,transcriber's note3 ,the copy on which this edition is based was bound with the #c volumes of text in one physical volume and the plates in another4 ,they have been reordered into #c separate projects with the plates inserted adjacent to the related text - other copies are known to have been bound in this fashion4 ,page numbers enclosed by curly braces 7example3 #be7 have been incorporated to facilitate the use of the ,index 7in ,volume ,,iii474 ,images of the original plates are available through ,internet ,archive4 ,see https3_/_/archive4org_/details_/illustra tionsofe#ab;drur 99 99 99 99 99 ,,illustrations ,,of ,,exotic ,,entomology1 ,,containing ,,upwards ,,of ,,six ,,hundred ,,and ,,fifty ,,figures ,,and ,,descriptions ,,of ,,foreign ,,insects1 ,,interspersed ,,with ,,remarks ,,and ,,reflections ,,on ,,their ,,nature ,,and ,,properties4 ,,by ,,dru ,,drury4 ---- ,a ,,new ,,edition1 ,,brought ,,down ,,to ,,the ,,present ,,state ,,of ,,the ,,science1 ,,with ,,the ,,systematic ,,characters ,,of ,,each ,,species1 ,,synonyms1 ,,indexes1 ,,and ,,other ,,additional ,,matter4 ,,by ,j4 ,o4 ,,westwood1 ,f4,l4,s4 ,,soc4 ,c,s4 ,,nat4 ,,cur4 ,,mosq4 ,,soc4 ,,etc4 ,,etc4 ---- ,,vol4 ,i4 ---- ,,london3 ,,henry ,g4 ,,bohn1 #d1 ,,york ,,street1 ,,covent ,,garden4 ,,mdcccxxxvii4 iii,,preface ,,to ,,the ,,present ,,edition4 ,the acknowledged value of the figures contained in ,drury's ,illustrations1#a the extreme rarity of many of the insects figured therein1 which continue up to the present day to be unique1 and the scarcity of the work itself1 which appears almost unknown to ,continental ,entomologists1 having induced the proprietor of the plates to republish the work1 ,i have consented to undertake the charge of bringing it forth in a form more adapted to the present greatly advanced state of ,entomology4 ,how far ,i have succeeded must be left for the candid ,entomologist to decide4 ,it is fit however that1 by way of bespeaking indulgence for the numerous errors into which ,i fear that ,i have1 notwithstanding all my care1 fallen1 ,i should mention the obstacles which have operated against my giving the work that perfect style which ,i could have wished it to possess4 ,of these the chief difficulty has arisen from the non-possession of the specimens which served for the original illustrations1 without which it may be readily conceived that it has been impossible to ascertain with precision many of the more minute characters1 of which the present state of the science requires the investigation2 thus in many cases ,i have been obliged to remain in ignorance of the particular structure of the antenn1 trophi and legs1 and the disposition of the veins of the wings1 in many of the smaller species of ,lepidoptera1 so that the precise genera may not in some instances be correctly stated2 and to many ,i have been compelled to attach marks of interrogation for the like reason4 ,another and equally strong obstacle has been produced from the little attention paid to exotic iv,lepidoptera by modern ,entomologists4 ,more than two-thirds of these ,illustrations are illustrative of that beautiful order of insects2 and yet1 with the exception of some of the showy butterflies and moths1 scarcely a reference is to be found even in the works of ,fabricius1 the personal friend of ,drury1 whose ,entomologia ,systematica1 published in #agic and #agid1 contains the last general summary of the species of this order2 ,gmelin also1 whose ,systema ,natur it has been the fashion to decry1 but which1 as a laborious compilation from the works of preceding and chiefly ,continental authors1 is of great service1#b was only acquainted with these illustrations through the early works of ,fabricius4#c ,it is true that ,m4 ,m4 ,boisduval and ,gurin have respectively published various new exotic ,lepidoptera1 especially of the ,nocturnal group1 in the ,voyages of the ,coquille and ,astrolabe2 but we still want a general revision1 not only of the species but of the genera of this order4 ,it was to have been hoped that1 as regarded the ,javanese species1 this would have been effected by ,dr4 ,horsfield1 whose work upon the ,lepidoptera of ,java1 as far as published1 leaves nothing to be desired of the structural details of the species illustrated therein4 ,m4 ,boisduval also1 in his ,histoire ,naturelle des ,lpidoptres1 has treated the subject in a masterly manner1 availing himself both of the preparatory states and veining of the wings2 but we greatly miss those beautiful details which render the works of ,horsfield and ,curtis invaluable4 ,it is in this comparative ignorance1 both of the structural and metamorphotic details of exotic ,lepidoptera1 that we may attribute the want of a sound and philosophical distribution of the order in question2 and which at the same time prevents us from determining the situation of many remarkable and anomalous groups4 ,of these the genera ,castnia1 ,urania1 c4 and the whole tribe of the ,zygnid may especially be mentioned2 and it is with the view of inciting enquiry into this part of the subject1 that ,i have introduced many of the latter species into the genus ,callimorpha amongst the ,nocturnal moths4 ,another obstacle has been produced by the little attention paid by the ,entomologists of the last century to the geographical situation of their insects2 as an instance of this1 it will be sufficient to mention that ,linnus and ,fabricius made use of the term ,in ,indiis generally1 to indicate that an insect was an inhabitant either of the ,west or ,east ,indies4 ,drury indeed appears to have paid more than the ordinary degree of attention to this part of the subject1 as appears from the ,catalogue of his ,insects1 which ,i obtained at the sale of ,mr4 ,donovan's collections1 to whom1 as appears by a note1 they were presented by ,mr4 ,drury4 ,thus under ,lucanus interruptus1 7,genus ,passalus1 ,fabricius17 we find the vfollowing entries3-- #g4 #c4 ,interruptus1 ,muskito ,shore1 ,capt4 ,keay1 also at ,maryland1 #h4 #c4 ,interruptus1 ,sierra ,leone1 ,mr4 ,smeathman1 ,new ,york1 ,carolina1 where they are very large4 #i4 #c4 ,interruptus1 ,maryland1 ,mr4 ,milward1 #agef1 ,lin4 ,syst4 p4 #efj1 f4 #d4 #aj4 #d4 ,interrupt4 var4 ,rio ,janeiro1 ,mr4 ,bonifas1 #agge1 that on the right hand from ,mr4 ,laing1 at ,tobago4 #ab4 ,interrupt4 var4 ,bought at ,seymour's sale4 ,here it is quite evident that ,drury had carefully noted down the localities of all the specimens of this insect which he possessed1 and which are now described as distinct species2 and this extract will ,i think be quite sufficient to shew1 that from the careful manner in which these ,catalogues were kept by ,mr4 ,drury1 we are entitled to regard them1 when there happens to be a difference between the works of ,drury and ,fabricius1 ,linnus1 c4 as at least of equal authority with the writings of these authors4 ,i regret that these ,catalogues did not come into my hands until after the first and second volumes of this edition were printed off4 ,i have incorporated the notes in the third volume2 and have given1 as an ,appendix1 extracts from these ,catalogues1 where there happens to be any variation or doubt as to the locality of any of the species figured in the first two volumes4 ,i have almost invariably adopted the very proper principle of referring to that name1 either generic or specific1 which has the priority in point of date4 ,in the first edition1 the first volume appeared without specific names1 which were at that time a novelty but recently introduced by ,linnus4 ,in the second volume1 however1 an appendix was given1 containing specific names both of the first and second volumes1 and a similar appendix was given at the end of the third volume2 but no specific names appeared in the body of the work4 ,to many of the names contained in the appendices ,fabricius referred1 many he entirely omitted1 and for many he substituted others4 ,these last ,i have of course rejected2 and have in many instances given the dates when the names were first imposed by the different authors--a plan which would be very serviceable if generally adopted4 ,i have1 likewise1 made a point in many cases of restoring the specific proper names1 where1 in consequence of a change in the sex of the generic name1 a corresponding change had been made in such specific name4 ,this alteration had been carried to a great extent in the ,encyclopdie ,mthodique2 and many male and female proper names had been completely altered1 in order to suit them to the sex of the new genera in which they were placed4 ,this was1 however1 an error on the wrong side2 because it is admitted as an established principle1 that if it should be thought necessary to subdivide a genus1 the names of the subdivisions should be of the sex of the original generic name4 ,the plan upon which the first edition of this work was published may be seen from the following specimen1 which is one of the shortest given1 but which will be sufficient to shew not only the style of the former edition1 but also the manner in which ,i have treated the subject and the additions which ,i have introduced4 vi,vol4 ,i4 ,plate ,,ii4 ,fig4 ,,iii4--,expands about three inches4 ,upper ,side4--,the antenn are black4 ,the head1 thorax1 and abdomen brown4 ,all the wings 7the edges of which are even not dentated7 are of a deep brown1 with a shade of clay colour1 rising near the anterior edges of the superior ones1 runs along near the tips and ends at the external edges4 ,under ,side4--,the eyes are black1 the palpi yellow4 ,all the wings are the same brown colour as the upper side1 with the clay-coloured shade near the tips as on that4 ,the superior wings have five whitish spots on each placed on a row near the external edges1 the inferior ones have on each sometimes five and sometimes seven spots of the same colour placed in a circular row1 that meets near the extremity of the body4 ,i received it from ,china4 ,i cannot find it any where described4 ,fig4 ,,iii4--,il deploye ses ales environ trois pouces4 ,le ,dessus4--,les antennes sont noires4 ,la tte le corcelet et l'abdomen bruns4 ,les ales 7dont les bords sont unis ou point dentls7 sont d'une couleur brune fonce1 avec une nuance couleur d'argille se levant proche des bords antrieurs des ales suprieures1 qui court le long prs des bouts et finit aux bords extrieurs4 ,le ,dessous4--,les yeux sont noires1 les antennules jaunes4 ,toutes les ales sont de la mme couleur brune que en dessus1 avec la nuance d'argille proche des bouts chacune des ales suprieures a cinq taches blanchtres1 places sur une ligne prs des bords extrieurs4 ,les infrieures ont chacune quelquefois cinq et quelquefois sept taches de la mme couleur ranges circulairment et se rencontrant prs de l'extrmit du corps4 ,il l'ai reue de la ,chine4 ,je ne le trouve point dcrit4 ,the name of ,papilio ,eumeus was consequently proposed for this insect in the ,appendix to the second volume4 ,amongst the manuscripts with which ,i have been favoured by the relatives of ,mr4 ,drury1 or have obtained elsewhere1 are comprised a variety of notes relative to the publication of this work1 and of observations from which the following are selected4 ,he notices that his descriptions are only intended to assist the reader in ascertaining the different species2 and that they are not intended to be so complete as to give a perfect idea of the animal without the help of the figure4 ,he alludes to the difficulty not only of ascertaining true colours or calling them by their proper names1 but also of colouring the prints so1 as to exactly represent the natural specimens1--that he has mentioned and given ,english names to no more parts of insects than had suited his purpose for describing them1--that there are some parts mentioned in the descriptions which cannot be seen in the plates1 such as the ,gorget 7,sternum71 c4 which may serve not only to assist in classing them1 but to ascertain their species4 ,the descriptions of the ,hymenoptera are not intended to be so complete as to give a perfect idea of the insect1 but are only given to assist the reader in observing the figures4 ,all the descriptions are taken from the insects themselves2 whatever defects1 therefore1 are to be observed in comparing them with the coloured figures must be imputed to the artist1 as it would not be proper to describe them according to the prints1 but to viinature4--,it is in consequence of this last remark that ,i have been careful to omit nothing of the original edition in this edition of the least importance1 but have given the description as much as possible in the words of the author himself4 ,i have also added a general ,systematic ,index to the entire work1 and an ,alphabetic ,index1 in which the names employed in the first edition are distinguished by an asterisk4 ,the collection formed by ,drury was exceedingly choice1 and had occupied nearly thirty years in its formation2 for although1 as ,drury himself says 7in one of the printed circulars which he distributed with a view to its sale7 there may be in ,holland collections more numerous1 having in many instances a great number of a single species1 yet no collection abounds with such a wonderful variety in all the different genera as this4 ,all the specimens of which it is composed1 are in the highest and most exquisite state of preservation1 such an extensive collection can be supposed to be1 and a very considerable number are unique1 such as are not to be found in any other ,cabinet whatever1 and of considerable value2 many of which1 coming from countries exceedingly unhealthy1 where the collectors1 in procuring them1 have perished by the severity of the climate1 give but little room to expect any duplicate will ever be obtained during the present age2 and the learned quotations that have been taken from it by those celebrated authors ,linnus and ,fabricius1 in all their late editions1 are incontestable proofs of the high degrees of estimation they entertained of it4 ,this statement was made in #aghh1 when the author had consumed upwards of twenty-five years in its formation1 and at which period no less a sum than #d1jjj4 had been expended upon the collection4 ,at this period the collection consisted of-- ,subjects4 ,different ,species4 ,coleoptera #bbah #bacf ,hemiptera #hie #ggh ,lepidoptera #bdfb #badh ,neuroptera #agb #aga ,hymenoptera #ecc #ecc ,diptera #eeb #djb ,aptera #aje #if ,english ,collection #bfda #bjgj ---- ---- #iegh #hcgj ,subsequently great additions were made to the collection1 which1 as will be seen from the localities affixed to the species figured in these ,illustrations was received from all parts of the world with which ,england at that period had intercourse4 ,of the earnest zeal with which this collection was made1 an idea may be obtained from a copy of a letter addressed to a gentleman residing in ,africa1 with whom he was anxious to enter into correspondence4 ,london1 ,dec4 #acth1 #agff4 ,,sir1 ,my being an utter stranger to you compels me to apologize for the liberty ,i take in sending you this4 ,mr4 ,carghill's recommendation is the occasion of my doing so1 and he has assured me of your viiikind disposition to oblige me in those articles that are the subject of the following lines2 ,i must therefore inform you that ,i am engaged in the study of ,natural ,history1 but as the extensiveness of it in all its several parts is very great1 ,i confine myself entirely to one single branch1 and that is ,insects4 ,a branch ,i find fully sufficient to engage my attention without entering into any of the others1 and in consequence of this ,i am endeavouring to obtain as large a collection of foreign ones as ,i possibly can2 to this end ,i am under a necessity of getting various recommendations from my friends to gentlemen settled in foreign parts1 who ,i must consider as the only persons that can effectually assist me in this scheme4 ,permit me therefore1 ,sir1 to beg your concurrence herein1 and if the highest ideas of gratitude can prompt a man to make an adequate return for any favour of this kind1 be assured ,i shall take the earliest opportunity of manifesting mine for any thing you shall think proper to oblige me with4 ,the great distance the continent of ,africa is situated from ,london1 the ignorance we labour under of its produce in the insect world1 and the great difficulty ,i have found in procuring any insects from those parts1 are circumstances that rather increase than blunt my desire for them2 but as in the course of fourteen years ,i have not been able to procure any great number1 ,i can only attribute this disappointment to my having never been able to apply to any gentleman settled there1 for the persons that ,i have hitherto commissioned to this purpose were those that returned with the ships they went in1 and ,i imagine their time was too short to be able to procure such things for me2 but as ,mr4 ,carghill has informed me your residence in ,africa will afford you many leisure hours1 permit me to indulge the hope of your complying with this request4 ,it is necessary for me to inform you that there is no occasion for your bestowing any time of your own in this pursuit1 as ,i imagine it might be done by people to be hired in ,africa to that purpose for a very trifle2 and as it is necessary ,i should inform you where and in what manner insects in general are to be taken1 give me leave therefore to explain the use of the things ,i have sent for that purpose3 you will observe the bows of the forceps being covered with gauze1 and folding so close together as to prevent any small insect's getting out when once enclosed1 constitutes a contrivance the best adapted of any thing ,i ever saw for that purpose1 it is small enough to be carried in the pocket1 and if you have curiosity enough to employ an hour in this amusement1 permit me to say you will have a scene of wonders opened to you in the insect world1 you will have such a number of objects of speculation present themselves1 that will amaze you4 ,when an insect is inclosed in these nets it is to be stuck through the body with a pin 7,i have sent some for this purpose71 and in that manner placed in the box1 whose top and bottom are lined with cork4 ,suffer me to beg of you 7if you will be so obliging to procure me some of those things7 to get a larger box made in ,africa of soft wood1 in which a pin will easily enter1 and replace the insects out of the oval box now sent into that1 and when filled ,i will entreat you to commit it to the care of a friend to be conveyed to ,england1 giving him at the same time a charge to keep it from being tumbled about by the rolling of the ship1 which will certainly damage the contents1 and favouring me with a letter of advice2 it is necessary to beg you to paste a slip of fine linen or paper all round the crevice and opening of the box1 to prevent the cockroaches1 ants1 c4 getting in1 who will infallibly damage and destroy the insects in it2 ,i forgot to mention that they should not be removed out of the oval box into the great one till they are dead1 because they will scratch and tear one another to pieces1 therefore when the person comes home from collecting1 they may be taken out singly and stuck on a piece of board or stick1 and held close to the fire 7not so as to burn or scorch them71 and this in less than a minute will effectually kill them1 afterwards they may be stuck very close together in the large box1 and in that manner sent to ,england4 ,i will just mention what kinds will be most acceptable1 and where they are to be found1 viz4 beetles or insects with hard cased wings1 insects with transparent wings1 such as wasps1 ixbees1 waterflies1 also locusts or grasshoppers1 ants1 fireflies1 or in short any kind except cockroaches1 centipedes1 or scorpions1 which in general are so very common they cease to be valuable--of all the other kinds there is an infinite variety1 differing in size1 shape1 and colour1 any of which will be very acceptable1 either large or small2 and of which1 give me leave to observe1 the most ugly disagreeable insects 7as they appear to be7 are the most desirable4 ,they are found in various places1 some on flowers1 some in horse-dung or cow-dung1 some under stones and logs of wood1 some under the bark of trees where it separates or divides itself from the body1 which by tearing up will expose many kinds to view2 but no place abounds more than rotten trees1 for there they hide and secrete themselves in holes among the rotten wood1 and are never seen unless they are searched for4 ,let me here observe1 that the different seasons will yield different species of insects1 some being to be found in one week that were not to be seen the preceding ones1 and the next will afford others differing from the former1 while the succeeding one shall produce some other sorts that were not to be seen before2 so that by searching for them at different times1 you perceive great varieties will be collected4 ,i must also beg you to preserve the horns of them as much as possible1 as they in a great measure determine their genus1 and as such should not be broke off4 ,the insects placed in the box will serve as samples to show the person you may hire what kinds of things are meant to be collected1 who for want of them might not be able to understand your instructions4 ,i have now1 ,sir1 mentioned every article necessary to be known1 therefore shall conclude with once more begging you to assist me in this scheme2 and if there is any business1 or any other thing1 in which ,i can be serviceable to you here1 ,i beg you would command me2 but if there is nothing of that kind by which ,i can express my gratitude1 permit me again to repeat ,i shall take the first opportunity of making a return fully adequate to your favour4 ,i am1 ,sir1 with great respect1 your most obedient servant1 ,d4 ,,drury1 ,at ,no4 #a4 in ,love ,lane1 ,aldermanbury1 ,london4 ,p4 ,s4 ,i forgot to mention that when you employ an agent to collect insects1 please to tell him it is not the great number but the variety that ,i desire1 six or eight being enough of any one species4 ,subsequently1 this fine collection came to the hammer1 on ,thursday1 ,may #bc1 #ahje1 and the two following days4 ,a few of the more interesting lots1 with the prices obtained for them1 and the names of the purchasers1 are given below as an interesting record4 ,lot #c ,phalna ,aprilina1 ,graminis1 and #bb others #bf #g #ab #j ,g4 ,humphrey4 #h ,sphinx ,convolvuli1 and #h others #i #d #a #j ,donovan4 #df ,papilio ,priamus #a #d #ad #f ,general ,davies4 #fd ---- ,claviger1 and #e others #f #g #aj #j ,mac,leay4 #fi ,a variety of curious ,spiders1 chiefly from ,georgia #aaj #d #d #j ,donovan4 #ij ,papilio ,iris1 ,edusa1 ,hyale1 and various #d #aj #j ,humphrey4 #id ,sixteen curious ,curculiones #af #aa #aa #j ,ditto4 #ie ,scarabus ,goliathus1 var4 #a #ab #a #f ,ditto4 #ajj ,cerambyx ,gigas1 and #b others #c #d #h #j ,haworth4 #ajd ,thirteen ,species of the ,buprestis ,genus #ac #h #j #j ,mac,leay4 #aje ,elater ,flabellicornis1 virens1 and #h others #aj #d #f #j ,latham4 #aab ,cetonia hamata1 nitens1 grandis1 ,scarabus festivus1 and #ab others #af #ag #j #j ,mac,leay4 #abc ,a variety of small ,insects of the ,mordella1 ,forficula1 and other ,genera1 among which are ,diopsis ichneumonea 7and also a species of,paussus7 #ca #g #j #j ,ditto4 #bja ,mutilla bimaculata1 thoracica1 ,scolia signata1 and #bd others #bg #c #e #j ,kirby4 #bfi ,sphex tropica1 frontalis1 ,africana1 c4 #abh #f #f #j ,ditto4 x,the total amount obtained for the ,insects was #fad4 #hs4 #f;d42 and about #cjj4 more for the ,cabinets1 ,books1 c4 with the ,copper-plates of the ,illustrations4 ,of the estimation in which the works and collections of ,drury were held by ,linnus1 ,fabricius1 c4 the constant references 7especially by the latter7 made to them1 will sufficiently prove4 ,the former dedicated a fine species of ,cimex to ,drury1 figured in the first volume of these ,illustrations1 pl4 #db4 f4 #a4 #e42 whilst the latter described an ,american species of ,stenocorus from ,drury's collection1 under the name of ,st4 ,drurii 7,ent4 ,syst4 #a4 #b4 p4 #cjb47 and also a ,danish ,tinea under the name of ,t4 ,drurella4 ,the ,rev4 ,w4 ,kirby also in his ,monograph upon the ,english ,bees1 has named a rare species belonging to the modern genus ,eucera1 ,apis ,drurella1 with the remark--,in honorem ,d4 ,drury1 operis entomologici splendidissimi auctoris1 cujus museum insectorum rarissimorum undique conquisitorum gazophylacium ditissimum1 hanc apem ab illo acceptam nominavi4 7,mon4 ,ap4 ,angl4 #b4 p4 #bhf47 ,that ,drury was in correspondence with these ,heroes ,scienti will therefore be unquestioned2 and the following letter from the younger ,linnus1 communicated to me by the relatives of the former is interesting not only on this account1 but for the curious statement relative to the ,oestrus humanus then recently discovered in ,south ,america4 ,celeberrimo ,viro ,d4 ,drury4 ,s4 pl4 d4 ,carolus a ,linne4 ,dum post mortem dilectissimi parentis occupatus fui in redigendo naturalia ab illo in ,syst4 ,nat4 nondum determinata1 et ut his nomenclaturam pro scientia naturali maxime necessariam continuarem1 maxime sollicitus fui illa1 quantum mihi possibile foret1 synonymis ex prstantioribus auctoribus scienti illustrare1 imprimis illorum qui pulcherrimis individuorum figuris sint ornati4 ,tu1 ,vir ,celeberrime1 es ex illis1 qui in ,insectis pulcherrima prstitisti2 ex ,tuo opere volumina habeo duo1 qu in hereditario cum reliqua ,bibliotheca#d ,parentis habeo2 sed an tertius termes s4 plures post secundum prodiere est quod ignoro1 et de qua re rogarem tuam informationem8 et si prodiere ubi inveniuntur8 et quo prtio8 ,amicitiam quam erga ,parentem habuisti1 spero hanc filiolo permittere licentiam4 ,optandum esset a ,te in his majorem videre augmentum1 requirunt insecta figuras2 nam vix differentiis determinanda sunt4 ,insecta australioris plaga mundi a ,banksio et ,forsteriis indagata1 pulcherrime et utilissime pro scientia methodo ,tua illustrari possent4 ,utinam facere vellis1 immortalitatem ,tuam conservaret scientia hc6 xi,ego qui nunc novam paro editionem ,zoologicam ,syst4 ,nat4#e summam in insectis sentio difficultatem ita exprimere1 ut aliis intelligas quod tam facile figuris lvatur4 ,multa prstitit noster ,de ,geer de ,insectis1 sed majora adhuc prstitisset1 si figur vivis coloribus ornat fuissent4 ,quis ,entomologus est alius apud vos qui collectionem ,insectorum possidet ex ,india occidentali1 si quis esset qui desideraret insecta ,suecica lubenter ,illi ea prstare vellem4 ,nuper litteras habui ex ,america ,meridionali ubi morbus endemius est hominum etiam ,europeos aggredit illuc venientes qu causatur a larva ,oestri1 qu intra cutem per integrum annum coelatus et nullo remedio expelli potest nisi periculo vit2 est nova species ,oestri4 ,sed hic vale et mihi fave4 ,dabam ,upsali1 d4 #aj ,mart4 #aghj4 ,to ,mr4 ,d4 ,drury1 ,goldsmith in the ,strand1 in ,london4 ,my late friend ,a4 ,h4 ,haworth1 ,esq4 thus spoke of ,drury and his works in the year #ahjg4 ,in the year #aggj we arrive at the time of publication of a beautiful work on ,entomology1 that of my late and regretted friend ,d4 ,drury1 ,f4,l4,s4 in one vol4 #dto4 printed at ,london1 and containing comprehensive descriptions in ,english and ,french1 with an ,index of ,linnan names at the end1 and a great many coloured copper-plates of such interesting exotic ,insects1 as had not been before or insufficiently figured4 ,the icons were executed by ,moses ,harris1 in his best style2 and are far superior to any of their predecessors in ,britain4 ,it is also unquestionably the first work in this country in which the trivial names of ,linnus are suffered to make their appearance1 and although only given in the shape of an index1 their extensive value throws a lustre on the utility of the work1 which1 unaided by them1 would not have reached a second volume1 published in #aggc1 and a third in #aghb2 and even a fourth would have appeared if the author had lived much longer2#f as he himself assured me1 some time prior to his decease2 wherein would have been delineated some of the gigantic and extraordinary insects of ,demerara1 in which remote territory he had successfully employed a collecting agent4 ,mr4 ,drury's ,cabinet was one of the most extensive ever made2 and is said to have contained1 in species and varieties1 the surprising number of #aa1jjj insects4 ,he spared neither pains nor cost in getting them together1 and like ,petiver of old1 sent printed instructions1 in various languages1 all over the world for that purpose1 by captains of ships and others4 ,soon after his decease1 at an advanced age1 which happened about two years since1 his valuable collection was disposed of in ,london1 by public auction4--7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,vol4 ,i4 #ahjg4 p4 #cd47 ,the decease of ,mr4 ,dru ,drury occurred on the #aeth of ,january1 #ahjd1 at the age of eighty1 and he was buried at the parish church of ,st4 ,martins in the ,fields4 ,j4 ,o4 ,w4 xii,,mr4 ,,drury',s ,,preface ,,to ,,the ,,first ,,edition4 ---- ,,vol4 ,i4 ,it is universally allowed that the study of nature is one of the most pleasing employments that can engage the mind of man4 ,the entertainment it affords is as infinite as the variety of subjects of which it is composed2 and such a vast field of speculation lies open to our view1 either in the animal1 vegetable1 or mineral worlds1 that each of them is fully sufficient to engross the attention of a single person4 ,it must be allowed1 that the study of natural history is so far from having attained that degree of perfection it might have done1 by the assiduity of the curious1 that it cannot1 at present1 be considered as having attained its meridian2 and the slow manner in which it arrived even to that1 has subjected us very much to the reflections of foreigners2 many of whom appear surprised1 that a nation1 not inferior to others in every branch of science and knowledge1 should discover so great a want of curiosity1 and little attention to a study that has been productive of so many advantages to mankind1 and probably1 may hereafter produce many more4 ,certainly1 such opportunities for improvement never presented themselves in this kingdom1 as in the present age4 ,all corners of the world are visited by our ships2 the remotest shores of ,europe1 ,asia1 ,africa1 and ,america1 are not unknown to our countrymen2 but feel the effects of that insatiable thirst for traffic and gain1 that animates the present generation4 ,every lover1 therefore1 of this study must naturally hope1 that such noble occasions of increasing the knowledge of nature1 may not be neglected4 ,it is indeed true1 that the number of its votaries1 in ,england1 are but few1 in proportion to other states1 where professorships and societies are established under the patronage and protection of the chief personages3 yet if we consider it as affording an inconceivable fund of entertainment to its followers1 it is rather to be wondered it is not more encouraged and propagated among us1 than that we should find a few who have resolution enough to judge for themselves1 and follow a study that is always new and always pleasing4 ,the sneers and contempt thrown on it by men of narrow minds1 who are impatient at hearing of persons bestowing their time in collecting a plant1 an insect1 or a stone1 may perhaps contribute xiiinot a little to prevent its progress2 but whatever character may be stamped1 either upon the study1 or its professors1 by such persons2 it is certain1 none but men fit to be placed in the first rank1 have usually philosophy enough to prompt them to make enquiries into the works of nature4 ,to some the task appears too arduous1 to others too intricate1 and to the generality too trifling2 who are apt to look with contempt on every pursuit that does not coincide with their own opinions2 nor must we1 from vulgar minds1 expect any conclusions in its favour3 with these1 a horse1 a dog1 or a cock1 seem to bound the utmost limits of their gratifications4 ,but men of refined tastes will judge otherways4 ,they know that the inexhaustible store of entertainment nature affords in the contemplation of her works1 is unbounded4 ,it is not to be enjoyed all at once2 the more we pursue1 the more we shall possess1 in proportion as we manifest a greater or less ardour4 ,nor is the serene placid enjoyment found therein1 to be measured by the common gratifications of sense2 as these often leave stings behind that worry the soul1 and subvert the end they intended to promote2 while the other offers to us its friendly aid1 replete with happiness1 health1 and peace4 ,and further1 if the contemplation of the works of the ,sovereign ,architect1 tends to promote that serious and attentive state of mind which disposes men to the pursuit of virtue1 in order to be happy2 and if the knowledge and practice of virtue are the means of supporting the mind through all the difficult passages and rugged paths of life2 the naturalist bids as fair to be happy as any of the human race4 ,his pleasures are not chequered by remorse1 or damped by despair2 his pursuits leave no horrors on the mind1 or clash with the duty he owes his ,maker1 his neighbour1 or his prince2 his conscience suffers not for the indulgence of his mind1 nor has repentance need to stalk behind him with an uplifted arm1 for injustice committed on his fellow-creatures2 on the contrary1 it is for them ultimately his labours are pursued1 for them he inquires into the various arcana of nature2 every part of the earth is searched for their benefit1 and its bowels are torn out and examined for their advantage4 ,on the other hand1 if we consider natural history as connected with religion1 we shall find them so interwoven and blended together as not to be separated4 ,in this view we shall find it the best adapted for opening the mind1 enlarging its conceptions1 and giving us the most exalted ideas of the ,deity1 of any science whatever1 astronomy not excepted1 whose study1 however noble it may be thought1 tends not more to the same improvement2 for certainly the power1 wisdom1 and goodness of the ,almighty are as conspicuous in the smallest objects1 as those of the first magnitude1 if great and little be only relative terms4 ,if1 therefore1 natural history is able to accomplish this1 nothing surely can afford a more effectual cure for infidelity4 ,for whoever heard of a naturalist being an atheist8 or of an infidel1 who had spent his life in studying and observing the works of nature8 ,i believe none will hesitate to pronounce the man1 who has made any considerable progress in this study1 and who could entertain thoughts so injurious to the honour of his ,maker1 to be a more wonderful being than any that ever went before him4 xiv,the train of reflections that arise from these considerations1 is greater than is consistent with the plan ,i have prescribed to myself in these pages4 ,if the reader is desirous of being further informed of the uses and advantages of natural history1 ,i shall refer him to ,stillingfleet's ,tracts1 taken from the ,amoenitates ,academic1 published at ,upsal2 where he may be acquainted with many curious and interesting particulars1 which ,i have not room to insert here2 my speculations having been confined to one single branch 7insects7 ,i shall only mention such observations relative thereto as may be proper for an introduction of this kind4 ,insects may1 with great truth1 be considered as a rank of beings so wonderful and extraordinary1 as to strike with astonishment every observer1 if we regard either their structure1 powers1 or use2 and creatures1 who1 at the same time that they challenge our regard1 loudly proclaim the wisdom1 goodness1 and omnipotence of their great ,creator4 ,if their shape and beauty are capable of attracting our notice1 their ways of living are no less adapted for exciting our admiration2 and the more we enquire into their nature and history1 the more occasion we shall find for confessing this great truth1 nothing is created in vain4 ,the wondrous manner in which numbers of them pass their lives1 during their first states1 is unknown to the greater part of mankind4 ,most people1 indeed1 know that a ,caterpillar produces a ,butterfly2 but thousands of persons do not know that a ,caterpillar is a ,butterfly in disguise1 as ,dr4 ,lister ingeniously observes1#g and as ,swammerdam#h proved to the great ,duke of ,tuscany1 by stripping off the external skins1 and displaying the butterfly concealed beneath them4 ,many persons are ignorant that plants 7even of the most poisonous nature7 are the beloved and favourite food of some species of insects1 and that what is wholesome and nourishing to one1 is pernicious and destructive to another4 ,who would believe that the hard substance of the soundest ,oak was capable of being macerated by an insect1 and received into its stomach as food8 that it should there yield a proper nutriment for its growth1 and that nothing but a substance as hard and firm as that could possibly contribute to the creature's health and increase8 ,who would imagine that a colony of ,ants1 an insect so contemptible in size1 considered singly1 were capable of making animals1 of considerable bulk and strength1 retreat from them as from a formidable enemy8#i ,who would suspect that numbers of insects are appointed to live1 during the greatest part of their lives1 within the bodies of other animals1 many of whom receive no material injury thereby2 some become frantic and xvdiseased1 and others are doomed to perish1 and by their deaths give birth to these their inbred enemies8 ,who1 that is a stranger to natural history1 would believe that there are insects destined to live in the waters many months1 where their principal employment is the destruction of animals less than themselves1 on whom they feed and thrive1 till they become inhabitants of the air1 when their lives are terminated in a few weeks1 perishing by the depredations of old age1 if they are lucky enough to escape the power of other animals stronger than themselves8 ,yet such are the truths existing in nature2 truths known to every one conversant with this study4 ,in short1 there is no part of the kingdom of nature1 where so many wonders are unfolded to us1 as in this of insects4 ,nor are they to be considered in that contemptible light in which the generality of mankind are apt to place them4 ,we are too prone to think every thing noxious and unnecessary1 if we are not fully acquainted with its use4 ,the poor ,beetle that we tread on1 serves to fill up an order of beings1 as useful and proper in the economy of nature1 as that of a partridge or a hare1 whose preservation and increase we are so solicitous for4 ,many others1 whose very sight create the most disagreeable sensations1 are not less useful and proper1 under the same predicament4 ,the carcases of dead animals1 which1 when putrid1 send forth a most nauseous stench1 would remain so for a great length of time1 were it not for the various kinds of ,flesh ,flies1 who1 by depositing their eggs there1 help to consume it very quickly1 and prevent a continuance so offensive to our nostrils and health4 ,many kinds of insects are to be found here in ,england1 in great plenty1 who1 it is highly probable1 by a close enquiry into their natures might be rendered very serviceable to us1 either mediately or immediately4 ,the blue ,dung ,beetle 7,scarabus ,stercorarius of ,linnus7 found in great plenty in ,july1 under horse-dung and cow-dung1 it is not unlikely may yield effects1 either in medicine or dyeing1 that at present we are ignorant of4 ,it is certain1 it abounds with salts that are strong and pungent2 but the examination of them must be left to time1 and the enquiry of some ingenious person4 ,the ,meloe ,proscarebeus of ,linnus1 or ,english ,oil ,beetle1 described by ,moffat1 lib4 i4 cap4 #bc41 also by ,godartius in ,lister's translation1 number #abj4 yields an oil by expression in considerable quantity1 which is used in ,sweden1 with the greatest success1 in the cure of the rheumatism1 by bathing the afflicted part4 ,of this ,i have been well assured by an ingenious physician who resided there4 ,might not the same effects be expected from it here as there8 ,its virtues1 ,i imagine1 are not confined to a single country2 nor can ,i suppose the different situations of them will prevent its being equally efficacious here as in ,sweden4 ,however1 it is certainly worth while to make the experiment4#aj xvi,the ,cantharides or ,spanish ,flies1 is a species of insect every one has heard of4 ,they are brought us from abroad1 and used medicinally2 but principally to raise blisters4 ,for these we pay great sums of money to foreign countries3 but a proper examination into the nature of insects might save us the necessity of doing so2 for let me not be disbelieved1 when ,i say this very species of the cantharides is found in ,england4#aa ,might not1 therefore1 a close inquiry into the subject1 spare us the trouble and expense of applying to foreigners for this article8 ,but are the medicinal virtues of the cantharides confined entirely to that species8 ,is there none other found in ,england1 answering the same purpose1 which we might have by seeking for8 ,if ,i am not mis-informed1 there is4 ,the ,musk ,beetle1 or ,cerambix ,moschata of ,linnus1 is found on the bodies of willow-trees in the month of ,july1 or sooner1 if the weather is favourable4 ,this insect1 ,i have been confidently informed by an eminent surgeon 7the late ,mr4 ,guy7 who tried it1 has the same virtues1 and produces the same effects as the cantharides2 being capable1 when properly prepared1 of procuring a strong blister in as short a space of time as the other4 ,whether there is not other insects to be found in this kingdom1 whose properties1 when examined1 might be found similar to the cantharides1 is a matter that time only will clear up4 ,i cannot here pass unmentioned the effects of ants1 whose volatile effluvia1 arising from their colonies or nests is so great1 that a hand rubbed thereon1 and applied immediately to the nose of a fainting person1 exhilarates and refreshes equal to the spirit of hartshorn1 or what is called sal volatile4 ,such are the known medicinal uses of insects2 and under the article of clothing they serve us in a more conspicuous manner4 ,to many thousands of persons they afford the means of living with comfort and happiness4 ,even kings are indebted to them for their grandest garments4 ,immense fortunes have been procured1 by their means1 to persons in trade1 and the great number of people who daily subsist by manufacturing silk1 either by spinning1 weaving1 or dyeing it1 have the greatest reason to thank ,providence for the institution of this insect4 ,to the last1 the ,cochineal 7,coccinella ,cacti of ,linnus7 affords him the power of giving our silks and cloths the most beautiful and lasting colours2 being without it unable to produce such proofs of his ingenuity2 not to mention many other occasions wherein this insect is peculiarly serviceable4 ,nor is there any part of the world where they do not directly1 or secondarily1 serve mankind for food4 ,in every kingdom of the earth1 where they are to be found1 shrimps1 prawns and crabs are eaten by all ranks and degrees of people1 if animal food is allowed them2 and our cray-fish or lobsters must not xviibe excluded from the same order4 ,the ,locust represented in ,plate #ej4 ,fig4 #b4 is eaten by many tribes1 and1 ,i may say1 nations of people1 in ,asia and ,africa4 ,these animals are frequently driven from their native soils1 by strong winds1 into foreign countries1 where1 for several days together1 by their inconceivable numbers1 they obscure the light of the sun1 and make the inhabitants tremble for their vegetables4 ,it is at those times the ,asiatics and ,africans gather them1 and eat them with much delight1 dressing them1 either by stewing1 or frying them with oil2 they also pickle and sell them publicly in some of the markets of the ,levant1 and many other parts4 ,the caterpillar belonging to ,fig4 #a4 of ,plate #ch4 which ,i have mentioned in my description of that insect to be eaten in the ,west ,indies1 and considered as a dainty1 is sought for by those persons who are admirers of that food1 in the most diligent manner2 and ,i have been informed1 by gentlemen of undoubted veracity1 that so exceedingly delighted are they with it1 as to employ negroes on no other business but to go into the woods on purpose to procure these caterpillars1 by digging them out of the bodies of certain trees1 the only places where they are to be found4 ,perhaps the cossi of the ,romans1 a kind of food we are told they were much delighted with1 might be a species not much unlike this2 however that be1 these are considered as amply recompensing1 by their delicious flavour1 the pains taken to procure them4 ,honey is a substance known to every one1 and the agreeable liquor made from it1 which in some countries serves the inhabitants for their constant drink1 is not to be procured but by the industry of the agile bee4 ,in fine1 the limits of this preface will not permit me to dwell minutely1 and point out the benefits mankind does1 and may receive1 by the institution of this order of animals4 ,i shall again refer my reader to the book ,i mentioned before1 ,stillingfleet's ,tracts2 where he will find these and many other advantages ,i have not mentioned1 treated of in a most ingenious manner2 being the observations of some of the greatest men of the university of ,upsal in ,sweden2 for this reason1 therefore1 ,i shall consider this subject no farther1 but proceed to describe the plan of the work2 wherein1 if the reader expects to find the insects classed in systematic order1 as well as represented1 he will be greatly disappointed4 ,it is not my present design to enter into the scientific part of the study1 by arranging the insects according to any system now established2 nor will the reader find that ,i have given a single name to any one here figured4 ,this1 indeed1 must be the consequence of not following the system of any author1 unless ,i had formed one of my own2 for it is impossible ,i should give names to them1 particularly trivial ones1 without doing one or the other4 ,the calling an insect by the general appellation of moth1 butterfly1 c4 ,i cannot consider as derogatory to what ,i have said4 ,hence ,i flatter myself ,i shall avoid all occasion for reflection by the disciples of different authors1 in not following the method established by others2 and1 therefore1 my desire of giving no room for exceptions of this kind1 has induced me to follow no one whatever4 ,by this1 also1 ,i have left it in the power of every person to xviiiclass them according to his own fancy2 and1 as every one has thus an opportunity of following his favourite author1 none1 ,i hope1 will object to a method1 that will put it in his power of indulging his own inclination4 ,i must here inform my readers1 that this work can by no means be considered as a complete one4 ,the most transitory view will confirm this4 ,nor can ,i take any merit to myself by its publication1 unless the great care that has been taken to give just and accurate figures of the subjects1 in which the different generical characters1 according to the several authors ,i am acquainted with1 are truly represented1 will entitle me to any4 ,indeed1 the many opportunities ,i have had of observing the great tendency all kinds of insects have to perish and decay1 particularly moths and butterflies1 first gave me the hint of preserving them from oblivion1 by thus delineating them on paper4 ,for these last are of such tender and delicate natures1 that however pleasing and agreeable they may be to our sight1 they are not easily to be preserved with all their gay and striking plumage4 ,our utmost care can only secure them to us a few years2 and if they are exposed to air or sunshine1 we are quickly robbed of them2 the latter being capable1 in a few months1 of entirely destroying their colours1 and the first in as short a space1 will totally consume every part of them1 leaving nothing behind but a little dust4 ,hence it is1 ,i have been induced to give figures of foreign insects4 ,in prosecuting which1 the reader will find many that have never been described by any author2 and if the rescuing them by this method from the ravages of time1 if the delight and amusement arising from contemplating subjects of this kind1 or if an attempt to promote and encourage this branch of natural history meets with the encouragement ,i hope for1 ,i must assure the public1 no labour on my side shall be wanting to render it complete1 by adding future volumes1 as the subjects ,i should receive from abroad1 and my own leisure1 will enable me to do2 and this1 ,i flatter myself1 ,i shall be able to accomplish by the means of a few ingenious gentlemen situated in different parts of the world1 whose correspondence ,i am honoured with1 and by whose assistance ,i shall be able to give sometimes a tolerable history of an insect1 or as much of it as has fallen within their observation2 by which means1 new subjects of speculation1 some unnoticed circumstances in insect life1 may arise1 that cannot fail of being an acceptable embellishment4 ,but ,i must observe1 such pieces of information cannot be expected to be numerous2 for the difficulty of procuring the natural history of foreign insects is so exceedingly great1 that it is better conceived than described4 ,few persons1 who visit foreign countries1 have curiosity sufficient to prompt them to make such observations1 or indeed any enquiry1 into the works of nature4 ,the desire of acquiring wealth1 by the means of trade1 is the grand motive that induces them to leave their native country2 observations in natural history being generally quite foreign to their thoughts2 the desire of extending their commerce1 and making their fortunes1 taking entire possession of their minds1 and swallowing up every other consideration4 ,thus1 we see1 it is not from such persons we must expect any improvements tending to promote this study2 it is xixonly from men of a liberal and ingenious turn of mind1 settled there1 that we can hope to have any information of the state of nature in distant regions2 and the scarcity of such men ,i have found to be exceeding great4 ,for these reasons the reader must not expect to find the caterpillar and chrysalis of every insect represented4 ,it is sufficient if ,i am able to give figures of many exotics that have hitherto been unknown4 ,the natural history1 the forms of the caterpillars1 ways of life1 haunts1 c4 can1 in such cases1 be known only to persons living on the spot1 and who have speculation enough to observe them4 ,whenever ,i receive such pieces of information1 they shall1 certainly1 not be withheld from the public4 ,when ,i first engaged in the business of describing the different insects that compose the following work1 ,i found myself surrounded with difficulties of so unexpected a nature1 that ,i had more than once entertained thoughts of postponing1 if not totally relinquishing so arduous a task4 ,nothing but the strong desire ,i had of promoting the study of natural history1 could have led me to overcome a sense of my own incapacity of writing with that precision1 which the public eye demands2 and1 therefore1 ,i have reason to hope for the candid allowance of the ingenious1 to faults1 which might1 perhaps1 escape from the pen of a master1 on a subject so new as the present4 ,among the rest1 ,i laboured under no little trouble from a want of knowing what names to give to many colours found on the wings of some of the farinaceous tribe4 ,the want of a series1 or standard for names to colours1 is a matter much to be lamented in this kingdom4 ,i know no ,english author that has attempted it2 perhaps the arduousness of the task may be the reason it has not been done2 for if we form to ourselves an idea of the difficulty of bringing forth that innumerable train of colours that is to be done from only a yellow1 a red and a blue1 we may partly judge of the labour that man has to undergo who shall attempt it4 ,in my case1 the great variety of tints to be found on the insects1 the harshness of some1 the softness of others1 together with the manner of their running into one another1 increases the difficulty1 and renders descriptions a matter of such labour1 that nothing but the strongest resolution and perseverance could overcome4 ,from hence1 ,i hope1 if the reader should chance to meet with any part among them1 that does not entirely correspond with the colour given to the print1 he will impute it to its proper cause1 the painter4 ,i know of no defects of this kind2 but it is not impossible some may have escaped my observation1 among such a multitude of figures which ,i had to correct4 ,it is necessary ,i should inform the reader1 that all my descriptions have been taken from the natural subjects themselves1 and not from the coloured prints of them2 and that my intention therein1 is not to give a perfect idea of the insects1 without the help of the figures1 but only to assist the imagination in knowing what is described4 ,and when we consider the advantages that good engravings have over verbal descriptions1 the former representing to the mind1 at first view1 the object designed to be understood1 without putting us to the trouble of calling all our ideas1 all our powers of conception to our assistance1 in order to discover what is intended to be described2 xxwhile the latter1 though given by the best writers1 often puzzles and confounds the mind1 if our ideas do not keep pace with the author's meaning1 the present work1 by having every coloured figure explained1 must render it superior to any hitherto published in this kingdom4 ,the last author that published any figures of exotic subjects in natural history1 was ,mr4 ,petiver1 who1 in his ,gazophylacium1 delineated a great variety of all the different orders2 many of them exceeding curious and uncommon1 being collected from various parts of the world4 ,but they were sent forth uncoloured1 and almost undescribed2 circumstances that render them less estimable by the difficulty there is1 in many instances1 of knowing what the author meant2 the shape of the animal1 plant1 c4 being the principal1 and1 sometimes1 the only thing1 we can understand4 ,but although many of the figures consist of mere outlines1 not exquisitely well engraved1 it is not without merit4 ,there are a great many very uncommon subjects exhibited1 that were not known to exist in nature1 till he held them forth to public view4 ,it is1 in short1 a work1 that1 at the same time it manifested his desire for promoting his favourite study1 was a proof of his assiduity1 affording great room for speculation2 and as the present is an improvement on his plan1 ,i flatter myself it will not be unacceptable to the lovers of natural history4 ,there is yet another advantage arising from the descriptions1 that is not less than what ,i have already mentioned4 ,if this work should fall into the hands of a bookseller1 after my decease1 the public would not probably be pestered with copies so execrably coloured1 as is generally the case with books of this sort1 after the author's death2 the descriptions will be such a guide for colouring the prints1 that capital errors will not be able to find admittance3 the grossness of colouring a part yellow that should be red1 or green1 that ought to be blue1 would immediately be detected2 and the publisher1 for his own sake1 would undoubtedly be careful to have the prints justly and accurately done4 ,the experienced naturalist will perceive1 that1 throughout the quotations1 ,i have not availed myself of any of the ancient authors4 ,i have scarcely mentioned ,mouffet1 ,aldrovandus1 and others4 ,it is certain1 the figures to be seen in the works of most of the ancients are so bad1 ,i dared not give any quotation from them4 ,the incorrectness of the outlines1 the irregularity and impropriety of the spots and marks1 together with the looseness of the engravings1 renders them too imperfect for any one to venture mentioning them4 ,indeed they are1 in general1 so little expressive of the insect intended to be represented1 that no dependance can be had on their figures1 especially the farinaceous winged tribe4 ,clerck1 ,merian1 ,roesel1 ,petiver1 c4 are the authors ,i have principally mentioned1 among the iconographers2 and if the insect has been figured by a great many authors1 as particularly ,plate #cd4 ,fig4 #g1 #h4 ,i have only mentioned a few3 the rest may be known by looking into the ,systema of ,linnus#ab1 under the title mentioned in the quotation4 ,this author is the principal one ,i have quoted among the descriptive writers3 his great judgment in this study1 the plain method he has laid down for the classing of insects1 together with the xxiexcellency of his generical characters1 are what must endear him to every professor of this study4 ,i speak only of that part relating to the insect kingdom2 the merits of the other parts are best known to those conversant in the respective branches4 ,i must not here pass over a circumstance1 which it is proper to apprize my readers of1 by way of apology for giving a few figures 7but a few7 that have been published already in this kingdom4 ,when ,i first laid down the plan of this work1 ,i had no intention of confining myself to those subjects that were non-descripts2 but proposed to give figures of any exotic insects that might fall into my possession1 or what ,i could procure drawings of1 by the assistance of those gentlemen who were friends to an attempt of this sort4 ,i was willing to promote this branch of natural history1 by any method that lay within the compass of my little sphere4 ,this ,i was the rather prompted to1 by the consideration of its being an attempt entirely novel in this nation1 and conducted in a way different from any yet pursued4 ,but a little recollection convinced me ,i was wrong4 ,i was soon sensible1 that the giving figures1 already known and published here1 could do no service to the study1 or benefit the reader2 it is possible ,i might give a better figure than that before published2 the engraving might be softer1 more delicate1 and better becoming the subject2 or the colouring more exact and just3 but this would not be improving the reader's judgment1 or increasing his knowledge4 ,in short1 from that moment ,i altered my plan2 and it is to this mistake a few figures are inserted in different places1 which have before made their appearance in ,england1 either separately1 or mixed with other subjects of natural history4 ,from that time ,i took care to delineate none that ,i was conscious had engaged the pencil of any preceding author2 but confined myself to such1 whose novelty and striking appearances could not fail to recommend them4 ,to such non-descripts ,i have paid the greatest deference2 for in some of the plates1 among the butterflies and moths1 ,i have given complete figures of both the upper and under sides2 a practice that1 as deviating from my general rule1 ,i should not have done1 if the richness and softness of the colouring had not been so extremely pleasing1 as to render it scarcely possible to dispense with it4 ,it is only to a few ,i have paid this particular respect4 ,in general1 ,i have given to the butterflies1 only figures of one half their under sides1 but whole upper ones2 and of those moths that have no representations of their under sides1 the reader may conclude there is no material difference between their upper and under ones1 or else the latter is too poor and mean to justify the giving a figure of it4 ,i must just mention1 that although ,i used this forbearance to those figures that had been heretofore published1 ,i by no means meant to debar myself from representing such as had been only verbally described2 as is the case with a great many to be met with in the ,systema of ,linnus1 and in other authors4 ,the refraining1 therefore1 from such subjects1 would have been rather condemnable than fit to be approved1 for the reasons ,i mentioned before1 of the great difficulty there is in understanding1 sometimes1 the best verbal descriptions that ever were given2 therefore figures of this kind may not improperly be considered as explanatory1 or as illustrations to xxiisuch verbal descriptions1 affording the student a two-fold pleasure1 by comparing them together4 ,if the reader has made no progress in the study of natural history1 he will probably find it difficult to understand the several names1 or terms1 the different parts of insects are called by2 and which occur in every description4 ,for this reason ,i think it incumbent on me to give the most plain and familiar explanation of them ,i possibly can4 ,this ,i have done two ways2 by methodical definitions1 and figures2 and in both of them shall make no scruple to follow the method laid down by that great master of natural history1 the judicious ,linnus1 whose excellent plan1 for the knowledge and classing of insects1 demands the utmost thanks and regard from every lover of this branch of science4 ,from his plan ,i have taken the hint of giving some figures of different genera1 with the proper names of the respective parts in a plate by themselves4 ,by these the reader will not only be greatly assisted in understanding the descriptions2 but it will enable him to class them with more facility1 if he is inclined to do so4 ,i therefore go on to explain1 first the terms used throughout the whole2 and afterwards the distinct and different parts of insects4 ,in doing this1 ,i divide them into ,,order1 ,,class1 ,,genus1 and ,,species4 ,order1 is a general term1 applicable to a whole race of animals1 whereby they are distinguished from each other1 as beasts1 birds1 fishes1 c4#ac ,class1 a term by which insects1 as well as other animals1 are divided into their respective genera or tribes1 as the farinaceous1 crustaceous1 transparent1 c4#ad ,genus1 a term dividing each class1 as butterfly1 moth1 hawk-moth1 constitute the farinaceous 7,lepidoptera72 dung-beetle1 lady-bird1 goat-chaffer1 and many others1 make up the crustaceous 7,coleoptera72 cockroach1 locust1 bug1 and some others1 form the semi-crustaceous 7,hemiptera1 ,linn471 c4#ae ,species1 a term comprehending a distinct or individual sort in each genus1 as the pearl-bordered1 admirable1 skipper1 c4 among the butterflies2 egger1 drinker1 peppered1 c4 among moths1 c4 ,to these ,i must add the word ,variety1 a term by which two insects of the same species are known1 though differing a little 7not characteristically7 in colour1 size1 c4#af xxiii,i shall next proceed to explain and describe the different parts composing insects1 by dividing them into the ,head1 ,thorax1 ,abdomen1 and ,limbs4#ag ,the ,,head 7,fig4 #a1 #b1 #c1 a47 includes the ,,antenn1 ,,mouth1 ,,palpi1 ,,eyes1 ,,tongue1 ,,jaws1 and ,,horns4 ,the ,antenn are formed of various shapes1 according to the different genera1 as may be observed in the figures1 and seem instituted by nature not only for guiding the animal in its passage1 but likewise for other purposes2 being endued with an exquisite sense of feeling and perception4 ,fig4 #a4 d d4 ,fig4 #b4 c4 ,fig4 #c4 c c4 ,the ,mouth is placed in the head1 but sometimes close to the breast1 as in the spider tribe2 sometimes terminating in a horny beak1 as in ,plate #cb4 ,fig4 #a4 also in ,plate #db4 ,fig4 #c and #g4 ,in some it is furnished with strong mandibles like pincers1 as in ,plate #cb4 ,fig4 #f4 and ,plate #cg4 ,fig4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f4 ,in others it is so covered and guarded by the palpi1 particularly among the moths1 that it is not to be seen4 ,the ,palpi are parts placed close to the mouth1 and variously shaped2 as may be seen by comparing those of the ,lepidopterous with those of the ,coleopterous1 and other tribes2 consisting of a greater or less number according to the species or genus2 in some being only two1 in most of them four1 and in some six1 7,cicindela1 ,carabus1 ,linn47 ,the use and purpose of these parts we are ignorant of4 ,fig4 #a4 c c4 ,fig4 #b4 b4 ,fig4 #c4 b b4 ,the ,eyes are generally immoveable1 and suited differently2 in some to see only in the night1 in others in the day2 and differ in number according to the genera and species1 having in general two only1 but in some five1#ah in others eight1 as the spiders4 ,fig4 #a4 b b4 ,fig4 #c4 d d4 ,the ,tongue 7elongated maxill7 is sometimes curled up spirally like the spring of a watch1 as in butterflies and some moths1 c4 in others it 7including the labium7 is doubled under the head1 as in bees and wasps2 but a great many species are destitute of this elongated part4 ,the ,,thorax is principally composed of the ,,back1 ,,breast1 and in some the ,,scutellum1 in others the ,,mesosternum and ,,dilated ,,posterior ,,cox4 ,the ,back1 dorsum or upper part1 answering to the back in some animals1 terminates in some species in a triangular manner1 so as to represent the scutellum1 as in ,plate #cc4 ,fig4 #e1 #f1 and #h4 ,tab4 ,ann4 ,fig4 #a4 f4 ,fig4 #b4 e4 ,the ,breast1 or sternum1 is the under part of the thorax1 and always furnished with legs4 ,the ,scutellum is a small but hard part like a scale1 frequently of a triangular shape1 placed behind the dorsum of the prothorax1 and joining to it4 ,it is not developed in every genus1 being chiefly perceived in the ,coleopterous1 ,hemipterous1 and transparent-winged orders4 ,the ,mesosternum is united to the fore part of the breast1 extending beyond the middle legs towards the fore ones2 and observable only in some species of the ,coleopterous order4 ,by ,linnus and several other authors it is called sternum4 xxiv,the ,posterior ,cox are only conspicuously enlarged in some particular species 7dung beetles74 ,there are two of them placed on the sides of the breast next to the abdomen1 under the hinder thighs4 ,in some they are placed remote and distinct from it1 in others they lie close2 being moveable in some1 in others they are fixed4 ,the use of these parts we are ignorant of4#ai ,the ,abdomen consists of a number of annuli or rings1 and contains the greatest part of the intestines and other viscera2 being united to the trunk1 and formed with holes on the sides1 through which the insect breathes4 ,the ,,limbs comprehend the ,,tail1 ,,legs1 and ,,wings1 with their cases4 ,the ,tail is placed at the extremity of the abdomen2 and in some is furnished with a sting1 in others it is armed with a pair of forceps2 sometimes with a single bristle1 sometimes with a double one2 in some with a pair of claws like a crab1 in others like a fork4 ,the ,legs include the cox1 trochanters1 femora1 tibi1 and tarsi2 the latter consisting of two1 sometimes of three1 four1 or five articulations4 ,in some the fore ones resemble a crab's claws4 ,some are furnished with spines1 others are smooth and plain4 ,the hinder ones are formed for running1 leaping1 or swimming4 ,the ,wings1 being always two or four1 are either plain or folded1 erect or open1 lying flat or inclining downwards1 c4 ,in some they are dentated or scolloped2 and some are furnished with two projections like tails4 ,they are also membranaceous1 reticulated1 or transparent1 and frequently adorned with beautiful colours4 ,in some they are curiously folded within two crustaceous cases1 that are either smooth or rough1 striated1 furrowed1 punctated1 c4 in some these cases are soft and flexile1 in others hard like horn2 the ,hemipterous are partly soft and transparent1 as in ,plate #di4 ,fig4 #b4 and partly opake and hard1 as in ,plate #db4 ,fig4 #a4 ,plate #dc4 ,fig4 #b4 and ,plate #de4 ,fig4 #e4 ,it is necessary to observe1 that ,i have not been so prolix and explanatory in the foregoing definitions as ,i should be1 if ,i intended to arrange the figures under their respective classes1 or establish any system for doing so2 ,i have explained no more terms or parts than what are sufficient to enable the reader 7if he is not an adept7 easily and clearly to understand the descriptions4 ,it is likewise necessary to mention1 that ,i have given ,english names to most of the parts1 where ,i could do it with the necessary propriety for serving this particular purpose2 and where ,i could not substitute an ,english word1 that was apposite and significant1 ,i have preserved the ,latin one1 as used by ,linnus and others4 ,thus1 for instance1 the term palpi ,i would have altered1 if ,i could have found an ,english word that conveyed the same idea2 but not easily finding one1 ,i have kept to the original4 ,i have not forgot the terms mustachios1 whiskers1 c4 which ,i might have used in its stead2 but as these parts in many insects bore no analogy or resemblance thereto1 it being in a great many of them like a short jointed filament or thread1 ,i rather chose to preserve the ,latin one4 ,the same practice ,i have observed with the term antenn4 ,for though feelers is the general explanation given to this word1 ,i could not prevail with myself to use it4 ,the reason is1 because these animals seem to have a power xxvof applying these parts to purposes different from that of feeling4 ,by the antenn they are capable of distinguishing and perceiving1 as well as feeling2 and ,i am strongly inclined to believe1 it is by them the males are capable of discovering the females at a great distance4 ,it is certain their powers of perception are very obvious and remarkable1 which1 by close observations1 we may soon discover2 and unless we allow them capable of smelling without nostrils1 ,i do not know what parts they exercise1 or by what means they so readily discover1 not only their females but their respective kinds of food1 the places proper for depositing their eggs1 c4 ,the male moths appear to have this faculty of discovering their females in a greater degree than most other insects2 for there are but a very few1 if any1 belonging to this genus1 whose females pass the first night after they quit the chrysalis without coupling with the males2 owing to unconquerable desire in the latter1 and the strong effluvia or scent emitted by the former for attracting their mates4 ,every adept is fully acquainted that a female moth1 known by the name of the ,egger 7,phalna ,quercus of ,linnus71 taken into the fields the first day it is hatched1 will most certainly 7though shut up in a box7 allure all the males round the country that are within the sphere of its attraction1 and even from a great distance2 who will at first fly round the box with wonderful swiftness and eagerness1 and afterwards settling thereon will hunt and run about it with the greatest impatience1 endeavouring to get at the inclosed female2 and all this from the strongest desire of copulation2 for the minute that action is performed by a male1 the attractive property of the other ceases4 ,the powers of perception and distinction1 therefore1 are very great2 and what parts of the insects1 unless it be the antenn1 are employed in this search ,i am at a loss to discover4 ,however1 at present1 ,i presume it will not be necessary to offer any further reasons for using this term1 as the name substituted is sufficient for it to be known by1 it will fully answer the intended purpose4 ,the names of the other parts are too intelligible to require any explanation4 ,the plate annexed 7being the last thing ,i shall speak of7 requires but little to be said in its favour4 ,the use and advantage of it is too obvious to dwell on4 ,i have already mentioned1 that engravings and delineations claim the preference in the highest degree of verbal descriptions2 and as such1 ,i presume1 the reader will find this plate of the greatest service in assisting him to understand the descriptive parts with clearness and ease4 ,i must only recommend it to him1 if he is desirous of avoiding difficulty and trouble1 to make himself fully acquainted with the terms and names of all the parts of insects1 before he begins to read the descriptions4 ,illustration ,explanation of ,fig4 ,i4 a ,the head4 b b ,the eyes4 c c ,the palpi4 d d ,the antenn4 e e ,the shoulders4 ,the patagia1 or tippets1 are placed here4 f ,the thorax4 ,the part underneath and opposite to this is termed the breast4 xxvig ,the abdomen1 with the annuli or rings of which this part is composed2 very conspicuous in such of the ,lepidoptera as are figured in ,plate #bg1 #bh1 and #bi4 ,a ,a ,the anterior wings4 ,b ,b ,the posterior wings4 h h ,the bases of the wings4 i i ,the tips4 k k k k ,the anterior margin4 l l ,the posterior or internal margin4 m m m m ,the external edges4 n n ,the lower corners of the anterior wings4 o o ,the upper corners of the posterior wings4 p p ,the abdominal edges4 ,in the butterfly tribe this part forms the abdominal groove4 q q ,the anal angle4 r r ,the tails2 whereof some species have four1 as in ,plate #a1 #b1 and #g4 s s ,the eyes on the wings4 ,from round spots resembling an eye4 t ,a waved bar4 u u ,an irregular indented bar4 ,the terms upper side and under side1 mentioned in all the descriptions of the farinaceous tribe1 require no explanation4 ,explanation of ,fig4 ,,ii4 a ,the head4 b ,the palpi4 c ,the antenn4 d ,the eyes4 e ,the dorsum of the prothorax1 commonly called the thorax in beetles2 whereof the under part is the prosternum4 f ,the lateral margin of the thorax4 g ,the posterior margin of the thorax4 h h ,the upper horn4 i i ,the lower horn4 k ,the scutellum4 l l ,the wing cases1 or elytra4 m m ,the suture4 n n ,the lateral margin of the wing cases4 o ,the anus4 p ,the fore thigh4 q ,the middle thigh4 r ,the hinder thigh4 s s ,the fore tibi4 t t ,the middle tibi4 u u ,the hinder tibi4 w w w w w w ,the tarsi4 x x x x x x ,the articulation of the tarsi with the tibi4 y y y ,the articulation of the tibi with the femora4 z z z ,the hooks or claws1 7ungues47 ,explanation of ,fig4 ,,iii4 a ,the head4 b b ,the palpi4 c c ,the antenn4 d d ,the eyes4 e ,the prosternum2 whereof the upper part is the prothorax4 f ,the mesosternum4 g g ,the dilated posterior cox4 h h h h ,the abdomen1 with its annuli or rings4 o ,the anus4 p ,the fore thighs4 q q ,the middle thighs4 r r ,the hinder thighs4 s s ,the fore tibi4 t t ,the middle tibi4 u u ,the hinder tibi4 w w w w w w ,the tarsi4 x x x x x x ,the articulation of the tarsi with the tibi4 y y y y y y ,the articulation of the tibi with the femora1 or thighs4 z z ,the hooks or claws1 7ungues47 ,fig4 ,,iv4 is inserted only to shew the three little eyes1 which are placed in a triangular manner1 and mentioned in some of the descriptions1 viz4 ,plate #dc4 ,fig4 #d1 #e1 #f1 c4 #a;,,illustrations ,,of ,,exotic ,,entomology4 ---- ,,plate ,i4 ,illustration ,,nymphalis 7,,charaxes7 ,,jason4 ,plate ,i4 fig4 #a4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera1 ,linn4 ,,section3 ,diurna1 ,latr4 ,,family3 ,nymphalid1 ,swainson4 ,,genus4 ,,nymphalis1 ,latr4 ,papilio ,eq4 ,achiv4 ,linn4 ,drury4 ,papilio ,nymphalis1 ,fabr4 ,,subgenus4 ,jasia1 ,swainson4 ,charaxes1 ,boisduval4 ,,nymphalis 7,,charaxes7 ,,jason4 ,alis fuscis1 anticis utrinque strig maculari limboque apicali fulvis1 posticis bicaudatis1 ordine postico macularum sublunarium fulvescentium1 omnibus subtus ad basin ferrugineis caracteribus fascique albis4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #c-d4 unc47 ,,syn4 ,papilio ,jason1 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #b4 #gdi4 ,no4 #bf4 ,herbst4 tab4 #fd4 f4 #c4 #d4 #e4 ,cram4 pl4 #cci4 f4 ,a4 ,b4 ,drury1 vol4 #a4 p4 #b4 ,pap4 7,nymphalis7 ,jasius1 ,fab4 ,ent4 ,syst4 t4 ,,iii4 part #a4 p4 #fa4 #aia4 ,drury1 vol4 #b4 ,app4 ,nymphalis ,jasius1 ,latr4 et ,godart4 ,enc4 ,meth4 v4 #i4 p4 #cej4 #a4 ,charaxes ,jasius1 ,boisduval ,hist4 ,nat4 ,lepidopt4 pl4 #g4 f4 #ab4 7imago7 pl4 #c4 ,a4 f4 #i4 7larva and pupa47 ,,habitat3 ,barbary1 ,asia ,minor1 and the ,northern ,coast of the ,mediterranean ,sea4 ,upper ,side4 ,the anterior wings are of a fine chocolate1 with an orange-coloured margin running along the exterior edge1 within which are some faint round orange spots2 those next the anterior edge1 where they begin1 being strongest4 ,the posterior wings are furnished with four tails 7the outer ones being the shortest7 and are of a blue black4 ,a yellow scolloped margin runs round their external edges1 verged with black2 above which are some lunate spots of a sky blue4 ,under ,side4 ,the anterior wings1 next the body1 are of a faint dark red1 with many spots and marks of a dirty olive1 differently shaped1 margined with white4 ,an orange margin runs along the exterior edge1 intersected by the blue tendons2 and above it are several triangular marks of a faint orange1 on a blueish hazel ground1 which deadens as it approaches the margin4 ,the posterior wings have on each a white band1 running transversely1 and meeting just below the extremity of the body2 within which1 and including the anal groove1 are many round1 oval1 and other shaped marks of chocolate and dark olive2 verged with white4 ,a scolloped margin1 of a deep lemon colour1 runs along the posterior edges1 verged with dirty green1 and separated from the white band by a bar of hazel colour1 and some large brown reddish spots and marks4 ,two blue spots are placed just above the two longest tails1 with several lesser ones1 just above the lemon-coloured margin4 ,i have thought it more in accordance with the principles which are now almost universally adopted1 in regulating specific nomenclature1 to revert to the original ,linnan #bname of ,jason in preference to that of ,fabricius4 ,this butterfly may be regarded as one of the most splendid of the ,lepidoptera of ,europe1 to the southern portion of which and to the northern shores of ,africa it appears to be confined4 ,the strength of its general structure indicates great powers of flight1 and we accordingly find that it is able to sustain itself in the air with very little motion of the wings4 ,the female differs from the male only by having the centre of the posterior wings adorned with small blue spots on the upper side4 ,there are two broods in the year1 namely in ,june and ,september1 and1 according to ,m4 ,de ,villiers1 the insect emits a strong scent of musk4 ,the caterpillar is naked and thickened in the middle of the body2 the tail tapering into two short points1 the head is also armed with two conical erect horns4 ,in this respect1 therefore1 this insect very nearly approaches the genus ,apatura1 of which the purple ,emperor1 ,ap4 ,iris is the type1 thus proving the advantages to be obtained1 in studying the natural relations of this difficult order of ,annulosa1 from an accurate acquaintance with the structure and habits of the early stages of the insect4 ,there are several species1 having the same general form as the ,jason1 including ,athamas1 pl4 #b4 fig4 #c4 #d2 ,eudoxus1 vol4 iii4 pl4 #cc4 f4 #a4 #d2 ,camulus1 vol4 iii4 pl4 #cj4 f4 #a4 #b4 ,mr4 ,swainson has1 accordingly1 formed them into a distinct group1 to which he has given the name of ,jasia1 in pursuance with his customary1 but scarcely correct plan1 of raising the specific name of the typical species into a generic name1 and then giving a new specific name to such type4 ,m4 ,boisduval1 rejecting this system of nomenclature1 has more recently proposed for the same group the name of ,charaxes1 which ,i have adopted4 ,amongst the species very nearly resembling ,jason1 is one sent from ,africa#bj to ,mr4 ,drury by ,mr4 ,smeathman1 which1 according to the observations of that traveller1 published by ,drury1 in the introduction to his third volume1 flies in the heat of the day with amazing rapidity1 and seldom descends within eight feet of the ground4 ,it glances from the prominent branches of one tree to those of another1 as swift as a swallow1 and turns its head about instantly to the glade1 or path1 and will not suffer any person to approach within a striking distance of it1 but darts away on the least motion of the body4 ,if the collector exert his patience it will at last become more familiar and careless1 and is then to be caught upon some particular branch1 to which it will appear more attached than to another4 #c,,thecla ,,acis4 ,plate ,i4 fig4 #b4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,diurna4 ,,family3 ,lycnid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,thecla1 ,fabr4 7,syst4 ,gloss4 ,synops4 in ,illig4 ,mag47 ,polyommatus1 ,latr4 et ,godart4 ,cupido p4 ,schrank ,papilio 7,pleb4 rural471 ,drury4 ,,thecla ,,acis4 ,alis supr fuscis subts pallidioribus1 posticis bicaudatis macul ruf ad angulum ani1 subts punctis duobus fascique obliqu albis4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #a unc4 #c lin47 ,,syn4 ,papilio ,acis1 ,drury1 ,app4 v4 #b4 7#aggc74 ,cram4 pl4 #age4 fig4 ,c4 ,d4 ,papilio ,mars1 ,fabr4 ,mant4 ,ins4 #b4 #ff4 ,no4 #fbd4 7#aghg74 ,herbst4 ,pap4 tab4 #bhh4 f4 #a4 #b4 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,iii4 #a4 #bfe4 #bd4 7,hesperia ,m47 ,encycl4 ,meth4 #i4 #fce4 7,polyommatus ,m47 ,papilo ,ixion1 ,fab4 ,mant4 ,ins4 #b4 #ga4 ,no4 #fga8 ,,habitat3 ,new ,york 7,drury17 taken on #cast ,august4 ,south ,america 7,fabr473 ,antilles 7,godart74 ,cape of ,good ,hope 788 ,cramer74 ,upper ,side4 ,the anterior wings are entirely dark brown1 without any spots or marks4--,the posterior wings the same1 with four tails1 the inner ones much longer than the others2 close above which latter are two red spots1 edged at the bottom with black1 and two more1 placed at the anal angle4 ,the cilia is white4 ,under ,side4 ,all the wings are of a dark lead colour4 ,a very narrow black and white line crosses the anterior wings1 parallel to the external edges2 another indented irregular line crosses the posterior wings1 beginning near the middle of the anterior edge1 and meeting just below the extremity of the body4 ,four long reddish spots are very visible on this side1 below which are four black ones4 ,this species is nearly allied to ,papilio ,echion1 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 p4 #ghh4 figured by ,roesel1 tom4 i4 tab4 #g4 f4 #c4 #d4 which is also an ,american species1 but differs1 as ,drury observes1 in wanting the red spots on the upper surface of the lower wings1 in having a red line crossing the wings on the under side1 c4 ,,thecla ,,simaethis4 ,plate ,i4 fig4 #c4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,diurna4 ,,family3 ,lycnid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,thecla1 ,fabr41 ,horsfield4 ,polyommatus1 ,latr4 et ,godart4 ,hesperia1 ,fabr4 olim4 ,papilio 7,pleb4 rur47 ,drury4 ,,thecla ,,simaethis4 ,alis supra fuscis1 nitidis1 subtus flavo-viridibus1 vitt transvers argente1 posticis apice ferrugineis strig punctis margaritaceis4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #a unc4 #c lin47 ,,syn4 ,papilio 7,pleb4 rural47 ,simaethis1 ,drury1 ,app4 v4 #b4 ,herbst4 ,pap4 tab4 #bhj4 f4 #c4 #d4 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,iii4 #a4 p4 #bhf4 ,no4 #ig4 7,hesperia ,s47 ,latr4 et ,god4 ,enc4 ,meth4 #i4 #fdc4 #ig4 7,polyommatus ,s47 ,,habitat3 ,saint ,christopher's 7,drury74 ,surinam 7,fabr47 ,upper ,side4 ,the wings are brown1 tinged with blue4 ,the cilia white1 posterior wings with two tails like hairs1 of a chocolate colour2 the tips being white4 ,under ,side4 ,the anterior wings are green next the anterior edge1 but along the interior one are of a greyish flesh colour4 ,a narrow silver line begins at the anterior edge1 about a third from the tips1 and crossing both superior and inferior wings1 meets near the extremity of the abdomen1 running across the inferior wings in a very irregular1 indented manner1 and having its upper side verged with chocolate4 ,the #dposterior wings1 above this line1 are of a deep pea-green2 but below it soften into a flesh colour1 which continues along the external edge1 from the upper to the anal corner2 whence rises a jagged1 indented1 chocolate line1 that runs across the wing1 parallel with the silver line1 whereon are several dark blue spots1 shining like polished steel4 ,nearly allied to the common ,british species1 ,thecla ,rubi4 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,illustration ,,polyommatus ,,thero4 ,plate ,,ii4 fig4 #a4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,diurna4 ,,family3 ,lycnid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,polyommatus1 ,latreille et ,godart4 ,lycna1 ,fabr4 7,syst4 ,gloss4 ,synops4 in ,illig4 ,mag47 ,papilio 7,nymph4 ,phalerat47 ,drury4 7,pleb4 rural47 ,linn4 ,,polyommatus ,,thero4 ,alis dentats1 supr nigricanti-fuscis1 flvo maculatis1 posticis subts nebuloso-cinereis maculis linearibus nitenti-albis1 macul disci majori1 apicibus uncinat4 7,expans4 ,alar4 lin4 #a unc4 #i lin47 ,,syn4 ,papilio 7,pleb4 rur47 ,thero1 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #b4 p4 #ghg4 ,no4 #bai4 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,iii4 #a4 p4 #bgd4 ,no4 #eg4 7,hesperia rural74 ,god4 et ,latr4 ,enc4 ,meth4 #i4 #fjb4 ,no4 #aed4 ,hesperia ,erosine1 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,iii4 #a4 p4 #bff4 ,no4 #bh4 ,papilio ,salmoneus1 ,cramer1 ,ins4 t4 #a4 pl4 #b4 f4 #a4 ,papilio ,rumina1 ,drury1 7exclus4 syn4 ,linn47 ,,habitat3 ,cape of ,good ,hope4 ,upper ,side4 ,the wings are dentated1 and of a fine dark brown colour4 ,the anterior having seven square discoidal red spots1 of different sizes4 ,the posterior ones are furnished with four short tails1 two on each2 above which are three small red spots4 ,under ,side4 ,the anterior wings are red at the base2 but along the external and interior edges are of a rusty grey brown1 with several dark marks or clouds thereon4 ,near the anterior edge1 towards the base1 are three black spots1 with three small white ones in their centres4 ,the posterior wings are of a rusty grey brown1 darkest in the middle1 with a margin of a paler colour1 running along the external and part of the upper edges4 ,several spots1 of a silver white1 are dispersed on different parts of the wings2 some being round1 long1 triangular1 c4 ,about the middle of each wing is a long silvery mark1 running in a direction from the base to the external edge2 being about half the length of the wing4 ,drury confounded this species with the ,european ,papilio ,rumina1 ,linn4 belonging to a distant genus 7,thais71 whilst ,fabricius described it twice under the specific names cited above4 ,,erycina ,,lysippus4 ,plate ,,ii4 fig4 #b4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,diurna4 ,,family3 ,lycnid8 ,,genus4 ,,erycina1 ,latr4 ,hesperia 7rurales71 ,fab4 ,papilio 7,pleb4 rur47 ,linn4 ,drury4 ,,erycina ,,lysippus4 ,alis fusco-nigris1 singularum utrinque fasci tenui aurantiac2 posticis angulatis1 subts ad basin griseo maculatis4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #a unc4 #f lin47 ,,syn4 ,papilio 7,pleb4 rur47 ,lysippus1 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #b4 p4 #gic4 ,no4 #bej4 ,cramer1 pl4 #chj4 f4 ,a4 ,fabricius ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,iii4 #a4 p4 #cba4 ,no4 #bah4 7,hesperia rur4 ,l474 ,latr4 et ,godart1 ,encycl4 ,mthod4 ix4 p4 #eff4 ,no4 #aa4 7,erycina ,l47 ,,habitat3 ,jamaica 7,drury74 ,guiana and ,brazil 7,latr4 et ,god474 #e,upper ,side4 ,the wings are of a chocolate-black4 ,on the anterior is an orange-coloured line1 which1 rising about the middle of the anterior edge1 crosses the wing towards the anal angle1 where it suddenly bends1 and terminates at the posterior edge4 ,the posterior wings1 which are angulated1 have a circular orange line1 rising at the anterior edge1 near the corner1 crossing the wings1 and meeting near the anal angle4 ,under ,side4 ,the wings are of the same colour as on the upper side1 with the same orange line1 whereon1 in the anterior pair1 are some white spots4 ,between this and the base are several faint1 dirty grey1 oblong spots1 namely1 four on the anterior1 and about twenty on the posterior wing4 ,the base of the anterior margin of the fore wings1 and the anal margin of the posterior wings1 are of a red colour4 ,,hipparchia ,,eumea4 ,plate ,,ii4 fig4 #c4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,diurna4 ,,family3 ,nymphalid1 ,swainson4 ,,genus4 ,,hipparchia1 ,fabr4 ,satyrus1 ,latr4 et ,god4 ,papilio 7,danai ,festivi71 ,drury4 ,,hipparchia ,,eumea4 ,alis integris subfuscis1 anticis utrinque strig lat fulv1 subtus serie communi punctorum alborum4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #c unc47 ,,syn4 ,papilio 7,dan4 ,festiv47 ,eumeus1 ,drury1 ,app4 to v4 #b4 7#aggc74 ,cramer1 pl4 #ahc4 fig4 ,c4 ,d4 ,pap4 7,nymphal47 ,gripus1 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,iii4 #a4 #adi4 ,no4 #deg4 ,herbst4 ,pap4 tab4 #ace4 ,no4 #c4 #d4 ,satyrus ,gripus1 ,latr4 et ,god4 ,enc4 ,mth4 v4 ix4 p4 #dig4 ,no4 #gj4 ,,habitat3 ,china 7,drury74 ,india 7,fabricius74 ,upper ,side4 ,the wings are entire1 and of a deep brown1 with a broad luteous fascia1 rising near the anterior edges of the fore wings1 running along near the tips1 and ending at the external margin4 ,under ,side4 ,the wings are the same colours as on the upper side4 ,the anterior1 with five whitish spots on each1 placed in a row1 near the external margin4 ,the posterior have on each sometimes five1 and sometimes seven spots1 of the same colour1 placed in a circular row1 meeting near the extremity of the body4 ,i have reverted to the name given by ,drury1 in preference to following ,fabricius1 and the authors of the ,encyclopdie ,mthodique4 ,,nymphalis 7,,charaxes7 ,,athamas4 ,plate ,,ii4 fig4 #d4 ,,order ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,diurna4 ,,family3 ,nymphalid1 ,sw4 ,,genus4 ,,nymphalis1 ,latr4 ,,subgenus4 ,charaxes1 ,boisduval4 7,see page #a47 ,,nymph 7,,ch47 ,,athamas4 ,alis supra nigris1 utrinque fasci medi lat glauc subhyalin1 subtus lunulis ferrugineis marginat4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #c4 unc47 ,,syn4 ,papilio 7,equit44 ,achiv47 ,athamas1 ,drury1 ,app4 v4 #b4 ,cramer1 ,pap4 pl4 #hi4 f4 ,c4 ,d4 ,encycl4 ,mthod4 #i4 #cec4 7,nymphalis ,a47 ,papilio ,pyrrhus1 ,donovan4 ,insects of ,india1 pl4 #d4 f4 #b4 7exel4 syn4 ,linn47 ,,habitat3 ,china 7,drury74 ,india 7,donovan74 ,java 7,latr4 et ,god474 ,upper ,side4 ,the head is brown1 with four minute yellow frontal spots4 ,the wings are dentated1 and of a fine red brown1 each with a broad brimstone coloured bar1 rising near the middle of the anterior wings2 and1 crossing them and the posterior ones transversely1 meeting near the extremity of the body4 #f;,above these1 near the tips1 are two small oval spots of the same colour4 ,the posterior wings have four tails1 of nearly equal length1 above which are seven small brimstone spots1 placed on each1 along the external edge4 ,under ,side4 ,the broad transverse bar is of a pearl colour1 being surrounded next the body by a narrow red brown border1 edged with black1 between which and the base1 are two small black spots4 ,the two spots1 near the tips1 are also seen on this side1 being of a pearl colour4 ,the external edges of the anterior wings are of an olive colour2 the remaining parts being of a very resplendent greyish purple4 ,several small kidney-shaped marks are placed along the outer side of the pearl bar4 ,the posterior wings have a narrow orange-coloured border running along their external edges2 and above it1 are seven small black spots1 edged at the top with white4 ,above these is a shade of brown olive1 over which are some black angular marks1 with red crescents above them4 ,donovan has confounded this species with the ,linnan ,pap4 ,pyrrhus1 although ,drury had previously pointed out the diversity of the two species4 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,illustration ,,erebus ,,odora4 ,plate ,,iii4 fig4 #a4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,nocturna4 ,,family3 ,noctuid4 ,,genus4 ,,erebus1 ,latr4 ,thysania1 ,dalm4 ,noctua1 ,fabr4 ,phalna 7,attacus71 ,linn4 ,drury4 ,,erebus ,,odora4 ,alis dentatis fuscis1 nigro undatis1 anticis ocello atro auriformi fulvo marginato2 posticis sesquialtero4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #g unc47 ,,syn4 ,phalna 7,attacus7 ,odora1 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #b4 p4 #haa4 ,no4 #aa4 ,sloan4 ,jam4 #b4 t4 #bcf4 f4 #ac4 #ad4 ,noctua ,odora1 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,iii4 #b4 p4 #aj4 ,no4 #h4 ,gmelin1 ,linn41 ,s4 ,n4 #bebi4 #aa4 ,cramer1 ,ins4 tab4 #afi4 fig4 ,a4 ,b4 ,oliv4 ,enc4 ,mth4 #h4 #beb4 #g4 ,,habitat3 ,jamaica1 ,antigua1 and other ,west ,indian ,islands 7,drury74 ,surinam 7,fabricius74 ,upper ,side4 ,the body and wings are of a dark brown4 ,the latter are scolloped1 the anterior having1 near their anterior margin1 towards the middle1 a black eye on each1 shaped like a human ear1 whose iris is of a dark orange colour2 and1 near the anal angle1 towards the external edge1 is a black scolloped line1 running half way up the wing1 joining to which 7under it7 is a bar of a very soft and delicate brown colour1 differing from the general tint of the wings4 ,the posterior wings have1 on each1 near the external edge1 a mark somewhat like a large eye2 upon whose under edge are two semi-eyes1 one black1 the other the same colour as the wings4 ,many agreeable shades1 of a lighter colour1 and ingrailed lines1 run across all the wings4 ,under ,side4 ,the head1 breast1 and legs1 are the same colour as the upper side2 except the thighs of the fore legs1 which are red4 ,there is very little variety of colours on this side1 except a purplish hue1 visible when held in a declining direction4 ,drury notices another insect1 also received by him from ,saint ,christopher's1 of smaller size1 and differing only in having a narrow indented bar1 of a flesh colour1 crossing the upper and lower wings1 and which1 he thinks1 may possibly be the other sex of the insect here figured2 considering also1 that the references to ,linnus and ,sloane1 apply rather to the smaller insect4 ,fabricius states1 that the female of ,odora is distinguished by having a fascia1 composed of three waved white lines1 in the middle of the wings4 #g,,spilosoma ,,acrea4 ,plate ,,iii4 fig4 #b4 female4 #c4 male4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,nocturna4 ,,family3 ,arctiid1 ,steph4 ,,genus4 ,,spilosoma1 ,stephens4 ,arctia p4 ,schrank4 ,eyprepia p4 ,ochsenheim4 ,bombyx p4 ,fabr4 ,,spilosoma ,,acrea4 ,alis niveis 7postieis male fulvis71 punctis nigris1 costalibus majoribus2 abdominis dorso fulvo nigro maculato4 7,expans4 ,alar4 male #b unc4--female #b unc47 ,,syn4 female ,phalna 7,bombyx7 ,acrea1 ,drury1 ,app4 v4 #b4 male4 ,phal4 7,bomb47 ,caprotina1 ,drury1 ,app4 v4 #b4 ,bombyx ,acria1 ,fab4 ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,iii4 #a4 p4 #dea4 ,no4 #acg4 ,abbot and ,smith1 ,ins4 ,georg4 tab4 #fg4 7exclus4 ,syn4 ,fabr4 ,b4 lubricepid74 ,arctia ,pseuderminea 7,peck71 ,harris in ,massachus4 ,agricult4 ,repos4 vol4 #g4 p4 #cbh4 and tab4 annex4 ,,habitat3 ,new ,york1 ,maryland1 ,virginia 7,drury74 ,,male44--,upper ,side4 ,the antenn and eyes are black2 the thorax and extremity of the body cream colour2 he abdomen yellow1 spotted on the top and sides with black4 ,the anterior wings are cream coloured1 spotted with black4 ,the number of spots very uncertain1 except five which are placed on the anterior edge1 and six on the external one4 ,the cilia yellow1 as are the posterior wings1 on each of which are three black spots1 two near the external edge1 and one near the middle4 ,under ,side4 ,the breast and thighs are yellow2 the abdomen and legs the same1 chequered and spotted with black4 ,all the wings are yellow1 spotted in the same manner with black1 as on the upper side4 ,,female4--,upper ,side4 ,the head and thorax white4 ,the abdomen yellow1 with black spots on the sides and top1 the extremity being white4 ,all the wings are white1 with black spots1 whose number is very variable2 but1 on the anterior edges of each anterior wing1 are placed five1 and on the external edges1 six4 ,under ,side4 ,the legs are black and white1 the thighs yellow2 the abdomen white1 spotted with black4 ,all the wings are white1 with black spots1 most of which1 observed on the upper side1 being seen on this4 ,this species is closely allied to the common ,british species1 ,spilosoma lubricepida1 and ,menthrastri2 but is of larger size1 the spots being also larger4 ,the two figures given by ,drury1 are now ascertained to be the sexes of the same species1 as1 indeed1 our author had surmised might be the case4 ,it appears to be a very common species1 and is stated by ,drury to breed twice a year1 namely1 in ,june and ,september4 ,the caterpillar is very hairy1 and when young is white2 as it advances in age1 it acquires a fox colour1 and1 in its last skin1 becomes almost black4 ,dr4 ,thaddeus ,w4 ,harris1 a distinguished ,american entomologist1 to whom ,i am indebted for many valuable insects of that country1 has published a very interesting notice1 in the work above cited1 upon this insect1 under the title of ,the ,natural ,history of the ,salt-marsh ,caterpillar1 under which name the larva of this insect is commonly known1 and which is exceedingly destructive to grasses of various kinds4 ,he states1 that when nearly full-fed1 they become very voracious1 and continue eating all the day and night without intermission4 ,soon they leave the meadows1 aggregated in great numbers1 and commence the wandering state1 or begin to run1 as is the phrase1 devouring everything in their progress2 corn-fields1 gardens1 and even the coarse and rank #hproduce of road sides1 afford them temporary nourishment1 until they have found a place of security from the wind and weather4 ,dr4 ,harris1 in a communication to me1 has stated1 that he had ascertained that this insect was the ,acria of ,fabricius1 and that ,professor ,peck's name must1 therefore1 be rejected4 ,abbot observes1 respecting this caterpillar1 that it is a general devourer of all field and garden-plants1 and weeds4 ,it spun up in a thin web1 intermixed with its own hairs1 on the #afth of ,may1 and the moth came out on the #b;d of ,june4 ,others of the autumnal brood1 taken in ,september1 spun up on the #ahth of that month1 and remained in the chrysalis until the #bast of ,april4 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,illustration ,,cethosia ,,cyane4 ,plate ,,iv4 fig4 #a4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,diurna4 ,,family3 ,nymphalid1 ,swains4 ,,genus4 ,,cethosia1 ,fabr4 ,latr4 et ,god4 ,papilio 7,nymphal4 ,phalerat471 ,drury4 ,,cethosia ,,cyane4 ,alis dentatis nigris1 line communi tenuissim angulat marginali1 anticis fasci posticis disco 7nigro punctato7 albis4 7,expans4 ,alar4 unc4 #c47 ,,syn4 ,papilio 7,nymph4 ,phal47 ,cyane1 ,drury1 ,app4 v4 #b4 ,herbst4 ,pap4 tab4 #bdh4 fig4 #c4 #d4 ,cramer1 ,pap4 #be4 pl4 #bie4 fig4 ,c4 ,d4 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,iii4 #a4 p4 #aae4 ,no4 #ceb4 ,latr4 et ,god4 ,encycl4 ,mthod4 ix4 p4 #bdg4 7,cethosia ,cy47 ,,habitat3 ,bengal 7,drury74 ,india 7,fabr474 ,upper ,side4 ,the anterior wings are dentated and black3 the anterior edge of a dirty olive brown2 in the middle whereof a broad white bar arises1 and runs transversely towards the middle of the external edge1 where1 stopping at the distance of a quarter of an inch1 it forms1 with some faint white spots1 a black border along the external edge1 whereon is a row of narrow white angulated marks4 ,the posterior wings1 which are deeply dentated1 are white2 with a deep black border running along the external edge1 whereon is a row of white angulated marks1 as on the superior wings1 and above each of them is a series of short white streaks1 running parallel with the edge of the wing4 ,above these are six round black spots1 one situated between each nerve1 and over them six more smaller1 and fainter2 several more spots being dispersed on the white parts of the wings1 some very distinct1 and others very faint4 ,under ,side4 ,the anterior wings are red1 which colour extends from the base nearly half along the wing1 and which1 towards the posterior edge1 softens to a cream-colour4 ,on this red ground are some short black lines1 with blue ones between them1 extending between the two principal nerves4 ,the external edge has a black margin2 whereon the white angular marks are seen more distinctly1 being here shaped like beards of arrows4 ,above this border1 near the external angle1 are two oval black spots1 or eyes1 whose irides are white1 having between them and the black border a row of small1 round1 black spots1 placed close together4 ,the white bar described on the upper side is also seen here4 ,several more black spots1 of various forms1 are dispersed on different parts1 particularly a group in the centre of the wing4 ,the inferior wings are white1 with pale cream-coloured clouds2 but next the base are white1 blue1 and red1 with black streaks1 from whence a shade of blue and brown runs along the anterior edge to the external angle1 where a black border commences1 whereon are angular white marks1 like arrow beards or points4 ,this border continues to the abdominal corners1 where two small1 curved1 black lines meet together1 and form an arch4 ,above the black border is a row of small black spots1 and above them are six larger1 with several others1 of different shapes and sizes1 dispersed on various parts of the wings4 #i,the insect described in the ,encyclopdie ,mthodique1 from ,malabar1 differs from that figured by ,drury1 in having the disc of the posterior wings of a fulvous buff colour1 and the spots larger1 with the markings at the base of this pair of wings1 on the under side fulvous instead of blue4 ,is this to be regarded as a variety1 the opposite sex1 or a distinct species8 ,,cethosia ,,biblis4 ,plate ,,iv4 fig4 #b4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,diurna4 ,,family3 ,nymphalid1 ,sw4 ,,genus4 ,,cethosia1 ,fab4 ,latr4 ,god4 ,papilio 7,nymphal4 ,phal471 ,drury4 ,,cethosia ,,biblis4 ,alis subrotundatis dentatis fulvis1 extimo fusco1 lunulis albis anticarum serie triplici digestis 7intermedi minori71 posticis ante marginem maculis nigris1 singulis subts ad basin lineis maculisque flavis variis4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #c unc4 #i lin47 ,,syn4 ,papilio 7,nymph4 ,phal47 ,biblis1 ,drury1 ,app4 v4 #b4 7#aggc74 ,cramer1 ,pap4 #ae4 pl4 #age4 fig4 ,a4 ,b4 ,herbst4 ,pap4 tab4 #bdh4 fig4 #a4 #b4 ,papilio 7,nymph47 ,penthesilea1 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,iii4 #a4 p4 #aad4 ,no4 #cdi4 7exclus4 ,syn4 ,crameri47 ,cethosia ,biblina1 ,latr4 et ,god4 ,enc4 ,mth4 ix4 p4 #bdh4 ,,habitat3 ,china 7,drury74 ,from the collection of the late ,mr4 ,lee of ,deptford4 ,upper ,side4 ,the anterior wings1 next the shoulders1 are a brown orange1 occupying half the wings2 the other half1 next the tips1 are of a rusty red brown1 whereon is a row of white crescents running along the external edge4 ,above this are five white squarish spots1 and over them a row of angulated marks1 like points of arrows1 with white spots in their centres1 above which is a single white spot1 between which and the shoulders are some short black waved lines1 extending between the two principal nerves4 ,the posterior wings are entirely of a brown orange1 except a rusty red-brown border that runs along the external edge1 whereon is a row of white crescents1 and above it are six black spots running parallel with the border1 beneath which is a denticulated line of dark brown4 ,under ,side4 ,the anterior wings1 next the shoulders1 are of a brown orange1 reaching half way along the wings1 the remainder being rusty yellow4 ,on the orange ground1 next the shoulders1 are several black1 irregular1 short lines1 placed two and two1 the middle1 or spaces between them1 being clay-coloured4 ,two small black spots are placed on the anterior edge1 on each side near the base4 ,along the external edge is a row of white angulated lines1 above which is a row of ash-coloured marks1 with some dark spots thereon2 and over this1 is another row of ash-coloured marks1 shaped like acute angles1 with an oblong streak in the centre of each4 ,the posterior wings at the base are dark orange1 but toward the external edges are rusty yellow1 on which is a row of crescents on a dark border4 ,above this is a circular bar or band of a flesh colour1 having a row of dark spots on the lower edge1 and the upper edge shaped like acute angles1 with a black triangular mark in each1 and a white spot in its centre4 ,about a quarter of an inch above this bar is another of a clay colour1 about one-eighth of an inch broad1 with dark spots and marks on it1 some of which resemble ,greek characters4 ,over this bar is another near the base1 of a clay colour1 with a double row of black marks or streaks on it4 ,fabricius has confounded this species and another1 under the name of ,penthesilea4 ,latreille and ,godart have altered the specific name proposed by ,drury to that of ,biblina1 parce qu'il a t impos ultrieurement un genre de ,lpidoptres diurnes4 ,i have1 however1 restored the specific name of ,biblis1 because the same name1 was not #ajproposed for a genus by ,fabricius1 until many years after the publication of ,drury's work1 in the ,synopsis of the ,systema ,glossatorum1 published in ,illiger's ,magazine2 and because the employment of a proper name1 like ,biblis1 for a species1 even when previously used for a genus belonging to a perfectly distinct group1 is not incorrect4 ,,plate ,v4 ,illustration ,,cynthia ,,huntera4 ,plate ,v4 fig4 #a4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,diurna4 ,,family3 ,nymphalid1 ,swains4 ,,genus4 ,,cynthia1 ,fabr4 ,stephens4 ,vanessa p4 ,latr4 et ,god4 ,papilio 7,nymph4 ,gemmat471 ,drury1 ,fabricius4 ,,cynthia ,,huntera4 ,alis subangulatis dentatis fulvis1 nigro variegatis2 anticis apice productis albo maculatis2 posticis infra ad basin griseo reticulatis1 ad extimum ocellis duobus magnis notatis4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #b unc4 #i lin47 ,,syn4 ,papilio 7,nymph47 ,huntera1 ,fab4 ,syst4 ,ent4 p4 #dii4 ,no4 #bdj4 ,herbst4 ,pap4 t4 #agh4 f4 #e4 #f4 t4 #agi4 f4 #a4 #b4 ,abbot and ,smith1 ,ins4 ,georgia1 vol4 #a4 tab4 #i4 ,papilio 7,nymph4 ,gemm47 ,cardui ,virginiensis1 ,drury1 ,app4 v4 #b4 ,papilio ,iole1 ,cramer1 ,pap4 #a4 pl4 #ab4 f4 ,e4 ,f4 ,papilio ,bella ,donna ,virginiana1 ,petiv4 ,gaz4 ,dec4 #d4 tab4 #cc4 fig4 #e4 ,,habitat3 ,new ,york1 ,maryland1 ,virginia 7,drury74 ,brazil to ,georgia 7,enc4 ,mth474 ,upper ,side4 ,the base of the wings tawny orange2 the anterior1 dentated and angulated2 the tips and external edges are brownish black1 on which are five white spots near the external angle1 the largest being round4 ,the remainder of the wings is of a fine orange brown1 with several black marks thereon1 near the anterior edges4 ,the posterior wings are a little dentated1 and of a brown orange colour like the anterior1 having five black spots placed near the external edge of each1 two of which being larger than the rest have blue centres1 below these is a black border1 with a row of brown-orange crescents running along the middle4 ,the cilia is black and white4 ,under ,side4 ,the anterior wings at the base are greyish1 beyond which they are beautifully adorned with rose-coloured and black marks1 having three white spots on each near the external edge1 with several clouds and marks of different colours placed at the tips and anterior edges4 ,the posterior wings are of a beautiful agate colour1 with many lines and narrow bars branching from1 and intersecting one another under different directions 7like lines in a map71 so as to form spots and clouds of different shapes4 ,each wing has two eyes placed near the external edge1 one larger than the other1 the pupils being of a blueish hue and the irides black1 the small one having a yellow circle within it2 below these1 a purple line runs parallel with1 and near to the external edge4 ,the caterpillar of this insect is described by ,drury as being green1 with black rings round the body1 and as feeding about ,new ,york upon the wild balsams1 appearing about the latter end of ,july1 or beginning of ,august4 ,once in about five or six years they are exceedingly plentiful1 at other times very scarce2 a peculiarity also noticed in the very nearly allied ,european species1 ,cynthia ,cardui 7the ,painted lady71 of which species1 indeed1 ,drury appears to have regarded it as a geographical variety4 ,the caterpillar1 according to ,abbot1 is of a brown colour1 with the incisions1 and a #aalateral line yellow2 it has also two dorsal lines1 formed of alternately white and red points2 the head is black1 and the spines1 with which the body is armed1 are of the prevalent colour of the surface4 ,it feeds upon the ,gnaphalum obtusifolium4 ,the chrysalis is rather yellow1 with black spots1 and is assumed towards the end of ,april or beginning of ,may4 ,the butterfly appears at the end of about ten days4 ,it continues breeding during the summer1 and is very commonly seen sucking up moisture from damp places near houses4 ,the caterpillar folds and spins the leaves together1 in the same manner as the ,english ,painted lady1 ,cynthia ,cardui4 ,,pieris 7,,thestias7 ,,pyrene8 ,plate ,v4 fig4 #b4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,diurna4 ,,family3 ,papilionid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,pieris1 ,schrank1 ,latr4 et ,god4 ,pontia1 p4 ,ochsenh4 ,horsfield4 ,papilio 7,danai ,candidi71 ,linn4 ,drury4 ,thestias1 ,boisduv4 ,teracolus1 ,swains4 ,,pieris 7,,thestias7 ,,pyrene4 ,alis flavis primoribus apice 7medio fulvo7 nigris1 subtus nebuloso maculatis4 ,habitat in ,china4 ,lin4 loc4 cit4 infra4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #b unc4 #i lin47 ,,syn4 ,papilio 7,dan4 ,candid47 ,pyrene1 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #b4 #gfb4 #hf8 ,latr4 et ,god4 ,enc4 ,mth4 ix4 #abj4 ,p4 ,evippe1 ,lin4 var4 teste4 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 ,pap4 7,dan4 ,cand47 ,sesia1 ,fab4 ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,iii4 #a4 #bjc4 #fcf4 ,thestias ,pirene1 ,boisd4 ,hist4 ,nat4 ,lep4 #a4 p4 #eic4 ,no4 #c4 ,,habitat3 ,china 7,drury74 ,asia 7,linn474 ,upper ,side4 ,the anterior wings near the base are of a brimstone colour2 the tips and external edges being of a dark brown1 nearly black1 surrounding a large patch of a fine orange4 ,the posterior are of brimstone colour1 with a border round their edges of dark brown4 ,the male has not this border4 ,under ,side4 ,black2 all the wings brimstone1 without any marks1 spots1 or clouds whatever in the female1 the male having its under side of a brighter yellow1 with several reddish-brown spots on the inferior wings4 ,there is the greatest confusion respecting the specific names of this1 and several nearly allied species1 which would be very difficult to unravel4 ,drury considered this insect as a variety of ,evippe1 whilst ,fabricius1 ,latrielle1 and ,godart1 give it as identical with the ,linnan ,pyrene1 which opinion ,i have adopted1 although ,i am by no means certain as to the identity of the species2 the under side of the wings offering no trace of the central discoidal black spot existing in that species4 ,m4 ,boisduval has not diminished the confusion1 in his work just published1 by giving a species from ,guinea1 under the name of ,evippe 7which ,linnus states is from ,china71 with the erroneous observation1 ,il est probable que les anciens auteurs auront confondu sous le nom d',evippe trois ou quatre espces ,africaines4--,hist4 ,nat4 ,lpid4 #a4 p4 #egd4 #ab;,,cynthia ,,laomedia4 ,plate ,v4 fig4 #c4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,diurna4 ,,family3 ,nymphalid1 ,swains4 ,,genus4 ,,cynthia1 ,fab4 ,vanessa p4 ,latr4 et ,god4 ,papilio 7,nymph4 ,gemmat471 ,linn4 ,drury4 ,,cynthia ,,laomedia4 ,alis dentatis cinerascentibus lineis fuscis transversis undulatis ocellisque 7quibusdam coecis7 serie postic digestis2 anticarum sex1 posticarum quinque4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #b unc4 #i lin47 ,,syn4 ,papilio 7,nymph4 ,gemmat47 ,laomedia1 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #b4 #ggb4 ,no4 #ade4 ,fabricius1 ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,iii4 #a4 p4 #ih4 ,no4 #cjb4 ,cramer1 pl4 #h4 f4 #aj4 ,herbst4 ,pap4 tab4 #agd4 f4 #a4 #b4 ,,habitat3 ,china 7,drury74 ,east ,india 7,linn474 ,java 7,enc4 ,mth474 ,upper ,side4 ,the wings are of a greyish purple and a little dentated4 ,the anterior have on each four irregular black lines1 running from the anterior edge near the body half way cross the wings1 and six eyes on each1 near the external edge1 whose irides are white1 some of which are oval1 and one1 being larger than the rest1 is filled up with black and red2 some are very faint4 ,the posterior wings have six oval eyes on each1 with white irides2 three of which are more distinct than the rest1 two of them being filled up with red and black4 ,two dark irregular lines run along and near to their external edges4 ,under ,side4 ,the wings are rather paler than on the upper side4 ,a small irregular line begins about the middle of the anterior edge of the superior wings1 and running cross them and the inferior ones1 meets below the body4 ,the anterior wings have a distinct dark spot1 and also a faint one4 ,the posterior ones have two distinct red and black spots1 and another very faint4 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,illustration ,,argynnis ,,niphe4 ,plate ,,vi4 fig4 #a4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,diurna4 ,,family3 ,nymphalid1 ,swains4 ,,genus4 ,,argynnis1 ,fabr4 ,latr4 ,god4 ,argyreus1 p4 ,scopoli4 ,papilio 7,nymphal4 ,phalerati71 ,linn4 ,drury4 ,,argynnis ,,niphe4 ,alis supra luteis nigro maculatis1 anticis ad apicem coerulescenti-nigris fasci alb transvers2 posticis subtus viridi1 argenteo1 nigroque variis1 strig quinque ocellorum notatis4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #c unc4 #i lin47 ,,syn4 ,papilio 7,nymph4 ,phal47 ,niphe1 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #b4 #ghe4 ,no4 #bjh4 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,iii4 #a4 p4 #adb4 ,no4 #dcf4 ,,habitat3 ,china4 ,upper ,side4 ,the anterior wings near the base are of a brown olive4 ,about half the wings 7from the lower angle upwards7 are of a dark blue1 with many different shaped spots on them1 and a white bar running from the anterior edge towards the external one1 which1 being intersected by the black tendons of the wing1 appears like three steps4 ,all the wings are dentated or scolloped4 ,the posterior ones are of a clay colour1 with many black spots on them1 of various forms4 ,a black border runs along the external edges1 narrowed as it approaches the external angle1 on which appear two rows of blue spots like crescents1 whose convex sides are placed opposite each other4 ,under ,side4 ,the white bar on the anterior wings appears as on the upper side1 from whence to the tips is an olive colour1 whereon are some silver spots2 the remainder as on the upper side4 ,the posterior wings are of an olive hue1 finely variegated with some white silvery spots and marks4 ,a line of this colour runs along the external edges almost close to the scollops1 and above that are five round spots of a darker olive1 with small white dots in their centres4 #ac;,,argynnis ,,tephnia4 ,plate ,,vi4 fig4 #b4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,diurna4 ,,family3 ,nymphalid1 ,swains4 ,,genus4 ,,argynnis1 ,fab4 ,latr4 ,god4 ,papilio 7,nymph4 ,phalerat471 ,linn4 ,drury4 ,,argynnis ,,tephnia4 ,alis subrotundatis dentatis1 supra luteis nigro maculatis1 posticis subtus viridi argenteo nigroque variegatis serie quinque ocellorum4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #c unc4 #c lin47 ,,syn4 ,papilio 7,nymph4 ,phal47 ,argynnis1 ,drury1 ,app4 v4 #b4 ,herbst4 ,pap4 t4 #bed4 f4 #e4 #f4 ,papilio ,niphe1 var4 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,iii4 #a4 p4 #adb4 ,p4 ,niphe mas4 ,cramer1 ,pap4 #b4 pl4 #ad4 f4 ,d4 ,e4 ,argynnis ,tephnia1 ,latr4 et ,god4 ,enc4 ,mth4 ix4 p4 #bfb4 ,no4 #ah4 ,,habitat3 ,china4 ,upper ,side4 ,the wings are of a brown orange1 having many black spots1 of different sizes and shapes on them4 ,a black scolloped border runs along the external edges of the posterior wings1 whereon are two rows of tawny red spots1 appearing like crescents1 with their convex sides placed against each other4 ,all the wings are scolloped or dentated4 ,under ,side4 ,the anterior wings1 toward the body1 are brown orange4 ,the tips are of a yellowish flesh colour1 with some olive spots on them1 with black spots1 as on the upper side4 ,the posterior wings are of a yellow flesh colour1 marked with some olive spots1 and white marks1 which seem of a silver hue4 ,a margin of olive colour runs along the external edges1 whereon is a row of flesh-coloured crescents 7as on the upper side71 with an intersected narrow line above them4 ,over these1 are five round olive spots1 of equal sizes1 with a dot of silver in their centres4 ,the specific name given to this species by ,drury1 having the priority in point of date1 would have been retained1 had it not been identical with that of the genus to which it belongs4 ,engramelle and several other authors have1 inadvertently1 given it as an inhabitant of the south of ,europe4 ,,plate ,,vii4 ,illustration ,,nyctalemon ,,patroclus4 ,plate ,,vii4 fig4 #a4 7,upper ,side74 ,plate ,,viii4 fig4 #a4 7,under ,side74 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,nocturna4 ,,family3 ,uraniid1 ,westw4 ,,genus4 ,,nyctalemon1 ,dalman4 7,prod4 ,monogr4 ,castn47 ,urania4 ,divis4 ,c4 ,latr4 et ,god4 ,papilio 7,equit4 ,achiv4 ,linn471 ,noctua1 ,fabr4 7,,subgenus4 ,orontes1 ,swainson1 ,zool4 ,illustr4 #b;d4 series1 #abe47 ,,nyctalemon ,,patroclus4 ,alis supra fuscis1 subtus griseis fusco undatis1 utrinque fasci communi medi rect alb1 posticis caudatis4 7,expans4 ,alar4 fere #f unc47 ,,syn4 ,papilio 7,eq4 ,achiv47 ,patroclus1 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #b4 #gdi4 ,no4 #bd4 ,cramer1 ,pap4 pl4 #aih4 fig4 ,a4 pl4 #aji4 fig4 ,a4 ,b4 ,herbst4 ,pap4 tab4 #ed4 fig4 #b4 #c4 tab4 #ee4 f4 #a4 ,noctua ,patroclus1 ,fab4 ,ent4 ,syst4 #c4 #b4 p4 #h4 ,no4 #b4 ,urania ,patroclus1 ,latr4 et ,god4 ,enc4 ,mth4 ix4 #gaj4 ,,habitat3 ,china 7,drury74 ,java1 ,amboyna 7,enc4 ,mth474 ,upper ,side4 ,the antenn are about an inch long1 slender1 setaceous1 and gradually diminishing from the base to the extremities4 ,the head is small4 ,the thorax is clothed with long soft hair1 and1 #adwith the abdomen1 is of a darkish brown4 ,a remarkable straight narrow line1 or bar1 of a cream colour1 arises from the middle of the anterior edge of each of the fore wings1 and1 crossing both anterior and posterior wings1 ends at the abdominal edges1 about half an inch below the abdomen2 so that1 when the wings are extended1 as in the figure1 these lines1 with the anterior edges1 form an equilateral triangle4 ,the space within the triangle is dark brown2 but the parts1 near the shoulders1 are lighter1 having a greyish cast or hue1 and contain many small transverse curved streaks1 extending to the anterior edges1 where they are large1 black1 and very conspicuous1 like stripes4 ,some transverse markings of this kind1 are dispersed on the posterior edges of the superior wings1 and also on the abdominal edges of the posterior4 ,on the outside the triangle1 both on the anterior and posterior wings1 is a fascia1 of light brown1 about half an inch broad1 which deepens into a dark brown4 ,on the posterior wings1 after becoming dark1 it softens again into the same light colour1 continuing to the external edges4 ,each of these wings is ornamented with two tails1 the inner ones the longest and near an inch in length1 the tips of which incline towards each other2 the lesser or outer tails1 are about half an inch long1 strengthened by the tendons of the wings passing through the middle of them2 all of them being bordered with a soft ray of dark brown4 ,under ,side4 ,the bars or lines1 which form the triangle on the upper side1 are not visible on this2 but the inclosed triangular field appears of a light greyish brown1 darker at the borders1 and thickly beset with small brown streaks1 parallel to each other1 and surrounding the body4 ,the costal nerve of the anterior wings composes an edging in each1 about an eighth of an inch broad1 which diminishes as it approaches the external angle1 white1 and beautifully marked with black streaks1 but smaller than those seen on the upper side4 ,outside the triangle1 both in the anterior and posterior wings1 is a broad border of white1 which softens into a brown1 but lighter than that on the upper side4 ,both in the white1 and in the brown1 are some small dashes of black1 very thinly dispersed4 ,the internal margin of the posterior wings is furnished with a deep fringe1 and the black marks situated below the abdomen1 are larger and broader than those on the upper side4 ,the tails are whitish1 bordered with brown1 and appear as on the upper side4 ,this is one of those anomalous forms1 whereof examples occur in every tribe of animals1 baffling the skill of the most profound systematists4 ,by ,linnus1 and many other authors1 it was considered as a butterfly1 and certainly the genus ,urania 7in which it is placed by ,latreille71 as we learn from ,mr4 ,w4 ,s4 ,mac,leay's valuable memoir upon that genus1 published in the first volume of the ,transactions of the ,zoological ,society of ,london1 is composed of day-flying species4 ,fabricius1 however1 regarded it as a moth1 belonging to the genus ,noctua1 and nearly related to the genus ,erebus1 of which the ,erebus ,odora1 figured in the third plate of the present volume1 is a conspicuous species2 and when we examine the structure of the palpi1 and the spurs upon the posterior tibi1 we find good reason for adopting this relation1 admitting1 at the same time1 that the group in question is one which1 from its various affinities and analogies1 it is very difficult to assign to any single section4 #ae;,,callimorpha ,,phyllira4 ,plate ,,vii4 fig4 #b4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,nocturna4 ,,family3 ,arctiid1 ,steph4 ,,genus4 ,,callimorpha1 ,latr4 ,leach4 ,hypercompa1 ,steph4 ,heraclia1 ,hubner4 ,phalna ,bombyx1 ,drury4 ,,callimorpha ,,phyllira4 ,alis anticis nigris lineis albidis apicalibus1 literam ,b referentibus2 posticis sanguineis maculis nigris4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #a unc4 #f lin47 ,,syn4 ,phalna 7,bombyx7 ,phyllira1 ,drury1 ,append4 v4 #b4 ,olivier1 ,enc4 ,mth4 #e4 #id4 #bcf4 ,abbot and ,smith1 ,ins4 ,georg4 tab4 #fd4 ,,habitat3 ,new ,york2 taken on the #abth day of ,july4 ,upper ,side4 ,the antenn are black1 small1 and thread-like1 near half an inch long2 the head and thorax cream-coloured4 ,behind the head are two black spots1 and on the thorax are three others1 longer1 and running parallel with it4 ,the abdomen is scarlet1 and on each segment is a black mark1 forming a row1 united together in the middle4 ,all the wings are entire4 ,the anterior ones black1 with cream-coloured cilia2 the interior edge1 and part of the anterior1 next the body1 are margined with cream colour4 ,a line of the same colour1 runs from the body1 parallel with1 and near to the posterior edge1 quite to the external one1 where1 suddenly returning1 in a zigzag manner1 it ends at the anterior edge1 near the tips1 and forms two angles1 like a ,b1 with a line placed across its top1 or upper part4 ,the posterior wings are scarlet1 having a thin border of black1 running along their external edges1 with four black spots above it1 those nearest the abdomen1 being in shape like hearts4 ,under ,side4 ,like the upper3 but the colours are more faint and less distinct4 ,the caterpillar of this species is brown1 with small dorsal and lateral diamond-shaped yellow spots1 emitting fascicles of hairs4 ,it feeds1 according to ,abbot1 on the cross-wort1 corn1 peas1 wheat1 c4 ,one of the caterpillars spun up on the #dth of ,april1 and the moth appeared on the #bith4 ,another spun up on the #bgth of ,may1 and came out on the #afth of ,june4 ,it continues breeding during most part of the summer4 ,,spilosoma ,,nais4 ,plate ,,vii4 fig4 #c4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,nocturna4 ,,family3 ,arctiid1 ,steph4 ,,genus4 ,,spilosoma1 ,steph4 ,arctia1 p4 ,schrank4 ,eyprepia1 p4 ,ochs4 ,phalna 7,noctua71 ,drury4 ,,spilosoma ,,nais4 ,alis anticis nigris lineis tribus longitudinalibus fusco-fulvescentibus1 duabus superioribus extern connexis1 posticis pallidioribus margine irregulari nigro4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #a unc4 #i lin47 ,,syn4 ,phalna 7,noctua7 ,nais1 ,drury1 ,append4 v4 #b ,,habitat3 ,new ,york2 taken on the #bdth day of ,june4 ,upper ,side4 ,the antenn are black1 and pectinated2 the head and body are of a light yellowish brown4 ,on the thorax are three black marks1 running parallel with it1 with several black spots on the abdomen4 ,the anterior wings are black2 the cilia of a light yellowish brown1 which colour is continued along the interior edges1 up to the body2 some broad lines1 of the same colour1 occupy about two-thirds of the wing1 running parallel with the anterior and interior edges4 ,the posterior wings are of the same light yellowish brown1 with a faint black spot on each1 having a broad irregular border1 of a faint black4 #afrunning along the external edges1 being very narrow in the middle4 ,all the wings are plain and entire4 ,under ,side4 ,exactly like the upper1 but the colours are less brilliant4 ,this species is nearly related to our common ,british species1 ,spilosoma lubricepida4 ,,plate ,,viii4 ,illustration ,,geometra ,,transversata4 ,plate ,,viii4 fig4 #b4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,nocturna4 ,,family3 ,geometrid1 ,stephens4 ,,genus4 ,,geometra1 ,linn4 ,stephens4 ,ennomos1 ,treitschke1 ,duponchel4 ,,geometra ,,transversata4 ,alis angulatis fusco-fulvescentibus undique strigis minutis transversis fascique tenui communi obscur notatis4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #b unc47 ,,syn4 ,phalna 7,geometra7 transversata1 ,drury1 ,append4 v4 #b4 ,,habitat3 ,new ,york4 ,upper ,side4 ,the antenn are filiform1 half an inch in length4 ,the head1 thorax1 abdomen1 and wings1 of a brown orange4 ,all the wings are angulated and besprinkled with small short transverse streaks parallel to each other4 ,a narrow brown line1 beginning at the external angle of the anterior wings1 and running in a transverse direction1 crosses them and the posterior wings near the middle1 meeting above the extremity of the abdomen4 ,under ,side4 ,exactly like the upper in every circumstance1 except that the brown line is not to be seen4 ,this species seems nearly allied to the moths1 which ,english collectors call the ,thorns1 and to which ,stephens restricts the name of ,geometra1 but which ,m4 ,duponchel terms ,ennomos4 ,,bupalus ,,catenarius4 ,plate ,,viii4 fig4 #c4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,nocturna4 ,,family3 ,geometrid1 ,steph4 ,,genus4 ,,bupalus1 ,leach4 ,fidonia1 p4 ,treitschke4 ,phalna 7,geometra71 ,drury4 ,,bupalus ,,catenarius4 ,fronte fulv2 alis albis lunul medi2 anticis strigis duabus undatis 7scil4 ante et pone medium71 posticis strig unic1 nigris4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #a unc4 #i lin47 ,,syn4 ,phalna 7,geometra7 catenaria1 ,drury1 ,app4 v4 #b4 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,iii4 #b4 p4 #adj4 ,no4 #da4 ,gmel4 ,linn4 ,s4 ,n4 #bdfa4 #ffj4 ,,habitat3 ,new ,york 7,drury74 ,in ,indiis 7,fabr474 ,upper ,side4 ,the head is orange-coloured2 the eyes black2 the antenn are broad1 and pectinated2 the thorax white1 with three spots of orange colour1 one at each shoulder1 the other at the base of the abdomen1 where are two small black specks4 ,the abdomen is white1 and on each ring is a small black speck4 ,the wings are white2 and1 on each anterior one1 are two denticulated lines1 running cross the wing1 from the anterior to the interior edge1 in a circular manner2 the one near the base1 the other #agnear the external edge1 which last forms1 on each nerve1 a small black speck like an arrow head4 ,between the two lines is a black spot near the anterior edge4 ,the posterior wings have a similar line running cross them1 from the anterior to the interior edges1 in a circular manner1 and1 meeting a little above the extremity of the abdomen1 with a black spot in each near the middle4 ,under ,side4 ,is similar to the upper1 only the black spots are more conspicuous4 ,,plate ,,ix4 ,illustration ,,ceratocampa ,,imperialis4 ,plate ,,ix4 fig4 #a4 #b4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,nocturna4 ,,family3 ,bombycid1 ,steph4 ,,genus4 ,,ceratocampa1 ,harris1 ,append4 to ,hitchcock's ,geology of ,massachusets4 ,cerocampa1 ,kirby ,spence1 ,ind4 ,introd4 to ,ent4 ,odonestis1 ,germar4 ,stephens4 ,lasiocampa1 ,latr4 ,schrank4 ,bombyx1 ,fabr4 ,,ceratocampa ,,imperialis4 ,alis flavis1 fusco irroratis et variegatis1 omnibus infra macul discoidali subocellari fusc4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #d unc4 #i lin4 male4--#f unc4 female47 ,,syn4 ,phalna 7,attacus7 ,imperialis1 ,drury1 ,app4 v4 #b4 ,bombyx ,imperialis1 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,iii4 #a4 p4 #dce4 ,no4 #hi4 ,gmel4 ,lin4 ,s4 ,n4 #bdag4 #eaj4 ,phalna ,imperatoria1 ,abbot and ,smith1 ,ins4 ,georgia1 tab4 #ee4 ,oliv4 ,enc4 ,mth4 #e4 #ef4 #aaf4 ,bombyx ,didyma1 ,pal4 ,beauv4 ,ins4 ,lep4 pl4 #bj4 ,,habitat3 ,new ,york 7,drury74 ,india 7,fabricius74 ,upper ,side4 ,the antenn are of a reddish colour1 broad and pectinated1 and1 near the extremities1 appear as if they were stripped of their comb-like appendages4 ,the thorax and abdomen yellow1 clouded with a light reddish-brown colour1 inclining to crimson4 ,the anterior wings are of a fine bright yellow1 with several clouds on them of the same brown colour1 whereof one takes its rise at the tips1 and runs along the external edge to the lower corners1 being narrower at the extremities than the middle1 where it branches off1 and unites to a large cloud near the shoulders4 ,the yellow parts of all the wings appear as if sprinkled with dark irregular specks4 ,the posterior wings are of the same bright yellow as the anterior1 and have1 in the middle of each1 a small brown eye1 with a lighter spot in its centre4 ,an irregular bar of the same reddish brown colour crosses these wings1 which1 beginning at the outer angle1 meets at the anal angle4 ,the edges of all the wings are plain4 ,under ,side4 ,the thorax and abdomen are yellow4 ,all the wings are of the same yellow colour1 and sprinkled with brown as on the upper side4 ,the superior wings have on each a light reddish brown eye near the middle1 with a light spot in the centre1 and a round brown spot above it4 ,the anterior margins next the body are of a reddish brown2 and the same cloud that appears along the external edge of each wing on the upper side1 appears also on this1 but fainter4 ,the inferior wings have a reddish brown eye in each near the middle1 with a lighter spot in the centre1 and of the same size as on the upper side4 ,the figure here given1 is taken from the male2 the female being much larger1 expanding full six inches2 the antenn being thread-like1 and not combed or pectinated as the male4 ,this species breeds twice in the year1 namely in ,june and ,september4 ,the caterpillar1 according to ,abbot1 feeds on the plane-tree 7,platanus occidentalis ,linn471 oak1 liquidambar1 and pine trees4 ,some of them are of a tawny colour1 others tawny and orange1 others green4 ,they are furnished with long rigid hairs1 and the second and third segments of the body are also armed with two pair of short1 erect1 rugose horns4 #ah,this insect is placed by ,mr4 ,kirby in his new genus ,cerocampa1 together with ,phalna regalis1 ,fabr4 ,mr4 ,kirby had1 however1 evidently in view the caterpillars of the latter insect1 when he proposed this generic name1 and which are armed with numerous1 long1 erect1 rigid spines1 those near the head being curved1 and giving the insect somewhat the appearance of a cockatoo4 ,this larva is figured by ,abbot and ,smith1 pl4 #fa1 and specimens1 admirably preserved by ,abbot1 are contained in the collection of the ,entomological ,society of ,london1 presented by ,mr4 ,kirby4 ,there is also considerable difference between the chrysalides of these two insects1 that of imperialis being more elongate1 with a bifid tail1 and with transverse rows of short abdominal spines1 of which the chrysalis of regalis is destitute4 ,one of the caterpillars observed by ,abbot1 went into the ground on the #afth of ,september1 and the moth came out on the #dth of ,july4 ,they are extremely difficult to rear in confinement4 ,,noctua ,,squamularis4 ,plate ,,ix4 fig4 #c4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,nocturna4 ,,family3 ,noctuid1 ,steph4 ,,genus4 ,,noctua1 ,auct4 ,,noctua ,,squamularis4 ,alis cinereis1 anticis fasci irregulari centrali ferrugine1 lineis duabus extern cinct1 posticis fasciis duabus obscuris4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #a unc4 #i lin47 ,,syn4 ,phalna 7,noctua7 ,squamularis1 ,drury1 ,append4 v4 #b4 ,,habitat3 ,new ,york2 taken on the #aath day of ,may4 ,upper ,side4 ,the antenn are brown1 like fine threads4 ,the tegul of a pearl colour1 standing up as if projecting from the back4 ,the colours on the anterior wings are divided by a strong bar of a deep chocolate1 running cross the wings near the middle1 from the anterior to the posterior edges4 ,this softens into a deep slate colour1 covering that part of the wings down to the external edges4 ,the part next the shoulders is of a light ash or pearl colour1 whereon are two small black spots or stripes1 situated near the anterior edge4 ,on the dark part near the lower corner1 run two small black irregular lines1 from the posterior edge2 one running cross the wing1 the other only half across4 ,the posterior wings are of a lightish brown1 having two bars of a deep brown 7almost black7 rising from the abdominal edge1 and crossing the wing upward1 grow broader and fainter as they approach the middle and anterior edge4 ,under ,side4 ,is of a faint russet colour1 having little or no marking thereon4 ,all the wings are slightly dentated4 ,i am unable to ascertain to which of the modern genera of ,noctuid1 this and the following species are referrible4 #ai,,noctua ,,undularis4 ,plate ,,ix4 fig4 #d4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,nocturna4 ,,family3 ,noctuid1 ,steph4 ,,genus4 ,,noctua1 ,auct4 ,,noctua ,,undularis4 ,alis subdentatis nigricantibus1 strigis transversis undulatis circiter #h4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #b unc47 ,,syn4 ,phalna 7,noctua7 undularis1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 ,,habitat3 ,new ,york4 ,upper ,side4 ,the antenn are brown and thread-like4 ,the head1 body1 abdomen1 and wings are of a very dark brown1 bordering on black1 and appear somewhat glossy4 ,all the wings are a little dentated1 and on the anterior ones1 from the base to the extremity1 is a series of black indented lines or bars1 whereof the last or outer one is strong and conspicuous1 crossing the wing from the anterior to the posterior edges1 about a quarter of an inch from the external margin4 ,the posterior wings are marked exactly like the superior4 ,under ,side4 ,is of a lighter colour1 with the same kind of markings1 but fainter4 ,,plate ,x4 ,illustration ,,nymphalis ,,feronia4 ,plate ,x4 fig4 #a4 #b4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,diurna4 ,,family3 ,nymphalid4 ,swains4 ,,genus4 ,,nymphalis1 ,latr4 ,papilio 7,nymphales ,gemmati71 ,linn4 ,papilio ,satyrus1 ,fabr4 7,ent4 ,syst474 ,,nymphalis ,,feronia4 ,alis subdentatis1 supra coeruleo1 fusco et albo marmoratis1 omnibus ocellis sex iride simplici4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #c unc4 #f lin47 ,,syn4 ,papilio 7,nymph4 ,gemm47 ,feronia1 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #b4 #ggj4 ,no4 #adj4 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,iii4 #a4 p4 #bbf4 ,no4 #gaj4 ,cramer1 pl4 #aib4 fig4 ,e4 ,f4 ,herbst4 ,pap4 tab4 #bbe4 fig4 #a4 #b4 ,latr4 et ,god4 ,encycl4 ,mth4 p4 #dbh4 7,nymphalis ,f474 ,,habitat3 ,surinam 7,drury74 ,india 7,linn4 ,fabr4 incorrectly74 ,upper ,side4 ,antenn black1 with two small white spots at their bases1 on the front of the head1 and two more close to the eyes1 on the top of the head2 likewise two on the neck1 and two longer ones on the thorax4 ,the thorax and abdomen of a very dark blueish hazel4 ,anterior wings1 next the shoulders1 of a dark blueish hazel1 black at the tips and outer margin1 where are many different shaped flesh-coloured spots2 the parts nearest the shoulders having many denticulated marks and dashes of a blue colour2 some being also scattered all over the wings4 ,about a third from the shoulder1 near the anterior margin1 on each wing1 is a short1 red1 crooked line1 which is seen on the under side4 ,near the outer margin are five ash-coloured spots1 all of them being encircled with black1 and some being edged with blue4 ,posterior wings of the same dark hazel as the anterior2 the external edges being black between the scollops4 ,each wing is divided into a number of small different shaped spots margined with blue2 and near the external margin are six black spots1 whose irides are blue1 having white ones in their centres4 ,below these is a double row of blue marks1 like beards of arrows1 placed on the black marks between the scollops4 ,all the wings are dentated4 ,under ,side4 ,anterior wings whitish1 about a third part at the base2 the remainder being a dark chocolate1 with many different shaped ash-coloured spots4 ,near the external edges are five round ash-coloured spots on a row1 one being placed above the rest4 ,posterior wings chiefly whitish1 except at the #bjouter angle and external edges2 the latter being alternately marked with dark chocolate and ash colour1 near which is a row of four round ash-coloured spots1 encircled with chocolate1 and a small faint one near the anal angle4 ,,pieris 7,,iphias7 ,,glaucippe4 ,plate ,x4 fig4 #c4 #d4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,diurna4 ,,family3 ,papilionid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,pieris1 ,schrank4 ,latr4 et ,god4 ,colias1 ,horsf4 ,papilio 7,danai ,cand471 ,linn4 ,drury4 ,iphias1 ,boisduv4 ,,pieris 7,,iphias7 ,,glaucippe4 ,alis supra albis1 anticis macul magn apicali 7medio fulvo7 nigr1 subtus 7nisi dimidio basali anticarum7 cinereis strigis minutis fuscis irroratis4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #d unc47 ,,syn4 ,papilio 7,dan4 ,cand47 ,glaucippe1 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #b4 #gfb4 ,no4 #hi4 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,iii4 #a4 p4 #aih4 ,no4 #fah4 ,cramer1 ,pap4 pl4 #afd4 ,a4 ,b4 male4 ,c4 female4 ,herbst4 ,pap4 tab4 #if4 f4 #a-c4 ,encycl4 ,mth4 ix4 p4 #aai4 7,pieris ,g471 ,boisduval1 ,hist4 ,nat4 ,lep4 #a4 p4 #eif4 7,iphias ,g47 ,fem4 ,pap4 ,callirhoe1 ,fab4 ,mant4 ,ins4 #b4 #bj4 #bae4 ,,habitat3 ,china 7,drury74 ,java 7,dr4 ,horsfield74 ,bengal 7,boisduval74 ,upper ,side4 ,head and neck light brown2 thorax1 dark blue1 clothed with white hairs2 abdomen white1 with a blueish tinge4 ,anterior wings next the body white1 occupying more than one half4 ,the tips are black1 which colour runs along the anterior and external margins1 encircling a large spot of a deep orange1 whereon are four small triangular black spots4 ,posterior wings wholly white1 and very slightly dentated4 ,under ,side4 ,the mouth1 breast1 and feet are ash-coloured4 ,anterior wings next the body white2 the extremities of a deep flesh colour1 sprinkled over with a great number of small dark brown streaks4 ,posterior wings of a yellowish flesh colour1 and covered with small dark brown streaks4 ,m4 ,boisduval has formed the present species1 and another large ,pieridean1 into the genus ,iphias1 which differs from ,thestias1 and ,mancipium 7,anthocharis ,bdv471 in the structure of the antenn4 ,the larva and pupa of this species are described and figured by ,dr4 ,horsfield1 in his ,lepidoptera ,javanica1 pl4 #c1 fig4 #g1 and #g;a1 7copied by ,boisduval1 pl4 #b;,a4 fig4 #c474 ,the former is long subcylindrical1 with the dorsal segments somewhat rugose1 being transversely shagreened2 it feeds upon the ,capparis4 ,the pupa is navicular1 the head being produced into a point4 ,the female imago differs from the figure here given 7which represents the male71 in having the black markings more diffused4 ,,plate ,,xi4 ,illustration ,,papilio ,,philenor4 ,plate ,,xi4 fig4 #a4 and #d4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,diurna4 ,,family3 ,papilionid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,papilio1 ,auct4 ,,pap4 ,,philenor4 ,alis dentatis nigris1 posticis caudatis virescenti-nitidis maculis albis1 subtus maculis fulvis albo notatis serieque digestis4 7,expans4 ,alar4 unc4 #c74 ,,syn4 ,,pap4 ,,philenor1 ,linn4 ,mant4 7#agga74 #f4 #ece4 ,fabr4 ,syst4 ,ent4 p4 #dde4 ,no4 #ab4 ,smith and ,abbot1 ,ins4 ,georgia1 ,vol4 #a4 tab4 #c4 ,encycl4 ,mth4 #i4 #dj4 ,boisduval1 ,hist4 ,nat4 ,lepid4 #a4 p4 #cbd4 ,no4 #afg4 ,boisd4 et ,leconte1 ,icon4 ,lep4 ,amer4 ,sept4 pl4 #aa4 f4 #a-d4 ,say1 ,american ,ent4 ,vol4 #a4 pl4 #a4 ,pap4 ,astinous4 ,drury1 ,app4 ,vol4 #b4 7#aggc74 ,cramer1 #bjh4 ,a4 ,b4 ,,habitat3 ,north ,america1 from ,new ,york to ,georgia4 #ba,upper ,side4 ,head and neck black1 with two small white spots between the antenn at their base1 and eight more on the head and neck4 ,thorax black4 ,abdomen of a glossy hue4 ,anterior wings black1 with a very glossy greenish tinge at the anterior angle1 with eight small1 white1 narrow crescents on the external margin of each1 which make them appear as if dentated4 ,posterior wings of a dark glossy green1 with two tails issuing from them4 ,the concave part of each scollop is edged with white2 and six whitish spots run along their edges1 meeting below the extremity of the body4 ,under ,side4 ,breast1 legs1 and abdomen black2 the sides spotted with cream-coloured spots1 one of which appears on the inferior wings1 on each side the breast4 ,anterior wings1 next the tips1 are of the colour of soot2 but next the body1 black1 with five whitish spots on the external margin1 near the interior angle4 ,the upper part of the posterior wings1 next the body1 are soot-coloured2 the remaining parts of them being of a glossy blue1 with seven dark orange spots1 placed in a circular manner1 a little distance from the edge1 and meeting at the extremity of the body3 each spot is encircled with black1 except in that part where a small silver mark appears on its edge1 being represented in the plate by white4 ,the scollops are deeper edged on this side with white than on the upper4 ,this butterfly is one of the most beautiful1 and1 at the same time1 most common of the ,north ,american species2 abounding wherever the ,aristolochia serpentaria grows1 the larva feeding upon that plant4 ,it is described by ,boisduval and ,abbot1 and is brown1 with four rows of small fulvous tubercles1 and a row of brown spines near the legs2 moreover1 it has two long spines directed forwards upon the first segment1 three upon the penultimate1 and two upon the tenth segment4 ,the neck is also furnished with a furcate retractile reddish tentacle2 the chrysalis is of a violet grey1 or reddish colour1 with two yellow spots1 the head being truncate4 ,the female is larger1 with brown-coloured wings1 with cupreous reflections4 ,the insect assumes the chrysalis state on the #bfth of ,april1 and the fly appears on the #dth of ,may4 ,another1 observed by ,abbot1 went into chrysalis on the #bast of ,june1 and the butterfly came out on the #eth ,july4 ,the latter delights to frequent the blossoms of the peach and other trees in the spring4 ,,papilio ,,asterias4 ,plate ,,xi4 fig4 #b4 #c4 and #e4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,diurna4 ,,family3 ,papilionid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,papilio1 ,auct4 ,,papilio ,,asterias4 ,alis dentatis nigris1 fasci maculari maculisque marginalibus flavis2 posticis caudatis1 angulo ani fulvo1 puncto atro1 abdominis dorso duplici serie punctorum flavorum4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #c unc4 #f lin4--#d unc47 ,,syn4 ,,papilio ,,asterias1 ,fabr4 ,mant4 ,ins4 tom4 #b4 p4 #b4 ,no4 #ac4 ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,iii4 #a4 p4 #f4 ,no4 #af4 ,cramer1 tab4 #che4 f4 ,c4 ,d4 ,god4 ,enc4 ,mth4 ix4 p4 #eh4 ,no4 #ia4 ,boisduv4 et ,lec4 ,icon4 ,lep4 ,amer4 ,sept4 pl4 #d4 ,boisd4 ,hist4 nat4 ,lep4 #a4 #ccb4 ,no4 #age4 ,papilio ,troilus1 ,drury1 ,app4 ,vol4 #b4 ,abbot and ,smith1 ,ins4 ,georg4 #a4 t4 #a4 7exclus4 ,syn4 ,linn4 et ,fabr47 ,,habitat3 ,new ,york1 ,maryland1 ,carolina1 ,virginia 7,drury74 ,upper ,side4 ,antenn1 head1 and body black1 with two yellow spots at the bases of the antenn1 and two more on the neck2 the sides of the abdomen being spotted with two rows of the same4 #bb;,anterior wings black4 ,a row of eight or nine yellow spots runs along each wing1 near the external edge4 ,within these appears another row1 smaller in figure #c1 but larger in figure #b1 and shaped like triangles1 above which are two spots1 one nearly round1 the other very oblong1 which last is not seen in figure #c4 ,posterior wings black and dentated1 with one tail issuing from each4 ,six yellow spots appear near the external edge2 and at the anal angle is an orange-coloured one1 with a black dot in its centre4 ,some specimens have a yellow bar running transversely from the row of triangles on the superior wings1 and meeting below the extremity of the body1 just above the orange spot1 as in fig4 #b4 ,in some1 instead of a bar1 is seen a row of spots 7as in fig4 #c71 which are sometimes very faint4 ,where this happens1 the space between this row and the six spots mentioned before1 consists of a shining blue colour2 but in proportion as the yellow bar is more or less distinct1 the wings have more or less blue on them4 ,under ,side4 ,the under side in all the different varieties differs but very little4 ,the breast1 sides1 abdomen and feet are black4 ,the anterior wings of a dirty black colour1 with nine yellow spots near the external edge2 above these1 nearer the body1 are eight others1 varying in size1 and two small clouds or patches close to the anterior edge4 ,posterior wings1 next the shoulders1 dirty black1 with the inner scollops edged with yellow crescents 7appearing also on the upper side71 within which are six spots near the edge--four orange and two yellow4 ,seven or eight orange spots1 tipped with yellow1 run circularly across the middle of the wing4 ,below each spot in this row is a ray of shining blue1 separated by a strong black mark1 and scattered with powder-like spots4 ,an orange spot1 with a black centre1 is placed at the anal angle4 ,this species is subject to considerable variation in the size of the internal series of yellow spots1 which is sometimes even entirely obliterated in the females1 in which the yellow is much less brilliant1 and the spots smaller than in the males4 ,these varieties somewhat resemble ,papilio ,troilus of ,linnus1 with which1 indeed1 ,drury and ,smith#ba confounded the insect here described4 ,godart and ,boisduval have added to the confusion by their incorrect references to our author1 the first of these writers giving figure #b of this plate as alone representing ,p4 ,asterias1 and figs4 #c1 #d1 and #e1 7which represent two distinct species7 as ,p4 ,troilus1 ,linn4 which species ,drury has not figured2 and both of these authors quoting figure #b1 both under ,troilus and ,asterias1 although ,drury expressly states1 that the specimens figured at #b and #c1 were reared by him1 with many other individuals1 from chrysalides1 sent from ,america by his correspondent1 who assured him that they proceeded from the same brood4 ,the preparatory states of ,p4 ,asterias are figured by ,abbot and ,smith1 and ,boisduval4 ,the larva feeds upon ,umbellifer1 especially the fennel 7,anethum fniculum1 ,linn471 and ,daucus ,carota1 and is very similar to that of ,pap4 ,machaon1 which species appears to be replaced in ,america by ,p4 ,asterias1 and which makes its appearance in the perfect state three times in the year4 ,abbot states1 that one of the caterpillars assumed the chrysalis state on the #abth of ,july1 and the imago appeared on the #bjth4 #bc,,plate ,,xii4 ,illustration ,,papilio ,,paris4 ,plate ,,xii4 fig4 #a4 #b4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,diurna4 ,,family3 ,papilionid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,papilio1 ,auct4 ,,papilio ,,paris4 ,alis nigris1 aureo-viridi pulverulentis1 posticis caudatis supra macul magn discoidali cyane ocelloque purpureo2 subtus lunulis septem rufis4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #d unc4--#d unc4 #i lin47 ,,syn4 ,papilio 7,equit4 ,troes47 ,paris1 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #b4 p4 #gde4 ,no4 #c4 ,fab4 ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,iii4 #a4 p4 #a4 ,no4 #a4 ,cramer1 pl4 #ajc4 ,a4 ,b4 ,esper4 ,aus4 ,schmett4 tab4 #b4 fig4 #a4 ,boisduval1 ,hist4 ,nat4 ,lep4 #a4 p4 #bjh4 ,,habitat3 ,china4 ,upper ,side4 ,head1 thorax1 and abdomen black1 and beautifully powdered with fine green specks4 ,all the wings are black1 but have a greenish hue1 occasioned by a multitude of powder-like specks of a fine green4 ,on the posterior margin of the anterior wings1 near the lower corner1 arises a series of green spots1 becoming weaker1 disappearing near the middle of the wing1 and composed of powder-like specks4 ,posterior wings scolloped or dentated1 each furnished with one tail1 each scollop being edged with white4 ,at the anal angle1 near the corner1 is a deep red spot1 shaped like a semi-eye1 whose pupil is black2 and towards the upper corner of the wing1 is a large and very splendid blue spot1 appearing in some directions of a saxon green colour1 and diminishing to a line as it approaches the semi-eye1 over which it extends in an arch-like form1 being there of a fine green colour4 ,under ,side4 ,it has apparently no palpi4 ,breast and abdomen of a very dark brown4 ,the superior wings dark brown at the base2 from the middle of the anterior edge of a dark ash colour1 running towards the upper corner1 the tendons between being dark brown1 which unite together at the external edge4 ,posterior wings almost black1 sprinkled1 or finely powdered1 with small grey specks near the abdomen2 round the external edge is a series of eye-like rings of an orange colour1 edged above with purple4 ,this very handsome species is often received from ,china1 but in an imperfect condition4 ,the female1 according to ,godart 7,enc4 ,mth4 ix4 p4 #fg47 is the ,papilio ,bianor1 ,fabr4 which has no trace of the shining green spot on the posterior wings4 ,m4 ,boisduval1 however1 asserts1 that this is not correct1 and that the female differs only from the male in having the ground of the wings rather darker1 and possessing a transverse interrupted fascia of green dots near the external margin of the upper wing2 these being represented in ,drury's figure1 therefore indicate that his specimen was of the female sex4 ,dr4 ,horsfield has figured another species from ,java 7,lepid4 ,javan4 pl4 #a4 fig4 #ad471 differing very slightly from the preceding1 under the name of ,papilio ,arjuna1 of which he has also figured the larva and pupa 7pl4 #d4 fig4 #aa474 ,the former has the three first segments of the body covered1 as it were1 with a leathery shield1 elevated behind1 and ornamented with several ocelli2 the other segments are simple2 the chrysalis is considerably curved1 with the head bifid4 #bd;,,colias 7,,callidryas7 ,,pyranthe1 var48 ,plate ,,xii4 fig4 #c4 #d4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,diurna4 ,,family3 ,papilionid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,colias1 ,latr4 et ,god4 ,papilio 7,danai ,candidi71 ,drury4 ,callidryas1 ,boisduval4 ,,colias 7,,callidryas7 ,,pyranthe4 ,alis albis1 anticis supra puncto minuto discoidali apiceque nigris1 margine interno penicillatis1 subtus 7nisi basi anticarum7 flavescentibus strigis numerosissimis fuscis4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #c unc47 ,,syn4 ,papilio 7,dan4 ,cand47 ,pyranthe1 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #b4 p4 #gfc4 ,no4 #ih8 ,latr4 et ,god4 ,enc4 ,mth4 ix4 p4 #ig4 7,colias ,p471 ,boisduval1 ,hist4 ,nat4 ,lepid4 #a4 p4 #faa4 7,callidryas ,p47 ,papilio 7,dan4 ,cand47 ,chryseis1 ,drury1 ,append4 vol4 #b4 ,papil4 ,gnoma1 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,iii4 #a4 p4 #baj4 ,no4 #feh8 ,pap4 ,nepthe1 ,fabr4 loc4 cit4 p4 #abj8 ,,habitat3 ,china4 ,upper ,side4 ,thorax of a blueish black1 with white hairs4 ,abdomen white4 ,anterior wings white1 with a small oblong black spot near the middle of each2 black at the tips1 which colour extends down the external edge to the interior angle1 and also runs a little way along the anterior margin towards the body4 ,posterior wings white1 without any marks or shades4 ,the edges of all the wings are entire4 ,under ,side4 ,breast1 feet1 abdomen1 and anterior superior wings white1 being covered about a third part from the tips with small1 longish1 light-brown streaks1 making that part appear of a pale yellow4 ,posterior wings of the same pale yellow with the small streaks4 ,one sex is very remarkable for having a number of hairs growing on the posterior edges of the anterior wings1 next the body2 some of which are erect1 some bending downwards1 and some lying flat on the wing4 ,there is much confusion respecting the specific names of this and several other ,asiatic species1 as may be seen from the citations in the synonyms4 ,i have followed the ,french authors in assigning ,drury's insect to the ,pyranthe of ,linnus1 although that author describes his insect as having a discoidal red spot on each of the wings beneath4 ,the species of this group are variable in the intensity of their markings1 and the males are less strongly marked than the females2 and as ,drury's figure represents a male 7distinguished by the bundle of hairs on the interior margin of the anterior wings7 it may possibly be an extreme variety of the male of ,pyranthe4 ,boisduval has indeed described another species of considerably smaller size1 which is destitute of the discoidal spot 7,call4 minna71 which also1 he considers1 may possibly be a variety of ,c4 ,pyranthe4 ,,plate ,,xiii4 ,illustration ,,argynnis ,,idalia4 ,plate ,,xiii4 fig4 #a4c4 female4--#b4 male4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,diurna4 ,,family3 ,nymphalid1 ,swains4 ,,genus4 ,,argynnis1 ,fabr4 ,latr4 et ,god4 ,argyreus1 ,scop4 ,dryades1 ,hubn4 ,papilio 7,nymphales ,phalerati71 ,linn4 ,drury4 ,,argynnis ,,idalia4 ,alis dentatis1 anticis utrinque fulvis nigro-maculatis2 posticis supr nigro-coeruleis1 punctorum serie duplici1 subts fuscis cost baseos maculisque #bf argenteis4 7,expans4 ,alar4 male4 #c unc4 #f lin4--female4 #d unc47 ,,syn4 ,papilio 7,nymph4 ,phal47 ,idalia1 ,drury4 ,herbst4 ,pap4 tab4 #beb4 #bec4 ,cramer1 pl4 #dd4 fig4 ,d4 ,e4 ,f4 ,g4 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,iii4 #a4 #ade4 ,no4 #ddf4 ,latr4 et ,god4 ,enc4 ,mth4 ix4 #bfc4 7,argynnis ,id47 ,,habitat3 ,new ,york 7,drury72 taken on the #bhth ,june4 ,jamaica 7,enc4 ,mth474 #be,upper ,side4 ,head and thorax of a deep brown orange4 ,anterior wings of a dark orange1 the anterior and external margins bordered with black2 near the latter are eight white spots on the wings of the female4 ,above these1 in the female1 are five1 and in the male six1 round black spots2 those of the latter being smallest4 ,several black waves and streaks are dispersed on other parts of the wings4 ,posterior wings of a fine dark blue1 almost black1 and slightly dentated2 the anterior ones being entire4 ,near the external margin is a row of seven cream-coloured spots1 which in the male are red4 ,above these1 is another row of the same number of cream-coloured spots1 situated near the middle of the wings4 ,the base of these wings is covered with brown orange-coloured hairs4 ,under ,side4 ,head1 breast1 and feet dark blue1 nearly black4 ,anterior wings dark orange1 with some triangular silver spots placed along the external edges1 whose upper points are edged with black1 and are generally more distinct in the female than in the male4 ,the several black waves and streaks seen on the upper side1 are here more faint1 some being scarcely visible4 ,posterior wings of a dark olive brown1 with twenty-six different shaped silver spots on each2 one of which1 in the centre of the wing1 is divided by a short black line4 ,,pamphila ,,phyl,,us4 ,plate ,,xiii4 fig4 #d4 #e4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,diurna4 ,,family3 ,hesperiid1 ,stephens4 ,,genus4 ,,pamphila1 ,fabr4 ,hesperia 7urbicol71 ,fabr4 ,latr4 et ,god4 ,papilio 7,pleb4 urb47 ,drury1 ,linn4 ,,pamphila ,,phyl,,us4 ,alis rufo-fulvis1 anticis supra fasci obliqu interrupt 7mas47 maculve arcuat 7foemina7 limboque postico fuscis1 posticis ibidem exts fusco marginatis4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #a unc474 ,,syn4 ,papilio 7,hesp4 urb47 ,phylus1 ,drury1 ,latr4 et ,god4 ,enc4 ,mth4 ix4 p4 #gfg4 ,no4 #aab4 7,hesperia ,ph47 ,hesperia 7urb47 ,vitellius1 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,iii4 #a4 p4 #cbg4 ,no44 #bdj ,pamphila ,vitellius1 ,steph4 ,illust4 ,brit4 ,ent4 ,h4 #a4 p4 #ajc4 ,haworth1 in ,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,vol4 #a4 p4 #ccd4 ,abbot and ,smith1 ,ins4 ,georgia1 tab4 #ag4 ,,habitat3 ,antigua1 ,st4 ,christopher's1 ,nevis1 c4 7,drury74 ,antilles and ,brazil 7,enc4 ,mth474 ,upper ,side4 ,thorax and abdomen of a yellowish olive4 ,superior wings of a tawny yellow1 having a dark brown 7almost a black7 indented margin1 running along the external margin1 from the tips to the lower corners4 ,near the middle of each wing are two dark-brown spots1 one oblong1 the other of a longish square form1 the former being the largest4 ,inferior wings tawny yellow1 and angulated1 having a dark brown indented margin4 ,under ,side4 ,wings tawny yellow1 but rather paler than on the upper side4 ,the anterior with several dark brown angular spots1 placed along the external edges1 and in the middle of the wings1 with a large one near the shoulders4 ,posterior wings also spotted with many small dark brown spots1 some being scarcely visible4 ,a specimen of this species is stated to have been captured by the late ,dr4 ,abbot in ,bedfordshire4 ,it is most probable1 however1 now that the ,pamphila ,bucephalus has been proved to be an indigenous species1 that the specimen the capture of which is recorded by ,mr4 ,haworth1 belonged to that species4 ,the caterpillar of this skipper-butterfly feeds upon a species of panic grass 7,panicum ,crus-,galli7 and on the buffalo grass4 #bf,,plate ,,xiv4 ,illustration ,,nymphalis ,,bolina4 ,plate ,,xiv4 fig4 #a4 #b4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,diurna4 ,,family3 ,nymphalid4 ,,genus4 ,,nymphalis4 ,latr4 ,god4 ,papilio 7,nymphal4 ,phal471 ,linn4 ,drury4 ,,nymphalis ,,bolina4 ,alis dentatis1 supra nigris1 anticis maculis duabus1 posticis solitari magn1 coeruleo-albis1 subtus corticinis fasci alb4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #c unc4 #f lin47 ,,syn4 ,papilio 7,nymph4 ,ph47 ,bolina1 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #b4 p4 #gha4 ,no4 #ahh4 ,cramer1 pl4 #fe4 fig4 ,e4 ,f4 ,herbst4 ,pap4 tab4 #bdd4 fig4 #c4 #d4 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,iii4 #a4 p4 #abf4 ,no4 #chd4 ,latr4 et ,god4 7,enc4 ,mth47 ix4 #cif4 ,no4 #aeg4 7,nymphalis ,bol47 ,,habitat3 ,bombay1 ,surinam1 all the ,west ,indian ,islands1 ,new ,york1 ,carolina1 ,brazil1 ,cape of ,good ,hope1 ,malabar1 ,coromandel1 ,china1 ,ceylon 7,drury74 ,in ,indi orientalis ,portulaca 7,fabr474 ,cayenne 7,enc4 ,mth474 ,upper ,side4 ,three white spots1 one before1 and two behind1 on the head1 which1 with the thorax and abdomen1 is of a blackish brown4 ,wings dentated1 and of a dark chocolate colour1 almost black2 but when held against the light1 in a certain direction1 display a blueish purple4 ,anterior wings1 in the middle1 having a large oval1 and another smaller oblong white spot at the tips4 ,posterior wings with a large white spot1 larger than that in the superior ones4 ,on the edges of all these spots1 the purple colour before-mentioned1 is very conspicuous4 ,under ,side4 ,palpi white4 ,the sides of the thorax spotted with white4 ,anterior wings1 next the body1 of a reddish chocolate2 but near the tips1 of a dirty olive4 ,the large and small white spots appear here as on the upper side2 with three small angular white spots1 close to the anterior margin1 near the middle4 ,along the external edge1 is a row of white crescents on a black border2 over which are six small1 round1 faint1 white spots4 ,posterior wings1 next the body1 of a dirty olive2 but toward their external edges1 more of a chocolate1 with a broad central white bar running entirely across the wing1 with a small angular black mark1 near the anterior margin4 ,along the external edges1 is a row of white crescents2 above which is a row of small white triangular spots1 placed two and two1 between the crescents4 ,above this1 six small round white spots are placed in a row4 ,the flight of this species is said by ,drury to be exceedingly quick and rapid1 so that it is very difficult to catch them1 and hence they are seldom obtained in fine condition1 being generally secured in a faded state when they are taken with more ease4 ,the purple tint upon the upper side of the wings is most intense1 and when the insect flies in the sun1 glancing before the eye of the observer at a little distance 7for it is by no means a timid creature71 the vivid purple1 observes ,drury1 is not much less than the electrical spark1 and its changes depending on the degree of obliquity which it presents to the sun1 are scarcely less rapid4 #bg,,nymphalis ,,iphicla4 ,plate ,,xiv4 fig4 #c1 #d4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,diurna4 ,,family3 ,nymphalid1 ,swains4 ,,genus4 ,,nymphalis1 ,latr4 ,god4 ,papilio 7,nymph4 ,phal471 ,linn4 ,fabr4 ,god4 ,,nymphalis ,,iphicla4 ,alis denticulatis1 supra fuscis1 fasci communi alb antrorsm rotundat1 retrorsm acuminat2 anticis supr macul apicis1 et auguli analis1 ferrugineis4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #b unc4 #i lin47 ,,syn4 ,papilio 7,nymph4 ,phal47 ,iphicla1 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #b4 #chj4 ,papilio 7,n4 ,p47 ,iphicla1 ,drury1 ,app4 v4 #b4 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,iii4 #a4 p4 #ace4 #dag4 ,cramer1 pl4 #ahh4 fig4 ,e4 ,f4 7var487 ,papilio ,basilea1 ,cram4 pl4 #ahh4 fig4 ,d4 7male74 ,papilio ,cytherea1 ,cram4 pl4 #cgf4 ,c4 ,d4 7female74 ,p4 ,cythereus1 ,herbst4 ,pap4 tab4 #bhd4 f4 #a4 #b4 ,p4 ,iphicla1 ,herbst4 ,pap4 #adh4 fig4 #c4 #d4 ,nymphalis ,iphicla1 ,enc4 ,mth4 ix4 #cgd4 ,,habitat3 ,surinam 7,drury74 ,guiana and ,brazil 7,enc4 ,mth474 ,upper ,side4 ,thorax and abdomen nearly black4 ,anterior wings of a light liver colour1 having some faint lines a little waved1 of a darker colour1 running along the external edges4 ,each has an orange spot1 situated at a small distance from the tip1 and joining to the anterior margin4 ,posterior wings dentated1 and angular at the anal angle1 of the same colour as the anterior2 with the same faint waved subapical lines4 ,in the middle of the anterior wings arises a bar of a very pale brimstone colour1 near a quarter of an inch broad1 and which extends to the anal angle of the posterior wings1 below which is an orange spot4 ,under ,side4 ,all the wings1 next the body1 are marked and clouded with lines and marks of ash colour and olive brown4 ,the pale brimstone bar is seen very distinctly on this side2 and the two orange spots on the upper side of the anterior wings1 here assume a tinge of flesh colour1 separated in the middle by the tendon1 which is of an orange cast4 ,the faint waved lines also are very conspicuous1 of a very dark flesh colour1 shaded with brown4 ,,plate ,,xv4 ,illustration ,,vanessa ,,charonia4 ,plate ,,xv4 fig4 #a4 #b4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,diurna4 ,,family3 ,nymphalid1 ,swains4 ,,genus4 ,vanessa1 ,fabr4 ,latr4 ,god4 ,curtis4 ,hamadryades1 ,hubn4 ,papilio 7,nymphalis ,phal471 ,fabr4 ,drury4 ,,vanessa ,,charonia4 ,alis dentatis1 supra nigris1 fasci communi submarginali coerule1 in posticis serie punctorum nigrorum divis2 anticis apice productis1 posticis subcaudatis4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #c unc47 ,,syn4 ,papilio 7,nymph4 ,phal47 ,charonia1 ,drury1 ,app4 v4 #b4 ,cramer1 ,pap4 tab4 #d4 pl4 #dg4 fig4 ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,iii4 #a4 p4 #aai4 ,no4 #cjd4 ,enc4 ,mth4 ix4 p4 #cjh4 #bg 7,vanessa ,ch474 ,,habitat33 ,china 7,drury74 ,india 7,fabr474 ,upper ,side4 ,the thorax and abdomen black1 and furnished with grayish hair4 ,the ground of all the wings is black2 but towards the body inclines to copper4 ,on the anterior wings1 near the tips1 is a white spot placed close to the anterior edge4 ,this edge is narrowly bordered with blue1 and dappled with little wave-like stripes of black2 from whose middle an oblique blue spot1 almost half an inch long1 extends down the wings4 ,a little below this1 arises a light blue bar of lunules1 which runs even with the external edge1 and is continued transversely across the posterior wing1 excluding the anal angle4 ,on this blue bar1 in the posterior wings1 are placed six small black angular spots4 ,beneath these is a #bhnarrow double border of blue1 running along their external margin4 ,all the wings are deeply dentated and angulated4 ,under ,side4 ,the ground of the wings is of a dark orange1 with various broad transverse purplish shades1 and with a variety of irregular small wave-like markings1 and different tints of brown1 intermingled with orange shades4 ,the under side of the male is of a very dark brown1 almost black1 with some faint wavings1 which are not so strong and beautiful as in the female4 ,,argynnis ,,erymanthis4 ,plate ,,xv4 fig4 #c4 #d4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,diurna4 ,,family3 ,nymphalid4 ,,genus4 ,,argynnis1 ,fab4 ,latr4 ,god4 ,argyreus1 ,scop4 ,papilio 7,danai ,festiv471 ,drury4 ,,argynnis ,,erymanthis4 ,alis subrotundatis1 subdentatis1 fulvis1 anticis fasci flavescenti transvers medi nigro maculat1 apice nigris2 posticis serie punctorum1 duabusque lunularum nigrorum4 7,expans4 ,alar1 fere #c unc4 ,drury1 #b unc4 ,enc4 ,mth474 ,,syn4 ,papilio 7,dan4 ,fest47 ,erymanthis1 ,drury1 ,app4 v4 #b4 ,cramer1 pl4 #bch4 fig4 #i4 ,fab4 ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,iii4 #a4 p4 #aci4 #dbg4 ,enc4 ,mth4 ix4 #beg4 ,papilio ,lampetia1 ,cram4 ,pap4 pl4 #adh fig4 ,e4 ,,habitat3 ,china 7,drury74 ,coromandel1 ,java 7,enc4 ,mth474 ,upper ,side4 ,head1 thorax1 and abdomen dark brown4 ,anterior wings1 next the body1 of a dark tawny orange1 which colour occupies about half the wings1 and is bounded by a very irregular line4 ,a broad black patch occupies the tips of the wings1 beginning about the middle of the anterior edge1 and extends along the external one to the interior angle2 on which1 near the tips1 are two clay-coloured round spots2 and below them1 in some specimens1 are two more spots near the external edge4 ,the space between the black patch and the tawny orange is of a clay colour1 with three round black spots on it1 the lower one the largest4 ,posterior wings tawny orange1 the posterior edges being of a dirty brown2 and above them are seen two rows of black crescents irregularly placed1 over these are five round black spots4 ,the wings are slightly dentated1 the inferior ones most4 ,under ,side4 ,all the wings clay colour4 ,a dark1 faint1 engrailed line1 composed of a number of crescents1 joined together1 runs transversely across the superior and inferior wings1 extending to the anal angle4 ,,hipparchia ,,leda4 ,plate ,,xv4 fig4 #e4 #f4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,diurna4 ,,family3 ,nymphalid1 ,swains4 ,,genus4 ,,hipparchia1 ,fabr4 ,stephens4 ,satyrus1 ,latr4 et ,god4 ,argus p4 ,scop4 ,orcades1 ,hubn4 ,papilio 7,nymphales ,gemmati71 ,drury4 ,,hipparchia ,,leda4 ,alis angulatis supra corticino-fuscis2 anticis ocello apicis sesquialtero in plag magn lute1 posticis ocellis duobus2 omnibus subtus griseo-reticulatis strig ocellorum4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #c unc47 ,,syn4 ,papilio 7,nymph4 ,gemm47 ,leda1 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #b4 #ggc4 ,no4 #aea4 ,drury1 ,app4 v4 #b4 ,fabricius1 ,ent4 ,syst4 #c4 #a4 p4 #ajh4 #ccc4 ,cramer1 ,pap4 pl4 #aif4 ,c4 ,d4 and pl4 #bib4 fig4 ,a4 ,encycl4 ,mth4 ix4 #dgh4 ,no4 #d4 7,satyrus ,l47 ,papilio ,solandra 7var487 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,iii4#a4 #ajf4 #cbh4 ,donovan ,ins4 ,new ,holl4 pl4 #bc4 f4 #a4 ,,habitat3 ,china 7,drury74 ,ind4 orient4 7,weber ,,mss474 ,sierra ,leone 7,fabr4 8874 ,mauritius 7,encycl4 ,mth474 ,otaheite and ,new ,holland 7,fabr4 and ,donovan1 ,p4 ,solandra74 #bi,upper ,side4 ,antenn1 thorax1 and abdomen of a dark brown colour4 ,all the wings dark olive brown4 ,on the anterior wings1 near the tips1 are two black circular spots united together3 the lower one being the largest1 each having a small white one in its centre4 ,on the posterior wings are two black circular eyes1 towards the anal angle2 their irides being of a gold colour1 and the pupils white4 ,the superior wings are a little dentated1 the inferior ones being angulated4 ,under ,side4 ,all the wings1 on this side1 are of a very pale brown1 marked all over with short1 crooked1 wave-like stripes1 of a dark brown colour1 almost black4 ,on the anterior wings are four eyes1 the largest1 situated near the middle of the wing1 is encircled with yellow1 its centre being white2 below this is a small one1 and two other small ones are placed near the tips4 ,posterior wings1 with a row of six black eyes near the external edge1 whereof two are much larger than the rest2 the irides of all being yellow1 and the pupils white4 ,that next the anal angle is sesquialterate4 ,in some specimens these eyes are less distinct than in others2 in some there are not more than five to be discerned1 and only one on each superior wing2 in others not more than three can be distinguished1 the small ones being entirely wanting4 ,drury observes 7,introd4 to vol4 iii4 p4 #af47 that this insect very much resembles a species sent by ,mr4 ,smeathman from ,africa1 which comes out only about sunset1 and is then to be found in dark shades1 wavering about amongst the early flying noctu1 and other nocturnal species4 ,in some manuscripts of the late ,professor ,weber of ,kiel1 in my possession1 the ,east ,indies are given as the habitat of this species4 ,,plate ,,xvi4 ,illustration ,,castnia ,,licus4 ,plate ,,xvi4 fig4 #a4 #b4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,hesperi ,sphinges 7,latr474 ,,family3 ,castniid4 ,westw4 ,,genus4 ,,castnia1 ,fabricius1 ,latr4 ,god4 ,dalman4 ,papilio 7,dan4 ,festiv471 ,drury4 ,,castnia ,,licus4 ,alis integris1 supra atris nitidis2 anticis sesquifasci alb1 posticis serie marginali punctorum rubrorum fascique obliqu alb4 7,expans4 ,alar4 fere #d unc47 ,,syn4 ,papilio 7,dan4 ,festiv47 ,licus1 ,drury1 ,app4 v4 #b4 ,cramer1 pl4 #bbc4 fig4 ,a4 ,b4 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,iii4 #a4 p4 #de4 ,no4 #acg4 7,licas47 ,papilio ,lycus1 ,herbst4 ,pap4 tab4 #acd4 f4 #a4 #b4 ,merian ,surinam1 tab4 #cf4 ,castnia ,licus1 ,latr4 et ,god4 ,enc4 ,mth4 ix4 p4 #gig4 ,,habitat3 ,surinam4 ,upper ,side4 ,the antenn are dark brown1 at the tips paler2 and terminating in a point4 ,the head1 thorax1 and base of the abdomen dark chocolate brown2 the extremity and sides of the latter dark4 ,anterior wings of a fine deep chocolate brown4 ,a narrow1 irregular1 and oblique cream-coloured bar runs across the wing2 between this and the tip1 from the anterior edge1 runs another crooked irregular bar1 of a much darker colour1 reaching almost half across the wing towards the interior angle1 the external margin being of a lighter shade4 ,posterior wings1 having a white bar running transversely across the wing1 widening by degrees1 and ending at the anal angle4 ,six square orange spots also of different sizes1 are placed within the external margin of these wings4 ,under ,side4 ,anterior wings1 in the middle1 dark chocolate2 the tips dark fawn colour1 lighter next the shoulders4 ,the two irregular bars1 on the upper side1 are here a little broader4 ,within the external edge are three rather pearly white spots4 ,posterior wings greyish fawn colour1 with the #cj;external edges darker4 ,a pale pearl-coloured bar runs across the wing beyond the middle1 widening gradually2 below this are some very faint brown spots1 and near the external edge some faint orange ones1 scarcely visible4 ,the edges of all the wings are entire4 ,the genus ,castnia is another of those curious anomalous forms1 which exhibit the characters of several groups4 ,the general form of the wings is that of a moth1 whilst the variegated colours1 indicating diurnal flight1 and the structure of the antenn are those of a butterfly4 ,it is much to be regretted1 that travellers in ,south ,america have not ascertained the preparatory states of this extraordinary group1 which alone will enable us satisfactorily to ascertain its real relations4 ,,gastropacha8 ,,otus4 ,plate ,,xvi4 fig4 #c4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,nocturna4 ,,family3 ,bombycid1 ,steph4 ,,genus4 ,,gastropacha8 ,ochsenh4 ,sphinx1 ,drury4 ,,gastropacha8 ,,otus4 ,alis elongatis integris luteo-fuscis1 anticis fasciis duabus denticulatis nigris4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #d unc4 #f lin47 ,,syn4 ,sphinx ,otus4 ,drury1 ,append4 v4 #b4 ,bombyx ,agrius1 ,oliv4 ,enc4 ,mth4 #e4 #ci4 #ef4 ,,habitat3 ,smyrna 7,drury74 ,upper ,side4 ,the antenn and head are of a reddish brown2 the former are strongly pectinated1 and very broad in the middle1 but at the extremities very narrow and curled4 ,thorax dark brown4 ,abdomen reaching half an inch below the wings of a reddish dun colour4 ,anterior wings dun colour2 with a large spot or patch1 of a darker colour1 situated on the posterior margin1 near the base4 ,two indented black lines run obliquely from the anterior edge1 near the tip1 to the posterior near the middle2 the space between them being rather lighter than the rest4 ,posterior wings dun colour1 immaculate4 ,all the wings1 both on the under and upper sides1 appear very shining and glossy2 the scales or feathers appearing1 when viewed through a microscope1 very coarse and long4 ,there is no tongue discoverable in this moth4 ,under ,side4 ,breast and sides bright dun4 ,the abdomen reddish dun4 ,all the wings dun-coloured4 ,the lower indented line appears faintly through the wing1 of a dark brown colour1 also a faint reddish brown indented line runs across the posterior wings4 ,the edges of all the wings are entire4 ,this insect1 which appears to have been overlooked by modern authors1 seems to form a connecting link between ,zeuzera and ,gastropacha1 agreeing with the former in the general form1 and with the latter in the transverse denticulated fasci on the anterior wings1 and the curved antenn feathered to the tips4 #ca,,plate ,,xvii4 ,illustration ,,papilio ,,polydamas4 ,plate ,,xvii4 fig4 #a4 #b4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,diurna4 ,,family3 ,papilionid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,papilio 7,equit4 ,troj47 ,linn4 ,,pap4 ,,polydamas4 ,alis dentatis1 nigro-virescentibus1 fasci communi interrupt flav1 posticis subtus maculis linearibus flexuosis rubris1 tribus argenteis adjectis4 7,expans4 ,alar4 unc4 #d47 ,,syn4 ,pap4 ,polydamas4 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #b4 #gdg4 ,no4 #ab4 ,merian4 ,surinam4 pl4 #ca4 ,cramer ,pap4 #ah4 p4 #cc4 pl4 #baa4 f4 ,d4 ,e4 ,herbst4 ,pap4 t4 #aj4 f4 #f4 #g4 ,boisd4 et ,leconte ,icon4 des ,chen4 de l',amer4 ,sept4 pl4 #a4 ,boisd4 ,hist4 ,nat4 ,lep4 #a4 #cba4 ,no4 #afb4 ,,habitat3 ,america1 from ,georgia to ,brazil1 ,antigua 7,drury74 ,upper ,side4 ,the head and thorax are black2 with two red spots on the neck1 and two small white spots at the base of the antenn4 ,all the wings are scolloped1 and of a dark green colour4 ,the anterior wings have a row of yellow spots rising near the tips1 which1 running across the middle of the inferior ones1 in a circular manner1 meet at the extremity of the body2 some of them being shaped like the bearded points of arrows4 ,the hollow or concave part of each scollop1 in the inferior wings1 is edged with yellow4 ,under ,side4 ,the head1 breast1 feet1 and abdomen are black2 with several red spots on the sides1 abdomen1 and shoulders4 ,all the wings are black2 the anterior having some of the yellow spots that are seen on the upper side2 with seven irregular red spots1 placed along the edge of each posterior wing1 and three silver spots or marks joining to the second1 third1 and fourth4 ,linnus states1 that this insect inhabits the ,hibiscus mutabilis4 ,by other authors it is stated to feed upon the ,aristolochia ,serpentaria1 or ,virginian snake-root4 ,the caterpillar is brown1 with fleshy spines of the same colour1 and red stripes1 each segment also being ornamented with four eye-like spots1 half yellow and half red4 ,,nymphalis ,,assimilis4 ,plate ,,xvii4 fig4 #c4 #d4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,diurna4 ,,family3 ,nymphalid1 ,swains4 ,,genus4 ,,nymphalis1 ,latr4 et ,god4 ,papilio 7,nymphalis ,phal471 ,linn4 ,drury4 ,,nymphalis ,,assimilis4 ,alis subrepandis nigris concoloribus1 lineis maculisque albo-virescentibus1 posticis strig apicali punctorum coccineorum4 7,expans4 ,alar4 fere #e unc4 ,drury #c unc4 ,enc4 ,mth474 ,,syn4 ,papilio 7,nymphal4 ,phal47 assimilis1 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #b4 p4 #ghb4 ,no4 #aid4 ,cramer1 pl4 #aed4 ,a4 ,esper4 ,pap4 ,exot4 t4 #eg4 f4 #a4 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,iii4 #a4 p4 #ci4 ,no4 #aad4 7,papilio ,eq4 ,ach47 ,,habitat3 ,china4 ,upper ,side4 ,head black1 with two white frontal spots4 ,thorax black1 with three white stripes4 ,abdomen black1 marked on the sides with white4 ,anterior wings sooty black1 having a number of large spots and stripes on them of different forms and dimensions1 of a greenish-grey colour4 ,near the external edge is a double row of sixteen small spots of the same greenish grey1 and above them are five larger of a more circular shape4 ,posterior wings resemble the superior1 but have a broad border of clearer black running along the external edge1 whereon are five spots of a scarlet colour1 inclining to pink1 one having a small black spot in the middle4 ,the wings are slightly dentated4 #cb,under ,side4 ,body black1 and ornamented with round spots of clear white4 ,at the base of the wings1 is a remarkable round spot of a clear white1 about the size of a pin's head4 ,the wings are spotted as on the upper side1 the greenish spots being rather larger1 and in the inferior wings inclining to a yellow1 the general ground of all the wings appearing more sooty on this side4 ,,plate ,,xviii4 ,illustration ,,limacodes8 ,,arenacea4 ,plate ,,xviii4 fig4 #a4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,nocturna4 ,,family3 ,bombycid4 ,,genus4 ,,limacodes8 ,latr4 ,apoda1 ,haworth4 ,heterogenea1 ,knoch4 ,phalna ,bombyx1 ,linn4 ,,limacodes8 ,,arenacea4 ,lutea1 alis superioribus supra atomis nigris adspersis4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #a unc4 #c lin47 ,,syn4 ,phalna 7,bombyx7 arenacea1 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #b4 p4 #hbh4 ,no4 #fe4 ,,habitat3 ,cape of ,good ,hope4 ,upper ,side4 ,antenn pectinated1 and of a yellow clay colour4 ,the head and thorax yellow1 but covered over with hairs in such manner that the former cannot be distinguished4 ,the abdomen1 superior and inferior wings yellow4 ,on the anterior wings appear some very minute black spots scattered thereon in a very irregular manner4 ,the wings are entire4 ,under ,side4 ,the thighs1 breast1 and abdomen are very hairy4 ,the superior and inferior wings of the same yellow colour as on the upper side1 without a mark of any kind4 ,this insect appears most nearly to approach the genus ,limacodes1 ,latr4 ,,saturnia ,,cecropia4 ,plate ,,xviii4 fig4 #b4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,nocturna4 ,,family3 ,bombycid4 ,,genus4 ,,saturnia1 ,schrank4 ,latr4 ,attacus1 ,germar4 ,phalna 7,bombyx71 ,linn4 c4 ,,saturnia ,,cecropia4 ,alis anticis subfalcatis1 posticis rotundatis2 omnibus griseis fasci communi fulv maculque reniformi ocelloque apicali 7in anticis7 ornatis4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #f unc4 #f lin47 ,,syn4 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 v4 #b4 p4 #hji4 ,no4 #c4 ,cramer1 ,ins4 #d4 tab4 #db4 f4 ,a4 ,b4 ,catesby ,carol4 #hf4 t4 #hf4 ,abbot and ,smith1 ,ins4 ,georgia1 tab4 #de4 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,iii4 #a4 p4 #djh4 ,no4 #d4 ,gmel4 ,linn4 ,s4 ,n4 #bdja4 #c4 ,oliv4 ,enc4 ,mth4 #e4 p4 #be4 #e4 ,,habitat3 ,new ,york 7,drury74 ,north ,america 7,linn4 c474 ,upper ,side4 ,antenn very broad1 pectinated and black4 ,the head is small and red4 ,neck white4 ,thorax covered with long orange-brown hairs4 ,abdomen alternately with broad stripes of white and orange brown1 the latter being edged behind with black4 ,anterior wings1 with two bars crossing from the anterior to the posterior edges1 one at about three-fourths of an inch from the shoulders1 whitish1 edged on the outside with black2 the other is orange1 at about an inch distance from the external margin4 ,the base of the wing is a fine orange brown4 ,the middle is deep rusty brown1 which1 towards the upper part1 is powdered with buff-coloured hairs4 ,in the middle of this is a large white spot verged with black1 somewhat resembling a kidney bean1 and is broadly tinged behind with red brown4 ,the extremity of this wing1 next the bar1 is the same dark brown1 and powdered1 having a black spot about #cc;half an inch from the tip1 having within it a semicircular mark of a pearl colour4 ,from this spot to the anterior edge runs a serpentine line of white1 bordered on the outer side with red4 ,between this and the orange bar is a broad tinge of light purple4 ,the other side1 next the tip1 is light brown1 stained with blood colour4 ,from the black spot to the interior angle runs a black serpentine line1 inclosing a space of dark buff1 between which and the dark buff margin is a light buff irregular streak4 ,posterior wings similar to the superior1 but the orange bar is redder and broader1 running parallel with the external edge1 and is bordered on the inner side with white2 the part of the wing within this is deep rusty brown1 with a larger white spot in the middle1 verged with black1 and tinged behind with red brown4 ,the colour below the red bar is deep rusty brown1 the border along the external edge being of a dark dirty buff1 whereon are two small dark lines1 having an irregular indented line of the same dirty buff above them4 ,the wings are entire4 ,under ,side4 ,the markings on all the wings are more distinct1 and brighter than on the upper4 ,the posterior wings1 and the major part of the anterior1 being covered with dust-like buff hairs1 except the spots and buff margins round the edges4 ,the posterior wings along the anterior edges being verged with white1 which becomes broader as it approaches the shoulders4 ,the caterpillar of this fine moth feeds upon the wild ,american plum 7,prunus ,pensylvanica71 garden plum1 c4 ,it is thick and fleshy1 of a pale green colour1 with a pair of small blue spots on each segment1 and with two rows of short and setose yellow dorsal tubercles4 ,one observed by ,abbot1 spun up on the #agth of ,june1 and the moth came out on the #cjth of ,march following4 ,the cocoon is attached to a twig4 ,the outside web is coarse1 and the inner covered with silk1 like a silk-worm's cocoon4 ,abbot states that this silk has been carded1 spun1 and made into stockings1 and that it will wash like linen4 ,the species is1 however1 too rare to be of any utility in ,georgia4 ,it is1 however1 much more abundant in the neighbourhood of ,new ,york1 and has been bred in ,england from some brought over in the chrysalis state4 ,it is difficult to rear it in confinement4 ,,spilosoma ,,arge4 ,plate ,,xviii4 fig4 #c4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,nocturna4 ,,family3 ,arctiid1 ,steph4 ,,genus4 ,,spilosoma1 ,steph4 ,arctia1 ,latr4 ,eyprepia1 p4 ,ochs4 ,phalna 7,noctua71 ,drury4 ,,spilosoma ,,arge4 ,alis albidis1 nigro-maculatis et lineatis1 posticis incarnatis line marginali fulv2 abdomine concolori maculis nigris4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #a unc4 #i lin47 ,,syn4 ,phalna 7,noctua7 ,arge1 ,drury1 ,app4 v4 #b4 ,oliv4 ,enc4 ,mth4 #e4 #ib4 #bcb4 ,bombyx ,dione1 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,iii4 #a4 p4 #ddb4 ,no4 #ajf4 ,abbot and ,smith1 ,ins4 ,georg4 t4 #fc4 ,,habitat3 ,new ,york2 taken on the #bjth day of ,may4 ,upper ,side4 ,antenn filiform1 and cream-coloured at the base1 but black at their extremities4 ,the tongue is small1 and curled up4 ,the neck red1 having two small black streaks above it4 ,the thorax and abdomen cream-coloured4 ,on the former are three black streaks4 ,on each annulus of the abdomen is a black spot1 and another on each side4 ,anterior wings cream-coloured1 with many black spots and marks thereon1 of different forms and sizes1 and varying very greatly in different specimens4 ,the #cd;anterior margin red4 ,posterior wings almost transparent1 dirty cream-coloured1 tinged with red1 whereon are many oblong sooty spots4 ,cili cream-coloured1 within which is a narrow red line4 ,under ,side4 ,the colours are more faint and dirty than those on the upper4 ,anterior femora red1 with two black spots thereon1 close to the head4 ,tarsi black and cream-coloured4 ,the caterpillar of this insect is brown1 with five pale longitudinal lines1 and with long hairs arising from fulvous tubercles4 ,it feeds1 according to ,abbot1 upon plantain1 corn1 peas1 and many other plants4 ,a specimen observed by this author was hatched on the #bc;d of ,july1 spun up on the #bhth of ,august1 and the moth appeared on the #ith of ,september4 ,it is said occasionally to make great devastation among ,indian corn4 ,sir ,j4 ,e4 ,smith ascertained the specific identity of this insect from ,dr4 ,hunter's ,museum1 examined by ,fabricius1 who has neglected to cite ,drury's figure4 ,,spilosoma ,,cunea4 ,plate ,,xviii4 fig4 #d4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,nocturna4 ,,family3 ,arctiid4 ,,genus4 ,,spilosoma1 ,steph4 ,arctia1 ,latr4 ,eyprepia1 ,ochs4 ,phalna 7,noctua71,drury4 ,,spilosoma ,,cunea4 ,alis albis1 anticis maculis permultis1 posticis duabus nigris1 abdomine concolori nigro-maculato4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #a unc4 #e lin47 ,,syn4 ,phalna 7,bombyx7 ,cunea1 ,drury1 ,app4 v4 #b4 ,phalna punctatissima1 ,abbot and ,smith1 ,ins4 ,georg4 t4 #gj8 ,,habitat3 ,new ,york 7,drury74 ,georgia and ,virginia 7,abbot and ,smith74 ,upper ,side4 ,antenn pectinated and black4 ,there is no appearance of any tongue4 ,head white4 ,back and abdomen ash colour4 ,anterior wings white1 with a great number of spots differently shaped of a sooty black colour4 ,on the external margin are five spots1 those nearest the tips being shaped like triangles4 ,posterior wings white1 with a sooty spot on each near the external edge1 and a very faint small mark near the exterior angle4 ,under ,side4 ,legs black4 ,breast and abdomen ash colour4 ,the wings marked as on the upper side4 ,there seems little reason for doubting that this is identical with the ,phalna punctatissima of ,abbot and ,smith1 of which the female is entirely white4 ,the last named species feeds upon the mulberry1 persimmon1 willow1 and wild cherry of ,america4 ,one observed by ,abbot spun up on the #afth of ,may1 and came out on the #ast of ,june4 ,the whole brood of caterpillars feed together in a web1 and will often entirely destroy the leaves of a small tree4 ,the name proposed by ,drury evidently alludes to the triangular spots on the margin of the anterior wings1 and seems quite as expressive as that employed by ,sir ,j4 ,e4 ,smith1 who seems to have treated ,drury's work on several occasions as scarcely deserving of notice4 #ce,,noctua 7,,acontia87 ,,nundina4 ,plate ,,xviii4 fig4 #e4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,nocturna4 ,,family3 ,noctuid1 ,steph4 ,,genus4 ,,noctua1 ,auct4 7,,subgenus1 ,acontia8 ,ochsenh4 ,treit47 ,phalna 7,noctua71 ,drury4 ,,noctua 7,,acontia87 ,,nundina4 ,alis anticis pallide cinereis albido variegatis1 liter nigr ante apicem notatis4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #a unc4 #c lin47 ,,syn4 ,phalna 7,noctua7 ,nundina1 ,drury1 ,app4 v4 #b4 ,,habitat3 ,new ,york4 ,upper ,side4 ,antenn thread-like1 of a reddish brown4 ,the tongue curled spirally4 ,head and thorax ash colour4 ,anterior wings the same1 whereon are several faint marks of a light sand colour4 ,close to the anterior margin1 about a third from the tips1 is a black mark1 resembling an ,i of the ,german text characters4 ,posterior wings silvery white1 with a small1 faint1 light1 sandy border1 and a small oblong brown discoidal spot4 ,under ,side4 ,anterior wings silvery white1 with a faint indistinct dark brown border running along the external margin1 and two dark marks opposite the ,german text character4 ,posterior wings silvery white2 the oblong brown spots are here plainly seen as on the upper side4 ,,plate ,,xix4 ,illustration ,,papilio ,,palamedes4 ,plate ,,xix4 fig4 #a4 #b4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,diurna4 ,,family3 ,papilionid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,papilio1 ,auct4 ,,papilio ,,palamedes4 ,alis dentatis nigris1 fasci maculari maculisque marginalibus flavis2 posticis caudatis1 his subts ad basin vitt alb transvers rect lunulisque rufis4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #e unc47 ,,syn4 ,papilio 7,eq4 ,achiv47 ,palamedes1 ,drury1 ,app4 v4 #b4 7#aggc74 ,cramer1 pl4 #ic4 fig4 ,a4 ,b4 ,pap4 7,eq4 ,ach47 ,calchas1 ,fabr4 ,syst4 ,ent4 p4 #dec4 ,no4 #dd4 7#agge74 ,ent4 ,syst4 #c4 #a4 p4 #cj4 ,no4 #ij4 ,herbst4 ,pap4 tab4 #db4 ,boisduval1 ,hist4 ,nat4 ,lep4 #a4 #ccg4 ,no4 #agh4 ,bdv4 et ,leconte1 ,icon4 ,lep4 ,amer4 ,sept4 pl4 #e4 ,,habitat3 ,carolina 7,drury74 ,georgia1 ,virginia 7,bdv474 ,upper ,side4 ,head1 back1 and abdomen dark brown2 the latter striped on the sides with yellow4 ,two yellow lines1 beginning at the palpi1 encircle the eyes1 and1 running along the shoulders1 end at the base of the inferior wings4 ,anterior wings brownish black2 the external margin with small yellow crescents1 above which are nine yellow round spots4 ,above this is another irregular row of yellow angular spots4 ,posterior wings brownish black1 each with a tail4 ,above it are six yellow spots1 reaching from the anal to the upper corner1 with five small blue spots above them1 above which a yellow irregular bar runs across the middle of the wing1 having a black spot1 whose upper edge is verged with blue1 placed at the anal angle1 with a small tinge of orange above and below it4 ,under ,side4 ,breast and thighs yellow4 ,abdomen striped with yellow and dark brown4 ,anterior wings brownish black1 with the same yellow spots and marks as on the upper side4 ,posterior wings brownish black1 with six yellow spots near the external edge1 having a mark of orange in the middle of each1 above which is a row of orange crescents joined together1 whose upper edges are silver1 and below each of them is a black circular spot1 whose inner part is a fine shining blue1 from whence appears a great number of powder-like gray spots4 ,the anterior edge next the shoulders1 has a small orange streak1 near which an orange-coloured line begins1 running parallel with the abdomen4 #cf,the caterpillar is described by ,boisduval as living upon several species of ,laurus1 and of a green colour1 with pale blue spots1 and scarlet belly and legs1 with a scarlet eye-shaped spot on each side of the third segment4 ,the chrysalis is gibbous1 ferruginous on the back1 with the belly rose-coloured1 and four rows of pale blue dots4 ,i have reverted to ,drury's specific name1 which has certainly the priority1 as appears from the dates which ,i have introduced amongst the synonyms4 ,dr4 ,boisduval has given another species of this genus under the name of ,palamedes1 described by ,fabricius under that name1 but considered by him to be a ,nymphalis4 ,this latter species must consequently receive a new denomination4 ,,melit,a ,,pelops4 ,plate ,,xix4 fig4 #c4 #d4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,diurna4 ,,family3 ,nymphalid1 ,swains4 ,,genus4 ,,melit,a1 ,fabr4 ,argynnis1 ,latr4 ,god4 ,papilio 7,pleb4 rur471 ,drury4 ,,melit,a ,,pelops4 ,alis subrotundatis1 integerrimis1 supr fulvis nigro reticulatis2 posticis subts carneis fusco undatis4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #a unc47 ,,syn4 ,papilio 7,pleb4 rur47 ,pelops1 ,drury1 ,app4 v4 #b4 ,argynnis ,pelopsa1 ,latr4 et ,god4 ,enc4 ,mth4 ix4 p4 #bij4 ,no4 #fb4 ,,habitat3 ,st4 ,christopher's 7,drury74 ,upper ,side4 ,thorax and abdomen brown1 the latter spotted with faint brown orange4 ,wings black1 with several rows of large brown orange spots1 crossing the wings1 of different shapes and sizes4 ,under ,side4 ,anterior wings orange brown1 spotted with black1 having the appearance of indented lines running across them4 ,posterior wings dark flesh-coloured1 marked and spotted with brown1 and having five minute silver spots at equal distances1 parallel with the external edge4 ,the wings are entire4 ,,hesperia ,,arcas4 ,plate ,,xix4 fig4 #e4 #f4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,diurna4 ,,family3 ,hesperiid1 ,steph4 ,,genus4 ,,hesperia1 ,latr4 ,godart4 ,battus1 p4 ,scop4 ,papilio 7,pl4 ruric71 ,linn4 ,,hesperia ,,arcas4 ,alis nigricantibus immaculatis1 margine integro1 anticis subts margine interno dilutiore macul parv unic alb4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #a unc4 #i lin47 ,,syn4 ,papilio 7,pleb4 ruric47 ,arcas1 ,drury4 ,app4 v4 #b4 ,papilio 7,pl4 urb47 ,philemon1 ,fabr4 ,syst4 ,ent4 p4 #ecd4 ,no4 #cib4 ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,iii4 #a4 p4 #cdf4 ,no4 #cad4 ,hesperia ,ph4 ,latr4 ,god4 ,enc4 ,mth4 ix4 p4 #ghh4 ,papilio ,flyas1 ,cram4 pl4 #cbh4 ,e4 ,,habitat3 ,st4 ,christopher's4 ,upper ,side4 ,thorax and abdomen black4 ,wings very dark brownish black1 immaculate4 ,margins entire4 ,under ,side4 ,legs1 breast1 and abdomen dark brown1 but rather lighter than on the upper side1 immaculate1 except a small white spot on the anterior1 placed near the anterior edge towards the tip4 #cg,,plate ,,xx4 ,illustration ,,erebus ,,crepuscularis8 ,plate ,,xx4 fig4 #a4 #b4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,nocturna1 ,,family3 ,noctuid1 ,steph4 ,,genus4 ,,erebus1 ,latrielle4 ,thysania1 ,dalman4 ,noctua1 ,fabr4 ,phalna 7,attacus71 ,linn4 ,,erebus ,,crepuscularis8 ,alis griseis1 fasci maculisque albis1 anticis ocello fusco1 posticis fasciis duabus dentatis fuscis fulvo marginatis4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #d unc4 #c lin47 ,,syn4 ,phalna 7,attacus7 ,crepuscularis8 ,linn4 ,s4 ,n4 #b4 #haa4 ,no4 #ac4 ,drury1 ,app4 v4 #b4 ,oliv4 ,enc4 ,mth4 #h4 #bee4 #ai4 ,,habitat3 ,china 7,drury74 ,america 7,linn474 ,upper ,side4 ,antenn setaceous4 ,palpi standing erect above the head4 ,tongue spiral4 ,neck with a narrow ring of white4 ,thorax dark brown4 ,abdomen dirty buff colour4 ,anterior wings dark nut brown at the base2 paler at the external margin4 ,on the anterior margin1 next the tip1 is a white subtriangular spot2 and from the middle arises a white bar1 which runs obliquely to the middle of the wing1 but suddenly turns and runs to the base of the posterior margin2 from the inner angle of this bar1 near the middle of the wing1 a black line runs towards the front of the wing1 forming a large eye4 ,within the external margin are many dark and white marks4 ,all the wings are scolloped4 ,posterior wings1 next the shoulders1 are of a dirty buff colour2 remainder nut brown1 separated by a narrow line of darker brown1 beneath which runs a small narrow line of buff1 and a quarter of an inch below this is another line1 crossing the wing4 ,from thence1 to the external edge1 are several darker coloured clouds1 and white marks of different shapes and forms2 particularly a white angular spot on the anterior edge1 near the corner4 ,under ,side4 ,all the wings of a pale clay colour1 inclining to buff4 ,on the anterior1 the two white spots at the tips1 visible on the upper side1 appear here also2 and several smaller ones on other parts of the wings4 ,the white bar being less distinct than the other white marks2 but on the posterior wings the white angular spot1 near the upper corner1 is very plain and strong4 ,the diversity of the habitats1 given by ,drury and ,linnus1 render it doubtful whether that figured by the former be identical with that described by the latter4 ,,noctua ,,lunata4 ,plate ,,xx4 fig4 #c4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,nocturna4 ,,family3 ,noctuid4 ,,genus4 ,,noctua1 ,auct4 ,,subgenus4--8 ,,noctua ,,lunata4 ,alis fuscis1 strigis multis transversis2 anticis macul centrali1 alter angulat apicali1 fascique obliqu postic nigris4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #b unc4 #c lin47 ,,syn4 ,phalna 7,noctua7 ,lunata1 ,drury1 ,app4 v4 #c4 ,,habitat3 ,carolina1 ,virginia4 ,upper ,side4 ,the antenn light brown and setaceous4 ,the tongue spiral4 ,palpi not very hairy4 ,the head1 thorax1 abdomen1 and wings hazel-coloured4 ,anterior wings with a waved line1 of a dark brown colour1 placed near the anterior angle1 beginning at the posterior and ending at the external edge4 ,at the shoulders1 and along the anterior margin1 are several small dark brown clouds and marks1 that #chproduce a darker shade4 ,posterior wings with a series of narrow transverse waved lines1 extending from the middle to the external edges4 ,all the wings are dentated4 ,under ,side4 ,the breast1 abdomen1 and wings are all of a paler hazel colour4 ,anterior wings dappled with dark brown on the middle of the anterior edge1 and spotted with minute short brown streaks1 as well as the posterior4 ,,geometra 7,,angerona7 ,,serrata4 ,plate ,,xx4 fig4 #d4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,nocturna4 ,,family3 ,geometrid1 ,steph4 ,,genus4 ,,geometra4 ,subg4 ,angerona1 ,duponch1 ,steph4 ,hipparchus p4 ,leach4 ,curt4 ,,geom4 7,,angerona7 ,,serrata4 ,alis luteo-fulvis dentatis1 fasci lat apicali macul basali anticarum fascique basali posticarum ferrugineis4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #b unc4 #c lin7 ,,syn4 ,phal4 7,noctua7 ,serrata1 ,drury1 ,app4 v4 #b4 ,,habitat3 ,new ,york2 taken on the #bfth of ,june4 ,upper ,side4 ,antenn and head of a reddish buff colour1 the former setaceous4 ,tongue very small and spiral4 ,thorax and abdomen yellow buff colour2 as are all the wings in general4 ,the anterior having a bar of brown red colour1 which begins at the tips1 and runs across the wings1 almost to the middle of the posterior edge2 occupying all that space along the external margin4 ,at the base is a small cloud of the same colour1 but much fainter4 ,posterior wings with a broad marginal bar of the same brown red4 ,a small faint line likewise crosses these wings4 ,the buff ground is sprinkled all over with faint1 irregular1 dark brown spots1 that in some specimens are scarcely visible4 ,all the wings are dentated2 the lower ones most deeply4 ,under ,side4 ,wings yellow buff1 with brown red markings1 as on the upper side1 but less distinct4 ,the irroration stronger and plainer1 being also sprinkled over the brown bars4 ,,plate ,,xxi4 ,illustration ,,argynnis ,,phalanta4 ,plate ,,xxi4 fig4 #a4 #b4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,diurna4 ,,family3 ,nymphalid1 ,swains4 ,,genus4 ,,argynnis1 ,fabr4 ,latr4 et ,godart4 ,argyreus1 ,scop4 ,dryades1 ,hubn4 ,,argynnis ,,phalanta4 ,alis subdentatis1 fulvis nigro maculatis1 posticis subtus ad extimum argenteo-purpurascentibus1 ocellis aliquot fulvis4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #c unc47 ,,syn4 ,papilio 7,nymph4 ,phal47 ,phalanta1 ,drury1 ,app4 v4 #b4 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,iii4 #a4 p4 #adi4 ,latr4 et ,god4 ,enc4 ,mth4 ix4 p4 #bei4 ,papilio ,culumbina1 ,cram4 pl4 #ccg4 ,d4 ,e4 7male7 pl4 #bch4 ,a4 ,b4 7female74 ,,habitat3 ,china 7,drury74 ,east ,indies 7,fabricius1 c474 ,isle ,mauritius 7,i4 ,o4 ,w474 ,upper ,side4 ,thorax and abdomen of a dirty clay colour4 ,anterior wings of a fine deep clay colour1 the tips being of a dirty black2 which colour is continued1 by irregular and indented marks1 along the external edges1 almost to the interior angle1 where are several clay-coloured spots and marks4 ,above these are four round spots1 running obliquely toward the shoulders4 ,several other black marks are dispersed on different parts of the wings1 particularly near the anterior edges4 ,posterior wings deep clay-coloured1 with two black waved or indented lines1 running along the external margin4 ,over these #ci;are four small1 round1 black spots1 placed two and two4 ,above these1 nearer the shoulders1 are several small1 black1 oblong spots1 placed irregularly4 ,the wings1 particularly the posterior pair1 are a little dentated4 ,under ,side4 ,anterior wings1 at the base and along the posterior edges1 clay-coloured4 ,near the interior angle of each wing is a round black spot2 several others which are very small1 oblong1 and fainter1 being scattered about on different parts4 ,posterior wings1 at the base1 fainter clay-coloured4 ,about half the wings1 from the external edges1 are of a blueish clay colour1 which is separated from the other part by a faint waved line of a reddish hue4 ,two other faint waved lines also run along the external edges1 answering to the black ones on the upper side2 and the four black spots seen there are very small on this side1 being but just perceptible4 ,,melit,a ,,phaeton4 ,plate ,,xxi4 fig4 #c4 #d4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,diurna4 ,,family3 ,nymphalid1 ,sw4 ,,genus4 ,,melit,a1 ,fabr4 ,argynnis1 ,latr4 et ,god4 ,papilio 7,dan4 ,festiv471 ,drury4 ,,melit,a ,,phaeton4 ,alis subrotundatis integerrimis1 nigris1 singularum extimo supr1 pagin omni subts fulvo flavoque maculatis4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #c unc4 #i lin4 fere47 ,,syn4 ,papilio 7,dan4 ,festiv47 ,phaeton1 ,drury1 ,app4 v4 #b4 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,iii4 #a4 p4 #df4 ,no4 #adj4 ,cramer1 pl4 #aic4 f4 ,c4 ,d4 ,argynnis ,phaetontea1 ,latr4 et ,god4 ,enc4 ,mth4 ix4 p4 #bhh4 ,boisduv4 ,hist4 nat4 ,lep4 pl4 #g4 ,b4 f4 #c4 ,,habitat3 ,new ,york2 taken in ,june and ,september1 whence there are probably two broods in the year4 ,upper ,side4 ,body and wings black4 ,the anterior pair of the latter with nine red spots placed near the external edges2 above which are two rows of spots1 of a lemon colour1 with some other small ones placed near the upper edges4 ,posterior wings with eight red triangular spots1 placed close to the external edges4 ,above these is a row of lemon-coloured crescents2 and above that is another row of lemon-coloured round spots4 ,the wings are entire4 ,under ,side4 ,anterior wings black1 with a red indented margin2 within the external edge is a row of lemon-coloured crescents4 ,near the costa1 about the middle of each wing1 are two larger red spots1 and a smaller one at the corner1 next the shoulders4 ,the remainder of the wings is sprinkled with lemon-coloured spots1 of different shapes and sizes1 in all about twenty-six on each4 ,posterior wings black1 having their external edges margined with triangular red spots2 above which is a row of lemon-coloured crescents2 and over these is a row of round lemon-coloured spots4 ,the remaining part of the wings is covered with lemon-coloured and red spots2 the former very small1 and the latter rather large1 and angularly shaped4 ,,melit,a ,,tharos4 ,plate ,,xxi4 fig4 #e4 #f4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,diurna4 ,,family3 ,nymphalid1 ,sw4 ,,genus4 ,,melit,a1 ,fabr4 ,argynnis1 ,latr4 et ,god4 ,papilio 7,dan4 ,festiv47 ,drury4 ,,melit,a ,,tharos4 ,alis subrotundatis integerrimis1 supra fulvis1 lineis plurimis transversis limboque communi nigris1 posticis utrinque ad extimum strig punctorum nigrorum4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #a unc4 #f lin4 fere47 ,,syn4 ,papilio 7,dan4 ,festiv47 ,tharos1 ,drury1 ,app4 v4 #b4 ,cramer1 pl4 #afi4 fig4 ,e4 ,f4 ,argynnis ,tharossa1 ,latr4 et ,god4 ,encycl4 ,mth4 ix4 p4 #bhi4 ,no4 #fa4 ,,habitat3 ,new ,york4 #dj,upper ,side4 ,head1 body1 and abdomen dark brown4 ,anterior wings varied with dark brown and orange2 in some the dark brown occupying the greater part of the wings1 in others the orange colour is predominant2 but the tips and external edges in all are dark brown2 in some two ocelli are seen close to the anterior edge1 and near the lower corner2 but in others these ocelli are not to be discovered4 ,posterior wings dark brown and orange4 ,round the edge is a waved dark border1 through which a small waved white line1 runs from the anal angle about half way2 above this are placed1 in a row1 five round ocelli1 and one oblong1 next the anal angle2 the pupils being black1 and the irides orange colour4 ,above these is a broad orange-coloured band1 and next the body the wings are dark brown4 ,all the wings are entire4 ,under ,side4 ,anterior wings1 at the base1 deep clay-coloured1 with some dark brown clouds on the anterior edges and interior angles2 but in some these clouds are hardly perceptible4 ,in some a small scolloped line runs along the external edges1 from the tips to the lower corners1 of a reddish hue2 in others this is not to be seen1 having a dark brown border in that part4 ,posterior wings very pale clay-coloured1 with a cloud on the middle of the external edges1 of a reddish brown2 where 7in some7 is a silver spot like a half moon4 ,the black pupils of the six ocelli1 seen on the upper side1 are1 in some specimens1 very small here1 and just perceptible2 in others they are not to be seen4 ,in short1 nature forms such a variety of this species1 that it is difficult to set bounds1 or to know all that belongs to it4--,drury4 ,,plate ,,xxii4 ,illustration ,,papilio ,,thoas4 ,plate ,,xxii4 fig4 #a4 #b4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,diurna4 ,,family3 ,papilionid1 ,leach4 ,,genus3 ,,papilio1 ,auct4 ,,papilio ,,thoas4 ,alis supr nigris1 fasci communi lunulisque submarginalibus flavis1 posticis caudatis1 his subtus macul discoidali ferrugine lunulisque coeruleis4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #d unc4 #i lin47 ,,syn4 ,papilio 7,equ4 ,ach47 ,thoas1 ,linn4 ,mant4 p4 #ecf4 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,iii4 #a4 p4 #cb4 ,no4 #id4 ,cramer1 pl4 #afg4 fig4 ,a4 ,b4 ,latr4 et ,god4 ,enc4 ,mth4 ix4 p4 #fb4 #ajc4 ,boisduval et ,leconte ,icon4 ,lep4 ,amer4 ,sept4 pl4 #ab4 et #ac4 ,boisd4 ,h4 n4 ,lep4 #a4 p4 #cee4 ,var4 ,pap4 ,cresphontes1 ,cramer1 #afe1 #aff1 ,a4 ,,habitat3 ,surinam 7,drury74 ,paraguay to ,georgia 7,boisd474 ,upper ,side4 ,thorax black4 ,two small yellow streaks extend from the eyes to the shoulders4 ,abdomen yellow1 with a black dorsal line2 apex red brown4 ,wings black1 with deep yellow spots on them4 ,a yellow bar1 near half an inch broad1 begins at the middle of the superior wings1 and running parallel with the anterior edges1 crosses the inferior ones just below the shoulders4 ,several oval and oblong yellow spots are placed between the tips and this bar4 ,one also is situated close above it1 near the middle of the wing2 being separated from it by the tendon1 which is black4 ,below the bar are four small spots1 beginning at the interior angle 7the first being double74 ,posterior wings furnished with two black tails1 having a long yellow stripe in the middle4 ,about a quarter of an inch above the external edge is a row of six yellow spots1 whereof one is obscured by the anterior wing2 there being but five shewn in the plate4 ,under ,side4 ,the breast is ash colour4 ,anterior wings partly soot colour1 but principally yellow4 ,a row of eight yellow spots is situated within the external margin1 and the yellow bar1 observable on the upper side1 is not to be distinguished on this4 ,several small yellow lines rise at the shoulders1 and expanding like the sticks of a fan1 occupy almost the chief membrane of the wing4 #da;,between these1 and the row of eight spots1 are two large yellow patches1 which nearly take up that middle space1 with black tendons crossing them like fine threads4 ,posterior wings1 next the shoulders1 yellow1 continuing to about the middle of the wings4 ,external margin soot-coloured2 having a broad bar of yellow above it1 whose upper side resembles a row of arches4 ,above this is an irregular black bar1 running from the anterior edges1 across the wings1 with two small scarlet streaks at the anal angles4 ,on this bar is a row of blue crescents1 answering to and placed just above the arch-like bar before-mentioned2 and in the centre is a faint mark of scarlet4 ,the caterpillar of this butterfly feeds upon the orange-trees1 from ,paraguay to ,georgia4 ,its back is covered with large irregular white spots1 with brown marks1 which extend along the middle and posterior parts of the body4 ,the chrysalis is of a bright brown1 with several black dots4 ,,papilio ,,sinon4 ,plate ,,xxii4 fig4 #c4 #d4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,diurna4 ,,family3 ,papilionid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,papilio1 ,auct4 ,,papilio ,,sinon4 ,alis nigris1 fasciis communibus virescenti-albis1 posticis lunulis sex submarginalibus virescenti-albis anguloque ani rubro4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #c unc4 fere47 ,,syn4 ,papilio ,sinon1 ,fabr4 ,syst4 ,ent4 p4 #deb4 ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,iii4 #a4 p4 #bf4 #ge4 ,cramer1 tab4 #cag4 fig4 ,c4 ,d4 ,e4 ,f4 ,ency4 ,mth4 ix4 p4 #ec4 ,boisduv4 ,hist4 ,nat4 ,lep4 #a4 p4 #bfj4 ,papilio 7,eq4 ,achiv47 ,protesilaus1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 ,,habitat3 ,jamaica 7,drury74 ,florida1 ,cuba 7,boisduv474 ,north ,america 7,enc4 ,mth474 ,upper ,side4 ,the thorax black2 the hair thereof greenish4 ,abdomen black4 ,all the wings black2 posterior ones being furnished with two tails1 edged with white4 ,close to the shoulders1 in the anterior wings1 rises a stripe of sea-green1 which crosses the inferior ones2 and1 running parallel with the abdominal margin1 ends near the extremity of the body4 ,a little below this is a small scarlet spot1 placed near the anal angle2 with two smaller spots1 of a green colour1 below it4 ,at a little distance from the shoulders1 a second green stripe1 rather broader than the first1 begins at the posterior edge of the anterior wings1 and crosses the inferior ones1 parallel with the first1 being continued a little lower4 ,on the anterior wings1 about the middle of the anterior edge1 rises a bar1 of a fine sea-green colour1 which crossing both wings1 terminates at the middle of the posterior1 being narrowest at each end4 ,a row of eight white spots runs parallel with the external edge1 ending at the lower corner4 ,near the external edges of the posterior wings is placed a row of five crescents1 of a green colour4 ,under ,side4 ,breast and abdomen grey-coloured4 ,anterior wings light chesnut1 having a darker cloud near the anterior angle4 ,all the green spots and marks1 seen on the upper side1 are also visible here4 ,the ground of the posterior wings is rather paler than the anterior2 and the green marks and stripes are rather larger here1 than on the upper side4 ,the scarlet spot1 on the abdominal edge1 is considerably larger on this side4 ,a scarlet stripe also begins on the anterior edge1 and fills completely the space between the broad green bar and the second stripe1 mentioned above1 extending as low as the extremity of the body4 ,the two scollops1 next the abdominal corner1 are black2 whereon appear a few blue powder-like specks4 #db,m4 ,boisduval states that ,drury's figure is peu exacte4 ,it is true1 indeed1 that the figure does not agree with the description given by that author1 who describes the fourth pale fascia as bifide dans la cellule discoidale des premires ailes4 ,the exact uniformity in the shape of this fascia1 in both of ,drury's figures1 renders its correctness evident1 and consequently the insect figured by ,drury must be regarded as a variety of the species described by ,boisduval4 ,,plate ,,xxiii4 ,illustration ,,noctua ,,melicerta4 ,plate ,,xxiii4 fig4 #a4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,nocturna4 ,,family3 ,noctuid4 ,,genus4 ,,noctua1 ,auct4 ,,noctua ,,melicerta4 ,alis anticis variegatis1 posticis nigris1 fasci maculisque tribus marginalibus albis4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #b unc4 #f lin47 ,,syn4 ,phalna 7,noctua7 ,melicerta1 ,drury1 ,append4 v4 #b4 ,cramer1 tab4 #fb4 fig4 ,c4 ,d48 ,noctua mercatoria1 ,fab4 ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,iii4 #b4 p4 #fb4 ,no4 #age48 ,gmelin1 ,linn41 ,s4 ,n4 #bedd4 #ajci4 ,noctua tigrina1 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,iii4 #b4 p4 #dj4 ,no4 #aje4 ,oliv4 ,enc4 ,mth4 #h4 #bgg4 #aca4 ,noctua vulpina1 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,iii4 #b4 p4 #ci4 ,no4 #ajb4 ,phalna ,melicene1 ,cram4 tab4 #cbc4 fig4 ,c4 ,d4 ,,habitat3 ,india1 ,bombay 7,drury74 ,upper ,side4 ,antenn filiform4 ,tongue small and spiral4 ,thorax and abdomen light brown4 ,anterior wings light greyish brown1 and1 when held in some particular directions1 having a hue like mother-of-pearl4 ,several irregular bars1 of a deeper brown1 cross the wings1 and the external margin is bordered with pale purple or pearl colour4 ,posterior wings dark liver-coloured1 grey-brown at the base1 and hairy4 ,in the middle is a broad bar1 of purplish white1 running across the wing4 ,on the external edge are three white square spots4 ,the anterior wings are a little dentated2 the inferior ones entire4 ,under ,side4 ,palpi remarkably long and pointed4 ,anterior wings dark brown2 the external edge being purplish grey1 with a whitish separated bar1 running from the middle of the anterior edge to the interior angle4 ,posterior wings light greyish brown1 palest at the base1 and grey at the external edge1 having a dark spot at the anal angle1 and a smaller faint one near the shoulders2 with several indented lines crossing the wings in different places4 ,fabricius appears to have described this insect in his ,entomologia ,systematica1 under three different names4 ,it probably forms the type of a distinct subgenus in the family ,noctuid4 #dc;,,catocala ,,epione4 ,plate ,,xxiii4 fig4 #b4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,nocturna4 ,,family3 ,noctuid1 ,steph4 ,,genus4 ,,catocala1 ,schrank4 ,blephara1 ,hbn4 ,phalna 7,noctua71 ,linn4 ,,catocala ,,epione4 ,alis anticis fuscis1 strigis transversis dentatis ferrugineis et atris1 posticis nigris1 cili alb4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #b unc4 #f lin47 ,,syn4 ,phalna 7,noctua7 ,epione1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 ,oliv4 ,encycl4 ,mthod4 #h4 #bhh4 ,no4 #aij4 ,,habitat3 ,new ,york 7,drury74 ,philadelphia 7,i4 ,o4 ,w474 ,upper ,side4 ,thorax and abdomen of a sooty ash colour4 ,anterior wings dark chocolate1 with an undulated ferruginous line1 running from the anterior edge to the posterior1 and near the middle of the wings2 with several other lighter not very distinct marks thereon4 ,posterior wings black2 cilia white4 ,under ,side4 ,anterior wings1 at the base1 dark ash colour1 which as it extends further on the wings1 becomes black2 and next the tips is soot-coloured4 ,seven white spots run along the external margin4 ,above them is a white line1 running from the anterior edge1 narrowing as it goes1 and ending near the posterior2 between which and the shoulders is a rather large oblong white spot4 ,posterior wings1 next the shoulders and abdominal edges1 very dark ash colour1 which deepens along the wings to black2 cilia white4 ,a faint white streak runs also a little way down the wing from the anterior margin4 ,all the wings are a little dentated4 ,,noctua ,,pales4 ,plate ,,xxiii4 fig4 #c4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,nocturna4 ,,family3 ,noctuid4 ,,genus4 ,,noctua1 ,auct4 ,,noctua ,,pales4 ,alis luteis1 anticis strig transvers punctoque apicali fuscis4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #a unc4 #i lin47 ,,syn4 ,phalna 7,noctua7 ,pales1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 ,,habitat3 ,st4 ,christopher's4 ,upper ,side4 ,antenn filiform4 ,tongue spiral4 ,head small4 ,thorax1 abdomen1 and wings light orange clay-coloured1 without any markings1 except on the anterior wings1 where a faintish bar crosses the middle2 and1 near the tips of the wings1 is a small dark spot4 ,the wings are entire4 ,under ,side4 ,the same colour as the upper1 immaculate4 ,,callimorpha8 ,,vinosa4 ,plate ,,xxiii4 fig4 #d4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,nocturna4 ,,family3 ,arctiid4 ,,genus4 ,,callimorpha8 ,latr4 ,sphinx p4 ,drury4 ,,callimorpha8 ,,vinosa4 ,alis nigris subdiaphanis1 anticarum marginibus anticis et posticis rufo fulvis macul magn extern 7in medio alb margine nigro72 posticis fasci submarginali rufo-fulv4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #b unc4 fere47 ,,syn4 ,sphinx ,vinosa1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 ,,habitat3 ,antigua4 #dd,upper ,side4 ,the antenn are black1 small1 and pectinated4 ,the tongue not discoverable4 ,thorax and base of abdomen yellow orange2 the remainder of the abdomen rusty grey1 with a black stripe down the top of it4 ,anterior wings black and transparent1 like gauze2 the anterior and posterior margins bordered with orange4 ,the tips of the wings are likewise broadly orange1 through the middle of which runs a broad bar of white1 from the anterior to the middle of the external edge1 where it is narrowest1 being edged with black4 ,posterior wings black1 and like gauze2 the external edge having a narrow orange stripe running from the anal margin1 half way to the exterior angle4 ,the wings are entire4 ,under ,side4 ,the abdomen is grey1 with a black line running from the thorax to the tail4 ,anterior wings not edged with orange2 the tips are black1 where the white bar is plainly seen1 having an orange spot on the edge1 near the external and lower corners4 ,posterior wings as on the upper side4 ,this insect seems to form the type of a distinct subgenus between ,nudaria and ,callimorpha4 ,,noctua ,,numeria4 ,plate ,,xxiii4 fig4 #e4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,diurna4 ,,family3 ,noctuid4 ,,genus4 ,,noctua1 ,auct4 ,,noctua ,,numeria4 ,alis fuscis1 anticis vitt longitudinali alb1 antic strigis undulatis transversis2 posticis macul extern alb4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #b unc4 #c lin47 ,,syn4 ,phalna 7,noctua7 ,numeria1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 ,,habitat3 ,jamaica4 ,upper ,side4 ,antenn filiform4 ,tongue spiral4 ,head1 thorax1 and abdomen fine brown4 ,anterior wings fine brown1 through the middle of which runs a small longitudinal bar of white or pearl1 beginning just below the shoulders1 and losing itself just below the tips4 ,above this bar the wings are watered with various marks of dark and light brown4 ,behind it they are of a darker shade1 except a spot near the middle of a yellowish brown4 ,posterior wings dark brown1 with two white marks on the edges1 about a third of an inch long2 beginning on the anterior edge1 and crossing the corner to the external edge4 ,under ,side4 ,breast1 legs1 abdomen1 and wings greyish brown or russet1 with some faint1 dark indented lines running across all the wings in different parts4 ,the white marks on the edges of the posterior wings are very visible on this side4 ,the wings are entire4 ,,catocala ,,affinis4 ,plate ,,xxiii4 fig4 #f4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,nocturna4 ,,family3 ,noctuid4 ,,genus4 ,,catocala1 ,schr4 ,blephara1 ,hbn4 ,phalna 7,noctua71 ,linn4 ,,catocala ,,affinis4 ,alis anticis fuscis maculis ordinariis discoidalibus strigisque dentatis obscurioribus2 posticis fulvis fasci centrali margineque postico lat nigris4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #b unc47 ,,syn4 ,phalna 7,noctua7 ,paranympha1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 7excl4 syn4 ,linnan47 ,,habitat3 ,new ,york2 taken on the #bgth day of ,july4 #de,upper ,side4 ,the thorax and anterior wings dark chocolate1 with a small1 narrow1 irregular black line crossing the wings1 near the external edge2 having near it1 just above the fringe1 a row of seven small grey spots4 ,posterior wings pale orange2 having a deep black border4 ,a rather broad black line runs in a circular direction from the anterior edge1 through the middle of the wings1 to the lower part of the interior margin4 ,at the outer angle is a small spot of a pale orange4 ,under ,side4 ,anterior wings at the base of a dark clay colour1 with a large yellowish cloud occupying all the middle part2 in which is a large black streak running across the wing4 ,posterior wings marked as on the upper side1 but all the colours fainter4 ,,plate ,,xxiv4 ,illustration ,,actias ,,luna4 ,plate ,,xxiv4 fig4 #a4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,nocturna4 ,,family3 ,bombycid4 ,,genus4 ,,actias1 ,leach4 ,saturnia1 ,schrank4 ,attacus1 ,germar4 ,phalna 7,attacus71 ,linn4 ,,actias ,,luna4 ,alis caudatis flavo-virentibus concoloribus1 ocello disci lunato1 margine antico anticarum purpureo4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #e unc4 #f lin47 ,,syn4 ,phalna 7,attacus7 ,luna1 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #b4 #haj4 ,no4 #e4 ,catesby ,carolina1 #bnd vol4 p4 #he4 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,iii4 #a4 p4 #dad4 ,no4 #bb4 ,gmel4 ,linn4 ,s4 ,n4 #bdjd4 #e4 ,abbot ,smith ,ins4 ,georgia1 pl4 #dh4 ,oliv4 ,enc4 ,mth4 #e4 #bi4 #bj4 ,pal4 ,beauv4 ,ins4 ,afr4 ,am4 ,lep4 pl4 #bb4 f4 #c4 ,leach ,zool4 ,misc4 v4 #b4 7,actias ,l47 ,,habitat3 ,new ,york1 ,carolina1 ,virginia1 ,maryland4 ,upper ,side4 ,antenn brown1 and strongly pectinated4 ,the head white1 small1 and almost hid under the shoulders and neck1 having a small brown ring encircling it4 ,thorax pale yellow1 having a chocolate or dark brown line crossing it1 parallel with the margins of the anterior wings4 ,all the wings are of a beautiful pea-green colour2 the nerves being of a pale red brown4 ,along the anterior margin of the anterior wings runs a chocolate line1 which is narrowed towards the tips4 ,about an inch from the shoulders springs from this line a small curved one1 which1 bending towards the middle of the wing1 terminates in a small eye1 pointed in the lower part1 whose pupil is transparent like glass2 the iris being partly red and partly black1 within which are semicircles of white2 external margin of the wings1 red brown2 the posterior being white4 ,posterior wings furnished with two broad tails1 which1 at their extremities1 appear as if they were crimped2 their external edges being red brown4 ,in the middle of each of these wings is likewise an eye1 similar to1 but rather larger than those in the anterior ones4 ,abdomen white4 ,under ,side4 ,abdomen white1 the sides being of a dark clay colour4 ,all the wings are of the same colour as on the upper side2 the nerves being browner and more conspicuous1 without the brown edge on the anterior pair2 the eyes themselves are the same as on that side4 ,the anterior margin of the inferior wings is white1 and the eyes strongly resemble those of an animal having them half shut4 ,drury's correspondent informed him that the caterpillar of this handsome moth is red1 and feeds on the leaves of the sassafras tree4 ,when they are full-fed they inclose themselves in a strong case composed of the substance of the tree1 and a glutinous matter which they secrete4 ,they appear in ,june and ,august4 ,the caterpillar1 however1 figured by ,abbot is green1 with short hairs scattered over the body1 and with about eight small red #dfspots on each segment1 placed transversely4 ,this author also states that it feeds upon the sweet gum 7,liquidambar styraciflua1 ,linn471 different kinds of walnut1 and the ,persimon 7,diospyros ,virginiana74 ,one of them spun up on the #cast of ,may1 and came out on the #hth of ,june2 another on the #bcrd of ,june1 and came out on the #ajth of ,july2 and a third1 which did not spin up until the #fth of ,september1 remained in the chrysalis till the #crd of ,march4 ,it continues breeding throughout the summer1 but is not very plentiful4 ,,deiopeia ,,ornatrix4 ,plate ,,xxiv4 fig4 #b4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,nocturna4 ,,family3 ,lithosiid4 ,,genus4 ,,deiopeia1 ,stephens4 ,euchelia1 ,boisduval4 ,eyprepia p4 ,ochs4 ,,deiopeia ,,ornatrix4 ,alis convolutis albidis1 anticarum margine rubro atropunctato1 posticis albo nigroque variis4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #a unc4 #i lin47 ,,syn4 ,phalna 7,noctua7 ornatrix1 ,linn4 ,s4 ,n4 #b4 #hci4 ,no4 #aaj4 ,bombyx ornatrix1 ,fab4 ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,iii4 #a4 p4 #dhj4 ,no4 #bbe4 ,gmel4 ,linn4 ,s4 ,n4 #bddd4 #aaj4 ,oliv4 ,enc4 ,mth4 #e4 #ajj4 ,no4 #beh4 ,,habitat3 ,antigua 7,drury74 ,america 7,linn4 ,fabr474 ,upper ,side4 ,antenn black1 filiform4 ,head with a black frontal spot2 tongue spiral4 ,thorax flesh-coloured1 with small black spots4 ,anterior wings fine flesh-coloured2 the anterior edges being bordered with scarlet1 except four small white places1 in each of which is a small black spot2 near the base is a red cordate spot1 with a small black one above it2 near the external margin is a row of small black spots2 above this is a row of red ones1 nearly joining together1 and nearly united to the red border at the anterior edge1 and above this is another row of black ones4 ,posterior wings clear white1 their external edges with large angular spots of black1 one of them running to the anterior edge4 ,under ,side4 ,anterior wings fine deep scarlet1 but next the shoulders white1 as is the cilia1 where1 joining to it1 is a row of very small black spots2 a little above this is a black irregular line1 running from the anterior edge to the lower angle2 above this line is another1 shorter1 reaching half way across the wings4 ,posterior wings clear white1 spotted with the same black angular spots1 as on the upper side2 the anterior edges being of the same scarlet colour as the superior wings4 ,,deiopeia ,,bella4 ,plate ,,xxiv4 fig4 #c4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,nocturna4 ,,family3 ,lithosiid4 ,,genus4 ,,deiopeia1 ,stephens4 ,euchelia4 ,boisduval4 ,eyprepia p4 ,ochs4 ,,deiopeia ,,bella4 ,alis anticis albidis1 fasciis sex punctorum nigrorum fasciis fulvis divisis2 posticis rubris apice nigris4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #a unc4 #i lin47 ,,syn4 ,phalna 7,tinea7 bella1 ,linn4 ,s4 ,n4 #b4 #hhd4 ,no4 #cdh4 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,iii4 #a4 #dgi4 ,no4 #bbc4 ,gmel4 ,linn4 ,s4 ,n4 #bddg4 #cdh4 ,oliv4 ,enc4 ,mth4 #e4 #ii4 #bef4 ,,habitat3 ,new ,york4 #dg,upper ,side4 ,antenn black and filiform4 ,head with a small black spot between the antenn4 ,thorax and abdomen white2 on the former are several small black spots4 ,anterior wings of a fine yellow1 with several white1 narrow1 irregular bars crossing them2 having on each several small black spots2 cilia white1 and above it is a row of small black spots that almost joins it4 ,posterior wings faint scarlet1 externally edged with a narrow black border2 cilia white4 ,under ,side4 ,the anterior wings fine scarlet1 inclining along the anterior edge to yellow2 where are several angular black spots1 each lengthening as it approaches the tips2 along the external margin is a row of small black spots4 ,posterior wings scarlet1 edged with the same black border as on the upper side2 on the anterior edge are two white spots1 with black ones in their centres4 ,in the ',systema ,natur' this and the preceding most nearly allied species were placed far apart in the genera ,noctua and ,tinea4 ,this species appears in ,may and ,august4 ,the caterpillar is of the same colours as the anterior wing of the moth1 and feeds on the blue lupine4 ,,plate ,,xxv4 ,illustration ,,sphinx ,,carolina4 ,plate ,,xxv4 fig4 #a4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,crepuscularia4 ,,family3 ,sphingid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,sphinx1 ,auct4 ,,sphinx ,,carolina4 ,alis anticis fusco cinereoque variis1 posticis fasciis #c-d fuscis exterioribus dentatis2 cili albo nigroque vari1 abdomine maculis #aj-ab lateralibus luteis4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #e unc47 ,,syn4 ,sphinx ,carolina1 ,linn4 ,s4 ,n4 #b4 #gih4 ,no4 #g4 ,brown4 ,jam4 #dch4 t4 #dc4 f4 #ag4 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,iii4 #a4 p4 #cfc4 ,no4 #be4 ,gmel4 ,linn4 ,s4 ,n4 #bcgg4 ,no4 #g4 ,stephens ,ill4 ,brit4 ,ent4 ,h4 #a4 #aah4 ,abbot ,smith1 ,ins4 ,georg4 tab4 #cc4 ,curtis ,brit4 ,ent4 v4 pl4 #a4 #aig4 ,,habitat3 ,new ,york1 ,maryland1 ,virginia4 ,upper ,side4 ,antenn internally white1 but externally brown4 ,the head1 thorax1 and abdomen of a rusty grey brown2 the sides of the latter having five oblong yellow spots1 intersected by black lines1 on each of which is a small white spot placed between the yellow ones4 ,anterior wings rusty grey brown1 with a white spot at the base1 and another small discoidal white one2 a narrow irregular indented line of white begins near the interior angle1 and runs nearly to the tip2 several indented lines1 nearly black1 cross the wings1 more or less distinct4 ,cilia brown1 spotted with white4 ,posterior wings brown1 darkest in the middle1 the shoulders being nearly black1 with an indented narrow bar of ash colour running across them1 from the middle of the anterior edges to the anal angle2 below this is a narrow black one1 answering and joining to it4 ,under ,side4 ,breast and abdomen ash-coloured4 ,anterior wings brown1 without any marks or shades1 except two very faint undulated dark lines crossing them4 ,posterior wings1 next the body1 ash-coloured2 the remainder being like the anterior1 with some faint dark lines crossing them4 ,according to ,abbot the caterpillar is pale green1 with white lateral oblique stripes1 and a pink tail4 ,it is said to feed on the potato1 tobacco1 red pepper 7,capsicum871 c4 ,one of these caterpillars1 observed by ,abbot1 went into the ground on the #aith of ,june1 and came out on the #aeth of ,july2 whilst another went in on the #hth of ,july1 and came out #dhon the #ast of ,august4 ,the caterpillar is stated by the same author to be very destructive in plantations of tobacco1 the cultivators being obliged to pick them carefully off the young plants4 ,the chrysalis is of a chesnut colour1 with a long nearly straight tongue case1 extending to the middle of the breast1 and clubbed at the end4 ,the moth is generally seen in an evening1 sucking the ,james-town weed and gourd blossoms1 and continues breeding all the summer2 the moth is common in the ,west ,indies1 as well as in ,georgia and ,carolina4 ,dr4 ,brown says it is called the musquito hawk1 from its appearing at that time of the evening when those insects abound1 and being vulgarly but erroneously supposed to prey upon them4 ,abbot and ,smith1 loc4 cit4 ,specimens of this ,american insect have from time to time been captured in this country4 ,it unquestionably cannot1 however observes ,mr4 ,stephens1 be considered as indigenous1 and ought to be rigidly excluded from our cabinets2 otherwise the most perplexing consequences must inevitably arise1 to the total confusion of our inquiries into the geographical distribution of insects4 ,if this be admitted1 as well might 'the noble monarch of the forest1' because a captive lioness which had escaped from her prison was retaken on ,salisbury ,plain4 ,,syntomis ,,phegea4 ,plate ,,xxv4 fig4 #b4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,crepuscularia48 ,,family3 ,zygnid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,syntomis1 ,illiger4 ,,zyg,,na1 ,rossi4 ,fabr4 ,sphinx1 ,linn4 ,,syntomis ,,phegea4 ,viridi-atra alarum punctis fenestratis1 anticarum sex1 posticarum duobus2 abdomine cingulo luteo4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #a unc4 #i lin47 ,,syn4 ,sphinx ,phegea1 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #b4 #hje4 #ce4 ,god4 ,lepid4 du ,franc4 pl4 #bb4 f4 #ad4 ,zygna ,quercs1 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,iii4 #a4 #chh4 ,no4 #f4 ,syntomis ,quercs1 ,latr4 ,genera ,crust4 et ,ins4 #d4 p4 #bac4 ,sphinx du ,pissenlit1 ,engram ,pap4 d',eur4 ,,habitat3 ,germany4 ,upper ,side4 ,antenn black1 filiform1 with the tips white4 ,head and thorax black4 ,abdomen dark green1 almost black2 on the top1 next the thorax1 is a deep yellow spot like gold1 and near the extremity a ring of the same golden yellow extends just below the sides4 ,anterior wings dark green2 having six transparent spots1 one next the shoulders1 two in the middle1 and three next the tips4 ,posterior wings of the same colour as the superior1 with two transparent spots on them4 ,under ,side4 ,breast and abdomen dark green2 on each side the breast are two golden yellow spots4 ,all the wings are coloured and marked as on the upper side4 #di;,,glaucopis ,,fenestrata4 ,plate ,,xxv4 fig4 #c4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,crepuscularia8 ,,family3 ,zygnid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,glaucopis1 ,fabr4 ,charidea1 ,dalm4 ,sphinx1 ,linn4 ,,glaucopis ,,fenestrata4 ,alis anticis nigris1 macul magn discoidali fere ocellat fenestrat1 posticis fenestratis margine nigro1 pedibus palpisque coccineis4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #b unc4 #f lin47 ,,syn4 ,sphinx ,fenestrata1 ,drury1 ,app4 v4 #b4 ,,habitat3 ,jamaica4 ,upper ,side4 ,antenn nearly black1 and pectinated4 ,head and eyes black4 ,palpi small and long1 and of a fine scarlet4 ,tongue spiral4 ,thorax blueish green1 almost black4 ,abdomen dark brown4 ,anterior wings the same1 the middle part being perfectly transparent like glass1 wherein is a dark cloud which is joined to the anterior margin4 ,posterior wings small1 transparent1 with a dark brown narrow border running round their edges1 which at the upper corners is broad where it becomes cloud-like4 ,under ,side4 ,breast dark brown4 ,legs and thighs scarlet1 which colour extends along the middle of the abdomen1 almost to the tail1 where it becomes a little fainter1 being crossed by the rings of the abdomen1 which are black and very narrow4 ,all the wings of the same colour as on the upper side4 ,,sphinx ,,cingulata4 ,plate ,,xxv4 fig4 #d4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,crepuscularia4 ,,family3 ,sphingid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,sphinx1 ,auct4 ,,sphinx ,,cingulata4 ,alis anticis cinereo atroque undatis1 puncto parvo discoidali2 posticis nigro fasciatis1 basi sanguineis1 abdominis fasciis alternis interruptis sanguineis et atris4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #d unc4 #f lin47 ,,syn4 ,sphinx ,cingulata1 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,iii4 #a4 #cie4 ,no4 #ef4 ,sphinx ,convolvuli var4 ,drury1 ,append4 vol4 #b4 7,exclus4 ,syn4 ,gmel4 ,linn4 ,s4 ,n4 #bcgf4 ,no4 #f47 ,abbot and ,smith ,ins4 ,georg4 #a4 tab4 #cb4 ,,habitat3 ,st4 ,christopher's4 ,upper ,side4 ,antenn white on one side1 and brown on the other4 ,thorax dark brown1 with several curved lines running across it from one shoulder to the other4 ,the abdomen1 on the upper part is beautifully encircled with five rings of rose colour1 and six of black1 extending to its sides1 having on the top of it a line of a rusty brown1 which runs from the base to the extremity4 ,anterior wings brown chesnut1 marked with lighter and darker clouds1 some of which are almost black2 having a lighter spot near the middle1 and not far from the anterior margin4 ,posterior wings at the base black1 but along the external edges of a grey brown1 the middle being occupied by three bars of red1 ash1 and faint rose colours1 separated by three black waved lines crossing them from the anterior to the interior4 ,cilia brown spotted with white4 ,under ,side4 ,breast and abdomen ash-coloured2 along the latter are five dark spots 7the middle ones the largest7 placed at the bottom of the five segments near the breast4 ,anterior wings dark hazel1 immaculate4 ,posterior wings of the same colour along the anterior and external margins2 but next the shoulders and inner edges are of a grey ash colour2 a dark coloured line begins near the anal angle1 #ejwhere it is almost black1 and runs across the wing1 ending at the middle of the anterior edge2 from whence to the middle it resembles a row of arches joined together4 ,the caterpillar of this insect1 according to ,abbot and ,smith1 is brown1 with four dorsal dark flesh-coloured lines1 and a series of short lateral oblique cream-coloured marks united together over the legs4 ,it feeds upon the sweet potatoe plant 7,convolvulus ,batatas1 ,linn471 and is sometimes frequent though the moth is rare4 ,the chrysalis is chesnut1 with a long curved tongue case1 the extremity of which is recurved4 ,it is often dug up with the potatoes4 ,in ,virginia one of these insects buried itself ,october #crd1 and came forth in the perfect state on the #cjth of ,may2 whilst one observed in ,georgia went into the ground on the #bjth of ,august1 and came out the #aath of ,september4 ,this species was considered by ,drury and ,smith as a climatal variety of the ,europan ,sphinx ,convolvuli4 ,fabricius1 however1 considered it distinct1 and designated it by the specific name adopted above4 ,,plate ,,xxvi4 ,illustration ,,glaucopis ,,polymena4 ,plate ,,xxvi4 fig4 #a4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,crepuscularia8 ,,family3 ,zygnid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,glaucopis1 ,fabr4 ,sphinx1 ,linn4 ,drury4 ,,glaucopis ,,polymena4 ,nigra1 alis maculis luteis1 anticis tribus1 posticis duabus2 abdomine cingulis coccineis4 7,expans4 ,alar4 fere #b unc47 ,,syn4 ,sphinx ,polymena1 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #b4 #hjf4 ,no4 #dj4 ,cram4 ,ins4 t4 #ac4 f4 ,d4 ,zygna ,polymena1 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,iii4 #a4 p4 #cif4 ,no4 #cd4 ,gmel4 ,linn4 ,s4 ,n4 #bcid4 #dj4 7,sphinx47 ,,habitat3 ,china4 ,upper ,side4 ,antenn black and pectinated1 being smallest at their extremities2 between them is a white round spot placed on the front of the head2 above them1 on the neck1 is a round spot of bright scarlet4 ,thorax black4 ,the first segment of the abdomen scarlet2 the two next are black1 verged on their lower edges with a beautiful sky blue colour2 behind this the abdomen is of a fine vermilion1 separated by two small black lines1 the extremity being black4 ,anterior wings dark brown1 having next the shoulders a small spot of shining blue1 and three spots of a deep yellow2 the two largest of which appear as if divided by the tendons1 which are black and run across them4 ,posterior wings dark brown1 with two deep yellow spots2 the smaller one near the shoulders1 the other near the middle4 ,under ,side4 ,breast black1 spotted with white at the base4 ,the abdomen dark brown at the base1 behind which is pale red tinged with white2 the extremity dark brown4 ,anus pale red4 ,the wings are the same colour as on the upper side4 #ea,,syntomis ,,cerbera4 ,plate ,,xxvi4 fig4 #b4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,crepuscularia8 ,,family3 ,zygnid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,syntomis1 ,fabr4 ,sphinx1 ,linn4 ,drury4 ,,syntomis ,,cerbera4 ,viridi-atra1 alis anticis punctis sex fenestratis1 posticis duobus1 abdomine cingulis duobus sanguineis 7postico latissimo74 ,,syn4 ,sphinx ,cerbera1 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #b4 #hjf4 #ch4 ,cramer1 tab4 #hc4 fig4 ,f4 ,zygna ,cerbera1 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,iii4 #a4 p4 #cia4 ,no4 #af4 ,sphinx ,cerbera1 ,gmel4 ,linn4 ,s4 ,n4 #bcic4 #ch4 ,syntomis ,cerbera1 ,boisduv4 ,monogr4 ,zygn4 pl4 #g4 f4 #f4 ,,habitat3 ,cape of ,good ,hope4 ,upper ,side4 ,antenn and head black4 ,thorax and abdomen shining blueish green2 the latter having on the middle three rings of scarlet extending from side to side1 but not meeting underneath4 ,anterior wings dark green1 with six transparent spots like glass on them2 the smallest1 near the base1 is round2 three others1 placed next the external margin1 are oblong2 the other two1 which are in the middle1 are oval and triangular4 ,posterior wings dark green1 with two transparent spots2 the largest next the shoulders2 the other1 which is round and small1 beyond the middle4 ,under ,side4 ,breast1 abdomen1 and legs shining mazarine blue1 inclining to green2 on the former is a small red spot1 close to the shoulders of the superior wings4 ,the hinder legs have one joint white4 ,wings of the same colour as on the upper side4 ,,deilephila ,,chiron4 ,plate ,,xxvi4 fig4 #c4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,crepuscularia4 ,,family3 ,sphingid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,deilephila1 ,ochsenheimer4 ,spectrum p4 ,scop4 ,sphinx p4 ,linn4 ,,deilephila ,,chiron4 ,alis anticis castaneis1 fasci obliqu pallid utrinque fusco marginat1 posticis nigris maculis quinque albidis4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #c unc4 #f lin47 ,,syn4 ,sphinx ,chiron1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 ,,habitat3 ,jamaica4 ,upper ,side4 ,antenn and head chesnut2 a flesh-coloured line encircles the eyes1 running to the shoulders1 where it becomes white4 ,thorax chesnut4 ,abdomen rather paler on the top2 underneath very light clay colour4 ,anterior wings sorrel chesnut1 having two faint oblique waved lines crossing them from the tips to the middle of the posterior edges1 where is a small cloud the colour of blue clay1 and next the shoulders is a small narrow cream-coloured mark4 ,posterior wings dark brown1 with a row of yellow cream-coloured spots running from the anal angle towards the middle of the anterior margin4 ,under ,side4 ,breast and abdomen very pale clay colour4 ,anterior wings at the base pale clay-coloured1 towards the middle darker2 from thence to the tips prettily clouded with orange and clay-coloured marks1 divided by dark lines1 and many small dark brown spots4 ,posterior wings along the interior margin clay-coloured1 and along the extreme part of the anterior edges the same2 the remainder of the wings dull orange1 faintly shaded and spotted with brown marks and dots4 #eb,,zyg,,na8 ,,thetis4 ,plate ,,xxvi4 fig4 #d4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,crepuscularia8 ,,family3 ,zygnid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,zyg,,na8 ,fabr4 ,anthrocera1 ,scop4 ,sphinx1 ,drury4 ,,zyg,,na8 ,,thetis4 ,coerulea1 thorace antic rubro punctato1 alis nigris1 anticis apice1 posticis disco1 hyalinis4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #a unc4 #f lin47 ,,syn4 ,sphinx ,thetis1 ,linn4 ,mantiss4 #a4 #eci4 ,zygna ,thetis1 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,iii4 #a4 #cia4 ,no4 #ag4 ,gmel4 ,linn4 ,s4 ,n4 #bcic4 #aae4 7,sphinx ,t47 ,,habitat3 ,jamaica4 ,upper ,side4 ,antenn black4 ,head and thorax black4 ,on the neck are two small scarlet spots just above the eyes1 and one on each side below them4 ,abdomen silvery shining blue1 having a triangular black mark at the base4 ,anterior wings dirty black1 immaculate2 tips whitish4 ,posterior wings dirty black1 with a white discoidal transparent cloud4 ,under ,side4 ,breast and sides dirty black4 ,abdomen white2 its sides and tip dirty black4 ,wings of the same colour as on the upper side4 ,,macroglossa ,,zonata4 ,plate ,,xxvi4 fig4 #e4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,crepuscularia4 ,,family3 ,sesiid1 ,steph4 ,,genus4 ,,macroglossa1 ,ochs4 ,macroglossum1 ,scop4 ,sphinx1 ,fabr4 ,drury4 ,,macroglossa ,,zonata4 ,alis nigricantibus1 anticis punctis tribus subapicalibus1 abdominisque fasci albis4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #b unc4 #c lin47 ,,syn4 ,sphinx ,zonata1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 ,,habitat3 ,st4 ,christopher's4 ,upper ,side4 ,antenn dark brown1 hooked at the extremities2 the under sides being paler4 ,thorax and abdomen dark greyish brown2 the extremity of the latter broad and hairy1 with a white transverse central fascia2 between which and the extremity are three small lateral white spots4 ,anterior wings very dark brown1 with three transparent minute spots beyond the middle2 above which1 near the anterior margin1 is a single black one4 ,posterior wings dark brown1 immaculate4 ,under ,side4 ,the middle of the abdomen at the base ash-coloured1 extending about half way1 narrowing gradually2 the middle of each of the segments being the same4 ,posterior wings coloured as on the upper side2 the posterior1 along the interior margin to the shoulders1 being ash-coloured4 ,,plate ,,xxvii4 ,illustration ,,sphinx ,,alope4 ,plate ,,xxvii4 fig4 #a4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,crepuscularia4 ,,family3 ,sphingid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,sphinx1 ,auct4 ,,sphinx ,,alope4 ,alis dentatis fuscis1 strigis dentatis nigris1 posticis fulvis apice lat nigris2 abdomine nigro cingulis interruptis pallidis4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #d unc4 #c lin47 ,,syn4 ,sphinx ,alope1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 ,cramer1 #bf4 tab4 #cja4 fig4 ,g4 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,iii4 #a4 #cfb4 ,no4 #bj4 ,gmel4 ,linn4 ,s4 ,n4 #bcge4 #fb4 ,,habitat3 ,jamaica4 #ec,upper ,side4 ,antenn red brown above1 white underneath4 ,head and thorax dark brown2 head and thorax with a black dorsal line4 ,abdomen encircled with rings of brown and dark ash colour1 divided on the top by a dark ash-coloured line running from the thorax to the extremity4 ,posterior wings dark brown coloured1 having some dark irregular lines1 almost black1 crossing them from the anterior to the posterior margin1 and a row of small black angular marks running along their external margin2 these wings are a little dentated4 ,posterior wings yellow1 with a deep black border4 ,under ,side4 ,abdomen dark ash-coloured4 ,anterior wings brown1 spotted along their external edges with long yellowish spots4 ,posterior wings brown1 with a deep border2 the middle of the wings and abdominal edges being yellow2 a narrow black indented line begins at the abdominal corners1 and crossing the wings ends at the anterior margin below the middle4 ,fabricius1 on the authority of ,dr4 ,pflug1 states that this insect frequents the ,carica ,papaya4 ,the larva is tailed1 without hairs1 the back cinereous anteriorly1 with a broad fascia of a brown colour1 ocellated in the middle and ending in a black spot4 ,the chrysalis is brown1 with red annuli and stri4 ,,sphinx ,,pinastri4 ,plate ,,xxvii4 fig4 #b4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,crepuscularia4 ,,family3 ,sphingid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,sphinx1 ,auct4 ,,sphinx ,,pinastri4 ,alis cinereis1 anticis lineolis tribus confertis nigris2 abdomine fusco1 cingulis atris supr albo marginatis et dorso interruptis4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #c unc4 #i lin47 ,,syn4 ,sphinx ,pinastri1 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #b4 #hib4 ,no4 #bb4 ,sepp4 ,ins4 #c4 #bc4 t4 #e4 ,roesel4 ,ins4 ,belust4 #a4 ,phal4 #a4 t4 #f4 ,donov4 ,engl4 ,ins4 ix4 #aj4 pl4 #bif4 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,iii4 #a4 #cfg4 ,no4 #ce4 ,gmel4 ,linn4 ,s4 ,n4 #bche4 #bb4 ,stephens ,illust4 ,brit4 ,ent4 ,haust4 #a4 #aba4 ,,habitat3 ,germany 7,drury74 ,england1 and other parts of ,europe4 ,upper ,side4 ,antenn white on one side1 and brown on the other4 ,head and thorax brown grey2 the latter at the base being ash-coloured1 having a black line running on each side4 ,abdomen brown grey1 encircled with rings of a dirty black1 divided on the top by a broad line of brown grey1 through which runs a black line from the base to the extremity4 ,anterior wings brown grey1 with three short black lines in the middle of each wing2 at the tips rises another irregular narrow black line1 running towards the middle of the wing1 and chequered with white and black4 ,posterior wings brown grey1 immaculate1 being a little paler towards the shoulders2 the wings are entire4 ,cilia alternately black and white4 ,under ,side4 ,the breast and abdomen are ash-coloured4 ,all the wings brown grey1 immaculate4 ,cilia spotted as above4 ,this insect is attached to the pine1 and is consequently found in the great forests in ,germany1 and other parts of ,continental ,europe4 ,this accounts for its scarcity in ,england1 and for its having been occasionally found in the pine forests of ,scotland by ,dr4 ,leach and ,mr4 ,wilson4 ,the larva is described by ,mr4 ,stephens as being entirely yellow in its first skin1 in the second green with yellow stripes1 in the third deeper green1 with three longitudinal lemon-yellow lines on each side1 and finally of a rich green with a #ed;brown dorsal line2 the sides with two deep yellow ones2 the anterior and first segment of the body yellow1 the latter spotted with black2 the horn1 which was previously straight1 becomes curved and black4 ,it feeds on various species of pine1 as ,pinus abies1 sylvestris1 ,strobus1 c4 ,the chrysalis is dark brown1 changing to maroon2 the tongue-sheath is short4 ,,sphinx ,,ello4 ,plate ,,xxvii4 fig4 #c4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,crepuscularia4 ,,family3 ,sphingid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,sphinx1 ,auct4 ,,sphinx ,,ello4 ,alis subdentatis cinereis2 posticis rufis margine nigro2 abdomine pallido cingulis 7dorso interruptis7 nigris4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #c unc4 #f lin47 ,,syn4 ,sphinx ,ello1 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #b4 p4 #hjj4 ,no4 #ac4 ,cramer1 tab4 #cja4 fig4 ,d4 ,merian ,surin4 t4 #fa4 f4 #b4 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,iii4 #a4 #cfb4 ,no4 #ba4 ,gmel4 ,linn4 ,s4 ,n4 #bcge4 #ac4 ,,habitat3 ,st4 ,christopher's 7,drury74 ,surinam 7,mad4 ,merian74 ,upper ,side4 ,antenn white on one side1 and brown on the other4 ,head and thorax ash-coloured2 the latter having some faint narrow dorsal and lateral black lines4 ,abdomen ash-coloured1 encircled with black rings extending to its sides1 divided on the top by an ash-coloured line4 ,anterior wings dentated and ash-coloured1 having an irregular shade of black and dark brown running from the tips to the shoulders1 and a few small black spots dispersed on different parts of the wings4 ,posterior wings red1 with a black border4 ,cilia reddish white4 ,under ,side4 ,breast1 thighs1 legs1 and abdomen ash-coloured4 ,anterior wings1 in the middle1 ferruginous2 but toward the external edges and the tips dirty red brown4 ,posterior wings next the shoulders and interior margin ash-coloured1 but in the middle of a reddish colour2 along the anterior margin they are of a brown grey1 and along the external margin they are of a dirty red brown4 ,these wings are a little dentated4 ,,plate ,,xxviii4 ,illustration ,,sphinx ,,vitis4 ,plate ,,xxviii4 fig4 #a4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,crepuscularia4 ,,family3 ,sphingid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,sphinx1 ,auct4 ,,sphinx ,,vitis4 ,alis anticis olivaceo-fuscis1 fasci1 vitt lineisque pallidis2 posticis cinereis fasci nigr margineque roseo4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #d unc47 ,,syn4 ,sphinx ,vitis1 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #b4 #hja4 ,no4 #af4 ,merian ,surin4 tab4 #dg4 f4 #a4 ,cram4 ,ins4 tab4 #bfg4 fig4 ,c4 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,iii4 #a4 #cfi4 ,no4 #da4 ,gmel4 ,linn4 ,s4 ,n4 #bchj4 #af4 ,abbot and ,smith1 ,ins4 ,georgia1 #a1 t4 #dj4 ,,habitat3 ,antigua1 ,jamaica1 ,st4 ,christopher's 7,drury74 ,in vit ,americes 7,linn474 ,magnolia glauca 7,fabr474 ,jussia erecta 7,abbot and ,smith74 ,upper ,side4 ,head and thorax dark flesh-coloured2 on the latter1 near the neck1 is a long spot of olive brown1 with another on each side4 ,abdomen dark flesh-coloured1 having two olive brown streaks above1 extending from the base to the extremity1 being intersected by narrow flesh-coloured annuli or #eerings4 ,the ground of the anterior wings is a fine olive brown2 a flesh-coloured bar begins at the tips1 and running parallel with the anterior margin at the middle of the wing1 divides into two branches1 one continues to the shoulder margin1 the other terminates at the middle of the posterior margin2 on the upper part of the bar is placed a small flesh-coloured mark1 discoidal1 the middle being black2 near the tips arises also from the upper side a second smaller branch1 which runs to the anterior edge1 which1 with the external margin1 has a narrow border of a rusty clay colour4 ,posterior wings with their external edges bordered with red2 above which is a black bar1 extending from the anterior edge to the anal angle1 where it is much fainter2 the inner margin also red1 with a large black patch thereon4 ,the upper parts of the wings are of a blueish ash colour4 ,nerves pale4 ,under ,side4 ,breast1 thighs1 and abdomen dark flesh-coloured4 ,the colours of all the wings on this side are faint1 being principally of a clay colour2 the inferior ones1 next the abdominal edges1 being tinged with red4 ,the caterpillar of this beautiful ,sphinx is remarkable for having only a slight protuberance at the extremity of the body in place of the erect spine or tail1 which is possessed by the majority of the caterpillars of the ,sphingid4 ,it is of a pale yellowish colour1 with numerous slender transverse black lines1 and white oblique lateral marks directed towards the head4 ,its food is very various4 ,one1 observed by ,abbot1 went into the ground on the #adth of ,august1 and came out on the #gth of ,september2 whilst another which went in on the #bith of ,september1 did not come out until the #ahth of ,july following4 ,the moth is rare2 but may occasionally be seen sucking the gourd blossoms in the evening4 ,the chrysalis has a pointed tail1 but is destitute of a porrected tongue-case4 ,,thyreus ,,lugubris4 ,plate ,,xxviii4 fig4 #b4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,crepuscularia4 ,,family3 ,sphingid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,thyreus1 ,swains4 ,zool4 ,illustr4 vol4 #a4 ,,thyreus ,,lugubris4 ,alis brunneis1 anticis strigis undatis parallelis punctoque subocellari atris4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #b unc4 #i lin47 ,,syn4 ,sphinx ,lugubris1 ,linn4 ,mant4 #b4 #ecg4;,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,iii4 #a4 #cef4 ,no4 #e4 ,gmel4 ,linn4 ,s4 ,n4 #bcgb4 #ej4 ,abbot and ,smith ,ins4 ,georg4 #a4 t4 #cj4 ,swainson ,zool4 ,illustr4 #ast ,series1 vol4 #a4 ,,habitat3 ,antigua 7,drury74 ,georgia 7,abbot74 ,upper ,side4 ,antenn1 head1 thorax1 and abdomen dark brown4 ,the tail very broad and hairy4 ,all the wings dark brown chesnut2 having very few distinct marks or lines1 except the anterior pair1 which have a small black discoidal spot1 and a very narrow line next the shoulders of a lighter brown1 crossing them from the anterior to the posterior edges4 ,the posterior wings are slightly1 the anterior deeply1 dentated4 ,under ,side4 ,thorax1 legs1 abdomen1 upper and lower wings rather paler than on the upper side4 ,on the anterior wings are two very faint brown lines1 crossing them from the anterior to the posterior edges1 situated between the middle and the external margin4 ,on the posterior wings also are two small faint waved lines of a darker colour1 beginning at the anterior edges and ending a little above the abdominal corners4 #ef,the caterpillar of this hawk-moth was found by ,abbot on the ,virginian ,creeper4 ,it went into the ground on the #ahth of ,august1 and the fly came out on the #aath of ,september4 ,the tail of the male spreads like a fan4 ,this is a very rare species2 one was caught in the evening on a gourd blossom4 ,it flew exceedingly swift1 making a noise like a humble bee4 ,the caterpillar is of a very pale greenish colour1 with two dark dorsal lines1 terminating at the base of the straight tail2 the sides of the body are also ornamented with pale yellow oblique stripes1 margined with brown4 ,the chrysalis is chesnut1 with a short point at the extremity of the body1 and without any tongue-case4 ,,deilephila ,,tersa4 ,plate ,,xxviii4 fig4 #c4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,crepuscularia4 ,,family3 ,sphingid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,deilephila1 ,ochs4 ,eumorph p4 ,hbn4 ,sphinx p4 ,fabr4 ,,deilephila ,,tersa4 ,alis anticis griseis1 lineis nonnullis obliquis parallelis nigris2 posticis nigris fasci maculari luteo-alb4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #c unc47 ,,syn4 ,sphinx ,tersa1 ,linn4 ,mant4 p4 #ech4 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 ,cramer1 tab4 #cig4 fig4 ,c4 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,iii4 #a4 p4 #cgh4 ,no4 #fi4 ,gmel4 ,linn4 ,s4 ,n4 #bcgi4 ,no4 #ga4 ,abbot and ,smith ,ins4 ,georg4 #a4 tab4 #ch4 ,,habitat3 ,maryland1 ,jamaica1 ,st4 ,christopher1 ,antigua 7,drury74 ,south ,america 7,fabricius74 ,georgia 7,abbot74 ,upper ,side4 ,head flesh-coloured2 which colour1 separating at the neck1 runs on each side of the thorax to the abdomen4 ,thorax and abdomen dark clay colour4 ,abdomen pointed2 the sides being of a yellower colour than the top4 ,anterior wings greyish olive brown2 from the tips to the middle of the posterior margin run several narrow lines of lighter and darker colours1 parallel with each other4 ,posterior wings1 at the base1 black2 but along the external margin brown2 having a row of narrow angular marks of a cream colour running from the anal angle to the anterior edges4 ,cilia white4 ,under ,side4 ,thorax and abdomen clay-coloured2 paler on the middle than the sides4 ,wings red clay-coloured2 the anterior brown in the middle1 and the posterior having some faint waved lines crossing them2 each wing having a row of faint small spots along their external margin4 ,the caterpillar of this insect1 figured by ,abbot and ,smith1 is of a pale green colour1 with the three anterior segments elongated and attenuated in front1 having seven beautiful white eye-like spots on each side1 with a red pupil1 and margined with black2 the anterior ocellus being the largest4 ,these ocelli are united by a lateral white line1 terminating at the base of the straight red tail4 ,it feeds upon the wild thyme 7,spermacoce ,hyssopifolia1 ,sm47 ,some of them are stated by ,abbot to be brown4 ,one was observed by the same author to spin itself up on the #cast of ,july1 from which the moth appeared on the #aeth of ,august2 whilst another which spun up on the #aath of ,september1 remained in the chrysalis state until the #ith of ,may4 ,when disturbed1 the caterpillar contracts the anterior segments of the body4#bb ,the chrysalis is of a pale brown colour1 freckled with darker marks4 ,it is not provided with a porrected tongue-case4 #eg,,sphinx ,,strigiles4 ,plate ,,xxviii4 fig4 #d4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,crepuscularia4 ,,family3 ,sphingid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,sphinx1 ,auct4 ,,sphinx ,,strigiles4 ,alis integerrimis griseis1 margine externo anticarum obscuro2 posticis fulvis strigis tribus transversis fuscis4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #e unc4 #c lin47 ,,syn4 ,sphinx ,strigiles1 ,linn4 ,mant4 p4 #ech4 ,cramer1 tab4 #ajf4 f4 ,b4 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,iii4 #a4 #cfd4 ,no4 #bf4 ,gmel4 ,linn4 ,s4 ,n4 #bcgg4 ,no4 #ff4 ,,habitat3 ,jamaica4 ,upper ,side4 ,head1 thorax1 and abdomen fawn-coloured2 having on each abdominal segment a semicircle of a paler colour4 ,a brown red spot is placed on each side the thorax1 near the base of the upper wings1 which are fawn-coloured2 having a round spot of olive brown on each near the shoulders1 and another on the middle of the posterior margin1 between which and the anterior angle is a patch of a blueish brown2 from this angle to the tip runs a small narrow border of yellow brown1 with several short1 faint1 brown circular marks placed on different parts of the wing4 ,posterior wings pale orange2 having three brown1 narrow1 waved lines crossing them in the middle1 and with a narrow brown border4 ,under ,side4 ,the mouth1 thorax1 thighs1 abdomen1 superior and inferior wings are all of a red clay colour4 ,the border1 along the external margin of the anterior wing1 is of a much paler colour4 ,several reddish brown lines and marks are also placed on different parts of the wings4 ,,plate ,,xxix4 ,illustration ,,sphinx ,,satellita4 ,plate ,,xxix4 fig4 #a4 female4--fig4 #b4 male4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,crepuscularia4 ,,family3 ,sphingid4 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,sphinx1 ,auctorum4 ,,sphinx ,,satellita4 ,alis integris1 fuscis badio griseoque variis1 anticis puncto nigro ocellari sesquialtero maculque triangulari ad angulum analem nigr2 posticis basi griseis4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #d unc4 male4--#e unc4 female47 ,,syn4 ,sphinx ,satellita1 ,linn4 ,mant4 p4 #eci4 ,fab4 ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,iii4 #a4 #cgj4 ,no4 #db4 ,gmel4 ,linn4 ,s4 ,n4 #bcja4 #gd4 ,sphinx ,licaon1 ,cramer48 ,,habitat3 ,jamaica4 ,,female4--,upper ,side4 ,head and thorax pale olive brown1 with dark brown dorsal and lateral lines2 the latter edged with white1 extending to the abdomen1 where two small white streaks run obliquely across it4 ,abdomen light olive brown1 paler on its sides2 with two rows of dark brown dorsal spots1 reaching almost to the extremity4 ,anterior wings olive grey2 but from the middle of the anterior margin runs a shade of olive brown1 ending at the external margin1 and continuing towards the tips4 ,two small black discoidal spots1 and a large squarish spot on the middle of the posterior margin of a very dark red brown2 from whence to the shoulders extends a shade of paler brown4 ,posterior wings1 next the shoulders1 grey1 but at the anal angle reddish ash colour2 from whence runs a row of small black spots1 which lose themselves in a very dark1 brown1 olive colour1 occupying a large part of the wings near the exterior angle4 ,cilia pale brown4 ,under ,side4 ,thorax1 thighs1 and abdomen dark brown4 ,wings reddish brown1 the posterior palest2 and along the abdominal edges ash-coloured4 ,there are very few marks of any sort observable on #ehthis side1 except a faint waved line which1 crossing the superior and inferior wings1 ends near the anal angle4 ,,male4--,upper ,side4 ,head1 thorax1 abdomen1 and anterior wings sandy yellow4 ,the shades and clouds1 which in the female are of olive brown1 in this are of fine red brown2 the two discoidal black spots being distinct4 ,posterior wings1 next the shoulders1 grey1 as in the female2 but along the external margin sandy yellow4 ,under ,side4 ,the breast1 abdomen1 thighs1 superior and inferior wings are1 as on the upper side1 the same sandy yellow2 the faint waved lines1 crossing both superior and inferior wings1 being rather more conspicuous than in the female4 ,,deilephila ,,euphorbi4 ,plate ,,xxix4 fig4 #c4 ,,order3 ,lepidoptera4 ,,section3 ,crepuscularia4 ,,family3 ,sphingid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,deilephila1 ,ochs4 ,steph4 c4 ,eumorph1 ,hbn4 ,sphinx1 ,linn4 ,,deilephila ,,euphorbi4 ,alis anticis virescentibus vitt lat lurid maculque disci virescente1 posticis nigris fasci margineque exteriori roseis1 abdomine cingulis 7interruptis7 albis4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #b unc4 #aj lin4 male4 #c unc4 #a lin4 female47 ,,syn4 ,sphinx ,euphorbi1 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #b4 #hjb4 ,donov4 ,brit4 ,ins4 #c4 pl4 #ia4 #ib4 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,iii4 #a4 #cfg4 ,no4 #cg4 ,gmel4 ,linn4 ,s4 ,n4 #bchc4 #ai4 ,haworth ,lep4 ,brit4 #fa4 ,the ,spotted ,hawk ,moth1 ,harris ,aurelian1 pl4 #dd4 f4 a4 c4 ,deilephila ,euphorbi1 ,ochs4 ,schmett4 iv4 p4 #dc4 ,curtis ,brit4 ,ent4 #a4 pl4 #d4 ,,habitat3 ,holland1 ,germany 7,drury74 ,england1 and other parts of ,europe4 ,upper ,side4 ,head and thorax olive1 having a white stripe on each side1 which1 beginning at the palpi and running across the shoulders1 ends at the base of the abdomen2 the olive colour extending along that part to its extremity4 ,the first segment of the abdomen is black1 the second cream colour1 the remainder alternately cream colour and olive4 ,the superior wings are of a flesh colour1 having a narrow olive bar beginning at the tips1 which1 crossing them1 ends at the posterior margin1 widening gradually2 an olive patch1 the size of a small pea1 is also placed on each next the shoulders1 and another on the middle near the anterior edge4 ,cilia cream colour4 ,the posterior wings black at the base2 below which is a rose-coloured bar crossing them1 next that is a narrow black indented bar1 and beneath these the wing is flesh-coloured1 with white cilia4 ,under ,side4 ,the breast rose-coloured4 ,the abdomen flesh-coloured1 with cream-coloured rings4 ,wings faint rose and flesh-coloured2 the anterior having a black spot in each1 near the middle1 and not far from the anterior edge4 ,since the days of ,drury this handsome insect has been ascertained to be a native of our island4 ,it has1 however1 until lately been deemed one of the rarest as well as most beautiful species in the rare family to which it belongs4 ,entomologists are indebted not only for a considerable number of specimens1 but1 what is more interesting1 for a knowledge of the habits of the insect to ,william ,raddon1 ,esq4 the celebrated engraver1 by whom an interesting notice has been published in the ,entomological ,magazine4 ,it feeds upon the sea #eispurge 7,euphorbia paralias71 which grows in plenty on the sand hills in the neighbourhood of ,barnstaple and ,braunton ,burrows1 in ,devonshire4 ,these sand hills are of great extent1 and1 as suggested by ,mr4 ,curtis1 must have been collected by the winds and storms to which they are constantly exposed4 ,during the winter the whole soil is frequently removed1 so as completely to alter the surface of the country2 a great number of the pup must consequently be destroyed or buried at a considerable distance below the surface1 where probably they lie hid until they are brought to light and life by the influence of the elements4 ,these circumstances account for the great irregularity in the appearance of the insects4 ,in #ahad1 for instance1 they were so plentiful that ,mr4 ,raddon found not less than one hundred minute larv upon an armful of spurge1 which he had cut at dusk the preceding evening4 ,the rarity of the insect is also increased by the difficulty of rearing it4 ,the late ,mr4 ,fuseli1 the royal academician1 who was a zealous entomologist1 was enabled only to obtain one moth from twenty chrysalides4 ,the larv are full grown in ,september1 and the moth appears in the following ,june4 ,,plate ,,xxx4 ,illustration ,,dynastes ,,hercules4 ,plate ,,xxx4 fig4 #a4 male4--#b4 female4 ,,order3 ,coleoptera4 ,,section3 ,lamellicornes4 ,,family3 ,dynastid1 ,mac,leay4 ,,genus4 ,,dynastes1 ,mac,leay4 ,geotrupes1 ,fabricius4 ,scarabus1 ,latreille1 ,linnus1 c4 ,,dynastes ,,hercules4 ,thoracis male cornu incurvo longissimo subtus barbato utrinque unidentato1 capitis recurvato dentato4 7,long4 ,corp4 #e unc4 #i lin4 male47 ,,syn4 ,scarabus ,hercules1 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #b4 #eda4 #a4 ,oliv4 ,ins4 #a4 #c4 b4 #a4 tab4 #a4 f4 #a4 tab4 #bc4 fig4 #a4 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 #a4 p4 #b4 ,no4 #a4 ,naturalists' ,library1 ,beetles1 pl4 #aa4 ,edwards1 ,birds1 t4 #ccd4 ,gronov4 ,zooph4 #dab4 ,johnst4 ,ins4 t4 #af4 f4 #a4 ,petiv4 ,gaz4 t4 #gj4 f4 #a4 ,roesel4 ,scar4 tom4 iv4 t4 #e4 f4 #c4 ,pal4 ,beauv4 ,ins4 d',afr4 d',amer4 ,col4 ,pl4 #a4 c4 f4 #a4 ,marcgr4 ,braz4 #bdg4 fig4 #c4 ,,habitat3 ,gaudaloupe 7,drury74 ,south ,america4 ,male4 ,black1 except the elytra1 which are of an olive colour2 having a number of black spots on them of different shapes and sizes1 varying considerably in different individuals4 ,thorax1 above1 smooth1 and shining1 the sides covered with a multitude of small punctures4 ,its front is produced into a long shining horn1 near three inches in length1 which gradually bends downwards from the base to the extremity1 where it is slightly forked2 the under side being covered with short fine hairs of a yellowish colour1 resembling the pile of velvet1 and having about two inches from its extremity a strong short spine placed on each side4 ,the head is furnished with another horn1 about two-thirds the length of the first1 sharp and thin on its upper side1 and towards the end bending upwards2 having on the upper edge1 near the middle1 three or four teeth or strong spines1 and another near the extremity4 ,eyes shining1 red brown4 ,tibi armed with spines1 particularly the anterior pair1 which have four2 three near the tips1 and one near the middle4 ,the middle and hinder tibi have each two strong spurs1 and several smaller spines1 surrounded with hair on the other parts4 ,the edge of the abdomen is covered with a row of dark orange-coloured hairs4 ,several other parts of the body1 joints1 c4 are also clothed with the same #fj;coloured hairs4 ,each of the ungues has a little tuft of strong hairs issuing from the extremity of the terminal joint of the tarsi4 ,female4 ,this sex is unfurnished with horns4 ,the elytra are the same colour as in the male1 not spotted so much1 if at all1 and more rugose4 ,thorax black1 with a few yellowish spots1 formed like stars or rays on it4 ,in other respects it resembles the male4 ,drury adds to this insect the following remark--,i have observed many species of beetles whose males have been furnished with horns1 either on the head or thorax1 but in which the females have none1 but have those parts quite smooth and plain2 and my observations incline me strongly to think that this rule subsists in every one of them1 through the whole class4 ,the instances ,i could bring in support of this opinion are too many to be admitted in this place4 ,the circumstance observed upon in the preceding note is certainly very interesting in a physiological point of view4 ,in quadrupeds we find both sexes of cornuted species armed with horns2 but in insects almost universally the males alone are provided with these appendages4 ,it is also worthy of remark1 that although in the majority of insects the females considerably surpass the males in size1 yet in those species in which the males are cornuted1 the females are almost invariably smaller than their partners4 ,burmeister lays it down as a rule1 that with regard to the differences of the sexes1 their whole character may be thus distinguished2 viz4 that the male displays a preponderance of evolution1 and the female a preponderance of involution2 and observes1 that some beetles have processes upon the head and thorax1 which1 like the mandibles1 can meet1 like tongs1 and thus serve as a weapon4 ,this is asserted of ,hercules and its large comrades4 ,this opinion as to the uses of these horns can1 however1 scarcely be maintained1 since the number of species in which the horns really meet is very few4 ,kirby and ,spence observe1 ,what may be the use of these extraordinary appendages to the males1 has not yet been ascertained4 ,whether the individuals of this sex are more exposed to the attack of birds and other enemies1 in consequence of being more on the wing than the females1 and are therefore thus provided with numerous projecting points of defence1 is a question worth considering4 ,it is also to be observed that these appendages1 instead of being deciduous1 as in many of the higher animals1 are in insects component parts of the external skeleton4 ,there are a few exceptions to the observation of ,drury2 thus in the ,lamellicorn genus ,hoplites ,dej4 ,catal4 7,scarabus ,pan17 the females are cornuted as well as the males2 and in the genus ,osmia1 belonging to the section of wild bees1 ,dasygastres1 ,latr41 the females alone have the head furnished with two porrected horns4 #fa;,,buprestis 7,,chalcophora7 ,,virginiensis4 ,plate ,,xxx4 fig4 #c4 ,,order3 ,coleoptera4 ,,section3 ,serricornes4 ,,family3 ,buprestid4 ,,genus4 ,,buprestis1 ,linn4 ,,subgenus4 ,chalcophora1 ,solier4 ,,buprestis 7,,chalcophora7 ,,virginiensis4 ,thorace lato fusco1 punctis cupreis2 elytris serratis atris1 maculis cupreis1 saturque metallic4 7,long4 ,corp4 #a unc4 #a lin47 ,,syn4 ,buprestis ,virginiensis1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 ,herbst4 ,col4 ix4 p4 #aad4 #fc4 t4 #adh4 f4 #a4 ,buprestis ,virginica1 ,linn4 7,gmel47 #a4 iv4 p4 #aidj4 ,no4 #aaj4 ,rossi 7,hellw47 ,fn4 ,etr4 #a4 p4 #baa4 not4 ,,habitat3 ,virginia4 ,head small and broad4 ,antenn about the length of the thorax1 and small4 ,thorax broad and rugged1 having the elevated parts of a dark coppery colour2 but the depressed ones lighter1 covered with very small punctures1 and joining close to the wing-cases4 ,scutellum very small and triangular4 ,elytra of the same colour with the thorax2 the dark parts in the figure being those that lie highest4 ,they are margined on the sides and suture1 extending even with the anus2 which near their edges are slightly serrated4 ,under side shining and coppery1 but on the sides with a tincture of flesh colour4 ,legs the same2 with two tibial spurs4 ,,plate ,,xxxi4 ,illustration ,,goliathus ,,giganteus4 ,plate ,,xxxi4 fig4 #a4 ,,order3 ,coleoptera4 ,,section3 ,lamellicornes4 ,,family3 ,cetoniid4 ,,genus4 ,,goliathus1 ,de ,lamarck4 ,cetonia1 ,oliv4 ,scarabus1 ,linn1 c4 ,,goliathus ,,giganteus4 ,thorace piceo1 nudo1 holosericeo-albo lineato2 elytris glaucis1 clypeo porrecto bifido4 7,long4 ,corp4 #d unc4 #c lin47 ,,syn4 ,goliathus ,giganteus1 ,kirby in ,introd4 to ,ent4 vol4 #c4 p4 #cc4 v4 #d4 p4 #dic4 ,scarabus ,goliathus1 ,linn4 ,mant4 #e4 #cj4 ,cetonia ,goliata1 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 #a4 #b4 p4 #abd4 #a4 ,cetonia ,goliathus1 ,olivier1 #a4 ,no4 #f4 pl4 #e4 f4 #cc4 ,goliathus ,magnus1 ,naturalist's ,library1 ,beetles1 pl4 #af4 ,goliathus ,africanus1 ,de ,lamarck ,anim4 sans ,vert4 ,,habitat3 ,western ,africa1 near the ,equinoctial line4 ,head1 above1 flesh-coloured2 beneath1 black2 about three-fourths of an inch in length1 terminating in two blunt1 obtuse1 and irregular horns4 ,two other thick and jagged horns also arise from its sides1 much shorter than the former4 ,its breadth at the base is half an inch2 having a small projecting ridge running along the middle1 from thence to the extremity1 at the base of the horns4 ,thorax an inch and a half long1 being principally black2 but along the sides is flesh-coloured4 ,it has also five narrow and irregular waved lines of a flesh colour running from the anterior to the posterior edges2 one of which1 being in the middle of the thorax1 is narrower than the rest2 the two next this terminate at the posterior edges in a fine rose colour2 these next the lateral edges are broadest1 having likewise a patch of rose colour next the wing-cases4 ,about the middle of the thorax1 these external lines separate and divide1 continuing so almost to the anterior edges1 where they again unite4 ,the under part of the thorax is flesh colour2 but in the middle of a yellowish brown4 ,the scutellum is triangular and black2 with a clear white central oblong mark truncated in front4 ,elytra beautiful chocolate-coloured1 and #fb;covered with a great number of short fine hairs1 resembling the pile on velvet2 the anterior part1 with a narrow and indented margin1 of a cream colour1 also surrounding the scutellum4 ,the elytra are two inches broad at the base4 ,legs very dark green colour1 almost black4 ,intermediate and posterior femora and tibi with dark yellow hairs4 ,abdomen very dark green1 furnished on the sides and edge with dark yellow hairs4 ,sternum rather long4 ,this magnificent insect may be regarded as one of the rarest species figured in these ,illustrations4 ,drury states1 that the specimen here represented was brought from ,africa by ,mr4 ,ogilvie1 surgeon of ,his ,majesty's ship the ,renown1 being found floating1 dead1 in the river ,gaboon1 opposite ,prince's ,island1 near the equinoctial line4 ,nearly seventy years have elapsed since the insect was first described1 and yet the insect remains1 as far as my knowledge extends1 unique4#bc ,it would appear that the specimen either belonged to or passed into the hands of ,dr4 ,hunter after the death of ,mr4 ,drury1 for ,fabricius describes the species with a citation of the museum of ,dr4 ,hunter alone2 and ,olivier's figure was taken from the specimen whilst it was in that gentleman's possession4 ,after his decease it passed1 with his collection1 by bequest1 into the possession of the ,university of ,glasgow1 where it now forms one of the most interesting objects in the ,hunterian ,museum4 ,joseph ,hooker1 ,esq41 son of ,sir ,w4 ,hooker1 the highly distinguished botanist of ,glasgow1 tells me that the individual in question was picked up by a sailor in the river above mentioned1 and that it is stated in the ,,mss4 of ,dr4 ,hunter that it cost ,mr4 ,drury #aj4 ,in the ,catalogue of the ,insects of ,mr4 ,drury1 which were sold by auction at the ,natural ,history ,sale ,rooms in ,king ,street1 ,covent ,garden 7now occupied by ,mr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,stevens71 on the #bcrd of ,may1 #ahje1 and two following days1 the #ieth lot is described as ,scarabus ,goliathus1 var4 ,whence it would appear that the insect here figured was not in the possession of ,mr4 ,drury at his decease1 and that he only possessed the insect figured in the #crd volume of these ,illustrations1 pl4 #dj1 which evidently on the authority of ,fabricius he had regarded as a variety only of the specimen here figured4 ,the genus ,goliathus is exceedingly interesting1 not only on account of the gigantic size and singular form of the species of which it is composed1 but also from the geographical range of the group4 ,mr4 ,kirby observes upon this subject1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,s4 ,mac,leay has remarked to me that ,goliathus ,lam4 appears to belt the globe1 but not under one form4 ,the types of the genus are the vast ,african ,goliaths 7,g4 giganteus1 c471 which1 as well as ,g4 ,polyphemus1 and another brought from ,java by ,dr4 ,horsfield1 have1 like ,cetonia1 the scapulars interposed between the posterior angles of the prothorax and the shoulders of the elytra1 while the ,south ,american species 7,g4 micans1#bd c47 have not this projection of the scapulars2 in this resembling ,trichius2 ,mr4 ,mac,leay further observes1 that the #fc;female of the ,javanese ,goliathus is exactly a ,cetonia1 while that of the ,brazilian is a ,trichius4--,introd4 to ,entomology1 vol4 #d4 p4 #did4 ,since the publication of this passage1 the genus ,goliathus has undergone a considerable revision2 the ,south ,american species1 ,cetonia ,ynca1 ,fabr4 barbicornis1 ,mac,leay1 c41 have been separated from the genus by ,saint ,fargeau and ,serville in the ,encyclopdie ,mthodique1 under the generic name of ,ynca1 and the ,javanese species above noticed 7,gol4 ,rhinophyllus#be ,wiedemann7 is stated by ,latreille in the ,rgne ,animal1 #bnd edition1 not to belong to the genus ,goliathus1 but to that of ,cetonia4 ,the genus is thus restricted to the ,african species1#bf with the exception of a ,mexican insect which ,dejean has named ,goliathus ,hoffneri4 ,the genus ,ynca may thus be regarded rather as a geographical subgenus1 or type of form belonging to and representing the ,african species of ,goliathus4 ,,plate ,,xxxii4 ,illustration ,,diaprepes ,,spengleri4 ,plate ,,xxxii4 fig4 #a4 ,,order3 ,coleoptera4 ,,section3 ,rhyncophora4 ,,family3 ,curculionid4 ,,subfamily3 ,brachyderides4 ,,genus4 ,,diaprepes1 ,schonherr4 ,chlorima1 ,dej4 ,curculio1 ,linn4 c4 ,,diaprepes ,,spengleri4 ,niger1 thorace albo-squamoso1 elytris squamositate flava vestitis1 satur1 margine striisque tribus elevatis1 nudis1 nigris1 notatis4 7,long4 ,corp4 #g lin47 ,,syn4 ,curculio ,spengleri1 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #a4 #b4 #fji4 #cb4 ,fabr4 ,syst4 ,eleuth4 #b4 #ecb4 ,no4 #adi4 ,oliv4 ,ent4 ,v4 #hc4 #caa4 ,no4 #cde4 t4 #b4 f4 #ae4 ,c4 ,t4 #bj4 f4 #bed4 ,herbst4 ,col4 #f4 t4 #fh4 f4 #aa4 ,t4 #fi4 f4 #a4 ,schonh4 ,syn4 ,ins4 ,curcul4 #b4 p4 #h4 ,no4 #a4 ,curculio ,aurifer1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 ,,habitat3 ,jamaica4 ,head black1 long1 and rostrated2 as long as the thorax1 which is also black4 ,they are both striped underneath with streaks of a shining1 golden1 green colour4 ,scutellum very small4 ,elytra dark brown1 extending very low down the sides1 and terminating in a point1 double margined4 ,the abdomen dark brown1 and1 with the wing-cases1 adorned with many oblong spots or streaks1 of a golden green colour4 ,femora simple1 and dark brown4 ,tibi hairy1 particularly within4 ,underside of the tarsi brown yellow4 ,the golden spots1 or streaks1 on this insect vary very much2 in some individuals being ash-coloured1 some blue1 and in others nearly white4 ,the colour also of the wing-cases in some is almost black1 in others of a red brown4 #fd;,,copris ,,molossus4 ,plate ,,xxxii4 fig4 #b4 ,,order3 ,coleoptera4 ,,section3 ,lamellicornes4 ,,family3 ,scarabid4 ,,genus4 ,,copris1 ,geoffroy4 ,scarabus1 ,linn4 ,,copris ,,molossus4 ,thorace retuso bidentato1 utrinque impresso2 clypeo lunato unicorni integro1 elytris lvibus4 7,long4 ,corp4 #b unc47 ,,syn4 ,scarabus ,molossus1 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #a4 ,,ii4 p4 #edc4 ,no4 #h4 ,fabricius ,ent4 ,syst4 #a4 p4 #ea4 ,no4 #afg4 ,olivier1 #a4 #c4 t4 #e4 f4 #cg4 male4 t4 #d4 fig4 #be4 ,de ,geer4 ,ins4 #a4 t4 #cb4 f4 #b4 ,schonherr ,syn4 ,ins4 p4 #dc4 ,,habitat3 ,china4 ,entirely black4 ,head broad and thin1 rounded in front and margined2 having a strong erect horn1 near half an inch long4 ,thorax margined1 and much elevated1 terminating upwards in an high ridge1 whose sides are furnished with two short horns1 varying very much in their length 7the females being entirely hornless72 it is also1 as well as the head1 regularly covered with innumerable small pustules1 which are scarce visible to the naked eye4 ,scutellum obsolete4 ,elytra margined1 short1 and almost smooth4 ,femora broad1 hairy1 and strong4 ,tibi with strong spurs4 ,ungues very small1 scarcely visible4 ,,phileurus ,,didymus4 ,plate ,,xxxii4 fig4 #c4 ,,order3 ,coleoptera4 ,,section3 ,lamellicornes4 ,,family3 ,dynastid4 ,,genus4 ,,phileurus1 ,latreille4 ,geotrupes1 ,fabr4 ,scarabus1 ,linn4 ,,phileurus ,,didymus4 ,depressus1 thorace fossul excavat1 capite tricuspide1 elytris striatis4 7,long4 ,corp4 #b unc47 ,,syn4 ,scarabus ,didymus1 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #a4 ,,ii4 p4 #ede4 ,no4 #ai4 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 #a4 p4 #bj4 ,no4 #fa4 ,oliv4 ,ent4 #a4 #c4 p4 #db4 ,no4 #df4 t4 #b4 fig4 #i4 ,schonherr ,syn4 ,inst4 #a4 p4 #ai4 ,no4 #he4 ,pal4 ,beauv4 ,ins4 ,col4 pl4 #af4 f4 #c4 ,,habitat3 7----8 ,drury74 ,america 7,fabricius74 ,head1 black1 small1 and triangular1 having three tubercles issuing from it1 of which the anterior is pointed1 the others blunt4 ,thorax black1 which is the general colour of the insect1 rounded1 smooth1 and margined1 having an impression in front1 with a short tubercle situated on it near the edge2 from whence runs a hollow groove or channel to the posterior margin4 ,scutellum small4 ,elytra shining1 margined and furrowed4 ,abdomen smooth and shining1 without hair4 ,tibi furnished with spines1 as are the first joints of the middle and posterior tarsi4 ,,brachycerus ,,globosus4 ,plate ,,xxxii4 fig4 #d4 ,,order3 ,coleoptera4 ,,section3 ,rhyncophora4 ,,family3 ,curculionid4 ,,subfamily3 ,brachycerides4 ,,genus4 ,,brachycerus1 ,fabr4 ,curculio1 ,linn4 c4 ,,brachycerus ,,globosus4 ,ovatus niger1 rostro varioloso1 subcarinato1 medio bifoviolato1 basi bi-tuberculato1 thorace utrinque spinoso1 quinque sulcato1 postice truncato1 elytris lvibus4 7,long4 ,corp4 #i lin47 ,,syn4 ,curculio ,globosus1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 ,fabr4 ,syst4 ,eleuth4 #b4 #dac4 ,no4 #f4 ,oliv4 ,ent4 ,v4 #hb4 p4 #dg4 ,no4 #f4 t4 #b4 f4 #aj4 ,schonh4 ,syn4 ,ins4 ,curcul4 #a4 #cib4 ,no4 #i4 ,,habitat3 ,cape of ,good ,hope4 #fe;,head black1 long1 and rough above4 ,antenn short1 gradually increasing in size from the base4 ,thorax black1 and very rough2 each side terminating in a thick spine or tubercle4 ,elytra black1 smooth1 and round1 and reaching so far down the sides of the abdomen as almost to meet underneath1 being rather longer than the head and thorax4 ,femora and tibi partly black1 and partly of a dirty orange2 being covered in several parts with a kind of pile of the colour last mentioned4 ,scutellum obsolete4 ,each of the ungues furnished with a spine4 ,,hipporhinus ,,verrucosus4 ,plate ,,xxxii4 fig4 #e4 ,,order3 ,coleoptera4 ,,section3 ,rhyncophora4 ,,family3 ,curculionid4 ,,subfamily3 ,entimides4 ,,genus4 ,,hipporhinus1 ,schonh4 ,bronchus1 ,germar4 ,curculio1 ,linn4 c4 ,,hipporhinus ,,verrucosus4 ,elongato-ovatus niger1 neo-micans1 rostro quasi abscisso1 quinque sulcato1 thorace confertim tuberculato1 elytris seriato-tuberculatis apice singulatim verruc crass auctis4 7,long4 ,corp4 #a unc4 #c lin47 ,,syn4 ,curculio ,verrucosus1 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #ab4 p4 #fah4 ,no4 #ij4 ,fabr4 ,syst4 ,eleuth4 #b4 #ecd4 ,no4 #afa4 ,herbst4 ,col4 #f4 #cjh4 t4 #hd4 fig4 #f4 ,schonh4 ,syn4 ,ins4 ,curcul4 #a4 #dha4 #bg4 ,,habitat3 ,cape of ,good ,hope4 ,general colour brassy black4 ,head long1 and furnished with a thick rostrum1 whereon are placed the antenn4 ,thorax rounded1 and regularly covered with small pustules4 ,head and thorax almost the length of the elytra1 which are long1 brassy1 and covered with several rows of tubercles2 some being small and round1 others larger and oblong2 they extend very deeply down the sides of the abdomen1 and at their extremities terminate in two swellings4 ,scutellum obsolete4 ,femora simple4 ,posterior tibi very crooked4 ,,lamia 7,,sternotomis7 ,,pulchra4 ,plate ,,xxxii4 fig4 #f4 ,,order3 ,coleoptera4 ,,section3 ,longicornes4 ,,family3 ,lamiid4 ,,genus4 ,,lamia1 ,fabr4 c4 ,cerambyx p4 ,linn4 c4 ,,subgenus4 ,sternotomis1 ,percheron4 ,,lamia 7,,sternotomis7 ,,pulchra4 ,nigra1 thorace transvers fulvo trifasciato1 elytris fulvo maculatis et variegatis1 maculis interdum viridi-cinctis4 7,long4 ,corp4 fere #a unc4 #c lin47 ,,syn4 ,cerambyx ,pulcher4 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 7nec ,c4 pulcher ,fabr4 qui ad ,c4 mirabilem ,drurii pertinet47 ,lamia blanda1 ,schonh4 ,syn4 ,ins4 #c4 #cgc4 ,lamia ornata1 ,pal4 ,beauv4 ,ins4 d',afr4 et d',amer4 ,col4 ,pl4 #cg4 f4 #a4 ,lamia regalis1 ,fabr48 ,syst4 ,eleuth4 #b4 #bhf4 ,,habitat3 ,jamaica4 ,head orange colour1 encircled with black stripes4 ,antenn black1 being a little longer than the insect4 ,thorax orange-coloured1 encircled with black rings2 having a single spine on each side4 ,elytra with orange-coloured clouds and spots on them1 separated by black partitions1 some being margined with green4 ,abdomen orange-coloured1 the middle being of a dirty green4 ,femora simple1 dark green4 ,tibi the same4 #ff,,plate ,,xxxiii4 ,illustration ,,cetonia ,,aurata1 var4 ,greek3 g4 ,plate ,,xxxiii4 fig4 #a4 ,,order3 ,coleoptera4 ,,section3 ,lamellicornes4 ,,family3 ,cetoniid4 ,,genus4 ,,cetonia1 ,fabricius4 ,scarabus1 ,linn4 ,,cetonia ,,aurata4 ,segmento abdominis primo lateribus unidentato1 elytris lineolis transversis albis4 7,long4 ,corp4 #i lin47 ,,syn4 ,scarabus ,pallidus1 ,drury1 ,app4 v4 #b4 ,herbst4 ,col4 ,,iii4 p4 #bdg4 #ce4 tab4 #ca4 fig4 #b4 ,cetonia ,aurata1 ,duftschm4 ,fn4 ,aust4 #a4 p4 #aff4 #c4 ,schonh4 ,syn4 ,ins4 ,,iii4 p4 #aai4 ,no4 #cg4 ,greek3 g4 ,,habitat3 ,smyrna 7,drury74 ,general colour above1 rusty copper2 beneath1 shining purple4 ,thorax smooth1 margined1 and narrow in front4 ,elytra margined1 and near their extremities a little protuberant4 ,on the first joint of the abdomen are two scales lying close under the hinder thighs1 which are thin and sharp on their edges1 but next the body are thick and strong4#bg ,the breast is a little hairy4 ,tibi dentated and hairy1 except the fore ones4 ,each of the tibi with two spurs4 ,,cetonia ,,fascicularis4 ,plate ,,xxxiii4 fig4 #b4 ,,order3 ,coleoptera4 ,,section3 ,lamellicornes4 ,,family3 ,cetoniid4 ,,genus4 ,,cetonia1 ,fabricius4 ,scarabus1 ,linn4 ,,cetonia ,,fascicularis4 ,thorace lineis quatuor albis1 elytris viridibus1 abdominis incisuris barbatis4 7,long4 ,corp4 #a unc47 ,,syn4 ,scarabus ,fascicularis1 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #a4 ,,ii4 p4 #eeg4 #ge4 ,cetonia ,f4 ,fabricius ,syst4 ,eleuth4 #b4 p4 #add4 #de4 ,olivier ,ent4 #a4 #f4 p4 #af4 #ab4 t4 #aa4 f4 #ajh4 ,schonh4 ,syn4 ,ins4 #c4 #abf4 #fg4 ,petiv4 ,gazoph4 t4 #h4 f4 #f4 ,roesel4 vol4 #b4 tab4 ,b4 f4 #f4 ,,habitat3 ,cape of ,good ,hope4 ,head black1 small1 and quadrangular4 ,antenn black4 ,thorax black1 smooth1 and shining2 with a white margin on its sides1 and two white lines running from the neck to the posterior edge1 being placed nearly at equal distances4 ,scutellum triangular1 black1 and shining4 ,elytra dark green4 ,each joint of the abdomen is covered with tufts of orange-coloured hairs on its sides4 ,femora and tibi1 particularly the fore ones1 hairy4 ,the middle of the breast and abdomen is black and shining4 ,anterior tibi with four spines and teeth2 the middle ones with six1 and the hind ones with five4 #fg;,,cetonia ,,capensis4 ,plate ,,xxxiii4 fig4 #c4 ,,order3 ,coleoptera4 ,,section3 ,lamellicornes4 ,,family3 ,cetoniid4 ,,genus4 ,,cetonia1 ,fabricius4 ,scarabus1 ,linn4 ,,cetonia ,,capensis4 ,rufa hirta1 punctis albis adspersa4 7,long4 ,corp4 #aj lin47 ,,syn4 ,scarabus ,capensis1 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #a4 ,,ii4 p4 #eef4 #gc4 ,fabr4 ,syst4 ,eleuth4 ,,ii4 p4 #add4 #dh4 ,olivier ,ent4 #af4 p4 #bg4 #bh4 t4 #f4 #ch4 n b4 ,herbst4 ,col4 ,,iii4 tab4 #bi4 f4 #ab4 ,schonh4 ,syn4 ,ins4 ,,iii4 #abg4 #ga4 ,scarabus albo punctatus1 ,de ,geer ,ins4 vii4 p4 #fdj4 #dj4 t4 #dh4 f4 #b4 ,,habitat3 ,cape of ,good ,hope4 ,head margined1 black1 and nearly quadrangular4 ,antenn black4 ,thorax margined1 and of a dark chocolate colour2 which1 with the elytra and scutellum1 are hairy1 and embellished with a great number of white spots4 ,the latter is black and shining4 ,elytra fine chocolate-coloured1 and faintly margined 7the suture being black71 not covering the anus4 ,the under part of the insect is covered with pale clay-coloured hairs2 but on the fore femora1 and next the head1 the hairs are browner4 ,,cetonia ,,fastuosa4 ,plate ,,xxxiii4 fig4 #d4 ,,order3 ,coleoptera4 ,,section3 ,lamellicornes4 ,,family3 ,cetoniid4 ,,genus4 ,,cetonia1 ,fabricius4 ,scarabus1 ,linn4 ,,cetonia ,,fastuosa4 nea nitidissima1 immaculata4 7,long4 ,corp4 #a unc47 ,,syn4 ,cetonia ,fastuosa1 ,fabr4 ,syst4 ,eleuth4 ,,ii4 p4 #acg4 #aj4 ,panzer ,faun4 ,ins4 ,germ4 xii4 #af4 ,cetonia ,aurata var4 ,olivier ,icon4 #f4 tab4 #a4 #a4 f4 #a4 f4 ,scarabus ruginosus1 ,drury1 p4 #gb4 7,exclus4 ,syn4 ,linn47 ,,habitat3 ,smyrna 7,drury74 ,south of ,europe 7,fabricius74 ,entirely shining golden green-coloured1 except the antenn1 which are blackish4 ,head margined1 small1 and quadrangular4 ,thorax smooth and margined4 ,scutellum triangular4 ,the elytra margined1 having two little swellings near the extremities1 and not extending beyond the anus4 ,the breast and abdomen are smooth4 ,mesosternum extending beyond the middle thighs4 ,tibi armed with spines at the tips1 and the fore ones deeply dentated4 ,,gymnetis ,,nitida et var4 ,plate ,,xxxiii4 fig4 #e4 #f4 ,,order3 ,coleoptera4 ,,section3 ,lamellicornes4 ,,family3 ,cetoniid4 ,,genus4 ,,gymnetis1 ,mac,leay4 7,hor ,ent4 #a4 p4 #a4 p4 #aeb47 ,scarabus1 ,linn4 ,,gymnetis ,,nitida4 ,glabra viridis1 thoracis et elytrorum marginibus testaceis1 tibiis haud dentatis1 capite spin recumbente4 7,long4 ,corp4 fere #aj lin47 ,,syn4 ,gymnetis ,nitida1 ,mac,leay ,hor ,ent4 ,cetonia ,nitida1 ,fabr4 ,syst4 ,eleuth4 ,,ii4 p4 #aci4 #bd4 ,olivier ,ent4 #a4 #f4 p4 #ah4 #ad4 t4 #c4 f4 #af4 tab4 #g4 f4 #ef4 a1 b1 c4 ,scarabus ,n4 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #a4 ,,ii4 p4 #eeb4 ,no4 #ea4 ,de ,geer1 vol4 #ad4 t4 #ai4 f4 #h1 #i4 ,,habitat3 ,antigua1 ,st4 ,christopher's1 ,jamaica1 ,maryland1 ,new ,york1 ,virginia1 c4 7,drury74 #fh;,head green1 small1 quadrangular1 and margined4 ,on the front is a tubercle1 like a short thick horn2 in the middle is another lying flat4 ,thorax margined1 and of a dark green colour1 but round the sides of a dirty clay colour4 ,elytra faintly margined2 in some specimens being of a dark green1 with a dark orange border on the sides2 in others almost entirely of a dark orange1 and in others party-coloured4 ,thorax terminating between the wing-cases1 like an obtuse angle2 but a microscope discovers something like a scutellum4 ,breast and abdomen shining green1 and not hairy4 ,the femora and tibi clay-coloured2 but when held in particular positions1 seem of a shining green4 ,posterior trochanters distinct4 ,,macraspis ,,tetradactyla4 ,plate ,,xxxiii4 fig4 #g4 ,,order3 ,coleoptera4 ,,section3 ,lamellicornes4 ,,family3 ,rutelid4 ,,genus4 ,,macraspis1 ,mac,leay4 ,cetonia1 ,fabr4 ,scarabus1 ,linn4 ,,macraspis ,,tetradactyla4 ,atra1 scutello elytris dimidio breviore1 pedibus triunguiculatis1 pollice fixo4 7,long4 ,corp4 circ4 #a unc47 ,,syn4 ,scarabus ,tetradactylus1 ,linn4 ,mant4 #ecj4 ,sloane ,jamaica1 t4 #bcg4 f4 #b4 ,cetonia ,t4 ,fabr4 ,syst4 ,el4 ,,ii4 p4 #aea4 #hj4 ,olivier ,enc4 #a4 #f4 p4 #gd4 #ic4 t4 #b4 f4 #h4 t4 #g4 f4 #ec4 ,,habitat3 ,jamaica4 ,entirely deep shining black4 ,front of the head margined1 from whence underneath appear two lips4 ,thorax margined4 ,elytra not margined1 nor covering the anus4 ,scutellum remarkably large and long1 reaching half way down the wing-cases4 ,posterior trochanters distinct4 ,sternum long4 ,tibi dentated1 and armed with spines1 particularly at the tips2 tarsal joints also furnished with spines4 ,ungues composed of two principal hooks1 which divide and separate as usual2 but one has an immoveable lesser hook within it1 and likewise a long spine fixed to the last tarsal joint of equal length with the hooks1 as shewn in the figure near the insect4 ,,gymnetis ,,lanius4 ,plate ,,xxxiii4 fig4 #h4 ,,order3 ,coleoptera4 ,,section3 ,lamellicornes4 ,,family3 ,cetoniid4 ,,genus4 ,,gymnetis1 ,mac,leay4 ,scarabus1 ,linn4 ,cetonia1 ,fabr4 ,,gymnetis ,,lanius4 ,livida1 thorace punctis duobus1 elytris maculis plurimis nigris1 sterno antice cornuto4 7,long4 ,corp4 fere #a unc47 ,,syn4 ,scarabus ,lanius1 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #a4 ,,ii4 p4 #eeg4 ,no4 #gg8 ,cetonia ,l4 ,fabricius ,syst4 ,el4 ,,ii4 p4 #ada4 #cd4 ,olivier ,ent4 #af4 p4 #ai4 #ae4 t4 #b4 f4 #d4 ,sloane ,jamaica1 ,,ii4 tab4 #bcg4 f4 #g4 #h8 ,,habitat3 ,jamaica4 ,head quadrangular1 with a black margin4 ,antenn brown4 ,general colour dirty clay4 ,thorax faintly margined1 terminating between the wing-cases in a blunt angle1 having four black spots on the top near the head4 ,elytra with a great number of black spots of different shapes sprinkled all over them4 ,scutellum concealed4 ,femora hairy4 ,tibi the same1 except the fore ones2 all of which are party-coloured1 being at the base clay colour1 and at the tips black4 ,the tarsi and ungues black4 ,posterior trochanters large and strong4 ,sternum long1 and inclined from the body4 #fi,,plate ,,xxxiv4 ,illustration ,,dynastes ,,satyrus4 ,plate ,,xxxiv4 fig4 #a4 male4--#b4 female4 ,,order3 ,coleoptera4 ,,section3 ,lamellicornes4 ,,family3 ,dynastid4 ,,genus3 ,,dynastes1 ,mac,leay4 ,geotrupes1 ,fabricius4 ,scarabus1 ,linn4 c4 ,,dynastes ,,satyrus4 ,thorace inermi antice truncato2 capitis cornu recurvo capite longiori male2 clypeo tuberculato1 thorace plano4 7,long4 ,corp4 #a unc4 #c lin47 ,,syn4 ,geotrupes ,satyrus1 ,fabr4 ,syst4 ,eleuth4 #a4 #ae4 ,no4 #di4 ,scarabus ,s4 ,fabr4 ,spec4 ,ins4 #a4 #ab4 ,no4 #db4 ,olivier ,ent4 #ac4 p4 #ci4 t4 #aa4 f4 #id4 a4 b4 ,scarabus ,jamaicensis1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 ,jablonsky1 ,nat4 ,s4 ,,ii4 p4 #hc4 ,no4 #fh4 t4 #i4 fig4 #h4 #i4 7nec ,scar4 ,jamaicensis1 ,fabr4 ,oliv47 ,,habitat3 ,new ,york4 ,male4 ,head black1 and furnished with a single horn terminating in a point1 and bending backwards1 having in front two small protuberances2 hairy beneath4 ,thorax black1 shining and margined2 the upper part elevated1 and appearing almost perpendicular4 ,elytra margined and furrowed2 also black1 as is the anus4 ,abdomen reddish brown1 with dark yellow hairs4 ,thighs brown1 almost black2 broad1 strong1 and hairy4 ,anterior tibi deeply dentated with a strong spine at the tips1 and hairy4 ,middle tibi strong1 and very spinose2 particularly at the tips1 where there are two long ones on each1 which are likewise very hairy4 ,ungues very small4 ,scutellum triangular and small4 ,female4 ,resembles the male in every part but the thorax and head2 the former being quite smooth and convex without any prominence1 and the latter1 in the room of a horn1 has a small protuberance1 just discernible by the naked eye4 ,,dynastes ,,ant,,us4 ,plate ,,xxxiv4 fig4 #c4 male4--#d4 female4 ,,order3 ,coleoptera4 ,,section3 ,lamellicornes4 ,,family3 ,dynastid4 ,,genus4 ,,dynastes1 ,mac,leay4 ,geotrupes1 ,fabricius4 ,scarabus1 ,linn4 c4 ,,dynastes ,,ant,,us4 ,thorace tricorni2 cornu intermedio longiori simplici1 capite mutico1 elytris lvissimis4 7,long4 ,corp4 fere #a unc4 #c lin47 ,,syn4 ,scarabus ,antus1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 #a4 p4 #ab4 ,no4 #ca4 ,olivier ,ent4 #a4 #c4 #bd4 ,no4 #bc4 t4 #ab4 f4 #aje4 t4 #ac4 f4 #abd4 a4 b4 ,geotrupes ,a4 ,fabr4 ,syst4 ,eleuth4 #a4 p4 #ab4 ,no4 #cf4 ,pal4 ,beauv4 ,ins4 d',afr4 et d',amer4 ,col4 ,pl4 #a4 fig4 #e4 #f4 ,,habitat3 ,jamaica4 ,male4 ,head black1 with two small protuberances like teeth in front4 ,thorax black1 smooth1 shining1 and margined2 having three horns on it1 each of which is about a third of an inch in length2 two of which are placed near the elytra1 almost erect1 inclining towards each other1 but with their points inclining to the wings2 the third arises from the front of the thorax1 bending backwards in a curved direction4 ,elytra brown1 very smooth1 shining1 and margined4 ,scutellum triangular4 ,abdomen red1 brown1 and hairy4 ,tibi the same colour1 and hairy1 all of them being armed with spines1 principally about the tips4 ,female4 ,resembles the male in every respect except the horns1 which are wanting in that sex4 #gj,,pelidnota ,,punctata4 ,plate ,,xxxiv4 fig4 #e4 ,,order3 ,coleoptera4 ,,section3 ,lamellicornes4 ,,family3 ,rutelid4 ,,genus4 ,,pelidnota1 ,mac,leay4 ,scarabus1 ,linn4 ,,pelidnota ,,punctata4 ,testacea1 elytrorum singulo punctis tribus fuscis distantibus4 7,long4 ,corp4 fere #a unc47 ,,syn4 ,scarabus ,punctatus1 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #a4 ,,ii4 p4 #eeg4 #gf4 ,melolontha ,p4 ,fabricius ,syst4 ,el4 ,,ii4 p4 #aff4 #bh4 ,olivier ,ent4 #a4 #e4 p4 #bb4 t4 #a4 f4 #f4 a4 b4 ,herbst4 ,col4 ,,iii4 p4 #fi4 #af4 t4 #bc4 f4 #f4 ,,habitat3 ,new ,york1 ,virginia1 ,maryland1 ,antigua4 ,head brown orange2 but round the eyes 7which are black7 and next the thorax of a shining brassy green4 ,thorax and elytra brown orange1 and faintly margined2 the former with two small black spots1 and the latter with three on each side1 one close to the thorax1 another near the corner of the wing-cases1 and the third in the middle4 ,scutellum shining bright green4 ,abdomen and legs greenish black4 ,tibi spinose and denticulated1 especially at the tips2 the three middle articulations of the tarsi are also furnished with spines4 ,,areoda ,,lanigera4 ,plate ,,xxxiv4 fig4 #f4 ,,order3 ,coleoptera ,,section3 ,lamellicornes4 ,,family3 ,melolonthid4 ,,genus4 ,,areoda1 ,leach1 ,mac,leay4 ,melolontha1 ,fabr4 ,scarabus1 ,linn4 ,,areoda ,,lanigera4 ,capite thoraceque aureis1 elytris luteis1 corpore subtus lanato4 7,long4 ,corp4 fere #a unc47 ,,syn4 ,scarabus ,lanigerus1 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #a4 ,,ii4 p4 #eee4 #fg4 ,melolontha ,l4 ,fabr4 ,syst4 ,el4 ,,ii4 p4 #afe4 #bf4 ,oliv4 ,ent4 #a4 #e4 p4 #ba4 #ag4 t4 #d4 f4 #ci4 a4 b4 ,herbst4 ,col4 ,,iii4 p4 #aeb4 #aji4 t4 #bf4 f4 #h4 ,areoda ,l4 ,mac,leay ,hor ,ent4 #a4 part #a4 p4 #aeh4 ,,habitat3 ,new ,york1 and other parts of ,north ,america4 ,head brownish yellow1 being divided in the middle by a transverse suture1 the front or fore part being margined1 and very plain or even2 posterior part shining green or pearl colour1 according to the various directions in which it is held4 ,thorax and scutellum of a changeable brown yellow colour4 ,between the thorax and the elytra is a row of pale yellow or white hairs4 ,elytra lemon-coloured1 surrounded by a very small1 narrow1 black margin1 and minutely punctured4 ,abdomen shining green black1 covered with a multitude of grey hairs4 ,legs red brown4 ,anterior tibi broad and thin2 being black on the outside1 where they are armed with three strong spines or teeth4 ,intermediate and posterior tibi with two spurs4 ,ungues remarkably bent and long4 #ga,,oryctes ,,nasicornis4 ,plate ,,xxxiv4 fig4 #g4 male4-#h4 female4 ,,order3 ,coleoptera4 ,,section3 ,lamellicornes4 ,,family3 ,dynastid4 ,,genus4 ,,oryctes1 ,illiger4 ,geotrupes1 ,fabr4 ,scarabus1 ,linn4 ,,oryctes ,,nasicornis4 ,thorace prominenti triplici1 capitis cornu recurvo1 elytris lvibus4 7,long4 ,corp4 #a unc4 #c lin47 ,,syn4 ,scarabus ,nasicornis1 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #a4 #aa4 p4 #edd4 ,no4 #ae4 ,oliv4 ,ent4 #a4 #c4 p4 #cg4 ,no4 #da4 t4 #c4 f4 #ai4 a-d4 ,panzer ,faun4 ,ins4 ,g4 #bh4 ,no4 #b4 male4 ,roesel ,ins4 #aa4 ,i4 p4 #da-fe4 n4 #e4 t4 #g4 f4 #h4 male4 f4 #aj4 female4 t4 #f1 #h #i4 ,larva1 ,pupa1 c4 ,stephens ,illustr4 ,brit4 ,ent4 ,mandibulata1 #c4 p4 #baf4 ,,habitat3 ,holland1 and other parts of ,europe4 ,male4 ,head black1 with a horn terminating in a point1 and bending backwards4 ,eyes red brown4 ,thorax brown1 almost black1 margined and prominent1 terminating upwards in three pointed tubercles4 ,scutellum black1 and nearly triangular4 ,elytra red brown1 smooth1 shining1 slightly margined4 ,the abdomen1 legs1 and all the under parts of a red brown1 and hairy4 ,tibi spined4 ,female4 ,resembles the male in every thing but the head and thorax2 having on the former1 instead of the horn1 a small tubercle1 and on the latter a small impression in the place of the pointed knobs4 ,this insect has been introduced into the list of ,british species on the authority of the late ,mr4 ,haworth1 who recorded the fact of a living specimen having been taken by a bricklayer amongst old timber1 on pulling down the roof of a building at ,chelsea1 7,entom4 ,trans1 vol4 i4 p4 #gf47 ,mr4 ,stephens1 however1 7loc4 supra citat47 thinks it very doubtful whether the species be really indigenous1 as it appears highly probable that the specimen above alluded to1 may have been imported amongst some of the ,continental plants which abound in the above vicinity1 the insect occurring very copiously in rotten bark1 the refuse of conservatories1 and putrid wood in various parts of the ,continent4 ,,plate ,,xxxv4 ,illustration ,,onitis ,,sulcatus4 ,plate ,,xxxv4 fig4 #a4 ,,order4 ,coleoptera4 ,,section3 ,lamellicornes4 ,,family3 ,scarabid4 ,,genus4 ,,onitis1 ,fabr4 ,scarabus1 ,linn4 ,,onitis ,,sulcatus4 ,ater1 capitis tuberculo unico1 elytris striatis1 thorace antic line irregulari dorsali impresso4 7,long4 ,corp4 #a unc47 ,,syn4 ,scarabus ,sulcatus1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 ,onitis ,nicanor1 ,fabr4 ,syst4 ,eleuth4 #a4 p4 #bi4 ,tabl4 ,col4 #b4 t4 #ae4 f4 #h4 ,,habitat3 ,jamaica4 ,head broad and thin1 hairy underneath2 terminating in a short straight horn1 inclining backwards1 with a small tubercle on each side4 ,eyes almost surrounded by the thin sides of the head1 being placed so as to see both above and below it4 ,thorax margined1 with several protuberances on its front2 and on the top with a strong indented line running from the front to the suture of the elytra1 where likewise #gb;its margin is interrupted by two smaller impressions1 forming an appearance like a square escutcheon4 ,elytra as long as the thorax1 margined1 and deeply furrowed1 scarcely reaching to the anus4 ,general colour above black or raven grey1 but not shining4 ,thighs very strong1 black1 and broad4 ,anterior tibi strong1 with three teeth and a spine4 ,tarsi and ungues very small4 ,middle and hinder tibi small at the base1 but broad and thick with strong spines at the tips4 ,scutellum obsolete4 ,,copris ,,carolina4 ,plate ,,xxxv4 fig4 #b4 ,,order3 ,coleoptera4 ,,section3 ,lamellicornes4 ,,family3 ,scarabid4 ,,genus4 ,,copris1 ,geoffroy4 ,scarabus1 ,linn4 ,,copris ,,carolina4 ,thorace retuso binodi1 capitis cornu erecto brevissimo1 clypeo integro1 elytris sulcatis4 7,long4 ,corp4 circ4 #a unc47 ,,syn4 ,scarabus ,carolinus1 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #a4 #aa4 #ede4 ,no4 #af4 ,fabr4 ,syst4 ,eleuth4 #a4 p4 #dc4 ,no4 #fj4 7,copris ,c47 ,oliv4 ,ent4 #a4 #c4 p4 #acd4 ,no4 #afj4 t4 #ab4 f4 #aac4 ,de ,geer ,ins4 #d4 p4 #caj4 t4 #ah4 f4 #ac4 ,pal4 ,beauv4 ,ins4 d',amer4 et d',afr4 ,col4 pl4 #c4 a4 f4 #g4 ,,habitat3 ,maryland1 ,new ,york4 ,head broad and thin1 not hairy underneath4 ,near the front is a thick tubercle 7not rising to an horn1 as in ,fig4 ,i47 projecting forward1 being in some specimens 7probably females7 very small4 ,thorax margined1 lying very high above the head1 having protuberances in front1 which in some are very faint1 and with a small impression on each side near the margin on the lower part4 ,elytra longer than the thorax1 margined and furrowed1 7but not so deeply as in ,fig4 ,i471 and reaching to the anus4 ,general colour deep black1 and shining like pitch1 both on the upper and under sides4 ,thighs very strong1 not hairy4 ,the anterior tibi strong1 with four teeth1 and a strong spine to each4 ,the tarsi and ungues very small4 ,the other tibi are like those in the preceding figure4 ,scutellum obsolete4 ,,phan,,us ,,carnifex4 ,plate ,,xxxv4 fig4 #c4 #d4 male4--#e4 female4 ,,order3 ,coleoptera4 ,,section3 ,lamellicornes4 ,,family3 ,scarabid4 ,,genus4 ,,phan,,us1 ,mac,leay4 ,copris1 ,fabr4 ,scarabus1 ,linn4 ,,phan,,us ,,carnifex4 ,thorace mutico angulato postice igneo-cupreo1 capitis cornu longo reflexo1 corpore neo4 7,long4 ,corp4 #h-aj lin47 ,,syn4 ,scarabus ,carnifex1 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #a4 #aa4 p4 #edf4 ,no4 #bb4 ,fab4 ,syst4 ,eleuth4 #a4 #dh4 #hd4 ,oliv4 ,ent4 #a4 #c4 p4 #ace4 ,no4 #afa4 t4 #f4 f4 #df4 a4 b4 t4 #aj4 f4 #hf4 var4 female4 ,brown ,jamaica1 #dbh4 t4 #dc4 f4 #e4 ,pal4 ,beauv4 ,ins4 d',afr4 et d',amer4 ,col4 pl4 #c4 a4 f4 #h4 #i4 ,mac,leay ,hor ,entomol4 vol4 #a4 ,phanus ,c4 ,scarabus ,pillularius ,americanus1 ,catesby ,carolina1 #c4 p4 #aa4 tab4 #aa4 ,,habitat3 ,new ,york1 ,maryland1 ,virginia1 ,carolina1 c4 ,there is no doubt that all these figures belong to one species2 though differing1 not only in size1 but structure4 ,antenn light red brown4 ,head thin1 rounded1 margined1 and of a green golden colour2 some 7which are evidently males7 being furnished with a smooth1 round1 black horn1 almost as long as the thorax1 and inclining backwards2 others have only a small tubercle in the place of the horn2 and others have a small horn1 about one-fourth the length of the first mentioned1 as in ,fig4 ,,iv4 ,thorax #gcnext the head golden green2 behind and on the upper part is golden red1 and margined1 rough and shagreened4 ,in the horned specimens this part terminates on each side the posterior margin in a projecting angle1 which is more or less conspicuous1 in proportion as the horn is long or short4 ,those which are quite hornless1 as ,fig4 ,v41 are entirely destitute of these angulated risings1 having the thorax rounded1 but in its front a small black protuberance or swelling is seen4 ,elytra golden green1 inclining to a blue1 and very much channelled1 with small stri placed between others of larger size1 extending almost even with the anus4 ,abdomen black1 the sides shining green4 ,anterior femora and tibi black and hairy2 the latter very strong and dentated1 having a long moveable spine fixed on the inner edge of each1 extending somewhat beyond the tarsi1 which are very short and small4 ,intermediate and posterior thighs shining golden green1 broad and strong4 ,tibi black1 with two spines 7one very long7 at the tips4 ,tarsi five-jointed1 ungues single1 and not divided as most insects have them4 ,scutellum obsolete4 ,,copris ,,minutus4 ,plate ,,xxxv4 fig4 #f4 ,,order3 ,coleoptera4 ,,section3 ,lamellicornes4 ,,family3 ,scarabid1 ,mac,leay4 ,,genus4 ,,copris1 ,geoffroy4 ,scarabus1 ,drury4 ,,copris ,,minutus4 ,niger1 capitis cornu parvo erecto1 thorace antic elevato et tuberculato1 elytris striatis4 7,long4 ,corp4 #d lin47 ,,syn4 ,scarabus ,minutus4 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 ,copris ,lvis4 ,schonh4 ,syn4 #a4 #ed4 #abf4 7,nec ,lvis1 ,drury1 tab4 #ce4 f4 #g4 sec4 cit4 ,sch47 ,,habitat3 ,new ,york4 ,entirely black4 ,head broad and black1 extending on each side beyond the eyes1 having a small horn on it projecting forwards4 ,thorax margined1 high and prominent1 with some small protuberances on its front4 ,scutellum obsolete4 ,elytra furrowed1 longer than the thorax1 and margined2 extending beyond the anus4 ,femora strong and round4 ,tibi small at the base1 thickened towards the tips1 and armed with spines4 ,,coprobius ,l,,vis4 ,plate ,,xxxv4 fig4 #g4 ,,order3 ,coleoptera4 ,,section3 ,lamellicornes4 ,,family3 ,scarabid1 ,mac,leay4 ,,genus4 ,,coprobius1 ,latr4 ,ateuchus1 ,fabr4 ,scarabus p4 ,linn4 ,,coprobius ,l,,vis4 ,niger opacus lvis1 clypeo emarginato1 thorace postice rotundato1 elytrorum lateribus humeralibus haud incisis4 7,long4 ,corp4 #i lin47 ,,syn4 ,scarabus ,lvis1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 7#aggc47 ,oliv4 ,ent4 #a4 #c4 p4 #afj4 ,no4 #aig4 t4 #aj4 f4 #hi4 ,scarabus ,volvens1 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 #a4 p4 #ff4 ,no4 #bba4 ,syst4 ,eleuth4 #a4 p4 #fj4 ,no4 #bf4 7,ateuchus v47 7,exclus4 syn4 ,scar4 pilularius1 ,linn47 ,schon4 ,syn4 ,ins4 #a4 #a4 p4 #fb4 ,,habitat3 ,new ,york1 ,maryland4 ,entirely black1 shining like pitch on the under side4 ,head broad1 flattish1 and smooth4 ,thorax margined1 smooth1 and convex4 ,scutellum obsolete4 ,elytra margined1 smooth1 not reaching to the anus1 and rather longer than the thorax4 ,anterior tibi having three teeth on their outer sides1 above #gdwhich are several very minute ones4 ,intermediate and posterior thighs and tibi smaller than are usually observed among those lamellicorn beetles which have no scutellum4 ,the advantages resulting from the modern method of investigation adopted in ,natural ,history in general1 and especially in ,entomology1 are no where more conspicuous than in the case of the present species of dung-rolling beetles or pillularii1 as they were aptly termed by ,pliny and other old writers2 the present species inhabiting ,north ,america1 having been long confounded with an inhabitant of ,southern ,europe1 which indeed possesses a similarity in general appearance and habits1 but belongs to a distinct genus4 ,linnus applied the term pilularius specifically to the species inhabiting ,italy and ,spain2 referring1 however1 to ,catesby's ,carolina1 pl4 #aa41 so that it is evident that this writer had never seen the ,north ,american insect4 ,schonher however remarks1 scarabus pillularius ,linn4 pertinet ad ,at4 volvens ,fabr2#bh whilst ,fabricius1 although quoting ,drury and ,de ,geer 7who both figure the ,north ,american species7 has increased the confusion by giving ,southern ,europe as its habitat4 ,under these circumstances ,i have done our author the justice to revert to his specific name2 his being certainly the earliest systematic specific reference to the ,american species1 which may be distinguished from the ,european one by the following particulars3-- ,,genus4 ,coprobius1 ,latreille4 7,elytra entire at the sides2 intermediate tibi with two spurs47 ,coprobius lvis1 ,drury4 7,scarab47 volvens1 ,fabr4 ,,habitat4 ,north ,america4 ,,genus4 ,gymnopleurus1 ,illiger4 7,elytra with a deep lateral notch near the shoulders2 intermediate tibi with one spur47 ,gymnopleurus pilularius1 ,linn4 7,scarab47 ,fabr4 ,oliv4 ,,habitat4 ,southern ,europe4 ,,onitis ,,spinipes4 ,plate ,,xxxv4 fig4 #h4 ,,order3 ,coleoptera4 ,,section3 ,lamellicornes4 ,,family3 ,scarabid1 ,mac,leay4 ,,genus4 ,,onitis1 ,fabr4 ,scarabus1 ,linn4 ,drury4 ,,onitis ,,spinipes4 ,exscutellatus niger opacus1 capite subcornuto1 pedibus intermediis dilatatis et incisis4 7,long4 ,corp4 fere #a unc47 ,,syn4 ,scarabus ,spinipes1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 7#aggc74 ,scarabus ,sphinx1 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 p4 #be4 ,no4 #ih4 7#agge47 ,syst4 ,eleuth4 #a4 p4 #bi4 #i4 7,onitis ,sp47 ,schonh4 ,syn4 ,ins4 #a4 p4 #ca4 #aj4 ,,habitat3 ,china4 ,entirely black4 ,head margined and rough1 having two small protuberances entirely surrounding the eyes4 ,palpi rather long4 ,thorax convex1 smooth1 and margined1 being as long as the elytra1 and having on each side near the lateral margin a small impression4 ,on the posterior margin next the suture are two more impressions1 and a longer one between them4 ,scutellum obsolete4 ,elytra furrowed1 #ge;and extending to the anus1 having a double margin on the sides4 ,anterior tibi as long as the thorax1 and remarkable for not having any tarsi1 but being bent inwards at their extremities and dentated on their outer sides4 ,middle femora very broad and flat4 ,tibi short1 very narrow1 and small at their base1 but broad at the tips4 ,hinder thighs and tibi not so broad as the middle ones4 ,tarsi five-jointed4 ,,plate ,,xxxvi4 ,illustration ,,dynastes ,,centaurus4 ,plate ,,xxxvi4 fig4 #a4 ,,order3 ,coleoptera4 ,,section3 ,lamellicornes4 ,,family3 ,dynastid1 ,mac,leay4 ,,genus4 ,,dynastes1 ,mac,leay4 ,geotrupes1 ,fabr4 ,scarabus1 ,linn4 ,latr4 ,,dynastes ,,centaurus4 ,thoracis cornu incurvo basi dentato apice bifido1 capitis recurvato unidentato4 7,long4 ,corp4 #b unc4 #f lin47 ,,syn4 ,scarabus ,centaurus1 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 #a4 p4 #d4 ,no4 #e4 ,syst4 ,eleuth4 #a4 p4 #d4 ,no4 #e4 ,oliv4 ,ent4 #a4 #c4 p4 #ad4 n4 #i4 t4 #aa4 f4 #ajd4 ,jablonsk4 ,nat4 ,syst4 #a4 #bbc4 ,no4 #d4 t4 #b4 f4 #a4 ,schon4 ,syn4 ,ins4 #a4 p4 #d4 ,no4 #aj4 ,scarab4 ,gideon1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 7,exclus4 ,syn4 ,linn47 ,,habitat3 ,sierra ,leone 7,drury74 ,in ,india ,orientali1 ,africa 7,fabricius74 ,head and thorax black2 the latter terminating in a horn near an inch and a half long1 standing almost erect1 but bending forward and diminishing towards the end1 which is forked1 having a strong spine on each side of the front near the base4 ,the head is furnished with another horn that inclines backwards towards the other1 and at the extremity is curled and pointed1 having a square knob placed on each side near the curl4 ,elytra dark brown1 almost black1 smooth and shining4 ,tibi armed with spines and hairs4 ,drury states that this insect was brought from ,sierra ,leone1 and that it lives in the mangrove trees2 many specimens having been taken from thence4 ,,trichius ,,fasciatus4 ,plate ,,xxxvi4 fig4 #b4 ,,order3 ,coleoptera4 ,,section3 ,lamellicornes4 ,,family3 ,cetoniid4 ,,genus4 ,,trichius1 ,fabricius4 ,cetonia p4 ,oliv4 ,scarabus1 p4 ,linn4 ,,trichius ,,fasciatus4 ,niger1 flavo-rufo-tomentosus1 elytris atris fasciis duabus luteis intern confluentibus4 7,long4 ,corp4 #g-h lin47 ,,syn4 ,scarabus ,fasciatus1 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 ,,ii4 p4 #eef4 ,fabricius ,ent4 ,syst4 #a4 #aai4 ,donovan ,brit4 ,ins4 #d4 pl4 #adj4 ,steph4 ,illustr4 ,brit4 ,ent4 ,mandibulata1 #c4 p4 #bcj4 ,trichius ,succinctus1 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 ,,ii4 p4 #acb 7variety74 ,,habitat3 ,germany1 ,france1 ,england4 ,head and thorax black1 but thickly covered with yellow hairs4 ,the scutellum black and triangular4 ,elytra tawny yellow1 not reaching to the anus2 having a black margin1 and three large black spots situated on the lateral margin4 ,abdomen and breast black1 and covered with hairs of a very light or pale yellow4 ,femora and tibi black and hairy4 #gf,the insect here figured is regarded by most authors as a variety only of the ,trichius fasciatus4 ,fabricius1 however1 considered it as a distinct species1 which he named ,trichius succinctus4 ,dessau also1 in the ,bulletin des ,sciences ,naturelles 7,february #ahbi71 has published some observations1 in order to prove the specific distinctness of this and two other species with which it is generally regarded as identical4 ,its habits are different from those of the other ,trichii2 being generally found upon flowers1 a peculiarity1 with which its hirsute body and bee-like appearance apparently offer some indicatorial connexions4 ,it is extremely rare in this country4 ,,dynastes ,,titanus4 ,plate ,,xxxvi4 fig4 #c4 male4--#d4 female4 ,,order3 ,coleoptera4 ,,section3 ,lamellicornes4 ,,family3 ,dynastid1 ,mac,leay4 ,,genus4 ,,dynastes1 ,mac,leay4 ,geotrupes1 ,fabr4 ,scarabus1 ,linn4 ,drury4 ,,dynastes ,,titanus4 ,thorace tricorni1 intermedio longiori apice bifido1 lateralibus subarcuatis acutis1 capite mutico4 7,long4 ,corp4 cum corn4 thorac4 #a unc4 #g lin47 ,,syn4 ,scarab4 ,titanus1 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 #a4 p4 #ac4 ,no4 #cf4 ,syst4 ,el4 #a4 p4 #ac4 ,no4 #ci4 ,jablonsk4 ,nat4 ,syst4 #a4 p4 #bhb4 t4 #f4 f4 #b4 male4 ,olivier1 #a4 #c4 t4 #e4 f4 #ch4 ,scarabus ,simson1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 7,exclus4 ,syn4 ,linn47 ,scarabus major niger tricornis1 ,sloane ,jamaica1 vol4 #b4 t4 #bcg4 f4 #d4 #e4 ,the ,great ,brown ,sawyer1 ,brown's ,jamaica1 p4 #dbh4 t4 #dc4 f4 #f4 ,,habitat3 ,jamaica4 ,male4 ,head black4 ,antenn dark brown4 ,thorax black1 smooth1 and shining1 and armed with three horns2 two of which1 being about one-third of an inch in length1 are placed on the upper part on each side1 lying almost parallel with the body4 ,beneath these1 near the head1 rises another from the middle of the thorax1 which is a little longer than the two first1 bending upwards1 and forked at the extremity4 ,elytra rather rough and furrowed1 but shining and black4 ,tibi armed with spines1 especially at the extremity1 which facilitate the animal in its passage4 ,abdomen black2 anus with a row of light brown hairs4 ,female4 ,differs from the male chiefly in the thorax1 which is entirely unarmed4 ,black and shining1 but rather less so than the males2 and in the front1 just above the head1 is a small impression4 ,all the under parts of the insect which in the males are black1 in this sex are of a dark reddish brown4 ,in other circumstances it resembles the male4 ,,dynastes ,,gideon4 ,plate ,,xxxvi4 fig4 #e4 ,,order3 ,coleoptera4 ,,section3 ,lamellicornes4 ,,family3 ,dynastid1 ,mac,leay4 ,,genus4 ,,dynastes1 ,mac,leay4 ,geotrupes1 ,fabr4 ,scarabus1 ,linn4 ,drury4 ,,dynastes ,,gideon4 ,thoracis cornu incurvo maximo apice bifido1 capitis recurvato bifido supra unidentato4 7,long4 ,corp4 cum corn4 #b unc4 #d lin47 ,,syn4 ,scarabus ,gideon1 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #a4 ,,ii4 p4 #eda4 ,no4 #b4 ,swammerdam ,book of ,nature1 t4 #cj4 f4 #b4 ,fabr4 ,syst4 ,eleuth4 #a4 p4 #d4 ,no4 #c4 ,olivier ,ent4 #a4 #c4 p4 #ad4 t4 #aa4 f4 #ajb4 ,scarabus ,oromedon1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 ,fabr4 ,syst4 ,eleuth4 #a4 p4 #d4 ,no4 #d4 7,var4 prcedentis47 ,,habitat3 ,east ,india4 #gg;,general colour dark brown1 almost black4 ,thorax smooth and shining1 as if polished1 and terminating in a strong thick horn1 which inclines forward in a curved position1 and is forked at the end4 ,from the head also springs another strong horn1 forked at the extremity1 which in length corresponds with the first2 its outer side being broad and round1 but its inner side1 or that opposite the other horn1 is thin and sharp1 having a small swelling in the middle4 ,elytra smooth and shining1 with a narrow margin4 ,anterior tibi with four teeth2 two being at the tip1 and two a little above them4 ,the other tibi are furnished with several sharp spines 7five or six71 chiefly about the tips2 which1 as noticed in ,d4 ,titanus1 assist the animal in its passage4 ,anus not hairy1 as in many other species4 ,,cyclocephala ,,signata4 ,plate ,,xxxvi4 fig4 #f4 ,,order3 ,coleoptera4 ,,section3 ,lamellicornes4 ,,family3 ,rutelid1 ,mac,leay4 ,,genus4 ,,cyclocephala1 ,latreille4 ,chalepus1 ,mac,leay4 ,scarabus1 ,drury4 ,,cyclocephala ,,signata4 ,glabra1 pallid lutea1 thorace lineis duabus1 elytris maculis tribus1 duabus aut nullis4 7,long4 ,corp4 #g-h lin47 ,,syn4 ,melolontha ,signata4 ,fabricius ,syst4 ,eleuth4 ,,ii4 p4 #afi4 ,no4 #ea4 ,oliv4 ,ent4 #a4 #e4 t4 #d4 f4 #cc4 #cf4 ,herbst4 ,col4 ,,iii4 p4 #gi4 f4 #b4 #cb4 ,scarabus ,amazonus8 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 ,sloane ,hist4 ,jamaica1 #aa4 p4 #bjf4 #h4 t4 #bcg4 f4 #ch4 7,exclus4 ,syn4 ,linn47 ,,habitat3 ,antigua1 ,new ,york1 ,virginia1 ,st4 ,christopher's4 ,entirely dark dirty straw-coloured4 ,thorax margined1 with two oblong black spots on it4 ,scutellum triangular4 ,elytra margined1 with two small faint brown spots on each4 ,abdomen and legs hairy1 the former extending beyond the ends of the elytra4 ,anterior tibi spinose2 the internal spur being remarkably long4 ,,coprobius ,,triangularis4 ,plate ,,xxxvi4 fig4 #g4 ,,order3 ,coleoptera4 ,,section3 ,lamellicornes4 ,,family3 ,scarabid1 ,mac,leay4 ,,genus4 ,,coprobius1 ,latr4 ,scarabus1 ,linn4 ,drury4 ,ateuchus1 ,fabr4 ,,coprobius ,,triangularis4 ,niger2 clypeo bidentato1 thoracis margine fulvo obtus angulato1 femoribus posticis brunueis4 7,long4 ,corp4 fere #f lin47 ,,syn4 ,scarabus ,triangularis1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 ,fabr4 ,syst4 ,ent4 p4 #cj4 ,no4 #abb4 ,syst4 ,eleuth4 #a4 p4 #fc4 ,no4 #db4 ,oliv4 ,ent4 #a4 #c4 p4 #aff4 t4 #ae4 f4 #aci4 ,,habitat3 ,surinam4 ,head dirty green4 ,thorax very convex and broad1 dark yellow all round the edge1 but black in the middle1 and of a coppery hue4 ,elytra black and margined4 ,abdomen yellow4 ,anus black4 ,thighs yellow4 ,tibi and tarsi black4 ,scutellum obsolete4 #gh,,onthophagus ,,serratipes4 ,plate ,,xxxvi4 fig4 #h4 ,,order3 ,coleoptera4 ,,section3 ,lamellicornes4 ,family3 ,scarabid1 ,mac,leay4 ,,genus4 ,,onthophagus1 ,latreille4 ,copris1 ,fabricius4 ,scarabus1 ,drury4 ,,onthophagus ,,serratipes4 ,niger1 capite lato1 abdomine subneo1 elytris striatis luteo marginatis4 7,long4 ,corp4 lin4 #e47 ,,syn4 ,scarabus ,serratipes1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 ,,habitat3 ,china4 ,head and thorax black2 the former very broad4 ,antenn are black4 ,abdomen dark green1 almost black4 ,scutellum obsolete4 ,elytra rather longer than the thorax1 furrowed and black1 slightly margined2 just above which1 all round their external edges1 they are of a dirty clay colour4 ,anus the same4 ,,plate ,,xxxvii4 ,illustration ,,prionus 7,,orthosoma7 ,,pensylvanicus4 ,plate ,,xxxvii4 fig4 #a4 ,,order3 ,coleoptera4 ,,section3 ,longicornes4 ,,family3 ,prionid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,prionus1 ,fabr4 ,cerambyx1 ,linn4 ,,subgenus3 ,orthosoma1 ,serv4 ,,prionus 7,,orthosoma7 ,,pensylvanicus4 ,obscurus1 thorace marginato tridentato1 pectore abdomineque ferrugineis1 antennis brevibus4 7,long4 ,corp4 #a unc4 #f lin47 ,,syn4 ,cerambyx ,pensylvanicus1 ,de ,geer ,mem4 #e4 p4 #ii4 t4 #ac4 f4 #ac4 ,cerambyx unicolor1 ,drury4 ,app4 vol4 #b4 ,cerambyx brunneus1 ,forster ,cent4 ,ins4 p4 #cg4 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,n4 7,gmel47 #a4 iv4 #ahbh4 ,cerambyx cylindroides1 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 7,ed4 ,gmel47 #a4 iv4 #ahah4 ,prionus cylindricus1 ,fabr4 ,sp4 ,ins4 #a4 p4 #bjg4 #ad4 ,syst4 ,eleuth4 ,,ii4 p4 #bfa4 ,oliv4 ,ent4 iv4 #ff4 p4 #bc4 t4 #a4 f4 #f4 ,latr4 ,gen4 ,cr4 ,,iii4 p4 #cc4 ,serv4 ,ann4 ,soc4 ,ent4 ,france1 #a4 #aef4 7,orthosoma c47 ,,habitat3 ,new ,york4 ,head dark chesnut-coloured4 ,antenn about two-thirds of the length of the insect4 ,thorax somewhat darker1 rounded1 and margined2 having three small spines on each side4 ,scutellum semi-oval4 ,elytra light chesnut1 margined1 and flattish2 being about three times the length of the thorax and head1 and broad at their extremities4 ,abdomen1 thighs1 and tibi red chesnut1 shining as if polished4 ,,prionus 7,,derobrachus7 ,,laticollis4 ,plate ,,xxxvii4 fig4 #b4 ,,order3 ,coleoptera4 ,,section3 ,longicornes4 ,,family3 ,prionid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,prionus1 ,fabr4 ,cerambyx1 ,linn4 ,,subgenus3 ,derobrachus1 ,serv4 ,,prionus 7,,derobrachus7 ,,laticollis4 ,niger latus1 thorace marginato transverso1 tridentato1 atro nitido2 antennis brevibus4 7,long4 ,corp4 #a unc4 #i lin47 ,,syn4 ,cerambyx ,laticollis1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 ,prionus brevicornis1 ,fabricius ,syst4 ,eleuth4 #b4 p4 #bfj4 #ae4 ,sch4 ,syn4 ,ins4 #c4 #cci4 ,pal4 ,beauv4 ,ins4 d',afr4 et d',amer4 ,col4 ,pl4 #cd4 f4 #c4 ,,habitat3 ,new ,york4 ,head black4 ,antenn #ab-;jointed1 about half the length of the insect4 ,thorax black1 broad1 short1 and shining2 thick in the middle1 but on the sides thin and jagged4 ,scutellum bell-shaped4 ,elytra #girough1 black1 and margined on the sides and suture2 extending in one of the sexes beyond the anus4 ,abdomen and under parts black and shining4 ,tibi with two short spurs4 ,tarsi beneath of a dirty clay colour4 ,,stenocorus 7,,eburia7 ,,quadrimaculatus4 ,plate ,,xxxvii4 fig4 #c4 ,,order3 ,coleoptera4 ,,section3 ,longicornes4 ,,family3 ,cerambycid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,stenocorus1 ,fabr4 ,cerambyx p4 ,linn4 ,,subgenus3 ,eburia1 ,serville4 ,,stenocorus 7,,eburia7 #d-,,maculatus4 ,pallid luteus1 thorace spinoso scabro1 elytris bidentatis maculis binis glabris albidis4 7,long4 ,corp4 fere #a unc47 ,,syn4 ,cer4 #d-maculatus1 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #a4 #aa4 p4 #fbf4 #bg8 ,fabricius ,syst4 ,el4 ,,ii4 p4 #cjh4 #af4 ,syst4 ,ent4 p4 #ahj4 #aa4 ,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 #a4 p4 #hc4 ,oliv4 ,ent4 iv4 #fg4 p4 #de4 #eh4 t4 #ba4 f4 #afd4 ,sloan4 ,hist4 ,jamaica1 #a4 p4 #bji4 #bj4 #aa4 tab4 #bcg4 f4 #ba4 ,serville ,ann4 ,soc4 de ,franc4 #c4 p4 #i4 7,eburia q47 ,,habitat3 ,jamaica4 ,head pale clay-coloured4 ,antenn 7being the length of the insect7 of a redder colour1 and at their bases almost surrounded by the eyes4 ,thorax of the same colour as the head1 very cylindrical2 having a sharp spine on each side1 and two short black ones on the top4 ,scutellum small1 and semi-oval4 ,elytra pale clay-coloured1 having on each two spines at the tip of each1 the inner one being the smaller2 and having also four oblong yellow spots1 two placed at the middle and two at the base4 ,each of these spots appears to be composed of a large and a small one joined close together2 the largest 7in the upper spots7 being the inner one1 and in the lower spots being the outer one4 ,abdomen and legs of the same colour as the head1 c42 the four posterior femora with two small spines at the tips4 ,,clytus ,,longipes4 ,plate ,,xxxvii4 fig4 #d4 ,,order3 ,coleoptera4 ,,section3 ,longicornes4 ,,family3 ,cerambycid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,clytus1 ,fabr4 ,cerambyx1 ,linnus4 ,,clytus ,,longipes4 ,obscur rufescens2 thorace cylindrico1 elytris pallid sericeis1 lunulis quatuor fuscis apiceque dentato4 7,long4 ,corp4 fere #a unc47 ,,syn4 ,cerambyx longipes1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 ,sch4 ,syn4 ,ins4 #c4 #dji4 #dc4 ,cerambyx lunulatus1 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 7,gmel47 #a4 iv4 p4 #ahfd4 ,,habitat3 ,jamaica4 ,general colour dark red brown4 ,antenn about half the length of the insect4 ,thorax cylindrical1 and covered with a fine short down or hair2 having on each side a small tubercle or swelling1 without any spine4 ,scutellum small1 and semi-oval4 ,elytra party-coloured2 the lighter parts 7as seen in the plate7 being covered with the same kind of short hair as the thorax2 with four spines at their extremities1 the two inner ones being the smallest4 ,abdomen with three yellow spots on each side1 and another at the anus4 ,the body has likewise a large one on each side1 and another near the breast1 joining to the middle legs4 ,four hind legs long4 ,femora rough1 with two short spines at the tips4 ,tibi with two spurs4 #hj,,stenocorus 7,,chlorida7 ,,festivus4 ,plate ,,xxxvii4 fig4 #e4 ,,order3 ,coleoptera4 ,,section3 ,longicornes4 ,,family3 ,cerambycid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,stenocorus1 ,fabr4 ,cerambyx p4 ,linn4 ,,subgenus4 ,chlorida1 ,serv4 ,,stenocorus 7,,chlorida7 ,,festivus4 ,thorace utrinque bidentato1 elytris bidentatis viridibus line laterali lute4 7,long4 ,corp4 fere #a unc47 ,,syn4 ,cerambyx ,festivus1 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #a4 #aa4 p4 #fbc4 #aa4 ,fabricius ,syst4 ,ent4 p4 #agi4 #d4 ,syst4 ,eleuth4 #aa4 p4 #cje4 #c4 ,herbst4 ,arch4 p4 #ib4 t4 #be4 f4 #ab4 ,serville ,ann4 ,soc4 ,ent4 de ,franc4 #c4 #cb4 7,chlorida f47 ,cerambyx ,sulcatus1 ,oliv4 ,ent4 iv4 p4 #fg4 p4 #bh4 #cb4 t4 #af4 f4 #aac4 ,cerambyx ,spinipes1 ,de ,geer ,ins4 v4 t4 #ac4 f4 #ad4 ,,habitat3 ,jamaica4 ,head clay-coloured4 ,antenn about two-thirds the length of the insect1 very dark brown2 first articulation clay-coloured4 ,thorax also clay-coloured2 having two spines on each side of it1 one larger than the other4 ,scutellum small1 and nearly triangular4 ,elytra margined at the sides and suture1 each with two spines at the extremities1 the inner ones being the smallest2 green1 and deeply furrowed or grooved1 having a yellow line running along their lateral margins4 ,legs1 abdomen1 and all the under side clay-coloured4 ,tibi armed with two spines at the tips4 ,,stenocorus 7,,cerasphorus7 ,,balteatus4 ,plate ,,xxxvii4 fig4 #f4 ,,order3 ,coleoptera4 ,,section3 ,longicornes4 ,,family3 ,cerambycid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,stenocorus1 ,fabr4 ,cerambyx p4 ,linn4 ,,subgenus4 ,cerasphorus1 ,serv4 ,,stenocorus 7,,cerasphorus7 ,,balteatus4 ,thorace cylindrico #a-spinoso2 elytris bidentatis griseis macul oblong obliqu4 7,long4 ,corp4 fere #a unc47 ,,syn4 ,cerambyx balteatus1 ,de ,geer ,ins4 v4 p4 ,,iii4 t4 #ad4 f4 #c4 ,stenochorus garganicus1 ,fabricius ,syst4 ,ent4 p4 #agh4 #c4 ,syst4 ,eleuth4 ,,ii4 p4 #cje4 #b4 ,oliv4 ,ent4 iv4 #fg4 t4 #ae4 f4 #aje4 ,pal4 ,beauv4 ,ins4 d',afr4 et d',amer4 ,col4 pl4 #cg4 f4 #c4 ,cerambyx cinctus1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 ,,habitat3 ,virginia1 ,new ,york1 ,maryland1 ,antigua4 ,general colour greyish hazle4 ,antenn longer than the insect4 ,thorax cylindrical1 with a single short spine on each side4 ,scutellum triangular1 and of a yellowish colour4 ,elytra margined2 having an oblong spot1 of a faint yellowish colour1 running transversely cross each1 near the thorax1 with two small spines of equal size at the tip of each4 ,it is covered all over with short hair1 or down4 ,,plate ,,xxxviii4 ,illustration ,,prionus 7,,stenodontes7 ,,damicornis4 ,plate ,,xxxviii4 fig4 #a4 ,,order3 ,coleoptera4 ,,section3 ,longicornes4 ,,family3 ,prionid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,prionus1 ,geoffroy4 ,cerambyx p4 ,linn4 ,,subgenus4 ,stenodontes1 ,serv4 ,,prionus 7,,stenodontes7 ,,damicornis4 ,thorace marginato denticulato1 mandibulis porrectis bidentatis1 elytris brunneis4 7,long4 ,corp4 mandib4 inclus4 #c unc4 #g lin47 ,,syn4 ,cerambyx ,damicornis1 ,linn4 ,mant4 #a4 p4 #ecb4 ,fabricius ,syst4 ,ent4 p4 #afb4 #aj4 ,syst4 ,eleuth4 ,,ii4 p4 #bfb4 #bc4 7,prionus d47 ,de ,geer ,ins4 v4 p4 #ig4 #b4 ,lucanus fuscus maximus1 ,browne ,nat4 ,hist4 ,jamaica1 p4 #dbi4 t4 #dd4 f4 #h4 ,sloane ,jamaica1 vol4 #b4 tab4 #cg4 fig4 #f4 ,,habitat3 ,jamaica 7,drury74 ,america 7,fabricius74 #ha;,head dark brown1 almost black1 broad1 large and rough on the top2 mandibles triangular and sharp pointed1 bending or inclining towards each other2 somewhat longer than the head1 and a little hairy within2 having a tooth or spine on the inner edge1 near the point1 and another near the base4 ,thorax of the same colour as the head2 very rough and uneven at top1 being margined on the anterior and posterior edges2 the sides being thin and serrated4 ,antenn1 rather shorter than the insect1 and placed before the eyes4 ,scutellum triangular4 ,elytra brown and margined1 not reaching to the anus4 ,abdomen and legs dark red brown4 ,the tibi with three small spurs4 ,the larva of this beetle is a great fleshy grub1 which lives in the stumps of tree4 ,it is eaten by many persons1 by whom it is considered a great dainty4 ,the perfect insect is called by the natives the macokko beetle4 ,the following observations1 published by ,mr4 ,drury in the introduction to his third volume1 will be read with interest from the spirit of practical utility in which they are written4 ,the larv or caterpillars1 not only of this but of all the beetles that feed on decayed wood1 seem to be rich and delicate eating1 particularly those of the ,curculio palmarum 7vid4 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 p4 #fjf4 #a471 and in general all those of the ,cerambyces4 ,so that every forest in the torrid zone affords a man plenty of very wholesome and hearty nourishment1 who has an instrument strong enough to cut in pieces the decayed trees4 ,this knowledge might have saved the lives perhaps of many seamen who have been shipwrecked on desert equinoctial shores1 which are generally covered with thick woods4 ,mr4 ,smeathman has met with many maritime people1 who1 by living on a scanty allowance of unripe fruits1 crude roots1 coarse seeds1 nuts1 and other trash1 after a shipwreck1 or in other cases of distress so frequent with people in the ,african trade1 have made themselves exceeding sick1 and much increased their hardships1 which by means of these caterpillars only1 might have been greatly alleviated4 ,the very best kind of vegetable food is but poor nourishment for the labouring ,europeans1 if not accompanied with animal flesh1 or at least with animal or vegetable oils2 and such foods as seamen in distress meet with1 as above mentioned1 have oftentimes very acrimonious qualities1 and are dangerous even in small quantities to those who eat them at intervals1 either out of mere curiosity or to gratify their appetites2 while these kinds of insect foods1 abounding with a very rich and delicious oil1 are consequently the most wholesome and nutritious which men in the situation above described could possibly procure1 requiring no other preparation than roasting in any manner4 7,see ,philosophical ,transactions47 ,to this kind of food may be added that of the termites and locusts in general among the insect tribes1 which are not only wholesome to all1 but palatable to many4 ,at any rate they are sufficient to support life2 and the knowledge of such a resource universally extended1 might in many instances be the means of saving the lives of adventurers to distant climes4 ,besides these means of subsistence1 if the botanists could point out a plain and obvious method for men in general to distinguish the noxious roots and herbs from those which are edible1 men thrown on any thing but mere rocks and sandbanks would readily find subsistence1 the kind hand of nature being extended all over the #hbsurface of our globe to every one who will accept the friendly invitation1 and use the means she has with such a motherly tenderness offered for our benefit and support4 ,mr4 ,smeathman has assured me1 that in clearing the ground in ,africa he has found great quantities of roots of the yam and potatoe kind 7,convolvulus ,batatas71 that grew spontaneously1 and which the slaves from distant interior regions knew exceedingly well1 and sought for with great avidity4 ,he lived near two years in ,africa before he found that the most excellent greens for boiling grew wild in every open glade of the island1 and even close to his very door4 ,i mention these things because they are all within the power of men in the most naked1 unarmed1 and unprepared situation1 and require neither fire-arms or other powerful apparatus to obtain them2 and shew that in these cases1 as well as many others1 the study of natural history is of no small importance to mankind1 since it may not only promote trade1 arts1 and sciences1 but be conducive to the immediate happiness and safety of men's lives4 ,,prionus 7,,mallodon7 ,,melanopus4 ,plate ,,xxxviii4 fig4 #b4 ,,order3 ,coleoptera4 ,,section3 ,longicornes4 ,,family3 ,prionid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,prionus1 ,geoffroy4 ,cerambyx p4 ,linn4 ,,subgenus4 ,mallodon1 ,serv4 ,,prionus 7,,mallodon7 ,,melanopus4 ,thorace marginato denticulato1 mandibulis porrectis multidentatis1 elytris ad apicem mucronatis4 7,long4 ,corp4 mandib4 inclus4 #b unc4 #c lin47 ,,syn4 ,cerambyx ,melanopus1 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #a4 ,,ii4 p4 #fbc4 #h4 ,fabricius ,sp4 ,ins4 #a4 p4 #bjh4 #bj4 ,syst4 ,eleuth4 ,,ii4 p4 #bfd4 #cd4 ,oliv4 ,ent4 iv4 #ff4 p4 #ah4 t4 #ab4 f4 #df4 ,merian ,ins4 ,surinam1 t4 #bd4 f4 #a4 ,cerambyx crenulatus1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 ,,habitat3 ,jamaica 7,drury74 ,in ,america ,meridionali 7,fabr474 ,head short and black4 ,mandibles short4 ,antenn dark brown1 almost black2 shorter than the insect4 ,the thorax broad1 rough and black1 margined on the posterior and anterior edges2 having many small sharp spines on its sides1 the two last of which are larger than the rest1 and having two tubercles on the upper side4 ,elytra dark brown1 almost black1 margined on the sides and suture1 with a small spine on each1 at the extremities1 and extending a little beyond the anus4 ,abdomen smooth and shining1 and of a dark brown colour1 nearly black4 ,sides of the breast hairy4 ,legs dark brown1 almost black1 smooth and shining1 with three small tibial spurs4 ,,prionus 7,,mallodon7 ,,maxillosus4 ,plate ,,xxxviii4 fig4 #c4 ,,order3 ,coleoptera4 ,,section3 ,longicornes4 ,,family3 ,prionid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,prionus1 ,geoffroy4 ,cerambyx p4 ,linn4 ,,subgenus4 ,mallodon1 ,serv4 ,,prionus 7,,mallodon7 ,,maxillosus4 ,thorace marginato crenato1 mandibulis porrectis intus hirsutis quadridentatis1 elytris ad apicem mucronatis4 7,long4 ,corp4 fere #b unc4 #c lin47 ,,syn4 ,cerambyx ,maxillosus1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 ,fabricius ,syst4 ,ent4 p4 #afc4 #aea4 ,syst4 ,eleuth4 ,,ii4 p4 #bfd4 #ca4 7,prionus m47 ,oliv4 ,ent4 iv4 #ff4 p4 #af4 t4 #a4 f4 #c4 ,,habitat3 ,barbuda1 near ,antigua1 where it was found dead at the foot of a tree4 7,drury74 ,america 7,fabr474 #hc;,head black1 broad1 and very rough above1 with two strong1 thick1 black triangular mandibles1 nearly as long as the thorax2 having the inner margin very hairy1 and armed with teeth2 sharp pointed at the tips1 with their points bending towards each other4 ,antenn about half the length of the insect2 close underneath which on each side is a strong spine4 ,thorax black1 as broad as the elytra2 very rough on the sides1 but shining in the middle1 the surface being very uneven2 the anterior angle projecting beyond the edge4 ,scutellum semi-oval4 ,elytra dark red brown1 shining1 and margined deeply on the edges1 but faintly along the suture2 having a very short and small spine at the extremities1 and extending a little beyond the anus4 ,abdomen red brown1 smooth and shining4 ,legs red brown1 and smooth1 being furnished with three very small tibial spurs4 ,,plate ,,xxxix4 ,illustration ,,cerambyx 7,,hamaticherus7 ,,heros4 ,plate ,,xxxix4 fig4 #a4 ,,order3 ,coleoptera4 ,,section3 ,longicornes4 ,,family3 ,cerambycid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,cerambyx1 ,linn4 ,,subgenus4 ,hamaticherus1 ,zeigl4 ,cerambyx1 ,,serv4 ,,cerambyx 7,,hamaticherus7 ,,heros4 ,thorace spinoso rugoso1 niger1 elytris subspinosis piceis1 antennis longis4 7,long4 ,corp4 #b unc47 ,,syn4 ,cerambyx ,heros1 ,fabr4 ,mant4 #a4 p4 #acb4 ,syst4 ,eleuth4 ,,ii4 p4 #bgj4 #ba4 ,oliv4 ,ent4 iv4 #fg4 p4 #ab4 t4 f4 #a4 ,panzer ,f4 ,i4 ,g4 #hb4 pl4 #a4 ,cerambyx cerdo 7var4 major71 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #a4 ,,ii4 p4 #fbi4 #ci4 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 ,,habitat3 ,italy1 ,smyrna1 ,scandaroon1 ,sicily1 ,gibraltar 7,drury74 ,central and ,southern ,europe4 ,head dirty black4 ,antenn black1 much longer than the body4 ,thorax very rough1 round1 black and shining1 having a spine on each side2 the fore-part1 next the head1 appearing as if surrounded by a groove4 ,scutellum small and triangular4 ,elytra black and margined1 dark brown at the extremities1 and narrow1 covering the anus2 having a small spine on each1 and being very rough1 and shagreened4 ,abdomen and legs black4 ,tibi clothed with short brown hair1 and terminated by two spines2 under side of the tarsi cushioned4 ,,trachyderes ,,succinctus4 ,plate ,,xxxix4 fig4 #b4 ,,order3 ,coleoptera4 ,,section3 ,longicornes4 ,,family3 ,cerambycid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,trachyderes1 ,dalm4 7in ,sch4 ,syn4 ,,iii4 p4 #cfd47 ,cerambyx p4 ,linn4 ,,trachyderes ,,succinctus4 ,thorace bispinoso rugoso1 elytris fasci flav1 antennis longioribus compressis4 7,long4 ,corp4 #a unc47 ,,syn4 ,cerambyx succinctus1 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #a4 ,,ii4 p4 #fbg4 #cb4 ,fabr4 ,syst4 ,ent4 p4 #afh4 #af4 ,syst4 ,eleuth4 ,,ii4 p4 #bgd4 #bj4 ,oliv4 ,ent4 iv4 #fg4 p4 #bj4 t4 #g4 f4 #dc4 a4 b4 ,de ,geer ,ins4 v4 t4 #ad4 f4 #e4 ,cerambyx ,zonarius1 ,voet4 ,col4 ,ed4 ,panz4 ,,iii4 p4 #bj4 t4 #g4 f4 #ag4 ,quici1 ,macgr4 ,brazil1 ,lib4 vii4 p4 #be4 #d4 ,jonston ,hist4 ,nat4 ,ins4 t4 #ad4 ,,habitat3 ,surinam 7,drury74 ,in ,america meridionali 7,fabr474 ,head dark brown1 or dirty black1 and very rough4 ,antenn longer than the insect1 with the two basal joints blueish black2 the rest red brown1 the extremity of each joint being blueish black4 ,thorax dark brown1 shining1 and very rough1 with large swelling in the middle2 having two short thick tubercles #hdon each side4 ,scutellum large and long4 ,elytra dark brown1 margined and shining1 rather broad at their extremities1 and spineless2 having a narrow transverse yellow bar in the middle4 ,abdomen dark brown4 ,femora dark brown at the base1 black at the tips4 ,tibi and tarsi red brown2 the latter cushioned beneath with yellow pile4 ,,lamia ,,capensis4 ,plate ,,xxxix4 fig4 #c4 ,,order3 ,coleoptera4 ,,section3 ,longicornes4 ,,family3 ,lamiid4 ,,genus4 ,,lamia1 ,fabr4 ,cerambyx p4 ,linn4 ,drury4 ,,lamia ,,capensis4 ,thorace bispinoso2 nigra1 elytris fasciis quatuor rufis1 antennis mediocribus4 7,long4 ,corp4 #a unc4 #d lin47 ,,syn4 ,cerambyx ,capensis1 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #a4 ,,ii4 p4 #fbh4 #cf4 ,fabricius ,syst4 ,ent4 p4 #agc4 #ad4 ,syst4 ,eleuth4 ,,ii4 #bif4 #gh4 ,oliv4 ,ent4 iv4 #fg4 p4 #aba4 t4 #h4 f4 #ea4 a4 b4 ,,habitat3 ,cape of ,good ,hope4 ,head black2 face vertical4 ,antenn black1 and about the length of the insect4 ,thorax black and rugged1 with two obtuse spines on each side4 ,scutellum small1 black and triangular4 ,elytra black1 rounded and margined at the sides and suture1 extending beyond the anus2 being rough next the thorax1 with a multitude of small round pustules4 ,each elytron has four red bars crossing it1 placed at equal distances1 and inclining toward each other2 the two first1 next the thorax1 almost joining at the suture2 the two last separated by a small space4 ,in some specimens there are five of these bars4 ,abdomen and breast black2 the latter having between the middle and hinder feet1 two oblong red spots4 ,legs black4 ,tarsi cushioned beneath and lighter coloured4 ,,cerambyx 7,,callichroma7 ,,afer4 ,plate ,,xxxix4 fig4 #d4 ,,order3 ,coleoptera4 ,,section3 ,longicornes4 ,,family3 ,cerambycid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,cerambyx1 ,linn4 ,,subgenus4 ,callichroma1 ,latr4 ,,cerambyx 7,,callichroma7 ,,afer4 ,thorace rotundato spinoso1 corpore viridi1 sutur elytrorum aure1 antennis pedibusque rufis4 7,long4 ,corp4 #aj lin47 ,,syn4 ,cerambyx afer1 ,linn4 ,mant4 p4 #ecb4 ,fabr4 ,syst4 ,ent4 #aff4 #i4 ,ent4 ,syst4 #a4 ,,ii4 p4 #beb4 #d4 ,syst4 ,eleuth4 ,,ii4 p4 #bfh4 #g4 7,c4 ater1 lapsu calami47 ,sch4 ,syn4 ,,iii4 ,app4 p4 #aej4 ,,habitat3 ,sierra ,leone and ,calabar4 ,head golden green4 ,mouth and palpi dirty orange4 ,eyes black4 ,antenn longer than the insect1 orange brown4 ,thorax round1 golden green1 with many small lines or waves crossing it2 and having on each side an obtuse spine4 ,scutellum small and triangular1 golden green4 ,elytra margined1 extending beyond the anus2 and1 next the thorax1 of a golden green1 but becoming less brilliant towards their extremities1 where they are spineless1 having a yellow narrow line running on each side the suture4 ,breast and abdomen golden green4 ,legs dark orange4 #he,,plate ,,xl4 ,illustration ,,cerambyx 7,,callichroma7 ,,virens4 ,plate ,,xl4 fig4 #a4 ,,order3 ,coleoptera4 ,,section3 ,longicornes4 ,,family3 ,cerambycid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,cerambyx1 ,linn4 ,,subgenus4 ,callichroma1 ,latr4 ,serv4 ,,cerambyx 7,,callichroma7 ,,virens4 ,thorace rotundato spinoso1 corpore viridi1 femoribus rufis1 antennis pedibusque nigris4 7,long ,corp4 fere #b unc47 ,,syn4 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #a4 #b4 p4 #fbg4 #cc4 ,fabr4 ,syst4 ,ent4 p4 #aff4 #h4 ,syst4 ,eleuth4 #b4 p4 #bfg4 #c4 ,oliv4 ,ins4 #d4 #fg4 t4 ,,ii4 f4 #gh4 t4 #ah4 f4 #ach8 ,browne ,nat4 ,hist4 ,jamaica1 p4 #dcj4 t4 #dc4 f4 #h4 ,sloane ,hist4 ,jamaica1 #a4 #a4 p4 #bjh4 t4 #bcg4 f4 #ci4 #dj4 ,,habitat3 ,jamaica4 ,head green and shining4 ,palpi orange brown4 ,eyes black4 ,antenn black1 and twice the length of the body2 the last joint very long4 ,thorax green and round1 the upper part transversely rugose1 and armed on each side with a spine1 before which is a small tubercle4 ,elytra green1 and margined2 tapering gradually towards their extremities1 where they are narrow and pointed2 being covered with an infinite number of very small pustules4 ,abdomen and breast covered with small short hairs1 and appearing of a grayish green colour4 ,thighs dark red1 black at the tips4 ,tibi black1 and compressed4 ,tarsi black beneath1 cushioned1 and orange-coloured4 ,,prionus 7,,orthomegas7 ,,cinnamomeus4 ,plate ,,xl4 fig4 #b4 ,,order3 ,coleoptera4 ,,section3 ,longicornes4 ,,family3 ,prionid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,prionus1 ,geoffr4 ,cerambyx1 ,linn4 ,,subgenus4 ,orthomegas1 ,serville4 ,,prionus 7,,orthomegas7 ,,cinnamomeus4 ,thorace marginato denticulato1 corpore ferrugineo1 elytris ad apicem denticulatis4 7,long4 ,corp4 #b unc4 #c lin47 ,,syn4 ,cerambyx ,cinnamomeus1 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #a4 #b4 p4 #fbc4 #aj4 ,fabr4 ,syst4 ,eleuth4 #b4 p4 #bfd4 #cc4 ,syst4 ,ent4 p4 #afc4 #af4 ,merian ,ins4 ,surinam1 tab4 #bd4 ,prionus corticinus1 ,oliv4 ,ent4 #d4 #ff4 p4 #ba4 t4 #i4 f4 #cd4 ,,habitat3 7----8 ,drury74 ,surinam 7,merian74 ,general colour like that of cinnamon4 ,head covered with hair in front4 ,eyes black1 extending almost round the head1 being only separated both above and beneath by a narrow space4 ,antenn shorter than the body2 flattened towards the tips4 ,thorax thin on the sides1 and margined2 having two spines1 the posterior largest2 and on the top are two round tubercles1 covered with very short fine hairs or down4 ,scutellum small and rounded4 ,elytra margined deeply on the sides1 but more faintly at the suture1 extending beyond the anus2 having a small spine at their extremities1 where they are nearly as broad as at the thorax2 clothed with exceeding short fine hairs1 as are likewise the abdomen and breast4 ,tibi with two spurs4 #hf,,lamia ,,verrucosa4 ,plate ,,xl4 fig4 #c4 ,,order3 ,coleoptera4 ,,section3 ,longicornes4 ,,family3 ,lamiid4 ,,genus4 ,,lamia1 ,fabr4 ,cerambyx1 ,linn4 ,,lamia ,,verrucosa4 ,fusca2 thorace griseo lateribus angulatis1 disco verrucoso2 elytris basi rud punctatis apice lvibus4 7,long4 ,corp4 #a unc4 #d lin47 ,,syn4 ,cerambyx verrucosus1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 7nec ,oliv4 ,ent4 #d4 t4 #bj4 f4 #adh47 ,lamia verrucata1 ,schon4 ,syn4 ,ins4 #c4 p4 #cif4 #ahi4 ,,habitat3 ,barbadoes4 ,head black1 inclining downwards4 ,antenn greyish or dirty black1 as long as the body4 ,thorax dirty grey2 and1 next the elytra1 encircled with a hairy collar1 of a red brown colour2 very rough above1 with short hairs on it2 having a strong thick spine on each side1 and underneath covered with short red brown hairs4 ,scutellum small1 triangular1 hairy1 and red brown4 ,elytra margined at the sides and suture1 not covering the anus2 rough on the top and sides next the thorax1 with deep punctures2 but at the tips smooth and shining4 ,abdomen1 breast1 femora1 and tibi covered with short red brown hairs2 the latter with a single spur4 ,tarsi cushioned1 and dirty yellowish coloured beneath4 ,,plate ,,xli4 ,illustration ,,saperda ,,trilineata4 ,plate ,,xli4 fig4 #a4 ,,order3 ,coleoptera4 ,,section3 ,longicornes4 ,,family3 ,lamiid4 ,,genus4 ,,saperda1 ,fabr4 ,cerambyx1 ,linn4 ,,saperda ,,trilineata4 ,grisea seu luteo-rufa1 vittis tribus longitudinalibus dentatis albis1 antennis longis4 7,long4 ,corp4 #a unc47 ,,syn4 ,cerambyx trilineatus1 ,linn4 ,mant4 p4 #ecb4 ,fabr4 ,sp4 ,ins4 #a4 #bbf4 ,syst4 ,ent4 #agi4 #f4 7,stenochorus t47 ,saperda vittata1 ,fabr4 ,mant4 p4 #bca4 ,syst4 ,eleuth4 #b4 #cbb4 #cj4 ,,habitat3 ,jamaica4 ,head dark brown1 the top being tawny yellow1 the sides striped with white4 ,antenn greyish brown1 much longer than the insect4 ,thorax very cylindrical1 without spines1 yellowish brown1 having a white stripe on each side1 and another on the top4 ,scutellum very small1 semicircular1 white1 with a black spot in the middle4 ,elytra margined from the middle to their extremities1 where each terminates in a spine1 having a white line running on each side from the thorax to their extremities1 internally serrated2 another white line 7also internally indented7 runs along the suture1 being parallel with those on the thorax and head4 ,abdomen greyish1 with some tawny yellow hairs on each ring4 ,breast tawny yellow4 ,legs greyish brown1 7the fore ones in one of the sexes being elongated7 without any spines at any of the joints4 #hg;,,clytus ,,pictus4 ,plate ,,xli4 fig4 #b4 ,,order3 ,coleoptera4 ,,section3 ,longicornes4 ,,family3 ,cerambycid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,clytus1 ,fabr4 ,cerambyx p4 ,linn4 ,leptura p4 ,drury4 ,,clytus ,,pictus4 ,thorace rotundato flavo-fasciato1 elytris fasciis septem flavis2 anticis antrorsum1 posticis retrorsum arcuatis4 7,long4 ,corp4 fere #i lin47 ,,syn4 ,leptura picta1 ,drury1 ,append4 vol4 #b4 ,clytus flexuosus1 ,fabr4 ,syst4 ,el4 #b4 #cde4 #a4 ,syst4 ,ent4 #aia4 #bb4 7,callidium f47 ,oliv4 ,ent4 #d4 #gj4 #cd4 t4 #f4 f4 #gf4 ,leptura ,robini1 ,forster ,cent4 ,ins4 p4 #dc4 ,,habitat3 ,new ,york2 where they are found upon the ,locust tree 7,drury74 ,head black1 surrounded by a yellow line2 front yellow1 with a black spot between the antenn4 ,antenn red brown4 ,thorax black1 cylindrical1 and smooth1 without spines or risings2 being encircled with four yellow rings4 ,scutellum yellow and oval4 ,elytra black1 with six irregular angulated streaks crossing them at equal distances2 and another regular and even yellow line crossing them at the joining of the thorax4 ,abdomen yellow1 with dark brown rings4 ,breast greyish yellow4 ,legs light red brown1 with a small tibial spur4 ,,stenocorus 7,,elaphidion7 ,,irroratus4 ,plate ,,xli4 fig4 #c4 ,,order3 ,coleoptera4 ,,section3 ,longicornes4 ,,family3 ,cerambycid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,stenocorus1 ,fabr4 ,cerambyx p4 ,linn4 ,,subgenus4 ,elaphidion1 ,serv4 ,,stenocorus 7,,elaphidion7 ,,irroratus4 ,thorace mutico inquali1 elytris apice bidentatis1 albo irroratis1 antennis longis aculeatis4 7,long4 ,corp4 #i lin47 ,,syn4 ,ceramb4 irroratus1 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #a4 #b4 p4 #fcc4 #fb4 ,oliv4 ,ent4 #d4 #fg4 t4 #ba4 f4 #afc4 ,fabricius ,syst4 ,ent4 p4 #ahj4 #i4 ,syst4 ,eleuth4 #b4 #cjg4 #i4 ,serville ,ann4 ,soc4 ,ent4 de ,franc4 #ahce4 p4 #fg4 7,elaphidion i47 ,,habitat3 ,jamaica2 residing in the mahogany trees 7,drury74 ,head very dark brown1 almost black2 front dappled with cream colour4 ,antenn dark brown1 and about the length of the insect2 having spines at each joint1 except that next the head4 ,thorax spineless1 brownish black1 with white patches on its sides2 and1 when viewed through a microscope1 punctured4 ,scutellum very small1 and nearly triangular4 ,elytra brownish black1 margined at the sides and suture1 with whitish patches thereon1 punctured2 having two spines at the extremity of each4 ,abdomen and breast black1 and covered with short grey hairs like pile4 ,legs reddish brown1 with a small spine at the tip of each of the femora 7except the fore ones71 and another at the tips of the tibi4 ,,stenocorus 7,,elaphidion7 ,,spinicornis4 ,plate ,,xli4 fig4 #d4 ,,order3 ,coleoptera4 ,,section3 ,longicornes4 ,,family3 ,cerambycid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,stenocorus1 ,fabr4 ,cerambyx p4 ,linn4 ,,subgenus4 ,elaphidion1 ,serv4 ,,stenocorus 7,,elaphidion7 ,,spinicornis4 ,thorace inermi tuberculato2 elytris bidentatis1 antennarum articulis bispinosis1 corpore luteo-griseo1 fusco variegato4 7,long4 ,corp4 circ4 #aj lin47 ,,syn4 ,cerambyx ,spinicornis1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 ,fabr4 ,syst4 ,ent4 p4 #agi4 #g4 ,syst4 ,eleuth4 #b4 #cjf4 #e4 ,oliv4 ,ent4 #d4 #fg4 t4 #ag4 f4 #acj4 ,serville loc4 cit4 sup4 7,elaphidion s47 ,cerambyx insularis1 ,linn4 7,gmel47 #a4 #d4 p4 #ahei4 ,,habitat3 ,jamaica4 #hh;,head clay-coloured4 ,antenn red brown1 about as long as the insect1 each joint having two spines1 except that next the head4 ,thorax clay-coloured and cylindrical1 without spines2 having a small red brown streak extending along the middle and down the head4 ,scutellum triangular4 ,elytra clay-coloured1 with many small red brown streaks crossing them2 margined on the sides and suture1 each having two spines at its extremity4 ,abdomen and breast greyish clay-coloured1 with a small red brown spot on each side of each of the segments4 ,legs red brown1 having a strong spine at the tip of each of the femora1 except the fore ones1 and another at the tips of each of the tibi4 ,,saperda ,,carcharias4 ,plate ,,xli4 fig4 #e4 ,,order3 ,coleoptera4 ,,section3 ,longicornes4 ,,family3 ,lamiid4 ,,genus4 ,,saperda1 ,fabr4 ,cerambyx p4 ,linn4 ,,saperda ,,carcharias4 ,griseo-pubescens1 nigro-punctata1 antennis mediocribus griseo nigroque annulatis4 7,long4 ,corp4 #e4-h lin47 ,,syn4 ,ceramb4 ,carcharias1 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #a4 #b4 #fca4 #eb4 ,fabricius ,syst4 ,eleuth4 #b4 #cag4 #a4 ,oliv4 ,ent4 #d4 #fh4 t4 #b4 f4 #bb4 ,panzer ,f4 ,i4 ,g4 #fi4 #a4 ,stephens ,ill4 ,brit4 ,ent4 ,mand4 vol4 #d4 #bch4 ,,habitat3 ,germany 7,drury74 ,in ,europ ,sylvis 7,fabr474 ,head dark clay-coloured4 ,antenn clay-coloured1 with black rings1 and about the length of the insect4 ,thorax cylindrical and clay-coloured1 without any spines or risings on it4 ,scutellum nearly square4 ,elytra dark clay-coloured1 and margined along the sides2 when viewed through a microscope they appear to be covered with a great number of small black pustules4 ,abdomen and breast clay-coloured2 as are the legs1 on each of which is a small spine at the tip of the tibi4 ,this fine insect has1 within a few years1 been found in considerable abundance in the fenny districts of ,cambridge and ,huntingdonshire1 upon low sallows4 ,,stenocorus ,,atomarius4 ,plate ,,xli4 fig4 #f4 ,,order3 ,coleoptera4 ,,section3 ,longicornes4 ,,family3 ,cerambycid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,stenocorus1 ,fabr4 ,cerambyx p4 ,linn4 ,,stenocorus ,,atomarius4 ,nigricans1 sericie lute indutus2 thorace cylindrico nec tuberculato nec spinoso2 elytris fusco cinereoque variegatis4 7,long4 ,corp4 #h lin47 ,,syn4 ,cerambyx atomarius1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 7nec ,de ,geer1 #e4 p4 #fe4 #d4 nec ,fabr4 ,syst4 ,el4 #b4 #bhg4 nec ,oliv4 #d4 #fg4 t4 #i4 #ei4 d47 ,stenochorus marylandicus8 ,fabr4 ,syst4 ,ent4 #agi4 #e4 ,syst4 ,eleuth4 #b4 #cjf4 #d4 ,oliv4 ,ent4 #d4 #gj4 t4 #a4 f4 #e4 ,,habitat3 ,new ,york4 ,head brownish black1 covered with short yellowish grey pile4 ,thorax dirty black1 covered with yellow grey pile2 cylindrical1 and without any spines or risings4 ,antenn dusky brown2 having a spine on each joint1 except that next the head1 and about the length of the insect4 ,scutellum very small4 ,elytra black1 mottled with yellow grey2 being margined at the sides and suture1 and not reaching or covering the anus1 each having two spines at the extremity4 ,abdomen and breast greyish brown1 as are the legs1 each of which is furnished with a spine at the tip of the tibi4 #hi,,plate ,,xlii4 ,illustration ,,scutellera ,,drur,i4 ,plate ,,xlii4 fig4 #a4 #e4 ,,order3 ,hemiptera4 ,,suborder3 ,heteroptera4 ,,section3 ,geocorisa4 ,,family3 ,scutati1 ,burmeister4 ,,genus4 ,,scutellera1 ,latreille1 ,burmeister4 ,tetyra1 ,fabr4 ,cimex4 ,linn4 ,,scutellera ,,drur,i4 ,supra rufa1 capite1 pronoti maculis duabus1 scutelli fasciis duabus irregularibus maculisque duabus subapicalibus nigris4 7,long4 ,corp4 #g lin47 ,,syn4 ,cimex ,druri1 ,linn4 ,mant4 #ecd4 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 #d4 #hc4 #ac4 ,syst4 ,rhyng4 #acb4 #ag4 7,tetyra ,d47 ,sulzer ,hist4 ,ins4 t4 #aj4 f4 #e4 ,,habitat3 ,china 7,drury74 ,america 7,fabricius1 incorrectly74 ,head black and small4 ,antenn rather longer than the thorax1 black1 #e-;jointed1 the two basal joints being shortest4 ,thorax convex1 and slightly margined at the sides2 of a fine scarlet colour1 with two black spots thereon2 somewhat oval1 but the outline forming with the head an obtuse angle1 the points on the sides being cut off4 ,wings defended by a thick scaly scutellum1 which is very convex and smooth1 without any suture1 entirely covering the abdomen and extending to the anus1 of a scarlet colour1 with two broad1 black1 indented and irregular bars crossing it2 one next the thorax which is broadest1 and on which are two small scarlet spots2 the other placed just below the middle1 and seeming to be composed of four spots united together2 beneath this are two small black spots1 nearly round1 situated near the anus4 ,fig4 a4 represents one of the hemelytra1 which when at rest are concealed beneath the scutellum1 having the basal portion or corium strong1 thick1 and opake2 and the terminal portion beyond the transverse rib membranaceous4 ,the wing at b4 is very thin and membranaceous2 being more transparent than the hemelytra4 ,abdomen scarlet1 with an oblong black spot at the anus1 and four others on each side joining to the edge4 ,the breast appears in a strong light of a deep mazarine blue1 almost black4 ,legs1 the same4 ,the proboscis is also blue1 lying close to the breast1 and extending to the beginning of the abdomen4 ,,galerita ,,americana4 ,plate ,,xlii4 fig4 #b4 ,,order3 ,coleoptera4 ,,section3 ,adephaga4 ,,family3 ,carabid4 ,,subfamily3 ,brachinides4 ,,genus4 ,,galerita1 ,fabricius4 ,carabus p4 ,linn4 c4 ,,galerita ,,americana4 ,nigra1 thorace antennis pedibusque ferrugineis1 elytris cyaneis4 7,long4 ,corp4 #i lin47 ,,syn4 ,carabus ,americanus1 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #a4 ,,ii4 p4 #fga4 ,no4 #ai4 ,de ,geer ,ins4 iv4 t4 #ag4 f4 #ba4 ,fabricius ,syst4 ,eleuth4 #a4 #bad4 #a4 7,galerita a47 ,olivier ,ent4 ,,iii4 #ce4 n4 #gg4 t4 #f4 f4 #gb4 ,klug4 ,jahrb4 der ,entomol4 #a4 p4 #fc4 ,carabus ,janus1 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 #a4 p4 #acf4 ,no4 #ea4 ,carabus bicolor1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 ,de ,jean ,spec4 ,general1 #a4 p4 #ahg4 #a4 ,galerita bicolor4 ,klug4 loc4 cit4 ,,habitat3 ,virginia 7,drury74 ,north ,america4 ,head very long1 black1 with a red brown spot on the middle4 ,antenn dark brown1 the basal joint being longest1 thickest1 and lightest coloured2 the others are nearly of equal length2 the whole being a little longer than the elytra4 ,neck distinct and black4 ,thorax light red brown1 and almost oval1 about the length of the head1 and a little broader2 it is also a little margined1 and next the body truncate4 ,scutellum minute1 black1 and triangular4 ,elytra black1 margined and furrowed1 oval next the thorax1 but more square at their extremities1 and not covering the anus4 ,abdomen black4 ,breast light red brown2 as are all the legs4 ,the basal joint of the posterior tarsi is very long4 #ij;,,brenthus ,,minutus4 ,plate ,,xlii4 fig4 #c4 natural size1 and #g4 magnified4 ,,order3 ,coleoptera4 ,,section3 ,rhyncophora4 ,,family3 ,curculionid4 ,,subfamily3 ,brenthides1 ,schonh4 ,,genus4 ,,brenthus1 ,illiger4 ,brentus1 ,fabr4 ,curculio p4 ,linn4 ,,brenthus ,,minutus4 ,niger1 elytris striatis nigro-brunneis4 7,long4 ,corp4 fere #f lin47 ,,syn4 ,curculio minutus1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 ,herbst4 ,col4 #g4 #bjj4 t4 #ajh4 f4 #i4 ,b4 7,brentus m47 ,schonh4 ,sys4 ,ins4 ,curcul4 #a4 #cfh4 #f4 ,,habitat3 ,virginia4 ,head black1 with a long1 horny1 slender beak4 ,antenn placed near the head1 near the base of the beak1 black1 and about the length of the thorax1 the first and last joints being the longest4 ,thorax black1 smooth1 and shining2 being almost the length of the body1 and nearly round1 but thickest towards the middle4 ,scutellum indistinct4 ,elytra dark brown1 with some patches on them of a lighter colour2 margined on the sides and suture1 and with rows of small punctures thereon4 ,abdomen dark brown1 smooth and shining4 ,the fore legs are longer than the rest1 and at the tips of the tibi are furnished with a spine4 ,all the thighs are very thick in the middle4 ,,casnonia ,,longicollis4 ,plate ,,xlii4 fig4 #d4 natural size1 and #f4 magnified4 ,,order3 ,coleoptera4 ,,section3 ,adephaga-,geodephaga4 ,,family3 ,carabid4 ,,subfamily3 ,brachinides4 ,,genus4 ,,casnonia1 ,latrielle4 ,attelabus p4 ,linn4 ,drury4 ,,casnonia ,,longicollis4 ,nigra1 elytris punctato striatis1 singulo tuberculo parvo subapicali luteo2 thorace fere longitudine elytrorum1 pedibus luteo nigroque variis4 7,long4 ,corp4 #d lin47 ,,syn4 ,attelabus longicollis1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 ,,habitat3 ,virginia4 ,head black1 long and broad over the eyes1 but narrow next the thorax4 ,antenn dark brown1 about the length of the head and thorax4 ,thorax nearly the length of the wing-cases1 black1 slender and shining1 rising a little circularly from the body4 ,scutellum wanting4 ,the elytra are margined and shining1 not covering the anus1 with rows of very small punctures on them1 and near their extremities have a small papilla or swelling of a yellow colour4 ,abdomen black4 ,legs partly yellow1 and partly black4 ,,plate ,,xliii4 ,illustration ,,xylocopa ,,virginica4 ,plate ,,xliii4 fig4 #a4 ,,order3 ,hymenoptera4 ,,section3 ,mellifera4 ,,family3 ,apid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,xylocopa1 ,fabr4 ,apis1 ,linn4 ,drury4 ,,xylocopa ,,virginica4 ,hirsuta pallida2 abdomine1 excepto primo segmento1 atro4 7,magn4 ,bomb4 terrestr47 ,,syn4 ,apis ,virginica1 ,linn4 ,mant4 p4 #edj4 ,fabr4 ,syst4 ,piez4 #cdf4 #ad4 7,bombus v47 ,ent4 ,syst4 #b4 #cah4 #ae4 ,,habitat3 ,virginia4 ,head1 between the eyes1 black1 with a cream-coloured spot in front1 just above the mouth4 ,antenn black1 and shorter than the thorax1 which is covered at top with hairs of a pale yellowish colour4 ,all the four wings are membranaceous and transparent4 ,abdomen composed of six rings1 #ia;entirely black1 except the first1 which is pale yellow above1 but black underneath4 ,the breast and legs are black and hairy1 the hairs on the fore legs being rather dark brown4 ,the under parts of all the tarsi are light brown4 ,,tesseratoma ,,papillosa4 ,plate ,,xliii4 fig4 #b4 ,,order3 ,hemiptera4 ,,suborder3 ,heteroptera4 ,,section3 ,geocorisa4 ,,family3 ,scutati1 ,burmeister4 7,longilabres1 ,latr47 ,,genus4 ,,tesseratoma1 ,st4 ,farg4 ,serv4 in ,enc4 ,mth4 ,latr4 ,lap4 ,burm4 ,,tesseratoma ,,papillosa4 ,lutea1 thoracis lateribus subrotundatis1 antennis fuscis basi subferrugineis1 abdomine supra purpureo-ferruginoso subtus luteo4 7,long4 ,corp4 #a unc47 ,,syn4 ,cimex ,papillosus1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 7nec ,fabr4 ,burmeist4 ,saint4 ,farg4 ,serv4 c47 ,tesseratoma ,sonneratii4 ,st4 ,farg4 ,serv4 ,enc4 ,mth4 #aj4 #eij4 ,gurin ,icon4 ,r4 ,an4 ,ins4 pl4 #ee4 f4 #d4 ,cimex ,chinensis1 ,thunb4 ,nov4 ,ins44 #de4 t4 #aa4 f4 #ei4 ,laporte ,class4 ,hemipt4 p4 #fj4 ,cimex papillosus8 ,donovan ,ins4 ,india1 pl4 #ac4 fig4 #b4 ,,habitat3 ,china 7,drury74 ,head small1 yellowish olive-coloured4 ,antenn black4 ,thorax yellow olive1 lying high above the level of the head1 and projecting at the ligature of the wings4 ,scutellum triangular1 terminating in a point near the middle of the abdomen2 the basal part lying underneath the thorax4 ,hemelytra crossing each other when at rest2 with the basal portion opake1 and yellow olive-coloured2 the apical membrane being almost transparent4 ,wings entirely membranaceous1 and yellow brown4 ,abdomen above1 dark red1 but underneath clay-coloured2 furnished with a sharp tooth at each of its segments4 ,anus terminating in two angular points1 with a small spine on each side4 ,breast pale clay colour2 having a black spot directly under the fore legs1 and another on each side the middle ones4 ,legs brown yellow colour4 ,proboscis brown4 ,this very common ,chinese insect has been confounded by ,fabricius1 c4 with an ,african species 7,tesseratoma confusa ,westw47 and by ,saint ,fargeau and ,serville1 with another from ,java 7,tesseratoma ,javana1 ,klug4 ,burm4 #b4 #cej4 figured by ,stoll4 t4 #a4 fig4 #b47 ,as1 however1 ,drury's specific name1 as applied to the ,chinese species1 has the priority in point of date1 ,i have here reverted to it1 and would apply a new specific name to the species from ,sierra ,leone4 ,the ,fabrician species belongs to a different section of the genus having the terminal joint of the antenn elongated4 ,the only specimens which ,i have seen of it are those contained in the ,banksian ,collection in the possession of the ,linnan ,society of ,london4 ,wolff figures the ,chinese species4 ,i have little doubt that ,donovan's figure is intended to represent the true papillosus1 although it is given as an inhabitant of ,india4 #ib,,leptoscelis ,,balteatus4 ,plate ,,xliii4 fig4 #c4 ,,order3 ,hemiptera4 ,,suborder3 ,heteroptera4 ,,section3 ,geocorisa1 ,latr4 ,,family3 ,coreid1 ,leach4 7,anisoscelites1 ,laporte47 ,,genus4 ,,leptoscelis1 ,laporte4 ,anisoscelis p4 ,burm4 ,lygus p4 ,fabr4 ,,leptoscelis ,,balteatus4 ,thorace subspinoso2 ferrugineus1 elytris line transvers flav1 femoribus posticis gracilibus spinulosis4 7,long4 ,corp4 #f lin47 ,,syn4 ,cimex balteatus1 ,linn4 ,mant4 #ecd4 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 #d4 #adb4 #bg4 ,syst4 ,rh4 #bac4 #ci4 7,lygus b47 ,,habitat3 ,jamaica4 ,head small and slender1 red brown1 striped with black4 ,eyes projecting4 ,antenn dark brown1 or russet colour1 and almost the length of the insect4 ,thorax red brown1 with two small yellow spots in front2 lying above the level of the head1 and terminating at the side in right angles4 ,scutellum small and angular4 ,hemelytra coriaceous half way down1 and with the basal portion brown red2 the apical membrane opake and dark brown2 having a yellow bar crossing them near the middle4 ,wings transparent4 ,abdomen1 above1 yellow1 and edged with dark brown1 the sides being entire2 underneath1 entirely dark clay-coloured4 ,proboscis extending to the abdomen along the breast1 and lying between the legs4 ,,centris ,,surinamensis4 ,plate ,,xliii4 fig4 #d4 ,,order3 ,hymenoptera4 ,,section3 ,mellifera4 ,,family3 ,apid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,centris1 ,fabr4 ,apis1 ,drury4 ,,centris ,,surinamensis4 ,hirsuta nigra2 abdomine1 excepto primo segmento1 flavo4 7,mag4 ,xylocop4 virginic minor47 ,,syn4 ,apis ,surinamensis1 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #a4 #b4 #ifa4 #eb4 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 #b4 #cah4 #ad4 ,syst4 ,piez4 #cee4 #c4 7,centris ,s47 ,,habitat3 ,surinam4 ,head black4 ,antenn black4 ,tongue very long1 extending to the middle of the abdomen4 ,thorax black and hairy4 ,wings transparent4 ,abdomen deep yellow1 except the basal segment which is black4 ,breast and legs black1 and covered with short hairs like pile4 ,hind legs very broad and thin1 resembling scales2 and at the tip of the tibi furnished with two sharp spurs2 intermediate tibi also with two shorter spurs4 ,,ophion ,,macrurum4 ,plate ,,xliii4 fig4 #e4 ,,order3 ,hymenoptera4 ,,section3 ,pupivora4 ,,family3 ,ichneumonid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,ophion1 ,fabr4 ,ichneumon1 ,drury4 ,,ophion ,,macrurum4 ,fusco-luteum2 alis hyalinis1 abdomine thorace triplo longiori ensato4 7,long4 ,corp4 #a unc4 #c lin47 ,,syn4 ,ichneumon ,macrurus1 ,linn4 ,mant4 p4 #edj4 ,drury1 ,append1 vol4 #b4 ,,habitat3 ,new ,york4 #ic;,head small1 dark orange-coloured4 ,eyes large1 black1 and oblong4 ,ocelli shining brown4 ,antenn nearly the length of the insect1 brown orange1 and resembling threads4 ,all the other parts of the insect are of the same brown orange1 except the wings1 which are transparent4 ,thorax short4 ,abdomen three times as long as the thorax1 very small at the base1 like a thread1 but increasing in depth 7not in thickness7 to the extremity1 where it appears square and even as if obliquely cut off2 arched from the base to the tip4 ,legs slender1 the hinder ones being the longest4 ,tips of the tibi with two long spines1 those of the fore legs having only one4 ,this insect very closely resembles the common ,english species ,ichneumon luteus1 ,linn4 ,it is1 however1 considerably larger4 ,after describing this insect our author took occasion to enter into the natural history of the family to which it belongs1 namely1 the ,ichneumonid1 so named from the ,linnan genus ,ichneumon1 which last he says1 appears to be taken from its nature and way of life4 ,he then proceeds as follows3-- ,it is generally known that butterflies are produced from caterpillars1 and that these caterpillars put on different forms before they arrive to that of the butterfly2 but few persons know1 who have not engaged in this study1 that the bodies of these caterpillars are receptacles or habitations for lesser insects1 that live and grow within them during a certain time2 where they are nourished and fed by the juices of their bowels1 till they arrive to a mature age2 when1 by the appointment of nature1 they kill their fosterers1 being totally unable to live on any other kind of food but what the intestines of these animals supply them with4 ,the uses and advantages accruing to mankind by the institution of such a genus of insects1 together with their natural history1 are the subject of the following lines4 ,if we examine the glorious works of the creation1 and reflect on the paternal care and wisdom of the ,almighty1 displayed in the preservation and increase of all ranks and kinds of animals2 that even the most direful and noxious1 have such a proportion in the scale of life1 as is most agreeable to the ends of ,his divine providence2 that the limits ,he hath prescribed to each1 extend so far and no farther2 and that each species shall multiply in such abundance or scarcity1 as are best adapted to preserve1 by a just equilibrium1 the harmony of the universe3 ,when1 ,i say1 we behold this1 the mind can scarcely forbear crying out1 under a rapturous sense of conviction1 every thing is good4 ,it is to this end we see the strong are permitted to prey on the weak2 and that the number of the latter increase in a proportion sufficient to supply the wants of the former2 it is to this end we see some feed on herbs and plants1 some on fruits and seeds1 and some on flesh2 each being furnished with appetites and powers1 suited to their respective ways of life3 and it is to this end1 we see those of the most minute kinds1 abounding in a degree far beyond those of the first magnitude4 ,the knowledge of the insect kingdom illustrates this observation beyond all possibility of doubt2 and the number that may be bred from a single pair1 in many species1 would exceed all credibility1 if it was not to be proved by any person who #idwould take the trouble4 ,the wonderful increase that only two summers would be capable of producing among many of them1 if each egg was to yield its respective insect1 is amazing4 ,the world itself1 in a few years1 would be incapable of affording plants sufficient for the nourishment of one single species4#bi ,hence will appear the 'loving kindness' of the ,almighty1 in setting such bounds1 and keeping them within such limits as best answers the purpose for which ,he created them2 and hence appears the necessity of their becoming food to other animals4 ,birds1 fishes1 and the smaller kinds of beasts1 are at eternal war with them2 but as all these would be insufficient of themselves to restrain and prevent them from multiplying too fast1 other kinds of beings are instituted for this end1 whose existence depends on their destruction4 ,of these1 the species of insect ,i am describing1 is the most singular1 of which 7genus7 there are several sorts1 differing greatly in size and shape4 ,some are furnished with three set or bristles at the extremity of their bodies1 the middle one being a hollow tube1 secured or fenced by the outer ones1 through which they eject their eggs1 after they have penetrated the body of the caterpillar they settle on4 ,some appear to have no bristles1 others have them bent close under their bodies1 and are not to be seen1 unless closely examined4 ,as their whole business appears to be the destroying the caterpillars of the butterfly and moth tribes1 they are indefatigable in the pursuit of them2 but as this is confined to the pregnant females1 they are observed ranging about continually in search of the proper subjects to lay their eggs on2 flying on every bush1 and running with unwearied diligence on every twig1 till they have arrived to the place where the scent of the caterpillar soon furnishes them with the certainty of its being there4 ,having thus discovered the animal it was in quest of1 the ,ichneumon immediately settles on it1 with an intent to discharge its eggs2 but the caterpillar being sensible1 from a natural instinct1 of its enemy's assault1 bends its head backwards to the place where it feels itself attacked1 and endeavours by various means1 either by striking its head violently against the part1 falling to the ground1 or by some sudden contortion1 to disengage itself3 but this seldom happens1 unless the ,ichneumon is feeble1 and unable to withstand the shocks of the caterpillar2 in which case they will frequently relinquish their attack1 and seek out some other subject1 whose resistance they are more capable of encountering4 ,on the other hand1 if the ,ichneumon is strong enough to withstand the efforts of the caterpillar1 it either lays its eggs on the outside of the skin1 as is the nature of some to do1 or else perforates the body with the bristle before described1 and immediately discharges an egg4 ,some of these ,ichneumons quit the caterpillar upon the emission of an egg1 but others #ie;continue thereon till they have emitted them all2 which sometimes is more than an hundred4 ,it is necessary to observe1 that many caterpillars of moths and butterflies 7the former more especially7 are infested by a particular species of these ,ichneumons1 that confine themselves entirely to them alone1 and never1 that we know of1 attack any other4 ,thus that of the ,privet ,hawk or ,sphinx ,ligustri of ,linnus1 that of the ,elephant ,hawk or ,sphinx ,elpenor of the same author1 c4 are always found to yield particular kinds of ,ichneumons4 ,others1 indeed1 attack any kind of caterpillar belonging to the farinaceous-winged tribe2 and1 as ,i observed above1 if not too powerful and strong for them1 will there deposit their eggs4 ,if the egg is laid on the body of the caterpillar1 and not within it1 a few days1 by the warmth of the sun1 ripens it to maturity2 and then the young destroyer1 directed by nature1 eats its passage through the under-side of the egg1 and passes into the body of the caterpillar1 but if the egg is discharged into its body1 it there ripens1 unseen1 to maturity4 ,in either case1 it lives on the substance or juices of its intestines2 thriving and increasing in bulk1 in a proportion equal to the creature it is doomed to kill4 ,the caterpillar1 also1 notwithstanding its having thus received the means of a slow but certain death1 increases in size1 and1 to outward appearance1 in health2 arriving to the period when it is to undergo its metamorphosis1 and become a ,chrysalis1 in as much strength and vigour as any other of the species3 but when the time arrives for its enlargement into its complete state1 and to become a moth or butterfly1 the ,ichneumon makes its appearance2 having arrived to its time of completion within the body of its supporter1 and exhausted its juices by the nourishment drawn from it1 leaving behind it a dry empty shell1 in the form of a chrysalis4 ,in this manner many of these ,ichneumons exist4 ,others1 when arrived to maturity1 having lived within the bodies of the caterpillars1 as described1 eat their way out through its sides1 and1 crawling to a small distance1 form round themselves cases of a substance like silk2 wherein1 having lain a few days1 they quit their prisons in the shape of very small flies1 some having two wings1 others four4--,vide ,goedartius1 ,albin1 ,wilks1 ,harris1 c4 ,,polistes ,,annularis4 ,plate ,,xliii4 fig4 #f4 ,,order3 ,hymenoptera4 ,,section3 ,diploptera4 ,,family3 ,vespid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,polistes1 ,fabr4 ,vespa1 ,linn4 ,drury4 ,,polistes ,,annularis4 ,fusca2 genubus1 antennarum apicibus margineque primi segmenti abdominis flavis4 7,long4 ,corp4 #a unc47 ,,syn4 ,vespa annularis1 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #a4 #b4 #iej4 #i4 ,fabr4 ,syst4 ,piez4 #bga4 #c4 7,polistes a47 ,vespa cincta1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 ,,habitat3 ,virginia 7,drury74 ,head dark brown colour1 like the rust of iron4 ,antenn shorter than the thorax2 dark brown1 yellow at the tips4 ,thorax dark brown1 with a black stripe on each side4 ,wings extending beyond the abdomen1 thin1 membranaceous1 and dark brown1 not perfectly transparent1 and doubled or folded #iflengthways together4 ,abdomen black1 except the first segment1 which is dark orange1 margined with yellow4 ,anterior femora dark brown1 the other parts of those legs yellow4 ,the other legs dark brown2 the tips of the tibi and the tarsi being yellow4 ,,polistes ,,squamosa4 ,plate ,,xliii4 fig4 #g4 ,,order3 ,hymenoptera4 ,,section3 ,diploptera4 ,,family3 ,vespid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,polistes1 ,fabr4 ,vespa1 ,linn4 ,drury4 ,,polistes ,,squamosa4 ,thoracis dorso nigro lineis flavis1 scutello flavo line nigr1 abdomine fulvo annulo nigro versus apicem4 7,long4 ,corp4 #aj lin47 ,,syn4 ,vespa ,squamosus1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 ,polistes lineata8 ,fabr4 ,syst4 ,piez4 #bga4 #i4 ,ent4 ,syst4 #b4 #bei4 #bj4 ,,habitat3 ,new ,york4 ,head yellow2 but on the top1 near the ocelli1 black and hairy4 ,antenn shorter than the thorax1 dark brown1 yellow next the head to the first joint1 including about a third part4 ,thorax yellow1 slightly hairy2 having three black stripes on the top and two on each side meeting on the breast4 ,wings thin1 almost transparent1 and doubled or folded longitudinally4 ,abdomen dark orange1 with a black ring next the anus1 and two lesser ones near the thorax2 none of which are seen underneath1 being there entirely of a dark orange4 ,legs yellow1 and furnished with two spines at the tips of the tibi2 the anterior having only one4 ,,polydesmus 7,,fontaria7 ,,virginiensis4 ,plate ,,xliii4 fig4 #h4 ,,order3 ,chilognatha1 ,latreille4 ,aptera1 ,linnus1 ,drury4 ,,family3 ,julid4 ,,genus4 ,,polydesmus1 ,latreille1 ,brandt in ,bull4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,mosc4 vol4 #f4 ,julus1 ,fabr4 ,fontaria1 ,j4 ,e4 ,gray4 ,,polydesmus 7,,fontaria7 ,,virginiensis4 ,corpore pallide griseo1 segmentis convexis1 articulo pedum secundo acutissimo4 7,long4 ,corp4 #a unc4 #f lin47 ,,syn4 ,julus virginiensis1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 ,pal4 ,beauv4 ,ins4 d',afr4 et d',amer4 ,apter4 pl4 #d4 f4 #e4 p4 #aef4 ,julus tridentatus1 ,fabr4 ,fontaria ,virginiensis1 ,j4 ,e4 ,gray in ,griff4 ,an4 ,k4 ,ins4 pl4 #ace4 f4 #a4 ,,habitat3 ,virginia4 ,this insect is entirely wingless4 ,head circular and flat1 placed under the first segment4 ,antenn composed of five equal articulations4 ,body rounded at top1 forming an arch equal to one-fourth of a circle1 and consisting of nineteen rings or scales1 which lie very closely over one another1 the hinder part of one exactly fitting the fore part of the next4 ,each of these scales1 except some near the head1 have four short feet fixed to them2 the whole number of which is sixty4 ,the general colour of the insect is whitish grey2 the under part being lighter than the upper4 ,along the middle of the latter runs a darker shade1 having a single spot of a wainscot colour placed on the middle of each scale4 #ig,,plate ,,xliv4 ,illustration ,,mydas ,,clavatus4 ,plate ,,xliv4 fig4 #a4 ,,order3 ,diptera4 ,,section3 ,notacantha1 ,latr4 ,,family3 ,mydasid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,mydas1 ,fabr4 ,latr4 ,midas1 ,weidemann4 ,musca1 ,drury1 ,de ,geer4 ,,mydas ,,clavatus4 ,niger1 abdominis segmento secundo aurantiaco1 alis nigris4 7,long4 ,corp4 #a unc4 #c lin47 ,,syn4 ,musca clavata1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 7#aggc47 ,bibio filata1 ,fabr4 ,mant4 ,ins4 #b4 #cbh4 #a4 7#aghg47 ,syst4 ,antl4 #fj4 #a4 7,mydas f47 ,weidemann ,aussereur4 ,zweifl4 ,ins4 #a4 #bdj4 #c4 tab4 #aa4 fig4 #c4 ,ditto in ,nova ,acta ,nat4 ,curios4 vol4 #e4 p4 #b4 pl4 #ec4 fig4 #h4 ,nemotelus asiloides1 ,de ,geer ,mem4 vol4 #f4 t4 #bi4 f4 #f4 ,,habitat3 ,new ,york1 and other parts of ,north ,america4 ,head black4 ,antenn nearly the length of the thorax1 black1 slender1 and knobbed at their extremities4 ,thorax black and smooth4 ,wings coppery brown1 very membranaceous1 and not transparent4 ,abdomen black1 and composed of eight segments1 the second being of a deep yellow2 which colour extends only to its sides1 the under part being black4 ,legs entirely black2 the hinder ones being furnished with a strong spine at the tips of the tibi1 the middle ones having four small ones1 and the fore ones none4 ,each of the ungues has two small yellow scales 7puvilli7 placed underneath4 ,,tabanus ,,plumbeus4 ,plate ,,xliv4 fig4 #b4 ,,order3 ,diptera4 ,,section3 ,tabaniens1 ,latr4 ,,family3 ,tabanid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,tabanus1 ,linn1 c4 ,,tabanus ,,plumbeus4 ,obscur coccinelleus1 abdomine marginibus posticis pallidioribus1 alis sublimpidis cost fusc1 antennis brunneo-rufis4 7,long4 ,corp4 #a unc47 ,,syn4 ,tabanus plumbeus1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 ,tabanus ruficornis1 ,fabr4 ,syst4 ,ent4 #ghi4 #h4 ,syst4 ,antl4 #if4 #ad4 ,weidemann ,auss4 ,zw4 ,ins4 #a4 #aab4 ,tabanus ,americanus1 ,forster ,nov ,sp4 ,insect4 ,cent4 #a4 #ajj4 ,tabanus limbatus1 ,pal4 ,beauvois ,ins4 d',afr4 d',amer4 ,dipt4 t4 #a4 f4 #b4 ,,habitat3 ,new ,york1 ,virginia1 c4 ,north ,america4 ,head ash-coloured4 ,eyes nearly black4 ,antenn red brown4 ,only one ocellus1 placed a little above the antenn4 ,proboscis almost equal in length to the depth of the head4 ,thorax dark greenish-brown coloured2 having a white spot at the base of each wing4 ,abdomen dark brown colour2 each segment being on the under side margined with grey4 ,wings transparent2 anterior edges brown and opake4 ,legs dark brown2 the middle ones having two spines at the tips of each of the tibi4 ,the ungues have two small brown scales under them4 ,breast hairy and ash-coloured1 but white on the sides4 ,,tabanus ,,americanus4 ,plate ,,xliv4 fig4 #c4 ,,order3 ,diptera4 ,,section3 ,tabaniens4 ,,family3 ,tabanid4 ,,genus4 ,,tabanus1 ,linn4 c4 ,,tabanus ,,americanus4 ,niger1 abdomine canescente1 alis fusco-nigris4 7,long4 ,corp4 circ4 #aa lin47 ,,syn4 ,tabanus ,americanus1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 7nec ,forster47 ,tabanus atratus1 ,fabr4 ,syst4 ,ent4 #ghi4 #i4 ,syst4 ,antl4 #if4 #af4 ,weidemann ,auss4 ,zw4 ,ins4 #a4 #aad4 ,no4 #c4 ,tabanus niger1 ,pal4 ,beauv4 ,ins4 ,afr4 et ,amer4 ,dipt4 t4 #a4 f4 #a4 ,,habitat3 ,new ,york1 and other parts of ,north ,america4 #ih;,head black4 ,antenn black1 being placed on the front of the head2 the parts surrounding them shining1 as if finely polished4 ,ocelli wanting4 ,proboscis red brown2 being inclosed in a kind of sheath1 which is black4 ,thorax very dark brown1 almost black4 ,wings dark brown and membranaceous1 not transparent4 ,abdomen lead coloured1 the extremity nearly black2 being of the same colour underneath as at top4 ,legs entirely black2 the middle ones being furnished with two spines at the tips of the tibi4 ,breast hairy and black4 ,,sphex ,,jamaicensis ,plate ,,xliv4 fig4 #d4 ,,order3 ,hymenoptera4 ,,section3 ,fossores4 ,,family3 ,sphegid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,sphex1 ,linn4 c4 ,,sphex ,,jamaicensis4 ,castaneo-rufus1 abdomine nitido1 capite thoraceque fulvo-hirtis1 antennis nigris1 alis fuscis4 ,,syn4 ,vespa ,jamaicensis1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 ,,habitat3 ,jamaica4 ,head brown orange4 ,antenn almost black1 and near the length of the thorax4 ,eyes large1 and dark brown4 ,thorax brown orange-coloured1 and hairy1 with a black spot between the wings4 ,wings nearly transparent1 and doubled or folded together4 ,abdomen shining and very smooth1 red brown1 and united to the thorax by a small but short thread-like peduncle4 ,legs red brown1 and1 except the fore ones1 furnished with three spines at the tips of the tibi4 ,drury described this insect as having the wings doubled or folded together1 a peculiarity observed only in the wasps1 amongst which the insect was placed by our author1 who named it ,vespa ,jamaicensis4 ,my specimen of this insect1 which ,i have reason to believe belonged to ,drury1 is so pinned1 that the upper surface of the thorax is pressed down1 and the upper wing forced backwards1 and thrown nearly upside down1 which was evidently the case with the specimen described by ,drury4 ,,scolia ,,fossulana4 ,plate ,,xliv4 fig4 #e4 ,,order3 ,hymenoptera4 ,,section3 ,fossores4 ,,family3 ,scoliid4 ,,genus4 ,,scolia1 ,fabr4 ,sphex1 ,drury4 ,,scolia ,,fossulana4 ,atra1 thorace flavido hirto1 abdomine fasciis quatuor flavis1 intermediis dentatis4 7,long4 ,corp4 #a unc47 ,,syn4 ,scolia fossulana1 ,fabr4 ,syst4 ,piez4 #bdb4 ,no4 #ah4 ,sphex plumipes1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 ,,habitat3 ,new ,york4 ,head pale yellow in front1 black on the top and hairy4 ,antenn black1 and shorter than the thorax4 ,neck hairy1 lemon-coloured4 ,thorax black1 and covered with yellow hairs4 ,wings dark brown1 almost transparent2 not folded or doubled together4 ,abdomen black underneath and lemon-coloured above1 where it has three black lines crossing it1 two of them being broadest in the middle4 ,anus and breast #ii;black4 ,legs black and hairy2 the hinder ones being furnished with two remarkable long spines at the tips of the tibi4 ,tarsi1 particularly those of the hinder legs1 furnished with very strong hairs1 or rather bristles at each of the joints2 pale yellow-coloured4 ,i should have retained the specific name given to this insect by ,drury1 on account of its priority1 but it is so inappropriate1 not only being applicable to one sex alone1 the female1 but the spines on the fore legs being found throughout the genus1 as well as in nearly all the burrowing ,hymenoptera4 ,fabricius has incorrectly referred this figure to his ,scolia radula1 which has a spotted thorax4 ,,pelop,,us ,c,,mentarius4 ,plate ,,xliv4 fig4 #f4 ,imago--fig4 #g4 ,cocoon--fig4 #h4 ,imago taken out of the ,cocoon4 ,plate ,,xlv4 fig4 #h4 ,nest--fig4 #i4 ,section of the ,nest--fig4 #aj4 two ,cocoons exposed4 ,,order3 ,hymenoptera4 ,,section3 ,fossores4 ,,family3 ,spegid4 ,,genus4 ,pelopus1 ,latr4 ,fabr4 ,sphex1 ,linn4 ,drury4 ,,pelop,,us ,c,,mentarius4 ,abdomine petiolato nigro1 segmento primo 7excl4 pedunc47 lunul flav thoraceque punctis flavis1 pedibus flavis posticorum femoribus apiceque tibiarum nigris4 7,long4 ,corp4 #a unc47 ,,syn4 ,sphex ,cmentaria1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 ,pelopus lunatus1 ,fabr4 ,syst4 ,piez4 #bjc4 ,,habitat3 ,jamaica1 ,antigua1 ,st4 ,christopher's 7,drury74 ,in ,america insulis1 in ,india orientali frequens4 7,fabricius1 incorrectly87 ,head black and hairy4 ,antenn black1 basal joint yellow4 ,thorax black1 with short hairs on it1 but next the head yellow1 having a yellow spot at the base of each wing1 and another next the abdomen4 ,wings brown1 and almost transparent2 lying flat1 not folded4 ,abdomen black and round1 nearly as long as the thorax2 basal segment 7exclusive of the peduncle7 yellow2 pointed at the tip1 and armed with a retractile sting4 ,peduncle very slender1 black at top1 and yellow underneath2 being nearly the length of the thorax itself4 ,breast black4 ,fore and middle legs black next the body1 but from the middle of the thighs yellow4 ,hinder thighs and lower parts of the shins black1 the remainder yellow4 ,claws black4 ,the following particulars relative to the economy of this species were communicated to ,mr4 ,drury from a correspondent in ,antigua1 who forwarded to him specimens of the insect4 ,this insect is called at ,antigua1 and several other places in the ,west ,indies1 the ,mason ,fly1 a name given it from the remarkable manner in which it builds its nest1 or receptacle for its young4 ,when the male and female have performed the business of copulation1 their#cj next care is to provide a proper habitation for raising and securing their future progeny2 to this end they seek out a proper spot that is secure from rains1 c4 and is so situated as to afford a #ajjsufficient warmth for the young offspring1 but not so hot as to destroy instead of nourishing them4 ,the sides of a wall underneath the eaves of a house1 is the place often pitched on for this purpose4 ,thus prompted by nature1 and instinctively knowing the necessity of performing this work1 they carry a quantity of dirt1 and place it against the wall1 which they temper and soften with a liquor issuing from their bodies1 that renders it sufficiently strong and tenacious1 and when dry1 is proof against any rains that may happen to get at it4 ,the nest is composed generally of about a dozen cells1 that are round1 and sufficiently capacious to hold the caterpillar when grown to its full size2 each of which is about an inch long1 and about three-eighths of an inch in diameter1 lying parallel with each other1 and formed in such a manner1 that each cell lies between two others1 both above and below it1 except the outward ones1 having a hole left open at the extremity of each1 for the parents to go in and out at pleasure4 ,see ,plate #de4 ,fig4 #h4 that at #i being a nest supposed to be cut through its middle1 to shew the form of the cells1 and manner of their being built4 ,the industry exerted on this occasion is remarkably great1 for in a few days the whole is completed4 ,there is no doubt but the heat of the climate greatly contributes to facilitate this work1 as the dirt of which it is composed is quickly dried1 and by that means enables them to be very expeditious4 ,their next employment is procuring a number of small spiders1 with which each cell is properly filled1 and are to serve for food to the young brood2 of these they always take care to lay in such a sufficient store1 that the young ones seldom1 if ever1 perish from want4 ,i have opened many of these cells1 and constantly found a spider remaining uneat1 sometimes two1 and not seldom three1 so that it is evident the parent animal makes ample provision for the appetite of its young4 ,by the time one cell is replenished with provision1 the pregnant female1 finding the eggs within her ripening to maturity1 and under the necessity of discharging them1 lays a single one in the cell1 and then covers up the hole with dirt1 which was left open for a passage1 in so neat and curious a manner1 that the nicest eye could not discover the place where they used to enter4 ,she then proceeds in the same manner to the next1 and so on1 till all her eggs are emitted and laid in their respective cells1 each cell being furnished with a single egg and no more4 ,my correspondent assures me1 he is not certain whether the male assists in building the nest1 or whether it is the sole production of the female2 but they both equally contribute to furnish it with provision1 which they carefully watch and preserve from the ants1 that in that hot climate would soon rob them of4 ,in a little time the young ones are hatched2 and each1 finding in its respective habitation a proper quantity of food1 subsists thereon1 and there lives unseen1 till it arrives to its complete state4 ,when it 7the caterpillar7 is advanced to its full size1 it forms round itself a brown case1 as appears at ,fig4 #g4 ,plate #dd4 and at ,fig4 #aj4 ,plate #de4 and in that inclosure undergoes its transformation2 when it puts on its form as at ,fig4 #h4 ,plate #dd4 remaining with its legs1 wings1 and horns1 closed round1 as is there shewn1 till it has acquired strength to break its enclosure4 ,at its first assuming this form1 it is white1 soft1 and tender1 and its wings shorter than those in the figure2 in a few weeks its becomes hard1 strong1 and of its proper #aja;colour4 ,the wings1 also1 before that time1 grow to their proper size2 and now1 finding itself arrived at a period when the forementioned circumstance of its confinement is no longer necessary to its well being1 it obtains its liberty1 by making a hole at the end of its cell1 with its jaws and fore legs1 large enough to permit its escape4 ,the separation of the thorax and abdomen1 by such a long slender membrane or ligament1 is very singular1 and the power the insect is invested with1 by means of those jaws or forceps placed at its mouth1 is really wonderful2 for the number of insects1 of a superior strength1 as well as size1 which it is capable of destroying1 is scarcely credible4 ,it will overcome a spider of twice its own size1 if it can but get upon the back of it1 by means of its forceps and sting3 nor will multitudes of other insects find it a less formidable enemy1 if they are not guarded by nature with a covering too hard to yield to the force of these destructive weapons4 ,in short1 it seems to be an animal formed by nature1 as one of those instruments instituted for subduing and lessening the vast numbers of small insects that abound in warm climates4 ,,plate ,,xlv4 ,illustration ,,leptoscelis ,,pictus4 ,plate ,,xlv4 fig4 #a4 ,,order3 ,hemiptera4 ,,suborder3 ,heteroptera4 ,,section3 ,geocorisa1 ,latr4 ,,family3 ,coreid1 ,leach4 7,anisoscelites1 ,laporte47 ,,genus4 ,,leptoscelis1 ,laporte4 ,anisoscelis p4 ,burm4 ,lygus p4 ,fabr4 ,,leptoscelis ,,pictus4 ,niger1 capitis line dorsali1 thoraceque crenulato rufis1 hoc antic macul margineque postico nigris1 femoribus gracilibus denticulatis1 abdomine supra cyaneo maculis marginalibus rufis4 7,long4 ,corp4 #g lin47 ,,syn4 ,cimex pictus4 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 ,lygus crenulatus1 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 #d4 #add4 #cc4 ,syst4 ,rh4 #bej4 #aa4 7,alydus cr47 ,,habitat3 ,antigua4 ,head small and slender2 red1 striped with black4 ,eyes round and projecting4 ,antenn black1 and nearly the length of the insect2 four-jointed4 ,thorax red1 with black marks near the head1 and another near the abdomen2 the sides lying high and angular4 ,scutellum black and triangular4 ,hemelytra dark 7almost black71 the apical membrane being rather less so than the basal portion4 ,wings almost transparent4 ,abdomen above1 blue along the centre1 and red on the edges1 indented with black2 beneath red and brown1 as are also the breast and sides4 ,legs black4 ,hinder thighs1 having several spines on them4 ,the proboscis extends to about the middle of the abdomen4 ,this species is very closely allied to the insect figured in ,plate #dc1 fig4 #c42 nevertheless1 their descriptions are placed very widely apart in the ,systema ,rhyngotorum4 ,they appear to form a good subgenus1 nearly allied to ,hypselopus of ,burmeister1 which is confined to ,africa4 #ajb;,,eumenes ,,abdominalis4 ,plate ,,xlv4 fig4 #b4 ,,order3 ,hymenoptera4 ,,section3 ,diploptera4 ,,family3 ,vespid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,eumenes1 ,fabr4 ,latr4 ,vespa1 ,linn4 ,drury4 ,,eumenes ,,abdominalis4 ,fusco-fulva1 antennis fuscis apice nigris1 abdomine pyriformi petiolo longo nigro apice fulvo1 segmento sequenti nigricanti4 7,long4 ,corp4 #aj lin47 ,,syn4 ,sphex abdominalis1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 ,,habitat3 ,jamaica4 ,head brown yellow4 ,eyes black4 ,antenn brown1 but near their extremities black1 being the length of the thorax4 ,thorax brown yellow4 ,wings membranaceous1 yellowish1 and almost transparent1 being folded longitudinally4 ,abdomen round1 and longer than the thorax1 brown yellow2 the first segment 7exclusive of the peduncle7 black1 with several black spots or streaks on the under side4 ,it is attached to the thorax by a curved peduncle1 considerably less than itself1 being black2 but at the tip yellow1 and of the length of the thorax4 ,breast and sides black1 streaked with brown4 ,legs brown yellow1 furnished with a spine at the tips of the tibi1 except the hinder ones1 which have two4 ,,centris ,,grossa4 ,plate ,,xlv4 fig4 #c4 ,,order3 ,hymenoptera4 ,,section3 ,mellifera4 ,,family3 ,apid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,centris1 ,fabr4 ,apis1 ,linn4 ,drury4 ,,centris ,,grossa4 ,aureo-viridis1 nitida2 antennis pedibusque nigris4 7,magn4 ,bomb4 terrestr47 ,,syn4 ,apis grossa1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 ,,habitat3 ,jamaica4 ,head black1 inclining to blue1 with a mixture of green4 ,eyes large4 ,antenn black1 and shorter than the thorax4 ,tongue yellow1 and secured within its brown case4 ,thorax shining1 of a dark golden green1 with a mixture of blue1 having a few black hairs on it4 ,wings membranaceous and brown4 ,abdomen of the colour of the thorax1 but underneath more of a mazarine blue4 ,breast the same4 ,legs hairy and black2 posterior tibi more so than the others4 ,this fine species appears nearly allied to the ,centris versicolor1 ,fabr4 7,syst4 ,piez4 #cei4 #bc47 which is an inhabitant of the ,islands of ,america1 but which is described thus1 thorace hirto cinerascente1 abdomine cyaneo1 ano rufescente4 ,,echinomyia ,,hirta4 ,plate ,,xlv4 fig4 #d4 ,,order3 ,diptera4 ,,section3 ,athericera4 ,,family3 ,muscid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,echinomyia1 ,dumeril4 ,tachina1 ,fabr4 ,musca1 ,drury4 ,,echinomyia ,,hirta4 ,atra2 alis obscuris1 abdomine rufo-fusco setis longis nigris obsito1 pedibus nigris4 7,magn4 ,musc carnari47 ,,syn4 ,musca hirta1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 ,,habitat3 ,jamaica4 #ajc;,head black4 ,eyes light brown4 ,antenn like jointed scales1 not hairy4 ,thorax above almost black1 with a few hairs on the sides4 ,wings brown and opake1 not transparent4 ,abdomen red brown1 covered with very long black hairs4 ,legs black4 ,,reduvius 7,,conorhinus7 ,,variegatus4 ,plate ,,xlv4 fig4 #e4 ,,order3 ,hemiptera4 ,,suborder3 ,heteroptera4 ,,section3 ,geocorisa4 ,,family3 ,reduviid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,reduvius1 ,fabr4 ,cimex1 ,linn4 ,subgenus3 ,conorhinus1 ,laporte1 ,burm4 ,triatoma1 ,lap4 olim4 ,,reduvius 7,,conorhinus7 ,,variegatus4 ,niger2 thoracis lateribus maculisque marginalibus abdominis ferrugineis1 corio nigro rufo-marginato4 7,long4 ,corp4 fere #a unc47 ,,syn4 ,cimex variegatus1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 ,reduvius gigas1 ,fabr4 ,syst4 ,rh4 #bfg4 #c4 ,burmeister ,,ii4 #bdf4 #a48 7,conorhinus ,g47 ,stoll4 #ac4 f4 #he48 ,wolff1 #ab4 f4 #aac48 ,,habitat3 ,antigua4 ,head black and small4 ,eyes black4 ,antenn black1 and shorter than the insect4 ,thorax black1 the sides red brown and angular4 ,scutellum small1 black1 and angular4 ,basal portion of the hemelytra black1 verged with red2 the apical membrane opake and brown4 ,wings transparent4 ,abdomen black1 with red spots on its sides1 which are seen also beneath4 ,legs black1 yellow at the base4 ,the antenn of this insect1 as represented in the figure1 are quite unlike those of any of the ,reduviid1 although in every other respect1 and more especially in the peculiar neuration of the membranous part of the upper wings1 it agrees with the ,reduvius gigas of ,fabricius1 a species very widely dispersed1 being found in ,south ,america1 ,sierra ,leone1 ,east ,indies1 as well as the ,island of ,mauritius4 ,,eristalis ,,cinctus4 ,plate ,,xlv4 fig4 #f4 ,,order3 ,diptera4 ,,section3 ,athericera4 ,,family3 ,syrphid1 ,leach44 ,,genus4 ,,eristalis1 ,meigen4 ,musca1 ,drury1 c4 ,,eristalis ,,cinctus4 ,ater2 thorace punctis quatuor fascique postic sulphureis1 abdomine castaneo fasci medi sulphure4 7,magn4 ,musc4 carnari47 ,,syn4 ,musca ,cincta1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 ,,habitat3 ,jamaica4 ,head large and black4 ,eyes brown 7antenn broken off74 ,thorax black1 with two yellow spots next the head1 and one on each side1 at the base of the wings1 with a yellow line crossing it next the abdomen4 ,scutellum chesnut-coloured4 ,abdomen chesnut-coloured at the base1 with a yellow ring crossing the middle2 at the extremity golden green4 ,legs and breast black4 ,wings transparent4 #ajd;,,echinomyia ,,pilosa4 ,plate ,,xlv4 fig4 #g4 ,,order3 ,diptera4 ,,section3 ,athericera4 ,,family3 ,muscid4 ,,genus4 ,,echinomyia1 ,dumeril4 ,tachina1 ,fabr4 ,musca1 ,drury4 ,,echinomyia ,,pilosa4 ,atra2 setis rigidis numerosissimis obsita1 alis opacis fuscis1 capite brunneo4 7,echin4 hirt paullo minor47 ,,syn4 ,musca pilosa1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 ,tachina hystrix1 ,fabr4 ,syst4 ,antl4 #caj4 #h4 ,weidemann ,auss4 ,zw4 ,ins4 #b4 #bhd4 ,,habitat3 ,jamaica4 ,head red brown4 ,antenn short and thick1 without hairs4 ,thorax and abdomen entirely covered with thick black hairs1 or rather bristles1 when compared with the size of the insect4 ,wings opake and brown1 not transparent4 ,breast black1 covered with black bristles4 ,legs black1 spinose4 ,,plate ,,xlvi4 ,illustration ,,myrmeleon ,,libelluloides4 ,plate ,,xlvi4 fig4 #a4 ,,order3 ,neuroptera4 ,,section3 ,filicornes4 ,,family3 ,myrmeleonid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,myrmeleon1 ,linn4 c4 ,,myrmeleon ,,libelluloides4 ,alis fusco punctatis maculatisque corpore nigro flavoque maculato4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #d unc4 #i lin47 ,,syn4 ,myrmeleon ,libelluloides1 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #a4 #b4 p4 #iac4 #a4 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 #b4 #ib4 #a48 ,latr4 ,gen4 ,crust4 ,ins4 #c4 #aia4 ,libella turcica major alis locust1 ,pet4 ,gaz4 #f4 t4 #c4 f4 #a4 ,,habitat3 ,smyrna 7,drury74 ,in ,europa australiori et per totam ,africam 7,latreille74 ,head dark yellow1 divided by a black line1 which runs along it from the thorax4 ,antenn black and clubbed1 small at the base1 and gradually increasing to their extremities4 ,thorax brownish yellow2 having a black line running along its upper part1 and two small black spots at the base of the superior wings1 being covered with greyish hairs4 ,abdomen about an inch and a quarter long1 yellow1 with a black line on the top1 and one on each side2 the male having two small horny tails issuing from the extremity4 ,wings membranaceous and pellucid 7the inferior ones being as long as the superior71 and elegantly adorned with a great number of dark spots of various shapes and sizes4 ,fabricius gives the ,cape of ,good ,hope as the habitat of this species1 referring not only to the present figure1 but also to that given in ,vol4 #c4 ,plate #da4 which is said by ,drury to have been brought from ,sierra ,leone4 ,this is the more inexcusable1 because ,drury expressly observed in a note1 ,there is a species found near the ,cape of ,good ,hope very much like this1 but distinctly different1 although in the synoptical appendix to the third volume1 he gives the large species from ,sierra ,leone as a variety of ,m4 ,libelluloides4 #aje;,,euptilon ,,ornatum4 ,plate ,,xlvi4 fig4 #b4 ,,order3 ,neuroptera4 ,,section3 ,filicornes4 ,,family3 ,myrmeleonid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,euptilon1 ,westw4 ,gen4 ,nov4 ,hemerobius1 ,linn4 ,drury4 ,,euptilon ,,ornatum4 ,viride1 thoracis puncto antico abdomineque line dorsali nigris1 alis hyalinis venis numerosissimis1 strigisque duabus obliquis obscuris4 7,expans4 ,alar4 circ4 #c unc47 ,,syn4 ,hemerobius ornatus1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 ,,habitat3 ,dinwiddie1 in ,virginia4 ,head dark green4 ,antenn pectinated or combed4 ,eyes black4 ,thorax dark green1 with a black patch next the head4 ,abdomen dark green1 with small rings of yellow1 and a small black line running along the upper side from the thorax to the extremity4 ,wings membranaceous and pellucid1 or transparent1 of equal length2 the superior ones having two small transverse black stripes placed near their posterior edges1 at about half an inch distance from each other4 ,latreille1 in his ,genera ,crustaceorum et ,insectorum1 ,vol4 #c4 p4 #aii1 after describing the genus ,chauliodes belonging to the family ,hemerobiid1 observes1 ,congenerica videntur insecta a ,dom4 ,drury iconibus vivis expressa1 tom4 #a4 ,pl4 #df4 ,fig4 #b4 #c4 ,i have never seen the present species1 but from the admirable accuracy of ,moses ,harris 7by whom the figures were drawn7 it is evident that the neuration of the wings of this species is identical with that of ,myrmeleon1 agreeing especially with the insect represented at ,fig4 #d4 of this plate1 and exhibiting the irregular longitudinal nerve below the subcostal nerve and the strong furcate nerve running along the middle of the wing2 whilst1 at the same time1 the neuration is quite unlike that of ,fig4 #c4 ,hence ,i have no hesitation in placing this insect in the family ,myrmeleonid4 ,it however disagrees with the genera of which that family is composed1 viz4 ,myrmeleon1 ,linn4 7,myrmecoleon1 ,burm47 ,ascalaphus1 ,fabr4 and ,nymphes1 ,leach1 in having bipectinated antenn1 so that ,i have been compelled to establish a new genus for its reception4 ,can it be possible that1 according to the not uncommon practice of the time1 the specimen had been mended1 and that pectinated antenn had been substituted in the stead of the ordinary ones of a ,myrmeleon8 ,,chauliodes ,,virginiensis4 ,plate ,,xlvi4 fig4 #c4 ,,order3 ,neuroptera4 ,,section3 ,filicornes4 ,,family3 ,hemerobiid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,chauliodes1 ,latreille4 ,hemerobius1 ,linn4 ,drury4 ,,chauliodes ,,virginiensis4 ,capite thoraceque nigris fulvo punctatis1 alis latis hyalinis venis nigro punctatis4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #c unc47 ,,syn4 ,hemerobius ,virginiensis1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 ,hemerobius pectinicornis1 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #a4 #b4 #iaa4 #a48 ,pal4 ,beauv4 ,ins4 ,afr4 et ,am4 ,neur4 pl4 #a4 f4 #b48 ,,habitat3 ,virginia4 ,head black1 with a yellowish spot in the front1 and another on the top4 ,eyes greyish1 and shining like polished bell-metal4 ,antenn pectinated or combed1 and longer than the thorax4 ,ocelli three4 ,thorax black1 with three small yellowish spots on the posterior part4 ,abdomen almost black at top1 #ajf;and underneath of a greyish yellow 7as are all the legs71 having two short set or tails at the extremity4 ,wings membranaceous and transparent2 the nerves appearing1 when viewed by a magnifier1 to be black and white1 like the quills of a porcupine4 ,inferior wings shorter than the superior4 ,drury has figured the wings as of an uniform colourless appearance1 which induces me to consider that it may be distinct from the ,linnan ,h4 pectinicornis1 that species being described by the great ,swede with signaturis nervisque fuscis albo subarticulatis4 ,from the paleness of the present species it is evident that the transverse nerves connecting the longitudinal ribs of the wings in the typical species of this genus have been overlooked1 especially as the longitudinal nerves are correctly represented4 ,this genus and ,corydalis1 seem to form a connecting link between ,hemerobius and ,perla4 ,,myrmeleon ,,americanum4 ,plate ,,xlvi4 fig4 #d4 ,,order3 ,neuroptera4 ,,section3 ,filicornes4 ,,family3 ,myrmeleonid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,myrmeleon1 ,linn1 c4 ,,myrmeleon ,,americanum4 ,thorace griseo nigro notato1 alis hyalinis fusco et luteo punctatis1 punctis nonnullis lineam centralem longitudinalem formantibus1 abdomine fusco4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #e unc47 ,,syn4 ,myrmeleon americanus1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 ,,habitat3 ,new ,york4 ,head black1 front grey and hairy4 ,mouth with four long palpi4 ,eyes dark brown1 almost black4 ,antenn black1 and as long as the thorax2 being small at the base1 and increasing in size to their extremities4 ,neck yellowish1 striped with black1 and covered with longish grey hairs4 ,thorax yellowish1 with black stripes1 and covered with long grey hairs4 ,abdomen1 which is full an inch and a half long1 brownish-coloured1 and darker on the sides2 being furnished at the extremity with two short hairy tails1 seemingly of a horny substance4 ,wings of equal length1 membranaceous and transparent1 having a great number of small spots thereon of a dark brown colour2 the superior ones being most spotted4 ,legs black1 and covered with grey hairs2 each of them being furnished at the tips of the tibi with two long spines that bend inwardly towards each other4 ---- ,,libellulid1 ,pl4 #dg #dh4 ,all the insects represented in these two plates belong to the genus ,libellula of ,linnus1 or the family of ,dragon-flies1 ,libellulid4 ,when the original edition of this work was published1 there was no ,english work in which the natural history and curious transformations of this tribe of insects were detailed4 ,our author1 therefore1 in order to supply the deficiency1 published the following interesting series of observations upon the subject3-- ,as ,i have not met with any ,english author who has given the natural history of the insects delineated in these two plates1 ,i shall make no apology for its introduction2 #ajgthe frequent opportunities ,i have had of observing their mode of life and action1 together with the many singular circumstances observable in both1 being motives for its publication too powerful to be resisted4 ,it is not easy to determine whether they should be ranked among the water insects1 or those of the land1 nor shall ,i attempt here to ascertain it2 my present business being only to relate the several circumstances attending them during their respective states in which they are passing from the egg to the complete animal3 and although these observations have been confined to our ,english ones1 yet they so exactly agree and coincide with those of foreign countries1 7as my correspondents have assured me71 that their nature and behaviour appear to be just the same2 so that what is observable in ours1 is at the same time applicable to the whole genus wherever found4 ,if we take a cursory view of the different ranks of animals that inhabit our globe1 we shall hardly find one that can excite our wonder and astonishment more than this genus2 nor is it from that general ignorance of the insect world1 that reigns so strongly in these kingdoms1 that ,i am emboldened to say this2 but if we reflect that the beasts1 birds1 and reptiles are furnished with powers for living only in the air1 and that even the amphibious tribes can perform the office of respiration only in that element3 if we also consider that fishes1 on the contrary1 are unable to respire but in water1 and when deprived of that must certainly perish1 we cannot but conclude that all these animals are most wisely fitted with means and faculties for filling up the respective orders and ranks wherein they are placed4 ,but let us cast our eyes on the subjects ,i am about to describe1 and there behold a tribe of beings1 who1 as soon as they leave their eggs1 subsist for a certain number of months1 7,i had almost said years71 creeping and swimming in the liquid element2 are there invested with organs and powers for existing and weathering out the utmost severity and intemperance of the winter2 that afterwards as the spring and summer advances1 and the period arrives when they are to appear in other forms1 in the space of about half an hour those very organs and powers that before enabled them to live under water should be so entirely altered1 the very natures and abilities of the creatures so changed as to permit them to quit their former element and place of residence1 insomuch that all the remaining part of their lives is spent in the open air1 furnished with wings1 and flying about in the full glee of wanton liberty2 that in a very few weeks after1 having performed the business of generation1 the same animals should die of mere old age1 with their wings quite ragged and worn out1 their strength exhausted1 and all the powers of their bodies lost by a total imbecility and weakness1 which but a little before enabled them to transport themselves through the air with the swiftness of a bird4 ,if1 ,i say1 we reflect on all these circumstances1 we cannot but allow them to be objects of a very extraordinary nature1 and well adapted for leading the mind to the contemplation of their supreme ,author1 who has thought proper to exhibit to us these kind of insects1 thus differing from almost all the animals in the creation4 #ajh,they have been variously named by different authors1 owing perhaps to the time when they wrote1 or the progress natural history had made in the world4 ,some have called them by the name of ,dragon ,fly1 others ,adder ,bolt1 ,balance ,fly1 ,perla1 ,libellula or ,libella4 ,i shall prefer the last1 as conveying an idea well known to ,english adepts4 ,the caterpillars of them all live in ponds and stagnant waters 7that are undisturbed by cattle7 during the greatest part of their lives1 and make their appearance under three general forms4 ,the first is shewn by ,fig4 #a4 #a42 the second by ,fig4 #b42 and the third by ,fig4 #c4 ,see ,plate #dg4 ,as these are the shapes in which they all appear1 it will not be improper to mention each particularly4 ,the two caterpillars at ,fig4 #a4 #a4 ,plate #dg1 belong only to or produce those that sit at rest1 with their wings erect1 7see ,plate #dh4 ,fig4 #b471 and differ from both the others not only in size but in the roundness and slenderness of their bodies2 at the extremity whereof they are furnished with three tails1 each of which upon examination being found to be a kind of feather1 and is an appendage that neither of the others have4 ,their behaviour also in the water is different from the others1 being enabled to twist and bend their bodies in a more circular manner4 ,subfamily ,agrionides4 ,the second sort of caterpillars1 at ,plate #dg4 ,fig4 #b4 are much shorter and thicker in their bodies than either of the others1 producing those ,libellas with flat bodies1 as ,plate #dg4 ,fig4 #d4 and #f4 and ,plate #dh4 ,fig4 #a4 and #e4 ,these are1 of all others1 the most disagreeable in their appearance2 most of them having their bodies and legs very rough and shaggy1 and of the exact colour of mud4 ,others appear of a dirty green1 and very unpleasing hue1 a colour that in general reigns among them all2 for none can boast of any beautiful appearance while in this state1 unless the different shapes here exhibited can be called so4 ,indeed the beauty and symmetry1 so apparent in their complete states1 make ample amends for the want of it in this2 all of them in general being then very beautiful1 discovering colours superior to art4 ,subfamily1 ,libellulides4 ,genus1 ,libellula4 ,the caterpillars of the third sort 7see ,plate #dg4 ,fig4 #c47 are very different from the preceding1 being the size of the figure1 with the abdomen flat at bottom and rounding at top1 longer and slenderer than those at ,fig4 #b4 but not so much as those at ,fig4 #a4 #a4 ,these produce those large ,libellas with long slender bodies1 who sit at rest with their wings expanded1 as ,plate #dg4 ,fig4 #e4 ,subfamily1 ,libellulides4 ,genus1 shna4 ,under these three forms are all the caterpillars of ,libellas found1 there being but little difference in the colours or marks of the respective tribes2 the various sizes and shapes being the chief observable circumstances attending them4 ,they are all furnished with six legs1 and have each of them four little membranaceous substances issuing from the back1 or upper part of the thorax1 that are the follicles1 or cases1 wherein the wings are inclosed4 ,when the young caterpillars issue from their confinement in the eggs1 there is no appearance of these cases1 nor till a considerable time after2 but as they arrive to a maturer state they become more conspicuous1 and1 like the young leaves of trees that open #aji;and expand themselves on the arrival of the spring1 their appearance increases1 till having approached the period when they are to forsake their former habitations and become inhabitants of the air1 these wing-cases have then arrived to their due size1 and carry the appearance in which they are here seen4 ,they are all of them1 from the largest to the smallest1 armed with a strong offensive weapon1 which serves them1 and is indeed the means they are endued with1 for obtaining their food4 ,this weapon being placed in the under part of the head1 just beneath the mouth1 ,i have displayed in ,fig4 #a4 and #c4 of ,plate #dg4 where it appears just in the same manner as when they are endeavouring to catch their prey4 ,in the largest figure at #a4 and also in ,fig4 #b4 it appears contracted and shut up1 as when at rest4 ,the strength and power that these animals discover in the use of this instrument is very singular and extraordinary4 ,there are two joints to it1 one about the middle1 the other underneath the mouth1 close to the throat2 and in some 7particularly all those of ,fig4 #b47 when it is closed or contracted1 it appears fastened to the face of the creature1 by fitting it so exactly as to form a perfect mask2 covering the mouth1 and reaching almost as high as the eyes4 ,in others it is made to fit only the under part of the mouth1 and when at rest is drawn up close underneath it4 ,at the extremity of those that are extended may be observed two very strong and remarkable fangs2 that1 shutting over each other1 form a pair of forceps1 of such strength that few1 if any of their captives1 can escape if once inclosed therein4 ,this organ is the greatly developed lower lip of the larva1 and is analogous in its structure to the same part in the imago4 ,the motion of these creatures in the water1 particularly those of the largest size1 is very slow2 seldom exercising any swiftness or activity1 unless they are disturbed and threatened with danger1 in which case they can transport themselves to places of more security with the quickness or agility of a fish2 but1 in general1 they appear to have so little inclination to move1 that ,i have often seen them 7,i mean those that ,i have kept in glass bowls7 remaining in their respective places above a week together1 and could not discover the least motion in them1 unless under the circumstance above mentioned1 or when they had seen their prey and were advancing to seize it4 ,the caterpillars of ,fig4 #a4 #a4 and #c4 generally fix themselves to some little stick or straw1 c4 that they find in the water1 and there remain1 as ,i said before1 without stirring4 ,those of ,fig4 #b4 are more frequently seen in motion among the thickest part of the roots and plants that grow there1 routing and searching for those small animals inhabiting that part1 which are their proper food4 ,this aversion to motion1 so apparent in those of ,no4 #a4 and #c41 appears to me to be the effect of an extraordinary cunning and sagacity2 and may be considered as the principal means by which they obtain their prey3 for while they continue thus motionless in the water1 the small animals1 who constitute their proper food1 approach them with less fear than they would otherwise do1 not suspecting their grand enemy lies upon the watch to seize them the moment they come within his reach2 but no sooner has their insensibility of danger brought them within a small distance of those destructive weapons 7mentioned before1 being placed under their mouths7 but that very instant they dart upon them with #aajthe utmost rapidity1 suddenly throwing out their forceps1 and seizing them with as much eagerness as a pike does the unwary gudgeon2 they then bring their forceps up to their mouth with their prey in it1 and feast on their captive prisoner4 ,nor is their voracious nature less astonishing2 and the greediness with which the large ones seize other small animals would hardly gain belief among persons entirely ignorant of this study4 ,i have seen one of them1 in less than an hour's space1 devour three insects1 each of which was full two thirds as big as itself2 but1 in general1 the small ones are the sacrifices made by the greater2 wherein ,i must observe1 that when they have got a caterpillar of the small ,libellas in their forceps1 such as those of ,fig4 #a4 ,plate #dg41 they leave no part uneaten1 except the three tails1 which they let fall to the bottom1 as perhaps not having substance in them sufficient to afford them proper nourishment2 for as their food consists altogether of animals less than themselves1 they neither spare the caterpillars of the lesser ,libell1 nor confine themselves to those belonging to other tribes4 ,they will eagerly prey upon the different kinds of ,cads1 or caterpillars of the ,phrygane2 great numbers of whom1 at certain seasons1 quit those husks or cases they make and swim about1 with less fear and dread than in the early part of the spring4 ,i have also seen the caterpillars of the ,notanecta's or ,boat-flies devoured by them1 and not seldom the small blood-worms1 as they are called4 ,in short1 there are but few of the lesser animals that live in the water1 but when once they get within the reach of their instruments will certainly fall victims to these freshwater ,leviathans4 ,i could never observe that these caterpillars ever threw off any exuvia1 or skin1 in their progress from the egg to the complete animal1 as most other insects do that live in the open air2 neither could ,i ever perceive any difference between the caterpillars and chrysalis's of this genus in their outward forms#ca3 the same voracious behaviour in seizing and devouring their prey1 reigning both in one and the other2 but that they internally undergo some material alteration1 when passing their respective states1 is what ,i do not entertain the least doubt of2 as the organs of respiration during the creature's life in the water1 appear to me to be under a necessity of receiving a great alteration1 when they are to perform the same office in so different a medium as the air2 nor can ,i suppose this business to be done in so quick and sudden a manner1 as the short space of time in which the creature would then be passing from the caterpillar state to the perfect one would permit1 without having the intestines prepared1 as it were1 and fitted by some previous change4 ,however1 as this is conjecture only1 ,i shall dwell no longer on this head1 my present purpose being to point out and describe their general circumstances and behaviour4 ,when the caterpillars of the respective species have arrived to their full growth1 and nature informs them they are to quit their former element of water1 for one wherein they are to appear invested with very different powers1 they prepare for this extraordinary change2 and1 creeping up the sticks1 straws1 or plants they find for their purpose1 whose tops grow out of the water1 they entirely quit that element1 and1 stopping at about six or #aaa;eight inches above its surface1 there fix themselves1 and continue some time1 till their internal form1 growing too big to be confined within the skin1 that a few minutes afterwards will be entirely thrown off1 on a sudden1 that part of it that covers the thorax1 splits or bursts on the upper side1 and the creature1 pushing out its head1 next disengages its fore legs1 which fastening to any substance within its reach1 draws gently the remainder of its body and legs entirely out1 just as a man draws his leg out of a boot1 leaving its slough or skin sticking in its place1 and in the exact form wherein it appeared itself but a few moments before4 ,having thus quitted its former covering1 it waits for the wings to expand themselves1 and grow to their proper size1 being before confined within those small cases ,i mentioned were placed on its back4 ,in about half an hour1 if the weather is favourable1 this extraordinary operation is completed2 and the wings having arrived to their proper size1 the creature generally makes an effort to try its strength1 well knowing1 that if it fails in attempting to fly without being endued with a sufficient degree of it1 it must certainly fall in that water it lately quitted1 and there perish2 but having made several motions with its wings1 and finding its power equal to its desire1 it suddenly flies into the air1 and there fills up a character1 as different from the former as one element is from the other4 ,at the time this change is accomplishing1 the instrument or weapon for catching their prey1 before mentioned1 by an effect of nature1 totally disappears1 and not the least vestige of it then remains2 the mouth1 indeed1 is furnished with jaws1 and those of a very extraordinary form 7dividing themselves both horizontally and perpendicularly71 but no part of them appear extended beyond the rest1 or have the least appearance of being furnished with an instrument like what they had in their former state4#cb ,hitherto ,i have considered these creatures only in their infant or incomplete states2 wherein the faculties and powers they are endued with1 are entirely different from those of their perfect and complete ones4 ,in the former ,i have described them swimming and grovelling about in the water1 preying upon the lesser kinds of insects1 being incapable of subsisting for any length of time out of that element2 in the latter we must view them capable of flying in the open air1 and conveying themselves from place to place4 ,if they are then confined to the limits of a small pond1 they are now capable of roving from tree to tree1 and from field to field1 darting and skimming along with all the rapidity and seeming joy1 that a being sensible of1 and exulting in its own powers1 can be supposed to do2 in short1 we #aabmust now view them in shapes so distinct and different from their former ones1 that they hardly seem to bear any relation to each other1 except in their nature and appetites2 for although they appear in a far more elegant dress than when in their caterpillar states1 yet these are just the same1 the same voracious inclinations subsisting now as formerly2 hunting after1 and preying upon1 the lesser genera1 with the same eagerness and desire as they did when inhabitants of the water4 ,incredible numbers of small moths1 bees1 flies with four and two wings1 are the daily sacrifices offered to the insatiable appetites of these hungry gluttons2 and where they devoured one insect in the water they now destroy a hundred1 if the mildness of the season will permit them to range about in quest of them4 ,in rainy weather they seldom or ever move1 nor when the wind is very strong and boisterous4 ,indeed1 it is not to be wondered at4 ,the small insects1 who are their proper food1 being by the same reasons prevented from being abroad1 consequently are an impediment to those motives1 that so strongly induce the ,libellas to fly about4 ,during such inclement times they generally shelter themselves from the wind1 c4 being suspended by their feet in a perpendicular position on some twig1 that is remote and separate from any boughs1 waiting in that manner1 without motion1 for better weather and sunshine4 ,i am strongly inclined to believe1 that the greater part1 if not all the ,libellas1 are two years in passing from the egg to the complete animal4 ,but as this is a circumstance ,i do not remember to have seen in any author1 ,i shall not attempt to establish my opinion as an absolute truth4 ,i shall mention my reasons for this belief1 and leave it to every person either to confirm or confute it1 as his observations shall hereafter give him an opportunity4 ,in order to do this1 it would be necessary ,i should mention the times when each species first makes its appearance here in ,england4 ,but as this would not only take up too much of the reader's time1 7there being at least twenty-two of them7 but it would likewise be impossible to be understood by any1 but the experienced adept1 unless ,i gave figures of them all2 ,i shall therefore content myself with observing1 that the ,libella figured in ,plate #dg4 ,fig4 #e4 though found in ,america1 about ,new ,york1 c4 is nearly the same with our ,english one1 differing but a very little from it1 and which ,i have inserted chiefly as an instance to illustrate this subject4 ,ours is the last species but one1 that comes forth in the summer1 breeding only once a year1 appearing about the #bnd of ,august4 ,therefore1 to elucidate this point1 suppose we allow a fortnight or three weeks from that time for all the ,libellas of this species to make their appearance in1 that nature intended should be bred that year2 but in order to set this matter in the strongest light1 ,i shall allow a month to that purpose4 ,if1 therefore1 the ,libellas were only one year in passing from the egg to the perfect state1 we might justly conclude1 that after the #bnd of ,september1 7a month from the time of their first appearing7 all of this species would have arrived to their complete states2 and that none of their caterpillars could be found in the waters after that time1 by reason they had all quitted that element1 and were become flying insects4 ,this1 ,i say1 is the conclusion we might fairly1 and without presuming on the matter1 make4 ,but this is #aacvery far from being the case4 ,for let any one examine stagnant waters at any time during the months of ,august1 ,september1 or ,october1 and from thence in any part of the following winter1 and he will find these very caterpillars at any of those times3 and this1 not in any one particular year1 but they will be found also in any one whatever1 fully fed1 and of the largest size4 ,nor are the caterpillars of this species the only ones to be found fully fed4 ,those of ,no4 #b4 belonging to the flat-bodied ,libella1 will also be found very plentifully1 many of them being of the first magnitude1 together with numbers of the same species1 very young according to the time of year when sought for2 and appearing to have been hatched from those eggs that were laid by parent insects in the spring2 for such ,i must conclude them to be1 how else can we account for their smallness1 at the same time that we may find others of the largest size8 ,we must not suppose there can be this difference of size in the same species1 owing to some eggs having been laid three weeks or a month sooner than others2 that1 being so short a space of time as not to allow it possible for one of those caterpillars to attain its full size1 7and all the species of flat-bodied ,libellas appear within a month of each other47 ,nor can we be so deceived as to mistake a species of the long-bodied caterpillars1 for one of the short-bodied2 the difference being extremely apparent at the first glance4 ,these reasons appear to me so convincing1 ,i should have thought myself inexcuseable to have passed them over in silence1 when ,i was giving the history of these animals4 ,i shall therefore think myself happy to have this circumstance corroborated by future experience1 or rectified and cleared up1 if found to be an error4 ,i shall only say1 ,i have dwelt the longer on it1 as it is an observation ,i never heard of before4 ,i have likewise singled out the largest ,libella1 and the flat-bodied ones for its illustration1 as being more conspicuous by their size1 and easier to be observed than those of the smaller sorts4 ,the two principles of hunger and lust1 so apparent through the animal kingdom1 are in no class or tribe more manifest and visible than in these insects4 ,the former ,i have described and explained through their different states2 it remains for me to shew the manner in which they obey the calls of the latter4 ,and herein ,i must observe1 that the different manner in which the act of copulation is performed1 depends on the difference of the respective kinds2 the organs of generation being placed in different parts of the body1 according to the distinct species4 ,all the flat-bodied ones have those parts placed in common with most other insects1 at the extremity of the tail4 ,in all the slender-bodied ones1 the organ of the male is placed next the breast1 close to the part where the thorax and abdomen unite2 while the same organ in the female lies in the very extremity of the tail1 and the singular manner of these creatures coupling is a circumstance worthy of observation4 ,as soon as they have arrived to their perfect state1 the males seek out their mates1 in order to propagate their species2 for this purpose they frequent ponds and standing waters1 places where the females generally harbour1 and when the male in the course of his flight comes within a certain distance of her1 if it be one of that species whose sexual parts #aad;in both sexes are placed in the tail1 he immediately flies to her1 and fixing himself by his feet to the hinder part of her abdomen1 bends his body round her tail1 and performs the business of generation1 both flying about all the time this act is performing2 the whole transaction not exceeding the space of half a minute4 ,within a few hours after1 the female1 thus impregnated1 begins to lay her eggs in the following manner4 ,she singles out a leaf1 grass1 or some such matter1 that is floating just below the surface of the water1 in some pond1 and1 hovering in the air about a foot above this spot1 on a sudden she descends1 and dips the extremity of her tail in the water1 at which instant she discharges an egg1 that at the moment of its emission is inveloped in a glutinous liquid1 sufficiently tenacious to enable it to adhere firmly on the floating substance above-mentioned without sinking4 ,in this manner she continues depositing them till she has discharged the proper quantity1 hovering in the air all the time1 and emitting them as fast as the pendulum of a clock performs its vibrations2 placing them close to one another in no regular or exact order4 ,whether she discharges at one time all her quantity of eggs1 or only those that were fecundated and ready for emission1 waiting to have the remaining eggs within her again fecundated by the male1 or whether the first act of copulation sufficiently impregnates the whole quantity which she discharges at different times1 as nature ripens them1 is a circumstance ,i cannot determine4 ,however this may be1 it is certain she does not discharge them all at once2 but comes again to the same place1 when those within her are ready for emission1 and there lays them in the same manner as at first4 ,in this manner all the flat-bodied ,libellas copulate and lay their eggs2 the others1 which are formed with slender bodies1 behave very differently in every circumstance2 for in each of those species1 when the male has singled out its mate1 he flies to her1 and by means of two little bony substances placed at the end of his tail1 issuing on each side1 and composing a kind of forceps1 he fixes himself to the forepart of her neck1 close behind the head1 the female discovering no sign of fear while he is performing this action2 having fixed himself in this position1 he remains there several days1 sometimes appearing with his body quite erect1 at other times bending himself1 and settling with his legs on the same substance she may happen to alight on1 without ever quitting his hold2 but flies through the air1 thus united1 wherever the fancy or inclination of the female disposes her to go4 ,this behaviour we must consider as a prelude to copulation1 for that is not performed till a considerable time after they are thus united2 and therefore ,i look on it as a wooing1 or act of courtship in the male4 ,but having remained a sufficient time in this manner1 that is1 till the female is disposed to receive him1 she bends her tail round to that part where ,i described the organ of generation to be placed in the male1 and1 being still held fast by the neck1 in that attitude they perform the mandate of nature4 ,this action being over1 that in the smaller kinds takes up a considerable space of time 7for ,i have known them in this posture above eighteen hours7 the female soon after begins to lay her eggs4 ,she flies to some rush1 reed1 or other plant growing in the water1 and settling close to its edge dips #aaethe end of her tail a little below the surface1 and fixes her eggs to the rush or substance she is settled on2 which1 by means of the glutinous matter all eggs of this kind are surrounded with1 adheres sufficiently fast1 and there remains till the heat of the sun has brought the young animal into life2 which immediately on quitting its confinement sinks to the bottom1 or repairs to the place where nature directs it to seek out its food4 ,in this manner all the slender-bodied tribe behave1 differing only in some particular circumstances2 as1 for instance1 the largest ,libellas1 as that at ,fig4 #e4 ,pl4 #dg4 are not near so long in copulating or wooing as the small ones2 for by the former this act is performed in a very short space1 and while they are flying about in the air4 ,others1 of a smaller size1 are less quick in this performance2 and as we descend to the smallest species1 we shall find they take by much the longest time2 observing1 by the way1 that all these slender-bodied ones lay their eggs in the same manner1 that is1 by fixing them to some substance to which they adhere1 till they are ripened into life4 ,my experience well informing me they never scatter them in any loose careless manner as some insects do1 but are placed in such proper and apt situations as to receive the influence of the sun to bring them to maturity4 ,if we attentively consider these creatures1 either in their caterpillar or complete states1 we cannot help concluding them to be a rank of beings of greater benefit and advantage to mankind than they appear to be at first view2 for1 not to mention their being annual 'ministers of nature1' they are appointed by the great ,governor of the universe as grand instruments for assisting to preserve that equilibrium so apparently reigning through the insect world1 and which all who have made any progress in the study of natural history unanimously confess4 ,hence the voracious disposition of the ,libellas is wisely made to answer a most necessary and beneficial purpose2 and the great numbers of small insects which are daily sacrificed to their insatiable appetites1 both in their caterpillar as well as complete states1 is as strong an instance as any ,i know of the necessity and propriety of the existence of these animals4 ,the general principle reigning through the whole animal kingdom1 of the stronger preying upon the weak and defenceless1 can hardly be explained to the purpose of being useful to mankind1 and agreeable to the laws of nature1 in any one instance more than is evidently to be observed in the subjects ,i have been describing4 ,the least reflection will confirm this2 for if the food of the ,libellas when in their complete forms had consisted of the leaves of plants1 like the locust genus1 and not of those small insects they now prey on2 or had it1 like the beetle tribe1 consisted of the superfluous parts of nature1 as the putrid carcases of dead animals1 rotten wood1 c4 how great a chasm would there have been in the universal chain8 how evident and conspicuous would it have appeared8 and how could the vast number of small insects1 increasing every day during the summer1 be restrained and lessened8 what genus of the transparent-winged class could possibly have performed this business singly8 or could all the genera of flies1 and even birds that we know of1 have accomplished this end8 could all the ,dipter1 or any other #aafkinds that prey on the lesser genera1 have prevented such an increase of them as to become in a little time a plague too great to be borne8 ,no4 ,the ,almighty ,creator has most wisely constituted this genus for executing ,his commands in the manner ,i have described2 and for this reason they must be considered as beings of greater consequence than the inconsiderate part of mankind allow them to be4 ,nor is this the only advantage arising from their existence4 ,the still waters1 where these creatures are inhabitants during their infant state1 are in some degree by their assistance preserved sweet and good1 that otherwise might corrupt and putrify1 for the motion the waters receive by these insects is not trifling2 the respiration they perform in that element being observable by a close attention1 which1 together with that and the motion of thousands of other insects1 does in some measure contribute to keep it sweet and wholesome4 ,,plate ,,xlvii4 ,illustration ,,libellula ,,lydia4 ,plate ,,xlvii4 fig4 #d4 ,,order3 ,neuroptera4 ,,section3 ,subulicornes4 ,,family3 ,libellulid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,libellula1 ,linn4 c4 ,,libellula ,,lydia4 ,subnea1 abdomine 7male7 coeruleo lateribus luteis1 alis hyalinis1 singul strig parv basali fascique lat transvers pone medium1 fusco-chalybeis4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #b unc4 #i lin47 ,,syn4 ,libellula ,lydia1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 ,,habitat3 ,virginia4 ,front of the head green4 ,eyes dark brown1 very large1 and placed near each other4 ,thorax green1 having on each side two transverse yellow stripes4 ,abdomen of the male blue1 with small yellow indented marks on the sides2 that of the female yellow2 the former having two little horny substances like tails at the extremity1 which are wanting in the female4 ,wings reticulated and transparent2 the middle of each being of a very dark blue colour1 occupying about a third part1 and crossing them from the anterior to the posterior edges1 which by the reflection of white paper becomes dark brown4 ,a dark brown stripe also1 about a quarter of an inch in length1 issues from the base of each wing1 almost joining to the anterior edge2 below which the males have a white patch placed on their inferior wings4 ,,shna ,,junia4 ,plate ,,xlvii4 fig4 #e4 ,,order3 ,neuroptera4 ,,section3 ,subulicornes4 ,,family3 ,libellulid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,shna1 ,fabr4 ,libellula1 ,linn4 c4 ,,shna ,,junia4 ,fuscescens1 unicolor 7in vivis virescens871 alis hyalinis1 cost pallid infuscat1 stigmate oblongo1 nigro4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #d unc4 #c lin47 ,,syn4 ,libellula ,junia1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 ,,habitat3 ,new ,york4 ,head large1 and in front of a brown yellow4 ,eyes brown1 almost black1 large1 and placed close together4 ,thorax1 when the insect was living1 apparently green4 ,the abdomen is now brown1 but #aagwas probably green also2 for these kind of insects are very subject to lose the gay colours they exhibited when alive4 ,wings reticulated and transparent1 appearing of a brownish colour along the anterior edges2 having a small slender black stripe1 about a quarter of an inch long1 placed thereon near the tips1 and a small angular white spot at the base of each next the body4 ,this insect is very much like one we have in ,england1 but not entirely so1 differing in some circumstances from ours2 and is introduced rather as a subject for illustrating the history of these insects1 than as a specimen meriting a place in this work4--,drury4 ,,libellula ,,servilia4 ,plate ,,xlvii4 fig4 #f4 ,,order3 ,neuroptera4 ,,section3 ,subulicornes4 ,,family3 ,libellulid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,libellula1 ,auct4 ,,libellula ,,servilia4 ,alis hyalinis1 basi flavis1 thorace fusco1 abdomine rubro4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #b unc4 #i lin47 ,,syn4 ,libellula ,servilia1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 7#aggc47 ,libellula ferruginata1 ,fabr4 ,mant4 ,ins4 #ccf4 #aa4 ,libellula ferruginea1 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 t4 #b4 p4 #chj4 ,,habitat3 ,china4 ,this insect was of a beautiful red colour when living1 but is now much altered2 being considerably darker4 ,head red brown4 ,eyes darker1 but not black4 ,thorax red brown2 having a kind of ridge running along the middle of its upper side4 ,abdomen red brown1 flat underneath1 but above terminating in a high ridge1 from the extremity of which a small black line runs along the upper ridge to the thorax4 ,wings reticulated and transparent2 having a small1 slender1 dark stripe placed near the tip of each1 and also near the body a small reddish brown cloud4 ,,plate ,,xlviii4 ,illustration ,,libellula ,,carolina4 ,plate ,,xlviii4 fig4 #a4 ,,order3 ,neuroptera4 ,,section3 ,subulicornes4 ,,family3 ,libellulid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,libellula1 ,auct4 ,,libellula ,,carolina4 ,thorace fusco1 abdomine 7male7 coeruleo1 alis hyalinis1 posticis basi dentato macul magn ferrugine flavo cinct4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #c unc4 #i lin47 ,,syn4 ,libellula ,carolina1 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #b4 #ijd4 #ag4 ,amoen4 ,acad4 #f4 #daa4 #he4 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 #b4 #chb4 ,libellula ,chinensis1 ,de ,geer1 vol4 #c4 tab4 #bf4 f4 #a4 ,,habitat3 ,new ,york1 ,virginia1 ,china1 ,madras 7,drury74 ,front of the head dark yellow4 ,eyes large1 and situated near together4 ,thorax dirty green4 ,abdomen round2 and in some appears to have been of a yellow1 in others of a blue1 colour4 ,wings reticulated and transparent2 the superior 7being narrowest7 have only a small dark spot on the anterior edge of each near the extremity2 all the remaining part being transparent4 ,the inferior have also a small dark spot on each1 like the superior2 but close to the abdominal edge they have a large dark #aah;cloud on each1 which reaches from the anterior edge almost to the posterior4 ,at this part the wings are much broader than is generally observed in any of this genus2 gradually widening from the extremity to the abdominal edge4 ,,agrion ,,virginica4 ,plate ,,xlviii4 fig4 #b4 ,,order3 ,neuroptera4 ,,section3 ,subulicornes4 ,,family3 ,libellulid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,agrion1 ,fabr4 ,libellula1 ,linn4 ,calepteryx1 ,leach4 ,,agrion ,,virginica4 ,aureo-viridis1 abdomine nigro1 alis fusco-luteis apice nigricantibus1 stigmate 7female7 albo4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #b unc4 #i lin47 ,,syn4 ,libellula virgo var4 ,gamma1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 7,exclus4 ,syn4 ,linn47 ,,habitat3 ,virginia4 ,head beautiful golden green4 ,eyes round1 black1 not so large as those in the other figures1 and placed at a distance from each other4 ,thorax golden green4 ,abdomen black1 long1 and slender4 ,legs black1 very spinose4 ,wings reticulated1 and of a fine shining brown1 somewhat inclining to dark blue1 with a remarkable white oval spot near the tips of each1 which part is much darker than the rest2 but in the males is the same1 the wings there being of a deep mazarine blue1 almost black1 and without the white spots4 ,drury observes of this insect1 that it is somewhat like one we have in ,england1 but distinctly different1 and soon to be discovered by comparing them together4 ,he nevertheless applied to it the name of the ,english species1 which ,i have been consequently obliged to reject4 ,,libellula ,,berenice4 ,plate ,,xlviii4 fig4 #c4 ,,order3 ,neuroptera4 ,,section3 ,subulicornes4 ,,family3 ,libellulid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,agrion1 ,fabr4 ,libellula1 ,linn4 ,calepteryx1 ,leach4 ,,libellula ,,berenice4 ,lutea1 thorace nigro lineato1 abdomine 7male7 coeruleo2 7female7 luteo2 alis hyalinis nubil centrali costali fusc stigmateque nigro4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #b unc4 #c lin47 ,,syn4 ,libellula ,berenice1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 ,,habitat3 ,virginia1 ,new ,york1 ,maryland4 ,front of the head yellow4 ,eyes brown1 large1 and joined close together4 ,thorax yellow1 and beautifully marked with black stripes1 both at top and on its sides2 the former running parallel with it1 the other obliquely4 ,abdomen yellow1 the characteristic of the female2 but in the other sex blue1 with black joints4 ,legs black4 ,wings transparent1 with a slender black spot near the tips of each2 in the middle of each also is a rather large dark cloud placed on the anterior edge1 and another at the base next the body4 #aai;,,cordulegaster ,,sabina4 ,plate ,,xlviii4 fig4 #d4 ,,order3 ,neuroptera4 ,,section3 ,subulicornes4 ,,family3 ,libellulid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,cordulegaster4 ,leach1 ,steph4 ,libellula p4 ,drury4 ,,cordulegaster ,,sabina4 nea1 thorace nigro lineato2 abdomine clavato nigro1 flavo annulato1 alis hyalinis stigmate minuto4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #c unc4 #c lin47 ,,syn4 ,libellula ,sabina1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 ,,habitat3 ,china1 and the ,island of ,johanna1 near ,madagascar4 ,front of the head green4 ,eyes brown1 large1 and placed close together4 ,thorax green1 with three black longitudinal stripes at top1 and with several others running obliquely on its sides4 ,abdomen1 next the thorax1 large and green1 with black transverse stripes1 but of a sudden becomes very small and slender for about five-eighths of an inch2 black1 with yellow rings2 afterwards it becomes broad near the extremity1 where it is black1 the apex being yellow4 ,legs black4 ,wings transparent1 except a small slender spot near the tips of each on the anterior edges4 ,,libellula ,,pulchella4 ,plate ,,xlviii4 fig4 #e4 ,,order3 ,neuroptera4 ,,section3 ,subulicornes4 ,,family3 ,libellulid1 ,leach4 ,,genus4 ,,libellula1 ,auct4 ,,libellula ,,pulchella4 ,thorace villoso olivaceo1 lineolis duabus sub alis1 abdomine 7male7 coeruleo lateribus luteis2 alis hyalinis macul baseos fasci medi apiceque fuscis4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #c unc4 #f lin47 ,,syn4 ,libellula pulchella1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 7#aggc47 ,libellula bifasciata1 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 #b4 #cgd4 7#agic47 ,,habitat3 ,new ,york4 ,front of the head green4 ,eyes brown1 large1 and placed close together2 behind each are two yellow spots1 one round1 the other oblong4 ,thorax hairy1 and of a dirty brownish green2 having on the sides two long yellow spots placed obliquely above one another1 the under one being the shortest4 ,abdomen flattish1 but triangular2 in the male blue1 but in the female yellow4 ,legs black4 ,wings transparent1 with a small brown cloud on the tip of each2 from whence issues along the anterior edge1 a slender black stroke near the middle of each wing4 ,another small brown cloud begins on the anterior edge1 and reaches about two-thirds cross the wing4 ,at the base of each1 also1 a third dark cloud of a longish form seems to extend from the body near the anterior edge1 to almost a third part of the wing4 ,between these clouds the males have a remarkable white patch or spot on each wing1 and also another on the abdominal edge of the posterior ones1 all which are not to be discerned in the females4 ,,plate ,,xlix4 ,illustration ,,locusta 7,,rutidoderes7 ,,squarrosa4 ,plate ,,xlix4 fig4 #a4 ,,order3 ,orthoptera4 ,,section3 ,saltatoria4 ,,family3 ,locustid 7,acridites1 ,serv474 ,,genus4 ,,locusta4 ,gryllus2 ,sect4 ,locusta1 ,linn4 ,gryllus1 ,fabr4 ,acrydium1 ,latr4 7,,subgenus4 ,rutidoderes1 ,westw4 ,acrydium1 ,serv4 7 ,,locusta 7,,rutidoderes7 ,,squarrosa4 ,viridis1 pronoto tripartito spinoso1 elytris viridibus fusco-punctatis1 alis rubris nigro punctatis4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #d unc47 ,,syn4 ,gryllus ,squarrosus1 ,linn4 ,mant4 #ecc4 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 #b4 #eb4 ,,habitat3 ,sierra ,leone4 #abj;,head green4 ,eyes perfectly round and dark brown1 very prominent1 and standing at a little distance from each other4 ,antenn #ah-;jointed1 longer than the thorax1 which is dark green1 and on the upper part gibbous2 having on each side three swellings1 each of which terminates in three short and thick spines4 ,tegmina darkish green1 with a great number of small black spots on them of different shapes4 ,wings scarlet1 spotted with black2 the spots being larger than those of the wing-cases1 and of different shapes4 ,abdomen green1 with several yellow rings surrounding it1 and about the same length as the tegmina4 ,legs green2 the thighs being armed with spines4 ,our author states1 that he was informed by a gentleman who lived several years at ,sierra ,leone1 and by whom this species was communicated to him1 that they appear about the end of ,june1 and soon afterwards retire among the branches of the palm trees1 where they reside till the violent rains compel them to quit that situation1 and live among the plants1 c4 on the ground4 ,in the ,introduction to the third volume1 he however states on the authority of ,mr4 ,smeathman1 that this beautiful locust is an inhabitant of the sandy plains1 called ,savannas1 which indeed abound with palms2 but my friend is in doubt whether they have any kind of predilection for those trees4 ',although the hot climates abound in every part with insects of the locust and cicada kinds1 insomuch that their chirping1 particularly that of the cicadas1 becomes in some instances intolerable2 yet in the sandy plains before mentioned1 which are thinly covered with grass1 their numbers are immensely greater1 and of various kinds1 sizes1 and colours1 skipping or flirting about in all directions at every step of the traveller4' ,perhaps1 indeed1 their kinds may not be so various as one would at first imagine1 the same insect differing so much from itself in the various periods of its life4 ,from the fact however here mentioned1 it seems most certain that these insects breed under ground in ,africa1 as well as in these climates1 according to ,linnus and other entomologists4 ,from the knowledge which we possess at the present time relative to the economy of this tribe of insects1 it is necessary to observe1 upon the last above-quoted passage1 that the term breeding under ground1 must be restricted to the mere circumstance of the eggs being buried beneath the surface of the earth1 because the insects in all their active stages 7including that of the pupa7 feed upon grass and other vegetable substances above ground4 ,in following up the very proper plan proposed and partially effected by ,mr4 ,kirby1 in the ,zoological ,journal1 of restoring to the primary divisions of the ,linnan genus ,gryllus the names which he gave to them1 and which have been so confusedly employed by ,fabricius and the ,french entomologists1 and of which ,i have elsewhere given a more complete explanation1 it is necessary that the generic name ,locusta should be restored to the true migratory locusts composing the genus ,acrydium of ,latreille1 and that a new name 7,rutidoderes7 should be given to the subgenus ,acrydium of ,serville1 comprising the present and other allied species4 #aba,,locusta ,,tartarica8 ,plate ,,xlix4 fig4 #b4 ,,order3 ,orthoptera4 ,,section3 ,saltatoria4 ,,family3 ,locustid 7,acridites1 ,serv47 ,,genus4 ,,locusta4 ,gryllus2 ,sect4 ,locusta1 ,linn4 ,gryllus1 ,fabr4 ,acrydium1 ,latr4 7,,subgenus3 ,locusta4 ,oedipoda1 ,serville47 ,,locusta ,,tartarica4 ,thorace subcarinato tripartito2 fusco1 line dorsali pallid2 elytris fulvescentibus fusco punctatis1 alis hyalino subvirescentibus4 7,expans4 ,alar4 #d unc4 #f lin47 ,,syn4 ,gryllus tartaricus8 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #a4 #b4 p4 #gjj4 #db4 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 #b4 #ec4 ,serville ,revis4 ,orthopt4 p4 #ib4 7,acryd4 t47 ,gryllus americanus1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 ,,habitat3 ,virginia1 ,antigua1 ,new ,york1 ,madras1 and ,sierra ,leone 7,drury74 ,tartaria et ,africa4 7,linn47 ,head striped with dark and light brown4 ,eyes oblong4 ,thorax dark brown2 having a light brown stripe running along it from the front of the head1 which1 when the wings are closed1 is continued along the margin of the tegmina2 on the sides it is light brown1 and margined beneath with stripes and spots of dark buff4 ,antenn thread-like1 and about the length of the thorax4 ,tegmina dark buff-coloured1 almost transparent1 variegated with stripes and spots of different shapes2 those next the shoulders being nearly black1 and those toward the extremity more transparent4 ,wings very thin1 and more transparent than the tegmina1 being of a greenish hue4 ,abdomen light brown on the sides2 having a small stripe of a paler colour running along it1 and on the upper ridge is black4 ,legs pale brown4 ,hinder thighs almost square1 the outer sides being white and prettily chequered1 which1 when viewed by a magnifier1 seem like scales laid over one another2 on the outside of the tibi is a round white spot1 and over that a long black one4 ,posterior tibi brownish red1 with two rows of spines on the hinder sides of a white colour1 and tipped with black1 consisting of nine in the outer and eleven in the inner row4 ,the different habitats given of this insect by ,drury1 leads to believe that he had confounded several closely allied species under one name1 ,americanus2 which ,i should have adopted1 but for its inapplicability for the individuals of the ,old ,world4 ,it is also on the like account that ,i have given the reference to ,linnus with doubt1 although ,fabricius cites ,drury's figure under ,gryllus tartaricus without any hesitation4 ,,plate ,l4 ,illustration ,,empusa ,,pennicornis4 ,plate ,l4 fig4 #a4 ,,order3 ,orthoptera4 ,,section3 ,cursoria4 ,,family3 ,mantid4 ,,genus4 ,,empusa1 ,latr4 ,serv4 ,gongylus1 ,thunberg4 ,mantis1 ,fabr4 ,drury4 ,,empusa ,,pennicornis4 ,capite subulato1 prothorace longissimo1 femoribus anticis fusco trifasciatis1 alis virescentibus4 7,long4 ,corp4 #b unc4 #a lin47 ,,syn4 ,mantis pectinata1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 ,empusa pectinicornis1 ,fabr4 ,ent4 #b4 #be4 ,oliv4 ,enc4 ,mth4 ,no4 #cb4 ,serville ,revis4 ,orthopt4 #ba4 7nec ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #a4 #b4 #fia4 ,no4 #aj47 ,,habitat3 ,jamaica4 ,head yellowish brown2 the upper part terminating in a point like a strong spine4 ,antenn strongly pectinated or combed1 and about half the length of the thorax4 ,thorax long and slender1 flat on the under side1 and rounded at top4 ,tegmina very thin1 green1 and almost transparent2 extending1 when #abb;closed1 beyond the abdomen4 ,wings green1 transparent1 towards the tips brownish1 being near the same length as their cases4 ,abdomen about the length of the thorax1 and near the extremity three times its breadth4 ,fore legs brownish yellow1 with dark spots on them4 ,trochanters terminating in a thick spine2 femora on the outer side furnished with two rows of spines1 and a deep groove between them1 which seems formed for receiving the tibi when closed up1 like as the blade of a razor is received in the haft4 ,tibi furnished at the extremity with a strong spine1 bending inwards1 from whence the tarsi arise4 ,middle and hinder legs furnished with two spines at the tips of the tibi1 and at the tips of the femora with one2 having four small membranes almost joining to them4 ,this insect has been considered by all writers as identical with the ,linnan ,mantis pectinicornis2 but as that insect is described by ,linnus as an inhabitant of ,china1 and the former as found in ,jamaica1 ,i have thought it more correct to restore the name of pectinicornis to the ,linnan insect1 and give that figured by ,drury another denomination4 ,,empusa ,,gongylodes4 ,plate ,l4 fig4 #b4 ,,order3 ,orthoptera4 ,,section3 ,cursoria4 ,,family3 ,mantid4 ,,genus4 ,,empusa1 ,latr4 ,serv4 ,gongylus1 ,thunberg4 ,mantis1 ,fabr4 ,drury4 ,,empusa ,,gongylodes4 ,capite subulato1 prothorace antice dilatato1 trochanteribus anticis spin1 femoribus quatuor posticis lobo terminatis4 7,long4 ,corp4 #c unc4 #d lin47 ,,syn4 ,mantis ,gongylodes1 ,linn4 ,syst4 ,nat4 #a4 #b4 #fij4 #d4 ,stoll4 ,mant4 t4 #af4 f4 #eh4 #ei4 #fa4 ,fabr4 ,ent4 ,syst4 #b4 #ag4 #ag4 ,serville ,revis4 ,orthopt4 #ba4 ,roesel4 ,ins4 #b4 ,gryll4 tab4 #g4 ,,habitat3 ,madras 7and ,philadelphia1 sed8 ,drury74 ,africa1 ,asia 7,fabricius74 ,east ,india 7,serville74 ,head yellow1 exactly resembling the colour of a withered leaf1 and inclining downwards2 terminating at top in a spine1 with a small membrane on each side4 ,antenn short1 and thread-like2 about the length of the head4 ,thorax very slender1 flat at bottom1 rounded at top1 and grooved on the sides2 being about the length of the abdomen1 exactly representing a twig of a tree1 being furnished on each side next the head with a thin yellow membrane of an angulated shape4 ,tegmina yellow1 about two-thirds the length of the abdomen2 the edges are margined1 and the principal tendons by which they are united to the body extend like the rib of a leaf from the base to the extremity2 several other smaller ribs or tendons branching out from the first1 make them the exact figures of the leaves of trees4 ,wings green and transparent1 except on the anterior edges1 and rather shorter than the tegmina4 ,abdomen yellow1 broad towards the extremity1 but where it joins the thorax it is narrow1 terminating at the anus in a short point2 having two smaller ones above it on the last segment but one4 ,middle and hind legs greyish brown1 and shaped exactly like the twig of a tree2 the former being furnished at the tips of the tibi with three small spines1 and the latter with two2 each of the femora has a single spine to it1 and close thereto are placed three membranes2 two on the fore part1 smaller than that behind1 which is circular and remarkably thin4 ,fore legs yellow1 with brown spots or clouds on them4 ,trochanters flat and thin1 and ending in a short strong spine1 a little crooked4 ,femora broad1 and on the outer side thick and hollow1 with two rows of spines2 but on the inner side very thin and smooth4 ,tibi joining to the shins1 long and triangular2 the under side being hollow1 and furnished with two rows of #abcsmall teeth like hairs2 the extremity terminating in a long sharp spine1 from whence issue the tarsi4 ,middle and hind legs furnished with two spines at the tips of the tibi4 ,,bacteria ,,linearis4 ,plate ,l4 fig4 #c4 ,,order3 ,orthoptera4 ,,section3 ,cursoria4 ,,family3 ,phasmid4 7,spectra1 ,latr47 ,,genus4 ,,bacteria1 ,latr4 ,mantis1 ,drury4 ,,bacteria ,,linearis4 ,obscur fusca 7viridis insecto viventi7 pedibus gracilibus simplicibus4 7,long4 ,corp4 #b unc4 #d lin47 ,,syn4 ,mantis linearis1 ,drury1 ,app4 vol4 #b4 ,gray ,syn4 ,phasm4 p4 #ag4 7,bacteria8 l47 ,,habitat3 ,antigua4 ,this insect resembles a parcel of straws united together1 being entirely wingless1 and is indeed1 but incorrectly1 stated by ,drury to be the larva of an insect like that at ,fig4 #a4 ,its general colour1 as he was informed1 is green2 but having received it in spirits1 it had become of a dusky brown colour4 ,head small and long1 reaching almost to the fore legs4 ,eyes round and black4 ,antenn like hairs2 being as long as the insect itself4 ,body1 which extends from where the hinder legs are placed1 consisting of nine segments1 almost as long as the remaining part of the insect2 those legs being fixed nearly in the middle1 at a small distance from whence are placed the middle legs4 ,this insect belongs to a singular and numerous family1 known to collectors by the names of ,spectres1 or ,walking-stick insects2 and others1 ,walking-leaves1 from the strong resemblance which they exhibit to pieces of dried sticks and detached leaves4 ,the insect here figured appears to be in an immature state1 and would probably in its final state have acquired wings4 ,our author appears to have been aware of this1 but he incorrectly describes it as the caterpillar of an insect like that at ,fig4 #a4 ,,end ,,of ,,vol4 ,i4 ,g4 ,,norman1 ,,printer1 ,,maiden ,,lane1 ,,covent ,,garden4 ,,notes4 #a ,the original title of this work1 ,vol4 ,i41 was ,illustrations of ,natural ,history1 wherein are exhibited upwards of two hundred and forty figures of ,,exotic ,,insects1 according to their different genera1 very few of which have hitherto been figured by any author1 being engraved and coloured from nature1 with the greatest accuracy1 and under the author's own inspection2 on fifty copper-plates2 with a particular description of each ,insect1 interspersed with remarks and reflections on the nature and properties of many of them1 by ,d4 ,drury1 #aggj4 ,the second volume containing upwards of two hundred and twenty figures1 on fifty copper-plates1 appeared in #aggc2 and the third containing upwards of two hundred figures1 also on fifty plates1 was not published until #aghb4 ,the majority of the plates were drawn and engraved by the celebrated ,moses ,harris1 but some of the plates in the last volume were by a different hand4 #b ,a similar compilation bringing down the science to the present time would be invaluable1 even with all the inaccuracies charged to ,gmelin4 #c ,this is evident from ,gmelin's occasionally copying some of ,fabricius' erroneous references1 e4g4 ,bombyx ornatrix1 ,gmel4 p4 #bddd4 with a reference to ,drury1 v4 ,i4 t4 #gd4 as in ,fabr4 ,syst4 ,ent4 p4 #ehf4 instead of tab4 #bd4 #d ,subsequently purchased by the ,linnan ,society4 #e ,this contemplated edition of the ,syst4 ,nat4 never appears to have been published4 #f ,i find no notice of this contemplated fourth volume amongst ,drury's manuscripts4 #g ,see ,goedartius1 translated by ,dr4 ,lister4 #h ,see ,swammerdam's ,book of ,nature1 translated by ,dr4 ,hill4 #i ,there is a species of ants in ,africa1 exceedingly numerous1 and continually ranging from place to place2 not dwelling in colonies or hills1 as we see them in ,england2 being armed with strong jaws or forceps1 and whatever animal they assail in the course of their travels1 they generally by means of their numbers overcome2 there being no method of securing themselves1 or preserving their lives1 but by running into the water4 ,the blacks1 as ,i have been informed by gentlemen who have lived there1 will get out of their way1 or quit their habitations1 taking their children1 c4 with them1 and wait till the ants have passed them4 ,so numerous is this host1 that a deer1 hog1 c4 being killed and left on the ground1 in one night will have the flesh entirely cleared from the bones1 and made a complete skeleton4 #aj ,if any person is inclinable to make this trial1 ,i must advise him to collect them in the spring1 when they abound with this liquor1 and to choose only the females1 whose bodies at that season are so large1 being as it were overcharged with oil and a great number of eggs1 that they seem with difficulty to drag them along4 ,when they have discharged their eggs1 they appear much less1 and are not furnished with that oil they before abounded with4 ,the males have little1 if any of it1 therefore are not proper for the purpose4 ,this insect is of a blue colour1 and found in the fields during the months of ,april and ,may1 in the state ,i have mentioned2 the blue colour is not shining and beautiful as that on the belly and legs of the blue dung beetle1 but of a fine mazarine blue1 without that polish4 ,it is about an inch and half long 7the males are shorter71 the head and thorax about five-eighths of an inch1 being very small and slender for the size of the insect4 #aa ,i have seen in the cabinet of a very curious lady1 sister to ,ralph ,willett1 ,esq4 of ,dean ,street1 ,soho1 not less than forty of this species1 being taken near his seat at ,morley ,place1 near ,winbourn1 in ,dorsetshire1 where she informed me they were found in great plenty during the month of ,june or ,july1 frequenting the privet trees4 ,i have also found them in the environs of ,london1 but not plentifully4 #ab ,the synonyms of this author are all taken from the #abth edition4 #ac ,the primary division of the ,annulose subkingdom1 now adopted1 is into classes1 ,crustacea1 ,arachnida1 ,insecta4 #ad ,the primary division of the class ,insecta1 now adopted1 is into orders1 ,lepidoptera 7called farinaceous by ,drury71 ,coleoptera 7called crustaceous by ,drury71 c4 #ae ,in consequence of the great increase of the science it has been found necessary to divide the ,orders of ,insects into ,sections1 ,families1 ,subfamilies1 c4 before arriving at ,genera1 which are now much more limited than in the time of ,linnus4 #af ,there is no branch of natural history where the existence of a ,lusus ,natur is so plain and observable as in this1 particularly among the insects brought from warm climates2 where the wantonness and luxuriance of nature is so great2 that its laws1 strict and regular as they are1 through the rest of the animal creation1 almost seem to be invaded and broke in upon4 ,instances1 also1 are frequent in this study1 of a cluster of eggs being discharged by a female1 the insects springing from which1 have differed in the circumstances above-mentioned so very greatly1 as in some cases to be mistaken for different species4 #ag ,in these definitions1 ,i have thought it serviceable to give the modern names without introducing those1 now out of use1 employed by ,drury1 c4 ,the most conspicuous parts are alone noticed4 7,j4 ,o4 ,w47 #ah ,by five eyes1 ,i mean those that have three lesser ones1 as in ,plate #dc1 #dd1 #de1 c4 ,see the ,plate in the ,preface1 fig4 #d4 #ai ,they are part of and give support to the hind pair of legs4 #bj ,the name of this ,african species has not been recorded4 ,the following additional observations by ,mr4 ,smeathman will be serviceable in enabling us to obtain an idea of the treasures which1 even yet1 ,european entomologists may expect to receive from this but little investigated quarter of the globe4 ,the whole country of ,africa1 within the tropics1 is one immense forest1 except where the sandy plains are too unsettled to afford a proper footing for vegetation4 ,wherever any inhabitants settle1 they make plantations by cutting down the woods and burning them to fertilize the ground1 and never sow two years together on the same spot1 but let the trees grow up again for two or three years1 by way of fallow1 before they attempt to get another crop from it4 ,it is these spots1 which ,smeathman calls recent plantations1 which afford the greatest variety of insects and the easiest obtained4 ,in the second and third year they become impassable to human feet4 #ba ,sir ,j4 ,e4 ,smith states that the ,linnan cabinet does not contain a specimen of this insect1 nor of the ,ilioneus of the ,insects of ,georgia1 pl4 #b1 one of the figures of which was considered by ,mr4 ,jones1 the celebrated lepidopterist1 to be the ,linnan ,troilus4 ,nevertheless1 on the authority of the ,banksian cabinet labelled 7from recollection alone7 by ,fabricius1 ,sir ,j4 ,e4 ,smith gave the ,asterias under the name of ,troilus1 and the true ,troilus as a new species4 #bb ,from the peculiar power of contraction and elongation possessed by these segments1 and which is found in the caterpillars of other species of ,deilephila1 these insects have obtained the name of ,elephant-hawk ,moths4 #bc ,since this was written1 ,i have been favoured by ,mr4 ,mac,leay with an inspection of his magnificent collection1 which possesses a ,goliathus1 nearly resembling the insect here figured1 and which that gentleman considers as a variety of this4 ,it is1 however1 considerably smaller1 and the horns of the head are not so much developed4 #bd ,goliath4 micans is an inhabitant of ,africa1 and not of ,south ,america1 it is figured in the #bnd vol4 of these ,illustrations1 pl4 #cb4 #be ,the female of this insect and two other new species of ,goliathus1 are described by ,m4 ,l4 ,buquet1 in the ,annales de la ,socit ,entomologique de ,france1 for #ahce and #ahcf4 #bf ,hence ,i have not adopted ,de ,lamarck's specific name ,africanus1 which is of course applicable to all the species4 #bg ,these scales1 which ,drury in his description called the abdominal scales1 are the dilated trochanters of the posterior pair of legs4 #bh ,if this had really been the case1 the ,fabrician name ought surely to have yielded to that of ,linnus4 #bi ,let no one that is unacquainted with this study1 suppose that there is any exaggeration in this account2 or that what ,i have related1 is done with a view to catch the opinion of the public4 ,far from it4 ,every adept knows it1 and to every adept ,i would appeal4 ,i have counted above three hundred eggs1 contained in the bag of a spider2 and ,i have observed more than that number laid by a water insect 7,phryganea7 on a blade of grass1 by a river side4 ,the moth1 common in our gardens1 named the ,great ,tiger 7or ,caja of ,linnus71 lays above six hundred eggs2 and almost double that number ,i have known discharged by a ,long ,legs1 as it is called1 or ,tipula of ,linnus4 ,goedartius mentions two thousand worms that he plainly counted1 springing from their parent insect1 and imagines there were three thousand bred from the same animal4 #cj ,from our information respecting the habits of the indigenous and ,european species of ,fossorial ,hymenopterous insects1 including the ,pelopus spirifex1 it is evident that the male takes no share in the labour of constructing the nest4 ,see my memoirs upon this subject in the ,annales de la ,socit ,entomologique de ,france1 for #ahcf1 and the ,transactions of the ,entomological ,society of ,london1 vol4 i4 for the same year1 and the ,memoirs of ,saint ,fargeau and ,shuckard therein referred to4 #ca ,the presence of the dorsal wing cases indicates the arrival of the insect at the pupa state4 #cb ,the morning is the time they generally choose for completing this change1 because ,i am pretty certain it is in their power to retard this regeneration considerably1 if ,i can judge from concurrent circumstances attending those ,i have kept in glass bowls1 on purpose to observe their nature and behaviour4 ,in one of these ,i have seen two libella-caterpillars1 that were fully grown1 for three days successively creep up the straws out of the water1 in order to undergo their transformation2 but finding themselves deprived of the sun-shine1 7a circumstance generally attending this performance17 or at least that agreeable warmth of air so necessary for their purpose1 they retired into the water3 in an hour's time they made another essay1 but finding the same circumstances subsisting as before1 they again retired under water1 and this they continued doing for three mornings2 till at length one of them1 wearied out by those frequent efforts1 the period of nature not being to be totally avoided or suppressed1 although it might be retarded1 perished in the water1 being at length so weak as to be unable to creep above its surface4 ,the other1 on removing the vessel into the sunshine1 yielded its proper insect4