,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,rubb]  ,,edit$ ,,by 
,,john ,,m>t9   ,,editor ,,( ,,john     
,,m>t9',s ,,book ,,! ,,*ild',s ,,magaz9e
   ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,unit$ ,,/ates       
,,rubb] ,,company     ,,cont5ts    #a   
,,! ,,discov]y   #b  ,,*>les ,,goodye>  
#c  ,,! ,,hevea ,,tree   #d             
,,wickham',s ,,idea   #e  ,,plantation  
,,developm5t   #f  ,,plantation ,,life  
#g  ,,h>ve/+ ,,! ,,rubb]   #h  ,a ,,la/ 
,,^w     ,,an ,,introductory ,,note  ,we
 h und]tak5 to pr9t ?is booklet1 tell+ y
 h[ rubb] is gr[n1 ga!r$1 & !n made     
useful1 = ?is reason3  ,! ,unit$ ,/ates 
,rubb] ,company1 z ! l>ge/ rubb]        
manufactur] 9 ! _w1 wants ! com+        
g5]ations ( our c\ntry to h "s und]/&+ (
 ! importance ( rubb] 9 our e day life4 
,we hope to int]e/ & in=m y4 ,we believe
 ! rubb] indu/ry w be bett] (f if !     
future citiz5s ( our c\ntry "k m ab\t x4
     ,,*apt] #a  ,,! ,,discov]y   ,if y 
7 ask$1 ,:at did ,columbus discov] 9    
#adib8 y w\ld h b "o answ]4 ,b :at he   
discov]$ on 8 second voyage is n q s    

easy to say4 ,he 0 look+ = gold :5 he   
l&$ on ! isl& ( ,hayti on t second trip4
 ,s 8 eyes 7 bl9d to ! importance ( a   
simple game :i* he saw be+ play$ ) a    
ball t b\nc$ by "s half-nak$ ,indian    
boys on ! s& betwe5 ! palm trees & !    
sea4 ,in/ead ( ! covet$ gold1 he took   
back to ,europe1 j z curiosities1 "s ( !
 /range black balls giv5 him by ^!      
,indian boys4 ,he le>n$ t ! balls 7 made
 f ! h>d5$ juice ( a tree4  ,! little   
boys & girls ( ,spa9 7 us$ to play+ )   
balls made ( rags or wool1 s y may      
imag9e h[ ^! b\nc+ balls ( ! ,indians   
mu/ h pleas$ !m4 ,b ! m5 :o s5t out ?is 
second exp$ition gave ! balls little    
?\ght & c]ta9ly no value4 ,s9ce         
,columbus br\ght back no gold1 he 0 ?r[n
 into prison = debt1 & he nev] imag9$ t1
 f\r hundr$ ye>s lat]1 m5 w\ld turn t   
/range1 gummy tree juice into m gold ?an
 ,k+ ,f]d9& & ,que5 ,isabella & all !   
pr9ces ( ,europe ev] dream$ (4  ,9 !    
next c5tury aft] ,columbus's travels !  
,portuguese f\nd$ ! colony ( ,brazil on 

! cont95t ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,_! settlem5ts
 7 ne> ! coa/ & !y did n beg9 to explore
 ! great ,amazon region = a hundr$ ye>s 
or s4 ,! j\rney d[n ?is great riv]--:i* 
,!odore ,roosevelt took s _m ye>s       
lat]--0 fir/ made by a ,portuguese      
mission>y1 :o f\nd ! same k9d ( gummy   
tree juice z t ( ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,b !   
natives along ! ,amazon _h discov]$ t   
besides be+ ela/ic x 0 wat]pro(1 & !y 7 
mak+ %oes t w\ld keep out wat]4 ,y c    
picture a native boy spill+ "s ( ?is    
liquid on 8 foot1 !n cov]+ x1 z he might
 ) a mud pie1 & :5 x dri$ wiggl+ 8 toes 
to f9d t1 he _h ! fir/ & p]haps ! be/   
fitt+ gum %oe t ev] 0 made4  ,little by 
little samples ( ?is new sub/ance f\nd  
_! way to ,europe4 ,x 0 ano!r hundr$    
ye>s be=e ?\ghtful m5 believ$ x wor?    
:ile to inve/igate ?is gum4 ,9 #agca !  
,p>is ,academy ( ,sci5ce s5t "s explor]s
 to le>n ab\t x4 ,"o ( ^! ,fr5*m51 ,la  
,condam9e1 wrote ( a tree call$ ,hevea#a
 ,!re fl[s f ?is tree a liquor :i* h>d5s
 gradually & black5s 9 ! air4 ,he f\nd !

 p ( ,quito wat]pro(+ clo? ) x1 & !     
,amazon ,indians 7 mak+ boots :i*1 :5   
black5$ 9 smoke1 look$ l lea!r4 ,mo/    
int]e/+ ( all1 !y coat$ bottle-%ap$     
m\lds1 & :5 ! gum _h h>d5$ !y w\ld break
 ! m\ld1 %ak+ ! pieces out ( ! neck1    
leav+ an unbreakable bottle t w\ld hold 
liquids4   #a ,hevea is pron\nc$        
,hee'-vee-uh4 ,ca\t*\c is pron\nc$      
koo'-*ook4   ,x 0 n long aft]w>ds t     
,lisbon began to import "s ( ^! crudely 
fa%ion$ articles1 & x is said t 9 #agee 
! ,k+ ( ,portugal s5t to ,brazil sev]al 
pairs ( 8 boots to be wat]pro($4 ,a few 
ye>s lat] ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,p>a1 ,brazil1  
s5t him a full suit ( rubb] clo!s4 ,=   
all t1 ?is ela/ic gum 0 = ! mo/ "p only 
a curiosity1 & few p knew !re 0 su* a   
?+4  ,ab\t ! ye> #aggj1 a black1 b\nc+  
ball ( ca\t*\c1 z ! ,indians call$ !    
gum1 aft] _m travels f\nd its way to    
,engl&1 & ,prie/ley1 ! man :o gave u    
oxyg51 le>n$ t x w\ld rub out p5cil     
m>ks4 ,!n & !re he nam$ x :at y h       
probably guess$ long be=e ?is3 rub-b]4  

,ne>ly e language except ,engli% uses 9 
place ( ! ^w rubb] "s =m ( ! native ,^w 
ca\t*\c1 :i* means weep+ tree4 ,aft]    
,prie/ley's discov]y1 a "o-in* rubb]    
sold = ?ree %ill+s1 or ab\t sev5ty-five 
c5ts1 b arti/s 7 glad to pay ev5 t      
price1 because _! "w 0 made s mu* easi]4
     ,,*apt] #b  ,,*>les ,,goodye>   ,9 
#ahjj ,brazil 0 ! only c\ntry           
manufactur+ rubb] articles1 & h] be/    
m>ket soon prov$ to be ,nor? ,am]ica4   
,probably ! fir/ rubb] ?is c\ntry saw 0 
br\ght to ,new ,engl& 9 clipp] %ips z   
balla/ 9 ! =m ( crude lumps & balls4    
,rubb] %oes1 wat]-bottles1 p[d]-flasks1 
& tobacco-p\*es f\nd buy]s 9 ! ,am]ican 
ports1 b rubb] %oes 7 mo/ 9 dem&4  ,soon
 "s ,am]icans began to import raw rubb] 
& to manufacture rubb] goods ( _! own1 &
 9 ! old _w a ,scot*man nam$ ,mac9to%   
f\nd a way ( wat]pro(+ clo? by spread+  
on x a ?9 coat+ ( rubb] dissolv$ 9 coal 
naph?a4 ,_m p /ill ref] to ra9coats z   
mack9to%es4 ,rubb] clo?+ %>$ favor )    
rubb] %oes1 b its popul>ity 0 %ort-liv$ 

= x did n we> well & 0 almo/ z s5sitive 
to temp]ature z molasses & butt]4 ,!    
rubb] %oes & coats get h>d & /iff 9 w9t]
 & s(t & /icky 9 summ]4 ,a man we>+ a   
pair ( rubb] ov]alls :o sat d[n too ne> 
a w>m /ove soon f\nd t 8 ov]alls1 8 *air
 & himself 7 /uck fa/ toge!r4 ,! fir/   
rubb] coats became s /iff 9 cold wea!r t
 :5 y took "o (f y c\ld /& x up 9 !     
middle ( ! floor & leave x1 = x w\ld /& 
l a t5t until ! rubb] ?aw$ out1 & :5    
?aw$ x 0 almo/ z uncom=table z is       
fly-pap] to ! fly4  ,"o day ,*>les      
,goodye>1 a ,connecticut h>dw>e m]*ant (
 an inv5tive turn ( m9d1 w5t to a /ore  
to buy a life pres]v]4 ,he c\ld f9d only
 imp]fect ones1 b !y drew 8 att5tion to 
! /udy ( rubb]1 & pres5tly he 0 ?9k+ ( x
 by day & dream+ ( x by night4 ,rubb]   
became a passion ) him4 ,he felt sure "s
 way c\ld be f\nd to make x firm yet    
flexible reg>dless ( temp]ature1 & = t5 
ye>s he exp]im5t$ ) diff]5t mixtures &  
processes1 hop+ to f9d ! "r "o4 ,s int5t
 0 he on 8 se>* t he f\nd "t = no?+     

else4 ,due to neglect 8 bus9ess w5t to  
pieces & he became v poor4  ,f9ally1 9  
#ahci1 :5 he 0 on ! po9t ( giv+ up 9    
despair1 he accid5tally came ^u !       
solution4 ,he 0 exp]im5t+ 9 8 kit*51 a  
place :i*1 ?r\gh lack ( funds1 he 0 (t5 
=c$ to use z a laboratory4 ,"p ( a      
mixture ( rubb]1 sulphur & o!r *emicals1
 ) :i* he 0 work+1 happ5$ to drop on !  
top ( ! /ove4 ,x lay !re sizzl+ & *>r+  
until ! odor ( ! burn+ rubb] call$ 8    
att5tion to x4 ,z he /oop$ to scrape x  
(f ! /ove he gave a />t ( wond] z he    
not$ t a *ange _h come ov] ! rubb] dur+ 
its brief contact ) ! /ove4  ,to 8      
surprise ! mixture _h n melt$1 b _h     
flatt5$ out 9 ! %ape ( a silv] doll>4   
,:5 x _h cool$ en\gh to be h&l$1 he f\nd
 t x b5t & /ret*$ easily1 )\t crack+ or 
break+1 & t x always snapp$ back to its 
orig9al %ape4 ,/range/ ( all1 x 0 no    
long] /icky4 ,app>5tly half ! problem 0 
solv$4 ,:e!r 8 new mixture w\ld /& !    
cold he _h yet to f9d out1 s he nail$ x 
on ! outside ( ! door & w5t to b$4      

,probably he slept b little & 0 up e>ly4
 ,at any rate he f\nd ! rubb] unaffect$ 
by ! cold4  ,!n he knew t he _h made a  
real discov]y & he nam$ ! process       
vulcaniz+ aft] ,vulcan1 ! ,roman god (  
fire4 ,vulcaniz+ means mix+ pure rubb] )
 c]ta9 *emicals & !n apply+ heat4 ,on   
?is process1 :i* is by no means simple1 
! great rubb] bus9ess ( ! _w has be5    
e/abli%$4 ,practically ev]y?+ made (    
rubb]1 or ( :i* rubb] is a "p1 has to g 
?r\gh ! vulcaniz+ process1 :e!r x is a  
pair ( ,k$s1 a tire1 a fruit j> r+1 or a
 doormat4  ,s _m p _h be5 deceiv$ by    
previ\s rubb] v5tures t ,goodye> _h     
great tr\ble 9 f9d+ anyone ) en\gh fai? 
to inve/ money 9 8 discov]y4 ,x 0 "s "t 
be=e he 0 able to take out ! fir/ ( ! m 
?an sixty pat5ts :i* he 0 grant$ dur+ 8 
lifetime = apply+ 8 process to v>i\s    
uses4 ,"u ^! pat5ts he lic5s$ sev]al    
factories to use ! process 9 !          
manufacture ( rubb] goods1 b requir$ !m 
to /amp all goods ) ! words ,goodye>    
pat5t4 ,scores ( companies h s9ce us$ ! 

"n ,goodye>1 b ! only factories t he    
lic5s$ :i* are n[ 9 exi/5ce are p>ts ( !
 ,unit$ ,/ates ,rubb] ,company4         
,goodye> (t5 _h to def5d 8 pat5ts 9     
c\rt4 ,9 ! mo/ fam\s ( ^! suits1 he 0   
def5d$ by ,daniel ,web/] & oppos$ by    
,rufus ,*oate1 s t we see int]wov5 9 !  
/ory ( rubb] ! names ( two ( ! greate/  
/atesm5 ?is c\ntry has produc$4         
,,*apt] #c  ,,! ,,hevea ,,tree   ,= ! v 
fir/ ( ! rubb] /ory we may ?ank a little
 wood-bor+ beetle1 & ! way nature has ( 
help+ h] *ildr5 to protect !mselves4  ,!
 ?i/le ( ! mead[ is z safe f hungry     
cattle z ?\gh f5c$ 9 by b>b$ wire4 ,a c[
 mu/ be />v+ t w\ld c>e to flavor h]    
lun*eon ) ! ne$les t ! ?i/le be>s4 ,!   
common skunk cabbage w\ld make a tempt+ 
meal = h] aft] a w9t] ( dry fe$+1 _h n  
,nature giv5 x an odor t disgu/s ev5 a  
spr+-"t appetite4 ,! milkwe$ welcomes ! 
bees & flies t help to di/ribute h]     
poll5 :]e %e wants x spread1 b %e has h]
 own way ( puni%+ ! useless ?ieves t    
trespass up h] /alk4 ,:]ev] ! hooks ( an

 insect's feet pi]ce h] t5d] sk91 %e    
p\rs out a milky juice to entangle its  
feet & body1 & x is a lucky bug t       
succe$s 9 escap+ be=e ?is juice h>d5s1 &
 holds him a prison] condemn$ to die4   
,all ov] ! _w !re are plants ) ! same   
ability t ! milkwe$ has1 b x is         
especially true ( c]ta9 trees & v9es ( !
 tropics4 ,z soon z ! little beetle     
beg9s to bore into ! b>k ( "o ( ^!      
trees1 !re p\rs out a /icky1 milky fluid
 t kills ! insect at once4 ,if ?is 7    
all1 ! w\nd w\ld rema9 op51 ready = !   
next robb] :o came along4 ,9 ord] t !   
break may be heal$1 a cem5t is necess>y1
 b n a h>d1 unyield+ "o1 = t w\ld       
crumble away ) ! motion ( ! tree 9 !    
w9d4  ,s ) ,"m ,nature's p]fection 9 do+
 ?+s1 ! v plant juice t has done duty z 
a poison is h>d5$ into an ela/ic /opp]1 
) ! result t1 no matt] h[ f> ! tree may 
sway & tug at ! w\nd1 ! fill+ gives &   
/ret*es1 true to ! task x has to p]=m4  
,?is 0 ! juice ! crafty savage induc$ ! 
tree to give up4 ,:]ev] ! b>k 0 cut1 !  

fluid p\r$ =? to heal ! break & h>d5$ l 
blood on a cut f+]4 ,! native caught x  
:ile x 0 /ill s(t & appli$ x to 8 simple
 ne$s4  ,?is juice is n ! sap ( ! rubb] 
tree4 ,sap1 :i* is ! life-blood ( !     
tree1 fl[s ?r\gh ! wood1 b ! juice we   
are describ+ is conta9$ 9 ! inn] b>k1 a 
?9 lay] directly bel[ ! out] b>k4       
,sci5tific m5 call ?is juice latex4 ,x  
is l milk 9 ?ree ways3 x is :ite1 x     
conta9s t9y p>ticles t rise to ! top l  
cream1 & x spoils quickly4  ,! p>ticles 
9 c['s milk are full ( fats :i* make x  
good = u to dr9k4 ,b a rubb] tree's milk
 has t9y atoms ( rubb] & res9 & o!r ?+s1
 & x took "t to discov] :i* ( ! v9es &  
trees 0 ! prize milk] ( ! tropics & gave
 ! l>ge/ am\nt ( pure rubb]4 ,f9ally1 ! 
,hevea1 ! v tree ! ,fr5*man wrote ab\t1 
prov$ to be ! be/1 &1 al?\gh by no means
 ! only rubb] tree ( comm]cial value1 x 
is ackn[l$g$ ! greate/ ( rubb] trees4   
,! ,hevea tree gr[s sixty feet tall1 &  
:5 full gr[n is eight or t5 feet ar\nd4 
,x rises z /raight z an elm1 ) high     

bran*+ limbs & long1 smoo? oval leaves4 
,sprays ( pale fl[]s blossom ^u x 9     
,augu/1 foll[$ 9 a few mon?s by pods    
conta9+ ?ree speckl$ se$s :i* look l    
smoo?1 slightly flatt5$ nutmegs4 ,:5 !  
se$s are ready to drop ! out] cov]+ ( ! 
pod bur/s ) a l\d report1 ! se$s %oot+ 9
 all directions4  ,?is is ,nature's     
clev] s*eme to spread ! ,hevea family4  
,! tree gr[s wild 9 ! hot1 damp =e/s ( !
 ,amazon valley & 9 o!r p>ts ( ,s\?     
,am]ica t h a simil> climate4 ,! ideal  
climate = ! rubb] tree is "o :i* is     
uni=m all ! ye> r\nd1 f eighty-n9e to   
n9ety-f\r degrees at noon1 & riot l[]   
?an sev5ty degrees at night4 ,! ,amazon 
c\ntry has a ra9y season :i* la/s half !
 ye>1 ?\gh ! o!r season is by no means a
 dry "o1 & s = half ! "t ! jungles are  
flood$4  ,^! rubb] /oreh\ses _h be5 gr[+
 = ?\s&s ( ye>s 9 ! ,amazon jungle ) _! 
weal? securely seal$ up 9 _! b>k1 ! peck
 ( a bird1 ! bor+ ( a beetle1 or !      
scrat* ( a climb+ animal be+ ! only     
draft ^u _! treasure4 ,! trees ar\nd !  

m\? ( ! riv] suppli$ :atev] 0 ne$$ = !  
little manufactur+ t 0 at fir/ done4 ,b 
! discov]y t made a univ]sal use = rubb]
 *ang$ all ?is4 ,brazil 0 surpris$ to   
f9d :at great treasure h] =e/s conta9$4 
,l>ge rubb] areas 7 f\nd a ?\s& miles up
 ! riv] & %e began 9 a s]i\s way to     
develop a l>ge crude rubb] bus9ess4     
,less ?an tw5ty ye>s ago ,brazil produc$
 practically all ! rubb] us$ 9 ! _w4 ,b 
to-day %e furni%es less ?an "o-t5? ( !  
_w's supply4 ,h[ ,brazil1 possess+ 9 h] 
va/ =e/s millions ( rubb] trees ( ! f9e/
 quality1 has be5 =c$ by unfavorable    
conditions to p]mit ! ,f> ,ea/ to sweep 
f h] 9 ?is %ort "t ! crude rubb]        
supremacy ( ! _w is "o ( ! mo/ unusual  
*apt]s 9 mod]n indu/rial hi/ory4        
,,*apt] #d  ,,wickham',s ,,idea   ,!    
/ory ( ! success ( ! ,ea/ ,indies 9     
wre/+ ! crude rubb] supremacy f ,brazil1
 beg9s ) an ,engli%man nam$ ,wickham1 :o
 might be call$ ! fa!r ( plantation     
rubb]4  ,wickham1 :o _h sp5t "s ye>s 9  
,s\? ,am]ica1 und]/ood ! difficulties ( 

ga!r+ rubb] 9 ! jungles4 ,he believ$ t  
if rubb] c\ld be cultivat$ x might prove
 a good crop on ! c(fee plantations 9   
,india :i* a blight _h rec5tly r5d]$    
valueless = c(fee4 ,:at a /range fact x 
is t ?is blight gave ,brazil a *ance to 
g into c(fee gr[+1 & t :ile ,brazil 0   
los+ ! rubb] supremacy to ! ,f> ,ea/1 ! 
,f> ,ea/ at ab\t ! same "t 0 surr5d]+ ! 
lead]%ip 9 c(fee to ,brazil4 ,! latt] n[
 holds fir/ place 9 c(fee gr[+ z firmly 
z does ! ,f> ,ea/ 9 rubb] gr[+4         
,wickham saw t !re 7 difficulties t w\ld
 prev5t ! ga!r+ ( wild rubb] f keep+    
pace ) ! gr[+ dem&4 ,al?\gh millions (  
rubb] trees /ill /ood unt\*$ 9 !        
,brazilian =e/s1 only ^? trees ne> !    
riv] banks c\ld be tapp$ because ( !    
impossibility ( gett+ ! rubb] out ( !   
d5se vegetation4 ,life 9 ! jungle 0     
dang]\s & lonely1 & !re=e rubb] ga!r]s 7
 n easy to f9d4 ,!y 7 compell$ to "w f> 
f _! families & fri5ds1 & 9 con/ant     
dang] f wild bea/s1 reptiles & dea?-be>+
 fev]s4 ,x is no wond] t rubb] obta9$ 9 

?is way came to be kn[n z wild rubb]4   
,moreov]1 transport+ ! crude product    
?r\gh ! jungles 0 h>d & exp5sive & !    
rubb] obta9$ "u ^! conditions 0 n always
 s clean or high 9 quality z might be   
wi%$4  ,if rubb] trees gr[ f ! se$s :i* 
nature scatt]s 9 ! jungle1 said ,wickham
 to himself1 :y %\ld !y n gr[ f se$s put
 into ! gr\nd by h&8  ,if rubb] trees   
c\ld be rais$ f se$1 !y c\ld be plant$ 9
 ! op5 9 r[s :]e !y c\ld easily be t5d$ 
& tapp$1 & ! rubb] ga!r$ quickly &      
safely4 ,in/ead ( hav+ to brave !       
dang]\s jungles1 m5 c\ld plant &        
cultivate rubb] 9 spots ( _! own *oos+ s
 long z !y *ose places :]e ! climate 0  
"r4  ,= _m ye>s p only laugh$ at        
,wickham's great idea1 b l ,goodye> he  
_h fai? en\gh to p]sev]e4 ,:ile 9       
,brazil he plant$ "s rubb] se$s to see  
:at w\ld happ54 ,! se$s ,,did gr[1 & !  
book :i* ,wickham wrote ab\t 8 idea & 8 
exp]im5ts f9ally came into ! h&s ( ,sir 
,joseph ,hook]1 ! ,director ( !         
,botanical ,g>d5s 9 ,kew1 ne> ,london4  

,s int]e/$ did he become t he call$     
,wickham's plan to ! att5tion ( !       
,gov]nm5t ( ,india1 & f9ally ,wickham 0 
commission$ to take a c>go ( rubb] se$s 
to ,engl&1 s t 8 idea might be tri$ out4
  ,?is commission 0 m difficult ?an "o  
might ?9k1 & all ( ,wickham's fai? &    
p]sev]ance 7 ne$$ to c>ry x out4 ,inde$ 
= a "t x seem$ hopeless1 pr9cipally     
because ! se$s s quickly dry up & lose  
_! vitality t !y mu/ be plant$ v soon   
aft] be+ ga!r$4  ,b ,wickham wat*$ 8    
opportunity1 & f9ally he 0 able to *>t] 
a %ip 9 ! "n ( ! ,indian ,gov]nm5t4     
,ab\t a ?ird ( ! way up ! ,amazon ,riv] 
he plac$ 9 h] hold sev]al ?\s& c>efully 
pack$ se$s ( ! ,hevea ,brazili5sis1 or  
rubb] tree4 ,let ,wickham1 himself1 tell
 h[ he surm\nt$ ! next difficulty3  ,we 
7 b\nd to call 9 at ! city ( ,p>a z !   
port ( entry1 9 ord] to obta9 cle>ance  
pap]s = ! %ip be=e we c\ld g to sea4    
,any delay w\ld h r5d]$ my preci\s      
freight q valueless & useless4 ,b aga9  
=tune favor$4 ,i _h a 'fri5d at c\rt' 9 

! p]son ( ,consul ,gre51 :o w5t himself 
) me to call on ! prop] (ficial1 &      
support$ me z ,i pres5t$ to ,8          
,excell5cy 'my difficulty & anxiety1 be+
 9 *>ge (1 & hav+ on bo>d a %ip an*or$  
out 9 ! /ream1 exce$+ly delicate        
botanical specim5s1 especially designat$
 = deliv]y to ,h] ,britannic ,maje/y's  
own ,royal ,g>d5 ( ,kew4 ,ev5 :ile do+  
myself ! honor ( ?us call+ on ,8        
,excell5cy1 ,i _h giv5 ord]s to ! capta9
 ( ! %ip to keep up /eam1 hav+ v5tur$ to
 tru/ ,8 ,excell5cy w\ld see 8 way cle> 
to furni%+ me ) imm$iate dispat*4 ,an   
int]view mo/ polite1 full ( mutual      
complim5ts 9 ! be/ ,portuguese mann]1   
enabl$ u to get "u way z soon z ! capta9
 _h got ! d+hy haul$ abo>d4  ,c y imag9e
 ,wickham's sigh ( relief z 8 vessel1 ) 
its freight ( p]i%able treasure1 /eam$  
out ( port1 & began ! long j\rney to    
,engl&8     ,,*apt] #e  ,,plantation    
,,developm5t   ,! transport+ ( ! rubb]  
se$s f ! ,brazilian =e/s to ,engl& 0    
only ! fir/ /ep 9 ,wickham's project4 ,!

 real te/ 0 /ill to come4 ,! se$s 7     
plant$ 9 ! fam\s ,botanical ,g>d5s (    
,kew1 & on ,augu/ #ab1 #ahgf1 ! sev]al  
?\s& se$l+s :i* _h be5 rais$ f !m 7     
pack$ 9 special cases & %ipp$ to ,ceylon
 on ! o!r side ( ! globe = ! f9al & mo/ 
important /age ( ! exp]im5t4  ,h[ long !
 next five ye>s mu/ h seem$ to ! anxi\s 
,wickham1 = x 0 t long be=e ! fir/ rubb]
 tree fl[]$ 9 ! g>d5s at ,h5]atgoda1    
sixte5 miles f ,colombo1 :]e ! trees _h 
f9ally be5 plant$4 ,9 ?is ye>1 #ahha1   
exp]im5ts 9 tapp+ began1 & x 0 pla9 t   
,wickham's dream 0 to be realiz$4  ,f ^!
 few trees1 s c>efully t5d$ 9 _! y\?1   
has sprung ! :ole rubb] indu/ry (       
,ceylon & ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,wickham mu/ inde$
 h be5 pr\d to see ! plantations spread+
 f ,ceylon to ,malaya1 :]e rubb] 0      
eag]ly tak5 up by plant]s :o 7 despair+ 
( ev] mak+ a liv+ out ( c(fee1 & lat] to
 ,sumatra & ,java & ,borneo4 ,to-day    
rubb] plantations cov] an area ( ov]    
#c1jjj1jjj acres1 ) a ye>ly output (    
almo/ #cfj1jjj tons1 or ab\t t5 times ! 

av]age ye>ly output ( wild rubb]4  ,!re 
is a curi\s co9cid5ce 9 ! fact t        
,wickham got 8 idea ab\t plant+ rubb]   
trees 9 ,india at ab\t ! same "t t m5 9 
,am]ica began to exp]im5t ) ! horseless 
c>riage4 ,y may nev] h /opp$ to ?9k ( x1
 b me*anical exp]ts say t )\t rubb]     
pneumatic tires1 automobiles c\ld nev] h
 become ! f9e1 swift vehicles !y are4 ,x
 0 a wond]ful ?+ t :5 9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is 
c5tury ! automobile indu/ry sudd5ly bur/
 =? ) a dem& = rubb] s great t ,brazil  
c\ld nev] h hop$ to supply x1 !re 0 f\nd
 ready 9 ! ,f> ,ea/1 z a result ( !     
plant+ t _h be5 done !re1 a supply t    
took c>e ( ! sudd5 em]g5cy4  ,a little m
 ?an t5 ye>s ago ,am]ican bus9ess m5    
began to take an int]e/ 9 ! rubb]       
plantations4 ,!y h %[n *>act]i/ic en]gy 
9 ! field1 & ! greate/ s+le rubb]       
plantation 9 ! _w is own$ by an ,am]ican
 company1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,rubb]        
,company4 ,?is plantation is on ! isl& (
 ,sumatra 9 ! ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies1 "o ( !
 be/ gov]n$ colonies 9 ! ,ea/4 ,on ?is  

isl& is an or*>d ( rubb] trees1 z       
beautifully laid out & z well c>$ = z   
any or*>d ( fruit trees 9 our own       
c\ntry4 ,= sev5ty squ>e miles1 an area z
 l>ge z ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 ! ord]ly
 ranks ( trees fill ! g5tly roll+       
l&scape1 e in* ( :i* is we$$ z c>efully 
z a g>d54 ,x takes tw5ty ?\s& employees 
to c>e = ! trees1 :i* numb] m ?an       
#e1jjj1jjj4  ,on ?is plantation ! sci5ce
 ( gr[+ rubb] trees has be5 br\ght to a 
p]fection kn[n n[h]e else 9 ! _w4 ,gr\ps
 ( botani/s1 *emi/s & arboriculturi/s   
/udy con/antly tree diseases1 me?ods (  
increas+ ! yield1 & ! o!r problems (    
gr[+ f9e trees t w produce high grade   
rubb]4 ,"h1 by exp]im5t & inspection1 ! 
secrets ( ! rubb] tree are be+ br\ght to
 light1 s mu* s t gr[]s look to ?is     
plantation = lead]%ip 9 me?ods ( rubb]  
culture4 ,?is great project s f> f      
,am]ican soil & 9 a field s new gives a 
?rill ( pride to ! ,am]icans visit+     
,sumatra on _! way ar\nd ! _w4          
,,*apt] #f  ,,plantation ,,life   ,!    

moi/ b v hot climate :i* rubb] trees    
require is f\nd only 9 a zone ar\nd ! _w
 betwe5 ! p>allels ( latitude ?irty     
degrees nor? to ?irty degrees s\? ( !   
equator4 ,)9 ?is zone !re h be5 f\nd m  
?an #cej rubb] be>+ trees1 %rubs & v9es4
 ,= ?is reason ?is zone is call$ !      
,rubb] ,belt4 ,z mo/ ( ! rubb] us$      
comm]cially is ga!r$ f trees gr[+ )9 a  
zone ext5d+ f t5 degrees nor? to t5     
degrees s\? ( ! equator1 ?is latt] zone 
is sometimes call$ ! ,inn] ,rubb] ,belt4
  ,if y w trace ?is belt on a map ( ! _w
 y w see t x includes ! ,amazon region  
:i* produces m ?an ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! wild 
rubb] us$ 9 manufactur+4 ,mo/ ( ,s\?    
,am]ica's wild rubb] is obta9$ f        
,brazil1 ! rema9d] f ,bolivia1 ,p]u &   
,v5ezuela4 ,n[ cont9ue ! belt across !  
,atlantic ,ocean to ,africa1 :]e y w    
/rike ! ,belgian ,congo :i* produces a  
small quantity ( wild rubb]4 ,p>tly ow+ 
to ! c>eless mann] ( ga!r+ & p>tly to ! 
fact t x is n orig9ally ( z good quality
 z ,brazilian rubb]1 ,congo rubb] is n z

 valuable = manufactur+ z ,brazilian4   
,!n complete ! circle by foll[+ ! belt  
across ! ,indian ,ocean to ,ceylon & !  
,ea/ ,indies :i* conta9 ! great rubb]   
plantations :]e mo/ ( ! rubb] us$ to-day
 comes f4  ,to e/abli% a rubb]          
plantation requires v c>eful plann+4 ,! 
*oice ( a site is ( fir/ importance1 = !
 plant] mu/ f9d a locality hav+ a moi/  
climate ) an ev5ly di/ribut$ ra9-fall   
:]e ! temp]ature ?r\gh\t ! ye> does n   
fall bel[ sev5ty degrees ,fahr5heit1 &  
:]e !re is protection f ! w9d4 ,!re mu/ 
also be1 ( c\rse1 access to a /eady     
labor supply & a conv5i5t %ipp+ port4 ,z
 ! prop] climate is a tropical "o1 !re  
is usually d5se jungle to be cle>$ away4
 ,imm5se trees & ?ick bu%es1 rank       
/raggl+ we$s & v9es =m an almo/         
imp5etrable jungle4 ,to turn su* a place
 into a g>d5 spot means a g5u9e battle  
aga9/ jungle conditions4 ,b gradually   
trees1 %rubs & und]gr[? are torn out &  
burn$1 lay+ b>e ! ri* soil ready = ! pl[
 ( ! plant]4  ,meantime ! rubb] se$l+s h

 be5 spr\t$ 9 nurs]ies4 ,:5 ! gr\nd is  
ready !y are c>efully tak5 up &         
transplant$ to ! holes :i* h be5 made = 
!m 9 ! field :]e !y are to be p]man5tly 
plant$4  ,?\gh ! gr[? ( ! trees is v    
rapid1 sometimes z mu* z tw5ty feet 9 ! 
fir/ ye>1 !re are five ye>s ( anxi\s    
wait+ & gu>d+ aga9/ w9ds & disease be=e 
!y are ready to be tapp$ & s beg9 to    
rew>d ! plant]s4 ,at fir/ ! yield ( a   
tree is only ab\t "o-half p\nd ( rubb] a
 ye>1 & ?is increases s sl[ly t x is _m 
ye>s be=e x am\nts to z mu* z t5 p\nds a
 ye>4 ,! highe/ yield ev] record$ 0 giv5
 by "o ( ! orig9al trees set out 9 !    
g>d5s at ,h5]atgoda1 :i* gave n9ety-six 
& "o-half p\nds 9 "o ye>4  ,h[ diff]5t  
is life on ! rubb] plantations ( to-day 
f ! life ( ! ga!r] ( wild rubb] 9 !     
jungle4 ,9 ,brazil1 ! solit>y work]s h  
to plunge at dawn into ! p]il\s =e/1 )  
its lurk+ wildcats & jagu>s1 its coil$ &
 creep+ s]p5ts4 ,! dwell+s are flimsy   
huts1 food is sc>ce & exp5sive1 &       
disease & fev] cause _m dea?s4  ,on !   

o!r h&1 work]s on a well-manag$         
plantation live 9 com=table h\ses 9     
heal?y surr\nd+s & are suppli$ ) pl5ty (
 good food4 ,9 fact ! conditions are s  
mu* bett] ?an g5]ally prevail among     
natives 9 ! ,ori5t t "w on a plantation 
is consid]$ m desirable ?an mo/ o!r =ms 
( labor4 ,! unm>ri$ m5 live 9 b>racks1 b
 ! m5 ) families h individual h\ses )   
g>d5 plots adjo9+4 ,big kit*5s prep>e & 
cook ! food 9 ! be/ native /yle4 ,s*ools
 = ! *ildr51 recreation c5t]s = old &   
"y1 & hospitals to c>e = ! sick1 are all
 p>ts ( ! plantation organization4  ,9  
erect+ hospitals & c>+ = ! heal? ( its  
plantation work]s1 z 9 o!r bran*es ( !  
rubb] indu/ry1 ,am]ica has tak5 ! lead4 
,s well is ?is recogniz$1 t ! ,dut*     
,gov]nm5t has aw>d$ a m$al to ! ,unit$  
,/ates ,rubb] ,company = ! effici5cy &  
complet5ess ( its plantation hospital1  
:i* happ5s to be ! l>ge/ private        
hospital 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 hav+         
accommodations = ne>ly a ?\s& pati5ts4  
,,*apt] #g  ,,h>ve/+ ,,! ,,rubb]   ,x is

 a *e]ful sight to see ! work]s1 m5 &   
wom51 dress$ 9 all ! colors ( ! ra9b[1  
troop+ out f _! qu>t]s to beg9 ! day's  
"w4 ,! tapp+ mu/ be done e>ly 9 ! day1 =
 ! latex or rubb] juice /ops fl[+ a few 
h\rs aft] sunrise4  ,:5 ! trees rea*    
eighte5 in*es 9 gir? at a po9t eighte5  
in*es f ! gr\nd1 !y are ready = tapp+4  
,?is gr[? is usually atta9$ :5 ! trees  
are ab\t five ye>s old4  ,9 tapp+1 a    
n>r[ /rip ( b>k is cut away ) a knife1 !
 cut ext5d+ diagonally "o-qu>t] ( ! way 
ar\nd ! tree4 ,at ea* succe$+ day's     
tapp+ ! tapp] wid5s ! cut by /ripp+ (f a
 sliv] ( b>k "o-tw5tie? ( an in* 9      
wid?4#b ,he mu/ be c>eful n to cut into 
! wood ( ! tree1 z su* cuts n only      
injure ! tree b p]mit ! sap to run into 
! latex & spoil ! rubb]4 ,:5 ! tapp] has
 made ! prop] ga% 9 ! b>k he ins]ts a   
little sp\t to c>ry ! dripp+ latex to a 
glass cup b5ea?4   #b ,?is me?od ( tapp+
 is %[n on ! front cov]4   ,lat] 9 !    
morn+ ! work]s make ! r\nds ( ! trees ) 
l>ge milk cans1 ga!r+ ! latex f ! cups4 

,:5 ! cans are full !y are c>ri$ to a   
collect+ /ation1 call$ a ,coagulation   
,%$4 ,x is z clean & well kept z a      
dairy4 ,"h ! latex is weigh$1 & :5 ea*  
collector has be5 cr$it$ ) ! am\nt he   
has br\ght1 x is dump$ into huge vats4  
,! next /ep is to extract ! p>ticles (  
rubb] f ! latex & to h>d5 !m4 ,! jungle 
me?od ( h>d5+ rubb] is to dip a wood5   
paddle 9 ! latex & smoke x ov] a fire ( 
wood & palm nuts4#c ,x is a back-break+ 
process to cov] ! paddle ) lay] aft]    
lay]1 until a good-siz$ lump1 usually   
call$ a biscuit1 is =m$4 ,! plantation  
me?od is a quick] & clean] "o4 ,into !  
vats is p\r$ a small quantity ( acid1   
:i* causes ! rubb] cream to coagulate & 
come to ! surface4 ,! coagulum1 z x is  
call$1 is l sn[-:ite d\gh4 ,x is remov$ 
f ! vats & run 9 %eets ?r\gh ma*9es :i* 
squeeze out ! moi/ure & impr9t on !m a  
criss-cross patt]n to expose z l>ge a   
surface z possible to ! air4   #c ,see  
picture1 page #ab4   ,^! %eets ( rubb]  
are !n hung 9 smoke h\ses & smok$ f     

eight to f\rte5 days 9 mu* ! same way t 
we smoke hams & bacon4 ,aft] be+ dri$ 9 
?is way !y are press$ into bales or     
pack$ 9 boxes ready = %ipm5t4           
,,*apt] #h  ,a ,,la/ ,,^w   ,x w\ld be  
an adv5ture to foll[ a bale ( plantation
 rubb] z1 c>efully box$ or wrapp$ 9     
burlap1 x />ts on its long & picturesque
 j\rney4 ,bullock c>ts1 railroads1 boats
 & /eam]s br+ x at la/ to "o ( ! _w     
m>kets1 ,s+apore1 ,colombo1 ,london1    
,am/]dam or ,new ,york1 :]e x is b\ght  
by deal]s1 & !n sold to factories :i*   
make rubb] goods4  ,an equally fasc9at+ 
/ory might be told ( its progress ?r\gh 
! factory1 h[ x is knead$ & roll$1 mix$ 
) *emicals1 rubb$ into fabrics1 bak$ 9  
ov5s1 & f9ally em]ges z any "o ( ! t5s (
 ?\s&s ( articles t are made :olly or   
p>tly f rubb]4  ,rubb] manufactur+ is   
peculi>ly an ,am]ican indu/ry4 ,s\?     
,am]ica gave u ! orig9al rubb] trees1 & 
! "o man :o1 m ?an any o!r1 0           
responsible = mak+ rubb] useful 0 !     
,am]ican1 ,*>les ,goodye>4 ,to-day1     

two-?irds ( ! entire output ( rubb] is  
sold to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ^: manufactur$ 
rubb] goods set ! /&>d = ! :ole _w4  ,9 
spite ( ! wond]s :i* rubb] has already  
accompli%$1 & ! adv5tures1 :i* h color$ 
its hi/ory1 only ! beg9n+ ( ! romance ( 
rubb] has be5 told4 ,! plantation       
indu/ry is /ill 9 its infancy1 &        
exp]im5ts are con/antly be+ made to     
det]m9e ! be/ me?ods ( plant+1 ! mo/    
fruitful numb] ( trees to ! acre1 ! mo/ 
advantage\s way ( tapp+4 ,9 !           
laboratories ( ! great rubb]            
manufactur]s1 sci5ti/s are at "w improv+
 old me?ods ( us+ rubb] & devis+ new    
ones4  ,rubb] is a sub/ance ( s _m      
important *>act]i/ics t its uses are    
c\ntless4 ,x is us$ = c]ta9 purposes    
because x /ret*es1 = o!rs because x is  
airtight & wat]tight1 = o!rs because x  
is a non-conductor ( electricity1 = o!rs
 because x is %ock-absorb+1 & = o!rs    
because x is adhesive4  ,x is on rubb] t
 infants cut _! tee?2 aft] all ! tee?   
are gone old age makes use ( rubb] 9    

plates = false tee?4 ,t5 million        
motori/s & o!r millions ( cycli/s 9 !   
,unit$ ,/ates ride on rubb] tires t are 
durable1 noiseless & airtight4 ,balloons
 ( rubb] float al(t1 & huge subm>9es pl[
 _! r\tes b5ea? ! ocean's surface       
propell$ by electricity /or$ 9 great    
rubb] cells4 ,%ea!d 9 rubb]1 ! lightn+  
makes a peaceful way ?r\gh our homes1   
(fices & factories1 furni%+ light &     
telephone s]vice4 ,div]s s9k out ( sight
 b5ea? ! waves 9 rubb] suits4 ,rubb]    
air-brake hose on railroad tra9s makes  
safe ! travel ( a nation1 air-drill hose
 rivets our %ips1 fire hose protects !  
prop]ly 9 city & t[n & g>d5 hose br+s   
n\ri%m5t to our gr[+ plants4 ,rubb]     
clo?+ protects aga9/ /orm & rubb]       
footwe> gu>ds u aga9/ cold & wet4 ,t5nis
 balls & golf balls & rubb]-cor$        
baseballs give heal?ful sport to !      
millions4 ,9 hospitals & m$ical "w !    
uses ( rubb] are )\t numb]4  ,to select 
! mo/ important use to :i* rubb] is put 
w\ld be difficult4 ,"o /ud5t ( ! subject

 says3  ,( all ! applications ( rubb]1 t
 ( pack+ = ! /eam eng9e & connect+      
ma*9]y appe>s to h be5 ! mo/ important1 
z x has be5 an ess5tial condition ( !   
developm5t & ext5d$ use ( /eam z a      
motive p[]4  ,ev5 z y read ?is1 rubb]   
may be 9 ! act ( p]=m+ "s new magic1 "s 
fre% s]vice to mank9d4 ,& :o kn[s :i* "o
 ( u w1 9 ! ye>s to come1 write a *apt] 
9 ! /ory ( rubb] m ?rill+ ?an we are    
able to imag9e to-day6     ,a ,,review  
,,& ,,que/ions   #a4 ,:o 0 ! fir/ :ite  
man to see rubb]8  #b ,:at use 7 !      
natives mak+ ( x8  #c4 ,:o 0 ! fir/ :ite
 man to g up ! ,amazon8  #d4 ,( :at     
nationality 7 ! explor]s :o 7 s5t to f9d
 out ab\t rubb]8  #e4 ,:o 0 ! fir/      
,european mon>* to use rubb]8  #f4 ,h[  
did rubb] get its "n8  #g4 ,h[ did rubb]
 fir/ come to ! ,unit$ ,/ates8  #h4 ,:y 
are "s ra9coats call$ mack9to%es8  #i4  
,:y is ,*>les ,goodye> call$ ! fa!r ( ! 
rubb] indu/ry8  #aj4 ,:at is vulcaniz+8 
#aa4 ,:at fam\s m5 f\ght 9 c\rt ov] !   
pat5ts8  #ab4 ,:at has a beetle to d )  

rubb]8  #ac4 ,"n & describe ! liquid 9  
:i* rubb] is f\nd8  #ad4 ,9 :at "p ( !  
tree is ?is liquid f\nd8  #ae4 ,:at is !
 diff]5ce betwe5 ?is liquid & ! sap ( a 
tree4  #af4 ,"n & describe ! be/ rubb]  
tree4  #ag4 ,h[ are ! se$s spread8  #ah4
 ,:at climate is ne$$ = rubb] trees8    
#ai4 ,:i* c\ntry =m]ly suppli$ all !    
rubb] us$ 9 ! _w8  #bj4 ,:o fir/ ?\ght (
 gr[+ rubb] trees on plantations8  #ba4 
,:y did he ?9k x 0 bett] to gr[ !m on   
plantations8  #bb4 ,h[ 7 ! rubb] se$s   
tak5 f ,brazil8  #bc4 ,on :at tropical  
isl& 0 ! fir/ plantation />t$8  #bd4    
,:]e are rubb] plantations f\nd to-day8 
#be4 ,:at is ! ye>ly output ( !         
plantations8  #bf4 ,:at 0 ! curi\s      
co9cid5ce 9 ! gr[? ( ! plantation       
indu/ry8  #bg4 ,:at is meant by ! ,rubb]
 ,belt ar\nd ! _w8  #bh4 ,:at c\ntries  
are ! pr9cipal produc]s ( rubb]8  #bi4  
,:y is ! work] on a plantation bett] (f 
?an "o :o lives 9 ! jungle8  #cj4 ,:5   
are trees ready to be tapp$8  #ca4 ,h[  
are trees tapp$8  #cb4 ,h[ is rubb] cur$

 9 ! jungle8  #cc4 ,h[ is x cur$ on !   
plantation8  #cd4 ,:y is rubb]          
manufactur+ peculi>ly an ,am]ican       
indu/ry8     ,,rubb] ,,products   ,!re  
are s _m diff]5t articles made 9 :ole or
 "p ( rubb] t x w\ld n be possible to   
li/ !m all on ?is page4 ,! foll[+ li/ ( 
j a few ( ! ?\s&s ( rubb] products made 
by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,rubb] ,company1 !   
olde/ & l>ge/ rubb] organization 9 ! _w1
 w help y to ?9k ( _m o!r articles made 
( rubb]4  ,,tires  ,u4,s4 ,royal ,cord  
,automobile ,tires4  ,u4,s4 ,mono-,tw9  
,truck ,tires4  ,u4,s4 ,traxion ,tread  
,motorcycle ,tires4  ,u4,s4 ,bicycle    
,tires4  ,u4,s4 ,royal ,tubes =         
,automobile ,tires4  ,,clo?+  ,rayn/]   
,ra9coats4  ,naugahyde ,belts = ,m51    
,wom5 & ,*ildr54  ,ba?+ ,caps & ,suits4 
,,footwe>  ,k$s1 ! ,/&>d ,canvas        
,rubb]-,sol$ ,%oes4  ,u4,s4 ,boots4     
,u4,s4 ,arctics & ,gait]s4  ,u4,s4      
,rubb]s4  ,,h>d ,,rubb] ,,goods  ,batt]y
 ,j>s4  ,radio ,p>ts4  ,dye ,/icks4     
,,h\sehold  ,hot-wat] ,bags4  ,rubb]    

,gloves4  ,ice ,caps4  ,tub+ & ,%eet+4  
,nurs+ ,bottle ,nipples4  ,toys4  ,fruit
 ,j> ,rubb]s4  ,,me*anical ,,goods      
,u4,s4 ,ra9b[ ,pack+4  ,u4,s4 ,ra9b[    
,transmission ,belt+4  ,u4,s4 ,elevator 
& ,conveyor ,belts4  ,u4,s4 ,hose = all 
purposes1 includ+ ,g>d51 ,/eam1         
,suction1 ,wat]1 ,fire1 ,oil1           
,irrigation1 etc4  ,p>acore ,insulat$   
,wire & ,cable4  ,m\ld$ ,goods 9 ?\s&s (
 v>ieties1 z1 = example1 ,wa%]s1        
,gaskets1 ,plumb]s' ,rubb] ,goods1      
,dra9bo>d ,mats1 ,ba? ,mats1 etc4       
,u4,s4 ,tile & ,%eet ,floor+4           
,,sundries  ,naugahyde ,travel+ ,bags4  
,u4,s4 ,royal ,golf ,balls4  ,balloons &
 ,balloon ,fabrics4      ,,notice ,,to  
,,tea*]s   ,^! booklets are int5d$ =    
pres5tation to y\r pupils4 ,a full      
supply w be s5t to y1 free ( *>ge1 if y 
w indicate ! numb] ( /ud5ts 9 y\r class4
  ,please address    ,educational       
,dep>tm5t   ,unit$ ,/ates ,rubb]        
,company   #agij ,,broadway   ,new ,york
 ,city