>ium appe>s1 droop+ :5 ripe l a bun* ( orange-col\r$ grapes4 ,aft] a "t ! petals ( ! corolla fade1 fall1 & die1 & a bud replaces !m1 :i* produces a new polyp2 & s on4 ,?is succession det]m9es ! l5g? ( ! /em4 ,ea* app>5t fl[] ?r[s out a small tube1 :i* t]m9ates x1 & ea* addition adds "o jo9t m to ! axis1 :i* x increases 9 l5g?4 ,! ,campanul>i diff] consid]ably f ! above1 ! ends ( _! bran*es1 :5ce ! polyps issue1 be+ enl>g$ into a bell-l %ape1 :5ce _! "n4 ,c4 di*otoma is at once ! mo/ delicate & mo/ elegant ( ! species4 ,x pres5ts a br[ni% /em1 ?9 z a ?read ( silk1 b /rong & ela/ic4 ,! polyps are num]\s3 ^u a tree eight or n9e in*es high !re may be z _m hundr$s4 ,c4 volubilis is a m9ute microscopic species1 liv+ p>asitically on corall9es1 seawe$1 & %ell$ animals4 ,! /em is a capill>y corne\s tube1 :i* creeps & twi/s itself ^u its support1 ?r[+ out at alt]nate int]vals a long sl5d] /alk1 twi/$ ?r\gh\t or only p>tially1 :i* supports a bell-%ap$ cup ( p]fect transp>5cy1 & prettily s]rat$ r\nd ! brim4 ,dr4 ,john/on f\nd ! ant5n ( a crab s pr(usely infe/$ ) !m z to resemble hairy bru%es4 ,x is furni%$1 accord+ to ,hassall1 ) a delicate jo9t or h+e at ! base ( ea* little cup--a contrivance design$1 x is imag9$1 to enable ! frail zoophyte ! bett] to elude ! rude contact ( ! elem5t 9 :i* x lives1 by all[+ x to b5d to a =ce :i* x _c resi/4 ,! ,campanul>i increase by budd+1 ! buds be+ f\nd 9 mu* ! same mann] z 9 ! ,hydr4 ,x is a simple excresc5ce1 :i*1 9 due "t1 takes ! =m ( ! bran* f :i* x proce$s4 ,^! buds h _! bir? at c]ta9 di/ances1 & =m a new polyp4 ,,siphonophora4 ,alongside ! ,m$us naturali/s place c]ta9 m>9e zoophytes :i* are equally rem>kable = _! beauty & = _! curi\s /ructure1 ! latt] be+ s complicat$ t _! true organization long rema9$ unkn[n4 ,!y 7 kn[n1 until v rec5tly1 "u ! designation ( ,hydro/atic ,acaleph1 or ,hydra-m$us4 ,!y are kn[n 9 our days z ,siphonophor4 ,^! inhabitants ( ! deep are graceful 9 =m1 & are di/+ui%$ by _! delicate tissues & brilliant col\rs4 ,ess5tially swimm]s1 support$ by "o or _m vessels fill$ ) air--true swimm+-bladd]s1 m or less num]\s1 & ( v>iable =m--!y float ^u ! waves1 rema9+ always on ! surface1 :atev] may be ! /ate ( ! sea4 ,!y are natural skiffs1 & q incapable ( imm]sion4 ,! ,siphonophor =m f\r ord]s or families2 namely1 ! ,diphyd1 d\ble-bell-%ap$ animals1 "o fitt+ into ! cavity ( ! o!r2 ,physaliad1 hav+ l>ge oblong air-vessels & num]\s t5tacles ( sev]al =ms1 long1 & p5d5t f "o end ( ! %ell1 ) a wr9kl$ cre/2 ,vilellad1 animals /ret*+ ov] a c>tilag9\s plate ) a flat body1 an oblique1 v]tical1 c>tilag9\s cre/ above1 a tubul> m\? bel[1 & surr\nd$ by num]\s %ort t5tacles2 ,physophora1 consi/+ ( a sl5d] & v]tical axis1 t]m9at+ 9 an air-bladd]1 c>ry+ lat]ally swimm+-bladd]s1 :i* lose !mselves among/ a bundle ( sl5d] :ite filam5ts4 ,,vilellad4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ic4 ,vilella limbosa 7,lam>ck74 ,! ,vilell assemble toge!r 9 great %oals2 9 tropical seas & ev5 9 ! ,m$it]ranean !y may be se5 9 f9e wea!r float+ on ! surface ( ! waves4 ,z describ$ by ,de ,bla9ville1 ! body is oval or circul>1 & gelat9\s1 su/a9$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! dorsal disk by a solid sub-c>tilag9\s frame1 provid$ on ! l[] surface ( ! disk ) ext5sible t5tacul> cirri4 ,! family includes f\r g5]a2 namely1 ,vilella1 ! ,holo?uria ( ! ,*9ese1 :i* ! read] w mo/ readily compreh5d f ! brief description we %all give ( ! ,m$it]ranean ,vilella 7,v4 limbosa--,fig4 #ic71 :i* has be5 v m9utely exam9$ by ,m4 ,*>les ,vogt1 ( ,g5eva1 f ^: "w on ! ,inf]ior ,animals ( ! ,m$it]ranean our details are borr[$4 ,v4 spirans1 sometimes call$ ,v4 limbosa1 0 discov]$ 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 betwe5 ,monaco & ,m5tone1 by ,=skahl1 :o mo/ errone\sly took x = a holo?uria4 ,on ! upp] surface ( ! animal is a hydro/atic app>atus1 ! object ( :i* is to ma9ta9 its equilibrium 9 ! ambi5t elem5t4 ,?is app>atus consi/s ( a %ield & a cre/1 organs ( :i* ,m4 ,vogt gives a v detail$ description2 b x is on ! "u surface t ! pr9cipal organs ( ! ,vilella are exhibit$4 ,^! are n se5 :5 ! animal swims1 because "u su* circum/ances ! v]tical1 oblique cre/ only is visible4 ,! l[] surface is concave1 ) a sort ( mesial nucleus1 pres5t+ at ! extremity ( a trumpet-l prolongation1 :iti% & contractile1 a sort ( c5tral m\?1 surr\nd$ by t5tacul> cirri1 ! ext]nal r[ be+ mu* long] ?an ! int]nal ones4 ,?is 0 =m]ly ?\ght to be ! /oma* ( ! ,vilella4 ,9 ! pres5t day1 ?is app5dage is kn[n to be ! c5tral polyp ar\nd :i* are gr\p$ o!r :iti% & mu* small] app5dages1 ! base be+ surr\nd$ by little yell[ bun*es4 ,^! are suppos$ to be ! reproductive organs4 ,betwe5 ! cre/ & ! %ield num]\s free t5tacles pres5t !mselves1 v]mi=m 9 appe>ance1 cyl9drical1 & ( a sky-blue col\r1 :i* are kept 9 cont9ual motion4 ,! ,vilella is !re=e n an isolat$ individual1 b a gr\p or colony1 9 :i* ! individuals int5d$ to be reproductive are ! mo/ num]\s1 & occupy ! inf]ior p>ts4 ,! c5tral polyp1 by its size & /ructure1 is di/+ui%able at ! fir/ glance f all ! o!r app5dages ( ! l[] surface ( ! body4 ,x is a cyl9drical tube1 v contractile & pe>-%ap$1 swoll5 into a r\nd ball1 or consid]ably elongat$4 ,its m\? is r\nd & mu* dilat$2 x op5s 9 ! cyl9drical or trumpet "p1 :i* is conta9$ 9 a sac 9 ! =m ( elongat$ fusci1 clo!d 9 ! :iti% integum5ts :i* =m$ ! body ( ! polyp :5 p]fect4 ,at ! bottom ( ! sac two r[s ( op5+s are obs]v$1 :i* lead to a vascul> network ext5d+ ov] ! :ole body2 ! membran\s p>ts1 :ile affect+ v>i\s conditions 9 _! arrangem5t1 are nev]!less 9 direct communication ) all ! reproductive individuals4 ,x is a g5]al *>act]i/ic ( all colonies ( polypi t ! dige/ive cavities ( ! individuals compos+ !m meet & inosculate 9 a common vascul> sy/em4 ,! ,vilell pres5t ! same con=mation4 ,only 9 _! case ! vascul> sy/em is ext5d$ horizontally1 ?is be+ ! ess5tial "* ( ! union ( all ! individuals con/itut+ ! colony1 ) ! canals common to all1 9 :i* ! n\ri%+ fluids circulate1 elaborat$ = all & by all4 ,x is a true picture ( social communism realiz$ by ,nature4 ,! c5tral polyp is alone de/9$ to absorb ! food4 ,m4 ,vogt has always f\nd 9 its int]ior cavity fragm5ts ( ! %ells ( cru/aceans1 ! rema9s ( small fi%es2 & he has (t5 se5 ! h>d p>ts :i* resi/ dige/ion dis*>g$ ?r\gh ! trumpet-l op5+4 ,?is c5tral polyp n\ri%es itself & also all ! o!rs1 b is itself /]ile4 ,! t5tacles are holl[ cyl9d]s1 completely clos$ at ! extremity4 ,^! are /rong muscul> tubes ( consid]able ?ickness1 ! int]ior ( :i* is fill$ ) a transp>5t liquid4 ,!y are envelop$ 9 a /rong membrane ( a deep-blue col\r4 ,! epid]mis is furni%$ ) small /++ capsules1 =m$ ( a sac ) comp>atively ?ick walls4 ,if ?is sac is compress$ "u ! microscope x explodes1 op5+ at a det]m9ate "p1 & ?r[+ out an app>atus =m+ a long /iff filam5t1 :i* is implant$ on a conical *annel & surr\nd$ ) po9ts4 ,i "k n1 says ,m4 ,vogt1 if all ?is ma*9]y c re-ent] ! capsule aft] x has explod$2 b ,i presume t ! animal c ext5d itself & )draw at pleasure4 ,a t5tacle ( ,vilella suffici5tly compress$ pres5ts a surface bri/l+ ) ^! cirri1 s z to resemble a bru%4 ,! t5tacles !mselves are 9 cont9ual motion1 & ,i h no reason to d\bt t ! obs]vation ( ,lesson1 :o saw !m cov] small cru/aceans & fi%es1 may be p]fectly true4 ,^! /++ organs d\btless s]ve ! same purpose z ) o!r animals ( ! same class2 namely1 to kill ! prey :i* ! t5tacles h enabl$ !m to secure4 ,?us ! ,vilell h _! javel9s1 z ! ,greek & ,roman w>riors _h1 & a lasso1 z ! cavali]s ( ,mexico & ,texas h4 ,! reproduc+ individuals =m ! great mass ( ! app5dages atta*$ to ! "u surface ( ! ,vilella4 ,! =m ( ! individuals is mu* m v>i$1 inasmu* z !y are extremely contractile4 ,nev]!less1 !y h consid]able resemblance to ! corolla ( a hyac9?4 ,^! reproductive individuals are1 !n1 at ! same "t nurses4 ,! ,m$us orig9at+ by budd+ 9 ! case ( ^? reproductive individuals1 con/itute ! sexual /ate ( ! ,vilell4 ,!y exi/1 9 %ort1 9 two alt]nate /ates3 ! "o sexual1 produc+ eggs2 9 ?is /ate !y are isolat$ individuals ( ! ,m$usad1 :i* nev] gr\p !mselves or =m colonies3 ! o!r aggregate /ate is non-sexual1 & 9 x !y =m swimm+ colonies1 "u ! special designation ( ,vilell4 ,! ,vilell1 s call$ by ,lam>ck1 are f\nd widely diffus$ 9 ! seas ( ,europe1 ,asia1 ,am]ica1 & ,au/ralia4 ,"o species1 ,v4 limbosa1 is (t5 tak5 on ! s\!rn coa/ ( ,engl&4 ,! animals are also met ) f> at sea1 & (t5 huddl$ toge!r 9 consid]able masses1 old & "y toge!r4 ,su* is a brief acc\nt ( ! /range facts to :i* ! c>eful /udy ( ! l[] class ( m>9e animals initiates u4 ,naturali/s range along ) !m ! ,rat>ia & ,porpita4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,rat>ia h ! body oval or circul>1 su/a9$ by a compress$ sub-c>tilag9\s framework1 mu* elevat$1 hav+ a muscul>1 movable1 longitud9al cre/ bel[1 & provid$ 9 ! middle ) a free proboscidi=m /oma* & a s+le r[ ( m>g9al t5tacul> suck]s4 ,de ,bla9ville 0 incl9$ to consid] ! v small animals :i* ,es*s*oltz t]m$ ,rat>i z "y & undevelop$ ,vilell4 ,m4 ,vogt d\bts n t ! ,rat>i are "y ,vilell :i* h acquir$1 by little & little1 ! elliptical =m1 b t ! limb is only furni%$ at a lat] p]iod to ! reproductive individuals4 ,^! ,rat>i are eng5d]$1 accord+ to ,vogt1 by ! nak$-ey$ ,m$us born ( ! ,vilell1 & owe _! exi/5ce to ! eggs produc$ by ^! ,m$us4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,porpit con/itute1 l ! ,vilell1 colonies ( float+ animals furni%$ ) a c>tilag9\s1 horizontal1 & r\nd$ skeleton1 b !y are de/itute ( cre/ or veil4 ,! body is circul> & depress$1 slightly convex above1 ) an int]nal circul> c>tilag9\s support1 hav+ ! surface m>k$ by conc5tric /ri cross+ o!r radiat+ /ri1 ! upp] surface be+ cov]$ by a delicate membrane only4 ,! body is concave bel[2 ! "u surface is furni%$ ) a great numb] ( t5tacles1 ! ext]ior ones be+ longe/1 & also ) small cilia1 ea* t]m9at+ 9 a globule1 :i* sometimes conta9s air2 ! int]ior t5tacles are %ort]1 simple1 & fle%y4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ^! t5tacula is ! m\?1 9 =m ( a small proboscis1 lead+ to a simple /oma* surr\nd$ by a some:at gl&ul> sub/ance4 ,! editors ( ! la/ edition ( ! ,rgne ,animal only m5tion "o species--,p4 ,gigantea1 a native ( ! ,m$it]ranean & o!r w>m seas1 ( a beautiful blue col\r4 ,lam>ck gives f\r species4 ,de ,bla9ville & o!rs consid] ) ,cuvi] t !y are only v>ieties1 :i* ,es*s*oltz reunites "u "o species4 ,9 ,fig4 #id we h repres5t$ ,p4 ,pacifica 7,lesson71 ! disk ( :i* is twelve l9es 9 diamet]1 )\t compreh5d+ ! t5tacles4 ,?is disk is f9ely radiat$ on ! "u surface ) a brilliant arg5t9e nacre4 ,! membran\s fold :i* surr\nds x is cut into1 leav+ light & p]fectly /raight fe/oons4 ,x is ( a cle> cele/ial blue col\r1 & v transp>5t4 ,! t5tacles are mu* compress$1 v ?9 & cyl9drical1 ( a light blue1 & ! gl&s are ( an indigo blue col\r4 ,all ! reproductive individuals1 :i* are plac$ 9 ! l[] "p ( ! body1 are ( a p]fect hyal9e :ite4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #id4 ,porpita pacifica 7,lesson74 ,?is beautiful ,porpita 0 discov]$ by ,lesson on ! ,p]uvian coa/1 :]e x occurs 9 sw>ms closely pack$ on ! surface ( ! sea4 ,its mann] ( life1 says ,lesson1 is p]fectly analog\s to t ( ! ,vilella4 ,_! locomotion on ! sea is purely passive1 at lea/ 9 appe>ance4 ,_! disk laid flat on ! surface ^u ! wat]-l9e1 leaves !m to float freely & 9 a horizontal direction1 ! irritable arms hang+ all r\nd !m4 ,,physophora4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ie4 ,physophora hydro/atica 7,=skahl74 ,?is family includes ! ,physophora1 prop]ly s call$1 ! ,agal9a1 & ! ,/ephanom9a1 = ! hi/ory ( :i* we are indebt$ to ! curi\s obs]vations ( ,m4 ,vogt4 ,fig4 #ie is a repres5tation ( ,physophora hydro/atica1 aft] ,m4 ,vogt's memoir4 ,we see t ! animal is compos$ ( a sl5d] v]tical axis1 t]m9at+ 9 an arial bladd]1 c>ry+ lat]ally c]ta9 vesicles1 kn[n z swimm+-balls1 :i* t]m9ate 9 a bundle ( :iti% sl5d] ?reads4 ,! arial bladd] is brilliant & silv]y1 punctur$ ) r$ spots4 ,! swimm+-bladd]s are encas$ 9 a transp>5t & some:at c>tilag9\s capsule1 :i* is cont9u$ into ! common m$ian trunk1 ! latt] be+ rose-col\r$1 holl[1 & v contractile2 9 %ort1 x pres5ts v delicate muscul> fibres1 :i* exp& !mselves on ! ext]nal fan ( ! capsule1 & is clos$ on all sides4 ,! swimm+-bladd]s are ( a glass-l transp>5cy1 & ( a firm1 compact tissue4 ,!y are atta*$ obliquely & alt]nately ^u a common axis1 pres5t+ an ext]ior curvature1 a r\nd op5+1 furni%$ ) a f9e1 muscul>1 & v contractile limb1 & arrang$ l ! iris ( ! eye4 ,_! p[] ( resi/ance is increas$ by c]ta9 horny holl[ ?reads1 :i* are 9 direct communication ) ! cavity ( ! v]tical trunk1 & h _! orig9 9 a common circul> canal4 ,! animal1 says ,vogt1 is enabl$ to guide itself 9 any direction by means ( ! swimm+ app>atus or air-bags4 ,^!1 on op5+1 are fill$ ) wat]1 :i* is aga9 eject$ 9 ! contractile movem5t1 = _! movem5ts may be comp>$ to t ( ! umbrella ( ! ,m$us4 ,x is ! viol5t expulsion ( ?is liquid :i* enables ! animal to advance diagonally ?r\gh ! wat]1 a k9d ( motion :i* is ! consequ5ce ( its organization2 = :]e bo? r[s ( air-bags are work+ 9 ! direction ( ! axis ( ! trunk1 ! organism w incl9e to ! side :i* works mo/1 b always 9 su* a mann] t ! arial vesicle w be borne =w>d4 ,9 its l[] p>ts ! trunk exp&s1 becomes flat1 & w9ds itself 9 a spiral4 ,x is holl[1 & encloses a transp>5t visc\s liquid1 9 :i* v small granules are obs]v$1 :i* appe> to be ! result ( dige/ion4 ,?is disk is atta*$ to ?ree diff]5t sorts ( app5dages2 we %all fir/ address ourselves to ! t5tacles4 ,^! =m a cr[n or bundle ( v]mi=m app5dages1 ( a r$di% col\r1 ov] an in* 9 l5g?1 & :i* are kept cont9ually 9 motion3 ^! are =m$ ( a glass-l c>tilag9\s sub/ance2 !y are conical tubes1 clos$ on all p>ts except at ! po9t :]e ! t5tacle is atta*$ to ! disk4 ,_! cavity is fill$ ) ! granul\s liquid already m5tion$4 ,on ! "u surface ( ! disk1 & to ! inside ( ^! t5tacles1 ! polyps & fi%+-l9es are atta*$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #if4 ,p4 hydro/atica1 ) a portion ( ! disk1 ?ree polyps1 & reproductive clu/]s atta*$4 ,! ant]ior "p ( ! polyp is =m$ ( a glass-l sub/ance1 :i* *anges its =m 9 ! mo/ v>i$ & surpris+ mann]4 ,x be>s a r\ndi% m\? at its summit4 ,9 its po/]ior "p ! polyp pres5ts a /raight holl[ /em1 ( r$di% col\r2 b ne> to ?is r$ /em we f9d a ?ick tuft ( cyl9drical app5dages1 f ! middle ( :i* spr+s ! ext5sible & contractile filam5ts :i* ,vogt calls ! fi%+-l9es 7fil p*eur71 & ( :i* he has giv5 ! foll[+ v /range acc\nt3 ,ea* ( ^! app5dages consi/s ( an assemblage ( cyl9drical tubes some:at resembl+ & analog\s to a filam5t ( conf]v4 ,all ^! tubes are trav]s$ by a cont9u\s canal1 :i* orig9ates 9 ! int]nal cavity ( ! /em ( ! polyp4 ,ea* fragm5t ( ! l9e is capable ( a prodigi\s ext5t ( elongation & contraction2 b :]e completely drawn back ! pieces fold !mselves up some:at 9 ! mann] ( a pocket foot-rule4 ,x is to ! comb9$ effect ( contraction & ! unfold+ ( ! pieces t ^! l9es owe ! m>vell\s *anges ( l5g? :i* !y pres5t4 ,9 ,fig4 #if are repres5t$ ! polyps & fi%+-l9es ( ,p4 hydro/atica1 ) a portion ( ! disk & two pairs ( reproductive clu/]s4 ,9 ?is figure x w be obs]v$ t ea* fragm5t or jo9t has implant$1 ne> ! articulation1 a second>y l9e1 :i* be>s ! /++ organ4 ,ea* ( ^! filam5ts consi/s ( ?ree p>ts3 a /raight /em1 muscul>1 contractile1 & holl[1 ! cavity ( :i* communicates ) t ( ! trunk :i* c>ries x2 a middle "p1 a sort ( tube conta9+1 9 a consid]able int]nal cavity1 a transp>5t liquid2 f9ally1 an inflat$ /++ organ1 :i* t]m9ates ! app>atus4 ,?is la/ is egg-%ap$1 & consi/s int]nally ( a hyal9e sub/ance ( c>tilag9\s consi/5ce1 9 ! int]ior ( :i* we f9d a great cavity1 :i* op5s f )91 ne> ! base ( ! capsule2 to ! inside ( ?is cavity a second muscul> sac is atta*$ all r\nd ! op5+ ( ! capsule1 9 su* a mann] t ! op5+ leads directly into ! cavity ( ! sac4 ,?is cavity conceals 9 its int]ior a long filam5t usually roll$ up 9 a spiral1 z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ig1 :]e ! two urticant capsules ( ! /++ app>atus ( ,physophora hydro/atica are repres5t$1 "o ( !m be+ a section1 magnifi$ by twelve diamet]s4 ,?is spirally roll$-up filam5t consi/s ( a l>ge quantity ( v small1 h>d1 sabre-%ap$1 corpuscul> bodies1 support$ ! "o aga9/ ! o!r1 & hav+ _! po9ts turn$ inw>ds4 ,^! objects ,vogt t]ms urticant sabres3 ! extremity ( ! filam5t consi/s ( curv$ corpuscles1 l>g]1 ( a br[ni% yell[1 v /rong1 & ) a d\ble po9t4 ,m4 ,vogt _h also opportunities ( obs]v+ ! action ( ^! /++ capsules4 ,he has se5 !m bur/ naturally1 & he has also obta9$ artificially ! same result4 ,9 ! =m] case ! filam5t issues f ! op5+ left at ! base ( ! capsule ) a sort ( explosion4 ,! use1 he says1 ( ! fi%+-l9es becomes evid5t :5 we see a ,physophora 9 repose 9 a vase l>ge en\gh = its full developm5t2 !n x takes a v]tical position2 ! l9es elongate !mselves m & m1 by unfold+ "o by "o ! second>y l9es ) /++ capsules1 & ! ,physophora n[ resembles a fl[] pos$ ^u a tuft ( roots1 ) extremely long & delicate rootlets rea*+ ! bottom ( ! vase4 ,b 9 ! case ( ! ,physophora ! liv+ roots are 9 cont9ual motion4 ,ea* l9e is elongat$1 =e%ort5$1 & contract$ 9 a ?\s& ways4 ,! lea/ movem5t ( ! wat] causes ! /++ capsules to be sudd5ly drawn up1 ! l9es haul$ 9 mo/ rapidly be+ ^? ne> ! cr[n ( t5tacles4 ,?is cont9u\s play ( ! l9es has no o!r object ?an to attract ! prey de/9$ to fe$ ! polyp1 & we _c f9d any bett] comp>ison = !m ?an ! fi%+-l9es to :i* !y h be5 comp>$4 ,! mom5t t "s small microscopic m$us1 l>v1 or cru/aceans come )9 ! sph]e ( ^? r$\bt$ l9es1 x is at once surr\nd$1 seiz$1 & l$ ) irresi/ible =ce t[>ds ! m\? ( ?is polyp by a g5tle & gradual contraction ( ! l9e2 ! /++ organs1 complicat$ z we h se5 !m to be 9 ! ,physophora1 ?us s]ve ! same purpose z ! /++ organs dispos$ on ! arms ( ! ,hydr1 or on ! ext]nal surface ( ! t5tacles & prolific polyps ( ! ,vilell4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ig4 ,(f5sive app>atus ( ,physophora hydro/atica4 ,c !re be any animal =m m graceful ?an ,agalma rubra1 :i* is reproduc$ 9 ,plate ,,vii4 f ,vogt's ,memoir8 ,?is beautiful creature is common 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 on ! coa/ ne> ,nice1 f ,novemb] till ! mon? ( ,may4 ,t[>ds ! middle ( ,decemb] ,vogt f\nd ne>ly fifty individuals 9 ! space ( an h\r1 opposite to ! ,port ( ,nice1 all foll[+ ! same curr5t1 a prodigi\s quantity ( ,salp1 ,m$us1 & small ,pt]opodean ,mollusks accompany+ !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,vii4--,agalma rubra1 ?ree-fif?s natural size4 ,i "k no?+ m graceful1 says ,vogt1 ?an ?is ,agalma z x floats along ne> ! surface ( ! wat]s1 its long1 transp>5t1 g>l&-l l9es ext5d$1 & _! limits di/9ctly indicat$ by bundles ( a brilliant v]milion r$1 :ile ! re/ ( ! body is conceal$ by its v transp>5cy2 ! entire organism always swims 9 a slightly oblique position ne> ! surface1 b is capable ( /e]+ itself 9 any direction ) great rapidity4 ,i h _h 9 my possession "s ( ^! g>l&s m ?an ?ree feet 9 l5g?1 9 :i* ! s]ies ( air-bags measur$ m ?an f\r in*es1 s t 9 ! great vase 9 :i* ,i kept !m ! column ( swimm+ bags t\*$ ! bottom1 :ile ! arial vesicle float$ on ! surface4 ,imm$iately aft] its capture ! columns contract$ !mselves to su* a po9t t !y 7 sc>cely p]ceptible1 b :5 left to repose 9 a spaci\s vase1 all its %runk5 app5dages deploy$ !mselves r\nd ! vase 9 ! mo/ graceful mann] imag9able1 ! column ( swimm+-bladd]s rema9+ immovable 9 _! v]tical position1 ! air-bags at ! surface1 :ile ! diff]5t app5dages soon began to play4 ,! polyps1 plant$ at int]vals along ! common trunk ( rose-col\r1 began to agitate !mselves 9 all directions1 tak+ a ?\s& odd =ms2 ! reproductive individuals1 l ! t5tacles1 7 contract+ & twi/+ !mselves ab\t l s _m worms2 ! t5tacles 7 /irr$1 ! ov>ian clu/]s began to dilate & contract1 ! sp]matic air-bells agitat$ ! wat]s ) _! umbrellas1 l ! ,m$us2 b :at mo/ excit$ my curiosity1 0 ! cont9u\s action ( ! fi%+-l9es1 :i* cont9u$ to unroll & contract 9 a mo/ surpris+ mann]1 retir+ altoge!r sometimes ) ! utmo/ precipitation4 ,all :o h witness$ ^! liv+ colonies deta* !mselves reluctantly f ! /range spectacle1 :]e ea* polyp seems to play ! "p ( ! fi%]man :o ?r[s 8 l9e1 furni%$ ) bait$ hooks1 )draw+ x :5 he feels a nibble1 & ?r[+ aga9 :5 he discov]s 8 disappo9tm5t4 ,^! ef=ts cont9ue 9 full vig\r = two or ?ree days1 & ,i h succe$$ sometimes 9 fe$+ !m ) ! small cru/aceans :i* sw>m on our coa/s4 ,( ! p]sonelle ( ^! colonies a few words w n be misplac$4 ,! common axis ( ! ,agalma is a holl[ muscul> tube1 ! l5g? ( :i* may be ?ree feet1 & its bread? an eigh? or t5? ( an in*2 x is trav]s$ by a d\ble curr5t ( granul\s liquid2 at its summit is ! arial vesicle2 b5ea? are ! swimm+ vessels4 ,^! are dispos$ along ! trunk 9 a d\ble s]ies1 atta9+ sometimes ! numb] ( sixty2 _! /ructure is analog\s to ! same organs 9 ! ,physophora4 ,9 exam9+ ! po/]ior portion ( ! trunk1 trav]s+ polyps are obs]v$ at int]vals1 ^: base is surr\nd$ by a clu/] ( r$di% gra9s1 ea* ( :i* is arm$ ) a l9e1 & ) its surr\nd+ filam5t1 t]m9at+ 9 a t5dril ( a r$ v]milion col\r1 :i* is a p]fect ars5al ( (f5sive & def5sive arms4 ,!re we f9d sabres ( div]s sizes1 & poni>ds ( v>i\s =ms1 ! :ole con/itut+ a truly =midable /++ app>atus4 ,^! w>like eng9es1 ^! arms ( attack & def5ce ) :i* man surr\nds himself1 ,nature has freely be/[$ on ^! little creatures ) :i* ! ocean sw>ms 9 "s places4 ,x might be said t1 aft] hav+ creat$ ^! graceful creatures to ornam5t & decorate ! dep?s ( ! ocean1 ! ,creator 0 s pleas$ ) ,8 "w t ,he furni%$ !m ) arms = _! protection & def5ce aga9/ all attacks f )\t4 ,among ^! creatures we may note ! pretty ,apolemia contorta ( ,milne ,edw>ds 7,fig4 #ih71 :i* also inhabits ! ,m$it]ranean1 & p>ticul>ly ! coa/ ( ,nice1 & is no less admirable 9 its /ructure ?an ,agalma rubra4 ,?is elegant species is (t5 met ) 9 ! ,gulf ( ,villafranca1 ne> ,nice1 & has be5 figur$ & describ$ by ,milne ,edw>ds1 ,*>les ,vogt1 & also by ,m4 de ,quatrefages1 :o asks ! read] to figure to himself an axis ( flexible cry/als1 sometimes m ?an a mtre 7=ty in*es71 all r\nd :i* are atta*$1 by means ( long p$uncles or foot-/alks equally transp>5t1 "s hundr$s ( bodies1 sometimes elongat$1 sometimes flat1 & =m$ l ! bud ( a fl[]4 ,if we add to ?is g>l& ( pe>ls ( a vivid r$ col\r1 an inf9ity ( f9e filam5ts1 v>y+ 9 ?ickness1 & give life & motion to all ^! p>ts1 we h ev5 n[ only a v slight & imp]fect idea ( ! m>vell\s organism4 ,! air-bells 9 ,apolemia contorta consi/ ( a mass hav+ ! =m ( an elongat$ egg cut 9 ! middle4 ,!y are arrang$ 9 a v]tical s]ies ( twelves1 & ! axis :i* supports !m is t]m9at$ by ! arial vesicle4 ,?is axis is always arrang$ 9 a spiral =m1 ev5 9 its greate/ expansion1 is ( a f9e rose t9t1 & flatt5$ into ! =m ( a ribbon2 x is m>k$ 9 all its l5g? ) asp]itics or holl[ dimples1 9 :i* ! filam5tal app5dages orig9ate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ih4 ,apolemia contorta1 "o-?ird natural size 7,milne ,edw>ds74 ,! nurs+ polyps h be5 call$ poboscidif]\s organs by ,mr4 ,milne ,edw>ds1 :o has /udi$ !m c>efully4 ,!y are r5d]$ conspicu\s at a glance by ! bright-r$ col\r ( _! dige/ive cavity & _! extreme dilatability4 ,at ! base ( _! /ems ! v delicate filam5ts call$ fi%+-l9es are atta*$1 :i* are furni%$ ) a multitude ( /++ t5drils ( a r$di% col\r4 ,^! t5drils slightly resemble ^? ( ! ,agalm1 & ! sabre-l weapons are n want+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ii4 ,apolemia contorta1 magnifi$ #ab times4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajj4 ,apolemia contorta1 reproductive pair1 magnifi$ #ab times4 ,betwe5 ! nurs+ polyps are plac$ 9 pairs ! reproductive individuals1 hav+ ! =m ( an elongat$ tube v dilatable1 & clos$ at ! free end4 ,!y h1 !n1 no m\?6 ,milne ,edw>ds calls ^! vesicul> app5dages1 & ,m4 ,koellik]1 t5tacles4 ,! buds arrang$ at ! base ( ea* prolific individual v>y2 b1 accord+ to ,m4 ,vogt1 !y are always !re 9 pairs--a male & female at ! base ( ea* /em4 ,figs4 #ii & #ajj repres5t ! colony we h endeav\r$ to describe1 #ii be+ ! nurs+ individual ( ,apolemia contorta magnifi$ twelve times1 #ajj repres5t+ ! reproductive pair "u ! same magnify+ p[]4 ,,! ,,diphyd4 ,we h se5 t ! ,physophora1 ! ,agalma1 & ! ,apolemia h = ! use ( ! colony a va/ numb] ( swimm+ vesicles & a t]m9al arial vesicle4 ,x is mu* ! same 9 ! ,pray or ,diphyd4 ,9 ?is family a great numb] ( natatory vesicles are connect$ ) ! t]m9al arial vesicle1 z 9 ,fig4 #aja1 ,praya diphys4 ,?is species is widely diffus$ 9 ! sea :i* ba!s ! ,nicean coa/1 b x is v difficult to procure p]fect specim5s4 ,m4 ,vogt f\nd fragm5ts m ?an ?ree feet long :i* swam on ! surface1 & 0 9 its /ate ( contraction n m ?an a f+]'s l5g?4 ,?is species has be5 met ) at ,porta della ,praya & at ,san ,yago1 "o ( ! ,cape de ,v]de isl&s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aja4 ,praya diphys 7,bla9ville74 ,! colony ( ! ,praya pres5ts two great locomotive bell %ap$ masses1 betwe5 :i* ! common trunk is susp5d$1 & to :i* x c retire4 ,?is cyl9drical trunk1 :i* is ?9 & transp>5t1 c>ries f space to space c]ta9 gr\ps v exactly circumscrib$ & individualis$4 ,ea* ( ^! gr\ps consi/s ( a nurs+ polyp1 hav+ its fi%+-l9e ) a special float+ air-bladd]1 a reproductive bud male or female1 & a protect+ casque envelop+ ! :ole4 ,ano!r species hav+ a great resemblance to ! ,praya is ,galeol>ia aurantiaca 7,plate ,,viii471 or orange ,galeol>ia1 :i* is repres5t$ on ! opposite page1 borr[$ f ! f9e ,memoir ( ! ,inf]ior ,animals ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 by ,c>l ,vogt4 ,"h we f9d only two great float+ bladd]s plac$ at ea* extremity ( a common trunk1 & s]v+ ! purpose ( a locomotive app>atus to ! :ole colony4 ,?is trunk c>ries 9 l mann] polyps plac$ at regul> int]vals =m+ isolat$ gr\ps1 provid$ ea* ) its protect+ plates4 ,b !re is no special swimm+ app>atus = ea* ( ^! gr\ps4 ,moreov]1 ea* colony is ei!r male or female4 ,,physalia4 ,let u f9ally note among ! ,siphonophor a zoophyte :i* has attract$ great att5tion1 & has be5 describ$ "u _m names4 ,sailors call x ! sea-bladd]1 f its resemblance to t organ2 x is also kn[n z ! ,portuguese man-(-w>1 f its fanci$ resemblance to a small %ip z x floats along "u its t9y sail4 ,naturali/s aft] ,es*s*oltz call x ,physalia utriculus1 f ! ,greek ^w 1 a bubble1 & utriculus f its /++ p[]s4 ,x 0 long ?\ght t ! ,physalia 0 an isolat$ individual4 ,b1 accord+ to rec5t rese>*es1 !y =m1 l ! species already describ$1 an animal republic4 ,let u imag9e a great cyl9drical bladd] dilat$ 9 ! middle1 att5uat$ & r\nd$ at its two extremities1 ( elev5 or twelve in*es 9 l5g?1 & f "o to ?ree broad4 ,its appe>ance is glassy & transp>5t1 its col\r an imp]fect purple1 pass+ to a violet1 !n to an azure above4 ,x is surm\nt$ by a cre/1 limpid & pure z cry/al1 ve9$ ) purple & violet 9 decreas+ t9ts4 ,"u ! vesicle float ! fle%y filam5ts1 wav+ & contort$ into a spiral =m1 :i* sometimes desc5d p]p5dicul>ly l s _m ?reads ( cele/ial blue4 ,sailors believe t ! cre/ :i* surm\nts ! vesicle p]=ms ! (fice ( a sail1 & t !y tell ! navigator h[ ! w9d bl[s1 z !y say4 ,) all respect to ! sailors1 ! bladd]-l =m1 ) its arial cre/1 is only a hydro/atic app>atus1 ^: (fice is to light5 ! animal1 & modify its specific gravity4 ,mr4 ,gosse ?9ks o!rwise1 h[ev]4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,viii4--,galeol>ia aurantiaca4 7,vogt47 ,?is bladd]1 says ,gosse1 9 8 ,ye> by ! ,sea-side1 is fill$ ) air1 & !re=e floats almo/ :olly on ! surface4 ,along ! upp] side1 ne>ly f end to end1 runs a ?9 edge ( membrane1 :i* is capable ( be+ erect$ at w to a consid]able height1 fully equal at times to ! entire wid? ( ! bladd]1 :5 x repres5ts an ar*$ =e-&-aft sail1 ! bladd] be+ ! hull4 ,f ! bottom ( ! bladd]1 ne> ! ?icke/ extremity1 :]e !re is a d5s] portion ( ! membrane1 dep5ds a cr[d$ mass ( organs1 mo/ ( :i* take ! =m ( v sl5d]1 highly contractile movable ?reads1 :i* hang d[n into ! deep to a dep? ( _m feet1 or occasionally ( sev]al y>ds4 ,! col\rs ( ?is curi\s creature are v vivid2 ! bladd]1 ?\gh 9 "s p>ts transp>5t & col\rless1 & 9 "s specim5s almo/ entirely s1 is 9 g5]al pa9t$ ) ri*e/ blues & purple1 m+l$ ) gre5 & crimson to a small] ext5t1 ^! all be+1 n z sometimes describ$1 iridesc5t or *angeable1 b positive col\rs indep5d5t ( ! incid5ce ( light1 &1 = ! mo/ "p1 possess+ great dep? & fulness4 ,! sail-l1 erectile membrane is transp>5t1 t9t$ t[>ds ! edge ) a lovely rose-p9k hue1 ! col\rs arrang$ 9 a peculi> fr+e-l mann]4 ,:5 exam9$ anatomically1 ! bladd] is f\nd to be compos$ ( two walls ( membrane1 :i* are l9$ ) cilia1 & h betwe5 !m ! nutritive food :i* supplies ! place ( ! blood4 ,besides ?is1 ! d\ble membrane is turn$ 9 or inv]t$ l a /ock+ prep>$ = putt+ on2 & ?us !re is a bladd] )9 a bladd]1 bo? hav+ d\ble walls2 ! inn] 7pneumatocy/7 mu* small] ?an ! out] 7pneumatophone71 & contract$ at ! po9t :]e x is turn$ into ! almo/ imp]ceptible orifice4 ,! inn] s5ds up clos$ tubul> folds into ! cre/1 :i*1 be+ arre/$ by ! membran\s walls ( ! out] sac1 give to ! sail t appe>ance ( v]tical wr9kles :i* is s conspicu\s4 ,:5 x is fill$ ) air ! body is almo/ project$ out ( ! wat]4 ,9 ord] to desc5d x is necess>y to compress itself or dispel ! air1 9 "p1 = ! c5tre ( gravity 9 ! animal is displac$ accord+ z ! air is 9 ! vesicle or 9 ! cre/4 ,:5 ! la/ is di/5d$ x rises out ( ! wat]1 & becomes ne>ly v]tical2 9 %ort1 x !n becomes a sort ( sail4 ,! float+ app5dages b5ea? ! body are ( div]s k9ds4 ,"s ( ^! are reproductive individuals2 "s are nurses2 "s are t5tacles2 f9ally1 !re are organs designat$ "u ! "n ( ,sondes by ,fr5* naturali/s2 probes or suck]s1 we may call !m1 =m+ (f5sive & def5sive arms truly =midable2 = ^! elegant creatures are t]rible antagoni/s4 ,dut]tre1 ! v]aci\s hi/orian ( ! ,antilles1 relates ! foll[+3 ,?is 'galley' 7our ,physalia71 h[ev] agreeable to ! sight1 is mo/ dang]\s to ! body1 = ,i c ass]t t x is freight$ ) ! wor/ m]*&ise :i* floats on ! sea4 ,i speak z a naturali/1 & z hav+ made exp]im5ts at my own p]sonal co/4 ,"o day1 :5 sail+ at sea 9 a small boat1 ,i p]ceiv$ "o ( ^! little 'galleys1' & 0 curi\s to see ! =m ( ! animal2 b ,i _h sc>cely seiz$ x1 :5 all its fibres seem$ to clasp my h&1 cov]+ x z ) birdlime1 & sc>cely _h ,i felt x 9 all its fre%ness 7= x is v cold to ! t\*7 :5 x seem$ z if ,i _h plung$ my arm up to ! %\ld] 9 a caldron ( boil+ wat]4 ,?is 0 accompani$ ) a pa9 s /range t x 0 only ) a viol5t ef=t ,i c\ld re/ra9 myself f cry+ al\d4 ,ano!r voyag]1 ,leblond1 9 8 ,voyage aux ,antilles1 relates z foll[s3 ,"o day ,i 0 ba?+ ) "s fri5ds 9 a bay 9 front ( ! h\se :]e ,i dwelt4 ,:ile my fri5ds fi%$ = s>d9es = breakfa/1 ,i amus$ myself by div+1 9 ! mann] ( ! native ,c>ribeans1 "u ! wave ab\t to break2 hav+ rea*$ ! o!r side ( "o great wave1 ,i _h ga9$ ! op5 sea1 & 0 return+ on ! top ( ! next wave t[>ds ! %ore4 ,my ra%ness ne>ly co/ me my life3 a ,physalia1 _m ( :i* 7 /r&$ ^u ! bea*1 fix$ itself ^u my left %\ld] at ! mom5t ! wave l&$ me on ! bea*4 ,i promptly deta*$ x1 b _m ( its filam5ts rema9$ glu$ to my sk91 & ! pa9 ,i exp]i5c$ imm$iately 0 s int5se t ,i ne>ly fa9t$4 ,i seiz$ an oil flask :i* 0 at h&1 & swall[$ "o half1 :ile ,i rubb$ my arm ) ! o!r3 ?is re/or$ me to myself1 & ,i return$ to ! h\se1 :]e two h\rs ( repose reliev$ ! pa91 :i* disappe>$ altoge!r dur+ ! night4 ,mr4 ,b5nett1 :o accompani$ ! explor+ exp$ition "u ,admiral ,fitzroy1 z naturali/1 v5tur$ to te/ ! p[]s ( ! ,physalia4 ,on "o occasion1 he says1 ,i tri$ ! exp]im5t ( its /++ p[]s ^u myself1 int5tionally4 ,:5 ,i seiz$ x by ! bladd] portion1 x rais$ ! long cables by muscul> contraction ( ! b&s situat$ at ! base ( ! feel]s1 &1 entw9+ ! sl5d] app5dages ab\t my h& & f+]1 inflict+ sev]e & peculi>ly pung5t pa91 x adh]$ mo/ t5aci\sly at ! same "t1 s z to be extremely difficult ( removal4 ,! /++ cont9u$ dur+ ! :ole "t t ! m9ute/ portion ( ! t5tacul> rema9$ adh]5t to ! sk94 ,i soon f\nd t ! effects 7 n conf9$ to ! acute pung5cy inflict$1 b produc$ a great degree ( con/itutional irritation3 ! pa9 ext5d$ upw>ds along ! arm1 increas+ n only 9 ext5t b 9 sev]ity1 app>5tly act+ along ! c\rse ( ! absorb5ts1 & c\ld only be comp>$ to a sev]e rheumatic attack4 ,! pulse 0 accel]at$1 & a fev]i% /ate ( ! :ole sy/em produc$3 ! muscles ( ! *e/1 ev51 7 affect$2 ! same di/ress+ pa9 be+ felt on tak+ a full respiration z obta9s 9 a case ( acute rheumatism4 ,! second>y effects 7 v sev]e1 cont9u+ = ne>ly ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r2 ! duration be+ probably long] 9 consequ5ce ( ! "t & delay occasion$ by remov+ ! t5tacula f ! sk91 to :i* !y adh]$1 by ! aid ( ! /++ capsules1 ) an annoy+ degree ( t5acity4 ,on ! :ole be+ remov$1 ! pa9 began to abate2 b dur+ ! day a peculi> numbness 0 felt1 accompani$ by an increas$ temp]ature 9 ! limb on :i* ! /+ _h be5 inflict$4 ,= "s h\rs aft]w>ds ! sk9 display$ :ite elevations or weals on ! p>ts /ung1 simil> to ^? result+ f ! poison ( ! /++ nettle4 ,! int5sity ( ! pa9 dep5ds 9 "s degree ^u ! size & consequ5t p[] ( ! creature4 ,aft] x has be5 remov$ f ! wat] = "s "t1 ! /++ prop]ty1 al?\gh /ill cont9u+ to act1 is f\nd to h p]ceptibly dim9i%$4 ,i h obs]v$1 also1 t ?is irritative p[] is reta9$ = "s weeks aft] ! dea? ( ! animal1 9 ! vesicles ( ! cables1 & ev5 l95 clo? :i* has be5 us$ = wip+ (f ! adh]+ t5tacles1 :5 t\*$1 /ill reta9$ ! pung5cy1 al?\gh x _h n ! p[] ( produc+ su* viol5t con/itutional irritation4 ,! "q has be5 mu* agitat$1 )\t be+ positively resolv$1 :e!r ! ,physalia are v5om\s or n3 if !y c kill or make sick ! man or animal :i* swall[s !m4 ,li/5 to ! op9ions ( ,m4 ,ricord-,madiana1 a physician ( ,guadal\pe1 :o made direct exp]im5ts ) a view to settl+ ! "q4 ,_m inhabitants ( ! ,antilles1 he says1 say t ! 'galleys' are poison\s1 & t ! negroes make use ( !m1 aft] be+ dri$ & p[d]$1 to poison bo? m5 & animals4 ,! fi%]m5 ( ! isl&s also believe t fi% :i* h swall[$ !m become delet]i\s1 & poison ^? t eat !m1 a prejudice :i* has be5 adopt$ by _m travell]s1 & has ev5 f\nd its way into sci5tific books4 ,we c /ate z ! result ( direct exp]im5t1 t ?\gh ! 'galley1' w burn ! ignorant h& :i* is t\*$ by its t5tacles1 :5 dri$ 9 ! sun & pulv]iz$1 x becomes m]e gra9s ( dead matt]1 produc+ no effect :atev] ^u ! animal economy4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we read 9 ,p4 ,labat's ,voyage1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ca1 t ! bcune %\ld n be eat5 )\t "s precaution1 = ?is fi% be+ extremely voraci\s1 gre$ily dev\rs all t comes )9 its rea* 9 & out ( ! wat]1 & x (t5 happ5s t x meets & swall[s 'galleys1' :i* are v cau/ic1 & a viol5t poison4 ,! fi% does n die1 b its fle% absorbs ! v5om1 & poisons ^? :o eat x4 ,!re is e reason to believe1 says ,m4 ,leblond1 9 ! "w already quot$1 t ! s>d9e1 z well z _m o!r species ( fi%1 aft] hav+ ate ! t5tacles ( ! 'galley1' acquires a poison\s quality4 ,supp+ at an aub]ge on "o occasion1 ) o!r p]sons1 a bcune 0 s]v$ up1 ( :i* ga/ronom]s are v fond1 & :i* is usually p]fectly h>mless3 five p]sons p>took ( x1 & imm$iately aft]w>ds exhibit$ e symptom ( be+ poison$4 ,?is 0 manife/$ by a burn+ heat 9 ! region ( ! /oma*4 ,i bl$ two ( !m3 "o 0 cur$ by vomit+2 "o o!r w\ld take no?+ b tea & "s cul9>y oil4 ,! colic cont9u$ dur+ ! night1 & _h disappe>$ 9 ! morn+1 b he ent]ta9$ s great a horror ( wat]1 t dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! voyage a glass ( x pres5t$ to him made him turn pale4 ,m4 ,leblond concludes1 f ?is & o!r facts1 t ! fi%es :i* eat ! ,physalia become a poison = ^? :o eat !m1 al?\gh x does n appe> t he _h any evid5ce ( ! fi% hav+ ate ! galley1 or any o!r poison4 ,let u report our own exp]im5ts1 cont9ues ,m4 ,ricord-,madiana4 ,i4 ,i _h plac$ a 'galley' 9 ! sun1 9 ord] to dry & pulv]ize x4 ,a ne/ ( ants 7 !re1 :o dev\r$ ! :ole ( x4 ,n[1 _m p]sons 9 ! isl&s ?9k t ^! insects w n t\* v5om\s fi%es4 ,,ii4 ,ano!r 'galley1' :i* ,i _h left on ! table 9 my laboratory1 0 attack$ by a numb] ( great flies1 :o deposit$ _! eggs !re2 ^! 7 duly hat*$1 & ! l>v f$ on ! decompos$ zoophyte4 ,,iii4 ,on ! #ab? ( ,july1 #ahbc1 ,i saw on ! s&s 9 ! bay betwe5 ,sa9t ,m>y & ,la ,goyave1 at ,guadal\pe1 _m ,physalia rec5tly ca/ a%ore4 ,hav+ a dog ) me1 ) ! assi/ance ( my s]vant1 ,i made him swall[ ! fre%e/ ( !m1 ) all its fili=m t5tacles1 pu%+ x d[n 8 ?roat1 :ile my s]vant held 8 m\? op52 five m9utes aft]1 ! dog exhibit$ symptoms ( great pa9 on ! edges ( its lips2 x foam$ at ! m\? & rubb$ x 9 ! s&1 or ^u ! grass1 leap+ ab\t1 pass+ its paws ov] its jaws1 & exhibit+ e symptom ( excessive pa94 ,i m\nt$ my horse1 &1 9 spite ( its suff]+s1 ! poor animal foll[$ me z x 0 wont4 ,aft] tw5ty m9utes1 :5 its suff]+s seem$ ov]1 ,i _h a piece ( bread :i* ,i gave x1 & x ate x ) appetite1 swall[+ x )\t any difficulty2 x only seem$ to feel ! pa9 on ! edges ( its m\?3 x 0 well en\gh all day1 & _h evacuations :i* gave no indication t ! ,physalia _h any influ5ce ov] ! dige/ive organs4 ,next day1 & ! day foll[+1 x 0 z well z usual1 exhibit+ no signs ( inflammation ei!r 9 ! m\? or ?roat4 ,,iv4 ,on ! #bj? ( ! same mon?1 ,i took two 'galleys' on ! sea-%ore & cut !m 9 pieces2 !n1 ) a spoon1 ,i _h !m =c$ d[n ! ?roat ( a puppy1 :i* /ill suck$ its "m2 ?is /rong dose ( ,physalia _h no effect ^u x1 ! t5tacles hav+ probably be5 surr\nd$ by ! fle%y p>ts ( ! animal 9 divid+ x1 s z n to t\* ! m\?3 x seems probable1 !re=e1 t ! int]nal mucus is capable ( subdu+ ! irritation1 :i* is s di/ress+ :5 appli$ to membranes expos$ to ! ext]nal air4 ,we swall[ "s ?+s ) impunity1 :i* we c\ld n support 9 ! m\? if ! burn+ sub/ance rema9$ !re4 ,v4 ,i h also procur$ _m 'galleys' s9ce ^! exp]im5ts1 & hav+ plac$ !m 9 a glass tube1 left !m to dry & _h !m pulv]iz$2 tw5ty-five gra9s ( ?is p[d] adm9i/]$ to a v "y dog produc$ no delet]i\s effects4 ,twice ?is quantity adm9i/]$ to a "y cat produc$ no m1 nor has ?is surpris$ me2 =1 if ! fre% animal has no poison\s prop]ties1 h[ c x be suppos$ t dry+ ! zoophyte c h increas$ its poison\s prop]ties1 if x really possesses !m8 ,on ! contr>y1 x is m reasonable to suppose t1 by desiccation1 ! delet]i\s pr9ciple f any animal1 :e!r ,physalia or ,holo?uria1 %\ld lose inf9itely 9 its pr9ciple by evaporation1 & o!r *anges t heat & air produce 9 ! process ( dry+4 ,,vi4 ,i h _h a 'galley' cut into pieces1 & got a fat "y *ick5 to swall[ !m4 ,x caus$ no inconv5i5ce4 ,?ree h\rs aft]1 ,i _h ! *ick5 kill$ & roa/$2 !n ,i ate x1 & made my s]vant eat x too4 ,nei!r ( u exp]i5c$ any inconv5i5ce f x1 a c]ta9 pro( t x is n f eat+ ,physalia t ! fi% becomes poison\s4 ,,vii4 ,i put tw5ty-five gra9s ( p[d]$ ,physalia 9 a little 'b\illon2' ,i swall[$ ! dose )\t ! lea/ fe>1 & ,i felt no inconv5i5ce f x4 ,aft] ^! exp]im5ts1 :i* are c]ta9ly q conclusive1 :at are we to ?9k ( ! /ory relat$ ( a c]ta9 ,m4 ,tb1 ! manag+ p>tn] ( a h\se 9 ,guadal\pe1 :o fell a victim to 8 cook1 :o is said1 aft] hav+ s\ght 9 va9 to poison him ) ! rasp+ ( 8 nails1 :i* he _h spread c>efully ov] ! roa/$ fi% daily s]v$ up = d9n]1 det]m9$1 see+ t he _h signally fail$ by o!r means1 to put into 8 s\p a pulv]iz$ ,physalia4 ,an h\r aft] 8 repa/1 ?is g5tleman appe>$ 9 ! burgh ( ,lamant91 at a little di/ance f 8 habitation1 &1 :ile ent]+ ! city ) "s fri5ds1 he 0 seiz$ ) viol5t pa9s 9 ! /oma* & inte/9es1 rack+ him z if by ! mo/ corrosive poison4 ,8 illness increas$ until ! next day1 :5 he di$1 "u ! mo/ excruciat+ pa9s4 ,on exam9ation1 ! /oma* & inte/9es 7 f\nd to be viol5tly inflam$ & corrod$1 z if he _h be5 poison$ ) ars5ic1 & ,i h no d\bt t x 0 ) ?is poison1 or "s o!r corrosive sub/ance1 t ,m4 ,tb really 0 poison$4 ,! negroes nev] make kn[n ! sub/ance ) :i* !y commit a poison+2 !y confess all b ! tru?1 :i* !y are sworn nev] to reveal--! means !y employ1 s f> z ! poison+ mat]ial is conc]n$1 are nev] communicat$ by confession4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajb4 ,physalia utriculus 7,es*s*oltz74 ,! habits ( ! ,physalia are /ill imp]fectly kn[n1 b among ! _m /range =ms ( brilliant col\r & elegant cont\r1 :i* sw>m 9 ! w>m] p>ts ( ! ocean1 none1 says ,gosse1 take a /rong] hold on ! fancy ( ! behold]2 c]ta9ly none is m famili> ?an ! little ?+ he daily m>ks float+ 9 ! sun-lit waves1 z ! %ip glides swiftly by1 :i* ! sailors tell him is ! ,portuguese man-(-w>4 ,p]haps a dead calm has settl$ ov] ! sea1 & he leans ov] ! bulw>ks ( ! %ip scrut9iz+ ! ocean-rov] at leisure1 z x ha/ily rises & falls on ! long1 sluggi% heav+s ( ! glassy surface4 ,!n he sees t ! comp>ison ( ! /rang] to a %ip is a felicit\s "o1 = at a little 7,fig4 #ajb7 di/ance x might well be mi/ak5 = a *ild's mimic boat1 %9+ 9 all ! gaudy pa9t+ 9 :i* x left ! toy-%op4 ,n unfrequ5tly1 "o ( ^! t9y vessels comes s close alongside1 t1 by means ( ! %ip's bucket1 ) ! assi/ance ( a sm>t fell[ :o has jump$ into ! '*a9s' ) a boat-hook1 x is captur$1 & br\ght on deck = exam9ation4 ,a doz5 voices are1 h[ev]1 lift$1 w>n+ y by no means to t\* x1 = well ! exp]i5c$ sailor kn[s its t]rible p[]s ( def5ce4 ,x does n n[ appe> s l a %ip z :5 x 0 at a di/ance4 ,x is an oblong bladd] ( t\gh membrane1 v>y+ consid]ably 9 %ape1 = no two agree 9 ?is respect2 v>y+ also 9 size1 f less ?an an in* to ! size ( a man's hat4 ,once1 on a voyage to ,mobile1 :5 r\nd+ ! ,florida reef1 ,i 0 ne>ly a :ole day pass+ ?r\gh a fleet ( ^! little ,portuguese m5-(-w>1 :i* /udd$ ! smoo? sea z f> z ! eye c\ld rea*1 & mu/ h ext5d$ = _m miles4 ,!y 7 ( all sizes )9 ! limits ,i h m5tion$4 ,g5]ally1 !re is a conspicu\s diff]5ce betwe5 ! two extremities ( ! bladd]1 "o end be+ r\nd$1 ! o!r m po9t$1 or t]m9at+ 9 a small knob-l swell+ or beak-%ap$ excresc5ce1 :]e !re is a m9ute orifice2 sometimes1 h[ev]1 no su* excresc5ce is visible1 & ! orifice _c be detect$4 ,t wond]ful riv]1 cont9ues ,mr4 ,gosse1 9 8 n]v\s1 eloqu5t /yle1 ) a well-def9$ c\rse ?r\gh ! mid/ ( ! ,atlantic--t ,gulf ,/ream--br+s on its w>m wat]s _m ( ! d5iz5s ( tropical seas1 & wafts !m to ! %ores on :i* its waves imp+e4 ,h5ce x is t s _m ( ! prop] pelagic creatures are f "t to "t obs]v$ on ! coa/s ( ,cornwall & ,devon4 ,! ,portuguese man-(-w> is among !m1 sometimes pay+ its visit 9 fleets1 m commonly 9 s+le /r&$ hulks4 ,sc>cely a season passes )\t "o or m ( ^! lovely /rang]s occurr+ 9 ! vic9ity ( ,torquay4 ,usually1 he adds 9 a note1 9 ^! /r&$ examples ! t5tacles & suck]s are mu* mutilat$ by wa%+ on ! %ore4 ,! fi%]m5 :o pick !m up always endeav\r to make a h>ve/ ( _! capture1 n by sell+1 b by mak+ an exhibition ( !m4 ,! ,physalia seem to be greg>i\s 9 _! habits1 h]d+ toge!r 9 %oals4 ,float+ on ! sea betwe5 ! tropics 9 bo? oceans1 !y may be se5 n[ c>ri$ along by curr5ts1 n[ driv5 by ! trade-w9ds1 dragg+ beh9d !m _! long t5tacul> app5dages1 & conspicu\s by _! ri* & v>i$ col\r+1 f pale crimson to ultram>9e blue4 ,c]ta9ly1 says ,lesson1 we c readily conceive t a poetical imag9ation might well comp>e ! graceful =m ( ! ,physalia to ! mo/ elegant ( sail+-vessels1 ev5 if x c>e5$ to ! w9d "u a sail ( sat91 & dragg$ beh9d x deceitful g>l&s :i* /ruck ) dea? e creature :i* suff]$ itself to be attract$ by its s$uctive appe>ance4 ,if fi%es h ! mis=tune to come 9 contact ) "o ( ^! creatures1 ea* t5tacle1 by a movem5t z rapid z a fla% ( light1 or sudd5 z an electric %ock1 seizes & b5umbs !m1 w9d+ r\nd _! bodies z a s]p5t w9ds itself r\nd its victim4 ,a ,physalia ( ! size ( a walnut w kill a fi% mu* /rong] ?an a h]r+4 ,! fly+ fi% & ! polyps are ! habitual prey ( ! ,physalia4 ,mr4 ,b5nett describes !m z seiz+ & b5umb+ !m by means ( ! t5tacles1 :i* are alt]nately contract$ to half an in*1 & !n %ot out ) amaz+ velocity to ! l5g? ( sev]al feet1 dragg+ ! helpless & entangl$ prey to ! suck]-l m\?s & /oma*-l cavities conceal$ among ! t5tacles1 :i* he saw fill$ :ile he look$ on4 ,dr4 ,walla* ?9ks ,mr4 ,b5nett mu/ h be5 mi/ak5 9 :at he saw2 because he has obs]v$ t 9 a great numb] ( in/ances ! ,physalia is accompani$ by small fi%es1 :i* play ar\nd & among ! dep5d+ t5tacles )\t mole/ation4 ,he has 9 s _m cases se5 ?is1 & ev5 witness$ ! actual contact ( ! fi%es ) ! t5tacles1 ) no inconv5i5ce to ! =m]1 t he too ha/ily concludes t ! urticat+ organs are innocu\s4 ,surely1 says ,gosse1 ! premises by no means w>rant su* an inf]5ce4 ,!re is no antagonism betwe5 ! two s]ies ( facts witness$ by su* excell5t obs]v]s2 ! v5om\s virul5ce ( ^! organs has be5 abundantly prov$ by _m naturali/s1 myself among ! numb]1 & ,mr4 ,b5nett to 8 co/1 z already n>rat$4 ,we c only suppose t ! injection ( ! poison is "u ! control ( ! ,physalia's w1 & ! impunity ( ! bold little fi%es is suffici5tly acc\nt$ =4 ,among ! ,physalia captur$ on our coa/1 "o 0 obta9$ at ,t5by1 by ,mr4 ,hughes1 :o has giv5 a report ( ! capture1 9 :i* he m5tions a circum/ance z normal1 :i* excit$ ,mr4 ,gosse's curiosity2 x 0 said to be accompani$ by its att5dant satellites1 two ,vilell4 ,9 reply to 8 inquiries1 ,mr4 ,hughes says1 ,my au?ority = ! association ( ! ,vilella ) ,physalia is ,j5k9s1 ! collector ( ,t5by1 :o 0 att5d+ me :5 x 0 f\nd4 ,! ,physalia 0 tak5 by me fir/2 &1 :ile ,i 0 admir+ x1 ,i notic$ t ,j5k9s cont9u$ 8 se>* = some?+4 ,imm$iately aft]w>ds he came up ) ! ,vilella 9 8 h&1 at ! same "t /at+ !y 7 g5]ally f\nd ) ! ,portuguese man-(-w>4 ,z ,i _h f\nd him v hone/ & tru?ful 9 8 deal+s ) me1 ,i accept$ 8 in=mation z correct4 ,,ct5ophora4 ,we h n[ rea*$ ! la/ class ( polyps2 ^?1 namely1 :i* ,cuvi] designates ,hydro/atic ,acalepha1 & :i* ,de ,bla9ville calls ! ,ciliobran*i4 ,! body ( ^! polyps pres5ts m>g9al fr+es furni%$ ) vibratile cilia1 :i* are swimm+ organs4 ,moreov]1 z ^! vibratile fr+es are ins]t$ directly ov] ! pr9cipal canal1 9 :i* ! n\ri%+ fluid circulates1 !y ought necess>ily to concur 9 ! act ( respiration1 by det]m9+ ! r5ewal ( ! wat] 9 contact ) ! correspond+ portion ( ! tegum5t>y membrane4 ,! class may be divid$ into ?ree ord]s or families1 namely1 ,b]e1 ,callianirea1 & ,ce/ea4 ,! creatures belong+ to ^! ?ree ord]s sw>m 9 ! deep sea2 !y (t5 appe> q sudd5ly1 & 9 va/ numb]s1 9 c]ta9 localities4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajc4 ,b]os ,=skahli 7,edw>ds74 ,! ,b]es ( ,=skahl h be5 /udi$ ) great c>e by ,mr4 ,milne ,edw>ds4 ,!y inhabit ! ,gulf ( ,naples1 & o!r p>ts ( ! ,m$it]ranean2 ! sailors ( ,prov5ce call !m ,sea-cucumb]s4 ,! body 7,fig4 #ajc71 cyl9drical 9 =m1 is ( a pale rose col\r1 ?ickly /udd$ ) small r$di% spots1 s num]\s z to appe> entirely punctur$ ) !m4 ,x pres5ts eight blue sides1 ) v f9e vibratile cilia1 :i* by _! reflection produce all ! col\rs ( ! ra9b[4 ,! sub/ance ( ! body is gelat9\s1 its appe>ance glass-l2 its =m v>ies accord+ z ! animal is 9 motion or repose4 ,sometimes x swells up l a ball2 sometimes x rev]ses itself1 s z to resemble a bell2 at o!rs x is elongat$ & cyl9drical2 at its l[] extremity x pres5ts a l>ge m\?2 at its upp] extremity is f\nd a small nipple1 hav+ at its base a sph]ical po9t ( a r$di% col\r1 enclos+ _m cry/alloid corpuscles1 :i* re/ ^u a sort ( n]v\s ganglion1 ^: physiological function is n v well det]m9$4 ,a va/ /oma*1 consid]+ its size1 occupies ! :ole int]ior ( ! body ( ! ,b]e3 ! circulation is also mu* develop$ 9 ?is zoophyte4 ,! circulat+ app>atus conta9s a mov+ fluid *>g$ ) a multitude ( circul>1 col\rless globules1 :i* fl[s f a vascul> r+ r\nd ! m\? t[>ds ! summit ( ! body2 9 ! int]ior are eight sup]ficial canals1 :i* fl[ "u ! ciliat$ sides1 & r$esc5d by two mu* deep] canals2 b ! ,b]es h no he>t4 ,b]e ovata is a beautiful species1 seldom exce$+ ?ree in*es & a half 9 l5g?1 & two & a half 9 its l>g] transv]se diamet]2 is describ$ by ,br[ne1 9 8 ,jamaica1 z ( an oval =m1 obtusely octangul>1 holl[1 op5 at ! l>g] extremity1 transp>5t1 & ( a firm gelat9\s consi/5ce2 x contracts & wid5s ) great facility1 b is always op5 & exp&$ :5 x swims or moves4 ,! longitud9al radii are /ronge/ 9 ! cr[n or smalle/ extremity :]e !y rise f a v beautiful oblong />1 & dim9i% gradually f !nce to ! m>g91 ea* be+ furni%$ ) a s+le s]ies ( %ort1 sl5d]1 delicate app5dages1 or limbs 7cilia71 t move ) great cel]ity 9 all directions1 z ! creature pleases to direct its flexions1 & 9 a regul> accel]at$ succession f ! top to ! m>g94 ,x is impossible to express ! livel9ess ( ! motions ( ^? delicate organs1 or ! beautiful v>iety ( col\r :i* rise f !m to play to & fro 9 ! rays ( ! sun2 nor is x easy to express ! spe$ & regul>ity ) :i* ! motions succe$ ea* o!r f "o end ( ! rays to ! o!r4 ,! grace & beauty :i* ! entire app>atus pres5ts 9 ! liv+ animal1 says ,gosse1 or ! m>vell\s ease & rapidity ) :i* x c be alt]nately contract$1 ext5d$1 & b5t at an inf9ite v>iety ( angles1 no v]bal description c suffici5tly treat4 ,=tunately ! creature is s common 9 summ] & autumn on all our coa/s1 t few :o use ! surface c possibly miss its capture4 ,x is wor?y ( a poet's description1 :i* x has receiv$3-- ',:5 fir/ extract$ f h] native br9e1 ,behold a r\nd1 small mass ( gelat9e1 ,or froz5 dewdrop1 void ( life & limb2 ,b r\nd ! cry/al goblet let h] swim ',mid/ h] own elem5ts2 & lo6 a sph]e ,b&$ f pole to pole2 z diamond cle>1 ,%ap$ z b>d's fancy %apes ! small balloon1 ,to be> "s sylph or fay beyond ! moon4 ,f all h] b&s see lurid fr+es play1 ,t glance & sp>kle 9 ! sol> ray ,) iridesc5t hues4 ,n[ r\nd & r\nd ,%e :irls & twirls2 n[ m\nts1 !n s9ks pr(\nd4' ,,drummond4 ,besides ! ,b]e1 naturali/s place ! ,cydippa1 :i* is frequ5tly conf\nd$ ) ! =m]4 ,! ,cydipp are globul\s or egg-%ap$1 furni%$ ) eight r[s ( cilia1 correspond+ ) z _m sections m or less di/9ct1 & t]m9at$ by two long fili=m t5tacles issu+ f ! base ( ! zoophyte & fr+$ on ! sides4 ,x is1 says ,gosse1 a globe ( pure col\rless jelly1 ab\t z big z a small m>ble1 (t5 ) a w>t-l swell+ at "o ( its poles1 :]e ! m\? is plac$4 ,at ! o!r end !re are m9ute orifices1 & betwe5 ! two passes ! /oma*1 :i* is flat or wid] 9 "o diamet] ?an ! o!r4 ,cydippe pileus1 f\nd abundantly 9 ! spr+ on ! ,belgian coa/1 is s transp>5t t x is sc>cely visible 9 ! wat]1 :]e x seems l liv+1 mov+ cry/al4 ,c4 d5sa1 :i* ab\nds 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 is ( a cry/all9e :ite1 ) r[s ( r$di% cirrhi1 t]m9at+ 9 two t5tacles1 mu* long] & col\r$ r$2 x is ab\t ! size ( a hazel-nut1 & phosphoresc5t4 ,)9 ! cle> sub/ance ( ! ,cydippe1 on ea* side ( ! /oma*1 !re is a capaci\s cavity1 :i* communicates ) ! surface1 & )9 ea* cavity is fix$ ! t5tacle1 ( great l5g? & v sl5d]1 :i* ! animal c at pleasure %oot out ( ! orifice & suff] to trail ?r\gh ! wat]1 %ort5+1 l5g!n+1 twi/+1 tw9+1 or contract+ x into a t9y ball at w1 or )draw+ x into its cavity1 %ort filam5ts be+ giv5 (f at int]vals ov] ! :ole l5g? ( ?is att5uat$ :ite ?read-l app>atus1 ea* ( :i* c also be l5g!n$ or %ort5$1 & coil$ individually4 ,^! proce$ only f "o side ( ! ?read-l t5tacle1 al?\gh1 at a casual glance1 !y seem to proce$ n[ f "o side1 n[ f ! o!r4 ,,callianira4 ,! ,callianira =m a sort ( connect+ l9k betwe5 ! ,b]es & ! ,ce/id4 ,_! bodies are smoo? & regul>1 v]tically-elongat$1 compress$ on "o side & z if lobat$ on ! o!r2 9 sub/ance !y are gelat9\s1 hyal91 & tubul>1 obtuse at bo? extremities1 ) buccal op5+s betwe5 ! prolongations ( ! side1 & two pair ( conical app5dages resembl+ w+s1 capable ( expansion1 on ! edges ( :i* two r[s ( vibratory cilia are rang$4 ,a great transv]sal op5+ pres5ts itself at "o ( ! extremities1 a small "o at ! o!r4 ,! animal is furni%$ ) two bran*+ t5tacles1 b )\t cilia4 ,,ce/id4 ,9 ,ce/um1 or ,v5us's ,girdle1 z x is vulg>ly call$1 we h a long1 gelat9\s1 ribbon-l body1 f9e1 regul>1 & v %ort1 b mu* ext5d$ on ea* side1 :ile ! edges are furni%$ ) a d\ble r[ ( cilia2 ! l[] surface is also furni%$ ) cilia1 b mu* small] 9 size & numb]4 ,on ! middle ( ! l[] edge is ! m\?1 op5+ into a l>ge /oma*4 ,?is alim5t>y canal runs across ! middle ( its l5g?1 & f x ext5ds1 z 9 ! ,m$us1 a s]ies ( ga/ric canals1 :i* c>ry ! nutrim5t into all p>ts ( ! body4 ,!re are _m species ( ,ce/um2 among !m ! be/ kn[n is ,c4 v5]is 7,fig4 #ajd71 :i* is f\nd 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! sea :i* ba!s ! coa/ ( ,naples & ,nice1 :]e ! fi%]m5 call x ! sabre de m]--sea-sabre4 ,?is curi\s zoophyte unw9ds itself on ! bosom ( ! wat]s1 l a sc>f ( iridesc5t %ades4 ,x is ! sc>f ( ,v5us trav]s+ ! waves1 "u ! fi]y rays ( ! sun1 :i* has col\r$ x ) a ?\s& reflections ( silv] & azure blue4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajd4 ,ce/um v5]is 7,lesueur74 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,e*9od]mata4 ,ultra magis pisces et ,e*9os quora cel5t4--,hor4 ,ep4 ,9 _! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,e*9od]mata1 ,messrs4 ,hup & ,duj>d9 divide ?is va/ natural gr\p into five ord]s or families1 namely3 #a1 ,a/]od1 :i* includes ! true />-fi%es2 #b1 ,cr9od1 /one lilies1 calc>e\s1 /em compos$ ( movable pieces2 #c1 ,ophiur1 hav+ ! disk mu* depress$1 ! rays simple1 & furni%$ ) %ort /ems2 #d1 ,e*9id1 compreh5d+ ! animals kn[n z sea-eggs1 or sea-ur*9s1 di/+ui%$ by _! r\nd$ =m & abs5ce ( arms2 #e1 ,holo?urod1 ) s(t l5g!n$ cyl9drical body1 cov]$ ) scatt]$ suck]s4 ,! ,e*9od]mata1 f ! ,greek words 1 r\gh1 & 1 sk92 indicat+ an animal bri/l+ ) sp9es l ! h$gehog's4 ,!y are animals sometimes free1 sometimes atta*$ by a /em1 flexible or o!rwise1 & radiat+1 t is1 pres5t+ an appe>ance m or less regul> 9 all its p>ts1 aft] ! mann] ( a circle or />1 its =m be+ globul>1 egg-%ap$1 cyl9drical1 or l a p5tagonal plate2 or1 la/ly1 l a />1 ) m or less elongat$ bran*es1 :i* secrete ei!r 9 all _! tissues or only 9 ! integum5t v num]\s symmetrical calc>e\s plates ( solid matt]1 sometimes =m+ an int]nal skeleton or regul> %ell cov]$ ) a m or less consi/5t sk91 (t5 pi]c$ ) holes1 f :i* ! feet or t5tacula issue2 !y are frequ5tly furni%$ ) app5dices ( v>i\s k9ds1 su* z prickles1 scales1 c4 ,! organization ( ! ,e*9od]mata is ! mo/ p]fect ( all ! zoophytes1 s]v+ z a transition betwe5 !m & animals ( m complicat$ frame4 ,!y h a dige/ive & vascul> sy/em1 & a muscul> sy/em is almo/ always pres5t2 9 %ort1 !y h int]nal or ext]nal respiratory organs1 & a rudim5t>y n]v\s sy/em has be5 detect$ 9 _m ( ! species4 ,! nutritive sy/em is v simple1 pres5t+ 9 mo/ ( ! family a s+le orifice 9 ! c5tre ( ! l[] surface ( ! body1 de/itute ( tee?1 p]=m+ ! functions bo? ( m\? & anus4 ,de ,bla9ville says t ! liv] is app>5t & r consid]able 9 ! />-fi%es1 =m+ bun*es occupy+ ! :ole circumf]5ce ( ! /oma*1 & ext5d+ to ! cavities ( ! app5dages :]e ^! exi/4 ,! m\? & gullet is admirably adapt$ = secur+ ! te/ace\s mollusks & o!r sub/ances on :i* !y fe$4 ,reproduction 9 ! ,e*9od]mata appe>s to be monoeci\s4 ,ov>ies are1 z f> z is kn[n1 ! only organs ( g5]ation4 ,!y v>y 9 numb] 9 diff]5t species4 ,! sexes are usually sep>ate3 ! "y are produc$ by eggs1 ! embryo ( :i* und]go important metamorphoses4 ,imm$iately aft] bir?1 ! "y a/]i h a depress$ & r\nd$ body1 ) f\r club-%ap$ app5dages or arms at _! ant]ior extremity4 ,:5 !y are a little m develop$1 papill may be obs]v$ on ! upp] surface1 9 f9e radiat+ r[s3 aft] twelve days ! f9e rays beg9 to increase1 & aft] eight days m two r[s ( feet1 or t5tacula1 are develop$ "u ea* ray1 :i* assi/ 9 ! locomotion ( ! animal by alt]nate elongation & contraction1 p]=m+ also ! (fice ( suck]s4 ,l mo/ o!r zoophytes1 !y h ! p[] ( reproduc+ p>ts ( _! bodies :i* may h be5 accid5tally de/roy$4 ,,a/]ias1 ,,or ,,/>-,,fi%es4 ,z to ! animal :i* commonly & sometimes sci5tifically be>s ! "n ( ,/>-fi%1 9 walk+ on ! sea-%ore at l[ tide1 y\r eyes h (t5 se5 ?is /range creature half buri$ 9 ! s&4 ,x is s regul> & geometrical 9 its =m t x has m ! appe>ance ( be+ ! production ( man's h& ?an ( a creation :i* brea!s & moves4 ,! ,div9e ,geometrician :o creat$ x nev] realis$ a creature m regul>ly f9i%$ 9 %ape1 or m p]fectly h>moni\s 9 symmetry4 ,! />-fi% has five p]fectly equal arms4 ,!y resemble a cross ( hon\r1 :i* has five bran*es4 ,! /> ( ! brave1 ! /> ( hon\r--^! some:at trivial words recall1 nev]!less1 ! resemblance :i* exi/s betwe5 ! two objects2 d\btless1 man has "h tak5 ,nature = 8 copy4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be rem>k$ t1 ?\gh five is ! g5]al numb] ( l9es 9 ! />-fi%1 ?is numb] is n con/ant2 x v>ies ) diff]5t g5]a1 species1 & ev5 ) individuals4 ,! connection ( ! arms ) ! disk pres5ts equally rem>kable diff]5ces4 ,9 ! g5us ,culcita1 ! disk is s mu* develop$ t x con/itutes1 s to speak1 ! entire animal1 :il/ ! arms =m only a slight protub]ance ^u its circumf]5ce4 ,9 ! g5]a ,luidia1 on ! contr>y1 ! disk is r$uc$ to m9imum1 :il/ ! arms are ( great l5g? & v sl5d]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aje4 ,a/]ias rub5s 7,lam>ck74 ,! col\rs ( ! />-fi% v>y greatly2 !y v>y f a yell[i%-grey1 a yell[-orange1 a g>net-r$1 to a d>k violet1 z _! "n indicates4 ,/>-fi%es are exclusively & ess5tially be+s ( ! sea2 !y are nev] se5 9 fre% wat]2 !y dwell among/ ! subm>9e h]bage1 seek+ = s&y coa/s2 !y g5]ally are f\nd at mod]ate dep?s1 b !re are "s species :i* are f\nd at ! great dep? ( a hundr$ & fifty fa?oms4 ,a/]ias are met ) 9 almo/ e sea & "u all latitudes1 b !y are mo/ num]\s & _! =ms are m ri*ly v>i$ 9 ! seas ( tropical regions4 ,!re are ab\t a hundr$ & =ty species describ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajf4 ,a/]ias aurantiaca 7,lam>ck74 ,! body ( ! ,a/]ia is support$ by a calc>e\s envelope compos$ ( juxta-pos$ pieces at once v>i\s & num]\s4 ,! numb] ( ^! pieces is e/imat$ at m ?an elev5 ?\s& 9 ! ,r$ ,sea ,/>-fi% 7,a/]ias rub5s1 ,fig4 #aje71 a species v common 9 ,europe4 ,! body ( ! ,a/]ias rub5s is likewise furni%$ ) sp9es1 granules1 & tub]cules1 ! %ape1 numb]1 & disposition ( :i* s]ve to *>act]ise ! g5]a & ! species4 ,ano!r species1 ,a/]ias aurantiaca1 w give an exact idea ( ! g5]al type ( animals ( ?is ord]4 ,?is zoophyte1 :i* is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ajf1 is common 9 ! nor!rn seas2 x has five r long arms1 furni%$ ) sp9es :i* are ( an orange col\r--h5ce its "n4 ,:5 we see "o ( ^! animals /r&$ ^u ! %ore1 x appe>s to be entirely de/itute ( all p[] ( progression4 ,b ! />-fi% is n always immovable2 x is provid$ ) an app>atus = locomotion1 :i* appe>s to s]ve at ! same "t ! purposes ( respiration2 = nature is n sp>+ 9 h] gifts to ! lea/ organiz$ be+s2 %e be/[s ^u !m feet1 ) respiratory organs1 or lungs1 :i* h ! p[] ( locomotion4 ,! muscul> sy/em1 z already /at$1 is almo/ always pres5t 9 ! ,e*9od]mata1 b ! organs ( locomotion are v v>i\s1 ! pr9cipal be+ ! membran\s tubes usually t]m$ feet1 or ambulacra1 :i* issue f ! ambulacral ap]tures2 b besides ^!1 ! rays !mselves are movable1 & 9 animals :i* are free to move f place to place ^! are us$ = ! purpose4 ,?us 9 ! common />-fi% ! rays may be b5t t[>ds ! upp] or l[] surface ( ! disk1 s z to facilitate its advance ei!r 9 wat] ov] small spaces or up ! v]tical face ( rocks4 ,^! ambulacra are v num]\s1 dispos$ 9 r[s along ! "u surface ( ! rays2 ?us 9 ,a4 aurantiaca !re are two simple r[s ( feet atta*$ to ea* ray1 & ! vesicul> "p is deeply cleft into two lobes2 :ile 9 ,a4 rub5s 7,fig4 #aje7 !re are two d\ble r[s on ea* ray1 & ea* foot has an undivid$ vesicle4 ,ea* ( ^! ambulacra consi/s ( two p>ts1 an int]nal & g5]ally vesicul> portion plac$ )9 ! body1 & a tubul> portion outside1 project+ f ! surface ?r\gh an ap]ture 9 ! sk9 or %ell1 ! tube be+ clos$ at ! extremity1 & t]m9at+ 9 a suck]1 usually 9 ! =m ( a disk slightly depress$ 9 ! c5tre4 ,! feet are ?us muscul> fle%y cyl9d]s1 holl[ 9 ! c5tre1 & v ext5sible2 by means ( !m ! animal draws itself =w>d4 ,! foot is ext5d$ by ! contraction ( its int]nal vesicle1 :i* =ces ! fluid into ! holl[ tube1 or1 :]e ! vesicle is want+1 by project+ ! fluid into ! tube by a communicat+ vessel4 ,! tubul> "p is ?us di/5d$ & elongat$1 & aga9 retracts itself by means ( its muscul> fibres1 by :i* action ! fluid is =c$ back into ! int]ior4 ,9 progression ! animal ext5ds a few ( its feet1 atta*es its suck]s to ! rocks or /ones1 !n1 by %ort5+ its feet1 x draws its body =w>d4 ,! progression ( ! ,a/]ias is ?us v sl[1 & s regul> t only ! close/ obs]vation enables ! spectator to discov] ! movem5t :i* produces x4 ,l ! movem5ts ( ! h&s ( a wat*1 ! eye _c q foll[ x4 ,:5 an ob/acle pres5ts itself--if1 = example1 a /one comes 9 its way--x raises "o ( ! rays 9 ord] to obta9 a po9t ( support1 !n a second ray1 &1 if necess>y1 a ?ird1--& ?us ! animal creeps ov] ! /one ) z mu* ease z if x walk$ ov] ! smoo? s&s4 ,9 ! same way ! animal creeps up p]p5dicul> rocks1 :i* is accompli%$ by means ( ^! ambulacra & suck]s4 ,frdol says3 ,if an ,a/]ia is turn$ ^u its back x w at fir/ rema9 immovable1 ) its feet %ut up4 ,soon1 h[ev]1 out come ! feet1 l s _m little feel]s2 x moves !m backw>d & =w>d1 z if feel+ = ! gr\nd2 x soon incl9es !m t[>ds ! bottom ( ! vase1 & fixes !m "o aft] ! o!r4 ,:5 x has a suffici5t numb] atta*$ ! animal turns itself r\nd4 ,x is n impossible1 :il/ walk+ on ! sea-%ore1 to h ! pleasure ( see+ "o ( ^! />-fi%es walk+ ^u ! s&4 ,a day r>ely passes )\t "o ( !m be+ ?r[n ^u ! /r& by ! tide1 & !n ab&on$ by ! retreat+ wat]s4 ,g5]ally !y are left dead2 ?is is n always ! case1 h[ev]2 !y are sometimes only b5umb$4 ,place !m 9 a vase full ( sea-wat]1 or simply 9 a pool on ! %ore1 & y w sometimes see !m recov] f ?is dea?-l condition1 & execute ! curi\s movem5ts ( progression :i* we h describ$4 ,! motions ( an ,a/]ias ?us sav$ =m a v curi\s spectacle4 ,! m\? ( ?is animal is situat$ on ! l[] surface ( ! disk4 ,at ?is po9t ! con/itutive pieces ( ! c>apace leave a circul> space1 cov]$ by a fibr\s resi/ant membrane1 pi]c$ at ! c5tre by a r\nd$ op5+4 ,?is op5+ is sometimes arm$ ) h>d papill1 :i* play ! "p ( tee?4 ,! m\? almo/ directly abuts on ! /oma*1 :i* is m]ely a globul> sac1 fill+ ne>ly all ! c5tral portion ( ! visc]al cavity4 ,?us1 says ,mr4 ,milne ,edw>ds1 9 ,a/]acan?ion glacialis ! /oma* is globul\s1 b imp]fectly divid$ into two p>ts by a fold ( its int]nal membrane2 ! fir/ *amb]1 ?us limit$1 appe>s to be m especially devot$ to ! trans=mation ( ! elem5t>y matt] into a liquid pa/e1 :i* passes1 9 small portions1 into ! upp] *amb]4 ,?is is cont9u$ upw>d ?r\gh a small inte/9e1 & communicates lat]ally ) five cyl9drical prolongations1 :i* ea* divide !mselves aga9 into two mu* elongat$ tubes1 furni%$ ) a d\ble s]ies ( holl[ bran*es1 ea* t]m9at+ 9 a cul-de-sac4 ,^! organs advance into ! int]ior ( ! rays or arms ( ! ,a/]ias4 ,imag9e1 !n1 an animal be>+ dige/ive tubes 9 its arms--! same organ s]v+ = dige/ion & progression4 ,:at lessons 9 economy does n ! /udy ( nature tea* u6 ,! products ( dige/ion f9d an absorb5t surface ( great ext5t 9 ! rays ( ! ,a/]ias4 ,!y ought necess>ily to pass rapidly f x into ! circumjac5t n\ri%+ fluid4 ,! />-fi%es are v voraci\s2 !y ev5 attack mollusks :i* are cov]$ ) %ells4 ,m4 ,p\*ett m5tions hav+ tak5 eighte5 specim5s ( ,v5us intact1 ea* be+ six l9es 9 l5g?1 f ! /oma* ( "o l>ge ,a/]ias :i* he dissect$ ^u ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,x is n[ ev5 said t ! />-fi%es eat _m oy/]s4 ,anci5t naturali/s 7 n ignorant t ! />-fi% 0 capable ( eat+ oy/]s2 b !y believ$ t !y wait$ = ! mom5t :5 ! bivalve w\ld op5 its valves to introduce "o ( _! rays into ! op5+4 ,!y imag9$ t hav+ ?us put "o foot into ! o!r's domicile1 !y soon put f\r1 & f9i%$ by rea*+ & dev\r+ ! sav\ry inhabitant ( ! %ell4 ,mod]n obs]vations h modifi$ ! ideas ( =m] naturali/s ^u ?is po9t4 ,9 ord] to obta9 possession ( & swall[ an oy/]1 x appe>s t ! />-fi% beg9s its approa*es by br++ its m\? to ! clos$ edges ( ! oy/]-%ell2 ?is done1 ) ! assi/ance ( a p>ticul> liquid :i* its m\? secretes1 x injects a few drops ( an acrid or v5om\s liquid into ! int]ior ( ! oy/]-%ell1 :i* =ces x to op5 its valves4 ,an entrance once obta9$1 x is n long be=e x is invad$ & ravag$4 ,pr(essor ,rym] ,jones gives ano!r explanation ( ! transaction4 ,accord+ to ?is naturali/ ! oy/] is seiz$ betwe5 ! rays ( 8 ravi%]1 & held "u 8 m\? by ! aid ( 8 suck]s2 ! ,a/]ia !n inv]ts its /oma*1 accord+ to ! pr(essor1 & envelopes ! entire oy/] 9 its inmo/ recesses1 :ile1 d\btless1 di/ill+ a poison\s liquid4 ,! victim is ?us =c$ to op5 its %ell1 & becomes ! prey ( ! enemy :i* envelopes x4 ,:atev] may be ! modes ( proc$ure employ$ by ! />-fi%1 x is n[ cle>ly asc]ta9$1 h[ev] incr$ible ! fact may at fir/ appe>1 t x swall[s oy/]s 9 ! same mann] z is practis$ at ! oy/]-%op4 ,?is little be+1 =m$ ( five arms & )\t any o!r app>5t memb]1 accompli%es a "w :i* man is q unable to execute--x op5s an oy/] )\t an oy/]-knife4 ,if reason+ man _h no o!r means ( n\ri%m5t ?an oy/]s1 & 0 )\t a knife to op5 !m1 x is v c]ta9 t ) all 8 g5ius he w\ld be puzzl$ h[ to get at ! inaccessible & sav\ry bivalve s ob/9ately clos$ aga9/ him4 ,! />-fi% dev\rs dead fle% ( all k9ds2 _! sole occupation is to fe$ !mselves1 & !y keep up an incessant & active *ase aft] all sorts ( corrupt animal matt]4 ,! ,a/]ias ?us p]=m 9 ! bosom ( ! sea ! same "p t c]ta9 birds & insects play on %ore2 !y are its scav5g]s1 & fe$ _! bodies ^u ! c>cases ( animals :i*1 if ab&on$ to ! action ( ! elem5ts1 w\ld become a cause ( infection4 ,9 ! same mann] t c]ta9 animals r5d] ! air heal?y1 ! ,a/]ias help1 on a consid]able scale1 to keep ! sea :i* %elt]s !m 9 a pure & heal?y /ate4 ,zoologi/s are n agre$ ^u ! mann] 9 :i* respiration op]ates on ! />-fi%es4 ,nev]!less !y ?9k t ! pr9cipal "p 9 ?is ph5om5on devolves ^u ! subcutane\s bran*i :i* 9 ea* ray con/itute two d\ble s]ies ( bladd]s4 ,! function ( circulation is equally unkn[n4 ,! vascul> app>atus is suffici5tly develop$ 9 ?is zoophyte1 & appe>s to h = its c5tre an elongat$ canal ) muscul> walls1 :i* may ) ju/ice be hon\r$ ) ! "n ( he>t4 ,a little r+ surr\nd+ ! oesophagus1 & f :i* issue c]ta9 delicate :ite *ords1 :i* are prolong$ into ! furr[s ( ! arms1 pres5ts u ) all t c be designat$ a n]v\s sy/em 9 ! />-fi%es4 ,among organs ( s5se we may m5tion1 z ! app>atus ( t\*1 ! t5tacul> ambulacra1 z well z ^? :i* are dissem9at$ ^u ! dorsal surface ( ! disk4 ,! eyes are consid]$ to be c]ta9 bright r$ po9ts :i* are situat$ at ! extremity ( ! arms & on ! "u surface--a mo/ s+ul> position = ! organs ( sight4 ,! eyes mu/1 besides1 be v imp]fect1 = !y possess no cry/all9e l5s4 ,ehr5b]g insi/s ^u ! exi/5ce ( eyes 9 "s species1 attribut+ ! function to ^? r$ spots1 h[ev]2 :ile ,rym] ,jones attributes ! indications 9 :i* ?is orig9ates to an extremely delicate s5se ( t\* 9 ! />-fi%es4 ,pr(essor ,edw>d ,=bes1 :ile he admits ! exi/5ce ( ganglions 9 ! n]v\s sy/em to be extremely d\btful1 seems1 by ! frequ5t use ( ! t]ms eye & eyelids1 to admit t ! specks 9 "q are visual organs2 ! weight ( au?ority incl9es !re=e to ,ehr5b]g's view1 t if n eyes 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! t]m1 !y s]ve ! purposes ( vision1 modifi$ & adapt$ to ! wants ( ! animal4 ,! />-fi%es h di/9ct sexes1 ) individual diff]5ces2 _! eggs1 :i* are r\nd & r$di%1 und]go curi\s phases ( developm5t4 ,!y produce little worm-l creatures1 cov]$ ) vibratile hairs1 l ! infusoria1 :i* swim ab\t ) great vivacity2 ^! little creatures are subject to consid]able *anges4 ,9 ! ye> #ahce ,m4 ,s>s describ$1 "u ! "n ( ,bip9n>ia a/]ig]a1 an enigmatical animal resembl+ a polyp f ! arms at "o extremity ( ! body1 :ile ! o!r t]m9at$ 9 a tail1 furni%$ ) two f9s2 b x 0 *iefly rem>kable z hav+ an ,a/]ias atta*$ to ! extremity :i* c>ri$ ! arm4 ,he express$ an op9ion1 :i* 0 soon plac$ beyond any d\bt1 t ?is bip9n>ia 0 an ,a/]ias 9 its c\rse ( developm5t4 ,! egg becomes a sort ( infusoria1 ! infusoria becomes a bip9n>ia1 & ?is produces ! ,a/]ias4 ,9 %ort1 ! ,bip9n>ia does n become an ,a/]ias by any metamorphoses analog\s to t s well kn[n among/ insects--! butt]fly1 = example--b becomes1 s to speak1 ! fo/]-"m or nurse to ! ,bip9n>ia4 ,! l>va is l>ge1 & x is at ! co/ ( a v small int]nal rudim5t ( ?is l>va t ! ,a/]ias is develop$3 ! ,a/]ias robs ! l>va ( its /oma* & inte/9es1 & turns x into a visc]al app>atus = its own use4 ,b ! ,a/]ias makes itself a m\? ( any ( ! pieces mo/ remote f ! primitive m\? ( ! l>va4 ,?us ! ,bip9n>ia divides itself2 x gives its /oma* & inte/9es1 & keeps its oesophagus & m\?1 & x c live sev]al days aft] ! ,a/]ias is deta*$ f x4 ,c any "o imag9e ! exi/5ce ( a be+ ) only a m\? & oesophagus1 :i* has nei!r /oma* nor inte/9es1 because ano!r animal has possess$ itself ( !m = its own use8 ,! /udy ( ! l[] animals ab\nds 9 surprises ( ?is k9d4 ,x is a *a9 ( un=ese5 facts2 ( natural impossibilities2 ( realiz$ po9ts necess>ily rev]s+ all notions obta9$ 9 ! /udy ( be+s :i* h a high] place 9 ! animal scale4 ,! hi/ory ( ! />-fi%es w\ld be incomplete 7 we to omit m5tion+ ! mo/ rem>kable traits ( _! organisation ) :i* naturali/s are acqua9t$4 ,! animals exhibit 9 ! highe/ degree ! vital ph5om5a ( dismemb]m5t & re/oration1 t is to say1 ( ! faculty ( recon/ruct+ organs :i* !y h lo/4 ,^! arms1 ! /ructure ( :i* is s complicat$1 & :i* protect su* important organs1 may be de/roy$ by accid5t4 ,! animal tr\bles itself little at ?is mutilation3 if he loses an arm x disquiets him b little2 ano!r is imm$iately procur$4 ,we (t5 see 9 our collections ( ,a/]ias specim5s want+ 9 symmetry because !y h be5 tak5 be=e ! new memb]s :i* are 9 process ( developm5t h atta9$ _! def9ite l5g?4 ,pr(essor ,rym] ,jones m5tions an in/ance ( r$9tegration v complete & mo/ curi\s4 ,?is naturali/ _h an isolat$ ray ( ,a/]ias :i* he _h pick$ up2 at ! end ( five days he obs]v$ t f\r little rays & a m\? _h be5 produc$2 at ! end ( a mon? ! old ray 0 completely de/roy$1 & ?is app>5tly useless fragm5t _h be5 replac$ by a new be+1 q p]fect1 ) f\r little symmetrical bran*es4 ,?is faculty ( reproduc+ organs1 :i* we h not$ 9 describ+ ! fre% wat] polyps1 ! sea anemone1 c41 exi/s also 9 _m o!r zoophytes1 b 9 none m /rik+ly ?an 9 ! ,a/]ias4 ,b a /ill m />tl+ fact rema9s to be m5tion$3 "o m /range & m my/]i\s1 = x does n belong to ! physical or organic ord]1 b appe>s to belong to ! moral _w4 ,! />-fi%es commit suicide6 ,c]ta9 ( ^! animals appe> to escape f dang]s :i* m5ace !m by self-de/ruction4 ,?is p[] ( putt+ an end to exi/5ce we only f9d on ! highe/ & l[e/ /eps ( ! animal scale4 ,man & ! />-fi%es h a common moral plat=m1 & x is t ( self-de/ruction6 ,?is p[] ( dismemb]m5t1 h[ev]1 seems to be conf9$ to ! ,ophiocoma & ,luidia--at lea/1 x is only c>ri$ out to its full ext5t 9 ^! g5]4 ,my/]ies ( ,nature1 :o c s\nd y\r dep?s8 ,secrets ( ! moral _w1 :at be+ b ,god has ! privilege ( compreh5d+ y8 ,a l>ge species ( ,/>-fi% 7,luidia fragillissima71 :i* inhabits ! ,engli% seas1 has ?is in/9ct ( suicide to a great ext5t4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt by ,pr(essor ,edw>d ,=bes ( an attempt to capture a ,luidia gives a good illu/ration ( its p[]s4 ,! fir/ "t t ,i took "o ( ^! creatures1 ! pr(essor says1 ,i succe$$ 9 plac+ x entire 9 my boat4 ,n hav+ se5 "o be=e1 & be+ ignorant ( its suicidal p[]s1 ,i spread x out on a r[+ b5*1 ! bett] to admire its =m & col\rs4 ,on attempt+ to remove x = pres]vation1 to my horror & disappo9tm5t ,i f\nd only an assemblage ( deta*$ memb]s4 ,my cons]vative endeav\rs 7 all neutralis$ by its de/ructive ex]tions2 & ! animal is n[ badly repres5t$ 9 my cab9et by a diskless arm & an armless disk4 ,next "t ,i w5t to dr$ge at ! same spot ,i det]m9$ n to be *eat$ out ( my specim5 a second "t4 ,i c>ri$ ) me a bucket ( fre% wat]1 = :i* ! />-fi%es ev9ce a great antipa?y4 ,z ,i hop$1 a ,luidia soon came up 9 ! dr$ge--a mo/ gorge\s specim54 ,z ! animal does n g5]ally break up until x is rais$ to ! surface ( ! sea1 ,i c>efully & anxi\sly plung$ my bucket to a level ) ! dr$ge's m\?1 & s(tly introduc$ ! ,luidia into ! fre% wat]4 ,:e!r ! cold 0 too mu* = x1 or ! sight ( ! bucket 0 too t]rific1 ,i d n "k2 b 9 a mom5t x began to dissolve its corporation1 & ,i saw its limbs escap+ ?r\gh e me% ( ! dr$ge4 ,9 my despair ,i seiz$ ! l>ge/ piece1 & br\ght up ! extremity ( an arm ) its t]m9al eye1 ! sp9\s eyelid ( :i* op5$ & clos$ ) some?+ exce$+ly l a w9k ( d]ision4 ,! m9d rema9s conf\nd$ be=e su* spectacles1 & we c only say1 ) ,mallebran*e1 ,x is well to compreh5d cle>ly t !re are "s ?+s :i* are absolutely incompreh5sible4 ,?is is d\btless ! reason t 9 collections ( natural hi/ory we r>ely f9d />-fi%es1 & especially ! ,luidia1 entire2 ! mom5t ! animal is seiz$ by fi%]man or amateur1 9 its t]ror or despair x breaks itself up into small fragm5ts4 ,to pres]ve !m :ole !y mu/ be kill$ sudd5ly1 be=e !y h "t to be aw>e ( _! dang]4 ,= ?is purpose1 ! mom5t !y are drawn f ! sea !y mu/ be plung$ into a vase ( cold fre% wat]2 ?is saltless liquid is in/ant dea? to ^! creatures1 :i* 9 ?is condition p]i% sudd5ly be=e !y h "t to mutilate !mselves4 ,! />-fi% is a curi\s ornam5t 9 our natural hi/ory collections1 b 9 ?is /ate !y repres5t v imp]fectly ! elegance & p>ticul> grace ( ?is curi\s type4 ,to und]/& ! />-fi%es1 !y mu/ be se5 9 an aqu>ium1 :]e we c admire ! =m1 figure1 movem5ts1 & mann]s ( ^! m>vell\s be+s4 ,! ,a/]ias are ! planets ( ! sea4 ,x may be said t heav51 reflect$ dur+ ! night on ! silv]y surface ( ! ocean1 let fall "s ( ^? />s into its dep?s :i* decorate ! respl5d5t vault4 ,,cr9o,,dea4 ,we quot$ ! maxim ( ,l9nu 9 ! e>li] pages ( ?is volume1 t ,nature makes no leaps4 ,nature proce$s by means ( ins5sible transitions1 ris+ by degrees f "o organic =m to ano!r4 ,mo/ ( ! animals hi!rto describ$ are immovably fix$ to "s solid object2 at lea/1 su* is _! condition 9 ! adult /ate4 ,we are ab\t to describe zoophytes free ( all fett]s2 animals :i* walk 9 _! /r5g? & lib]ty4 ,betwe5 zoophytes fix$ to ! soil1 l ! corals1 gorgons1 & aggregate zoophytes1 su* z sea-ur*9s & holo?urias1 ,nature has plac$ an int]m$iate race1 namely1 ! ,cr9odea1 a class ( zoophytes :i* are atta*$ to a rock by a sort ( root arm$ ) claws1 hav+ a long flexible /em1 :i* enables !m to execute movem5ts 9 ! circle limit$ only by ! l5g? ( ?is /em1 j z ! ox or goat 9 our paddocks is conf9$ by its te!r to ! space circumscrib$ by ! l5g? ( its rope4 ,let ! read] picture to himself a />-fi% borne ^u ! summit ( a flexible /em firmly root$ 9 ! soil1 & he has a g5]al idea ( ! zoophytes :i* compose ! ord] ( ! ,cr9odea4 ,naturali/s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury be/[$ ! "n ( /one lilies on ^! curi\s products4 ,?is r poetical "n proves t ! con=mation ( ^! creatures _h at an e>ly p]iod attract$ obs]vation1 pres5t+ ! naturali/ ) ! mo/ curi\s ( 8 lessons4 ,! encr9ites raise1 z f ! dead1 a :ole _w buri$ 9 ! abyss ( ! pa/4 ,at ! pres5t "t only two g5]a ( ^! zoophytes exi/1 :il/ 9 ! e>ly ages ( ! _w ! ocean mu/ h sw>m$ ) !m4 ,encr9ites ab\nd$ 9 ! seas dur+ ! transition & second>y epo*4 ,x 0 "o ( ! mo/ num]\s ( ! animal tribes :i* inhabit$ ! salt wat]s ( ! anci5t _w4 ,9 trav]s+ "s p>ts ( ,france1 we tread "u our feet myriads ( ^! be+s1 ^: calc>e\s rema9s =m va/ b$s ( rock4 ,! encr9ites gradually disappe>$ f ! anci5t seas2 _! species 7 dim9i%$ z ! globe became old] or modifi$ 9 its conditions1 s t at ! pres5t "t only a few types rema9 9 our seas--su* z ! ,comatula ( ! ,m$it]ranean2 ,p5tacr9us1 ! ,m$usa's-head ( ! ,antilles2 & ! ,european ,p5tacr9us--all ( !m v r>e1 & probably de/9$ soon to disappe>1 c>ry+ ) !m ! la/ rem9isc5ce ( ! zoological races ( ! anci5t _w3 & "h lies ! real int]e/ :i* ! ,cr9odea pres5ts to ! ?9k+ man4 ,! encr9ites mo/ common 9 ! fossil /ate are ,p5tacr9us fasciculosus1 belong+ to ! lias2 ,apiocr9us rotundus1 :i* is f\nd 9 ! oolite or jurassic rocks2 & ,encr9us lili=mis1 :i* app]ta9s to ! ,triassic p]iod4 ,^! ?ree fix$ zoophytes seem to h exi/$ 9 great numb]s dur+ an e>ly age ( ! _w--namely1 ! ,silurian p]iod4 ,!y atta9$ _! maximum ( developm5t dur+ ! ,devonian age1 aft] :i* !y beg9 to decrease4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,d',orbigny1 !re are ?irty-n9e g5]a f\nd 9 ! palozoic rocks1 two 9 ! triassic1 sev5 9 ! jurassic1 five 9 ! cretace\s1 & only "o 9 ! t]ti>y /rata4 ,( all ^! g5]a only "o1 namely1 ,p5tacr9us1 is f\nd 9 ! mod]n epo* to repres5t ! v>i$ =ms ( ^! ! fir/ inhabitants ( ! seas4 ,! free ,cr9od1 t is1 ^? n root$ to ! soil by a /em1 ( :i* ! ,comatula may be consid]$ ! type1 only appe>$ at a lat] p]iod4 ,!y are abs5t 9 ! palozoic & triassic rocks1 b appe> to h atta9$ _! maximum ( developm5t 9 ! jurassic p]iod4 ,! num]\s fossiliz$ rema9s ( ^! curi\s creations1 :i* ab\nd 9 diff]5t rocks1 attract$ ! att5tion ( le>n$ m5 at an e>ly p]iod4 ,! encr9ites 7 among ! e>lie/ objects ( sci5tific description4 ,z e>ly z ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! celebrat$ m9]alogi/1 ,george ,agricola1 m5tions !m "u ! names ( ,entro*ites1 ,tro*ites1 & ,a/rotes4 ,at ! same "t1 & s9ce t epo*1 ! ,cr9od1 :i* we "k by ! "n ( /one-lilies1 & :i* *>act]ises ! ,mus*elkalk rocks1 h be5 kn[n "u ! "n ( ,encr9us1 f 1 /one1 & 1 a lily4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajg4 ,p5tacr9us caput ,m$us 7,mll]74 ,dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury ! works ^u ! ,cr9od 7 v num]\s1 ?\gh n v correct4 ,!y sometimes report$ ^! organic rema9s to be vegetable2 sometimes !y 7 be+s alli$ to ! />-fi%es2 at o!rs !y 7 ! v]tebral column ( fi%es4 ,t[>ds ! ye> #agfa1 h[ev]1 ,guett>d1 "o ( ! mo/ le>n$ naturali/s ( 8 "t1 und]/ood ! real nature ( ^! productions4 ,he _h occasion to exam9e a rec5t ,encr9us s5t f ,m>t9ique "u ! "n ( ,sea-,palm1 :i* 0 9 reality ,p5tacr9us caput ,m$us4 ,! comp>ison ( ! liv+ individual ) ! fossil fragm5t describ$ by 8 pr$ecessors1 & ( :i* he _h specim5s 9 8 collections1 enabl$ him to asc]ta9 ! real orig9 ( ! fossil ,encr9oid4 ,! beautiful fragm5t :i* /ill exi/s 9 ! ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory at ,p>is 0 long consid]$ unique1 b x is n[ kn[n t t5 o!rs exi/ 9 diff]5t museums4 ,s9ce t date ! ,cr9od h be5 exam9$ & describ$ by obs]v]s su* z ,mill]1 ,=bes1 ,d',orbigny1 & ,pictet1 & v elaborately by ,major ,au/94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajh4 ,p5tacr9us ,europu 7,?ompson74 ,! species ( fix$ ,cr9od actually liv+ are ,p5tacr9us caput ,m$us 7,fig4 #ajg71 & ,p5tacr9us ,europu 7,fig4 #ajh74 ,^! curi\s zoophytes resemble a fl[] borne ^u a /em1 :i* t]m9ates 9 an organ call$ ! calyx1 b :i* is1 prop]ly speak+1 ! head ( ! animal4 ,arms1 m or less bran*+1 spr+ f ?is calyx1 _! ramifications1 s =m$1 consi/+ ( _m pieces articulat$ to ea* o!r4 ,! calyx is support$ by a /em1 v>y+ 9 height1 =m$ ( pieces secret$ by ! liv+ tissues :i* surr\nd !m4 ,! articulations ( ?is /em are usually v num]\s1 cyl9drical1 & pres5t a s]ies ( rays /riat$ ^u _! articulat$ faces4 ,9 ,p5tacr9us !y are prismatic & p5tagonal2 t is1 !y pres5t five project+ angles1 & on _! articulat$ face a /> ) five bran*es1 or1 bett] /ill1 a rose ) five petals4 ,at ! base ( ! /em ( ?is animal-plant1 9 _m ( ! ,cr9od1 we f9d a sort ( spread+ root1 :i* is implant$ 9 ! rocks1 & is capable ( gr[+ by itself1 ( n\ri%+ ! /em1 & ( produc+ new ones4 ,! root & /em ( ! fix$ encr9ites seem to indicate t ! animal c only live ) ! head erect4 ,_! normal condition is ?us q diff]5t f t ( any o!r ( ! ,e*9od]ms1 almo/ all ( :i* keep _! m\?s inv>iably direct$ d[nw>ds4 ,! ,m$us heads are *iefly f\nd on rocky b$s1 or 9 ! mid/ ( banks ( corals1 at great dep?s4 ,!re1 firmly fix$ by _! roots1 _! long /ems raise !mselves v]tically2 !n1 ) exp&$ calyx & long-spread+ arms1 !y wait = ! prey :i* passes )9 _! rea* 9 ord] to seize x4 ,! ,p5tacr9us caput ,m$us h1 z we h said1 be5 fi%$ up f great dep?s 9 ! ,antilles4 ,its v small calyx is borne ^u a /em ( f eighte5 to tw5ty in*es 9 height1 t]m9at+ 9 long movable arms1 ! int]nal surface ( :i* be>s its t5tacles 9 a groove4 ,9 ! middle ( ! arms is a m\?1 & at ! side ! orifice = ! expulsion ( ! dige/$ residuum4 ,9 ! ,m$us head & ,european ,p5tacr9e 7,p4 ,europu1 ,fig4 #ajh71 ! pres5ce ( a dige/ive app>atus has be5 di/9ctly trac$4 ,x is a sort ( irregul> sac1 ) a c5tral m\? on ! upp] surface1 & ano!r orifice situat$ at a little di/ance f ! m\?1 & evid5tly int5d$ z an outlet = ! products ( dige/ion4 ,! arms ( ^! creatures1 :i* are spread+ or fold$ up accord+ to _! wants1 are provid$ ) fle%y t5tacula1 :i*1 s]v+ at once z organs ( absorption & z vibratile cilia1 are at ! same "t organs ( respiration4 ,su* are ^! curi\s be+s3 !y occupy a sort ( middle or transition /ate betwe5 animals p]man5tly fix$ to "s spot & ^? capable ( motion1 repres5t+ 9 our own times ! la/ rema9s ( ext9ct g5]ations4 ,e type ( ! ,cr9od furni%$ ) arms pres5ts inconte/able evid5ce ( _! mode ( reproduction or r$9tegration--t is1 ( ! p[] ( re/or+ ^? p>ts ( ! body brok5 or de/roy$ by accid5t2 b z we h already drawn ! att5tion ( ! read] to ?is /range faculty ( r5ew+ organs :i* _m ( ! zoophytes possess1 we w n "h enl>ge fur!r ^u ! subject4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,cr9od are n all l ! two species :i* h be5 describ$4 ,!re is an entire family ( animals belong+ to ?is class1 namely1 ! ,comatula1 :i* are fix$ 9 _! e>ly days1 b sep>ate !mselves f ! root$ /em 9 _! adult age1 &1 ?r[+ (f ! bonds impos$ on _! y\?1 live side by side ) ! a/]ias1 ) ^: company !y seem mu* pleas$4 ,! encr9ites & ! />-fi%es ?us live 9 company1 & t at prodigi\s dep?s1 & "u a body ( wat] :i* no light c rea*4 ,imag9e ! exi/5ce ( animals :i* pass _! lives 9 su* et]nal fun]eal d>kness4 ,! family ( ,comatula are f\nd 9 ! seas ( bo? hemisph]es4 ,_! bodies are flat--a l>ge calc>e\s plate =m$ l a cuirass ^u _! backs--pres5t+1 besides1 cirri compos$ ( num]\s curl+ articulations1 ! la/ ( :i* t]m9ates 9 a hook4 ,! v5tral surface pres5ts two orifices3 ! "o 9 ! c5tre correspond+ to a m\?1 ! o!r evid5tly int5d$ = ! dis*>ge ( ! products ( dige/ion4 ,?is animal is provid$ ) five arms1 :i* div]ge directly f ! c5tre plate or cuirass4 ,! bran*es ( ^! arms h ambulacral grooves1 compreh5d+ a d\ble r[ ( fle%y t5tacles1 9 ! c5tre ( :i* is ! ambulacral groove1 prop]ly s call$1 clo!d ) vibratile cilia ov] _! :ole surface4 ,^! cilia or hairs guide ! curr5t :i* drives ! v>i\s sub/ances on :i* x fe$s1 su* z ! organic corpuscles ( sea-we$s1 & microscopic animalcules float+ 9 ! sea1 t[>ds its m\?4 ,!y are also p[]ful aids to respiration4 ,! movem5ts ( ^! curi\s creatures are v sl[1 _! only object be+ to cat* ! bodies ( animals & m>9e plants1 or1 by ext5d+ or contract+ _! arms1 to feel _! way ?r\gh ! wat] to "s new locality4 ,sometimes1 also1 9 ord] to *ange _! fe$+-gr\nd1 ! ,comatula ab&on ! subm>9e =e/s1 h]bage1 & sea-wracks1 & float ?r\gh ! wat]1 mov+ _! arms ) consid]able rapidity 9 se>* ( a new /ation4 ,! ,m$it]ranean ,comatula 7,fig4 #aji7 is l>gely diffus$ on ! ,european %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,its spread+ arms ext5d to ?ree or f\r in*es2 its col\r purple1 %ad$1 & spott$ ) :ite ^u ! v5tral surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aji4 ,comatula ,m$it]ranea 7,lam>ck71 natural size4 ,7 a travell] to tell u t he _h se5 animals drop _! eggs ^u =e/s ( /one2 t ^! eggs1 aft] execut+ _! progressive evolutions1 f9ally become individuals 9 all respects l _! p>5ts1 :i* atta* !mselves to ! soil by a root l any fl[] ( ! fields1 or to ! "m-/em l ! bran* ( a tree1 until 9 due c\rse !y atta9$ ! adult /ate1 :5 ! flexible b& :i* holds !m fix$ ei!r to ! soil or p>5t-/em breaks1 & ! animal1 n[ free1 laun*es itself into ! liquid m$ium1 & goes to live a prop] & indep5d5t exi/5ce2--9 li/5+ to a recital s oppos$ 9 appe>ance to ! ord9>y laws ( ,nature1 we %\ld be incl9$ to tax ! n>rator ( su* incr$ible facts ) error or folly4 ,nev]!less all ^! facts are n[ p]fectly e/abli%$4 ,! be+ :i* pres5ts ^! m>vels has no?+ ( ! fabul\s ab\t x4 ,x is ! ,comatula ,m$it]ranea2 x lives at ! bottom ( ! sea1 ! surface ( :i* is incessantly track$ by our vessels4 ,,ophiurad4 ,! ,ophiuras are ?us nam$ f two ,greek words 71 a s]p5t1 & 1 a tail71 f _! fanci$ resemblance to ! tail ( a s]p5t4 ,^! zoophytes are met ) 9 almo/ e sea1 b *iefly 9 ^? ( temp]ate regions2 !y are v common on e %ore1 & h be5 rem>k$ by fi%]m5 f ! e>lie/ times on acc\nt ( _! s+ul> =m1 ! disposition ( _! arms1 :i* resemble ! tail ( a liz>d1 & by ! s+ul>ity ( _! movem5ts4 ,! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ?is rem>kable gr\p ( ,e*9od]mata1 z describ$ by ,duj>d9 & ,hup1 are z foll[s4 ,!y are radi>y m>9e animals creep+ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 or ^u m>9e plants4 ,9 =m !y pres5t a sort ( coriace\s disk1 :i* is ei!r b>e or cov]$ ) scales1 :i* conta9s all ! visc]a1 & five v flexible simple or bran*+ arms1 ea* su/a9$ by a s]ies ( v]tebral int]nal pieces1 nak$ or cov]$ ) granules1 scales1 or bri/les4 ,c]ta9 fle%y t5tacula ?r[n out lat]ally are organs ( respiration4 ,! m\? is situat$ 9 ! middle ( ! l[] surface ( ! disk1 & op5s directly into a /oma* 9 ! %ape ( a sac2 x is circumscrib$ by five re-ent]+ angles correspond+ ) ! int]vals ( ! arms1 hav+ a s]ies ( calc>e\s pieces1 :i* p]=m ! function ( jaw-bones4 ,?is m\? is prolong$ by five longitud9al clefts1 g>ni%$ ) papill or calc>e\s pieces1 :i* correspond to "o ( ! arms4 ,a s]ies ( calc>e\s pieces 9 ! %ape ( v]tebr spr+ f ! extremity ( ea* ( ^! clefts1 :i* occupy all ! int]ior ( ! arms1 hav+ a furr[ 9 ! middle ( ! v5tral surface = ! reception ( a nurs+ vessel2 & lat]ally betwe5 _! expansions are c]ta9 cavities1 f :5ce issue c]ta9 fle%y retractile t5tacula2 ! visc]al cavity op5s by "o or two clefts on ! v5tral surface ( ea* side ( ! base ( ! arms4 ,! ,ophiurad move !mselves by briskly contract+ _! arms s z to produce a succession ( undulations analog\s to ^? by :i* a s]p5t creeps along4 ,"s ( ^! zoophytes are r active2 b o!rs atta* !mselves by _! arms to ! bran*es ( c]ta9 o!r polyps1 l ! ,gorgons1 & rema9 immovable = a consid]able "t1 wait+ _! prey some:at l a spid] 9 ! mid/ ( 8 web4 ,! family ( ,ophiurad is divid$ into two great sections3 t ( ! ,ophiura1 :i* compreh5ds sev]al g5]a1 among/ o!rs t :i* gives its "n to ! family1 & t ( ! ,euryal9a or ,a/]ophytes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaj4 ,ophiocoma ,russei 7,lutk571 natural size4 ,! family ( ,ophiurad con/itute a gr\p di/+ui%$ by _! five simple1 articulat$1 v mobile1 & non-ramifi$ arms1 :i* are atta*$ to a small disk or %ield plate1 ) flexible ?read-l cirri betwe5 ! rays4 ,ophiura natta is v common1 & has be5 kn[n f v e>ly times 9 ,european seas4 ,x is ( a gre5i% col\r1 ) transv]se b&s1 :i* become m obscure ^u ! arms z ! di/ance f ! disk increases4 ,?is disk is f six to sev5-eigh?s ( an in* 9 size1 ! upp] "p cov]$ ) unequal plates1 9 %ape l tiles2 ! arms are f\r times ! l5g? ( ! diamet] ( ! disk1 v sl5d] & tap]+4 ,! zoophyte to :i* ,lam>ck gave ! "n ( ,ophiura fragile has n[ its place among ! ,ophi/hrix1 ! specific "n1 indicat+ a p>ticul>ity ( /ructure 9 all ^! small creatures d]iv$ f _! fragile =mation4 ,9 %ort1 ^! be+s h s little consi/5cy t !y crumble1 z x 71 "u ! t\*1 & become r$uc$ to pulp "u ! slighte/ pressure4 ,9 ,fig4 #aaj we give ! repres5tation ( an ,ophiura ( ! natural size1 :i* ,lutk5 has s9ce call$ ,ophiocoma ,russei4 ,?is ,e*9od]m1 :i* lives 9 ! seas ( ! ,antilles1 is furni%$ ) five v flexible rays1 :i* are arm$ ) f ?ree to f\r r[s ( sp9es1 ^? on ! upp] "p ( ! body be+ v h>d ones2 ! body & arms ( ?is creature are ( r$di% br[n1 /reak$ ) a great numb] ( little :ite l9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaa4 ,a/]ophyton v]rucosum 7,lam>ck74 ,! pr9cipal type ( ! ,euryal9a is ! curi\s & complex ,a/]ophyton v]rucosum ( ,lam>ck4 ,!y include animals rem>kable = ! extremely complicat$ developm5t ( _! arms--! v multipli$ ramifications ( ^!1 t[>ds ! extremities1 be+ divid$ into _m ?\s& v sl5d] app5dages1 ! pr9cipal use ( :i* is d\btless locomotion1 b at ! same "t !y con/itute a s]ies ( liv+ ?read-l fillets :i* seem int5d$ to seize & close ^u ! animals :i* s]ve z prey to ?is little fle%-eat]4 ,! ,a/]ophyton v]rucosum1 :i* is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #aaa1 is yell[i%2 its disk ab\t f\r in*es1 its arms sixte5 to eighte54 ,x inhabits ! ,indian ,ocean4 ,ano!r species1 ,euryala arboresc5s1 is met ) on ! coa/s ( ,sicily & o!r p>ts ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,no?+ c be m elegant ?an ^! animat$ disks1 :i* resemble no?+ s mu* z a delicate piece ( lace--a piece ( liv+ lace mov+ 9 delicate fe/oons 9 ! bosom ( ! ocean4 ,,e*9id4 ,! s+ul> %ape ( ! ,e*9id1 or ,sea-ur*9s1 & ! sp9y prolongations ) :i* _! bodies are cov]$1 has 9 all ages attract$ ! att5tion ( naturali/s4 ,ari/otle appli$ to !m ! "n 1 :i* signifies ur*94 ,:51 h[ev]1 "o sees ! body ( "o ( ^! animals ?r[n on ! sea %ore1 x is difficult1 at fir/1 to f9d a reason = ?is designation4 ,! body ( ! sea-ur*9 is furni%$ ) a species ( sp9e4 ,x is a sort ( %ell1 ne>ly sph]ical1 empty 9 ! int]ior1 its surface pres5t+ reliefs admirable = _! regul>ity--an egg-%ell sculptur$ by ,div9e h&s4 ,9 ord] to see ! ur*9 ) its sp9es1 x is necess>y to seize x 9 ! wat] at ! bottom ( ! sea1 :]e x rolls & moves its little prickly mass2 x is !n only t ! real ur*91 ! prickly sea-ur*91 is to be se51 bri/l+ ) prickles1 & /rongly resembl+1 to comp>e ! physical ) ! m5tal1 ^? amiable mortals ^: "* is s well depict$ 9 ! say+1 ,:om !y rub !y prick4 ,9 8 book on ,! ,sea1 ,mi*elet puts ! foll[+ conv]sation into ! m\? ( a sea-ur*93 ,i am born )\t ambition1 says ! mode/ ,e*9od]m4 ,i ask = none ( ! brilliant gifts possess$ by ^? g5tlem5 ! molluscs4 ,i w\ld nei!r make "m-(-pe>l nor pe>ls2 ,i h no wi% = brilliant col\rs1 a luxury :i* w\ld po9t me out2 /ill less d ,i desire ! grace ( y\r giddy ,m$usas1 ! wav+ *>m ( ^: flam+ locks attracts obs]vation & exposes "o to %ipwreck4 ,oh "m6 ,i wi% = "o ?+ only3 to be--to be )\t ^! ext]ior & compromis+ app5dages2 to be ?ick-set1 /rong1 & r\nd1 = t is ! %ape 9 :i* ,i %\ld be ! lea/ expos$2 9 %ort1 to be a c5traliz$ be+4 ,i h v little in/9ct = travel4 ,to roll sometimes f ! surface to ! bottom ( ! sea is en\gh ( travel = me4 ,glu$ firmly to my rock1 ,i c\ld !re solve ! problem1 ! solution ( :i* y\r future fav\rite1 man1 seeks = 9 va9--t ( safety4 ,to /rictly exclude enemies & admit all fri5ds1 especially wat]1 air1 & light1 w\ld1 ,i "k1 co/ me "s lab\r & con/ant ef=t4 ,cov]$ ) movable sp9es1 enemies w avoid me4 ,n[1 bri/l+ l a be>1 !y call me an ur*94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aab4 ,e*9us mamillatus 7,lam>ck71 natural size4 ,let u n[ look a little m closely at ! g5]al /ructure ( ! sea-ur*9s--9 zoological language1 ,e*9id4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aac4 ,e*9us mamillatus4 ,sea ,ur*91 )\t sp9es1 natural size4 ,! body ( ! sea-ur*9 is globul> 9 =m1 slightly egg-%ap$1 or ( a disk slightly swoll54 ,x consi/s ess5tially ( an ext]ior %ell or solid c>apace1 clo!d 9 a slight membrane furni%$ ) vibratile cilia4 ,?is c>apace is =m$ ( an assemblage ( contigu\s polygonal plates1 adh]+ toge!r by _! edges4 ,_! arrangem5t is su* t ! te/ or %ell may be divid$ into v]tical zones1 ea* spr++ f a c5tral po9t on ! summit t]m9at+ at a po9t ( ! sph]oid diametrically opposite--namely1 ! circumf]5ce ( ! buccal orifice4 ,^! v]tical zones are ( two k9ds1 "s l>g] & o!rs /raight]1 ea* zone consi/+ ( a d\ble r[ ( plates1 ! fir/ *>g$ ) movable sp9es1 ! second pi]c$ ) holes dispos$ 9 regul> longitud9al s]ies1 f :i* em]ge c]ta9 fle%y t5tacula1 :i*1 z we %all see pres5tly1 s]ve z feet to ! animal4 ,:5 arm$ ) ^! bri/l+ sp9es1 ! sea-ur*9s resemble ! h$gehogs2 b :5 ! sp9es are d[n1 !y look v mu* l a melon or an egg1 to :i* _! %ape & calc>e\s nature h sometimes l$ to _! be+ comp>$ by ! vulg> z well z by ! le>n$4 ,we %all give a tol]ably exact idea ( ! two diff]5t aspects :i* ! c>apace ( ! ur*9 pres5ts :5 ! sp9es are erect & l[]$1 by ref]5ce to ,fig4 #aab 7,e*9us mamillatus71 :i* repres5ts ! animal bri/l+ ) sp9es1 & ,fig4 #aac1 9 :i* ! same species is repres5t$ aft] dea?1 :5 depriv$ ( ^! weapons ( def5ce3 & h[ complicat$ ^! def5ces mu/ be6 ,x has be5 calculat$ t m ?an t5 ?\s& pieces1 ea* admirably arrang$ & unit$1 ent] into ! composition ( ! %ell ( ! sea-ur*91 to :i* no o!r c be comp>$4 ,to abbreviate slightly ,gosse's description ( t wond]ful piece ( me*anism1 ! sea-ur*93 ,a globul> holl[ box has to be made1 ( "s ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 ! walls ( :i* %all be sc>cely ?ick] ?an a waf]1 =m$ ( unyield+ lime/one1 yet fitt$ to hold ! s(t t5d] p>ts ( an animal :i* q fills ! cavity at all ages4 ,b 9 infancy ! animal is n s big z a pea1 & x has to atta9 its adult dim5sions4 ,! box is nev] to be ca/ (f or r5ew$2 ! same box mu/ hold ! infant & vet]an ur*94 ,! lime/one c only increase 9 size by be+ deposit$4 ,n[ ! vascul> tissues are )91 & ! p>ticles !y deposit mu/ be on ! int]ior walls4 ,to ?ick5 ! walls f )9 leaves less room 9 ! cavity2 b :at is want$ is m room1 ev] m & m4 ,! gr[+ animal feels its tissues swell+ day by day1 by ! assimilation ( food4 ,its cry is1 ',give me space6 a l>g] h\se1 or ,i die6' ,h[ is ?is problem solv$8 ,ah6 !re is no difficulty4 ,! inexhau/ible wisdom ( ! ,creator has a beautiful contrivance = ! em]g5cy4 ,! box is n made 9 "o piece1 nor 9 t51 nor a hundr$4 ,six hundr$ di/9ct pieces g to make up ! holl[ case2 all accurately fitt$ toge!r1 s t ! p]fect symmetry ( ! outl9e rema9s unbrok52 & yet1 ?9 z _! sub/ance is1 !y reta9 _! relative positions ) un*ang+ exactness1 & ! slight brittle box reta9s all requisite /r5g? & firmness1 = ea* ( ^! pieces is envelop$ by a lay] ( liv+ fle%2 a vascul> tissue passes up betwe5 ! jo9ts1 :]e "o meets ano!r1 & spreads itself ov] ! :ole ext]ior surface4 ,?is be+ s1 ! gl&s ( ! inve/+ tissue secrete lime f ! sea wat]1 & deposit x aft] a det]m9ate & ord]ly patt]n on e "p ( ! surface4 ,?us ! inn] face1 ! out] face1 & ea* side & angle ( polyh$ron1 gr[ toge!r1 & ! =m *>act]i/ic ( ! individual is ma9ta9$ ) immutable ma!matical precision4 ,! dim5sions & %ape ( ^! prickles are v v>iable4 ,9 c]ta9 ,e*9id !y are ?ree or f\r times ! diamet] ( ! body4 ,9 ! ur*91 prop]ly s call$1 !y are only ?ree-f\r?s or f\r-fif?s t diamet]4 ,!y sometimes resemble %ort bri/les4 ,^! def5sive weapons h tub]cles = supports1 :i* are arrang$ on ! surface ( ! animal ) p]fect regul>ity4 ,at ! base !y pres5t a small head sep>at$ by compression4 ,?is head is holl[ on its l[] face1 pres5t+ a cavity adapt$ to a tub]cle ( ! %ell4 ,ea* ( ! prickles1 not)/&+ its extreme m9ut5ess1 is put 9 action by a muscul> app>atus4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aad4 ,e*9us escul5tus 7,lam>ck71 natural size4 ,9 ! prickles1 or sp9es & t5tacula 7ambulacra1 feet suck]s71 we see ! ext]nal organs ( ! ,e*9od]mata4 ,! =m] are in/rum5ts ( def5ce & progression2 ! latt]1 /range z x may appe>1 s]ve !m to walk )4 ,:5 x is consid]$ t ea* ( ^! prickles is put 9 motion by sev]al muscles1 x is impossible to repress our wond] & surprise at ! prodigi\s numb] ( organs br\ght into action 9 ! sea-ur*94 ,m ?an twelve hundr$ prickles h be5 c\nt$ ^u ! %ell ( ,e*9us escul5tus1 a repres5tation ( :i* is giv5 9 ,fig4 #aad4 ,if we add to ?is fir/ supply ( sp9es o!r small] & 9 "s sort access>y sp9es1 we %all arrive at a total ( ?ree ?\s& prickles4 ,ea* sea ur*9 ?us be>s z _m weapons z t5 squadrons ( lanc]s4 ,:5 x is consid]$1 fur!r1 t 9 ea* suck] or ambulacra !re exi/ n less ?an a hundr$ tubes1 ea* hav+ an orifice1 y w h a total ( f\r ?\s& visible app5dages ^u ! body ( an animal ( v small dim5sions4 ,if x is consid]$1 f9ally1 t no %ell exi/s m admirably symmetrical1 elegant1 or m highly ornam5tal ?an ! c>apace ( ! ur*91 x w readily be admitt$ t ,nature has be5 mo/ prodigal 9 h] gifts to "o ( ! humble/ be+s 9 creation--a creature :i* passes its exi/5ce 9 crawl+ 9 obscurity at ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,:at elegance ( =m1 et]nally hidd5 f ! eyes ( man1 sleeps "u ! heavy mass ( wat]2 & yet man imag9es t ev]y?+ 9 ,nature has be5 creat$ = 8 use & = 8 glory4 ,m4 ,hup records a some:at curi\s obs]vation 9 connection ) ! sp9es1 :i* s]ve z a means ( def5ce to ! ,e*9od]mata4 ,he f\nd a small mollusc1 ( ! g5us ,/elif]a1 :i* _h s\ght %elt] 9 ,leixid>is imp]ialis1 an ur*91 native ( ,au/ralia2 9 a ^w1 ! int]ior ( "o ( ^! prickles _h be5 holl[$ & enl>g$ s z to s]ve z a retreat = ?is improvis$ gue/4 ,:at unexpect$ facts does ! /udy ( animals pres5t6 ,nature has be/[$ a protect+ arm\r ^u "o little be+2 ano!r /ill small] animal discov]s ?is1 & places itself = %elt] "u ! protection ( ^! levell$ bayonets6 ,num]\s anecdotes are told ( !m4 ,?us3 a man ignorantly put into 8 m\? "o ( ^! creatures1 ) all its prickles1 &1 be+ detect$1 ?\ght himself1 9 8 pride1 compell$ to swall[ x because he 0 be+ look$ at2 imm$iately 8 m\? 0 full ( blood4 ,! next day he 0 9 su* a /ate ( suff]+ t he c\ld nei!r eat nor dr9k1 & = a long "t 8 life c\ld only be pres]v$ by n\ri%+ injections ( s\p1 cream1 & rice4 ,n[ let u see by :at organic me*anism ! ur*9 contrives to transport itself & walk4 ,! t5tacula1 or suck]s1 are holl[ int]nally1 &1 z we h said1 are provid$ ) small muscles4 ,by ! influx ( liquid :i* !y inclose !y become inflat$ ?r\gh\t all _! prickles1 9 su* a mann] t !y c atta* !mselves to any solid body1 at ! w ( ! animal1 by means ( _! t]m9al suck]s4 ,frdol1 9 ,le ,monde de les ,m]s1 ?us expla9s ! ur*9's mode ( progression4 ,let u imag9e1 he says1 "o ( ^! creatures to be at re/2 all its sp9es are immovable1 & all its filam5ts repose )9 ! %ell2 "s ( ^! involunt>ily escape2 !y ext5d !mselves & feel ! gr\nd all r\nd !m3 o!rs foll[1 b ! animal is firmly fix$4 ,if x wi%es = *ange ( place1 ! ant]ior filam5ts contract !mselves1 :il/ ! h9d] ones loos5 _! hold1 & ! %ell is c>ri$ =w>d4 ,! sea-ur*9 c ?us advance ) ease1 & ev5 rapidity4 ,dur+ 8 progression ! suck]s are only slightly aid$ by ! sp9es4 ,x c travel ei!r on ! back or /oma*2 :atev] _! po/ure1 !y h always a c]ta9 numb] ( prickles1 :i* c>ry !m1 & suck]s1 ) :i* !y atta* !mselves4 ,9 c]ta9 circum/ances ! animal walks by turn+ ^u itself1 l a :eel 9 motion4 ,no?+ is m curi\s ?an to see a sea-ur*9 walk ^u smoo? s&4 ,b = ! col\r1 x might be mi/ak5 = a *e/nut ) its bri/l+ envelopes1 ! sp9es s]v+ z feet to put ! little r\nd prickly mass 9 motion4 ,!y h ev5 be5 obs]v$ to =m !mselves into a ball1 & roll along l a globul> fagot ( prickles4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aae4 ,buccal armature ( ,e*9us lividus4 ,"o ( ! mo/ s+ul> organs ( ! sea-ur*9 is its m\?4 ,x is mon/r\s4 ,plac$ und]nea? ! body x occupies ! c5tre ( a s(t space inve/$ ) a ?ick resi/+ membrane3 x op5s & %uts incessantly1 %[+ five %>p tee? 7,fig4 #aae7 project+ f ! surface1 ! edges meet+ at a po9t1 z repres5t$ "h1 support$ & protect$ by a v complicat$ framework1 :i* has receiv$ ! "n ( ,ari/otle's ,lant]n 7,fig4 #aaf74 ,fig4 #aae repres5ts ,e*9us lividus 9 its normal /ate2 ! o!r %[s ! ma/icatory organs1 t is to say1 ,ari/otle's ,lant]n4 ,to give ! read] a m complete idea ( ! buccal organ 9 ! sea-ur*91 let him glance at "o f ! s\!rn seas1 ,clypea/] rosaceus1 repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #aag1 an outl9e ( ! entire animal1 ! buccal app>atus be+ plac$ "u ! %ell1 :i* has be5 brok5 9 ,fig4 #aaf1 s z to lay ?is organ b>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaf4 ,ma/icat+ app>atus ( ,e*9us lividus4 ,! %ape ( ! ,clypea/] rosaceus is oval1 /raight] 9 front1 & ?ick & r\nd$ at ! edges4 ,x is m common & m l>gely di/ribut$ ?an any o!r liv+ species1 & x is suppli$ ) f\r or six ambulacra1 or feet4 ,i nev] c\ld und]/& :y ! d5tal framework ( ! sea-ur*9 has be5 call$ ,ari/otle's ,lant]n1 = ?is =midable app>atus resembles ! front view ( a batt]y ( cannon m ?an a lant]n4 ,x consi/s ( a s]ies ( pieces designat$ by ! names ( compass1 scy!1 pyramid1 & plumula1 :i* x w\ld s]ve no useful purpose to describe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aag4 ,clypea/] rosaceus 7,lam>ck74 ,we h said t ! m\? ( ! ur*9 is mon/r\s 9 proportion to its size1 & ! tee? ( proportionate dim5sions4 ,z ^! project f a v =midable m\?1 "o c easily be assur$ ( ! %>pness ( _! extremities by intrud+ 8 f+]s on !m4 ,9 fact1 x is necess>y t ^! organs %\ld be s+ul>ly p[]ful1 because1 z we %all see f>!r on1 ! sea-ur*9 makes incisions 9 ! solid rock ) !m1 & holl[s out %elt] = himself4 ,! /rong & %>p tee? gr[ at ! base 9 proportion z !y are us$ at ! po9ts1 z is ! case ) "s ( ! rod5t mammalia4 ,by ?is means !y are always %>p & 9 good condition4 ,five gr\ps ( p[]ful muscles are us$ to "w ^! t]rible gr9d]s4 ,to ?is =midable m\? is atta*$ an sophagus or gullet1 & an inte/9e :i* ext5ds along ! int]ior walls ( ! c>apace1 describ+ ! circumf]5ce ( its pr9cipal cont\r4 ,! regim5 ( ! ,e*9id is /ill imp]fectly kn[n2 nev]!less1 f ! pres5ce ( %ells1 fragm5ts ( corals1 cru/aceans1 & ev5 o!r ,e*9od]mata 9 _! inte/9al tube1 x is to be inf]r$ t a c]ta9 numb] ( !m at lea/ are c>nassi]s1 or fle%-eat]s1 :ile o!rs are suppos$ on ! same evid5ce to be veget>ians4 ,! organs ( respiration ( ! ,e*9id appe> to be c]ta9 flatt5$ vesicles 9 ! =m ( v delicate lam91 :i* adh]e to ! int]nal surface ( ! walls ( ! body1 & float freely 9 ! liquid ) :i* ! visc]al cavity is fill$4 ,^! organs1 kn[n z ! int]nal bran*i1 are 9 communication ) ! c5tral canal & ambulacral tubes4 ,! he>t is sp9dle-%ap$1 tap]+ above1 swell+ bel[4 ,!re are two di/9ct vascul> sy/ems1 "o inte/9al1 ! o!r cutane\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aah4 ,skeleton & ,ma/icat+ ,app>atus4 ,_! n]v\s sy/em consi/s ( a r+1 :i* surr\nds ! gullet1 & is plac$ at a %ort di/ance f ! m\?4 ,9 ?is r+ ! n]v\s trunks h _! orig94 ,9 relation to ! s5ses1 t ( t\* is highly develop$4 ,c]ta9 bran*+ t5tacula1 :i* surr\nd ! m\?1 fa%ion$ l nipp]s1 & ! ambulacral t5tacles1 are its pr9cipal organs4 ,!y appe> to be altoge!r de/itute ( organs ( sight4 ,x has sometimes be5 argu$ t f\r or five r$ po9ts at ! summit ( ! dorsal face are eyes2 b ?is op9ion has n be5 ma9ta9$1 nor has any cry/all9e l5s be5 f\nd 9 ^! spots to ju/ify x4 ,capta9 de ,cond /ates t he exam9$ a sea-ur*9 ) long spe>s 9 a pool ( wat]1 :i* he tri$ to cat*1 :5 he saw x direct its flight t[>ds 8 h&1 all its def5ces be+ erect4 ,surpris$ at ?is manuvre1 he tri$ to seize x f ano!r qu>t]2 its sp9es 7 in/antly direct$ to ! o!r side4 ,i h ?\ght f t "t t ! ur*9 saw me1 & prep>$ to resi/ my attack4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to satisfy myself :e!r or n ! movem5t 9 ! wat] caus$ by my approa* might h produc$ ! effect describ$1 ,i repeat$ ! exp]im5t ) great] caution4 ,b ! creature always direct$ its sp9es 9 ! direction ( ! object :i* ?reat5$ x1 :e!r x 0 9 ! wat] or out ( x4 ,he satisfi$ himself t ^! animals c]ta9ly c\ld see1 & t _! sp9es s]v$ !m z a means ( def5ce4 ,^! wond]ful sp9es1 ?is calc>e\s envelope1 ?is arm\r s m>vell\sly /udd$1 ) :i* nature has s b\ntifully provid$ ! ,e*9id1 appe> to h be5 insuffici5t1 inasmu* z ^! v sp9es1 9 ord] to secure ! safety ( ! animal1 are gift$ ) ! p[] ( holl[+ a dwell+ = !mselves out ( solid rocks ( ! h>de/ mat]ial1 su* z granite & s&/one4 ,!y fix !mselves to its surface by means ( _! t5tacles2 !y make an incision by means ( _! /rong tee?1 remov+ ! dbris ) _! sp9es z fa/ z x is produc$4 ,:5 ! hole is l>ge en\gh1 !y entr5* !mselves 9 x1 ) _! sp9es & _! ?reat5+ pikes levell$ to protect !m f all ext]nal assaults4 ,to ,m4 ,caillaud1 ! cons]vator ( ! museum ( ,nantes1 we are indebt$ = an excell5t acc\nt ( ! mann] 9 :i* ?is buccal app>atus is made to op]ate4 ,! ,lant]n ( ,ari/otle1 says ?is au?or1 =ms ! m&ibull>y app>atus2 ! tee? are five 9 numb]1 & !y may z well receive ! d5om9ation ( a s]ies ( saws & picks z ( tee?1 = !y are surpris+ly adapt$ to ! excavation ( holes 9 ! h>de/ rock4 ,^! five picks are ab\t ! eigh? ( an in* long1 & !y s]ve ! sea-ur*9 at once z ma/icators & excavat+ implem5ts4 ,9 op5+ ! jaws1 ^! five tee? /rike ! /one =cibly r ?an scrape x4 ,?is prop]ty ( holl[+ _! dwell+ out ( ! solid rock appe>s1 h[ev]1 to belong to only a small numb] ( ! ,e*9id2 mo/ ( !m are cont5t to hide !mselves "u ! /ones1 :ile ! species hav+ ! sp9es sl5d] & ! %ell v ?9 bury !mselves 9 ! s&1 ) :i* !y cov] !mselves entirely1 leav+ only a small hole to brea! ?r\gh4 ,! ,spatangus1 :i* is furni%$ ) %ort ?ick sp9es on ! "u "p ( its body1 :i* spread out at ! extremity l ! *annel ( a spoon1 proce$s ) its m9+ op]ations z foll[s1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,jona?an ,frankl94 ,figure to y\rself1 read]1 ! animal on ! sea-%ore4 ,he comm5ces 8 op]ations by turn+ ! l[] sp9es 9 su* a mann] z to =m a holl[ on ! s& bank1 9 :i* he s9ks by 8 own weight2 b z he s9ks1 a great numb] ( ! sp9es are br\ght into action1 ?r[+ up ! s& ) increas$ activity1 :ile ! s& ?r[n up1 return+ aga91 soon cov]s ! body ( ! work]1 & he has soon buri$ himself b5ea? ! surface4 ,9 ?is situation ! long hair-l sp9es situat$ ^u ! back beg9 to play _! "p2 !y prev5t ! s& f entirely cov]+ ! animal by =m+ a little r\nd hole1 ?r\gh :i* wat] is introduc$ to ! m\? & respiratory organs4 ,! hid+-place ( ! sea-ur*9 is1 h[ev]1 easily detect$ 9 ! s& by ! hole ?us arrang$ = ! respiration ( ! animal1 & ! fi%]m5 ?9k !y c pr$ict /orms accord+ to ! dep? ( ! hole4 ,! ,e*9id are reproduc$ by eggs1 :i* are r$ & ne>ly microscopic4 ,z x issues f ! egg ! l>va has ! appe>ance ( a v m9ute fi%4 ,x is n at once conv]t$ into ! p]fect animal1 b und]goes a c]ta9 metamorphosis analog\s to t ( ! cat]pill> into ! butt]fly4 ,b1 z we h already /at$ 9 treat+ ( ! ,a/]i1 x produces1 at a c]ta9 /age1 by "s sort ( int]nal process ( g5]ation1 a sea-ur*91 :i*1 be+ at fir/ only an organ ( ! l>va1 beg9s to live an indep5d5t life :5 ! nurs+ l>va has de/roy$ itself4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! ur*9 unfolds itself at ! exp5se ( ! l>va is q analog\s to t :i* ! a/]ias pres5t3 x is ano!r case ( alt]nate g5]ation1 ( :i* our space does n p]mit u to give ev5 a g5]al outl9e4 ,sea-ur*9s are f\nd 9 e sea2 !y dwell 9 s&y bottoms1 & sometimes ^u rocky gr\nd4 ,!y are caught ) wood5 p9c]s :5 9 %all[ wat]2 :5 f\nd at ! wat]'s edge1 !y may be tak5 by a glov$ h&4 ,! ur*91 l ! crab1 :i* x also resembles 9 ta/e1 becomes r$ :5 boil$2 only c]ta9 species are come/ible1 h[ev]4 ,9 ,corsica & ,alg]ia ! ,melon-%ap$ ,ur*9 7,e*9us melo7 is mu* e/eem$4 ,9 ,naples & 9 ! ,fr5* ports ( ! ,*annel ! ,e*9us lividus is eat54 ,9 ,prov5ce ! ,common ,sea-ur*9 7,e*9us escul5tus & ,e*9us granulosus7 are ! fav\rites4 ,sea-ur*9s are eat5 raw l oy/]s4 ,!y are cut 9 f\r p>ts1 & ! fle% tak5 out ) a spoon2 !y are sometimes1 b m r>ely1 dress$ by boil+1 & eat5 f ! %ell l an egg1 us+ long sippets ( bread3 h5ce ! "n ( sea-eggs1 :i* !y be> 9 _m c\ntries4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,ix4--,sea ,ur*9s lodg$ 9 ! rocks !y h excavat$4 ,sea-eggs 7 a *oice di% ^u ! tables ( ! ,greeks & ,romans2 !y 7 !n s]v$ up ) v9eg> or hydromel1 ) ! addition ( m9t or p>sley4 ,:5 ,l5tulus fea/$ ! prie/ ( ,m>s--! ,flam5 ,m>tialis--?is =m$ ! fir/ di% at supp]4 ,sea-eggs also appe>$ at ! m>riage fea/ ( ! goddess ,hebe4 ,aft]w>ds1 says ! poet1 came crabs & sea-ur*9s1 :i* d n swim 9 ! sea1 b cont5t !mselves by travell+ on ! s&y %ore4 ,= my own "p1 ,i h only once p>tak5 ( sea-ur*91 & x appe>$ to me to be food fit = ! gods2 b p]haps ! circum/ances suffici5tly expla9 ?is da% ( cul9>y en?usiasm4 ,! ,res]ve ,re/aurant at ,m>seilles has n always be5 ! va/ /one edifice we n[ behold1 back$ maje/ically by ! m\nta91 & front+ ! sea on ! prom5ade ( ! ,corni*e du ,prado4 ,9 #ahde x rose q at ! entrance ( ! port1 a small glass cage1 susp5d$ z x 7 by a magic ?read betwe5 ! heav5s & ! sea4 ,f ?is arial dwell+1 ov]hang+ ) unhe>d-( audacity ! wat]s :i* surr\nd$ x on all sides1 we gaz$ on ! mo/ wond]ful prospect 9 ! _w1 & repos$ ourselves :ile enjoy+ ?is intoxicat+ sc5e1 dur+ :i* ! %ips 7 cont9ually ent]+ ! port1 pass+ "u our v feet4 ,x 0 9 ?is en*ant$ palace t sea-ur*9s 7 s]v$ up1 support$ by ! traditional b\illabaise4 ,z ,i h said1 x appe>$ to me delici\s4 ,0 x ! ,prov5al di%1 ! sav\ry b\illabaise1 :i* contribut$ to my appreciation ( ! humble sea-ur*9 ( ! ,m$it]ranean8 ,0 n ! m>vell\s view :i* ,i enjoy$ f ! heights ( my empyreum ( glass ! indirect cause ( x8 ,?is is a t5d] & *>m+ problem :i* ,i love to leave float+ 9 ! cl\ds1 half evanesc5t1 ( my y\?ful recollections4 ,,holo?uria4 ,! ignorant1 l y & ,i1 call ! ,holo?uria ! ,corne*\1 or ,sea-cucumb]1 & p]haps1 = two reasons1 !y are n f> wrong4 ,! t]m sea-cucumb] expresses ) wond]ful exactness ! %ape ( ! animal1 & its habitation1 ! sea2 &1 aga91 x w\ld puzzle ! mo/ le>n$ to expla9 ! ^w ,holo?uria4 ,! body ( ?is /range creature pres5ts ! =m ( an elongat$ & worm-l cyl9d]2 its dim5sions are s v>iable t1 :ile "s species are only an in* or two 9 l5g?1 o!rs atta9 ?irty & ev5 =ty4 ,9 g5]al1 ! sk9 ( ! ,holo?uria is ?ick & lea!ry2 x includes muscles1 & is arm$ occasionally ) small project+ hooks or fangs1 :i* enable ! creature to hang = a few seconds on to =eign bodies4 ,f ?is coriace\s envelope issue t5tacul> feet analog\s to ^? describ$ 9 ! sea-ur*9 & sea-/>4 ,:5 we op5 a ,holo?uria we f9d ne>ly ! :ole int]nal cavity occupi$ ) little :ite tubes4 ,we "k t ! fabul\s cucumb] spok5 ( 9 ! ,arabian ,nights 0 /uff$ ) pe>ls by ! talk+-bird4 ,) our poor animal ?is1 alas6 is n s4 ,^! are no pe>ls1 b simple prosaical tubes conta9+ ! ova4 ,! m\? op5s at ! extremity ( ! body2 x =ms a sort ( funnel1 & is surr\nd$1 z by a glory1 ) an elegant circle ( t5tacula4 ,9 ! liv+ animal1 :5 x feels itself 9 security1 ^! t5tacles exp& !mselves l ! corolla ( a fl[]4 ,:5 ! fi%]man seizes a ,holo?uria 9 ! wat] ?is cr[n ( t5tacles ceases to appe>1 = ! animal has ! p[] ( )draw+ x q sudd5ly1 & n[ x resembles no?+ s mu* z a common lee*4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x is pres]v$ 9 fre% sea-wat] & left 9 peace--if we treat x1 9 %ort1 ) ! reg>d due to its elegant cr[n ( t5tacula--?is elegant ornam5t w be exp&$ 9 all its glory4 ,imm$iately bel[ ! m\? is a muscul> ph>ynx1 :i* is conta9$ 9 a long inte/9e1 ) _m convolutions1 :i* t]m9ate 9 ! po/]ior "p ( ! body 9 an orifice :5ce is ?r[n f "t to "t a little jet ( wat]4 ,! t]m9al portion ( ! inte/9al canal 9 ^! animals is enl>g$1 introduc+ u to a sy/em ( num]\s tubes :i* bran* (f into ! visc]al cavity1 receiv+ ! wat] f )\t :ile brea?+ by its po/]ior extremity2 ! animal c at w fill ?is res]voir or eject ! wat]1 & x is by ^! alt]nate movem5ts ( aspiration & its rev]se t x r5ews ! oxyg5 necess>y = respiration4 ,! circulation appe>s to =m a complete circle1 !re be+ no he>t or c5tral ag5t2 b a r+ r\nd ! gullet1 f :i* issue five pr9cipal n]v\s *ords1 repres5ts ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,! ,holo?urias are ( sep>ate sexes1 & !y diff] f ! sea-ur*9s & a/]ias 9 ?is3 t _! l>v are conv]t$ bodily into a "y ,holo?uria )\t los+ _! organs4 ,! bodies ( c]ta9 species are lubricat$ by an acrid & corrosive liquid3 ?us ,h4 oceania1 describ$ by ,lesson1 :i* is ab\t =ty in*es 9 l5g?1 secretes at ! surface ( its body an irritat+ fluid1 :i* produces an intol]able it*+ 9 ! f+] :i* t\*es x4 ,nor c ! inhabitants ( ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s look at x )\t loa?+4 ,fig4 #aai repres5ts ,h4 lutea1 or ! ,/y*opus luteus ( ,br&t1 :o describes z its di/9ctive "* ?ree r[s ( t5tacul> feet on ! v5tral surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aai4 ,holo?uria lutea 7,quoy & ,gaim>d74 ,we h spok5 ( ! /range suicidal t5d5cy ( ! sea-/>s3 ! ,holo?uria exhibits ! same ph5om5a1 b1 hav+ no brittle envelope l ! a/]ias1 x _c break itself into bits 9 ! pres5ce ( its disconc]t$ enemy2 b kills itself 9 ?is mann]3 hav+ "s cause ( grief & tr\ble--su*1 = in/ance1 z ! attack ( an enemy or ! pursuit ( "s fi%]man--by a sudd5 & unexpect$ movem5t x ejects its tee?1 its /oma*1 its dige/ive app>atus1 & r$uces itself to a simple empty membran\s sac1 ) an unfurni%$ m\?2 &1 z a s+ul> fact1 ?is empty sac /ill %r9ks & contracts 9 ! h& :i* grasps x4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ?is is a /range mode ( evad+ its enemies3 ! soldi] r>ely ?r[s 8 arms away 9 ! mom5t ( dang]6 ,b ! ,holo?urias possess a wond]ful recup]ative p[] also2 & x is probably q consci\s1 :5 x ?us empties itself to disappo9t its pursu]1 t x c promptly replace ! organs :i* x has volunt>ily p>t$ )4 ,dr4 ,john/on relates t he _h =gott5 = "s days to supply a ,holo?uria ) a *ange ( wat]4 ,! creature1 9 consequ5ce1 eject$ its t5tacles1 its buccal app>atus1 dige/ive tubes1 & a portion ( its ov>ies4 ,/ill x 0 n dead1 b 0 s5sible to ! lea/ movem5t1 & liv$ to reproduce all its organs anew4 ,n only d ! ,holo?urias eject _! organs & aft]w>ds r5ew !m1 b !y divide !mselves spontane\sly into two portions4 ,_! two extremities are fir/ enl>g$2 !n _! middle p>ts gradually become /raight1 l a ?read3 f9ally1 ?is ?read breaks1 & ea* sep>ate "p ( ! animal becomes a p]fect ,holo?uria4 ,x has be5 cut into two pieces1 & ea* ( ^! species becomes a new be+4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,x4--,fi%+ = & cur+ ! ,holo?uria 9 ! ,indian ,ocean4 ,! habits ( ^! animals are b little kn[n4 ,!y inhabit ! seas1 & are spread ov] e latitude4 ,_! v limit$ movem5ts consi/ 9 a k9d ( reptation or crawl+ motion1 produc$ by ! undulations ( _! bodies or by ! contractions ( _! feet4 ,holo?urias are g5]ally f\nd 9 ! act ( creep+ ^u /ones or on portions ( subm>9e rock1 b always 9 %elt]$ places1 = !y appe> to dread ! action ( light4 ,!y sometimes f9d !mselves caught by fi%]m5 9 _! nets4 ,if held 9 ! h& !y contract1 _! bodies become h>d & rigid1 & ! sea wat] ) :i* !y are fill$ is eject$ ) =ce4 ,we ne$ n add t fi%]m5 reject ) disda9 ! ,holo?urias tak5 9 _! nets2 ! sea-cucumb] has nev] be5 ?\ght wor?y ( a place on our tables4 ,tru? is on ?is side1 error on t1 is a maxim z true 9 morals z 9 cook]y4 ,! sea-cucumb]1 :i* ,europeans disda91 is a fav\rite di% among ! ,*9ese4 ,! fi%]y1 prep>ation (1 & transport ( ^! animals to m>ket1 plays an important "p 9 ! comm]ce & indu/ry ( ! ,ea/4 ,"o r l>ge species1 ! ,holo?uria tubulosa1 9 :i*1 by-!-bye1 a s+ul> p>asite fi% 7,fi]asf] fontanesii7 lives1 is common 9 ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,?is species is eatable1 & mu* reli%$ at ,naples4 ,9 ! ,ladrone ,isl&s ,holo?uria guam5sis is pref]r$4 ,b n[h]e is x e/eem$ ( su* importance z 9 ! ,malayan & ,*9ese seas4 ,9 ^! c\ntries1 & on mo/ ( ! %ores ( ! ,indian ,ocean1 ! ,holo?uria edulis1 vulg>ly call$ ,trepang1 is eat5 ) delight4 ,?\s&s ( junks are annually equipp$ = ! ,trepang fi%]ies4 ,! ,malay fi%]m5 c>ry to ?is fi%]y a degree ( pati5ce & dext]ity truly rem>kable4 ,ly+ d[n 9 ! =e "p ( _! vessels1 & hold+ 9 _! h&s a long bamboo1 t]m9at+ 9 a %>p hook1 _! eyes1 accu/om$ to ?is fi%+1 frequ5tly discov] ! animal at a di/ance ( n less ?an ?irty y>ds1 z x creeps along ! surface ( ! subm>9e rocks or corals4 ,! fi%] d>ts 8 h>poon at ?is di/ance1 & seldom misses 8 prey4 ,:5 ! wat] is %all[1 t is to say1 n m ?an f\r or five fa?oms deep1 div]s are s5t d[n to obta9 ^! cul9>y mon/]s1 :o seize !m 9 _! h&s1 & 9 ?is mann] c take five or six at a "t4 ,to prep>e ! fi% & pres]ve !m = transport to ! m>kets1 ! ,malay & ,*9ese fi%]m5 boil !m 9 wat]1 & flatt5 !m ) /ones4 ,!y are !n spread out on bamboo mats to dry2 fir/ 9 ! sun1 & !n by smok+ !m4 ,?us prep>$1 !y are enclos$ 9 sacks1 & %ipp$ to ! ,*9ese ports1 :]e !y are p>ticul>ly e/eem$4 ,?is fi%]y takes place 9 ! mon?s ( ,april & ,may4 ,9 8 voyage to ! ,s\? ,pole1 ,capta9 ,dumont d',urville1 9 trav]s+ ! ,*9ese seas1 _h an opportunity ( assi/+ at ?is fi%]y1 :i* he has describ$ v graphically4 ,we quote ! passage 9 :i* ! ,fr5* navigator relates :at he witness$ at ?is curi\s sc5e4 ,:ile ! %ips 7 ly+ quietly at an*or1 we saw1 he says1 ent]+ ! bay1 f\r ,malay proas1 be>+ ,dut* col\rs1 :i* dropp$ _! an*ors ab\t a cable's l5g? f ,obs]vatory ,islet4 ,! padrones or capta9s ( ^! vessels soon pres5t$ _! salutations1 & in=m$ me t !y _h />t$ f ,macass> at ! end ( ,octob]1 ) ! we/]n monsoon1 & t !y came to fi% = ,holo?uria 7trepang7 along ! coa/s ( ,new ,holl&1 f ,melville ,isl& to ! ,gulf ( ,c>p5t>ia1 :]e ! ea/ w9d met !m & assi/$ _! return1 :5 !y revisit$ all ! po9ts ( ! coa/1 an*or+ 9 e bay :]e !y hop$ to f9d fi%4 ,we 7 9 ! fir/ days ( ,april2 ! ea/ monsoon 0 def9itively e/abli%$2 ! ,malay fi%]m5 7 return+ 9 _! circuit1 &1 9 pass+1 !y came to ex]cise _! indu/ry 9 ,raffles' ,bay4 ,an h\r aft] _! arrival !y 7 all at "w1 & ! laboratory = ! prep>ation ( _! fi% 0 e/abli%$ )9 our view4 ,! road/ead _h no long] ! aspect ( a va/ solitude3 wrea?s ( smoke cr[n$ ! summit ( ,obs]vatory ,isl&1 :]e1 z if by en*antm5t1 sev]al l>ge %$s _h sprung up1 :ile num]\s vessels1 suppli$ ) div]s1 7 proce$+ to fi% = ,holo?urias1 :i* 7 pass$ imm$iately to ! furnaces erect$ = cur+ !m4 ,9 ! c\rse ( my voyage ,i h (t5 rem>k$ little walls con/ruct$ ( dry /ones1 consi/+ ( sev]al half-circles jo9$ "o to ! o!r4 ,i _h (t51 b va9ly1 tri$ to discov] ! use ( ^! little /ructures3 ,i 0 n[ enlight5$4 ,! ,malays arriv$4 ,_! boats 7 sc>cely an*or$ :5 sev]al l>ge boil]s1 9 ! %ape ( a half-sph]e1 ! diamet] ( :i* might be ab\t =ty in*es1 7 plac$ ^u ! /one walls ( :i* ,i h spok51 & n[ s]v$ z improvis$ furnaces4 ,ne> to !m are %$s1 compos$ ( f\r /rong po/s driv5 into ! e>?1 support+ ro(+ cov]$ ) hurdles1 on :i* x is probably int5d$ to dry ! ,holo?urias4 ,dur+ _! soj\rn 9 ?is bay1 ! fi%]m51 hav+ f9e wea!r1 made no use ( ^! %$s1 hav+ probably only prep>$ !m z a precaution4 ,a cr[d ( m5 actively employ$ 9 e/abli%+ _! laboratories gave an unaccu/om$ appe>ance to ! bay1 :i* c\ld n fail to attract ! savage inhabitants ( ! ma9 l&4 ,v soon1 inde$1 we c\ld see !m ha/5+ f all sides1 & ne>ly all rea*$ ! little isl&1 ei!r by swimm+ or wad+ ?r\gh ! %eet ( %all[ wat] :i* sep>ates x f ! ma9 l&4 ,i only saw "o pirogue1 made ( ! b>k ( a tree badly put toge!r1 :i* gave a passage to ?ree ( ^! visitors4 ,:5 night arriv$1 ! ,malays _h f9i%$ all _! prep>ations2 "s ( !m rema9$ to gu>d :at !y _h left on %ore1 all ! o!rs return$ to _! boats4 ,9 ! int]val1 a boat f ! ,a/rolabe be+ want$ to c>ry "s visitors f ! isl&1 ,i pr(it$ by ! occasion to visit "o ( ! proas1 accompani$ by ,m4 ,roquemauel4 ,we 7 receiv$ ) mu* polit5ess1 & ev5 cordiality1 by ! capta9 or padrone ( ! boats4 ,he %[$ u ov] 8 little %ip4 ,! keel appe>$ to u suffici5tly solid2 ev5 ! l9es did n want elegance2 b great disord] seem$ to reign 9 ! /[age dep>tm5t4 ,f a k9d ( bridge1 =m$ by hurdles ( bamboos & junk1 we saw ! cab91 :i* look$ l a p\ltry-h\se2 bags ( rice1 packets1 & boxes 7 huddl$ toge!r4 ,bel[ 0 ! /ore ( wat]1 ( cur$ trepang1 & ! sailors' b]?s4 ,ea* boat 0 furni%$ ) two rudd]s1 "o at ea* end1 :i* lift$ itself :5 ! boat t\*$ ! bottom4 ,! craft 0 furni%$ ) two ma/s1 )\t %r\ds1 :i* c\ld be l[]$ on to ! bridge at w by means ( a h+e2 !y c>ry ! ord9>y sail2 ! an*ors are ( wood1 = iron is r>ely us$ by ! ,malays2 _! cables are made ( ratan fibre2 ! crew ( ea* b>k consi/s ( ab\t ?irty-sev51 ea* %ore-boat hav+ a crew ( six m54 ,at ! mom5t ( our visit !y 7 all occupi$ 9 fi%+ op]ations1 "s ( !m be+ an*or$ v ne> to u4 ,sev5 or eight ( _! numb]1 ne>ly nak$1 7 div+ = trepang2 ! padrone alone 0 unoccupi$4 ,an ard5t sun d>t$ 8 rays ^u _! heads )\t appe>+ to incommode !m1 an exposure :i* no ,european c\ld hold up "u4 ,x 0 ne> mid-day1 & ! mom5t1 z our ,malay capta9 assur$ u1 mo/ fav\rable = ! fi%+4 ,9 fact1 we saw t ea* div] return$ to ! surface ) at lea/ "o animal1 & sometimes two1 9 8 h&s4 ,x appe>s t ! high] ! sun is above ! horizon1 ! m easily is ! creature di/+ui%$ at ! bottom4 ,! div]s 7 s rapid 9 _! movem5ts1 t !y sc>cely t\*$ ! boat1 into :i* !y ?rew ! animals1 be=e !y div$ aga94 ,:5 ! boat 0 fill$ ) !m1 x proce$$ to ! %ore1 & its place 0 suppli$ by an empty "o4 ,i foll[$ "o ( ^!1 to witness ! process ( cur+ :i* !y adopt$4 ,! ,holo?uria ( ,raffles' ,bay is f five to six in*es long & ab\t two 9 diamet]2 x is a gross fle%y mass1 some:at cyl9drical 9 =m1 b no ext]nal organ is visible4 ,! mollusc glues itself to ! rocks at ! bottom ( ! sea1 &1 z x c only move v sl[ly1 ! ,malay div]s seize x readily4 ,! greate/ m]it ( a fi%]man is to h a practis$ eye1 to di/+ui% ! animal at ! bottom1 & to dive directly to ! spot :]e x lies4 ,to pres]ve !m1 ! fi%]m5 ?r[ !m1 :ile /ill liv+1 into a cauldron ( boil+ sea wat]1 :]e !y are /irr$ ab\t by means ( a long pole1 :i* is support$ ^u ano!r pole fix$ 9 ! e>?1 b hav+ a =k$ end1 :i* acts z a lev]4 ,9 ?is process ! trepang gives up all ! wat] x conta9s1 & is )drawn at ! end ( two m9utes4 ,a man arm$ ) a l>ge knife n[ extracts ! entrails1 & x is ?r[n into a second cauldron1 hav+ only a small quantity ( wat]1 season$ ) mimosa b>k4 ,! object ( ?is second op]ation is to smoke ! animal 9 ord] to pres]ve x ! bett]1 = ! b>k is consum$ 9 ! process4 ,! trepang is n[ plac$ ^u hurdles & dri$ 9 ! sun4 ,:5 suffici5tly dri$1 x is /[$ away 9 ! hold ( ! proa4 ,x 0 ab\t two o'clock 9 ! aft]noon :5 ! div]s ceas$ _! lab\rs & came a%ore4 ,my t5t 0 soon surr\nd$4 ,i recogniz$ ! capta9 ( ! proa among ^? :o _h previ\sly visit$ me4 ,he approa*$ & exam9$ all ! in/rum5ts us$ 9 ! ,obs]vatory ) great att5tion1 seek+ to discov] _! use4 ,i %[$ him a gun ) p]cussion cap1 :i* a/oni%$ him greatly1 especially :5 ,i po9t$ out to him its great sup]iority ov] ! fl9t-lock4 ,he assur$ me t ^! arms 7 /ill unkn[n 9 ! ,celebes1 8 c\ntry2 b he fail$ to conv9ce me ( t4 ,he que/ion$ me z to ! places we _h visit$1 & :]e we 7 go+4 ,i endeav\r$ to sket* a map ( ,new ,holl&1 ,new ,zeal&1 & ,new ,gu9ea ^u a leaf4 ,he !n took my p5cil1 & add$ to x ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 ! coa/s ( ,*9a & ,japan1 & ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s4 ,surpris$ 9 my turn1 ,i ask$ him if he _h visit$ all ^! places4 ,he repli$ 9 ! negative2 b add$ t he knew _! position p]fectly1 & c\ld easily take 8 vessel to any ( !m4 ,f9ally1 ! int]view t]m9at$ by 8 ask+ = a glass ( arrack4 ,i d n "k if ?is intellig5t ,malay pr(ess$ ! ,mahometan religion1 b ,i d "k t he drank half a bottle ( w9e & a qu>t] ( a p9t ( arrack )\t be+ at all ! worse = x4 ,he !n (f]$ me "s prep>$ trepang1 invit+ me to ta/e x1 :i* ,i did2 to me x appe>$ to resemble ! lob/] 9 ta/e4 ,my m5 lik$ x1 & ?ankfully accept$ ! capta9's (f]2 = my "p1 ,i felt an utt] repugnance ev5 to ta/e x4 ,accord+ to ! acc\nt ,i _h f ! ,malay capta91 ! price ( trepang 9 ! ,*9ese m>kets 0 fifte5 rupees1 ab\t ?irty %ill+s ! pek\l1 or a hundr$ & tw5ty-five p\nds4 ,he e/imat$ 8 c>go to be wor? ab\t a hundr$ & tw5ty p\nds4 ,! fi%+ _h occupi$ him & 8 crew ?ree mon?s4 ,f ! e>lie/ times ?is comm]ce has belong$ exclusively to ! ,malay fi%]m51 & x w always be difficult = ,europeans to compete ) !m4 ,! ,malay vessels are equipp$ on ! mo/ economical pr9ciple1 & ! m5 are want+ nei!r 9 sobriety1 intellig5ce1 or activity4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xi4--,synapta ,duv]na4 7,quatrefages47 ,x 0 ne>ly f\r o'clock :5 ! ,malays f9i%$ _! op]ations4 ,9 less ?an half an h\r !y _h emb>k$ _! c>go2 ! t5ts 7 /ruck1 &1 toge!r ) ! boil]s1 c>ri$ back to ! boats1 :i* 7 already prep>+ to set sail4 ,at eight o'clock 9 ! ev5+ !y hoi/$ sail & left ! bay4 ,"s idea may be =m$ ( ! ext5t & importance ( ! ,holo?uria fi%+ by ! numb] ( %ips :i* x attracts 9 ?is "p ( ! ,ea/4 ,capta9 ,k+ assures u t two hundr$ vessels annually leave ,madagasc> to fi% = ! sea slug1 z x is sometimes call$4 ,capta9 ,fl9d]s1 be+ on ! coa/ ( ,au/ralia1 le>nt t a fleet ( sixty vessels1 hav+ a hundr$ m5 on bo>d1 _h left ,madagasc> two mon?s previ\sly 9 ! same pursuit4 ,among ! ,holo?urias1 "o p>ticul> g5us1 ! ,synapta1 is di/+ui%$ f o!rs ( ! family by ! abs5ce ( ! ambulacral feet1 & by ! fact ( its unit+ bo? sexes 9 "o individual4 ,?is rem>kable ,e*9od]m1 ,synapta duv]na1 is repres5t$ 9 ,,pl4 ,,xi4 ,m4 ,quatrefages1 :o discov]$ x 9 ! ,*annel1 gives ! foll[+ description ( x 9 8 great "w1 ,le ,s\v5irs d'un ,naturali/e4 ,imag9e1 he says1 a cyl9d] ( rose-col\r$ cry/al1 z mu* z eighte5 in*es long & m ?an an in* 9 diamet]1 trav]s$ 9 all its l5g? by five n>r[ ribbons ( :ite silk1 & its head surm\nt$ by a liv+ fl[]1 ^: twelve t5tacles ( pure/ :ite fall beh9d 9 a graceful curve4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ^! tissues1 :i* rival 9 _! delicacy ! mo/ ref9$ products ( ! loom1 imag9e an inte/9e ( ! ?9ne/ gauze gorg$ f "o end to ! o!r ) co>se gra9s ( granite1 ! rugg$ po9ts & %>p edge ( :i* are p]fectly p]ceptible to ! nak$ eye4 ,b :at mo/ /ruck me at fir/ 9 ?is animal 01 t x seem$ lit]ally to h no o!r n\ri%m5t ?an ! co>se s& by :i* x 0 surr\nd$4 ,& !n :51 arm$ ) scalpel & microscope1 ,i asc]ta9$ some?+ ( its organisation1 :at unhe>d-( m>vels 7 reveal$6 ,9 ?is body1 ! walls ( :i* sc>cely rea* ! sixte5? "p ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 ,i c\ld di/+ui% sev5 di/9ct lay]s ( tissue1 ) a sk91 muscles1 & membranes4 ,^u ! petaloid t5tacles ,i c\ld trace t]m9al suck]s1 :i* enabl$ ! ,synapta to crawl up ! side ( a mo/ highly poli%$ vase4 ,9 %ort1 ?is creature1 d5ud$ to all appe>ance ( e means ( attack or def5ce1 %[$ itself to be protect$ by a species ( mosaic1 =m$ ( small calc>e\s %ield-l def5ces1 bri/l+ ) d\ble hooks1 ! po9ts ( :i*1 d5tat$ l ! arr[s ( ! ,c>ibbeans1 _h tak5 hold ( my h&s4 ,if "o ( ^! ,synapta is pres]v$ alive 9 sea-wat] = a %ort "t1 & subject$ to a =c$ fa/1 a v /range ph5om5on w be obs]v$4 ,! animal1 be+ unable to fe$ itself1 successively deta*es v>i\s p>ts ( its own body1 :i* x amputates spontane\sly4 ,a great compression or r+ is fir/ =m$1 & !n ! sep>ation ( ! condemn$ "p takes place q sudd5ly4 ,x w\ld appe>1 says ,m4 ,quatrefages1 t ! animal1 feel+ t x _h n suffici5t food to support its :ole body1 0 able successively to abridge its dim5sions1 by suppress+ ! p>ts :i* x w\ld be mo/ difficult to support1 j z we %\ld dismiss ! mo/ useless m\?s f a besieg$ city4 ,?is s+ul> mode ( meet+ a fam9e is employ$ by ! ,synapta up to ! la/ mom5t4 ,aft] a few days1 9 fact1 all t rema9s ( ! animal is a r\nd ball1 surm\nt$ by its t5tacles4 ,9 ord] to pres]ve life 9 ! head1 ! animal has sacrific$ all ! o!r p>ts ( its body4 ,9 ord] to f9d natural novelties--to f9d un=ese5 subjects ( /udy & reflection1 x is n necess>y to run ov] ! _w or travel great di/ances4 ,x is only necess>y to visit ! banks ( ! ne>e/ riv]1 or desc5d to ! sea %ore1 & leave ! sea to reveal a fragm5t ( ! m>vels :i* x conceals 9 its bosom4 ,,mollusca4 ,! class ,mollusca--pulpy animals--=ms a gr& division :i* man has be5 pleas$ to make 9 ! animal k+dom1 & imm$iately bel[ ! ,v]tebrata & above ! ,annulosa1 :i* aga9 /& above ! ,coel5t]ata1 :i* includes ! polyps1 sea-anemones1 hydras1 & corals1 :i* la/ are m highly organiz$ ?an ! ,protozoa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abj4 ,p4 ,c4 ,mollusca4 ,! ,mollusca may be divid$ into two gr\ps1 ! ,mollusca prop] & ! ,molluscoda4 ,! mollusc prop]1 z repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #abj1 pres5ts ! foll[+ p>ts1 & is suppos$ to be bilat]ally symmetrical1 ,h1 is ! hmal p>ts1 9 :i* ! he>t is situat$1 commonly call$ ! dorsal "p1 al?\gh ! ^w is us$ 9 a diff]5t s5se 9 diff]5t divisions ( ! animal k+dom4 ,9 ! same mann] ! opposite region 7,n7 is n t]m$ ! v5tral1 b ! neural "p1 9 philosophical anatomy4 ,x is ! region 9 :i* ! great c5tres ( ! n]v\s sy/em are plac$4 ,! t]m9ation 7a7 is ! ant]ior or oval "p2 ! o!r end 7b71 ! po/]ior or anal "p3 betwe5 ^! extremities ! inte/9es take a /raight c\rse4 ,! neural surface is t ^u :i* ! majority ( molluscs move1 & by :i* !y are support$1 & x is commonly modifi$ to subs]ve ^! purposes by ! =mation ( a muscul> expansion or disk1 call$ ! foot4 ,?ree regions1 9 _m g5]a v di/9ctly divid$ f "o ano!r1 may be di/+ui%$ 9 ?is foot3 an ant]ior1 ! ,propodium 7p p72 a middle1 ! ,mesopodium 7m s72 & a po/]ior1 ! ,metapodium 7m t74 ,9 addition to ^!1 ! upp] "p ( ! foot1 or middle portion ( ! body1 may be prolong$ into a muscul> enl>gem5t on ea* side1 j bel[ ! junction ( ! hmal ) ! neural region1 ! ,epipodium 7e p74 ,! mass ( ! body betwe5 ! foot prop] & ! "p ( ! abdom5 :i* be>s ! epipodium may be t]m$ ! mid-body1 or ,mesosoma4 ,on ! upp] "p ( ! sides ( ! head are two pairs ( organs1 namely1 ! eyes & t5tacles4 ,9 ! hmal region ! integum5t may be modifi$ & rais$ up into a fold at ! edges1 ei!r 9 front or beh9d ! anus4 ,:5 s modifi$1 x is call$ a mantle1 ,pallium4 ,9 front ( ! anus aga91 ! bran*i 7t7 project z processes ( ! hmal region4 ,among ! int]nal organs1 ! he>t 7u v7 lies 9 front ( ! bran*i 9 ! hmal regions1 ! n]v\s ganglia 7x y z71 ( :i* !re are ?ree pr9cipal pairs1 be+ arrang$ ar\nd ! alim5t>y canal1 :i* !y encircle4 ,su* is ! g5]al type ( ! class ,mollusca1 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 ! v>iations are innum]able4 ,!y are all s(t-sk9n$ animals1 )\t ei!r articulat$ ext]ior or annul> ext]nal skeleton4 ,_! n]v\s sy/em1 be+ )\t c]ebro-sp9al axis1 is entirely compos$ ( ganglions1 :i* are all reunit$ 9 ! oesophagus )\t con/itut+ 9 any case a l5g!n$ m$ian *a94 ,_! dige/ive organs are complete--t is1 !y are provid$ ) two ap]tures2 _! pr9cipal organs are symmetrical & accord+ to a plan1 usually curv+1 by :i* _! bodies are divid$ into two p>ts4 ,! fir/ s]ies or subdivision1 to :i* ,milne ,edw>ds has giv5 ! "n ( ,molluscoda1 includes "u t t]m ! ,bryozoaires1 ,ascidians1 & ,tunicata4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,mollusco,,da4 ,! ,bryozoaires1 or ,polyzoa1 z ,briti% naturali/s pref] to call !m1 =m ! b\nd>y-l9e :i* divides ! humble mollusc f ! humbl] zoophytes4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is int]m$iate organization1 ^! creatures 7 long consid]$ z polyps2 b ,de ,bla9ville1 ,milne ,edw>ds1 & ,ehr5b]g1 almo/ simultane\sly began to sep>ate !m f ! molluscs1 & =m !m into a sep>ate gr\p4 ,subsequ5t naturali/s1 :ile consid]+ ! ,molluscoda z truly & :olly mollusc\s1 admit t ! di/9ction propos$ by ! ,fr5* naturali/s is mo/ important1 & %\ld be reta9$ z a prim>y subdivision1 conf9+ x to ^? molluscs :i* h ! neural region comp>atively little develop$1 & ! n]v\s sy/em r$uc$ to a s+le or at mo/ a pair ( ganglia1 & ! m\? surr\nd$ by a m or less p]fect circle ( t5tacles3 an arrangem5t :i* w\ld include ! ,bra*iopoda ) ! ,polyzoa4 ,m>9e plants are sometimes obs]v$ to be q cov]$ ) a velvety p>asitic matt]1 :i* may at a fir/ glance be mi/ak5 = a moss4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is simply an aggregation ( animalcules1 ea* ( :i* has its sep>ate cell1 :i* is plac$ q contigu\s to its neighb\r4 ,^! little creatures are ?us entirely di/9ct4 ,ea* cell is =m$ by ! sk91 :i* has be5 encru/$ by calc>e\s salts1 or o!r organic matt]1 h>d5$ aft] ! mann] ( a horn4 ,?is k9d ( %ell protects ! animal f ! attacks ( its enemies4 ,?is mode ( retreat at ! bottom ( a protect+ %elt] is v frequ5tly adopt$ 9 ! :ole s]ies ( molluscs4 ,! oy/] %uts itself up by clos+ its valves1 & ! snail retires into its %ell4 ,?is assemblage ( small cells pres5t$ by ! ,bryozoaires has long be5 kn[n z a coral4 ,we propose1 says our au?or1 ) v good reasons1 to call x a ,te/i]1 or %ell-build]4 ,?is te/i]1 9 :i* ea* %ell has its op5+1 is furni%$ ) a nak$ cu%ion1 d5tate1 sp9\s1 or protect$ by an op]culum or lid1 & pres5ts itself "u e v>iety ( =m4 ,x is sometimes an assemblage ( bran*+ tubes1 occasionally a r\nd$ mass ( spongy appe>ance1 & n[ x pres5ts itself z a flat lamelli=m in>ticulat$ expansion4 ,9 "s ( ! m>9e species ! %ell ( ! mussel is cov]$ z ) a f9e lace4 ,x is a rem>kable fact t ^! cells are n always in]t4 ,!y seem to enjoy ! p[] ( motion4 ,x is well kn[n t ! leaves & bran*es ( ! s5sitive plant 7,mimosa7 contract & exp& "u ! t\* ( ! f+]2 ! same ph5om5on1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,rym] ,jones1 takes place on t\*+ ! cells ( c]ta9 species ( ,bryozoaires4 ,! mom5t !y are t\*$ !y quickly incl9e !mselves2 & ! movem5t is imm$iately communicat$ f "o to ! o!r1 until all ! cells ( ! community are 9 motion4 ,return+ to ! organization ( ! little creature :i* occupies ! cell1 x is f\nd t ! upp] & retractile portion1 :i* is ( extreme delicacy1 t]m9ates ant]iorly 9 a circle ( long t5tacles1 9 ! c5tre ( :i* is ! m\?4 ,^! t5tacles are fr+$ lat]ally by a s]ies ( vibratile cilia4 ,:5 ! animal displays itself1 says ,frdol1 ?is circle ( microscopic ?reads ( extreme t5uity fir/ %[ !mselves ris+ f ! summit ( ! cell2 ?is is foll[$ by ! upp] "p ( its body1 :i* is m or less flexible2 ! t5tacles foll[ betwe5 ! ?reads1 pu%+ !m on "o side4 ,^! t5tacles are furni%$ on ! back ) a doz5 app5dages l v f9e hairs1 atta*$ to !m ne>ly at "r angles1 9 addition to ! lat]al cilia already spok5 (1 :i* play a v important "p 9 ! arrangem5ts ( mo/ microscopic animals4 ,at ! mom5t :5 ! t5tacles appe> outside ! cell1 ! tunic ( ! animalcule1 :i* has ! p[] ( exp&+ or contract+ itself1 is gradually unroll$4 ,x soon spreads out its pretty little arms1 ! app5dages & cilia beg9n+ _! rapid vibrations1 until ! eye1 deceiv$ by ! rapidity & regul>ity ( _! movem5ts1 is dazzl$1 & ! behold] beg9s to ?9k t he sees rosy drops ( dew wav+ to & fro1 twi/+ & untwi/+ !mselves4 ,! corpuscles :i* float r\nd ! animal are viol5tly agitat$1 z if !y 7 "u ! influ5ce ( "s /rong breeze4 ,unhappy1 inde$1 is ! fate ( ! un=tunate infusoria :i* *ance leads at ?is mom5t into ! fatal circle4 ,9 _m species1 obs]v]s h discov]$ a special organ call$ ! vibracule1 :i* des]ves our att5tion = a mom5t4 ,x is a holl[ filam5t1 situat$ at ! upp] & out] angle ( ea* cell1 fill$ ) a sub/ance :i* is at once fibr\s & contractile1 admitt+ ( "s v rem>kable movem5ts1 :i* occur regul>ly1 & g5]ally at v %ort int]vals4 ,at fir/ ! filam5t incl9es itself t[>ds ! base1 trembles1 oscillates1 & seems to s9k2 pres5tly x recov]s itself1 & incl9es 9 ! opposite direction1 :]e x repeats ! same op]ation ) ! same ord] & 9 ! same "t4 ,:at are ! functions ?us p]=m$8 asks ,frdol4 ,are !y1 we w\ld ask1 indep5d5t up to a c]ta9 po9t ( ! w ( ! ,bryozoaire8 ,:at is _! purpose8 ,we ?9k he answ]s1 ,t ?is organ s]ves ! purpose ( cleans+1 & especially t ( /r5g!n+1 ! entrance to ! cell4 ,x ev5 cont9ues its movem5t aft] ! animal has be5 mutilat$ or kill$4 ,! poor sickly or dead creature cont9ues to be def5d$ by its protect+ vibracule4 ,! prey :i* is drawn into ! vortex by ! t5tacles & _! app5dages ent]s into ! m\?1 to :i* is atta*$ a ph>ynx1 oesophagus1 /oma*1 & inte/9es4 ,9 ! back or hmal region1 n f> f ! m\?1 !re is a special op5+ = ?is inte/9e4 ,respiration is provid$ = 9 ! ,bryozoaires by ! ciliate app5dages :i* surr\nd ! m\?2 !y are at once t5tacula & bran*i4 ,! animal pres5ts no o!r trace ( organs ( ! s5ses4 ,a small ganglion & a few fillets con/itute all ( ! n]v\s sy/em :i* c be trac$2 nei!r he>t nor blood-vessels h be5 f\nd4 ,! egg1 9 ! case ( ! ,bryozoaires1 gives bir? to a "y animal cov]$ ) hairs on its surface2 x swims ab\t freely until x has *os5 a conv5i5t place 9 :i* x c e/abli% ! new colony :i* x is to orig9ate4 ,b ?is *oice is n made = itself alone2 ! "y animal encloses "u its hairy envelope two new individuals1 :i*1 "y z !y are1 h already ! appe>ance ( adult ,bryozoaires4 ,at fir/1 ^! only increase ! numb] ( ! colony by budd+1 b 9 a %ort "t !y produce eggs4 ,f ^! rem>ks x w be se5 t ! animals ( ! ,bryozoaires are m complex 9 _! =m & functions ?an ^? ( ! coral1 & ! /udy ( _! anatomy confirms ?is conclusion4 ,9 _! case ! dige/ive organs are no long] a simple sac ) a s+le orifice2 !re is a m\?1 a ph>ynx1 a gullet1 a gizz>d1 a membran\s /oma* & inte/9es1 ) a special op5+4 ,we h descriptions ( "s species 9 :i* ! gizz>d seems to be provid$ ) a c]ta9 numb] ( int]ior tee? =m+ a wond]ful pavem5t--a liv+ mill = ! purpose ( gr9d+ ! food be=e x ent]s into ! second /oma*4 ,! organization ( ?is small creature reveals to our eyes a wond]ful am\nt ( comb9ation--( admirable art immeasurably surpass+ all t ! mo/ p]fect human indu/ry & human g5ius c accompli%4 ,aft] ?is g5]al view ( ! organization ( ! gr\p1 we %all proce$ to introduce ! read] to "s ( _! m *>act]i/ic species4 ,"u ! leaves ( wat]-lilies 7,nymphea71 pond-we$ 7,potamogeton71 or ^u float+ fragm5ts ( subm]g$ wood1 are g5]ally to be f\nd c]ta9 ,bryozoaires1 animals describ$ by ,trembley "u ! "n ( plum$ polyps4 ,^! are ,plumatell 7,fig4 #aba74 ,^! little diaphan\s creatures con/itute colonies :i* "u ! microscope resemble small bran*+ %rubs2 !y consi/ ( small sl5d] tubes graft$ "o to ! o!r1 & hav+ f =ty to sixty retractile t5tacula1 :i* exp& l ! petals ( a fl[]2 !y are furni%$ ) vibratile cilia1 ! movem5ts ( :i* s]ve ! purpose ( lead+ food into ! m\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aba4 ,plumatella cri/all9a magnifi$ 7aft] ,roesel74 ,ano!r g5us1 :i* is f\nd 9 ponds 9 ,france1 & :i* is also f\nd 9 fre% wat] 9 ,brita91 is ! ,cri/atella ( ,cuvi]4 ,p]fect specim5s ( ,c4 muc$o occur f six l9es to tw5ty-f\r 9 l5g? by two or ?ree 9 bread?1 says ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,dalyel1 ( a flatt5$ figure1 f9e transluc5t gre5 col\r1 & fle%y consi/5ce4 ,"s ( ! %ort] t5d to an elliptical =m1 b ^? ( l>g] dim5sions are l9e>1 ) p>allel sides1 & curv$ extremities4 ,! middle ( ! upp] & ! :ole ( ! "u surface are smoo?1 ! =m] some:at convex1 occasion$ by a bord] ( sev5ty or eighty1 ev5 up to ?ree hundr$ & fifty1 individual polypi1 disp]s$ 9 a triple r[1 _! numb] dep5d+ entirely on ! size ( ! specim54 ,ea* ( ^! num]\s polypi1 ?\gh an integral portion ( ! common mass1 is a di/9ct animal1 end[$ ) sep>ate action & s5sation4 ,! body ris+ ab\t a l9e above a tubul> fle%y /em1 is cr[n$ by a head1 :i* may be circumscrib$ by a circle z mu* 9 diamet]1 ( a horse-%oe %ape1 & bord]$ by a hundr$ t5tacula4 ,t[>ds "o side1 ! m\?1 ( s+ul> me*anism1 seems to h project+ lips & to op5 z a valve1 :i* folds up )91 convey+ ! p>ticles :i* are absorb$ to ! wide orifice ( an inte/9al organ1 :i* desc5ds1 p]haps1 9 a convolution bel[2 & returns aga91 t]m9at+ 9 an excretory canal "u ! site ( ! t5tacula4 ,! inhabitants ( ! colony are !n unit$ 9 great numb]s "u "o common envelope2 ^! are longi% filam5ts ( ! size ( a swan's fea!r1 rem9d+ "o ( ! appe>ance ( ! silk ?read kn[n by embroid]]s z *5ille4 ,! d[ny appe>ance is produc$ by ! collection ( t5tacula belong+ to ?is curi\s sw>m4 ,! filam5t\s mass is ! transluc5t r[ ( cells 9 :i* ^! animalcules are lodg$1 & to :i* !y retreat :5 di/urb$4 ,^! cells are sometimes free 9 "p1 sometimes completely root$ to ! /ems ( aquatic plants4 ,! t5tacles are ( a f9e transp>5t glass col\r1 ! body be+ ( a br[n col\r4 ,fig4 #abb repres5ts ,cri/atella muc$o1 :i* is common bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,france4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abb4 ,cri/atella muc$o 7,cuvi]74 ,mo/ naturali/s h n[ agre$ to place among ! ,bryozoa c]ta9 species ( animalcules :i* long rema9$ imp]fectly kn[n4 ,among/ ^! are ! ,flu/ra1 ! ,es*>a1 & o!r ascidians4 ,! ,flu/ra are m>9e ,bryozoa1 ^: sk9 9 h>d5+ =ms a ?9 %ell ( horny or cellul> appe>ance2 _! little cells1 m or less horny1 are gr\p$ symmetrically1 some:at l ! cells 9 a bee-hive4 ,sometimes !y =m a cru/ :i* cov]s ! alg & o!r subm>9e bodies2 sometimes !y =m ribbon-l /ems4 ,9 "s species ! cells are only f\nd on "o side2 9 o!rs !y occupy bo?4 ,_! orifices are extremely small1 & def5d$ by sp9es q microscopic 7,fig4 #abc74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abc4 ,flu/ra foliacea 7,l9nu74 ,_! t5tacles are cov]$ ) cilia1 always vibratile1 dispos$ 9 a /raight l9e1 :i* 9 _! movem5ts produce ! effect :i* a r[ ( animat$ pe>ls might be suppos$ to produce if roll$ upw>ds f ! base to ! summit ( ! organ4 ,! ,es*>a =m leaf-l expansions1 ! entrance to _! cells hav+ also _! protect+ sp9es4 ,! expansions /ill repres5t microscopic bee-hives1 ! inhabitants ( :i* enjoy at once a common & an indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,z x is ) ! corals1 s x is "h2 ea* eats = ! b5efit ( itself & = ! community4 ,lab\r & nutrition = ! community1 lab\r & food = itself4 ,,tunicata4 ,on see+ "o ( ! ,tunicata = ! fir/ "t1 a /rang] to zoology w\ld sc>cely take !m = animals at all4 ,almo/ always atta*$ to subm>9e rocks1 ^! be+s h ! =m ( a simple sac4 ,_! sk91 gelat9\s1 horny1 or rock-l1 is at times cov]$ ) m>9e plants & polyps4 ,!y h nei!r arms1 nor feet1 nor head4 ,b !n !y h a m\?1 plac$ at ! entrance ( a dige/ive tube1 &1 9 connection ) ! latt]1 a special op5+ int5d$ = evacuations4 ,! m\? is prec$$ by a great cavity1 ! walls ( :i* are cov]$ ) vessels2 = ?is cavity is ! seat ( respiration1 & is cov]$ ) vibratile cilia4 ,?us ! same canal s]ves fir/ = respiration1 & !n1 f>!r on1 = dige/ion3 ano!r in/ance ( ! economy ( ,nature4 ,ano!r rem>kable in/ance ( circulation is f\nd3 !y h a he>t1 b no head4 ,?is he>t is ! c5tre ( a well-develop$ vascul> sy/em1 b v unlike :at usually obta9s4 ,! blood :i* trav]ses x takes su* a c\rse1 t1 9 ! space ( a v few m9utes1 ! he>t *anges its aurical into v5trical & its v5trical into aurical blood4 ,at ! same "t ! art]ies are *ang$ into ve9s & ! ve9s into art]ies4 ,! consequ5ce is1 t ! curr5t :i* trav]ses ^! canals *anges its direction ) ea* contraction ( ! he>t4 ,simple z is _! organization1 ! ,tunicata h a n]v\s sy/em4 ,x is an unique ganglion1 connect$ ) div]s small fillets4 ,! organs ( s5sation pres5t !mselves 9 a v rudim5t>y fa%ion4 ,we f9d eyes1 &1 aft] v m9ute se>*1 a s+le e> has be5 f\nd4 ,!y are propagat$ by budd+1 & also f eggs4 ,! "y are subject to "s v curi\s metamorphoses1 "s p>ticul>s ( :i* w be giv5 f>!r on4 ,! ,tunicata are divid$ into ,ascidia & ,salpa1 to :i* "s naturali/s add ! ,bra*iopoda4 ,,ascidians4 ,! ,ascidia1 f ! ,greek ^w 1 lea!r bottle1 h1 z ! "n indicates1 ! %ape ( a bottle or purse4 ,! analogy becomes m evid5t :5 x is consid]$ t ^! creatures are habitually fill$ ) wat]1 :i* c be expell$ by v slight pressure4 ,! ,ascidians are sometimes free1 sometimes unit$ to o!rs 9 a mann] m or less intimate4 ,h5ce _! division into ! ?ree gr\ps ( simple1 social1 & composite ,ascidians4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abd4 ,ascidia microcosmus 7,cuvi]74 ,simple ,ascidians atta* !mselves1 ea* individual s+ly1 to rocks & o!r subm>9e bodies1 & g5]ally at a fix$ dep?4 ,ascidia microcosmus a ,m$it]ranean species1 repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #abd1 may be quot$ z a type ( ?is division ( ,ascidians4 ,! "n ( ,microcosmus1 or ! little _w1 is probably giv5 f its be+ inhabit$ by q an animat$ colony ( alg & corals1 :i* dwell ^u its surface1 & give x a v peculi>1 b n v attractive1 appe>ance4 ,! flav\r ( ^! molluscoids is v /rong1 :i* does n1 h[ev]1 h9d] ! poor] dwell]s on ! sea %ore f eat+ !m4 ,! g5us ,phallusia is ano!r type ( ! gr\p4 ,phallusia grossul>ia is ( a r$di% col\r1 & ab\t ! size ( a currant-b]ry3 x usually lodges itself 9 ! oy/]s ( c]ta9 localities4 ,at ,o/5d ano!r species1 ,phallusia ampullodes1 is f\nd 9 prodigi\s quantities 9 ! oy/] p>ks1 & is p>asitic on liv+ lob/]s4 ,social ,ascidians compreh5d liv+ ,tunicata1 connect$ toge!r on a common prolongation by ! roots1 b free & unconnect$ 9 all o!r respects4 ,ascidia p$unculata 7,fig4 #abe7 may be quot$ z an example4 ,! ,composite ,ascidians are /ill m intimately associat$ toge!r2 a great numb] ( ^! little be+s live toge!r 9 a s+le mass4 ,su* are ! ,botryllus & ! ,pyrosoma4 ,! ,botryllus is a g5]a ! mo/ int]e/+ ( all ! gr\ps "u consid]ation4 ,only imag9e f t5 to tw5ty individuals1 oval 9 =m1 m or less flatt5$1 adh]+ by _! dorsal surface to "s subm>9e body1 & hold+ on by _! sides1 s z to =m a sort ( :eel4 ,:5 we excite "o ( ! bran*es1 says ,frdol1 a s+le mollusc contracts itself2 :5 we t\* ! c5tre1 !y all seem to contract !mselves 7,cuvi]74 ,! buccal orifice is at ! out] extremity ( ! radius2 b ! inte/9al t]m9ations abut on ! common cavity1 :i* occupies ! c5tre ( ! :eel4 ,"h we behold c]ta9 animals :i* eat sep>ately1 b :i* fulfil toge!r z a community v s+ul> functions--a k9d ( union & communism ( :i* ! moral _w pres5ts no prototype4 ,) our molluscs1 9 place ( two individuals unit$1 we h a score4 ,we may consid] ! entire /> z "o s+le animal ) _m m\?s4 ,b !n1 we h ) x a luxury ( organs = ! function ( intellig5ce :i* seeks & *ooses1 & p>simony ( ! organ ( /upidity1 :i* nei!r seeks nor *ooses4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abe4 ,ascidia p$unculata 7,milne ,edw>ds74 ,:ile ! ,botryllus is fix$ & adh]5t1 ! ,pyrosoma1 on ! contr>y1 is p]fectly free4 ,! animal colony :i* con/itutes x floats & balances itself ^u ! wat]s1 l ! sea-p5 or ! physalia1 ( :i* we h spok5 9 treat+ ( ! zoophytes4 ,! "n ,pyrosoma has be5 giv5 to ^! animals 9 consequ5ce ( _! brilliant phosphoresc5t prop]ties4 ,accord+ to ! obs]vations ( ,pron & ,lesueur1 no?+ c exce$ ! brilliant & dazzl+ light emitt$ 9 ! bosom ( ! ocean by ^! animals4 ,f ! mann] 9 :i* ! coloni/s dispose !mselves1 !y =m occasionally long tra9s ( fire2 b x is a s+ul> fact t ?is phosphoresc5ce pres5ts ! same curi\s *>act]i/ics t di/+ui% ! cilia ( ! ,b]o2 namely1 t ! col\rs v>y in/antane\sly1 pass+ ) wond]ful rapidity f ! mo/ int5se r$ to yell[1 f gold5 col\r to orange1 to gre51 or to azure blue4 ,von ,humboldt saw a flock ( ^! brilliant liv+ colonies float+ by ! side ( 8 %ip1 & project+ circles ( light hav+ a radius ( n less ?an tw5ty in*es 9 diamet]4 ,he c\ld see by ?is light ! fi%es :i* foll[$ ! %ip's track1 dur+ _m days1 at ! dep? ( f two to ?ree fa?oms4 ,bibra1 a ,brazilian navigator1 hav+ caught six ,pyrosoma1 employ$ !m to light up 8 cab94 ,! light produc$ by ^! little creatures 0 s bright1 t he c\ld read to "o ( 8 fri5ds ! description he _h writt5 ( ^! 8 liv+ tor*es4 ,?ree species ( ,pyrosoma are kn[n2 namely1 ,p4 elegans1 two or ?ree in*es 9 l5g?1 :i* inhabits ! ,m$it]ranean2 ,p4 giganteum1 :i* is f\nd 9 ! same sea4 ,x is a long blui% cyl9d]1 bri/l+ ) tub]cles1 ea* ( :i* is ! abode ( an animal1 a citiz5 ( ?is mov+ republic1 & is atta*$ to its colleagues by means ( its gelat9\s envelope3 an alliance impos$ by inexorable ,nature--a =c$ species ( socialism4 ,! ?ird species1 ,p4 atlanticum1 0 discov]$ by ,pron & ,lesueur 9 ! ,equatorial seas4 ,^! curi\s ,ascidians are s creat$ 9 r+s z to con/itute a long f9e cyl9drical tube1 clos$ at "o end & op5 at ! o!r4 ,by ! contraction & dilatation ( ! mass ( be+s1 ?is great cyl9d] swims sl[ly ?r\gh ! op5 sea1 light+ up ! ocean ) its phosphoresc5t light1 %9+ ?r\gh ! wat] l a gl[+ fire4 ,mr4 ,b5net ?us describes "o ( ^! pelagic appe>ances3 ,on ! #h? ( ,june1 be+ !n 9 lat4 #cj ,s4 & #bg #e' ,w4 long41 hav+ f9e wea!r & a fre% s\?-ea/]ly trade-w9d1 & ! !rmomet] rang+ f #gh to #hd1 late at night ! mate ( ! wat* call$ me to witness a v unusual appe>ance 9 ! wat]4 ,?is 0 a broad & ext5sive %eet ( phosphoresc5ce ext5d+ f ea/ to we/ z f> z ! eye c\ld rea*4 ,i imm$iately ca/ ! t[+-net ov] ! /]n ( ! %ip1 :i* soon cleav$ ?r\gh ! brilliant mass1 ! di/urbance caus+ /rong fla%es ( light to be emitt$1 & ! %oal1 judg+ f ! "t ! vessel took 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! mass1 may h be5 a mile 9 bread?4 ,on tak+ 9 ! t[+-net1 x 0 f\nd half fill$ ) ,pyrosoma atlanticum1 :i* %one ) a beautiful pale gre5i% light4 ,aft] ! mass _h be5 pass$ ?r\gh by ! %ip1 ! light 0 /ill se5 a/]n1 until x became invisible 9 ! di/ance1 & ! ocean became hidd5 9 ! d>kness z be=e ?is took place4 ,! second occasion ( my meet+ ^! creatures 0 9 a high latitude1 & dur+ ! w9t] season4 ,x 0 on ! #ai? ( ,augu/1 ! wea!r d>k & gloomy1 ) light breezes f nor?-nor!a/1 9 lat4 #dj #cj' ,s41 & #ach #c' ,e4 long41 at ! we/]n entrance to ,bass's ,/raits1 & ab\t #h o'clock p4m41 :5 ! %ip's wake 0 p]ceiv$ to be lum9\s1 :ile sc9tillations ( ! same light 7 abundant all r\nd4 ,to asc]ta9 ! cause1 ,i ?rew ! t[+-net ov]bo>d1 & 9 tw5ty m9utes succe$$ 9 captur+ sev]al ,pyrosoma1 :i* gave out _! usual pale gre5 light2 & x 01 no d\bt1 deta*$ gr\ps ( ^! animals :i* 7 ! occasion ( ! light 9 "q4 ,! beautiful light giv5 out by ^! molluscans soon ceas$ to be se52 b by mov+ !m ab\t x c\ld be reproduc$ = "s l5g? ( "t aft]4 ,! lum9osity ( ! wat] gradually decreas$ dur+ ! night1 & t[>d morn+ 0 no long] se54 ,! g5us ,salpa =ms ano!r int]e/+ gr\p ( ,tunicata4 ,! ,biphora or ,salpa 7,fig4 #abf7 are long transp>5t ?reads ( ! m delicate tissues1 compos$ ( r[s ( individuals plac$ side by side1 & graft$1 z x 71 transv]sely3 ribbons1 9 :i* ea* animal is graft$ end on end to its si/]3 d\ble p>allel *a9s ( social creatures1 sometimes alt]nate1 sometimes opposite2 liv+ *aplets1 ( :i* ea* pe>l is an individual4 ,ea* individual pres5ts an oblong diaphan\s or prismatic body1 m or less symmetrical1 & (t5 furni%$ 9 front1 r>ely beh9d1 ) t5taculi=m app5dages4 ,s great is ! transp>5cy1 t ! v>i\s organs may be obs]v$ ?r\gh ! sk9 z !y p]=m _! sev]al functions4 ,momus1 an anci5t philosoph]1 ?\ght x a subject ( regret t ,nature _h n ?\ght ( pi]c+ ! body ) an op5+ suffici5tly l>ge = ea* "o to see :at 0 pass+ 9 ! int]ior4 ,! creature :i* n[ occupies our att5tion w\ld surely h satisfi$ ! dem&s ( our critic3 its body is1 metaphorically speak+1 a h\se ( glass4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abf4 ,salpa maxima magnifi$ 7,=sk74 ,9 ord] to move itself1 ! ,salpa has rec\rse to a s+ul> artifice4 ,x introduces wat] into its body ?r\gh a po/]ior op5+1 furni%$ ) a valve1 :i* x expels by an ant]ior outlet situat$ ne> ! m\?4 ,x is ?us pu%$ backw>ds1 & swims1 z x 71 by recoil4 ,moreov]1 x swims ) its belly upw>ds4 ,all ! elem5ts ( a *a9 ( ,salpas act 9 conc]t2 !y contract & dilate simultane\sly2 !y advance z a s+le individual4 ,"o ( !m floats on ! surface ) ! undulations ( a s]p5t1 s t among sailors !y h ga9$ ! appellation ( sea-s]p5ts4 ,^! long1 liv+ tra9s ab\nd 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 pr9cipally t[>ds ! ,african coa/1 & 9 ! ,equatorial seas4 ,!y are inhabitants ( ! op5 sea1 & live imm]g$ at consid]able dep?s2 b :5 ! nights are calm !y %[ !mselves on ! surface4 ,z !y spread !mselves abroad ) a /rong phosphoresc5t light1 !y resemble long ribbons ( fire1 unroll+ _! long wav+ l9es 9 spite ( ! waves1 z 9 ,fig4 #abg4 ,:at wond]s !y see :o g d[n into ! great deep6 ,:at sights are res]v$ = ! navigator :o trav]ses ! ,tropical seas dur+ ! sil5ce ( night6 ,:5 a *a9 ( ,salpas is drawn f ! wat]1 ! r+s sep>ate1 & !y c no long] be made to adh]e4 ,! social bond has be5 dissolv$ by a sup]ior =ce4 ,salpas are sometimes met )1 isolat$ & solit>y1 ^: ext]ior con=mation diff]s mu* f t :i* is prop] to ! connect$ ,salpa2 s diff]5t1 inde$1 t x might belong to ano!r type4 ,*amisso1 ,krohn1 & ,milne ,edw>ds h asc]ta9$ t ! ,biphora is vivip>\s1 & t ea* species is propogat$ by alt]nate g5]ation1 ! "y creature be+ unlike its imm$iate p>5t4 ,"o ( ^! g5]ations is repres5t$ by ! solit>y individuals1 ! o!r by an aggregation ( individuals4 ,ea* solit>y ,biphora eng5d]s a new gr\p--a *a92 ea* con/itut$ memb] ( ! *a9 eng5d]s a solit>y ,salpa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abg4 ,phosphoresc5t *a9 ( ,salpas on ! surface ( ! sea4 ,?us a ,salpa is n organiz$ l its "m or daught]1 b r l its si/]1 its gr&mo!r1 or gr&daught]--ano!r example ( alt]nate g5]ation1 :i* has already be5 discuss$ 9 treat+ ( zoophytes4 ,^? m>9e creatures :i* pass _! lives 9 a =c$ community--animals :i* eat1 sleep1 or re/ always 9 company--:o ab&on !mselves toge!r to ! s(t c>esses ( ! waves1--^! colonies1 or1 r1 republics ( animals1 lead+ con/antly ! same monoton\s exi/5ce1--reveal to u v /range ?+s3 an id5tical community ( s5tim5ts 9 a cr[d ( be+s rivet$ by ! same *a9--a *a9 at once physical1 intellectual1 & moral6 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,acephal\s ,,mollusca4 ,sigiliatim mortales1 cunctum p]petul4 ,,apuleius4 ,! ,mollusca prop] 7 divid$ by ,cuvi] into five great classes3-- ,i4 ,lamellibran*iata1 or ,acephal\s ,mollusca1 (t5 call$ ,con*if]a4 ,,ii4 ,bra*iopoda4 ,,iii4 ,ga/]opoda4 ,,iv4 ,pt]opoda4 ,v4 ,cephalopoda4 ,! "n ,mollusca indicates ! *>act]s :i* mo/ /ruck ! anci5ts3 !y are s(t--9 ,lat91 mollis3 _! fle% is cold1 humid1 & visc\s4 ,9 consequ5ce ( _! v s(tness1 !y are g5]ally furni%$ ) an app>atus ( def5ce or protection1 9 ! %ape ( a calc>e\s cuirass1 call$ a %ell4 ,accord+ to ! species ?is te/ is a coat ( mail1 a buckl]1 or a t[]4 ,! mollusc is ?us arm$ & def5d$ aga9/ all attacks f )\t1 ne>ly aft] ! mann] ( a knight ( ! middle ages2 only ! knight 0 n q %ut up 9 8 arm\r1 :ile ! mollusc is atta*$ to x by indissoluble organic bonds4 ,su* a life & su* a habitation6 says ,mi*elet4 ,9 no o!r creature is !re ! same id5tity betwe5 ! inhabitant & ! ne/4 ,drawn f its own sub/ance1 ! edifice is ! cont9uation ( its fle%y mantle4 ,x foll[s its =m & t9ts4 ,! ar*itect has communicat$ its own sub/ance to ! edifice4 ,! %ell ( ! ,mollusca has be5 v>i\sly appreciat$ by naturali/s4 ,we might reg>d ! %ell z ! bone ( ! animal :i* occupies x1 says a celebrat$ ,fr5* naturali/2 & !n gives expression to a v diff]5t view4 ,we may say z a g5]al !sis t te/ace\s molluscs are animals ) :om ossification is ?r[n out on ! ext]nal surface 9 place ( ! int]ior1 z 9 ! ,mammals1 birds1 reptiles1 & fi%es4 ,9 ! case ( ! sup]ior animals ! bones lie 9 ! dep?s ( ! body2 9 ! %ell$ ,mollusca ! bones are plac$ on ! sup]ficies4 ,x is ! same sy/em rev]s$4 ,o!r zoologi/s reject z altoge!r unt5able ?is assimilative !ory4 ,! %ell :i* s]ves z a dwell+ & a %elt] _c1 say ^! au?ors1 be consid]$ z a skeleton1 because x does n assume ! ext]nal =m ( ! animal2 because x does n atta* itself to ! organs ( locomotion2 &1 f9ally1 because x is ! product ( secretion1 :i* increases 9 proportion to ! developm5t ( ! body itself4 ,?is la/ op9ion appe>s to u to be ! mo/ acceptable4 ,h[ev] t may be1 f ! imm5se v>iety ( =m & size1 f ! beauty & brilliancy ( _! col\rs1 ! %ells ( ! molluscs are among ! mo/ attractive objects ( natural hi/ory4 ,nor is x f _! beauty alone t a f9e collection ( %ells becomes int]e/+3 a liv+ creature has inhabit$ ! %ell1 a creature :i* 9 its organization & its life1 above all1 by its habits1 excites 9 a high degree our int]e/1 curiosity1 & admiration4 ,x has be5 said t ! %ell is l a m$al /ruck by ! h& ( ,nature to commemorate climates4 ,9 %ort1 ! wat]s ( diff]5t regions ( ! globe1 :e!r fre% or salt1 are *>act]iz$ by ! pres5ce ( p>ticul> %ells2 moreov]1 ! comp>ison ( liv+ %ells ) ^? :i* lie 9 a fossiliz$ /ate buri$ 9 ! dep?s ( ! soil is a mo/ important elem5t ( our k t\*+ ! orig9 ( ! diff]5t b$s out ( :i* our globe is con/itut$4 ,?us1 we mu/ n %ut our eyes to ^! be+s1 9 appe>ance s mis]able & obscure1 if we w\ld possess a g5]al k ( ! animal k+dom4 ,! ,creator has end[$ !m ) _m wond]ful gifts to embelli% _! lives1 & :o w\ld d>e to disreg>d !m8 ,:o c\ld exam9e & comp>e _! /ructure )\t be+ *>m$ ) ! /udy8 ,man1 :o desc5ds into ! dep?s ( ! e>? 9 se>* ( ! preci\s metals--:o dives into ! deep 9 pursuit ( ! treasures x conceals--:o /oops 8 head ov] works ( art--w\ld surely n refuse to b5d himself = a mom5t to ! s& ( ! sea1 to ga!r 9 8 h&1 to br+ ne>] to 8 eyes1 ^! m>vell\s works ( ! ,div9e ,creator6 ,! true molluscs are divisible into two great classes3 ! ,acephal\s1 or ,headless1 & ^? hav+ a head ( /ructure m or less p]fect1 :i* are call$ ,cephal\s ,molluscs4 ,! ,acephal\s or ,headless ,molluscs are s call$ f ! ,greek 1 privative1 & 1 head4 ,!y h no head2 ! body is surr\nd$ by ! folds ( ! sk92 ! %ell consi/s ( two valves4 ,su* is a summ>y description ( all ! ,acephal\s ,molluscs4 ,!y are sometimes nak$1 & sometimes enclos$ 9 a %ell1 :5ce !y are kn[n z ,te/ace\s ,molluscs4 ,!y are call$ bivalves1 because _! %ell consi/s ( two halves1 or valves unit$ by a h+e4 ,!y are %elt]$ 9 ?is d\ble c>apace z a book is 9 its cov]4 ,al?\gh !y h no head1 !y c fe$ !mselves1 & !y reproduce _! k9d4 ,!y h fri5d%ips & enmities1 p]haps ev5 passions2 probably ^! are n v lively1 = mo/ ( !m sc>cely ev] *ange _! place1 ev5 to make ! lea/ movem5t4 ,_m ( !m rema9 fix$ to ! rock on :i* !y 7 hat*$1 & tumultu\s s5sations are n q compatible ) immobility4 ,! bivalves#h are f\nd 9 e sea4 ,! %ell ( ! bivalve is ovoid1 globul\s1 trigonal1 he>t-%ap$1 elongat$ l a pea-pod1 or flat l ! leaves ( a tree1 hav+ an op5+ d[n ! v5tral side4 ,9 "s "o valve is flat1 ! o!r r\nd & swell+ 9 ! c5tre4 ,! %ell is ?us an out] envelope1 consi/+ ( two pieces1 m or less correspond+ to ea* o!r 9 size & %ape 7( :i* ! oy/] is an example71 =m$ ( c>bonate ( lime deposit$ 9 membran\s cells 9 its out] lay]s1 ! inn] lay]s be+ compos$ ( ?9 coat+s ( lime deposit$ 9 ! out] surface ( ! tissue1 call$ ! mantle leaves4 ,! valves are unit$ to ! animal by ! ins]tion ( c]ta9 muscles1 & by ! horny epid]mis ( ! mantle1 :i* /ret*es ov] ! edge ( ! valves4 ,! h+e & ligam5t :i* unite ! two valves consi/ ( a d5se ela/ic sub/ance1 some:at resembl+ india-rubb]2 ! h+e is =m$ ( tee?1 & cavities into :i* ! tee? fit4 ,! ligam5t acts 9 opposition to c]ta9 contractile muscles )91 :i* draw !m toge!r1 & is plac$ ei!r )9 or )\t ! h+e1 or p>tly bo?4 ,on sep>at+ ! valves1 ! two leaves ( ! mantle pres5t !mselves4 ,^! are ?9 delicate leaves1 furni%$ at ! m>g9 ) s5sitive t5tacles & o!r organs ( s5se1 & ) gl&s sometimes highly col\r$4 ,! use ( ^! organs is ?us describ$ by ,mr4 ,rym] ,jones3-- ,:5 ! animal is engag$ 9 increas+ ! dim5sions ( its abode1 ! m>g9 ( ! mantle is protrud$ & firmly adh]5t all r\nd to ! circumf]5ce ( ! valve ) :i* x corresponds4 ,?us circum/anc$1 x secretes calc>e\s matt] & deposits x ^u ! extreme edge ( ! %ell1 :5 ! secretion h>d5s & becomes conv]t$ into a lay] ( solid te/ace\s sub/ance4 ,at int]vals ?is process is repeat$1 & e newly-=m$ lay] enl>ges ! diamet] ( ! valve4 ,! conc5tric /rata ?us deposit$ rema9 di/+ui%able ext]nally1 & ?us ! l9es ( gr[? m>k+ ! progressive increase ( size may easily be trac$4 ,:ile ! m>g9 ( ! mantle is ?us ! sole ag5t 9 enl>g+ ! circumf]5ce ( ! %ell1 ! pr(essor cont9ues f>!r on1 its gr[? 9 ?ickness is accompli%$ by a secretion ( a k9d ( calc>e\s v>ni% d]iv$ f ! ext]nal surface ( ! mantle g5]ally1 :i*1 be+ deposit$ lay] by lay] ov] ! :ole int]ior ( ! previ\sly exi/+ %ell1 progressively adds to its weight & solidity4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a rem>kable diff]5ce 9 "* betwe5 ! mat]ial secret$ by ! m>g9al fr+e & t furni%$ by ! g5]al surface ( ! mantle membrane4 ,! =m] we h f\nd m or less cov]$ by gl&s appo9t$ = ! purpose1 situat$ 9 ! circumf]5ce ( ! mantle2 b z ^! gl&s d n exi/ else:]e1 no col\r+ matt] is ev] mix$ ) ! lay]s t increase ! ?ickness ( ! %ell1 s t ! latt] always rema9 ( a delicate :iti% hue1 & =m ! well kn[n iridesc5t mat]ial usually di/+ui%$ by ! "n ( nacre or "m-(-pe>l4 7,g5]al ,outl9e1 p4 #che47 ,! process by :i* %ells atta9 _! beautiful m>k+s is ?us describ$ by ,mr4 ,jones3--,! ext]nal surface is exclusively deposit$ by ! m>g9 ( ! mantle1 :i* conta9s 9 its sub/ance c]ta9 col\r$ spots1 :i* are f\nd to be ( a gl&ul> "*1 & to owe _! peculi> "* to a pigm5t !y secrete1 :i* is mix$ ) ! calc>e\s matt]2 col\r$ l9es are !re=e f\nd on ! ext]ior ( ! %ell :]ev] ^! gl&ul> organs exi/4 ,:]e ! deposition ( col\r is kept up ?r\gh\t ! process ( enl>gem5t1 ! l9es are unbrok5 & p]fect2 b :]e ! col\r$ matt] is furni%$ only at int]vals1 spots & pat*es ( irregul> =m & increas+ 9 size ) ! enl>gem5t ( ! mantle are ! consequ5ce4 ,bivalves move ab\t & *ange f place to place by means ( an ext5sible fle%y organ call$1 f "s ( its functions1 a foot2 9 fact1 x has less resemblance to a foot ?an to a l>ge tongue4 ,x is a muscul> mass1 capable ( be+ pu%$ out f betwe5 ! mantle & ! valves1 & v>ies mu* 9 =m2 x is 9 turn a hat*et1 a v5tilator1 a pole1 an awl1 a f+]1 & a sort ( :ip4 ,?is foot is simple1 =k$1 or fr+$4 ,9 "s species ! tissues are spongy1 & capable ( receiv+ consid]able quantities ( wat]4 ,:5 ! organ swells1 x is elongat$ & /iff2 on ! o!r h&1 by sudd5ly expell+ all ! wat]1 x gets small & pliable1 & c n[ return to its %ell4 ,?is organ is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #abh 7,donax trunculus1 ,l9n471 9 :i* x is s+ul>ly develop$4 ,?is bivalve is f\nd on ! sea %ore 9 %all[ wat]2 x buries itself almo/ p]p5dicul>ly 9 ! s&s4 ,!y are s abundant on ! ,fr5* side ( ! ,*annel & on ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 t !y =m a consid]able portion ( ! p's food4 ,^! bivalves h ! s+ul> p[] ( leap+ to a consid]able height & !n ?r[+ !mselves to a di/ance ( t5 or twelve in*es--a spectacle :i* may be witness$ any day at l[ wat]4 ,:5 ab&on$ by ! retreat+ tide1 !y try to rega9 ! sea4 ,if seiz$ by ! h&1 9 ord] to drag !m out ( ! s&1 aid$ by _! compress$1 bran*$1 & angul> feet1 !y give to _! %ell ! sudd5 & en]getic movem5t "u :i* ! b\nd+ action takes place4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abh4 ,donax trunculus 7,l9nu74 ,! %ell ( ! ,donax is slightly triangul> & compress$2 its l5g? exce$s its height2 x is regul>1 univalve1 unequally lat]al1 & its h+e be>s ?ree or f\r tee? on ea* valve4 ,! action ( ^! feet is v simple1 & is comp>$ by ,raumur to t ( a man plac$ on 8 belly1 :o1 /ret*+ out "o h&1 seizes ^u "s fix$ object1 & draws himself t[>ds x4 ,!re is j ?is diff]5ce1 t ! movem5t ( ! memb] 9 ! mollusc is altoge!r contractile4 ,au?ors h describ$ m ?an #cj1jjj species ( molluscs1 s t our space only p]mits u to describe a few families1 or r types ( families4 ,! arrangem5t ( bivalves n[ mo/ g5]ally adopt$ 9 ,engl& is t ( ,woodw>d1 z develop$ 9 ! la/ edition ( 8 manual ( ! mollusca2 x is greatly bas$ on t ( ,lam>ck4 ,we h adopt$ 8 arrangem5t alt]$ f a desc5d+ to an asc5d+ scale ( organisation4 ,! ,con*if]a are divisible into two sections1 ,siphonida1 f ! animals hav+ respiratory siphons1 & ,asiphonida1 de/itute ( !m4 ,! sol5 may be tak5 z a type ( ! fir/1 & ! oy/] ( ! second4 ,! division ,siphonida is divid$ into two sub-sections1 ^? )\t & ^? ) a pallial l9e s9uat$4 ,! fir/ family ( ?is section is ! ,pholadid1 :i* includes ,t]$o1 ,xylophaga1 & ,pholas1 animals :i* possess extraord9>y p[]s ( bor+2 n m]ely z ! ,sol5s d1 ?r\gh s&1 b ?r\gh ! h>de/ rocks4 ,! ,t]$os are m>9e animals hav+ a special & irresi/ible incl9ation = subm]g$ wood2 = :ile wood expos$ to ! air becomes a prey to t]re/rial animals1 s subm]g$ wood is subject to invasion by aquatic animals1 ( :i* ! ,t]$o is by f> ! mo/ =midable4 ,! ,t]$os 9 ! bosom ( ! ocean p]=ate ! h>de/ timb]s1 :atev] be _! ess5ce4 ,! gall]ies bor$ by ^! imp]ceptible m9]s riddle ! :ole int]ior ( a piece ( wood1 de/roy+ x entirely1 )\t ! slighte/ ext]nal indication ( its ravages4 ,! gall]ies sometimes foll[ ! gra9 ( ! wood2 sometimes !y cut x at "r angles2 ! m9]s1 9 fact1 *ange _! r\te ! mom5t !y meet 9 _! way ei!r ! furr[s holl[$ out by "o ( _! cong5]s1 or "s anci5t & ab&on$ gall]y4 ,by a /range k9d ( in/9ct1 h[ev] multipli$ may be _! furr[s or tubes 9 ! same piece ( wood1 !y nev] m+le--!re is nev] any communication betwe5 !m4 ,! wood is ?us attack$ at a ?\s& div]se po9ts1 until x is invad$ & its entire sub/ance de/roy$4 ,x is by secret ravages ( ?is k9d t ! piles & o!r subm>9e con/ructions ^u :i* bridges are built are (t5 riddl$ & p]=at$4 ,!y appe> to all outw>d exam9ation z solid & p]fect z at ! mom5t !y 7 fir/ driv52 b !y yield to ! lea/ ef=t1 br++ ru9 & de/ruction on ! edifices !y support4 ,%ips h be5 ?us sil5tly & secretly m9$1 until ! planks crumbl$ into du/ "u ! feet ( ! sailors4 ,o!rs h gone d[n ) _! crews1 entirely caus$ by ! ravages ( ^! rel5tless enemies1 :i* are t]rible f _! unapproa*able littl5ess4 ,m4 ,quatrefages1 :o has m9utely /udi$ ! organization & habits ( ! ,t]$os 9 ! ,port ( ,sa9t ,seba/ian1 reports ! foll[+ fact1 :i* w give ! read] "s idea ( ! rapidity ) :i* ^! dang]\s molluscs pursue _! ravages3-- ,a boat1 :i* s]v$ z a passage-boat betwe5 two villages on ! coa/1 w5t d[n 9 consequ5ce ( an accid5t at ! comm5cem5t ( spr+4 ,f\r mon?s aft] "s fi%]m51 hop+ to turn h] mat]ials to advantage1 rais$ ! boat4 ,b 9 t %ort space ( "t ! ,t]$os _h committ$ su* ravages t ! planks & timb]s 7 riddl$ & worm-eat5 s z to be totally useless4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 half ! coa/ ( ,holl& 0 ?reat5$ ) annihilation because ! piles :i* support its dikes & sea-walls 7 attack$ by ! ,t]$o2 & x prov$ no contemptible foe4 ,_m hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( p\nds 7 exp5d$ 9 ord] to av]t ! ?reat5$ dang]4 ,=tunately1 a clos] att5tion to ! habits ( ! mollusc has br\ght a rem$y to a mo/ =midable evil2 ! mollusc has an invet]ate antipa?y to ru/1 & timb] impregnat$ by ! oxide ( iron is safe f its ravages4 ,?is ta/e ( ! ,t]$o be+ kn[n1 x is only necess>y1 9 ord] to scatt] ?is dang]\s ho/1 to s9k ! timb] :i* is to be subm]g$ 9 a tank ( prep>$ oxide ( iron--clo!d1 9 %ort1 9 a ?ick cuirass ( t antipa?y ( ! ,t]$o1 iron ru/4 ,%ips' timb]s are also s]v$ ) ! same protect+ coat+2 b ! copp] 9 :i* %ips' bottoms are usually %ea!d s]ves ! same purpose4 ,! s+ul> ,acephal\s ,mollusc kn[n to naturali/s z ! ,t]$o navalis1 & popul>ly z ! ,%ip ,worm 7,fig4 #abi71 has ! appe>ance ( a long worm )\t articulations4 ,betwe5 ! valves ( a little %ell1 ) :i* x is provid$ ant]iorly1 may be se5 a sort ( smoo? truncature1 :i* surr\nds a swell+ project+ pad or cu%ion4 ,?is cu%ion is ! only "p ( ! body ( ! animal :i* c be reg>d$ z a foot4 ,/>t+ f ?is po9t1 all ! body ( ! ,t]$o is envelop$ by ! %ell & mantle1 :i* =m a sort ( %ea? communicat+ by two syphons ) ! ext]ior4 ,! mantle adh]es to ! circumf]5ce ( ! %ell4 ,above1 x =ms two great folds1 :i* may bo? be swoll5 by ! afflux ( ! blood1 & acquire consid]able size4 ,"o ( ^! folds plac$ 9 advance1 :i* is call$ ! cephalic hood1 is wor?y ( att5tion4 ,! tissue ( ! mantle is ( a greyi% t9t1 v light1 & transp>5t en\gh1 especially 9 ! "y1 to p]mit ( ! mass ( liv]1 ! ov>y1 ! bran*i1 & ! he>t be+ di/+ui%$ 9 ! int]ior1 ev5 to c\nt+ its pulsations4 ,! syphons are ext5sible1 & atta*$ ! "o to ! o!r = ab\t two-?irds ( _! l5g?1 ! upp] "p be+ long] & ?9n] ?an ! l[]4 ,x is by ^! tubes t ! arat$ wat] ent]s :i* fe$s & enables ! animal to brea!4 ,x is dis*>g$ by ! second tube1 :5 depriv$ ( its oxyg51 & no long] respirable1 c>ry+ ) x ! useless products ( dige/ion4 ,?is movem5t is cont9u\s2 b f "t to "t ! animal %uts at once ! orifices ( bo? tubes1 & slightly contracts itself4 ,! %ell1 se5 on ! side1 pres5ts an irregul>ly triangul> =m2 x is ne>ly z broad z x is long2 its two valves are solidly atta*$ ! "o to ! o!r1 above & bel[1 by ! mantle 9 su* a mann] z only to p]mit ( v slight movem5ts4 ,x is col\r$ 9 yell[ & br[n l9es2 sometimes x is q pla94 ,on ! upp] edge ( ! ant]ior truncature ( ! body ( ! animal is ! m\?1 a sort ( funnel1 flat & slightly bell-%ap$1 furni%$ ) f\r labial palpi1 a /oma* )\t any peculi> feature1 & a well-develop$ inte/9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abi4 ,t]$o navalis 7,l9nu74 ,! he>t consi/s ( two auricles & a v5tricle1 :i* beat at v irregul> int]vals1 f\r or five 9 ! m9ute4 ,! blood is col\rless1 transp>5t1 & *>g$ ) small irregul> corpuscles4 ,! act ( brea?+ is accompli%$ 9 ! bran*i1 or gills1 & mantle4 ,nev]!less1 ! "o half ( ! blood returns to ! he>t )\t pass+ ?r\gh ^! bran*i4 ,! n]v\s sy/em is well develop$1 & consi/s ( a bra91 n]v\s filam5ts1 & ( ganglions1 :i* are di/ribut$ 9 ! mantle1 ! bran*i1 & ! syphon tubes4 ,! adult animal is surr\nd$ by a sort ( %ea?1 consi/+ ( a solid mucus1 :i* has sometimes be5 describ$ errone\sly z =m+ "p ( ! animal4 ,! ,t]$o1 %ut up 9 ?is tube1 is limit$ 9 its movem5ts2 :5 obs]v$ 9 a vase1 its motions are sl[ & delib]ate--movem5ts ( ext5sion & contraction1 by ! aid ( :i* x contrives ) difficulty to *ange its place2 b no?+ indicates a true creep+ movem5t4 ,9 a /ate ( nature1 accord+ to ,m4 ,quatrefages1 ! body ( ! animal is /ret*$ out to ?ree times its l5g? )\t dim9i%+ 9 any respect its proportional ?ickness2 ! afflux ( wat] p5etrat+ "u ! mantle1 & ( ! blood :i* accumulates 9 ! int]ior vessels1 suffici5tly acc\nt+ = a ph5om5on :i* at ! fir/ glance is v s+ul>4 ,! ,t]$o deposits a sph]ical gre5i%-yell[ egg4 ,%ortly aft] fecundation1 ^! eggs are trans=m$ into l>v4 ,at fir/ nak$ & motionless1 ^! l>v are soon cov]$ ) vibratile cilia1 :5 !y beg9 to move1 at fir/ by a revolv+ pir\ette1 aft]w>ds swimm+ ab\t freely 9 ! wat]4 ,:5 "o ( ^! l>v has f\nd a piece ( subm]g$ wood1 )\t :i* x probably c\ld n live1 ! curi\s spectacle is obs]v$ ( a be+ :i* fabricates1 /ep by /ep1 & z x requires !m1 ! organs necess>y = ! p]=mance ( its functions4 ,x beg9s by creep+ along ! surface ( ! wood by means ( ! v long feet ) :i* x is furni%$4 ,!n x is obs]v$ f "t to "t to op5 & %ut ! valves ( ! little embryo %ell :i* p>tly envelopes x4 ,z soon z x has f\nd a "p ( ! wood suffici5tly s(t & por\s = its purpose1 x pauses1 attacks ! ligne\s sub/ance1 & soon produces a little pore1 or cell1 :i* w be ! entrance to ! future canal4 ,once fairly lodg$ 9 ?is little cell1 ! "y ,t]$o is rapidly develop$2 x cov]s itself ) a coat+ ( muc\s matt]1 :i*1 cond5s+ by degrees1 assumes a br[ni% t9t1 =m+ a solid cov]+1 ) two small holes = ! passage ( ! syphon tubes4 ,at ! end ( ?ree days ?is cov]+ has become q solid2 x is ! comm5cem5t ( ! organiz$ tube1 9 :i* ! animal is to be develop$4 ,:5 secur$ b5ea? ?is opaque scre51 ! little m9] is no long] expos$ to obs]vation2 b if 8 cell is op5$ at ! end ( a few days1 x is f\nd t x has secret$ a new %ell1 l>g] & m solid ?an ! orig9al "o2 x is ! %ell ( ! adult animal4 ,! "y ,t]$o1 :i* fe$s on ! rasp+s ( ! wood1 increases rapidly2 x passes fir/ f a sph]oid =m to an elongat$ %ape1 & :5 its body c no long] be conta9$ 9 ! %ell1 x projects beyond ! edge1 & w\ld f9d itself nak$ 7 x n protect$ by its membran\s %ea?1 :i* adh]es to ! walls ( ! ligne\s *annel1 n[ ! dwell+-place ( ! animal4 ,! process by :i* a creature s(t & nak$ l ! ,t]$o %\ld break into a solid piece ( ! h>de/ wood s quickly1 & de/roy x ) s mu* facility1 0 long a my/]y4 ,until v rec5tly1 ! %ell 0 look$ on z ! implem5t ( p]=ation4 ,b 9 t case ! %ell %\ld pres]ve c]ta9 traces ( its action ^u surfaces s resi/ant z oak & fir2 b ! %ell1 on ! contr>y1 is p]fect1 ) no signs ( friction4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! muscul> app>atus ( ! ,t]$o is n calculat$ to put ! %ell into rotatory action1 7 ! process a bor+ "o4 ,x does n seem !re=e possible to attribute ^! p]=ations to a simple physical action4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acj4 ,pholas dactylus hav+ holl[$ out a %elt] 9 a block ( gneiss4 ,"s naturali/s h sugge/$1 9 explanation ( ?is ph5om5on1 t ! animal is furni%$ ) ! means ( secret+ a liquid capable ( dissolv+ ! woody fibre4 ,?is has be5 met by ! /atem5t t1 9 :atev] way ! wood is attack$1 :e!r ! gall]y is excavat$ ) or across ! fibre ( ! wood1 ! groove is z exactly & neatly cut z if x _h be5 p]=at$ by ! %>pe/ tool1 & t a corrod+ dissolv5t c\ld n act ) ?is regul>ity1 b w\ld attack ! h>d] & m t5d] p>ts unequally4 ,?is objection1 :i* ,m4 ,quatrefages opposes to ! idea ( a *emical solv5t1 appe>s to u to admit ( no reply4 ,b1 :ile oppos+ unassailable reasons aga9/ two !ories1 ! le>n$ au?or does n leave u )\t a v reasonable explanation ( a v puzzl+ ph5om5on4 ,let u n =get1 he says1 t ! int]ior ( ! gall]y is con/antly saturat$ ) wat]2 consequ5tly all ! po9ts ( ! walls :i* are n protect$ by ! tube are subject$ to con/ant mac]ation4 ,9 ?is /ate a me*anical action1 ev5 v inconsid]able1 w\ld suffice to cle> away ! b$ ( fibre ?us s(t5$1 &1 if ?is action is 9 any degree cont9u\s1 x suffices to expla9 ! excavation ( ! gall]ies1 h[ev] ext5sive _! ramifications4 ,aga91 ! upp] cutane\s folds1 especially ! cephalic hood already m5tion$1 hav+ ! p[] ( exp&+ at w by an afflux ( blood1 cov]$ ) a ?ick coriace\s epid]mis1 & mov$ by f\r /rong muscles1 seems to me v capable ( p]=m+ ! op]ation4 ,x appe>s v probable t x is ?is hood :i* is *>g$ ) ! removal ( ! woody fibre1 r5d]+ x incapable ( resi/ance by previ\s mac]ation1 :i* may also be assi/$ by "s secretion f ! animal4 ,t ! fle%y p>ts ( ! mollusc1 act+ ^u ! surface1 s(t5$ by long mac]ation 9 wat]1 is ! true bor+ implem5t employ$ by ! ,t]$o1 is1 probably1 ! only explanation ! case admits (2 at all ev5ts1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 ! explanation ( ! le>n$ naturali/ is ! mo/ reasonable :i* c be giv54 ,! engrav+ 7,fig4 #acj7 repres5ts ,p4 dactylus1 :i* has holl[$ itself a home out ( a block ( gneiss4 ,?is dwell+ is a cell j deep en\gh to conta9 ! animal & its %ell1 z repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #aca4 ,to excavate its cell at ! bottom ( "o ( ^! gloomy retreats seems to be all t ! animal lives =4 ,to asc5d to ! summit or s9k to ! bottom ( _! n>r[ h\se makes up all ! accid5ts ( exi/5ce to ^! /range creatures3 ! hole !y dig is at once _! dwell+ & _! grave2 :i* is atte/$ bo? by ! rocks ( ! pa/ & ! pres5t4 ,9 its /ructure ! %ell diff]s notably f o!r ,acephal\s ,molluscs1 :i* l$ ,l9nu to place x ) ! multivalve %ells4 ,betwe5 ! two ord9>y valves1 9 %ort1 ?is %ell pres5ts c]ta9 access>y pieces1 small] ?an ! true valves1 & plac$ ne> ! h+e1 z repres5t$ 9 ,pholas dactylus 7,fig4 #aca71 pieces :i* w\ld n be !re )\t a purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aca4 ,pholas dactylus 7,l9nu74 ,! %ell is equivalve1 gap+ on ea* side1 swell+ bel[1 v ?91 transp>5t1 & :ite4 ,! animal is a ?ick1 :ite1 elongat$1 fle%y body2 its m\? op5+ ant]iorly1 ?r[s out a long tube trav]s$ by two canals or syphons1 ?r\gh "o ( :i* ! wat] necess>y = ! respiration ( ! animal is absorb$1 & eject$ ?r\gh ! o!r4 ,?r\gh ano!r op5+ 9 ! mantle a v ?ick & %ort foot is protrud$4 ,!re are ?ree ways ( acc\nt+ = ?is creature's me?od ( bor+--! me*anical1 ! *emical1 & ! electric2 ! fir/ be+ ! "o g5]ally held4 ,9 ?is case ! animal uses its foot z a bor+ tool4 ,! second presumes on ! ,pholas secret+ an acid :i* corrodes ! rock2 ! ?ird t x possesses a galvanic batt]y ) simil> p[]s4 ,x is possible t all ^! ?ree !ories may h a measure ( tru?4 ,t ! foot ( ! bor] is us$ is cle>4 ,! lum9osity :i* is s *>act]i/ic ( ! animal is 9 fav\r ( an electric curr5t1 :i* is almo/ always accompani$ by *emical decomposition1 :i* w\ld set free ! hydro*loric acid ( ! sea wat]4 ,! small size ( ! entrance to ! *amb]s ( ! ,pholas is acc\nt$ = by ! increase ( its size dur+ its resid5ce !re4 ,de ,bla9ville ?\ght t a simple movem5t ( ! %ell incessantly repeat$ w\ld suffice to pi]ce ! /one1 mac]at$ by ! sea wat] :i* pass$ ?r\gh ! brea?+ app>atus4 ,mr4 ,rob]tson1 ( ,brighton1 exhibit$ ! liv+ ,pholas 9 ! act ( bor+ ?r\gh masses ( *alk1 & ?9ks ! process entirely effect$ by ! simple me*anical action ( ! hydraulic app>atus1 rasp1 & syr+e4 ,if y exam9e ^! liv+ %ells1 says ,gosse1 y w see t ! =e "p1 :]e ! foot protrudes1 is set ) /ony po9ts arrang$ 9 transv]se & longitud9al r[s1 ! =m] be+ ! result ( elevat$ ridges1 radiat+ f ! h+e1 ! latt] t ( ! edges ( successive gr[?s ( ! %ell4 ,^! po9ts h ! mo/ accurate resemblance to ^? set on a /eel rasp 9 a blacksmi?'s %op4 ,x is int]e/+ to "k t ! %ell is pres]v$ f be+ itself prematurely worn away by ! fact t x is compos$ ( aragonite1 a sub/ance mu* h>d] ?an ^? rocks 9 :i* ! ,pholas burr[s4 ,! animal1 ,gosse adds1 turns 9 its burr[ f side to side :5 at "w1 adh]+ to ! int]ior by ! foot1 & !re=e only p>tially rotat+ to & fro4 ,! sub/ance is abrad$ 9 ! =m ( a f9e p[d]1 :i* is gradually eject$ f ! m\? ( ! hole by contraction ( ! bron*ial syphon4 ,! ,pholades are met ) on e sea %ore1 & are pl5tiful 9 ! ,*annel2 on ! ,fr5* coa/ !y are call$ ,dails1 & s\ght = _! f9e flav\r4 ,z examples ( ! g5us1 we may quote ,pholas dadylus 7,fig4 #aca72 ,pholas c&ida1 f\nd 9 ! ,*annel & 9 ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 :i* lives buri$ 9 ! mud or 9 decay$ wood2 ,pholas crispata 7,fig4 #acb71 also f\nd 9 ! ,*annel2 ,pholas papyracea 7,fig4 #acc72 & ,pholas melan\ra 7,fig4 #acd74 ,! bodies ( _m g5]a ( ,mollusca h ! prop]ty ( %9+ 9 ! d>k1 b none emit a light m brilliant ?an t ( ! ,pholades4 ,^? :o eat ! ,pholades 9 an uncook$ /ate 7:i* is by no means r>e1 = ! flav\r ( ! mollusc does n require ! aid ( cook+ to r5d] x palatable7 w\ld appe> 9 ! d>k z if !y _h swall[$ phosphorus2 & ! fi%]man :o1 9 a _s ( economy1 supp$ on ?is mollusc 9 ! d>k1 w\ld give to 8 little ones ! spectacle ( a fire-eat] on a small scale4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acb4 ,pholas crispata 7,l9nu74 ,! p]=ations produc$ 9 /one by ! ,pholades h become important evid5ce 9 a geological s5se4 ,9 _m c\ntries !re 7 evid5t signs ( a consid]able s9k+ ( ! e>?4 ,b 9 no place is ! evid5ce ( ?is s cle> z 9 ! monum5t ( high antiquity on ! ,pozzuolan coa/1 kn[n z ! ,temple ( ,s]apis4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acc4 ,pholas papyracea 7,sol&]74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acd4 ,pholas melan\ra 7,s[]by74 ,9 speak+ ( ! culture ( oy/]s by ! ,romans1 we %all h occasion to m5tion ! disappe>ance ( ! ,lucr9 ,lake1 & its replacem5t by an enorm\s m\nta91 ! ,monte ,nuovo4 ,n[1 ,pozzuolo is situat$ at ! foot ( ,monte ,nuovo4 ,we ne$ n add t ! :ole neighb\rhood is volcanic4 ,pozzuolo t\*es on ! ,solfat]ra1 on ! ,lake ,av]nus1 & is n f> f ,vesuvius2 & 9 ! bay is ! monum5t ( o!r days1 errone\sly call$ ! ,temple ( ,s]apis4 ,9 reality x 0 mo/ probably a !rmal e/abli%m5t1 e/abli%$ = its m9]al wat]s1 al?\gh ! _w has agre$ to call x a temple4 ,h[ev] t may be1 ! build+ has be5 ne>ly levell$ by ! h& ( "t1 aid$ by ! h& ( man2 & ! ru9s n[ consi/ ( ?ree magnific5t m>ble columns ( ab\t =ty feet high4 ,b ! curi\s & important fact is1 t ^! ?ree columns1 at ab\t t5 feet above ! surface1 are riddl$ ) holes1 & full ( cavities bor$ deeply into ! m>ble1 & ^! bor+s occupy ! space ( ?ree feet on ea* column4 ,! cause ( ^! p]=ations is no long] d\btful4 ,9 "s ( ! cavities ! %ell ( ! op]ator is /ill f\nd1 & x seems settl$ among naturali/s t x belongs to a species ( ,pholas1 al?\gh ,m4 ,p\*et1 a naturali/ ( ,r\51 d5ies ?is4 ,z f>1 he says1 z ,i h be5 able to judge f ! fragm5t :i* ,i extract$ f ?is temple1 :i* is de/itute ( ! h+e1 x is inf9itely m probable t ?is mollusc is a species ( ! g5us ,corallisphaga4 ,9 spite1 h[ev]1 ( ,m4 ,p\*et's scepticism1 ! mass ( evid5ce is oppos$ to 8 !ory4 ,!re are two modes ( expla9+ ! fact to :i* we h call$ att5tion4 ,to enable ! /one-bor+ molluscs :i* live only 9 ! sea to excavate ?is m>ble1 ! temple & columns mu/ h be5 buri$ sev]al fa?oms deep 9 sea-wat]4 ,x is only 9 ^! conditions t ! bor]s c\ld h made an incision1 & lab\r$ at _! ease1 9 ! m>ble column4 ,b s9ce ! same traces ( p]=ation are n[ visible t5 feet above ! surface1 x foll[s t1 aft] be+ long imm]s$ "u wat]1 ! columns h be5 elevat$ to _! pres5t position4 ,! temple has be5 re/or$ to its primitive /ate1 c>ry+ ) x1 engrav$ 9 m>ble1 ineffaceable pro(s ( its imm]sion4 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell has consecrat$ a long *apt] to ! successive s9k+ & elevation ( ?is temple1 :i* proves ! fact mo/ conclusively4 99 99 99 99 99 ,family two1 ! ,ga/ro*nid1 is a some:at het]og5e\s "o1 z x conta9s ,saxicava & ,asp]gillum4 ,we h only space = a %ort acc\nt ( ! latt]1 ! animal :i* has receiv$ ! /range "n ( ! ,wat]+ ,pot1 & is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ace4 ,x inhabits a calc>e\s tube1 ?ick1 solid1 ( consid]able l5g?1 & ne>ly cyl9drical1 pres5t+ at "o extremity an op5+ fr+$ ) "o or _m foliace\s folds 9 ! =m ( frills1 & at ! o!r extremity a convex disk1 pi]c$ ) holes l a wat]+-pot3 :5ce its "n4 ,! animal is atta*$ by c]ta9 muscles to ! int]ior ( ! tube4 ,*5u1 to :om we are indebt$ = our in=mation respect+ ?is curi\s mollusc1 tells u t ! animal :i* inhabits ?is curi\s %ell 0 fir/ describ$ by ,russell1 ^: acc\nt ( x is defici5t 9 ! anatomical details1 :i* might expla9 ! utility ( ! holes 9 ! disk ( ! c5tral fissure1 & ( ! spiri=m tubes f\nd !re4 ,we suppose t ?is arrangem5t is necess>y 9 ord] to facilitate respiration2 & ,m4 ,de ,bla9ville ?9ks ! small tubes are int5d$ = ! passage ( ! fillets :i* are necess>y to fix ! animal to ! body on :i* x is to live1 & 9 su* a mann] z to admit ( its movem5ts r\nd a fix$ po9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xx4--,temple ( ,s]apis at ,pozzuolo4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ace4 ,asp]gillum vag9if]um 7,lam>ck74 ,! animal :i* inhabits ! ,asp]gillum is elongat$1 contractile1 & only occupies ! upp] "p ( ! tube1 b x c /ret* itself out suffici5tly = all its wants4 ,%ells ( ?is g5us are v r>e1 al?\gh a great numb] ( species are kn[n4 ,!y are f\nd 9 ! ,r$ ,sea1 & 9 ! seas ( ,au/ralia & ,java4 ,! %ells are g5]ally ( a :ite or yell[i% t9t2 "s h ! tube cov]$ ) a glut9at$ s&1 mix$ ) small fragm5ts ( %ells ( div]se col\rs4 ,we "k no?+ ( _! habits1 & _! s+ul> =ms h left naturali/s 9 d\bt z to ! place :i* %\ld be assign$ to !m 9 ! me?od ( arrangem5t4 ,x is only aft] hav+ recogniz$ ! exi/5ce ( two valves1 :i* 0 detect$ ) great difficulty j "u ! disk1 & =m+ "p ( ! %ea? 9 :i* ! animal is encas$1 t x has be5 decid$ to range !m ) ! ,tubicola1 & ) ! %ells pres5t+ an arrangem5t analog\s or equally s+ul>4 ,^! molluscs are1 z ,m4 ,*5u says1 little kn[n1 r>e1 & h5ce mu* s\ght = by collectors4 ,!y are exclusively exotic1 ! mo/ common species be+ f ,java4 ,x is import$ into ,europe by ! ,dut*4 ,our ?ird family1 ! ,anat9id1 includes ,myo*ama1 ,p&ora1 ,lyonsia1 ,myacites1 ,pholadomya1 ,?racia1 & ,anat9a1 g5]a :i* 7 m important 9 ! =m] ?an 9 ! pres5t seas2 "s1 9 fact1 be+ :olly ext9ct1 or repres5t$1 z 9 ,pholadomya1 by "o or two liv+ species4 ,our f\r? family1 ! ,myacid1 includ+ ,gycim]is1 is f\nd only 9 ,am]ica2 ,panopa1 n[ pr9cipally ext9ct2 ,!tis1 ,nera1 ,corbula1 & ,mya1 or ,gap]4 ,our fif? family1 ,sol5id1 conta9s ! ,sol5s1 :i* "u ! "n ( razor-fi% are s abundant on ! s&y %ores ( all p>ts ( ! globe4 ,^! molluscs live buri$ v]tically 9 ! s&1 a %ort di/ance f ! %ore2 ! hole :i* !y h holl[$1 & :i* !y nev] quit1 sometimes atta9s z mu* z two y>ds 9 dep?2 by means ( _! foot1 :i* is l>ge1 conical1 swoll5 9 ! middle1 & po9t$ at its extremity1 !y raise !mselves ) great agility to ! entrance ( _! hole4 ,!y bury !mselves rapidly1 & disappe> on ! slighte/ approa* ( dang]4 ,:5 ! sea retires1 ! pres5ce ( ! ,sol5 is indicat$ by a small orifice 9 ! s&1 :5ce escape at int]vals bubbles ( air4 ,9 ord] to attract !m to ! surface1 ! fi%]m5 ?r[ into ! hole a p9* ( salt2 imm$iately ! s& becomes /irr$1 & ! animal pres5ts itself j above ! po9t ( its %ell4 ,x mu/ be seiz$ at once1 = x disappe>s aga9 v quickly1 & no r5ew$ ef=ts w br+ x to ! surface a second "t4 ,its retreat is commonly cut %ort by a knife be+ pass$ bel[ x2 = x burr[s into ! gr\nd ) su* velocity t x is difficult to capture x ) ! h&s alone4 ,?is %ell has by "s be5 comp>$ to a knife-h&le2 by o!rs to a razor1 :i* has become its popul> "n4 ,x is a ?91 transp>5t1 long1 & sl5d] equivalv$ bivalve1 ) p>allel edges1 gap+ & truncat$ at bo? extremities4 ,! t9ts are rose-col\r$1 blui%-grey1 & violet2 ! valves slightly cov]$ ) an epid]mis ( a gre5i% br[n4 ,! animal :i* lives 9 ?is elegant dwell+ has ! =m ( an elongat$ cyl9d]4 ,its mantle is clos$ 9 its :ole l5g?1 & only op5 at ! ends at "o side = ! passage ( ! food1 & at ! o!r = ! passage ( a tube =m$ ( two syphons unit$ toge!r4 ,?is curi\s %ell1 v>i\s species ( :i* are repres5t$ 9 ,,pl4 ,,xix41 are kn[n z razor-fi%1 sabre-fi%1 & o!r names1 :i* 9 "s respects indicate ! peculi> =m ( ! %ell1 z well z its %>pness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xix4--,razor-fi%4 ,sol5id4 ,i4 ,sol5 siliqua4 7,l9n47 ,,ii4 ,sol5 vag9a4 7,l9n47 ,,iii4 ,sol5 ensis4 7,l9n47 ,,iv4 ,sol5 ensis major4 7,lam>ck47 ,v4 ,sol5 ambiguus4 7,lam>ck47 ,,vi4 ,sol5 legum54 ,! ,tell9id1 ! six? family 9 our table1 is v important1 z includ+ a va/ numb] ( g5]a & species1 ( :i*1 z types1 we w p>ticul>ise ,tell9a & ,donax2 b ,galatea1 ,mesodesma1 ,semele1 ,sangu9ol>ia1 ,psammobia1 & ,capsula1 are important g5]a4 ,along ! %ores ( ! ,*annel & 9 ! ,m$it]ranean !re are few bivalves m abundant ?an ! sev]al species ( ! g5us ,donax4 ,!y live ne> ! %ore 9 %all[ wat]1 bury+ !mselves p]p5dicul>ly 9 ! s&4 ,!y h ! v s+ul> habit1 consid]+ _! app>5t helplessness1 ( be+ able to leap to a c]ta9 height & !n project !mselves t5 or twelve in*es4 ,?is may (t5 be witness$ 9 ! case ( individuals left by ! retreat+ tide4 ,if seiz$ by ! h&1 & attempts are made to dis5gage !m f ! s&1 !y cont9ue to impress on _! %ell a sudd5 & en]getic movem5t1 aid$ by ! ela/icity ( _! foot1 :i* is at once decisive & angul>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acf4 ,donax rugosus 7,l9nu74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acg4 ,donax d5ticulatus4 ,! %ell ( ! ,donax is ne>ly triangul> 9 %ape1 compress$1 long] ?an x is high1 regul>1 equivalve1 n equilat]al2 ! h+e ) ?ree or f\r tee? on ea* valve4 ,! animal is slightly compress$1 & m or less triangul>4 ,its mantle1 :i* =ms two symmetrical lobes envelop+ ! body1 is op5 pretty ne>ly 9 all its ext5t1 b x is unit$ po/]iorly1 & t]m9ates 9 two syphons or ne>ly equal tubes1 z 9 ,fig4 #acj1 p4 #cbf4 ,"o ( ^! tubes s]ves ! purpose ( respiration3 x is ! bron*ial syphon4 ,! o!r1 s]v+ ! purpose ( eject+ ! products ( dige/ion1 is t]m$ ! anal tube4 ,! t5tacles ( ! bron*ial tube seem to be possess$ ( exquisite s5sibility4 ,:5 t\*$1 ! animal draws 9 its syphon1 & only puts x =? anew :5 ! dang] has pass$4 ,! species ( ,donax are v num]\s1 especially 9 ! ,asiatic & ,am]ican seas4 ,among ! ,european species we may m5tion ,donax rugosus 7,fig4 #acf7 & ,donax d5ticulatus 7,fig4 #acg74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ach4 ,tell9a radiata 7,l9nu74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aci4 ,tell9a virgata 7,l9nu74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adj4 ,tell9a sulphurea 7,lam>ck74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ada4 ,tell9a donac9a 7,l9nu74 ,next to ,donax naturali/s rank ! g5us ,tell9a1 :i* includes _m species ( v m9ute %ells1 all rem>kable = _! beauty ( =m1 & = _! brilliant & v>i$ col\rs4 ,"o ( ^!1 call$ ! ,ris+ ,sun 7,tell9a radiata71 is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ach4 ,! ,tell9as are f\nd 9 e sea2 ! ,fr5* coa/ furni%es _m species3 examples1 ,tell9a virgata 7,fig4 #aci7 & ,tell9a sulphurea 7,lam>ck7 7,fig4 #adj74 ,9 ,fig4 #ada ,tell9a donac9a is repres5t$ ) its two vital tubes1 or syphons4 ,! sev5? family1 or ,mactrid1 include ,lutr>ia & ,mactra1 or ! ott] & knead+-tr\gh %ells4 ,!y are widely di/ribut$2 !re are sev]al ,briti% species ( bo?4 ,! eigh? family1 ,v5]id1 includes ,v5us1 ,cy!rea1 ,m]oe1 & ,artemis2 beautiful g5]a1 & z su* call$ by ,l9nu & 8 foll[]s aft] h]o9es ( ,greek my?ology4 ,petricola1 ,v5]upis1 ,tapes1 ,luc9opsis1 & ,trigona1 also belong to ! family4 ,^! acephal ( size s small1 l _! cong5]s1 inhabit e sea2 !y are f\nd 9 e region ( ! globe1 m ?an a hundr$ & fifty species be+ kn[n4 ,! %ell is elliptic 9 =m1 ! valves smoo?1 /riat$1 sp9y1 & lamell\s1 l ^? ( ,c>dium & ,donax4 ,l ^!1 !y bury !mselves 9 ! s&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adb4 ,v5us v]rucosa 7,l9nu74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adc4 ,cy!rea geographica 7,*emnitz74 ,among ! va/ numb] ( species1 _m ( !m are extremely r>e1 & mu* s\ght aft] by collectors 9 consequ5ce ( _! great beauty4 ,9 ! pr9cipal ports ( ,france1 ,v5us v]rucosa 7,fig4 #adb71 & ano!r species kn[n 9 ! s\? ( ,france "u ! "n ( ,clovisse1 are eat5 !re l oy/]s4 ,prep>$ ) f9e h]bs1 ! ,clovisse1 we h ,m4 ,figui]'s au?ority = say+1 is n to be despis$4 ,we may be believ$ also1 he says1 if we add t no?+ is m delici\s ?an to eat ! liv+ ,clovisse torn f ! rock ( ! ,ph>a ( ,lake ,?au1 :5 ! ,m$it]ranean sun ( a day 9 w9t] is %9+ d[n ^u u1 ! he>t rejoic+ 9 manhood's /r5g?4 ,9 ,,pl4 ,,xviii4 "s ( ! pr9cipal species are repres5t$1 along ) "s ( ! m rem>kable species ( ,cy!rea4 ,9 ,fig4 #adc we h ! elegantly p5cill$ %ell ( ,cy!rea geographica1 toge!r ) ! animal 9 its natural connection4 ,! sub-section we %all n[ treat ( is )\t ! pallial l9e s9uat$4 ,! ,cypr9id =m ! n9? family ( our arrangem5t ( ! ,con*if]a1 & conta91 ,c>dia1 ,cypric>dia1 ,isoc>dia1 ,crassatella1 ,a/>te1 ,circe1 & ,cypr9a1 :i* am\nt toge!r to "s hundr$ species4 ,! ,cycladid are our t5? family1 & include ,cyr5oides1 ,cyr5a1 ,pisidium1 & ,cyclas4 ,! ,luc9id is ! elev5? family1 conta9+ ,galeomma1 ,lepton1 ,montacuta1 ,kelia1 ,diplodonta1 ,corbis1 & ,luc9a4 ,9 ! small family ( :i* we h made ! ,tridacna ! repres5tative1 z well z 9 "s prec$+ families1 ! mantle ( ! animal is m or less l>gely op51 b nev] ) su* a prolongation z to =m tubes4 ,9 ! ,c>diums1 n[ "u consid]ation1 z well z ,donax1 ,tell9a1 & ,v5us1 ! respiratory organs are some:at modifi$1 s z to adapt !m to ! habits ( ! animal4 ,all ^! molluscs live buri$ 9 ! mud or s&1 & two great tubes issu+ f ! int]ior ( _! bodies br+ ! atmosph]ic air into communication ) _! respiratory organ--namely1 ! bran*ial leaves4 ,! twelf? family1 ,c>diad1 conta9s ! famili> cockles--,c>dium--:i* is d]iv$ f 1 a he>t1 :i* !y are suppos$ to resemble 9 =m1 are among/ ! mo/ widely-di/ribut$ ( %ells4 ,! %ell is convex1 z we see 9 ,c4 hians 7,fig4 #add71 some:at he>t-%ap$1 equivalv$1 ! edges d5tate or corrugat$1 ! h+e furni%$ ) f\r tee? ^u ea* valve4 ,! access>y ornam5ts v>y ) ! species1 "s be+ smoo?1 z 9 ,c>dium ,gre5l&icum1 ,*emnitz 7,fig4 #ade72 o!rs1 & by f> ! great] numb]1 are furni%$ ) regul> sides1 g5]ally obtuse1 sometimes 9 ridges div]g+ f ! po9t & arm$ ) /raight or curv$ sp9es1 arrang$ 9 ! odde/ mann]1 z 9 ,c>dium aculeatum 7,fig4 #adf74 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xviii4--,v5us & ,cy!rea4 ,i4 ,v5us plicata4 7,gmel47 ,,ii4 ,v5us pu]p]a4 7,l9n47 ,,iii4 ,v5us reticulata4 7,l9n47 ,,iv4 ,v5us ,gnidia4 7,brod]ip47 ,v4 ,cy!rea zon>ia4 7,lam>ck47 ,,vi4 ,cy!rea pete*ialis4 7,lam>ck47 ,,vii4 ,cy!rea maculata4 7,l9n47 ,9 ,c4 hians 7,fig4 #add71 ! mantle has a l>ge op5+ 9 front1 fr+$ ant]iorly ) papill 9 ! =m ( t5tacula2 ! inhabitant ( ! %ell has a v l>ge foot1 ) a b5d or knee ne> ! middle2 its m\? is transv]se & funnel-%ap$1 & furni%$ ) a triangul> app5dage4 ,"o ( ! peculi>ities 9 ! organization ( ^! molluscs is its direct connection ) _! mode ( life4 ,9 %ort1 ^! molluscs1 :i* mo/ commonly live on ! sea %ore1 & bury !mselves 9 ! s& to ! dep? ( f\r or five in*es1 are enabl$ to brea!1 to draw wat] = _! n\ri%m5t1 & also to ?r[ (f ! products ( dige/ion1 by hav+ ! mantle prolong$ into two tubes1 ! orifices ( :i* rea* to ! surface ( ! soil4 ,by means ( ^! feet & an extremely curi\s organ ( locomotion1 ! ,c>diums c at w issue f _! holes & re-ent] !m4 ,! fi%]m5 ( ! %ore easily recognize ! pres5ce ( ^! animals by ! little jets ( wat] :i* !y ?r[ up ?r\gh ! s&s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #add4 ,c>dium hians 7,broc*i74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ade4 ,c>dium ,gre5l&icum 7,*emnitz74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adf4 ,c>dium aculeatum 7,l9nu74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adg4 ,c>dium edulis 7,l9nu74 ,^! molluscs are f\nd 9 e sea on ! globe1 & "u all latitudes4 ,_m ( !m belong to our own & ! ,fr5* coa/s1 :]e !y are eag]ly s\ght = by collectors1 z well z = food4 ,! fle% ( ! animal1 h[ev]1 is coriace\s1 & little e/eem$4 ,! species mo/ common on ! littoral ( ! ,atlantic is ,c>dium edulis 7,fig4 #adg71 its :ite or fawn-col\r$ %ell be+ holl[$ out into six & tw5ty furr[s1 =m+ s _m corrugat$ ripples on its side4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adh4 ,c>dium co/atum 7,l9nu74 ,c>dium co/atum 7,fig4 #adh7 is an exotic species :i* inhabits ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea & ! ,s5egal1 ! %ell ( :i*1 :ite & fragile1 is mu* s\ght aft] by collectors4 ,! ?irte5? family ( our table1 ,tridacnid1 consi/s ( only eight or t5 species1 b x conta9s ! l>ge/ ( all1 ! giant ,tridacna4 ,! hi/orian ( ! w>s ( ,alex&] ! ,great speaks ( oy/]s inhabit+ ! ,indian ,ocean :i* 7 m ?an a foot long2 ^! 7 probably ,tridacna1 ! %ells ( :i* 7 mo/ likely to be se5 by ! ,mac$onian conqu]ors4 ,! valves ( ,tridacna gigas are sometimes f\nd a y>d & a half 9 l5g?1 & weigh+ five hundr$ p\nds4 ,magnific5t examples may be se5 9 ! *ur* ( ,sa9t ,sulpice1 ,p>is1 :]e !y hold ! holy wat]4 ,^! beautiful %ells 7 ! gift ( ! ,v5etian ,republic to ,francis ,i4 ,"u ,l\is ,,xiv41 ! cur ,languet _h !m pres5t$ to ! *ur* ( ,sa9t ,sulpice1 :]e !y are us$ z fonts = holy wat]4 ,ano!r pair are exhibit$ 9 ! *ur* ( ,sa9t ,eulala1 at ,montpeli]1 b mu* small] 9 size4 ,! %ells ( ,tridacna are =m$1 z repres5t$ 9 ,,pl4 ,,xvii41 ( ?ree acute angles1 fe/oon$ on _! edges by broad sides bri/l+ ) :ite scales4 ,! h+es h two tee?2 ! ligam5t is elongat$ & ext]nal4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xvii4--,tridacna gigantea1 ,holy ,wat] ,bas9 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,sa9t ,sulpice at ,p>is4 ,! animal ( ,tridacna is rem>kable = its f9e col\rs4 ,tridacna safrana is ( a beautiful blue r\nd ! edges1 ray$ ?r\gh a %ade ( v pale blue4 ,m 9 ! int]ior is a r[ ( small moons ( a yell[i% gre52 ! c5tre is a bright violet1 ) br[ni% longitud9al punctur$ l9es4 ,we h at ?is mom5t be=e our eyes1 say ! travell]s ,quoy & ,gaim>d1 "o ( ! mo/ *>m+ spectacles t c be se51 :5 at a little dep? b5ea? ! surface a numb] ( ^! animals display ! brilliant velvety col\rs & v>y+ %ades ( _! subm>9e p>t]res4 ,z we c only p]ceive ! gap+ op5+ ( ! valves1 we may imag9e to ourselves :at is its fir/ aspect4 ,! mantle ( ! animal is clos$ & ample2 its edges are swoll51 & reunit$ 9 ne>ly its :ole circumf]5ce 9 su* a mann] z to leave only ?ree v small op5+s--two 9 ! upp] "p2 ! "o s]ves ! purpose ( dis*>g+ ! products ( dige/ion1 ! o!r gives entrance & exit to ! wat] necess>y = respiratory purposes4 ,! ?ird op5+ is 9 ! l[] "p ( ! body1 & free2 x leaves an op5+ = ! passage ( ! foot1 :i* is enorm\s1 & is surr\nd$ ) an ample tuft ( byssoidal fibres4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adi4 ,tridacna squamosa 7,lam>ck74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aej4 ,tridacna squamosa1 on ! inside 7,lam>ck74 ,aid$ by ?is silky tuft1 ! animal atta*es itself to ! rocks1 & susp5ds its weighty %ell f !m4 ,if x is int5d$ to remove ^? atta*$ to ! sides ( ! rock1 x is necess>y to cut ! cords ( ! t5don\s byssus1 by :i* x is held susp5d$1 ) a hat*et4 ,all ! species are inhabitants ( ! ,tropical seas4 ,! ,tridacna gigas is a native ( ! ,indian ,ocean4 ,! fle%1 ?\gh coriace\s1 & by no means ( an agreeable flav\r1 is a great res\rce to ! poor ,indians4 ,! accompany+ repres5tations ( ,tridacna squamosa 7,figs4 #adi & #aej7 w convey a g5]al idea ( ! g5us4 ,our f\rte5? family1 ,hippuritid1 is entirely fossil2 b ! fifte5?1 ,*amid1 ( :i* ! be/ example is ! rugose g5us ,*>9a1 is widely di/ribut$ 9 tropical seas4 ,! v num]\s division ( %ells call$ ,asiphonid1 possesses animals )\t respiratory siphons4 ,! %ells we %all n[ describe belong to ! sixte5? family1 ,unionid1 :i* conta9 ,irid9a1 ,anodon1 & ,unio4 ,! pond mussels1 ,anodon1 are f\nd 9 lakes1 riv]s1 & seas ( almo/ e region ( ! globe4 ,_! %ells are r\nd$ or oval1 g5]ally v ?91 regul>1 & equivalve1 n gap+1 ! h+es )\t tee?1 :5ce _! "n1 f ! ,greek1 1 )\t tee?4 ,^! %ells are nacr$ inside1 & g5]ally smoo?4 ,! ,anodon cygnea 7,fig4 ,,iii41 ,,pl4 ,,xvi47 is broad1 deep1 & light1 & is sometimes employ$ = skimm+ ! cream (f milk4 ,! g5us is divid$ into _m gr\ps1 ! pr9cipal =ms ( :i* are repres5t$ 9 ,,pl4 ,,xvi4 ,! riv] mussels1 ,unio1 are1 l ! ,anodon1 f\nd 9 ! muddy bottoms ( all c\ntries4 ,! animal resembles ! ,anodon1 b ! %ell pres5ts a too!d h+e4 ,! l[] face ( ! valve is nacr\s1 b %ad$ ) purpli% violet1 copre\s1 & iridesc5t2 ! ant]ior face is ( a gre5 col\r1 :i* v>ies f t5d] to blacki% gre54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aea4 ,unio littoralis 7,cuvi]74 ,among ! species f\nd 9 ,european seas may be not$ ! ,rh9e mussel1 a l>ge species1 ! nacre ( :i* is employ$ = ornam5tal purposes4 ,unio littoralis 7,cuvi]71 repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #aea1 & ! pa9t]'s mussel1 ,unio pictorum 7,fig4 #aeb71 employ$ 9 ! arts to conta9 c]ta9 col\rs4 ,^? kn[n z ! riv] mussels are lea!ry1 ( an insipid ta/e1 & sc>cely eatable3 ! f9e/ species are f\nd 9 ! great ,am]ican riv]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xvi4--,anodonta4 ,i4 ,anodonta angulata4 7,lea47 ,,ii4 ,anodonta ensi=mis4 7,spix47 ,,iii4 ,anodonta cygnea4 7,l9n47 ,,iv4 ,anodonta magnifica4 7,lea47 ,v4 ,anodonta ans]9a4 7,spix47 ,,vi4 ,anodonta latom>g9ata4 7,lea47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeb4 ,unio pictorum 7,l9nu74 ,mussels1 z we h se51 produce pe>ls ( mod]ate value4 ,l9nu1 :o 0 aw>e ( ! orig9 ( ! ,p9tad9e pe>ls1 & ( pe>ls 9 g5]al1 0 also aw>e ( ! possibility ( produc+ !m artificially f v>i\s molluscs4 ,he sugge/$ br++ toge!r a numb] ( mussels1 pi]c+ holes 9 _! %ells ) an augur 9 ord] to produce a w\nd1 & aft]w>ds leave !m = five or six ye>s1 to give ! pe>l "t to =m4 ,! ,sw$i% ,gov]nm5t cons5t$ to try ! exp]im5t1 & long did s 9 secret2 pe>ls 7 produc$1 b !y 7 ( no value1 & ! ent]prise 0 ab&on$ z unsuccessful4 ,scotti% pe>ls 7 mu* celebrat$ 9 ! middle ages1 & betwe5 ! ye>s #agfa & #aghd pe>ls to ! value ( #aj1jjj 7 s5t to ,london f ! riv]s ,tay & ,isla2 & ! trade c>ri$ on 9 ! correspond+ ye>s 9 ! pres5t c5tury1 says ,mr4 ,b]tram1 is f> m ?an d\ble t am\nt4 ,! pe>l1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,b]tram1 is f\nd 9 a v>iety ( ! mussel1 :i* is *>act]is$ by ! valves be+ unit$ by a broad h+e1 & hav+ a /rong fibr\s byssus1 ) :i* x atta*es itself to o!r %ells1 to rocks1 & o!r solid sub/ances4 ,! pe>l fi%]ies ( ,scotl&1 he adds1 may become a s\rce ( weal? to ! p liv+ on ! l>ge riv]s1 if prud5tly conduct$4 ,mr4 ,ung]1 a deal] 9 gems 9 ,ed9burgh1 hav+ disc]n$ ! capabilities ( ! ,scot* pe>l z a gem ( value1 has e/abli%$ a scale ( prices :i* he gives = !m1 accord+ to _! size & quality2 & x is n[ a fact t ! beautiful pe>ls ( our ,scotti% /reams are admir$ beyond ! ori5t pe>l4 ,empresses & que5s1 & royal & noble ladies1 h made l>ge pur*ases ( ^! gems2 & ,mr4 ,ung] e/imates ! sum paid to pe>l-f9d]s 9 ! summ] ( #ahfd at #aj1jjj4 ,! localities successfully fi%$ h be5 ! classic ,doon1 ! ,=?1 ! ,tay1 ! ,don1 ! ,spey1 ! ,isla1 & mo/ ( ! ,highl& riv]s ( note4 ,scotti% pe>ls are mu* :it] 9 col\r ?an ori5tal4 ,:at t9t !y h is blui%1 :ile ^? ( ! ,ea/ are yell[i%4 ,p9k pe>ls are produc$ by sev]al exotic species ( ,unio4 ,our sev5te5? family are ! ,trigoniad1 af=d+ ,trigonia1 ( :i* s _m occurr$ 9 ! ,jurassic p]iod ( ,geologic ,hi/ory 9 ! /rata ( ,europe1 b ( :i* two or ?ree are alone left alive 9 ! seas ( ,au/ralia4 ,! eighte5? family1 ! ,arcad1 af=ds betwe5 #bjj & #cjj species ( ! families ( ,l$a1 ,nucula1 ,pectunculus1 & ,arca4 ,( ! eighte5? family1 ,arcad1 we %all only at pres5t in/ance ,pectunculus4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aec4 ,pectunculus aureflua 7,reeve74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aed4 ,pectunculus deless]tii 7,reeve74 ,! g5us ,pectunculus are abundant on ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean & along ! ,atlantic coa/4 ,if we take up at haz>d a h&ful ( %ells on any "p ( ! ,fr5* coa/1 "o-?ird w consi/ ( ,pectunculus4 ,!y are f\nd mix$ ) ,c>dium1 ,v5us1 ,razor-fi%1 & ,pect5s4 ,_! r\nd & robu/ frame attracts mu* att5tion4 ,!y =m ! fir/ ( ^? *>m+ infantile collections :i* are ga!r$ at ! "m's feet4 ,! animal :i* inhabits ?is pretty %ell is m\ld$ on its curvature2 l ! %ell1 x is r\nd & squat2 x is furni%$ ) a m\?1 l>ge1 & ?ick = its size1 & ) d\ble bran*i4 ,:5 ! animal is tak5 alive1 x sometimes exudes a ?ick muc\s liquid ov] ! %ell1 :i* has disgu/$ _m a "y collector ) 8 capture4 ,among num]\s species ( ,pectunculus we note z wor?y ( repres5tation3 ,p4 aureflua1 ,reeve 7,fig4 #aec72 ,p4 deless]tii1 ,reeve 7,fig4 #aed72 ,p4 pect9i=mis1 ,lam>ck 7,fig4 #aee72 & ,p4 scriptus1 ,born 7,fig4 #aef74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aee4 ,pectunculus pect9i=mis 7,lam>ck74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aef4 ,pectunculus scriptus 7,born74 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #h3 ,! t]m bivalve z con/itut+ a class mu/ be tak5 9 a limit$ s5se1 = sev]al g5]a1 z pholas = example1 h six or m valves4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,acephal\s ,,mollusca--cont9u$4 ,,mytilid--,,! ,,mussel4 ,ecce int] virides jactatur mytilus algas4 ,an?ologia4 ,we %all n[ consid] ! n9ete5? family or ,mytilid1 :i* includes ,mytilus1 ,modiola1 ,li?odomus1 & ,dreiss5a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeg4 ,mytilus edulis 7,l9nu74 ,! well-kn[n %ell ( ! mussel 7,fig4 #aeg1 ,mytilus edulis7 is longitud9al1 equivalve1 & regul>1 po9t$ at ! base1 ) capacity to atta* itself by a byssus2 ! h+e has no tee?1 b a deep furr[1 9 :i* ! ligam5t is locat$4 ,9 ! g5us ,mytilus ! byssus is divid$ to its base4 ,9 ,modiola x has a common corne\s c5tre4 ,9 ,p9na ! anus is furni%$ ) a long angul> base4 ,9 all ^! g5]a ! foot is small1 its retractile muscles num]\s1 & ! byssus l>ge4 ,9 ,li?odomus ! byssus is rudim5t>y2 ! muscles are retractile1 equal1 & two pairs only4 ,9 ,unio1 ,c>dium1 & ,hyria1 ! foot is l>ge & n byssif]\s4 ,! animal1 z describ$ by ,m4 ,*5u1 is elongate1 oval1 ! lobes ( ! mantle simple or fr+$1 divid$ at ! edge into two leaves1 ! int]ior be+ v %ort1 be>+ a fr+e ( small1 cyl9drical1 & movable fillets2 ! ext]ior leaf is unit$ to ! %ell v ne> ! edge4 ,! op5+ by :i* wat] & food are introduc$ supplies ! bran*i at ! same "t4 ,! /oma* consi/s ( a :ite membrane1 ?91 l opal9e1 & pres5t+ itself 9 longitud9al folds2 ! liv] is granul\s1 compos$ ( gre5i% gra9s m or less deep1 conta9$ 9 ! me%es ( a :iti% tissue =m+ a ?icki% b$1 :i* surr\nds ! /oma*1 ! inte/9es tak+ ! direction ( ! m$ian & dorsal l9e1 & b5ea? ! he>t are receiv$ & t]m9ate 9 a small app5dage1 float+ 9 ! cavity ( ! mantle ne> ! h+e4 ,! foot is1 p]haps1 ! rem>kable organ ( ! mussel3 x is small1 semi-lun> :5 n 9 motion1 b capable ( great elongation1 resembl+ ?us a sort ( conical tongue1 hav+ a longitud9al furr[ on its side4 ,x is put 9 motion by sev]al pairs ( muscles1 all ( :i* p5etrate & are int]lac$ ) ! tissue2 beh9d x is ! silky byssus4 ,! m\? is l>ge1 & furni%$ ) two pairs ( s(t palpi1 :i* are po9t$ & fix$ by _! summit4 ,abdom9al masses emanate1 & on ea* side a pair ( ne>ly equal bran*i4 ,! additional muscles1 "o ant]ior & small1 ! o!r po/]ior1 l>ge1 & r\nd$4 ,at ! base ( ! foot is a gl& :i* furni%es a visc\s secretion2 ?is visc\s liquid is organiz$ & m\ld$ 9 ! groove ( ! foot1 & =ms a ?read1 & orig9ates ! byssus2 x is a bundle ( hairs1 mane1 or ?read1 :i* holds on to its %ell4 ,! byssus plays an important "p 9 ! organization ( ! mussel4 ,:ile ! oy/] rema9s et]nally rivet$ to its rock1 until torn f x by viol5ce1 ! mussel moves ab\t1 & 9 ?is motion ! byssus is an active ag5t4 ,! mussel atta*es its byssus to "s fix$ object1 & draw+ ^u x1 z ^u a l9e1 ! %ell is displac$4 ,! h\se is drawn onw>ds2 ! animal is 9 motion4 ,x takes no great /rides1 b a fraction ( an in* satisfies its desires2 x is1 h[ev]1 an advance ^u ! oy/]1 & a lesson 9 me*anics4 ,! mussel /ret*es out its foot1 &1 at ! po9t *os51 x hooks on a hair ( ! byssus2 !n1 )draw+ ! foot sudd5ly1 & haul+ on ! ?read1 ! animal & %ell are mov$ =w>d4 ,e "t x repeats ?is motion x seems to atta* an additional hair1 s t at ! end ( ! f\r & tw5ty h\rs x has us$ _m in*es 9 l5g? ( cordage4 ,9 ! byssus ( "s mussels we f9d z _m z a hundr$ & fifty ( ^! small ?reads1 ) :i* ! animal an*ors itself mo/ securely to ! rock4 ,aid$ by ?is cordage1 ! mussel susp5ds itself to v]tical rocks1 hold+ on a little above ! surface ( ! wat]1 s t ! %ell is smoo? & poli%$ z comp>$ ) ! co>se & rugg$ %ell ( ! oy/]4 ,! mussels1 l ! oy/]s1 are greg>i\s1 & widely diffus$ ov] all ,european seas4 ,!y ab\nd on bo? sides ! ,*annel1 _! l[] price hav+ procur$ = !m ! "n ( ! poor man's oy/]2 b x is inf9itely less dige/ible & sav\ry ?an its cong5]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeh4 ,byssus1 mantle1 & oviduct4 ,a1 "r lobe ( ! mantle2 ,d1 rectum2 ,g1 bran*i2 ,h1 foot2 ,j1 po/]ior muscle2 ,l1 sup]ior tube2 ,o1 he>t2 ,p1 v5tricle2 ,q1 auricle2 ,x1 p]ic>dium2 b1 t5tacles2 d1 byssus2 e1 gl& ( ! byssus2 g1 retractile muscle ( ! foot2 h1 valves ( ! mantle2 i1 oviduct2 j1 orifice ( ! excretory organ2 k1 int]nal ditto4 ,_m ( our read]s may ?9k t mussels are f\nd on ! %ore 9 a /ate ( nature1 ( good size1 well flav\r$1 & fit = ! table4 ,no?+ ( ! k9d6 ,deta*$ f ! rocks & cliffs ( ! sea1 :]e x has be5 gr[+ 9 a natural /ate1 x is lean1 small1 acrid1 & un:olesome food2 & x is only :5 human indu/ry int]v5es to ameliorate ?is *ild ( ,nature t x becomes palatable & :olesome food4 ,9 ord] to trace ! ameliorative process by :i* ! coriace\s fle% ( ! mussel 0 r5d]$ t5d]1 fat1 & ev5 sav\ry1 we mu/ conduct ! read] back into ! middle ages4 ,"s "t 9 #abcf a b>que1 freight$ ) %eep & mann$ by ?ree ,iri%m51 came to grief ^u ! rocks 9 ! creek ( ,aiguillon1 a few miles f ,ro*elle4 ,! neighb\r+ fi%]m5 :o came to ! relief ( ! crew succe$$ ) great difficulty 9 sav+ ! life ( ! ma/]1 a man nam$ ,walton4 ,exil$ ^u ! lonely %ore ( ! ,aunis1 ) a few %eep sav$ f %ipwreck1 ,walton at fir/ support$ himself by hunt+ sea-f[l1 :i* frequ5t$ ! %ore & neighb\r+ m>%es 9 va/ flocks4 ,he 0 a skilful f[l]1 & inv5t$ or adapt$ a peculi> k9d ( net1 :i* he call$ ! night net4 ,?is consi/$ ( a net "s ?ree or f\r hundr$ y>ds 9 l5g? by ?ree 9 bread?1 :i* he plac$ horizontally1 l a scre51 along ! quiet wat]s ( ! bay1 reta9+ x 9 its position by means ( po/s driv5 into ! muddy bottom4 ,9 ! obscurity ( ! night ! wild-f[l1 9 float+ along ! surface ( ! wat]s1 w\ld come 9 contact ) ! net1 & get !mselves entangl$ 9 its me%es4 ,b ! ,bay ( ,aiguillon 0 only a va/ lake ( mud1 9 :i* boats mov$ ) difficulty2 & ,walton1 hav+ arrang$ 8 bird-net1 began to consid] :at k9d ( boat w\ld enable him mo/ conv5i5tly to navigate ! sea ( mud4 ,! flat-bottom$1 squ>e-sid$ boat1 kn[n 9 our riv]s z a punt1 & on ! ,norman coa/ z an acon1 0 ! result4 ,walton's boat _h a wood5 frame "s ?ree y>ds long & "o 9 bread? & dep?1 ! =e "p ( :i* slop$ d[n into ! wat]1 9 ! =m ( a pr[1 at a slight angle4 ,9 propell+ ! boat ! r[]1 :o occupi$ ! /]n ( ! punt1 knelt on 8 "r knee 7z repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #aei71 incl9+ =w>d1 ) "o h& on ea* edge1 & ! left leg outside ! boat4 ,a vigor\s pu% ) ! left foot gave ! frail boat an impulse1 "u :i* x rapidly trav]s$ ! bay f "o po9t to ! o!r4 ,! mussels sw>m$ 9 ! little bay2 & ,walton soon rem>k$ t !y atta*$ !mselves by pref]5ce to t "p ( ! po/ a little above ! mud1 & t ^? s plac$ soon became fatt]1 z well z m agreeable to ! ta/e1 ?an ^? buri$ 9 ! mud4 ,he saw 9 ?is peculi>ity ! elem5ts ( a sort ( mussel culture :i* might become a new bran* ( indu/ry4 ,! practices he introduc$1 says ,m4 ,co/e1 7 s happily adapt$ to ! requirem5ts ( ! new indu/ry1 t1 aft] six c5turies1 !y are /ill ! rules by :i* ! ri* patrimony he creat$ = a num]\s population is gov]n$4 ,he seems to h appli$ himself to ! ent]prise1 consci\s n only ( ! s]vice he 0 r5d]+ to 8 contempor>ies1 b desir\s t _! desc5dants %\ld rememb] him1 = 9 e in/ance he has giv5 to ! app>atus :i* he inv5t$ ! =m ( 8 initial lett] ,w4 ,aft] due consid]ation1 ,walton began to c>ry out 8 design4 ,he plant$ a long range ( piles along ! l[ m>%y %ore1 ea* pair =m+ a lett] ,v1 ! front ( ! lett] be+ t[>ds ! sea1 & ea* limb div]g+ at an angle ( =ty-five degrees4 ,^! po/s 7 driv5 ab\t a y>d asund]2 !y 7 ab\t twelve feet long1 six feet be+ above wat]1 & int]lac$ ) bran*es wattl$ toge!r1 s z to =m cont9u\s hurdles1 ea* ab\t two hundr$ y>ds long1 :i* are call$ b\*ots4 ,by ! assi/ance ( ?is app>atus1 :i* int]cept$ spat :i* w\ld o!rwise h be5 swept away to sea by ! tide1 ,walton =m$ a magnific5t collection ( mussels2 b he did n ab&on 8 isolat$ piles4 ,^!1 be+ )\t fasc9es or bran*es1 & always subm]g$1 arre/$ ! spat at ! mom5t ( emission4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aei4 ,punt or ,pirogue ( ! ,m>%4 ,! advantages ( ?is sy/em ( culture adopt$ by ! ,iri% exile 7 s obvi\s t 8 neighb\rs along ! %ore 7 n sl[ to imitate 8 example4 ,9 a %ort "t ! :ole bay 0 cov]$ ) simil> b\*ots4 ,at ! pres5t "t ^! l9es ( hurdles =m a p]fect =e/ 9 ! little creek4 ,ab\t two hundr$ & ?irty ?\s& piles support a hundr$ & tw5ty-five ?\s& fasc9es1 :i*1 accord+ to ,m4 ,co/e1 b5d all ! ye> "u a h>ve/ :i* a squadron ( %ips ( ! l9e w\ld fail to float4 ,!re are ab\t five hundr$ ( ^! b\*ots 9 ! bay1 ea* f two hundr$ to two hundr$ & fifty y>ds 9 l5g? & six feet high4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afj4 ,isolat$ piles cov]$ ) ! spawn ( mussels4 ,! isolat$ piles are )\t palisades1 & are uncov]$ only at spr+ tides4 ,9 ! mon?s ( ,febru>y & ,m>* ! spat collect$ on !m sc>cely equals 9 size a gra9 ( l9se$2 by ! mon? ( ,may x w be ab\t ! size ( a split pea2 9 ,july1 a small h>icot bean3 ?is is ! mom5t = its transplantation4 ,9 ?is mon? ! b\*oti]s1 z ! m5 occupi$ 9 ?is culture are call$1 laun* _! punts & proce$ to ! "p ( ! bay :]e ^! piles are driv54 ,!y deta* ) a hook ! agglom]at$ masses ( "y mussels1 :i* !y ga!r 9 baskets1 & c>ry !m to _! b\*ots4 ,^! b\*ots1 t is to say1 ! piles cov]$ ) fasc9es & bran*es1 are ( f\r diff]5t heights1 =m+1 s to speak1 f\r /ages1 accord+ to ! age & gr[? ( ! mussel4 ,ea* /age receives ! mollusc suitable to x4 ,9 ! fir/ /age ( its exi/5ce ! mussel _c endure exposure to ! air1 & rema9s con/antly "u wat]1 except at ! p]iod ( spr+ tides4 ,^! are ga!r$ 9 sacks made ( old matt+1 or susp5d$ 9 int]/ices ( ! basket-"w4 ,^! imm5se palisades1 says ,m4 ,co/e1 cov] !mselves ) black clu/]s ( mussels develop$ betwe5 ! me%es ( _! tissues4 ,at t "t ! second r[s are cle>$ away to make room = y\ng] g5]ations2 ! mussels1 :i* no long] dread ! air1 are transport$ to ! m advanc$ b\*ots1 :i* rema9 above wat] 9 all tides1 :]e !y /ay till !y are fit = m>ket1 :i* usually happ5s aft] t5 or twelve mon?s ( culture on ! m advanc$ b\*ots4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afa4 ,piles1 ) basket-"w1 cov]$ ) mussels 9 a fit /ate to be ga!r$ 94 ,b1 9 ord] to prep>e = ?is consummation1 !y are subject$ to a second & ev5 a ?ird remove4 ,!re is no long] any dang] 9 subject+ !m to ! air = _m h\rs4 ,f ?is !y pass to a f\r? /age1 t]m$ ,amont 7,fig4 #afa74 ,f ?is /age ! full-gr[n mussel is remov$4 ,"u ?is sy/em ( culture ! reproduction1 nurs+1 collect+1 & prep>+ = m>ket1 are made simultane\sly4 ,f ,july to ,janu>y ! mussel trade is 9 full op]ation1 & ! fle% 9 p]fection4 ,f ,febru>y to ,april is ! close season2 _! fle% is !n poor & lea!ry4 ,x is also rem>k$ t ^? :i* inhabit ! upp] r[s ( ! wick]-"w are ( a mell[] flav\r ?an ^? on ! l[] ranks1 & t ! int]m$iate r[s are an improvem5t on ^? :i* are buri$ 9 ! mud1 al?\gh ev5 ^! are pref]able to mussels ga!r$ on ! sea %ore 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,m4 ,co/e gives a graphic description ( ! mann] 9 :i* ?is indu/ry is c>ri$ on4 ,hav+ suppli$ ! neighb\r+ villages1 he says1 = ! purpose ( supply+ ! m di/ant cities1 ! b\*oti]s l& _! punts1 fill$ ) mussels1 :i* _! wives c>ry into grottoes holl[$ out ( ! cliffs2 :]e !y clean & pack !m 9 hamp]s1 baskets1 & panni]s1 = conveyance by c>ts or pack-horses4 ,!y dep>t on _! respective j\rneys at night1 s z to rea* _! m>kets at ,la ,ro*elle1 ,ro*e=t1 ,surgres1 ,sa9t-,jean-d',angely1 ,ang\lme1 ,niort1 ,poicti]s1 ,t\rs1 ,ang]s1 & ,saumur1 at an e>ly h\r4 ,a hundr$ & =ty horses & n9ety c>ts make upw>ds ( ?irty-?ree ?\s& j\rneys annually to ^! cities4 ,besides ?is1 =ty or fifty boats come f ,bordeaux1 ! isles ( ,r & ,ol]on1 & f ! s&s ( ,olonne1 mak+ an aggregate ( sev5 hundr$ & fifty voyages p] annum1 di/ribut+ ! h>ve/ ( ! little bay at places :]e horses c\ld n s]ve ! purpose4 ,a b\*ot1 well furni%$1 supplies annually1 accord+ to ! l5g? ( its w+s1 f f\r to five hundr$ *>ges4 ,! *>ge is a hundr$ & fifty kilogrammes 7ov] ?ree hundr$ p\nds71 & sells = five francs2 a s+le b\*ot ?us c>ries a h>ve/ equal 9 weight to a hundr$ & ?irty to a hundr$ & =ty ?\s& p\nds1 equal 9 value to #ajj2 ! :ole bay probably yield+ a gross rev5ue ( #dhj1jjj4 ,?is figure1 & ! abundant h>ve/ :i* produces x1 gives only a slight idea ( ! alim5t>y res\rces ( ! sea %ore2 & e "p ( ! coa/1 prop]ly adapt$ = ! purpose1 c\ld be turn$ to equal advantage4 ,9 ! mean "t1 ! ,bay ( ,aiguillon rema9s a monum5t ( :at "o man may accompli%4 ,:ile comm5d+ ! mussel z an important article ( food1 we mu/ n conceal ! fact1 t x has produc$ 9 c]ta9 p]sons v grave effects1 %[+ t = !m its fle% has ! effects ( poison4 ,! symptoms1 commonly obs]v$ two or ?ree h\rs aft] ! repa/1 are weakness or torpor1 con/riction ( ! ?roat & swell+ ( ! head1 accompani$ by great ?ir/1 nausea1 frequ5t vomit+s1 & eruption ( ! sk9 & sev]e it*+4 ,! cause ( ^! attacks is n v well asc]ta9$2 !y h 9 turn be5 ascrib$ to ! pres5ce ( copp] pyrites 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! mussel2 to c]ta9 small crabs :i* lodge !mselves z p>asites 9 ! %ell ( ! mussel2 to ! spawn ( />-fi%es or m$us t ! mussel may h swall[$4 ,b1 probably1 ! true cause ( ?is k9d ( poison+ resides 9 ! pr$isposition ( individuals4 ,! rem$y is v simple3 an emetic1 accompani$ by dr9k+ pl5tifully ( slightly acidulat$ bev]ages4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afb4 ,malleus alba 7,lam>ck74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afc4 ,malleus vulg>is 7,lam>ck74 ,we h n[ come to ! tw5tie? family1 ! ,aviculid1 :i* conta9s ,avicula1 ,malleus1 ,maleagr9a1 ,p]na1 & ,p9na4 ,! %ells ( ! ,hamm]heads 7,malleus7 h a r\gh resemblance to ! implem5t f :i* !y d]ive _! "n4 ,! valves are ne>ly equal1 blacki%1 & some:at wr9kl$ on ! ext]ior1 (t5 brilliantly nacr$ 9 ! int]ior4 ,!y are enl>g$ to ! "r & left ( ! h+e1 =m+ prolongations on ea* side1 :i* give !m ! fanci$ resemblance to ! ,hamm]head 7,fig4 #afc74 ,at ! same "t !y gr[ 9 a direction opposite to ! h+e1 :i* gives some?+ approa*+ ! h&le ( ! implem5t4 ,?is is ! fir/ feature :i* a glance at ,malleus alba 7,fig4 #afb7 conveys4 ,! h+e is )\t tee?1 hav+ in/ead a deep conical fossette or dimple1 = ! reception ( a v /rong ligam5t :i* acts ^u ! valves4 ,! animal is conta9$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! %ell1 its mantle fr+$ by v small t5tacul> app5dages4 ,only six actually liv+ species ( ! g5]a are kn[n1 :i* are inhabitants ( ! ,indian ,ocean1 ( ! ,au/ralian seas1 & ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,! beautiful diaphan\s nacre :i* embelli%es ! int]ior ( s _m ornam5tal cab9ets are pr9cipally produc$ by ! animal inhabit+ ! ,meleagr9a1 a bivalve1 sometimes designat$ ! p9tad9e1 or "m-(-pe>l %ell4 ,?is bivalve moors itself to ! bottom ( ! sea by a /rong byssus ( a br[ni% col\r4 ,! door-po/s ( ! %ells are irregul>ly r\nd$ 9 _! "y days2 !y are ext]nally lightly foliat$1 & ornam5t$ ) b&s ( gre5 & :ite1 :i* spr+ f ! summit 9 rays1 & aft]w>ds break (f into two or ?ree slightly scatt]$ bran*es4 ,9 old age !y become rugg$ & blacki%4 ,! %ell is 9 its p]fection :5 ab\t eight or t5 ye>s old1 _! size be+ !n ab\t six in*es 9 diamet]1 ) a ?ickness ( ab\t an in* & a qu>t]4 ,nacre is ! h>d & brilliant sub/ance ) :i* ! valves ( c]ta9 %ells are l9$ 9 ! int]ior4 ,?is sub/ance is :ite1 silky1 slightly azure1 & m or less iridesc5t4 ,mo/ ( ! bivalves are suppli$ ) nacre2 "s ( !m ev5 yield a blue1 or blue & violet pigm5t4 ,! iridesc5t ,haliotis iris1 = in/ance1 is an em]ald-gre5i% blue ( *ang+ col\r1 ) reflections ( a purple violet4 ,turbo argyro/omus 7,l9nu7 pres5ts a m\? ( bright silv]y hue1 :ile ,turbo *ryso/omus appe>s 9 all ! glory ( gold2 b ! ,p9tad9e yields ! pure/ :ite nacre1 z well z ! mo/ uni=m1 & especially ! ?icke/4 ,?is product owes its brilliant & delicate appe>ance to ! play ( light on x 9 its highly-poli%$ /ate4 ,= practical purposes ! nacre is sep>at$ f ! %ell ) an in/rum5t2 sometimes all ! ext]ior "p ( ! %ell be+ dissolv$ away f ! preci\s sub/ance1 leav+ only ! nak$ b$ ( nacre4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afd4 ,meleagr9a m>g>itif]a 7,l9nu74 ,outside ( ! %ell4 ,inside ( ! %ell4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afe4 ,meleagr9a m>g>itif]a 7,l9nu74 ,b ! mo/ int]e/+ ( all ! nacre-be>+ %ells is ! pe>l oy/] 7,meleagr9a m>g>itif]a71 ! ext]ior1 z well z ! int]ior1 ( :i* is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #afd4 ,! int]ior ( ! %ell af=ds ! mo/ exquisite pe>ls2 ! ,e/]hazy collection ( jewels af=d$ _m su* specim5s4 ,?is %ell is ne>ly r\nd1 & gre5i% 9 col\r on ! outside2 x furni%es at once ! f9e/ pe>ls1 "u fav\rable circum/ances1 & ! nacre s useful 9 _m indu/rial arts4 ,f9e pe>ls & nacre h1 9 %ort1 ! same orig94 ,! nacre inve/s ! :ole int]ior ( ! %ell ( ,meleagr9a m>g>itif]a2 be+ ! same secretion :i* 9 ! pe>l has assum$ ! globul> =m3 9 "o /ate x is deposit$ z nacre on ! walls ( ! bivalve1 9 ! o!r z a pe>l 9 ! fle%y int]ior ( ! animal4 ,?is nacre is !re=e at once a calc>e\s & horny matt]1 :i* ! animal secretes1 & :i* x atta*es to ! int]ior walls ( ! %ell dur+ ! sev]al p]iods ( its developm5t4 ,pe>ls are =m$ ( ! same sub/ance1 only 9 place ( be+ deposit$ ^u ! valves 9 b$s1 ! mat]ial is cond5s$ & agglom]at$ 9 small sph]oids1 :i* develop !mselves ei!r on ! surface ( ! valves or 9 ! fle%y "p ( ! mollusc4 ,betwe5 nacre & pe>ls1 !re=e1 !re is only ! diff]5ce ( ! =m ( deposition4 ,fig4 #afe repres5ts ! pe>l oy/] ) calc>e\s concretions 9 v>i\s /ates ( progress4 ,! f9e/ pe>ls--solidifi$ drops ( dew1 z ! ,ori5tals t]m !m 9 ! language ( poetry--are secretions suppos$ to be ! result ( disease 9 ! animal4 ,! matt]1 9 place ( be+ spread ov] ! surface ( ! valves 9 _! b$s1 is cond5s$ ei!r on ! c5tre ( ! valves or 9 ! int]ior ( ! organ1 & =ms a m or less r\nd$ body4 ,! pe>ls1 :5 deposit$ on ! valves1 are g5]ally adh]5t2 ^? :i* orig9ate 9 ! body ( ! animal are always free4 ,g5]ally we f9d "s small =eign body 9 _! c5tre :i* has s]v$ z a nucleus to ! concretion1 ! body be+ p]haps a /]ile egg ( ! mollusc1 ! egg ( a fi%1 a r\nd$ animalcule1 a gra9 ( s& ev51 r\nd :i* has be5 deposit$ 9 conc5tric lay]s ! beautiful & mu*-priz$ gem4 ,! ,*9ese1 & o!r ,ea/]n nations1 are said to turn ?is fact 9 ! natural hi/ory ( bivalves to practical use 9 mak+ pe>ls & cameos4 ,by introduc+ into ! mantle ( ! mollusc1 or into ! int]ior ( a liv+ valve1 a r\nd gra9 ( s&1 glass1 or metal1 !y induce a deposit :i* 9 "t yields a pe>l1 9 ! "o case free1 & 9 ! o!r adh]+ to ! %ell4 ,9 "s cases !y are said to be produc$ 9 :ole *aplets by ! ins]tion ( gra9s ( qu>tz connect$ by a /r+ into ! mantle ( a species ( ,symphynota2 9 o!r cases1 a doz5 enamell$ figures ( ,buddha seat$ h be5 produc$ by ins]t+ small plates ( emboss$ metal 9 ! valves ( ! same species4 ,! pe>ls are v small at fir/2 !y increase by annual lay]s deposit$ on ! orig9al nucleus1 _! brilliancy & %ade ( col\r v>y+ ) t ( ! nacre f :i* !y are produc$4 ,sometimes !y are diaphan\s1 silky1 lu/r\s1 & m or less iridesc5t2 occasionally !y turn out dull1 obscure1 & ev5 smoky4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! pe>l oy/] is met ) 9 v diff]5t latitudes2 !y are f\nd 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 on ! ,arabian coa/1 & 9 ,japan1 9 ! ,am]ican seas1 & on ! %ores ( ,cali=nia1 & 9 ! isl&s ( ! ,s\? ,sea2 b ! mo/ important fi%]ies are f\nd 9 ! ,bay ( ,b5gal1 ,ceylon1 & o!r p>ts ( ! ,indian ,ocean4 ,! ,ceylon fi%]ies are "u ,gov]nm5t inspection1 & ea* ye>1 be=e ! fi%]ies comm5ce1 an (ficial inspection ( ! coa/ takes place4 ,sometimes ! fi%+ is und]tak5 on acc\nt ( ! ,/ate1 at o!r times x is let to p>ties ( speculators4 ,9 #ahjd ! pe>l fi%]y 0 grant$ to a capitali/ = #abj1jjj2 b1 to avoid impov]i%+ all ! b$s at once1 ! same "p ( ! gulf is n fi%$ e ye>4 ,! great fi%]y = "m-(-pe>l ,p9tad9es 7,meleagr9a m>g>itif]a7 takes place 9 ! ,gulf ( ,mana>1 a l>ge bay to ! nor?-ea/ ( ! isl&2 x comm5ces 9 ! mon? ( ,febru>y or ,m>*1 & cont9ues ?irty days1 tak5 collectively1 & occupies two hundr$ & fifty boats1 :i* come f diff]5t p>ts ( ! coa/2 !y rea* ! gr\nd at daybreak1 ! "t be+ indicat$ by a signal gun4 ,ea* boat's crew consi/s ( tw5ty h&s1 & a negro4 ,! r[]s are t5 9 numb]4 ,! div]s divide !mselves into two gr\ps ( five m5 ea*1 :o lab\r & re/ alt]nately2 !y desc5d f =ty to fifty feet1 sev5ty be+ ! v utmo/ !y c accompli%1 & eighty seconds ! longe/ p]iod ! be/ div]s c rema9 "u wat]1 ! ord9>y p]iod be+ only ?irty seconds4 ,9 ord] to accel]ate _! desc5t1 a l>ge /one is atta*$ to a rope4 ,accord+ to travell]s ! o>s are us$ to rig out a /age1 across :i* planks are laid ov] bo? sides ( ! boat2 to ?is /age ! div+-/one is susp5d$4 ,?is /one is 9 ! =m ( a pyramid1 weigh+ ab\t half-a-hundr$weight2 ! cord :i* su/a9s x sometimes c>ries 9 its l[] p>ts a sort ( /irrup to receive ! foot ( ! div]4 ,at ! mom5t ( 8 desc5t he places 8 "r foot 9 ?is /irrup1 or1 :]e !re is no su* provision1 he re/s x on ! /one ) ! cord betwe5 8 toes4 ,9 8 left foot he holds ! net :i* is to receive ! bivalves2 !n1 seiz+ ) 8 "r h& a signal-cord conv5i5tly arrang$ = 8 purpose1 & press+ 8 no/rils ) ! left h&1 he dives1 hold+ himself v]tically1 & balanc+ himself ov] 8 foot4 ,ea* div] is nak$1 except ! b& ( calico :i* surr\nds ! lo9s4 ,hav+ rea*$ ! bottom1 he )draws 8 foot f ! /one1 :i* asc5ds imm$iately to ! /age4 ,! div] ?r[s himself on 8 face1 & beg9s to ga!r all ! p9tad9es )9 8 rea*1 plac+ !m 9 8 net4 ,:5 he wi%es to asc5d he pulls ! signal cord1 & is drawn up ) all possible exp$ition4 ,a good div]1 we h said1 seldom rema9s m ?an ?irty seconds "u wat] at "o "t2 b he repeats ! op]ation ?ree or f\r1 &1 9 fav\rable circum/ances1 ev5 fifte5 or tw5ty times4 ,! lab\r is extremely sev]e4 ,on return+ to ! boat !y sometimes dis*>ge wat] t+$ ) blood by ! m\?1 nose1 & e>s4 ,!y are also expos$ to great dang] f %>ks1 :i* lie 9 wait = & frequ5tly dev\r ! unhappy div]s4 ,!y cont9ue to fi% till mid-day1 :5 a second gun gives ! signal to cease4 ,! proprietors wait on %ore = _! boats1 9 ord] to sup]9t5d _! dis*>ge1 :i* mu/ take place be=e night sets 91 9 ord] to prev5t concealm5t & robb]y4 ,9 pa/ times ! ,ceylon fi%]ies 7 v valuable4 ,9 #agig !y are said to h produc$ #add1jjj1 & 9 #agih z mu* z #aib1jjj4 ,9 #ahjb ! fi%]ies 7 f>m$ = #abj1jjj2 b = _m ye>s ! banks h be5 less productive1 & are n[ said to yield only ! sum ( #bj1jjj p] annum4 ,! natives ( ! ,bay ( ,b5gal1 ^? ( ! ,*9ese coa/1 ( ,japan1 & ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 all ab&on !mselves to ! pe>l fi%]y1 ! produce be+ e/imat$ to realize at lea/ #hjj1jjj4 ,fi%]ies analog\s to ^? ( ,ceylon take place on ! ,p]sian coa/1 on ! ,arabian ,gulf1 along ! coa/ ( ,muscat1 & 9 ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,9 ^! c\ntries ! pe>l fi%+ does n comm5ce till ! mon?s ( ,july & ,augu/1 ! sea be+ at t "t calm] ?an 9 o!r mon?s ( ! ye>4 ,arriv$ on _! fi%+-gr\nd1 ! fi%]m5 range _! b>ques at a prop] di/ance f ea* o!r1 & ca/ an*or 9 wat] f eight to n9e fa?oms deep4 ,! process is pursu$ "h 9 a v simple mann]4 ,:5 ab\t to desc5d ! div]s pass a cord1 ! extremity ( :i* communicates ) a bell plac$ 9 ! b>que1 "u ! armpits2 !y put cotton 9 _! e>s1 & press ! no/rils toge!r ) a piece ( wood or horn2 !y close _! m\?s h]metically1 atta* a heavy /one to _! feet1 & at once s9k to ! bottom ( ! sea1 :]e !y ga!r indiscrim9ately all %ells )9 _! rea*1 :i* !y ?r[ into a bag susp5d$ r\nd ! haun*es4 ,:5 !y require to brea! !y s\nd ! bell1 & imm$iately !y are assi/$ 9 _! asc5t4 ,on ! oy/]-banks (f ! ,isle ( ,bahre9 ! pe>l fi%]y produces ab\t #bdj1jjj2 & if we add to ?is ! addition furni%$ by ! o!r fi%]ies ( ! neighb\rhood1 ! sum total yield$ by ! ,arabian coa/ w\ld probably n fall %ort ( #cej1jjj4 ,9 ,s\? ,am]ica simil> fi%]ies exi/4 ,be=e ! ,mexican conque/ ! pe>l fi%]ies 7 locat$ betwe5 ,acapulco & ! ,gulf ( ,tehuantepec2 subsequ5tly !y 7 e/abli%$ r\nd ! ,isl&s ( ,cubagua1 ,m>g>ita1 & ,panama4 ,! results became s full ( promise t popul\s cities 7 n sl[ to raise !mselves r\nd ^! sev]al places4 ,"u ! reign ( ,*>les ,v41 ,am]ica s5t to ,spa9 pe>ls valu$ at #afj1jjj2 9 ! pres5t day !y are e/imat$ to be wor? #fj1jjj4 ,9 ! places m5tion$1 ! div]s desc5d into ! sea q nak$2 !y rema9 !re f tw5ty-five to ?irty seconds1 dur+ :i* space !y c only secure two or ?ree p9tad9es4 ,!y dive 9 ?is way a doz5 times 9 succession1 :i* gives an av]age ( betwe5 ?irty & =ty bivalves to ea* div]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! bivalve is c>ri$ on %ore1 & pil$ up on mats ( ,esp>t]o grass4 ,! mollusc dies1 & soon becomes decompos$2 x requires t5 days to be ?or\ghly disorganiz$4 ,:5 9 a ?or\ghly corrupt /ate1 !y are ?r[n into res]voirs ( sea-wat]1 :5 !y are op5$1 wa%$1 & h&$ ov] to ! deal]s4 ,! valves furni% nacre1 & ! p>5*yma ! pe>ls4 ,! valves are cleans$1 & pil$ up 9 tuns or casks2 by rais+ _! ext]nal surface plates ( nacre are obta9$ m or less ?ick1 accord+ to ! age ( ! mollusc4 ,nacre ( ?ree k9ds are di/+ui%able 9 comm]ce3 silv]-fac$1 ba/>d :ite1 & ba/>d black4 ,! fir/ are sold 9 cases ( two hundr$ & fifty to two hundr$ & eighty p\nds2 !y are br\ght f ! ,indies1 f ,*9a1 & ,p]u4 ,! %ips ( v>i\s nations import ^! %ells z balla/4 ,! second is deliv]$ 9 casks ( two hundr$ & fifty p\nds weight2 x is a yell[i% :ite1 & sometimes gre5i%2 sometimes r$1 blue1 & gre54 99 99 99 99 99 ,pe>ls =m by f> ! mo/ important product ( ! animal4 ,:5 !y are adh]5t to ! valves !y are deta*$ ) p9c]s2 b1 habitually1 !y are f\nd 9 ! p>5*yma ( ! animal4 ,9 ?is case ! sub/ance is boil$1 & aft]w>ds sift$1 9 ord] to obta9 ! mo/ m9ute ( ! pe>ls2 = ^? ( consid]able size are sometimes ov]look$ 9 ! fir/ op]ation4 ,mon?s aft] ! mollusc is putrifi$1 mis]able ,indians may be obs]v$ busy+ !mselves ) ! corrupt mass1 9 se>* ( small pe>ls :i* may h be5 ov]look$ by ! workm54 ,! pe>ls adh]5t to ! valve are m or less irregul> 9 _! %ape2 !y are sold by weight4 ,^? f\nd 9 ! body ( ! animal1 & isolat$1 are call$ virg9 pe>ls1 or p>agons4 ,!y are globul>1 ovoid1 or pyri=m1 & are sold by ! individual pe>l4 ,9 clean+ !m1 !y are ga!r$ toge!r 9 a heap 9 a bag & work$ ) p[d]$ nacre1 9 ord] to r5d] !m p]fectly pure 9 col\r & r\nd 9 %ape1 & give !m a poli%2 f9ally1 !y are pass$ ?r\gh a s]ies ( copp] sieves1 9 ord] to size !m4 ,^! sieves1 to ! numb] ( twelve1 are made s z to be ins]t$ "o )9 ! o!r1 ea* be+ pi]c$ ) holes1 :i* det]m9e ! size ( ! pe>l & ! comm]cial numb] :i* is to di/+ui% x4 ,?us1 ! sieve ,no4 #bj is pi]c$ ) tw5ty holes1 ,no4 #ej ) fifty holes1 & s on up to ,no4 #ajjj1 :i* is pi]c$ ) t numb] ( holes4 ,! pe>ls :i* are reta9$ 9 ,nos4 #bj to #hj1 said to be mill1 are pe>ls ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,^? :i* pass & are reta9$ betwe5 ,nos4 #ajj to #hjj are vivadoe1 or pe>ls ( ! second ord]2 & ^? :i* pass ?r\gh all ! o!rs & are reta9$ 9 ,no4 #ajjj belong to ! class tool1 or se$ pe>ls1 & are ( ! ?ird ord]4 ,!y are aft]w>ds ?read$2 ! small & m$ium-siz$ pe>ls on :ite or blue silk1 arrang$ 9 r[s1 & ti$ ) ribbon into a top-knot ( blue or r$ silk1 9 :i* condition !y are expos$ = sale 9 r[s1 assort$ accord+ to _! col\rs & quality4 ,! small or se$ pe>ls are sold by measure or weight4 ,9 ,am]ica ! bivalve is op5$ ) a knife1 l ! common edible oy/]1 & ! pe>l is obta9$ by break+ up ! mollusc betwe5 ! f+] & ?umb )\t wait+ = its decomposition2 nor is x boil$4 ,?is is a mu* long] & less c]ta9 process ?an t pursu$ 9 ! ,ea/2 b ! pe>ls are pres]v$ 9 great] fre%ness by ! process--= ! nacre ( ! dead %ells is less brilliant ?an t ( ^? :i* h be5 sudd5ly kill$1 & at once sep>at$ f ! s(t p>ts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"s few pe>ls h become hi/orical1 f _! size & beauty4 ,a pe>l f ,panama1 9 ! =m ( a pe>1 & ab\t ! size ( a pigeon's egg1 0 pres5t$ 9 #aegi to ,philip ,,ii41 ,k+ ( ,spa93 x 0 valu$ at #djjj4 ,a ,lady ( ,madrid possess$ an ,am]ican pe>l 9 #afje valu$ at #ca1jjj ducats4 ,! ,pope ,leo ,x4 pur*as$ a pe>l ( a ,v5etian jewell] = #ad1jjj4 ,ano!r 0 pres5t$ to ! ,sultan ,soliman ! ,great by ! ,v5etian ,republic valu$ at #af1jjj4 ,julius ,cs>1 :o 0 a great admir] ( pe>ls1 pres5t$ "o to ,s]vilia :i* 0 valu$ at a million ( se/]ces1 ab\t #dh1jjj ( our money4 ,!re is no data = ! volume or value ( ! two fam\s pe>ls ( ,cleopatra2 "o ( ^! :i* ! que5 is said to h caprici\sly dissolv$ 9 v9eg> & drank--,heav5s pres]ve u f su* a draught6--is said by "s au?ors to h be5 wor? #fj1jjj2 ! o!r 0 divid$ into two p>ts1 & susp5d$ "o half f ea* e> ( ! ,capitol9e ,v5us4 ,ano!r pe>l 0 pur*as$ at ,califa by ! travell] ,tav]ni]1 & is said to h be5 sold by him to ! ,%ah ( ,p]sia = ! enorm\s price ( #ahj1jjj4 ,a pr9ce ( ,muscat possess$ a pe>l s extremely valuable--n on acc\nt ( its size1 = x 0 only twelve c>ats1 b because x 0 s cle> & transp>5t t daylight 0 se5 ?r\gh x--he refus$ #djjj = x4 ,9 ! ,zozema ,museum at ,mosc[ !re is a pe>l1 call$ ! ,pilgrim1 :i* is q diaphan\s2 x is globul> 9 =m1 & weighs ne>ly tw5ty-f\r c>ats4 ,x is said t ! pe>l 9 ! cr[n ( ,rudolph ,,ii4 weigh$ ?irty c>ats1 & 0 z l>ge z a pe>4 ,?is size1 besides be+ indef9ite1 is m ?an d\btful4 ,! %ahs ( ,p]sia actually possess a /r+ ( pe>ls1 ea* individual ( :i* is ne>ly ! size ( a hazel nut4 ,! value ( ?is /r+ ( jewels is ine/imable4 ,at ! ,p>is ,exposition ( #ahee1 ,h] ,maje/y ! ,que5 exhibit$ "s magnific5t pe>ls2 & on ! same occasion ! ,emp]or ( ! ,fr5* exhibit$ a collection ( #djh pe>ls1 ea* weigh+ ov] n9e p5nyweights1 all ( p]fect =m & ( ! f9e/ wat]4 ,! ,romans 7 passionately fond ( pe>ls1 & !y h transmitt$ _! ta/e to ! ,ea/]n nations1 :o atta* notions ( great gr&eur & weal? to ! possessor ( l>ge & brilliant pe>ls4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! g5us ,p9na1 s call$ by ,l9nu1 f "o ( ! species :i* 0 s designat$ f ! resemblance ( its byssus to ! aigrette or plumelet :i* ! ,roman soldi]s atta*$ to ! helmet4 ,fr5* naturali/s "n !m jambonneau1 f _! s+ul> resemblance to a dri$ ham 7,figs4 #aff & #afg71 _! br[n1 smoky col\r n a little aid+ ! resemblance4 ,?is %ell is fibr\s1 horny1 v ?9 & fragile1 compress$1 regul>1 & equivalve1 triangul>ly po9t$ 9 front1 r\nd or truncat$ beh9d4 ,! h+e is l9e>1 /raight1 & )\t tee?2 ! ligam5t1 9 great "p int]nal1 occupies m ?an half ! ant]ior half ( ! dorsal edge ( ! %ell1 =m+ a /raight elongat$ fossette4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aff4 ,p9na rudis 7,l9nu74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afg4 ,p9na nigr9a 7,lam>ck74 ,! animal is ?ick1 elongat$1 ) mantle op5 beh9d1 pres5t+ a conical furr[$ foot1 he>+ a consid]able byssus4 ,! ,p9n are f\nd 9 almo/ e sea1 & at v>i\s dep?s2 !y are con/antly atta*$ by _! byssus1 & 9 a v]tical position1 ! l>g] side ( _! %ell be+ upp]mo/4 ,!y assemble on s&y bottoms 9 consid]able numb]s4 ,! byssus has 9 all ages fix$ ! att5tion ( ! ,m$it]ranean fi%]m5 ^u ^! curi\s %ells4 ,) its tuft ( f9e silky hairs1 six or sev5 in*es 9 l5g?1 ( a f9e r$di%-br[n hue1 articles ( luxury are =m$1 :i* are (t5 m5tion$ by ! ,lat9 writ]s4 ,! ?reads ( ! byssus1 :i* are rem>kable = _! unalt]able col\r1 7 =m$ by bo? ,greeks & ,romans into a fabric to :i* !re is no?+ analog\s 9 ! _w4 ,! ,maltese & ,neapolitans /ill fa%ion s(t tissues f x1 b ! /uffs s manufactur$ are pure objects ( curiosity4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afh4 ,p9na bullata 7,swa9son74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afi4 ,p9na nobilis1 ) its byssus 7,l9nu74 ,twelve species are describ$ z liv+ 9 ! sev]al seas4 ,p9na nobilis 7,fig4 #afi71 ! byssus ( :i* 0 employ$ 9 ! anci5t ,neapolitan indu/ry1 inhabits ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,p9na bullata1 ,swa9son 7,fig4 #afh71 is also a well-kn[n species4 ,,o/reid4 ,our tw5ty-fir/ family1 ,o/reid1 conta9s ,lima1 ,spondylus1 ,pect51 ,anomia1 & ! all-important oy/]4 ,! common oy/]1 ,o/rea edulis1 is f\nd 9 all seas4 ,x is unequally valv$1 modifi$ 9 %ape by ! =m ( ! subm>9e body to :i* x happ5s to be atta*$4 ,! l[] or adh]5t valve is concave1 always ! l>ge/2 ! upp] "o ?91 usually flat2 ! %ell is lamell>1 r\gh ext]nally1 & seems to be compos$ ( brok5 lay]s1 adh]+ slightly to ea* o!r1 z if ! successive lay]s _h be5 built up f )91 & ea* succe$+ lay] 0 an enl>gem5t ^u its pr$ecessor4 ,! h+e :i* unites ! valves is an ela/ic too?less ligam5t plac$ beh9d ! c5tre1 :i* op5s ! valves4 ,! int]ior surface ( ! valves is smoo? & :ite1 diaphan\s or pe>ly t[>ds ! c5tre1 b ne> ! back an oval or r\nd$ impression may be obs]v$1 to :i* a ?ick & :iti% fle%y body is atta*$4 ,?is is ! c5tral muscle :i* draws ! valves toge!r1 h]metically clos+ !m ^u ! animal4 ,?is muscle is cut ?r\gh 9 ! process ( op5+ ! oy/]4 ,! animal has no p[] ( locomotion2 its foot is v small & (t5 want+1 no syphon1 b lies ) its m\? op51 & slightly atta*$ to ! %ell4 ,! %ell itself is always adh]5t1 z if sold]$ to ! rock or o!r subm>9e body1 ! po9t ( adh]5ce be+ ne> ! summit ( ! l[] valve1 at ! "p call$ ! heel4 ,let u suppose ! oy/] op5$ by ! d\ble dissection ( ! ligam5t ( ! c5tral muscle & ( ! abductor valves4 ,:5 display$ be=e our eyes1 we see 9 ! bottom ( ! %ell a flatt5$1 %apeless animal1 semi-transp>5t1 greyi%1 & some:at oval-%ap$4 ,! ga/ronomi/1 :o seldom sees beyond 8 nose1 ?9ks t 9 spite ( its cul9>y m]its ! oy/] belongs to ! l[e/ rank ( animal exi/5ce2 b he deceives himself1 & does n "k h[ complex & delicate is ! organization ( ! humble bivalve4 ,! animal is envelop$ 9 a sort ( smoo?1 ?91 contractile tissue call$ ! mantle1 :i* folds r\nd x1 pres5t+ two lobes1 sep>at$ on ! greate/ "p ( its circumf]5ce1 & =m+ a sort ( hood1 ! summit ( :i* abuts ^u ! h+e ( ! bivalve4 ,! edges ( ?is mantle are fr+$ ) v small cilia1 :i* ! creature c ext5d & draw back at pleasure1 & :i* seem to be gift$ ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( s5sibility4 ,x is ?is mantle :i* secretes & deposits ! calc>e\s matt] :i* =ms ! %ell1 ea* plate ( :i* is an enl>gem5t on ! prec$+ "o1 until x con/itutes a pyramid ( ?9 convex lamell4 ,at ! po9t :]e ! lobes ( ! mantle meet1 ne> ! summit ( ! valve1 is ! m\? ( ! animal1 ) its ?9 membran\s lips4 ,?is organ is l>ge & dilatable1 & is accompani$ by f\r flat triangul> pieces1 by means ( :i* ! animal introduces its food into ! /oma*al cavity4 ,a v %ort gullet is atta*$ to ! m\?1 :i* leads to a pe>-%ap$ /oma*4 ,aft] ?is /oma* comes a sl5d] s9u\s inte/9e1 :i*1 lead+ obliquely t[>ds ! int]ior1 desc5ds a little1 !n reasc5ds1 passes beh9d ! /oma*al cavity1 ne>ly on a level ) ! m\?1 cross+ its fir/ pa? 9 ord] to rea* ! po/]ior face ( ! adductor muscle1 9 ! c5tre ( :i* x t]m9ates ) a free op5+4 ,! /oma* & inte/9es are surr\nd$ on all sides by ! liv]1 :i* alone con/itutes a notable portion ( ! mass ( organs4 ,?is liv] is ( a blacki% col\r1 p]vad$ ) a deep yell[ liquid1 :i* is ! bile4 ,?us ! /oma* & inte/9es ( ! oy/] are surr\nd$ by ! liv]2 ! m\? is connect$ ) ! /oma*1 & ! inte/9es op5 9 ! back4 ,! he>t ( ! oy/] is plac$ "u ! liv]1 & is surr\nd$ closely by ! t]m9al "p ( ! inte/9es4 ,x is compos$1 l ! same organ 9 ! sup]ior animal1 ( two di/9ct cavities1 an auricle & v5tricle4 ,f ! v5tricle issues a vessel1 :i* is divid$ into ?ree di/9ct canals4 ,"o ( ^! c>ries ! blood t[>ds ! m\? & t5tacles2 ano!r c>ries x t[>ds ! liv]2 ! la/ di/ributes ! n\ri%+ fluid to ! re/ ( ! body4 ,! blood ( ! oy/] is limpid & col\rless2 x passes successively f ! auricle ( ! he>t1 :]e x is vivifi$1 into ! v5tricle1 & f ?is la/ cavity into ! great vessel ( :i* we spoke1 :i* di/ributes x into ! int]ior ( ! animal4 ,! oy/] ?us possesses a true circulation2 n t d\ble sy/em :i* *>act]ises ! mammals1 & :i* includes art]ial & pulmon>y action1 b a simple circulation1 z x exi/s 9 fi%es & _m o!r animals4 ,x brea!s also 9 ! bottom ( ! wat]1 aft] ! mann] ( fi%es1 be+1 l ! fi%1 provid$ ) organs call$ gills or bran*i1 ^: function is to sep>ate ! oxyg5 dissolv$ 9 ! wat] f its o!r +r$i5ts2 ^! bran*i1 :i* are plac$ "u ! mantle1 consi/ ( a d\ble s]ies ( v delicate canals1 plac$ close toge!r1 n unlike ! tee? ( a f9e comb4 ,hav+ no head1 ! oy/] c h no bra92 ! n]ves orig9ate ne> ! m\?1 :]e a great ganglion is visible1 :5ce issues a pair ( n]ves :i* di/ribute !mselves 9 ! regions ( ! /oma* & liv]1 t]m9at+ 9 a second ganglion1 situat$ beh9d ! liv]4 ,! fir/ n]v\s bran* di/ributes its s5sibility to ! m\? & t5tacles2 ! second1 to ! respiratory bran*i4 ,) organs ( ! s5ses oy/]s are unprovid$4 ,condemn$ to a s$5t>y life1 rivet$ to a rock :]e !y h be5 root$1 z x 71 9 _! infancy1 !y nei!r see nor he>2 t\* appe>s to be _! only s5se1 & t is plac$ 9 ! t5tacles ( ! m\?4 ,! mode ( reproduction 9 ^! creatures is v peculi>4 ,! oy/] unites 9 itself ! functions ( bo? sexes4 ,9 ! same organ are f\nd ! eggs--call$ spat--& ! mobile corpuscles int5d$ to f]tilize !m4 ,! eggs are yell[i% 9 col\r1 & exi/ 9 prodigi\s numb]s 9 ea* individual4 ,we are assur$ t an oy/] may c>ry z _m z two millions ( eggs6 ,nature always makes ample provision = ! pres]vation ( species2 b 9 spite ( ! mo/ ample provision "h display$1 man1 9 8 reckless & wa/eful gluttony1 has all b defeat$ ,nature4 ,a tyro c compute h[ _m individuals a bank ( oy/]s reckon$ at tw5ty ?\s& w\ld produce1 at ! rate ( two millions1 or eight hundr$ ?\s&1 z o!r au?orities ass]t1 f ea* "o annually1 & x w am\nt to an incr$ible numb]--9 fact1 ea* w\ld multiply itself by millions 9 ?ree ye>s2 & yet1 ?anks to our improvid5t managem5t1 !y get sc>c] e ye>4 ,! spawn+ season is usually f ! mon? ( ,june to ! end ( ,septemb]3 dur+ ?is season ! oy/]s deposit _! eggs 9 ! folds ( ! mantle4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( incubation ! eggs rema9 surr\nd$ by muc\s matt]1 :i* is necess>y to _! developm5t1 ! :ole hav+ ! appe>ance ( a ?ick cream--?is milky appe>ance be+ due to ! accumulat$ mass ( ova surr\nd$ by ! mucus3 ?is mass und]goes v>i\s *anges ( col\r :ile los+ its fluidity1 becom+ successively yell[i%1 greyi%1 br[n1 & violet1 a condition :i* indicates ! ne> t]m9ation ( ! embryo /ate1 = ! oy/]s d n1 l _m o!r inhabitants ( ! sea1 leave _! ova2 !y incubate !m 9 ! folds ( _! mantle1 & only dis*>ge !m :5 !y c live )\t ! mat]nal protection4 ,no?+ is m curi\s to witness ?an a bank ( oy/]s at ! spawn+ season4 ,e adult individual ( :i* x is compos$ ?r[s out its phalanx ( prog5y4 ,a liv+ du/ is se5 to exhale f ! oy/] bank1 tr\bl+ ! wat] & giv+ x a ?ick cl\dy appe>ance1 :i* dissem9ates itself little by little 9 ! liquid1 until x dissipates & loses itself f> f its focus ( production4 ,! spat is soon scatt]$ f> & wide by ! waves2 & unless ! "y oy/] f9ds "s solid body to :i* x c atta* itself1 x falls an inevitable victim to ! l>g] animals :i* prey ^u x4 ,9 ?is its infant /ate1 :5 x has j left ! protection ( ! p>5t %ell1 ! microscope reveals ! "y bivalve1 ) its %ell p]fect1 hav+ an app>atus :i* is also a swimm+ pad1 ready to adh]e to ! fir/ solid body :i* ! curr5t drives x aga9/4 ,?is pad or cu%ion 7:i* is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #agj7 is furni%$ ) vibratile cilia1 dispos$ r\nd ! "y %ell4 ,aid$ by ! p[]ful adductor muscles1 ) :i* x is also provid$1 ?is cu%ion is project$ ?r\gh ! wat] at ! w ( ! "y inhabitant1 :i* has e facility = ! purpose3 x is ev5 said to swim ab\t ne> ! "m1 be=e f9al dismissal f ! mat]nal protection1 seek+ %elt] at ! lea/ al>m betwe5 ! valves ( ! p>5t %ell4 ,! pad disappe>s aft] ! "y oy/] has f9ally atta*$ itself to a p]man5t b$ ( its own4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agj4 ,"y ,oy/]s furni%$ ) locomotive organs4 ,be=e ?is p]iod ( its life arrives1 h[ev]1 _m are ! dang]s to :i* x is expos$3 its enemies are num]\s2 !y lie 9 ambu% = x 9 e cranny6 ,x has to gu>d itself aga9/ eddies & curr5ts1 :i* w\ld drive x out to sea1 & mud banks1 9 :i* x w\ld be smo!r$4 ,cru/aceans1 worms1 & polyps1 ) o!r equally voraci\s m>9e inhabitants1 prey ^u x4 ,la/1 b n lea/1 come ! t]rible & multipli$ eng9es ( ! eag] fi%]man--& we readily compreh5d :y ! oy/] is provid$ ) su* accumulat$ masses ( ova4 ,if ! "y bivalve is =tunate en\gh to escape all ! sn>es & dang]s we h enum]at$1 x gr[s rapidly4 ,x is q microscopic at ! p]iod ( its dis*>ge f ! p>5t %ell2 at "o mon? x is ( ! size ( a l>ge pea1 at ! end ( six mon?s x is ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in*1 a ye> aft] its bir? an in* & a half to two in*es1 & f9ally1 at ! end ( ?ree ye>s x has become m]*&ise2 t is to say1 x is 9 a /ate to be s5t to ! p>ks = pres]vation & fe$+4 ,9 ,fig4 #aga we see a gr\p ( oy/]s1#i ( v>i\s ages1 atta*$ to a piece ( wood3 ,a be+ oy/]s ( twelve to fifte5 mon?s1 ,b five or six mon?s1 ,c ?ree to f\r mon?s1 ,d "o to two mon?s1 & ,e oy/]s tw5ty days aft] bir?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aga4 ,gr\ps ( ,oy/]s ( diff]5t ages atta*$ to a block ( wood4 ,! species ( oy/]s usually eat5 are ! common oy/] 7,o/rea edulis1 ,l9n47 ( our own coa/s & ! opposite %ore1 & ! horsefoot oy/] 7,o4 hippopus1 ,l9n474 ,on ! ,m$it]ranean coa/ are ! rose-col\r$ oy/] 7,o4 rosacea1 ,favanue71 & ! milky oy/] 7,o4 lacteola1 ,moqu9-,t&on71 besides ! small & little-kn[n cre/$ oy/] 7,o4 cri/ata1 ,born71 & ! fold$ oy/] 7,o4 plicata1 ,*emnitz74 ,on ! ,corsican coa/ is ! oy/] call$ foliate 7,o4 lamellosa1 ,broc*i74 ,!re are two pr9cipal v>ieties ( ! common oy/] dr$g$ on ! ,fr5* coa/1 :i* diff] 9 size & delicacy ( flav\r4 ,^! are ! ,cancale & ,o/5d oy/]4 ,:5 ! fir/ has be5 f$ = "s "t 9 ! oy/] p>k1 & has assum$ its gre5i% hue1 x is designat$ ! ,m>5na oy/]1 f ! p>k s nam$ 9 ! ,bay ( ,seudre4 ,( ?is gre5 col\r we %all speak else:]e4 ,:o believ$ ,uncle ,jack :5 he told u 9 our y\? ( oy/]s gr[+ on trees1 & oy/]s s l>ge t !y requir$ to be c>v$ l a r\nd ( beef--( oy/]s on ! ,corom&el coa/ z l>ge z s\p-plates8 ,nev]!less ,uncle ,jack's /ories 7 true3 !re are oy/]s :i* require c>v+1 & oy/]s h be5 pluck$ (f trees4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,am]ica !y gr[ v l>ge4 ,virg9ia possesses ne>ly two million acres ( oy/]-b$s4 ,! sea-bo>d ( ,georgia is fam$ = its imm5se supplies2 ! :ole coa/ ( ,long ,isl&1 ext5d+ to a hundr$ & fifte5 miles1 is occupi$ ) !m1 & all ov] ! ,/ates evid5ce is to be se5 ( ! e/imate 9 :i* ! fav\r$ bivalve is held by ! ,am]ican p4 ,natural oy/]-b$s are f\nd 9 bays1 e/u>ies1 & o!r %elt]$ s9uosities ( ! coa/1 ) %elv+ & n too rocky bottoms1 su* places be+1 accord+ to ! natural law ( production1 fav\rable = ! increase ( ! colony4 ,su* banks ab\nd 9 e sea4 ,9 ,france ! oy/]-b$s ( ,ro*elle1 ( ,ro*e=t1 ! ,isles ( ,r & ,ol]on1 ! ,bay ( ,/4 ,brieuc1 ( ,cancale1 & ,granville1 are fam\s = ! quality ( _! produce4 ,on ! ,dani% coa/ !re are f =ty to fifty oy/]-banks1 situat$ on ! we/ coa/ ( ,s*leswig2 ! be/ b$ ly+ betwe5 ! small isles ( ,sylt1 ,amron1 ,fohr1 ,pelworm1 & ,nord/r&4 ,at ! po9t ( ,jutl&1 & opposite ,%ag51 b$s less productive are f\nd4 ,! great oy/]-b$s ( ,engl& ext5d f ,graves5d1 9 ! e/u>y ( ! ,?ames & ,m$way1 along ! ,k5ti% coa/ on ! "o h&1 & ! e/u>y ( ! ,colne & o!r riv]s on ! ,essex coa/4 ,! ,fri? ( ,=? is also fam\s = its oy/]-b$s1 ext5d+ f ,pre/on ,pans f> up ! e/u>y ( ! riv]2 b1 curi\sly en\gh1 all ^! great banks1 )\t exception1 h be5 impov]i%$1 & all b exhau/$1 by improvid5t dr$g+1 9 spite ( ! close season :i* has always exi/$4#aj 99 99 99 99 99 ,he 0 a bold man :o fir/ ate an oy/]1 has be5 said be=e4 ,! "n ( ! c\rage\s individual has n be5 record$1 b ,mr4 ,b]tram1 9 8 ,h>ve/ ( ! ,sea1 tells u a leg5d conc]n+ him3 ,once ^u a "t1--x mu/ h be5 a long "t ago1--a man ( melan*oly mood 0 walk+ by ! %ores ( a picturesque e/u>y1 li/5+ to ! monoton\s murmur ( ! sad sea-waves1 :5 he espi$ a v old & ugly oy/]-%ell all coat$ ov] ) p>asites & sea-we$s4 ,x 0 s unprepossess+ t he kick$ x ) 8 foot1 & ! animal1 a/oni%$ at receiv+ su* rude treatm5t on its own doma91 gap$ wide ) indignation1 prep>atory to clos+ its bivalve /ill m tightly4 ,see+ ! beautiful cream-col\r$ lay]s t %one )9 ! %elly cov]+1 & fancy+ t ! int]ior ( ! %ell itself mu/ be beautiful1 he lift$ up ! ag$ 'native' = fur!r exam9ation1 ins]t+ 8 f+] & ?umb )9 ! valves4 ,! irate mollusc1 ?9k+1 no d\bt1 t ?is 0 meant z a fur!r insult1 snapp$ its pe>ly door d[n ^u 8 f+]1 caus+ him consid]able pa94 ,aft] releas+ 8 w\nd$ digit1 our inquisitive g5tleman v naturally put x 9 8 m\?4 ',delightful6' exclaim$ he1 op5+ wide 8 eyes2 ':at is ?is8' & aga9 he suck$ 8 f+]4 ,!n ! great tru? fla%$ ^u him t he _h f\nd out a new delight--_h1 9 fact1 a*iev$ ! mo/ important discov]y ev] made4 ,he proce$$ at once to realize ! ?\ght4 ,) a /one he op5$ ! oy/]'s /ronghold1 & g+]ly tri$ a piece ( ! mollusc itself4 ',delici\s6' he exclaim$2 & !re & !n1 ) no o!r condim5t ?an its own juice1 ) no accompanim5t ( foam+ br[n /\t or pale ,*ablis to wa% x d[n1 no newly-cut1 well-butt]$ br[n bread1 did t solit>y anonym\s man inaugurate ! fir/ oy/] banquet4 ,ano!r /ory makes ! act ( eat+ ! fir/ oy/] a puni%m5t4 ,! poeta/] also _h 8 views on ! subject3 ,! man _h sure a palate cov]$ o'er ,) brass1 or /eel1 t on ! rocky %ore ,fir/ broke ! oozy oy/]'s pe>ly coat1 ,& risk$ ! liv+ morsel d[n 8 ?roat4 ,& ev] s9ce m5 h gone on eat+ oy/]s4 ,emp]ors & poets1 pr9ces & prie/s1 pontiffs & /atesm51 orators & pa9t]s1 h fea/$ on ! fav\r$ bivalve4 ,man has made use ( ! oy/] f ! mo/ remote antiquity4 ,among ! dbris ( fe/ivals :i* prec$e by ages ! epo* ( writt5 hi/ory1 oy/]-%ells are f\nd4 ,on ! midd5 heaps ( nor!rn ,europe !y are (t5 discov]$1 m+l+ ) o!r rubbi% & ) /one implem5ts1 evid5tly ! refuse ( v anci5t fea/s4 ,we h all read ( ! classic fea/s ( ! ,romans1 :i* began ) oy/]s br\ght f fabul\s di/ances4 ,vitellius ate oy/]s all day long1 & ! idea prevail$ t he c\ld eat a ?\s&4 ,cali/h5es1 ! philosoph]1 0 a passionate oy/] eat]2 s 0 ,caligula2 ,s5eca ! wise c\ld eat 8 hundr$1 & ! great ,cic]o did n despise ! sav\ry bivalve4 ,lucullus _h sea-wat] br\ght to 8 villa f ! %ores ( ! ,campania1 9 :i* he br$ !m 9 great abundance = ! use ( 8 gue/s4 ,to ano!r ,roman1 ,s]gius ,orata1 we owe ! orig9al idea ( ! oy/]-p>k4 ,he inv5t$ ! oy/]-pond1 9 :i* he br$ oy/]s1 n = 8 own table1 b = pr(it4 ,among mod]n celebrities ^: love ( oy/]s is record$1 we may m5tion ,l\is ,,xi41 :o fea/$ ! le>n$ doctors ( ! ,sorbonne once a ye> on oy/]s4 ,ano!r ,l\is inve/$ 8 cook ) an ord] ( nobility1 9 rew>d = 8 skill 9 cook+ !m4 ,c]vantes lov$ oy/]s1 al?\gh he satiriz$ oy/] deal]s4 ,m>%al ,turgot us$ to eat a hundr$ or two j to :et 8 appetite4 ,r\sseau1 ,helvetius1 ,did]ot1 ! ,abb ,raynal1 & ,voltaire1 are record$ lov]s ( oy/]s4 ,danton1 ,robespi]re1 & o!r ( ! revolutioni/s1 frequ5t$ ! oy/] salons ( ,p>is4 ,cambac]es 0 fam\s = 8 oy/] fea/s1 & x is record$ ( ! great ,napoleon t he always p>took ( ! bivalve on ! eve ( 8 great battles1 :5 !y c\ld be procur$4 ,9 %ort1 x has be5 demon/rat$ z a ga/ronomic tru? t !re is no fea/ wor?y ( a connoisseur :]e oy/]s d n come to ! front4 ,x is _! (fice to op5 ! way by t g5tle excitem5t :i* prep>es ! /oma* = its sublime function1 dige/ion2 9 a ^w1 ! oy/] is ! key ( t p>adise call$ appetite4 ,!re is no alim5t>y sub/ance1 n ev5 except+ bread1 :i* does n produce indige/ion "u giv5 circum/ances1 says ,reveille-,p>ise1 b oy/]s nev]4 ,?is is an homage :i* is due to !m3 ,we may eat !m to-day1 to-morr[1 eat !m always1 & 9 pr(usion1 )\t fe> ( indige/ion4 ,dr4 ,ga/aldi c\ld swall[1 we are assur$1 8 =ty doz5 ) impunity--q a bank mu/ he h eat54 ,he 0 un=tunately /ruck ) apoplexy at table be=e a pat de foie gras4 ,montaigne qua9tly says1 to be subject to colic1 or d5y oneself oy/]s1 pres5ts two evils to *oose f1 s9ce "o mu/ *oose betwe5 ! two1 & haz>d some?+ = 8 pleasure4 ,engl& has always be5 fam\s = its oy/]s1 & its pe>ls are said to h be5 ! *ief inc5tive to ,cs>'s invasion4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 to be suppos$ t ,briti% magnates c\ld be indiff]5t to ! native4 ,b ! bivalve has p]haps be5 m celebrat$1 9 prose & v]se1 nor? ( ! ,twe$ ?an s\?1 :]e sil5t enjoym5t is m reli%$ ?an noisy demon/ration4 ,dugald ,/ew>t1 ,hume1 ,cull51 & o!r ,scot* philosoph]s ( ! la/ c5turies1 _h _! oy/] ploys z an accompanim5t to _! high j9ks1 9 ! qua9t & d+y tav]ns ( ! old t[n ( ,ed9burgh2 & :at ! bivalve has be5 to mod]n celebrities let ! ,noctes ,ambrosian tell4 ,! oy/] may ?us be said to be ! palm & glory ( ! table4 ,x is consid]$ ! v p]fection ( dige/ive alim5t4 ,f ,/ockholm to ,naples1 f ,london to ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 x is always 9 reque/4 ,at ,/4 ,pet]sburg !y co/ a pap] r\ble 7ne>ly "o %ill+71 & at ,/ockholm fivep5ce ea*4 ,= ! la/ ye> or two ! ,engli% amphitryon mu/ pay f two %ill+s to half a cr[n a doz5 = *oice natives4 ,= 8 daily n\ri%m5t a man ( middle size requires a quantity ( food equal to twelve ounces ( dry nitrog5iz$ sub/ance4 ,accord+ to ?is calculation1 x w\ld be necess>y to swall[ sixte5 doz5 ( oy/]s to make up ! necess>y quantity4 ,! small proportion ( nutritive matt] expla9s ! extreme dige/ibility ( ! oy/]4 ,x also expla9s ! imm5se consumption ( !m attribut$ to ! ,emp]or ,vitellius4 ,! oy/] is no?+ m ?an wat] slightly gelat9iz$4 ,)\t ?is ,vitellius1 all emp]or & ma/] ( ! _w z he 01 nev] c\ld h absorb$ twelve hundr$ oy/]s by way ( :ett+ 8 appetite4 ,! g\rmets 7 long ( op9ion t ! quadrangul> pad or cu%ion 9 ! bivalve 0 ! mo/ sav\ry & excit+ "p4 ,c]ta9 di/+ui%$ amateur p]=m]s adopt$ & proclaim$ ! pr9ciple ( divid+ transv]sely ! body ( ! mollusc1 & eat+ ! cu%ion only4 ,natural hi/ory expla9s ?is ga/ronomical discov]y4 ,x recognizes ! fact t ! bile secret$ by ! liv] is conta9$ 9 ?is sub/ance1 t x accel]ates :ile x exhau/s ! qualitative surface ( ! tongue & palate1 aid+ also ! functions ( ! /oma*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we h describ$ ! organization ( ! oy/]1 & we h said some?+ ( ! enjoym5t x conf]s4 ,did x ev] occur to ! v>i\s ,societies = ! ,prev5tion ( ,cruelty to ,animals to consid] :e!r ! oy/] might n be a v prop] object ( _! c>e8 ,let u see if we c bridge ov] ! gulf4 ,we comm5ce op]ations ^u !m by dragg+ !m viol5tly f _! own elem5t4 ,we place !m out aft]w>ds 9 wat]-p>ks1 m or less br9y & unsuitable1 fill$ ) villa9\s gre5 matt]1 :i* pres5tly p]vades _! brea?+ app>atus1 impregnat+1 ob/ruct+1 & col\r+ x2 ! oy/] swells1 fatt5s1 & soon atta9s t /ate ( obesity :i* v]ges on sickness4 ,:5 ! poor creature has atta9$ its livid gre5 col\r1 x is fi%$ up a second "t4 ,alas6 x is n[ doom$ nei!r to return to ! sea1 to ! p>k1 nor to its native rock4 ,x has wat] at its disposal only 9 ! v small quantity :i* x c reta9 betwe5 its two valves1 a quantity sc>cely suffici5t to keep away asphyxia4 ,x is %ut up 9 an obscure n>r[ basket--an ignoble prison-h\se1 )\t door or w9d[4 ,x seems to be =gott5 t !y are animals3 !y are pil$ ^u ! pavem5t l in]t m]*&ise4 ,! basket is c>ri$ by railway2 ! animal1 %ak5 out ( exi/5ce almo/1 is at la/ l&$ at ! door ( "s oy/]-%op2 & ?is is ! critical mom5t = ! poor bivalve6 ,x is ?r[n into a tub ) clean wat] en\gh to rem9d x ( its =m] luxuri\s life1 :5 x is aga9 seiz$ by ! pitiless ma/] ( its fate4 ,) a great knife he brutally op5s ! %ell1 cuts ?r\gh ! muscle by :i* x adh]es to ! valve1 & viol5tly deta*es x1 aft] break+ ! h+es4 ,x is n[ laid out on a plate1 expos$ to e curr5t ( air1 & 9 ?is /ate ( suff]+ x is c>ri$ to ! table4 ,!re ! pitiless g\rmet p[d]s x ov] ) ! mo/ pung5t pepp]1 squeezes ov] ! w\nd$ & /ill ble$+ body ! abom9ation ( its race 9 ! %ape ( citric acid or v9eg>1 & !n1 alas6 ) a silv] knife :i* _c cut1 he w\nds & bruises x a second "t2 or1 worse /ill1 he saws & te>s & r5ds x f its rema9+ %ell2 he seizes x ) a ?ree-prong$ =k1 :i* is driv5 ?r\gh liv] & /oma*1 & ?r[s x into 8 m\?1 :]e ! tee? cut1 cru%1 & gr9d x1 &1 :ile /ill liv+ & palpitat+1 r$uc$ to an inanimate mass1 ^! organs fir/ triturate x1 :ile our g\rmet is dr9k+ its blood1 its fat1 & its bile4 ,we h said t oy/]s h no head1 no arms--t !y are )\t eyes 7al?\gh t is disput$71 )\t e>s1 & )\t nose2 t !y d n /ir--t !y nev] cry6 ,agre$1 p]fectly agre$2 b all ^! negatives d n prev5t its be+ s5sible to pa94 ,two em95t ,g]mans1 ,h]r5 ,br&t & ,ratzeburg1 h prov$ t !y possess a well-develop$ n]v\s sy/em1 & if !y possess s5sation !y mu/ suff]4 ,c an animal ) n]ves be impassible8 asks ,voltaire4 ,c we suppose any su* impossible contradiction 9 ,nature8 ,!re is consolation1 h[ev]1 = all conc]n$4 ,let ! humanit>ian fi%]m51 oy/]-dr$g]s1 m]*ants1 & consum]s1 console !mselves ) ! va/ diff]5ce betwe5 ! helpless imp]fect mollusc & ! high] classes ( animals4 ,9 ! case ( ! =m] we swall[ ! animal1 sc>cely ?9k+ ( its animal nature4 ,x is ! d5iz5 ( ano!r elem5t1 lives 9 a m$ium 9 :i* we _c exi/1 pres5ts itself 9 a =m1 s to speak1 degrad$--an obscure vitality1 motions undecid$1 & habits sc>cely disc]nible4 ,we may !re=e see ! oy/] mutilat$1 mutilate !m oneself1 gr9d !m1 & swall[ !m1 )\t emotion or remorse4 ,a le>n$ naturali/ dwell+ on ! sea-%ore possess$ himself "o day ( a doz5 oy/]s4 ,he wi%$ to /udy _! organization2 he turn$ !m1 & turn$ !m aga91 exam9$ _! sev]al p>ts inside & out4 ,he made draw+s ( & describ$ !m1 &1 hav+ satisfi$ himself t he _h exhau/$ ,sci5ce 9 obs]v+1 he swall[$ !m2 ! int]e/+ bivalves _h lo/ no?+ ( _! excell5ce1 & ! exam9ation did n prejudice ! consummation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,oy/] fi%+ is pursu$ 9 a v diff]5t mann] 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,r\nd ,m9orca1 div]s1 ) hamm]s atta*$ to ! "r h&1 desc5d to ! dep? ( a doz5 fa?oms1 & br+ up 9 _! left h& z _m ( ! bivalves z !y c c>ry1 two fi%]m51 usually associat+ = ! purpose1 div+ alt]nately until ! boat is fill$4 ,on ! ,engli% & ,fr5* coa/s ! dr$ge is employ$1 z repres5t$ 9 ,,pl4 ,,xii4 ,?is op]ation is necess>y to keep d[n vegetation1 :i* w\ld /ifle ! oy/]s2 ! eng9e is ( iron1 & is v heavy4 ,x is ?r[n ov]bo>d1 & desc5ds to ! bottom ( ! sea1 :i* x pl\ghs & scrapes up1 deta*+ ! oy/]s1 & ?r[+ !m into a net atta*$ to ! dr$ge4 ,9 ?is process oy/]s1 l>ge & small1 are torn f _! native b$1 "s go+ into ! net1 b a l>g] numb]1 old & "y1 are torn f _! native b$1 & buri$ 9 ! mud4 ,x w\ld be difficult to imag9e a m de/ructive process2 & :5 ! habits ( ! oy/] are consid]$1 x is evid5tly "o admirably contriv$ to de/roy ! race4 ,9 ,france oy/] dr$g+ is conduct$ by fleets ( ?irty or =ty boats1 ea* c>ry+ f\r or five m54 ,at a fix$ h\r1 & "u ! surveillance ( a coa/gu>d 9 a p9nace be>+ ! national flag1 ! flotilla comm5ces ! fi%+4 ,9 ! e/u>y ( ! ,?ames ! practice is mu* ! same1 al?\gh no (ficial surveillance is obs]v$4 ,ea* b>k is provid$ ) f\r or five dr$ges1 resembl+ 9 %ape a common clasp purse4 ,x is =m$ ( network1 ) a /rong iron frame1 z repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #agb1 ! iron frame s]v+ ! d\ble purpose ( act+ z a suck]1 & keep+ ! m\? op51 :ile giv+ x a prop] pressure z x travels ov] ! oy/]-b$s4 ,:5 ! boat is ov] ! oy/] sc>p1 ! dr$ge is let d[n1 & no m attractive sight exi/s ?an t pres5t$ by ! well-appo9t$ ,:it/able boats on "o side ( ! e/u>y1 or ! ,colne boats on ! o!r1 z !y we> & tack ov] ! oy/]-b$s1 be>+ up f "t to "t to haul 9 ! dr$ge1 & empty its cont5ts into ! hold4 ,! t5sion ( ! rope is ! signal = haul+ 91 & v het]og5e\s are ! cont5ts--sea-we$s1 />-fi%es1 lob/]s1 crabs1 act9ia1 & /ones4 ,9 ?is mann] ! common oy/] fields on bo? sides ( ! ,*annel 7 pl\gh$ up by ! oy/] dr$g] pretty mu* z ! pl\ghman on %ore turns up a field4 ,! consequ5ce 0 t1 tw5ty ye>s ago1 ! ,fr5* b$s 7 totally exhau/$1 & ,france _h to look to =eign c\ntries = its oy/]4 ,oy/] f>ms :i* _h employ$ f\rte5 hundr$ m5 & two hundr$ boats 7 r$uc$ to two hundr$ m5 & tw5ty boats4 ,simil> results f ov]-dr$g+ w\ld h foll[$1 no d\bt1 on ?is side ! ,*annel _h ! mollusc n be5 protect$ by ! company & private proprietors :o held ! oy/]-b$s 9 ! l>ge e/u>ies4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s 9 ,france l$ to "s important discov]ies 9 ! sci5ce ( oy/] culture1 :i* h produc$ important *anges !re4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xii4--,dr$g+ = ,oy/]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agb4 ,dr$ge employ$ 9 ,oy/] fi%]ies4 ,! "n ( ,s]gius ,orata has already be5 m5tion$ z a cultivator ( oy/]s4 ,he liv$ 9 ! fif? c5tury be=e our era1 & accord+ to ,pl9y he fir/ attempt$ p>k+ oy/]s at ,baia 9 ! times ( ! orator ,lucius ,crassus4 ,he 0 ! fir/ to recognise ! sup]ior flav\r ( ! oy/]s ( ! ,lucr9 ,lake1 ! ,av]nus ( ! poets1 probably = trade reasons ( 8 own1 = !n1 z n[1 ,reveille-,p>ise rem>ks1 writ+ on ! subject1 tradesm5 speculat$ on ! weaknesses ( human g\rm&ism4 ,b ,s]gius really creat$ a new indu/ry1 :i* is /ill practis$ 9 ?\s&s ( places mu* z he left x4 ,z a pro( ( ! p]fection to :i* ,s]gius _h br\ght oy/] culture1 8 contempor>ies said ( him1 9 allusion to ! hang+ banks :i* he inv5t$1 t if he _h be5 prev5t$ f rais+ oy/]s 9 ! ,lucr9 ,lake1 he w\ld h made !m gr[ on ! h\se-tops4 ,! travell] :o visits ?is celebrat$ lake f9ds only a miry puddle4 ,! preci\s oy/]s plac$ !re by ,catil9e's gr&fa!r are replac$ by a ho/ ( mis]able eels1 :i* leap 9 ! mud2 vile m\nta9s ( a%es1 coal1 & pumice-/one1 :i* 0 ?r[n up 9 a night l ! mu%room1 hav+ r$uc$ ! once celebrat$ lake into ! /ate describ$4 ,rondeletius also speaks ( a fi%]man :o und]/ood ! art ( oy/] culture4 ,! ,neapolitan ,lake ,fus>o--! t]rible ,a*]on ( ! poets--is a great oy/]-p>k1 9 :i* ,art is made effectually to aid ,nature 9 ! multiplication ( its products4 ,?is fam\s oy/]-bank1 :i* is repres5t$ 9 ,,pl4 ,,xiii41 lies 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,baia & ,cum4 ,x =ms "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ spots 9 t beautiful bay4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,febru>y1 #ahfe1 ,m4 ,figui] tells u he trav]s$ its celebrat$ coa/1 seat$ himself on ! banks ( ! hi/orical lake1 & ta/$ ! produce ( ?is curi\s manufacture ( liv+ be+s1 ^: orig9 dates f ! ,roman p]iod4 ,lake ,fus>o 0 9 anci5t times a place ( evil report3 ,virgil immortaliz$ x z ! my?ological ,a*]on2 b its l&scape _h no?+ ( ! sadness & desolation :i* accords ) ! soj\rn ( ! dead4 ,x is a salt pond1 %ad$ ) a girdle ( magnific5t trees4 ,x is ab\t a league 9 circumf]5ce1 & ab\t a fa?om 9 dep? at its deepe/ "p2 its bottom is muddy & black1 l ! re/ ( ?is volcanic region4 ,x w be und]/ood1 f :at has be5 said1 t ! *ief ob/acle to ! reproduction ( oy/]s is ! abs5ce ( any solid body to :i* ! "y spawn c atta* itself1 & ! means ( %elt] f animals :i* prey ^u !m4 ,! fi%]m5 liv+ on ! %ores ( ,lake ,fus>o h long realiz$ ?is1 & provid$ aga9/ x by w>eh\s+1 z x 71 9 ! lake ne> ! sea1 ! oy/]s ready to dis*>ge _! spawn1 :ile reta9+ ! "y g5]ations captive 9 ! protect$ bas9s1 :]e !y are %elt]$ f v>i\s causes ( de/ruction to :i* oy/]s are expos$ 9 ! op5 sea4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xiii4--,g5]al ,view ( ! ,oy/] ,p>ks on ,lake ,fus>o4 ,^u ! bottom ( ! lake1 & on its circumf]5ce1 ! proprietors ( ,fus>o h con/ruct$ hillocks "h & !re1 ) /ones heap$ up1 artificial rocks1 rais$ suffici5tly to %elt] ! depts f mud & slime4 ,^u ^! rocks !y deposit ! "y oy/]s ga!r$ 9 ! ,gulf ( ,t>5tum4 ,ea* ( ^! rock-works is surr\nd$ by a girdle ( piles1 driv5 close to ea* o!r1 & rais$ a little above ! surface ( ! wat]1 z repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #agc4 ,o!r piles are di/ribut$ 9 long l9es1 & b\nd to ea* o!r by a cord1 f :i* are susp5d$ fagots ( "y wood4 ,9 ! spawn+ season ! oy/]s :i* h be5 deposit$ on ! artificial rocks dis*>ge ! myriads ( "y fry :i* h be5 nurtur$ 9 ! folds ( _! mantles4 ,! fagots susp5d$ f ! piles arre/ ! g]m be=e x is driv5 away by ! waves1 mu* z a swan atta*es itself to ! fir/ %rub :i* comes 9 ! way4 ,by ^! precautions ! riv]a9s ( ,fus>o h provid$ = ! pres]vation ( ! "y fry1 besides remov+ _m ( ! natural enemies ( ! "y oy/]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agc4 ,artificial ,oy/]-bank 9 ,lake ,fus>o4 ,9 o!r places ! piles are di/ribut$ 9 long l9es & b\nd toge!r by /rong cords1 f :i* fagots ( bru%wood are susp5d$1 on :i* ! "y spawn lay hold1 z 9 ,fig4 #agd4 ,by means ( ^! arrangem5ts ! pregnant oy/] deposits its spawny prog5y 9 quiet repose2 ! "y g]ms are int]cept$ by ! fagots & hurdles susp5d$ betwe5 ! piles1 :]e ! "y oy/]s develop !mselves "u ! fav\rable conditions ( repose1 temp]ature1 & light4 ,:5 ! fi%+ season arrives1 ! piles & fagots :i* surr\nd ! b$s are remov$1 & ! oy/]s are ga!r$ suitable = m>ket4 ,! oy/]s ?us select$ = sale are pack$ loosely 9 osi] baskets & sunk1 :ile wait+ = pur*as]s1 into a res]ve or p>k4 ,?is p>k is e/abli%$ on ! %ores ( ! lake4 ,x is con/ruct$ ( piles :i* support a gangway provid$ ) hooks1 f :i* ! baskets fill$ ) liv+ oy/]s are susp5d$1 ready = sale4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agd4 ,pill>s ) cords atta*$ 9 ,lake ,fus>o4 ,"s tw5ty ye>s ago ! oy/]-b$s ( ,france _h become totally exhau/$ "u ! op5 sy/em ( dr$g+2 & circum/ances hav+ br\ght ! protective sy/em pursu$ at ,fus>o "u ! notice ( ,m4 ,co/e1 a le>n$ academician1 to :om ,france is indebt$ = ! re/oration ( ! bivalve1 ,m4 ,co/e report$ to ! ,emp]or 9 #aheh t at ,ro*elle1 ,m>5nes1 ,ro*e=t1 at ! ,isles ( ,r & ,ol]on1 :]e !re _h =m]ly be5 tw5ty-?ree oy/]-b$s1 !re 7 n[ only five1 & ^! 9 dang] ( be+ de/roy$ by ! increase ( mussels2 t at ! ,bay ( ,/4 ,brieuc1 s naturally suit$ = oy/] culture1 ! b$s 7 r$uc$ to ?ree2 t ev5 on ! classic oy/] gr\nds ( ,cancale & ,granville1 x 0 only by ! mo/ c>eful adm9i/ration t decay 0 prev5t$1 :ile ! increas+ numb]s ( consum]s ?reat5$ altoge!r to de/roy an indu/ry ess5tially necess>y = ! support ( a m>itime population4 ,! impulse giv5 by ?is report has be5 productive ( ! mo/ satisfactory results 9 ,france4 ,all along ! coa/ ! m>itime populations are actively engag$ 9 oy/] culture4 ,oy/] p>ks1 9 imitation ( ^? at ,fus>o1 h sprung up4 ,9 8 appeal to ! ,emp]or1 ,m4 ,co/e sugge/$ t ! ,/ate1 ?r\gh ! ,adm9i/ration ( ,m>9e1 & by means ( ! vessels at its comm&1 %\ld take /eps = s[+ ! :ole ,fr5* coa/ 9 su* a mann] z to re-e/abli% ! oy/]-banks n[ 9 ru9s1 ext5d ^? :i* 7 prosp]\s1 & create o!rs anew :]ev] ! nature ( ! bottom w\ld p]mit4 ,! fir/ s]i\s attempt to c>ry out ! views ( ! di/+ui%$ academician 0 made 9 ! ,bay ( ,/4 ,brieuc4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,april 9 ! same ye> 9 :i* 8 report 0 receiv$1 op]ations comm5c$ by plant+ ?ree millions ( "m-oy/]s :i* _h be5 dr$g$ 9 ! common gr\nd2 brood f ! oy/] gr\nds ( ,cancale & ,trqui]s 7 di/ribut$ 9 t5 longitud9al l9es on tiles1 fragm5ts ( pott]y1 & valves ( %ells4 ,at ! end ( eight mon?s ! progress ( ! b$s 0 te/$1 & ! dr$ge 9 a few m9utes br\ght up two ?\s& oy/]s fit = ! table1 :ile two fasc9es drawn up at r&om conta9$ ne>ly tw5ty ?\s&1 f "o to two in*es 9 diamet]4 ,two ( ^! fasc9es expos$ to public view at ,bni & ,patrieux excit$ ! a/oni%m5t ( ! m>itime population4 ,?is result enc\rag$ ,m4 ,co/e to pursue 8 exp]im5ts ^u a great] scale1 & he n[ propos$ to br+ ! :ole littoral "u a regulat$ sy/em ( oy/] culture4 ,9 ! roads ( ,t\lon & 9 ,lake ,?au1 :i* t\*es ?is port1 ! same sy/em 0 put 9 =ce by ! ,adm9i/ration ( ,m>9e z _h already be5 done 9 ! ,bay ( ,arca*on & 9 ! ,isle ( ,r4 ,9 ^! localities oy/] culture assum$ gigantic proportions4 ,associations 7 =m$ = ! purpose ( prosecut+ !m & =m+ oy/]-p>ks4 ,^! ex]tions r\s$ ! curiosity ( =eign nations4 ,van ,b5$51 a di/+ui%$ naturali/ ( ,l\va91 & ,m4 ,es*re*t ( ,cop5hag51 visit$ ,france to /udy ! arrangem5ts = oy/] culture4 ,m4 ,co/e demon/rat$ t p>ks c\ld be e/abli%$ on all places visit$ by ! tide1 & "u 8 advice ! ,bay ( ,arca*on is n[ trans=m$ into a va/ field ( production1 :i* increases e day1 giv+ ! happie/ presages ( an abundant h>ve/4 ,already twelve hundr$ capitali/s1 associat$ ) a simil> numb] ( fi%]m51 occupy a surface ( n9e hundr$ & eighty-eight acres1 :i* em]ge at l[ wat]4 ,9 ?is bay ! ,/ate has organiz$ two model f>ms = exp]im5tal purposes1 9 :i* tiles1 fasc9es1 & valves ( %ells are laid d[n ) o!r appliances1 to :i* ! "y oy/]s may atta* !mselves4 ,^! exp$i5ts h be5 s successful t ! p>k1 :i* has co/ ab\t #aad1 is n[ e/imat$ to be wor? ab\t #hjjj 9 money1 ) a total ( five million oy/]s1 l>ge & small4 ,! ,isle ( ,r1 :i* 0 orig9ally surr\nd$ by a muddy bottom ill adapt$ = oy/] culture1 has be5 totally *ang$1 s t 9 two ye>s f\r leagues ( =e%ore h be5 turn$ into a ri* & pr(itable oy/]-b$2 twelve hundr$ p>ks are 9 full activity1 & two ?\s& o!rs are 9 c\rse ( con/ruction1 ! :ole =m+ a complete girdle r\nd ! isl&4 ,e "o has he>d ( ! gre5 oy/]s ( ,m>5nes1 ! pres]vation1 amelioration1 & rip5+ ( ^! oy/]s1 s to speak1 repres5t+ a v consid]able bran* ( indu/ry 9 ,france4 ,9 ord] to give ! read] "s idea ( its importance1 we %all give "h a brief summ>y ( ,m4 ,co/e's voyage ( exploration on ! ,fr5* littoral4 ,! p>ks at ,m>5nes1 9 :i* ! oy/]s are plac$ 9 ord] to acquire ! gre5 col\r :i* *>act]ises !m1 are bas9s /ret*+ along bo? banks ( ! ,seudre = _m leagues4 ,!y are locally kn[n z claires1 & diff] f ! oy/]-p>ks ( o!r c\ntries 9 ?is p>ticul>--t1 :ile ! ord9>y p>ks are s arrang$ z to be subm]g$ at e return ( ! tide1 ! bas9s ( ,m>5nes are s arrang$ t !y c only be subm]g$ at spr+ tides2 t is1 at ! new & full moon1 :5 ! wat]s rise beyond ! ord9>y level4 ,! bas9s ( claires occupy f two hundr$ & fifty to ?ree hundr$ squ>e y>ds ( sup]ficies2 two sluices p]mit ( ! entrance & )drawal ( wat] at w1 s z to ma9ta9 x at ! level mo/ conv5i5t to ! indu/rial wants ( ! place1 or to empty x altoge!r :5 x is necess>y to cleanse ! bas91 pave ! bottom1 & furni% x ) a fre% supply ( oy/]s4 ,:5 ^! necess>y works are complet$1 advantage is tak5 ( ! fir/ spr+ tide to fill ! bas94 ,:5 ! tide beg9s to ebb1 ! sluices are clos$1 s z to reta9 suffici5t wat] 9 ! bas9s2 & :ile ?us %ut up1 salt held 9 solution is deposit$1 & qualities analog\s to ^? ( m>9e bottoms are produc$1 purg$ by cleans+ processes ( all products (f5sive to ! bivalves4 ,:5 ! bas9 has be5 fill$ ) sea-wat] = ! necess>y "t1 & ! bottom is suffici5tly impregnat$1 x is empti$ & left to dry2 & n[1 ! soil be+ prep>$1 x only rema9s to furni% x ) oy/]s ( a mell[ & ripe age1 9 ord] to give !m _! gre5 hue4 ,t[>ds ! mon? ( ,septemb]1 at l[ wat]1 ! :ole sea-side population ( ,m>5nes g to ga!r oy/]s on ! pavem5t left uncov]$ by ! ebb+ tide1 or by us+ a dr$g] 9 ! deep] p>ts ( ! claires :]e ! wat] /ill rema9s4 ,a tempor>y magaz9e = ! reception ( ! oy/]s ?us ga!r$ is erect$ on ! banks1 :i* ! wat] revisits twice a day4 ,! "y are res]v$ = cultivation on ! p>ks or claires2 ! fulle/ are sold = consumption 9 ! neighb\rhood2 b ! quantity ( oy/]s rais$ at ,m>5nes is insuffici5t to supply ! dem&4 ,ab\t a ?ird ( ! provision int5d$ = ! claires comes f ! coa/s ( ,brittany1 ( ,norm&y1 & ,la ,v5de4 ,^! =eign oy/]s1 says ,m4 ,co/e1 nev] atta9 ! f9e flav\r ( ^? br$ 9 ! locality4 ,x is necess>y to keep !m = a long "t 9 ! claires be=e !y are suffici5tly ameliorat$1 &1 ev5 :5 !y become gre51 !y reta9 traces ( _! primitive nature1 rema9+ h>d1 9 spite ( ! new qualities imp>t$ to !m by cultivation2 a c]ta9 bitt]ness rema9s1 :i* is easily di/+ui%$ by ! true amateur2 x is ! same ) indig5\s adult oy/]s4 ,:5 !y are tak5 at ?is /age ( _! exi/5ce ! col\r+ does n succe$ ) !m2--x is only1 s to speak1 ! false br& us$ to give a speculative value to ! m]*&ise4 ,x is n en\gh t ! mollusc %\ld h a f9e flav\r2 x mu/ h ! peculi> ta/e4 ,x is n en\gh t x has ! gre5 hue2 x is necess>y t ^! qualities %\ld p]vade x f ! e>lie/ age1 & t ! culture ( ! claires %\ld cont9ue to ! end4 ,x is ?us necess>y t ! oy/]s = ! claires ( ,m>5nes %\ld be select$ :5 f twelve to eighte5 mon?s old1 t ! %ells %\ld be well-=m$1 & free f all =eign bodies adh]+ to ! surface4 ,be+ ?us c>efully pick$ out1 ! oy/]s are di/ribut$ ov] ! bottom ( ! claires ) a %ovel1 & aft]w>ds s arrang$ by ! h& t !y may n t\* ea* o!r :5 !y increase 9 size2 t !y d n emb>rass ea* o!r by ! movem5ts ( _! valves2 & t no?+ %\ld int]f]e ) ! regul>ity ( _! =ms4 ,! "y colony reposes "u a %eet ( wat] f twelve to eighte5 in*es deep1 :i* is1 z we h said1 only r5ew$ at spr+ tides1 :i* rea* ! level4 ,nor are ! oy/]s ab&on$ to !mselves 9 ^! privileg$ b$s :ile !y are gr[+ & rip5+4 ,!y are objects ( cont9ual c>e & ( special manipulation4 ,! spr+ tides visit ! claires *>g$ ) mud1 :i*1 if deposit$ 9 ! motionless bas9s1 w\ld act z a mortal poison to ! "y mollusc2 h5ce ! necessity ( transport+ !m f "o claire *>g$ ) mud into o!rs free f su* accumulations2 & ?is is a process 9 con/ant op]ation until ! animals are f9ally ga!r$ = consumption4 ,oy/]s deposit$ 9 ! claires ag$ eighte5 mon?s %\ld rema9 two ye>s be=e !y are ready = use2 b ?ree & ev5 f\r ye>s are requir$ to give !m ! full degree ( p]fection :i* *>act]ises ! be/ products ( ! ,m>5nes oy/]-p>ks4 ,oy/]s plac$ 9 ! res]voirs 9 an adult /ate become gre51 x is true1 9 a v few days1 b !y nev] atta9 ! exquisite flav\r ( ^? :i* h be5 br$ 9 ! p>ks1 & h und]gone ! co/ly manipulation describ$ f _! e>lie/ ye>s4 ,! "q arises1 ,:at is ! col\r+ pr9ciple :i* is "h 9 op]ation8 ,! gre5 col\r is n g5]al2 x is %[n pr9cipally on ! bran*i1 ^u ! labial feel]s & inte/9al canal2 x is r undecid$2 & ! col\r+ matt] appe>s to diff] *emically f all o!r kn[n pigm5ts ( gre5 col\r4 ,mu/ x be attribut$ to ! soil ( ! claire8 ,?is is its mo/ probable orig94 ,b _m naturali/s insi/ t ! col\r+ matt] proce$s f an infusorial animalcule1 ! gre5-col\r$ ,vibrion4 ,o!rs h haz>d$ ! op9ion t x is a disease ( ! liv] 9 our un=tunate bivalve :i* produces ! col\r4 ,bile secret$ 9 excess by a diseas$ liv] w\ld give a gre5 hue to ! p>5*yma ( ! respiratory organs ( an animal r5d]$ sick by ! exceptional treatm5t to :i* x has be5 subject$4 ,( ^! ?ree op9ions1 says ,m4 ,figui]1 ! fir/1 z we h said1 pres5ts ! greate/ appe>ance ( probability4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! sy/em ( oy/] f>ms1 :i* has work$ admirably = ! companies !mselves1 has prov$ ( d\btful utility1 s f> z ! oy/]-eat+ public is conc]n$1 z ! foll[+ sket* ( ! ,:it/able oy/] f>ms w %[4 ,! oy/] f>m at ,:it/able is co-op]ative 9 ! be/ s5se ( ! t]m1 & has be5 9 op]ation = _m ye>s4 ,! ,company possesses l>ge oy/] gr\nds1 & a f9e fleet ( boats kept = ! purpose ( dr$g+ & plant+ ! b$s2 x is e/abli%$ "u ! ,jo9t ,/ock ,companies ,act1 b !re is no o!r way ( entrance into x b by bir?1 z none ( ! free dr$g]m5 ( ! t[n c hold %>es4 ,:5 a man dies 8 int]e/ 9 ! ,company dies ) him1 b 8 wid[1 if he leaves "o1 obta9s a p5sion4 ,! affairs ( ! ,company are manag$ by twelve directors1 :o are call$ ! jury4 ,! lay+s at ,:it/able1 to summ>ise ,mr4 ,b]tram1 occupy ab\t a mile & a half squ>e2 & ! oy/]-b$s h be5 s prosp]\s z to h obta9$ ! "n ( ! 'happy fi%+ gr\nds4' ,:it/able lies 9 a s&y bay1 =m$ by a small bran* ( ! ,m$way1 :i* sep>ates ! ,isle ( ,%eppey f ! ma9l&4 ,?r\gh\t ?is bay1 f ! t[n ( ,:it/able at its ea/]n extremity to ! old t[n ( ,fav]%am1 :i* lies sev]al miles inl&1 ! :ole ( ! e/u>y is occupi$ by oy/] f>ms1 on :i* ! m>itime population1 to ! ext5t ( ?ree ?\s& p & upw>ds1 is occupi$2 ! sum paid = lab\r by ! v>i\s companies be+ set d[n at #afj1jjj p] annum1 besides ! employm5t giv5 at ,:it/able 9 build+ & repair+ boats1 dr$ges & o!r requisites = ! oy/]-fi%+4 ,! bus9ess ( ! v>i\s companies is to fe$ oy/]s = ! ,london & o!r m>kets1 to protect ! spawn or floatsome1 z ! dr$g]s call x1 :i* is emitt$ on _! own b$s1 & to furni%1 by pur*ase or o!rwise1 ! new brood necess>y to supply ! b$s :i* h be5 tak5 up = consumption4 ,we h h9t$ above t 9 oy/]1 z 9 o!r fi%]ies1 a wa/eful _s ( extravagance has hi!rto prevail$4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 t no rule c be laid d[n ev5 z to ! p>ticul> ye> 9 :i* ! oy/]s w spawn1 mu* less :]e x w be c>ri$ to2 =1 al?\gh ! artificial contrivances adopt$ by ,s]gius ,orata = sav+ ! spawn are p]fectly well kn[n to ! p>ties int]e/$ "h1 !y h n hi!rto be5 imitat$2 ! practice ( ! companies & private own]s ( oy/]-lay]s be+ to pur*ase _! "y brood f ! dr$g]s & o!rs :o fi% along ! public =e%ore & op5 gr\nds on ! ,k5t & ,essex coa/s1 & ev5 z f> nor? z ! ,fri? ( ,=?4 ,! little bay ( ,pont1 = in/ance1 on ! ,essex coa/1 :i* is an op5 piece ( wat] sixte5 miles long & ?ree broad1 free to all1 & :i* =m]ly yield$ consid]able supplies to ,bill+sgate1 n[ gives employm5t to a hundr$ & fifty boats1 ea* ) crews ( ?ree or f\r m51 :o are :olly employ$ 9 obta9+ "y brood--t is1 oy/]s f eighte5 mon?s to two ye>s old1 :i* !y sell to ! oy/] f>m]s4 ,! result is1 t ! oy/] f>ms h become a va/ monopoly4 ,by tacit cons5t !y agree to fe$ ! m>ket at "s eight p\nds /]l+ p] bu%el2 !y pay ! dr$g] "o-f\r? ( t sum2 & z ! common fi%+ gr\nds are ?us r5d]$ m]e nurs]ies ( "y brood1 ! lov] ( ! bivalve mu/ reconcile himself to pay a monopoly price = ! preci\s morsel4 ,! sy/em pursu$ at ,:it/able1 & o!r oy/]-p>ks 9 ! e/u>y ( ! ,?ames & ,m$way1 is mo/ effici5t4 ,! oy/]s re>$ 9 !m1 call$ natives1 9 contradi/9ction to ^? call$ commons1 :i* are br$ 9 _! natural b$s1 are ju/ly consid]$ to be v sup]ior 9 flav\r1 al?\gh !y are a mix$ bre$1 be+ br\ght f e qu>t] to augm5t ! /ock4 ,! ,?ames1 or native sy/em1 is z foll[s3 ,e ye> ea* lay] is gone ov] & exam9$ by means ( a dr$ge1 successive portions be+ done day by day1 till x may be said t ea* individual oy/] has be5 exam9$2 ! "y brood is deta*$ f its b$1 ! d\ble oy/]s are sep>at$1 & all k9ds ( enemies kill$4 ,dur+ ?ree days 9 ea* week dr$g+ is pursu$ = plant+2 t is1 = transf]5ce f "o b$ to ano!r m suitable = _! gr[? or fatt5+1 & = ! removal ( ! dead or sickly oy/]s & mussels4 ,on ! o!r ?ree days dr$g+ = m>ket takes place1 :5 ! m mature b$s are dr$g$1 & z _m are lift$ z are requir$4 ,n only is ?is con/ant dr$g+ ( ! b$s !mselves necess>y1 b ! public b$s imm$iately outside require ! same c>e to keep !m 9 a fit /ate1 & free f enemies4 ,! same /ory ( ov]-fi%+ & improvid5ce ext5ds r\nd our :ole coa/4 ,! f>-fam$ ,p&ores obta9$ at ,pre/on ,pans1 ne> ,ed9burgh1 once s *eap1 are becom+ sc>ce & de>4 ,! brood is caught & b>rel$ = export to ,holl& & o!r places1 especially ! ,?ames oy/] f>ms4 ,engli% buy]s pick ! gr[n oy/]s = ,man*e/] & o!r l>ge prov9cial m>kets1 & ! ,corporation ( ,ed9burgh1 ! ,duke ( ,buccleu*1 & o!r proprietors ( ! =e%ore1 h j int]f]$ 9 "t to prev5t ! total de/ruction ( ! trade1 :5 ! wild song ( ! ,cock5zie dr$g]man might h be5 left to *>m "s future antiqu>y1 z x is n[ said to *>m ! oy/] into ! dr$ge ) its refra93 ,! h]r+ x loves ! m]ry moonlight1 ,! mack]el x loves ! w9d2 ,b ! oy/] x loves ! dr$g]'s song1 ,= x comes ( a g5tle k9d4 ,! ,scallop-%ell 7,pect57 is r\nd1 ne>ly equal-sid$1 re/+ on ! "r valve1 :i* is m convex & m>k$ ) radiat+ ribs4 ,l9nu made ! mi/ake ( conf\nd+ ) ! ,o/rea a great numb] ( %ells1 :i*1 by _! *annel$ edges & surfaces1 /rongly rem9d$ "o ( ! arrangem5ts ( ! tee? ( a comb1 :5ce _! "n ( ,pect54 ,!y 7 well kn[n to naturali/s long be=e ! "t ( ,l9nu1 "u ! "n ( ,pilgrims' %ells1 a "n :i* came into use f ! practice :i* prevail$ among pilgrims 9 ! middle ages--we "k n :y--( ornam5t+ habits & hats ) ! valves ( "s ( ! species4 ,! %ell ( ! ,pect5 is 9 g5]al ne>ly circul>1 m or less elongat$1 & t]m9at$ t[>ds ! summit 9 a /raight l9e1 =m+ a sort ( triangul> app5dage call$ ! e>1 to :i* ! h+es are atta*$4 ,! valves are v regul>1 b ) no resemblance to ea* o!r4 ,9 "s species1 ! %ell ( :i* is closely %ut1 ! l[] valve is m or less convex ?an ! upp] "o4 ,9 o!rs1 bo? valves are convex4 ,! h+e is )\t tee?1 & ! ligam5t1 :i* is int5d$ to close ! %ell1 is ins]t$ into a triangul> depression or dimple4 ,! retractile muscle is unequal1 & ne>ly c5tral4 ,! valves are n nacr$ inside1 & are =m$ on _! ext]ior surface ( num]\s flut$ *annels1 :i* spr+ f a lobe m or less po9t$ at ! summit1 div]g+ t[>ds ! circumf]5ce4 ,! edges are sometimes smoo?1 z 9 ! ,wat]$ ,pect5 7,p4 pseudamussium1 ,fig4 #age71 b m frequ5tly !y are =m$ 9 /rips or scales1 z 9 ! ,smoo?-%ell$ ,pect5 7,p4 glab]1 ,fig4 #agf74 ,^u ! :ole1 h[ev]1 ! ,pect5s are v v>iable1 b always elegant 9 =m2 ! col\rs are frequ5tly lively & brilliant4 ,9 ,,pl4 ,,xiv41 "s ( ! mo/ /rik+ =ms are repres5t$1 z 9 ,fig4 ,i41 ! ,ducal ,mantle 7,pect5 pallium71 an inhabitant ( ! ,indian ,ocean1 rem>kable = its elegant =m1 its twelve radiat+ /ripes1 div]g+ t[>ds ! circumf]5ce1 ! horizontal furr[s ( its sali5t scales1 & ! /rik+ di/ribution ( its :ite spots ^u a b$ ( r$ & br[n m>ble2 ,fig4 ,,ii41 ! ,purple ,pect52 ,fig4 ,,iii41 ! ,coral ,pect52 ,fig4 ,,iv41 ! ,tig] ,pect52 ,fig4 ,v41 ! ,foliace\s ,pect52 & ,fig4 ,,vi41 ! ,nor!rn ,pect54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #age4 ,pect5 pseudamussium 7,*5u74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agf4 ,pect5 glab] 7,l9nu74 ,! animal :i* inhabits ! ,pect5 %ell has ! g5]al =m ( ! oy/]1 diff]+ h[ev] f x 9 a rem>kable mann]4 ,! edges ( ! mantle are furni%$ ) multipli$ fr+es ( simple t5tacles1 betwe5 :i* we f9d o!r t5tacul> app5dages a little ?ick]1 ea* t]m9at+ 9 a sort ( small pe>l1 vividly col\r$1 to :i* is atta*$ a n]v\s ?read1 :i* has be5 tak5 = an eye4 ,ano!r diff]5ce3 ! bran*i1 9 place ( be+ connect$ by a /riat$ lam9a1 z is ! case 9 ! oy/]1 are cut into p>allel capill>y filam5ts1 =m+ a free & float+ fr+e1 & ! m\? is surr\nd$ by sali5t _m-cleft lips4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xiv4--,pect9id4 ,i4 ,pect5 pallium4 7,l9n47 ,,ii4 ,pect5 purpuratus4 7,lam>ck47 ,,iii4 ,pect5 foliaceus4 ,,iv4 ,pect5 tigris4 7,lam>ck47 ,v4 ,pect5 nodasus4 7,l9n47 ,,vi4 ,pect5 isl&icus4 7,*emnitz47 ,:ile ! oy/] %ell is completely fix$ to its b$1 ! ,pect5 is1 on ! contr>y1 p]fectly free1 & %ifts f place to place1 mov+ 9 ! wat] ev5 ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( agility2 by sm>tly clos+ its half-op5$ valves & =cibly expell+ ! wat]1 x moves backw>d by a sort ( reaction2 ?is action1 repeat$ _m times1 compels ! animal to move almo/ 9 spite ( itself1 & enables x to avoid dang]1 or directs its /eps t[>ds ! spot x wi%es to rea*4 ,"s naturali/s ev5 ass]t t1 :5 rais$ to ! surface1 ! ,pect5 half op5s its %ell 9 su* a mann] t ! upp] valve s]ves ! purpose ( a sail4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agg4 ,pect5 op]cul>is 7,l9nu74 ,! ,pect5s1 ( :i* a hundr$ & sev5ty-six species are describ$1 are inhabitants ( e kn[n sea4 ,tw5ty species belong to ,europe1 among :i* we may m5tion ,p4 op]cul>is1 repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #agg2 ,p4 glab]1 & ,p4 nivea4 ,fig4 #agh repres5ts ! ,:ite-mantl$ ,pect5 7,p4 plica1 ,l9n47 ( ! ,indian ,ocean1 & ,fig4 #agi1 ! ,conc5tric ,pect5 7,p4 ,japonica7 ( ! ,japan seas4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agh4 ,pect5 plica 7,l9nu74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agi4 ,pect5 ,japonica 7,gmell974 ,among ! ,o/read ! %ells ( ,spondylus are di/+ui%$ = _! v>iety ( =m & ! brilliant col\rs ) :i* !y are decorat$4 ,?is makes !m mu* s\ght aft] by amateur collectors1 & procures = !m a high price4 ,! %ell ( ,spondylus is solid & ?ick1 ) unequal adh]5t valves1 ne>ly always bri/l+ ) sp9es1 =m+ a v peculi> k9d ( ornam5tation to ! valves2 ! h+es h two v /rong tee?4 ,! animals :i* inhabit ?is %ell resemble ! oy/] 9 _m respects1 b !y /ill m closely resemble ! ,pect5s4 ,! edges ( ! mantle are provid$ ) two r[s ( t5tacles1 ! ext]ior r[ be+1 _m ( !m1 furni%$ at _! extremities ) col\r$ tub]cles4 ,z examples1 we note sev]al species ( ^! bivalves = repres5tation4 ,spondylus regius 7,,pl4 ,,xv4 ,fig4 ,i47 is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ rem>kable = its imm5se sp9es4 ,spondylus radians1 ,lam>ck 7,fig4 ,,iii471 is not$ = its elegant =m4 ,spondylus avicul>is 7,fig4 ,,iv47 %[s rem>kable inequality 9 ! valves4 ,spondylus imp]ialis1 ,*5u 7,fig4 ,,ii471 has long project+ sp9es1 l feet1 & ! ,scaly ,spondylus 7,s4 crassisquama1 ,fig4 ,v47 is cov]$ ) scales arrang$ l s _m ro(+-tiles4 ,l oy/]s1 ! g5us ,spondylus is frequ5tly f\nd firmly root$ to rocks & o!r subm>9e bodies1 &1 (t5] /ill1 heap$ "o ^u ! o!r1 l h]r+s 9 _! b>rel4 ,^! animals belong ess5tially to ! seas ( w>m c\ntries4 ,we f9d !m1 h[ev]1 occupy+ consid]able space 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 :]e 7,fig4 ,,vi47 ! ,ass-foot$ ,spondylus 7,s4 gd]opus7 ab\nds4 ,b ! mo/ rem>kable species ( all is assur$ly ,spondylus regius 7,,pl4 ,,xv4 ,fig4 ,i474 ,?is species is a native ( ! ,indian ,ocean1 & !re sc>cely exi/ ?ree fragm5ts ( ?is r>e %ell 9 ! museums ( ,europe4 ,m4 ,*5u relates 9 "o ( 8 books an anecdote :i* w\ld prove--if any pro( 7 necess>y--h[ f> ! desire ( a collector to obta9 possession ( "s r>e & co/ly specim5 w c>ry him 9 ord] to atta9 8 object4 ,m4 ,r----1 says ,m4 ,*5u1 0 ,pr(essor ( ,botany to ! ,faculty ( ,p>is1 & 01 z "s times happ5s1 m le>n$ ?an ri*2 he wi%$1 on ! invitation ( a /rang]1 to pur*ase "o ( ^! %ells at a v high price1 :i* might be f #cjjj to #fjjj francs2 ! b>ga9 0 made1 & ! price agre$ ^u2 x 0 only necess>y to pay4 ,! money 9 ! pr(essor's h&s made only a small "p ( ! sum ! m]*ant 0 to receive = 8 %ell1 & he w\ld n "p ) x )\t paym5t4 ,m4 ,r----1 n[ consult+ 8 desire to possess ! %ell m ?an 8 weak res\rces1 made up secretly a p>cel ( 8 scanty plate1 & w5t out to sell x4 ,)\t consult+ 8 wife he replac$ 8 silv] plate by cov]+s ( t91 & ran to ! m]*ant to secure 8 covet$ ,spondylus1 :i* he believ$ to be ,s4 regius4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xv4--,spondylus4 ,i4 ,spondylus regius4 7,l9n47 ,,ii4 ,spondylus imp]ialis4 7,*emu47 ,,iii4 ,spondylus radians4 7,lam>ck47 ,,iv4 ,spondylus avicul>is4 7,lam>ck47 ,v4 ,spondylus crassisquama4 7,lam>ck47 ,,vi4 ,spondylus gd]opus4 7,l9n47 ,! h\r ( d9n] arriv$1 & we may imag9e ! a/oni%m5t ( ,madame ,r----1 :o c\ld n compreh5d ! /range metamorphosis ( h] plate4 ,%e deliv]$ h]self ( a ?\s& pa9ful conjectures on ! subject4 ,m4 ,r----1 on 8 "p1 return$ home happy ) 8 %ell1 :i* he _h committ$ to ! safe cu/ody ( a box plac$ 9 8 coat pocket4 ,b1 z he approa*$ ! h\se1 he paus$1 & began = ! fir/ "t to ?9k ( ! reception he might meet )4 ,! reproa*es :i* await$ him1 h[ev]1 7 comp5sat$ :5 he ?\ght ( ! treasure he c>ri$ home4 ,f9ally1 he rea*$ home1 & ,madame ,r----'s wra? 0 wor?y ( ! occasion2 ! poor man 0 ov]:elm$ ) ! grief he _h caus$ 8 wife2 8 c\rage altoge!r =sook him4 ,he =got 8 %ell1 &1 9 8 trepidation1 seat$ himself on a *air )\t ! necess>y adju/m5t ( 8 g>m5t4 ,he 0 only rem9d$ ( 8 treasure by he>+ ! cru%+ s\nd ( ! brok5 box :i* conta9$ x4 ,=tunately1 ! evil 0 n v great--two sp9es only ( ! %ell 7 brok52 b ! good man's grief made s great an impression on ,madame ,r----1 t %e no long] ?\ght ( h] own loss1 b direct$ all h] ef=ts to console ! simple-m9d$ philosoph]4 ,! v>iation 9 ! numb] & direction ( ! sp9es is a /rik+ feature 9 ,spondylus4 ,:5 ! :ole l[] surface adh]es to bran*es ( coral1 a v frequ5t occurr5ce1 !y are conf9$ to ! upp] valve1 b :5 a "p only ( ! valve1 ! :ole surface becomes cov]$4 ,hav+ f9i%$ our %ort sket* ( ! ,con*if]a1 we %all n[ treat ( ! s+ul> gr\p1 ,bra*iopoda1#aa :i* "s place ne>] to ! ,ga/]opoda ?an ! ,pt]opoda1 giv+ !m1 9 fact1 _! place4 ,x is out ( ! prov9ce ( ?is "w to ent] into ! physiological argum5ts ( su* a "q4 ,! days ( ! ,bra*iopoda or %ort-foot$ animals are pa/4 ,( ! #ahdbab species =m]ly kn[n1 a few types ( a small numb] ( g5]a only are left1 numb]+ 9 all #ajb4 ,! ,t]ebratulid are be/ repres5t$2 !re 7 once #cjj or #djj species2 !re are n[ n m ?an #fg 9 ! seas ( ! _w4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! pa/ & ! pres5t is especially /rik+1 :5 we comp>e ! rec5t & fossil species ( ,europe4 ,among no o!r class ( %ells has !re be5 su* a :olesale ext9ction ( species4 ,! great family ( ,spirif] are :olly ext9ct1 & ( #djj ,rhynconella only f\r are n[ liv+4 ,! curi\s ,crania1 ,disc9a1 & ,l+ula are /ill liv+1 & are mo/ly f\nd 9 ! seas ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #i3 ,we give ?is illu/ration z repres5t+ ! comp>ative size ( ! oy/]s at diff]5t ages2 b x is necess>y to /ate t ! specim5s 7 artificially atta*$ to ! block by means ( glue = exhibition4 ,oy/]s always atta* !mselves by ! back ( ! r\nd$ %ell ne> to ! h+e1 z /at$ at p4 #cfc4 ,footnote #aj3 ,! cause ( ! pres5t sc>city ( oy/]s is a mu*-vex$ "q4 ,mr4 ,frank ,buckl&1 ! greate/ liv+ au?ority on oy/] & fi% culture1 attributes x to sudd5 *anges ( temp]ature at ! critical p]iod :5 ! spat is newly =m$1 r ?an to ov]-dr$g+4--,,ed4 ,footnote #aa3 ,! ,bra*iopoda may be ?us tabulat$3-- ,family4 ,i4 ,l+ulid1 conta9+ ,l+ula & o!r fossil g5]a4 ,,ii4 ,disc9id1 conta9+ ,siphonolreta & ,disc9a4 ,,iii4 ,craniad1 conta9+ ,crania4 ,,iv4 ,productid1 conta9+ ,*onetes & ,productus1 fossil4 ,v4 ,or?id1 conta9+ ,calceola1 ,davidsonia1 ,/rophom5a1 & ,or?is4 ,,vi4 ,rhynconellid1 conta9+ ,atrypa1 ,p5tam]us1 & ,rhynconella4 ,,vii4 ,spirif]id1 conta9+ ,uncites1 ,retzia1 ,a?yris1 & ,spirif]a4 ,,viii4 ,t]ebratulid1 conta9+ ,!cidium1 ,agriope1 ,t]ebratella1 & ,t]ebratula4 ,footnote #ab3 ,woodw>d's ,manual1 p4 #ace4 ,,cephal\s ,,mollusca4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,ga/]opoda4 ,we %all n[ consid] ! ,ga/]opoda1 :i* is divid$ into f\r ord]s4 ,fir/ly1 ,nucleobran*iata1 animals :i* float on ! surface ( ! ocean3 !y are ,dici\s1 or 9 sep>ate sexes1 & ! n]v\s sy/em is widely di/ribut$ 9 ! body1 ! %ell1 9 ,c>9>ia1 = in/ance1 cov]+ only a v small portion ( ! body4 ,! fir/ family ( ?is ord] is ,atlantid1 ( :i* ! types are ! fossil ,bell]ophon & ! rec5t ,atlanta4 ,! second family is ,firolid1 ! types ( :i* are ,c>9>ia & ,firola4 ,c>9>ia or glass nautilus is %ap$ l ! bonnet-cap %ell1 ,pileopsis4 ,x is z transp>5t z glass2 & al?\gh n[ v common1 0 =m]ly "o ( ! mo/ highly-priz$ %ells by collectors4 ,! second ord] ( ,ga/]opoda is ,opi/ho-,bran*iata1 & is divid$ into two sections1 ! ,nudibran*iata1 & ! ,tectibran*iata4 ,! ,nudibran*iata h no %ell except 9 ! l>va /ate2 !y mo/ly live at ! bottom ( ! sea on rocky %ores1 b a small numb] swim on ! surface4 ,!y are rem>kable = _! v>iety ( =m & vivid col\r+1 be+ ! mo/ beautiful ( all mollusc\s animals2 !y may truly be call$ ! cat]pill>s ( ! sea1 = _! bran*i rem9d u ( ! sp9es ) :i* _m lepidopt]\s l>v are cov]$4 ,! fir/ family is ,elysiad1 types ,limapontia & ,elysia4 ,! second is ,phyllirhoid1 type ,phyllirhoe4 ,! ?ird is olid1 types ,glaucus & olis4 ,! f\r? is ,tritoniad1 types ,scylla & ,tritonia4 ,! fif? is ,dorid1 types ,idalia & ,doris1 ! curi\s sea-lemon4 ,! fir/ family ( ! second division1 ,tectibran*iata1 is ,phyllidiad1 types ,diphyllidia & ,phyllidia4 ,! second family is ,pleurobran*id1 types1 ,umbrella1 9 =m resembl+ a limpet1 & ,pleurobran*us4 ,! ?ird family is ,aplysiad1 types1 ,dolabella & ,aplysia4 ,! f\r? family is ,bullid1 types1 ,scaph&]1 ,ac]a1 & ,bulla4 ,! fif? family is ,tornatellid1 types1 ,tornat9a & ,tornatella4 ,! ?ird ord] is ! ,pulmonif]a1 & ! f\r? is ! ,prosobran*iata2 we %all speak ( !m 9 ! next *apt]4 ,9 ?is family we rea* a gr\p ( ,ga/]opods mu* m num]\s1 bo? 9 species & 9 special types1 :i* respire by ! aid ( bran*i1 or gills4 ,cuvi] divides !m into _m ord]s1 bas$ *iefly ^u _! respiratory organs4 ,! ,tectibran*iata h ! gills atta*$ ei!r to ! "r side ( ! body or ^u ! back1 arrang$ 9 ! =m ( leaflets1 m or less divid$1 b n symmetrical1 & ne>ly cov]$ by ! mantle4 ,bulla & ,aplysia are ! two pr9cipal g5]a ( ! gr\p1 & may be consid]$ z ! type ( two small families4 ,! ,aplysi 7 kn[n to ! anci5ts "u ! "n ( sea-h>es 7,lepus m>9us71 f "s fanci$ resemblance to ! t]re/rial h>e4 ,!y 7 objects ( pr(\nd horror1 inspir$ ei!r by _! s+ul> =m1 or f an acrid1 cau/ic1 & inodor\s liquid :i* !y secrete4 ,a magic influ5ce 0 attribut$ to !m2 !y 7 suppos$1 = in/ance1 to h influ5ce ov] ! female he>t4 ,x is n easy1 h[ev]1 to expla9 ! evil r5[n acquir$ by an animal :i* is kn[n to be g5tle & ev5 timid4 ,!y are nak$ & fat1 some:at resembl+ ! ,limna 9 _! oval1 elongat$ =m1 _! ?ickness 9 ! dorsal region1 & _! po/]ior locomotion4 ,_! head1 :i* is v indi/9ct1 is furni%$ ) f\r t5tacles1 ! ant]ior two ( :i* are ! l>ge/1 & some:at resemble ! e>s ( a h>e4 ,! eyes are f\nd at ! base ( ! po/]ior t5tacles4 ,^! *>act]s are obs]v$ 9 ,aplysia depilans 7,fig4 #ahj74 ,aplysia inca %[s also ! same arrangem5t 7,fig4 #aha74 ,9 ?is family ! mollusc is mu* m important f its volume ?an f its int]nal1 rudim5t>y1 & horny %ell1 :i* is conta9$ 9 ! bran*ial %ield4 ,9 ,fig4 #ahb we h ! small & ?9 c>tilag9\s %ell :i* exi/s 9 ! int]ior ( ! animal4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahj4 ,aplysia depilans 7,l974 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aha4 ,aplysia inca 7,d',orbigny74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahb4 ,%ell ( ,aplysia inca4 ,! ,aplysi are f\nd ne>ly 9 e region ( ! globe1 n only ^u ! %ores ( ! ,cont95t1 b on e isl& %ore4 ,!y commonly inhabit s&y & muddy %ores ( small dep?s1 or ev5 ! rocky recesses1 or "u %elt] ( ! /ones :i* h fall5 f ! cliffs4 ,_! eggs consi/ ( ^? long filam5ts :i* are dis*>g$ 9 imm5se numb]s1 & :i* fi%]m5 call sea-worms4 ,!y fe$ ^u c]ta9 alg1 ) :i* ! bottom ( ! sea is cov]$2 b !y eat1 also1 small m>9e animals1 su* z ! nak$ molluscs1 annelids1 & cru/aceans4 ,we are ! less a/oni%$ to see ! ,aplysi s glutton\s :5 we le>n h[ lib]ally ,nature has accord$ to !m organs ( ma/ication1 trituration1 & dige/ion4 ,_! m\? is =m$ ( ?ick & muscul> lips2 a v long oesophagus or gullet succe$s1 & ?is oesophagus does n communicate ) a s+le /oma*1 b ) f\r--"o enorm\s membran\s crop1 an exce$+ly muscul> gizz>d1 ) two access>y pockets1 "o ( :i* t]m9ates 9 ! =m ( a sac4 ,! gizz>d has ?ick walls1 & is furni%$ on ! int]nal wall ) c>tilag9\s quadrangul> pyramids1 ! summits ( :i* int]tw9e4 ,?is app>atus is int5d$ to bruise ! food :5 x rea*es ! ?ird /oma*4 ,x is also arm$ ) little hooks1 ! curvature ( :i* is direct$ t[>ds ! entrance ( ! gizz>d4 ,! g5us ,bulla diff]s mat]ially f ! ,aplysi4 ,!y h a well-develop$ %ell1 ! =m ( :i* is elegant2 !y are delicate 9 /ructure2 _! brilliant col\rs1 consi/+ ( r$1 black1 or :ite b&s1 sep>at$ by _m v>i$ t9ts1 cause ^! little molluscs to be mu* s\ght aft] = ornam5tal collections4 ,! %ell itself is oval or globul\s1 roll$ up 9 a scroll1 smoo?1 spott$1 v ?9 & fragile1 ) a concave spiral1 umbilicate1 op5 9 all its l5g?1 ) a /raight1 wide1 & cutt+ edge4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #ahc & #ahd4 ,bulla ampulla 7,l9nu74 ,obtuse at its two extremities1 nei!r ! head ( ! animal nor ! t5tacles are v app>5t4 ,! gills are plac$ "u ! back1 a little to ! "r & beh9d2 its /oma*1 :i* alone fills a great "p ( ! cavity ( ! body1 pres5ts ! peculi>ity1 already not$ 9 ! ,aplysia1 ( be+ furni%$ ) bony pieces1 evid5tly int5d$ to gr9d ! food4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahe4 ,bulla oblonga 7,adams74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahf4 ,bulla asp]sa 7,adams74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahg4 ,bulla nebulosa 7,g\ld74 ,! ,bull c swim ) facility 9 deep wat]1 b !y evid5tly pref] ! %all[s & a s&y bottom1 fe$+ ^u small] molluscs4 ,!y are f\nd 9 e sea1 b !y ab\nd *iefly 9 ! ,indian ,ocean & ,oceania4 ,"s species1 h[ev]1 su* z ,bulla ampulla 7,figs4 #ahc & #ahd71 ! %ell ( :i* is %ad$ grey & br[n1 & ! ,wat]-drop 7,bulla hydratis71 inhabit ,european seas4 ,bulla oblonga & ,bulla asp]sa 7,adams71 & ,bulla nebulosa 7,g\ld71 repres5t$ 9 ,figs4 #ahe1 #ahf1 & #ahg1 are also well-kn[n species4 ,we take leave ( our little fri5ds ! ,headless ,mollusca or ,acephal1 & direct our att5tion to ^? molluscs to :i* ,nature has be5 m g5]\s1 & furni%$ ) a head4 ,?is head1 h[ev]1 is /ill c>ri$ humbly2 x is n yet os sublime d$it2 x is drawn along an in* or s f ! gr\nd1 & 9 no respect resembles ! pr\d & magnific5t organ :i* cr[ns & adorns ! body ( ! great] & m p]fectly organiz$ animals4 ,! organization ( ! ,cephal\s ,mollusca pres5t ?ree pr9cipal types1 :i* has l$ to _! be+ divid$ into ?ree classes1 aft] _! m sali5t *>act]i/ics ( =m & locomotive app>atus2 namely1 ,ga/]opoda1 ,pt]opoda1 & ,cephalopoda4 ,9 ! class ,ga/]opoda 7f 1 belly1 1 g541 foot7 ! locomotive app>atus consi/s ( a flatt5$ muscul> disk1 plac$ "u ! belly ( ! animal1 aid$ by :i* x creeps4 ,! ,snail 7,helix71 ! ,slug 7,limax71 & ! ,c[rie1 7,cyprea71 are types ( ?is class4 ,9 ! ,pt]opoda1 f 1 w+1 & 1 foot1 ! locomotive app>atus assumes ! =m ( w+s1 or membran\s swimm+-f9s1 plac$ on ea* side ( ! neck4 ,! ,hyalea & ,clio are types ( ?is class4 ,9 ! ,cephalopoda1 f 11 head1 & 1 foot1 ! locomotive app>atus consi/s ( arms1 or t5tacles1 :i* surr\nd ! m\? 9 numb]s m or less consid]able4 ,! ,cuttle-fi% 7,sepia71 & ! ,p\lpes 7,octopoda7 are types ( ?is la/ class4 ,! ,mollusc\s ,ga/]opoda h ! organs ( respiration =m$ = a]ial respiration1 or = respiration "u wat]4 ,?is physiological arrangem5t involves important diff]5ces 9 int]nal organization 9 ^! molluscs1 & r5d]s x conv5i5t to divide !m into two second>y gr\ps2 namely1 ,pulmon>y ,ga/]opods1 :i* brea! 9 ! air1 & by a species ( lung1 & ,non-pulmon>y ,ga/]opods1 :i* brea! 9 ! wat]1 by means ( bran*i or gills4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,pulmon>y ,,ga/]opods4 ,! ,pulmon>y ,ga/]opods compreh5d ^? molluscs :i*1 z we h said1 live 9 ! air & brea! ! natural atmosph]e4 ,! respiratory organ is a cavity 9 ! walls ( :i* ! blood-vessels =m a complicat$ network4 ,! air ent]s ?is cavity ?r\gh an orifice1 :i* ! animal op5s & %uts at w--a species ( lung1 9 %ort1 :i* is plac$ ^u ! back ( ! animal4 ,!y are bo? t]re/rial & aquatic animals4 ,9 ! latt] case1 !y mu/ come to ! surface ( ! wat] 9 ord] to brea!1 l ! phocas & cetacea among ! ,mammif]a4 ,! ,pulmonif]a1 ! second ord] ( ,ga/]opods1 compreh5ds ^? animals :i* live 9 & brea! ! air4 ,x is divid$ into f\r sections2 ! ,op]culata1 or animals ^: %ells are clos$ by an op]culum1 & ! ,9-,op]culata1 or animals )\t op]culum4 ,op]culata is divid$ into two families2 fir/1 ,aciculid1 types1 ,geomelania & ,acicula2 & second1 ,cyclo/omid1 types1 ,pup9a & ,cyclo/oma4 ,cyclo/oma is p]haps ! be/ kn[n2 ! m\? is circul>1 ! "n be+ d]iv$ f cyclos1 circle1 & /oma1 m\?4 ,! second section1 ,9-,op]cula1 conta9s five families4 ,fir/1 ,auriculid1 types1 ,conovulus & ,auricula4 ,second1 ,limnid1 types1 ,planorbis1 ,physa1 & ,limna4 ,?ird1 ,oncidiad1 types1 ,vag9ulus & ,oncidium4 ,f\r?1 ,limacid1 types1 ,te/acella & ,limax4 ,fif?1 ,helicid1 types1 ,clausilia1 ,pupa1 ,a*at9a1 ,bulimus1 ,succ9ea1 ,vitr9a1 & ,helix4 ,,limn,,id4 ,! ,limnid1 ,aquatic ,pulmon>y ,ga/]opods1 is ! second family ( ! s]ies4 ,!y belong to ! gr\p t come to ! surface ( ! wat] to brea!1 z d ! cetacea & phocas among ! ,mammif]a4 ,! ,limna1 ,planorbis1 & ,physa are ! pr9cipal memb]s ( ?is gr\p4 ,limna lives 9 great numb]s 9 ! /agnant wat]s ( all c\ntries1 p>ticul>ly ( temp]ate climates4 ,x _c rema9 long "u wat]1 be+ compell$ frequ5tly to rise to ! surface 9 ord] to brea! atmosph]ic air4 ,x is ev5 obs]v$1 by a me*anism n v well und]/ood1 to turn itself upside d[n1 9 su* a mann] z to pres5t itself feet upp]mo/1 & to move sl[ly along 9 ?is position1 creep+1 z x 71 ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,x is difficult to compreh5d h[ ! movable liquid b$ ^u :i* ! animal op]ates c (f] resi/ance en\gh to p]mit ( its creep+ z if x 7 on a solid resi/+ body2 x seems to produce ! movem5t ) ! assi/ance ( its foot1 :i* is broad & ?ick1 & %ort] ?an ! %ell4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahh4 ,limna /agnalis 7,l9nu74 ,limna has a l>ge flat head1 f ea* side ( :i* issues a triangul> contractile t5tacle1 c>ry+ at its base & on ! inn] side an extremely small dot1 or eye4 ,! mo/ consid]able "p ( ! body1 compreh5d+ ! visc]al mass1 is spiral1 & is conta9$ 9 a ?9 diaphan\s %ell 7,fig4 #ahh71 ! turns 9 ! spiral ( :i* are g5]ally elongat$1 ! la/ turn be+ l>g] ?an all ! o!rs4 ,! int]ior ( ?is is occupi$ by ! respiratory cavity1 :i* communicates outw>dly by an op5+ analog\s to t :i* exi/s 9 ! snails4 ,?is op5+ dilates & contracts 9 su* a mann] z to receive ! air 9 ! cavity1 & exclude wat] :5 ! animal fe$s itself "u ! wat]4 ,! m\? is a transv]se slit betwe5 two r ?9 lips1 & is arm$ ) small can9e tee?4 ,:5 ! animal sallies f its %ell1 x has ! appe>ance ( a %ort trumpet4 ,9 its int]ior is a r\ndi%1 ?ick1 & fle%y tub]cle1 n unlike ! tongue ( a p>oquet4 ,! true tongue1 h[ev]1 :i* lies at ! bottom ( ! slit1 is flat1 oval-%ap$1 & support$ by a c>tilag9\s or bony p$icle4 ,limna1 aid$ by ?is v complicat$ buccal app>atus1 is enabl$ to fe$ itself ) vegetable sub/ances1 su* z ! leaves ( aquatic plants1 :i* x cuts & bruises ) its tee?4 ,!y are v active 9 ! season1 reproduc+ t[>ds ! end ( spr+4 ,at ?is p]iod little oval or semi-cyl9drical masses are frequ5tly f\nd adh]+ to float+ bodies1 glitt]+ & transp>5t z cry/al4 ,^! are agglom]ations ( ! eggs ( ,limna4 ,:5 w9t] sets 91 ! ,limna ( our climate fall into a /ate ( torpor1 & s9k1 m or less deeply1 into ! mud ( ! lakes1 m>%es1 riv]s1 or brooks1 :i* !y inhabit4 ,!y are ( great utility1 bo? to fe$ fi%es & aquatic birds1 & also z scav5g]s ( ! decay+ vegetation ( brooks4 ,planorbis has an organization analog\s to ,limna1 ( :i* x is ! fai?ful companion 9 /agnant wat]s4 ,_! %ells 7,fig4 #ahi7 are ?91 light1 & disk-l 9 =m1 roll$ r\nd its plane 9 su* a mann] z to r5d] all ! turns ( ! spiral visible f above z well z bel[2 x is concave on bo? sides1 ) an oval1 oblong-%ap$ op5+1 & ) an op]culum or lid4 ,! animal is con=mable to ! %ell 9 %ape4 ,! visc]al mass =ms a v elongat$ cone1 :i* unw9ds itself absolutely1 accord+ to ! spiral turns ( ! %ell4 ,! foot1 or abdom9al locomotive mass1 is %ort1 & v ne>ly r\nd4 ,! head is suffici5tly di/9ct1 & furni%$ ) two v long fili=m1 contractile t5tacles1 hav+ at _! base1 & on ! inn] side1 a small organ1 :i* looks l an egg4 ,! m\? is arm$ 9 ! upp] "p ) cross-cutt+ tee?1 & 9 ! l[] "p ) a tongue1 bri/l+ ) a great numb] ( hook$ excresc5ces4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahi4 ,planorbis corneus 7,l9nu74 ,9 habits ,planorbis resembles ,limna3 x creeps l x on ! surface ( solid bodies1 & swims 9 ! wat] ) ! foot upw>ds & ! %ell d[n4 ,x fe$s on simil> sub/ances1 & its eggs are collect$ 9 gelat9\s masses also4 ,x passes ! w9t] 9 a /ate ( torpor1 buri$ 9 ! mud ( ! riv]s x inhabits4 ,! pr9cipal species is ,planorbis corneus 7,fig4 #ahi7 :i* is common 9 ! riv]s ( ,engl& & ,france4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aij4 ,physa ca/anea 7,lam>ck74 ,ano!r gr\p ( molluscs1 :i* occupy our fre% riv]s1 & swim ) ! %ell d[n & feet up1 is repres5t$ by ,physa ca/anea 7,fig4 #aij74 ,! g5us ,physa h an oval1 oblong1 or ne>ly globul> %ell1 v ?91 smoo?1 & fragile1 op5+ longitud9ally1 n>r[ above1 ) ! "r edge %>p2 ! la/ turn ( ! spiral be+ l>ge/ ( all4 ,! animal appe>s to be int]m$iate 9 =m betwe5 ,planorbis & ,limna3 x is oval 9 =m1 & unrolls itself l ! ,limna1 b its t5tacles1 9 place ( be+ triangul> & ?ick l ! latt]1 are elongat$ & n>r[1 l ^? ( ,planorbis4 ,^! little inhabitants ( fre% wat] swim ) facility1 ! feet upw>ds1 ! %ell bel[1 & l ,limna1 !y fe$ on vegetables4 ,! f\r? family1 ,limacid1 conta9+ ,te/acella & ,limax1 are t]re/rial pulmon>y molluscs1 entirely nak$1 or hav+ only a v small %ell4 ,! ,limax v>ies v consid]ably 9 appe>ance1 9 consequ5ce ( its extreme contractibility4 ,:5 se5 creep+ along on ! surface ( ! soil1 x has ne>ly ! =m ( a v elongat$ ellipse1 at "o extremity ( :i* is ! head2 ! surface ( ! body 9 contact ) ! e>? is flat1 ! o!r convex4 ,t[>ds ! ant]ior extremity1 & ^u ! middle ( ! back1 a portion ( ! sk9 projects z if x 7 deta*$ f ! body1 & is ornam5t$ ) transv]se /ripes ( v>i\s convolutions4 ,?is "p is nam$ ! cuirass1 or buckl]1 "u :i* ! animal c hide its head4 ,! m\? is a transv]se op5+ 9 ! front ( ! head2 above are two pairs ( t5tacles1 or horns1 imm5sely retractile1 cyl9drical1 & t]m9at+ 9 a small button2 ! l[] t5tacles are ! %ort]2 ! upp] pres5t at _! summit a black po9t1 z 9 ,helix1 :i* h sometimes be5 mi/ak5 = ! eyes4 ,^u ! "r side ( ! cuirass1 & holl[$ 9 ! ?ickness ( its edge1 :i* is l>ge & contractile1 ^: function x is to give access to atmosph]ic air1 x abuts on an int]nal cavity1 also l>ge1 & is int5d$ to promote respiration4 ,! out] sk91 or epid]mis1 is ray$ 9 br[ni% furr[s1 its surface cov]$ ) a visc\s glut9\s sub/ance1 :i* p]mits ( ! animal creep+ up ! smoo!/ surfaces1 locomotion be+ produc$ by ! successive contraction & ext5sion ( ! muscul> fibres ( ! feet4 ,! int]nal organization ( ! ,limax is analog\s to t already describ$ 9 ! snails4 ,! ta/e & smell 9 ! ,limaceans diff] only v slightly f ^? organs 9 ,helix4 ,!y are1 l ! snails1 deaf1 & ne>ly bl9d4 ,!y love humid places2 !y lodge !mselves 9 ! holes ( old walls1 "u /ones1 or half-decompos$ leaves1 9 ! crevices ( ! b>k ( old trees1 & ev5 und]gr\nd1 com+ =? only at night & 9 ! morn+2 especially aft] s(t %[]s 9 spr+ & summ]4 ,9 ! g>d51 aft] "o ( ^! s(t %[]s1 _m ( ^! little creatures are sure to be met ) 9 ! m %ad$ alleys4 ,! ,limax is mo/ly h]bivor\s4 ,!y seek1 above all1 = "y plants1 fruits1 mu%rooms1 & half-decay$ vegetables4 ,!y are v voraci\s1 & cause great ravages 9 g>d5s & "y plantations1 & _m are ! devices ( ! wat*ful g>d5] to de/roy !m4 ,lime & salt are _! abom9ation2 a%es & f9e s& !y avoid4 ,!y dislike ! noonday sun1 & ! g>d5] kn[s x2 he arranges little %elt]+ tiles1 or planks ( wood & /one1 "u :i* !y retire1 :]e !y are surpris$ to _! de/ruction4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aia4 ,limax rufus 7,l9nu74 ,!re are ?irty kn[n species ( ,limax4 ,"s are rem>kable = _! v /rik+ col\rs4 ,limax rufus 7,fig4 #aia7 is common 9 woods1 & well kn[n = its l>ge size & its col\r ( ri* yell[i% r$2 x is kn[n all ov] ,europe1 f ,norway to ,spa94 ,among ! ,limaceans ne>ly de/itute ( %ells we f9d ,te/acella haliotidea 7,fig4 #aib71 :i* is provid$ ) a v small %ell plac$ at its po/]ior extremity1 j ov] ! pulmon>y cavity4 ,?is %ell becomes m important 9 ,vitr9a1 already spok5 ( z =m+ ! po9t ( transition betwe5 ,limax & ,helix4 ,?is passage f ,limaceans entirely de/itute ( %ells to ^? furni%$ ) a v small %ell1 z 9 ,te/acella1 is v exactly indicat$ by ,nature4 ,limax rufus1 spok5 ( above1 pres5ts1 "u ! po/]ior "p ( ! cuirass1 calc>e\s1 unequal1 isolat$ granulations1 :i* are1 s to speak1 ! elem5ts1 z yet int]nal1 ( a %ell :i* is on ! po9t ( be+ built4 ,o!r species 9 ! same g5us pres5t "u ! cuirass a little r\gh1 imp]fect scale1 :i* seems to be produc$ by a great numb] ( ^! calc>e\s granulations1 :i* %[ !mselves 9 an isolat$ /ate 9 ,limax rufus4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aib4 ,te/acella haliotidea 7,drap>naud74 ,! ,helicid is ! fif? family we %all n[ consid]4 ,x is only necess>y to witness ! snail z x creeps along ! gravel walks ( a g>d51 or 9 ! damp alleys ( a p>k1 9 ord] to see t x is a be+ ( high] organization ?an ! headless molluscs4 ,! common snail 7,helix asp]sa7 goes & comes2 x roams & saunt]s aft] its own peculi> mann]1 se>*+ = its food or its pleasure2 x has a head & two prom95t t5tacles1 :i* feel & seem to express _! s5sations2 x has n]ves1 a bra91 a /rong m\?1 & a well-=m$ /oma*4 ,)\t possess+ a high ord] ( intellig5ce1 ! snail is by no means imbecile2 x kn[s v well h[ to *oose a tree ! fruit ( :i* is agreeable to x4 ,a f9e clu/] ( grapes1 a succul5t pe>1 :i* ! horticulturi/ dev\rs ) 8 looks1 & hopes to dev\r o!rwise1 is sure to be ! id5tical fruit :i* w be *os5 by our enlight5$ depr$ator1 ! snail4 ,! body ( ! snail is oval1 elongat$1 convex above1 flat bel[4 ,! convex or upp] surface ( ! body is rugg$1 9 consequ5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( num]\s tub]cles project+ slightly1 & sep>at$ by irregul> furr[s2 its ant]ior is t]m9at$ by an obtuse head1 its po/]ior m flat & less po9t$4 ,all ! flat portion1 ?ick1 s(t1 & ^u :i* ! animal moves itself by a creep+ motion1 be>s ! "n ( ! foot4 ,! head is n really v di/9ct1 especially 9 ! upp] "p1 b ! organs ) :i* x is provid$ are prom95t4 ,^! organs are 9 reality t5tacles1 al?\gh !y are m popul>ly kn[n z horns1 especially among *ildr5--^? *>m+ ignoramuses--:o h be5 taught to repeat ! well-kn[n /anza-- ,snail1 snail1 come out ( y\r hole1 ,or else ,i'll beat y black z a coal-- :i* f9ds its c\nt]p>t 9 all ,european languages4 ,!re are two pair ( ^! t5tacles or horns2 "o pair q 9 front & above1 & ano!r small] & less =w>d4 ,! fir/ are di/+ui%$ by _! size1 & also by a black spot or po9t at _! extremity1 :i* is sometimes errone\sly said to be ! eye ( ! snail4 ,^! t5tacles diff] 9 _m respects f ! same organs 9 o!r molluscs2 !y are retractile1 & c be drawn altoge!r )9 ! animal into a sort ( %ea?1 by ! contraction ( a muscle4 ,at ! ant]ior extremity ( ! head we f9d a sort ( plait$ op5+1 :i* is ! m\?3 x is ( mod]ate ext5t1 clos$ 9 front by two lips1 & arm$ ) two %e>-l organs ( horny consi/5ce1 "o ( !m be+ a sort ( rasp1 :i* occupies ! plate ( ! buccal cavity1 & may be call$ a tongue2 ! o!r is a m$ian jaw1 plac$ transv]sely 9 ! membran\s walls ( ! palate1 t]m9at+ 9 a free edge1 arm$ ) small tee?4 ,?is cutt+ blade1 h[ev]1 executes no movem5t2 b ! l+ual organ1 press+ all alim5t>y matt] =cibly aga9/ its l[] edge1 effects _! ma/ication1 & enables x to dispose ( fruit1 t5d] leaves1 mu%rooms1 & o!r sub/ances easily divid$4 ,at ! bottom ( ! m\? is an oesophagus1 or gullet1 to :i* succe$s a /oma* ( mod]ate size4 ,! inte/9e lies 9 folds r\nd ! liv]1 :i* is divid$ into f\r lobes1 & t]m9ates 9 a special orifice4 ,! little lung ( ! snail is plac$ 9 a cavity1 va/ = its size1 j above ! g5]al mass ( ! visc]a1 & occupies all ! la/ spiral turn ( ! cavity4 ,! me*anism ( respiration is z foll[s3 ,! animal inhales ! air into its lung by =cibly dilat+ ! pulmon>y orifice1 :i* lies 9 ! l>ge/ spiral turn ( ! %ell4 ,9 ord] to expel ! air respir$ by ! lung1 x )draws its body into ! n>r[] "p ( ! %ell1 :]e x ga!rs itself up completely1 ev5 to its head & feet1 & by ?is compression ( all its little be+ x expels ! air :i* fills x4 ,^! respiratory movem5ts1 h[ev]1 are n regul>1 b succe$ ea* o!r only at c]ta9 int]vals4 ,life w\ld be too h>d = ! poor snail 7 x pass$ 9 su* viol5t ef=ts z w\ld be necess>y if x respir$ z ! l>g] animals d4 ,9 its case ! brea?+ is int]mitt5t & imp]fect2 x is m]ely a r\gh attempt1 z x 71 at respiration1 :i* becomes p]fect 9 "s ( ! high] bran*es ( ! animal k+dom4 ,! snail has a he>t1 consi/+ ( a v5tricle & auricle1 connect$ ) a well-develop$ art]ial vascul> sy/em1 :ile ! v5\s sy/em is imp]fect4 ,9 %ort1 ! blood only returns f ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! body to ! respiratory app>atus1 aft] trav]s+ lacun1 or air-cells1 exi/+ betwe5 ! sev]al organs4 ,! blood ( ! snail is ( a pale rose col\r1 slightly t9t$ ) blue4 ,x has a rudim5t>y bra91 compos$ ( a pair ( ?ick ganglions1 situat$ above ! oesophagus1 :i* are 9 connection ) ano!r pair ( ganglions plac$ bel[1 :i*1 toge!r1 =m a sort ( coll>1 or r+4 ,f ?is r+ spr+s a great numb] ( n]v\s cords1 :i* are di/ribut$ to ! m\?1 ! t5tacles1 ! lung1 & ! he>t4 ,! sk91 9 ^? p>ts cov]$ by ! %ell1 exhibits great s5sibility2 x receives a consid]able quantity ( n]v\s filam5t1 s t ! s5se ( t\* ought to possess extreme delicacy4 ,! t5tacles1 ! sk9 ( :i* is s f9e & s s5sitive1 are ! organs ( t\*4 ,o!r functions are sometimes attribut$ to !m2 ! ant]ior t5tacles are sometimes consid]$ to be ! organs ( smell4 ,?is1 at all ev5ts1 is c]ta91 t ! snail is v s5sible ( /rong od\rs1 & is easily attract$ by _m plants ! od\r ( :i* pleases x4 ,! black po9ts :i* t]m9ate ! fir/ pair ( t5tacles h be5 consid]$ z eyes3 b ! exi/5ce ( a visual organ 9 ! snail is n q c]ta94 ,!y are q ins5sible to sudd5 *anges ( light2 !y always travel 9 ! d>k1 & nev] recognize ob/acles plac$ be=e !m4 ,we may add t ! snail is de/itute ( all organs ( he>+4 ,no noise appe>s to affect x1 at lea/ till ! noise is s ne> z to agitate ! air :i* imm$iately surr\nds x4 ,inde$1 ! snail few has s5ses2 ! poor creature is at once bl9d1 deaf1 & dumb4 ,! snails are male & female 9 ! same individual1 or h]maphrodite4 ,_! eggs are r\ndi%1 heavy1 & ( a :iti% col\r4 ,! animal deposits !m on ! soil 9 little irregul> heaps2 at o!r times x deposits !m "o aft] ! o!r1 l ! gra9s ( a *aplet1 9 holes :i* x digs 9 ! soil1 or 9 ! natural excavations creat$ by moi/ure4 ,! eggs are ev5 f\nd 9 ! holl[s ( old trees2 9 fissures ( walls or rocks4 ,:5 ! "y ,helix issues f ! egg1 x is already provid$ ) an extremely ?9 membran\s %ell4 ,! timid & t5d] y\? is consci\s ( its weakness & full ( humility4 ,x r>ely tru/s itself out ( ! obscure hole 9 :i* x 0 hat*$2 :5 x does1 x is only at night1 dread+ ! desiccat+ air1 &1 above all1 ! sun's rays1 ev5 ) ! h\se x always c>ries ) x = %elt]4 ,?is calc>e\s & vellut$ h\se is spiral1 :i* ! animal has ! inappreciable advantage ( transport+ )\t fatigue4 ,x is light1 & sometimes q disproportionate to ! body ( ! animal1 :i* x cov]s only 9 t "p :i* conta9s ! visc]a & respiratory organs4 ,! =m ( ! %ell is g5]ally mu* v>iegat$4 ,"s are flatt5$1 o!rs are orbicul> or globose2 9 "s ! spiral is v po9t$4 ,! edges ( ! %ell are sometimes simple1 %>p1 & po9t$2 o!rs1 on ! contr>y1 ?ick & inv]t$1 pres5t+ an edg+ ( great solidity4 ,! spire is g5]ally roll$ up f "r to left4 ,a helix %ell1 ! spiral ( :i* foll[s ! inv]se direction1 t is1 f left to "r1 is a r>ity mu* s\ght aft] by amateurs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! anci5ts held snails 9 especial e/eem = ! table4 ,! ,romans _h _m species s]v$ up at _! fea/s1 :i* !y di/+ui%$ 9 categories accord+ to ! delicacy ( _! fle%4 ,pl9y tells u t ! be/ 7 import$ f ,sicily1 f ! ,bale>ic ,isles1 & f ! ,isle ( ,capri1 ! la/ dwell+-place ( ! ag$ ,tib]ius4 ,! l>ge/ came f ,illyria4 ,%ips proce$$ to ! ,ligurian coa/ to ga!r !m = ! tables ( ! ,roman patricians4 ,! great consumption l$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( p>ks 7,co*le>ia1 ,v>ro2 ,co*le>um viv>i1 ,pl9y71 9 ord] to fatt5 ! animals1 z is n[ done ) oy/]s4 ,!y 7 f$ = ?is end ^u v>i\s plants mix$ ) s\p2 :5 x 0 desir$ to improve ! flav\r a little w9e & sometimes laurel leaves 7 add$4 ,^! p>ks 7 =m$ 9 humid %ady places surr\nd$ by a foss or a wall4 ,pl9y has ev5 transmitt$ to u ! "n ( ! inv5tor ( ! ,co*le>i1 a c]ta9 ,fulvius ,hisp9us4 ,addison describes ) details "o ( ^! e/abli%m5ts kept up by ! ,capu*9s at ,frib\rg 9 ,switz]l&1 9 imitation ( ! +5i\s ,roman g\rmet we h nam$4 ,among ! ,romans1 snails 7 s]v$ at ! fun]al repa/4 ,c]ta9 heaps ( _! %ells1 :i* are f\nd 9 ! cemet]y ( ,pompeii1 are ! rema9s ( ^? fun]al fe/ivities ) :i* ! inhabitants ( ! buri$ city hon\r$ ! tombs ( _! fri5ds & relations4 ,! practice ( eat+ snails _h fall5 into disuse 9 ,europe :51 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ,john ,h[>d1 ! philan?ropi/1 began to collect !m ) ! view ( re9troduc+ !m z human food4 ,he *ose ,helix ,v>ronis1 :i* 0 probably ! species cultivat$ by ! ,romans2 x surpasses all ^? ( ,europe 9 size1 & 0 f\nd pl5tifully 9 ! di/rict ( ,bagnes1 9 ! ,valois4 ,h[>d1 hav+ procur$ ! species f ,bagnes1 f\nd _! increase s rapid t ! crops 7 likely to be dev\r$ by ! sw>ms ( molluscs ?us br\ght toge!r1 & /eps 7 at once tak5 to de/roy !m4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ,europe ! snail cont9ues to be s\ght = z an article ( luxury4 ,!y are consum$ at ,vi5na 9 great numb]s dur+ ,l5t1 supplies be+ br\ght f ! ,swiss canton ( ,app5zell4 ,at ,naples a s\p made f ,helix nemoralis is sold publicly to ! /range population ) :i* ! /reets ( t city sw>m1 = ! k+'s pavem5t is _! b$-*amb]1 d9+-saloon1 & "w-room4 ,9 ,france1 snails are a valuable res\rce to ! poor 9 ! s\!rn dep>tm5ts4 ,! fle% ( all snails is n alike 9 a cul9>y po9t ( view4 ,amateurs class z fir/ 9 quality ,helix v]micula1 call$ at ,montpeli] ! ,little ,h]mit1 because x buries itself s deeply 9 its %ell4 ,helix asp]sa 7,figs4 #aic1 #aid1 #aie7 is ?\ght to be m t5d] & delicate4 ,9 ,prov5ce a species is call$ tapada1 t is1 clos$1 f ! cretace\s deposit ) :i* x closes its %ell4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aic4 ,helix asp]sa 7,mll]74 ,9 ! nor? ( ,france1 & r\nd ,p>is1 ,helix pomatia is ! fav\rite cul9>y snail 7,fig4 #aif74 ,?is is ! species :i* is us$ z a speak+ sign-bo>d ov] ! doors ( ! w9e-%ops & small re/aurants 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,halles1 at ,p>is4 ,its %ell is globose & tun-%ap$1 v solid1 m>k$ ) irregul> transv]se /ripes ( a br[ni% ru/ col\r1 ) b&s1 (t5 ne>ly effac$1 ( a deep] t9t1 & ( ! same col\r4 ,! animal is l>ge1 ( a yell[i% grey1 & cov]$ ) elongat$ irregul> tub]cles4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aid4 ,helix asp]sa 7,mll]74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aie4 ,helix asp]sa 7,v>4 ,scal>is74 ,besides ,helix pomatia1 accord+ to ,moqu9-,t&on1 !y eat 9 ! nor? ( ,france ,helix sylvatica & ,h4 nemoralis2 at ,montpeli]1 z we h already said1 ,h4 asp]sa & ,h4 rhodo/oma2 at ,avignon1 also1 ^!1 along ) ,h4 v]micula1 are fav\rites4 ,9 ,prov5ce1 ,helix ,pisana1 ) ,h4 asp]sa & mela/oma1 are pref]r$4 ,at ,bonifacio1 ,helix asp]sa1 ,h4 v]micula1 &1 m r>ely1 ,h4 rhodo/oma2 & 9 o!r localities ! small] species & "y individuals ( ! l>g] k9ds are employ$ = fe$+ p\ltry4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aif4 ,helix pomatia 7,l9nu74 ,c]ta9 species are also employ$ = fe$+ ducks4 ,?us1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,montpeli]1 ducks are f$ ^u ,helix v>iabilis & ,h4 rhodo/oma4 ,"s fi%es1 especially ! "y salmon1 are v p>tial to ! fle% ( snails4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aig4 ,helix ,mack5zii 7,adams74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aih4 ,helix undulata 7,f]ussac74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aii4 ,helix translucida 7,l9nu74 ,?is v important g5]a is v num]\s 9 species1 :i* are di/ribut$ 9 gr\ps accord+ to ! =m ( ! %ell2 t is1 :e!r x be globul\s1 z 9 ,fig4 #aig1 tun-bottom$1 z 9 ,fig4 #aih1 pla9 or bi=m1 z 9 ,fig4 #aii1 or truncat$1 z 9 ,figs4 #bjj & #bja4 ,^! figures w give ! read] "s idea ( ! multipli$ & elegant =ms :i* ! %ells ( ,helix sometimes assume4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #bjj & #bja4 ,helix ,waltoni 7,reeve74 ,9 connection ) ! snails 7,helix71 we %all note "s k9dr$ g5]a :i* our space only p]mits u to "n4 ,su* is ! g5us ,bulimus1 ! ,european species ( :i* are num]\s2 "s ( !m v small1 o!rs ( m$ium size2 ( ^!1 ,bulimus sultanus 7,figs4 #bjd & #bje74 ,9 ,figs4 #bjf & #bjg1 ! ,b]ry ,pupa 7,p4 uva71 z an example ( ano!r g5us1 is repres5t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjb4 ,helix citr9a 7,l9nu74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjc4 ,helix ,/u>tia 7,s[]by74 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #bjd & #bje4 ,bulimus sultanus 7,lam>ck74 ,yet ano!r typical species may be not$1 :i* is f\nd abundantly amid ! grass & %rubs ne> brooks r\nd ,p>is & else:]e4 ,x is ,succ9ea putris1 pres5t+ a small1 ?91 diaphan\s %ell ( a pale amb] yell[1 m>k$ ) close & v f9e longitud9al /ripes 7,fig4 #bjh74 ,! ,a*at9a zebra ( ,*emnitz is a great snail1 :i* dev\rs %rubs & trees 9 ,madagasc> 7,fig4 #bji74 ,f9ally1 ,vitr9a1 ! %ell ( :i* is v small & v ?9 9 "s species--s small1 inde$1 9 ,vitr9a fasciata 7,fig4 #baj71 t ! animal _c fully ent] ! %ell--occupies a po9t ( transition betwe5 ,helix & ,limax4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #bjf & #bjg4 ,pupa uva4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjh4 ,succ9ea putris 7,l9nu74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bji4 ,a*at9a zebra 7,*emnitz74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baj4 ,vitr9a fasciata 7,ed4 & ,s\l74 ,9 ! ,pect9ibran*ial ,ga/]opods ! gills are compos$ ( num]\s leaflets cut l ! tee? ( a comb1 & atta*$1 on "o or _m l9es1 to ! upp] "p ( ! respiratory cavity4 ,!y con/itute ! mo/ num]\s ord] ( ,cephal\s ,molluscs1 compreh5d+ ne>ly all ! univalve spiral %ells1 & _m o!rs :i* are simply conical4 ,!y inhabit ! sea1 riv]s1 & lakes1 & are ( all sizes4 ,! mo/ rem>kable g5]a :i* we %all describe belong to ! family ( ,tro*od & ,bucc9od4 ,! f\r? ord] ( ,ga/]opods1 ,prosobran*iata1 :i* includes ! ,pect5i ,bran*iata1 is di/9ct 9 ! sexes1 has ! bran*i pect9at$1 & ! mantle =ms a vault$ *amb] ov] ! back ( ! head4 ,x is divid$ into two sections & tw5ty-"o families4 ,! fir/ section1 ,holo/omata1 conta9s ! sea-snails4 ,! fir/ family we %all treat ( is ! ,*itonid1 conta9+ ,*itonellus & ,*iton4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baa4 ,*iton magnificus 7,de%ayes74 ,! ,*itons are v s+ul> creatures1 de/itute ( eyes1 ( t5tacles1 & )\t jaws2 !y be> ^u _! back 9 place ( a %ell a cuirass compos$ ( imbricat$ & movable scales4 ,!y h ! p[] ( elongat+ & contract+ !mselves l ! snails4 ,!y roll !mselves up into a ball l ! woodl\se4 ,!y adh]e ) great =ce to ! rocks1 pref]r+ ^? places mo/ expos$ to ! beat+ waves4 ,*iton magnificus 7,fig4 #baa7 is widely di/ribut$4 ,! second family1 ,d5taliad1 af=ds ! curi\s ,d5talium1 or too? %ell4 ,! ,patellid1 or ,limpets1 con/itute a v num]\s family1 di/+ui%$ at once by ! =m & /ructure ( ! animal1 & by t ( ! %ell4 ,l9nu call$ x ,patella1 i4 e41 a deep di% or knee-cap4 ,! %ells ( ! ,patellid1 our ?ird family1 are univalve1 oval1 or circul>1 non-spiral1 b t]m9at+ 9 an elliptic cone1 concave & simple b5ea?1 non-pi]c$ at ! summit1 entire & incl9$ ant]iorly4 ,!y are smoo?1 or ornam5t$ on ! sides ) ridges radiat+ f ! summit1 & (t5 cov]$ ) scales2 ! edges are frequ5tly d5tate4 ,! col\rs mu* v>i$4 ,! int]ior is v smoo?1 & rem>kable = ! brilliancy & lu/re ( its t9ts4 ,! head ( ! animal is furni%$ ) two po9t$ t5tacles or horns1 hav+ an eye at ! ext]nal base ( ea*4 ,! body is oval & ne>ly circul>1 conical1 or depress$4 ,! foot is 9 ! =m ( a ?ick fle%y disk4 ,c]ta9 lamell> bran*i are arrang$ 9 s]ies all r\nd ! body4 ,! ,limpets dwell ^u ! sea-%ore1 9 ! p>ts alt]nately cov]$ & uncov]$ by ! waves4 ,!y are almo/ always atta*$ to rocks1 or o!r subm]g$ bodies1 to :i* !y adh]e ) great t5acity4 ,if ! common ,limpet 7,patella vulgata7 is al>m$ be=e any attempt is made to dislodge x1 no human =ce1 pull+ 9 a direct l9e1 c remove x1 & x c su/a9 )\t be+ cru%$ a weight ( _m p\nds4 ,x holds on by ! great quantity ( v]tical fibres ( ! foot1 :i* 9 rais+ ! m$ian "p =ms 9 ! c5tre a sort ( suck]4 ,x is ! celebrat$ exp]im5t ( ! ,magdeburg cups :i* ^! little molluscs realise by _! vital action4 ,^! animals bury !mselves 9 ! *alky rocks to ! dep? ( two or ?ree l9es2 :5 !y are disp]s$1 !y are obs]v$ con/antly to return to ! same place4 ,_! movem5ts are1 besides1 extremely sl[2 ! advance ( ! ,limpet be+ only p]ceiv$ by wat*+ ! sl[ upheaval ( ! %ell above ! plane ( its position4 ,x is suppos$1 f ! m\? be+ arm$ on its upp] edge ) a l>ge semi-lun>1 horny1 cutt+ too?1 & 9 its l[] "p f hav+ a tongue furni%$ ) horny hooks1 & f _! inhabit+ 9 great numb]s places cov]$ ) m>9e plants1 t _! food is *iefly vegetable4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bab4 ,patella crulea 7,lam>ck74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bac4 ,patella umbella 7,gmel474 ,! poor] inhabitants ( ! coa/ eat limpets :5 !y h no?+ else1 b _! fle% is s+ul>ly coriace\s & indige/ible4 ,!y are f\nd 9 e sea2 b are1 h[ev]1 f\nd to be l>g] z well z m num]\s1 & mu* ri*] 9 col\r1 9 ,equatorial seas1 & especially 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 ?an 9 ,european seas4 ,!y atta91 9 fact1 _! maximum ( developm5t "h2 = 9 ! ,/raits ( ,magellan species are f\nd z l>ge z a slop-bas91 :i* ! natives use = cul9>y purposes4 ,! common ,limpet is ?ick1 solid1 oval1 & ne>ly circul>1 g5]ally conical1 & cov]$ ) a great numb] ( v f9e /ripes4 ,its col\r is ( a gre5i% grey1 uni=m above1 & ( a gre5i% yell[ inside4 ,x is abundant 9 ! ,*annel & on ,atlantic coa/s4 ,! ,blue ,limpet1 ,patella crulea 7,fig4 #bab71 f ,/4 ,hel5a1 has an oval %ell1 broade/ beh9d1 mod]ately ?ick1 depress$1 flatt5$1 cov]$ ) angul> wr9kles1 & d5tate on ! edge4 ,x is ( a spott$ gre5 outside & ( a f9e glossy blue )94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bad4 ,patella granat9a 7,l9nu74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bae4 ,patella b>bata 7,lam>ck74 ,o!r v elegant species are ,patella umbella 7,fig4 #bac71 f ! ,african coa/4 ,patella granat9a 7,fig4 #bad71 ! ruby-ey$ ,limpet f ! ,antilles2 ,patella b>bata1 ! be>d$ ,limpet 7,fig4 #bae72 & ! long sp9$ ,limpet1 ,patella longico/a 7,figs4 #baf & #bag74 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #baf & #bag4 ,patella longico/a 7,lam>ck74 ,! f\r? family1 ,calyptrid1 types ,pileopsis & ,calyptra1 0 class$ by ! old] con*ologi/s ) ,patella4 ,pileopsis ,hung>icus1 ! ,hung>ian bonnet %ell1 is r abundant on "s p>ts ( ! ,briti% coa/4 ,! fif? family1 ,fissurellid1 conta9s ,p>mophorus1 ! duck's-bill-limpet ( ,au/ralia1 & ,fissurella1 ! key-hole-limpet1 :i* is rem>kable = ! op5+ ( ! apex ( ! %ell4 ,! six? family1 ,haliotid1 conta9s ,ian?9a1 ,scissurella1 & ,haliotis4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bah4 ,ian?9a communis 7,lam>ck74 ,! att5tion ( naturali/s has long be5 direct$ to a curi\s mollusc kn[n "u ! "n ( ,ian?9a communis 7,fig4 #bah72 its body is globul>1 & x pres5ts an op5+ 9 front )\t contract+ itself 9 ord] to =m ! head1 :i* is long & trumpet-%ap$1 t]m9at+ 9 a l>ge buccal op5+1 furni%$ ) horny plates1 & cov]$ ) little hooks2 & two conical t5tacles1 slightly contract$1 b v di/9ct1 ea* be>+ at _! ext]nal base a long p$uncle4 ,! foot is %ort1 oval1 divid$ into two p>ts3 ! ant]ior1 concave & cup-%ap$2 ! po/]ior1 flat & fle%y4 ,x is ?is foot1 :i* be>s a vesicul\s mass l foam1 :i* gives its peculi> "* to ! pretty mollusc4 ,! mass consi/s ( a great numb] ( small bladd]s1 :i* comb9e to keep ! animal on ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,! %ell is light1 transp>5t1 violet-col\r$1 & v mu* resembles ! %ell ( ! ,helix4 ,! ,ian?9as inhabit ! deep sea1 & (t5 =m b&s ( v great ext5t4 ,messrs4 ,quoy & ,gaim>d h se5 legions ( ,ian?9as driv5 by ! curr5t4 ,!y h sail$ dur+ _m days ?r\gh ^! w&]+ tribes1 :i* w\ld be ! sport ( e gale if !y c\ld n1 by draw+ _! heads )9 _! %ells & contract+ _! natatorial vesicles1 dim9i% _! volume & increase _! weight at w1 s z to s9k quietly to ! bottom ( ! wat] till ! tempe/ 0 ov]4 ,! ,ian?9a possesses a liquid ( a d>k violet col\r1 :i* is believ$ by _m naturali/s to h be5 "o ( ! purple dyes kn[n to ! anci5ts1 if n ! purple ( ,tyre3 x is v common 9 ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,haliotis1 ! e>-%ell1 is rem>kable = its brilliant col\rs1 & = a l9e ( s+ul> p]=ations 9 _m ( ! species4 ,! sev5? family1 ,turb9id1 conta9s ,tro*us1 ,turbo1 ,protella1 ,monodonta1 & ,delph9ula4 ,! g5us ,tro*us are f\nd 9 all seas1 & ne> to ! %ore 9 ! clefts ( rocks1 especially 9 places :]e sea-we$s gr[ luxuriantly4 ,"s ( ^! ?ick1 cone-%ap$ %ells are extremely beautiful1 be+ ri*ly nacr$ inside1 & rem>kable = ! beauty & div]sity ( col\r exhibit$4 ,g5]ally smoo?1 ! great spiral is1 nev]!less1 sometimes edg$ ) a s]ies ( regul> sp9es4 ,! =m is conical1 ! spiral m or less rais$1 broad & angul> at ! base2 ! op5+ entire1 depress$ transv]sely1 & ! edge disunit$ 9 ! upp] "p4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bai4 ,tro*us niloticus 7,l9nu74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbj4 ,tro*us virgatus 7,gmel474 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bba4 ,tro*us in]mis 7,gmel474 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbb4 ,tro*us ,cookii 7,*emnitz74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbc4 ,tro*us imbricatus 7,gmel474 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbd4 ,phorus con*yliophorus 7,borfu74 ,! animal :i* inhabits ?is %ell is also spiral2 its head is furni%$ ) two conical t5tacles1 hav+ at _! base eyes borne on a p$uncle2 its foot is %ort1 r\nd at its two extremities1 edg$ or fr+$ 9 its circumf]5ce1 & furni%$ ) a horny op]culum1 circul> & regul>ly spiral4 ,! family is divid$ into _m sub-g5]a4 ,among ! ,tro*i1 prop]ly s call$1 we may notice ,tro*us niloticus 7,fig4 #bai71 ,t4 virgatus 7,fig4 #bbj71 ,t4 in]mis 7,fig4 #bba71 & ,t4 ,cookii 7,fig4 #bbb74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbe4 ,turbo m>g>itaceus 7,l9nu74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbf4 ,turbo argyro/omus 7,l9nu74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbg4 ,turbo m>moratus 7,l9nu74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbh4 ,turbo undulatus 7,*emnitz74 ,! g5us ,turbo are v g5]ally diffus$1 be+ f\nd on e %ore1 :]e !y cl+ to rocks beat5 by ! waves4 ,ab\t fifty species are kn[n1 "s ( !m l>ge %ells1 o!rs v small4 ,turbo m>g>itaceus 7,fig4 #bbe7 is l>ge1 ?ick1 & weighty1 r\nd-belli$1 & deeply furr[$2 9 col\r x is yell[1 or ru/-col\r$1 m>k$ by squ>e br[n spots4 ,turbo argyro/omus1 ! ,silv]-m\!d ,turbo 7,fig4 #bbf71 is /ill l>g]1 ) protect+ sp9es on ! top ( its l>g] spiral4 ,turbo m>moratus 7,l9nu71 ! ,m>bl$ ,turbo 7,fig4 #bbg71 is ! l>ge/ %ell 9 ! gr\p4 ,x is m>bl$1 gre51 :ite1 & br[n1 outside1 & sup]bly nacr$ )94 ,! ,gold-m\!d ,turbo is s nam$ f its nacre be+ ( a ri* gold5 yell[4 ,! ,wavy ,turbo 7,t4 undulatus71 7,fig4 #bbh71 vulg>ly kn[n z ! ,au/ralian ,s]p5t's ,sk94 ,! %ell is :ite1 ornam5t$ ) longitud9al wav+ flexible l9es ( spots ( gre51 or gre5i%-violet4 ,turbo imp]ialis 7,fig4 #bbi71 f ! ,*9ese seas1 is gre5 )\t1 & brilliantly nacr$ )92 x is vulg>ly kn[n z ! p>oquet4 ,! ,turbos are f\nd 9 ! ,nor? seas1 9 ! ,*annel1 & on ! ,atlantic coa/4 ,! animal is eat5 9 ne>ly all ! sea-ports ( ! ,*annel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbi4 ,turbo imp]ialis 7,gmel474 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcj4 ,rotella ,zeal&ica4 ,rotella ,zeal&ica1 f ! ,indian ,ocean1 ^: %ell1 repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #bcj1 pres5ts ! mo/ lively col\rs1 =ms "o ( a g5us by no means num]\s 9 species4 ,ne> to ! ,tro*i & ,turbos 9 ! sy/em are ! ,monodonta4 ,! ,monodonta are elegantly-m>k$ %ells1 belong+ to ! seas ( w>m c\ntries4 ,m4 ,au/ralis 7,fig4 #bca7 is a native ( ,au/ralian seas4 ,m4 labia 7,fig4 #bcb7 is a small br[n %ell1 ) :ite spots1 :i* is v common on ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bca4 ,monodonta ,au/ralis 7,lam>ck74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcb4 ,monodonta labia 7,lam>ck74 ,! eigh? family is ,n]itid1 ( :i* we give z types1 ,pileolus & ,n]ita4 ,! ho(-%ells1 or ,n]ites1 are num]\s & pretty1 & 9 ext]nal =m approa* ,turbo4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcc4 ,delph9ula sphrula 7,ki5]74 ,( ! ,delph9ula only a small numb] ( liv+ species are kn[n4 ,!y are natives ( ! ,indian ,ocean1 & rem>kable = _! num]\s sp9es & ! asp]ity ( _! %ell 7,fig4 #bcc74 ,! n9? family1 ,palud9id1 conta9s ,ampull>ia1 ! idol snail ( ,india1 & ! widely di/ribut$ ,palud9a4 ,our t5? family1 ,littor9id1 conta9s ,sol>ium1 & ! p]iw9kles1 ,littor9a & ,phorus1 example1 ,p4 ,con*yliophorus 7,fig4 #bbd74 ,! g5us ,imp]ator belongs to ! ,turb9id1 & z examples ( x we may in/ance ! ,spurr$ ,tro*us1 ,imp]ator /ella1 :i* is /udd$ ) radiat+ sp9es 7,fig4 #bcd71 & ,imp]ator /ell>is 7,fig4 #bce72 !y are natives ( ! ,au/ralian seas4 ,imp]ator imp]ialis1 vulg>ly call$ ! ,royal ,spur1 & ,tro*us or ,rotella ,zeal&ica 7,fig4 #bcj71 ! ,new ,zeal& ,spur1 ! spiral turns ( :i* are sculptur$ 9 desc5d+ furr[s1 & /udd$ ) imbricat$ scales1 :i* =m a project+ edg+ r\nd ! m>g9 ( ! %ell1 & give x a radiat+ =m4 ,?is species is ( a violet br[n above & :ite bel[1 & is /ill r>e 9 collections4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcd4 ,imp]ator /ella 7,lam>ck74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bce4 ,tro*us /ell>is 7,gmel74 ,! ,sun-dial 7,sol>ium71 recogniz$ by its deep umbilicus1 wide & funnel-%ap$1 9 ! int]ior ( :i* may be se5 ! little cr5at$ tee? :i* foll[ ! edge ( e turn ( ! spiral up to ! top4 ,9 mo/ collections ( ^! pretty %ells we f9d ! ,/aircase-%ell 7,sol>ium p]specticum7 ( ,lam>ck1 f ! ,indian ,ocean 7,figs4 #bcf1 #bcg71 ! diamet] ( :i* is sometimes two in*es & a half4 ,! ,au/ralian ,sun-dial 7,s4 v>iegatum1 ,l9nu1 ,fig4 #bch7 is ano!r species frequ5tly se5 9 collections3 x is z mu* v>iegat$ above z bel[1 ( a :ite & ru/y br[n4 ,! m9ute trellis$ ,sun-dial1 :i* is only t5 l9es 9 diamet]1 comes f ! coa/ ( ,tranqueb>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcf4 ,sol>ium p]specticum4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcg4 ,sol>ium p]specticum4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bch4 ,sol>ium v>iegatum4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bci4 ,turritella replicata 7,l9nu74 ,fig4 #bdj4 ,turritella angulata 7,s[]by74 ,fig4 #bda4 ,turritella sangu9ea 7,reeve74 ,fig4 #bdb4 ,turritella gonio/oma4 ,fig4 #bdc4 ,turritella t]ebellata 7,lam>ck74 ,! elev5? family1 ,turritellid1 types ,v]metus & ,turritella1 :i* la/ is a num]\s family1 be+ f\nd 9 e sea4 ,all ^! %ells1 z _! "n indicates1 repres5t a w9d+ pyramid1 t]m9at+ 9 a %>p po9t1 "s ( !m hav+ flut$ spirals1 o!rs r\nd$1 angul>1 or flat1 & "s ( !m elegantly p5cill$4 ,figs4 #bci to #bdc repres5t "s ( ! v>i$ =ms !y assume4 ,! twelf? family1 ,melaniad1 types1 ,paludomus & ,melania1 fre%-wat] g5]a4 ,! ?irte5? family1 ,c]i?iad1 types1 ,aporrhais & ,c]i?ium4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdd4 ,c]i?ium fasciatum 7,brug474 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bde4 ,c]i?ium aluco4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdf4 ,c]i?ium giganteum 7,lam>ck74 ,c]i?ium is a m>9e %ell1 :i* is f\nd 9 muddy bottoms1 on %ips1 & m frequ5tly at ! m\?s ( riv]s1 b r>ely beyond ! po9t to :i* ! tide rea*es4 ,! g5us is num]\s 9 species4 ,su* are ,c]i?ium fasciatum 7,fig4 #bdd7 & ,c]i?ium aluco 7,fig4 #bde74 ,! ,giant ,c]i?ium1 ,c]i?ium giganteum 7,fig4 #bdf71 is ! liv+ analogue ( a magnific5t fossil species belong+ to ! t]ti>y =mation4 ,! s+le kn[n example ( ?is species belongs to ! ,deless]t ,museum at ,p>is4 ,a manuscript note by ,lam>ck1 atta*$ to ?is specim51 relates t ?is %ell 0 fir/ br\ght to ,dunkirk 9 #ahaj by an ,engli%man1 "o ( ! crew ( an ,engli% %ip4 ,! ,engli% sailor _h drawn x up f ! bottom ( ! sea ) ! s\nd+-lead f a b$ ( rocks (f ! coa/ ( ,au/ralia4 ,! f\rte5? family1 ,pyramidellid1 conta9s ,*emnitzia & ,pyramidella1 extremely po9t$ %ells4 ,! fifte5? family1 ,naticid1 conta9s ,lamell>ia & ,natica2 ! la/ ( :i* is f\nd 9 mo/ seas4 ,! second section ( ! ,prosobran*iata is t]m$ ,siphono/omata1 :i* are *>act]iz$ by a spiral imp]=ate %ell1 ! animal ( :i* has sometimes a horny op]culum1 & is furni%$ ) an ela/ic trunk1 ! m>g9 ( ! mantle act+ z a siphon4 ,!y are c>nivor\s4 ,! fir/ family is ! ,cyprid1 conta9+ ! well-kn[n ,cypra & ,ovulum4 ,! ,c[ries1 or ,cypra1 are brilliant1 smoo?1 & poli%$1 oval-%ap$1 or oblong convex1 ) edges roll+ inw>ds & longitud9al op5+s1 n>r[1 ar*$1 d5tate on bo? edges1 & not*$ at ! extremities4 ,! spiral1 plac$ q po/]iorly1 is v small1 & (t5 hidd5 by a calc>e\s b$ ( a vitre\s appe>ance4 ,x is n[ kn[n t ! =m & col\r+ ( ! %ells v>y v consid]ably1 accord+ to ! age ( ! animal3 s mu* s1 inde$1 t ! same species exam9$ at v>i\s /ages ( its gr[? w\ld almo/ seem to belong to species & ev5 to g5]a ess5tially diff]5t4 ,! "y c[ries are ?91 conical1 elongat$2 ) conspicu\s spiral1 & l>ge op5+s4 ,! "r edge soon becomes ?ick]1 & folds itself inw>dly2 ! op5+ is n>r[$2 f9ally1 ! spiral is unfold$ 9 successive folds f ! "r edge1 & by successive deposits ( ! vitre\s matt] we h spok5 ( ! op5+ is gradually contract$1 its extremities holl[$ out1 its edges disconnect$1 & ! %ell1 until n[ only %ad$ 9 pale t9ts1 assumes its mo/ brilliant col\rs1 dispos$ 9 b&s or spots1 z exhibit$ 9 ,,pl4 ,,xxii41 9 :i* ,figs4 ,i4 & ,,ii4 are ! adult %ells1 & ,fig4 ,,iii4 ! "y %ell1 ( ,cypra ,scottii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxii4--,cyprad4 ,adults4 ,i4 ,cypra ,scottii4 7,brod]ip47 ,,ii4 ,cypra ,scotti4 7,brod]ip47 ,"y4 ,,iii4 ,cypra4 7,brod]ip47 ,,iv4 ,cypra mappa4 ,v4 & ,,vi4 ,cypra hi/rio4 7,l9n47 ,,vii4 ,cypra tigris4 7,l9n47 ,,viii4 & ,,ix4 ,cypra argus4 7,l9n47 ,! animal :i* inhabits ?is %ell is elongat$1 & is provid$ ) a well-develop$ mantle1 furni%$ on ! inside ) a b& ( t5tacles2 x is able to fold itself up 9 its %ell 9 su* a mann] z to be envelop$ all r\nd4 ,! head is provid$ ) two v long conical t5tacles1 ea* hav+ a v l>ge eye1 9 :i* a pupil & iris c be di/+ui%$4 ,! foot is oval1 elongate1 & )\t op]culum1 & is well repres5t$ 9 ,cypra tigris 7,fig4 #bdg74 ,! c[ries are f\nd at a little di/ance f ! %ore1 g5]ally 9 clefts ( ! rocky bottoms2 b sometimes !y bury !mselves 9 ! s&4 ,!y are timid1 %un ! light1 & only leave _! retreats to creep ab\t 9 se>* ( food1 :i* appe>s to be exclusively animal4 ,^! magnific5t molluscs are natives ( e sea4 ,"o small creature lives 9 ! ,briti% ,*annel2 ano!r & mu* l>g] species is f\nd 9 ! ,adriatic2 b ! ,indian ,ocean is ! home ( ! l>ge/ & f9e/ species ( ^! %ells4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdg4 ,cypra tigris 7,l9nu74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdh4 ,cypra cocc9ella 7,lam>ck74 ,z objects ( curiosity & ornam5t ^! %ells h be5 mu* 9 reque/ 9 all ages4 ,! inhabitants ( ! ,asiatic coa/ make bracelets1 coll>s1 amulets1 & head-dresses ( !m1 & use !m to ornam5t boxes & h>ness4 ,9 ,new ,zeal& ! *iefs c>ry a r>e & *oice species1 susp5d$ f ! neck1 z a badge ( _! rank or sign ( di/9ction4 ,?is is ,cypra aurantium4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,india & ,africa a v small species ( ,c[rie passes z curr5t money4 ,^! %ells are1 inde$1 extremely num]\s1 & we c only f9d room = v brief descriptions ( a few ( ! be/ kn[n among !m4 ,! ,wav+ & ,zigzag ,c[ries1 ^: native c\ntry is unkn[n1 are beautifully ornam5t$ ) wav+ & brok5 l9es1 z we see !m 9 ,figs4 #bdi to #beb4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #bdi & #bej4 ,cypra undata 7,lam>ck74 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #bea & #beb4 ,cypra zigzag 7,l9nu74 ,! ,new ,zeal& ,c[rie1 ( :i* we h spok5 above1 is ne>ly globul>1 ( a uni=m orange col\r above1 & :ite bel[2 ! tee? ( ! op5+ are ( a bright orange4 ,! %ell is r>e1 & mu* s\ght aft]4 ,! ,money ,c[rie1 ,cypra moneta 7,figs4 #bec & #bed71 is a little oval %ell1 depress$1 flat bel[1 ) v ?ick edges & slightly wav+4 ,x is ( a uni=m yell[i% :ite col\r1 sometimes citron-yell[ above & :ite bel[4 ,!re are usually twelve tee? 9 ! op5+4 ,x comes f ! ,indian ,ocean1 ! ,maldivian ,isles1 & ! ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #bec & #bed4 ,cypra moneta 7,l9nu74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bee4 ,cypra ,madagasc>i5sis 7,gmel474 7#a & #b74 ,?is %ell1 s common 9 collections1 is ga!r$ by ! wom5 on ! %ore ( ! ,maldivian ,isles1 ?ree days aft] ! full moons & be=e ! new moons2 x is aft]w>ds transport$ to ,b5gal1 to ,india1 & ,africa1 :]e1 z we h already said1 x is us$ by ! negroes & o!r natives z money4 ,! ,madagasc> ,c[rie1 ,cypra ,madagasc>i5sis 7,fig4 #bee71 & ! ,granul> ,c[rie1 ,cypra nucleus 7,figs4 #bei & #bfj71 are beautifully m>k$ species1 hav+ ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! ,c[rie4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bef4 ,cypra cap5sis 7,gray74 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #beg & #beh4 ,cypra te/ud9>ia 7,l9nu74 ,! species mo/ abundant 9 ! ,*annel is ! little ,cocc9ella1 already m5tion$2 x is v small1 oval1 tun-belli$1 ! op5+ dilat$ 9 front ) smoo? transv]se /ripes ( greyi%1 tawny1 or rose-col\r1 ) or )\t spots4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #bei & #bfj4 ,cypra nucleus 7,l9nu74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfa4 ,cypra pan!r9a 7,sol474 ,cypra mappa 7,,pl4 ,,xxii41 ,fig4 ,,iv47 is oval-%ap$1 swell+ bel[ its sides1 well-r\nd$1 ornam5t$ ) small :ite spots bel[1 ) a dorsal bran*+ l9e above2 ! int]ior is violet col\r1 ) ?irty-six tee? on "o side1 & =ty-two on ! o!r4 ,x belongs to ! ,indian ,ocean4 ,! ,h>lequ9 ,c[rie1 ,cypra hi/rio 7,figs4 ,v4 & ,,vi471 f ! coa/ ( ,madagasc>1 is ornam5t$ ) :ite spots v closely arrang$1 & mu* circumscrib$ above1 ) black spots ^u ! sides4 ,! "u side is violet4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfb4 ,natural size ( ,ovulum ovi=mis 7,lam>ck74 ,a v f9e species1 :i* is v common 9 collections1 is f\nd 9 ! ,indian ,ocean1 f ,madagasc> to ! ,moluccas--! ,tig] ,c[rie1 already figur$ ) its inhabitant4 ,?is %ell 7,fig4 ,,vii47 is l>ge1 oval1 tun-belli$1 ?ick1 & convex1 ( a blui% :ite1 ornam5t$ ) num]\s broad1 black1 r\nd spots1 mu* scatt]$1 & a /raight dorsal l9e1 br[n above1 & v :ite bel[4 ,x has g5]ally tw5ty-?ree tee? on ea* edge1 q :ite4 ,some:at resembl+ ! ,tig] ,c[rie is ! ,cypra pan!r9a 7,fig4 #bfa71 :i* is p]haps a v>iety ( ! same species4 ,ano!r rem>kable species is ,cypra argus1 z repres5t$ 9 ,,pl4 ,,xxii4 7,figs4 ,,viii4 & ,,ix47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfc4 ,natural size ( ,ovulum cornea 7,lamk474 ,! g5us ,ovulum1 s call$ f _! egg-%ap$ =m1 occupy a place ne> ! cones 9 "s sy/ems4 ,! %ell is highly poli%$1 :ite or rose-col\r$1 oblong or oval1 convex1 att5uate1 & acum9ate at ! extremities )\t app>5t spiral1 ! edges mill$ )9 ! long1 n>r[1 & curv$ op5+1 ) tee? ^u ! left edge1 & ) a few ripples on ! "r edge4 ,! ,ovula are inhabitants ( ! ,indian ,ocean & ,*9ese ,seas4 ,"s few species1 h[ev]1 belong to ! ,m$it]ranean & ! ,black ,sea4 ,! ?ree species repres5t$ 9 ,figs4 #bfb1 #bfc1 & #bfd1 pres5t v s+ul> contra/s ( =m & size4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfd4 ,ovulum volva 7,l9nu74 ,! second family1 ,volutid1 conta9s ,mitra & ,voluta4 ,,mitra4 ,! ,mitres are s call$ f _! resemblance to ! bi%op's mitre4 ,!y are natives ( w>m climates1 su* z ! ,indian ,ocean1 ! ,au/ralian ,seas1 & ! ,moluccas4 ,! %ell ( ! ,mitra is long1 sl5d]1 & spiral1 ! spire end+ 9 a po9t at ! summit2 ! op5+ is small1 n>r[1 & triangul>1 & not*$ 9 front4 ,! inhabitant ( ! %ell has ! peculi>ity ( project+ f its m\? a sort ( cyl9drical trunk1 :i* is long1 v ext5sible z well z flexible1 & probably preh5sile1 ! use ( :i* is only ! subject ( surmise4 ,mitra episcopalis 7,fig4 #bfe71 f ! ,indian ,ocean1 is :ite1 ornam5t$ ) squ>e spots ( a f9e r$1 & capable ( high poli%4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfe4 ,mitra episcopalis 7,lam>ck74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bff4 ,mitra papalis 7,lam>ck74 ,mitra papalis 7,fig4 #bff7 has d5ti=m folds r\nd ! op5+1 :i* also cr[n ea* turn ( ! spiral2 ! spots are small]1 & mu* m num]\s & v>i$ 9 =m ?an ^? ( ,m4 episcopalis4 ,9 ! g5us ,voluta1 f volv]e1 to turn1 ! %ell is oval1 m or less tun-belli$4 ,a spiral ris+1 slightly mammelate1 ! op5+ l>ge1 ! edges not*$1 )\t *annel2 ! columell> edge is lightly excavat$ & arrang$ 9 oblique folds4 ,! "r edge is ar*$1 ?ick1 or cutt+1 accord+ to ! species4 ,! animal has a l>ge head1 provid$ ) two t5tacles4 ,! m\? t]m9ates 9 a ?ick trunk furni%$ ) hook$ tee?4 ,! foot is v l>ge1 furr[$ 9 front1 & project+ f all p>ts ( ! %ell1 b )\t op]culum4 ,! ,volut live on ! s&s ne> ! %ore2 sometimes !y are f\nd high & dry1 left by ! retreat+ tide4 ,_! %ells1 ( v>i\s =ms1 are ornam5t$ ) ! mo/ lively col\rs1 ! surface cov]$ ) irregul> l9es1 ! t9t ( :i* is g5]ally 9 /rong contra/ ) t ( ! gr\nd4 ,among ! m rem>kable species illu/rat$ 9 ,,pl4 ,,xxiii41 we may note3 ,fig4 ,i41 ,voluta undulata2 ,fig4 ,,ii41 ,voluta cymbium2 ,fig4 ,,iii41 ,voluta deless]tii2 ,fig4 ,,iv41 ,voluta musica2 ,fig4 ,v41 ,voluta imp]ialis2 ,fig4 ,,vi41 ,voluta scapha2 & ,fig4 ,,vii41 ,voluta vexillum4 ,! ?ird family1 ,conid1 conta9s ,pleuro/oma & ,conus4 ,! g5us ,conus is especially ri* 9 species1 z well z num]\s 9 _m individuals4 ,!y are mu* s\ght aft] by collectors1 _m be+ r>e1 & s comm& high prices4 ,! %ells belong+ to ?is gr\p pres5t a v rem>kable uni=mity ( %ape1 at ! same "t t ! col\rs are v f9e1 & mu* v>i$ 9 design4 ,! %ell is ?ick1 solid1 inv]sely conical1 wrea?+ spirally f ! base to ! apex1 ! spiral be+ g5]ally %ort1 ! la/ turn con/itut+ alone ! great] "p ( ! surface ( ! %ell4 ,! op5+ ext5ds ne>ly along its :ole l5g?1 occupy+ all ! height ( ! la/ :irl4 ,x is always n>r[1 its edges q p>allel2 ! columella pres5ts nei!r fold nor curvature2 ! "r edge is pla91 %>p1 & ?91 deta*$ f ! front ( ! la/ spiral by a slop+ holl[1 m or less deep4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxiii4--,voluta4 ,i4 ,voluta undulata4 7,lam>ck47 ,,ii4 ,voluta cymbium4 7,l9n47 ,,iii4 ,voluta ,deless]tii4 7,petit47 ,,iv4 ,voluta musica4 7,l9n47 ,v4 ,voluta imp]ialis4 7,lam>ck47 ,,vi4 ,voluta scapha4 7,gmel47 ,,vii4 ,voluta vexillum4 7,*em47 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxi4--,conus4 ,i4 ,conus imp]ialis4 7,l9n47 ,,ii4 ,conus geographus4 7,l9n47 ,,iii4 ,conus tessellatus4 7,born47 ,,iv41 ,v41 & ,,vi4 ,conus ammiralis4 7,l9n47 ,,vii4 ,conus nobilis4 7,l9n47 ,,viii4 ,conus textile4 7,l9n47 ,,ix4 ,conus gloria m>is4 7,*emn47 ,! animal :i* inhabits ! ,conus %ell creeps ^u a foot1 elongat$1 n>r[1 truncate 9 front1 furni%$ beh9d ) a horny rudim5t>y op]culum1 altoge!r insuffici5t to cov] ! op5+4 ,! head1 :i* is l>ge1 is elongat$ into a little sn\t1 or muzzle1 at ! base ( :i* rises on ei!r side a conical t5tacle1 hav+ an ext]ior eye ^u its ant]ior extremity4 ,at ! extremity ( ! muzzle is ! m\?1 :i* is arm$ )9 ) num]\s horny hooks1 ins]t$ 9 ! tongue4 ,a cyl9drical syphon1 rev]s+ itself 9 ! %ell1 s]ves ! purpose ( c>ry+ wat] to ! bran*i or gills4 ,! %ells inhabit ! seas ( w>m c\ntries1 especially ^? ly+ betwe5 ! ,tropics1 :]e !y affect s&y coa/s1 ) a dep? ( t5 to twelve fa?oms ( wat]4 ,among ! species be>+ a spiral cr[n1 we may m5tion ! r>e ,conus c$onulli1 ( :i* sev]al v>ieties are kn[n1 :i* come f ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,seas & ! ,antilles4 ,conus hebraica1 f ! %ores ( ,asia1 ,africa1 & ,am]ica1 is a common species4 ,x is :ite ) black spots1 :i* are ne>ly squ>e1 arrang$ 9 transv]se b&s4 ,9 ,,pl4 ,,xxi4 we h repres5t$ "s int]e/+ species4 ,conus imp]ialis 7,fig4 ,i47 is a f9e species1 ( :ite col\r1 ) b&s ( a gre5i% yell[ or tawny col\r1 ornam5t$ ) transv]se1 cord-l1 articulat$ l9es ( :ite & br[n4 ,"o ( ! l>ge/ species is ,conus geographus 7,fig4 ,,ii471 :i* sometimes atta9s ! l5g? ( six or sev5 in*es2 x is %ad$ :ite & br[n4 ,among ! non-cr[n$ species1 we h repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 ,,iii4 ,conus tessellatus1 common 9 ! ,indian ,ocean4 ,its ant]ior "p is violet 9 ! int]ior4 ,! spots ) :i* x is surr\nd$ are ( a f9e r$ or sc>let1 or1 9 %ort1 a r$ lead col\r ^u a :ite gr\nd4 ,conus ammiralis1 ( :i* ?ree v>ieties1 ,figs4 ,,iv41 ,v41 & ,,vi41 are natives ( ! seas :i* ba! ! ,moluccas2 !y are beautifully m>k$ v>ieties1 ( a br[ni% citron col\r1 m>k$ ) :ite spots ne>ly triangul>1 ) tawny b&s pa9t$ 9 v f9e trac]y4 ,?is species has be51 & is /ill1 mu* s\ght aft] by collectors1 & pres5ts _m v>ieties besides ^? repres5t$4 ,among ! %ells1 :i* seem almo/ ready to become cyl9drical1 may be not$ ,conus nobilis 7,fig4 ,,vii471 a r>e %ell ( yell[i% col\r approa*+ citron1 ornam5t$ ) :ite spots4 ,! gold5 drop1 ,conus textile 7,fig4 ,,viii471 is yell[ 9 col\r1 ornam5t$ ) wav+ longitud9al l9es ( br[n1 & :ite cord$ spots edg$ ) tawny col\r4 ,! glory ( ! sea1 ,conus gloria m>is 7,fig4 ,,ix471 is :ite 9 col\r1 b&$ ) orange1 & reticulat$ ) num]\s triangul> :ite spots edg$ ) br[n4 ,?is is a native ( ! ,ea/ ,indies1 & "o ( ! mo/ beautiful %ells ( ! :ole gr\p4 ,! f\r? family1 ,bucc9id1 conta9s num]\s g5]a1 z examples ( :i* we may in/ance ,oliva1 ,h>pa1 ,cassis1 ,purpura1 ,nassa1 ,t]ebra1 ,eburna1 & ,bucc9um4 ,oliva is s nam$ f _! resemblance 9 =m to ! olive4 ,_! ne>ly cyl9drical %ell is slightly spiral1 poli%$1 & brilliant z ! ,c[ries2 its op5+ is /ill long & n>r[1 /rongly not*$ 9 front1 its edge columell>1 swoll5 ant]iorly into a k9d ( cu%ion1 & /rip$ obliquely 9 all its l5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfg4 ,oliva ery?ro/oma 7,lam>ck74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfh4 ,oliva porphyria 7,l9nu74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfi4 ,oliva irisans 7,lam>ck74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgj4 ,oliva ,p]uviana 7,lam>ck74 ,^! ,molluscs belong to ! seas ( w>m c\ntries1 :]e !y frequ5t ! s&y bottoms & cle> wat]s4 ,!y creep ab\t ) mu* agility1 rev]s+ !mselves quickly :5 !y h be5 ov]turn$2 !y live ^u o!r animals1 & are fle%-eat]s4 ,!y are1 9 fact1 tak5 at ! ,isle ( ,tranu by us+ fle% z bait4 ,! col\rs ( ! %ell are v v>i$1 & sometimes fanta/ically /reak$4 ,oliva ery?ro/oma 7,fig4 #bfg7 is ornam5t$ ext]nally ) flexual l9es ( a yell[i% br[n1 ) two br[n b&s1 comb9$ ) ! f9e yell[i% t9t ( gold col\r )94 ,oliva porphyria1 f ! ,brazil coa/ 7,fig4 #bfh71 pres5ts l9es ( a r$di% br[n1 regul>ly int]lac$ ) spott$ l>ge br[n m>ks1 ^u a fle%-col\r$ gr\nd4 ,oliva irisans 7,fig4 #bfi7 is pa9t$ 9 zigzag l9es1 close & br[n1 edg$ ) orange-yell[1 & ) two zones ( d>k] br[n1 & reticulat$4 ,oliva ,p]uviana 7,fig4 #bgj7 is furr[$ ) regul>ly spac$ b&s4 ,9 ! casque1 ,cassis1 ! %ell is oval1 convex1 & ! spiral ( consid]able height4 ,! longitud9al op5+ n>r[1 t]m9at+ 9 front 9 a %ort *annel1 :i* becomes sudd5ly erect t[>ds ! back ( ! %ell1 z 9 ,cassis glauca 7,fig4 #bga71 a f9e %ell f ! ,moluccas4 ,! columella is fold$ or too!d transv]sely1 z 9 ,fig4 #bgb 7,cassis rufa72 ! "r edge ?ick1 furni%$ ) a sort ( pad ext]nally1 & d5tate )94 ,?is %ell is f ! ,indian ,ocean1 & is ( a f9e purple col\r1 v>i$ ) black above2 ! edges ( ! op5+ be+ ( a coral r$ col\r1 ! tee? alone be+ :ite4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bga4 ,cassis glauca 7,l9nu74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgb4 ,cassis rufa 7,l9nu74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgc4 ,cassis canaliculata 7,brugires74 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #bgd & #bge4 ,cassis ,madagasc>i5sis 7,lam>ck74 ,! head ( ! animal is l>ge & ?ick1 furni%$ ) two conical elongat$ t5tacles1 at ! base ( :i* are ! eyes4 ,! mantle is rang$ outside ! %ell1 fall+ back ^u ! edges ( ! op5+1 & t]m9at+ at its ant]ior extremity 9 a long cyl9drical *annel1 clov5 9 front1 & pass+ by a holl[ at ! base into ! bron*ial cavity4 ,! foot is l>ge1 & furni%$ ) a horny op]culum4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgf4 ,cassis zebra 7,lam>ck74 ,^! animals keep ne> ! %ore1 9 %all[ wat]4 ,!y walk sl[ly1 & (t5 s9k !mselves into ! s&1 :]e !y prey ^u small bivalves4 ,!y are n num]\s 9 species2 b specim5s f ! ,indian ,ocean are (t5 l>ge & beautifully m>k$4 ,! %ells ( ! less m>k$ species are frequ5tly us$ 9 ,india z lime2 & employ$ z mort>1 "u ! "n ( ,*unam4 ,our space only p]mits u to m5tion1 among ! m curi\s1 ,cassis canaliculata 7,fig4 #bgc71 two v>ieties ( ,cassis ,madagasc>i5sis 7,figs4 #bgd & #bge71 & ! curi\s ,cassis undata 7,m>t9i71 ,zebra 7,lam471 or ,zebra-m>k$ ,casque 7,fig4 #bgf74 ,,purpura4 ,! ,purpuras h a classical "n & hi/ory1 hav+ furni%$ ! ,greeks & ,romans ) ! brilliant purple col\r+ matt] :i* 0 res]v$ = ! mantles ( patricians & pr9ces4 ,! ,purpura is an oval %ell1 ?ick po9t$1 ) %ort conical spiral1 z 9 ,purpura lapillus 7,fig4 #bgg74 ,9 "s x is tub]cul> or angul>1 ! la/ turn ( ! spiral be+ l>g] ?an all ! o!rs put toge!r4 ,! op5+ is dilat$1 t]m9at+ at its l[] extremity 9 an oblique not*4 ,! columell> edge is smoo?1 (t5 t]m9at+ 9 a po9t2 ! "r edge (t5 digitate1 ?ick int]nally1 & fold$ or rippl$4 ,! animal pres5ts a l>ge head1 furni%$ ) two swoll5 conical t5tacles1 close toge!r1 & be>+ an eye t[>ds ! middle ( _! ext]nal side4 ,its foot is l>ge1 bilobate 9 front1 ) a semicircul> horny op]culum4 ,! ,purpuras inhabit ! clefts ( rocks 9 m>9e regions cov]$ ) alg4 ,on occasions !y bury !mselves 9 ! s&4 ,!y creep ab\t by ! help ( _! foot 9 pursuit ( bivalves1 :i* !y op5 by means ( _! %ort sn\t4 ,!y are f\nd 9 all seas2 b ! l>g] species & greate/ numb]s come f w>m regions1 m especially f ! ,au/ralian seas4 ,! ,purpura ( ! anci5ts 0 n1 z is g5]ally ?\ght1 a v]milion r$1 b r a v deep violet1 :i* at a lat] p]iod came to h v>i\s %ades ( r$4 ,! secret ( its prep>ation 0 only kn[n to ! ,pho5icians1 t be+ mo/ e/eem$ :i* came f ,tyre4 ,an ,engli% travell]1 ,mr4 ,wilde1 has discov]$ on ! ea/]n %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 ne> ! ru9s ( ,tyre1 a c]ta9 numb] ( circul> excavations 9 ! solid rock4 ,9 ^! excavations he f\nd a great numb] ( brok5 %ells ( ,murex trunculus4 ,x is probable t !y _h be5 bruis$ 9 great masses by ! ,tyrian workm5 = ! manufacture ( ! purple dye4 ,_m %ells ( ! same species are f\nd actually liv+ on ! same coa/ at ! pres5t "t4 ,ari/otle1 9 8 writ+s1 dwells ^u ! purple4 ,he says t ?is dye is tak5 f two fle%-eat+ molluscs inhabit+ ! sea :i* wa%es ! ,pho5ician coa/4 ,accord+ to ! description giv5 by ! celebrat$ ,greek philosoph]1 "o ( ^! animals _h a v l>ge %ell1 consi/+ ( sev5 turns ( ! spiral1 /udd$ ) sp9es1 & t]m9at+ 9 a /rong beak2 ! o!r _h a %ell mu* small]4 ,ari/otle nam$ ! la/ animal ,bucc9um4 ,x is ?\ght t ! la/ species is recogniz$ 9 ! ,purpura lapillus 7,fig4 #bgg71 :i* ab\nds 9 ! ,*annel4 ,raumur & ,duhamel obta9$1 9 fact1 a purple col\r f ?is species1 :i* !y appli$ to "s /uffs1 & f\nd t x resi/$ ! /ronge/ lye4 ,! g5us ,murex is suppos$ to h be5 ! fir/ species indicat$ by ,ari/otle4 ,up to ! pres5t "t1 ! production ( ! purple rema9s a my/]y4 ,x 0 long ?\ght ?is f9e dye 0 furni%$ by ! /oma*1 liv]1 & kidneys2 b ,m4 ,lacaze-,du?i]s has demon/rat$ t ! organ :i* secretes x is f\nd on ! l[] surface ( ! mantle1 betwe5 ! inte/9es & ! respiratory organs1 :]e x =ms a sort ( fascia1 or small b&4 ,! col\r+ matt]1 z x is extract$ f ! animal1 is yell[i%2 expos$ to ! light1 x becomes gold5 yell[1 !n gre51 tak+ f9ally a f9e violet t9t4 ,:ile ^! trans=mations are 9 progress a peculi>ly pung5t od\r is dis5gag$1 :i* /rongly rem9ds "o ( t ( assafoetida4 ,t portion ( ! matt] :i* has n pass$ into ! violet t9t is soluble 9 wat]2 :5 x has tak5 t t9t x becomes insoluble4 ,! appe>ance ( ! col\r seems provok$ r by ! influ5ce ( ! sun's rays ?an by ! action ( ! air4 ,! matt] atta9s its f9al col\r1 9 %ort1 9 proportion to ! p[] ( ! sun's rays4 ,x is a "q h[ f> ! col\r evolv$ "u ! sol> rays rema9s indelible4 ,x is kn[n t ! contr>y is ! case ) ! col\r+ matt] ( ! co*9eal insect1 :i* *anges v quickly :5 expos$ to ! sun4 ,x is probably ! rem>kable resi/ance x opposes to ! rays ( ! sun :i* recomm5d$ x to ! anci5ts4 ,! patricians ( ,rome1 & ! ri* citiz5s ( ,greece & ,asia ,m9or1 lov$ to wat* ! magical reflections ( ! sun on ! glori\s col\r :i* ornam5t$ _! mantles4 ,b to return to our humble %ells4 ,purpura lapillus 7,fig4 #bgg7 is a ?ick %ell1 oval acute1 ) conical spiral1 g5]ally ( a fad$ or yell[i% :ite1 zon$ ) br[n1 & m or less spott$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgg4 ,purpura lapillus4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgh4 ,purpura patula4 ,purpura patula 7,fig4 #bgh7 is v common 9 ! ,philipp9es1 & is "o ( ! h&some/ species2 its geographical di/ribution has be5 a subject ( mu* controv]sy4 ,purpura consul 7,fig4 #bgi7 is "o ( ! l>ge %ells1 & ( a f9e salmon col\r1 ) br[n b&s & a corona ( sp9es4 ,! ,bucc9ums resemble ! ,purpura 9 _m respects4 ,_! %ell is oval or conical1 mu* not*$ 9 front4 ,!y inhabit e sea1 especially ^? ( ,europe4 ,! animal has a small flat head1 furni%$ ) lat]al t5tacles or horns1 be>+ ! eyes ^u an ext]nal swell+1 situat$ ne> _! c5tral l5g?4 ,we ne$ only ref] to ,fig4 #bhj1 ,bucc9um s5ticosum1 & ,bucc9um undatum 7,fig4 #bha71 = _! g5]al =m1 ! well-kn[n :elk ( our m>kets4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgi4 ,purpura consul4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhj4 ,bucc9um s5ticosum 7,l9nu74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bha4 ,bucc9um undatum 7,l9nu74 ,! ,h>pas are %ells ( ! ,indian ,ocean1 ri*ly enamell$ )91 & ornam5t$ ext]nally ) slightly oblique longitud9al /ripes 9 gay col\rs1 ) f9ely-sculptur$ =ms 9 ! int]vals2 spiral v small1 & op5+ l>ge4 ,among ! m attractive species are ,h>pa v5tricosa 7,fig4 #bhb71 ,h>pa imp]ialis 7,fig4 #bhc71 & ,h>pa articul>is 7,fig4 #bhd74 ,! fif? family1 ,muricid1 conta9s ,fusus1 ,pyrula1 ,triton1 & ,murex4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhb4 ,h>pa v5tricosa 7,lam>ck74 ,! ,murex1 or ,rock ,%ells1 include a l>ge numb] ( species1 all rem>kable = _! bright col\rs & some:at fanta/ical & v>i$ =ms4 ,!y are f\nd 9 all seas1 b become l>g] & m bran*+ 9 ! seas ( w>m regions4 ,! %ell is oval1 or r oblong1 ! spire m or less elevat$1 its surface g5]ally cov]$ ) r[s ( sp9es1 or tub]cul> ramifications4 ,! op5+1 :i* is oval1 is prolong$ 9 a /raight canal1 (t5 ( v consid]able l5g?1 z 9 ,fig4 #bhf 7,murex hau/ellum72 ! ext]nal edge is (t5 smoo? or rippl$1 ! columell> edge sometimes call\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhc4 ,h>pa imp]ialis 7,lam>ck74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhd4 ,h>pa articul>is 7,lam>ck74 ,! head ( ! animal is furni%$ ) two horns or t5tacles1 ocul> ^u _! ext]nal side1 ! m\? elongat$ 9 ! =m ( a trunk4 ,! foot is l>ge & r\nd1 & furni%$ ) a horny op]culum4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhe4 ,murex t5uisp9a 7,lam>ck74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhf4 ,murex hau/ellum 7,l9nu74 ,among ! species ) long sl5d] tube1 cov]$ ) sp9es1 "o ( ! mo/ notable is ,murex t5uisp9a 7,fig4 #bhe71 :i* is a native ( ! ,indian ,ocean & ! ,moluccas4 ,among ! /rong-tub$ species ) long canal & no sp9es1 f ! same regions1 is ,murex hau/ellum 7,fig4 #bhf74 ,among ! %ort-tub$ species1 furni%$ ) foliace\s & jagg$ fr+es1 is ,murex scorpio 7,fig4 #bhg74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhg4 ,murex scorpio 7,l9nu74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhh4 ,murex er9aceus 7,l9nu74 ,"o m typical species may be not$1 namely1 ,murex er9aceus 7,fig4 #bhh71 :i* is f\nd on all ! coa/s ( ,europe1 & especially 9 ! ,*annel4 ,o!r species wor?y ( notice are f\nd 9 ! ,m$it]ranean & ! ,adriatic1 "s ( !m1 accord+ to ,cuvi] & de ,bla9ville1 species :i* furni%$ ! true ,tyrian purple ( ! anci5ts2 b our space prev5ts u f dwell+ on !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhi4 ,triton v>iegatum 7,lam474 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bij4 ,triton lotorium 7,l9n474 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bia4 ,triton anus 7,lam474 ,! ,tritons are rang$ beside ! g5us ,murex 9 ! sy/em4 ,_! %ell is irregul>ly cov]$ ) scatt]$ swell+ excresc5ces1 n1 z 9 ,murex1 9 longitud9al r[s1 b scatt]$ all ov] ! surface4 ,ab\t "o hundr$ species ( ,triton are kn[n4 ,!y inhabit _m seas1 b m especially ^? 9 w>m c\ntries4 ,triton v>iegatum1 vulg>ly call$ ! ,m>9e ,trumpet 7,fig4 #bhi71 is a v l>ge %ell1 :i* ev5 atta9s a l5g? ( sixte5 in*es2 x is enamell$ ) great elegance 9 :ite1 r$1 & tawny-br[n4 ,!y come f ! ,indian ,ocean1 :]e !y are v common4 ,triton lotorium 7,fig4 #bij7 is ( a r$di% br[n ext]nally & :ite )94 ,! ,triton anus 7,fig4 #bia7 is ( a :iti% col\r1 spott$ ) r$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bib4 ,fusus proboscidif]us 7,lam474 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bic4 ,fusus pagodus 7,lesson74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bid4 ,fusus colus4 ,! g5us ,fusus1 or sp9dle %ells1 is di/+ui%$ by ! elegance ( its =m r ?an by ! brilliancy ( its col\rs4 ,!y are sp9dle-%ap$1 spire _m-:orl$1 canal long1 op]culum egg-%ap$4 ,among ! m rem>kable species may be not$ ,fusus proboscidif]us 7,fig4 #bib71 ,fusus pagodus 7,fig4 #bic71 & ,fusus colus 7,fig4 #bid74 ,! six? family is ,/rombid1 ( :i* we give z types1 ,ro/ell>ia1 ,pt]oc]as1 & ,/rombus4 ,/rombus is a m>9e %ell1 belong+ to ,equatorial seas1 ( ^: habits & mann]s v little is kn[n4 ,x is probable t !y are long-liv$1 = _! %ells1 :5 f\nd p]fect1 h acquir$ a v consid]able ?ickness & weight4 ,!y are ev5 f\nd encru/$ 9 ! int]ior ) num]\s lay]s ( s(t e>?y s$im5t1 & cov]$ ext]nally ) small corals & o!r m>9e productions4 ,/rombus gigas is repres5t$ 9 ,figs4 #bie & #bif4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bie4 ,/rombus gigas 7,l9nu71 ) ! animal4 ,"s species ( ,/rombus atta9 great size1 & are plac$ z ornam5ts 9 halls & d9+-rooms4 ,9 "s ( !m ! op5+ is brilliantly %ad$1 & ^? are *iefly s\ght aft] to decorate grottoes 9 g>d5s1 or = collections ( %ells1 :]e1 f _! size1 !y necess>ily occupy a prom95t place4 ,^! %ells are tun-belli$1 t]m9at+ at _! base by a %ort canal1 not*$ or truncat$2 ! "r edge gets dilat$ ) age2 simple on "o w+1 lob$ or cuneat$ 9 ! upp] "p1 & pres5t+ 9 its l[] "p a groove or cavity sep>at$ f ! canal or f ! not* at ! base4 ,b ^! %ells are n m]ely ornam5tal1 = "s ( ! /reets ( ,v]a ,cruz are said to be pav$ ) ,/rombus gigas4 ,! animal :i* inhabits ?is %ell pres5ts a di/9ct head1 provid$ ) a trunk or sn\t1 & ) two t5tacles or horns1 ea* be>+ a l>ge & vividly-col\r$ eye4 ,! foot is compress$ & divid$ into two portions1 ! po/]ior "o1 :i* is ! longe/1 be>+ a horny op]culum4 ,9 ! eagle-w+$ ,/rombus1 repres5t$ 9 ,figs4 #bif & #big1 ^! sev]al peculi>ities are well develop$4 ,?is %ell is l>ge1 turb9ate1 di/5d$ 9 ! middle1 ) an acutely-po9t$ spiral /udd$ ) conical tub]cles1 ! "r edge v broad1 r\nd$ (f bel[4 ,! op5+ is ( a vivid rose purple fad+ into :ite4 ,x is a native ( ! ,antilles4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bif4 ,%ell ( ,/rombus gigas4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #big4 ,/rombus gallus 7,l9n474 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bih4 ,/rombus luhuanus 7,l9nu74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bii4 ,/rombus cancellatus 7,lam>ck74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjj4 ,/rombus !rsites 7,gray74 ,/rombus gallus1 or ! angel-w+$ 7,fig4 #big71 ve9$ ) /ripes ( :ite & r$1 comes f ! coa/s ( ,asia & ,am]ica4 ,/rombus luhuanus 7,fig4 #bih7 is fawn-col\r$1 m>k$ ) :ite1 & ext]nally ! "r edge is r$ & /rip$2 inside ! columella is %ad$ purple & black4 ,/rombus cancellatus1 ! trellis$ ,/rombus 7,fig4 #bii71 is small 9 size & :ite 9 col\r4 ,/rombus !rsites is also repres5t$ 7,fig4 #cjj74 ,,pt]oc]as4 ,! ,pt]oc]as1 f 1 w+1 & 1 horn1 9 _m respects resemble ! ,/rombi4 ,!y are di/+ui%$ f !m *iefly 9 ?is1 t ! "r edge developes itself ) age 9 long & sl5d] digital sp9es m or less num]\s1 ! numb]s ( :i* v>y accord+ to ! species4 ,! ,pt]oc] are f\nd 9 ! seas ( bo? hemisph]es1 _! vulg> d5om9ation be+ sea-spid]s or scorpions4 ,a glance at ! illu/rations 7,fig4 #cja1 ,pt]oc]as scorpio2 ,fig4 #cjb1 ,p4 millep$a2 ,fig4 #cjc1 ,p4 *iragra2 & ,fig4 #cjd1 ,p4 lambis7 w satisfy ! read] z to ! g5]al correctness ( ?is designation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cja4 ,pt]oc]as ,scorpio 7,l9nu74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjb4 ,pt]oc]as millep$a 7,l9nu74 ,! g5us ,pt]oc]as1 ^: rem>kable =m is s well calculat$ to excite our admiration1 has yet ano!r attraction3 ! col\r+ ( ! %ell exhibits _m %ades1 :i* are p>ticul>ly v>i$ t[>ds ! op5+1 :]e x is g5]ally di/+ui%$ by great fre%ness & brilliancy1 :i*1 add$ to its o!r *>act]s1 r5d] x ! mo/ int]e/+ ( all ! ,ga/]opods4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjc4 ,pt]oc]as *iragra 7,l9nu74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjd4 ,pt]oc]as lambis 7,l9nu74 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,mollusc\s ,,pt]opods4 ,natura non facit saltus4 ,,l9n,,u4 ,! position ( ! ,pt]opoda is some:at unsatisfactory4 ,_! organization 9 "s respects places !m bel[ ! level ( ! ,ga/]opods2 b yet ! g5]al feel+ among/ naturali/s has be5 to assign !m a place betwe5 ! ,ga/]opods & ! mo/ highly organiz$ ( ! molluscs1 ! ,cephalopods4 ,! numb] ( g5]a & species is less ?an t ( ! o!r great classes ( molluscs4 ,!re are ?ree pr9cipal ,families ( ,pt]opods4 ,fir/1 ! ,cliid1 conta9+ ,cymodocea1 ,pelagia1 ,pneumod]mon1 & ,clio4 ,second1 ,limac9id1 conta9+ ,macgillivrayia1 ,*eletropis1 ,spirialis1 & ,limac9a4 ,?ird1 ,hyaleid1 conta9+ ,ti$emannia1 ,cymbulia1 ,eurybia1 ,!ca1 ,cleodora1 & ,hyalea4 ,! pr9cipal *>act]i/ic ( ! ,pt]opoda is a membran\s expansion situat$ on ! "r & left side ( _! head1 f :i* !y take _! "n ( ,pt]opoda1 f -1 w+$ feet4 ,! w+s or flapp]s ) :i* !y are provid$ enable !m to pass rapidly ?r\gh ! wat]1 rem9d+ u /rongly ( ! movem5ts ( a butt]fly1 or o!r w+$ insect1 & l !m1 _! motions are long cont9u$4 ,!y advance 9 ?is mann] 9 a giv5 direction1 :ile ! body or ! %ell rema9s 9 an oblique or v]tical position4 ,^! little molluscs may be se5 to asc5d to ! surface v sudd5ly1 turn !mselves 9 a det]m9ate space1 or r swim1 )\t appe>+ to *ange _! place :ile su/a9+ !mselves at ! same height4 ,if any?+ al>ms !m !y fold up _! flapp]s1 & desc5d to su* a dep? 9 _! wat]y _w z w give !m ! security !y seek4 ,!y ?us pass _! lives 9 ! op5 sea f> f any o!r %elt]1 except t yield$ by ! gulf we$ & o!r alg4 ,9 appe>ance & habits1 ^! small & sometimes microscopic creatures resemble ! fry ( "s o!r =ms ( mollusca4 ,!y lit]ally sw>m bo? 9 ,tropical & ,arctic seas2 sometimes s num]\s z to col\r ! ocean = leagues4 ,!y are ! pr9cipal food ( :ales & sea-birds 9 high latitudes1 r>ely approa*+ ! coa/4 ,only "o or two species h be5 accid5tally tak5 on our %ores1 & ^? evid5tly driv5 ?i!r by curr5ts into :i* !y h be5 entangl$1 or by tempe/s :i* h /irr$ ! wat]s ) a p[] beyond !irs4 ,dr4 ,lea* /ates t 9 #ahaa1 dur+ a t\r to ! ,orkneys1 he obs]v$ on ! rocks ( ! ,isle ( ,/affa sev]al mutilat$ specim5s ( ,clio borealis4 ,"s days aft]1 hav+ borr[$ a l>ge %rimp-net1 & r[+ along ! coa/ ( ,mull1 :5 ! sea1 :i* _h previ\sly be5 extremely /ormy1 _h become calm1 he succe$$ 9 cat*+ "o alive1 :i* is n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,9 /ructure1 ,mr4 ,huxley tells u1 ! ,pt]opods are mo/ ne>ly relat$ to ! m>9e univalves1 b mu* inf]ior to !m4 ,_! num]\s ganglia are conc5trat$ into a mass bel[ ! sophagus2 !y h auditory vesicles conta9+ otoli!s1 & are s5sible ( light & heat1 & probably ( od\rs1 al?\gh at mo/ !y possess v imp]fect eyes & t5tacles4 ,! true foot is small or obsolete2 9 ,cleodora lanceolata 7,fig4 #cji7 x is comb9$ ) ! f9s2 b 9 ,clio x is suffici5tly di/9ct1 & consi/s ( two elem5ts or spirals2 ! sup]ior portion ( ! foot supports an op]culum4 ,! f9s are develop$ f ! sides ( ! m\? or neck1 & are ! equival5ts ( ! side-lappets 7,epipoda7 ( ! sea-snails4 ,! m\? ( ,pneumod]mon is furni%$ ) two support+ m9iature suck]s2 ^! organs h be5 comp>$ to ! dorsal arms ( ! cuttle-fi%es2 b x is d\btful :e!r _! nature is ! same4 ,a m c]ta9 po9t ( resemblance is ! v5tral flexure ( ! alim5t>y canal1 :i* t]m9ates on ! "u surface ne> ! "r side ( ! neck4 ,! ,pt]opods h a muscul> gizz>d arm$ ) ga/ric tee?1 a liv]1 a pyloric ccum1 & a contractile r5al organ op5+ into ! cavity ( ! mantle4 ,! he>t consi/s ( an auricle & a v5tricle1 & is ess5tially opi/hobran*iatic1 al?\gh sometimes affect$ by ! g5]al flexure ( ! body4 ,! v5\s sy/em is extremely incomplete4 ,! respiratory organ1 :i* is little m ?an a ciliat$ surface1 is ei!r situat$ at ! extremity ( ! body1 & unprotect$ by a mantle1 or includ$ 9 a bran*ial *amb] ) an op5+ 9 front4 ,! %ell :5 pres5t is symmetrical1 glassy1 & transluc5t1 consi/+ ( a dorsal & a v5tral plate unit$1 ) an ant]ior op5+ = ! head1 lat]al slits = long fili=m processes ( ! mantle1 & t]m9at$ beh9d 9 "o or ?ree po9ts2 9 o!r cases x is conical or spirally-coil$1 & clos$ by a spiral op]culum4 ,! sexes are unit$1 & ! orifices situat$ on ! "r side ( ! neck4 ,accord+ to ,vogt1 ! embryo ,pt]opod has decidu\s vola l ! sea-snails1 be=e ! prop] locomotive organs are develop$4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #cje & #cjf4 ,hyalea gibbosa 7,rang474 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #cjg & #cjh4 ,hyalea longiro/ris 7,lesueur74 ,! ,pt]opods seem to be em95tly sociable & greg>i\s1 sw>m+ toge!r 9 great numb]s2 !y pres5t "s analogical resemblances to ! ,cephalopod2 b p]man5tly !y repres5t ! l>val /age ( ! sea-snails4 ,de ,bla9ville divides ! gr\p into two sections1 ,!cosomata & ,gymnosomata1 ! fir/ includ+ ! ,hyaleid & ,limac9id2 ! second conta9s "o family1 ! ,cliid4 ,! ,hyaleid h small horny %ells1 v ?9 & transp>5t1 globul\s1 or elongat$1 op5 ant]iorly1 clov5 on ! sides1 & truncate at ! po/]ior extremity4 ,_! globul> body is =m$ ( two p>ts1 ! "o includ+ ! head1 be>+ two v /rong t5tacles1 & two l>ge f9s or flapp]s 9 ! =m ( w+s1 spr++ f ea* side ( ! m\?4 ,^! molluscs are small1 & g5]ally ( a yell[i%-blue or violet col\r4 ,!y are inhabitants ( ! deep sea1 & r>ely se5 out ( :at sailors call blue wat]4 ,!y pl\gh ! waves ) great rapidity by ! aid ( _! p[]ful f9s4 ,c]ta9 w9ds ?r[ !m sometimes 9 great numb]s on ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,^! little creatures1 s in(f5sive1 & :i* live toge!r 9 va/ numb]s1 seem to be an easy & ready-prep>$ prey1 :i* ! great m>9e animals may swall[ by ?\s&s4 ,tw5ty species ( ,hyalea are describ$ z actually liv+ 9 ! ,atlantic & ,au/ralian seas4 ,( ^! ,hyalea gibbosa 7,figs4 #cje1 #cjf7 & ,hyalea longiro/ris 7,figs4 #cjg1 #cjh7 are "h repres5t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cji4 ,cleodora lanceolata 7,lesueur74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #caj4 ,cleodora compressa 7,eyd\x & ,s\leyet74 ,! great flapp]s ( ,hyalea trid5tata are yell[1 m>k$ at _! base ) a f9e violet spot4 ,its %ell1 pla9 above1 convex b5ea?1 is clov5 on ! side4 ,! sup]ior "p is long] ?an ! inf]ior1 & ! transv]se l9e :i* unites !m is furni%$ ) ?ree tee?4 ,?is %ell is yell[1 & ne>ly transluc5t4 ,:5 ! animal swims1 two expansions ( its mantle issue f ! lat]al clefts 9 ! %ell4 ,cleodora lanceolata is a delicate & graceful creature2 its body1 ( gelat9\s appe>ance1 has a di/9ct head1 ) its f9s ne> ! neck1 not*$ 9 ! =m ( a he>t 7,fig4 #cji72 its po/]ior "p is globul\s1 transp>5t1 & lum9\s ev5 9 ! d>k4 ,! animal :i* inhabits x sometimes %9es ?r\gh ! %ell l a light plac$ inside a lant]n4 ,?is %ell is triangul>1 z 9 ,cleodora cuspidata 7,fig4 #caa71 ?91 vitre\s1 & fragile1 t]m9at+ 9 a long sp9e at ! base4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #caa4 ,cleodora cuspidata 7,bucc47 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,cephalopod\s ,,mollusca4 ,mon/rum horr5dum1 in=me1 +5s4 ,,virgil4 ,! highe/ class ( ,molluscs is ! ,cephalopoda1 :i* has be5 divid$ by ,pr(essor ,ow5 into two ,ord]s1 ,tetrabran*iata1 or animals hav+ f\r bran*i1 & ! ,dibran*iata1 hav+ two bran*i4 ,! fir/ ,family ( ! ,tetrabran*iata1 hav+ ! ,ammonitid1 conta9s ! fossil ,turrilites & ,ammonites4 ,! second ,family1 ,or?oc]atid1 conta9s ! fossil ,gomphoc]as & ,or?oc]as4 ,! ?ird ,family1 ,nautilid1 conta9s ,nautilus4 ,! "n ,cephalopoda1 z already /at$1 is tak5 f ! position ( ! feet1 :i* are ins]t$ 9 ! ant]ior "p ( ! head3 9 ,greek 1 head1 & -1 foot4 ,! ,cephalopod\s ,molluscs are inde$ highly organis$ = ,molluscs1 = !y possess 9 a high degree ! s5se ( sight1 he>+1 & t\*4 ,!y appe> ) ! e>li] animals :i* pres5t !mselves on ! e>?1 & !y are num]\s ev5 n[1 al?\gh !y are f> f play+ ! important "p assign$ to !m 9 ! e>ly ages ( organic life ^u our planet4 ,! ,ammonites & ,belemnites exi/$ by ?\s&s among ! be+s :i* peopl$ ! seas dur+ ! second>y epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( ! globe4 ,?is great class is o!rwise divid$ into two ord]s3 ,t5taculif]\s ,cephalopods1 ^? furni%$ ) /rong fle%y t5tacula1 & ,acetabulif]\s1 or suck]-be>+4 ,,t5taculif]\s ,,cephalopods4 ,9 place ( be>+ simple suck]s 7,acetabula71 l ! la/ ord] ( ,cephalopods1 ?is gr\p is furni%$ ) true organs ( preh5sion1 or t5tacles4 ,!y diff] f ! fir/ gr\p *iefly 9 _! m num]\s arms1 :i* are q t5taculif]\s1 hav+ nei!r suck]s nor capsules1 & by hav+ an ext]nal %ell4 ,! numb] ( liv+ species is extremely limit$2 = ?is gr\p ( animals belongs peculi>ly to ! e>li] ages ( our globe1 is gradually becom+ ext9ct1 & pres5ts 9 our days only "s r>] species1 :5 we comp>e !m ) ! prodigi\s numb]s ( ^! be+s :i* animat$ ! seas ( ! anci5t _w4 ,9 fact1 ! only liv+ type ( ! ord] is ! nautilus1 :i* has a s+ul> resemblance 9 =m to ! argonaut4 ,! %ell ( ?is mollusc has a regul>ly convolut$ =m1 ! la/ :orl be+ equal to all ! o!rs4 ,x is divid$ int]nally into num]\s cells1 =m$ by transv]se p>titions1 concave 9 front & p]=at$ t[>ds ! c5tre1 & =m+ a k9d ( funnel1 :i* gives passage to a respiratory siphon4 ,9 ! la/ cell ( ! %ell 7,fig4 #cab7 is ! animal1 cov]$ by its mantle1 :i* cov]s ! walls ( ! cells4 ,:5 x contracts itself x is protect$ by a sort ( triangul> & fle%y hood4 ,num]\s contractile t5tacles1 re-ent]+ into ! %ea?1 "s ( !m furni%$ ) num]\s lamell1 surr\nd ! head1 :i* is1 besides1 sc>cely di/+ui%$ f ! body4 ,! head be>s two great project+ eyes1 plant$ ^u a p$uncle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cab4 ,nautilus pompilius 7,l9nu71 %[+ ! int]ior ( ! l[] cell1 to :i* ! animal is fix$4 ,l ,sepia & ,octopus1 ! m\? ( ! ,nautilid is arm$ ) m&ibles1 fa%ion$ l ! p>rot's beak2 ! bran*i are f\r 9 numb]4 ,! circulat+ sy/em consi/s ( a v5tricle & auricle1 & ! locomotive tube is protect$ 9 its :ole l5g?4 ,! %ell is secret$ by ! out] edge ( ! mantle1 :ile its po/]ior extremity fa%ions ! walls ( ! cells1 :i* indicate ! successive gr[? ( ! individual4 ,! siphon1 :i* trav]ses all ! *amb]s1 receives & protects ! ligam5t1 by ! aid ( :i* ! ,cephalopod is reta9$ 9 ! la/ *amb] ( ! %ell4 ,fig4 #cac is ! same section1 ) ! la/ cell empty1 & ) ! p]=ations ?r\gh :i* ! siphon passes4 ,! ,nautilid are inhabitants ( ! ,indian ,ocean & ! sea r\nd ! ,molucca ,isl&s4 ,9 swimm+1 _! head & t5tacles are project$ f out ( ! %ell4 ,9 walk+ on rocks !y drag !mselves along ! gr\nd1 ! body upw>ds1 ! head & t5tacles b5ea?4 ,!y betake !mselves frequ5tly to miry cavities frequ5t$ by fi%4 ,x is a mu* m common occurr5ce to f9d ! empty ?an inhabit$ %ells ( ! ,nautilus at sea4 ,?is1 probably1 arises f its exposure to ! attacks ( cru/aceans & o!r m>9e c>nivora4 ,?is seems to be prov$ by ! mangl$ appe>ance ( ! edges 9 ! empty %ells ?us met )4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cac4 ,nautilus pompilius 7,l9nu7 %[+ ! l[] cell & ! p>tition giv+ passage to ! siphon4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cad4 ,%ell ( ,nautilus pompilius 7,l9nu74 ,! ,pe>ly ,nautilus1 ,nautilus pompilius 7,fig4 #cad71 is s common on ! ,nicob> coa/ t ! inhabitants salt & dry its fle%1 & /ore !m z provisions4 ,its %ell atta9s ab\t eight in*es 9 its greate/ height4 ,?is %ell is /ill us$ by ! ,h9doo prie/s z _! con* or %ell1 ) :i* !y summon _! devotees to wor%ip4 ,x is ne>ly r\nd1 smoo?1 transv]sely blaz$ 9 its po/]ior "p1 & entirely :ite ant]iorly4 ,a v f9e nacre is yield$ by ?is mollusc1 :i* is mu* us$ 9 ornam5tal cab9et-"w4 ,! ,ori5tals make dr9k+-cups1 on :i* !y engrave designs & figures1 :i* =m graceful objects4 ,simil> vases 7 =m]ly %ap$ 9 ,europe1 :i* f\nd _! way into great h\ses4 ,9 our days !y are g5]ally consign$ to cab9ets ( curiosities & ! %ops ( deal]s 9 articles ( virt4 ,ow5's second ord]1 ,dibran*iata1 conta9s six families2 ! fir/ is ,spirulid1 conta9+ ! curi\s ,spirula1 t little gem among/ oceanic %ells4 ,! second family is ,sepiad1 conta9+ ,belemnosis & ,sepia4 ,! ?ird is ,belemnitid2 ! f\r?1 ,teu?id2 ! fif?1 ,octopodid2 & ! six?1 ,argonautid4 ,,acetabulif]\s ,,cephalopoda4 ,to ?is gr\p belong ! cuttle-fi%1 squids1 & argonauts1 among exi/+ species1 & ! ,belemnites among ! fossil species4 ,"s ( ^! creatures are l>ge1 & ess5tially fle%-eat]s1 or c>nivor\s2 &1 if we may believe all t has be5 writt5 respect+ !m1 v =midable ones4 ,li/5 to ,mi*elet1 :ile he pa9ts ! w>like hum\r ( ^! inhabitants ( ! deep3--,! ,m$us & ,molluscs1 says ?is popul> au?or1 are g5]ally innoc5t creatures1 & ,i h liv$ ) !m 9 a _w ( g5tle peace4 ,few fle%-eat]s among !m2 ^? ev5 :i* are s1 only kill to satisfy _! wants1 liv+ = ! mo/ "p on life j comm5c$--on gelat9\s animals1 :i* c sc>cely be call$ organic4 ,f ?is _w grief 0 abs5t4 ,no cruelty & no passion4 ,_! little s\ls1 if mild1 7 n )\t _! ray ( aspiration t[>ds ! light1 & t[>ds :at comes to u f heav51 & t[>ds t love1 revell+ 9 t *ang+ flame :i* at night is ! light ( ! deep4 ,x is n[1 h[ev]1 necess>y to describe a mu* grav] _w3 a _w ( rap9e & ( murd]2 f ! v beg9n+1 f ! fir/ appe>ance ( life1 viol5t dea? appe>$2 sudd5 ref9em5t1 useful b cruel1 purification1 ( all :i* has langui%$1 or :i* may l+] or langui%1 ( ! sl[ & feeble creation ^: fecundity _h encumb]$ ! globe4 ,9 ! m anci5t =mations ( ! old _w we f9d two murd]]s--a nipp] & a suck]4 ,! fir/ is reveal$ to u by ! impr9t ( ! trilobite1 an ord] n[ lo/1 ! mo/ de/ructive ( ext9ct be+s4 ,! second subsi/s 9 "o gigantic fragm5t1 a beak ne>ly two feet 9 l5g?1 :i* 0 t ( a great suck] or cuttle-fi% 7,sepia74 ,if we may judge f su* a beak1 ?is mon/]1 if ! o!r p>ts ( ! body are 9 proportion1 mu/ h be5 enorm\s2 its v5tose1 inv9cible arms1 ( p]haps tw5ty or ?irty feet1 l ^? ( "s mon/r\s spid]4 ,! suck] ( ! _w1 s(t & gelat9\s6 x is himself4 ,9 mak+ w> on ! molluscs he rema9s mollusc also2 t is to say1 always an embryo4 ,he pres5ts ! /range1 almo/ ridicul\s1 if x 0 n also t]rible1 appe>ance ( an embryo go+ to w>2 ( a foetus furi\s & cruel1 s(t & transp>5t1 b t5aci\s1 brea?+ ) a murd]\s brea?1 = x is n = food alone t x makes w>3 x has ! wi% to de/roy4 ,satiat$1 & ev5 bur/+1 x /ill de/roys4 ,)\t def5sive arm\r1 "u its ?reat5+ murmurs !re is no peace2 its safety is to attack4 ,x reg>ds all creatures z a possible enemy4 ,x ?r[s ab\t its long arms1 or r ?ongs1 arm$ ) suck]s1 at r&om4 ,su* is ! some:at exagg]at$ picture :i* ! eloqu5t hi/orian & poet draws ( ! ,mollusc\s ,cephalopod1 & x mu/ be admitt$ t !re is a basis ( tru? 9 ?is1 z well z 9 ! m rec5t "o pa9t$ by ,victor ,hugo1 9 8 eloqu5t book1 ,les ,travailleurs de la ,m]4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 !re is s mu* ( ! fictiti\s float+ ab\t1 x w be our endeav\r to elim9ate facts only4 ,,family ,,( ,,! ,,sepiad4 ,! body ( ! cuttle-fi% 7,sepia7 is ?us a v s+ul> /ructure1 some:at rem9d+ u ( c]ta9 species ( polyps4 ,we f9d a body or abdom9al mass1 h& ahead1 sep>at$ by compression1 suffici5tly m>k$4 ,! body is cov]$ by ! mantle1 :i* has ! =m ( a sac op5$ only 9 front by a transv]se cleft4 ,! head has a project+ & well-develop$ eye on ea* side2 x is surm\nt$ by a sort ( fle%y funnel1 :i* is divid$ by f\r pairs ( t5tacles4 ,at ! bottom ( ?is t5tacul> funnel is ! m\?2 & f ! ant]ior op5+ 9 ! mantle a tube issues1 :i* is wide at its base4 ,! ,sepiad h eight arms ris+ f ! cr[n ( ! head arm$ ) f\r r[s ( suck]s1 two long sl5d] t5tacles ) broadly-exp&+ ends1 & /alk$ suck]s2 eyes mov+ 9 _! sockets1 & body broadly ovate 9 ,sepia4 ,if we /udy ! g5]al aspect ( ! animal m closely1 we f9d t ! t5tacles--:i* s]ve at once z organs ( locomotion = swimm+1 = creep+1 & z preh5sile organs = seiz+ & reta9+ its prey--are conical1 v long1 & all ( ! same =m4 ,ea* ( !m has t[>ds its axis a longitud9al canal1 :i* encloses a great n]ve1 :i* is also surr\nd$ ) muscul> fibres1 arrang$ 9 rays4 ,! suck]s1 already describ$1 occupy all ! int]nal surface ( ! eight t5tacul> arms1 :i* are arrang$ 9 two r[s1 hav+ ! =m v ne>ly ( a semi-sph]ical capsule4 ,( ^! suck]s1 ea* arm ( ! cuttle-fi% c>ries ab\t two hundr$ & =ty1 ! total numb] be+ ne>ly a ?\s&4 ,! m\? we h already describ$1 9 ,dr4 ,roget's words3 ,! tee? move v]tically1 mu* z ! cutt+ edge ( ! two blades ( a pair ( scissors move ^u ea* o!r1 te>+ ! prey by ! assi/ance ( _! hook$ t]m9ations4 ,! tongue is cov]$ on its upp] "p by a ?ick horny b$1 bri/l+ 9 ! c5tre ) a s]ies ( recurv+ tee?1 :ile its edge is arm$ ) ?ree o!r erect tee?1 :i* are sl5d] & hook$4 ,! oesophagus is long & sl5d]4 ,at ! abdom5 ! gullet exp&s into a sort ( frill1 to :i* succe$s a gizz>d1 ) /rong fle%y walls2 &1 f9ally1 a v %ort inte/9e1 :i* directs itself =w>d1 t]m9at+ on ! m$ian l9e ( ! body4 ,t[>ds ! ant]ior p>ts is a cavity1 ( :i* a few words mu/ be said4 ,x occupies ! free space compris$ betwe5 ! ext]ior surface ( ! abdom5 & ! int]nal face ( ! mantle2 & "h ! respiratory organs1 namely1 ! bran*i1 are lodg$4 ,"h1 also1 are ! reproductive & excretory organs4 ,! bran*i1 :i* are two 9 numb]1 are volum9\s1 b %ort1 tuft$1 & leaf-l4 ,! bran*ial cavity c dilate & contract itself alt]nately4 ,x communicates ext]nally by two op5+s3 ! "o1 fa%ion$ into a cleft1 receives1 :ile ! o!r1 :i* is prolong$ into a tube1 s]ves to eject1 ! wat]1 & becomes a p[]ful organ ( locomotion4 ,! inspiration ( ! animal is ?us made by a cleft 9 ! mantle1 & expiration by ! tube3 ! r5ewal ( ! respirable liquid acts z a sort ( suck+ & =c+ pump1 at ! surface ( ! lamell> bran*ials4 ,! cuttle-fi%1 9 %ort1 w be at no loss to reply to ! "q ( ! ,don ,diego ( ,corneille-- ,rodrique1 z-tu du cur8 = !y h ?ree he>ts4 ,! two fir/ are plac$ at ! end ( ! bran*i4 ,) ea* beat ( ! pulse ! v5\s blood is br\ght f all p>ts ( ! body1 & propell$ ?r\gh ea* gill or bran*i4 ,vivifi$ by respiration 9 ! int]nal tissue ( ! bran*i1 x is c>ri$ by ! ve9s into ! ?ird he>t1 situat$ ^u ! m$ian l9e ( ! body2 & n[ ! reg5]at$ fluid is aga9 di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! re/ ( ! economy4 ,n to oppress ! read] ) anatomical details1 we %all j rem>k t ! gaze ( ! cuttle-fi% is decid$ & ?reat5+4 ,its project+ eyes & gold5-col\r$ iris are said to h some?+ ( fasc9ation 9 !m4 ,! animal seems able ev5 to economise ! p[] ( its glance1 be+ able to cov] its eyes f "t to "t by contract+ ! sk9 :i* surr\nds !m1 & br++ ! two transluc5t eyelids ) :i* x is furni%$ clos] toge!r4 ,! cuttle-fi%es are ess5tially aquatic & m>9e animals4 ,we f9d !m 9 e sea 9 all p>ts ( ! _w2 b !y are mo/ =midable 9 w>m c\ntries4 ,!y h a great pr$ilection = ! %ore4 ,dur+ _! y\? !y associate 9 flocks2 b ) age !y fly f association1 & retire into ! clefts & holl[s ( ! rocks4 ,! old cuttle-fi% is only f\nd 9 rugg$ & rocky places1 bri/l+ ) nak$1 po9t$ rocks1 :i* h be5 worn by ! waves1 b g5]ally 9 places only a few feet bel[ ! level ( l[ wat]4 ,h[ (t51 says ,d',orbigny1 h we n obs]v$ ! cuttle-fi% 9 8 fav\rite retirem5t6 ,!re1 ) "o ( 8 arms cramp$ to ! walls ( its dwell+1 x ext5ds ! o!r t[>ds ! animals :i* pass at its gate1 embraces !m1 & by its p[] r5d]s useless all _! ef=ts to dis5gage !mselves4 ,if we obs]ve a cuttle-fi% :5 x is :at may be call$ walk+1 ei!r on l& or at ! bottom ( ! sea1 x w be se5 to walk on "o side1 its head d[nw>ds1 its m\? t\*+ ! gr\nd1 ! arms ext5d$ & grappl+ "s support+ object1 & draw+ ! body =w>d2 at ! same "t ! arms at ! opposite side are contract$ & fold$ up1 s z to assi/ by a contr>y movem5t4 ,on %ore ! movem5t ( ^! animals is v sl[4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y swim v rapidly1 assi/$ by all _! arms1 & aid$ by ! wat] eject$ f ! locomotive tube1 _! movem5t be+ mo/ frequ5tly backw>ds1 ! body fir/1 ! six sup]ior arms plac$ horizontally1 ! two o!rs br\ght toge!r above3 ! fir/ help to su/a9 !m 9 _! horizontal position1 ! la/ to guide !m1 incl9+ to ! "r or left z ! animal *anges its direction4 ,! cuttle-fi%es fe$ on cru/aceans1 fi%es1 & also on %ell$ molluscs--e k9d ( animal1 9 fact1 :i* comes )9 _! rea*2 s t x is readily tak5 by means ( ! fle% ( fi% or cru/aceans1 9 :i* a /rong hook is conceal$4 ,!y live = five or six ye>s1 & reproduce by eggs1 :i* are l>ge1 & g5]ally f\nd 9 clu/]s1 kn[n to fi%]m5 "u ! "n ( sea-grapes4 ,l ! zoophytes1 !y possess ! prop]ty ( r$9tegration1 already describ$1 be+ able to reproduce any arm t may be de/roy$4 ,!re is ano!r s+ul> peculi>ity :i* ! cuttle-fi% %>es ) man4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( /rong emotion ! human face becomes pale1 or blu%es1 & 9 "s individuals x is said to become blue4 ,?is has always be5 suppos$ to be an attribute ( humanity2 b ! cuttle-fi% %>es x ) our race4 ,yield+ to ! impressions ( ! mom5t1 ! cuttle-fi% sudd5ly *anges col\r1 &1 pass+ ?r\gh v>i\s t9ts1 x only resumes its famili> "o :5 ! cause ( ! *ange has disappe>$4 ,!y are1 9 fact1 gift$ ) great s5sibility1 :i* reacts imm$iately ^u _! tissues1 ^! be+ extremely ela/ic & delicate4 ,sudd5 *anges ( col\r are produc$--*anges :i* f> exce$ ! same ph5om5a 9 man4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( passion or emotion man is born to blu%1 b "u no sort ( excitem5t does he cov] himself ) pu/ules2 ?is ! cuttle-fi% does3 x n only *anges col\r1 b x cov]s itself ) little w>ts4 ,obs]ve a cuttle 9 a pool ( wat]1 says ,d',orbigny1 z x walks r\nd its retreat--x is smoo?1 & ( v pale col\r4 ,attempt to seize x1 & x quickly assumes a deep] t9t1 & its body becomes cov]$ on ! in/ant ) w>ts & hairs1 :i* rema9 !re until its confid5ce is entirely re/or$4 ,! foll[+ fact is abbreviat$ f ! ,natural ,hi/ory & ,fi%]y ( ! ,sp]m ,:ale4 ,mr4 ,beale _h be5 se>*+ = %ells among ! rocks 9 ,bon9 ,isl&1 & 0 mu* a/oni%$ to see at 8 feet a mo/ extraord9>y-look+ animal1 crawl+ back t[>ds ! surf :i* x _h j left4 ,x 0 creep+ on its eight legs1 :i*1 f _! s(t & flexible nature1 b5t consid]ably "u ! weight ( its body1 s t x 0 j lift$ by an ef=t above ! rocks4 ,x appe>$ mu* al>m$1 & made e attempt to escape4 ,mr4 ,beale endeav\r$ to /op x by putt+ 8 foot on "o ( its t5tacles1 b x lib]at$ itself sev]al times 9 spite ( all 8 ef=ts4 ,he !n laid hold ( "o ( ! t5tacles ) 8 h&1 & held x firmly1 & ! limb appe>$ z if x w\ld be torn asund] 9 ! /ruggle4 ,to t]m9ate ! conte/1 he gave x a p[]ful j]k2 x resi/$ ! ef=t successfully1 b ! mom5t aft] ! enrag$ animal lift$ a head ) l>ge project+ eyes1 & loos+ its hold ( ! rocks1 sudd5ly sprang ^u ,mr4 ,beale's arm1 :i* _h be5 previ\sly b>$ to ! %\ld]1 & clung to x ) its suck]s1 :ile x endeav\r$ to get ! beak1 :i* he c\ld n[ see1 betwe5 ! t5tacles1 9 a position to bite him4 ,mr4 ,beale describes its cold slimy grasp z extremely sick5+1 & he l\dly call$ to ! capta91 :o 0 also se>*+ = %ells1 to come to 8 assi/ance4 ,!y ha/5$ to ! boat1 & he 0 releas$ by kill+ 8 torm5tor ) a boat-knife1 :5 ! arms 7 dis5gag$ bit by bit4 ,mr4 ,beale /ates t ?is ,cephalopod mu/ h measur$ across its exp&$ arms ab\t f\r feet1 :ile its body 0 n bigg] ?an a l>ge h& cl5*$4 ,x 0 ! species call$ ! rock-squid by :al]s4 ,^! =midable & curi\s ,cephalopods1 ! ( ,ari/otle1 ,mollia ( ,pl9y1 & ,cephalophora ( ,de ,bla9ville1 h ! mantle1 accord+ to ,cuvi]1 unit$ b5ea? ! body1 ?us =m+ a muscul> sac :i* envelopes ! :ole visc]a4 ,! body is s(t & fle%y1 v>y+ mu* 9 =m1 be+ sub-sph]ical1 sub-elliptical1 & cyl9drical1 ! sides ( ! mantle 9 _m species ext5d+ into fle%y f9s4 ,! head protrudes f ! muscul> sac1 & is di/9ct f ! body2 x is gift$ ) all ! usual s5ses1 ! eyes 9 p>ticul>1 :i* are ei!r p$unculate or sessile1 be+ l>ge & well develop$4 ,! m\? is ant]ior & t]m9al1 arm$ ) a pair ( horny or calc>e\s m&ibles1 :i* be> a /rong resemblance to ! bill ( a p>rot1 act+ transv]sely1 "o ^u ! o!r4 ,its position is ! bottom ( a sub-conical cavity1 =m+ ! base ( num]\s fle%y t5tacul> app5dages :i* surr\nd x1 & :i* are t]m$ arms by "s writ]s4 ,^! app5dages 9 ! great majority ( liv+ species are provid$ ) suck]s1 acetabula 7cupp+-glass-l app5dages71 by means ( :i* ! animal moves at ! bottom ( ! sea1 head d[nw>ds1 or atta*es itself to its prey4 ,^! suck]s are arm$ or un>m$ ) a long1 %>p1 horny claw4 ,9 ! un>m$ acetabulum1 ! me*anism = adhesion is well describ$ by ,dr4 ,roget3 ,! circumf]5ce ( ! disk1 says ?is writ]1 is rais$ by a s(t & turn$ m>g92 a s]ies ( long sl5d] folds ( membrane cov]+ correspond+ fascicula ( muscul> fibre conv]ge f ! circumf]5ce t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! suck]1 at a %ort di/ance f :i* !y leave a circul> ap]ture2 ?is op5s into a cavity :i* wid5s z x desc5ds1 & conta9s a cone ( s(t sub/ance ris+ f ! bottom ( ! cavity1 l ! pi/on ( a syr+e4 ,:5 ! suck] is appli$ to ! surface1 = ! purpose ( adhesion1 ! pi/on1 hav+ previ\sly be5 rais$ s z to fill ! cavity1 is retract$1 & a vacuum produc$1 :i* may be /ill fur!r increas$ by ! retraction ( ! plicat$ portion ( ! disk4 ,"h we h an excell5t description ( ! app>atus = hold+ on4 ,:5 ! animal is dispos$ to let g 8 hold1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,ow51 ! muscul> arrangem5t enables ! animal to pu% =w>d ! pi/on1 & ?us 9 a mom5t de/roy ! vacuum :i* retraction _h produc$4 ,9 ! case ( ! arm$ ,cephalopods 7,ony*oteu?is71 ,pr(essor ,ow5 rem>ks1 t !re are circum/ances 9 :i* ev5 ! rem>kable app>atus describ$ by ,dr4 ,roget w\ld be insuffici5t to fulfil ! (fices 9 ! economy ( ,nature = :i* ! ,cephalopod 0 creat$1 & t 9 species :i* h to cont5d ) ! agile muc\s-clad fi%es m p[]ful organs ( preh5sion are sup]add$ to ! suck]s1 s t 9 ! calam>y ! base ( ! pi/on is1 he rem>ks1 enclos$ 9 a horny hoop1 ! out] & ant]ior m>g9 ( :i* is develop$ into a s]ies ( %>p curv$ tee?1 :i* c be firmly press$ into ! fle% ( a /ruggl+ prey by ! contraction ( ! surr\nd+ transv]se fibres1 & c be )drawn by ! action ( ! retract+ fibres ( ! pi/on4 ,let ! read]1 ! pr(essor adds1 picture to himself ! project+ weapon ( ! horny hoop develop$ into a long1 curv$1 %>p-po9t$ claw1 & ^! weapons clu/]$ at ! exp&$ t]m9ations ( ! t5tacles1 & arrang$ 9 a d\ble alt]nate s]ies along ! int]nal surface ( ! eight muscul> feet1 & he w h "s idea ( ! =midable nature ( ! c>nivor\s cephalopod4 ,! pr(essor notices ano!r /ructure :i* adds greatly to ! preh5sile p[]s ( ! unc9at$ ,cephalopods4 ,at ! extremities ( ! long t5tacles a clu/] ( small1 simple1 un>m$ suck]s may be obs]v$ at ! base ( ! exp&$ "p4 ,:5 ^! latt] suck]s are appli$ to "o ano!r1 ! t5tacles are firmly lock$ toge!r at t "p1 & ! unit$ /r5g? ( bo? ! elongat$ p$uncles c be appli$ to drag t[>ds ! m\? any resi/+ object :i* has be5 grappl$ by ! t]m9al hooks4 ,!re is no me*anical contrivance :i* surpasses ?is /ructure2 art has remotely imitat$ x 9 ! fabrication ( ! ob/etrical =ceps1 9 :i* ei!r blade c be us$ sep>ately1 or1 by ! int]lock+ ( a tempor>y blade1 be made to act 9 comb9ation4--,cyc4 ( ,anat4 ,! ?ird ,family1 ,belemnitid1 conta9s ,belemnitella & ,belemnites1 & o!r g5]a ( less importance2 !y are all n[ ext9ct1 al?\gh once num]\s z species4 ,! cuttles1 ,sepia 7,fig4 #cae71 h ! body fle%y & depress$1 cont9u$ into a sac1 & bord]$ on all its l5g? on bo? sides ) a w+ or n>r[ f91 ! l>g] %ort & flat1 broad] ?an x is long1 ) two l>ge eyes1 cov]$ by an expansion ( ! sk91 :i* becomes transp>5t ov] a surface equal to ! diamet] ( ! iris1 & furni%$ ) inf]ior contractile eyelids4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cae4 ,sepia (fic9alis 7,l9nu74 ,?is head is surm\nt$ by t5 t5tacul> arms or feet1 eight ( :i* are %ort & conical1 & two long & sl5d]1 t]m9at+ 9 a sort ( spatula4 ,^! arms are all arm$ ) suck]s1 & are p]fectly retractile4 ,!y surr\nd a m\? arm$ ) two horny jaws n unlike ! beak ( a p>rot4 ,! sk9 ( ! cuttle-fi% pres5ts 9 "o va/ holl[1 occupy+ all ! ext5t ( ! back1 a great calc>e\s "p1 ! =m & /ructure ( :i* is q *>act]i/ic ( ?is g5us4 ,x is kn[n z ! cuttle-bone 7,fig4 #caf74 ,?is bone is us$ = _m purposes2 among o!rs1 x is us$ 9 a p[d]$ /ate z a d5tifrice4 ,x is sometimes susp5d$ 9 ! cage ) captive birds1 t !y may :et _! beaks on x1 & collect phosphate ( lime = ! =mation & repair ( _! bones4 ,! osselet is oval or oblong1 "s provid$ ) a slightly sali5t po9t4 ,! upp] "p is surr\nd$ ) a horny or cretace\s m>g91 & pres5ts 9 ! c5tre a comb9ation ( spongy cells4 ,mo/ ( ! ,cephalopods secrete a blacki%1 inky fluid1 to :i* "s allusion has be5 made1 b ! uses ( :i*1 9 ! economy ( ! animals1 is imp]fectly kn[n4 ,! cuttles h consid]able quantities ( ?is liquor1 :i* is conta9$ 9 a sort ( sac or ink-purse1 plac$ l[ d[n 9 ! abdom54 ,:5 ! animal is pursu$ or ?reat5$ ) dang] x dis*>ges a jet ( ! fluid1 :i* r5d]s ! wat] ?ick & muddy1 & p]mits x to escape 9 ! obscurity f its pursu]s4 ,x appe>s t ! cuttle-fi% avails itself ( ?is /ratagem :5 left accid5tally a%ore4 ,x is relat$ ( an ,engli% (fic]1 t1 hav+ dress$ = d9n]1 & hav+ "s "t to sp>e1 he proce$$ along ! %ore on 8 fav\rite se>* = objects ( natural hi/ory4 ,he rea*$ a holl[ rock 9 :i* a cuttle-fi% _h e/abli%$ its qu>t]s2 he soon detect$ ! animal1 :i* look$ at him = "s "t ) its great prom95t eyes2 9 %ort1 !y wat*$ ea* o!r ) fix$ att5tion4 ,?is mute contemplation came to a sudd5 & unexpect$ t]m9ation by ! dis*>ge ( a volum9\s jet ( inky fluid1 :i* cov]$ ! (fic]1 :i* 0 ! m un=tunate1 s9ce he 0 9 8 summ] dress ( :ite tr\s]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #caf4 ,int]nal bone ( ,sepia (fic9alis4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cag4 ,sepia tub]culosa 7,lam>ck74 ,! ink ( ! cuttle-fi% is a fav\rite pigm5t1 us$ 9 wat]-col\r pa9t+ "u ! "n ( sepia4 ,x is truly inde/ructible2 & ! h>d & black sub/ance f\nd 9 ! sac ( fossil species ( cuttle-fi% :5 dilut$ ) wat] produces a brilliant sepia4 ,?is prop]ty ( ! inky fluid 0 well kn[n to ! ,romans1 :o us$ x 9 mak+ ink4 ,x 0 long suppos$ to be ! *ief +r$i5t 9 ,*9a ink2 b a rec5t travell]1 ,mr4 ,seebold1 :o has visit$ ! manufactory1 & inve/igat$ ! subject1 has reveal$ ! true process by :i* x is prep>$4 ,! cuttle-fi% affects ! sea-%ore2 !y are along-%ore molluscs4 ,! flatt5$ =m ( _! bodies is fav\rable to a coa/+ life1 by p]mitt+ !m to re/ easily on ! bottom4 ,/ill !y d n rema9 all ! ye> r\nd ^u ! coa/4 ,! cold 9 temp]ate regions1 & ! opposite reason 9 w>m regions1 leads !m to )draw f ! %ore1 to :i* !y only return 9 ! spr+4 ,!y are r>ely se5 9 ! ,*annel 9 w9t]1 b ) ! v]nal sun !y appe> 9 l>ge %oals4 ,:at is ! me*anism by :i* ^! animals are mov$8 ,:5 ! cuttle-fi% wi%es to swim rapidly & backw>ds1 !y advance 9 ! wat] by means ( ! locomotive tube1 s5d+ back ! ambi5t liquid4 ,:5 !y wi% to approa* a prey sl[ly 9 ord] to seize x1 !y swim by ! aid ( _! f9s & arms4 ,9 ord] to swim backw>ds1 !y contract ! arms provid$ ) t5tacles1 & spread out horizontally ! arms )\t t5tacles4 ,! cuttles are fle%-eat]s1 & tol]ably voraci\s4 ,!y fe$ !mselves ^u fi%es1 molluscs1 & cru/aceans4 ,!y are true aquatic brig&s1 :o kill n to fe$ !mselves1 b = ! sake ( kill+2 & ,nature1 by a j equilibrium1 applies to !m ! lex talionis4 ,!y fall victims1 9 _! turn1 to ! v5geful jaws ( ! porpoises & dolph9s4 ,su* is ! t]rible law ( ,nature3 "s mu/ die t o!rs may live4 ,mi*elet gives u a glimpse ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! dolph9s dispose ( ! cuttle-fi% 9 8 ,livre de la ,m]4 ,^! lords ( ! ocean1 he says1 are s delicate 9 _! ta/es t !y eat only ! head & arms1 :i* are bo? t5d] & ( easy dige/ion4 ,!y reject ! h>d p>ts1 & especially ! aft]-"p ( ! body4 ,! coa/ at ,royan1 = example1 is cov]$ ) ?\s&s ( ^! mutilat$ cuttle-fi%4 ,! porpoises take mo/ incr$ible b\nds1 at fir/ to fright5 !m1 & aft]w>ds to run !m d[n2 9 %ort1 aft] _! fea/1 !y give !mselves up to gymna/ics4 ,9 ! spr+ ! cuttle-fi%es deposit _! eggs1 b )\t ab&on+ !m4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y exhibit a truly mat]nal c>e1 tak+ mu* tr\ble to atta* !m to "s subm>9e body1 9 :i* position ! temp]ature ( ! wat] s]ves to hat* ! eggs4 ,sepia (fic9alis1 = example1 *ooses1 at ! mom5t ( lay+1 a /em ( ,fucus1 a foot ( ,gorgonia1 or "s o!r solid subm>9e body n less 9 dim5sions ?an ! little f+]1 & !re x firmly atta*es its eggs1 :i* are pe>-%ap$1 t is1 po9t$ at "o extremity1 :ile a long lanire ( a gelat9\s nature1 flat & black 9 appe>ance1 ) :i* !y are provid$1 surr\nds ! solid body l a r+4 ,ea* female lays & atta*es 9 ?is mann] f tw5ty to ?irty eggs1 :i* are clu/]$ toge!r some:at l a bun* ( f9e black grapes 7,fig4 #cah74 ,ab\t a mon? aft] ?is ! eggs are hat*$4 ,! col\rs ( ,sepia (fic9alis v>y consid]ably2 b 9 g5]al x may be rem>k$ t ! males are ornam5t$ ) deep] col\rs ?an ! females4 ,transv]se b&s ( a blacki% br[n furr[ _! backs1 & dim9i% _! bread?4 ,outside ( ^! b&s are small spots ( a vivid :ite3 v ne> ! edge !re is a :ite bord]1 accompani$ inside ) a second edg+ ( a beautiful violet4 ,! m$ian & ant]ior p>ts ( ! body are spott$ "h & !re2 b5ea?1 a :iti% t9t ) r$di% speckles prevails4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cah4 ,sepia (fic9alis 7,l9nu74 ,! cuttle-fi%es are f\nd on e %ore1 & :]ev] !y are f\nd !y are eat51 = _! fle% is sav\ry4 ,!y are usually fri$ or boil$4 ,!y =m an excell5t bait = l>ge gr\nd-fi%1 su* z dog-fi%1 rays1 & cong]s1 :i* are fond ( _! fle%4 ,?irty species are kn[n1 & !y are *iefly *>act]is$ by ! arrangem5t & =m ( ! cupules ( ! arms4 ,sepia (fic9alis is common on ! %ores ( ! ocean f ,sw$5 to ! ,can>ies1 & 9 all p>ts ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! f\r? family1 ,teu?id1 conta9s ,loligopsis1 ,cran*ia1 & ,loligo4 ,! ,calm>s 7 describ$ by ,ari/otle "u ! "n ( 1 & by ,pl9y "u t ( ,loligo1 :i* is /ill reta9$ z ! g5]ic "n4 ,_! popul> "n ( ,calm> 7calam> 9 old ,fr5*7 is tak5 f _! resemblance to c]ta9 species ( ink-hold]s4 ,oppian1 :o end[$ ! argonaut ) w+s1 believ$ t ! calm> also c\ld take to ! air1 9 ord] to avoid 8 enemies4 ,nev]!less1 he 0 mu* puzzl$ h[ to give ! =m & functions ( a bird to a fi%4 ,!mi/ocles1 by way ( insult to ! ,eretrians1 lik5$ !m to calm>s1 say+ !y _h swords & no he>ts4 ,a!nu1 a ,greek physician be=e ,gal51 dwelt ^u ! n\ri%+ prop]ties ( ! fle% ( ! calm>4 ,common en\gh 9 temp]ate regions1 ! calm>s ab\nd 9 ! seas ( ! ,torrid zone3 !y are greg>i\s1 & live 9 num]\s %oals1 _! b&s tak+ e ye> ! same direction1 _! emigration proce$+ f temp]ate to w>m regions--ne>ly ! same c\rse z t foll[$ by ! h]r+s & pil*>ds4 ,! calm>s1 l ! cuttles1 propel !mselves backw>ds ?r\gh ! wat] ) great velocity1 driv+ back ! wat] by means ( _! locomotive tube1 mov+ ) su* vig\r & promptitude t !y h be5 kn[n to ?r[ !mselves out ( ! wat]1 fall+ on ! %ore or on ! deck ( a vessel4 ,!y only appe> mom5t>ily on ! %ore1 & only soj\rn !re to deposit _! eggs1 :i* are gelat9\s 9 sub/ance1 ab\t ! level ( ! l[e/ tides4 ,! body 9 ! calm>s is long] ?an 9 ! cuttle-fi%1 cyl9drical 9 %ape1 & t]m9at+ 9 a po9t1 hav+ two lat]al f9s1 :i* occupy ! l[] half or ?ird ( its body4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cai4 ,loligo vulg>is1 ) its p51 or int]nal bone 7,lam>ck74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbj4 ,loligo ,gahi 7,d',orbigny74 ,9 ! common calm>1 ,loligo vulg>is 7,fig4 #cai71 & ! ,loligo ,gahi 7,fig4 #cbj71 we h two extreme =ms repres5t$1 bo? tak5 f ! magnific5t "w ( ,,mm4 ,d',orbigny & ,f]ussac1 on ! ,cephalopodes acetabuli=es4 ,^! molluscs are :iti%-blue & transp>5t1 cov]$ ) spots ( bright r$4 ,! osselet is lanceolate--t ( ! male elongat$ & some:at resembl+ a fea!r1 t ( ! female mu* broad] & m obtuse4 ,_! head is %ort1 furni%$ ) two l>ge project+ eyes2 ! m\? is surr\nd$ ) t5 arms1 provid$ ) suck]s1 two ( ^! be+ mu* long] ?an ! o!rs1 hav+ p$uncles or foot-/alks4 ,! int]nal bone ( ! calm> diff]s mu* f t ( ! cuttles2 x is ?91 horny1 transp>5t1 & some:at resembl+ a fea!r1 f a portion ( :i* ! b>bs h be5 remov$4 ,_! food consi/s *iefly ( small fi%es & molluscs4 ,) ! great] fi%es & cetace !y c>ry on con/ant w>4 ,!y are caught & us$ = v>i\s purposes2 along ! coa/ !y are eat52 ! fi%]m5 use !m z bait1 especially 9 fi%+ = cod4 ,x is no easy task to sep>ate ! real f ! fabul\s hi/ory ( ! ,cephalopods4 ,ari/otle & ,pl9y h alike assi/$1 by _! m>vell\s relations1 to ?r[ t halo ( wond] r\nd x :i* ! light ( mod]n sci5ce has n altoge!r dispell$4 ,pl9y ! ,anci5t relates ! hi/ory ( an enorm\s cuttle-fi% :i* haunt$ ! coa/ ( ,spa91 & de/roy$ ! fi%+-gr\nds4 ,he adds t ?is gigantic creature 0 f9ally tak51 t its body weigh$ sev5 hundr$ p\nds1 & t its arms 7 t5 y>ds 9 l5g?4 ,its head came by "r to ,lucullus1 to ^: ga/ronomical privileges be all hon\r4 ,x 0 s l>ge1 says ,pl9y1 t x fill$ fifte5 amphor1 & weigh$ sev5 hundr$ p\nds also4 ,"s naturali/s ( ! ,r5aissance1 su* z ,olas ,magnus & ,d5is de ,mont=t1 gave cr$it--:i* !y are sc>cely ju/ifi$ 9 do+--to ! ass]tions ( c]ta9 writ]s ( ! nor? ( ,europe1 :o believ$ s]i\sly 9 ! exi/5ce ( a sea-mon/] ( prodigi\s size :i* haunt$ ! nor!rn seas4 ,?is mon/] has receiv$ ! "n ( ! ,krak54 ,! ,krak5 0 long ! t]ror ( ^! seas2 x arre/$ %ips 9 spite ( ! action ( ! w9d1 sails1 & o>s1 (t5 caus+ !m to f\nd] at sea1 :ile ! cause ( %ipwreck rema9$ unsuspect$4 ,d5is de ,mont=t gives a description & repres5tation ( ?is ,krak51 :i* he calls ! ,colossal ,p\lpe1 9 :i* ! creature is made to embrace a ?ree-ma/$ %ip 9 its va/ arms4 ,delight$ ) ! success :i* 8 repres5tation met )1 ,d5is laugh$ at ! cr$ulity ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,if my ,krak5 takes ) !m1 he said1 ,i %all make x ext5d its arms to bo? %ores ( ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt>4 ,to ano!r le>n$ fri5d he said1 ,if my entangl$ %ip is accept$1 ,i %all make my ,p\lpe ov]?r[ a :ole fleet4 ,among ^? :o admitt$ ! faceti\s hi/ory ( ! ,krak5 )\t a smile1 !re 0 at lea/ "o holy bi%op1 :o 01 moreov]1 some?+ ( a naturali/4 ,pontoppidan1 ,bi%op ( ,b]g51 9 ,norway1 9 "o ( 8 books assures u t a :ole regim5t ( soldi]s c\ld easily manuvre on ! back ( ! ,krak51 :i* he comp>es to a float+ isl&4 ,similior insul quan be/i1 wrote ! good ,bi%op ( ,b]g54 ,9 ! fir/ edition ( 8 ,sy/em ( ,nature1 ,l9nu himself admits ! exi/5ce ( ?is colossus ( ! seas1 :i* he calls ,sepias microcosmos4 ,bett] in=m$ 9 ! foll[+ edition1 he eras$ ! ,krak5 f 8 catalogue4 ,! /atem5ts ( ,pl9y respect+ ! ,colossal ,p\lpe1 l ^? ( ,mont=t ab\t ! ,krak51 are evid5tly fabul\s4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 an undisput$ fact t !re exi/s 9 ! ,m$it]ranean & o!r seas cuttle-fi%--a cong5]\s animal--( consid]able size4 ,a calm> has be5 caught 9 our own "t1 ne> ,nice1 :i* weigh$ upw>ds ( ?irty p\nds4 ,9 ! same neighb\rhood "s fi%]m5 caught1 tw5ty ye>s ago1 an individual ( ! same g5us ne>ly six feet long1 :i* is pres]v$ 9 ! ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory at ,montpelli]4 ,pron1 ! naturali/1 met 9 ! ,au/ralian seas a cuttle-fi% ne>ly eight feet long4 ,! travell]s ,quoy & ,gaim>d pick$ up 9 ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 ne> ! ,equator1 ! skeleton ( a mon/r\s mollusc1 :i*1 accord+ to _! calculations1 mu/ h weigh$ two hundr$ p\nds4 ,m4 ,rung met1 9 ! middle ( ! ocean1 a mollusc ) %ort arms1 & ( a r$di% col\r1 ! body ( :i*1 accord+ to ?is naturali/1 0 z l>ge z a tun cask4 ,"o ( ! m&ibles ( ?is creature1 /ill pres]v$ 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,college ( ,surgeons1 is l>g] ?an a h&4 ,9 #ahec a gigantic cephalopod 0 /r&$ on ! coa/ ( ,jutl&4 ,! body ( ?is mon/]1 :i* 0 dismemb]$ by ! fi%]m51 furni%$ _m :eelb>r[ loads1 its ph>ynx1 or back "p ( ! m\?1 alone be+ z l>ge z ! head ( an infant4 ,dr4 ,/e5/rup1 ( ,cop5hag51 :o publi%$ a description ( ?is creature "u ! "n ( ,ar*iteu?is dux1 %[s a portion ( ! arm ( ano!r cephalopod1 :i* is z l>ge z ! ?igh-bone ( a man4 ,b a well-au!nticat$ fact connect$ ) ^! gigantic cephalopods is relat$ by ,lieut5ant ,bay]1 ( ! ,fr5* corvette ,alecton1 & ,m4 ,sab9 ,b]!lot1 ,fr5* ,consul at ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 by :om ! report is made to ! ,acadmie des ,sci5ces4 ,! /eam-corvette ,alecton 0 betwe5 ,t5]iffe & ,madeira :5 %e fell 9 ) a gigantic calam>y1 n less--accord+ to ! acc\nt--?an fifte5 mtres 7fifty feet7 long1 )\t reckon+ its eight =midable arms1 cov]$ ) suck]s1 & ab\t tw5ty feet 9 circumf]5ce at its l>ge/ "p1 ! head t]m9at+ 9 _m arms ( enorm\s size1 ! o!r extremity t]m9at+ 9 two fle%y lobes or f9s ( great size1 ! weight ( ! :ole be+ e/imat$ at f\r ?\s& p\nds2 ! fle% 0 s(t1 glut9\s1 & ( r$di%-brick col\r4 ,! comm&ant1 wi%+ 9 ! int]e/s ( sci5ce to secure ! mon/]1 actually engag$ x 9 battle4 ,num]\s %ots 7 aim$ at x1 b ! balls trav]s$ its flaccid & glut9\s mass )\t caus+ x any vital injury4 ,b aft] "o ( ^! attacks ! waves 7 obs]v$ to be cov]$ ) foam & blood1 &1 s+ul> ?+1 a /rong od\r ( musk 0 inhal$ by ! spectators4 ,?is musk od\r we h already notic$ z be+ peculi> to _m ( ! ,cephalopods4 ,! musket-%ots n hav+ produc$ ! desir$ results1 h>poons 7 employ$1 b !y took no hold on ! s(t impalpable fle% ( ! m>9e mon/]4 ,:5 x escap$ f ! h>poon x div$ "u ! %ip1 & came up aga9 at ! o!r side4 ,!y succe$$ at la/ 9 gett+ ! h>poon to bite1 & 9 pass+ a b[l+ hit* r\nd ! po/]ior "p ( ! animal4 ,b :5 !y attempt$ to hoi/ x out ( ! wat] ! rope p5etrat$ deeply into ! fle%1 & sep>at$ x into two p>ts1 ! head ) ! arms & t5tacles dropp+ into ! sea & mak+ (f1 :ile ! f9s & po/]ior p>ts 7 br\ght on bo>d3 !y weigh$ ab\t =ty p\nds4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxiv4--,gigantic ,cuttle-fi% caught by ! ,fr5* ,corvette ,alecton1 ne> ,t5]iffe4 ,! crew 7 eag] to pursue1 & w\ld h laun*$ a boat1 b ! comm&] refus$1 fe>+ t ! animal might capsize x4 ,! object 0 n1 9 8 op9ion1 "o 9 :i* he c\ld risk ! lives ( 8 crew4 ,,pl4 ,,xxiv4 is copi$ f ,m4 ,b]!lot's col\r$ repres5tation ( ?is sc5e4 ,x is probable1 ,m4 ,moqu9-,t&on rem>ks1 comm5t+ on ,m4 ,b]!lot's recital1 t ?is colossal mollusc 0 sick or exhau/$ by "s rec5t /ruggle ) "s o!r mon/] ( ! deep1 :i* w\ld acc\nt = its hav+ quitt$ its native rocks 9 ! dep?s ( ! ocean4 ,o!rwise x w\ld h be5 m active 9 its movem5ts1 or x w\ld h obscur$ ! waves ) ! inky liquid :i* all ! ,cephalopods h at comm&4 ,judg+ f its size1 x w\ld c>ry at lea/ a b>rel ( ?is black liquid1 if x _h n be5 exhau/$ 9 "s rec5t /ruggle4 ,is ?is mollusc a calm>8 asks ! same writ]4 ,if we might judge f ! figure drawn by "o ( ! (fic]s ( ! ,alecton dur+ ! /ruggle1 & communicat$ by ,m4 ,b]!lot1 ! animal _h t]m9al f9s1 l ! calm>s2 b x has eight equal arms1 l ! cuttle-fi%4 ,n[ ! calm>s h t51 two ( !m be+ v long4 ,0 ?is "s int]m$iate species betwe5 ! two8 ,or mu/ we admit1 ) ,,mm4 ,crosse & ,fi%]1 t ! animal _h lo/ its m =midable t5tacles 9 "s rec5t combat8#ac ,! fif? family1 ,octopodid1 conta9s ,el$one1 ,octopus1 ,p9noctopus1 ,cirroteu?is1 ,philonexis1 & ,scrgus4 ,! ,octopoda1 )\t t5tacles1 h eight long arms1 unit$ at ! base by a web2 ! suck]s 9 two r[s1 :i* are sessile2 ! eyes fix$2 %ell1 two %ort /iles enclos$ 9 ! mantle2 ! body unit$ to ! head by a broad neck-b&2 no side-f9s2 %ell int]nal & rudim5t>y 9 ! ,briti% species2 body oval1 w>ty1 & )\t f9s1 9 ,octopus2 small & oblong1 arms tap]+ & webb$1 & suck]s 9 a s+le r[1 9 ,el$one 7,fig4 #cba74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cba4 ,el$one1 ,octopus vulg>is 7,lam>ck74 ,9 8 great "w1 ,pr(essor ,ow5 proposes to divide ! ,cephalopods into two gr\ps1 :i* he calls ,dibran*iata1 *>act]is$ by ! pres5ce ( two bran*i1 :i* w\ld br+ toge!r all ! nak$ ,cephalopods1 includ+ ,sepia1 ,loligo1 ,octopus1 ,kassia1 & ,omma/rephos2 & ,tetrabran*iata1 hav+ f\r bran*i1 to :i* ! ,nautilus1 & mo/ ( ! fossil ,cephalopods1 su* z ! ,ammonites1 belong4 ,mo/ ( ! fir/ gr\p are repres5t$ 9 ! ,briti% seas1 b ! second are altoge!r abs5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbb4 ,octopus macropus 7,risso74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbc4 ,octopus brevisses 7,d',orbigny74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbd4 ,octopus horridus 7,d',orbigny74 ,! ,decapoda are ( all sizes4 ,dr4 ,grant describes ! body1 or mantle1 ( ,sepiola vulg>is1 f\nd on our coa/1 z measur+ ab\t six l9es 9 l5g?1 & z mu* 9 bread?1 :ile ! head measures f\r l9es 9 l5g?1 &1 f ! magnitude ( ! eyes1 mu/ be equal 9 bread? ) ! body4 ,9 ,ony*oteu?is1 di/+ui%$ = its unc9at$ suck]s1 !y are f\nd ( ! size ( a man4 ,9 ,cook's fir/ voyages1 ! naturali/s to ! exp$ition1 ,banks & ,sol&]1 to quote ,pr(essor ,ow5's acc\nt1 f\nd ! dead c>case ( a gigantic species ( ?is k9d float+ 9 ! sea betwe5 ,cape ,horn & ! ,polynesian ,isl&s1 9 #cj #dd' ,s4 lat41 & #aaj #aj' ,w4 long4 ,x 0 surr\nd$ by sea birds1 :i* 7 fe$+ on its rema9s4 ,f ! p>ts ( ?is specim5 :i* are /ill pres]v$ 9 ! ,hunt]ian ,museum1 & :i* h always /rongly excit$ ! att5tion ( naturali/s1 x mu/ h measur$ at lea/ six feet f ! end ( ! tail to ! end ( ! t5tacles4 ,9 ! g5us ,el$one ! arms are reunit$ at _! base by a v %ort membrane1 ) only a s+le r[ ( suck]s4 ,! two be/-kn[n species ( ?is gr\p inhabit ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! "o is ,el$one mos*atus1 kn[n 9 ,italy "u ! "n ( ,musc>d9o1 f ! /rong od\r ( musk :i* x emits1 ev5 aft] dea? & desiccation2 ! o!r is ,el$one cirrhosus1 a small species1 blui%-grey on ! back1 & :iti% "u ! belly4 ,! habits ( ,el$one mos*atus h be5 c>efully /udi$ by ,m4 ,v]any4 ,! able naturali/ ( ,nice pres]v$ _m ( ^! animals dur+ a mon?1 9 a great aqu>ium1 not+ _! habits4 ,:5 9 a /ate ( tranquillity1 ! ,el$one clung to ! sides ( ! glass tank 9 :i* x 0 kept4 ,its head is !n incl9$ =w>ds1 ) ! sac hang+ beh9d2 ! locomotive tube1 turn$ upw>ds1 pres5ts ! orifice betwe5 ! arms4 ,9 ?is /ate ! animal is yell[i% 9 col\r1 its eyes dilat$1 its inspirations regul>4 ,b if irritat$1 a rem>kable *ange takes place3 its body assumes a f9e m>oon col\r1 & x is cov]$ ) num]\s tub]cles2 ! eye becomes contract$1 a column ( wat] is =cibly eject$ f ! locomotive tube at ! aggressor1 & ! respiration becomes precipitate1 j]ky1 & irregul>4 ,! creature w\ld take a /rong inspiration1 &1 hav+ collect$ its =ce1 sudd5ly ?r[ a jet ( wat] to a di/ance ( m ?an ?ree feet4 ,?is /ate ( passion1 :i* ! slighte/ t\* is suffici5t to produce1 endures = half an h\r or m4 ,:5 x ceases1 ! animal resumes its =m & primitive col\rs2 b ! lea/ %ock impress$ on ! wat] is suffici5t to give x a deep] t9t1 :i* passes l a fla% ( lightn+ ov] ! sk9 ( ?is s+ul> proteus4 ,! ,el$one sleeps by day z well z by night1 atta*+ itself 9 its sleep to ! walls ( its prison1 leav+ its arms to float ar\nd1 ! two inf]ior ones ext5d+ backw>ds1 & ! sac incl9+ ov] !m2 its eyes are !n contract$1 & 9 "p cov]$ by ! eyelids4 ,its respiration is regul> & sl[1 & any ejection ( wat] v r>e2 its col\r is !n ( a livid grey1 & v9\s r$ bel[1 ) :iti% spots1 :ile ! br[n spots h n[ entirely disappe>$4 ,:ile /ill asleep1 x is wat*ful & att5tive to all ! dang]s :i* c\ld surprise x4 ,! extremities ( ! arms float+ r\nd its body are ready to ann\nce ! approa* or contact ( any o!r object4 ,ev5 ! mo/ delicate t\* is p]ceiv$ imm$iately1 & x %r9ks f ! h& :i* seeks to approa*4 ,"u e circum/ance ! ,el$one exhales a /rong od\r ( musk1 :i* x pres]ves long aft] dea?4 ,:5 ! ,el$one swims1 :i* x r>ely does unless press$ by "s urg5t necessity1 x c>ries ! sac 9 advance1 ! arms float+ beh9d--! six upp] ones be+ on a horizontal l9e1 ! two o!rs approa*+ ea* o!r bel[4 ,?us arrang$1 x pres5ts1 9 consequ5ce ( its flatt5$ =m1 a v l>ge resi/+ surface to ! wat]1 its progress be+ due to ! alt]nate dilatation & contraction ( ! body1 :i* expels ! wat] ?r\gh ! locomotive tube1 & by reaction produces a rapid & j]k+ movem5t4 ,sometimes ! arms aid ! movem5t2 ! eyes ( ! animal are !n mu* dilat$1 & its col\r a cle> livid yell[1 f9ely %ad$ ) r$1 & cov]$ ) bright spots4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbe4 ,p9noctopus corolli=mis 7,d',orbigny74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbf4 ,cirro!utis ,mittl]i 7,es*ri*t74 ,x is a s+ul> fact t ! creature notably *anges col\r "u any ex]tion1 s t ! animal at re/ & 9 motion are two diff]5t be+s4 ,:5 walk+ "u wat] ! tube is direct$ beh9d1 its arms are spread out1 ! head is rais$1 & ! body slightly incl9$ =w>d2 its mantle is !n ( a pe>ly grey1 & ! spots take ! t9t ( w9e lees4 ,:5 at re/ ! %ades disappe>4 ,! ,p9noctopus 7,fig4 #cbe71 ano!r g5]a ( ?is family1 h ! body oblong1 ) lat]al expansions1 z repres5t$ 9 ! accompany+ figure4 ,9 ,cirro!utis ! arms are completely unit$ 9 _! :ole ext5t by a ?9 membrane furni%$ ) cirri1 :i* alt]nate ) c]ta9 suck]s arrang$ 9 "o r[4 ,only "o species ( ?is g5]a is kn[n z an inhabitant ( nor!rn seas1 :i* is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #cbf4 ,! six? family1 ,argonautid1 conta9s only ,argonauta4 ,! ,argonauta1 or ,pap]-nautilus4 ,float+ gracefully on ! surface ( ! sea1 trimm+ its t9y sail to ! breeze1 j suffici5t to ruffle ! surface ( ! waves1 behold ! exquisite liv+ %allop4 ,! elegant little b>k :i* ?us plays ) ! curr5t is no "w ( human h&s1 b a *ild ( ,nature3 x is ! ,argonaut1 ^: tribes1 deck$ 9 a ?\s& brilliant %ades ( col\r1 are w&]]s ( ! night 9 innum]able sw>ms on ! ocean's surface4 ,! m>9e %ell :i* ,l9nu call$ ! ,argonaut enjoy$ great r5[n among ! anci5t ,greeks & ,romans4 ,x 0 ! subject ( graceful leg5ds2 x _h inspir$ great poets2 x occupi$ ! att5tion ( ,ari/otle1 :o call$ x ! ,nautilus & ,nauticos1 & ( ,pl9y1 :o call$ x ,pompylius4 ,few animals1 inde$1 h be5 s celebrat$1 s anci5tly kn[n4 ,! ,greek & ,roman poets saw 9 x an elegant model ( ! %ip :i* ! skill & audacity ( ! man con/ruct$ :o fir/ brav$ ! fury ( ! waves2 9 ! words ( ! poet1 arm\r ( triple oak & triple brass cov]$ ! he>t ( him :o fir/ confid$ himself 9 a frail b>k to ! rel5tless waves3 ,illi robur et s triplex ,circa pectus erat1 qui fragilem truci ,commisit pelago ratem ,primus4444 ,horace1 ,i4 ,c>4 iii4 l4 #i4 ,to meet ! ,pompylius 01 accord+ to ! sup]/iti\s ,roman1 a fav\rable presage4 ,?is little oceanic w&]]1 9 spite ( ! caprici\s waves1 0 a tutel> div9ity1 :o gu>d$ ! navigator 9 8 c\rse1 & assur$ him ( a happy passage4 ,li/5 to ! immortal au?or ( ! fir/ ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,animals1 ! philosophical ,ari/otle4 ,! ,nautilus ,polyp1 says ! le>n$ hi/orian1 is ( ! nature ( animals :i* pass = extraord9>y1 = x c float on ! sea2 x raises itself f ! bottom ( ! wat]1 ! %ell be+ rev]s$ & empty1 b :5 x rea*es ! surface x readju/s x4 ,x has betwe5 ! arms a species ( tissue simil> to t :i* unites ! toes ( web-foot$ birds4 ,:5 !re is a little w9d1 x employs ?is tissue z a sort ( rudd]1 lett+ x fall into ! wat] ) ! arms on ea* side4 ,on ! approa* ( ! lea/ dang] x fills its %ell ) wat]1 & s9ks into ! sea4 ,pl9y gives x ! "n ( ,pompylius1 &1 aft] ! example ( ,ari/otle1 expla9s h[ x navigates1 by elevat+ its two fir/ arms1 a membrane ( extreme t5uity /ret*+ betwe5 !m1 :ile x r[s ) ! o!rs1 us+ its m$ian arm z a rudd]4 ,! ,greek poet1 ,oppian1 :o liv$ 9 ! second c5tury ( our era1 & to :om we are indebt$ = ,poems on ,fi%+ 7,halieutica7 & ! ,*ase 7,cynegetica71 says ( x3 ,hid+ itself 9 a concave %ell1 ! ,pompylius c walk on l&1 b c also rise to ! surface ( ! wat]1 ! back ( its %ell upw>ds1 = fe> t x %\ld be fill$4 ,! mom5t x is se51 x turns ! %ell1 & navigates x l a skilful seaman3 9 ord] to d ?is1 x ?r[s out two ( its feet l ant5n betwe5 :i* is a ?9 membrane1 :i* is ext5d$ by ! w9d l a sail1 :ile two o!rs1 :i* t\* ! wat]1 guide1 z ) a rudd]1 ! h\se1 ! %ip1 & ! animal4 ,if dang] approa*es1 x folds up its ant5n1 its sail1 & its rudd]1 & dives1 its weight be+ increas$ by ! wat] :i* x causes to ent] ! %ell4 ,z we see a man :o is victor 9 ! public games1 8 head circl$ by a cr[n1 :ile va/ cr[ds press ar\nd1 s ! ,pompylius h always a cr[d ( %ips foll[+ 9 _! track1 ^: crews no long] dread to quit ! l&4 ,o fi% ju/ly de> to navigators6 ?y pres5ce ann\nces w9ds s(t & fri5dly3 ?\ br+e/ ! calm1 & ?\ art ! sign ( x4 ,oppian c>ri$ 8 admiration a long way4 ,t ! ,argonaut is an animat$ skiff is agre$ on all h&s2 b1 9 mak+ x almo/ a bird--9 accord+ to x at once ! faculty ( gracefully navigat+ ! sea & float+ 9 ! atmosph]e z an inhabitant ( ! regions ( air--he 0 pass+ ! limits p]missible to poetic lic5se4 ,b ! prop]ties ( ! ,nautilus has n alone /ruck ! imag9ation ( ! ,greeks & ,romans2 x also attract$ ! att5tion ( ! ,*9ese1 :o call x ! boat-polyp4 ,rumphius in=ms u1 t 9 ,india ! %ell fet*es a great price 7,fig4 #cbg74 ,wom5 consid] x a great1 a magnific5t ornam5t4 ,9 _! solemn ftes danc]s c>ry "o ( ^! %ells 9 ! "r h&1 hold+ x pr\dly above _! heads4 ,nor did x require ! di?yrambic praises ) :i* ! anci5ts h surr\nd$ x to recomm5d x to ! admiration ( mod]n naturali/s4 ,)\t exagg]at+ ! graceful attributes ) :i* x is gift$1 x is at once "o ( ! mo/ curi\s objects 9 ,nature4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbg4 ,%ell ( ,argonauta argo 7,l9nu74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbh4 ,! ,argonauta argo 7,l9nu74 ,its body 7,fig4 #cbh7 is ovoid 9 =m1 & x is furni%$ ) eight t5tacles1 cov]$ ) a d\ble r[ ( suck]s4 ,( ^! t5tacles1 six are n>r[ & sl5d]1 tap]+ to a po9t t[>ds ! extremity1 :ile two ( !m exp& t[>d ! extremity 9 ! =m ( w+s or sails4 ,^! are all fold$ up :5 9 a /ate ( repose4 ,! body itself is conta9$ 9 a ?91 :ite1 & fragile univalve %ell1 :i* is oval1 flatt5$ on ! ext]ior1 b roll$ up 9 a spiral 9 ! int]ior1 ! la/ turn ( ! %ell be+ s l>ge z to give x some?+ ( ! =m ( an elegantly-%ap$ %allop4 ,s+ul>ly en\gh1 ! body ( ! animal does n p5etrate to ! bottom ( ! %ell1 nor is x atta*$ to x by any muscul> ligam5t2 nor is ! %ell m\ld$ exactly ^u x1 z is ! case ) mo/ o!r te/aceans4 ,:at does all ?is imply8 ,is ! ,argonaut a p>asite8 a fraudul5t dis9h]itor8 a vile assass91 :o1 hav+ surpris$ & kill$ ! legitimate proprietor ( ! %ell1 has in/all$ itself 9 its place1 & 9 ! prop] h\se ( its victim8 ,su* crimes are n )\t example 9 ! natural hi/ory ( animals--witness ! proce$+s ( ! curi\s h]mit crab1 ^: proce$+s we %all glance at 9 a future *apt]4 ,! p>asitic "* ( ! ,nautilus 0 long conc$$ by naturali/s2 b rec5t facts h correct$ ?is op9ion4 ,we h collect$ _! %ells1 ( all dim5sions & ( all ages1 inhabit$ always by ! same animal1 ^: size is always proportion$ to ! volume ( ! %ell4 ,m ?an t1 x is n[ kn[n t 9 ! egg ( ! ,nautilus ! rudim5ts ( ! %ell exi/4 ,m4 ,*5u tells u1 t "u ! microscope ,pr(essor ,duv]noy discov]$ a di/9ct %ell conta9$ 9 ! embryo4 ,sir ,ev]>d ,home ass]ts ! contr>y2 & no opportunity pres5t$ itself = ! complete solution ( ! "q1 until ,poli 0 plac$ by ! ,k+ ( ,naples 9 a position to solve x4 ,! pisc9a ( ,portici 0 plac$ at 8 disposal4 ,he witness$ ! curi\s me*anism by :i* ! egg is expell$ f ! ut]us1 hav+ a %ell1 & satisfi$ himself1 by foll[+ _! developm5t day by day1 t ! %ell exi/$ 9 ! embryo1 & grew ) ! animal4 ,he satisfi$ himself also t ! op9ion enunciat$ by ,ari/otle1 t at no po9t did ! animal adh]e to ! %ell1 0 p]fectly true4 ,f9ally1 9 ! curi\s s]ies ( exp]im5ts c>ri$ on by ,madame ,p[]1 9 ! port ( ,mess9a1 ! fragm5ts ( ! frail b>k ( ! mollusc1 :i* 7 brok5 (f 9 tak+ x1 7 re/or$ 9 a few days1 hav+ be5 reproduc$4 ,x is1 !re=e1 q demon/rat$ t ! ,nautilus1 l o!r te/ace\s molluscs1 itself secretes & con/ructs its %ell--its diaphan\s skiff4 ,! read]1 h[ev]1 mu/ n flatt] himself t he c witness ) 8 own eyes f ! %ore1 9 our n>r[ *annel1 ! *>m+ picture ( ! ,nautilus pa9t$ by poets & natural hi/orians3 !y nev] come ne> ! %ore4 ,!y are timid & cauti\s creatures1 dwell+ almo/ always 9 ! op5 sea4 ,!y live 9 families1 "s hundr$s ( miles f ! %ore2 & x is dur+ ! night1 or at mo/ 9 ! fad+ light ( sunset1 t !y assemble toge!r to pursue _! gambols on ! surface ( a tranquil sea4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbi4 ,argonauta papyracea1 z x swims by means ( its locomotive tube4 ,h[ev] reluctant we may be to de/roy ! m>vell\s fictions ( anci5ts & mod]ns1 we are compell$ to decl>e t !re is no tru? 9 ! (t5-repeat$ /atem5t t ! ,nautilus uses its palmat$ arms z o>s or sails4 ,9 ord] to swim on ! surface1 x comports itself z all o!r ,cephalopods d4 ,x uses nei!r o>s nor sails1 & ! palmate arms only s]ve to envelop & reta9 its hold on its frail %ell4 ,its pr9cipal app>atus ( progression is ! locomotive tube ) :i* x is furni%$1 9 common ) all ,cephalopods1 & :i* is 9 ! ,nautilus v long4 ,aid$ by ?is app>atus1 x ejects ! wat] aft] x has s]v$ ! purpose ( respiration1 &1 9 do+ s1 projects itself aga9/ ! liquid1 z x 74 ,:ile x advances ?r\gh ! wat] "u ?is impulse1 its p5d5t arms1 elongat$ & reunit$ 9 bundles1 ext5d ! :ole l5g? ( ! %ell4 ,fig4 #cbi %[s ! position ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! animal :5 x ?us brea/s ! waves4 ,^! arms are also p[]ful aids :5 ! animal creeps on ! gr\nd at ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ccj4 ,argonauta papyracea 9 its %ell4 ,:5 ! animal is di/urb$ x retires completely into its %ell4 ,f t mom5t1 ! equilibrium be+ *ang$1 ! %ell is ov]turn$1 & ! animal is ne>ly invisible4 ,if fright5$1 x entirely subm]ges itself1 & s9ks to ! bottom4 ,^! little be+s %>e ) o!r ,cephalopods ! /range faculty ( *ang+ col\r "u ! influ5ce ( "s vivid impression2 b _! graceful & delicate organization r$eems !m f ! *>ge we h br\ght aga9/ ! cuttles4 ,! ,nautilus c blu%1 turn pale1 & %[ ?r\gh its transp>5t %ell its body *ang+ 9 sudd5 %ades2 b x nev] exhibits ^? bri/l+1 unpleasant tub]cles1 ! hide\s inh]itance ( ! l>g] & co>s] ,cephalopods--! tyrants ( ! sea4 ,! male ,argonauts are v small1 (t5 n a t5? "p ( ! size ( ! females1 :i* alone possess ! %ells4 ,! ,nautilus c>ries its egg 9 ! %ell1 & ! little ones are also hat*$ 9 ?is float+ cradle4 ,f\r species are at pres5t kn[n3 ! species describ$ by ,ari/otle & ,pl9y1 & ! m anci5t naturali/s2 namely1 ,a4 argo1 or papyracea 7,figs4 #cbg & #cbi71 :i* are inhabitants ( ! ,m$it]ranean z well z ! ,indian ,ocean & ! ,antilles4 ,two o!rs1 ,a4 tub]cula1 belong+ exclusively to ! ,indian ,ocean1 & ,a4 baillant1 :i* is met occasionally 9 ! ,pacific & ,atlantic ,oceans4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! nautilus belongs to ! section ( ,octopoda1 & ! class ( ,acetabulif]\s ,cephalopods1 hav+1 z ! "n indicates1 eight feet1 f 1 eight1 & 1 foot2 at ! same "t ! body is entirely fle%y1 & )\t f9s4 ,! g5]a ( cuttles 7,sepia7 & ,calm>s 7,loligo7 belong to ano!r section ( ! same class2 namely1 ! ,decapoda1 because !y h t5 feet & a sort ( int]nal osselet1 ) f9s1 c4 ,,! ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,! ,,mollusca4 ,we h ?\ght x bett] to treat ?is subject 9 a sep>ate *apt]1 = its va/ & complicat$ nature r5d]s x o!rwise difficult to h&le1 except 9 a space :i* w\ld exce$ ! limits ( ?is "w4 ,! diff]5t g5]a ( ! organic _w are peculi> to1 or mo/ frequ5t 91 c]ta9 localities1 & ev5 species & v>ieties h _! limits4 ,?is habit p]vades ! entire range ( organisms1 f ! l[e/ plants to man1 ^: qualities are to a great ext5t ! type ( ! locality he inhabits4 ,! geography ( ! ,mollusca is p]haps ! be/ kn[n to sci5ce4 ,! lab\rs ( ,mr4 ,l\is ,agassiz1 ,dr4 ,sclat]1 & ,pr(essor ,edw>d ,=bes1 h done mu* t[>ds giv+ u a cle> idea ( zoological geography4 ,climate alone is insuffici5t to acc\nt = ! di/ribution ( animals3 "s high] cause rules "h4 ,b :ile we admit ?is1 /ill we mu/ ackn[l$ge t climate ex]ts consid]able influ5ce 9 modify+ ! qualities ( species4 ,! di/ribution ( ! ,mollusca may be consid]$ f ?ree po9ts ( view4 ,fir/1 z reg>ds geography2 second z reg>ds dep?2 & ?ird z reg>ds "t2 ! la/ belongs to geology4 ,we %all n[ survey ! pr9cipal divisions ( ! ocean2 ! l9e ( dem>cation be+ drawn1 n by latitude or longitude1 b by g5]a & species4 ,! ,mollusca ( ! ,arctic seas are well kn[n to %[ consid]able analogy ) ^? ( ! lat] ,t]ti>y p]iods ( ,europe4 ,h5ce ! great int]e/ connect$ ) _! comp>ison1 z x af=ds1--provid$ we are satisfi$ ) ?is l9e ( argum5t1--a pro( t an ,arctic climate =m]ly exi/$ 9 temp]ate regions4 ,x is ! nor!rn ,drift ( :i* we are speak+4 ,ev5 :5 species are f\nd liv+ 9 ,brita9 id5tical ) ^? ( ! ,arctic regions1 /ill !re is (t5 a diff]5ce 9 ! =m or size ( ,briti% & ,arctic specim5s2 c]ta9 species1 su* z ,cypr9a ,isl&ica1 be+ comp>atively small 9 ! s\? ( ,brita91 l>g] 9 ,%etl&1 & atta9+ _! greate/ size 9 ,icel&4 ,! c\ntries includ$ 9 ! ,arctic molluscan prov9ce are ,lapl&1 ,icel&1 ,gre5l&1 ! we/ coa/ ( ,davis' ,/raits1 & ,behr+'s ,/raits4 ,ab\t two hundr$ species are enum]at$ by ! v>i\s ,arctic voyag]s1 z f\nd 9 ^! seas2 ( ^! ab\t "o-half are peculi> to ^! seas1 & ! o!r half are ei!r f\nd liv+ 9 ! temp]ate regions ( ,europe1 or 9 _! s-call$ glacial /rata4 ,! ,boreal prov9ce includes ! ,nor? ,atlantic1 f ,nova ,scotia to ,icel&1 & f !nce to ,f>oe1 ,%etl&1 & ! ,norway coa/4 ,! numb] ( species is v l>ge2 & m ?an "o-half are common bo? to ,sc&9avia & ! ,nor? ,am]ican coa/1 :ile a great numb] also are f\nd on ! ,briti% coa/4 ,! prov9ce call$ ,celtic by ,pr(essor ,edw>d ,=bes embraces ! coa/s ( ,brita91 ,sw$51 & ,d5m>k4 ,our ,briti% mollusca are ab\t sev5 hundr$ 9 numb]2 ^? be>+ %ells are above five hundr$4 ,( ^! ab\t ?irty are peculi> to ,brita94 ,! %ells ( ! ,baltic are id5tical ) ^? ( ?is prov9ce4 ,! ,lusitanian prov9ce /ret*es f ,madeira & ! ,can>ies to ! coa/s ( ,spa9 & ,portugal1 & includes also ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,b z "o might expect1 on close exam9ation1 ! ,mollusca 9 s l>ge an area diff] s widely t we are =c$ to admit ! exi/5ce ( great divisions4 ,! numb] ( species f\nd on ! coa/ ( ,madeira by ,mr4 ,mc,andrew 0 "o hundr$ & fifty-six1 ( :i* =ty-f\r p] c5t4 7 id5tical ) ,briti% species1 & eighty-?ree f\nd ne> ! ,can>ies4 ,! %ells ( ! ,m$it]ranean are six hundr$ 9 numb]1 b x is probable t m ext5sive dr$g+ w result 9 great accessions be+ made to ?is li/4 ,a v small numb] ( species only are id5tical ) ^? n[ f\nd 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,n9e g5]a are peculi> to ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,9 ! "* ( its %ells1 ! ,black ,sea resembles ! ,m$it]ranean1 b does n conta9 mu* m ?an a t5? ( ! numb] ( its species4 ,! numb] ( %ells f\nd on ! ,spani% & ,portuguese coa/s is mu* small] ?an "o w\ld expect1 & c only be attribut$ to ! scanty explorations t h be5 made4 ,z we might expect1 ! numb] ( species id5tical ) ^? ( ,nor!rn ,europe is mu* great] on ! ,atlantic ?an on ! ,m$it]ranean coa/ ( ,spa94 ,! sea ( ,aral1 & ! ,caspian1 conta9 a few peculi> species2 b !y h be5 s little explor$1 t x is premature1 we ?9k1 to =m !m into a prov9ce4 ,! proportions ( salt conta9$ 9 ^! seas is mu* less ?an 9 ! ocean4 ,! we/ ( ,africa af=ds a consid]able numb] ( f9e %ells2 ! species mo/ num]\s be+ ^? ( ,murex1 ,conus1 & ,clavatula4 ,! s\? ,african prov9ce conta9s f\r hundr$ species2 ! *>act]i/ic g5]a are ,t]ebratella1 ,*iton1 ,patella1 ,tro*us1 ,fissurella1 ,cypra1 & ,conus4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ^! species are n f\nd else:]e4 ,! ,indo-,pacific prov9ce /ret*es f ,au/ralia to ,japan2 ! great] "p ( ! ea/ coa/ ( ,africa2 ! ,r$ ,sea2 ,p]sian ,gulf2 ! ,asiatic coa/1 & ! isl&s ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago4 ,! molluscs ( ! ,r$ ,sea rem9d u ( ^? ( ,india2 ! p]c5tage ( ^? f\nd also 9 ! ,m$it]ranean be+ mu* less4 ,! %ells ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf are b little kn[n2 "o species1 ! br9dl$ c[ry 7,cypra pr9ceps71 has be5 sold = fifty p\nds4 ,! seas ( ,new ,zeal& & ,au/ralia h be5 =m$ into a prov9ce4 ,z might be anticipat$1 _! mollusca h little 9 common ) ^? ( ! re/ ( ! globe4 ,! ,japonic prov9ce includes ! coa/ ( ,japan & ! ,corea4 ,! ,aleutian prov9ce1 ! c5tre ( :i* may be tak5 to be ! ,aleutian isl&s1 %[s great analogy ) ! ,boreal prov9ce ( ! we/1 a consid]able numb] ( ! %ells be+ id5tical--a fact especially int]e/+ :5 we consid] t v few species are f\nd common to bo? ! s\?-ea/]n & s\?-we/]n coa/s ( ,am]ica4 ,! ,cali=nian prov9ce is v di/9ct f t ( ,panama2 ! mo/ num]\s g5]a f\nd !re1 are ,*iton1 ,acma1 ,fissurella1 ,tro*us1 & ,purpura4 ,! m>9e %ells ( ,panama are upw>ds ( ?irte5 hundr$2 ! region includ$ /ret*es f ! ,gulf ( ,cali=nia to ,p]u4 ,= our k ( ?is prov9ce we are mu* indebt$ to ! rese>*es ( ,dr4 ,p4 ,p4 ,c>p5t]1 :o has catalogu$ six hundr$ & fifty-f\r species1 z f\nd at ,mazattan4 ,! ,p]uvian prov9ce conta9s a long li/ ( species1 & ext5ds f ,callao to ,valp>aiso4 ,! ,magellanic prov9ce includes ! extreme s\? ( ,am]ica & ! ,falkl& ,isl&s4 ,_m g5]a1 ! species ( :i* are usually small1 "h rea* an enorm\s size1 & af=d1 9 _m cases1 ! *ief animal food consum$ by ! quadrup$s & human population ( t wild & desolate coa/4 ,! ,patagonian prov9ce ext5ds f ,/4 ,ca?>9a to ,po9t ,melo on ! ea/ coa/4 ,! numb] ( species f\nd also 9 ! ,falkl& ,isl&s is v small2 b a l>ge numb] are id5tical ) ,brazilian species2 yet ! majority are peculi>4 ,! ,c>ibbean prov9ce ext5ds f ,brazil to ! ,we/ ,indies1 & includes1 also1 ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica & ! ,gulf ( ,mexico2 a total ( fifte5 hundr$ species is enum]at$ by ,pr(essor ,adams z belong+ to ! prov9ce4 ,! ,transatlantic prov9ce1 or t on ! coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 does n af=d a l>ge numb] ( species1 only two hundr$ & ?irty be+ kn[n2 ( ^!1 only fifte5 are f\nd 9 ,europe4 ,! /udy ( ! t]re/rial & fre%-wat] mollusca af=ds ev5 bett] gr\nds = _! division into prov9ces2 b we %all n ent] into x "h1 z x belongs to ! ,l& ,_w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we %all n[ say a few words on ! dep? ( ! sea1 or ocean1 9 :i* ,mollusca are f\nd4 ,! obs]vations ( ,milne ,edw>ds1 ,audon91 & ,pr(essor ,edw>d ,=bes1 h l$ to ! division ( ! sea into f\r zones4 ,! deep sea ,coral zone1 f fifty to "o hundr$ fa?oms2 ! ,corall9e zone f fifte5 to fifty fa?oms2 ! ,lam9>ian zone1 :i* /ret*es f fifte5 fa?oms to l[ wat]2 & ! ,littoral zone1 betwe5 high & l[ wat] m>ks4 ,! great /ronghold ( ,crania1 ,!tis1 ,nera1 ,yoldia1 ,d5talium1 & ,scissurella1 is 9 ! deep sea ,coral zone2 :ile ,bucc9um1 ,fusus1 ,pleurotoma1 ,natica1 ,aporrhais1 ,phil9e1 & ,velut9a1 :i* are among ! mo/ rav5\s & pr$atory ( molluscs1 are f\nd 9 ! ,corall9e zone4 ,!y attack ! bivalves1 ^: %ells among ! relics ( =m] seas1 z 9 ^? ( ! pres5t1 %[ evid5ce ( an assault & a murd]4 ,! pr9cipal g5]a ( ! ,lam9>ian zone are ! ,nudibran*iata1 ,aplysia1 ,tro*us1 ,nacella1 ,rissoa1 & ,lacuna1 :i* fe$ s mu* on ! seawe$ ( ?is region4 ,! ,littoral zone1 :i* be+ accessible z ! tide rec$es1 is be/ kn[n1 af=ds ,c>dium1 ,mytilus1 ,tell9a1 ,sol51 ,tro*us1 ,patella1 ,littor9a1 & ,purpura2 or 9 pla9 ,engli%1 cockles1 mussels1 razor-fi%1 limpets1 p]iw9kles & t+les2--species :i* are ! fir/ to attract our att5tion1 & :i* are s mu* us$ = food4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ac3 ,is x necess>y to say t ev5 ?is acc\nt--app>5tly s well au!nticat$1 n to speak ( ! repres5tation drawn on ! spot--%\ld be tak5 cum grano salis8--,,ed4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,cru/acea4 ,multa tam5 ltus tri/ia pontus habet4 ,,ovid4 ,! animals ( ?is class1 z reg>ds organisation1 mu/ be plac$ high] 9 ! scale ?an ! ,ara*nid1 or spid]s2 b !y are b5ea? ! ,mollusca1 al?\gh z reg>ds aff9ity1 ! ,mollusca 9 _! l[] division--! ,molluscoda--m approximate to ! ,polyp class ?an to ! ,cru/acea4 ,! ,cru/acea is ! highe/ division ( articulate animals ) feet2 !y brea! by means ( gills1 & h no /igmata1 or air-passages1 z 9 insects4 ,! "n signifies a h>d cru/ or cov]+1 ) :i* ! animals are protect$4 ,?is consi/s ( lay]s ( c>bonate ( lime ) "o ( pigm5t1 g5]ally1 b n always1 on ! surface4 ,! g5]al outl9e ( ^! animals is peculi>2 unlike insects1 !y are n divisible into head1 ?orax1 & abdom52 _m species truly h no head at all2 b a pair ( eyes po9t to ! seat ( intellig5ce4 ,mo/ ( ^! animals h two comp\nd eyes2 b a few1 l "s insects1 h bo? simple & comp\nd eyes4 ,! m\? is situat$ 9 ! "u "p ( ! ant]ior ( ! body3 9 "s cases !y h jaws1 z 9 crabs2 9 o!rs suck]s only4 ,pass+ ov] ! va/ numb]s ( be+s :i* inhabit ! debatable gr\nd--! ,annelids1 :i* 7 = ages conf\nd$ ) ! worms1 because ( _! resemblance 9 =m3--a =m :i* might be decl>$ =bidd+1 b1 z ,ari/otle has well said1 ,nature1 9 h] doma91 kn[s no?+ l[1 no?+ contemptible2 ! sea-lee*es1 ^: condition 0 an imp5etrable my/]y to ,pl9y1 ,omnia inc]ta ratione1 et 9 natur maje/ate abdita2 & ! s+ul> cirrip$es1 "o species ( :i*1 ! b>nacle 7,anatifa lvis71 0 ?\ght by old ,g]>d1 ! h]bali/1 & 9 8 day by _m o!rs1 to be ! egg f :i* ! b>nacle goose 0 produc$--pass+ ov] ^! ocean tribes1 we rea* ! ,cru/aceans--! ,insects ( ! ,sea2 ( great] size1 =ce1 & voracity ?an any l& insect ) :i* we are acqua9t$4 ,!y are arm$1 also1 at all po9ts2 =1 9 place ( ! coriace\s tunic1 !y are clo!d 9 calc>e\s arm\r1 bo? h>d & /rong1 & bri/l+ ) co>se hairs1 sp9y tub]cles1 & ev5 s]rat$ sp9es4 ,! ,cru/aceans h ne>ly all ( !m claws1 =midably hook$ & too!d1 :i* !y employ z p9c]s1 bo? 9 (f5sive & def5sive w>4 ,!y h be5 comp>$ to ! heavily-arm$ knights ( ! middle ages--at once audaci\s & cruel2 b>b$ 9 /eel f head to foot1 ) visor & corslet1 arm-pieces & ?igh-pieces--no?+1 9 fact1 is want+ to complete ! resemblance4 ,^! m>9e m>aud]s live on ! sea-coa/1 among ! rocks1 & ne> ! %ore4 ,"s few ( !m frequ5t ! deep wat]s1 o!rs hide !mselves 9 ! s& or "u /ones1 :ile ! common crab 7,c>c9us mnas1 ,lea*7 loves ! %ore almo/ z mu* z ! salt wat]1 & e/abli%es itself accord+ly "u "s moi/ cliff ov]hang+ ! sea1 :]e x c enjoy bo?4 ,"o ( ! necess>y consequ5ces ( ! condition ( ^! animals1 enclos$ 9 a h>d %ell1 is _! p[] ( ?r[+ x (f4 ,! solidity ( _! calc>e\s c>apace w\ld effectually prev5t _! gr[?1 b at c]ta9 det]m9ate p]iods ,nature despoils ! w>rior ( 8 cuirass2 ! creature m\lts1 & ! calc>e\s cru/ falls (f1 & leaves x ) a ?91 pale1 & delicate tunic4 ,9 ?is /ate ! ,cru/acean is no long] wor?y ( its "n--its sk9 has become z vuln]able z t ( ! s(te/ mollusc2 b x has ! in/9ct ( weakness--x retires into lonely places1 & hides its %ame 9 "s obscure crevice1 until ano!r ve/m5t1 m suitable = resi/ance1 & adapt$ to its increas$ size1 has be5 re/or$4 ,! ,cru/acean has n a v]tebral column4 ,! cov]+ ( ! ,cru/acean consi/s ( a great numb] ( di/9ct pieces1 connect$ toge!r by means ( portions ( ! epid]mis :i* h n yet become h>d5$1 9 ! same way z ! bones 9 ! skeleton ( ! v]tebrata are connect$ by c>tilages1 ! ossification ( :i* only takes place 9 old age4 ,! cov]+ ( ! ,cru/acean consi/s ( a s]ies ( r+s v>y+ 9 numb]1 ! normal numb] ( ! body-segm5ts be+ tw5ty-"o4 ,ea* r+ is divisible into two arcs--"o upp]1 or dorsal1 ! o!r l[]1 or v5tral2 & ea* arc may pres5t f\r elem5t>y pieces1 two ( :i* are unit$ 9 ! mesial l9e f ! t]gum1 or back2 ! l[] arc is a c\nt]p>t ( ?is1 :ile ! o!rs =m ! two side1 or epim]al1 pieces4 ,! sk91 !re=e1 p]=ms ! functions ( a skeleton1 s t ! ,cru/aceans1 z 0 said by ,ge(froy ,sa9t ,hilaire1 l ! molluscs1 live inside & n outside ! bony column4 ,! analogue ( ! ,cru/acea among/ v]tebrata is to be f\nd among/ ,/urgeonid1 ^: h>d1 immovable bony case encloses a s(t] skeleton2 agree+ 9 its *>act]s ) t ( ! high] divisions ( v]tebrata1 al?\gh n possess+ ! solidity ( bone4 ,! ,cru/aceans v>y greatly 9 col\r2 "s are ( a d>k1 iron-grey1 ) a da% ( /eel-blue1 l metal weapons =g$ = combat2 a few ( !m are r$1 or r$di%-br[n2 o!rs are ( an e>?y yell[1 or ( a livid blue4 ,! integum5t1 accord+ to ,milne ,edw>ds1 consi/s ( a corium1 or true sk91 & epid]mis1 ) a pigm5t>y matt]1 :i* col\rs ! latt]4 ,! corium is a ?ick1 spongy1 & vascul> membrane1 connect$ ) ! s]\s sub/ance :i* l9es ! p>ietal walls ( ! cavities1 z ! s]\s membrane l9es ! int]nal cavities among ! v]tebrata4 ,?is pigm5t is less a membrane ?an an amorph\s matt] diffus$ ?r\gh ! out] lay] ( ! sup]ficial membrane1 :i* *anges to r$ 9 ! great] numb] ( species 9 alcohol1 e!r1 acids1 & wat] at #bab ,fahr4 ,! calc>e\s cru/ ( ! animal is ?ick1 & 9 ! dorsal region capable ( great resi/ance2 _! memb]s are also ( rem>kable h>dness2 b 9 ! small] species ! %ell is (t5 ?91 & ( t cry/all9e transp>5cy :i* p]mits ( its dige/ion & circulation be+ obs]v$4 ,_m species1 :i* are q microscopic1 contribute col\r to ! sea--r$1 purple1 or sc>let3 su* are ,grimo!a ,d',urvillei & ,g4 greg>ea4 ,be=e ! ye> #ahbc1 x 0 n g5]ally suppos$ t ?is class ( animals 0 subject to *ange ( %ape f ! l>va condition1 & dur+ its progressive developm5t2 b ab\t ?is "t1 & = "s ye>s foll[+1 c]ta9 able microscopic exp]im5ts cle>ly demon/rat$ t a m9ute nondescript k9d ( animal call$ ! ,zoea ,taurus1 0 no?+ m nor less ?an ! "y ( a k9d ( ,prawn z :5 extract$ f ! egg4 ,mr4 ,vaughan ,?omson1 by _m successive obs]vations1 & "u ! fire ( mu* adv]se criticism1 satisfactorily e/abli%$ ! tru? ( metamorphic *ange 9 _m g5]a1 &1 9 p>ticul>1 9 reg>d to ! common crab 7,canc] pagurus72 hav+ succe$$ 9 hat*+ ! ova ( ?is species1 ! product ( :i* 7 f9e ,zoeas4 ,t !re are v>iations 9 ! *annel ( ?is law ( *ange has be5 admitt$1 b t g5]ally a metamorphosis exi/s1 analog\s to t ( insects1 9 ! v>i\s g5]a ( ,cru/acea1 ) h>dly an exception1 has be5 cle>ly e/abli%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cca4 ,zoea ,taurus4 ,! record$ obs]vations ( ! em95t naturali/ we h m5tion$1 ,mr4 ,?omson1 z well z ^? ( ,mr4 ,c\*1 ( ,p5zance1 ,mr4 ,milne ,edw>ds1 & p>ticul>ly ^? ( ! la/ m5tion$1 ! le>n$ au?or ( p]haps ! be/ "w extant on ! ,cru/acea1 are ref]r$ to z treat+ mo/ lucidly on ?is int]e/+ subject4 ,z an illu/ration ( ?is metamorphosis1 we give figures ( ! ,zoea ,taurus 9 two /ates1 viz41 ,fig4 a1 9 ! fir/ /age2 & second1 ,fig4 b1 z ! animal appe>$ on ! f\r? day aft] ! fir/ microscopic exam9ation1 & :5 x resolv$ itself into a k9d ( prawn4 ,! draw+s appe> 9 ,mr4 ,bell's ,hi/ory ( ,briti% ,/alk-ey$ ,cru/acea1 & 7 tak5 by t g5tleman f ! "w ( a ,dut* naturali/1 nam$ ,slabb]1 :o made ! orig9al obs]vation 9 ! ye> #agfh1 & publi%$ ! result 9 #aggh1 f :i* "t ! subject _h be5 all[$ to fall asleep until reviv$ by ,mr4 ,?omson4 ,among ! sea-spid]s1 :i* h no neck 7,cephalo?orax71 ! head gradually disappe>s 9 ! brea/1 b ! belly rema9s di/9ct2 ! middle ( ! body is compress$1 ! %ape n>r[ & graceful4 ,among ! ,cru/aceans :i* h nei!r neck nor %ape1 ! head1 ! brea/1 & ! belly =m only "o mass1 (t5 %ort1 squat1 a?letic1 & difficult to take1 z 9 ,pisa tetraodon 7,fig4 #ccb71 ! f\r-horn$ spid]-crab4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ccb4 ,pisa tetraodon4 ,_m ( ^! animals h a p[]ful tail1 consi/+ ( a c]ta9 numb] ( ciliat$ paddles1 :i* x uses 9 swimm+ to beat ! wat]1 & to confuse its enemies4 ,! ,cru/aceans1 s f> z !y are aquatic1 respire by means ( bran*i1 or gills4 ,9 ! l>g] species ^! bran*i are lamell\s1 or ) filam5ts1 ^: supports are trav]s$ by two canals1 "o ( :i* leads ! blood into ! g5]al economy1 ! o!r directs x t[>ds ! he>t4 ,^! organs are enclos$ 9 ! body4 ,9 ! small] species ! bran*i (t5 appe> ext]iorly1 hang+ 9 ! wat] l a fungus4 ,sometimes ^! are at once swimm+ & brea?+ organs2 9 o!r cases ! animal has no special organs ( respiration4 ,ne>ly all ! ,cru/aceans are /rong1 h>dy1 & de/ructive1 =m+ a horde ( nocturnal brig&s--m]ciless m>aud]s1 :o recoil f no trap 9 :i* !y c lie 9 wait = _! prey4 ,!y fight l'outrance n only ) _! enemies1 b (t5 among !mselves1 ei!r = a prey or = a female1 sometimes = ! sake ( ! fight4 ,! mis]able creatures /ruggle audaci\sly ) _! claws4 ,! c>apace g5]ally resi/s ! mo/ =midable bl[s2 b ! feet1 ! tail1 &1 above all1 ! ant5n1 suff] frightful mutilation4 ,happily = ! vanqui%$1 ! mutilat$ memb]s spr\t aga9 aft] a few weeks ( repose4 ,?is is ! reason = ! _m ,cru/aceans met ) hav+ ! talons ( v unequal size3 ! small] are ^? lo/ 9 battle replac$4 ,nature has will$ t ! ,cru/acean %\ld n long rema9 an invalid4 ,!y soon return cur$ ( _! w\nds4 ,we h se5 lob/]s1 says ,moqu9-,t&on1 :i* h 9 an un=tunate r5c\nt] lo/ a limb1 sick & debilitat$1 reappe> at ! end ( a few mon?s ) a p]fect limb1 vigor\s1 & ready = s]vice4 ,o ,nature1 h[ ?\ fille/ our s\ls ) a/oni%m5t & wond]6 ,on ! ,spani% coa/ !re is a species ( crab1 kn[n1 s+ul>ly en\gh1 by ! "n ( ,boccaccio2 x is caught = its claw1 :i* is consid]$ excell5t eat+4 ,?is is cut (f1 & ! mutilat$ animal is ?r[n into ! sea1 to be tak5 at "s future "t :5 ! claw has reappe>$4 ,cru/aceans are ne>ly all c>nivor\s1 & eat eag]ly all o!r animals1 :e!r liv+ or dead1 fre% or decompos$4 ,little ?9k !y ( ! quality or condition ( _! food4 ,x is amus+ to witness ! address & gravity ) :i* ! common crab1 :5 x has seiz$ an un=tunate mussel1 holds ! valve op5 ) "o claw1 :ile ) ! o!r x rapidly deta*es ! animal1 c>ry+ ea* morsel to ! m\?1 z "o might d ) ! h&1 until ! %ell is entirely empty4 ,! crab does n kill its prey directly1 l ! lob/]2 x is swall[$ also1 b ) great] appreciation4 ,m4 ,*>les ,lesps surpris$ ^u ! %ore at ,royan a %oal ( crabs at _! repa/4 ,?is day !y seem to h d9$ 9 common1 & ,god kn[s ! enjoym5t1 z ! good ,fonta9es said4 ,!y 7 9 r[s1 e head turn$ to ! same side1 & ne>ly on end on _! eight feet4 ,!y seiz$ ! small objects on ! %ore1 :i* 7 c>ri$ to ! m\?1 ea* h& 9 its turn 9 regul> ord]3 :5 ! "r h& rea*$ ! m\? ! left 0 on ! gr\nd4 ,let u j figure to oneself a company ( discipl9$ soldi]s mess+ toge!r at ! same table6 ,! ,long-horn$ ,corophius 7,corophium longicorne71 rem>kable = its long ant5n1 kn[s p]fectly well h[ to cut ! byssus by :i* ! mussels susp5d !mselves1 9 ord] t ! bivalve may fall on ! we$s among !m4 ,o!r ,cru/aceans1 also great oy/]-eat]s1 h ! cunn+ or in/9ct to attack ! mollusc )\t expos+ !mselves to dang]4 ,:5 ! bivalve half op5s its %ell to enjoy ! rays ( ! sun or take food1 ! evil-dispos$ ,cru/acean slips a /one betwe5 ! valve4 ,?is done1 x dev\rs ! poor inhabitant ( ! %ell at its leisure4 ,! ,corophius1 respect+ :om ?is "q is haz>d$1 are extremely num]\s on ! %ores ( ! ,atlantic t[>ds ! end ( summ] & autumn4 ,!y make con/ant w> ^u c]ta9 m>9e worms4 ,(f ! coa/ ( ,la ,ro*elle !y may be se5 9 myriads beat+ ! muddy bottom ) _! long ant5n 9 se>* ( _! prey4 ,sometimes !y meet "o ( ^! ,n]eida or ,ar5icola _m times _! own size1 :5 !y unite 9 a body to attack x4 ,9 ! oy/] b$s ( ,la ,ro*elle !y are useful fri5ds to ! oy/] by de/roy+ ^! enemies1 al?\gh !y d n hesitate to attack ! mollusc :5 x comes 9 _! way4 ,dur+ ! w9t] ! mud ( ! b\*ots gets pil$ up 9 unequal heaps1 & :5 ! w>m season returns1 x has become h>d & unfit = ! cultivation ( ! mollusc4 ,x is necess>y to level & dry ^! mud-heaps--a process :i* w\ld be bo? difficult & co/ly4 ,well1 ! ,corophia *>ge !mselves ) ! task4 ,!y pl\gh up annually _m squ>e leagues cov]$ ) ^! heaps4 ,!y dilute ! mud1 :i* is c>ri$ out by ! ebb+ tide1 & ! surface ( ! bay is left smoo?1 z x 0 9 ! prec$+ autumn4 ,we h said t ! ,cru/aceans d n ev5 respect ea* o!r2 ! l>g] ( ! same species (t5 dev\r ! small]4 ,r>a concordia fratrum6 ,mr4 ,rym] ,jones relates t he _h on "o occasion introduc$ six crabs 7,platyc>c9us pagurus7 ( diff]5t size into an aqu>ium4 ,"o ( !m1 v5tur+ t[>ds ! middle ( ! res]voir1 0 imm$iately acco/$ by ano!r a little l>g]1 :i* took x ) its claws z x might h tak5 a biscuit1 & set ab\t break+ its %ell1 & s f\nd a way to its fle%4 ,x dug its crook$ claws into x ) voluptu\s enjoym5t1 appe>+ to pay no att5tion to ! ang] & jeal\sy ( ano!r ( its companions1 :i* 0 /ill /rong] & z cruel1 & advanc$ t[>ds !m4 ,b1 z ,horace says--& he 0 n ! fir/ to say x--,no "o is altoge!r happy 9 ?is l[] _w3 ,nihil e/ ab omni p>te beatum4 ,our f]oci\s ,cru/acean quietly cont9u$ its repa/1 :5 its companion seiz$ x exactly z x _h seiz$ its prey1 broke & tore x 9 ! same fa%ion1 p5etrat+ to its middle1 & te>+ out its entrails 9 ! same savage mann]4 ,9 ! mean "t ! victim1 s+ul>ly en\gh1 did n di/urb itself = an in/ant1 b cont9u$ to eat ! fir/ crab bit by bit1 until x 0 itself entirely torn to pieces by its own execution]--a rem>kable in/ance at once ( ins5sibility to pa9 & ( cruel infliction "u ! lex talionis4 ,to eat & to be eat5 seems to be "o ( ! great laws ( ,nature4 ,?\gh ess5tially c>nivor\s1 ! ,cru/aceans sometimes eat m>9e vegetables4 ,_m ev5 seem to pref] fruit to animal food4 ,su* is ! robb]-crab 7,birgus latro7 ( ! ,polynesian ,isles1 :i* fe$s almo/ exclusively on ! cocoa-nut4 ,?is crab has ?ick & /rong claws2 ! o!rs are comp>atively sl5d] & weak4 ,at fir/ glance x seems impossible t x c\ld p5etrate a ?ick cocoa-nut surr\nd$ by a ?ick b$ ( fibre & protect$ by its /rong %ell2 b ,m4 ,liesk has (t5 se5 ! op]ation4 ,! crab beg9s by te>+ (f ! fibre at ! extremity :]e ! fruit is1 always *oos+ ! "r end4 ,:5 ?is is remov$1 x /rikes x ) its great claws until x has made an op5+2 !n1 by ! aid ( its sl5d] claws1 & by turn+ itself r\nd1 x extracts ! :ole sub/ance ( ! nut4 ,! ,cru/aceans h eyes ( two k9ds--simple & comp\nd3 ! fir/ are sessile & immovable1 & v convex2 ! o!r borne on a %ort calc>e\s /em or p$uncle1 & =m$ ( a numb] ( small eyes symmetrically agglom]at$--! reunion ( all ! microscopic cornea ( a composite eye1 resembl+ 9 %ape a cap =m$ ( facets4 ,x is said1 = in/ance1 t ! eye ( ! lob/] consi/s ( #bejj ( ^! little facets4 ,! simple eyes are myopus1 or %ort-sight$--! comp\nd eyes = m di/ant b p]fect sight4 ,!y appe> to h a /rong s5se ( smell4 ,_m ( !m _c swim1 b walk ) m or less facility at ! bottom ( ! wat]4 ,x is said1 = in/ance1 t ! cavali] ( ! ,syrian coa/1 ,oxypoda cursor 7,fabricius71 is nam$ f ! rapidity ) :i* x trav]ses great di/ances4 ,_m sy/ems h be5 propos$ by diff]5t writ]s = ! arrangem5t ( ! ,cru/acea4 ,t propos$ by ,mr4 ,milne ,edw>ds recomm5ds itself1 be+ f\nd$ on anatomical exam9ation & actual exp]im5t made by himself & ,m4 ,aud\94 ,he divides !m into two great divisions3 ,i4 ,^? 9 :i* ! m\? is furni%$ ) a c]ta9 numb] ( organs adapt$ = ! preh5sion or division ( food4 ,,ii4 ,^? 9 :i* ! m\? is surr\nd$ by ambulatory extremities1 ! bases ( :i* p]=m ! "p ( jaws4 ,! fir/ includes ! ,,maxilosa or ,,m&ibulata1 aga9 divid$ into ,decapoda1 hav+ bran*i atta*$ to ! sides ( ! ?orax1 & enclos$ 9 special cavities4 ,! ,decapoda are divid$ into3 #a4 ,,bra*yura1 namely1 ! ,crabs4 ,canc]1 ,porlunus1 ,grapsus1 ,ocypode1 & ,doippe1 belong to ?is gr\p4 #b4 ,,anom\ra1 includ+ ,droma1 ,pagurus1 ,porcellana1 & ,hippa4 #c4 ,,macr\ra1 includ+ ! ,lob/]s1 ,a/acus1 ,palmon1 ! ,craw-fi%1 ,pal9urus4 ,/omatopoda1 ) ext]nal bran*i1 sometimes rudim5t>y1 sometimes none4 ,?oracic extremities preh5sile1 or = swimm+ g5]ally1 six or eight pairs4 ,?is division includes ,mysids1 ,phyllosoma1 ,squilla1 c4 ,! ,cirrip$ia1 or b>nacles1 are a v important division ( ,cru/acea2 !y are f\nd 9 all seas1 & atta* !mselves to almo/ e object 9 ! sea2 f ! immovable rock to ! mov+ animal2 f ! little ,tunicata to ! great turtle1 or ! :ale4 ,! goose b>nacles1 ,anatifa1 h a flexible p$uncle4 ,! ,balanoidea1 or sea acorns1 l oy/]s1 are root$ to ! spot on :i* !y re/ 9 _! infant days2 )\t ! p[]1 l ! goose b>nacle1 ( sway+ to & fro l a p5dulum1 be _! re/+-place :at x may4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable animals ( ?is class ( ,cru/acea is ! ,limulus ,moluccanus--! ,molucca crab4 ,!y are di/+ui%$ by a long s]rat$ sp9e1 :i* looks mo/ =midable4 ,!y are 9 great reque/ 9 ! m>kets ( ,java4 ,l9nu ?\ght t ! fossil trilobites 7 closely alli$ to ! ,limulus4 ,latreille1 on ! contr>y1 class$ !m ne> ! mollusc1 *iton4 ,! tail ( ,limulus s /rik+ly resembles t ( _m ,trilobites1 t ! mo/ common obs]v]s may p]ceive an aff9ity4 ,,crabs ,,& ,,craw-,,fi%4 ,crabs & lob/]s may be reg>d$ z ! *iefs or lords ( ! ,cru/acean tribes4 ,! crabs h v l>ge claws & smoo? backs2 ! la/ h small claws & ! back cov]$ ) sp9es4 ,tib]ius ,cs> _h ! face ( a poor fi%]man scrat*$ by ! rugg$ %ell ( a craw-fi%4 ,lob/]s1 especially1 h an amaz+ fecundity1 & yield an imm5se numb] ( eggs1 ea* female produc+ f #ab1jjj to #bj1jjj 9 ! season4 ,! crab is also v prolific4 ,^! eggs are1 9 ! lob/]1 arrang$ 9 packets1 :i* are atta*$ to ! l[] surface ( ! tail1 to :i* !y are connect$ by a visc\s sub/ance4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! female lob/] disposes ( h] burd5 is curi\s & int]e/+4 ,:e!r %e b5ds or /&s erect %e is able to hold x obscurely or expose x to ! light4 ,sometimes1 accord+ to ,co/e1 ! eggs are left immovable1 or simply subm]g$2 at o!rs !y are subject$ to successive wa%+s by g5tly agitat+ ! false claw :i* %elt]s !m f "r to left4 ,:5 fir/ exud$ f ! ov>y ! eggs are v small1 b !y seem to increase dur+ ! "t !y are borne ab\t "u ! tail1 & be=e !y are committ$ to ! s& or wat] !y h atta9$ ! size ( small %ot4 ,! evolution ( ! g]m is 9 progress dur+ six mon?s4 ,at ! mom5t ( exclusion ! female ext5ds ! tail1 impresses ^u ! eggs an oscillat+ motion1 9 ord] to de/roy ! %ell & scatt] ! l>v1 deliv]+ h]self 9 two or ?ree days ( h] entire burd5 7,co/e74 ,z ! "y lie enclos$ )9 ! membrane ( ! egg1 says ,c\*1 ! claws are fold$ on ea* o!r1 & ! tail is flex$ on !m z f> z ! m>g9 ( ! %ield4 ,! dorsal sp9e is b5t backw>ds1 & lies 9 contact ) ! dorsal %ield1 = ! "y :5 x escapes f ! egg is q s(t2 b x rapidly h>d5s & solidifies by ! deposition ( calc>e\s matt] on :at may be call$ its sk94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ccc4 ,pal9urus vulg>is4 a1 left outw>d jaw-foot4 ,z soon z born1 ! "y ,cru/aceans )draw f ! "m & asc5d to ! surface ( ! wat]1 9 ord] to ga9 ! op5 sea4 ,!y swim 9 a circle2 b ?is pelagic life is n ( long duration2 !y quit x aft] _! f\r? m\lt1 :i* takes place betwe5 ! ?irtie? & =tie? day1 at :i* "t !y lose ! transitory organs ( natation :i* !y h hi!rto possess$4 ,aft] ?is !y are no long] able to ma9ta9 !mselves on ! surface1 b drop to ! bottom4 ,h5ce=? !y are condemn$ to rema9 !re1 & su* walk+ z !y c ex]cise becomes _! habitual mode ( progression4 ,z !y increase 9 size !y gradually approa* ! %ore1 :i* !y _h = ! mom5t ab&on$1 & return to ! places inhabit$ by ! p>5t ,cru/aceans4 ,! =m ( ! l>v diff]s s mu* f t ( ! adult1 t x w\ld be difficult1 except on ! cle>e/ evid5ce1 to det]m9e ! species f :i* !y proce$4 ,=m] naturali/s consid]$ ! embryo cray-fi% 7,pal9urus7 to belong to a di/9ct g5]a1 :i* !y designat$ ,phyllosoma4 ,x is n[ kn[n1 h[ev]1 t ^! are ! "y ( ! high] =ms ( ,cru/aceans und]go+ metamorphosis4 ,9 ! v>i\s =ms ( ,macr\ra ! metamorphosis is less decid$ ?an 9 ! ,bra*yura4 ,9 ! fre%-wat] cray-fi% no *ange :atev] takes place4 ,dissatisfi$ ) ! unc]ta9ty ( =m] exp]im5ts1 ,mr4 ,c\* und]took a s]ies ( obs]vations1 :i* are record$ 9 ! proce$+s ( ! ,cornwall ,polyte*nic ,society1 9 :i* he e/abli%$ ! fact t metamorphosis takes place 9 ! foll[+ g5]a3 ,canc]1 ,xan?1 ,plumnus1 ,c>c9us1 ,portunus1 ,maja1 ,gala!a1 ,horn>us1 & ,pal9urus4 ,metamorphosis has be5 demon/rat$1 says ,dr4 ,bell1 9 no less ?an sev5te5 g5]a ( ! ,bra*yur\s ord] ( ,decapoda1 9 :i* x is mo/ decid$ & obvi\s2 9 ,leptopodia1 ,majacea1 ,canc]1 ,portunid1 ,p9not]es1 & ,grapsus4 ,9 ! ,anom\r\s ord] x is se5 9 ! ,pagurus1 ,porcellana1 & ,gala!a2 & 9 ! ,macr\ran ord] 9 ,hom>us1 ,pal9urus1 ,palmon1 & ,crangon4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ccd4 ,portunus v>iegatus1 male4 a1 ext]nal ant5na2 b1 ext]nal jaw-foot2 c1 tail or abdom54 ,! swimm+ ( ^! creatures is produc$ by flexions & expansions ( ! tail1 & by repeat$ beat+ motions ( ! claws1 ! tail act+ z a sort ( vibratile o>1 aid$ by :i* !y ma9ta9 !mselves 9 ! wat] & facilitate _! progress4 ,z ! %ell becomes m solid !y get less active1 & f9ally return to ! bottom to ca/ _! %ell & assume a new =m4 ,accord+ to ! obs]vations ( ,m4 ,co/e1 ! "y lob/] ca/s its %ell f eight to t5 times 9 ! fir/ ye>1 f five to sev5 9 ! second1 ?ree to f\r times ! ?ird1 & two or ?ree times ! f\r? ye>4 ,9 ! fif? ye> !y atta9 ! adult /ate4 ,:5ce x foll[s1 t ! small lob/]s s]v$ at our tables h *ang$ _! calc>e\s ve/m5t some?+ l tw5ty-"o times1 & are n[ clo!d 9 _! tw5ty-second habit4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cce4 ,cory/es ,cassivelaunus1 male4 ,! crabs are num]\s 9 species & v>i\s 9 size4 ,! long-claw$ crab 7,cory/es ,cassivelaunus7 ( ,p5nant & ,lea* 7,fig4 #cce7 is rem>kable = its long ant5n1 :i* consid]ably exce$ ! body4 ,! jaw-feet h _! ?ird jo9t long] ?an ! second1 t]m9at+ 9 an obtuse po9t1 ) a not* on its int]ior edge2 eyes wide ap>t1 borne ^u l>ge p$uncles1 :i* are ne>ly cyl9drical & %ort2 ant]ior feet l>ge1 equal1 twice ! l5g? ( ! body1 & ne>ly cyl9drical 9 ! males2 9 ! females 7,fig4 #ccf7 ab\t ! l5g? ( ! body1 & compress$1 especially t[>ds ! h&-claw4 ,! o!r feet t]m9ate 9 an elongat$ nail or claw1 :i* is /raight-po9t$ & *annel$ longitud9ally3 c>apace oblong-oval1 t]m9at+ 9 a ro/rum ant]iorly truncat$ & bord]$ po/]iorly2 ! regions b slightly indicat$1 ) ! exception ( ! cordian region1 ! bran*ial or lat]al regions be+ v mu* elongat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ccf4 ,cory/es ,cassivelaunus1 female4 ,latreille gives ! "n ( ,cory/es1 :i* signifies a w>rior arm$1 to ?is g5us ( ,cru/aceans1 f 1 a helmet1 b x is p]fectly in(f5sive4 ,p5nant _h already conf]r$ ! "n ( ,cassivelaunus1 ! *ief ( ! ,anci5t ,britons1 = ! s+ul> reason1 accord+ to ,gosse1 t ! c>apace1 :i* is m>k$ by wr9kles1 be>s1 9 old males especially1 ! /ronge/ & mo/ ludicr\s resemblance to ! face ( an anci5t man4 ,p5nant's well-kn[n sympa?y ) 8 ,briti% ance/ry c]ta9ly nev] l$ him to c>icature ! gr& old ,briti% w>rior1 z ,mr4 ,gosse surmises4 ,on ! contr>y1 he saw 9 ! ,cru/acean a creature arm$ at all po9ts1 & he nam$ x aft] ! h]o ( 8 imag9ation4 ,9 ?is species ! surface ( ! c>apace is some:at granul\s1 ) two d5ticles betwe5 ! eyes1 & ?ree %>p po9ts direct$ =w>d on ea* side4 ,! male has only five abdom9al pieces1 b ! ve/iges ( ! sep>ation ( ! two o!rs may be cle>ly rem>k$ ^u ! out] m$iate or ?ird piece1 :i* is ! l>ge/ ( all4 ,! l5g? ( ! ant5n is rem>k$ on by ,mr4 ,c\*1 9 8 ,corni% ,fauna4 ,^! organs1 he says1 are ( "s use beyond _! common (fice ( feel]s2 p]haps1 z 9 "s o!r ,cru/aceans1 !y assi/ 9 ! process ( excavation2 &1 :5 soil$ by lab\r1 ,i h se5 ! crab effect _! clean+ by alt]nately b5d+ ! jo9ts ( _! /alks1 :i* /& conv5i5tly angul> = ! purpose4 ,ea* ( ! long ant5n is ?us drawn along ! bru% t fr+es ! int]nal face ( ! o!r1 until bo? are cle>$ ( e p>ticle t adh]$ to !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,mr4 ,gosse sugge/s t ! (fice ( ! ant5n is to keep a passage op5 = eject+ ! det]iorat$ wat] aft] x has ba!d & a]at$ ! gills4 ,i h obs]v$1 he says1 t1 :5 kept 9 an aqu>ium1 ^! crabs are fond ( sitt+ bolt upright1 ! ant5n plac$ close toge!r1 & po9t+ /raight upw>ds f ! head4 ,?is is d\btless ! attitude 9 :i* ! animal sits 9 its burr[1 = ! tips ( ! ant5n may (t5 be se5 j project+ f ! s&4 ,:5 ! *os5 seat has happ5$ to be s close to ! glass side ( ! tank z to br+ ! ant5n )9 ! range ( a pocket l5s1 ,i h m9utely inve/igat$ ^! organs )\t di/urb+ ! old w>rior 9 8 m$itation4 ,i saw on ea* occasion t a /rong curr5t ( wat] 0 cont9u\sly p\r+ up f ! po9ts ( ! ant5n4 ,trac+ ?is to its orig91 x became evid5t t x 0 produc$ by ! rapid vibration ( ! foot-jaws draw+ 9 ! surr\nd+ wat]1 & p\r+ x (f upw>ds betwe5 ! unit$ ant5n1 z ?r\gh a tube4 ,!n1 on exam9+ ^! organs1 ,i p]ceiv$ t ! =m & arrangem5t ( _! bri/les did inde$ con/itute ea* ant5n a semi-tube1 s t :5 ! pair 7 br\ght face to face ! tube 0 complete4 ,among ! num]\s g5]a ( ,bra*yur\s ,cru/aceans1 ,grapsus is di/+ui%$ by its less regul>ly quadrilat]al =m2 ! body ne>ly always compress$1 & ! /]nal pla/ron b little or n at all curv$ backw>ds2 ! front /rongly recurv$1 or1 r1 b5t d[nw>ds2 ! orbits oval-%ap$ & ( mod]ate size2 ! lat]al edges ( ! c>apace slightly curv+ & tr5*ant2 ! ocul> p$icles l>ge1 b %ort3 _! ins]tion b5ea? ! front & ! cornea occupies "o-half ( _! l5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ccg4 ,pagurus ,b]nh>dus4 #a1 out ( ! %ell2 a1 "r jaw-foot2 b1 9 ! %ell4 ,! ,h]mit or ,soldi] ,crab 7,pagurus ,b]nh>dus1 ,fabricius1 ,fig4 #ccg7 is1 p]haps1 ! odde/ & mo/ curi\s ( ,cru/aceans4 ,x diff]s f mo/ o!r ,cru/aceans 9 ?is3 9 place ( hav+ ! body protect$ by a calc>e\s arm\r1 m or less ?ick & solid1 x has only a cuirass & head-piece to protect ! head & brea/2 all ! re/ ( ! body is inve/$ 9 a s(t yield+ sk92 & ?is1 ! vuln]able "p ( ! h]mit crab1 is ! delicate morsel dev\r$ by ! g\rmet4 ,nor is our some:at evil-dispos$ ,cru/acean ignorant ( ! p]fectly weak & def5celess /ate ( its po/]ior qu>t]s4 ,prud5ce or in/9ct makes x seek ! %elt] ( "s empty %ell1 ( a %ape & size correspond+ to its own4 ,:5 x fails to f9d "o empty1 x does n hesitate to attack "s liv+ te/acean1 :i* x kills )\t pity or remorse1 & takes possession ( its habitation )\t o!r =m ( process4 ,once ma/] ( ! %ell 7,fig4 #ccg71 x introduces itself1 /]n =emo/1 & in/alls itself z 9 an entr5*m5t1 :]e x is e/abli%$ s firmly t x moves ab\t ) x m or less briskly1 accord+ to its comp>ative size4 ,! ,pagurians belong to ! ,anom\r\s family ( ,cru/aceans1 ( :i* !re are sev]al g5]a1 & a consid]able numb] ( species1 ! animal economy ( :i* has be5 ably comm5t$ ^u by ,mr4 ,brod]ip4 ,_! backs1 he says1 are t[>ds ! ar* ( ! turb9at$ %ell occupi$ by !m1 & _! well-arm$ nipp]s & fir/ two pairs ( succe$+ feet g5]ally project beyond ! m\? ( x4 ,! %ort feet re/ ^u ! poli%$ surface ( ! columella1 & ! out] surface ( _! t]m9ation1 especially t ( ! fir/ pair1 is 9 "s species mo/ admirably r\gh-%od1 to give '! soldi]' a firm foot+ :5 he makes 8 sortie1 or to add to ! resi/ance ( ! cru/ace\s hold]s at ! end ( 8 abdom51 or tail1 :5 he is attack$1 & wi%es to )draw into 8 ca/le4 ,on pass+ ! f+] d[nw>ds ov] ! t]m9ations ( ^! feet1 !y feel smoo?2 b if ! f+] be pass$ upw>ds1 ! r\ghness is in/antly p]ceiv$4 ,! same sort ( /ructure 7x is z r\gh z a file7 is to be se5 9 ! small] caudal hold]s4 ,9 ano!r species ( ,pagurus1 f ! ,mauritius1 :i* 0 ne>ly a foot 9 l5g?1 he f\nd a great numb] ( transv]se r[s1 arm$ ) acetabula1 or suck]s2 ^! 7 visible )\t ! aid ( a glass1 :i* mu/ v mu* assi/ ! hold ( ! ,pagurus4 ,dur+ ! fe$+ & bre$+-"t1 ! h]mit ?r[s out 8 head & feet1 & especially 8 great claws1 & feels 8 way ) 8 two ant5n1 :i* are long & sl5d]4 ,:5 he walks he hooks on ) 8 p9c]s to ! ne>e/ body1 & draws 8 %ell aft] him1 z ! snail does 84 ,b ! undef5d$ p>ts ( ! body always rema9 "u cov]4 ,at l[ wat] ! h]mits spread !mselves ov] ! rocky %ore1 & ! spectator ?9ks he sees a great numb] ( %ells :i* move 9 all directions1 ) allurem5ts diff]5t f t :i* belongs to _! ess5tially sl[ & measur$ race4 ,if !y are t\*$ !y /op sudd5ly1 & x is soon discov]$ t _! %ell is ! dwell+ ( a cru/acean1 n a mollusc4 ,! animal lives alone 9 its little citadel1 l ! h]mit 9 8 cell or ! s5t9el 9 8 box4 ,h5ce ! "n ( h]mit & soldi]4 ,:5 our cru/acean outgr[s its borr[$ habitation1 x sets out 9 se>* ( ano!r %ell1 a little l>g]1 & bett] suit$ = its increas$ size4 ,! h]mit (t5 avails itself1 z we h said1 ( empty %ells ab&on$ by _! own]s2 :5 ! tide retires ^! seldom fail !m1 & ! h]mit may be se5 exam9+1 turn+1 & return+1 & ev5 try+ its new domicile4 ,x glides sl[ly along on its abdom51 :i* is l>ge & some:at di/ort$1 sometimes 9 "o %ell1 sometimes 9 ano!r1 look+ defiantly all r\nd x1 & return+ v quickly to its anci5t lodg+ if ! new "o does n turn out to be p]fectly com=table1 (t5 try+ a great numb]1 z a man might try _m new clo!s be=e suit+ himself4 ,9 its successive removals ! little syb>ite *ooses a h]mitage m & m spaci\s1 accord+ to its ta/e or caprice 9 col\r or ar*itecture4 ,! cunn+ little creature *ooses its mansion1 n[ grey or yell[1 n[ r$ or br[n1 globul> or cyl9drical1 9 ! =m ( a spiral or ( a tun1 too!d or cr5ulate1 ) tr5*ant edge or po9t$ t]m9ations2 b1 z a rule1 our cru/acean ,diog5es h\ses itself 9 spirals ( consid]able l5g?1 z 9 ,c]i?ium1 ,bucc9um1 or ,murex4 ,! h]mit is v timid2 at ! lea/ noise x %r9ks into its %ell & squats itself1 )\t motion1 draw+ 9 its small] claws & clos+ ! door ) its l>g] ones1 ! latt] be+ (t5 cov]$ ) hairs1 tub]cles1 or ) tee?4 ,9 %ort1 our prud5t c5obite cl+s s closely to ! bottom ( its retreat1 t we might pull x to pieces )\t gett+ x out entire2 its tail is trans=m$ into a sort ( suck]1 by ! aid ( :i* x atta*es itself firmly to ! walls ( its habitation4 ,x is at once /rong & voraci\s1 eat+ ) mu* reli% ! dead fi%es & fragm5ts ( molluscs & annelids :i* come 9 its way4 ,nor does x hesitate to attack & dev\r liv+ animals4 ,:5 introduc$ into an aqu>ium1 x has sometimes ?r[n x into ! utmo/ disord] by its insatiable rapacity4 ,x has be5 possible sometimes to pres]ve h>mony among _m individuals inhabit+ ! same res]voir2 b ?is has be5 ow+ r to ! impossibility ( _! attack+ ea* o!r1 9 consequ5ce ( cunn+ly-devis$ b>ricades1 ?an to _! mildness ( "* or love ( _! neighb\r4 ,^! animals1 9 %ort1 are v qu>relsome4 ,two h]mits _c meet )\t %[+ ho/ility2 ea* ext5ds 8 long p9c]s1 & seems to try to t\* ! o!r1 mu* z a spid] does :5 x seeks to seize a fly on its mo/ vuln]able side2 b ea*1 f9d+ ! o!r arm$ 9 pro(1 & p]fectly protect$1 ?\gh eag] to fight1 usually adopts ! bett] "p ( val\r1 & prud5tly )draws4 ,!y (t5 h true passages ( arms1 nev]!less1 9 :i* claws are spread out1 & display$ 9 ! mo/ ?reat5+ mann]2 ! two adv]s>ies tumbl+ head ov] heels1 & roll+ "o ^u ! o!r1 b !y get m fright5$ ?an hurt4 ,nev]!less1 ,mr4 ,gosse once witness$ a /ruggle :i* _h a m tragic end4 ,a h]mit crab met a bro!r ,b]nh>d pleasantly lodg$ 9 a %ell mu* m spaci\s ?an 8 own4 ,he seiz$ x by ! head ) 8 p[]ful claws1 tore x f its asylum ) ! spe$ ( lightn+1 & took its place n less promptly1 leav+ ! dispossess$ un=tunate /ruggl+ on ! s& 9 convulsions ( agony4 ,our battles1 says ,*>les ,bonnet1 h r>ely su* important objects 9 view3 !y fight ea* o!r = a h\se4 ,a pretty little zoophyte1 ! ,cloak ,anemone 7,adamsia palliata71 loves to live ) ! h]mit1 & exhibits sympa?ies almo/ inexplicable4 ,9 aqu>iums ?is anemone atta*es itself almo/ always to ! %ell :i* s]ves z ! dwell+ ( ! ,cru/acean2 & x may be look$ ^u z c]ta9 t :]e ! h]mit is !re w ! anemone be f\nd4 ,^! two creatures seem to live 9 p]fect & intellig5t h>mony toge!r1 = ,mr4 ,gosse's obs]vations e/abli% ! exi/5ce ( a cordial & reciprocal affection betwe5 !m4 ,?is le>n$ & intellig5t obs]v] describes ! proce$+s ( a h]mit :i* requir$ a new habitation2 he saw x deta*1 9 ! mo/ delib]ate b effective mann]1 its de> companion1 ! anemone1 f ! old %ell1 transport x ) e c>e & precaution1 & place x com=tably ^u ! new %ell1 & !n ) its l>ge p9c]s give to its well-belov$ _m little taps1 z if to fix x !re ! m quickly4 ,ano!r species ( ,b]nh>dus makes a companion ( ! mantl$ anemone4 ,& we are assur$1 says ,moqu9-,t&on1 t :5 ! crab dies its inconsolable fri5d is n long 9 succumb+ also4 ,is !re n "h mu* m ?an :at our mod]n physiologi/s call automatic movem5ts1 ! results ( reflex s5sorial action8 says ,gosse4 ,! m ,i /udy ! l[] animals1 ! m firmly am ,i p]suad$ ( ! exi/5ce 9 !m ( psy*ical faculties1 su* z consci\sness1 intellig5ce1 skill1 & *oice2 & t ev5 9 ^? =ms 9 :i* z yet no n]v\s c5tres h be5 detect$4 ,,lob/]s4 ,9 a diet>y1 z well z comm]cial s5se1 ! lob/] f> excels ! crab2 l ! latt]1 !y h an amaz+ fecundity1 ea* female produc+ f twelve to tw5ty ?\s& eggs 9 a season2 & wisely is x s arrang$1 o!rwise ! consumption w\ld soon exhau/ !m4 ,9 ,france ! size ( ! m>ketable lob/] is regulat$ by law1 & fix$ at tw5ty c5timtres 7eight in*es7 9 l5g?2 all "u t size are contrab&4 ,e ye> ! inhabitants ( ,bla9ville proce$ to ,*aussey to fi% = lob/]s4 ,!y are tak5 9 baskets 9 ! =m ( a truncat$ cone1 ! m\? ( :i* is s arrang$ t ! animal c ent]1 b _c get out4 ,! numb]s caught by ea* fi%]man & 8 family 9 a season may be e/imat$ at a ?\s& or twelve hundr$1 :i* realise to ! family ?irte5 or f\rte5 hundr$ francs1 ! season la/+ ab\t n9e mon?s4 ,lob/]s are collect$ all r\nd our own coa/ = ! ,london m>ket4 ,on ! ,scotti% %ore !y are collect$ & kept 9 p]=at$ *e/s float+ on ! wat]1 until !y c be tak5 away to m>ket4 ,f ! ,su!rl& coa/ alone six to eight ?\s& lob/]s are collect$ 9 a season4 ,?is process goes on all r\nd ! coa/1 & z f> z ,norway1 :5ce an enorm\s supply ( ! f9e/ lob/]s are obta9$1 = :i* some?+ l #bj1jjj p] annum is paid1 all ^! contributions be+ convey$ to ! ,?ames & ,m]sey 9 well$ vessels4 ,b ^! old-fa%ion$ sy/ems are be+ rapidly sup]s$$ by ! con/ruction ( artificial /or+ ponds1 or bas9s4 ,( ^! ponds ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,scovell has erect$ "o at ,hamble1 ne> ,s\?ampton1 9 :i* he c /ore ) ease fifty ?\s& lob/]s1 :i* w keep 9 good condition = six weeks4 ,mr4 ,scovell's tank is suppli$ f ! coa/s ( ,france1 ,scotl&1 & ,irel&1 :]e f9e lob/]s ab\nd4 ,he employs ?ree l>ge & well-appo9t$ smacks1 ea* ( :i* c c>ry f five ?\s& to t5 ?\s&4 ,on ! coa/ ( ,irel& alone1 x is said1 t5 ?\s& f9e lob/]s a week might be tak54 ,! ,lob/] 7,hom>us7 is f\nd 9 great abundance all r\nd our coa/2 frequ5t+ ! m rocky %ores & cle> wat]1 :]e x is ( no great dep?1 ab\t ! "t ( deposit+ its eggs4 ,v>i\s are ! modes 9 :i* !y are tak52 cone-%ap$ traps made ( wick]-"w1 & bait$ ) g>bage1 are p]haps ! mo/ successful4 ,^! are sunk among ! rocks1 & m>k$ by buoys4 ,sometimes nets are sunk1 bait$ by ! same mat]ial4 ,9 o!r places a wood5 in/rum5t1 :i* acts l a pair ( tongs1 is us$ = _! capture4 ,mr4 ,p5nant1 ! naturali/1 paid great att5tion to ! lob/]s1 & _! habits are well describ$ 9 a lett] f ,mr4 ,travis1 ( ,sc>bor\gh4 ,! l>g] ones1 he says1 are 9 _! be/ season f ! middle ( ,octob] to ! beg9n+ ( ,may4 ,_m ( ! small] ones1 & "s few ( ! l>g] individuals1 are good all ! summ]4 ,if !y are f\r & a half in*es long f ! top ( ! head to ! end ( ! back %ell1 !y are call$ sizeable lob/]s2 if "u f\r in*es1 !y are e/eem$ half size1 & two ( !m are reckon$ = "o ( size4 ,"u f\r in*es !y are call$ pawks1 & ^! are ! be/ summ] lob/]s4 ,! p9c]s ( "o ( ! lob/]'s l>ge claws are furni%$ ) knobs1 :ile ! o!r claw is always s]rat$4 ,) ! =m] x keeps firm hold ( ! /alks ( subm>9e plants2 ) ! latt] x cuts & ma/icates its food v dext]\sly4 ,! knobb$ or ?umb claw1 z ! fi%]m5 call x1 is sometimes on ! left1 sometimes on ! "r side1 & x is m dang]\s to be seiz$ by ! s]rat$ claw ?an ! o!r4 ,!re is little d\bt t ! lob/]s ca/ _! %ell annually1 b ! mode 9 :i* x is p]=m$ is n satisfactorily expla9$4 ,x is suppos$ t ! old %ell is ca/1 & t ! animal retires to "s lurk+-place till ! new cov]+ acquires consi/5ce to cont5d ) 8 arm\r-clad cong5]s4 ,o!rs cont5d t ! process is "o ( absorption1 o!rwise1 if !re 7 a p]iod ( m\lt1 x w\ld be %[n by _! %ells4 ,! mo/ probable conjecture is t ! %ell sl\ghs (f piecemeal1 z x does 9 ! cray-fi%4 ,! greate/ my/]y ( all1 p]haps1 is ! process by :i* ! lob/] )draws ! fle%y "p ( its claws f _! calc>e\s cov]+4 ,fi%]m5 say ! lob/] p9es be=e ca/+ its %ell1 s z to p]mit ( its )draw+ its memb]s f x4 ,! female lob/] does n seem to ca/ h] %ell ! same ye> 9 :i* %e deposits h] ova1 or1 z ! fi%]m5 say1 is 9 b]ry4 ,:5 ! ova fir/ appe> "u ! tail1 !y are small & v black1 b be=e !y are ready = deposition !y are almo/ z l>ge z ripe eld]b]ries1 & ( a d>k-br[n col\r4 ,!re does n seem to be any p>ticul> season = ?is act1 z females are f\nd 9 b]ry at all seasons1 b m commonly 9 w9t]4 ,9 ?is /ate !y are f\nd to be mu* exhau/$1 & by no means fit = ! table4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cch4 ,nephrops ,norvegicus4 ,! g5]ic "n1 ,a/acus ( ,fabricius1 is n[ conf9$ to ! crawfi%es1 :i* h a depress$ ro/rum1 "o too? on ea* side1 & ! la/ r+ ( ! ?orax movable4 ,! lob/]s 7,hom>us7 h ! eyes sph]ical1 two r+s ( ! ?orax be+ sold]$ toge!r4 ,! ,norway ,lob/]s 7,nephrops ,norvegicus1 ,fig4 #cch7 h ! eyes uni=m1 & ! two la/ r+s ( ! ?orax movable4 ,! la/ is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful ( ! l>g] ,macr\rans4 ,its g5]al t9t is pale fle% col\r1 ) d>k] %ades 9 p>ts1 its pubesc5ce light br[n4 ,?is is g5]ally consid]$ a nor!rn species1 b ,mr4 ,bell /ates t he has receiv$ specim5s f ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,x is f\nd pl5tifully on ! coa/ ( ,norway1 on ! ,scotti% coa/1 & 9 ! ,bay ( ,dubl94 ,x is consid]$ ! mo/ delicate ( all ! ,cru/aceans4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cci4 ,crangon vulg>is1 a1 ,ant]ior foot or claw4 ,be=e conclud+ ?is *apt]1 we p]haps %\ld n omit brief notices ( ! common prawn 7,palmon s]ratus7 & ! %rimp 7,crangon vulg>is71 z types ( an ext5sive v>iety ( =m ( cru/acea1 :i* inhabit all seas1 & :i* p]=m important functions z reg>ds ! sanit>y /ate & economic condition ( ! wat]s ( ! ocean4 ,^! small animals are ! scav5g]s ( ! sea--!y pick up & dev\r all dead matt]1 leav+ 7x may be7 a clean skeleton1 )\t a %r$ ( fibre beh9d4 ,9 ?is respect !y resemble ! ants on l&1 do+ _! "w always ?or\ghly & effectively4 ,we ne$ h>dly m5tion1 :at is s well kn[n to e read]1 t prawns & %rimps are among/ ! mo/ e/eem$ delicacies at our table1 & z articles ( food occupy no mean place on ! fi%-/all4 ,at ,bill+sgate alone1 x is h>dly cr$ible ! imm5se quantities :i* arrive & are daily consum$ 9 ! ,metropolis by all classes ( ! community4 ,! %rimp1 :i* al?\gh ! small] cru/acean1 is p]haps ! f9e/ flav\r$ ( ! two1 is sold 9 mu* l>g] quantities ?an its m ari/ocratic cong5]1 ! prawn4 ,! fi%]y ( ^! sav\ry come/ibles gives occupation n only to regul> able-bodi$ fi%]m51 :o devote !mselves to ?is bran*1 b also to l>ge numb]s ( wom5 & *ildr51 :o--) _! baskets & small nets--may be se5 ply+ _! vocation 9 a multitude ( well-kn[n localities on our coa/s1 especially on ! s\!rn & s\?-ea/]n %ores4 ,to ! habitus ( ,ha/+s1 ,s\?ampton1 ,bognor1 c41 !re is n a m picturesque or famili> m>9e picture ?an to behold a troop ( little %rimp]s1 9 _! grotesque & some:at outr equipm5ts1 wad+ pati5tly knee deep all 9 a r[1 z !y pu% be=e !m _! pole nets4 ,)\t giv+ a detail$ te*nical & anatomical description1 :i* our space w n p]mit (1 we may obs]ve t ! common prawn 7,palmon s]ratus7 is ab\t f\r or five in*es long1 ) a r\nd$ c>apace1 :i* is jo9t$ & furni%$ at ! head ) num]\s long ant5n1 ! eyes be+ l>ge & r\nd4 ,! tail is broad & flat1 ! caudal lam9 ( :i* are furni%$ ) long hairs on ! t]m9al m>g9s4 ,! animal is also furni%$ ) sev]al pairs ( feet1 v sl5d]1 & ord9>ily b5t )9 !mselves4 ,! col\r is light grey1 spott$ & l9$ ) purpli% %ades4 ,9 ! wat]1 h[ev]1 prawns are almo/ transp>5t1 f ! ne>ly entire abs5ce ( c>bonate ( lime 9 ! c>apace2 !y are ?us v beautiful objects 9 ! m>9e aqu>ium1 mov+ z !y d l %ad[s 9 ! wat]4 ,:5 prawns are boil$1 !y become ( a delicate p9k col\r1 ?us add+ beauty to ! da9ty morceaux4 ,l mo/ o!r k9ds ( cru/acea1 ! prawn is mu* l>g] 9 tropical climates4 ,on ! coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 = in/ance1 !y atta9 a size ( n9e or t5 in*es 9 l5g?1 ?ree ( !m be+ consid]$ q suffici5t = a meal4 ,! ,london m>ket is *iefly suppli$ ) prawns f ! ,isle ( ,wight & ,hamp%ire coa/4 ,l ! prawn1 ! %rimp has _m v>ieties4 ,! common %rimp 7,crangon vulg>is7 is ab\t two & a half in*es long1 f ! eye to ! extremity ( ! tail4 ,x is also furni%$ ) a r\nd$ articulat$ c>apace1 ) two ant5n4 ,! eyes are prom95t1 m>k$1 & ne> ea* o!r2 ! tail flat1 lam9at$1 & hirsute4 ,! %rimp is n v unlike ! prawn 9 g5]al appe>ance1 b is ( a mu* less complex & f9i%$ /ructure4 ,9 col\r x is greyi% br[n1 clott$ all ov] ) d>k br[n4 ,9 ?is species heat does n improve ! col\r4 ,?is v>iety is "o ( ! mo/ abundant ( all coa/ cru/acea1 swimm+ ab\t & lay+ on ! s&s 7:i* !y closely resemble 9 col\r7 9 imm5se %oals4 ,sometimes !y are also f\nd 9 deep wat]1 b ! m>g9 ( ! sea is _! fav\rite habitat4 ,x may be add$1 t l>ge quantities ( ! small] palmonid are caught ) & sold z %rimps4 ,%rimps are 9 spawn all ! ye> ?r\gh1 & ca/ _! %ells dur+ ! ?ree mon?s ( spr+4 ,! ,entomo/raca ( ,milne ,edw>ds1 or ! ,lophyropoda ( ,latreille1 h no suctorial m\? or m&ibles capable ( ma/ication2 _! maxill are lamellose1 & !y h nev] m ?an t5 swimm+ feet1 & h f "o to two eyes on /alks1 & live 9 fre% wat]4 ,!re are two pr9cipal g5]a2 ! ,copepoda ( ,edw>ds1 & ! ,o/racoda4 ,z a type ( ! fir/1 we may m5tion ,cyclops vulg>is 7,lea*71 :i*1 true to its "n1 has b "o eye4 ,b ! g5us ,pontia ( ! same family has two4 ,z a type ( ! second ord]1 ,o/racoda1 we w specify ! num]\s family ( ! ,cyprides1 ^: animals are enclos$ 9 a bivalve %ell1 :i* causes _! rema9s 9 ,second>y /rata to be class$ ) bivalve molluscs4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,fi%es4 ,be=e speak+ ( ! habits ( ! pr9cipal k9ds ( fi%es1 x is desirable to glance at _! organization1 & ^u ! mann] 9 :i* !y execute _! physiological functions4 ,fi%es are int5d$ to live always#ad 9 wat]1 & ?is circum/ance has impress$ its seal ^u _! organization4 ,nev]!less1 _! =ms are v v>i$2 !y are g5]ally oblong1 compress$ lat]ally4 ,!y h no neck1 ! head be+ m]ely a prolongation ( ! trunk4 ,9 ! majority ( in/ances1 ! body is cov]$ ) scales1 g5]ally a ?9 bony sub/ance develop$ out ( ! sk9 & ov]lapp+ ea* o!r1 l ! tiles ( a ro(4 ,no?+ is m rem>kable ?an ! v>iety & brilliancy ( col\r 9 fi%es2 !y pres5t almo/ e gradation1 f gold5 or silv]1 & o!r dazzl+ col\rs1 m+l+ ) %ades ( blue1 gre51 r$1 & black4 ,fi%es are ess5tially =m$ = swimm+ 7,fig4 #cdj71 & all _! memb]s are adapt$ = ?is purpose4 ,! ant]ior memb]s1 :i* correspond ) ! arms 9 man & ! w+s 9 birds1 are atta*$ to ea* side ( ! trunk1 imm$iately beh9d ! head1 & =m ! pectoral f9s4 ,! po/]ior memb]s occupy ! l[] surface ( ! body1 & =m ! v5tral f9s4 ,! latt]1 :i* are always ov] ! v5tral l9e1 may be be=e1 b5ea?1 or beh9d ! =m]4 ,fi%es possess1 besides1 f9s 9 odd numb]s4 ,! f9s :i* erect !mselves on ! back are call$ ! back or dorsal f9s1 ^? at ! end ( ! tail are ! caudal f9s2 f9ally1 !re is frequ5tly ano!r atta*$ to ! l[] extremity ( ! body1 :i* is call$ ! anal f94 ,^! f9s are always ne>ly ( ! same /ructure1 consi/+ g5]ally ( a fold ( ! sk91 support$ by sl5d]1 flexible1 c>tilag9\s or osse\s rays1 connect$ by a ?9 membrane4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cdj4 ,skeleton ( ! ,common ,p]*4 a1 ! int]-maxill>y bone2 b1 ! maxill>y bone2 d1 ! gills2 c1 ! "u jaw2 f1 ! int]-op]culum2 g g1 ! v]tebral column2 h1 ! pectoral f92 i1 ! v5tral f92 k & l1 ! dorsal f9s2 m1 ! anal f92 n1 ! caudal f94 ,! muscles :i* b9d toge!r ! v]tebral column are s mu* develop$ 9 fi%es z well z o!rs ( ! sup]ior animals1 t !y con/itute 9 !m alone ! pr9cipal "p ( ! body4 ,! caudal1 dorsal1 & anal f9s act z outly+ o>s2 ! pectoral & v5tral f9s assi/ 9 progression1 at ! same "t t !y help to ma9ta9 ! equilibrium ( ! animal & guide & direct its movem5ts1 :i* are g5]ally a/oni%+ f _! rapidity4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cda4 ,swimm+ bladd] ( ! ,c>p4 ,an organ1 :i* belongs prop]ly to fi%es#ae 7,fig4 #cda71 & :i* is usually consid]$ z _! *ief aid 9 swimm+1 is a l>ge bladd] situat$ )9 ! body1 betwe5 ! dorsal sp9e & ! abdom54 ,?is is usually call$ ! swimm+ bladd]4 ,accord+ to ! volume ?is bladd] assumes1 ! animal c increase or dim9i% ! specific gravity ( its body2 t is1 x c rema9 9 equilibrium or asc5d or desc5d 9 ! bosom ( ! wat]s2 x is1 moreov]1 rem>k$ t x is v small 9 ^? species :i* swim at ! bottom ( ! wat]1 & ,mr4 ,gosse says !re is "s reason = consid]+ x to be ! fir/ rudim5t>y =m ( ! air-brea?+ lung4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cdb4 ,anatomy ( ! ,c>p4 br1 ! bran*i1 or gill op5+s2 c1 ! he>t2 f1 ! liv]2 vn1 swimm+ bladd]s2 ci1 inte/9al canal2 o1 ! ov>ium2 u1 ure?ra2 a1 anus2 o'1 oviduct4 ,imm$iately beh9d ! head1 two l>ge op5+s are obs]v$ 9 mo/ fi%es2 ^! are ! gill-op5+s4 ,_! ant]ior edge is mobile1 & !y are rais$ or l[]$ to s]ve ! purposes ( respiration2 "u ?is species ( cov]cle are ! gills1 or bran*i4 ,^! usually consi/ ( _m r[s ( ?9 membran\s plates1 hung on sl5d] ar*es ( bone1 plac$ on ea* side ( ! head1 usually protect$ by a bony plate made up ( sev]al pieces1 call$ ! gill-cov]s4 ,! brea?+ is produc$ by wat] tak5 9 at ! m\?1 :i* passes ov] ! gill-membranes1 & is eject$ ?r\gh an orifice at ! h9d m>g9 ( ! gill-cov]s4 ,dur+ ! contact ( ! wat] ) ! gills1 ! blood :i* circulates 9 ^! organs1 & :i* communicates to !m ! r$ col\r by :i* we recognize !m1 comb9es *emically ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air :i* ! wat] holds 9 solution :5 x fl[s freely at ! ord9>y temp]ature 9 pres5ce ( ! air4 ,! blood is ?us oxyg5iz$1 or made fit = respiration4 ,! he>t 9 fi%es is plac$ betwe5 ! inf]ior p>ts ( ! bran*ial ar*1 & consi/s ( a v5tricle & an auricle 7,fig4 #cdb74 ,x corresponds ) ! "r half ( ! he>t 9 ! ,mammif]a & birds1 = x receives ! v5\s blood f all p>ts ( ! body & s5ds x to ! gills4 ,f ?is organ ! blood is deliv]$ into "o great art]y1 :i* creeps along ! v]tebral column4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cdc4 ,a ,fi%'s ,eye4 i1 cry/alliz$ pupil2 ee'1 cornea2 mm'1 *oroid2 h1 po/]ior *amb]s2 c1 optic n]ve4 ,! eye 9 fi%es is g5]ally v l>ge--we may ev5 say enorm\s relative to ! size ( ! head--& )\t true eyelids2 ! sk9 usually passes ov] ! ocul> globe1 & becomes f ?is po9t s transp>5t t ! lum9>y rays trav]se x4 ,?is light cov]+ is all ! eyelid belong+ to fi%es4 ,! int]ior ( ! eye is cov]$ by ! membrane call$ *oroid1 ! ?9 ext]nal leaf ( :i*1 9 consequ5ce ( ! pres5ce ( innum]able microscopic cry/als1 pres5ts ! appe>ance ( a gold or silv]-col\r$ coat+1 :i* gives to ! iris t extraord9>y brilliancy :i* belongs to ! fi%'s eye4 ,! cry/all9e l5s is volum9\s1 sph]ical1 & diaphan\s4 ,:5 ! fi% is cook$1 ! cry/all9e l5s con/itutes t opaque & h>d :ite sub/ance :i* (t5 comes "u ! tee? 9 eat+ fi% ( a c]ta9 size4 ,cuvi] suspect$1 :at angl]s n[ "k to be true1 t ^? active *asseurs ( ! deep saw f> & v cle>ly4#af ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cdd4 ,tee? ( ! ,bream4 ,if fi%es h great eyes1 !y h1 on ! o!r h&1 v small e>s4 ,?is organ1 x is f\nd1 has no ext]ior op5+4 ,x =ms a cavity 9 ! int]ior ( ! cranium1 :i* is f> f pres5t+ ! complicat$ /ructure ( ! e> 9 mammif]s & birds4 ,9 spite1 h[ev]1 ( ! imp]fect /ructure1 fi%es are s5sible to ! lea/ noise4 ,9 consequ5ce1 sil5ce is a rigor\s law ) ! fi%]man4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cde4 ,tee? ( ! ,c>p4 ,! dim5sions ( ! m\? & tee? are v v>iable 9 fi%es2 ^! organs are 9 proportion to _! voracity1 :i* 9 _m ( ^! be+s is v great4 ,! =m & developm5t ( ! buccal pieces are also v v>i\s4 ,"s species are too?less1 b 9 mo/ fi%es ! tee? are v num]\s4 ,!y are sometimes atta*$1 n alone to ! two jaws1 b also to ! palate1 to ! tongue1 & ^u ! int]ior ( ! bran*ial ar*1 & ev5 9 ! back m\?1 t is to say1 ^u ! osph>yngeal1 :i* surr\nds ! m\? ( ! oesophagus4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cdf4 ,tee? ( ! ,tr\t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cdg4 ,tee? ( ! ,gold-fi% ,dorada4 ,! =m ( _! tee? is v v>iable bo? 9 arrangem5t & position3 "s are 9 ! =m ( an elongat$ cone1 ei!r /raight or curv$4 ,:5 small & num]\s1 !y are comp>able to ! po9ts ( ! c>ds us$ 9 c>d+ wool or cotton4 ,sometimes !y are s sl5d] & d5se z to resemble ! piles ( velvet1 & (t51 f _! v m9ute size1 _! pres5ce is m easily asc]ta9$ by ! f+] ?an ! eye4 ,9 "s memb]s ( ! ,salmonid1 = in/ance1 we f9d a r[ ( tee? on ! bone t =ms ! middle ridge ( ! palate1 :i* is call$ ! vornex4 ,on ea* side ( ?is is ano!r r[ on ! palat9e bones1 & outside ^! is a ?ird pair ( r[s on ! upp] jaw-bones4 ,"s fi%es h flat tee?1 ) a cutt+ edge 9 front ( ! jaws1 l a true incisor2 o!rs h !m r\nd$ or oval1 adapt$ to bruise or cru% ! v>i\s sub/ances on :i* !y fe$4 ,! oesophagus connect$ ) ! m\? is %ort 9 fi%es2 ! /oma* & inte/9es v>y 9 =m & dim5sions4 ,dige/ion is v rapid ) ^! be+s4 ,mo/ ( !m fe$ on fle%1 b !re are a few :]e ! m\? is )\t tee?1 :i* fe$ on vegetables4 ,! gr[? ( fi%es is sl[ or v rapid1 accord+ to ! abundance ( food2 !y c suff] a v long fa/1 b 9 t /ate !y become dim9utive 9 size1 & f9ally p]i% ( exhau/ion4 ,at c]ta9 seasons an irresi/ible impulse br+s ! two sexes toge!r4 ,_m species ^: ord9>y appe>ance is dull & unsightly n[ %9e 9 ! mo/ brilliant col\rs4 ,! female soon aft] lays h] eggs1 ! numb] ( :i* passes all imag9ation4 ,nature seems to h accumulat$ 9 ! body ( ea* female myriads ( eggs--a wise provision1 :i* is r5d]$ necess>y by ! num]\s causes ( de/ruction :i* ?reat5 !m 9 _! native elem5t4 ,! eggs1 ab&on$ by ! females to ! m]cy ( ! waves1 are fecundat$ aft] be+ deposit$ by ! milt ( ! males4 ,su* is a v brief summ>y ( ! organization ( fi%es1 :i* h be5 briefly describ$ z v]tebrate1 cold-blood$ animals1 brea?+ by means ( gills2 liv+ 9 wat]1 mov+ ?r\gh ! wat] by means ( _! f9s1 & reproduc+ _! k9d by means ( eggs1 or spawn4 ,& n[ a few words on _! classification4 ,fi%es naturally divide !mselves into two s]ies1 accord+ to ! composition ( _! int]nal skeleton4 ,?is is usually osse\s2 nev]!less1 a :ole gr\p ( !m con/antly reta9 ! c>tilag9\s or fibro-c>tilag9\s /ate4 ,) "s ?is frame pres5ts ev5 less p[] ( resi/ance1 & rema9s membran\s4 ,x is precisely ^u ?is peculi>ity ( /ructure t we f\nd ! great division ( ! class ( fi%es into two great gr\ps ( ,,c>tilag9\s & ,,osse\s fi%es1 ! fir/ be+ aga9 subdivid$ into ?ree ord]s3 namely1 ,i4 ,cyclo/omata1 ,,ii4 ,sela*ia1 ,,iii4 ,/uriona4 ,! second into f\r ord]s3 ,i4 ,plectogna?ii1 ,,ii4 ,lophobran*ii1 ,,iii4 ,malacopt]ygii1 ,,iv4 ,acan?opt]ygii4 ,agassiz's sy/em ( classification ( fi%1 f\nd$ on ! =m ( ! scales1 is p]haps bett] suit$ ?an ?is to ! palontologi/1 b ! "o giv5 above1 f\nd$ z x is pr9cipally on ! int]nal p>ts ( ! animal1 is bett] suit$ to ! zoologi/4 ,agassiz's ord]s are ! ,ct5oid1 type1 ,*romis1 ,placoid1 ,ganoid1 & ,cycloid4 ,,c>tilag9\s ,,fi%es4 ,c>tilag9\s fi%es are g5]ally animals ( consid]able size1 _! /ructure rang+ f ord9>y fi%es to eels4 ,!y are *iefly sea-fi%es1 only a few species be+ riv]-fi%es4 ,naturali/s divide !m into two ord]s2 namely1 ^? hav+ ! gills free on ! out] edge 7! gill$ ,*ondropt]ygeans71 & ^? hav+ ^! organs fix$ on bo? edges4 ,! fir/ ord] compreh5d ?ree families3 ,i4 ,cyclo/omata1 or ,eels1 ,lampreys1 c41 9 :i* ! m\? =ms a suck]2 ,,ii4 ,sela*ians1 includ+ ,raias & ,%>ks1 9 :i* ! m\? is furni%$ ) jaws2 ,,iii4 ,/uriona1 or ,/urgeons1 :i* h ! gills free4 ,i4 ,,cyclo/omata4 ,! fir/ are *>act]is$ by ! s+ul> con=mation ( ! m\?1 :i* is =m$ = suction4 ,! body is elongat$1 nak$1 & visc\s1 rem9d+ u ( s]p5ts 9 _! ext]nal =m2 !y h nei!r pectoral nor v5tral f9s2 _! v]tebr are r$uc$ to simple c>tilag9\s r+s1 sc>cely p]ceptible "o f ! o!r1 trav]s$ by t5dons1 & cov]$ by a second & m solid s]ies ( r+s1 :i* surr\nd ! s(t c>tilag9\s sp9e4 ,_! gills1 9 place ( pres5t+ ! comb-l appe>ance ( o!r fi%es1 h some?+ ( ! =m ( a purse4 ,! lampreys may be consid]$ z ! type ( ?is family4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cdh4 ,! ,lamprey 7,petromyzon m>9us74 ,! ,lampreys 7,petromyzon7 are cyl9drical1 ) sev5 gill-op5+s on ea* side ( ! neck1 =m+ two longitud9al l9es2 m\? r\nd1 arm$ ) _m tee?4 ,! ,sea ,lamprey1 ,p4 m>9us 7,fig4 #cdh71 belongs to ! ,m$it]ranean2 x is also f\nd 9 ! ,g]man ,ocean1 & ! fri5d :o supplies ?is note has caught x ) cockle bait 9 ! ,s\? ,esk1 ,=f>%ire4 ,9 ! spr+ x asc5ds ! riv]s1 :]e x is sometimes caught 9 abundance4 ,full-gr[n x is ab\t ?ree feet long1 m>bl$ br[n ^u yell[2 ! dorsal f9s are sep>at$ by long int]vals2 its m\? is circul> & surr\nd$ by a fle%y lip1 furni%$ ) cirri1 hav+ a c>tilag9\s plate = support2 x is provid$ on its int]nal surface ) _m circul> r[s ( /rong tee?1 "s s+le1 ! o!rs d\ble4 ,! ,lamprey fe$s on worms1 molluscs1 & small fi%es2 its m\? is a p[]ful suck]1 by ! aid ( :i* x atta*es itself to fi%es (t5 ( great size1 & sucks !m l a lee*4 ,x is tak5 by hook & l9e1 & spe>$ by a sort ( b>b$ h>poon1 l ! trid5t ( ! my?ological ,neptune1 :i* is ?r[n1 javel9 fa%ion1 at ! animal :5 se5 at ! bottom ( ! wat]2 ! fle% is fat & delicate4 ,9 ! twelf? c5tury "o ( our k+s1 ,h5ry ,i41 surfeit$ himself at ,elbeuf by p>tak+ too l>gely ( ! ,lamprey4 ,! riv]-lamprey resembles ! above 9 its g5]al con=mation1 b is mu* small]1 & diff]s 9 ! armature ( ! m\?1 hav+ only a s+le circul> r[ ( tee?4 ,x is blacki% above1 silv]y b5ea?1 & is common 9 ! m>kets ( ,london & ,p>is1 be+ frequ5tly tak5 9 ! ,se9e4 ,a small] species1 ab\t t5 in*es 9 l5g?1 nev] leaves ! fre% wat]s4 ,x resembles ! la/ species 9 col\r1 b its two dorsal f9s are cont9u\s2 x is f\nd 9 mo/ ,european riv]s & brooks4 ,9 "s ( ! ,engli% riv]s !y are frequ5tly tak5 9 ! eel-pots1 weigh+ two & ?ree p\nds4 ,!y frequ5t /ony bottoms1 :]e !y f9d small animals on :i* !y fe$4 ,9 its l>va /ate x 0 long consid]$ to be a di/9ct species ( ,ammoctes2 x is n[1 h[ev]1 asc]ta9$ t x only acquires its p]fect =m at ! end ( its second or ?ird ye>4 ,,ii4 ,,sela*ia4 ,! ,sela*ians include a great numb] ( c>tilag9\s fi%es1 v>y+ mu* 9 =m1 includ+ ! rays1 dog-fi%1 skate1 torp$o1 hamm]-fi%1 %>ks1 & saw-fi%2 !y h pectoral & v5tral f9s4 ,on ea* side ( ! neck1 on ! l[] surface1 are five gill-op5+s1 9 =m ( a slit to ea* gill4 ,_m ( ! species h two bl[-holes 9 ! upp] "p ( ! head4 ,! ord] is divid$ into ,raiad & ,squalid4 ,,raiad4 ,( ! ,,raiad !re are sev]al g5]a1 & _m species4 ,9 ,cephalopt]a ! head is truncat$1 ) l>ge1 lat]al eyes4 ,9 ,myliobates x is project+1 ! pectoral f9s ext5d+ l w+s4 ,9 ,trygon x is enclos$ by ! pectorals4 ,9 ! ,skate 7,raia7 ! body is rhomboidal1 tail )\t sp9e1 b two small dorsals ne> ! top4 ,9 ! ,torp$o ! body is ne>ly r\nd1 ! tail %ort & fle%y1 ) two dorsals & a caudal f94 ,! ,:ite ,ray1 ,raia batis 7,fig4 #cdi71 rem9ds u ( ! loz5ge %ape1 ! po9t ( ! muzzle =m+ ! l[] angle1 ! longe/ ray ( ea* pectoral =m+ ! lat]al angles1 :ile ! summit ( ! tail =ms ! la/ angle2 ! :ole surface seems flat1 b a swell+ is di/+ui%able t[>ds ! head1 on ! upp] surface1 :i* be>s1 z x 71 ! cont\r ( ! body1 prop]ly s call$1 namely1 ! ?ree cavities ( ! head1 ! ?roat1 & ! belly1 :i* occupy ! c5tre ( ! loz5ge1 beyond :i* ! pectoral f9s ext5d4 ,^! f9s1 ?\gh cov]$ ) a ?ick sk91 p]mit ! c>tilag9\s rays1 ) _! articulations1 to be v di/9ctly se54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cdi4 ,! ,:ite ,ray 7,raia batis74 ,! head ( ! :ite ray1 :i* t]m9ates 9 a muzzle slightly po9t$1 is atta*$ beh9d to ! cavity ( ! brea/4 ,! m\?1 plac$ 9 ! l[] "p ( ! head & f> f ! extremity ( ! muzzle1 is elongat$2 its edges are c>tilag9\s1 & furni%$ ) _m r[s ( hook$ & po9t$ tee?2 ! no/rils are plac$ 9 front ( ! m\?4 ,! eyes1 :i* op5 9 ! upp] "p ( ! head1 are half project+1 & protect$ 9 "p by a cont9uation ( ! s(t1 ela/ic1 & retractile sk9 :i* cov]s ! head4 ,imm$iately beh9d ! eyes are two bl[-holes1 :i* communicate ) ! int]ior ( ! m\?4 ,! animal is able to op5 & close ^! holes at pleasure1 by means ( an ext5sible membrane1 :i* acts z a sort ( valve4 ,?r\gh ^! holes x ejects ! sup]abundant wat] beyond :at is necess>y = respiration4 ,9 its g5]al col\r ! animal is a%y grey on its upp] surface2 :ite1 ) r[s ( black spots1 bel[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cej4 ,! ,lump-fi% 7,raia clavata74 ,its tail is long1 flexible1 & sl5d]1 act+ at once z a rudd] & a weapon ( (f5ce or def5ce4 ,:5 ly+ 9 ambu%1 ne>ly buri$ 9 mud at ! bottom ( ! sea1 & x has no desire to *ange its position1 a rapid & sudd5 /roke ( ?is =midable weapon1 arm$ ) hook$ bones on its upp] surface1 arre/s its victim by w\nd+ or kill+ x1 )\t di/urb+ ! mud or seawe$ by :i* x is cov]$4 ,?is species sometimes atta9s a v consid]able size1 & _! fle% is firm & n\ri%+2 b ! l>g] specim5s r>ely approa* inhabit$ %ores1 ev5 :5 ! female desires to lay h] eggs4 ,^! eggs h a v s+ul> %ape1 diff]+ f almo/ e o!r fi%1 & p>ticul>ly f ^? ( all o!r osse\s fi%es4 ,!y are quadrangul>1 a little flat1 ea* ( ! f\r corn]s t]m9at+ 9 a small cyl9drical beak--a k9d ( pocket =m$ ( a /rong & transp>5t membrane4 ,! ,lump-fi%1 ,r4 clavata 7,fig4 #cej71 s call$ 9 consequ5ce ( its armature1 inhabits e ,european sea2 sometimes x atta9s ! l5g? ( twelve feet1 &1 be+ excell5t eat+1 is mu* s\ght aft] by fi%]m54 ,x is frequ5tly se5 ) ! skate 9 ,european m>kets4 ,a ray ( great curv+ sp9es occupies ! back & ext5ds to ! end ( ! tail2 two simil> sp9es are above1 & two bel[ ! po9t ( ! muzzle4 ,two o!rs are plac$ be=e1 & ?ree beh9d ! eyes4 ,ea* side ( ! tail is furni%$ ) a r[ ( %ort] sp9es2 ! :ole surface1 9 %ort1 bri/les ) l>g] or small] sp9es1 ju/ify+ ! "n ( buckl]-fi%2 = ^! are n giv5 by way ( ornam5t1 b def5ce4 ,! col\r ( ! upp] surface is g5]ally br[n1 ) :iti% spots4 ,! tail1 :i* exce$s ! body 9 l5g?1 pres5ts t[>ds ! end two small dorsals1 t]m9at+ 9 a caudal f94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cea4 ,! ,cramp-fi% 7,torp$o m>morata74 ,ray-fi% ( all k9ds are inhabitants ( ! deep sea1 b !y *ange accord+ to ! seasons4 ,:ile /ormy wea!r prevails1 !y hide !mselves 9 ! dep? ( ! ocean1 :]e !y lie 9 ambu%1 creep+ along ! bottom4 ,b !y d n always live at ! bottom4 ,!y rise occasionally to ! surface f> f ! %ore1 eag]ly *as+ o!r inhabitants ( ! deep1 la%+ ! wat] ) _! =midable tails & f9s1 spr++ out ( ! wat]1 & mak+ x foam aga9 "u _! gambols4 ,:5 pursu+ _! prey ! rays employ _! great pectoral f9s1 :i* resemble w+s1 & are aid$ by a v delicate & mobile tail2 !y beat ! wat]s 9 ord] to fall unexpect$ly ^u _! prey1 z ! eagle swoops d[n ^u its victim4 ,x may ?us be call$ ! k+ ( fi%es1 z ! eagle is ! k+ ( birds4 ,! ,cramp-fi%1 ,torp$o m>morata 7,fig4 #cea71 has consid]able analogy ) ! ,raia4 ,its flatt5$ body =ms a r\ndi% disk1 beyond :i* its rays =m l>ge pectoral f9s2 b ! hum]al girdle :i* c>ries !m1 c>ries also1 9 a great holl[1 a mo/ s+ul> organic app>atus1 :i* possesses ! prop]ty ( produc+ viol5t electrical commotions4 ,?is app>atus is plac$ 9 ! int]val betwe5 ! end ( ! muzzle & ! extremity ( ! f91 & completes ! r\nd$ disk ( ! body4 ,! m\? is small1 ! slit crosswise2 ! jaws b>e2 ! tee? 9 squ>es ( five4 ,! eyes are small2 beh9d !m are two />-l sp\t-holes4 ,on ! l[] surface ( ! brea/ are two r[s ( small transv]se slits1 op5+s ( ! gill p\*es1 l ^? ( ! rays4 ,! tail is ?ick1 %ort1 & conical1 c>ry+ "p ( ! v5tral1 & t]m9at+ 9 a sort ( caudal f94 ,on ! back are two small1 s(t1 & adipose f9s4 ,! sk9 is smoo?2 its col\r v>ies ) ! species2 g5]ally x is r$di%-br[n1 ) eye-l spots ( a deep blue 9 ! c5tre2 sometimes azure1 & surr\nd$ by a great br[ni% circle2 ! spots be+ five or six4 ,^! curi\s fi%es are f\nd 9 ! ,*annel & on ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! electrical effects produc$ on ! fi%]man :o seizes !m 7 not$ f e>ly times2 b ,r$i1 ! ,italian naturali/ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 0 ! fir/ :o /udi$ !m sci5tifically4 ,hav+ caught & l&$ "o ( !m ) e precaution1 ,i _h sc>cely t\*$ & press$ x ) my h&1 says ! ,italian naturali/1 ?an ,i exp]i5c$ a t+l+ s5sation1 :i* ext5d$ to my arms & %\ld]s1 :i* 0 foll[$ by a disagreeable trembl+1 ) a pa9ful & acute s5sation 9 ! elb[ jo9t1 :i* made me )draw my arm imm$iately4 ,raumur also made "s obs]vations ^u ! ,torp$o4 ,! b5umb+ influ5ce1 he says1 is v diff]5t f any simil> s5sation4 ,all ov] ! arm !re is a commotion :i* x is impossible to describe1 b :i*1 s f> z comp>ison c be made1 resembles ! s5sation produc$ by /rik+ ! t5d] "p ( ! elb[ aga9/ a h>d sub/ance4 ,r$i rem>ks1 besides1 t ! pa9 & trembl+ s5sation result+ f ! t\* dim9i%es z ! dea? ( ! ,torp$o approa*es1 & t x ceases altoge!r :5 ! animal dies4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! fi%]m5 affirm$ t ! s5sation 0 ev5 communicat$ ?r\gh ! l9e by :i* x 0 caught1 & ev5 by ! wat]4 ,r$i does n d5y ?is ph5om5on1 nei!r does he confirm x4 ,he /ates t ! action ( ! animal is nev] m en]getic ?an :5 x is /rongly press$ by ! h&1 & makes viol5t ef=ts to escape4 ,nei!r ,r$i nor ,raumur1 h[ev]1 c\ld expla9 ! cause ( ! /range ph5om5on4 ,x 0 res]v$ = ,dr4 ,wal%1 a fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 to demon/rate ! fact t ! p[] 0 electrical 9 its nature4 ,?is he did by num]\s exp]im5ts1 :i* he made 9 ! ,isle ( ,r4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( 8 exp]im5ts4 ,he plac$ a liv+ torp$o ^u a clean wet t[el2 f a plate he susp5d$ two pieces ( brass wire by means ( silk5 cord1 :i* s]v$ to isolate !m4 ,r\nd ! torp$o 7 eight p]sons1 /&+ on isolat+ sub/ances4 ,"o end ( ! brass wire 0 support$ by ! wet t[el1 ! o!r end be+ plac$ 9 a bas9 full ( wat]4 ,! fir/ p]son _h a f+] ( "o h& 9 ?is bas91 & a f+] ( ! o!r 9 a second bas91 also full ( wat]4 ,! second p]son plac$ a f+] ( "o h& 9 ?is second bas91 & a f+] ( ! o!r h& 9 a ?ird bas94 ,! ?ird p]son did ! same1 & s on1 until a complete *a9 0 e/abli%$ betwe5 ! eight p]sons & n9e bas9s4 ,into ! n9? bas9 ! end ( ! second brass wire 0 plung$1 :ile ,dr4 ,wal% appli$ ! o!r end to ! back ( ! torp$o1 ?us e/abli%+ a complete conduct+ circle4 ,at ! mom5t :5 ! exp]im5t] t\*$ ! torp$o1 ! eight actors 9 ! exp]im5t felt a sudd5 %ock1 simil> 9 all respects to t communicat$ by ! %ock ( a ,leyd5 j>1 only less int5se4 ,:5 ! torp$o 0 plac$ on an isolat$ support]1 x communicat$ to _m p]sons simil>ly plac$ f =ty to fifty %ocks 9 a m9ute & a half4 ,ea* ef=t made by ! animal1 9 ord] to give !m1 0 accompani$ by ! depression ( its eyes1 :i* 7 slightly project+ 9 _! natural /ate1 & seem$ to be drawn )9 _! orbits1 :ile ! o!r p>ts ( ! body rema9$ immovable4 ,if only "o ( ! two organs ( ! torp$o is t\*$ x happ5s t1 9 place ( a /rong & sudd5 %ock1 only a slight s5sation is exp]i5c$--a numbness1 or />t1 r ?an a %ock4 ,! same result foll[$ ) e exp]im5t tri$4 ,! animal 0 tri$ ) a non-conduct+ rod1 & no %ock foll[$2 glass1 or a rod cov]$ ) wax1 produc$ no effect2 t\*$ ) a metallic wire1 a viol5t %ock foll[$4 ,melloni1 ,matteucci1 ,becqu]el1 & ,bres*et h all made ! same exp]im5ts ) ! same results--,matteucci hav+ asc]ta9$ t ! %ock produc$ by ! torp$o is comp>able to t giv5 by a voltaic pile ( a hundr$ to a hundr$ & fifty pairs ( plates4 ,! organ :i* produces ?is curi\s result is =m$ l a half-moon2 x is d\ble1 & plac$ on ea* side ( ! m\? ( ! respiratory organs4 ,x consi/s ( a multitude ( small prisms arrang$ p>allel ! "o to ! o!r & p]p5dicul>ly to ! surface2 twelve hundr$ & sixty-two ( ^! prisms h be5 c\nt$ 9 "o ( ! two organs ( a torp$o1 ?ree feet 9 l5g?4 ,)\t ent]+ into ! anatomical descriptions :i* h be5 giv5 by ,/annius1 ,max ,s*ultze1 ,bres*et1 & o!rs1 we may m5tion "h t all ! small p>allelopip$es1 :i* ent] into _! /ructure1 are sep>at$ "o f ! o!r by walls ( cellul> tissue1 9 :i* are di/ribut$ ! vessels & n]ves4 ,! n]v\s ?reads :i* ea* app>atus receives are divid$ into f\r pr9cipal trunks4 ,accord+ to mod]n au?ors1 ! electricity is elaborat$ 9 ! bra9 "u ! influ5ce ( ! w4 ,x is aft]w>ds transf]r$ by means ( ! n]v\s ?reads into ! pr9cipal organ1 :]e x s]ves ! purpose ( *>g+ ! num]\s little voltaic piles :i* con/itute ! organ ( commotion4 ,x is1 nev]!less1 necess>y to receive our comp>isons ( ! app>atus ( ! torp$o ) ! voltaic pile ( our laboratories ) caution4 ,! app>atus resembles a good conduct+ body1 :i* is capable ( be+ /rongly electrifi$2 x is suffici5t to t\* "o ( ! surfaces 9 ord] to receive ! %ock4 ,b if ! little prisms compos+ x 7 *>g$ l our voltaic piles1 x w\ld be necess>y to t\* bo? _! surfaces 9 ord] to receive ! %ock4 ,no p]fect analogy c !re=e exi/ betwe5 ?is natural app>atus & ! sci5tific in/rum5t nam$ aft] ,volta4 ,x is possible by ! aid ( heat to re/ore ! ext9ct or susp5d$ electrical functions ( ! torp$o4 ,reta9$ 9 a tank ( sea-wat] a y>d 9 height by a ?ird ( t 9 diamet]1 & at #bb ,c5tigrade 9 temp]ature1 a torp$o pres]v$ its faculties dur+ five or six h\rs2 ano!r1 :i* rema9$ dur+ t5 h\rs 9 a v small quantity ( sea-wat] at a temp]ature ( #aj to #aa ,c5t41 & :i* seem$ dead1 reviv$ a little :5 plac$ 9 wat] at #bj ,c5t41 & gave %ocks dur+ an h\r4 ,if held firmly by ! tail1 & press$ bo? above & bel[ by a plat9um rod to ga!r ! true electricity1 ! animal contracts itself viol5tly2 b its movem5ts are n always accompani$ by electrical dis*>ges1 :i* demon/rate t ! jets ( electrical matt] are n ! result simply ( ! muscul> contractions1 b t !y are subject to ! w ( ! animal1 & evid5tly giv5 = resi/+ its enemies1 & b5umb+ its prey4 ,h[ wond]ful & v>i$ are ! res\rces :i* ,nature grants to h] creatures 9 ord] to secure _! exi/5ce6 ,,squalid4 ,?is family approa*es m to ! ,raias ?an any o!r fi%2 b all ! species h a l5g!n$ body1 m]g+ into a ?ick tail1 pectorals mod]ate 9 size1 gill-op5+s on ! sides ( ! neck1 & n b5ea? ! body1 z 9 ! ,raia2 eyes lat]al2 & ! r\ghness ( _! sk9 is a protection f _! enemies4 ,! family compreh5ds ! ,%>ks1 ,dog fi%es1 ,hamm]heads1 & ,saw fi%4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ceb4 ,! ,%>k 7,c>*>ius vulg>is74 ,! %>ks are said to atta9 ! l5g? ( tw5ty & ev5 ?irty feet2 b its size is n its wor/ attribute4 ,x has receiv$1 besides1 /r5g? & t]rible arms4 ,f]oci\s1 voraci\s1 impetu\s1 & insatiable1 spread ov] almo/ e climate1 an inhabitant ( e sea1 & rec5tly n seldom se5 on our own %ores1 ! %>k rapidly pursues e fi%1 :i* fly at its approa*2 & ?reat5s ) its wide gullet ! un=tunate victims ( %ipwreck1 %utt+ !m out f all hope ( safety4 ,! body ( ! %>k is long1 & its sk9 is /udd$ ) small tub]cles3 ?is sk9 becomes s h>d1 & takes s high a poli%1 t x is employ$ = v>i\s ornam5tal purposes4 ,?is resi/+ p[] protects ! %>k f ! bites ( e inhabitant ( ! sea1 if !re be any d>+ en\gh to approa* x ) t view4 ,! back & sides ( ! ,%>k1 ,c>*>ius vulg>is 7,fig4 #ceb71 are ( an a%y br[n2 b5ea? x is fad$ :ite4 ,! head is flat1 & t]m9ates 9 a muzzle slightly r\nd$4 ,its t]rible m\? is 9 ! =m ( a semicircle1 & ( enorm\s size2 ! cont\r ( ! upp] jaw ( a %>k ( t5 y>ds l5g? be+ ab\t two y>ds wide1 & its ?roat be+ ( a proportionate diamet] to ?is mon/r\s op5+4 ,:5 ! ?roat ( ! animal is op5 we see beyond ! lips1 :i* are /raight & ( ! consi/5ce ( lea!r1 c]ta9 plates ( tee?1 :i* are triangul>1 d5tate1 & :ite z ivory4 ,if ! %>k is an adult x has 9 ! upp] z 9 ! l[] jaw six r[s ( ^! murd]\s arms1 an ars5al ready to te> & r5d its victim4 ,^! tee? take diff]5t motions accord+ to ! w ( ! animal1 & ob$i5t to ! muscles r\nd _! base1 by means ( :i* x c erect or retract its v>i\s r[s ( tee?2 x c ev5 erect a portion ( any r[1 :ile ! o!rs rema9 at re/ 9 _! b$4 ,?us ?is f>-see+ tyrant ( ! ocean kn[s h[ to measure ! numb] & p[] ( ! arms necess>y to de/roy its prey3 = ! de/ruction ( ! weak & def5celess "o r[ ( tee? suffices2 = ! m =midable adv]s>y x has a :ole ars5al at comm&4 ,! eyes ( ! %>k are small1 & ne>ly r\nd2 ! iris ( a deep gre51 ! eyeball1 %ap$ 9 a transv]sal slit1 is blui%2 its sc5t is v subtle2 its f9s are /rong & r\gh4 ,! pectoral f9s are triangul>1 & mu* l>g] ?an ! o!rs1 ext5d+ on ea* side1 & giv+ p[]ful aid 9 swimm+4 ,! caudal f9 is divid$ into two v unequal lobes1 ! upp] ext5d+ 9 a slop+ direction to twice ! l5g? ( ! o!r4 ,?is tail is possess$ ( imm5se p[]1 & is capable ( break+ ! limb ( a robu/ man by a s+le /roke4 ,dur+ ! hot season ! male & female seek ea* o!r2 !y approa* ! coa/ rov+ 9 company1 =gett+ _! f]ocity = ! "t4 ,! eggs are hat*$ at sev]al p]iods 9 ! ov>y1 f :i* ! little ones issue two or ?ree at a "t4 ,! %>k1 z soon z born1 becomes ! sc\rge ( ! sea4 ,he seizes all t come ne> him4 ,he eats ! cuttle-fi%1 molluscs1 & fi%es2 among o!rs1 fl\nd]s & cod-fi%4 ,b ! prey :i* has ! greate/ *>m = him is man2 ! %>k loves him de>ly1 b x is ) ! affection ( ! g\rm&4 ,x ev5 manife/s1 accord+ to "s au?ors1 a pref]5ce = c]ta9 races4 ,if we may believe "s travell]s1 :5 sev]al v>ieties ( human food comes 9 its way1 ! %>k pref]s ! ,european to ! ,asiatic1 & bo? to ! negro4 ,/ill1 :atev] may be ! col\r1 he seeks eag]ly = human fle%1 & haunts ! neighb\rhood :]e x hopes to f9d ! preci\s morsel4 ,he foll[s ! %ip 9 :i* 8 in/9ct tells him x is to be f\nd1 & makes extraord9>y ef=ts to rea* x4 ,he has be5 kn[n to leap into a boat 9 ord] to seize ! fright5$ fi%]m52 he ?r[s himself ^u ! %ip1 cleav+ ! waves at full spe$1 to snap up "s unhappy sailor :o has %[n himself beyond ! bulw>ks4 ,he foll[s ! c\rse ( ! slav]1 wat*+ = ! horrors ( ! middle passage1 ready to engulf ! negroes' corpses z !y are ?r[n into ! sea4 ,comm]son relates a significant fact be>+ on ! subject4 ,! corpse ( a negro _h be5 susp5d$ f a y>d-arm tw5ty feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,a %>k 0 se5 to make _m ef=ts to rea* ! body1 & x f9ally succe$$ 9 seiz+ x1 memb] by memb]1 undi/urb$ by ! cries ( ! horror-/rick5 crew assembl$ on deck to witness ! /range spectacle4 ,9 ord] t an animal s l>ge & heavy %\ld be able to ?r[ itself to ?is height1 ! muscles ( ! tail & po/]ior p>ts ( ! body mu/ h an a/oni%+ p[]4 ,! m\? ( ! %>k be+ plac$ 9 ! l[] "p ( ! head1 x becomes necess>y to turn itself r\nd 9 ! wat] be=e x c seize ! object :i* is plac$ above him4 ,he meets ) m5 bold en\gh to pr(it by ?is con=mation1 & *ase ?is =midable & f]oci\s creature4 ,on ! ,african coa/ ! negroes attack ! %>k 9 8 own elem5t1 swimm+ t[>ds him1 & seiz+ ! mom5t :5 he turns himself to rip up 8 belly ) a %>p knife4 ,?is act ( c\rage & audacity _c1 h[ev]1 be said to be %>k-fi%+4 ,! fi%+ op]ation is conduct$ z foll[s3--,*oos+ a d>k night1 a hook is prep>$ by bury+ x 9 a piece ( l>d1 & atta*+ x to a long & solid wire *a92 ! %>k looks askance at ?is prey1 feels x1 !n leaves x2 he is tempt$ by )draw+ ! bait1 :5 he foll[s1 & swall[s x glutton\sly4 ,he n[ tries to s9k into ! wat]1 b1 *eck$ by ! *a91 he /ruggles & fights4 ,by-&-by he gets exhau/$1 & ! *a9 is drawn up 9 su* a mann] z to raise ! head out ( ! wat]4 ,ano!r cord is n[ ?r[n out ) a runn+ knot or loop1 9 :i* ! body ( ! %>k is caught ab\t ! orig9 ( ! tail4 ,?us b\nd1 ! captur$ %>k is soon hoi/$ on deck1 z repres5t$ 9 ,,pl4 ,,xxv4 ,on ! qu>t]-deck ( ! %ip he is put to dea?1 n )\t great precaution1 h[ev]1 = he is /ill a =midable foe1 f 8 t]rible bites & f ! /ill dang]\s bl[s ( 8 tail4 ,moreov]1 he dies h>d1 & long resi/s ! mo/ =midable w\nds4 ,capta9 ,basil ,hall gives a spirit$ sket* ( ! appe>ance & capture ( "o ( ^? dread$ fi%es2 a capture 9 :i* ! :ole %ip's company1 capta91 (fic]s1 "y g5tlem5 inclusive1 %\t 9 triumphant exultation z ! body ( ! %>k fl\nd]s 9 impot5t rage on poop or =eca/le4 ,! %>p-curv$ dorsal f9 ( a huge %>k 0 se5 ris+ ab\t six in*es above ! wat]1 & cutt+ ! glaz$ surface ( ! sea by z f9e a l9e z if a sickle _h be5 drawn along x3 ',mess5g]1 run to ! cook = a piece ( pork1' cri$ ! capta91 tak+ ! comm& ) z mu* glee z if an enemy's cruis] _h be5 9 sight4 ',:]e's y\r hook1 qu>t]ma/]8' ',"h1 sir1 "h1' cri$ ! fell[1 feel+ ! po9t1 & decl>+ x 0 z %>p z any lady's ne$le1 & 9 ! next in/ant pi]c+ ) x a huge junk ( pork weigh+ f\r or five p\nds4 ,! hook1 :i* is z l>ge z "o's little f+]1 has a curvature ab\t z l>ge z a man's h& :5 half clos$1 & is six or eight in*es 9 l5g?1 :ile a =midable l9e1 furni%$ ) ?ree or f\r feet ( *a9 atta*$ to ! end ( ! miz5 topsail haly>d1 is n[ ca/ into ! %ip's wake4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxv4--,%>k ,fi%+4 ,sometimes ! v in/ant ! bait is ca/ ov] ! /]n ! %>k flies at x ) su* eag]ness t he actually spr+s p>tially out ( ! wat]4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is r>e4 ,on ^! occasions he gorges ! bait1 ! hook1 & a foot or two ( ! *a91 )\t any ma/ication1 & d>ts (f ) ! trea*]\s prize ) su* prodigi\s velocity t x makes ! rope crack aga9 z soon z ! coil is drawn out4 ,mu* dext]ity is requir$ 9 ! h& :i* holds ! l9e at ?is mom5t4 ,a bungl] is apt to be too precipitate1 & j]k away ! hook be=e x has got f> en\gh into ! %>k's maw4 ,! secret ( ! sport is to let ! mon/] gulp d[n ! :ole bait1 & !n to give ! l9e a viol5t pull1 by :i* ! b>b$ po9t buries itself 9 ! coat ( ! /oma*4 ,:5 ! hook is fir/ fix$1 x sp9s out l ! log l9e ( a %ip go+ twelve knots4 ,! sudd5ness ( ! j]k ) :i* ! poor devil is br\ght up (t5 turns him q ov]4 ,no sailor1 h[ev]1 ?9ks ( haul+ a %>k on bo>d m]ely by ! rope fa/5$ to ! hook4 ,to prev5t ! l9e break+1 ! hook snapp+1 or ! jaw be+ torn away1 a runn+ b[l9e is adopt$4 ,?is noose is slipp$ d[n ! rope & pass$ ov] ! mon/]'s head1 & is made to jo9 at ! po9t ( junction ( ! tail ) ! body2 & n[ ! fir/ "p ( ! fun is held to be complet$4 ,! vanqui%$ enemy is easily drawn up ov] ! taffrail1 & flung on deck1 to ! delight ( ! crew4 ,! fle% ( ! %>k is lea!ry1 ( bad ta/e1 & difficult to dige/4 ,nev]!less1 ! negroes ( ,gu9ea fe$ ^u x1 b n until x has be5 made t5d] & eatable by long pres]vation4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ! ,m$it]ranean coa/ small %>ks are tak5 f _! "m's belly & eat54 ,! "u "p ( adult %>ks is also eat5 by ! fi%]m5 aft] ! bad p>ts h be5 remov$4 ,9 ,norway & ,icel& ?is "p ( ! animal is dri$ 9 ! air dur+ ! mo/ "p ( ! twelve mon?s4 ,! ,icel&]s also use ! fat ( ! animal2 ! liv] ( "o ( !m1 accord+ to ,pontoppidan1 w furni% a great quantity ( oil4 ,we h ?us1 ) ! c>e x des]ves1 pa9t$ ! portrait ( ! %>k4 ,! orig9al is by no means beautiful2 b1 frightful z x may be1 our description w\ld be incomplete if we did n add t div9e hon\rs h be5 grant$ to ?is mon/] ( ! wat]s4 ,man wor%ips =ce2 he kn[s ! h& :i* cru%es1 ! tee? :i* r5d4 ,he respects ! ma/] or ! k+ :o /rikes1 & he v5]ates ! %>k4 ,! inhabitants ( sev]al p>ts ( ! ,african coa/ wor%ip ! %>k2 !y call x _! j\j\1 & consid] its /oma* ! road to heav54 ,?ree or f\r times 9 ! ye> !y celebrate ! fe/ival ( ! %>k1 :i* is done 9 ?is wise4 ,!y all move 9 _! boats to ! middle ( ! riv]1 :]e !y invoke1 ) ! /range/ c]emonies1 ! protection ( ! great %>k4 ,!y (f] to him p\ltry & goats1 9 ord] to satisfy 8 sacr$ appetite4 ,b ?is is no?+2 an infant is e ye> sacrific$ to ! mon/]1 :i* has be5 re>$ = ! purpose f its bir?2 x is ft$ & n\ri%$ = ! sacrifice f its bir? to ! age ( t54 ,on ! day ( ! fte x is b\nd to a po/ on a s&y po9t at l[ wat]2 z ! tide rises1 ! *ild may utt] cries ( horror1 b x is ab&on$ to ! waves1 & ! %>ks arrive4 ,! "m is n f> (f2 p]haps %e weeps1 b %e dries h] te>s & ?9ks t h] *ild has ent]$ heav5 ?r\gh ?is horrible gate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cec4 ,! ,pickl$ ,dog-fi% 7,acan?ias vulg>is74 ,! ,dog-fi%1 ,acan?ias vulg>is 7,fig4 #cec71 :i* sometimes atta9s ! l5g? ( betwe5 ?ree & f\r feet1 is exce$+ly voraci\s4 ,x fe$s ^u o!r fi%1 ( :i* x de/roys great quantities2 x does n hesitate to attack ! fi%]m51 & especially ba!rs 9 ! sea4 ,x places itself 9 ambu%1 l ! ,raias1 9 ord] to attack its prey4 ,! fle% ( ! dog-fi% is h>d1 smells ( musk1 & is r>ely eat52 b ! sk9 becomes an article ( comm]ce1 & is kn[n z %agr91 be+1 l ! sk9 ( ! %>k1 us$ = mak+ spectacle-cases & = o!r ornam5tal purposes1 = :i* its gre5 col\r & high poli% recomm5d x4 ,!re is a small] species ?an ! prec$+1 :i* haunts rocky %ores1 :]e x lies 9 wait = its prey4 ,its spots are l>g] & m scatt]$1 & its v5tral f9s are ne>ly squ>e4 ,x fe$s on molluscs1 cru/aceans1 & small fi%es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ced4 ,! ,hamm]head 7,zygna malleus74 ,! ,hamm]head1 ,zygna malleus 7,fig4 #ced71 is *iefly di/+ui%$ by ! s+ul> con=mation ( its head1 :i* is flatt5$ horizontally1 truncate 9 front1 & ! sides prolong$ transv]sely1 giv+ x ! appe>ance ( ! head ( a hamm]4 ,! eyes ( ?is fi% are plac$ at ! extremity ( ! lat]al prolongations ( ! head2 !y are grey1 project+1 & ! iris is gold-col\r$4 ,:5 ! animal is irritat$1 ! col\rs ( ! iris become l flame1 to ! horror ( ! fi%]m5 :o behold !m4 ,b5ea? ! head & ne> to ! junction ( ! trunk is ! m\?1 :i* is semicircul>1 & furni%$ on ea* jaw ) ?ree or f\r r[s ( l>ge tee?1 po9t$ & b>b$ on two sides4 ,! mo/ common species 9 our seas is long & sl5d] 9 ! body1 :i* is grey1 ! head blacki%4 ,x usually atta9s ! l5g? ( elev5 or twelve feet1 weigh+ occasionally ne>ly five hundr$ p\nds4 ,its boldness & voracity1 & crav+ = blood1 are m rem>kable ?an its size4 ,if ! hamm]head has n ! /r5g? ( ! %>k1 x surpasses x 9 fury2 few fi%es are bett] kn[n to sailors 9 consequ5ce ( its /rik+ con=mation4 ,its voracity (t5 br+s x r\nd %ips ev5 9 road/eads1 & ne> ! coa/4 ,its visits impress !mselves on ! memory ( ! sailor1 & he loves to relate 8 hairbread? escape f ! meet+4 ,! saw-fi% is di/+ui%$ f all o!r kn[n fi%es by ! =midable arm :i* x c>ries 9 its head4 ,?is weapon is a prolongation ( ! muzzle1 :i*1 9 place ( be+ r\nd$ (f or r$uc$ to a po9t1 =ms a long1 /rong1 /raight1 sword-l t]m9ation1 flat on bo? sides1 b on ! two edges x is furni%$ ) num]\s /rong tee? ( consid]able l5g?1 :i* are prolongations ( ! h>d1 bony sub/ance :i* =ms ! muzzle--=m+1 9 %ort1 a sword-blade deeply too!d on ea* edge4 ,?us arm$1 ! saw1 or sword-fi%1 z x is sometimes call$1 ! l5g? ( :i* is f twelve to fifte5 feet1 fe>lessly attacks ! mo/ =midable inhabitants ( ! sea4 ,) its ?reat5+ weapon1 sometimes two y>ds 9 l5g?1 x d>es to measure its /r5g? ) ! :ale4 ,all fi%]m5 :o visit ! nor!rn seas ass]t t ! meet+ ( ^! ocean pot5tates is always foll[$ by a combat ( ! mo/ s+ul> k9d1 9 :i* ! activity ( ! sword-fi% is a mat* = ! =midable /r5g? ( ! :ale4 ,occasionally x da%es itself ) su* =ce aga9/ ! sides ( a %ip1 t its sword is brok5 9 ! timb]4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum ! blade ( a sword-fi% may be se5 :i* 0 ?us implant$ 9 ! timb] ( a %ip4 ,,iii4 ,,/uriona4 ,9 ! second division ( c>tilag9\s fi%es1 or /urgeons1 ! gills are free1 z 9 ! ord9>y fi%es4 ,9 ! /urgeon ! gill-op5+s are a s+le1 v wide orifice1 ) an op]culum1 b )\t radiat+ membrane4 ,!y are fi%es ( great size1 liv+ 9 ! sea1 b asc5d+ ! l>g] riv]s 9 ! spawn+ season4 ,our space only p]mits u to notice ! ,*imra & ,/urgeon4 ,! naturali/s ,clusius & ,aldrov&us comp>$ ! fi%1 to :i* !y gave ! "n ( ,*imra arctica1 to ! *imra1 a mon/] ( my?ological antiquity1 :i* is repres5t$ ) ! body ( a goat1 ! head ( a lion1 ! tail ( a dragon1 & a gap+ ?roat :i* vomit$ flames4 ,! /range =m ( ?is fi%1 ! mann] 9 :i* x moves1 ! diff]5t p>ts ( its muzzle1 its mode ( %[+ its tee?1 its ape-l contortions & grimaces1 its long tail1 :i* acts ) su* rapidity1--rem9d+ "o n a little ( a reptile1--are well calculat$ to /rike ! imag9ation4 ,at a lat] p]iod m$ival naturali/s 7 cont5t$ to see 9 x a fi% ) a lion's head1 & z ! lion 0 !n reg>d$ z ! k+ ( animals1 s ! *imra became ! ,h]r+ k+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cee4 ,! ,arctic *imra4 ,! k+ ( ! h]r+s 7,fig4 #cee7 is f five to six feet 9 l5g?1 ( a g5]al silv]y col\r1 spott$ ) br[n4 ,x inhabits ! ,nor? ,sea1 liv+ on molluscs & cru/aceans2 occasionally1 z if to ju/ify ! title :i* has be5 giv5 x1 levy+ heavy contributions ^u ! h]r+s4 ,ano!r species1 ,c4 ant>ctica1 is f\nd 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 :i* greatly resembles1 9 its con=mation & habits1 ! nor!rn species4 ,9 bo? ! end ( ! muzzle t]m9ates 9 a c>tilag9\s app5dage1 :i* projects =w>d1 curv+ aft]w>ds ov] ! m\?4 ,?is ext5sion assimilates to a cre/4 ,! /urgeons 7,acip5s]7 are among ! l>ge/ fi%es kn[n4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 z well z f _! ext]ior con=mation1 !y approa* ! ,squalid4 ,_! muscles1 h[ev]1 are less firmly knit1 _! fle% m delicate1 & _! muscul> /r5g? consequ5tly inf9itely small]4 ,nei!r is _! m\? arm$ ) s _m r[s ( tee?4 ,moreov]1 !y are less voraci\s1 & _! habits are n at all f]oci\s4 ,! /urgeons are sea-fi%es :i* p]iodically asc5d ! l>g] riv]s4 ,sev]al species are kn[n 9 ,europe4 ,!y ab\nd 9 ! ,black ,sea & ,sea ( ,az(1 b !y are *iefly kn[n z frequ5t+ ! ,volga & ! ,danube4 ,! enorm\s consumption ( cavi>e 9 ,russia leads to a deadly pursuit ( ! common /urgeon 9 all ! great ,european riv]s1 & ?is species is 9 a fair way ( disappe>+ altoge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cef4 ,! ,common ,/urgeon 7,acip5s] /urio74 ,! ,common ,/urgeon1 ,acip5s] /urio 7,fig4 #cef71 ab\nds 9 ! ,nor? ,sea & ! ,m$it]ranean1 & occasionally x appe>s 9 ! ,?ames1 ! ,rh9e1 ! ,se9e1 ! ,loire1 & ! ,gironde4 ,x is usually ab\t two y>ds to sev5 feet long1 b has be5 kn[n to atta9 ! l5g? ( t5 or twelve feet4 ,its g5]al col\r is yell[1 ) a :ite belly4 ,x is r5d]$ rem>kable by ! numb] & =m ( ! osse\s plates or scales1 :i* cov] ! body l s _m buckl]s4 ,^u ! back & belly are no less ?an twelve to fifte5 ( ^! r\gh bony plates1 reliev$ by projections1 :i* are po9t$ 9 ! "y1 & s(t5 d[n ) age4 ,on ea* side is a r[ ( ?irty to ?irty-five ( ^! triangul> plates1 sep>at$ f ea* o!r by consid]able int]vals4 ,! head is broad at ! base1 gradually contract+ t[>ds ! po9t1 & t]m9at+ 9 a conical muzzle4 ,! m\? is l>ge & consid]ably beh9d ! extremity ( ! muzzle1 & its jaws1 9 place ( tee?1 are furni%$ ) c>tilages4 ,betwe5 ! m\? & ! muzzle are f\r sl5d] & v ela/ic b>bs1 or wattles1 l s _m little worms4 ,x is pret5d$ t ^! wattles attract small fi%es to ! jaws ( ! animal1 :ile x conceals itself among ! roots ( aquatic plants4 ,9 ! sea ! /urgeon fe$s on h]r+s1 mack]el1 cod-fi%1 & o!r fi%es ( mod]ate size4 ,9 ! riv]s x attacks ! salmon :i* asc5d !m ab\t ! same "t4 ,m+l+ ) !m1 h[ev]1 x seems a giant4 ,x deposits its eggs 9 great quantity1 :i* are ga!r$ & made into cavi>e4 ,its fle% is delicate1 & 9 c\ntries :]e !y are caught 9 quantities x is dri$ & pres]v$4 ,! riv]s :i* ent] ! ,black & ,caspian seas conta91 besides ! common /urgeon1 _m o!r species ( ! same g5us1 ! fle% ( :i* is ev5 m delicate & re*]* ?an ! common /urgeon4 ,among ! anci5ts ?is fi% 0 held 9 unusual e/eem4 ,9 ,rome1 9 ! "t ( ! emp]ors1 we read ( /urgeons borne 9 triumph to ! s\nd ( in/rum5ts1 & laid ^u tables fa/idi\sly cov]$ & decorat$ ) fl[]s4 ,! ,great ,/urgeon1 :i* sometimes exce$s a ?\s& p\nds1 is only f\nd 9 ! riv]s :i* fl[ into ! ,caspian & ,black seas4 ,! ,volga1 ! ,don1 & ! ,danube produce ! l>ge/ species4 ,we are indebt$ to ! ,russian naturali/ ,pallas = ! in=mation we possess respect+ ! mode ( tak+ ! /urgeon 9 ! ,volga & o!r ,asiatic riv]s4 ,/akes are plac$ across ! riv]1 leav+ j suffici5t space betwe5 ea* pile to p]mit ! animal to pass4 ,t[>ds ! c5tre ?is dike =ms an angle oppos$ to ! curr5t1 &1 consequ5tly1 oppos$ to ! fi% :i* asc5d ! riv] t[>ds ! summit ( ?is angle4 ,at ?is po9t !re is an op5+ :i* leads into a k9d ( enclosure1 consi/+ ( fillets t[>ds ! end ( w9t]1 & ( osi]-hurdles dur+ summ]4 ,! fi%]m5 e/abli% !mselves ^u a sort ( scaffold plac$ ov] ! op5+4 ,:5 ! fi% is engag$ 9 ! res]voir1 ! m5 ^u ! scaffold drop a gate1 :i* prev5ts 8 return to ! sea4 ,! movable bottom ( ! *amb] is n[ rais$1 & ! fi%es easily tak51 z repres5t$ 9 ,,pl4 ,,xxvi4 ,! fi%]m5 are in=m$ dur+ ! day ( ! approa* ( ! /urgeons to ! great enclosure by ! movem5t !y communicate to cords susp5d$ to small float+ sub/ances 9 ! wat]4 ,dur+ ! night ! /urgeons ent] ! enclosure1 agitat+ by _! movem5ts o!r cords arrang$ r\nd ! hurdles4 ,! agitation communicat$ to ! cord is suffici5t to %ut ! gates beh9d2 !y are ?us imprison$ by ! dropp+ ( ! gate1 :i* 9 fall+ s\nds a bell to wake ! wat*+ fi%]man on ! scaffold1 %\ld he be asleep4 ,! /urgeon-fi%]ies ( ! ,volga are ?us admirably organiz$4 ,gmel9 describes ) "s m9ut5ess ! /urgeon-fi%+1 dur+ ! w9t]1 9 ! cav]ns & holl[s ( ! riv]-banks ne> ,a/rakhan1 9 ! e/u>y ( ! ,volga4 ,a great numb] ( fi%]m5 are assembl$ !re ) _! boats4 ,! flotilla approa*es ! retreats to :i* ! fi%es h betak5 !mselves1 ! nets are skilfully arrang$ all r\nd !m1 & all at once ! :ole mass ( fi%]m5 jo9 9 a great cry1 at :i* ! fright5$ fi%es ru% f _! concealm5t & ?r[ !mselves into ! nets spread = !m4 ,! size ( ! fi%1 ! n\ri%+ prop]ties ( its fle%1 its heal?y & agreeable ta/e1 & ! imm5se quantity ( eggs produc$1 h a wond]ful p[] 9 excit+ ! comm]ce & indu/ry ( ! inhabitants ( ^! c\ntries4 ,9 ord] to give "s idea ( ! abundance ( ! eggs ( ! /urgeon1 x is /at$ t ! weight ( two ov>ies equall$ ne>ly a ?ird ( ! weight ( ! :ole animal2 9 o!r words1 ^! ov>ies weigh$ ne>ly eight hundr$ p\nds 9 a female ^: weight 0 two ?\s& eight hundr$ p\nds4 ,x is ) ^! eggs *iefly1 b n altoge!r1 t cavi>e is prep>$2 & ! article is m or less reli%$ accord+ to ! /ate ( ! eggs4 ,! display ( cavi>e1 z exhibit$ at ! ,univ]sal ,exposition ( ,p>is dur+ ! ye> #ahfg1 w rema9 to ^? :o h visit$ x "o ( ! mo/ la/+ recollections4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ad3 ,! exceptions to ^! are ! ,doras1 or flat-head$ ,hass> ( ,india1 :i* m>*es ov]l& 9 l>ge droves2 ! ,swamp9es ( ,c>ol9a 7,hydr>gyra72 & ! ,p]ca ,sc&5s1 :i* 9 ,tranqueb> n m]ely walks ov] level gr\nd1 b climbs trees4 ,footnote #ae3 ,"s fi%1 z ! ,*ondropt]ygii1 h no swimm+ bladd]4--,,ed4 ,footnote #af3 ,dr4 ,fripp's !ory ( ! prop]ties ( ! fi%'s eye is v plausible4 #a/4 ,t ! fi%'s eye 9 its normal /ate is arrang$ = ! vision ( ne> objects1 & t ! great refractive p[] ( a prolate sph]oid l5s1 su* z exi/s 9 ! fi%1 is adequate to ! production ( a picture at %ort focal di/ances1 ev5 ) rays ( light pass+ ?r\gh s d5se a m$ium z wat]4 #bnd4 ,t !re is no accommodation ( ! fi%'s eye = ext5d$ limits ( vision4 #crd4 ,t ! passive /ate ( ! fi%'s eye1 be+ t 9 :i* x is enabl$ to see objects ne> & at mod]ate di/ance1 no active or physiological *ange = accommodation ( sight = di/ant objects takes place or seems necess>y4 ,! dioptric arrangem5t1 be+ ! rev]se ( t :i* obta9s 9 animals :]e accommodation is obs]v$1 & 9 :om ! passive /ate is t ( vision1 arrang$ = di/ant objects1 :ile ! active /ate is t ( vision accommodat$ at w = ne> objects4 #d?4 ,t ! vascul> di/ribution ( ! *oroid vessels has no relation to any movem5t ( ! l5s or *ange ( its %ape1 b is arrang$ to meet ! *anges ( /atic condition ( ! circulat+ fluid1 & ( dynamic =ce ex]t$ by ! he>t "u v>y+ pressure f )\t2 & t by su* an arrangem5t1 protection to ! delicate tissues ( ! eye is af=d$ by a comp5sat+ balance betwe5 ! t5sion ( ! blood )9 ! vessels & ! ext]nal pressure ex]t$ ^u !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxvi4--,/urgeon ,fi%+ on ! ,volga4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,ossei1 ,,or ,,bony ,,fi%es4 ,"u ?is d5om9ation is compreh5d$ _m ( ! fi%es :i* are mo/ famili> to u4 ,!y are *>act]iz$1 z we h said else:]e1 z a gr\p ( animals hav+ a solid skeleton4 ,!y are divid$ into six ord]s2 f\nd$1 h[ev]1 x is necess>y to add1 on *>act]i/ics ( little organic importance1 & ! names be/[$ ^u !m are ( a mo/ b>b>\s description4 ,^! names are1 ,i4 ,plectogna?i1 namely1 fi%es 9 :i* ! upp] jaw is atta*$ to ! cranium1 f 1 int]lac$1 & 1 jaw4 ,aft]w>ds ^? 9 :i* ! upp] jaw is movable1 & ! gills arrang$ 9 circles1 l r\nd$ hoops4 ,^! are1 ,,ii4 ! ,lophobran*ii1 f 1 cre/$1 or aigrette1 & 1 gill4 ,9 ! o!r ord]s ! gills are arrang$ 9 a comb-l =m4 ,^! are divid$ into two great gr\ps4 ,9 ! fir/1 ! rays ( ! f9s are s(t1 except occasionally ! fir/ ( dorsal or pectoral f9s4 ,^! are1 ,,iii4 ! ,malacopt]ygians1 f 1 s(t1 & 1 f9n$--! ?ird gr\p ( osse\s fi%es4 ,9 a lat] gr\p ! fi% h bony rays to ! ant]ior dorsal f9s1 "s osse\s rays1 & ! anal f9 & g5]ally "o ( ! v5tral f9s4 ,^! are1 ,,iv4 ! ,acan?opt]ygians1 f 1 sp9y1 & 1 f9n$1 :i* =m ! la/ gr\p ( bony fi%es4 ,i4 ,,plectogna?i4 ,f _! organization ! fi%es ( ?is ord] e/abli% ! passage f c>tilag9\s to ! osse\s fi%es4 ,_! skeleton1 :i* rema9s = "s "t m or less s(t1 becomes f9ally h>d4 ,! *ief *>act]i/ic ( ! ord] is t ! maxill>y is firmly atta*$ to ! side ( ! int]-maxill>y bone :i* =ms ! jaw1 & ! ar* ( ! palate is unit$ to ! skull 9 su* a mann] z to be motionless4 ,! op]culum & rays ( ! gills are hidd5 "u a ?ick sk91 :i* leaves ext]nally only a small bran*ial slit4 ,^! fi%es h no true v5tral f91 & h only ve/iges ( side f9s4 ,?is ord] compreh5ds two natural families *>act]iz$ by ! armature ( _! jaws4 ,!y are ! ,gymnodonta & ! ,scl]od]mata4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ceg4 ,! ,globe-fi% 7,or?agoriscus71 & ,sun-fi% 7,tetrodon74 ,9 ! family ( ,gymnodonta ! jaws h no app>5t tee?1 b !y are furni%$ ) a species ( beak 9 ivory1 :i* repres5ts !m4 ,! ,sun-fi%1 ,tetrodon 7,fig4 #ceg71 belong to ! family4 ,! ,globe-fi% are s nam$ f _! l>ge head & bony sali5t jaws1 :i* are ea* divid$ 9 front by a sort ( v]tical slit 9 two portions1 :i* simulate two tee?4 ,^! f\r portions ( bony jaw1 :i* project beyond ! lips1 some:at resemble ! h>d & d5tate jaws ( ! turtle4 ,_! ant]ior "p is sometimes prolong$1 l ! m&ibles ( ! beak ( ! p>rot4 ,!y are p]fectly arrang$ to cru% ! %ells ( ! molluscs1 z well z ! resi/+ envelope ( ! cru/aceans on :i* !y fe$4 ,! sk9 ( ^! fi%es bri/les ) small slightly-project+ sp9es1 ! numb] ( :i* comp5sate = _! brevity1 :i* repel _! enemies1 & ev5 w\nd ! h& t w\ld grasp !m4 ,!y enjoy1 besides1 a s+ul> faculty2 !y c inflate ! l[] "p ( _! body1 & give x an ext5sion s consid]able t x becomes l an inflat$ ball1 9 :i* ! real %ape ( ! animal is lo/4 ,?is result is obta9$ by ! introduction ( an imm5se quantity ( air into ! /oma* :5 x wi%es to asc5d to ! surface4 ,! species ( globe-fi% are num]\s4 ,"s ( !m are common 9 ! ,nile1 :]e !y are frequ5tly left a%ore dur+ ! annual inundations4 ,! ,globe-fi% 7,or?agoriscus mola71 9 ! upp] "p ( ! engrav+1 is easily di/+ui%$ f ! ,tetrodons by its compress$ sp9eless body2 be+ v r\nd 9 its v]tical cont\r1 x has be5 comp>$ to a disk1 & m poetically to ! moon--:5ce its popul> names--to ! great circul> surface ( :i* ! dazzl+ silv]y :ite disk be>s "s resemblance4 ,b x is especially dur+ ! night t x ju/ifies ! "n giv5 to x4 ,!n x %9es brightly1 f its own phosphoresc5t light1 at a little di/ance b5ea? ! surface4 ,on v d>k nights ! globe-fi% is sometimes se5 swimm+ 9 ! s(t light :i* emanates f its body1 ! rays r5d]$ undulat+ by ! rippl+ ( ! wat] :i* x trav]ses1 s z to resemble ! trembl+ light ( ! moon half-veil$ 9 mi/y vap\rs4 ,:5 _m ( ^! fi%es rove ab\t toge!r1 m+l+ _! silv]y tra9s1 ! sc5e sugge/s ! idea ( danc+ />s4 ,! moon-fi% is common 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 & sometimes rea*es ! m>kets ( ,p>is4 ,x is ab\t ?irty in*es 9 l5g?1 & its weight is consid]able4 ,its fle% is fat & visc\s1 & by no means pleasant to eat4 ,! ,diodons 7,fig4 #ceh7 only diff] f ! globe-fi% 9 ! =m ( _! bony jaws1 ea* =m+ only "o piece4 ,!y seem to h two tee?1 :5ce _! "n1 f 1 two1 1 tee?4 ,!y diff] also 9 _! sp9es1 :i* are mu* l>g] ?an ^? ( ! globe-fi%4 ,^! fi%es may be said to be ! h$gehogs & porcup9es ( ! sea4 ,l ! globe-fi%1 !y c erect _! sp9es & inflate _! bodies4 ,!y are num]\s 9 species--,diodon pilosus1 repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ceh1 be+ typical ( ! o!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ceh4 ,diodon pilosus4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cei4 ,! ,file-fi% 7,bali/es74 ,! ,scl]od]mes are di/+ui%$ by _! conical or pyramidal muzzle1 t]m9at+ 9 a little m\? arm$ ) true tee?2 _! sk9 is g5]ally /iff & cov]$ ) h>d scales4 ,! ,file-fi%1 ,bali/es & ,c(f]s1 are select$ = notice4 ,! ,file or ,rudd]-fi% 7,fig4 #cei7 h ! body compress$2 ! jaws are furni%$ ) eight tee?1 arrang$ 9 a s+le r[ on ea* jaw1 & cov]$ ) true lips2 ! eyes are ne>ly level ) ! sk92 ! m\? is small1 & ! body envelop$ 9 v h>d scales1 :i* are connect$ 9 gr\ps & di/ribut$ into comp>tm5ts m or less regul>1 & /rongly connect$ by means ( a ?ick sk94 ,! animal is ?us protect$ by a sort ( cuirass & casque v difficult to p5etrate4 ,) ! exception ( "o species1 ! ,bali/es are inhabitants ( ,tropical seas4 ,!y are g5]ally brilliantly col\r$2 !y h]d toge!r 9 great numb]s1 & 9 _! gambols produce curi\s comb9ations ( brilliant col\r+ 9 ! ,equatorial seas4 ,_! fle% is held 9 slight e/imation1 & at c]ta9 p]iods ( ! ye> is ev5 said to be dang]\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cfj4 ,! ,c(f]1 or ,o/racion4 ,! ,c(f]s1 or ,o/racions 7,fig4 #cfj71 are )\t scales1 b cov]$ ) regul> osse\s comp>tm5ts1 :i* are s jo9t$ ! "o to ! o!r t ! body is1 z x 71 enclos$ 9 a k9d ( box or long c(f]1 :i* only reveals ! ext]nal organs ( locomotion--namely1 ! f9s & a portion ( tail4 ,9 "s ! body is triangul>1 9 o!rs quadrangul>1 ) or )\t sp9es4 ,^! s+ul> fi%es are f\nd 9 ! ,indian ,ocean & 9 ! ,am]ican seas4 ,!y are ( mod]ate size1 & are mu* priz$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates z food4 ,,ii4 ,,lophobran*ii4 ,! ,lophobran*ii compreh5d a few types1 b are num]\s 9 species4 ,"h ! gills are divid$ into small r\nd tufts1 & arrang$ 9 pairs along ! bran*ial ar*es2 a /ructure q peculi>1 ( :i* we h no examples 9 any o!r fi%es4 ,^! gills are enclos$ "u a l>ge cov]1 or op]culum1 atta*$ on all sides by a membrane1 :i* leaves only a small hole = ! escape ( wat] :i* has s]v$ ! purposes ( respiration4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cfa4 ,! ,trumpet ,pipe-fi% 7,syngna?us74 ,^! little cuirass$ fi%es consi/ ( two g5]a1 ,syngna?us & ,hippocampus4 ,! ,syngna!s1 or pipe-fi%es1 possess a v curi\s organic peculi>ity4 ,_! bodies are long1 sl5d]1 & slightly tap]+1 cov]$ ) plates set l5g?wise1 )\t v5trals2 ! sk91 9 swell+1 =ms "u ! belly or "u ! tail1 accord+ to ! species1 a p\* into :i* ! eggs glide to be hat*$1 & :i* is aft]w>ds a %elt] = ! "y4 ,mo/ ( ! species are /rang]s to ,european seas1 b "s few are f\nd 9 ! ,*annel4 ,! ,trumpet ,pipe-fi% 7,fig4 #cfa7 has ! head small1 ! muzzle long1 ne>ly cyl9drical1 slightly rais$ at ! end1 & t]m9at+ 9 a v small m\? )\t tee?4 ,! animal is ab\t tw5ty in*es long2 its sk9 is ( a yell[i% col\r v>i$ ) br[n4 ,x lives 9 ! ,atlantic & ,m$it]ranean1 :]e x is l>gely us$ by ! fi%]m5 9 bait+ _! hooks4 ,x is f\nd 9 great abundance 9 ! ,atlantic betwe5 ! ,equator & ! ,we/]n ,isles4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cfb4 ,! ,sea-horse 7,hippocampus74 ,! ,sea ,horse 7,hippocampus7 is a small creature ab\t ! size ( ! engrav+ 7,fig4 #cfb72 its head has a s+ul> resemblance to t ( ! horse4 ,! r+s :i* con/itute ! integum5t ( ! body & tail h a close resemblance to ! r+s ( "s cat]pill>s4 ,?is curi\s comb9ation ( =ms orig9at$ ! "n1 ,hippocampus1 f 1 horse1 1 fi%1 adopt$ 9 v anci5t times to designate ?is creature4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! ,atlantic1 r\nd ! coa/ ( ,spa91 ! s\? ( ,france1 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 & 9 ! ,indian ,ocean4 ,mr4 ,lukis1 :o rais$ two females 9 captivity1 describes _! habits z foll[s3--,:5 !y swim1 he says1 !y pres]ve a v]tical position1 b _! tail seems on ! al]t to seize :atev] x meets ) 9 ! wat]1 clasp+ ! /em ( ! ru%es4 ,once fix$1 ! animal seems to wat* att5tively all ! surr\nd+ objects1 & d>ts on any prey pres5t+ itself ) great dext]ity4 ,:5 "o ( !m approa*es ! o!r1 !y int]lace _! two tails1 & x is only aft] a /ruggle t !y c sep>ate aga91 atta*+ !mselves by ! l[] "p ( ! *9 to "s ru% 9 ord] to release !mselves4 ,!y h rec\rse to ! same manuvre :5 !y wi% to raise ! body1 or :5 !y wi% to w9d _! tail to "s new object4 ,_! two eyes seem to move indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r1 l ^? ( ! *ameleon4 ,! iris is bright & edg$ ) blue4 ,! sea-horses h ! pectoral f9s s =m$ z easily to su/a9 ! body1 n only 9 ! wat]1 b ev5 9 ! air2 !y are1 9 fact1 w+$ fi%es1 & probably orig9at$ ! fam\s w+$ c\rs] ( my?ology1 aft] :i* !y are sometimes nam$4 ,!y r>ely exce$ f\r in*es 9 l5g?2 ! body is cov]$ ) triangul> scales1 commonly ( a blui% col\r4 ,!y live on worms1 fi%es' eggs1 & fragm5ts ( organic sub/ances :i* !y f9d 9 ! f> l& at ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,,iii4 ,,malacopt]ygii4 ,! pr9cipal "* ( ! fi%es ( ?is ord] is t ! rays ( ! f9s are s(t1 except sometimes ! fir/ ray ( ! dorsal or pectorals4 ,!y inhabit ei!r sea or fre% wat]1 & include fi%es ( ! utmo/ importance z human food1 su* z ! h]r+1 ! cod1 ! salmon1 c>p1 pike1 & _m o!rs4 ,mod]n naturali/s1 foll[+ ,cuvi]1 subdivide !m into ?ree ord]s3--#a4 ,apoda1 )\t v5trals2 #b4 ,sub-bran*iati1 v5trals "u ! pectorals2 #c4 ,abdom9ales1 hav+ v5trals beh9d ! pectorals4 #a4 ,,apoda4 ,a s+le family composes ?is ord]1 :i* compreh5ds great numb]s bo? 9 g5]a & species2 !y are anguilli=m or snake-l1 elongat$ 9 =m1 ! sk9 ?ick & s(t1 & h no v5tral f9s4 ,9 ?is ord] are includ$ ! ,ammodytes1 ,gymnotes1 ,murnas1 & ,anguilla1 or eels4 ,! ,ammodytes h ! body elongat$ & s]p5t-l1 hav+ a cont9u\s f9 ext5d+ along ! great] "p ( ! back1 ) ano!r at ! opposite side1 & a ?ird or =k$ f9 at ! end ( ! tail4 ,! muzzle is also long2 ! l[] jaw long] ?an ! upp]4 ,a4 lancea 7,fig4 #cfc7 buries itself 9 ! s&2 h5ce x is call$ ! s&-eel2 x holl[s out a burr[ = itself 9 ! s& ) its muzzle to ! dep? ( fifte5 or tw5ty in*es1 :]e x hunts out worms1 on :i* x fe$s1 :ile x %elt]s itself f ! jaws ( _m voraci\s fi%es1 :i* eag]ly pursue x = its delicate fle%4 ,9 appe>ance ! ,ammodytes lancea is silv]y blue1 bright] on ! l[] p>ts ?an on ! upp]1 ! radiat+ f9s on ! abdom5 be+ alt]nately :ite & blui% 9 col\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cfc4 ,! ,lance 7,a4 lancea74 ,! gymnotes are long1 ne>ly cyl9drical1 & also s]p5t-l1 ! tail be+ long 9 comp>ison to ! o!r p>ts ( ! body4 ,b5ea? ! tail is a long swimm+ f91 ! only locomotive organ1 & x is ?is nak$ness ( ! back :i* conf]s its designation ( 1 nak$1 1 back4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cfd4 ,! ,gymnotus ,electricus1 or ,electrical ,eel4 ,! ,gymnotes are fre%-wat] fi%es ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 :]e !y atta9 a great size4 ,!re are sev]al species1 b ! mo/ rem>kable1 f its s+ul> physical prop]ties1 is ! ,electrical ,eel1 ,gymnotus electricus 7,fig4 #cfd74 ,^! prop]ties enable ! gymnotus to arre/ sudd5ly ! pursuit ( an enemy1 or ! flight ( its prey1 to susp5d on ! in/ant e movem5t ( its victim1 & subdue x by an invisible p[]4 ,ev5 ! fi%]m5 !mselves are sudd5ly /ruck & r5d]$ torpid at ! mom5t ( seiz+ x1 :ile no?+ ext]nal betrays ! my/]i\s p[] possess$ by ! animal4 ,! electrical prop]ties ( ! gymnotus 7 report$ = ! fir/ "t by ,van ,b]kal4 ,! a/ronom] ,ri*]1 :o _h be5 s5t to ,cay5ne 9 #afga by ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces ( ,p>is1 on ! ,geodesic ,survey1 fir/ made kn[n ! s+ul> prop]ties ( ! ,am]ican fi%4 ,i 0 mu* a/oni%$1 says ?is au?or1 to see a fi% "s ?ree or f\r feet 9 l5g?1 & resembl+ an eel1 deprive ( all s5sation = a qu>t] ( an h\r ! arm & neighb\r+ p>ts :i* t\*$ x4 ,i 0 n only an ocul> witness ( ! effect produc$ by its t\*2 b ,i h myself felt x1 on t\*+ "o ( ^! fi%es /ill liv+1 ?\gh w\nd$ by a hook1 by means ( :i* "s ,indians _h drawn x f ! wat]4 ,!y c\ld n tell :at x 0 call$2 b !y assur$ me t x /ruck o!r fi%es ) its tail 9 ord] to /upefy !m & dev\r !m aft]w>ds1 :i* is v probable :5 we consid] ! effect ( its t\* ^u a man4 ,! obs]vations ( ,ri*] made little impression at ! "t on ! savants ( ,p>is1 & matt]s rema9$ 9 ?is /ate = sev5ty ye>s1 :5 ! travell] ,condam9e spoke 9 8 ,voyage en ,amrique ( a fi% :i* produc$ ! effects describ$ by ,ri*]4 ,9 #agej a physician nam$ ,+ram furni%$ "s new views respect+ ?is fi%1 :i* he ?\ght 0 surr\nd$ by an electric atmosph]e4 ,9 #agee ano!r physician1 ! ,dut* ,dr4 ,gramund1 writes3 ,! effect produc$ by ?is fi% corresponds exactly ) t produc$ by ! ,leyd5 j>1 ) ?is diff]5ce1 t we see no t9sel on its body1 h[ev] /rong ! bl[ x gives2 = if ! fi% is l>ge1 ^? :o t\* x are /ruck d[n1 & feel ! bl[ on _! :ole body4 ,_m exp]im5ts foll[$ ^!2 b we are indebt$ to ,alex&] von ,humboldt = ! fir/ precise acc\nt ( ?is v curi\s fi%4 ,! celebrat$ naturali/ read to ! ,in/itute ( ,france an important memoir ^u ! electrical eel f ,bonpl&'s obs]vations1 ! sub/ance ( :i* we %all give "h4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxvii4--,fi%+ = ,eel 7,gymnotus7 on ! ,or9oco4 ,9 trav]s+ ! ,llanas ( ! prov9ce ( ,c>acas1 9 ord] to emb>k at ,san ,f]n&o de ,apure on 8 voyage up ! ,or9oco1 ,m4 ,bonpl& /opp$ at ,calabozo4 ,! object ( ?is soj\rn 0 to inve/igate ! hi/ory ( ! gymnotus1 great numb]s ( :i* are f\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,aft] ?ree days' resid5ce 9 ,calabozo "s ,indians conduct$ !m to ! ,cano de ,b]a1 a muddy & /agnant bas91 b surr\nd$ by ri* vegetation1 9 :i* ,clusia rosea1 ,hym5oea c\rb>il1 "s gr& ,indian figs1 & "s magnific5t fl[]+ odorif]\s mimosas1 7 pre-em95t4 ,!y 7 mu* surpris$ :5 in=m$ t x w\ld be necess>y to take ?irty half-wild horses f ! neighb\r+ savannahs 9 ord] to fi% = ! gymnotus4 ,! idea ( ?is fi%+1 call$ 9 ! language ( ! c\ntry emb>basc> con caballos 7intoxicat+ by means ( horses71 is v odd4 ,! ^w b>basco indicates ! roots ( ! ,lacqu9ia1 or any o!r poison\s plant1 by contact ( :i* a body ( wat] acquires ! prop]ty ( kill+1 or1 at lea/1 ( intoxicat+ or /upefy+ ! fi%es4 ,^! come to ! surface :5 !y h be5 poison$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,! horses *as+ !m "h & !re 9 a m>% has1 x seems1 ! same effect ^u ! al>m$ fi%es4 ,:ile our ho/s 7 expla9+ to u ?is /range mode ( fi%+1 ! troop ( horses & mules _h arriv$1 & ! ,indians _h made a sort ( battue1 press+ ! horses on all sides1 & =c+ !m into ! m>%4 ,! ,indians1 arm$ ) long canes & h>poons1 plac$ !mselves r\nd ! bas91 "s ( !m m\nt+ ! trees1 ^: bran*es hung ov] ! wat]1 & by _! cries1 & /ill m by _! canes1 prev5t+ ! horses f l&+ aga94 ,! eels1 /unn$ by ! noise1 def5d$ !mselves by repeat$ dis*>ges ( _! batt]ies4 ,= a long "t x seem$ z if !y w\ld be victori\s ov] ! horses4 ,"s ( ! mules especially1 be+ almo/ /ifl$ by ! frequ5cy & =ce ( ! %ock1 disappe>$ "u ! wat]1 & "s ( ! horses1 9 spite ( ! wat*fulness ( ! ,indians1 rega9$ ! bank1 :]e1 ov]come by ! %ocks !y _h und]gone1 !y /ret*$ !mselves at _! :ole l5g?4 ,! picture pres5t$ 0 n[ indescribable4 ,gr\ps ( ,indians surr\nd$ ! bas92 ! horses ) bri/l+ mane1 t]ror & grief 9 _! eyes1 try+ to escape f ! /orm :i* _h surpris$ !m2 ! eels1 yell[ & livid1 look+ l great aquatic s]p5ts swimm+ on ! surface ( ! wat]1 & *as+ _! enemies1 7 objects at once appall+ & picturesque4 ,9 less ?an five m9utes two horses 7 dr[n$4 ,an eel1 m ?an five feet long1 glid$ "u "o horse1 dis*>g$ its app>atus ?r\gh its :ole ext5t1 attack+ at once ! he>t1 ! visc]a1 & ! plexus ( ! n]ves ( ! animal1 probably b5umb+ & f9ally dr[n+ x4 ,:5 ! /ruggle _h endur$ a qu>t] ( an h\r1 ! mules & horses appe>$ less fright5$1 ! manes became m erect1 ! eyes express$ less t]ror1 ! eels %unn$ 9 place ( attack+ !m1 at ! same "t approa*+ ! bank1 :5 !y 7 easily tak5 by ?r[+ little h>poons at !m atta*$ to long cords1 ! h>poon1 sometimes hook+ two at a "t1 be+ l&$ by means ( ! long cord4 ,!y 7 drawn a%ore )\t be+ able to communicate any %ock4 ,hav+ l&$ ! eels1 !y 7 transport$ to little pools dug 9 ! soil1 & fill$ ) fre% wat]2 b su* is ! t]ror !y inspire1 t none ( ! p ( ! c\ntry w\ld release !m f ! h>poon--a task :i* ! travell]s _h to p]=m !mselves1 & receive ! fir/ %ock1 :i* 0 n slight--! mo/ en]getic surpass+ 9 =ce t communicat$ by a ,leyd5 j> completely *>g$4 ,! gymnotus surpasses 9 size & /r5g? all ! o!r electric fi%es4 ,humboldt saw !m five feet ?ree in*es long4 ,!y v>y 9 col\r accord+ to age1 & ! nature ( ! muddy wat] 9 :i* !y live4 ,b5ea?1 ! head is ( a f9e yell[ col\r mix$ ) r$2 ! m\? is l>ge1 & furni%$ ) small tee? arrang$ 9 _m r[s4 ,! gymnotus makes its %ock felt 9 any "p ( its body :i* is t\*$1 b ! excitem5t is great] :5 t\*$ "u ! belly1 & 9 ! pectoral f94 ,! gymnotus gives ! mo/ frightful %ocks )\t ! lea/ muscul> movem5t 9 ! f9s1 9 ! head1 or any o!r "p ( ! body4 ,! %ock1 inde$1 dep5ds ^u ! w ( ! animal1 & 9 ?is respect diff]s f a ,leyd5 j>1 :i* is dis*>g$ by communicat+ ) two opposite poles4 ,x happ5s sometimes t a gymnotus1 s]i\sly w\nd$1 only gives a v weak %ock1 b if1 ?9k+ x exhau/$1 x is t\*$ fe>lessly & at once1 its dis*>ge is t]rible4 ,inde$1 ! ph5om5a dep5d s mu* ^u ! w ( ! animal1 t1 accord+ to ,von ,humboldt1 if x is t\*$ by two metallic rods1 ! %ock is communicat$ sometimes by "o1 sometimes by ! o!r w&1 ?\gh _! extremities are close toge!r4 ,! exp]im5ts already relat$ 9 connection ) ! torp$o 7 repeat$ "h4 ,if we place ourselves ^u an isolat$ support1 & take hold ( a metallic rod1 a %ock is receiv$2 b no %ock is receiv$1 on ! o!r h&1 if ! fi% is t\*$ ) a glass rod1 or "o cov]$ ) wax4 ,humboldt & ,bonpl& repeat$ ?is exp]im5t _m times1 ) decisive results4 ,! electric organ has be5 c>efully describ$ by ^! obs]v]s4 ,! organs ext5d f "u ! tail1 occupy+ ne>ly "o-half ( ! ?ickness4 ,x is divid$ into f\r longitud9al bundles ( muscles1 ! upp] ones l>ge1 ! two small] bel[1 & aga9/ ! base ( ! anal f94 ,ea* bundle consi/s ( _m p>allel membran\s plates1 plac$ closely toge!r & v ne>ly horizontal4 ,^! plates abut 9 "o "p on ! sk91 9 ano!r1 on ! mean v]tical plane ( ! fi%4 ,!y are unit$ to ea* o!r by an inf9ity ( small] plates1 plac$ ei!r v]tically or transv]sely4 ,! small] prismatic & transv]sal canal1 int]cept$ by ^! two ord]s ( plates1 are fill$ ) gelat9\s matt]4 ,all ?is organic app>atus receives _m n]ves1 & pres5ts1 9 _m respects1 an arrangem5t ne>ly analog\s to t ( ! torp$oes4 ,! ,sea-,eels 7,murna ,hel5a7 are s]p5t-l fi%es1 ( cyl9drical =m & delicate proportions1 b /rong1 flexible1 & active1 swimm+ 9 wav+1 undulat+ movem5ts 9 ! wat]1 j z a s]p5t creeps on dry l&4 ,! murnas h no pectoral f92 ! dorsal & anal f9 are reunit$ 9 ! tail f94 ,a bran*ial op5+ is obs]vable on ea* side ( ! body4 ,! sea-eels are num]\s 9 species4 ,murna ,hel5a 7,fig4 #cfe71 :i* is an inhabitant ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 has only a s+le r[ ( tee? ^u ea* jaw4 ,x atta9s ! l5g? ( =ty to fifty in*es4 ,x loves to bask 9 ! holl[s ( rocks1 approa*+ ! coa/ 9 spr+-"t4 ,x fe$s on crabs & small fi%es1 seek+ eag]ly = polyps4 ,! voracity ( ^! fi%es is su* t :5 o!r food fails !y beg9 to nibble at ea* o!r's tails4 ,! sea-eels are caught ) rod & l9e1 or by l9es & gr\nd-bait1 b _! in/9ct is su* t !y (t5 escape4 ,:5 !y h swall[$ a hook !y (t5 cut ! l9e ) _! tee?1 or !y turn ^u x & try1 by w9d+ x r\nd "s object1 to /ra9 or break x4 ,:5 caught 9 a net1 !y quickly *oose "s me% ?r\gh :i* _! body c glide4 ,^? :o h /udi$ ! classics w rememb] ! passionate love ) :i* ! ,roman g\rmet reg>d$ ^! fi%es4 ,9 ! days ( ! ,empire enorm\s sums 7 exp5d$ 9 keep+ up ! ponds :i* enclos$ !m1 & ! fi% !mselves 7 multipli$ to su* an ext5t t ,cs>1 on ! occasion ( "o ( 8 triumphs1 di/ribut$ six ?\s& among 8 fri5ds4 ,lic9ius ,crassus 0 celebrat$ among weal?y ,romans = ! spl5d\r ( 8 eel-ponds4 ,!y obey$ 8 voice1 he said1 & :5 he call$ !m !y d>t$ t[>ds him 9 ord] to be f$ by 8 h&s4 ,! same ,lic9ius ,crassus1 & ,qu9tus ,hort5sius1 ano!r weal?y ,roman patrician1 wept ! loss ( _! murnas on "o occasion1 :5 !y all di$ 9 _! ponds f "s disease4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 only a matt] ( ta/e1 passion1 or fa%ion2 sometimes1 h[ev]1 accompani$ by cruelty & gross corruption4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cfe4 ,! ,sea-,eel 7,murna ,hel5a74 ,x 0 ?\ght among ! ,romans t murnas f$ ) human fle% 7 ! mo/ delicately flav\r$4 ,a ri* fre$man1 nam$ ,pollion1 :o mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be conf\nd$ ) ! orator ( ! "n1 _h ! cruelty to ord] su* ( 8 slaves z he ?\ght des]v+ ( dea?1 & sometimes ev5 ^? :o _h done no?+ to excite 8 ang]1 to be ?r[n to !m4 ,on "o occasion1 :5 he ent]ta9$ ! ,emp]or ,augu/us1 a poor slave :o att5d$ _h ! mis=tune to break a preci\s vase2 ,pollion imm$iately ord]$ him to be ?r[n to ! eels4 ,b ! indignant emp]or gave ! slave 8 fre$om1 &1 9 ord] to manife/ 8 indignation ) ,pollion1 he ord]$ 8 att5dants to break e vase ( value :i* ! fre$man _h collect$ 9 8 mansion4 ,9 ! pres5t day sea-eels are little e/eem$ 9 a ga/ronomic po9t ( view4 ,nev]!less !y are /ill s\ght = on ! coa/ ( ,italy1 & ! fi%]m5 avoid ) great c>e ! bites ( _! %>p tee?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cff4 ,! ,common ,cong] 7,cong] vulg>is74 ,! ,eels 7,anguilla7 h pectoral f9s1 "u :i* are ! gill-op5+s on ea* side2 ! dorsal & anal f9s ext5d+ up to ! tail1 m+l+ ) ?is la/1 :i* t]m9ates 9 a po9t at ! extremity4 ,! eels are divid$ into two gr\ps3 #a4 ,! ,eels 7,anguilla71 prop]ly s call$2 &1 #b4 ,! ,cong]s4 ,! fir/ inhabit mo/ ,european riv]s1 except 9 ! spawn+ season1 :51 accord+ to "s naturali/s1 !y betake !mselves to ! sea4 ,dur+ ! great] "p ( _! exi/5ce1 !re=e1 !y h no connection ) ! ocean4 ,! ,cong]s1 on ! o!r h&1 are fi%es ( great size1 :i* inhabit ! seas ( w>m c\ntries1 z well z ^? ( ,nor!rn ,europe4 ,! type ( ?is family is ! ,common ,cong]1 ,cong] vulg>is 7,fig4 #cff71 :i* diff]s f ! true eels *iefly 9 ! dorsal f9s1 :i* comm5ce v ne> to ! pectorals2 & also 9 _! upp] jaw be+ long] ?an _! "u "o4 ,!y atta9 ! ?ickness ( a man's leg1 & are sometimes two y>ds 9 l5g?4 ,! cong]-eel is frequ5tly f\nd 9 salt m>%es1 b its fle% is held 9 little e/eem4 #b4 ,,sub-,,bran*iati4 ,! fi%es ( ?is ord] are *>act]is$ by v]tical f9s be+ atta*$ "u ! pectorals1 & imm$iately susp5d$ to ! %\ld] bone4 ,exclusively m>9e fi%es1 !y inhabit e region ( ! globe4 ,! ord] compreh5ds ?ree families3--,i4 ,discobolid2 ,,ii4 ,pleuronectid1 or flat fi%es2 ,,iii4 ! ,gadid4 ,i4 ,,discobolid4 ,! family ( ,discobolid consi/s ( a small numb] ( species *>act]is$ by _! v5tral f9s be+ disc(orm1 z 9 ! sea-snails 7,lip>is71 9 :i* ! l5g!n$ muc\s body is )\t scales1 b ) "o long dorsal f92 ! pectoral & v5trals =m+ "o disk1 z 9 ,fig4 #cfg1 or ! ,suck]s 7,lepidoga/]71 :]e ! pectorals & v5trals =m two disks4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cfg4 ,! ,sea-,snail 7,lip>is74 ,9 ! ,lump-fi%1 ,cyclopt]is 7,fig4 #cfh71 ! disk =m$ by ! v5trals =ms a sort ( suck]1 by :i* ! fi% atta*es itself to ! rocks2 :ile ! ,e*9eis is rem>kable = ! disk-l suck] ) :i* x is provid$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cfh4 ,! ,lump-fi% 7,cyclopteus74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cfi4 ,e*9eis remora4 ,! ,e*9eis remora is an inhabitant ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 & ab\nds 9 ! ,indian & ,atlantic ,oceans4 ,x is furni%$ ) a flat disk1 :i* cov]s its head1 z repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #cfi1 :i* is =m$ ( a numb] ( transv]se & movable c>tilag9\s plates4 ,aid$ by ?is organ1 x atta*es itself firmly to rocks1 & ev5 to %ips & l>g] fi%es1 su* z ! ,dog-fi% 7,acan?ius71 :i* x meets ) 9 its w&]+s4 ,its adhesion to ^? objects is s /rong t ! /r5g? ( a man fails to sep>ate !m4 ,x inv>iably atta*es itself to ! dorsum & flank ( ! %>k1 & sometimes weighs a p\nd & a qu>t]4 ,i h f\nd1 writes a fri5d1 z _m z sev5 on "o %>k4 ,x is nev] solit>y1 & makes long voyages on ?is mon/r\s animal locomotive1 & t )\t fatigue or dang]1 = its enemies are kept at a di/ance by ! =midable mon/] :i* c>ries x4 ,,ii4 ,,pleuronectid4 ,! ,flat-fi%es 7,pleuronectid7 h ! body flat & greatly compress$1 b 9 a direction diff]5t f t ( ! ,raias & o!r analog\s be+s4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,raia ! body is flatt5$ horizontally1 :ile 9 ! ,pleuronectid !y are compress$ lat]ally4 ,! head ( fi%es ( ?is ord] is n symmetrical2 ! two eyes are plac$ on ! same side2 ! two sides ( ! m\? are unequal4 ,to ^! peculi>ities ( /ructure we %all return :5 we come to obs]ve ! sev]al types m cle>ly4 ,9 inaction1 z 9 motion1 ! flat-fi%es are always turn$ ^u _! side1 & ! side turn$ t[>ds ! bottom ( ! sea is t :i* has no eye4 ,?is habit ( swimm+ on _! side is t to :i* !y owe _! "n ( 1 side1 & 1 swimm]s4 ,_! *ief organ ( natation is ! caudal f91 b !y are di/+ui%$ f all o!r fi%es by ! mann] 9 :i* !y use ?is o>4 ,:5 turn$ ^u _! side ?is organ is n horizontal1 b v]tical1 & /rikes ! wat] v]tically up & d[n4 ,!y advance ?r\gh ! wat] b v sl[ly1 comp>$ to ! motion ( o!r fi%es4 ,!y asc5d or desc5d 9 ! wat] ) great] promptitude1 b !y _c turn to ! "r or left ) ! same facility z o!r fi%es4 ,?is prop]ty ( ris+ or s9k+ 9 ! wat] ) facility is ! m useful to !m1 inasmu* z ! great] "p ( _! exi/5ce is pass$ at ! greate/ dep?s1 :]e !y draw !mselves along ! s&s at ! bottom ( ! sea1 & (t5 hide !mselves f _! enemies4 ,among ! ,pleuronectid1 soles1 turbot1 fl\nd]s1 & plaice may be not$4 ,soles 7,solea7 h ! body oblong1 ! side opposite to ! edges g5]ally furni%$ ) %aggy1 s(t hairs2 ! muzzles r\nd1 ne>ly always 9 advance ( ! m\?1 :i* is twi/$ to ! left side1 & furni%$ ) tee? on "o side only1 :ile ! eyes are on ! "r side4 ,! dorsal f9 comm5ces ab\t ! m\?1 & ext5ds up to ! caudal or t]m9al f94 ,! ,common ,sole1 ,solea vulg>is 7,fig4 #cgj71 is pl5tiful 9 ! ,*annel1 along ! ,atlantic coa/s1 & especially 9 ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,x is br[n on ! "r1 & :iti% on ! opposite side4 ,its pectoral f9s are spott$ black2 ! scales rugg$ & d5ticulate2 its size seems to v>y accord+ to ! coa/ x frequ5ts4 ,(f ! m\? ( ! ,se9e soles are sometimes tak5 eighte5 & tw5ty in*es 9 l5g?4 ,!re are sev]al modes ( tak+ !m1 b = comm]cial purposes x is tak5 by ! trawl-net4 ,:5 ! gr\nd-hook is employ$ x is bait$ ) fragm5ts ( small fi%4 ,e "o kn[s ! delicate flav\r ( ! fle% ( ! sole1 :i*1 h[ev]1 v>ies greatly 9 diff]5t localities1 ^? ( ! ,*annel ,isl&s be+ p>ticul>ly *oice4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cgj4 ,! ,common ,sole 7,solea vulg>is74 ,! ,turbot1 ,rhombus maximus 7,fig4 #cga71 resembles 9 its g5]al =m a loz5ge1 :5ce its "n ( rhombus4 ,its "u jaw is m advanc$ ?an ! upp] jaw1 & is furni%$ ) _m r[s ( small tee?4 ,its f9s are yell[1 ) br[ni% spots4 ,! left side is m>bl$ br[n & yell[2 ! "r side1 :i* is ! inf]ior1 :ite ) br[ni% spots & po9ts4 ,! true turbot is ! special delight ( ! epicure1 & fabul\s sums are said to h be5 giv5 at diff]5t times by ri* p]sons 9 ord] to secure a f9e turbot4 ,! fi% us$ to be tak5 l>gely on our own coa/s1 b n[ we h to rely ^u m di/ant fi%+-gr\nds = a l>ge portion ( our supply--l>ge quantities com+ f ,holl&4 ,! turbot spawns dur+ ! autumn1 & is 9 f9e condition dur+ spr+ & e>ly summ]4 ,mr4 ,y>rell says t x spawns 9 spr+4 ,dr4 ,b]tram d\bts ?is1 al?\gh he is n q sure ( x1 inasmu* z !re w1 no d\bt1 be individuals ( ! turbot k9d1 z !re are ( all o!r k9ds ( fi%1 t w spawn all ! ye> r\nd4 ,! turbot ab\nds on our we/ coa/1 r\nd ,torbay1 & (f ! m\? ( ! ,se9e & ! ,somme1 f :5ce comes mo/ ( ! fi% consum$ 9 ,london & ,p>is4 ,! fl\nd]s1 plaice1 & halibut =m an important section ( ! ,pleuronectid4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cga4 ,! ,turbot 7,rhombus maximus74 ,! ,fl\nd]s & ,plaice 7,platessa7 inhabit ! nor!rn seas ( ,europe4 ,!y h _! eyes plac$ on ! "r side2 ! dorsal z well z ! anal f9 ext5d+ f ov] ! eyes to ! caudal1 bo? /ret*+ out to a po9t t[>ds ! c5tre1 giv+ a rhombic =m to ! fi%4 ,9 ,platessa ! jaws are furni%$ ) a s+le r[ ( obtuse tee?4 ,! ,common ,plaice1 ,p4 vulg>is 7,fig4 #cgb71 atta9s ! l5g? ( t5 or twelve in*es2 x is br[n above1 spott$ ) r$ or orange4 ,on ! eye-side ( ! head are "s osse\s tub]cles4 ,! body1 :i* is some:at loz5ge-%ap$1 is smoo?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cgb4 ,! ,common ,plaice 7,platessa vulg>is74 ,! ,fl\nd]s 7,p4 flesus7 are fre%-wat] fi%es ( small size1 abundant 9 ! ,?ames & _m o!r riv]s2 !y are only second 9 importance to ! soles & turbot among ! ,pleuronectid2 ! numb]s ( brill1 fl\nd]s1 dab1 & plaice requir$ be+ close ^u a hundr$ million = ! supply ( ,london alone4 ,! usual mode ( captur+ flat-fi% is by means ( a trawl-net1 b _m v>ieties ( ^! may be caught ) a h&-l9e4 ,a day's sea-fi%+1 says ,dr4 ,b]tram1 9 8 ,h>ve/ ( ! ,sea1 w be *equ]$ by _m little adv5tures4 ,!re are v>i\s m9or mon/]s ( ! deep t w v>y ! monotony ( ! day by occasionally dev\r+ ! bait4 ,a tadpole fi%1 bett] kn[n z ! sea-devil1 or angl]1 may be hook$2 or a visit f a hamm]-head$ %>k1 or a pile-fi%1 w add greatly to ! excitem5t2 & if ! 'dogs' %\ld be at all pl5tiful1 x is a *ance if a s+le fi% be got out ( ! sea 9 its integrity4 ,s voraci\s are ^! ,squalid1 t ,i h (t5 en\gh pull$ a m]e skeleton into ! boat1 in/ead ( a plump cod ( t5 or twelve p\nds weight4 ,! ,dab1 ,p4 lim&a 7,fig4 #cgc71 is v common 9 ! m>kets ( ,p>is1 :]e x is held 9 great e/eem4 ,x takes its "n ,lim&a f ! h>d & d5tate scales on its body4 ,! ,platessa h ! jaws furni%$ ) a s+le r[ ( obtuse tee?2 ! dorsal f9 only ext5ds 9 front to a l9e ) ! eye1 leav+ an int]val betwe5 x & ! caudal4 ,! =m ( ! body is rhomboidal1 z 9 ! turbot1 & ! eyes are usually on ! "r side4 ,! fl\nd]1 ! plaice1 & ! dab1 are all examples ( ?is gr\p ( fi%es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cgc4 ,! ,dab 7,platessa lim&a74 ,! ,halibut1 ,hippoglossus vulg>is 7,fig4 #cgd71 is a l>ge fi%1 inhabit+ ! seas ( ,nor!rn ,europe & ,gre5l&1 :]e x is occasionally caught measur+ sev5 feet1 & weigh+ f ?ree to f\r hundr$ p\nds4 ,a fi% ( ?is species 0 br\ght to ,ed9burgh m>ket 9 ,april1 #ahbh1 measur+ sev5 feet & a half 9 l5g? & ?ree feet broad1 weigh+ ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty p\nds4 ,! body ( ! halibut is m elongat$ ?an t ( ! plaice or fl\nd]1 ! jaws & ph>yngeans be+ arm$ ) /rong & po9t$ tee?4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxvviii4--,natives fi%+ = ,halibut on ! ,gre5l& ,coa/4 ,great quantities ( ?is fi% are caught on ! ,gre5l& & ,norway coa/s1 & o!r nor!rn regions4 ,accord+ to ,lacep$e1 ! natives fi% = ?is ) an implem5t :i* !y call gangna$4 ,x is compos$ ( a hemp5 cord five or six hundr$ y>ds 9 l5g?1 to :i* are atta*$ "s ?irty small] cords1 ea* furni%$ ) a b>b$ hook at its extremity4 ,! l>g] cord is atta*$ to float+ planks1 :i* act z trimm]s1 indicat+ ! place ( ?is =midable eng9e ( de/ruction4 ,! ,gre5l&]s usually replace ! hemp5 cords by ?ongs ( :alebone or n>r[ b&s ( %>k's sk94 ,at ! end ( tw5ty h\rs ^! l9es are drawn home1 & x is n at all unusual to f9d five or six l>ge halibut caught on ! hooks4 ,,pl4 ,,xxviii4 repres5ts ! native mode ( fi%+ = halibut 9 ! ,gre5l& ,seas4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cgd4 ,! ,halibut 7,hippoglossus vulg>is74 ,ano!r mode ( captur+ ?is & o!r flat-fi% is to spe> !m on _! s&y b$s4 ,no rule c be laid d[n1 says ,dr4 ,b]tram1 = ?is me?od ( fi%+4 ,x is c>ri$ on successfully by means ( a common pit*=k1 b "s g5tlem5 g ! l5g? ( f9e spe>s made = ! purpose1 v long1 & ) v %>p prongs4 ,o!rs1 aga91 use a ?ree-prong$ f>my>d graip1 :i* has be5 kn[n to d z mu* real "w z m elaborate s+le po9ts contriv$ = ! purpose4 ,! simple/ directions ,i c give is j to spe> e fi% !y see4 ,m4 ,figui] adds1 z a caution1 t be=e attack+ ^! fi%es1 body to body1 x is necess>y to wait till !y are some:at exhau/$1 o!rwise !y might ov]turn bo? b>k & fi%]man4 ,! ,gre5l&]s cut ! animal up1 & salt ! pieces2 !n expose !m to ! air1 9 ord] to dry !m prep>atory to a long voyage4 ,9 its fre% /ate ! halibut is n v delicate1 & is h>d & difficult ( dige/ion2 h[ev]1 its great size r5d]s x a valuable prize4 ,we may add t1 not)/&+ its great size1 ! halibut has deadly enemies 9 ! dolph9s1 z well z 9 ! birds :i* prey ^u fi%es on ! %ore4 ,x is itself a voraci\s fi%1 dev\r+ crabs1 cod-fi%1 & ev5 ! ,raiad1 n ev5 sp>+ its own species2 !y attack ea* o!r1 nibbl+ at ! tail or f9s4 ,,iii4 ,,gadid4 ,! ,gadid embrace ! :ole ( ! ,l9nan g5us ,gadus4 ,!y are f\nd mo/ly 9 ! seas ( cold or temp]ate regions 9 bo? hemisph]es1 & are ! objects ( pursuit = :i* ! great fi%]ies ( ,europe & ,am]ica are e/abli%$4 ,!y are kn[n by ! position ( ! v5tral f9 "u ! ?roat1 & by ! po9t$ "* ( ^? f9s4 ,! body is long & slightly compress$2 ! head well proportion$4 ,_! f9s are s(t1 & _! scales are small & s(t4 ,! jaws & front ( ! os vom] h unequal-po9t$ tee? ( mod]ate size1 & dispos$ 9 sev]al r[s4 ,! gill-cov]s are l>ge1 & consi/ ( sev5 rays4 ,mo/ ( ! species h ! dorsal f91 & conta9 two o!rs besides--a f9 beh9d ! v5t1 & a di/ant caudal f94 ,! /oma* is l>ge1 & ! inte/9e long4 ,! air-bladd] l>ge & /rong1 & 9 "s cases not*$ on ! m>g94 ,! fle% ( mo/ ( ! species yields :ite1 heal?y1 & agreeable food1 easily sep>able into flakes :5 cook$1 & easy ( dige/ion4 ,! family includes ! sev]al g5]a3--,,morrhua1 to :i* belongs ! ,common ,cod-fi%1 ,m4 call>ias2 ! ,haddock1 ,m4 glef9us4--,! ,,m]langus1 or ,:it+1 ,m4 vulg>is1 & ,m4 albus2 ! ,coal-fi%1 ,m4 c>bon>us2 & ! ,pollack1 ,m4 polla*ius4--,! ,,m]lucius1 or ,hakes4--,! ,,lota1 or ,l+1 ,l4 molva4--,,motella1 or ,rock ,l+1 & ,silv] ,gade1 ,m4 arg5teola2 & o!r g5]a ( less importance4 ,! head ( ! ,cod 7,morrhua call>ias7 is compress$2 ! eyes plac$ on ! side1 close to ea* o!r1 & veil$ by a transp>5t membrane1 a con=mation :i*1 accord+ to ,lacep$e1 enables ! animal to swim on ! surface ( ! wat] 9 nor!rn regions 9 ! mid/ ( m\nta9s ( ice & "u banks cov]$ ) sn[1 )\t be+ dazzl$ by ! brilliant light2 b ?is op9ion is unsupport$ by any o!r naturali/ ( note4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cge4 ,! ,cod-fi% 7,morrhua call>ias74 ,! jaws ( ! cod-fi% are unequal1 & among ! r[s ( tee? ) :i* x is arm$ _m are mobile1 & c be hidd5 9 _! cavities1 or rais$1 accord+ to ! w ( ! animal4 ,! dorsal f9s1 ?ree 9 numb]1 are 9 clu/]s1 z 9 ,fig4 #cge2 anal f9s are two2 pectoral f9s n>r[1 & t]m9at+ 9 a po9t2 caudal f9 slightly =k$4 ,its col\r is ( an a%y grey1 spott$ ) yell[ on ! back2 :ite & sometimes r$di% b5ea?4 ,! cod-fi% is provid$ ) a va/ /oma*1 & is v voraci\s1 fe$+ on fi%es1 crabs1 & molluscs4 ,x is s glutton\s & indiscrim9at+1 t x w ev5 swall[ pieces ( wood & o!r simil> objects4 ,?is is ess5tially a sea-fi%3 x is nev] se5 9 fre%-wat] /reams or riv]s1 rema9+ dur+ ! great] "p ( ! ye> 9 ! dep?s ( ! sea4 ,its habitual soj\rn is 9 ! portion ( ! ,nor!rn ,ocean ly+ betwe5 ! =tie? & sixty-six? degrees ( latitude4 ,9 ! va/ range ?us frequ5t$ by ! cod1 two l>ge spaces are po9t$ out :i* x seems to pref]4 ,! fir/ ext5ds to ! coa/ ( ,gre5l&1 & ! o!r is limit$ by ,icel&1 ,norway1 ! ,dani% coa/1 ,g]many1 ,holl&1 & ! ea/ & nor? coa/ ( ,great ,brita9 & ! ,orkney ,isles1 compreh5d+ ! ,dogg]bank1 ,vellbank1 & ,crom] coa/1 toge!r ) salt-wat] lakes & arms ( ! sea1 su* z ! ,gairlo*1 ,portsoy1 & ! ,moray ,fir?1 :i* ind5t ! we/ coa/ ( ,scotl&1 & attract consid]able %oals ( cod-fi%4 ,! second range1 less g5]ally kn[n1 b m celebrat$ among sailors1 includes ! coa/ ( ,new ,engl&1 ,cape ,breton1 ,nova ,scotia1 &1 above all1 ! isl& ( ,newf\ndl&1 on ! s\? coa/ ( :i* is ! fam\s s&-bank call$ ! ,great ,bank1 hav+ a l5g? ( ne>ly two hundr$ leagues1 ) a bread? ( sixty-two1 ov] :i* fl[s f t5 to fifty fa?oms ( wat]4 ,"h ! cod-fi% sw>m1 = "h !y meet %oals ( h]r+s & o!r animals1 on :i* !y fe$4 ,su* is1 accord+ to ,lacep$e1 ! geographical di/ribution ( ! cod-fi%4 ,! ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 ,dut*1 & ,am]icans give !mselves up to ! cod-fi%]y on ! bank ( ,newf\ndl& ) inconceivable ard\r4 ,?is isl& 0 discov]$ & visit$ by ! ,norwegians 9 ! t5? & elev5? c5turies1 long be=e ! discov]y ( ,am]ica2 b x 0 only 9 #adig1 aft] ! discov]ies ( ,columbus1 t ! navigator1 ,john ,cabot1 hav+ visit$ ^! regions1 gave x ! "n by :i* x has s9ce be5 kn[n1 & call$ att5tion to ! sw>ms ( cod-fi% :i* inhabit$ ! surr\nd+ sea4 ,imm$iately aft]1 ! ,engli% & "s o!r nations ha/5$ to reap ^! fruitful fields ( liv+ matt]4 ,9 #aegh1 ,france s5t a hundr$ & fifty %ips to ! great bank1 ,spa9 a hundr$ & tw5ty-five1 ,portugal fifty1 & ,engl& =ty4 ,dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ,engl& & h] colonies1 ) ! ,fr5*1 cultivat$ ! cod-fi%]y4 ,f #ahbc to #ahca ,france s5t ?ree hundr$ & =ty-"o %ips1 ) sev5 ?\s& six hundr$ & eighty-five m51 :i* c>ri$ into port ov] fifty million p\nds ( fi%1 an av]age ( ab\t six millions annually4 ,two ?\s& ,engli% %ips ( v>i\s sizes1 mann$ by ?irty ?\s& seam51 are n[ employ$ 9 ?is important bran* ( indu/ry4 ,on ! coa/ ( ,norway1 f ! fronti]s ( ,russia to ,cape ,l9desns1 ! cod-fi%]y is an important bran* ( trade1 9 :i* a m>itime population ( tw5ty ?\s& fi%]m5 are employ$1 ) five ?\s& boats4 ,! cod is tak5 ei!r by net or l9e4 ,! net is *iefly employ$ at ,newf\ndl&4 ,! net us$ is rectangul>1 & furni%$ ) lead at ! l[] edge1 & cork buoys on ! upp] edge4 ,"o ( ! extremities is fix$ on ! coa/2 ! o!r is c>ri$ seaw>d1 foll[+ a curve tak5 by ! boats1 & ! fi% are attract$ by draw+ ^u bo? extremities ( ! net2 & by "o /roke _m boat-loads are sometimes tak54 ,! mod]n cod-smack is clipp]-built1 ) l>ge wells = c>ry+ ! fi% alive1 its co/ be+ ab\t #aejj4 ,! crew usually consi/s ( t5 to twelve m5 & boys1 includ+ ! capta94 ,! l9e is also us$ = tak+ cod & haddocks4 ,ea* man1 says ,b]tram1 has a l9e ( fifty fa?oms 9 l5g?1 & atta*$ to ea* ( ^! l9es are a hundr$ 'snoods1' ) hooks already bait$ ) mussels1 pieces ( h]r+1 or :it+4 ,ea* l9e is laid 'cle>1' 9 a %all[ basket1 & s arrang$ z to run freely z ! boat %oots ahead4 ,! fifty-fa?om l9e ) a hundr$ hooks is 9 ,scotl& call$ a 'taes4' ,if !re are eight m5 9 a boat1 ! l5g? ( ! l9e w be f\r hundr$ fa?oms1 ) eight hundr$ hooks1 ! l9es be+ ti$ to ea* o!r be=e sett+4 ,on arriv+ at ! fi%+-gr\nd1 ! fi%]m5 heave ov]bo>d a cork buoy1 ) a flag/aff ab\t six feet 9 height atta*$ to x4 ,?is buoy is kept /ation>y by a l9e1 call$ ! 'p[ end1' rea*+ to ! bottom ( ! wat]1 :]e x is held by a /one or a grapnel fa/5$ to ! l[] end4 ,to ! 'p[ end' is also fa/5$ ! fi%+ l9e1 :i* is !n paid out z fa/ z ! boat sails1 :i* may be f f\r to five knots an h\r4 ,%\ld ! w9d be unfav\rable = ! direction 9 :i* ! crew wi% to set ! l9e1 !y use ! o>s4 ,:5 ! l9e or 'taes' is all out1 ! end is dropp$ & ! boat returns to ! buoy4 ,! 'p[' l9e is haul$ up ) ! an*or & fi%+ l9e atta*$ to x4 ,! fi%]m5 !n haul 9 ! l9e1 ) ! fi% atta*$ to x4 ,eight hundr$ fi% might be tak51 & (t5 h be51 by eight m5 9 a few h\rs by ?is op]ation2 b _m fi%]m5 say n[1 t !y consid] !mselves =tunate :5 !y get a fi% on e fif? hook on an eight-l9$ 'taes'-l9e4 ,hungry cod-fi% w seize almo/ any k9d ( bait1 & ?is is us$ ei!r fre% or salt$4 ,! fre% bait is furni%$ by ! h]r+1 :it+1 & capelan1 a little fi% :i* 9 ! spr+ desc5ds f ! ,nor? ,sea 9 %oals1 pursu$ by ! cod-fi%4 ,9 ! t]ror caus$ by ! innum]able b&s ( _! enemies1 ! capelans spread !mselves 9 all ! seas r\nd ,newf\ndl& 9 masses s ?ick t ! waves ?r[ !m a%ore1 & !y accumulate occasionally 9 heaps ^u ! s&y bea*4 ,! pr9cipal fi%]y = capelan int5d$ = bait takes place on ! coa/ ( ,newf\ndl&4 ,! inhabitants ( ^! regions c>ry _! booty to ! fi%]m51 :o make ,sa9t-,pi]re _! r5dezv\s1 ) :om !y f9d ready pur*as]s4 ,! s*oon]s1 ) a fair provision ( bait1 leav+ ,sa9t-,pi]re & o!r ports1 take a nor?-ea/]ly direction t[>ds ! great bank1 &1 hav+ *os5 _! fi%+-gr\nd1 ca/ an*or 9 fifty or sixty fa?oms1 & =?) ! crews give _! sole att5tion to ! l9es2 "s ( !m wat* ! l9es1 :i* are rais$ e in/ant1 ! captur$ fi% remov$1 & ! hooks re-bait$2 o!rs subject ! captur$ fi%es to a fir/ prep>ation = pres]v+ !m2 !y are op5$1 ! entrails remov$1 & ! fi% split 9 two1 & pil$ "o on ! o!r1 & cov]$ ) salt4 ,?is lab\r goes on z long z ! fi%+ la/s4 ,! sailor is on deck night & day1 cov]$ ) oil & blood1 & surr\nd$ ) all sorts ( (fal & fi%-l smells4 ,b ?is alone is insuffici5t4 ,boats1 mann$ by crews ( two or ?ree sailors1 are cont9ually mov+ ab\t1 att5d+ to ! m di/ant l9es1 or taes1 :i* radiate r\nd ! %ip 9 all directions4 ,"o portion ( ! cod caught is despat*$ to ,europe 9 a fre% /ate1 )\t o!r prep>ation ?an ! salt+ :i* !y receive on ! deck ( ! s*oon]4 ,b mu* ! great] portion are c>ri$ on %ore & subject$ to fur!r prep>ation4 ,sa9t-,pi]re & ,miquelon ,isl&s1 :i* are grant$ to ! ,fr5* fi%]m5 on condition t no =tifications are erect$ on !m1 is resort$ to = ! purpose by ! ,fr5* fleet2 ,/4 ,john's1 ! capital1 by ! ,engli%4 ,! ,comte de ,gob9eau gives an animat$ picture ( ! :ole process ( cur+ ! cod-fi% 9 ! ,t\r du ,monde = #ahfc4 ,! ,fr5* h\ses :i* pursue ?is bran* ( trade1 he says1 belong pr9cipally to ! ,ports ( ,granville & ,/4 ,breuc2 & ! crews ( _! %ips consi/ ( two v di/9ct elem5ts2 ! small] portion1 be+ specially rais$ among ! fi%]m5 prop]ly s call$1 !y =m ! ari/ocracy on bo>d2 to ^! are add$ a l>g] numb] ( m]e lab\r]s1 :o are l&$ on ! arrival ( ! vessel at h] port4 ,_! functions are limit$ to receiv+ ! fi% f ! boats1 op5+ x1 wa%+ (f ! glut9\s matt] 9 ! *auffant1 putt+ ! liv] ap>t1 & lay+ out ! split fi% betwe5 ! lay]s ( salt2 f9ally1 subject+ x to ! diff]5t phases ( ! dry+ process on ! /r&4 ,! *auffant is a %$ rais$ ^u piles1 /&+ "o half 9 ! wat] & "o half on %ore2 x is con/ruct$ ( planks & po/s1 ?r\gh :i* ! air is suff]$ to circulate freely1 b cov]$ 9 ) "s ( ! %ip's sails4 ,"h ! process ( sep>at+ ! inte/9es f ! body ( ! fi%1 & ! salt+ process are c>ri$ on1 9 ! mid/ ( an atmosph]e *>g$ ) all mann] ( disgu/+ smells1 = ! lab\r] is by no means delicate1 & nev] ?9ks ( remov+ ! disgu/+ impurities :i* he is creat+4 ,!re he /&s1 knife 9 h&1 te>+ & cutt+ out inte/9es & sep>at+ v]tebr1 8 only c>e be+ to avoid cutt+ himself1 :i* is ! *ief dang] he runs1 9 ! mid/ ( od\rs suffici5t to produce suffocation4 ,connect$ ) ! plat=m1 on :i* ?is r\gh op]ation is p]=m$ is a cauldron1 sunk 9 ! e>?1 to receive ! oil press$ out ( ! liv]4 ,?is cauldron is surm\nt$ by a ro( "s n9e feet 9 height1 9 ! =m ( an inv]t$ cone4 ,"h ! oil :i* fl[s f ! op5 way above is suff]$ to rema91 aft] :i* x is drawn (f into casks4 ,! dry+ %$s1 =m]ly ( wood1 are n[ con/ruct$ ( /one1 & 9 places well expos$ to ! sun1 & especially to ! w9d1 artificial or o!rwise4 ,! sun1 x is said1 does n dry1 b scor*es2 ! w9d1 on ! o!r h&1 m>vell\sly fulfils ! purpose1 & 9 ord] to avoid ! "o & c\rt ! o!r1 an app>atus has be5 inv5t$1 consi/+ ( long movable bran*es1 :i* c be incl9$ s z to br+ ! w9d directly ^u ! r[ ( cod1 9 connection ) ! sun's rays1 :i* are1 inde$1 n v =midable 9 ?is foggy region4 ,! cod-fi% ?us dri$ at ,newf\ndl& are =w>d$ = consumption to all p>ts ( ! _w2 b only a small "p ( ! products ( ! fi%]y are ?us prep>$4 ,m ?an half ! produce ( ! ,fr5* fleet are s5t to ,france m]ely salt$1 by %ips :i* c>ry salt1 br++ back fi% 9 return to ,ro*elle1 ,bordeaux1 & ,cette1 :]e ! process ( cur+ is complet$4 ,9 our home fi%]ies1 to abbreviate slightly ,dr4 ,b]tram's acc\nt1 ! great] "p ( ! cod tak5 are eat5 fre%1 b consid]able quantities ( ! cod & l+ tak5 on ! coa/ are s5t to m>ket cur$4 ,! process pursu$ is v simple3 !y are br\ght on %ore q fre%1 & are at once split f head to tail1 & by copi\s wa%+s ?or\ghly cleans$ f all p>ticles ( blood2 a piece ( ! backbone is cut away2 !y are dra9$1 & aft]w>ds laid d[n 9 long vats1 :]e !y are cov]$ ) salt1 & kept "u heavy weights4 ,by-&-by ! fi% are tak5 out ( ! vats2 !y are once m dra9$1 & c>efully bru%$1 to remove any impurity1 & blea*$ by be+ spread out s+ly on ! s&y bea*1 or on ! rocks2 :5 ?or\ghly blea*$1 !y are collect$ into heaps te*nically call$ /eeples1 & :5 ! bloom1 or :iti% appe>ance1 comes out on ! fi%1 !y are ready = ! m>ket4 ,! cod is "o ( our be/-kn[n fi%es1 & 0 at "o "t mu* m pl5tiful & *eap4 ,x is a deep-wat] fi%1 f\nd 9 all nor!rn seas1 & 9 ! ,atlantic1 b nev] 9 ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,x is extremely voraci\s1 gre$ily eat+ up ! small] d5iz5s ( ! ocean4 ,x gr[s to a l>ge size1 & is v prolific1 z mo/ fi%es are4 ,a cod-roe has be5 f\nd m ?an once to be half ! gross weight ( ! fi%1 & specim5s ( ! female cod h be5 caught ) upw>ds ( eight millions ( eggs4 ,! fi% spawn 9 mid-w9t]3 b "h our in=mation ceases2 :5 x becomes reproductive is unkn[n4 ,dr4 ,b]tram ?9ks t x is at lea/ ?ree ye>s old be=e x is end[$ ) bre$+ p[]4 ,! gr[? ( ! cod is suppos$ to be v sl[4 ,dr4 ,b]tram quotes ! au?ority ( a r le>n$ fi%]man ( ,buckie1 :o _h se5 a cod :i* _h got enclos$ 9 a l>ge rock pool1 & he f\nd t x did n gr[ at a great] rate ?an eight to twelve ounces p] annum1 ?\gh x _h abundance ( food4 ,on our own coa/ two modes ( fi%+ are 9 common use3 "o by deep-sea l9es1 on ea* ( :i* hooks are fa/5$ at di/ances twelve feet ap>t by means ( %ort l9es six feet long1 call$ on ! ,corni% coa/ snoods4 ,buoys1 ropes1 or grapnels1 are fix$ to ea* end ( ! long l9e1 to keep !m f entanglem5t ) ea* o!r4 ,! hooks are bait$ ) capelan1 lance1 or :elks1 & ! l9es are %ot across ! tide ab\t ! "t ( slack wat]1 9 f =ty to fifty fa?oms1 & are haul$ 9 = exam9ation aft] six h\rs4 ,an improvem5t has be5 introduc$ ^u ?is mode ( fi%+ by ,mr4 ,cobb4 ,he fixes a small piece ( cork ab\t twelve in*es above ! hook1 :i* susp5ds ! bait1 & exhibits x m cle>ly to ! fi% by ! motion ( ! wave4 ,! fi%]m51 :5 n engag$ 9 haul+1 %oot+1 or bait+ ! long l9es1 fi% ) h&-l9es1 hold+ "o 9 ea* h&1 ea* arm$ ) two hooks1 kept ap>t by a /rong piece ( wire4 ,a heavy weight atta*$ to ! l[] end ( ea* l9e keeps x /eady ne> ! gr\nd1 :]e ! fi% pr9cipally fe$4 ,enorm\s quantities ( cod1 haddock1 :it+1 & coal-fi%1 ) pollack1 hake1 l+1 & torsk1 are tak5 9 ?is way all r\nd our coa/4 ,( cod-fi% alone f\r hundr$ to five hundr$ & fifty h be5 tak5 9 t5 h\rs by "o man1 & eight m5 h tak5 eighty score ( cod 9 "o day1 fi%+ (f ! ,dogg]bank 9 five & tw5ty fa?oms wat]4 ,latt]ly ! ,norfolk & ,l9coln1 & ev5 ! ,essex1 coa/s1 h yield$ a l>ge supply ( fi%1 :i* are caught z describ$1 & are /[$ 9 well-boats1 9 :i* !y are c>ri$ to ,graves5d1 :5ce !y are tran%ipp$ into m>ket-boats1 & s5t up to ,bill+sgate by ea* ev5+ tide2 ! /ore-boats n be+ all[$ to come up high]1 z ! fre% wat] w\ld kill ! fi%4 ,! ,haddock 7,morrhua glef9us7 is common 9 our m>kets2 x is mu* small] ?an ! cod1 b 9 o!r respects n unlike x4 ,x frequ5ts ! same localities1 & is caught ) long l9es bait$ usually ) mussels2 ! old fi% keep close 9 %ore1 & are only got ) h]r+ bait4 ,9 ! village ( ,f9dhorn1 ,moray%ire1 l>ge numb]s ( haddocks are dri$ & smok$ ) ! fumes ( h>d wood & sawdu/4 ,h5ce ! t]m ,f9nan haddies1 an article 9 su* reque/ at a ,scotti% breakfa/4 ,! village ( ,f9dhorn af=ds a v small portion ( ! haddocks sold z su*1 b ! true ,f9nans are suppos$ to h ! f9e/ flav\r4 ,! ,:it+1 ,m]langus vulg>is 7,fig4 #cgf71 by "s amateurs consid]$ ! mo/ delicate ( all ! ,gadid1 is pl5tiful all r\nd our coa/4 ,x spawns 9 ,m>*1 & ! eggs are quickly hat*$4 ,x pref]s a s&y %ore1 & is usually f\nd "s miles f ! coa/4 ,x is a small fi%1 r>ely exce$+ twelve in*es long1 & seldom rea*+ two p\nds 9 weight4 ,! :it+ is long 9 ! body1 clo!d ) v small1 ?91 & r\nd scales2 its dorsal f9s are1 l ! cod1 ?ree 9 numb]2 x is )\t b>bell>y app5dage2 its upp] jaw projects ov] ! l[]2 x is ( a silv]y :ite1 sometimes reliev$ by an olive t9t1 :i* is contra/$ ^u ! back by ! blacki% t9t :i* di/+ui%es ! pectoral & caudal f9s1 & by a black spot :i* "s individuals h at ! junction ( ! pectorals ) ! body4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cgf4 ,! ,:it+ 7,m]langus vulg>is74 ,! :it+ inhabits ! seas :i* wa% ! :ole ,european coa/1 (t5 approa*+ ! %ore 9 %oals1 & are tak5 annually 9 great numb]s4 #c4 ,,abdom9ales4 ,! fi%es belong+ to ?is ord] h ! v5tral f9s "u ! abdom5 plac$ beh9d1 & n atta*$ to ! bones ( ! %\ld]4 ,x is mu* ! mo/ num]\s & important ( ! great division ( ! ,malacopt]ygeans4 ,x includes mo/ ( our fre%-wat] fi%es1 a great numb] ( m>9e species1 & _m l ! salmon1 :i* betake !mselves to ! riv]s 9 ! spawn+ season to deposit _! ova4 ,we %all limit our rem>ks to ! species :i* are ess5tially m>9e1 su* z ! ,salmonid1 ! ,clupead1 & a few o!rs4 ,,salmonid4 ,! fi%es ( ?is family are graceful 9 %ape1 & h ! body clo!d 9 scales2 !y h two dorsals1 ! fir/ ) s(t rays1 foll[$ by a second1 :i* is small]1 =m$ )\t rays1 & adipose--t is1 =m$ simply ( a sk9 fill$ ) fatty matt]1 unsupport$ by osse\s rays4 ,!y inhabit ! seas ( temp]ate & nor!rn regions2 asc5d+ ! riv]s at c]ta9 seasons1 &1 9 "s in/ances1 liv+ exclusively 9 ! great riv]s & wat]c\rses4 ,!y are f\nd ev5 9 ! mo/ elevat$ m\nta9 brooks4 ,! grayl+ or %ad1 gu9iad1 sprat1 tr\t1 & ! salmon1 ! type ( ! family1 belong to ! gr\p4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cgg4 ,adult ,salmon4 ,! g5us ,salmo includes ?ree species1 namely1 ,salmo sal>1 ,s4 croix1 & ,s4 trutta1 ! tr\t4 ,( ^!1 ,s4 sal> 7,fig4 #cgg7 has ! body long1 ! muzzle r\ndi%1 b m s 9 ! male ?an 9 ! female1 ! upp] jaw provid$ ) a fossette1 into :i* ! po9t ( ! l[] jaw p5etrates2 ! back is a slaty blue1 ! sides & l[] "p ( ! body ( a silv]y diaphan\s :ite1 ) great black spots scatt]$ r\nd ! upp] "p ( ! head1 r\nd ! upp] edge ( ! eye1 & ov] ! op]culum or cov]+4 ,"s br[ni% irregul> spots1 v>iable bo? 9 =m & size1 are spr9kl$ ov] ! sides4 ,9 o!r respects _! col\rs are subject to v>iations accord+ to circum/ances4 ,be=e assum+ ! *>act]s "h indicat$1 h[ev]1 ! salmon has pass$ ?r\gh ?ree /ages1 ea* ( :i* is m>k$ by peculi>ities wor?y ( be+ not$4 ,! "y salmon 7,fig4 #cgh7 is greyi% & /rip$ ) black4 ,at ! end ( a ye> x has acquir$ a f9e metallic hue4 ,! o!r p>ts1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,blan*>d1 are ( a dazzl+ /eel-blue2 eight or t5 l>ge spots ( ! same brilliant blue cov] x z ) a silv]y mantle on ! sides2 betwe5 ^! spots a r$di%1 or1 r1 brighti%-ru/y iron col\r prevails2 a black spot is usually obs]vable 9 ! middle ( ! op]culum4 ,! belly is ( a f9e diaphan\s blue 9 ! p>r 7,fig4 #cgi74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cgh4 ,! ,"y ,salmon4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cgi4 ,salmon1 or ,p>r1 a ye> old4 ,dr4 ,b]tram gives a v cle> & intelligible acc\nt ( ! e>ly days ( ! salmon1 :i* 0 at "o "t veil$ 9 my/]y4 ,! spawn1 deposit$ by ! p>5t fi% 9 ,octob]1 ,novemb]1 & ,decemb]1 lies 9 ! riv] till ab\t ,april or ,may1 :5 x quick5s into life4 ,i h already describ$ ! *anges app>5t 9 ! salmon's egg1 f ! "t ( its fructification till ! bir? ( ! fi%4 ,! infant fry are ( c\rse v helpless1 & are seldom se5 dur+ ! fir/ week or two ( _! exi/5ce1 :5 !y c>ry ab\t ) !m1 z a provision = food1 a portion ( ! egg f :5ce !y emanat$4 ,at t "t ! fi% is ab\t half an in* 9 size1 & pres5ts su* a s+ul> appe>ance t no p]son see+ x w\ld ev] believe t x w\ld gr[ into a f9e grilse or salmon4 ,ab\t fifty days is requir$ = ! animal to assume ! %ape ( a p]fect fi%2 be=e t "t x might be tak5 = any?+ else ?an a "y salmon4 ,at ! end ( two ye>s x has *ang$ into a smolt4 ,aft] absorb+ its umbilical bag1 :i* x takes a p]iod ( tw5ty to =ty days to accompli%1 ! "y salmon may be se5 ab\t its bir?place1 timid & weak1 hid+ ab\t ! /ones1 & always app>5tly ( ! same col\r z ! surr\nd+s ( its %elt]+ place4 ,! transv]se b>s ( ! p>r1 h[ev]1 spe$ily become app>5t1 & ! fi% beg9s to gr[ ) consid]able rapidity1 especially if x is to be a twelvemon? smolt1 & ?is is v spe$ily se5 at su* a place z ! ,/ormontfield ponds4 ,! "y fi% cont9ue to gr[ = a little m ?an two ye>s be=e ! :ole numb] make ! *ange f p>r to smolt1 & seek ! salt wat]4 ,half ! numb] ( any "o hat*+ beg9 to *ange at a little ov] twelve mon?s f ! date ( _! com+ to life4 ,& ?us !re is ! extraord9>y anomaly ( fi% ( ! same hat*+ be+ at "o & ! same "t p>r ( half an ounce 9 weight1 & grilse weigh+ f\r p\nds4 ,! smolts ( ! fir/ ye> return f ! sea1 :ile _! bro!rs & si/]s are timidly disport+ 9 ! bre$+ %all[s ( ! upp] /reams4 ,a late sea-go+ smolt expla9s ! anomaly ( a spr+ salmon4 ,x ?us appe>s t1 9 its fir/ /age1 ! ,"y ,salmon 7,fig4 #cgh7 is call$ a p>r3 dur+ ! second x is a smolt1 namely1 a p>r plus a jacket ( silv]y scales4 ,:ile !y cont9ue 9 ! /ate ( p>r !y lead a seclud$ life1 totally unable to endure salt wat]1 :i* w\ld kill !m4 ,:5 !y h become smolts ! fi% betake !mselves 9 b&s to ! sea4 ,! sea-fe$+ be+ fav\rable1 & ! fi% /rong en\gh = ! salt wat]1 a rapid gr[? is ! consequ5ce4 ,aft] t !y disappe>1 spread+ !mselves ov] ! wide _w ( ! ocean4 ,at ! end ( two mon?s ( a life my/]i\s & s f> unkn[n1 ^! fi%es reappe> 9 ! riv]s1 return+ to _! native pools2 b h[ *ang$6 ,quantum mutati6 ,! smolt1 :i* has liv$ 9 ! riv] two or ?ree ye>s1 & only atta9$ ! l5g? ( six or eight in*es1 returns at ! end ( two mon?s' soj\rn 9 ! sea1 weigh+ ?ree to f\r1 & aft] six mon?s1 t5 or twelve p\nds4 ,x is n[ a grilse4 ,aft] deposit+ _! eggs ! grilse rema9 "s "t 9 ! fre% wat]1 :5 !y aga9 g to ! sea4 ,?is second soj\rn1 ( ab\t two mon?s1 is suffici5t to s5d x back weigh+ f six to twelve p\nds4 ,x is n[ an adult salmon4 ,ea* new visit to ! sea br+s ! salmon back increas$ 9 size 9 proportion to ! duration ( ! voyage4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,m>*1 #ahde1 ! ,duke ( ,a?ole took a salmon 9 ! ,tay aft] x _h deposit$ its eggs2 he m>k$ x by atta*+ a metal label to x4 ,x weigh$ t5 p\nds4 ,! same individual ) its metal label 0 aga9 fi%$ up aft] five weeks & ?ree days' abs5ce4 ,x n[ weigh$ tw5ty-"o p\nds1 hav+ 9 ! meantime travell$ =ty miles d[n ! riv] to ! sea4 ,?is fi% mu/1 h[ev]1 h made a long sea run dur+ ^! ?irty-eight days & its seek+ up ! riv] aga94 ,9 mo/ circum/ances1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,blan*>d1 to :om we are indebt$ = mu* in=mation relative to ! developm5t & migration ( ^! fi%es1 salmon ( v>i\s ages1 :i* h nev]!less soj\rn$ 9 ! sea z grilse1 adult salmon1 & o!rs int]m$iate betwe5 !m1 ^: fir/ soj\rn at sea has ext5d$ to eight or t5 mon?s1 asc5d ! riv]s toge!r 9 an ord] no less v>i$1 ! old] individuals head+ ! column1 ! y\nge/ br++ up ! re>4 ,:5 ! p]iod = deposit+ _! eggs approa*es1 a male & female pair (f1 z x 72 seem+ to *oose1 by a common accord1 a retir$ place 9 :i* to spawn4 ,"h bo? male & female employ !mselves 9 holl[+ out a ne/ 9 ! /r&1 "s eight or n9e in*es deep1 :]e9 ! female deposits h] eggs1 :i* ! male f]tilizes by %$d+ a milky fluid ov] !m1 %elt]+ ! eggs aft]w>ds by a cov]+ ( s&4 ,! salmon only asc5ds ! riv]s to spawn4 ,!y eag]ly return aft]w>ds to salt wat]4 ,:5 enjoy+ !mselves 9 ! wat] !y swim sl[ly1 float+ ne> ! surface2 b 9 pursuit ( any object1 or if ?reat5$ ) dang]1 !y d>t out ( ! wat] ) extraord9>y promptitude4 ,! tail is1 9 fact1 a true o> mov$ by p[]ful muscles2 a l[ wat]fall is to ! salmon no s]i\s ob/acle :5 x is impell$ to asc5d to its bre$+-place4 ,curv+ its v]tebral column1 x =ms itself into a sort ( ela/ic spr+2 ! arc ( :i* be+ sudd5ly unb5t1 /rikes ! wat] ) great =ce ) ! tail1 & 9 ! reb\nd x leaps to ! height ( sev]al y>ds1 cle>+ wat]falls ( consid]able height4 ,if x falls )\t accompli%+ its object1 x repeats ! manuvre until x is at la/ successful4 ,x is especially :5 ! lead] ( ! b& makes a successful leap t ! o!rs1 acquir+ new _s f its example1 ?r[ !mselves upw>ds until _! emulation is rew>d$ by success4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #chj4 ,salmon ,leap at ,kilmorack4 ,"s ( ! ,briti% wat]falls are celebrat$ = _! salmon leaps4 ,wales1 ,scotl&1 & ,irel& h ea* _! celebrat$ leaps2 9 ,pembroke%ire1 ,argyle%ire1 & at ,bally%annon1 9 c\nty ,donegal1 & at ,leixlip4 ,! cat>act ( ,leixlip is upw>ds ( tw5ty feet high1 & ! c\ntry p make a holiday 9 ord] to see ! salmon cle> its height4 ,^! acrobat fi%es frequ5tly fall be=e !y f9ally succe$1 & x is n unusual = ! p to place osi] baskets to trap !m 9 _! fall4 ,at ! cat>act ( ,kilmorack1 9 ,inv]ness-%ire 7,fig4 #chj71 ! inhabitants liv+ ne> ! riv] h a practice ( fix+ bran*es ( trees on ! edge ( ! rocks4 ,by means ( ^! bran*es !y contrive to cat* ! fi%es :i* h fail$ 9 _! leap2 x is ev5 ass]t$ t sportsm5 h be5 kn[n to kill !m on ! w+1 z x 71 9 _! leap4 ,b ! exploit1 attribut$ to ,"l ,lovat by ,dr4 ,frankl91 is p]haps ! ne>e/ approa* to ! fabul\s :i* we h met )4 ,hav+ rem>k$ t great numb]s ( salmon fail$ 9 _! ef=ts to surm\nt ! ,falls ( ,kilmorack1 & t !y g5]ally fell on ! bank at ! foot ( ! fall1 ,"l ,lovat conceiv$ ! idea ( plac+ a furnace & a fry+-pan on a po9t ( rock ov]hang+ ! riv]4 ,aft] _! unsuccessful ef=t "s ( ! unhappy salmon w\ld fall accid5tally into ! fry+-pan4 ,! noble "l c\ld ?us boa/ t ! res\rces ( 8 c\ntry 7 s abundant1 t on plac+ a furnace & fry+-pan on ! banks ( _! riv]s1 ! salmon w\ld leap into x ( _! own accord1 )\t tr\bl+ ! sportsman to cat* !m4 ,x is m probable1 h[ev]1 t ,"l ,lovat knew t ! way to enjoy salmon 9 p]fection is to cook x :5 fre% f ! wat]1 & be=e ! ri*] p>ts ( ! fi% h ceas$ to curd4 ,! pr9cipal salmon f\nd 9 ! m>ket are ,twe$1 ,tay1 ,nor? ,esk1 ,spey1 ,skye1 ,norwegian1 & above all ,sev]n1 said to be ! be/ :i* comes to m>ket1 nei!r ( :i* mu/ be conf\nd$ ) ! import$ ,am]ican v>iety--! orig9 ( ! preval5t *eap ,london kipp]--& ! ,cape1 or r$-m\!d v>iety4 ,cape & ,am]icans are at once di/+ui%$ by _! fle% boil+ a blan*$ :ite4 ,twe$ salmon are m v>i$2 & ?is riv]1 fam\s 9 song1 is also not$ = its production ( ! greate/ proportion ( bull-tr\t4 ,! ,tay yields ! l>ge/ grilse & salmon1 b ! ,spey foll[s fa/ 9 h] wake2 ,tay fi% sometimes weigh sixty p\nds4 ,! m9or ,scot* riv]s produce small] b sup]ior fi%4 ,skye & ,we/-coa/ grilse are %ort1 ?ick1 & small-head$1 & proportionally m abundant4 ,tr\t are num]\s2 sea-bull1 burn1 or lo*1 & ! s-call$ h]r+-tr\t1 are ! v>ieties usually met )4 ,! :itl+ ( ! ,twe$1 grayl+ ( ,tay1 & t9nock ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,esk1 are "y sea & bull-tr\t1 ab\nd+ 9 ,m>* & ,april1 :5 a sportsman w l& fifty or sixty daily1 weigh+ f "o qu>t] to a p\nd4 ,tr\t fle% v>ies 9 col\r f a cle> :ite to a d>k r$2 ! ,nor? ,esk r$ tr\t is mo/ e/eem$4 ,! be/ run f a p\nd & a half to ?ree p\nds4 ,! burn-tr\t is always r$1 & has be5 kill$ z heavy z ?irty p\nds4 ,! h]r+-tr\t1 nev] f\nd 9 ,engli% riv]s1 & only caught on our coa/ by h]r+-trawl]s1 is a special fav\rite3 may x n be ! :itl+ ( ! ,fr5* riv]s8 ,9 all o!r species col\r v>ies ) locality1 & _c be acc\nt$ =4 ,we h se5 h[ rapidly ! "y salmon increase 9 size 9 ! sea4 ,dur+ ?is /age ( exi/5ce ! salmon1 be+ a c>nivor\s fi%1 rapidly develops itself f ! grilse to ! adult /ate4 ,f a c>eful analysis made by ,dr4 ,wilson ,john/on ( ! ,b5gal army1 x appe>s t !re is no record$ in/ance ( heal?y salmon p>tak+ ( h]r+ or s&-lances2 ! tape-worm & o!r conditions ( p]v]t$ appetite p]si/+ 9 all4 ,tape-worm is mo/ common 9 ! hybrid ,norwegian1 & expla9s ! reason :y ,clupead are sometimes f\nd 9 _! /oma*s4 ,%\ld ! fi% n be *>g$ ) spawn1 x w %ortly return to sport among ! danc+ waves2 b if matur$ = bre$+1 at :i* p]iod ! female %[s a dirty br[n hue1 & ! male a black1 !y mate1 *oose a spot = ! salmon ne/1 & !re deposit myriads ( ova4 ,! long] a salmon cont9ues 9 ! riv] ! dull] _! col\r becomes2 ! flav\r is greatly depreciat$2 s t ,izaac ,walton's /atem5t1 t ! fur!r !y get f ! sea !y be bo? fatt] & bett]1 is dead aga9/ our daily exp]i5ce4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( riv] resid5ce salmon nev] fe$4 ,x avails n to argue t fe> acts z an emetic & empties ! /oma*2 ! inconte/able fact rema9s t ! entire ga/ro-inte/9al tract ab ore ad ano is 9 n9ety-n9e p] c5t4 devoid ( any trace ( food4 ,juv5ile exp]i5ce on ! "p ( ! fi%1 recurr+ z a phantasm1 causes !m to snap at a %9+ artificial m9n[ or a gaudy fly1 b !y nev] rise out ( ! wat]2 ! bait mu/ dip to !m1 & :5 hook$ !y %ake ! intrud] z a t]ri] does a rat4 ,if salmon nev] fe$ 9 fre% wat]1 :at is ! rationale ( _! exi/+ !re8 ,well1 ! sup]abundant /ore ( fat deposit$ 9 ! areol> tissue appe>s to furni% a mat]ial :i* is functionally homolog\s to ! fatty supply /or$ by ! ,asiatic & ,african doomba %eep1 :i* is drawn ^u to su/a9 life-action1 :5 nvs1 avalan*es1 or a heavy sn[-fall imprisons ! h]bage outcrop4 ,t cont9u$ muscul> ex]tion c be su/a9$ )\t special fatigue on non-nitrog5\s diet1 ,fick & ,wislic5sus h prov$ by ! rec5t asc5t ( ! ,faulhorn3 x is moreov] notori\s t ! *amois hunt] & ! ,h9doo runn] pref] fats & sac*>oids4 ,is !re any %[ ( reason1 !n1 :y ! salmon %\ld n ma9ta9 its fre%-wat] muscul> te> & we> by a /ock ( non-nitrog5\s fatty mat]ial8 ,t su* is ! true philosophy ( salmon riv] life is borne out by ! foll[+ facts3 #a/4 ,s soon z ! exhau/+ secretions ( ! milt & roe take place ! sp5t fi% turn seaw>d to recruit4 #bnd4 ,! dige/ive secretions are n elim9at$ 9 ! abs5ce ( food2 ! mo/ rec5t exp]i5ce ( physiology f9ds its e*o "h4 ,y\r box] tra9s on meat or nitrog5\s alim5t1 b ent]s ! li/ on hydro-c>bons 7fats1 sac*>9es1 & amylace\s sub/ances74 ,! salmon get into condition by imm$iately appropriat+ ! album5 ( ! e*9od]mal ova1 ent] _! life-/ruggle ( w9try mon?s 9 riv] wat] ) an incorporat$ /ock ( pot5tial calorific alim5t1 conv]tible1 z occasion dem&s1 into organic muscul> me*anical ef=t4 ,! ,briti% riv]s 9 :i* ! salmon ab\nd are ! ,sev]n1 ! ,wye1 ! ,twe$1 ! ,tay1 ! ,don1 & ! ,dee1 ) _m ( _! tribut>ies1 & 9 ,irel&1 ! ,%annon4 ,besides ^!1 _m ( ! wat]c\rses ( less] note adjo9+ ! coa/ h be5 r5[n$ = _! salmon fi%]ies4 ,"s ( ! ,scotti% riv]s1 especially1 are fam\s = ! size & quality z well z numb]s ( salmon4 ,9 days n v di/ant f ours1 f>m s]vants made x a condition ( _! hir+ t salmon %\ld n be s]v$ to !m m ?an ?ree days 9 ! week4 ,^! times are *ang$4 ,9 ! di/ricts 9 :i* ?is condition 0 ! mo/ /r+5tly insi/$ on1 ! proprietors d]ive a pr9cely rev5ue f ?is s\rce alone4 ,! ,tay fi%]ies yield a rev5ue ( sev5te5 ?\s& p\nds p] annum4 ,! ,spey1 = its l5g? ! ri*e/ 9 ,scotl&1 produces twelve ?\s& p\nds p] annum4 ,! riv] is only a hundr$ & tw5ty miles f its s\rce to ! sea1 & its picturesque banks are celebrat$ 9 a local ballad1 :i* says1 n v h>moni\sly1 t ,dipple1 ,dundurcus1 ,d&alei?1 & ,dulocq1 ,are ! bonnie/ haughs ( ! run ( ! ,spey2 b !re's no /&+ wat] 9 ! ,spey6 ,! riv] dra9s ?irte5 hundr$ miles ( m\nta9s1 _m ( ^: bases are m ?an a ?\s& feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,! ,twe$1 :i* has be5 poa*$ & plund]$1 by its proprietors us+ unfair implem5ts1 until !re 0 sc>cely a fi% 9 its upp] wat]s1 is sl[ly recov]+ "u legislative enactm5ts1 & its r5tal is n[ sev5 ?\s& five hundr$ p\nds4 ,salmon ab\nds 9 ! ,loire & its afflu5ts1 b is mu* m r>e 9 ! ,se9e & ,m>ne4 ,!y ent] ! ,rh9e & ! ,elbe1 & mo/ ( ! great riv]s ( ! nor? ( ,europe4 ,9 ,france !y 7 =m]ly f\nd 9 ! riv]s ( ,brittany1 & 9 ! ,gironde4 ,!y are n[ v r>e 9 ^! riv]s4 ,! coa/ ( ,pic>dy is well furni%$1 b !y are r>e 9 ,upp] & ,l[] ,norm&y4 ,9 ,norway1 especially 9 ! di/rict ( ,dron!im1 ! salmon fi%]y is conduct$ on a l>ge scale on ! sea-%ore z well z 9 ! int]ior wat]s4 ,! ,baltic is ri* 9 salmon4 ,consid]able fi%]ies are c>ri$ on 9 ! wat]s ( ! ,gulfs ( ,f9l& & ,bo?nia1 z well z 9 ! wat]s ( ,sw$i% ,laponia4 ,! takes v>y e ye>2 9 #ahfj be+ mu* above ! av]age ?r\gh\t ,great ,brita91 or z 9 #aggb1 :5 ! fi% 7 s sc>ce 9 ! ,twe$1 t x 0 believ$ !y _h gone (f ! coa/4 ,!y inv>iably g to leew>d ) ! w9d1 & h be5 caught a hundr$ miles (f l&4 ,salmon are 9 condition at v>i\s p]iods ( ! ye>1 app>5tly n dep5d+ on ! latitude ( ! riv]s4 ,?us ! ,tay is "o ( ! e>lie/ riv]s1 :ile ! ,nor? & ,s\? ,esk are ! late/1 yet !y deb\* )9 a few miles ( ea* o!r4 ,x is ! op9ion ( ,mr4 ,joseph ,john/on ( ,montrose 7^: ackn[l$g$ fifty ye>s' practical exp]i5ce c>ries weight ) x 9 all fi%]y p>liam5t>y committees7 t ! ,/ormontfield ponds1 by artificially re>+ ! p>r1 r5d] !m m helpless :5 !y comm5ce riv] life on _! own acc\nt4 ,z a natural result1 ! dea?-ratio is enorm\sly increas$--cui bono8 especially :5 ! p>r h only ! option ( leav+1 & are n compell$ to g out4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 receive ,dr4 ,b]tram's n>rative1 mu* z we respect 8 au?ority1 ) "s res]ve4 ,a se$ w n gr[1 nor w a p>r ev] become a grilse1 unless "u giv5 conditions3 x is !re=e an easy matt] to expla9 ! anomaly ( a p>r pass+ seaw>d becom+ a f\r-p\nd grilse1 :ile its tw9-bro!r rema9+ 9 ! bre$+-pond is conditionally develop$ z only a half-ounce samlet1 yet none ! less a dw>f$ grilse--! possibility ( gr[? exi/+ all ! :ile1 al?\gh x 0 n actively evok$ by physical surr\nd+s4 ,! modes ( proc$ure 9 salmon fi%]y are v v>i\s4 ,spe>+ ) trid5ts1 & lie/]+ ) a weight$ hook by tor*-light1 burn+ ! wat]1 z ! ,scot* h x1 z well z trammel1 we>1 & cruive-we> fi%+1 are n[ prohibit$4 ,legal fi%+ 9 riv]s is conf9$ to r[ nets1 & fly & bait rod fi%+1 fixtures be+ illegal s9ce #ahaj4 ,we> %ot2 a l>g] & heavi] r[-net plac$ at ! meet+ ( ! wat]s2 /ake1 fly1 & bag-nets are us$ 9 ! op5 sea4 ,! latt] is mo/ 9 vogue1 ! =m] be+ almo/ sup]s$$ by ! fly4 ,fixtures on ! sea coa/ 7 held to be legal 9 ,"l ,k9tore's case by ,h\se ( ,lords 9 #ahbh1 & cont9u$ s till ! pass+ ( ! rec5t ,act4 ,by ?is act all legal modes ( fi%+ are 9 action f ! fir/ ( ,febru>y to ! f\rte5? ( ,septemb]1 a p]iod1 h[ev]1 n[ curtail$ by tw5ty-eight days1--nett+ be+ illegal f ,saturday to ,monday 9 ea* week4 ,x rema9s to be se5 :e!r ! g\rmet w enjoy 8 salmon bett] aft] its ,sabba? re/2 p]haps its rag\t w !n haunt him z x did ,talleyr&'s abb1 :o1 in/ead ( ! mea culpa ( ! ,confiteor1 it]at$1 ,ah6 le bon saumon6 ah6 le bon saumon6 ,a bag-net is compos$ ( ?ree *amb]s2 ! fir/1 :i* is ! wide/1 is at ! entrance4 ,! next is ! d\bl+1 & is "o in* to ! me% n>r[] ?an ! out]4 ,! la/ is ! fi% c\rt1 :]e ! fi% by a simple & +5i\s contrivance are prev5t$ f f9d+ ! door by :i* !y ent]$4 ,x is p>tly float$ by corks & p>tly by an empty cask on ! head or pr9cipal rid+ rope4 ,x is set 9 ! sea by ropes atta*$ to an*ors1 "o an*or rope to ! head ( ! net & "o on ea* w+ at ! entrance ( ! bag4 ,! bag-lead] is a sep>ate net held by a rope & an*or on ! l& side1 & is fa/5$ to ! bag net4 ,! pr9ciple ( fi%+ is ?is3 ! tide makes a curve on ! lead] ( ! bag1 9 ?is curve ! fi% swim into ! net4 ,bags are adapt$ = any k9d ( coa/1 & six or sev5 are run out to sea end on4 ,fly nets are ! same z bags 9 pr9ciple1 b slightly alt]$ s z to adapt !m = be+ fix$ to /akes driv5 into ! s& in/ead ( be+ moor$ by rope & an*or2 !y are always us$ :]e ! tide ebbs4 ,/ake nets are exp5sive1 & seldom us$ n[-a-days4 ,:5 9 fi%+ trim !y are1 h[ev]1 m deadly ?an fly nets3 _! *amb]s are ?ree times z l>ge1 b ! pr9ciple ( fi%+ 9 bag & /ake nets is id5tical1 lead]s be+ us$ 9 all4 ,x is notewor?y t tr\t are nev] caught 9 ^! lead]s4 ,,esocid4 ,?is family includes ! ,pike1 :i*1 be+ a fre%-wat] fi%1 ne$ n n[ occupy our att5tion2 x includes also ! s+ul> g5us ,/omias1 & ! ,fly+-fi%1 ,exocoetus4 ,! ,/omias h a body mu* elongat$1 ! muzzle be+ v %ort1 ! m\? v deeply cleft1 ! op]cula r$uc$ to small membran\s lam92 ! maxill>ius fix$ to ! *eek2 ! int]-maxill>y palat9e & maxill>y bones are r sp>+ly furni%$ ) tee?1 & ^? are long & hook$4 ,simil> tee? are obs]vable on ! tongue4 ,! v5tral f9s are plac$ f> back1 & ! dorsal f9 is plac$ opposite ! anal f91 on ! h9d] extremity ( ! body4 ,only two species ( ?is g5us are kn[n3 ! "o ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 ,/omia boa 7,fig4 #cha71 ! o!r ( ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 ,s4 b>batus1 s call$ f ! long b>bula on ! *94 ,bo? species are black 9 col\r1 ) num]\s small silv]y spots on ! abdom54 ,! body ( ,s4 boa is ?91 compress$1 cov]$ ) little ?9 scales ( blacki% blue1 mu* spott$ on ! back & abdom51 a little bright] on ! sides--! head1 9 "s respects1 recall+ t ( a s]p5t4 ,fly+ is s mu* associat$ 9 our m9ds ) ! usual d5iz5s ( ! air1 t ! idea ( fly+-fi%es seems to be a contradiction4 ,nev]!less1 "s fi%es possess t p[]1 ! f9s be+ trans=m$ into w+s1 :i* !y are enabl$ to raise = a few seconds4 ,^! w+s1 h[ev]1 are nei!r long nor p[]ful1 = !y r act ! "p ( a p>a*ute ?an w+s4 ,! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( ! ,exocoetus1 or fly+-fi%1 is ! pectoral f9s1 ne>ly ! l5g? ( ! body1 ! head flatt5$ above & on ! sides1 ! l[] "p ( ! body furni%$ ) a longitud9al s]ies ( c>9at$ scales on ea* side1 ! dorsal f9 plac$ above ! anal1 ! eyes l>ge1 & ! jaws furni%$ ) small po9t$ tee?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cha4 ,/omia boa4 ,! ,fly+-fi%es 7,fig4 #chb7 9 _! own elem5t are h>ass$ by attacks ( o!r inhabitants ( ! ocean1 & :5 "u ! excitem5t ( fe> !y take to ! air1 !y are equally expos$ to ! attacks ( aquatic birds1 especially ! v>i\s species ( gulls4 ,we h said t1 9 _! leap f ! wat]1 _! f9s su/a9 !m r z p>a*utes ?an w+s1 ) :i* !y beat ! air4 ,mr4 ,b5nett's description is pretty cle> on ?is po9t4 ,i h nev]1 he says1 be5 able to see any p]cussion ( ! pectoral f9s dur+ flight2 & ! greate/ l5g? ( "t ,i h se5 ?is volatile fi% on ! fly has be5 ?irty seconds by ! wat*1 & ! longe/ flight1 m5tion$ by ,capta9 ,basil ,hall1 has be5 two hundr$ y>ds1 b he ?9ks t subsequ5t obs]vation has ext5d$ ! space4 ,! usual height ( _! flight1 z se5 above ! surface ( ! wat]1 is f two to ?ree feet1 b ,i h kn[n !m come on bo>d at ! height ( f\rte5 feet & upw>ds4 ,& !y h be5 well asc]ta9$ to come into ! *a9s ( a l9e ( battle %ip1 :i* is consid]$ to be upw>ds ( tw5ty feet4 ,b x mu/ n be suppos$ t !y h ! p[] ( rais+ !mselves into ! air aft] hav+ left _! native elem5t2 = on wat*+ !m ,i h (t5 se5 !m fall mu* bel[ ! elevation at :i* !y fir/ rose f ! wat]2 nor h ,i ev] 9 any in/ance se5 !m rise f ! height to :i* !y fir/ sprang1 = ,i conceive ! elevation !y take dep5ds on ! p[] ( ! fir/ spr+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #chb4 ,! ,fly+-fi% 7,e4 exili5s74 ,! mo/ common species is ,e4 volitans4 ,its brilliant col\r+ w\ld seem design$ to po9t x out to its enemies1 aga9/ :om x is totally def5celess4 ,a dazzl+ silv]y spl5d\r p]vades its surface4 ,! summit ( its head1 its back1 & its sides1 are ( azure blue2 ?is blue becomes spott$ ^u ! dorsal f91 ! pectoral f91 & ! tail4 ,?is fi% is ! common prey ( ! m voraci\s fi%es1 su* z ! %>k1 & ! sea-birds2 its enemies ab\nd 9 ! air & wat]4 ,if x succe$s 9 escap+ ! ,*>ybdis ( ! wat]1 ! *ances are 9 fav\r ( its com+ to grief 9 ! ,scylla ( ! atmosph]e--if x escapes ! jaws ( ! %>k1 x w probably fall to ! %>e ( ! sea-gull4 ,! dolph9 is also a =midable enemy to ! mu*-p]secut$ fly+-fi%4 ,capta9 ,basil ,hall gives a v animat$ description ( _! mode ( attack4#ag ,he 0 9 a prize1 a l[ ,spani% s*oon]1 ris+ n above two feet & a half out ( ! wat]4 ,two or ?ree dolph9s _h rang$ pa/ ! %ip 9 all _! beauty4 ,! %ip 9 h] progress ?r\gh ! wat] _h put up a %oal ( ^! little ?+s 7fly+-fi%71 :i* took _! flight to w9dw>d4 ,a l>ge dolph9 :i* _h be5 keep+ company ) u abrea/ ( ! wea!r gangway at ! dep? ( two or ?ree fa?oms1 & z usual gli/5+ mo/ beautifully 9 ! sun1 no soon] detect$ our poor de> fri5ds take w+ ?an he turn$ 8 head t[>ds !m1 d>t$ to ! surface1 & leap$ f ! wat] ) a velocity little %ort1 z x seem$ to u1 ( a cannon-ball4 ,b ?\gh ! impetus ) :i* he %ot himself into ! air gave him an initial velocity greatly exce$+ t ( ! fly+-fi%1 ! />t :i* 8 fat$ prey _h got enabl$ !m to keep ahead ( him = a consid]able "t4 ,! l5g? ( ! dolph9's fir/ spr+ c\ld n be less ?an t5 y>ds1 & aft] he fell we c\ld see him glid+ l lightn+ ?r\gh ! wat] = a mom5t1 :5 he aga9 rose1 & %ot upw>ds ) consid]ably great] velocity ?an at fir/1 & ( c\rse to a /ill great] di/ance4 ,9 ?is mann] ! m]ciless pursu] seem$ to /ride along ! sea ) fe>ful rapidity1 :ile 8 brilliant coat sp>kl$ & fla%$ 9 ! sun q spl5didly4 ,z he fell headlong 9 ! wat] at ! end ( ea* leap1 a s]ies ( circles 7 s5t f> ov] ! surface1 = ! breeze1 j en\gh to keep ! royals & topgallant /udd+-sails ext5d$1 0 h>dly felt z yet bel[4 ,! gr\p ( wret*$ fly+-fi%es1 ?us hotly pursu$1 at l5g? dropp$ into ! sea2 b we 7 rejoic$ to obs]ve t !y m]ely t\*$ ! top ( ! swell1 & in/antly set (f aga9 9 a fre% & ev5 m vigor\s flight4 ,x 0 p>ticul>ly int]e/+ to obs]ve t ! direction !y took n[ 0 q diff]5t f ! "o 9 :i* !y _h set out1 imply+ b too obvi\sly t !y _h detect$ _! fi]ce enemy1 :o 0 foll[+ !m ) giant /eps along ! waves1 & 0 ga9+ rapidly ^u !m4 ,8 pace1 inde$1 0 two or ?ree times z swift z !irs1 poor little ?+s6 & ! gre$y dolph9 0 fully z quick-sight$2 = :5ev] !y v>i$ _! flight 9 ! smalle/ degree1 he lo/ n ! t5? "p ( a second 9 %ap+ 8 c\rse s z to cut (f ! *ase2 :ile !y1 9 a mann] really n unlike t ( ! h>e1 d\bl$ m ?an once ^u ! pursu]4 ,b x 0 soon pla9ly to be se5 t ! /r5g? & confid5ce ( ! fly+-fi% 7 fa/ ebb+2 _! flights became %ort] & %ort]1 & _! c\rse m flutt]+ & unc]ta91 :ile ! leaps ( ! dolph9 seem$ to gr[ m vigor\s at ea* b\nd4 ,ev5tually ?is skilful sea-sportsman seem$ to arrange 8 spr+s s z to fall j "u ! v spot on :i* ! exhau/$ fly+-fi% 7 ab\t to drop4 ,?is cata/rophe took place at too great a di/ance = u to see f ! deck :at happ5$2 b on our m\nt+ high on ! rigg+1 we may be said to h be5 9 at ! dea?2 = !n we c\ld discov] t ! un=tunate little creatures1 "o aft] ano!r1 ei!r popp$ "r into ! dolph9's jaws z !y light$ on ! wat]1 or 7 snapp$ up in/antly aft]4 ,,! ,,clupead4 ,( ?is family ! h]r+ is ! graceful1 useful1 & well-kn[n type1 to :i* also ! pil*>d1 ! %ad1 & ! an*ovy belong4 ,! ,clupea h ! body longi% & compress$1 especially at ! belly1 :]e x comes to an edge2 x is clo!d ) l>ge scales1 =m+ t[>ds ! belly a saw-l edge1 :i* is v ?9 & easily remov$4 ,"o dorsal f9 )\t sp9\s rays1 & "o v5tral1 bo? plac$ ne> ! middle ( ! body1 are its locomotive *>act]i/ics4 ,! ,h]r+1 ,clupea h>5gus 7,fig4 #chc71 is too well kn[n to require description2 its appe>ance is beautiful2 b we %all only rem>k "h t its back1 :i* 9 ! fi% aft] dea? is ( an indigo blui% col\r1 is gre5 dur+ life2 ! o!r p>ts v>y consid]ably 9 _! col\rs & m>k+s1 sometimes repres5t+ writt5 *>act]s1 :i* ignorant fi%]m5 h consid]$ to be words ( my/]y4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #aehg1 two h]r+s 7 tak5 on ! coa/ ( ,norway1 on ! bodies ( :i* 7 m>k+s resembl+ ,go?ic pr9t$ *>act]s4 ,^! h]r+s _h ! signal hon\r ( be+ pres5t$ to ! ,k+ ( ,norway1 ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 ,?is sup]/iti\s pr9ce turn$ pale at sight ( ?is suppos$ prodigy4 ,on ! back ( ^! innoc5t inhabitants ( ! deep he saw c]ta9 cabali/ic *>act]s1 :i* he ?\ght ann\nc$ 8 dea? & t ( 8 que54 ,le>n$ m5 7 consult$4 ,_! sci5ce1 z report$1 enabl$ !m to read di/9ctly words express+ ! s5tim5t1 ,v soon y w cease to fi% h]r+s1 z well z o!r p4 ,o!r savants 7 assembl$1 :o gave ano!r explanation2 b 9 #aehh ! k+ di$1 & ! p 7 firmly conv9c$ t ! two h]r+s 7 cele/ial mess5g]s *>g$ to ann\nce to ! ,norwegian p ! approa*+ end ( ! mon>*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #chc4 ,! ,h]r+ 7,clupea h>5gus74 ,?is fi% ab\nds ?r\gh\t ! entire ,nor!rn ,ocean 9 imm5se %oals1 :i* are f\nd 9 ! bays ( ,gre5l&1 ,lapl&1 & r\nd ! :ole coa/ ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s4 ,great %oals ( !m occupy ! gulfs ( ,sw$51 ( ,norway1 & ( ,d5m>k1 ! ,baltic & ! ,zuyd] ,zee1 ! ,*annel1 & ! coa/ ( ,france up to ! ,loire1 beyond :i* !y nev] appe> to be f\nd4 ,b ! f9e/ h]r+s are caught on ,lo* ,fyne1 on ! we/ coa/ ( ,scotl&4 ,! h]r+s are greg>i\s fi%es1 & live 9 great %oals closely pack$ toge!r2 %oals to be c\nt$ n by hundr$s1 b by ?\s&s & t5s ( ?\s&s1 9 _m a %ore & bay4 ,x 0 ! fav\rite !ory1 n v long ago1 t h]r+s emigrat$ to & f ! arctic regions4 ,x 0 ass]t$1 by ! support]s ( ?is !ory1 t 9 ! inaccessible seas ( high nor!rn latitudes h]r+s exi/$ 9 ov]:elm+ numb]s1 an op5 sea )9 ! arctic circle af=d+ a safe & b\nte\s fe$+-gr\nd4 ,at ! prop] season va/ bodies ga!r$ !mselves toge!r into "o great army1 :i*1 9 numb]s exce$+ ! p[]s ( imag9ation1 dep>t$ = m s\!rn regions4 ,?is great ,he]1 or army1 0 subdivid$1 by "s in/9ct1 z !y rea*$ ! diff]5t %ores1 l$1 accord+ to ! ideas ( fi%]m51 by h]r+s ( m ?an ord9>y size & sagacity1 "o division tak+ ! we/ side ( ,brita91 :ile ano!r took ! ea/ side1 ! result be+ an adequate & well-divid$ supply ( h]r+s1 :i* p5etrat$ e bay & arm ( ! sea r\nd our coa/1 f ,wick to ,y>m\?4 ,clos] obs]vation1 h[ev]1 %[s t ?is !ory has no exi/5ce 9 fact4 ,lacep$e d5ies t ^? p]iodical j\rney+s take place4 ,val5ci5nes also rejects !m4 ,x is true t ! h]r+s h disappe>$ 9 c]ta9 neighb\rhoods 9 :i* !y 7 =m]ly v pl5tiful2 b x is also c]ta9 t1 9 _m ( ! fi%+ /ations1 fi% are tak5 all ! ye> r\nd4 ,moreov]1 ! discov]y t ! h]r+ ( ,am]ica is probably a di/9ct species f t ( ,europe 7:i*1 smok$1 is kn[n z ! ,digby ,*ick7 is aga9/ ! !ory4 ,9 %ort1 !re is a total abs5ce ( pro( ( _! pret5d$ migrations to high nor!rn latitudes2 & rec5t discov]ies all t5d to %[ t ! h]r+ is native to ! %ores on :i* x is tak54 ,x has be5 demon/rat$1 says ,dr4 ,b]tram1 t ! h]r+ is really a native ( our imm$iate seas1 & c be caught all ! ye> r\nd on ! coa/ ( ! ?ree k+doms4 ,! fi%+ beg9s at ! isl& ( ,lewis1 9 ! ,hebrides1 9 ! mon? ( ,may1 & goes on z ! ye> advances1 till 9 ,july x is be+ prosecut$ (f ! coa/ ( ,cai?ness2 :ile 9 autumn & w9t] we f9d l>ge supplies ( h]r+s at ,y>m\?2 !re is a w9t] fi%]y 9 ! ,fir? ( ,=?4 ,moreov]1 ?is fi% is f\nd 9 ! s\? long be=e x ought to be !re1 accord+ to ! emigration !ory4 ,x has be5 d$uc$1 f a consid]ation ( ! annual takes ( _m ye>s1 t ! h]r+ exi/s 9 di/9ct races1 :i* arrive at maturity mon? aft] mon?4 ,x is well kn[n t ! h]r+s tak5 at ,wick 9 ,july are q diff]5t f ^? caught at ,dunb> 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]2 inde$ ,i w\ld g fur!r1 & say t ev5 at ,wick ea* mon? has its *ang+ %oal1 & t z "o race appe>s = capture ano!r disappe>s1 hav+ fulfill$ its mission4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! h]r+s ( ^! diff]5t seasons v>y consid]ably 9 size & appe>ance2 localities are m>k$ by di/9ctive features4 ,?us ! well-kn[n ,lo* ,fyne h]r+ is ess5tially diff]5t f t ( ! ,fir? ( ,=?2 & ^? diff] aga91 9 _m p>ticul>s1 f ^? caught (f ,y>m\?4 ,9 fact1 ! h]r+ nev] v5tures f> f ! %ore :]e x is tak52 & its condition1 :5 x is caught1 is j an index ( ! fe$+ x has enjoy$ 9 its p>ticul> locality4 ,! sup]iority ( flav\r ( ! h]r+ tak5 9 our great l&-lock$ salt-wat] lo*s is und\bt$4 ,:e!r or n result+ f ! dep? & body ( wat]1 f m pl5tiful m>9e vegetation1 or f ! great] v>iety ( l& food likely to be wa%$ into ^! inl& seas1 has n yet be5 det]m9$1 b x is c]ta9 t ! h]r+s ( our we/]n sea-lo*s are inf9itely sup]ior to ^? captur$ 9 ! m op5 sea4 ,moreov]1 he adds1 x is n[ kn[n1 f ! inquiries ( ! late ,mr4 ,mit*ell & o!r au?orities on ! geographical di/ribution ( ! h]r+1 t ! fi% has nev] be5 notic$ z be+ at all abundant 9 ! arctic regions4 ,! h]r+ fe$s on small cru/aceans1 fi%es j hat*$1 & ev5 on ! fry ( its own species4 ,on ! o!r h&1 its enemies are ! mo/ =midable inhabitants ( ! ocean2 ! :ales de/roy !m by ?\s&s1 b man1 above all1 c>ries on a w> :i* ?reat5s to be "o ( ext]m9ation4 ,9 fact1 ! h]r+-fi%]y has be5 to c]ta9 nations ! great cause ( _! prosp]ity4 ,x 0 ! f\ndation ( ,dut* indep5d5ce4 ,silk manufacture1 c(fee1 tea1 spices1 :i* are productive ( great comm]cial movem5ts1 address !mselves only to ! wants ( luxury or fa%ion4 ,! produce ( ! h]r+ fi%]y1 on ! contr>y1 is "o ( necessity to ! p2 & ,holl& w\ld h langui%$ & quickly disappe>$1 ) its fictiti\s t]ritory1 if ! sea _h n add$ to its comm]cial indu/ry ?is inexhau/ible m9e ( weal?4 ,t va/ field x has work$ ) p]sev]+ ard\r4 ,/ruggl+ = an exi/5ce1 x has conqu]$4 ,e ye> num]\s vessels leave ! coa/ ( ,holl& = ?is preci\s m>9e h>ve/4 ,! h]r+ fi%]y is1 = ! ,dut* p1 ! mo/ important ( m>itime exp$itions4 ,x is ) !m kn[n z ! great fi%]y4 ,:al+ is kn[n z ! small fi%]y4 ,! great fi%]y is a gold5 m9e to ,holl&2 x is1 besides1 a v anci5t occupation ) ourselves4 ,we f9d x fl\ri%+ 9 ! twelf? c5tury2 =1 9 #aaie1 accord+ to ! hi/orians1 ! city ( ,dunwi*1 9 ! c\nty ( ,suffolk1 0 oblig$ to furni% ! k+ ) tw5ty-f\r ?\s& h]r+s4 ,we also f9d m5tion made ( ! h]r+ fi%]y 9 a *ronicle ( ! ,mona/]y ( ,eve%am 9 ! ye> #gji4 ,t[>ds ! ye> #ajcj ! ,fr5* s5t vessels into ! ,nor? ,sea f ,dieppe = ?is fi%+1 ne>ly a c5tury be=e ! ,dut* made ! attempt2 b z e>ly z ! ?irte5? c5tury t ent]pris+ p employ$ two ?\s& boats 9 ?is indu/ry4 ,! ,danes1 ,sw$es1 & ,norwegians also ?rew !mselves into ?is trade at an e>ly p]iod4 ,! ,fr5*1 ,danes1 & ,sw$es furni% at ! pres5t "t only suffici5t = home consumption4 ,! monopoly ( =eign trade belongs to ! ,engli%1 ,dut*1 & ,norwegians4 ,! quantity ( h]r+s ga!r$ e ye> by our neighb\rs beyond ! ,*annel1 says ,moqu9-,t&on1 is truly enorm\s4 ,9 ,y>m\? alone f\r hundr$ %ips1 ( f =ty to sixty tons1 are equipp$1 ! l>ge/ be+ mann$ by twelve m54 ,! rev5ue d]iv$ f ?is fleet is ab\t sev5 hundr$ ?\s& p\nds4 ,9 #aheg ?ree ( ^! fi%+-boats1 belong+ to ! same proprietors1 c>ri$ home ?ree millions sev5 hundr$ & sixty-two ?\s& fi%es4 ,s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury ! ,scotti% fi%]m5 h emulat$ ! zeal ( ! ,engli%4 ,9 a pap] communicat$ to ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahed1 ,mr4 ,cleghorn1 :o has paid great att5tion to ! subject1 /ates t !re are n9e hundr$ & tw5ty ,wick boats engag$ 9 ! fi%+1 & t ! produce 0 n9ety-five ?\s& six hundr$ & eighty b>rels 9 "o week alone1 ?is be+1 h[ev]1 a fall+ (f ( sixty-"o ?\s& b>rels f ! previ\s ye>4 ,! cause ( ?is imm5se fall+ (f 0 ascrib$ to a /orm :i* _h swept along ! coa/ at ! height ( ! season2 b ,mr4 ,cleghorn 0 incl9$ to ascribe x ma9ly to ov]-fi%+1 :i* _h gradually dim9i%$ ! numb] ( h]r+s captur$4 ,! boats employ$ by ! ,fr5* & ,dut* 9 ! h]r+ fi%]y are ab\t sixty tons burd54 ,!y g5]ally dep>t = ! ,orkney & ,%etl& isles4 ,!y aft]w>ds betake !mselves to ! ,g]man ,ocean1 & fi% ! ,*annel 9 ,novemb] & ,decemb]4 ,^! boats c>ry up to sixte5 h&s1 accord+ to _! size4 ,arriv$ at _! fi%+ gr\nd1 !y ca/ _! nets1 z se5 9 ,,pl4 ,,xxix4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxix4--,! ,h]r+ ,fi%]y4 ,! l9es ( ! ,dut* fi%]m5 are five hundr$ feet 9 l5g?1 compos$ ( fifty or sixty diff]5t nets4 ,! upp] p>ts ( ^! nets are support$ by empty b>rels or cork-buoys1 ! l[] edge be+ weight$ ) lead or /ones1 :i* are kept at a conv5i5t dep? by %ort5+ or l5g!n+ ! cords by :i* ! buoys are atta*$4 ,! size ( ! me% ( ! nets is su* t ! h]r+s ( a c]ta9 size are caught 9 x by ! gills & pectoral f9s4 ,if ! fir/ me% is too l>ge to hold !m !y pass ?r\gh1 & get caught by ! next or succe$+ me%1 :i* is small]4 ,! h]r+-fi%]y is regulat$ by ,act ( ,p>liam5t1 & ! legal mode ( capture is by means ( :at is call$ a drift-net4 ,! drift-net is made ( f9e tw9e1 m>k$ ) squ>es ( an in* ea* to all[ = ! escape ( ! "y fi%4 ,! nets are measur$ by ! b>rel bulk1 a net measur+ fifty feet long by ?irty-two deep1 & ea* hold+ half a b>rel4 ,! drift is compos$ ( _m sep>ate nets fa/5$ toge!r by means ( a back rope1 & ea* sep>ate net ( ! s]ies is m>k$ (f by a bladd] or empty cask4 ,! process is t describ$ by ,dr4 ,b]tram 9 an article publi%$ 9 ! ,cornhill ,magaz9e4 ,! writ] _h made 8 arrangem5t = a night at ! h]r+ fi%]y "u ! auspices ( ,francis ,s9clair1 a v gallant-look+ fell[1 :o sails 8 own boat f ,wick1 & takes 8 own v5ture4 ,b\nd+ ov] ! waves ) a good capful ( w9d1 !y _h left ! %ore & beetl+ cliffs f> beh9d !m2 !y rea*$ _! fi%+ gr\nd1 :]e !y tack$ up & d[n1 eag]ly wat*+ = ! oily phosphoresc5t gleam :i* is indicative ( h]r+s4 ,at la/1 aft] a l5g!n$ cruise1 he says1 our comm&]1 :o _h be5 sil5t = half an h\r1 jump$ up & call$ to action4 ',up1 m51 & at !m6' 0 ! ord] ( ! night4 ,! prep>ations = %oot+ ! nets at once began by l[]+ sail4 ,surr\nd+ u on all sides 0 to be se5 a mov+ _w ( boats2 _m ) sails d[n1 _! nets float+ 9 ! wat]1 & _! crews at re/4 ,o!rs 7 /ill flitt+ uneasily ab\t1 _! skipp]s1 l our own1 anxi\s to %oot 9 ! "r place4 ,by-&-by we 7 ready2 ! suck] goes spla% into ! wat]2 ! 'dog1' a l>ge inflat$ bladd] to m>k ! f> end ( ! tra91 is heav$ ov]bo>d1 & ! nets1 bread? aft] bread?1 foll[ z fa/ z ! m5 c pay !m out1 till ! imm5se tra9 is all 9 ! wat]1 =m+ a p]=at$ wall a mile long & _m feet 9 dep?2 ! 'dog' & ! m>k+ bladd] float+ & dipp+ 9 long zigzag l9es1 rem9d+ "o ( ! imag9>y coils ( ! great sea-s]p5t4 ,aft] ?ree h\rs ( quietude b5ea? a beautiful sky1 ! />s-- ',! et]nal orbs t beautify ! night'-- began to pale _! fires1 &1 ! gray dawn appe>+1 indicat$ t x 0 "t to take /ock4 ,we f\nd t ! boat _h float$ quietly ) ! tide till we 7 a long di/ance f ! h>b\r4 ,! skipp] _h a pres5tim5t t !re 7 fi% 9 8 net2 & ! bobb+ d[n ( a few ( ! bladd]s made x almo/ a c]ta9ty1 & he resolv$ to exam9e ! drifts4 ,by means ( ! sw+ rope ! boat 0 haul$ up to ! nets4 ',hurrah6' exclaim$ ,murdo* ( ,skye2 '!re's a lot ( fi%1 skipp]1 & no mi/ake4' ,murdo*'s news 0 true2 our nets 7 silv]y ) h]r+s--s lad51 9 fact1 t x took a long "t to haul !m 94 ,x 0 a beautiful sight to see ! %imm]+ fi% z !y came up l a %eet ( silv] f ! wat]1 ea* utt]+ a weak dea?-*irp z x 0 flung into ! bottom ( ! boat4 ,=m]ly ! fi% 7 left 9 ! me%es ( ! net till ! boat arriv$ 9 ! h>b\r2 b n[1 z ! net is haul$ on bo>d1 !y are at once %ak5 out4 ,z our silv]y treasure %[]s into ! boat we r\ghly guess our capture at fifty crans--a capital night's "w4 ,b !re is a rev]se to ?is m$al4 ,wick ,bay is n always rippl$ by ! l&-breeze z on ?is occasion4 ,! h]r+ fleet has be5 m ?an once ov]tak5 by a fi]ce /orm1 :]e valuable lives h be5 lo/1 & ?\s&s ( p\nds wor? ( nett+ & boats de/roy$1 & ! gladd5+ sights ( ! h]r+ fi%]y h be5 *ang$ to wail+ & sorr[4 ,! ,y>m\? boats are deck$ vessels ( f fifty to eighty tons1 ) att5dant boats1 co/+ ab\t "o ?\s& p\nds1 & hav+ /[age = ab\t fifty la/s2 nom9ally1 t5 ?\s&1 b1 c\nt$ fi%]wise1 ?irte5 ?\s&1 h]r+s1 besides provision = a five or six days' voyage4 ,leav+ a h& or two 9 *>ge ( ! vessel1 ! majority ( ! crew are out 9 ! small] boats1 fi%+4 ,! ,dut* h]r+ fi%]y is usually pursu$ dur+ ! night4 ,:5 ! nets are 9 ! wat] ! boat is left1 z we h se5 9 ,dr4 ,b]tram's excursion1 to drift 9 ! meantime4 ,ea* boat is furni%$ ) a lant]n1 :i* s]ves ! d\ble purpose ( attract+ ! %oals ( fi%1 & prev5t+ collisions ) o!r boats4 ,! h]r+ fi%]y is extremely caprici\s 9 its results2 "o or two boats h be5 kn[n to c>ry into port ! :ole tak+s ( a night4 ,val5ci5nes witness$ ! capture ( a hundr$ & t5 ?\s& h]r+s 9 less ?an two h\rs4 ,! nets are haul$ 9 :5 mod]ately *>g$ ) fi% by ! crew2 b x is (t5 necess>y to h rec\rse to ! cap/an 9 ! process4 ,"s ( ! h&s are /ation$ to deta* ! fi% f ! nets2 o!rs deta* ! nets f ! buoys2 :ile o!rs aga9 fold up & /[ away ! nets = future use4 ,on ! coa/ ( ,norway ! electric telegraph is appli$ to ! h]r+ fi%]y1 be+ employ$ to ann\nce to ! inhabitants ( ! fi%+ t[ns ! approa* ( ! %oals ( fi%4 ,9 ! fiords ( ,norway1 :]e ! produce ( ! h]r+ fi%]y is ! pr9cipal means ( exi/5ce to ne>ly ! entire population1 x (t5 happ5$ t ! fi% made its appe>ance at ! mo/ unexpect$ times1 & on "s p>ts ( ! coa/ ! %oals c\ld only be met by "o or two boats4 ,be=e ! boats f ! bays & fiords c\ld take "p 9 ! fi%]y1 ! h]r+s _h deposit$ _! spawn & return$ to ! op5 sea4 ,to prev5t ^! disappo9tm5ts1 (t5 repeat$ ) great loss to ! fi%]m51 ! ,norwegian gov]nm5t e/abli%$1 9 #aheg1 a subm>9e electric cable1 along ! coa/ frequ5t$ by ! h]r+s1 ( a hundr$ miles1 ) /ations on %ore at int]vals conv5i5tly plac$ = communicat+ ) ! villages inhabit$ by ! fi%]m54 ,z soon z a %oal ( h]r+s is kn[n to be 9 ! (f+--& !y c always be p]ceiv$ at a consid]able di/ance by ! wave !y raise--a telegram is despat*$ along ! coa/1 :i* makes kn[n 9 ea* village ! approa* to ! bay 9 :i* ! h]r+s h e/abli%$ !mselves4 ,?is important bran* ( indu/ry has only assum$ its real "* s9ce ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & its sudd5 & prodigi\s ext5sion is due to ! discov]y ( a simple ,dut* fi%]man1 ,george ,b5kel1 :o di$ 9 #acig4 ,to ?is man ,holl& owes mu* ( its weal?4 ,he discov]$1 9 %ort1 ! art ( cur+ ! h]r+ s z to pres]ve x = an indef9ite "t4 ,f t mom5t ! h]r+ fi%]y assum$ an unexpect$ importance1 & became ! s\rce ( mu* weal? to ,holl& & its indu/ri\s & ent]pris+ p4 ,two hundr$ ye>s aft] 8 dea? ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,v4 solemnly ate a h]r+ on ,b5kel's tomb2 x 0 a small homage paid to ! memory ( ! creator ( a new indu/ry :i* _h enri*$ 8 native l&4 ,! ,%ad 7,alosa71 :i* h ! body r\nd & m plump ?an ! h]r+1 are /ill m di/+ui%able by ! arrangem5t ( _! tee?4 ,m ?an tw5ty species ( ?is g5us are kn[n1 v>y+ consid]ably 9 size4 ,!y inhabit ! seas :i* wa% ! coa/s ( ,europe1 ,africa1 ,india1 & ,am]ica4 ,"o species is ! ,common ,%ad1 ,alosa communis 7,fig4 #chd71 :i* is f\nd 9 ! ,*annel1 ! ,nor? ,sea1 & all r\nd our coa/4 ,x is ( a silv]y t9t g5]ally1 gre5i% on ! back1 ) "o or two black spots beh9d ! gills4 ,! %ad approa*es ! m\?s ( riv]s & great e/u>ies1 & habitually asc5ds !m 9 ! spr+ = ! purpose ( deposit+ its ova1 & is f\nd at ?is season 9 ! ,rh9e1 ! ,se9e1 ! ,g>onne1 ! ,volga1 ! ,elbe1 & _m ( our own riv]s4 ,9 "s ( ! ,iri% riv]s ! masses ( %ad tak5 9 ! se9e-net h be5 s great t no am\nt ( ex]tion has be5 suffici5t to l& !m4 ,x sometimes atta9s a v consid]able size1 weigh+ z mu* z f f\r to six p\nds4 ,! %ad tak5 at sea are less delicate 9 _! fle% ?an ^? caught 9 fre% wat]4 ,! habits ( ! %ad are v imp]fectly kn[n4 ,two species are f\nd on ! ,briti% coa/1 namely1 ! ,twaite ,%ad ( ,y>rell 7,alosa f9ta71 :i* is ab\t f\rte5 in*es 9 l5g?1 br[ni%-gre5 on ! back1 incl9+ to blue 9 c]ta9 lights1 ! re/ ( ! body silv]y :ite1 ) five or six dusky spots on ea* side arrang$ longitud9ally4 ,! jaws are furni%$ ) di/9ct tee?2 ! tail deeply =k$4 ,! second species1 ! ,common or ,allice ,%ad 7,a4 ,communis71 is consid]ably l>g]1 sometimes atta9+ twelve & ev5 fifte5 in*es 9 l5g?1 hav+ only "o spot on ea* side ( ! body ne> ! head2 ! jaws )\t tee?1 ! scales small 9 proportion4 ,?is species is pl5tiful 9 ! ,sev]n1 b r>e 9 ! ,?ames4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #chd4 ,! ,allice ,%ad 7,alosa communis74 ,! %ad is f\nd 9 ! ,sev]n & ,?ames 9 consid]able quantities ab\t ! second week 9 ,july4 ,!y rea* ! fre% wat] ab\t ,may1 deposit _! spawn1 & return to salt wat] 9 ,july4 ,_! scales are l>ge4 ,! ,sprat 7,c4 ,sprattus7 has be5 ! subject ( a great controv]sy1 l ! p>r--"o p>ty cont5d+ t x is ! "y ( ! h]r+2 ano!r1 t x is a di/9ct species4 ,p5nant1 ,y>rell1 & _m em95t naturali/s adopt ! fir/ view3 yet its specific *>act]s1 accord+ to ,p5nant1 are great] dep? ( body ?an ! "y h]r+1 gill-cov]s n ve9$2 tee? ( ! l[] jaw s small z to be sc>cely s5sible to ! t\*2 ! dorsal f9 plac$ f> back1 & ! %>p edge ( ! abdom5 m acutely s]rat$ ?an 9 ! h]r+4 ,l ! h]r+1 !y inhabit ! deep wat] dur+ ! summ]1 foll[+ ! %oal to ! sea-%ore 9 autumn4 ,! sprat fi%+ comm5ces 9 ,novemb] & cont9ues dur+ ! w9t] mon?s1 :5 !y are caught 9 su* numb]s t 9 "s localities !y h be5 us$ z manure4 ,9 support ( ! individuality ( ! sprat1 ! s]rat$ belly & relative position ( ! f9s are dwelt ^u1 toge!r ) ! in/ance detail$ by ,mr4 ,mit*ell1 ! ,belgian consul at ,lei?1 :o exhibit$ a pair ( sprats1 hav+ ! roe & milt fully develop$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! abundance ( ! sprat has be5 adduc$ z a reason = its be+ ! "y h]r+4 ,9 addition to ?is1 anatomi/s decl>e _! anatomy %[s no diff]5ce b size4 ,z to ! s]rat$ belly1 says ,b]tram1 we may look on t z we d on ! back ( a *ild's frock1 namely1 z a provision = gr[?4 ,if ?is is s1 ,dr4 ,b]tram supplies mat]ial at once = ?\ght & legislation4 ,! slaught] ( sprats1 he says1 is z decid$ a case ( kill+ ! goose ) ! gold5 eggs z ! grilse slaught] c>ri$ on 9 our salmon riv]s4 ,b ,mr4 ,b]tram "h ov]looks a fact ( :i* any "o may conv9ce himself1 namely1 t "y h]r+s are caught )\t ! s]rat$ belly2 nay1 ! cur]'s pur*ase is regulat$ by ! sprat's r\gh1 & ! h]r+'s smoo? belly4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #che4 ,! ,pil*>d 7,clupea pil*>dus74 ,! ,pil*>d1 ,clupea pil*>dus 7,fig4 #che71 sometimes call$ ! gipsy h]r+1 visits our coa/s all ! ye> r\nd4 ,x 0 at "o "t ?\ght1 z ! h]r+ 01 to be migratory1 b1 l t fi%1 x is n[ f\nd to be a native ( our own seas1 & a con/ant inhabitant ( our %ores4 ,x has be5 kn[n to spawn 9 ,may1 b ! usual "t is ,octob]1 & au?orities l ,mr4 ,c\* ?9k x bre$s only once a ye>4 ,its visit to %all[ wat] causes imm5se excitem5t2 p]sons wat* night & day f ! l(ty cliffs along ! ,cornwall coa/1 & ! wat*]s 7locally call$ hu]s7 signal ! boats at sea b5ea? !m ! mom5t !y see indications ( ! approa* ( a %oal4 ,mr4 ,wilkie ,coll9s gives an animat$ picture ( ! hu]3 ,a /rang] 9 ,cornwall1 tak+ 8 fir/ walk along ! cliffs 9 ,augu/1 c\ld n advance f> )\t witness+ :at w\ld /rike him z a v s+ul> & ev5 al>m+ ph5om5on4 ,he w\ld see a man /&+ on ! extreme edge ( a precipice j ov] ! sea1 ge/iculat+ 9 a v rem>kable mann]1 ) a bu% 9 8 h&1 wav+ x to ! "r & to ! left1 br&i%+ x ov] 8 head1 sweep+ x pa/ 8 feet2 9 %ort1 act+ ! "p app>5tly ( a maniac ( ! mo/ dang]\s description4 ,x w\ld add consid]ably to ! /rang]'s surprise if he 7 told t ! insane individual be=e him 0 paid = fl\ri%+ ! bu% at ! rate ( a gu9ea a week4 ,& if he advanc$ a little1 s z to obta9 a ne>] view ( ! madman1 & obs]v$ a well-mann$ boat bel[ turn+ c>efully to ! "r & left1 z ! bu% turn$1 8 my/ification w\ld probably be complete1 & 8 ideas z to ! sanity ( ! inhabitants w\ld be express$ ) griev\s d\bt4 ,b a few words ( explanation w\ld make him alt] 8 op9ion4 ,he w\ld le>n t ! man 0 an important ag5t 9 ! pil*>d fi%]y ( ,cornwall1 t he _h j discov]$ a %oal swimm+ t[>ds ! l&1 & t ! m5 9 ! boats 7 guid$ by 8 ge/iculations alone 9 _! arrangem5ts = secur+ ! fi% on :i* s _m dep5d = a livelihood4 ,! pil*>d1 ! "y ( :i* is believ$ to be ! s>d9e ( comm]ce1 :]e its place is n usurp$ by ! sprat1 is sometimes tak5 9 ! ,*annel1 on ! coa/s ( ,brittany & ,cornwall1 & 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 & on ! coa/ ( ,s>d9ia1 :5ce its comm]cial "n4 ,9 ,brittany float+-nets are employ$4 ,! fi%+ is conduct$ 9 boats1 ea* c>ry+ five m52 hundr$s ( ^! boats may sometimes be se5 engag$ at ! same "t ?ree or f\r leagues f ! coa/1 ! nets be+ only drawn :5 !y are fully *>g$1 :5 ! fi% are arrang$ b$ ^u b$ 9 osi] baskets1 ea* boat return+ habitually to port :5 x has secur$ tw5ty-five ?\s& fi%es4 ,! fi%]y ext5ds ov] five or six mon?s1 ! produce be+ ab\t six hundr$ millions ( s>d9es4 ,! ,basque fi%]m5 employ a net 9 ! =m ( a sack1 ) r+s at ea* corn]4 ,on ! coa/ ( ,cornwall1 z we h h9t$1 x is "o ( ! /aple indu/ries1 & pursu$ sy/ematically4 ,:]e !y come f1 & :i!r !y g1 seems alike unkn[n4 ,all t is c]ta9 is1 t !y are met ) 9 %oals swimm+ pa/ ! ,scilly ,isl&s z e>ly z ,july4 ,9 ,augu/ ! in%ore fi%+ beg9s1 & !y appe> on v>i\s p>ts ( ! coa/ z f> nor? z ,devon%ire & ! s\? coa/ ( ,irel& up to ,octob] & ,novemb]2 no d\bt ^? :i* h escap$ ! innum]able nets spread = !m4 ,! fir/ sight f ! cliffs ( a %oal ( pil*>ds1 says ,mr4 ,coll9s1 9 ! "w already quot$1 is n a little int]e/+4 ,!y produce on ! sea ! appe>ance ( ! %ad[ ( a d>k cl\d1 :i* approa*es until y c see ! fi% leap+ & play+ on ! surface by hundr$s at a "t1 all huddl$ close toge!r1 & s ne> ! %ore t !y c be caught 9 fifty or sixty feet ( wat]4 ,inde$1 :5 ! %oals are ( consid]able magnitude1 ! fi% beh9d h be5 kn[n lit]ally to =ce ! fi% 9 front up to ! bea*1 s t !y c\ld be tak5 9 baskets1 or ev5 ) ! h&4 ,) ! discov]y ( ! fir/ %oal1 ! active duties ( ! look\t1 or hu]1 on ! cliffs beg94 ,ea* fi%+ village places "o or m ( ^! m5 on ! wat* all r\nd ! coa/4 ,he is1 !re=e1 n only paid 8 gu9ea a week :ile he is on ! wat*1 b a p]c5tage on ! produce ( all ! fi% tak5 "u 8 auspices4 ,he is plac$ at 8 po/1 :]e he c comm& an un9t]rupt$ view ( ! sea1 "s days be=e ! pil*>ds are expect$4 ,! pr9cipal boat us$ is1 at lea/1 ( fifte5 tons burd51 & c>ries a l>ge net call$ ! 'se9e1' :i* measures a hundr$ & n9ety fa?oms 9 l5g?1 & co/s a hundr$ & tw5ty p\nds--sometimes m4 ,x is simply "o long /rip f elev5 to ?irte5 fa?oms 9 bread?1 compos$ ( v small me%es1 & furni%$ all along its l5g? ) cork at "o edge & lead at ! o!r4 ,! m5 :o ca/ ?is net are call$ '%oot]s1' & receive elev5 %ill+s & sixp5ce a week1 & "o basket ( fi% out ( e haul4 ,z soon z ! 'hu]' disc]ns a %oal he waves 8 bu%4 ,! signal is convey$ to ! bea* by m5 & boys wat*+ ne> him4 ,! 'se9e'-boat1 accompani$ by ano!r1 to assi/ 9 ca/+ ! net1 is r[$ out to :]e he c see x2 !n !re is a pause & hu% ( expectation4 ,mean:ile ! devot$ pil*>ds press on--a compact mass ( ?\s&s on ?\s&s ( fi%--swimm+ to meet _! doom4 ,all eyes are fix$ on ! 'hu]2' he /&s wat*ful & /ill1 until ! %oal is ?or\ghly embay$ 9 wat] :i* he kn[s to be )9 ! dep? ( ! 'se9e4' ,!n1 z ! fi% beg9 to pause 9 _! progress1 & gradually cr[d clos] & clos] toge!r1 he gives ! signal1 & ! 'se9e' is ca/ or '%ot' ov]bo>d4 ,! gr& object is n[ to enclose ! entire %oal4 ,! leads s9k "o side ( ! net p]p5dicul>ly to ! bottom1 ! corks buoy ! o!r to ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,:5 x has be5 tak5 all r\nd ! %oal1 ! two extremities are made fa/1 & ! fi%es are imprison$ )9 an oblong b>ri] ( nett+4 ,! art is h[ to let z few ( ! pil*>ds escape z possible :ile ! process is be+ complet$4 ,:5ev] ! 'hu]' obs]ves t !y are />tl$1 & sep>at+ at any p>ticul> po9t1 he waves 8 bu%1 & ?i!r ! boat is /e]$1 & !re ! net is %ot at once2 ! fi% are ?us head$ & ?w>t$ 9 e direction ) extraord9>y address & skill4 ,?is lab\r complet$1 ! sil5ce ( int5se expectation t has hi!rto prevail$ is brok5--!re is a %\t ( joy on all sides--! %oal is secur$4 ,! 'se9e' is n[ reg>d$ z a great res]voir ( fi%4 ,x may rema9 9 ! wat] a week or m2 to secure x aga9/ be+ mov$ f its position1 9 case a gale %\ld come on1 x is w>p$ by two or ?ree ropes to po9ts ( l& 9 ! cliff1 & is at ! same "t contract$ 9 circuit by its opposite ends be+ br\ght toge!r & pass$ lightly ov] its bread? = sev]al feet4 ,:ile ^! op]ations are be+ p]=m$1 ano!r boat1 ano!r set ( m51 & ano!r net1 are approa*+ ! sc5e ( action4 ,! new net is call$ ! 'tuck2' x is small] ?an ! 'se9e2' inside :i* x is to be let d[n1 = ! purpose ( br++ ! fi% close to ! surface4 ,! m5 :o manage ?is net are call$ 'regul> sew]s4' ,! boat is fir/ ( all r[$ inside ! se9e-net1 & laid close to ! se9e-boat1 :i* rema9s /ation>y outside4 ,to its b[s "o rope at ! end ( ! tuck-net is fa/5$4 ,! tuck-boat n[ sl[ly makes ! inn] circle ( ! se9e1 ! small] net be+ dropp$ ov]bo>d1 & atta*$ to ! se9e at int]vals z %e goes4 ,to prev5t ! fi% f gett+ betwe5 ! two nets dur+ ! op]ation1 !y are fright5$ into ! middle ( ! enclosure by beat+ ! wat] ) o>s1 & /ones fa/5$ to ropes4 ,:5 ! 'tuck' has at l5g? travell$ r\nd ! :ole circle ( ! 'se9e1' & is securely fa/5$ to ! se9e-boat at ! end z x 0 at ! beg9n+1 ev]y?+ is prep>$ = ! great ev5t ( ! day--haul+ ! fi% to ! surface4 ,n[ all is excitem5t on sea & %ore2 e little boat 9 ! place puts (f1 cramm$ ) idle spectators2 boys %\t1 dogs b>k1 & ! %rill voices ( ! =m] are jo9$ by ! deep voices ( ! 'se9]s4' ,!re !y /&1 six or eight /alw>t1 sun-burnt fell[s1 rang$ 9 a r[ 9 ! se9e-boat1 haul+ ) all _! might at ! 'tuck'-net1 & ro>+ out ! nautical ',yo1 heave ho6' 9 *orus4 ,high] & high] rises ! net2 l\d] & l\d] %\t ! boys & ! idl]s2 ! 'hu]1' s calm & collect$ hi!rto1 loses 8 self-possession1 & waves 8 cap triumphantly4 ',hooray6 hooray6 ,yoy--hoy1 hoy6 ,pull away1 boys6 ,up %e comes6 ,"h !y are6' ,! wat] boils & eddies2 ! 'tuck'-net rises to ! surface2 "o teem+1 convuls$ mass ( %9+1 glanc+1 silv]y scales2 "o compact mass ( ?\s&s ( fi%1 ea* "o ( :i* is madly /riv+ to escape1 appe>s 9 an in/ant4 ,boats z l>ge z b>ges n[ pull up1 9 hot ha/e1 all r\nd ! nets1 baskets are produc$ by doz5s1 ! fi% are dipp$ up 9 !m1 & %ot out1 l coals out ( a sack1 into ! boats4 ,pres5tly ! m5 are ankle-deep 9 pil*>ds2 !y jump ^u ! b5*es1 & "w on till ! boats c hold no m4 ,!y are almo/ gunwale "u be=e !y leave = ! %ore4 ,9 ! process ( cur+1 ! sc5e becomes d\bly picturesque1 b ?is is %ore-"w1 ) :i* our space =bids u to deal4 ,"s idea ( ! almo/ incalculable multitude ( pil*>ds caught on ! ,cornwall %ores1 says ,mr4 ,coll9s1 may be ga!r$ f ! foll[+ data3 ,at ! small fi%+ cove ( ,tr]e5 six hundr$ hog%eads 7 tak5 9 little m ?an a week1 dur+ ,augu/1 #ahej4 ,all[+ two ?\s& f\r hundr$ fi% only to ea* hog%ead 7?ree ?\s& w\ld be ! highe/ calculation71 we h a result ( "o million f\r hundr$ & =ty pil*>ds caught by ! inhabitants ( "o little village alone1 on ! ,corni% coa/1 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! season's fi%+4 ,! ,an*ovy 7,engraulis7 is *iefly tak5 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 & is mu* s\ght aft] = its delicate flav\r :5 salt$ & cur$4 ,x is a small1 sl5d] fi%1 ab\t f\r to f\r & a half in*es 9 l5g?2 head po9t$1 m\? v wide1 gill-op5+s l>ge1 abdom5 smoo?2 :5 liv+ x is gre5i% on ! back1 silv]y b5ea?2 aft] dea? x *anges to a blui% black4 ,! fi%]y :i* gives ! mo/ abundant results takes place on ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 pr9cipally on ! coa/ ( ,sicily1 ! isles ( ,elba1 ,corsica1 ,antibes1 ,frejus1 ,sa9t-,tropez1 & ,cannes4 ,!y are also tak5 on ! ,dalmatian coa/1 & 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,ragusa4 ,! an*ovy is only fit = food aft] be+ pres]v$ & salt$4 ,! process ( cur+ comm5ces by ?r[+ x into a /rong br9e2 !n1 ! head & entrails be+ remov$1 !y are arrang$ 9 r[s 9 b>rels or boxes ( t91 9 alt]nate lay]s ( salt & fi%2 f9ally1 aft] "s days ( exposure1 !y are h]metically clos$ & despat*$ to m>ket4 ,^? prep>$ on ! ,prov5al coa/ 7 =m]ly c>ri$ to ! fair ( ,beaucaire1 :5ce !y f\nd _! way all ov] ,france1 & to _m p>ts ( ,europe4 ,n[1 ! an*ovies cur$ at ,m>seilles1 & o!r ,prov5al ports1 are s5t direct to ! v>i\s m>kets ( ,europe4 ,,! ,,acan?opt]ygeans include ! ,p]* family1 :i* is altoge!r a fre%-wat] fi%1 &1 h[ev] int]e/+ 9 itself1 =eign to our pres5t purpose4 ,x includes also ! cat-fi%1 :i* is also kn[n z ! b>1 & m commonly ! wolf-fi%1 9 ,bas-,langu$oc & ,prov5ce4 ,x is common 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 & 9 _m ( ! great riv]s :i* empty !mselves into x4 ,! ,cat-fi% 7,fig4 #chf7 has ! appe>ance ( an elongat$ p]*2 its col\r1 9 ! adult /ate1 is ( a uni=m silv]y hue1 m>k$ ) br[n & yell[ spots 9 ! "y4 ,! ,weev]s 7,tra*9us71 =m+ ano!r division ( ?is family1 are *>act]is$ by _! v compress$ head & ! /rong sp9es ( ! op]culum4 ,!y are elongat$ 9 %ape1 ) %ort muzzles2 !y h a habit ( bury+ !mselves 9 ! s&1 & are =midable to fi%]m51 f ! dang]\s w\nds !y inflict ) _! sp9es4 ,tra*9us communis 7,fig4 #chg7 is widely diffus$ 9 ! ,atlantic & ,m$it]ranean4 ,! g5us ,uranoscopus are s nam$ f ! position ( _! eyes1 :i* are direct$ t[>ds ! sky1 f 1 ! heav5s1 & 1 ,i reg>d4 ,f ?is peculi> arrangem5t1 !y c only see above !m4 ,!y are closely connect$ ) ! cat-fi%4 ,uranoscopus vulg>is 7,fig4 #chh7 belongs to ! ,m$it]ranean1 & is rem>kable = its ?ick cubical head & erect sp9y dorsal f9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #chf4 ,! ,cat-fi%4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #chg4 ,! ,weev]-fi% 7,tra*9us communis74 ,! ,mullets 7,mullus7 h ! body ?ick & oblong1 ! pr(ile ( ! head approa*+ ! v]tical l9e2 scales l>ge1 two dorsal f9s1 widely sep>at$--! rays ( ! fir/ sp9\s1 ( ! second1 flexible2 two cirri at ! l[] jaw4 ,two species are kn[n1 bo? inhabitants ( our we/ & s\?-we/ coa/s3 ! ,/rip$ or ,r$ ,mullet 7,mullus surmuletus71 r>e z ,briti%1 & ! ,r$ ,mullet 7,m4 b>batus74 ,! fir/ is a f9e bright v]milion r$1 ) ?ree dom9at+ yell[ l9es2 ! ?roat1 brea/1 v5tral1 & l[] surface ( ! tail are :ite1 slightly t+$ ) rose2 ! f9s h _! rays m or less r$1 ! iris ( ! eyes a pale gold col\r1 j t\*$ ) r$2 ! head be>s two b>bels4 ,?is beautiful fi% is pl5tiful 9 ! ,m$it]ranean & sometimes 9 ! ,*annel1 common 9 ! gulfs ( ,gascony1 & is frequ5tly s]v$ on ! table at ,bordeaux & ,bayonne1 :]e x is kn[n z ! b>bel2 its fle% is a little flaky1 ( an agreeable flav\r1 b less e/eem$ ?an ! r$ mullet4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #chh4 ,uranoscopus vulg>is4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxx4--,agony ( a ,r$ ,mullet at ! ,fea/ ( ,hort5sius4 ,! ,r$ ,mullet 7,mullus b>batus7 is clo!d 9 brilliant col\rs ( bright r$1 m+l+ ) silv]y t9ts ^u ! side & belly2 x pres5ts f9e indi/9ct reflections1 b none ( ! yell[ l9es :i* occur 9 ! prec$+ species4 ,x is to its brilliant col\r+ t ! r$ mullet owes mu* ( its celebrity4 ,:5 we add t its fle% is :ite1 firm1 & agreeable to ! ta/e1 ! e/imation 9 :i* x 0 held by ! anci5ts is suffici5tly expla9$4 ,) ! ,romans ! mullet 0 an object ( luxury on :i* !y exp5d$ fabul\s sums2 !y cultivat$ ! fi% 9 _! fi%-ponds n only z a delicacy ( ! table1 b = ! beauty ( =m & col\r4 ,?is fi]ce love ( beauty1 h[ev]1 too (t5 approa*$ to cruelty4 ,s5eca & ,pl9y bo? give u to und]/& t ! ri* patricians ( ,rome gave !mselves ! b>b>\s pleasure ( see+ ! mullet expire "u _! eyes1 9 ord] to witness ! v>i\s %ades ( purple1 violet1 & blue :i* succe$ ea* o!r--f c9nab> r$ to ! pale/ :ite1 z ! animal gradually loses its /r5g?1 & expires by a sl[ & cruel dea?4 ,! great rival ( ,cic]o1 ! advocate ,hort5sius1 :o attract$ cr[ds ( p to ! ,=um by 8 eloqu5t & elegant disc\rses1 _h an inord9ate passion = ?is k9d ( enjoym5t4 ,^! little inhabitants ( ! wat]s 7 l$ by a small canal :i* 0 c>ri$ "u ! fe/ive table1 & 8 great enjoym5t 0 to witness ! agonies ( ! unhappy fi% j tak5 f its native elem5t & c>ri$ to ! table1 palpitat+ ) its dy+ convulsions1 z x p]i%$ b5ea? 8 eyes1 he 9 ! mean:ile enjoy+ a sumptu\s banquet4 ,! possession ( ^! poor creatures _h1 9 %ort1 become ! rage1 a furi\s passion1 & _! price soon became excessive4 ,a fi% ( ?ree p\nds produc$ a consid]able sum to ! =tunate fi%]man1 :ile "o ( f\r & a half p\nds 0 simply ru9\s1 says ,m>tial4 ,as9ius ,gelius pur*as$ "o = eight ?\s& se/]ces 7upw>ds ( sixty p\nds74 ,"u ,caligula1 accord+ to ,suetonius1 ?ree mullets co/ ?irty ?\s& se/]ces 7ab\t two hundr$ & =ty p\nds74 ,al?\gh x is no long] ! object ( f]oci\s enjoym5t on ! "o h&1 or prodigal exp5diture on ! o!r1 x is /ill mu* s\ght aft]1 bo? = its beauty ( col\r & excell5t table qualities4 ,x is f\nd 9 _m seas1 b p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 :]e x is tak5 all r\nd ! coa/1 usually 9 muddy bottoms2 x is fi%$ = bo? by l9e & net4 ,! ,gurn>ds 7,trigla7 are rem>kable = ! s+ul> mann] 9 :i* ! head is mail$ & cuirass$2 ! op]culum & %\ld]-bones are arm$ ) sp9es1 hav+ tr5*ant blades1 :i* give !m a disagreeable1 ev5 a hide\s1 physiognomy1 & has procur$ !m v>i\s names1 su* z sea-frog1 sea-scorpion1 sea-devil1 & sundry o!r equally significant names4 ,) ?is =bidd+ appe>ance1 h[ev]1 ! gurn>ds are among ! mo/ respl5d5t inhabitants ( ! sea4 ,no?+ c exce$ ! beauty ( _! m>k+s2 b ! brilliancy ) :i* ,nature has gift$ !m is _! mis=tune2 x betrays !m to _! enemies1 :i* are f\nd 9 ! air z well z 9 ! wat]1 & )\t _! prodigi\s fecundity ?is species w\ld long s9ce h disappe>$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #chi4 ,! ,r$ ,gurn>d 7,trigla p9i74 ,twelve species ( ,trigla are kn[n4 ,9 ! ,briti% seas ! commone/ species is ! ,grey ,gurn>d 7,trigla gurn>dus71 a silv]y-grey fi%1 m or less cl\d$ ) br[n & speckl$ ) black4 ,a r>e species ) u1 b v common 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 is ! ,r$ ,gurn>d1 ,trigla p9i 7,fig4 #chi74 ,x is ( a f9e bright rose-r$ col\r1 pal] b5ea? & m vivid ab\t ! f9s1 ( :i* !re are two di/9ct dorsal & "o v5tral4 ,b5ea? ! pectorals are ?ree deta*$ rays2 bo? jaws & front ( ! l[] palate are arm$ ) f9e velvety tee?4 ,! ,p]lon1 or ,saph>9e ,gurn>d 7,t4 hirundo71 is a l>ge & h&some fi%1 rem>kable = ! lively gre5 & blue hues ( ! inn] surface ( its l>ge pectoral f9s4 ,! ,fly+ ,gurn>d 7,dactylopt]us volitans7 some:at resembles ! ,triglas1 b diff]s 9 hav+ ! f9-rays ( ! pectorals connect$ by membranes1 by :i* x is enabl$ to support itself "s "t 9 ! air1 l ! fly+-fi%2 ! pectorals1 :5 ext5d$1 =m+ a sort ( p>a*ute 7,fig4 #cij71 :i* su/a9s x :5 x leaps out ( ! wat]4 ,sev]al species are kn[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cij4 ,! ,fly+ ,gurn>d 7,dactylopt]us volitans74 ,all nature seems to conspire aga9/ ^! s+ul> creatures1 :ile !y h be5 gift$ ) ! d\ble p[] ( swimm+ & fly+4 ,! fly+-fi% only escapes f ! ,bonitas1 & o!r voraci\s fi%es :i* pursue x on ! bosom ( ! sea1 to expose itself to ! attacks ( ! inhabitants ( ! air4 ,a cr[d ( sea-f[l1 su* z frigate-birds1 ! albatross1 & ! gulls1 c>ry on a bloody w> ) !m :5 !y v5ture on flight4 ,enemies ?us pursue ! unhappy fi% :atev] elem5t x betakes itself to4 ,nev]!less x passes f "o elem5t to ! o!r ) an en]gy :i* frequ5tly defeats ! attacks ( its enemies4 ,:5 x leaps f ! sea to ! height ( five or six feet1 x su/a9s itself = sev]al hundr$ feet1 *ang+ its direction4 ,9 its flight x may be comp>$ to t ( ! fly+ dragon2 ! popul> "n giv5 to x is said to be d]iv$ f ! grunt+ noise !y make on be+ tak5 out ( ! wat]4 ,,labyr9?i=m ,,ph>yngeans4 ,9 ! fi%es ( ?is ord] ! sup]ior ph>yngeal bones are divid$ into num]\s & irregul> little leaflets1 :i* int]sect ! cellules situat$ "u ! op]culum1 :i* aga9 s]ve to reta9 a c]ta9 quantity ( wat]4 ,?is wat] pres]ves ! gills1 h[ev]1 :5 ! animal is dry1 :i* p]mits !m to live on %ore1 :]e !y frequ5tly contrive to creep ov] great di/ances 9 se>* ( wat]4 ,! g5us ,anabas1 f 1 to asc5d1 possess ?is peculi>ity ( organization 9 a rem>kable degree2 x enables !m to leave ! riv]s & m>%es & little wat]c\rses ( ,borneo & ,java1 & o!r isl&s ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 & creep ?r\gh ! h]bage or along ! gr\nd by means ( ! inflexions ( _! bodies1 ! d5tation ( _! op]cules1 ( _! sp9es & f9s4 ,?is fact1 al?\gh only rec5tly kn[n to mod]n naturali/s1 0 well kn[n to ! anci5ts1 & has be5 record$ by ,!ophra/us4 ,! family ( ! ,scomb]oides is ! mo/ important gr\p 9 ! ord]1 compreh5d+ "s ( ! fi%es mo/ useful to man1 f _! size1 ! excell5ce ( _! fle%1 & _! abundance4 ,! ,tunny 7,?ynnus1 ,cuv471 ! ,mack]el 7,scomb] scombrus71 & ! ,bonita 7,?ynnus pelamys71 h yield$1 f ! remote/ antiquity1 imm5se res\rces z human food1 bo? 9 ! fre% & pres]v$ /ate4 ,! tunny1 :ile resembl+ ! mack]el 9 _m respects 9 its g5]al =m1 is r\nd]1 & atta9s a mu* l>g] size1 be+ sometimes f\nd eight & n9e feet 9 l5g?1 & weigh+ ?ree to f\r hundr$ p\nds4 ,! upp] "p ( ! body is a blui%-black2 ! belly is grey1 ) silv]y spots4 ,^! fi%es sometimes pres5t !mselves 9 ! ,atlantic1 b 9 ! ,m$it]ranean !y are v abundant4 ,at "s p]iods ( ! ye> !y approa* ! coa/ 9 innum]able %oals1 & 9 num]\s s]ri$ ranks1 =m+ a va/ battalion1 :i* conceals itself "u ! waves1 & only betrays itself on ! ext]ior by ! motion ( ! sea1 caus$ by su* va/ numb]s travell+ rapidly ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,9 _m localities ! %oals ( tunnies %[ !mselves 9 ! spr+1 pursu+ _! way t[>ds ! ea/1 & 9 ! autumn we f9d !m pursu+ an opposite direction4 ,we see ! same ?+ on ! coa/ ( ,prov5ce4 ,^u ! coa/ ( ,la ,ciotat a fir/ fi%+ takes place f ! mon?s ( ,m>* to ,july1 & a second aga9 f ,july to ,octob]4 ,b at o!r po9ts ( ! coa/ !y arrive at ! same "t f v diff]5t directions2 nev]!less1 9 "s places !y are only w9t] visitors4 ,! tunny-fi%+ goes back to ! remote/ antiquity4 ,! ,pho5icians1 ! fir/ navigators kn[n1 c>ri$ x on on ! coa/ ( ,spa94 ,9 our days ! fi%+ is c>ri$ on ) great activity on ! coa/s ( ,prov5ce1 ( ,s>d9ia1 & ,sicily4 ,! fi%+ is g5]ally c>ri$ on by ! tunny-net1 b 9 ,prov5ce x is fi%$ ) an enclos$ net call$ ! madrague4 ,! tunny-net consi/s ( a comb9ation ( nets1 :i* is quickly ca/ into ! sea 9 ord] to head ! tunnies at ! mom5t ( _! passage4 ,:5 ! s5t9els1 po/$ = ! purpose1 z 9 ! pil*>d fi%]y1 h signall$ ! approa* ( a %oal ( tunnies & its direction1 by ! indications ( a flag :i* po9ts to ! spot occupi$ by ! f9ny tribe1 ! fi%+-boats are imm$iately direct$ to ! designat$ spot1 & rang$ 9 curv$ l9es1 =m+ ) ! light float+ net a half circul> enclosure1 turn$ t[>ds ! %ore1 ! int]ior ( :i* is call$ ! g>d54 ,! tunnies ?us enclos$ 9 ?is g>d51 betwe5 ! coa/ & ! net1 become agitat$ ) t]ror4 ,z !y advance t[>ds ! %ore !y press ^u ! enclosure1 or r a new int]ior enclosure is =m$ ) o!r nets held 9 res]ve4 ,9 ?is second enclosure an op5+ is left1 ?r\gh :i* ! tunnies h to pass4 ,9 cont9u+ ?us to dim9i% ! space by successive enclosures1 ea* occupies a small] diamet]1 9 :i* ! fi% are enclos$ 9 ab\t a fa?om & a half ( wat]4 ,at ?is mom5t a species ( se9e-net is ?r[n into ! g>d54 ,?is net is haul$ into %all[ wat] by =ce ( arms1 & ! small tunnies are tak5 by ! h&1 ! l>g] by hooks4 ,! boats are *>g$ ) !m1 & !y are c>ri$ a%ore4 ,a s+le day's fi%+ w sometimes produce z _m z sixte5 ?\s& tunnies1 ea* f tw5ty to five & tw5ty p\nds weight4 ,:5 ! p>k1 9 place ( be+ e/abli%$ = a s+le fi%]y1 is a p]man5t con/ruction 9 ! sea1 x is call$1 9 ,prov5ce1 a madrague4 ,! madrague is a va/ enclosure4 ,! nett+ :i* =ms ! p>titions ( its *amb]s are su/a9$ by buoys ( cork on ! surface1 & kept d[n by heavy /ones & o!r weights on ! l[] edge1 & ma9ta9$ 9 ?is position by cords1 "o extremity ( :i* is atta*$ to ! net1 & ! o!r is moor$ to an an*or4 ,! madrague is int5d$ to arre/ ! %oals ( tunnies at ! mom5t :5 !y ab&on ! %ore 9 ord] to return to ! op5 sea4 ,= ?is purpose a long alley or run is e/abli%$ betwe5 ! sea-%ore & ! p>k or madrague4 ,! tunnies foll[ ?is alley1 &1 aft] pass+ f *amb] to *amb]1 betake !mselves at la/ to ! body ( ! p>k4 ,9 ord] to =ce !m into ! madrague !y are press$ t[>ds ! %ore by means ( a long net1 :i* is ext5d$ 9 _! re> atta*$ to two boats1 ea* ( :i* su/a9s "o ( ! upp] angles ( ! net4 ,:5 ! fi%es come to ! la/ comp>tm5t1 ! fi%]m5 raise a horizontal net1 :i* makes a sort ( plate ( ?is comp>tm5t1 9 :i* ! fi%es are gradually rais$ to ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,?is op]ation occupies ! :ole night4 ,9 ! morn+ ! tunnies are collect$ 9 a v n>r[ space1 & at v>y+ di/ances f ! %ore2 & n[ ! c>nage comm5ces4 ,! unhappy creatures are /ruck ) long poles1 boat-hooks1 & o!r weapons4 ,! tunny-fi%+ pres5ts a v sad spectacle at ?is its la/ /age2 f9e l>ge fi% p]i% "u ! bl[s ( a multitude ( fi%]m51 :o pursue _! bloody task ) mo/ dramatic effect4 ,! sight ( ! poor creatures1 "s ( !m w\nd$ & half dead1 try+ 9 va9 to /ruggle ) _! f]oci\s assailants1 is v pa9ful to endure4 ,! sea1 r$ ) blood1 long pres]ves traces ( ?is frightful c>nage1 ( :i* an illu/ration is attempt$ 9 ,,pl4 ,,xxxi4 ,! fle% ( ! tunny is mu* e/eem$1 be+ firm & :olesome4 ,x is call$ ! salmon ( ,prov5ce4 ,= our "p1 says ,m4 ,figui]1 we put x f> above ! salmon4 ,no?+ is comp>able to ! fre% tunny ?r[n into a hot fry+-pan1 & spr9kl$ ) v9eg> & salt4 ,:5 prop]ly cook$1 no?+ c be m firm or sav\ry4 ,9 %ort1 no?+ ( ! k9d c rival1 or ev5 be comp>$1 ) ! tunny1 z we f9d x at ,m>seilles & ,cette4 ,! tunny is greatly celebrat$ among ! ,greeks & o!r inhabitants on ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 ( ! ,propontus1 & ! ,black ,sea4 ,! ,romans atta*$ great value to c]ta9 p>ts ( ?is fi%1 z ! head & ! l[] "p ( ! belly4 ,! neighb\r+ p>ts 7 9 little e/eem ) !m4 ,!y cut !m into pieces & pres]v$ !m 9 vases fill$ ) salt4 ,!y are n[ pres]v$ ) oil & salt aft] be+ cook$2 ?is prep>ation is 9 great reque/ at ,cette1 ,montpelli]1 & ,m>seilles4 ,) a pot ( m>9e tunny1 pres]v$ 9 ! v9eg> ( ,lunel1 a h\sehold is pretty well prep>$ = any ev5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxi4--,fi%+ = ,tunny at ,madrigue1 on ! ,coa/ ( ,prov5ce4 ,! ,mack]el 7,scomb] scombrus7 is too well kn[n to require m9ute description4 ,:o has n admir$ ^! fi%es1 ) _! /eel-blue back1 & *ang+ iridesc5t sides ( gold & purple & gre51 reliev$ by f9e wav+ l9es ( deep] black1 z !y appe> on ! m>ket-/alls1 or z !y are empti$ 9 ! e>ly morn+ f ! fi%+-boat8 ,! head is blue above1 ) black m>k+s1 ! re/ ( ! body be+ height5$ ) iridesc5t %ades ( gold & purple4 ,!re are two species ( mack]el--t ( ! ,atlantic & ( ! ,*annel1 :i* has no swimm+-bladd]1 ,scomb] scombrus 7,fig4 #cia71 & ! mack]el ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 ,scomb] colias1 :i* has ! swimm+-bladd]1 & :i* is a v r>e fi% 9 our seas4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cia4 ,! ,mack]el 7,scomb] scombrus74 ,! mack]el is common to all ,european seas3 be+ ! ,veirat ( ! ,bay ( ,langu$oc2 ! ,aurion ( ,prov5ce2 ! ,bretal 9 "s p>ts ( ,brittany2 ! ,mac>ello ( ! mod]n ,romans2 ! ,scombro ( ! ,v5etians2 ! ,lace/o ( ! ,neapolitans2 ! ,cavallo ( ! ,spani>ds2 ! well-kn[n ,mack]el ( our own %ores1 & ! ,makril ( ! ,sw$es2 x is f\nd on ! coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 & z f> s\? z ! ,can>y ,isl&s4 ,x is a w&]+1 unsettl$ fi%1 suppos$ to be migratory1 b individuals are always f\nd on our coa/4 ,!y are suppos$ to rema9 dur+ ! w9t] 9 ! ,nor? ,sea1 & aft]w>ds on ! coa/ ( ,scotl& & ,irel& 9 ,janu>y & ,febru>y1 on _! way to ! ,atlantic4 ,"h _! great army is divid$ into two3 "o bran* passes along ! ,spani% & ,portuguese coa/s1 :ile ! o!r ent]s ! ,*annel4 ,9 ,may !y appe> on ! coa/s ( ,engl& & ,france4 ,9 ,june !y rea* ,holl&4 ,9 ,july "o portion ( !m returns to ! ,baltic1 :ile ano!r skirts ! coa/ ( ,norway on its way to w9t] qu>t]s4 ,lacep$e e/imat$ t ?is migration1 :i* is s regul>1 & its /ages s rigor\sly indicat$1 0 irreconcilable ) a great numb] ( v precise obs]vations2 & he arriv$ at ! conclusion t ! mack]el passes ! w9t] at ! bottom ( ! sea1 m or less remote f ! coa/1 :i* !y aga9 approa* 9 ! spr+4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! f9e season !y advance t[>ds ! %ore :i* be/ agre$ ) !m1 %[+ !mselves (t5 on ! surface1 l ! tunny1 trav]s+ ! sea 9 c\rses m or less direct or s9u\s1 b nev] foll[+ ! p]iodical circle :i* has be5 s +5i\sly trac$ out = !m4 ,mr4 ,milne ,edw>ds also rem>ks t1 if ^! legions ( fi%es asc5d$ f ! ,pol> seas1 !y ought to visit ! ,orkneys be=e !y appe>$ 9 ! ,*annel1 & ent] ! ,m$it]ranean lat] 9 ! season2 b he is assur$ t !y appe> at ! ,orkneys late 9 ! season4 ,x appe>s1 9 %ort1 t !re are diff]5t v>ieties :i* haunt ! sev]al neighb\rhoods 9 :i* !y ab\nd4 ,! l>ge/ mack]el are tak5 at ! entrance ( ! ,*annel1 b !y are consid]$ less delicate ?an ! small] fi%es4 ,! %oals ( mack]el1 x appe>s1 nev] ent] ! ,gulf ( ,gascony1 b !y ab\nd along ! %ores ( ,brittany up to ! ,nor? ,sea4 ,x is ab\t ! mon? ( ,april t !y beg9 to be met )1 b !y are /ill small & )\t milt or roe4 ,9 ! mon?s ( ,june & ,july ! fi% is 9 its mo/ p]fect /ate4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ,septemb] & ,octob] mack]el ( ! same ye>'s bir? are tak52 f9ally1 9 ,novemb] & ,decemb]1 ! fi%]m5 /ill fi% !m1 & s5d !m to m>ket1 b ?is is an irregul>ity1 & ! fi%]m5 ( ,l[e/(t & ,y>m\? take _! great h>ve/ 9 ,may & ,june2 9 ! ,fir? ( ,=?1 & on ! nor? coa/ ( ,scotl&1 at a few weeks lat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxii4--,fi%+ = ,mack]el (f ! ,cornwall ,coa/4 ,z mack]el are v voraci\s1 !y gre$ily dev\r all sorts ( bait1 b !y are *iefly tak5 by ! drift-net4 ,! drift-net is tw5ty feet deep & a hundr$ & tw5ty feet long1 well buoy$ at ! upp] edge1 b )\t weights at ! bottom4 ,! me%es1 made ( f9e tw9e t>r$ to a r$di% col\r = pres]vation1 are calculat$ to admit ! head ( ! fi% & cat* x by ! gills1 s z to prev5t its )drawal4 ,a fleet ( mack]el-boats dragg+ ^! l>ge nets1 :i* are ext5d$ v]tically 9 ! sea1 or float betwe5 ! two tides1 is well repres5t$ 9 ,,pl4 ,,xxxii4 ,! fle% ( ! mack]el is fat & high flav\r$4 ,among ! anci5ts a liquid 0 extract$ f ?is fat call$ g>um1 :i* 0 consid]$ a v n\ri%+ prep>ation4 ,! price ( ?is liquid 0 v high2 9 mod]n measures x 0 valu$ at ab\t sixte5 %ill+s ! p9t4 ,x 0 acrid1 half putrefi$1 & v nause\s1 b x _h ! prop]ty ( r\s+ ! appetite & /imulat+ ! dige/ive organs4 ,g>um play$ ! "p ( a condim5t at a p]iod :5 ! excit+ array ( ,indian spices 0 unkn[n4 ,s5eca *>ges x1 z we d pepp] & o!r hot spices tak5 9 excess1 ) de/roy+ ! /oma* & heal? ( g\rm&s4 ,?is g>um is spok5 ( by ! travell] ,pi]re ,belon1 writ+ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 z be+ held 9 great e/imation at ,con/ant9ople 9 8 "t4 ,rondelet1 ! au?or ( a v rem>kable book publi%$ 9 #aeed1 :o ate g>um at ! table ( ,william ,pellici]1 ,bi%op ( ,maguelonne1 ?\ght he c\ld trace ! liquid n to ! mack]el1 b to "o ( ! ,sp>odes 7,sp>us sm>is74 ,! mack]el possesses phosphoresc5t prop]ties :i* cause x to %9e 9 ! d>k1 especially aft] dea?1 :5 decomposition has comm5c$4 ,! mack]el is n only voraci\s1 b1 9 spite ( its small size1 x has ! h>dihood to attack fi%es mu* l>g] & mu* /rong] ?an itself4 ,x is ev5 said t !y love human fle%4 ,accord+ to ! naturali/ bi%op1 ,pontoppidan1 :o liv$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 a sailor belong+ to a vessel :i* _h ca/ an*or 9 "o ( ! ,norwegian ports1 :5 ba?+ "o day 9 ! sea1 0 assail$ by a %oal ( mack]el4 ,8 companions came to 8 relief2 ! eag] b& 7 repuls$ ) great difficulty1 b n till x 0 too late3 ! un=tunate sailor 0 s exhau/$ t he di$ a few h\rs aft]4 ,by a natural law ( comp5sation ! ubiquit\s mack]el is surr\nd$ by num]\s enemies2 ! l>g] inhabitants ( ! ocean eag]ly dev\r !m4 ,c]ta9 fi%es1 9 appe>ance v weak1 su* z ! murna1 fight !m ) great advantage4 ,closely connect$ ) ! mack]el & o!r ,scombrid1 we h ! ,bonita ( ! ,tropics4 ,?is is a fi% ( consid]able size1 celebrat$ by its pursuit 9 great %oals ( ! fly+-fi%1 ( :i* we h already spok54 ,! ,bonita 7,?ynnus pelamys7 is n unlike ! mack]el 9 %ape1 b less compress$1 & upw>ds ( tw5ty-five to ?irty in*es long4 ,x is occasionally f\nd on our coa/1 b only z an accid5tal visitor1 = its true home is ! ,tropics4 ,x is a beautiful fi% ( a f9e blue col\r1 ) %ort pectoral f9s & f\r longitud9al b&s on ea* side ( ! belly4 ,x is easily h>poon$ f ! dolph9-/rik]1 & appe>s to h ! p[] ( g5]at+ electricity4 ,any "o grasp+ ! liv+ fi% is viol5tly %ak5 z 9 palsy1 agitans1 s mu* s t ! mo/ resolute son ( ,neptune _c control 8 spee*2 e attempt culm9ates 9 an un9telligible spasmodic sputt]4 ,! in/ant ! bonita is dropp$1 ! muscles resume _! r\t9e action4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cib4 ,! ,sword-fi% 7,xiphias gladius74 ,! ,sword-fi%1 ,xiphias gladius 7,fig4 #cib71 s call$ f ! upp] jaw be+ elongat$ into a =midable spe> or sword1 0 kn[n to ! anci5ts1 & has borne ! "n :i* recalls its sali5t *>act]i/ic f v e>ly times4 ,9 %ort1 x is recogniz$ at a glance f its organic /ructure1 & f ! resemblance ( its prolong$ horizontal & tr5*ant muzzle to ! blade ( a sword4 ,) ! anci5ts x 0 1 & ,gladius2 ) ! mod]ns x is ! ,sword-fi%1 ! ,d>t1 ! ,spece spada1 & l',espadon pe4 ,?is fi% atta9s a great size1 be+ f\nd 9 ! ,m$it]ranean & ,atlantic1 9 company ) ! tunny1 f five to six feet 9 l5g?4 ,its body is l5g?y1 & cov]$ ) m9ute scales1 ! sword =m+ ?ree-t5?s ( its l5g?4 ,on ! back x be>s a s+le long dorsal f92 ! tail is keel$1 ! l[] jaw is %>p1 ! m\? too?less1 ! upp] "p ( ! fi% blui%-black1 m]g+ into silv] b5ea?4 ,x seems to h a natural desire to ex]cise t[>ds & aga9/ all ! arm ) :i* ,nature has furni%$ x2 x d>ts ) ! utmo/ fury ^u ! mo/ =midable mov+ bodies2 x attacks ! :ale2 & !re are num]\s & well-au!nticat$ in/ances ( %ips be+ p]=at$ by ! weapon ( ?is p[]ful creature4 ,9 #agbe1 "s c>p5t]s hav+ occasion to exam9e ! bottom ( a %ip :i* _h j return$ f ! tropical seas1 f\nd ! lance ( a sword-fi% buri$ deep 9 ! timb]s ( ! %ip4 ,!y decl>$ t1 to drive a po9t$ bolt ( iron ( ! same size & =m to ! same dep?1 w\ld require eight or n9e bl[s ( a hamm] weigh+ ?irty p\nds4 ,f ! position ( ! weapon x 0 evid5t t ! fi% _h foll[$ ! %ip :ile "u full sail2 x _h p5etrat$ ?r\gh ! metal %ea?+1 & ?ree in*es & a half beyond1 into ! solid frame4 ,! sword-fi% has ob/9ate combats ) ! saw-fi%1 & ev5 ! %>k1 & x is suppos$ t :5 he attacks ! bottom ( a vessel he takes t sombre mass = ! body ( an enemy4 ,b ?is t]rible j\/]1 ?is ,palad9 ( ! abyss1 (t5 becomes himself ! prey ( a mo/ contemptible enemy4 ,a mis]able little p>asite1 ! ,p5natula filesa1 p5etrates its fle%1 & almo/ drives x mad ) pa94 ,! fle% ( ! "y sword-fi% is :ite1 compact1 & ( excell5t ta/e2 t ( adults resembles ! tunny4 ,x is ! object ( a fi%]y ( "s importance 9 ! ,/raits ( ,mess9a4 ,! fi%]m5 ( ,mess9a & ,reggio jo9 9 ?is fi%]y ) a great numb] ( boats1 c>ry+ brilliant flambeaux1 :ile "o ( ! crew is /ation$ at ! ma/-head to ann\nce ! approa* ( ! sword-fi%4 ,at a giv5 signal ! boats ru% on to attack !m ) ! h>poons 7,fig4 #cic74 ,dur+ ?is fi%]y ! sailors s+ a peculi> melody1 b )\t words4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cic4 ,fi%+ = ,sword-fi% 9 ! ,/raits ( ,mess9a4 ,! family ( ,p$iculate ,pectorals is s nam$ f ! fi%es ( :i* x is compos$ be>+ _! pectoral f9s on a species ( arm :i* =ms a prolongation ( ! c>p bone2 x includes ! ,frog-fi%1 rem>kable = ! excessive circumf]5ce ( ! head & %\ld]s z comp>$ ) ! re/ ( ! body1 ! imm5se op5+ ( a jaw1 arm$ ) po9t$ tee?1 & ! cutane\s jagg$ /ripes ( v>i\s l5g?s ) :i* x bri/les at _m po9ts4 ,its sk9 is s(t1 smoo?1 & )\t scales or o!r asp]ities2 ! memb]s :i* support ! pectorals1 & o!r peculi>ities1 comb9e to r5d] x a hide\s & =bidd+ object1 well calculat$ 9 ignorant & sup]/iti\s times to fright5 ! multitude4 ,! rema9s ( ?is fi%1 prep>$ 9 su* a mann] z to be transp>5t1 & r5d]$ lum9\s by a lamp enclos$ 9 its int]ior1 has (t5 help$ to deceive & fright5 ! timid by its fanta/ic appe>ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cid4 ,! ,frog-fi% 7,lophius piscatorius74 ,! ,frog-fi%1 ,lophius piscatorius--,l9n4 7,fig4 #cid71 :i* atta9s ! l5g? ( five or six feet1 lives 9 ! s&1 or sunk 9 ! mud1 leav+ ! long & movable filam5ts ) :i* ! head is furni%$ to float 9 ! wat]2 ! %r$s :i* t]m9ate !m act z natural bait :5 !y float ab\t 9 diff]5t directions1 f _! resemblance to worms & o!r liv+ creatures4 ,! fi%es :i* swim above !m1 & :i* !y see v well by ! assi/ance ( _! two eyes plac$ on ! summit ( ! head1 are attract$ by ^! deceitful decoys4 ,:5 ! prey arrives ne> to ! enorm\s jaws1 :i* are almo/ always wide op51 x is engulf$ & torn to pieces by its /rongly-hook$ tee?4 ,?is mann] ( ly+ 9 ambu%1 & fi%+1 z x 71 ) a hook & l9e = fi%es :i* its con=mation does n p]mit x to pursue1 has acquir$ = x ! "n ( ! frog-fi%1 :i* is sometimes giv5 to x4 ,x is f\nd m or less 9 all p>ts ( ! ,m$it]ranean & 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,atlantic1 be+ frequ5tly tak5 bo? 9 ! ,gulf ( ,gascony & 9 ! ,*annel4 ,! family ( ,labrid compreh5ds3 ,i4 ,! ,wrasse 7,labrus71 a g5us ( fi%es deck$ 9 ! mo/ lively col\rs2 = ! yell[1 gre51 blue1 & r$1 =m+ b&s ( spots1 give ! body ! appe>ance ( be+ enri*$ ) brilliant metallic reflections4 ,,ii4 ,! ,julis1 ( ,risso1 ! ,m$it]ranean species ( :i* is rem>kable = its f9e violet col\r1 reliev$ on ea* side by an orange b&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cie4 ,adult ,gre5 & ,r$ v>ieties ( ,labrus communis4 ,( ! ,labrid we repres5t "h1 z a type ( ! family1 ! adult ,gre5 & ,r$ ,labrus 7,fig4 #cie71 v>ieties ( ! commone/ species1 call$ ! sea-p>rot1 ! body ( ea* be+ oblong1 clo!d ) l>ge scales3 a dorsal f91 frequ5tly ) membran\s app5dages1 ?ick fle%y lips1 & l>ge conical tee?2 *eeks & gill-cov]s clo!d ) scales2 gill-cov]s smoo? at ! edges2 ?ree sp9es 9 ! anal f94 ,9 ,julis ! *eeks & gill-cov]s are )\t scales2 9 o!r respects !y resemble ,labrus4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cif4 ,! ,pipe-fi% 7,fi/ul>ia tabac>ia74 ,among ! acan?opt]yge\s fi%es we %all only notice ! s+ul> family ( ,fi/ul>iad1 or ,pipe-fi%es1 s call$ f ! extreme elongation ( ! =e "p ( ! head1 =m+ a tube1 at ! extremity ( :i* is ! m\?4 ,( ?is family1 ,fi/ul>ia tabac>ia 7,fig4 #cif7 may be consid]$ ! type4 ,! tube ( ! muzzle is long & flat1 & f ! caudal f9 spr+s a t]m9al filam5t ne>ly z long z ! body4 ,?is species ( pipe-fi% is common at ! ,antilles2 x atta9s ! l5g? ( ab\t ?ree feet1 b its fle% is lea!ry & insipid4 ,x fe$s ^u cru/aceans & small fi%es1 :i* x drags f ! int]/ices ( ! rocks & /ones by means ( its long & tap] pipe4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we close our abbreviat$ hi/ory ( ! ,ocean & su* ( ! inhabitants ) :i* x sw>ms z seems mo/ likely1 f _! habits & o!r peculi>ities1 to int]e/ ! read]s1 consci\s ( its _m imp]fections4 ,:]e e creature :i* moves & brea!s 9 ! wat]y _w is s full ( int]e/1 x w n surprise ! read] to le>n t "o ( ! editor's *ief difficulties has be5 t ( selection1 8 mo/ pa9ful task t ( reject+ ! va/ mass ( int]e/+ matt] he _h necess>ily to pass 9 review4 ,we h %[n 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ?is "w t ne>ly ?ree-f\r?s ( ! surface ( ! e>? is ba!d by ! sea4 ,/ruck ) ?is va/ ext5t ( ocean1 a witty ,fr5* writ] says1 ,"o is almo/ tempt$ to believe t our planet 0 specially creat$ = fi%es4 ,!y are1 inde$1 a v important "p ( creation2 !y =m1 z x 71 a bond unit+ ! v]tebrate to inv]tebrate animals4 ,!y h a m complicat$ organization ?an any ( ! o!r oceanic inhabitants 7except ! ,cetace71 z !y are also ! mo/ num]\s1 ! mo/ v>i$ 9 =m1 & by f> ! mo/ brilliant 9 col\r1 & ! mo/ active 9 _! movem5ts4 ,pl9y1 ! naturali/1 describes n9ety-f\r species ( fi%es4 ,l9nu has *>act]is$ f\r hundr$ & sev5ty-eight4 ,! naturali/s ( ! pres5t day "k upw>ds ( ?irte5 ?\s&1 a t5? ( :i* are fre%-wat] fi%es4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ag3 ,lieut5ant & ,comm&]1 by ,capta9 ,basil ,hall4 ,bell ,daldy1 ,london4 ,,index4 ,abdom9ales1 #efj4 ,acaleph1 or ,sea ,nettles1 #aie4 ,acan?opt]ygians1 #eij4 ,acclimatiz+ sponges1 #hj4 ,acephal\s ,mollusca1 #caf4 ,acetabulif]\s ,cephalopods1 #ddh4 ,a*at9a zebra1 #dji4 ,act9i>ia1 #aha4 ---- dian?us1 #ahi4 qu]ea violacea1 #aih4 ,agalma rubra1 #bci4 ,its graceful appe>ance1 ib4 ,its int]ior1 #bdj4 ,alcyon>ia1 #aai4 ---- prop]1 #add4 ,alcyonium digitatum1 #add1 #aea4 ,allice ,%ad1 #ehd4 ,alt]nate g5]ation 9 ! ,biphora1 #cae4 ,alveol9a oblonga1 #ie4 ,ambulacral app5dages1 #bfc4 ,amoeb difflu5s1 #hf4 ---- pr9ceps1 #hf4 ,ammodytes lancea1 #ecg4 ,anabas1 #eif4 ,analysis ( sea wat]1 #ae1 #ah4 ,anatomy ( ! ,c>p1 #ejd4 ,an*ovy 7,engraulis71 #ehi4 ,anci5t trilobite1 #ddh4 ,animalcules1 _! action1 #aj4 ,ant>ctic ,ocean1 #c4 ,discov]ies1 #dd1 #ej4 ,antipa?id1 #adh1 #adi4 ,apiocr9us p5tacr9us1 #bga4 ,aplysia depilans1 %ell & animal1 #cic4 ,apoda1 #ecf4 ,apolemia contorta1 #bda4 ,p>ts magnifi$1 #bdb4 ,apor\s ,madrepores1 #aej4 ,appe>ance ( ! sea1 #fj4 ,aqu>ium1 !1 #ff4 ,arctic ,ocean1 #i4 ,argonauta1 fables conc]n+ x1 #dfg4 ,ari/otle's description1 ib4 ,oppian's description1 #dfh4 ,8 mi/akes1 ib4 ,rumphius1 #dfi4 ,real hi/ory1 #dgj4 ,madame ,p[]'s exp]im5ts1 ib4 ,locomotive organs1 #dga4 ,argonauta argo1 %ell & animal1 #dfi4 ---- papyracea1 animal & %ell1 #dga4 ,ari/otle's ,lant]n1 #bhg1 #bhi4 ,ascidia microcosmus1 #caj4 ---- p$unculata1 #caa4 ,ascidians1 simple1 social1 & composite1 #caj4 ,asp]gillum vag9if]um1 #cca4 ,a/]acan?ion glacialis1 #bfd4 ,a/]ias1 #bfj4 ---- aurantiaca1 #bfc4 ---- rub5s1 #bfa4 ,a/]ophyton v]rucosum1 #bgi4 ,a/rea punctif]a1 #aee4 ,atlantic ,ocean1 #b4 ,atmosph]ic curr5ts1 #bi4 ,atolls & ,atollons1 #aff4 ,aurelia aurita1 #aii4 ,azoic rocks1 #fa4 ,bact]ium t]mo1 #ajh4 ,baff9's ,bay discov]$1 #dd4 ,baltic ,sea1 #f4 ,b>5tz's discov]ies1 #dd4 ,b>r5 reefs1 #agc4 ,beale's adv5ture ) a ,cuttle-fi%1 #deb4 ,b$ ( coral1 #abh4 ,behr+'s ,/raits1 #dd4 ,b]e ,=skahli1 #bee4 ,b]!lot's repres5tation ( ! capture ( a ,cephalopod1 #dfb4 ,biphora1 #cac4 ,bir? ( corall9e l>v1 #acc4 ,bivalves1 h[ unit$1 #cah4 ,blue m9yade1 #aic4 ,bonitas1 #eie1 #fjb4 ,bonpl&'s acc\nt ( ! ,electrical ,eel1 #eci4 ,bor+ ,pholades1 #cbf4 ,botrillus1 #caa4 ,bran* ( ,virgul>ia magnifi$1 #adc4 ,bran*ial infusoria1 #ajg4 ,brea?+ 9 ,molluscs1 #cje4 ,brooke's s\nd+ app>atus1 #e4 ,bryozo>e ,polyps1 #acd4 ,_! organization1 #cje4 ,bucc9um s5ticosum1 & ,b4 undatum1 #dcc4 ,bulimus sultanus1 #djh4 ,bulla ampulla1 ,b4 oblonga1 & ,b4 nebulosa1 #cid4 ,cabot's discov]ies1 #dc1 #eed4 ,calm>1 !1 #deh4 ,callianira1 #beg4 ,campanul>i1 #bbh4 ,cancale ,oy/]s1 #cfh4 ,cape ,horn1 #b4 ---- ,race1 #h4 ,c>*>ius vulg>is 7! ,%>k71 #eag4 ,its description1 ib4 ,de/ructive habits1 #eah4 ,imm5se p[]1 #eai4 ,its fle% co>se1 #eba4 ,sup]/iti\s devotions to1 #eba1 #ebb4 ,c>dium hians1 & ,c4 ,gre5l&icum1 #ccg4 ---- aculeatum & ,c4 edulis1 #ccg4 ---- co/atum1 #cch4 ,c>nivor\s ,cephalopods1 #ded4 ,c>tilag9\s fi%es1 #ejh4 ,c>yophillia cya?us1 #aea4 ,cassidul9a1 #ib4 ,cassiopea ,&rom$a1 #bbb4 ,cassis glauca1 ,c4 rufa1 ,c4 canaliculata1 & ,c4 ,madagasc>i5sis1 #dbi4 ---- undata1 #dcj4 ,cat-fi%1 #eia4 ,celebrat$ ,oy/] eat]s1 #cgj4 ,cephalopod\s ,mollusca1 #dde4 ,cephal\s ,mollusca1 #cia4 ,c]i?ium fasciatum1 ,c4 aluco1 & ,c4 giganteum1 #dai4 ,ce/id1 #beh4 ,*ancellor's discov]ies1 #dc4 ,*>t ( ! ,atlantic1 #g4 ,*>ybdis1 :irlpool (1 #db4 ,*imra arctica1 #ebd4 ,*iton magnificus1 #daj4 ,*rysaora ,gaudi*audi1 #bah4 ,ciliate ,infusoria1 #aaa4 ,circulat+ tubes 9 ! ,coral1 #aca4 ,circulation ( ! ocean1 #bc4 ,cirro!utis ,mll]i1 #dff4 ,classic fea/ on ! ,corni*e du ,prado1 at ,m>seilles1 #bia4 ,cleod>a cuspidata1 #ddd4 ---- lanceolata & ,c4 compressa1 #ddd4 ,clupead1 #ege4 ,clypea/] rosaceus1 #bhg4 ,cocos ,isl&1 #agj1 #agb4 ,cod cur+1 #eef4 ---- fi% 7,morrhua call>ias71 #eec4 ---- fi%]ies1 #eed4 ,c(fres 7,o/racion71 #ecc4 ,col\r ( ! sea1 #aa4 ,local causes (1 #ac4 ,effects ( animalcules1 ib4 ,alg ( riv]s1 #ad4 ,comatul1 #bge4 ,comatula ,m$it]ranea1 #bge4 ,complicat$ organization ( a polyp1 #acg4 ,condylo/oma pat5s1 #aac4 ,cong] ,eels 7,anguilla cong]71 #edc4 ,cont5ts ( a drop ( wat]1 #ig4 ,conus1 pr9cipal =ms (1 #dbf4 ,cook's discov]ies1 #dd1 #ej4 ,coral & liv+ polyps1 #abi4 ---- fi%]ies1 #acg4 ---- isl&s1 #ba4 ,corall9e spicula1 #acj4 ,corall9es1 #aai4 ,cornul>ia cornucopia1 #add4 ,corpuscles f :i* "y polyps emanate1 #acf4 ,cory/es ,cassivelaunus1 male1 #dhi4 ,female1 #dij4 ,co?urnia pyxidi=mis1 #aab4 ,crabs1 _! habits1 mode ( attack+ cocoa-nuts1 #dhd4 ,travell+ ,crabs1 #dhe4 ,propagation1 #dhf4 ,cramp-fi% 7,torp$o m>morata71 #ead4 ,cr9odea1 #bgj4 ,cruelty to ,oy/]s1 #cgb4 ,cru/aceans1 #dgg4 ,_! organization1 #dgh4 ,brea?+ app>atus1 #dha4 ,de/ructive habits1 #dhb4 ,cry/atella muc$o1 #cjg4 ,ct5ophora1 #aih1 #bed4 ,cultivation ( ,oy/]s1 #cge4 ,curr5ts ( ! ocean1 _! causes1 #bc1 #bg1 #bh4 ,bifurcation ( curr5ts1 #cc4 ,cuttle-fi%1 #ddi4 ,describ$1 #dee4 ,its pigm5ts1 #def4 ,habits1 #deg4 ,cyclones1 #cb4 ,cyclopt]is1 #edd4 ,cyclo/oma1 #ejh4 ,cydippa pil5s1 #beg4 ,cypra1 pr9cipal =ms (1 #dbj4 ---- cap5sis1 ,c4 te/ud9>ia1 ,c4 nucleus1 & ,c4 pan!r9a1 #dbc4 ---- cocc9ella1 #dba4 ---- tigris & animal1 ib4 ---- undata1 ,c4 zigzag1 ,c4 moneta1 & ,c4 ,madagasc>i5sis1 #dbb4 ,cy!rea1 pr9cipal =ms (1 #cce4 ---- geographica1 ib4 ,dab 7,platessa lim&a71 #eej4 ,dactylopora cyl9dracea1 #ie4 ,d>w9's obs]vations at ,t]ra del ,fuego1 #afg4 ---- !ory ( coral isl&s1 #ba4 ---- !ory ( subsid5ce1 #agj4 ,daught] ( ! sea1 #acg4 ,davis's discov]ies1 #dc4 ,dead m5's f+]s1 #add4 ,dea? 9 ! ocean1 #fb4 ,decapoda1 _! organization1 #dfd4 ,decomposition ( ,infusoria1 #ig4 ,de ,hav5's se>* = ,frankl91 #eh4 ,delph9ula sphrula1 #dag4 ,d5drophylla ramea1 #afj4 ,magnifi$1 #afa4 ,d5sity ( salt wat]1 #af4 ,d5tal9a communis1 #ib4 ,dep? ( ! sea1 #a4 ,dep?s ( oceanic /orms1 #fc4 ,diodon pilosus1 #ecb4 ,diphyd1 #bdb4 ,disa/] ( ! ,san ,francisco1 #cb4 ,discobolid1 #edd4 ,discophora1 #aih4 ,di/ribution ( l& & wat]1 #a4 ,dog-fi% 7,acan?ias vulg>is71 #ebb4 ,donax trunculus1 #cbj4 ---- rugosus & ,d4 d5ticulatus1 #ccc4 ,dr$ge employ$ 9 ,oy/] fi%+1 #cge4 ,duj>d9's discov]ies1 #he4 ,d',urville's voyages1 #dd1 #ea4 ,adelia's ,l&1 #ec4 ,dykes ( ,holl& und]m9$1 #cbb4 ,e>ly animal life1 #fa4 ,e*9eis remora1 #edd1 #ede4 ,e*9od]mata1 #bei4 ,e*9oid1 #bhj4 ,armam5t1 ib4 ,skeleton & ma/icat+ app>atus1 #bhh4 ,e*9us escul5tus1 #bhd4 ---- mamillatus1 )\t sp9es1 #bhb4 ---- ---- ) sp9es1 #bha4 ,edible ,snails1 #dje4 ,edw>dsia calimorpha1 #aia4 ,effects ( hurricanes1 #dj4 ,eggs ( ,sepia (fic9alis1 #deg4 ,electrical ,eel1 #ecg4 ,electrical prop]ties ( ! ,cramp-fi%1 #ead4 ,organs describ$1 #eah4 ,el$one mos*atus1 its habits1 #dfe4 ,encr9ites1 or ,/one-lilies1 #bgj4 ,encr9us lili=mis1 #bga4 ,end]by's ,l&1 #dd4 ,equ9octial curr5ts1 #cj4 ,es*>a1 #cjg4 ,esocid1 #ega4 ,eugl5ia viridis1 #aaa4 ,european p5tacr9us1 #bgc4 ,euryal9a1 #bgi4 ,evaporation1 #ag4 ,its effects on ! sea1 #ah4 ,exocoetus exili5s1 #egc4 ,exp&+ ,coral1 #ace4 ,exp]im5ts on ! ,physalia1 #bdi4 ,exub]ance ( life 9 ! ocean1 #fb4 ,fabul>ia discoli!s1 #ie4 ,falkl& ,isl&s1 #afe4 ,fan ,gorgon1 magnifi$1 #abb4 ,faujas9a1 #ia4 ,file-fi% 7,bali/es71 #ecb4 ,fir/ ,oy/]-eat]1 #cfi4 ,fi%es1 _! organization1 #ejb4 ,locomotive app>atus1 ib4 ,swimm+ bladd]1 #ejc4 ,brea?+ app>atus1 #eje4 ,sight1 ib4 ,propagation1 #ejg4 ,classification1 #ejh4 ,fi%'s eye1 #eje4 ---- tee?1 #ejf4 ,fi%+ = ,coral1 #acg4 ---- -- ,electrical ,eels ) horses1 #eci4 ---- -- ,halibut1 #eea4 ---- -- ,sponges1 #gh4 ,flabellum pavon9um1 #aec4 ,flat fi%es1 _! organization1 #edf4 ,special prop]ties1 ib4 ,flight ( ! ,fly+-fi%1 #egc4 ,fl\nd]s 7,platessa flessus71 #edi4 ,flu/ra foliacea1 #cjh4 ,flux ( ! waves1 #cg4 ,fly+-fi%1 #ega1 #egc4 ---- ,gurn>d1 #eie4 ,fog-banks1 #bf4 ,=am9if]a1 #hg4 ,frankl9's discov]ies1 #dg4 ,fr++ reefs1 #agd1 #age4 ,frog-fi% 7,lophius71 #fje4 ,fungia ag>ici=mis1 #aei4 ---- e*9ata1 #aeh4 ,fusus proboscidif]us1 ,f4 pagodus1 & ,f4 colus1 #dcf4 ,gadid1 #eeb4 ,galeol>ia aurantiaca1 #bdd4 ,ga!r+ ( ! wat]s1 #aa4 ,g5]ation ( ,/>-fi%es1 #bfg4 ,geographical di/ribution ( ,oy/]s1 #cfh4 ,gigantic ,cephalopod /r&$ on ! coa/ ( ,jutl&1 #dfa4 ,globe-fi%1 #ecj4 ,gorgonia flabellum1 #aba4 ---- v]ticellata1 #abc4 ,gorgonid1 #aba4 ,gosse's description ( ! ,sea-ur*91 #bhb4 ,gulf ( ,mexico1 #i4 ---- ,/ream1 #cb4 ,gurn>ds 7,trigla71 #eid4 ,gymnotus1 its electrical prop]ties1 #ech4 ,effect ( its %ock1 #edj4 ,haddock 7,morrhua glef9us71 #eei4 ,halibut1 #eea4 ,hamm]head 7,zygna malleus71 #ebc4 ---- mollusc1 #ceb4 ,h>pa imp]ialis1 & ,h4 articul>is1 #dcd4 ---- v5tricosa1 #dcc4 ,h>poon+ ,holo?uria1 #bie4 ,helix citr9a1 & ,h4 ,/u>tia1 #djh4 ,h]mit ,crab1 #dib4 ,h]r+1 !1 #ege4 ,fi%]ies1 #egf4 ,habits1 #egg4 ,scot* fi%]ies1 ib4 ,dut* fi%]ies1 #egh4 ,a night at ! h]r+ fi%]y1 #ehj4 ,norwegian fi%]ies1 #ehb4 ,holo?uria lutea1 #bic4 ---- fi%]y1 #bie4 ,humboldt's rese>*es1 #ech4 ,hyalea gibbosa1 & ,h4 longiro/ris1 #ddc4 ,indian ,ocean1 #b4 ,indu/rial occupation on ! sea-%ore1 #fe4 ,inequalities ( ! sea-bas91 #i4 ,infusoria1 #ig4 ,_! numb]s1 ib4 ,9 ! ,ganges1 ib4 ,species1 ib4 ,9 blocks ( ice1 #ih4 ,reproduction1 #ajc4 ,infusorial p>asites1 #aje4 ,isis corollodis1 #abd4 ---- hippuris1 #abe4 ,jan ,may5's ,isl&1 #dd4 ,kane's1 ,dr41 discov]ies1 #be1 #di4 ,k]guel5 ,isl&1 #dd4 ,krak51 m>vell\s /ories conc]n+1 #dfj4 ,labrid1 #fjf4 ,labrus communis1 ib4 ,labyr9?i=m ,ph>yngeans1 #eif4 ,l& & wat]1 #a4 ,leg5d ( ! fir/ mussel-fi%]1 #cdg4 ---- ---- ,sea-ur*91 #bhb4 ,life 9 ! ocean1 #fj4 ,limax rufus1 #djj4 ,limpets1 #daj4 ,lob/]s1 #dif4 ,loligo vulg>is1 & ,l4 ,gahi1 #dei4 ,lophius piscatorius1 #fje4 ,lophobran*ii1 #ecd4 ,luidia fragillissima1 #bfi4 ,lumbricus t]re/ris1 #aad4 ,lump-fi% 7,cyclopt]is71 #ecg4 ---- ---- 7,raia clavata71 #ejc4 ,lun> tides1 #ce4 ,lymnea /agnalis1 #cig4 ,lymneans1 #cig4 ,_! habits1 ib4 ,organization1 #cih4 ,mack]el1 #eii4 ,d !y migrate8 #fjj4 ,m',cl9tock's discov]ies1 #dh4 ,m',clure's discov]ies1 ib4 ,madreporid1 #aei4 ,madrepora plantag9ea1 #afb4 ,madrague1 a comb9ation ( nets1 #eig4 ,mael/rm :irlpool1 #db4 ,malacopt]ygii1 #ecf4 ,malleus alba1 #ceb4 ---- vulg>is1 ib4 ,mantle 9 ,molluscs1 its uses1 #cai4 ,m>5na ,oy/]s1 #cfh4 ,ma/icat+ app>atus1 #bhh4 ,mean dep? ( ! sea1 #a-c4 ,me&r9a c]ebri=mis1 #aef4 ,m$it]ranean ,sea1 #f4 ,m$usad1 #aie1 #bac4 ,m$way ,oy/]-b$s1 #cfh4 ,meleagr9a m>g>itif]a1 #cec4 ,metamorphoses 9 ,infusoria1 #ajf4 ,microscopic =ms ( life1 #fb4 ,millepora alcicornis1 #afd4 ,milne ,edw>ds's /udy1 #fe4 ,m9yad9ians1 #aic4 ,mitra episcopalis & ,m4 papalis1 #dbe4 ,molluscoda1 #cjc4 ,organization1 #cjd4 ,g5]ation1 #cje4 ,mollusca1 #cja4 ,_! *>act]i/ics1 #cae4 ,monade ,l5tille1 #aji4 ,monodonta ,au/ralis1 & ,m4 labia1 #daf4 ,monsoons1 #cc4 ,mont=t1 ,d5is de1 on ! ,krak51 #dfj4 ,moon-fi% 7,or?ogoriscus mola71 #ecj4 ,m\nts ,erebus & ,t]ror1 #ee4 ,mullet 7,mullus71 #eia4 ,a ,roman luxury1 #eib4 ,murna1 #eda4 ---- ponds1 a passion ) ,roman patricians1 #edb4 ,murex scorpio1 & ,m4 er9aceus1 #dce4 ---- t5uisp9a1 & ,m4 hau/ellum1 #dcd4 ,mus*elkalk rocks1 #bgb4 ,mussels1 #cdd4 ,organization (1 #cde4 ,habits1 ib4 ,localities1 #cdf4 ,mussels ( ,aiguillon ,bay1 #cdg4 ,mussel-piles 9 ,aiguillon ,bay1 #cdi4 ---- ---- ) basket-"w1 ib4 ---- punt ( ,aiguillon1 #cdh4 ,mutilation ( ,infusoria1 #ajg4 ,mytylus edulus1 #cdd4 ,nacre1 its composition1 #cec4 ,nadir po9ts1 #cf4 ,nautilus pompilius1 section ) animal & )\t1 #ddf4 ,nephtys1 #ade4 ,new ,cal$onia1 #agd4 ,noctiluca mili>is1 #if4 ,nummulites1 #ic4 ,nummulitis l5ticul>is1 #ib4 ---- ,r\aulti1 #id4 ,occul9a flabelli=mis1 #aec4 ,octopus brevisses1 & ,o4 horridus1 #dfd4 ---- macropus1 ib4 ---- vulg>is1 #dfc4 ,olas ,magnus on ! ,krak51 #dfj4 ,oldhamia1 #fa4 ,oliva ery?ro/oma1 ,o4 porphyria1 ,o4 irisans1 & ,o4 ,p]uviana1 #dbh4 ,op]cul9a1 #ib4 ,ophiocoma ,russei1 #bgh4 ,ophiurad1 #bgg4 ,organization ( ,=am9if]1 #if4 ---- -- ,infusoria1 #ajj4 ---- -- ,sponges1 #ha4 ---- -- ,/>-fi%es1 #bfj4 ,ossei1 or ,bony fi%es1 #ebi4 ,o/5d ,oy/]s1 #cfh4 ,o/read 7! ,oy/]71 #cfb4 ,oy/] 7,o/rea71 #cfb4 ,its organization1 ib4 ,reproduction1 #cfe4 ,incubation1 ib4 ,oy/] b$s ( ,france1 #cgh4 ---- b$s on ,lake ,fus>o1 #cgf1 #cgh4 ---- claires ( ,m>5nes1 #chj4 ---- cultivation1 #cge4 ---- eat]s1 #cgj4 ---- f>ms at ,:it/able1 #chc4 ---- fi%+1 #cgd4 ---- ( diff]5t ages1 #cff4 ---- pack+ sy/em1 #cgh4 ,ovulum ovi=mis1 & ,o4 cornea1 #dbd4 ---- volva1 #dbe4 ,pacific ,ocean1 #c4 ,pagurus ,b]nh>dus1 #dib4 ,pal9urus vulg>is1 #dhg4 ,pallas on ,alcyonia1 #ade4 ,p&ore ,oy/] b$s1 #chd4 ,p>amecium aurelia & its p>asites1 #aje4 ---- ,burs>ia1 #aab4 ,p>r1 or "y ,salmon1 #efc4 ,p>ry's discov]ies1 #df4 ,patella crulea1 ,p4 umbella1 #daa4 ,p4 granat9a1 & ,p4 b>bata1 #dab4 ---- longico/a1 ib4 ,paul9's subm>9e app>atus1 #fe4 ,pe>l fi%]ies1 #bee4 ,value (1 #beg4 ---- ,oy/]1 #bec4 ,pe>ly ,nautilus1 #ddg4 ,pect5 glab]1 #chf4 ---- ,japonica1 #chg4 ---- op]cul>is1 ib4 ---- plica1 ib4 ---- pseudamussium1 #chf4 ,pect5id1 #che4 ,pelagia noctiluca1 #bjj4 ,pelagic plants & animals1 #fa4 ---- riv]s1 #cj4 ,p5natula sp9osa1 #ada4 ,p5natulid1 #aci4 ,p5tacr9us1 #bga4 ---- caput ,m$us1 #bgb4 ---- ,europu1 #bgc4 ---- fasciculosus1 #bga4 ,pectunculatis aureflua1 #cdb4 ---- deless]tii1 ib4 ---- pect9i=mis1 #cdc4 ---- scriptus1 ib4 ,p]=at$ madrepores1 #aej4 ,peyssonnel's discov]ies1 #abf4 ,phallusia grossul>ia1 #caj4 ,pholades1 or bor]s1 #cbh4 ,pholas crispata1 #cbi4 ---- papyracea1 & ,p4 melan\ra1 ib4 ,phosphoresc5ce ( ! sea1 #ab4 ,causes (1 #ac4 ,phosphoresc5t *a9 ( ,salp1 #cae4 ,phyllactis prtexta1 #aib4 ,physa ca/anea1 #cii4 ,physalia1 #bdd4 ,its poison\s prop]ties1 #bdh4 ,physical prop]ties ( wat]1 #bd4 ,physophora hydro/atica1 #bcd4 ,pil*>ds1 #ehe4 ,cornwall hu]s1 ! pil*>d fi%]y1 #ehf4 ,p9na bullata & ,p4 nobilis1 #cfb4 ---- rudis & ,p4 nigr9a1 #cfa4 ,p9noctopus corolli=mis1 #dff4 ,p9tad9e pe>ls1 #cec4 ,pipe-fi% 7,syngna?us71 #ecd4 ,pipe-fi%es 7,fi/ul>ia71 #fjg4 ,plaice 7,platessa vulg>is71 #edi4 ,planorbis corneus1 #cih4 ,pleuronectid1 #edf4 ,plumatella cri/all9a1 #cjf4 ,pol> seas1 #dc4 ,exp$itions to1 ib4 ,polyp & bran*1 #aca4 ,polypidom1 #add4 ---- & ,polypi def9$1 #aaf4 ,polypif]a1 #aaf4 ,polypif]\s cru/ 9 ,gorgons1 #adi4 ,pomot\an ,ar*ipelago1 #afi4 ,porites1 #afb4 ---- a/rodes1 #adg4 ---- furcata1 #afc4 ,porpita pacifica1 #bcc4 ,porpit1 #bcb4 ,portion ( ! disk ( ,physophora hydro/atica1 #bcf4 ,portunus v>iegatus1 #dhh4 ,p\lpe3 ,m>vell\s /ories ( ! anci5ts conc]n+1 #dfj4 ,m&ibles pres]v$ 9 ! ,college ( ,surgeons1 #dfa4 ,praya diphys1 #bdc4 ,primitive g5]ation1 #ajf4 ,pr9cipal =ms ( ,anodon1 #cdj4 ---- species ( ,sea-anemones1 #ahg4 ,propagation ( ,infusoria1 #ajd4 ---- ( ,sea-ur*9s1 #bij4 ,protozoa1 #ga4 ,leuw5hoek's discov]ies1 ib4 ,pt]oc]as1 _! orig91 #dci4 ---- *iragra1 & ,p4 lambis1 #ddj4 ---- scorpio1 & ,p4 millep$a1 #dci4 ,pt]opoda1 #dda4 ,! organization1 w+s1 or flapp]s1 ib4 ,pulmon>y ,ga/]opods1 #cif1 #dji4 ,pupa uva1 #dji4 ,pure wat]1 #ae4 ,purpura1 its reputation ) ! anci5ts1 #dca4 ---- consul1 #dcb4 ---- lapillus & patula1 #dcb4 ,pyrosoma1 #cab4 ,raiad1 #eaj4 ,r>efaction 9 ,pol> seas1 #ei4 ,rat>ia1 #bcb4 ,ravages ( ! ,t]$o1 #cba4 ,ray-fi%1 #eac4 ,recup]ative p[]s ( ,holo?uria1 #bic4 ,r$ ,sea ,corals1 #age4 ,reflux ( tides1 #ce4 ,reign ( law1 #fa4 ,rhizopods1 #hc4 ,rhizo/oma ,aldrov&i1 #bba4 ---- ,cuvi]i1 #bbj4 ,rock cov]$ ) "y ,coral ,polyps1 #ace4 ,roman indiff]5ce to life1 #edb4 ,rose aurelia1 #bbe4 ,ross's 7,sir ,james7 discov]ies1 #dd1 #de1 #ea4 ,rotation ( ! e>?1 #cf4 ,rotella ,zeal&ica1 #daf4 ,rudim5t>y =ms ( life1 #fa4 ,rug\s madrepores1 #adh4 ,sag>tia viduata1 #ahi4 ,salmonid1 #efa4 ,salmon leaps1 #efe4 ,falls ( ,kilmorack1 ib4 ,anecdote ( ,"l ,lovat1 #eff4 ,salpa maxima1 #cad4 ,saltness ( ! sea1 #af4 ,its s\rce1 #ba4 ,salt wat] at ! ,poles1 #ai4 ,at ! ,equator1 ib4 ,salt-wat] lakes1 #af4 ,s>coda1 #ajj4 ,s>gasso ,sea1 #ca4 ,saw-fi%1 #ebd4 ,scallop-%ell1 #che4 ,scomb]odes1 #eif4 ,scoresby's acc\nt ( ! ,pol> seas1 #ef4 ,scotti% pe>ls1 #cda4 ,scylla & ,*>ybdis1 #db4 ,sea ,anemone1 #ahb4 ,organization1 #ahc4 ,toxicological prop]ties1 #ahf4 ---- ,cucumb]1 #bia4 ---- ,eel 7,murna ,hel5a71 #edb4 ---- ,eggs1 #bia4 ---- ,horse 7,hippocampus71 #ece4 ---- ,lampreys1 #eji4 ---- ,level1 #aj4 ---- ,mussels1 #cdd4 ---- ,nettles1 #aie4 ---- ,palm1 #bgb4 ---- ,p51 #aci-add4 ---- ,slug1 #djg4 ---- ,snail 7,lip>is71 #edd4 ---- ,ur*9s1 #bha4 ---- wat]1 its compon5ts1 #ae4 ,section ( a ,coral bran*1 #acb4 ---- ( ,atlantic ,telegraph1 #h4 ,se9e ,net1 #ehh4 ,sela*ians1 #eaj4 ,sepia 7,cuttle-fi%71 #ddi4 ,its suck]s1 ib4 ---- (fic9alis1 #dee4 ---- tub]culosa1 & bone ( ,s4 (fic9alis1 #def4 ,s]tul>iad1 #baa4 ,%ad1 ! 7,alosa71 #ehd4 ,%all[ wat]1 its temp]ature1 #be4 ,%>k 7,c>*>ius vulg>is71 #eag4 ,%>k-fi%+1 #ebj4 ,%ell ( ! ,mollusca1 #caf4 ,is x a skeleton8 #cag4 ,h[ built up1 #cah4 ,%ell ( ! ,/rombus1 #dch4 ,%ip-worm & its ravages1 #cba4 ,its organization1 #cbb4 ,reproduction1 #cbd4 ,its bor+ hood1 #cbf4 ,sid]olites calcitrapoides1 #id4 ,silv] 9 ! sea1 #ba4 ,siphonophora1 #bbh4 ,skeleton ,e*9us1 #bhh4 ,skeleton ( ! ,p]*1 #ejc4 ,smolt1 #efd4 ,snails3 =m & *>act]i/ics1 #dja4 ,_! organization1 #djb4 ,brea?+1 ib4 ,circulation1 ib4 ,sight1 #djc4 ,reproduction1 ib4 ,%ell1 ib4 ,_! reputation ) ! ,classics1 #djd4 ,sol>ium p]specticum1 & ,s4 v>iegatum1 #dah4 ,sol>-lun> tides1 #cg4 ,soles 7,solea vulg>is71 #edg4 ,sophonophora1 #aih4 ,spe>+ ,halibut1 #eea4 ,spey ,salmon1 #efh4 ,sph]ical =m ( ! e>?1 #aj4 ,spirolocul9a1 #ib4 ,spondylus1 v>i\s1 #chg4 ,spongia1 half natural size1 #ge4 ,spongia1 #hb4 ,_! g5]ation1 ib4 ,organization1 #gd4 ,localities1 ib4 ,v>ieties (1 #hj4 ,spontane\s division ( ,infusoria1 #ajd4 ---- g5]ation1 #aje4 ,squalid1 #eag4 ,/>-corals 7,a/rea71 #aee4 ,/>-fi%es1 #bfj4 ,_! metamorphoses1 #bfg4 ,dismemb]m5t1 #bfh4 ,suicidal prop5sities1 ib4 ---- & ,oy/]s1 #bff4 ,/5tor ,mll]i1 #aad4 ,/++ app>atus ( ,physophora hydro/atica1 #bch4 ---- t5tacles ( ,physalia1 #bdg4 ,/oma* ( ,infusoria1 #ajb4 ,/omia boa1 #ega4 ,/rombus gigas1 %ell & animal1 #dcg4 ,/one lilies1 #bgf4 ,/ormontfield fi%-ponds1 #efc4 ,/raits ( ,gibralt>1 #cd4 ,/urgeon 7,acip5s] /urio71 #ebf4 ---- fi%+ 9 ! ,volga1 #ebg4 ,/uriona1 #ebd4 ,/yla/] flabelli=mis1 #aed4 ,sub-bran*iata1 #edd4 ,subm>9e curr5ts1 #cc4 ,subsid5ce1 !ory ( coral isl&s1 #agh4 ,suck]s1 or ,/>-fi%es1 #bfd4 ,suicidal t5d5cy ( ,/>-fi%es1 #bfi4 ,surb9olia1 #adh4 ,swimm+ bladd]1 #ejc4 ,sword-fi% 7,xiphias71 #fjb4 ,w>like habits1 #fjc4 ,fi%+1 ib4 ,symphynota1 #cee4 ,synapta duv]nea1 #bii4 ,succ9ea putris1 #dji4 ,tabulate madrepores1 #afc4 ,tee? ( ! ,bream1 #ejf4 ----- ---- ,c>p1 ib4 ----- ---- ,gold-fi%1 #ejg4 ----- ---- ,tr\t1 ib4 ,tell9a radiata1 #ccd4 ------ sulphurea1 & ,t4 donac9a1 ib4 ------ virgata1 ib4 ,temp]ature ( ! sea1 #bd4 ,t5tacles ( ,molluscs1 #cjb4 ,t5taculif]\s ,cephalopods1 #dde4 ,_! suck]s 7,acetabula71 ib4 ,t]$o navalis1 its ravages1 #cbb1 #cbe4 ,te/acella haliotidea1 #dja4 ,textil>ia1 #ib4 ,?alassian?id1 #aia4 ,?ames ,oy/] b$s1 #cfh4 ,!rmal l9es ( sea temp]ature1 #bc4 ,?ynnus pelamys 7! ,bonita71 #eif1 #fjb4 ,tidal wave1 #ci4 ,its height 9 diff]5t seas1 #dj4 ,( ! ,atlantic1 #be4 ,tides1 #ce4 ,torp$o m>morata1 #ead4 ,tra*9us communis1 #eij4 ,trade-w9ds1 _! orig91 #cj4 ,trembley's discov]ies1 #gb4 ,tridacna gigas1 #cch4 ---- squamosa1 #cci4 ,triton v>iegatum1 ,t4 lotorium1 & ,t4 anus1 #dce4 ,tro*us in]mis1 ,t4 ,cookii1 & ,t4 imbricatus1 #dad4 ---- niloticus1 &4 ,t4 virgatus1 #dad4 ---- /ell>is1 #dag4 ,tubel>id1 #bbf4 ,tubipor91 #abj4 ,tubipora musica1 ib4 ,tubul\s madrepores1 #aej4 ,tunicata1 #cji4 ,tunny fi% 7,?ynnus71 #eif4 ----- fi%+1 #eig4 ----- net1 ib4 ,turbo imp]ialis1 #daf4 ----- m>g>itaceus & ,t4 argyro/omus1 #dae4 ----- undulatus1 #dae4 ,turbot 7,rhombus71 #edh4 ,ultima ,?ule1 #dc4 ,umbellul>ia ,gre5l&ica1 #adc4 ,unio littoralis1 #cdj2 & ,u4 pictorum1 #cda4 ,uranoscopus vulg>is1 #eib4 ,urbul9a univ]sa1 #ib4 ,uses ( salt 9 ! sea1 #bc4 ,va/ness ( ! oceanic fields ( obs]vation1 #fd4 ,vegetable life1 ib4 ,v5us v]rucosa1 #cce4 ,v]etillum cynomorium1 #add4 ,vetr9a fasciata1 #dji4 ,vibracule 9 molluscs1 #cja4 ,vibrioni baguetta1 #ajh4 ,vilellad1 #bbi4 ---- limbosa1 ib4 ,virgul>ia1 #adb4 ---- mirabilis1 ib4 ,volvox globator1 #aja4 ,wal%'s1 ,dr41 exp]im5ts ) ! ,torp$o1 #eae4 ,wat]1 #a4 ,wat]-lilies1 #cjd4 ,wat]+-pot1 !1 #cca4 ,waves (f ,cape ,horn1 #da4 ,w$dell's discov]ies1 #dd1 #ea4 ,weight ( ! wat]s ( ! sea1 #aa4 ---- ( equatorial wat]s1 #bh4 ,weev]s 7,tra*9us71 #eij1 #eia4 ,:5ce comes ! salt ( ! sea8 #ba4 ,:irlpools1 #db4 ,scylla1 ib4 ,*>ybdis1 ib4 ,:ite ,ray 7,raia batis71 #eaa4 ,:it+ 7,m]langus vulg>is71 #eei1 #efj4 ,:orl$ ,gorgon1 magnifi$1 #abd4 ,wilkes's exp$ition1 #dd1 #ea4 ,will\ghby's discov]ies1 #dc4 ,w9ds1 #ci4 ,effect on tides1 ib4 ,wrasse 7!71 ,labrus1 #fjf4 ,"y ,oy/]s1 #cff4 ---- ,polyp atta*$ to a rock1 #ace4 ,z5i? po9ts1 #cf4 ,zoan?>ia #adg1 #aei4 ,zoan?oa ?alassan?os1 #adh4 ,zoan?us socialis1 #aic4 ,zone ( ,calms1 #cj4 ,zoophytes1 #fi4 ,its d]ivation1 #gj4 ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,w4 ,,cl[es ,,& ,,sons1 ,,duke ,,/reet1 ,,/am=d ,,/reet1 ,,& ,,*>+ ,,cross4 ,,catalogue ,,( ,,cassell1 ,,pett]1 ,,& ,,galp9',s ,illu/rat$1 ,f9e ,art1 & ,educational ,,publications4 sop's ,fables4 ,a ,new & c>efully revis$ ,v]sion ( ^! ,fables4 ,pr(usely ,illu/rat$ ) ,orig9al ,draw+s by ,,erne/ ,,griset4 ,clo? gilt1 gilt edges1 #bas4 ,aft] ,ophir4 ,adv5tures 9 ,ea/]n ,africa4 ,by ,capta9 ,a4 ,,l9dley4 ,fcap4 #dto1 ,illu/rat$ ) ab\t ,sixty ,engrav+s1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,appropriation ( ! ,railways by ! ,/ate4 ,by ,a4 ,j4 ,,williams1 ,b>ri/]-at-,law4 ,p's ,edition1 price #as4 ,ari?metic = ! ,"y1 ) num]\s ,illu/rations & ,examples4 #ahd pages4 ,clo? limp1 #as4 ,arms & ,arm\r1 9 ,antiquity & ! ,middle ,ages2 also a ,descriptive ,notice ( ,mod]n ,weapons4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* ( ,m4 ,p4 ,,lacombe by ,,*>les ,,b\tell1 ,m4,a4 ,clo?1 gilt top1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,atlases3-- ,cassell's ,sixp5ny ,prep>atory ,atlas1 ) ,sixte5 ,col\r$ ,maps4 ,cassell's ,sixp5ny ,elem5t>y ,atlas1 ) ,sixte5 ,col\r$ ,maps4 ,cassell's ,%ill+ ,fir/ ,s*ool ,atlas1 ) ,tw5ty-f\r ,col\r$ ,maps4 ,cassell's ,half-,cr[n ,h&y ,atlas1 ) ,tw5ty-f\r ,col\r$ ,maps1 & ,index4 ,cassell's ,half-,cr[n ,beg9n]'s ,atlas1 ) ,tw5ty-f\r ,col\r$ ,maps1 & ,index4 ,cassell's ,introductory ,atlas1 ) ,eighte5 ,col\r$ ,maps1 & ,index4 ,imp]ial #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,cassell's ,select ,atlas1 ) ,tw5ty-?ree ,col\r$ ,maps1 & copi\s ,index4 #es4 ,cassell's ,compreh5sive ,atlas1 ) ,=ty ,col\r$ ,maps1 copi\s ,consult+ ,index1 c4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,b>r's ,poems4 ,revis$ & ,complete ,edition4 ,clo?1 #es4 ,belle ,sauvage ,libr>y1 ,!4 ,a ,s]ies ( ,volumes = ,family & ,home ,read+4 ,h&somely b\nd 9 bevell$ bo>ds1 r$ edges1 price #cs4 #f;d4 p] volume4 #a4 ,pulpit ,table-,talk4 ,by ,,edw9 ,b4 ,,ramsay1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 ,dean ( ,ed9burgh4 #b4 ,! ,se>* = ! ,gral4 ,by ,,julia ,,godd>d1 ,au?or ( ,joyce ,dorm]'s ,/ory1 ,adriana1 c4 c4 #c4 ,s]mons = ,boys4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,alfr$ ,,b>ry1 ,d4,d41 ,pr9cipal ( ,k+'s ,college1 ,london4 #d4 ,! ,life ( ,b]n>d ,palissy4 ,by ,,h5ry ,,morley1 ,pr(essor ( ,engli% ,lit]ature 9 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london4 #e4 ,! ,"y ,man 9 ! ,battle ( ,life4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,,l&els1 ,au?or ( ,woman3 h] ,position & ,p[]1 c4 ,o!r ,volumes 9 prep>ation4 ,,bibles4 ,cassell's ,illu/rat$ ,family ,bible4 ,complete 9 ,"o ,volume1 9 clo?1 gilt edges1 #a #aas4 #f;d4 ,ditto4 ,"o ,volume1 9 calf1 gilt edges1 #b #ajs4 ,ditto4 ,"o ,volume1 9 morocco antique1 #c #ajs4 ----- ,cassell's ,illu/rat$ ,family ,bible4 ,ton$ ,pap] ,edition4 ,half-morocco1 gilt edges1 #b #ajs42 full morocco antique1 #c #ajs42 be/ full morocco1 flexible1 elegant1 #c #aes4 ----- ,cassell's ,illu/rat$ ,family ,bible4 ,l>ge ,pap] ,edition4 ,clo? gilt1 #b #ajs42 flexible morocco antique1 #d42 be/ flexible morocco1 gilt1 v h&some1 #e4 ----- ,! ,*ild's ,bible4 ,l>ge ,pr9t2 ,l>ge ,pictures4 ,be+ a ,selection f ! ,holy ,bible1 9 ! words ( ! ,au?oris$ ,v]sion1 ) l>ge full-page ,illu/rations1 especially design$ = ,*ildr51 by ! be/ ,arti/s ( ! day4 ,clo? elegant1 gilt edges1 #a #as42 flexible lea!r b9d+1 h& tool$1 gilt edges1 #a #ajs42 be/ morocco elegant or antique1 #b #bs4 ,bible ,diction>y4 ,complete 9 ,"o or ,two ,volumes1 /rongly b\nd 9 clo?1 #bas42 9 ,"o ,volume1 /rongly b\nd 9 russia or morocco1 #djs4 ,biographical ,diction>y4 ,edit$ by ,t4 ,,teignm\? ,,%ore1 ,m4,a4 ,clo?1 lett]$1 #bas4 ,birds & ,reptiles4 ,f ! ,fr5* ( ,,l\is ,,figui]4 ,edit$ by ,,p>k] ,,gilmore1 ,esq41 ,au?or ( ,gun1 ,rod1 & ,saddle1 c4 ,demy #hvo1 #cjg ,plates1 clo?1 lett]$1 #ahs42 extra clo? gilt1 #a #cs4 ,book-,keep+1 by ,s+le & ,d\ble ,entry4 ,clo?1 #as4 ,rul$ ,acc\nt ,books to ditto1 extra1 #as4 #f;d4 ea* set4 ,book-,keep+ = ! ,million4 ,by ,,!odore ,,jones4 #bs42 clo?1 #cs4 ,book-,keep+ = ,s*ools4 ,! ,engli% ,sy/em4 ,by ,,!odore ,,jones4 #bs42 clo?1 #cs4 ,,key #bs42 clo?1 #cs4 ,books = ,jones's ,sy/ems1 ,rul$ ,sets (4 #bs4 ,book ,( ,birds1 ,!4 ,translat$ f ! text ( ,dr4 ,,brehm1 by ,pr(essor ,,rym] ,,jones1 ,f4,r4,s41 ) upw>ds ( ,f\r ,hundr$ ,engrav+s on ,wood1 & num]\s ,full-page ,plates1 pr9t$ 9 ,col\rs1 f designs by ,f4 ,w4 ,,keyl4 ,vol4 ,i4 complete 9 itself1 clo?1 #gs4 #f;d42 full gilt1 gilt edges1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,book ( ,m>tyrs4 ,edit$ by ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,,bramley-,,moore1 ,m4,a4 ,illu/rat$ ) full-page ,designs by ! be/ ,arti/s4 ,imp]ial #hvo1 clo?1 #abs42 b\nd 9 full gilt clo?1 gilt edges1 #aes4 ,brew]'s ,s]ies ( ,fir/ ,books4 ,price #f;d4 ea*4 ,read+ & ,spell+4 ,bible ,hi/ory4 ,hi/ory ( ,engl& ,geography4 ,sci5ce4 ,common ,?+s4 ,fr5* ,hi/ory4 ,a/ronomy4 ,*emi/ry4 ,facts & ,discov]ies4 ,grecian ,hi/ory4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,rome4 ,brew]'s ,guide to ,e-,day ,k4 #bs4 #f;d4 ------ ,! ,"y ,tutor4 ,fir/ ,s]ies1 #cs4 #f;d4 ------ ,ditto4 ,second ,s]ies1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,briti% ,army1 ,! ,hi/ory ( !3 its ,orig91 ,equipm5t1 & ,progress4 ,by ,sir ,,sibbald ,,david ,,scott1 ,b>t4 ,d$icat$1 by special p]mission1 to ! ,que54 ,"o ,hundr$ ,illu/rations4 ,two ,volumes1 b\nd 9 clo?1 #b #bs4 ,briti% ,museum1 a ,h&y-book ( !1 ) upw>ds ( #aej ,illu/rations ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ,subjects1 & full ,hi/orical & ,descriptive ,lett]press by ,t4 ,,ni*ols1 a ,s5ior ,assi/ant 9 ! ,pr9cipal ,libr>ian's ,(fice1 ,briti% ,museum4 ,demy #hvo1 #djj pages1 clo?1 lett]$1 #bas4 ,cassell's ,magaz9e4 ,vol4 ,i41 ,new ,s]ies1 conta9+ ,man & ,wife1 by ,,wilkie ,,coll9s1 complete4 #fjj pages4 ,clo?1 lett]$1 #fs4 #f;d4 ,*efs-d'oeuvre ( ! ,indu/rial ,arts4 ,by ,philippe ,burty4 ,edit$ by ,w4 ,*aff]s1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,demy #hvo1 #bjj ,plates1 clo?1 lett]$1 #afs42 extra clo? gilt1 #a #as4 ,*emi/ry1 ,elem5t>y4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,h4 ,m4 ,,h>t1 ,m4,a4 ,a ,manual conta9+ e in=mation = ,competitive ,exam9ations1 & giv+ details ( all exp]im5ts1 9 ! mo/ intelligible =m4 ,) num]\s ,diagrams4 ,clo?1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,*ildr5',s ,,libr>y4 ,new & ,orig9al ,works1 b\nd 9 clo? gilt1 ) num]\s ,illu/rations1 price #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,! ,*ildr5's ,sunday ,album4 ,by ! ,au?or ( ,a ,trap to ,cat* a ,sunbeam4 ,) upw>ds ( ,"o ,hundr$ ,engrav+s4 ,! ,/ory ,( ,rob9 ,hood4 ,illu/rat$ ) ,eight ,plates pr9t$ 9 ,col\rs4 ,! ,m]rie ,he>t4 ,a ,collection ( ,nurs]y ,rhymes & ,%ort ,tales4 ,illu/rat$ ) ,eight ,col\r$ ,plates1 f ,designs by ,,walt] ,,crane2 & num]\s small] ,engrav+s by ,j4 ,,swa91 f ,draw+s by ,,erne/ ,,griset1 ,f4 ,,b>n>d1 & o!rs4 ,! ,true ,rob9son ,crusoes4 ,a ,s]ies ( ,/irr+ ,adv5tures4 ,edit$ by ,,*>les ,,russell4 ,) ,tw5ty full-page ,illu/rations4 ,(f to ,sea4 ,a ,/ory = ,boys4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,g4 ,,k+/on4 ,) ,illu/rations pr9t$ 9 ,col\rs4 ,! ,*ildr5's ,album4 ,conta9+ ne>ly ,two ,hundr$ beautiful ,engrav+s1 ) ,%ort ,/ories by ,,uncle ,,john4 ,f\r? ,edition1 #ba/ ,?\s&4 ,squ>e cr[n #hvo1 #cfh pages4 ,peggy1 & ,o!r ,tales4 ,) ,eight ,illu/rations4 ,old ,bur*ell's ,pocket4 ,by ,,elihu ,,burritt4 ,illu/rat$ ) ,eight ,engrav+s4 ,m9ce-,pie ,isl&3 ,a ,*ri/mas ,/ory = ,"y ,read]s4 ,by ,r4 ,,/4 ,,john ,,corbett4 ,h&somely ,illu/rat$4 ,cl\dl& & ,%ad[l&2 or1 ,rambles into ,fairy ,l& ) ,uncle ,:ite ,cl\d4 ,beautifully ,illu/rat$4 ,! ,que5 ( ! ,t\rnam5t4 ,by ! ,au?or ( ,m9ce-,pie ,isl&4 ,) ,eight ,illu/rations by ,f4 ,,lawson4 ,lily & ,nannie at ,s*ool4 ,by ! ,au?or ( ,! ,little ,w>r+tons4 ,illu/rat$ by ,,dalziel ,,bro!rs4 ,! ,magic ( ,k9dness4 ,by ! ,,bro!rs ,,mayhew4 ,) ,illu/rations by ,,walt] ,,crane4 ,on a ,coral ,reef3 ,a ,sea ,/ory = ,boys4 ,by ,,ar?ur ,,lock]4 ,h&somely ,illu/rat$4 ,crock] ! ,cl[n3 ,a ,tale = ,boys4 ,by ,b4 ,,cl>ke1 ,editor ( ,k9d ,words4 ,h&somely ,illu/rat$4 ,k+ ,gab's ,/ory ,bag4 ,by ,,h]aclitus ,,grey4 ,) ,illu/rations by ,,walt] ,,crane4 ,h\rs ( ,sun%9e3 ,a ,s]ies ( ,poems = ,*ildr54 ,by ,,mat?ias ,,b>r1 ,au?or ( ,little ,willie1 c4 ,) ,sixte5 ,col\r$ ,plates1 f ,designs by ,,osc> ,,plets*4 ,play+ ,trades4 ,by ,,h]aclitus ,,grey1 ,au?or ( ,k+ ,gab1 c4 ,) ,sixte5 ,col\r$ ,plates1 f ,designs by ,j4 ,,b>foot4 ,,"o ,,syllable ,,s]ies4 sop's ,fables2 9 ,words ( ,"o ,syllable4 ,) ,illu/rations pr9t$ 9 ,col\rs by ,,kronheim4 ,s&=d & ,m]ton1 9 ,words ( ,"o ,syllable4 ,) ,illu/rations pr9t$ 9 ,col\rs by ,,kronheim4 ,reyn>d ! ,fox2 ! ,r>e ,romance (4 ,9 ,words ( ,"o ,syllable4 ,by ,,samuel ,,phillips ,,day4 ,) ,col\r$ ,illu/rations by ,,kronheim1 f ,designs by ,,erne/ ,,griset4 ,! ,pilgrim's ,progress4 ,writt5 9 ,words ( ,"o ,syllable by ,s4 ,,phillips ,,day4 ,) ,col\r$ ,illu/rations by ,,kronheim4 ,! ,swiss ,family ,rob9son4 ,9 ,words ( ,"o ,syllable4 ,col\r$ ,illu/rations1 f ,designs by ,,griset1 ,,crane1 c4 ,ev5+s at ,home4 ,9 ,words ( ,"o ,syllable4 ,by ! ,au?or ( ,! ,*ildr5's ,album4 ,col\r$ ,illu/rations4 ,comm5t>y1 ,mat!w ,h5ry's4 ,complete 9 ,?ree ,volumes1 demy #dto1 clo?1 lett]$1 #b #abs4 #f;d4 ,copy-,books = ,s*ools1 ,cassell's ,new1 9 ,f\rte5 ,books1 price #b;d4 ea*4 ,conta9+ set copies on e page1 lead+ ! le>n] by graduat$ /eps f ! simple/ =ms ( lett]s to a flu5t & graceful /yle ( p5man%ip4 ,daybreak 9 ,spa94 ,by ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,,wylie4 ,cr[n #hvo1 ) ,twelve ,illu/rations1 #fs4 ,diction>y ( ,phrase & ,fable4 ,giv+ ! ,d]ivation1 ,s\rce1 or ,orig9 ( ,common ,phrases1 ,allusions1 & ,words t h a ,tale to ,tell4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,e4 ,c4 ,,brew]1 ,,ll4,d4 ,,dor ,,s]ies1 ,,!4 ---- ,gall]y1 ,!4 ,conta9+ #bej ( ! f9e/ ,draw+s by ,,gu/ave ,,dor1 select$ f ! ,dor ,bible1 ,milton's ,p>adise ,lo/1 ,dante's ,inf]no & ,purgatorio & ,p>adisio1 ,atala1 ,la ,fonta9e's ,fables1 ,don ,quixote1 ,fairy ,realm1 ,b>on ,mun*aus51 c4 ,) ,descriptive ,lett]press & ,memoir by ,,edmund ,,olli]4 ,small folio1 clo? gilt1 #e4 ---- ,! ,holy ,bible4 ,engli% ,edition4 ,illu/rat$ by ,,gu/ave ,,dor4 ,complete 9 ,two v h&some ,volumes4 ,small folio1 b\nd 9 clo?1 gilt1 #h2 morocco1 gilt edges1 #ab2 be/ poli%$ morocco antique extra1 #ae4 ,9 ,eight ,divisional ,volumes1 ea* #bas4 ---- ,milton's ,p>adise ,lo/4 ,illu/rat$ ) full-page ,draw+s1 by ,,gu/ave ,,dor4 ,) ,notes1 & a ,life ( ,milton1 by ! ,rev4 ,,rob]t ,,vaughan1 ,d4,d4 ,9 ,"o l>ge folio ,volume1 b\nd 9 clo?1 #e2 be/ poli%$ morocco1 gilt extra1 #aj4 ---- ,dante's ,inf]no4 ,engli% ,edition4 ,illu/rat$ by ,,gu/ave ,,dor4 ,translation by ! ,rev4 ,h4 ,f4 ,,c>y1 ,m4,a4 ,cr[n folio1 b\nd 9 clo?1 #b #ajs42 b\nd 9 morocco antique1 ) gilt edges1 #d #ds42 elegantly b\nd 9 full morocco1 #f #fs4 ---- ,dante's ,purgatory & ,p>adise4 ,engli% ,edition4 ,uni=m ) ! ,,inf]no1 & same price4 ---- ,don ,quixote4 ,engli% ,edition4 ,) ab\t #djj ,illu/rations by ,,gu/ave ,,dor4 ,9 ,"o h&some qu>to ,volume1 clo?1 #a #ajs42 ditto1 b\nd 9 half morocco1 #b #es42 ditto1 b\nd 9 full morocco antique1 #c #ajs4 ---- ,atala4 ,by ,,*ateaubri&4 ,engli% ,edition4 ,illu/rat$ by ,,gu/ave ,,dor4 ,folio1 clo?1 #b #bs42 b\nd 9 morocco gilt1 #d #ds4 ---- ,la ,fonta9e's ,fables4 ,illu/rat$ ) full-page ,draw+s by ,,gu/ave ,,dor4 ,9 ,"o h&some qu>to ,volume1 clo?1 #a #ajs42 ditto1 b\nd 9 half-morocco1 #b #es42 ditto1 b\nd 9 full morocco antique1 #c #ajs4 ---- ,! ,hi/ory ( ,croquemita9e1 & ! ,times ( ,*>lemagne4 ,illu/rat$ ?r\gh\t by ,,gu/ave ,,dor4 ,! ,text freely r5d]$ f ! ,fr5* by ,tom ,hood4 ,imp]ial #dto1 #a #as4 ---- ,fairy ,realm4 ,a ,collection ( ! ,fav\rite ,old ,tales4 ,illu/rat$ by ,gu/ave ,dor1 & told 9 ,v]se by ,,tom ,,hood4 ,imp]ial #dto1 #a #as4 ---- ,! ,adv5tures ( ,mun*aus54 ,illu/rat$ by ,,gu/ave ,,dor4 #dto1 clo?1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ---- ,! ,leg5d ( ! ,w&]+ ,jew4 ,twelve l>ge ,designs by ,,gu/ave ,,dor4 ,folio1 #aes4 ,draw+ ,copies1 ,cassell's ,popul>4 ,s]ies ,a4 ,floral & ,vegetable ,=ms4 ,b4 ,model ,draw+4 ,c4 ,l&scape ,draw+4 ,d4 ,figure ,draw+4 ,e4 ,animal ,draw+4 ,ea* ( ! above ,s]ies is n[ ready1 9 ,twelve ,p>ts1 price #f;d4 ea*2 ,twelve ,packets m\nt$ on ,c>dbo>d1 price #as4 ea*2 or b\nd 9 ,clo?1 ,india ,rubb] back1 price #gs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,eighte5p5ny ,s]ies ( ,new & ,orig9al ,works by ! be/ ,au?ors4 ,b\nd 9 be/ clo?1 gilt edges1 ) ,f\r ,col\r$ ,plates by ,,kronheim 9 ea* ,book4 ,little ,black ,cap1 & o!r ,/ories4 ,tommy & 8 ,broom1 & o!r ,/ories4 ,! ,brok5 ,promise1 & o!r ,/ories4 ,by ! ,hon4 ,mrs4 ,,gre5e4 ,little ,r$ ,%oes1 & o!r ,/ories4 ,*>lie's ,lessons ab\t ,animals4 ,) upw>ds ( ,tw5ty ,engrav+s1 uncol\r$4 ,! ,holidays at ,ll&udno4 ,! ,hop ,g>d53 ,a ,/ory ( ,t[n & ,c\ntry ,life4 ,algy's ,lesson4 ,by ,s4 ,e4 ,,de ,,morgan4 ,a%field ,f>m2 or1 ,ell5 & ,rob]t's ,fir/ ,j\rney f ,home4 ,gr&mamma's ,spectacles4 ,by ! ,au?or ( ,a ,trap to ,cat* a ,sunbeam4 ,hid 9 a ,cave2 or1 ,! ,lo/ ,*ild4 ,little ,fables = ,little ,folks4 ,flora ,selwyn3 ,a ,/ory = ,girls4 ,o!r ,volumes 9 active prep>ation4 ,engl&1 ,illu/rat$ ,hi/ory (1 f ! ,e>lie/ ,p]iod4 ,complete 9 ,eight ,volumes1 clo?1 #fs4 & #gs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,ditto1 ,f\r ,volumes1 half-calf1 ) full gilt backs & clo? sides1 #d4 ,! clo? volumes c be _h sep>ate4 ---- ,! ,ton$ ,pap] ,edition1 ,vols4 ,i41 ,,ii41 ,,iii41 ,,iv41 & ,v41 b\nd 9 clo?1 ea* #is4 ,engli% & ,fr5* ,correspond5ce = ,boys4 #ahmo1 clo?1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,engli% & ,fr5* ,correspond5ce = ,"y ,ladies4 #ahmo1 clo?1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,engli% & ,fr5* ,comm]cial ,correspond5ce4 ,clo?1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,engli% ,h]aldry4 ,by ,,*>les ,,b\tell1 ,m4,a4 ,) #dfj f9ely engrav$ ,illu/rations4 ,9 ,"o ,volume1 cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,engli% ,spell+ & ,read+ ,book4 ,) upw>ds ( #ej ,engrav+s on ,wood4 ,new ,edition4 #hvo1 clo?1 #as4 ,euclid1 ,cassell's3 be+ ! ,fir/ ,six ,books ) ! ,elev5? & ,twelf? ( ,euclid4 ,edit$ by ,pr(essor ,,wallace1 ,a4,m4 ( ! ,glasg[ ,univ]sity1 & ,collegiate ,tutor ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,london4 ,cr[n #hvo1 /iff cov]s1 #as42 clo?1 #as4 #f;d4 ,euclid1 ,cassell's1 ,key to2 conta9+ ! ,enunciations ( all ! ,propositions & ,coroll>ies4 #cbmo1 pap] cov]s1 #d;d4 ,family ,pray] ,book4 ,b\nd 9 pla9 clo?1 #gs4 #f;d42 h&some clo?1 ) gilt edges1 #is42 morocco antique1 #bas4 ,five ,%ill+ ,s]ies4 ,! ,/ory ( ,don ,quixote4 ,by ,miss ,,mat,,aux4 ,re-n>rat$ 9 a famili> mann]1 especially adapt$ = ,y\ng] ,read]s1 & ,illu/rat$ ) num]\s ,engrav+s4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,a ,voyage to ! ,s\? ,pole4 ,a ,new ,/ory4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,g4 ,,k+/on4 ,) upw>ds ( ,fifty ,engrav+s4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,*ildr5's ,c>ols4 ,! ,music by ,,h5ry ,,leslie1 ! ,illu/rations by ,j4 ,e4 ,,millais4 #dto4 ,home ,*at ) ,our ,"y ,folks4 ,by ,,cl>a ,,mat,,aux1 ,au?or ( ,! ,/ory ( ,don ,quixote1 c4 c4 ,) ab\t #abj ,engrav+s4 ,fcap4 #dto4 ,scraps ( ,k = ! ,little ,ones4 ,by ,miss ,,besem]e1 ,au?or ( ,picture ,tea*+4 ,) #ajj ,illu/rations4 ,fcap4 #dto4 ,! ,happy ,nurs]y4 ,by ,,ellis ,a4 ,,davidson1 ,au?or ( ,our ,fir/ ,gramm>1 ,our ,bodies1 ,our ,food1 c4 c4 ,fcap4 #dto1 ) num]\s ,illu/rations & ,designs = ,toys4 ,fr5*1 ,cassell's ,lessons 93 conta9+ a ,complete ,view ( ! ,idioms ( ! ,fr5* ,language1 9 a ,s]ies ( ,easy & ,progressive ,lessons4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,fasquelle4 ,new ,edition1 revis$ & improv$4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,de ,,lolme4 ,p>ts ,i4 & ,,ii41 9 pap]1 #bs42 clo?1 ea*1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,complete 9 ,"o ,volume1 clo?1 #ds4 #f;d4 ---- ,key to ! ,ex]cises 9 ,cassell's ,lessons 94 #abmo1 pap]1 #as42 clo? #as4 #f;d4 ,fr5* ,manual4 ,=m+ a ,complete1 ,simple1 & ,practical ,guide to a ?or\gh k ( ,speak+ ! ,fr5* ,language4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,de ,,lolme4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #cs4 ,fr5* ,read]1 ,!4 ,conta9+ ,extracts f ! ,be/ ,au?ors4 ,design$ = ! ,improvem5t ( ,/ud5ts 9 read+ ! ,fr5* ,language4 ,new ,edition4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,de ,,lolme4 #abmo1 pap]1 #bs42 clo?1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,fr5*-,engli% & ,engli%-,fr5* ,diction>y4 ,compos$ f ! ,fr5* ,diction>ies ( ! ,fr5* ,academy1 ,bes*]elle1 ,l&ais1 c42 f ! ,engli% ,diction>ies ( ,ogilvie1 ,johnson1 ,web/]1 c1 c42 & f ! ,te*nological & ,sci5tific ,diction>ies ( bo? ,languages4 ,by ,pr(essors ,,de ,,lolme & ,,wallace4 ,demy #hvo1 clo?1 lett]$1 #gs4 #f;d4 ---- ,*eap ,edition = ,s*ools4 ,clo?1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,fr5*1 ,%ill+ ,lessons 94 ,by ,pr(essor ,,de ,,lolme4 #ahmo1 sew$1 #as42 clo?1 #as4 #f;d4 ,fr5*1 ,sixp5ny ,lessons 91 ) ,rules = ,pronunciation1 on an entirely ,novel & ,simple ,plan4 ,repr9t$ 9 a revis$ =m4 ,cr[n #hvo1 pap] cov]s1 #f;d4 ,galbrai? & ,haughton's ,sci5tific ,manuals4 ,! high "* ( ?is ,s]ies is well kn[n1 z furni%+ ,text-books = ! ,dubl9 ,univ]sity & num]\s fir/-class ,s*ools4 ,ari?metic4 ,conta9+ ne>ly #b1jjj ,examples4 ,clo?1 lett]$1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,plane ,trigonometry4 ,clo?1 lett]$1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,euclid4 ,elem5ts ,i41 ,,ii41 ,,iii4 ,clo?1 lett]$1 #bs4 #f;d4 ---- ,books ,,iv41 ,v41 ,,vi4 ,clo?1 lett]$1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,ma!matical ,tables4 ,clo?1 lett]$1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,galbrai? & ,haughton's ,manuals--cont9u$4 ,me*anics4 ,clo?1 lett]$1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,optics4 ,clo?1 lett]$1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,hydro/atics4 ,clo?1 lett]$1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,a/ronomy4 ,clo?1 lett]$1 #es4 ,/eam ,eng9e4 ,clo?1 lett]$1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,algebra4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,"p ,i41 clo?1 #bs4 #f;d42 complete1 clo?1 lett]$1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,tides & ,tidal ,curr5ts4 ,new ,edition1 ) ,tidal ,c>ds4 ,clo?1 lett]$1 #cs4 ,natural ,philosophy4 ,) #afj ,illu/rations4 ,clo?1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,! ,?ree ,k+doms ( ,nature4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,new & *eap] ,edition4 #es4 ,g]man ,read]1 ,! ,int]national1 = ! use ( ,colleges & ,s*ools4 ,conta9+ ,aids to ,/ud5ts1 ,selections f ! be/ ,prose ,writ]s1 & an ,an?ology ( ,g]man ,poetry4 ,by ,,edw>d ,a4 ,,opp51 ( ,haileybury ,college4 #abmo1 clo?1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,g]man1 ,lessons 92 9 a ,s]ies ( ,easy & ,progressive ,lessons4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,,woodbury4 ,p>ts ,i4 & ,,ii41 #abmo1 pap]1 #bs42 clo?1 ea*1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,complete 9 ,"o ,volume1 clo?1 #ds4 #f;d4 ---- ,key to4 ,revis$ ,edition4 #abmo1 pap]1 #as42 clo?1 #as4 #f;d4 ,g]man1 ,sixp5ny ,lessons 94 ,by ,e4 ,a4 ,,opp51 ,esq41 ( ,haileybury ,college4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 pap] cov]s1 #f;d4 ,g]man-,engli% & ,engli%-,g]man ,pron\nc+ ,diction>y1 ,!4 #hvo1 clo?1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,g]man ,diction>y4 ,*eap ,edition = ,s*ools1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,gift ,books = ,"y ,p4 ,beauties ( ,poetry & ,gems ( ,art4 ,pr(usely ,illu/rat$4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,fav\rite ,poems by ,gift$ ,b>ds4 ,) ,magnific5t ,engrav+s4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,jewels ,ga!r$ f ,pa9t] & ,poet4 ,clo? gilt1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,poems & ,pictures4 ,be+ ! ,?ree above ,books b\nd 9 ,"o ,volume ,clo? gilt4 #bas4 ,bright ,?\ghts = ! ,little ,ones4 ,tw5ty-sev5 exquisite ,engrav+s4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,goe! ,gall]y4 ,a ,s]ies ( beautiful ,photographs f ,,kaulba*',s ,draw+s ( ! ,h]o9es ( ,goe!4 ,h&somely b\nd 9 morocco1 #dbs4 ,goe!'s ,h]o9es4 ,a ,s]ies ( exquisite ,engrav+s on ,/eel1 f ,designs by ! great ,g]man ,arti/1 ,w4 ,,kaulba*4 ,) ,descriptive ,lett]press by ,,george ,,h5ry ,,lewes4 ,clo?1 lett]$1 #g #gs4 ,greece1 ,! ,sc5]y (4 ,by ,w4 ,,l9ton4 ,fifty exquisitely beautiful full-page ,/eel ,engrav+s1 ) descriptive ,lett]press4 ,h&some qu>to ,volume1 clo?1 lett]$1 gilt edges1 #dbs4 ,greece1 ,! ,poets ,(4 ,by ,,edw9 ,,arnold1 ,m4,a41 ,oxon2 ,au?or ( ,griselda1 & o!r ,poems1 c4 ,demy #hvo1 #bef pages1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,greek1 ,lessons 94 ,by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,r4 ,,be>d1 ,d4,d4 #abmo1 pap]1 #cs4 #f;d42 clo?1 #ds4 ,guide to ! ,indian ,civil ,s]vice3 conta9+ ,directions = ,c&idates1 ,/&>ds ( ,qualification1 ,sal>ies1 & ,specim5s ( ,exam9ation ,pap]s4 ,by ,a4 ,c4 ,,ewald1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 ,half-,cr[n ,libr>y ( ,new & ,orig9al ,works by ,au?ors ( ,high ,/&+4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo1 h&somely b\nd 9 clo? gilt1 ) ,illu/rations & ,ornam5tal ,*apt] ,heads4 ,lab\r ,/&s on ,gold5 ,feet4 ,a ,holiday ,/ory = ,s5sible ,appr5tices1 ,j\rneym51 & ,ma/]s4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man ( ,,he9ri* ,,zs*okke by ,dr4 ,,john ,,yeats4 ,! ,microscope1 & ,"s ( ! ,wond]s x ,reveals4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,,h\ghton1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,l4,s41 ,au?or ( ,c\ntry ,walks ( a ,naturali/ ) 8 ,*ildr51 c4 ,/ories ( ! ,old5 ,"t4 ,select$ & ,arrang$ by ,m4 ,,jones1 ,au?or ( ,! ,/ory ( ,capta9 ,cook1 c4 ,truly ,noble4 ,a ,/ory1 by ,madame ,de ,,*atela94 ,autobiography ( a ,lump ( ,coal1 a ,gra9 ( ,salt1 c4 c4 ,by ,,annie ,,c>ey4 ,love & ,life 9 ,norway4 ,by ,,bjorn/j]n ,,bjornson4 ,translat$ f ! ,norwegian by ! ,hon4 ,,augu/a ,,be!ll4 ,! ,fi%+ ,girl4 ,by ,,bjorn/j]n ,,bjornson4 ,translat$ f ! ,norwegian by ,,augu/a ,,plesn]4 ,"o ,trip ,m1 & o!r ,/ories4 ,by ! ,au?or ( ,m>y ,p[ell4 ,hi/orical ,co/umes1 ,book ,(4 ,drawn f ! ,be/ ,specim5s ( ea* ,p]iod2 ) #if full-page ,col\r$ ,engrav+s4 ,clo?1 gilt edges1 #ejs4 ,hi/ory ,( ,engl&1 f ! ,fir/ ,invasion by ! ,romans to ! ,accession ( ,william & ,m>y 9 #afhc4 ,by ,,john ,,l+>d1 ,d4,d4 ,six? ,edition4 ,revis$ & consid]ably ,enl>g$4 ,9 ,t5 ,volumes1 clo?1 lett]$4 ,h\sehold ,guide1 ,cassell's4 ,conta9+ e in=mation relat+ to ! ,h\se1 ,furniture1 ,cook]y1 ,g>d51 c4 c1 & be+ a ,complete ,guide to e ,dep>tm5t ( ,practical ,life4 ,vol4 ,i41 complete 9 itself1 #fs4 ,hudson's ,ari?metic = ,s*ool & ,college ,use1 ) a ,copi\s ,collection ( ,ex]cises1 & ,key4 ,clo?1 limp1 #as4 #f;d4 ,illu/rat$ ,libr>y1 ,!4 ,pla9 clo?1 #gs4 #f;d42 full gilt clo?1 gilt edges1 #ajs4 #f;d42 morocco antique1 #bas4 ,cassell's ,book ( ,sacr$ ,poems4 ,illu/rat$4 ,edit$ by ! ,rev4 ,r4 ,h4 ,baynes1 ,m4,a41 ,editor ( ,lyra ,anglicana4 ,cassell's ,illu/rat$ ,bunyan4 ,! ,,pilgrim',s ,,progress4 ,illu/rat$ ?r\gh\t4 ,cassell's ,illu/rat$ ,bunyan4 ,! ,,holy ,,w>4 ,illu/rat$ ?r\gh\t4 ,cassell's ,illu/rat$ ,gulliv]4 ,,gulliv]',s ,,travels4 ,by ,,dean ,,swift4 ,pr(usely ,illu/rat$ ?r\gh\t by ,,mort54 ,cassell's ,illu/rat$ ,rob9son ,crusoe4 ,beautifully ,illu/rat$ ?r\gh\t4 ,cassell's ,illu/rat$ ,read+s4 ,conduct$ by ,,tom ,,hood4 ,9 ,two ,vols41 ea* complete 9 itself4 ,goldsmi?'s ,works4 ,! ,,vic> ,,( ,,wakefield & ,,poems4 ,illu/rat$ ?r\gh\t4 ,illu/rat$ ,travels3 a ,record ( ,discov]y1 ,geography1 & ,adv5ture4 ,edit$ by ,h4 ,w4 ,,bates1 ,assi/ant-,secret>y ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society1 & pr(usely illu/rat$ by ! be/ ,arti/s ( ! day1 f ,draw+s made on ! spot4 ,royal #dto1 clo?1 #aes42 extra clo?1 extra gilt1 gilt edges1 #ahs4 ,9 ,memoriam ! late ,george ,h\sman ,?omas4 ,be+ a s]ies ( c>efully pr9t$ ,wood ,engrav+s1 f ,designs by ,mr4 ,,?omas1 ) ,descriptive ,lett]press4 ,h&some qu>to ,volume4 ,clo?1 gilt1 #bas4 ,insect ,_w1 ,!4 ,a ,popul> ,acc\nt ( ! ,ord]s ( ,insects4 ,f ! ,fr5* ( ,,l\is ,,figui]4 ,edit$ by ,e4 ,w4 ,,jans51 ,lib4 ,e4,s4 ,demy #hvo1 #egf ,plates1 clo?1 lett]$1 #afs42 extra clo? gilt1 #a #as4 ,italian ,f9ances4 ,by ,g4 ,,sem5za1 ,memb] = ,como 9 ! ,italian ,p>liam5t4 ,clo?1 #fs4 ,j+les & ,jokes = ,little ,folks4 ,by ,,tom ,,hood4 ,illu/rat$4 ,bo>ds1 #as4 ,lat9 ,gramm>1 ,!4 ,by ,pr(essors ,,&rews & ,,/odd>d4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,lat9 ,ex]cises4 ,adapt$ to ,&rews & ,/odd>d's ,lat9 ,gramm>4 #abmo1 pap]1 #as4 #f;d42 clo?1 #bs4 ,lat9 ,read]1 ,!4 ,adapt$ to ,cassell's ,lat9 ,gramm>2 to :i* is app5d$ an appropriate ,diction>y4 #abmo1 clo?1 #as4 #f;d4 ,lat91 ,lessons 94 ,by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,r4 ,,be>d1 ,d4,d4 #abmo1 pap]1 #bs4 #f;d42 clo?1 #cs4 ,key to ditto1 #abmo1 pap]1 #as42 clo?1 #as4 #f;d4 ,lat91 ,fir/ ,lessons 94 ,by ,pr(essors ,,&rews & ,,/odd>d4 #abmo1 pap]1 #as42 clo?1 #as4 #f;d4 ,lat9-,engli% & ,engli%-,lat9 ,diction>y1 ,cassell's4 ,by ,j4 ,r4 ,,be>d1 ,d4,d41 & ,c4 ,,be>d1 ,b4,a4 ,clo?1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,lat9 ,diction>y4 ,*eap ,edition = ,s*ools4 ,clo?1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,little ,songs = ,me to ,s+4 ,illu/rat$ by ,j4 ,e4 ,,millais1 ,r4,a42 ) ,music compos$ expressly = ! ,"w by ,,h5ry ,,leslie4 ,squ>e cr[n 7,d$icat$1 by express p]mission1 to ,h] ,royal ,highness ! ,,pr9cess ,,( ,,wales71 #fs4 ,log ( ! ,=tuna1 ,!4 ,a ,cruise 9 ,*9ese ,wat]s4 ,by ,capta9 ,a4 ,f4 ,,l9dley4 ,illu/rat$ ) ab\t ,fifty ,engrav+s4 ,fcap4 #dto1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,mission ,life4 ,conta9+ an ,acc\nt ( ! v>i\s ,mission ,works n[ proce$+ 9 all p>ts ( ! globe4 ,vols1 = #ahfi & #ahgj1 price #gs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,comm]ce4 ,by ,j4 ,,yeats1 ,,ll4,d4 ,) ,col\r$ ,frontispiece4 ,clo?1 lett]$1 price #es4 ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,cassell's ,popul>4 ,pr(usely ,illu/rat$ ) spl5did ,engrav+s & ,t9t$ ,plates4 ,complete 9 ,two ,volumes1 b\nd 9 clo?1 #cjs4 ,d41 ,two ,volumes1 half-calf1 full gilt back1 #des4 ,d41 ,two ,volumes1 half-morocco1 full gilt1 #ejs4 ,d41 ) ,col\r$ ,illu/rations1 ,f\r ,volumes1 b\nd 9 clo?1 #dbs4 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,?ree ,k+doms1 ,!4 ,) ,col\r$ ,plates1 & ,text 9 ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 & ,g]man4 ,oblong #dto1 col\r$ bo>ds1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,natural ,philosophy1 9 ,easy ,lessons4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,tyndall4 ,clo?1 lett]$1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,new ,popul> ,educator4 ,revis$ to ! ,pres5t ,date1 ) num]\s ,additions4 ,vols4 ,i41 ,,ii41 ,,iii41 ,,iv41 ,v41 & ,,vi4 n[ ready1 be/ clo? gilt1 #fs4 ea*4 ,nor?-,we/ ,passage by ,l&1 ,!4 ,by ,visc\nt ,,milton1 ,m4,p41 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 ,f4,g4,s41 c41 & ,w4 ,b4 ,,*eadle1 ,b4,a41 ,m4,d4 ,cantab41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 #hvo1 clo?1 ) ,tw5ty-two full-page ,illu/rations & ,two ,maps4 ,six? ,edition1 #bas4 ,d41 ,small] ,edition1 complete1 ) ,eight ,illu/rations1 cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #fs4 ,ocean ,_w1 ,!4 ,a ,descriptive ,hi/ory ( ! ,sea & its ,inhabitants4 ,f ! ,fr5* ( ,,l\is ,,figui]4 ,edit$ by ,c4 ,o4 ,g4 ,,napi]1 ,f4,g4,s4 ,demy #hvo1 #dbg ,plates1 clo?1 lett]$1 #afs42 extra clo? gilt1 #a #as4 ,old ,fri5ds & ,new ,faces4 ,demy #dto1 clo?1 elegantly gilt1 ) ,tw5ty-f\r full-page ,illu/rations1 beautifully pr9t$ by ,,kronheim1 #es4 ,p5ny ,libr>y ( ,popul> ,au?ors4 #a4 ,! ,book ( ,m>tyrs4 ,by ,,john ,,foxe4 ,) ,engrav$ ,frontispiece1 complete1 #beb pages1 price ,"o ,p5ny4 ,also1 ,special ,editions ( ! same1 9 clo? limp1 #d;d41 or clo?1 gilt edges1 #f;d4 #b4 ,! ,pilgrim's ,progress4 ,by ,,john ,,bunyan4 ,) ,engrav$ ,title & ,frontispiece1 complete1 #chd pages1 price ,"o ,p5ny4 ,also1 ,special ,editions ( ! same1 9 clo? limp1 #d;d41 or clo?1 gilt edges1 #f;d4 ,pian(orte1 ,! ,hi/ory ( !4 ,by ,e4 ,,br9smead4 ,clo?1 lett]$1 gilt1 price #cs4 ,pictures f ,engli% ,lit]ature4 ,! ,text by ,dr4 ,,wall]4 ,full-page ,illu/rations by ,e4 ,m4 ,,w>d1 ,r4,a41 ,j4 ,c4 ,,horsley1 ,r4,a41 ,w4 ,f4 ,,yeames1 ,a4,r4,a41 ,j4 ,,gilb]t1 ,g4 ,,du ,,mauri]1 ,s4 ,l4 ,,fildes1 ,w4 ,,small1 ,h4 ,k4 ,,br[ne1 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,m4 ,,w>d1 ,j4 ,d4 ,,watson1 ,,m>cus ,,/one1 ,w4 ,,cave ,,?omas1 ,f4 ,w4 ,,lawson1 ,e4 ,,wegn]1 ,r4 ,,macbe?1 ,e4 ,,hughes1 ,f4 ,,b>n>d1 c4 c4 ,h&some #dto1 clo? gilt1 #bas4 ,picture ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,a ,s]ies ( ,plates1 numb]+ upw>ds ( #gjj1 9 :i* ! ,animal1 ,vegetable1 & ,m9]al ,k+doms are classifi$ 9 ,families4 ,) ,descriptive ,lett]press4 ,edit$ by ! ,rev4 ,c4 ,,b\tell1 ,m4,a4 #dto1 clo?1 lett]$1 #es4 ,picture ,tea*+ = ,"y & ,old3 ,a ,s]ies ( ,object ,lessons ,progressively ,arrang$1 s z to tea* ! mean+ ( e t]m employ$4 ,) m ?an #bjj ,illu/rations4 #dto1 clo?1 lett]$1 #es4 ,poet ,h]o1 ,a4 ,by ,c\ntess ,,von ,,bo?m]1 ,au?or ( ,/rong ,h&s & ,/eadfa/ ,he>ts1 c4 c4 #djh pp4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,poets1 ,cassell's #cs4 #f;d4 ,edition ( !1 9 ,fcap4 #hvo1 pr9t$ on ,ton$ ,pap]1 elegantly b\nd 9 clo?1 extra gold & col\rs4 ,be/ morocco1 inlaid ) enamel lett] piece1 #fs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,ea* ,volume conta9s a ,memoir1 & is ,illu/rat$ ) a ,portrait ( ! ,au?or1 engrav$ on ,/eel1 & num]\s full-page ,illu/rations on ,wood1 f ,designs by ,em95t ,arti/s3-- ,longfell['s ,poetical ,works4 ,scott's ,poetical ,works4 ,byron's ,poetical ,works4 ,moore's ,poetical ,works4 ,wordswor?'s ,poetical ,works4 ,c[p]'s ,poetical ,works4 ,milton's ,poetical ,works4 ,pope's ,poetical ,works4 ,burns' ,poetical ,works4 ,! ,casket ( ,gems4 ,! ,book ( ,humor\s ,poetry4 ,ballads1 ,scotti% & ,engli%4 ,lives ( ! ,briti% ,poets4 ,practical ,p\ltry ,keep]1 ,!4 ,a ,complete & ,/&>d ,guide to ! ,managem5t ( ,p\ltry1 :e!r = ,dome/ic ,use1 ! ,m>ket1 or ,exhibition4 ,by ,l4 ,,wright4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,) pla9 ,illu/rations1 b\nd 9 clo?1 #es42 ) col\r$ ditto1 ditto1 #fs4 #f;d4 ,prim>y ,s*ool ,books4 ,an ,entirely ,new & ,orig9al ,s]ies1 specially prep>$ ) a view to meet+ ! want indicat$ by ,h] ,maje/y's ,commission]s ( ,education 9 ,national & o!r ,s*ools4 ,elem5t>y ,ari?metic3 supply+ m ?an #a1ajj ,examples4 ,clo?1 lett]$1 #d;d4 ,key to ditto1 clo?1 #c;d4 ,elem5t>y ,briti% ,hi/ory3 a cond5s$ recital ( ! ,pr9cipal ,ev5ts ( ,briti% ,hi/ory4 ,clo?1 lett]$1 #f;d4 ,elem5t>y ,geography1 writt5 9 a simple1 t]se /yle1 & ,illu/rat$4 ,clo?1 lett]$1 #d;d4 ,engl& at ,home3 ,an ,elem5t>y ,text-,book ( ,geography1 ,manufacture1 ,trade1 & ,comm]ce4 ,clo?1 lett]$1 #as4 ,our ,bodies3 ,an ,elem5t>y ,text-,book ( ,human ,physiology4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations on ,wood4 ,clo?1 lett]$1 #as4 ,our ,h\ses1 & :at !y are ,made (3 giv+ full ,acc\nt ( ! ,nature & ,orig9 ( ,wood1 ,iron1 ,/one1 c41 ) ,illu/rative ,designs & ,descriptions4 ,clo?1 lett]$1 #as4 ,our ,fir/ ,gramm>3 an ,elem5t>y ,text-,book = ,beg9n]s4 ,clo?1 #as4 ,our ,food4 ,int5d$ to supply ,elem5t>y ,lessons 9 ! ,processes involv$ 9 ! ,production ( ! v>i\s ,articles ( ,food1 & also _! prop] ,uses & ,comb9ations4 ,clo?1 lett]$1 #as4 ,! ,uses ( ,plants 9 ,food1 ,arts1 & ,comm]ce4 ,) ,illu/rations1 #as4 ,"r ,l9es 9 _! ,"r ,places3 expla9+ to ! y\nge/ pupil ! ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,geometry4 ,) ,draw+s on ,wood by ! ,au?or4 ,clo?1 lett]$1 #as4 ,! ,boy's ,fir/ ,read]4 ,/&>d ,i4 ,clo? limp1 #d;d4 ,! ,boy's ,second ,read]4 ,/&>d ,,ii4 ,clo? limp1 #d;d4 ,! ,girl's ,fir/ ,read]4 ,/&>d ,i4 ,clo? limp1 #d;d4 ,! ,girl's ,second ,read]4 ,/&>d ,,ii4 ,clo? limp1 #d;d4 ,! ,boy's & ,girl's ,read]4 ,/&>d ,,iii4 ,clo? limp1 #g;d4 ,! ,boy's & ,girl's ,read]4 ,/&>d ,,iv4 ,clo? limp1 #i;d4 ,! ,poetical ,read]4 ,/&>d ,v4 ,clo? limp1 #as4 ,! ,explanatory ,read]4 ,/&>d ,,vi4 ,clo? limp1 #as4 ,vegetable ,physiology1 9 a s]ies1 ( easy ,lessons1 ) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,clo?1 lett]$1 #as4 #f;d4 ,! ,animal ,k+dom1 expla9$ 9 a famili> b /rictly sci5tific mann]4 ,) abundant ,illu/rations4 ,d\ble ,vol41 clo?1 lett]$1 #bs4 ,quiv]1 ,!3 conta9+ ,int]e/+ ,articles = ,sunday ,read+4 ,pr(usely ,illu/rat$4 ,vol4 = #ahgj n[ ready1 price #gs4 #f;d4 clo? pla93 or gilt1 #hs4 #f;d4 ,quiz1 ,sket*es by4 ,consi/+ ( ,"y ,ladies1 ,"y ,g5tlem51 & ,"y ,c\ples4 ,illu/rat$ by ,,phiz4 ,clo? extra1 lett]$1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,repres5tative ,biographies4 ,life & ,c>e] ( ,"l ,br\gham4 ,clo?1 #as4 #f;d4 ,! ,life ( ,b5jam9 ,disraeli1 #as42 clo?1 #as4 #f;d4 ,! ,life ( ,john ,bright1 #as42 clo?1 #as4 #f;d4 ,! ,life ( ,w4 ,b4 ,glad/one4 #as42 clo?1 #as4 #f;d4 ,! ,public ,life ( ,que5 ,victoria4 #bs42 clo?1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,rob9son ,crusoe1 ,adv5tures (4 ,new ,edition1 ,royal #hvo41 pr(usely ,illu/rat$1 & conta9+ ,col\r$ ,frontispiece4 ,clo? pla91 #es42 clo? gilt1 gilt edges1 #fs4 #f;d4 ,romance ( ,comm]ce1 ,!4 ,by ,h4 ,r4 ,,fox-,,b\rne1 ,au?or ( ,! ,life ( ,sir ,philip ,sydney4 ,clo?1 lett]$1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,san ,juan ,wat] ,b\nd>y ,"q4 ,by ,visc\nt ,,milton1 ,m4,p4 ,clo?1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,s*ill] ,gall]y1 ,!4 ,a ,s]ies ( exquisite ,photographs f ,,kaulba*',s ,pa9t+s ( ,sc5]y f ,s*ill]4 ,clo?1 lett]$1 #e #es4 ,%akespe>e1 ,cassell's ,illu/rat$4 ,edit$ by ,,*>les & ,,m>y ,,c[d5 ,,cl>ke4 ,vol4 ,i4 7,,com$ies71 9 clo?1 #abs42 ,vol4 ,,ii4 7,,hi/orical ,,plays71 clo?1 #ajs4 #f;d42 ,vol4 ,,iii4 7,,trag$ies71 clo?1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,! ,complete ,"w1 9 ?ree volumes1 clo?1 lett]$1 uni=m1 #a #aes4 ,half morocco1 #b #ajs4 ,! ,sep>ate ,plays may be _h1 price #as4 ea*4 ,%ill+ ,/ory ,books4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 clo? gilt1 ) ,two ,illu/rations 9 ea* ,volume4 ,lottie's ,:ite ,frock1 & o!r ,/ories4 ,helpful ,nellie1 & o!r ,/ories4 ,only ,j ,once1 & o!r ,/ories4 ,! ,boot on ! ,wrong ,foot1 & o!r ,/ories4 ,little ,cont5t1 & o!r ,/ories4 ,by ,,edi? ,,wal=d4 ,little ,lizzie4 ,by ,,m>y ,,gillies4 ,& o!r ,tales4 ,luke ,b>nicott4 ,by ,,william ,,h[itt4 ,& o!r ,tales4 ,my ,fir/ ,cruise4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,k+/on4 ,& o!r ,tales4 ,! ,boat ,club4 ,by ,,oliv] ,,optic4 ,& o!r ,tales4 ,! ,delft ,jug4 ,by ,,silv]p54 ,& o!r ,tales4 ,! ,el*e/] ,college ,boys4 ,by ,,mrs4 ,,h5ry ,,wood4 ,& o!r ,tales4 ,! ,little ,peacemak]4 ,by ,,m>y ,,h[itt4 ,& o!r ,tales4 ,jonas's ,f>m4 ,& o!r ,tales4 ,%ill+ ,toy-,books4 ,9 ,demy #dto1 /iff cov]s4 ,) full-page ,illu/rations pr9t$ 9 ,col\rs by ,,kronheim4 #a4 ,h[ ,cock ,sp>r[ ,sp5t 8 ,*ri/mas4 #b4 ,! ,adv5tures ( ,rob9son ,crusoe4 #c4 ,que] ,creatures1 ,drawn by ,"o ( ,!mselves4 #d4 sop's ,fables4 7#ba ,plates47 ,%ill+ ,packets ( ,col\r$ ,c>ds1 ea* conta9+ ,twelve ,designs beautifully pr9t$ 9 ,col\rs f ,nature4 ,floral ,beauties ( ! ,_w4 ,! ,animals ( all ,climes4 ,! ,fea!r$ ,creation4 ,/&>d ,s]ies ( ,popul> ,works4 ,e/h] ,we/4 ,by ,,isa ,,craig-,,knox4 ,imp]ial #afmo4 ,illu/rat$ ) ,tw5ty-f\r ,engrav+s4 ,clo? gilt1 #fs4 ,peoples ( ! ,_w4 ,by ,,bessie ,,p>kes-,,belloc4 ,imp]ial #afmo4 ,illu/rat$ ) ab\t ,fifty ,engrav+s4 #fs4 ,! ,/ory ( ,capta9 ,cook4 ,by ,m4 ,,jones1 ,au?or ( ,/ories ( ! ,old5 ,"t4 ,imp]ial #afmo4 ,illu/rat$ ) ab\t ,fifty ,engrav+s4 #fs4 ,/ock-,fe$]'s ,manual1 ,!4 ,! ,*emi/ry ( ,food 9 relation to ! ,bre$+ & ,fe$+ ( ,live ,/ock4 ,by ,dr4 ,,cam]on4 ,clo?1 lett]$1 #es4 ,swiss ,family ,rob9son4 ,new ,edition1 pr(usely ,illu/rat$4 ,b\nd 9 clo?1 gilt1 #es42 extra gilt1 gilt edges1 #fs4 #f;d4 ,te*nical ,manuals1 consi/+ ( a ,s]ies ( ,two ,%ill+ ,volumes1 :i* conta9 all ! ess5tials ( a ,te*nical ,education4 ,l9e> ,draw+4 ,by ,e4 ,a4 ,,davidson1 ,lectur] on ,eng9e]+ & ,ar*itectural ,draw+ 9 ! ,city ( ,london ,middle ,class ,s*ools4 ,conta9+ ! pr9ciples ( ,l9e> ,draw+ z adapt$ to ,trade1 ,manufactures1 ,eng9e]+1 ,ar*itecture1 & ,design1 ) ab\t #aej ,illu/rations1 & ,six :ole-page ,diagrams ( work+ draw+s4 ,clo? limp1 #bs4 ,or?ographic & ,isometrical ,projection4 ,by ! same ,au?or1 ,treat+ ( ! ,projection ( ,plans1 ,elevations & ,sections ( ,solids1 & ! ,developm5t ( ,surfaces = ,masons1 ,c>p5t]s1 ,build]s1 ,ar*itects1 ,plumb]s1 & ,artisans g5]ally4 ,illu/rat$ ) ab\t ,=ty :ole-page ,diagrams1 drawn on ,wood by ! ,au?or4 ,clo? limp1 #bs4 ,l9e> ,draw+ & ,projection4 ,! ,two ,volumes 9 ,"o4 ,clo?1 lett]$1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,build+ ,con/ruction1 ! ,elem5ts (1 & ,ar*itectural ,draw+1 ) #acj ,illu/rations1 drawn on ,wood by ! ,au?or4 ,by ,e4 ,a4 ,,davidson1 ,au?or ( ,l9e> ,draw+1 c4 ,clo? limp1 #bs4 ,draw+ = ,c>p5t]s & ,jo9]s4 ,by ,e4 ,a4 ,,davidson4 ,conta9+ a ,description ( ! ,con/ruction ( ! ,subject ( ea* ,/udy1 & ! ,me?od ( ,draw+ x4 ,) ,elem5t>y ,lessons 9 ,free-h& & ,object ,draw+4 ,) #bej ,illu/rations & ,draw+ ,copies4 ,d\ble ,vol1 clo? limp1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,! ,elem5ts ( ,practical ,p]spective4 ,by ! same ,au?or4 ,conta9+ ,p]spective1 ,projection ( ,simple ,po9ts1 ,l9es1 ,planes1 & ,rectangul> ,solids1 ,polygons1 & ,prisms1 ,pyramids1 ,circles1 ,cyl9d]s1 ,ar*es1 c4 c4 ,) ,?irty-six full-page ,illu/rations4 ,drawn on ,wood by ! ,au?or4 ,clo? limp1 #bs4 ,draw+ = ,ma*9i/s4 ,by ! same ,au?or4 ,) abundant ,illu/rations & ,work+ ,diagrams4 ,d\ble ,volume1 ,clo?1 lett]$1 #cs4 #e;d4 7,ne>ly ready47 ,?ames & ,twe$4 ,by ,g4 ,,roop]4 ,conta9+ e in=mation necess>y = fi%+ 9 ^! riv]s at all times ( ! ye>4 ,) ,directions z to ,rods1 ,l9es1 ,tackle1 c4 c4 ,clo?1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,?orwalds5's ,triumphal ,entry ( ,alex&] ! ,great into ,babylon4 ,tw5ty-two ,plates1 ,folio4 ,) ,descriptive ,lett]press1 & ,essay on ,! ,p]sonal & ,art ,"* ( ,?orwalds51 by ,,h]mann ,,lucke4 #dbs4 ,trans=mations ( ,insects4 ,by ,,emile ,,blan*>d4 ,translat$ by ,dr4 ,,duncan1 ,secret>y ( ! ,geological ,society1 & ,pr(essor ( ,geology1 ,k+'s ,college1 ,london4 ,pr(usely ,illu/rat$4 ,royal #hvo1 clo? gilt1 #aes4 ,two ,%ill+ ,s]ies ( ,new & ,orig9al ,works4 ,b\nd 9 be/ clo?1 gilt edges1 ) ,col\r$ ,illu/rations4 ,dr4 ,savory's ,tongs4 ,by ,,two ,,si/]s4 ,! ,gold5 ,gate4 ,by ,h4 ,g4 ,b4 ,,hunt4 ,love & ,duty4 ,by ,,anna ,j4 ,,buckl&4 ,brave ,lisette4 ,& o!r ,/ories4 ,by ,,miss ,,c>less4 ,beatrice ,langton2 or1 ,! ,_s ( ,ob$i5ce4 #bs4 ,new ,/ories & ,old ,leg5ds4 ,by ,mrs4 ,t4 ,k4 ,,h]vey4 ,ow5 ,c>/one3 a ,/ory ( ,s*ool ,life4 ,! ,boy :o ,wond]$4 ,! ,little ,orphan4 ,! ,/ory ( ,ar?ur ,hunt] & 8 ,fir/ ,%ill+4 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,hamiltons4 ,! ,hillside ,f>m4 ,vegetable ,_w1 ,!1 ,f ! ,fr5* ( ,,l\is ,,figui]4 ,edit$ by ,c4 ,o4 ,g4 ,,napi]1 ,f4,g4,s4 ,demy #hvo1 ) #dga ,plates1 clo?1 lett]$1 #afs42 extra clo? gilt1 #a #as4 ,web/]'s ,etymological ,diction>y4 ,! ,etymology ( e ,^w giv51 & a ,vocabul>y ( ! ,roots ( ,words4 ,clo?1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,woman3 ,h] ,position & ,p[]4 ,conta9+ ,essays on ! ,social1 ,moral1 & ,religi\s ,position ( ,woman2 h] ,duties1 ,privileges1 & ,influ5ce1 c4 ,by ,rev4 ,w4 ,,l&els1 ,d4,d4 #es4 ,_w be=e ! ,deluge1 ,!4 ,f ! ,fr5* ( ,,l\is ,,figui]4 ,c>efully edit$ by ,h4 ,w4 ,,bri/[1 ,f4,r4,s41 ( ! ,geological ,survey4 ,demy #hvo1 #bcc ,plates1 clo?1 lett]$1 #afs42 extra clo? gilt1 #a #as4 ,_w ( ! ,sea1 ,!4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* ( ,,alfr$ ,,fr$ol1 by ! ,rev4 ,h4 ,m4 ,,h>t4 ,demy #hvo1 ) ,col\r$ & ,t9t$ ,plates1 & num]\s ,wood ,engrav+s4 ,be/ clo?1 lett]$1 #bas4 ,_w ,( ,wond]s1 ,!4 ,a ,record ( ,?+s ,wond]ful 9 ,nature1 ,sci5ce1 & ,art4 ,clo?1 #gs4 #f;d42 full gilt1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,wond]s1 ,libr>y ,(4 ,a ,s]ies ( ,gift ,books4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations1 & h&somely b\nd 9 a cov] specially design$ = ?is s]ies ( ,gift ,books4 ,clo? extra1 #es4 ea*4 ,wond]s 9 ,ac\/ics4 ,wond]ful ,escapes4 ,wond]s ( ,animal ,in/9ct4 ,c]ta9ly "o ( ! be/ books ^u ! in/9cts ( insects & animals :i* we h se54--,/&>d4 ,wond]s ( ,ar*itecture4 ,! little "w be=e u is a great help to ! =mation ( our ta/es & ! /udy ( a great sci5ce4--,naval & ,milit>y ,gazette4 ,wond]s ( ,bodily ,/r5g? & ,skill4 ,a pleasant volume1 full ( int]e/+ facts4--,daily ,telegraph4 ,wond]ful ,balloon ,asc5ts4 ,conta9+ a ,popul> ,acc\nt ( ,balloon+ f ! ,e>lie/ ,p]iod to ! ,pres5t ,"t1 ! ,asc5ts made1 & ,improvem5ts effect$4 ,) ,sixte5 full-page & num]\s o!r ,engrav+s4 ,! foll[+ ,,catalogues ( ,messrs4 ,,cassell1 ,,pett]1 & ,,galp9',s ,,publications1 c41 are n[ ready1 & may be _h f any ,booksell]3-- #a4 ,catalogue ,( ,educational ,works1 ( ,/ud5ts' & ,s*ol>s' ,mat]ials4 #b4 ,catalogue ( ,te*nical ,manuals & ,prim>y ,s*ool-,books4 #c4 ,! ,*ildr5's ,books ,catalogue1 ,illu/rat$4 ,rew>ds & ,prizes4 #d4 ,classifi$ ,catalogue ( #fj1jjj ,electrotypes ( ,valuable ,engrav+s = ,sale4 #e4 ,! ,complete ,descriptive ,catalogue4 #f4 ,! ,classifi$ ,catalogue1 conta9+ a ,complete ,li/ ( ,publications1 f ,"o ,p5ny upw>ds1 arrang$ accord+ to price4 ,,cassell1 ,,pett]1 ,,& ,,galp91 ,,ludgate ,,hill1 ,,london2 ,,& #eif1 ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib] notes3 ,tags t surr\nd words #c4 ,! ,*ildr5's ,books ,catalogue indicate bold4 ,tags t surr\nd ! ^w ,naval & ,milit>y ,gazette4 indicate italics4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,p4#bd4 'he ,equator4' *ang$ to '! ,equator4'4 ,p4#ha4 ',m>seileise' *ang$ to ',m>seillaise'4 ,p4#afa4 ,fig4 #ge4 ',d5drophylia' *ang$ to ',d5drophyllia'4 ,p4#ahf4 'd',acclimitation' *ang$ to 'd',acclimatation'4 ,p4#bjc4 ,fig4 #hg4 ',hydra viridris' *ang$ to ',hydra viridis'4 ,p4#bbd4 'vetebrat$' *ang$ to 'v]tebrat$'4 ,p4#bii4 'duv]nea' *ang$ to 'duv]na'1 also 9 ! li/ ( illu/rations4 ,p4#cah4 'coatt+s' *ang$ to 'coat+s'4 ,p4#cce4 '!meslves' *ang$ to '!mselves'4 ,p4#ceb4 ',malgr9a' *ang$ to ',maleagr9a'4 ,p4#djc4 'ins5si le' *ang$ to 'ins5sible'4 ,p4#djh4 'connnection' *ang$ to 'connection'4 ,plate ,,xxiii4 ,fig4 ,,iii4 ',vl\ta' *ang$ to ',voluta'4 ,p4#ebc4 'o!r o!r' *ang$ to 'o!r'4 ,p4#eca4 'x own' *ang$ to 'its own4 ,p4#ehj4 ,add$ ',plate' to illu/ration ,,xxix1 ',plate ,,xxix4' ,p4#eha4 'cranes' *ang$ to 'crans'4 ,fix$ v>i\s punctuation4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------