,rob]t ,r[e1 ,*>les ,franks & ! ,onl9e ,di/ribut$ ,pro(read+ ,team4 ,,civil ,,gov]nm5t ,,( ,,virg9ia ,a ,,text-,,book ,,= ,,s*ools ,,bas$ ,,^u ,,! ,,con/itution ,,( #aijb ,,& ,,con=m+ ,,to ,,! ,,laws ,,enact$ ,,9 ,,accordance ,,!re) ,,by ,,wm4 ,f4 ,,fox ,,supt4 ,,( ,,s*ools1 ,,ri*mond1 ,,va4 ,,note4-,important *anges 9 e "p ( ! fundam5tal law ( ! ,/ate 7 made by ! ,con/itutional ,conv5tion ( #aija-b4 ,a great _m ( ^! *anges did n g into full effect until z late z ,feb4 #a1 #aijd2 & "s are yet to be made effective by ! op]ation ( laws already pass$ or to be enact$ h]eaft]4 ,"u ! circum/ances ! au?or tru/s he may be p>don$ if "s errors or omissions are f\nd 9 ?is "w1 b x is believ$ t 9 all ess5tial po9ts x is 9 h>mony ) ! provisions ( ! ,con/itution & ! laws ( ! ,/ate z !y /& at ! pres5t "t4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,introduction ,i ,,g5]al ,,pr9ciples ,bill ( ,bights--,:o ,may ,vote & ,hold ,(fice --,elections ,,ii ,,legislative1 ,,dep>tm5t ,! ,s5ate--,h\se ( ,delegates--,g5]al ,assembly ,,iii ,,executive ,,dep>tm5t ,gov]nor--,lieut5ant ,gov]nor--,attorney ,g5]al ,,iv ,,executive ,,dep>tm5t-,cont9u$ ,secret>y ( ! ,commonweal?-,treasur]-,auditor ( ,public ,acc\nts--,second ,auditor--,regi/] ( ! ,l& ,(fice--,/ate ,corporation ,commission--,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,p5it5ti>y-- ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,public ,pr9t+--,commission] ( ,agriculture & ,immigration--,commission]s ( ! ,s9k+ ,fund--,bo>d ( ,/ate ,canvass]s ,v4 ,,judici>y ,,dep>tm5t ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,appeals--,circuit ,c\rts--,circuit ,c\rt ( ! ,city ( ,ri*mond ,,vi4 ,,judici>y ,,dep>tm5t-,cont9u$ ,corporation or ,hu/+s ,c\rts--,ju/ices ,c\rts--,hu/+s ,c\rt ( ! ,city ( ,ri*mond--,*anc]y ,c\rt ( ! ,city ( ,ri*mond--,law & ,equity ,c\rt ( ! ,city ( ,ri*mond ,,vii ,,(fic]s ,,( ,,c\rts ,cl]ks--,! ,tip/aff & ,cri]--,%]iff-- ,commonsweal?'s ,attorney ,attorneys at-,law ,:o ,may ,practice ,law 9 --,virg9ia ,juries--,gr& ,junes--,petit ,jury ,,viii4 ,,c\nty ,,organization ,c\nties ,c\nty ,(fic]s ,%]iff--,commonweal?'s ,attorney--,c\nty ,cl]k-- ,treasur]--,commission] ( ! ,rev5ue--,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,poor--,c\nty ,surveyor-,sup]9t5d5t ( ,public ,s*ools ,c\nty ,bo>d ( ,s*ool ,commission]s--,electoral ,bo>d--,bo>d ( ,sup]visors--,assessors--,coron] ,,ix4 ,,di/rict ,,organization ,magi/]ial ,di/ricts4--,sup]visors4--,ju/ices ( ! ,peace4-- ,con/able4--,ov]se] ( ! ,poor4--,cons]vators ( ! ,peace4 ,x4 ,,gov]nm5t ,,( ,,cities ,,& ,,t[ns ,c\ncil4--,mayor4--,city ,s]geant4--,commission] ( ! ,rev5ue4 --,commonweal?'s ,attorney4--,treasur]4--,%]iff ( ,ri*mond ,city4 ,,xi4 ,,education ,/ate3 ,bo>d ( ,education4--,sup]9t5d5t ( ,public ,in/ruction4 ,c\nty3 ,c\nty & ,city ,sup]9t5d5ts4--,s*ool ,tru/ee ,electoral ,bo>d4--,c\nty ,s*ool ,bo>d4 ,di/rict3 ,s*ool ,di/ricts4--,s*ool ,tru/ees4--,di/rict ,bo>d ( ,s*ool ,tru/ees4 ,s*ool ,funds4 ,tea*]s4 ,,outl9es or ,,colonial ,,& ,,/ate ,,hi/ory ,colonial ,gov]nors4--,/ate ,gov]nors4 ,,con/itution ,,( ,,virg9ia ,,population ,,( ,,virg9ia ,,at ,,v>i\s ,,dates ,,introduction4 ,! ^w ,,gov]nm5t means guidance or direction or managem5t4 ,x means also ! p]son or p]sons :o rule or control any e/abli%m5t or in/itution4 ,:]ev] any numb] ( p live toge!r 9 "o h\se1 or "o t[n1 or city1 or c\ntry1 !re mu/ be gov]nm5t ( "s k9d4 ,9 ! family ! p>5ts are ! gov]nm5t4 ,!y guide & manage ! affairs ( ! h\se4 ,!y give ord]s to _! *ildr5 z to :at !y mu/ d & :at !y mu/ n d1 & !y see t _! ord]s are obey$4 ,?is is gov]nm5t1 & x is = ! b5efit ( ! family4 ,if ! *ildr5 7 to d z !y please1 !re w\ld be no peace or happ9ess 9 ! home4 ,& 9 _! games & amusem5ts out ( doors *ildr5 f9d t !y mu/ n d z !y please4 ,e game has c]ta9 rules or laws :i* ^? :o take "p 9 x are requir$ to obey4 ,9 ! game ( baseball1 = example1 ! play]s are n all[$ to act z !y l4 ,!re are rules ( ! play1 & !re is an umpire to see t ! rules are obs]v$4 ,9 ! s*ool1 too1 & 9 all bus9ess e/abli%m5ts !re mu/ be gov]nm5t4 ,! tea*]s direct ! "w 9 _! classes1 giv+ ord]s to ! pupils z to :at lessons !y mu/ /udy & h[ !y mu/ /udy !m4 ,9 ! /ore & factory !re is a manag] or ma/] :o directs ! bus9ess4 ,if !re 7 no manag]s or ma/]s !re w\ld be no?+ b disord] & confusion4 ,we c see !re=e h[ necess>y gov]nm5t is1 & we c und]/& :y x is t !re mu/ be gov]nm5t 9 ! c\ntry or /ate 9 :i* we live4 ,!re mu/ be laws to direct m5 h[ !y mu/ behave t[>ds "o ano!r & to puni% ^? :o d wrong4 ,& !re mu/ be p to make ! laws & p to see t !y are c>ri$ out4 ,?is is ,,civil ,,gov]nm5t4 ,! ^w ,,civil means p]ta9+ to ! /ate1 or to ! relations betwe5 citiz5s & ! /ate1 & ! ^w ,,/ate means ! :ole community or body ( p liv+ "u "o gov]nm5t4 ,!re are diff]5t k9ds ( gov]nm5t 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,9 "s c\ntries ! gov]nm5t is mon>*ical--t is1 "u "o p]son1 a k+ or emp]or--& 9 "s c\ntries x is republican4 ,a republican gov]nm5t1 or a republic1 is a gov]nm5t 9 :i* ! *ief p[] is ex]cis$ n by "o p]son b by all ! p4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is a republican gov]nm5t4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ,virg9ia is a republican gov]nm5t4 ,! head ( ! /ate "u a republican =m ( gov]nm5t is elect$ by ! p4 ,! gov]nm5t 9 a republic is usually divid$ into ?ree p>ts or ,,dep>tm5ts4 ,"o dep>tm5t makes ! laws4 ,?is is call$ ! ,,legislative ,,dep>tm5t or ! legislature4 ,x is =m$ ( a c]ta9 numb] ( p]sons :o are elect$ at c]ta9 times1 by ! p1 & :o meet to make laws t are necess>y = ! good ( ! /ate or c\ntry4 ,! second dep>tm5t ( gov]nm5t is call$ ! ,,executive ,,dep>tm5t1 & is also =m$ ( p]sons :o are elect$ by ! p1 & _! bus9ess is to execute or c>ry out ! laws4 ,_! duty is to see t e "o :o violates any law ( ! c\ntry or /ate is br\ght to puni%m5t1 & t ! laws made = promot+ ! well-be+ & happ9ess ( ! p are c>ri$ out4 ,! ?ird dep>tm5t ( ! gov]nm5t is ! ,,judicial ,,dep>tm5t or ! judici>y4 ,its memb]s are1 9 ,virg9ia1 *os5 by ! legislature4 ,_! duty is to adm9i/] ! laws1 t is to inquire into e case 9 :i* a p]son is accus$ ( break+ ! laws1 & if a p]son is f\nd to be guilty1 to s5t5ce him to ! puni%m5t :i* ! law prescribes = ! crime or (f5ce he has committ$4 ,9 ?is book full p>ticul>s & explanations are giv5 z to ! =mation ( ^? ?ree dep>tm5ts ( gov]nm5t1 ! _m duties assign$ to ea*1 & h[ ^? duties are p]=m$4 ,9 republics gov]nm5t is usually c>ri$ on accord+ to ! wi%es ( ! majority ( ! p4 ,?is is :at is call$ ,,majority ,,rule4 ,at elections to =m ! legislative or executive dep>tm5t1 diff]5t p]sons or c&idates are propos$ = ea* (fice1 & ! c&idate :o gets a majority ( ! votes is elect$4 ,a c&idate is a p]son :o is propos$ = election to "s (fice4 ,c&idates = public (fices are propos$ or nom9at$ at :at are call$ ,,conv5tions4 ,a conv5tion is a meet+ ( electors1 or vot]s1 held = ! purpose ( agree+ ^u or *oos+ p]sons to be c&idates = (fice4 ,conv5tions are call$ toge!r & conduct$ by organizations kn[n z ,,p>ties or ,,political ,,p>ties4 ,!re are usually at lea/ two political p>ties 9 e c\ntry 9 :i* !re is con/itutional gov]nm5t4 ,ea* ( ! p>ties nom9ates c&idates at e election1 & tries 9 e legitimate way to p]suade ! p to vote = its c&idates4 ,! p>ty ^: c&idates are elect$ is call$ ,,! ,,p>ty ,,9 ,,p[]4 ,?is is :at is kn[n z ,,p>ty ,,gov]nm5t4 ,x is good = ! /ate t !re %\ld be political p>ties4 ,ea* p>ty closely wat*es ! conduct ( ! o!r1 & if ! p>ty 9 p[] make bad laws or execute ! laws unfairly or unju/ly1 ! p>ty out ( p[] appeals to ! p by public spee*es & by writ+ 9 newspap]s1 & does :at x c to get ! vot]s to vote aga9/ ! p>ty 9 p[] at ! next election & turn x out ( (fice4 ,e citiz5 may jo9 ei!r ( ! p>ties he pleases1 & s ex]cise 8 influ5ce ?r\gh conv5tions & elections to secure good gov]nm5t4 ,& x is ! duty ( e citiz5 to d ?is1 = good gov]nm5t--hone/ law-mak]s & hone/ adm9i/rators ( ! laws--is "o ( ! greate/ bless+s a /ate c h4 ,x is also ! duty ( "y p to le>n ab\t ! gov]nm5t & politics ( _! /ate1 s t :5 !y come ( age !y may be able to p]=m _! "p z citiz5s intellig5tly & well4 ,,que/ions4 #a4 ,def9e ,,gov]nm5t4 #b4 ,give "s illu/rations ( ! necessity ( gov]nm5t4 #c4 ,:at is ! necessity = laws 9 a c\ntry8 #d4 ,def9e ,,civil4 #e4 ,:at is a republic8 #f4 ,:at does ! gov]nm5t 9 a republic consi/ (8 #g4 ,:at is ! duty ( ! legislative dep>tm5t8 #h4 ,:at is ! duty ( ! executive dep>tm5t8 #i4 ,:at is ! duty ( ! judicial dep>tm5t8 #aj4 ,:at d y und]/& by majority rule8 #aa4 ,:at is a conv5tion8 #ab4 ,:at is a p>ty gov]nm5t8 #ac4 ,:y is x good = ! /ate t !re %\ld be political p>ties8 #ad4 ,:y is x ! duty ( e citiz5 to become a memb] ( "o ( ! political p>ties8 #ae4 ,:y is x good = "y p to le>n ab\t gov]nm5t & politics8 ,,virg9ia ,,civil ,,gov]nm5t ,i4 ,,g5]al ,,pr9ciples #a4 ,all p[] is ve/$ 9 & h5ce d]iv$ f ! p2 magi/rates are _! tru/ees & s]vants & at all times am5able to !m4 #b4 ,gov]nm5t is1 or ought to be1 in/itut$ = ! common b5efit1 protection1 & security ( ! p4 #c4 ,no free gov]nm5t1 or ! bless+ ( lib]ty1 c be pres]v$ to any p b by a firm adh]5ce to ju/ice1 mod]ation1 temp]ance1 frugality1 & virtue1 & by frequ5t recurr5ce to fundam5tal pr9ciples4 --,bill ( ,rights4 ,! ,,bill ,,( ,,rights is ! title ( ! fir/ article1 or *apt]1 ( ! ,con/itution ( ,virg9ia4 ,x is s call$ because x is a decl>ation or /atem5t ( ! ,,rights ( ! p 9 reg>d to gov]nm5t4 ,9 ,engli% hi/ory ! "n ,,bill ,,( ,,rights is giv5 to a decl>ation ( rights adopt$ by ! two h\ses ( ,p>liam5t 9 ,engl& 9 #afhh1 & soon aft]w>ds pass$ into law4 ,,ve/$ ,,9 means entru/$ to or put 9 possession (4 ,to ve/ is to inve/ or clo! ) p[] or au?ority4 ,,magi/rates are public (fic]s ^: duty x is to adm9i/] ! laws4 ,! ,presid5t is ! *ief magi/rate ( ! nation4 ,x is 8 duty to see t ! laws ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are execut$ ,or c>ri$ out4 ,! gov]nor is ! *ief magi/rate ( ! ,/ate2 ! mayor is ! *ief magi/rate ( ! city4 ,judges are magi/rates :o preside 9 ! c\rts & adm9i/] ! law z apply+ to ! cases br\ght be=e !m4 ,tru/ees are p]sons :o hold or h *>ge ( ! prop]ty ( o!rs 9 tru/1 & z gu>dians1 = ^? to :om x belongs4 ,magi/rates hold _! (fices z tru/ees = ! p1 & !y are am5able1 t is1 answ]able1 to ! p4 ,if !y d n p]=m ! duties ( _! (fices hone/ly1 ! p c call !m to acc\nt & puni% !m4 ,a ,,free ,,gov]nm5t is a gov]nm5t in/itut$1 t is1 e/abli%$1 by ! cons5t ( ! p4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is a free gov]nm5t1 because x has be5 e/abli%$ by ! p1 & ! p c *ange x :5 !y please4 ,gov]nm5t ought to be e/abli%$ = ! ,,common ,,b5efit4 ,?is means t gov]nm5t ought to be = ! b5efit ( all ! p1 poor z well z ri*1 & "u a free gov]nm5t all ! p h equal protection f ! law4 ,,fundam5tal ,,pr9ciples are pr9ciples or tru?s accord+ to :i*1 or ^u :i*1 sy/ems1 or laws1 or in/itutions1 are ,,f\nd$4 ,! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( free gov]nm5t are t all m5 are born equal1 & t all m5 h equal rights to life & lib]ty4 ,,recurr5ce means ,a ,,go+ ,,back ,,to4 ,we mu/ frequ5tly recur1 or g back to1 fundam5tal pr9ciples 9 ord] to pres]ve free gov]nm5t4 ,we mu/ also firmly adh]e to1 or practice ju/ice1 mod]ation1 temp]ance1 & virtue4 ,,ju/ice is ! do+ ( :at is "r4 ,,mod]ation means ! avoid+ ( sev]ity or h>%ness 9 our conduct t[>ds o!rs4 ,,temp]ance is ! mod]ate or reasonable use or enjoym5t ( ! pleasures ( life4 ,,frugality is ! practice ( ?rift & economy z oppos$ to extravagance4 ,,virtue is ! practice ( ! moral good taught by religion4 ,! con/itution gu>antees to ! p ! "r to make & to *ange _! own laws2 ! "r ( spe$y trial by jury2 protection 9 ! enjoym5t ( _! inh]5t rights2 fre$om ( elections2 fre$om ( spee*2 fre$om ( ! press2 religi\s fre$om2 equal civil & political rights & public privileges4 ,x prohibits excessive bail1 excessive f9es1 ! infliction ( cruel & unusual puni%m5ts1 & ! tak+ ( private prop]ty = public uses except by law & ) j comp5sation4 ,a ,,con/itution is a sy/em or plan ( gov]nm5t1 or a writt5 or pr9t$ /atem5t ( ! pr9ciples & rules accord+ to :i* a gov]nm5t is to be conduct$4 ,! con/itution tells h[ ! gov]nm5t is to be =m$1 :at x has p[] to d1 & :at x mu/ n d4 ,! ,con/itution ( ,virg9ia ,,gu>antees1 t is1 secures or makes sure to ! p1 ! "r to make or *ange ! laws4 ,a gov]nm5t "u a con/itution is call$ a ,,con/itutional gov]nm5t4 ,,trial ,,by ,,jury is trial by a judge & c]ta9 citiz5s :o are call$ ! jury4 ,! duty ( ! judge is to see t ! trial is conduct$ accord+ to law1 & to pass s5t5ce on ! accus$ p]son if f\nd guilty4 ,! duty ( ! jury is to decide1 aft] he>+ ! evid5ce1 :e!r ! accus$ p]son is guilty or n4 ,?is decl>ation ( ! jury is call$ a ,,v]dict1 a ^w :i* means a ,,true ,,say+4 ,,inh]5t means insep>able f1 or n to be tak5 away4 ,,inh]5t ,,rights are rights t _c ju/ly be tak5 away f ! p4 ,! "r to life & lib]ty is an inh]5t "r ( man :i* _c be tak5 away by any con/itution or gov]nm5t4 ,,fre$om ,,( ,,elections means fre$om to hold elections to *oose ! (fic]s ( gov]nm5t1 & fre$om = e citiz5 to vote = ! c&idate ( 8 *oice4 ,,fre$om ,,( ,,spee* & ,,fre$om ,,( ,,! ,,press mean lib]ty = all to speak or publi% :at !y desire to say on any subject1 be+ liable to puni%m5t by law if !y speak or publi% any?+ injuri\s to ! reputation ( o!rs4 ,,religi\s ,,fre$om means lib]ty to belong to any religion1 or to wor%ip ,god 9 any way t "o ?9ks prop]4 ,,civil ,,rights are ! rights a man is entitl$ to z a memb] ( ! community1 su* z ! "r to trial by jury1 ! "r ( fre$om ( spee*4 ,,political ,,rights are ! rights t belong to m5 z citiz5s1 ,su*1 z ! "r to vote1 ! "r to be c&idates = public (fice4 ,,public ,,privileges are b5efits or advantages possess$ by "s & n by o!rs1 su* z *>t]s to corporations or lic5ses to c>ry on c]ta9 k9ds ( bus9ess4 ,= example1 a lic5se to sell liquors is a public privilege4 ,x is n = ! public good t x %\ld be giv5 to ev]ybody1 b ! ,con/itution gu>antees t "u necess>y re/rictions z to ! numb] ( su* lic5ses grant$1 all citiz5s %all h equal rights to su* privileges4 ,,private ,,prop]ty is prop]ty t belongs to private individuals4 ,x may be tak5 = public use :5 necess>y4 ,if a gov]nm5t build+ has to be erect$ or a railroad made1 ! l& requir$ = ! purpose may be tak5 f ! own]1 b a j price mu/ be paid = x4 ,:o ,may ,vote & ,hold ,(fice4 ,e male citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :o is #ba ye>s old1 :o has be5 a resid5t ( ! ,/ate two ye>s1 ( ! c\nty1 city1 or t[n "o ye>1 & ( ! prec9ct 9 :i* he (f]s to vote ?irty days next prec$+ any election1 has be5 regi/]$ & has paid 8 /ate poll taxes1 %all be entitl$ to vote2 except idiots & lunatics1 p]sons convict$ aft] ! adoption ( ! con/itution ( brib]y 9 any election1 embezzlem5t ( public funds1 treason1 felony1 or petit l>c5y1 obta9+ money or o!r prop]ty "u false pret5ces1 or :o h be5 9 any way conc]n$ 9 a duel4 ,all p]sons entitl$ to vote %all be eligible to any (fice )9 ! gift ( ! p1 except z re/rict$ by ! con/itution4 ,except+ ! requirem5ts ( resid5ce 9 ! vot+ prec9ct1 paym5t ( poll tax & regi/ration1 ! qualifications ( jurors are practically ! same z ^? ( vot]s4 ,a ,,citiz5 is a native ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or a =eign] :o has be5 made a citiz54 ,to be made a citiz51 a p]son mu/1 at lea/ two ye>s be=e admission1 make a decl>ation be=e a judge t x is 8 int5tion to become a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & to r5\nce allegiance to all =eign p[]s or pr9ces4 ,hav+ s decl>$ 8 int5tion1 & aft] resid+ five ye>s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 he mu/ decl>e on oa? be=e a judge t he r5\nces allegiance to all =eign p[]s1 & t he w support ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,he !n receives a pap] or docum5t c]tify+ t he is a citiz54 ,! pap] is call$ a ,,naturalization pap]1 & ! p]son :o receives x is said to be ,,naturaliz$1 because x entitles him to all ! rights & privileges ( a ,,native or ,,natural-,,born citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,convict$ means tri$ 9 a public c\rt = a crime & f\nd guilty4 ,,brib]y 9 elections is buy+ or sell+ votes1 or giv+ money or paym5t 9 any =m to a vot] = vot+ = any c&idate4 ,,embezzlem5t is ! crime a p]son commits :o takes = 8 own use ! money or prop]ty ( o!rs t has be5 entru/$ to 8 c>e4 ,,treason is to make w> aga9/ or try to ov]?r[ or de/roy ! gov]nm5t ( "o's own c\ntry4 ,,felony is a crime t may be puni%$ by dea? or imprisonm5t 9 /ate prison4 ,,petit ,,l>c5y is ! /eal+ ( goods ( small value4 ,e vot] is requir$ to be regi/]$4 ,?is is a mo/ important proce$+1 z x insures ! purity ( ! ballot & ! intellig5t ex]cise ( ! "r ( fran*ise4 ,elections4 ,%all be by ballot2 = ,/ate1 c\nty1 corporation & di/rict (fic]s1 %all be held ! ,tuesday aft] ! fir/ ,monday 9 ,novemb]2 except = mayors & c\ncils ( cities & t[ns1 :i* %all be ! second ,tuesday ( ,june4 ,/ate executive (fic]s elect$ at a g5]al election %all ent] ^u ! duties ( _! respective (fices ! fir/ ( ,febru>y next !reaft]2 memb]s ( ! ,h\se ( ,delegates & all c\nty1 corporation1 & di/rict (fic]s on ! fir/ ( ,janu>y1 & ,s5ators on ! second ,w$nesday 9 ,janu>y next !reaft]2 & mayors & c\ncils ( cities & t[ns on ! fir/ ( ,septemb] next succe$+ _! election4 ,/ate executive (fic]s elect$ by ! ,g5]al ,assembly ent] ^u _! duties ! fir/ ( ,m>* foll[+ _! election4 ,!y %all cont9ue to dis*>ge ! duties ( _! respective (fices until _! successors %all h qualifi$4 ,! ,,ballot is ! pr9t$ li/ conta9+ ! names ( all ! c&idates to be vot$ = at an election4 ,! places :]e ! p vote are call$ ,,polls1 & !y are kept op5 = "o day-- f sunrise to sunset4 ,at ! polls !re are (fic]s call$ judges or cl]ks ( election4 ,:5 ! vot] goes to ! poll on election day1 "o ( ! judges h&s him a ballot4 ,) ! ballot he goes alone into a small comp>tm5t or ,,boo?1 :]e !re is a desk ) a p5cil or p5 & ink4 ,!re he draws a m>k ) ! p5 or p5cil ?r\gh ! names ( ! c&idates he does n wi% to vote =1 leav+ ! names ( ! c&idates he votes = unm>k$ ,he !n1 folds up ! ballot1 ) ! names ( ! c&idates on ! inside1 & h&s x to "o ( ! judges1 :o drops x into a box1 :]e x rema9s until ! votes are c\nt$ aft] ! poll closes4 ,! c&idates :o receive ! highe/ numb] ( votes are decl>$ elect$4 ,?is is done by ! ,bo>d ( ,/ate ,canvass]s 7:i* see74 ,,/ate ,,(fic]s are (fic]s elect$ by ! vot]s ( ! :ole ,/ate4 ,! gov]nor1 ! lieut5ant-gov]nor1 & attorney-g5]al are ,/ate (fic]s4 ,a ,,corporation is a body or numb] ( p]sons =m$ & au?oriz$ by law to c>ry on bus9ess "u "o "n z a s+le p]son4 ,banks & railroad & manufactur+ companies are corporations4 ,!y are call$ private corporations because ! bus9ess !y d is = ! b5efit ( private individuals4 ,! p ( cities & t[ns h p[] by law to c>ry on ! gov]nm5t ( _! cities & t[ns z corporations4 ,!y are call$ public corporations because !y are =m$ = ! purpose ( gov]nm5t1 & act = ! :ole p 7see "u ,gov]nm5t ( ,cities & ,t[ns7 ,,qualifi$1 ) reg>d to ,/ate (fic]s1 means hav+ tak5 ! oa? ( (fice4 ,! ,con/itution requires t e p]son1 be=e ent]+ ^u ! dis*>ge ( any functions z an (fic] ( ! ,/ate1 mu/ solemnly swe> or affirm t he w support & ma9ta9 ! ,con/itution & laws ( ! ,/ate ( ,virg9ia1 & t he w fai?fully p]=m ! duty ( ! (fice to :i* he has be5 elect$4 ,to take ?is oa? is to ,,qualify = ! (fice4 ,! ,/ate is entitl$ to two ,u4 ,s4 ,s5ators & t5 ,repres5tatives 9 ,congress1 & to twelve votes = ,presid5t & ,vice-,presid5t 9 ! ,electoral ,college4 ,! ,,electoral ,,college is ! "n giv5 to ! body ( p]sons :o elect ! ,presid5t & ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,at a presid5tial election1 :i* takes place e f\r ye>s1 ! p d n vote directly = ! c&idates :o h be5 nom9at$ = ,presid5t & ,vice-,presid5t4 ,!y vote = p]sons nom9at$ to be ,,electors1 & ea* ,/ate has ! "r to *oose z _m electors z x has s5ators & repres5tatives 9 ,congress4 ,virg9ia has two s5ators & t5 repres5tatives 9 ,congress1 !re=e at ! presid5tial election x *ooses twelve electors4 ,?is is :at is meant by say+ t x has twelve votes 9 ! ,electoral ,college4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,electoral ,college d n meet all toge!r to elect ! ,presid5t & ,vice-,presid5t4 ,! electors ( ea* ,/ate meet 9 ! capital ( _! own ,/ate 9 ,janu>y aft] !y are elect$1 & vote by ballot = ,presid5t & ,vice-,presid5t4 aft] :i* !y s5d li/s to ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ate %[+ h[ !y h vot$4 ,^? li/s are exam9$ 9 ! ,s5ate & ! votes c\nt$4 ,!n ! c&idates :o h receiv$ ! votes ( a majority ( ! ,electoral ,college are decl>$ elect$4 ,,que/ions4 #a4 ,f :om are ! p[]s ( gov]nm5t d]iv$8 #b4 ,:at are magi/rates8 #c4 ,= :at is gov]nm5t in/itut$8 #d4 ,:at are fundam5tal pr9ciples8 #e4 ,:at is ! ,bill ( ,rights8 #f ,:at is a con/itution8 #g4 ,:at is trial by jury8 #h ,tell :at y und]/& by fre$om ( elections1 fre$om ( spee*1 fre$om ( ! press1 & religi\s fre$om #i4 ,tell ! diff]5ce betwe5 civil rights & political rights4 #aj4 ,:at are public privileges8 #aa4 ,:at is involunt>y s]vitude8 #ab4 ,def9e ,,private ,,prop]ty4 #ac4 ,:o is entitl$ to vote1 & :o is eligible to (fice8 #ad4 ,:at is a citiz58 #ae4 ,h[ may "o become a citiz58 #af4 ,def9e ! t]ms ,,brib]y1 ,,embezzlem5t1 ,,treason1 ,,felony1 ,,petit ,,l>c5y1 & ,,duel4 #ag4 ,:at are jurors8 #ah4 ,:5 are ! elections = ,/ate (fic]s held8 #ai4 ,h[ are elections conduct$8 #bj4 ,def9e ,,ballot1 ,,polls1 & ,,boo?4 #ba4 ,:at are ,/ate (fic]s8 #bb4 ,:at is a corporation8 #bc4 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ,,qualifi$8 #bd4 ,h[ _m s5ators & repres5tatives 9 ,congress is ! ,/ate entitl$ to8 #be4 ,h[ _m votes is ! ,/ate entitl$ to 9 ! ,electoral ,college8 #bf4 ,:at is ! ,electoral ,college8 #bg4 ,h[ d ! electors *oose ! ,presid5t & ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates8 ,,ii4 ,,legislative ,,dep>tm5t4 ,! legislative p[] ( ! commonweal? is ve/$ 9 a ,g5]al ,assembly consi/+ ( a ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,delegates4 ,,legislative ,,p[] is ! p[] to legislate or make ,,laws1 h5ce ! ,g5]al ,assembly is ! ,,legislature ( ,virg9ia4 ,,commonweal?1 :i* means ,,common ,,well-,,be+1 or common good1 is a "n sometimes giv5 to a ,/ate or c\ntry :i* has a republican =m ( gov]nm5t--t is1 a gov]nm5t 9 :i* ! p are ! supreme p[]1 & 9 :i* all ! p h common 7t is1 equal7 int]e/s & common rights4 ,,consi/+ means =m$ or made up (4 ,a ,,delegate is a p]son appo9t$ or elect$ by o!rs to d bus9ess = !m z _! repres5tative4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,h\se ( ,delegates are elect$ by ! p ( ! ,/ate to repres5t & act = !m 9 ! bus9ess ( mak+ laws4 ,! ,s5ate4 ,numb]4 ,!re are =ty ,s5ators1 f ?irty-n9e s5atorial di/ricts4 ,! ,lieut5ant-,gov]nor is ! presid+ (fic]4 ,elect$4 ,by ! p2 "o-half be+ *os5 e two ye>s until ! g5]al election 9 #aijg4 ,at t "t1 & e f\r ye>s !reaft]1 ! entire s5ate w be *os5 at "o "t = a t]m ( f\r ye>s4 ,qualifications4 ,a ,s5ator mu/ be an actual resid5t ( ! di/rict = :i* he is elect$2 mu/ be legally qualifi$ to vote = memb]s ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly2 mu/ hold no sal>i$ (fice "u ! ,/ate gov]nm5t4 ,p[]s4 ,%all select its own (fic]s2 *oose f its own body1 9 ! abs5ce ( ! ,lieut5ant-,gov]nor1 or :5 he ex]cises ! (fice ( ,gov]nor1 a presid5t ,,pro ,,tempore2 confirms or rejects nom9ations2 has sole p[] to try impea*m5t4 ,,s5atorial ,,di/ricts are ! di/ricts into :i* a ,/ate is divid$ = ! election ( s5ators4 ,!re are ?irty-n9e di/ricts 9 ,virg9ia1 & ea* ( !m elects "o s5ator1 except ! di/rict =m$ ( ,ri*mond & ! ,c\nty ( ,h5rico1 :i* elects two4 ,,presid+ ,,(fic] is a p]son :o ,,presides or acts z presid5t or *airman 9 any assembly or meet+4 ,a c&idate = ! ,s5ate mu/ be ,,legally ,,qualifi$ ,,to ,,vote = memb]s ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly4 ,?is means t he mu/ be a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 a resid5t ( ,virg9ia = two ye>s1 & h ! o!r legal qualifications ( vot]s z requir$ by ! ,con/itution4 ,,pro ,,tempore is a ,lat9 phrase mean+ ,,= ,,! ,,"t--t is1 = a %ort "t or tempor>ily4 ,! ,s5ate elects "o ( its own memb]s to preside ,,pro ,,tempore if ! lieut5ant-gov]nor happ5 to be abs5t1 or :5 he is call$ ^u to act z gov]nor4 7,see "u ,p[]s & ,duties ( gov]nor1 page #bh47 ,! ,s5ate has ! p[] to ,,confirm ,,or ,,reject ,,nom9ations4 ,_m public (fic]s ( ! ,/ate are appo9t$ by ! gov]nor1 b :5 he nom9ates or ,,names a p]son = a public (fice he s5ds ! nom9ation to ! ,s5ate1 & x may confirm--t is1 approve (--! nom9ation1 or x may reject x4 ,if x %\ld reject ! nom9ation1 ! p]son nom9at$ is n appo9t$4 ,,impea*m5t means a *>ge ( di%one/y or s]i\s neglect ( duty made aga9/ a public (ficial4 ,9 an impea*m5t x is ! ,h\se ( ,delegates :i* mu/ make ! *>ge & act z prosecutor1 b x is ! ,s5ate :i* mu/ try ! case & pass s5t5ce on ! accus$1 if prov$ guilty4 ,h\se ( ,delegates4 ,numb]4 ,compos$ ( "o hundr$ memb]s apportion$ by /atute among ! c\nties & cities ( ! ,/ate4 ,elect$4 ,by ! p = two ye>s4 ,qualifications4 ,same z = ,s5ators4 ,p[]s4 ,elects its own ,speak] & all o!r (fic]s2 impea*es ,/ate (fic]s1 & prosecutes !m be=e ! ,s5ate4 ,! ,cl]k ( ! ,h\se ( ,delegates is also ,keep] ( ! ,rolls4 ,apportion$ means divid$ or di/ribut$ or allott$4 ,a /atute is any law1 b ! ^w is mo/ commonly und]/ood to mean a law made by a legislature repres5t+ ! p4 ,! numb] ( delegates appo9t$ to ! c\nties & cities--t is1 ! numb] :i* ea* is entitl$ to elect--is decid$ by /atute 9 proportion to ! numb] ( inhabitants4 ,! *airman ( ! ,h\se ( ,delegates is call$ ! speak]4 ,! same title is giv5 to ! presid+ (fic] ( ! l[] h\se 9 ne>ly e legislature 9 ,engli%-speak+ c\ntries4 ,! rolls are ! /atutes 9 writt5 =m z pass$ by ! ,assembly4 ,a law :5 propos$ 9 ! ,assembly is call$ a bill4 ,to become a /atute a bill mu/ be vot$ on & h a majority ?ree times 9 ! ,h\se ( ,delegates & ?ree times 9 ! ,s5ate & be sign$ by ! gov]nor4 ,!n x is an act1 or a ,/atute1 or a law4 ,! copy sign$ by ! gov]nor is an engross$ or writt5 copy1 & ! (ficial copies ( ! laws s engross$ are ! rolls1 & are pres]v$ by ! keep] ( ! rolls1 :o is ! cl]k ( ! ,h\se ( ,delegates4 ,g5]al ,assembly4 7,s5ate & ,h\se jo9tly47 ,sessions4 ,bi5nial4 ,beg9n+ ! second ,w$nesday 9 ,janu>y ( e ev5 ye>1 & cont9u+ sixty days4 ,! session may be ext5d$ n exce$+ ?irty days4 ,x may be conv5$ 9 special session by ! ,gov]nor4 ,! ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,delegates jo9tly--t is1 bo? toge!r --are call$ ! ,g5]al ,assembly4 ,sessions means sitt+s or meet+s = bus9ess1 & bi5nial means happ5+ once e two ye>s4 ,! ,g5]al ,assembly meets once e two ye>s1 & x does bus9ess = sixty days4 ,if ! bus9ess necess>y to be done require m "t1 ! session may be ext5d$--t is1 l5g!n$--?irty days4 ,a special session is a session conv5$-- t is1 call$ to meet--= "s special or p>ticul> bus9ess4 ,! gov]nor may conv5e su* a session :5ev] he ?9ks x necess>y4 ,p[]s4 ,g5]al p[]s ( legislation "u ! con/itution4 ,elects ,u4 ,s4 ,s5ators1 ,c\nty & ,city ,electoral ,bo>ds1 ,auditor ( ,public ,acc\nts1 ,second ,auditor1 ,regi/] ( ! ,l& ,(fice1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,public ,pr9t+1 ! ,judges ( ! ,commonweal?2 decides conte/s 9 ! election ( ,gov]nor & ,lieut5ant- ,gov]nor2 confirms or rejects nom9ations ( c]ta9 (fic]s made by ! ,gov]nor1 ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,education1 etc4 ,p[]s means :at ! ,g5]al ,assembly has p[] to d4 ,legislation is ! mak+ ( laws4 ,! ,assembly has p[]s ( g5]al legislation "u ! con/itution--t is1 ( mak+ all su* laws z ! con/itution directs or does n =bid4 7,explanations are giv5 lat] on z to ! bo>ds & (fic]s m5tion$ "h :i* ! ,g5]al ,assembly has p[] to elect47 ,conte/s--t is1 disputes or diff]5ces--may occur 9 ! election ( gov]nor & lieut5ant-gov]nor4 ,!re may be conte/s z to c\nt+ ( votes or z to ! qualifications ( c&idates4 ,su* conte/s are decid$ by ! ,g5]al ,assembly4 ,memb]%ip4 ,ea* h\se settles its own rules ( proce$+2 is judge ( ! election1 qualification1 & returns ( its memb]s4 ,memb]s are n subject to arre/ "u any civil process dur+ ! session ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly1 nor = fifte5 days next be=e ! conv5+1 & aft] ! t]m9ation ( ea* session2 are privileg$ f arre/ 9 all cases dur+ ! session1 except = treason1 felony1 p]jury1 brea* ( ! peace1 or a contempt ( c\rt ( a crim9al nature4 ,:at is meant by ea* h\se be+ judge ( ! election1 qualification1 & returns ( its memb]s is1 t x c decide :e!r ! memb]s are legally elect$ & qualifi$4 ,returns are ! p>ticul>s z to names ( c&idates & ! numb] ( votes ca/ = ea*1 :i* ! election judges are requir$ to make up aft] ! close ( ! poll on election day4 ,! qualifications necess>y = a memb] ( ei!r h\se are z foll[s3 he mu/ be tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age or ov]1 & a vot] ( ! ,/ate ( ,virg9ia1 & he mu/ reside 9 ! di/rict = :i* he is elect$4 ,civil process is a law-proce$+ 9 a case :]e no crime is *>g$1 b su* z = ! recov]+ ( a debt or = ! settlem5t ( a diff]5ce relat+ to bus9ess matt]s4 ,p]jury is ! crime ( wilfully mak+ a false oa?4 ,:5 a p]son appe>s z a witness 9 a c\rt ( law he has to take an oa? t he w tell ! tru?4 ,if aft] tak+ su* oa? he tells :at he kn[s to be untrue1 he is guilty ( p]jury4 ,a brea* ( ! peace is any act ( viol5ce :i* causes public di/urbance1 su* z "o p]son assault+ ano!r & !reby caus+ a qu>rel or riot4 ,contempt ( c\rt is disob$i5ce to ! ord]s or decrees or rules ( a c\rt ( law4 ,insult or viol5ce to a judge 9 c\rt w\ld he crim9al contempt4 ,sal>ies4 ,! ,presid5t ( ! ,s5ate & ! ,speak] ( ! ,h\se ( ,delegates1 ea*1 #djj2 & ! o!r memb]s1 ea*1 #bdj = att5dance & s]vice at ea* regul> session2 at all extra sessions1 ! ,presid5t ( ! ,s5ate & ,speak] ( ! ,h\se ( ,delegates %all receive1 ea*1 #bdj1 & ! o!r memb]s1 ea*1 #abj4 ,memb]s are entitl$ to mileage4 ,9 addition to 8 sal>y ea* memb] ( ! ,assembly receives t5 c5ts p] mile = exp5ses ( travel+ to & f ! sessions ( ! ,assembly4 ,?is all[ance is call$ mileage4 ,bills may orig9ate 9 ei!r ( ! two h\ses4 ,no bill %all become a law until x has be5 read on ?ree diff]5t days 9 ea* h\se except by a vote ( f\r-fif?s ( ! memb]s vot+ 9 ea* h\se4 ,e bill :i* %all h pass$ ! ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,delegates %all1 be=e x becomes a law1 be pres5t$ to ! ,gov]nor2 if he approve1 he %all sign x & x is !n a law1 b if n1 he %all return x ) 8 objections to ! h\se 9 :i* x orig9at$2 :o %all proce$ to reconsid] x4 ,if aft] su* consid]ation two-?irds ( ! memb]s pres5t %all agree to pass ! bill1 x %all be s5t to ! o!r h\se1 by :i* x %all be reconsid]$1 & if approv$ by two-?irds ( all ! memb]s pres5t1 x %all become a law1 not)/&+ ! objections ( ! ,gov]nor4 ,he may also veto any p>ticul> item ( an appropriation bill1 b ?is item may also be pass$ ov] 8 veto by a two-?irds vote ( bo? h\ses4 ,if any bill %all n be return$ by ! ,gov]nor )9 five days aft] x %all h be5 pres5t$ to him1 x %all be a law 9 l mann] z if he _h sign$ x4 ,a bill is a draft or /atem5t ( a propos$ law4 ,a bill may orig9ate 9 ei!r h\se--t is1 x may be fir/ propos$ 9 ei!r ! ,s]iate or ,h\se ( ,delegates4 ,any s5ator or delegate :o wi%es to h a new law made mu/ fir/ put x 9 writ+4 ,!n he himself introduces or proposes x 9 ! h\se ( :i* he is a memb]1 or x may be introduc$ by a committee4 ,a committee is a numb] ( p]sons1 usually n a l>ge numb]1 appo9t$ by a legislature or o!r body to take *>ge ( & att5d to "s p>ticul> bus9ess4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,h\se ( ,delegates & ( ! ,s5ate are divid$ into committees1 & "s special subject or bus9ess is entru/$ to ea*4 ,= example1 9 ! ,s5ate !re are committees on ,privileges & ,elections1 ,public ,in/itutions & ,education1 & _m o!r subjects2 & 9 ! ,h\se ( ,delegates !re are committees on ,c\rts ( ,ju/ice1 ,s*ools & ,colleges1 & o!r subjects4 ,usually proposals = new laws are ref]r$ = consid]ation to ! committee hav+ *>ge ( ! subject or bus9ess to :i* ! propos$ law relates4 ,committees 9 ! ,s5ate are elect$ by ! s5ators !mselves2 committees 9 ! ,h\se ( ,delegates are appo9t$ by ! speak]4 ,:5 a new law or bill is introduc$ x is ei!r propos$ by a committee1 or by "s memb] & giv5 = consid]ation to a committee4 ,9 ord] to pass1 x mu/ be read ?ree times on ?ree diff]5t days 7once ea* day7 9 ! h\se 9 :i* x orig9ates4 ,! fir/ read+ is ! =mal plac+ or pres5t+ ( ! bill be=e ! h\se4 ,at ! second read+ ! bill is discuss$1 & any memb] :o wi%es to say any?+ = or aga9/ x is at lib]ty to d s4 ,am5dm5ts may also be propos$ at ! second read+4 ,an am5dm5t is an alt]ation or a *ange 9 ! word+ or matt] ( a bill4 ,aft] an am5dm5t is discuss$ ! h\se votes ^u x1 & if a majority is = x1 ! *ange is made 9 ! bill4 ,:5 all am5dm5ts are discuss$ & vot$ on1 a vote is tak5 on ! bill z a :ole1 & if a majority ( ! memb]s vote = x1 x is read a second "t4 ,x is !n engross$1 or writt5 out1 by ! cl]k ( ! h\se1 & read a ?ird "t1 aft] :i* a vote is aga9 tak51 & if !re is a majority = x1 x passes ! h\se4 ,:5 ! bill is pass$ 9 ! h\se 9 :i* x orig9at$1 x is tak5 to ! o!r h\se by ! s]geant-at-arms4 ,!re x goes ?r\gh ! same =ms ( read+ & discussion1 & if x be read ?ree times & h a majority 9 its favor x is pass$4 ,x is !n enroll$1 aft] :i* x is sign$ by ! presid+ (fic] 9 ea* h\se1 & :5 ?is is done x is s5t to ! gov]nor = 8 signature4 ,! s]geant-at-arms is an (fic] ^: duty x is to pres]ve ord] 9 ! *amb] :]e ! sessions ( ei!r h\se are held1 to di/ribute among ! memb]s any pap]s or docum5ts !y may require1 & 9 g5]al to p]=m su* s]vices z are necess>y = ! prop] transaction ( bus9ess4 ,ea* h\se has its own s]geant-at-arms4 7,= enroll+1 see "u ,h\se ( ,delegates1 page #ai47 ,! requirem5ts ) reg>d to a bill aft] x is s5t to ! gov]nor are /at$ 9 ! text above4 7,= ! veto p[] ( ! gov]nor1 see page #bh47 ,,que/ions4 #a4 ,9 :om is ! legislative p[] ( ! commonweal? ve/$8 #b4 ,:at is ! legislative p[]8 #c4 ,def9e commonweal?4 #d4 ,:at is a delegate8 #e4 ,h[ _m memb]s con/itute ! ,s5ate8 #f4 ,:at are s5atorial di/ricts1 & h[ _m are !re 9 ! ,/ate8 #g4 ,:o is ! presid+ (fic] ( ! ,s5ate8 #h4 ,= h[ long are s5ators elect$8 #i4 ,:at are ! qualifications ( a s5ator8 #aj4 ,:at are ! p[]s ( ! ,s5ate8 #aa4 ,:at does impea*m5t mean8 #ab4 ,:o tries a case ( impea*m5t8 #ac4 ,h[ _m memb]s ( ! ,h\se ( ,delegates8 #ad4 ,def9e /atute4 #ae4 ,= h[ long are memb]s ( ! ,h\se ( ,delegates elect$8 #af4 ,:at are ! qualifications ( delegates8 #ag4 ,:at are ! p[]s ( delegates8 #ah4 ,def9e apportion$4 #ai4 ,:at is ! *airman ( ! ,h\se ( ,delegates call$8 #bj4 ,:at are ! rolls1 & by :om are !y kept8 #ba4 ,:at does ! ,g5]al ,assembly consi/ (8 #bb4 ,h[ (t5 are ! sessions ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly held8 #bc4 ,:at is a special session8 #bd4 ,:at are ! p[]s ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly8 #be4 ,:at (fic]s does x elect8 #bf4 ,:at is legislation8 #bg4 ,:at are conte/s 9 elections ( gov]nor & lieut5ant- gov]nor1 & :o decides !m8 #bh4 ,:at is meant by ea* h\se be+ judge ( ! election1 qualifications1 & returns ( its memb]s8 #bi4 ,:at are election returns8 #cj4 ,def9e civil process4 #ca4 ,:at is p]jury8 #cb4 ,:at is contempt ( c\rt8 #cc4 ,:at are ! sal>ies ( ! (fic]s & memb]s ( ! ,assembly8 #cd4 ,:at is mileage8 #ce4 ,:at is a bill8 #cf4 ,tell h[ a bill becomes a law4 #cg4 ,:at is a committee8 #ch4 ,def9e am5dm5t4 ,,iii4 ,,executive ,,dep>tm5t4 ,gov]nor4 ,elect$4 ,by ! p = f\r ye>s4 ,mu/ reside at ! seat ( gov]nm5t dur+ 8 t]m ( (fice2 n eligible = ! next succe$+ t]m4 ,sal>y1 #e1jjj a ye>4 ,he %all receive no o!r emolum5t f ?is or any o!r gov]nm5t4 ,! seat ( gov]nm5t is ! city or t[n 9 :i* ! ,legislature holds its sessions4 ,ri*mond is ! seat ( gov]nm5t ( ! ,/ate ( ,virg9ia4 ,t]m is ! p]iod ( "t = :i* a public (fic] is elect$4 ,! t]m ( ! gov]nor is f\r ye>s4 ,he is n eligible--t is1 he _c be elect$--= ! next succe$+ t]m--t is1 he _c be gov]nor = two t]ms1 "o imm$iately foll[+ ! o!r4 ,emolum5t is sal>y or comp5sation or pay4 ,qualifications4 ,mu/ be at lea/ ?irty ye>s ( age2 mu/ be a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 mu/ h be5 = ! five ye>s next prec$+ 8 election a resid5t ( ! ,/ate4 ,if ( =eign bir?1 he mu/ h be5 a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! t5 ye>s next prec$+ 8 election4 ,=eign bir? means bir? 9 any c\ntry outside ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,b ! *ildr5 ( ,am]ican citiz5s are citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ev5 ?\gh !y h be5 born 9 ano!r c\ntry4 ,p[]s & ,duties4 ,! *ief executive (fic] ( ! commonweal?2 %all take c>e t ! laws are fai?fully execut$2 %all communicate to ! ,g5]al ,assembly1 at e session1 ! condition ( ! commonweal?1 & recomm5d su* measures z he may deem exp$i5t2 may call special sessions ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly2 %all be ,comm&]-9-,*ief ( ! ,l& & ,naval ,=ces ( ! ,/ate2 may embody ! militia to repel invasion1 suppress insurrection1 & en=ce1 ! execution ( ! laws2 %all conduct all int]c\rse ) o!r & =eign /ates2 may fill tempor>ily1 dur+ ! recess ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly1 all vacancies 9 ^? (fices = :i* ! con/itution & laws make no provision2 may remit f9es & p5alties1 grant reprieves & p>dons1 remove political disabilities1 & commute capital puni%m5t2 %all atte/ all commissions & grants2 signs or vetoes bills pass$ by ! ,g5]al ,assembly4 ,! gov]nor is ! *ief executive (fic]4 ,he is call$ *ief because he is ! highe/ public (fic] ( ! ,/ate1 & executive because x is 8 duty to execute or c>ry out ! laws4 ,x is also 8 duty to s5d :at is call$ a message to ea* session ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly4 ,! message is a lett] or /atem5t 9 :i* he communicates to ! ,assembly full in=mation z to ! condition ( ! ,/ate1 & recomm5ds su* measures--t is1 su* new laws--z he ?9ks necess>y4 ,militia is a body compos$ ( citiz5s enroll$ & tra9$ z soldi]s = ! def5ce ( ! ,/ate4 ,all able-bodi$ male p]sons betwe5 ! ages ( eighte5 & =ty-five ye>s may be call$ to s]ve 9 ! militia4 ,naval =ces are milit>y =ces or militia t s]ve on sea4 ,invasion is ! entrance into a ,/ate ( a milit>y =ce f ano!r c\ntry = ! purpose ( conque/4 ,to repel invasion is to oppose x by =ce1 to drive (f ! invad]s4 ,insurrection is a ris+ or rebellion ( p 9 a ,/ate aga9/ ! gov]nm5t ( _! own ,/ate4 ,x is ! duty ( ! gov]nor to suppress-- t is1 to put d[n--insurrection1 & to ,,en=ce ! ,,execution ( ! laws--t is1 to c>ry out ! laws by =ce if necess>y4 ,,int]c\rse is correspond5ce ) o!rs by lett] or message4 ,:5 x is necess>y to h int]c\rse ) ano!r ,/ate or a =eign c\ntry1 ! gov]nor1 z ! *ief executive & highe/ repres5tative ( ! p1 is ! p]son :o conducts su* correspond5ce4 ,! recess ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly is ! "t :5 x is n 9 session4 ,dur+ recess ( ! ,assembly1 ! gov]nor may fill vacancies 9 public (fices = :i* ! ,con/itution & laws make no provision4 ,= example1 ! ,con/itution & laws make no provision = ! appo9tm5t ( judges dur+ ! recess ( ,assembly2 !re=e1 if a judge dies dur+ ! recess1 ! gov]nor appo9ts a p]son to fill ! vacancy until ! ,assembly meets & elects a new judge4 ,a ,,f9e is a ,,p5alty or puni%m5t 9 ! =m ( paym5t ( money4 ,sometimes a p]son convict$ ( an (f5ce aga9/ ! law is ord]$ by ! judge to pay a sum ( money in/ead ( be+ s5t to jail4 ,?is is call$ a ,,f9e4 ,b x may happ5 t ! p]son is convict$ by mi/ake or by false evid5ce1 or t ! f9e is too heavy = ! p]son to pay4 ,9 su* cases ! gov]nor may ,,remit ! ,,f9es--t is1 release or free ! p]sons f hav+ to pay4 ,! gov]nor may also ,,grant ,,reprieves ,,& ,,p>dons if he sees good reason = do+ s4 ,a reprieve is a delay ( puni%m5t4 ,:5 a p]son is convict$ ( murd]1 ! judge s5t5ces him to be put to dea? on a c]ta9 day4 ,b !re may be reason = fur!r inquiry into ! case1 & to give "t = su* inquiry ! gov]nor may po/pone ! execution ( ! s5t5ce--t is1 put x (f to ano!r day4 ,?is is call$ a reprieve4 ,if ! fur!r inquiry %\ld prove t ! p]son is innoc5t1 a full p>don is grant$ & ! p]son is set free4 ,,political ,,disabilities are puni%m5ts :i* deprive p]sons ( c]ta9 rights ( citiz5%ip4 ,a citiz5 convict$ ( brib]y 9 an election1 embezzlem5t ( public funds1 treason1 felony1 or petit l>c5y1 is by ! law ( ,virg9ia depriv$ ( ! "r ( vot+4 ,?is is a ,,political ,,disability4 ,! p]son convict$ is legally ,,disabl$ to vote4 ,! gov]nor may remove ! disability1 & ?is re/ores to ! p]son 8 "r ( vot+4 ,! gov]nor may also ,,commute ,,capital ,,puni%m5t4 ,to ,,commute is to ,,*ange1 & ,,capital ,,puni%m5t is ! puni%m5t ( ,,dea?--! puni%m5t inflict$ on p]sons convict$ ( murd]4 ,! gov]nor may ord] t in/ead ( be+ put to dea? ! convict be imprison$ = life1 or = a numb] ( ye>s4 7,a convict is a p]son ,,convict$ or f\nd guilty ( crime47 ,! gov]nor %all ,,atte/ ,,all ,,commissions ,,& ,,grants4 ,to ,,atte/ is to c]tify1 or be> witness to1 & a ,,commission is a writt5 pap] giv+ p[] or au?ority to "s p]son or p]sons to p]=m a public duty4 ,:5 a judge is elect$ he receives a commission au?oriz+ him to act z su*1 & ! gov]nor atte/s ! commission by sign+ 8 "n to x4 ,,grants or gifts1 su* z grants ( public l&s or money = educational or o!r public objects1 are also made 9 writ+1 & mu/ be atte/$ by ! gov]nor4 7,commissions & o!r important pap]s mu/ h ^u !m an impression ( ! seal ( ! ,/ate4 ,! seal is a circul> piece ( metal made l a m$al or l>ge co9 & be>+ on ea* side c]ta9 figures & mottoes4 ,! impression ( ! seal %[s t ! pap] has be5 (ficially atte/$ or c]tifi$47 ,! ,,veto p[] is "o ( ! mo/ important p[]s possess$ by ! gov]nor4 ,:5 a bill is pass$ by ! ,g5]al ,assembly x is s5t to ! gov]nor = 8 signature4 ,if he ,,sign x--t is1 writes 8 "n ^u x--x is !n a law4 ,if he ,,veto ! bill1 or any item conta9$ 9 x appropriat+ money1 ! bill1 or su* "p ( x z is veto$1 _c become a law until x is aga9 pass$ by a two-?irds vote ( bo? h\ses4 7,,veto is a ,lat9 ^w mean+ ,i ,,=bid47 ,9 case ! ,gov]nor dies1 or is 9 any way incapacitat$ = p]=m+ ! duties ( 8 (fice1 ! ,lieut5ant-,gov]nor %all act2 & 9 case ( ! inability ( bo?1 ! ,presid5t ,,pro ,,tempore ( ! ,s5ate %all act4 ,,incapacitat$ = (fice means legally disqualifi$4 ,! gov]nor w\ld be incapacitat$ if he %\ld refuse to qualify by tak+ ! necess>y oa?1 or if he %\ld reside out ( ! ,/ate1 or if he %\ld be convict$ on impea*m5t4 ,,lieut5ant-,,gov]nor4 ,elect$4 ,at ! same "t & = ! same t]m z ! ,gov]nor1 & 8 qualifications & ! mann] ( 8 election 9 all respects %all be ! same4 ,he %all be ! ,presid5t ( ! ,s5ate1 b %all h no vote1 except 9 case ( an equal division4 ,= ! same t]m means = ! same l5g? ( "t4 ,! gov]nor is elect$ = f\r ye>s4 ,t is 8 t]m ( (fice4 ,! t]m ( ! lieut5ant-gov]nor is ! same4 ,an equal division is an equal numb] vot+ = & aga9/ ! same proposal4 ,if a bill is propos$ 9 ! ,s5ate & tw5ty s5ators vote = & tw5ty aga9/ x1 t is an equal division4 ,9 su* case1 & 9 no o!r case1 ! presid5t votes4 ,he may vote on ei!r side he pleases1 & 8 vote is call$ a ca/+ vote4 ,,attorney-,,g5]al4 ,elect$4 ,by ! p = f\r ye>s4 ,sal>y1 #b1ejj & mileage4 ,duties4 ,%all give 8 op9ion & advice :5 requir$ to d s by ! ,gov]nor1 or by any ( ! public bo>ds & (fic]s at ! seat ( gov]nm5t2 %all appe> z c\nsel = ! ,/ate 9 all cases 9 :i* ! commonweal? is int]e/$1 dep5d+ 9 ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,appeals1 ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! ,di/rict & ,circuit ,c\rts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! ,/ate ( ,virg9ia1 & %all dis*>ge su* o!r duties z may be impos$ by ! ,g5]al ,assembly4 ,memb] ( ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,education4 ,an attorney is a p]son :o acts = & 9 ! place ( ano!r4 ,! ^w is usually appli$ to a lawy] :o is employ$ by ano!r to act = him 9 any law bus9ess he wi%es to h done4 ,an attorney :o appe>s 9 a c\rt ( law & acts or def5ds a p]son1 or acts aga9/ a p]son accus$ ( crime1 is call$ a c\nsel4 ,! attorney-g5]al is a lawy] :o is elect$ to d law bus9ess = ! ,/ate4 ,he mu/ appe> 9 c\rt z c\nsel = ! ,/ate 9 e case 9 :i* ! commonweal? 7mean+ ! :ole p7 is int]e/$4 ,! commonweal? is int]e/$ 9 e case ( crime1 because x is = ! int]e/ or well-be+ ( ! p t ^? :o commit crime %\ld be puni%$4 ,if ?is 7 n done-- if crim9als1 p]sons :o commit murd] or burgl>y or !ft--7 n arre/$ & puni%$1 no man's life or prop]ty w\ld be safe4 ,! attorney-g5]al mu/ appe> & act = ! commonweal? 9 any ( ! c\rts above m5tion$ :5ev] !re is a case 9 any ( !m 9 :i* ! p ( ! ,/ate are int]e/$4 ,dep5d+ or p5d+ ) ref]5ce to a case means t ! case is 9 c\rt wait+ to be tri$ or decid$4 7,= in=mation z to ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,appeals & ,circuit ,c\rt ( ! ,city ( ,ri*mond1 m5tion$ above1 see "u ,judici>y ,dep>tm5t47 ,! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ! highe/ c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,its memb]s or judges are appo9t$ by ! ,presid5t & hold (fice = life1 & x sits at ,wa%+ton & tries cases 9 :i* any p]son or p]sons are accus$ ( violat+ ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! memb]s ( ! di/rict & circuit c\rts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are also appo9t$ by ! ,presid5t4 ,^! c\rts sit 9 v>i\s di/ricts ( ,/ates1 & try cases 9 :i* p]sons are accus$ ( violat+ ! laws ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates--t is1 ! laws made by ,congress4 ,! ^w circuit means a go+ r\nd4 ,a di/rict 9 :i* ! same judges g r\nd at c]ta9 times & hold c\rts 9 sev]al places is call$ a circuit1 & ! c\rts s held are call$ circuit c\rts4 ,,que/ions4 #a4 ,= h[ _m ye>s & by :om is ! gov]nor elect$8 #b4 ,:]e mu/ ! gov]nor reside8 #c4 ,is ! gov]nor eligible = a second t]m8 #d4 ,:at is ! gov]nor's sal>y8 #e4 ,:at is ! seat ( gov]nm5t8 #f4 ,:at qualifications are necess>y 9 a c&idate = gov]nor8 #g4 ,m5tion "s ( ! p[]s & duties ( ! gov]nor4 #h4 ,:y is ! gov]nor call$ ! *ief executive (fic]8 #i4 ,:at is ! gov]nor's message8 #aj4 ,:at is ! militia8 #aa4 ,def9e naval =ces1 invasion1 insurrection4 #ab4 ,:at is a f9e8 #ac4 ,:at is a reprieve8 #ad4 ,:at are political disabilities8 #ae4 ,:at is capital puni%m5t8 #af4 ,def9e commissions & grants4 #ag4 ,:at is ! veto p[]8 #ah4 ,:5 does ! lieut5ant-gov]nor act z gov]nor8 #ai4 ,9 case ( ! inability ( bo? ! gov]nor & lieut5ant- gov]nor1 :o acts z gov]nor8 #bj4 ,h[ is ! lieut5ant-gov]nor *os58 #ba4 ,:at are ! qualifications ( ! lieut5ant-gov]nor8 #bb4 ,does ! lieut5ant-gov]nor ev] vote 9 ! ,s5ate8 #bc4 ,:at is an equal division8 #bd4 ,:at is an attorney8 #be4 ,= h[ long is ! attorney-g5]al elect$8 #bf4 ,:at is 8 sal>y8 #bg4 ,:at are 8 duties8 #bh4 ,:at are circuit c\rts8 ,,iv4 ,,executive ,,dep>tm5t--,cont9u$4 ,secret>y ( ! ,commonweal?4 ,elect$4 ,by ! p at ! ,g5]al ,election = a t]m ( f\r ye>s4 ,sal>y1 #b1ejj4 ,duties4 ,%all keep a record ( all executive acts2 %all atte/ ! signature ( ! ,gov]nor on all (ficial docum5ts2 %all keep ! seals ( ! commonweal?2 %all arrange & pres]ve all records & pap]s belong+ to ! ,executive ,dep>tm5t2 %all be *>g$ ) ! cl]ical duties ( t dep>tm5t1 & r5d] ! ,gov]nor su* s]vices z he may require 9 ! dispat* ( executive bus9ess2 %all be g5]al libr>ian1 & h *>ge ( ! libr>y fund2 %all receive & transmit election returns direct$ by law to be s5t to him1 & keep a record ( ! c]tifi$ /atem5ts & det]m9ations ( ! ,bo>d ( ,/ate ,canvass]s2 issue c]tificates ( election2 collect tax on ,/ate seal2 keep on file ! reports ( o!r dep>tm5ts & make & record a summ>y ( ea*2 record all *>t]s ( incorporation2 %all make qu>t]ly reports to ! ,gov]nor4 ,,commissions are fees or paym5ts = c]ta9 "w done4 ,! secret>y ( ! commonweal? may *>ge fees = mak+ out copies ( any public pap]s or docum5ts kept hi 8 (fice1 or = issu+ commissions 7lett]s ( appo9tm5t7 to c]ta9 public (fic]s4 ,! p]son :o receives ! copy or commission mu/ pay ! fee4 ,a ,,record is a writt5 acc\nt or description ( any bus9ess or "w done4 ,,executive ,,acts are (ficial acts ( ! gov]nor4 ,! secret>y ( ! commonweal? mu/ make records ( su* acts & pres]ve !m 9 8 (fice4 ,he mu/ sign 8 own "n aft] ! signature ( ! gov]nor on all (ficial docum5ts4 ,?is is call$ ,,atte/+ ! signature4 ,!re are two ,,seals ,,( ,,! ,,commonweal?4 ,"o is call$ ! ,,great ,,seal1 & ! o!r ! ,,less] ,,seal4 7,= =m & description ( seal1 see "u ,,p[]s ,,& ,,duties ( gov]nor1 page #bh47 ,! great seal is mu* l>g] 9 size ?an ! less]4 ,x is affix$ to docum5ts sign$ by ! gov]nor :i* are to be us$ = purposes outside ! jurisdiction ( ! ,/ate1 or1 = example1 9 a ,unit$ ,/ates c\rt1 or 9 ano!r ,/ate or =eign c\ntry4 ,! less] seal is affix$ to public docum5ts sign$ by ! gov]nor :i* are issu$ = use )9 ! ,/ate4 ,,cl]ical ,,duties are ! duties ( writ+ lett]s1 records1 & o!r pap]s or docum5ts4 ,a ,,g5]al ,,libr>ian is "o :o has g5]al *>ge or control ( a libr>y4 ,! ,,libr>y ,,fund is ! books & maps belong+ to ! ,/ate4 ,^! are kept 9 ! ,/ate libr>y at ! capital1 & ! secret>y ( ! commonweal? is ! libr>ian4 ,,election ,,returns :5 made up by ! judges ( election are s5t to ! commission]s ( elections & aft]w>ds to ! ,bo>d ( ,/ate ,canvass]s4 ,! bo>d det]m9es & decides :o h be5 elect$1 & ! secret>y mu/ ,,keep ,a ,,record ( ! ,bo>d's ,,det]m9ations4 ,aft] ! election returns are exam9$ by ! ,/ate bo>d1 ! secret>y makes out ,,c]tificates ,,( ,,election = c]ta9 ,/ate (fic]s elect$ at ! polls4 ,! c]tificate is a pap] c]tify+ or /at+ t ! p]son has be5 elect$4 ,!re is a ,,tax or *>ge on ! use ( ! ,/ate seals on c]ta9 docum5ts1 & ?is tax is collect$ by ! secret>y ( ! commonweal?4 ,! secret>y mu/ ,,keep ,,on ,,file--t is1 pres]ve--9 8 (fice ! reports ( o!r public dep>tm5ts ( ! ,/ate1 & make a summ>y1 or sket*1 ( ! cont5ts ( ea*4 ,a ,,*>t] ,,( ,,incorporation is a pap] or docum5t grant$ by ! ,g5]al ,assembly1 & giv+ p[] to a numb] ( p]sons to c>ry on bus9ess z a corporation1 or to ! p ( a t[n or city to c>ry on ! bus9ess ( gov]nm5t )9 _! own di/ricts4 ,,treasur]4 ,elect$4 ,at ! ,g5]al ,election = t]m ( f\r ye>s4 ,sal>y1 #b1jjj & commissions all[$ by law4 ,duties4 ,%all receive & disburse1 only ^u a w>rant f ! prop] ,auditor1 all moneys paid into ! ,treasury ( ! ,/ate2 %all pay int]e/ on c]ta9 bonds z !y become due & payable2 %all be ! cu/odian ( bonds held by ! ,commission]s ( ! ,s9k+ ,fund1 & ( bonds deposit$ by =eign express & insurance companies do+ bus9ess 9 ! ,/ate2 %all make qu>t]ly & annual reports to ! ,gov]nor4 ,! treasur] is ! p]son :o receives & takes *>ge ( money belong+ to ! ,/ate4 ,! build+ 9 :i* ! money is kept & 9 :i* ! treasur] has 8 (fice is call$ ! treasury4 ,! treasur] also disburses money4 ,to disburse is to pay out1 & ! treasur] _c disburse )\t a w>rant f ! auditor 7see next section74 ,! w>rant is a writ+ giv+ ! treasur] p[] to pay money4 ,! treasur] pays ! int]e/ on ,/ate bonds4 ,a bond is a writt5 pap] by :i* a p]son b9ds or pl$ges himself to pay a c]ta9 sum ( money be=e a c]ta9 day4 ,sometimes ! gov]nm5t has to borr[ money1 & :5 x does s x issues bonds to ! p]sons :o loan ! money4 ,9 ^! bonds ! gov]nm5t b9ds itself to pay ! money by a c]ta9 "t1 & to pay a c]ta9 am\nt e ye> z int]e/ until ! pr9cipal 7! full am\nt borr[$7 is paid back4 ,! s9k+ fund is money set ap>t at c]ta9 times to pay ! debts due by ! gov]nm5t4 ,x is 9 *>ge ( (fic]s call$ commission]s4 ,^! commission]s hold bonds = debts due to ! gov]nm5t on acc\nt ( ! sale ( public l&s1 & ! int]e/ ( ! ,/ate 9 railroads & o!r corporations4 ,express companies & insurance companies ^: head-qu>t]s are 9 =eign c\ntries1 & :o d bus9ess 9 ,virg9ia1 are requir$ to give bonds to ! ,/ate z security t _! obligations to citiz5s ( ! ,/ate %all be hone/ly c>ri$ out4 ,,auditor ,,( ,,public ,,acc\nts4 ,elect$4 ,by ! ,g5]al ,assembly = t]m ( f\r ye>s beg9n+ on fir/ day ( ,m>* succe$+ election4 ,sal>y1 #d1jjj4 ,duties4 ,%all audit all pecuni>y claims aga9/ ! commonweal?1 except ^? *>geable to ! ,bo>d ( ,education1 ,corporation ,commission1 or any corporation compos$ ( (fic]s ( gov]nm5t1 ( ! funds & prop]ty ( :i* ! ,/ate is sole own]2 %all settle ) (fic]s *>g$ ) collect+ ! rev5ues ( ! ,/ate2 %all issue w>rants direct+ ! ,treasur] to receive money into ! ,treasury1 & w>rants ^u ! ,treasur] 9 paym5t ( all claims except ^? m5tion$ above2 %all report to ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,public ,in/ruction by ,septemb] #ae?1 9 ea* ye>1 n9ety p] c5t1 ( ! gross am\nt ( funds applicable to public s*ool purposes = ! curr5t ye>2 %all make qu>t]ly & annual reports to ! ,gov]nor4 ,an auditor is a p]son :o audits or exam9es acc\nts or /atem5ts ( ! receipt & exp5diture ( money1 to see t !y are correct4 ,pecuni>y claims are claims = ! paym5t ( money4 ,su* claims made aga9/ ! commonweal? are n paid until !y are exam9$ by ! auditor ( ! public acc\nts4 ,claims t are *>geable --t is1 to be *>g$--aga9/ ! ,bo>d ( ,education1 ! ,corporation ,commission1 or corporations ( gov]nm5t (fic]s1 are n audit$ by ! auditor ( public acc\nts1 b by ! second auditor 7see next section74 ,to report n9ety p] c5t1 ( ! s*ool funds is to /ate ! am\nt to t ext5t t is ready to be apportion$ or divid$ among ! cities & c\nties = s*ool use 7see "u sections ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,public ,in/ruction & ,s*ool ,funds74 ,,second ,,auditor4 ,elect$4 ,by ! ,g5]al ,assembly = f\r ye>s f ! fir/ ( ,m>* next succe$+ election4 ,sal>y1 #a1gjj & commissions all[$ by law4 ,duties4 ,%all regi/] all c\pon & regi/]$ bonds & fractional c]tificates issu$ on acc\nt ( ! public debt1 & all bonds r$eem$ & cancell$ by ! ,commission]s ( ! ,s9k+ ,fund2 %all be ! cu/odian ( ! books ( ! ,commission]s ( ! ,s9k+ ,fund1 & securities = money belong+ !reto2 %all audit all claims on acc\nt ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education1 ,corporation ,commission1 & any corporation compos$ ( (fic]s ( gov]nm5t1 ( ! funds & prop]ty ( :i* ! ,/ate is sole own]2 %all issue 8 w>rant = all moneys receiv$ into ! ,treasury1 or drawn out ( x on acc\nt ( ^! bo>ds & corporations1 ! ,s9k+ ,fund & ! ,lit]>y ,fund2 %all make qu>t]ly & annual reports to ! ,gov]nor4 ,to regi/] bonds is to ent] p>ticul>s ( !m 9 books kept = ! purpose4 ,c\pon bonds are bonds ) int]e/ c\pons or c]tificates atta*$ to !m1 & be>+ no "n1 b payable to any p]son :o pres5ts ! c\pons at ! treasury at c]ta9 times4 ,regi/]$ bonds are bonds be>+ ! "n ( ! p]son :o receives !m1 & payable to t p]son or any p]son to :om he may sell or transf] !m4 ,fractional c]tificates are c]tificates or bonds issu$ = any fractional "p ( "o hundr$ doll>s ( ! public debt4 ,all o!r bonds are issu$ = am\nts ( "o hundr$ doll>s or "s multiple ( a hundr$4 ,a bond is r$eem$--t is1 b\ght back--:5 x is receiv$ at ! treasury or (fice ( ! s9k+ fund & ! am\nt ( x is paid to ! hold]4 ,! bond is !n cancell$4 ,to cancel is to deface or de/roy s t ! pap] or bond _c be us$ aga94 ,a security is some?+ giv5 or deposit$ z a pl$ge t money loan$ %all be repaid4 ,debts may be due to ! s9k+ fund by railroad or o!r companies 9 :i* ! ,/ate has an int]e/1 & securities h to be giv5 t su* debts %all be paid4 ,! lit]>y fund 0 =m$ 9 #ahaj f ! sale ( public l&s1 "s ( :i* _h be5 possess$ by ! ,*ur* 9 colonial times4 ,! fund has s9ce be5 increas$ by ! sale ( l&s giv5 to ! ,/ate by ,congress = public s*ool purposes4 & by f9es collect$ = (f5ces committ$ aga9/ ! ,/ate1 & by donations made by private individuals4 ,x is call$ ! lit]>y fund because x is us$ = purposes ( education4 ,regi/] ( ! ,l& ,(fice4 ,elect$4 ,by ! ,g5]al ,assembly = a t]m ( f\r ye>s f ! fir/ ( ,m>* next succe$+ election4 ,sal>y1 #a1hjj4 ,he is also ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,public ,build+s4 ,duties4 ,%all issue grants to all pur*as]s ( wa/e l&s2 record all grants & pat5ts1 & furni% li/s to ! cl]ks ( ! c\nty & corporation c\rts2 %all keep ! records1 docum5ts1 & entries ( ,nor!rn ,neck ,l&s1 & ( l&s grant$1 or to be grant$1 by ! ,commonweal?2 %all h c>e ( ! public build+s & all o!r public prop]ty at ! seat ( gov]nm5t n plac$ 9 *>ge ( o!rs2 %all h control ( ,capitol ,squ>e2 %all try1 prove1 & seal weights & measures2 %all report semi-annually to ! ,auditor ( ,public ,acc\nts4 ,! l& (fice is ! (fice 9 :i* bus9ess connect$ ) ! sale or grant+ ( public l&s is conduct$4 ,?is bus9ess is "u ! control ( an (fic] call$ ! regi/] ( ! l& (fice1 & public build+s 9 ! ,/ate are "u 8 c>e4 ,he is also sup]9t5d5t ( weights & measures4 ,at 8 (fice are kept weights & measures1 provid$ by ! ,/ate1 to be furni%$ to c\nties & corporations z /&>ds by :i* ! weights & measures 9 bus9ess use ?r\gh\t ! ,/ate are te/$4 ,! ,/ate weights & measures are tri$ by ! regi/] once e t5 ye>s1 & :5 prov$ to be correct are m>k$ ) a seal4 ,9 e c\nty !re is a seal] ( weights & measures1 :o mu/ exam9e1 once e ?ree ye>s1 ! weights & measures 9 use ?r\gh\t ! c\nty1 to see t !y are up to ! /&>d4 ,a pat5t is a gov]nm5t pap] grant+ to "s p]son or p]sons ! sole "r to any l&s1 privileges1 or inv5tions4 ,! ,nor!rn ,neck 0 ! "n giv5 9 colonial times to ! p59sula ly+ betwe5 ! ,rappahannock & ,potomac ,riv]s4 ,/ate ,corporation ,commission4 ,compos$ ( ?ree memb]s appo9t$ by ! ,gov]nor1 subject to confirmation by ! ,g5]al ,assembly1 = a t]m ( six ye>s ea*4 ,sal>y1 #d1jjj ea*4 ,at lea/ "o ( ! ,commission]s mu/ h ! qualifications prescrib$ = judges ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,appeals4 ,duties4 ,%all issue all *>t]s or am5dm5ts !re( = dome/ic corporations & lic5ses to d bus9ess 9 ! ,/ate to =eign corporations2 arrange = visitation1 regulation & control ( all corporations do+ bus9ess 9 ! ,/ate2 prescribe ! =ms ( all reports & collect & pres]ve su* reports4 ,%all control all transportation companies2 fix ! am\nt ( _! taxes2 prescribe rates1 *>ges & classifications ( traffic & en=ce ! same4 ,has ! p[]s & au?ority ( a c\rt ( record to adm9i/] oa?s & compel att5dance ( witnesses1 & all appeals f ! ,commission %all be to ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,appeals only4 ,%all make annual reports to ! gov]nor4 ,! t]m corporation or company includes all tru/s1 associations & jo9t /ock companies hav+ any p[]s or privileges n possess$ by individuals or unlimit$ p>tn]%ips4 ,*>t] means ! *>t] ( incorporation "u :i* any su* corporation is =m$4 ,a transportation company is any company or p]son engag$ 9 ! bus9ess ( a common c>ri]4 ,a transmission company includes any company or p]son own+ & op]at+ a telephone or telegraph l9e = hire4 ,public s]vice corporations include transportation & transmission companies1 gas1 electric light1 heat & p[] companies & all p]sons au?oriz$ to use or occupy any /reet or public place 9 a mann] n p]mitt$ to ! g5]al public4 ,bonds are c]tificates ( indebt$ness issu$ by any corporation & secur$ by a mortgage or tru/ de$4 ,dome/ic corporations are su* z are *>t]$ "u ! laws ( ,virg9ia4 ,=eign corporations are su* z are incorporat$ "u ! laws ( "s o!r /ate or c\ntry4 ,! ,g5]al ,assembly may place "u ! control ( ! ,corporation ,commission divisions or bureaus ( insurance1 bank+1 etc4 ,e dome/ic & =eign corporation do+ bus9ess 9 ! /ate %all file 9 ! (fice ( ! ,corporation ,commission an annual report z prescrib$ by law sett+ =? v>i\s facts reg>d+ its bus9ess1 & organization1 ! names ( its (fic]s1 its place ( bus9ess & su* o!r in=mation z may be requir$ by law4 ,a corporation may be e/abli%$ = ! transaction ( any lawful bus9ess or to promote or conduct any legitimate object or purpose4 ,any numb] ( p]sons n less ?an ?ree may associate to incorporate a college1 an alumni association1 a lit]>y society1 a cemet]y company or association1 a frat]nal b5efit association1 a frat]nal association1 society1 ord] or lodge1 a society = ! prev5tion ( cruelty to *ildr5 or animals1 a *>itable or b5evol5t association1 or social1 hunt+1 fi%+ club1 or any society1 organization or association ( a simil> nature4 ,a corporation may be limit$ z to duration to ! "t /at$ 9 its *>t]4 ,b :5 no "t is s limit$ x %all be p]petual1 subject to ! p[] ( repeal res]v$ to ! ,g5]al ,assembly4 ,a corporation may sue & be su$ 9 any c\rt ( law & equity4 ,) reg>d to railroads1 canals1 & all transportation & transmission companies1 ! ,/ate ,corporation ,commission has all ! p[] & au?ority =m]ly belong+ to ! (fice ( railroad commission]2 exam9es !m z to _! condition1 ! causes ( accid5ts1 etc42 requires *anges & improvem5ts2 contracts ) !m = ! conveyance ( convicts1 lunatics1 etc4 ,e railroad company 9 ,virg9ia has a *>t] f ! ,/ate1 9 :i* are /at$ c]ta9 conditions on :i*1 9 ! int]e/s ( ! p1 !y mu/ c>ry on _! bus9ess4 ,x is ! duty ( ! ,commission to exam9e ! railroads f "t to "t to see t !y are op]at$ 9 su* a way t !re %all be no dang] to ! p :o travel ^u !m4 ,to contract is to make an arrangem5t or a b>ga9 = "s "w to be done4 ,! ,commission makes contracts ) ! railway companies = c>ry+ convicts to prison f ! place 9 :i* !y are tri$ & convict$1 & = c>ry+ lunatics to ! asylum or hospital 9 :i* !y are to be conf9$4 ,) reg>d to int]nal improvem5ts 9 :i* ! ,/ate is int]e/$1 ! ,commission has all ! au?ority =m]ly ex]cis$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,public ,works2 appo9ts ,/ate directors & ,/ate proxies = works 9 :i* ! ,/ate is int]e/$2 keeps a regi/] ( all prop]ty belong+ to ! ,/ate2 repres5ts ! ,/ate 9 relation to all corporations :e!r z a /ockhold]1 cr$itor1 mortgagor1 or o!rwise4 ,int]nal improvem5ts are public works ( v>i\s k9ds = ! improvem5t ( ! ,/ate1 su* z railroads1 canals1 highways4 ,money ( ! ,/ate may be inve/$ 9 ! capital ( corporations c>ry+ on int]nal improvem5ts1 & x is ! duty ( ! ,corporation ,commission to wat* & protect ! int]e/s ( ! ,/ate 9 su* und]tak+s4 ,= ?is purpose ! ,commission appo9ts directors & proxies to act 9 su* companies4 ,a proxy is a p]son appo9t$ z a sub/itute = ano!r4 ,proxies are appo9t$ to repres5t & vote = ! ,/ate at meet+s ( corporations = int]nal improvem5ts1 9 :i* ! ,/ate holds /ock4 ,a ,,toll is a *>ge made = pass+ c]ta9 canals1 bridges1 etc4 ,! ,commission has ! p[] to fix ! am\nt ( toll :5 x is n specifi$ 9 ! *>t] ( ! canal or bridge company4 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,p5it5ti>y4 ,appo9t$4 ,by ! ,bo>d ( ,p5it5ti>y ,directors = t]m ( f\r ye>s4 ,sal>y1 #a1fjj4 ,duties4 ,%all reside at ! ,p5it5ti>y & be its *ief executive (fic]2 %all h control & cu/ody ( ! prop]ty ( ! ,p5it5ti>y2 %all employ a gu>d2 %all report qu>t]ly to ! ,gov]nor1 & mon?ly & annually to ! ,bo>d ( ,directors4 ,! ,,p5it5ti>y is ! ,/ate prison at ,ri*mond 9 :i* p]sons convict$ 9 ! ,/ate c\rts are imprison$4 ,! ,,gu>d is a body ( m5 employ$ at ! prison by ! sup]9t5d5t to prev5t prison]s f escap+ & to suppress rebellion by ! prison]s if attempt$4 ,! ,bo>d ( ,directors is ! bo>d or body ( m5 :o h ! managem5t ( ! p5it5ti>y4 ,!y are also appo9t$ by ! gov]nor4 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,public ,pr9t+4 ,elect$4 ,by ! ,g5]al ,assembly = t]m ( f\r ye>s4 ,sal>y1 #a1ejj4 ,duties4 ,mu/ be a practical pr9t]2 %all h ! sup]vision & managem5t ( ! public pr9t+ & b9d+ ( ! ,commonweal?2 %all report annually to ! ,gov]nor1 & bi5nially to ! ,g5]al ,assembly4 ,! num]\s public dep>tm5ts & (fices ( ! ,/ate require to h a great deal ( pr9t+ done4 ,! acts pass$ by ! ,g5]al ,assembly1 ! reports ( public bo>ds & ( public (fic]s1 & ! proce$+s & decisions ( "s ( ! c\rts h to be pr9t$ & b\nd into books4 ,x is ! duty ( ! sup]9t5d5t ( public pr9t+ to make contracts = su* "w & all o!r pr9t+ & b9d+ requir$ = ,/ate purposes1 & to see t x is prop]ly done4 ,commission] ( ,agriculture & ,immigration4 ,elect$4 ,by ! p at ! ,g5]al ,election = t]m ( f\r ye>s4 ,sal>y1 #b1jjj4 ,duties4 ,subject to ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture & ,immigration1 he %all be ! executive (fic] ( ! ,dep>tm5t2 %all exam9e & te/ f]tiliz]s1 collect m9+ & manufactur+ /ati/ics1 e/abli% a museum ( agricultural & horticultural products1 woods & m9]als ( ! ,/ate2 %all inve/igate matt]s p]ta9+ to agriculture1 ! cultivation ( crops1 & ! prev5tion ( injury to !m2 %all di/ribute se$s2 %all dissem9ate su* in=mation relat+ to ! soil1 climate1 natural res\rces1 m>kets1 & indu/ries ( ! ,/ate z may attract capital & induce immigration4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture & ,immigration to promote ! int]e/s ( f>m+ ?r\gh\t ! ,/ate & to enc\rage ! introduction ( capital & immigrants into ! ,/ate4 ,! ,,commission] ,,( ,,agriculture is its executive (fic]4 ,,/ati/ics are /atem5ts ( facts1 usually accompani$ by figures1 %[+ ! condition or progress ( c\ntries or peoples or indu/ries4 ,! ,,m9+ ,,& ,,manufactur+ ,,/ati/ics ( ! ,/ate tell h[ _m m9es & manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts are op5 9 ! ,/ate1 h[ mu* "w !y d1 h[ _m p !y employ1 & give o!r important in=mation reg>d+ !m4 ,a ,,cab9et ,,( ,,m9]als is a collection ( specim5s ( m9]als1 su* z coal1 ores1 & metals4 ,! commission] ( agriculture mu/ keep 9 8 (fice a collection or cab9et ( samples or specim5s ( ! m9]als ( ,virg9ia1 & ! place :]e !y are kept mu/ be op5 to ! public4 ,he mu/ also make arrangem5ts = provid+ f =eign c\ntries su* f>m se$s z he may ?9k ( value to ! p ( ! ,/ate1 & he mu/ ,,di/ribute !m 9 a c>eful & judici\s mann] among ! p4 ,commission]s ( ! ,s9k+ ,fund4 ,compos$ ( ! ,treasur]1 ,auditor ( ,public ,acc\nts1 & ! ,second ,auditor4 ,= explanation ( ! ,,s9k+ ,,fund1 etc41 see "u ,treasur] & ,second ,auditor1 pages #cd-cf4 ,bo>d ( ,/ate ,canvass]s4 ,compos$ ( ! ,gov]nor1 ,secret>y ( ! ,commonweal?1 ,auditor ( ,public ,acc\nts1 ,treasur]1 & ,attorney-,g5]al4 ,duties4 ,%all exam9e ! c]tifi$ ab/racts ( votes on file 9 ! (fice ( ! ,secret>y ( ! ,commonweal?1 & make /atem5t ( ! :ole numb] ( votes giv5 at any ,g5]al ,/ate election = c]ta9 ,/ate executive (fic]s & = memb]s ( ! ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,delegates1 ,repres5tatives 9 ,congress1 & electors ( ,presid5t & ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & det]m9e :at p]sons h be5 duly elect$4 ,! mann] ( vot+ at elections is expla9$ on page #ad1 & ! duty ( ! secret>y ( ! commonweal? ) reg>d to election returns is expla9$ on page #cc4 ,! election returns1 made up aft] ! close ( ! polls on election day1 are s5t to ! (fice ( ! cl]k ( ! c\nty or corporation 9 :i* ! election is held4 ,election returns are ! books conta9+ ! names ( ! c&idates & ! numb] ( votes giv5 = ea*4 ,on ! second day aft] ! election ! ,,commission]s ,,( ,,election meet at ! cl]k's (fice & make out ,,ab/racts ( ! result ( ! vot+ & s5d !m to ! secret>y ( ! commonweal?4 ,an ab/ract is a pap] conta9+ ! "n ( ! p]son or c&idate :o has receiv$ ! highe/ numb] ( votes1 & ! numb] ( votes receiv$4 ,ab/racts are made out = gov]nor & lieut5ant-gov]nor1 = attorney-g5]al1 = secret>y1 = treasur]1 = sup]9t5d5t ( public in/ruction1 = commission] ( agriculture & immigration1 = s5ators & delegates1 = electors = ,presid5t & ,vice-,presid5t1 = congressm51 & = c\nty1 di/rict1 & corporation (fic]s vot$ = at ! election4 ,:5 ! ab/racts are made out !y are c]tifi$ & sign$ by ! commission]s & atte/$ by ! cl]k1 :o acts z cl]k = ! commission]s4 ,to ,,c]tify is to /ate or decl>e t any?+ is true or correct4 ,! commission]s c]tify ! ab/racts t !y are correct1 & !y sign _! names ^u !m4 ,!y are !n ,,c]tifi$ ,,ab/racts1 & c]tifi$ copies ( ! ab/racts = ,/ate (fic]s are s5t to ! secret>y ( ! commonweal?4 ,^! ab/racts are exam9$ 9 ! (fice ( ! secret>y ( ! commonweal?1 by ! ,bo>d ( ,/ate ,canvass]s1 :o det]m9e :o are elect$4 ,! secret>y ( ! commonweal? aft] record+ ! det]m9ations ( ! commission]s makes out c]tificates ( election = s5ators1 delegates1 congressm51 & ,/ate (fic]s elect$1 except = ! gov]nor1 lieut5ant-gov]nor1 secret>y1 treasur]1 & attorney-g5]al4 ,! c]tifi$ ab/racts ( votes = ^! (fic]s are transmitt$ to ! speak] ( ! h\se ( delegates by ! secret>y ( ! commonweal?1 & ! returns are op5$ & ! votes c\nt$ & decl>$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! two h\ses ( ! g5]al assembly )9 "o week aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! session4 ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,education4 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,public ,in/ruction4 ,= ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,education & ! ,/ate ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,public ,in/ruction1 see "u ,education1 ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,que/ions4 #a4 ,:at is ! t]m ( (fice ( ! secret>y ( ! commonweal?8 #b4 ,:at is 8 sal>y8 #c4 ,"n "s ( 8 duties4 #d4 ,def9e ,,commissions4 #e4 ,def9e ,,executive ,,acts4 #f4 ,:at are ! seals ( ! commonweal?8 #g4 ,:at is a c]tificate ( election8 #h4 ,:at is ! t]m ( (fice ( ! treasur]8 #i4 ,:at is 8 sal>y8 #aj4 ,:at are 8 duties8 #aa4 ,def9e ,,w>rant2 ,,bond4 #ab4 ,:at is ! s9k+ fund8 #ac4 ,:at is ! t]m ( (fice ( ! auditor ( public acc\nts8 #ad4 ,:at sal>y does he receive8 #ae4 ,:at are 8 duties8 #af4 ,:at is ! t]m ( (fice ( ! second auditor8 #ag4 ,:at does ,,regi/]+ ,,bonds mean8 #ah4 ,:at are c\pon bonds8 ,regi/]$ bonds8 #ai4 ,:at are fractional c]tificates8 #bj4 ,:at does ,,r$eem+ a bond mean8 #ba4 ,:at is ! lit]>y fund8 #bb4 ,:at is ! t]m ( (fice ( ! regi/] ( ! l& (fice8 #bc4 ,:at o!r (fices does ! regi/] ( ! l& (fice hold8 #bd4 ,m5tion "s ( ! duties ( ! regi/] ( ! l& (fice4 #be4 ,:at is ! bus9ess ( ! l& (fice8 #bf4 ,:at are ! duties ( ! sup]9t5d5t ( weights & measures8 #bg4 ,:at is a pat5t8 #bh4 ,:at are ! duties ( ! sup]9t5d5t ( ! p5it5ti>y8 #bi4 ,:at is ! p5it5ti>y8 #cj4 ,:at are ! duties ( ! sup]9t5d5t ( public pr9t+8 #ca4 ,h[ is ! commission] ( agriculture & immigration *os5 & = h[ long8 #cb4 ,:at sal>y does he receive8 #cc4 ,:at is ! bus9ess ( ! dep>tm5t ( agriculture & immigration8 #cd4 ,def9e ,,/ati/ics4 #ce4 ,:at d ! m9+ & manufactur+ /ati/ics tell8 #cf4 ,h[ _m memb]s con/itute ! ,/ate ,corporation ,commission8 #cg4 ,h[ are !y *os58 #hh4 ,:at are _! qualifications8 #ci4 ,:at are _! duties8 #dj4 ,:at are int]nal improvem5ts8 #da4 ,:at are ,/ate deposit>ies8 #db4 ,:at are ! duties ( ,/ate directors & proxies8 #dc4 ,:at are dome/ic corporations8 #dd4 ,def9e =eign corporations4 #de4 ,:o are ! commission]s ( ! s9k+ fund8 #df4 ,:at are ! duties ( ! commission]s ( ! s9k+ fund4 #dg4 ,:at (fic]s compose ! ,bo>d ( ,/ate ,canvass]s8 #dh4 ,:at are ! duties ( ! ,bo>d ( ,/ate ,canvass]s8 ,v4 ,,judici>y ,,dep>tm5t4 ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,appeals4 ,compos$ ( five judges *os5 by jo9t vote ( ! two h\ses ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly4 ,t]m1 twelve ye>s4 ,sal>y3 ,presid5t1 #d1bjj2 o!r judges1 ea* #d1jjj4 ,! judges %all n hold any o!r (fice or public tru/2 %all n practice law4 ,qualifications ( ,judges4 ,mu/ h held a judicial /ation 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or h practic$ law = five ye>s4 ,sessions4 ,%all hold a session annually at ,ri*mond4 ,wy!ville1 & ,/aunton4 ,! ,judici>y ,dep>tm5t is t "p ( gov]nm5t :i* is adm9i/]$ by ,,judges4 ,all ! c\rts ( law 9 ! ,/ate 9 :i* judges sit & he> & decide cases1 or all ! judges ( ! ,/ate reg>d$ z "o body1 may be call$ ! ,,judici>y4 ,! highe/ c\rt 9 ! ,/ate is ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,appeals4 ,x has five judges1 :o are elect$ by ! ,g5]al ,assembly & hold (fice = twelve ye>s4 ,! five judges appo9t "o ( _! numb] to be ,,presid5t ( ! c\rt1 & !y appo9t or select ano!r :o mu/ reside at ! seat ( gov]nm5t4 ,:ile !y hold (fice z judges ( ! ,c\rt ( ,appeals !y are n all[$ to ,,practice ,,law--t is1 to act z attorney or c\nsel 7see "u ,attorney-,g5]al1 page #bi74 ,,judicial ,,/ation is ! /ation or rank or (fice ( a judge4 ,a p]son _c be elect$ judge ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,appeals unless he has previ\sly be5 a judge 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or has practic$ law = five ye>s4 ,! ,,session ( ! c\rt is ! numb] ( days x sits = bus9ess at any "o place & "t4 ,jurisdiction4 ,%all h orig9al jurisdiction 9 cases ( habeas corpus1 m&amus1 & prohibition2 %all h appellate jurisdiction 9 all cases involv+ ! con/itutionality ( a law ) ref]5ce to ! ,con/itution ( ! ,/ate or ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or involv+ ! life or lib]ty ( a p]son1 & 9 o!r cases prescrib$ by law4 ,%all n h jurisdiction 9 civil cases :]e ! am\nt 9 controv]sy1 exclusive ( co/s1 is less ?an #cjj1 unless su* controv]sy relates to ! title or b\nd>y ( l&2 or ! probate ( a w2 or ! appo9tm5t or qualification ( a p]sonal repres5tative1 gu>dian1 committee1 or curator2 or a mill1 roadway1 f]ry1 or l&+2 or ! "r ( ! /ate1 c\nty or municipal corporation to levy tolls or taxes2 or involves ! con/ruction ( a law1 ord9ance1 or proce$+ impos+ taxes2 &1 except 9 cases ( habeas corpus1 m&amus1 or prohibition1 ! con/itutionality ( a law1 or "s o!r matt] n m]ely pecuni>y4 ,,jurisdiction means ! p[] ( a judge or ( a c\rt ( law4 ,,appellate jurisdiction is ! p[] ( a c\rt to he> & decide cases ( ,,appeal aga9/ ! decisions ( l[] c\rts4 ,?is is ! pr9cipal bus9ess ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,appeals4 ,9 trials 9 ! l[] c\rts x frequ5tly happ5s t ! judge gives a decision :i* "s lawy] act+ 9 ! case may ?9k is n 9 accordance ) law1 or is n fair to 8 cli5t4 ,:5ev] ?is happ5s1 ! lawy] may take ! case to ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,appeals & ask ! judges !re to set aside ! decision ( ! judge 9 ! l[] c\rt4 ,9 cases ( appeal1 ! c\rt 9 :i* ! decision appeal$ aga9/ has be5 giv5 is call$ ! ,,l[] ,,c\rt1 ,a p]son :o employs a lawy] to act = him 9 any law bus9ess is call$ a ,,cli5t4 ,! ,supreme ,c\rt1 aft] he>+ ! compla9t or appeal aga9/ ! decision ( ! l[] c\rt1 consid]s ! case & gives judgm5t on ! "q4 ,?is judgm5t is f9al--t is1 x ends ! case--unless !re is "s po9t 9 ! "q :i* has to d ) ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,a writ is a pap] issu$ by a judge1 or c\rt1 comm&+ "s p]son or p]sons to d some?+1 or to ab/a9 f do+ some?+4 ,habeas corpus is a ,lat9 phrase mean+ y may h ! body4 ,a writ ( habeas corpus is an ord] f a c\rt direct$ usually to a w>d5 or keep] ( a prison1 & comm&+ him to br+ "s p>ticul> prison] be=e ! c\rt s t x may be decid$ :e!r !re is j cause = 8 det5tion4 ,a m&amus is an ord] f a sup]ior c\rt to any p]son1 corporation1 or inf]ior--t is1 l[]--c\rt requir+ !m to d some?+ :i* x is "p ( _! duty to d4 ,a writ ( prohibition is an ord] f a sup]ior c\rt prohibit+ an inf]ior c\rt f he>+ or decid+ a case1 on ! gr\nd t x 7! inf]ior c\rt7 has no jurisdiction 9 su* case4 ,:5 ! am\nt 9 controv]sy betwe5 two p>ties is less ?an #cjj1 exclusive ( co/s--t is1 exclud+ or n c\nt+ co/s--! case _c be appeal$ to ! ,supreme ,c\rt4 ,9 su* cases t c\rt has no jurisdiction4 ,! idea ( ?is law is t = sums less ?an #cjj x w\ld be absurd to g to ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 z ! co/s might be great] ?an ! sum 9 dispute4 ,b if ! dispute be ab\t ! title or b\nd>y ( l&1 or any ( ! o!r matt]s m5tion$ 9 ! rema9d] ( ! s5t5ce1 ! case may g be=e ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,appeals1 ev5 ?\gh ! sum m5tion$ 9 ! case be less ?an #cjj4 ,! title ( l& is ! "r ( own]%ip1 & a pap] c]tify+ t a p]son is ! own] ( c]ta9 l& is a title de$4 ,! probate ( a w is ! pro( or prov+ ( a w4 ,a w is a /atem5t1 g5]ally 9 writ+1 9 :i* a p]sons decl>es 8 w1 or wi%1 z to h[ he desires 8 prop]ty to be dispos$ ( aft] 8 dea?4 ,wills mu/ be probat$--t is1 prov$ 9 ! prop] c\rt--be=e !y c be legally execut$4 ,a p]sonal repres5tative is "o :o executes a w 7c>ries out ! directions conta9$ 9 x7 or adm9i/]s ! e/ate or prop]ty ( a deceas$ p]son4 ,a gu>dian 9 law is "o appo9t$ by a c\rt to take *>ge ( & adm9i/] ! prop]ty ( p]sons :o are n ( suffici5t age or und]/&+ to manage _! own affairs4 ,a committee 9 law is "o entru/$ ) ! c>e ( an idiot or a lunatic4 ,us$ 9 ?is s5se1 ! ^w is pron\nc$ com-mit-tee4 ,a curator is "o appo9t$ to act z gu>dian ( ! e/ate ( a p]son n legally compet5t 7qualifi$7 to manage 8 prop]ty1 or ( ! e/ate ( an abs5tee4 ,to levy means to raise or collect4 ,ea* c\nty 9 ! ,/ate has ! "r to levy tolls & taxes to pay ! co/ ( c>ry+ on its gov]nm5t4 ,! con/itutionality ( a law is its agreem5t ) ! ,con/itution4 ,! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,appeals has ! jurisdiction to decide1 :5 appeal$ to1 :e!r any law is con/itutional or n--t is1 :e!r or n x is all[$ by ! ,con/itution ( ! ,/ate ( ,virg9ia4 ,circuit ,c\rts4 ,!re are tw5ty-f\r judicial circuits1 ) a judge = ea* circuit4 ,! judge mu/ reside 9 ! circuit = :i* he is elect$2 %all n hold any o!r (fice or public tru/2 %all n practice law4 ,elect$ by ! ,g5]al ,assembly = t]ms ( eight ye>s4 ,sal>y1 #b1ejj1 except ! judge ( ! circuit :i* includes ! city ( ,ri*mond1 :o receives #c1ejj4 ,circuit judges are entitl$ to mileage4 ,t]ms4 ,!re %all be at lea/ five t]ms 9 ea* c\nty & two t]ms 9 ea* ye> 9 ea* city except 9 cities ( ! second class t h _! own c\rts4 ,= explanation ( circuits1 see "u ,attorney-,g5]al1 page #cj4 ,! t]m ( a c\rt is its regul> session1 or sitt+1 = ! he>+ & try+ ( cases4 ,! ^w c\rt means n only ! room or hall 9 :i* a judge sits to try cases1 b x means ! judge :ile sitt+ 9 c\rt1 or a numb] ( judges sitt+ 9 c\rt toge!r4 ,an ord] ( ! c\rt means an ord] giv5 (ficially by a judge4 ,jurisdiction4 ,%all h orig9al jurisdiction = ! trial ( all pres5tm5ts1 in=mations & indictm5ts = felonies2 ( all cases 9 *anc]y & civil cases at law1 except cases to recov] p]sonal prop]ty or money ( less value ?an #bj2 ( all cases = ! recov]y ( fees1 p5alties1 etc42 ( que/ions reg>d+ ! validity ( ord9ances & by-laws ( a corporation2 or involv+ ! "r to levy taxes2 & all cases civil or crim9al :5 an appeal may be _h to ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,appeals4 ,also1 ( all proce$+s by quo w>ranto2 & may issue writs ( habeas corpus1 m&amus1 prohibition1 & c]tior>i to all inf]ior tribunals2 issue writs ( m&amus 9 all matt]s aris+ f or app]ta9+ to ! action ( ! bo>d ( sup]visors2 det]m9es ! probate ( wills & te/am5t>y cases2 may appo9t gu>dians1 curators1 commission]s 9 *anc]y1 etc4 ,appellate jurisdiction ( all cases1 civil & crim9al1 :]e an appeal writ ( error or sup]s$eas may be tak5 or all[$ by said c\rts f or to ! judgm5t or proce$+s ( an inf]ior tribunal4 ,b no circuit c\rt %all h any orig9al or appellate jurisdiction 9 crim9al cases aris+ )9 ! t]ritorial limits ( any city :]e9 !re is e/abli%$ by law a corporation or hu/+s c\rt4 ,orig9al jurisdiction means jurisdiction f ! beg9n+ ( a case--t is1 p[] to take up & try x :5 x is fir/ ent]$ 9 law4 ,! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,appeals has n ?is p[]4 ,x c deal only ) cases t h already be5 tri$ 9 "s o!r c\rt4 ,b ! circuit c\rts may try cases on _! fir/ he>+4 ,?is is orig9al jurisdiction4 ,!y h also g5]al jurisdiction--t is1 !y c try all cases 9 g5]al 9 :i* ! law is violat$1 or ! protection ( ! law is s\ght or requir$4 ,a pres5tm5t is a notice tak5 by a gr& jury ( any (f5ce or crime ( :i* !y may h k4 7,= gr& jury1 see page #gj47 ,! notice is a writt5 /atem5t ( ! facts1 & ! /atem5t is s5t or pres5t$ to ! c\rt 9 :i* ! case may be tri$4 ,aft] ! pres5tm5t is made1 ! commonweal?'s attorney prep>es an indictm5t4 ,?is is a writt5 *>ge aga9/ ! accus$ p]son1 ) full p>ticul>s ( ! crime or (f5ce alleg$4 ,! gr& jury next make an inve/igation ( ! indictm5t by exam9+ witnesses on oa?1 & if !y ?9k t ! evid5ce is suffici5t to prove ! *>ge aga9/ ! accus$1 !y write on ! indictm5t ! words a true bill4 ,?is does n mean t ! p]son is f\nd guilty1 b t ! gr& jury f9d ! case aga9/ ! accus$ is s /rong t x ought to be tri$ by a judge & jury1 & s ! p]son is br\ght into c\rt & tri$4 ,b if ! gr& jury f9d t !re is n evid5ce en\gh to convict ! accus$1 !y m>k or indorse ! indictm5t ) ! words n a true bill1 & !n !re is no trial 9 c\rt4 ,an in=mation is an action or prosecution = "s (f5ce aga9/ ! gov]nm5t1 & x is bas$ n on a gr& jury indictm5t1 b on a /atem5t or compla9t made on oa? by a compet5t witness4 ,9 *anc]y means 9 equity--t is1 9 natural "r4 ,a c\rt ( *anc]y may give a decision or judgm5t on ! gr\nd ( pla91 common ju/ice betwe5 man & man1 :]e !re may be no /atute law t be>s ^u ! case4 ,?is is :at is call$ equity4 ,p]sonal prop]ty is movable prop]ty1 su* z furniture1 money1 etc4 ,immovable prop]ty1 su* z l& or h\ses1 is call$ real e/ate4 ,circuit c\rts h no jurisdiction = ! recov]+ ( p]sonal prop]ty ( value less ?an #bj1 ! reason manife/ly be+ t ! co/ ( a circuit c\rt trial ( su* a case might am\nt to a mu* great] sum ?an ! sum 9 dispute4 ,! circuit c\rts h appellate jurisdiction 9 cases appeal$ f inf]ior tribunals--t is1 l[] c\rts4 7,= civil case1 see "u ,g5]al ,assembly1 page #ba47 ,a crim9al case z di/+ui%$ f a civil case is "o 9 :i* a p]son is *>g$ ) a crime or felony4 ,a writ ( error is an appeal ord]$ on ! gr\nd ( an error or mi/ake 9 ! proce$+s ( a c\rt1 ei!r z to a matt] ( fact or a po9t ( law4 ,a sup]s$eas is a writ1 or ord]1 to susp5d ! p[]s ( an (fic]1 or to /ay--t is1 /op--action "u ano!r writ4 ,quo w>ranto is a ,lat9 phrase1 ! ,engli% ( :i* is by :at w>rant or au?ority4 ,9 law x means a writ br\ght be=e a c\rt to inquire by :at au?ority a p]son or corporation ex]cises c]ta9 p[]s4 ,= example1 if a p]son assume ! duties or "w ( a public (fice1 & x is believ$ t he has no legal "r to ! (fice1 proce$+s 9 quo w>ranto may be tak5 aga9/ him4 ,c]tior>i is a writ f a sup]ior c\rt 9 a c]ta9 case1 ord]+ ! removal ( ! case f an inf]ior c\rt1 s t m spe$y ju/ice may be obta9$ or t errors may be correct$4 7,= *>t]s ( incorporation1 see "u ,secret>y ( ! ,commonweal?1 page #cc47 ,a receiv] is a p]son appo9t$ by a c\rt to receive1 or hold 9 tru/1 prop]ty ab\t :i* law proce$+s are be+ tak54 ,commission]s 9 *anc]y are commission]s or (fic]s appo9t$ f "t to "t by circuit c\rt judges to exam9e & report ^u acc\nts 7/atem5ts relat+ to money7 pres5t$ z evid5ce 9 ! trial ( a case4 ,te/am5t>y cases are cases ab\t wills4 ,a te/am5t is a writt5 pap] 9 :i* a p]son decl>es 7or te/ifies7 h[ he wi%es 8 prop]ty to be dispos$ ( aft] 8 dea?4 ,su* a pap] is sometimes call$ a la/ w & te/am5t4 ,an injunction is an ord] ( a c\rt requir+ a p]son to d or refra9 f do+ c]ta9 acts4 ,! ,circuit ,c\rt ( ! ,city ( ,ri*mond possesses all ! p[]s ( o!r circuit c\rts except z to ^? matt]s ! jurisdiction ( :i* has be5 exclusively inve/$ 9 ! ,*anc]y or ! ,hu/+s ,c\rt4 ,x %all also h jurisdiction ( all su* suits1 motions1 prosecutions1 & matt]s & ?+s z are specially cognizable by x1 9 :i* ! ,commonweal?1 repres5t$ by c]ta9 public (fic]s or public bo>ds1 is a p>ty4 ,! ,circuit ,c\rt ( ! ,city ( ,ri*mond has ! same p[] z o!r circuit c\rts except 9 matt]s ! jurisdiction ( :i* belongs ,,exclusively to ! ,hu/+s ,c\rt1 & ! ,*anc]y ,c\rt ( ! ,city ( ,ri*mond--t is1 belongs to !m & to no o!r c\rt4 7,= explanation z to ^! matt]s1 see "u ,hu/+s ,c\rt & "u ,*anc]y ,c\rt47 ,a suit or lawsuit is an action or proce$+--9 a c\rt ( law to recov] a "r1 or to obta9 ju/ice 9 a matt] "u dispute4 ,a suit at law is sometimes also call$ a cause4 ,a motion 79 law7 is a c>ry+ on ( a suit or action 9 c\rt to obta9 "s "r1 or to puni% p]sons :o h committ$ crime4 ,cognizable means liable to be tak5 notice (4 ,matt]s t are cognizable by a c\rt are cases t x is fit & prop] = x to he>1 try1 & decide4 ,a p>ty to a suit is "o ( ! two oppos+ p]sons or sides engag$ 9 x4 ,9 e lawsuit !re are at lea/ two p>ties4 ,! p>ty or p]son t br+s on ! suit or action is call$ ! pla9tiff1 because he makes a compla9t or *>ge aga9/ "s "o2 ! p>ty on ! o!r side is call$ ! def5dant1 because he def5ds himself aga9/ ! *>ge4 ,,que/ions4 #a4 ,h[ _m judges con/itute ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,appeals8 #b4 ,h[ long is ! t]m ( ea* judge8 #c4 ,:at sal>ies d !y receive8 #d4 ,d !y hold any o!r (fice or practice law8 #e4 ,:at are _! qualifications8 #f4 ,:]e are ! sessions ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt held8 #g4 ,def9e judici>y4 #h4 ,def9e judicial /ation4 #i4 ,:at is a session ( c\rt8 #aj4 ,def9e jurisdiction4 #aa4 ,:at is appellate jurisdiction8 #ab4 ,:at is ! pr9cipal bus9ess ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,appeals8 #ac4 ,:at is a l[] c\rt8 #ad4 ,:at is a cli5t8 #ae4 ,:5 & h[ may an appeal be made f ! judgm5t ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,appeals8 #af4 ,9 :at o!r cases besides appeals has ! ,supreme ,c\rt jurisdiction8 #ag4 ,def9e habeas corpus1 m&amus1 prohibition1 & writ4 #ah4 ,:at are ! cases 9 :i* ! ,supreme ,c\rt has no jurisdiction8 #ai4 ,:at are co/s8 #bj4 ,def9e title ( l&1 & title de$4 #ba4 ,:at is meant by probat+ a w8 #bb4 ,:at is a w8 #bc4 ,:at is a p]sonal repres5tative8 #bd4 ,:at is a gu>dian8 #be4 ,:at is a committee8 #bf4 ,def9e curator & levy4 #bg4 ,:at is meant by ! con/itutionality ( a law8 #bh4 ,h[ _m judicial circuits are !re8 #bi4 ,:]e mu/ a circuit c\rt judge reside8 #cj4 ,is a circuit c\rt judge p]mitt$ to practice law8 #ca4 ,:at are ! sal>ies ( circuit c\rt judges8 #cb4 ,:at are _! qualifications8 #cc4 ,:at are ! t]ms ( circuit c\rts8 #cd4 ,:at does a t]m ( c\rt mean8 #ce4 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ! ^w c\rt8 #hf4 ,"n "s ( ! k9ds ( cases 9 :i* ! circuit c\rts h jurisdiction4 #cg4 ,:at d y und]/& by orig9al jurisdiction & g5]al jurisdiction8 #ch4 ,def9e *anc]y1 p]sonal prop]ty1 & real e/ate4 #ci4 ,:at is a crim9al case8 #dj4 ,:at is a writ ( error8 #da4 ,:at is a sup]s$eas8 #db4 ,def9e quo w>ranto4 #dc4 ,:at is a c]tior>i8 #dd4 ,def9e tru/ee & receiv]4 #de4 ,:at are commission]s 9 *anc]y8 #df4 ,:at are te/am5t>y cases8 #dg4 ,def9e te/am5t4 #dh4 ,:at is an injunction8 #di4 ,:at are ! p[]s ( ! ,circuit ,c\rt ( ! ,city ( ,ri*mond8 #ej4 ,:at is a lawsuit8 #ea4 ,:at is a cause8 #eb4 ,:at is a motion8 #ec4 ,def9e cognizable1 p>ty to a suit1 plantiff1 def5dant4 ,,vi4 ,,judici>y ,,dep>tm5t-,cont9u$4 ,corporation or ,hu/+s ,c\rts4 ,held 9 ea* city ( ! fir/-class by ! city judge4 ,judge elect$ by ! ,g5]al ,assembly 9 jo9t session = a t]m ( eight ye>s4 ,sal>y1 n less ?an #ab1jjj 4 ,qualifications ( a judge4 ,same z ^? ( judges ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,appeals4 ,t]ms4 ,held mon?ly1 except t ! ,july or ,augu/ t]m may be omitt$4 ,jurisdiction4 ,)9 ! t]ritorial limits ( ! city1 same z circuit c\rts h 9 ! c\nties4 ,concurr5tly ) ! circuit c\rts !y h jurisdiction ov] all (f5ces committ$ 9 any c\nty )9 "o mile ( ! corporate limits ( ! city4 ,corporation c\rts1 or city c\rts1 are c\rts ^: jurisdiction lies )9 corporations or cities1 & ! judges are call$ city judges4 ,!re is a corporation c\rt 9 ea* city ( ! fir/ class1 & also 9 all cities ( ! second class 9 :i* x has n be5 by special election or o!rwise m]g$ into ! circuit c\rt4 ,! ,hu/+s ,c\rt ( ! city ( ,ri*mond has a peculi> & limit$ jurisdiction :i* is expla9$ lat] 9 ?is *apt]4 ,! city judges hold (fice = eight ye>s4 ,_! sal>ies 9 cities ( ! fir/ class are fix$ or specially provid$ by law at n less ?an #b1jjj1 b any city may increase su* sal>y1 b su* increase %all be paid entirely by ! city4 ,e city judge mu/ hold a t]m or session e mon? except ,july or ,augu/1 9 ei!r ( :i* ! c\rt t]m may be omitt$-- t is1 n held4 ,cities ( ! fir/ class are su* z conta9 m ?an #aj1jjj inhabitants4 ,all o!r cities are t]m$ cities ( ! second class4 ,! ,con/itution requires ! ma9t5ance ( city or corporation c\rts 9 all cities ( ! fir/ class1 b provides = ! discont9uance ( indep5d5t city c\rts 9 all cities ( ! second class :5ev] ! p vote 9 favor ( _! abolition4 ,^u ! abolition ( ! corporation c\rt 9 any city ( ! second class1 ! circuit c\rts ( ! circuit 9 :i* ! city is locat$ w arrange to hold regul> t]ms 9 su* city ! same z 9 cities ( ! fir/ class4 ,)9 _! respective limits--t is1 ea* 9 its own city-- ! corporation c\rts h ! same jurisdiction z ! circuit c\rts4 ,?is means t !y h p[] to try ! same k9d ( (f5ces z may be tri$ 9 ! circuit c\rts4 ,,ju/ices' ,,c\rts4 ,held by a ju/ice ( ! peace2 9 ! cities1 by ! mayor or police ju/ice4 ,! judge :o sits 9 ju/ice's c\rt is call$ a ju/ice ( ! peace1 or simply a ju/ice1 & sometimes a police ju/ice4 ,ju/ices' c\rts & police c\rts are ! c\rts 9 :i* g5]ally all (f5ces & cases n ( a s]i\s nature are tri$ & dispos$ (4 7,see "u ,ju/ices ( ! ,peace & "u ,magi/]ial ,di/ricts4 ,= mayor1 see "u ,gov]nm5t ( ,cities & ,t[ns47 ,jurisdiction4 ,debt1 exclusive ( int]e/1 n exce$+ #ajj2 f9es1 damages1 etc41 n exce$+ #bj2 h jurisdiction ( c]ta9 cases ( unlawful entry & deta9]1 det9ue1 & se>*2 may all[ bail 9 c]ta9 cases4 ,%all h concurr5t jurisdiction ) ! ,c\nty & ,corporation ,c\rts ( ! ,/ate 9 all cases ( violations ( ! rev5ue laws ( ! ,/ate & ( (f5ces aris+ "u c]ta9 provisions ( ! ,code1 & exclusive orig9al jurisdiction = ! trial ( all o!r misdemeanor cases occurr+ )9 _! jurisdiction4 ,a p]son *>g$ ) refus+ to pay a debt may be br\ght be=e a ju/ice's c\rt if ! debt1 )\t int]e/1 is n great] ?an #ajj1 & ! ju/ice has p[] to decide ! case4 ,he has also p[] to try cases 9 :i* (f5d]s may be puni%$ by hav+ to pay f9es or damages ( n m ?an #bj4 ,,damages means money paid to comp5sate = ! injury or ,,damage done to any p]son or p]son's prop]ty4 ,,unlawful ,,entry is ent]+ unlawfully ^u l&s belong+ to ano!r1 & ,,unlawful ,,deta9] means unlawful deta9+ or hold+ possession ( l&s or h\ses belong+ to ano!r4 ,,det9ue is an action 9 law 9 :i* a p]son seeks to get back prop]ty ( 8 :i* is unlawfully held or ,,deta9$ by ano!r4 ,9 su* cases ! ju/ice may issue a w>rant = ,,se>* = ! prop]ty deta9$4 ,a ,,w>rant is a docum5t or pap] issu$ by a judge giv+ p[] or au?ority to a policeman1 or o!r (fic] ( ! law1 to arre/ a crim9al1 or an (f5d]1 9 ord] to h him br\ght to trial4 ,a w>rant issu$ au?oriz+ an (fic] to se>* = prop]ty /ol5 or deta9$1 is call$ a ,,se>* ,,w>rant4 ,,bail is security giv5 = ! release ( a p]son f prison4 ,:5 a p]son is arre/$ & *>g$ ) a crime he may1 if ! crime be n a v s]i\s "o1 be let out ( prison & left at lib]ty until trial1 if "s "o w give security or pl$ge = him t he w appe> 9 c\rt on ! day appo9t$ = ! trial4 ,if ! am\nt requir$ is small1 ! security is usually giv5 9 ! %ape ( money1 b if ! am\nt is l>ge1 x is giv5 9 ! %ape ( a bond call$ a ,,bail-,,bond4 ,! p]son giv+ ! bail-bond mu/ be "o :o owns real e/ate to ! value ( ! am\nt ( bail1 & if ! p]son to be tri$ does n appe> = trial at ! "t appo9t$1 ! p]son :o gives ! bond may be requir$ to pay ! am\nt into c\rt4 ,,concurr5t jurisdiction is ! same or equal jurisdiction4 ,,rev5ue is ! income or money :i* ! ,/ate or corporation receives 9 ! %ape ( taxes4 ,,taxes are ! moneys collect$ by ! ,/ate or by t[ns or cities = defray+ ! exp5ses ( gov]nm5t4 ,! own]s ( c]ta9 k9ds ( prop]ty h to pay taxes 9 proportion to ! value ( _! prop]ty4 ,,violation ,,( ,,! ,,rev5ue ,,laws is a violation ( any ( ! laws made = ! levy+ & collection ( taxes4 ,!re is a tax ^u ! sell+ ( c]ta9 articles1 su* z liquors & tobacco1 & if a p]son sells su* articles )\t pay+ ! tax1 x is a violation ( ! rev5ue laws4 ,a ,,code is a collection ( ! laws ( ! ,/ate or c\ntry4 ,! ,code ( ,virg9ia is a book conta9+ ! /atute laws ( ,virg9ia4 ,a ,,misdemeanor is any crime less ?an a felony4 7,= ,,felony1 see page #ac47 ,hu/+s ,c\rt ( ! ,city ( ,ri*mond4 ,judge elect$ by ! ,g5]al ,assembly = a t]m ( eight ye>s4 ,sal>y1 #c1ejj4 ,qualifications4 ,same z ^? ( a ,circuit ,judge4 ,t]ms4 ,held mon?ly except ! mon? ( ,augu/4 ,,hu/+s is ! "n giv5 to a c\rt =m]ly held 9 _m cities ( ,engl&1 & appli$ specially to a c\rt held )9 ! ,city ( ,london be=e ! ,"l ,mayor & o!r magi/rates4 ,jurisdiction4 ,exclusive orig9al jurisdiction ( all pres5tm5ts1 indictm5ts1 & in=mations = (f5ces committ$ )9 ! corporate limits 7except prosecutions aga9/ convicts 9 ! p5it5ti>y72 concurr5t jurisdiction ( all pres5tm5ts1 indictm5ts1 & in=mations = (f5ces committ$ )9 ! space ( "o mile beyond ! corporate limits on ! nor? side ( ! ,james ,riv]1 & to l[-wat] m>k on ! s\? side ( ,james ,riv]2 concurr5t jurisdiction ) ! ,circuit ,c\rt ( ! ,city ( ,ri*mond ( actions ( =cible or unlawful entry & deta9]2 exclusive jurisdiction ( all appeals f ! judgm5ts ( ! ,police ,ju/ice's ,c\rt1 all causes removable f said c\rt1 all proce$+s = ! condemnation ( l& or prop]ty = public use1 all motions to correct errone\s assessm5ts4 ,,corporate ,,limits are ! limits or b\nd>ies ( ! area ov] :i* ! corporation has jurisdiction4 ,"h ! phrase means ! b\nd>ies ( ! city ( ,ri*mond4 ,,prosecutions ,,aga9/ ,,convicts are prosecutions aga9/ convicts 7prison]s7 = crimes committ$ )9 ! prison4 ,all su* crimes are tri$ 9 ! circuit c\rt ( ! city ( ,ri*mond4 ,,causes ,,removable ,,f ,,said ,,c\rt 7police ju/ice's c\rt7 are cases t may at ! reque/ ( ! p>ties conc]n$ be tak5 out ( t c\rt & tri$ 9 ano!r c\rt4 ,! ,,condemnation ( l& or prop]ty = public use means ! decid+ by a prop] au?ority 7a c\rt or judge7 t c]ta9 l&s mu/ be giv5 = su* use4 7,see page #ab47 ,an ,,assessm5t is ! valu+ ( prop]ty = ! purpose ( fix+ a tax ^u x4 ,if any own] ( prop]ty 9 ,ri*mond ?9ks ! valuation ( 8 prop]ty too high1 & t !re=e ! tax is too high1 he may object to ! assessm5t z ,,errone\s & h a motion br\ght be=e ! ,hu/+s ,c\rt to h ! assessm5t ,,correct$4 ,*anc]y ,c\rt ( ! ,city ( ,ri*mond4 ,judge elect$ by ! ,g5]al ,assembly = t]m ( eight ye>s4 ,sal>y1 #c1ejj4 ,qualifications4 ,same z ^? ( a ,circuit ,judge4 ,t]ms4 ,%all hold f\r t]ms ea* ye>2 b %all always be op5 z a ,c\rt ( ,probate4 ,= explanation ( ,,*anc]y1 see page #ej1 & = ,,probate1 see page #dh4 ,jurisdiction4 ,%all ex]cise1 )9 ! corporate limits1 exclusive jurisdiction conc]n+ ! probate & recordation ( wills1 ! appo9tm5t1 qualification1 & removal ( fiduci>ies1 & ! settlem5t ( _! acc\nts2 ! docket+ ( judgm5ts2 ! recordation ( de$s & su* o!r pap]s z are au?oriz$ or requir$ by law to be record$2 exclusive jurisdiction ( all suits & proce$+s 9 *anc]y cognizable by law 9 ! ,circuit ,c\rts ( ! ,commonweal?1 except su* z are specially cognizable by ! ,circuit ,c\rt ( ! ,city ( ,ri*mond1 & any duty devolv$1 or any p[] or jurisdiction conf]r$ by law on ! ,circuit ,c\rts1 unless o!rwise expressly provid$1 except z to matt]s ( common law & crim9al jurisdiction4 ,! ,,recordation ( wills is ! record+ ( !m 9 ! c\rt 9 :i* !y are probat$4 7,= ,,probate ,,( ,,wills1 see page #dh47 ,,fiduci>ies are tru/ees or p]sons appo9t$ to hold prop]ty 9 tru/ = o!rs4 ,! ,,docket+ ,,( ,,judgm5ts is mak+ summ>ies or brief /atem5ts ( !m = ! purpose ( record4 ,a docket is a small piece ( pap] conta9+ ! heads or pr9cipal po9ts ( any writ+ or /atem5t4 ,a ,,judgm5t is a s5t5ce or decision pron\nc$ by a c\rt1 or a judge ( a c\rt1 on any matt] tri$ be=e x4 ,a ,,de$ is a writt5 pap] conta9+ ! t]ms ( a contract1 or ! transf] ( real e/ate by ! own] to a pur*as]4 ,,devolv$ means transf]r$ f "o p]son to ano!r4 ,,common ,,law is ! title giv5 to laws :i* h n orig9at$ 9 any /atute1 b d]ive _! =ce & au?ority f hav+ be5 9 use = _m c5turies4 ,! common law ( ,engl&1 ^u :i* ! common law ( ,virg9ia is bas$1 includes cu/oms ( ! p ( su* long /&+ t ! c\rts took notice ( !m & gave !m ! =ce ( law4 ,common law is ! ,,unwritt5 law2 /atute law consi/s ( ! laws enact$ & record$ by legislatures4 ,law & ,equity ,c\rt ( ! ,city ( ,ri*mond4 ,judge elect$ by ! ,g5]al ,assembly = a t]m ( eight ye>s4 ,sal>y1 #c1ejj4 ,qualifications4 ,same z ^? ( a ,circuit ,judge4 ,t]ms4 ,%all hold f\r t]ms ea* ye>1 beg9n+ ! second ,monday 9 ,febru>y1 ,may1 ,septemb]1 & ,decemb]1 cont9u+ z long z ! bus9ess ( ! ,c\rt may require4 ,= ,,equity1 see "u ,circuit ,c\rts1 page #ej4 ,jurisdiction4 ,%all ex]cise )9 ! corporate limits orig9al jurisdiction concurr5t ) ! ,*anc]y ,c\rt 7except z to ! probate & record ( wills2 ! appo9tm5t & qualification ( fiduci>ies2 ! ,,ex ,,p>te settlem5t ( _! acc\nts2 ! record ( de$s & o!r pap]s au?oriz$ or requir$ by law to be record$74 ,%all h )9 ! same limits orig9al jurisdiction concurr5t ) ! ,circuit ,c\rt1 except all su* suits1 motions1 etc41 z are specially cognizable by said ,c\rt2--has ! same p[] z to bail1 injunctions1 etc41 z ! ,circuit ,c\rt1 & appeals f its decrees & judgm5ts %all be tak5 & all[$ z if f a ,circuit ,c\rt4 ,?is ,c\rt has no crim9al jurisdiction4 ,,ex ,,p>te is a ,lat9 phrase signify+ f or on "o side only4 ,an ex p>te he>+ 9 c\rt w\ld be a he>+ tak5 by "o side or p>ty 9 ! abs5ce ( ! o!r4 ,an ,,ex ,,p>te ,,settlem5t is settlem5t made on ! application ( "o p>ty )\t notice to ! o!r4 ,,que/ions4 #a4 ,:]e are corporation c\rts held8 #b4 ,:at is ! t]m ( (fice ( a corporation's c\rt judge1 & :at sal>y does he receive8 #c4 ,:at are ! qualifications ( a corporation's c\rt judge8 #d4 ,h[ (t5 are corporation c\rts held8 #e4 ,:at is ! jurisdiction ( ^! c\rts8 #f4 ,h[ long d city judges hold (fice1 & :at sal>ies d !y receive8 #g4 ,:at does )9 _! respective limits mean8 #h4 ,:at is ! judge :o sits 9 a ju/ice's c\rt call$8 #i4 ,:at is ! jurisdiction ( ju/ices' c\rts8 #aj4 ,def9e ,,damages4 #aa4 ,def9e ,,unlawful ,,entry4 #ab4 ,:at does unlawful deta9] mean8 #ac4 ,def9e ,,det9ue4 #ad4 ,def9e ,,w>rant & ,,se>* ,,w>rant4 #ae4 ,:at is a bail-bond8 #af4 ,:at is concurr5t jurisdiction8 #ag4 ,:at is rev5ue8 #ah4 ,def9e ,,t>iff4 #ai4 ,:at is ! code8 #bj4 ,:at is a misdemeanor8 #ba4 ,h[ long is ! t]m ( (fice ( ! judge ( ! ,hu/+s ,c\rt ( ! ,city ( ,ri*mond1 & :at sal>y does he receive8 #bb4 ,:at are ! qualifications ( ! judge ( ! ,hu/+s ,c\rt8 #bc4 ,h[ (t5 are t]ms ( ?is c\rt held8 #bd4 ,:at are corporate limits8 #be4 ,:at d y und]/& by prosecutions aga9/ convicts 9 ! p5it5ti>y8 #bf4 ,:at does condemnation ( l& mean8 #bg4 ,:at is an assessm5t8 #bh4 ,:at does correct+ errone\s assessm5ts mean8 #bi4 ,= h[ long does ! judge ( ! ,*anc]y ,c\rt ( ! ,city ( ,ri*mond hold (fice1 & :at sal>y does he receive8 #cj4 ,:at are ! qualifications ( ! judge ( ?is c\rt8 #ca4 ,h[ (t5 does ! c\rt meet8 #cb4 ,m5tion "s classes ( cases 9 :i* ! ,*anc]y ,c\rt has jurisdiction4 #cc4 ,:at does ! recordation ( wills mean8 #cd4 ,:at are fiduci>ies8 #ce4 ,:at does docket+ ( judgm5ts mean8 #cf4 ,def9e ,,judgm5t4 #cg4 ,:at is common law8 #ch4 ,= h[ long does a judge ( ! ,law & ,equity ,c\rt ( ! ,city ( ,ri*mond hold (fice1 & :at is 8 sal>y8 #ci4 ,:at are ! qualifications ( a judge ( ?is c\rt8 #dj4 ,h[ (t5 & = h[ long does ! ,equity ,c\rt sit8 #da4 ,tell ( ! jurisdiction ( ?is c\rt4 #db4 ,:at does ex p>te mean8 #dc4 ,:at is an ex p>te settlem5t8 ,,vii4 ,,(fic]s ,,( ,,c\rts4 ,cl]ks4 ,9 all ,ju/ices' ,c\rts1 ! ju/ices are requir$ to make & pres]ve _! own dockets4 ,! ,cl]k ( ! ,c\rt ( ,appeals is appo9t$ by ! c\rt2 ! ,cl]ks ( ! ,circuit & ,corporation ,c\rts are elect$ by ! p ( ! c\nty or corporation 9 :i* ! c\rt is held4 ,!y hold (fice = a t]m ( eight ye>s4 ,sal>y1 fees & special all[ances4 ,duties4 ,%all record ! proce$+s ( _! respective c\rts & issue writs 9 _! "n2 %all be ! cu/odians ( all pap]s lawfully return$ to or fil$ 9 ! ,cl]k's (fice2 %all p]=m su* o!r duties z are impos$ ^u !m by law4 ,! ,tip/aff & ,cri] are ! executive (fic]s ( ! ,c\rt ( ,appeals4 ,= mean+ ( ,,docket1 see "u ,*anc]y ,c\rt ( ! ,city ( ,ri*mond4 ,,dockets "h mean entries 9 a book giv+ li/s ( names ( p]sons connect$ ) ! cases tri$1 & p>ticul>s ( ! proce$+s 9 ea* case4 ,9 ju/ices' c\rts su* dockets are made & kept by ! ju/ice himself4 ,! cl]ks ( ! c\rts m5tion$ h no sal>ies4 ,!y are paid by fees & special all[ances4 ,= example1 :5 a cl]k ( c\rt makes out a writ or bond or a copy ( any c\rt docum5t1 he gets a fee = do+ x4 7,see "u ,secret>y ( ! ,commonweal?1 page #cb47 ,a special all[ance is an all[ance 7or a grant ( money7 made by ! c\rt = special "w done4 ,! ,,tip/aff & ,,cri] are executive (fic]s ( ! ,c\rt ( ,appeals--t is1 !y execute or c>ry out c]ta9 ord]s ( ! c\rt4 ,9 "s places a %]iff's (fic] is call$ a tip/aff1 ! "n be+ d]iv$ f ! cu/om ( su* (fic]s be>+ a ,,/aff ,,tipp$ ) metal4 ,cri]s sometimes are appo9t$ = o!r c\rts besides ! ,c\rt ( ,appeals4 ,! "n is d]iv$ f ! practice ( proclaim+ or ,,cry+ out 9 c\rt ! comm&s or ord]s ( ! judge4 ,%]iff4 ,! ,%]iff is ! executive (fic] ( ! ,circuit ,c\rt1 & ( ! ,circuit & ,*anc]y ,c\rts ( ! city ( ,ri*mond2 ! ,city ,s]geant is ! executive (fic] ( ! ,corporation ,c\rts & ,circuit ,c\rts held = cities1 & ! ,hu/+s ,c\rt = ! city ( ,ri*mond2 ! ,con/able is ! executive (fic] ( ! ,ju/ice's ,c\rt4 ,?\gh ! %]iff is an (fic] ( ! c\rts1 he is m p>ticul>ly a c\nty (fic]4 ,8 pr9cipal duties w1 !re=e1 be f\nd set =? & expla9$ "u ,c\nty ,(fic]s 7see page #gd74 ,! city s]geant is also a c\rt (fic]1 b 8 duties are limit$ to cities4 ,!y are /at$ & expla9$ "u ,gov]nm5t ( ,cities & ,t[ns4 ,! duties ( ! con/able1 :o is a magi/]ial di/rict (fic]1 are expla9$ "u ,di/rict ,organization4 ,commonweal?'s ,attorney4 ,elect$ by ! p at ! g5]al election 9 ,novemb] = a t]m ( f\r ye>s2 mu/ reside 9 ! c\nty or corporation = :i* he is elect$2 %all hold no o!r elective (fice4 ,sal>y1 all[ance by ! ,bo>d ( ,sup]visors & fees4 ,duties4 ,gives legal advice to ! c\nty & di/rict (fic]s1 & prosecutes crim9als 9 ! ,circuit & ,corporation ,c\rts4 ,= ,bo>d ( ,sup]visors1 see page #hb4 ,,legal ,,advice is advice on matt]s ( law4 ,! commonweal?'s attorney prosecutes crim9als--t is1 he att5ds 9 c\rt & makes ! *>ge1 or /ates ! case1 & exam9es witnesses1 aga9/ p]sons *>g$ ) crime4 ,a ,,witness is a p]son :o tells on oa?1 9 answ] to que/ions1 :at he kn[s ab\t ! crime *>g$ aga9/ ! accus$1 or ab\t ! facts 9 a civil case or process4 7,see civil process & p]jury1 page #ba47 ,attorney-at-,law4 ,mu/ hold lic5se grant$ by any ?ree or m judges ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,appeals act+ toge!r "u su* rules & regulations & ^u su* exam9ation bo? z to le>n+ & "* z may be prescrib$ by ! said ,c\rt2 mu/ be a male citiz5 ov] ! age ( tw5ty-"o ye>s2 mu/ h resid$ 9 ! ,/ate six mon?s prec$+ application = a lic5se2 & mu/ qualify be=e ! ,c\rt 9 :i* he proposes to practice4 ,an ,,attorney-,,at-,,law is a p]son legally qualifi$ & lic5s$ to act z attorney4 ,a p]son n a lawy] might be call$ an attorney if appo9t$ to d any bus9ess on behalf ( ano!r1 b to be an attorney-at law a p]son mu/ be qualifi$ z /at$ 9 ! text4 7,see "u ,attorney-,g5]al1 page #bi47 ,a ,,lic5se is a p]mission to p]=m c]ta9 acts4 ,x is usually 9 writ+1 & is issu$ by p]sons hav+ legal au?ority to d s4 ,an attorney-at-law mu/ ,,qualify be=e ! c\rt 9 :i* he wi%es to practice4 ,?is means t he mu/ produce evid5ce t he is legally lic5s$1 t he mu/ take an oa? t he w p]=m 8 duties z an attorney1 & also t he mu/ take an oa? t he w be fai?ful to ! ,commonweal? ( ,virg9ia4 ,:o ,may ,practice ,law 9 ,virg9ia4 ,any p]son duly au?oriz$ & practic+ z ,c\nsel or ,attorney- at-,law 9 any ,/ate or ,t]ritory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia2 b if he resides 9 ,virg9ia he mu/ pay ! prescrib$ lic5se fee4 ,,duly ,,au?oriz$ means hav+ receiv$ ! prop] lic5se1 & hav+ qualifi$4 ,,prescrib$ ,,lic5se ,,fee is a c]ta9 fee or *>ge = ! issu+ ( a lic5se to practice 9 ,virg9ia4 ,juries4 ,drawn by lot f a li/ ( ^? well qualifi$ to s]ve z jurors1 furni%$ by ! ,judge ( ! ,circuit or ,corporation ,c\rts4 ,! li/ %all conta9 n less ?an "o hundr$ nor m ?an ?ree hundr$ names4 ,all male citiz5s ov] tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age :o h be5 resid5ts ( ! ,/ate = two ye>s1 & ( ! c\nty1 city1 or t[n 9 :i* !y reside = "o ye> next prec$+ _! be+ summon$ to s]ve z su* & compet5t 9 o!r respects1 are ,,well ,,qualifi$ to ,,s]ve z jurors )9 ! ,/ate4 ,b c]ta9 p]sons are disqualifi$ z n compet5t1 su* z idiots1 lunatics1 & p]sons convict$ ( brib]y1 p]jury1 embezzlem5t ( public funds1 treason1 felony or petit l>c5y4 ,c]ta9 public (fic]s & p]sons belong+ to c]ta9 pr(essions are exempt f jury s]vice4 ,! gov]nor1 ! lieut5ant-gov]nor1 po/ma/]s1 practic+ physicians 7doctors71 & _m o!rs1 are exempt f ! duty ( s]v+ on juries4 ,juries 9 civil & misdemeanor cases are *os5 by lot4 ,once e ye> ! judge ( ea* circuit & corporation c\rt makes out a li/ conta9+ ! names ( n less ?an "o hundr$ & n m ?an ?ree hundr$ p]sons resid5t 9 ! c\nty or corporation & well qualifi$ to s]ve z jurors4 ,^! names are writt5 on slips ( pap] or ballots 7ea* "n on a sep>ate ballot7 & ! ballots1 aft] be+ fold$ s t ! names may n be se51 are put into a box kept = ! purpose by ! cl]k ( ! c\rt4 ,t5 days be=e any t]m ( a c\rt at :i* a jury may be requir$1 ! cl]k draws sixte5 ballots f ! box1 )\t look+ at ! names until !y are all drawn out4 ,! p]sons ^: names are ?us drawn are summon$ to att5d at ! t]m ( c\rt4 ,%\ld m ?an sixte5 be requir$1 m are summon$1 & on ! day !y att5d ! c\rt _! names are writt5 on ballots & plac$ 9 a box1 & f !m ! juries = ! trial ( cases are drawn 9 ! mann] already /at$4 ,?is is :at is call$ *oos+ or select+ ,,by ,,lot1 ! ^w lot mean+ *ance4 ,x is consid]$ ! faire/ way ( =m+ a jury4 ,if jurors 7 appo9t$ in/ead ( be+ select$ by lot1 p]sons hav+ prejudice or ill feel+ aga9/ "o ( ! p>ties 9 ! case might be put on ! jury1 & ! v]dict r5d]$ by su* jury might be a v unju/ "o4 ,b :5 ! selection is by lot nobody kn[s :o is to be on x1 & s x is equally fair to bo? sides4 ,! numb] ( p]sons on a jury is usually twelve1 b 9 a civil case1 if bo? p>ties cons5t1 !re may be a jury ( only sev52 or1 ! case may be tri$ & decid$ by a jury ( ?ree p]sons1 "o select$ by ea* ( ! two p>ties to ! suit1 & ! ?ird by ! o!r two2 or1 by ! judge )\t a jury4 ,= juries 9 cases ( felony ! names ( tw5ty p]sons resid+ at a di/ance f ! place :]e ! crime or (f5ce is said to h be5 committ$ are tak5 f a li/ furni%$ by ! circuit or ! corporation c\rt4 ,^? tw5ty are summon$ to att5d ! c\rt1 & f !m a jury panel ( sixte5 is select$4 ,! accus$ p]son may1 )\t giv+ any reason1 object to1 or /rike (f1 any f\r ( ! sixte51 & ! rema9+ twelve w be ! jury to try ! case4 ,if ! accus$ does n /rike (f any1 or /rikes (f less ?an f\r1 a jury ( twelve is select$ f ! panel by lot4 ,! attorney = ! commonweal?--t is1 ! attorney :o prosecutes ! accus$--may ,,*all5ge--t is1 object to--a juror1 b he mu/ assign a reason = 8 objection1 & if ! judge decides 9 favor ( 8 objection1 ! p]son *all5g$ is n put on ! jury4 ,a panel is a li/ ( p]sons summon$ to s]ve z jurors4 ,to ,,summon is to call or notify a p]son or p]sons to appe> 9 c\rt4 ,a p]son :o is summon$ to att5d z a juror & :o1 )\t suffici5t reason1 fails or neglects to d s1 may be puni%$ by a f9e ( n less ?an five nor m ?an tw5ty doll>s4 ,p]sons summon$ z jurors are entitl$ to receive "o doll> p] day = s]vice on a jury1 & mileage at ! rate ( f\r c5ts p] mile travell$ 9 go+ to & return+ f c\rt4 7,fur!r explanation z to ! duties ( juries w be f\nd "u ,petit ,jury1 page #ga47 ,gr& ,jury4 ,consi/s ( n less ?an n9e nor m ?an twelve p]sons tak5 f a li/ ( =ty-eight select$ by ! ,judge ( ! ,circuit or ,corporation ,c\rt f ! qualifi$ jurors ( ! c\nty or city 9 :i* 8 ,c\rt is held4 ,a ,special ,gr& ,jury %all consi/ ( n less ?an six nor m ?an n9e p]sons4 ,! pr9cipal duties ( ! ,,gr& ,,jury are m5tion$ "u ,circuit ,c\rts1 page #ee4 ,! law requires t ! gr& jury %all inquire ( & pres5t all felonies1 misdemeanors1 & violations ( p5al crim9al laws committ$ )9 ! jurisdiction ( ! respective c\rts :]e9 !y are sworn4 ,to ,,pres5t is to make a /atem5t or ,,pres5tm5t to ! c\rt z expla9$ on page #ee4 ,e gr& jury has a *airman or speak]1 :o is appo9t$ by ! c\rt & is call$ ! ,,=eman4 ,! =eman is requir$ to take an oa? or swe> t he w pres5t no p]son ?r\gh prejudice or ill-w1 nor leave any unpres5t$ ?r\gh fe> or favor1 b t 9 all pres5tm5ts he %all pres5t ! tru?1 ! :ole tru? & no?+ b ! tru?4 ,9 ?is way ! =eman is ,,sworn1 & ! o!r gr& jurors mu/ swe> t !y w obs]ve & keep ! same oa? tak5 by ! =eman4 ,an oa? is a solemn /atem5t or decl>ation ) an appeal to ,god1 or call+ ,god to witness t :at is /at$ is true or t ! p]son %all tell ! tru?4 ,witnesses be=e giv+ evid5ce 9 c\rts at ! trial ( a case mu/ make oa? or swe> to tell ! tru?1 ! :ole tru? & no?+ b ! tru?4 ,:ile ! witness is repeat+ ! words ( ! oa? he holds a ,bible or ,te/am5t 9 8 h&1 & kisses x :5 he has repeat$ ! words4 ,!re are two k9ds ( gr& juries--regul> & special4 ,!re is a regul> gr& jury at two t]ms 9 ea* ye>1 ( ! circuit1 corporation1 or hu/+s c\rt4 ,b a gr& jury may be ord]$ by a circuit1 corporation1 or hu/+s c\rt at any "t !re may be special or urg5t ne$ = x1 & su* gr& jury is call$ a ,,special gr& jury4 ,gr& jurors are entitl$ to ! same comp5sation & mileage z petit jurors 7see next section74 ,petit ,jury4 ,consi/s ( twelve memb]s4 ,duties4 ,he> evid5ce be=e ! c\rt 9 civil & crim9al cases & r5d] a v]dict accord+ to ! law & evid5ce4 ,! ,,petit ,,jury is ! jury impanell$--t is1 put on a panel or li/--to try cases 9 c\rt4 ,h[ su* a jury is =m$ is /at$ "u ,juries 7see page #fh74 ,petit jurors1 l gr& jurors1 mu/ take an oa? to d _! duty hone/ly4 7,! ^w jury is d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 ^w jur>e1 :i* means to swe>47 ,x is ! duty ( ! petit jury to he> ! evid5ce 9 ! case x is to try1 & to give a v]dict 9 accordance ) t evid5ce4 ,if ! evid5ce pres5t$ be=e ! c\rt proves ! accus$ to be guilty1 ! jury mu/ give a v]dict ( guilty2 if ! evid5ce is n suffici5t to %[ t he is guilty1 !y mu/ give a v]dict ( n guilty4 7,= v]dict1 see page #aa47 ,! v]dict ( ! jury mu/ also be ,,accord+ ,,to ,,law4 ,?is means t ! jury mu/ give he$ to ! law ( ! case z expla9$ by ! judge4 ,evid5ce might be (f]$ :i* w\ld n be lawful4 ,x is ! duty ( ! judge to decide :e!r evid5ce is lawful or n1 & if he decides t any evid5ce is illegal or unlawful1 !n ! jury mu/ n pay any reg>d to x 9 consid]+ _! v]dict4 ,,que/ions4 #a4 ,by :om are c\rt cl]ks appo9t$ or elect$1 & = h[ long d !y hold (fice8 #b4 ,h[ are c\rt cl]ks paid8 #h4 ,:at are ! duties ( c\rt cl]ks8 #d4 ,:at are dockets8 #e4 ,:at are ! tip/aff & cri]1 & :at are _! duties8 #f4 ,h[ is ! commonweal?'s attorney *os51 & = h[ long8 #g4 ,:]e mu/ ! commonweal?'s attorney reside1 & h[ is he paid8 #h4 ,:at are 8 duties8 #i4 ,:at is ,,legal ,,advice8 #aj4 ,:at does prosecut+ crim9als mean8 #aa4 ,:at is a ,,witness8 #ab4 ,:at are ! qualifications ( an attorney-at-law8 #ac4 ,def9e ,,lic5se & ,,qualify4 #ad4 ,:o may practice law 9 ,virg9ia8 #ae4 ,def9e ,,duly ,,au?oriz$ & ,,prescrib$ ,,lic5se ,,fee4 #af4 ,:at are ! qualifications ( jurors8 #ag4 ,:at classes ( p]sons are exempt f jury s]vice8 #ah4 ,h[ are juries 9 civil & misdemeanor cases *os58 #ai4 ,describe ! sy/em ( *oos+ or select+ by lot4 #bj4 ,h[ _m p]sons con/itute a jury8 #ba4 ,h[ are juries 9 cases ( felony *os58 #bb4 ,:at d y und]/& by ,,*all5g+ a juror8 #bc4 ,:at does ,,summon mean8 #bd4 ,:at does a gr& jury consi/ (8 #be4 ,:at is a special gr& jury8 #bf4 ,:at are ! duties ( gr& jurors8 #bg4 ,:at does ,,pres5t mean8 #bh4 ,:at is ! duty ( ! =eman ( ! gr& jury8 #bi4 ,:at is an oa?8 #cj4 ,h[ _m k9ds ( gr& juries are !re8 #ca4 ,:at is ! comp5sation ( gr& jurors8 #cb4 ,:at does a ,,petit ,,jury consi/ (8 #cc4 ,:at are ! duties ( a petit jury8 #cd4 ,:at d y und]/& by r5d]+ a v]dict accord+ to ! law & evid5ce8 ,,viii4 ,,c\nty ,,organization4 ,c\nties4 ,organiz$ by ! ,g5]al ,assembly "u ! provisions ( ! ,con/itution4 ,objects4 ,conv5i5ce 9 adm9i/]+ ju/ice & transact+ local bus9ess4 ,ea* c\nty %all ma9ta9 at ! c\nty seat a c\rt-h\se1 cl]k's (fice1 & jail4 ,c\nties are organiz$--t is1 =m$ & inve/$ ) p[]s ( gov]nm5t--by ! ,g5]al ,assembly4 ,! ,assembly may =m new c\nties out ( o!r c\nties or p>ts ( o!r c\nties1 b ! ,con/itution ( ,virg9ia directs t no new c\nty %all be =m$ ) an area ( less ?an six hundr$ squ>e miles1 & t ! c\nty or c\nties f :i* a new "o is =m$ %all n be r$uc$ bel[ an area ( six hundr$ squ>e miles4 ,! conv5i5ce ( hav+ ! ,/ate divid$ into c\nties may easily be se54 ,if !re 7 no c\nties mo/ ( ! p w\ld h to g long di/ances to ! ,/ate capital 9 ord] to h important bus9ess att5d$ to4 ,c\nty organization br+s ! advantages ( gov]nm5t & ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice ne>] ! homes ( all ! p4 ,! ,,c\nty ,,seat is ! *ief t[n ( ! c\nty1 :]e ! public bus9ess ( ! c\nty is *iefly transact$4 ,! c\rt-h\se is ! build+ 9 :i* judges sit = ! trial ( cases4 ,! jail ( ! c\nty is ! prison 9 :i* p]sons convict$ ( m9or 7trifl+7 (f5ces are deta9$ = puni%m5t1 & 9 :i* p]sons *>g$ ) s]i\s crimes are held 9 cu/ody until trial4 ,p]sons aft] trial & conviction = s]i\s crimes are s5t to ! p5it5ti>y4 ,,c\nty ,,(fic]s4 ,!y are ! executive (fic]s "u ! au?ority ( ! laws ( ! ,/ate4 ,%]iff4 ,elect$ by ! p = f\r ye>s4 ,sal>y1 all[ance by ! ,bo>d ( ,sup]visors & fees4 ,duties4 ,appo9ts 8 deputies2 makes arre/s2 s]ves notices2 collects f9es2 calls = troops 9 "t ( dang]2 executes any ord]1 w>rant1 or process1 lawfully direct$ to him1 )9 8 own c\nty1 or ^u any bay1 riv]1 or creek adjo9+ !reto2 levies on prop]ty & sells to satisfy ord] ( c\rt2 att5ds ! sitt+s ( ,circuit ,c\rts2 att5ds ! meet+s ( ! ,bo>d ( ,sup]visors1 & p]=ms su* duties z may be necess>y = ! prop] despat* ( bus9ess2 mu/ n practice law 9 any c\rt ( :i* he is an (fic]2 _c hold any o!r elective (fice2 mu/ give notice ( violations ( p5al laws4 ,! sal>y or all[ance = %]iffs is n ! same 9 all c\nties1 b v>ies accord+ to ! numb] ( ! population4 ,x is paid by ! ,bo>d ( ,sup]visors4 7,= ,bo>d ( ,sup]visors1 see page #hb47 ,! %]iff may appo9t deputies or assi/ants to help him 9 8 duties1 :i* are num]\s & important4 ,he is ! pr9cipal executive (fic] ( ! c\nty4 ,x is 8 bus9ess to execute ! judgm5ts ( ! c\rts4 ,if a p]son is s5t5c$ to dea?1 x is ! %]iff :o mu/ make & direct ! arrangem5ts = c>ry+ out ! s5t5ce4 ,a ,,s5t5ce 79 law7 is ! judgm5t1 or decl>ation ( puni%m5t1 pron\nc$ by a judge ^u a crim9al aft] be+ f\nd guilty4 ,! %]iff mu/ arre/ & convey to prison any p]son or p]sons :o h committ$ crime4 ,he mu/ s]ve legal notices1 su* z notices ( decrees or judgm5ts to be giv5 aga9/ p>ties 9 cases ( action = debt4 ,he mu/ collect f9es t are n paid 9 c\rt4 ,an important duty ( ! %]iff is to suppress riots or public di/urbances1 & if he f9ds t he & 8 (fic]s are unable to d s1 he may call ^u ! gov]nor = troops 7soldi]s7 to assi/ him4 ,9 su* case ! gov]nor may s5d ,/ate militia to suppress ! di/urbance4 ,! %]iff has *>ge or control ( ! c\nty jail & ! prison]s conf9$ 9 x1 & he mu/ protect ! prison & prison]s aga9/ viol5ce or attack by mobs4 ,! %]iff mu/ c>ry out any ord] or w>rant or process ( ! c\rts4 ,a ,,process is a summons or notice requir+ a p]son to appe> 9 c\rt on a c]ta9 day to answ] a *>ge to be made aga9/ him4 ,if a c\rt gives judgm5t aga9/ a p]son = debt or f9e or taxes n paid1 ! %]iff ,,levies on ! prop]ty ( ! p]son--t is1 he takes or seizes x--& sells x to satisfy or execute ! ord] ( c\rt4 ,x is also ! duty ( ! %]iff to give notice to ! attorney = ! commonweal? ( any crime 7violation ( p5al laws7 ( :i* he may h k4 ,! %]iff _c hold any o!r elective (fice--t is1 an (fice to :i* a p]son is elect$-- & he _c act z a lawy] 9 any c\rt = :i* he does duty z %]iff4 ,commonweal?'s ,attorney4 ,see "u ,(fic]s ( ,c\rts4 ,c\nty ,cl]k4 ,also ,cl]k ( ! ,circuit ,c\rt elect$ by ! p = t]m ( eight ye>s4 ,duties4 ,see "u ,(fic]s ( ,c\rts4 ,a cl]k ( ! c\nty or a cl]k ( a c\rt is an (fic] :o does writ+ ( v>i\s k9ds1 su* z keep+ records ( public bus9ess1 records ( c\rt proce$+s1 mak+ out writs or bonds1 or copies ( c\rt pap]s or docum5ts4 ,_m ( ! duties ( cl]ks ( c\nties & c\rts are m5tion$ 9 previ\s sections4 ,treasur]4 ,elect$ by ! p = f\r ye>s4 ,sal>y1 commissions4 ,duties4 ,%all receive ! ,/ate rev5ues & ! c\nty 7or city7 levies1 & acc\nt = & pay ov] ! same z provid$ by law2 %all keep 8 (fice at ! c\nty seat2 %all receive taxes f ,july #a/ to ,decemb] #a/2 aft] t add five p] c5t4 & collect2 %all settle ) ! ,auditor ( ,public ,acc\nts by ,decemb] #ae?1 f9al settlem5t ,june #ae?2 may be requir$ to make mon?ly settlem5ts2 9 cities ( ,ri*mond1 ,lyn*burg1 & ,pet]sburg1 %all make weekly settlem5ts2 may di/ra9 = taxes2 %all po/ del9qu5t li/2 mu/ reside 9 ! c\nty2 %all n hold any o!r elective (fice2 %all n own any w>rant aga9/ ! c\nty or city2 %all n l5d out any public money1 or use x = any purpose o!r ?an su* z is provid$ by law2 %all report violations ( ! rev5ue laws4 ,mu/ reside 9 ! c\nty or city = :i* he is elect$4 ,! ,,/ate ,,rev5ues are ! taxes receiv$ = ! ,/ate2 ! ,,c\nty ,,levies are ! taxes levi$--t is1 rais$ or collect$-- = c\nty purposes4 ,^! moneys ! ,/ate treasur] mu/ pay ov] z ! law provides--t is1 directs4 ,! money collect$ = ! c\nty he mu/ pay out = v>i\s public purposes relat+ to ! c\nty1 b be=e mak+ su* paym5ts he mu/ h a w>rant 7writt5 au?ority to pay7 f ! ,bo>d ( ,sup]visors4 ,! money he receives = ! ,/ate he mu/ pay to ! auditor ( public acc\nts4 ,! "t = ! receiv+ ( taxes is f ,july #a/ to ,decemb] #a/ ea* ye>4 ,an addition ( five p] c5t4 is made to taxes n paid by ! latt] date4 ,! treasur] mu/ ,,settle ) ! auditor by ,decemb] #ae?--t is1 he mu/ by t "t h paid ov] to him all moneys receiv$ = ! ,/ate4 ,by ,june #ae? he mu/ make a f9al settlem5t ,?is means t he mu/ settle = all taxes paid to him s9ce ,decemb] #ae?1 & furni% li/s ( ^? :o h fail$ to pay4 ,besides c\nty treasur]s !re are city treasur]s4 7,see also "u ,gov]nm5t ( ,cities & ,t[ns7 ,if any p]son fail or refuse to pay taxes assess$ ^u him1 ! treasur] may ,,di/ra9 8 prop]ty to recov] ! am\nt4 ,to di/ra9 is to seize prop]ty = debt due4 7,to ,,assess is to fix or "n a c]ta9 am\nt z a tax on prop]ty1 or to value prop]ty ) ! object ( fix+ a tax ^u x7 ,a p]son :o fails or neglects or refuses to pay 8 taxes is call$ a ,,del9qu5t1 a ^w t means "o :o fails to p]=m 8 duty4 ,a ,,del9qu5t ,,li/ is a li/ or pap] conta9+ ! names ( p]sons :o h fail$ to pay ! taxes1 & a notice t at a c]ta9 "t c]ta9 prop]ty ( su* p]sons w be sold if ! taxes are n previ\sly paid4 ,a copy ( ! del9qu5t li/ mu/ be po/$ at public places )9 ! city or c\nty 9 :i* ! prop]ty to be sold is situat$4 ,a c\nty treasur] is n himself all[$ to pur*ase or own any w>rant or claim aga9/ ! c\nty treasury4 7,a w>rant "h means an ord] = ! paym5t ( money47 ,! ,,rev5ue ,,laws are ! laws relat+ to assess+1 paym5t1 & collection ( taxes4 ,to conceal prop]ty s z to escape assessm5t ( taxes1 or to c>ry on c]ta9 k9ds ( bus9ess )\t pay+ ! lic5se or tax on su* bus9ess1 w\ld be to violate ! rev5ue laws4 ,! treasur] mu/ report all violations ( ! rev5ue laws ( :i* he may h k4 ,! sal>y ( ! treasur] is paid by commissions--t is1 all[ances--by way ( p]c5tages on ! am\nts he receives4 ,! commission v>ies f two p] c5t1 7two doll>s = e hundr$ doll>s7 on l>ge am\nts1 to ?ree & five p] c5t1 on small receipts4 ,commission] ( ! ,rev5ue4 ,elect$ by ! p = f\r ye>s2 mu/ reside 9 ! di/rict = :i* he is elect$4 ,sal>y1 commissions & fees4 ,duties4 ,%all asc]ta9 & assess1 :5 n o!rwise assess$1 all ! prop]ty1 real & p]sonal1 n exempt f taxation1 9 8 c\nty1 di/rict1 or city1 & ! p]son to :om ! same is *>geable ) taxes1 all subjects ( taxation1 & also all male p]sons ( full age & s\nd m9d resid+ !re92 %all issue lic5ses2 regi/] bir?s & dea?s2 & report violations ( ! rev5ue & p5al laws4 ,to ,,asc]ta9 all ! prop]ty1 real & p]sonal1 & ! p]son to :om x is *>geable ) taxes1 is to f9d out :]e & :at ! prop]ty is & :o is ! own]1 s t ! prop] tax may be assess$ & *>g$ aga9/ him4 7,= mean+ ( ,,real & ,,p]sonal prop]ty1 see "u ,circuit ,c\rts1 page #ej47 ,,subjects ,,( ,,taxation means prop]ty on :i* taxes may be *>g$ or assess$4 ,c]ta9 k9ds ( prop]ty are exempt--t is1 free-- f taxation 9 ,virg9ia4 ,all real e/ate or build+s own$ by religi\s bodies & us$ z *ur*es = div9e wor%ip are exempt f taxation4 ,public bury+-gr\nds 7cemet]ies71 real e/ate belong+ to c\nties1 cities1 or t[ns1 real e/ate belong+ to ! ,univ]sity ( ,virg9ia & o!r in/itutions devot$ to purposes ( education1 real e/ate belong+ to v>i\s b5evol5t in/itutions1 su* z lunatic asylums & orphan asylums1 & 9 g5]al all real e/ate devot$ to religi\s1 *>itable1 or educational uses1 & n = pr(it to private individuals1 are exempt f taxation4 ,a ,,lic5se is a p]mission or au?ority to c>ry on c]ta9 k9ds ( bus9ess or c]ta9 pr(essions4 ,attorneys-at-law1 doctors1 d5ti/s1 & p]sons :o manufacture or sell liquors1 own]s ( !at]s1 & public %[s1 & p :o engage 9 _m o!r sorts ( bus9ess mu/ h lic5ses4 ,! lic5ses are issu$ or giv5 out by commission]s ( ! rev5ue1 & a c]ta9 sum mu/ be paid = ea*1 ! money receiv$ be+ "p ( ! public income or rev5ue = pay+ ! exp5ses ( gov]nm5t4 ,lic5ses are grant$ = a c]ta9 "t4 ,_m are grant$ = a ye>1 & "s = only a numb] ( mon?s or weeks or days4 ,:5 ! "t specifi$ 9 ! lic5se 7:i* is a writt5 or pr9t$ pap]7 expires1 a new lic5se mu/ be obta9$ & ano!r paym5t made4 ,x is ! duty ( ! commission] ( ! rev5ue to regi/] 7record7 ! bir?s & dea?s 9 8 di/rict4 ,at ! "t t he asc]ta9s ! p]sonal prop]ty 9 8 di/rict :i* is to be tax$1 he mu/ asc]ta9 ! bir?s & dea?s t h occurr$ dur+ ! pa/ ye>1 & ent] or write ! p>ticul>s 9 books kept by him = ! purpose4 ,he mu/ write ! "n & date ( bir? ( e *ild1 & ! "n1 address1 & occupation ( ! fa!r2 & he mu/ ent] ! "n & place ( bir?1 & ! names ( ! p>5ts1 ( any p]son :o has di$4 ,x is also ! duty ( ! commission] ( rev5ue to report to ! commonweal?'s attorney any violation ( ! rev5ue or p5al laws ( :i* he may h k4 ,! numb] ( commission]s ( rev5ue is n ! same 9 all ! c\nties4 ,a great _m ( ! c\nties h f\r ea*1 & "s h less4 ,9 c\nties hav+ m ?an "o1 ea* commission] has a di/rict = himself4 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,poor4 ,appo9t$ by ! ,circuit ,judge1 on ! recomm5dation ( ! ,bo>d ( ,sup]visors1 = a t]m ( f\r ye>s2 mu/ reside 9 ! c\nty or city = :i* he is elect$4 ,sal>y1 n to exce$ #djj4 ,duties4 ,%all h *>ge ( ! ,poor-h\se1 receive & c>e = ! paup]s s5t to him by ! ,ov]se]s ( ! ,poor2 receive & disburse1 "u ! direction ( ! ,bo>d ( ,sup]visors1 ! poor levy2 make an annual report to ! ,bo>d ( ,sup]visors4 ,9 e c\nty !re is a ,,poor-,,h\se1 usually hav+ a f>m annex$1 & 9 x paup]s are receiv$ & c>$ = at ! public exp5se4 ,a4 ,,paup] is a poor p]son :o has no means ( liv+ & is support$ 9 a public or *>itable in/itution4 7,= ,,ov]se] ,,( ,,! ,,poor1 see "u ,di/rict ,organization47 ,! ,,poor ,,levy is ! tax annually levi$ = ! support ( ! poor-h\se4 ,?is levy is made by ! ,bo>d ( ,sup]visors 7:i* see71 & ! am\nt collect$ is receiv$ & ,,disburs$--t is1 exp5d$--by ! sup]9t5d5t ( ! poor = ! purpose = :i* x is int5d$4 ,! sup]9t5d5t mu/ make a report annually to ! ,bo>d ( ,sup]visors4 ,?is means t he mu/ make a /atem5t = ! bo>d once e ye>1 %[+ ! numb] ( paup]s provid$ = dur+ ! ye>1 giv+ ! "n ( ea* & h[ long support$1 & also %[+ ! total am\nt ( money exp5d$1 ! "w done on ! f>m1 ! crops rais$1 & o!r in=mation & p>ticul>s relat+ to ! managem5t ( ! in/itution4 ,! sal>y ( sup]9t5d5ts ( ! poor is n ! same 9 all c\nties4 ,x v>ies accord+ to ! population4 ,c\nty ,surveyor4 ,appo9t$ by ! ,circuit ,c\rt1 on ! recomm5dation ( ! ,bo>d ( ,sup]visors1 = f\r ye>s2 mu/ reside 9 ! c\nty = :i* he is appo9t$4 ,sal>y1 fees & mileage4 ,duties4 ,%all promptly make surveys ( l& ord]$ by c\rts1 & return true plat & c]tificate !re(2 e/abli% m]idian l9e2 locate l& w>rants4 ,a ,,surveyor is "o :o measures portions ( l& to asc]ta9 _! area1 or :o asc]ta9s or fixes ! b\nd>ies1 =m1 ext5t & position ( any di/rict or t]ritory4 ,! ,,c\nty ,,surveyor mu/ survey l&s :5 ord]$ by ! c\rt1 & make out & c]tify a ,,true ,,plat ( su* l&s4 ,a ,,plat is a plan or map or *>t4 ,a ,,m]idian ,,l9e1 z meant 9 ! text1 is a l9e locat$ at "s c5tral & easily rea*$ place 9 ! c\nty1 runn+ due nor? & s\? = n less ?an ?ree hundr$ y>ds1 & m>k$ at ea* end ( ! ?ree hundr$ y>ds ^u a solid /one fix$ 9 ! e>?4 ,?is l9e is necess>y = v>i\s purposes ( survey+ & map mak+4 ,!re mu/ be a m]idian l9e m>k$ 9 e c\nty1 & :5 a new c\nty is =m$ x is ! duty ( ! surveyor to e/abli% a m]idian l9e4 ,,to ,,locate ,,l& ,,w>rants is to lay (f 7m>k out7 & survey portions ( wa/e l& belong+ to ! ,/ate = p]sons :o h pur*as$ any ( su* l&4 ,! w>rants or ord]s = ! l& are issu$ by ! regi/] ( ! l& (fice on receipt ( ! pur*ase money 7see page #cg74 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,public ,s*ools4 ,see ,education4 ,c\nty ,bo>d ( ,s*ool ,commission]s4 ,see ,education4 ,electoral ,bo>d4 ,appo9t$ by ! ,circuit or ,corporation ,c\rt = t]m ( ?ree ye>s2 compos$ ( ?ree qualifi$ vot]s1 resid5ts ( ! c\nty or city4 ,sal>y1 #b = ea* day ( actual s]vice1 n to exce$ #aj a ye>4 ,duties4 ,appo9t = ea* election di/rict ( ! c\nty or city a regi/r>1 :o %all be a discreet citiz5 & resid5t ( ! election di/rict1 & :o %all s]ve = two ye>s2 %all provide = new regi/ration :5 necess>y2 %all appo9t ea* ye> ?ree compet5t citiz5s :o are qualifi$ vot]s1 & :o c read & write1 to be judges ( election = all elections 9 _! respective election di/ricts2 %all designate five ( ! judges ( election to act z commission]s1 :o %all meet at ! ,cl]k's ,(fice1 op5 ! election returns & asc]ta9 f !m ! p]sons elect$4 ,!re is an ,electoral ,bo>d = ea* c\nty & city4 ,z ! duties ( ! bo>d may be p]=m$ 9 a few days ea* ye>1 ! total sal>y = ea* memb] is limit$ to #aj a ye>4 ,,an ,,election ,,di/rict is con/itut$ 7made up7 ( a magi/]ial di/rict 9 a c\nty1 & a ,,w>d 9 a city4 ,= ! =m]1 see ,,magi/]ial ,,di/ricts4 ,= ,,w>d1 see "u ,,gov]nm5t ,,( ,,cities ,,& ,,t[ns4 ,a ,,regi/r> is an (fic] :o regi/]s or ent]s 9 books kept = ! purpose ! names ( all p]sons 9 8 di/rict :o are entitl$ to vote4 ,he mu/ be at 8 vot+ place on ! second ,tuesday 9 ea* ye> to regi/] all qualifi$ vot]s :o %all apply to be regi/]$1 & t5 days previ\s to ! ,novemb] elections he mu/ sit "o day to am5d1 & correct ! li/ :]e necess>y1 & to regi/] qualifi$ vot]s n previ\sly regi/]$4 ,,judges ,,( ,,election h already be5 m5tion$ & "s ( _! duties expla9$4 7,see page #ad1 also "u ,secret>y ( ! ,commonweal?1 page #cb1 & "u ,bo>d ( ,/ate ,canvass]s1 page #dc1 = mann] ( receiv+ & deal+ ) election returns7 ,bo>d ( ,sup]visors4 ,compos$ ( ! ,sup]visors ( ! sev]al magi/]ial di/ricts ( ! c\nty4 ,sal>y1 #c p] day & mileage4 ,! ,c\nty ,cl]k is ! cl]k ( ! ,bo>d4 ,duties4 ,%all audit ! acc\nts ( ! c\nty1 & issue w>rants 9 paym5t ( claims2 %all settle ) ! c\nty (fic]s1 & take ! necess>y /eps to secure a satisfactory exhibit & settlem5t ( ! affairs ( ! c\nty2 exam9e ! books ( ! ,commission] ( ! ,rev5ue2 fix & ord] c\nty levies & capitation tax2 raise money = c\nty exp5ses2 repres5t ! c\nty2 h ! c>e ( ! c\nty prop]ty & ! managem5t ( ! bus9ess & conc]ns ( ! c\nty 9 all cases n o!rwise provid$ =4 ,= ,,sup]visors ,,( ,,magi/]ial ,,di/ricts1 see "u ,,di/rict ,,organization4 ,,! ,,acc\nts ,,( ,,! ,,c\nty are ! /atem5ts ( public moneys receiv$ & exp5d$ by c\nty (fic]s4 ,all su* /atem5ts mu/ be audit$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,sup]visors4 ,an ,,exhibit is a pap] %[+ or prov+ ! correctness ( money acc\nts1 su* z a v\*] or a receipt4 ,a ,,capitation tax is a tax on p]sons 7f ,lat9 caput1 ! head74 ,a capitation tax is levi$ on all male p]sons ov] ! age ( tw5ty-"o4 ,! ,bo>d ( ,sup]visors repres5ts ! c\nty 9 all public matt]s1 z 9 any action at law tak5 = or aga9/ ! c\nty1 & x has ! c>e & control g5]ally ( ! public prop]ty1 & ! direction ( ! public bus9ess affairs ( ! c\nty4 ,assessors4 ,appo9t$ = a t]m ( f\r ye>s2 numb] same z ! numb] ( ,commission]s ( ! ,rev5ue2 mu/ be a resid5t ( ! di/rict = :i* he is appo9t$4 ,sal>y1 #b = ea* day he is necess>ily employ$4 ,duties4 ,exam9e1 imm$iately aft] appo9tm5t1 all ! l&s & lots1 ) ! improvem5ts !reon1 )9 _! respective c\nties1 di/ricts1 & corporations1 & asc]ta9 & assess ! ca% value !re(4 ,! l& )9 ! di/ricts is valu$ by ! assessors ) ! object ( fix+ ^u ea* prop]ty ! tax to be levi$4 ,:5 ! assessor ( a di/rict has complet$ 8 valuations & made a record ( !m1 he mu/ s5d a copy ( ! record to ! auditor ( public acc\nts1 ano!r to ! commission] ( rev5ue = ! di/rict1 & ano!r mu/ be fil$ & pres]v$ 9 ! (fice ( ! c\nty cl]k4 ,coron]4 ,appo9t$ by ! ,gov]nor ^u ! recomm5dation ( ! ,circuit ,c\rt4 ,a ,ju/ice ( ! ,peace may act z ,coron]4 ,sal>y1 fees4 ,duties4 ,to hold inque/ ov] ! dead bodies ( ^? suppos$ to h be5 kill$ by viol5ce2 may act z %]iff 9 c]ta9 cases4 ,e c\nty mu/ h at lea/ "o ,,coron]1 b a c\nty may h m ?an "o1 if ! circuit c\rt ?9ks x necess>y4 ,9 su* case ! c\rt recomm5ds ! appo9tm5t ( a second coron] & nom9ates two p]sons = ! (fice4 ,! gov]nor appo9ts "o ( !m4 ,! bus9ess ( ! ,,coron] is to hold an ,,inque/ or inquiry into e case ( dea? suppos$ to h be5 caus$ by viol5ce4 ,! coron]'s inque/ is conduct$ mu* aft] ! mann] ( a jury trial4 ,!re is a jury ( six p]sons1 summon$ by ! %]iff or s]geant or con/able1 & sworn to dilig5tly inquire1 & true pres5tm5t make1 :51 h[1 & by :at means ! p]son came by 8 dea?4 ,aft] witnesses h be5 exam9$ & ! :ole case has be5 ?or\ghly inve/igat$1 ! jury gives its v]dict4 ,if ! jury %\ld f9d t murd] or assault 0 committ$ on ! deceas$1 & %\ld *>ge any p]son ) ! crime1 ! coron] issues 8 w>rant = ! arre/ ( ! p]son1 & if f\nd he is arre/$ & held 9 prison until he is tri$ by a judge & jury4 ,,que/ions4 #a4 ,by :om are c\nties organiz$8 #b4 ,:at is ! advantage ( a division ( a ,/ate into c\nties8 #c4 ,:at in/itutions mu/ ea* c\nty ma9ta98 #d4 ,:at is ! ,,c\nty ,,seat8 #e4 ,:at are c\nty (fic]s8 #f4 ,= h[ long is ! %]iff elect$1 & h[ is he paid8 #g4 ,m5tion "s ( ! duties ( ! %]iff4 #h4 ,:at is a ,,s5t5ce8 #i4 ,def9e ,,process & ,,levies4 #aj4 ,:at are ! duties ( ! c\nty cl]k8 #aa4 ,:at is ! t]m ( ! treasur]1 & h[ is he paid8 #ab4 ,"n "s ( ! duties ( ! treasur]4 #ac4 ,:at are ! ,,/ate ,,rev5ues8 #ad4 ,h[ does ! treasur] dispose ( ! moneys he receives8 #ae4 ,:at d y und]/& by a ,,del9qu5t ,,li/8 #af4 ,:at are ! rev5ue laws8 #ag4 ,= h[ long is ! commission] ( ! rev5ue elect$8 #ah4 ,h[ is he paid8 #ai4 ,:at d y und]/& by ,,asc]ta9+ all ! prop]ty1 real & p]sonal8 #bj4 ,:at does ,,subjects ,,( ,,taxation mean8 #ba4 ,:at is a lic5se8 #bb4 ,:at are ! duties ( ! commission] ( ! rev5ue reg>d+ bir?s & dea?s8 #bc ,by :om is ! sup]9t5d5t ( ! poor appo9t$8 #bd4 ,:at is 8 t]m ( (fice8 #be4 ,:at are ! duties ( ! sup]9t5d5t ( ! poor8 #bf ,:]e are ! poor receiv$ & c>$ =8 #bg4 ,def9e ,,paup]1 ,,poor ,,levy1 & ,,disburs$4 #bh4 ,:at does ! annual report ( ! sup]9t5d5t ( ! poor tell8 #bi4 ,h[ is ! c\nty surveyor appo9t$1 & h[ paid8 #cj4 ,m5tion "s ( ! duties ( ! c\nty surveyor4 #ca4 ,def9e ,,surveyor4 #cb4 ,:at is a plat8 #cc4 ,:at is a m]idian l9e8 #cd4 ,:at d y und]/& by ,,locat+ ,,l& ,,w>rants8 #ce4 ,by :om is ! ,electoral ,bo>d *os51 & = h[ long8 #cf4 ,:at is ! bo>d compos$ (1 & :at remun]ation d its memb]s receive8 #cg4 ,:at are ! duties ( ! ,electoral ,bo>d8 #ch4 ,:at is an electoral di/rict8 #ci4 ,:at is a regi/r>1 arid :at are 8 duties8 #dj4 ,( :om is ! ,bo>d ( ,sup]visors compos$8 #da4 ,:at sal>y d ! memb]s ( ?is bo>d receive8 #db4 ,:o is cl]k ( ! bo>d8 #dc4 ,:at are ! duties ( ! ,bo>d ( ,sup]visors8 #dd4 ,:at are ! acc\nts ( ! c\nty8 #de4 ,:at is an exhibit8 #df4 ,:at is a capitation tax8 #dg4 ,:o appo9ts ! assessors8 #dh4 ,h[ _m assessors are !re1 & :at sal>y d !y receive8 #di4 ,:at are ! duties ( ! assessors8 #ej4 ,by :om is ! coron] appo9t$1 & h[ is he paid8 #ea4 ,:at are ! duties ( ! coron]8 #eb ,:at d y und]/& by an inque/8 #ec4 ,tell h[ an inque/ is conduct$4 ,,ix4 ,,di/rict ,,organization4 ,magi/]ial ,di/ricts4 ,ea* c\nty %all be divid$ into z _m compactly locat$ magi/]ial di/ricts z are necess>y1 n less ?an ?ree4 ,!re mu/ be at lea/ ?ree & n m ?an elev5 magi/]ial di/ricts 9 ea* c\nty1 & 9 ea* di/rict !re mu/ be "o sup]visor1 ?ree ju/ices ( peace1 "o con/able1 & "o ov]se] ( ! poor4 ,sup]visor4 ,elect$ by ! p = f\r ye>s2 mu/ be a resid5t ( ! di/rict4 ,duties4 ,a memb] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,sup]visors2 %all inspect ! roads & bridges 9 8 di/rict4 ,! g5]al duties ( ! ,bo>d ( ,sup]visors h be5 already expla9$1 b ea* sup]visor has special duties 9 8 own di/rict4 ,he mu/ inspect ! public roads & bridges 9 8 di/rict twice e ye> to see t !y are kept 9 repair1 & he mu/ once a ye> make a writt5 report to ! ,bo>d ( ,sup]visors z to _! condition4 ,= ! "t he is actually employ$ 9 su* s]vice ea* sup]visor receives two doll>s a day1 paid out ( ! public funds ( 8 own di/rict1 b he is n all[$ = su* s]vice m ?an ?irty doll>s 9 any "o ye>4 ,ju/ices ( ! ,peace4 ,?ree 9 ea* di/rict2 elect$ by ! p = f\r ye>s2 mu/ reside 9 ! di/rict4 ,sal>y1 fees4 ,duties4 ,is a cons]vator ( ! peace2 mu/ see t ! laws are obey$2 may issue w>rants1 atta*m5ts1 etc42 may hold c\rt = ! trial ( causes4 7,see ,ju/ices' ,c\rts47 ,! jurisdiction ( ju/ices is fully expla9$ "u ,,ju/ices' ,,c\rts4 ,ju/ices ( ! peace receive no sal>ies1 b !y are all[$ fees = ! issu+ & c]tify+ ( sev]al k9ds ( legal docum5ts4 ,a ,,cons]vator ( ! peace is a pres]v] ( ! peace4 ,to pres]ve ! peace is "o ( ! *ief duties ( a ju/ice ( ! peace1 h5ce ! title ( 8 (fice4 ,if he h good reason to believe t any p]son int5ds to commit an (f5ce aga9/ ano!r1 x is ! duty ( a ju/ice to issue a w>rant = ! arre/ ( su* p]son1 & to require him to give bail or security = 8 good behavior4 ,9 g5]al x is ! duty ( ! ju/ice ( ! peace to d ev]y?+ necess>y to prev5t1 z well z to puni%1 violations ( ! crim9al law 9 8 di/rict4 ,an ,,atta*m5t is a writ direct+ an (fic] ( ! law to arre/ & br+ into c\rt a p]son :o has be5 summon$ to att5d z a witness or a juror1 b has fail$ to appe> at ! prop] "t4 ,con/able4 ,elect$ by ! p = f\r ye>s2 mu/ reside 9 ! di/rict4 ,sal>y1 fees4 ,duties4 ,to make arre/s2 to s]ve notices2 to execute any ord]1 w>rant1 or process1 legally direct$ to him2 att5d ,ju/ices' ,c\rts2 execute its judgm5ts1 levy atta*m5ts1 collect f9es1 report violations ( ! p5al laws2 may act z %]iff 9 c]ta9 cases4 ,! con/able p]=ms 9 8 di/rict ! same sort ( duties g5]ally t ! %]iff p]=ms = ! c\nty4 ,ov]se] ( ! ,poor4 ,elect$ by ! p = f\r ye>s2 mu/ reside 9 ! di/rict4 ,sal>y1 #b = ea* day actually engag$1 b n to exce$ #bj p] ye>4 ,duties4 ,%all c>e = & assi/ p]sons unable to ma9ta9 !mselves1 :o h a legal settlem5t 9 8 di/rict2 %all remove ^? n hav+ a legal settlem5t2 %all prev5t p]sons f go+ ab\t begg+2 may hold & adm9i/] c]ta9 prop]ty donat$ to *>itable purposes2 may place 9 an asylum1 or b9d out z an appr5tice1 any m9or f\nd begg+1 or likely to become *>geable to ! c\nty4 ,a ,,legal ,,settlem5t 9 ! case ( a paup] is resid5ce = "o ye> 9 ! di/rict & ?ree ye>s 9 ! ,/ate4 ,paup]s n hav+ a legal settlem5t may be remov$ to ! place :]e !y 7 la/ legally settl$1 b a w>rant ( removal mu/ be obta9$ f a ju/ice ( ! c\nty or di/rict4 ,a ,,m9or is a boy or girl "u tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age4 ,cons]vators ( ! ,peace4 ,e judge ?r\gh\t ! ,/ate2 e ju/ice1 commission] 9 *anc]y1 & not>y )9 8 c\nty or corporation2 conductors ( railroad tra9s on _! tra9s2 depot ag5ts at _! places ( bus9ess2 ma/]s ( all /eam]s navigat+ ! wat]s ( ! ,/ate on _! respective vessels4 ,a ,,not>y1 or not>y public1 is an (fic] :o atte/s or c]tifies de$s & o!r pap]s1 "u 8 (ficial seal4 ,/atem5ts 9 writ+ t require to be atte/$ = bus9ess or legal purposes are usually tak5 to a not>y to be sign$ by him aft] ! p>ty has made oa? t ! /atem5ts are true4 ,conductors ( railroad tra9s may arre/ any p]sons :o violate ! peace on _! tra9s1 & keep su* p]sons 9 cu/ody until !y c be giv5 ov] to ! prop] au?orities = trial4 ,railroad depot ag5ts may d ! same at _! depots1 & ! ma/]s or capta9s ( /eam]s may d ! same on _! vessels :ile sail+ 9 ! wat]s )9 ! ,/ate4 ,?is is :at is meant by be+ ,,cons]vators ( ! peace4 ,judges h ! same p[] ?r\gh\t ! ,/ate1 & ju/ices1 commission]s 9 *anc]y1 & not>ies )9 _! di/ricts4 ,,s*ool ,,di/ricts4 ,ea* magi/]ial di/rict is also a s*ool di/rict1 = :i* see "u ,education1 page #ii4 ,,s*ool ,,tru/ees4 ,"o s*ool tru/ee is appo9t$ annually = ea* s*ool di/rict2 see page #ii4 ,,di/rict ,,bo>d ,,( ,,s*ool ,,tru/ees4 ,?is bo>d is compos$ ( ?ree tru/ees ( ! di/rict2 = its duties1 see page #ii4 ,,que/ions4 #a4 ,h[ _m magi/]ial di/ricts is a c\nty divid$ into8 #b4 ,= h[ long is ! sup]visor elect$8 #c ,:at are ! duties ( a sup]visor8 #d4 ,h[ _m ju/ices ( ! peace are elect$ = a di/rict8 #e ,:at are ! duties ( a ju/ice ( ! peace8 #f4 ,:at is a cons]vator ( ! peace8 #g4 ,:at is an atta*m5t8 #h4 ,= h[ long is a con/able elect$8 #i4 ,:at are ! duties ( ! con/able8 #aj4 ,= h[ long is ! ov]se] ( ! poor elect$8 #aa4 ,:at remun]ation does he receive8 #ab4 ,"n "s ( 8 duties4 #ac4 ,:at is a legal settlem5t8 #ad4 ,:at is a m9or8 #ae4 ,:o are cons]vators ( ! peace8 #af4 ,:at is a not>y8 #ag4 ,:at provisions ) reg>d to s*ools are m5tion$ z be+ made 9 ! magi/]ial di/ricts8 ,x4 ,,gov]nm5t ,,( ,,cities ,,& ,,t[ns4 ,a ,city is an incorporat$ community conta9+ )9 well-def9$ b\nd>ies five ?\s& or m inhabitants4 ,a ,t[n is an incorporat$ community ( less ?an five ?\s& inhabitants4 ,a ,c\ncil includes any body or bodies au?oriz$ to make ord9ances = ! gov]nm5t ( a city or t[n4 ,an incorporat$ t[n or city is a community *>t]$ z a corporation1 = explanation ( :i*1 see page #ad4 ,ord9ances are laws made by ! c\ncil ( a city or t[n = manag+ ! public affairs ( ! city1 or t[n4 ,,c\ncil4 ,9 t[ns x is compos$ ( ! ,mayor & six ,c\ncilm51 elect$ e two ye>s by ! p ( ! t[n on ! second ,tuesday 9 ,june4 ,! ,mayor & ea* ,c\ncilman h ! p[] & au?ority ( a ju/ice 9 civil matt]s )9 ! corporate limits1 & 9 crim9al matt]s )9 ^! limits & "o mile beyond !m2 may issue processes1 & may he> & det]m9e prosecutions1 etc4 ,9 cities ! ,c\ncilm5 ( ea* w>d are elect$ by ! p ( su* w>d4 ,! ,c\ncil ( cities ( ov] t5 ?\s& inhabitants is made up ( two bran*es3--! ,bo>d ( ,ald]m5 & ! ,common ,c\ncil1 all ( :om are elect$ = f\r ye>s1 "o-half be+ *os5 e two ye>s4 ,^! provisions may be modifi$ by ! city *>t]4 ,memb]s ( ,common ,c\ncil %all hold no o!r (fice 9 cities2 no city (fic] %all hold a seat 9 ! ,g5]al ,assembly4 ,x is ! aim ( ! ,con/itution t1 s f> z possible1 all cities %all be organiz$ "u g5]al laws4 ,a city *>t] is ! law "u :i* ! city is gov]n$4 ,x is pass$ by ! ,g5]al ,assembly1 & x makes ! city a corporation4 ,x /ates :at p[]s ! corporation may ex]cise & :at (fic]s x may appo9t or elect to c>ry on its gov]nm5t4 ,a *>t] is = a city :at a con/itution is = a ,/ate4 ,x prescribes ! sy/em "u :i* ! city is to be gov]n$4 ,! p[]s ( ! mayor & ! c\ncilm5 z ju/ices are modifi$--t is1 regulat$--by ! city *>t]1 s t !y may n be exactly ! same 9 all cities4 ,cities are divid$ into di/ricts call$ w>ds1 & ea* w>d elects a c]ta9 numb] ( c\ncilm54 ,,p[]s4 ,to levy taxes2 create corporate debt2 impose tax on lic5ses2 enact ord9ances1 & prescribe f9es or o!r puni%m5t = ! violation !re(2 appo9t a collector ( taxes1 & o!r (fic]s2 disburse all money collect$ or receiv$ = ! corporation2 lay (f & keep 9 ord] /reets & public gr\nds2 provide necess>y build+s1 a fire dep>tm5t1 wat] works1 cemet]ies1 etc42 abate nuisances2 e/abli% election di/ricts2 alt] & re>range w>ds2 provide = weigh+ articles ( m]*&ise2 judge ( ! election1 qualification1 & returns ( its own memb]s2 protect ! prop]ty ( ! city1 & pres]ve peace & good ord] !re94 ,to create corporate debt is to borr[ money = c>ry+ out purposes ( city gov]nm5t4 ,*>t]s ( cities give p[] to borr[ money = su* purposes4 ,a nuisance is any?+ t is annoy+ or (f5sive1 or dang]\s to ! heal? ( citiz5s4 ,! c\ncil may provide 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! city public weigh+ ma*9es = weigh+ articles ( m]*&ise pur*as$ by citiz5s :o may wi% to asc]ta9 :e!r !y h got hone/ weight4 ,to protect ! prop]ty ( ! city & to pres]ve peace & ord] is ! mo/ important bus9ess ( ! c\ncil4 ,= ?is purpose x has p[] to organize & ma9ta9 a police =ce4 ,mayor ( ,city4 ,elect$ by ! p ( ! city = a t]m ( f\r ye>s2 presides ov] ! ,c\ncil2 & 8 p[]s & duties may be modifi$ by ! city *>t]4 ,duties4 ,! *ief executive (fic] ( ! city2 %all see t ! duties ( ! v>i\s city (fic]s are fai?fully p]=m$2 may susp5d = cause all t[n or city (fic]s4 ,to susp5d an (fic] is to remove him f 8 (fice = a "t until any *>ge made aga9/ him ( neglect ( duty is inve/igat$ & decid$ on4 ,city ,s]geant4 ,elect$ by ! p = f\r ye>s4 ,duties4 ,%all p]=m ! duties1 etc41 prescrib$ by ! city *>t]2 & %all also )9 ! jurisdiction ( ! c\rts ( 8 city ex]cise ! same p[]s1 p]=m ! same duties1 & be subject to ! same liabilities z ! %]iff ( a c\nty2 9 t[ns he %all h ! same p[]s & dis*>ge ! same duties z con/ables1 )9 ! corporate limits & = "o mile beyond !m2 %all be ! executive (fic] ( ! ,corporation ,c\rt4 ,,liability means responsibility4 ,%]iffs are responsible or answ]able = ! p]=mance ( _! duties1 & if !y fail to p]=m !m !y may be f9$ or imprison$4 ,city s]geants are "u ! same liabilities4 ,,city ,,cl]k4 ,elect$ by ! p = eight ye>s4 ,see "u ,(fic]s ( ,c\rt4 ,,commission] ,,( ,,! ,,rev5ue4 ,elect$ by ! p = f\r ye>s4 ,see ,c\nty ,organization4 ,,commonweal?',s ,,attorney4 ,elect$ by ! p = f\r ye>s4 ,see ,c\nty ,organization4 ,,treasur]4 ,elect$ by ! p = f\r ye>s4 ,see ,c\nty ,organization4 ,,%]iff ,,( ,,ri*mond ,,city4 ,elect$ by ! p = f\r ye>s4 ,duties4 ,%all att5d ! ,circuit & ,*anc]y ,c\rts1 & act z _! executive (fic]2 %all ex]cise ! same p[]s1 p]=m ! same duties1 h ! same fees & comp5sation !re=1 & be subject to ! same p5alties t\*+ all processes issu$ by said c\rts1 or by ! cl]ks !re(1 or o!rwise lawfully direct$ to him1 t ! %]iff ( a c\nty ex]cises1 p]=ms1 & is entitl$ or subject to 9 8 c\nty4 ,,city ,,sup]9t5d5ts ,,( ,,s*ools4 ,sup]9t5d5ts ( ,s*ools = cities are appo9t$ by ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,education4 ,see "u ,education1 page ,,que/ions4 #a4 ,def9e city1 t[n1 c\ncil4 #c4 ,:at are ord9ances8 #h4 ,( :om is ! c\ncil compos$8 #d4 ,:at is ! t]m ( (fice ( a memb] ( c\ncil8 #e4 ,:at are ! p[]s ( ! c\ncil8 #f4 ,h[ are ! ,c\ncilm5 9 cities elect$8 #g4 ,9 cities ( ov] t5 ?\s& inhabitants h[ is ! ,c\ncil made up8 #h4 ,( :om is ! ,common ,c\ncil compos$8 #i4 ,are memb]s ( ?is body p]mitt$ to hold any o!r (fice8 #aj4 ,:at is a city *>t]8 #aa4 ,:at d y und]/& by ! p[]s ( ! mayor & ! c\ncilm5 z ju/ices be+ modifi$8 #ab4 ,:at are w>ds8 #ac4 ,"n "s ( ! p[]s ( ! c\ncil4 #ad4 ,:at does creat+ corporate debt mean8 #ae4 ,:at is a nuisance8 #af4 ,:at is ! mo/ important bus9ess ( ! c\ncil8 #ag4 ,h[ is ! mayor ( a city *os51 & :at is 8 t]m ( (fice8 #ah4 ,:at are ! mayor's duties8 #ai4 ,:at does susp5d+ an (fic] mean8 #bj4 ,h[ is ! city s]geant *os51 & :at is 8 t]m ( (fice8 #ba4 ,"n "s ( 8 duties4 #bb4 ,:at does liability mean8 #bc4 ,:at is ! t]m ( (fice ( ! commission] ( ! rev5ue1 ! commonweal?'s attorney1 & ! treasur]8 #bd4 ,h[ long does ! %]iff ( ,ri*mond ,city hold (fice8 #be4 ,"n "s ( 8 duties4 #bf4 ,:o appo9ts sup]9t5d5ts ( s*ools = cities8 ,,xi4 ,,education4 ,,/ate4-,,bo>d ,,( ,,education4 ,compos$ ( ! ,gov]nor1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,public ,in/ruction1 ,attorney-,g5]al1 ?ree exp]i5c$ educators elect$ f ! faculties ( c]ta9 ,/ate in/itutions1 "o ,city ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,s*ools1 & "o ,c\nty ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,s*ools4 ,^! eight con/itute ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,education1 & _! sev]al p[]s & duties z memb]s ( ! ,bo>d are id5tical except t ! two division sup]9t5d5ts %all n p>ticipate 9 ! appo9tm5t ( any public s*ool (ficial4 ,?is ,bo>d %all h ! managem5t & inve/m5t ( s*ool funds2 make by-laws = its own gov]nm5t1 & = c>ry+ into effect ! s*ool laws2 audit claims payable out ( ,/ate funds2 arrange = summ] normal s*ools ( tea*]s = in/ruction 9 processes ( s*ool organization1 discipl9e1 & managem5t2 select text-books & educational appliances = use 9 ! public s*ools ( ! ,/ate2 appo9t 7& remove71 subject to confirmation by ! ,s5ate1 all c\nty & city sup]9t5d5ts1 & regulate all matt]s aris+ 9 ! practical adm9i/ration ( ! s*ool sy/em n o!rwise provid$ =4 ,! ?ree ,/ate (fic]s are ex (ficio memb]s ( ! ,bo>d4 ,! ?ree exp]i5c$ educators are elect$ quadr5nially by ! ,s5ate f a li/ ( eligibles consi/+ ( "o f ea* ( ! faculties & nom9at$ by ! respective bo>ds ( visitors or tru/ees ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,virg9ia1 ! ,virg9ia ,milit>y ,in/itute1 ! ,virg9ia ,polyte*nic ,in/itute1 ! ,/ate ,female ,normal ,s*ool at ,danville1 ! ,s*ool = ! ,deaf & ,bl9d1 & also ( ! ,college ( ,william & ,m>y s long z ! ,/ate cont9ues its annual appropriation to ! la/-nam$ in/itution4 ,! city & c\nty sup]9t5d5ts are select$ by ! o!r six memb]s = t]ms ( two ye>s ea*4 ,s*ool funds are moneys set ap>t or provid$ = ! support ( s*ools4 ,9 ,virg9ia1 s*ool funds are provid$ by ! ,/ate1 ! c\nties1 & ! di/ricts 7see "u ,s*ool ,funds74 ,by-laws are laws or rules made by any association = ! managem5t ( its affairs4 ,! ,bo>d ( ,education makes by-laws = its own gov]nm5t & = adm9i/]+ ! laws relat+ to ! s*ools4 ,claims payable out ( ,/ate funds are claims :i* by law are to be paid out ( ! ,/ate funds4 ,su* claims mu/ be audit$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,education4 ,! sal>ies & exp5ses ( ,/ate education (fic]s are paid out ( ! ,/ate fund1 & portions ( ! fund are divid$ among ! c\nties & cities = ! support ( s*ools4 ,by arrang+ = meet+s ( tea*]s = in/ruction 9 ! processes ( s*ool organization1 discipl9e1 & in/ruction1 ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,education does mu* to improve ! s*ools ( ! ,/ate1 & ! great ye>ly in/itutes are ( ! highe/ value to ! s*ools4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important duties ( ! ,/ate ,bo>d is 9 connection ) ! selection ( text-books & ! approval ( educational appliances = ! equipm5t ( s*ools4 ,! g5]al duties ( ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,education consi/ 9 regulat+ all matt]s aris+ 9 ! practical adm9i/ration ( ! s*ool sy/em n o!rwise provid$ =4 ,uni=mity ( practice ?r\gh\t ! s*ools ( ! ,/ate is ( ! greate/ importance1 & ! ,/ate ,bo>d wisely secures ?is by keep+ 9 con/ant correspond5ce ) (fic]s & tea*]s ?r\gh\t ! sy/em4 ,! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,education *ooses its own secret>y1 :o is entru/$ ) _m important duties 9 c>ry+ out ! plans & "w ( ! bo>d4 ,z all division sup]9t5d5ts are appo9tees ( ! ,/ate ,bo>d1 x is provid$ 9 ! ,con/itution t ! two :o are memb]s ( ! ,/ate ,bo>d %all n p>ticipate 9 ! election ( s*ool (fic]s4 ,,sup]9t5d5t ,,( ,,public ,,in/ruction4 ,elect$ by ! p ( ! ,/ate = f\r ye>s2 sal>y1 #b1jjj1 & necess>y travel+ exp5ses2 %all h 8 (fice at ! capital2 %all be ! *ief executive ( ! public free s*ool sy/em2 %all det]m9e ! true int5t & mean+ ( ! s*ool laws2 %all receive reports f s*ool (fic]s2 inspect s*ools1 & decide appeals f ! decisions ( c\nty sup]9t5d5ts2 apportion ,/ate funds among ! c\nties & cities ( ! ,/ate4 ,! public free s*ool sy/em is ! sy/em "u :i*1 z requir$ by ! law ( ,virg9ia1 ! public s*ools are free to all p]sons betwe5 ! ages ( five & tw5ty-"o ye>s resid+ )9 ! s*ool di/ricts4 ,! sup]9t5d5t ( public in/ruction is ! *ief executive (fic] ( ! sy/em1 & :5 any dispute arises among s*ool (fic]s z to ! mean+ or application ( s*ool laws1 x is 8 duty to det]m9e--t is1 to decide--x4 ,! sup]9t5d5t ( public in/ruction is also to a l>ge ext5t a judicial (fic]1 & 8 decisions z to ! true int5t & mean+ ( ! s*ool laws h v ne>ly z mu* =ce z ! decisions ( ! c\rts4 ,! reports receiv$ f s*ool (fic]s by ! ,/ate sup]9t5d5t are embodi$ 9 8 report made e two ye>s to ! gov]nor1 & by him transmitt$ to ! ,g5]al ,assembly4 ,?is report1 9 addition to ! in=mation receiv$ f ! c\nty & city sup]9t5d5ts1 conta9s a l>ge am\nt ( /ati/ics & reports 9 reg>d to private s*ools1 colleges1 & o!r in/itutions :i* are m or less "u ! c>e & subject to ! control ( ! ,/ate4 ,,c\nty4--,,c\nty ,,& ,,city ,,sup]9t5d5ts4 ,t]m1 f\r ye>s1 beg9n+ ,july #a/ aft] appo9tm5t2 mu/ reside 9 ! c\nty or city = :i* he is elect$1 & %all hold no elective (fice2 %all expla9 ! s*ool sy/em1 exam9e tea*]s & grant c]tificates1 promote ! improvem5t & effici5cy ( tea*]s1 advise ) & c\nsel tru/ees & tea*]s1 visit & exam9e s*ools "u 8 c>e & inquire into :atev] conc]ns _! usefulness & p]fection2 decide appeals & compla9ts2 adm9i/] oa?s & take te/imony2 apportion ! s*ool funds among ! di/ricts4 ,! c\nty & city sup]9t5d5ts mu/ hold exam9ations at c]ta9 times 9 _! c\nties or cities to exam9e p]sons desir+ to become tea*]s1 & if1 aft] exam9ation1 su* p]sons are f\nd qualifi$1 !y receive c]tificates z tea*]s4 ,9 any case ( appeal or compla9t aga9/ any p]son connect$ ) ! s*ools 9 _! di/ricts ! c\nty or city sup]9t5d5ts mu/ hold inquiry into ! matt] & give decision ^u x4 ,9 mak+ su* inquiry !y c call witnesses & adm9i/] oa?s to su* witnesses be=e tak+ _! te/imony4 ,x is also ! duty ( ! sup]9t5d5ts to prep>e annually a s*eme or plan = apportion+ ! ,/ate & c\nty s*ool funds among ! s*ool di/ricts "u _! sup]vision4 ,,s*ool ,,tru/ee ,,electoral ,,bo>d4 ,compos$ ( ! ,c\nty ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,s*ools1 ! ,commonweal?'s ,attorney1 & a resid5t qualifi$ vot]1 n a c\nty or /ate (fic]1 to be appo9t$ by ! ,judge ( ! ,circuit ,c\rt2 %all fill all vacancies 9 ! di/rict bo>ds ( s*ool tru/ees4 ,9 cities & t[ns s*ool tru/ees are appo9t$ by municipal c\ncils4 ,a vacancy occurs e ye> 9 ea* di/rict bo>d4 ,! di/rict bo>d :5 fir/ =m$ 0 compos$ ( ?ree memb]s1 "o to s]ve ?ree ye>s1 "o to s]ve two ye>s1 & ! o!r to s]ve "o ye>1 all appo9tm5ts aft]w>ds to be = ?ree ye>s ea*4 ,?us !re is "o vacancy e ye> 9 ! bo>d1 & x is ! duty ( ! ,s*ool ,tru/ee ,electoral ,bo>d to appo9t a new tru/ee to fill ! vacancy4 ,c\nty ,s*ool ,bo>d4 ,compos$ ( ! ,c\nty ,sup]9t5d5t 7:o is ex (ficio presid5t7 & ! ,di/rict ,s*ool ,tru/ees ( ! c\nty--a body corporate2 %all make necess>y bylaws & regulations1 %all h a regul> annual meet+ betwe5 ! #a/ & #ae? ( ,augu/2 %all prep>e & file ) ! ,sup]9t5d5t be=e ,july #ae? an e/imate ( ! am\nt ( money t w be ne$$ = public s*ool purposes 9 ! c\nty = ! next ye>1 also a simil> li/ = ea* s*ool di/rict bas$ on ! e/imate ( ! ,di/rict ,bo>d1 :i* li/s ! ,sup]9t5d5t %all lay be=e ! ,bo>d ( ,sup]visors2 %all make settlem5t ) treasur]s & s*ool (fic]s2 %all adm9i/] c]ta9 prop]ties devot$ to s*ool purposes4 ,ex (ficio is a ,lat9 phrase mean+ by virtue ( (fice4 ,! c\nty sup]9t5d5t is presid5t ( ! ,c\nty ,s*ool ,bo>d1 n by election or appo9tm5t1 b because ( 8 (fice z c\nty sup]9t5d5t4 ,a body corporate is a corporation1 ! mean+ ( :i* t]m is expla9$ on page #ad4 ,prop]ty ( any k9d1 ei!r public funds or donations f private p]sons1 set ap>t or devot$ to s*ool purposes 9 ! c\nty is adm9i/]$ by ! ,c\nty ,s*ool ,bo>d--t is1 manag$ & us$ by ! bo>d = ! support ( s*ools 9 ! c\nty4 ,di/rict4--,s*ool ,di/ricts4 ,ea* c\nty %all be divid$ into compactly locat$ s*ool di/ricts1 :i* %all correspond ) ! magi/]ial di/ricts1 unless specially subdivid$2 except t a t[n ( five hundr$ or m inhabitants may =m a sep>ate s*ool di/rict4 ,s*ool ,tru/ees4 ,"o %all be appo9t$ annually = ea* di/rict = a t]m ( ?ree ye>s2 mu/ be able to read & write4 ,s*ool tru/ees are appo9t$ annually by ! ,s*ool ,tru/ee ,electoral ,bo>d1 z expla9$ above4 ,di/rict ,bo>d ( ,s*ool ,tru/ees4 ,a body corporate--compos$ ( ! ?ree tru/ees ( ! di/rict2 %all hold & manage ! s*ool prop]ty ( ! di/rict2 provide suitable s*ool h\ses1 etc42 en=ce s*ool laws2 employ & dismiss tea*]s2 susp5d & dismiss pupils2 see t c5sus ( *ildr5 ( s*ool age 7#e to #ba7 is tak5 e five ye>s2 submit to ! ,c\nty ,s*ool ,bo>d annually an e/imate ( ! am\nt ( money ne$$ = public s*ool purposes 9 ! di/rict = ! next s*ola/ic ye>4 ,9 cities ! ,bo>d is compos$ ( all ! tru/ees 9 ! city1 & its duties & p[]s are modifi$ & enl>g$4 ,! c5sus ( *ildr5 is ! numb]+ or c\nt+ ( ! *ildr5 resid+ 9 ! di/rict4 ,! s*ola/ic ye> is ! "p ( ! ye> dur+ :i* ! s*ools are op54 ,! ,di/rict ,bo>d ( ,s*ool ,tru/ees has ! :ole c>e & adm9i/ration ( ! s*ools 9 its *>ge1 & is ?us ! mo/ important local body 9 ! civil gov]nm5t ( ! ,/ate4 ,s*ool ,funds4 #a4 ,/ate ,funds4 ,! int]e/ on ! lit]>y fund1 ! capitation tax1 & a tax on prop]ty ( "o mill on ! doll>4 #b4 ,c\nty ,funds4 ,su* tax z ! ,bo>d ( ,sup]visors may levy = c\nty s*ool purposes2 f9es & p5alties impos$ on ! ,sup]9t5d5t2 donations1 or ! income aris+ !refrom4 #c4 ,di/rict ,funds4 ,su* tax z ! ,bo>d ( ,sup]visors may levy = ! purposes ( ! s*ool di/rict2 f9es & p5alties impos$ on di/rict s*ool (fic]s & tea*]s2 donations1 or income aris+ !refrom4 ,! ,c\nty or ,city ,treasur] receives & pays out all s*ool funds4 ,= explanation ( lit]>y fund1 see page #cg1 & = capitation tax1 see page #hb4 ,! tax ( "o mill on ! doll> means a tax ( "o mill on ea* doll> ( ! assess$ valuation ( ! prop]ty4 ,c]ta9 f9es & o!r money p5alties may be impos$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,education or by ! c\rts or c\nty sup]9t5d5ts = fail+ or refus+ to p]=m c]ta9 duties ,su* f9es & p5alties are add$ to ! s*ool fund = ! c\nty ,:5 di/rict s*ool (fic]s or tea*]s are f9$ = neglect ( duty ! money goes to ! di/rict fund4 ,donations are contributions or gifts f private individuals4 ,if su* gifts are real e/ate1 ! income aris+ !refrom is ! r5t ( su* real e/ate or ! int]e/ on ! am\nt realiz$ by its sale4 ,tea*]s4 ,mu/ hold a c]tificate ( qualification 9 full =ce1 issu$ or approv$ by ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,s*ools ( ! c\nty or city )9 :i* he proposes to tea*4 ,! law requires t a tea*] mu/ be at lea/ eighte5 ye>s ( age4 ,if ! tea*] has ! necess>y education to pass ! requir$ exam9ation1 a c]ta9 maturity is necess>y to insure good judgm5t 9 ! gov]nm5t & discipl9e ( ! s*ool4 ,! value & success ( all gov]nm5t dep5d l>gely ^u ! "* & ability ( ^? 9 au?ority1 & ?is is especially true 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! s*ool4 ,= tea*]s' c]tificates ( qualification1 see above "u ,c\nty & ,city ,sup]9t5d5ts4 ,,que/ions4 #a4 ,:o compose ! ,bo>d ( ,education8 #b4 ,"n "s ( ! duties ( ?is bo>d4 #c4 ,:at is meant by nom9ation be+ subject to confirmation by ! ,s5ate8 #d4 ,:at are s*ool funds8 #e4 ,:at are by-laws8 #f4 ,:at are claims payable out ( ,/ate ,funds8 #g4 ,:at important "w is done at ! meet+s ( tea*]s arrang$ by ! ,/ate bo>d ( ,education8 #h4 ,:at v important duty has ! ,/ate ,bo>d to p]=m 9 ref]5ce to books8 #i4 ,:at are ! g5]al duties ( ! bo>d8 #aj4 ,h[ is ! sup]9t5d5t ( public in/ruction *os58 #aa4 ,:at is 8 sal>y8 #ab4 ,:at are 8 duties8 #ac4 ,:at is ! public free s*ool sy/em8 #ad4 ,:at is ! ext5t ( ! p[] ( ! sup]9t5d5t ( public in/ruction8 #ae4 ,h[ (t5 does ! sup]9t5d5t report to ! ,g5]al ,assembly1 & :at in=mation does 8 report conta98 #af4 ,:o appo9ts c\nty & city sup]9t5d5ts1 & :at is _! t]m ( (fice8 #ag4 ,"n "s ( ! duties ( ^! (fic]s4 #ah4 ,:o compose ! ,s*ool ,tru/ee ,electoral ,bo>d8 #ai4 ,:at are _! duties8 #bj4 ,:o compose ! ,c\nty ,s*ool ,bo>d8 #ba4 ,"n "s ( ! duties ( ?is bo>d4 #bb4 ,h[ are s*ool di/ricts laid out8 #bc4 ,h[ are s*ool tru/ees *os51 & :at is _! t]ra ( (fice8 #bd4 ,( :om is ! ,di/rict ,bo>d ( ,s*ool ,tru/ees compos$8 #be4 ,"n "s ( ! p[]s ( ?is bo>d4 #bf4 ,( :om is ! ,city ,bo>d ( ,tru/ees compos$8 #bg4 ,:at is ! c5sus ( *ildr58 #bh4 ,:at is a s*ola/ic ye>8 #bi4 ,tell :at ,/ate funds1 c\nty funds1 & di/rict funds are4 #cj4 ,:o receives & pays out all s*ool funds8 #ca4 ,:at does ! tax ( "o mill on ! doll> mean8 #cb4 ,f :at s\rces besides ! tax on prop]ty are s*ool funds obta9$8 #cc4 ,:at are ! qualifications ( tea*]s8 ,,outl9e ,,( ,,colonial ,,& ,,/ate ,,hi/ory4 #adig4 ,john ,cabot discov]$ ,labrador1 ! basis ( ! ,engli% title to ,virg9ia4 #aehe4 ,virg9ia 0 s nam$ by ,que5 ,elizabe? 9 honor ( h] unm>ri$ /ate4 #afjf4 ,*>t] grant$ to ! ,london ,company4 #afjg4 ,settlem5t at ,jame/[n4 ,john ,smi?1 ! ,fa!r ( ! ,colony1 rescu$ f dea? by ,pocahontas1 ! daught] ( ,p[hatan1 ! ,k+ ( ! ,pamunkey ,indians4 #afjh4 ,john ,smi? ,presid5t ( ! ,colony4 #afji4 ,! ,london ,company receives its second ,*>t]4 #afaj4 ,! ,/>v+ ,"t4 #afab4 ,culture ( tobacco comm5c$4 #afac4 ,pocahontas m>ries ,john ,rolfe4 #afag4 ,dea? ( ,pocahontas at ,graves5d1 ,engl&4 #afah4 ,! ,great ,*>t] ( ,virg9ia grant$ by ! ,london ,company4 #afai4 ,slaves l&$ f a ,dut* %ip4 ,fir/ ,colonial ,assembly meets at ,jame/[n1 ,july #cj4 #afba4 ,=mal grant ( free gov]nm5t by a writt5 *>t]4 ,a ,c\ncil ( ,/ate & a ,g5]al ,assembly e/abli%$--! model ( e subsequ5t prov9cial =m ( gov]nm5t4 #afbb4 ,massacre ( settl]s by ,indians "u ,ope*ancan\gh4 #afbd4 ,fall ( ! ,london ,company4 ,virg9ia becomes a royal prov9ce4 #afdd4 ,second ,indian ,massacre4 ,ope*ancan\gh captur$ & kill$4 #afeb-fj4 ,virg9ia "u ! ,commonweal?4 #affj4 ,call$ ! ,old ,dom9ion4 ,navigation ,acts put into op]ation by ,briti% ,gov]nm5t4 #afgc4 ,grant to ,lords ,culpep] & ,arl+ton ( imm5se e/ates by ,*>les ,,ii4 #afgf4 ,bacon's ,rebellion4 #afic4 ,william & ,m>y ,college *>t]$4 ,po/al ,sy/em adopt$4 #afih4 ,! seat ( gov]nm5t remov$ to ,williamsburg4 #afii4 ,! ,hugu5ots settle 9 ,virg9ia4 #agjj4 ,fir/ ,comm5cem5t ( ,william & ,m>y ,college4 #agcb4 ,scot*-,iri% & ,g]mans settle 9 ! ,%5&oah ,valley4 ,george ,wa%+ton born ,febru>y #bb4 #agcc4 ,f\nd+ ( ,ri*mond at ! ,falls ( ! ,james4 #agcf4 ,fir/ ,virg9ia ,newspap]--,! ,virg9ia ,gazette4 ,norfolk incorporat$4 #agcg4 ,ri*mond laid out by ,col4 ,william ,byrd4 #agdb4 ,ri*mond incorporat$4 #agdc4 ,?omas ,jeff]son born ,april #b4 #aged4 ,! ,fr5* & ,indian ,w> begun4 ,battle ( ,great ,mead[s4 ,fr5* defeat$ by ,coloni/s "u ,george ,wa%+ton4 #agee4 ,braddock defeat$ 9 8 attack on ,=t ,duquesne4 #ageh4 ,=t ,duquesne captur$ by ,engli% & ,virg9ia troops4 #agfc4 ,! ,p>sons' ,case4 ,patrick ,h5ry's ,fam\s ,spee*4 ,end ( ! ,fr5* & ,indian ,w>4 #agfd4 ,battle ( ,po9t ,pleasant 7n[ 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia74 #agfe4 ,resolutions ( ! ,h\se ( ,burgesses aga9/ taxation )\t repres5tation4 #agfe4 ,! ,briti% ,p>liam5t passes ! ,/amp ,act4 #agff4 ,/amp ,act repeal$ by ,p>liam5t4 #agfg4 ,p>liam5t imposes a tax on tea & o!r articles4 #agfi4 ,virg9ia resolves pass$ by ! ,h\se ( ,burgesses1 ,may #af4 #aggd4 ,! fir/ ,cont95tal ,congress met at ,philadelphia1 ,septemb] #i4 #agge4 ,conv5tion at ,ri*mond to organize a prov9cial =m ( gov]nm5t & a plan ( def5se = ! ,colony4 ,end ( royal gov]nm5t 9 ,virg9ia4 ,committee ( ,safety appo9t$4 #aggf4 ,con/itution & ,bill ( ,rights adopt$4 ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce writt5 by ,?omas ,jeff]son sign$ 9 ,philadelphia1 ,july #d4 #aggi4 ,! seat ( gov]nm5t remov$ to ,ri*mond4 ,conque/ ( ! ,nor?we/ ,t]ritory by ,col4 ,george ,rog]s ,cl>ke4 #aghj4 ,virg9ia troops defeat ! ,briti% at ,k+'s ,m\nta91 ,octob] #g4 #agha4 ,ri*mond captur$ by ,briti% "u ,b5$ict ,arnold1 9 ,janu>y4 ,cornwallis surr5d]$ at ,yorkt[n1 ,octob] #ai4 ,cession ( ! ,nor?we/ ,t]ritory to ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t4 #aghe4 ,act ( ,religi\s ,fre$om4 #aghg4 ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates adopt$ 9 conv5tion ( :i* ,george ,wa%+ton 0 ,presid5t4 #aghh4 ,ratifies ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #aghi4 ,wa%+ton inaugurat$ fir/ ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,april #cj4 #agii4 ,george ,wa%+ton di$ ,decemb] #ad4 #ahjg4 ,rob]t ,e4 ,lee born ,janu>y #ai4 #ahai4 ,univ]sity ( ,virg9ia e/abli%$4 #ahbf4 ,?omas ,jeff]son di$ ,july #a4 #ahcj4 ,con/itution ( ! ,/ate am5d$4 #aheb4 ,con/itution ( ! ,/ate aga9 am5d$4 #ahei4 ,john ,br[n's attack on ,h>p]'s ,f]ry4 #ahfa4 ,ord9ance ( ,secession pass$ by ! ,conv5tion4 ,ri*mond ! ,capital ( ! ,s\!rn ,conf$]acy4 ,conf$]ate ,congress assembl$ at ,ri*mond1 ,july #bj4 ,fir/ battle ( ,manassas1 ,july #ba4 #ahfa-fe4 ,virg9ia ! pr9cipal battle gr\nd ( ! ,w> betwe5 ! ,/ates4 #ahfb4 ,battle betwe5 ! ,virg9ia & ! ,monitor1 ,m>* #i4 #ahfc4 ,we/ ,virg9ia =m$ & admitt$ to ! ,union4 #ahfe4 ,provisional ,gov]nm5t e/abli%$ 9 ,virg9ia1 ,may #i4 #ahfi4 ,con/itution am5d$4 ,virg9ia readmitt$ to ! ,union4 #ahgj4 ,/ate enacts a lib]al sy/em ( public education4 ,rob]t ,e4 ,lee di$ ,octob] #ab4 #ahha4 ,c5t5nial ( ! surr5d] ( ,cornwallis at ,yorkt[n4 #aijb4 ,new ,con/itution 9 =ce ,july #aj4 ,,colonial ,,gov]nors4 #afjg4 ,capt4 ,edw>d ,m>ia ,w+field1 ,presid5t ( ! ,c\ncil "u fir/ ,*>t] ( ! ,london ,company4 ,capt4 ,john ,ratcliffe1 ,presid5t ( ! ,c\ncil4 #afjh4 ,capt4 ,john ,smi?1 ,presid5t ( ! ,c\ncil4 #afji4 ,sir ,george ,p]cy1 ,act+ ,presid5t ( ! ,c\ncil4 #afaj4 ,"l ,delaw>e1 fir/ ,gov]nor "u new ,*>t] ( #afji4 ,sir ,?omas ,gates1 ,lieut5ant-,gov]nor "u ,"l ,delaw>e4 #afaa4 ,sir ,?omas ,dale1 ,high ,m>%al "u ,"l ,delaw>e4 #afaf4 ,sir ,george ,ye>dley1 ,lieut5ant-,gov]nor "u ,"l ,delaw>e4 #afag4 ,samuel ,argall1 ,lieut5ant-,gov]nor "u ,"l ,delaw>e4 #afai4 ,sir ,george ,ye>dley1 fir/ ,gov]nor "u ! ,great ,*>t] ( ,virg9ia grant$ by ! ,london ,company4 #afba4 ,sir ,francis ,wyatt1 second ,gov]nor "u ! ,great ,*>t]4 ,put into effect ! new con/itution4 #afbf4 ,sir ,george ,ye>dley1 ?ird ,gov]nor "u ! ,great ,*>t]4 #afbg4 ,francis ,we/1 f\r? ,gov]nor "u ! ,great ,*>t]4 #afbi4 ,john ,potts1 fif? ,gov]nor "u ! ,great ,*>t]4 ,sir ,john ,h>vey1 fir/ ,royal ,gov]nor1 appo9t$ by ,k+ ,*>les ,i4 #afce4 ,john ,we/1 act+ ,gov]nor1 9 place ( ,h>vey depos$ by ! p4 #afcf4 ,sir ,john ,h>vey1 re9/at$ by ! ,k+4 #afci4 ,sir ,francis ,wyatt1 ,royal ,gov]nor4 #afdb4 ,sir ,william ,b]keley1 ,royal ,gov]nor4 ,depos$ by ! ,commonweal? 9 #afeb4 #afeb4 ,ri*>d ,b5nett1 fir/ ,gov]nor "u ! ,commonweal?4 #afee4 ,edw>d ,digges1 second ,gov]nor "u ! ,commonweal?4 #afef4 ,samuel ,mat!ws1 ?ird ,gov]nor "u ! ,commonweal?4 #affj4 ,sir ,william ,b]keley elect$ by ! ,h\se ( ,burgesses & reappo9t$ by ,*>les ,,ii4 aft] ! ,re/oration4 #affa4 ,col4 ,francis ,moryson1 ,act+ ,gov]nor4 #affc4 ,sir ,william ,b]keley reappo9t$ & cont9u$ to act z ,gov]nor until #afgg4 #afge4 ,"l ,culpep] appo9t$ ,royal ,gov]nor = life by ,*>les ,,ii41 b did n act z su* until #afhj4 #afgg4 ,sir ,h]b]t ,jeffreys1 ,lieut5ant-,gov]nor & ,act+ ,gov]nor 9 abs5ce ( ,"l ,culpep]4 #afgh4 ,sir ,h5ry ,*ickeley1 ,lieut5ant-,gov]nor & ,act+ ,gov]nor 9 abs5ce ( ,"l ,culpep]4 #afhd4 ,"l ,h[>d ( ,eff+ham appo9t$ ,gov]nor to succe$ ,"l ,culpep]1 depos$ 9 #afhc4 #afhh4 ,na?aniel ,bacon1 ,lieut5ant-,gov]nor & ,act+ ,gov]nor4 #afij4 ,francis ,ni*olson1 fir/ ,royal ,gov]nor appo9t$ aft] ! ,revolution ( #afhh4 #afib4 ,sir ,edmund ,&ros1 ,royal ,gov]nor4 ,f\nd$ ,william & ,m>y ,college4 #afih4 ,francis ,ni*olson1 ,royal ,gov]nor4 ,remov$ capital to ,williamsburg4 #agjd4 ,george ,hamilton ,d\glas1 ,e>l ( ,orkney1 ,royal ,gov]nor4 #agje4 ,edw>d ,scott1 ,lieut5ant-,gov]nor & ,act+ ,gov]nor4 #agjf4 ,edmund ,j5n+s1 ,lieut5ant-,gov]nor & ,act+ ,gov]nor4 #agaj4 ,rob]t ,hunt]1 ,lieut5ant-,gov]nor & ,act+ ,gov]nor4 ,alex&] ,spotswood1 ,lieut5ant-,gov]nor & ,act+ ,gov]nor4 #agbb4 ,hugh ,drysdale1 ,lieut5ant-,gov]nor & ,act+ ,gov]nor4 #agbf4 ,rob]t ,c>t]1 ,lieut5ant-,gov]nor & ,act+ ,gov]nor4 #agbg4 ,william ,goo*1 ,lieut5ant-,gov]nor & ,act+ ,gov]nor4 #agcg4 ,william ,a4 ,keppel1 ,e>l ( ,albem>le1 ,royal ,gov]nor4 #agdi4 ,john ,rob9son1 ,lieut5ant-,gov]nor & ,act+ ,gov]nor4 #agej4 ,?omas ,lee1 ,lieut5ant-,gov]nor4 ,di$ imm$iately aft] 8 appo9tm5t4 ,l\is ,burwell1 ,lieut5ant-,gov]nor & ,act+ ,gov]nor4 #ageb4 ,rob]t ,d9widdie1 ,lieut5ant-,gov]nor4 ,fir/ explor$ ! ,valley4 #agef4 ,john ,campbell1 ,e>l ( ,l\d\n1 ,royal ,gov]nor4 ,rob]t ,d9widdie1 ,lieut5aut-,gov]nor & ,act+ ,gov]nor4 #ageh4 ,john ,blair1 ,lieut5ant-,gov]nor & ,act+ ,gov]nor4 ,francis ,fauqm]1 ,lieut5ant-,gov]nor & ,act+ ,gov]nor4 #agfc4 ,jeffrey ,amh]/1 ,"l ,amh]/1 ,royal ,gov]nor4 #agfh4 ,john ,blair1 ,lieut5ant-,gov]nor & ,act+ ,gov]nor4 ,norborne ,b]keley1 ,"l ,botet\rt1 ,royal ,gov]nor4 #aggj4 ,william ,nelson1 ,lieut5ant-,gov]nor & ,act+ ,gov]nor4 #aggb4 ,"l ,dunmore1 ,royal ,gov]nor until ! ,revolution4 #agge4 ,edmund ,p5dleton1 ,presid5t ( ! ,committee ( ,safety4 ,,/ate ,,gov]nors4 #aggf-aggi4 ,patrick ,h5ry4 #aggi-agha4 ,?omas ,jeff]son4 #agha4 ,?omas ,nelson4 #agha-aghd4 ,b5jam9 ,h>rison4 #aghd-aghf4 ,patrick ,h5ry4 #aghf-aghh4 ,edmund ,r&olph4 #aghh-agia4 ,bev]ly ,r&olph4 #agia-agid4 ,h5ry ,lee4 #agid-agif4 ,rob]t ,brooks4 #agif-agii4 ,james ,wood4 #agii-ahjb4 ,james ,monroe4 #ahjb-ahje4 ,john ,page #ahje-ahjh4 ,william ,h4 ,cabell4 #ahjh-ahaa4 ,john ,tyl]4 #ahaa4 ,james ,monroe4 #ahaa-ahab4 ,george ,william ,smi?1 ,lieut5ant-,gov]nor4 #ahab-ahad4 ,james ,b>b\r4 #ahad-ahaf4 ,wilson ,c>y ,ni*ols4 #ahaf-ahai4 ,james ,p4 ,pre/on4 #ahai-ahbb4 ,?omas ,m4 ,r&olph4 #ahbb-ahbe4 ,james ,pleasants4 #ahbe-ahbg4 ,john ,tyl]4 #ahbg-ahcj4 ,william ,b4 ,giles4 #ahcj-ahcd4 ,john ,floyd4 #ahcd-ahcf4 ,littleton ,wall] ,tazewell4 #ahcf-ahcg4 ,wyndham ,rob]tson1 ,lieut5ant-,gov]nor4 #ahcg-ahdj4 ,david ,campbell4 #ahdj-ahda4 ,?omas ,walk] ,gilm]4 #ahda4 ,john ,m4 ,patton4 #ahda-ahdb4 ,john ,ru!r=d4 ,lieut5ant-,gov]nor4 #ahdb-ahdc4 ,john ,m4 ,gregory4 #ahdc-ahdf4 ,james ,mc,dowell4 #ahdf-ahdi4 ,william ,smi?4 #ahdi-aheb4 ,john ,b4 ,floyd4 #aheb-ahef4 ,joseph ,johnson4 #ahef-ahfj4 ,h5ry ,alex&] ,wise4 #ahfj-ahfd4 ,john ,let*]4 #ahfd-ahfe4 ,william ,smi?4 #ahfe-ahfh4 ,francis ,h4 ,pi]pont4 #ahfh-ahfi4 ,h5ry ,h4 ,wells4 #ahfi-ahgc4 ,gilb]t ,c4 ,walk]4 #ahgc-ahgg4 ,james ,l4 ,kempn]4 #ahgg-ahha4 ,fr$]ick ,w4 ,m4 ,holliday4 #ahha-ahhe4 ,william ,e4 ,gam]on4 #ahhe-ahhi4 ,fitzhugh ,lee4 #ahhi-ahic4 ,philip ,w4 ,mc,kinney4 #ahic-ahig4 ,*>les ,t4 ,o',f]rall4 #ahig4 ,j4 ,hoge ,tyl]4 #aija4 ,a4 ,j4 ,montague4 ,,con/itution ,,( ,,virg9ia4 ,:]eas1 pursuant to an act ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly ( ,virg9ia1 approv$ ,m>* ! fif?1 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l n9ete5 hundr$1 ! "q1 %all !re be a conv5tion to revise ! ,con/itution & am5d ! same8 0 submitt$ to ! electors ( ! ,/ate ( ,virg9ia1 qualifi$ to vote = memb]s ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly1 at an election held ?r\gh\t ! ,/ate on ! f\r? ,?ursday 9 ,may1 9 ! ye> n9ete5 hundr$1 at--:i* election a majority ( ! electors s qualifi$ vot+ at said election did decide 9 favor ( a conv5tion = su* purpose2 &1 ,:]eas1 ! ,g5]al ,assembly at its next session did provide by law = ! election ( delegates to su* conv5tion1 9 pursuance :]e( ! memb]s ( ?is ,conv5tion 7 elect$ by ! good p ( ,virg9ia1 to meet 9 conv5tion = su* purpose4 ,we1 !re=e1 ! p ( ,virg9ia1 s assembl$ 9 ,conv5tion ?r\gh our repres5tatives1 ) gratitude to ,god = ,8 pa/ favors1 & invok+ ,8 bless+s ^u ! result ( our delib]ations1 d orda9 & e/abli% ! foll[+ revis$ & am5d$ ,con/itution = ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,commonweal?3 ,,article ,i4 ,,bill ,,( ,,rights4 ,a ,,decl>ation ,,( ,,rights1 made by ! repres5tatives ( ! good p ( ,virg9ia assembl$ 9 full & free ,conv5tion2 :i* rights d p]ta9 to !m & _! po/]ity1 z ! ,basis mid ,f\ndation ( ,gov]nm5t4 ,,section #a4 ,t all m5 are by nature equally free & indep5d5t1 & h c]ta9 inh]5t rights1 ( :i*1 :5 !y ent] into a /ate ( society1 !y _c1 by any compact1 deprive or dive/ _! po/]ity1 namely1 ! enjoym5t ( life & lib]ty1 ) ! means ( acquir+ & possess+ prop]ty1 & pursu+ & obta9+ happ9ess & safety4 ,,sec4 #b4 ,t all p[] is ve/$ 91 & consequ5tly d]iv$ f1 ! p2 t magi/rates are _! tru/ees & s]vants1 & at all times am5able to !m4 ,,sec4 #c4 ,t gov]nm5t is1 or ought to be1 in/itut$ = ! common b5efit1 protection & security ( ! p1 nation or community2 ( all ! v>i\s modes & =ms ( gov]nm5t1 t is be/1 :i* is capable ( produc+ ! greate/ degree ( happ9ess & safety1 & is mo/ effectually secur$ aga9/ ! dang] ( maladm9i/ration2 &1 :5ev] any gov]nm5t %all be f\nd inadequate or contr>y to ^! purposes1 a majority ( ! community ha? an indubitable1 inali5able1 & indefeasible "r to re=m1 alt] or abol% x1 9 su* mann] z %all be judg$ mo/ conducive to ! public weal4 ,,sec4 #d4 ,t no man1 or set ( m51 is entitl$ to exclusive or sep>ate emolum5ts or privileges f ! community1 b 9 consid]ation ( public s]vices1 :i* n be+ desc5dible1 nei!r ought ! (fices ( magi/rate1 legislator or judge to be h]$it>y4 ,,sec #e ,t ! legislative executive1 & judicial dep>tm5ts ( ! ,/ate %\ld be sep>ate & di/9ct1 & t ! memb]s !re( may be re/ra9$ f oppression1 by feel+ & p>ticipat+ ! bur!ns ( ! p1 !y %\ld1 at fix$ p]iods1 be r$uc$ to a private /ation1 return into t body f :i* !y 7 orig9ally tak51 & ! vacancies be suppli$ by regul> elections1 9 :i* all or any "p ( ! =m] memb]s %all be aga9 eligible1 or ineligible1 z ! laws may direct ,,sec #f ,t all elections %\ld be free1 & t all m51 hav+ suffici5t evid5ce ( p]man5t common int]e/ )1 & atta*m5t to1 ! community1 h ! "r ( suffrage1 & c n be tax$1 or depriv$ (1 or damag$ 91 _! prop]ty = public uses )\t _! own cons5t1 or t ( _! repres5tatives duly elect$1 or b\nd by any law to :i* !y h n1 9 l mann]1 ass5t$ = ! public good ,,sec #g ,t all p[] ( susp5d+ laws1 or ! execution ( laws1 by any au?ority1 )\t cons5t ( ! repres5tatives ( ! p1 is injuri\s to _! rights1 & ought n to be ex]cis$ ,,sec #h ,t no man %all be depriv$ ( 8 life1 or lib]ty1 except by ! law ( ! l&1 or ! judgm5t ( 8 pe]s1 nor %all any man be compell$ 9 any crim9al proce$+ to give evid5ce aga9/ himself1 nor be put twice 9 jeop>dy = ! same (f5ce1 b an appeal may be all[$ to ! ,commonweal? 9 all prosecutions = ! violation ( a law relat+ to ! /ate rev5ue ,t 9 all crim9al prosecutions a man ha? a "r to dem& ! cause & nature ( 8 accusation1 to be confront$ ) ! accus]s & witnesses1 to call = evid5ce 9 8 favor1 & to a spe$y trial by an imp>tial jury ( 8 vic9age1 )\t ^: unanim\s cons5t he _c be f\nd guilty1 provid$1 h[ev]1 t 9 any crim9al case1 ^u a plea ( guilty1 t5d]$ 9 p]son by ! accus$1 & ) ! cons5t ( ! attorney = ! ,commonweal?1 ent]$ ( record1 ! c\rt %all1 & 9 a prosecution = an (f5ce n puni%able by dea?1 or conf9em5t 9 ! p5it5ti>y1 ^u a plea ( n guilty1 ) ! cons5t ( ! accus$1 giv5 9 p]son & ( ! attorney = ! ,commonweal?1 bo? ent]$ ( record1 ! c\rt1 9 its discretion1 may he> & det]m9e ! case1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( a jury1 &1 t ! ,g5]al ,assembly may provide = ! trial ( (f5ces n puni%able by dea?1 or conf9em5t 9 ! p5it5ti>y1 by a ju/ice ( ! peace1 )\t a jury1 pres]v+ 9 all su* cases1 ! "r ( ! accus$ to an appeal to & trial by jury 9 ! circuit or corporation c\rt1 & may also provide = juries consi/+ ( less ?an twelve1 b n less ?an five1 = ! trial ( (f5ces n puni%able by dea?1 or conf9em5t 9 ! p5it5ti>y1 & may classify su* cases1 & prescribe ! numb] ( jurors = ea* class ,,sec #i ,t excessive bail ought n to be requir$1 nor excessive f9es impos$1 nor cruel & unusual puni%m5ts inflict$ ,,sec #aj ,t g5]al w>rants1 :]eby an (fic] or mess5g] may be comm&$ to se>* suspect$ places )\t evid5ce ( a fact committ$1 or to seize any p]son or p]sons n nam$ or ^: (f5ce is n p>ticul>ly describ$ & support$ by evid5ce1 are griev\s & oppressive1 & ought n to be grant$ ,,sec #aa ,t no p]son %all be depriv$ ( 8 prop]ty )\t due process ( law1 & 9 controv]sies respect+ prop]ty1 & 9 suits betwe5 man & man1 trial by jury is pref]able to any o!r & ought to be held sacr$1 b ! ,g5]al ,assembly may limit ! numb] ( jurors = civil cases 9 circuit & corporation c\rts to n less ?an five 9 cases n[ cognizable by ju/ices ( ! peace1 or to n less ?an sev5 9 cases n s cognizable ,,sec #ab ,t ! fre$om ( ! press is "o ( ! great bulw>ks ( lib]ty1 & c nev] be re/ra9$ b by despotic gov]nm5ts1 & any citiz5 may freely speak1 write & publi% 8 s5tim5ts on all subjects1 be+ responsible = ! abuse ( t "r ,,sec #ac ,t a well regulat$ milita1 compos$ ( ! body ( ! p1 tra9$ to arms1 is ! prop]1 natural & safe def5ce ( a free /ate1 t /&+ armies1 9 "t ( peace1 %\ld be avoid$ z dang]\s to lib]ty1 & t 9 all cases ! milit>y %\ld be "u /rict subord9ation to1 & gov]n$ by1 ! civil p[] ,,sec #ad ,t ! p h a "r to uni=m gov]nm5t1 &1 !re=e1 t no gov]nm5t sep>ate f1 or indep5d5t (1 ! gov]nm5t ( ,virg9ia1 ought to be erect$ or e/abli%$ )9 ! limits !r( ,,sec #ae ,t no free gov]nm5t1 or ! bless+ ( lib]ty1 c be pres]v$ to any p1 b by a firm adh]5ce to ju/ice1 mod]ation1 temp]ance1 frugality & virtue1 & by frequ5t recurr5ce to fundam5tal pr9ciples ,,sec #af ,t religion1 or ! duty :i* we owe to our ,creator1 & ! mann] ( dis*>g+ x1 c be direct$ only by reason & conviction1 n by =ce or viol5ce1 &1 !re=e1 all m5 are equally entitl$ to ! free ex]cise ( religion1 accord+ to ! dictates ( consci5ce1 & t x is ! mutual duty ( all to practice ,*ri/ian =be>ance1 love & *>ity t[>ds ea* o!r ,,sec #ag ,! rights enum]at$ 9 ?is ,bill ( ,rights %all n be con/ru$ to limit o!r rights ( ! p n !re9 express$4 ,,article ,,ii ,,elective ,,fran*ise ,,& ,,qualifications ,,= ,,(fice ,,sec #ah ,e male citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 tw5ty "o ye>s ( age1 :o has be5 a resid5t ( ! ,/ate two ye>s1 ( ! c\nty1 city1 or t[n "o ye>1 & ( ! prec9ct 9 :i* he (f]s to vote1 ?irty days1 next prec$+ ! election 9 :i* he (f]s to vote1 has be5 regi/]$1 & has paid 8 /ate poll taxes1 z h]e9aft] requir$1 %all be entitl$ to vote = memb]s ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly & all (fic]s elective by ! p2 b removal f "o prec9ct to ano!r1 9 ! same c\nty1 city or t[n %all n deprive any p]son ( 8 "r to vote 9 ! prec9ct f :i* he has mov$1 until ! expiration ( ?irty days aft] su* removal4 ,,sec4 #ai4 ,!re %all be g5]al regi/rations 9 ! c\nties1 cities & t[ns ( ! ,/ate dur+ ! ye>s n9ete5 hundr$ & two & n9ete5 hundr$ & ?ree at su* times & 9 su* mann] z may be prescrib$ by an ord9ance ( ?is ,conv5tion4 ,at su* regi/rations e male citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates hav+ ! qualifications ( age & resid5ce requir$ 9 section ,eighte5 %all be entitl$ to regi/]1 if he be3 ,fir/4 ,a p]son :o1 prior to ! adoption ( ?is ,con/itution1 s]v$ 9 "t ( w> 9 ! army or navy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ( ! ,conf$]ate ,/ates1 or ( any /ate ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ( ! ,conf$]ate ,/ates2 or1 ,second4 ,a son ( any su* p]son2 or1 ,?ird4 ,a p]son1 :o owns prop]ty1 ^u :i*1 = ! ye> next prec$+ t 9 :i* he (f]s to regi/]1 /ate taxes aggregat+ at lea/ "o doll> h be5 paid2 or1 ,f\r?4 ,a p]son able to read any section ( ?is ,con/itution submitt$ to him by ! (fic]s ( regi/ration & to give a reasonable explanation ( ! same2 or1 if unable to read su* section1 able to und]/& & give a reasonable explanation !re( :5 read to him by ! (fic]s4 ,a roll conta9+ ! names ( all p]sons ?us regi/]$1 sworn to & c]tifi$ by ! (fic]s ( regi/ration1 %all be fil$1 = record & pres]vation1 9 ! cl]k's (fice ( ! circuit c\rt ( ! c\nty1 or ! cl]k's (fice ( ! corporation c\rt ( ! city1 z ! case may be4 ,p]sons ?us enroll$ %all n be requir$ to regi/] aga91 unless !y %all h ceas$ to be resid5ts ( ! ,/ate1 or become disqualifi$ by section ,tw5ty-?ree4 ,any p]son d5i$ regi/ration "u ?is section %all h ! "r ( appeal to ! circuit c\rt ( 8 c\nty1 or ! corporation c\rt ( 8 city1 or to ! judge !re( 9 vacation4 ,,sec4 #bj4 ,aft] ! fir/ day ( ,janu>y1 n9ete5 hundr$ & f\r1 e male citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 hav+ ! qualifications ( age & resid5ce requir$ 9 section ,eighte51 %all be entitl$ to regi/]1 provid$3 ,fir/4 ,t he has p]sonally paid to ! prop] (fic] all /ate poll taxes assess$ or assessable aga9/ him1 "u ?is or ! =m] ,con/itution1 = ! ?ree ye>s next prec$+ t 9 :i* he (f]s to regi/]2 or1 if he come ( age at su* "t t no poll tax %all h be5 assessable aga9/ him = ! ye> prec$+ ! ye> 9 :i* he (f]s to regi/]1 has paid "o doll> & fifty c5ts1 9 satisfaction ( ! fir/ ye>'s poll tax assessable aga9/ him2 &1 ,second4 ,t1 unless physically unable1 he make application to regi/] 9 8 own h&writ+1 )\t aid1 sugge/ion1 or memor&um1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! regi/ration (fic]s1 /at+ !re9 8 "n1 age1 date & place ( bir?1 resid5ce & occupation at ! "t & = ! two ye>s next prec$+1 & :e!r he has previ\sly vot$1 &1 if s1 ! /ate1 c\nty1 & prec9ct 9 :i* he vot$ la/2 &1 ,?ird4 ,t he answ] on oa? any & all que/ions affect+ 8 qualifications z an elector1 submitt$ to him by ! (fic]s ( regi/ration1 :i* que/ions1 & 8 answ]s !reto1 %all be r$uc$ to writ+1 c]tifi$ by ! said (fic]s1 & pres]v$ z a "p ( _! (ficial records4 ,,sec4 #ba4 ,any p]son regi/]$ "u ei!r ( ! la/ two sections1 %all h ! "r to vote = memb]s ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly & all (fic]s elective by ! p1 subject to ! foll[+ conditions3 ,t he1 unless exempt$ by section ,tw5ty-two1 %all1 z a pr]equisite to ! "r to vote aft] ! fir/ day ( ,janu>y1 n9ete5 hundr$ & f\r1 p]sonally pay1 at lea/ six mon?s prior to ! election1 all /ate poll taxes assess$ or assessable aga9/ him1 "u ?is ,con/itution1 dur+ ! ?ree ye>s next prec$+ t 9 :i* he (f]s to vote2 provid$ t1 if he regi/] aft] ! fir/ day ( ,janu>y1 n9ete5 hundr$ & f\r1 he %all1 unless physically unable1 prep>e & deposit 8 ballot )\t aid1 on su* pr9t$ =m z ! law may prescribe2 b any vot] regi/]$ prior to t date may be aid$ 9 ! prep>ation ( 8 ballot by su* (fic] ( election z he himself may designate4 ,,sec4 #bb4 ,no p]son :o1 dur+ ! late w> betwe5 ! ,/ates1 s]v$ 9 ! army or navy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or ! ,conf$]ate ,/ates1 or any /ate ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or ( ! ,conf$]ate ,/ates1 %all at any "t be requir$ to pay a poll tax z a pr]equisite to ! "r to regi/] or vote4 ,! collection ( ! /ate poll tax assess$ aga9/ any "o %all n be en=c$ by legal process until ! same has become ?ree ye>s pa/ due4 ,,sec4 #bc4 ,! foll[+ p]sons %all be exclud$ f regi/]+ & vot+3 ,idiots1 insane p]sons1 & paup]s2 p]sons :o1 prior to ! adoption ( ?is ,con/itution1 7 disqualifi$ f vot+1 by conviction ( crime1 ei!r )9 or )\t ?is ,/ate1 & ^: disabilities %all n h be5 remov$2 p]sons convict$ aft] ! adoption ( ?is ,con/itution1 ei!r )9 or )\t ?is ,/ate1 ( treason1 or ( any felony1 brib]y1 petit l>c5y1 obta9+ money or prop]ty "u false pret5ces1 embezzlem5t1 =g]y1 or p]jury2 p]sons :o1 :ile citiz5s ( ?is ,/ate1 aft] ! adoption ( ?is ,con/itution1 h f\ght a duel ) a deadly weapon1 or s5t or accept$ a *all5ge to fight su* duel1 ei!r )9 or )\t ?is ,/ate1 or kn[+ly convey$ a *all5ge1 or aid$ or assi/$ 9 any way 9 ! fight+ ( su* duel4 ,,sec4 #bd4 ,no (fic]1 soldi]1 seaman1 or m>9e ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates army or navy %all be deem$ to h ga9$ a resid5ce z to ! "r ( suffrage1 9 ! ,/ate1 or 9 any c\nty1 city or t[n !re(1 by reason ( be+ /ation$ !re92 nor %all an inmate ( any *>itable in/itution or a /ud5t 9 any in/itution ( le>n+1 be reg>d$ z hav+ ei!r ga9$ or lo/ a resid5ce1 z to ! "r ( suffrage1 by reason ( 8 location or soj\rn 9 su* in/itution4 ,,sec4 #be4 ,! ,g5]al ,assembly %all provide = ! annual regi/ration ( vot]s "u section ,tw5ty1 = an appeal by any p]son d5i$ regi/ration1 = ! correction ( illegal or fraudul5t regi/ration1 !reund]1 & also = ! prop] transf] ( all vot]s regi/]$ "u ?is ,con/itution4 ,,sec4 #bf4 ,any p]son :o1 9 respect to age or resid5ce1 w\ld be qualifi$ to vote at ! next election1 %all be admitt$ to regi/ration1 not)/&+ t at ! "t !re( he is n s qualifi$1 & %all be entitl$ to vote at said election if !n qualifi$ "u ! provisions ( ?is ,con/itution4 ,,sec4 #bg4 ,all elections by ! p %all be by ballot2 all elections by any repres5tative body %all be viva voce1 & ! vote record$ 9 ! j\rnal !re(4 ,! ballot-box %all be kept 9 public view dur+ all elections1 & %all n be op5$1 nor ! ballots canvass$ or c\nt$1 9 secret4 ,s f> z consi/5t ) ! provisions ( ?is ,con/itution1 ! absolute secrecy ( ! ballot %all be ma9ta9$4 ,,sec4 #bh4 ,! ,g5]al ,assembly %all provide = ballots )\t any di/+ui%+ m>k or symbol1 = use 9 all /ate1 c\nty1 city1 & o!r elections by ! p1 & ! =m !re( %all be ! same 9 all places :]e any su* election is held4 ,all ballots %all conta9 ! names ( ! c&idates1 & ( ! (fices to be fill$1 91 cle> pr9t & 9 due & ord]ly succession2 b any vot] may erase any "n & ins]t ano!r4 ,,sec4 #bi4 ,no vot]1 dur+ ! "t ( hold+ any election at :i* he is entitl$ to vote1 %all be compell$ to p]=m milit>y s]vice1 except 9 "t ( w> or public dang]2 to att5d any c\rt z suitor1 juror1 or witness2 & no vot] %all be subject to arre/ "u any civil process dur+ 8 att5dance at election or 9 go+ to or return+ !refrom4 ,,sec4 #cj4 ,! ,g5]al ,assembly may prescribe a prop]ty qualification n exce$+ two hundr$ & fifty doll>s = vot]s 9 any c\nty or subdivision !re(1 or city or t[n1 z a pr]equisite = vot+ 9 any election = (fic]s1 o!r ?an ! memb]s ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly1 to be :olly elect$ by ! vot]s ( su* c\nty or subdivision !re(1 or city1 or t[n2 su* action1 if tak51 to be _h ^u ! initiative ( a repres5tative 9 ! ,g5]al ,assembly ( ! c\nty1 city1 or t[n affect$3 provid$1 t ! ,g5]al ,assembly 9 its discretion may make su* exemptions f ! op]ation ( said prop]ty qualification z %all n be 9 conflict ) ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,sec4 #ca4 ,!re %all be 9 ea* c\nty & city an electoral bo>d1 compos$ ( ?ree memb]s1 appo9t$ by ! circuit c\rt ( ! c\nty-c\rt--! corporation c\rt ( ! city1 or ! judge ( ! c\rt 9 vacation4 ,( ^? fir/ appo9t$1 "o %all be appo9t$ = a t]m ( "o ye>1 "o = a t]m ( two ye>s1 & "o = a t]m ( ?ree ye>s2 & !reaft] _! successors %all be appo9t$ = ! full t]m ( ?ree ye>s4 ,any vacancy occurr+ 9 any bo>d %all be fill$ by ! same au?ority = ! unexpir$ t]m4 ,ea* electoral bo>d %all appo9t ! judges1 cl]ks1 & regi/r>s ( election = its c\nty or city2 &1 9 appo9t+ judges ( election1 repres5tation z f> z possible %all be giv5 to ea* ( ! two political p>ties :i*1 at ! g5]al election next prec$+ _! appo9tm5t1 ca/ ! highe/ & next highe/ numb] ( votes4 ,no p]son1 nor ! deputy ( any p]son1 hold+ any (fice or po/ ( pr(it or emolum5t1 "u ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t1 or :o is 9 ! employm5t ( su* gov]nm5t1 or hold+ any elective (fice ( pr(it or tru/ 9 ! ,/ate1 or 9 any c\nty1 city1 or t[n !re(1 %all be appo9t$ a memb] ( ! electoral bo>d1 or regi/r>1 or judge ( election4 ,,sec4 #cb4 ,e p]son qualifi$ to vote %all be eligible to any (fice ( ! ,/ate or ( any c\nty1 city1 t[n1 or o!r subdivision ( ! ,/ate1 :]e9 he resides1 except z o!rwise provid$ 9 ?is ,con/itution1 & except t ?is provision z to resid5ce %all n apply to any (fice elective by ! p :]e ! law provides o!rwise4 ,m5 & wom5 eighte5 ye>s ( age %all be eligible to ! (fice ( not>y public1 & qualifi$ to execute ! bonds requir$ ( !m 9 t capacity4 ,,sec4 #cc4 ,! t]ms ( all (fic]s elect$ "u ?is ,con/itution %all beg9 on ! fir/ day ( ,febru>y next succe$+ _! election1 unless o!rwise provid$ 9 ?is ,con/itution4 ,all (fic]s1 elect$ or appo9t$1 %all cont9ue to dis*>ge ! duties ( _! (fices aft] _! t]ms ( s]vice h expir$ until _! successors h qualifi$4 ,,sec4 #cd4 ,memb]s ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly & all (fic]s1 executive & judicial1 elect$ or appo9t$ aft] ?is ,con/itution goes into effect1 %all1 be=e !y ent] on ! p]=mance ( _! public duties1 sev]ally take & subscribe ! foll[+ oa? or affirmation3 ,i d solemnly swe> 7or affirm7 t ,i w support ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! ,con/itution ( ! ,/ate ( ,virg9ia orda9$ by ! ,conv5tion :i* assembl$ 9 ! city ( ,ri*mond on ! twelf? day ( ,june1 n9ete5 hundr$ & "o1 & t ,i w fai?fully & imp>tially dis*>ge & p]=m all ! duties incumb5t on me z1 accord+ to ! be/ ( my ability2 s help me ,god4 ,,sec4 #ce4 ,no p]son %all vote at any legaliz$ prim>y election = ! nom9ation ( any c&idate = (fice unless he is at ! "t regi/]$ & qualifi$ to vote at ! next succe$+ election4 ,,sec4 #cf4 ,! ,g5]al ,assembly %all enact su* laws z are necess>y & prop] = ! purpose ( secur+ ! regul>ity & purity ( g5]al1 local & prim>y elections1 & prev5t+ & puni%+ any corrupt practices 9 connection !re)2 & %all h p[]1 9 addition to o!r p5alties & puni%m5ts n[ or h]eaft] prescrib$ by law = su* (f5ces1 to provide t p]sons convict$ ( !m %all !reaft] be disqualifi$ f vot+ or hold+ (fice4 ,,sec4 #cg4 ,! ,g5]al ,assembly may provide = ! use1 ?r\gh\t ! ,/ate or 9 any "o or m c\nties1 cities1 or t[ns 9 any election1 ( ma*9es = receiv+1 record+1 & c\nt+ ! votes ca/ !reat3 provid$1 t ! secrecy ( ! vot+ be n !reby impair$4 ,,sec4 #ch4 ,aft] ! fir/ day ( ,janu>y1 n9ete5 hundr$ & f\r1 ! treasur] ( ea* c\nty & city %all1 at lea/ five mon?s be=e ea* regul> election1 file ) ! cl]k ( ! circuit c\rt ( 8 c\nty1 or ( ! corporation c\rt ( 8 city1 a li/ ( all p]sons 9 8 c\nty or city1 :o h paid n lat] ?an six mon?s prior to su* election1 ! /ate poll taxes requir$ by ?is ,con/itution dur+ ! ?ree ye>s next prec$+ t 9 :i* su* election is held2 :i* li/ %all be arrang$ alphabetically1 by magi/]ial di/ricts or w>ds1 %all /ate ! :ite & color$ p]sons sep>ately1 & %all be v]ifi$ by ! oa? ( ! treasur]4 ,! cl]k1 )9 t5 days f ! receipt ( ! li/1 %all make & c]tify a suffici5t numb] ( copies !re(1 & %all deliv] "o copy = ea* vot+ place 9 8 c\nty or city1 to ! %]iff ( ! c\nty or s]geant ( ! city1 ^: duty x %all be to po/ "o copy1 )\t delay1 at ea* ( ! vot+ places1 &1 )9 t5 days f ! receipt !re(1 to make return on oa? to ! cl]k1 z to ! places :]e & dates at :i* said copies 7 respectively po/$2 :i* return ! cl]k %all record 9 a book kept 9 8 (fice = ! purpose2 & he %all keep 9 8 (fice = public inspection1 = at lea/ sixty days aft] receiv+ ! li/1 n less ?an t5 c]tifi$ copies !re(1 & also cause ! li/ to be publi%$ 9 su* o!r mann] z may be prescrib$ by law2 ! orig9al li/ return$ by ! treasur] %all be fil$ & pres]v$ by ! cl]k among ! public records ( 8 (fice = at lea/ five ye>s aft] receiv+ ! same4 ,)9 ?irty days aft] ! li/ has be5 s po/$1 any p]son :o %all h paid 8 capitation tax1 b ^: "n is omitt$ f ! c]tifi$ li/1 may1 aft] five days' writt5 notice to ! treasur]1 apply to ! circuit c\rt ( 8 c\nty1 or corporation c\rt ( 8 city1 or to ! judge !re( 9 vacation1 to h ! same correct$ & 8 "n ent]$ !reon1 :i* application ! c\rt or judge %all promptly he> & decide4 ,! cl]k %all deliv]1 or cause to be deliv]$1 ) ! poll- books1 at a reasonable "t be=e e election1 to "o ( ! judges ( election ( ea* prec9ct ( 8 c\nty or city1 a l c]tifi$ copy ( ! li/1 :i* %all be conclusive evid5ce ( ! facts !re9 /at$ = ! purpose ( vot+4 ,! cl]k %all also1--)9 sixty days aft] ! fil+ ( ! li/ by ! treasur]1 =w>d a c]tifi$ copy !re(1 ) su* corrections z may h be5 made by ord] ( ! c\rt or judge1 to ! ,auditor ( ,public ,acc\nts1 :o %all *>ge ! am\nt ( ! poll taxes /at$ !re9 to su* treasur] unless previ\sly acc\nt$ =4 ,fur!r evid5ce ( ! prepaym5t ( ! capitation taxes requir$ by ?is ,con/itution1 z a pr]equisite to ! "r to regi/] & vote1 may be prescrib$ by law4 ,,article ,,iii4 ,,division ,,( ,,p[]s4 ,,sec4 #ci4 ,except z h]e9aft] provid$1 ! legislative1 executive1 & judici>y dep>tm5ts %all be sep>ate & di/9ct1 s t nei!r ex]cise ! p[]s prop]ly belong+ to ei!r ( ! o!rs1 nor any p]son ex]cise ! p[] ( m ?an "o ( !m at ! same "t4 ,,article ,,iv4 ,,legislative ,,dep>tm5t4 ,,sec4 #dj4 ,! legislative p[] ( ! ,/ate %all be ve/$ 9 a ,g5]al ,assembly1 :i* %all consi/ ( a ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,delegates4 ,,sec4 #da4 ,! ,s5ate %all consi/ ( n m ?an =ty & n less ?an ?irty-?ree memb]s1 :o %all be elect$ quadr5nially by ! vot]s ( ! sev]al s5atorial di/ricts1 on ! ,tuesday succe$+ ! fir/ ,monday 9 ,novemb]4 ,,sec4 #db4 ,! ,h\se ( ,delegates %all consi/ ( n m ?an "o hundr$ & n less ?an n9ety memb]s1 :o %all be elect$ bi5nially by ! vot]s ( ! sev]al h\se di/ricts1 on ! ,tuesday succe$+ ! fir/ ,monday 9 ,novemb]4 ,,sec4 #dc4 ,! apportionm5t ( ! ,/ate into s5atorial & h\se di/ricts1 made by ! acts ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly1 approv$ ,april ! second1 n9ete5 hundr$ & two1 is h]eby adopt$2 b a re-apportionm5t may be made 9 ! ye> n9ete5 hundr$ & six1 & %all be made 9 ! ye> n9ete5 hundr$ & twelve1 & e t5? ye> !reaft]4 ,,sec4 #dd4 ,any p]son may be elect$ s5ator :o1 at ! "t ( election1 is actually a resid5t ( ! s5atorial di/rict & qualifi$ to vote = memb]s ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly2 & any p]son may be elect$ a memb] ( ! ,h\se ( ,delegates :o1 at ! "t ( election1 is actually a resid5t ( ! h\se di/rict & qualifi$ to vote = memb]s ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly4 ,b no p]son hold+ a sal>i$ (fice "u ! /ate gov]nm5t1 & no judge ( any c\rt1 attorney = ! ,commonweal?1 %]iff1 s]geant1 treasur]1 assessor ( taxes1 commission] ( ! rev5ue1 collector ( taxes1 or cl]k ( any c\rt1 %all be a memb] ( ei!r h\se ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly dur+ 8 cont9uance 9 (fice1 & ! election ( any su* p]son to ei!r h\se ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly1 & 8 qualification z a memb] !re(1 %all vacate any su* (fice held by him2 & no p]son hold+ any (fice or po/ ( pr(it or emolum5t "u ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t or :o is 9 ! employm5t ( su* gov]nm5t1 %all be eligible to ei!r h\se4 ,! removal ( a s5ator or delegate f ! di/rict = :i* he is elect$1 %all vacate 8 (fice4 ,,sec4 #de4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly %all receive = _! s]vices a sal>y to be fix$ by law & paid f ! public treasury2 b no act increas+ su* sal>y %all take effect until aft] ! end ( ! t]m = :i* ! memb]s vot+ !reon 7 elect$2 & no memb] dur+ ! t]m = :i* he %all h be5 elect$1 %all be appo9t$ or elect$ to any civil (fice ( pr(it 9 ! ,/ate except (fices fill$ by election by ! p4 ,,sec4 #df4 ,! ,g5]al ,assembly %all meet once 9 two ye>s on ! second ,w$nesday 9 ,janu>y next succe$+ ! election ( ! memb]s ( ! ,h\se ( ,delegates & n (t5] unless conv5$ 9 ! mann] prescrib$ by ?is ,con/itution4 ,no session ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly1 aft] ! fir/ "u ?is ,con/itution1 %all cont9ue long] ?an sixty days2 b ) ! concurr5ce ( ?ree-fif?s ( ! memb]s elect$ to ea* h\se1 ! session may be ext5d$ = a p]iod n exce$+ ?irty days4 ,except = ! fir/ session held "u ?is ,con/itution1 memb]s %all be all[$ a sal>y = n exce$+ sixty days at any regul> session1 & = n exce$+ ?irty days at any extra session4 ,nei!r h\se %all1 )\t ! cons5t ( ! o!r1 adj\rn to ano!r place nor = m ?an ?ree days4 ,a majority ( ! memb]s elect$ to ea* h\se %all con/itute a quorum to d bus9ess1 b a small] numb] may adj\rn f day to day1 & %all h p[] to compel ! att5dance ( memb]s 9 su* mann] & "u su* p5alty z ea* h\se may prescribe4 ,,sec4 #dg4 ,! ,h\se ( ,delegates %all *oose its own speak]2 &1 9 ! abs5ce ( ! ,lieut5ant-,gov]nor1 or :5 he %all ex]cise ! (fice ( ,gov]nor1 ! ,s5ate %all *oose f _! own body a presid5t pro tempore4 ,ea* h\se %all select its (fic]s1 settle its rules ( proc$ure1 & direct writs ( election = supply+ vacancies :i* may occur dur+ ! session ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly2 b1 if vacancies occur dur+ ! recess1 su* writs may be issu$ by ! ,gov]nor1 "u su* regulations z may be prescrib$ by law4 ,ea* h\se %all judge ( ! election1 qualification1 & returns ( its memb]s2 may puni% !m = disord]ly behavior1 &1 ) ! concurr5ce ( two-?irds1 expel a memb]4 ,,sec4 #dh4 ,memb]s ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly %all1 9 all cases1 except treason1 felony1 or brea* ( ! peace1 be privileg$ f arre/ dur+ ! sessions ( _! respective h\ses2 & = any spee* or debate 9 ei!r h\se %all n be que/ion$ 9 any o!r place4 ,!y %all n be subject to arre/1 "u any civil process1 dur+ ! sessions ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly1 or ! fifte5 days next be=e ! beg9n+ or aft] ! end+ ( any session4 ,,sec4 #di4 ,ea* h\se %all keep a j\rnal ( its proce$+s1 :i* %all be publi%$ f "t to "t1 & ! yeas & nays ( ! memb]s ( ei!r h\se on any "q %all1 at ! desire ( "o-fif? ( ^? pres5t1 be ent]$ on ! j\rnal4 ,,sec4 #ej4 ,no law %all be enact$ except by bill4 ,a bill may orig9ate 9 ei!r h\se1 to be approv$ or reject$ by ! o!r1 or may be am5d$ by ei!r1 ) ! concurr5ce ( ! o!r4 ,no bill %all become a law unless1 prior to its passage1 x has be51 7a7 ,ref]r$ to a committee ( ea* h\se1 consid]$ by su* committee 9 session1 & report$2 7b7 ,pr9t$ by ! h\se1 9 :i* x orig9at$1 prior to its passage !re92 7c7 ,read at l5g? on ?ree diff]5t cal5d> days 9 ea* h\se2 & unless1 7d7 ,a yea & nay vote has be5 tak5 9 ea* h\se ^u its f9al passage1 ! names ( ! memb]s vot+ = & aga9/ ent]$ on ! j\rnal1 & a majority ( ^? vot+1 :i* %all include at lea/ two-fif?s ( ! memb]s elect$ to ea* h\se1 record$ 9 ! affirmative4 ,& only 9 ! mann] requir$ 9 subdivision 7d7 ( ?is section %all an am5dm5t to a bill by "o h\se be concurr$ 9 by ! o!r1 or a conf]5ce report be adopt$ by ei!r h\se1 or ei!r h\se dis*>ge a committee f ! consid]ation ( a bill & consid] ! same z if report$2 provid$ t ! pr9t+ & read+1 or ei!r1 requir$ 9 subdivisions 7b7 & 7c7 ( ?is section1 may be disp5s$ ) 9 a bill to codify ! laws ( ! ,/ate1 & 9 any case ( em]g5cy by a vote ( f\r- fif?s ( ! memb]s vot+ 9 ea* h\se tak5 by ! yeas & nays1 ! names ( ! memb]s vot+ = & aga9/1 ent]$ on ! j\rnal2 & provid$ fur!r1 t no bill :i* creates1 or e/abli%es a new (fice1 or :i* creates1 cont9ues1 or revives a debt or *>ge1 or makes1 cont9ues or revives any appropriation ( public or tru/ money1 or prop]ty1 or releases1 dis*>ges or commutes any claim or dem& ( ! ,/ate1 or :i* imposes1 cont9ues or revives a tax1 %all be pass$ except by ! affirmative vote ( a majority ( all ! memb]s elect$ to ea* h\se1 ! vote to be by ! yeas & nays1 & ! names ( ! memb]s vot+ = & aga9/1 ent]$ on ! j\rnal4 ,e law impos+1 cont9u+ or reviv+ a tax %all specifically /ate su* tax & no law %all be con/ru$ z s /at+ su* tax1 :i* requires a ref]5ce to any o!r law or any o!r tax4 ,! presid+ (fic] ( ea* h\se %all1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! h\se ov] :i* he presides1 sign e bill t has be5 pass$ by bo? h\ses & duly enroll$4 ,imm$iately be=e ?is is done1 all o!r bus9ess be+ susp5d$1 ! title ( ! bill %all be publicly read4 ,! fact ( sign+ %all be ent]$ on ! j\rnal4 ,,sec4 #ea4 ,!re %all be a jo9t committee ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly1 consi/+ ( sev5 memb]s appo9t$ by ! ,h\se ( ,delegates1 & five memb]s appo9t$ by ! ,s5ate1 :i* %all be a /&+ committee on special1 private1 & local legislation4 ,be=e ref]5ce to a committee1 z provid$ by section ,fifty1 any special1 private1 or local bill introduc$ 9 ei!r h\se %all be ref]r$ to & consid]$ by su* jo9t committee & return$ to ! h\se 9 :i* x orig9at$ ) a /atem5t 9 writ+ :e!r ! object ( ! bill c be accompli%$ "u g5]al law or by c\rt proce$+2 :]eupon1 ! bill1 ) ! accompany+ /atem5t1 %all take ! c\rse provid$ by section ,fifty4 ,! jo9t committee may be dis*>g$ f ! consid]ation ( a bill by ! h\se 9 :i* x orig9at$ 9 ! mann] provid$ 9 section ,fifty = ! dis*>ge ( o!r committees4 ,,sec4 #eb4 ,no law %all embrace m ?an "o object1 :i* %all be express$ 9 its title2 nor %all any law be reviv$ or am5d$ ) ref]5ce to its title1 b ! act reviv$ or ! section am5d$ %all be re-enact$ & publi%$ at l5g?4 ,,sec4 #ec4 ,no law1 except a g5]al appropriation law1 %all take effect until at lea/ n9ety days aft] ! adj\rnm5t ( ! session ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly at :i* x is enact$1 unless 9 case ( an em]g5cy 7:i* em]g5cy %all be express$ 9 ! body ( ! bill71 ! ,g5]al ,assembly %all o!rwise direct by a vote ( f\r-fif?s ( ! memb]s vot+ 9 ea* h\se1 su* vote to be tak5 by ! yeas & nays1 & ! names ( ! memb]s vot+ = & aga9/ ent]$ on ! j\rnal4 ,,sec4 #ed4 ,! ,gov]nor1 ,lieut5ant-,gov]nor1 ,attorney-,g5]al1 judges1 memb]s ( ! ,/ate ,corporation ,commission1 & executive (fic]s at ! seat ( gov]nm5t1 & all (fic]s appo9t$ by ! ,gov]nor or elect$ by ! ,g5]al ,assembly1 (f5d+ aga9/ ! ,/ate by malfeasance 9 (fice1 corruption1 neglect ( duty1 or o!r high crime or misdemeanor1 may be impea*$ by ! ,h\se ( ,delegates1 & prosecut$ be=e ! ,s5ate :i* %all h ! sole p[] to try impea*m5t4 ,:5 sitt+ = t purpose1 ! s5ators %all be on oa? or affirmation1 & no p]son %all be convict$ )\t ! concurr5ce ( two-?irds ( ! s5ators pres5t4 ,judgm5t 9 case ( impea*m5t %all n ext5d fur!r ?an removal f (fice & disqualification to hold & enjoy any (fice ( honor1 tru/1 or pr(it "u ! ,/ate2 b ! p]son convict$ %all nev]!less be subject to indictm5t1 trial1 judgm5t1 & puni%m5t accord+ to law4 ,! ,s5ate may sit dur+ ! recess ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly = ! trial ( impea*m5ts4 ,,sec4 #ee4 ,! ,g5]al ,assembly %all by law apportion ! ,/ate into di/ricts1 correspond+ ) ! numb] ( repres5tatives to :i* x may be entitl$ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives ( ! ,congress ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 :i* di/ricts %all be compos$ ( contigu\s & compact t]ritory conta9+1 z ne>ly z practicable1 an equal numb] ( inhabitants4 ,,sec4 #ef4 ,! mann] ( conduct+ & mak+ returns ( elections1 ( det]m9+ conte/$ elections1 & ( fill+ vacancies 9 (fice1 9 cases n specially provid$ = by ?is ,con/itution1 %all be prescrib$ by law1 & ! ,g5]al ,assembly may decl>e ! cases 9 :i* any (fice %all be deem$ vacant :]e no provision is made = t purpose 9 ?is ,con/itution4 ,,sec4 #eg4 ,! ,g5]al ,assembly %all h p[]1 by a two-?irds vote1 to remove disabilities incurr$ "u section ,tw5ty-?ree1 ( ,article ,two1 ( ?is ,con/itution1 ) ref]5ce to duell+4 ,,sec4 #eh4 ,! privilege ( ! writ ( habeas corpus %all n be susp5d$ unless :5 9 cases ( invasion or rebellion1 ! public safety may require4 ,! ,g5]al ,assembly %all n pass any bill ( atta9d]1 or any ex po/ facto law1 or any law impair+ ! obligation ( contracts1 or any law abridg+ ! fre$om ( spee* or ( ! press4 ,x %all n enact any law :]eby private prop]ty %all be tak5 or damag$ = public uses1 )\t j comp5sation4 ,no man %all be compell$ to frequ5t or support any religi\s wor%ip1 place1 or m9i/ry :atsoev]1 nor %all be en=c$1 re/ra9$1 mole/$1 or bur!n$ 9 8 body or goods1 nor %all o!rwise suff] on acc\nt ( 8 religi\s op9ions or belief2 b all m5 %all be free to pr(ess1 & by argum5t to ma9ta91 _! op9ions 9 matt]s ( religion1 & ! same %all 9 no wise dim9i%1 enl>ge1 or affect _! civil capacities4 ,& ! ,g5]al ,assembly %all n prescribe any religi\s te/ :atev]1 or conf] any peculi> privileges or advantages on any sect or d5om9ation1 or pass any law requir+ or au?oriz+ any religi\s society1 or ! p ( any di/rict )9 ?is ,/ate1 to levy on !mselves or o!rs any tax = ! erection or repair ( any h\se ( public wor%ip1 or = ! support ( any *ur* or m9i/ry2 b x %all be left free to e p]son to select 8 religi\s in/ructor1 & to make = 8 support su* private contract z he %all please4 ,,sec4 #ei4 ,! ,g5]al ,assembly %all n grant a *>t] ( incorporation to any *ur* or religi\s d5om9ation1 b may secure ! title to *ur* prop]ty to an ext5t to be limit$ by law4 ,,sec4 #fj4 ,no lott]y %all h]eaft] be au?oriz$ by law2 & ! buy+1 sell+1 or transf]r+ ( tickets or *ances 9 any lott]y %all be prohibit$4 ,,sec4 #fa4 ,no new c\nty %all be =m$ ) an area ( less ?an six hundr$ squ>e miles2 nor %all ! c\nty or c\nties f :i* x is =m$ be r$uc$ bel[ t area2 nor %all any c\nty be r$uc$ 9 population bel[ eight ?\s&4 ,b any c\nty1 ! l5g? ( :i* is ?ree times its mean bread?1 or :i* exce$s fifty miles 9 l5g?1 may be divid$ at ! discretion ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly4 ,,sec4 #fb4 ,! ,g5]al ,assembly %all h full p[] to enact local option or disp5s>y laws1 or any o!r laws controll+1 regulat+1 or prohibit+ ! manufacture or sale ( intoxicat+ liquors4 ,,sec4 #fc4 ,! ,g5]al ,assembly %all conf] on ! c\rts p[] to grant divorces1 *ange ! names ( p]sons1 & direct ! sale ( e/ates belong+ to infants & o!r p]sons "u legal disabilities1 & %all n1 by special legislation1 grant relief 9 ^! or o!r cases ( :i* ! c\rts or o!r tribunals may h jurisdiction4 ,! ,g5]al ,assembly may regulate ! ex]cise by c\rts ( ! "r to puni% = contempt4 ,! ,g5]al ,assembly %all n enact any local1 special1 or private law 9 ! foll[+ cases3-- #a4 ,= ! puni%m5t ( crime4 #b4 ,provid+ a *ange ( v5ue 9 civil or crim9al cases4 #c4 ,regulat+ ! practice 91 or ! jurisdiction (1 or *ang+ ! rules ( evid5ce 9 any judicial proce$+s or inquiry be=e1 ! c\rts or o!r tribunals1 or provid+ or *ang+ ! me?ods ( collect+ debts or en=c+ judgm5ts1 or prescrib+ ! effect ( judicial sales ( real e/ate4 #d4 ,*ang+ or locat+ c\nty seats4 #e4 ,= ! assessm5t & collection ( taxes1 except z to animals :i* ! ,g5]al ,assembly may deem dang]\s to ! f>m+ int]e/s4 #f4 ,ext5d+ ! "t = ! assessm5t or collection ( taxes4 #g4 ,exempt+ prop]ty f taxation4 #h4 ,remitt+1 releas+1 po/pon+1 or dim9i%+ any obligation or liability ( any p]son1 corporation1 or association1 to ! ,/ate or to any political subdivision !re(4 #i4 ,refund+ money lawfully paid into ! treasury ( ! ,/ate or ! treasury ( any political subdivision !re(4 #aj4 ,grant+ f ! treasury ( ! ,/ate1 or grant+ or au?oriz+ to be grant$ f ! treasury ( any political subdivision !re(1 any extra comp5sation to any public (fic]1 s]vant1 ag5t1 or contractor4 #aa4 ,= conduct+ elections or designat+ ! places ( vot+4 #ab4 ,regulat+ labor1 trade1 m9+ or manufactur+1 or ! rate ( int]e/ on money4 #ac4 ,grant+ any p5sion or p5sions4 #ad4 ,creat+1 increas+1 or decreas+1 or au?oriz+ to be creat$1 increas$1 or decreas$1 ! sal>ies1 fees1 p]c5tages1 or all[ances ( public (fic]s dur+ ! t]m = :i* !y are elect$ or appo9t$4 #ae4 ,decl>+ /reams navigable1 or au?oriz+ ! con/ruction ( booms or dams !re91 or ! removal ( ob/ructions !refrom4 #af4 ,affect+ or regulat+ f5c+ or ! b\nd>ies ( l&1 or ! runn+ at l>ge ( /ock4 #ag4 ,creat+ private corporations1 or am5d+1 r5ew+ or ext5d+ ! *>t]s !re(4 #ah4 ,grant+ to any private corporation1 association1 or individual any special or exclusive "r1 privilege or immunity4 #ai4 ,nam+ or *ang+ ! "n ( any private corporation or association4 #bj4 ,remitt+ ! =feiture ( ! *>t] ( any private corporation except ^u ! condition t su* corporation %all !reaft] hold its *>t] subject to ! provisions ( ?is ,con/itution & ! laws pass$ 9 pursuance !re(4 ,,sec4 #fd4 ,9 all ! cases enum]at$ 9 ! la/ section1 & 9 e o!r case :i*1 9 its judgm5t1 may be provid$ = by g5]al laws1 ! ,g5]al ,assembly %all enact g5]al laws4 ,any g5]al law %all be subject to am5dm5t or repeal1 b ! am5dm5t or p>tial repeal !re( %all n op]ate directly or indirectly to enact1 & %all n h ! effect ( ! enactm5t ( a special1 private1 or local law4 ,no g5]al or special law %all surr5d] or susp5d ! "r & p[] ( ! ,/ate1 or any political subdivision !re(1 to tax corporations or corporate prop]ty1 except z au?oriz$ by ,article ,?irte54 ,no private corporation1 association1 or individual %all be specially exempt$ f ! op]ation ( any g5]al law1 nor %all its op]ation be susp5d$ = ! b5efit ( any private corporation1 association1 or individual4 ,,sec4 #fe1 ,! ,g5]al ,assembly may by g5]al laws1 conf] ^u ! bo>ds ( sup]visors ( c\nties1 & ! c\ncils ( cities & t[ns1 su* p[]s ( local & special legislation1 z x may f "t to "t deem exp$i5t1 n inconsi/5t ) ! limitations conta9$ 9 ?is ,con/itution4 ,,sec4 #ff4 ,! ,cl]k ( ! ,h\se ( ,delegates %all be ,keep] ( ! ,rolls ( ! ,/ate b %all receive no comp5sation f ! ,/ate = 8 s]vices z su*4 ,! ,g5]al ,assembly by g5]al law %all prescribe ! numb] ( employees ( ! ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,delegates1 includ+ ! cl]ks !re(1 & fix _! comp5sation at a p] diem = ! "t actually employ$ 9 ! dis*>ge ( _! duties4 ,,sec4 #fg4 ,! ,g5]al ,assembly %all n make any appropriation ( public funds1 ( p]sonal prop]ty1 or ( any real e/ate1 to any *ur*1 or sect>ian society1 association1 or in/itution ( any k9d :atev]1 :i* is entirely or p>tly1 directly or indirectly1 controll$ by any *ur* or sect>ian society2 nor %all ! ,g5]al ,assembly make any l appropriation to any *>itable in/itution1 :i* is n own$ or controll$ by ! ,/ate2 except t x may1 9 its discretion1 make appropriations to non-sect>ian in/itutions = ! re=m ( y\?ful crim9als2 b no?+ h]e9 conta9$ %all prohibit ! ,g5]al ,assembly f au?oriz+ c\nties1 cities1 or t[ns to make su* appropriations to any *>itable in/itution or association4 ,,sec4 #fh4 ,! ,g5]al ,assembly %all1 at ea* regul> session1 appo9t a /&+ committee1 consi/+ ( two memb]s ( ! ,s5ate & ?ree memb]s ( ! ,h\se ( ,delegates1 :i* %all be kn[n z ! ,audit+ ,committee4 ,su* committee %all annually1 or (t5] 9 its discretion1 exam9e ! books & acc\nts ( ! ,fir/ ,auditor1 ! ,/ate ,treasur]1 ! ,secret>y ( ! ,commonweal?1 & o!r executive (fic]s at ! seat ( gov]nm5t ^: duties p]ta9 to audit+ or acc\nt+ = ! /ate rev5ue1 report ! result ( its inve/igations to ! ,gov]nor1 & cause ! same to be publi%$ 9 two newspap]s ( g5]al circulation 9 ! ,/ate4 ,! ,gov]nor %all1 at ! beg9n+ ( ea* session1 submit said reports to ! ,g5]al ,assembly = appropriate action4 ,! committee may sit dur+ ! recess ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly1 receive su* comp5sation z may be prescrib$ by law1 & employ "o or m acc\ntants to assi/ 9 its inve/igations4 ,,article ,v4 ,,executive ,,dep>tm5t4 ,,sec4 #fi4 ,! *ief executive p[] ( ! ,/ate %all be ve/$ 9 a ,gov]nor4 ,he %all hold (fice = a t]m ( f\r ye>s1 to comm5ce on ! fir/ day ( ,febru>y next succe$+ 8 election1 & be ineligible to ! same (fice = ! t]m next succe$+ t = :i* he 0 elect$1 & to any o!r (fice dur+ 8 t]m ( s]vice4 ,,sec4 #gj4 ,! ,gov]nor %all be elect$ by ! qualifi$ vot]s ( ! ,/ate at ! "t & place ( *oos+ memb]s ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly4 ,returns ( ! election %all be transmitt$1 "u seal1 by ! prop] (fic]s1 to ! ,secret>y ( ! ,commonweal?1 :o %all deliv] !m to ! ,speak] ( ! ,h\se ( ,delegates on ! fir/ day ( ! next session ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly4 ,! ,speak] ( ! ,h\se ( ,delegates %all1 )9 "o week !reaft]1 9 ! pres5ce ( a majority ( ! ,s5ate & ( ! ,h\se ( ,delegates1 op5 ! returns1 & ! votes %all !n be c\nt$4 ,! p]son hav+ ! highe/ numb] ( votes %all be decl>$ elect$2 b if two or m %all h ! highe/ & an equal numb] ( votes1 "o ( !m %all lie *os5 ,gov]nor by ! jo9t vote ( ! two h\ses ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly4 ,conte/$ elections = ,gov]nor %all be decid$ by a l vote1 & ! mode ( proce$+ 9 su* cases %all be prescrib$ by law4 ,,sec4 #ga4 ,no p]son except a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all be eligible to ! (fice ( ,gov]nor2 & if su* p]son be ( =eign bir?1 he mu/ h be5 a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = t5 ye>s next prec$+ 8 election2 nor %all any p]son be eligible to t (fice unless he %all h atta9$ ! age ( ?irty ye>s1 & h be5 a resid5t ( ! ,/ate = five ye>s next prec$+ 8 election4 ,,sec4 #gb4 ,! ,gov]nor %all reside at ! seat ( gov]nm5t2 %all receive five ?\s& doll>s = ea* ye> ( 8 s]vice1 & :ile 9 (fice %all receive no o!r emolum5t f ?is or any o!r gov]nm5t4 ,,sec4 #gc4 ,! ,gov]nor %all take c>e t ! laws be fai?fully execut$2 communicate to ! ,g5]al ,assembly1 at e session1 ! condition ( ! ,/ate2 recomm5d to its consid]ation su* measures z he may deem exp$i5t1 & conv5e ! ,g5]al ,assembly on application ( two-?irds ( ! memb]s ( bo? h\ses !re(1 or :51 9 8 op9ion1 ! int]e/ ( ! ,/ate may require4 ,he %all be comm&]-9-*ief ( ! l& & naval =ces ( ! ,/ate2 h p[] to embody ! militia to repel invasion1 suppress insurrection & en=ce ! execution ( ! laws2 conduct1 ei!r 9 p]son or 9 su* mann] z %all be prescrib$ by law1 all int]c\rse ) o!r & =eign /ates2 &1 dur+ ! recess ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly1 %all h p[] to susp5d f (fice = misbehavior1 incapacity1 neglect ( (ficial duty1 or acts p]=m$ )\t due au?ority ( law1 all executive (fic]s at ! seat ( gov]nm5t except ! ,lieut5ant-,gov]nor2 b1 9 any case 9 :i* ?is p[] is s ex]cis$1 ! ,gov]nor %all report to ! ,g5]al ,assembly1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! next session !re(1 ! fact ( su* susp5sion & ! cause !re=1 :]eupon ! ,g5]al ,assembly %all det]m9e :e!r su* (fic] %all be re/or$ or f9ally remov$2 & ! ,gov]nor %all h p[]1 dur+ ! recess ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly1 to appo9t1 pro tempore1 successors to all (fic]s s susp5d$1 & to fill1 pro tempore1 vacancies 9 all (fices ( ! ,/ate = ! fill+ ( :i* ! ,con/itution & laws make no o!r provision2 b 8 appo9tm5ts to su* vacancies %all be by commissions to expire at ! end ( ?irty days aft] ! comm5cem5t ( ! next session ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly4 ,he %all h p[] to remit f9es & p5alties 9 su* cases1 & "u su* rules & regulations1 z may be prescrib$ by law1 & except :5 ! prosecution has be5 c>ri$ on by ! ,h\se ( ,delegates1 to grant reprieves & p>dons aft] conviction2 to remove political disabilities consequ5t ^u conviction = (f5ces committ$ prior or subsequ5t to ! adoption ( ?is ,con/itution1 & to commute capital puni%m5t2 b he %all communicate to ! ,g5]al ,assembly1 at ea* session1 p>ticul>s ( e case ( f9e or p5alty remitt$1 ( reprieve or p>don grant$1 & ( puni%m5t commut$1 ) 8 reasons = remitt+1 grant+1 or commut+ ! same4 ,,sec4 #gd4 ,! ,gov]nor may require in=mation 9 writ+1 "u oa?1 f ! (fic]s ( ! executive dep>tm5t & sup]9t5d5ts ( /ate in/itutions ^u any subject relat+ to ! duties ( _! respective (fices & in/itutions2 & he may inspect at any "t _! (ficial books1 acc\nts & v\*]s1 & asc]ta9 ! condition ( ! public funds 9 _! *>ge1 & 9 t connection may employ acc\ntants4 ,he may require ! op9ion 9 writ+ ( ! ,attorney-,g5]al ^u any "q ( law affect+ ! (ficial duties ( ! ,gov]nor4 ,,sec4 #ge4 ,commissions & grants %all run 9 ! "n ( ! ,commonweal? ( ,virg9ia1 & be atte/$ by ! ,gov]nor1 ) ! seal ( ! ,commonweal? annex$4 ,,sec4 #gf4 ,e bill :i* %all h pass$ ! ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,delegates1 %all1 be=e x becomes a law1 be pres5t$ to ! ,gov]nor4 ,if he approve1 he %all sign x2 b1 if n1 he may return x ) 8 objections to ! h\se 9 :i* x orig9at$1 :i* %all ent] ! objections at l>ge on its j\rnal & proce$ to reconsid] ! same4 ,if1 aft] su* consid]ation1 two- ?irds ( ! memb]s pres5t1 :i* two-?irds %all include a majority ( ! memb]s elect$ to t h\se1 %all agree to pass ! bill x %all be s5t1 toge!r ) ! objections1 to ! o!r h\se1 by :i* x %all likewise be reconsid]$1 & if approv$ by two-?irds ( all ! memb]s pres5t1 :i* two- ?irds %all include a majority ( ! memb]s elect$ to t h\se1 x %all become a law1 not)/&+ ! objections4 ,! ,gov]nor %all h ! p[] to veto any p>ticul> item or items ( an appropriation bill1 b ! veto %all n affect ! item or items to :i* he does n object4 ,! item or items object$ to %all n take effect except 9 ! mann] h]et(ore provid$ 9 ?is section z to bills return$ to ! ,g5]al ,assembly )\t 8 approval4 ,if he approve ! g5]al purpose ( any bill1 b disapprove any "p or p>ts !re(1 he may return x1 ) recomm5dations = its am5dm5t1 to ! h\se 9 :i* x orig9at$1 :]eupon ! same proce$+s %all be _h 9 bo? h\ses ^u ! bill & 8 recomm5dations 9 relation to its am5dm5t1 z is above provid$ 9 relation to a bill :i* he %all h return$ )\t 8 approval1 & ) 8 objections !reto3 provid$1 t if aft] su* reconsid]ation1 bo? h\ses1 by a vote ( a majority ( ! memb]s pres5t 9 ea*1 %all agree to am5d ! bill 9 accordance ) 8 recomm5dations 9 relation !reto1 or ei!r h\se by su* vote %all fail or refuse to s am5d x1 !n1 & 9 ei!r case ! bill %all be aga9 s5t to him1 & he may act ^u x z if x 7 !n be=e him = ! fir/ "t4 ,b 9 all ! cases above set =? ! votes ( bo? h\ses %all be det]m9$ by ayes & noes1 & ! names ( ! memb]s vot+ = & aga9/ ! bill1 or item or items ( an appropriation bill1 %all be ent]$ on ! j\rnal ( ea* h\se4 ,if any bill %all n be return$ by ! ,gov]nor )9 five days 7,sunday except$7 aft] x %all h be5 pres5t$ to him1 ! same %all be a law 9 l mann] z if he _h sign$ x1 unless ! ,g5]al ,assembly %all1 by f9al adj\rnm5t1 prev5t su* return2 9 :i* case x %all be a law if approv$ by ! ,gov]nor 9 ! mann] & to ! ext5t above provid$1 )9 t5 days aft] su* adj\rnm5t1 b n o!rwise4 ,,sec4 #gg4 ,a ,lieut5ant-,gov]nor %all be elect$ at ! same "t & = ! same t]m z ! ,gov]nor1 & 8 qualifications & ! mann] & asc]ta9m5t ( 8 election1 9 all respects1 %all be ! same4 ,,sec4 #gh4 ,9 case ( ! removal ( ! ,gov]nor f (fice1 or ( 8 dea?1 failure to qualify1 resignation1 removal f ,/ate1 or inability to dis*>ge ! p[]s & duties ( ! (fice1 ! said (fice1 ) its comp5sation1 %all devolve ^u ! ,lieut5ant-,gov]nor2 & ! ,g5]al ,assembly %all provide by law = ! dis*>ge ( ! executive functions 9 o!r necess>y cases4 ,,sec4 #gi4 ,! ,lieut5ant-,gov]nor %all be presid5t ( ! ,s5ate1 b %all h no vote except 9 case ( an equal division2 & :ile act+ z su*1 %all receive a comp5sation equal to t all[$ to ! ,speak] ( ! ,h\se ( ,delegates4 ,,sec4 #hj4 ,a ,secret>y ( ! ,commonweal? %all be elect$ by ! qualifi$ vot]s ( ! ,/ate at ! same "t & = ! same t]m z ! ,gov]nor2 & ! fact ( 8 election %all be asc]ta9$ z 9 ! case ( ! ,gov]nor4 ,he %all keep a daily record ( ! (ficial acts ( ! ,gov]nor1 :i* %all be sign$ by ! ,gov]nor & atte/$ by ! ,secret>y1 &1 :5 requir$1 he %all lay ! same1 & any pap]s1 m9utes & v\*]s p]ta9+ to 8 (fice1 be=e ei!r h\se ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly4 ,he %all dis*>ge su* o!r duties z may be prescrib$ ,by law4 ,all fees receiv$ by ! ,secret>y ( ! ,commonweal? %all be paid into ! treasury mon?ly4 ,,sec4 #ha4 ,a ,/ate ,treasur] %all be elect$ by ! qualifi$ vot]s ( ! ,/ate at ! same "t & = ! same t]m z ! ,gov]nor2 & ! fact ( 8 election %all be asc]ta9$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,8 p[]s & duties %all be prescrib$ by law4 ,,sec4 #hb4 ,an ,auditor ( ,public ,acc\nts %all be elect$ by ! jo9t vote ( ! two h\ses ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly = ! t]m ( f\r ye>s4 ,8 p[]s & duties %all be prescrib$ by law4 ,,sec4 #hc4 ,! sal>y ( ea* (fic] ( ! ,executive ,dep>tm5t1 except 9 ^? cases :]e ! sal>y is det]m9$ by ?is ,con/itution1 %all be fix$ by law2 & ! sal>y ( no su* (fic] %all be increas$ or dim9i%$ dur+ ! t]m = :i* he %all h be5 elect$ or appo9t$4 ,,sec4 #hd4 ,! ,g5]al ,assembly %all provide by law = ! e/abli%m5t & ma9t5ance ( an effici5t sy/em ( *ecks & balances betwe5 ! (fic]s at ! seat ( gov]nm5t entru/$ ) ! collection1 receipt1 cu/ody1 or disbursem5t ( ! rev5ues ( ! ,/ate4 ,,sec4 #he4 ,all ,/ate (fic]s1 & _! deputies1 assi/ants or employees1 *>g$ ) ! collection1 cu/ody1 h&l+ or disbursem5t ( public funds1 %all be requir$ to give bond = ! fai?ful p]=mance ( su* duties2 ! am\nt ( su* bond 9 ea* case1 & ! mann] 9 :i* security %all be furni%$1 to be specifi$ & regulat$ by law4 ,,sec4 #hf4 ,! ,g5]al ,assembly %all h p[] to e/abli% & ma9ta9 a ,bureau ( ,labor & ,/ati/ics1 "u su* regulations z may be prescrib$ by law4 ,,article ,,vi4 ,,judici>y ,,dep>tm5t4 ,,sec4 #hg4 ,! ,judici>y ,dep>tm5t %all consi/ ( a ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,appeals1 circuit c\rts1 city c\rts1 & su* o!r c\rts z are h]e9aft] au?oriz$4 ,! jurisdiction ( ^! tribunals & ! judges !re(1 except s f> z conf]r$ by ?is ,con/itution1 %all be regulat$ by law4 ,,sec4 #hh4 ,! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,appeals %all consi/ ( five judges1 any ?ree ( :om may hold a c\rt4 ,x %all h orig9al jurisdiction 9 cases ( habeas corpus1 m&amus1 & prohibition2 b 9 all o!r cases1 9 :i* x %all h jurisdiction1 x %all h appellate jurisdiction only4 ,subject to su* reasonable rules1 z may be prescrib$ by law1 z to ! c\rse ( appeal1 ! limitation z to "t1 ! security requir$1 if any1 ! grant+ or refus+ ( appeals1 & ! proc$ure !re91 x %all1 by virtue ( ?is ,con/itution1 h appellate jurisdiction 9 all cases involv+ ! con/itutionality ( a law z be+ repugnant to ! ,con/itution ( ?is ,/ate or ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or involv+ ! life or lib]ty ( any p]son2 & x %all also h appellate jurisdiction 9 su* o!r cases1 )9 ! limits h]e9aft] d5n$1 z may be prescrib$ by law2 b no appeal %all be all[$ to ! ,commonweal? 9 any case involv+ ! life or lib]ty ( a p]son1 except t an appeal by ! ,commonweal? may be all[$ by law 9 any case involv+ ! violation ( a law relat+ to ! /ate rev5ue4 ,no bond %all be requir$ ( any accus$ p]son z a condition ( appeal1 b a sup]s$eas bond may be requir$ :]e ! only puni%m5t impos$ 9 ! c\rt bel[ is a f9e4 ,! c\rt %all n h jurisdiction 9 civil cases :]e ! matt] 9 controv]sy1 exclusive ( co/s & ( int]e/ accru$ s9ce ! judgm5t 9 ! c\rt bel[1 is less 9 value or am\nt ?an ?ree hundr$ doll>s1 except 9 controv]sies conc]n+ ! title to1 or b\nd>ies ( l&1 ! condemnation ( prop]ty1 ! probate ( a w1 ! appo9tm5t or qualification ( a p]sonal repres5tative1 gu>dian1 committee1 or curator1 or conc]n+ a mill1 roadway1 f]ry1 or l&+1 or ! "r ( ! ,/ate1 c\nty1 or municipal corporation1 to levy tolls or taxes1 or involv+ ! con/ruction ( any /atute1 ord9ance or c\nty proce$+ impos+ taxes2 &1 except 9 cases ( habeas corpus1 m&amus1 & prohibition1 ! con/itutionality ( a law1 or "s o!r matt] n m]ely pecuni>y4 ,aft] ! ye> n9ete5 hundr$ & t5 ! ,g5]al ,assembly may *ange ! jurisdiction ( ! c\rt 9 matt]s m]ely pecuni>y4 ,! ass5t ( at lea/ ?ree ( ! judges %all be requir$ = ! c\rt to det]m9e t any law is1 or is n1 repugnant to ! ,con/itution ( ?is ,/ate or ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & if1 9 a case involv+ ! con/itutionality ( any su* law1 n m ?an two ( ! judges sitt+ agree 9 op9ion on ! con/itutional "q involv$1 & ! case _c be det]m9$1 )\t pass+ on su* "q1 no decision %all be r5d]$ !re91 b ! case %all be rehe>d by a full c\rt2 & 9 no case :]e ! jurisdiction ( ! c\rt dep5ds solely ^u ! fact t ! con/itutionality ( a law is involv$1 %all ! c\rt decide ! ease ^u its m]its1 unless ! cont5tion ( ! appellant ^u ! con/itutional "q be su/a9$4 ,:5ev] ! requisite majority ( ! judges sitt+ are unable to agree ^u a decision1 ! case %all be rehe>d by a full b5*1 & any vacancy caus$ by any "o or m ( ! judges be+ unable1 unwill+1 or disqualifi$ to sit1 %all be tempor>ily fill$ 9 a mann] to be prescrib$ by law4 ,,sec4 #hi4 ,! ,g5]al ,assembly may1 f "t to "t1 provide = a ,special ,c\rt ( ,appeals to try any cases on ! docket ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,appeals 9 respect to :i* a majority ( ! judges are s situat$ z to make x improp] = !m to sit2 & also to try any cases on said docket :i* _c be dispos$ ( ) conv5i5t dispat*4 ,! said special c\rt %all be compos$ ( n less ?an ?ree nor m ?an five ( ! judges ( ! circuit c\rts & city c\rts ( record 9 cities ( ! fir/ class1 or ( ! judges ( ei!r ( said c\rts1 or ( any ( ! judges ( said c\rts toge!r ) "o or m ( ! judges ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,appeals4 ,,sec4 #ij4 ,:5 a judgm5t or decree is rev]s$ or affirm$ by ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,appeals ! reasons !re= %all be /at$ 9 writ+ & pres]v$ ) ! record ( ! case4 ,,sec4 #ia4 ,! judges ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,appeals %all be *os5 by ! jo9t vote ( ! two h\ses ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly4 ,!y %all1 :5 *os51 h held a judicial /ation 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or %all h practic$ law 9 ?is or "s o!r /ate = five ye>s4 ,at ! fir/ election "u ?is ,con/itution1 ! ,g5]al ,assembly %all elect ! judges = t]ms ( f\r1 six1 eight1 t51 & twelve ye>s respectively2 & !reaft] !y %all be elect$ = t]ms ( twelve ye>s4 ,,sec4 #ib4 ,! (fic]s ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,appeals %all be appo9t$ by ! c\rt or by ! judges 9 vacation4 ,_! duties1 comp5sation1 & t5ure ( (fice %all be prescrib$ by law4 ,,sec4 #ic4 ,! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,appeals %all hold its sessions at two or m places 9 ! ,/ate1 to be fix$ by law4 ,,sec4 #id4 ,! ,/ate %all be divid$ into tw5ty-f\r judicial circuits1 z foll[s3 ,! c\nties ( ,norfolk1 ,pr9cess ,anne1 & ! city ( ,portsm\?1 %all con/itute ! fir/ circuit4 ,! c\nties ( ,nansemond1 ,s\?ampton1 ,isle ( ,wight1 & ! city ( ,norfolk1 %all con/itute ! second circuit4 ,! c\nties ( ,pr9ce ,george1 ,surry1 ,sussex1 ,gre5esville1 & ,brunswick1 %all con/itute ! ?ird circuit4 ,! c\nties ( ,*e/]field1 ,p[hatan1 ,d9widdie1 ,nott[ay1 & ,amelia1 & ! city ( ,pet]sburg1 %all con/itute ! f\r? circuit4 ,! c\nties ( ,pr9ce ,edw>d1 ,cumb]l&1 ,buck+ham1 ,appomattox1 & ,*>lotte1 %all con/itute ! fif? circuit4 ,! c\nties ( ,lun5burg1 ,meckl5burg1 ,halifax1 ,campbell1 & ! city ( ,lyn*burg1 %all con/itute ! six? circuit4 ,! c\nties ( ,pittsylvania1 ,frankl91 ,h5ry1 & ,patrick1 & ! city ( ,danville1 %all con/itute ! sev5? circuit4 ,! c\nties ( ,amh]/1 ,nelson1 ,albem>le1 ,fluvanna1 & ,coo*l&1 %all con/itute ! eigh? circuit4 ,! c\nties ( ,rappahannock1 ,culpep]1 ,madison1 ,gre5e1 ,orange1 & ,l\isa1 %all con/itute ! n9? circuit4 ,! c\nty ( ,h5rico & ! city ( ,ri*mond1 %all con/itute ! t5? circuit4 ,! c\nties ( ,accomac1 ,nor?ampton1 ,elizabe? ,city1 & ! city ( ,newport ,news1 %all con/itute ! elev5? circuit4 ,! c\nties ( ,ri*mond1 ,nor?umb]l&1 ,we/morel&1 ,lanca/]1 & ,essex1 %all con/itute ! twelf? circuit4 ,! c\nties ( ,gl\ce/]1 ,ma!ws1 ,k+ & ,que51 ,k+ ,william1 & ,middlesex1 %all con/itute ! ?irte5? circuit4 ,! c\nties ( ,new ,k5t1 ,*>les ,city1 ,york1 ,w>wick1 ,james ,city1 & ! city ( ,williamsburg1 %all con/itute ! f\rte5? circuit4 ,! c\nties ( ,k+ ,george1 ,/af=d1 ,spotsylvania1 ,c>ol9e1 & ,hanov]1 %all con/itute ! fifte5? circuit4 ,! c\nties ( ,fauqui]1 ,l\d\n1 ,pr9ce ,william1 ,fairfax1 & ,alex&ria1 & ! city ( ,alex&ria1 %all con/itute ! sixte5? circuit4 ,! c\nties ( ,fr$]ick1 ,cl>ke1 ,w>r51 ,%5&oah1 & ,page1 %all con/itute ! sev5te5? circuit4 ,! c\nties ( ,rock+ham1 ,augu/a1 & ,rockbridge1 %all con/itute ! eighte5? circuit4 ,! c\nties ( ,highl&1 ,ba?1 ,alleghany1 ,craig1 & ,botec\rt1 %all con/itute ! n9ete5? circuit4 ,! c\nties ( ,b$=d1 ,roanoke1 ,montgom]y1 & ,floyd1 & ! city ( ,roanoke1 %all con/itute ! tw5tie? circuit4 ,! c\nties ( ,pulaski1 ,c>roll1 ,wy!1 & ,grayson1 %all con/itute ! tw5ty-fir/ circuit4 ,! c\nties ( ,bl&1 ,tazewell1 ,giles1 & ,bu*anan1 %all con/itute ! tw5ty-second circuit4 ,! c\nties ( ,wa%+ton1 ,russell1 & ,smy?1 %all con/itute ! tw5ty-?ird circuit4 ,! c\nties ( ,scott1 ,lee1 ,wise1 & ,dick5son1 %all con/itute ! tw5ty-f\r? circuit4 ,,sec4 #ie4 ,aft] ! fir/ day ( ,janu>y1 n9ete5 hundr$ & six1 z ! public int]e/ requires1 ! ,g5]al ,assembly may re>range ! said circuits & increase or dim9i% ! numb] !re(4 ,b no new circuit %all be creat$ conta9+1 by ! la/ ,unit$ ,/ates c5sus or o!r c5sus provid$ by law1 less ?an =ty ?\s& inhabitants1 nor :5 ! effect ( creat+ x w be to r$uce ! numb] ( inhabitants 9 any exi/+ circuit bel[ =ty ?\s& accord+ to su* c5sus4 ,,sec4 #if4 ,= ea* circuit a judge %all be *os5 by ! jo9t vote ( ! two h\ses ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly4 ,he %all :5 *os51 possess ! same qualifications z judges ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,appeals1 & dur+ 8 cont9uance 9 (fice %all reside 9 ! circuit ( :i* he is judge4 ,at ! fir/ election "u ?is ,con/itution1 ! ,g5]al ,assembly %all elect1 z ne>ly z practicable1 "o f\r? ( ! entire numb] ( judges = t]ms ( two ye>s1 "o f\r? = f\r ye>s1 "o f\r? = six ye>s1 & ! rema9+ f\r? = eight ye>s1 respectively1 & !reaft] !y %all be elect$ = t]ms ( eight ye>s4 ,,sec #ig ,! numb] ( t]ms ( ! circuit c\rts to be held = ea* c\nty & city1 %all be prescrib$ by law4 ,b no sep>ate circuit c\rt %all be held = any city ( ! second class1 until ! city %all aboli% its exi/+ city c\rt4 ,! judge ( "o circuit may be requir$ or au?oriz$ to hold c\rt 9 any o!r circuit or city4 ,,sec #ih ,= ! purposes ( a judicial sy/em1 ! cities ( ! ,/ate %all be divid$ into two classes4 ,all cities %all belong to ! fir/ class :i* conta91 z %[n by ! la/ ,unit$ ,/ates c5sus or o!r c5sus provid$ by law1 t5 ?\s& inhabitants or m1 & all cities %all belong to ! second class :i* conta91 z ?us %[n1 less ?an t5 ?\s& inhabitants4 ,9 ea* city ( ! fir/ class1 !re %all be1 9 addition to ! circuit c\rt1 a corporation c\rt4 ,9 any city conta9+ ?irty ?\s& inhabitants or m1 ! ,g5]al ,assembly may provide = su* additional c\rts z ! public int]e/ may require1 & 9 e su* city ! city c\rts1 z !y n[ exi/1 %all cont9ue until o!rwise provid$ by law4 ,9 e city ( ! second class1 ! corporation or hu/+s c\rt exi/+1 at ! "t ?is ,con/itution goes into effect1 %all cont9ue h]eaft] "u ! "n ( ! corporation c\rt ( su* city1 b x may be aboli%$ by a vote ( a majority ( ! qualifi$ electors ( su* city1 at an election held = ! purpose1 & :5ev] ! (fice ( judge ( a corporation or hu/+s c\rt ( a city ( ! second class1 ^: sal>y is less ?an eight hundr$ doll>s1 %all become & rema9 vacant = n9ety days consecutively1 su* c\rt %all !reby cease to exi/4 ,9 case ( ! abolition ( ! corporation or hu/+s c\rt ( any city ( ! second class1 su* city %all !reupon come 9 e respect )9 ! jurisdiction ( ! circuit c\rt ( ! c\nty :]e9 x is situat$1 until o!rwise provid$ by law1 & ! records ( su* corporation or hu/+s c\rt %all !reupon become a "p ( ! records ( su* circuit c\rt1 & be transf]r$ !reto1 & rema9 !re9 until o!rwise provid$ by law1 & dur+ ! exi/5ce ( ! corporation or hu/+s c\rt1 ! circuit c\rt ( ! c\nty 9 :i* su* city is situat$1 %all h concurr5t jurisdiction ) said corporation or hu/+s c\rt 9 all actions at law & suits 9 equity4 ,,sec #ii ,= ea* city c\rt ( record a judge %all be *os5 by ! jo9t vote ( ! two h\ses ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly4 ,he %all1 :5 *os51 possess ! same qualifications z judges ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,appeals1 & dur+ 8 cont9uance 9 (fice %all reside )9 ! jurisdiction ( ! c\rt ov] :i* he presides1 b ! judge ( ! corporation c\rt ( any corporation hav+ a city *>t]1 & less ?an five ?\s& inhabitants1 may reside outside its corporate limits2 & ! same p]son may be judge ( su* corporation c\rt & judge ( ! corporation c\rt ( "s o!r city hav+ less ?an t5 ?\s& inhabitants4 ,at ! fir/ election ( said judges "u ?is ,con/itution1 ! ,g5]al ,assembly %all elect1 z ne>ly z practicable1 "o-f\r? ( ! entire numb] = t]ms ( two ye>s1 "o-f\r? = f\r ye>s1 "o-f\r? = six ye>s1 & ! rema9+ f\r? = eight ye>s2 & !reaft] !y %all be elect$ = t]ms ( eight ye>s4 ,! judges ( city c\rts 9 cities ( ! fir/ class may be requir$ or au?oriz$ to hold ! circuit c\rts ( any c\nty & ! circuit c\rts ( any city4 ,,sec4 #ajj4 ,! ,g5]al ,assembly %all h p[] to e/abli% su* c\rt or c\rts ( l& regi/ration z x may deem prop] = ! adm9i/ration ( any law x may adopt = ! purpose ( ! settlem5t1 regi/ration1 transf]1 or assurance ( titles to l& 9 ! ,/ate1 or any "p !re(4 ,,sec4 #aja4 ,! ,g5]al ,assembly %all h p[] to conf] ^u ! cl]ks ( ! sev]al circuit c\rts jurisdiction1 to be ex]cis$ 9 ! mann] & "u ! regulations to be prescrib$ by law1 9 ! matt] ( ! admission ( wills to probate1 & ( ! appo9tm5t & qualification ( gu>dians1 p]sonal repres5tatives1 curators1 apprais]s1 & committees ( ! e/ates ( p]sons :o h be5 adjudg$ insane or convict$ ( felony1 & 9 ! matt] ( ! sub/itution ( tru/ees4 ,,sec4 #ajb4 ,all ! judges %all be commission$ by ! ,gov]nor4 ,!y %all receive su* sal>ies & all[ances z may be det]m9$ by law )9 ! limitations fix$ by ?is ,con/itution1 ! am\nt ( :i* %all n be increas$ or dim9i%$ dur+ _! t]ms ( (fice4 ,_! t]ms ( (fice %all comm5ce on ! fir/ day ( ,febru>y next foll[+ _! election1 & :5ev] a vacancy occurs 9 ! (fice ( judge1 8 successor %all be elect$ = ! unexpir$ t]m4 ,,sec4 #ajc4 ,! sal>ies ( ! judges ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,appeals %all be n less ?an f\r ?\s& doll>s p] annum1 & %all be paid by ! ,/ate4 ,! sal>y ( ! judge ( ea* circuit c\rt %all be n less ?an two ?\s& doll>s p] annum1 "o-half ( :i* %all be paid by ! ,/ate1 ! o!r half by ! c\nties & cities compos+ ! circuit1 accord+ to _! respective population2 except t ( ! sal>y ( ! judge ( ! circuit c\rt ( ! city ( ,ri*mond1 ! ,/ate %all pay ! proportion :i* w\ld o!rwise fall to ! city ( ,ri*mond4 ,! sal>y ( a judge ( a city c\rt 9 a city ( ! fir/ class %all be n less ?an two ?\s& doll>s p] annum1 "o-half ( :i* %all be paid by ! ,/ate1 ! o!r half by ! city4 ,! :ole ( ! a=esaid sal>ies ( said judges %all be paid out ( ! /ate treasury1 ! ,/ate to be reimburs$ by ! respective c\nties & cities4 ,any city may1 by an ord9ance1 increase ! sal>ies ( its city or circuit judges1 or any "o or m ( !m z x may deem prop]1 & ! increase %all be paid :olly by ! city1 b %all n be enl>g$ or dim9i%$ dur+ ! t]m ( (fice ( ! judge4 ,ea* city conta9+ less ?an t5 ?\s& inhabitants %all pay ! sal>y ( ! judge ( its corporation or hu/+s c\rt4 ,,sec4 #ajd4 ,judges may be remov$ f (fice = cause1 by a concurr5t vote ( bo? h\ses ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly2 b a majority ( all ! memb]s elect$ to ea* h\se mu/ concur 9 su* vote1 & ! cause ( removal %all be ent]$ on ! j\rnal ( ea* h\se4 ,! judge aga9/ :om ! ,g5]al ,assembly may be ab\t to proce$ %all h notice !re(1 accompani$ by a copy ( ! causes alleg$ = 8 removal1 at lea/ tw5ty days be=e ! day on :i* ei!r h\se ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly %all act !reon4 ,,sec4 #aje4 ,no judge ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,appeals1 ( ! circuit c\rt1 or ( any city c\rt ( record %all practice law1 )9 or )\t ?is ,/ate1 nor %all he hold any o!r (fice ( public-tru/ dur+ 8 cont9uance 9 (fice2 except t ! judge ( a corporation or hu/+s c\rt 9 a city ( ! second class1 may hold ! (fice ( commission] 9 *anc]y ( ! circuit c\rt = ! c\nty 9 :i* ! city is locat$4 ,,sec4 #ajf4 ,writs %all run 9 ! "n ( ! ,commonweal? ( ,virg9ia1 & be atte/$ by ! cl]ks ( ! sev]al c\rts4 ,indictm5ts %all conclude aga9/ ! peace & dignity ( ! ,commonweal?4 ,,sec4 #ajg4 ,an ,attorney-,g5]al %all be elect$ by ! qualifi$ vot]s ( ! ,/ate at ! same "t & = ! same t]m z ! ,gov]nor2 & ! fact ( 8 election %all be asc]ta9$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,he %all be commission$ by ! ,gov]nor1 p]=m su* duties & receive su* comp5sation z may be prescrib$ by law1 & %all be removable 9 ! mann] prescrib$ = ! removal ( judges4 ,,sec #ajh4 ,! ,g5]al ,assembly %all provide = ! appo9tm5t or election & = ! jurisdiction ( su* ju/ices ( ! peace z ! public int]e/ may require4 ,,sec4 #aji4 ,! ,g5]al ,assembly %all provide by :om1 & 9 :at mann]1 applications = bail %all be he>d & det]m9$4 ,,article ,,vii4 ,,organization ,,& ,,gov]nm5t ,,( ,,c\nties4 ,,sec4 #aaj4 ,!re %all be elect$ by ! qualifi$ vot]s ( ea* c\nty1 "o c\nty treasur]1--:o %all n be elect$ or s]ve = m ?an two consecutive t]ms1 nor act z deputy ( 8 imm$iate successor2 "o %]iff1 "o attorney = ! ,commonweal?1 & "o c\nty cl]k1 :o %all be ! cl]k ( ! circuit c\rt4 ,!re %all be elect$ or appo9t$1 = f\r ye>s1 z ! ,g5]al ,assembly may provide commission]s ( ! rev5ue1 = ea* c\nty1 ! numb]1 duties & comp5sation ( :om %all be prescrib$ by law2 b %\ld su* commission]s ( ! rev5ue be *os5 by election by ! p !n !y %all be ineligibile = re-election to ! (fice = ! next succe$+ t]m4 ,!re %all be appo9t$ = ea* c\nty1 9 su* mann] z may be provid$ by law1 "o sup]9t5d5t ( ! poor1 & "o c\nty surveyor4 ,,sec4 #aaa4 ,! magi/]ial di/ricts %all1 until *ang$ by law1 rema9 z n[ con/itut$3 provid$1 t h]eaft] no additional di/ricts %all be made conta9+ less ?an ?irty squ>e miles4 ,9 ea* di/rict !re %all be elect$ by ! qualifi$ vot]s !re(1 "o sup]visor4 ,! sup]visors ( ! di/ricts %all con/itute ! bo>d ( sup]visors ( ! c\nty1 :i* %all meet at /at$ p]iods & at o!r times z (t5 z may be necess>y1 lay ! c\nty & di/rict levies1 pass ^u all claims aga9/ ! c\nty1 subject to su* appeal z may be provid$ by law1 & p]=m su* duties z may be requir$ by law4 ,,sec4 #aab4 ,all regul> elections = c\nty & di/rict (fic]s %all be held on ,tuesday aft] ! fir/ ,monday 9 ,novemb]1 & all ( said (fic]s %all ent] ^u ! duties ( _! (fices on ! fir/ day ( ,janu>y next succe$+ _! election1 & %all hold _! respective (fices = ! t]m ( f\r ye>s1 except t ! c\nty cl]k %all hold (fice = eight ye>s2 provid$ t ! t]m ( ! cl]ks fir/ elect$ "u ?is ,con/itution %all beg9 on ! fir/ ( ,febru>y1 n9ete5 hundr$ & f\r1 & end on ! fir/ ( ,janu>y1 n9ete5 hundr$ & twelve4 ,,sec4 #aac4 ,no p]son %all at ! same "t hold m ?an "o ( ! (fices m5tion$ 9 ?is article4 ,any (fic] requir$ by law to give bond may be requir$ to give additional security !reon1 or to execute a new bond1 & 9 default ( s do+ 8 (fice %all be decl>$ vacant4 ,,sec4 #aad1 ,c\nties %all n be made responsible = ! acts ( ! %]iffs4 ,,sec4 #aae4 ,! ,g5]al ,assembly %all provide = ! exam9ation ( ! books1 acc\nts & settlem5ts ( c\nty & city (fic]s :o are *>g$ ) ! collection & disbursem5t ( public funds4 ,,article ,,viii4 ,,organization ,,& ,,gov]nm5t ,,( ,,cities ,,& ,,t[ns4 ,,sec4 #aaf4 ,z us$ 9 ?is article ! words incorporat$ communities %all be con/ru$ to relate only to cities & t[ns4 ,all incorporat$ communities1 hav+ )9 def9$ b\nd>ies a population ( five ?\s& or m1 %all be kn[n z cities2 & all incorporat$ communities hav+ )9 def9$ b\nd>ies a population ( less ?an five ?\s&1 %all be kn[n z t[ns4 ,9 det]m9+ ! population ( su* cities & t[ns ! ,g5]al ,assembly %all be gov]n$ by ! la/ ,unit$ ,/ates c5sus1 or su* o!r enum]ation z may be made by au?ority ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly2 b no?+ 9 ?is section %all be con/ru$ to repeal ! *>t] ( any incorporat$ community ( less ?an five ?\s& inhabitants hav+ a city *>t] at ! "t ( ! adoption ( ?is ,con/itution1 or to prev5t ! abolition by su* incorporat$ communities ( ! corporation or hu/+s c\rt !re(4 ,,sec4 #aag4 ,g5]al laws = ! organization & gov]nm5t ( cities & t[ns %all be enact$ by ! ,g5]al ,assembly1 & no special act %all be pass$ 9 relation !reto1 except 9 ! mann] provid$ 9 ,article ,f\r ( ?is ,con/itution1 & !n only by a record$ vote ( two-?irds ( ! memb]s elect$ to ea* h\se4 ,b ea* ( ! cities & t[ns ( ! ,/ate hav+ at ! "t ( ! adoption ( ?is ,con/itution a municipal *>t] may reta9 ! same1 except s f> z x %all be repeal$ or am5d$ by ! ,g5]al ,assembly3 provid$1 t e su* *>t] is h]eby am5d$ s z to con=m to all ! provisions1 re/rictions1 limitations & p[]s set =? 9 ?is article1 or o!rwise provid$ 9 ?is ,con/itution4 ,,sec4 #aah4 ,9 ea* city :i* has a c\rt 9 ^: (fice de$s are admitt$ to record1 !re %all be elect$ = a t]m ( eight ye>s by ! qualifi$ vot]s ( su* city a cl]k ( said c\rt1 :o %all p]=m su* o!r duties z may be requir$ by law4 ,!re %all be elect$ 9 l mann] & = a l t]m all su* additional cl]ks ( c\rts = cities z ! ,g5]al ,assembly may prescribe1 or z are n[ au?oriz$ by law1 s long z su* c\rts %all cont9ue 9 exi/5ce4 ,b 9 no city ( less ?an ?irty ?\s& inhabitants %all !re be m ?an "o cl]k ( ! c\rt1 :o %all be cl]k ( all ! c\rts ( record 9 su* city4 ,,sec4 #aai4 ,9 e city1 s long z x has a corporation c\rt1 or a sep>ate circuit c\rt1 !re %all be elect$ = a t]m ( f\r ye>s by ! qualifi$ vot]s ( su* city1 "o attorney = ! ,commonweal?1 :o %all also1 9 ^? cities hav+ a sep>ate circuit c\rt1 be ! attorney = ! ,commonweal?1 = su* circuit c\rt4 ,9 e city !re %all be elect$1 or appo9t$1 = a t]m ( f\r ye>s1 9 a mann] to be provid$ by law1 "o commission] ( rev5ue1 ^: duties & comp5sation %all be prescrib$ by law2 b %\ld he be elect$ by ! p1 he %all be ineligible = reelection to ! (fice = ! next succe$+ t]m4 ,,sec4 #abj4 ,9 e city !re %all be elect$ by ! qualifi$ vot]s !re( "o city treasur]1 = a t]m ( f\r ye>s1 b he %all n be eligible = m ?an two consecutive t]ms1 nor act z deputy = 8 imm$iate successor2 "o city s]geant1 = a t]m ( f\r ye>s1 ^: duties %all be prescrib$ by law2 &1 a mayor1 = a t]m ( f\r ye>s1 :o %all be ! *ief executive (fic] ( su* city4 ,all city & t[n (fic]s1 ^: election or appo9tm5t is n provid$ = by ?is ,con/itution1 %all be elect$ by ! electors ( su* cities & t[ns1 or ( "s division !re(1 or appo9t$ by su* au?orities !re( z ! ,g5]al ,assembly %all designate4 ,! mayor %all see t ! duties ( ! v>i\s city (fic]s1 memb]s ( ! police & fire dep>tm5ts1 :e!r elect$ or appo9t$1 9 & = su* city1 are fai?fully p]=m$4 ,he %all h p[] to inve/igate _! acts1 h access to all books & docum5ts 9 _! (fices1 & may exam9e !m & _! subord9ates on oa?4 ,! evid5ce giv5 by p]sons s exam9$ %all n be us$ aga9/ !m 9 any crim9al proce$+s4 ,he %all also h p[] to susp5d su* (fic]s & ! memb]s ( ! police & fire dep>tm5ts1 & to remove su* (fic]s1 & also su* memb]s ( said dep>tm5ts :5 au?oriz$ by ! ,g5]al ,assembly1 = misconduct 9 (fice or neglect ( duty1 to be specifi$ 9 ! ord] ( susp5sion or removal2 b no su* removal %all be made )\t reasonable notice to ! (fic] compla9$ (1 & an opportunity af=d$ him to be he>d 9 p]son1 or by c\nsel1 & to pres5t te/imony 9 8 def5se4 ,f su* ord] ( susp5sion or removal1 ! city (fic] s susp5d$ or remov$ %all h an appeal ( "r to ! corporation c\rt1 or1 if !re be no su* c\rt1 to ! circuit c\rt ( su* city1 9 :i* c\rt ! case %all be he>d de novo by ! judge !re(1 ^: decision %all be f9al4 ,he %all h all o!r p[]s & duties :i* may be conf]r$ & impos$ ^u him by g5]al laws4 ,,sec4 #aba4 ,!re %all be 9 e city a c\ncil1 compos$ ( two bran*es hav+ a diff]5t numb] ( memb]s1 ^: p[]s & t]ms ( (fice %all be prescrib$ by law1 & ^: memb]s %all be elect$ by ! qualifi$ vot]s ( su* city1 9 ! mann] prescrib$ by law1 b s z to give z f> z practicable1 to ea* w>d ( su* city1 equal repres5tation 9 ea* bran* ( said c\ncil 9 proportion to ! population ( su* w>d2 b 9 cities ( "u t5 ?\s& population ! ,g5]al ,assembly may p]mit ! c\ncil to consi/ ( "o bran*4 ,no memb] ( ! c\ncil %all be eligible dur+ 8 t5ure ( (fice z su* memb]1 or = "o ye> !reaft]1 to any (fice to be fill$ by ! c\ncil by election or appo9tm5t4 ,! c\ncil ( e city may1 9 a mann] prescrib$ by law1 increase or dim9i% ! numb]1 & *ange ! b\nd>ies1 ( ! w>ds !re(1 & %all1 9 ! ye> n9ete5 hundr$ & ?ree1 & 9 e t5? ye> !reaft]1 & also :5ev] ! b\nd>ies ( su* w>ds are *ang$1 re-apportion ! repres5tation 9 ! c\ncil among ! w>ds 9 a mann] prescrib$ by law2 & :5ev] ! c\ncil ( any su* city %all fail to p]=m ! duty s prescrib$1 a m&amus %all lie on behalf ( any citiz5 !re( to compel its p]=mance4 ,,sec4 #abb4 ,! mayors & c\ncils ( cities %all be elect$ on ! second ,tuesday 9 ,june1 & _! t]ms ( (fice %all beg9 on ! fir/ day ( ,septemb] succe$+4 ,all o!r elective (fic]s1 provid$ = by ?is article1 or h]eaft] au?oriz$ by law1 %all be elect$ on ! ,tuesday aft] ! fir/ ,monday 9 ,novemb]1 & _! t]ms ( (fice %all beg9 on ! fir/ day ( ,janu>y succe$+1 except t ! t]ms ( (fice ( cl]ks ( ! city c\rts %all beg9 co9cid5tly ) t ( ! judges ( said c\rts3 provid$1 t ! ,g5]al ,assembly may *ange ! "t ( election ( all or any ( ! said (fic]s1 except t ! election & ! beg9n+ ( ! t]ms ( mayors & c\ncils ( cities %all n be made by ! ,g5]al ,assembly to occur at ! same "t ) ! election & beg9n+ ( ! t]ms ( (fice ( ! o!r elective (fic]s provid$ = by ?is ,con/itution4 ,,sec4 #abc4 ,e ord9ance1 or resolution hav+ ! effect ( an ord9ance1 %all1 be=e x becomes op]ative1 be pres5t$ to ! mayor4 ,if he approve he %all sign x1 b if n1 if ! c\ncil consi/ ( two bran*es1 he may return x1 ) 8 objections 9 writ+1 to ! cl]k1 or o!r record+ (fic]1 ( t bran* 9 :i* x orig9at$2 :i* bran* %all ent] ! objections at l5g? on its j\rnal & proce$ to reconsid] x4 ,if aft] su* consid]ation two ?irds ( all ! memb]s elect$ !reto %all agree to pass ! ord9ance or resolution x %all be s5t1 toge!r ) ! objections1 to ! o!r bran*1 by :i* x %all likewise be consid]$1 & if approv$ by two ?irds ( all ! memb]s elect$ !reto1 x %all become op]ative not)/&+ ! objections ( ! mayor4 ,b 9 all su* cases ! votes ( bo? bran*es ( ! c\ncil %all be det]m9$ by yeas & nays1 & ! names ( ! memb]s vot+ = & aga9/ ! ord9ance or resolution %all be ent]$ on ! j\rnal ( ea* bran*4 ,if ! c\ncil consi/ ( a s+le bran*1 ! mayor's objections 9 wilt+ to any ord9ance1 or resolution hav+ ! effect ( an ord9ance1 %all be return$ to ! cl]k1 or o!r record+ (fic] ( ! c\ncil1 & be ent]$ at l5g? on its j\rnal1 :]eupon ! c\ncil %all proce$ to reconsid] ! same4 ,^u su* consid]ation ! vote %all be tak5 9 ! same mann] z :]e ! c\ncil consi/s ( two bran*es1 & if ! ord9ance or resolution be approv$ by two ?irds ( all ! memb]s elect$ to ! c\ncil1 x %all become op]ative not)/&+ ! objections ( ! mayor4 ,if any ordnance or resolution %all n be return$ by ! major )9 five days 7,sunday except$71 aft] x %all h be5 pres5t$ to him1 x %all become op]ative 9 l mann] z if he _h sign$ x1 unless 8 t]m ( (fice1 or t ( ! c\ncil1 %all expire )9 said five days4 ,! mayor %all h ! p[] to veto any p>ticul> item or items ( an appropriation1 ordnance or resolution1 b ! veto %all n affect any item or items to :i* he does n object4 ,! item or items object$ to %all n take effect except 9 ! mann] provid$ 9 ?is section z to ordnances or resolutions n approv$ by ! mayor4 ,no ord9ance or resolution appropriat+ money exce$+ ! sum ( "o hundr$ doll>s1 impos+ taxes1 or au?oriz+ ! borr[+ ( money1 %all be pass$1 except by a record$ affirmative vote ( a majority ( all ! memb]s elect$ to ! c\ncil or to ea* bran* !re( :]e !re are two1 & 9 case ( ! veto by ! mayor ( su* ordnance or resolution1 x %all require a record$ affirmative vote ( two ?irds ( all ! memb]s elect$ to ! c\ncil1 or to ea* bran* !re( :]e !re are two1 to pass ! same ov] su* veto 9 ! mann] provid$ 9 ?is section4 ,no?+ conta9$ 9 ?is section %all op]ate to repeal or am5d any provision 9 any exi/+ city *>t] requir+ a two ?irds vote = ! passage ( any ord9ance z to ! appropriation ( money1 impos+ taxes or au?oriz+ ! borr[+ ( money4 ,,sec4 #abd4 ,no /reet1 railway1 gas1 wat]1 /eam1 or electric heat+1 electric light or p[]1 cold /orage1 compress$ air1 viaduct1 conduct telephone1 or bridge1 company1 nor any corporation1 association1 p]son or p>tn]%ip1 engag$ 9 ^! or l ent]prises1 %all be p]mitt$ to use ! /reets1 alleys1 or public gr\nds ( a city or t[n )\t ! previ\s cons5t ( ! corporate au?orities ( su* city or t[n4 ,,sec4 #abe4 ,! rights ( no city or t[n 9 & to its wat] front1 :>f prop]ty1 public l&+s1 :>ves1 docks1 /reets1 av5ues1 p>ks1 budges1 & o!r public places1 & its gas1 wat]1 & electric works %all be sold except by an ord9ance or resolution pass$ by a record$ affirmative vote ( ?ree f\r?s ( all ! memb]s elect$ to ! c\ncil1 or to ea* bran* !re( :]e !re are two1 & "u su* o!r re/rictions z may be impos$ by law1 & 9 case ( ! veto by ! mayor ( su* an ord9ance or resolution1 x %all require a record$ affirmative vote ( ?ree f\r?s ( all ! memb]s elect$ to ! c\ncil1 or to ea* bran* !re(--:]e !re are two1 _h 9 ! mann] h]et(ore provid$ = 9 ?is article1 to pass ! same ov] ! veto4 ,s fran*ise1 lease or light ( any k9d to use any su* public prop]ty or any o!r public prop]ty or easem5t ( any description1 9 a mann] n p]mitt$ to ! g5]al public1 %all be grant$ = a long] p]iod ?an ?irty ye>s4 ,be=e plant+ any su* fran*ise or privilege = a t]m ( ye>s1 except = a trunk railway1 ! municipality %all fir/1 aft] due adv]tisem5t1 res]ve bids !re= publicly1 9 su* mann] z may be provid$ by law1 & %all !n act z may be requir$ by law4 ,su* grant1 & any contract 9 pursuance !re(1 may provide t ^u ! t]m9ation ( ! grant ! plant z well z ! prop]ty1 if any1 ( ! grantee 9 ! /reets1 av5ues1 & o!r public places %all !reupon1 )\t comp5sation to ! grantee1 or ^u ! paym5t ( a fair valuation !re=1 be & become ! prop]ty ( ! said city or t[n1 b ! grantee %all be entitl$ to no paym5t by reason ( ! value ( ! fran*ise1 & any su* plant or prop]ty acquir$ by a city or t[n may be sold or leas$1 or1 if au?oriz$ by law1 ma9ta9$1 controll$ & op]at$1 by su* city or t[n4 ,e su* grant %all specify ! mode ( det]m9+ any valuation !re9 provid$ =1 & %all make adequate provision by way ( =feiture ( ! grant1 or o!rwise1 to secure effici5cy ( public s]vice at reasonable rates1 & ! ma9t5ance ( ! prop]ty 9 good ord] ?r\gh\t ! t]m ( ! grant4 ,no?+ h]e9 conta9$ %all be con/ru$ z prev5t+ ! ,g5]al ,assembly f prescrib+ additional re/rictions on ! p[]s ( cities & t[ns 9 grant+ fran*ises or 9 sell+ or leas+ any ( _! prop]ty1 or z repeal+ any additional re/riction n[ requir$ 9 relation !reto 9 any exi/+ municipal *>t]4 ,,sec4 #abf4 ,! ,g5]al ,assembly %all provide by g5]al laws = ! ext5sion & ! contraction1 f "t to "t1 ( ! corporate limits ( cities & t[ns1 & no special act = su* purpose %all be valid4 ,,sec4 #abg4 ,no city or t[n %all issue any bonds or o!r int]e/ be>+ obligations = any purpose1 or 9 any mann]1 to an am\nt :i*1 includ+ exi/+ indebt$ness1 %all1 at any "t1 exce$ eighte5 p] c5tum ( ! assess$ valuation ( ! real e/ate 9 ! city or t[n subject to taxation1 z %[n by ! la/ prec$+ assessm5t = taxes provid$1 h[ev] t no?+ above conta9$ 9 ?is section %all apply to ^? cities & t[ns ^: *>t]s exi/+ at ! adoption ( ?is ,con/itution au?orize a l>g] p]c5tage ( indebt$ness ?an is au?oriz$ by ?is section & provid$ fur!r1 t 9 det]m9+ ! limitation ( ! p[] ( a city or t[n to incur indebt$ness !re %all n be includ$ ! foll[+ classes ( indebt$ness 7a47 ,c]tificates ( indebt$ness1 rev5ue bonds or o!r obligations issu$ 9 anticipation ( ! collection ( ! rev5ue ( su* city or t[n = ! !n curr5t ye>2 provid$ t su* c]tificates1 bonds or o!r obligations mature )9 "o ye> f ! date ( _! issue1 & be n pa/ due1 & d n exce$ ! rev5ue = su* ye>2 7b47 ,bonds au?oriz$ by an ord9ance enact$ 9 accordance ) section ,"o ,hundr$ & ,tw5ty-?ree1 & approv$ by ! affirmative vote ( ! majority ( ! qualifi$ vot]s ( ! city or t[n vot+ ^u ! "q ( _! issuance1 at ! g5]al election next succe$+ ! enactm5t ( ! ord9ance1 or at a special election held = t purpose1 = a supply ( wat] or o!r specific und]tak+ f :i* ! city or t[n may d]ive a rev5ue2 b f & aft] a p]iod to be det]m9$ by ! c\ncil1 n exce$+ five ye>s f ! date ( su* election1 :5ev] & = s long z su* und]tak+ fails to produce suffici5t rev5ue to pay = co/ ( op]ation & adm9i/ration 7includ+ int]e/ on bonds issu$ !re=1 & ! co/ ( insurance aga9/ loss by injury to p]sons or prop]ty71 & an annual am\nt to be cov]$ into a s9k+ fund suffici5t to pay1 at or be=e maturity1 all bonds issu$ on acc\nt ( said und]tak+1 all su* bonds out/&+ %all be includ$ 9 det]m9+ ! limitation ( ! p[] to incur indebt$ness1 unless ! pr9cipal & int]e/ !re( be made payable exclusively f ! receipts ( ! und]tak+4 ,,sec4 #abh4 ,9 cities & t[ns ! assessm5t ( real e/ate & p]sonal prop]ty = ! purpose ( muicipal taxation1 %all be ! same z ! assessm5t !re( = ! purpose ( /ate taxation1 :5ev] !re %all be a /ate assessm5t ( su* prop]ty4 ,,article ,,ix4 ,,education ,,& ,,public ,,in/ruction4 ,,sec4 #abi4 ,! ,g5]al ,assembly %all e/abli% & ma9ta9 an effici5t sy/em ( public free s*ools ?r\gh\t ! ,/ate4 ,,sec4 #acj4 ,! g5]al sup]vision ( ! s*ool sy/em %all be ve/$ 9 a ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,education1 compos$ ( ! ,gov]nor1 ,attorney-,g5]al1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,public ,in/ruction1 & ?ree exp]i5c$ educators to be elect$ quadr5nially by ! ,s5ate1 f a li/ ( eligibles1 consi/+ ( "o f ea* ( ! faculties1 & nom9at$ by ! respective bo>ds ( visitors or tru/ees1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,virg9ia1 ! ,virg9ia ,milit>y ,in/itute1 ! ,virg9ia ,polyte*nic ,in/itute1 ! ,/ate ,female ,normal ,s*ool at ,f>mville1 ! ,s*ool = ! ,deaf & ,bl9d1 & also ( ! ,college ( ,william & ,m>y1 s long z ! ,/ate cont9ue its annual appropriation to ! la/ nam$ in/itution4 ,! bo>d ?us con/itut$ %all select & associate ) itself two division sup]9t5d5ts ( s*ools1 "o f a c\nty & ! o!r f a city1 :o %all hold (fice = two ye>s1 & ^: p[]s & duties %all be id5tical ) ^? ( o!r memb]s1 except t !y %all n p>ticipate 9 ! appo9tm5t ( any public s*ool (ficial4 ,any vacancy occurr+ dur+ ! t]m ( any memb] ( ! bo>d %all be fill$ = ! unexpir$ t]m by said bo>d4 ,,sec4 #aca4 ,! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,public ,in/ruction1 :o %all be an exp]i5c$ educator1 %all be elect$ by ! qualifi$ vot]s ( ! ,/ate at ! same "t & = ! same t]m z ! ,gov]nor4 ,any vacancy 9 said (fice %all be fill$ = ! unexpir$ t]m by ! said bo>d4 ,8 duties %all be prescrib$ by ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,education1 ( :i* he %all be ex-(ficio presid5t2 & 8 comp5sation %all be fix$ by law4 ,,sec4 #acb4 ,! duties & p[]s ( ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,education %all be z foll[s3 ,fir/4 ,x may1 9 its discretion1 divide ! ,/ate into appropriate s*ool divisions1 compris+ n less ?an "o c\nty or city ea*1 b no c\nty or city %all be divid$ 9 ! =mation ( su* divisions4 ,x %all1 subject to ! confirmation ( ! ,s5ate1 appo9t1 = ea* ( su* divisions1 "o sup]9t5d5t ( s*ools1 :o %all hold (fice = f\r ye>s1 & %all prescribe 8 duties1 & may remove him = cause & ^u notice4 ,second4 ,x %all h1 regulat$ by law1 ! managem5t & inve/m5t ( ! s*ool fund4 ,?ird4 ,x %all h au?ority to make all ne$ful rules & regulations = ! managem5t & conduct ( ! s*ools1 :i*1 :5 publi%$ & di/ribut$1 %all h ! =ce & effect ( law1 subject to ! au?ority ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly to revise1 am5d1 or repeal ! same4 ,f\r?4 ,x %all select text books & educational appliances = vise 9 ! s*ools ( ! ,/ate1 ex]cis+ su* discretion z x may see fit 9 ! selection ( books suitable = ! s*ools 9 ! cities & c\nties respectively4 ,fif?4 ,x %all appo9t a bo>d ( directors1 consi/+ ( five memb]s1 to s]ve )\t comp5sation1 :i* %all h ! managem5t ( ! ,/ate ,libr>y1 & ! appo9tm5t ( a libr>ian & o!r employees !re(1 subject to su* rules & regulations z ! ,g5]al ,assembly snail prescribe2 b ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,appeals %all h ! managem5t ( ! law libr>y & ! appo9tm5t ( ! libr>ian & o!r employees !re(4 ,,sec4 #acc4 ,ea* magi/]ial di/rict %all con/itute a sep>ate s*ool di/rict1 unless o!rwise provid$ by law4 ,9 ea* s*ool di/rict !re %all be ?ree tru/ees select$1 9 ! mann] & = ! t]m ( (fice prescrib$ by law4 ,,sec4 #acd4 ,! ,g5]al ,assembly %all set ap>t z a p]man5t & p]petual lit]>y fund1 ! pres5t lit]>y fund ( ! ,/ate2 ! proce$s ( all public l&s donat$ by ,congress = public free s*ool purposes2 ( all es*eat$ prop]ty2 ( all wa/e & unappropriat$ l&s2 ( all prop]ty accru+ to ! ,/ate by =feiture1 & all f9es collect$ = (f5ces committ$ aga9/ ! ,/ate1 & su* o!r sums z ! ,g5]al ,assembly may apppropriate4 ,,sec4 #ace4 ,! ,g5]al ,assembly %all apply ! annual int]e/ on ! lit]>y fund2 t portion ( ! capitation tax provid$ = 9 ! ,con/itution to be paid into ! /ate treasury1 & n returnable to ! c\nties & cities2 & an annual tax on prop]ty ( n less ?an "o nor m ?an five mills on ! doll> to ! s*ools ( ! prim>y & gramm> grades1 = ! equal b5efit ( all ( ! p ( ! ,/ate1 to be apportion$ on a basis ( s*ool population2 ! numb] ( *ildr5 betwe5 ! ages ( sev5 & tw5ty ye>s 9 ea* s*ool di/rict to be ! basis ( su* apportionm5t3 b if at any "t ! sev]al k9ds or classes ( prop]ty %all be segregat$ = ! purposes ( taxation1 s z to specify & det]m9e ^u :at subjects /ate taxes & ^u :at subjects local taxes may be levi$1 !n ! ,g5]al ,assembly may o!rwise provide = a fix$ appropriation ( /ate rev5ue to ! support ( ! s*ools n less ?an t provid$ 9 ?is section4 ,,sec4 #acf4 ,ea* c\nty1 city1 t[n if ! same be a sep>ate s*ool di/rict1 & s*ool di/rict is au?oriz$ to raise additional sums by a tax on prop]ty1 n to exce$ 9 ! aggregate five mills on ! doll> 9 any "o ye>1 to be apportion$ & exp5d$ by ! local s*ool au?orities ( said c\nties1 cities1 t[ns & di/rict 9 e/abli%+ & ma9ta9+ su* s*ools z 9 _! judgm5t ! public welf>e may require3 provid$1 t su* prim>y s*ools z may be e/abli%$ 9 any s*ool ye>1 %all be ma9ta9$ at lea/ f\r mon?s ( t s*ool ye>1 be=e any "p ( ! fund assess$ & collect$ may be devot$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( s*ools ( high] grade4 ,! bo>ds ( sup]visors ( ! sev]al c\nties1 & ! c\ncils ( ! sev]al cities1 & t[ns if ! same be sep>ate s*ools di/ricts1 %all provide = ! levy & collection ( su* local s*ool taxes4 ,,sec4 #acg4 ,! ,g5]al ,assembly may e/abli% agricultural1 normal1 manual tra9+ & te*nical s*ools1 & su* grades ( s*ools z %all be = ! public good4 ,,sec4 #ach4 ,! ,g5]al ,assembly may1 9 its discretion1 provide = ! compulsory education ( *ildr5 betwe5 ! ages ( eight & twelve ye>s1 except su* z are weak 9 body or m9d1 or c read & write1 or are att5d+ private s*ools1 or are excus$ = cause by ! di/rict s*ool tru/ees4 ,,sec4 #aci4 ,provision %all be made to supply *ildr5 att5d+ ! public s*ools ) necess>y text-books 9 cases :]e ! p>5t or gu>dian is unable1 by reason ( pov]ty1 to furni% !m4 ,,sec4 #adj4 ,:ite & color$ *ildr5 %all n be taught 9 ! same s*ool4 ,,sec4 #ada4 ,no appropriation ( public funds %all be made to any s*ool or in/itution ( le>n+ n own$ or exclusively controll$ by ! ,/ate or "s political subdivision !re(3 provid$1 fir/1 t ! ,g5]al ,assembly may1 9 its discretion1 cont9ue ! appropriations to ! ,college ( ,william & ,m>y2 second1 t ?is section %all n be con/ru$ z requir+ or prohibit+ ! cont9uance or discont9uance by ! ,g5]al ,assembly ( ! paym5t ( int]e/ on c]ta9 bonds held by c]ta9 s*ools & colleges z provid$ by an act ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly1 approv$ ,febru>y tw5ty-?ird1 eighte5 hundr$ & n9ety-two1 relat+ to bonds held by s*ools & colleges2 ?ird1 t c\nties1 cities1 t[ns1 & di/ricts may make appropriations to non-sect>ian s*ools ( manual1 indu/rial1 or te*nical tra9+1 & also to any s*ool or in/itution ( le>n+ own$ or exclusively controll$ by su* c\nty1 city1 t[n1 or s*ool di/rict4 ,,sec4 #adb4 ,memb]s ( ! bo>ds ( visitors or tru/ees ( educational in/itutions %all be appo9t$ z may be provid$ by law1 & %all hold = ! t]m ( f\r ye>s3 provid$1 t at ! fir/ appo9tm5t1 if ! bo>d be ( an ev5 numb]1 "o-half ( !m1 or1 if ( an odd numb]1 ! lea/ majority ( !m1 %all be appo9t$ = two ye>s4 ,,article ,x4 ,,agriculture ,,& ,,immigration4 ,,sec4 #adc4 ,!re %all be a ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture & ,immigration1 :i* %all be p]man5tly ma9ta9$ at ! capital ( ! ,/ate1 & :i* %all be "u ! managem5t & control ( a ,bo>d ( ,agriculture & ,immigration1 compos$ ( "o memb] f ea* congressional di/rict1 :o %all be a practical f>m]1 appo9t$ by ! ,gov]nor = a t]m ( f\r ye>s1 subject to confirmation by ! ,s5ate1 & ! presid5t ( ! ,virg9ia ,polyte*nic ,in/itute1 :o %all be ex-(ficio a memb] ( ! bo>d3 provid$1 t memb]s ( ! bo>d fir/ appo9t$ "u ?is ,con/itution f ! congressional di/ricts be>+ odd numb]s %all hold (fice = two ye>s4 ,,sec4 #add4 ,! p[]s & duties ( ! bo>d %all be prescrib$ by law3 provid$1 t x %all h p[] to elect & remove its (fic]s1 & e/abli% else:]e 9 ! ,/ate subord9ate bran*es ( said dep>tm5t4 ,,sec4 #ade4 ,!re %all be a ,commission] ( ,agriculture & ,immigration1 ^: t]m ( (fice %all be f\r ye>s1 & :o %all be elect$ by ! qualifi$ vot]s ( ! ,/ate1 & ^: p[]s & duties %all be prescrib$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture & ,immigration until o!rwise provid$ by law4 ,,sec4 #adf4 ,! presid5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture & ,immigration %all be ex-(ficio a memb] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,visitors ( ! ,virg9ia ,polyte*nic ,in/itute4 ,,article ,,xii ,,public ,,in/itutions ,,& ,,prisons4 ,,sec4 #adg4 ,!re %all be a /ate p5it5ti>y1--) su* bran* prisons & prison f>ms z may be provid$ by law4 ,,sec4 #adh4 ,!re %all be appo9t$ by ! ,gov]nor1 subject to confirmation by ! ,s5ate1 a bo>d ( five directors :i*1 subject to su* regulations & requirem5ts z may be prescrib$ by law1 %all h ! gov]nm5t & control ( ! p5it5ti>y1 bran* prisons1 & prison f>ms1 & %all appo9t ! sup]9t5d5ts & surgeons !re(4 ,! respective sup]9t5d5ts %all appo9t1 & may remove1 all o!r (fic]s & employees ( ! p5it5ti>y1 bran* prisons1 & prison f>ms1 subject to ! approval ( ! bo>d ( directors4 ,! sup]9t5d5ts & surgeons %all be appo9t$ = a t]m ( f\r ye>s1 & be removable by ! bo>d ( directors = misbehavior1 incapacity1 neglect ( (ficial duty1 or acts p]=m$ )\t au?ority ( law4 ,! t]ms ( ! directors fir/ appo9t$ %all be "o1 two1 ?ree1 f\r1 & five ye>s respectively2 & !reaft]1 ^u ! expiration ( ! t]m ( a director1 8 successor %all be appo9t$ = a t]m ( five ye>s4 ,,sec4 #adi4 ,= ea* /ate hospital = ! insane n[ exi/+1 or h]eaft] e/abli%$1 !re %all be a special bo>d ( directors1 consi/+ ( ?ree memb]s1 :o %all be appo9t$ by ! ,gov]nor1 subject to confirmation by ! ,s5ate2 su* bo>d %all h ! managem5t ( ! hospital = :i* x is appo9t$1 "u ! sup]vision & control ( ! g5]al bo>d ( directors h]e9aft] con/itut$4 ,! t]ms ( ! directors fir/ appo9t$ %all be two1 f\r1 & six ye>s1 respectively1 & !reaft]1 ^u ! expiration ( ! t]m ( a memb]1 8 successor %all be appo9t$ = a t]m ( six ye>s4 ,,sec4 #aej4 ,!re %all be a g5]al bo>d ( directors = ! control & managem5t ( all ! /ate hospitals = ! insane n[ exi/+ or h]eaft] e/abli%$1 :i* %all consi/ ( all ! directors appo9t$ memb]s ( ! sev]al special bo>ds4 ,! g5]al bo>d ( directors %all be subject to su* regulations & requirem5ts z ! ,g5]al ,assembly may f "t to "t prescribe1 & %all h full p[] & control ov] ! special bo>ds ( directors & all ( ! (fic]s & employees ( ! said hospitals4 ,,sec4 #aea4 ,! g5]al bo>d ( directors %all appo9t = a t]m ( f\r ye>s a sup]9t5d5t = ea* hospital1 :o %all be removable by said bo>d = misbehavior1 incapacity1 neglect ( (ficial duty1 or acts p]=m$ )\t au?ority ( law4 ,! special bo>d ( ea* hospital1 %all1 subject to ! approval ( ! g5]al bo>d1 appo9t = a t]m ( f\r ye>s all o!r resid5t (fic]s4 ,! sup]9t5d5t ( ea* hospital %all appo9t1 & may remove1 ) ! approval ( ! special bo>d1 all o!r employees ( su* hospital4 ,,sec4 #aeb4 ,!re %all be a ,commission] ( ,/ate ,hospitals = ! ,insane1 :o %all be appo9t$ by ! ,gov]nor1 subject to confirmation by ! ,s5ate1 = a t]m ( f\r ye>s4 ,he %all be ex-(ficio *airman ( ! g5]al & ( ea* ( ! special bo>ds ( directors1 & %all be responsible = ! prop] disbursem5t ( all moneys appropriat$ or receiv$ f any s\rce = ! ma9t5ance ( su* hospitals2 he %all cause to be e/abli%$ & ma9ta9$ at all ( ! hospitals a uni=m sy/em ( keep+ ! records & ! acc\nts ( money receiv$ & disburs$ & ( mak+ reports !re(4 ,he %all p]=m su* o!r duties & %all execute su* bond & receive su* sal>y z may be prescrib$ by law4 ,,article ,,xii4 ,,corporations4 ,,sec4 #aec4 ,z us$ 9 ?is article1 ! t]m corporation or company %all include all tru/s1 associations & jo9t /ock companies hav+ any p[]s or privileges n possess$ by individuals or unlimit$ p>tn]%ips1 & exclude all municipal corporations & public in/itutions own$ or controll$ by ! ,/ate2 ! t]m *>t] %all be con/ru$ to mean ! *>t] ( incorporation by1 or "u1 :i* any su* corporation is =m$2 ! t]m transportation company %all include any company1 tru/ee1 or o!r p]son own+1 leas+ or op]at+ = hire a railroad1 /reet railway1 canal1 /eamboat or /eam%ip l9e1 & also any freight c> company1 c> association1 or c> tru/1 express company1 or company1 tru/ee or p]son 9 any way engag$ 9 bus9ess z a common c>ri] ov] a r\te acquir$ 9 :ole or 9 "p "u ! "r ( em95t doma92 ! t]m rate %all be con/ru$ to mean rate ( *>ge = any s]vice r5d]$ or to be r5d]$2 ! t]ms rate1 *>ge & regulation1 %all include jo9t rates1 jo9t *>ges1 & jo9t regulations1 respectively2 ! t]m transmission company %all include any company own+1 leas+1 or op]at+ = hire1 any telegraph or telephone l9e2 ! t]m freight %all be con/ru$ to mean any prop]ty transport$1 or receiv$ = transportation1 by any transportation company2 ! t]m public s]vice corporation %all include all transportation & transmission companies1 all gas1 electric light1 heat & p[] companies1 & all p]sons au?oriz$ to ex]cise ! "r ( em95t doma91 or to use or occupy any /reet1 alley or public highway1 :e!r along1 ov]1 or "u ! same1 9 a mann] n p]mitt$ to ! g5]al public2 ! t]m p]son1 z us$ 9 ?is article1 %all include individuals1 p>tn]%ips & corporations1 9 ! s+ul> z well z plural numb]2 ! t]m bond %all mean all c]tificates1 or writt5 evid5ces1 ( indebt$ness issu$ by any corporation & secur$ by mortgage or tru/ de$2 ! t]m frank %all be con/ru$ to mean any writ+ or tok51 issu$ by1 or "u au?ority (1 a transmission company1 entitl+ ! hold] to any s]vice f su* company free ( *>ge4 ,! provisions ( ?is article %all always be s re/rict$ 9 _! application z n to conflict ) any ( ! provisions ( ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & z if ! necess>y limitations ^u _! int]pretation _h be5 h]e9 express$ 9 ea* case4 ,,sec4 #aed4 ,! creation ( corporations1 & ! ext5sion & am5dm5t ( *>t]s 7:e!r h]et(ore or h]eaft] grant$71 %all be provid$ = by g5]al laws1 & no *>t] %all be grant$1 am5d$ or ext5d$ by special act1 nor %all au?ority 9 su* matt]s be conf]r$ ^u any tribunal or (fic]1 except to asc]ta9 :e!r ! applicants h1 by comply+ ) ! requirem5ts ( ! law1 entitl$ !mselves to ! *>i]1 am5dm5t or ext5sion appli$ =1 & to issue1 or refuse1 ! same accord+ly4 ,su* g5]al laws may be am5d$ or repeal$ by ! ,g5]al ,assembly2 & all *>t]s & am5dm5ts ( *>t]s1 n[ exi/+ & revocable1 or h]eaft] grant$ or ext5d$1 may be repeal$ at any "t by special act4 ,provision %all be made1 by g5]al laws1 = ! volunt>y surr5d] ( its *>t] by any corporation1 & = ! =feiture !re( = non-us] or mis- us]4 ,! ,g5]al ,assembly %all n1 by special act1 regulate ! affairs ( any corporation1 nor1 by su* act1 give x any rights1 p[]s or privileges4 ,,sec4 #aee4 ,a p]man5t commission1 to consi/ ( ?ree memb]s1 is h]eby creat$1 :i* %all be kn[n z ! ,/ate ,corporation ,commission4 ,! commission]s %all be appo9t$ by ! ,gov]nor1 subject to confirmation by ! ,g5]al ,assembly 9 jo9t session1 & _! regul> t]ms ( (fice %all be six ye>s1 respectively1 except ^? fir/ appo9t$ "u ?is ,con/itution1 ( :om1 "o %all be appo9t$ to hold (fice until ! fir/ day ( ,febru>y1 n9ete5 hundr$ & f\r1 "o1 until ! fir/ day ( ,febru>y1 n9ete5 hundr$ & six1 & "o1 until ! fir/ day ( ,febru>y1 n9ete5 hundr$ & eight4 ,:5ev] a vacancy 9 ! commission %all occur1 ! ,gov]nor %all =?) appo9t a qualifi$ p]son to fill ! same = ! unexpir$ t]m1 subject to confirmation by ! ,g5]al ,assembly z a=esaid ,commission]s appo9t$ = regul> t]ms %all1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! t]ms = :i* appo9t$1 & ^? appo9t$ to fill vacancies %all1 imm$iately ^u _! appo9tm5ts1 ent] ^u ! duties ( _! (fice1 b no p]son s appo9t$1 ei!r = a regul> t]m1 or to fill a vacancy1 %all ent] ^u1 or cont9ue 91 (fice aft] ! ,g5]al ,assembly %all h refus$ to confirm 8 appo9tm5t1 or adj\rn$ s9e die )\t confirm+ ! same1 nor %all he be eligible = reappo9tm5t to fill ! vacancy caus$ by su* refusal or failure to confirm4 ,no p]son :ile employ$ by1 or hold+ any (fice 9 relation to1 any transportation or transmission company1 or :ile 9 any wise f9ancially int]e/$ !re91 or :ile engag$ 9 practic+ law1 %all hold (fice z a memb] ( said commission1 or p]=m any ( ! duties !re(4 ,at lea/ "o ( ! commission]s %all h ! qualifications prescrib$ = judges ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,appeals1 & any commission] may be impea*$ or remov$ 9 ! mann] provid$ = ! impea*m5t or removal ( a judge ( said c\rt4 ,! commission %all annually elect "o ( _! memb]s *airman ( ! same1 & %all h "o cl]k1 "o bailiff & su* o!r cl]ks1 (fic]s1 assi/ants & subord9ates z may be provid$ by law1 all ( :om %all be appo9t$1 & subject to removal1 by ! commission4 ,x %all prescribe its own rules ( ord] & proc$ure1 except s f> z ! same are specifi$ 9 ?is ,con/itution or any am5dm5t !re(4 ,! ,g5]al ,assembly may e/abli% )9 ! dep>tm5t1 & subject to ! sup]vision & control1 ( ! commission1 subord9ate divisions1 or bureaus1 ( insurance1 bank+ or o!r special bran*es ( ! bus9ess ( t dep>tm5t4 ,all sessions ( ! commission %all be public1 & a p]man5t record %all be kept ( all its judgm5ts1 rules1 ord]s1 f9d+s & decisions1 & ( all reports made to1 or by1 x4 ,two ( ! commission]s %all con/itute a quorum = ! transaction ( bus9ess1 :e!r !re be a vacancy 9 ! commission or n4 ,! commission %all keep its (fice op5 = bus9ess on e day except ,sundays & legal holidays4 ,transportation companies %all at all times transport1 free ( *>ge1 )9 ?is ,/ate1 ! memb]s ( said commission & its (fic]s1 or any ( !m1 :5 engag$ on _! (ficial duties4 ,! ,g5]al ,assembly %all provide suitable qu>t]s = ! commission & funds = its lawful exp5ses1 includ+ pay = witnesses summon$1 & co/s ( execut+ processes issu$1 by ! commission ( its own motion1 & %all fix ! sal>ies ( ! memb]s1 cl]ks1 assi/ants & subord9ates ( ! commission & provide = ! paym5t !re(1 b ! sal>y ( ea* commission] %all n be less ?an f\r ?\s& doll>s p] annum ,aft] ! fir/ day ( ,janu>y1 n9ete5 hundr$ & eight1 ! ,g5]al ,assembly may provide = ! election ( ! memb]s ( ! commission by ! qualifi$ vot]s ( ! ,/ate1 9 :i* ev5t1 vacancies !reaft] occurr+ %all be fill$ z "h inbe=e provid$1 until ! expiration ( tw5ty days aft] ! next g5]al election1 held n less ?an sixty days aft] ! vacancy occurs1 at :i* election ! vacancy %all be fill$ = ! residue ( ! unexpir$ t]m ,,sec #aef 7a7 ,subject to ! provisions ( ?is ,con/itution & to su* requirem5ts1 rules & regulations z may be prescrib$ by law1 ! ,/ate ,corporation ,commission %all be ! dep>tm5t ( gov]nm5t ?r\gh :i* %all be issu$ all *>t]s & am5dm5ts or ext5sions !re(1 = dome/ic corporations1 & all lic5ses to d bus9ess 9 ?is ,/ate to =eign corporations1 & ?r\gh :i* %all be c>ri$ out all ! provisions ( ?is ,con/itution1 & ( ! laws made 9 pursuance !re(1 = ! creation1 visitation1 sup]vision1 regulation & control ( corporations *>t]$ by1 or do+ bus9ess 91 ?is ,/ate ,! commission %all prescribe ! =ms ( all reports :i* may be requir$ ( su* corporations by ?is ,con/itution or by law1 x %all collect1 receive1 & pres]ve su* reports1 & annually tabulate & publi% !m 9 /ati/ical =m1 x %all h all ! rights & p[]s (1 & p]=m all ! duties devolv+ ^u1 ! ,railroad ,commission] & ! ,bo>d ( ,public ,works1 at ! "t ?is ,con/itution goes into effect1 except s f> z !y are inconsi/5t ) ?is ,con/itution1 or may be h]eaft] aboli%$ or *ang$ by law 7b7 ,! commission %all h ! p[]1 & be *>g$ ) ! duty1 ( sup]vis+1 regulat+ & controll+ all transportation & transmission companies do+ bus9ess 9 ?is ,/ate1 9 all matt]s relat+ to ! p]=mance ( _! public duties & _! *>ges !re=1 & ( correct+ abuses !re9 by su* companies1 & to t end ! commission %all1 f "t to "t prescribe1 & en=ce aga9/ su* companies1 9 ! mann] h]e9aft] au?oriz$1 su* rates1 *>ges1 classifications ( traffic1 & rules & regulations1 & %all require !m to e/abli% & ma9ta9 all su* public s]vice1 facilities & conv5i5ces1 z may be reasonable & j1 :i* said rates1 *>ges1 classifications1 rules1 regulations & requirem5ts1 ! commission may1 f "t to "t1 alt] or am5d4 ,all rates1 *>ges1 classifications1 rules & regulations adopt$1 or act$ ^u1 by any su* company1 inconsi/5t ) ^? prescrib$ by ! commission1 )9 ! scope ( its au?ority1 %all be unlawful & void4 ,! commission %all also h ! "r at all times to inspect ! books & pap]s ( all transportation & transmission companies do+ bus9ess 9 ?is ,/ate1 & to require f su* companies1 f "t to "t1 special reports & /atem5ts "u oa? conc]n+ _! bus9ess1 x %all keep itself fully in=m$ ( ! physical condition ( all ! railroads ( ! ,/ate1 z to ! mann] 9 :i* !y are op]at$1 ) ref]5ce to ! security & accommodation ( ! public1 & %all1 f "t to "t1 make & en=ce su* requirem5ts1 rules & regulations z may be necess>y to prev5t unju/ or unreasonable discrim9ations by any transportation or transmission company 9 favor (1 or aga9/1 any p]son1 locality1 community1 connect+ l9e1 or k9d ( traffic1 9 ! matt] ( c> s]vice1 tra9 or boat s*$ule1 effici5cy ( transportation or o!rwise1 9 connection ) ! public duties ( su* company ,be=e ! commission %all prescribe or fix any rate1 *>ge1 or classification ( traffic1 & be=e x %all make any ord]1 rule1 regulation or requirem5t direct$ aga9/ any "o or m companies by "n1 ! company or companies to be affect$ by su* rate1 *>ge1 classification1 ord]1 rule1 regulation or requirem5t1 %all fir/ be giv51 by ! commission1 at lea/ t5 days' notice ( ! "t & place1 :5 & :]e ! contemplat$ action 9 ! premises w be consid]$ & dispos$ (1 & %all be af=d$ a reasonable opportunity to introduce evid5ce & to be he>d !reon1 to ! end t ju/ice may be done1 & %all h process to en=ce ! att5dance ( witnesses1 & be=e ! commission %all make or prescribe any g5]al ord]1 rule1 regulation or requirem5t1 n direct$ aga9/ any specific company or companies by "n1 ! contemplat$ g5]al ord]1 rule1 regulation or requirem5t %all fir/ be publi%$ 9 sub/ance1 n less ?an once a week = f\r consecutive weeks 9 "o or m ( ! newspap]s ( g5]al circulation publi%$ 9 ! city ( ,ri*mond1 ,virg9ia1 toge!r ) notice ( ! "t & place1 :5 & :]e ! commission w he> any objections :i* may be urg$ by any p]son int]e/$1 aga9/ ! propos$ ord]1 rule1 regulation or requirem5t1 & e su* g5]al ord]1 rule1 regulation or requirem5t1 made by ! commission %all be publi%$ at l5g?1 = ! "t & 9 ! mann] above specifi$1 be=e x %all g into effect1 & %all also1 z long z x rema9s 9 =ce1 be publi%$ 9 ea* subsequ5t annual report ( ! commission4 ,! au?ority ( ! commission 7subject to review on appeal z h]e9aft] provid$7 to prescribe rates1 *>ges & classifications ( traffic1 = transportation & transmission companies1 %all be p>am\nt1 b its au?ority to prescribe any o!r rules1 regulations or requirem5ts = corporations or o!r p]sons %all be subject to ! sup]ior au?ority ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly to legislate !reon by g5]al laws provid$1 h[ev]1 t no?+ 9 ?is section %all impair ! "r :i* has h]et(ore be51 or may h]eaft] be1 conf]r$ by law ^u ! au?orities ( any city1 t[n or c\nty to prescribe rules1 regulations or rates ( *>ge to be obs]v$ by any public s]vice corporation 9 connection ) any s]vices p]=m$ by x "u a municipal or c\nty fran*ise grant$ by su* city1 t[n or c\nty1 s f> z su* s]vices may be :olly )9 ! limits ( ! city1 t[n or c\nty grant+ ! fran*ise4 ,^u ! reque/ ( ! p>ties int]e/$1 x %all be ! duty ( ! commission1 z f> z possible1 to effect1 by m$iation1 ! adju/m5t ( claims1 & ! settlem5t ( controv]sies1 betwe5 transportation or transmission companies & _! patrons 7c7 ,9 all matt]s p]ta9+ to ! public visitation1 regulation or control ( corporations1 & )9 ! jurisdiction ( ! commission1 x %all h ! p[]s & au?ority ( a c\rt ( record1 to adm9i/] oa?s1 to compel ! att5dance ( witnesses & ! production ( pap]s1 to puni% = contempt any p]son guilty ( disrespectful or disord]ly conduct 9 ! pres5ce ( ! commission :ile 9 session1 & to en=ce compliance ) any ( its lawful ord]s or requirem5ts by adjudg+ & en=c+ by its own appropriate process1 aga9/ ! del9qu5t or (f5d+ company 7aft] x %all h be5 fir/ duly cit$1 proce$$ aga9/ by due process ( law be=e ! commission sitt+ z a c\rt1 & af=d$ opportunity to introduce evid5ce & to be he>d1 z well aga9/ ! validity1 ju/ness or reasonabl5ess ( ! ord] or requirem5t alleg$ to h be5 violat$1 z aga9/ ! liability ( ! company = ! alleg$ violation71 su* f9es or o!r p5alties z may be prescrib$ or au?oriz$ by ?is ,con/itution or by law4 ,! commission may be ve/$ ) su* additional p[]s1 & *>g$ ) su* o!r duties 7n inconsi/5t ) ?is ,con/itution7 z may be prescrib$ by law1 9 connection ) ! visitation1 regulation or control ( corporations1 or ) ! prescrib+ & en=c+ ( rates & *>ges to be obs]v$ 9 ! conduct ( any bus9ess :]e ! ,/ate has ! "r to prescribe ! rates & *>ges 9 connection !re)1 or ) ! assessm5t ( ! prop]ty ( corporations or ! appraisem5t ( _! fran*ises1 = taxation1 or ) ! inve/igation ( ! subject ( taxation g5]ally4 ,any corporation fail+ or refus+ to obey any valid ord] or requirem5t ( ! commission1 )9 su* reasonable "t1 n less ?an t5 days1 z %all be fix$ 9 ! ord]1 may be f9$ by ! commission 7proce$+ by due process ( law z a=esaid7 su* sum1 n exce$+ five hundr$ doll>s1 z ! commission may deem prop]1 or su* sum 9 excess ( five hundr$ doll>s1 z may be prescrib$1 or au?oriz$1 by law2 & ea* day's cont9uance ( su* failure or refusal1 aft] due s]vice ^u su* corporation ( ! old] or requirem5t ( ! commission1 %all be a sep>ate (f5ce provid$ t %\ld ! op]ation ( su* ord] or requirem5t be susp5d$ p5d+ an appeal !refrom1 ! p]iod ( su* susp5sion %all n be comput$ aga9/ ! company 9 ! matt] ( its liability to f9es or p5alties 7d7 ,f any action ( ! commission prescrib+ rates1 *>ges or classifications ( traffic1 or affect+ ! tra9 s*$ule ( any transportation company1 or requir+ additional facilities1 conv5i5ces or public s]vice ( any transportation or transmission company1 or refus+ to approve a susp5d+ bond1 or requir+ additional security !reon or an increase !re(1 z provid$ = 9 sub-section e ( ?is section1 an appeal 7subject to su* reasonable limitations z to "t1 regulations z to proc$ure & provisions z to co/s1 z may be prescrib$ by law7 may be tak5 by ! corporation ^: rates1 *>ges or classifications ( traffic1 s*$ule1 facilities1 conv5i5ces or s]vice1 are affect$1 or by any p]son deem+ himself aggriev$ by su* action1 or 7if all[$ by law7 by ! ,commonweal?4 ,until o!rwise provid$ by law1 su* appeal %all be tak5 9 ! mann] 9 :i* appeals may be tak5 to ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,appeals f ! inf]ior c\rts1 except t su* an appeal %all be ( "r1 & ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,appeals may provide by rule = proce$+s 9 ! matt] ( appeals 9 any p>ticul> 9 :i* ! exi/+ rules ( law are inapplicable4 ,if su* appeal be tak5 by ! corporation ^: rates1 *>ges or classifications ( traffic1 s*$ules1 facilities1 conv5i5ces or s]vice are affect$1 ! ,commonweal? %all be made ! appellee1 b1 9 ! o!r cases m5tion$ ! corporation s affect$ %all be made ! appellee4 ,! ,g5]al ,assembly may also1 by g5]al laws1 provide = appeals f any o!r action ( ! commission1 by ! ,commonweal? or by any p]son int]e/$1 irrespective ( ! am\nt involv$4 ,all appeals f ! commission %all be to ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,appeals only1 aid 9 all appeals to :i* ! ,commonweal? is a p>ty1 x %all be repres5t$ by ! ,attorney ,g5]al or 8 legally appo9t$ repres5tative4 ,no c\rt ( ?is ,commonweal? 7except ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,appeals1 by way ( appeals z h]e9 au?oriz$7 %all h jurisdiction to review1 rev]se1 correct or annul any action ( ! commission1 )9 ! scope ( its au?ority1 or to susp5d or delay ! execution or op]ation !re(1 or to enjo91 re/ra9 or int]f]e ) ! commission 9 ! p]=mance ( its (ficial duties1 provid$1 h[ev]1 t ! writs ( m&amus & prohibition %all lie f ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,appeals to ! commission 9 all cases :]e su* writs1 respectively1 w\ld lie to any inf]ior tribunal or (fic]4 7e7 ,^u ! grant+ ( an appeal1 a writ ( sup]s$eas may be aw>d$ by ! appellate c\rt1 susp5d+ ! op]ation ( ! action appeal$ f until ! f9al disposition ( ! appeal1 b1 prior to ! f9al rev]sal !re( by ! appellate c\rt1 no action ( ! commission prescrib+ or affect+ ! rates1 *>ges or classifications ( traffic ( any transportation or transmission company %all be delay$1 or susp5d$1 9 its op]ation1 by reason ( any appeal by su* corporation1 or by reason ( any proce$+s result+ f su* appeal1 until a susp5d+ bond %all fir/ h be5 execut$ & fil$ )1 & approv$ by1 ! commission 7or approv$ on review by ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,appeals71 payable to ! ,commonweal?1 & suffici5t 9 am\nt & security to insure ! prompt refund+1 by ! appeal+ corporation to ! p>ties entitl$ !reto ( all *>ges :i* su* company may collect or receive1 p5d+ ! appeal1 9 excess ( ^? fix$1 or au?oriz$1 by ! f9al decision ( ! c\rt on appeal4 ,! commission1 ^u ! execution ( su* bond1 %all =?) require ! appeal+ company1 "u p5alty ( ! imm$iate en=cem5t 7p5d+ ! appeal & not)/&+ any sup]s$eas71 ( ! ord] or requirem5t appeal$ f1 to keep su* acc\nts1 & to make to ! commission1 f "t to "t1 su* reports1 v]ifi$ by oa?1 z may1 9 ! judgm5t ( ! commission1 suffice to %[ ! am\nts be+ *>g$ or receiv$ by ! company p5d+ ! appeal1 9 excess ( ! *>ge all[$ by ! action ( ! commission appeal$ f1 toge!r ) ! names & addresses ( ! p]sons to :om su* ov]*>ges w be refundable 9 case ! *>ges made by ! company p5d+ ! appeal1 be n su/a9$ on su* appeal1 & ! commission %all also1 f "t to "t1 require su* company1 "u l p5alty1 to give additional security on1 or to increase1 ! said susp5d+ bond1 :5ev]1 9 ! op9ion ( ! commission1 ! same may be necess>y to insure ! prompt refund+ ( ! ov]*>ges a=esaid4 ,^u ! f9al decision ( su* appeal1 all am\nts :i* ! appeal+ company may h collect$1 p5d+ ! appeal1 9 excess ( t au?oriz$ by su* f9al decision1 %all be promptly refund$ by ! company to ! p>ties entitl$ !reto1 9 su* mann]1 & ?r\gh su* me?ods ( di/ribution1 z may be prescrib$ by ! commission1 or by law4 ,all su* appeals affect+ rates1 *>ges or classifications ( traffic1 %all h prec$5ce ^u ! docket ( ! appellate c\rt1 & %all be he>d & dispos$ ( promptly by ! c\rt1 irrespective ( its place ( session1 next aft] ! habeas corpus1 & ,commonweal?'s cases already on ! docket ( ! c\rt4 7a7 ,9 no case ( appeal f ! commission %all any new or additional evid5ce be introduc$ 9 ! appellate c\rt1 b ! *airman ( ! commission1 "u ! seal ( ! commission1 %all c]tify to ! appellate c\rt all ! facts ^u :i* ! action appeal$ f 0 bas$ & :i* may be ess5tial = ! prop] decision ( ! appeal1 toge!r ) su* ( ! evid5ce introduc$ be=e1 or consid]$ by1 ! commission z may be select$1 specifi$ & requir$ to be c]tifi$1 by any p>ty 9 int]e/1 z well z su* o!r evid5ce1 s introduc$ or consid]$1 z ! commission may deem prop] to c]tify4 ,! commission %all1 :5ev] an appeal is tak5 !refrom1 file ) ! record ( ! case1 & z a "p !re(1 a writt5 /atem5t ( ! reasons ^u :i* ! action appeal$ f 0 bas$1 & su* /atem5t %all be lead & consid]$ by ! appellate c\rt1 ^u dispos+ ( ! appeal4 ,! appellate c\rt %all h jurisdiction1 on su* appeal1 to consid] & det]m9e ! reasonabl5ess & ju/ness ( ! action ( ! commission appeal$ f1 z well z any o!r matt] aris+ "u su* appeal provid$1 h[ev]1 t ! action ( ! commission appeal$ f %all be reg>d$ z prima facie j1 reasonable & correct1 b ! c\rt may1 :5 x deems necess>y1 9 ! int]e/ ( ju/ice1 dem& to ! commission any case p5d+ on appeal1 & require ! same to be fur!r inve/igat$ by ! commission1 & report$ ^u to ! c\rt 7toge!r ) a c]tificate ( su* additional evid5ce z may be t5d]$ be=e ! commission by any p>ty 9 int]e/71 be=e ! appeal is f9ally decid$4 7b7 ,:5ev] ! c\rt1 ^u appeal1 %all rev]se an ord] ( ! commission affect+ ! rates1 *>ges or ! classification ( traffic ( any transportation or transmission company1 x %all1 at ! same "t1 sub/itute !re= su* ord] z 9 its op9ion1 ! commission %\ld h made at ! "t ( ent]+ ! ord] appeal$ f1 o!rwise ! rev]sal ord] %all n be valid4 ,su* sub/itut$ ord] %all h ! same =ce & effect 7& none o!r7 z if x _h be5 ent]$ by ! commission at ! "t ! orig9al ord] appeal$ f 0 ent]$4 ,! "r ( ! commission to prescribe & en=ce rates1 *>ges1 classifications1 rules & regulations1 affect+ any or all actions ( ! commission !ret(ore ent]$ by x & appeal$ f1 b bas$ ^u circum/ances or conditions diff]5t f ^? exi/+ at ! "t ! ord] appeal$ f 0 made1 %all n be susp5d$ or impair$ by reason ( ! p5d5cy ( su* appeal2 b no ord] ( ! commission1 prescrib+ or alt]+ su* rates1 *>ges1 classifications1 rules or regulations1 %all be retroactive4 7h7 ,! "r ( any p]son to in/itute & prosecute 9 ! ord9>y c\rts ( ju/ice1 any action1 suit or motion aga9/ any transportation or transmission company1 = any claim or cause ( action aga9/ su* company1 %all n be ext+ui%$ or impair$1 by reason ( any f9e or o!r p5alty :i* ! commission may impose1 or be au?oriz$ to impose1 ^u su* company because ( its brea* ( any public duty1 or because ( its failure to comply ) any ord] or requirem5t ( ! commission2 b1 9 no su* proce$+ by any p]son aga9/ su* corporation1 nor 9 any collat]al proce$+1 %all ! reasonabl5ess1 ju/ness or validity ( any rate1 *>ge1 classification or traffic1 rule1 regulation or requirem5t1 !ret(ore prescrib$ by ! commission1 )9 ! scope ( its au?ority1 & !n 9 =ce1 be que/ion$3 provid$1 h[ev]1 t no ease bas$ ^u or involv+ any ord] ( ! commission %all be he>d1 or dispos$ (1 aga9/ ! objection ( ei!r p>ty1 s long z su* ord] is susp5d$ 9 its op]ation by an ord] ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,appeals z au?oriz$ by ?is ,con/itution or by any law pass$ 9 pursuance !re(4 7i7 ,! commission %all make annual reports to ! ,gov]nor ( its proce$+s1 9 :i* reports x %all recomm5d1 f "t to "t1 su* new or additional legislation 9 ref]5ce to its p[]s or duties1 or to ! creation1 sup]vision1 regulation or control ( corporations1 or to ! subject ( taxation1 z x may deem wise or exp$i5t1 or z may be requir$ by law4 7k7 ,^u ! organization ( ! ,/ate ,corporation ,commission1 ! ,bo>d ( ,public ,works & ! (fice ( ,railroad ,commission]1 %all cease to exi/2 & all books1 pap]s & docum5ts p]ta9+ !reto1 %all be transf]r$ to1 & become a "p ( ! records (1 ! (fice ( ! ,/ate ,corporation ,commission4 7l7 ,aft] ! fir/ day ( ,janu>y1 n9ete5 hundr$ & five1 9 addition to ! modes ( am5dm5t provid$ = 9 ,article fifte5 ( ?is ,con/itution1 ! ,g5]al ,assembly1 ^u ! recomm5dation ( ! ,/ate ,corporation ,commission1 may1 by law1 f "t to "t1 am5d sub-sections a to i1 inclusive1 ( ?is section1 or any ( !m1 or any su* am5dm5t !re(3 provid$1 t no am5dm5t made "u au?ority ( ?is sub-section %all contrav5e ! provisions ( any "p ( ?is ,con/itution o!r ?an ! sub-sections la/ above ref]r$ to or any su* am5dm5t !re(4 ,,sec4 #aeg4 ,provision %all be made by g5]al laws = ! paym5t ( a fee to ! ,commonweal? by e dome/ic corporation1 ^u ! grant+1 am5dm5t or ext5sion ( its *>t]1 & by e =eign corporation ^u obta9+ a lic5se to d bus9ess 9 ?is ,/ate z specifi$ 9 ?is section2 & also = ! paym5t1 by e dome/ic corporation1 & =eign corporation do+ bus9ess 9 ?is ,/ate1 ( an annual regi/ration fee ( n less ?an five doll>s nor m ?an tw5ty-five doll>s1 :i* %all be irrespective ( any specific lic5se1 or o!r1 tax impos$ by law ^u su* company = ! privilege ( c>ry+ on its bus9ess 9 ?is ,/ate1 or ^u its fran*ise or prop]ty2 & = ! mak+1 by e su* corporation 7at ! "t ( pay+ su* annual regi/ration fee71 ( su* report to ! ,/ate ,corporation ,commission1 ( ! /atus1 bus9ess or condition ( su* corporation1 z ! ,g5]al ,assembly may prescribe4 ,no =eign corporation %all h au?ority to d bus9ess 9 ?is ,/ate1 until x %all h fir/ obta9$ f ! commission a lic5se to d bus9ess 9 ?is ,/ate1 ^u su* t]ms & conditions z may be prescrib$ by law4 ,! failure by any corporation = two successive ye>s to pay its annual regi/ration fee1 or to make its said annual reports1 %all1 :5 su* failure %all h cont9u$ = n9ety days aft] ! expiration ( su* two ye>s1 op]ate z a revocation & annulm5t ( ! *>t] ( su* corporation if x be a dome/ic company1 or1 ( its lic5se to d bus9ess 9 ?is ,/ate if x be a =eign company2 & ! ,g5]al ,assembly %all provide additional & suitable p5alties = ! failure ( any corporation to comply promptly ) ! requirem5ts ( ?is section1 or ( any laws pass$ 9 pursuance !re(4 ,! commission %all compel all corporations to comply promptly ) su* requirem5ts1 by en=c+1 9 ! mann] h]e9be=e au?oriz$1 su* f9es & p5alties aga9/ ! del9qu5t company z may be provid$ =1 or au?oriz$ by1 ?is article2 b ! ,g5]al ,assembly may relieve f ! paym5t ( ! said regi/ration fee any purely *>itable in/itution or in/itutions4 ,,sec4 #aeh4 ,e corporation h]et(ore *>t]$ 9 ?is ,/ate1 :i* %all h]eaft] accept1 or effect1 any am5dm5t or ext5sion ( its *>t]1 %all be conclusively presum$ to h !reby surr5d]$ e exemption f taxation1 & e non- repealable feature ( its *>t] & ( ! am5dm5ts !re(1 & also all exclusive rights or privileges !ret(ore grant$ to x by ! ,g5]al ,assembly & n enjoy$ by o!r corporations ( a simil> g5]al "*2 & to h !reby agre$ to !reaft] hold its *>t] & fran*ises1 & all am5dm5ts !re(1 "u ! provisions & subject to all ! requirem5ts1 t]ms & conditions ( ?is ,con/itution & ( any laws pass$ 9 pursuance !re(1 s f> z ! same may be applicable to su* corporation4 ,,sec4 #aei4 ,! ex]cise ( ! "r ( em95t doma9 %all nev] be abridg$1 nor s con/ru$ z to prev5t ! ,g5]al ,assembly f tak+ ! prop]ty & fran*ises ( corporations & subject+ !m to public use1 ! same z ! prop]ty ( individuals2 & ! ex]cise ( ! police p[] ( ! ,/ate %all nev] be abridg$1 nor s con/ru$ z to p]mit corporations to conduct _! bus9ess 9 su* mann] z to infr+e ! equal rights ( individuals or ! g5]al well-be+ ( ! ,/ate4 ,,sec4 #afj4 ,no transportation or transmission company %all *>ge or receive any great] comp5sation1 9 ! aggregate1 = transport+ ! same class ( pass5g]s or prop]ty1 or = transmitt+ ! same class ( messages1 ov] a %ort] ?an ov] a long] di/ance1 along ! same l9e & 9 ! same direction-- ! %ort] be+ includ$ 9 ! long] di/ance1 b ?is section %all n be con/ru$ z au?or+ any su* company to *>ge or res]ve z great comp5sation = a %ort] z = a long] di/ance ! ,/ate ,corporation ,commission may1 f "t to "t1 au?orize any su* company to disreg>d ! =ego+ provisions ( ?is section1 by *>g+ su* rates z ! commission may prescribe z j & equitable betwe5 su* company & ! public1 to or f any junctional or competitive po9ts or localities1 or :]e ! competition ( po9ts locat$ )\t ?is ,/ate may make necess>y ! prescrib+ ( special rates = ! protection ( ! comm]ce ( ?is ,/ate1 b ?is section %all n apply to mileage tickets1 or to any special excursion1 or commutation1 rates1 or to special rates = s]vices r5d]$ to ! gov]nm5t ( ?is ,/ate1 or ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or 9 ! int]e/ ( "s public object1 :5 su* tickets or rates %all h be5 prescrib$ or au?oriz$ by ! commission ,,sec4 #afa4 ,no transportation or transmission company do+ bus9ess 9 ?is ,/ate %all grant to any memb] ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly1 or to any /ate1 c\nty1 di/rict or municipal (fic]1 except to memb]s & (fic]s ( ! ,/ate ,corporation ,commission = !n p]sonal use :ile 9 (fice1 any frank1 free pass1 free transportation or any rebate or r$uction 9 ! rates *>g$ by su* company to ! g5]al public = l s]vices4 ,= violation ( ! provisions ( ?is section ! (f5d+ company %all be liable to su* p5alties z may be prescrib$ by law1 & any memb] ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly1 or any su* (fic]1 :o %all1 :ile 9 (fice1 accept any gift1 privilege or b5efit z is prohibit$ by ?is section1 %all !reby =feit 8 (fice1 & be subject to su* fur!r p5alties z may be prescrib$ by law1 b ?is section %all n prev5t a /reet railway company f transport+ free ( *>ge any memb] ( ! police =ce or fire dep>tm5t :ile 9 ! dis*>ge ( 8 (ficial duties1 nor prohibit ! acceptance by any su* policeman or fireman ( su* free transportation4 ,,sec #ajb4 ,! doctr9e ( fell[ s]vant1 s f> z x affects ! liability ( ! ma/] = injuries to 8 s]vant result+ f ! acts or omissions ( any o!r s]vant or s]vants ( ! common ma/]1 is1 to ! ext5t h]e9aft] /at$1 aboli%$ z to e employee ( a railroad company1 engag$ 9 ! physical con/ruction1 repair or ma9t5ance ( its roadway1 track or any ( ! /ructures connect$ !re)1 or 9 any "w 9 or ^u a c> or eng9e /&+ ^u a track1 or 9 ! physical op]ation ( a tra91 c>1 eng9e1 or swit*1 or 9 any s]vice requir+ 8 pres5ce ^u a tra91 c> or eng9e1 & e su* employee %all h ! same "r to recov]y = e injury suff]$ by him f ! acts or omissions ( any o!r employee or employees ( ! common ma/]1 t a s]vant w\ld h 7at ! "t :5 ?is ,con/itution goes into effect71 if su* acts or omissions 7 ^? ( ! ma/] himself 9 ! p]=mance ( a non- assignable duty provid$1 t ! injury1 s suff]$ by su* railroad employee1 result f ! neglig5ce ( an (fic]1 or ag5t1 ( ! company ( a high] grade ( s]vice ?an himself1 or f t ( a p]son1 employ$ by ! company1 hav+ ! "r1 or *>g$ ) ! duty1 to control or direct ! g5]al s]vices or ! imm$iate "w ( ! p>ty injur$1 or ! g5]al s]vices or ! imm$iate "w ( ! co employee ?r\gh1 or by ^: act or omission he is injur$1 or t x result f ! neglig5ce ( a co employee engag$ 9 ano!r dep>tm5t ( labor1 or engag$ ^u1 or 9 *>ge (1 any c> ^u :i*1 or ^u ! tra9 ( :i* x is a "p1 ! injur$ employee is n at ! "t ( receiv+ ! injury1 or :o is 9 *>ge ( any swit*1 signal po9t1 or locomotive eng9e1 or is *>g$ ) dispat*+ tra9s or transmitt+ telegraphic or telephonic ord]s !re=e1 & :e!r su* neglig5ce be 9 ! p]=mance ( an assignable or non assignable duty4 ,! physical con/ruction1 repair or ma9t5ance ( ! roadway1 track or any ( ! /ructures connect$ !re)1 & ! physical con/ruction1 repair1 ma9t5ance1 clean+ or op]ation ( tra9s1 c>s or eng9es1 %all be reg>d$ z diff]5t dep>tm5ts ( labor )9 ! mean+ ( ?is section4 ,k1 by any su* railroad employee injur$1 ( ! defective or unsafe "* or condition ( any ma*9]y1 ways1 appliances or /ructures1 %all be no def5ce to an action = injury caus$ !reby4 ,:5 dea?1 :e!r in/antane\s or n1 results to su* an employee f any injury = :i* he c\ld h recov]$1 "u ! above provisions1 _h dea? n occurr$1 !n 8 legal or p]sonal repres5tative1 surviv+ consort1 & relatives 7& any tru/ee1 curator committee or gu>dian ( su* consort or relatives7 %all1 respectively1 h ! same rights & rem$ies ) respect !reto z if 8 dea? _h be5 caus$ by ! neglig5ce ( a co employee :ile 9 ! p]=mance1 z vice-pr9cipal1 ( a non assignable duty ( ! ma/]4 ,e contract or agreem5t1 express or impli$1 made by an employee1 to waive ! b5efit ( ?is section1 %all be null & void ,?is section %all n be con/ru$ to deprive any employee1 or 8 legal or p]sonal repres5tative1 surviv+ consort or relatives 7or any tru/ee1 curator1 committee or gu>dian ( su* consort or relatives71 ( an rights or rem$ies t he or !y may h by ! law ( ! l&1 at ! "t ?is ,con/itution goes into effect ,no?+ conta9$ 9 ?is section %all re/rict ! p[] ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly to fur!r enl>ge1 = ! above nam$ class ( employees1 ! rights & rem$ies h]e9be=e provid$ =1 or to ext5d su* rights & rem$ies to1 or o!rwise enl>ge ! pres5t rights & rem$ies (1 any o!r class ( employees ( railroads or ( employees ( any p]son1 firm or corporation ,,sec #afc ,no =eign corporation %all be au?or$ to c>ry on1 m ?is ,/ate1 ! bus9ess1 or to ex]cise any ( ! p[]s or functions1 ( a public s]vice corporation1 or be p]mitt$ to d any?+ :i* dome/ic corporations are prohibit$ f do+ or be reliev$ f compliance ) any ( ! requirem5ts made ( simil> dome/ic corporations by ! ,con/itution & laws ( ?is ,/ate1 :]e ! same c be made applicable to su* =eign corporation )\t discrim9at+ aga9/ x ,b ?is section %all n affect any public s]vice corporation ^: l9e or r\te ext5ds across ! b\nd>y ( ?is ,commonweal?1 nor prev5t any =eign corporation f cont9u+ 9 su* lawful bus9ess z x may be actually engag$ 9 )9 ?is ,/ate1 :5 ?is ,con/itution goes into effect2 b any su* =eign public s]vice corporation1 s engag$1 %all n1 )\t fir/ becom+ incorporat$ "u ! laws ( ?is ,/ate1 be au?oriz$ to acquire1 lease1 use or op]ate1 )9 ?is ,/ate1 any public or municipal fran*ise or fran*ises 9 addition to su* z x may own1 lease1 use or op]ate :5 ?is ,con/itution goes into effect4 ,! prop]ty1 )9 ?is ,/ate1 ( =eign corporations %all always be subject to atta*m5t1 ! same z t ( non- resid5t individuals2 & no?+ 9 ?is section %all re/rict ! p[] ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly to discrim9ate aga9/ =eign corporations :5ev]1 & 9 :atsoev] respect1 x may deem wise or exp$i5t4 ,,sec4 #afd4 ,! "r ( ! ,commonweal?1 ?r\gh su* in/rum5talities z x may select1 to prescribe & def9e ! public duties ( all common c>ri]s & public s]vice corporations1 to regulate & control !m 9 ! p]=mance ( _! public duties1 & to fix & limit _! *>ges !re=1 %all nev] be surr5d]$ nor abridg$4 ,,sec4 #afe4 ,! ,g5]al ,assembly %all enact laws prev5t+ all tru/s1 comb9ations & monopolies1 inimical to ! public welf>e4 ,,sec4 #aff4 ,! exclusive "r to build or op]ate railroads p>allel to its own1 or any o!r1 l9e ( railroad1 %all n be grant$ to any company2 b e railroad company %all h ! "r1 subject to su* reasonable regulations z may be prescrib$ by law1 to p>allel1 int]sect1 connect ) or cross1 ) its roadway1 any o!r railroad or railroads2 b no railroad company %all build or op]ate any l9e ( railroad n specifi$ 9 its *>t]1 or 9 "s am5dm5t !re(4 ,all railroad companies1 ^: l9es ( railroad connect1 %all receive & transport ea* o!r's pass5g]s1 freight1 load$ or empty c>s1 )\t delay or discrim9ation4 ,no?+ 9 ?is section %all deprive ! ,g5]al ,assembly ( ! "r to prev5t by /atute1 repealable at pleasure1 any railroad f be+ built p>allel to ! pres5t l9e ( ! ,ri*mond1 ,fr$]icksburg & ,potomac railroad4 ,,sec4 #afg4 ,! ,g5]al ,assembly %all enact g5]al laws regulat+ & controll+ all issues ( /ock & bonds by corporations4 ,:5ev] /ock or bonds are to be issu$ by a corporation1 x %all1 be=e issu+ ! same1 file ) ! ,/ate ,corporation ,commission a /atem5t 7v]ifi$ by ! oa? ( ! presid5t or secret>y ( ! corporation1 & 9 su* =m z may be prescrib$ or p]mitt$ by ! commission7 sett+ =? fully & accurately ! basis1 or f9ancial plan1 ^u :i* su* /ock or bonds are to be issu$2 & :]e su* basis or plan includes s]vices or prop]ty 7o!r ?an money71 receiv$ or to be receiv$ by ! company1 su* /atem5t %all accurately specify & describe1 9 ! mann] prescrib$1 or p]mitt$1 by ! commission1 ! s]vices & prop]ty1 toge!r ) ! valuation at :i* ! same are receiv$ or to be receiv$2 & su* corporation %all comply ) any o!r requirem5ts or re/rictions :i* may be impos$ by law4 ,! ,g5]al ,assembly %all provide adequate p5alties = ! violation ( ?is section1 or ( any laws pass$ 9 pursuance !re(2 & x %all be ! duty ( ! commission to adjudge1 & en=ce 79 ! mann] h]e9be=e provid$71 aga9/ any corporation refus+ or fail+ to comply ) ! provisions ( ?is section1 or ( any laws pass$ 9 prey nuance !re(1 su* f9es & p5alties z are au?oriz$ by ?is ,con/itution1 or may be prescrib$ by law4 ,,article ,,xiii4 ,,taxation ,,& ,,f9ance4 ,,sec4 #afh4 ,all prop]ty1 except z h]e9aft] provid$1 %all be tax$2 all taxes1 :e!r /ate1 local1 or municipal1 %all be uni=m ^u ! same class ( subjects )9 ! t]ritorial limits ( ! au?ority levy+ ! tax1 & %all be levi$ & collect$ "u g5]al laws4 ,,sec4 #afi4 ,except z h]e9aft] provid$1 all assessm5ts ( real e/ate & tangible p]sonal prop]ty %all be at _! fair m>ket value1 to be asc]ta9$ z prescrib$ by law4 ,! ,g5]al ,assembly may all[ a l[] rate ( taxation to be impos$ = a p]iod ( ye>s by a city or t[n ^u l& add$ to its corporate limits1 ?an is impos$ on simil> prop]ty )9 its limits at ! "t su* l& is add$4 ,no?+ 9 ?is ,con/itution %all prev5t ! ,g5]al ,assembly1 aft] ! fir/ day ( ,janu>y1 n9ete5 hundr$ & ?irte51 f segregat+ = ! purposes ( taxation1 ! sev]al k9ds or classes ( prop]ty1 s z to specify & det]m9e ^u :at subjects1 /ate taxes1 & ^u :at subjects1 local taxes may be levi$4 ,,sec4 #agj4 ,! ,g5]al ,assembly may levy a tax on incomes 9 excess ( six hundr$ doll>s p] annum2 may levy a lic5se tax ^u any bus9ess :i* _c be rea*$ by ! ad valorem sy/em2 & may impose /ate fran*ise taxes1 & 9 impos+ a fran*ise tax1 may1 9 its discretion1 make ! same 9 lieu ( taxes ^u o!r prop]ty1 9 :ole or 9 "p1 ( a transportation1 indu/rial1 or comm]cial corporation4 ,:5ev] a fran*ise tax %all be impos$ ^u a corporation do+ bus9ess 9 ?is ,/ate1 or :5ev] all ! capital1 h[ev] inve/$1 ( a corporation *>t]$ "u ! laws ( ?is ,/ate1 %all be tax$1 ! %>es ( /ock issu$ by any su* corporation1 %all n be fur!r tax$4 ,no city or t[n %all impose any tax or assessm5t ^u abutt+ l& own]s = /reet or o!r public local improvem5ts1 except = mak+ & improv+ ! walkways ^u !n exi/+ /reets1 & improv+ & pav+ !n exi/+ alleys1 & = ei!r ! con/ruction1 or = ! use ( sew]s2 & ! same :5 impos$1 %all n be 9 excess ( ! peculi> b5efits result+ !refrom to su* abutt+ l& own]s4 ,except 9 cities & t[ns1 no su* taxes or assessm5ts1 = local public improvem5ts %all be impos$ on abutt+ l& own]s4 ,,sec4 #aga4 ,! ,g5]al ,assembly %all provide = a re-assessm5t ( real e/ate1 9 ! ye> n9ete51 hundr$ & five1 & e fif? ye> !reaft]1 except t ( railway & canal corporations1 :i*1 aft] ! ,janu>y ! fir/1 n9ete5 hundr$ & ?irte51 may be assess$ z ! ,g5]al ,assembly may provide ,,sec #agb ,! ,g5]al ,assembly %all provide = ! special & sep>ate assessm5t ( all coal & o!r m9]al l&1 b until su* special assessm5t is made1 su* l& %all be assess$ "u exi/+ laws ,,sec #agc ,! ,g5]al ,assembly %all levy a /ate capitation tax (1 & n exce$+1 "o doll> & fifty c5ts p] annum on e male resid5t ( ! ,/ate n less ?an tw5ty "o ye>s ( age1 except ^? p5sion$ by ?is ,/ate = milit>y s]vices1 "o doll> ( :i* %all be appli$ exclusively 9 aid ( ! public free s*ools1 9 proportion to ! s*ool population1 & ! residue %all be return$ & paid by ! ,/ate into ! treasury ( ! c\nty or city 9 :i* x 0 collect$1 to be appropriat$ by ! prop] c\nty or city au?orities to su* c\nty or city purposes z !y %all respectively det]m9e1 b said /ate capitation tax %all n be a li5 ^u1 nor collect$ by legal process f1 ! p]sonal prop]ty :i* may be exempt f levy or di/ress "u ! poor debtor's law4 ,! ,g5]al ,assembly may au?orize ! bo>d ( sup]visors ( any c\nty1 or ! c\ncil ( any city or t[n1 to levy an additional capitation tax n exce$+ "o doll> p] annum on e su* resid5t )9 its limits1 :i* %all be appli$ 9 aid ( ! public s*ools ( su* c\nty1 city or t[n1 or = su* o!r c\nty1 city or t[n purposes z !y %all det]m9e ,,sec #agd ,aft] ?is ,con/itution %all be 9 =ce1 no /atute ( limitation %all run aga9/ any claim ( ! ,/ate = taxes ^u any prop]ty1 nor %all ! failure to assess prop]ty = taxation defeat a subsequ5t assessm5t = & collection ( taxes = any prec$+ ye> or ye>s1 unless su* prop]ty %all h pass$ to a bona fide pur*as] ( value1 )\t notice1 9 :i* latt] case ! prop]ty %all be assess$ = taxation aga9/ su* pur*as] f ! date ( 8 pur*ase ,,sec #age ,! natural oy/] b$s1 rocks & %oals1 9 ! wat]s ( ?is ,/ate1 %all n be leas$1 r5t$ or sold1 b %all be held 9 tru/ = ! b5efit ( ! p ( ?is ,/ate1 subject to su* regulations & re/rictions z ! ,g5]al ,assembly may prescribe1 b ! ,g5]al ,assembly may1 f "t to "t1 def9e & det]m9e su* natural b$s1 rocks or %oals1 by surveys or o!rwise ,,sec #agf ,! ,/ate ,corporation ,commission %all annually asc]ta9 & assess1 at ! "t h]e9aft] m5tion$1 & 9 ! mann] requir$ ( ! ,bo>d ( ,public ,works1 by ! law 9 =ce on ,janu>y ! fir/ n9ete5 hundr$ & two1 ! value ( ! roadb$1 & o!r real e/ate1 roll+ /ock1 & all o!r p]sonal prop]ty :atsoev] 7except its fran*ise & ! non taxable %>es ( /ock issu$ by o!r corporations7 9 ?is ,/ate1 ( ea* railway corporation1 :atev] its motive p[]1 n[ or h]eaft] liable = taxation ^u su* prop]ty1 ! canal b$ & o!r real e/ate1 ! boats & all o!r p]sonal prop]ty :atsoev] 7except its fran*ise & ! non taxable %>es ( /ock issu$ by o!r corporations7 9 ?is ,/ate1 ( ea* canal corporation1 emp[]$ to conduct transportation1 & su* prop]ty %all be tax$ = /ate1 c\nty1 city1 t[n & di/rict purposes 9 ! same mann] z au?oriz$ by said law1 at su* rates ( taxation z may be impos$ by !m1 respectively1 f "t to "t1 ^u ! real e/ate & p]sonal prop]ty ( natural p]sons provid$1 t no tax %all be laid ^u ! net income ( su* corporations4 ,,sec4 #agg4 ,ea* su* railway or canal corporation1 includ+ also any su* z is exempt f taxation z to its works1 visible prop]ty1 or pr(its1 %all also pay an annual /ate fran*ise tax equal to "o p] c5tum ^u ! gross receipts h]e9aft] specifi$ 9 section ,"o ,hundr$ & ,sev5ty eight = ! privilege ( ex]cis+ its fran*ise 9 ?is ,/ate1 :i*1 ) ! taxes provid$ = 9 section ,"o ,hundr$ & ,sev5ty six1 %all be 9 lieu ( all o!r taxes or lic5se *>ges :atsoev] ^u ! fran*ises ( su* corporation1 ! %>es ( /ock issu$ by x1 & ^u its prop]ty assess$ "u section ,"o ,hundr$ & ,sev5ty six provid$1 t no?+ h]e9 conta9$ %all exempt su* corporation f ! annual fee requir$ by section ,"o ,hundr$ & fifty sev5 ( ?is ,con/itution1 or f assessm5ts = /reet & o!r public local improvem5ts au?oriz$ by section ,"o ,hundr$ & ,sev5ty1 & provid$1 fur!r1 t no?+ h]e9 conta9$ %all annul or int]f]e )1 or prev5t any contract or agreem5t by ord9ance betwe5 /reet railway corporations & municipalities1 z to comp5sation = ! use ( ! /reets or alleys ( su* municipalities by su* railway corporations4 ,,sec #agh ,! am\nt ( su* fran*ise tax %all be equal to "o p] c5tum ( ! gross transportation receipts ( su* corporation1 = ! ye> end+ ,june ! ?irtie? ( ea* ye>1 to be asc]ta9$ by ! ,/ate ,corporation ,commission1 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 7a7 ,:5 ! road or canal ( ! corporation lies :olly )9 ?is ,/ate1 ! tax %all be equal to "o p] c5tum ( ! entire gross transportation receipts ( su* corporation 7b7 ,:5 ! road or canal ( ! corporation lies p>tly )9 & p>tly )\t ?is ,/ate or is op]at$ z a "p ( a l9e or sy/em ext5d+ beyond ?is ,/ate1 ! tax %all be equal to "o p] c5tum ( ! gross transportation receipts e>n$ )9 ?is ,/ate1 to be det]m9$ z foll[s3 ,by asc]ta9+ ! av]age gross transportation receipts p] mile ov] its :ole ext5t )9 & )\t ?is ,/ate1 & multiply+ ! result by ! numb] ( miles op]at$ )9 ?is ,/ate provid$1 t f ! sum s asc]ta9$ !re may be a reasonable d$uction because ( any excess ( value ( ! t]m9al facilities or o!r simil> advantages 9 o!r /ates ov] simil> facilities or advantages 9 ?is ,/ate4 ,,sec #agi ,ea* corporation m5tion$ 9 sections ,"o ,hundr$ & ,sev5ty six & ,"o ,hundr$ & ,sev5ty sev5 %all annually1 on ! fir/ day ( ,septemb]1 make to ! ,/ate ,corporation ,commission ! report :i* ! law1 9 =ce ,janu>y ! fir/1 n9ete5 hundr$ & two1 requir$ to be made annually to ! ,bo>d ( ,public ,works by e railroad & canal company 9 ?is ,/ate1 n exempt f taxation by virtue ( its *>t]1 :i* report %all also %[ ! prop]ty taxable 9 ?is ,/ate belong+ to ! corporation on ! ?irtie? day ( ,june prec$+1 & its total gross transportation receipts = ! ye> end+ on t date4 ,^u receiv+ su* report ! ,/ate ,corporation ,commission %all1 aft] ?irty days' notice previ\sly giv51 z provid$ by said law1 assess ! value ( ! prop]ty n exempt f taxation1 ( ! corporation1 & asc]ta9 ! am\nt ( ! fran*ise tax & o!r /ate taxes *>geable aga9/ x4 ,all taxes = :i* ! corporation is liable %all be paid on or be=e ! fir/ day ( ,decemb] foll[+ ! provisions ( said law1 except z *ang$ by ?is article %all apply to ! asc]ta9m5t & collection ( ! fran*ise1 z well z o!r taxes ( su* corporations4 ,said taxes1 until paid1 %all be a li5 ^u ! prop]ty )9 ?is ,/ate ( ! corporation own+ ! same1 & take prec$5ce ( all o!r li5s or incumbrances4 ,,sec4 #ahj ,any corporation aggriev$ by ! assessm5t & asc]ta9m5t made "u sections ,"o ,hundr$ & ,sev5ty six & ,"o ,hundr$ & ,sev5ty eight may1 )9 ?irty days aft] receiv+ a c]tifi$ copy !re(1 apply = relief to ! circuit c\rt ( ! city ( ,ri*mond ,ju/ice ( ! application1 sett+ =? ! gr\nds ( compla9t1 v]ifi$ by affidavit1 %all be s]v$ on ! ,/ate ,corporation ,commission1 & on ! ,attorney ,g5]al ^: duty x %all be to repres5t ! ,/ate4 ,! c\rt1 if ( op9ion t ! assessm5t or tax is excessive %all r$uce ! same1 b if ( op9ion t x is insuffici5t1 %all increase ! same4 ,unless ! applicant paid ! taxes "u prote/1 :5 due1 ! c\rt1 if x disall[ ! application1 %all give judgm5t aga9/ x = a sum1 by way ( damages1 equal to int]e/ at ! rate ( "o p] c5tum p] mon? ^u ! am\nt ( taxes f ! "t ! same 7 payable4 ,if ! application be all[$1 9 :ole or 9 "p1 appropriate relief %all be grant$1 includ+ ! "r to recov] any excess ( taxes t may h be5 paid1 ) legal int]e/ !reon1 & co/s1 f ! ,/ate or local au?orities1 or bo?1 z ! case may be1 ! judgm5t to be en=ceable by m&amus or o!r prop] process issu+ f ! c\rt f9ally adjudicat+ ! application4 ,subject to ! provisions ( ,article ,six ( ?is ,con/itution1 ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,appeals may all[ a c\rt ( error to ei!r p>ty4 ,,sec4 #aha4 ,z ( ,janu>y ! fir/1 n9ete5 hundr$ & ?ree1 ! sy/em ( taxation1 z to ! corporations m5tion$ 9 sections ,"o ,hundr$ & ,sev5ty six & ,"o ,hundr$ & ,sev5ty sev51 %all be z set =? 9 sections ,"o ,hundr$ & ,sev5ty six to ,"o ,hundr$ & ,eighty1 inclusive1 & = t ye> ! fran*ise tax %all be bas$ ^u su* gross receipts = ! ye> end+ ! ?irtie? day ( ,june1 n9ete5 hundr$ & ?ree1 & su* sy/em %all s rema9 until ! fir/ day ( ,janu>y1 n9ete5 hundr$ & ?irte51 & !reaft] until modifi$ or *ang$1 z may be prescrib$ by law provid$1 t1 if ! said sy/em %all = any reason become inop]ative1 ! ,g5]al ,assembly %all h p[] to adopt "s o!r sy/em4 ,,sec4 #ahb4 ,until o!rwise prescrib$ by law1 ! %>es ( /ock issu$ by tru/ or security companies *>t]$ by ?is ,/ate1 & by incorporat$ banks1 %all be tax$ 9 ! same mann] 9 :i* ! %>es ( /ock issu$ by incorporat$ banks 7 tax$1 by ! law 9 =ce ,janu>y ! fir/1 n9ete5 hundr$ & two1 b f ! total assess$ value ( ! %>es ( /ock ( any su* company or bank1 !re %all be d$uct$ ! assess$ value ( its real e/ate o!rwise tax$ 9 ?is ,/ate1 & ! value ( ea* %>e ( /ock %all be its proportion ( ! rema9d]4 ,,sec4 #ahc4 ,except z o!rwise provid$ 9 ?is ,con/itution1 ! foll[+ prop]ty & no o!r1 %all be exempt f taxation1 /ate & local1 b ! ,g5]al ,assembly may h]eaft] tax any ( ! prop]ty h]eby exempt$ save t m5tion$ 9 sub-section 7a7 7a7 ,prop]ty directly or indirectly own$ by ! ,/ate1 h[ev] held1 & prop]ty lawfully own$ & held by c\nties1 cities1 t[ns1 or s*ool di/ricts1 us$ :olly & exclusively = c\nty1 city1 t[n1 or public s*ool purposes1 & obligations issu$ by ! ,/ate s9ce ! f\rte5? day ( ,febru>y1 eighte5 hundr$ & eighty two or h]eaft] exempt$ by law4 7b7 ,build+s ) l& !y actually occupy1 & ! furniture & furni%+s !re9 lawfully own$ & held by *ur*es or religi\s bodies1 & :olly & exclusively us$ = religi\s wor%ip1 or = ! resid5ce ( ! m9i/] ( any su* *ur* or religi\s body1 toge!r ) ! additional adjac5t l& reasonably necess>y = ! conv5i5t use ( any su* build+4 7c7 ,private family bury+ gr\nds n exce$+ "o acre 9 area1 res]v$ z su* by w or de$ or %[n by o!r suffici5t evid5ce to be res]v$ z su*1 & s exclusively us$1 & public bury+ gr\nds & lots !re9 exclusively us$ = burial purposes1 & n conduct$ = pr(it1 :e!r own$ or manag$ by local au?orities or by private corporations4 7d7 ,build+s ) ! l& !y actually occupy & ! furniture1 furni%+s1 books & in/rum5ts !re91 :olly devot$ to educational purposes1 belong+ to1 & actually & exclusively occupi$ & us$ by *ur*es1 public libr>ies1 incorporat$ colleges1 academies1 indu/rial s*ools1 sem9>ies1 or o!r incorporat$ in/itutions ( le>n+1 includ+ ! ,virg9ia ,hi/orical ,society1 :i* are n corporations hav+ %>es ( /ock or o!rwise own$ by individuals or o!r corporations1 toge!r ) su* additional adjac5t l& own$ by su* *ur*es1 libr>ies & educational in/itutions z may be reasonably necess>y = ! conv5i5t use ( su* build+s1 respectively1 & also ! build+s !reon us$ z resid5ces by ! (fic]s or in/ructors ( su* educational in/itutions1 & also ! p]man5t end[m5t funds held by su* libr>ies & educational in/itutions directly or 9 tru/1 & n inve/$ 9 real e/ate provid$1 t su* libr>ies & educational in/itutions are n conduct$ = pr(it ( any p]son or p]sons1 natural or corporate directly or "u any guise or pret5ce :atsoev]4 ,b ! exemption m5tion$ 9 ?is sub section %all n apply to any indu/rial s*ool1 individual or corporate1 n ! prop]ty ( ! ,/ate1 :i* does "w = comp5sation1 or manufactures & sells articles1 9 ! community 9 :i* su* s*ool is locat$2 provid$1 t no?+ h]e9 conta9$ %all re/rict any su* s*ool f do+ "w = or sell+ its own products or any o!r articles to any ( its /ud5ts or employees4 7e7 ,real e/ate belong+ to1 actually & exclusively occupi$1 & us$ by1 & p]sonal prop]ty1 includ+ end[m5t funds1 belong+ to ,"y ,m5's ,*ri/ian ,associations1 & o!r simil> religi\s associations1 orphan or o!r asylums1 re=matories1 hospitals & nunn]ies1 :i* are n conduct$ = pr(it1 b purely & completely z *>ities4 7f7 ,build+s ) ! l& !y actually occupy1 & ! furniture & furni%+s !re91 belong+ to any b5evol5t or *>itable association & us$ exclusively = lodge purposes or meet+ rooms by su* association1 toge!r ) su* additional adjac5t l& z may be necess>y = ! conv5i5t rise ( ! build+s = su* purposes2 & 7g7 ,prop]ty belong+ to ! ,association = ! ,pres]vation ( ,virg9ia ,antiquities1 ! ,conf$]ate ,memorial ,lit]>y ,society1 & ! ,m\nt ,v]non ,ladies' ,association ( ! ,union4 ,no inh]itance tax %all be *>g$1 directly or indirectly1 aga9/ any legacy or devise made accord+ to law = ! b5efit ( any in/itution or o!r body or any natural or corporate p]son ^: prop]ty is exempt f taxation z h]e9be=e m5tion$ 9 ?is section4 ,no?+ conta9$ 9 ?is section %all be con/ru$ to exempt f taxation ! prop]ty ( any p]son1 firm1 association or corporation1 :o %all1 expressly or impli$ly1 directly or indirectly1 contract or promise to pay any sum ( money or o!r b5efit1 on acc\nt ( dea?1 sickness1 or accid5t to any ( its memb]s or any o!r p]son2 & :5ev] any build+ or l&1 or "p !re(1 m5tion$ 9 ?is section & n belong+ to ! ,/ate1 %all be leas$ or %all be a s\rce ( rev5ue or pr(it1 all ( su* build+s & l& %all be liable to taxation z o!r l& & build+s 9 ! same c\nty1 city1 or t[n2 & no?+ h]e9 conta9$ %all be con/ru$ z au?oriz+ or requir+ any c\nty1 city1 or t[n to tax = c\nty1 city or t[n purposes1 9 violation ( ! rights ( ! lessees !re( exi/+ "u any lawful contract h]et(ore made1 any real e/ate own$ by su* c\nty1 city or t[n1 & h]et(ore leas$ by x4 ,obligations issu$ by c\nties1 cities1 or t[ns may be exempt$ by ! au?orities ( su* localities f local taxation4 ,,sec4 #ahd4 ,no debt %all be contract$ by ! ,/ate except to meet casual deficits 9 ! rev5ue1 to r$eem a previ\s liability ( ! ,/ate1 to suppress insurrection1 repel invasion1 or def5d ! ,/ate 9 "t ( w>4 ,no scrip1 c]tificate1 or o!r evid5ce ( /ate indebt$ness1 %all be issu$ except = ! transf] or r$emption ( /ock previ\sly issu$1 or = su* debts z are expressly au?oriz$ 9 ?is ,con/itution4 ,,sec4 #ahe4 ,nei!r ! cr$it ( ! ,/ate1 nor ( any c\nty1 city1 or t[n1 %all be1 directly or indirectly1 "u any device or pret5ce :atsoev]1 grant$ to or 9 aid ( any p]son1 association1 or corporation2 nor %all ! ,/ate1 or any c\nty1 city1 or t[n subscribe to or become int]e/$ 9 ! /ock or obligations ( any company1 association1 or corporation1 = ! purpose ( aid+ 9 ! con/ruction or ma9t5ance ( its "w2 nor %all ! ,/ate become a p>ty to or become int]e/$ 9 any "w ( int]nal improvem5t1 except public roads1 or engag$ 9 c>ry+ on any su* "w2 nor assume any indebt$ness ( any c\nty1 city1 or t[n1 nor l5d its cr$it to ! same2 b ?is section %all n prev5t a c\nty1 city or t[n f p]fect+ a subscription to ! capital /ock ( a railroad company au?oriz$ by exi/+ *>t] condition$ ^u ! affirmative vote ( ! vot]s & freehold]s ( su* c\nty1 city or t[n 9 favor ( su* subscription3 provid$1 t su* vote be _h prior to ,july fir/1 n9ete5 hundr$ & ?ree4 ,,sec4 #ahf4 ,all taxes1 lic5ses1 & o!r rev5ue ( ! ,/ate1 %all be collect$ by its prop] (fic]s & paid into ! /ate treasury4 ,no money %all be paid out ( ! /ate treasury except 9 pursuance ( appropriations made by law2 & no su* appropriation %all be made :i* is payable m ?an two ye>s aft] ! end ( ! session ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly1 at :i* ! law is enact$ au?oriz+ ! same2 & no appropriation %all be made = ! paym5t ( any debt or obligation creat$ 9 ! "n ( ! ,/ate dur+ ! w> betwe5 ! ,conf$]ate ,/ates & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,nor %all any c\nty1 city1 or t[n pay any debt or obligation creat$ by su* c\nty1 city1 or t[n 9 aid ( said w>4 ,,sec4 #ahg4 ,! ,g5]al ,assembly %all provide & ma9ta9 a s9k+ fund 9 accordance ) ! provisions ( section ,t5 ( ! act1 approv$ ,febru>y ! tw5tie?1 eighte5 hundr$ & n9ety-two1 entitl$ an act to provide = ! settlem5t ( ! public debt ( ,virg9ia n fund$ "u ! provisions ( an act entitl$ an act to asc]ta9 & decl>e ,virg9ia's equitable %>e ( ! debt creat$ be=e1 & actually exi/+ at ! "t ( ! p>tition ( h] t]ritory & res\rces1 & to provide = ! issuance ( bonds cov]+ ! same1 & ! regul> & prompt paym5t ( ! int]e/ !ron1 approv$ ,febru>y ! f\rte5?1 eighte5 hundr$ & eighty-two4 ,e law h]eaft] enact$ by ! ,g5]al ,assembly1 creat+ a debt or au?oriz+ a loan1 %all provide = ! creation & ma9t5ance ( a s9k+ fund = ! paym5t or r$emption ( ! same4 ,,sec4 #ahh4 ,no o!r or great] am\nt ( tax or rev5ue %all1 at any "t1 be levi$ ?an may be requir$ = ! necess>y exp5ses ( ! gov]nm5t1 or to pay ! indebt$ness ( ! ,/ate4 ,,sec4 #ahi4 ,on all l&s & ! improvem5ts !reon1 & on all tangible p]sonal prop]ty1 n exempt f taxation by ! provision ( ?is article1 ! rate ( /ate taxation %all be tw5ty c5ts on e hundr$ doll>s ( ! assess$ value !re(1 ! proce$s ( :i* %all be appli$ to ! exp5ses ( ! gov]nm5t & ! indebt$ness ( ! ,/ate1 & a fur!r tax ( t5 c5ts on e hundr$ doll>s ( ! assess$ value !re(1 :i* %all be appli$ to ! support ( ! public free s*ools ( ! ,/ate3 provid$1 t aft] ! fir/ day ( ,janu>y1 n9ete5 hundr$ & sev51 ! tax rate ^u said real & p]sonal prop]ty1 = su* purposes %all be prescrib$ by law4 ,b ! ,g5]al ,assembly dur+ su* p]iod ( f\r ye>s1 9 addition to mak+ annually an appropriation = p5sions n to exce$ ! la/ appropriation made = su* purpose prior to ,septemb] ! ?irtie?1 n9ete5 hundr$ & "o1 may levy annually1 a special tax = p5sions1 on su* real & p]sonal prop]ty ( n exce$+ five c5ts on ! hundr$ doll>s ( ! assess$ value !r(4 ,,article ,,xiv4 ,,miscellane\s ,,provisions4 ,,home/ead ,,& ,,o!r ,,exemptions4 ,,sec4 #aij4 ,e h\sehold] or head ( a family %all be entitl$1 9 addition to ! articles n[ exempt f levy or di/ress = r5t1 to hold exempt f levy1 seizure1 g>ni%m5t1 or sale "u any execution1 ord]1 or o!r process issu$ on any dem& = a debt h]eaft] contract$1 8 real & p]sonal prop]ty1 or ei!r1 includ+ money & debts due him1 to ! value ( n exce$+ two ?\s& doll>s1 to be select$ by him3 provid$1 t su* exemption %all n ext5d to any execution1 ord]1 or o!r process issu$ on any dem& 9 ! foll[+ cases3 ,fir/4 ,= ! pur*ase price ( said prop]ty1 or any "p !re(4 ,if ! prop]ty pur*as$1 & n paid =1 be ex*ang$ =1 or conv]t$ into1 o!r prop]ty by ! debtor1 su* la/- nam$ prop]ty %all n be exempt$ f ! paym5t ( su* unpaid pur*ase money "u ! provisions ( ?is article2 ,second4 ,= s]vices r5d]$ by a labor+ p]son or me*anic2 ,?ird4 ,= liabilities incurr$ by any public (fic]1 or (fic] ( a c\rt1 or any fiduci>y1 or any attorney-at-law = money collect$2 ,f\r?4 ,= a lawful claim = any taxes1 levies1 or assessm5ts accru+ aft] ! fir/ day ( ,june1 eighte5 hundr$ & sixty- six2 ,fif?4 ,= r5t2 ,six?4 ,= ! legal or taxable fees ( any public (fic] or (fic] ( a c\rt4 ,,sec4 #aia4 ,! said exemption %all n be claim$ or held 9 a %ift+ /ock ( m]*&ise1 or 9 any prop]ty1 ! conveyance ( :i* by ! home/ead claimant has be5 set aside on ! gr\nd ( fraud or want ( consid]ation4 ,,sec4 #aib4 ,! ,g5]al ,assembly %all prescribe ! mann] & ! conditions on :i* a h\sehold] or head ( a family %all set ap>t & hold = himself & family a home/ead 9 any ( ! prop]ty h]e9be=e m5tion$4 ,b ?is section %all n be con/ru$ z au?oriz+ ! ,g5]al ,assembly to defeat or impair ! b5efits int5d$ to be conf]r$ by ! provisions ( ?is article4 ,,sec4 #aic4 ,no?+ conta9$ 9 ?is article %all invalidate any home/ead exemption h]et(ore claim$ "u ! provisions ( ! =m] ,con/itution2 or impair 9 any mann] ! "r ( any h\sehold] or head ( a family exi/+ at ! "t t ?is ,con/itution goes into effect1 to select ! exemption1 or any "p !re(1 to :i* he 0 entitl$ "u ! =m] ,con/itution2 provid$ t su* "r1 if h]eaft] ex]cis$1 be n 9 conflict ) ! exemptions set =? 9 sections ,"o ,hundr$ & ,n9ety & ,"o ,hundr$ & ,n9ety-"o4 ,b no p]son :o has select$ & receiv$ ! full exemption all[$ by ! =m] ,con/itution %all be entitl$ to select an additional exemption "u ?is ,con/itution2 & no p]son :o has select$ & receiv$ "p ( ! exemption all[$ by ! =m] ,con/itution %all be entitl$ to select an additional exemption beyond ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! value ( su* "p & a total valuation ( two ?\s& doll>s4 ,s f> z necess>y to accompli% ! purposes ( ?is section ! provisions ( *apt] ,"o ,hundr$ & ,sev5ty-eight ( ! ,code ( ,virg9ia1 & ! acts am5datory !re(1 %all rema9 9 =ce until repeal$ by ! ,g5]al ,assembly4 ,! provisions ( ?is article %all be lib]ally con/ru$4 ,,sec4 #aid4 ,! ,g5]al ,assembly is h]eby prohibit$ f pass+ any law /ay+ ! collection ( debts1 commonly kn[n z /ay laws2 b ?is section %all n be con/ru$ z prohibit+ any legislation :i* ! ,g5]al ,assembly may deem necess>y to fully c>ry out ! provisions ( ?is article4 ,,heirs ,,( ,,prop]ty4 ,,sec4 #aie4 ,! *ildr5 ( p>5ts1 "o or bo? ( :om 7 slaves at & dur+ ! p]iod ( cohabitation1 & :o 7 recogniz$ by ! fa!r z 8 *ildr51 & ^: "m 0 recogniz$ by su* fa!r z 8 wife1 & 0 cohabit$ ) z su*1 %all be z capable ( inh]it+ any e/ate :]e( su* fa!r may h di$ seiz$1 or possess$1 or to :i* he 0 entitl$1 z ?\gh !y _h be5 born 9 lawful w$lock4 ,,article ,,xv4 ,,future ,,*anges ,,9 ,,! ,,con/itution4 ,,sec4 #aif4 ,any am5dm5t or am5dm5ts to ! ,con/itution may be propos$ 9 ! ,s5ate or ,h\se ( ,delegates1 & if ! same %all be agre$ x by a majority ( ! memb]s elect$ to ea* ( ! two h\ses1 su* propos$ am5dm5t or am5dm5ts %all be ent]$ on _! j\rnals1 ) ! ayes & noes tak5 !reon1 & ref]r$ to ! ,g5]al ,assembly at its fir/ regul> session held aft] ! next g5]al election ( memb]s ( ! ,h\se ( ,delegates1 & %all be publi%$ = ?ree mon?s previ\s to ! "t ( su* election4 ,if1 at su* regul> session ! propos$ am5dm5t or am5dm5ts %all be agre$ to by a majority ( all ! memb]s elect$ to ea* h\se1 !n x %all be ! duty ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly to submit su* propos$ am5dm5t or am5dm5ts to ! p1 9 su* mann] & at su* times z x %all prescribe2 & if ! p %all approve & ratify su* am5dm5t or am5dm5ts by a majority ( ! electors1 qualifi$ to vote = memb]s ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly1 not+ !reon1 su* ,am5dm5t or am5dm5ts %all become "p ( ! ,con/itution4 ,,sec4 #aig4 ,at su* "t z ! ,g5]al ,assembly may provide1 a majority ( ! memb]s elect$ to ea* h\se be+ record$ 9 ! affirmative1 ! "q1 %all !re be a conv5tion to revise ! ,con/itution & am5d ! same8 %all be submitt$ to ! electors qualifi$ to vote = memb]s ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly2 & 9 case a majority ( ! electors s qualifi$1 vot+ !reon1 %all vote 9 favor ( a conv5tion = su* purpose1 ! ,g5]al ,assembly1 at its next session1 %all provide = ! election ( delegates to su* conv5tion2 & no conv5tion = su* purpose %all be o!rwise call$4 ,,s*$ule4 ,t no inconv5i5ce may arise f ! adoption ( ?is ,con/itution1 & 9 ord] to provide = c>ry+ x into complete op]ation1 x is h]eby orda9$ t3 ,,section #a4 ,! common law & ! /atute laws 9 =ce at ! "t ?is ,con/itution goes into effect1 s f> z n repugnant !reto or repeal$ !reby1 %all rema9 9 =ce until !y expire by _! own limitation1 or are alt]$ or repeal$ by ! ,g5]al ,assembly4 ,,sec4 #b4 ,all ord9ances adopt$ by ?is ,cont5tion & app5d$ to ! (ficial orig9al draft ( ! ,con/itution deliv]$ to ! ,secret>y ( ! ,commonweal? %all h ! same =ce & effect1 z if !y 7 p>ts ( ?is ,con/itution4 ,,sec4 #c4 ,except z modifi$ by ?is ,con/itution1 all writs1 actions & causes ( action1 prosecutions1 lights ( individuals1 ( bodies corporate or politic1 & ( ! ,/ate1 %all cont9ue4 ,all legal proce$+s1 civil & crim9al1 p5d+ at ! "t ?is ,con/itution goes into effect1 or in/itut$ prior to ! fir/ day ( ,febru>y1 n9ete5 hundr$ & f\r1 9 any c\nty or circuit c\rt z n[ exi/+1 %all be prosecut$ !re93 provid$1 t all su* matt]s1 :i* are n f9ally t]m9at$ be=e ! day la/ above m5tion$1 %all1 on t date1 by op]ation ( ?is ,con/itution & ,s*$ule1 be transf]r$ to ! circuit c\rt ( ! c\nty or city creat$ "u ?is ,con/itution1 & %all be proce$$ ) !re94 ,all su* matt]s p5d+ 9 ! city c\rts1 pres]v$ by ?is ,con/itution1 :5 ! same goes into effect1 or !reaft] in/itut$ !re91 %all cont9ue 9 said c\rts1 & be !re9 proce$$ )1 until o!rwise provid$ by law4 ,all matt]s be=e ju/ices ( ! peace or police ju/ices at ! "t ?is ,con/itution goes into effect1 %all be proce$$ ) be=e !m1 until o!rwise provid$ by law4 ,all legal proce$+s prosecut$ aft] ?is ,con/itution goes into effect1 :e!r 9 any ( ! c\rts n[ exi/+1 or 9 ^? creat$ by ?is ,con/itution1 %all be proce$$ ) 9 ! mann] n[ or h]eaft] provid$ by law1 except z o!rwise requir$ by ?is ,con/itution4 ,,sec4 #d4 ,all taxes1 f9es1 p5alties1 =feitures & es*eats1 accru$ or accru+ to ! ,commonweal?1 or to any political subdivision !re(1 "u ! pres5t ,con/itution1 or "u ! laws n[ 9 =ce1 %all1 "u ?is ,con/itution1 enure to ! use ( ! ,commonweal?1 or ( su* subdivision !re( ,,sec #e ,all recognizances1 & o!r obligations1 & all o!r in/rum5ts ent]$ into or execut$ be=e ! adoption ( ?is ,con/itution1 or be=e ! complete organization ( ! dep>tm5ts !reund]1 to ! ,commonweal?1 or to any c\nty1 or political subdivision !re(1 city1 t[n bo>d1 or o!r public corporation1 or in/itution !re91 or to any public (fic]1 %all rema9 b9d+ & valid1 & rights & liabilities !reund] %all cont9ue & may be en=c$ or prosecut$ 9 ! c\rts ( ?is ,/ate z n[ or "h aft] provid$ by law ,,sec #f ,f ! day ?is ,con/itution goes into effect1 ! pres5t judges ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,appeals1 or _! successors !n 9 (fice1 %all be ! judges ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,appeals creat$ by ?is ,con/itution1 & cont9ue 9 (fice1 unless soon] remov$1 until ,febru>y ! fir/1 n9ete5 hundr$ & sev54 ,! jurisdiction ( ! c\rt %all be z n[ or h]eaft] provid$ by law1 subject to ! provisions ( ?is ,con/itution4 ,all proce$+s1 !n p5d+ 9 ! c\rt z n[ organiz$1 %all1 by virtue ( ?is ,con/itution1 be transf]r$ to & dispos$ ( by ! c\rt creat$ by ?is ,con/itution4 ,,sec #g ,! pres5t judicial sy/em ( c\nty & circuit c\rts ( ! ,commonweal? is cont9u$1 & ! t]ms ( ! sev]al judges !re(1 ) ! p[]s & duties n[ possess$ by !m respectively1 are cont9u$1 until ! fir/ day ( ,febru>y1 n9ete5 hundr$ & f\r1 z if ?is ,con/itution _h n be5 adopt$1 on :i* day ! judicial sy/em ( circuit c\rts creat$ by ?is ,con/itution %all g into op]ation4 ,! t]ms ( ! judges ( ! city c\rts1 z pres]v$ by ?is ,con/itution1 ( ! cities ( ,alex&ria1 ,*>lottesville1 ,danville1 ,fr$]icksburg1 ,lyn*burg1 ,pet]sburg1 ,norfolk1 ,portsm\?1 ,ri*mond1 ,/aunton1 ,man*e/]1 ,roanoke1 ,w9*e/]1 & ,newport ,news1 %all cont9ue until ! fir/ day ( ,febru>y1 n9ete5 hundr$ & sev51 & ! t]ms ( ! judges ( ! city c\rts1 z pres]v$ by ?is ,con/itution1 ( ! cities ( ,bri/ol1 ,rad=d & ,bu5a ,vi/a1 %all cont9ue until ! fir/ day ( ,febru>y1 n9ete5 hundr$ & f\r1 unless ! said c\rts %all be soon] aboli%$ ,! privilege n[ all[$ by /atute to judges ( c\nty c\rts & to judges ( c]ta9 city c\rts to practice law1 %all cont9ue dur+ ! t]ms ( ! judges ^: t]ms are cont9u$ by ! ,s*$ule1 unless o!rwise provid$ by-law ,,sec #h ,! t]ms ( ! cl]ks ( ! c\nty & circuit c\rts n[ 9 (fice1 or _! successors1 %all cont9ue until ! fir/ day ( ,febru>y1 n9ete5 hundr$ & f\r1 & !reupon1 ! sev]al cl]ks ( ! c\nty c\rts 9 ^? c\nties 9 :i* su* cl]ks are n[ ex-(ficio cl]ks ( ! circuit c\rts ( said c\nties %all be & become ! c\nty cl]ks ( _! respective c\nties1 & ! cl]ks ( all ! o!r c\nty c\rts ( ! ,/ate1 except ! c\nties ( ,accomac1 ,augu/a1 ,b$=d1 ,campbell1 ,elizabe? ,city1 ,fairfax1 ,lee1 ,l\d\n ,hanov] ,h5rico1 ,rock+ham1 ,nansemond1 ,s\?ampton1 ,pittsylvania1 ,nelson & ,fauqui]1 &1 z su*1 ! cl]ks ( ! circuit c\rts creat$ !re= by ?is ,con/itution1 & %all hold (fice z su* until ! fir/ day ( ,janu>y1 n9ete5 hundr$ & six1 unless soon] remov$1 & !n successors %all be elect$ on ,tuesday aft] ! fir/ ,monday 9 ,novemb]1 n9ete5 hundr$ & five1 provid$ t ! fir/ t]m ( ! cl]ks s elect$ be = six ye>s4 ,9 ! c\nties ( ,accomac1 ,augu/a1 ,b$=d1 ,campbell1 ,elizabe? ,city1 ,fairfax1 ,lee1 ,l\d\n1 ,hanov]1 ,h5rico1 ,rock+ham1 ,nansemond1 ,s\?ampton1 ,pittsylvania1 ,nelson & ,fauqui]1 9 :i* !re are n[ sep>ate cl]ks = ! c\nty & circuit c\rts !re(1 !re %all be elect$ on ,tuesday aft] ! fir/ ,monday 9 ,novemb] n9ete5 hundr$ & ?ree1 c\nty cl]ks = su* c\nties4 ,! t]ms ( ! cl]ks n[ 9 (fice1 or _! successors1 ( ! sev]al city c\rts pres]v$ by ?is ,con/itution1 %all cont9ue until ! fir/ day ( ,janu>y1 n9ete5 hundr$ & sev51 & _! successors %all be elect$ on ,tuesday aft] ! fir/ ,monday 9 ,novemb]1 n9ete5 hundr$ & five1 b if any ( su* city c\rts %all be soon] aboli%$ z provid$ 9 ?is ,con/itution or by law1 !n ! t]m ( ! cl]k ( any su* c\rt %all !reupon det]m9e4 ,,sec #i ,! fir/ election ( ! ,gov]nor & ( all (fic]s requir$ by ?is ,con/itution1 to be *os5 by ! qualifi$ vot]s ( ! ,/ate at l>ge1 %all be held on ! ,tuesday aft] ! fir/ ,monday 9 ,novemb]1 n9ete5 hundr$ & five1 & _! t]ms ( (fice %all beg9 on ! fir/ day ( ,febru>y foll[+ _! election4 ,! pres5t incumb5ts ( said (fices1 or _! successors1 %all cont9ue 9 (fice until ! la/ nam$ day4 ,,sec #aj ,! fir/ election ( memb]s ( ! ,h\se ( ,delegates1 & ( all c\nty & di/rict (fic]s1 to be elect$ by ! p "u ?is ,con/itution1 except z o!rwise provid$ 9 ?is ,s*$ule1 %all be held on ,tuesday aft] ! fir/ ,monday 9 ,novemb]1 9 ! ye> n9ete5 hundr$ & ?ree1 & ! t]ms ( (fice ( ! sev]al (fic]s elect$ at t or any subsequ5t election %all beg9 on ! fir/ day ( ,janu>y1 next aft] _! election1 except z o!rwise provid$ 9 ?is ,con/itution or 9 ?is ,s*$ule4 ,& ! t]ms ( ! (fice ( ! %]iff1 commonweal?'s attorney1 treasur]1 commission]s ( ! rev5ue1 sup]9t5d5ts ( ! poor1 sup]visors ( ! sev]al c\nties1 ju/ices ( ! peace1 & ov]se]s ( ! poor1 & ( any incumb5t ( any o!r c\nty or di/rict (fice n aboli%$ by ?is ,con/itution1 nor h]e9 specifically m5tion$1 n[ 9 (fice1 or _! successors1 or ^: t]ms ( (fice %all beg9 on ! fir/ day ( ,july1 n9ete5 hundr$ & two1 are cont9u$ until ,janu>y ! fir/1 n9ete5 hundr$ & f\r4 ,! t]ms ( ! pres5t memb]s ( ! ,h\se ( ,delegates1 & ! t]ms ( ! s5ators n[ 9 (fice1 or 79 case ( vacancies !re971 _! successors1 repres5t+ ! s5atorial di/ricts be>+ ev5 numb]s1 are ext5d$ until ! second ,w$nesday 9 ,janu>y1 n9ete5 hundr$ & f\r1 provid$1 t ! t]m ( ! s5ator1 n[ resid+ m ! city ( ,ri*mond1 :o by ! provisions ( ! apportionm5t act1 approv$ ,april ! second1 n9ete5 hundr$ & two1 is cont9u$ 9 (fice z "o ( ! s5ators f ! ?irty-eigh? s5atorial di/rict !reby creat$1 be ext5d$ until ! second ,w$nesday 9 ,janu>y1 n9ete5 hundr$ & six4 ,! t]ms ( ! s5ators n[ 9 (fice1 or 79 case ( vacancies !re971 _! successors1 repres5t+ ! s5atorial di/ricts be>+ odd numb]s are ext5d$ until ! second ,w$nesday 9 ,janu>y1 n9ete5 hundr$ & six4 ,9 ! s5atorial di/ricts be>+ ev5 numb]s1 !re %all be elect$1 on ! ,tuesday aft] ! fir/ ,monday 9 ,novemb]1 n9ete5 hundr$ & ?ree1 = a t]m ( f\r ye>s1 to beg9 on ! second ,w$nesday 9 ,janu>y succe$+ _! election1 memb]s ( ! ,s5ate to repres5t su* di/ricts2 9 ! s5atorial di/ricts be>+ odd numb]s1 & 9 ! city ( ,ri*mond to fill ! vacancy1 :i* w1 z above provid$1 occur on ! second ,w$nesday 9 ,janu>y1 n9ete5 hundr$ & six1 !re %all be elect$1 on ! ,tuesday aft] ! fir/ ,monday 9 ,novemb]1 n9ete5 hundr$ & five1 = a t]m ( two ye>s1 to beg9 on ! second ,w$nesday 9 ,janu>y succe$+ _! election1 memb]s ( ! ,s5ate to repres5t su* di/ricts2 & on ! ,tuesday aft] ! fir/ ,monday 9 ,novemb]1 n9ete5 hundr$ & sev51 !re %all be elect$1 = ! t]m ( f\r ye>s1 to beg9 on ! second ,w$nesday 9 ,janu>y succe$+ _! election1 a s5ator f ea* s5atorial di/rict 9 ! ,/ate4 ,,sec4 #aa4 ,all o!r /ate1 c\nty1 & di/rict (fic]s1 & _! successors1 :o may be 9 (fice at ! "t ?is ,con/itution goes into effect1 except ! ,auditor ( ,public ,acc\nts1 ! ,second ,auditor1 ! ,regi/] ( ! ,l& ,(fice1 ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,public ,pr9t+1 ! ,commission] ( ,labor & ,indu/rial ,/ati/ics1 ,railroad ,commission]1 not>ies public1 ! ,adjutant-,g5]al1 ! ,sup]9t5d5t & ! ,surgeon ( ! ,p5it5ti>y1 ! ,manag] & ! ,surgeon ( ! ,/ate ,prison ,f>m1 ! sup]9t5d5ts ( ! sev]al /ate hospitals1 & ! s*ool sup]9t5d5ts = c\nties & cities1 & s*ool tru/ees1 %all1 unless _! respective (fices be aboli%$1 or unless o!rwise provid$ by ?is ,con/itution or ,s*$ule1 hold _! respective (fices1 & dis*>ge ! respective duties & ex]cise ! respective p[]s !re(1 until ,janu>y ! fir/1 n9ete5 hundr$ & f\r4 ,! t]ms ( ! pres5t incumb5ts 9 ! (fices ( ,auditor ( ,public ,acc\nts1 ,second ,auditor1 ,regi/] ( ! ,l& ,(fice1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,public ,pr9t+1 & ,commission] ( ,labor & ,indu/rial ,/ati/ics1 %all cont9ue until ,m>* ! fir/1 n9ete5 hundr$ & f\r4 ,! t]m ( ! ,railroad ,commission] %all end z soon z ! ,/ate ,corporation ,commission %all be organiz$4 ,not>ies public %all cont9ue 9 (fice until _! respective commissions %all expire4 ,! t]m ( ! (fice ( ,adjutant-,g5]al %all expire ,m>* ! fir/1 n9ete5 hundr$ & six4 ,! ,sup]9t5d5t & ! ,surgeon ( ! ,p5it5ti>y1 ! ,manag] & ! ,surgeon ( ! ,/ate ,prison ,f>m1 ! sup]9t5d5ts ( ! sev]al /ate hospitals1 %all cont9ue 9 (fice until _! successors %all be appo9t$ by ! respective bo>ds emp[]$ "u ?is ,con/itution to make ! sev]al appo9tm5ts4 ,! s*ool sup]9t5d5ts = c\nties & cities %all rema9 9 (fice = _! respective t]ms1 & until _! successors are appo9t$4 ,s*ool tru/ees n[ 9 (fice1 or _! successors1 %all rema9 9 (fice until o!rwise provid$ by law4 ,electoral bo>ds ) ! p[]s conf]r$ by exi/+ laws1 except ! appo9tm5t ( regi/r>s1 %all rema9 9 (fice until ,m>*1 ! fir/1 n9ete5 hundr$ & f\r4 ,,sec4 #ab4 ,! t]ms ( ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,education1 ! ,/ate ,corporation ,commission1 & ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture & ,immigration1 ! directors ( public in/itutions & prisons1 & ( ea* /ate hospital1 & ! ,commission] ( ,/ate ,hospitals1 to be fir/ elect$1 or appo9t$1 "u ?is ,con/itution1 %all beg9 on ,m>* ! fir/1 n9ete5 hundr$ & ?ree4 ,! bo>d ( any ( ! above-nam$ dep>tm5ts & in/itutions z n[ con/itut$ %all cont9ue until ! bo>ds creat$ "u ?is ,con/itution = su* dep>tm5ts & in/itutions respectively are duly organiz$4 ,& ! t]ms ( ! memb]s ( ! ,bo>d ( ,fi%]ies are cont9u$ until ,m>* ! fir/1 n9ete5 hundr$ & six4 ,! t]ms ( ! tru/ees or visitors ( ! /ate educational in/itutions1 & o!r honor>y appo9tm5ts made by ! ,gov]nor1 are cont9u$ until o!rwise provid$ by law4 ,,sec4 #ac4 ,*>t]s ( incorporation may1 until ! fir/ day ( ,april1 n9ete5 hundr$ & ?ree1 be grant$ or am5d$ by ! c\rts ( ! ,/ate 9 accordance ) ! laws 9 =ce :5 ?is ,con/itution goes into effect1 unless ! ,g5]al ,assembly %all soon] provide = ! creation ( corporations z requir$ by ?is ,con/itution4 ,,sec4 #ad4 ,! t]ms ( all (fic]s elect$ by ! qualifi$ vot]s ( a city1 & ( _! successors1 9 (fice at ! "t ?is ,con/itution goes into effect1 or ^: t]ms ( (fice beg9 on ! fir/ day ( ,july1 n9ete5 hundr$ & two1 except ! t]ms ( mayors1 ( memb]s ( city c\ncils & ( ! cl]ks ( city c\rts1 are cont9u$ until ,janu>y ! fir/1 n9ete5 hundr$ & six2 & _! successors %all be elect$ on ! ,tuesday aft] ! fir/ ,monday 9 ,novemb]1 n9ete5 hundr$ & five4 ,! t]ms ( all city (fic]s1 n s elect$1 %all expire z provid$ 9 ! *>t]s ( ! sev]al cities1 or z may be provid$ by law4 ,,sec4 #ae4 ,until o!rwise provid$ by law1 ! mayors ( ! sev]al cities %all cont9ue 9 (fice until ,septemb] ! fir/1 n9ete5 hundr$ & f\r1 & _! successors %all be elect$ ! second ,tuesday 9 ,june1 n9ete5 hundr$ & f\r4 ,until o!rwise provid$ by law1 ! memb]s ( ! sev]al city c\ncils %all cont9ue 9 (fice = ! t]ms prescrib$ 9 ! *>t]s ( _! respective cities1 except t :]e _! t]ms are prescrib$ z end+ on ! fir/ day ( ,july ( any ye>1 !y %all be ext5d$ until ! fir/ day ( ,septemb] foll[+4 ,,sec4 #af4 ,vacancies 9 any (fice1 ! t]m ( :i* is confirm$ or ext5d$ by ?is ,s*$ule1 occurr+ dur+ su* t]m or ext5sion !re(1 %all be fill$ 9 ! mann] prescrib$ by law4 ,sec4 #ag4 ,all (fic]s1 ^: t]ms ( (fice are ext5d$ by ?is ,s*$ule1 requir$ by law or municipal ord9ance to give bond = ! fai?ful dis*>ge ( ! duties ( _! respective (fices1 %all1 prior to ! expiration ( ! t]ms = :i* !y 7 respectively *os51 be=e ! c\rt or o!r au?ority be=e :om su* (fic] 0 requir$ by law or municipal ord9ance to give su* bond1 ent] into a new bond1 9 ! same p5alty & ) su* security z 0 prescrib$ by law or municipal ord9ance 9 respect to 8 =m] bond1 & ) l conditions z !re9 prescrib$1 = ! fai?ful dis*>ge ( ! duties ( 8 (fice = ! ext5d$ t]m h]e9 provid$ =1 & until 8 successor %all h be5 duly *os51 & %all h qualifi$ accord+ to law4 ,^u failure to give su* bond )9 ! "t above prescrib$1 ! (fice %all1 ^u ! expiration ( ! t]m = :i* ! incumb5t !re( 0 *os51 become vacant1 ,,sec4 #ah4 ,9 all elections held aft] ?is ,con/itution goes into effect1 ! qualifications ( electors %all be ^? requir$ by ,article ,two ( ?is ,con/itution4 ,,sec4 #ai4 ,! ,g5]al ,assembly :i* conv5$ on ! fir/ ,w$nesday 9 ,decemb]1 n9ete5 hundr$ & "o1 %all be call$ by ! ,gov]nor to meet 9 session at ! ,capitol at twelve o'clock ,p4,m41 on ,tuesday1 ! fifte5? day ( ,july1 n9ete5 hundr$ & two4 ,x %all be ve/$ ) all ! p[]s1 *>g$ ) all ! duties1 & subject to all ! limitations prescrib$ by ?is ,con/itution 9 ref]5ce to ! ,g5]al ,assembly1 except z to ! limitation ^u ! p]iod ( its session1 qualifications ( memb]s1 & z to ! "t at :i* any ( its acts %all take effect2 b ! ineligibility ( ! memb]s !re( to be elect$ to any o!r (fice dur+ _! t]ms z memb]s ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly %all be su* z is impos$ by ?is ,con/itution4 ,! said ,g5]al ,assembly %all elect judges = all ( ! circuit c\rts provid$ = 9 ?is ,con/itution1 & also ( ! corporation c\rts = ,bri/ol1 ,rad=d1 & ,bu5a ,vi/a1 unless said city c\rts are soon] aboli%$4 ,,sec4 #bj4 ,! said ,g5]al ,assembly %all enact su* laws z may be deem$ prop]1 includ+ ^? necess>y to put ?is ,con/itution into complete op]ation2 to confirm ^? (fic]s ^: appo9tm5t is made by ?is ,con/itution subject to confirmation by ! ,g5]al ,assembly or ei!r h\se !re(2 & to transact o!r prop] bus9ess2 & su* session %all cont9ue s long z may be necess>y4 ,! memb]s %all receive = _! s]vices f\r doll>s p] day1 = ! "t :5 ! ,g5]al ,assembly is actually 9 session1 includ+ ,sundays & recesses ( n exce$+ five days1 & ! mileage provid$ by law2 ! ,speak] ( ! ,h\se ( ,delegates & ,presid5t ( ! ,s5ate %all ea* receive sev5 doll>s p] day = ! same p]iod & ! mileage provid$ by law2 & ! o!r (fic]s & employees %all receive su* comp5sation = _! s]vices z ! ,g5]al ,assembly may prescribe4 ,provision may be made = comp5sation at said rate ( f\r doll>s p] day ( memb]s ( legislative committees :i* may sit dur+ any recess ( said session4 ,,sec4 #ba4 ,! comp5sation & duties ( ! ,cl]k ( ! ,h\se ( ,delegates & ( ! ,cl]k ( ! ,s5ate %all cont9ue z n[ fix$ by law until ! fir/ day ( ,janu>y1 n9ete5 hundr$ & ?ree1 aft] :i* date _! comp5sation %all be z prescrib$ by section ,sixty-six ( ?is ,con/itution4 ,,sec4 #bb4 ,:5 ! ,g5]al ,assembly conv5es on ! fifte5? day ( ,july1 n9ete5 hundr$ & two1 its memb]s & (fic]s1 be=e ent]+ ^u ! dis*>ge ( _! duties1 %all sev]ally take & subscribe ! oa? or affirmation prescrib$ by section ,?irty-f\r ( ! ,con/itution4 ,& n lat] ?an ! tw5tie? day ( ,july1 n9ete5 hundr$ & two1 ! ,gov]nor & all o!r executive (fic]s ( ! ,/ate1 ^: (fices are at ! seat ( gov]nm5t1 & all judges ( c\rts ( record1 %all sev]ally take & subscribe su* oa? or affirmation2 & ^u ! failure ( any su* (fic]1 executive or judicial1 to take su* oa? by ! day nam$1 8 (fice %all !reby become vacant4 ,su* oa?s or affirmations %all be tak5 & subscrib$ be=e any p]son au?oriz$ by exi/+ laws to adm9i/] an oa?4 ,! ,secret>y ( ! ,commonweal? %all cause to be pr9t$ ! necess>y blanks = c>ry+ into effect ?is provision1 & ! said oa?s & affirmations s tak5 & subscrib$1 except ( ! memb]s & (fic]s ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly1 %all be return$ to & fil$ 9 8 (fice2 & ^? tak5 by ! memb]s & (fic]s ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly %all be pres]v$ 9 ! records ( ! respective h\ses4 ,,sec4 #bc4 ,! (ficial copy ( ! ,con/itution & ,s*$ule1 & ( any ord9ance adopt$ by ! ,conv5tion1 %all1 z soon z !y %all be enroll$1 be sign$ by ! ,presid5t & atte/$ by ! ,secret>y ( ! ,conv5tion1 & ! ,presid5t w !reupon cause ! same to be deliv]$ to ! ,secret>y ( ! ,commonweal?1 :o w file & pres]ve ! same securely1 among ! ar*ives ( ! ,/ate 9 8 cu/ody4 ,! ,secret>y ( ! ,commonweal? w cause ! ,con/itution1 ,s*$ule1 & said ord9ances to be transcrib$ 9 a book to be provid$ = ! purpose & safely kept 9 8 (fice4 ,! ,secret>y ( ! ,conv5tion w imm$iately ^u ! adoption ( ?is ,s*$ule1 deliv] a c]tifi$ copy ( ! ,con/itution & ,s*$ule1 & ( said ord9ances1 to ! ,gov]nor ( ! ,commonweal?4 ,,sec4 #bd4 ,! ,gov]nor is au?oriz$ & direct$ to imm$iately issue 8 proclamation ann\nc+ t ?is revis$ & am5d$ ,con/itution has be5 orda9$ by ! p ( ,virg9ia1 assembl$ 9 ,conv5tion1 ?r\gh _! repres5tatives1 z ! ,con/itution = ! gov]nm5t ( ! p ( ! ,/ate1 & w g into effect z su*1 subject to ! provisions ( ! ,s*$ule annex$ !reto1 on ! t5? ( ,july1 n9ete5 hundr$ & two1 at noon1 & call+ ^u all ! p ( ,virg9ia to r5d] _! true & loyal support to ! same1 z ! organic law ( ! ,commonweal?4 ,,sec4 #be4 ,?is ,con/itution %all1 except z is o!rwise provid$ 9 ! ,s*$ule1 g into effect on ! t5? day ( ,july1 n9ete5 hundr$ & two1 at noon4 ,?is ,s*$ule %all take effect f its passage4 ,,! ,,population ,,( ,,virg9ia ,,at ,,v>i\s ,,dates4 ,,ye>4 ,,population4 ,,au?ority4 #afaf #cej ,cooke's ,virg9ia4 #afbb #d1jjj ,cooke's ,virg9ia4 #afdh #ae1cjj1 ( :i* #cjj 7 slaves ,cooke's ,virg9ia4 #afgj #dj1jjj1 ( :i* #b1jjj 7 slaves ,cooke's ,virg9ia4 #agjj #gj1jjj1 :ite & color$ ,cooke's ,virg9ia4 #agae #ij1jjj1 ( :i* #bc1jjj 7 slaves ,fiske's ,old ,virg9ia4 #agef #bic1jjj1 ( :i* #abj1jjj 7 slaves ,cooke's ,virg9ia4 #agij #gdf1faj1 :ite & color$ ,unit$ ,/ates ,c5sus4 #ahjj #hhj1bjj1 :ite & color$ ,unit$ ,/ates ,c5sus4 #ahaj #igd1fjj1 :ite & color$ ,unit$ ,/ates ,c5sus4 #ahbj #a1jfe1aaf1 :ite & color$ ,unit$ ,/ates ,c5sus4 #ahcj #a1baa1dje1 :ite & color$ ,unit$ ,/ates ,c5sus4 #ahdj #a1bci1gig1 :ite & color$ ,unit$ ,/ates ,c5sus4 #ahej #a1dba1ffa1 ( :i* #ebf1hfa 7 color$ ,unit$ ,/ates ,c5sus4 #ahfj #a1eif1cah1 ( :i* #edh1idg 7 color$ ,unit$ ,/ates ,c5sus4 #ahgj #a1bbe1afc1 ( :i* #eab1hda 7 color$ ,unit$ ,/ates ,c5sus4 #ahhj #a1eab1efe1 ( :i* #fca1faf 7 color$ ,unit$ ,/ates ,c5sus4 #ahij #a1fee1ihj1 ( :i* #fce1dch 7 color$ ,unit$ ,/ates ,c5sus4 #aijj #a1hed1ihj1 :ite & color$ ,unit$ ,/ates ,c5sus4