,robert ,rowe1 ,charles ,franks and the ,online ,distributed ,proofreading ,team4 ,,civil ,,government ,,of ,,virginia ,a ,,text-,,book ,,for ,,schools ,,based ,,upon ,,the ,,constitution ,,of #aijb ,,and ,,conforming ,,to ,,the ,,laws ,,enacted ,,in ,,accordance ,,therewith ,,by ,,wm4 ,f4 ,,fox ,,supt4 ,,of ,,schools1 ,,richmond1 ,,va4 ,,note4-,important changes in every part of the fundamental law of the ,state were made by the ,constitutional ,convention of #aija-b4 ,a great many of these changes did not go into full effect until as late as ,feb4 #a1 #aijd2 and some are yet to be made effective by the operation of laws already passed or to be enacted hereafter4 ,under the circumstances the author trusts he may be pardoned if some errors or omissions are found in this work1 but it is believed that in all essential points it is in harmony with the provisions of the ,constitution and the laws of the ,state as they stand at the present time4 ,,contents4 ,,introduction ,i ,,general ,,principles ,bill of ,bights--,who ,may ,vote and ,hold ,office --,elections ,,ii ,,legislative1 ,,department ,the ,senate--,house of ,delegates--,general ,assembly ,,iii ,,executive ,,department ,governor--,lieutenant ,governor--,attorney ,general ,,iv ,,executive ,,department-,continued ,secretary of the ,commonwealth-,treasurer-,auditor of ,public ,accounts--,second ,auditor--,register of the ,land ,office--,state ,corporation ,commission--,superintendent of the ,penitentiary-- ,superintendent of ,public ,printing--,commissioner of ,agriculture and ,immigration--,commissioners of the ,sinking ,fund--,board of ,state ,canvassers ,v4 ,,judiciary ,,department ,supreme ,court of ,appeals--,circuit ,courts--,circuit ,court of the ,city of ,richmond ,,vi4 ,,judiciary ,,department-,continued ,corporation or ,hustings ,courts--,justices ,courts--,hustings ,court of the ,city of ,richmond--,chancery ,court of the ,city of ,richmond--,law and ,equity ,court of the ,city of ,richmond ,,vii ,,officers ,,of ,,courts ,clerks--,the ,tipstaff and ,crier--,sheriff-- ,commonswealth's ,attorney ,attorneys at-,law ,who ,may ,practice ,law in --,virginia ,juries--,grand ,junes--,petit ,jury ,,viii4 ,,county ,,organization ,counties ,county ,officers ,sheriff--,commonwealth's ,attorney--,county ,clerk-- ,treasurer--,commissioner of the ,revenue--,superintendent of the ,poor--,county ,surveyor-,superintendent of ,public ,schools ,county ,board of ,school ,commissioners--,electoral ,board--,board of ,supervisors--,assessors--,coroner ,,ix4 ,,district ,,organization ,magisterial ,districts4--,supervisors4--,justices of the ,peace4-- ,constable4--,overseer of the ,poor4--,conservators of the ,peace4 ,x4 ,,government ,,of ,,cities ,,and ,,towns ,council4--,mayor4--,city ,sergeant4--,commissioner of the ,revenue4 --,commonwealth's ,attorney4--,treasurer4--,sheriff of ,richmond ,city4 ,,xi4 ,,education ,state3 ,board of ,education4--,superintendent of ,public ,instruction4 ,county3 ,county and ,city ,superintendents4--,school ,trustee ,electoral ,board4--,county ,school ,board4 ,district3 ,school ,districts4--,school ,trustees4--,district ,board of ,school ,trustees4 ,school ,funds4 ,teachers4 ,,outlines or ,,colonial ,,and ,,state ,,history ,colonial ,governors4--,state ,governors4 ,,constitution ,,of ,,virginia ,,population ,,of ,,virginia ,,at ,,various ,,dates ,,introduction4 ,the word ,,government means guidance or direction or management4 ,it means also the person or persons who rule or control any establishment or institution4 ,wherever any number of people live together in one house1 or one town1 or city1 or country1 there must be government of some kind4 ,in the family the parents are the government4 ,they guide and manage the affairs of the house4 ,they give orders to their children as to what they must do and what they must not do1 and they see that their orders are obeyed4 ,this is government1 and it is for the benefit of the family4 ,if the children were to do as they please1 there would be no peace or happiness in the home4 ,and in their games and amusements out of doors children find that they must not do as they please4 ,every game has certain rules or laws which those who take part in it are required to obey4 ,in the game of baseball1 for example1 the players are not allowed to act as they like4 ,there are rules of the play1 and there is an umpire to see that the rules are observed4 ,in the school1 too1 and in all business establishments there must be government4 ,the teachers direct the work in their classes1 giving orders to the pupils as to what lessons they must study and how they must study them4 ,in the store and factory there is a manager or master who directs the business4 ,if there were no managers or masters there would be nothing but disorder and confusion4 ,we can see therefore how necessary government is1 and we can understand why it is that there must be government in the country or state in which we live4 ,there must be laws to direct men how they must behave towards one another and to punish those who do wrong4 ,and there must be people to make the laws and people to see that they are carried out4 ,this is ,,civil ,,government4 ,the word ,,civil means pertaining to the state1 or to the relations between citizens and the state1 and the word ,,state means the whole community or body of people living under one government4 ,there are different kinds of government in different countries4 ,in some countries the government is monarchical--that is1 under one person1 a king or emperor--and in some countries it is republican4 ,a republican government1 or a republic1 is a government in which the chief power is exercised not by one person but by all the people4 ,the government of the ,united ,states is a republican government4 ,the government of ,virginia is a republican government4 ,the head of the state under a republican form of government is elected by the people4 ,the government in a republic is usually divided into three parts or ,,departments4 ,one department makes the laws4 ,this is called the ,,legislative ,,department or the legislature4 ,it is formed of a certain number of persons who are elected at certain times1 by the people1 and who meet to make laws that are necessary for the good of the state or country4 ,the second department of government is called the ,,executive ,,department1 and is also formed of persons who are elected by the people1 and their business is to execute or carry out the laws4 ,their duty is to see that every one who violates any law of the country or state is brought to punishment1 and that the laws made for promoting the well-being and happiness of the people are carried out4 ,the third department of the government is the ,,judicial ,,department or the judiciary4 ,its members are1 in ,virginia1 chosen by the legislature4 ,their duty is to administer the laws1 that is to inquire into every case in which a person is accused of breaking the laws1 and if a person is found to be guilty1 to sentence him to the punishment which the law prescribes for the crime or offence he has committed4 ,in this book full particulars and explanations are given as to the formation of those three departments of government1 the many duties assigned to each1 and how those duties are performed4 ,in republics government is usually carried on according to the wishes of the majority of the people4 ,this is what is called ,,majority ,,rule4 ,at elections to form the legislative or executive department1 different persons or candidates are proposed for each office1 and the candidate who gets a majority of the votes is elected4 ,a candidate is a person who is proposed for election to some office4 ,candidates for public offices are proposed or nominated at what are called ,,conventions4 ,a convention is a meeting of electors1 or voters1 held for the purpose of agreeing upon or choosing persons to be candidates for office4 ,conventions are called together and conducted by organizations known as ,,parties or ,,political ,,parties4 ,there are usually at least two political parties in every country in which there is constitutional government4 ,each of the parties nominates candidates at every election1 and tries in every legitimate way to persuade the people to vote for its candidates4 ,the party whose candidates are elected is called ,,the ,,party ,,in ,,power4 ,this is what is known as ,,party ,,government4 ,it is good for the state that there should be political parties4 ,each party closely watches the conduct of the other1 and if the party in power make bad laws or execute the laws unfairly or unjustly1 the party out of power appeals to the people by public speeches and by writing in newspapers1 and does what it can to get the voters to vote against the party in power at the next election and turn it out of office4 ,every citizen may join either of the parties he pleases1 and so exercise his influence through conventions and elections to secure good government4 ,and it is the duty of every citizen to do this1 for good government--honest law-makers and honest administrators of the laws--is one of the greatest blessings a state can have4 ,it is also the duty of young people to learn about the government and politics of their state1 so that when they come of age they may be able to perform their part as citizens intelligently and well4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,define ,,government4 #b4 ,give some illustrations of the necessity of government4 #c4 ,what is the necessity for laws in a country8 #d4 ,define ,,civil4 #e4 ,what is a republic8 #f4 ,what does the government in a republic consist of8 #g4 ,what is the duty of the legislative department8 #h4 ,what is the duty of the executive department8 #i4 ,what is the duty of the judicial department8 #aj4 ,what do you understand by majority rule8 #aa4 ,what is a convention8 #ab4 ,what is a party government8 #ac4 ,why is it good for the state that there should be political parties8 #ad4 ,why is it the duty of every citizen to become a member of one of the political parties8 #ae4 ,why is it good for young people to learn about government and politics8 ,,virginia ,,civil ,,government ,i4 ,,general ,,principles #a4 ,all power is vested in and hence derived from the people2 magistrates are their trustees and servants and at all times amenable to them4 #b4 ,government is1 or ought to be1 instituted for the common benefit1 protection1 and security of the people4 #c4 ,no free government1 or the blessing of liberty1 can be preserved to any people but by a firm adherence to justice1 moderation1 temperance1 frugality1 and virtue1 and by frequent recurrence to fundamental principles4 --,bill of ,rights4 ,the ,,bill ,,of ,,rights is the title of the first article1 or chapter1 of the ,constitution of ,virginia4 ,it is so called because it is a declaration or statement of the ,,rights of the people in regard to government4 ,in ,english history the name ,,bill ,,of ,,rights is given to a declaration of rights adopted by the two houses of ,parliament in ,england in #afhh1 and soon afterwards passed into law4 ,,vested ,,in means entrusted to or put in possession of4 ,to vest is to invest or clothe with power or authority4 ,,magistrates are public officers whose duty it is to administer the laws4 ,the ,president is the chief magistrate of the nation4 ,it is his duty to see that the laws of the ,united ,states are executed ,or carried out4 ,the governor is the chief magistrate of the ,state2 the mayor is the chief magistrate of the city4 ,judges are magistrates who preside in the courts and administer the law as applying to the cases brought before them4 ,trustees are persons who hold or have charge of the property of others in trust1 and as guardians1 for those to whom it belongs4 ,magistrates hold their offices as trustees for the people1 and they are amenable1 that is1 answerable1 to the people4 ,if they do not perform the duties of their offices honestly1 the people can call them to account and punish them4 ,a ,,free ,,government is a government instituted1 that is1 established1 by the consent of the people4 ,the government of the ,united ,states is a free government1 because it has been established by the people1 and the people can change it when they please4 ,government ought to be established for the ,,common ,,benefit4 ,this means that government ought to be for the benefit of all the people1 poor as well as rich1 and under a free government all the people have equal protection from the law4 ,,fundamental ,,principles are principles or truths according to which1 or upon which1 systems1 or laws1 or institutions1 are ,,founded4 ,the fundamental principles of free government are that all men are born equal1 and that all men have equal rights to life and liberty4 ,,recurrence means ,a ,,going ,,back ,,to4 ,we must frequently recur1 or go back to1 fundamental principles in order to preserve free government4 ,we must also firmly adhere to1 or practice justice1 moderation1 temperance1 and virtue4 ,,justice is the doing of what is right4 ,,moderation means the avoiding of severity or harshness in our conduct towards others4 ,,temperance is the moderate or reasonable use or enjoyment of the pleasures of life4 ,,frugality is the practice of thrift and economy as opposed to extravagance4 ,,virtue is the practice of the moral good taught by religion4 ,the constitution guarantees to the people the right to make and to change their own laws2 the right of speedy trial by jury2 protection in the enjoyment of their inherent rights2 freedom of elections2 freedom of speech2 freedom of the press2 religious freedom2 equal civil and political rights and public privileges4 ,it prohibits excessive bail1 excessive fines1 the infliction of cruel and unusual punishments1 and the taking of private property for public uses except by law and with just compensation4 ,a ,,constitution is a system or plan of government1 or a written or printed statement of the principles and rules according to which a government is to be conducted4 ,the constitution tells how the government is to be formed1 what it has power to do1 and what it must not do4 ,the ,constitution of ,virginia ,,guarantees1 that is1 secures or makes sure to the people1 the right to make or change the laws4 ,a government under a constitution is called a ,,constitutional government4 ,,trial ,,by ,,jury is trial by a judge and certain citizens who are called the jury4 ,the duty of the judge is to see that the trial is conducted according to law1 and to pass sentence on the accused person if found guilty4 ,the duty of the jury is to decide1 after hearing the evidence1 whether the accused person is guilty or not4 ,this declaration of the jury is called a ,,verdict1 a word which means a ,,true ,,saying4 ,,inherent means inseparable from1 or not to be taken away4 ,,inherent ,,rights are rights that cannot justly be taken away from the people4 ,the right to life and liberty is an inherent right of man which cannot be taken away by any constitution or government4 ,,freedom ,,of ,,elections means freedom to hold elections to choose the officers of government1 and freedom for every citizen to vote for the candidate of his choice4 ,,freedom ,,of ,,speech and ,,freedom ,,of ,,the ,,press mean liberty for all to speak or publish what they desire to say on any subject1 being liable to punishment by law if they speak or publish anything injurious to the reputation of others4 ,,religious ,,freedom means liberty to belong to any religion1 or to worship ,god in any way that one thinks proper4 ,,civil ,,rights are the rights a man is entitled to as a member of the community1 such as the right to trial by jury1 the right of freedom of speech4 ,,political ,,rights are the rights that belong to men as citizens1 ,such1 as the right to vote1 the right to be candidates for public office4 ,,public ,,privileges are benefits or advantages possessed by some and not by others1 such as charters to corporations or licenses to carry on certain kinds of business4 ,for example1 a license to sell liquors is a public privilege4 ,it is not for the public good that it should be given to everybody1 but the ,constitution guarantees that under necessary restrictions as to the number of such licenses granted1 all citizens shall have equal rights to such privileges4 ,,private ,,property is property that belongs to private individuals4 ,it may be taken for public use when necessary4 ,if a government building has to be erected or a railroad made1 the land required for the purpose may be taken from the owner1 but a just price must be paid for it4 ,who ,may ,vote and ,hold ,office4 ,every male citizen of the ,united ,states1 who is #ba years old1 who has been a resident of the ,state two years1 of the county1 city1 or town one year1 and of the precinct in which he offers to vote thirty days next preceding any election1 has been registered and has paid his state poll taxes1 shall be entitled to vote2 except idiots and lunatics1 persons convicted after the adoption of the constitution of bribery in any election1 embezzlement of public funds1 treason1 felony1 or petit larceny1 obtaining money or other property under false pretences1 or who have been in any way concerned in a duel4 ,all persons entitled to vote shall be eligible to any office within the gift of the people1 except as restricted by the constitution4 ,excepting the requirements of residence in the voting precinct1 payment of poll tax and registration1 the qualifications of jurors are practically the same as those of voters4 ,a ,,citizen is a native of the ,united ,states or a foreigner who has been made a citizen4 ,to be made a citizen1 a person must1 at least two years before admission1 make a declaration before a judge that it is his intention to become a citizen of the ,united ,states1 and to renounce allegiance to all foreign powers or princes4 ,having so declared his intention1 and after residing five years in the ,united ,states1 he must declare on oath before a judge that he renounces allegiance to all foreign powers1 and that he will support the ,constitution of the ,united ,states4 ,he then receives a paper or document certifying that he is a citizen4 ,the paper is called a ,,naturalization paper1 and the person who receives it is said to be ,,naturalized1 because it entitles him to all the rights and privileges of a ,,native or ,,natural-,,born citizen of the ,united ,states4 ,,convicted means tried in a public court for a crime and found guilty4 ,,bribery in elections is buying or selling votes1 or giving money or payment in any form to a voter for voting for any candidate4 ,,embezzlement is the crime a person commits who takes for his own use the money or property of others that has been entrusted to his care4 ,,treason is to make war against or try to overthrow or destroy the government of one's own country4 ,,felony is a crime that may be punished by death or imprisonment in state prison4 ,,petit ,,larceny is the stealing of goods of small value4 ,every voter is required to be registered4 ,this is a most important proceeding1 as it insures the purity of the ballot and the intelligent exercise of the right of franchise4 ,elections4 ,shall be by ballot2 for ,state1 county1 corporation and district officers1 shall be held the ,tuesday after the first ,monday in ,november2 except for mayors and councils of cities and towns1 which shall be the second ,tuesday of ,june4 ,state executive officers elected at a general election shall enter upon the duties of their respective offices the first of ,february next thereafter2 members of the ,house of ,delegates and all county1 corporation1 and district officers on the first of ,january1 and ,senators on the second ,wednesday in ,january next thereafter2 and mayors and councils of cities and towns on the first of ,september next succeeding their election4 ,state executive officers elected by the ,general ,assembly enter upon their duties the first of ,march following their election4 ,they shall continue to discharge the duties of their respective offices until their successors shall have qualified4 ,the ,,ballot is the printed list containing the names of all the candidates to be voted for at an election4 ,the places where the people vote are called ,,polls1 and they are kept open for one day-- from sunrise to sunset4 ,at the polls there are officers called judges or clerks of election4 ,when the voter goes to the poll on election day1 one of the judges hands him a ballot4 ,with the ballot he goes alone into a small compartment or ,,booth1 where there is a desk with a pencil or pen and ink4 ,there he draws a mark with the pen or pencil through the names of the candidates he does not wish to vote for1 leaving the names of the candidates he votes for unmarked ,he then1 folds up the ballot1 with the names of the candidates on the inside1 and hands it to one of the judges1 who drops it into a box1 where it remains until the votes are counted after the poll closes4 ,the candidates who receive the highest number of votes are declared elected4 ,this is done by the ,board of ,state ,canvassers 7which see74 ,,state ,,officers are officers elected by the voters of the whole ,state4 ,the governor1 the lieutenant-governor1 and attorney-general are ,state officers4 ,a ,,corporation is a body or number of persons formed and authorized by law to carry on business under one name as a single person4 ,banks and railroad and manufacturing companies are corporations4 ,they are called private corporations because the business they do is for the benefit of private individuals4 ,the people of cities and towns have power by law to carry on the government of their cities and towns as corporations4 ,they are called public corporations because they are formed for the purpose of government1 and act for the whole people 7see under ,government of ,cities and ,towns7 ,,qualified1 with regard to ,state officers1 means having taken the oath of office4 ,the ,constitution requires that every person1 before entering upon the discharge of any functions as an officer of the ,state1 must solemnly swear or affirm that he will support and maintain the ,constitution and laws of the ,state of ,virginia1 and that he will faithfully perform the duty of the office to which he has been elected4 ,to take this oath is to ,,qualify for the office4 ,the ,state is entitled to two ,u4 ,s4 ,senators and ten ,representatives in ,congress1 and to twelve votes for ,president and ,vice-,president in the ,electoral ,college4 ,the ,,electoral ,,college is the name given to the body of persons who elect the ,president and ,vice-,president of the ,united ,states4 ,at a presidential election1 which takes place every four years1 the people do not vote directly for the candidates who have been nominated for ,president and ,vice-,president4 ,they vote for persons nominated to be ,,electors1 and each ,state has the right to choose as many electors as it has senators and representatives in ,congress4 ,virginia has two senators and ten representatives in ,congress1 therefore at the presidential election it chooses twelve electors4 ,this is what is meant by saying that it has twelve votes in the ,electoral ,college4 ,the members of the ,electoral ,college do not meet all together to elect the ,president and ,vice-,president4 ,the electors of each ,state meet in the capital of their own ,state in ,january after they are elected1 and vote by ballot for ,president and ,vice-,president4 after which they send lists to the ,president of the ,united ,states ,senate showing how they have voted4 ,those lists are examined in the ,senate and the votes counted4 ,then the candidates who have received the votes of a majority of the ,electoral ,college are declared elected4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,from whom are the powers of government derived8 #b4 ,what are magistrates8 #c4 ,for what is government instituted8 #d4 ,what are fundamental principles8 #e4 ,what is the ,bill of ,rights8 #f ,what is a constitution8 #g4 ,what is trial by jury8 #h ,tell what you understand by freedom of elections1 freedom of speech1 freedom of the press1 and religious freedom #i4 ,tell the difference between civil rights and political rights4 #aj4 ,what are public privileges8 #aa4 ,what is involuntary servitude8 #ab4 ,define ,,private ,,property4 #ac4 ,who is entitled to vote1 and who is eligible to office8 #ad4 ,what is a citizen8 #ae4 ,how may one become a citizen8 #af4 ,define the terms ,,bribery1 ,,embezzlement1 ,,treason1 ,,felony1 ,,petit ,,larceny1 and ,,duel4 #ag4 ,what are jurors8 #ah4 ,when are the elections for ,state officers held8 #ai4 ,how are elections conducted8 #bj4 ,define ,,ballot1 ,,polls1 and ,,booth4 #ba4 ,what are ,state officers8 #bb4 ,what is a corporation8 #bc4 ,what is the meaning of ,,qualified8 #bd4 ,how many senators and representatives in ,congress is the ,state entitled to8 #be4 ,how many votes is the ,state entitled to in the ,electoral ,college8 #bf4 ,what is the ,electoral ,college8 #bg4 ,how do the electors choose the ,president and ,vice-,president of the ,united ,states8 ,,ii4 ,,legislative ,,department4 ,the legislative power of the commonwealth is vested in a ,general ,assembly consisting of a ,senate and ,house of ,delegates4 ,,legislative ,,power is the power to legislate or make ,,laws1 hence the ,general ,assembly is the ,,legislature of ,virginia4 ,,commonwealth1 which means ,,common ,,well-,,being1 or common good1 is a name sometimes given to a ,state or country which has a republican form of government--that is1 a government in which the people are the supreme power1 and in which all the people have common 7that is1 equal7 interests and common rights4 ,,consisting means formed or made up of4 ,a ,,delegate is a person appointed or elected by others to do business for them as their representative4 ,the members of the ,house of ,delegates are elected by the people of the ,state to represent and act for them in the business of making laws4 ,the ,senate4 ,number4 ,there are forty ,senators1 from thirty-nine senatorial districts4 ,the ,lieutenant-,governor is the presiding officer4 ,elected4 ,by the people2 one-half being chosen every two years until the general election in #aijg4 ,at that time1 and every four years thereafter1 the entire senate will be chosen at one time for a term of four years4 ,qualifications4 ,a ,senator must be an actual resident of the district for which he is elected2 must be legally qualified to vote for members of the ,general ,assembly2 must hold no salaried office under the ,state government4 ,powers4 ,shall select its own officers2 choose from its own body1 in the absence of the ,lieutenant-,governor1 or when he exercises the office of ,governor1 a president ,,pro ,,tempore2 confirms or rejects nominations2 has sole power to try impeachment4 ,,senatorial ,,districts are the districts into which a ,state is divided for the election of senators4 ,there are thirty-nine districts in ,virginia1 and each of them elects one senator1 except the district formed of ,richmond and the ,county of ,henrico1 which elects two4 ,,presiding ,,officer is a person who ,,presides or acts as president or chairman in any assembly or meeting4 ,a candidate for the ,senate must be ,,legally ,,qualified ,,to ,,vote for members of the ,general ,assembly4 ,this means that he must be a citizen of the ,united ,states1 a resident of ,virginia for two years1 and have the other legal qualifications of voters as required by the ,constitution4 ,,pro ,,tempore is a ,latin phrase meaning ,,for ,,the ,,time--that is1 for a short time or temporarily4 ,the ,senate elects one of its own members to preside ,,pro ,,tempore if the lieutenant-governor happen to be absent1 or when he is called upon to act as governor4 7,see under ,powers and ,duties of governor1 page #bh47 ,the ,senate has the power to ,,confirm ,,or ,,reject ,,nominations4 ,many public officers of the ,state are appointed by the governor1 but when he nominates or ,,names a person for a public office he sends the nomination to the ,senate1 and it may confirm--that is1 approve of--the nomination1 or it may reject it4 ,if it should reject the nomination1 the person nominated is not appointed4 ,,impeachment means a charge of dishonesty or serious neglect of duty made against a public official4 ,in an impeachment it is the ,house of ,delegates which must make the charge and act as prosecutor1 but it is the ,senate which must try the case and pass sentence on the accused1 if proved guilty4 ,house of ,delegates4 ,number4 ,composed of one hundred members apportioned by statute among the counties and cities of the ,state4 ,elected4 ,by the people for two years4 ,qualifications4 ,same as for ,senators4 ,powers4 ,elects its own ,speaker and all other officers2 impeaches ,state officers1 and prosecutes them before the ,senate4 ,the ,clerk of the ,house of ,delegates is also ,keeper of the ,rolls4 ,apportioned means divided or distributed or allotted4 ,a statute is any law1 but the word is most commonly understood to mean a law made by a legislature representing the people4 ,the number of delegates appointed to the counties and cities--that is1 the number which each is entitled to elect--is decided by statute in proportion to the number of inhabitants4 ,the chairman of the ,house of ,delegates is called the speaker4 ,the same title is given to the presiding officer of the lower house in nearly every legislature in ,english-speaking countries4 ,the rolls are the statutes in written form as passed by the ,assembly4 ,a law when proposed in the ,assembly is called a bill4 ,to become a statute a bill must be voted on and have a majority three times in the ,house of ,delegates and three times in the ,senate and be signed by the governor4 ,then it is an act1 or a ,statute1 or a law4 ,the copy signed by the governor is an engrossed or written copy1 and the official copies of the laws so engrossed are the rolls1 and are preserved by the keeper of the rolls1 who is the clerk of the ,house of ,delegates4 ,general ,assembly4 7,senate and ,house jointly47 ,sessions4 ,biennial4 ,beginning the second ,wednesday in ,january of every even year1 and continuing sixty days4 ,the session may be extended not exceeding thirty days4 ,it may be convened in special session by the ,governor4 ,the ,senate and ,house of ,delegates jointly--that is1 both together --are called the ,general ,assembly4 ,sessions means sittings or meetings for business1 and biennial means happening once every two years4 ,the ,general ,assembly meets once every two years1 and it does business for sixty days4 ,if the business necessary to be done require more time1 the session may be extended--that is1 lengthened--thirty days4 ,a special session is a session convened-- that is1 called to meet--for some special or particular business4 ,the governor may convene such a session whenever he thinks it necessary4 ,powers4 ,general powers of legislation under the constitution4 ,elects ,u4 ,s4 ,senators1 ,county and ,city ,electoral ,boards1 ,auditor of ,public ,accounts1 ,second ,auditor1 ,register of the ,land ,office1 ,superintendent of ,public ,printing1 the ,judges of the ,commonwealth2 decides contests in the election of ,governor and ,lieutenant- ,governor2 confirms or rejects nominations of certain officers made by the ,governor1 the ,state ,board of ,education1 etc4 ,powers means what the ,general ,assembly has power to do4 ,legislation is the making of laws4 ,the ,assembly has powers of general legislation under the constitution--that is1 of making all such laws as the constitution directs or does not forbid4 7,explanations are given later on as to the boards and officers mentioned here which the ,general ,assembly has power to elect47 ,contests--that is1 disputes or differences--may occur in the election of governor and lieutenant-governor4 ,there may be contests as to counting of votes or as to the qualifications of candidates4 ,such contests are decided by the ,general ,assembly4 ,membership4 ,each house settles its own rules of proceeding2 is judge of the election1 qualification1 and returns of its members4 ,members are not subject to arrest under any civil process during the session of the ,general ,assembly1 nor for fifteen days next before the convening1 and after the termination of each session2 are privileged from arrest in all cases during the session1 except for treason1 felony1 perjury1 breach of the peace1 or a contempt of court of a criminal nature4 ,what is meant by each house being judge of the election1 qualification1 and returns of its members is1 that it can decide whether the members are legally elected and qualified4 ,returns are the particulars as to names of candidates and the number of votes cast for each1 which the election judges are required to make up after the close of the poll on election day4 ,the qualifications necessary for a member of either house are as follows3 he must be twenty-one years of age or over1 and a voter of the ,state of ,virginia1 and he must reside in the district for which he is elected4 ,civil process is a law-proceeding in a case where no crime is charged1 but such as for the recovering of a debt or for the settlement of a difference relating to business matters4 ,perjury is the crime of wilfully making a false oath4 ,when a person appears as a witness in a court of law he has to take an oath that he will tell the truth4 ,if after taking such oath he tells what he knows to be untrue1 he is guilty of perjury4 ,a breach of the peace is any act of violence which causes public disturbance1 such as one person assaulting another and thereby causing a quarrel or riot4 ,contempt of court is disobedience to the orders or decrees or rules of a court of law4 ,insult or violence to a judge in court would he criminal contempt4 ,salaries4 ,the ,president of the ,senate and the ,speaker of the ,house of ,delegates1 each1 #djj2 and the other members1 each1 #bdj for attendance and service at each regular session2 at all extra sessions1 the ,president of the ,senate and ,speaker of the ,house of ,delegates shall receive1 each1 #bdj1 and the other members1 each1 #abj4 ,members are entitled to mileage4 ,in addition to his salary each member of the ,assembly receives ten cents per mile for expenses of traveling to and from the sessions of the ,assembly4 ,this allowance is called mileage4 ,bills may originate in either of the two houses4 ,no bill shall become a law until it has been read on three different days in each house except by a vote of four-fifths of the members voting in each house4 ,every bill which shall have passed the ,senate and ,house of ,delegates shall1 before it becomes a law1 be presented to the ,governor2 if he approve1 he shall sign it and it is then a law1 but if not1 he shall return it with his objections to the house in which it originated2 who shall proceed to reconsider it4 ,if after such consideration two-thirds of the members present shall agree to pass the bill1 it shall be sent to the other house1 by which it shall be reconsidered1 and if approved by two-thirds of all the members present1 it shall become a law1 notwithstanding the objections of the ,governor4 ,he may also veto any particular item of an appropriation bill1 but this item may also be passed over his veto by a two-thirds vote of both houses4 ,if any bill shall not be returned by the ,governor within five days after it shall have been presented to him1 it shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it4 ,a bill is a draft or statement of a proposed law4 ,a bill may originate in either house--that is1 it may be first proposed in either the ,seriate or ,house of ,delegates4 ,any senator or delegate who wishes to have a new law made must first put it in writing4 ,then he himself introduces or proposes it in the house of which he is a member1 or it may be introduced by a committee4 ,a committee is a number of persons1 usually not a large number1 appointed by a legislature or other body to take charge of and attend to some particular business4 ,the members of the ,house of ,delegates and of the ,senate are divided into committees1 and some special subject or business is entrusted to each4 ,for example1 in the ,senate there are committees on ,privileges and ,elections1 ,public ,institutions and ,education1 and many other subjects2 and in the ,house of ,delegates there are committees on ,courts of ,justice1 ,schools and ,colleges1 and other subjects4 ,usually proposals for new laws are referred for consideration to the committee having charge of the subject or business to which the proposed law relates4 ,committees in the ,senate are elected by the senators themselves2 committees in the ,house of ,delegates are appointed by the speaker4 ,when a new law or bill is introduced it is either proposed by a committee1 or by some member and given for consideration to a committee4 ,in order to pass1 it must be read three times on three different days 7once each day7 in the house in which it originates4 ,the first reading is the formal placing or presenting of the bill before the house4 ,at the second reading the bill is discussed1 and any member who wishes to say anything for or against it is at liberty to do so4 ,amendments may also be proposed at the second reading4 ,an amendment is an alteration or a change in the wording or matter of a bill4 ,after an amendment is discussed the house votes upon it1 and if a majority is for it1 the change is made in the bill4 ,when all amendments are discussed and voted on1 a vote is taken on the bill as a whole1 and if a majority of the members vote for it1 it is read a second time4 ,it is then engrossed1 or written out1 by the clerk of the house1 and read a third time1 after which a vote is again taken1 and if there is a majority for it1 it passes the house4 ,when the bill is passed in the house in which it originated1 it is taken to the other house by the sergeant-at-arms4 ,there it goes through the same forms of reading and discussion1 and if it be read three times and have a majority in its favor it is passed4 ,it is then enrolled1 after which it is signed by the presiding officer in each house1 and when this is done it is sent to the governor for his signature4 ,the sergeant-at-arms is an officer whose duty it is to preserve order in the chamber where the sessions of either house are held1 to distribute among the members any papers or documents they may require1 and in general to perform such services as are necessary for the proper transaction of business4 ,each house has its own sergeant-at-arms4 7,for enrolling1 see under ,house of ,delegates1 page #ai47 ,the requirements with regard to a bill after it is sent to the governor are stated in the text above4 7,for the veto power of the governor1 see page #bh47 ,,questions4 #a4 ,in whom is the legislative power of the commonwealth vested8 #b4 ,what is the legislative power8 #c4 ,define commonwealth4 #d4 ,what is a delegate8 #e4 ,how many members constitute the ,senate8 #f4 ,what are senatorial districts1 and how many are there in the ,state8 #g4 ,who is the presiding officer of the ,senate8 #h4 ,for how long are senators elected8 #i4 ,what are the qualifications of a senator8 #aj4 ,what are the powers of the ,senate8 #aa4 ,what does impeachment mean8 #ab4 ,who tries a case of impeachment8 #ac4 ,how many members of the ,house of ,delegates8 #ad4 ,define statute4 #ae4 ,for how long are members of the ,house of ,delegates elected8 #af4 ,what are the qualifications of delegates8 #ag4 ,what are the powers of delegates8 #ah4 ,define apportioned4 #ai4 ,what is the chairman of the ,house of ,delegates called8 #bj4 ,what are the rolls1 and by whom are they kept8 #ba4 ,what does the ,general ,assembly consist of8 #bb4 ,how often are the sessions of the ,general ,assembly held8 #bc4 ,what is a special session8 #bd4 ,what are the powers of the ,general ,assembly8 #be4 ,what officers does it elect8 #bf4 ,what is legislation8 #bg4 ,what are contests in elections of governor and lieutenant- governor1 and who decides them8 #bh4 ,what is meant by each house being judge of the election1 qualifications1 and returns of its members8 #bi4 ,what are election returns8 #cj4 ,define civil process4 #ca4 ,what is perjury8 #cb4 ,what is contempt of court8 #cc4 ,what are the salaries of the officers and members of the ,assembly8 #cd4 ,what is mileage8 #ce4 ,what is a bill8 #cf4 ,tell how a bill becomes a law4 #cg4 ,what is a committee8 #ch4 ,define amendment4 ,,iii4 ,,executive ,,department4 ,governor4 ,elected4 ,by the people for four years4 ,must reside at the seat of government during his term of office2 not eligible for the next succeeding term4 ,salary1 #e1jjj a year4 ,he shall receive no other emolument from this or any other government4 ,the seat of government is the city or town in which the ,legislature holds its sessions4 ,richmond is the seat of government of the ,state of ,virginia4 ,term is the period of time for which a public officer is elected4 ,the term of the governor is four years4 ,he is not eligible--that is1 he cannot be elected--for the next succeeding term--that is1 he cannot be governor for two terms1 one immediately following the other4 ,emolument is salary or compensation or pay4 ,qualifications4 ,must be at least thirty years of age2 must be a citizen of the ,united ,states2 must have been for the five years next preceding his election a resident of the ,state4 ,if of foreign birth1 he must have been a citizen of the ,united ,states for the ten years next preceding his election4 ,foreign birth means birth in any country outside the ,united ,states4 ,but the children of ,american citizens are citizens of the ,united ,states1 even though they have been born in another country4 ,powers and ,duties4 ,the chief executive officer of the commonwealth2 shall take care that the laws are faithfully executed2 shall communicate to the ,general ,assembly1 at every session1 the condition of the commonwealth1 and recommend such measures as he may deem expedient2 may call special sessions of the ,general ,assembly2 shall be ,commander-in-,chief of the ,land and ,naval ,forces of the ,state2 may embody the militia to repel invasion1 suppress insurrection1 and enforce1 the execution of the laws2 shall conduct all intercourse with other and foreign states2 may fill temporarily1 during the recess of the ,general ,assembly1 all vacancies in those offices for which the constitution and laws make no provision2 may remit fines and penalties1 grant reprieves and pardons1 remove political disabilities1 and commute capital punishment2 shall attest all commissions and grants2 signs or vetoes bills passed by the ,general ,assembly4 ,the governor is the chief executive officer4 ,he is called chief because he is the highest public officer of the ,state1 and executive because it is his duty to execute or carry out the laws4 ,it is also his duty to send what is called a message to each session of the ,general ,assembly4 ,the message is a letter or statement in which he communicates to the ,assembly full information as to the condition of the ,state1 and recommends such measures--that is1 such new laws--as he thinks necessary4 ,militia is a body composed of citizens enrolled and trained as soldiers for the defence of the ,state4 ,all able-bodied male persons between the ages of eighteen and forty-five years may be called to serve in the militia4 ,naval forces are military forces or militia that serve on sea4 ,invasion is the entrance into a ,state of a military force from another country for the purpose of conquest4 ,to repel invasion is to oppose it by force1 to drive off the invaders4 ,insurrection is a rising or rebellion of people in a ,state against the government of their own ,state4 ,it is the duty of the governor to suppress-- that is1 to put down--insurrection1 and to ,,enforce the ,,execution of the laws--that is1 to carry out the laws by force if necessary4 ,,intercourse is correspondence with others by letter or message4 ,when it is necessary to have intercourse with another ,state or a foreign country1 the governor1 as the chief executive and highest representative of the people1 is the person who conducts such correspondence4 ,the recess of the ,general ,assembly is the time when it is not in session4 ,during recess of the ,assembly1 the governor may fill vacancies in public offices for which the ,constitution and laws make no provision4 ,for example1 the ,constitution and laws make no provision for the appointment of judges during the recess of ,assembly2 therefore1 if a judge dies during the recess1 the governor appoints a person to fill the vacancy until the ,assembly meets and elects a new judge4 ,a ,,fine is a ,,penalty or punishment in the form of payment of money4 ,sometimes a person convicted of an offence against the law is ordered by the judge to pay a sum of money instead of being sent to jail4 ,this is called a ,,fine4 ,but it may happen that the person is convicted by mistake or by false evidence1 or that the fine is too heavy for the person to pay4 ,in such cases the governor may ,,remit the ,,fines--that is1 release or free the persons from having to pay4 ,the governor may also ,,grant ,,reprieves ,,and ,,pardons if he sees good reason for doing so4 ,a reprieve is a delay of punishment4 ,when a person is convicted of murder1 the judge sentences him to be put to death on a certain day4 ,but there may be reason for further inquiry into the case1 and to give time for such inquiry the governor may postpone the execution of the sentence--that is1 put it off to another day4 ,this is called a reprieve4 ,if the further inquiry should prove that the person is innocent1 a full pardon is granted and the person is set free4 ,,political ,,disabilities are punishments which deprive persons of certain rights of citizenship4 ,a citizen convicted of bribery in an election1 embezzlement of public funds1 treason1 felony1 or petit larceny1 is by the law of ,virginia deprived of the right of voting4 ,this is a ,,political ,,disability4 ,the person convicted is legally ,,disabled to vote4 ,the governor may remove the disability1 and this restores to the person his right of voting4 ,the governor may also ,,commute ,,capital ,,punishment4 ,to ,,commute is to ,,change1 and ,,capital ,,punishment is the punishment of ,,death--the punishment inflicted on persons convicted of murder4 ,the governor may order that instead of being put to death the convict be imprisoned for life1 or for a number of years4 7,a convict is a person ,,convicted or found guilty of crime47 ,the governor shall ,,attest ,,all ,,commissions ,,and ,,grants4 ,to ,,attest is to certify1 or bear witness to1 and a ,,commission is a written paper giving power or authority to some person or persons to perform a public duty4 ,when a judge is elected he receives a commission authorizing him to act as such1 and the governor attests the commission by signing his name to it4 ,,grants or gifts1 such as grants of public lands or money for educational or other public objects1 are also made in writing1 and must be attested by the governor4 7,commissions and other important papers must have upon them an impression of the seal of the ,state4 ,the seal is a circular piece of metal made like a medal or large coin and bearing on each side certain figures and mottoes4 ,the impression of the seal shows that the paper has been officially attested or certified47 ,the ,,veto power is one of the most important powers possessed by the governor4 ,when a bill is passed by the ,general ,assembly it is sent to the governor for his signature4 ,if he ,,sign it--that is1 writes his name upon it--it is then a law4 ,if he ,,veto the bill1 or any item contained in it appropriating money1 the bill1 or such part of it as is vetoed1 cannot become a law until it is again passed by a two-thirds vote of both houses4 7,,veto is a ,latin word meaning ,i ,,forbid47 ,in case the ,governor dies1 or is in any way incapacitated for performing the duties of his office1 the ,lieutenant-,governor shall act2 and in case of the inability of both1 the ,president ,,pro ,,tempore of the ,senate shall act4 ,,incapacitated for office means legally disqualified4 ,the governor would be incapacitated if he should refuse to qualify by taking the necessary oath1 or if he should reside out of the ,state1 or if he should be convicted on impeachment4 ,,lieutenant-,,governor4 ,elected4 ,at the same time and for the same term as the ,governor1 and his qualifications and the manner of his election in all respects shall be the same4 ,he shall be the ,president of the ,senate1 but shall have no vote1 except in case of an equal division4 ,for the same term means for the same length of time4 ,the governor is elected for four years4 ,that is his term of office4 ,the term of the lieutenant-governor is the same4 ,an equal division is an equal number voting for and against the same proposal4 ,if a bill is proposed in the ,senate and twenty senators vote for and twenty against it1 that is an equal division4 ,in such case1 and in no other case1 the president votes4 ,he may vote on either side he pleases1 and his vote is called a casting vote4 ,,attorney-,,general4 ,elected4 ,by the people for four years4 ,salary1 #b1ejj and mileage4 ,duties4 ,shall give his opinion and advice when required to do so by the ,governor1 or by any of the public boards and officers at the seat of government2 shall appear as counsel for the ,state in all cases in which the commonwealth is interested1 depending in the ,supreme ,court of ,appeals1 the ,supreme ,court of the ,united ,states1 the ,district and ,circuit ,courts of the ,united ,states for the ,state of ,virginia1 and shall discharge such other duties as may be imposed by the ,general ,assembly4 ,member of the ,state ,board of ,education4 ,an attorney is a person who acts for and in the place of another4 ,the word is usually applied to a lawyer who is employed by another to act for him in any law business he wishes to have done4 ,an attorney who appears in a court of law and acts or defends a person1 or acts against a person accused of crime1 is called a counsel4 ,the attorney-general is a lawyer who is elected to do law business for the ,state4 ,he must appear in court as counsel for the ,state in every case in which the commonwealth 7meaning the whole people7 is interested4 ,the commonwealth is interested in every case of crime1 because it is for the interest or well-being of the people that those who commit crime should be punished4 ,if this were not done-- if criminals1 persons who commit murder or burglary or theft--were not arrested and punished1 no man's life or property would be safe4 ,the attorney-general must appear and act for the commonwealth in any of the courts above mentioned whenever there is a case in any of them in which the people of the ,state are interested4 ,depending or pending with reference to a case means that the case is in court waiting to be tried or decided4 7,for information as to ,supreme ,court of ,appeals and ,circuit ,court of the ,city of ,richmond1 mentioned above1 see under ,judiciary ,department47 ,the ,supreme ,court of the ,united ,states is the highest court of the ,united ,states4 ,its members or judges are appointed by the ,president and hold office for life1 and it sits at ,washington and tries cases in which any person or persons are accused of violating the ,constitution of the ,united ,states4 ,the members of the district and circuit courts of the ,united ,states are also appointed by the ,president4 ,these courts sit in various districts of ,states1 and try cases in which persons are accused of violating the laws of the ,united ,states--that is1 the laws made by ,congress4 ,the word circuit means a going round4 ,a district in which the same judges go round at certain times and hold courts in several places is called a circuit1 and the courts so held are called circuit courts4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,for how many years and by whom is the governor elected8 #b4 ,where must the governor reside8 #c4 ,is the governor eligible for a second term8 #d4 ,what is the governor's salary8 #e4 ,what is the seat of government8 #f4 ,what qualifications are necessary in a candidate for governor8 #g4 ,mention some of the powers and duties of the governor4 #h4 ,why is the governor called the chief executive officer8 #i4 ,what is the governor's message8 #aj4 ,what is the militia8 #aa4 ,define naval forces1 invasion1 insurrection4 #ab4 ,what is a fine8 #ac4 ,what is a reprieve8 #ad4 ,what are political disabilities8 #ae4 ,what is capital punishment8 #af4 ,define commissions and grants4 #ag4 ,what is the veto power8 #ah4 ,when does the lieutenant-governor act as governor8 #ai4 ,in case of the inability of both the governor and lieutenant- governor1 who acts as governor8 #bj4 ,how is the lieutenant-governor chosen8 #ba4 ,what are the qualifications of the lieutenant-governor8 #bb4 ,does the lieutenant-governor ever vote in the ,senate8 #bc4 ,what is an equal division8 #bd4 ,what is an attorney8 #be4 ,for how long is the attorney-general elected8 #bf4 ,what is his salary8 #bg4 ,what are his duties8 #bh4 ,what are circuit courts8 ,,iv4 ,,executive ,,department--,continued4 ,secretary of the ,commonwealth4 ,elected4 ,by the people at the ,general ,election for a term of four years4 ,salary1 #b1ejj4 ,duties4 ,shall keep a record of all executive acts2 shall attest the signature of the ,governor on all official documents2 shall keep the seals of the commonwealth2 shall arrange and preserve all records and papers belonging to the ,executive ,department2 shall be charged with the clerical duties of that department1 and render the ,governor such services as he may require in the dispatch of executive business2 shall be general librarian1 and have charge of the library fund2 shall receive and transmit election returns directed by law to be sent to him1 and keep a record of the certified statements and determinations of the ,board of ,state ,canvassers2 issue certificates of election2 collect tax on ,state seal2 keep on file the reports of other departments and make and record a summary of each2 record all charters of incorporation2 shall make quarterly reports to the ,governor4 ,,commissions are fees or payments for certain work done4 ,the secretary of the commonwealth may charge fees for making out copies of any public papers or documents kept hi his office1 or for issuing commissions 7letters of appointment7 to certain public officers4 ,the person who receives the copy or commission must pay the fee4 ,a ,,record is a written account or description of any business or work done4 ,,executive ,,acts are official acts of the governor4 ,the secretary of the commonwealth must make records of such acts and preserve them in his office4 ,he must sign his own name after the signature of the governor on all official documents4 ,this is called ,,attesting the signature4 ,there are two ,,seals ,,of ,,the ,,commonwealth4 ,one is called the ,,great ,,seal1 and the other the ,,lesser ,,seal4 7,for form and description of seal1 see under ,,powers ,,and ,,duties of governor1 page #bh47 ,the great seal is much larger in size than the lesser4 ,it is affixed to documents signed by the governor which are to be used for purposes outside the jurisdiction of the ,state1 or1 for example1 in a ,united ,states court1 or in another ,state or foreign country4 ,the lesser seal is affixed to public documents signed by the governor which are issued for use within the ,state4 ,,clerical ,,duties are the duties of writing letters1 records1 and other papers or documents4 ,a ,,general ,,librarian is one who has general charge or control of a library4 ,the ,,library ,,fund is the books and maps belonging to the ,state4 ,these are kept in the ,state library at the capital1 and the secretary of the commonwealth is the librarian4 ,,election ,,returns when made up by the judges of election are sent to the commissioners of elections and afterwards to the ,board of ,state ,canvassers4 ,the board determines and decides who have been elected1 and the secretary must ,,keep ,a ,,record of the ,board's ,,determinations4 ,after the election returns are examined by the ,state board1 the secretary makes out ,,certificates ,,of ,,election for certain ,state officers elected at the polls4 ,the certificate is a paper certifying or stating that the person has been elected4 ,there is a ,,tax or charge on the use of the ,state seals on certain documents1 and this tax is collected by the secretary of the commonwealth4 ,the secretary must ,,keep ,,on ,,file--that is1 preserve--in his office the reports of other public departments of the ,state1 and make a summary1 or sketch1 of the contents of each4 ,a ,,charter ,,of ,,incorporation is a paper or document granted by the ,general ,assembly1 and giving power to a number of persons to carry on business as a corporation1 or to the people of a town or city to carry on the business of government within their own districts4 ,,treasurer4 ,elected4 ,at the ,general ,election for term of four years4 ,salary1 #b1jjj and commissions allowed by law4 ,duties4 ,shall receive and disburse1 only upon a warrant from the proper ,auditor1 all moneys paid into the ,treasury of the ,state2 shall pay interest on certain bonds as they become due and payable2 shall be the custodian of bonds held by the ,commissioners of the ,sinking ,fund1 and of bonds deposited by foreign express and insurance companies doing business in the ,state2 shall make quarterly and annual reports to the ,governor4 ,the treasurer is the person who receives and takes charge of money belonging to the ,state4 ,the building in which the money is kept and in which the treasurer has his office is called the treasury4 ,the treasurer also disburses money4 ,to disburse is to pay out1 and the treasurer cannot disburse without a warrant from the auditor 7see next section74 ,the warrant is a writing giving the treasurer power to pay money4 ,the treasurer pays the interest on ,state bonds4 ,a bond is a written paper by which a person binds or pledges himself to pay a certain sum of money before a certain day4 ,sometimes the government has to borrow money1 and when it does so it issues bonds to the persons who loan the money4 ,in these bonds the government binds itself to pay the money by a certain time1 and to pay a certain amount every year as interest until the principal 7the full amount borrowed7 is paid back4 ,the sinking fund is money set apart at certain times to pay the debts due by the government4 ,it is in charge of officers called commissioners4 ,these commissioners hold bonds for debts due to the government on account of the sale of public lands1 and the interest of the ,state in railroads and other corporations4 ,express companies and insurance companies whose head-quarters are in foreign countries1 and who do business in ,virginia1 are required to give bonds to the ,state as security that their obligations to citizens of the ,state shall be honestly carried out4 ,,auditor ,,of ,,public ,,accounts4 ,elected4 ,by the ,general ,assembly for term of four years beginning on first day of ,march succeeding election4 ,salary1 #d1jjj4 ,duties4 ,shall audit all pecuniary claims against the commonwealth1 except those chargeable to the ,board of ,education1 ,corporation ,commission1 or any corporation composed of officers of government1 of the funds and property of which the ,state is sole owner2 shall settle with officers charged with collecting the revenues of the ,state2 shall issue warrants directing the ,treasurer to receive money into the ,treasury1 and warrants upon the ,treasurer in payment of all claims except those mentioned above2 shall report to the ,superintendent of ,public ,instruction by ,september #aeth1 in each year1 ninety per cent1 of the gross amount of funds applicable to public school purposes for the current year2 shall make quarterly and annual reports to the ,governor4 ,an auditor is a person who audits or examines accounts or statements of the receipt and expenditure of money1 to see that they are correct4 ,pecuniary claims are claims for the payment of money4 ,such claims made against the commonwealth are not paid until they are examined by the auditor of the public accounts4 ,claims that are chargeable --that is1 to be charged--against the ,board of ,education1 the ,corporation ,commission1 or corporations of government officers1 are not audited by the auditor of public accounts1 but by the second auditor 7see next section74 ,to report ninety per cent1 of the school funds is to state the amount to that extent that is ready to be apportioned or divided among the cities and counties for school use 7see under sections ,superintendent of ,public ,instruction and ,school ,funds74 ,,second ,,auditor4 ,elected4 ,by the ,general ,assembly for four years from the first of ,march next succeeding election4 ,salary1 #a1gjj and commissions allowed by law4 ,duties4 ,shall register all coupon and registered bonds and fractional certificates issued on account of the public debt1 and all bonds redeemed and cancelled by the ,commissioners of the ,sinking ,fund2 shall be the custodian of the books of the ,commissioners of the ,sinking ,fund1 and securities for money belonging thereto2 shall audit all claims on account of the ,board of ,education1 ,corporation ,commission1 and any corporation composed of officers of government1 of the funds and property of which the ,state is sole owner2 shall issue his warrant for all moneys received into the ,treasury1 or drawn out of it on account of these boards and corporations1 the ,sinking ,fund and the ,literary ,fund2 shall make quarterly and annual reports to the ,governor4 ,to register bonds is to enter particulars of them in books kept for the purpose4 ,coupon bonds are bonds with interest coupons or certificates attached to them1 and bearing no name1 but payable to any person who presents the coupons at the treasury at certain times4 ,registered bonds are bonds bearing the name of the person who receives them1 and payable to that person or any person to whom he may sell or transfer them4 ,fractional certificates are certificates or bonds issued for any fractional part of one hundred dollars of the public debt4 ,all other bonds are issued for amounts of one hundred dollars or some multiple of a hundred4 ,a bond is redeemed--that is1 bought back--when it is received at the treasury or office of the sinking fund and the amount of it is paid to the holder4 ,the bond is then cancelled4 ,to cancel is to deface or destroy so that the paper or bond cannot be used again4 ,a security is something given or deposited as a pledge that money loaned shall be repaid4 ,debts may be due to the sinking fund by railroad or other companies in which the ,state has an interest1 and securities have to be given that such debts shall be paid4 ,the literary fund was formed in #ahaj from the sale of public lands1 some of which had been possessed by the ,church in colonial times4 ,the fund has since been increased by the sale of lands given to the ,state by ,congress for public school purposes4 and by fines collected for offences committed against the ,state1 and by donations made by private individuals4 ,it is called the literary fund because it is used for purposes of education4 ,register of the ,land ,office4 ,elected4 ,by the ,general ,assembly for a term of four years from the first of ,march next succeeding election4 ,salary1 #a1hjj4 ,he is also ,superintendent of ,public ,buildings4 ,duties4 ,shall issue grants to all purchasers of waste lands2 record all grants and patents1 and furnish lists to the clerks of the county and corporation courts2 shall keep the records1 documents1 and entries of ,northern ,neck ,lands1 and of lands granted1 or to be granted1 by the ,commonwealth2 shall have care of the public buildings and all other public property at the seat of government not placed in charge of others2 shall have control of ,capitol ,square2 shall try1 prove1 and seal weights and measures2 shall report semi-annually to the ,auditor of ,public ,accounts4 ,the land office is the office in which business connected with the sale or granting of public lands is conducted4 ,this business is under the control of an officer called the register of the land office1 and public buildings in the ,state are under his care4 ,he is also superintendent of weights and measures4 ,at his office are kept weights and measures1 provided by the ,state1 to be furnished to counties and corporations as standards by which the weights and measures in business use throughout the ,state are tested4 ,the ,state weights and measures are tried by the register once every ten years1 and when proved to be correct are marked with a seal4 ,in every county there is a sealer of weights and measures1 who must examine1 once every three years1 the weights and measures in use throughout the county1 to see that they are up to the standard4 ,a patent is a government paper granting to some person or persons the sole right to any lands1 privileges1 or inventions4 ,the ,northern ,neck was the name given in colonial times to the peninsula lying between the ,rappahannock and ,potomac ,rivers4 ,state ,corporation ,commission4 ,composed of three members appointed by the ,governor1 subject to confirmation by the ,general ,assembly1 for a term of six years each4 ,salary1 #d1jjj each4 ,at least one of the ,commissioners must have the qualifications prescribed for judges of the ,supreme ,court of ,appeals4 ,duties4 ,shall issue all charters or amendments thereof for domestic corporations and licenses to do business in the ,state to foreign corporations2 arrange for visitation1 regulation and control of all corporations doing business in the ,state2 prescribe the forms of all reports and collect and preserve such reports4 ,shall control all transportation companies2 fix the amount of their taxes2 prescribe rates1 charges and classifications of traffic and enforce the same4 ,has the powers and authority of a court of record to administer oaths and compel attendance of witnesses1 and all appeals from the ,commission shall be to the ,supreme ,court of ,appeals only4 ,shall make annual reports to the governor4 ,the term corporation or company includes all trusts1 associations and joint stock companies having any powers or privileges not possessed by individuals or unlimited partnerships4 ,charter means the charter of incorporation under which any such corporation is formed4 ,a transportation company is any company or person engaged in the business of a common carrier4 ,a transmission company includes any company or person owning and operating a telephone or telegraph line for hire4 ,public service corporations include transportation and transmission companies1 gas1 electric light1 heat and power companies and all persons authorized to use or occupy any street or public place in a manner not permitted to the general public4 ,bonds are certificates of indebtedness issued by any corporation and secured by a mortgage or trust deed4 ,domestic corporations are such as are chartered under the laws of ,virginia4 ,foreign corporations are such as are incorporated under the laws of some other state or country4 ,the ,general ,assembly may place under the control of the ,corporation ,commission divisions or bureaus of insurance1 banking1 etc4 ,every domestic and foreign corporation doing business in the state shall file in the office of the ,corporation ,commission an annual report as prescribed by law setting forth various facts regarding its business1 and organization1 the names of its officers1 its place of business and such other information as may be required by law4 ,a corporation may be established for the transaction of any lawful business or to promote or conduct any legitimate object or purpose4 ,any number of persons not less than three may associate to incorporate a college1 an alumni association1 a literary society1 a cemetery company or association1 a fraternal benefit association1 a fraternal association1 society1 order or lodge1 a society for the prevention of cruelty to children or animals1 a charitable or benevolent association1 or social1 hunting1 fishing club1 or any society1 organization or association of a similar nature4 ,a corporation may be limited as to duration to the time stated in its charter4 ,but when no time is so limited it shall be perpetual1 subject to the power of repeal reserved to the ,general ,assembly4 ,a corporation may sue and be sued in any court of law and equity4 ,with regard to railroads1 canals1 and all transportation and transmission companies1 the ,state ,corporation ,commission has all the power and authority formerly belonging to the office of railroad commissioner2 examines them as to their condition1 the causes of accidents1 etc42 requires changes and improvements2 contracts with them for the conveyance of convicts1 lunatics1 etc4 ,every railroad company in ,virginia has a charter from the ,state1 in which are stated certain conditions on which1 in the interests of the people1 they must carry on their business4 ,it is the duty of the ,commission to examine the railroads from time to time to see that they are operated in such a way that there shall be no danger to the people who travel upon them4 ,to contract is to make an arrangement or a bargain for some work to be done4 ,the ,commission makes contracts with the railway companies for carrying convicts to prison from the place in which they are tried and convicted1 and for carrying lunatics to the asylum or hospital in which they are to be confined4 ,with regard to internal improvements in which the ,state is interested1 the ,commission has all the authority formerly exercised by the ,board of ,public ,works2 appoints ,state directors and ,state proxies for works in which the ,state is interested2 keeps a register of all property belonging to the ,state2 represents the ,state in relation to all corporations whether as a stockholder1 creditor1 mortgagor1 or otherwise4 ,internal improvements are public works of various kinds for the improvement of the ,state1 such as railroads1 canals1 highways4 ,money of the ,state may be invested in the capital of corporations carrying on internal improvements1 and it is the duty of the ,corporation ,commission to watch and protect the interests of the ,state in such undertakings4 ,for this purpose the ,commission appoints directors and proxies to act in such companies4 ,a proxy is a person appointed as a substitute for another4 ,proxies are appointed to represent and vote for the ,state at meetings of corporations for internal improvements1 in which the ,state holds stock4 ,a ,,toll is a charge made for passing certain canals1 bridges1 etc4 ,the ,commission has the power to fix the amount of toll when it is not specified in the charter of the canal or bridge company4 ,superintendent of the ,penitentiary4 ,appointed4 ,by the ,board of ,penitentiary ,directors for term of four years4 ,salary1 #a1fjj4 ,duties4 ,shall reside at the ,penitentiary and be its chief executive officer2 shall have control and custody of the property of the ,penitentiary2 shall employ a guard2 shall report quarterly to the ,governor1 and monthly and annually to the ,board of ,directors4 ,the ,,penitentiary is the ,state prison at ,richmond in which persons convicted in the ,state courts are imprisoned4 ,the ,,guard is a body of men employed at the prison by the superintendent to prevent prisoners from escaping and to suppress rebellion by the prisoners if attempted4 ,the ,board of ,directors is the board or body of men who have the management of the penitentiary4 ,they are also appointed by the governor4 ,superintendent of ,public ,printing4 ,elected4 ,by the ,general ,assembly for term of four years4 ,salary1 #a1ejj4 ,duties4 ,must be a practical printer2 shall have the supervision and management of the public printing and binding of the ,commonwealth2 shall report annually to the ,governor1 and biennially to the ,general ,assembly4 ,the numerous public departments and offices of the ,state require to have a great deal of printing done4 ,the acts passed by the ,general ,assembly1 the reports of public boards and of public officers1 and the proceedings and decisions of some of the courts have to be printed and bound into books4 ,it is the duty of the superintendent of public printing to make contracts for such work and all other printing and binding required for ,state purposes1 and to see that it is properly done4 ,commissioner of ,agriculture and ,immigration4 ,elected4 ,by the people at the ,general ,election for term of four years4 ,salary1 #b1jjj4 ,duties4 ,subject to the ,board of ,agriculture and ,immigration1 he shall be the executive officer of the ,department2 shall examine and test fertilizers1 collect mining and manufacturing statistics1 establish a museum of agricultural and horticultural products1 woods and minerals of the ,state2 shall investigate matters pertaining to agriculture1 the cultivation of crops1 and the prevention of injury to them2 shall distribute seeds2 shall disseminate such information relating to the soil1 climate1 natural resources1 markets1 and industries of the ,state as may attract capital and induce immigration4 ,it is the business of the ,board of ,agriculture and ,immigration to promote the interests of farming throughout the ,state and to encourage the introduction of capital and immigrants into the ,state4 ,the ,,commissioner ,,of ,,agriculture is its executive officer4 ,,statistics are statements of facts1 usually accompanied by figures1 showing the condition or progress of countries or peoples or industries4 ,the ,,mining ,,and ,,manufacturing ,,statistics of the ,state tell how many mines and manufacturing establishments are open in the ,state1 how much work they do1 how many people they employ1 and give other important information regarding them4 ,a ,,cabinet ,,of ,,minerals is a collection of specimens of minerals1 such as coal1 ores1 and metals4 ,the commissioner of agriculture must keep in his office a collection or cabinet of samples or specimens of the minerals of ,virginia1 and the place where they are kept must be open to the public4 ,he must also make arrangements for providing from foreign countries such farm seeds as he may think of value to the people of the ,state1 and he must ,,distribute them in a careful and judicious manner among the people4 ,commissioners of the ,sinking ,fund4 ,composed of the ,treasurer1 ,auditor of ,public ,accounts1 and the ,second ,auditor4 ,for explanation of the ,,sinking ,,fund1 etc41 see under ,treasurer and ,second ,auditor1 pages #cd-cf4 ,board of ,state ,canvassers4 ,composed of the ,governor1 ,secretary of the ,commonwealth1 ,auditor of ,public ,accounts1 ,treasurer1 and ,attorney-,general4 ,duties4 ,shall examine the certified abstracts of votes on file in the office of the ,secretary of the ,commonwealth1 and make statement of the whole number of votes given at any ,general ,state election for certain ,state executive officers and for members of the ,senate and ,house of ,delegates1 ,representatives in ,congress1 and electors of ,president and ,vice-,president of the ,united ,states1 and determine what persons have been duly elected4 ,the manner of voting at elections is explained on page #ad1 and the duty of the secretary of the commonwealth with regard to election returns is explained on page #cc4 ,the election returns1 made up after the close of the polls on election day1 are sent to the office of the clerk of the county or corporation in which the election is held4 ,election returns are the books containing the names of the candidates and the number of votes given for each4 ,on the second day after the election the ,,commissioners ,,of ,,election meet at the clerk's office and make out ,,abstracts of the result of the voting and send them to the secretary of the commonwealth4 ,an abstract is a paper containing the name of the person or candidate who has received the highest number of votes1 and the number of votes received4 ,abstracts are made out for governor and lieutenant-governor1 for attorney-general1 for secretary1 for treasurer1 for superintendent of public instruction1 for commissioner of agriculture and immigration1 for senators and delegates1 for electors for ,president and ,vice-,president1 for congressmen1 and for county1 district1 and corporation officers voted for at the election4 ,when the abstracts are made out they are certified and signed by the commissioners and attested by the clerk1 who acts as clerk for the commissioners4 ,to ,,certify is to state or declare that anything is true or correct4 ,the commissioners certify the abstracts that they are correct1 and they sign their names upon them4 ,they are then ,,certified ,,abstracts1 and certified copies of the abstracts for ,state officers are sent to the secretary of the commonwealth4 ,these abstracts are examined in the office of the secretary of the commonwealth1 by the ,board of ,state ,canvassers1 who determine who are elected4 ,the secretary of the commonwealth after recording the determinations of the commissioners makes out certificates of election for senators1 delegates1 congressmen1 and ,state officers elected1 except for the governor1 lieutenant-governor1 secretary1 treasurer1 and attorney-general4 ,the certified abstracts of votes for these officers are transmitted to the speaker of the house of delegates by the secretary of the commonwealth1 and the returns are opened and the votes counted and declared in the presence of the two houses of the general assembly within one week after the beginning of the session4 ,state ,board of ,education4 ,superintendent of ,public ,instruction4 ,for the ,state ,board of ,education and the ,state ,superintendent of ,public ,instruction1 see under ,education1 ,chapter ,,xi4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,what is the term of office of the secretary of the commonwealth8 #b4 ,what is his salary8 #c4 ,name some of his duties4 #d4 ,define ,,commissions4 #e4 ,define ,,executive ,,acts4 #f4 ,what are the seals of the commonwealth8 #g4 ,what is a certificate of election8 #h4 ,what is the term of office of the treasurer8 #i4 ,what is his salary8 #aj4 ,what are his duties8 #aa4 ,define ,,warrant2 ,,bond4 #ab4 ,what is the sinking fund8 #ac4 ,what is the term of office of the auditor of public accounts8 #ad4 ,what salary does he receive8 #ae4 ,what are his duties8 #af4 ,what is the term of office of the second auditor8 #ag4 ,what does ,,registering ,,bonds mean8 #ah4 ,what are coupon bonds8 ,registered bonds8 #ai4 ,what are fractional certificates8 #bj4 ,what does ,,redeeming a bond mean8 #ba4 ,what is the literary fund8 #bb4 ,what is the term of office of the register of the land office8 #bc4 ,what other offices does the register of the land office hold8 #bd4 ,mention some of the duties of the register of the land office4 #be4 ,what is the business of the land office8 #bf4 ,what are the duties of the superintendent of weights and measures8 #bg4 ,what is a patent8 #bh4 ,what are the duties of the superintendent of the penitentiary8 #bi4 ,what is the penitentiary8 #cj4 ,what are the duties of the superintendent of public printing8 #ca4 ,how is the commissioner of agriculture and immigration chosen and for how long8 #cb4 ,what salary does he receive8 #cc4 ,what is the business of the department of agriculture and immigration8 #cd4 ,define ,,statistics4 #ce4 ,what do the mining and manufacturing statistics tell8 #cf4 ,how many members constitute the ,state ,corporation ,commission8 #cg4 ,how are they chosen8 #hh4 ,what are their qualifications8 #ci4 ,what are their duties8 #dj4 ,what are internal improvements8 #da4 ,what are ,state depositaries8 #db4 ,what are the duties of ,state directors and proxies8 #dc4 ,what are domestic corporations8 #dd4 ,define foreign corporations4 #de4 ,who are the commissioners of the sinking fund8 #df4 ,what are the duties of the commissioners of the sinking fund4 #dg4 ,what officers compose the ,board of ,state ,canvassers8 #dh4 ,what are the duties of the ,board of ,state ,canvassers8 ,v4 ,,judiciary ,,department4 ,supreme ,court of ,appeals4 ,composed of five judges chosen by joint vote of the two houses of the ,general ,assembly4 ,term1 twelve years4 ,salary3 ,president1 #d1bjj2 other judges1 each #d1jjj4 ,the judges shall not hold any other office or public trust2 shall not practice law4 ,qualifications of ,judges4 ,must have held a judicial station in the ,united ,states1 or have practiced law for five years4 ,sessions4 ,shall hold a session annually at ,richmond4 ,wytheville1 and ,staunton4 ,the ,judiciary ,department is that part of government which is administered by ,,judges4 ,all the courts of law in the ,state in which judges sit and hear and decide cases1 or all the judges of the ,state regarded as one body1 may be called the ,,judiciary4 ,the highest court in the ,state is the ,supreme ,court of ,appeals4 ,it has five judges1 who are elected by the ,general ,assembly and hold office for twelve years4 ,the five judges appoint one of their number to be ,,president of the court1 and they appoint or select another who must reside at the seat of government4 ,while they hold office as judges of the ,court of ,appeals they are not allowed to ,,practice ,,law--that is1 to act as attorney or counsel 7see under ,attorney-,general1 page #bi74 ,,judicial ,,station is the station or rank or office of a judge4 ,a person cannot be elected judge of the ,supreme ,court of ,appeals unless he has previously been a judge in the ,united ,states1 or has practiced law for five years4 ,the ,,session of the court is the number of days it sits for business at any one place and time4 ,jurisdiction4 ,shall have original jurisdiction in cases of habeas corpus1 mandamus1 and prohibition2 shall have appellate jurisdiction in all cases involving the constitutionality of a law with reference to the ,constitution of the ,state or the ,united ,states1 or involving the life or liberty of a person1 and in other cases prescribed by law4 ,shall not have jurisdiction in civil cases where the amount in controversy1 exclusive of costs1 is less than #cjj1 unless such controversy relates to the title or boundary of land2 or the probate of a will2 or the appointment or qualification of a personal representative1 guardian1 committee1 or curator2 or a mill1 roadway1 ferry1 or landing2 or the right of the state1 county or municipal corporation to levy tolls or taxes2 or involves the construction of a law1 ordinance1 or proceeding imposing taxes2 and1 except in cases of habeas corpus1 mandamus1 or prohibition1 the constitutionality of a law1 or some other matter not merely pecuniary4 ,,jurisdiction means the power of a judge or of a court of law4 ,,appellate jurisdiction is the power of a court to hear and decide cases of ,,appeal against the decisions of lower courts4 ,this is the principal business of the ,supreme ,court of ,appeals4 ,in trials in the lower courts it frequently happens that the judge gives a decision which some lawyer acting in the case may think is not in accordance with law1 or is not fair to his client4 ,whenever this happens1 the lawyer may take the case to the ,supreme ,court of ,appeals and ask the judges there to set aside the decision of the judge in the lower court4 ,in cases of appeal1 the court in which the decision appealed against has been given is called the ,,lower ,,court1 ,a person who employs a lawyer to act for him in any law business is called a ,,client4 ,the ,supreme ,court1 after hearing the complaint or appeal against the decision of the lower court1 considers the case and gives judgment on the question4 ,this judgment is final--that is1 it ends the case--unless there is some point in the question which has to do with the ,constitution of the ,united ,states4 ,a writ is a paper issued by a judge1 or court1 commanding some person or persons to do something1 or to abstain from doing something4 ,habeas corpus is a ,latin phrase meaning you may have the body4 ,a writ of habeas corpus is an order from a court directed usually to a warden or keeper of a prison1 and commanding him to bring some particular prisoner before the court so that it may be decided whether there is just cause for his detention4 ,a mandamus is an order from a superior court to any person1 corporation1 or inferior--that is1 lower--court requiring them to do something which it is part of their duty to do4 ,a writ of prohibition is an order from a superior court prohibiting an inferior court from hearing or deciding a case1 on the ground that it 7the inferior court7 has no jurisdiction in such case4 ,when the amount in controversy between two parties is less than #cjj1 exclusive of costs--that is1 excluding or not counting costs--the case cannot be appealed to the ,supreme ,court4 ,in such cases that court has no jurisdiction4 ,the idea of this law is that for sums less than #cjj it would be absurd to go to the ,supreme ,court1 as the costs might be greater than the sum in dispute4 ,but if the dispute be about the title or boundary of land1 or any of the other matters mentioned in the remainder of the sentence1 the case may go before the ,supreme ,court of ,appeals1 even though the sum mentioned in the case be less than #cjj4 ,the title of land is the right of ownership1 and a paper certifying that a person is the owner of certain land is a title deed4 ,the probate of a will is the proof or proving of a will4 ,a will is a statement1 generally in writing1 in which a persons declares his will1 or wish1 as to how he desires his property to be disposed of after his death4 ,wills must be probated--that is1 proved in the proper court--before they can be legally executed4 ,a personal representative is one who executes a will 7carries out the directions contained in it7 or administers the estate or property of a deceased person4 ,a guardian in law is one appointed by a court to take charge of and administer the property of persons who are not of sufficient age or understanding to manage their own affairs4 ,a committee in law is one entrusted with the care of an idiot or a lunatic4 ,used in this sense1 the word is pronounced com-mit-tee4 ,a curator is one appointed to act as guardian of the estate of a person not legally competent 7qualified7 to manage his property1 or of the estate of an absentee4 ,to levy means to raise or collect4 ,each county in the ,state has the right to levy tolls and taxes to pay the cost of carrying on its government4 ,the constitutionality of a law is its agreement with the ,constitution4 ,the ,supreme ,court of ,appeals has the jurisdiction to decide1 when appealed to1 whether any law is constitutional or not--that is1 whether or not it is allowed by the ,constitution of the ,state of ,virginia4 ,circuit ,courts4 ,there are twenty-four judicial circuits1 with a judge for each circuit4 ,the judge must reside in the circuit for which he is elected2 shall not hold any other office or public trust2 shall not practice law4 ,elected by the ,general ,assembly for terms of eight years4 ,salary1 #b1ejj1 except the judge of the circuit which includes the city of ,richmond1 who receives #c1ejj4 ,circuit judges are entitled to mileage4 ,terms4 ,there shall be at least five terms in each county and two terms in each year in each city except in cities of the second class that have their own courts4 ,for explanation of circuits1 see under ,attorney-,general1 page #cj4 ,the term of a court is its regular session1 or sitting1 for the hearing and trying of cases4 ,the word court means not only the room or hall in which a judge sits to try cases1 but it means the judge while sitting in court1 or a number of judges sitting in court together4 ,an order of the court means an order given officially by a judge4 ,jurisdiction4 ,shall have original jurisdiction for the trial of all presentments1 informations and indictments for felonies2 of all cases in chancery and civil cases at law1 except cases to recover personal property or money of less value than #bj2 of all cases for the recovery of fees1 penalties1 etc42 of questions regarding the validity of ordinances and by-laws of a corporation2 or involving the right to levy taxes2 and all cases civil or criminal when an appeal may be had to the ,supreme ,court of ,appeals4 ,also1 of all proceedings by quo warranto2 and may issue writs of habeas corpus1 mandamus1 prohibition1 and certiorari to all inferior tribunals2 issue writs of mandamus in all matters arising from or appertaining to the action of the board of supervisors2 determines the probate of wills and testamentary cases2 may appoint guardians1 curators1 commissioners in chancery1 etc4 ,appellate jurisdiction of all cases1 civil and criminal1 where an appeal writ of error or supersedeas may be taken or allowed by said courts from or to the judgment or proceedings of an inferior tribunal4 ,but no circuit court shall have any original or appellate jurisdiction in criminal cases arising within the territorial limits of any city wherein there is established by law a corporation or hustings court4 ,original jurisdiction means jurisdiction from the beginning of a case--that is1 power to take up and try it when it is first entered in law4 ,the ,supreme ,court of ,appeals has not this power4 ,it can deal only with cases that have already been tried in some other court4 ,but the circuit courts may try cases on their first hearing4 ,this is original jurisdiction4 ,they have also general jurisdiction--that is1 they can try all cases in general in which the law is violated1 or the protection of the law is sought or required4 ,a presentment is a notice taken by a grand jury of any offence or crime of which they may have knowledge4 7,for grand jury1 see page #gj47 ,the notice is a written statement of the facts1 and the statement is sent or presented to the court in which the case may be tried4 ,after the presentment is made1 the commonwealth's attorney prepares an indictment4 ,this is a written charge against the accused person1 with full particulars of the crime or offence alleged4 ,the grand jury next make an investigation of the indictment by examining witnesses on oath1 and if they think that the evidence is sufficient to prove the charge against the accused1 they write on the indictment the words a true bill4 ,this does not mean that the person is found guilty1 but that the grand jury find the case against the accused is so strong that it ought to be tried by a judge and jury1 and so the person is brought into court and tried4 ,but if the grand jury find that there is not evidence enough to convict the accused1 they mark or indorse the indictment with the words not a true bill1 and then there is no trial in court4 ,an information is an action or prosecution for some offence against the government1 and it is based not on a grand jury indictment1 but on a statement or complaint made on oath by a competent witness4 ,in chancery means in equity--that is1 in natural right4 ,a court of chancery may give a decision or judgment on the ground of plain1 common justice between man and man1 where there may be no statute law that bears upon the case4 ,this is what is called equity4 ,personal property is movable property1 such as furniture1 money1 etc4 ,immovable property1 such as land or houses1 is called real estate4 ,circuit courts have no jurisdiction for the recovering of personal property of value less than #bj1 the reason manifestly being that the cost of a circuit court trial of such a case might amount to a much greater sum than the sum in dispute4 ,the circuit courts have appellate jurisdiction in cases appealed from inferior tribunals--that is1 lower courts4 7,for civil case1 see under ,general ,assembly1 page #ba47 ,a criminal case as distinguished from a civil case is one in which a person is charged with a crime or felony4 ,a writ of error is an appeal ordered on the ground of an error or mistake in the proceedings of a court1 either as to a matter of fact or a point of law4 ,a supersedeas is a writ1 or order1 to suspend the powers of an officer1 or to stay--that is1 stop--action under another writ4 ,quo warranto is a ,latin phrase1 the ,english of which is by what warrant or authority4 ,in law it means a writ brought before a court to inquire by what authority a person or corporation exercises certain powers4 ,for example1 if a person assume the duties or work of a public office1 and it is believed that he has no legal right to the office1 proceedings in quo warranto may be taken against him4 ,certiorari is a writ from a superior court in a certain case1 ordering the removal of the case from an inferior court1 so that more speedy justice may be obtained or that errors may be corrected4 7,for charters of incorporation1 see under ,secretary of the ,commonwealth1 page #cc47 ,a receiver is a person appointed by a court to receive1 or hold in trust1 property about which law proceedings are being taken4 ,commissioners in chancery are commissioners or officers appointed from time to time by circuit court judges to examine and report upon accounts 7statements relating to money7 presented as evidence in the trial of a case4 ,testamentary cases are cases about wills4 ,a testament is a written paper in which a person declares 7or testifies7 how he wishes his property to be disposed of after his death4 ,such a paper is sometimes called a last will and testament4 ,an injunction is an order of a court requiring a person to do or refrain from doing certain acts4 ,the ,circuit ,court of the ,city of ,richmond possesses all the powers of other circuit courts except as to those matters the jurisdiction of which has been exclusively invested in the ,chancery or the ,hustings ,court4 ,it shall also have jurisdiction of all such suits1 motions1 prosecutions1 and matters and things as are specially cognizable by it1 in which the ,commonwealth1 represented by certain public officers or public boards1 is a party4 ,the ,circuit ,court of the ,city of ,richmond has the same power as other circuit courts except in matters the jurisdiction of which belongs ,,exclusively to the ,hustings ,court1 and the ,chancery ,court of the ,city of ,richmond--that is1 belongs to them and to no other court4 7,for explanation as to these matters1 see under ,hustings ,court and under ,chancery ,court47 ,a suit or lawsuit is an action or proceeding--in a court of law to recover a right1 or to obtain justice in a matter under dispute4 ,a suit at law is sometimes also called a cause4 ,a motion 7in law7 is a carrying on of a suit or action in court to obtain some right1 or to punish persons who have committed crime4 ,cognizable means liable to be taken notice of4 ,matters that are cognizable by a court are cases that it is fit and proper for it to hear1 try1 and decide4 ,a party to a suit is one of the two opposing persons or sides engaged in it4 ,in every lawsuit there are at least two parties4 ,the party or person that brings on the suit or action is called the plaintiff1 because he makes a complaint or charge against some one2 the party on the other side is called the defendant1 because he defends himself against the charge4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,how many judges constitute the ,supreme ,court of ,appeals8 #b4 ,how long is the term of each judge8 #c4 ,what salaries do they receive8 #d4 ,do they hold any other office or practice law8 #e4 ,what are their qualifications8 #f4 ,where are the sessions of the ,supreme ,court held8 #g4 ,define judiciary4 #h4 ,define judicial station4 #i4 ,what is a session of court8 #aj4 ,define jurisdiction4 #aa4 ,what is appellate jurisdiction8 #ab4 ,what is the principal business of the ,supreme ,court of ,appeals8 #ac4 ,what is a lower court8 #ad4 ,what is a client8 #ae4 ,when and how may an appeal be made from the judgment of the ,supreme ,court of ,appeals8 #af4 ,in what other cases besides appeals has the ,supreme ,court jurisdiction8 #ag4 ,define habeas corpus1 mandamus1 prohibition1 and writ4 #ah4 ,what are the cases in which the ,supreme ,court has no jurisdiction8 #ai4 ,what are costs8 #bj4 ,define title of land1 and title deed4 #ba4 ,what is meant by probating a will8 #bb4 ,what is a will8 #bc4 ,what is a personal representative8 #bd4 ,what is a guardian8 #be4 ,what is a committee8 #bf4 ,define curator and levy4 #bg4 ,what is meant by the constitutionality of a law8 #bh4 ,how many judicial circuits are there8 #bi4 ,where must a circuit court judge reside8 #cj4 ,is a circuit court judge permitted to practice law8 #ca4 ,what are the salaries of circuit court judges8 #cb4 ,what are their qualifications8 #cc4 ,what are the terms of circuit courts8 #cd4 ,what does a term of court mean8 #ce4 ,what is the meaning of the word court8 #hf4 ,name some of the kinds of cases in which the circuit courts have jurisdiction4 #cg4 ,what do you understand by original jurisdiction and general jurisdiction8 #ch4 ,define chancery1 personal property1 and real estate4 #ci4 ,what is a criminal case8 #dj4 ,what is a writ of error8 #da4 ,what is a supersedeas8 #db4 ,define quo warranto4 #dc4 ,what is a certiorari8 #dd4 ,define trustee and receiver4 #de4 ,what are commissioners in chancery8 #df4 ,what are testamentary cases8 #dg4 ,define testament4 #dh4 ,what is an injunction8 #di4 ,what are the powers of the ,circuit ,court of the ,city of ,richmond8 #ej4 ,what is a lawsuit8 #ea4 ,what is a cause8 #eb4 ,what is a motion8 #ec4 ,define cognizable1 party to a suit1 plantiff1 defendant4 ,,vi4 ,,judiciary ,,department-,continued4 ,corporation or ,hustings ,courts4 ,held in each city of the first-class by the city judge4 ,judge elected by the ,general ,assembly in joint session for a term of eight years4 ,salary1 not less than #ab1jjj 4 ,qualifications of a judge4 ,same as those of judges of the ,supreme ,court of ,appeals4 ,terms4 ,held monthly1 except that the ,july or ,august term may be omitted4 ,jurisdiction4 ,within the territorial limits of the city1 same as circuit courts have in the counties4 ,concurrently with the circuit courts they have jurisdiction over all offences committed in any county within one mile of the corporate limits of the city4 ,corporation courts1 or city courts1 are courts whose jurisdiction lies within corporations or cities1 and the judges are called city judges4 ,there is a corporation court in each city of the first class1 and also in all cities of the second class in which it has not been by special election or otherwise merged into the circuit court4 ,the ,hustings ,court of the city of ,richmond has a peculiar and limited jurisdiction which is explained later in this chapter4 ,the city judges hold office for eight years4 ,their salaries in cities of the first class are fixed or specially provided by law at not less than #b1jjj1 but any city may increase such salary1 but such increase shall be paid entirely by the city4 ,every city judge must hold a term or session every month except ,july or ,august1 in either of which the court term may be omitted-- that is1 not held4 ,cities of the first class are such as contain more than #aj1jjj inhabitants4 ,all other cities are termed cities of the second class4 ,the ,constitution requires the maintenance of city or corporation courts in all cities of the first class1 but provides for the discontinuance of independent city courts in all cities of the second class whenever the people vote in favor of their abolition4 ,upon the abolition of the corporation court in any city of the second class1 the circuit courts of the circuit in which the city is located will arrange to hold regular terms in such city the same as in cities of the first class4 ,within their respective limits--that is1 each in its own city-- the corporation courts have the same jurisdiction as the circuit courts4 ,this means that they have power to try the same kind of offences as may be tried in the circuit courts4 ,,justices' ,,courts4 ,held by a justice of the peace2 in the cities1 by the mayor or police justice4 ,the judge who sits in justice's court is called a justice of the peace1 or simply a justice1 and sometimes a police justice4 ,justices' courts and police courts are the courts in which generally all offences and cases not of a serious nature are tried and disposed of4 7,see under ,justices of the ,peace and under ,magisterial ,districts4 ,for mayor1 see under ,government of ,cities and ,towns47 ,jurisdiction4 ,debt1 exclusive of interest1 not exceeding #ajj2 fines1 damages1 etc41 not exceeding #bj2 have jurisdiction of certain cases of unlawful entry and detainer1 detinue1 and search2 may allow bail in certain cases4 ,shall have concurrent jurisdiction with the ,county and ,corporation ,courts of the ,state in all cases of violations of the revenue laws of the ,state and of offences arising under certain provisions of the ,code1 and exclusive original jurisdiction for the trial of all other misdemeanor cases occurring within their jurisdiction4 ,a person charged with refusing to pay a debt may be brought before a justice's court if the debt1 without interest1 is not greater than #ajj1 and the justice has power to decide the case4 ,he has also power to try cases in which offenders may be punished by having to pay fines or damages of not more than #bj4 ,,damages means money paid to compensate for the injury or ,,damage done to any person or person's property4 ,,unlawful ,,entry is entering unlawfully upon lands belonging to another1 and ,,unlawful ,,detainer means unlawful detaining or holding possession of lands or houses belonging to another4 ,,detinue is an action in law in which a person seeks to get back property of his which is unlawfully held or ,,detained by another4 ,in such cases the justice may issue a warrant for ,,search for the property detained4 ,a ,,warrant is a document or paper issued by a judge giving power or authority to a policeman1 or other officer of the law1 to arrest a criminal1 or an offender1 in order to have him brought to trial4 ,a warrant issued authorizing an officer to search for property stolen or detained1 is called a ,,search ,,warrant4 ,,bail is security given for the release of a person from prison4 ,when a person is arrested and charged with a crime he may1 if the crime be not a very serious one1 be let out of prison and left at liberty until trial1 if some one will give security or pledge for him that he will appear in court on the day appointed for the trial4 ,if the amount required is small1 the security is usually given in the shape of money1 but if the amount is large1 it is given in the shape of a bond called a ,,bail-,,bond4 ,the person giving the bail-bond must be one who owns real estate to the value of the amount of bail1 and if the person to be tried does not appear for trial at the time appointed1 the person who gives the bond may be required to pay the amount into court4 ,,concurrent jurisdiction is the same or equal jurisdiction4 ,,revenue is the income or money which the ,state or corporation receives in the shape of taxes4 ,,taxes are the moneys collected by the ,state or by towns or cities for defraying the expenses of government4 ,the owners of certain kinds of property have to pay taxes in proportion to the value of their property4 ,,violation ,,of ,,the ,,revenue ,,laws is a violation of any of the laws made for the levying and collection of taxes4 ,there is a tax upon the selling of certain articles1 such as liquors and tobacco1 and if a person sells such articles without paying the tax1 it is a violation of the revenue laws4 ,a ,,code is a collection of the laws of the ,state or country4 ,the ,code of ,virginia is a book containing the statute laws of ,virginia4 ,a ,,misdemeanor is any crime less than a felony4 7,for ,,felony1 see page #ac47 ,hustings ,court of the ,city of ,richmond4 ,judge elected by the ,general ,assembly for a term of eight years4 ,salary1 #c1ejj4 ,qualifications4 ,same as those of a ,circuit ,judge4 ,terms4 ,held monthly except the month of ,august4 ,,hustings is the name given to a court formerly held in many cities of ,england1 and applied specially to a court held within the ,city of ,london before the ,lord ,mayor and other magistrates4 ,jurisdiction4 ,exclusive original jurisdiction of all presentments1 indictments1 and informations for offences committed within the corporate limits 7except prosecutions against convicts in the penitentiary72 concurrent jurisdiction of all presentments1 indictments1 and informations for offences committed within the space of one mile beyond the corporate limits on the north side of the ,james ,river1 and to low-water mark on the south side of ,james ,river2 concurrent jurisdiction with the ,circuit ,court of the ,city of ,richmond of actions of forcible or unlawful entry and detainer2 exclusive jurisdiction of all appeals from the judgments of the ,police ,justice's ,court1 all causes removable from said court1 all proceedings for the condemnation of land or property for public use1 all motions to correct erroneous assessments4 ,,corporate ,,limits are the limits or boundaries of the area over which the corporation has jurisdiction4 ,here the phrase means the boundaries of the city of ,richmond4 ,,prosecutions ,,against ,,convicts are prosecutions against convicts 7prisoners7 for crimes committed within the prison4 ,all such crimes are tried in the circuit court of the city of ,richmond4 ,,causes ,,removable ,,from ,,said ,,court 7police justice's court7 are cases that may at the request of the parties concerned be taken out of that court and tried in another court4 ,the ,,condemnation of land or property for public use means the deciding by a proper authority 7a court or judge7 that certain lands must be given for such use4 7,see page #ab47 ,an ,,assessment is the valuing of property for the purpose of fixing a tax upon it4 ,if any owner of property in ,richmond thinks the valuation of his property too high1 and that therefore the tax is too high1 he may object to the assessment as ,,erroneous and have a motion brought before the ,hustings ,court to have the assessment ,,corrected4 ,chancery ,court of the ,city of ,richmond4 ,judge elected by the ,general ,assembly for term of eight years4 ,salary1 #c1ejj4 ,qualifications4 ,same as those of a ,circuit ,judge4 ,terms4 ,shall hold four terms each year2 but shall always be open as a ,court of ,probate4 ,for explanation of ,,chancery1 see page #ej1 and for ,,probate1 see page #dh4 ,jurisdiction4 ,shall exercise1 within the corporate limits1 exclusive jurisdiction concerning the probate and recordation of wills1 the appointment1 qualification1 and removal of fiduciaries1 and the settlement of their accounts2 the docketing of judgments2 the recordation of deeds and such other papers as are authorized or required by law to be recorded2 exclusive jurisdiction of all suits and proceedings in chancery cognizable by law in the ,circuit ,courts of the ,commonwealth1 except such as are specially cognizable by the ,circuit ,court of the ,city of ,richmond1 and any duty devolved1 or any power or jurisdiction conferred by law on the ,circuit ,courts1 unless otherwise expressly provided1 except as to matters of common law and criminal jurisdiction4 ,the ,,recordation of wills is the recording of them in the court in which they are probated4 7,for ,,probate ,,of ,,wills1 see page #dh47 ,,fiduciaries are trustees or persons appointed to hold property in trust for others4 ,the ,,docketing ,,of ,,judgments is making summaries or brief statements of them for the purpose of record4 ,a docket is a small piece of paper containing the heads or principal points of any writing or statement4 ,a ,,judgment is a sentence or decision pronounced by a court1 or a judge of a court1 on any matter tried before it4 ,a ,,deed is a written paper containing the terms of a contract1 or the transfer of real estate by the owner to a purchaser4 ,,devolved means transferred from one person to another4 ,,common ,,law is the title given to laws which have not originated in any statute1 but derive their force and authority from having been in use for many centuries4 ,the common law of ,england1 upon which the common law of ,virginia is based1 includes customs of the people of such long standing that the courts took notice of them and gave them the force of law4 ,common law is the ,,unwritten law2 statute law consists of the laws enacted and recorded by legislatures4 ,law and ,equity ,court of the ,city of ,richmond4 ,judge elected by the ,general ,assembly for a term of eight years4 ,salary1 #c1ejj4 ,qualifications4 ,same as those of a ,circuit ,judge4 ,terms4 ,shall hold four terms each year1 beginning the second ,monday in ,february1 ,may1 ,september1 and ,december1 continuing as long as the business of the ,court may require4 ,for ,,equity1 see under ,circuit ,courts1 page #ej4 ,jurisdiction4 ,shall exercise within the corporate limits original jurisdiction concurrent with the ,chancery ,court 7except as to the probate and record of wills2 the appointment and qualification of fiduciaries2 the ,,ex ,,parte settlement of their accounts2 the record of deeds and other papers authorized or required by law to be recorded74 ,shall have within the same limits original jurisdiction concurrent with the ,circuit ,court1 except all such suits1 motions1 etc41 as are specially cognizable by said ,court2--has the same power as to bail1 injunctions1 etc41 as the ,circuit ,court1 and appeals from its decrees and judgments shall be taken and allowed as if from a ,circuit ,court4 ,this ,court has no criminal jurisdiction4 ,,ex ,,parte is a ,latin phrase signifying from or on one side only4 ,an ex parte hearing in court would be a hearing taken by one side or party in the absence of the other4 ,an ,,ex ,,parte ,,settlement is settlement made on the application of one party without notice to the other4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,where are corporation courts held8 #b4 ,what is the term of office of a corporation's court judge1 and what salary does he receive8 #c4 ,what are the qualifications of a corporation's court judge8 #d4 ,how often are corporation courts held8 #e4 ,what is the jurisdiction of these courts8 #f4 ,how long do city judges hold office1 and what salaries do they receive8 #g4 ,what does within their respective limits mean8 #h4 ,what is the judge who sits in a justice's court called8 #i4 ,what is the jurisdiction of justices' courts8 #aj4 ,define ,,damages4 #aa4 ,define ,,unlawful ,,entry4 #ab4 ,what does unlawful detainer mean8 #ac4 ,define ,,detinue4 #ad4 ,define ,,warrant and ,,search ,,warrant4 #ae4 ,what is a bail-bond8 #af4 ,what is concurrent jurisdiction8 #ag4 ,what is revenue8 #ah4 ,define ,,tariff4 #ai4 ,what is the code8 #bj4 ,what is a misdemeanor8 #ba4 ,how long is the term of office of the judge of the ,hustings ,court of the ,city of ,richmond1 and what salary does he receive8 #bb4 ,what are the qualifications of the judge of the ,hustings ,court8 #bc4 ,how often are terms of this court held8 #bd4 ,what are corporate limits8 #be4 ,what do you understand by prosecutions against convicts in the penitentiary8 #bf4 ,what does condemnation of land mean8 #bg4 ,what is an assessment8 #bh4 ,what does correcting erroneous assessments mean8 #bi4 ,for how long does the judge of the ,chancery ,court of the ,city of ,richmond hold office1 and what salary does he receive8 #cj4 ,what are the qualifications of the judge of this court8 #ca4 ,how often does the court meet8 #cb4 ,mention some classes of cases in which the ,chancery ,court has jurisdiction4 #cc4 ,what does the recordation of wills mean8 #cd4 ,what are fiduciaries8 #ce4 ,what does docketing of judgments mean8 #cf4 ,define ,,judgment4 #cg4 ,what is common law8 #ch4 ,for how long does a judge of the ,law and ,equity ,court of the ,city of ,richmond hold office1 and what is his salary8 #ci4 ,what are the qualifications of a judge of this court8 #dj4 ,how often and for how long does the ,equity ,court sit8 #da4 ,tell of the jurisdiction of this court4 #db4 ,what does ex parte mean8 #dc4 ,what is an ex parte settlement8 ,,vii4 ,,officers ,,of ,,courts4 ,clerks4 ,in all ,justices' ,courts1 the justices are required to make and preserve their own dockets4 ,the ,clerk of the ,court of ,appeals is appointed by the court2 the ,clerks of the ,circuit and ,corporation ,courts are elected by the people of the county or corporation in which the court is held4 ,they hold office for a term of eight years4 ,salary1 fees and special allowances4 ,duties4 ,shall record the proceedings of their respective courts and issue writs in their name2 shall be the custodians of all papers lawfully returned to or filed in the ,clerk's office2 shall perform such other duties as are imposed upon them by law4 ,the ,tipstaff and ,crier are the executive officers of the ,court of ,appeals4 ,for meaning of ,,docket1 see under ,chancery ,court of the ,city of ,richmond4 ,,dockets here mean entries in a book giving lists of names of persons connected with the cases tried1 and particulars of the proceedings in each case4 ,in justices' courts such dockets are made and kept by the justice himself4 ,the clerks of the courts mentioned have no salaries4 ,they are paid by fees and special allowances4 ,for example1 when a clerk of court makes out a writ or bond or a copy of any court document1 he gets a fee for doing it4 7,see under ,secretary of the ,commonwealth1 page #cb47 ,a special allowance is an allowance 7or a grant of money7 made by the court for special work done4 ,the ,,tipstaff and ,,crier are executive officers of the ,court of ,appeals--that is1 they execute or carry out certain orders of the court4 ,in some places a sheriff's officer is called a tipstaff1 the name being derived from the custom of such officers bearing a ,,staff ,,tipped with metal4 ,criers sometimes are appointed for other courts besides the ,court of ,appeals4 ,the name is derived from the practice of proclaiming or ,,crying out in court the commands or orders of the judge4 ,sheriff4 ,the ,sheriff is the executive officer of the ,circuit ,court1 and of the ,circuit and ,chancery ,courts of the city of ,richmond2 the ,city ,sergeant is the executive officer of the ,corporation ,courts and ,circuit ,courts held for cities1 and the ,hustings ,court for the city of ,richmond2 the ,constable is the executive officer of the ,justice's ,court4 ,though the sheriff is an officer of the courts1 he is more particularly a county officer4 ,his principal duties will1 therefore1 be found set forth and explained under ,county ,officers 7see page #gd74 ,the city sergeant is also a court officer1 but his duties are limited to cities4 ,they are stated and explained under ,government of ,cities and ,towns4 ,the duties of the constable1 who is a magisterial district officer1 are explained under ,district ,organization4 ,commonwealth's ,attorney4 ,elected by the people at the general election in ,november for a term of four years2 must reside in the county or corporation for which he is elected2 shall hold no other elective office4 ,salary1 allowance by the ,board of ,supervisors and fees4 ,duties4 ,gives legal advice to the county and district officers1 and prosecutes criminals in the ,circuit and ,corporation ,courts4 ,for ,board of ,supervisors1 see page #hb4 ,,legal ,,advice is advice on matters of law4 ,the commonwealth's attorney prosecutes criminals--that is1 he attends in court and makes the charge1 or states the case1 and examines witnesses1 against persons charged with crime4 ,a ,,witness is a person who tells on oath1 in answer to questions1 what he knows about the crime charged against the accused1 or about the facts in a civil case or process4 7,see civil process and perjury1 page #ba47 ,attorney-at-,law4 ,must hold license granted by any three or more judges of the ,supreme ,court of ,appeals acting together under such rules and regulations and upon such examination both as to learning and character as may be prescribed by the said ,court2 must be a male citizen over the age of twenty-one years2 must have resided in the ,state six months preceding application for a license2 and must qualify before the ,court in which he proposes to practice4 ,an ,,attorney-,,at-,,law is a person legally qualified and licensed to act as attorney4 ,a person not a lawyer might be called an attorney if appointed to do any business on behalf of another1 but to be an attorney-at law a person must be qualified as stated in the text4 7,see under ,attorney-,general1 page #bi47 ,a ,,license is a permission to perform certain acts4 ,it is usually in writing1 and is issued by persons having legal authority to do so4 ,an attorney-at-law must ,,qualify before the court in which he wishes to practice4 ,this means that he must produce evidence that he is legally licensed1 that he must take an oath that he will perform his duties as an attorney1 and also that he must take an oath that he will be faithful to the ,commonwealth of ,virginia4 ,who ,may ,practice ,law in ,virginia4 ,any person duly authorized and practicing as ,counsel or ,attorney- at-,law in any ,state or ,territory of the ,united ,states1 or in the ,district of ,columbia2 but if he resides in ,virginia he must pay the prescribed license fee4 ,,duly ,,authorized means having received the proper license1 and having qualified4 ,,prescribed ,,license ,,fee is a certain fee or charge for the issuing of a license to practice in ,virginia4 ,juries4 ,drawn by lot from a list of those well qualified to serve as jurors1 furnished by the ,judge of the ,circuit or ,corporation ,courts4 ,the list shall contain not less than one hundred nor more than three hundred names4 ,all male citizens over twenty-one years of age who have been residents of the ,state for two years1 and of the county1 city1 or town in which they reside for one year next preceding their being summoned to serve as such and competent in other respects1 are ,,well ,,qualified to ,,serve as jurors within the ,state4 ,but certain persons are disqualified as not competent1 such as idiots1 lunatics1 and persons convicted of bribery1 perjury1 embezzlement of public funds1 treason1 felony or petit larceny4 ,certain public officers and persons belonging to certain professions are exempt from jury service4 ,the governor1 the lieutenant-governor1 postmasters1 practicing physicians 7doctors71 and many others1 are exempt from the duty of serving on juries4 ,juries in civil and misdemeanor cases are chosen by lot4 ,once every year the judge of each circuit and corporation court makes out a list containing the names of not less than one hundred and not more than three hundred persons resident in the county or corporation and well qualified to serve as jurors4 ,these names are written on slips of paper or ballots 7each name on a separate ballot7 and the ballots1 after being folded so that the names may not be seen1 are put into a box kept for the purpose by the clerk of the court4 ,ten days before any term of a court at which a jury may be required1 the clerk draws sixteen ballots from the box1 without looking at the names until they are all drawn out4 ,the persons whose names are thus drawn are summoned to attend at the term of court4 ,should more than sixteen be required1 more are summoned1 and on the day they attend the court their names are written on ballots and placed in a box1 and from them the juries for the trial of cases are drawn in the manner already stated4 ,this is what is called choosing or selecting ,,by ,,lot1 the word lot meaning chance4 ,it is considered the fairest way of forming a jury4 ,if jurors were appointed instead of being selected by lot1 persons having prejudice or ill feeling against one of the parties in the case might be put on the jury1 and the verdict rendered by such jury might be a very unjust one4 ,but when the selection is by lot nobody knows who is to be on it1 and so it is equally fair to both sides4 ,the number of persons on a jury is usually twelve1 but in a civil case1 if both parties consent1 there may be a jury of only seven2 or1 the case may be tried and decided by a jury of three persons1 one selected by each of the two parties to the suit1 and the third by the other two2 or1 by the judge without a jury4 ,for juries in cases of felony the names of twenty persons residing at a distance from the place where the crime or offence is said to have been committed are taken from a list furnished by the circuit or the corporation court4 ,those twenty are summoned to attend the court1 and from them a jury panel of sixteen is selected4 ,the accused person may1 without giving any reason1 object to1 or strike off1 any four of the sixteen1 and the remaining twelve will be the jury to try the case4 ,if the accused does not strike off any1 or strikes off less than four1 a jury of twelve is selected from the panel by lot4 ,the attorney for the commonwealth--that is1 the attorney who prosecutes the accused--may ,,challenge--that is1 object to--a juror1 but he must assign a reason for his objection1 and if the judge decides in favor of his objection1 the person challenged is not put on the jury4 ,a panel is a list of persons summoned to serve as jurors4 ,to ,,summon is to call or notify a person or persons to appear in court4 ,a person who is summoned to attend as a juror and who1 without sufficient reason1 fails or neglects to do so1 may be punished by a fine of not less than five nor more than twenty dollars4 ,persons summoned as jurors are entitled to receive one dollar per day for service on a jury1 and mileage at the rate of four cents per mile travelled in going to and returning from court4 7,further explanation as to the duties of juries will be found under ,petit ,jury1 page #ga47 ,grand ,jury4 ,consists of not less than nine nor more than twelve persons taken from a list of forty-eight selected by the ,judge of the ,circuit or ,corporation ,court from the qualified jurors of the county or city in which his ,court is held4 ,a ,special ,grand ,jury shall consist of not less than six nor more than nine persons4 ,the principal duties of the ,,grand ,,jury are mentioned under ,circuit ,courts1 page #ee4 ,the law requires that the grand jury shall inquire of and present all felonies1 misdemeanors1 and violations of penal criminal laws committed within the jurisdiction of the respective courts wherein they are sworn4 ,to ,,present is to make a statement or ,,presentment to the court as explained on page #ee4 ,every grand jury has a chairman or speaker1 who is appointed by the court and is called the ,,foreman4 ,the foreman is required to take an oath or swear that he will present no person through prejudice or ill-will1 nor leave any unpresented through fear or favor1 but that in all presentments he shall present the truth1 the whole truth and nothing but the truth4 ,in this way the foreman is ,,sworn1 and the other grand jurors must swear that they will observe and keep the same oath taken by the foreman4 ,an oath is a solemn statement or declaration with an appeal to ,god1 or calling ,god to witness that what is stated is true or that the person shall tell the truth4 ,witnesses before giving evidence in courts at the trial of a case must make oath or swear to tell the truth1 the whole truth and nothing but the truth4 ,while the witness is repeating the words of the oath he holds a ,bible or ,testament in his hand1 and kisses it when he has repeated the words4 ,there are two kinds of grand juries--regular and special4 ,there is a regular grand jury at two terms in each year1 of the circuit1 corporation1 or hustings court4 ,but a grand jury may be ordered by a circuit1 corporation1 or hustings court at any time there may be special or urgent need for it1 and such grand jury is called a ,,special grand jury4 ,grand jurors are entitled to the same compensation and mileage as petit jurors 7see next section74 ,petit ,jury4 ,consists of twelve members4 ,duties4 ,hear evidence before the court in civil and criminal cases and render a verdict according to the law and evidence4 ,the ,,petit ,,jury is the jury impanelled--that is1 put on a panel or list--to try cases in court4 ,how such a jury is formed is stated under ,juries 7see page #fh74 ,petit jurors1 like grand jurors1 must take an oath to do their duty honestly4 7,the word jury is derived from the ,latin word jurare1 which means to swear47 ,it is the duty of the petit jury to hear the evidence in the case it is to try1 and to give a verdict in accordance with that evidence4 ,if the evidence presented before the court proves the accused to be guilty1 the jury must give a verdict of guilty2 if the evidence is not sufficient to show that he is guilty1 they must give a verdict of not guilty4 7,for verdict1 see page #aa47 ,the verdict of the jury must also be ,,according ,,to ,,law4 ,this means that the jury must give heed to the law of the case as explained by the judge4 ,evidence might be offered which would not be lawful4 ,it is the duty of the judge to decide whether evidence is lawful or not1 and if he decides that any evidence is illegal or unlawful1 then the jury must not pay any regard to it in considering their verdict4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,by whom are court clerks appointed or elected1 and for how long do they hold office8 #b4 ,how are court clerks paid8 #h4 ,what are the duties of court clerks8 #d4 ,what are dockets8 #e4 ,what are the tipstaff and crier1 and what are their duties8 #f4 ,how is the commonwealth's attorney chosen1 and for how long8 #g4 ,where must the commonwealth's attorney reside1 and how is he paid8 #h4 ,what are his duties8 #i4 ,what is ,,legal ,,advice8 #aj4 ,what does prosecuting criminals mean8 #aa4 ,what is a ,,witness8 #ab4 ,what are the qualifications of an attorney-at-law8 #ac4 ,define ,,license and ,,qualify4 #ad4 ,who may practice law in ,virginia8 #ae4 ,define ,,duly ,,authorized and ,,prescribed ,,license ,,fee4 #af4 ,what are the qualifications of jurors8 #ag4 ,what classes of persons are exempt from jury service8 #ah4 ,how are juries in civil and misdemeanor cases chosen8 #ai4 ,describe the system of choosing or selecting by lot4 #bj4 ,how many persons constitute a jury8 #ba4 ,how are juries in cases of felony chosen8 #bb4 ,what do you understand by ,,challenging a juror8 #bc4 ,what does ,,summon mean8 #bd4 ,what does a grand jury consist of8 #be4 ,what is a special grand jury8 #bf4 ,what are the duties of grand jurors8 #bg4 ,what does ,,present mean8 #bh4 ,what is the duty of the foreman of the grand jury8 #bi4 ,what is an oath8 #cj4 ,how many kinds of grand juries are there8 #ca4 ,what is the compensation of grand jurors8 #cb4 ,what does a ,,petit ,,jury consist of8 #cc4 ,what are the duties of a petit jury8 #cd4 ,what do you understand by rendering a verdict according to the law and evidence8 ,,viii4 ,,county ,,organization4 ,counties4 ,organized by the ,general ,assembly under the provisions of the ,constitution4 ,objects4 ,convenience in administering justice and transacting local business4 ,each county shall maintain at the county seat a court-house1 clerk's office1 and jail4 ,counties are organized--that is1 formed and invested with powers of government--by the ,general ,assembly4 ,the ,assembly may form new counties out of other counties or parts of other counties1 but the ,constitution of ,virginia directs that no new county shall be formed with an area of less than six hundred square miles1 and that the county or counties from which a new one is formed shall not be reduced below an area of six hundred square miles4 ,the convenience of having the ,state divided into counties may easily be seen4 ,if there were no counties most of the people would have to go long distances to the ,state capital in order to have important business attended to4 ,county organization brings the advantages of government and the administration of justice nearer the homes of all the people4 ,the ,,county ,,seat is the chief town of the county1 where the public business of the county is chiefly transacted4 ,the court-house is the building in which judges sit for the trial of cases4 ,the jail of the county is the prison in which persons convicted of minor 7trifling7 offences are detained for punishment1 and in which persons charged with serious crimes are held in custody until trial4 ,persons after trial and conviction for serious crimes are sent to the penitentiary4 ,,county ,,officers4 ,they are the executive officers under the authority of the laws of the ,state4 ,sheriff4 ,elected by the people for four years4 ,salary1 allowance by the ,board of ,supervisors and fees4 ,duties4 ,appoints his deputies2 makes arrests2 serves notices2 collects fines2 calls for troops in time of danger2 executes any order1 warrant1 or process1 lawfully directed to him1 within his own county1 or upon any bay1 river1 or creek adjoining thereto2 levies on property and sells to satisfy order of court2 attends the sittings of ,circuit ,courts2 attends the meetings of the ,board of ,supervisors1 and performs such duties as may be necessary for the proper despatch of business2 must not practice law in any court of which he is an officer2 cannot hold any other elective office2 must give notice of violations of penal laws4 ,the salary or allowance for sheriffs is not the same in all counties1 but varies according to the number of the population4 ,it is paid by the ,board of ,supervisors4 7,for ,board of ,supervisors1 see page #hb47 ,the sheriff may appoint deputies or assistants to help him in his duties1 which are numerous and important4 ,he is the principal executive officer of the county4 ,it is his business to execute the judgments of the courts4 ,if a person is sentenced to death1 it is the sheriff who must make and direct the arrangements for carrying out the sentence4 ,a ,,sentence 7in law7 is the judgment1 or declaration of punishment1 pronounced by a judge upon a criminal after being found guilty4 ,the sheriff must arrest and convey to prison any person or persons who have committed crime4 ,he must serve legal notices1 such as notices of decrees or judgments to be given against parties in cases of action for debt4 ,he must collect fines that are not paid in court4 ,an important duty of the sheriff is to suppress riots or public disturbances1 and if he finds that he and his officers are unable to do so1 he may call upon the governor for troops 7soldiers7 to assist him4 ,in such case the governor may send ,state militia to suppress the disturbance4 ,the sheriff has charge or control of the county jail and the prisoners confined in it1 and he must protect the prison and prisoners against violence or attack by mobs4 ,the sheriff must carry out any order or warrant or process of the courts4 ,a ,,process is a summons or notice requiring a person to appear in court on a certain day to answer a charge to be made against him4 ,if a court gives judgment against a person for debt or fine or taxes not paid1 the sheriff ,,levies on the property of the person--that is1 he takes or seizes it--and sells it to satisfy or execute the order of court4 ,it is also the duty of the sheriff to give notice to the attorney for the commonwealth of any crime 7violation of penal laws7 of which he may have knowledge4 ,the sheriff cannot hold any other elective office--that is1 an office to which a person is elected-- and he cannot act as a lawyer in any court for which he does duty as sheriff4 ,commonwealth's ,attorney4 ,see under ,officers of ,courts4 ,county ,clerk4 ,also ,clerk of the ,circuit ,court elected by the people for term of eight years4 ,duties4 ,see under ,officers of ,courts4 ,a clerk of the county or a clerk of a court is an officer who does writing of various kinds1 such as keeping records of public business1 records of court proceedings1 making out writs or bonds1 or copies of court papers or documents4 ,many of the duties of clerks of counties and courts are mentioned in previous sections4 ,treasurer4 ,elected by the people for four years4 ,salary1 commissions4 ,duties4 ,shall receive the ,state revenues and the county 7or city7 levies1 and account for and pay over the same as provided by law2 shall keep his office at the county seat2 shall receive taxes from ,july #ast to ,december #ast2 after that add five per cent4 and collect2 shall settle with the ,auditor of ,public ,accounts by ,december #aeth1 final settlement ,june #aeth2 may be required to make monthly settlements2 in cities of ,richmond1 ,lynchburg1 and ,petersburg1 shall make weekly settlements2 may distrain for taxes2 shall post delinquent list2 must reside in the county2 shall not hold any other elective office2 shall not own any warrant against the county or city2 shall not lend out any public money1 or use it for any purpose other than such as is provided by law2 shall report violations of the revenue laws4 ,must reside in the county or city for which he is elected4 ,the ,,state ,,revenues are the taxes received for the ,state2 the ,,county ,,levies are the taxes levied--that is1 raised or collected-- for county purposes4 ,these moneys the ,state treasurer must pay over as the law provides--that is1 directs4 ,the money collected for the county he must pay out for various public purposes relating to the county1 but before making such payments he must have a warrant 7written authority to pay7 from the ,board of ,supervisors4 ,the money he receives for the ,state he must pay to the auditor of public accounts4 ,the time for the receiving of taxes is from ,july #ast to ,december #ast each year4 ,an addition of five per cent4 is made to taxes not paid by the latter date4 ,the treasurer must ,,settle with the auditor by ,december #aeth--that is1 he must by that time have paid over to him all moneys received for the ,state4 ,by ,june #aeth he must make a final settlement ,this means that he must settle for all taxes paid to him since ,december #aeth1 and furnish lists of those who have failed to pay4 ,besides county treasurers there are city treasurers4 7,see also under ,government of ,cities and ,towns7 ,if any person fail or refuse to pay taxes assessed upon him1 the treasurer may ,,distrain his property to recover the amount4 ,to distrain is to seize property for debt due4 7,to ,,assess is to fix or name a certain amount as a tax on property1 or to value property with the object of fixing a tax upon it7 ,a person who fails or neglects or refuses to pay his taxes is called a ,,delinquent1 a word that means one who fails to perform his duty4 ,a ,,delinquent ,,list is a list or paper containing the names of persons who have failed to pay the taxes1 and a notice that at a certain time certain property of such persons will be sold if the taxes are not previously paid4 ,a copy of the delinquent list must be posted at public places within the city or county in which the property to be sold is situated4 ,a county treasurer is not himself allowed to purchase or own any warrant or claim against the county treasury4 7,a warrant here means an order for the payment of money47 ,the ,,revenue ,,laws are the laws relating to assessing1 payment1 and collection of taxes4 ,to conceal property so as to escape assessment of taxes1 or to carry on certain kinds of business without paying the license or tax on such business1 would be to violate the revenue laws4 ,the treasurer must report all violations of the revenue laws of which he may have knowledge4 ,the salary of the treasurer is paid by commissions--that is1 allowances--by way of percentages on the amounts he receives4 ,the commission varies from two per cent1 7two dollars for every hundred dollars7 on large amounts1 to three and five per cent1 on small receipts4 ,commissioner of the ,revenue4 ,elected by the people for four years2 must reside in the district for which he is elected4 ,salary1 commissions and fees4 ,duties4 ,shall ascertain and assess1 when not otherwise assessed1 all the property1 real and personal1 not exempt from taxation1 in his county1 district1 or city1 and the person to whom the same is chargeable with taxes1 all subjects of taxation1 and also all male persons of full age and sound mind residing therein2 shall issue licenses2 register births and deaths2 and report violations of the revenue and penal laws4 ,to ,,ascertain all the property1 real and personal1 and the person to whom it is chargeable with taxes1 is to find out where and what the property is and who is the owner1 so that the proper tax may be assessed and charged against him4 7,for meaning of ,,real and ,,personal property1 see under ,circuit ,courts1 page #ej47 ,,subjects ,,of ,,taxation means property on which taxes may be charged or assessed4 ,certain kinds of property are exempt--that is1 free-- from taxation in ,virginia4 ,all real estate or buildings owned by religious bodies and used as churches for divine worship are exempt from taxation4 ,public burying-grounds 7cemeteries71 real estate belonging to counties1 cities1 or towns1 real estate belonging to the ,university of ,virginia and other institutions devoted to purposes of education1 real estate belonging to various benevolent institutions1 such as lunatic asylums and orphan asylums1 and in general all real estate devoted to religious1 charitable1 or educational uses1 and not for profit to private individuals1 are exempt from taxation4 ,a ,,license is a permission or authority to carry on certain kinds of business or certain professions4 ,attorneys-at-law1 doctors1 dentists1 and persons who manufacture or sell liquors1 owners of theaters1 and public shows1 and people who engage in many other sorts of business must have licenses4 ,the licenses are issued or given out by commissioners of the revenue1 and a certain sum must be paid for each1 the money received being part of the public income or revenue for paying the expenses of government4 ,licenses are granted for a certain time4 ,many are granted for a year1 and some for only a number of months or weeks or days4 ,when the time specified in the license 7which is a written or printed paper7 expires1 a new license must be obtained and another payment made4 ,it is the duty of the commissioner of the revenue to register 7record7 the births and deaths in his district4 ,at the time that he ascertains the personal property in his district which is to be taxed1 he must ascertain the births and deaths that have occurred during the past year1 and enter or write the particulars in books kept by him for the purpose4 ,he must write the name and date of birth of every child1 and the name1 address1 and occupation of the father2 and he must enter the name and place of birth1 and the names of the parents1 of any person who has died4 ,it is also the duty of the commissioner of revenue to report to the commonwealth's attorney any violation of the revenue or penal laws of which he may have knowledge4 ,the number of commissioners of revenue is not the same in all the counties4 ,a great many of the counties have four each1 and some have less4 ,in counties having more than one1 each commissioner has a district for himself4 ,superintendent of the ,poor4 ,appointed by the ,circuit ,judge1 on the recommendation of the ,board of ,supervisors1 for a term of four years2 must reside in the county or city for which he is elected4 ,salary1 not to exceed #djj4 ,duties4 ,shall have charge of the ,poor-house1 receive and care for the paupers sent to him by the ,overseers of the ,poor2 receive and disburse1 under the direction of the ,board of ,supervisors1 the poor levy2 make an annual report to the ,board of ,supervisors4 ,in every county there is a ,,poor-,,house1 usually having a farm annexed1 and in it paupers are received and cared for at the public expense4 ,a4 ,,pauper is a poor person who has no means of living and is supported in a public or charitable institution4 7,for ,,overseer ,,of ,,the ,,poor1 see under ,district ,organization47 ,the ,,poor ,,levy is the tax annually levied for the support of the poor-house4 ,this levy is made by the ,board of ,supervisors 7which see71 and the amount collected is received and ,,disbursed--that is1 expended--by the superintendent of the poor for the purpose for which it is intended4 ,the superintendent must make a report annually to the ,board of ,supervisors4 ,this means that he must make a statement for the board once every year1 showing the number of paupers provided for during the year1 giving the name of each and how long supported1 and also showing the total amount of money expended1 the work done on the farm1 the crops raised1 and other information and particulars relating to the management of the institution4 ,the salary of superintendents of the poor is not the same in all counties4 ,it varies according to the population4 ,county ,surveyor4 ,appointed by the ,circuit ,court1 on the recommendation of the ,board of ,supervisors1 for four years2 must reside in the county for which he is appointed4 ,salary1 fees and mileage4 ,duties4 ,shall promptly make surveys of land ordered by courts1 and return true plat and certificate thereof2 establish meridian line2 locate land warrants4 ,a ,,surveyor is one who measures portions of land to ascertain their area1 or who ascertains or fixes the boundaries1 form1 extent and position of any district or territory4 ,the ,,county ,,surveyor must survey lands when ordered by the court1 and make out and certify a ,,true ,,plat of such lands4 ,a ,,plat is a plan or map or chart4 ,a ,,meridian ,,line1 as meant in the text1 is a line located at some central and easily reached place in the county1 running due north and south for not less than three hundred yards1 and marked at each end of the three hundred yards upon a solid stone fixed in the earth4 ,this line is necessary for various purposes of surveying and map making4 ,there must be a meridian line marked in every county1 and when a new county is formed it is the duty of the surveyor to establish a meridian line4 ,,to ,,locate ,,land ,,warrants is to lay off 7mark out7 and survey portions of waste land belonging to the ,state for persons who have purchased any of such land4 ,the warrants or orders for the land are issued by the register of the land office on receipt of the purchase money 7see page #cg74 ,superintendent of ,public ,schools4 ,see ,education4 ,county ,board of ,school ,commissioners4 ,see ,education4 ,electoral ,board4 ,appointed by the ,circuit or ,corporation ,court for term of three years2 composed of three qualified voters1 residents of the county or city4 ,salary1 #b for each day of actual service1 not to exceed #aj a year4 ,duties4 ,appoint for each election district of the county or city a registrar1 who shall be a discreet citizen and resident of the election district1 and who shall serve for two years2 shall provide for new registration when necessary2 shall appoint each year three competent citizens who are qualified voters1 and who can read and write1 to be judges of election for all elections in their respective election districts2 shall designate five of the judges of election to act as commissioners1 who shall meet at the ,clerk's ,office1 open the election returns and ascertain from them the persons elected4 ,there is an ,electoral ,board for each county and city4 ,as the duties of the board may be performed in a few days each year1 the total salary for each member is limited to #aj a year4 ,,an ,,election ,,district is constituted 7made up7 of a magisterial district in a county1 and a ,,ward in a city4 ,for the former1 see ,,magisterial ,,districts4 ,for ,,ward1 see under ,,government ,,of ,,cities ,,and ,,towns4 ,a ,,registrar is an officer who registers or enters in books kept for the purpose the names of all persons in his district who are entitled to vote4 ,he must be at his voting place on the second ,tuesday in each year to register all qualified voters who shall apply to be registered1 and ten days previous to the ,november elections he must sit one day to amend1 and correct the list where necessary1 and to register qualified voters not previously registered4 ,,judges ,,of ,,election have already been mentioned and some of their duties explained4 7,see page #ad1 also under ,secretary of the ,commonwealth1 page #cb1 and under ,board of ,state ,canvassers1 page #dc1 for manner of receiving and dealing with election returns7 ,board of ,supervisors4 ,composed of the ,supervisors of the several magisterial districts of the county4 ,salary1 #c per day and mileage4 ,the ,county ,clerk is the clerk of the ,board4 ,duties4 ,shall audit the accounts of the county1 and issue warrants in payment of claims2 shall settle with the county officers1 and take the necessary steps to secure a satisfactory exhibit and settlement of the affairs of the county2 examine the books of the ,commissioner of the ,revenue2 fix and order county levies and capitation tax2 raise money for county expenses2 represent the county2 have the care of the county property and the management of the business and concerns of the county in all cases not otherwise provided for4 ,for ,,supervisors ,,of ,,magisterial ,,districts1 see under ,,district ,,organization4 ,,the ,,accounts ,,of ,,the ,,county are the statements of public moneys received and expended by county officers4 ,all such statements must be audited by the ,board of ,supervisors4 ,an ,,exhibit is a paper showing or proving the correctness of money accounts1 such as a voucher or a receipt4 ,a ,,capitation tax is a tax on persons 7from ,latin caput1 the head74 ,a capitation tax is levied on all male persons over the age of twenty-one4 ,the ,board of ,supervisors represents the county in all public matters1 as in any action at law taken for or against the county1 and it has the care and control generally of the public property1 and the direction of the public business affairs of the county4 ,assessors4 ,appointed for a term of four years2 number same as the number of ,commissioners of the ,revenue2 must be a resident of the district for which he is appointed4 ,salary1 #b for each day he is necessarily employed4 ,duties4 ,examine1 immediately after appointment1 all the lands and lots1 with the improvements thereon1 within their respective counties1 districts1 and corporations1 and ascertain and assess the cash value thereof4 ,the land within the districts is valued by the assessors with the object of fixing upon each property the tax to be levied4 ,when the assessor of a district has completed his valuations and made a record of them1 he must send a copy of the record to the auditor of public accounts1 another to the commissioner of revenue for the district1 and another must be filed and preserved in the office of the county clerk4 ,coroner4 ,appointed by the ,governor upon the recommendation of the ,circuit ,court4 ,a ,justice of the ,peace may act as ,coroner4 ,salary1 fees4 ,duties4 ,to hold inquest over the dead bodies of those supposed to have been killed by violence2 may act as sheriff in certain cases4 ,every county must have at least one ,,coroner1 but a county may have more than one1 if the circuit court thinks it necessary4 ,in such case the court recommends the appointment of a second coroner and nominates two persons for the office4 ,the governor appoints one of them4 ,the business of the ,,coroner is to hold an ,,inquest or inquiry into every case of death supposed to have been caused by violence4 ,the coroner's inquest is conducted much after the manner of a jury trial4 ,there is a jury of six persons1 summoned by the sheriff or sergeant or constable1 and sworn to diligently inquire1 and true presentment make1 when1 how1 and by what means the person came by his death4 ,after witnesses have been examined and the whole case has been thoroughly investigated1 the jury gives its verdict4 ,if the jury should find that murder or assault was committed on the deceased1 and should charge any person with the crime1 the coroner issues his warrant for the arrest of the person1 and if found he is arrested and held in prison until he is tried by a judge and jury4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,by whom are counties organized8 #b4 ,what is the advantage of a division of a ,state into counties8 #c4 ,what institutions must each county maintain8 #d4 ,what is the ,,county ,,seat8 #e4 ,what are county officers8 #f4 ,for how long is the sheriff elected1 and how is he paid8 #g4 ,mention some of the duties of the sheriff4 #h4 ,what is a ,,sentence8 #i4 ,define ,,process and ,,levies4 #aj4 ,what are the duties of the county clerk8 #aa4 ,what is the term of the treasurer1 and how is he paid8 #ab4 ,name some of the duties of the treasurer4 #ac4 ,what are the ,,state ,,revenues8 #ad4 ,how does the treasurer dispose of the moneys he receives8 #ae4 ,what do you understand by a ,,delinquent ,,list8 #af4 ,what are the revenue laws8 #ag4 ,for how long is the commissioner of the revenue elected8 #ah4 ,how is he paid8 #ai4 ,what do you understand by ,,ascertaining all the property1 real and personal8 #bj4 ,what does ,,subjects ,,of ,,taxation mean8 #ba4 ,what is a license8 #bb4 ,what are the duties of the commissioner of the revenue regarding births and deaths8 #bc ,by whom is the superintendent of the poor appointed8 #bd4 ,what is his term of office8 #be4 ,what are the duties of the superintendent of the poor8 #bf ,where are the poor received and cared for8 #bg4 ,define ,,pauper1 ,,poor ,,levy1 and ,,disbursed4 #bh4 ,what does the annual report of the superintendent of the poor tell8 #bi4 ,how is the county surveyor appointed1 and how paid8 #cj4 ,mention some of the duties of the county surveyor4 #ca4 ,define ,,surveyor4 #cb4 ,what is a plat8 #cc4 ,what is a meridian line8 #cd4 ,what do you understand by ,,locating ,,land ,,warrants8 #ce4 ,by whom is the ,electoral ,board chosen1 and for how long8 #cf4 ,what is the board composed of1 and what remuneration do its members receive8 #cg4 ,what are the duties of the ,electoral ,board8 #ch4 ,what is an electoral district8 #ci4 ,what is a registrar1 arid what are his duties8 #dj4 ,of whom is the ,board of ,supervisors composed8 #da4 ,what salary do the members of this board receive8 #db4 ,who is clerk of the board8 #dc4 ,what are the duties of the ,board of ,supervisors8 #dd4 ,what are the accounts of the county8 #de4 ,what is an exhibit8 #df4 ,what is a capitation tax8 #dg4 ,who appoints the assessors8 #dh4 ,how many assessors are there1 and what salary do they receive8 #di4 ,what are the duties of the assessors8 #ej4 ,by whom is the coroner appointed1 and how is he paid8 #ea4 ,what are the duties of the coroner8 #eb ,what do you understand by an inquest8 #ec4 ,tell how an inquest is conducted4 ,,ix4 ,,district ,,organization4 ,magisterial ,districts4 ,each county shall be divided into as many compactly located magisterial districts as are necessary1 not less than three4 ,there must be at least three and not more than eleven magisterial districts in each county1 and in each district there must be one supervisor1 three justices of peace1 one constable1 and one overseer of the poor4 ,supervisor4 ,elected by the people for four years2 must be a resident of the district4 ,duties4 ,a member of the ,board of ,supervisors2 shall inspect the roads and bridges in his district4 ,the general duties of the ,board of ,supervisors have been already explained1 but each supervisor has special duties in his own district4 ,he must inspect the public roads and bridges in his district twice every year to see that they are kept in repair1 and he must once a year make a written report to the ,board of ,supervisors as to their condition4 ,for the time he is actually employed in such service each supervisor receives two dollars a day1 paid out of the public funds of his own district1 but he is not allowed for such service more than thirty dollars in any one year4 ,justices of the ,peace4 ,three in each district2 elected by the people for four years2 must reside in the district4 ,salary1 fees4 ,duties4 ,is a conservator of the peace2 must see that the laws are obeyed2 may issue warrants1 attachments1 etc42 may hold court for the trial of causes4 7,see ,justices' ,courts47 ,the jurisdiction of justices is fully explained under ,,justices' ,,courts4 ,justices of the peace receive no salaries1 but they are allowed fees for the issuing and certifying of several kinds of legal documents4 ,a ,,conservator of the peace is a preserver of the peace4 ,to preserve the peace is one of the chief duties of a justice of the peace1 hence the title of his office4 ,if he have good reason to believe that any person intends to commit an offence against another1 it is the duty of a justice to issue a warrant for the arrest of such person1 and to require him to give bail or security for his good behavior4 ,in general it is the duty of the justice of the peace to do everything necessary to prevent1 as well as to punish1 violations of the criminal law in his district4 ,an ,,attachment is a writ directing an officer of the law to arrest and bring into court a person who has been summoned to attend as a witness or a juror1 but has failed to appear at the proper time4 ,constable4 ,elected by the people for four years2 must reside in the district4 ,salary1 fees4 ,duties4 ,to make arrests2 to serve notices2 to execute any order1 warrant1 or process1 legally directed to him2 attend ,justices' ,courts2 execute its judgments1 levy attachments1 collect fines1 report violations of the penal laws2 may act as sheriff in certain cases4 ,the constable performs in his district the same sort of duties generally that the sheriff performs for the county4 ,overseer of the ,poor4 ,elected by the people for four years2 must reside in the district4 ,salary1 #b for each day actually engaged1 but not to exceed #bj per year4 ,duties4 ,shall care for and assist persons unable to maintain themselves1 who have a legal settlement in his district2 shall remove those not having a legal settlement2 shall prevent persons from going about begging2 may hold and administer certain property donated to charitable purposes2 may place in an asylum1 or bind out as an apprentice1 any minor found begging1 or likely to become chargeable to the county4 ,a ,,legal ,,settlement in the case of a pauper is residence for one year in the district and three years in the ,state4 ,paupers not having a legal settlement may be removed to the place where they were last legally settled1 but a warrant of removal must be obtained from a justice of the county or district4 ,a ,,minor is a boy or girl under twenty-one years of age4 ,conservators of the ,peace4 ,every judge throughout the ,state2 every justice1 commissioner in chancery1 and notary within his county or corporation2 conductors of railroad trains on their trains2 depot agents at their places of business2 masters of all steamers navigating the waters of the ,state on their respective vessels4 ,a ,,notary1 or notary public1 is an officer who attests or certifies deeds and other papers1 under his official seal4 ,statements in writing that require to be attested for business or legal purposes are usually taken to a notary to be signed by him after the party has made oath that the statements are true4 ,conductors of railroad trains may arrest any persons who violate the peace on their trains1 and keep such persons in custody until they can be given over to the proper authorities for trial4 ,railroad depot agents may do the same at their depots1 and the masters or captains of steamers may do the same on their vessels while sailing in the waters within the ,state4 ,this is what is meant by being ,,conservators of the peace4 ,judges have the same power throughout the ,state1 and justices1 commissioners in chancery1 and notaries within their districts4 ,,school ,,districts4 ,each magisterial district is also a school district1 for which see under ,education1 page #ii4 ,,school ,,trustees4 ,one school trustee is appointed annually for each school district2 see page #ii4 ,,district ,,board ,,of ,,school ,,trustees4 ,this board is composed of three trustees of the district2 for its duties1 see page #ii4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,how many magisterial districts is a county divided into8 #b4 ,for how long is the supervisor elected8 #c ,what are the duties of a supervisor8 #d4 ,how many justices of the peace are elected for a district8 #e ,what are the duties of a justice of the peace8 #f4 ,what is a conservator of the peace8 #g4 ,what is an attachment8 #h4 ,for how long is a constable elected8 #i4 ,what are the duties of the constable8 #aj4 ,for how long is the overseer of the poor elected8 #aa4 ,what remuneration does he receive8 #ab4 ,name some of his duties4 #ac4 ,what is a legal settlement8 #ad4 ,what is a minor8 #ae4 ,who are conservators of the peace8 #af4 ,what is a notary8 #ag4 ,what provisions with regard to schools are mentioned as being made in the magisterial districts8 ,x4 ,,government ,,of ,,cities ,,and ,,towns4 ,a ,city is an incorporated community containing within well-defined boundaries five thousand or more inhabitants4 ,a ,town is an incorporated community of less than five thousand inhabitants4 ,a ,council includes any body or bodies authorized to make ordinances for the government of a city or town4 ,an incorporated town or city is a community chartered as a corporation1 for explanation of which1 see page #ad4 ,ordinances are laws made by the council of a city or town for managing the public affairs of the city1 or town4 ,,council4 ,in towns it is composed of the ,mayor and six ,councilmen1 elected every two years by the people of the town on the second ,tuesday in ,june4 ,the ,mayor and each ,councilman have the power and authority of a justice in civil matters within the corporate limits1 and in criminal matters within these limits and one mile beyond them2 may issue processes1 and may hear and determine prosecutions1 etc4 ,in cities the ,councilmen of each ward are elected by the people of such ward4 ,the ,council of cities of over ten thousand inhabitants is made up of two branches3--the ,board of ,aldermen and the ,common ,council1 all of whom are elected for four years1 one-half being chosen every two years4 ,these provisions may be modified by the city charter4 ,members of ,common ,council shall hold no other office in cities2 no city officer shall hold a seat in the ,general ,assembly4 ,it is the aim of the ,constitution that1 so far as possible1 all cities shall be organized under general laws4 ,a city charter is the law under which the city is governed4 ,it is passed by the ,general ,assembly1 and it makes the city a corporation4 ,it states what powers the corporation may exercise and what officers it may appoint or elect to carry on its government4 ,a charter is for a city what a constitution is for a ,state4 ,it prescribes the system under which the city is to be governed4 ,the powers of the mayor and the councilmen as justices are modified--that is1 regulated--by the city charter1 so that they may not be exactly the same in all cities4 ,cities are divided into districts called wards1 and each ward elects a certain number of councilmen4 ,,powers4 ,to levy taxes2 create corporate debt2 impose tax on licenses2 enact ordinances1 and prescribe fines or other punishment for the violation thereof2 appoint a collector of taxes1 and other officers2 disburse all money collected or received for the corporation2 lay off and keep in order streets and public grounds2 provide necessary buildings1 a fire department1 water works1 cemeteries1 etc42 abate nuisances2 establish election districts2 alter and rearrange wards2 provide for weighing articles of merchandise2 judge of the election1 qualification1 and returns of its own members2 protect the property of the city1 and preserve peace and good order therein4 ,to create corporate debt is to borrow money for carrying out purposes of city government4 ,charters of cities give power to borrow money for such purposes4 ,a nuisance is anything that is annoying or offensive1 or dangerous to the health of citizens4 ,the council may provide in various parts of the city public weighing machines for weighing articles of merchandise purchased by citizens who may wish to ascertain whether they have got honest weight4 ,to protect the property of the city and to preserve peace and order is the most important business of the council4 ,for this purpose it has power to organize and maintain a police force4 ,mayor of ,city4 ,elected by the people of the city for a term of four years2 presides over the ,council2 and his powers and duties may be modified by the city charter4 ,duties4 ,the chief executive officer of the city2 shall see that the duties of the various city officers are faithfully performed2 may suspend for cause all town or city officers4 ,to suspend an officer is to remove him from his office for a time until any charge made against him of neglect of duty is investigated and decided on4 ,city ,sergeant4 ,elected by the people for four years4 ,duties4 ,shall perform the duties1 etc41 prescribed by the city charter2 and shall also within the jurisdiction of the courts of his city exercise the same powers1 perform the same duties1 and be subject to the same liabilities as the sheriff of a county2 in towns he shall have the same powers and discharge the same duties as constables1 within the corporate limits and for one mile beyond them2 shall be the executive officer of the ,corporation ,court4 ,,liability means responsibility4 ,sheriffs are responsible or answerable for the performance of their duties1 and if they fail to perform them they may be fined or imprisoned4 ,city sergeants are under the same liabilities4 ,,city ,,clerk4 ,elected by the people for eight years4 ,see under ,officers of ,court4 ,,commissioner ,,of ,,the ,,revenue4 ,elected by the people for four years4 ,see ,county ,organization4 ,,commonwealth',s ,,attorney4 ,elected by the people for four years4 ,see ,county ,organization4 ,,treasurer4 ,elected by the people for four years4 ,see ,county ,organization4 ,,sheriff ,,of ,,richmond ,,city4 ,elected by the people for four years4 ,duties4 ,shall attend the ,circuit and ,chancery ,courts1 and act as their executive officer2 shall exercise the same powers1 perform the same duties1 have the same fees and compensation therefor1 and be subject to the same penalties touching all processes issued by said courts1 or by the clerks thereof1 or otherwise lawfully directed to him1 that the sheriff of a county exercises1 performs1 and is entitled or subject to in his county4 ,,city ,,superintendents ,,of ,,schools4 ,superintendents of ,schools for cities are appointed by the ,state ,board of ,education4 ,see under ,education1 page ,,questions4 #a4 ,define city1 town1 council4 #c4 ,what are ordinances8 #h4 ,of whom is the council composed8 #d4 ,what is the term of office of a member of council8 #e4 ,what are the powers of the council8 #f4 ,how are the ,councilmen in cities elected8 #g4 ,in cities of over ten thousand inhabitants how is the ,council made up8 #h4 ,of whom is the ,common ,council composed8 #i4 ,are members of this body permitted to hold any other office8 #aj4 ,what is a city charter8 #aa4 ,what do you understand by the powers of the mayor and the councilmen as justices being modified8 #ab4 ,what are wards8 #ac4 ,name some of the powers of the council4 #ad4 ,what does creating corporate debt mean8 #ae4 ,what is a nuisance8 #af4 ,what is the most important business of the council8 #ag4 ,how is the mayor of a city chosen1 and what is his term of office8 #ah4 ,what are the mayor's duties8 #ai4 ,what does suspending an officer mean8 #bj4 ,how is the city sergeant chosen1 and what is his term of office8 #ba4 ,name some of his duties4 #bb4 ,what does liability mean8 #bc4 ,what is the term of office of the commissioner of the revenue1 the commonwealth's attorney1 and the treasurer8 #bd4 ,how long does the sheriff of ,richmond ,city hold office8 #be4 ,name some of his duties4 #bf4 ,who appoints superintendents of schools for cities8 ,,xi4 ,,education4 ,,state4-,,board ,,of ,,education4 ,composed of the ,governor1 ,superintendent of ,public ,instruction1 ,attorney-,general1 three experienced educators elected from the faculties of certain ,state institutions1 one ,city ,superintendent of ,schools1 and one ,county ,superintendent of ,schools4 ,these eight constitute the ,state ,board of ,education1 and their several powers and duties as members of the ,board are identical except that the two division superintendents shall not participate in the appointment of any public school official4 ,this ,board shall have the management and investment of school funds2 make by-laws for its own government1 and for carrying into effect the school laws2 audit claims payable out of ,state funds2 arrange for summer normal schools of teachers for instruction in processes of school organization1 discipline1 and management2 select text-books and educational appliances for use in the public schools of the ,state2 appoint 7and remove71 subject to confirmation by the ,senate1 all county and city superintendents1 and regulate all matters arising in the practical administration of the school system not otherwise provided for4 ,the three ,state officers are ex officio members of the ,board4 ,the three experienced educators are elected quadrennially by the ,senate from a list of eligibles consisting of one from each of the faculties and nominated by the respective boards of visitors or trustees of the ,university of ,virginia1 the ,virginia ,military ,institute1 the ,virginia ,polytechnic ,institute1 the ,state ,female ,normal ,school at ,danville1 the ,school for the ,deaf and ,blind1 and also of the ,college of ,william and ,mary so long as the ,state continues its annual appropriation to the last-named institution4 ,the city and county superintendents are selected by the other six members for terms of two years each4 ,school funds are moneys set apart or provided for the support of schools4 ,in ,virginia1 school funds are provided by the ,state1 the counties1 and the districts 7see under ,school ,funds74 ,by-laws are laws or rules made by any association for the management of its affairs4 ,the ,board of ,education makes by-laws for its own government and for administering the laws relating to the schools4 ,claims payable out of ,state funds are claims which by law are to be paid out of the ,state funds4 ,such claims must be audited by the ,board of ,education4 ,the salaries and expenses of ,state education officers are paid out of the ,state fund1 and portions of the fund are divided among the counties and cities for the support of schools4 ,by arranging for meetings of teachers for instruction in the processes of school organization1 discipline1 and instruction1 the ,state ,board of ,education does much to improve the schools of the ,state1 and the great yearly institutes are of the highest value to the schools4 ,one of the most important duties of the ,state ,board is in connection with the selection of text-books and the approval of educational appliances for the equipment of schools4 ,the general duties of the ,state ,board of ,education consist in regulating all matters arising in the practical administration of the school system not otherwise provided for4 ,uniformity of practice throughout the schools of the ,state is of the greatest importance1 and the ,state ,board wisely secures this by keeping in constant correspondence with officers and teachers throughout the system4 ,the ,state ,board of ,education chooses its own secretary1 who is entrusted with many important duties in carrying out the plans and work of the board4 ,as all division superintendents are appointees of the ,state ,board1 it is provided in the ,constitution that the two who are members of the ,state ,board shall not participate in the election of school officers4 ,,superintendent ,,of ,,public ,,instruction4 ,elected by the people of the ,state for four years2 salary1 #b1jjj1 and necessary traveling expenses2 shall have his office at the capital2 shall be the chief executive of the public free school system2 shall determine the true intent and meaning of the school laws2 shall receive reports from school officers2 inspect schools1 and decide appeals from the decisions of county superintendents2 apportion ,state funds among the counties and cities of the ,state4 ,the public free school system is the system under which1 as required by the law of ,virginia1 the public schools are free to all persons between the ages of five and twenty-one years residing within the school districts4 ,the superintendent of public instruction is the chief executive officer of the system1 and when any dispute arises among school officers as to the meaning or application of school laws1 it is his duty to determine--that is1 to decide--it4 ,the superintendent of public instruction is also to a large extent a judicial officer1 and his decisions as to the true intent and meaning of the school laws have very nearly as much force as the decisions of the courts4 ,the reports received from school officers by the ,state superintendent are embodied in his report made every two years to the governor1 and by him transmitted to the ,general ,assembly4 ,this report1 in addition to the information received from the county and city superintendents1 contains a large amount of statistics and reports in regard to private schools1 colleges1 and other institutions which are more or less under the care and subject to the control of the ,state4 ,,county4--,,county ,,and ,,city ,,superintendents4 ,term1 four years1 beginning ,july #ast after appointment2 must reside in the county or city for which he is elected1 and shall hold no elective office2 shall explain the school system1 examine teachers and grant certificates1 promote the improvement and efficiency of teachers1 advise with and counsel trustees and teachers1 visit and examine schools under his care and inquire into whatever concerns their usefulness and perfection2 decide appeals and complaints2 administer oaths and take testimony2 apportion the school funds among the districts4 ,the county and city superintendents must hold examinations at certain times in their counties or cities to examine persons desiring to become teachers1 and if1 after examination1 such persons are found qualified1 they receive certificates as teachers4 ,in any case of appeal or complaint against any person connected with the schools in their districts the county or city superintendents must hold inquiry into the matter and give decision upon it4 ,in making such inquiry they can call witnesses and administer oaths to such witnesses before taking their testimony4 ,it is also the duty of the superintendents to prepare annually a scheme or plan for apportioning the ,state and county school funds among the school districts under their supervision4 ,,school ,,trustee ,,electoral ,,board4 ,composed of the ,county ,superintendent of ,schools1 the ,commonwealth's ,attorney1 and a resident qualified voter1 not a county or state officer1 to be appointed by the ,judge of the ,circuit ,court2 shall fill all vacancies in the district boards of school trustees4 ,in cities and towns school trustees are appointed by municipal councils4 ,a vacancy occurs every year in each district board4 ,the district board when first formed was composed of three members1 one to serve three years1 one to serve two years1 and the other to serve one year1 all appointments afterwards to be for three years each4 ,thus there is one vacancy every year in the board1 and it is the duty of the ,school ,trustee ,electoral ,board to appoint a new trustee to fill the vacancy4 ,county ,school ,board4 ,composed of the ,county ,superintendent 7who is ex officio president7 and the ,district ,school ,trustees of the county--a body corporate2 shall make necessary bylaws and regulations1 shall have a regular annual meeting between the #ast and #aeth of ,august2 shall prepare and file with the ,superintendent before ,july #aeth an estimate of the amount of money that will be needed for public school purposes in the county for the next year1 also a similar list for each school district based on the estimate of the ,district ,board1 which lists the ,superintendent shall lay before the ,board of ,supervisors2 shall make settlement with treasurers and school officers2 shall administer certain properties devoted to school purposes4 ,ex officio is a ,latin phrase meaning by virtue of office4 ,the county superintendent is president of the ,county ,school ,board1 not by election or appointment1 but because of his office as county superintendent4 ,a body corporate is a corporation1 the meaning of which term is explained on page #ad4 ,property of any kind1 either public funds or donations from private persons1 set apart or devoted to school purposes in the county is administered by the ,county ,school ,board--that is1 managed and used by the board for the support of schools in the county4 ,district4--,school ,districts4 ,each county shall be divided into compactly located school districts1 which shall correspond with the magisterial districts1 unless specially subdivided2 except that a town of five hundred or more inhabitants may form a separate school district4 ,school ,trustees4 ,one shall be appointed annually for each district for a term of three years2 must be able to read and write4 ,school trustees are appointed annually by the ,school ,trustee ,electoral ,board1 as explained above4 ,district ,board of ,school ,trustees4 ,a body corporate--composed of the three trustees of the district2 shall hold and manage the school property of the district2 provide suitable school houses1 etc42 enforce school laws2 employ and dismiss teachers2 suspend and dismiss pupils2 see that census of children of school age 7#e to #ba7 is taken every five years2 submit to the ,county ,school ,board annually an estimate of the amount of money needed for public school purposes in the district for the next scholastic year4 ,in cities the ,board is composed of all the trustees in the city1 and its duties and powers are modified and enlarged4 ,the census of children is the numbering or counting of the children residing in the district4 ,the scholastic year is the part of the year during which the schools are open4 ,the ,district ,board of ,school ,trustees has the whole care and administration of the schools in its charge1 and is thus the most important local body in the civil government of the ,state4 ,school ,funds4 #a4 ,state ,funds4 ,the interest on the literary fund1 the capitation tax1 and a tax on property of one mill on the dollar4 #b4 ,county ,funds4 ,such tax as the ,board of ,supervisors may levy for county school purposes2 fines and penalties imposed on the ,superintendent2 donations1 or the income arising therefrom4 #c4 ,district ,funds4 ,such tax as the ,board of ,supervisors may levy for the purposes of the school district2 fines and penalties imposed on district school officers and teachers2 donations1 or income arising therefrom4 ,the ,county or ,city ,treasurer receives and pays out all school funds4 ,for explanation of literary fund1 see page #cg1 and for capitation tax1 see page #hb4 ,the tax of one mill on the dollar means a tax of one mill on each dollar of the assessed valuation of the property4 ,certain fines and other money penalties may be imposed by the ,board of ,education or by the courts or county superintendents for failing or refusing to perform certain duties ,such fines and penalties are added to the school fund for the county ,when district school officers or teachers are fined for neglect of duty the money goes to the district fund4 ,donations are contributions or gifts from private individuals4 ,if such gifts are real estate1 the income arising therefrom is the rent of such real estate or the interest on the amount realized by its sale4 ,teachers4 ,must hold a certificate of qualification in full force1 issued or approved by the ,superintendent of ,schools of the county or city within which he proposes to teach4 ,the law requires that a teacher must be at least eighteen years of age4 ,if the teacher has the necessary education to pass the required examination1 a certain maturity is necessary to insure good judgment in the government and discipline of the school4 ,the value and success of all government depend largely upon the character and ability of those in authority1 and this is especially true in the government of the school4 ,for teachers' certificates of qualification1 see above under ,county and ,city ,superintendents4 ,,questions4 #a4 ,who compose the ,board of ,education8 #b4 ,name some of the duties of this board4 #c4 ,what is meant by nomination being subject to confirmation by the ,senate8 #d4 ,what are school funds8 #e4 ,what are by-laws8 #f4 ,what are claims payable out of ,state ,funds8 #g4 ,what important work is done at the meetings of teachers arranged by the ,state board of ,education8 #h4 ,what very important duty has the ,state ,board to perform in reference to books8 #i4 ,what are the general duties of the board8 #aj4 ,how is the superintendent of public instruction chosen8 #aa4 ,what is his salary8 #ab4 ,what are his duties8 #ac4 ,what is the public free school system8 #ad4 ,what is the extent of the power of the superintendent of public instruction8 #ae4 ,how often does the superintendent report to the ,general ,assembly1 and what information does his report contain8 #af4 ,who appoints county and city superintendents1 and what is their term of office8 #ag4 ,name some of the duties of these officers4 #ah4 ,who compose the ,school ,trustee ,electoral ,board8 #ai4 ,what are their duties8 #bj4 ,who compose the ,county ,school ,board8 #ba4 ,name some of the duties of this board4 #bb4 ,how are school districts laid out8 #bc4 ,how are school trustees chosen1 and what is their terra of office8 #bd4 ,of whom is the ,district ,board of ,school ,trustees composed8 #be4 ,name some of the powers of this board4 #bf4 ,of whom is the ,city ,board of ,trustees composed8 #bg4 ,what is the census of children8 #bh4 ,what is a scholastic year8 #bi4 ,tell what ,state funds1 county funds1 and district funds are4 #cj4 ,who receives and pays out all school funds8 #ca4 ,what does the tax of one mill on the dollar mean8 #cb4 ,from what sources besides the tax on property are school funds obtained8 #cc4 ,what are the qualifications of teachers8 ,,outline ,,of ,,colonial ,,and ,,state ,,history4 #adig4 ,john ,cabot discovered ,labrador1 the basis of the ,english title to ,virginia4 #aehe4 ,virginia was so named by ,queen ,elizabeth in honor of her unmarried state4 #afjf4 ,charter granted to the ,london ,company4 #afjg4 ,settlement at ,jamestown4 ,john ,smith1 the ,father of the ,colony1 rescued from death by ,pocahontas1 the daughter of ,powhatan1 the ,king of the ,pamunkey ,indians4 #afjh4 ,john ,smith ,president of the ,colony4 #afji4 ,the ,london ,company receives its second ,charter4 #afaj4 ,the ,starving ,time4 #afab4 ,culture of tobacco commenced4 #afac4 ,pocahontas marries ,john ,rolfe4 #afag4 ,death of ,pocahontas at ,gravesend1 ,england4 #afah4 ,the ,great ,charter of ,virginia granted by the ,london ,company4 #afai4 ,slaves landed from a ,dutch ship4 ,first ,colonial ,assembly meets at ,jamestown1 ,july #cj4 #afba4 ,formal grant of free government by a written charter4 ,a ,council of ,state and a ,general ,assembly established--the model of every subsequent provincial form of government4 #afbb4 ,massacre of settlers by ,indians under ,opechancanough4 #afbd4 ,fall of the ,london ,company4 ,virginia becomes a royal province4 #afdd4 ,second ,indian ,massacre4 ,opechancanough captured and killed4 #afeb-fj4 ,virginia under the ,commonwealth4 #affj4 ,called the ,old ,dominion4 ,navigation ,acts put into operation by ,british ,government4 #afgc4 ,grant to ,lords ,culpeper and ,arlington of immense estates by ,charles ,,ii4 #afgf4 ,bacon's ,rebellion4 #afic4 ,william and ,mary ,college chartered4 ,postal ,system adopted4 #afih4 ,the seat of government removed to ,williamsburg4 #afii4 ,the ,huguenots settle in ,virginia4 #agjj4 ,first ,commencement of ,william and ,mary ,college4 #agcb4 ,scotch-,irish and ,germans settle in the ,shenandoah ,valley4 ,george ,washington born ,february #bb4 #agcc4 ,founding of ,richmond at the ,falls of the ,james4 #agcf4 ,first ,virginia ,newspaper--,the ,virginia ,gazette4 ,norfolk incorporated4 #agcg4 ,richmond laid out by ,col4 ,william ,byrd4 #agdb4 ,richmond incorporated4 #agdc4 ,thomas ,jefferson born ,april #b4 #aged4 ,the ,french and ,indian ,war begun4 ,battle of ,great ,meadows4 ,french defeated by ,colonists under ,george ,washington4 #agee4 ,braddock defeated in his attack on ,fort ,duquesne4 #ageh4 ,fort ,duquesne captured by ,english and ,virginia troops4 #agfc4 ,the ,parsons' ,case4 ,patrick ,henry's ,famous ,speech4 ,end of the ,french and ,indian ,war4 #agfd4 ,battle of ,point ,pleasant 7now in ,west ,virginia74 #agfe4 ,resolutions of the ,house of ,burgesses against taxation without representation4 #agfe4 ,the ,british ,parliament passes the ,stamp ,act4 #agff4 ,stamp ,act repealed by ,parliament4 #agfg4 ,parliament imposes a tax on tea and other articles4 #agfi4 ,virginia resolves passed by the ,house of ,burgesses1 ,may #af4 #aggd4 ,the first ,continental ,congress met at ,philadelphia1 ,september #i4 #agge4 ,convention at ,richmond to organize a provincial form of government and a plan of defense for the ,colony4 ,end of royal government in ,virginia4 ,committee of ,safety appointed4 #aggf4 ,constitution and ,bill of ,rights adopted4 ,declaration of ,independence written by ,thomas ,jefferson signed in ,philadelphia1 ,july #d4 #aggi4 ,the seat of government removed to ,richmond4 ,conquest of the ,northwest ,territory by ,col4 ,george ,rogers ,clarke4 #aghj4 ,virginia troops defeat the ,british at ,king's ,mountain1 ,october #g4 #agha4 ,richmond captured by ,british under ,benedict ,arnold1 in ,january4 ,cornwallis surrendered at ,yorktown1 ,october #ai4 ,cession of the ,northwest ,territory to the ,federal ,government4 #aghe4 ,act of ,religious ,freedom4 #aghg4 ,constitution of the ,united ,states adopted in convention of which ,george ,washington was ,president4 #aghh4 ,ratifies the ,constitution of the ,united ,states4 #aghi4 ,washington inaugurated first ,president of the ,united ,states1 ,april #cj4 #agii4 ,george ,washington died ,december #ad4 #ahjg4 ,robert ,e4 ,lee born ,january #ai4 #ahai4 ,university of ,virginia established4 #ahbf4 ,thomas ,jefferson died ,july #a4 #ahcj4 ,constitution of the ,state amended4 #aheb4 ,constitution of the ,state again amended4 #ahei4 ,john ,brown's attack on ,harper's ,ferry4 #ahfa4 ,ordinance of ,secession passed by the ,convention4 ,richmond the ,capital of the ,southern ,confederacy4 ,confederate ,congress assembled at ,richmond1 ,july #bj4 ,first battle of ,manassas1 ,july #ba4 #ahfa-fe4 ,virginia the principal battle ground of the ,war between the ,states4 #ahfb4 ,battle between the ,virginia and the ,monitor1 ,march #i4 #ahfc4 ,west ,virginia formed and admitted to the ,union4 #ahfe4 ,provisional ,government established in ,virginia1 ,may #i4 #ahfi4 ,constitution amended4 ,virginia readmitted to the ,union4 #ahgj4 ,state enacts a liberal system of public education4 ,robert ,e4 ,lee died ,october #ab4 #ahha4 ,centennial of the surrender of ,cornwallis at ,yorktown4 #aijb4 ,new ,constitution in force ,july #aj4 ,,colonial ,,governors4 #afjg4 ,capt4 ,edward ,maria ,wingfield1 ,president of the ,council under first ,charter of the ,london ,company4 ,capt4 ,john ,ratcliffe1 ,president of the ,council4 #afjh4 ,capt4 ,john ,smith1 ,president of the ,council4 #afji4 ,sir ,george ,percy1 ,acting ,president of the ,council4 #afaj4 ,lord ,delaware1 first ,governor under new ,charter of #afji4 ,sir ,thomas ,gates1 ,lieutenant-,governor under ,lord ,delaware4 #afaa4 ,sir ,thomas ,dale1 ,high ,marshal under ,lord ,delaware4 #afaf4 ,sir ,george ,yeardley1 ,lieutenant-,governor under ,lord ,delaware4 #afag4 ,samuel ,argall1 ,lieutenant-,governor under ,lord ,delaware4 #afai4 ,sir ,george ,yeardley1 first ,governor under the ,great ,charter of ,virginia granted by the ,london ,company4 #afba4 ,sir ,francis ,wyatt1 second ,governor under the ,great ,charter4 ,put into effect the new constitution4 #afbf4 ,sir ,george ,yeardley1 third ,governor under the ,great ,charter4 #afbg4 ,francis ,west1 fourth ,governor under the ,great ,charter4 #afbi4 ,john ,potts1 fifth ,governor under the ,great ,charter4 ,sir ,john ,harvey1 first ,royal ,governor1 appointed by ,king ,charles ,i4 #afce4 ,john ,west1 acting ,governor1 in place of ,harvey deposed by the people4 #afcf4 ,sir ,john ,harvey1 reinstated by the ,king4 #afci4 ,sir ,francis ,wyatt1 ,royal ,governor4 #afdb4 ,sir ,william ,berkeley1 ,royal ,governor4 ,deposed by the ,commonwealth in #afeb4 #afeb4 ,richard ,bennett1 first ,governor under the ,commonwealth4 #afee4 ,edward ,digges1 second ,governor under the ,commonwealth4 #afef4 ,samuel ,matthews1 third ,governor under the ,commonwealth4 #affj4 ,sir ,william ,berkeley elected by the ,house of ,burgesses and reappointed by ,charles ,,ii4 after the ,restoration4 #affa4 ,col4 ,francis ,moryson1 ,acting ,governor4 #affc4 ,sir ,william ,berkeley reappointed and continued to act as ,governor until #afgg4 #afge4 ,lord ,culpeper appointed ,royal ,governor for life by ,charles ,,ii41 but did not act as such until #afhj4 #afgg4 ,sir ,herbert ,jeffreys1 ,lieutenant-,governor and ,acting ,governor in absence of ,lord ,culpeper4 #afgh4 ,sir ,henry ,chickeley1 ,lieutenant-,governor and ,acting ,governor in absence of ,lord ,culpeper4 #afhd4 ,lord ,howard of ,effingham appointed ,governor to succeed ,lord ,culpeper1 deposed in #afhc4 #afhh4 ,nathaniel ,bacon1 ,lieutenant-,governor and ,acting ,governor4 #afij4 ,francis ,nicholson1 first ,royal ,governor appointed after the ,revolution of #afhh4 #afib4 ,sir ,edmund ,andros1 ,royal ,governor4 ,founded ,william and ,mary ,college4 #afih4 ,francis ,nicholson1 ,royal ,governor4 ,removed capital to ,williamsburg4 #agjd4 ,george ,hamilton ,douglas1 ,earl of ,orkney1 ,royal ,governor4 #agje4 ,edward ,scott1 ,lieutenant-,governor and ,acting ,governor4 #agjf4 ,edmund ,jennings1 ,lieutenant-,governor and ,acting ,governor4 #agaj4 ,robert ,hunter1 ,lieutenant-,governor and ,acting ,governor4 ,alexander ,spotswood1 ,lieutenant-,governor and ,acting ,governor4 #agbb4 ,hugh ,drysdale1 ,lieutenant-,governor and ,acting ,governor4 #agbf4 ,robert ,carter1 ,lieutenant-,governor and ,acting ,governor4 #agbg4 ,william ,gooch1 ,lieutenant-,governor and ,acting ,governor4 #agcg4 ,william ,a4 ,keppel1 ,earl of ,albemarle1 ,royal ,governor4 #agdi4 ,john ,robinson1 ,lieutenant-,governor and ,acting ,governor4 #agej4 ,thomas ,lee1 ,lieutenant-,governor4 ,died immediately after his appointment4 ,louis ,burwell1 ,lieutenant-,governor and ,acting ,governor4 #ageb4 ,robert ,dinwiddie1 ,lieutenant-,governor4 ,first explored the ,valley4 #agef4 ,john ,campbell1 ,earl of ,loudoun1 ,royal ,governor4 ,robert ,dinwiddie1 ,lieutenaut-,governor and ,acting ,governor4 #ageh4 ,john ,blair1 ,lieutenant-,governor and ,acting ,governor4 ,francis ,fauqmer1 ,lieutenant-,governor and ,acting ,governor4 #agfc4 ,jeffrey ,amherst1 ,lord ,amherst1 ,royal ,governor4 #agfh4 ,john ,blair1 ,lieutenant-,governor and ,acting ,governor4 ,norborne ,berkeley1 ,lord ,botetourt1 ,royal ,governor4 #aggj4 ,william ,nelson1 ,lieutenant-,governor and ,acting ,governor4 #aggb4 ,lord ,dunmore1 ,royal ,governor until the ,revolution4 #agge4 ,edmund ,pendleton1 ,president of the ,committee of ,safety4 ,,state ,,governors4 #aggf-aggi4 ,patrick ,henry4 #aggi-agha4 ,thomas ,jefferson4 #agha4 ,thomas ,nelson4 #agha-aghd4 ,benjamin ,harrison4 #aghd-aghf4 ,patrick ,henry4 #aghf-aghh4 ,edmund ,randolph4 #aghh-agia4 ,beverly ,randolph4 #agia-agid4 ,henry ,lee4 #agid-agif4 ,robert ,brooks4 #agif-agii4 ,james ,wood4 #agii-ahjb4 ,james ,monroe4 #ahjb-ahje4 ,john ,page #ahje-ahjh4 ,william ,h4 ,cabell4 #ahjh-ahaa4 ,john ,tyler4 #ahaa4 ,james ,monroe4 #ahaa-ahab4 ,george ,william ,smith1 ,lieutenant-,governor4 #ahab-ahad4 ,james ,barbour4 #ahad-ahaf4 ,wilson ,cary ,nichols4 #ahaf-ahai4 ,james ,p4 ,preston4 #ahai-ahbb4 ,thomas ,m4 ,randolph4 #ahbb-ahbe4 ,james ,pleasants4 #ahbe-ahbg4 ,john ,tyler4 #ahbg-ahcj4 ,william ,b4 ,giles4 #ahcj-ahcd4 ,john ,floyd4 #ahcd-ahcf4 ,littleton ,waller ,tazewell4 #ahcf-ahcg4 ,wyndham ,robertson1 ,lieutenant-,governor4 #ahcg-ahdj4 ,david ,campbell4 #ahdj-ahda4 ,thomas ,walker ,gilmer4 #ahda4 ,john ,m4 ,patton4 #ahda-ahdb4 ,john ,rutherford4 ,lieutenant-,governor4 #ahdb-ahdc4 ,john ,m4 ,gregory4 #ahdc-ahdf4 ,james ,mc,dowell4 #ahdf-ahdi4 ,william ,smith4 #ahdi-aheb4 ,john ,b4 ,floyd4 #aheb-ahef4 ,joseph ,johnson4 #ahef-ahfj4 ,henry ,alexander ,wise4 #ahfj-ahfd4 ,john ,letcher4 #ahfd-ahfe4 ,william ,smith4 #ahfe-ahfh4 ,francis ,h4 ,pierpont4 #ahfh-ahfi4 ,henry ,h4 ,wells4 #ahfi-ahgc4 ,gilbert ,c4 ,walker4 #ahgc-ahgg4 ,james ,l4 ,kempner4 #ahgg-ahha4 ,frederick ,w4 ,m4 ,holliday4 #ahha-ahhe4 ,william ,e4 ,gameron4 #ahhe-ahhi4 ,fitzhugh ,lee4 #ahhi-ahic4 ,philip ,w4 ,mc,kinney4 #ahic-ahig4 ,charles ,t4 ,o',ferrall4 #ahig4 ,j4 ,hoge ,tyler4 #aija4 ,a4 ,j4 ,montague4 ,,constitution ,,of ,,virginia4 ,whereas1 pursuant to an act of the ,general ,assembly of ,virginia1 approved ,march the fifth1 in the year of our ,lord nineteen hundred1 the question1 shall there be a convention to revise the ,constitution and amend the same8 was submitted to the electors of the ,state of ,virginia1 qualified to vote for members of the ,general ,assembly1 at an election held throughout the ,state on the fourth ,thursday in ,may1 in the year nineteen hundred1 at--which election a majority of the electors so qualified voting at said election did decide in favor of a convention for such purpose2 and1 ,whereas1 the ,general ,assembly at its next session did provide by law for the election of delegates to such convention1 in pursuance whereof the members of this ,convention were elected by the good people of ,virginia1 to meet in convention for such purpose4 ,we1 therefore1 the people of ,virginia1 so assembled in ,convention through our representatives1 with gratitude to ,god for ,his past favors1 and invoking ,his blessings upon the result of our deliberations1 do ordain and establish the following revised and amended ,constitution for the government of the ,commonwealth3 ,,article ,i4 ,,bill ,,of ,,rights4 ,a ,,declaration ,,of ,,rights1 made by the representatives of the good people of ,virginia assembled in full and free ,convention2 which rights do pertain to them and their posterity1 as the ,basis mid ,foundation of ,government4 ,,section #a4 ,that all men are by nature equally free and independent1 and have certain inherent rights1 of which1 when they enter into a state of society1 they cannot1 by any compact1 deprive or divest their posterity1 namely1 the enjoyment of life and liberty1 with the means of acquiring and possessing property1 and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety4 ,,sec4 #b4 ,that all power is vested in1 and consequently derived from1 the people2 that magistrates are their trustees and servants1 and at all times amenable to them4 ,,sec4 #c4 ,that government is1 or ought to be1 instituted for the common benefit1 protection and security of the people1 nation or community2 of all the various modes and forms of government1 that is best1 which is capable of producing the greatest degree of happiness and safety1 and is most effectually secured against the danger of maladministration2 and1 whenever any government shall be found inadequate or contrary to these purposes1 a majority of the community hath an indubitable1 inalienable1 and indefeasible right to reform1 alter or abolsh it1 in such manner as shall be judged most conducive to the public weal4 ,,sec4 #d4 ,that no man1 or set of men1 is entitled to exclusive or separate emoluments or privileges from the community1 but in consideration of public services1 which not being descendible1 neither ought the offices of magistrate1 legislator or judge to be hereditary4 ,,sec #e ,that the legislative executive1 and judicial departments of the ,state should be separate and distinct1 and that the members thereof may be restrained from oppression1 by feeling and participating the burthens of the people1 they should1 at fixed periods1 be reduced to a private station1 return into that body from which they were originally taken1 and the vacancies be supplied by regular elections1 in which all or any part of the former members shall be again eligible1 or ineligible1 as the laws may direct ,,sec #f ,that all elections should be free1 and that all men1 having sufficient evidence of permanent common interest with1 and attachment to1 the community1 have the right of suffrage1 and can not be taxed1 or deprived of1 or damaged in1 their property for public uses without their own consent1 or that of their representatives duly elected1 or bound by any law to which they have not1 in like manner1 assented for the public good ,,sec #g ,that all power of suspending laws1 or the execution of laws1 by any authority1 without consent of the representatives of the people1 is injurious to their rights1 and ought not to be exercised ,,sec #h ,that no man shall be deprived of his life1 or liberty1 except by the law of the land1 or the judgment of his peers1 nor shall any man be compelled in any criminal proceeding to give evidence against himself1 nor be put twice in jeopardy for the same offence1 but an appeal may be allowed to the ,commonwealth in all prosecutions for the violation of a law relating to the state revenue ,that in all criminal prosecutions a man hath a right to demand the cause and nature of his accusation1 to be confronted with the accusers and witnesses1 to call for evidence in his favor1 and to a speedy trial by an impartial jury of his vicinage1 without whose unanimous consent he cannot be found guilty1 provided1 however1 that in any criminal case1 upon a plea of guilty1 tendered in person by the accused1 and with the consent of the attorney for the ,commonwealth1 entered of record1 the court shall1 and in a prosecution for an offence not punishable by death1 or confinement in the penitentiary1 upon a plea of not guilty1 with the consent of the accused1 given in person and of the attorney for the ,commonwealth1 both entered of record1 the court1 in its discretion1 may hear and determine the case1 without the intervention of a jury1 and1 that the ,general ,assembly may provide for the trial of offences not punishable by death1 or confinement in the penitentiary1 by a justice of the peace1 without a jury1 preserving in all such cases1 the right of the accused to an appeal to and trial by jury in the circuit or corporation court1 and may also provide for juries consisting of less than twelve1 but not less than five1 for the trial of offences not punishable by death1 or confinement in the penitentiary1 and may classify such cases1 and prescribe the number of jurors for each class ,,sec #i ,that excessive bail ought not to be required1 nor excessive fines imposed1 nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted ,,sec #aj ,that general warrants1 whereby an officer or messenger may be commanded to search suspected places without evidence of a fact committed1 or to seize any person or persons not named or whose offence is not particularly described and supported by evidence1 are grievous and oppressive1 and ought not to be granted ,,sec #aa ,that no person shall be deprived of his property without due process of law1 and in controversies respecting property1 and in suits between man and man1 trial by jury is preferable to any other and ought to be held sacred1 but the ,general ,assembly may limit the number of jurors for civil cases in circuit and corporation courts to not less than five in cases now cognizable by justices of the peace1 or to not less than seven in cases not so cognizable ,,sec #ab ,that the freedom of the press is one of the great bulwarks of liberty1 and can never be restrained but by despotic governments1 and any citizen may freely speak1 write and publish his sentiments on all subjects1 being responsible for the abuse of that right ,,sec #ac ,that a well regulated milita1 composed of the body of the people1 trained to arms1 is the proper1 natural and safe defence of a free state1 that standing armies1 in time of peace1 should be avoided as dangerous to liberty1 and that in all cases the military should be under strict subordination to1 and governed by1 the civil power ,,sec #ad ,that the people have a right to uniform government1 and1 therefore1 that no government separate from1 or independent of1 the government of ,virginia1 ought to be erected or established within the limits therof ,,sec #ae ,that no free government1 or the blessing of liberty1 can be preserved to any people1 but by a firm adherence to justice1 moderation1 temperance1 frugality and virtue1 and by frequent recurrence to fundamental principles ,,sec #af ,that religion1 or the duty which we owe to our ,creator1 and the manner of discharging it1 can be directed only by reason and conviction1 not by force or violence1 and1 therefore1 all men are equally entitled to the free exercise of religion1 according to the dictates of conscience1 and that it is the mutual duty of all to practice ,christian forbearance1 love and charity towards each other ,,sec #ag ,the rights enumerated in this ,bill of ,rights shall not be construed to limit other rights of the people not therein expressed4 ,,article ,,ii ,,elective ,,franchise ,,and ,,qualifications ,,for ,,office ,,sec #ah ,every male citizen of the ,united ,states1 twenty one years of age1 who has been a resident of the ,state two years1 of the county1 city1 or town one year1 and of the precinct in which he offers to vote1 thirty days1 next preceding the election in which he offers to vote1 has been registered1 and has paid his state poll taxes1 as hereinafter required1 shall be entitled to vote for members of the ,general ,assembly and all officers elective by the people2 but removal from one precinct to another1 in the same county1 city or town shall not deprive any person of his right to vote in the precinct from which he has moved1 until the expiration of thirty days after such removal4 ,,sec4 #ai4 ,there shall be general registrations in the counties1 cities and towns of the ,state during the years nineteen hundred and two and nineteen hundred and three at such times and in such manner as may be prescribed by an ordinance of this ,convention4 ,at such registrations every male citizen of the ,united ,states having the qualifications of age and residence required in section ,eighteen shall be entitled to register1 if he be3 ,first4 ,a person who1 prior to the adoption of this ,constitution1 served in time of war in the army or navy of the ,united ,states1 of the ,confederate ,states1 or of any state of the ,united ,states or of the ,confederate ,states2 or1 ,second4 ,a son of any such person2 or1 ,third4 ,a person1 who owns property1 upon which1 for the year next preceding that in which he offers to register1 state taxes aggregating at least one dollar have been paid2 or1 ,fourth4 ,a person able to read any section of this ,constitution submitted to him by the officers of registration and to give a reasonable explanation of the same2 or1 if unable to read such section1 able to understand and give a reasonable explanation thereof when read to him by the officers4 ,a roll containing the names of all persons thus registered1 sworn to and certified by the officers of registration1 shall be filed1 for record and preservation1 in the clerk's office of the circuit court of the county1 or the clerk's office of the corporation court of the city1 as the case may be4 ,persons thus enrolled shall not be required to register again1 unless they shall have ceased to be residents of the ,state1 or become disqualified by section ,twenty-three4 ,any person denied registration under this section shall have the right of appeal to the circuit court of his county1 or the corporation court of his city1 or to the judge thereof in vacation4 ,,sec4 #bj4 ,after the first day of ,january1 nineteen hundred and four1 every male citizen of the ,united ,states1 having the qualifications of age and residence required in section ,eighteen1 shall be entitled to register1 provided3 ,first4 ,that he has personally paid to the proper officer all state poll taxes assessed or assessable against him1 under this or the former ,constitution1 for the three years next preceding that in which he offers to register2 or1 if he come of age at such time that no poll tax shall have been assessable against him for the year preceding the year in which he offers to register1 has paid one dollar and fifty cents1 in satisfaction of the first year's poll tax assessable against him2 and1 ,second4 ,that1 unless physically unable1 he make application to register in his own handwriting1 without aid1 suggestion1 or memorandum1 in the presence of the registration officers1 stating therein his name1 age1 date and place of birth1 residence and occupation at the time and for the two years next preceding1 and whether he has previously voted1 and1 if so1 the state1 county1 and precinct in which he voted last2 and1 ,third4 ,that he answer on oath any and all questions affecting his qualifications as an elector1 submitted to him by the officers of registration1 which questions1 and his answers thereto1 shall be reduced to writing1 certified by the said officers1 and preserved as a part of their official records4 ,,sec4 #ba4 ,any person registered under either of the last two sections1 shall have the right to vote for members of the ,general ,assembly and all officers elective by the people1 subject to the following conditions3 ,that he1 unless exempted by section ,twenty-two1 shall1 as a prerequisite to the right to vote after the first day of ,january1 nineteen hundred and four1 personally pay1 at least six months prior to the election1 all state poll taxes assessed or assessable against him1 under this ,constitution1 during the three years next preceding that in which he offers to vote2 provided that1 if he register after the first day of ,january1 nineteen hundred and four1 he shall1 unless physically unable1 prepare and deposit his ballot without aid1 on such printed form as the law may prescribe2 but any voter registered prior to that date may be aided in the preparation of his ballot by such officer of election as he himself may designate4 ,,sec4 #bb4 ,no person who1 during the late war between the ,states1 served in the army or navy of the ,united ,states1 or the ,confederate ,states1 or any state of the ,united ,states1 or of the ,confederate ,states1 shall at any time be required to pay a poll tax as a prerequisite to the right to register or vote4 ,the collection of the state poll tax assessed against any one shall not be enforced by legal process until the same has become three years past due4 ,,sec4 #bc4 ,the following persons shall be excluded from registering and voting3 ,idiots1 insane persons1 and paupers2 persons who1 prior to the adoption of this ,constitution1 were disqualified from voting1 by conviction of crime1 either within or without this ,state1 and whose disabilities shall not have been removed2 persons convicted after the adoption of this ,constitution1 either within or without this ,state1 of treason1 or of any felony1 bribery1 petit larceny1 obtaining money or property under false pretences1 embezzlement1 forgery1 or perjury2 persons who1 while citizens of this ,state1 after the adoption of this ,constitution1 have fought a duel with a deadly weapon1 or sent or accepted a challenge to fight such duel1 either within or without this ,state1 or knowingly conveyed a challenge1 or aided or assisted in any way in the fighting of such duel4 ,,sec4 #bd4 ,no officer1 soldier1 seaman1 or marine of the ,united ,states army or navy shall be deemed to have gained a residence as to the right of suffrage1 in the ,state1 or in any county1 city or town thereof1 by reason of being stationed therein2 nor shall an inmate of any charitable institution or a student in any institution of learning1 be regarded as having either gained or lost a residence1 as to the right of suffrage1 by reason of his location or sojourn in such institution4 ,,sec4 #be4 ,the ,general ,assembly shall provide for the annual registration of voters under section ,twenty1 for an appeal by any person denied registration1 for the correction of illegal or fraudulent registration1 thereunder1 and also for the proper transfer of all voters registered under this ,constitution4 ,,sec4 #bf4 ,any person who1 in respect to age or residence1 would be qualified to vote at the next election1 shall be admitted to registration1 notwithstanding that at the time thereof he is not so qualified1 and shall be entitled to vote at said election if then qualified under the provisions of this ,constitution4 ,,sec4 #bg4 ,all elections by the people shall be by ballot2 all elections by any representative body shall be viva voce1 and the vote recorded in the journal thereof4 ,the ballot-box shall be kept in public view during all elections1 and shall not be opened1 nor the ballots canvassed or counted1 in secret4 ,so far as consistent with the provisions of this ,constitution1 the absolute secrecy of the ballot shall be maintained4 ,,sec4 #bh4 ,the ,general ,assembly shall provide for ballots without any distinguishing mark or symbol1 for use in all state1 county1 city1 and other elections by the people1 and the form thereof shall be the same in all places where any such election is held4 ,all ballots shall contain the names of the candidates1 and of the offices to be filled1 in1 clear print and in due and orderly succession2 but any voter may erase any name and insert another4 ,,sec4 #bi4 ,no voter1 during the time of holding any election at which he is entitled to vote1 shall be compelled to perform military service1 except in time of war or public danger2 to attend any court as suitor1 juror1 or witness2 and no voter shall be subject to arrest under any civil process during his attendance at election or in going to or returning therefrom4 ,,sec4 #cj4 ,the ,general ,assembly may prescribe a property qualification not exceeding two hundred and fifty dollars for voters in any county or subdivision thereof1 or city or town1 as a prerequisite for voting in any election for officers1 other than the members of the ,general ,assembly1 to be wholly elected by the voters of such county or subdivision thereof1 or city1 or town2 such action1 if taken1 to be had upon the initiative of a representative in the ,general ,assembly of the county1 city1 or town affected3 provided1 that the ,general ,assembly in its discretion may make such exemptions from the operation of said property qualification as shall not be in conflict with the ,constitution of the ,united ,states4 ,,sec4 #ca4 ,there shall be in each county and city an electoral board1 composed of three members1 appointed by the circuit court of the county-court--the corporation court of the city1 or the judge of the court in vacation4 ,of those first appointed1 one shall be appointed for a term of one year1 one for a term of two years1 and one for a term of three years2 and thereafter their successors shall be appointed for the full term of three years4 ,any vacancy occurring in any board shall be filled by the same authority for the unexpired term4 ,each electoral board shall appoint the judges1 clerks1 and registrars of election for its county or city2 and1 in appointing judges of election1 representation as far as possible shall be given to each of the two political parties which1 at the general election next preceding their appointment1 cast the highest and next highest number of votes4 ,no person1 nor the deputy of any person1 holding any office or post of profit or emolument1 under the ,united ,states ,government1 or who is in the employment of such government1 or holding any elective office of profit or trust in the ,state1 or in any county1 city1 or town thereof1 shall be appointed a member of the electoral board1 or registrar1 or judge of election4 ,,sec4 #cb4 ,every person qualified to vote shall be eligible to any office of the ,state or of any county1 city1 town1 or other subdivision of the ,state1 wherein he resides1 except as otherwise provided in this ,constitution1 and except that this provision as to residence shall not apply to any office elective by the people where the law provides otherwise4 ,men and women eighteen years of age shall be eligible to the office of notary public1 and qualified to execute the bonds required of them in that capacity4 ,,sec4 #cc4 ,the terms of all officers elected under this ,constitution shall begin on the first day of ,february next succeeding their election1 unless otherwise provided in this ,constitution4 ,all officers1 elected or appointed1 shall continue to discharge the duties of their offices after their terms of service have expired until their successors have qualified4 ,,sec4 #cd4 ,members of the ,general ,assembly and all officers1 executive and judicial1 elected or appointed after this ,constitution goes into effect1 shall1 before they enter on the performance of their public duties1 severally take and subscribe the following oath or affirmation3 ,i do solemnly swear 7or affirm7 that ,i will support the ,constitution of the ,united ,states1 and the ,constitution of the ,state of ,virginia ordained by the ,convention which assembled in the city of ,richmond on the twelfth day of ,june1 nineteen hundred and one1 and that ,i will faithfully and impartially discharge and perform all the duties incumbent on me as1 according to the best of my ability2 so help me ,god4 ,,sec4 #ce4 ,no person shall vote at any legalized primary election for the nomination of any candidate for office unless he is at the time registered and qualified to vote at the next succeeding election4 ,,sec4 #cf4 ,the ,general ,assembly shall enact such laws as are necessary and proper for the purpose of securing the regularity and purity of general1 local and primary elections1 and preventing and punishing any corrupt practices in connection therewith2 and shall have power1 in addition to other penalties and punishments now or hereafter prescribed by law for such offences1 to provide that persons convicted of them shall thereafter be disqualified from voting or holding office4 ,,sec4 #cg4 ,the ,general ,assembly may provide for the use1 throughout the ,state or in any one or more counties1 cities1 or towns in any election1 of machines for receiving1 recording1 and counting the votes cast thereat3 provided1 that the secrecy of the voting be not thereby impaired4 ,,sec4 #ch4 ,after the first day of ,january1 nineteen hundred and four1 the treasurer of each county and city shall1 at least five months before each regular election1 file with the clerk of the circuit court of his county1 or of the corporation court of his city1 a list of all persons in his county or city1 who have paid not later than six months prior to such election1 the state poll taxes required by this ,constitution during the three years next preceding that in which such election is held2 which list shall be arranged alphabetically1 by magisterial districts or wards1 shall state the white and colored persons separately1 and shall be verified by the oath of the treasurer4 ,the clerk1 within ten days from the receipt of the list1 shall make and certify a sufficient number of copies thereof1 and shall deliver one copy for each voting place in his county or city1 to the sheriff of the county or sergeant of the city1 whose duty it shall be to post one copy1 without delay1 at each of the voting places1 and1 within ten days from the receipt thereof1 to make return on oath to the clerk1 as to the places where and dates at which said copies were respectively posted2 which return the clerk shall record in a book kept in his office for the purpose2 and he shall keep in his office for public inspection1 for at least sixty days after receiving the list1 not less than ten certified copies thereof1 and also cause the list to be published in such other manner as may be prescribed by law2 the original list returned by the treasurer shall be filed and preserved by the clerk among the public records of his office for at least five years after receiving the same4 ,within thirty days after the list has been so posted1 any person who shall have paid his capitation tax1 but whose name is omitted from the certified list1 may1 after five days' written notice to the treasurer1 apply to the circuit court of his county1 or corporation court of his city1 or to the judge thereof in vacation1 to have the same corrected and his name entered thereon1 which application the court or judge shall promptly hear and decide4 ,the clerk shall deliver1 or cause to be delivered1 with the poll- books1 at a reasonable time before every election1 to one of the judges of election of each precinct of his county or city1 a like certified copy of the list1 which shall be conclusive evidence of the facts therein stated for the purpose of voting4 ,the clerk shall also1--within sixty days after the filing of the list by the treasurer1 forward a certified copy thereof1 with such corrections as may have been made by order of the court or judge1 to the ,auditor of ,public ,accounts1 who shall charge the amount of the poll taxes stated therein to such treasurer unless previously accounted for4 ,further evidence of the prepayment of the capitation taxes required by this ,constitution1 as a prerequisite to the right to register and vote1 may be prescribed by law4 ,,article ,,iii4 ,,division ,,of ,,powers4 ,,sec4 #ci4 ,except as hereinafter provided1 the legislative1 executive1 and judiciary departments shall be separate and distinct1 so that neither exercise the powers properly belonging to either of the others1 nor any person exercise the power of more than one of them at the same time4 ,,article ,,iv4 ,,legislative ,,department4 ,,sec4 #dj4 ,the legislative power of the ,state shall be vested in a ,general ,assembly1 which shall consist of a ,senate and ,house of ,delegates4 ,,sec4 #da4 ,the ,senate shall consist of not more than forty and not less than thirty-three members1 who shall be elected quadrennially by the voters of the several senatorial districts1 on the ,tuesday succeeding the first ,monday in ,november4 ,,sec4 #db4 ,the ,house of ,delegates shall consist of not more than one hundred and not less than ninety members1 who shall be elected biennially by the voters of the several house districts1 on the ,tuesday succeeding the first ,monday in ,november4 ,,sec4 #dc4 ,the apportionment of the ,state into senatorial and house districts1 made by the acts of the ,general ,assembly1 approved ,april the second1 nineteen hundred and two1 is hereby adopted2 but a re-apportionment may be made in the year nineteen hundred and six1 and shall be made in the year nineteen hundred and twelve1 and every tenth year thereafter4 ,,sec4 #dd4 ,any person may be elected senator who1 at the time of election1 is actually a resident of the senatorial district and qualified to vote for members of the ,general ,assembly2 and any person may be elected a member of the ,house of ,delegates who1 at the time of election1 is actually a resident of the house district and qualified to vote for members of the ,general ,assembly4 ,but no person holding a salaried office under the state government1 and no judge of any court1 attorney for the ,commonwealth1 sheriff1 sergeant1 treasurer1 assessor of taxes1 commissioner of the revenue1 collector of taxes1 or clerk of any court1 shall be a member of either house of the ,general ,assembly during his continuance in office1 and the election of any such person to either house of the ,general ,assembly1 and his qualification as a member thereof1 shall vacate any such office held by him2 and no person holding any office or post of profit or emolument under the ,united ,states ,government or who is in the employment of such government1 shall be eligible to either house4 ,the removal of a senator or delegate from the district for which he is elected1 shall vacate his office4 ,,sec4 #de4 ,the members of the ,general ,assembly shall receive for their services a salary to be fixed by law and paid from the public treasury2 but no act increasing such salary shall take effect until after the end of the term for which the members voting thereon were elected2 and no member during the term for which he shall have been elected1 shall be appointed or elected to any civil office of profit in the ,state except offices filled by election by the people4 ,,sec4 #df4 ,the ,general ,assembly shall meet once in two years on the second ,wednesday in ,january next succeeding the election of the members of the ,house of ,delegates and not oftener unless convened in the manner prescribed by this ,constitution4 ,no session of the ,general ,assembly1 after the first under this ,constitution1 shall continue longer than sixty days2 but with the concurrence of three-fifths of the members elected to each house1 the session may be extended for a period not exceeding thirty days4 ,except for the first session held under this ,constitution1 members shall be allowed a salary for not exceeding sixty days at any regular session1 and for not exceeding thirty days at any extra session4 ,neither house shall1 without the consent of the other1 adjourn to another place nor for more than three days4 ,a majority of the members elected to each house shall constitute a quorum to do business1 but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day1 and shall have power to compel the attendance of members in such manner and under such penalty as each house may prescribe4 ,,sec4 #dg4 ,the ,house of ,delegates shall choose its own speaker2 and1 in the absence of the ,lieutenant-,governor1 or when he shall exercise the office of ,governor1 the ,senate shall choose from their own body a president pro tempore4 ,each house shall select its officers1 settle its rules of procedure1 and direct writs of election for supplying vacancies which may occur during the session of the ,general ,assembly2 but1 if vacancies occur during the recess1 such writs may be issued by the ,governor1 under such regulations as may be prescribed by law4 ,each house shall judge of the election1 qualification1 and returns of its members2 may punish them for disorderly behavior1 and1 with the concurrence of two-thirds1 expel a member4 ,,sec4 #dh4 ,members of the ,general ,assembly shall1 in all cases1 except treason1 felony1 or breach of the peace1 be privileged from arrest during the sessions of their respective houses2 and for any speech or debate in either house shall not be questioned in any other place4 ,they shall not be subject to arrest1 under any civil process1 during the sessions of the ,general ,assembly1 or the fifteen days next before the beginning or after the ending of any session4 ,,sec4 #di4 ,each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings1 which shall be published from time to time1 and the yeas and nays of the members of either house on any question shall1 at the desire of one-fifth of those present1 be entered on the journal4 ,,sec4 #ej4 ,no law shall be enacted except by bill4 ,a bill may originate in either house1 to be approved or rejected by the other1 or may be amended by either1 with the concurrence of the other4 ,no bill shall become a law unless1 prior to its passage1 it has been1 7a7 ,referred to a committee of each house1 considered by such committee in session1 and reported2 7b7 ,printed by the house1 in which it originated1 prior to its passage therein2 7c7 ,read at length on three different calendar days in each house2 and unless1 7d7 ,a yea and nay vote has been taken in each house upon its final passage1 the names of the members voting for and against entered on the journal1 and a majority of those voting1 which shall include at least two-fifths of the members elected to each house1 recorded in the affirmative4 ,and only in the manner required in subdivision 7d7 of this section shall an amendment to a bill by one house be concurred in by the other1 or a conference report be adopted by either house1 or either house discharge a committee from the consideration of a bill and consider the same as if reported2 provided that the printing and reading1 or either1 required in subdivisions 7b7 and 7c7 of this section1 may be dispensed with in a bill to codify the laws of the ,state1 and in any case of emergency by a vote of four- fifths of the members voting in each house taken by the yeas and nays1 the names of the members voting for and against1 entered on the journal2 and provided further1 that no bill which creates1 or establishes a new office1 or which creates1 continues1 or revives a debt or charge1 or makes1 continues or revives any appropriation of public or trust money1 or property1 or releases1 discharges or commutes any claim or demand of the ,state1 or which imposes1 continues or revives a tax1 shall be passed except by the affirmative vote of a majority of all the members elected to each house1 the vote to be by the yeas and nays1 and the names of the members voting for and against1 entered on the journal4 ,every law imposing1 continuing or reviving a tax shall specifically state such tax and no law shall be construed as so stating such tax1 which requires a reference to any other law or any other tax4 ,the presiding officer of each house shall1 in the presence of the house over which he presides1 sign every bill that has been passed by both houses and duly enrolled4 ,immediately before this is done1 all other business being suspended1 the title of the bill shall be publicly read4 ,the fact of signing shall be entered on the journal4 ,,sec4 #ea4 ,there shall be a joint committee of the ,general ,assembly1 consisting of seven members appointed by the ,house of ,delegates1 and five members appointed by the ,senate1 which shall be a standing committee on special1 private1 and local legislation4 ,before reference to a committee1 as provided by section ,fifty1 any special1 private1 or local bill introduced in either house shall be referred to and considered by such joint committee and returned to the house in which it originated with a statement in writing whether the object of the bill can be accomplished under general law or by court proceeding2 whereupon1 the bill1 with the accompanying statement1 shall take the course provided by section ,fifty4 ,the joint committee may be discharged from the consideration of a bill by the house in which it originated in the manner provided in section ,fifty for the discharge of other committees4 ,,sec4 #eb4 ,no law shall embrace more than one object1 which shall be expressed in its title2 nor shall any law be revived or amended with reference to its title1 but the act revived or the section amended shall be re-enacted and published at length4 ,,sec4 #ec4 ,no law1 except a general appropriation law1 shall take effect until at least ninety days after the adjournment of the session of the ,general ,assembly at which it is enacted1 unless in case of an emergency 7which emergency shall be expressed in the body of the bill71 the ,general ,assembly shall otherwise direct by a vote of four-fifths of the members voting in each house1 such vote to be taken by the yeas and nays1 and the names of the members voting for and against entered on the journal4 ,,sec4 #ed4 ,the ,governor1 ,lieutenant-,governor1 ,attorney-,general1 judges1 members of the ,state ,corporation ,commission1 and executive officers at the seat of government1 and all officers appointed by the ,governor or elected by the ,general ,assembly1 offending against the ,state by malfeasance in office1 corruption1 neglect of duty1 or other high crime or misdemeanor1 may be impeached by the ,house of ,delegates1 and prosecuted before the ,senate which shall have the sole power to try impeachment4 ,when sitting for that purpose1 the senators shall be on oath or affirmation1 and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the senators present4 ,judgment in case of impeachment shall not extend further than removal from office and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor1 trust1 or profit under the ,state2 but the person convicted shall nevertheless be subject to indictment1 trial1 judgment1 and punishment according to law4 ,the ,senate may sit during the recess of the ,general ,assembly for the trial of impeachments4 ,,sec4 #ee4 ,the ,general ,assembly shall by law apportion the ,state into districts1 corresponding with the number of representatives to which it may be entitled in the ,house of ,representatives of the ,congress of the ,united ,states2 which districts shall be composed of contiguous and compact territory containing1 as nearly as practicable1 an equal number of inhabitants4 ,,sec4 #ef4 ,the manner of conducting and making returns of elections1 of determining contested elections1 and of filling vacancies in office1 in cases not specially provided for by this ,constitution1 shall be prescribed by law1 and the ,general ,assembly may declare the cases in which any office shall be deemed vacant where no provision is made for that purpose in this ,constitution4 ,,sec4 #eg4 ,the ,general ,assembly shall have power1 by a two-thirds vote1 to remove disabilities incurred under section ,twenty-three1 of ,article ,two1 of this ,constitution1 with reference to duelling4 ,,sec4 #eh4 ,the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended unless when in cases of invasion or rebellion1 the public safety may require4 ,the ,general ,assembly shall not pass any bill of attainder1 or any ex post facto law1 or any law impairing the obligation of contracts1 or any law abridging the freedom of speech or of the press4 ,it shall not enact any law whereby private property shall be taken or damaged for public uses1 without just compensation4 ,no man shall be compelled to frequent or support any religious worship1 place1 or ministry whatsoever1 nor shall be enforced1 restrained1 molested1 or burthened in his body or goods1 nor shall otherwise suffer on account of his religious opinions or belief2 but all men shall be free to profess1 and by argument to maintain1 their opinions in matters of religion1 and the same shall in no wise diminish1 enlarge1 or affect their civil capacities4 ,and the ,general ,assembly shall not prescribe any religious test whatever1 or confer any peculiar privileges or advantages on any sect or denomination1 or pass any law requiring or authorizing any religious society1 or the people of any district within this ,state1 to levy on themselves or others any tax for the erection or repair of any house of public worship1 or for the support of any church or ministry2 but it shall be left free to every person to select his religious instructor1 and to make for his support such private contract as he shall please4 ,,sec4 #ei4 ,the ,general ,assembly shall not grant a charter of incorporation to any church or religious denomination1 but may secure the title to church property to an extent to be limited by law4 ,,sec4 #fj4 ,no lottery shall hereafter be authorized by law2 and the buying1 selling1 or transferring of tickets or chances in any lottery shall be prohibited4 ,,sec4 #fa4 ,no new county shall be formed with an area of less than six hundred square miles2 nor shall the county or counties from which it is formed be reduced below that area2 nor shall any county be reduced in population below eight thousand4 ,but any county1 the length of which is three times its mean breadth1 or which exceeds fifty miles in length1 may be divided at the discretion of the ,general ,assembly4 ,,sec4 #fb4 ,the ,general ,assembly shall have full power to enact local option or dispensary laws1 or any other laws controlling1 regulating1 or prohibiting the manufacture or sale of intoxicating liquors4 ,,sec4 #fc4 ,the ,general ,assembly shall confer on the courts power to grant divorces1 change the names of persons1 and direct the sale of estates belonging to infants and other persons under legal disabilities1 and shall not1 by special legislation1 grant relief in these or other cases of which the courts or other tribunals may have jurisdiction4 ,the ,general ,assembly may regulate the exercise by courts of the right to punish for contempt4 ,the ,general ,assembly shall not enact any local1 special1 or private law in the following cases3-- #a4 ,for the punishment of crime4 #b4 ,providing a change of venue in civil or criminal cases4 #c4 ,regulating the practice in1 or the jurisdiction of1 or changing the rules of evidence in any judicial proceedings or inquiry before1 the courts or other tribunals1 or providing or changing the methods of collecting debts or enforcing judgments1 or prescribing the effect of judicial sales of real estate4 #d4 ,changing or locating county seats4 #e4 ,for the assessment and collection of taxes1 except as to animals which the ,general ,assembly may deem dangerous to the farming interests4 #f4 ,extending the time for the assessment or collection of taxes4 #g4 ,exempting property from taxation4 #h4 ,remitting1 releasing1 postponing1 or diminishing any obligation or liability of any person1 corporation1 or association1 to the ,state or to any political subdivision thereof4 #i4 ,refunding money lawfully paid into the treasury of the ,state or the treasury of any political subdivision thereof4 #aj4 ,granting from the treasury of the ,state1 or granting or authorizing to be granted from the treasury of any political subdivision thereof1 any extra compensation to any public officer1 servant1 agent1 or contractor4 #aa4 ,for conducting elections or designating the places of voting4 #ab4 ,regulating labor1 trade1 mining or manufacturing1 or the rate of interest on money4 #ac4 ,granting any pension or pensions4 #ad4 ,creating1 increasing1 or decreasing1 or authorizing to be created1 increased1 or decreased1 the salaries1 fees1 percentages1 or allowances of public officers during the term for which they are elected or appointed4 #ae4 ,declaring streams navigable1 or authorizing the construction of booms or dams therein1 or the removal of obstructions therefrom4 #af4 ,affecting or regulating fencing or the boundaries of land1 or the running at large of stock4 #ag4 ,creating private corporations1 or amending1 renewing or extending the charters thereof4 #ah4 ,granting to any private corporation1 association1 or individual any special or exclusive right1 privilege or immunity4 #ai4 ,naming or changing the name of any private corporation or association4 #bj4 ,remitting the forfeiture of the charter of any private corporation except upon the condition that such corporation shall thereafter hold its charter subject to the provisions of this ,constitution and the laws passed in pursuance thereof4 ,,sec4 #fd4 ,in all the cases enumerated in the last section1 and in every other case which1 in its judgment1 may be provided for by general laws1 the ,general ,assembly shall enact general laws4 ,any general law shall be subject to amendment or repeal1 but the amendment or partial repeal thereof shall not operate directly or indirectly to enact1 and shall not have the effect of the enactment of a special1 private1 or local law4 ,no general or special law shall surrender or suspend the right and power of the ,state1 or any political subdivision thereof1 to tax corporations or corporate property1 except as authorized by ,article ,thirteen4 ,no private corporation1 association1 or individual shall be specially exempted from the operation of any general law1 nor shall its operation be suspended for the benefit of any private corporation1 association1 or individual4 ,,sec4 #fe1 ,the ,general ,assembly may by general laws1 confer upon the boards of supervisors of counties1 and the councils of cities and towns1 such powers of local and special legislation1 as it may from time to time deem expedient1 not inconsistent with the limitations contained in this ,constitution4 ,,sec4 #ff4 ,the ,clerk of the ,house of ,delegates shall be ,keeper of the ,rolls of the ,state but shall receive no compensation from the ,state for his services as such4 ,the ,general ,assembly by general law shall prescribe the number of employees of the ,senate and ,house of ,delegates1 including the clerks thereof1 and fix their compensation at a per diem for the time actually employed in the discharge of their duties4 ,,sec4 #fg4 ,the ,general ,assembly shall not make any appropriation of public funds1 of personal property1 or of any real estate1 to any church1 or sectarian society1 association1 or institution of any kind whatever1 which is entirely or partly1 directly or indirectly1 controlled by any church or sectarian society2 nor shall the ,general ,assembly make any like appropriation to any charitable institution1 which is not owned or controlled by the ,state2 except that it may1 in its discretion1 make appropriations to non-sectarian institutions for the reform of youthful criminals2 but nothing herein contained shall prohibit the ,general ,assembly from authorizing counties1 cities1 or towns to make such appropriations to any charitable institution or association4 ,,sec4 #fh4 ,the ,general ,assembly shall1 at each regular session1 appoint a standing committee1 consisting of two members of the ,senate and three members of the ,house of ,delegates1 which shall be known as the ,auditing ,committee4 ,such committee shall annually1 or oftener in its discretion1 examine the books and accounts of the ,first ,auditor1 the ,state ,treasurer1 the ,secretary of the ,commonwealth1 and other executive officers at the seat of government whose duties pertain to auditing or accounting for the state revenue1 report the result of its investigations to the ,governor1 and cause the same to be published in two newspapers of general circulation in the ,state4 ,the ,governor shall1 at the beginning of each session1 submit said reports to the ,general ,assembly for appropriate action4 ,the committee may sit during the recess of the ,general ,assembly1 receive such compensation as may be prescribed by law1 and employ one or more accountants to assist in its investigations4 ,,article ,v4 ,,executive ,,department4 ,,sec4 #fi4 ,the chief executive power of the ,state shall be vested in a ,governor4 ,he shall hold office for a term of four years1 to commence on the first day of ,february next succeeding his election1 and be ineligible to the same office for the term next succeeding that for which he was elected1 and to any other office during his term of service4 ,,sec4 #gj4 ,the ,governor shall be elected by the qualified voters of the ,state at the time and place of choosing members of the ,general ,assembly4 ,returns of the election shall be transmitted1 under seal1 by the proper officers1 to the ,secretary of the ,commonwealth1 who shall deliver them to the ,speaker of the ,house of ,delegates on the first day of the next session of the ,general ,assembly4 ,the ,speaker of the ,house of ,delegates shall1 within one week thereafter1 in the presence of a majority of the ,senate and of the ,house of ,delegates1 open the returns1 and the votes shall then be counted4 ,the person having the highest number of votes shall be declared elected2 but if two or more shall have the highest and an equal number of votes1 one of them shall lie chosen ,governor by the joint vote of the two houses of the ,general ,assembly4 ,contested elections for ,governor shall be decided by a like vote1 and the mode of proceeding in such cases shall be prescribed by law4 ,,sec4 #ga4 ,no person except a citizen of the ,united ,states shall be eligible to the office of ,governor2 and if such person be of foreign birth1 he must have been a citizen of the ,united ,states for ten years next preceding his election2 nor shall any person be eligible to that office unless he shall have attained the age of thirty years1 and have been a resident of the ,state for five years next preceding his election4 ,,sec4 #gb4 ,the ,governor shall reside at the seat of government2 shall receive five thousand dollars for each year of his service1 and while in office shall receive no other emolument from this or any other government4 ,,sec4 #gc4 ,the ,governor shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed2 communicate to the ,general ,assembly1 at every session1 the condition of the ,state2 recommend to its consideration such measures as he may deem expedient1 and convene the ,general ,assembly on application of two-thirds of the members of both houses thereof1 or when1 in his opinion1 the interest of the ,state may require4 ,he shall be commander-in-chief of the land and naval forces of the ,state2 have power to embody the militia to repel invasion1 suppress insurrection and enforce the execution of the laws2 conduct1 either in person or in such manner as shall be prescribed by law1 all intercourse with other and foreign states2 and1 during the recess of the ,general ,assembly1 shall have power to suspend from office for misbehavior1 incapacity1 neglect of official duty1 or acts performed without due authority of law1 all executive officers at the seat of government except the ,lieutenant-,governor2 but1 in any case in which this power is so exercised1 the ,governor shall report to the ,general ,assembly1 at the beginning of the next session thereof1 the fact of such suspension and the cause therefor1 whereupon the ,general ,assembly shall determine whether such officer shall be restored or finally removed2 and the ,governor shall have power1 during the recess of the ,general ,assembly1 to appoint1 pro tempore1 successors to all officers so suspended1 and to fill1 pro tempore1 vacancies in all offices of the ,state for the filling of which the ,constitution and laws make no other provision2 but his appointments to such vacancies shall be by commissions to expire at the end of thirty days after the commencement of the next session of the ,general ,assembly4 ,he shall have power to remit fines and penalties in such cases1 and under such rules and regulations1 as may be prescribed by law1 and except when the prosecution has been carried on by the ,house of ,delegates1 to grant reprieves and pardons after conviction2 to remove political disabilities consequent upon conviction for offences committed prior or subsequent to the adoption of this ,constitution1 and to commute capital punishment2 but he shall communicate to the ,general ,assembly1 at each session1 particulars of every case of fine or penalty remitted1 of reprieve or pardon granted1 and of punishment commuted1 with his reasons for remitting1 granting1 or commuting the same4 ,,sec4 #gd4 ,the ,governor may require information in writing1 under oath1 from the officers of the executive department and superintendents of state institutions upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices and institutions2 and he may inspect at any time their official books1 accounts and vouchers1 and ascertain the condition of the public funds in their charge1 and in that connection may employ accountants4 ,he may require the opinion in writing of the ,attorney-,general upon any question of law affecting the official duties of the ,governor4 ,,sec4 #ge4 ,commissions and grants shall run in the name of the ,commonwealth of ,virginia1 and be attested by the ,governor1 with the seal of the ,commonwealth annexed4 ,,sec4 #gf4 ,every bill which shall have passed the ,senate and ,house of ,delegates1 shall1 before it becomes a law1 be presented to the ,governor4 ,if he approve1 he shall sign it2 but1 if not1 he may return it with his objections to the house in which it originated1 which shall enter the objections at large on its journal and proceed to reconsider the same4 ,if1 after such consideration1 two- thirds of the members present1 which two-thirds shall include a majority of the members elected to that house1 shall agree to pass the bill it shall be sent1 together with the objections1 to the other house1 by which it shall likewise be reconsidered1 and if approved by two-thirds of all the members present1 which two- thirds shall include a majority of the members elected to that house1 it shall become a law1 notwithstanding the objections4 ,the ,governor shall have the power to veto any particular item or items of an appropriation bill1 but the veto shall not affect the item or items to which he does not object4 ,the item or items objected to shall not take effect except in the manner heretofore provided in this section as to bills returned to the ,general ,assembly without his approval4 ,if he approve the general purpose of any bill1 but disapprove any part or parts thereof1 he may return it1 with recommendations for its amendment1 to the house in which it originated1 whereupon the same proceedings shall be had in both houses upon the bill and his recommendations in relation to its amendment1 as is above provided in relation to a bill which he shall have returned without his approval1 and with his objections thereto3 provided1 that if after such reconsideration1 both houses1 by a vote of a majority of the members present in each1 shall agree to amend the bill in accordance with his recommendations in relation thereto1 or either house by such vote shall fail or refuse to so amend it1 then1 and in either case the bill shall be again sent to him1 and he may act upon it as if it were then before him for the first time4 ,but in all the cases above set forth the votes of both houses shall be determined by ayes and noes1 and the names of the members voting for and against the bill1 or item or items of an appropriation bill1 shall be entered on the journal of each house4 ,if any bill shall not be returned by the ,governor within five days 7,sunday excepted7 after it shall have been presented to him1 the same shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it1 unless the ,general ,assembly shall1 by final adjournment1 prevent such return2 in which case it shall be a law if approved by the ,governor in the manner and to the extent above provided1 within ten days after such adjournment1 but not otherwise4 ,,sec4 #gg4 ,a ,lieutenant-,governor shall be elected at the same time and for the same term as the ,governor1 and his qualifications and the manner and ascertainment of his election1 in all respects1 shall be the same4 ,,sec4 #gh4 ,in case of the removal of the ,governor from office1 or of his death1 failure to qualify1 resignation1 removal from ,state1 or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the office1 the said office1 with its compensation1 shall devolve upon the ,lieutenant-,governor2 and the ,general ,assembly shall provide by law for the discharge of the executive functions in other necessary cases4 ,,sec4 #gi4 ,the ,lieutenant-,governor shall be president of the ,senate1 but shall have no vote except in case of an equal division2 and while acting as such1 shall receive a compensation equal to that allowed to the ,speaker of the ,house of ,delegates4 ,,sec4 #hj4 ,a ,secretary of the ,commonwealth shall be elected by the qualified voters of the ,state at the same time and for the same term as the ,governor2 and the fact of his election shall be ascertained as in the case of the ,governor4 ,he shall keep a daily record of the official acts of the ,governor1 which shall be signed by the ,governor and attested by the ,secretary1 and1 when required1 he shall lay the same1 and any papers1 minutes and vouchers pertaining to his office1 before either house of the ,general ,assembly4 ,he shall discharge such other duties as may be prescribed ,by law4 ,all fees received by the ,secretary of the ,commonwealth shall be paid into the treasury monthly4 ,,sec4 #ha4 ,a ,state ,treasurer shall be elected by the qualified voters of the ,state at the same time and for the same term as the ,governor2 and the fact of his election shall be ascertained in the same manner4 ,his powers and duties shall be prescribed by law4 ,,sec4 #hb4 ,an ,auditor of ,public ,accounts shall be elected by the joint vote of the two houses of the ,general ,assembly for the term of four years4 ,his powers and duties shall be prescribed by law4 ,,sec4 #hc4 ,the salary of each officer of the ,executive ,department1 except in those cases where the salary is determined by this ,constitution1 shall be fixed by law2 and the salary of no such officer shall be increased or diminished during the term for which he shall have been elected or appointed4 ,,sec4 #hd4 ,the ,general ,assembly shall provide by law for the establishment and maintenance of an efficient system of checks and balances between the officers at the seat of government entrusted with the collection1 receipt1 custody1 or disbursement of the revenues of the ,state4 ,,sec4 #he4 ,all ,state officers1 and their deputies1 assistants or employees1 charged with the collection1 custody1 handling or disbursement of public funds1 shall be required to give bond for the faithful performance of such duties2 the amount of such bond in each case1 and the manner in which security shall be furnished1 to be specified and regulated by law4 ,,sec4 #hf4 ,the ,general ,assembly shall have power to establish and maintain a ,bureau of ,labor and ,statistics1 under such regulations as may be prescribed by law4 ,,article ,,vi4 ,,judiciary ,,department4 ,,sec4 #hg4 ,the ,judiciary ,department shall consist of a ,supreme ,court of ,appeals1 circuit courts1 city courts1 and such other courts as are hereinafter authorized4 ,the jurisdiction of these tribunals and the judges thereof1 except so far as conferred by this ,constitution1 shall be regulated by law4 ,,sec4 #hh4 ,the ,supreme ,court of ,appeals shall consist of five judges1 any three of whom may hold a court4 ,it shall have original jurisdiction in cases of habeas corpus1 mandamus1 and prohibition2 but in all other cases1 in which it shall have jurisdiction1 it shall have appellate jurisdiction only4 ,subject to such reasonable rules1 as may be prescribed by law1 as to the course of appeal1 the limitation as to time1 the security required1 if any1 the granting or refusing of appeals1 and the procedure therein1 it shall1 by virtue of this ,constitution1 have appellate jurisdiction in all cases involving the constitutionality of a law as being repugnant to the ,constitution of this ,state or of the ,united ,states1 or involving the life or liberty of any person2 and it shall also have appellate jurisdiction in such other cases1 within the limits hereinafter denned1 as may be prescribed by law2 but no appeal shall be allowed to the ,commonwealth in any case involving the life or liberty of a person1 except that an appeal by the ,commonwealth may be allowed by law in any case involving the violation of a law relating to the state revenue4 ,no bond shall be required of any accused person as a condition of appeal1 but a supersedeas bond may be required where the only punishment imposed in the court below is a fine4 ,the court shall not have jurisdiction in civil cases where the matter in controversy1 exclusive of costs and of interest accrued since the judgment in the court below1 is less in value or amount than three hundred dollars1 except in controversies concerning the title to1 or boundaries of land1 the condemnation of property1 the probate of a will1 the appointment or qualification of a personal representative1 guardian1 committee1 or curator1 or concerning a mill1 roadway1 ferry1 or landing1 or the right of the ,state1 county1 or municipal corporation1 to levy tolls or taxes1 or involving the construction of any statute1 ordinance or county proceeding imposing taxes2 and1 except in cases of habeas corpus1 mandamus1 and prohibition1 the constitutionality of a law1 or some other matter not merely pecuniary4 ,after the year nineteen hundred and ten the ,general ,assembly may change the jurisdiction of the court in matters merely pecuniary4 ,the assent of at least three of the judges shall be required for the court to determine that any law is1 or is not1 repugnant to the ,constitution of this ,state or of the ,united ,states2 and if1 in a case involving the constitutionality of any such law1 not more than two of the judges sitting agree in opinion on the constitutional question involved1 and the case cannot be determined1 without passing on such question1 no decision shall be rendered therein1 but the case shall be reheard by a full court2 and in no case where the jurisdiction of the court depends solely upon the fact that the constitutionality of a law is involved1 shall the court decide the ease upon its merits1 unless the contention of the appellant upon the constitutional question be sustained4 ,whenever the requisite majority of the judges sitting are unable to agree upon a decision1 the case shall be reheard by a full bench1 and any vacancy caused by any one or more of the judges being unable1 unwilling1 or disqualified to sit1 shall be temporarily filled in a manner to be prescribed by law4 ,,sec4 #hi4 ,the ,general ,assembly may1 from time to time1 provide for a ,special ,court of ,appeals to try any cases on the docket of the ,supreme ,court of ,appeals in respect to which a majority of the judges are so situated as to make it improper for them to sit2 and also to try any cases on said docket which cannot be disposed of with convenient dispatch4 ,the said special court shall be composed of not less than three nor more than five of the judges of the circuit courts and city courts of record in cities of the first class1 or of the judges of either of said courts1 or of any of the judges of said courts together with one or more of the judges of the ,supreme ,court of ,appeals4 ,,sec4 #ij4 ,when a judgment or decree is reversed or affirmed by the ,supreme ,court of ,appeals the reasons therefor shall be stated in writing and preserved with the record of the case4 ,,sec4 #ia4 ,the judges of the ,supreme ,court of ,appeals shall be chosen by the joint vote of the two houses of the ,general ,assembly4 ,they shall1 when chosen1 have held a judicial station in the ,united ,states1 or shall have practiced law in this or some other state for five years4 ,at the first election under this ,constitution1 the ,general ,assembly shall elect the judges for terms of four1 six1 eight1 ten1 and twelve years respectively2 and thereafter they shall be elected for terms of twelve years4 ,,sec4 #ib4 ,the officers of the ,supreme ,court of ,appeals shall be appointed by the court or by the judges in vacation4 ,their duties1 compensation1 and tenure of office shall be prescribed by law4 ,,sec4 #ic4 ,the ,supreme ,court of ,appeals shall hold its sessions at two or more places in the ,state1 to be fixed by law4 ,,sec4 #id4 ,the ,state shall be divided into twenty-four judicial circuits1 as follows3 ,the counties of ,norfolk1 ,princess ,anne1 and the city of ,portsmouth1 shall constitute the first circuit4 ,the counties of ,nansemond1 ,southampton1 ,isle of ,wight1 and the city of ,norfolk1 shall constitute the second circuit4 ,the counties of ,prince ,george1 ,surry1 ,sussex1 ,greenesville1 and ,brunswick1 shall constitute the third circuit4 ,the counties of ,chesterfield1 ,powhatan1 ,dinwiddie1 ,nottoway1 and ,amelia1 and the city of ,petersburg1 shall constitute the fourth circuit4 ,the counties of ,prince ,edward1 ,cumberland1 ,buckingham1 ,appomattox1 and ,charlotte1 shall constitute the fifth circuit4 ,the counties of ,lunenburg1 ,mecklenburg1 ,halifax1 ,campbell1 and the city of ,lynchburg1 shall constitute the sixth circuit4 ,the counties of ,pittsylvania1 ,franklin1 ,henry1 and ,patrick1 and the city of ,danville1 shall constitute the seventh circuit4 ,the counties of ,amherst1 ,nelson1 ,albemarle1 ,fluvanna1 and ,coochland1 shall constitute the eighth circuit4 ,the counties of ,rappahannock1 ,culpeper1 ,madison1 ,greene1 ,orange1 and ,louisa1 shall constitute the ninth circuit4 ,the county of ,henrico and the city of ,richmond1 shall constitute the tenth circuit4 ,the counties of ,accomac1 ,northampton1 ,elizabeth ,city1 and the city of ,newport ,news1 shall constitute the eleventh circuit4 ,the counties of ,richmond1 ,northumberland1 ,westmoreland1 ,lancaster1 and ,essex1 shall constitute the twelfth circuit4 ,the counties of ,gloucester1 ,mathews1 ,king and ,queen1 ,king ,william1 and ,middlesex1 shall constitute the thirteenth circuit4 ,the counties of ,new ,kent1 ,charles ,city1 ,york1 ,warwick1 ,james ,city1 and the city of ,williamsburg1 shall constitute the fourteenth circuit4 ,the counties of ,king ,george1 ,stafford1 ,spotsylvania1 ,caroline1 and ,hanover1 shall constitute the fifteenth circuit4 ,the counties of ,fauquier1 ,loudoun1 ,prince ,william1 ,fairfax1 and ,alexandria1 and the city of ,alexandria1 shall constitute the sixteenth circuit4 ,the counties of ,frederick1 ,clarke1 ,warren1 ,shenandoah1 and ,page1 shall constitute the seventeenth circuit4 ,the counties of ,rockingham1 ,augusta1 and ,rockbridge1 shall constitute the eighteenth circuit4 ,the counties of ,highland1 ,bath1 ,alleghany1 ,craig1 and ,botecourt1 shall constitute the nineteenth circuit4 ,the counties of ,bedford1 ,roanoke1 ,montgomery1 and ,floyd1 and the city of ,roanoke1 shall constitute the twentieth circuit4 ,the counties of ,pulaski1 ,carroll1 ,wythe1 and ,grayson1 shall constitute the twenty-first circuit4 ,the counties of ,bland1 ,tazewell1 ,giles1 and ,buchanan1 shall constitute the twenty-second circuit4 ,the counties of ,washington1 ,russell1 and ,smyth1 shall constitute the twenty-third circuit4 ,the counties of ,scott1 ,lee1 ,wise1 and ,dickenson1 shall constitute the twenty-fourth circuit4 ,,sec4 #ie4 ,after the first day of ,january1 nineteen hundred and six1 as the public interest requires1 the ,general ,assembly may rearrange the said circuits and increase or diminish the number thereof4 ,but no new circuit shall be created containing1 by the last ,united ,states census or other census provided by law1 less than forty thousand inhabitants1 nor when the effect of creating it will be to reduce the number of inhabitants in any existing circuit below forty thousand according to such census4 ,,sec4 #if4 ,for each circuit a judge shall be chosen by the joint vote of the two houses of the ,general ,assembly4 ,he shall when chosen1 possess the same qualifications as judges of the ,supreme ,court of ,appeals1 and during his continuance in office shall reside in the circuit of which he is judge4 ,at the first election under this ,constitution1 the ,general ,assembly shall elect1 as nearly as practicable1 one fourth of the entire number of judges for terms of two years1 one fourth for four years1 one fourth for six years1 and the remaining fourth for eight years1 respectively1 and thereafter they shall be elected for terms of eight years4 ,,sec #ig ,the number of terms of the circuit courts to be held for each county and city1 shall be prescribed by law4 ,but no separate circuit court shall be held for any city of the second class1 until the city shall abolish its existing city court4 ,the judge of one circuit may be required or authorized to hold court in any other circuit or city4 ,,sec #ih ,for the purposes of a judicial system1 the cities of the ,state shall be divided into two classes4 ,all cities shall belong to the first class which contain1 as shown by the last ,united ,states census or other census provided by law1 ten thousand inhabitants or more1 and all cities shall belong to the second class which contain1 as thus shown1 less than ten thousand inhabitants4 ,in each city of the first class1 there shall be1 in addition to the circuit court1 a corporation court4 ,in any city containing thirty thousand inhabitants or more1 the ,general ,assembly may provide for such additional courts as the public interest may require1 and in every such city the city courts1 as they now exist1 shall continue until otherwise provided by law4 ,in every city of the second class1 the corporation or hustings court existing1 at the time this ,constitution goes into effect1 shall continue hereafter under the name of the corporation court of such city1 but it may be abolished by a vote of a majority of the qualified electors of such city1 at an election held for the purpose1 and whenever the office of judge of a corporation or hustings court of a city of the second class1 whose salary is less than eight hundred dollars1 shall become and remain vacant for ninety days consecutively1 such court shall thereby cease to exist4 ,in case of the abolition of the corporation or hustings court of any city of the second class1 such city shall thereupon come in every respect within the jurisdiction of the circuit court of the county wherein it is situated1 until otherwise provided by law1 and the records of such corporation or hustings court shall thereupon become a part of the records of such circuit court1 and be transferred thereto1 and remain therein until otherwise provided by law1 and during the existence of the corporation or hustings court1 the circuit court of the county in which such city is situated1 shall have concurrent jurisdiction with said corporation or hustings court in all actions at law and suits in equity4 ,,sec #ii ,for each city court of record a judge shall be chosen by the joint vote of the two houses of the ,general ,assembly4 ,he shall1 when chosen1 possess the same qualifications as judges of the ,supreme ,court of ,appeals1 and during his continuance in office shall reside within the jurisdiction of the court over which he presides1 but the judge of the corporation court of any corporation having a city charter1 and less than five thousand inhabitants1 may reside outside its corporate limits2 and the same person may be judge of such corporation court and judge of the corporation court of some other city having less than ten thousand inhabitants4 ,at the first election of said judges under this ,constitution1 the ,general ,assembly shall elect1 as nearly as practicable1 one-fourth of the entire number for terms of two years1 one-fourth for four years1 one-fourth for six years1 and the remaining fourth for eight years2 and thereafter they shall be elected for terms of eight years4 ,the judges of city courts in cities of the first class may be required or authorized to hold the circuit courts of any county and the circuit courts of any city4 ,,sec4 #ajj4 ,the ,general ,assembly shall have power to establish such court or courts of land registration as it may deem proper for the administration of any law it may adopt for the purpose of the settlement1 registration1 transfer1 or assurance of titles to land in the ,state1 or any part thereof4 ,,sec4 #aja4 ,the ,general ,assembly shall have power to confer upon the clerks of the several circuit courts jurisdiction1 to be exercised in the manner and under the regulations to be prescribed by law1 in the matter of the admission of wills to probate1 and of the appointment and qualification of guardians1 personal representatives1 curators1 appraisers1 and committees of the estates of persons who have been adjudged insane or convicted of felony1 and in the matter of the substitution of trustees4 ,,sec4 #ajb4 ,all the judges shall be commissioned by the ,governor4 ,they shall receive such salaries and allowances as may be determined by law within the limitations fixed by this ,constitution1 the amount of which shall not be increased or diminished during their terms of office4 ,their terms of office shall commence on the first day of ,february next following their election1 and whenever a vacancy occurs in the office of judge1 his successor shall be elected for the unexpired term4 ,,sec4 #ajc4 ,the salaries of the judges of the ,supreme ,court of ,appeals shall be not less than four thousand dollars per annum1 and shall be paid by the ,state4 ,the salary of the judge of each circuit court shall be not less than two thousand dollars per annum1 one-half of which shall be paid by the ,state1 the other half by the counties and cities composing the circuit1 according to their respective population2 except that of the salary of the judge of the circuit court of the city of ,richmond1 the ,state shall pay the proportion which would otherwise fall to the city of ,richmond4 ,the salary of a judge of a city court in a city of the first class shall be not less than two thousand dollars per annum1 one-half of which shall be paid by the ,state1 the other half by the city4 ,the whole of the aforesaid salaries of said judges shall be paid out of the state treasury1 the ,state to be reimbursed by the respective counties and cities4 ,any city may1 by an ordinance1 increase the salaries of its city or circuit judges1 or any one or more of them as it may deem proper1 and the increase shall be paid wholly by the city1 but shall not be enlarged or diminished during the term of office of the judge4 ,each city containing less than ten thousand inhabitants shall pay the salary of the judge of its corporation or hustings court4 ,,sec4 #ajd4 ,judges may be removed from office for cause1 by a concurrent vote of both houses of the ,general ,assembly2 but a majority of all the members elected to each house must concur in such vote1 and the cause of removal shall be entered on the journal of each house4 ,the judge against whom the ,general ,assembly may be about to proceed shall have notice thereof1 accompanied by a copy of the causes alleged for his removal1 at least twenty days before the day on which either house of the ,general ,assembly shall act thereon4 ,,sec4 #aje4 ,no judge of the ,supreme ,court of ,appeals1 of the circuit court1 or of any city court of record shall practice law1 within or without this ,state1 nor shall he hold any other office of public-trust during his continuance in office2 except that the judge of a corporation or hustings court in a city of the second class1 may hold the office of commissioner in chancery of the circuit court for the county in which the city is located4 ,,sec4 #ajf4 ,writs shall run in the name of the ,commonwealth of ,virginia1 and be attested by the clerks of the several courts4 ,indictments shall conclude against the peace and dignity of the ,commonwealth4 ,,sec4 #ajg4 ,an ,attorney-,general shall be elected by the qualified voters of the ,state at the same time and for the same term as the ,governor2 and the fact of his election shall be ascertained in the same manner4 ,he shall be commissioned by the ,governor1 perform such duties and receive such compensation as may be prescribed by law1 and shall be removable in the manner prescribed for the removal of judges4 ,,sec #ajh4 ,the ,general ,assembly shall provide for the appointment or election and for the jurisdiction of such justices of the peace as the public interest may require4 ,,sec4 #aji4 ,the ,general ,assembly shall provide by whom1 and in what manner1 applications for bail shall be heard and determined4 ,,article ,,vii4 ,,organization ,,and ,,government ,,of ,,counties4 ,,sec4 #aaj4 ,there shall be elected by the qualified voters of each county1 one county treasurer1--who shall not be elected or serve for more than two consecutive terms1 nor act as deputy of his immediate successor2 one sheriff1 one attorney for the ,commonwealth1 and one county clerk1 who shall be the clerk of the circuit court4 ,there shall be elected or appointed1 for four years1 as the ,general ,assembly may provide commissioners of the revenue1 for each county1 the number1 duties and compensation of whom shall be prescribed by law2 but should such commissioners of the revenue be chosen by election by the people then they shall be ineligibile for re-election to the office for the next succeeding term4 ,there shall be appointed for each county1 in such manner as may be provided by law1 one superintendent of the poor1 and one county surveyor4 ,,sec4 #aaa4 ,the magisterial districts shall1 until changed by law1 remain as now constituted3 provided1 that hereafter no additional districts shall be made containing less than thirty square miles4 ,in each district there shall be elected by the qualified voters thereof1 one supervisor4 ,the supervisors of the districts shall constitute the board of supervisors of the county1 which shall meet at stated periods and at other times as often as may be necessary1 lay the county and district levies1 pass upon all claims against the county1 subject to such appeal as may be provided by law1 and perform such duties as may be required by law4 ,,sec4 #aab4 ,all regular elections for county and district officers shall be held on ,tuesday after the first ,monday in ,november1 and all of said officers shall enter upon the duties of their offices on the first day of ,january next succeeding their election1 and shall hold their respective offices for the term of four years1 except that the county clerk shall hold office for eight years2 provided that the term of the clerks first elected under this ,constitution shall begin on the first of ,february1 nineteen hundred and four1 and end on the first of ,january1 nineteen hundred and twelve4 ,,sec4 #aac4 ,no person shall at the same time hold more than one of the offices mentioned in this article4 ,any officer required by law to give bond may be required to give additional security thereon1 or to execute a new bond1 and in default of so doing his office shall be declared vacant4 ,,sec4 #aad1 ,counties shall not be made responsible for the acts of the sheriffs4 ,,sec4 #aae4 ,the ,general ,assembly shall provide for the examination of the books1 accounts and settlements of county and city officers who are charged with the collection and disbursement of public funds4 ,,article ,,viii4 ,,organization ,,and ,,government ,,of ,,cities ,,and ,,towns4 ,,sec4 #aaf4 ,as used in this article the words incorporated communities shall be construed to relate only to cities and towns4 ,all incorporated communities1 having within defined boundaries a population of five thousand or more1 shall be known as cities2 and all incorporated communities having within defined boundaries a population of less than five thousand1 shall be known as towns4 ,in determining the population of such cities and towns the ,general ,assembly shall be governed by the last ,united ,states census1 or such other enumeration as may be made by authority of the ,general ,assembly2 but nothing in this section shall be construed to repeal the charter of any incorporated community of less than five thousand inhabitants having a city charter at the time of the adoption of this ,constitution1 or to prevent the abolition by such incorporated communities of the corporation or hustings court thereof4 ,,sec4 #aag4 ,general laws for the organization and government of cities and towns shall be enacted by the ,general ,assembly1 and no special act shall be passed in relation thereto1 except in the manner provided in ,article ,four of this ,constitution1 and then only by a recorded vote of two-thirds of the members elected to each house4 ,but each of the cities and towns of the ,state having at the time of the adoption of this ,constitution a municipal charter may retain the same1 except so far as it shall be repealed or amended by the ,general ,assembly3 provided1 that every such charter is hereby amended so as to conform to all the provisions1 restrictions1 limitations and powers set forth in this article1 or otherwise provided in this ,constitution4 ,,sec4 #aah4 ,in each city which has a court in whose office deeds are admitted to record1 there shall be elected for a term of eight years by the qualified voters of such city a clerk of said court1 who shall perform such other duties as may be required by law4 ,there shall be elected in like manner and for a like term all such additional clerks of courts for cities as the ,general ,assembly may prescribe1 or as are now authorized by law1 so long as such courts shall continue in existence4 ,but in no city of less than thirty thousand inhabitants shall there be more than one clerk of the court1 who shall be clerk of all the courts of record in such city4 ,,sec4 #aai4 ,in every city1 so long as it has a corporation court1 or a separate circuit court1 there shall be elected for a term of four years by the qualified voters of such city1 one attorney for the ,commonwealth1 who shall also1 in those cities having a separate circuit court1 be the attorney for the ,commonwealth1 for such circuit court4 ,in every city there shall be elected1 or appointed1 for a term of four years1 in a manner to be provided by law1 one commissioner of revenue1 whose duties and compensation shall be prescribed by law2 but should he be elected by the people1 he shall be ineligible for reelection to the office for the next succeeding term4 ,,sec4 #abj4 ,in every city there shall be elected by the qualified voters thereof one city treasurer1 for a term of four years1 but he shall not be eligible for more than two consecutive terms1 nor act as deputy for his immediate successor2 one city sergeant1 for a term of four years1 whose duties shall be prescribed by law2 and1 a mayor1 for a term of four years1 who shall be the chief executive officer of such city4 ,all city and town officers1 whose election or appointment is not provided for by this ,constitution1 shall be elected by the electors of such cities and towns1 or of some division thereof1 or appointed by such authorities thereof as the ,general ,assembly shall designate4 ,the mayor shall see that the duties of the various city officers1 members of the police and fire departments1 whether elected or appointed1 in and for such city1 are faithfully performed4 ,he shall have power to investigate their acts1 have access to all books and documents in their offices1 and may examine them and their subordinates on oath4 ,the evidence given by persons so examined shall not be used against them in any criminal proceedings4 ,he shall also have power to suspend such officers and the members of the police and fire departments1 and to remove such officers1 and also such members of said departments when authorized by the ,general ,assembly1 for misconduct in office or neglect of duty1 to be specified in the order of suspension or removal2 but no such removal shall be made without reasonable notice to the officer complained of1 and an opportunity afforded him to be heard in person1 or by counsel1 and to present testimony in his defense4 ,from such order of suspension or removal1 the city officer so suspended or removed shall have an appeal of right to the corporation court1 or1 if there be no such court1 to the circuit court of such city1 in which court the case shall be heard de novo by the judge thereof1 whose decision shall be final4 ,he shall have all other powers and duties which may be conferred and imposed upon him by general laws4 ,,sec4 #aba4 ,there shall be in every city a council1 composed of two branches having a different number of members1 whose powers and terms of office shall be prescribed by law1 and whose members shall be elected by the qualified voters of such city1 in the manner prescribed by law1 but so as to give as far as practicable1 to each ward of such city1 equal representation in each branch of said council in proportion to the population of such ward2 but in cities of under ten thousand population the ,general ,assembly may permit the council to consist of one branch4 ,no member of the council shall be eligible during his tenure of office as such member1 or for one year thereafter1 to any office to be filled by the council by election or appointment4 ,the council of every city may1 in a manner prescribed by law1 increase or diminish the number1 and change the boundaries1 of the wards thereof1 and shall1 in the year nineteen hundred and three1 and in every tenth year thereafter1 and also whenever the boundaries of such wards are changed1 re-apportion the representation in the council among the wards in a manner prescribed by law2 and whenever the council of any such city shall fail to perform the duty so prescribed1 a mandamus shall lie on behalf of any citizen thereof to compel its performance4 ,,sec4 #abb4 ,the mayors and councils of cities shall be elected on the second ,tuesday in ,june1 and their terms of office shall begin on the first day of ,september succeeding4 ,all other elective officers1 provided for by this article1 or hereafter authorized by law1 shall be elected on the ,tuesday after the first ,monday in ,november1 and their terms of office shall begin on the first day of ,january succeeding1 except that the terms of office of clerks of the city courts shall begin coincidently with that of the judges of said courts3 provided1 that the ,general ,assembly may change the time of election of all or any of the said officers1 except that the election and the beginning of the terms of mayors and councils of cities shall not be made by the ,general ,assembly to occur at the same time with the election and beginning of the terms of office of the other elective officers provided for by this ,constitution4 ,,sec4 #abc4 ,every ordinance1 or resolution having the effect of an ordinance1 shall1 before it becomes operative1 be presented to the mayor4 ,if he approve he shall sign it1 but if not1 if the council consist of two branches1 he may return it1 with his objections in writing1 to the clerk1 or other recording officer1 of that branch in which it originated2 which branch shall enter the objections at length on its journal and proceed to reconsider it4 ,if after such consideration two thirds of all the members elected thereto shall agree to pass the ordinance or resolution it shall be sent1 together with the objections1 to the other branch1 by which it shall likewise be considered1 and if approved by two thirds of all the members elected thereto1 it shall become operative notwithstanding the objections of the mayor4 ,but in all such cases the votes of both branches of the council shall be determined by yeas and nays1 and the names of the members voting for and against the ordinance or resolution shall be entered on the journal of each branch4 ,if the council consist of a single branch1 the mayor's objections in wilting to any ordinance1 or resolution having the effect of an ordinance1 shall be returned to the clerk1 or other recording officer of the council1 and be entered at length on its journal1 whereupon the council shall proceed to reconsider the same4 ,upon such consideration the vote shall be taken in the same manner as where the council consists of two branches1 and if the ordinance or resolution be approved by two thirds of all the members elected to the council1 it shall become operative notwithstanding the objections of the mayor4 ,if any ordnance or resolution shall not be returned by the major within five days 7,sunday excepted71 after it shall have been presented to him1 it shall become operative in like manner as if he had signed it1 unless his term of office1 or that of the council1 shall expire within said five days4 ,the mayor shall have the power to veto any particular item or items of an appropriation1 ordnance or resolution1 but the veto shall not affect any item or items to which he does not object4 ,the item or items objected to shall not take effect except in the manner provided in this section as to ordnances or resolutions not approved by the mayor4 ,no ordinance or resolution appropriating money exceeding the sum of one hundred dollars1 imposing taxes1 or authorizing the borrowing of money1 shall be passed1 except by a recorded affirmative vote of a majority of all the members elected to the council or to each branch thereof where there are two1 and in case of the veto by the mayor of such ordnance or resolution1 it shall require a recorded affirmative vote of two thirds of all the members elected to the council1 or to each branch thereof where there are two1 to pass the same over such veto in the manner provided in this section4 ,nothing contained in this section shall operate to repeal or amend any provision in any existing city charter requiring a two thirds vote for the passage of any ordinance as to the appropriation of money1 imposing taxes or authorizing the borrowing of money4 ,,sec4 #abd4 ,no street1 railway1 gas1 water1 steam1 or electric heating1 electric light or power1 cold storage1 compressed air1 viaduct1 conduct telephone1 or bridge1 company1 nor any corporation1 association1 person or partnership1 engaged in these or like enterprises1 shall be permitted to use the streets1 alleys1 or public grounds of a city or town without the previous consent of the corporate authorities of such city or town4 ,,sec4 #abe4 ,the rights of no city or town in and to its water front1 wharf property1 public landings1 wharves1 docks1 streets1 avenues1 parks1 budges1 and other public places1 and its gas1 water1 and electric works shall be sold except by an ordinance or resolution passed by a recorded affirmative vote of three fourths of all the members elected to the council1 or to each branch thereof where there are two1 and under such other restrictions as may be imposed by law1 and in case of the veto by the mayor of such an ordinance or resolution1 it shall require a recorded affirmative vote of three fourths of all the members elected to the council1 or to each branch thereof--where there are two1 had in the manner heretofore provided for in this article1 to pass the same over the veto4 ,so franchise1 lease or light of any kind to use any such public property or any other public property or easement of any description1 in a manner not permitted to the general public1 shall be granted for a longer period than thirty years4 ,before planting any such franchise or privilege for a term of years1 except for a trunk railway1 the municipality shall first1 after due advertisement1 reserve bids therefor publicly1 in such manner as may be provided by law1 and shall then act as may be required by law4 ,such grant1 and any contract in pursuance thereof1 may provide that upon the termination of the grant the plant as well as the property1 if any1 of the grantee in the streets1 avenues1 and other public places shall thereupon1 without compensation to the grantee1 or upon the payment of a fair valuation therefor1 be and become the property of the said city or town1 but the grantee shall be entitled to no payment by reason of the value of the franchise1 and any such plant or property acquired by a city or town may be sold or leased1 or1 if authorized by law1 maintained1 controlled and operated1 by such city or town4 ,every such grant shall specify the mode of determining any valuation therein provided for1 and shall make adequate provision by way of forfeiture of the grant1 or otherwise1 to secure efficiency of public service at reasonable rates1 and the maintenance of the property in good order throughout the term of the grant4 ,nothing herein contained shall be construed as preventing the ,general ,assembly from prescribing additional restrictions on the powers of cities and towns in granting franchises or in selling or leasing any of their property1 or as repealing any additional restriction now required in relation thereto in any existing municipal charter4 ,,sec4 #abf4 ,the ,general ,assembly shall provide by general laws for the extension and the contraction1 from time to time1 of the corporate limits of cities and towns1 and no special act for such purpose shall be valid4 ,,sec4 #abg4 ,no city or town shall issue any bonds or other interest bearing obligations for any purpose1 or in any manner1 to an amount which1 including existing indebtedness1 shall1 at any time1 exceed eighteen per centum of the assessed valuation of the real estate in the city or town subject to taxation1 as shown by the last preceding assessment for taxes provided1 however that nothing above contained in this section shall apply to those cities and towns whose charters existing at the adoption of this ,constitution authorize a larger percentage of indebtedness than is authorized by this section and provided further1 that in determining the limitation of the power of a city or town to incur indebtedness there shall not be included the following classes of indebtedness 7a47 ,certificates of indebtedness1 revenue bonds or other obligations issued in anticipation of the collection of the revenue of such city or town for the then current year2 provided that such certificates1 bonds or other obligations mature within one year from the date of their issue1 and be not past due1 and do not exceed the revenue for such year2 7b47 ,bonds authorized by an ordinance enacted in accordance with section ,one ,hundred and ,twenty-three1 and approved by the affirmative vote of the majority of the qualified voters of the city or town voting upon the question of their issuance1 at the general election next succeeding the enactment of the ordinance1 or at a special election held for that purpose1 for a supply of water or other specific undertaking from which the city or town may derive a revenue2 but from and after a period to be determined by the council1 not exceeding five years from the date of such election1 whenever and for so long as such undertaking fails to produce sufficient revenue to pay for cost of operation and administration 7including interest on bonds issued therefor1 and the cost of insurance against loss by injury to persons or property71 and an annual amount to be covered into a sinking fund sufficient to pay1 at or before maturity1 all bonds issued on account of said undertaking1 all such bonds outstanding shall be included in determining the limitation of the power to incur indebtedness1 unless the principal and interest thereof be made payable exclusively from the receipts of the undertaking4 ,,sec4 #abh4 ,in cities and towns the assessment of real estate and personal property for the purpose of muicipal taxation1 shall be the same as the assessment thereof for the purpose of state taxation1 whenever there shall be a state assessment of such property4 ,,article ,,ix4 ,,education ,,and ,,public ,,instruction4 ,,sec4 #abi4 ,the ,general ,assembly shall establish and maintain an efficient system of public free schools throughout the ,state4 ,,sec4 #acj4 ,the general supervision of the school system shall be vested in a ,state ,board of ,education1 composed of the ,governor1 ,attorney-,general1 ,superintendent of ,public ,instruction1 and three experienced educators to be elected quadrennially by the ,senate1 from a list of eligibles1 consisting of one from each of the faculties1 and nominated by the respective boards of visitors or trustees1 of the ,university of ,virginia1 the ,virginia ,military ,institute1 the ,virginia ,polytechnic ,institute1 the ,state ,female ,normal ,school at ,farmville1 the ,school for the ,deaf and ,blind1 and also of the ,college of ,william and ,mary1 so long as the ,state continue its annual appropriation to the last named institution4 ,the board thus constituted shall select and associate with itself two division superintendents of schools1 one from a county and the other from a city1 who shall hold office for two years1 and whose powers and duties shall be identical with those of other members1 except that they shall not participate in the appointment of any public school official4 ,any vacancy occurring during the term of any member of the board shall be filled for the unexpired term by said board4 ,,sec4 #aca4 ,the ,superintendent of ,public ,instruction1 who shall be an experienced educator1 shall be elected by the qualified voters of the ,state at the same time and for the same term as the ,governor4 ,any vacancy in said office shall be filled for the unexpired term by the said board4 ,his duties shall be prescribed by the ,state ,board of ,education1 of which he shall be ex-officio president2 and his compensation shall be fixed by law4 ,,sec4 #acb4 ,the duties and powers of the ,state ,board of ,education shall be as follows3 ,first4 ,it may1 in its discretion1 divide the ,state into appropriate school divisions1 comprising not less than one county or city each1 but no county or city shall be divided in the formation of such divisions4 ,it shall1 subject to the confirmation of the ,senate1 appoint1 for each of such divisions1 one superintendent of schools1 who shall hold office for four years1 and shall prescribe his duties1 and may remove him for cause and upon notice4 ,second4 ,it shall have1 regulated by law1 the management and investment of the school fund4 ,third4 ,it shall have authority to make all needful rules and regulations for the management and conduct of the schools1 which1 when published and distributed1 shall have the force and effect of law1 subject to the authority of the ,general ,assembly to revise1 amend1 or repeal the same4 ,fourth4 ,it shall select text books and educational appliances for vise in the schools of the ,state1 exercising such discretion as it may see fit in the selection of books suitable for the schools in the cities and counties respectively4 ,fifth4 ,it shall appoint a board of directors1 consisting of five members1 to serve without compensation1 which shall have the management of the ,state ,library1 and the appointment of a librarian and other employees thereof1 subject to such rules and regulations as the ,general ,assembly snail prescribe2 but the ,supreme ,court of ,appeals shall have the management of the law library and the appointment of the librarian and other employees thereof4 ,,sec4 #acc4 ,each magisterial district shall constitute a separate school district1 unless otherwise provided by law4 ,in each school district there shall be three trustees selected1 in the manner and for the term of office prescribed by law4 ,,sec4 #acd4 ,the ,general ,assembly shall set apart as a permanent and perpetual literary fund1 the present literary fund of the ,state2 the proceeds of all public lands donated by ,congress for public free school purposes2 of all escheated property2 of all waste and unappropriated lands2 of all property accruing to the ,state by forfeiture1 and all fines collected for offences committed against the ,state1 and such other sums as the ,general ,assembly may apppropriate4 ,,sec4 #ace4 ,the ,general ,assembly shall apply the annual interest on the literary fund2 that portion of the capitation tax provided for in the ,constitution to be paid into the state treasury1 and not returnable to the counties and cities2 and an annual tax on property of not less than one nor more than five mills on the dollar to the schools of the primary and grammar grades1 for the equal benefit of all of the people of the ,state1 to be apportioned on a basis of school population2 the number of children between the ages of seven and twenty years in each school district to be the basis of such apportionment3 but if at any time the several kinds or classes of property shall be segregated for the purposes of taxation1 so as to specify and determine upon what subjects state taxes and upon what subjects local taxes may be levied1 then the ,general ,assembly may otherwise provide for a fixed appropriation of state revenue to the support of the schools not less than that provided in this section4 ,,sec4 #acf4 ,each county1 city1 town if the same be a separate school district1 and school district is authorized to raise additional sums by a tax on property1 not to exceed in the aggregate five mills on the dollar in any one year1 to be apportioned and expended by the local school authorities of said counties1 cities1 towns and district in establishing and maintaining such schools as in their judgment the public welfare may require3 provided1 that such primary schools as may be established in any school year1 shall be maintained at least four months of that school year1 before any part of the fund assessed and collected may be devoted to the establishment of schools of higher grade4 ,the boards of supervisors of the several counties1 and the councils of the several cities1 and towns if the same be separate schools districts1 shall provide for the levy and collection of such local school taxes4 ,,sec4 #acg4 ,the ,general ,assembly may establish agricultural1 normal1 manual training and technical schools1 and such grades of schools as shall be for the public good4 ,,sec4 #ach4 ,the ,general ,assembly may1 in its discretion1 provide for the compulsory education of children between the ages of eight and twelve years1 except such as are weak in body or mind1 or can read and write1 or are attending private schools1 or are excused for cause by the district school trustees4 ,,sec4 #aci4 ,provision shall be made to supply children attending the public schools with necessary text-books in cases where the parent or guardian is unable1 by reason of poverty1 to furnish them4 ,,sec4 #adj4 ,white and colored children shall not be taught in the same school4 ,,sec4 #ada4 ,no appropriation of public funds shall be made to any school or institution of learning not owned or exclusively controlled by the ,state or some political subdivision thereof3 provided1 first1 that the ,general ,assembly may1 in its discretion1 continue the appropriations to the ,college of ,william and ,mary2 second1 that this section shall not be construed as requiring or prohibiting the continuance or discontinuance by the ,general ,assembly of the payment of interest on certain bonds held by certain schools and colleges as provided by an act of the ,general ,assembly1 approved ,february twenty-third1 eighteen hundred and ninety-two1 relating to bonds held by schools and colleges2 third1 that counties1 cities1 towns1 and districts may make appropriations to non-sectarian schools of manual1 industrial1 or technical training1 and also to any school or institution of learning owned or exclusively controlled by such county1 city1 town1 or school district4 ,,sec4 #adb4 ,members of the boards of visitors or trustees of educational institutions shall be appointed as may be provided by law1 and shall hold for the term of four years3 provided1 that at the first appointment1 if the board be of an even number1 one-half of them1 or1 if of an odd number1 the least majority of them1 shall be appointed for two years4 ,,article ,x4 ,,agriculture ,,and ,,immigration4 ,,sec4 #adc4 ,there shall be a ,department of ,agriculture and ,immigration1 which shall be permanently maintained at the capital of the ,state1 and which shall be under the management and control of a ,board of ,agriculture and ,immigration1 composed of one member from each congressional district1 who shall be a practical farmer1 appointed by the ,governor for a term of four years1 subject to confirmation by the ,senate1 and the president of the ,virginia ,polytechnic ,institute1 who shall be ex-officio a member of the board3 provided1 that members of the board first appointed under this ,constitution from the congressional districts bearing odd numbers shall hold office for two years4 ,,sec4 #add4 ,the powers and duties of the board shall be prescribed by law3 provided1 that it shall have power to elect and remove its officers1 and establish elsewhere in the ,state subordinate branches of said department4 ,,sec4 #ade4 ,there shall be a ,commissioner of ,agriculture and ,immigration1 whose term of office shall be four years1 and who shall be elected by the qualified voters of the ,state1 and whose powers and duties shall be prescribed by the ,board of ,agriculture and ,immigration until otherwise provided by law4 ,,sec4 #adf4 ,the president of the ,board of ,agriculture and ,immigration shall be ex-officio a member of the ,board of ,visitors of the ,virginia ,polytechnic ,institute4 ,,article ,,xii ,,public ,,institutions ,,and ,,prisons4 ,,sec4 #adg4 ,there shall be a state penitentiary1--with such branch prisons and prison farms as may be provided by law4 ,,sec4 #adh4 ,there shall be appointed by the ,governor1 subject to confirmation by the ,senate1 a board of five directors which1 subject to such regulations and requirements as may be prescribed by law1 shall have the government and control of the penitentiary1 branch prisons1 and prison farms1 and shall appoint the superintendents and surgeons thereof4 ,the respective superintendents shall appoint1 and may remove1 all other officers and employees of the penitentiary1 branch prisons1 and prison farms1 subject to the approval of the board of directors4 ,the superintendents and surgeons shall be appointed for a term of four years1 and be removable by the board of directors for misbehavior1 incapacity1 neglect of official duty1 or acts performed without authority of law4 ,the terms of the directors first appointed shall be one1 two1 three1 four1 and five years respectively2 and thereafter1 upon the expiration of the term of a director1 his successor shall be appointed for a term of five years4 ,,sec4 #adi4 ,for each state hospital for the insane now existing1 or hereafter established1 there shall be a special board of directors1 consisting of three members1 who shall be appointed by the ,governor1 subject to confirmation by the ,senate2 such board shall have the management of the hospital for which it is appointed1 under the supervision and control of the general board of directors hereinafter constituted4 ,the terms of the directors first appointed shall be two1 four1 and six years1 respectively1 and thereafter1 upon the expiration of the term of a member1 his successor shall be appointed for a term of six years4 ,,sec4 #aej4 ,there shall be a general board of directors for the control and management of all the state hospitals for the insane now existing or hereafter established1 which shall consist of all the directors appointed members of the several special boards4 ,the general board of directors shall be subject to such regulations and requirements as the ,general ,assembly may from time to time prescribe1 and shall have full power and control over the special boards of directors and all of the officers and employees of the said hospitals4 ,,sec4 #aea4 ,the general board of directors shall appoint for a term of four years a superintendent for each hospital1 who shall be removable by said board for misbehavior1 incapacity1 neglect of official duty1 or acts performed without authority of law4 ,the special board of each hospital1 shall1 subject to the approval of the general board1 appoint for a term of four years all other resident officers4 ,the superintendent of each hospital shall appoint1 and may remove1 with the approval of the special board1 all other employees of such hospital4 ,,sec4 #aeb4 ,there shall be a ,commissioner of ,state ,hospitals for the ,insane1 who shall be appointed by the ,governor1 subject to confirmation by the ,senate1 for a term of four years4 ,he shall be ex-officio chairman of the general and of each of the special boards of directors1 and shall be responsible for the proper disbursement of all moneys appropriated or received from any source for the maintenance of such hospitals2 he shall cause to be established and maintained at all of the hospitals a uniform system of keeping the records and the accounts of money received and disbursed and of making reports thereof4 ,he shall perform such other duties and shall execute such bond and receive such salary as may be prescribed by law4 ,,article ,,xii4 ,,corporations4 ,,sec4 #aec4 ,as used in this article1 the term corporation or company shall include all trusts1 associations and joint stock companies having any powers or privileges not possessed by individuals or unlimited partnerships1 and exclude all municipal corporations and public institutions owned or controlled by the ,state2 the term charter shall be construed to mean the charter of incorporation by1 or under1 which any such corporation is formed2 the term transportation company shall include any company1 trustee1 or other person owning1 leasing or operating for hire a railroad1 street railway1 canal1 steamboat or steamship line1 and also any freight car company1 car association1 or car trust1 express company1 or company1 trustee or person in any way engaged in business as a common carrier over a route acquired in whole or in part under the right of eminent domain2 the term rate shall be construed to mean rate of charge for any service rendered or to be rendered2 the terms rate1 charge and regulation1 shall include joint rates1 joint charges1 and joint regulations1 respectively2 the term transmission company shall include any company owning1 leasing1 or operating for hire1 any telegraph or telephone line2 the term freight shall be construed to mean any property transported1 or received for transportation1 by any transportation company2 the term public service corporation shall include all transportation and transmission companies1 all gas1 electric light1 heat and power companies1 and all persons authorized to exercise the right of eminent domain1 or to use or occupy any street1 alley or public highway1 whether along1 over1 or under the same1 in a manner not permitted to the general public2 the term person1 as used in this article1 shall include individuals1 partnerships and corporations1 in the singular as well as plural number2 the term bond shall mean all certificates1 or written evidences1 of indebtedness issued by any corporation and secured by mortgage or trust deed2 the term frank shall be construed to mean any writing or token1 issued by1 or under authority of1 a transmission company1 entitling the holder to any service from such company free of charge4 ,the provisions of this article shall always be so restricted in their application as not to conflict with any of the provisions of the ,constitution of the ,united ,states1 and as if the necessary limitations upon their interpretation had been herein expressed in each case4 ,,sec4 #aed4 ,the creation of corporations1 and the extension and amendment of charters 7whether heretofore or hereafter granted71 shall be provided for by general laws1 and no charter shall be granted1 amended or extended by special act1 nor shall authority in such matters be conferred upon any tribunal or officer1 except to ascertain whether the applicants have1 by complying with the requirements of the law1 entitled themselves to the charier1 amendment or extension applied for1 and to issue1 or refuse1 the same accordingly4 ,such general laws may be amended or repealed by the ,general ,assembly2 and all charters and amendments of charters1 now existing and revocable1 or hereafter granted or extended1 may be repealed at any time by special act4 ,provision shall be made1 by general laws1 for the voluntary surrender of its charter by any corporation1 and for the forfeiture thereof for non-user or mis- user4 ,the ,general ,assembly shall not1 by special act1 regulate the affairs of any corporation1 nor1 by such act1 give it any rights1 powers or privileges4 ,,sec4 #aee4 ,a permanent commission1 to consist of three members1 is hereby created1 which shall be known as the ,state ,corporation ,commission4 ,the commissioners shall be appointed by the ,governor1 subject to confirmation by the ,general ,assembly in joint session1 and their regular terms of office shall be six years1 respectively1 except those first appointed under this ,constitution1 of whom1 one shall be appointed to hold office until the first day of ,february1 nineteen hundred and four1 one1 until the first day of ,february1 nineteen hundred and six1 and one1 until the first day of ,february1 nineteen hundred and eight4 ,whenever a vacancy in the commission shall occur1 the ,governor shall forthwith appoint a qualified person to fill the same for the unexpired term1 subject to confirmation by the ,general ,assembly as aforesaid ,commissioners appointed for regular terms shall1 at the beginning of the terms for which appointed1 and those appointed to fill vacancies shall1 immediately upon their appointments1 enter upon the duties of their office1 but no person so appointed1 either for a regular term1 or to fill a vacancy1 shall enter upon1 or continue in1 office after the ,general ,assembly shall have refused to confirm his appointment1 or adjourned sine die without confirming the same1 nor shall he be eligible for reappointment to fill the vacancy caused by such refusal or failure to confirm4 ,no person while employed by1 or holding any office in relation to1 any transportation or transmission company1 or while in any wise financially interested therein1 or while engaged in practicing law1 shall hold office as a member of said commission1 or perform any of the duties thereof4 ,at least one of the commissioners shall have the qualifications prescribed for judges of the ,supreme ,court of ,appeals1 and any commissioner may be impeached or removed in the manner provided for the impeachment or removal of a judge of said court4 ,the commission shall annually elect one of their members chairman of the same1 and shall have one clerk1 one bailiff and such other clerks1 officers1 assistants and subordinates as may be provided by law1 all of whom shall be appointed1 and subject to removal1 by the commission4 ,it shall prescribe its own rules of order and procedure1 except so far as the same are specified in this ,constitution or any amendment thereof4 ,the ,general ,assembly may establish within the department1 and subject to the supervision and control1 of the commission1 subordinate divisions1 or bureaus1 of insurance1 banking or other special branches of the business of that department4 ,all sessions of the commission shall be public1 and a permanent record shall be kept of all its judgments1 rules1 orders1 findings and decisions1 and of all reports made to1 or by1 it4 ,two of the commissioners shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business1 whether there be a vacancy in the commission or not4 ,the commission shall keep its office open for business on every day except ,sundays and legal holidays4 ,transportation companies shall at all times transport1 free of charge1 within this ,state1 the members of said commission and its officers1 or any of them1 when engaged on their official duties4 ,the ,general ,assembly shall provide suitable quarters for the commission and funds for its lawful expenses1 including pay for witnesses summoned1 and costs of executing processes issued1 by the commission of its own motion1 and shall fix the salaries of the members1 clerks1 assistants and subordinates of the commission and provide for the payment thereof1 but the salary of each commissioner shall not be less than four thousand dollars per annum ,after the first day of ,january1 nineteen hundred and eight1 the ,general ,assembly may provide for the election of the members of the commission by the qualified voters of the ,state1 in which event1 vacancies thereafter occurring shall be filled as here inbefore provided1 until the expiration of twenty days after the next general election1 held not less than sixty days after the vacancy occurs1 at which election the vacancy shall be filled for the residue of the unexpired term ,,sec #aef 7a7 ,subject to the provisions of this ,constitution and to such requirements1 rules and regulations as may be prescribed by law1 the ,state ,corporation ,commission shall be the department of government through which shall be issued all charters and amendments or extensions thereof1 for domestic corporations1 and all licenses to do business in this ,state to foreign corporations1 and through which shall be carried out all the provisions of this ,constitution1 and of the laws made in pursuance thereof1 for the creation1 visitation1 supervision1 regulation and control of corporations chartered by1 or doing business in1 this ,state ,the commission shall prescribe the forms of all reports which may be required of such corporations by this ,constitution or by law1 it shall collect1 receive1 and preserve such reports1 and annually tabulate and publish them in statistical form1 it shall have all the rights and powers of1 and perform all the duties devolving upon1 the ,railroad ,commissioner and the ,board of ,public ,works1 at the time this ,constitution goes into effect1 except so far as they are inconsistent with this ,constitution1 or may be hereafter abolished or changed by law 7b7 ,the commission shall have the power1 and be charged with the duty1 of supervising1 regulating and controlling all transportation and transmission companies doing business in this ,state1 in all matters relating to the performance of their public duties and their charges therefor1 and of correcting abuses therein by such companies1 and to that end the commission shall1 from time to time prescribe1 and enforce against such companies1 in the manner hereinafter authorized1 such rates1 charges1 classifications of traffic1 and rules and regulations1 and shall require them to establish and maintain all such public service1 facilities and conveniences1 as may be reasonable and just1 which said rates1 charges1 classifications1 rules1 regulations and requirements1 the commission may1 from time to time1 alter or amend4 ,all rates1 charges1 classifications1 rules and regulations adopted1 or acted upon1 by any such company1 inconsistent with those prescribed by the commission1 within the scope of its authority1 shall be unlawful and void4 ,the commission shall also have the right at all times to inspect the books and papers of all transportation and transmission companies doing business in this ,state1 and to require from such companies1 from time to time1 special reports and statements under oath concerning their business1 it shall keep itself fully informed of the physical condition of all the railroads of the ,state1 as to the manner in which they are operated1 with reference to the security and accommodation of the public1 and shall1 from time to time1 make and enforce such requirements1 rules and regulations as may be necessary to prevent unjust or unreasonable discriminations by any transportation or transmission company in favor of1 or against1 any person1 locality1 community1 connecting line1 or kind of traffic1 in the matter of car service1 train or boat schedule1 efficiency of transportation or otherwise1 in connection with the public duties of such company ,before the commission shall prescribe or fix any rate1 charge1 or classification of traffic1 and before it shall make any order1 rule1 regulation or requirement directed against any one or more companies by name1 the company or companies to be affected by such rate1 charge1 classification1 order1 rule1 regulation or requirement1 shall first be given1 by the commission1 at least ten days' notice of the time and place1 when and where the contemplated action in the premises will be considered and disposed of1 and shall be afforded a reasonable opportunity to introduce evidence and to be heard thereon1 to the end that justice may be done1 and shall have process to enforce the attendance of witnesses1 and before the commission shall make or prescribe any general order1 rule1 regulation or requirement1 not directed against any specific company or companies by name1 the contemplated general order1 rule1 regulation or requirement shall first be published in substance1 not less than once a week for four consecutive weeks in one or more of the newspapers of general circulation published in the city of ,richmond1 ,virginia1 together with notice of the time and place1 when and where the commission will hear any objections which may be urged by any person interested1 against the proposed order1 rule1 regulation or requirement1 and every such general order1 rule1 regulation or requirement1 made by the commission shall be published at length1 for the time and in the manner above specified1 before it shall go into effect1 and shall also1 as long as it remains in force1 be published in each subsequent annual report of the commission4 ,the authority of the commission 7subject to review on appeal as hereinafter provided7 to prescribe rates1 charges and classifications of traffic1 for transportation and transmission companies1 shall be paramount1 but its authority to prescribe any other rules1 regulations or requirements for corporations or other persons shall be subject to the superior authority of the ,general ,assembly to legislate thereon by general laws provided1 however1 that nothing in this section shall impair the right which has heretofore been1 or may hereafter be1 conferred by law upon the authorities of any city1 town or county to prescribe rules1 regulations or rates of charge to be observed by any public service corporation in connection with any services performed by it under a municipal or county franchise granted by such city1 town or county1 so far as such services may be wholly within the limits of the city1 town or county granting the franchise4 ,upon the request of the parties interested1 it shall be the duty of the commission1 as far as possible1 to effect1 by mediation1 the adjustment of claims1 and the settlement of controversies1 between transportation or transmission companies and their patrons 7c7 ,in all matters pertaining to the public visitation1 regulation or control of corporations1 and within the jurisdiction of the commission1 it shall have the powers and authority of a court of record1 to administer oaths1 to compel the attendance of witnesses and the production of papers1 to punish for contempt any person guilty of disrespectful or disorderly conduct in the presence of the commission while in session1 and to enforce compliance with any of its lawful orders or requirements by adjudging and enforcing by its own appropriate process1 against the delinquent or offending company 7after it shall have been first duly cited1 proceeded against by due process of law before the commission sitting as a court1 and afforded opportunity to introduce evidence and to be heard1 as well against the validity1 justness or reasonableness of the order or requirement alleged to have been violated1 as against the liability of the company for the alleged violation71 such fines or other penalties as may be prescribed or authorized by this ,constitution or by law4 ,the commission may be vested with such additional powers1 and charged with such other duties 7not inconsistent with this ,constitution7 as may be prescribed by law1 in connection with the visitation1 regulation or control of corporations1 or with the prescribing and enforcing of rates and charges to be observed in the conduct of any business where the ,state has the right to prescribe the rates and charges in connection therewith1 or with the assessment of the property of corporations or the appraisement of their franchises1 for taxation1 or with the investigation of the subject of taxation generally4 ,any corporation failing or refusing to obey any valid order or requirement of the commission1 within such reasonable time1 not less than ten days1 as shall be fixed in the order1 may be fined by the commission 7proceeding by due process of law as aforesaid7 such sum1 not exceeding five hundred dollars1 as the commission may deem proper1 or such sum in excess of five hundred dollars1 as may be prescribed1 or authorized1 by law2 and each day's continuance of such failure or refusal1 after due service upon such corporation of the older or requirement of the commission1 shall be a separate offence provided that should the operation of such order or requirement be suspended pending an appeal therefrom1 the period of such suspension shall not be computed against the company in the matter of its liability to fines or penalties 7d7 ,from any action of the commission prescribing rates1 charges or classifications of traffic1 or affecting the train schedule of any transportation company1 or requiring additional facilities1 conveniences or public service of any transportation or transmission company1 or refusing to approve a suspending bond1 or requiring additional security thereon or an increase thereof1 as provided for in sub-section e of this section1 an appeal 7subject to such reasonable limitations as to time1 regulations as to procedure and provisions as to costs1 as may be prescribed by law7 may be taken by the corporation whose rates1 charges or classifications of traffic1 schedule1 facilities1 conveniences or service1 are affected1 or by any person deeming himself aggrieved by such action1 or 7if allowed by law7 by the ,commonwealth4 ,until otherwise provided by law1 such appeal shall be taken in the manner in which appeals may be taken to the ,supreme ,court of ,appeals from the inferior courts1 except that such an appeal shall be of right1 and the ,supreme ,court of ,appeals may provide by rule for proceedings in the matter of appeals in any particular in which the existing rules of law are inapplicable4 ,if such appeal be taken by the corporation whose rates1 charges or classifications of traffic1 schedules1 facilities1 conveniences or service are affected1 the ,commonwealth shall be made the appellee1 but1 in the other cases mentioned the corporation so affected shall be made the appellee4 ,the ,general ,assembly may also1 by general laws1 provide for appeals from any other action of the commission1 by the ,commonwealth or by any person interested1 irrespective of the amount involved4 ,all appeals from the commission shall be to the ,supreme ,court of ,appeals only1 aid in all appeals to which the ,commonwealth is a party1 it shall be represented by the ,attorney ,general or his legally appointed representative4 ,no court of this ,commonwealth 7except the ,supreme ,court of ,appeals1 by way of appeals as herein authorized7 shall have jurisdiction to review1 reverse1 correct or annul any action of the commission1 within the scope of its authority1 or to suspend or delay the execution or operation thereof1 or to enjoin1 restrain or interfere with the commission in the performance of its official duties1 provided1 however1 that the writs of mandamus and prohibition shall lie from the ,supreme ,court of ,appeals to the commission in all cases where such writs1 respectively1 would lie to any inferior tribunal or officer4 7e7 ,upon the granting of an appeal1 a writ of supersedeas may be awarded by the appellate court1 suspending the operation of the action appealed from until the final disposition of the appeal1 but1 prior to the final reversal thereof by the appellate court1 no action of the commission prescribing or affecting the rates1 charges or classifications of traffic of any transportation or transmission company shall be delayed1 or suspended1 in its operation1 by reason of any appeal by such corporation1 or by reason of any proceedings resulting from such appeal1 until a suspending bond shall first have been executed and filed with1 and approved by1 the commission 7or approved on review by the ,supreme ,court of ,appeals71 payable to the ,commonwealth1 and sufficient in amount and security to insure the prompt refunding1 by the appealing corporation to the parties entitled thereto of all charges which such company may collect or receive1 pending the appeal1 in excess of those fixed1 or authorized1 by the final decision of the court on appeal4 ,the commission1 upon the execution of such bond1 shall forthwith require the appealing company1 under penalty of the immediate enforcement 7pending the appeal and notwithstanding any supersedeas71 of the order or requirement appealed from1 to keep such accounts1 and to make to the commission1 from time to time1 such reports1 verified by oath1 as may1 in the judgment of the commission1 suffice to show the amounts being charged or received by the company pending the appeal1 in excess of the charge allowed by the action of the commission appealed from1 together with the names and addresses of the persons to whom such overcharges will be refundable in case the charges made by the company pending the appeal1 be not sustained on such appeal1 and the commission shall also1 from time to time1 require such company1 under like penalty1 to give additional security on1 or to increase1 the said suspending bond1 whenever1 in the opinion of the commission1 the same may be necessary to insure the prompt refunding of the overcharges aforesaid4 ,upon the final decision of such appeal1 all amounts which the appealing company may have collected1 pending the appeal1 in excess of that authorized by such final decision1 shall be promptly refunded by the company to the parties entitled thereto1 in such manner1 and through such methods of distribution1 as may be prescribed by the commission1 or by law4 ,all such appeals affecting rates1 charges or classifications of traffic1 shall have precedence upon the docket of the appellate court1 and shall be heard and disposed of promptly by the court1 irrespective of its place of session1 next after the habeas corpus1 and ,commonwealth's cases already on the docket of the court4 7a7 ,in no case of appeal from the commission shall any new or additional evidence be introduced in the appellate court1 but the chairman of the commission1 under the seal of the commission1 shall certify to the appellate court all the facts upon which the action appealed from was based and which may be essential for the proper decision of the appeal1 together with such of the evidence introduced before1 or considered by1 the commission as may be selected1 specified and required to be certified1 by any party in interest1 as well as such other evidence1 so introduced or considered1 as the commission may deem proper to certify4 ,the commission shall1 whenever an appeal is taken therefrom1 file with the record of the case1 and as a part thereof1 a written statement of the reasons upon which the action appealed from was based1 and such statement shall be lead and considered by the appellate court1 upon disposing of the appeal4 ,the appellate court shall have jurisdiction1 on such appeal1 to consider and determine the reasonableness and justness of the action of the commission appealed from1 as well as any other matter arising under such appeal provided1 however1 that the action of the commission appealed from shall be regarded as prima facie just1 reasonable and correct1 but the court may1 when it deems necessary1 in the interest of justice1 demand to the commission any case pending on appeal1 and require the same to be further investigated by the commission1 and reported upon to the court 7together with a certificate of such additional evidence as may be tendered before the commission by any party in interest71 before the appeal is finally decided4 7b7 ,whenever the court1 upon appeal1 shall reverse an order of the commission affecting the rates1 charges or the classification of traffic of any transportation or transmission company1 it shall1 at the same time1 substitute therefor such order as in its opinion1 the commission should have made at the time of entering the order appealed from1 otherwise the reversal order shall not be valid4 ,such substituted order shall have the same force and effect 7and none other7 as if it had been entered by the commission at the time the original order appealed from was entered4 ,the right of the commission to prescribe and enforce rates1 charges1 classifications1 rules and regulations1 affecting any or all actions of the commission theretofore entered by it and appealed from1 but based upon circumstances or conditions different from those existing at the time the order appealed from was made1 shall not be suspended or impaired by reason of the pendency of such appeal2 but no order of the commission1 prescribing or altering such rates1 charges1 classifications1 rules or regulations1 shall be retroactive4 7h7 ,the right of any person to institute and prosecute in the ordinary courts of justice1 any action1 suit or motion against any transportation or transmission company1 for any claim or cause of action against such company1 shall not be extinguished or impaired1 by reason of any fine or other penalty which the commission may impose1 or be authorized to impose1 upon such company because of its breach of any public duty1 or because of its failure to comply with any order or requirement of the commission2 but1 in no such proceeding by any person against such corporation1 nor in any collateral proceeding1 shall the reasonableness1 justness or validity of any rate1 charge1 classification or traffic1 rule1 regulation or requirement1 theretofore prescribed by the commission1 within the scope of its authority1 and then in force1 be questioned3 provided1 however1 that no ease based upon or involving any order of the commission shall be heard1 or disposed of1 against the objection of either party1 so long as such order is suspended in its operation by an order of the ,supreme ,court of ,appeals as authorized by this ,constitution or by any law passed in pursuance thereof4 7i7 ,the commission shall make annual reports to the ,governor of its proceedings1 in which reports it shall recommend1 from time to time1 such new or additional legislation in reference to its powers or duties1 or to the creation1 supervision1 regulation or control of corporations1 or to the subject of taxation1 as it may deem wise or expedient1 or as may be required by law4 7k7 ,upon the organization of the ,state ,corporation ,commission1 the ,board of ,public ,works and the office of ,railroad ,commissioner1 shall cease to exist2 and all books1 papers and documents pertaining thereto1 shall be transferred to1 and become a part of the records of1 the office of the ,state ,corporation ,commission4 7l7 ,after the first day of ,january1 nineteen hundred and five1 in addition to the modes of amendment provided for in ,article fifteen of this ,constitution1 the ,general ,assembly1 upon the recommendation of the ,state ,corporation ,commission1 may1 by law1 from time to time1 amend sub-sections a to i1 inclusive1 of this section1 or any of them1 or any such amendment thereof3 provided1 that no amendment made under authority of this sub-section shall contravene the provisions of any part of this ,constitution other than the sub-sections last above referred to or any such amendment thereof4 ,,sec4 #aeg4 ,provision shall be made by general laws for the payment of a fee to the ,commonwealth by every domestic corporation1 upon the granting1 amendment or extension of its charter1 and by every foreign corporation upon obtaining a license to do business in this ,state as specified in this section2 and also for the payment1 by every domestic corporation1 and foreign corporation doing business in this ,state1 of an annual registration fee of not less than five dollars nor more than twenty-five dollars1 which shall be irrespective of any specific license1 or other1 tax imposed by law upon such company for the privilege of carrying on its business in this ,state1 or upon its franchise or property2 and for the making1 by every such corporation 7at the time of paying such annual registration fee71 of such report to the ,state ,corporation ,commission1 of the status1 business or condition of such corporation1 as the ,general ,assembly may prescribe4 ,no foreign corporation shall have authority to do business in this ,state1 until it shall have first obtained from the commission a license to do business in this ,state1 upon such terms and conditions as may be prescribed by law4 ,the failure by any corporation for two successive years to pay its annual registration fee1 or to make its said annual reports1 shall1 when such failure shall have continued for ninety days after the expiration of such two years1 operate as a revocation and annulment of the charter of such corporation if it be a domestic company1 or1 of its license to do business in this ,state if it be a foreign company2 and the ,general ,assembly shall provide additional and suitable penalties for the failure of any corporation to comply promptly with the requirements of this section1 or of any laws passed in pursuance thereof4 ,the commission shall compel all corporations to comply promptly with such requirements1 by enforcing1 in the manner hereinbefore authorized1 such fines and penalties against the delinquent company as may be provided for1 or authorized by1 this article2 but the ,general ,assembly may relieve from the payment of the said registration fee any purely charitable institution or institutions4 ,,sec4 #aeh4 ,every corporation heretofore chartered in this ,state1 which shall hereafter accept1 or effect1 any amendment or extension of its charter1 shall be conclusively presumed to have thereby surrendered every exemption from taxation1 and every non- repealable feature of its charter and of the amendments thereof1 and also all exclusive rights or privileges theretofore granted to it by the ,general ,assembly and not enjoyed by other corporations of a similar general character2 and to have thereby agreed to thereafter hold its charter and franchises1 and all amendments thereof1 under the provisions and subject to all the requirements1 terms and conditions of this ,constitution and of any laws passed in pursuance thereof1 so far as the same may be applicable to such corporation4 ,,sec4 #aei4 ,the exercise of the right of eminent domain shall never be abridged1 nor so construed as to prevent the ,general ,assembly from taking the property and franchises of corporations and subjecting them to public use1 the same as the property of individuals2 and the exercise of the police power of the ,state shall never be abridged1 nor so construed as to permit corporations to conduct their business in such manner as to infringe the equal rights of individuals or the general well-being of the ,state4 ,,sec4 #afj4 ,no transportation or transmission company shall charge or receive any greater compensation1 in the aggregate1 for transporting the same class of passengers or property1 or for transmitting the same class of messages1 over a shorter than over a longer distance1 along the same line and in the same direction-- the shorter being included in the longer distance1 but this section shall not be construed as authoring any such company to charge or reserve as great compensation for a shorter as for a longer distance the ,state ,corporation ,commission may1 from time to time1 authorize any such company to disregard the foregoing provisions of this section1 by charging such rates as the commission may prescribe as just and equitable between such company and the public1 to or from any junctional or competitive points or localities1 or where the competition of points located without this ,state may make necessary the prescribing of special rates for the protection of the commerce of this ,state1 but this section shall not apply to mileage tickets1 or to any special excursion1 or commutation1 rates1 or to special rates for services rendered to the government of this ,state1 or of the ,united ,states1 or in the interest of some public object1 when such tickets or rates shall have been prescribed or authorized by the commission ,,sec4 #afa4 ,no transportation or transmission company doing business in this ,state shall grant to any member of the ,general ,assembly1 or to any state1 county1 district or municipal officer1 except to members and officers of the ,state ,corporation ,commission for then personal use while in office1 any frank1 free pass1 free transportation or any rebate or reduction in the rates charged by such company to the general public for like services4 ,for violation of the provisions of this section the offending company shall be liable to such penalties as may be prescribed by law1 and any member of the ,general ,assembly1 or any such officer1 who shall1 while in office1 accept any gift1 privilege or benefit as is prohibited by this section1 shall thereby forfeit his office1 and be subject to such further penalties as may be prescribed by law1 but this section shall not prevent a street railway company from transporting free of charge any member of the police force or fire department while in the discharge of his official duties1 nor prohibit the acceptance by any such policeman or fireman of such free transportation4 ,,sec #ajb4 ,the doctrine of fellow servant1 so far as it affects the liability of the master for injuries to his servant resulting from the acts or omissions of any other servant or servants of the common master1 is1 to the extent hereinafter stated1 abolished as to every employee of a railroad company1 engaged in the physical construction1 repair or maintenance of its roadway1 track or any of the structures connected therewith1 or in any work in or upon a car or engine standing upon a track1 or in the physical operation of a train1 car1 engine1 or switch1 or in any service requiring his presence upon a train1 car or engine1 and every such employee shall have the same right to recovery for every injury suffered by him from the acts or omissions of any other employee or employees of the common master1 that a servant would have 7at the time when this ,constitution goes into effect71 if such acts or omissions were those of the master himself in the performance of a non- assignable duty provided1 that the injury1 so suffered by such railroad employee1 result from the negligence of an officer1 or agent1 of the company of a higher grade of service than himself1 or from that of a person1 employed by the company1 having the right1 or charged with the duty1 to control or direct the general services or the immediate work of the party injured1 or the general services or the immediate work of the co employee through1 or by whose act or omission he is injured1 or that it result from the negligence of a co employee engaged in another department of labor1 or engaged upon1 or in charge of1 any car upon which1 or upon the train of which it is a part1 the injured employee is not at the time of receiving the injury1 or who is in charge of any switch1 signal point1 or locomotive engine1 or is charged with dispatching trains or transmitting telegraphic or telephonic orders therefore1 and whether such negligence be in the performance of an assignable or non assignable duty4 ,the physical construction1 repair or maintenance of the roadway1 track or any of the structures connected therewith1 and the physical construction1 repair1 maintenance1 cleaning or operation of trains1 cars or engines1 shall be regarded as different departments of labor within the meaning of this section4 ,knowledge1 by any such railroad employee injured1 of the defective or unsafe character or condition of any machinery1 ways1 appliances or structures1 shall be no defence to an action for injury caused thereby4 ,when death1 whether instantaneous or not1 results to such an employee from any injury for which he could have recovered1 under the above provisions1 had death not occurred1 then his legal or personal representative1 surviving consort1 and relatives 7and any trustee1 curator committee or guardian of such consort or relatives7 shall1 respectively1 have the same rights and remedies with respect thereto as if his death had been caused by the negligence of a co employee while in the performance1 as vice-principal1 of a non assignable duty of the master4 ,every contract or agreement1 express or implied1 made by an employee1 to waive the benefit of this section1 shall be null and void ,this section shall not be construed to deprive any employee1 or his legal or personal representative1 surviving consort or relatives 7or any trustee1 curator1 committee or guardian of such consort or relatives71 of an rights or remedies that he or they may have by the law of the land1 at the time this ,constitution goes into effect ,nothing contained in this section shall restrict the power of the ,general ,assembly to further enlarge1 for the above named class of employees1 the rights and remedies hereinbefore provided for1 or to extend such rights and remedies to1 or otherwise enlarge the present rights and remedies of1 any other class of employees of railroads or of employees of any person1 firm or corporation ,,sec #afc ,no foreign corporation shall be authored to carry on1 m this ,state1 the business1 or to exercise any of the powers or functions1 of a public service corporation1 or be permitted to do anything which domestic corporations are prohibited from doing or be relieved from compliance with any of the requirements made of similar domestic corporations by the ,constitution and laws of this ,state1 where the same can be made applicable to such foreign corporation without discriminating against it ,but this section shall not affect any public service corporation whose line or route extends across the boundary of this ,commonwealth1 nor prevent any foreign corporation from continuing in such lawful business as it may be actually engaged in within this ,state1 when this ,constitution goes into effect2 but any such foreign public service corporation1 so engaged1 shall not1 without first becoming incorporated under the laws of this ,state1 be authorized to acquire1 lease1 use or operate1 within this ,state1 any public or municipal franchise or franchises in addition to such as it may own1 lease1 use or operate when this ,constitution goes into effect4 ,the property1 within this ,state1 of foreign corporations shall always be subject to attachment1 the same as that of non- resident individuals2 and nothing in this section shall restrict the power of the ,general ,assembly to discriminate against foreign corporations whenever1 and in whatsoever respect1 it may deem wise or expedient4 ,,sec4 #afd4 ,the right of the ,commonwealth1 through such instrumentalities as it may select1 to prescribe and define the public duties of all common carriers and public service corporations1 to regulate and control them in the performance of their public duties1 and to fix and limit their charges therefor1 shall never be surrendered nor abridged4 ,,sec4 #afe4 ,the ,general ,assembly shall enact laws preventing all trusts1 combinations and monopolies1 inimical to the public welfare4 ,,sec4 #aff4 ,the exclusive right to build or operate railroads parallel to its own1 or any other1 line of railroad1 shall not be granted to any company2 but every railroad company shall have the right1 subject to such reasonable regulations as may be prescribed by law1 to parallel1 intersect1 connect with or cross1 with its roadway1 any other railroad or railroads2 but no railroad company shall build or operate any line of railroad not specified in its charter1 or in some amendment thereof4 ,all railroad companies1 whose lines of railroad connect1 shall receive and transport each other's passengers1 freight1 loaded or empty cars1 without delay or discrimination4 ,nothing in this section shall deprive the ,general ,assembly of the right to prevent by statute1 repealable at pleasure1 any railroad from being built parallel to the present line of the ,richmond1 ,fredericksburg and ,potomac railroad4 ,,sec4 #afg4 ,the ,general ,assembly shall enact general laws regulating and controlling all issues of stock and bonds by corporations4 ,whenever stock or bonds are to be issued by a corporation1 it shall1 before issuing the same1 file with the ,state ,corporation ,commission a statement 7verified by the oath of the president or secretary of the corporation1 and in such form as may be prescribed or permitted by the commission7 setting forth fully and accurately the basis1 or financial plan1 upon which such stock or bonds are to be issued2 and where such basis or plan includes services or property 7other than money71 received or to be received by the company1 such statement shall accurately specify and describe1 in the manner prescribed1 or permitted1 by the commission1 the services and property1 together with the valuation at which the same are received or to be received2 and such corporation shall comply with any other requirements or restrictions which may be imposed by law4 ,the ,general ,assembly shall provide adequate penalties for the violation of this section1 or of any laws passed in pursuance thereof2 and it shall be the duty of the commission to adjudge1 and enforce 7in the manner hereinbefore provided71 against any corporation refusing or failing to comply with the provisions of this section1 or of any laws passed in prey nuance thereof1 such fines and penalties as are authorized by this ,constitution1 or may be prescribed by law4 ,,article ,,xiii4 ,,taxation ,,and ,,finance4 ,,sec4 #afh4 ,all property1 except as hereinafter provided1 shall be taxed2 all taxes1 whether state1 local1 or municipal1 shall be uniform upon the same class of subjects within the territorial limits of the authority levying the tax1 and shall be levied and collected under general laws4 ,,sec4 #afi4 ,except as hereinafter provided1 all assessments of real estate and tangible personal property shall be at their fair market value1 to be ascertained as prescribed by law4 ,the ,general ,assembly may allow a lower rate of taxation to be imposed for a period of years by a city or town upon land added to its corporate limits1 than is imposed on similar property within its limits at the time such land is added4 ,nothing in this ,constitution shall prevent the ,general ,assembly1 after the first day of ,january1 nineteen hundred and thirteen1 from segregating for the purposes of taxation1 the several kinds or classes of property1 so as to specify and determine upon what subjects1 state taxes1 and upon what subjects1 local taxes may be levied4 ,,sec4 #agj4 ,the ,general ,assembly may levy a tax on incomes in excess of six hundred dollars per annum2 may levy a license tax upon any business which cannot be reached by the ad valorem system2 and may impose state franchise taxes1 and in imposing a franchise tax1 may1 in its discretion1 make the same in lieu of taxes upon other property1 in whole or in part1 of a transportation1 industrial1 or commercial corporation4 ,whenever a franchise tax shall be imposed upon a corporation doing business in this ,state1 or whenever all the capital1 however invested1 of a corporation chartered under the laws of this ,state1 shall be taxed1 the shares of stock issued by any such corporation1 shall not be further taxed4 ,no city or town shall impose any tax or assessment upon abutting land owners for street or other public local improvements1 except for making and improving the walkways upon then existing streets1 and improving and paving then existing alleys1 and for either the construction1 or for the use of sewers2 and the same when imposed1 shall not be in excess of the peculiar benefits resulting therefrom to such abutting land owners4 ,except in cities and towns1 no such taxes or assessments1 for local public improvements shall be imposed on abutting land owners4 ,,sec4 #aga4 ,the ,general ,assembly shall provide for a re-assessment of real estate1 in the year nineteen1 hundred and five1 and every fifth year thereafter1 except that of railway and canal corporations1 which1 after the ,january the first1 nineteen hundred and thirteen1 may be assessed as the ,general ,assembly may provide ,,sec #agb ,the ,general ,assembly shall provide for the special and separate assessment of all coal and other mineral land1 but until such special assessment is made1 such land shall be assessed under existing laws ,,sec #agc ,the ,general ,assembly shall levy a state capitation tax of1 and not exceeding1 one dollar and fifty cents per annum on every male resident of the ,state not less than twenty one years of age1 except those pensioned by this ,state for military services1 one dollar of which shall be applied exclusively in aid of the public free schools1 in proportion to the school population1 and the residue shall be returned and paid by the ,state into the treasury of the county or city in which it was collected1 to be appropriated by the proper county or city authorities to such county or city purposes as they shall respectively determine1 but said state capitation tax shall not be a lien upon1 nor collected by legal process from1 the personal property which may be exempt from levy or distress under the poor debtor's law4 ,the ,general ,assembly may authorize the board of supervisors of any county1 or the council of any city or town1 to levy an additional capitation tax not exceeding one dollar per annum on every such resident within its limits1 which shall be applied in aid of the public schools of such county1 city or town1 or for such other county1 city or town purposes as they shall determine ,,sec #agd ,after this ,constitution shall be in force1 no statute of limitation shall run against any claim of the ,state for taxes upon any property1 nor shall the failure to assess property for taxation defeat a subsequent assessment for and collection of taxes for any preceding year or years1 unless such property shall have passed to a bona fide purchaser of value1 without notice1 in which latter case the property shall be assessed for taxation against such purchaser from the date of his purchase ,,sec #age ,the natural oyster beds1 rocks and shoals1 in the waters of this ,state1 shall not be leased1 rented or sold1 but shall be held in trust for the benefit of the people of this ,state1 subject to such regulations and restrictions as the ,general ,assembly may prescribe1 but the ,general ,assembly may1 from time to time1 define and determine such natural beds1 rocks or shoals1 by surveys or otherwise ,,sec #agf ,the ,state ,corporation ,commission shall annually ascertain and assess1 at the time hereinafter mentioned1 and in the manner required of the ,board of ,public ,works1 by the law in force on ,january the first nineteen hundred and two1 the value of the roadbed1 and other real estate1 rolling stock1 and all other personal property whatsoever 7except its franchise and the non taxable shares of stock issued by other corporations7 in this ,state1 of each railway corporation1 whatever its motive power1 now or hereafter liable for taxation upon such property1 the canal bed and other real estate1 the boats and all other personal property whatsoever 7except its franchise and the non taxable shares of stock issued by other corporations7 in this ,state1 of each canal corporation1 empowered to conduct transportation1 and such property shall be taxed for state1 county1 city1 town and district purposes in the same manner as authorized by said law1 at such rates of taxation as may be imposed by them1 respectively1 from time to time1 upon the real estate and personal property of natural persons provided1 that no tax shall be laid upon the net income of such corporations4 ,,sec4 #agg4 ,each such railway or canal corporation1 including also any such as is exempt from taxation as to its works1 visible property1 or profits1 shall also pay an annual state franchise tax equal to one per centum upon the gross receipts hereinafter specified in section ,one ,hundred and ,seventy eight for the privilege of exercising its franchise in this ,state1 which1 with the taxes provided for in section ,one ,hundred and ,seventy six1 shall be in lieu of all other taxes or license charges whatsoever upon the franchises of such corporation1 the shares of stock issued by it1 and upon its property assessed under section ,one ,hundred and ,seventy six provided1 that nothing herein contained shall exempt such corporation from the annual fee required by section ,one ,hundred and fifty seven of this ,constitution1 or from assessments for street and other public local improvements authorized by section ,one ,hundred and ,seventy1 and provided1 further1 that nothing herein contained shall annul or interfere with1 or prevent any contract or agreement by ordinance between street railway corporations and municipalities1 as to compensation for the use of the streets or alleys of such municipalities by such railway corporations4 ,,sec #agh ,the amount of such franchise tax shall be equal to one per centum of the gross transportation receipts of such corporation1 for the year ending ,june the thirtieth of each year1 to be ascertained by the ,state ,corporation ,commission1 in the following manner3 7a7 ,when the road or canal of the corporation lies wholly within this ,state1 the tax shall be equal to one per centum of the entire gross transportation receipts of such corporation 7b7 ,when the road or canal of the corporation lies partly within and partly without this ,state or is operated as a part of a line or system extending beyond this ,state1 the tax shall be equal to one per centum of the gross transportation receipts earned within this ,state1 to be determined as follows3 ,by ascertaining the average gross transportation receipts per mile over its whole extent within and without this ,state1 and multiplying the result by the number of miles operated within this ,state provided1 that from the sum so ascertained there may be a reasonable deduction because of any excess of value of the terminal facilities or other similar advantages in other states over similar facilities or advantages in this ,state4 ,,sec #agi ,each corporation mentioned in sections ,one ,hundred and ,seventy six and ,one ,hundred and ,seventy seven shall annually1 on the first day of ,september1 make to the ,state ,corporation ,commission the report which the law1 in force ,january the first1 nineteen hundred and two1 required to be made annually to the ,board of ,public ,works by every railroad and canal company in this ,state1 not exempt from taxation by virtue of its charter1 which report shall also show the property taxable in this ,state belonging to the corporation on the thirtieth day of ,june preceding1 and its total gross transportation receipts for the year ending on that date4 ,upon receiving such report the ,state ,corporation ,commission shall1 after thirty days' notice previously given1 as provided by said law1 assess the value of the property not exempt from taxation1 of the corporation1 and ascertain the amount of the franchise tax and other state taxes chargeable against it4 ,all taxes for which the corporation is liable shall be paid on or before the first day of ,december following the provisions of said law1 except as changed by this article shall apply to the ascertainment and collection of the franchise1 as well as other taxes of such corporations4 ,said taxes1 until paid1 shall be a lien upon the property within this ,state of the corporation owning the same1 and take precedence of all other liens or incumbrances4 ,,sec4 #ahj ,any corporation aggrieved by the assessment and ascertainment made under sections ,one ,hundred and ,seventy six and ,one ,hundred and ,seventy eight may1 within thirty days after receiving a certified copy thereof1 apply for relief to the circuit court of the city of ,richmond ,justice of the application1 setting forth the grounds of complaint1 verified by affidavit1 shall be served on the ,state ,corporation ,commission1 and on the ,attorney ,general whose duty it shall be to represent the ,state4 ,the court1 if of opinion that the assessment or tax is excessive shall reduce the same1 but if of opinion that it is insufficient1 shall increase the same4 ,unless the applicant paid the taxes under protest1 when due1 the court1 if it disallow the application1 shall give judgment against it for a sum1 by way of damages1 equal to interest at the rate of one per centum per month upon the amount of taxes from the time the same were payable4 ,if the application be allowed1 in whole or in part1 appropriate relief shall be granted1 including the right to recover any excess of taxes that may have been paid1 with legal interest thereon1 and costs1 from the ,state or local authorities1 or both1 as the case may be1 the judgment to be enforceable by mandamus or other proper process issuing from the court finally adjudicating the application4 ,subject to the provisions of ,article ,six of this ,constitution1 the ,supreme ,court of ,appeals may allow a court of error to either party4 ,,sec4 #aha4 ,as of ,january the first1 nineteen hundred and three1 the system of taxation1 as to the corporations mentioned in sections ,one ,hundred and ,seventy six and ,one ,hundred and ,seventy seven1 shall be as set forth in sections ,one ,hundred and ,seventy six to ,one ,hundred and ,eighty1 inclusive1 and for that year the franchise tax shall be based upon such gross receipts for the year ending the thirtieth day of ,june1 nineteen hundred and three1 and such system shall so remain until the first day of ,january1 nineteen hundred and thirteen1 and thereafter until modified or changed1 as may be prescribed by law provided1 that1 if the said system shall for any reason become inoperative1 the ,general ,assembly shall have power to adopt some other system4 ,,sec4 #ahb4 ,until otherwise prescribed by law1 the shares of stock issued by trust or security companies chartered by this ,state1 and by incorporated banks1 shall be taxed in the same manner in which the shares of stock issued by incorporated banks were taxed1 by the law in force ,january the first1 nineteen hundred and two1 but from the total assessed value of the shares of stock of any such company or bank1 there shall be deducted the assessed value of its real estate otherwise taxed in this ,state1 and the value of each share of stock shall be its proportion of the remainder4 ,,sec4 #ahc4 ,except as otherwise provided in this ,constitution1 the following property and no other1 shall be exempt from taxation1 state and local1 but the ,general ,assembly may hereafter tax any of the property hereby exempted save that mentioned in sub-section 7a7 7a7 ,property directly or indirectly owned by the ,state1 however held1 and property lawfully owned and held by counties1 cities1 towns1 or school districts1 used wholly and exclusively for county1 city1 town1 or public school purposes1 and obligations issued by the ,state since the fourteenth day of ,february1 eighteen hundred and eighty two or hereafter exempted by law4 7b7 ,buildings with land they actually occupy1 and the furniture and furnishings therein lawfully owned and held by churches or religious bodies1 and wholly and exclusively used for religious worship1 or for the residence of the minister of any such church or religious body1 together with the additional adjacent land reasonably necessary for the convenient use of any such building4 7c7 ,private family burying grounds not exceeding one acre in area1 reserved as such by will or deed or shown by other sufficient evidence to be reserved as such1 and so exclusively used1 and public burying grounds and lots therein exclusively used for burial purposes1 and not conducted for profit1 whether owned or managed by local authorities or by private corporations4 7d7 ,buildings with the land they actually occupy and the furniture1 furnishings1 books and instruments therein1 wholly devoted to educational purposes1 belonging to1 and actually and exclusively occupied and used by churches1 public libraries1 incorporated colleges1 academies1 industrial schools1 seminaries1 or other incorporated institutions of learning1 including the ,virginia ,historical ,society1 which are not corporations having shares of stock or otherwise owned by individuals or other corporations1 together with such additional adjacent land owned by such churches1 libraries and educational institutions as may be reasonably necessary for the convenient use of such buildings1 respectively1 and also the buildings thereon used as residences by the officers or instructors of such educational institutions1 and also the permanent endowment funds held by such libraries and educational institutions directly or in trust1 and not invested in real estate provided1 that such libraries and educational institutions are not conducted for profit of any person or persons1 natural or corporate directly or under any guise or pretence whatsoever4 ,but the exemption mentioned in this sub section shall not apply to any industrial school1 individual or corporate1 not the property of the ,state1 which does work for compensation1 or manufactures and sells articles1 in the community in which such school is located2 provided1 that nothing herein contained shall restrict any such school from doing work for or selling its own products or any other articles to any of its students or employees4 7e7 ,real estate belonging to1 actually and exclusively occupied1 and used by1 and personal property1 including endowment funds1 belonging to ,young ,men's ,christian ,associations1 and other similar religious associations1 orphan or other asylums1 reformatories1 hospitals and nunneries1 which are not conducted for profit1 but purely and completely as charities4 7f7 ,buildings with the land they actually occupy1 and the furniture and furnishings therein1 belonging to any benevolent or charitable association and used exclusively for lodge purposes or meeting rooms by such association1 together with such additional adjacent land as may be necessary for the convenient rise of the buildings for such purposes2 and 7g7 ,property belonging to the ,association for the ,preservation of ,virginia ,antiquities1 the ,confederate ,memorial ,literary ,society1 and the ,mount ,vernon ,ladies' ,association of the ,union4 ,no inheritance tax shall be charged1 directly or indirectly1 against any legacy or devise made according to law for the benefit of any institution or other body or any natural or corporate person whose property is exempt from taxation as hereinbefore mentioned in this section4 ,nothing contained in this section shall be construed to exempt from taxation the property of any person1 firm1 association or corporation1 who shall1 expressly or impliedly1 directly or indirectly1 contract or promise to pay any sum of money or other benefit1 on account of death1 sickness1 or accident to any of its members or any other person2 and whenever any building or land1 or part thereof1 mentioned in this section and not belonging to the ,state1 shall be leased or shall be a source of revenue or profit1 all of such buildings and land shall be liable to taxation as other land and buildings in the same county1 city1 or town2 and nothing herein contained shall be construed as authorizing or requiring any county1 city1 or town to tax for county1 city or town purposes1 in violation of the rights of the lessees thereof existing under any lawful contract heretofore made1 any real estate owned by such county1 city or town1 and heretofore leased by it4 ,obligations issued by counties1 cities1 or towns may be exempted by the authorities of such localities from local taxation4 ,,sec4 #ahd4 ,no debt shall be contracted by the ,state except to meet casual deficits in the revenue1 to redeem a previous liability of the ,state1 to suppress insurrection1 repel invasion1 or defend the ,state in time of war4 ,no scrip1 certificate1 or other evidence of state indebtedness1 shall be issued except for the transfer or redemption of stock previously issued1 or for such debts as are expressly authorized in this ,constitution4 ,,sec4 #ahe4 ,neither the credit of the ,state1 nor of any county1 city1 or town1 shall be1 directly or indirectly1 under any device or pretence whatsoever1 granted to or in aid of any person1 association1 or corporation2 nor shall the ,state1 or any county1 city1 or town subscribe to or become interested in the stock or obligations of any company1 association1 or corporation1 for the purpose of aiding in the construction or maintenance of its work2 nor shall the ,state become a party to or become interested in any work of internal improvement1 except public roads1 or engaged in carrying on any such work2 nor assume any indebtedness of any county1 city1 or town1 nor lend its credit to the same2 but this section shall not prevent a county1 city or town from perfecting a subscription to the capital stock of a railroad company authorized by existing charter conditioned upon the affirmative vote of the voters and freeholders of such county1 city or town in favor of such subscription3 provided1 that such vote be had prior to ,july first1 nineteen hundred and three4 ,,sec4 #ahf4 ,all taxes1 licenses1 and other revenue of the ,state1 shall be collected by its proper officers and paid into the state treasury4 ,no money shall be paid out of the state treasury except in pursuance of appropriations made by law2 and no such appropriation shall be made which is payable more than two years after the end of the session of the ,general ,assembly1 at which the law is enacted authorizing the same2 and no appropriation shall be made for the payment of any debt or obligation created in the name of the ,state during the war between the ,confederate ,states and the ,united ,states4 ,nor shall any county1 city1 or town pay any debt or obligation created by such county1 city1 or town in aid of said war4 ,,sec4 #ahg4 ,the ,general ,assembly shall provide and maintain a sinking fund in accordance with the provisions of section ,ten of the act1 approved ,february the twentieth1 eighteen hundred and ninety-two1 entitled an act to provide for the settlement of the public debt of ,virginia not funded under the provisions of an act entitled an act to ascertain and declare ,virginia's equitable share of the debt created before1 and actually existing at the time of the partition of her territory and resources1 and to provide for the issuance of bonds covering the same1 and the regular and prompt payment of the interest theron1 approved ,february the fourteenth1 eighteen hundred and eighty-two4 ,every law hereafter enacted by the ,general ,assembly1 creating a debt or authorizing a loan1 shall provide for the creation and maintenance of a sinking fund for the payment or redemption of the same4 ,,sec4 #ahh4 ,no other or greater amount of tax or revenue shall1 at any time1 be levied than may be required for the necessary expenses of the government1 or to pay the indebtedness of the ,state4 ,,sec4 #ahi4 ,on all lands and the improvements thereon1 and on all tangible personal property1 not exempt from taxation by the provision of this article1 the rate of state taxation shall be twenty cents on every hundred dollars of the assessed value thereof1 the proceeds of which shall be applied to the expenses of the government and the indebtedness of the ,state1 and a further tax of ten cents on every hundred dollars of the assessed value thereof1 which shall be applied to the support of the public free schools of the ,state3 provided1 that after the first day of ,january1 nineteen hundred and seven1 the tax rate upon said real and personal property1 for such purposes shall be prescribed by law4 ,but the ,general ,assembly during such period of four years1 in addition to making annually an appropriation for pensions not to exceed the last appropriation made for such purpose prior to ,september the thirtieth1 nineteen hundred and one1 may levy annually1 a special tax for pensions1 on such real and personal property of not exceeding five cents on the hundred dollars of the assessed value therof4 ,,article ,,xiv4 ,,miscellaneous ,,provisions4 ,,homestead ,,and ,,other ,,exemptions4 ,,sec4 #aij4 ,every householder or head of a family shall be entitled1 in addition to the articles now exempt from levy or distress for rent1 to hold exempt from levy1 seizure1 garnishment1 or sale under any execution1 order1 or other process issued on any demand for a debt hereafter contracted1 his real and personal property1 or either1 including money and debts due him1 to the value of not exceeding two thousand dollars1 to be selected by him3 provided1 that such exemption shall not extend to any execution1 order1 or other process issued on any demand in the following cases3 ,first4 ,for the purchase price of said property1 or any part thereof4 ,if the property purchased1 and not paid for1 be exchanged for1 or converted into1 other property by the debtor1 such last- named property shall not be exempted from the payment of such unpaid purchase money under the provisions of this article2 ,second4 ,for services rendered by a laboring person or mechanic2 ,third4 ,for liabilities incurred by any public officer1 or officer of a court1 or any fiduciary1 or any attorney-at-law for money collected2 ,fourth4 ,for a lawful claim for any taxes1 levies1 or assessments accruing after the first day of ,june1 eighteen hundred and sixty- six2 ,fifth4 ,for rent2 ,sixth4 ,for the legal or taxable fees of any public officer or officer of a court4 ,,sec4 #aia4 ,the said exemption shall not be claimed or held in a shifting stock of merchandise1 or in any property1 the conveyance of which by the homestead claimant has been set aside on the ground of fraud or want of consideration4 ,,sec4 #aib4 ,the ,general ,assembly shall prescribe the manner and the conditions on which a householder or head of a family shall set apart and hold for himself and family a homestead in any of the property hereinbefore mentioned4 ,but this section shall not be construed as authorizing the ,general ,assembly to defeat or impair the benefits intended to be conferred by the provisions of this article4 ,,sec4 #aic4 ,nothing contained in this article shall invalidate any homestead exemption heretofore claimed under the provisions of the former ,constitution2 or impair in any manner the right of any householder or head of a family existing at the time that this ,constitution goes into effect1 to select the exemption1 or any part thereof1 to which he was entitled under the former ,constitution2 provided that such right1 if hereafter exercised1 be not in conflict with the exemptions set forth in sections ,one ,hundred and ,ninety and ,one ,hundred and ,ninety-one4 ,but no person who has selected and received the full exemption allowed by the former ,constitution shall be entitled to select an additional exemption under this ,constitution2 and no person who has selected and received part of the exemption allowed by the former ,constitution shall be entitled to select an additional exemption beyond the difference between the value of such part and a total valuation of two thousand dollars4 ,so far as necessary to accomplish the purposes of this section the provisions of chapter ,one ,hundred and ,seventy-eight of the ,code of ,virginia1 and the acts amendatory thereof1 shall remain in force until repealed by the ,general ,assembly4 ,the provisions of this article shall be liberally construed4 ,,sec4 #aid4 ,the ,general ,assembly is hereby prohibited from passing any law staying the collection of debts1 commonly known as stay laws2 but this section shall not be construed as prohibiting any legislation which the ,general ,assembly may deem necessary to fully carry out the provisions of this article4 ,,heirs ,,of ,,property4 ,,sec4 #aie4 ,the children of parents1 one or both of whom were slaves at and during the period of cohabitation1 and who were recognized by the father as his children1 and whose mother was recognized by such father as his wife1 and was cohabited with as such1 shall be as capable of inheriting any estate whereof such father may have died seized1 or possessed1 or to which he was entitled1 as though they had been born in lawful wedlock4 ,,article ,,xv4 ,,future ,,changes ,,in ,,the ,,constitution4 ,,sec4 #aif4 ,any amendment or amendments to the ,constitution may be proposed in the ,senate or ,house of ,delegates1 and if the same shall be agreed it by a majority of the members elected to each of the two houses1 such proposed amendment or amendments shall be entered on their journals1 with the ayes and noes taken thereon1 and referred to the ,general ,assembly at its first regular session held after the next general election of members of the ,house of ,delegates1 and shall be published for three months previous to the time of such election4 ,if1 at such regular session the proposed amendment or amendments shall be agreed to by a majority of all the members elected to each house1 then it shall be the duty of the ,general ,assembly to submit such proposed amendment or amendments to the people1 in such manner and at such times as it shall prescribe2 and if the people shall approve and ratify such amendment or amendments by a majority of the electors1 qualified to vote for members of the ,general ,assembly1 noting thereon1 such ,amendment or amendments shall become part of the ,constitution4 ,,sec4 #aig4 ,at such time as the ,general ,assembly may provide1 a majority of the members elected to each house being recorded in the affirmative1 the question1 shall there be a convention to revise the ,constitution and amend the same8 shall be submitted to the electors qualified to vote for members of the ,general ,assembly2 and in case a majority of the electors so qualified1 voting thereon1 shall vote in favor of a convention for such purpose1 the ,general ,assembly1 at its next session1 shall provide for the election of delegates to such convention2 and no convention for such purpose shall be otherwise called4 ,,schedule4 ,that no inconvenience may arise from the adoption of this ,constitution1 and in order to provide for carrying it into complete operation1 it is hereby ordained that3 ,,section #a4 ,the common law and the statute laws in force at the time this ,constitution goes into effect1 so far as not repugnant thereto or repealed thereby1 shall remain in force until they expire by their own limitation1 or are altered or repealed by the ,general ,assembly4 ,,sec4 #b4 ,all ordinances adopted by this ,contention and appended to the official original draft of the ,constitution delivered to the ,secretary of the ,commonwealth shall have the same force and effect1 as if they were parts of this ,constitution4 ,,sec4 #c4 ,except as modified by this ,constitution1 all writs1 actions and causes of action1 prosecutions1 lights of individuals1 of bodies corporate or politic1 and of the ,state1 shall continue4 ,all legal proceedings1 civil and criminal1 pending at the time this ,constitution goes into effect1 or instituted prior to the first day of ,february1 nineteen hundred and four1 in any county or circuit court as now existing1 shall be prosecuted therein3 provided1 that all such matters1 which are not finally terminated before the day last above mentioned1 shall1 on that date1 by operation of this ,constitution and ,schedule1 be transferred to the circuit court of the county or city created under this ,constitution1 and shall be proceeded with therein4 ,all such matters pending in the city courts1 preserved by this ,constitution1 when the same goes into effect1 or thereafter instituted therein1 shall continue in said courts1 and be therein proceeded with1 until otherwise provided by law4 ,all matters before justices of the peace or police justices at the time this ,constitution goes into effect1 shall be proceeded with before them1 until otherwise provided by law4 ,all legal proceedings prosecuted after this ,constitution goes into effect1 whether in any of the courts now existing1 or in those created by this ,constitution1 shall be proceeded with in the manner now or hereafter provided by law1 except as otherwise required by this ,constitution4 ,,sec4 #d4 ,all taxes1 fines1 penalties1 forfeitures and escheats1 accrued or accruing to the ,commonwealth1 or to any political subdivision thereof1 under the present ,constitution1 or under the laws now in force1 shall1 under this ,constitution1 enure to the use of the ,commonwealth1 or of such subdivision thereof ,,sec #e ,all recognizances1 and other obligations1 and all other instruments entered into or executed before the adoption of this ,constitution1 or before the complete organization of the departments thereunder1 to the ,commonwealth1 or to any county1 or political subdivision thereof1 city1 town board1 or other public corporation1 or institution therein1 or to any public officer1 shall remain binding and valid1 and rights and liabilities thereunder shall continue and may be enforced or prosecuted in the courts of this ,state as now or here after provided by law ,,sec #f ,from the day this ,constitution goes into effect1 the present judges of the ,supreme ,court of ,appeals1 or their successors then in office1 shall be the judges of the ,supreme ,court of ,appeals created by this ,constitution1 and continue in office1 unless sooner removed1 until ,february the first1 nineteen hundred and seven4 ,the jurisdiction of the court shall be as now or hereafter provided by law1 subject to the provisions of this ,constitution4 ,all proceedings1 then pending in the court as now organized1 shall1 by virtue of this ,constitution1 be transferred to and disposed of by the court created by this ,constitution4 ,,sec #g ,the present judicial system of county and circuit courts of the ,commonwealth is continued1 and the terms of the several judges thereof1 with the powers and duties now possessed by them respectively1 are continued1 until the first day of ,february1 nineteen hundred and four1 as if this ,constitution had not been adopted1 on which day the judicial system of circuit courts created by this ,constitution shall go into operation4 ,the terms of the judges of the city courts1 as preserved by this ,constitution1 of the cities of ,alexandria1 ,charlottesville1 ,danville1 ,fredericksburg1 ,lynchburg1 ,petersburg1 ,norfolk1 ,portsmouth1 ,richmond1 ,staunton1 ,manchester1 ,roanoke1 ,winchester1 and ,newport ,news1 shall continue until the first day of ,february1 nineteen hundred and seven1 and the terms of the judges of the city courts1 as preserved by this ,constitution1 of the cities of ,bristol1 ,radford and ,buena ,vista1 shall continue until the first day of ,february1 nineteen hundred and four1 unless the said courts shall be sooner abolished ,the privilege now allowed by statute to judges of county courts and to judges of certain city courts to practice law1 shall continue during the terms of the judges whose terms are continued by the ,schedule1 unless otherwise provided by-law ,,sec #h ,the terms of the clerks of the county and circuit courts now in office1 or their successors1 shall continue until the first day of ,february1 nineteen hundred and four1 and thereupon1 the several clerks of the county courts in those counties in which such clerks are now ex-officio clerks of the circuit courts of said counties shall be and become the county clerks of their respective counties1 and the clerks of all the other county courts of the ,state1 except the counties of ,accomac1 ,augusta1 ,bedford1 ,campbell1 ,elizabeth ,city1 ,fairfax1 ,lee1 ,loudoun ,hanover ,henrico1 ,rockingham1 ,nansemond1 ,southampton1 ,pittsylvania1 ,nelson and ,fauquier1 and1 as such1 the clerks of the circuit courts created therefor by this ,constitution1 and shall hold office as such until the first day of ,january1 nineteen hundred and six1 unless sooner removed1 and then successors shall be elected on ,tuesday after the first ,monday in ,november1 nineteen hundred and five1 provided that the first term of the clerks so elected be for six years4 ,in the counties of ,accomac1 ,augusta1 ,bedford1 ,campbell1 ,elizabeth ,city1 ,fairfax1 ,lee1 ,loudoun1 ,hanover1 ,henrico1 ,rockingham1 ,nansemond1 ,southampton1 ,pittsylvania1 ,nelson and ,fauquier1 in which there are now separate clerks for the county and circuit courts thereof1 there shall be elected on ,tuesday after the first ,monday in ,november nineteen hundred and three1 county clerks for such counties4 ,the terms of the clerks now in office1 or their successors1 of the several city courts preserved by this ,constitution1 shall continue until the first day of ,january1 nineteen hundred and seven1 and their successors shall be elected on ,tuesday after the first ,monday in ,november1 nineteen hundred and five1 but if any of such city courts shall be sooner abolished as provided in this ,constitution or by law1 then the term of the clerk of any such court shall thereupon determine4 ,,sec #i ,the first election of the ,governor and of all officers required by this ,constitution1 to be chosen by the qualified voters of the ,state at large1 shall be held on the ,tuesday after the first ,monday in ,november1 nineteen hundred and five1 and their terms of office shall begin on the first day of ,february following their election4 ,the present incumbents of said offices1 or their successors1 shall continue in office until the last named day4 ,,sec #aj ,the first election of members of the ,house of ,delegates1 and of all county and district officers1 to be elected by the people under this ,constitution1 except as otherwise provided in this ,schedule1 shall be held on ,tuesday after the first ,monday in ,november1 in the year nineteen hundred and three1 and the terms of office of the several officers elected at that or any subsequent election shall begin on the first day of ,january1 next after their election1 except as otherwise provided in this ,constitution or in this ,schedule4 ,and the terms of the office of the sheriff1 commonwealth's attorney1 treasurer1 commissioners of the revenue1 superintendents of the poor1 supervisors of the several counties1 justices of the peace1 and overseers of the poor1 and of any incumbent of any other county or district office not abolished by this ,constitution1 nor herein specifically mentioned1 now in office1 or their successors1 or whose terms of office shall begin on the first day of ,july1 nineteen hundred and two1 are continued until ,january the first1 nineteen hundred and four4 ,the terms of the present members of the ,house of ,delegates1 and the terms of the senators now in office1 or 7in case of vacancies therein71 their successors1 representing the senatorial districts bearing even numbers1 are extended until the second ,wednesday in ,january1 nineteen hundred and four1 provided1 that the term of the senator1 now residing m the city of ,richmond1 who by the provisions of the apportionment act1 approved ,april the second1 nineteen hundred and two1 is continued in office as one of the senators from the thirty-eighth senatorial district thereby created1 be extended until the second ,wednesday in ,january1 nineteen hundred and six4 ,the terms of the senators now in office1 or 7in case of vacancies therein71 their successors1 representing the senatorial districts bearing odd numbers are extended until the second ,wednesday in ,january1 nineteen hundred and six4 ,in the senatorial districts bearing even numbers1 there shall be elected1 on the ,tuesday after the first ,monday in ,november1 nineteen hundred and three1 for a term of four years1 to begin on the second ,wednesday in ,january succeeding their election1 members of the ,senate to represent such districts2 in the senatorial districts bearing odd numbers1 and in the city of ,richmond to fill the vacancy1 which will1 as above provided1 occur on the second ,wednesday in ,january1 nineteen hundred and six1 there shall be elected1 on the ,tuesday after the first ,monday in ,november1 nineteen hundred and five1 for a term of two years1 to begin on the second ,wednesday in ,january succeeding their election1 members of the ,senate to represent such districts2 and on the ,tuesday after the first ,monday in ,november1 nineteen hundred and seven1 there shall be elected1 for the term of four years1 to begin on the second ,wednesday in ,january succeeding their election1 a senator from each senatorial district in the ,state4 ,,sec4 #aa4 ,all other state1 county1 and district officers1 and their successors1 who may be in office at the time this ,constitution goes into effect1 except the ,auditor of ,public ,accounts1 the ,second ,auditor1 the ,register of the ,land ,office1 the ,superintendent of ,public ,printing1 the ,commissioner of ,labor and ,industrial ,statistics1 ,railroad ,commissioner1 notaries public1 the ,adjutant-,general1 the ,superintendent and the ,surgeon of the ,penitentiary1 the ,manager and the ,surgeon of the ,state ,prison ,farm1 the superintendents of the several state hospitals1 and the school superintendents for counties and cities1 and school trustees1 shall1 unless their respective offices be abolished1 or unless otherwise provided by this ,constitution or ,schedule1 hold their respective offices1 and discharge the respective duties and exercise the respective powers thereof1 until ,january the first1 nineteen hundred and four4 ,the terms of the present incumbents in the offices of ,auditor of ,public ,accounts1 ,second ,auditor1 ,register of the ,land ,office1 ,superintendent of ,public ,printing1 and ,commissioner of ,labor and ,industrial ,statistics1 shall continue until ,march the first1 nineteen hundred and four4 ,the term of the ,railroad ,commissioner shall end as soon as the ,state ,corporation ,commission shall be organized4 ,notaries public shall continue in office until their respective commissions shall expire4 ,the term of the office of ,adjutant-,general shall expire ,march the first1 nineteen hundred and six4 ,the ,superintendent and the ,surgeon of the ,penitentiary1 the ,manager and the ,surgeon of the ,state ,prison ,farm1 the superintendents of the several state hospitals1 shall continue in office until their successors shall be appointed by the respective boards empowered under this ,constitution to make the several appointments4 ,the school superintendents for counties and cities shall remain in office for their respective terms1 and until their successors are appointed4 ,school trustees now in office1 or their successors1 shall remain in office until otherwise provided by law4 ,electoral boards with the powers conferred by existing laws1 except the appointment of registrars1 shall remain in office until ,march1 the first1 nineteen hundred and four4 ,,sec4 #ab4 ,the terms of the ,state ,board of ,education1 the ,state ,corporation ,commission1 and the ,board of ,agriculture and ,immigration1 the directors of public institutions and prisons1 and of each state hospital1 and the ,commissioner of ,state ,hospitals1 to be first elected1 or appointed1 under this ,constitution1 shall begin on ,march the first1 nineteen hundred and three4 ,the board of any of the above-named departments and institutions as now constituted shall continue until the boards created under this ,constitution for such departments and institutions respectively are duly organized4 ,and the terms of the members of the ,board of ,fisheries are continued until ,march the first1 nineteen hundred and six4 ,the terms of the trustees or visitors of the state educational institutions1 and other honorary appointments made by the ,governor1 are continued until otherwise provided by law4 ,,sec4 #ac4 ,charters of incorporation may1 until the first day of ,april1 nineteen hundred and three1 be granted or amended by the courts of the ,state in accordance with the laws in force when this ,constitution goes into effect1 unless the ,general ,assembly shall sooner provide for the creation of corporations as required by this ,constitution4 ,,sec4 #ad4 ,the terms of all officers elected by the qualified voters of a city1 and of their successors1 in office at the time this ,constitution goes into effect1 or whose terms of office begin on the first day of ,july1 nineteen hundred and two1 except the terms of mayors1 of members of city councils and of the clerks of city courts1 are continued until ,january the first1 nineteen hundred and six2 and their successors shall be elected on the ,tuesday after the first ,monday in ,november1 nineteen hundred and five4 ,the terms of all city officers1 not so elected1 shall expire as provided in the charters of the several cities1 or as may be provided by law4 ,,sec4 #ae4 ,until otherwise provided by law1 the mayors of the several cities shall continue in office until ,september the first1 nineteen hundred and four1 and their successors shall be elected the second ,tuesday in ,june1 nineteen hundred and four4 ,until otherwise provided by law1 the members of the several city councils shall continue in office for the terms prescribed in the charters of their respective cities1 except that where their terms are prescribed as ending on the first day of ,july of any year1 they shall be extended until the first day of ,september following4 ,,sec4 #af4 ,vacancies in any office1 the term of which is confirmed or extended by this ,schedule1 occurring during such term or extension thereof1 shall be filled in the manner prescribed by law4 ,sec4 #ag4 ,all officers1 whose terms of office are extended by this ,schedule1 required by law or municipal ordinance to give bond for the faithful discharge of the duties of their respective offices1 shall1 prior to the expiration of the terms for which they were respectively chosen1 before the court or other authority before whom such officer was required by law or municipal ordinance to give such bond1 enter into a new bond1 in the same penalty and with such security as was prescribed by law or municipal ordinance in respect to his former bond1 and with like conditions as therein prescribed1 for the faithful discharge of the duties of his office for the extended term herein provided for1 and until his successor shall have been duly chosen1 and shall have qualified according to law4 ,upon failure to give such bond within the time above prescribed1 the office shall1 upon the expiration of the term for which the incumbent thereof was chosen1 become vacant1 ,,sec4 #ah4 ,in all elections held after this ,constitution goes into effect1 the qualifications of electors shall be those required by ,article ,two of this ,constitution4 ,,sec4 #ai4 ,the ,general ,assembly which convened on the first ,wednesday in ,december1 nineteen hundred and one1 shall be called by the ,governor to meet in session at the ,capitol at twelve o'clock ,p4,m41 on ,tuesday1 the fifteenth day of ,july1 nineteen hundred and two4 ,it shall be vested with all the powers1 charged with all the duties1 and subject to all the limitations prescribed by this ,constitution in reference to the ,general ,assembly1 except as to the limitation upon the period of its session1 qualifications of members1 and as to the time at which any of its acts shall take effect2 but the ineligibility of the members thereof to be elected to any other office during their terms as members of the ,general ,assembly shall be such as is imposed by this ,constitution4 ,the said ,general ,assembly shall elect judges for all of the circuit courts provided for in this ,constitution1 and also of the corporation courts for ,bristol1 ,radford1 and ,buena ,vista1 unless said city courts are sooner abolished4 ,,sec4 #bj4 ,the said ,general ,assembly shall enact such laws as may be deemed proper1 including those necessary to put this ,constitution into complete operation2 to confirm those officers whose appointment is made by this ,constitution subject to confirmation by the ,general ,assembly or either house thereof2 and to transact other proper business2 and such session shall continue so long as may be necessary4 ,the members shall receive for their services four dollars per day1 for the time when the ,general ,assembly is actually in session1 including ,sundays and recesses of not exceeding five days1 and the mileage provided by law2 the ,speaker of the ,house of ,delegates and ,president of the ,senate shall each receive seven dollars per day for the same period and the mileage provided by law2 and the other officers and employees shall receive such compensation for their services as the ,general ,assembly may prescribe4 ,provision may be made for compensation at said rate of four dollars per day of members of legislative committees which may sit during any recess of said session4 ,,sec4 #ba4 ,the compensation and duties of the ,clerk of the ,house of ,delegates and of the ,clerk of the ,senate shall continue as now fixed by law until the first day of ,january1 nineteen hundred and three1 after which date their compensation shall be as prescribed by section ,sixty-six of this ,constitution4 ,,sec4 #bb4 ,when the ,general ,assembly convenes on the fifteenth day of ,july1 nineteen hundred and two1 its members and officers1 before entering upon the discharge of their duties1 shall severally take and subscribe the oath or affirmation prescribed by section ,thirty-four of the ,constitution4 ,and not later than the twentieth day of ,july1 nineteen hundred and two1 the ,governor and all other executive officers of the ,state1 whose offices are at the seat of government1 and all judges of courts of record1 shall severally take and subscribe such oath or affirmation2 and upon the failure of any such officer1 executive or judicial1 to take such oath by the day named1 his office shall thereby become vacant4 ,such oaths or affirmations shall be taken and subscribed before any person authorized by existing laws to administer an oath4 ,the ,secretary of the ,commonwealth shall cause to be printed the necessary blanks for carrying into effect this provision1 and the said oaths and affirmations so taken and subscribed1 except of the members and officers of the ,general ,assembly1 shall be returned to and filed in his office2 and those taken by the members and officers of the ,general ,assembly shall be preserved in the records of the respective houses4 ,,sec4 #bc4 ,the official copy of the ,constitution and ,schedule1 and of any ordinance adopted by the ,convention1 shall1 as soon as they shall be enrolled1 be signed by the ,president and attested by the ,secretary of the ,convention1 and the ,president will thereupon cause the same to be delivered to the ,secretary of the ,commonwealth1 who will file and preserve the same securely1 among the archives of the ,state in his custody4 ,the ,secretary of the ,commonwealth will cause the ,constitution1 ,schedule1 and said ordinances to be transcribed in a book to be provided for the purpose and safely kept in his office4 ,the ,secretary of the ,convention will immediately upon the adoption of this ,schedule1 deliver a certified copy of the ,constitution and ,schedule1 and of said ordinances1 to the ,governor of the ,commonwealth4 ,,sec4 #bd4 ,the ,governor is authorized and directed to immediately issue his proclamation announcing that this revised and amended ,constitution has been ordained by the people of ,virginia1 assembled in ,convention1 through their representatives1 as the ,constitution for the government of the people of the ,state1 and will go into effect as such1 subject to the provisions of the ,schedule annexed thereto1 on the tenth of ,july1 nineteen hundred and two1 at noon1 and calling upon all the people of ,virginia to render their true and loyal support to the same1 as the organic law of the ,commonwealth4 ,,sec4 #be4 ,this ,constitution shall1 except as is otherwise provided in the ,schedule1 go into effect on the tenth day of ,july1 nineteen hundred and two1 at noon4 ,this ,schedule shall take effect from its passage4 ,,the ,,population ,,of ,,virginia ,,at ,,various ,,dates4 ,,year4 ,,population4 ,,authority4 #afaf #cej ,cooke's ,virginia4 #afbb #d1jjj ,cooke's ,virginia4 #afdh #ae1cjj1 of which #cjj were slaves ,cooke's ,virginia4 #afgj #dj1jjj1 of which #b1jjj were slaves ,cooke's ,virginia4 #agjj #gj1jjj1 white and colored ,cooke's ,virginia4 #agae #ij1jjj1 of which #bc1jjj were slaves ,fiske's ,old ,virginia4 #agef #bic1jjj1 of which #abj1jjj were slaves ,cooke's ,virginia4 #agij #gdf1faj1 white and colored ,united ,states ,census4 #ahjj #hhj1bjj1 white and colored ,united ,states ,census4 #ahaj #igd1fjj1 white and colored ,united ,states ,census4 #ahbj #a1jfe1aaf1 white and colored ,united ,states ,census4 #ahcj #a1baa1dje1 white and colored ,united ,states ,census4 #ahdj #a1bci1gig1 white and colored ,united ,states ,census4 #ahej #a1dba1ffa1 of which #ebf1hfa were colored ,united ,states ,census4 #ahfj #a1eif1cah1 of which #edh1idg were colored ,united ,states ,census4 #ahgj #a1bbe1afc1 of which #eab1hda were colored ,united ,states ,census4 #ahhj #a1eab1efe1 of which #fca1faf were colored ,united ,states ,census4 #ahij #a1fee1ihj1 of which #fce1dch were colored ,united ,states ,census4 #aijj #a1hed1ihj1 white and colored ,united ,states ,census4