,note3 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive4 ,see https3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/cu#caibdj adjgjcaf ,transcrib]'s note3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics74 ,! spell+ & hyph5ation are z f\nd 9 ! orig9al text4 ,!re are #g footnotes3 ea* ( !m has be5 plac$ at ! end ( ! *apt] 9 :i* x is flagg$4 ,,talks ,,on ,,writ+ ,,engli% ,fir/ ,s]ies by ,,arlo ,,bates 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,books by ,arlo ,bates4 ,,! ,,di>y ,,( ,a ,,sa9t4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #a4ej4 ,,love ,,9 ,a ,,cl\d4 ,a ,novel4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #a4ej4 ,,! ,,puritans4 ,a ,novel4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #a4ej4 ,,! ,,phili/9es4 ,a ,novel4 #abmo1 #a4ej4 ,,! ,,pagans4 ,a ,novel4 #afmo1 #a4jj4 ,,patty',s ,,p]v]sities4 ,a ,novel4 #afmo1 #a4jj4 ,,pr9ce ,,vance4 ,! ,/ory ( a ,pr9ce ) a ,c\rt 9 8 ,box4 ,by ,,arlo ,,bates & ,,eleanor ,,putnam4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #a4ej4 ,a ,,lad',s ,,love4 #afmo1 #a4jj4 ,,"u ,,! ,,bee*-,,tree4 ,poems4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #a4ej4 ,,talks ,,on ,,writ+ ,,engli%4 ,fir/ ,s]ies4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #a4ej4 ,,talks ,,on ,,writ+ ,,engli%4 ,second ,s]ies4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #a4cj1 net4 ,po/paid1 #a4db4 ,,talks ,,on ,,tea*+ ,,lit]ature4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #a4cj1 net4 ,po/paid1 #a4db4 ,,talks ,,on ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,lit]ature4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #a4ej4 ,,h\ghton1 ,,miffl9 ,,co4 ,,bo/on ,,& ,,new ,,york4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,,talks ,,on ,,writ+ ,,engli% ,fir/ ,s]ies by ,,arlo ,,bates ,illu/ration ,bo/on & ,new ,york ,h\ghton1 ,miffl9 & ,company ,! ,riv]side ,press1 ,cambridge ,copyright1 #ahif1 ,by ,arlo ,bates4 ,all rights res]v$4 ,,preface ,^! talks 7 giv5 9 ! autumn ( #ahid z a c\rse on ,advanc$ ,engli% ,composition 9 ! ,l[ell ,free ,classes1 & t !y are n[ pr9t$ is l>gely due to ! fact t !y 7 s well receiv$ by ^? :o !n he>d !m4 ,9 prep>+ !m1 ,i consult$ :atev] books ^u composition came to my h&4 ,i exam9$ "s ) pr(it1 "s ) pleasure1 & "s1 x mu/ be confess$1 n :olly )\t amusem5t1 or ev5 impati5ce4 ,d\btless1 ,i owe some?+ to _m ( ^! books2 b ,i am n consci\s ( mu* obligation to any save ! 8,pr9ciples ( ,rhetoric10 by ,pr(essor ,a4 ,s4 ,hill1 8,engli% ,composition10 by ,pr(essor ,b>rett ,w5dell1 & 8,engli% ,prose10 by ,pr(essor ,john ,e>le4 ,i h consci5ti\sly endeavor$ to make ! lectures z practical z possible1 /at+ z cle>ly z ,i c\ld ^? ?+s :i* w\ld h be5 mo/ helpful to me _h ,i read & he$$ !m tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,! necessity ( hold+ an audi5ce made fitt+ "s ef=t to r5d] ! talks ent]ta9+2 b ,i h nev] consci\sly said any?+ = ! m]e purpose ( be+ amus+1 & ,i h nev] be5 ( ! op9ion t a book ga9s ei!r 9 dignity or 9 usefulness by be+ dull4 ,my purpose has ?r\gh\t be5 s9c]ely s]i\s1 & if ! book %all prove helpful1 ,i %all h atta9$ ! object = :i* x 0 writt54 ,a4 ,b4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,i4 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,writ+ #a ,,ii4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,/udy #bj ,,iii4 ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,/ructure #bi ,,iv4 ,,details ,,( ,,diction #dc ,v4 ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,quality #ei ,,vi4 ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,quality ,,cont9u$ #ga ,,vii4 ,,means ,,& ,,effects #hi ,,viii4 ,,means ,,& ,,effects ,,cont9u$ #ajg ,,ix4 ,,classification #abj ,x4 ,,exposition #abh ,,xi4 ,,exposition ,,cont9u$ #add ,,xii4 ,,argum5t #aeb ,,xiii4 ,,argum5tative ,,=m #aff ,,xiv4 ,,description #aha ,,xv4 ,,description ,,cont9u$ #bjb ,,xvi4 ,,n>ration #baj ,,xvii4 ,,n>ration ,,cont9u$ #bbd ,,xviii4 ,,accessories ,,( ,,n>ration #bda ,,xix4 ,,"* ,,& ,,purpose #beh ,,xx4 ,,translation #bfi ,,xxi4 ,,criticism #bhe ,,xxii4 ,,/yle #bii ,,talks ,,on ,,writ+ ,,engli% ,i ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,writ+ ,into all productive art ent] two sorts ( p[]1 t :i* is communicable & t :i* is incommunicable1--9 o!r words1 t :i* may be taught & t :i* is inborn4 ,^u ?is fact is bas$ ! di/9ction betwe5 ! me*anical & ! f9e arts1 al?\gh s9ce bo? k9ds ( p[] h a %>e 9 all production nobody has ev] be5 able to draw a %>p & def9ite l9e at :i* ! me*anical arts end & ! f9e arts beg94 ,! p[] :i* is incommunicable is t ( imag9ation1 t indef9able grace & skill1 t en*antm5t ( creative ability :i* is born ) r>e individuals1 & = :i* he :o is n d[]$ ) x by nature /ruggles 9 va94 ,x is ?is :i* has giv5 rise to t say+ z pr(\nd z x is t]ribly hackney$ :i* decl>es t a poet is born & n made4 ,x is ?is :i* di/+ui%es g5ius f tal5t2 & x is ?is :i* has s dazzl$ ! eyes ( ! _w z to produce ! mi/ak5 notion t s9ce imag9ation is n to be le>n$ no?+ is to be le>n$ 9 ! realm ( art4 ,?is incommunicable p[] is ! s\l ( f9e art2 yet into f9e art no less ?an into ! me*anical arts comes also t p[] :i* may be le>n$4 ,?is communicable p[] is commonly spok5 ( z ! te*nical1 or z te*nique4 ,?is any p]son ( intellig5ce & p]sev]ance c & may ma/] if he *oose1 e man accord+ to 8 ability2 & ?is e arti/ mu/ acquire1 no matt] h[ ri*ly he may h be5 gift$ by nature ) ! magic p[] :i* transc5ds & dom9ates x4 ,x is ?is t musicians1 pa9t]s1 sculptors1 ar*itects1 danc]s1 & writ]s are set to le>n :5 !y are said to /udy art4 ,! _w has long recogniz$ t 9 pa9t+1 music1 sculpture1 & ar*itecture x is indisp5sable t te*nique %all be acquir$2 b--absurd z x may seem--x is only rec5tly1 comp>atively speak+1 t x has be5 practically recogniz$ t ?is is z true ( poetry z ( pa9t+1 z true ( lit]ature z ( any o!r art4 ,x is 9 tru? only 9 our own day t !re has be5 any?+ l a g5]al acceptance ( ! fact t 9 lit]ature z 9 ! o!r arts te*nical skill mu/ be labori\sly acquir$ be=e any successful & p]man5t "w c be produc$4 ,! ma/]s h ( c\rse kn[n ?is2 b ! idea t to be an au?or no?+ is ne$$ b p51 ink1 & pap] us$ to hold undisput$ sway ov] ! popul> m9d1 & is by no means ext9ct yet4 ,n long ago ,i he>d a le>n$ pr(essor 9 "o ( ! lead+ ,am]ican colleges decl>e t he c\ld n see :at !re is to le>n 9 composition4 ,la/ summ] a g5tleman ( really wide read+1 b :o 0 br\ght up "u ! old sy/em1 said to me3 8,by tea*+ composition1 ,i suppose y mean *iefly correct+ ! gramm> & punctuation40 ,he 0 some:at surpris$ :5 ,i expla9$ t /ud5ts 7 suppos$ to h ma/]$ bo? gramm> & punctuation be=e ! tea*+ ( composition z su* c\ld beg94 ,! tru? is t !re has nev] be5 any?+ l a popul> und]/&+ ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 spok5 & writt5 spee*4 ,anybody is suppos$ to be able to talk1 & to le>n to d s unconsci\sly1--a doctr9e to :i* ,i d n wi% to be und]/ood z giv+ ass5t6--& x has be5 held to foll[ t anybody c\ld write4 ,to write 0 m]ely to talk ) ! p51 & t has commonly be5 held to be all !re is to ! matt] save = ! fact t "s p]sons 7 born to write & "s 7 n4 ,a p]sonal exp]i5ce ( my own illu/rates ?is1 if its introduction may be p>don$4 ,i h nev] =gott5 ! g5]al bewild]m5t ) :i* my fri5ds met my ann\ncem5t :5 ,i left college t ,i meant to /udy lit]ature4 ,t "o %\ld foll[ lit]ature z a pr(ession 0 n entirely un9telligible1 if x did sugge/ a dire m5tal weakness on ! "p ( ! "y man :o 0 ra% en\gh to take su* a resolution2 b h[ "o /udi$ lit]ature z a pr(ession 0 beyond ord9>y und]/&+4 8,y mean t y are go+ to write books10 "s said t5tatively4 ,my reply t su* a possibility 0 presuppos$ 9 ! /udy ( lit]ature j z ! plead+ ( cases might be presuppos$ 9 ! /udy ( law only increas$ ! difficulty ( ! confus+ puzzle4 ,x 0 ( c\rse und]/ood t !re 0 9 ! law some?+ to /udy2 b :at1 9 ! "n ( common s5se1 0 !re to /udy 9 lit]ature8 ,books "o sat d[n & wrote1 & t 0 ! :ole ( x2 & ,i soon f\nd ! idea ga9+ gr\nd t ,i only put ! matt] 9 ?is way = ! sake ( produc+ an impression1 or p]haps ( cov]+ a fix$ & repreh5sible int5tion ( do+ no?+4 ,i ?\ght !n t ,i _h "s idea ( :at ! /udy ( lit]ature really meant1 & ,i gave su* explanations z ,i c\ld2 b1 alas1 ! incessant "w ( ye>s has *iefly s]v$ to %[ me h[ inadequate my idea 01 & h[ mu* m !re is to be le>n$ ?an ,i !n _h any notion (6 ,"s ( ! ?+s :i* exp]i5ce has taught me ,i ?9k may be ( value to y2 & 9 ^! lectures ,i %all try to /ate !m1 al?\gh ,i realize b too well h[ f> ,i am f be+ able to cov] or exhau/ ! subject4 ,i %all1 ( c\rse1 say "s ?+s :i* all ( y "k already1 & _m ?+s :i* "s ( y "k4 ,i hope1 h[ev]1 to say also "s ?+s :i* y h n ?\ght (1 & by arrangem5t & sy/em to give fre% value & =ce to old ideas4 ,x is n impossible t exp]i5ce has %[n me ?+s :i* w be practically helpful to o!rs4 ,any man :o has wr\ght long at a craft is likely to be able to give sugge/ions valuable to ^? :o h n4 ,! slugg>d is by ! ,scriptures ref]r$ to ! ant n on acc\nt ( h] intellectual sup]iority1 b solely because ( h] great practical tra9+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,all discussion mu/ beg9 ) def9ition1 ei!r express$ or und]/ood4 ,!re is ( c\rse no d\bt t ea* ( u has an idea :at composition is1 yet to be sure t we are agre$1 x is necess>y to /ate ! mean+ 9 :i* we use ! t]m4 ,let u say1 !n3-- ,composition is ! art by :i* ideas & m5tal impressions are convey$ 9 writt5 language4 ,no?+ c\ld s\nd m simple2 few ?+s are m difficult ( a*ievem5t4 ,x is n h>d to convey ideas1 b x is by no means easy to be sure t !y w arrive at _! de/9ation 9 good ord]4 ,impressions & ideas are delicate ?+s1 & are mo/ liable to be injur$ 9 ! passage4 ,!re are writ]s ^: me?ods sugge/ an attempt to get eggs to m>ket by %oot+ !m f a cannon1--! eggs may arrive1 x is true1 b 9 :at condition8 ,! means mu/ be adapt$ to t ) :i* "o is deal+4 ,x is folly to attempt to c>ry soap-bubbles 9 a mealsack or lead5 bullets 9 a lace h&k]*ief4 ,! /ud5t ( ! art ( writ+ has to le>n to suit 8 means to ! end s\ght4 ,he mu/ tra9 himself to judge :at mann] ( expression1 ( /yle1 or treatm5t1 w be/ s]ve to transf] ideas f 8 own m9d to t ( ! read]4 ,he mu/ /udy ! effect ( words & ( comb9ations ( words2 ! value ( sugge/ion1 & ( all ! emotional effects possible 9 writt5 words4 ,he mu/ tra9 himself to be able to use language z a skillful swordsman uses 8 rapi]1 adapt+ x to e em]g5cy1 ma/] ( x always2 he mu/ le>n to be dext]\s1 adroit1 & full ( res\rces4 ,exactly to imp>t an idea or an impression to ano!r human be+ is manife/ly impossible4 ,! "* ( ! m9d ( ! receiv] necess>ily affects & modifies :atev] comes to x4 ,! ?+ :i* we say to our close/ fri5d /rikes him 9 a way someh[ & some:at diff]5t f t :i* we int5d4 ,a poem by ,john ,boyle ,o',reilly expresses ?is s fully t ,i take leave to quote x3-- ,,at ,,be/4 ,! fai?ful helm comm&s ! keel1 ,f port to port fair breezes bl[2 ,b ! %ip mu/ sail ! convex sea1 ,nor may %e /raight] g4 ,s1 man to man2 9 fair accord1 ,on ?\ght & w1 ! w9ds may wait2 ,b ! _w w b5d ! pass+ ^w1 ,?\gh its %orte/ c\rse be /raight4 ,f s\l to s\l ! %orte/ l9e ,at be/ w b5d$ be2 ,! %ip t holds ! /raighte/ c\rse ,/ill sails ! convex sea4 ,i d n quote ?is m]ely z a matt] ( s5tim5t1 b because x phrases "o ( ! mo/ insi/5t & practical difficulties ) :i* e writ] mu/ cont5d4 ,! /udy ( lit]>y art1 & inde$ ( all art1 is 9 "o s5se an ef=t at approximation4 ,p]fect expression c nev] be rea*$1 & ! ?+ aft] :i* a writ] /rives is to approa* m & m closely t[>d t complete transmission ( mean+ :i* is =ev] unatta9able :ile ! b>ri]s ( human individuality /& betwe5 m9d & m9d4 ,we recognize ?is fact z soon z we reflect4 ,bob1 ?9k+ ( ,betty1 rem>ks to ,jack t he does admire a pretty girl2 & ,jack1 fondly recall+ ! features ( ,jane1 receives ! idea ) all ! v>iations :i* belong to an altoge!r diff]5t idea ( fem99e lovel9ess4 ,tom1 ,dick1 & ,h>ry1 return+ f ! races1 decl>e to "o ano!r t x has be5 a jolly day4 ,ea* accepts ! /atem5ts ( 8 companions accord+ to 8 individual exp]i5ces1 & no "o has imp>t$ precisely ! ?\ght :i* 0 9 8 own m9d4 ,we praise a picture1 a piece ( music1 a sunset1 & ! fri5d to :om we speak li/5s ) a temp]am5t & cultivation s diff]5t f our own t our words inevitably mean "o ?+ to u & ano!r to him4 ,! e> :i* he>s has always its %>e 9 ! impression produc$ z surely z has ! tongue t speaks4 ,! result might be mu* ! same :e!r ! words 9 ^! cases 7 spok5 or writt52 b !re is ano!r elem5t :i* makes an imm5se diff]5ce betwe5 oral & writt5 communication4 ,! speak] adds to 8 words a language ( emphasis1 ( inflection1 ( facial expression1 ( ge/ure1 ( mi54 ,he modifies :at he says by :at he looks2 8 be>+ has z important a %>e 9 ! "w ( convey+ impressions z h 8 words4 ,two actors tak+ ! same text w give *>act]s s diff]5t z h>dly to seem to h any?+ 9 common4 ,a speak] may s contradict & ov]ride 8 spee* t 8 he>] believes n ! tongue t speaks1 b ! p]sonality & mann] :i* decl>e ! contr>y4 ,y rememb] h[ ,em]son puts ?is3 8,:at y are /&s ov] y ! :ile1 & ?und]s s t ,i _c he> :at y say to ! contr>y40 ,n[ ! writ] is confront$ by ! necessity ( mak+ himself intelligible )\t ! _m aids by :i* ! speak] may help out or modify 8 oral communication4 ,! noveli/1 x is true1 may avail himself ( ! simple device ( describ+ ! mann] 9 :i* 8 *>act]s speak4 ,he tells u t ?is 0 said ) a sly look ( coquetry1 :ile t 0 utt]$ 9 a voice ( utt] mis]y1 & ! o!r ?und]$ =? 9 tones ( ov]ma/]+ det]m9ation4 ,my wa%+ came home 9 ,london la/ summ] wrapp$ 9 a newspap] conta9+ an in/allm5t ( a blood-curdl+ tale :i* began ?us3 8,eleanore %ot at ,reg9ald f "u h] pellucid br[s a l+]+ look ( lurid hate40 ,all ?is1 h[ev]1 is at its be/ ineffective & unsatisfactory1 ev5 :5 h]o9es h pellucid br[s & ! au?or is ma/] ( ! art ( allit]ation4 ,"s ?+s are )9 ! prov9ce ( language & "s are n4 ,words may describe =m1 color1 s\nd1 & motion1 b !y c reproduce none ( !m4 ,:at !y c d is to call up 9 ! m9d ( ! read] some?+ :i* he has se52 or aid him to con/ruct f mat]ial 9 8 memory "s new image4 ,if "o read a description ( a l&scape1 = in/ance1 he unconsci\sly selects bits ( nature :i* he rememb]s & arranges !m z ne>ly z may be aft] ! patt]n :i* ! au?or gives4 ,on ! fir/ page ( 8,we/w>d ,ho60 !re is a description (-- ! little :ite t[n ( ,bide=d1 :i* slopes upw>d f its broad tide-riv] pav$ ) yell[ s&s1 & _m-ar*$ old bridge :]e salmon wait = autumn floods1 t[>d ! pleasant upl& on ! we/4 ,above ! t[n hills close 91 cu%ion$ ) deep oak woods1 ?r\gh :i* juts "h & !re a crag ( f]n-fr+$ slate2 bel[ !y l[]1 & op5 m & m 9 s(tly-r\nd$ knolls1 & f]tile squ>es ( r$ & gre51 till !y s9k into ! wide expanse ( hazy flats1 ri* salt m>%es & roll+ s&-hills1 :]e ,torridge jo9s h] si/] ,tor1 & bo? toge!r fl[ quietly t[>d ! broad surges ( ! b>1 & ! ev]la/+ ?und] ( ! long ,atlantic swell4 ,! read] con/ructs ! picture z he goes on2 b unless he has actually se5 8! little :ite t[n ( ,bide=d0 ! picture 9 8 m9d is likely to be> no v close resemblance to ! reality4 ,! broad tide-riv] :i* 8 fancy sees is "s /ream ( 8 boyhood's home1 & f> en\gh f ,nor? ,devon2 ! _m-ar*$ old bridge may be "o :i* he kn[s or :i* comes to 8 memory f a picture1--p]haps f a photograph t a fri5d has br\ght f abroad ( "s ho>y /one /ructure spann+ a ,fr5* riv] or a /ream ( ,italy4 ,! hills & ! f]n-clad cliffs are recall$ 9 ! same way1 _! outl9es id5tical ) ! curves ( "s spot 9 ! ,catskills1 9 ,wales1 9 ,brittany1 or :]ev] ! read] is mo/ famili> or has be5 mo/ impress$4 ,x is evid5t t ! mo/ c>efully elaborate v]bal description c\ld n enable ! arti/ to reproduce a sc5e2 & h]e9 is manife/ ! limitation ( words 9 ?is direction4 ,! inadequacy ( words becomes ! m evid5t :5 x comes to matt]s intellectual4 ,:o has n1 ev5 9 conv]sation1 exp]i5c$ t baffl$ & hopeless feel+ :i* comes f n be+ able to make ano!r und]/&8 ,:o does n "k ! s5sation ( be+ %ut 9 z by walls ( /one1 s t x is impossible to rea* ! compreh5sion ( ! "o address$8 ,yet ! speak] has a hundr$ advantages ov] ! writ]4 ,he has at comm& all ! res\rces ( ge/ure1 ( look1 acc5t1 tone1 mi54 ,no man has writt5 mu* & writt5 e>ne/ly )\t exp]i5c+ mom5ts ( complete despair 9 reg>d to be+ able to convey to 8 read]s t :i* x is 9 8 he>t to say4 ,h[ f> x is possible to ov]come ! ob/acles :i* h9d] communication is ! /udy ( ! lit]>y--z ( e--arti/4 ,we human be+s are prison$ 9 ! solit>y conf9em5t ( ! body1 & mu/ ne$s devise means ( %>+ our ?\ghts1 z political convicts 9 ! ,russian prisons /rive to communicate by rapp+ on ! walls4 ,e device by :i* intellig5ce may be c>ri$ m safely & surely is an addition to ! intellectual res\rces & /r5g? ( ! race4 ,on ?is p[] ( mutual transf]5ce & und]/&+ ( ?\ght dep5ds ! :ole intellectual progress ( m51 & on individual ma/]y ( x re/s ! ability to %>e t progress4 ,x is only by ! mo/ c>eful & pati5t labor1 ! mo/ rigid self-discipl9e1 t advance c be made 9 a matt] s difficult & s delicate4 ,if y h suppos$ t ! art ( composition is "o easily acquir$1 ,i beg y to lay aside t idea at ! />t4 ,x is true t any p]son :o has _h an ord9>y s*ool tra9+ may write a poor lett] or a badly bungl$ p>agraph4 ,"s ev5 atta9 to a respectable facility 9 ! sup]ficial expression ( ord9>y ideas4 ,to g beyond ?is1 h[ev]1 to arrive at be+ able really to write1 to be capable ( express+ ) ! p5 g5u9e ?\ghts & real emotions ) a reasonable hope t ^! w rea* ! read] n entirely di/ort$ out ( all resemblance to :at !y 7 :5 !y left ! m9d ( ! writ]1--?is requires labor long & /r5u\s4 ,! devils ( incoh]5ce1 obscurity1 & incompet5cy g n out save by untir+ /riv+ & wat*+4 ,?is is /rik+ly illu/rat$ by ! great gulf betwe5 amateur & pr(essional "w4 ,_m newspap] report]s are ignorant & intellectually untra9$2 yet m]ely f cont9u\s & e>ne/ practice !y become s dext]\s 9 ! use ( words z to be able to s]ve _! ne$s ) surpris+ facility4 ,i h _h well educat$ & cultivat$ m5 come into my (fice :5 ,i 0 an editor1 & sp5d an h\r 9 try+ satisfactorily to phrase "s simple ann\ncem5t :i* !y wi%$ pr9t$4 ,all t !re 0 to d 0 to say t su* a *>ity ne$$ funds1 t a subscription _h be5 op5$1 or "s le>n$ society 0 to meet at su* a "t & place2 yet ! amateur w\ld /ruggle ) ! p>agraph 9 an agony ( ineptitude :i* 0 alike pa!tic & f>cical4 ,:5 at la/ ! conflict betwe5 m9d & matt] end$ f ! %e] exhau/ion ( ! m9d1 !re w\ld be h&$ to me a scrawl$ %eet1 recross$ & rewritt51 & 9 ! end a miracle ( obscurity & awkw>dness1--! art ( h[ n to say x illu/rat$ to p]fection4 ,!n aft] ! visitor _h tak5 himself (f1 9 a condition n f> f n]v\s exhau/ion1 x 0 only necess>y to say to a report]3 8,make a p>agraph ( ^! facts40 ,9 a c\ple ( m9utes ! slip w\ld be ready to s5d to ! pr9t]1 writt5 9 ,engli% n elegant1 b easy & above all cle>4 ,! report] _h v likely n a hundr$? "p ( ! in=mation or ! exp]i5ce ( life ( ! amateur1 b he _h _h cont9u$ bus9ess-l drill4 ,he _h writt5 z a matt] ( /eady "w1 ) ! improv+ consci\sness ( an editorial blue p5cil ev] be=e 8 m9d4 ,i h se5 _m def9itions ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 amateur & pr(essional "w4 ,to my own m9d x has always seem$ suffici5t to say t ! pr(essional is "o :o has le>n$ h[ to d a ?+ :ile ! amateur is "o :o has n4 ,closely connect$ ) ! difficulty ( say+ a ?+ is ! difficulty ( kn[+ :5 x is said4 ,anybody may write1 b only ! tra9$ writ] is able to be sure t :at he has writt5 says :at he supposes x to say4 ,?is is ( c\rse d\bly true f ! ne$ t !re is ( mak+ words imp>t mood z well z mean+1 ! atmosph]e z well z ! facts4 ,if x is h>d to express ideas1 x is d\bly h>d to embody also ! /ate ( m9d f :i* !y spr+ & :i* mu/ be und]/ood be=e _! real value & significance c be appreciat$4 ,n only is x f> f easy to "k :5 ! writt5 ^w w express :at is meant2 x is no less h>d to be sure h[ mu* ( a ?\ght is actually on pap]4 ,x requires great ef=t to realize t ! s5t5ce or ! p>agraph :i* we write w n mean to ! read] all t we wi% him to und]/&4 ,! ?\ght 9 our m9d is s vivid1 s poignant1 s vital1 t = u ! words brim ov] ) significance z a full honeycomb drips ) honey4 ,! emotion :i* we feel 9 writ+ seems to belong inevitably to :at is writt51 & to be insep>able f x4 ,x is ( all ?+s mo/ difficult = ! au?or1 especially 9 an impassion$ mood1 to put himself 9 ! place ( ! cool & unmov$ public2 yet 9 no o!r way is x possible to judge h[ t public w be affect$2 9 no o!r way is x possible to comp>e :at is writt5 ) :at is int5d$2 to e/imate ! p[] ( ^? poor black conv5tional signs !re on ! pap] to express ! ?\ght & ! mood1 ! gl[ & ! f]vor ( head & ( he>t :i* x is _! mission to c>ry vibrat+ & alive to ! m9d & ! _s ( ! read]4 ,x has (t5 be5 rem>k$ t au?ors are apt to be mo/ fond ( works :i* are n _! be/1 & x is notori\s t ! mo/ passionately poetic mood may be t 9 :i* a writ] produces 8 lea/ effective compositions4 ,x is easy to see h[ ?is is connect$ ) ! po9t "u consid]ation4 ,9 ! ar\s$1 imag9ative1 ec/atic mood e ^w is sugge/ive1 e phrase full ( mean+1 ea* s5t5ce ri* ) emotion4 ,! writ] :o is c>ri$ away by 8 feel+s is apt to g beyond ! range ( 8 judgm5t4 ,he puts d[n ! sign ( 8 mood 9 language intelligible only to himself4 ,he writes a sort ( emotional %or?&1 illegible to e eye except 8 own4 ,to him x may rema9 beautiful because to him x recalls ! exalt$ mood :i* produc$ x4 ,to him x is ! significant & suffici5t memor&um ( a ?+ beautiful & sublime2 to o!rs x is b a mass ( words left by ! elusive ,fancies :i* broke ?r\gh language & escap$4 ,dr4 ,holmes has said1 ) t qua9t m+l+ ( wit & wisdom :i* made him unique1 t writ+ a poem is l p\r+ syrup out ( a pit*]1--"s ( x always /icks to ! pit*]4 ,! pr9ciple holds good ( all composition1 & by no means ! smalle/ ?+ to be le>n$ is to judge h[ completely ! syrup has be5 p\r$ out4 ,(t5 x is necess>y to let ! mood pass away entirely be=e "o c e/imate "w4 ,x is frequ5tly well to let a manuscript lie by until ! orig9al en?usiasm ( creation has fad$ fully1 :e!r ?is process requires m or less "t ?an ! n9e ye>s :i* ,horace recomm5d$ z ! prop] p]iod dur+ :i* a poem %\ld rema9 unpubli%$4 ,x is p]haps n necess>y to speak mu* ( ! value ( a ma/]y ( ! art ( composition2 b !re is "o po9t :i* ne$s to be t\*$ ^u4 ,!re is a preval5t if n g5]ally spok5 idea t :ile ?is skill is an excell5t ?+1 x is really necess>y to nobody save pr(essional writ]s2 t :ile p]sons :o give _! lives to writ+ mu/ ( c\rse ma/] te*nique1 x is n at all wor? :ile = o!rs to bo!r ab\t a ?+ s difficult4 ,t ?is error is less wide-spread ?an ( old is evid5t f ! increas$ att5tion :i* is ev]y:]e giv5 to composition 9 all mod]n s*emes ( education2 b x survives 9 popul> misappreh5sion4 ,! tru? is1 on ! contr>y1 t z society is organiz$ to-day x is ess5tial t e man or woman :o hopes to make 8 or h] way1 at lea/ to any?+ l em95ce ev5 comp>ative1 %all be able to write fairly good ,engli%4 ,9 a _w s l>gely dom9at$ by ! pr9t+-press z is ours 9 ^! mod]n days1 n only has ! man :o c express himself 9 ink a manife/ advantage1 b he :o _c is hamp]$ f ! />t4 ,! highe/ skill 9 composition :i* c be acquir$ is ( in/ant practical value 9 e pr(ession4 ,/ud5ts ( te*nical & sci5tific subjects seem to me to be z truly acquir+ practical tra9+ :5 !y are improv+ _! skill 9 writ+ z :5 !y are p]=m+ exp]im5ts 9 ! laboratory or smelt+ ores at ! furnaces4 ,9 reports to corporations1 pap]s on sanit>y eng9e]+ address$ to city (ficials1 s*emes = railroads or telegraphs laid be=e legislative committees1 !y w h ne$ ( all ! lit]>y clev]ness t !y c compass1 all ! lit]>y skill :i* !y are able to acquire4 ,competition is fi]ce all along ! l9e1 & facility 9 ! use ( ! p5 c\nts 9 e trade & 9 e pr(ession no less truly ?an x does among av[$ writ]s4 ,nor is ?is ! :ole ( ! matt]4 ,into e-day1 common exp]i5ce has ! mod]n habit ( life br\ght ! ne$ ( be+ ma/] ( expression2 & ev5 he :o does n put p5 to pap]--if x is possible to suppose su* a p]son to exi/ among intellig5t p--is "u ! necessity ( cultivat+ 8 k ( ! art ( expression to ! end t he may read m intellig5tly & m s5sitively4 ,!re is great ne$ ( e/abli%+ communication ) our fell[-m52 !re is h>dly less ne$ ( le>n+ to e/abli% communication ) ourselves4 ,x seems sometimes z if our be+s 7 l ^? ,*9ese c>v$ balls :i* ,t5nyson calls ,labori\s ori5t ivory sph]e 9 sph]e4 ,we /rive to make our diff]5t selves "k "o ano!r1 b we f9d x h>d4 ,we are consci\s ( feel+s1 ( ideas1 ( emotions1 :i* "s sph]e ( our manifold be+ kn[s1 yet :i* to u--to ! out] sph]e1 to ! ext]nal ,ego1 s to say--are vague & di/ant h[ev] ke5ly we long to und]/&4 ,! ability to phrase = o!rs is soon f\nd to be ability to phrase = ourselves4 ,by no means ! lea/ ( ! advantages1 z x is "o ( ! greate/ ( ! delights1 ( conqu]+ expression1 is ! p[] ( int]pret+ ourselves to ourselves4 ,!re is a crude popul> idea t ! ref9em5ts ( lit]>y art are wa/$1 at any rate ^u ! g5]al read]4 ,s _m books succe$1 at lea/ tempor>ily1 :i* c make no slighte/ pret5se to any grace ( mann]1 & :i* h n ev5 ! m]it ( reasonable accuracy1 t ! /ud5t is apt to feel t ^! ?+s are sup]flu\s4 ,( c\rse ! ord9>y read] does n p]ceive delicate %ades ( expression1 f9e di/9ctions ( phrase1 or subtile beauties ( /yle4 ,v likely he does n pause to consid] :e!r a /yle is good or bad2 & c]ta9ly he w\ld be unable to analyze its m]its if he attempt$ ?is4 ,x does n foll[ t ^! graces d n t\* him4 ,x is by means ( !m t deep & la/+ effects are produc$4 ,susceptibility to arti/ic beauty is n necess>ily consci\s4 ,frankly1 x is to be admitt$ t = ! in/ant1 evanesc5t1 lurid success ( s5sational popul>ity x is n necess>y to write good ,engli%4 ,books outside ( ! fur!/ /ret* ( *>ity 9 workman%ip & /yle h1 ea* 9 its day1 ! dazzl+1 h[ev] transi5t1 success ( a ,roman c&le or a rocket4 ,9 f> too _m newspap]s "o may see h[ flippant p]tness & vulg> %>pness c disp5se ) ! smalle/ %r$ ( good /yle1 may ignore syntax1 scorn accuracy1 & outrage dec5cy itself4 ,once = all x mu/ be all[$ t :oev] seeks ?is sort ( success ne$ n wa/e 8 "t 9 ! /udy ( ,engli% composition4 ,! au?or ( ! late/ sc&al\s novel nev] exp]i5ces ! necessity ( any exhau/ive acqua9tance ) rhetoric1 or ev5 ( kn[+ mu* m ?an ! outside ( ! ,engli% gramm>4 ,! "y wom5 :o are employ$ by ent]pris+ j\rnals to scramble ar\nd ! _w 9 ! briefe/ possible "t ) a h&-sat*el = luggage are apt to be z little encumb]$ ) syntax z ) trunks4 ,! purveyors ( gossip to society pap]s are n 9 ! lea/ oblig$ to "k ! language 9 :i* !y attempt to convey _! preci\s in=mation4 ,if !y c discov] t ,mrs4 ,*olmondely-,jones is at ! ,sea ,view ,h\se1 _! read]s are n tr\bl$ at ! decl>ation t ?is lead] ( fa%ion is 8/opp+ at ! hotel = a week20--confus+ly impossible z su* a feat may appe>4 ,all ?is has be5 said ov] & ov]1 & ,i repeat x "h simply by way ( rem9d] t !re is no claim t popul> success is n to be won )\t lit]>y m]it2 any m ?an x c\ld be claim$ on ! o!r h& t popul> success is insur$ by x4 ,x is c]ta9 t no p]man5t lit]>y "w c be accompli%$ )\t ! ma/]y ( a good ,engli% /yle2 & x is equally c]ta9 t comm& ( writt5 language is ( ! highe/ value & use4 ,s5sational books make _! way n because ( _! crudities ( /yle & _! inaccuracies1 b 9 spite ( !m4 ,if to ! qualities :i* h giv5 !m vogue _h be5 add$ lit]>y m]it1 !y might h rea*$ to p]man5t 9 place ( tempor>y success4 ,c]ta9ly if a writ] desires to impress1 to p]suade1 to move1 to ar\se2 if he h a report to write :i* he hopes may be adopt$1 a !ory to /ate :i* he is 9 e>ne/ to h receiv$2 a hi/ory to relate t he w\ld h believ$2 an appeal t he longs to h he$$1 a creation ( ! imag9ation by :i* he aims to t\* ! emotions ( 8 fell[-m51 he _c too c>efully cultivate ! art ( communicat+ x4 ,9 any ( ^! cases ma/]y ( lit]>y te*nique is z ess5tial to success z is air to brea?+ or light to see+4 ,,ii ,,me?ods ,,( ,,/udy ,! "q rema9s3 ,h[ is skill 9 composition to be ga9$8 ,! g5]al pr9ciple is z simple z ! details ( ! craft are complicat$4 ,! way to write is to write4 ,p]haps ! mo/ exact image ( ! process is t ( piano-play+4 ,j z "o acquires skill 9 ! use ( ! piano by innum]able ex]cises & cont9ual practice1 s "o atta9s to ma/]y 9 writt5 language only by writ+ & writ+ & writ+4 ,x is necess>y to compose & recompose2 to write all sorts ( ?+s1 to prune !m1 reca/ !m1 poli% !m2 to elaborate & to simplify2 to weigh ea* ^w & phrase2 & :5 all is done to de/roy ! result z ru?lessly z we w\ld de/roy any?+ else :i* has become rubbi% by outliv+ its usefulness4 ,?is la/ po9t ne$s to be insi/$ ^u4 ,p]sonal vanity & t int]e/ 9 self :i* is s naturally & s univ]sally human1 "w con/antly to p]suade ! beg9n] t 8 poore/ trials are wor? pres]vation4 ,9 ! case ( ! piani/1 ! s\nd ( ! five-f+] ex]cise dies on ! air1 & !re is luckily an end ( x4 ,! play] _c ga!r x up & s5d x to a magaz9e4 ,he _c ev5 )\t great risk ( enc\nt]+ p]sonal viol5ce impose x ^u ! fri5d :om he has invit$ to d9e4 ,) ! writ] x is unhappily diff]5t4 ,8 fir/ v]ses he s5ds *e]fully & a little condesc5d+ly to a magaz9e4 ,8 second he di/ributes on privately pr9t$ slips to 8 fri5ds1--& any acqua9tance w s]ve z a fri5d 9 ! di/ribution ( privately pr9t$ poems6 ,8 ?ird ef=t is apt to g to "s ov]work$ man ( lett]s1 accompani$ by a note delicately h9t+ t ! inclosure is bett] ?an any?+ :i* ! recipi5t has done1 & reque/+ him to h x publi%$ at once 9 "o ( ! lead+ magaz9es4 ,x is a ?\s& pities t ! "w ( writ]s :o are le>n+ _! art is n writt5 9 ink fad+ ov] night1 or :i* w\ld at lea/ vani% z soon z ! manuscript _h und]gone revision4 ,! next be/ ?+ is = ! w\ld-be au?or to accu/om himself to phras+ ?\ghts 9 8 m9d )\t sett+ !m d[n ^u pap] at all4 ,?is habit is ( great value f ! con/ant tra9+ t x gives1 & x is ( value also because x takes its place z ! /udy ( =m = ! sake ( =m2 ! ef=t to atta9 te*nical excell5ce unhamp]$ by any consid]ation ( produc+ compositions p]man5t 9 !mselves4 ,! be/ te*nical tra9+ is t :i* is entirely disassociat$ f any idea t p]man5t "w is be+ done4 ,no "o c get on v well or v f> 9 ,engli% composition :o is n able pati5tly & fai?fully to d a great deal ( "w simply = ! sake ( le>n+ h[ to d x1 entirely realiz+ t ! ?+ produc$ is ( no value :5 x is done4 ,x is z absurd to pres]ve or to attempt to publi% ^! crude exp]im5ts z x w\ld be to practice ! five-f+] ex]cises 9 public1 & to attempt to p]suade music-lov]s to pay to come & he> !m4 ,e editor kn[s :at ne$ !re is ( say+ ?is4 ,ea* mail c>ries to ! (fice ( e magaz9e scores ( manuscript :i* are no?+ b ! crude ex]cises produc$ 9 m or less un9tellig5t /ruggles ) ! art ( composition4 ,! s\l ( ! editor fa9ts )9 him1 :ile on ! o!r h& ! misguid$1 s5sitive1 self-consci\s writ] is smitt5 to ! he>t :5 8 or h] ex]cise is s5t back ) a pr9t$ c>d decl9+ x ) a holl[ mock]y ( ?anks4 ,x is ludicr\sly pa!tic2 & ,i dwell ^u x a little because 9 my "t ,i h be5 fooli% en\gh to (f5d 9 ?is mann]2 because z an editor ,i suff]$ en\gh f ?is cause to squ>e ! acc\nt beyond ! cavil ( ! mo/ exact+ fate2 & because 9 ! c\rse ( my lit]>y life ,i h se5 s mu* ( ?is sort ( ?+ t ,i realize h[ g5]al ! exp]i5ce is4 ,x w\ld be ( less mom5t 7 x n = ! dep? ( despair into :i* w\ld-be au?ors are plung$ by ! return ( ^! ex]cises4 ,!re is no despair l ! despair ( y\?1 & x makes my he>t t+le n[ to recall ! utt] angui% ) :i* ,i h receiv$ reject$ e>ly manuscripts--:i* %\ld nev] h be5 s5t to a publi%]4 ,w\ld to heav5 t !re 7 "s "o eloqu5t en\gh to p]suade ! _w once & = all t lit]ature is z surely a pr(ession :i* mu/ be le>n$ z is law or m$ic9e4 ,no delicate woman or s5sitive man1 ?r[n sudd5ly ^u h] or 8 own res\rces1 turns to law or m$ic9e1 expect+ to ga9 a livelihood by practic+ ^! pr(essions un9/ruct$2 yet ?is w\ld be h>dly less logical ?an to expect to make a way 9 lit]ature )\t long prep>ation & /udy4 ,nobody seems to believe ?is4 ,x is probably disbeliev$ n[1 z ,i say x2 & examples ( p]sons :o h succe$$ 9 writ+ ) no app>5t tra9+ come to m9d at once4 ,x w\ld be idle to retort to objections ( ?is sort t quacks h succe$$ 9 all pr(essions2 & ,i mu/ cont5t myself ) insi/+ t :e!r :at ,i h be5 say+ is believ$ or n1 x is true1 & ! pro(s are he>t-sick5+ly famili> to e man ( lit]>y exp]i5ce at all ext5d$4 ,x is important to rememb] t ! be/ te*nical tra9+ is t 9 :i* no?+ is consid]$ b te*nical excell5ce4 ,! /ud5t %\ld write ) 8 entire att5tion fix$ ^u ! te*nical excell5ce ( ! "w4 ,he mu/ ?9k n ( :at he is do+1 b ( h[ he is do+ x4 ,x is a long "t be=e ! /ud5t has a "r to look ^u himself z a produc] at all2 & ! m completely he c pres]ve ! attitude ( a le>n]1 ! bett] w be ! results ( 8 self-tra9+4 ,guy de ,maupassant1 "o ( ! mo/ f9i%$ ma/]s ( lit]>y art1 pure & simple1 :o h writt5 9 ?is c5tury1--a writ] :o a*iev$ s mu*1 & :o lack$ only a supreme e?ical ideal to d s mu* m1--indicates some?+ ( :at is meant by te*nical tra9+ 9 composition 9 8 acc\nt ( 8 /udies "u ,flaub]t3-- ,flaub]t1 :om ,i saw sometimes1 conceiv$ a fri5d%ip = me4 ,i v5tur$ to submit to him "s ( my attempts4 ,he k9dly read !m1 & said to me3 8,i _c tell :e!r y h tal5t4 ,:at y h %[n me proves a c]ta9 intellig5ce2 b y mu/ n =get ?is1 "y man1--t tal5t1 9 ! phrase ( ,buffon1 is only long pati5ce4 ,"w40 444 ,= sev5 ye>s ,i made v]ses1 ,i made tales1 ,i made novels1 ,i ev5 made a dete/able play4 ,( !m all no?+ rema9s4 ,! ma/] 444 criticis$ !m1 & en=c$ ^u me1 little by little1 two or ?ree pr9ciples1 :i* 7 ! pi? ( 8 long & p]fect tea*+4 8,if "o has n orig9ality10 he said1 8x is necess>y to acquire x40 ,tal5t is long pati5ce4 ,x is a "q ( reg>d+ :atev] "o desires to express long en\gh & ) att5tion close en\gh to discov] a side :i* no "o has se5 & :i* has be5 express$ by nobody4 ,9 ev]y?+ !re is some?+ ( ! unexplor$1 because we are accu/om$ to use our eyes only ) ! ?\ght ( :at has be5 already said conc]n+ ! ?+ we see4 ,! smalle/ ?+ has 9 x a gra9 ( ! unkn[n4 ,discov] x4 ,9 ord] to describe a fire t flames or a tree 9 ! pla91 we mu/ rema9 face to face ) t fire or t tree until = u !y no long] resemble any o!r tree or any o!r fire4 ,?is is ! way to become orig9al4 ,hav+1 moreov]1 impress$ ^u me ! fact t !re are n 9 ! :ole _w two gra9s ( s&1 two insects1 two h&s or two noses absolutely alike1 he =c$ me to describe a be+ or an object 9 su* a mann] z to individualize x cle>ly1 to di/+ui% x f all o!r objects ( ! same k9d4 8,:5 y pass10 he said to me1 8a groc] seat$ 9 8 doorway1 a conci]ge smok+ 8 pipe1 a r[ ( cabs1 %[ me ?is groc] & ?is conci]ge1 _! attitude1 all _! physical appe>ance2 sugge/ by ! skill ( y\r image all _! moral nature1 s t ,i %all n conf\nd !m ) any o!r groc] or any o!r conci]ge2 make me see1 by a s+le ^w1 :]e9 a cab-horse diff]s f ! fifty o!rs t foll[ or prec$e him40 444 ,:atev] may be ! ?+ :i* "o wi%es to say1 !re is b "o ^w = express+ x2 only "o v]b to animate x1 b "o adjective to qualify x4 ,x is ess5tial to se>* = ?is v]b1 = ?is adjective1 until !y are discov]$1 & nev] to be satisfi$ ) any?+ else4--,pi]re et ,jean1 ,introduction4 ,i h giv5 ?is long quotation because x puts ! case s /rongly1 because x has ! weight ( au?ority s high 9 te*nical matt]s1 & because x t\*es ^u sev]al po9ts :i* w come up lat]4 ,!re are dang]s 9 ?is me?od ( :i* we %all speak 9 ! prop] place1 b "h ! ?+ to be emphasiz$ is ! absolute indisp5sability ( rigor\s tra9+ :5 "o is /ruggl+ to acquire ! art ( v]bal expression4 ,rob]t ,l\is ,/ev5son1 t beautiful ma/] ( words1 has also told u h[ he tra9$ himself to t dext]ity & grace :i* h be5 ! delight ( s great a company ( read]s3-- ,all ?r\gh my boyhood & y\?1 ,i 0 kn[n & po9t$ out = a patt]n ( an idl]2 & yet ,i 0 always busy on my own private end1 :i* 0 to le>n to write4 ,i kept always two books 9 my pocket1 "o to read1 "o to write 94 ,z ,i walk$1 my m9d 0 busy fitt+ :at ,i saw ) appropriate words2 :5 ,i sat by ! roadside1 ,i w\ld ei!r read1 or a p5cil & a p5ny v]sion-book w\ld be 9 my h& to note d[n ! features ( ! sc5e or commemorate "s halt+ /anzas4 ,?us ,i liv$ ) words4 ,& :at ,i wrote ?us 0 = no ult]ior use4 ,x 0 writt5 consci\sly = practice4--,a ,college ,magaz9e4 ,x is well 9 le>n+ to write to select un9t]e/+ subjects2 !mes :i* dep5d = _! effectiv5ess n ^u :at !y are b ^u ! way 9 :i* !y are pres5t$4 ,x is ! natural t5d5cy ( any inexp]i5c$ writ] to set to "w to f9d some?+ to write ab\t :i* is 9 itself attractive4 ,9 ! daily !mes :i* ,i receive f /ud5ts ,i f9d t ! almo/ inevitable c\rse ( ?+s is t ! /ud5t writes ^u :atev] romantic or /rik+ incid5ts h occurr$ 9 8 life1 & t :5 ^! are exhau/$ he is utt]ly at a loss = some?+ to write ab\t4 ,x is n easy to p]suade /ud5ts t !y w get tra9+ f> m valuable out ( c>eful attempts to express ! commonplace4 ,x is h>d = eag] "y writ]s to foll[ ! advice :i* ,flaub]t gave to ,de ,maupassant4 ,!y are n will+ to put _! mo/ /r5u\s ef=ts into ! attempt to pres5t vividly ! groc] or ! cab-horse4 ,yet !re is no?+ m valuable 9 tra9+ ?an to be ?r[n entirely ^u "o's own lit]>y skill1 be x mu* or little4 ,:5 "o deals ) a subject fasc9at+ 9 itself x is difficult to det]m9e h[ mu* ( ! =ce ( :at is writt5 dep5ds ^u ! !me & h[ mu* may fairly be attribut$ to ! treatm5t4 ,9 tra9+ :i* is purely te*nical x is ess5tial to make ?is di/9ction1 & x foll[s t ! le>n] is wise to *oose = 8 'pr5tice ef=ts matt]s little attractive 9 !mselves4 ,i h said t ! way to le>n to write is to write4 ,x w\ld p]haps be bett] to say t ! way to le>n to write is to rewrite4 ,9 ! c>eful revision1 ! pati5t recon/ruction1 ! unsp>+ self-criticism ( ! /ud5t :o is det]m9$ to be satisfi$ ) no?+ %ort ( ! be/ ( :i* he is capable1 lies ! secret ( success4 ,"h1 z 9 ev]y?+ else connect$ ) ! /udy ( te*nique1 pati5t1 pa9/ak+1 untir+ "w is ! ess5tial ?+4 ,9 reg>d to revision x is necess>y to call att5tion to ! fact t x mu/ ext5d to ! revision ( p>agraphs & :ole compositions4 ,we are apt to conf9e ourselves to ! remodel+ & ! poli%+ ( s5t5ces1 or1 if we get s f> z to revise p>agraphs1 to take ea* sep>ately4 ,x is ess5tial t we tra9 ourselves to consid] s5t5ces z "p ( p>agraphs & p>agraphs z b portions ( a :ole4 ,?is x is especially h>d = untra9$ writ]s to d4 ,^? :o h taught w recognize h[ difficult x is to make /ud5ts realize t ! s5t5ces ( a !me may all be individually "r :ile yet ! !me z a :ole is all wrong4 ,z a matt] ( practical "w x is well to make a s*$ule ( *apt]s by p>agraphs & ( ! :ole composition by *apt]s1 if ! "w be on s ext5sive a scale4 ,x is "o ( ! te/s ( a prop]ly con/ruct$ p>agraph t x c be r\ghly summ$ up 9 a s+le s5t5ce1 & a long] division may consequ5tly be r$uc$ 9 sub/ance to z _m s5t5ces z !re are p>agraphs4 ,x is an excell5t plan ?us to summ>ize "w1 & a little practice enables a writ] to d ?is 9 8 head )\t ! tr\ble ( putt+ ! ab/ract ^u pap]4 ,x is evid5t t to le>n ! art ( composition is no small und]tak+1 b x is to be kept 9 m9d t ?is art1 be+ ! means ( human expression1 und]lies all /udy & all ?\ght no less ?an x und]lies all communication4 ,x aids "o to und]/& :at "o reads1 :at "o /udies1 :at "o ?9ks1 no less ?an x aids "o to compose a poem1 to produce a novel1 to write a lett]1 or to relate ! late/ bit ( piquant gossip4 ,d n make ! mi/ake ( suppos+ t x is outside ( y\r o!r intellectual pursuits1 save 9 ! s5se t all ! re/ ( y\r education is inclos$ 9 x4 ,we fully und]/& only t :i* we are ourselves capable (2 & to compreh5d ! lit]ature ( ! _w x is necess>y to come z ne> to be+ able to h produc$ x z is possible to our individual capabilities4 ,,iii ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,/ructure ,s9ce x is ! object ( ?is book fir/ ( all to be practical1 x is well1 be=e pass+ to matt]s m intricate1 to consid] = a little ! elem5t>y pr9ciples ( composition4#a ,writt5 language1 to repeat :at ev]ybody kn[s1 consi/s ( words arrang$ 9 s5t5ces1 :i* 9 turn are gr\p$ into p>agraphs1 ^! aga9 be+ plac$ toge!r to =m :ole compositions4 ,9 all composition1 x may be rem>k$1 x is necess>y to rememb] t ! punctuation is z integral & z important a "p ( :at is writt5 z are ! words4 ,x is (t5 m easy to =give ! c>eless pr9t] = alt]+ a ^w ?an = *ang+ punctuation1 s9ce ! read] m easily corrects an error ( diction ?an ( po9t+4 ,! /ud5t has n ma/]$ ev5 ! prelim9>y /ages ( composition :o is n z sure ( ! punctuation ( a page z he is ( its grammatical con/ruction4 ,!re is a g5]al vagu5ess on ! subject ( ! me*anical =ms employ$ 9 writt5 or pr9t$ language :i* affects ! n]ves z if x 7 connect$ ) ! moral laxity ( ! age4 ,!re is probably no real connection betwe5 ! frequ5cy ( bank defalcations & a failure to recognize ! relative values ( ! comma & ! semicolon1 b to a lit]>y man ?is ignorance is s culpable z almo/ to seem likely to lead to crime4 ,:5 an inexp]i5c$ writ] gets ! words d[n he is apt to suppose t all is well1 & frequ5tly he does n ev5 "k :5 to put 9 a p]iod4 ,x is necess>y n only to close a s5t5ce :5 x is done1 b also to be> 9 m9d t if x is n f9i%$ putt+ a p]iod 9 ! middle does n really make two s5t5ces ( x4 ,:5 a tyro f9ds t 8 p5 is gett+ out ( brea?1 he has a t5d5cy to set d[n a p]iod1 & !n to g on ) a conjunction1 suppos+1 9 ! innoc5cy ( 8 he>t1 t he is beg9n+ afre%4 ,he is really only sett+ up ! divorc$ bett] half--= ! latt] portion ( a s5t5ce %\ld be ! bett] half--9 a sort ( sep>ate ma9t5ance4 ,! p]iod 9 su* a case has n ev5 ! p[] ( a divorce1 s9ce x _c make ! sep>ation legal4 ,a s5t5ce is l an +ot3 if x be *opp$ 9 two1 ea* piece is half ( ! orig9al :ole4 ,x mu/ be melt$ & reca/ to make individual +ots ( small] size4 ,x is also to be not$ t /ud5ts too (t5 fail to recognize ! fact t !re are reasons z def9ite & z b9d+ = ! divisions ( s5t5ces into p>agraphs z = ! division ( words into s5t5ces4 ,a tea*] rec5tly told me ( ! def9ition ( a c\ntry s*oolboy :i*1 if n ov]-elegant1 repres5ts pretty fairly1 x seems to me1 ! attitude ( ! common m9d t[>d ! p>agraph4 8,a p>agraph10 ?is lad said blund]+ly1 :5 call$ ^u to def9e1 8:y1 a p>agraph--a p>agraph--x's--x's a gob ( s5t5ces60 ,i fancy t mo/ tea*]s h enc\nt]$ pl5ty ( pupils :o ?9k ( a p>agraph z m]ely a 8gob0 ( s5t5ces1--a lump accid5tally brok5 (f f ! re/ ( ! composition1 b possess$ ( no /ructural qualities ( its own4 ,! analysis ( s5t5ces is common 9 s*ools1 b1 s f> z ,i "k1 !re is little analysis ( p>agraphs4 ,to my ?9k+ !re is m to be ga9$ f ! latt] ?an f ! =m]4 ,! analysis ( ! p>agraph calls = a wid] view1 = a bett] compreh5sion ( subject1 & = a m develop$ idea ( =m4 ,i d n wi% to be und]/ood z endeavor+ to inv5t a new torture = pupils or "o m device = fur!r ov]burd5+ tea*]s already ov]load$4 ,i m]ely call att5tion to ! value z a means ( m5tal & lit]>y tra9+ ( ! /udy ( p>agraph /ructure 9 ! works ( ! ma/]s ( /yle1 & to ! fact t su* /udy is an indisp5sable "p ( a lit]>y tra9+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,( c\rse ! ultimate appeal 9 all t conc]ns ! me*anics ( composition is to :at is commonly call$ ,good ,use4 ,all writt5 symbols by :i* intellig5ce is convey$ f man to man are arbitr>y4 ,x is m]ely because x is agre$ t ! "* 8,i0 %all repres5t a s\nd & t ?is s\nd %all /& = an idea1 t we are able to br+ up ! idea 9 ! m9d ( o!rs simply by writ+ ! sign4 ,t !re is no?+ innate 9 ! symbol is evid5t f ! fact t o!r signs h be5 us$ to repres5t ?is s\nd1 & t o!r syllables h /ood = ! pron\n 9 ! fir/ p]son s+ul>4 ,! examples :i* might be giv5 to illu/rate ?is po9t are limit$ only by ! numb] ( words 9 exi/5ce4 ,consci\sly or by tacit cons5t--(t5]1 ( c\rse1 by ! latt]--x has be5 agre$ to atta* s\nds to ideas & to repres5t ^? s\nds by def9ite symbols4 ,x foll[s t he :o wi%es to communicate an idea 9 writ+ has no res\rce outside ( ! means :i* h be5 agre$ ^u by ! cons5t ( 8 fell[-m54 ,a writ] may decide to h a new vocabul>y & to write x 9 novel *>act]s4 ,! difficulty is t x w be und]/ood by nobody4 ,he is =c$ to use ! language ( m51 & to use x 9 ! fa%ion 9 :i* x is employ$ by o!rs4 ,he is b\nd by ! habit ( m5 :o write1 e/abli%$ by cu/om & def9$ by common acceptance4 ,9 o!r words1 he is con/ra9$ to foll[ ,good ,use4 ,good ,use is ! g5]al agreem5t 9 reg>d to conv5tions by means ( :i* ideas are convey$4 ,x is ! basis ( all composition1 & )\t an intimate k ( x no "o c write successfully4 ,:at ! be/ g5]al agreem5t is1 is to be det]m9$ by ! practice ( ! mo/ em95t & widely recogniz$ au?ors4 ,! fact ( _! g5]al indorsem5t & recognition is a suffici5t pro( t _! use is intelligible to _! public1 & t x is !re=e safe to foll[ !m4 ,_! cu/om decides n because ( _! au?ority1 b because _! reputation proves t _! use is ! "o :i* is tacitly accept$ by intellig5t read]s1 & :i* is !re=e ! only "o t w insure compreh5sion4 ,!re are c]ta9 ?+s :i* 9 writ+ x is necess>y to keep con/antly 9 m9d until !y are obs]v$ unconsci\sly & in/9ctively4 ,always a writ] mu/ hold to ?ree ,pr9ciples ( ,/ructure & ?ree ,pr9ciples ( ,quality4 ,! division is ( c\rse arbitr>y1 b x is logical & conv5i5t4 ,! ?ree ,pr9ciples ( ,/ructure1--! me*anical pr9ciples1 s to say1 ^? :i* direct mo/ obvi\sly ! me*anics ( language1--are ,unity1 ,mass1 & ,coh]5ce4 ,! ?ree ,pr9ciples ( ,quality--^? :i* gov]n ! inn] & m intellectual "* ( a composition--are ,cle>ness1 ,=ce1 & ,elegance4 ,! fir/ pr9ciple ( /ructure1 ,unity1 has to d ) ! sub/ance ( a s5t5ce or a composition4 ,x is ! law :i* requires t e composition %all be in=m$ ) a g5]al int5tion1 %all c5tre ar\nd "o fundam5tal idea2 t e p>agraph & e s5t5ce %all be dom9at$ by "o ess5tial ?\ght or purpose4 ,x is ! pr9ciple :i* produces ! diff]5ce betwe5 a well-ord]$ :ole & an unorganiz$ collection ( scraps2 betwe5 a ri* embroid]y & a sampl]1 a mosaic & a crazy-quilt4 ,)\t ,unity z a :ole a composition becomes z disjo9t$ z a diction>y1 )\t atta9+ to ! in/ructiv5ess ( t necess>y book2 & 9 degree only less f ! proportionate importance ( a "p to ! :ole1 ! lack ( ,unity 9 a s5t5ce de/roys ! value & effectiv5ess ( ! entire "w4 ,! second pr9ciple1 t ( ,mass1 conc]ns ! ext]nal arrangem5t ( :at is writt54 ,x is ! rule :i* enjo9s ! putt+ ( ! *ief p>ts ( ! composition1 ( ! p>agraph & ( ! s5t5ce1 9 ! places :i* mo/ readily cat* ! eye or ! e>4 ,?is is sometimes spok5 ( z ,emphasis1 b ! t]m is h>dly compreh5sive en\gh4 ,all que/ions ( proportion come ( c\rse "u ! head ( ,mass1 & s does :atev] 9 ! outw>d =m ( a composition appeals to ! eye4 ,coh]5ce1 ! ?ird pr9ciple ( /ructure1 is ! law ( int]nal arrangem5t4 ,! relation ( ea* "p to ! o!rs mu/ be made cle> & unmi/akable4 ,we are all b too famili> ) ! /yle ( writ+ :i* resembles ! valley ( dry bones ( ! prophet's vision1 composition :]e9 ! relation ( "o fragm5t to ano!r is to be disc]n$ only by ! mo/ c>eful rese>*4 ,coh]5ce is z ! inspir$ prophecy ( ,ezekiel1 :]eby ! bones came toge!r1 bone to bone1 s t ! valley 0 fill$ ) an exce$+ great army4 ,unity is at once ! simple/ & ! mo/ easily secur$ ( ^! ?ree requirem5ts4 ,x is )9 ! p[] ( any writ] ( reasonable judgm5t to tell :5 ! matt] conta9$ 9 a s5t5ce conc]ns a s+le idea or sev]al ideas s closely connect$ t !y mu/ belong toge!r4 ,x is a matt] ( p]ception1 & = avoid+ incongru\s con/ructions !re is p]haps no o!r rule s good z ! simple injunction3 ,be sure t s5t5ces h ,unity4 ,e text-book ^u rhetoric w>ns aga9/ ?is fault & conta9s examples ( x4 ,! writ] :o accu/oms himself to realize vividly :at he is say+ is n likely to fall into ! error4 ,! dang] att5d+ ^u ! ef=t to secure ,unity is t ( ,dryness4 ,! writ] :o is excessively c>eful ab\t conf9+ e s5t5ce to a s+le ?\ght & e p>agraph to a s+le gr\p ( ?\ghts dom9at$ by a c5tral idea is sometimes likely to fail ( v>iety & ri*ness ( /ructure4 ,he becomes timid ab\t admitt+ ev5 prop] ornam5ts1 & gives to 8 /yle an air ( be+ con/ruct$ ^u ! model ( a wall ( brick masonry4 ,v>iety is z ess5tial to composition z is ,unity1 & x is necess>y to be c>eful le/ 9 secur+ "o ! o!r be lo/4 ,e /ud5t %\ld become suffici5tly self-critical to "k 9 :i* direction he is m likely to err1 & to direct 8 ef=ts = improvem5t accord+ly4 ,! "q ( ,mass is m difficult4 ,?is pr9ciple gov]ns ! places ( words & clauses 9 ! s5t5ce1 ( s5t5ces 9 p>agraphs1 ( p>agraphs 9 long] compositions4 ,! :ole matt] is admirably & succ9ctly put by ,mr4 ,w5dell3-- ,9 any composition ! po9ts :i* mo/ readily cat* ! eye are evid5tly ! beg9n+ & ! end4 ,f :i*1 ( c\rse1 x foll[s t1 broadly speak+1 e composition--s5t5ce1 p>agraph1 *apt]1 book--may conv5i5tly beg9 & end ) ! words :i* /& = ideas t we wi% to impress on our read]s4444 ,broadly speak+1 ! (fice ( punctuation is to emphasize1--to d = ! eye :at vocal pauses & /ress d = ! e>1--to %[ :at p>ts ( a composition belong toge!r1 & among ^! p>ts to indicate ! mo/ significant4 ,x is cle> t p]iods emphasize m /rongly ?an semi-colons2 & semi-colons ?an commas4 ,f ?is1 ( c\rse1 x foll[s t 9 an ideally mass$ s5t5ce ! mo/ significant words come close to ! p]iods1 ! less significant close to ! less] m>ks ( punctuation1 ! lea/ significant 9 ^? unbrok5 /ret*es ( disc\rse :]e !re is no?+ b words to arre/ ! eye4 ,! te/ ( a well-mass$ s5t5ce1 !n1 is v simple3 ,are ! words t arre/ ! eye ! words on :i* ! writ] w\ld arre/ y\r att5tion8 ,! application ( ?is pr9ciple to books is easily se51 & p]haps is especially obvi\s 9 fiction4 ,9 an effective novel x w g5]ally be f\nd t "s int]e/+ & /rik+ situation has be5 *os5 = ! beg9n+4 ,frequ5tly ! au?or makes a bold plunge into ! v he>t ( ! /ory 9 ord] to f9d an impressive passage ) :i* to beg94 ,! m important emphasis1 t ( ! conclusion1 mu/ be prop]ly employ$ or ! entire effect ( ! "w z a :ole is sacrific$4 ,a good example ( ! ill effect ( fail+ to employ ! emphatic po9ts ( a book prop]ly is af=d$ by ,/anley ,j4 ,weyman's pleas+ /ory1 8,my ,lady ,ro?a40 ,! fir/ sev5 *apt]s are occupi$ ) an acc\nt ( ! rebellion ( a village aga9/ its *atela9e & ( h] flight f h] ca/le to avoid _! rage4 ,once ! ,lady ,ro?a is free ( ! ca/le1 h[ev]1 ! book is devot$ to h] adv5tures 9 a c\ntry :]e ! ,k+ ( ,sw$51 ! great ,wall5/e91 & num]\s o!r lead]s are fill+ ! l& ) w> & dang] & blood%$4 ,to ! v end ( ! tale ! read] expects t ! n>rative w return to ! ca/le1 & t !re w appe> "s bett] excuse = ! op5+ *apt]s ?an ! ne$ ( />t+ ! h]o9e on h] p]il\s travels2 b ! novel f9i%es )\t go+ back to ! ca/le or tell+ h[ matt]s 7 settl$ !re4 ,! book is s badly mass$ t ! v =ce ( its beg9n+ injures in/ead ( aid+ ! effect ( ! :ole4 ,9 ano!r & bett] tale by ! same au?or1 8,a ,g5tleman ( ,france10 ! fir/ emphasis is giv5 to ! pov]ty & undes]v$ ill =tune ( ! h]o2 s t :5 9 "t fate leads him to bett] ?+s ! lat] joy is height5$ by contra/ ) ! e>li] gloom4 ,i take ^! two books because !y h be5 widely read ( late1 b any novel t comes to h& is an illu/ration ( "o sort or ano!r4 ,! dang] to be avoid$ 9 endeavor+ to secure effective mass+ ( compositions is t ( artificiality4 ,?is is especially obvi\s 9 ! con/ruction ( s5t5ces4 ,9 an un9flect$ language1 l ,engli%1 :]e9 ! relative places ( words are necess>ily fix$ m or less absolutely1 x is n easy to re-ord] ! arrangem5t )\t giv+ to ! /yle an appe>ance ( artifice4 ,dext]\sly to ov]come ?is difficulty is "o ( ! ?+s :i* ! /ud5t has to le>n1 & p]haps m ^u ! success ) :i* he is able to d s ?an ^u any o!r s+le ?+ w dep5d ! effectiv5ess ( :at he writes4 ,! ?ird pr9ciple ( /ructure1 ,coh]5ce1 is "o ( :i* ! lack is easily p]ceptible1 b ! secur+ ( :i* is (t5 difficult4 ,! rule is t words closely relat$ by _! %>e 9 ! ?\ght to be convey$ %all be kept toge!r1--& s /at$ is simple en\gh4 ,no "o1 h[ev]1 is likely to h writt5 ev5 a page ^u any subject at all intricate )\t hav+ to pause to re>range ! clauses ( "s involv$ s5t5ce or ( "s confus$ p>agraph4 ,a great h9drance 9 ! /ruggle = ,coh]5ce1 x %\ld be add$1 is a want ( cle> p]ception ( :at "o wi%es to say4 ,! position ( words is (t5 det]m9$ by ! *oice ( %ades ( expression :i* are extremely delicate1 & unless ! writ] has an accurate & acute p]ception ( ^! he _c be sure ( ! ord] ( 8 words & clauses4 ,x is easy en\gh to see h[ ! phrases are misplac$ 9 ! /ock examples ( incoh]5ce :i* are giv5 9 ! books ( rhetoric4 ,any novice c\ld improve a s5t5ce ( ?is sort3-- ,he left (f 8 old coat to m>ry a lady ) a l>ge ,roman nose :i* _h be5 worn cont9u\sly = t5 ye>s4 ,x takes only a little ?\ght to see ! error 9 ! phrase3-- ,! cr[d turns1 dep>ts1 dis9tegrates2 :]e x is evid5t t ! connection is betwe5 8turns0 & 8dis9tegrates10 & t ! cr[d dep>ts aft] x has brok5 up4 ,n less obvi\s1 :5 att5tion is call$ to x1 is ! fault "h3-- ,lo?air 0 unaffect$ly gratifi$ at n only receiv+ 8 fri5ds at 8 own ca/le1 b "u ^! circum/ances ( intimacy4#b ,x is n h>d to see ! diff]5ce ( mean+ betwe5 ^! two s5t5ces3-- ,s long z m5 _h sl5d] means1 :e!r ( keep+ out cold or *eckmat+ x ) artificial heat1 ,w9t] 0 an unwelcome gue/1 especially 9 ! c\ntry4 ,s long z m5 _h sl5d] means1 especially 9 ! c\ntry1 ( keep+ out cold or *eckmat+ x ) artificial heat1 ,w9t] 0 an unwelcome gue/4 ,x requires a m tra9$ p]ception to feel ! v>iations :i* result f alt]+ 9 ! foll[+ example ! position ( 8only40 ,! !ory t ! poet is a be+ above ! _w & ap>t f x is true ( him z an obs]v] only :o applies to ! ph5om5a ab\t him ! te/ ( a f9] & m spiritual s5se4--,l[ell3 ,life & ,lett]s ( ,james ,gates ,p]cival4 ,if we say 8is true only ( him :o z an obs]v]10 we %all mean "o ?+1--& ,i confess to a suspicion t ?is is ! ?+ :i* ,l[ell int5d$6--:]eas ! passage z x /&s ass]ts t ! !ory is true consid]+ ! poet z m]ely an obs]v]4 ,x is n necess>y to multiply examples4 ,e /ud5t :o attempts c>eful expression w come ^u illu/rations en\gh 9 8 own "w4 ,! important ?+ is to be cle>ly aw>e ( :at is to be said1 & !n to be sure t x is said1 & said unmi/akably4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( s5t5ces ! coh]5t arrangem5t ( words is frequ5tly h9d]$ by ! grammatical relations2 no su* limitation prev5ts ! prop] plac+ ( s5t5ces 9 ! =mation ( p>agraphs4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( p>agraphs1 h[ev]1 ev5 m ?an 9 ! con/ruction ( s5t5ces1 is necess>y ! utmo/ cle>ness ( ideas4 ,x is "h ess5tial to "k n only :at "o has to say1 b ! relative /r5g? :i* %\ld be giv5 to ea* l9k 9 ! *a9 ( ?\ght4 ,! "q ( proportion mu/ "h h ! fulle/ answ]4 ,! relative /ress :i* is to be giv5 by position & ! relative /ress :i* is to be imp>t$ by proportion are alike ( ! greate/ importance 9 ! mak+ ( ! p>agraph4 ,some?+ ( ?is may be %[n by an example4 ,! foll[+ is a p>agraph f ! essay by ,jeffrey on 8,! ,*>act]s 9 ,%akespe>e's ,plays30-- ,ev]y?+ 9 him ,%akespe>e is 9 unmeasur$ abundance & unequal$ p]fection1--b ev]y?+ s balanc$ & kept 9 subord9ation1 z n to jo/le or di/urb or take ! place ( ano!r4 ,! mo/ exquisite poetical conceptions1 images1 & descriptions1 are giv5 ) su* brevity1 & introduc$ ) su* skill z m]ely to adorn )\t load+ ! s5se !y accompany4444 ,all 8 excell5ces1 l ^? ( nature h]self1 are ?r[n out toge!r2 & in/ead ( int]f]+ )1 support & recomm5d ea* o!r4 ,let ?is n[ be read ) a transposition ( s5t5ces3-- ,al?\gh 9 ,%akespe>e ev]y?+ is s balanc$ & kept 9 subord9ation z n to jo/le or di/urb or take ! place ( ano!r1 & is 9 unequal$ p]fection1 yet ev]y?+ is 9 an unmeasur$ abundance4 ,he gives ) su* brevity & introduces ) su* skill z to adorn )\t load+ ! s5se !y accompany1 ! mo/ exquisite poetical conceptions1 images1 & descriptions4 ,all 8 excell5ces1 al?\gh !y support & recomm5d in/ead ( int]f]+ ) ea* o!r1 are ?r[n out toge!r l ^? ( nature h]self4 ,! words & phrases are id5tical 9 ^! two p>agraphs1 save = ! slight alt]ations & *anges ( connectives made necess>y by transposition2 & yet ! effect is di/9ctly diff]5t4 ,! fir/1 z ,jeffrey int5d$1 rem>ks t 9 spite ( ! great luxuriance ( ,%akespe>e's "w x is always well ord]$2 ! second decl>es t al?\gh well ord]$ ! poet's "w is z luxuri\s z nature h]self4 ,if ! proportion 7 *ang$1 ! effect w\ld be v>i$ aga94 ,cutt+ out a few clauses f ! orig9al1 we h3-- ,ev]y?+ 9 ,%akespe>e is s balanc$ & kept 9 subord9ation z n to jo/le or di/urb or take ! place ( ano!r4 ,! mo/ poetical conceptions are giv5 ) su* brevity & introduc$ ) su* skill z m]ely to adorn )\t load+ ! s5se !y accompany4 ,all 8 excell5ces are ?r[n out toge!r1 & in/ead ( int]f]+ )1 support & recomm5d ea* o!r4 ,"h ,%akespe>e's f9e ord]+ ( 8 /yle is made m emphatic ?an 9 ! orig9al1 & a glance w %[ h[1 by ! suppression ( o!r phrases1 ! luxuriance ( 8 "w c\ld h be5 giv5 ! m prom95ce4 ,a writ] mu/ "k :i* ( _m possible %ades ( mean+ is ! "o :i* he desires to convey1 & he is likely to be successful 9 8 "w or ! rev]se accord+ to ! %>pness ( 8 own appreh5sion ( :at he is aim+ at4 ,! gunn] :o %uts 8 eyes :5 he fires is m likely to hit ! m>k ?an is ! writ] :o vaguely endeavors to say some?+ likely to succe$ 9 accurately say+ any?+4 ,footnote #a3 ,9 ?is *apt] & ! next ?ree ,i am s greatly indebt$ to ,pr(essor ,b>rett ,w5dell's 8,engli% ,composition0 t ?is "p ( my book might almo/ be call$ a summ>y ( 81 al?\gh ,i h ( c\rse omitt$ mu* & h introduc$ "s ?+s ^u :i* he has b>ely t\*$4 ,footnote #b3 ,disraeli3 ,lo?air4 ,quot$ by ,pr(essor ,hill4 ,,iv ,,details ,,( ,,diction ,! /ud5t :o endeavors to apply to words ! te/s ( ,good ,use f9ds himself confront$ ) "s que/ions :i* are v easily answ]$ & ) o!rs s difficult t ev5 ! exp]ts ( language may disagree conc]n+ !m4 ,x is ( c\rse to be suppos$ t we h all ma/]$ ! canons :i* =bid ! use ( ,b>b>isms1 ,improprieties1 & ,solecisms1--h[ev] mu* we all[ ourselves to be influ5c$ by ! newspap]s into ! habit ( violat+ !m4 ,we h n got ?r\gh our e>ly s*ool ye>s )\t hav+ our att5tion call$ to ! diff]5ce ( effect produc$ by long & %ort words4 ,mo/ ( u h _h m or less confus+ in/ruction on ! subject ( ! use ( ,lat9 words & words :i* are some:at inexactly t]m$ ,anglo-,saxon4 ,we h all kn[n brief b bewild]$ int]vals dur+ :i* we endeavor$ to live up to a noble resolution to make our vocabul>y /rongly ,anglo-,saxon2 & we are mo/ ( u consci\s 9 our secret he>ts t we nei!r did ?is ev]1 nor ev] = a mom5t knew h[ to set to "w to d x4 ,x is z well = ! writt5 language ( to-day t !re has nev] be5 possible a practical revision ( ! tongue by ! dropp+ ( words ( ,lat9 orig94 ,x is a mo/ mi/ak5 notion :i* turns att5tion to ! race orig9 ( words in/ead ( direct+ /udy to _! actual =ce 9 use4 ,x s\nds admirably le>n$ to talk ( a diction :i* is too /rongly ,lat9 or :i* is m>k$ly ,anglo-,saxon2 x is possible en\gh to see t 9 g5]al a prepond]ance ( classical words imp>ts dignity & t an abundance ( ,saxon gives t]s5ess to a /yle2 b ! man :o 9 desir+ to secure ! "o effect or ! o!r goes to "w to select 8 language on ?is basis is utt]ly ignor+ ! v fir/ pr9ciples ( practical composition4 ,words are to be *os5 ) ref]5ce to a desir$ effect1 & _! p$igree is ( no m consequ5ce ?an is t ( ! play]s on a foot-ball team4 ,! boys ( "o desc5t may d bett] ?an ^? ( ano!r1 & words ( "o or ( ano!r d]ivation may produce a desir$ effect1--b ! contr>y may be true1 s t su* a pr9ciple ( selection is z absurd 9 "o case z 9 ! o!r4 ,( long & %ort words mu* ! same might be said4 ,we are pretty well out ( ! days :5 x 0 /ill ne$ful to insi/ ^u ! admonition ( ,fr]e3-- ,& don't conf\nd ! language ( ! nation ,) long-tail$ words 9 osity & ation4 ,! *ildi% love ( f9e words :i* belongs to ! infancy ( lit]ature is g5]ally outgr[n4 ,x is recogniz$ t words are to be select$ solely = _! effect1 & n = extrane\s pret5sions4 ,9 ?is way is to be made ! *oice betwe5 words g5]al & specific1 & ( words lit]al or figurative4 ,a consid]ation :i* is ( importance 9 ! *oice ( words1 & "o ) :i* we %all be conc]n$ lat] on1 is t ( d5otation & connotation4 ,a ^w d5otes :at x expresses directly2 x connotes :at x expresses indirectly2 x d5otes ! idea :i* x names1 & connotes ! idea t x implies2 x d5otes :at x says1 & connotes :at x sugge/s4 ,! ^w 8,wa%+ton0 d5otes a p>ticul> man1 ^: hi/ory we "k1 b ) t hi/ory g s _m sugge/ions & associations t ! "n connotes ! idea ( patriotism1 milit>y skill1 & devotion to ! nation f ! v h\r ( its bir?4 ,! ^w 8treason0 d5otes a specific (f5se aga9/ ! gov]nm5t2 :ile x connotes all ! %ame ) :i* m5 reg>d "o :o betrays 8 c\ntry4 ,9 ! famili> l9e ( ,wordswor?1 ,a violet by a mossy /one1 ! words d5ote a c]ta9 common fl[] beside a /one cov]$ ) ano!r common & ord9>y vegetable gr[?2 !y connote all ! beauty ( ! azure blossom1 ! sweetness ( ! spr+tide1 ! quietude ( a sylvan sc5e1 all ^? lovely & t\*+ associations :i* c be express$ only by sugge/ion4 ,x is 9 ! fact t c]ta9 s5tim5ts c be convey$ by indirect means only t ! value ( connotation lies4 ,to sugge/ by ! *oice ( words ^? delicate & subtle ideas :i* are l a fragrance or l ! iridesc5t %e5 ( nacre is "o ( ! highe/ triumphs ( lit]>y art2 & ! nice arti/ 9 words is c]ta9ly n less c>eful 9 reg>d to ! connotation ( words ?an he is ( _! d5otation4 ,"o ( ! ?+s :i* (t5 puzzles beg9n]s is h[ to increase _! vocabul>y4 ,( c\rse read+ is "o ( ! mo/ effective means ( enl>g+ "o's k ( ! language1--b x is only c>eful read+1 read+ 9 :i* are /udi$ ! =ce & ! color ( t]ms z well z _! lit]al mean+1 t is ( any m>k$ value 9 ?is direction4 ,x is said t ,?ack]ay 0 9 ! habit ( /udy+ ! diction>y ) a frank purpose ( add+ to 8 k ( words4 ,i h kn[n two lit]>y m5 :o foll[$ ?is practice1 b !y bo? delib]ately select$ unusual & biz>re examples ) ! av[$ object ( add+ a unique & :imsical flavor to _! j\rnali/ic "w4 ,su* an example is ( c\rse to be %unn$1 b 9 g5]al !re is f> too little /ress laid ^u ! use ( ! diction>y4 ,!re %\ld be 9 e prep>atory s*ool a regul> ex]cise 9 ! use ( ! diction>y1 & 9 x all /ud5ts %\ld be requir$ to jo94 ,! tea*] %\ld read an extract or a s5t5ce1 or %\ld give out words to ! class1 & h ! mean+s & d]ivations actually look$ up at ! mom5t4 ,! diff]+ values ( synonyms %\ld be exam9$2 & if possible some?+ ( ! hi/ory ( ! words giv54 ,! aim %\ld be to enc\rage ! /ud5t 9 ! habit ( hav+ a lexicon at h& & ( us+ x con/antly4 ,ano!r important means ( increas+ "o's comm& ( language is conv]sation1 & ! value ( conv]sation 9 ?is respect z 9 e o!r is 9 direct ratio to its "*4 ,to talk is n en\gh2 x is necess>y t ! talk] ex]t himself to d 8 be/4 ,*att] is ( no value z intellectual tra9+2 x is ! ex]cise ( ! m9d :i* tells4 ,! subject ( conv]sation may be z light z possible2 b x is important t :atev] is said is said well1 :e!r x be a complim5t to a mi/ress' eyebr[1 a discussion ( ! deepe/ philosophy ( life1 or ! late/ bon-mot ( ! clubs4 8,e v>iety ( gift10 ,em]son says truly1--8sci5ce1 religion1 politics1 lett]s1 art1 prud5ce1 w>1 or love1--has its v5t & ex*ange 9 conv]sation10 & x foll[s t conv]sation prop]ly conduct$ helps to ! p[] ( expression 9 all ( ^!4 ,bett] ?an all o!r means ( increas+ ! vocabul>y1 h[ev]1 is writ+4 ,always ! way to le>n to write is to write4 ,! way to increase "o's p[] ( expression is to /rive to express4 ,! habit ( seek+ con/antly = ! "r ^w results 9 ability to f9d ! "r ^w4 ,x acts n only directly1 wid5+ "o's doma9 9 ! realm ( language1 b x r5d]s a hundr$-fold m effective ! use ( read+ & ( talk4 ,x puts ! m9d into an att5tive mood s t :5 a new t]m is met ) x is rememb]$4 ,! p]ception on ! al]t = words becomes susceptible to !m1 s t !y are appreciat$ & reta9$4 ,cultivate ! habit ( putt+ ?+s into words & ! words w come unconsci\sly2 practice phras+ ?\ght & ! means ( phras+ x w n long be want+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:5 we g on f ! consid]ation ( words to t ( s5t5ces we f9d t "h ,good ,use is m cle>ly def9$4 ,! rules = ! con/ruction ( s5t5ces are to a l>ge ext5t m =mal ?an ^? :i* gov]n ! *oice ( t]ms1 & ! mo/ obvi\s ( !m are conv5i5tly collect$ & arrang$ "u ! "n ( ,gramm>4 ,gramm> is ! acc\nt-book ( cu/om2 x is 9 reality a reckon+ up ( ! popul> suffrages 9 reg>d to v]bal proprieties4 ,9 o!r words1 gramm> is ! =mal /atem5t ( ! decisions ( ,good ,use 9 s f> z !y apply to ! relative =ms ( words4 ,x is ( c\rse n necess>y to speak "h 9 detail ( ^!4 ,i only wi% to call att5tion to ! rules ( ! gramm>ian z a p>ticul>ly well def9$ example ( ! supremacy ( ,good ,use 9 all matt]s relat+ to language & its employm5t 9 lit]ature4 ,x is because ! g5]al cons5t has decid$ t a c]ta9 =m ( ! v]b %all be plural t ! gramm>ian decl>es x to be 9 t numb]4 ,gramm>s foll[ & =mulate cu/om2 !y nei!r prec$e nor dictate4 ,! inability ( ! gramm>ian to dictate to cu/om is made especially evid5t :5 we consid] t ?+ m subtle ?an syntax & 9 composition no less important1 :i* we call ,idiom4 ,t a writ] %all be idiomatic is z ess5tial to writ+ well z ! avoidance ( solecisms1 yet e /ud5t ( ! language kn[s h[ elusive & difficult ( atta9m5t is a s\nd und]/&+ ( ! idioms ( any tongue4 ,an idiom is ! p]sonal--if ! ^w may be all[$--! p]sonal idiosyncrasy ( a language4 ,x is a me?od ( spee* :]e9 ! g5ius ( ! race mak+ ! language %[s itself z diff]+ f t ( all o!r peoples4 ,:at /yle is to ! man t is idiom to ! race4 ,x is ! cry/allization 9 v]bal =ms ( peculi>ities ( race temp]am5t--p]haps ev5 ( race ecc5tricities4 ,x is cu/om>y to def9e an idiom z ! =m ( language :i* _c be translat$ into ano!r tongue2 & ! example :i* is commonly giv5 is ! habit ,engli%-speak+ peoples h ( say+3 8,y are "r10 :]eas ! ,lat9 =m--lit]ally translat$--w\ld be3 8,y speak rightly10 ! ,fr5*3 8,y h reason10 & ! ,g]man3 8,y h "r40 ,an idiom is indep5d5t ( grammatical rules1--sometimes is 9 di/9ct violation ( !m4 ,x makes u say3 8,a t5-foot pole10 8,a two-doll> bill10 8,a five-acre lot10--:]e a plural adjective modifies a s+ul> sub/antive1 or to speak m accurately is comp\nd$ ) x4 ,x decides t we %all write3 8,m fri5ds ?an "o fri5d has told me10--al?\gh ! subject ( 8told0 is 8fri5ds0 und]/ood4 ,an idiom boldly ignores ! d]ivation ( words4 ,s9ce 8circum/ances0 means 8?+s /&+ ar\nd10 x is evid5tly logical to use ! phrase1 89 ^! circum/ances40 ,! g5ius ( ! language decides t ! =m %all be1 8"u ^! circum/ances20 & :oev] writes 890 = 8"u0 n only uses unidiomatic ,engli%1 b lays himself op5 to ! *>ge ( p$antry4 ,untranslatable & above rules1 ,idiom is z inviolable z ! laws ( ! ,m$es & ! ,p]sians1 & = him :o s9s aga9/ x !re is no p>don4 ,= idioms !re is no law save t ( ,good ,use1 & p]haps 9 ! disc]nm5t ( no o!r rules is requir$ s critical & s nice a discrim9ation4 ,engli% :i* is n idiomatic becomes at once =mal & lifeless1 z if ! tongue 7 already dead & its rema9s embalm$ 9 ^? honorable sepul*res1 ! philological diction>ies4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,engli% :i* goes too f>1 & fails ( a delicate di/9ction betwe5 :at is really & ess5tially idiomatic & :at is colloquial1 becomes at once vulg> & utt]ly want+ 9 t subtle quality ( dignity = :i* !re is no bett] t]m ?an di/9ction4 ,! gramm>ian1 moreov]1 wage? aga9/ ,idiom a w>f>e z bitt] z x is unceas+4 ,x is di/9ctly idiomatic to use 9 c]ta9 cases :at is kn[n z ! 8flat adv]b10--! adv]b 9 ! adjective =m )\t ly4 ,! man :o writes 8speak l\dly10 8speak m l\dly10 8speak pla9ly10 8walk fa/ly10 8dr9k deeply10 8speak l[ly10 8! moon %9es brightly10 8! sun %9es hotly10 may h ! applause ( gramm>ians & 8 own misguid$ consci5ce1 b he is n writ+ idiomatic ,engli%4 ,8 virtue mu/ be its own rew>d1 s9ce he c nev] w9 ! approval ( lov]s ( s\nd1 :olesome1 liv+ ,engli%4 ,^? :o use ! language idiomatically write 8speak l\d10 8speak l\d]10 8speak pla910 8walk fa/10 8dr9k deep10 8speak l[10 8! moon %9es bright10 & 8! sun %9es hot40 ,yet ^! idiomatic di/9ctions are (t5 v delicate4 ,an adv]b is sometimes prop]ly us$ 9 its flat =m ) an imp]ative :5 9 o!r cases ! =m 9 ly is prop]4 ,we say1 = in/ance1 8walk sl[1 walk sl[]20 b 8,he walk$ sl[ly across ! field & m sl[ly ov] ! bridge40 ,no?+ b ! c>eful tra9+ ( ! p]ceptions avails = di/9ctions su* z ^!4 ,ano!r idiomatic con/ruction aga9/ :i* ! puri/ wagge? 8 tongue & gritte? 8 tee? is ! end+ ( a s5t5ce ) a p>ticle4 ,in/ead ( ! good old idiomatic 8,:]e does x come f80 he w\ld h u say 8,:5ce does x come80 ,= 8,:]e is x go+ to80 he (f]s 8,:i!r is x go+80 ,bo? ( 8 phrases are em95tly respectable1 b !re is sometimes a lack ( vitality 9 too em95t respectability6 ,d n be afraid to say3 8,! subject :i* ,i spoke to y ab\t20 8,! conclusion t we came to20 8,! man :om ,i talk$ )20 8,?is is a cause to /& up =20 8,x is wor? liv+ =20 8,a "n to conjure )20 & ! alli$ phrases :i* w\ld nev] h be5 tol]at$ = an in/ant if ! language _h be5 made 9 libr>ies in/ead ( hav+ gr[n up 9 ! lives ( peoples & on ! tongues ( brea?+ m54 ,pr(essor ,re$1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 admirably says3-- ,! false fa/idi\sness :i* %uns a %ort p>ticle at ! end ( a s5t5ce is (t5 fatal to a =ce :i* belongs to ! language 9 its primal "*4 ,he po9ts out t only ! misapplication ( analogies f ,cont95tal languages has br\ght into discr$it ?is *>act]i/ic ,engli% idiom4 ,he quotes ,bacon1 8,h\ses are built to live 91 & n to look on20 ,donne1 8,ha? ,god a "n to curse by80 & ,burke1 8,! times we live 940 ,he might h gone to contempor>y au?ors1 & cit$ ,/ev5son1 8,aft] exp$i5ts hi!rto un?\ght (10 8,he 0 all fall5 away & fall5 920 ,james1 8,! diff]5t b$rooms %e has successively slept 910 8,!re is almo/ lit]ally no?+ he does n c>e =20 ,newman1 8,! elect are few to *oose out (20 ,l[ell1 8,9 accompli%+ :at he aim$ at10 8,! words are *os5 = _! value to fill 910 8,! soil out ( :i* su* m5 z he are made is good to be born on1 good to live on1 good to die = & be buri$ 940 ,x w\ld n be difficult to ext5d ! li/ until x %\ld include all ! writ]s ( idiomatic ,engli%4 ,x is necess>y1 h[ev]1 to add "h a ^w ( w>n+4 ,all[+ a p>ticle to come at ! end ( a s5t5ce or clause because x belongs !re idiomatically is "o ?+2 lett+ ! p>ticle drag loosely along beh9d f a lack ( skill or en]gy suffici5t to manage ! con/ruction prop]ly is q ano!r4 ,idiom is a cloak :i* may be made to cov] z _m vices z virtues4 ,! beg9n+ & end ( clause or s5t5ce are ! emphatic p>ts1 & to give ! close to an unimportant ^w is to wa/e an opportunity & weak5 ! effect ( ! :ole4 ,! reason :y ! idiomatic f9al p>ticle is p]missible is because x really belongs to ! emphatic idea or is practically a "p ( ! v]b :i* prec$es x4 ,9 ! phrase 8! times we live 910 x is evid5t t 890 is 9 int5tion "p ( ! idea express$ by ! v]b1 s t ! s5t5ce does n close ) ! p>ticle 890 b ) ! v]b 8live 920 & s on = ! o!r examples :i* h be5 quot$4 ,a common in/ance ( unidiomatic use ( a p>ticle at ! end ( a s5t5ce is t ( clos+ ) ! sign ( ! inf9itive4 8,d z y h a m9d to0 is bad ,engli% because ! words 8m9d0 & 8to0 d n 9 idea belong toge!r4 ,ei!r ! v]b %\ld be express$1--8,d z y h a m9d to d10 or ! s5t5ce %\ld be reca/4 ,h[ev] /rong colloquial prec$5t may seem1 d n all[ t =lornly orphan$ sign ( ! inf9itive to come trail+ along alone z a la/ ^w4 ,! idiomatic use ( conjunctions is "o m>k ( a f9i%$ & c>eful /yle4 ,x is p]haps too mu* to say t if a writ] takes c>e ( 8 p>ticles ! o!r p>ts ( spee* w take c>e ( !mselves1 b x is at lea/ true t no /yle c be lucid & poli%$ 9 :i* ! p>ticles--& especially ! conjunctions--h n be5 look$ to mo/ c>efully4 ,amateur writ]s are apt to seem aw>e ( ! exi/5ce ( only two conjunctions1 8&0 & 8b20 :ile !y are especially c>eful to omit ! conjunction 8t40 ,x has be5 rem>k$ t "o ( ! important means by :i* ! ,fr5* ma/]s secure t wond]ful cl>ity & vivacity ( /yle :i* s few ,engli% au?ors h be5 able to approa* is a c>eful & explicit discrim9ation ( ! value ( connectives4 ,a /yli/ might be n v inaccurately def9$ z a writ] :o is always consci5ti\s 9 8 *oice ( conjunctions4 ,col]idge's rem>ks on ?is po9t h (t5 be5 quot$3-- ,a close reason] & a good writ] 9 g5]al may be kn[n by 8 p]t95t use ( connectives4 ,read t page ( ,johnson2 y _c alt] "o conjunction )\t spoil+ ! s5se4 ,x is 9 a l9k$ /ra9 ?r\gh\t4 ,9 y\r mod]n books = ! mo/ "p1 ! s5t5ces 9 a page h ! same connection ) ea* o!r t m>bles h 9 a bag2 !y t\* )\t adh]+4--,table ,talk1 ,may #ae1 #ahcc4 ,?is is impati5tly inexact1 x may be1 b ! mod]n t5d5cy1 especially 9 c>eless newspap] "w1 is to d away ) connectives = ! sake ( secur+ briskness4 ,! result is abruptness always & confusion g5]ally4 ,insignificant z !y seem1 connectives are ! articulations ( ! skeleton ( a composition1 & unless !y be flexible & delicately adju/$ !re is no possibility ( fre$om ( movem5t 9 ! :ole4 ,c]ta9 weak idioms :i* are common 9 conv]sation are apt to creep into ! writ+s ( ^? n ov] s5sitive to lit]>y effects1 b ^! colloquialisms are religi\sly avoid$ by c>eful writ]s4 ,an example ( ?is sort ( ?+ is ! dete/able use ( 8got0--z a sub/itute = 8h0 or z a sup]flu\s app5dage to x1--:i* is s conspicu\s a vice 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ,am]ica ?is is at lea/ !oretically fr[n$ ^u1 & inde$ x is prote/$ aga9/ by ! be/ au?orities on ! o!r side ( ! wat]4 ,( c\rse ,i h n space to take up "o by "o all ! idiomatic expressions ( ! language4 ,^! giv5 w s]ve z examples1 & ,i h b to add t !re is p]haps no bett] way ( becom+ s5sitive to idiom ?an by conv]s+ ) ru/ics & read+ ! ,engli% classics4 ,nei!r me?od is ( value )\t ! re/ra9+ & enlight5+ influ5ce ( s\nd good judgm5t1 b ! /ud5t :o is able to criticise 8 own "w & comp>e x ) t ( ! ma/]s w f9d ! talk ( c\ntry folk & ! works ( ! old ma/]s alike helpful 9 ! =mation ( an idiomatic /yle4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! matt] ( long s5t5ces or %ort s5t5ces is practically ! same z t ( long or %ort words4 ,! "q is :at effect ! writ] wi%es to produce4 ,if he desires to treat a subject ) dignity1 to impress by gravity ( mann]1 or to produce a mood ( solemnity or melan*oly1 x is all b ess5tial t 8 s5t5ces %all be long4 ,if on ! o!r h& x is 8 object to produce an effect ( lightness1 to induce a feel+ ( gayety1 ( briskness1 to make ! blood run swiftly 9 ! ve9s1 8 /yle w be crisp ) %ort s5t5ces4 ,) ev5 a limit$ am\nt ( lit]>y tra9+ ! *oice ( l5g? 9 s5t5ces becomes almo/ in/9ctive4 ,some?+ ( ! same pr9ciple is to be appli$ to s5t5ces loose & s5t5ces p]iodic4 ,a loose s5t5ce is "o 9 :i* ! mean+ & ! grammatic /ructure are complete at "s po9t be=e ! end2 a p]iodic s5t5ce is "o 9 :i* s5se & s5t5ce end toge!r4 ,if ,i say1 8,we all praise p]iodic s5t5ces1 b few ( u write !m10 ,i h giv5 an example ( ! tru? ( ! /atem5t4 ,! s5se & ! grammatic con/ruction are bo? complete at ! middle ( ! s5t5ce4 ,if ?is be rewritt5 s z to read1 8,al?\gh we all praise p]iodic s5t5ces1 few ( u write !m10 we h a p]iodic =m 9 :i* s5se & con/ruction are alike incomplete until ! close4 ,t clos5ess ( /ructure :i* 9 an inflect$ language is imp>t$ by ! =m ( words mu/ 9 ,engli% dep5d ^u ^w arrangem5t2 & f ?is x foll[s t ! "q ( mak+ ! s5t5ce p]iodic mu/ be subord9ate to ! matt] ( br++ ! "r words toge!r4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! language is t[>d a loose /ructure2 b betwe5 ! two sorts ( s5t5ces t we are consid]+ !re is ! diff]5ce t !re is betwe5 giv+ to a p]son a ?+ 9 pieces & giv+ x to him :ole4 ,9 ! loose s5t5ce y pres5t to him "o portion aft] ano!r1 (t5 9 a way :i* leaves him unc]ta9 at ! end ( ! diff]5t p>ts :e!r !re is or is n m to come2 9 ! p]iodic1 y (f] to him ! :ole at once4 ,evid5tly ! latt] is ! m def9ite1 ! m precise1 ! m f9i%$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 s (t5 impossible to make a s5t5ce p]iodic )\t app>5t ef=t t no /yle c\ld be :olly p]iodic )\t seem+ elaborately & ev5 pa9fully /udi$2 h5ce z a matt] ( fact all good /yle consi/s ( a judici\s m+l+ ( ! two k9ds ( s5t5ce4 ,! dang] 9 a /yle too uni=mly p]iodic is t ( appe>+ /iff & =mal2 & x seems to be true t ! be/ & mo/ flexible ,engli% conta9s a l>g] portion ( loose s5t5ces ?an ( p]iodic4 ,rea*+ out my h& = volumes :i* *ance to be )9 arm's l5g? ( my writ+-table1 ,i f9d t ( ! fir/ fifte5 s5t5ces 9 ,l[ell's essay on ,*auc]1 t5 are loose & five p]iodic2 ( ! same numb] at ! beg9n+ ( ,h5ry ,james' essay on ,balzac1 n9e are loose & six p]iodic2 at ! comm5cem5t ( ,/ev5son's pap] on ,burns ! loose are to ! p]iodic eight to sev52 ,sa9tsbury's essay on ,de ,qu9cey beg9s ) ! same proportions2 :ile t by ! same au?or on ,sydney ,smi? op5s ) ?irte5 loose reliev$ b by two p]iodic4 ,( c\rse su* examples are n conclusive1 b !y are at lea/ illu/rative4 ,9 all ^! matt]s ! important ?+ is to tra9 "o's self to d :atev] x seems well to d1 by ! use ( ! =m mo/ apt = ! effect desir$4 ,s9ce ! natural t5d5cy ( ! untra9$ writ] is t[>ds loose s5t5ces1 x is well to conqu] ! art ( writ+ p]iodically4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 all po9ts ( ! /udy ( composition1 ! ?+ aim$ at is to be able to d ) language :atev] is desir$2 to become z absolutely ma/] ( x z ! cunn+ sculptor is ma/] ( ! model+-clay1 :i* is z pla/ic "u 8 h& z if x 7 a "p ( 8 v ?\ght4 ,v ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,quality ,:5 an ar*itect builds a palace1 or an edifice no matt] h[ mu* humbl]1 he fir/ att5ds to ! unity1 ! proportions1 & to ! /r5g? ( ! /ructure2 aft] t he has to consid] ! h>mony1 ! f9i%1 & ! adornm5t4 ,accord+ to ! nature & purpose ( ! build+1 x may be giv5 a coat ( m9]al pa9t1 su* z t :i* made ! transi5t =tune ( ,silas ,lapham1 x may be set ) clu/]+ /atues l an ,old ,_w ca!dral1 or x may be jewel$ ) preci\s m>bles & fl[]-bright mosaics l ! ,taj ,mahal4 ,! analogy betwe5 ?is process & t ( ! writ] is close en\gh to excuse ! some:at florid comp>ison4 ,fir/ is to be consid]$ ! me*anical =m ( :at is writt52 unity1 proportion1 & texture mu/ be look$ to1 & aft]w>d !re mu/ be ?\ght ( ! h>mony1 f9i%1 & adornm5t4 ,:5 we h /udi$ ! ,pr9ciples ( ,/ructure1--,unity1 ,mass1 & ,coh]5ce1--we h next to d ) ! ,pr9ciples ( ,quality4 ,:atev] "w int]e/s a read] may be said to t\* him 9 "o ( ?ree ways3 x may appeal to 8 und]/&+1 to 8 emotions1 or to 8 imag9ation4 ,9 o!r words1 x may affect him by its intellectual1 by its emotional1 or by its imag9ative or /hetic quality4 ,be>+ 9 m9d t any nom5clature is a matt] ( conv5i5ce1 & t we use names *iefly z a means ( divid+ ! subject into portions :i* may be h&l$ less awkw>dly ?an ! :ole1 we may call ^! ?ree qualities ,cle>ness1 ,=ce1 & ,elegance4 ,if we exam9e our feel+s 9 reg>d to any?+ :i* we read1 we f9d t x has be5 easily intelligible1 or t x has bo!r$ our compreh5sion2 x has int]e/$ u1 /irr$ u1 or has left u indiff]5t or bor$2 & x has or has n produc$ 9 u a s5se ( beauty & elevation ( mood4 ,nei!r ^! s5sations nor ! qualities :i* produce !m are %>ply sep>able2 b ! di/9ctions p]ceptibly exi/1 s t = purposes ( /udy ! qualities may conv5i5tly be treat$ "o at a "t4 ,x is easy to see t 9 und]/&+ ! mean+ ( a ?+ we mo/ m>k$ly use ! intellectual faculties2 t 9 lik+ or dislik+ we respond to an appeal to ! emotions2 & t 9 feel+ beauty & appreciat+ ! /hetic1 we necess>ily employ ! imag9ation4 ,! fir/ is a "q ( compreh5sion2 ! second ( feel+2 & ! ?ird ( ta/e4 ,cle>ness is ! intellectual pr9ciple ( /yle2 ,=ce ! emotional2 & ,elegance ! /hetic4 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,/ructure mu/ prec$e & und]lie ^? ( ,quality4 ,speak+ broadly1 we may say t x is idle to attempt to give to a composition or to a s5t5ce ,cle>ness1 ,=ce1 or ,elegance1 unless x is already satisfactory 9 ,unity1 ,mass1 & ,coh]5ce4 ,! close/ att5tion to ! laws ( me*anical =m1 h[ev]1 is n suffici5t to secure quality4 ,= ! secret ( t x is ne$ful to g fur!r4 ,x is 9 ,cle>ness t ! ,pr9ciples ( ,quality are mo/ obvi\sly associat$ ) ^? ( ,/ructure4 ,if an au?or has c>efully consid]$ ! ,unity ( 8 composition1 if he has mass$ x prop]ly 9 p>ts & z a :ole1 if he has look$ well to its ,coh]5ce1--x is h>dly possible t he %\ld fail ( be+ readily und]/ood4 ,close att5tion to ! me*anics ( /yle w g5]ally make a writ] intelligible1 provid$ always t he wi%es 8 mean+ to be appreh5d$ easily1 & t he himself kn[s :at he is attempt+ to say4 ,^! two consid]ations are ( mu* practical importance4 ,sometimes writ]s d n *oose to be cle>4 ,george ,m]$i? seems (t5 to write ) ! delib]ate int5tion ( =c+ ! read] to g sl[ly1--z if f ! feel+ t :at c be read rapidly is 9 dang] ( be+ m]ely skimm$ ov]4 ,!re are o!rs1 l ,?omas ,c>lyle1 :o delib]ately obscure :at !y write1 app>5tly 9 ! hope ( add+ by complexity an air ( my/]y to commonplaces & a m]etrici\s dignity to wisdom4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ?is s5t5ce3-- ,if = ! pres5t1 9 our ,europe1 we e/imate ! ratio ( ,w>e to ,appe>ance ( ,w>e s high ev5 z ,"o to a ,hundr$ 7:i*1 consid]+ ! ,wages ( a ,pope1 ,russian ,autocrat1 or ,engli% ,game-,pres]v]1 is probably n f> f ! m>k71--:at almo/ prodigi\s sav+ may !re n be anticipat$1 z ! ,/ati/ics ( ,impo/ure advances1 & s ! manufacture ( ,%ams 7t ( ,realities ris+ into cle>] & cle>] di/9ction !refrom7 gradually decl9es1 & at l5g? becomes all b :olly unnecess>y6--,c>lyle3 ,s>tor ,res>tus1 ii4 #c4 ,"h ! lack ( lucidity is int5tional4 ,! au?or has sacrific$ x to ! p>ticul> effect :i* he wi%$ to produce4 ,he s\ght to give to :at he wrote an air ( biz>re & piquant individuality1 & x is = ?is t he s di/orts & convulses 8 s5t5ces4 ,! purpose is z consci\s z t :i* in=ms ! gyrations ( an acrobat4 ,!re is ! same relation betwe5 a page ( 8,s>tor ,res>tus0 or ! 8,fr5* ,revolution0 & a page ( ord9>y prose t !re is betwe5 ! m>vel\s di/ortions ( a contortioni/ & ! walk ( a g5tleman1--ea*1 ( c\rse1 be+ well 9 its place4 ,comp>e ) ! s5t5ce j giv51 ?is passage f an und]graduate's !me3-- ,*auc]'s influ5ce on ! language 0 great1 & he help$ to put ! language be=e ! p 9 a way t _h n be5 done be=e1 s t x is evid5t t !re 0 a great result f ?is4 ,?is 0 because he help$ to *ange ! ,engli% language1 & 9 ?is way he 0 v influ5tial 9 affect+ ! language4 ,"h an unhappy y\?1 engag$ 9 all b mortal combat ) an exam9ation pap]1 0 endeavor+ to say some?+ :5 he _h no?+ to say4 ,( c\rse he c\ld n b fail1 s9ce x is impossible to %[ cle>ly :at "o does n see cle>ly4 ,) ^! put also ?is1 :i* aga9 is f an und]graduate's !me3-- ,if ! /ud5t respects a pr(essor1 z _m d1 he c %[ 8 respect 9 _m ways2 if he does n1 & !re are tea*]s :o d n comm& ! respect ( /ud5ts 7,i d n consid] ! "q to be conf9$ to ?is s*ool1 & 9 "s colleges !re are m5 on ! ,faculty :o are n respect$1 nor d !y des]ve to be7 & ,i ?9k a man %\ld raise 8 hat only to ladies or to g5tlem5 t h ladies ) !m4 ,"h ! writ] knew fairly well :at he wi%$ to say1 al?\gh he _h n tak5 ! tr\ble to ?9k x out v %>ply4 ,8 difficulty 0 t he lack$ te*nical skill 9 expression4 ,^! examples illu/rate ! causes f :i* obscurity may arise4 ,! fir/ is legitimate4 ,:e!r we agree t ,c>lyle or ,george ,m]$i? or ,br[n+ has c>ri$ obscurity beyond ! f>!/ limit at :i* x is p]missible has no?+ to d ) ! fact t !re are times :5 x is ! "r ( an au?or to sacrifice ,cle>ness to "s o!r effect :i* he seeks4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 fair to say t 9 ord9>y exp]i5ce ^! em]g5cies are pretty ne>ly z r>e z ! appe>ance ( :ite blackbirds2 & t at lea/ no writ] has a "r to disc>d ,cle>ness until he has secur$ x4 ,c]ta9ly no "o c successfully employ obscurity z a means ( produc+ lit]>y effect until he has acquir$ ! art ( writ+ ) transp>5t simplicity4 ,( ! second cause x is suffici5t to say "h t no outw>d aid c enable ! /ud5t to ov]come x4 ,to ?9k %>ply & lucidly is ! result ( self-discipl9e4 ,x is a matt] ( m5tal ex]cise1 & :ile a /ud5t may be s5t to a m5tal z to a physical gymnasium1 all /r5g!n+ ( ! m9d z ( ! muscles mu/ be ! result ( individual ex]tion4 ,!re has z yet be5 discov]$ no sy/em ( intellectual massage1 by means ( :i* ! und]/&+ may atta9 to ! b5efits ( "w )\t do+ any?+4 ,:ile rules or wise maxims help little 9 ?is matt] ( m5tal cle>ness1 x is a ?+ s important & s univ]sally ess5tial 9 all intellectual tra9+ t x is difficult to pass x )\t a ^w m4 ,if a new ,dante 7 to p a new ,inf]no ) s9n]s guilty ( crimes intellectual1 z ! /]n old ,flor5t9e peopl$ 8 ) ^? :o violat$ moral laws1 ! mo/ popul\s circle w\ld be devot$ to ^? :o mi/ak5ly ?9k !mselves to ?9k4 ,!re is a disc\rag+ly l>ge portion ( mank9d ^: m5tal processes are app>5tly ^? ( ! oy/]4 ,!y are m5tally s indol5t or incapable t ! labor ( reflect+ is entirely beyond !m4 ,no /ud5t c af=d to rema9 9 d\bt z to :e!r he really ?9ks1 or m]ely indulges 9 vague m5tal impressions :i* are to g5u9e ?\ght z is ! dull sm\ld]+ ( a heap ( wet leaves 9 a ,novemb] fog to a brisk bee*-wood fire on a wide he>? 9 a w9t] night4 ,macaulay is "r :5 he says3 8,propriety ( ?\ght & propriety ( diction are commonly f\nd toge!r4444 ,obscurity ( expression g5]ally spr+s f confusion ( ideas40 ,he might h add$ t x is ( great importance t ! writ] be able to ?9k ( 8 subject z a :ole4 ,x is easy = ! m9d to grasp a small ?+ & x is proportionately h>d] = x to seize ^u a great]2 yet ^u ! p[] to hold "w 9 ! m9d 9 its entirety mu/ z surely dep5d success 9 writ+ z does all vigor\s m5tal developm5t4 ,! ?ird cause ( obscurity1 inability to express ! ?\ght :i* "o has1 is at once ! mo/ common1 & ! mo/ inexcusable4 ,"h we are deal+ ) a tangible ?+1 to a great ext5t a matt] ( rule1 &1 at mo/1 l>gely a "q ( /udy4 ,!re is no reason :y a p]son ( ord9>y intellig5ce %\ld n be able to express :atev] he is able to ?9k4 ,inde$1 :oev] has fully ?\ght out an idea has already phras$ x1 & if he has ev5 a mod]ate am\nt ( tra9+ 9 composition %\ld h no difficulty 9 express+ x on pap] if he w b take ! necess>y pa9s4 ,x is evid5t t :at is cle> to "o read] may be obscure to ano!r4 ,x foll[s t ! fir/ "q to be decid$ is to :at audi5ce a composition is to be address$4 ,few ( u c und]/& ?is s5t5ce f a treatise on comp>ative embryology4 ,! inn] wall ( ea* ( ! pair$ cavities =ms a splan*nopleuric mesobla/1 & ! out] wall ( ! :ole ! somatic mesobla/4 ,?is is cle> to read]s :o und]/& ! te*nical language ( embryology2 & = !m ! au?or wrote4 ,p>allel examples might be giv5 :i* w\ld %[ h[ _m sorts ( writ+ !re are :i* are cle> to a limit$ audi5ce only4 ,! reports ( base-ball games are un9telligible to ! av]age ,engli% read]1 :ile to ! ,am]ican ! notes on cricket are equally mean+less4 ,! criticisms ( arti/s ^u pictures seldom convey a def9ite impression to ^? n v]s$ 9 ! te*nical language ( pa9t+2 & ! same pr9ciple holds ?r\gh\t all sorts ( lit]ature4 ,! :ole matt] !n resolves itself into ! simple maxim3 ,use ! language ( ^? address$4 ,!re is some:]e a /ory ( a lady :o always spoke to h] maid 9 ,fr5*1 because 9 tak+ ! situation ! girl _h wrongfully claim$ to "k t tongue4 ,! mi/ress held /ubbornly to ! position t ! maid %\ld und]/&1 & %e endur$ ! discom=ts ( nev] be+ well s]v$ r ?an ab&on x4 ,mu* writ+ & n a little talk+ is all b z absurd4 ,con/antly au?ors address !mselves to ! g5]al public 9 language :i* !y "k or might "k ! g5]al public w n und]/&4 ,:atev] else ! human race may be1 x is n logical2 !re are few ( u free f ! fault ( sometimes act+ ^u assumptions :i* we "k to be false2 & n[h]e is ?is fact m /rik+ly illu/rat$ ?an 9 composition4 ,?is "q ( us+ ! language ( ^? address$ is "o :i* meets e tea*] at ! v ?re%old ( ! class-room4 ,! be/ in/ructor is n he :o kn[s mo/1 b he :o imp>ts mo/2 & he imp>ts mo/ :o mo/ p]fectly speaks ! language ( 8 pupils4 ,x is ( no use daily to fire ov] ! heads ( *ildr5 all ! wisdom ( ,solomon if x be embodi$ 9 a language :i* is n !irs4 ,! tea*] :o really tea*es does n take ! attitude ( ! lady ^: maid %\ld h kn[n ,fr5*2 he does n assume t pupils %\ld und]/& :at he says2 he simply consid]s :e!r z a matt] ( fact !y d und]/&4 ,if !y d n1 he sets himself ) pati5ce to re-phrase x1 &1 if ne$ be1 re-phrase aga91 until he has put x into language :i* ! *ildr5 _c fail to compreh5d4 ,x is n a "q ( :at might be und]/ood b ( :at mu/ be4 ,x is true t ?is calls = a pati5ce :i* is almo/ div9e1 & !re are tea*]s 9 ! common s*ools to-day :o are only pres]v$ to u because ! age ( translation to heav5 is pa/4 ,!re are unhappily o!rs :o d n und]/& t ?is pati5t & labori\s seek+ aft] ! intellectual dialect ( ! pupil is ! only possible means ( imp>t+ in/ruction2 & ?us x happ5s t "s s*ools are taught 9 a language :i*1 :ile x is ,engli%1 is yet h>dly m intelligible to ! /ud5ts ?an w\ld be ,*octaw or ! spee* ( ,borrioboola-,gha4 ,9 writ+1 ! safe/ guide 9 ?is respect is s\nd1 homely common s5se4 ,write )\t nons5se 9 ! way ( self-consci\sness or affectation4 ,make x always a rule 9 g5]al composition to aim at ! simple1 av]age man2 to write s t ! traditionally fooli% wayf>+ man ne$ n err !re94 ,rememb] t ! aim is n to write s t "o may be und]/ood1 b to write s t "o _c be misund]/ood4 ,absurdly en\gh1 human vanity comes 9 "h4 ,untra9$ writ]s are apt to feel t !y l[] !mselves if !y condesc5d to write = ! intellectual b\rgeoisie4 ,_m a clev] "y au?or has come to grief because he c\ld n br+ himself to use simple language le/ x %\ld seem t he _h n comm& ( a m elaborate diction4 ,he has fail$ because he c\ld n be will+ to address ! ord9>y read] le/ he !reby might appe> to %[ t he _h n ! gift ( speak+ to ! le>n$4 ,! great writ]s are m5 :o are free f ?is weakness2 :o are int5t ^u mak+ _! message und]/ood1 & n ^u pres]v+ a fooli% appe>ance ( sup]iority4 ,%akespe>e did n disda9 to write = ! ,london appr5tices brawl+ 9 ! pit1 or ,hom] to s+ = semi-b>b>ians half-drunk5 at ! fea/4 ,! ma/]pieces ( lit]ature :i* h be5 address$ to ! educat$ few are rev]$2 ^? :i* h be5 confess$ly = ! _m h be5 read & liv$ ^u4 ,to take z in/ances two works writt5 at ab\t ! same "t3 8,p>adise ,lo/0 has be5 comm5d$ by critics & admir$ by s*ol>s2 8,pilgrim's ,progress0 has be5 & is ! favorite book ) ?\s&s4 ,! "o has always be5 pr(\ndly admir$ & ! o!r has be5 lov$4 ,i d n mean t ?is is all t might be said ( ^! classics1 or t !re are no o!r consid]ations 9 det]m9+ _! wor?1 b !y d s]ve to make m cle> ! fact t to rea* ! g5]al read] x is necess>y to write = ! g5]al read]4 ,speak+ ! language ( ! av]age man includes also ! conf9+ ( allusions to ! range ( 8 probable k1 ! tak+ = grant$ no?+ :i* he may n reasonably be suppos$ to "k4 ,! temptation to %[ erudition is at ! elb[ ( e writ]4 ,:51 ne> ! beg9n+ ( ?is lecture1 ,i ref]r$ 9 an easy mann] to ! ,taj ,mahal1 ,i 0 in/antly consci\s t ,i _h us$ ! comp>ison ) a pleasant s5se ( ! air ( sup]ior k :i* x might give4 ,h[ev] x may be ) y1 ! probabilities are t ! ord9>y read] w\ld n be suffici5tly famili> ) ! elaborate ornam5tation ( t wond] ( ! ,ea/ to make my comp>ison to its jewell$ walls effective1 & ,i left x only because ,i want$ to use x "h z an illu/ration4 ,x is no less ne$ful to appeal to ! av]age emotional exp]i5ces ( mank9d 9 ord] to be cle> to ! g5]al read]4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t all art is bas$ on ! assumption ( a community ( human feel+s2 9 o!r words1 ^u ! !ory t ! fundam5tal emotions are %>$ by all mank9d4 ,! m closely a writ] holds to common humanity1 to common human exp]i5ce1 ! m wide w be ! range ( 8 "w1 & ! m cle> w he be 9 ^? v matt]s :]e cle>ness is mo/ difficult ( atta9m5t4 ,! m subtile & remote f ord9>y human life are ! emotions & ! passions to be portray$1 ! m absolute is ! necessity ( convey+ !m 9 t]ms ( simple & common exp]i5ce4 ,analyze "o ( ! trag$ies ( ,%akespe>e or ( ! old ,greek dramati/s1 & y w f9d t its trem5d\s effects are produc$ by means ess5tially simple4 ,by keep+ always )9 ! range ( ! sympa?ies & feel+s common to humanity1 ! ma/]s are able to make e /roke tell2 & ?is me?od is 9 ! nature ( ?+s ! only possible "o4 ,common humanity c compreh5d only :at x has felt4 ,to ga9 ,cle>ness x is necess>y fir/ to avoid all vagu5ess ( ?\ght & all vagu5ess ( expression4 ,x is ne$ful to %un ambiguity ( ^w or ( phrase1 & t m subtle ambiguity :i* may arise f ill-consid]$ p>agraph+1 f misproportion1 or f bad arrangem5t ( ! p>ts ( a composition4 ,x is no less important to write ) a con/ant remembrance ( ! audi5ce address$2 to use _! language1 & to appeal to ! emotions & exp]i5ces :i* are likely to be common to ! av]age individual ( ! class = :i* "o writes4 ,inexp]i5c$ writ]s may make ! mi/ake ( suppos+ t ?is is ! rule by :i* m$iocrity is to be rea*$2 b z a matt] ( fact ^! are ! pr9ciples ^u :i* h be5 writt5 ! ma/]pieces ( ! _w4 ,,vi ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,quality ,,cont9u$ ,=ce has be5 def9$ z ! quality :i* appeals to ! emotions4 ,obvi\sly1 :at we read int]e/s u or x does n4 ,p]sons :o are consci\s t !y are n qualifi$ to judge ( ! value ( "w1 yet :o are secretly conv9c$ t _! judgm5t mu/ be ( value despite ?is fact1 are r apt to take refuge 9 ! annoy+ phrase1 8,i am no judge1 b ,i c tell :at ,i l40 ,ev5 ?is qualifi$ /atem5t is (t5 conspicu\sly untrue1 b 9 s f> z !y really c tell :at !y l1 !y are judges ( ! =ce ( :at !y read1 _! own emotions be+ ! /&>d2 & 9 s f> z !y c tell :y !y l or fail to l1 !y are judges also ( ! means by :i* =ce has be5 secur$1 or = want ( :i* x has be5 lo/4 ,we are accu/om$ to associate ) ! t]m :i* is "h us$ a signification m n>r[ & m int5se ?an t :i* is giv5 to x 9 ?is connection4 ,g5]ally1 :5 we speak ( a piece ( lit]ature z hav+ =ce1 we mean t x has ! p[] to move u to an unusual degree4 ,we ?9k at once ( ! cyclone-swept pages ( ,c>lyle1 ( ! p5etrat+ my/]i\sness ( ,kipl+1 or ( ! fate-p]vad$ realism ( ,h>dy2 at lea/1 ( some?+ mov+ & int5se4 ,9 discuss+ =ce z a quality ( /yle1 we mu/ make ! t]m wide en\gh to cov] :atev] p[] a lit]>y composition has ( ar\s+ int]e/ by :at x is4 ,an accid5tal circum/ance--! antiquity ( a book1 ! fact t x 0 writt5 by a p>ticul> p]son1 ! "p :i* x has play$ 9 an important ev5t1 & s on--might ar\se a c]ta9 sort ( int]e/ 9 x1 b ?is w\ld h no?+ to d ) ! =ce ( ! composition4 ,^? ?+s :i* c]ta9 magaz9es br+ out1 writt5 by ! notoriety ( ! h\r1--! prize-fight]1 ! woman :o has made h]self mo/ conspicu\s 9 ways dec5t or indec5t1--h n 9 !mselves any?+ t c be call$ ,=ce 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! t]m4 ,!y may attract mu* att5tion1 b x is by accid5tal circum/ances1 & n by _! quality4 8,! secret ( ,=ce10 ,mr4 ,w5dell writes1 8is connotation20 & he goes on to exemplify ?is ?us3-- ,comp>e ^! ?ree simple /atem5ts3 8,i f\nd him v agreeable "o aft]noon20 8,i f\nd him v agreeable "o wet aft]noon20 8,i f\nd him v agreeable "o wet aft]noon 9 a c\ntry h\se40 ,n[ all t ! ^w 8wet0 says is t ! aft]noon 0 wat]y2 b x cle>ly implies t x 0 an aft]noon :5 y w\ld n c>e to be out ( doors4 ,all t ! words 89 a c\ntry h\se0 /ate is a simple fact ( locality2 b !y imply t y 7 9 a place :]e n to be out ( doors 0 probably a s]i\s trial to ! temp]4 ,s ! la/ /atem5t z a :ole1 8,i f\nd him v agreeable "o wet aft]noon 9 a c\ntry h\se10 sugge/s1 ?\gh x does n /ate1 t ! p]son spok5 ( 0 "o ^: *>ms c\ld ov]come a pretty bad temp]4 ,at ! same "t x is a phrase :i* ,i fancy anybody w\ld admit to hold ! att5tion m /rongly ?an ei!r ( its pr$ecessors2 & its sup]iority 9 =ce lies n s mu* 9 ! b>e facts :i* x adds to ! fir/ /atem5t z 9 ! ?\ghts & emotions x sugge/s4 ,/ill aga91 take ?is s5t5ce f "o ( ,m4 de ,maupassant's /ories3 8,x 0 ! #ae? ( ,augu/--! fea/ ( ! ,holy ,virg91 & ( ! ,emp]or ,napoleon40 ,he /ates only two facts ab\t ! #ae? ( ,augu/1 & ^! 9 ! simple/ ( words4 ,nei!r by itself w\ld hold "o's att5tion en\gh to rema9 long 9 memory4 ,b put !m toge!r2 ?9k :at ! ,holy ,virg9 means to ,ca?olic ,europe1 & :at ! ,emp]or ,napoleon means to ^? :o are n subdu$ by ! magic g5ius ( ,bonap>te1--& y h a s5t5ce t :5 mid-,augu/ comes ab\t w hov] 9 y\r head4 ,yet ! =ce ( ?is--s greatly sup]ior to ! =ce ( ei!r /atem5t by itself--lies n 9 :at is actually said1 b :olly 9 :at is impli$1 sugge/$1 connot$1 9 ?is sudd51 unexpect$ anti!sis4 ,! ?+ :i* ! writ] has caus$ ! read] to ?9k--or ev5 to suppose himself to ?9k--is sure to int]e/ him4 ,! dulle/ ( bores is absorb$ 9 8 own words1 & 9 effect t :i* ! read] receives by sugge/ion is 8 own ?\ght4 ,:at is d5ot$ is ! ^w ( ! writ]2 :at is connot$ is = ! "t be+ ! ?\ght ( ! read]4 ,x is n difficult to see t ,cle>ness is an aid to ,=ce2 or1 to put x m exactly1 t a lack ( ,cle>ness w int]f]e ) ,=ce4 ,yet ! "o is by no means ess5tial to ! o!r4 ,! diction ( 8,! ,ordeal ( ,ri*>d ,fev]el10 t book s /rong t x wr+s ! he>t almo/ l a fi]ce p]sonal sorr[1 is 9 passages s obscure z to h giv5 rise to ! r *eap mot t ! novel w\ld be successful if x 7 translat$ into ,engli%4 ,almo/ any page ( ,c>lyle might also be cit$ 9 illu/ration2 :ile t ,cle>ness may fail to secure ,=ce is prov$ by ! pellucidly /upid lucubrations ( an innum]able company ( au?ors :om nobody c\ld fail to und]/& if x 7 possible to keep awake to read !m4 ,connotation may be ! result ( v>i\s causes4 ,x may be produc$ by a swiftness & briskness ( motion :i* s awak5s & quick5s ! m9d t ! read] is ar\s$ to ?\ght1 & seizes ea* idea pres5t$ z if he _h himself orig9at$ x4 ,x is ?is sort ( =ce t we mean :5 we speak ( ! vivacity or ! brilliancy ( a "w4 ,! secret lies *iefly 9 pass+ quickly f "o significant po9t to ano!r4 ,?is involves1 x is app>5t1 ! p[] ( select+ ! significant1 & ( br++ ?is out :ile avoid+ ! uness5tial4 ,! effectiv5ess ( ! s5sational /ory dep5ds l>gely ^u a quality closely alli$ to ?is1 al?\gh "h x is a matt] n s mu* ( /yle z ( mat]ial4 ,! tale :i* moves rapidly f situation to situation1 s t ! read] seems to %>e ! adv5tures ( ! *>act]s1 (t5 owes z mu* to ! swiftness ( its progress z to ! nature ( ! /ory told4 ,x owes m1 z a g5]al ?+1 to ! vividness ) :i* ! excit+ situations are imag9$ & pres5t$4 ,! m real a ?+ seems to ! read]1 ! m sugge/ive x mu/ be to him1 & ! m likely is he to %>e ! s5sations set d[n1 s t = ! mom5t x seems z if he 7 actually exp]i5c+ !m4 ,9 o!r words1 ! m real ! n>rative1 ! m sugge/ive x becomes4 ,"o great means ( produc+ ?is s5se ( reality ei!r 9 n>rative or 9 any o!r k9d ( composition1 :e!r 9 ! sett+ =? ( ?\ghts1 or 9 ! tell+ ( ev5ts1 is 9 mak+ :at is writt5 specific4 ,! specific t]m is apt to be m sugge/ive ?an ! g5]al f ! fact t x pres5ts to ! m9d an idea :i* c be grasp$ readily4 ,:5 "o reads t ! ,indians are on ! w>-pa? & are ravag+ ! c\ntry1 "o has a vague feel+ ( horror2 b if "o is told t ! ,r$ ,m5 h cross$ ! b\nds ( ,big ,lick ,res]vation1 h murd]$ & scalp$ a settl] nam$ ,john ,?+1 h burn$ 8 cab91 & c>ri$ (f 8 wife & *ildr51 !re is no vagu5ess ab\t x4 ,! impression becomes at once vivid & =ceful 9 :at x d5otes1 & /irr+ 9 :at x connotes4 ,x is f a misapplication ( ?is fact t mod]n fiction has fall5 into t vice :i* has be5 kn[n z ,realism--p]haps because x is less real ?an any o!r sort ( fiction ev] devis$4 ,x is app>5tly by a p]ception ( ! effectiv5ess ( ! specific1 t ,reali/s h be5 l$ into ! error ( believ+ 9 ! effectiv5ess ( ! m9ute4 ,be=e leav+ ! quality "u discussion x is well to say a ^w ab\t :at is call$ 8res]v$ =ce40 ,our respect = a writ] is always increas$ by feel+ t he might d m ?an he is do+4 ,we are l$ on by a desire to see :at great] ?+s he w accompli%4 ,! feel+ 9 read+ an au?or :o is evid5tly do+ 8 utmo/ is n unlike t felt 9 cross+ a bridge :i* %akes ) ! footfall4 ,x may c>ry u ov] ! /ream1 b on ! o!r h& x may break "u u4 ,i once he>d a lady expla9 h] dislike = a c]ta9 y\? by say+3 8,i nev] c\ld endure a man :o is always do+ 8 d>n$e/60 ,! expression is unhappily vulg>1 b x does seem to me to be humanly expressive4 ,we d n l to feel t we h come to ! end ( ! res\rces ( a fri5d or ( an au?or4 ,h[ !n does a writ] produce an impression ( res]v$ =ce8 ,! phrase meets "o 9 book reviews1 & to inexp]i5c$ writ]s is apt to convey little b bewild]m5t4 ,"o way 9 :i* ! f9i%$ lit]>y craftsman secures ! impression ( res]v$ p[] is by delib]ately mak+ ! m9or p>ts ( 8 "w weak] ?an ^? m important4 ,9 o!r words1 he ga9s ! effect ( res]v$ /r5g? by res]v+ /r5g?4 ,(t5 x is well 9 ! revision ( a composition to less5 ! /ress ( expression 9 unimportant passages2 to s(t5 d[n1 z x 71 all portions except ! high lights4 ,! natural t5d5cy ( e e>ne/ writ] is to express himself z vigor\sly z possible1 & 9 ! fir/ draft ?is is well1--provid$ always t he has ! self-control & ! skill s to modify 9 revision ! less important p>ts t ! emphasis %all be prop]ly proportion$4 ,%ad+ 9 lit]ature is a matt] :i* x is n easy to expla9 )\t examples mu* long] ?an x is possible to use "h4 ,x mu/ be le>n$ by ! /udy ( ma/]pieces4 ,x is well to keep 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t x is (t5] ! result ( a clev] s(t5+ ( m9or passages ?an ( a heavi] emphasis ^u important portions2 & above all t ! secret ( %ad+ & ( res]v$ =ce z well is proportion4 ,x is r comp>ative ?an absolute /ress :i* is effective4 ,vehem5ce is n vigor4 ,make up y\r m9d cle>ly :at po9ts y wi% to br+ out mo/ %>ply2 t is half ( ! process3 !n see to x t ! rema9+ p>ts ( ! composition are kept subord9ate to ^!2 t is ! re/ ( x4 ,l>gely1 too1 is a s5se ( res]v$ =ce imp>t$ by smoo?ness & ease ( /yle4 ,a /yle :i* is r\gh g5]ally seems h>d & labor$4 ,to c>ry ! read] =w>d easily seems to be to c>ry him surely1 & gives ! impression t ! writ] c\ld g fa/] & f>!r if he b *ose4 ,"o ( ! secrets ( smoo?ness is ! art ( easy transition f "o p>agraph to ano!r1 f "o s5t5ce to ano!r1 f "o ?\ght to ano!r4 ,9 ,macaulay's essay on 8,ma*iavelli10 = in/ance1 aft] speak+ ( ! correspond5ce ( ! ,italian1 ! au?or cont9ues3 ,x is int]e/+ & curi\s to recognize1 9 circum/ances :i* elude ! notice ( hi/orians1 444 ! fi]ce & haughty en]gy :i* gave dignity to ! ecc5tricities ( ,julius2 ! s(t & graceful mann]s :i* mask$ ! insatiable ambition & ! implacable hatr$ ( ,cs> ,borgia4 ,we h m5tion$ ,cs> ,borgia4 ,x is impossible n to pause = a mom5t on ! "n ( a man 9 :om ! political morality ( ,italy 0 s /rongly p]sonifi$1 etc4 ,& s ! essayi/ goes on to draw a comp>ison betwe5 ,cs> ,borgia & ,ma*iavelli1 :i* he _h ( c\rse int5d$ f ! fir/1 b :i* he has _h ! art to introduce z if x 7 a sudd5 ?\ght4 ,! effect is z if ! "n ( ,borgia _h sugge/$ ! p>allel2 & n only does ?is give an air ( spontaneity1 b x also impresses ! read] ) a feel+ ( security 9 ! res\rces ( ! writ]4 ,if ! m]e m5tion ( a fam\s "n c br+ s mu* f 8 m9d1 x is evid5t t t m9d mu/ be mo/ abundantly /or$4 ,m subtle1 & !re9 s mu* ! m admirable1 is ! art :i* l9ks toge!r ! p>ts ( a composition simply by clos5ess ( mean+4 ,to illu/rate x w\ld take too mu* room1 b all ! great essayi/s af=d examples1 & x is 9 !m t ?is detail ( lit]>y skill may mo/ conv5i5tly be /udi$4 ,ano!r matt] closely connect$ ) ,=ce is t ( beg9n+ & end+ well4 ,if ! op5+ s5t5ce ( a composition int]e/ ! read] he is ready to g on1 :ile an effective close leaves him ) a pleasant impression ( :at he has be5 read+4 ,9 a composition divid$ into p>ts or *apt]s1 x is especially important to see to x t ! sep>ate portions end effectively4 ,! g5]al v]dict ^u a book is l>gely made up ( ! sum ( impressions receiv$ f ! end+s ( sections4 ,"h aga9 ! read] w f9d examples 9 all ! ma/]s1 b a few may be giv54 ,9 a ve9 almo/ famili>1 b 9 entirely good ta/e1 ,l[ell beg9s 8 sup]b essay on ,*auc]3-- ,w x d to say any?+ m ab\t ,*auc]8 ,c any "o hope to say any?+1 n new b ev5 fre%1 on a topic s well worn8 ,?is v /atem5t ( ! difficulty provokes ! read] to g on to see h[ t difficulty is ov]come4 ,9 some:at ! same ve9 is ,sa9tsbury's beg9n+ ( 8 pap] on ,hogg3-- 8,:at on e>?10 x 0 once ask$1 8w y make ( ,hogg80 ,i ?9k t !re is some?+ to be made ( ,hogg1 & t x is some?+ wor? mak+4 ,or take ! op5+ ( ,/ev5son's 8,gossip on ,romance30-- ,9 any?+ fit to be call$ by ! "n ( read+1 ! process itself %\ld be absorb+ & voluptu\s2 we %\ld gloat ov] a book1 be rapt clean out ( ourselves1 & rise f ! p]usal1 our m9ds fill$ ) ! busie/1 kaleidoscopic dance ( images1 incapable ( sleep or cont9u\s ?\ght4 ,! intoxication ( ! ideal :i* ?is gives u is s full ( sugge/ion1 x br+s up s vividly ! be/ delights t h m>k$ our read+1 t our m9ds are awake & al]t f ! />t4 ,we are n only ready b eag] to g =w>d "u ! guidance ( an au?or :o has s *>m+ a conception ( :at sort ( a treat he %\ld /rive to give ! read]4 ,end+s are if possible ev5 m important1 & !y are c>efully /udi$ by ma/]s ( /yle4 ,take ?is conclusion ( ,l[ell's 8,abraham ,l9coln30-- ,nev] 0 fun]al panegyric s eloqu5t z ! sil5t looks ( sympa?y :i* /rang]s ex*ang$ z !y met t day4 ,_! common manhood _h lo/ a k9sman4 ,"o puts d[n ! book ) t sugge/ively solemn phrase s\nd+ on 9 ! bra9 l ! rev]b]ation :5 a great bell ceases its knell = a h]o4 ,or re-read ! brief description ( ! tomb/one ( ,he/] ,prynne1 :i* closes 8,! ,sc>let ,lett]10 & :i* ends ) a phrase s haunt+3-- ,x bore a device1 a h]ald's word+ ( :i* might s]ve = a motto & brief description ( our n[ conclud$ leg5d1 s sombre is x1 & reliev$ only by "o ev]-gl[+ po9t ( light gloomi] ?an ! %ad[3 8,,on ,a ,,field1 ,,sable1 ,,! ,,lett] ,a1 ,,gules40 ,or take ! wond]ful end+ ( t *apt] 9 8,vanity ,fair0 :i* gives a description ( ,wat]loo1 & 9 a s+le s5t5ce %[s its relation to ! /ory & br+s ! tale into close/ connection ) all ( hi/ory & all ( human life3-- ,! d>kness came d[n on field & city1 & ,amelia 0 pray+ = ,george1 :o 0 ly+ on 8 face1 dead1 ) a bullet ?r\gh 8 he>t4 ,x is ( c\rse unnecess>y to g on ) examples4 ,! /ud5t c f9d !m abundantly = himself4 ,! po9t is t 9 8 own "w he %all rememb] to look c>efully to ?is detail1 s9ce !re is no s+le matt] m closely connect$ ) ! effect ( a composition4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is evid5t t ! p[] to int]e/ & to ar\se by sugge/ion mu/ dep5d l>gely ^u ! ext5t to :i* ! writ] is able to ent] into ! read]'s mood4 ,9 o!r words1 t writ] is mo/ effectively sugge/ive :o is mo/ completely & practically sympa!tic4 ,! f\ndation ( :atev] is really vital mu/ be 9 ! g5u9e feel+ & ! actual exp]i5ce ( ! au?or4 ,?is exp]i5ce1 x is true1 may be actual 9 ! imag9ation only1 b x mu/ h be5 felt z a reality4 ,! secret ( sympa?y is 9 ! well-kn[n l9e ( ,sidney3-- 8,fool10 said my muse to me1 8look 9 ?y he>t & write60 ,x is idle to hope to hold any read]1 or to move him /rongly1 unless we are really int]e/$ ourselves2 & x is equally impossible to t\* him if !re be any suspicion on 8 "p t we are n deal+ ) him ) p]fect frankness4 ,:at we write mu/ be real to u1 & x mu/ be told ) p]fect frankness1 if we are to rea* ! he>ts ( ^? we address4 ,!re is p]haps no advice m :olesome = "y writ]s ?an t !y conf9e !mselves absolutely to _! own exp]i5ce :5ev] x is 9 any way possible4 ,if an illu/ration is to be giv51 a figure employ$1 a comp>ison us$1 let ! illu/ration1 ! figure1 ! comp>ison be f\nd 9 ! ?+s ( :i* ! writ] has actual k4 ,x is n alone t ?is w insure a vitality :i* is h>dly to be imp>t$ to any?+ tak5 at second h&1 b1 :at is ( m importance1 x w also make x at lea/ m probable t ! writ] keeps )9 ! exp]i5ces ( 8 read]s4 ,( ! ?+s :i* "o has actually se5 & felt1 x is easy to judge h[ f> !y are usual2 & ! m closely a writ] conf9es himself to usual ?+s1 ! m =ceful 8 /yle is likely to be4 ,a rem>k ( ,l[ell's conta9s by implication a h9t :i* we %all d well to notice "h4 ,:at he ,dryd5 valu$ above all ?+s 0 =ce1 ?\gh 9 8 ha/e he is will+ to make %ift ) its c\nt]feit1 effect4--,dryd54 ,! ^w 8=ce0 is "h us$ 9 ! s5se ( vigor & la/+ p[]1 its mean+ be+ some:at m limit$ ?an t 9 :i* we are us+ x z a te*nical t]m4 ,x is ! same 9 ess5tials1 h[ev]1 & ! di/9ction :i* is br\ght out 9 ! s5t5ce quot$ is "o n to be ov]look$4 ,effect is ! transi5t1 :]eas =ce is ! p]man5t3 effect />tles1 =ce holds2 effect is ! %am1 =ce ! true4 ,! wor/ type ( /yle :i* sacrifices =ce to effect is ! s5sational novel1 or ! s-call$ 8breezy0 j\rnalism4 ,to />tle1 to %ock1 to produce a s5sation1 at :atev] sacrifice ( probability1 ( reason1 or ( good ta/e1--! ?+ is un=tunately too well kn[n to ne$ p>ticul>ization4 ,an effem9ate =m ( /riv+ = effect is :at is kn[n z 8f9e writ+40 8,f9e writ+0 is a fault s gross t x is n necess>y to wa/e _m words on x4 ,x ne$ only be said t !re is no m c]ta9 indication ( a hopelessly diseas$ lit]>y ta/e1 or ( a hopelessly deprav$ habit ( composition1 ?an ?is absurdly antiquat$ v]bal vice4 ,( c\rse no writ] :o produces lit]ature is guilty ( x1 b ,i some:]e h pick$ up an example :i* s happily illu/rates all t c\ld be said on ! subject t ,i _c =be> to quote x4 ,x is f a novel call$ 8,b>abbas10 by ,miss ,m>ie ,corelli1 & is "p ( ! description ( ! appe>ance ( ,*ri/ be=e ,pontius ,pilate4 ,wat] hav+ be5 br\ght1 ,pilate1 accord+ to ,miss ,corelli1 ?us proce$$3-- ,sl[ly l[]+ 8 h&s1 he dipp$ !m 9 ! %9+ b[l1 r9s+ !m ov] & ov] aga9 9 ! cle>1 cold elem5t1 :i* sp>kl$ 9 its poli%$ receptacle l an opal aga9/ ! fire4 ,! ,bible f9ds x possible to say all ( ?is t is necess>y 9 ! words3-- ,pilate took wat]1 & wa%$ 8 h&s4 ,miss ,corelli's +5uity 9 exp&+ & di/ort+ has won its rew>d1--h] novel has be5 w>mly comm5d$ by ,que5 ,victoria4 ,ev5 really great writ]s are n always free f ?is fault1 al?\gh "h x is apt to be f "s mixture ( humor\s int5t t !y fall into x4 ,in/ead ( 8%e h>d5$ h] he>t10 ,george ,m]$i? writes1 9 "o ( ^? irritat+ s5t5ces :i* are too frequ5t 9 8 books1 & :i* affect "o l freckles on ! face ( a goddess1 8,%e turn$ h] inw>d flutt]] to /eel40 ,=ce1 !n1 dep5ds ^u sugge/ion1 & ?is is secur$ by s9c]ity1 by appeals to human exp]i5ces common to all1 by fre$om f affectations1 & by att5tion to su* details z prop] beg9n+s & end+s4 ,o!r means ( secur+ x we %all deal ) lat]4 ,"h x is en\gh to insi/ aga9 t ! great secret ( ,=ce lies 9 e>ne/ness1 s9c]ity1 & sympa?y4 ,to pass f ,=ce to ,elegance is to advance f ! m subtle to ! mo/ subtle4 ,x is n difficult to be def9ite 9 speak+ ( ,cle>ness2 x is less easy 9 discuss+ ,=ce2 :ile1 at ! v outset ( ! consid]ation ( ,elegance1 we are met by ! fact t x is h>dly possible ev5 to def9e ?is ?ird pr9ciple ( quality4 ,inde$1 x is p]haps n too mu* to say t nobody is ev5 fully satisfi$ ) ?is "n = ! /hetic quality4 8,elegance0 is ! t]m :i* is com+ to be accept$ z1 on ! :ole1 ! mo/ conv5i5t & satisfactory (f]$2 b ,i suppose t nobody w\ld feel incl9$ to insi/ /rongly ^u ?is especial ^w4 ,mr4 ,w5dell writes3-- ,elegance is t di/+ui%+ quality ( /yle t pleases ! ta/e2 444 ! /hetic quality ( /yle1 t subtle some?+ 9 a "w ( lit]>y art :i* makes u feel delight 9 workman%ip4 ,beauty1 "s call x2 *>m1 o!rs2 o!rs /ill1 grace1 ease1 f9i%1 ma/]y4 ,! "n does n mu* matt]2 ! quality matt]s greatly4 ,x is ?is m ?an all else t gives la/+ value to lit]ature4 ,!re is 9 /yle an indef9able p[] ( rea*+ ! emotions ( ! read] :i* is beyond ! effect ( :at is actually said1 ev5 beyond ! effect ( :at is sugge/$4 ,! quality :i* makes intelligible actual /atem5t is ,cle>ness2 t :i* br+s home to ! read] ! weal? ( sugge/ion :i* may lie beh9d :at is directly said is ,=ce2 :ile beyond bo? is t quality ( /yle :i* conveys ! intangible1 :i* c>ries to ! m9d ( ! read] emotions too delicate to be conf9$ 9 words1 :i* t\*es & ar\ses z f95ess ( color or l9e or s\nd moves u 9 pa9t+ or sculpture or music4 ,?is is :at we mean by ,elegance4 ,x is ! /hetic effect produc$ purely by ! lit]>y =m2 by ! p]fection ( ! relation betwe5 ! end s\ght & ! means employ$2 by ! complete ma/]y ( te*nique1 & ! employm5t ( all ! res\rces ( art = ! embodim5t ( ! imag9ative 9 lit]>y =m4 ,i am aw>e t my def9ition may make ! matt] less cle> r ?an m pla91 b ! ?+ is too elusive to be caught 9 ! trap ( a simple def9ition4 ,elegance is ! quality 9 :i* ! imag9ation mo/ directly makes itself manife/4 ,x is ! mo/ tangible pro( t a writ] possesses t p[] :i* at ! />t we spoke ( z inborn & incommunicable4 ,z a matt] ( workman%ip1 & s f> z x may be le>n$1 ,elegance is *iefly ! ability to convey 9 words ! mood ( ! writ]4 ,x dep5ds l>gely ^u an exquisite s5sitiv5ess to ! indirect effect ( words & ( ^w-comb9ation4 ,x is to be cultivat$ by tra9+ ! m9d to consid] always ! value ( t]ms 9 _! connotation2 to weigh !m n only by _! direct mean+1 b by _! association1 & by ! ideas & ideals & emotions :i* !y br+ to ! m9d2 & by develop+ ta/e 9 lit]>y con/ruction4 ,to write ) ,elegance1 x is also necess>y to keep 9 m9d ! effect ^u ! read] ( ! emotional ^w-color4 ,! sugge/ions ( words are dep5d5t 9 "p ^u ! m]e vocal effect ( ! s\nds produc+ !m1 ^u ! h>mony ( ! s5t5ce1 ! tone-value & cad5ce ( clause & p>agraph4 ,all ^! ?+s are elem5ts :i* mu/ be consid]$4 ,completely to ma/] all ^!1 s z to "w ^u ! m9d & imag9ation ( ! read] at w1 is ( c\rse )9 ! p[] ( ! great imag9ation only2 b e /ud5t may advance t[>d x4 ,we are none ( u able satisfactorily to def9e beauty1 or to expla9 ! pleasure :i* x excites2 yet !re is no "o ( u :o has n recogniz$ bo?4 ,:y a curve is m pleas+ to ! eye ?an a /raight l9e may be too deep a "q2 b none ! less may "o safely appeal to ! univ]sal exp]i5ce t !re are c]ta9 l9es1 c]ta9 =ms1 c]ta9 colors1 c]ta9 s\nds :i* give u pleasure4 ,) equal assurance may "o appeal to ! univ]sal in/9ct :i* is gratifi$ by ! adaptation ( ends to means2 to ! innate human s5se ( ! rightness ( :at is fitt+2 ! con/ant pleasure 9 ord]1 9 appropriat5ess1 9 h>mony4 ,x is ?is in/9ct1 ?is s5se1 ?is pleasure1 :i* und]lies ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! m9d to :at we call ,elegance 9 composition4 ,! quality :i* we are discuss+ is1 m ?an any o!r1 dep5d5t ^u ! p]sonal ta/e & culture ( ! writ]4 ,! ?+ to be said to ! /ud5t is p]haps ?is3 8,elegance is ! result ( a ke5 & acutely imag9ative p]ception ( ! fitness ( ?+s1 & ( a quick appreciation ( beauty1 ) ! p[] to convey bo? by a delicate adaptation ( lit]>y means to lit]>y effects40 ,a ke5 & acute p]ception ( ! fitness ( ?+s c only be acquir$ by ! developm5t ( ! ta/e4 ,?is is an affair ( culture 9 its broade/ s5se1 & x is h>dly possible to sep>ate "h ! "q ( lit]>y excell5ce f t ( g5]al developm5t4 ,! /udy ( ! ma/]pieces ( lit]ature--always ) e>ne/ness & ) sympa?y--is ! mo/ direct means ( improv+ a s5sitiv5ess to lit]>y fitness & to lit]>y beauty4 ,! adaptation ( means to ends we %all g on consid]+ ?r\gh\t ^! talks2 & n[1 z always1 x is necess>y to rememb] t ! way to le>n to write is to write4 ,! way to a*ieve ,elegance is to labor = x ) t p]si/5ce :i* is 9 itself ! be/ comp5sation :i* ,heav5 has be/[$ ^u man = all o!r boons d5i$4 8,p]si/5ce1 p]si/5ce1 & p]si/5ce0 is ! motto :i* ! /ud5t mu/ engrave on 8 he>t4 ,!re w always rema9 ! p]sonal equation4 ,no /ud5t c af=d to close 8 eyes to ! fact t all m5 are born intellectually unequal4 ,to "o has ,nature giv5 gifts ( appreciation1 ( appreh5sion1 & ( expression1 :ile f ano!r %e has )held !m4 ,?is p]sonal diff]5ce affects all "w1 & x affects "w m & m /rongly z we draw ne>] to t quality 9 lit]ature :i* is incommunicable4 ,/eadily1 s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ^! talks1 h we be5 advanc+ t[>d ^? fields ( composition :]e comes into play t p[] :i* is ! gift ( ! gods only2 t imag9ative ess5ce :i* "s m5 are d[]$ ) at bir?1 & :i* "s g seek+ _! :ole lives ?r\gh ) insi/5ce pa!tically va94 ,! "o ?+ important is1 t ! /ud5t n only accept 8 individual limitations1 b t he d n /op %ort ( !m4 ,x is necess>y to realize t "o has n g5ius1 & !n to "w z if "o _h2 & x is amaz+ h[ mu* may be done 9 ?is way4 ,nature1 = in/ance1 pla9ly int5d$ t ,mat!w ,arnold %\ld n write elegant prose1 & %e absolutely =bade him to write poetry1 yet he succe$$ 9 do+ bo?4 ,! e>ne/ /ud5t ( lit]>y art %\ld resolutely refuse to be satisfi$ ) any ?+ %ort ( ! miracle ( ! impossible1 & haply s he may sometimes atta9 to x4 ,,vii ,,means ,,& ,,effects ,:5 ! /ud5t has come to h a cle> idea ( :at is to be s\ght 9 composition1 he naturally goes on to inquire by :at means a writ] c ga9 ! ends desir$4 ,x has be5 %[n t !re are c]ta9 pr9ciples :i* gov]n ! me*anical /ructure ( language1 & also t !re are z well pr9ciples :i* h to d ) ! quality ( :at is writt54 ,! next /ep is to exam9e ! especial means :i* are at ! comm& ( ! work]1 & :at effects may be secur$ by ! use ( giv5 means4 ,x has already be5 said & insi/$ ^u t x is necess>y to "k accurately :at effect ! writ] desires to produce2 & x is to be add$ t x is especially ne$ful to realize f ! />t :at is to be ! conclusion ( a "w1 great or small4 ,! end ( a composition is its consummation1 ! climax t[>d :i* all else conducts ! read]1 ! ultimate effect to :i* all o!r effects are subord9ate4 ,! writ] :o sets out to g n[h]e 9 p>ticul>1 x has be5 said1 is little likely to arrive any:]e4 ,x is also to be rememb]$ t1 unless he is cle>ly aw>e :at is to be 8 /ronge/ po9t1 he is n 9 a position to make all o!r p>ts prop]ly subord9ate to ?is1--to secure t c>eful proportion ( emphasis :i* is "o ( ! great ess5tials ( all good "w 9 :atev] prov9ce ( art4 ,be=e he beg9s to write1 ! writ] mu/ make up 8 m9d h[ he int5ds to end4 ,he may1 x is true1 modify to "s ext5t ! fir/ idea ( ! =m 9 :i* ?is climax ( 8 "w is to be put1 b x is safe to lay d[n z a g5]al rule t he %all n ess5tially alt] x4 ,:e!r "o sits d[n to write a novel1 a tale1 an essay1 an editorial1 or a simple p>agraph1 let him "k at lea/ :at ! conclusion is to be1 :e!r he is aw>e ( ! /eps by :i* he is to rea* ?is or n4 ,! m9or po9ts may be ?\ght up z "o proce$s1 b ! end1 :i* is 9 a mann] ! reason ( ! exi/5ce ( ! :ole1 mu/ be cle> 9 ! m9d ( ! writ] f ! v />t4 ,x is ?is ?+ :i* ,mr4 ,walt] ,pat] means :5 he speaks (-- ,t ar*itectural conception ( a "w :i* =esees ! end f ! beg9n+1 & nev] loses sight ( x1 & 9 e "p is consci\s ( all ! re/1 till ! v la/ s5t5ce does b1 ) undim9i%$ vigor1 unfold & ju/ify ! fir/4 ,! conclusion be+ well def9$ 9 ! writ]'s ?\ght1 ! next ?+ to be det]m9$ is ! po9t ( view4 ,! po9t ( view is to any composition :at ! hypo!sis is to a proposition 9 geometry4 ,x is ! assumption ( p]sonality & ( attitude :i* is presuppos$ f ! />t1 & :i* mu/ be rigidly ma9ta9$ to ! end4 ,if a writ] is describ+ a l&scape1 he is oblig$ to fix 9 8 own m9d ! po9t f :i* he is to consid] t l&scape z be+ se51--:e!r ne> or remote1 f hill or pla91 f a bridge1 a w9d[1 or x may be f ! deck ( a vessel4 ,if he hopes to produce an impression :i* %all be cle>1 or to br+ up vividly 9 ! m9d ( ! read] ! ?+ describ$1 he mu/ n =get :]e ! read] is suppos$ to be plac$4 ,if at ! />t he writes z if ! view 7 remote1 & !n =gets & speaks ( x z if x 7 ne> at h&1 he de/roys ! consi/5cy ( ! "w & makes all ineffectual4 ,ano!r easily appreciat$ illu/ration is to be f\nd 9 novels :i* are writt5 9 ! =m ( an autobiography4 ,s9ce ! /ory is suppos$ to be n>rat$ by "o ( ! *>act]s1 x foll[s t no?+ %\ld be told :i* t p]son c\ld n "k4 ,! introduction ( sc5es at :i* he c\ld n h be5 pres5t1 ( talk :i* he c\ld n h he>d1 ( ?\ghts :i* he _h no means ( discov]+1 completely dispels ! illusion4 ,if ^! ?+s mu/ be us$1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to %[ h[ ! n>rator came to "k !m2 s9ce o!rwise ! hypo!sis ) :i* ! au?or />t$ is violat$ by ! alt]ation ( ! po9t ( view4 ,! read] may or may n realize :y ! /ory loses its effect ( reality1 b he _c fail to feel t x does lose x4 ,! same pr9ciple applies to ev]y?+ t is writt51 ev5 to ! mo/ trivial p>agraph4 ,consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 ! writ] at ! />t assumes a c]ta9 m5tal attitude t[>d ! subject ( :i* he writes1 & ?is attitude he mu/ c>efully pres]ve4 ,( c\rse ! po9t ( view may be progressive1 z :5 "o describes ! sc5]y z view$ f a c> w9d[ or %[s ! *ange ( op9ion2 b 9 ?is case ! motion is "p ( ! orig9al hypo!sis4 ,! fir/ assumption mu/ be adh]$ to1 s9ce to *ange ! po9t ( view is to break fai? ) ! read]1 & to break fai? is to lose 8 confid5ce4 ,! philosophy ( ! matt] is simple & obvi\s en\gh4 ,x is ! aim to induce ! read] to submit1 = ! "t be+1 8 p]sonality to t ( ! writ]2 to induce him to see ) ! eyes ( ! au?or1 & to ?9k ) ! au?or's m9d4 ,! slighte/ j> may de/roy all illusion2 ! lea/ difficulty may make ! read] ass]t ! supremacy ( 8 own individuality4 ,if ev5 unconsci\sly 8 judgm5t is (f5d$1 8 own consci\sness is sure to ass]t itself1 & he gives himself up no long]4 ,9 practical "w1 ! secret ( pres]v+ "o m5tal attitude is l>gely t ( be+ cle>ly aw>e ( x4 ,?is detail ( composition is p]haps mo/ easily und]/ood 9 its application to description or n>ration1 b x mu/ be z cle>ly realiz$ 9 all composition4 ,x is ( high importance to det]m9e be=eh& :at is ! attitude ( ! writ] bo? t[>d ! subject & t[>d ! read] address$4 ,! effect ( a failure to obs]ve ?is is f\nd 9 a great _m lett]s1 &1 p]haps ,i may be p>don$ if ,i add1 especially 9 fem99e lett]s4 ,! m9d ( woman is s flexible1 s v]satile1 s capable ( see+ _m sides to a subject :i* to ! dull] mascul9e intellect seems to h b "o1 t x n infrequ5tly happ5s t 9 a s+le page ( a woman's lett] !re w be half a doz5 po9ts ( view1 or ev5 t seem+ impossibility ( two or ?ree po9ts ( view at once4 ,(t5 ! application ( ?is pr9ciple is s subtle t ! tyro is entirely at a loss to "k :at is ! matt] ) 8 s5t5ce4 ,take ^! examples3-- ,! cr[d turns1 dep>ts1 dis9tegrates4 ,i notic$ t ! hat 0 ( s(t felt1 & "o might easily guess t x _h be5 b\ght at a b>ga9 sale4 ,x l5t a com=table s5se ( satisfaction to its own]1 & sugge/$ to him ! idea ( go+ to *ur*4 ,9 ! =m]1 ! writ]'s po9t ( view is t ( "o look+ out ( a w9d[ at a cr[d1 & x is prop] t he %\ld say 8turns1 dep>ts20 b aft] ! cr[d has dep>t$ he _c see :e!r x dis9tegrates or n4 ,if he %\ld say1 8,turns1 dis9tegrates1 dep>ts10 "o c\ld f9d no fault4 ,9 ! second example1 ! po9t ( view is at fir/ t ( an obs]v] :o sees ! hat on ! head ( a /rang]2 !n1 )\t w>n+1 x is %ift$ to ! m9d ( any obs]v]1--8"o10--& !n1 9 a tw9kl+1 to ! ?\ght ( ! we>] himself1 :i* has be5 by ! hat turn$ to ! idea ( go+ to *ur*4 ,we %all h to d lat] ) ! po9t ( view 9 its application to ! v>i\s sorts ( composition4 ,"h x is en\gh to add ! w>n+ to inexp]i5c$ writ]s3 ,d n write to discov] :at y ?9k1 or h[ y feel ab\t a subject4 ,^! que/ions are to be settl$ be=e writ+ is begun4 ,9 half ! !mes :i* ,i read1 x is app>5t t ! writ] has be5 go+ ahead 9 a sort ( =lorn hope ( ultimately le>n+ 8 own op9ions4 ,to be 9 d\bt :5 "o beg9s1 ei!r ( :]e "o is b\nd or ( h[ ! attempt to get !re is to be made1 is z fatal 9 writ+ z 9 horse-rac+4 ,!re is a good deal ( :at might be call$ ! ,june-bug /yle ( composition4 ,j z a beetle bangs 8 clumsy ?ick head aga9/ a w9d[ or a nett+ 9 hope t he may *ance to /rike a place :]e he c get ?r\gh to ! lamp )91 s ! ,june-bug writ] goes bang+ absurdly d[n 8 page1 bump+ aga9/ any ob/acle1 tru/+ to fate & ! *apt] ( accid5ts to %[ some:]e & someh[ a way ?r\gh4 ,! man :o has le>n$ to write does n beg9 until he has an idea :at 8 way ?r\gh is to be4 ,?is be+ cle> 9 8 m9d1 he goes consi/5tly t[>d x1 & 8 consi/5cy is :at is call$ keep+ ! po9t ( view4 ,! po9t ( view be+ select$1 x is (t5 necess>y to give ! read] a clue to x4 ,sometimes x is ne$ful to use no inconsid]able am\nt ( skill to br+ him to accept x4 ,! well-tra9$ read] always endeavors to put himself into complete sympa?y ) an au?or4 ,! au?or is b\nd to make ?is z easy z possible1 & ev51 if may be1 to r5d] x inevitable1 to ! end t ! read] %all be =c$ to %>e ! outlook ( ! writ]1 :e!r ) consci\s will+ness or n4 ,9 obvi\s matt]s1 l descriptions1 ! simple device ( nam+ ! po9t ( view is en\gh4 ,:5 ,keats beg9s a poem1-- ,i /ood tiptoe ^u a little hill1-- he gives ! po9t ( view4 ,s does ,sp5s] :5 he op5s ! 8,fa]ie ,que5e30-- ,a g5tle knight 0 prick+ on ! pla94 ,equally is ,l[ell giv+ ! po9t ( view 9 ! op5+ ( ! essay on ,*auc]1 already quot$3 8,w x d to say any?+ m ab\t ,*auc]80 ,"h he at once puts ! read] into ! attitude ( exam9+ ) fre% att5tion a subject :i* has be5 greatly discuss$2 by implication he intimates t !re is /ill en\gh :eat 9 ! (t5-?re%$ /raw to make x wor? :ile once m to turn x ov]4 ,) equal skill & felicity he puts ! read] into ! mood 9 :i* he writes ( ,c>lyle by ! fir/ s5t5ce ( ano!r essay3-- ,a feel+ ( comical sadness is likely to come ov] ! m9d ( any middle-ag$ man :o sets himself to recollect+ ! names ( ! au?ors t h be5 fam\s1 & ! numb] ( contempor>y immortalities ^: end he has se5 s9ce com+ to manhood4 ,! read] p]ceives at once t ! subject :i* is to be treat$ is to be reg>d$ z ( less assur$ p]man5ce ( importance ?an has be5 sometimes held4 ,evid5tly ,l[ell w\ld n allude to ! _m transi5t s-call$ immortalities if he _h n at lea/ a suspicion t ! contempor>y reputation ( ,c>lyle is likely to be less5$ by "t4 ,! key-note is /ruck1 & :at foll[s is gov]n$ by x4 ,! secret ( hold+ ! read] to ! po9t ( view consi/s l>gely ( keep+ /rictly to x 9 writ+4 ,if ! au?or does n *ange 8 position1 ! read] is unconsci\sly drawn to x4 ,!re is a p]suasive p[] 9 m]e p]si/5cy :i* is recogniz$ by any "o :o has _h to d ) an ob/9ate p]son1 & ?is p[] tells 9 lit]ature z fully z 9 dome/ic life4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we come next to figurative language1 s call$2 & at ?is po9t x us$ to be ! fa%ion to ov]:elm ! /ud5t ) a li/ ( dreadful names :i* 0 9 itself en\gh to p>alyze ! m5tal processes1 & to disc\rage at once & =ev] all aspiration aft] excell5ce4 ,! appall+ words synecdo*e1 metonymy1 antonomasia1 asyndeton1 anacol\?on1 p>rhesia1 onomatopoeia1 & ! re/1 seem$ to fasc9ate ! s\l ( writ]s on composition z completely z !y daz$ & /upefi$ ! und]/&+ ( ! unhappy /ud5t4 ,p$ants h amus$ !mselves by d>k5+ wisdom ) words )\t k1 until x is all b impossible to come at any?+ practical 9 ! old-fa%ion$ books1--:i* 7 inv>iably call$ 8treatises40 ,x has be5 f\nd t ?is is idle1 & = ! mo/ "p x has be5 laid aside4 ,a few t]ms are = conv5i5ce /ill us$1 b 9 ^! days ! ef=t1 in/ead ( be+ to give le>n$ & pomp\s-s\nd+ treatises on ! art ( composition1 is if possible to set d[n :at w assi/ ! /ud5t 9 le>n+ lit]>y expression4 ,"o ( ! fir/ lit]>y devices ( :i* man's m9d avail$ itself 9 its ef=ts to communicate ideas1 0 ! use ( figures4 ,! ?\ght moves naturally f ! ne> to ! remote1 & f t :i* is kn[n to t :i* is unkn[n4 ,if we attempt to describe or expla9 a ?+1 we in/9ctively comp>e x to some?+ :i* is famili>4 8,x is l ?is10 we say2 8x is simil> to t ?+ :i* y "k40 ,x has (t5 be5 rem>k$ t all language is full ( :at ,tr5* happily calls ! fossil rema9s ( metaphors1--words :i* 7 once us$ to convey an idea by comp>+ x to some?+ kn[n1 b ( :i* ! figurative =ce is n[ =gott54 ,x is h>dly necess>y to give examples1 because e /ud5t has _h 8 att5tion call$ to ?is class ( words2 b _! numb] illu/rates h[ natural comp>isons are1 & h[ con/antly !y are call$ to aid expression4 ,to comp>ison x is cu/om>y to give two names1 accord+ z ! lik5ess is /at$ explicitly or is impli$4 ,if a writ] says1 8,! (fic] foll[$ 8 victim l a sleu?-h\nd10--a phrase :i* us$ to come into all ! detective /ories1--he makes an explicit comp>ison betwe5 ! (fic] & a h\nd4 ,if he writes1 8,! sleu?-h\nd ( ju/ice foll[$ ! track ( 8 prey10--a phrase /ill to be met ) 9 newspap]s ( a c]ta9 class1--! comp>ison is ! same1 b x is assum$ in/ead ( be+ explicitly /at$4 ,to ! express$ comp>ison is giv5 ! "n 8simile20 to ! comp>ison assum$1 ! "n 8metaphor40 ,x is ( no great practical importance--unless 9 ! l9e ( enc\rag+ c>efulness 9 ! discrim9ation ( words--:e!r ! di/9ction ( names is c>efully obs]v$ or n1 b x is ( "s conv5i5ce 9 /udy4 ,! object ( us+ figures is to add ,cle>ness1 or ,=ce1 or ,elegance--or all ( ^!--to ! pres5tation ( an idea4 ,con/antly x happ5s t1 by decl>+ t an unkn[n ?+ is l "s kn[n ?+1 ! writ] enables ! read] to =m an idea ( x z x is4 ,:5 9 ,job we read ! beautiful simile1 8,my days are swift] ?an a weav]'s %uttle10 we are impress$ by ! passage ( life ) a vividness :i* c\ld n be secur$ by any m]e ass]tion1 no matt] h[ /rong4 ,! physical fact is s easily grasp$ t x makes m cle> ! intellectual reflection4 ,9 ! same wond]ful poem--& no "o /udy+ lit]ature ei!r = pr(it or = pleasure c af=d to neglect ! book ( ,job--!re are beautiful figures en\gh to tea* ! art ( us+ !m 7 x o!rwise =gott54 8,man is born unto tr\ble1 z ! sp>ks fly upw>d20 8,i caus$ ! wid['s he>t to s+ = joy20 8,! h\se appo9t$ = all liv+20 8,he make? ! deep to boil l a pot20 8,?\ %alt come to ?y grave 9 a full age1 l z a %ock ( corn come? 9 9 8 season10--x is impossible n to see h[ 9 e case ! ?\ght is made m cle> by ! comp>ison4 ,x is evid5t1 too1 t 9 ea* case cit$ ! expression has ga9$ n only 9 ,cle>ness b 9 ,=ce4 ,! mom5t a lik5ess is sugge/$1 ! m9d ( ! read] is l$ to make ! comp>ison1 & is ?us alive & al]t2 :ile 9 ea* case ! figure sugge/s f> m ?an any b>e /atem5t ( fact4 ,s9ce ! secret ( ,=ce lies 9 connotation1 9 ! sugge/iv5ess :i* leads ! m9d onw>d into ! mood s t x seems to itself to orig9ate ! ideas :i* are really giv5 to x directly or indirectly by ! au?or1 x foll[s t 9 ! use ( figures is "o ( ! mo/ effectual means ( secur+ ?is quality4 ,job says1 8,my days are swift] ?an a weav]'s %uttle10 & ) ! pla9 /atem5t ( ! brevity ( life come sugge/ions ( ! inevitabl5ess ( ?is brevity2 we seem to see man toss$ by ! h& ( ! unse51 z a %uttle is ?r[n by ! h& ( ! weav]1 flung to & fro )\t p[] to /ay or to resi/4 ,! :ole despair+ mood ( ! afflict$ patri>* is summ$ up 9 ! s+le simile4 ,to come ne>] to our own times1 take t simile :i* is p]haps ! mo/ beautiful 9 ,engli% lit]ature outside ( ,%akespe>e3-- ,fair z a /> :5 only "o ,is %9+ 9 ! sky4 ,:at is sugge/$ is all ! s]5ity ( ! ev5tide2 ! hu% :i* comes betwe5 ! daylight & ! d>k2 ! s5se ( peace2 t feel+ t a my/]y is be+ wr\ght be=e our v eyes1 :5 out ( ! fa9tly rose-purple haze ( ! sky ?robs into radiance ! fir/ />4 ,!re is1 too1 t s5se ( re/fulness t belongs to ! twilight coolness1 &1 9 "s undef9able way1 an idea ( purity & innoc5ce too high & too subtle to be def9$4 ,! ga9 9 ,=ce f su* ri*ness ( sugge/ion is evid5t4 ,ev5 m closely ?an ) ,cle>ness or ,=ce is ! use ( figures connect$ ) ,elegance4 ,m ?an any o!r means at ! disposal ( ! writ] does ?is help to e/abli% ! mood :i* ! au?or desires to %>e ) 8 read]4 ,m1 p]haps1 ?an any o!r means may figures be m\ld$ to manifold uses1 & ?us !y h l>ge %>e 9 t adaptation ( ! means to an end1 9 :i*1 z has be5 said1 lies ! secret ( ,elegance4 ,! prop] use ( figures is a ?+ :i* x is ( ! utmo/ importance = ! /ud5t to ma/] ?or\ghly2 & ,i h v5tur$ to set d[n a few rules :i* may be useful 9 practical "w3-- #a4 ,nev] use a figure )\t a def9ite purpose1 & nev] simply = its own sake4 #b4 ,nev] subord9ate s5se to figure4 #c4 ,make all figures easily compreh5sible4 #d4 ,nev] make a comp>ison )\t realiz+ fully :at x is4 #e4 ,nev] pu% a figure too f>4 ,! reason = giv+ ! fir/ rule is1 t s _m "y writ]s--,i say "y writ]s z a matt] ( c\rtesy1 s9ce !re are pl5ty ( old ones ( :om x is no less true6--are giv5 to ! fault ( pil+ up figures 9 mu* ! same way t a ta/eless mill9] sometimes puts on h] bonnets all ! artificial fl[]s t c be made to /ick to !m1 or z a /upid ar*itect kills ! design ( a build+ by ov]load+ x ) ornam5ts4 ,figures exi/ = ! /yle1 & n ! /yle = ! figures2 & f ?is foll[s n only ! fir/ rule1 b ! second also4 ,to make ! figure ( m importance ?an ! ?+ :i* x is to illu/rate or to re9=ce is to exalt ! s]vant above ! ma/]4 ,! ?ird rule is ju/ifi$ by ! fact t figures are us$ to increase ! lucidity ( /yle1 & t 9 a mann] all comp>isons are to be look$ ^u z 9 ! nature ( illu/rations4 ,x foll[s t !y mu/1 9 ord] to fulfill _! function1 be easily und]/ood !mselves4 ,exam9e ?is passage3-- 444 ,! ,w&]+ ,jew has se5 ,m5 come & g z ! fix$ ,pyramids ,h se5 ev5 ! /eadfa/ pol> /> ,%ift 9 its place4 ,to see any =ce 9 ?is1 x is necess>y to be aw>e t1 s9ce ! ,pyramids 7 built1 ! ,nor? ,/> has be5 alt]$ 9 ! precession ( ! equ9oxes4 ,a writ] has no "r to appeal to su* special k4 ,?is is "o ( ! reasons :y !re are s few ( ! discov]ies ( mod]n sci5ce1 ri* & v>i$ z !y are1 :i* c effectively be us$ 9 simile4 ,! allusions w\ld n be commonly und]/ood4 ,ano!r reason1 equally pot5t1 is t 9 g5]al ! connotation ( sci5tific facts is too practical & un9spir+ to add to ! int]e/ ( poetic or imag9ative !mes4 ,9 old days x 0 ! fa%ion = m9or poets to g z f> afield z possible = similes1 :i* 7 dragg$ into v]se z a ,coman*e ,indian drags into camp 8 captives4 ,foot-notes 7 g5]\sly provid$ = ! enlight5m5t ( ! read]1 & nobody seem$ to see ! absurdity ( illu/rat+ a ?\ght by a figure s obscure t x _h itself to be expla9$4 ,! tropes ( ! m9or poets ( ! la/ c5tury rem9d "o ( ! rem>k ( ! ,scot* goodwife ab\t a le>n$ly obscure comm5t>y on ! ,scriptures3 8',tis a braw wise book1 na d\t2 an' ! ,bible does expla9 x wond]fu'40 ,if a writ] w hold to 8 own exp]i5ce = 8 similes1 he w h little difficulty 9 decid+ :at is likely to be readily und]/ood by ! g5]al read]2 & if he w rememb] t1 provid$ t !re be no?+ vulg> or ludicr\s or commonplace 9 its sugge/ion1 ! m homely an allusion ! m effective x is likely to be1 he _c g f> wrong4 ,! rule nev] to make a comp>ison )\t realiz+ fully :at x is %\ld be reg>d$ z be+ z b9d+ z a moral precept4 ,if ?is be obey$1 !re is no dang] ( ! production ( t hybrid microbe ) :i* ! pages ( s5sational fiction sw>m1 :i* is kn[n z ! mix$ metaphor4 ,i took up 9 ! smok+-room ( a /eam] n long ago a novel call$ 8,half a ,million ( ,money10 by ,miss ,amelia ,b4 ,edw>ds4 ,i op5$ to a page on :i* 0 ?is s5t5ce3-- ,trefald5 ca/ a ha/y glance ab\t ! room1 z if look+ = "s weapon :]e) to slake ! hatr$ t glitt]$ 9 8 eye4--,*ap4 xciv4 ,i give c>efully ! orig9 ( ?is1 s9ce x seems l an absurd mock simile manufactur$ = ! occasion4 ,if ! au?or _h felt ! =ce ( ! ^w 8slake10 & h[ x involves ! idea ( ?ir/1 %e c\ld n h c\pl$ x ) 8weapon0 or ) 8glitt]$ 9 8 eye40 ,a ?ir/ :i* is slak$ ) a sword & glitt]s 9 ! eye ne$s only to be realiz$ to be ca/ aside4 ,goe!1 9 speak+ ( ,klop/ock1 once said3-- ,an ode occurs to me :]e he makes ! ,g]man muse run a race ) ! ,briti%2 & inde$1 :5 "o ?9ks :at a picture x is1 :]e ! girls run "o aga9/ ! o!r1 ?r[+ ab\t _! legs1 & kick+ up ! du/1 "o mu/ assume t ! good ,klop/ock did n really h be=e 8 eyes su* pictures z he wrote1 else he c\ld n possibly h made su* mi/akes4--,conv]sations ( ,goe!1 ,novemb] #i1 #ahbd4 ,( ^! l9es ( ,montgom]y1-- ,! s\l aspir+ pants its s\rce to m\nt1 ,z /reams me&] level to _! f\nt1-- ,macaulay obs]ves3-- ,we take ?is to be1 on ! :ole1 ! wor/ similitude 9 ! _w4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 no /ream me&]s or c possibly me&] level ) ! f\nt4 ,9 ! next place1 if /reams did me&] level ) _! f\nts1 no two notions c be less l ea* o!r ?an t ( me&]+ level & m\nt+ upw>d4--,cit$ 9 ,b>tlett's ,famili> ,quotations4 ,x w\ld be easy & x w\ld be amus+ to g on ) examples ( mix$ figures & figures :i* are ineffective1 b ! po9t h>dly ne$s fur!r illu/ration4 ,pu%+ a figure too f> is a fault less common 9 ^! days ?an x has be5 at "s p]iods ( our lit]>y hi/ory :5 fa%ions 9 writ+ 7 m ornate ?an at pres5t4 ,if a writ] realizes :at a simile means1 he is n likely to fall into ?is error4 ,x is :5 he introduces a figure = ! sake ( ! figure1 & n = ! purpose ( /r5g!n+ or mak+ m cle> :at he is say+1 t ?is fault occurs4 ,^! l9es ( ,c[p] may s]ve z an example3 ,man is a h>p1 ^: *ords elude ! sight1 ,ea* yield+ h>mony dispos$ aright2 ,! screws rev]s$ 7a task :i*1 if ,he please1 ,god 9 a mom5t executes ) ease71 ,t5 ?\s& ?\s& /r+s at once g loose1 ,lo/1 till ,he tune !m1 all _! p[] & use4 ,if ?is /opp$ ) ! second l9e1 x might d well en\gh2 b :5 ! att5tion is =c$ to ! consid]ation ( ! me*anical details ( ! h>p1 & ! image ( t5 ?\s& ?\s& /r+s & a correspond+ numb] ( screws1 & ! notion appli$ to a man b]eft ( 8 wits1 ! idea becomes absurd1 & :atev] value ! figure might h is entirely lo/4 ,a cle> realization ( :at he is do+ w also prev5t ! writ] f m+l+ figure & fact4 8,he 0 ! gu>dian g5ius ( ,irel&1 & _h s]v$ ) eloqu5ce & cr$it 9 legislative halls10 c\ld h>dly h be5 writt5 by "o :o felt cle>ly ! mean+ & significance ( ! figure4 ,to realize h[ a gu>dian g5ius w\ld look 9 legislative halls w\ld h br\ght him at once to 8 s5ses4 ,x is always necess>y to h %>ply def9$ 9 ! bra9 :atev] "o is say+1 b ?is is especially true ( any use ( language :i* invites ! read] to loose 8 grasp ^u absolute1 lit]al fact4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 simile & metaphor is "o :i* ne$ n be press$ v %>ply4 ,x is to be obs]v$ t z writ+ becomes m excit$ or impassion$ !re is less ne$ ( insi/+ ^u =malities2 s t z ! writ] w>ms 8 read]s1 he may assume a lik5ess in/ead ( explicitly /at+ x4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( a passage x may be bett] to say1 8,napoleon swept l a tempe/ ov] ,europe10 :]eas lat]1 ! read] hav+ become int]e/$ 9 ! !me1 x is fitt+ to write1 8,napoleon1 ! tempe/ :i* 0 sweep+ ov] ,europe40 ,!re is probably no bett] rule ?an = ! writ] to d t :i* at ! mom5t seems to him mo/ natural1 & !n 9 revision to see if x /rikes him z x did :5 he wrote x4 ,p]sonification may be conv5i5tly reg>d$ z class$ ) simile & metaphor4 ,x is some:at out ( fa%ion1 b if x is us$ x is to be gov]n$ by ! rules giv5 above4 ,"o :o realizes :at he is say+ 9 ! phrase1 8,hope told a flatt]+ tale10--:o sees t he is repres5t+ ,hope z a beautiful & s$uctive be+1--is n likely to g on to add1 8b ?is hope 0 f\nd$ ^u a delusion10 because he _c conceive a "y nymph or goddess z be+ f\nd$ ^u any?+4 ,he w naturally & )\t ef=t c>ry out ! figure1 & say1 8b %e beguil$ u20 or1 8b all h] flatt]ies 7 delusions40 ,! tru? is1 t ! m9d w g5]ally g 9 ! "r direction if x is giv5 a fair *ance4 ,x is only :5 we hamp] x ) rules n und]/ood1 :5 we =ce x to g 9 pa?s :i* we suppose to be laid out by conv5tions1 or :5 we endeavor to make x pace accord+ to our vanity1 t x goes a/ray4 ,be natural 9 ! use ( figures1 & y w seldom be wrong4 ,,viii ,,means ,,& ,,effects ,,cont9u$ ,few means ( lit]>y effect are m subtle ?an ,v>iety4 ,x mu/ p]vade all p>ts ( a composition1 yet x is to be p]ceiv$ only by its effects4 ,its abs5ce is at once not$1 & at once de/roys ! beauty & attractiv5ess ( any "w2 yet to def9e ,v>iety is z difficult z to tell h[ x is to be secur$4 ,/ev5son gives a rule z wise z x is h>d to foll[3 8,! "o rule is to be inf9itely v>i\s40 ,! ne$ ( v>iety 9 ! use ( words is evid5t4 ,! fault ( repetition is suffici5tly obvi\s1 yet x is v easily committ$4 ,! fact t a s5t5ce has be5 writt5 9 a giv5 =m (t5 makes t seem ! only correct way ( expression4 ,no "o b a ?or\ghly tra9$ writ] c be z s5sitive to errors 9 8 own "w z to mi/akes 9 ! writ+s ( o!rs2 & s x happ5s t unless "o is v c>eful ! same ^w may appe> two or ?ree times 9 a passage :]e synonyms w\ld be bett] ?an ! repetition4 ,t ri*ness 9 synonyms :i* is "o ( ! f9e/ *>act]i/ics ( ,engli% does away ) any necess>y difficulty 9 atta9+ v>iety 9 diction4 ,9 writ+1 & yet m 9 revis+1 ! value & =ce ( synonym\s t]ms _c be too con/antly kept 9 m9d4 ,a k ( ^!1 ) t c>d9al virtue ( writ]s1 ! diction>y-habit1 %\ld c>ry any /ud5t triumphantly pa/ all dang]s ( monotony 9 words4 ,"o caution %\ld p]haps be add$3 ,d n be afraid to repeat a ^w z (t5 z is really necess>y4 ,i quot$ 9 an e>li] *apt] a s5t5ce f ,l[ell :i* illu/rates :at ,i mean3 ,! soil out ( :i* su* m5 z he are made is good to be born on1 good to live on1 good to die = & be buri$ 94 ,or notice ! repetition ( 8man0 & ( 8dep>tm5t0 9 ?is f ,macaulay3-- ,a man possess$ ( spl5did tal5ts1 :i* he (t5 abus$1 & ( s\nd judgm5t1 ! admonitions ( :i* he (t5 neglect$2 a man :o succe$$ only 9 an inf]ior dep>tm5t ( 8 art1 b :o 9 t dep>tm5t succe$$ prem95tly4--,on ,john ,dryd54 ,"h ! judici\s repetition ( ! subject holds ! :ole closely toge!r1 & saves ! att5tion ( ! read] f fatigue4 ,x s]ves1 also1 to m>k ! di/9ction betwe5 ! fir/ half1 :i* is a specification ( ! causes ( failure1 & ! second half1 :i* /ates ! effects t foll[$ f !m4 ,! recurr5ce ( 8dep>tm5t0 adds to ! emphasis 9 a way :i* may easily be appreciat$ by replac+ x by a pron\n4 ,repetitions s clev]ly us$ z ?is are ( c\rse n defects b beauties4 ,! v>iation ( =m is an art m cunn+ ?an t ( ! *ang+ ( ! ^w4 ,look at ?is s5t5ce f ,/ev5son1 & notice h[ mu* is ga9$ by ! alt]ation ( ! con/ruction3-- ,h[ (t5 & will+ly d ,i n look 9 fancy on ,tummel1 or ,manor1 or ! talk+ ,ardle1 or ,dee swirl+ 9 its ,lynn2 on ! bright burn ( ,k9naird1 or ! gold5 burn t p\rs & sulks 9 ! d5 beh9d ,k+ussie6--,pa/oral4 ,to put 8talk+0 be=e its n\n & 8swirl+0 aft] ! sub/antive x modifies1 to see to x t no two phrases %all h ! same =m1 may seem small matt]s1 & yet x is by devices ( ?is sort t ! skillful artific] ( words gives to 8 /yle f9i% & *>m4 ,! ability to comm& a v>iety ( =ms gives to ! writ] ! p[] ( repetition )\t seem+ to repeat4 ,(t5 x happ5s t x is well to re-say a ?+1 ei!r = ! sake ( putt+ x 9 a light some:at diff]5t f t ( its fir/ pres5tation1 or to en=ce x m /rongly4 ,?is is especially true1 x may be1 ( writ+ :i* is expository or argum5tative1 b ! ne$ ( repetition ( ideas is common to composition ( all sorts4 ,to v>y ! cad5ce ( ! s5t5ce s t ! e> %all nev] be we>i$ by monotony1 cunn+ly to mix long & %ort p>agraphs s t no s+le =m con/antly repeat$ %all tire ! att5tion1 is inde$ a difficult art to acquire4 ,no rule c be giv5 = v>iety2 ! v idea ( rule = v>iation involves a contradiction ( t]ms1 s9ce x is ! ess5ce ( v>iation to be irregul>4 ,! /ud5t mu/ tra9 8 e> & 8 m9d by read+ ! be/ au?ors2 b ! mo/ t in/ruction c d is to call att5tion to ?is matt]1 & ?us to af=d a clue to :at may be ! real if unsuspect$ cause ( a writ]'s dissatisfaction :5 8 "w appe>s vaguely dull & unattractive4 ,v>iety is closely connect$ ) ,elegance4 ,! adaptation ( ! s5t5ce /ructure to ! ?\ght1 & yet m ! subtl] adaptation to ! mood1 are ref9em5ts ( composition :i* x takes long to acquire2 b ) e advance t[>d a ma/]y ( !m ! le>n] has come ne>] to ! secret ( t consummate skill 9 fitt+ means to effects :i* is ! s\l ( ! highe/ /yle4 ,ea* mu/ d x = himself2 = ! secret ( v>iety _c be told f>!r ?an x is reveal$ 9 ! words ( ,/ev5son1 ) :i* we began3 8,! "o rule is to be inf9itely v>i\s40 ,^u v>iety dep5ds l>gely t delightful & elusive quality :i* we call ,euphony4 ,no writ] or read] c be long ins5sible to t music ( words :i* is z intangibly tangible 9 prose z 9 poetry1--diff]5t 9 ! "o f ! o!r1 b z real & truly a s\rce ( delight 9 spee* z 9 song1 9 prose z 9 v]se4 ,x is true t :at is writt5 is n necess>ily read al\d4 ,x is writt5 9 sil5ce1 & untra9$ writ]s fail to realize t al?\gh x be read 9 sil5ce1 ! eye is ! e> ( ! m9d1 & all melody or lack ( melody w be subtilely felt 9 ! s\ndless p]usal4 ,all t has be5 said ( v>iety applies z well to ?is quality2 &1 inde$1 x is p]haps h>dly necess>y to give two names :]e ! two ?+s are s closely int]wov54 ,intangible z ?is quality may seem1 x is yet "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ 9 lit]ature4 ,take ?is s5t5ce f ,walt ,:itman1 & see if x is possible = any read] n to be (f5d$ by its close3-- ,nor %ades ( ,virgil1 nor myriad memories1 poems1 old associations1 magnetize & hold on to h]4 ,or suppose "o said3-- ,if = ! city ( ,a!ns nature did mu*1 x is n to be d5i$ t art did a great deal m4 ,! e> is dull :i* does n p]ceive ! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is & ! s5t5ce z ,newman wrote x3-- ,if nature did mu* = ,a!ns1 x is und5iable t art did mu* m4 ,examples might be multipli$ indef9itely1 b x is bett] t ! /ud5t f9d !m = himself4 ,s5sitiv5ess to euphony & ! practical acquirem5t ( a euphoni\s /yle are greatly aid$ by ! habit ( read+ al\d ! works ( m5 :o are ma/]s1 & x is well to te/ 9 ! same way :atev] is writt54 ,! e> is m readily tra9$ by ! voice ?an by any o!r means4 ,x is possible to suppose t :at we h writt5 mu/ s\nd well z a matt] ( c\rse2 b if we read or he> x read al\d1 & f9d t x does n please ! e>1 only "o /upid ) self-conceit w leave x unalt]$4 ,a melodi\s diction is apt to be made up m l>gely ( %ort words ?an ( long ones1 & ( words easily pron\nc$ ?an ( ^? try+ to ! tongue2 yet x is no m possible to a*ieve a euphoni\s /yle simply by us+ words %ort & easily pron\nc$ ?an x is to make a beautiful brook by digg+ a *annel :i* %all be entirely /raight & free f ob/ructions1 or to build a beautiful temple by collect+ exquisite m>bles4 ,con/ruction is m ?an mat]ial4 ,"o ( ! means by :i* x 0 =m]ly ! fa%ion to /rive aft] pleas+ s\nd 9 diction 0 ! use ( allit]ation4 ,?is device is some:at 9 disrepute 9 ^! days1 because x has be5 s notori\sly abus$4 ,! s5sational noveli/ c\ld no m d )\t allit]ation ?an )\t ! hi/orical pres5t t5se4 ,! pat5t m$ic9es are allit]atively label$2 comic op]as & pseudo-,que5 ,anne cottages at little wat]+-places h be5 baptiz$ ) titles ) r$uplicat$ initials1 until ! writ] :o indulges 9 allit]ation feels some?+ z does ! pr(essor :o sees 8 title blazon$ on ! %+le ( ! b>b] & ! boot-black4 ,yet ?is pleasant device _c be sp>$4 ,!re is 9 our blood "s trace ( ! fondness = x :i* made x s]ve ! old b>ds in/ead ( rhyme4 ,x mu/ be employ$ m cunn+ly ?an ( old1 & z x 7 slipp$ into ! lit]>y web surreptiti\sly4 ,"h are in/ances3-- ,a man is a bundle ( relations1 a knot ( roots1 ^: fl[] & fruitage is ! _w4--,em]son3 ,hi/ory4 ,9 mak+ education n only common to all1 b 9 "s s5se compulsory on all4--,l[ell3 ,new ,engl& ,two ,c5turies ,ago4 ,all ! beautiful sentim5ts 9 ! world weigh less ?an a s+le lovely action4--,id43 ,r\sseau & ! ,s5tim5tali/s4 ,"h !re is little m ?an ! repetition ( ! initial ( a prom95t ^w1 m>k$ by ! same place 9 successive cad5ces4 ,(t5 allit]ation 9 mod]n prose ( ! be/ sort is c>ri$ mu* f>!r4 ,"h are a c\ple ( examples f ,/ev5son3-- ,i "k a *ild ( ,suffolk ^: fancy /ill l+]s ab\t ! lili$ lowl& wat]s ( t %ire4--,pa/oral4 ,a task 9 recitation t really m]it$ rew>d4--,! ,manse4 ,( c\rse ,i am speak+ only ( prose4 ,! diction ( poetry is gov]n$ by diff]5t laws1 & ! r$uplication ( s\nd is a recogniz$ & n infrequ5t ornam5t ( v]se us$ to a degree :i* w\ld n be tol]at$ 9 prose4 ,9 ! latt] x is important t allit]ation %all appe> to be r ! consequ5ce ( ! subject ?an an extrane\s ornam5t4 ,once a writ] introduces into prose a ^w :i* is evid5tly or ev5 app>5tly *os5 = its initial1 he has giv5 ! read] a suspicion ( artificiality :i* is fatal to ! be/ effect4 ,allit]ation is1 h[ev]1 m readily all[$ 9 epigram & anti!sis ?an 9 pla91 /raight=w>d passages4 ,! writ] is p]mitt$ "s especial graces ( ornam5t :5 he attempts ei!r ( ^!1 z a *ild may )\t rem>k we> its be/ raim5t to a p>ty :5 its companions w\ld je] at su* display at s*ool4 8,=ms are ! food ( fai?10 writes ,newman4 8,all mank9d love a lov]10 ,em]son says4 ,^! epigrams are op5ly allit]ative4 ,no less s is ! well-kn[n anti!sis ( ,macaulay1 8,! ,puritans hat$ be>-bait+1 n because x gave pa9 to ! be>1 b because x gave pleasure to ! spectator40 ,! epigram has ! great advantage ( recall+ ! prov]b2 & prov]bs w ev] be de> to ! he>t ( man z ! purses 9 :i* h be5 pres]v$ ! homely wisdom ( ! _w4 ,x is p]haps 9 "p because ( its family lik5ess to ! prov]b t x seems n unfitt+ = ! epigram to balance ^w aga9/ ^w 9 a way :i* w\ld seem artificial 9 any o!r =m ( expression4 ,! m5tion ( epigram & anti!sis rem9ds u t x is well to speak briefly ( bo?4 ,anti!sis is ! sett+ =mally aga9/ ea* o!r ( contra/+ ?\ghts4 ,i might make an example if ,i wrote3 ,epigram is a sword ) "o edge2 b anti!sis is a blade ) two4 ,i %\ld at ! same "t be express+ to "s ext5t ! *>act]i/ics ( ^! v]bal =ms4 ,anti!sis def9es by diff]5ces2 epigram emphasizes a s+le idea4 ,"o confesses its artificiality by its balanc$ /ructure2 ! o!r endeavors to hide x "u an appe>ance ( lucky spontaneity4 ,anti!sis is obvi\sly delib]ate2 epigram mu/ h an air ( quickness1 z if x 7 ! bir? ( ! mom5t4 ,! =m] belong$ to ! elaborate /yle ( a m c]emoni\s age2 ! latt] has be5 cultivat$ 9 ! prose ( our own "t until x has almo/ become a vice4 ,! above p>agraph1 :i* is l>gely anti!tical1 %[s ! limitation ( ?is =m4 ,x is n possible long to cont9ue ?is sort ( writ+ )\t we>y+ ! read] ) a s5se ( artificiality4 ,su* pleasure z ! pres5t age is will+ to take 9 undisguis$ ef=t 9 prose is l>gely conf9$ to ! epigram4 ,an epigram is a notion r\nd$ l a sn[ball = ?r[+4 ,look$ at 9 ano!r way1 x is a ?\ght pack$ = quick transportation4 ,x is wit or wisdom giv5 w+s2 or1 if x be nei!r1 x is at lea/ an idea ) its lo9s girt = runn+4 ,sometimes x is a base or wor?less reflection set 9 t]se phrase1 l a fly 9 amb]2 or a cruel ins9uation w\nd+ l a wasp ) env5om$ /+4 ,at its be/ x is a jewel ( price2 at its wor/ x is a drop ( subtle poison4 ,"h1 some:at at ! risk ( confus+ by a v>iety ( images1 ,i h tri$ to write a %ort p>agraph :i* is practically all 9 ! =m ( epigrams4 ,x is 9 turn evid5t t al?\gh less obvi\sly artificial ?an anti!sis1 epigrams are apt to lack spontaneity1 no matt] h[ mu* !y /rive = x4 ,x is difficult to incorporate !m into ord9>y prose s t !y %all seem really to be an integral "p ( x4 ,an epigram is apt to be l a %ell1 s complete & individual 9 itself t x is h>d to make x appe> to be a "p ( any o!r :ole4 ,skillfully h&l$1 ! epigram gives crispness & vigor to a /yle1 b by s mu* ! m z x is effective if successful x is damag+ if x fails4 ,x is to be rememb]$1 too1 t ! habit ( /riv+ = any especial v]bal =m is a dang]\sly fasc9at+ "o4 ,x is easy to fall into ! way ( mak+ phrases = _! own sake1 in/ead ( = ! purpose ( express+ :at "o has to say4 ,an epigram is valuable & comm5dable only 9 s f> z x s]ves ! purpose = :i* x is contriv$4 ,! ,greeks us$ ! ^w orig9ally to signify a v]se inscrib$ on a tomb1 & n a few mod]n epigrams are ! epitaphs ( ?\ghts kill$ 9 mak+ !m4 ,we are accu/om$ to-day to employ ! ^w = any concise & t]se expression ( ?\ght1 & to call t /yle epigrammatic :i* is di/+ui%$ by concis5ess & by brief & pregnant s5t5ces4 ,broadly speak+1 s long z ! writ] keeps 9 m9d t ! epigram is to aid expression1 & t int5tion is nev] to be sacrific$ to =m1 ! m ( ^! qualities 8 /yle has ! bett]4 ,he mu/ rememb]1 moreov]1 t ! e> mu/ be reliev$ by s5t5ces ( v>i$ l5g?4 ,! successful epigram is almo/ always brief1 & x mu/ conta9 an elem5t ( novelty4 ,"o ( its *ief claims to att5tion is t x puts its ?\ght 9 a =m :i* excites surprise4 ,x is l ! ,g]man bonbon1 :i* p>ts ) a />tl+ snap & discloses a gift )94 ,! m x has ! air ( be+ ! result ( an in/antane\s1 happy inspiration1 ! m effective is x4 ,an epigram mu/ seem at lea/ to be l ! poet1 born & n made4 ,?is matt] ( novelty conc]ns m ?an epigram4 ,words & phrases become worn z surely z co9s :i* h long pass$ f h& to h&4 ,epi!ts :i* h be5 con/antly repeat$ lose ! =ce ( _! orig9al int5t & fail to produce _! fir/ effect4 ,! ma/]s ( /yle d n hesitate n[ & !n to co9 new words ) :i* to s]ve !mselves 9 ! attempt to produce pung5t effects :i* old t]ms no long] yield4 ,c>lyle is an extreme example ( ?is1 & a li/ ( ! extraord9>y novelties :i* he boldly made = 8 own use w\ld fill pages4 ,he expos$ himself to ! dang] ( los+ ! impression :i* he produc$ z soon z ! words inv5t$ lo/ _! fir/ novelty1 & no d\bt some?+ ( ! dim9ution ( ! influ5ce ( ,c>lyle :i* we h liv$ to see is due to ?is v cause4 ,! ord9>y writ] is n all[$ ?us to s]ve 8 ne$ by inv5tion4 ,he mu/ be cont5t to take words already 9 use1 & mu/ display 8 +5uity by contriv+ s to employ !m t f old t]ms he br+s fre%ness ( effect4 ,! novelty :i* is )9 ! rea* ( all is t ( orig9ality4 ,x seems at fir/ />tl+ to speak ( orig9ality z )9 common rea* :5 we take up e day books :]e9 ! writ]s %[ s absolute a lack ( all orig9ality t !y %ake "o's v belief 9 orig9al s94 ,yet rememb] :at ,flaub]t said to ,de ,maupassant3 8,! smalle/ ?+ has 9 x some?+ unkn[n4 ,discov] x4444 ,t is ! way to become orig9al40 ,life c nev] appe> ! same to any two human be+s1 because no two look at x ) ! same eyes or ) ! same m9d4 ,! orig9al writ] is he :o sets d[n 8 own ?\ghts1 :o %[s to o!rs :at is exactly 9 8 own bra9 & he>t4 ,x is n )9 ! p[] ( e au?or ?us to create pr(\ndly fre% & inspir+ works2 b x is )9 ! rea* ( all to say some?+ :i* %all be at once new & individual & vital4 ,:at is call$ individuality is ! result ( ?is frank & s9c]e speak+ ( ! ?\ght :i* comes to ! writ] & z x comes to ! writ]4 ,x is ne$ful to be on "o's gu>d le/ sometimes in/ead ( be+ guid$ by s9c]ity & natural hone/y "o fall into ! trick ( us+ p>ticul> =ms ( diction or con/ruction4 ,we are all expos$ to ! dang] ( imitat+ ourselves4 ,hav+ once writt5 a ?+ :i* by its hone/y & frankness 0 impressive1 !re is a temptation to g on repeat+ ! same ?+ or to try to d some?+ :i* %all seem l x4 ,9 ?is way arise :at are kn[n z mann]isms4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 individuality & mann]ism is t betwe5 s9c]ity & egotism2 betwe5 p]sonality & affectation4 ,individuality 9 /yle is an hone/ embody+ ( t :i* makes ! writ] diff]5t f any o!r man alive2 mann]ism is ! %am--if unconsci\s--ef=t to appe> diff]5t4 ,be tru?fully exact 9 say+ no?+ b :at is really felt1 & individuality is z sure z mann]ism is impossible4 ,read :at ,l[ell says ( ,*auc]3-- ,*auc] seems to me to h be5 "o ( ! mo/ purely orig9al ( poets4444 ,he is orig9al n 9 ! s5se t he ?9ks & says :at nobody ev] ?\ght or said be=e1 & :at nobody c ev] ?9k & say aga91 b because he is always natural2 because1 if n absolutely new1 he is always delightfully fre%2 because he sets be=e u ! _w z x hone/ly appe>$ to ,ge(frey ,*auc]1 & n a _w z x seem$ prop] to c]ta9 p t x ought to appe>4 ,!re y h ! :ole ( x4 ,he :o is lea/ conc]n$ ab\t be+ orig9al1 & mo/ engross$ 9 express+ precisely ! ?\ght & ! feel+ :i* h come to him1 is 9 ! end ! writ] :o is mo/ vitally & p]5nially fre%4 ,?9k new ?\ghts always if y c2 b above all d n put a ?\ght ^u pap] unless y s hone/ly & s9c]ely ?9k x t x does n occur to y to consid] :e!r anybody else has or has n said ?is ?+ be=e4 ,,ix ,,classification ,?us f> we h spok5 ( ! g5]al pr9ciples ( composition1 & ( qualities :i* are common to all attempts to express ?\ght by writt5 language4 ,!re are s _m ways1 h[ev]1 9 :i* composition may be employ$1 t = fur!r consid]ation x is conv5i5t to divide x into classes4 ,we h come to ! place :]e x is well to s]ve ourselves ) "s division ( ! sorts ( writ+1 j z we be=e f\nd x well to s]ve ourselves by ! sep>ation ( g5]al pr9ciples4 ,classification is necess>y 9 any /udy1 n only = conv5i5ce 9 h&l+1 b = cle>ness ( conception4 ,if ideas are arrang$ sy/ematically1 !y n only are rememb]$ m easily1 b _! mutual relations are discov]$1 & _! relative values m accurately e/imat$4 ,x is ( importance1 h[ev]1 to recognize t 9 all inve/igations classification is n an end1 b a means4 ,he :o classifies cle>s ! way = future "w1 ei!r ( 8 own or ( o!rs1 b he does n necess>ily rea* any?+ p]man5t or effective 9 itself4 ,! /ud5t ( botany may analyze & tabulate all ! plants 9 ! l&2 b if he has n rea*$ out t[>d g5]al tru?s & fundam5tal pr9ciples1 x _c be said t he has le>n$ mu*4 ,he has amus$ himself1 p]haps has _h a good deal ( heal?ful out-(-door life1 & a c]ta9 am\nt ( m5tal gymna/ics1--b t is ! :ole ( x4 ,classification1 & especially classification :i* is n orig9al1 is n ! atta9m5t ( k 9 any high s5se4 ,i pause to comm5t ^u ?is at m l5g? ?an ! connection w>rants1 /rictly speak+1 because ! subject is "o ( s great g5]al importance4 ,ev]y:]e 9 8 /udies ! le>n] f9ds classification set up z a ladd] by means ( :i* he may climb to k4 ,mo/ /ud5ts fall to c\nt+ ! rungs ( ! ladd]1 to measur+ ! spaces betwe5 !m1 to in=m+ !mselves c>efully :o made x4 ,unless 9 ! wa/e ( "t !re is no h>m 9 ?is1 if1 aft] all1 ! ladd] be really us$1 & if ! le>n] be cle>-head$ en\gh to realize t all ?is is ( no m ?an relative value4 ,classification is ! means by :i* ! m9d is able to ma/] a subject1 b x is n ! subject itself4 ,to classify orig9ally x is necess>y to und]/& ! relations ( ?+s1 & ! inve/igators by :om classes are def9$ mu/ ( c\rse be ?or\ghly well in=m$ 9 reg>d to ! facts ^u :i* arrangem5t is bas$4 ,! ord9>y /ud5t is con/antly 9 dang] ( accept+ ! =mal s*$ule in/ead ( ! tru?s :i* x repres5ts2 ( fill+ 8 m9d ) nom5clature in/ead ( pr9ciples2 ( be+1 9 a ^w1 satisfi$ ) sy/em 9 place ( k4 ,all ess5tial & ultimate k is natural1 & all classification is artificial4 ,classification is f\nd$ ^u natural facts1 b x is an enum]ation r ?an an elucidation4 ,x arranges2 x does n expla94 ,und]/& t ,i d n und]value classification4 ,! /ud5t c no m advance )\t x ?an he c\ld climb to a ro( )\t a ladd]4 ,i m]ely wi% to impress ^u y ! fact t 9 all "w--& p]haps especially 9 sci5tific "w--x is ( ! highe/ importance to keep /eadily 9 m9d t x is n ! ladd] b ! asc5t :i* is ( consequ5ce2 t ! aim is n ! s*$ule b ! secrets ( wisdom to :i* x helps u4 ,?us x is t x is n = any value 9 ! di/9ction itself1 b solely z an exp$i5t = our conv5i5ce 9 acquir+ k :i* is ( wor?1 t we divide ! sorts ( composition4 ,we classify1 z 9 microscopy x is necess>y to make sections = ease ( exam9ation4 ,d n fail to classify2 b d n fail also to rememb] t nom5clature is n k1 t classification is n wisdom4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is h>dly necess>y to rem>k h[ v>i$ are ! effects :i* writ]s may endeavor to produce4 ,"o is int5t simply ^u giv+ a cle> & prosaic acc\nt ( "s matt]2 mak+ a /raight=w>d appeal to ! und]/&+1 & n tr\bl+ himself to g beyond ?is4 ,a second is b5t ^u convey+ to 8 read]s "s emotion1 ov]p[]+ or delicate1 pa9ful or joy\s1 z ! case may be4 ,a ?ird aims only to amuse2 a f\r? is det]m9$ to conv9ce1 to p]suade1 or to ov]come2 & s on ?r\gh ! long li/ ( objects :i* are conceivable z com+ )9 ! scope ( ! writ]'s range ( int5tion4 ,obvi\sly1 ! treatm5t mu/ be v>i$ z ! effect s\ght alt]s1 & we divide compositions into classes by _! mo/ /rongly m>k$ *>act]i/ics4 ,diff]5t au?orities h v>i$ ! numb] ( divisions1 & ,i h n felt b\nd to foll[ any ( !m4 ,x seems to me well to assume t ! k9ds ( composition are ,exposition1 ,argum5t1 ,description1 & ,n>ration2 & to take up _! exam9ation 9 ?is ord]4 ,f ! classification commonly receiv$ ?is diff]s 9 a *ange ( ord] & 9 ! omission ( ,p]suasion4 ,"s writ]s1 inde$1 include "h bo? ,criticism & ,translation2 b ,criticism is really a species ( exposition1 :ile ,translation is :atev] sort ( composition its orig9al may happ5 to be4 ,t ,p]suasion %\ld s long h be5 reta9$ 9 ! li/ is curi\s1 al?\gh n s /range z might appe> f ! "n4 ,p]suasion1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! t]m1 is ( c\rse n a k9d ( composition1 b a quality ( /yle4 ,an argum5t1 an exposition1 a n>rative1 mu/ alike be p]suasive to succe$ 9 w9n+ ! read]4 ,inde$1 p]suasion is a quality ess5tial to all art4 ,9 ! s5se ( be+ t :i* leads o!rs to submit _! p]sonality to ! arti/1 x is necess>y to pa9t]1 musician1 sculptor1 & ar*itect1 no less ?an to writ]4 ,z us$ to designate a dep>tm5t ( composition1 ,p]suasion has be5 t :i* addresses1 :i* appeals to ! passions directly4#c ,! t]m is n a happy "o1 s9ce x w\ld seem t ! vocative--! mood ( address--might include d5unciation1 or invective1 or praise1 z well z p]suasion4 ,! obvi\s explanation ( ! use ( su* a division ( composition seems to be t x 0 made to provide a place ( dignity = oratory4 ,9 ! days ( our =efa!rs ! art ( eloqu5ce held a high /ation1 su* z x is n likely to occupy soon aga92 & x 0 evid5tly felt t !re %\ld be a sep>ate dep>tm5t = x 9 =mal rhetoric4 ,p]suasion z a division ( composition seems to h be5 provid$ = oratory1 mu* z a s9ecure is e/abli%$ = a c\rt favorite2 b s9ce plat=m eloqu5ce has fall5 some:at into obscurity1 x has be5 realiz$ t ,exposition & ,argum5t cov] ! :ole gr\nd4 ,if su* a division 7 to exi/ /ill1 x w\ld be bett] to call x ,oratory & be done ) x2 b if !re 7 to be a fif? k9d ( composition1 !re is m gr\nd = trespass+ on ! doma9 ( ,n>rative & nam+ x ,dramatization4 ,z a reason = dep>t+ f ! "t-honor$ cu/om ( putt+ ,description & ,n>rative be=e ,exposition & ,argum5t1 ,i might p]haps cont5t myself ) say+ t x is be+ f\nd by in/ructors 9 ^: judgm5t ,i h ! highe/ confid5ce t ! new ord] is ! bett]4 ,?is is 9 "p due to ! fact t inexp]i5c$ writ]s naturally suppose t !y c describe & n>rate )\t hav+ _h especial tra9+1 & x is less difficult to deta* !m f bad habits ( composition1 if !y beg9 ) a sort ( writ+ 9 :i* !y h n contract$ faults already4 ,to put pupils 9 advanc$ composition fir/ ^u ,description & ,n>ration is apt to be to expose !m to ! dang] ( repeat+ :atev] bad lit]>y habits !y may h1 s9ce x is 9 ^! =ms ( production t !y are mo/ likely to h contract$ !m4 ,ano!r po9t ( importance is t ,description & ,n>ration are s mu* m attractive & easily emotional ?an ,exposition & ,argum5t4 ,i h already said t te*nique c be readily ma/]$ only 9 an unemotional way4 ,! great p]=m]s ^u musical in/rum5ts h almo/ always be5 ^? :o 7 tra9$ te*nically :ile !y 7 /ill s "y or s undevelop$ t ! emotional capabilities ( _! nature 7 n matur$4 ,!re is great dang] 9 all[+ ! emotions to be ar\s$ :ile tra9+ :i* is m]ely te*nical is go+ on4 ,awak5 9 ! pupil all int]e/ 9 te*nical p]fection :i* is possible2 to excite 8 emotional int]e/ 9 subject or s5tim5t is dang]\s1 & ob/ructs 8 progress 9 ! cultivation ( skill 9 =m & te*nique4 ,te*nical facility is ga9$ by "w n 9 itself inspir+1 b done ) ! mo/ pati5t exactness = ! sake ( ! p[] x gives4 ,assum+1 !n1 t x is conv5i5t to consid] composition z be+ divid$ into ! f\r sorts nam$1 & t !re are suffici5t reasons = tak+ !m 9 ! ord] giv51 we f9d x necess>y next to def9e4 ,mak+ broad def9itions1 & leav+ f9] di/9ctions to be consid]$ lat]1 we may say3-- ,exposition is a /atem5t1 an explanation1 or a sett+ =?4 ,argum5t is ! endeavor to e/abli% ! tru? or falsity ( an idea or a proposition4 ,description is ! endeavor to pres5t a picture4 ,n>ration is a record ( ev5ts4 ,if a travel]1 = in/ance1 %\ld write ( ! ,acropolis at ,a!ns1 he might treat ! subject 9 any "o ( sev]al ways4 ,if he discuss its ar*itectural "*1 its beauty1 & ! /hetic feel+s ( delight :i* ?is awak5s1 if he expla9 its use1 or make /atem5ts ( any sort ab\t x1 he is mak+ an ,exposition2 if he endeavor to e/abli% ! tru? or untru? ( especial views ( its use1 ( !ories ( its age1 or ( any matt]s subject to controv]sy1 he passes into ,argum5t2 if he by words /rives to call up 9 ! m9d ( ! read] a picture ( t glori\s ru91 he is describ+ x2 :ile1 if he tell ! /ory ( ! temple1 he is evid5tly deal+ 9 ,n>rative4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to say t ^! v>ieties ( composition melt into "o ano!r4 ,9 a "w ( any ext5t1 x is g5]ally probable t all ( !m w be employ$4 ,z an engrav]1 cutt+ 8 block ( box-wood1 uses fir/ "o tool & !n ano!r1 accord+ to ! l9e dem&$ by ! picture1 /riv+ to br+ out ! effect :i* ! arti/ desires1 s ! skill$ writ] takes up "o v>iety ( composition aft] ano!r1 employs n[ ?is & n[ t4 ,x is ! old "q ( adapt+ ! me?od to ! end s\ght1 ! ef=t to ! effect desir$4 ,9 almo/ any book !re w be f\nd ,exposition1 ,argum5t1 ,description1 & ,n>rative1 z 9 a s+le rose are sepals1 petals1 /am5s1 & pi/ils4 ,we /udy ^! sep>ately1 b always ! art ( writ+ is "o z ! rose is "o4 ,footnote #c3 ,pr(essor ,hill's def9ition ( ,p]suasion seems to me to make x an argum5t :i* appeals to selfi% prejudices or emotions4 ,x ,,exposition ,d\btless y all rememb] ! amazem5t ( ! 8,b\rgeois ,g5tilhomme0 ( ,molire :5 he sudd5ly discov]$ t he _h be5 speak+ prose all 8 life )\t suspect+ x4 ,we may be 9 ! same situation :5 x fir/ becomes cle> to u t )\t be+ aw>e ( x we h be5 mak+ expositions f ! "t we began fir/ to speak4 ,! /atem5ts1 ! explanations1 ! op9ions :i* we give by hundr$s e day are simply expositions 9 little4 ,:at we h to d n[ is m]ely to discov] if possible :at are ! pr9ciples :i* w make ! same sort ( ?+ effective :5 x is c>ri$ fur!r ?an 9 common spee*1 & is put 9 writt5 in/ead ( 9 spok5 words4 ,to exp\nd is to set =? ! nature1 ! significance1 ! *>act]i/ics1 & ! be>+ ( an idea or a gr\p ( ideas4 ,exposition !re=e diff]s f ,description 9 t x deals directly ) ! mean+ or int5t ( its subject in/ead ( ) its appe>ance4 ,a good deal :i* we are accu/om$ inexactly to call description is really exposition4 ,suppose t y\r small boy wi%es to "k h[ an eng9e works1 & %\ld say3 8,please describe ! /eam-eng9e to me40 ,if y insi/ ^u tak+ 8 words lit]ally--& are will+ to run ! risk ( 8 indignation at be+ willfully misund]/ood1--y w to ! be/ ( y\r ability picture to him ?is famili>ly wond]ful ma*9e4 ,if y expla9 x to him1 y are n describ+ b exp\nd+ x2 y are n mak+ a ,description b an ,exposition1 9 s f> z ^! words are appli$ 9 our pres5t s5se4 ,! exact b\nd>y l9es ( ,exposition--or1 = t matt]1 ( any sort ( composition--x is impossible to draw %>ply4 ,n ev]y?+ :i* claims to expla9 really makes cle>1 any m ?an all :i* we>s ! air ( virtue %all escape scor*+ 9 8! ev]la/+ bonfire40 ,"o ?+ m]ges into ano!r1 & 9 ! end all composition1 z has be5 said & repeat$ already1 is an indivisible :ole4 ,! inexactness ) :i* all t]ms ( classification are us$ & mu/ be us$ 9 lit]ature is illu/rat$ by ! ext5sion ( ! ^w 8essay10 "u :i* are gr\p$ s _m sorts ( expositions4 ,x has become ! cu/om to apply ?is "n to almo/ any brief monograph ( leisurely or reflective "*4 ,! critical pap]s ( ,hazlitt1 ! hi/orical orgies ( ,macaulay1 ! humor\s confid5ces ( ,*>les ,lamb1 & ! argum5tative tracts ( ,newman on !ology or ( ,rusk9 ^u social que/ions1 are all loosely class$ toge!r z essays4 ,9 contempor>y writ+s1 ! sugge/ive m$ival /udies ( ,v]non ,lee1 pap]s by ,walt] ,pat] f :i* ! life has be5 exquisitely elaborat$1 ! intimate revelations ( nature by ,ri*>d ,jeff]ies or ,john ,burr\ghs1 ! delightful ^w-sonatas ( ,/ev5son1 & ! criticisms ( ,leslie ,/eph51 f9e & s*ol>ly1 are all giv5 ! same conv5i5t "n4 ,! t]m 8essay0 is n unlike t useful contrivance kn[n to travel]s z a 8hold-all10 into :i* may be huddl$ :atev] !re is n room = 9 m dignifi$ receptacles4 ,=tunately ! h>m done is too small to matt]4 ,if a ?+ is good x is ( no great consequ5ce :at we call x4 ,9 an age l ?is1 :5 ! magaz9e fl\ri%es & newspap]s are ?ick /rewn l sodd5 leaves 9 a ,novemb] /orm1 ! exposition is naturally "o ( ! mo/ common & "o ( ! mo/ practically useful ( all =ms ( composition4 ,! mod]n endeavor to make all m5 und]/& ev]y?+ ( c\rse r5d]s necess>y an enorm\s am\nt ( expository writ+2 s t ! press turns out daily & h\rly an innum]able numb] ( small essays ^u all imag9able topics4 ,we live 9 an expository era4 ,! sci5tific _s dem&s t all k %all be set =?1 (t5 to ! disc\ragem5t ( m imag9ative =ms ( composition4 ,?is sort ( "w is c]ta9ly ! "o = :i* !re is to-day ! mo/ con/ant & urg5t call4 ,! utilit>ian w\ld get along pretty mu* to 8 own satisfaction if no o!r =m ( writ+ ?an ,exposition _h be5 inv5t$2 & ?is is a utilit>ian age4 99 99 99 99 99 ,( all ! qualities :i* we h hi!rto consid]$1 ! "o mo/ likely to tell 9 ,exposition is ,cle>ness4 ,9 practical "w ! ess5tial ?+ "h is to make accurately intelligible ! mean+ :i* ! writ] w\ld convey4 ,9 all m delicate matt]s ?is is impossible )\t rec\rse to ! high] arts ( lit]>y te*nique2 b 9 g5]al all grace ( /yle1 all p]suasiv5ess ( pres5tation1 all elegance ( proportion & ( mann]1 are subord9at$ to ?is prim>y necessity ( lucidity4 ,if "o is /riv+ to produce p]man5t lit]ature ^! mu/ n be neglect$2 b z f> z common1 practical1 workaday prose is conc]n$1 ev]y?+ else is consid]$ z ( less importance ?an ! convey+ to ! read] ) %>pness ! exact significance ( :at ! writ] is endeavor+ to phrase4 ,two ?+s may be briefly rem>k$ 9 pass+3 ,fir/1 t ?is *>act]i/ic ne$ ( cle>-cut accuracy makes especially appropriate ! tak+ up ( ,exposition at ! />t2 & second1 t ?is sort ( composition is ( great help 9 intellectual gr[?4 ,x is n t ! o!r =ms ( expression d n call = accuracy4 ,!re is z mu* ne$ = exactness 9 ! imp>t+ ( f9e %ades ( emotion sugge/$ by a description or by a n>rative z 9 ! /atem5t ( an op9ion4 ,x is m easy1 h[ev]1 = ! /ud5t to grasp ! m tangible matt] ?an ! m subtile4 ,he m readily appreciates ! process ( direct expression ?an t ( delicate implication4 ,x is true t ,exposition 9 its high] =ms deals ) ?\ght & emotion2 b ev5 !re x h&les !m r 9 a direct ?an 9 an indirect mann]1 r by /atem5t ?an by sugge/ion4 ,x is n difficult to see h[ ! practice ( ?is sort ( composition is an aid to intellectual progress4 ,inde$1 education is aft] all l>gely ! phras+ = ourselves a /atem5t ( ! tru?s ( life & ( ! _w ab\t u4 ,?is sort ( writ+ =ces ! le>n] to ?9k %>ply & cle>ly1 to realize 8 ?\ghts4 ,exposition leads ! /ud5t really to ?9k in/ead ( cont5t+ himself ) t m5tal muddlem5t 9 :i* ! m9d goes ar\nd & ar\nd1 playfully l a kitt5 *as+ its tail or e>ne/ly aft] ! fa%ion ( a squirrel 9 8 :eel1 b gett+ ahead 9 nei!r case4 ,! two qualities :i* are1 aft] cle>ness1 mo/ valuable 9 ?is species ( writ+ are unity ( ! :ole "w & progression4 ,! nature ( ,unity has already be5 suffici5tly comm5t$ ^u1 b x is wor? :ile to speak ( a me*anical device by :i* mu* c be done to secure x4 ,?is is ! mak+ ( a plan ( an exposition be=e writ+ x4 ,i h seldom f\nd a /ud5t :o will+ly wrote out a skeleton ( an ex]cise1 & au?ors are h>dly less reluctant to bo!r to put ^u pap] ! plan ( an essay4 ,i am aw>e f my own exp]i5ce h[ _m excuses = n do+ ?is necess>y piece ( drudg]y may be inv5t$ by ! evasive m9d4 ,x is ( c\rse a bore1 :5 ! head is full ( a !me1 to be oblig$ to /op & 9 a cold-blood$ mann] con/ruct ! framework ( ! essay :i* we are eag] to da% (f at full spe$4 ,yet 9 ! end x is a sav+ ( "t4 ,x is bett] to d ?is 9 ! fir/ place ?an to h to pull ! "w to pieces aft]w>d4 ,:5 ! m9d is al]t & excit$1 make notes1 phrase ! vital portions ( ! essay1 set d[n ! significant ?\ghts :i* come to y2 b be=e attempt+ to write ! complet$ :ole h all ^! notes1 ^! images1 ^! phrases1 arrang$ ) ref]5ce to a plan1 a s*$ule ( ! entire composition4 ,?is may be slight1 b x %\ld be ess5tially complete 9 ! s5se t x cov]s ! :ole gr\nd4 ,i believe x to be practically impossible = any writ] to secure unity 9 a "w ( any ext5t )\t mak+ a prelim9>y plan ( "s k9d2 & only m5 ( r>e gifts & mu* exp]i5ce c safely c>ry ?is 9 ! head4 ,x is c]ta9ly true t ! inexp]i5c$ writ] %\ld n tru/ himself to attempt any composition m ?an a page or two 9 l5g? )\t actually writ+ out a skeleton be=eh&4 ,z a matt] ( practical "w1 a "y writ] :o is attempt+ an exposition %\ld beg9 by ?9k+ out 8 subject & putt+ 8 ?\ghts on pap]4 ,he %\ld /rive to phrase !m well :5 he makes 8 fir/ memor&a1 = ?\ghts are l metal1 mu* m malleable :5 !y are hot4 ,(t5 an ugly phrase :i* c\ld )\t mu* tr\ble h be5 improv$ :5 x 0 mak+ becomes /ubbornly intractable aft] x has be5 = a "t on pap]4 ,x is conv5i5t to h ^! notes on slips ( pap]1 s9ce x is ?us easy to arrange & to re>range !m4 ,x is also ( importance to consid] h[ a subject w appe> to a read] ^: views are oppos$ to ^? ( ! writ]4 ,?9k up all possible objections t might be made to ! ideas express$4 ,turn ! subject ov]1 & exam9e ! wrong side2 ?is is ! be/ way to judge ( ! /r5g? & ! smoo?ness ( ! seams by :i* ! p>ts are jo9$ to make a :ole4 ,! next /ep is to arrange ! ?\ghts not$ d[n4 ,make a plan ( ! essay ) ref]5ce to its logical cont9uity4 ,look at ! framework z a s+le ?+4 ,rememb] t x is ^u ! complet5ess & suffici5cy ( ?is t ! f9i%$ "w mu/ dep5d = its unity & its effect z a :ole4 ,to ?is s*eme fit y\r notes4 ,d n tr\ble z yet ab\t ornam5t or f9i% unless pregnant illu/ration or happy phrase sugge/ itself uns\ght4 ,y _c af=d to g seek+ ^! graces until ! m sub/antial portions ( y\r "w are practically complete4 ,write sl[ly or swiftly accord+ to y\r temp]am5t1--b :atev] y\r temp]am5t d n suppose t good "w is to be done o!rwise ?an sy/ematically & ?or\ghly4 ,once ! =m is complete1 ! m y f9i% & poli% ! bett]4 ,x is true t x is possible to poli% ! life out ( a composition2 b ?is is a dang] mu* f>!r along ! road ?an ,i %\ld presume to act z a guide4 ,i d n suppose t any au?or liable to spoil 8 "w f ov]-f9i% is likely to tr\ble himself ab\t :at ,i may say on ! subject2 & c]ta9ly ?is fault lies s f> ahead ( mo/ ( u t we ne$ n f fe> ( x /ay our h&4 ,:5 ! essay is plann$ & writt5 & poli%$1 & if possible laid aside & tak5 out & poli%$ ov] aga91--:y1 !n1 ,i am tempt$ to say1 ! wise/ rule is t giv5 by ,edw>d ,le> = ! mak+ ( 8,crumbobbli\s ,cutlets30 8,procure "s /rips ( beef1 & hav+ cut !m into ! smalle/ possible slices1 proce$ to cut !m /ill small]1--eight or p]haps n9e times40 ,:5 y h made ! "w z good z y c make x1 proce$ to make x bett] /ill1--eight or p]haps n9e times6 ,x is n impossible t x may occur to y t ?is s\nds a good deal l h>d "w4 ,i said to y 9 ! beg9n+ t to succe$ 9 writ+ is a labori\s task4 ,x is a task inf9itely int]e/+1 & x is ?is :i* makes x endurable4 ,! f9e arts are possible only because m5 d n sp>e labor ev5 if :at is done mu/ be wr\ght 9 ! sweat ( ! br[ & ) ! blood ( ! he>t2 art lives because ! arti/ works f love1 & does n c\nt ! co/4 ,unless ! work] is will+ ?us to labor at lit]ature1 he w d well to leave x alone4 ,if 8 he>t is n 9 x he w 9 ! end b wa/e good pap] & ink :i* might h s]v$ bett] workm5 = bett] uses4 ,keep+ /ill to practical details1 we may note t x is well to accu/om ! m9d to measure compositions by ! numb] ( words4 ,?is is ! pr(essional me?od1 & x is ! only way ( com+ at a fairly accurate idea ( ! size ( a "w & ! proportionate l5g? ( its p>ts4 ,x is n difficult to get into ! m9d a /&>d 9 ! numb] ( words "o usually writes on a page4 ,once ?is is done1 ! re/ is easy4 ,! page becomes a p]sonal measure ( ext5t1 & by x "o )\t difficulty e/imates ! bulk ( ! :ole or any "p ( a manuscript4 ,:oev] has deal+s ) p]iodicals or ) publi%]s is sure to come to ?is "q ( ! numb] ( words soon] or lat]1 & x is well to le>n x e>ly4 ,"o ( ! clev]e/ ( ,am]ican playwrights told me t he _h made a c>eful /udy ( ! dramas ( ! mod]n ,fr5* au?ors to see h[ _m words !y use to produce an effect4 ,s _m words he f\nd to be ! av]age = a love sc5e1 s _m 9 ?is situation & s _m 9 t4 ,x 0 n t he endeavor$ to foll[ exactly ^! rules2 b he 0 ?us gett+ at ! secrets ( con/ruction4 ,?is 0 a practical me?od ( judg+ proportions4 ,! incid5t is wor? m5tion n only z an illu/ration ( ! way 9 :i* words are us$ z a measure 9 lit]ature1 b also z %[+ h[ tirelessly & ) :at m9ute c>e ! pr(essional work] is will+ to labor4 ,"o ( ! fir/ practical uses to :i* ! /ud5t is call$ to apply ?is measure ( ! numb] ( words is t ( e/imat+ proportion4 ,! space giv5 to any division ( a subject1 ! numb] ( words 9 :i* x is embodi$1 l>gely det]m9es its relation to ! :ole4 ,x is some:at difficult to illu/rate ?is po9t1 b by way ( indicat+ ! sort ( analysis :i* x is well = ! /ud5t n[ & !n to make ( essays :i* he f9ds especially effective1 ,i mu/ give an example4 ,i h tak5 ,macaulay's essay ( ,ma*iavelli1 & made a summ>y ( x ) a view ( %[+ ! proportionate l5g? at :i* ?is clev] au?or writes ( ! diff]5t po9ts ^u :i* he t\*es4 ,9 ?is pap] he is sett+ =? 8 view ( ! "* ( t dazzl+ly clev] ,italian ^: family "n has furni%$ ! language ) an epi!t = :atev] is mo/ trickily cunn+1 :ile by an absurd p>adox 8 ,*ri/ian "n is held to h giv5 u an affectionate pseudonym = ! devil1--8,old ,nick40 ,! :ole monograph is some?+ 9 ! nature ( a special plea1 & )\t great violation ( propriety might be smuggl$ "u ,argum5t4 ,x is an attempt to %[ t ! *>act]i/ics 9 ! writ+s ( ,ma*iavelli :i* h made 8 "n a hiss+ & a byword belong r to ! "t ?an to ! man4 ,aft] a brief introduction foll[s a /atem5t ( ! disrepute 9 :i* ,ma*iavelli has be5 held4 ,?is is int5tionally made /rong to ! v]ge ( absurdity1 & to x is add$ a brief ackn[l$gm5t t 8,! ,pr9ce10 ,ma*iavelli's fam\s & infam\s book1 is inde$ %ock+4 ,?is requires ab\t ?ree hundr$ & fifty words4 ,assum+ ! attitude :i* he wi%es ! read] to take1 t ( a puzzl$ seek] = tru?1 ,macaulay /ates sev]al !ories :i* might acc\nt = ! moral obliquity ( ! ,italian1 yet po9ts out t 8 p]sonal c>e] 0 elevat$1 patriotic1 & j2 & t !re is 9 8,! ,pr9ce0 mu* good z well z mu* evil4 ,he also calls att5tion to ! fact t at ! "t ! book 0 writt5 x app>5tly %ock$ nobody4 ,to ?is are giv5 ab\t eight hundr$ words4 ,?is leads directly to ! conclusion :i* is ! key-note ( ! :ole essay3-- ,x is1 !re=e1 9 ! /ate ( moral feel+ among ! ,italians ( ^? times t we mu/ seek = ! real explanation ( :at seems mo/ my/]i\s 9 ! life ( ?is rem>kable man4 ,?is proposition be+ ! "o :i* x is ! aim ( ! essay to e/abli%1 ne>ly sev5ty-five hundr$ words1 almo/ half ( ! :ole1 are giv5 to trac+ ! gr[? ( ! peculi> conditions ( moral s5tim5t :i* obta9$ 9 ,italy 9 ! "t :5 ,ma*iavelli wrote4 ,! subject is l$ on t[>d ! next po9t 9 ?is way3-- ,e age & e nation has c]ta9 *>act]i/ic vices4444 ,po/]ity1 444 f9d+ ! del9qu5ts too num]\s to be all puni%$1 444 selects "s ( !m at haz>d to be> ! :ole p5alty4444 ,9 ! pres5t case ! lot has fall5 on ,ma*iavelli2 a man ^: public conduct 0 upright & honorable4 ,! essayi/ !n turns f ! man to 8 "w1 po9t+ out ! m]its ( 8 novels1 com$ies1 & lett]s4 ,ab\t tw5ty-?ree hundr$ words are giv5 to ?is1--r m ?an an eigh? ( ! pap]4 ,"s eighte5 hundr$ foll[ on 8 public s]vices4 ,8 /ruggles to e/abli% a regul> army are emphasiz$1 bo? because "h he appe>s to ! be/ advantage1 & because ?is l9e ( ?\ght is artfully made to lead up to & to sugge/ ! view ( 8,! ,pr9ce0 :i* is put =w>d imm$iately aft]3 ! view t ! book 0 really design$ to =w>d ! sub/itution ( a regul> army = ! m]c5>y troops :i* _h demoraliz$ all ,italy4 ,! proportion is "h admirably judg$4 ,en\gh space is giv5 to ! matt] to make ! po9t seem "o ( dignity & weight1 yet n s mu* z to let x appe> z if ! au?or 7 insi/+ ^u x too mu*4 ,! economy ( effect is obs]v$ ?r\gh\t2 en\gh is always done1 b nev] too mu*4 ,we h n[1 r\ghly speak+1 ?irte5 ?\s& out ( ! n mu* ov] sixte5 ?\s& words 9 ! essay2 & ! au?or has practically done 8 "w4 ,he has pretty well develop$ 8 !ory1 & ! rema9d] ( ! monograph is giv5 to mak+ x m cle> & to en=c+ x4 ,to ! p]sonal m]it ( ,ma*iavelli is devot$ ab\t a qu>t] ( ! entire essay2 to ! immorality ( ! age & its influ5ce ^u him1 ne>ly "o half2 to ! admirable way 9 :i* he play$ 8 "p 9 public life1 ne>ly an eigh?4 ,to ! hatr$ & abhorr5ce ( ,ma*iavelli :i* ! essayi/ desires to ov]come1 he gives directly b ?ree or f\r hundr$ words 9 ! :ole sixte5 ?\s&4 ,proportion s c>eful & s effective z ?is c only be ! result ( /udi$ & accurate design4 ,a ^w ( caution may n be amiss4 ,proportion is to be det]m9$ n by ! int]e/ ( ! writ] or by 8 ease 9 writ+ ^u p>ticul> po9ts1 b by ! relation ( ! p>ts to ! :ole4 ,! reason = say+ ?is is t almo/ any au?or is liable to be l$ away by ! facility ) :i* x is possible = him to enl>ge ^u c]ta9 po9ts4 ,an opportunity pres5ts itself = ! introduction ( a *>m+ episode2 !re is a temptation to develop a ?\ght1 a s5tim5t1 a s$uctively favorite !ory2 & ! result ( yield+ to ?is is apt to be a violation ( unity4 ,:at ! old-fa%ion$ writ]s--z if confession 7 an excuse--7 accu/om$ to confess by say+1 8,b ?is is a digression10 hopelessly injur$ ! effect ( a composition z a :ole4 ,only ! clev] & cunn+ artific] ( /yle c introduce digressions )\t m>r+ ! fair proportions ( ! complete "w4 ,proportion1 "h z else:]e1 is emotional z well z me*anical4 ,"o mu/ be> 9 m9d ! fact t a few emphatic words are ( m acc\nt ?an _m mild & commonplace ones4 ,consid] n only ! space giv5 to p>ticul> portions ( a "w1 b ! /ress laid ^u !m4 ,& "h x is well to consid] a feature ( human frailty4 ,su* is man's weakness t blame always c\nts = m ?an praise4 ,if ,i 7 to say to y t look$ at f a purely lit]>y /&po9t 8,! ,heav5ly ,tw9s0 is morbid & unheal?y rubbi%2 t 8,trilby0 is a pleasant transi5t excitem5t2 b t 8,! ,return ( ! ,native0 seems to me ! mo/ notable ,engli% novel s9ce ,?ack]ay--y w\ld h no difficulty 9 rememb]+ t ,i condemn$ 8,! ,heav5ly ,tw9s20 y w\ld h a fairly cle> idea t ,i _h be5 less en?usia/ic ?an is ! g5]al public ab\t 8,trilby20 & y w\ld p]haps recall vaguely t !re 0 some?+ else--really x is a/oni%+ h[ quickly a "n slips f ! memory6--:i* ,i prais$4#d ,! po9t is "o to be rememb]$ :5 "o is deal+ ) delicate %ades ( emphasis4 ,z ,i h m ?an once us$ ,c>lyle 9 w>n+1 x is no m ?an fair to m5tion him "h z "o ( ! ma/]s ( emotional emphasis4 ,he _h an in/9ct = ! proportion ( /ress1 & us$ x ) ! greate/ success4 ,x is an excell5t lesson 9 ! /udy ( ?is quality to analyze ! cumulative & unifi$ effect ( ! /rong] *apt]s ( ! 8,fr5* ,revolution40 ,i h spok5 ( progression z be+ "o ( ! important matt]s to be consid]$ 9 connection ) ,exposition4 ,p]haps a bett] "n = :at ,i mean w\ld be cont9uity4 ,x is necess>y to arrange ideas 9 a logical ord] :i* is n only unbrok51 b :i* is p]fectly obvi\s4 ,x is n en\gh t ! au?or is aw>e h[ "o ?\ght logically foll[s ano!r2 he mu/ make x evid5t to all :o read4 ,he mu/ rememb] t s long z ! connection ( ideas is cle> & inevitable ! read] is l$ on unconsci\sly2 :ile e pause :i* ! read] is =c$ to make to see h[ "o /atem5t foll[s f ano!r leaves him less fully 9 ! au?or's control4 ,s great a ?9k] & s great a writ] z ,em]son mat]ially less5$ ! circle ( 8 read]s by a lack ( ?is v quality4 ,! ord9>y /ud5t (t5 f9ds x h>d to supply ! ?\ghts :i* make ! sequ5ce ( ideas complete4 ,em]son /alks l a giant f m\nta9 peak ( ?\ght to m\nta9 peak1 :ile ! read] is (t5 sorely puzzl$ to "k h[ to cross ! deep gullies betwe54 ,em]son 0 a g5ius1 & prophesi$ s glori\sly on 8 m\nta9-tops1 t we /ruggle =w>d aft] him despite all difficulties4 ,^? :o are n g5iuses _c hope t read]s w foll[ _! lead unless ! road is %[n & ! *asms bridg$4 ,"o may g f>!r ?an ?is 9 insi/+ ^u ! ne$ ( cont9u\sness 9 lit]ature4 ,! pres5t age is impati5t ( be+ call$ ^u to take tr\ble 9 appreh5sion1 s t x is necess>y to use e art--:e!r ( connectives1 ( arrangem5t ( ?\ght1 ( sequ5ce ( ideas or incid5ts--to make m inevitably evid5t ! connection ( p>ts4 ,inde$1 ?is mu/ be n only pla9 b easy & attractive4 ,to blaze out a pa? ?r\gh ! woods avails 9 pione] life & 9 ! beg9n+s ( lit]ature2 b :5 civilization has advanc$1 ! way mu/ be grad$ until x is com=table to ! foot accu/om$ to smoo? pavem5ts & velvet c>pets4 ,sequ5ce 9 expository writ+ %\ld usually be s complete t ! read] goes =w>d s glid+ly t ! m]e progress itself %all be a pleasure4 ,footnote #d3 ,a droll incid5t happ5$ 9 connection ) ?is illu/ration :5 ^! lectures 7 fir/ deliv]$4 ,z ! audi5ce left ! hall "o lady said to ano!r1 a /rang]3 8,i beg y\r p>don1 b c\ld y tell me ! "n ( ! ?ird book t 0 giv51--! "o t ! lectur] said we %\ld =get80 ,?is 0 ( c\rse conclusive ( no?+1 b x 0 amus+ly to ! po9t4 ,,xi ,,exposition ,,cont9u$ ,9 expository writ+--& inde$ ! rule might safely be appli$ to all composition--x is wise to proce$ f ! ne> to ! remote2 f cause to effect2 f ! physical to ! m5tal2 f ! cle> to ! obscure2 & f t :i* is g5]ally all[$ to t :i* is d\btful or disput$4 ,x is well to proce$ f ! ne> to ! remote4 ,we d n say 8,all ! way f ,london to "h10 b 8,all ! way f "h to ,london40 ,! exception w\ld be :5 ! po9t ( view is t ( "o 9 ,london1 s9ce !n t city w\ld be ! ne>1 & 8"h0 ! remote4 8,ne>0 9 ?is connection is always ne> to ! po9t ( view4 ,we say1 8,:at we d w be talk$ ( all ! way f "h to ,london40 ,we say also1 8,:5 ,tom came home f ,engl& la/ ye>1 he 0 ill all ! way f ,london to "h40 ,we beg9 ) t :i* ! m9d accepts mo/ readily4 ,! pr9ciple is ! same :i* we h already f\nd to und]lie ! use ( figurative language4 ,!re ! unkn[n is made cle> by comp>ison ) ! kn[n2 & x is well to lead ! m9d f :at is ne>1 physically or m5tally1 to :at is remote4 ,take ?is example f ,/ev5son3-- ,x is difficult to see :y ! fell[ does a ?+ s nameless & yet s =midable to look at1 unless on ! !ory t he likes x4 ,i suspect t is :y2 & ,i suspect x is at lea/ t5 p] c5t4 ( :y ,"l ,beaconsfield & ,mr4 ,glad/one h debat$ s mu* 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 & :y ,burnaby rode to ,khiva ! o!r day1 & :y ! ,admirals c\rt$ w> l a mi/ress4--,! ,engli% ,admirals4 ,?is 0 publi%$ 9 ,engl&1 & at a "t :5 ! spee*es ( ,"l ,beaconsfield & ,mr4 ,glad/one 7 matt]s ( e-day comm5t 9 ! newspap]2 ! ride to ,khiva 0 fam\s1 b n s ne> 9 place or 9 realization1 :ile ! brav]y ( ! ,engli% ,admirals 0 "p ( hi/ory /ret*+ back = c5turies4 ,"h is illu/ration f ,l[ell3-- ,j4 ,h41 "o ( ^? *oice poets :o w n t>ni% _! bright fancies by publication1 always insi/s on a sn[/orm z ess5tial to ! true atmosph]e ( :i/4 ,mrs4 ,battles1 9 h] fam\s rule = ! game1 implies w9t]1 & d\btless w\ld h add$ tempe/1 if x c\ld be _h = ! ask+4 ,= a good1 solid read also1 into ! small h\rs1 !re is no?+ l t s5se ( safety aga9/ hav+ y\r ev5+ laid wa/e1 :i* ,euroclydon br+s1 z he bell[s d[n ! *imney4--,a ,good ,^w = ,w9t]4 ,"h we are giv5 ! pleasant say+ ( a neighbor1 su* z any ( u might h he>d2 we g on to ,mrs4 ,battles1 de> to e read] ( ,elia2 & f t to ,euroclydon1 ! w9d :i* put ! apo/le 9 dang] ( 8 life4 ,! same pr9ciple ( c\rse holds good 9 deal+ :olly ) ideas4 ,speak+ ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ,walt] ,pat] writes3-- ,he brood$ ov] ! hidd5 virtues ( plants & cry/als1 ! l9es trac$ by ! />s z !y mov$ 9 ! sky1 ov] ! correspond5ces :i* exi/ betwe5 ! diff]5t ord]s ( liv+ ?+s1 ?r\gh :i*1 to eyes op5$1 !y int]pret ea* o!r2 & = ye>s he seem$ to ^? ab\t him z "o li/5+ to a voice sil5t = o!r m54 ,f ! idea ( ! virtues ( plants & cry/als1 ?+s :i* "o might hold 9 ! h&1 ! m9d is l$ to ! />s1 f> yet visible2 :ile only aft] ?is is introduc$ ! my/]i\s & intangible bond :i* has be5 conceiv$ ( z exi/+ betwe5 all liv+ ?+s4 ,la/ ( all is ! sugge/ion ( t ?+ /ill m remote1 ! sil5t voice he>d only by ! arti/ ( all m5 :o walk$ ! e>?4 ,i read 9 a sci5tific book ! o!r day1 9 ! description ( a propos$ ma*9e1 8,on acc\nt ( difficulty 9 h&l+ & great weight1 ?is is unsuitable40 ,"h ! effect is put be=e ! cause1 & ! result is a loss ( smoo?ness 9 progression4 ,! po9t ( view is t ( a sci5ti/ :o kn[s all ab\t ! ma*9e1 & he %\ld h writt53 8great weight & consequ5t difficulty ( h&l+40 ,if ! po9t ( view 7 t ( an inve/igator1 ! phrase might p]haps prop]ly be1 8difficulty 9 h&l+ consequ5t ^u ! great weight10 because ! inve/igator w\ld discov] fir/ ! difficulty & !n reflect ^u ! cause4 ,?is may seem a little l hair splitt+1 b no pr9ciple c be too closely exam9$1 & = ! /ud5t !re is no su* ?+ z be+ too c>eful 9 ! /udy ( means & effects4 ,we %all h occasion to speak ( ?is matt] aga91 p>ticul>ly 9 its application to description4 ,"h x is en\gh to add t ! simple/ c\rse is to foll[ 9 writ+ ! ord] :i* seems mo/ natural2 & !n 9 revision to apply ! rule giv5 at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]4 ,! ord] :i* seems mo/ natural w g5]ally be t 9 :i* ! ?\ghts h pres5t$ !mselves to y\r own notice1 & a p]ception ( ?is ord] is "o ( ! advantages :i* belong to ! collection ( mat]ial f p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,:oev] has done lit]>y "w is likely to h discov]$ h[ con/antly ! lit]>y m9d mu/ be on ! al]t4 ,! daught]s ( ! horse-lee* t 9 ! ,scriptures are said cont9ually to cry 8,give6 ,give60 are less insatiable ?an is ! gre$y p5 ( ! pr(essional writ]4 ,l ! grave1 x has nev] en\gh4 ,he :o makes lit]ature a pr(ession mu/ take = 8 model ! b>nacle at high tide4 ,z t busy & tireless unpleasantness grasps ceaselessly ) f+]-l t5tacles1 s ! m9d ( ! writ] mu/ be always rea*+ out1--grasp+1 grasp+1 grasp+1--until ! accumulation ( ideas1 ( facts1 ( impressions1 ) ! realization t ?is is lit]>y mat]ial1 becomes a second nature4 ,life itself mu/ = ! pr(essional writ] be s mu* mat]ial4 ,joy & sorr[1 hope1 disappo9tm5t1 :atev] he sees & feels1 mu/ yield him some?+ :i* he may set d[n 9 words = ! in/ruction or ! delight ( o!rs4 ,x is n t 8 feel+s are less g5u9e ?an ^? ( o!rs2 x is n t he writes ( 8 emotions z if !y 7 8 own2 x is simply t a sort ( sub-consci\sness takes note always ( ! _w ar\nd him & ( ! _w )9 him no less1 seiz+ all fact & emotion z /uff = ! web x weaves4 ,& "h1 at ! risk ( sett+ d[n a platitude1 x may be well to say t x seems to me ( ! utmo/ importance t ! pr(essional writ]1 & especially ! "y aspirant = lit]>y honors1 keep a note-book4 ,x is z fooli% to />t ^u a lit]>y c>e] )\t ! habit ( jott+ ?+s d[n z x w\ld be to put to sea )\t wat] 9 ! casks4 ,! ne$ is especially great if "o is go+ into any sort ( j\rnali/ic "w1 because !re is always dang] ( be+ call$ ^u to produce 8copy0 )\t w>n+ & )\t mat]ial (f]$ ei!r by ! editor or by circum/ances4 ,!re is at su* times a great practical value 9 a well-fill$ note-book1 :ile ! moral support is p]haps ( importance ev5 great]4 ,no man :o has _h lit]>y exp]i5ce w fail1 ,i believe1 to realize ! folly ( tru/+ to memory to hold & to br+ =w>d at ! "r "t ! ?\ghts1 ! reflections1 or ! facts :i* come to "o unexpect$ly4 ,! memory is apt to be a c>eless s]vant4 ,x mislays1 x injures1 x m>s ! ?+s :i* are intru/$ to x4 ,x is necess>y to acquire ! habit ( sett+ ?\ghts d[n1 & ( sett+ !m d[n at once4 ,d n delude y\rself ) ! notion t y w recall 9 ! morn+ ! clev] phrase or acute d$uction :i* y\r bra9 evolves aft] y are tuck$ safely into b$ at night2 t y c put ^u pap] at ! end ( ! j\rney ! incid5t :i* /ruck y 9 travel+4 ,y may rememb] to make ! record lat]1 b a ?\ght is l a sunset1--! in/ant x rea*es its full glory x beg9s to fade4 ,:at is writt5 :ile x is fre% has a vitality1 a spontaneity :i* no?+ c h t is recall$ & set d[n lat]4 ,if y are read+ & ! ?\ght ( ! au?or sugge/s a reflection1 ?r[s a sudd5 illum9ation ^u "s spot 9 y\r m9d hi!rto 9 d>kness1 d n wait to f9i% ! *apt]1 b int]rupt y\r read+ to write x d[n4 ,x is a bo!r4 ,no read] likes to break (f to use p5cil & note-book1--b ! pr(essional writ] is =bidd5 to consid] :e!r he l a ?+ or n1 if x w assi/ 8 progress4 ,! fir/ ?+ 9 8 life is 8 art1--moral que/ions aside1--& to ?is he is to sacrifice ev]y?+4 ,( ! cultivation ( ! habit ( obs]v+1 "o is almo/ a%am$ to say any?+1 s (t5 has ?is be5 discuss$4 ,e "o :o disc\rses ^u ?is subject has spok5 ( ! prime necessity ( tra9+ ! faculties ( obs]vation2 yet e "o :o %all disc\rse h]eaft] is likely to be call$ ^u to say ! same ?+4 ,rememb] t if y lack mat]ial = writ+1 ! fault is entirely y\r own4 ,! _w is ar\nd y1 inf9ite & inexhau/ible2 ! "q is :e!r y take :at is at h&4 ,our daily walks & ways af=d u all t is ne$$--except ! eye to see & ! he>t to und]/&4 ,ye/]day--:i* y rememb] 0 a %>ply cold day--,i _h occasion to g d[n t[n4 ,i notic$ at lea/ ?ree ?+s any "o ( :i* a clev] writ] might make ! !me ( a *>m+ little essay4 ,i saw 9 ! /reet-c> a l>ge1 middle-ag$ man1 co>sely dress$1 & ( r a =bidd+ face4 ,he 0 seat$ 9 a corn]1 & gave an impression ( surly ill-nature4 ,a little1 ?91 weaz5$ lad ( n m ?an six or sev51 ) p9*$ features & />v$ look1 poorly clad1 & seem+ to h be5 always cold or hungry :5 he 0 n bo?1 came 9 & took ! seat next to ?is man4 ,!re 0 no?+ to indicate t ! two knew ea* o!r1 & inde$ ! boy's air %[$ pla9ly en\gh t !y did n2 b :5 ! poor =lorn little fell[ blew on 8 small1 grimy fi/s1 9 va9 attempt to w>m !m1 ! big1 sulky-look+ man put out a great h& h>dly clean]1 took ! boy's blue f+]s betwe5 8 palms1 & held !m !re to w>m !m4 ,8 grim face h>dly relax$1 b ! k9dl9ess ( ! act1 & ! que] m+l+ ( a/oni%m5t & pleasure on ! *ild's face1 made ! incid5t good to see4 ,aga91 on ,wa%+ton ,/reet ,i pass$ a woman 9 ,quak] g>b1 :o /ood look+ 9 at ! w9d[ ( a jewel]4 ,%e reg>d$ placidly1 yet ) an inscrutable look1 ! gems on velvet cu%ions )94 ,:at %e 0 ?9k+ x w\ld n be easy to say2 b :at a delightful essay ,*>les ,lamb might h writt5 8,on a ,quak]ess look+ 9 at a ,jewel]'s ,w9d[06 ,half an h\r lat] ,i pass$ ! silk c\nt] ( "o ( ! l>ge dry-goods /ores4 ,!re a c\ple ( nuns 7 select+ a sumptu\s :ite brocade1 exam9+ x ) an air s]i\s & absorb$1 & yet subtilely sugge/ive ( fem99e delight 9 ! beauty ( ! /uff4 ,:at to !m 7 ! pomps & vanities ( ?is _w t _! ta/e %\ld be conc]n$ 9 a pur*ase s incongru\s8 ,did !y buy a new robe :]e9 ! image ( "s ,madonna is to %9e =? 9 spl5dor at ! com+ ,*ri/ma/ide1 or ! g>m5t :i* "s "y novice %all we> at h] my/ic sp\sals ) ! *ur*1 !nce=? to "k no raim5t b ! /rait liv]y ( ! si/]hood8 ,i grant y t "o does n *ance ^u ?ree ?+s s sugge/ive z ^! 9 e trip d[n t[n2 b !re is always some?+4 ,le>n to see & to he>4 ,see+ & he>+ are m matt]s ( ! bra9 ?an ( eye & e>4 ,tra9 ! m9d to obs]ve1 & no less tra9 x to phrase2 !n ! :ole "q ( mat]ial is settl$4 ,exposition dem&s1 ( c\rse1 ! ex]cise ( reason z well z ( obs]vation1 b ! two are closely b\nd toge!r2 & ! m9d :i* is tra9$ to see is z sure to reason ab\t :at x sees z ! plant :i* ?ru/s its rootlets into ri* soil is to gr[4 ,,xii ,,argum5t ,x is "o ( ! mo/ try+ conditions ( human life t conviction is n pro(4 ,x is h>d to be br\ght face to face ) ! fact t ! mo/ ard5t belief does n make a ?+ true4 ,we h mo/ ( u kn[n mom5ts :5 x seem$ t !re c\ld be no ju/ice 9 ! univ]se because "s hope or "s fai? :i* we h *]i%$ ) ! :ole s\l 0 f\nd aft] all to be b a delusion4 ,tru? 9 ?is _w mu/ be tri$ n by desire b by reason2 & we c h>dly be too c>eful 9 /udy+ ! processes by :i* reason attempts its pro(s4 ,argum5t has be5 def9$ z ! endeavor to e/abli% ! tru? or ! falsity ( an idea or a proposition4 ,naturally a writt5 argum5t is suppos$ to be address$ to o!rs1 b ! me?ods us$ 9 con/ruct+ x are ^? :i* we employ 9 exam9+ a !ory or a proposition 9 our own m9ds4 ,x is necess>y to /udy ^! = ! sake ( us+ !m 9 composition2 yet x is ( no less importance t we apply _! pr9ciples to our ?9k+4 ,x may seem to y t ,i h a t5d5cy to treat ,engli% ,composition z if x involv$ ! :ole duty ( man1 b x is c]ta9ly true t ! advantages ( famili>ity ) legal processes may be v great1 n only intellectually1 b e?ically4 ,s9ce conviction is n pro(1 ei!r 9 ?+s emotional or ?+s e?ical any m ?an 9 ?+s intellectual1 x foll[s t x is ess5tial to be provid$ ) ! means ( te/+ ! _m propositions & ideas :i* life puts be=e u4 ,x is n my int5tion to discuss ,argum5t z a means ( spiritual advancem5t1 yet x is n amiss to call att5tion to its great value1 ev5 = "o :o nev] int5ds to write at all4 ,look+ at ,argum5t simply z a division ( composition1 we ne$ n h difficulty 9 p]ceiv+ its importance4 ,no intellectual necessity is m common ?an t ( endeavor+ to make o!rs ?9k or believe z we ?9k or believe4 ,! ef=t to e/abli% tru? by argum5t is "o :i* f ! dawn ( civilization has occupi$ ! be/ p[]s ( mank9d4 ,op5ly1 9 av[$ reason+1 or cov]tly1 9 cunn+ly disguis$ =ms1 ^? :o write are con/antly argu+ = "o !ory or ano!r1 = "s idea1 = "s conviction4 ,! writ] :o is tra9$ to ! craft ( logic has ! same advantage 9 discussion ) "o :o has n t a tra9$ box] has 9 an enc\nt] ) a gre5 h&4 ,x mu/ be evid5t to any "o t ,argum5t is closely alli$ to ,exposition4 ,mu* discussion may be resolv$ into a dispute ov] def9itions1 & :5 ?9k]s disagree x is m (t5 ab\t t]ms ?an ab\t pr9ciples4 ,x has happ5$ be=e n[ t m5 h gone to ! /ake ^u a "q :e!r a ?+ 9 reg>d to :i* ev]ybody 0 9 sub/antial accord %\ld be call$ by "o "n or by ano!r2 & x is evid5t t ,exposition may sometimes be m effectively conv9c+ ?an =mal ,argum5t1 s9ce if a tru? is cle>ly set =? x is likely to c>ry conviction ) x4 ,macaulay's 8,ma*iavelli10 :i* we h exam9$1 goes v ne> ! l9e ( ,argum5t1 s9ce1 z has be5 said1 x is ess5tially an endeavor to prove t ! vices ( ! ,italians ( ! fifte5? c5tury 7 national r ?an p]sonal & individual4 ,inde$1 9 p]haps ! majority ( expositions ( any complexity !re is likely to be an und]ly+ basis ( argum5t4 ,x is difficult to suppose a logical sequ5ce ( facts or ideas :i* does n involve argum5tative reason+1 at lea/ tacitly4 ,"h1 z ev]y:]e 9 composition1 "o =m passes into ano!r1 & no arbitr>y l9e ( division c be drawn4 ,exposition & ,argum5t are con/antly unit$2 & moreov] x is true t ! latt] is con/antly giv5 ! guise ( ! =m]1 s t at fir/ glance a *a9 ( logical reason+ is easily mi/ak5 = a simple /atem5t ( facts4 ,to quote once m f ! 8,ma*iavelli30-- ,:5 w> becomes ! trade ( a sep>ate class1 ! lea/ dang]\s c\rse left to a gov]nm5t is to =m a /&+ army4 ,x is sc>cely possible t m5 c pass _! lives 9 ! s]vice ( "o /ate )\t feel+ "s int]e/ 9 its greatness4 ,its victories are _! victories4 ,its defeats are _! defeats4 ,! contract loses some?+ ( its m]cantile "*4 ,! s]vices ( ! soldi] are consid]$ z ! effects ( patriotic zeal1 8 pay z ! tribute ( national gratitude4 ,to betray ! p[] :i* employs him1 to be ev5 remiss 9 its s]vice1 are 9 8 eyes ! mo/ atroci\s & degrad+ ( crimes4 ,?is is a complete argum5t1 easily r$ucible to logical t]ms4 ,x op5s ) ! proposition t if w> becomes a trade ! nation %\ld enli/ & control ! army2 & ! rema9d] ( ! p>agraph is tak5 up ) ! pro( ( ?is /atem5t4 ,x is n all express$2 b x may be said to consi/ ( ?ree propositions support$ z foll[s3-- ,fir/3 ,m5 :o make w> a trade are likely to betray a c\ntry4 ,m5 likely to betray are a dang]4 ,h5ce1 m5 :o make w> a trade are a dang]4 ,second3 ,m5 9 /&+ army become id5tifi$ ) ! c\ntry4 ,m5 id5tifi$ ) ! c\ntry less likely to betray4 ,h5ce1 m5 9 /&+ army less likely to betray4 ,?ird3 ,:atev] mo/ decreases *ance ( betrayal is be/4 ,to =m /&+ army mo/ decreases ! *ance ( betrayal4 ,h5ce1 to =m /&+ army is be/1 or lea/ dang]\s4 ,?is illu/rates h[ intricately int]wov5 is ,argum5t ) o!r =ms ( composition1 & h[ easily "o may ov]look ! fact t he is read+ or writ+ x4 ,=mally speak+1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,exposition & ,argum5t is ! diff]5ce betwe5 peace & w>4 ,"o is a hidd5 & ! o!r an av[$ /ruggle4 ,9 ,exposition ! writ] decl>es2 9 ,argum5t he def5ds4 ,9 ! =m] !re is no necess>y endeavor to conv9ce4 ,! writ] conc]ns himself ) sett+ =? facts1 views1 or !ories2 he nom9ally deals ) /atem5t pure & simple4 ,9 ! latt] he attempts to en=ce ass5t to 8 proposition2 to conv9ce is 8 decl>$ & prim>y object4 ,exposition is ! tea*]2 ,argum5t1 ! soldi]4 ,! dang] ( ,argum5t is t ( all conte/4 ,to make an ef=t to effect a giv5 ?+1 to endeavor to en=ce a view1 is ( c\rse to expose "o's self to ! *ance ( ar\s+ opposition4 ,x is to invite attack1 & to run ! risk ( defeat4 ,= ?is reason x is necess>y to use n a little %rewdness 9 decid+ :e!r x is be/ to put :at "o has to say into ! =m ( decl>$ argum5t4 ,(t5 x is wis] to endeavor to produce an exposition s cle> t x %all c>ry ) x ! conclusion :i* ! writ] desires to e/abli%4 ,x is at lea/ safe to ass]t t 9 writ+s meant to conv9ce1 ! m fully ! appe>ance ( n argu+ c be ma9ta9$ ! m satisfactory w be ! effect4 ,! read] w c]ta9ly g z f> z he c be made to suppose himself & n ! au?or to be draw+ conclusions4 ,mo/ editorial argum5tative writ+1 & especially t :i* deals ) political que/ions1 is almo/ ( necessity disguis$ 9 a semblance z close to ,exposition z possible4 ,:]e passion is ar\s$1 prejudices excit$1 & ! m9d ( ! read] arm$ aga9/ attempts to conv9ce1 :atev] is done mu/ be done 9 a way calculat$ to soo! r ?an to excite4 ,:5 ,argum5t av[$ & =mal is attempt$1 no pa9s %\ld be sp>$ to make x irresi/ible4 ,reason+ :i* does n succe$ is ! /ronge/ presumption aga9/ ! proposition x seeks to def5d4 ,inde$1 logic :i* fails seems almo/ to e/abli% ! tru? ( ! opposite proposition4 8,he t take? ! sword %all fall by ! sword10 & he :o advances an argum5t mu/ ei!r prevail by x or fall altoge!r4 ,! proposition :i* be=e x is argu$ is view$ at wor/ ) indiff]5ce is discr$it$ & disbeliev$ :5 once an attempt to e/abli% its cr$ibility has be5 made & has fail$4 ,! /r5g? ( an argum5t lies 9 t quality :i* is call$ logical accuracy4 ,to cov] ! :ole subject ( reason+ m9utely x w\ld be necess>y to g ov] ! entire field ( =mal logic2 b "h we mu/ cont5t ourselves ) consid]+ po9ts :i* are ess5tial & :i* pretty fairly cov] ! ne$s ( argum5tative composition 9 a lit]>y s5se4 ,be=e beg9n+ a *a9 ( reason+ x is wise to fix :at is nam$ ! burd5 ( pro(4 ,9 o!r words x is well to decide h[ mu* "o is call$ ^u to prove4 ,x is important to "k :e!r ! presumption lies = or aga9/ ! proposition at issue1 to be cle> :at may be assum$4 ,9 _m cases ?is has no especial practical be>+1 b x is well to be sure :]e "o /&s4 ,x is always easi] to def5d ?an to attack1 & 9 s f> z a writ] c put f him ! burd5 ( pro(1 9 s f> he has r5d]$ 8 task light]4 ,! receiv$ !ory & ! exi/+ /ate ( ?+s h 9 _! favor a presumption :i* may be advanc$ by him :o argues 9 _! favor & :i* mu/ always be done away ) by him :o reasons aga9/ !m4 ,! writ] :o attacks civilization1 = in/ance1 :o decries ! exi/+ religion or ! value ( lit]ature1 has ^u him ! burd5 ( pro(2 :ile he :o def5ds !m has ! advantage ( an affirmative assumption4 ,! =m] is call$ ^u to produce argum5ts to prove 8 claim2 ! latt] ne$ d no m ?an to refute ! reason+ ( 8 oppon5t4 ,on ! "o h& x is a "q ( attack2 :ile on ! o!r x is a matt] ( def5se4 ,! fir/ ?+ 9 e/abli%+ a l9e ( argum5t is to def9e cle>ly ! proposition to be prov$4 ,no?+ fur!r c be done until ! writ] has made ! "q at issue cle> beyond all possibility ( mi/ake4 ,x is necess>y to =ce "o's own m9d to an und]/&+ s %>p & exact t confusion is impossible4 ,! mo/ common fail+ ( mank9d is m5tal ambiguity2 & no?+ is m frequ5t ?an = writ]s to be entirely mi/ak5 9 :at !y suppose !mselves to mean4 ,! :ole s-call$ ,socratic me?od ( reason+--! mo/ teas+ly irritat+ =m ( logic ev] devis$2 ! ,spani%-fly =m ( conviction--consi/s *iefly 9 badg]+ an oppon5t into a realization ( ! fact t he does n "k :at he is talk+ ab\t2 t he is entirely wrong 9 8 notion ( 8 own mean+4 ,! philosoph] :o 9 ^! less pati5t days %\ld devote himself to que/ion+ s vex+ z t ) :i* ,socrates is said to h roa/$ oppon5ts 9 8 "t w\ld run imm95t risk ( a brok5 head2 b ! class ( illogical argu]s aga9/ :om he cont5d$ is ) u to ?is day4 ,once ! proposition is cle> 9 ! m9d1 x is necess>y to f9d means to convey x to ! und]/&+ ( o!rs2 to convey x1 be x rememb]$1 s t x %all arrive ) mean+ & %>pness ( outl9e unimpair$4 ,x is ! old "q ( ,cle>ness4 ,an idea :i* leaves "o m9d ) all ! beauty & symmetry ( a sn[-cry/al (t5 gets to ano!r m9d z a m]e =mless drop ( sn[-wat]4 ,to ! end t ! proposition come to ! read] ) ! id5tity & =m un9jur$1 x is (t5 ne$ful to decl>e at ! outset ! s5se 9 :i* are us$ ! words1 t]ms1 & phrases :i* foll[4 ,! only sure way ( deal+ ) a d\btful case is to say pla9ly3 8,:5 su* a ^w is introduc$1 x means exactly ?is40 ,9 close writ+ su* def9+ is almo/ always ess5tial to ! success ( ! "w4 ,y may rememb]1 z an illu/ration1 h[ ,rusk9 def9es 8 t]ms at ! beg9n+ ( 8,mod]n ,pa9t]s40 ,9 ?is way only is x possible to avoid ! pitfalls :i* ! v>i$ mean+s ( ! language spread = ! foot ( ! unw>y4 ,"s ( ! _m possible errors are dang]\s1 "s easily detect$4 ,no "o1 = in/ance1 ne$ be fool$ by a fallacy l ! foll[+3-- ,an arti/ is an int]pret] ( ! beautiful4 ,mr4 ,ro?s*ild's *ef is an arti/4 ,h5ce1 ,mr4 ,ro?s*ild's *ef is an int]pret] ( ! beautiful4 ,!re may be ^? ^: respect = ga/ronomy is s high t !y w\ld n %r9k f ?is conclusion1 b tak+ ! argum5t z x /&s1 x is evid5t t ! ^w 8arti/0 is us$ 9 a d\ble s5se4 ,9 ! fir/ ass]tion x signifies "o :o labors 9 :at we call ! f9e arts2 "o gift$ ) t incommunicable p[] ( :i* we spoke at ! beg9n+ ( ^! talks4 ,9 ! second ass]tion1 ! ^w 8arti/0 signifies "o clev] & skillful 9 ! practice ( 8 pr(ession4 ,to take a m s]i\s illu/ration1 ! mu* moot$ "q :e!r ,walt ,:itman is or is n a poet c be argu$ only aft] an agreem5t ^u ! s5se 9 :i* 8poet0 is to be und]/ood4 ,if 8poet0 means "o :o writes v]se 9 metrical =ms1 ! proposition _c be ev5 discuss$1 because ! fact t ,:itman did n write =mal metrical v]se is admitt$ by ev]ybody4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! t]m 8poet0 be ext5d$ to include writ]s ( imag9ative & di?yrambic prose1 a discussion becomes almo/ inevitable4 ,mo/ ( ! magaz9e essays :i* nom9ally deal ) ! "q /at$ are really occupi$ *iefly ) ! inquiry1 8,:at s5se %all we give to ! t]m #8poet'80 ,x is true t ! ord9>y read] w (t5 fail to make a di/9ction ( ?is sort4 ,if he be told t ! po9t at issue is ,:itman's poetic /&+1 he w g5]ally accept ! /atem5t1 h[ev] widely ! discussion may dep>t f ! proposition4 ,x might seem to foll[ t x is ( little consequ5ce :e!r a writ] is logical or n2 b x is always to be rememb]$ t ! fact t a read] does n "k by :at means he is impress$ does n necess>ily weak5 ! impression4 ,inde$1 x is probably true t ^? :o are lea/ aw>e ( ! processes ( lit]ature are (t5 ^? mo/ vividly affect$ by !m4 ,! writ] :o has comm& ( lit]>y =ms1 :o und]/&s cle>ly :at he desires to d & h[ x is be/ done1 w rea* & control ! m9d ( ! read]1 & ne$ n be di/urb$ by ! fact t ! latt] does n 9 ! lea/ appreciate ! art :i* has seiz$ & :i* holds him4 ,x is ( ! highe/ importance to keep 9 m9d :5 def9+ propositions or t]ms t ! basis ( all discussion mu/ be mutually accept$ by writ] & read]4 ,until a />t+-po9t :]e ^! two are 9 accord is f\nd1 x is manife/ly idle to attempt to draw inf]5ces4 ,! writ] :o argues ) ! view ( conv9c+ ! g5]al public is =c$ to take z premises tru? univ]sally all[$1 & facts g5]ally kn[n or :i* c be support$ by easily conv9c+ evid5ce4 ,he is at ! outset met ) ! difficulty t words are seldom free f ambiguity1 & t fact & fiction are z inextricably int]tangl$ z are ! rootlets ( two trees gr[+ side by side4 ,! nice/ judgm5t mu/ be us$ 9 det]m9+ h[ f> any /atem5t is admitt$ly true2 n1 be x not$1 h[ f> x is true1 b h[ f> common cons5t admits its v]ity4 ,! premise ( any argum5t address$ to ! g5]al read] c g no f>!r ?an g5]al conviction goes4 ,ev5 "h a writ] is (t5 hamp]$ by ! fact t ! s5se ( ambiguity is apt to cl+ to any "q conc]n+ :i* !re has be5 dispute4 ,?is is especially true ( subjects ab\t :i* !re has be5 ext5sive controv]sy4 ,x is admitt$ by ev]ybody1 = in/ance1 t !re are ?+s 9 ,scripture :i* are n to be accept$ ) absolute lit]alness2 yet to assume ?is 9 argum5t is almo/ inevitably to ar\se suspicion if n opposition4 ,no matt] h[ c>efully ! writ] endeavors to keep )9 b\nds ( common belief1 ! unc]ta9ty & ! d\bt :i* belong to ! proposition 9 its extreme are apt to int]f]e ) its be+ giv5 ev5 ! weight :i* x may des]ve :5 c>efully gu>d$4 ,! be/ guides "h are two3 t homely1 dome/ic angel ( ! m9d :i* we call common s5se1 & ! s9c]e desire to arrive at & to e/abli% ! tru?1 z di/+ui%$ f eag]ness to w9 9 argum5t4 ,if a writ] c dive/ himself ( a wi% to prevail ev5 if wrongfully1 he has increas$ t5fold 8 *ance ( w9n+ rightly4 ,if he c br+ 8 m9d to ! attitude ( simple1 unsophi/icat$ tru?-seek+1 )\t affectation & )\t vanity1 he is 9 ! be/ possible condition = argu+ successfully4 ,en?usiasm tells 9 ?is z 9 any o!r =m ( composition2 b ,argum5t is prim>ily an appeal to ! intellect1 & s9ce ! reason ( ! read] is ar\s$ to meet ! logic advanc$1 ! writ] has ne$ ( all 8 coolness & self-control 9 devis+ & arrang+ 8 argum5ts4 ,! *oice ( ! l9e ( pro( :i* is to be employ$ is "o ( ! mo/ delicate matt]s connect$ ) ?is =m ( composition4 ,if "o und]takes to conv9ce1 x is evid5t t no means :i* may secure conviction %\ld be slight$2 & x is ( importance to select ! tra9 ( reason+ along :i* ! m9d ( ! read] w move ) ! lea/ opposition4 ,"h advice _c avail mu*4 ,! /ud5t mu/ dep5d ^u c>e1 good judgm5t1 & practice1 ) ! /udy & analysis ( ! ma/]pieces ( reason+4 ,! *oice ( me?ods 9 argu+ is ! selection ( ! ord] ( battle2 on x dep5ds mu* ( ! success alike ( attack & ( def5se4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! s5se ( ! proposition1 ! mean+ ( ! t]ms1 & ! l9e ( argum5t hav+ be5 det]m9$1 !y mu/ be held to firmly to ! end4 ,no defect 9 disputation is m common ?an t ( %ift+ gr\nd4 ,sometimes1 especially 9 debate1 ?is is delib]ate4 ,a clev] dialectician1 "o :o is able deftly to twi/ words to v>i$ uses & to turn phrases ab\t1 has little difficulty1 if he f9ds himself corn]$1 9 alt]+ 8 position completely4 ,he easily confuses ! t]ms s t ! po9t at issue is *ang$4 ,he raises a cl\d ( phrases "u cov] ( :i* 8 attack is %ift$ to ano!r qu>t]1 z a l9e ( battle is sometimes alt]$ beh9d a cl\d ( smoke4 ,?is is less (t5 possible 9 writt5 conflict ?an 9 oral1 yet !re x may sometimes be done4 ,x is at be/1 h[ev]1 m]ely a temporization4 ,:at is set d[n 9 8! cold p]man5ce ( pr9t0 may be exam9$ until its inaccuracies are br\ght to light4 ,! swiftness ( spee* & ! glam\r ( p]sonal p]suasiv5ess w cov] fallacies :i* c\ld avail no?+ if put ^u pap]4 ,any *ange ( position1 moreov]1 is a confession ( weakness2 & once x is obs]v$1 ! effect ( ! entire *a9 ( reason+ is weak5$1 if n de/roy$ altoge!r4 ,a *ange ( base 9 argum5t is ! result ( delib]ate int5tion less (t5 ?an ( m5tal confusion4 ,few ( u realize h[ seldom we ?9k cle>ly2 h[ mu* m r>ely we ?9k cle>ly & consecutively2 & h[ mo/ r>e x is t we ?9k cle>ly1 consecutively1 & logically4 ,mu* tra9+ is requir$ to br+ ! m9d to ! p[] ( hold+ fa/ to a s+le issue 9 discussion1 ( p]si/+ 9 a s+le l9e ( pro(1 ( resi/+ all temptations to turn to side issues4 ,nor is ?is solely f a lack ( intellectual p[]2 x is 9 "p due to an in/9ctive desire to escape unwelcome results4 ,"o ( ! sure/ indications ( a firm & well-discipl9$ m9d is t x does n %r9k f its own conclusions4 ,! natural1 human t5d5cy is to escape f a di/a/eful result ( inve/igation or reason+ by assum+ t ! process mu/ be wrong because ! decision arriv$ at is unpleasant4 ,yet to dislike a proposition is n to disprove x4 ,to prote/ aga9/ ! fact e/abli%$ by s\nd logic no m de/roys x ?an ! wail ( a *ild br+s d[n f heav5 ! r\nd yell[ moon = :i* he cries4 ,all intellectual gr[? & all "* /& ^u ! will+ness ( ! m9d to accept & to act ^u ! conclusions at :i* x arrives by ! ex]cise ( its be/ reason+ p[]s4 ,x is mu* to be able to ?9k2 x is m to d>e to ?9k2 b x is mo/ ( all to be able to accept )\t %r9k+ or evasion ! results ( ?\ght1 :e!r "o's own or o!rs'4 ,,xiii ,,argum5tative ,,=m ,x is prop] & p]haps ev5 important t ! /ud5t %all le>n ! di/9ction :i* is made by logicians betwe5 reason+ :i* is inductive & t :i* is d$uctive4 ,z a matt] ( practical "w 9 ! writ+ ( argum5ts1 ! di/9ction is ( less importance ?an might seem f ! =mality ) :i* ^! t]ms are treat$2 b z ,induction & ,d$uction are words :i* ! true logician _c m5tion )\t at lea/ a seem+ impulse to cross himself1 x is well to "k :at ! diff]5ce is4 ,induction1 !n1 is reason+ f ! p>ticul> to ! g5]al2 ! e/abli%m5t ( an hypo!sis by %[+ t ! facts agree ) x4 ,x is prem95tly ! sci5tific me?od4 ,by obs]v+ natural ph5om5a1 ! sci5ti/ conceives :at ! law :i* gov]ns !m mu/ be4 ,?is idea ( ! g5]al pr9ciple is !n ! hypo!sis :i* he attempts to prove2 & 8 me?od is to exam9e ! facts "u all conditions possible1 e/abli%+ 8 proposition by %[+ t ! facts are 9 accord ) x4 ,d$uction is ! conv]se ( ?is1 & consi/s 9 draw+ out p>ticul> tru?s f g5]al ones4 ,a univ]sal proposition may be reg>d$ z a bundle 9 :i* are b\nd toge!r _m individual ones4 ,x is ! "w ( d$uction to take ^! out1--to sep>ate any "o ( !m f ! re/4 ,! g5]al tru?1 8,all metals are elem5ts10 includes 9 x ! especial tru?s1 8,iron is an elem5t10 8,gold is an elem5t10 & s on = ea* metal :i* c\ld be nam$4 ,d$uction is ! process ( sep>at+ "o ( ^! f ! :ole4 ,speak+ broadly1 sci5tific reason+ is m likely to be inductive1 :ile o!r reason+ is m likely to be d$uctive4 ,z a matt] ( practical composition1 ,argum5t is ! /atem5t ( a proposition1 & ! arrangem5t ( ! pro(s :i* ! writ] believes w e/abli% its tru?4 ,! ess5tial matt] is to beg9 ) "s tru? or fact g5]ally ackn[l$g$1 & to lead ! m9d ( ! read] on by d$uctions :i* _c be disput$1 until ! proposition to be prov$ is rea*$ z an unassailable conclusion4 ,?is process may be v simple1 or extremely complex2 ! /eps may be slight1 or !y may be1 l ! plat=ms ( ! pyramids1 b>ely scalable4 ,9 discuss+ me?ods1 x is necess>y to use "s te*nical expressions :i* x is well to def9e3-- ,a ,t]m is a ^w or comb9ation ( words us$ to "n "s ?+ or idea 9 reason+4 ,a ,proposition is a /atem5t ( ! relation betwe5 two t]ms4 ,if we say1 8,! man is a patriot10 we h a s5t5ce 9 :i* is a /atem5t ( ! relation betwe5 ! ?+ 8man0 & ! ?+ 8patriot40 ,?is is !re=e a proposition4 ,"h ! t]ms are 8man0 & 8patriot10 because ^! are ! names ( ! ?+s ( :i* we speak 9 reason+4 ,we might n[ make ano!r proposition1 ?is "t g5]al1 & say1 8,a patriot is a valuable citiz540 ,"h ! t]ms are 8patriot0 & 8valuable citiz510 & ! proposition ass]ts a relation betwe5 !m4 ,if ^! two propositions are exam9$1 !y are f\nd to h 9 common ! t]m 8patriot10 & x is se5 to be possible to draw f !m ano!r proposition4 ,if ! man ( :om m5tion is made is a patriot1 & a patriot is a valuable citiz51 x is evid5t en\gh t ! man mu/ be a valuable citiz54 ,x is m]ely an application ( ! pr9ciple t ?+s :i* are equal to ! same ?+ are equal to ea* o!r4 ,& ?is br+s u to a ?ird def9ition3-- ,a ,syllogism is a gr\p ( ?ree propositions1 ( :i*1 if ! fir/ two are true1 ! ?ird mu/ foll[ z a d$uction f !m4 ,a complete syllogism has j be5 giv53 ,! man is a patriot2 a patriot is a valuable citiz52 h5ce ! man is a valuable citiz54 ,x is possible to draw a ?ird proposition only f two t h "o t]m 9 common4 ,x foll[s t !re are ?ree t]ms 9 a syllogism1--! fir/ & second propositions hav+ "o t]m alike1 & ea* hav+ a p>ticul> t]m :i* reappe>s 9 ! ?ird proposition4 ,?is ?ird proposition is t :i* ! endeavor is made to prove4 ,to e/abli% a proposition by syllogism1 !n1 x is necess>y to f9d two o!rs :i* conta9 ea* "o ( its t]ms1 & :i* h a t]m 9 common4 ,x is necess>y to add t n f e pair ( propositions :i* conta9 a common t]m is x possible to draw a ?ird1 & ?us to =m a syllogism4 ,if we say1 8,a rose is a fl[]10 8,a lily is a fl[]10 we h two propositions :i* h a common t]m1 yet we _c g on to make ! ?ird proposition1 8,h5ce a rose is a lily40 ,! t]m :i* is common to bo? propositions mu/ 9 "o ( !m be spok5 ( z a :ole1 or 9 a g5]al way4 ,logicians say t x mu/ be 8di/ribut$20 9 o!r words1 "o ass]tion mu/ cov] ! t]m 9 its entire ext5t4 ,9 ! fir/ syllogism :i* we exam9$1 ! common--x is usually call$ ! 8middle0--t]m is 9 ! second proposition spok5 ( 9 a g5]al way4 8,a patriot is a valuable citiz50 is an ass]tion ( all patriots4 ,9 ! false syllogism1 8,a rose is a fl[]2 a lily is a fl[]10 !re is no?+ said ( all fl[]s1 & yet 8fl[]0 is ! middle t]m4 ,! rose is "o fl[]1 ! lily is "o fl[]1 b until !re is some?+ said ( all fl[]s x is n possible to draw out a new conclusion1--to =m a syllogism4 ,he :o wi%es to ex]cise 8 wits ) pretty m5tal gymna/ics may le>n f books on logic t !re are a great _m v>ieties ( syllogisms4 ,!re are tw5ty-f\r valid ones1 & a cr[d ( poor relatives1 :i* exi/ "u ! discr$it+ title1 8imp]fect syllogisms10 & :i*1 p>adoxically1 are ( no use until !y h be5 8r$uc$40 ,:5 x is add$ t ea* has a f9e ,lat9 "n1 ! read] may appreciate t he is "h be+ sp>$ a good deal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,al?\gh x is n possible to take space = a v intricate example ( ! skeleton ( an argum5t1 x is h>dly fair to give no?+ m complex ?an a simple syllogism2 & ! foll[+ may assi/ ! =mation ( a m cle> conception ( ! =m 9 :i* reason+ %\ld be put4 ,suppose ! proposition :i* is to be prov$ to be1 8,! ,norsem5 discov]$ ,am]ica be=e ,columbus40 ,tak+ a few ( ! m obvi\s argum5ts :i* might be advanc$ 9 support ( ?is proposition1 & arrang+ !m s z to beg9 ) ! m g5]ally all[$ & easily prov$1 we h3 #a4 ,! frequ5t appe>ance 9 ,european lit]ature be=e ,columbus ( allusions to a l& across ! sea4 #b4 ,! /ory 9 ! ,icel&ic ,sagas4 #c4 ,norse rema9s 9 ,am]ica4 ,^! pro(s w be suffici5t = purposes ( illu/ration4 ,let u exam9e !m 9 detail a little4 ,"u ea* ( ^! pro(s--:i* x is conv5i5t to call subord9ate propositions--lies a syllogism1 :e!r x is fully /at$ or n4 ,! writ] mu/ be entirely cle> 9 8 own m9d :at ?is is1 :e!r x seem to him well to /ate x explicitly or n4 ,"h ! syllogism ( ! fir/ subord9ate proposition1 briefly /at$1 is3-- ,allusions to a l& ov] sea prove k ( su* a l&4 ,9 pre-,columbian lit]ature are allusions to l& ov] sea4 ,h5ce !re mu/ h be5 k ( su* a l&4 ,?is br+s u face to face ) ! necessity ( support+ premises ) facts4 ,to support ! fir/ sub-proposition !re mu/ be citations f pre-,columbian lit]ature4 ,?is is a m]e matt] ( rese>*4 ,"o reason = putt+ ?is especial pro( fir/ is t 9 support+ x x is possible to beg9 ) facts :i* _c be que/ion$4 ,x is true t ! v next /ep w br+ u ^u d\btful t]ritory1 b we />t f firm gr\nd4 ,! mom5t t ! passages are quot$1 ! possibility occurs to ! m9d t !y may be tak5 to ref] to l&s !n kn[n1 or z ! expression ( my?ical fancies4 ,^! objections mu/ be met4 ,an argum5t c no m pass an unansw]$ objection ?an a locomotive c cross a bridge f :i* a span is miss+4 ,reasons mu/ "h be giv5 = connect+ ) ! ,new ,_w ! passages cit$4 ,x w be no less important to %[ ! reasons = suppos+ t ! in=mation :i* ! anci5t writ]s possess$ ( ! ,new ,_w came f ! ,norsem54 ,! re/ may all be all[$1 & yet be held to h no be>+ on ! ?+ to be prov$1 s t ?is l9k 9 ! *a9 mu/ be made /rong & evid5t4 ,?is la/ po9t illu/rates ! sort ( que/ions :i* are likely to arise 9 reg>d to arrangem5t4 ,is x well to introduce "h ! pro(s t ?is k ( ano!r cont95t came f ! ,norse1 or w\ld x be bett] to wait until ! ,icel&ic ,sagas h be5 spok5 (8 ,9 ! latt] case1 ! p>ts ( ! argum5t may be m closely b\nd toge!r1 & x gives an air ( fairness to ! :ole :5 ! writ] is will+ to g back a good way 9 8 argum5t to take up possible objections & answ] !m4 ,aga9/ ?is is to be balanc$ ! possibility t ! read] may be put into a suspici\s /ate ( m9d by f9d+ t a d\btful po9t is pass$ ov]1 & s be less easily conv9c$ ?an he o!rwise might be4 ,! writ] ( an argum5t mu/ consid] ^! ?+s1 & ^u ! good judgm5t ) :i* he settles su* que/ions mu* ( 8 success dep5ds4 ,9 ?is fir/ sub-proposition !re is no ne$ ( /at+ =mally ! syllogism involv$1 s9ce1 if ! fir/ or major premise is successfully def5d$1 ! re/ foll[s obvi\sly4 ,z a matt] ( practical arrangem5t1 !n1 ! sub-proposition & its def5se might /& 9 ?is ord]3-- #a4 ,! discov]y ( ,am]ica by ! ,norsem5 is prov$ by ! allusions 9 pre-,columbian lit]ature to a l& ov] sea4 a4 ,citation ( passages4 b4 ,pro(s t ^! d n ref] to ! ,ea/]n ,hemisph]e4 c4 ,pro(s t !y are n my?ical allusions4 d4 ,pro(s t !y d ref] to ,am]ica4 e4 ,pro(s t ! k %[n came f ,norsem54 ,:5 ^! po9ts are e/abli%$1 ! fir/ sub-proposition1 ) its und]ly+ syllogism1 may be look$ ^u z prov$1 & ! next may be tak5 up4 ,i h n /udi$ ! "q ( ! discov]y ( ,am]ica by ! ,norsem5 closely en\gh to "k t ! l9e ( pro( giv5 is ! be/ possible1 b x s]ves well en\gh to illu/rate ! g5]al =m ( ! skeleton ( an argum5t4 ,ea* ( ! subord9ate propositions mu/ be divid$ & subdivid$ if necess>y1 until ! divisions c be h&l$ easily & prov$ conclusively2 & ! writ] w d well to te/ ! /r5g? ( 8 argum5t by mak+ a complete *a9 ( ! syllogisms involv$1 see+ :i* re/s ^u ano!r1 s t ! arrangem5t may be con=m$ to pr9ciples ( natural sequ5ce4 ,"o important matt] 9 reason+ is nev] to claim too mu*4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to put ^u a pro( a great] /ra9 ?an x w be>4 ,x is also an obvi\s rule t x is wise to insi/ ^u no m ?an is absolutely ne$$ to e/abli% ! proposition 9 h&4 ,sometimes x is wise to indicate t m might be prov$1 b 9 g5]al ! ass5t ( ! read] is to be treat$ z a bank acc\nt to be drawn ^u z f> z x is necess>y1 b 9 no case beyond ! actual ne$ ( ! occasion4 ,x is well nev] to wa/e /r5g? 9 prov+ m ?an is ess5tial1 & always to avoid a side issue z "o %uns a road lead+ to sure de/ruction4 ,(t5 x is a wise device 9 argum5tation to e/abli% a po9t & leave ! read] to p]ceive its import4 ,"h z ev]y:]e a ?+ :i* ! read] is l$ to d = himself is a hundr$ fold m effective ?an any?+ :i* c be done or said = him4 ,! phrase1 8,is x n possible t ^! facts prove ?is80 has won m conv]ts ?an ! bolde/ ass]tion3 8,^! pro(s make x impossible to d\bt40 ,man t is born ( woman is born to ob/9acy z ! sp>ks fly upw>d1 & if he be assur$ t he _c or %all n d\bt1 he is apt to beg9 to d\bt f simple contr>iety4 ,yet x w n d to run any risk ( leav+ ! read] 9 d\bt z to :at has be5 e/abli%$ by ! argum5ts giv54 ,x is (t5 necess>y to insi/ t a proposition is prov$4 ,a victory is h>dly recogniz$ z a victory until ! trumpets are bl[n1 & an argum5t is sc>cely conclud$ )\t "s sort ( a decl>ation ( success4 ,:]e ! l9e is to be drawn betwe5 ! extreme ( leav+ to ! read] ! p]ception ( :at is prov$ & t ( insi/+ t a demon/ration has be5 made mu/ dep5d ^u ! audi5ce address$4 ,! writ] ( an argum5t has especial ne$ to be sure to :om he speaks4 ,he mu/ consid] ! k ( 8 audi5ce1 _! views1 & especially _! prejudices4 ,x is 9 relation to ! la/ t !re comes into play :at x has be5 ! fa%ion to call ,p]suasion4 ,al?\gh ,argum5t is an appeal to ! intellect1 !re are few *a9s ( reason+ :i* fail to appeal also to ! emotions4 ,x is h>dly possible to conceive ( a discussion :i* w n to a great] or less degree t\* ! passions ( ^? address$4 ,mu* is effect$ by keep+ 9 m9d ! natural prejudices ( ! read]1 & s fram+ argum5ts t !y %all appeal directly to ! emotions by ! p]sonal or selfi% nature ( _! d$uctions4 ,an illu/ration is to be f\nd 9 political h>angues1 :i*1 :ile nom9ally devot$ to prov+ ! wisdom or advisability ( "s p>ty measure1 are really only clev] attempts to conv9ce t ! measure is = ! p]sonal advantage ( vot]s4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 ! abuse ( ?is =m ( argum5t4 ,! legitimate use ( ?is appeal to ! passions is 9 ! putt+ ( reason+ s\nd & :olesome 9 itself into a =m :i* %all captivate ! he>] or read]4 ,x is ! lavi%+ ^u ! composition ( all ! graces ( mann]1 ( /yle1 ( ornam5t1 :i* ! writ] c compass1 to ! end t ! read] %all be attract$ & incl9$ to accept ! conclusions set d[n4 ,/ev5son speaks ( a some:at diff]5t matt] 9 words :i* are /rictly applicable "h3-- ,:atev] be ! obscurities1 :atev] ! intricacies ( ! argum5t1 ! neatness ( ! fabric mu/ n suff]1 or ! arti/ has be5 prov$ unequal to 8 design4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 no =m ( words mu/ be select$1 no knot mu/ be ti$ among ! phrases1 unless knot & ^w be precisely :at is want$ to =w>d & illum9ate ! argum5t2 = to fail 9 ?is is to sw9dle 9 ! game4--,cont4 ,rev41 vol4 xlvii4 7#ahhe71 p4 #eea4 ,almo/ z (t5 z ) ! e/abli%m5t ( our own reason+1 are we conc]n$ 9 argum5t ) endeavors to ov]?r[ ! logic ( an oppon5t4 ,frequ5tly x is necess>y to refute views oppos$ to t :i* is be+ put =w>d4 ,x is 9 g5]al wise n to br+ ?is 9 too soon4 ,x is well to pr$ispose ! read] 9 favor ( ! conclusion to be def5d$1 & !n to take up contr>y op9ions4 ,sometimes a broad /atem5t at ! beg9n+ to ! effect t objections exi/ is politic2 & 9 any case x is important t !re be no slighte/ appe>ance ( %irk+ or evad+ ! issue4 ,:5 ! writ] is consci\s t ! weight ( popul> s5tim5t or g5]al op9ion is aga9/ him1 he may sometimes comm& att5tion & provoke int]e/ by boldly plung+ at once into an attack ^u commonly receiv$ !ories4 ,audacity always comm&s att5tion1 & if x be re9=c$ by ability x is no less sure ( admiration4 ,a /rik+ example ( ?is me?od is to be f\nd 9 ,colonel ,+]soll's attacks ^u ! ,bible & religion4 ,h[ev] "o may be %ock$ by 8 violations ( good ta/e1 & :e!r "o does or does n agree ) 8 me?ods or 8 conclusions1 x is impossible to d5y 8 success z a speak]4 ,! v boldness ) :i* he has attack$ has insur$ a he>+4 ,?is =m ( discussion calls = da%1 c\rage1 & confid5ce1--& x is sometimes ! result ( %e] impud5ce4 ,only he :o has great p[]s & p]fect comm& ( !m c reasonably hope to succe$ "h4 ,= answ]+ ! argum5ts ( o!rs1 & inde$ = ! prop] exam9ation ( "o's own1 x is necess>y to give att5tion to ! num]\s fallacies :i* may creep into reason+1 by design or by accid5t4 ,^! are to be completely ma/]$ only by ! m9ute /udy ( logic2 b "s are s common t !y %\ld be consid]$ "h4 ,! fir/ fallacy is t ( ! confusion ( t]ms1 su* z t f\nd 9 ! attempt to prove ! *ef to be an int]pret] ( ! beautiful1 or 9 ! "q :e!r ,:itman 0 a poet4 ,! second fallacy :i* 9 practical writ+ x is well to be on gu>d aga9/ is ! non sequitur4 ,!re is mu* advanc$ z argum5t--z = in/ance 9 political editorials--:]e consecutiv5ess is conf\nd$ ) causality4 ,po/ hoc ergo propt] hoc is ! phrase :i* sums ?is up3 ,aft] ?is1 !re=e because ( ?is4 8,we %all die aft] eat+ ?is meal1 !re=e ?is meal is ! cause ( our dea?10 is an example ( ?is fallacy4 ,put 9 ?is way ! absurdity is evid5t2 b a g5u9e fallacy1 lurk+ "u words z ! conv5tional s]p5t ( s*ool-girl compositions & ( temp]ance orators lurks b5ea? fl[]s1 is a diff]5t ?+4 ,"h is "p ( an editorial f "o ( ! lead+ ,new ,york daily j\rnals3 ,! vote ( ,s5ator ,x4 is a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! p[] ( money among ! law-mak]s ( ?is great nation4 ,! vigor\s & unscrupul\s support :i* has be5 giv5 to ?is bill by ,mr4 ,a41 ! we/]n billionaire1 is kn[n to ev]ybody2 & equally well kn[n is ! fact t hi!rto ,s5ator ,x4 has be5 c\nt$ among ! /an* oppos]s ( ! iniquit\s measure4 ,s5ator ,x4 is kn[n to h _h a private int]view ) ,mr4 ,a4 on ! ev5+ be=e ! vote 0 tak51 & ! result 0 evid5t :5 next morn+ ! ,s5ator gave 8 support to ! bill :i* he _h be=e /eadily oppos$4 ,9 ! especial case to :i* ?is ref]s !re may or !re may n h be5 brib]y2 b x is well to be> 9 m9d t ?is editorial proves no?+4 ,x am\nts m]ely to say+ t ! vote happ5$ aft] ! int]view & 0 !re=e ! result ( x2 s t x is 9 reality "o ( ^? fallacies :i* 9 a simpl] =m appe> s absurd4 ,yet read]s 9 abundance accept ?is sort ( ?+ z pro(1 especially :5 political prejudice incl9es !m to believe x4 ,x w\ld seem t a little common s5se & a little c>e 9 exam9ation 7 all t c\ld be ne$$ to dispose ( speci\s errors ( ?is class1 yet !y e day prevail4 ,! ?ird fallacy is t ( analogy4 ,analogy proves a probability1 b x _c e/abli% a c]ta9ty4 ,if a "y woman has refus$ a doz5 suitors1 x is manife/ly absurd to say t ?is proves t %e w be equally unk9d to ! ?irte5?4 ,politicians reason by analogy t a ,/ate :i* hi!rto has gone ,republican or ,democratic may be c\nt$ ^u to give a majority = its old p>ty2 :51 lo1 a *ange comes sudd5ly1 & ! conclusion is f\nd to be false4 ,t we h always lik$ ! novels ( a c]ta9 au?or does n insure t we %all be pleas$ ) 8 next2 t ! sun has always ris5 does n prove t x w rise to-morr[ morn+2 t m5 h f "t immemorial be5 born ) "o head does n prove t a *ild may n be born ) two1--z te/ify ! freaks ( dime museums4 ,x is true t analogy (t5 e/abli%es a probability s /rong t x am\nts to a moral c]ta9ty4 ,we are ju/ifi$ 9 act+ ^u ! assumption t ! sun w rise to-morr[1 & 9 assum+ t any giv5 *ild ( ^: bir? we he> has b "o head4 ,x is important 9 argu+1 h[ev]1 to be> 9 m9d ! diff]5ce1 :e!r 9 "o's own reason+ or 9 t ( an oppon5t1 betwe5 analogy & absolute pro(4 ,?+s :i* are l ! same ?+ are l ea* o!r2 b ?+s t are l ! same ?+ are n necess>ily equal to ea* o!r4 ,! practical rules :i* may be giv5 = ! writ+ ( ,argum5t are *iefly recapitulations ( :at has be5 said4 a4 ,beg9 ) cle> und]/&+ & cle> /atem5t ( proposition & ( t]ms4 b4 ,plan argum5t ) ref]5ce to ! especial po9t to be e/abli%$ & to ! audi5ce to be address$4 c4 ,proce$ g5]ally f ! m obvi\s to ! less cle>1 & f ! weak] to ! /rong] pro(4 d4 ,be acutely alive to fallacies 9 any reason+ :i* is to be refut$1 b to fallacies 9 y\r own "w no less4 e4 ,nev] =ce a proposition or a pro( beyond its value4 f4 ,conc$e all side issues & irrelevant matt]s if by s do+ y d n less5 ! *a9 ( reason+ 9 po9ts really important1 & especially if 9 s do+ y c fo/] a disposition favorable to y\r position4 g4 ,always rememb] t ass]tion is n argum5t4 ,to ^! rules might n inappropriately be add$ ! say+ ( ,sophocles3 8,tru? is always ! /ronge/ argum5t40 99 99 99 99 99 ,! practical application ( ,argum5t to lit]>y "w is n difficult to discov]4 ,! mo/ obvi\s use ( ?is sort ( composition is 9 ! plea ( ! lawy]1 ! editorials ( ! newspap]1 ! essay e/abli%+ sci5tific !ories1 lit]>y op9ions1 or ! l4 ,:oev] writes at all1 h[ev]1 ev5 if x be b 9 simple private correspond5ce1 is sure to employ ,argum5t soon] or lat]1 & to a great] or less degree4 ,x may be 9 def5se ( a fri5d1 ! ju/ification ( "o's own acts1 9 prov+ ! value ( a new inv5tion1 support+ political or sci5tific views1 9 urg+ a p>ticul> l9e ( inve/m5t1--9 %ort1 9 any "o ( a ?\s& diff]5t ways4 ,9 "o %ape or ano!r1 reason+ comes con/antly into play4 ,he is m]ely a 8mu% ( concession0 :o nev] attempts to br+ ano!r to 8 way ( ?9k+4 ,inde$1 he :o does n endeavor to make o!rs ?9k z he ?9ks may be suspect$ ( nev] ?9k+ at all4 ,life is a cont9u\s conflict1 ! /rife = ! survival ( ! fitte/4 ,! in/9ct to make our op9ions prevail is 9 ! blood ( ! meeke/4 ,civilization diff]s f b>b>ism *iefly 9 t ! /rife has become intellectual in/ead ( physical2 & intellectual conflict is b ano!r "n = ,argum5t4 ,s9ce our lot is ca/ 9 a civiliz$ /ate ( society1 to neglect ?is =m ( composition is to neglect ! manual ( arms ( ! battalion 9 :i* ,fate has enroll$ u6 ,,xiv ,,description ,description is at once ! mo/ common & ! mo/ difficult ( ! v>ieties ( composition4 ,x is app>5tly a ?+ :i* nobody fe>s to und]take1 :ile x is c]ta9ly "o :i* only a ma/] is able to d really well4 ,ev]ybody attempts x1 yet !re are probably 9 lit]ature few] fully successful descriptions ?an !re are examples ( any o!r sort ( writ+ :atev]4 ,a description is an endeavor to call up be=e ! m9d ( ! read] a picture ( ! ?+ describ$4 ,no?+ is easi] ?an to make a catalogue ( ?+s :i* "o has se52 to s*$ule ! details ( a l&scape1 ! p>ticul>s ( a build+1 a room or a p]son4 ,to convey a cle> & accurate idea ( ! :ole is mo/ difficult4 ,! untra9$ writ] is apt to make ( 8 attempts at description a m]e runn+ memor&um ( po9ts :i* he rememb]s 9 a sc5e4 ,he sets d[n a li/ ( matt]s m or less important1 n because he c ?us make ! :ole vivid & real to ! read]1 b because !y are true4 ,! result is t he has =c$ ! tru? to convey a falsehood--if inde$ x be made to convey any?+ intelligible4 ,no /ud5t c g f> 9 ! exam9ation ( any ( ! arts )\t discov]+ t ! object ( expression is n s mu* to tell ! tru? z to produce an impression ( tru?4 ,! lit]al tru? may easily give a false impression1 & becomes 9 t case ! mo/ vici\s ( falsehoods ( :i* art is capable1 j z ! tell+ ( facts ) int5t to deceive is ! mo/ dang]\s =m ( ly+4 ,! ?+ to be s\ght is n accuracy ( /atem5t1 b accuracy ( p]ception1 & ! means mu/ be subord9at$ to ! effect4 ,x foll[s t ev5 m vitally important ?an t all details be true1 is t !y be significant2 t !y n only appeal to ! memory or ! reason ( ! writ]1 b t !y h a creative effect ^u ! m9d ( ! read]4 ,! au?or may rememb] t all ! ?+s :i* he sets d[n are true1 yet x may be t all :i* he writes is false 9 its result4 ,9 morals x is fitt+ t we give cr$it = good int5tions1 no matt] :at ! result ( !m may be2 9 au?or%ip ! int5tion is ( no consequ5ce :atev]4 ,! result is ! only ?+ to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,"h to fail is to fail1 :e!r "o meant well or ill2 & f ?is !re is no escape4 ,i am ( c\rse keep+ /rictly to ! def9ition ( ,description :i* has be5 giv54 ,9 t =m ( ,exposition :i* is frequ5tly call$ ,description1 ! giv+ a sci5tific or practical acc\nt ( a ?+1 accuracy ( detail is ( ! fir/ importance4 ,if "o is call$ ^u to 8describe0 a ma*9e1 x is n usually meant t he %all try to pres5t to ! m9d a picture ( x1 b t he %all exp\nd x4 ,?is is n ,description 9 a lit]>y s5se1 & ) ?is we h no?+ n[ to d4 ,9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! t]m is us$ z nam+ a dep>tm5t ( composition1 ,description is n sci5tific1 b emotional2 n categorical1 b lit]>y2 n intellectual1 s mu* z visual4 ,! description ( a l&scape falls %ort ( its int5t j s f> z x fails to call up be=e ! inn] eye ! image :i* 0 be=e ! m9d ( ! writ]1--save 9 s f> z f ! nature ( language any ^w-picture mu/ fall %ort4 ,if a passage design$ to pa9t a sc5e does n make ! read] seem actually to see t sc5e x _c be held t ! au?or has fulfill$ 8 int5tion4 ,x mu/ be recogniz$ once & = all t words _c really pa9t4 ,no artific] c labor intellig5tly until he has le>n$ n only ! possibilities b also ! limitations ( ! means at 8 disposal4 ,9 writ+ x is important to rememb] :at words _c d z well z :at !y c effect4 ,! mo/ t ! writ] c hope to d is to revive 9 ! m9d ( ! read] images :i* ! latt] has se54 ,9 speak+ ( ! limitations ( language 9 ! fir/ ( ^! talks1 ,i rem9d$ y t :5 we read ! description ( a l&scape we con/ruct an image out ( mat]ial already 9 ! m9d4 ,words _c pa9t2 t is ! prov9ce ( ano!r art4 ,! pa9t] is able to pres5t fre% =ms1 colors1 comb9ations1 new l&scapes1 /range & unkn[n figures1 & all v>ieties ( visual novelty4 ,! writ] mu/ cont5t himself ) a reawak5+ & a re>rangem5t ( =ms1 figures1 colors1 images1 already 9 ! read]'s m9d4 ,8 effect ( novelty mu/ come f fre% & untri$ comb9ations2 f ! vividness ) :i* he is able to ar\se ^! rememb]$ images until !y appe> s real z to seem new4 ,x easily foll[s t ! writ] :o und]/&s 8 art w cunn+ly avail himself ( images :i* are likely to be /or$ 9 ! m9ds ( 8 read]s4 ,x is ! same pr9ciple :i* directs u to appeal to common emotions1 to ! g5]al exp]i5ces ( mank9d4#e ,let u exam9e a little ?is extract f an acc\nt ( a walk 9 ! woods 9 ,engl&3-- 8,look+ betwe5 ! trees1 ,i saw a little circul> glade1 two or ?ree score feet across4 ,x 0 cov]$ ) s(t1 ?9 grass1 speckl$ ) palely blue scabiosas1 & set r\nd ) tall1 sl5d] trees4 ,on "o side 0 a /range imitation ( ! great trili? at ,/oneh5ge1 =m$ by two tall b\ld]s across :i* _h fall5 ! trunk ( a l>ge bee* tree40 ,9 ,am]ica ! read] might n "k :at scabiosas are1 b z ?is 0 writt5 9 ,engl&1 :]e1 9 "s p>ts at lea/1 ! pale blue blossoms ( ! fl[] are common 9 e field1 ! audi5ce address$ w\ld probably n be puzzl$ by ?is ^w4 ,x is to be suppos$ t ev5 !re1 h[ev]1 !re w\ld be _m :o w\ld fail to feel any =ce 9 ! phrase 8! great trili? at ,/oneh5ge40 ,a few might h se5 x1 & o!rs might be famili> ) pictures repres5t+ x2 b ! *ance ( f9d+ ?is image 9 ! m9d ( ! read] 0 s small z to r5d] its use at lea/ ill-advis$2 & especially s z ! comp>ison is t ( a trifl+ ?+ to a great "o4 ,! read] :o recall$ ,/oneh5ge w\ld be likely to feel t !re 0 small excuse = lik5+ a tree trunk tumbl$ across a c\ple ( b\ld]s to ! magnific5t & my/]i\s monum5ts ( ,salisbury ,pla94 ,an example ( ! fact t ev5 9 deal+ ) ! sup]natural a writ] has no res\rce save images already kn[n may be f\nd 9 any /ory deal+ ) ! weird4 ,take ?is f ,rudy>d ,kipl+'s tale1 8,! ,return ( ,imray10 :]e ! _s ( a murd]$ man is haunt+ ! h\se3-- ,we 7 alone 9 ! h\se1 b none ! less x 0 too fully occupi$ by a t5ant ) :om ,i did n wi% to int]f]e4 ,i nev] saw him1 b ,i c\ld see ! curta9 betwe5 ! rooms quiv]+ :]e he _h j pass$ ?r\gh2 ,i c\ld he> ! *airs creak+ z ! bamboos sprung "u a weight t _h j quitt$ !m2 & ,i c\ld feel :5 ,i w5t to get a book f ! d9+-room t somebody 0 wait+ 9 ! %ad[s ( ! front v]&a till ,i %\ld h gone away4 ,?is is p]haps n "o ( ,mr4 ,kipl+'s happie/ passages1 s9ce x insi/s some:at too /rongly ^u ! corporeal bulk ( ! phantom1 b x illu/rates ! po9t :i* we are consid]+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,( ! greate/ importance 9 ,description is ! po9t ( view4 ,fir/ !re is ! "q ( ! physical po9t ( view4 ,! writ] mu/ "k c]ta9ly & cle>ly at :at po9t he has plac$ ! read] to look at ! l&scape1 ! p]son1 or ! sc5e :i* is describ$4 ,9 ! fir/ lecture ,i quot$ ! description :i* op5s ,k+sley's 8,we/w>d ,ho60 ,!re ! po9t ( view is t ( "o approa*+ ! 8little :ite t[n ( ,bide=d10 b !re is at ! v outset a violation ( propriety :i* injures ! =ce ( ! :ole4 8,! little :ite t[n ( ,bide=d10 ! au?or says1 8:i* slopes upw>d f its broad tide-riv] pav$ ) yell[ s&s1 & _m-ar*$ old bridge :]e salmon wait = ,autumn floods40 ,! 8yell[ s&s0 & ! salmon are details :i* are kn[n to "o famili> ) ! t[n1 b !y are n app>5t to ! /rang]1 !y are n evid5t f ! po9t ( view *os51 & _! introduction at once confuses ! impression4 ,goe!1 :o 0 ke5ly alive to all ! details ( lit]>y workman%ip1 comm5t$ ^u a passage 9 ,scott :i* violates ! po9t ( view4 ,9 talk+ ) ,eck]mann he said3-- ,x is a peculi>ity ( ,walt] ,scott's t 8 great tal5t 9 repres5t+ details (t5 leads him into faults4 ,?us 9 8,ivanhoe10 !re is a sc5e :]e !y are seat$ at a table 9 a ca/le-hall1 at night1 & a /rang] ent]s4 ,n[1 he is q "r 9 describ+ ! /rang]'s appe>ance & dress1 b x is a fault t he goes to ! l5g? ( describ+ 8 feet1 %oes1 & /ock+s4 ,:5 we sit d[n 9 ! ev5+ & "s "o comes 91 we notice only ! upp] "p ( 8 body4 ,if ,i describe ! feet1 daylight ent]s at once1 & ! sc5e loses its nocturnal "*4--,m>* #aa1 #ahca4 ,! po9t ( view may ( c\rse be progressive4 ,! read] may be l$ on ?r\gh a l&scape or ?r\gh ! rooms ( a h\se1 = in/ance4 ,9 ?is x is necess>y to keep cle>ly 9 m9d & to make evid5t to ! read] e alt]ation 9 ! po9t ( sight4 ,prop]ly us$1 ?is me?od may be v effective2 b ! lea/ vagu5ess inevitably leads to confusion4 ,no description c be successful if !re is any unc]ta9ty 9 reg>d to ! /ation ( obs]vation4 ,! read] mu/ "k :]e he is look+ f z well z :at he is at4 ,he may n1 x is true1 realize ?is1 b ! writ] mu/ realize x = him4 ,:at has be5 said ( ! physical po9t ( view may be appli$ to ! emotional4 ,! feel+ ( ! spectator influ5ces ! impression made ^u him by t at :i* he looks4 ,d n =get ! mood 9 :i* y expect y\r read] to see ! m5tal picture :i* y are endeavor+ to pres5t4 ,if y introduce into ! mid/ ( a highly wr\ght & excit+ tale a description ( a sc5e s closely connect$ ) ! n>rative t x is important = ! read] to see x cle>ly1 y h to consid] t if y h ! hold y %\ld h ^u him he is ar\s$ by ! /ory1 & w look ) quick5$ eyes ^u ! view y\r words pres5t4 ,y may !re=e give him1 quickly & %>ply1 details su* z impr9t !mselves on ! bra9 9 mom5ts ( excitem5t4 ,! pr9ciple is "o s obvi\s z h>dly to ne$ fur!r illu/ration2 b x is n to be look$ ^u z ( small importance because small space is "h giv5 to x4 ,mu* mod]n description may be said to be entirely emotional1 9 ! s5se t x aims r to produce ! emotions ar\s$ by a sc5e ?an to picture ! sc5e 9 its physical aspect4 ,a recognition ( ! difficulty ( pres5t+ a visual image has br\ght ?is ab\t1 j z x has br\ght ab\t ! disc>d+ ( ! old-"t fa%ion ( catalogu+ details4 ,! mod]n h]o9e1 = in/ance1 is seldom describ$ by ! be/ noveli/s4 ,two or ?ree *>act]i/ic p>ticul>s are g5]ally consid]$ suffici5t to sugge/ ! :ole1 or "o t\* is cunn+ly add$ to ano!r 9 ! body ( ! n>rative1 s t ! image is =m$ almo/ imp]ceptibly4 ,x is conv5i5t to consid] ,description z be+ ( two sorts1 al?\gh no %>p l9e c be drawn betwe5 !m4 ,"o me?od may be call$ ,direct ,description1 & ! o!r ,sugge/ive ,description4 ,! names indicate ! di/9ction1--an attempt to call up a picture by ! enum]ation directly ( ! *>act]i/ics ( an object or a sc5e1 or to sugge/ x by an imag9ative figure4 ,! =m] is ! simpl]1 ! m common1 ! less subtle4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! sorts ( description may p]haps be appreciat$ by contra/+ two passages1 ! fir/ f ,%elley's 8,mont ,blanc10 & ! second f ,col]idge's 8,hymn be=e ,sunrise 9 ! ,vale ( ,*am\ni40 ,%elley1 deal+ directly ) 8 subject1 & enum]at+ actual features ( ! sc5e1 writes3-- ,?us ?\1 ,rav9e ( ,arve--d>k1 deep ,rav9e-- ,?\ _m-color$1 _m-voicd vale1 ,ov] ^: p9es & crags & cav]ns sail ,fa/ cl\d-%ad[s & sunbeams4 ,col]idge1 on ! o!r h&1 sugge/s a picture r ?an gives "o directly3-- ,ha/ ?\ a *>m to /ay ! morn+ /> ,9 8 /eep c\rse8 ,s long he seems to pause ,on ?y bald1 awful head1 ,o sovran ,blanc6 ,9 ! "o case !re is a /atem5t ( p>ticul>s1 & f ^! sep>ate features ! read] is expect$ to build up ! sc5e be=e 8 m5tal vision4 ,9 ! o!r !re is m]ely a sugge/ion ( ! morn+ /> hov]+ l+]+ly ov] ! sn[y1 awe-inspir+ cre/ ( ! mighty m\nta94 ,x seems to me t 9 ?is especial in/ance ,col]idge1 = once at lea/1 has ! bett] ( ,%elley1 & t ! impli$ picture is m vivid & effective ?an ! picture m c>efully elaborat$4 ,to take an illu/ration f prose1 let u contra/ ! description :i* ,dick5s gives ( ,sairey ,gamp ) t ( ,mrs4 ,fezziwig4 ,( ! =m] he says3-- ,%e 0 a fat old woman1 ?is ,mrs4 ,gamp1 ) a husky voice & a moi/ eye1 :i* %e _h a rem>kable p[] ( turn+ up & only %[+ ! :ite ( x4#f ,hav+ v little neck1 x co/ h] "s tr\ble to look ov] h]self1 if "o may say s1 at ^? to :om %e talk$4 ,%e wore a v ru/y g[n1 r ! worse = snuff1 & a %awl & bonnet to correspond4444 ,! face ( ,mrs4 ,gamp--! nose 9 p>ticul>--0 r$ & swoll52 & x 0 difficult to enjoy h] society )\t becom+ consci\s ( a smell ( spirits4 ,( ! o!r lady ,dick5s m]ely rem>ks3-- ,9 came ,mrs4 ,fezziwig1 "o va/ sub/antial smile4 ,good z ! =m] ( ^! descriptions is ( its k9d1 x seems to me t if ?is 7 all t we 7 told ab\t ^! two *>act]s1 we %\ld h 9 ! m9d a m di/9ct picture ( ,mrs4 ,fezziwig ?an ( ,mrs4 ,gamp4 ,"o is n oblig$ to %>e ?is op9ion1 h[ev]1 to appreciate ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two me?ods4 ,9 ,direct ,description1 ! fir/ ?+ to be consid]$1 aft] ! po9t ( view is select$1 is :at is ! c5tral idea ( ! picture :i* is to be produc$4 ,x is apt to be ! fact t f a description ! read] gets "o cle> & vivid impression to :i* all else is subord9ate1 & beside :i* all else is comp>atively vague4 ,x is !re=e (t5 wise to put all ! real /ress ^u ! po9ts to be acc5t$1 leav+ ! read] to imag9e ! re/4 ,! matt] ( select+ ! c5tral ?\ght is ( ! m weight1 s9ce x is important t ?is be giv5 cle>ly to ! read] at its fir/ pres5tation4 ,:oev] has tri$ to alt] a m5tal image kn[s h[ difficult x is to *ange a picture :i* is already def9$ 9 ! imag9ation4 ,if ! m9d 9 con/ruct+ a picture has conceiv$ ( a m\nta9 z /&+ on ! "r1 & aft]w>d f9ds t ! au?or int5d$ x to be on ! left1 x is on ! "r t t m\nta9 is likely to rema9 9 ! ideal l&scape4 ,i h always be5 a little tr\bl$ by ! fact t 9 8 description at ! comm5cem5t ( 8,! ,m]ry ,m510 ,/ev5son1 c>eful & exquisite arti/ ?\gh he 01 speaks ( ! 8great granite rocks t 444 g d[n toge!r 9 troops into ! sea1 l cattle on a summ]'s day20 & !n1 a little lat]1 decl>es t 8on calm days y c g w&]+ betwe5 !m 9 a boat = h\rs1 e*oes foll[+ y ab\t ! labyr9?40 ,f ! comp>ison to cattle1 ,i always get ! idea ( b\ld]s mu* small] ?an ! second s5t5ce %[s to h be5 int5d$4 ,! readju/m5t is an unpleasant break :i* j>s ^u ! reality ( ! :ole4 ,9 ! fir/ example :i* ,i gave y1 we are told t ! writ] saw a glade1 cov]$ ) s(t1 ?9 grass1 speckl$ ) fl[]s4 ,x is add$ t ! glade 0 set r\nd ) trees1 & !n t on "o side 7 a c\ple ( tall b\ld]s1 across :i* _h fall5 a l>ge bee* tree4 ,?is does n seem ! natural or ! effective ord]4 ,! eye w\ld fir/ notice t ! glade 0 set ab\t ) trees1 next t !re 0 ! l>ge fall5 tree1 ly+ across ! b\ld]s1 & only aft] ?is see t ! gr\nd 0 cov]$ ) fl[]-spott$1 ?9 grass4 ,"h is ano!r example :i* illu/rates ! same error3-- ,v]va9 saw be=e him a rude mob1 arm$ ) all sorts ( improvis$ weapons4 ,!y _h evid5tly caught up scy!s1 bill-hooks1 axes1 or :atev] came fir/ to h&4 ,9 ! mid/ ( !m 8 eye di/+ui%$ ,h5ley & ,we/]n1 & !y 7 all l$ by a l>ge1 co>se man ) a r$ cap1 :o seem$ to h "s au?ority ov] !m4 ,!y 7 m>%al$ into a rude ord]1 ! l9es be+ wav]+ & unev51 & all 7 evid5tly fi]cely excit$4 ,! au?or speaks fir/ ( a 8rude mob10 a phrase :i* calls up a =mless & confus$ mass ( m54 ,we are next told t 9 ! mid/ ! spectator recogniz$ two acqua9tances1 !n t !re 0 a lead]1 & aft] t t ! cr[d 0 mov+ 9 rude ord]1 ) unev5 l9es4 ,?is la/ /atem5t =ces ! read] to alt]1 if he c1 8 fir/ impression1 & in/ead ( imag9+ a confus$ cr[d1 to ?9k ( a company irregul>ly organiz$4 ,if ! writ] _h really se5 9 8 own m9d ! ?+ ( :i* he wrote1 he w\ld 9 ! fir/ place h spok5 ( ! mob z a company l$ by a lead] conspicu\s 9 8 r$ cap1 & m>*+ 9 wav]+ l9es4 ,aft] ?is he w\ld h be5 consci\s ( ! r\gh & improvis$ weapons1 & only aft] all ^! ?+s _h =c$ !mselves ^u 8 att5tion w\ld !re h be5 any recognition ( individuals4 ,to select ! c5tral idea x is g5]ally safe to consid] :at "o's own fir/ or /ronge/ impression 0 or w\ld be at sight ( ! ?+ pictur$4 ,! effective ord] is usually t :i* w\ld be ! actual exp]i5ce ( ! read] if he 7 /&+ 9 ! fle% at ! po9t ( view indicat$ by ! au?or4 ,?is is ! natural me?od1 & :ile x has its dang]s1 x is at once practical & logical4 ,9 any case1 !re mu/ be "s reason = ! ord]1 s t ! read] may be l$ f "o po9t to ! next4 ,consecutiv5ess is ! logic ( ,description & ,n>ration4 ,z an example ( describ+ :]e ! details are arrang$ z !y w\ld be likely to cat* ! att5tion ( ! spectator1 we may take ?is picture f t classic ( ,am]ican lit]ature1 ,sylve/] ,judd's 8,m>g>et30-- ,! pond cov]$ sev]al hundr$s ( acres1 its greate/ diamet] measur+ ab\t a mile & a half2 its outl9e 0 irregul>1 "h divid$ by %>p rocks1 !re retreat+ into %ad$ coves2 & on its face appe>$ ?ree or f\r small isl&s1 be>+ trees & l[ bu%es4 ,its banks1 if n really /eep1 _h a bluff & precipit\s aspect f ! tall =e/ t girdl$ x ab\t4--,*4 i4 ,or ?is exquisite bit f ,/ev5son3-- ,! riv] !re is damm$ back = ! s]vice ( ! fl\r-mill j bel[1 s t x lies deep & d>kl+1 & ! s& slopes into br[n obscurity ) a gl9t ( gold2 & x has b newly be5 recruit$ by ! borr[+s ( ! snuff-mill j above1 & ^!1 tumbl+ m]rily 91 %ake ! pool to its black he>t1 fill x ) dr[sy eddies1 & set ! curd$ fro? ( _m o!r mills solemnly /e]+ to & fro ^u ! surface4--,! ,manse4 ,dick5s obs]ves ?is natural ord] 9 _m ( 8 detail$ pictures ( p]sons4 ,! portrait ( ,mr4 ,grimwig may s]ve z an example3-- ,at ?is mom5t !re walk$ into ! room1 support+ himself by a ?ick /ick1 a /\t old g5tleman1 r lame 9 "o leg1 :o 0 dress$ 9 a blue coat1 /rip$ wai/coat1 nanke5 bree*es & gait]s1 & a broad-brimm$ :ite hat ) ! sides turn$ up ) gre54 ,a v small-plait$ %irt-frill /uck out f 8 wai/coat1 & a v long /eel wat*-*a91 ) no?+ b a key at ! end1 dangl$ loosely bel[ x4 ,! ends ( 8 :ite neck]*ief 7 twi/$ into a ball ab\t ! size ( an orange2 ! v>iety ( %apes into :i* 8 c\nt5ance 0 twi/$ defy description4 ,he _h a mann] ( screw+ 8 head r\nd on "o side :5 he spoke1 & look+ out ( ! corn]s ( 8 eyes at ! same "t1 :i* irresi/ibly rem9d$ ! behold] ( a p>rot4--,oliv] ,twi/4 ,?is elaboration ( p>ticul>s is some:at out ( fa%ion4 ,p>ticul>s are grasp$ by ! eye s quickly t ! delib]ation ( words is apt to de/roy proportion1 :ile x is also true t ! read] is 9 dang] ( =gett+ ! beg9n+ be=e he rea*es ! end4 ,x is p]haps wor? :ile to give an example ( ! abuse ( ?is me?od1 s9ce all inexp]i5c$ writ]s h a t5d5cy to mi/ake a catalogue = a description4 ,x is manife/ly idle to pile up p>ticul>s1 unless !y are kept subord9ate to "s c5tral ?\ght4 ,"h is ! description ( ! h]o9e ( a mod]n ,engli% novel1 8,a ,*elsea ,h\sehold]30-- ,to beg91 !n1 ,muriel 0 tall1 ) a slight1 erect figure1 a quick /ep1 & an air ( y\? & vigor :i* did ! behold] good to look at4#g ,h] face 0 oval1 z ne>ly oval at lea/ z a face c be 9 :i* ! *9 is a good deal m pron\nc$ ?an is usual 9 classic beauties4 ,! *eeks 7 pale1 pal] ?an !y _h any bus9ess to be1 judg+ by ! re/ ( ! physique1 ! mo/ noticeable fact 9 po9t ( color+ be+ t ! eyes1 hair1 br[s1 & la%es 7 all ( ! same1 or pretty ne>ly ! same1 color--a deep1 d>k br[n1 incl9+ to *e/nut above ! temples1 f :i* ! hair 0 bru%$ c\rage\sly back1 s z to =m a small knot at ! back ( ! head4 ,h] eyes--n1 p]haps1 by ! way1 a /rik+ly orig9al trait 9 a h]o9e--7 l>ge & bright2 inde$1 bright] or pleasant] eyes h seldom look$ out ( a woman's face1 _! beauty consi/+ less 9 _! size & color ?an 9 ?is v vividness & brightness1 :i* seem$ to %9e out ( ! irises !mselves4 ,= all t1 ! face 9 repose 0 n exactly a bright "o1 or r ! brightness came to x only by fits & />ts1 its prevail+ expression be+ a some:at sob] "o1 a sobriety giv+ way1 h[ev]1 at a t\*1 & be+ replac$ by a peculi>ly sun%9y smile & glance4 ,?is is n ! :ole ( ! p>agraph1 b x is en\gh = our purpose4 ,!re ne$ n be a bett] example ( h[ n to d x1 or ( h[ mu* may be said ab\t a ?+ )\t convey+ any def9ite idea ( x4 ,= my own "p1 ,i h no idea :atev] h[ ,muriel look$1 & long be=e ,i got half ?r\gh h] v]bal portrait ,i _h ceas$ to c>e4 ,few faults are m common ?an ?is furni%+ a li/ ( p>ticul>s 9 ! expectation t ! read] w con/ruct !refrom ! picture :i* ! au?or has n be5 clev] en\gh to make cle>--a me?od1 x might be add$1 n unlike ! sy/em ( punctuation adopt$ by ! late s-call$ ,"l ,timo?y ,dext]1 :o put all ! po9ts toge!r at ! end ( 8 book1 & direct$ 8 read]s to di/ribute !m at _! own pleasure4 ,x is h>dly ne$ful to rem>k ^u ! prime necessity ( cle>ness 9 description1 b x is p]haps n amiss to rem9d beg9n]s t x is n possible to picture a ?+ :i* ! writ] does n himself see4 ,if he is writ+ ( an imag9>y l&scape & speak ( a tree1 he %\ld be able if he *oose to c\nt ! bran*es ( t tree z cle>ly z if x 9 reality /ood be=e him4 ,unless he "k :e!r ! heads ( ! fl[]s tip to ! "r or to ! left1 :e!r ! %eep on ! hillside ( :i* he writes are ne>] ! f5ce on ! "o side or to ! /one wall on ! o!r1 unless he c ) inn] vision actually see ! %ape ( ! h]o9e's head & ! l5g? ( h] f+]s1 ! slope ( h] neck & ! folds ( h] g[n z if %e 7 9 bodily pres5ce be=e him1 he _c describe any ( ^! ?+s4 ,he _c tell :at he does n "k4 ,m ?an t1 he _c tell to o!rs z mu* z he kn[s2 s t unless he be able to see a good deal m ?an he wi%es to imp>t1 he w fail to convey z mu* z he desires4 ,x is ( importance to cultivate ! habit ( visualiz+ ?+s1 if "o int5ds to describe !m4 ,! m9d %\ld be tra9$ to conceive ( !m z visibly be=e x4 ,?is is ! only way ( arriv+ at ! p[] ( vivid portrayal4 ,x is easy to g ?r\gh ! books ( great writ]s & select ^? :i* %[ t ! au?ors h ?is p[] ( visualization4 ,if a writ] has x n1 no skill ( diction or ( con/ruction c avail to supply its lack4 ,9 ,description we h aga9 occasion to emphasize ! rule :i* 0 giv5 9 ,exposition3 proce$ f ! ne> to ! remote2 f ! physical to ! m5tal2 f ! obvi\s to ! obscure4 ,hom]1 surpass$ 9 happ9ess ( epi!t by ,%akespe>e only1 af=ds abundant illu/rations ( ?is po9t4 ,he says1 = in/ance3 8,:eels r\nd1 braz51 eight-spok$20 8%ields smoo?1 beautiful1 braz51 well-hamm]$40 ,! p>ticul>s are giv5 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y w\ld naturally be obs]v$4 ,t ! :eel is r\nd & t ! %ield is smoo?1 ! eye p]ceives at once4 ,! second glance adds ! fact ( mat]ial1 & s on4 ,:at is meant by tak+ up ! physical be=e ! m5tal is illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ s5t5ce f a !me pictur+ ! appe>ance ( a h>bor 9 ! ,we/ ,indies3-- ,9 ! di/ance ,i saw six or sev5 vessels 9 qu>ant9e = yell[ fev]1 all fly+ yell[ flags4 ,! process ( ! m9d is "h rev]s$4 ,! spectator sees ! flags & reflects t !y indicate qu>ant9e = yell[ fev]4 ,x is n1 z a g5]al ?+1 well to int]sp]se ^! m5tal comm5ts4 ,x may prop]ly be done 9 a case l ?is1 because 9 read+1 z 9 see+1 ! m9d is likely to inquire :at is ! signification ( ! yell[ flags2 & x is well to answ] ?is "q 9 ord] t ! read]'s att5tion d n w&] 9 se>* ( an answ]4 ,if ?is is to be done1 h[ev]1 ! physical appe>ance :i* gives rise to ! int]rogation %\ld be giv5 fir/4 ,to rev]se ! ord] is some?+ l giv+ fir/ an answ] & !n ! conundrum to :i* x belongs4 ,x is z bad z mix+ metaphors to m+le physical & m5tal *>act]i/ics4 ,9 a description ( ! volcano ( ,kilauea ,i f\nd ?is s5t5ce3-- ,! comb9ation ( vivid r$ & gre5 contra/$ ) ! dea?like quiet & gr&eur ( ! crat]4 ,x is n possible to contra/ physical qualities l color ) emotional ones su* z quiet & gr&eur4 ,x is l multiply+ pictures by potatoes4 ,( effects us$ 9 ,description ! appeal to ! sight is manife/ly by f> ! mo/ effective4 ,inde$1 x is to be que/ion$ :e!r any o!r is ( use save 9 v r>e in/ances4 ,( c\rse ! individual temp]am5t ( ! read] has mu* to d ) ?is matt]1 & ,i am p]haps influ5c$ by ! fact t :ile x is v easy = me to see ?+s 9 imag9ation x is r difficult = me to he> !m4 ,!re is no "q1 h[ev]1 t an appeal to ! s5se ( he>+ is ) ! av]age read] less likely to be conv9c+ ?an t to sight4 ,x seems to me also t ! use ( smell is less (t5 successful ?an ei!r ( ! o!rs1 & yet ,kipl+ has %[n h[ effective ?is may be if employ$ by a ma/]4 ,! m5tion ( odors is m likely1 p]haps1 to belong to description by sugge/ion ?an to description simple & direct4 ,an important elem5t 9 ,description is movem5t4 ,?is consi/s 9 %[+ ! details ( a picture z if ! m9d ( ! read] 7 mov+ f "o to ano!r4 ,x is secur$ by nam+ !m z !y w\ld be obs]v$2 by pres5t+ !m z !y w\ld successively become app>5t to "s o!r p]son2 or by exhibit+ !m 9 connection ) _! effects4 ,p]haps ,i may be able to %[ ?is by ?ree brief pictures ( a peasant girl4 #a4 ,%e 0 a beautiful peasant girl1 tall & sl5d]1 dress$ 9 ! fa%ion ( ! c\ntry1 & c>ry+ 9 h] h& a bun* ( sc>let poppies4 ,h] sn[y coif 0 pu%$ back1 %[+ br[n *eeks1 a mass ( black hair1 & bright1 />tl$ eyes4 #b4 ,paul wat*$ ! tall1 sl5d] peasant come up ! fl[]y lane1 twirl+ 9 h] h& z %e walk$ a h&ful ( flam+ r$ poppies4 ,he 0 sure t %e _h n notic$ him1 & he smil$ at ! unconsci\s beauty ( h] br[n face1 cle> eyes1 & black1 wavy hair4 #c4 ,! arti/'s gaze 0 sudd5ly arre/$ by a tall peasant girl1 :o walk$ sl[ly up ! lane4 ,he /opp$ to wat* h]1 attract$ by ! grace ( h] sl5d] figure1 & not+ appreciatively ! effect aga9/ h] gray g[n ( ! sc>let poppies :i* %e 0 twirl+ 9 h] br[n h&s4 ,z %e drew ne>]1 & unconsci\sly pu%$ back ! sn[y coif1 an involunt>y exclamation escap$ 8 lips at ! brilliancy ( ! eyes :i* fla%$ out at him f b5ea? h] black1 tumbl$ hair4 ,su* movem5t z !re is 9 ! fir/ ( ^! dep5ds ^u ! arrangem5t ( ! p>ticul>s 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y w\ld naturally be p]ceiv$ by ! read]2 9 ! second ?is ord] is %[n to be natural by pres5tation ( ! details z if !y 7 se5 by a spectator2 :ile 9 ! ?ird ! effect is height5$ by ! introduction ( ! emotions ar\s$ 9 ! m9d ( ! arti/ by ! sight ( ! girl4 ,:e!r ^! examples make ! fact cle> or n1 !re is no "q t ! la/ =m is ! mo/ effective4 ,x is n always available1 nor is x always appropriate2 b :5 x is possible x is m vivid & p]suasive ?an any o!r me?od4 ,!re is 9 x m sugge/iv5ess1 & h5ce !re is m =ce4 ,z a practical example ( ! use ( ?is me?od1 ?is f ,?omas ,h>dy may s]ve3-- ,h[ v lovable h] face 0 to him6 ,!re 0 no?+ e!real ab\t x2 all 0 real vitality1 real w>m?1 real inc>nation4 ,yet :5 all 0 ?\ght & felt t c\ld be ?\ght & felt ab\t h] features 9 g5]al1 x 0 h] m\? :i* turn$ out to be ! magnetic pole !re(4 ,eyes almo/ z deep & speak+ he _h se5 be=e1 & *eeks p]haps z fair2 br[s z ar*$1 a *9 & ?roat almo/ z %apely2 h] m\? he _h se5 no?+ at all to equal on ! face ( ! e>?4 ,to a "y man ) ! lea/ fire 9 him1 t little upw>d lift 9 ! middle ( h] top lip 0 di/ract+1 infatuat+1 madd5+4 ,he _h nev] be=e se5 a woman's lips & tee? :i* =c$ ^u 8 m9d1 ) su* p]si/5t it]ation1 ! old ,elizabe?an simile ( roses fill$ ) sn[4--,tess ( ! ,d',urb]villes1 xxiv4 ,footnote #e3 ,a pleasant if a little exagg]at$ illu/ration ( ! way 9 :i* pictures are made up f mat]ials 9 ! m9d is af=d$ by ?is acc\nt ( ! vision ( ,rome :i* a boy conjur$ up 9 8 m9d3 8,rome6444 ,i tri$ to imag9e :at x w\ld be l :5 ,i got !re4 ,! ,coliseum ,i knew1 ( c\rse1 f a woodcut 9 ! hi/ory-book2 s to beg9 ) ,i plump$ t d[n 9 ! middle4 ,! re/ _h to be pat*$ up f ! little gray m>ket-t[n :]e twice a ye> we w5t to h our hair cut2 h5ce1 9 ! result1 ,vespasian's amphi!atre 0 approa*$ by muddy little /reets1 :]e9 ! ,r$ ,lion & ! ,blue ,bo>1 ) ,somebody's ,entire along _! front1 & 8,comm]cial ,room0 on _! w9d[s2 ! doctor's h\se1 ( sub/antial r$ brick2 & ! faade ( ! ,new ,wesleyan ,*apel1 :i* we ?\ght v f9e1 7 ! *ief ar*itectural ornam5ts2 :ile ! ,roman populace pott]$ ab\t 9 smocks & corduroys1 twi/+ ! tails ( ! ,roman calves & invit+ ea* o!r to be] 9 musical ,wessex40--,,k5ne? ,,graham3 ,! ,gold5 ,age4 ,footnote #f3 ,sic4 ,footnote #g3 ,sic4 ,,xv ,,description ,,cont9u$ ,description by ,sugge/ion is p]haps n to be call$ ,description 9 ! exact mean+ ( ! ^w1 b 9 s f> z x is an attempt to call up an image x is prop] to consid] x s4 ,ev5 if x seem b an attempt to induce 9 ! m9d ! _s ( a sc5e1 a "*1 or a ?+1 x may /ill be treat$ z ,description1 s9ce ! ma9 purpose is to br+ vividly to ! ?\ght ( ! read] ! image ( ! ?+ spok5 (4 ,x has already be5 said t words c add no mat]ial image to ^? 9 ! m9d1 b mu/ "w by ! re>rangem5t ( :at is already !re4 ,if ,i read ! acc\nt ( a little ru/ic pond ,i call to m9d "s %eet ( wat] t ,i h se54 ,if ,i h liv$ 9 ! ,s\? ! picture is likely to be t ( a lakelet bord]$ by moss-hung trees1 :ile if my exp]i5ces h be5 conf9$ to ,new ,engl& ,i %all involunt>ily ?9k ( nor!rn foliage & sc5]y4 ,i %all 9 any case con/ruct out ( old images ?is new "o4 ,n[ ! m9d is be/ able to d ?is = itself if simply prop]ly ar\s$ & guid$ in/ead ( be+ too m9utely direct$4 ,9 direct description ! au?or adds p>ticul> to p>ticul>1 bidd+ ! read] put "o detail 9 place by ! o!rs4 ,if a writ] d ?is ) suffici5t skill1 he may succe$ 9 induc+ ! consci\sness ( ! read] to foll[ him2 b always he is lead+ & ! o!r is be+ l$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 a sugge/ion is us$ ! read] is ar\s$ to take1 z x 71 ! initiative4 ,:5 ,dick5s calls ,mrs4 ,fezziwig 8"o va/1 sub/antial smile10 he /imulates ! read] to picture ! woman = himself4 ,"h ! imag9ation ( ! "o :o reads takes ! lead in/ead ( foll[+4 ,x goes by ! pa? po9t$ out by ! au?or1 b x goes by itself4 ,! result is t fre%ness & cle>ness ( impression :i* belong only to :at ! m9d does or seems to d volunt>ily4 ,?is is p]haps mak+ m ( a %[ ( psy*ology ?an ! occasion calls = or ?an my k ( t difficult sci5ce w>rants2 b at lea/ x may s]ve to emphasize once m ! fact t :atev] ! writ] c induce ! read] to d = himself is sure to be greatly m effective ?an any?+ :i* ! writ] c d = him4 ,h]e9 lies ! value ( sugge/ive description4 ,x ar\ses ! m9d to be actively receptive4 ,ano!r way ( putt+ ! same ?+ w\ld p]haps be to say t av[$ description appeals m to ! und]/&+1 :ile sugge/ion addresses itself m directly to ! imag9ation4 ,! simple/ =m ( any description is ( c\rse ! epi!t4 ,?is 9 lit]al description is apt to be ineffective f its meagr5ess4 ,9 sugge/ion x is (t5 ri* & satisfactory4 ,:5 ,hom] speaks ( ! 8swift-foot$ ,a*illes10 he has n pictur$ ! h]o1 yet he conveys by ! implication ( ! epi!t an image :i* is n )\t di/9ctness4 ,! same is true ( su* ,hom]ic phrases z 8f>-d>t+ ,apollo10 8laught]-lov+ ,aphrodite10 or 8ox-ey$ ,juno40 ,9 ! same way into a s+le simile may be cond5s$ a description by sugge/ion :i* c\ld be giv5 directly only by pages4 ,to g to ! 8,iliad10 aga91 take ?is example3-- ,z ! gu/s spe$ on1 :5 %rill w9ds bl[1 on a day :5 du/ lies ?icke/ on ! roads1 & ! w9ds raise toge!r a great cl\d ( du/1 ev5 s _! battle cla%$ toge!r1 & all 7 fa9 ( he>t to slay ea* o!r 9 ! press ) ! ke5 bronze4--,lang's ,iliad1 xiii4 ,!re is "h no direct picture1 yet ! m9d sees ! confus$ & furi\s onslaught m cle>ly ?an if all its details 7 enum]at$4 ,l[ell notes a happy in/ance ( ?is sort ( pictur+ by intimation :5 he says ( ,*auc]3 ,sometimes he describes amply by ! m]e/ h9t1 z :]e ! ,fri>1 be=e sett+ himself d[n1 drives away ! cat4 ,we "k )\t ne$ ( m words t he has *os5 ! snugge/ corn]4 ,ano!r rem>k :i* ,l[ell makes 9 ?is connection ,i _c pass )\t quot+3-- ,:5 ,*auc] describes any?+1 x is commonly 9 "o ( ^? simple & obvi\s epi!ts or qualities t are s easy to miss4 ,is x a woman8 ,he tells u t %e is fre%2 t %e has glad eyes2 t 8e day h] beauty new$40 ,notice ! phrase1 8^? simple & obvi\s epi!ts or qualities t are s easy to miss40 ,:atev] we may le>n lat]1 we all beg9 by suppos+ t x is imp]ative = a writ] to g f> afield1 & to discov] traits1 epi!ts1 & ?\ghts t nobody has us$ be=e4 ,"h z 9 all writ+ he succe$s be/ :o mo/ c>efully conf9es himself to j ^? traits1 epi!ts1 & ?\ghts :i* p h us$ be=e1 b :o s uses !m t !y h new =ce4 ,he mu/ feel s ke5ly :atev] he writes t 8 words %all seem new because ( ! conviction beh9d !m2 & ! read] w f9d a cont9ual *>m 9 ?is discov]y1 z x 71 ( ! mean+ ( famili> t]ms4 ,9 common practice x is seldom t ei!r ( ! two sorts ( composition :i* ,i h nam$ is us$ alone1 & ! mo/ successful me?od is t :i* happily unites !m4 ,no lit]ature c g f> or effect mu* :i* does n call sugge/ion to its aid1 & ?is is p]haps m emphatically true 9 ,description ?an 9 any o!r division ( composition4 ,description is really a k9d ( cont9u$ comp>ison ( ! image :i* is 9 ! m9d ( ! writ] ) ?+s :i* ! read] may be suppos$ to h se54 ,z 9 ! use ( comp>ison 9 simile1 sugge/ion is ! mo/ effective tool at ! h& ( ! craftsman4 ,x might be add$ t ! rules giv5 = ! use ( figures w be f\nd1 by "o :o takes ! tr\ble to exam9e !m1 to be practically & directly applicable to ,description4 ,i h spok5 c>efully ?us f> z if ,description _h to d ) no?+ save ! pictur+ ( ! physical4 ,!re 0 p]haps dang] le/ ! ^w 8picture0 might seem =c$ if too soon appli$ to ?+s m5tal & intangible4 ,description1 h[ev]1 has z "o ( its common & legitimate functions1 p]haps z its highe/ (fice1 ! pictur+ ( conditions ( m9d1 ( /ates ( emotion1 ( all sorts ( m5tal exp]i5ces4 ,its (fice is to call !m up s vividly t ! read] %all realize & %>e !m4 ,n t he %all feel !m z 8 own1 b z if he saw !m ) ! mo/ intimate & sympa!tic compreh5sion ( !m4 ,if ! read] receiv$ ! sorr[ ( ,k+ ,le> z 8 own1 he w\ld be 9 dang] ( go+ mad z ,k+ ,le> w5t mad4 ,if he %>$ z a p]sonal exp]i5ce ! love ( ,romeo = ,juliet1 no o!r maid ( actual fle% & blood w\ld satisfy 8 devotion4 ,x is n z a p]sonal b z an imag9ative exp]i5ce t "o is to ent] into ^! passions4 ,! description ( an emotion is an endeavor to give a picture ( x 9 mu* ! same s5se t a picture ( a l&scape is giv54 ,! read] does n 9 ei!r case mi/ake ! m5tal impression = ! actual ?+1 b 9 bo? in/ances he is mov$ by ! complet5ess & reality ( ! portrayal4 ,we come "h v close to ,n>ration1 & to :at has be5 said ( ! description ( physical ?+s !re is n mu* :i* ne$ be add$ to cov] ! case ( immat]ial ?+s4 ,! pr9ciples are mu* ! same 9 "o ef=t z 9 ! o!r4 ,9 ! br++ up ( emotions & /ates ( feel+ x is m (t5 wise to use ! sugge/ive me?od4 ,! "q is moreov] "o ( great] subtilty & delicacy4 ,9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r x is g5]ally well to be gov]n$ by ! ord] 9 :i* ! details ( ! reality w\ld pres5t !mselves to ! inn] s5se4 ,! natural is apt to be ! mo/ effective ord]4 ,x is well1 too1 to g f ! ne> to ! remote1 f ! likely to ! unlikely1 f ! simple to ! complex4 ,x is p]haps n amiss to make "h an especial po9t ( ! phrase :i* has be5 us$ two or ?ree times already 9 o!r connections3 ,proce$ g5]ally f ! physical to ! m5tal4 ,if )\t too evid5t artifice ! physical c be made ! introduction to ! m5tal /ate1 ! impression is almo/ sure to be vivid4 ,! pictur+ ( s5sations is at once ! mo/ surely effective & ! mo/ ri*ly sugge/ive4 ,rudy>d ,kipl+ is a ma/] ( ?is4 ,he con/antly leads ! m9d ( ! read] to emotions ?r\gh description ( a physical s5sation2 & x is l>gely by 8 skill 9 ?is t he ov]comes ! difficulty ( deal+ ) !mes & emotions :i* are s f> f ! ord9>y exp]i5ce ( an occid5tal audi5ce4 ,/ev5son is ano!r au?or :o und]/ood well ! use ( ! physical4 ,8 wond]ful description ( ! flight ?r\gh ! hea!r 9 8,kidnapp$0 is "o ( ! mo/ brilliant examples ( ?is sort ( writ+ 9 mod]n--inde$1 :y %\ld "o n say 9 all8--lit]ature4 ,9 summ+ up1 x seems to me j to say t he :o w\ld pa9t ) words mu/ h n only ! p[] ( writ+ well1 b he mu/ also possess ?ree especial qualities4 ,he mu/ be able to p]ceive a g5]al effect2 he mu/ be able to analyze ?is g5]al effect into ! details :i* produce x2 & he mu/ h ! ability s to express ^! p>ticul>s t _! relative values %all be pres]v$4 ,! read] mu/ fir/ be giv5 a broad idea ( ! ?+1 ! sc5e1 ! p]son to be pictur$4 ,?is is no less true 9 a case :]e ! object is to fix ! att5tion ^u details ?an :]e ! aim is to give a broad impression4 ,! m9d does n1 ,i believe1 grasp ! details until aft] x has receiv$ ! wid] impression1 & x is necess>y to make ! latt] ! backgr\nd ( ! =m]4 ,a rem>k :i* is made by ,fuseli ^u pa9t+ may be appli$ "h4 ,he obs]ves t bread? is atta9$ n by ! omission ( details1 b by _! submission4 ,:ile x is idle to catalogue1 x is n ne$ful to omit any?+ :i* is ( use 9 convey+ ! picture s\ght4 ,z long z ! details are made to submit to ! c5tral ?\ght1 are kept cle> & subord9ate1 !re is no call to suppress !m4 ,above ev]y?+ mu/ ! writ] ( ,description see cle>ly :at he wi%es to picture1 feel g5u9ely :at he desires to communicate1 & conf9e himself to t :i* is se5 & felt by him1--by him alone out ( all ! p]sons :o walk ?is e>?4 ,if x is ) vague s5sations t he is deal+1 !y mu/ yet be cle> & real to him2 if x is ) ! emotions ( imag9>y p]sons1 x is ) _! emotions z ^! are felt by him4 ,?is is ! mo/ difficult task 9 lit]>y art2 x is1 too1 :5 prop]ly accompli%$1 ! mo/ spl5did triumph ( lit]>y skill4 ,,xvi ,,n>ration ,! m fasc9at+ any lit]>y "w1 ! m difficult x is to write ab\t x satisfactorily4 ,! m5tion ( ! ,d',artagnan ,romances br+s up s vivid a sugge/ion ( life & /ir1 ( adv5ture & fire1 t any essay :i* disc\rses ( ^! sup]b novels is almo/ sure to seem tame by contra/4 ,9 ! m]e names ( 8,tom ,jones10 8,h5ry ,esmond10 8,! ,sc>let ,lett]10 !re is s mu* pot5cy t simply to use !m z illu/rations involves ! dang] ( r5d]+ dull & opaque by contra/ ! surface ( exposition 9 :i* !y are set l jewels4 ,ev5 ! specification ( ,n>ration z a division ( composition connotes s _m pleasant s5sations t he mu/ be a clev] man :o c deal ) ! te*nicalities ( ?is sort ( writ+ )\t bor+ 8 read]s4 ,x is to be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t be=e 8,! ,lesson 9 ,anatomy0 c\ld be pa9t$ ,rembr&t _h to le>n h[ canvas is prep>$ & h[ colors are mix$2 t ! ,n9? ,symphony c\ld n be compos$ until dry details ( c\nt]po9t & h>mony _h be5 ma/]$4 ,x is apt to seem to ! inexp]i5c$ writ] z if to /udy ! te*nique ( art is to bru% ! bloom f ! pea*4 ,he likes to feel t only :at is spontane\s c be fre% & vital2 & he =gets t 9 art spontaneity is impossible until ! te*nical me?od has be5 s p]fectly ma/]$ t ! creative impulse is unhamp]$ by inability to express itself4 ,x is n ! untra9$ & ! inexp]i5c$ :o are able to be nave & fre% 9 art1 b only ! ma/] to :om te*nical excell5ce has become a second nature4 ,hav+ 9 a =m] talk decl>$ ,description to be ! mo/ difficult sort ( composition1 ,i am tempt$ n[ to make a bull1 & to decl>e t ,n>ration is m difficult /ill6 ,inde$1 ?is w\ld h>dly be extravagant1 7 x n t ! natural1 in/9ctive int]e/ ( mank9d 9 :atev] is a /ory comes to ! aid ( him :o writes a n>rative4 ,n>ration z x exi/s 9 practice1 h[ev]1 is h>dly to be consid]$ alone4 ,( all v>ieties ( composition1 ?is is ! "o :i* mo/ compreh5sively embraces all o!r =ms4 ,x dem&s all ! res\rces ( ! lit]>y arti/4 ,exposition1 ,argum5t1 & ,description are all enli/$ 9 ! s]vices ( ! /ory-tell]2 & are s bl5d$ 9 ! wo( ( 8 web t !y c sc>cely be disassociat$ f ! n>rative itself4 ,a succession ( ev5ts c be fully told only 9 words4 ,ev5 :5 we see a clev] pantomime--z1 = example1 8,l',enfant ,prodigue10 :i* 0 ext5sively play$ 9 ?is c\ntry by a ,fr5* company a ye> or two ago1--we are =c$ to supply 9 our m9ds a sort ( runn+ int]pretation ( ! acts z !y g on be=e u4 ,music may int]pret cont9u\s emotions1 b its inadequacy to tell a def9ite tale is abundantly %[n by t odd hybrid kn[n z 8programme music40 ,pa9t+ may give a succession ( relat$ !mes1 b betwe5 ! mom5ts *os5 = repres5tation !re are gaps :i* break ! cont9uity4 ,to convey a complete & cont9u\s acc\nt ( ev5ts !re is no res\rce 9 all ! arts b words4 ,x naturally foll[s t ,n>ration is m intimately connect$ ) actual life ?an any o!r sort ( writ+4 ,x is ! ev5ts ( life :i* move u1 & ! hi/ory ( ^! ar\ses ! feel+s z no expository or argum5tative page c ar\se !m4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to enum]ate all ! _m =ms :i* ,n>ration takes4 ,hi/ories1 biographies1 plays1 novels1 romances1 anecdotes1 epics1 /ories long & /ories %ort1 ! acc\nt ( a j\rney & ! folk-tale ?r\gh :i* ! fairies frisk fanta/ically1 are all includ$ "u ?is division4 ,! t$i\s twaddle & sea-wat] ( 8,! ,voyage ( ! ,sunbeam10 & ! quiv]+ pages ( 8,les ,misrables10 ! acc\nt ( a fire or a burgl>y 9 ! morn+ pap]1 ! anecdote ov] :i* a pair ( drumm]s *uckle 9 a ,we/]n railway c>1 & ! delicate romances ( ,haw?orne1--beautiful & pure z delicate fro/-"w se5 by moonlight1--all ^! belong "h1 & all ^! are b a "p4 ,x is manife/ly impossible to take up ea* v>iety sep>ately1 ev5 7 x at all wor? :ile4 ,we mu/ be cont5t to conc]n ourselves ) g5]al pr9ciples4 ,=tunately x is n difficult s to phrase ^! t !y %all be applicable to n>ratives ( all sorts4 ,s _m s-call$ /ories writt5 by inexp]i5c$ writ]s are m]ely memor&a = tales1 undige/$ & un>rang$1 t !re is suffici5t excuse = be+ some:at rudim5t>y 9 our treatm5t ( ! subject4 ,:ile "y au?ors cont9ue to give u ! mat]ial = n>ratives in/ead ( prop]ly =m$ & f9i%$ ,n>ration !re is at lea/ ! *ance ( do+ good4 ,! fir/ requisite 9 sett+ out to tell a /ory is to h a /ory to tell4 ,x is true t n a few mod]n novels might be cit$ z seem+ to prove ! opposite ( ?is proposition4 ,!re is a rec5t s*ool ( fiction 9 :i* ! fir/ pr9ciple seems to be t if "o is to attempt to tell a /ory he mu/ above all ?+s else be c>eful n to h "o 9 8 remote/ ?\ght4 ,! patron sa9t ( su* writ]s seems to be ! ne$y knife-gr9d] ( ,cann+1 ) 8 8,/ory6 ,god bless y6 ,i h none to tell1 sir40 ,! _w 9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 /ill holds logically to ! old !ory1 & believes t to h some?+ to relate is ess5tial 9 ,n>ration4 ,x is n t ! !me ( a n>rative ne$ be elaborate4 ,!re are _m successful novels & /ories ) plots extremely simple4 ,n "o ( ,miss ,wilk9s' ,new ,engl& idyls--^? *>m+ sublimations ( ! homely--has complexity or intricacy ( subject4 ,! only po9t is t ! writ] h 9 m9d "s def9ite & consecutive n>rative1 ) a beg9n+ & an end1 & t he tell x z a n>rative1 & n z an ,exposition or an ,argum5t4 ,! :ole matt] is well summ$ up 9 ! phrase ( ,an?ony ,trollope3 8,! writ]1 :5 he sits d[n to comm5ce 8 novel1 %\ld d s1 n because he has to tell a /ory1 b because he has a /ory to tell40 ,x w\ld h>dly d at ?is late day to insi/1 h[ev]1 t ! object ( a /ory %all be simply or ev5 prim>ily ! n>ration ( incid5t4 ,x has be5 greatly ! fa%ion dur+ ! la/ score ( ye>s to subord9ate incid5t to any "o ( sev]al ?+s4 ,_m ( ! greate/ noveli/s ( ! pres5t half-c5tury h delib]ately subord9at$ ev5ts to ! /udy ( "*4 ,!re are n a few mod]n novels :i* c be adequately describ$ only z emotional dissect+-rooms4 ,!y display ! mo/ wond]ful clev]ness 9 dismemb]+ emotions1--too (t5 )\t hav+ a liv+ figure or a conv9c+ incid5t f "o cov] to ! o!r4 ,x is b fair to add t !re are also fictions :i* seem to ju/ify ?is me?od1 :e!r we l x or n4 ,= our s9s1 moreov]1 ! malevol5t deities t deal 9 lit]>y plagues h s5t ^u u t mongrel mon/rosity1 ! novel ) a !ory4 ,! m h>mless are 9 ! =m ( simp]+ ecc5tricities1 or 9 ! %ape ( *ildi%ly nave :imsicalities2 9 ! m hurtful sort au?ors (t5 highly gift$ lavi% _! p[]s 9 support ( !ories z g5]\s 9 int5tion z !y are mi/ak5 & s5tim5tal :5 tri$ by ! facts ^u :i* !y are f\nd$4 ,we h1 too1 ! !ological novel1 & ! indec5t novel1 & m sorts ?an x is at all wor? :ile to m5tion1 9 all ( :i* ! tell+ ( a /ory is made ! excuse = ! exploit+ ( "s view4 ,( ^!1 h[ev]1 we %all h occasion to speak lat] 9 connection ) ! moral purpose 9 fiction4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ by ,/ev5son t 9 /ories 9 :i* incid5t is made subord9ate to "*-draw+ ! int]e/ is sure to be less vivid4 ,he rem>ks3-- ,9 "*-/udies ! pleasure we take is critical2 we wat*1 we approve1 we smile at incongruities1 we are mov$ to sudd5 heats ( sympa?y ) c\rage1 suff]+1 or virtue4 ,b ! *>act]s are /ill !mselves1 !y are n u2 ! m cle>ly !y are depict$1 ! m widely d !y /& away f u1 ! m imp]i\sly d !y ?ru/ u back into our place z a spectator4444 ,x is n "* b incid5t t woos u out ( our res]ve4 ,some?+ happ5s z we desire x to happ5 to ourselves2 "s situation1 t we h long dalli$ ) 9 fancy1 is realiz$ 9 ! /ory ) entic+ & appropriate details4 ,!n we =get ! *>act]s2 !n we pu% ! h]o aside2 !n we plunge into ! tale 9 our own p]son & ba! 9 fre% exp]i5ce2 & !n1 & !n only1 d we say t we h be5 read+ a romance4--,a ,gossip on ,romance4 ,all ^! consid]ations are ( int]e/ to ! /ud5t1 & !y %\ld all be tak5 into acc\nt :5 he is look+ = a subject or :5 he is consid]+ me?ods4 ,z a matt] ( practical "w1 x is probably true t nobody goes to "w to con/ruct /ories )\t hav+ "s !me1 "s dom9at+ sugge/ion 9 m9d4 ,he w !re=e =m 8 plot or %ape 8 subject accord+ to ?is g]m9at+ ?\ght1 )\t = ! mom5t tak+ !ories mu* into acc\nt4 ,h a !me he mu/1 & to my ?9k+ ! m objective ?is is ! bett]4 ,! m x deals ) outw>d ?+s & %[s :at is )9 ?r\gh !m2 ! m x has ( incid5t & is conc]n$ ) ! actualities ( life2 ! m x has ( broad realities z di/+ui%$ f ! trivialities ( exi/5ce1 ! m likely x is to succe$4 ,9 ! treatm5t ( a !me1 ! fir/ ?+ is to be sure t x is ?or\ghly kn[n to ! writ]4 ,i d n mean t x is necess>y to "k e detail4 ,i d mean t :at is kn[n %\ld be appreh5d$ cle>ly2 t !re %\ld be no d\bt ab\t ! end & ! beg9n+1 :atev] vagu5ess !re may be ab\t ! m9uti ( ! way f "o to ! o!r4 ,x is especially important 9 /ory-writ+ t ! au?or "k 8 *>act]s be=e he write ab\t !m4 ,x is g5]ally safe to compose half a doz5 *apt]s be=e beg9n+ a novel1 *apt]s :i* are n to be us$ 9 ! book at all1 b :i* s]ve to make ! au?or acqua9t$ ) ! p]sonages he is to deal )4 ,if e "y noveli/ w\ld /udy ! me?ods ( ,haw?orne 9 ?is respect x w\ld be to 8 advantage4 ,any "o :o is at all accu/om$ to exam9+ lit]ature critically kn[s h[ almo/ univ]sal x is t new au?ors %[ 9 ! fir/ ?ird or qu>t] ( _! books t !y are sl[ly becom+ aw>e ( ! natures ( ! *>act]s 9 _! fiction4 ,(t5 ! middle ( ! "w is rea*$ be=e ! writ] has any cle> or intimate k ( ! m5 & wom5 :om he is try+ to picture4 ,i d n believe 9 h>d & fa/ rules = ! con/ruction ( /ories4 ,me?ods ( "w mu/ v>y ) individual temp]am5ts4 ,my own way ( "w naturally seems to me ! mo/ logical1 b ,i realize t ?is is a "q :i* ea* writ] mu/ decide = himself4 ,p]sonally1 ,i f9d x necess>y to "k ! g5]al c\rse ( a /ory1 & above all to "k ! end1 be=e ,i c beg9 x4 ,once ^! are cle> & true 9 my m9d1 ,i delib]ately consid] ! beg9n+4 ,i say 8delib]ately consid]0 because ! succe$+ /eps h s mu* ! air ( be+ involunt>y4 ,once ,i h decid$ :]e to beg91 ,i devote myself to ! /udy ( my *>act]s4 ,i walk ! /reets ) !m2 !y h a %>e 9 my wak+ & 9 my sleep4 ,i "k ! g5]al c\rse ( ! hi/ory ,i am try+ to tell1 b ! details ,i am cont5t to le>n sl[ly4 ,! ?+ :i* ,i endeavor to d is to be sure ( ! "* ( ^? :o are involv$ 9 ?is hi/ory4 ,i am n )\t a feel+ t an old fell[ :o sits 9 solit>y /ate 9 ! attic ( my bra9 tells me ! incid5ts ( ! n>rative1 b ! acqua9tance ( ! actors ,i mu/ make = myself4 ,n only mu/ a /ory be kn[n to ! writ] b x mu/ = ! "t be+ at lea/ be true to him4 ,he mu/ believe x z he writes2 he mu/ be completely possess$ by a s5se ( ! v]ity ( :at he is tell+1 or he _c p]suade ! read] to accept x z real4 ,x may seem to y t ?is is equival5t to say+ t a noveli/ mu/ be a good deal l ! ,:ite ,que5 9 8,?r\gh a ,look+ ,glass10 :o practic$ until %e 0 able to believe z _m z six impossible ?+s be=e breakfa/4 ,! diff]5ce is t ! noveli/ does n h to practice4 ,! *>act]s become s vital 9 8 m9d1 !y act s indep5d5tly & ) s evid5t a w ( _! own1 t x is impossible n to feel t _! /ory is actual4 ,( c\rse ,i d n mean t if ! noveli/ 7 put on oa? he w\ld affirm t ! tale is true2 yet x seems to me t if ,i 7 call$ ^u to swe> t a /ory :i* ,i _h writt5 7 n true1 ,i %\ld g ab\t =ev] aft] ) a humiliat$ s5se t ,i _h committ$ p]jury4 ,i ?9k x is ! exp]i5ce ( e noveli/ t *>act]s 9 a tale w (t5 act app>5tly at _! own good pleasure & 9 op5 defiance ( ! int5tion ( ! writ]4 ,!y are n infrequ5tly almo/ z indep5d5t ( ! w ( ! au?or ( _! be+ z ! mod]n *ild is said to be indep5d5t ( ! w ( ! au?or ( 84 ,i h myself /ruggl$ to =ce *>act]s to d a c]ta9 ?+ & h writt5 & rewritt5 c]ta9 *apt]s 9 my ef=t to make !m foll[ my wi%es4 ,i c\ld set d[n ! words :i* decl>$ t !y _h done ! ?+ :i* ,i desir$1 b ,i knew t ,i 0 ly+ & ,i 0 consci\s t my *>act]s knew t ,i knew x1 s t ( c\rse !re 0 no?+ to d b to te> up ! falsehood & tell ! tru?4 ,! explanation ( all ?is is1 ,i suppose1 t ! sup]ficial conclusions ( ! m9d are correct$ by ! unconsci\s logic ( ! imag9ation4 ,! *>act]s ( ! p]sonages 9 ! /ory be+ :at !y are1 ! p]sonages mu/ inevitably behave 9 a c]ta9 way1 & an und]ly+ p]ception ( ?is fundam5tal tru? prev5ts an imag9ative au?or f be+ able to treat 8 fictiti\s p z puppets4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! importance ( kn[+ ! end f ! beg9n+ is ! same :e!r "o is tell+ an anecdote or is writ+ a hi/ory1 a romance1 or a biography4 ,x is necess>y to discrim9ate cle>ly 9 reg>d to ! climax ( an anecdote1 z x is to be sure ( ! climax ( a novel4 ,ev]ybody kn[s h[ ! /ory :i* 9 ! m\? ( "o man is racy & po9t$ becomes /upid & ineffective ! mom5t x is told by ano!r4 ,i h to ?ank an ,engli% g5tleman = hav+ unconsci\sly furni%$ me ) an example ( ! disadvantage ( relat+ an anecdote ) ! wrong end fir/4 ,he told 9 ! smok+-room ( a ,london hotel an incid5t :i* ,i dimly rememb]$ z be+ 9 ,james ,dodds' 8,biographical ,/udy ( ,*alm]s10 & ,i made a note ( 8 v]sion 9 ord] to comp>e ! two4 ,?is is ,dodds' /ory3-- ,*alm]s 0 pres5t at an ev5+ p>ty :]e a v accompli%$ lady 0 disc\rs+ mo/ eloqu5t music f ! fa%ionable op]a ( ! day4 ,:5 %e 0 at ! ov]ture & ! recitatives he look$ p]plex$1 z if li/5+ to a m$ley ( madness2 b :5 %e /ruck ^u "s lively & expressive airs1 he turn$ ) a look ( great relief to ! g5tleman :o 0 next to him3 8,d y "k1 sir1 ,i love ^! lucid int]vals60 ,?is is ! way 9 :i* ! ,engli% g5tleman told x3-- 8,i say1 don't y "k1 ,dr4 ,*alm]s call$ tunes lucid int]vals4 ,wasn't t deuc$ good8 ,lucid int]vals1 by ,jove6 ,he he>d a lady s+1 don't y "k1 & t's :at he said4 ,he didn't mean all tunes ( c\rse2 b %e'd be5 play+ ?+s1 y "k1 & putt+ 9 in/rum5tal fal-lals & crazy ?+s on ! keys1 & f9ally came to a song4 ,i call t devili% witty1 don't y "k60 ,x is h>dly necess>y to give examples ( ?is fault1 & ?is seems absurd & extravagant4 ,x came s provid5tially1 h[ev]1 at ! v "t :5 ,i 0 writ+ ^! lectures1 t x 0 n to be resi/$4 ,x is excell5t practice = ! /ud5t to write out /ories or incid5ts :i* come "u 8 obs]vation1 & good ?+s :i* he he>s said or told4 ,!re are few ex]cises 9 :i* x is m easily possible to int]e/ an ord9>y class 9 composition ?an "w ( ?is sort1 & x may be made ( a good deal ( value4 ,to be really ( use x is necess>y t ! /ory be told & retold until x is 9 ! be/ possible =m t ! /ud5t c compass4 ,x %\ld be done z c>efully z if x 7 a great & complete n>rative4 ,i said 9 ano!r talk t ,i am n will+ to conc$e t conv]sation is an art :i* comes by nature1 & ! ju/ice ( ?is mu/ be especially felt by "o :o li/5s :5 /ory-tell+ is ! ord] ( ! day4 ,^? :o succe$ 9 tell+ a /ory well are ^? :o h tak5 ! tr\ble to le>n h[4 ,x is a mi/ake to suppose t ! c>elessly spok5 anecdote :i* is s felicit\sly put t x seems to be ! ?\ght ( ! mom5t has co/ ! n>rator no?+4 ,he has consci\sly labor$ to atta9 ! art ( tell+ ?+s well2 & :ile "h z ev]y:]e natural gifts c\nt1 ! man :o cultivates a small tal5t c g5]ally out%9e him :o leaves a great tal5t to take c>e ( itself4 ,i h p]haps spok5 s z to give ! impression t a /ory makes itself4 ,i mean no?+ ( ! sort4 ,x is true t ! fir/ g]m ( a fiction is (t5 caught 9 ! m9d z a plumy-w+$ se$ ( ! wild clematis is caught 9 ! cranny ( a wall4 ,sometimes a *ance ^w1 ! sight ( a face 9 ! cr[d1 a bit ( in=mation or talk1 w become ! sugge/ion f :i* a /ory w gr[4 ,x mu/ be nurtur$1 h[ev]1 if its gr[? is to be vigor\s or symmetrical4 ,x mu/ be brood$ ov] & wat*$2 x mu/ be n\ri%$ & t5d$4 ,:5 a /ory is well =m$ 9 ! m9d & ! *>act]s are well def9$1 x w gr[ & develop spontane\sly1 b x mu/ be giv5 a good />t fir/4 ,9 o!r words1 ! !me mu/ be dwelt ^u until x is s completely a "p ( ! ?\ght t ! m9d w c>ry x =w>d unconsci\sly1 & ! tale w seem to be go+ on ( itself4 ,x is cu/om>y to say t all n>rative has f\r elem5ts3 fir/1 :at happ5$1--! plot or /ory2 second1 :at p]sons 7 conc]n$1--! *>act]s2 ?ird1 ! situation1 :i* is bo? 9 "t & space1--9 o!r words ! :5 & ! :]e2 f\r?1 ! c5tral motive1--! ?+ ( int]e/ or significance = :i* ! :ole is told4 ,^! elem5ts seem to me to be likely to come to ! writ] 9 ! ord] 9 :i* ,i h nam$ !m4 ,sometimes he is aw>e ( ! c5tral purpose fir/1 especially 9 fiction writt5 ) a decl>$ motive2 b ?is does n appe> to be ! natural ord] 9 ! case ( fiction really imag9ative4 ,an au?or mu/ ( c\rse h a compreh5sion ( ! c5tral motive be=e he beg9s to write1 b he d$uces x f 8 plot r ?an =ms a plot to embody ! idea4 ,all ?is analysis is ( m value 9 revision ( "w or 9 criticism ?an 9 actual composition4 ,! writ] :o is really alive & int]e/$ 9 :at he is do+ ?9ks ( 8 /ory z a /ory & z a transcript f life1 n z a comb9ation ( f\r elem5ts4 ,9 ?is same l9e ( criticism & revision x is well to note t ,n>ration is necess>ily specific1 progressive1 & cumulative4 ,x is specific 9 t x deals ) facts r ?an ) !ories1 ) incid5ts r ?an ) d$uctions1 ) ev5ts r ?an ) reflections4 ,x is progressive 9 t ! int]e/ mu/ move =w>d1 & ! !me mu/ advance ) ! incid5ts4 ,a collection ( incid5ts does n make a n>rative any m ?an a pile ( lumb] makes a h\se4 ,!re mu/ be a sequ5ce ( ev5ts relat$ to ea* o!r by ! tie ( cause & effect4 ,n>ration is cumulative because ?is *a9 ( cause & effect mu/ lead to "s conclusion1 "s climax1 "s end4 ,ev5 9 ! relation ( ! mo/ trifl+ anecdotes ^! ?ree qualities are to be f\nd1 & 9 _! p]fection lies ! secret ( ! greate/ works ( lit]ature4 ,! !ori/s :o excuse in>ti/ic & unsymmetrical fiction by ! !ory t a novel %\ld be a piece cut out ( life & hav+ nei!r beg9n+ or end1 =get t t :i* is comely & fit1 s long z x is "p ( ! liv+ tree-trunk1 becomes an unsightly block :5 x is *opp$ out4 ,x mu/ be %ap$ & f9i%$ to be aga9 beautiful4 ,! /ory :i* has by relation be5 tak5 f its place 9 actual life mu/ be work$ & poli%$ by art2 x mu/ become a :ole 9 itself or x is =ev] an uncomely log1 crudely disfigur+ ! l&scape & fit only to be us$ z mat]ial = "w or to fe$ ! fire4 ,,xvii ,,n>ration ,,cont9u$ ,! po9t ( view is ( no less importance 9 ,n>ration ?an 9 ,description4 ,x is p]haps n s /rictly obs]v$1 because to ! ord9>y writ] x is less obvi\s4 ,z a rule x is n specifically ann\nc$4 ,if a tale is 9 ! =m ( an autobiography1 z 8,rob9son ,crusoe10 = in/ance1 or 8,h5ry ,esmond10 ! po9t ( view is ( c\rse t ( ! p]ceptions ( ! "* :o relates4 ,to ?is ! au?or mu/ conf9e himself1 & e "t t he introduces incid5ts1 words1 or ?\ghts :i* ?is "* c\ld n h kn[n he violates x4 ,he breaks ! cont9uity & int]rupts ! impression ( ! read]4 ,less obvi\sly1 _m noveli/s practically hold to ! p]sonality ( "o or two ( _! *>act]s = _! po9t ( view4 ,)\t any specification ( ! fact1 !y refra9 f tell+ any?+ :i* might n h be5 kn[n or felt by ^! p]sonages4 ,an admirable illu/ration ( ?is me?od is 8,! ,sc>let ,lett]40 ,?r\gh\t ! entire book !re are practically only ?ree individualities ?r\gh ^: p]ceptions ! read] is call$ ^u to look4 ,! au?or does n claim at any po9t to be conf9+ himself to ^! or to any "o ( ^!2 yet ! comm5ts & reflections :i* are outside ! obs]vation ( ,he/] ,prynne1 ,ar?ur ,dimmesdale1 & ,rog] ,*ill+wor? are s close to !m z almo/ to seem "p ( _! ?\ght4 ,:at is n actually )9 _! p]ception is little m ?an ! au?or's expression ( _! un=mulat$ emotions or int]pretations ( _! motives4 ,m ?an two ?irds ( ! book is giv5 f ! /&po9t ( ! inn] life ( ! we>] ( ! sc>let lett]1 & ! great] portion ( ! rema9d] is f t ( ! m9i/]4 ,( c\rse ! writ] may1 if he *oose1 take z ! po9t ( view ! position ( all k4 ,he may decide to speak z "o :o kn[s e ?\ght4 ,! inexp]i5c$ writ] is especially likely to be fond ( ?is me?od4 ,he is apt to dance ab\t 9 a confus$ & confus+ w-o'-!-wisp ubiquity4 ,! e>ly days ( /ory-writ+ are m>k$ by a delightful s5se ( omnipot5ce & omnisci5ce :i* seldom outlives ! completion ( ! fir/ novel4 ,:ile ?is feel+ la/s ! au?or holds x a sort ( duty to all[ 8 read]s to look 9 turn ?r\gh ! eyes ( ea* ( 8 *>act]s4 ,x is z if he 7 proprietor ( a peep-%[4 ,he _c br+ himself to defraud ! read] by putt+ him (f ) any?+ less ?an a glimpse ?r\gh e peep-hole4 ,:atev] is ! po9t ( view *os51 x mu/1 z 9 all o!r sorts ( composition1 be held ?r\gh\t4 ,! po9t ( view ( a s+le "* is t :i* gives mo/ int5sity to a tale4 ,! "* *os5 becomes ! embodim5t ( ! ?\ghts & emotions ( ! read] = ! "t be+1 & dom9ates all o!rs4 ,?is is p]haps ev5 m emphatically true :5 ?is is done by implication4 ,! assumption ( a s+le p]sonality 9 ! /ory z t :i* %all dom9ate seems to come f ! absorb+ int]e/ ( ! au?or 9 ?is "*1 & x almo/ surely n only makes ?is ! mo/ significant figure 9 ! tale1 b imp>ts to ! /ory f]vor & /r5u\sness4 ,x is p]haps well to add a ^w ( w>n+4 ,x is n wise to expect too mu* f ! read] 9 ! way ( com+ to a po9t ( view remote f 8 ord9>y attitude ( m9d4 ,! %ort /ories ( ,miss ,wilk9s tacitly ask ! read] to assume ! mood ( an obs]v] :o sees ! pa!tic & yet humor\s quality 9 homely life4 ,!y owe _! success 9 no small degree to ! simplicity ( ?is po9t ( view & ! consi/5cy ) :i* x is kept ?r\gh\t4 ,9 8,pembroke0 ! same au?or goes f>!r1 & tacitly asks u to reg>d ! qu>rels ( ob/9ate & ill-temp]$ ru/ics ) ! pr(\nd s]i\sness dem&$ by ! cru%+ bl[s ( inexorable fate4 ,x is ask+ too mu*4 ,we _c look ^u ^! rural conte/s ( ob/9acy ) ! solemnity dem&$ by a ,greek trag$y4 ,x is a f> cry f ! 8dipus0 or ! 8,antigone0 to 8,pembroke20 & ,miss ,wilk9s makes too great a dem& ^u ! read] :5 %e seems to assume s pr(\nd a solemnity4 ,x seems to me t h]e9 lies "o secret ( ! disappo9tm5t felt 9 read+ 8,pembroke0 aft] ! delights ( ! au?or's %ort /ories4 ,! selection ( incid5ts is naturally a matt] ( ! greate/ importance 9 ! con/ruction ( any n>rative1 :e!r hi/oric or fictiti\s4 ,x is evid5t t x is impossible to tell ! :ole tru? ab\t any p]son1 :e!r x be a "* real 9 fle% & blood or "o ( ! p]sonages s mu* m real 9 imag9ation4 ,a noveli/ _c set d[n all ! p>ticul>s ( ! life ( ^? ab\t :om he writes1 & 9 ! case ( any /ory x mu/ be only ! significant incid5ts t w attract ! read]4 ,! lit]>y code :i* pr(esses to f9d all facts ( life ( equal value is on ! face ( x absurd1 & _h ! m5 :o claim to hold x liv$ up to _! cre$ _! novels w\ld nev] h got beyond manuscript4 ,*oice is necess>y1 & ! great pr9ciple ( *oice is significance4 ,:5 we speak ( significance1 we ( c\rse mean ! relation ( ! incid5t to ! c5tral motive ( ! n>rative4 ,! rule is t details are to be introduc$ or omitt$ z !y d or d n =m an ess5tial "p ( ! :ole4 ,if ! writ] h n ! art s to weave 9 8 mo/ int]e/+ & novel incid5t t x %all be an integral portion ( ! web1 he mu/ omit x4 ,! ta/e ( our "t has v little pati5ce ) t excresc5ce :i* us$ to be kn[n z an episode4 ,:atev] is told %\ld help =w>d ! g5]al plan ( ! "w4 ,! space & ! importance giv5 to ea* portion mu/ manife/ly be det]m9$ by its value 9 ! entire s*eme4 ,proportion is 9 effect ! same "h z 9 any o!r =m ( composition1 a matt] :i* dep5ds ^u ! int5tion ( ! :ole4 ,! "y writ] :o is mov$ to delight a wait+ & to 8 fancy impati5t _w ) a new "w ( fiction has g5]ally read a good _m /ories1 & is likely to h ga9$ f !m "s unconsci\s s5se ( proportion4 ,?is may save him f utt] failure1 b he is likely to /umble ov] two s]i\s ob/acles4 ,9 ! fir/ place he is sure to h 8 favorite situations1 & is apt to l+] ov] ^! 9 a fond belief t 8 read]s w be z *>m$ z he is ) ^! portions ( 8 tale4 ,9 ! second place1 he is likely to feel a c]ta9 security 9 us+ incid5ts :i* are tak5 f real life4 ,( ! fir/ ( ^! x is suffici5t to say t su* is ! p]v]sity ( fate t x almo/ nev] happ5s t ! read] agrees ) ! writ]--especially ) ! untra9$ writ]--9 reg>d to ! mo/ int]e/+ portions ( a book4 ,inde$1 x is n amiss = a writ] to be a little suspici\s ( ! p>ts ( 8 "w :i* he reg>ds ) mo/ favor4 ,x is ( importance to cultivate a dispassionate habit ( m9d1 & always to judge ! value ( portions ) relation to ! :ole r ?an ) ref]5ce to ! au?or's likes or dislikes4 ,! second po9t is "o :i* ne$s to be emphasiz$4 ,! mom5t a man beg9s to write1 8 fri5ds beg9 to (f] true /ories = use1--n "o out ( a hundr$ be+ usable2 & !y inv>iably comm5d ^! subjects by say+ t !y are ?+s :i* really happ5$4 ,x is impossible to make ! g5]al public und]/& t ! fact t a ?+ happ5$ is r m likely to be aga9/ x z lit]>y mat]ial ?an 9 its favor4 ,facts are admirable f _! sugge/iv5ess4 ,no fiction is ( value :i* is n f\nd$ ^u !m4 ,!y are to be us$1 h[ev]1 z mat]ial :i* mu/ be %ap$ & m\ld$ be=e x c be us$4 ,!y are ! rocks f ! qu>ry t mu/ be dress$ be=e !y are fit build+ mat]ial4 ,! dang] lies 9 accept+ actuality in/ead ( lit]>y propriety z ! measure ( value4 ,!re is p]haps no rule m useful or m necess>y to "y writ]s ( fiction ?an to bew>e ( ! tru?4 ,if 9 a fir/ novel are f\nd sc5es & incid5ts :i* are unreal & extravagant1 ! *ances are t ^! are ! ?+s :i* h be5 confid5tly tak5 f real life1--& :i* h become hopelessly unreal 9 ! transf]4 ,9 ,n>ration z 9 ,description ! ?+ s\ght is n ! tru? b ! impression ( tru?4 ,! "q is n :e!r :at is told is true1 b :e!r x seem true4 ,we all "k extraord9>y incid5ts :i* are real yet :i* are too improbable to be us$ 9 fiction4 ,! reason is obvi\s4 ,x is necess>y = fiction to be probable1 :ile tru? is free f all re/rictions4 ,! noveli/ is nev] all[$ to take refuge beh9d ! fact t a ?+ is v]aci\s4 ,he may tell :atev] he has ! art to make appe> true1 b ! crit]ion ( 8 success is ! semblance ( v]ity r ?an v]ity itself4 ,ari/otle =mulat$ all ?is long ago1--8,pref] an impossibility :i* seems probable to a probability :i* seems impossible40 ,! philosophy ( ! matt] is t fiction is tri$ by tru? to ! laws :i* lie beh9d fact1 & t x is no less true 9 be+ false ?an reality is 9 be+ true4 ,x is to be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t probability is l>gely a matt] ( consi/5cy4 ,!re is always an impli$ hypo!sis1 a c]ta9 set ( conditions tacitly agre$ to1 by :i* ! tru?1 or r ! app>5t tru?1 ( any n>rative is to be tri$4 ,if "o is writ+ hi/ory1 ! hypo!sis calls = actual facts & ?+s :i* really occurr$2 if x is a novel :i* is 9 con/ruction1 actuality is no long] dem&$1 b probability accord+ to ! "t & place is ess5tial2 an au?or may g f>!r by writ+ av[$ romance1 & may put ev5ts impossible & improbable into ! v mid/ ( ! life ( to-day1 if he w b keep !m consi/5t ?r\gh\t4 ,x is a "q ( :at ! writ] attempts to d4 ,if he *oose frankly to cut loose f fact & write a fairy /ory1 ! hypo!sis gives 8 fancy range1 & "h x is ! /rict tru? :i* mu/ be %unn$ z a violation ( ! impli$ conditions4 ,9 a numb] ( folk tales we read passages l ?is3-- ,!n ! fox /ret*$ out 8 tail1 ! k+'s son seat$ himself ^u x1 & away !y w5t ov] /ock & /one1 s t ! w9d :i/l$ ?r\gh _! hair4 ,x w\ld be manife/ly a violation ( ! rules ( fairy lore to say in/ead3-- ,!n ! fox /ret*$ out 8 tail1 & ! k+'s son tri$ to seat himself ^u x2 b ( c\rse x w\ld n support him1 s he roll$ ov] 9 ! mud4 ,to ?ru/ facts ^u ! read] "h is to dep>t f ! /&>d4 ,:5 we sit d[n to read fairy tales we h tacitly cons5t$ to believe ! impossible1 & ^u ?is assumption fairy lore becomes1 9 ! happy phrase ( ,d\glas ,j]rold1 8z true z sunbeams40 ,all ?is1 h[ev]1 is ! exception1 & z x is an exception :i* is suffici5tly obvi\s1 x is en\gh to m5tion x4 ,! g5]al rule = ,n>ration is3 ,9 writ+ hi/ory select details ) ref]5ce to _! significance & _! tru?2 9 fiction ) ref]5ce to _! significance & _! probability4 ,9 e case1 significance is an ess5tial quality4 ,x is s easy to conf\nd m9ut5ess ) subtlety2 to suppose t to be f9ical is to be true2 to assume t to be exact is to be effective2 t m ?an "o gift$ au?or has come to grief & has wa/$ 8 p[]s ?r\gh ^! errors4 ,! measure ( subtlety1 ( tru?1 & ( effectiv5ess1 is ! relative value z measur$ by ! c5tral idea ( ! composition4 ,! ord] ( ev5ts 9 a n>rative dep5ds *iefly ^u ! pr9ciple ( cause & effect4 ,s9ce e cause produces its effect1 x foll[s t ! sequ5ce ( incid5ts w g5]ally be practically *ronological4 ,:]e !re are a numb] ( ?reads involv$ & ! plot is complicat$1 a good deal ( +5uity is (t5 requir$ to keep ?+s cle>1 & to secure at ! same "t a cont9u\s progression 9 ! n>rative4 ,?is is a problem ) :i* ! hi/orian has almo/ always to deal1 & ^u 8 clev]ness 9 solv+ x dep5ds mu* ( 8 success4 ,! only rule to be giv5 is t ! writ] %all h a c>eful & def9ite plan4 ,9 a simple tale x is (t5 possible to dep5d ^u ! k ( ! end to be rea*$1 & to tru/ to "o's in/9ct = ! re/4 ,) an intricate !me ?is w n d4 ,if "o is driv+ a mild-mann]$ horse 9 a light wagon1 x is usually en\gh to "k ! g5]al direction1 s9ce x is possible f "t to "t to /op to inquire ! way2 9 runn+ a complicat$ sy/em ( railway tra9s ! same me?od w\ld be madness4 ,"o matt] involv$ 9 ?is "q ( ! ord] ( incid5ts is t ( :]e & h[ a /ory %all beg94 ,(t5 x is wise to comm5ce ) a /rik+ incid5t or situation1 & x is r>e t a /ory c be effectively begun )\t !re be+ m or less :i* mu/ be told ( :at has gone be=e ! actual tale4 ,mu* c>e is ne$$ 9 manag+ ?is4 ,x is "o ( ! simple/ devices1 & x rema9s "o ( ! mo/ effective :i* h be5 devis$1 to h all explanations ( ?is sort made to "s p]sonage 9 ! tale in/ead ( to ! read] directly4 ,if a /ory />t ) ! /rik+ appe>ance ( ! h]o 9 "s extraord9>y situation1 x is mu* m effective & pleas+ to h ! spectators1 ^? :o 9 ! n>rative are repres5t$ z see+ him1 ask & obta9 in=mation 9 reg>d to 8 pa/ & to ! ev5ts :i* br\ght him to ?is place or situation1 ?an x is = ! au?or 9 a delib]ate mann] to set out to in=m ! read]4 ,nev] presume on ! read]'s pati5ce & indulg5ce4 ,! 8g5tle read]0 ( old-fa%ion$ lit]ature does n exi/ n[1 if inde$ he ev] exi/$4 ,! mod]n read] is f> m ready to be bor$ ?an to be int]e/$1 & all devices = p]suad+ & hold+ 8 att5tion mu/ be c>efully att5d$ to4 99 99 99 99 99 ,( ess5tial importance 9 /ory-tell+ is movem5t4 ,?is is an advantage 9 o!r =ms ( composition1 b indisp5sable 9 ,n>ration4 ,!re c be no s5se ( unity1 no cont9uity ( int]e/1 unless !re is a con/ant s5se ( progression4 ,a /ory c no m /& /ill ?an c life4 ,:5 ! incid5ts cease to c>ry ! read] =w>d1 x is z if ! he>t /opp$ beat+4 ,ea* incid5t 9 a n>rative1 z 9 exi/5ce1 mu/ /& 9 relation to :at comes be=e x ( effect to cause1 & to :at foll[s x ( cause to effect4 ,x is necess>y to make ! read] feel t he is ev] go+ =w>d1 n[ sl[ly & n[ swiftly1 accord+ to ! exig5cies ( ! tale4 ,contra/1 v>iety1 relative importance1 h all to be consid]$4 ,:5 ! read] is eag] to rea* "s culm9ation1 :5 he is excit$ 9 reg>d to "s crisis 9 ! n>rative1 x is (t5 wise to cond5se days into a s5t5ce1 h\rs into a phrase4 ,aga91 !re are times :5 x is important to prep>e ! m9d = a situation1 to g sl[ly 9 ord] t an effect be produc$ by ! cumulative =ce ( trifles4 ,no h>d-&-fa/ rule c be giv5 to gov]n ?is progression4 ,! te*nical means by :i* swiftness or delib]ation are secur$ are simple & easily le>n$4 ,! :ole matt] is pretty well cov]$ by ! /atem5t t _m words & m9ute details ret>d movem5t1 :ile few words & a suppression ( p>ticul>s give rapidity4 ,:5 to employ ^! means ! writ] mu/ le>n f ! /udy ( ! "w ( ! ma/]s1 f ! c>eful consid]ation ( :at result he wi%es to insure1 & above all by a close exam9ation ( ! mann] 9 :i* effects are produc$ 9 real life4 ,naturally1 ! movem5t is swift] z ! tale ne>s its conclusion1 & 9 passages :i* deal ) excit+ & int5se emotions4 ,illu/rations are h>dly possible 9 limit$ space1 b ! climax ( any ma/]piece may s]ve z an example4 ,description & dialogue mu/ be subord9ate to ! movem5t ( a /ory1 z !y mu/ be subord9ate to ! g5]al purpose4 ,speak+ broadly1 dialogue aids swiftness ( progression1 & description delays x2 yet an ov]-abundance ( talk may ret>d z effectually z pr(use ^w-pa9t+4 ,) dialogue we %all h to d lat]1 & "h x is en\gh to say t talk :i* really belongs to ! tale1 :i* helps ! /ory =w>d1 adds sprightl9ess to ! movem5t4 ,we all "k h[ ! eld] ,dumas makes dialogue increase ! vivacity & ! rapidity ( movem5t ( 8 da%+ romances4 ,:at c be told 9 ! spee* ( ! *>act]s 9 a n>rative seems g5]ally to g =w>d ) m briskness ?an :at is relat$ 9 ! words ( ! au?or4 ,! m5tion ( ,description br+s u to ! sc5e ( a n>rative4 ,! sett+ ( a tale is n unlike ! m\nt+ ( a play4 ,:5 ! use ( nature 9 fiction 0 fre%] ?an n[ ! affair 0 v simple4 ,x 0 only necess>y to br+ 9 gloomy skies & wail+ w9ds z accompanim5ts = a doleful situation1 or to h ! fl[]s1 ! sun%9e1 & ! birds prop]ly specifi$ :5 ?+s 7 go+ happily4 ,! birds sang mo/ oblig+ly = ! old noveli/s1 utt]ly ignor+ ! habits :i* orni?ologi/s _h ) pa9ful c>e obs]v$1--!y w>bl$ :5 !y 7 want$1 al?\gh !y 7 call$ ^u at times ( day :5 !y _h nev] be=e dream$ ( pip+ up3-- ,s++ gladly all ! moontide1 ,nev] wait+ = ! noontide4 ,9 less arti/ic fiction !re is /ill some?+ ( ?is me?od4 ,!re are _m transi5tly popul> novels :]e 9 ! clos+ *apt] ! autumn ra9 /ill falls dismally ^u a lonely grave1 or ! summ] sun--! ,june sun--& ! oblig+ dicky-birds decorate ! w$d+ ( ! long-p]secut$ b at la/ triumphant h]o9e1 transc5d5tly lovely 9 :ite sat94 ,9 really s]i\s "w ! matt] has become m intricate4 ,nature mu/ be us$ )\t ! appe>ance ( design4 ,x is recogniz$ t no man c comm& ! wea!r1 & ! trick ( seem+ to manage ! elem5ts is no long] tol]at$4 ,art mu/ conceal art4 ,ev5 contra/s h be5 us$ until x is necess>y to be v cauti\s 9 employ+ !m4 ,! villa9s no long] /eal ?r\gh smil+ g>d5s ^: sn[y lilies1 all abloom1 & s5d+ up p]fume l inc5se f c5s]s ( silv]1 seem to rebuke ! wick$4 ,! ?+ s\ght n[ is ! appe>ance ( naturalness4 ,simplicity & directness are ! prime qualities to be kept 9 m9d4 ,set a /ory c>efully1 b above all ?+s be sure t x does n appe> t pa9s h be5 tak54 ,! f9e/ art is t :i* works ) app>5t frankness1 seem+ to display its me?ods )\t disguise1 yet 9 reality produc+ its effects by a skill :i* is utt]ly beyond p]ception4 ,"o ( ! faults mo/ common ) beg9n]s is self-consci\sness4 ,! inexp]i5c$ writ] is apt to %[ t he is n sure h[ :at he writes w be receiv$4 ,cultivate ! attitude ( be+ consci\s ( no?+ b ! /ory to be told4 ,above all1 d n seem to apologize4 ,9 fiction z else:]e apologies are apt to bre$ contempt4 ,! writ] :o seems to plead to be excus$ inevitably sugge/s t !re is ne$ ( excuse4 ,tell a /ory or leave x1 b nev] take ! middle c\rse ( tell+ x ) apologies1 direct or indirect4 ,(t5 ! self-consci\s au?or %[s t he secretly fe>s t he w be ?\ght to lack clev]ness if he all[s himself s to be impos$ ^u by 8 *>act]s z to ?9k !m real4 ,if !y are n real to him he %\ld n be tell+ _! hi/ory4 ,! slighte/ appe>ance ( d\bt on 8 "p ru9s all illusion & ! /ory along ) x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is a mi/ake to expect ! read] to %>e an emotion simply f be+ told t x is felt by ! writ]4 ,e phrase l 8,i felt10 8,i 0 amus$10 8,i 0 enrag$10 & s on1 :i* is n amply support$ by ! n>rative1 weak5s ! effect4 ,x is g5]ally en\gh to de/roy ! entire flavor ( any ord9>y witticism to tell ! read] t x is droll4 ,x sometimes w d to say t ! *>act]s ( ! tale ?\ght a ?+ funny1 b ev5 ?is is a some:at dang]\s exp$i5t4 ,if a ?+ does n /rike ! read] z amus+1 x is ( little use to in=m him t x is 8 duty to f9d x s4 ,an au?or has no bus9ess to put himself 9 ! attitude ( a v]g] :o leads pilgrims f "o hi/oric spot to ano!r1 say+ 9 effect at ea*1 8,"h x is necess>y t y feel y\rselves ?rill$60 ,:5 ev]y?+ else has be5 said1 ! ess5tial ?+ 9 reg>d to ,n>ration is t x %all be int]e/+4 ,x is ! old "q ( ,=ce4 8,t$i\sness10 obs]ves ,dr4 ,johnson1 ) 8 usual s5t5ti\sness1 8is ! mo/ fatal ( faults40 ,he might h add$ t x is a fault s s]i\s t x ov]comes all excell5ces4 ,macaulay inquires1 8,:]e lies ! secret ( be+ amus+8 & h[ is x t art1 eloqu5ce1 & dilig5ce may all be employ$ 9 mak+ a book dull80 ,dullness is less easily =giv5 9 n>rative ?an 9 any o!r =m ( composition4 ,! av[$ aim ( a /ory is to ent]ta92 & if x fail ( ?is1 its m]its c\nt = no?+4 ,! specific me?ods by :i* int]e/ may be secur$ or increas$ mu/ be /udi$ ) ! realization t ! v exi/5ce ( n>rative dep5ds ^u !m4 ,! fir/ po9t is to be int]e/$ "o's self4 ,9 o!r words1 ! fir/ great secret is e>ne/ness4 ,! second is closely alli$ to x4 ,x is to be p]fectly /raight=w>d4 ,?is secret is s9c]ity4 ,! fir/ ( ^! calls = ! tell+ ( a ?+ z if ! writ] really c>es = x1 z if x is some?+ :i* seems to him ri*ly wor? relat+2 :ile ! second insi/s t he %all treat 8 read]s ) e appe>ance ( frankness4 ,he %all appe> to conceal no?+ :i* x is = ! int]e/ ( ! tale = him to tell1 & he %all try to take no advantage by tell+ t ( :i* he is n himself completely p]suad$1 no?+ :i* does n seem to him a vital portion ( ! hi/ory1 real or fictiti\s1 :i* he set out to relate4 ,haw?orne1 :5 ask$ ! secret ( 8 /yle1 said3 8,x is ! desire to tell ! simple tru? z hone/ly & z vividly z "o c40 ,_m entire books on rhetoric h less wisdom 9 !m ?an is 9 ?is s+le s5t5ce4 ,mak+ a some:at diff]5t division ( ! subject1 we may say t int]e/ 9 ,n>ration comes f ?ree s\rces3 ! plot1 ! incid5t1 & ! developm5t ( "*4 ,! /ory :i* dep5ds ^u plot alone goes by quickly4 ,only :ile x has novelty c x comm& att5tion1 & x is sc>cely to be read a second "t4 ,! tale :i* dep5ds ^u incid5t alone--if !re be su*--w\ld be n unlike a book ( anecdotes1 too fragm5t>y to be effective z a :ole4 ,t 9 :i* ! draw+ ( "* is ! *ief feature is likely to be heavy & sure to be re/rict$ to a limit$ audi5ce4 ,9 ! ma/]piece1 plot1 incid5t1 & "*-draw+ are comb9$4 ,! great noveli/s h nev] ess5tially v>i$ 9 _! me?ods1 & 9 ! "w ( ,c]vantes1 ,field+1 ,?ack]ay1 ,haw?orne1 & ! re/1 /yle1 "*1 & /ory are all integral p>ts ( ! :ole4 ,x is p]haps n amiss to say "h a ^w 9 reg>d to ! collection ( mat]ial & to :at is meant by ! /udy ( nature4 ,i h already repeat$ ! truism t ! writ] mu/ ev] be on ! al]t = mat]ial4 ,if he is to write /ories he is to und]take ! reproduction ( human life1 & x is above all ne$ful t he und]/& human life4 ,he _c be too c>eful 9 8 consid]ation ( ! _w ab\t him4 ,he mu/ be con/antly exam9+ ! acts ( 8 fell[ m52 con/antly say+ to himself3 8,:at 7 ! motives :i* l$ to t act8 ,:at 7 ! feel+s ar\s$ by t exp]i5ce8 ,:at ! emotions 9 su* a situation80 ,he mu/ make 8 own inn] exp]i5ce ! te/1 & f ! less div9e ! great]4 ,he may to a great ext5t judge ! motives :i* actuate m5 & wom5 9 important crises f ^? :i* h mov$ him 9 circum/ances seem+ly trivial4 ,a well-kn[n ,new ,engl& /ory-tell] said to me once :5 ,i prais$ a tale 9 :i* %e _h %[n mo/ vividly ! remorse ( a man :o _h committ$ a great crime3 8,x w amuse y to he> h[ ,i knew :at t man's feel+s 74 ,once :5 ,i 0 a *ild ,i burn$ up my si/]'s doll 9 a fit ( ang]4 ,! remorse ,i suff]$ ov] t fooli% p]=mance 0 ! mat]ial t ,i made my /ory out (40 ,!re is a good illu/ration ( ! way 9 :i* ! creative m9d works4 ,f ! nature ( its own emotions x is able to appreciate ! feel+s ( o!rs1 & to see t 9 feel+ !re is m "q ( degree ?an ( k9d4 ,8 own be+ is ! only "o into :i* a writ] c really look4 ,:at he f9ds 9 8 own he>t is ! key by :i* to read ! ciph] :i* is writt5 9 ! he>ts ( o!rs4 ,n>ration is ! =m ( lit]ature :i* mo/ univ]sally appeals to m51 & x is no less t =m :i* mo/ affects human conduct4 ,m5 :o c\ld n be br\ght to give e> to a s]mon may be taught by a p>able or mov$ by a tale4 ,x is 9 n>rative t prose rises mo/ surely & indisputably to ! rank ( a f9e art1 s t :ile ! ma/]pieces ( fiction rema9 x w be impossible to "q ! "r ( prose lit]ature to claim a place beside pa9t+1 sculpture1 music1 & poetry4 ,art is ! reg5]ator ( ! _w1 & 9 mod]n times x is 9 ! =m ( fiction t x mo/ easily & mo/ widely rea*es ! he>ts ( m54 ,,xviii ,,accessories ,,( ,,n>ration ,! range ( ,n>ration is s wide t x is well to look a little m c>efully at ! means ( produc+ effects 9 ?is especial dep>tm5t ( composition4 ,! subject is at once s fasc9at+ & s complicat$ t x w\ld n be difficult to make an entire c\rse ( lectures ^u x1 al?\gh 9 ! end we might be br\ght to ! humiliat+ consci\sness t no am\nt ( lectur+ c\ld make noveli/s ( u4 ,9 ! limits ( ^! talks x is impossible to d m ?an to consid] briefly ! m important matt]s :i* occupy ! att5tion ( ! /ory-tell]2 & ^? :i* fir/ come to m9d are ! ?+s :i* x is cu/om>y to "n ,local ,color1 ,dialect1 ,dialogue1 ,"* ,draw+1 & ,moral ,purpose4 ,local color 9 ! mod]n s5se 0 inv5t$ 9 ! pres5t c5tury4 ,x is true t ! writ]s ( o!r times _h employ$ ! same device be=e1 b x has be5 consci\sly s\ght & has be5 suppli$ ) ?is "n )9 rec5t times4 ,x might be ask$ by a cynic :y ! quality is any bett] n[ t x is ticket$ & talk$ ab\t 9 reviews ?an x 0 9 ! days ( ,!ocritus & ,kalidasa & ,boccaccio2 b s _m ?+s h be5 us$ be=e mod]n g5]ations 7 ?\ght ( t if we are n to h ! privilege ( reg>d+ ?+s z new :5 !y h be5 newly nam$ we are likely to be at a desp]ate loss = novelty4 ,by local color is n[ meant ! br++ out ( ! peculi>ities ( ! locality :]e ! sc5e ( a tale is laid4 ,x is evid5t t !re is no spot s poor z n to h *>act]i/ics :i* di/+ui% x f all o!rs4 ,x is ! aim ( _m mod]n /ory-tell]s to give ?is especial local flavor ) ! mo/ fai?ful & (t5 pa9ful vividness4 ,inde$1 !re are n a few rec5t /ories :i* seem to exi/ = no o!r reason ?an to exploit ! accid5tal qualities ( remote & hi!rto undescrib$ places4 ,?is is an age 9 :i* competition betwe5 p]iodicals has wax$ w>m1 & to ! desire ( editors to procure novelties is l>gely due ! increase ( ! already r tiresomely abundant examples ( local color & ( dialect4 ,an air ( fre%ness may be imp>t$ to a tale by lay+ ! sc5e 9 places practically unkn[n 9 fiction4 ,accid5ts ( cu/om & mann]s arre/ ! att5tion = ! mom5t1 & x is due to ?is fact t ! great mass ( /ories m>k$ by ?is peculi>ity h succe$$4 ,! pr9ciple is n unlike t ( draw+ a cr[d to ! !atre by new sc5]y4 ,a tale :i* is really vital c d )\t local color1 z a really /rong play succe$s )\t elaborate sett+4 ,?is is n1 h[ev]1 ! :ole ( ! matt]4 ,a good play may be help$ by novel effects ( sc5]y & a tale good 9 itself may be improv$ by local color4 ,detail$ description ( local peculi>ities may make m cle> to ! read] ! "* & ! motives ( ! p]sonages 9 a n>rative4 ,all m5 are influ5c$ by _! surr\nd+s1 & to be famili> ) unusual social conditions is (t5 ess5tial to ! und]/&+ ( acts or op9ions :i* h be5 done or held "u !m4 ,to make intelligible ! /ory ( ,he/] ,prynne & ,ar?ur ,dimmesdale1 ,haw?orne 0 oblig$ to set =? some?+ ( ! mann]s & morals ( colonial days4 ,scott c\ld n h made compreh5dable ! tale ( ,rob ,roy )\t giv+ "s idea ( :at life 9 ! ,highl&s 0 l 9 ! "t ( t r$\btable *iefta94 ,! au?or mu/ 9 any case imp>t to ! read] :atev] special in=mation is necess>y to ! be/ effect ( 8 fiction4 ,! comm5t :i* x seems fair to make 9 ?is connection is t "h is to be appli$ ! rule :i* %\ld gov]n ! managem5t ( all details 9 n>ration1--namely1 t ev]y?+ %all be kept subord9ate to ! c5tral purpose ( ! "w4 ,s long z p>ticul> description aids 9 br++ out m cle>ly ! ma9 idea ( ! :ole1 s long z x is us$ z a means & n z an end1 s long z ! sett+ is kept subord9ate to ! /ory1 s long x is good4 ,! mom5t :at is call$ local color is all[$ to dom9ate a /ory1 x mu/ injure ! p]man5t effect4 ,! lit]>y me*anic :o is writ+ /ories simply to sell !m w usually f9d x easy to dispose ( /udies ( local peculi>ities :i* are piquant1 :e!r !y are true or n4 ,!re is no?+ to object to 9 ?is1 b ?is "w is n to be conf\nd$ ) legitimate ,n>ration1 & x is n to be look$ ^u z p]man5t lit]ature4 ,local color is accid5tal r ?an ess5tial4 ,x dep5ds ^u circum/ances :i* belong to a place r ?an to human nature4 ,x foll[s t x is n 9 itself ( p]man5t int]e/1 & t "w dep5d+ ^u x = int]e/ mu/ g by z soon z ! novelty is pass$4 ,! "w ( ,miss ,wilk9s1 ,miss ,jewett1 ,miss ,br[n1 & ! re/1 has attract$ att5tion ?r\gh ! fidelity ) :i* x pres5t$ peculi>ities ( ,new ,engl& rural life4 ,! claim to p]man5t value 9 ea*1 h[ev]1 re/s on o!r & high] gr\nds4 ,9 s f> z !y are true to ! fundam5tal & ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( humanity1 9 s f> z !y deal ) ! con/ant emotions ( m5 & wom5 z m5 & wom51 & n z ecc5tric types evolv$ by peculi>ities & environm5t1 !y h p]man5t value--& no f>!r4 ,closely alli$ ) local color1 & inde$ 9 _m cases h>dly to be di/+ui%$ f x1 is dialect4 ,we are all famili> ) a c]ta9 /range appe>ance :i* has ( late ye>s come ov] ! pages ( ! magaz9es1 a sort ( epidemic ( :i* ! mo/ prom95t *>act]i/ics are ! misspell+ ( words & a pl5tiful spatt]+ ( apo/rophes1 z if ! secret ( lit]>y art lay 9 ecc5tric & int]mitt5t or?ography4 ,we h be5 in/ruct$ t ^! />tl+ productions 7 dialect /ories1 & :e!r we h pr(ess$ to l !m or n has dep5d$ l>gely ^u our d>+ to say :at we ?\ght4 ,!re are1 x is true1 dialect /ories :i* we mu/ all admire & enjoy1--_m ( !m 9 spite ( _! /range language r ?an because ( x1--b none ! less is ! multiplicity ( tales 9 dialect a visitation n unlike ! ,egyptian plague ( sw>m+ flies or ( sprawl+ frogs4 ,! object ( ! use ( dialect is ( c\rse to produce :at might be call$ a p]sonal local color4 ,to p]sonages :o belong to nationalities o!r ?an 8 own a writ] (t5 gives phrases 9 _! own tongue or con=m+ to ! idiom ( _! own language 9 ord] to convey a lively impression ( _! be+ =eign]s4 ,to produce a vivid s5se ( ! fact t 8 *>act]s are ,creoles ( ,new ,orleans & to sugge/ all ! romantic flavor ( life among !m1 ,george ,cable us$ dialect 9 t delightful book1 8,old ,creole ,days20 to make ! read] realize ! especial local & race peculi>ities ( "o "* or ano!r ,?omas ,nelson ,page us$ "o negro dialect 9 8,m>se ,*an0 & ,joel ,*&l] ,h>ris ano!r 9 8,uncle ,remus40 ,9 ^! & simil> cases ! dialect us$ is really1 z f> z ! g5]al read] is conc]n$1 an unkn[n tongue4 ,its correctness or incorrectness _c be judg$ by ! g5]al public to :i* ^! tales are address$1 & its use mu/ !re=e be flavor r ?an accuracy1 impression r ?an in=mation1 picturesqu5ess r ?an lit]alness4 ,! prop] use ( dialect is (t5 a great aid 9 *>act]ization4 ,"s figures x is all b impossible to individualize )\t ?is means4 ,!re are figures 9 ,scott :i* w\ld n be at all ! same ?+ if /ripp$ ( _! dialect2 :ile 9 ea* ( ! /ories m5tion$ above !re are in/ances ( ! same ?+4 ,x is to be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ?is is a subsidi>y purpose4 ,9 o!r words x is a detail ( fiction4 ,dialect is writt5 = ! sake ( ! /ory1 & woe to t au?or :o produces a /ory = ! sake ( a dialect4 ,! tales ( ! 8,soldi]s ,?ree10 ! 8,w9d[ 9 ,?rums10 8,old ,creole ,days10 succe$ = o!r qualities ?an ! dialect1 & ! dialect is good because x helps to make effective some?+ bett]4 ,x is ev5 n improbable t ) a l>ge body ( read]s ^! & k9dr$ books succe$ only 9 spite ( _! dialect1 s9ce ev5 at its be/ ?is p]v]sion ( language is apt to be 9 itself some:at irritat+ ev5 if n p]plex+4 ,actually to reproduce a dialect z x is spok5 is a feat s difficult t x is worse ?an idle to attempt x outside ( works on philology4 ,dialectic peculi>ities are always l>gely matt]s ( acc5t1 ( voice quality1 & ( inflection4 ,! s\nds ( v[els & consonants may be indicat$1 b x is all b impossible to set d[n ! ris+ & fall+ ( ! voice :i* is ! mo/ *>act]i/ic quality ( ^! =ms ( spee*4 ,pr9t$ words _c reproduce t species ( inton+ :i* has s l>ge a %>e 9 mak+ un9telligible to =eign]s ! spee* ( ,london cabm5 & port]s4 ,inde$1 x is to be d\bt$ :e!r any writt5 dialect is to be reg>d$ z a v exact reproduction ( ! g5u9e ?+1--a /atem5t :i* w\ld probably be reg>d$ ) contemptu\s ang] by ! devotees ( ! dialect /ory1 if any /ill survive4 ,c]ta9ly x is true t dialect does n h to be g5u9e to be successful4 ,! dialect ( ! 8,bigl[ ,pap]s0 0 nev] spok5 on ! face ( ! e>?4 ,x is none ! worse = t1 s f> z ,i c see4 ,x has ! effect = :i* x 0 int5d$1 & no?+ m c\ld reasonably be ask$4 ,mr4 ,l[ell made x ) ! mo/ c>eful pati5ce1 & app>5tly believ$ 9 x ) beautiful fai?4 ,he set no?+ d[n1 or r he tri$ to set no?+ d[n1 :i* he _h n he>d f ! lips ( ,yankee ru/ics2 b 9 ! fir/ place no "o man ev] us$ all ^? di/ort$ words & phrases1 belong+ sometimes to diff]5t localities2 & 9 ! second1 lett]s _c reproduce ! peculi> s\nds & acc5ts ( rural ,new ,engl&4 ,yet ?is dialect has impos$ = a qu>t] ( a c5tury ^u no inconsid]able portion ( ! ,am]ican read+ public1 & x w probably cont9ue to impose ^u ,engli% read]s until ! end ( "t4 ,! inability ( read]s to judge ( ! accuracy ( dialect is insep>able f its use4 ,h[ _m are acqua9t$ ) ! v]nacul> ( 8,?rums10 ! patois ( ,new ,orleans ,creoles1 ! dialect ( ,mexican m9+ camps1 or ! spee* ( ! half-bre$s ( ,canada or ! ,we/ ,indian isl&s8 ,no dang] t ! g5]al read] w measure "w by reality obliges ! writ] ( dialect to be accurate4 ,! only re/ra9+ influ5ce is ! difficulty ( mak+ a manufactur$ dialect consi/5t & conv9c+4 ,! /ory-tell] /udies dialect z x is spok51 n = ! sake ( be+ "r1 b because ?is is ! sure/ way to obta9 ! appe>ance ( be+ "r4 ,! only ess5tial ?+ is to be conv9c+4 ,! dang] 9 ! use ( dialect is n f> to seek4 ,its lit]>y value is t ( flavor4 ,z long z ?is fact is recogniz$ x may prop]ly be employ$4 ,! difficulty is t ! great & +lori\s company ( imitators h writt5 dialect = its own sake1--or p]haps = _! own sake6--& !reby n only h produc$ ?+s dreadful to contemplate1 b h s we>i$ ! s\l ( read]s t x has become dang]\s to use x legitimately4 ,dialect 9 lit]ature is a condim5t & n a vi&2 x is mu/>d & n beef2 x is nev] to be employ$ = its own sake any m ?an are commas & capitals1 p>agraphs & p]iods4 ,almo/ e inexp]i5c$ writ] :o tries 8 h& at dialect--& mo/ exp]i5c$ ones--w ov]do x4 ,! ,fr5*1 ) _! in/9ctive lit]>y s5se1 may well be /udi$ 9 ?is connection4 ,!y und]/& t ! value ( patois is its sugge/iv5ess1 & !y g 9 its use j s f> z is necess>y to imp>t ! flavor requir$1 & !re !y /op4 ,?is is ! legitimate me?od4 ,i h no?+ to say ( ^? disfigurem5ts :i* appe> 9 "s ( ! p]iodicals1 sket*es :i* are writt5 = ! sake ( exhibit+ a special dialect4 ,!y d n come "u ! head ( lit]ature except 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! ^w includes ! diction>y & !saurus4 ,!y may be ( int]e/ to ! /ud5t ( philology1 b !y _c conc]n ! imag9ative read]4 ,! be/ quality :i* dialect c give is an impression ( individuality1 ( qua9tness or remot5ess f conv5tional & hackney$ exp]i5ces4 ,x mu/ be writt5 ) c>e & sobriety4 ,! writ] mu/ rememb] t ! day is def9itely pa/ :5 x 0 possible to produce effects simply by misspell+4 ,x is well to keep 9 m9d also t ev5 ! ability to write a dialect nev] s p]fectly is n necess>ily a reason = us+ x4 ,! employm5t ( local =ms ( language1 l local color1 mu/ be subord9ate to ! purposes ( ! /ory4 ,x is always a means & nev] legitimately an end4 ,x is1 moreov]1 a good deal discr$it$ by ov]-use & abuse1 s t x mu/ be employ$ ) d\ble caution4 ,"o m ^w ( w>n+ x seems well to add4 ,! employm5t ( dialect & ( local color z a means ( produc+ lit]>y effect is apt to imp>t to "w a transi5t "*4 ,_! effect is less likely to be p]man5tly pleas+ ?an t ( almo/ any o!r ?+ legitimately among ! res\rces ( ! /ory-tell]4 ,! pr9ciple t x is well to appeal to ord9>y exp]i5ces & to ord9>y ta/es comes 9 "h4 ,! g5]al read] soon tires ( dialect unless x be v simple & is support$ by all o!r devices )9 ! range ( art4 ,to write dialect is likely to be at be/ to sacrifice p]man5t to tempor>y success4 ,! greate/ writ]s h usually employ$ x sp>+ly4 ,%akespe>e almo/ nev] resort$ to x2 ,field+ sc>cely us$ x at all2 ,scott tri$ x mu* m l>gely1 b ! ,scot* spee* 0 all b univ]sal among 8 p1 & x has c]ta9ly be5 (t5] a h9drance ?an a help to 8 cont9u$ success2 ,?ack]ay put little ( x into 8 be/ "w2 ,haw?orne pass$ x by2 & ev5 ,dick5s dep5d$ ^u x v little1 despite ! temptations :i* 8 *>act]s con/antly (f]$4 ,?omas ,h>dy has giv5 u ! be/ ru/ics s9ce ,%akespe>e ) n mu* m ?an an indication ( dialect4 ,i d n wi% to insi/ ^u ! po9t too /rongly1 b ! pr9ciple seems to me a s\nd "o1 & x is c]ta9ly wor? ! consid]ation ( any /ud5t ( ! art ( writ+ fiction4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! art ( writ+ dialogue is by no means ! lea/ difficult ?+ :i* ! /ory-tell] has to le>n1 & !re are v _m :o are n able to acquire x to ! end ( _! days4 ,if a rule c\ld be devis$ by :i* good & pleas+ dialogue c\ld be writt51 x w\ld g f> t[>d mak+ x possible = e man to be 8 own noveli/4 ,to give to ! talk ( a tale ! air ( naturalness & ease1 to make x take its place 9 ! /ory & be attractive )\t be+ too clev] or too =mal1 to give x "* & consi/5cy1 to imp>t to x movem5t & vivacity1 to be sure t x helps =w>d ! n>rative 9 :i* x is set1--all ^! difficulties mu/ be ov]come be=e an au?or c be said to write good dialogue4 ,! fir/ ess5tial 9 dialogue is naturalness4 ,"s au?ors get on )\t ?is1 b !y get on 9 spite ( lack+ x & are con/antly hamp]$ by ! lack4 ,! mo/ /rik+ in/ance ( ?is 9 mod]n fiction is probably ,george ,m]$i?1 a noveli/ :o makes 8 way ) m encumbrances ?an any o!r liv+ man ( g5ius4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ?is bit1 *os5 almo/ at r&om3-- 8,h y walk$ f> to-day80 8,n9e & a half h\rs4 ,my ,flibb]tigibbet is too mu* = me at times1 & ,i _h to walk (f my temp]40 444 8,all ^? h\rs 7 requir$80 8,n q s long40 8,y are tra9+ = y\r alp9e t\r40 8,x's d\btful :e!r ,i %all get to ! ,alps ?is ye>4 ,i leave ! ,hall1 & %all probably be 9 ,london ) a p5 to sell40 8,will\ghby kn[s t y leave him80 8,z mu* z ,mont ,blanc kn[s t he is go+ to be climb$ by a p>ty bel[4 ,he sees a speck or two 9 ! valley40 8,he has spok5 ( x40 8,he w\ld attribute x to *anges40 --,! ,egoti/1 viii4 ,?is does z a matt] ( fact some:at help =w>d ! /ory f :i* x is tak51 b c\ld anybody get f x ! idea t two liv+ be+s 7 talk+ toge!r8 ,! great pr9ciple ( ! impression ( tru? in/ead ( a s]vile imitation ( tru? is ! secret ( good talk 9 fiction4 ,x is necess>y to keep cle> on ! "o h& ( =mality & /iffness1 & on ! o!r ( /upid clos5ess 9 m]e imitation4 ,9 actual talk !re are inaccuracies1 brok5 s5t5ces1 phrases ( :i* ! mean+ is evid5t f "s glance or ge/ure1 repetitions & c>eless con/ructions1 all ( :i* w\ld lose _! =ce or ga9 undue importance if set d[n 9 pr9t4 ,to pres]ve or too closely to imitate ^! *>act]i/ics ( g5u9e conv]sation is to give an impression ( unreality1 or commonplac5ess & ev5 ( vulg>ity4 ,! rambl+ spee* is (t5 pleasantly & appropriately imitat$4 ,! inimitable ,nurse 9 8,romeo & ,juliet0 /&s at ! head ( talk]s ( ?is sort1 b !re are excell5t specim5s 9 ! fiction ( our own c5tury4 ,miss ,au/5 possess$ ! secret ( ?is futile volubility to p]fection1 & ,mrs4 ,/[e's be/ lit]>y "w is h] managem5t ( ! discursive talk ( ,sam ,lawson4 ,t conv]sation %\ld be 9 keep+ ) ! *>act]s speak+ is "o ( ^? ?+s s obvi\s t x is unsafe to leave !m unsaid4 ,x is ano!r application ( ! pr9ciple ( ! po9t ( view4 ,! natural t5d5cy ( ! beg9n] is to put into ! m\?s ( 8 p]sonages n :at !y w\ld say b :at he w\ld h !m say4 ,if he suffici5tly realize !m 9 8 own m9d !re w be little dang] ( ?is4 ,! rem$y is to "k 8 *>act]s4 ,! p 9 any book w talk consi/5tly if !y are real to ! au?or4 ,!y w say :at !y wi% to say & n :at he wi%es !m to say1 & t is ! :ole secret4 ,mo/ "y writ]s compose pages ( dialogue :i* seems to !m clev]1 :i*1 :5 x is writt51 !y read ov] ) t5d] admiration1 g5]ally n )\t a little amazem5t t !y h done s well & a conviction t ?is at lea/ imp>ts di/9ction to _! book1--:5 z a matt] ( fact ! :ole ?+ is simply an amateuri% mi/ake4 ,x is "o ( ! _m pitfalls :i* egotism & inexp]i5ce dig = ! unw>y writ]1 :o =gets t success c be a*iev$ only :5 ! end ( a "w is ! "w & n ! work]4 ,! elaborator ( 8 own op9ions into ! =m ( talk is n writ+ dialogue2 he is b mak+ a weak concession to 8 individual vanity4 ,8 puni%m5t is t he _c deceive ! public4 ,read]s may n "k _! "r h&s f _! left1 b !y "k :5 !y are bor$1 & !y are always bor$ :5 ! progress ( ! tale is int]rupt$ to af=d an au?or opportunity to display himself4 ,an?ony ,trollope puts ?is matt] well 9 8 8,autobiography30-- ,!re is no portion ( a noveli/'s "w 9 :i* ?is fault ( episodes is s common z 9 dialogue4 ,x is s easy to make two p]sons talk on any casual subject ) :i* ! writ] presumes himself to be conv]sant6 ,lit]ature1 philosophy1 politics1 or sport may be h&l$ 9 a loosely discursive /yle2 & ! writ]1 :ile indulg+ himself1 is apt to ?9k he is pleas+ ! read]4 ,i ?9k he c make no great] mi/ake4 ,! dialogue is g5]ally ! mo/ agreeable "p ( a novel2 b x is only s z long z x t5ds 9 "s way to ! tell+ ( ! ma9 /ory4 ,x ne$ n seem to be conf9$ to ?is1 b x %\ld always h a t5d5cy 9 ?is direction4 ,! unconsci\s critical acum5 ( a read] is bo? j & sev]e4 ,:5 a long dialogue on extrane\s matt] rea*es 8 m9d1 he at once feels t he is be+ *eat$ into tak+ some?+ t he did n b>ga9 to accept :5 he took up t novel4 ,he does n at t mom5t require politics or philosophy1 b he wants a /ory4 ,he w n1 p]haps1 be able to say 9 s _m words t at "s c]ta9 po9t ! dialogue has deviat$ f ! /ory2 b :5 x does he w feel x4--,*4 xii4 ,( c\rse ! matt] is made m complicat$ by ! fact t x is (t5 ! (fice ( dialogue to indicate "* r ?an action4 ,h[ f> ! writ] may introduce talk simply to illu/rate m5tal *>act]i/ics or moods is a ?+ to be decid$ by ea* writ] = himself & le>n$ by obs]vation4 ,x is n amiss = a "y writ] to consid] c>efully h[ f> he is himself able to enjoy ?is 9 ! "w ( o!rs2 & 9 any case he mu/ le>n to di/+ui% betwe5 :at is writt5 g5u9ely to illu/rate m5tal traits & t :i* is really put 9 simply to %[ 8 own clev]ness4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re are two po9ts 9 ! writ+ out ( dialogue :i* x is well to keep 9 m9d3 fir/ t c>e mu/ be tak5 nev] to leave ! read] 9 d\bt :o is speak+1 & second t int]sp]s$ comm5ts be us$ ) skillful nicety4 ,9 a conv]sation :i* consi/s ( a some:at ext5d$ succession ( %ort spee*es x is (t5 h>d = ! read] to keep 9 m9d )\t ef=t :o say !m1 unless !y are label$2 :ile on ! o!r h& to come ^u a con/ant repetition ( 8said he10 8said %e10 8said ,tom10 8said ,jane10 is z irritat+ z bump+ ov] a corduroy bridge 9 a c>t )\t spr+s4 ,x is wor? ! au?or's :ile to take all possible pa9s to give explicit indication ( ! p]sonality ( ! speak] :]ev] ?is is ne$$ & equally to omit x :]e x is sup]flu\s4 ,"h is an example f a second-rate novel3-- 8,i'm (f on ,monday10 said he4 8,n really10 said %e4 8,yes1 ,i h only come to say good-by10 said he4 8,%all y be gone long80 ask$ %e4 8,t dep5ds10 said he4 8,i %\ld l to "k :at takes y away10 said %e4 8,i d>e say10 said he1 smil+4 8,i %\ldn't wond] if ,i "k10 said %e4 8,i d>e say y might guess10 said he4 ,!re are s _m devices = avoid+ repetition t only gross c>elessness c commit a fault l ?is4 ,! abundance ( t]ms :i* may be us$--said1 rem>k$1 obs]v$1 repli$1 return$1 retort$1 ask$1 inquir$1 dem&$1 murmur$1 grumbl$1 gr[l$1 sne]$1 expla9$1 exclaim$1 & ! re/ ( ! long li/ ( words ( alli$ mean+s--leaves ! writ] ( ,engli% )\t excuse if he fail to v>y ! words ( specification 9 dialogue4 ,!re are1 too1 _m ways ( evad+ ! ne$ ( employ+ any ( ^!4 ,frequ5tly ! nature ( ! talk indicates suffici5tly ! speak]2 & x is (t5 possible & well to introduce ! "n ( ! "* address$4 ,! simple device ( alt]+ ! relative position ( ! v]b & ! subject is n to be despis$4 ,9 ! extract j giv5 ! e> w\ld receive z a relief & a boon a s+le 8he said0 among s _m 8said he's40 ,op5+ ,/ev5son's 8,treasure ,isl&0 almo/ at r&om1 & tak+ ! words on a c\ple ( pages :i* indicate ! speak]s & _! utt]ances1 ,i f9d ^!3-- ,obs]v$ ,silv]4444 ,cri$ ! cook4444 ,return$ ,morgan4444 ,said ano!r4444 ,cri$ ,silv]4444 ,said ,m]ry4444 ,agre$ ,silv]4444 ,said ,morgan4444 ,said ! fell[ ) ! b&age4444 ,obs]v$ ano!r4 ,on a c\ple ( pages ( "o ( ,h>dy's books ! phrases are3-- ,said a "y m>ri$ man4444 ,murmur$ ,joseph4444 ,da%$ 9 ,m>k ,cl>k4444 ,add$ ,joseph4444 ,said ,h5ry4444 ,obs]v$ ,mr4 ,m>k4444 ,:isp]$ ,joseph4444 ,said ,mr4 ,oak4444 ,cont9u$ ,joseph4 ,! v>iety does n come by *ance1 b by c>e & a f9ely tra9$ p]ception ( ! value ( trifles4 ,x is ( importance t ! exact significance & int5sity ( ! v]b employ$ be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,!re is a di/9ct diff]5ce betwe5 8da%$ 90 & 8cont9u$20 betwe5 8cri$0 & 8exclaim$40 ,! au?or %\ld h a s5se ( ! mood & mann] ( 8 p]sonages s cle> & s f9e t only "o ( all ! possible words %all seem to him fit4 ,if 8 dialogue is at all relat$ to real life1 x w s v>y 9 its f9e %ad+s t ! t]ms indicat+ ! mann] ( utt]ance w v>y naturally & inevitably4 ,! int]sp]sion ( comm5ts 9 dialogues is ano!r matt] ( detail :i* greatly increases or less5s ! f9i% ( "w4 ,x is (t5 possible to give a mu* m lively & vivid pres5tation ( ! speak]s if amid _! talk are mix$ bits ( action or ev5 ( description4 ,! two ?+s to be obs]v$ are t !re %all n be too mu* ( ?is & t ! int]polations %all be significant4 ,! movem5t ( ! curr5t ( conv]sation mu/ n be h9d]$4 ,trifles may be effectively us$1 yet x is "o ( ! mo/ difficult po9ts ( lit]>y art s to use !m4 ,x is a good ?+ = ! /ud5t to write little sket*es 9 dialogue =m2 /ories 9 :i* he is =c$ to dep5d almo/ entirely ^u ! talk itself = *>act]ization & n>rative4 ,read]s z a rule d n c>e mu* = ?is sort ( ?+1 & x is to be done z "p ( ! tra9+ ( ! workman r ?an = itself4 ,to sum up ?is matt]1 x may be said t 9 int]sp]s+ comm5t1 z 9 all else t has to d ) dialogue1 ! great secret lies 9 realiz+ ! p]sons speak+ & 9 all[+ !m to utt] _! own words1 in/ead ( mak+ !m speak ! words ( ! au?or or /& aside :ile ! au?or expresses 8 ?\ghts himself4 ,,xix ,,"* ,,& ,,purpose ,! secret ( "*-draw+ ( c\rse lies l>gely 9 ! ability to und]/& & to appreciate "*1 b 9 its application to practical "w x l>gely resolves itself into ! p[] ( realiz+ ! p]sonages ( ! tale4 ,a /rik+ example ( h[ a vitaliz+ imag9ation c & may make ! actors 9 a fiction real 9 spite ( all drawbacks is furni%$ by ,george ,m]$i?4 ,george ,m]$i?'s /yle is a teas+ madness2 8 *>act]s talk z no human be+s ev] dream$ ( talk+2 & yet ^! p]sonages are s actual1 s individual1 s human1 t x is impossible n to feel t if "o ( !m 7 prick$1 real1 r$1 w>m human blood w\ld fl[4 ,!y exi/$ s vividly = ! au?or t !y exi/ vividly = ! read] & conv9ce 9 spite ( all ! au?or's mann]isms4 ,! relation ( an au?or to 8 puppets has be5 well put by ,trollope :5 he says3-- ,! noveli/ has o!r aims ?an ! elucidation ( 8 plot4 ,he desires to make 8 read]s s intimately acqua9t$ ) 8 *>act]s t ! creatures ( 8 bra9 %\ld be to !m speak+1 mov+1 liv+1 human creatures4 ,?is he c nev] d unless he "k ^? fictiti\s p]sonages himself1 & he c nev] "k !m unless he c live ) !m 9 ! full reality ( e/abli%$ intimacy4444 ,he mu/ le>n to hate !m & to love !m4 ,he mu/ argue ) !m1 qu>rel ) !m1 =give !m1 & ev5 submit to !m4--,autobiography1 xiii4 ,delib]ate description ( p]sons is seldom ( mu* effect4 ,says ,/ev5son3-- ,read]s _c fail to h rem>k$ t :at an au?or tells u ( ! beauty or ! *>m ( 8 creatures goes = naught2 t we "k in/antly bett]2 t ! h]o9e _c op5 h] m\? b :at1 all 9 a mom5t1 ! f9e phrases ( prep>ation fall f h] l ! robes f ,c9d]ella1 & %e /&s be=e u1 self-betray$1 z a poor1 ugly1 sickly w5*1 or p]haps a /rapp+ m>ket-woman4--,a ,gossip on a ,novel ( ,dumas's4 ,! same pr9ciple holds ) m5tal traits4 ,x is ( little use to ann\nce1 & especially to ann\nce e>ly 9 a tale1 :at ! "* ( an actor is4 ,if ! au?or decl>e t ! fictiti\s p]son is ?is or t1 he gives ! read] a measure by :i* to criticise 8 p]=mance4 ,he puts into ! h&s ( 8 public a rod :]e) to sc\rge him = :atev] falls %ort ( int5tion1--& if tri$ = fall+ %ort ( int5tion1 :o %all escape8 ,if ! read] is left to judge ( "* by de$s1 he becomes himself responsible = any op9ions :i* he may *oose to hold4 ,! rule :i* e /ud5t %\ld adopt = himself is t "* is to be indicat$ fir/ by ! acts ( ! p]sonages 9 a tale1 & secondly by _! talk4 ,description ( "* may be sugge/$1 b x %\ld n be direct if x is possible to avoid ?is4 ,( c\rse ,i d n mean t !re may n be a good deal ( direct comm5t on "*4 ,i d mean1 h[ev]1 t :ile x w probably ent]ta9 ! au?or to write ?is & may help him 9 und]/&+ ! p ab\t :om he writes1 ! effect ^u ! read] w 9 mo/ cases be exce$+ly small4 ,if y are 9 ! habit ( analyz+ y\r m5tal exp]i5ces1 ,i am confid5t t y w be> me out 9 say+ t we are seldom mu* affect$ by any decl>ation on ! "p ( ! writ] t a "* is good1 bad1 or indiff]5t4 ,if we h drawn ! same conclusion f ! /ory1 t is f ! ev5ts & ! conv]sations1 we may agree ) ! au?or2 if we h n1 we d n 9 ! lea/ accept 8 e/imate4 ,?is may seem a cov]t attack ^u ! :ole s*ool ( analytical fiction1 b x is meant m]ely to be a w>n+ to practical work]s4 ,!re is no?+ 9 all lit]>y art m entic+ to a noveli/ ?an ! vivisection ( "*1 & especially 9 ?is introspective age is x difficult to write objectively & )\t :at might be call$ m5tal rummag+4 ,x is impossible n to feel t all ?is m9ute analysis ( "*1 h[ev] int]e/+ z psy*ological tract or treatise1 di/9ctly injures ! effect ( a "w z a :ole4 ,x *anges ! *>act]s f liv+ be+s to subjects on ! dissect+-table1 & de/roys ! vitality ( ! tale4 ,x is 9 our "t ! prevail+ fa%ion1 b x is ( our "t no less ! lit]>y disease4 ,9 ! ma/]pieces ( fiction x is seldom f\nd2 & ! book :i* is heavily weight$ ) analysis is desp]ately sure ( go+ soon to ! bottom ( ! pool ( oblivion1 no matt] by h[ mu* wit or wisdom x may be buoy$ up4 ,(t5 a s+le significant detail w ?r[ m light on a "* ?an pages ( comm5t4 ,an example 9 p]fection is ! phrase 9 :i* ,?ack]ay tells h[ ,becky ,crawley1 amid all h] guilt & t]ror1 :5 h] husb& _h ,"l ,/eyne by ! ?roat1 felt a sudd5 ?rill ( admiration = ,rawdon's spl5did /r5g?4 ,x is l a fla% ( lightn+ :i* %[s ! deeps ( ! selfi%1 s5sual woman's nature4 ,x is no wond] t ,?ack]ay ?rew d[n 8 p51 z he confess$ t he did1 & cri$1 8,t is a /roke ( g5ius60 ,( draw+ *>act]s f life mu* ! same may be said z 9 reg>d to tak+ incid5ts f life4 ,real *>act]s are excell5t po9ts ( dep>ture1 & 9 ! /udy ( m5tal traits x is possible to hold mu* m closely to nature ?an 9 ! reproduction ( incid5ts4 ,x is easy to pass ! l9e ( probability 9 incid5t1 b "o may g f> be=e he cross ! l9e ( probability 9 "*4 ,x foll[s t !re is 9 "* mu* m mat]ial :i* may be tak5 directly f life into fiction1 )\t especial modification4 ,! *ief difficulty "h is--or at lea/ s x seems to me--t x is less easy to make an actual p]son real 9 ! m9d z "p ( a fiction ?an x is to realize a p]son practically imag9>y4 ,if ! writ] 9 8 ?\ght & imag9ation get z p]fect a conviction ( a p]sonage 9 8 /ory :5 he is draw+ him directly f life z :5 he %apes him f pure imag9ation1 !re is no reason :y he %\ld n use ! liv+ man z 8 model1 & (t5 he may 9 ?is way ga9 great] consi/5cy ( developm5t4 ,"*-draw+ belongs r to novels ?an to %ort /ories4 ,! %ort /ory practically deals ) "* z x %[s itself 9 a crisis or 9 a brief & rapid s]ies ( ev5ts4 ,!re is "h no great opportunity = %[+ ! developm5t ( "*1 b only = exhibit+ h[ "* is manife/$ "u crucial & significant circum/ances4 ,! me?od mu/ be v>i$ accord+ to ! conditions1 & almo/ p]=ce ! writ] ( ! %ort tale is =c$ to deal *iefly 9 sugge/ion1 bo? ( outw>d & inn] conditions & traits1 r ?an 9 ext5d$ exposition4 ,9 any case1 h[ev]1 ! same fundam5tal pr9ciple holds1 t ! cle>ness ( ! impression produc$ ^u ! read] dep5ds ^u ! comm& ( te*nical me?ods :i* enables a writ] to imp>t :at he feels & ^u ! %>pness ) :i* he realizes ! "* he depicts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:5 !re is talk ( moral purpose 9 fiction mo/ p]sons are ei!r a little indignant or a good deal incl9$ to get out ( ! way4 ,if !y ?9k h[ mu* useless talk has be5 wa/$ ov] ! phrase !y are impati5t2 if !y recall h[ dull mu* ( ?is talk has be51 !y are bor$ by ! v idea4 ,inde$1 "o is sometimes tempt$ to take refuge 9 m]e flippancy1 & to try to %ut (f discussion by decl>+ t :ile x is true t !re 0 =m]ly su* a ?+ z moral purpose 9 lit]ature ?is has 9 ^! deg5]ate days entirely giv5 place to an immoral purpose4 ,yet despite ?is impati5ce ! fact rema9s t ! matt] is "o ( ! mo/ important connect$ ) ! art ( fiction4 ,:at is g5]ally meant by ! "q :e!r a /ory %all h a moral purpose is :e!r x %all convey an av[$ lesson1 :e!r1 9 %ort1 x %all be undisguis$ly or at lea/ delib]ately didactic4 ,to ?is !re seems to me b "o answ] possible1 :e!r f a lit]>y or an e?ical po9t ( view1--& t is an unqualifi$ negative4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( political & social economics x might appe> t ?is /atem5t is too sweep+1 b clos] exam9ation1 ,i believe1 %[s x to be s\nd4 ,take1 = in/ance1 8,uncle ,tom's ,cab910 a book :i* has be5 at lea/ z widely read z any ev] produc$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! op9ion 9 ! qu>t] ( ! c5tury 9 :i* ! book saw ! light1 x w\ld probably be impossible to f9d to-day a critic ( reputation :o w\ld place x above m$iocrity consid]$ simply z lit]ature4 ,z a means ( aid+ a great social re=m x is "o ( ! mo/ notewor?y intellectual productions ( ! "t4 ,its reputation 0 ( c\rse due l>gely to ! accid5tal association ) a great political movem5t1 b its influ5ce makes x a hi/orical docum5t ( ! highe/ possible int]e/4 ,f ! lit]>y po9t ( view its moral purpose is a mi/ake1 & is a drag ^u x2 j z ! "q ( ! re=m ( ! ,c\rt ( ,*anc]y is a drag ^u 8,bleak ,h\se40 ,we may admire ! re=matory effects ( ^! novels1 b our int]e/ 9 ?is is hi/orical 9 s f> z x exi/s at all4 ,:5 ! critics took ,mrs4 ,humphry ,w>d to task = s heavily freight+ 8,rob]t ,elsm]e0 ) metaphysical discussion & disquisition1 t lady publi%$ a def5se ( h] me?ods4 ,%e decl>$ t %e c\ld n 8try to reflect ! "t )\t tak+ acc\nt ( =ces :i* are at lea/ z real & liv+ z o!r =ces1 & h z mu* to d ) ! drama ( human exi/5ce40 ,%e misses ! real po9t4 ,%e assumes t ! objection is to ! *oice ( subject :i* %e has made 9 writ+ h] book4 ,! tr\ble is n simply t %e has conc]n$ h]self ) !ological scruples4 ,x is t %e has made h] moral obvi\s z a moral2 &1 :at is ( p]haps ev5 m importance1 t %e has n ! art to make h] !me %[ ?r\gh x ! fundam5tally human emotions ) :i*1 & ) :i* only1 art is prop]ly conc]n$4 ,x is n ! prov9ce ( art to deal ) ! "q ( limit$ int]e/s except z !y dep5d ^u & illu/rate human life 9 its wide mean+4 ,art _c /op at s conf9$ an inquiry z :e!r a man %all be a ,mohamm$an1 a ,ca?olic1 or a ,prote/ant or an ,agno/ic4 ,! noveli/ :o w\ld succe$ p]man5tly mu/ g deep] ?an t4 ,! ess5tial pr9ciple ( conviction :i* is common to all humanity mu/ be %[n ?r\gh ! conflict betwe5 diff]+ cre$s4 ,"h ! matt] is t ( emotions & pr9ciples g5]al to all m51 al?\gh ! especial circum/ances 9 :i* ^! are ex]cis$ may be p>ticul> & individual4 ,9 s f> z 8,rob]t ,elsm]e0 is significant ( t passionate fidelity to tru? :i* is respect$ by all mank9d x is vital & significant2 b x is mi/ak5 & transi5t 9 s f> z x is conc]n$ ) ! discussion ( accid5tal r ?an ) g5]al tru?4 ,i use 8accid5tal0 "h 9 a purely lit]>y s5se4 ,i am n e/imat+ ! value ( cre$s4 ,i mean simply to say t all m5 z human be+s are n int]e/$ 9 ! "q :e!r ,agno/icism or ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& is to be pref]r$2 :ile e true man is conc]n$ ) ! fact t x (t5 co/s mu* = a human be+ to foll[ 8 mo/ pr(\nd inn] conviction4 ,?is br+s me to :at ,i %\ld say is ! fir/ pr9ciple involv$ 9 ?is matt]4 ,lit]ature z an art %\ld deal ) ^? e?ical que/ions only :i* are ( univ]sal human int]e/4 ,we h notic$ already t :atev] a read] is l$ to d = himself is m real & m vital ?an any?+ :i* c be done = him4 ,?is pr9ciple1 c>ri$ f>!r & high]1 und]lies ! fact t mank9d w give little he$ to any 8record ( intellectual conceptions0 ( life1 :ile !y w be mov$ & l$ by a 8reflection ( life0--9 o!r words by ^? tales :i* are ! embodim5t ( human emotions & human passions4 ,to be told :at "s man ?9ks t life %\ld mean to u may int]e/ b is n likely to move u deeply or to *ange u4 ,to be %[n1 vitally & vividly1 :at life has meant to any human be+ c h>dly fail to rea* our emotions & to affect ! :ole m5tal be+4 ,life c tea* m ?an any man c tea*4 ,! noveli/ :o prea*es is tacitly assum+ t 8 individual belief is ( m value ?an ! inf]5ces :i* a read] w\ld draw f a fai?ful picture ( life4 ,! race av5ges itself ^u su* an egoti/4 ,x does n reason ab\t x1 b x lets 8 book die4 ,:]e is ! didactic novel t has outliv$ its g5]ation8 ,to be didactic is at be/ to be tempor>y4 ,! v ess5ce ( all art is t ! motive ( a "w %all be inh]5t 9 x & n an outside purpose2 b ev5 aside f ?is1 ! moral purpose :i* %[s itself z su* defeats its own object4 ,! lesson :i* is elaborat$ = u belongs 9 ! s]mon1 & s]mons are apt to be ( effect s transi5t t x is necess>y to h a fre% "o at lea/ once a week4 ,! tea*+ ( a g5u9e "w ( art is p]man5t4 ,x is h>dly conceivable t ! race %\ld outlive ! tea*+ ( ,dante or ,%akespe>e4 ,! hypo!sis ^u :i* ! 8moral purpose10 s call$1 is introduc$ into fiction is t m5 %all be mov$ to accept its tea*+4 ,! objection :i* x seems fair to urge aga9/ ?is is t ! e?ical lesson convey$ indirectly is s mu* m effectual2 & t x is n wise to wa/e ! opportunity & to dull m5's m9ds to ! legitimate effects ( fiction4 ,:at ! s9c]e noveli/ does is practically to say to 8 read]3 8,"h is a portion ( life z x seems to me x is or might be4 ,i tell y ! :ole ( its reality or its possibility z f> z ,i c p]ceive x4 ,:at x means1 :at is ! lesson to be drawn f x1 y mu/ discov] = y\rself4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! emotions :i* ,i h felt 9 writ+ ! tale _c be directly express$4 ,i h endeavor$ to sugge/ !m1 & t is all t c be done by means ( language4 ,9 ! second place1 ! moral ( life w be vital only to him :o draws x = himself40 ,( c\rse x is impossible to det]m9e h[ f> "o noveli/ or ano!r w\ld def9itely say to himself any?+ ( ?is sort2 b ,i believe t ?is is ! position consci\sly or unconsci\sly tak5 by e s]i\s writ] ( fiction4 ,no conviction1 no op9ion1 no fai? is vital :i* is n ! orig9al gr[? ( ! m9d :i* holds x4 ,we may induce x4 ,we may advance ideas1 we may ev5 =mulate views1 & suppose t we h conv]t$ ano!r to our own position1 be x intellectual1 moral1 /hetic1 or religi\s4 ,we may h secur$ a sort ( con=mity2 ! o!r may ev5 himself suppose t he ?9ks z we d2 b until he feels t we ?9k z he does !re is little hope t g5u9e op9ions h tak5 root 9 8 m9d4 ,x is only :5 ! life )9 him has consci\sly put into tangible =m its own belief t he is 9 any p]man5t way1 9 any real s5se1 conv9c$4 ,conviction :i* is =c$ ^u "o by delib]ately didactic books is l a co/ume1 assum$ will+ly or unwill+ly z ! case may be1 b only an out] cov]+4 ,conviction :i* is wr\ght 9 "o by inn] emotion 9 read+ ! /ory ( ,ar?ur ,p5d5nis1 ( ,colonel ,newcome1 ( ,effie ,deans1 ( ,jean ,valjean1 ( ,he/] ,prynne1 is a *ange 9 ! v fibre ( ! moral be+4 ,! "o is a view1 & ! o!r is vitality2 "o is a !ory1 & ! o!r is belief2 ! "o is a cre$1 b ! o!r is "*4 ,,xx ,,translation ,z ! intimate int]c\rse ( ! inhabitants ( ! e>? increases1 ! necessity ( sett+ ov] lit]ature f "o tongue to ano!r is e day great]4 ,"o nation is no long] cont5t ) its own sci5ce or its own lit]ature4 ,ea* is gre$y = ! intellectual treasures ( ! :ole race4 ,:atev] ( ?\ght1 ( exp]i5ce1 ( imag9ation has be5 record$ by ! m5 ( any c\ntry1 is ( int]e/ to ! read]s ( all1 & !re is !re=e a /eadily increas+ dem& = v]sions ( =eign books4 ,translation has come to be almo/ a di/9ct pr(ession4 ,! increas$ ex]cise ( ! art has rais$ greatly ! /&>d ( excell5ce dem&$4 ,x is true t !re is /ill a great deal ( slip-%od "w (f]$ to ! public1 b ev5 *eapness is ceas+ to be an effectual recomm5dation = bad translations :5 good ones are to be _h4 ,x is n[ necess>y = ! writ] :o makes ?is 8 bus9ess to le>n 8 trade pretty ?or\ghly4 ,! days ( s*oolboy r5d]+s are ab\t ov]1 & "s translators1 l ,miss ,ka!r9e ,wormeley1 h rais$ _! "w to s high a level t x is almo/ entitl$ to take rank ) orig9al production4 ,translation is 9 ! m9d ( ! g5]al public associat$ ) r5d]+ into extremely scraggly ,engli% ! 8,comm5t>ies0 ( ,cs> or ! 8neid0 ( ,virgil4 ,mo/ ( u h be5 ?r\gh exp]i5ces l t ( ,betty 9 8,a ,woodl& ,woo+30-- 8,j li/5 to ?is /uff4 ,i've got ! re/ ( x1 b ,i c't make head or tail out ( ?is40 8,well1 :at is x80 dem&$ ,bob4 8#8,him likewise p]*ance furi\s alike impell+1 & ! spoils ( ! gean deity :atsoev] by means ( madness not)/&+ to be ab\t to be sacrific$4' ,!re1 t is ! v be/ ,i c make out ( x40 8,well10 return$ ,bob1 ) bro!rly c&or1 8y are a muff4 ,t's pla9 en\gh4 ,don't y see3 #8,he also decl>$ himself ab\t to be sacrific$1 an (f]+ to ! insatiate gean deity2 n c>+ to live1 moreov]1 impell$ by furi\s madness1 b ready alike to f9i% & be =gott54' ,t is z easy z roll+ (f a log40--,*4 iii4 ,?is idea1 h[ev]1 x is ne$ful to lay aside if ! subject is to be discuss$ intelligibly1 = ,translation has come to be treat$ z a s]i\s matt]1 & to be develop$ l any o!r intellectual pursuit4 ,! fir/ fact to be accept$ 9 consid]+ ,translation is t x is impossible exactly to r5d] into "o language :at has be5 writt5 9 ano!r4 ,! race t has made ea* tongue has impress$ its own "* ^u x 9 e syllable1 9 e idiom4 ,x is n difficult to repeat 9 "o spee* ! g5]al idea ( :at is said 9 ano!r1 & = practical purposes ?is is (t5 all t is requir$4 ,! directions = mak+ a ma*9e1 ! p>ticul>s ( a %ipm5t ( gra91 ! que/ions "o asks 9 %opp+ may ) no especial difficulty be *ang$ f language to language4 ,:5 x comes to ?\ghts1 & /ill m :5 emotions are to be dealt )1 x is impossible to give 9 two tongues precisely ! same %ade ( mean+4 ,! delicate aroma ( a piece ( lit]>y art is z surely dim9i%$ or lo/ 9 translation z a man becomes a =eign] & noticeably /range :5 remov$ f 8 own c\ntry to ano!r4 ,ev5 9 practical affairs ?is is sometimes a s]i\s consid]ation4 ,! mean+ 9 diff]5t languages ( ! phrases mo/ ne>ly equival5t is s f> f be+ id5tical t 9 important treaties betwe5 nations ( diff]+ spee* x is necess>y to agree be=eh& :at tongue %all be consid]$ au?oritative 9 case ( dispute4 ,9 sci5tific books x is common to f9d t a translator is =c$ to add ! orig9al to 8 v]sion ( "s s5t5ce or phrase because !re is no exact equival5t4 ,words _c completely express ?\ght 9 any case1 & to ?is con/ant infirmity ( language is 9 translation add$ ! difficulty t ! words ( "o tongue _c accurately repres5t ! precise %ade ( idea phras$ by ano!r4 ,pr(essor ,w5dell rem>ks3-- ,ea* language names ideas 9 a way peculi>ly its own4 ,! common agreem5t on arbitr>y symbols t at l5g? results 9 ! vocabul>y ( any language is sure to produce symbols t /& = peculi> aspects ( real ?\ghts & emotions :i* language tries to def9e1--= aspects 9 o!r words :i* diff] f ^? nam$ by any o!r tongue2 & :at is ?us pla9ly true ( words by !mselves is j z true ( words 9 comb9ation4444 ,9 its vocabul>y1 9 its gramm>1 9 its entirety1 ea* language mu/ express ! la/+ mean+ ( life 9 aspects diff]5t f ^? express$ by any o!r4--,/ellig]i1 p4 #ajc4 ,x foll[s t ! be/ t a translator c hope to d is to give ! ne>e/ approximation to ! orig9al t ! language into :i* he is *ang+ x is capable (4 ,! problem is n unlike t ( ! engrav] :o is endeavor+ to reproduce a picture pa9t$ ) ! bru%4 ,at e po9t he is =c$ to decide :at comb9ation ( l9es & spaces w be/ repres5t ! "w be=e him4 ,he kn[s t x is impossible by any arrangem5t ( l9es actually to reproduce ! bru%-"w ( ! pa9t]1 & s he goes on consid]+ :at effect among ^? )9 8 rea* mo/ ne>ly approa*es ?is4 ,! me?ods ( ! translator ( c\rse v>y ) ! nature ( ! orig9al ) :i* he has to deal4 ,9 r5d]+ docum5ts :i* h to d ) practical affairs ! *ief consid]ation is /rict exactness ( idea4 ,if "o attempts to translate a sci5tific treatise1 ! mo/ important po9t is absolute accuracy4 ,x is 9 any case necess>y to write correct & cle> ,engli%1 b ,=ce & ,elegance may = ! mom5t be left practically out ( consid]ation1--or1 r1 are consid]$ z 9 importance subord9ate to ,cle>ness4 ,to say 9 our tongue z precisely z possible :at ! au?or has said 9 8 is ! translator's fir/ c>e1 & to express1 too1 ! mat]ial1 lit]al1 sci5tific mean+ ( ?is z x w\ld appe> to a read] ( ! orig9al4 ,"h !re is no "q ( atmosph]e1 ( sugge/ion1 ( connotation4 ,! emotional elem5t ( lit]ature may & inde$ mu/ be ignor$ "h4 ,! intellectual quality is ! only ?+ to be reg>d$4 ,all ?is is comp>atively easy4 ,if "o kn[s ! languages f :i* & into :i* he is translat+1 he %\ld h no especial difficulty 9 *ang+ a sci5tific pap] f "o to ano!r4 ,8 k ( ! subject w ( c\rse affect ! ease & accuracy ( ! result2 & ( c\rse ! comp>ative ri*ness ( ! sci5tific vocabul>y ( ! languages is to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,9 g5]al t]ms1 h[ev]1 ?is sort ( translation calls = ! ex]cise ( ! intellectual faculties only2 & :atev] dep5ds ^u ! intellect may be acquir$ by any "o :o has an intellect1 if he *oose to take ! tr\ble4 ,:5 x is a "q ( a v]sion 9 ano!r tongue ( lit]ature 9 its high] s5se ! matt] at once becomes m complicat$4 ,"h !re is n only ! idea to be consid]$1 b ! sugge/ion1 ! flavor1 ! peculi> quality ( /yle & individuality4 ,!re mu/ be an attempt to give "s impression ( ! effect produc$ 9 ! orig9al by euphony1 by :at we speak ( z ^w-color1 mean+ !reby ! melody & ! peculi> quality :i* t]ms h f sugge/ions s subtle t x is all b impossible to analyze !m4 ,all ^! requirem5ts ?ru/ !mselves ^u ! translator1 & he mu/ /ruggle to a*ieve ! impossible 9 transf]r+ ^! f "o language to ! o!r4 ,! difficulties ( ! und]tak+ are well illu/rat$ by ,george ,h5ry ,lewes1 9 ! foll[+ passage3-- ,words are n only symbols ( objects1 b c5tres ( associations2 & _! sugge/iv5ess dep5ds p>tly ^u _! s\nd4 ,?us !re is n ! slighte/ diff]5ce 9 mean+ express$ :5 ,i say1 8,! dews ( night began to fall10 or1 8,! nightly dews comm5c$ to fall40 ,mean+ & metre are ! same2 b "o is poetry1 ! o!r prose4 ,wordswor? pa9ts a l&scape 9 ?is l9e3-- ,! riv] w&]s at its own sweet w4 ,let u translate x into o!r words3 8,! riv] runne? free f all re/ra9t40 ,we pres]ve ! mean+1 b :]e is ! l&scape8 ,or we may turn x ?us1 8,! riv] fl[s1 n[ "h1 n[ !re1 at w10 :i* is a v close translation1 mu* clos] ?an any usually f\nd 9 a =eign language1 :]e1 inde$1 x w\ld 9 all probability assume "s su* =m z ?is1 8,! riv]1 self-impell$1 pursues its c\rse40 ,9 ^! examples we h :at is seldom f\nd 9 translations1 accuracy ( mean+ express$ 9 simil> metre2 yet ! music & ! poetry are gone1 because ! music & ! poetry are organically dep5d5t ^u c]ta9 peculi> arrangem5ts ( s\nd & sugge/ion4--,life ( ,goe!1 #b;d ed41 p4 #dff4 ,quot$ 9 ,g5ung's 8,practical ,rhetoric40 ,x is 9 ! r5d]+ ( works :i* belong to t dep>tm5t ( lit]ature to :i* is giv5 ! "n belles-lettres t translation is mo/ difficult & also mo/ common4 ,poetry1 fiction1 essays1 & k9dr$ =ms are mo/ frequ5tly ! subject ( ! work] at ?is craft4 ,"h ! =m is (t5 ( importance z great z t ( ! idea4 ,to give m]ely a lit]al v]sion ( ! exact ideas 9 ! orig9al w\ld d no m t[>d reproduc+ x ?an a photograph does t[>d reproduc+ ! ,si/9e ,madonna or a pla/] ca/ ! ,v5us ( ,melos4 ,inde$1 ( ! =mally lit]al translation x is h>dly too mu* to say t x really repres5ts ! orig9al no m ?an a collection ( pa9t-tubes conta9+ all ! colors 9 a pa9t+ w\ld repres5t ! picture4 ,! value 9 ! pa9t+ lies 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! t9ts h be5 arrang$ & v>i$1 bl5d$ "h & contra/$ !re4 ,9 lit]ature1 ! value lies 9 ! cunn+ bl5d+ & contra/+1 ! arrangem5t & v>iety ) :i* ideas are pres5t$4 ,%elley said ( ! *ant ( ! ar*angels :i* op5s ! 8,prologue 9 ,heav50 ( ,goe!'s 8,fau/0 t n only is x 8impossible to repres5t 9 ano!r language ! melody ( ! v]sification10 b t 8ev5 ! volatile /r5g? & delicacy ( ! ideas escape 9 ! crucible ( translation40 ,e "o :o has attempt$ to translate a "w ( imag9ative m]it mu/ appreciate ?is4 99 99 99 99 99 ,( c\rse1 ! fir/ ?+ :i* a translator consid]s is ! sett+ ov] ( ! ideas f "o tongue to ano!r1 yet x seems to me a great mi/ake to make fir/ a v]sion :i* is simply lit]al1 & !n to try to m\ld x ov] into =ms ( lit]>y grace4 ,( c\rse1 ?is is a matt] :i* mu/ to a c]ta9 ext5t dep5d ^u individual temp]am5t1 b x is c]ta9ly true "h z 9 o!r "w t a phrase or a s5t5ce c be m readily %ap$ & modifi$ :ile x is fre% ?an :5 x has cool$ & h>d5$4 ,translation is no me*anical op]ation1 & no me*anical excell5ce w suffice4 ,x is !re=e well to aim at excell5ce ( quality f ! fir/1 in/ead ( attempt+ to add x z x 7 by an aft]?\ght4 ,! fir/ & ess5tial requisite 9 mak+ a translation is t x be ,engli%4 ,by ?is is meant n only t x %all be made up ( ,engli% words4 ,x is n ev5 suffici5t t x be made up ( ,engli% words s arrang$ t !y may be und]/ood4 ,x is necess>y t ! ,engli% %all be s\nd & idiomatic4 ,! ideal translation pres]ves no?+ 9 its /yle to indicate t x 0 n orig9ally writt5 9 ! tongue 9 :i* x /&s4 ,x is ! aim ( ! translator to approximate z closely to ?is /&>d ( excell5ce z he is able4 ,! s5t5ce-/ructure ( ! ,g]man is m elaborate & m ext5d$ ?an our own4 ,x is necess>y t ! translator ( ,g]man works d n model 8 ,engli% v]sion aft] ?is peculi>ity ( ! orig9al4 ,! p>agraph /ructure ( ! ,fr5* is peculi>ly brok5 & brief2 yet ! writ] :o sets "w ov] f ,fr5* into ,engli% is n p]mitt$ to let ?is fact det]m9e ! mann] ( 8 p>agraph+ 9 ! latt] language4 ,/ill m important is x t ! idiom ( ! ali5 spee* %all n leave its traces ^u ! /yle ( ! translation4 ,?is is ! po9t 9 :i* all me*anical tra9+ fails4 ,a fri5d gave me ! o!r day a copy ( ! sign :i* 0 plac$ above ! electric-light button 9 ! *amb] t he occupi$ 9 a hotel at ,g5eva3 8,"o is begg$ on ent]+ ! room to press ! button to let ! light1 & on p>t+ aga9 to ext5d x40 ,! man :o wrote ?is r rem>kable direction knew 8 vocabul>y tol]ably well1 b he _h no idea ( ! ,engli% idiom4 ,y h all ( y se5 innum]able examples ( ! same sort ( blund]1 & x is "o :i* c be avoid$ only by an intimate acqua9tance ) ! tongue into :i* "o is translat+4 ,( ! ?ree great languages ) :i* ! translator is likely to h to d1 ,fr5* is by f> ! mo/ idiomatic1 ,g]man ! lea/1 :ile ,engli% 9 ?is respect /&s midway betwe5 ! o!r two4 ,! problem 9 deal+ ) idioms is to f9d 9 "o tongue expressions :i* are r ! equival5ts ( ! orig9al ?an a lit]al translation4 ,! mo/ ne>ly satisfactory r5d]+s ( ! plays ( ,ari/ophanes :i* are to be f\nd 9 our lit]ature are ^? ( ,john ,hookham ,fr]e1 & !y are probably among ! lea/ lit]al4 ,ari/ophanes 0 "o ( ! mo/ idiomatic ( classic au?ors1 & he indulg$ 9 slang z well z 9 idiom4 ,to give an impression at all approximat+ to t ( ! orig9al x is necess>y con/antly to dep>t f ! exact words ( ! ,greek text1 especially :5 an attempt is made to pres]ve ! feel+ ( ! metrical effects ( ! com$ies4 ,9 8,! ,birds10 ! lit]al mean+ ( a c]ta9 passage is ?is3 8,come 444 z _m z 9 ! furr[s incessantly twitt] ar\nd ! clods s lightly ) bli!some voice40 ,?is is r5d]$ by ,fr]e3-- ,riot+ on ! furr[$ pla91 ,peck+1 hopp+1 ,pick+1 popp+1 ,among ! b>ley newly s[n4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! lit]al v]sion & ! o!r is t f ! latt] ! read] gets some?+ ( ! impression :i* ! ,greek c>ri$ to its auditors1 :ile f ! =m] no?+ is to be obta9$ beyond ! pla9 & exact mean+4 ,^? :o h exam9$ ! translation ( ! 8,phormio0 :i* 0 furni%$ to ! audi5ce :5 t play 0 act$ at ,h>v>d 9 #ahid f\nd !re num]\s illu/rations ( ?is use ( equival5ts 9 place ( exact mean+4 ,! "* ( ! dialogue made x prop] to employ mod]n slang to give ! impression :i* ! orig9al convey$ to ! audi5ce = :i* x 0 writt54 ,accord+ly ! ,lat9 phrase :i* lit]ally means 8,gird up y\r lo9s0 0 translat$ 8,brace up60 8,br+ ! old man0 0 r5d]$ 8,trot out y\r old man60 8,n[ :at w be ! talk ( folk80 is made to read 8,:y1 :at w ,mrs4 ,grundy say80 ,! :ole is an amus+ ?\gh p]haps some:at extreme example ( ! mod]n idea ( translat+ by ! emotional equival5t in/ead ( by ! lit]al equival5t2 ( giv+ ! phrase :i* %all make on ! ,engli%-speak+ read] ! impression made by ! orig9al ^u ! read] :o spoke ! tongue 9 :i* ! "w 0 fir/ writt54 ,! me?od ( turn+ =eign works into ,engli% :i* has until rec5tly be5 ! popul> "o is admirably illu/rat$ by ! v]sions ( ,g]man novels :i* h be5 s successfully made by ,mrs4 ,a4 ,l4 ,wi/]4 ,mrs4 ,wi/] once said to a "y woman :o appli$ to h] = aid 9 gett+ translat+ to d1 & :o ju/ifi$ h] application ^u ! gr\nd t %e 0 an excell5t ,fr5* & ,g]man s*ol>3 8,t is n ! "q4 ,! ?+ is :e!r y are able to write ,engli% well4 ,anybody c f9d out ! mean+ ( a ,fr5* or ,g]man text2 t is simply a matt] ( us+ a gramm> & a diction>y4 ,! secret ( mak+ an acceptable translation lies 9 ! ability to express t mean+ 9 good ,engli%40 ,?is is admirably said1 b x does n cov] ! :ole gr\nd4 ,x is ( ! fir/ importance t ! translator write good ,engli%1 b x is h>dly to be suppos$ t ! use ( gramm> & lexicon w give a writ] t intimate & sympa!tic acqua9tance ) =eign idioms )\t :i* x is impossible to make a v]sion satisfactory 9 ! mod]n s5se4 ,mrs4 ,wi/] is an excell5t example ( :at might m correctly be call$ a 8p>aphras]0 ?an a 8translator40 ,x has be5 h] cu/om to select "s popul> ,g]man novel1 & f t to make a /ory :i* seem$ to h] likely to please ! ,am]ican public4 ,%e has all[$ h]self ! wide/ lib]ty1 ev5 to ! ext5t1 if ,i am n mis9=m$1 ( suppress+ *>act]s & modify+ situations :i* did n please h]1 or ( o!rwise alt]+ ! /ory 9 important p>ticul>s4 ,! success ) :i* h] books h met has ju/ifi$ h] practical wisdom 9 adopt+ ?is me?od ( foll[+ lit]ature z a bread-w9n+ bus9ess4 ,%e set out to please ! av]age /ory-read]1 by provid+ = ! m>ket pleasantly excit+1 clean1 & ent]ta9+ books4 ,%e has done x well1 & %e has a*iev$ ! end %e s\ght4 ,!re is always 9 ! m9d ( ! lit]>y man "s d\bt h[ f> "o au?or has ! moral "r ?us to bejuggle ! "w ( ano!r1 ev5 9 translation4 ,"o :o has writt5 _c help be+ influ5c$ by a sort ( sub-consci\sness ( :at 8 own feel+s w\ld be if a translator 7 to "w su* a trans=mation ^u "o ( 8 books4 ,lett+ ?is pass1 h[ev]1 x is to be said t popul> dem&s 9 reg>d to ! quality & v]acity ( translations h /eadily advanc$4 ,! p>aphras] is n[ =c$ to appeal to a public intellectually l[] ?an t he =m]ly address$4 ,! lit]>y grade ( ! admir]s ( ,mrs4 ,wi/]'s books is probably di/9ctly bel[ :at x 0 t5 ye>s ago4 ,h] s*ool may be said practically to h _h its day2 & ! translator 9 ! be/ s5se has tak5 ! place ( ! p>aphras]4 ,x is n t ! translator may n take lib]ties1 z we h already se5 9 speak+ ( idiom4 ,x is t :]e be=e lib]ties 7 tak5 = ! pleasure or f ! caprice ( ! p>aphras]1 v>iations are n[ suppos$ to be made by ! translator = ! sole purpose ( imp>t+ to ! read] a bett] idea ( ! impression produc$ by ! orig9al on ^? :o read x 9 its fir/ =m4 ,miss ,wormeley1 = in/ance1 is publi%+ a v]sion ( ! com$ies ( ,molire4 ,%e has decid$ t %e c give ! ,am]ican read] :o is unacqua9t$ ) ,fr5* a bett] idea ( ! plays by r5d]+ !m into prose ?an by attempt+ ! rhym$ v]se ( ! orig9al4 ,to ! av]age ,am]ican ( to-day ! effect is und\bt$ly m satisfactory ?an t ( any metrical v]sion c\ld be4 ,?is is an extreme in/ance1 & x involves ! difficulty ( reta9+ ! beauties & value ( poetical =ms 9 translation1 b x illu/rates ! l5g? to :i* v>iations f ! orig9al may legitimately g if !y are made 9 ! l9e ( fidelity to ! impression ( ! orig9al4 ,! two great pr9ciples 9 translation1 !n1 are fai?fulness to ! impression produc$ by ! "w 9 its own language1 & fai?fulness to ! tongue into :i* x is r5d]$1 especially 9 idiomatic con/ructions4 ,x is to be rememb]$ t ! difficulty ( produc+ a satisfactory v]sion is nev] an excuse = any failure4 ,! fact t "o und]takes to make a translation is equival5t to a pr(ession ( ability to cope ) :atev] ob/acles ! task may pres5t4 ,! value ( translat+ z a help t[>d lit]>y facility is a ?+ :i* %\ld n be ov]look$ by ! /ud5t4 ,:atev] increases ease 9 ! h&l+ ( language is ( wor?1 & especially valuable is :atev] =ces ! writ] to great] exactness 9 ! use ( words & phrases4 ,read+ al\d 9 ,engli% f a book 9 ano!r language is excell5t practice 9 ! l9e ( tra9+ ! m9d to quickness 9 ! use ( words2 & ?is is especially good = "o go+ into newspap] "w4 ,x is go+ a little out ( our way to comm5t "h on ! translation :i* comes into s*ool "w1 b a ^w may n be amiss4 ,x is always to be rememb]$1 bo? by tea*] & by pupil1 t translation involves two languages1 & "o z fully z ! o!r4 ,too (t5 "w ( ?is sort is done z if ! =eign language 0 ! "o to be consid]$ exclusively4 ,/ud5ts are all[$ to give an approximate mean+ ( ! ,lat9 or ! ,fr5* :i* !y are read+1 putt+ _! s-call$ translation into a v]bal j>gon :i* uses ! ,engli% vocabul>y1 b :i* is no m ,engli% ?an ! diction>y becomes a poem f hav+ 9 x ! words us$ 9 poetry4 ,?is is unfair to ! /ud5t 9 sev]al ways4 ,x makes him hate :at he is do+2 x prev5ts 8 ev] hav+ any?+ l a prop] or true idea ( ! value ( ! lit]ature :i* he is mangl+ out ( a =eign tongue into mongrel ,engli%4 ,x de/roys 8 feel+ = 8 own language1 & x makes x all b impossible = him to be taught ,engli% composition4 ,m ?an "o tea*] :o agonizes 9 _s ov] ! !mes ( 8 or h] pupils1 wond]+ :y x is seem+ly s impossible to tea* !m to write ev5 reasonably well1 might f9d an answ] to ! p]plex+ "q by consid]+ ! ,engli% into :i* !y are all[$ to r5d] _! "w 9 ! languages4 ,if pupils are let to translate f ,fr5* & ,g]man & ,lat9 into a sort ( s*oolroom dialect1 inexact1 unidiomatic1 & lifeless1 x is gross /upidity to expect t !y w fail to be influ5c$ by ?is4 ,a pupil's education is a unit4 ,z long z x is assum$ t 8 tra9+ 9 ! languages is "o ?+1 9 ma!matics ano!r1 & 9 geography or hi/ory a ?ird1 !re is a con/ant loss ( en]gy 9 c\nt]act+ ! effects ( ?is mi/ake4 ,e bran* mu/ be taught ) a view to e o!r1 & le>n$ ) a view to e o!r2 & especially evid5t is x t 9 all tea*+ ! matt] ( ! prop] use ( ! language ( ! le>n] %\ld be kept always 9 sight4 ,! translation :i* injures ! pupil's use ( 8 own tongue does him a h>m :i* _c be aton$ = by any k x gives him ( ano!r4 ,x mu/ by ?is "t be app>5t t translation 9 ! be/ s5se is really s closely alli$ to orig9al "w z h>dly to be di/+ui%$ f x4 ,9 fact no writ] c hope to produce successful v]sions ( works ( imag9ation :o has n himself a g5u9e lit]>y gift1 c>efully tra9$4 ,! pa!tic idea ( s _m "y wom5 t because !y h tak5 lessons 9 ,fr5* & ,g]man !y c make _! liv+ by translat+ f ^? languages is quickly & pa9fully cru%$ by any attempt to c>ry x into practice2 b !re is f> f be+ any adequate conception ev5 among g5]al writ]s ( h[ difficult an art really good translation is4 ,yet s rapidly is public ta/e be+ educat$ 9 ?is matt] t poor v]sions f o!r tongues become e day m & m futile & ineffective4 ,,xxi ,,criticism ,criticism is ! e/imation ( "w by def9$ /&>ds4 ,9 its application to lit]ature x is ! try+ ( :atev] is writt54 ,x is1 s to say1 ! balance-%eet ( composition4 ,criticism is a sort ( ,exposition1 yet x is well to consid] x by itself because x has s mu* ! nature ( a g5]al survey ( ! :ole field ( composition4 ,inde$1 s9ce lit]>y tra9+ dep5ds s l>gely ^u self-criticism1 x is ess5tial to und]/& its me?ods & pr9ciples be=e "o c hope to progress fa/ or f>4 ,!re has nev] be=e be5 a "t :5 !re has be5 s mu* talk ab\t ! art z 9 ! latt] half ( ?is c5tury1 & seldom a "t :5 !re has be5 less ( ! g5u9e article4 ,mat!w ,arnold prea*$ ! gospel ( criticism1 & ! _w w5t on its uncritical way v mu* z be=e4 ,!re h ev5 be5 d\bts express$ :e!r !re 0 aft] all any su* ?+ save 9 !ory4 ,t ent]ta9+ ,phili/9e1 ,mr4 ,&rew ,lang1 has decl>$ t criticism is no?+ b ! expression ( p]sonal op9ion1 & has /r5g!n$ 8 position by pretty consi/5tly liv+ up to ! ass]tion4 ,! def9ition has be5 some:at widely accept$2 & x is c]ta9ly true t mu* :i* 9 common spee* is call$ criticism is no?+ m or less ?an an expression ( prejudice or op9ion4 ,inde$1 9 common spee* ! ^w is pretty g5]ally us$ to signify m]e fault-f9d+4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no m propriety 9 us+ ! v]b 8to criticise0 9 ! s5se ( 8to c5sure0 ?an 9 ! s5se ( 8to praise40 ,x means nei!r4 ,its ne>e/ synonym is 8to e/imate10 or 8to measure40 ,criticism is appreciation bas$ ^u comp>ison ( "w ) def9$ /&>ds4 ,to criticise is to =m or to express an op9ion4 ,x is z f> f blame on ! "o h& z f praise on ! o!r2 b x e/abli%es ! reason = ei!r4 ,z a bran* ( ,exposition x is a writt5 e/imate4 ,! pr9ciples ( ! art are ! same :atev] is ! nature ( ! "w to :i* judgm5t is appli$1 b we %all speak ( x "h *iefly z appli$ to lit]ature4 ,! fir/ necessity 9 criticism is t ( a /&>d4 ,)\t def9ite /&>ds !re c be no measurem5t ( "w4 ,!re is no e/imat+ ! tru? or falsity ( any?+ unless !re is fir/ "s idea ( tru?2 ! m]it or ! wor?lessness ( a ?+ _c be measur$ unless !re be "s ideal by :i* x may be judg$4 ,until "o has p]sonal /&>ds by :i* to measure life he _c be said to h any moral id5tity2 until he has /&>ds by :i* to e/imate ideas1 he has no intellectual id5tity2 until he has def9ite & def9$ /&>ds by :i* to criticise lit]ature x is h>dly possible to consid] t he has lit]>y id5tity or t he is entitl$ to lay claim to any lit]>y op9ion z 8 own4 ,i h spok5 9 a =m] lecture ( t irritat+ class :o take refuge beh9d ! phrase1 8,i d n "k :at is good or bad1 b ,i "k :at ,i l40 ,! phrase is a confession ( ei!r m5tal incapacity or ( m5tal slo?fulness4 ,x means ei!r 8,i am too /upid to ?9k out ! reason :y ?is pleases me10 or 8,i am too lazy to ?9k40 ,x is a moral duty = "o to "k :y "o likes or dislikes a ?+4 ,i d n mean t we c g to ! ultimate analysis ( ! reasons :y beauty delights & ugl9ess pa9s4 ,i d mean t ! possession ( reason lays on a man a moral obligation to use x2 & t s f> z 8 individual reason c g1 x is 8 duty to exam9e ! gr\nds ( 8 feel+s4 ,h[ is a man to h ! c\rage ( 8 dislikes if he does n "k ^u :at !y re/8 ,x is ! duty ( e rational creature to h op9ions4 ,9 ord] to h op9ions x is necess>y to e/imate belief & feel+4 ,9 ord] to e/imate x is ne$ful to h /&>ds4 ,all ?is be+ s1 h[ are /&>ds to be obta9$8 ,!re is un=tunately no m>ket :]e !y are to be b\ght2 & ! m]e m5tion ( acquir+ !m fills untra9$ & timor\s m9ds ) a %udd]+ s5se ( horribly labori\s und]tak+4 ,yet 9 its pla9e/ =m ! matt] is simply to "k :at "o believes2 & t is ! fir/ /ep 9 any m5tal developm5t :i* c claim to be g5u9e4 ,?is does n mean t criticism is to be a matt] ( p]sonal op9ion 9 ! s5se ( its be+ arbitr>y lik+ or dislik+4 ,x means t ! fir/ /&>d by :i* all "w mu/ be tri$ is t ( its tru?2 & t to be able to measure its tru? x is necess>y to "k :at "o reg>ds z tru?4 ,to be able to e/imate ! v]ity ( a book x is ess5tial t "o h def9ite op9ions 9 reg>d to ! tru? z x conc]ns life & humanity1 & t "o be n 9 ! lea/ 9 d\bt :at ^? op9ions are4 ,criticism by vague op9ions is l weight by an unc]ta9 balance4 ,= individual criticism1 moreov]1 x is absolutely ess5tial t judgm5t be made by tru? z x appe>s to ! critic1 & n by 8 idea ( :at o!rs may ?9k to be tru?4 ,8 k ( :at o!rs believe is to influ5ce him 9 e/abli%+ a /&>d1 n 9 8 measurem5t ( works by x4 ,9 o!r words1 we all are & %\ld be affect$ 9 our decision ( :at is tru? by ! op9ion ( our fell[-m54 ,:5 we h made up our m9d t a c]ta9 ?+ is true1 we try "w by x z a /&>d )\t ref]5ce to ! belief or ! disbelief ( o!rs4 ,?is is a matt] :i* rea*es f>4 ,x seems to me t x is h>dly possible to insi/ too /rongly 9 education ^u ! ne$ ( realiz+ "o's op9ions4 ,:at _m p]sons call _! m9d is m]ely a sort ( m5tal protoplasm f :i* a m9d may ) c>e be develop$1 & ! mo/ effective means ( developm5t is t ( def9+ cle>ly ! ?+s :i* we believe & ( assur+ ourselves z exactly z may be :at to u is & :at is n tru?4 ,our idea ( tru? is ! /&>d by :i* we e/imate ! ?+ t a "w expresses1 :e!r 9 idea or 9 impression4 ,to e/imate ! me*anics ( a book1 its te*nical f9i%1 & all t has to d ) workman%ip1 x is necess>y to /udy ! ma/]pieces ( lit]ature4 ,to judge ( :at may be done & :at may !re=e be fairly dem&$1 x is necess>y to exam9e ^? works :i* h /ood ! te/ ( "t & :i* are pron\nc$ good by ! v]dict ( mank9d4 ,x is difficult to =m our /&>ds f contempor>y writ+s because 9 !m :at is p]man5t is apt to be obscur$ by ! tempor>y4 ,lit]ature %[s ! relation ( m5 to _! "t & ! relation ( man to life4 ,9 ! classics ( all languages1 9 ! books :i* h liv$ f g5]ation to g5]ation1 ! tempor>y drops out ( sight :ile ! ess5tial rema9s4 ,a /ory :i* %[$ ! relation ( ! m5 ( ! ,re/oration to ! great /ruggle betwe5 ,puritanism & ,royalty 0 ( poignant & ev5 bitt] int]e/ to ! read]s ( t "t because ea* read] 0 a p>tisan on "o side or on ! o!r4 ,to-day we h no p]sonal feel+ 9 reg>d to ^! political & religi\s diff]5ces1 :i* )\t ! aid ( foot-notes we v likely d n ev5 und]/&4 ,only ! ess5tial & human rema9s4 ,we read su* a tale ) a p]ception only ( ! revelation :i* x makes ( ! nature ( p]man5t human emotions4 ,we get f x only ! tru?s :i* h to d ) ! relation ( man to life1 n z x is = "o p>ty or sect1 b z x is = man z a human be+4 ,:5 8,uncle ,tom's ,cab90 0 new1 x 0 h>dly possible to look at x f a lit]>y /&po9t1 because f "o side or ! o!r ( ! great anti-slav]y "q its read]s felt passionately its moral purpose4 ,we are already f> en\gh away f ! anti-slav]y /ruggle to be able to exam9e ! book critically1 & to decide ^u its lit]>y qualities )\t ref]5ce to its political or moral weight4 ,x is only :5 "t has practically elim9at$ ! tempor>y & accid5tal 9 a "w t we are able to look at x 9 a temp] dispassionate en\gh to all[ u to get f x an idea ( ! ess5tial qualities :i* %all be to u a /&>d4 ,! ?+s :i* we are ?us to le>n f ! /udy ( ! ma/]pieces & ! classics ( lit]ature1 are3 fir/1 ! laws ( prov9ce1 & second1 ! possibilities ( lit]>y expression4 ,by ! laws ( prov9ce--:i* is a some:at =midable "n = a n v complicat$ ?+--,i mean :at is ! prov9ce ( ea* v>iety ( lit]>y =m4 ,?is w\ld include1 = in/ance1 ! consid]ation ( ! consi/5cy ( fairy tales1 ! discussion ( a moral purpose 9 fiction1 me?ods 9 writ+ hi/ory or biography1 & all ! _m matt]s ( ?is nature4 ,if we are to consid] h[ well a noveli/ has done 8 "w1 x is necess>y t we h "s cle>ly def9$ notion ( :at comes prop]ly )9 ! scope ( a novel2 if we are to criticise a romance1 a hi/ory1 an essay1 x is 9 any case ne$ful t we be acqua9t$ ) :at ! exp]i5ce ( p]man5t lit]ature & ! judgm5t ( ! ma/]s h decid$ to be ! prop] range ( ea* sort ( writ+4 ,?is is :at is meant by ! laws ( prov9ce4 ,x is only by ! c>eful /udy ( ! be/ works ( ^! sev]al sorts t we become qualifi$ to judge h[ f> a new production holds by ! laws :i* %\ld gov]n a composition ( its k9d4 ,?is is ! m difficult z ^! laws are l>gely unwritt51 & f ! nature ( ?+s mu/ be diff]5tly appli$ 9 diff]5t cases4 ,"o ?+ mu/ be said 9 reg>d to ! au?ority ( ! classics1 ! ma/]pieces ( lit]ature to :i* we are to g to le>n our /&>ds4 ,! "y au?or is apt to feel t x is a m>k ( weakness to confess t he is influ5c$ by ! example ( ^? :o h gone be=e him4 ,he prote/s1 (t5 pretty vigor\sly1 aga9/ ?is autocratic rule ( au?ors long s9ce du/ /rewn z f> z wat]s fl[ or ! w9d spe$s4 ,he feels t x is = ! liv+ to make laws = ! liv+1 & ?is g5]ally means 9 8 own case a will+ness to make su* canons1 or at lea/ a det]m9ation to be a law unto himself4 ,! difficulty is t he does n recognize ! true /ate ( ?+s4 ,! doma9 ( lit]ature is n a despotism1 b ! mo/ absolutely free ( all republics4 ,no au?or1 no matt] h[ great he be1 c =ce ! public to accept 8 book or c impose 8 works ^u ! g5]ations4 ,x is by ! suffrages ( ! read]s ( ! _w t he /&s or falls1 & if !re 0 ev] giv5 9 ! :ole _w a dis9t]e/$ & imp>tial vote1 x is precisely ?is decision :i* ! _w makes ^u ! m]it ( works4 ,:at we call ! classics are ! books :i* ! _w has decid$ are good4 ,x is ! cons5sus ( ! op9ion ( mank9d t dom9ates "h4 ,! op9ion ( individuals is (t5 wrong4 ,i d\bt if ! v]dict ( g5]ations ^u a book ev] errs sub/antially4 ,yet ano!r ?\ght is ( importance4 ,to write is to endeavor to communicate ?\ght4 ,x is manife/ly inconsi/5t & illogical n to *oose t me?od ( communication to :i* ! _w w li/54 ,! measure ( ! _w's will+ness is to be f\nd 9 ! works :i* ! _w has p]man5tly approv$4 ,we le>n our /&>ds f ! ma/]pieces ( lit]ature1 we say2 we might say3 ,"h are ! books :i* %[ :at =m ( composition w be att5d$ to by ! _w :i* ! writ] wi%es to address4 ,to see h[ f> successful a giv5 au?or has be5 9 do+ :at he attempt$1 x is well to comp>e 8 "w ) ?is4 ,! =m+ ( /&>ds ( me*anical excell5ce is ( c\rse f\nd$ on ! same pr9ciples z ^? by :i* we det]m9e :at ,i h call$ ! laws ( prov9ce4 ,!re is no h>d-&-fa/ rule by :i* to def9e exactly ! limits ( "o dep>tm5t ( lit]ature or ano!r1 & ! only ?+ :i* c )\t qualification be said is t no "o c write criticisms :i* are ( any la/+ or inde$ ( any transi5t value :o is n well acqua9t$ ) ! great body ( good ,engli% lit]ature4 ,"o ?+ %\ld be kept con/antly 9 m9d 9 writ+ criticisms1 & t is t ! critic mu/ appreciate & hold to ! po9t ( view ( ! au?or criticis$4 ,! great po9t is to "k :at ! au?or tri$ to d1 & to judge h[ f> he has succe$$ 9 do+ x4 ,if a book is writt5 = ! g5]al public1 = in/ance1 x is manife/ly unfair to compla9 t x does n meet ! ne$s ( ! speciali/s2 & equally w\ld x be unfair to f9d fault ) ! volume c>efully prep>$ = ! speciali/ = n be+ adapt$ to ! av]age read]4 ,be sure t 9 writ+ a criticism y are cle> 9 reg>d to :at x is prop] to expect f a giv5 book1 & 9 reg>d also to :at ! "w is or is n z judg$ by ! /&>d ?us e/abli%$4 ,criticism mu/ fir/ ( all ?+s be def9ite4 ,"o ( ! p[]s fir/ to be call$ into play 9 =m+ an e/imate ( any "w is t ( analysis4 ,x is impossible to comp>e ! qualities ( a composition ) ! /&>d 9 our m9d1 )\t sep>at+ ^? qualities f ea* o!r4 ,we mu/ be able to say t ?is passage has ,=ce1 t t has ,elegance2 to see t ! "w z a :ole possesses ,=ce b lacks ,cle>ness2 & s on = any & all ! *>act]i/ics :i* may be f\nd4 ,x is necess>y to /udy ! effect :i* a "w produces1 & aga9 to be able to tell ^u :at means ^? effects dep5d4 ,9 no o!r way c we put ourselves 9 a position to e/imate fairly & conclusively ! value & ! la/+ m]it ( t :i* we criticise4 ,i h m ?an once rem9d$ y t lit]>y "w t is wor? ! "n is a sev]e labor4 ,x has nev] seem$ to me wor? :ile to attempt to lure y on ) delusive p]suasions ( easy roads to lit]>y p]fection4 ,all lit]>y "w :i* is wor? do+ is labori\s & long2 & ( all lit]ature :i* is g5]ally includ$ "u ! head ( belles-lettres x seems to me t criticism is intellectually ! mo/ sev]e4 ,x is s l>gely a matt] ( pure intellect t x ev5 seems m ardu\s ?an x is4 ,9 writ+ poetry or fiction1 or inde$ any purely creative "w1 ! pleasure ( creation ar\ses ! emotions & k9dles ! fancy4 ,"o c n[ & !n give ! re9 to 8 m9d1 s to say1 & let ! /e$s ( 8 imag9ation />t (f = a da%4 ,9 criticism ! imag9ation has no (fice save t ( be+ sympa!tic & ( ent]+ into ! mood ( ano!r4 ,! /ra9 on ! att5tion & ! judgm5t is con/ant2 & t !re are no m good critics is to be acc\nt$ = by ! explanation--:i* is almo/ an excuse--t criticism is s difficult an art4 ,:5 all o!r qualifications = criticis+ h be5 consid]$1 !re rema9s t mo/ elusive1 mo/ ess5tial ( all1--ta/e4 ,ta/e is a f9e s5se ( ! fitness ( ?+s2 a p]ception ( ! prop] proportion 9 "w1 & ( ! limits to :i* ! expression ( feel+ or emotion c g4 ,x is closely alli$ to a s5se ( humor 9 its quality4 ,x is no less a delicate appreciation ( ! fitness ( means to effect1 & ( ! propriety ( ! ways by :i* an au?or has endeavor$ to impress 8 read]s4 ,ta/e is ! self-respect ( ! imag9ation4 ,x det]m9es ! l9e beyond :i* ! fancy _c g ) dignity4 ,x is t faculty by :i* we decide t "o %ade ( incongruity is humor\s & t\*+1 yet t ! %ade b a trifle deep] is vulg> & repulsive4 ,! k h[ f> ?+s %\ld be c>ri$2 s5sitiv5ess to lit]>y propriety2 delicacy to f9e/ diff]5ces ( effect1 are all dep5d5t ^u ?is faculty1 :i* und]lies all /hetic p]ception4 ,h[ to improve x1 ref9e x1 develop x1 is ! "q ( all culture4 ,goe! says3-- ,ta/e %\ld be educat$ by contemplation1 n ( ! tol]ably good1 b ( ! truly excell5t4444 ,! be/ 444 :5 y h fully appreh5d$1 444 y w h a /&>d1 & w "k h[ to value inf]ior p]=mances )\t ov]rat+ !m4--,conv]sations4 ,!re is little t c be add$ to ?is4 ,! be/ books well read w d all = ! ta/e t def9ite outw>d cultivation c d4 ,! re/ is a matt] ( inn] gr[?4 ,no "o is fitt$ to criticise "w until he has le>n$ to appreciate "w4 ,ev5 a felon may claim to be tri$ by 8 pe]s1 & surely an au?or is fairly entitl$ to at lea/ ?is grace4 ,! pe] ( an au?or 9 ?is s5se is ! man :o sympa!tically is able to und]/& him2 :o is tra9$ to p]ceive :at is ! aim ( a book1 & s is 9 a position to judge h[ f> x has succe$$ or fail$4 ,until "o is consci\s ( hav+ atta9$ to ?is he %\ld at lea/ be mode/ 9 8 judgm5ts2 he %\ld def9e 8 op9ions = himself1 b he w n claim t infallibility :i* belongs only to ! critic ( ! highe/ rank & :i* is claim$ only by ^? ( ! l[e/4 ,all ?is has to d ) criticism z x %\ld be1 & z x is at its be/4 ,?is is :at m5 l ,sa9te-,beuve1 ,leslie ,/eph51 ,ta9e1 ,l[ell1 & ^? ( _! rank h made x4 ,if ! "q is t ( writ+ :at are call$ criticisms = ! press1 & especially = ! daily press1 ! matt] is n entirely ! same4 ,a newspap] is a bus9ess ent]prise4 ,! publi%]s h n e/abli%$ x 9 ! int]e/ ( ab/ract virtues1 & !y g5]ally c>e nei!r m nor less = ideals1 :e!r lit]>y or o!rwise1 ?an ! brok] or ! bank] next door4 ,!y conduct _! bus9ess v mu* z bus9ess :i* dep5ds directly ^u public support is conduct$ ev]y:]e4 ,!y endeavor to le>n :at ! l>ge/ numb] ( buy]s w l1 & ?is !y endeavor to supply4 ,if too _m newspap]s ( to-day are no?+ m or less ?an m5tal dram-%ops or bagnios1 ! m5 :o h n too mu* pr9ciple or self-respect to keep !m h at lea/ ! def5se1 su* z x is1 t !y pr9t :at ! public proves itself mo/ eag] to buy4 ,! g5]al public is nei!r will+ nor able to enjoy g5u9e criticism1 & ! publi%]s d n give x to !m4 ,criticism z x is to-day practic$ z a matt] ( lit]>y "w1 is apt to mean ! writ+ ( p]functory book-reviews1 notices ( plays & conc]ts & pictures1 all to ent]ta9 ! read] or to provoke him to buy4 ,!re are a great _m p]sons1 moreov]1 :o ei!r h no "t to read1 or no m9d to read ! books ( ! day1 yet :o wi% to appe> to h op9ions 9 reg>d to !m4 ,x is = ?is class t ! great bulk ( book-reviews are writt54 ,! publi%] ( a newspap] is aw>e t by furni%+ :at w ) ! un?9k+ pass = op9ions he c on ! "o h& please un9tellig5t subscrib]s & on ! o!r gratify ! book publi%]s f :om come adv]tisem5ts4 ,!re are v _m review]s :o are too hone/ to say a ?+ :i* !y d n believe1 yet :o are aw>e t if !y said all t !y ?9k !y w\ld n be able to hold _! places = a day4 ,i d n wi% to be unju/ to ! newspap]s4 ,i am too lately out ( an editorial *air myself to be 9 a position to reflect ^u !m too h>dly4 ,i mu/ say1 h[ev]1 t x is ! aim ( e newspap] to please ! publi%]s if x is possible1 & t !re are n half a doz5 9 ! c\ntry--if !re are any--:i* are n 9 _! reviews influ5c$ by o!r consid]ations besides ! m]it ( ! works notic$4 ,i %\ld z soon ?9k ( tak+ my political op9ions f a paid /ump-speak] z my lit]>y judgm5ts f ! book-reviews 9 a newspap]4 ,! intellectual furni%+ ( a m9d :i* is guid$ by !m is l ! pl5i%+s ( a room suppli$ ) second-h& furniture pur*as$ on ! in/allm5t plan & decorat$ ) cig>ette-adv]tis+ li?ographs4 ,9 its high & prop] s5se1 h[ev]1 criticism is n alone a matt] ( lit]ature1 b ( life z well4 ,culture is ma9ly a matt] ( self-criticism4 ,we d n really "k unless we are fully aw>e :at we "k4 ,9 o!r words1 ! di/9ction betwe5 consci\s k & vague impression is ! measure ( developm5t4 ,! correctness ( self-e/imate m>ks ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! cultivat$ & ! uncultivat$ m9d4 ,x might on fir/ ?\ght seem z if ?is conf\nd$ culture ) self-consci\sness4 ,on ! contr>y x di/+ui%es x f t pa9ful weakness4 ,self-consci\sness arises f a d\bt ( ! m9d2 an inability to tell :at is "o's true value & "o's true place4 ,culture is a fair & reasonable appreciation at once ( "o's m5tal m]its & %ortcom+s2 a k ( "o's intellectual rank4 ,?is fairness ( e/imate enables ! possessor ( ?is quality to take 8 intellectual place )\t false %ame on ! "o h& or false pride on ! o!r2 two faults :i* are ! w>p & wo( ( self-consci\sness4 ,education is n acquisition1 b assimilation2 & assimilation is impossible )\t t m5tal judgm5t :i* is ! be/ & f9al =m ( criticism4 ,m5tal advancem5t is possible only by ! e/abli%m5t 9 ! m9d ( well-def9$ /&>ds1 & ! measur+ by !m ( ! ?\ghts1 ! ideas1 ! op9ions2 & to e/abli% def9ite /&>ds & to measure by !m is criticism1 ! tonic ( ! m9d4 ,,xxii ,,/yle ,! "q :i* ^! talks set out to consid] 0 :at "o c d to le>n to write well4 ,i began by say+ t !re are two sorts ( p[] :i* ent] into lit]>y production1 ! communicable & ! incommunicable1 t :i* may be taught & t :i* is inborn1 ! te*nical & ! imag9ative4 ,naturally we h discuss$ *iefly ! p[] :i* may be le>n$1 ^? details ( /ructure & ( quality :i* dep5d ^u means :i* we are able to analyze4 ,! subject ( :i* ,i wi% n[ to say a little is connect$ r ) ^? p[]s & qualities :i* c be directly nei!r acquir$ nor imp>t$4 ,we _c close )\t "s consid]ation ( ,/yle1 t ?+ mo/ elusive & intangible 9 its elem5ts1 yet mo/ def9ite & recognizable 9 its effects2 & ,/yle 9 its m exact s5se is a matt] :i* has to d less ) ! me*anics ( lit]ature ?an ) ! creative impulse ( ! m9d4 ,reg>d$ 9 its high] aspect x is closely l9k$ ) ! imag9ation1 t faculty :i*1 if ! figure 7 n too ma!matical1 "o might call reason rais$ to ! n? p[]4 ,! t]m /yle is commonly us$ r indef9itely to indicate ei!r te*nical f9i% or ! m subtle qualities ( lit]>y expression4 ,( c\rse z f> z x is to be und]/ood 9 ! =m] s5se1 we h be5 discuss+ x f ! v beg9n+ ( ^! talks4 ,if we und]/& x to mean m]ely correctness or ev5 elegance ( language1 ! prop] proportion ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( a composition1 ! accurate *oice ( words & ! judici\s employm5t ( figures & ( ornam5ts1 we may be said to h dealt ) all ?is 9 ! previ\s lectures4 ,if ,i 7 to attempt to sum up concisely ! m important po9ts ( :at ,i h said1 hi!rto1 x w\ld be possible to cov] a l>ge portion ( ! gr\nd by say+ t ! secret ( lit]>y ease & f9i% lies 9 att5tion to details4 ,9 my y\? & 9 ! dame-s*ool 9 :i* ,i began to le>n to write x 0 ! fa%ion to set d[n moral & improv+ s5tim5ts 9 ! copy-books1 & "o ( !m 0 ! s5t5ti\s maxim ) :i* y are all famili>1--8,trifles make up p]fection1 b p]fection is no trifle40 ,! hackney$ say+ is a good deal ne>] to be+ exact ?an are mo/ didactic aphorisms4 ,x is c]ta9ly true t ?\gh p]fection is above all trifles yet a trifle may spoil x4 ,! slighte/ t\* breaks a bubble1 & a s+le bad epi!t w spoil a passage o!rwise effective4 ,to neglect details is to neglect ! :ole4 ,x is true t to consid] only details is to deprive ! "w ( all unity4 ,x is l f9i%+ c>efully all ! pieces :i* are to be set 9 a mosaic & neglect+ to consid] ! design ( ! :ole4 ,i ne$ n repeat "h :at has be5 said ( ! ne$ ( deal+ ) any lit]>y "w z a unit2 b x is necess>y to keep ?is 9 m9d4 ,conceive a ?+ z broadly z possible4 ,look at x 9 ! l>ge2 see x z cle>ly z y are able 9 its g5]al outl9es2 & make x ! aim ( y\r labor to embody 9 words ?is broad conception firmly & cle>ly4 ,:5 ?is is accompli%$ g ov] y\r "w ) a microscope to discov] if !re be any?+ 9 x :i* w prev5t or injure ! effect4 ,inde$1 if y hope to be f9i%$ arti/s 9 words1 x w be necess>y t y see to x t e detail n only does n less5 ! effect ( ! :ole1 b t x is a positive advantage & addition4 ,x is only by su* c>e 9 ! managem5t ( trifl+ p>ticul>s t ! f9e/ results are to be obta9$4 ,go+ beyond all ^! l>gely me*anical matt]s1 we come to ! consid]ation ( a m intangible1 & yet a high] ?+4 ,suppose t y came ^u ^! ?ree passages 9 "s book :i* did n give _! au?or%ip4 ,c\ld y1 al?\gh y _h nev] se5 !m be=e1 suppose t !y _h be5 writt5 by ! same au?or8-- ,( ?is ?+1 h[ev]1 be c]ta93 w\ld/ ?\ plant = ,et]nity1 !n plant into ! deep inf9ite faculties ( man1 8 ,fantasy & ,he>t2 w\ld/ ?\ plant = a ,ye> & ,day1 !n plant into 8 %all[ sup]ficial faculties1 8 ,self-love & ,ari?metical ,und]/&+1 :at w gr[ !re4 ,a ,hi]>*1 !re=e1 & ,pontiff ( ! ,_w-w we call$ him1 ! ,poet & inspir$ ,mak]2 :o1 ,prome!us-l1 c %ape new ,symbols1 & br+ new ,fire f ,heav5 to fix x !re4--,s>tor ,res>tus1 iii4 #c4 ,! figure ( t fir/ ance/or1 inve/$ by family tradition ) a dim & dusky gr&eur1 0 pres5t to my boyi% imag9ation1 z f> back z ,i c rememb]4 ,x /ill haunts me1 & induces a sort ( home-feel+ ) ! pa/1 :i* ,i sc>cely claim 9 ref]5ce to ! pres5t phase ( ! t[n4 ,i seem to h a /rong] claim z a resid5t "h on acc\nt ( ?is grave1 be>d$1 sable-cloak$ & /eeple-cr[n$ prog5itor1--:o came s e>ly1 ) 8 ,bible & 8 sword1 & trode ! unworn /reet ) su* a /ately port1 & made s l>ge a figure1 z a man ( w> & peace1--a /rong] claim ?an = myself1 ^: "n is seldom he>d & my face h>dly kn[n4--,! ,cu/om ,h\se4 ,an obese p]son1 ) 8 wai/coat 9 clos] connection ) 8 legs ?an is q reconcilable ) ! e/abli%$ ideas ( grace1 ) t ca/ ( feature :i* is figuratively call$ a bottle-nose1 & ) a face cov]$ all ov] ) pimples4 ,he _h be5 a t5d] plant once ^u a "t1 b1 f con/ant bl[+ 9 ! fat air ( fun]als1 _h run to se$4--,m>t9 ,*uzzlewit4 ,:e!r ! read] recogniz$ 9 ^! passages ! h& ( ,c>lyle1 ( ,haw?orne1 & ( ,dick5s w\ld ( c\rse dep5d ^u 8 exp]i5ce2 b if he _h any susceptibility to lit]>y expression1 he w\ld appreciate ! fact t !y are someh[ diff]5t4 ,he w\ld feel ! di/9ction :i* arises f ^? ess5tial qualities1 bo? ( matt] & ( mann]1 :i* di/+ui% "o piece ( lit]ature f e o!r composition :atev]4 ,to ! sum ( ^! qualities we give ! "n ,/yle4 ,/yle 9 ?is s5se is ! individuality ( a "w4 ,:at p]sonality is to a human be+1 t is /yle to a composition4 ,inde$1 "o w\ld be do+ no great viol5ce to language :o def9$ ?is quality z ! 8p]sonal equation0 ( a "w4 ,/yle is ! p]sonal impress :i* a writ] inevitably sets ^u 8 production4 ,x is t "* 9 :at is writt5 :i* results f ! fact t ^! ?\ghts & emotions h be5 ^? ( ! au?or r ?an ( any o!r human be+4 ,x is ! expression ( "o man's individuality1 z sure & z unique z ! s\nd ( 8 voice1 ! look f 8 eye1 or ! impr9t ( 8 ?umb4 ,x is ! quality :i* gives to ! "w ( a ma/]-m9d1 a m9d 9 :i* ! intellectual individuality is well develop$1 a flavor s unique t no man famili> ) lit]>y effects c mi/ake x = t ( any o!r4 ,x is /yle 9 ?is s5se :i* is pro( ( au?or%ip s conclusive t if we _h au!nticat$ & solemnly sworn decl>ations f bo? ,%akespe>e & ,bacon t ! latt] wrote ! plays attribut$ to ! =m]1 we %\ld /ill "k beyond all p]adv5ture t ?is c\ld n be4 ,! f9al appeal 9 a case ( d\bt ( au?or%ip is ! int]nal evid5ce4 ,i d n mean to ass]t t mi/akes may n arise "h z 9 all o!r human affairs2 b ,i d mean t x is inconceivable t any great imag9ative "w %\ld be produc$ :i* %\ld fail ( be>+ 9 x ! inconte/able m>k ( its au?or's p]sonality4 ,we say t "o writ] imitates ano!r's /yle s clev]ly t x is n possible = ! c\nt]feit to be di/+ui%$ f ! real4 ,?is may sometimes be true ( ! trifles ( lit]ature1 ?\gh ,i d\bt if ev5 "h ! g5u9e exp]t c\ld n detect ! imposition4 ,9 ^? writ+s 9 :i* a g5ius has express$ 8 inn] be+1 9 :i* 8 imag9ation has unveil$ itself1 9 :i* t true self t dwells 9 e human creature & ) :i* we sometimes feel t we are h>dly acqua9t$ 9 our own case1--9 ^! x is impossible t ! /amp ( 8 p]sonality %\ld n be impress$ ^u ! "w4 ,x foll[s 9 ! case m5tion$ t "o ?+ ( :i* a lit]>y man is pretty likely to be sure is t :oev] wrote ! plays attribut$ to ,william ,%akespe>e1 x is outside ! limits ( conceivable lit]>y or human possibilities t !y 7 writt5 by ! au?or ( ! poems & essays av[$ly ! "w ( ,francis ,bacon4 ,!re are ^? :o w\ld d5y ! tru? ( ?is illu/ration1 ,i believe1 b !re is nobody :o d5ies t an imag9ative writ] /amps ! "* ( 8 m9d ^u 8 productions4 ,?is matt] ( individualism is "o ( ! mo/ elusive & yet "o ( ! mo/ tangibly p]suasive ( all matt]s connect$ ) lit]>y art4 ,suppose two au?ors to be equally correct1 equally well in=m$1 well tra9$1 & to write ^u subjects 9 :i* we are equally int]e/$4 ,x w /ill be true t "o w please u m ?an ! o!r4 ,!re w be a c]ta9 quality1 an almo/ intangible flavor ab\t "o book :i* is lack+ 9 ! o!r4 ,"o au?or w ma9ta9 a dignity 9 8 attitude t[>d 8 subject1 or he w possess a p]suasive mann]2 9 "o way or ano!r 8 individuality w *>m u4 ,we say t we are pleas$ ) 8 /yle4 ,we mean t ! individual quality ( :at he writes has attract$ u4 ,to g back a little f>!r 9 analysis1 :at we say means practically t 9 ! nature ( ! m9d & ! "* ( ! au?or !re is t :i* appeals to u z human be+s or to u 9 p>ticul> z individuals4 ,"h we t\* ^u an important pr9ciple :i* und]lies ?is :ole matt]4 ,! secret ( *>m 9 /yle lies 9 "*4 ,y h all he>d innum]able times ! say+ t 8,/yle is ! man40 ,9 o!r words1 /yle z a matt] ( /ructure 9 composition is ! indication ( :at a man c d2 /yle z a matt] ( quality is an indication ( :at he is4 ,! ways 9 :i* individuality %[s itself are num]\s4 ,ea* writ]1 = in/ance1 may be said to make 8 own vocabul>y4 ,he consci\sly increases 8 k ( words1 delib]ately *ooses c]ta9 t]ms = p>ticul> uses1 & c>efully decides ^u ! especial t]m :i* 9 ea* case seems to him be/ adapt$ to convey 8 mean+4 ,besides ?is he unconsci\sly has a pref]5ce t[>d ?is ^w or t1 he is influ5c$ by association1 by ! sugge/ions :i* are ar\s$ 9 8 m9d by ?is synonym or t1 & is 9 e decision sway$ 9 "o direction or ano!r by ! f95ess ( 8 p]ceptions1 ! nature ( 8 temp]am5t1 & by all ^? m9ute & m+l$ elem5ts :i* make up :at we "k z "*4 ,all ^! consci\s & all ^! unconsci\s causes help to br+ x ab\t t e writ] %all make = himself :at ,walt] ,pat] calls a 8vocabul>y fai?ful to ! color+ ( 8 own _s20 & ! same pr9ciple may easily be trac$ ?r\gh all ! divisions ( ! lit]>y art1 :e!r !y be ( /ructure or ( quality4 ,x foll[s t to talk ( /yle 9 ! high] s5se is to consid] "* 9 its broade/ & deepe/ ext5t4 ,x is impossible to discuss any "q ( human life to its f>!/ limits )\t f9d+ t x re/s ^u an e?ical basis4 ,! be/ me?od ( phras+ aspiration & passion 9 art _c be det]m9$ until we h se>*$ out ! nature ( passion & ( aspiration2 until we h fix$ ^u "s !ory ( man's relation to life & tru?1 & ?is is :at is meant by e?ics4 ,if "o exam9$ f> en\gh1 x is probable t x w\ld appe> t ! same is true ( ?+s :i* seem to u inf9itely trivial4 ,!re is z truly a moral reason :y *ildr5 mak+ mud pies 9 ! gutt] %\ld n qu>rel z !re is t ,dante's 8,div9e ,com$y0 is an immortal "w4 ,if we se>* deep en\gh1 ! reason :y ! *ildr5 are amus$ by _! mud pies is z surely to be f\nd 9 ! relations ( human be+s to life z is ! reason ( ! spiritual exaltation :i* may come f ! appreciative read+ ( ! poet4 ,i said ! o!r ev5+ t x might seem t ,i _h a t5d5cy to speak ( ,engli% ,composition z if x involv$ ! :ole duty ( man2 we h n[ come to ! place :]e x is evid5t t x does4 ,we _c g into s ext5sive an exam9ation z ! f\ndation ( morals & ! elem5ts ( "*1 s t ,i %all cont5t myself ) po9t+ ?is out1 leav+ ea* to make--or n to make1 z he pleases--su* reflections & su* d$uctions z fit 8 own ne$ & 8 own incl9ations4 ,x is /rictly 9 ! l9e ( lit]>y "w1 h[ev]1 to comm5t once m ^u ! use ( books 9 intellectual developm5t z appli$ to /yle4 ,:at a man reads affects :at he writes indirectly by its effect ^u :at he is1 z we h be=e se5 t x has a direct & swift ag5cy 9 %ap+ 8 me?ods ( expression4 ,:at ! company he keeps is to a man's "*1 ?is to 8 /yle are ! books he reads4 ,a writ] _c accu/om himself to ! pages ( ! ma/]s ( lit]ature & be cont5t to write meanly & incorrectly4 ,he may n consci\sly contra/ 8 "w ) !irs1 b ! influ5ce ( _! example is ) him always4 ,9 v try+ circum/ances1 ,i once said to a workman aga9/ :om falsehood seem$ to be prov$1 8,9 spite ( ev]y?+1 ,i d believe t y h be5 tell+ me ! tru?40 ,he answ]$ me ) a simplicity :i* 0 no?+ less ?an noble1 8,if y knew my wife1 sir1 y'd "k t ,i c\ldn't live ) h] & lie40 ,i le>n$ aft]w>d t ?is 0 ! exact /ate ( ! case4 ,8 wife 0 a r sil5t woman1 & ,i d n believe t %e _h ev] lectur$ h] husb& on tru?-tell+4 ,x 0 simply t "o c\ld n live 9 h] influ5ce & be will+ to be guilty ( falsehood4 ,9 ! same way "o _c live famili>ly ) good lit]ature & kn[+ly write bad4 ,x is n t "o imitates good au?ors4 ,any imitation is bad art1 because !re %\ld always be 9 :at is done ! r+ ( g5u9e1 p]sonal conviction4 ,! imitator is n giv+ expression to t )9 him :i* is s real & s /rong t x w n be suppress$4 ,he is try+ to %[ t he c feel z "s "o else has felt1 t he c write z somebody else has writt54 ,x is a %am1 & ! read] feels t x is a %am4 ,imitation1 moreov]1 is at be/ b a reproduction ( ! m obvi\s peculi>ities ( "w1 :ile at wor/ x is a cat*+ ( tricks1 mann]isms1 & faults4 ,x may be add$1 too1 t x is (t5] at its wor/ ?an at its be/4 ,anybody c imitate ! defects ( a /yle1 & few its virtues4 ,9 ^! days nobody reads av[$ly = /yle directly4 ,!re 0 once an idea t x 0 well to select an au?or ( /&+ & delib]ately attempt to cat* 8 mann]1 or1 z ! phrase w5t1 to 8=m "o's /yle on ! ma/]40 ,! idea 0 ab\t z s5sible z w\ld be ! notion t x 7 well = a "y man n :olly satisfi$ ) 8 features to 8=m0 8 nose aft] t ( ! ,apollo ,belv$]e4 ,/yle is ! expression ( selfhood4 ,no writ] c embody 8 own individuality 9 ! expression ( ! individuality ( ano!r4 ,le>n f ! ma/]pieces :at is good use 9 diction1 9 con/ruction1 9 arrangem5t2 le>n f !m to be /r5u\s1 p]suasive1 & s9c]e 9 :atev] y d2 b d n = a mom5t ?9k ( obta9+ f !m t p]sonal flavor :i* c come only f ! writ] himself1 & :i* is ! ?+ :i* makes /yle 9 its highe/ s5se4 ,x is ! developm5t ( ! p]sonality ( ! writ] :i* saves a composition f becom+ me*anical4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! talks ,i quot$ ! in/ructions :i* ,flaub]t gave to ,guy de ,maupassant1 9 :i* he said3-- ,:atev] may be ! ?+ :i* "o wi%es to say1 !re is b "o ^w = express+ x2 only "o v]b to animate x1 only "o adjective to qualify x4 ,x is ess5tial to se>* = ?is ^w1 = ?is v]b1 = ?is adjective1 until !y are discov]$1 & to be satisfi$ ) no?+ else4 ,?is ,i comm5d$ to y z s\nd & necess>y advice4 ,f our pres5t po9t ( view1 h[ev]1 x is to be se5 t ?is is ! attitude ( a /ud5t r ?an t ( an arti/4 ,9 o!r words x is r ! way to le>n to write ?an ! way to write4 ,s pa9fully m9ute a me?od z t :i* ,flaub]t recomm5d$ to 8 pupil w\ld br+ to an end all spontane\s or impassion$ writ+4 ,! m9d %\ld be tra9$ by ^! sev]e & c>eful me?ods until exactness ( expression becomes a second nature4 ,!n = good or = bad "o mu/ write z "o is impell$ to write at ! p>ticul> mom5t4 ,9 revision ! mo/ /rict requirem5ts may be held to1 s long z !re is kept 9 m9d ! dang] ( revis+ ! life out ( imag9ative writ+ & ( ref9+ until spontaneity is lo/4 ,"w %\ld be revis$ ) pati5t1 ) inexhau/ible c>e2 b x mu/ be revis$ delicately4 ,no =mal correctness1 no p]fection ( epi!t or propriety ( diction1 c atone = ! sacrifice ( ! intangible qualities :i* 9 ! orig9al =m express ! mood ( ! writ]1 & are to a composition :at ! p]sonality is to a human be+4 ,9 all ! talks :i* prec$$ ?is we h be5 consid]+ "w z t ( ! /ud5t :o is prep>+ to write r ?an z t ( ! au?or :o is actually produc+4 ,:5 we talk ( /yle we are deal+ ) ! production ( lit]ature4 ,! /ud5t :o has n ma/]$ details 9 ! mo/ pa9fully m9ute mann] has n fitt$ himself = t p]ception ( a subject on broad l9es :i* is ! condition ( successful production4 ,william ,blake has said3 8,9 ord] to "k :at is en\gh1 x is necess>y to "k :at is m ?an en\gh40 ,! /ud5t mu/ h acquir$ ?or\ghly ! highe/ degree ( elaboration possible 9 ord] t he may be able to judge :at is prop] & effective 9 any giv5 case4 ,he _c fairly judge h[ f> x is safe to g1 unless he is ke5ly aw>e ( :at x is to g too f>4 ,9 consid]+ a lit]>y "w z a :ole & 9 treat+ x z an expression ( 8 own p>ticul> & peculi> individuality1 x is well = a writ] to be> 9 m9d a phrase ( ,mr4 ,george ,sa9tsbury1 ! ,engli% critic4 8,! fir/ rule ( lit]ature10 he says1 8is t :at is pres5t$ %all be pres5t$ n m]ely z x is1 b trans=m$1 &1 if ,i may say s1 disrealiz$40 ,?is is easily & obvi\sly true ( fiction4 ,x is manife/ly impossible to give a realiz$ picture ( life z x actually exi/s1 to tell ev]y?+ :i* mu/ h happ5$ to *>act]s1 h[ !y eat & sleep1 %iv] :5 gett+ into _! ba?s 9 ! morn+1 f9d _! egg too mu* or too little cook$ at breakfa/1 get out ( brea? 9 hurry+ to cat* a /reet-c>1 & all ! re/ ( ! innum]able trifles :i* make up ! bulk ( life4 ,on ?is plan ! simple/ /ory w\ld be exp&$ into z _m volumes z 8,cl>issa ,h>l[e40 ,! same pr9ciple ( selection & dep>ture f reality is no less true ( ev]y?+ :i* is writt54 ,! ?\ghts :i* a philosoph] weaves into a pr(\nd sy/em d n come to him 9 sequ5ce1 beautifully arrang$4 ,if he foll[$ ! actual ord] ( nature1 he w\ld put d[n a het]og5e\s mass ( reflections1 good & bad m+l$ toge!r1 ) no sy/em app>5t 9 !m except aft] a pa9ful /udy :i* no read] w\ld be at all likely to give to ! confus$ & confus+ pages4 ,art is n nature4 ,x is n ! reproduction ( nature4 ,x is ! inv5tion ( man to produce at w & to en%r9e 9 p]man5t =m ^? impressions1 ^? emotions :i* come to him 9 r>e & fleet+ in/ants :5 8 own consci\sness rea*es = a quick mom5t to ! secret ( t life :i* in=ms nature4 ,rememb] t ! object ( writ+ is n to reproduce ! actual2 t x is n ev5 :olly t v diff]5t ?+1 to produce an impression ( ! actual2 x is to embody & to make evid5t ! tru? :i* actualities express4 ,:oev] takes up 8 p5 to produce lit]ature und]takes to make cle>] ! relation ( man to nature & to life4 ,he sets out to say 9 all s9c]ity :at "s fact ( exi/5ce means to him4 ,if he is cont5t to be a m]e scribe1 simply an artisan ( lett]s1 he may deal ) words 9 a me*anical fa%ion1 & manufacture composition z "o makes a deal table4 ,?is is hone/ "w en\gh1 b x is n ! production ( lit]ature4 ,x is ! "w ( ! hack-writ]2 ( ! report] ( life & n ( ! int]pret] ( life4 ,to produce lit]ature !re mu/ be an e>ne/ attempt to embody ! writ]'s conception ( "s phase ( exi/5ce4 ,!re mu/ be t expression ( 8 convictions & "* :i* is :at we mean :5 we use ! ^w /yle 9 its high] mean+4 ,x is ( /yle 9 ?is s5se t ,goe! 0 ?9k+1 :5 he said3-- ,x is n language 9 itself & indep5d5tly :i* is accurate1 vigor\s1 lucid1 or graceful1 b ! _s :i* is embodi$ 9 x2 & s x is n 9 ! p[] ( e "o to give to 8 "w ! good qualities ( expression t %\ld belong to x4 ,! "q is :e!r nature has giv5 to ! writ] intellectual & moral qualities :i* dem& & %ape out = !mselves su* an embodim5t z he has giv5 !m--intellectual p[]s ( intuition & p5etration2 & n less moral p[]1 t he may be able to resi/ ! evil demons :o w\ld h9d] him 9 ! unsw]v+ loyalty t he mu/ pay to tru?4--,goe!3 ,natur-,aphorism51 iv4 ,!re is no bett] way ( te/+ :at "o has writt5 ?an by comp>+ x ) ! "w ( great writ]s4 ,see :]e9 _! "w excels y\rs4 ,d n !reupon say to y\rself1 8,oh1 ( c\rse ,i am n to be expect$ to d z well z !y40 ,say r3 8,9 s f> z my "w has fall5 %ort ( ! be/ t has be5 done1 x has fall5 %ort ( :at has be5 %[n to be possible4 ,let me see h[ f> ,i c br+ x ne>] to ! /&>d40 ,9 ! second ( 8 8,disc\rses on ,art10 ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds says to 8 /ud5ts ( pa9t+3 ,comp>+ y\r own ef=ts ) ^? ( "s great ma/] is inde$ a sev]e & mortify+ task1 to :i* none w submit b su* z h great views1 ) =titude suffici5t to =ego ! gratifications ( pres5t vanity = future honor4 ,:5 ! /ud5t has succe$$ 9 "s measure to 8 own satisfaction1 & has felicitat$ himself on 8 success1 to g volunt>ily to a tribunal :]e he kn[s 8 vanity mu/ be humbl$1 & all self-approbation mu/ vani%1 requires n only great resolution b great humility4 ,to him1 h[ev]1 :o has ! ambition to be a real ma/]1 ! solid satisfaction :i* proce$s f a consci\sness ( 8 advancem5t 7( :i* see+ 8 own faults is ! fir/ /ep7 w v abundantly comp5sate = pres5t disappo9tm5t4 ,?is ne$ n be said diff]5tly to apply to ! /ud5t ( lit]ature4 ,!re is "o ?+ ( :i* he :o desires to write lit]ature may be sure1 & t is t ! unp>donable s9 9 ?is z 9 all art is flippancy4 ,flippancy is ! prevail+ lit]>y vice ( ! age4 ,! p]iodicals are p]haps m l>gely to blame = ?is ?an any o!r s+le cause1 b newspap]s & magaz9es by no means h ! :ole responsibility 9 ?is matt]4 ,! desire = amusem5t has eat5 u up4 ,! ov]work$ & n]ve-%ak5 public desires ent]ta9m5t :i* %all make no call on ! intellect & z little z possible on ! p]ception4 ,! man :o c\ld devise ! means ( amus+ 8 fell[s )\t _! be+ oblig$ ev5 to take ! tr\ble to be aw>e ( x w\ld almo/ be deifi$ by ?is age4 ,! mod]n imag9ation is h>d] to awak5 ?an ! ,sleep+ ,beauty4 ,an audi5ce at ! !atre to-day _c be p]suad$ to d any?+ = itself4 ,9 ! days ( ,%akespe>e a plac>d on ! /age transf]r$ all ! behold]s into ! ,=e/ ( ,ard5 or to ! en*ant$ isle ( ,prosp]o4 ,to-day x is difficult to induce ! spectators to second ! mo/ elaborate devices :i* h be5 contriv$ by sc5e-pa9t] & c>p5t] to assi/ _! sluggi% fancy4 ,!re is ev5 a l>ge class app>5tly s completely atrophi$ m5tally z to be unable to foll[ a simple plot on ! /age4 8,v>iety %[s0 to-day take ! place :i* real plays held once2 %ort /ories ) only s mu* sub/ance z admits ( _! be+ beat5 up l ! :ite ( egg on a cu/>d are languidly read by ! million2 & we h ev5 replac$ criticism by a sort ( %all[ flippancy = :i* no o!r "n seems to me s appropriate z lit]>y skirt-danc+4 ,to be clev] 9 ! mo/ sup]ficial s5se ( t ^w1 to be vulg>ly glib1 to rev]5ce no?+1 & above all to be sm>t & amus+1 seems to be ! sum & sub/ance ( ! cre$ ( writ]s :o practice ?is art4 ,!y sub/itute adroitness = dep?1 sc(f+ = s5tim5t1 & rapidity = brilliancy4 ,_! "o aim is to ent]ta9 ! idle m9d1 & to w9 f a/oni%m5t ! applause :i* !y h n ! wit to ga9 f approbation4 ,! lit]>y gymna/ics ( writ]s ( ^! flippant pseudo-criticisms are h>dly m intellectual ?an ! supple evolutions ( ! ballet girl1 & x is to be d\bt$ if ! dance is n ! m moral & less debas+ ( ! two4 ,?is may s\nd extravagant1 b :5 ! influ5ce ^u "y read]s & "y writ]s is consid]$ x h>dly seems possible to /ate ! matt] too /rongly4 ,x is true t ^! writ]s pr(ess1 s f> z !y pr(ess any?+1 allegiance to all ! highe/ virtues1 bo? moral & intellectual4 ,_! books are di/9ctly amus+--to ^? ^: ta/e is n (f5d$ by ! tone ( flippancy :i* p]vades !m2 & :at !y write is (t5 em95tly clev]4 ,_! fault is t !y d n take life s]i\sly2 t !y are z devoid ( rev]5ce z a /one is ( blood2 t _! temp] is z fatal to idealism1 to en?usiasm1 to aspiration1 z c>bonic acid gas is to animal life4 ,ev5 ! cynicism ) :i* !y are flavor$ is z %am z is ! t9t ( a glass ruby4 ,= a "y writ] to fall "u ?is influ5ce seems to me z great a lit]>y mis=tune z x w\ld be a physical calamity = him to become crippl$4 ,if "o wi%es to e>n a trump]y wage by writ+ sm>tly1 ^! are 8 models2 b if he is 9 love ) lit]ature1 he mu/ turn 8 back4 ,! "y writ] %\ld /rive always to be s]i\s be=e he is sm>t1 s9c]e be=e he is clev]1 & to flee flippancy z he w\ld flee ! pe/il5ce t /alke? at noonday4 ,by s]i\s1 ,i d n necess>ily mean grave1 & /ill less d ,i mean solemn4 ,x is z true = ! writ] ( humor\s lit]ature t he %\ld take 8 art s]i\sly z x is = ! writ] ( hi/ory or ( s]mons4 ,no man ev] took lit]ature m s]i\sly ?an ,*>les ,lamb1 yet he rema9s "o ( ! mo/ delici\sly humor\s writ]s ( all "t4 ,he 0 gay & :imsical & droll1 b he nev] = a mom5t fail$ ( a high & noble respect = lit]ature2 he 0 app>5tly freaki%1 b he did n = a l9e become flippant4 ,x w\ld h be5 impossible = him to be vulg>4 ,8 ta/e always prev5t$ 8 go+ too f>4 ,ev5 9 ! wilde/ excesses ( humor\s lit]ature x is /ill absolutely ne$ful to pres]ve a s]i\s attitude t[>d lit]ature & t[>d life4 ,x is n t ?is feel+ is to be obtrud$4 ,x is n meant t ! je/ %all be made ) ! s\r visage ( a ,puritan4 ,x is t ! au?or himself %all nev] lose ?is inn] respect & rev]5ce = ! dignities ( life & = ! tru?4 ,if ^! are a "p ( 8 "* he _c write o!rwise ?an ) !m z x 7 =m+ a backgr\nd to 8 "w2 & no lit]ature is ( la/+ value or ev5 fame :i* lacks ?is4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ examples ( :at ,i mean is furni%$ by ! poet ,franois ,villon1 ?ief1 h\se-break]1 & scape-gall[s4 ,he believ$ n 9 man1 woman1 or ,god1 b he did hold to fai? 9 lit]>y art4 ,life z a matt] ( e-day exi/5ce he took flippantly en\gh1 b lit]ature z an expression ( life he /ill reg>d$ s]i\sly1--& ?us x happ5s t 8 poems live to-day1 & t !y are "p ( p]man5t lit]ature4 ,life is aft] all a s]i\s matt] to ! lighte/ human be+4 ,h[ev] x is embroid]$ ov] ) joys & jocund devices1 ) m]rim5t or frivolity1 e man kn[s its solemnity4 ,!re are = ! mo/ c>eless ( m5 mom5ts 9 :i* ! real gravity ( 8 situation1 z he /&s insecurely = a mom5t betwe5 ! cradle & ! grave1 =ces itself ^u him4 ,! only univ]sal human exp]i5ce is pa94 ,to mo/ m5 comes hope1 & to mo/ comes love 9 "s degree ( int5sity4 ,joy1 ambition1 hate1 & jeal\sy1 are common to p]haps ! great majority ( mank9d1 & ! writ] :o t\*es /rongly & skillfully ^u any "o ( ^! is sure ( appeal+ to mo/ read]s4 ,only he :o portrays sorr[ & suff]+ is deal+ ) an exp]i5ce s univ]sal t he is sure t no man c fail ( "s appreciation ( ! !me4 ,su* be+ ! case1 x is only ! au?or :o by 8 fundam5tal s]i\sness implies--remotely1 x may be1 b surely--t he has a %>e 9 ! univ]sal h]itage1 :o c long or deeply comm& ! att5tion ( mank9d4 ,to be flippant is to be inhuman2 & al?\gh ! _w may n analyze ?is1 x is sure to feel x4 ,/yle is ! unconsci\s revelation ( ! writ]'s attitude t[>d life1 & if ?is be n s]i\s all good gifts & graces ( te*nical skill & m5tal clev]ness1 all adroitness ( wit & /r5g? ( intellectual p]ception1 ev5 all vividness ( imag9ation1 w fail ( mak+ "w great & p]man5tly effective4 ,volumes might be writt5 ^u /yle & its relations to au?or%ip1 b 9 ! end x w\ld /ill be necess>y to ackn[l$ge t ! f9e/ ess5ce ( lit]ature is too subtle to be seiz$ or analyz$4 ,! aim ( ^! talks 0 to consid] ! practical side ( composition1 & x is !re=e aside f ! purpose to attempt to discuss fur!r ! elusive /hetic quality4 ,individual temp]am5t & individual purpose mu/ 9 ! end det]m9e :at %all be ! quality & /yle ( all "w2 s t ! secrets ( ?is bran* ( lit]>y art _c be discov]$ until man is able to trace ! nature & ! work+ ( ^? tw9 halves ( ! highe/ human consci\sness1 individuality & imag9ation4 ,,index ,adv]b1 flat1 #ej1 #ea4 /hetic s5se1 #he-hg4 ,allit]ation1 #aab-aad4 ,amateur "w1 #ab4 ,anti!sis1 #aac-aaf4 ,argum5t1 #abc-abg1 #aeb-ahj2 rules =1 #agi4 ,ari/otle1 quot$1 #bbi4 ,arnold1 ,mat!w1 #hh4 ,arts1 f9e1 #a1 #ace1 #afj1 #bdj4 ,bacon1 ,francis1 quot$1 #eb4 ,bacon-,%akespe>e controv]sy1 #cjc1 #cjd4 8,b>abbas10 #hc4 ,b>rie1 ,j4 ,m41 use ( dialect1 #bdf1 #bdg4 ,bee?ov51 8,n9? ,symphony10 #baj4 ,beg9n+ ( /ory1 #bcb4 ,beg9n+ well1 #gh4 ,bible1 quot$1 #hc4 8,bigl[ ,pap]s10 #bdg4 ,blake1 ,william1 quot$1 #caj4 8,bleak ,h\se10 #bfd4 ,brassey1 ,lady1 8,voyage ( ! ,sunbeam10 #bab4 ,br[n1 ,alice1 #bdd4 ,br[n+1 ,rob]t1 obscurity (1 #fc2 quot$1 #ad4 ,br[n+1 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,b41 quot$1 #bce4 ,bunyan1 8,pilgrim's ,progress10 #fh4 ,burke1 ,edmund1 quot$1 #eb4 ,burr\ghs1 ,john1 #acj4 ,cable1 ,george1 8,old ,creole ,days10 #bde1 #bdf2 use ( dialect1 #bde1 #bdf1 #bdg4 ,cann+1 ,george1 quot$1 #bac4 ,c>lyle1 ,?omas1 =ce (1 #ga2 inv5tion ( words1 #aag2 ,l[ell on1 #ie1 #if2 ma/] ( emotional emphasis1 #ada2 obscurity (1 #fa1 #fc1 #gd2 quot$1 #fa1 #cja4 ,c>roll1 ,lewis1 8,?r\gh a ,look+ ,glass10 #bah4 ,cause & effect1 #bca1 #bcc4 ,c]vantes1 #bci4 ,"*1 developm5t (1 #bch4 ,"*-draw+1 #beh-bfb4 ,*auc]1 ,ge(frey1 epi!ts1 #bjd2 ,l[ell on1 #bjd4 8,*elsea ,h\sehold]1 ,a10 #aie4 ,classics1 #bhi-bia4 ,classification1 #abj-abb4 ,cle>ness1 #fj1 #fa-gj2 aid$ by figures1 #ih2 aid to =ce1 #gc2 9 exposition1 #aca2 9 translation1 #bgb4 ,climax1 #hi4 ,clos+ well1 #gh4 ,coh]5ce1 #cd1 #ch-db1 #fa4 ,col]idge1 ,s4 ,t41 quot$1 #ed1 #ahi4 ,color1 local4 ,see ,local ,color4 ,composition def9$1 #e2 h[ ma/]$1 #bj2 value (1 #ae-ag4 ,conjunctions1 #ec1 #ed4 ,connotation def9$1 #de2 h[ produc$1 #gd2 secret ( =ce1 #gb1 #hf1 #ii4 ,consecutiv5ess1 #aic4 ,cont9uity1 #adb4 ,contra/1 #bcc4 ,conv]sation1 #c1 #bbj4 ,corelli1 ,m>ie1 8,b>abbas10 #hc4 ,c[p]1 ,william1 quot$1 #ajd4 ,criticism1 #abc1 #bhe-bih4 ,culture1 #bih4 ,dante1 #bff4 ,d$uction1 #aff1 #afg4 ,de ,maupassant1 ,guy1 quot$1 #bc1 #cji4 ,d5otation1 def9$1 #de4 ,description1 #abc-abg1 #aha-bjg2 sett+ ( n>rative1 #bce1 #bcf2 subord9ate to plot1 #bcd4 ,details1 h[ select$1 #bca2 importance (1 #cjj2 insuffici5cy (1 #cja4 ,dialect1 #bdd-bej4 ,dialogue1 #bej-beg2 subord9ate to plot1 #bcd4 ,dick5s1 ,*>les1 quot$1 #aij1 #aid1 #bjc1 #cjb4 ,diction1 #dc-eh4 ,see ,words1 & ,vocabul>y4 ,diction>y1 importance ( con/ant use (1 #df2 9 s*ools1 #df2 ,?ack]ay's read+ (1 #df4 ,disraeli1 ,b5j41 quot$1 #ci4 ,dodds1 ,james1 quot$1 #bai4 ,donne1 ,john1 quot$1 #eb4 ,dramatization1 #abd4 ,dumas1 ,a41 pre1 #bcd2 ,d',artagnan romances1 #baj4 ,e>ne/ness1 #bch4 ,education1 #bih4 ,edw>ds1 ,miss ,a4 ,b41 8,half a ,million ( ,money10 #ajb4 ,effect1 h[ diff]5t f =ce1 #hb2 & cause1 #bca1 #bcc4 ,elegance1 #fj1 #hd-hh2 connect$ ) figures1 #ajj2 ) v>iety1 #aaj4 ,em]son1 ,r4 ,w41 lack+ 9 cont9uity1 #adb2 quot$1 #h1 #dg1 #aab1 #aad4 ,epigram1 #aac-aag4 ,episodes1 #bbg4 ,epi!ts1 #aig1 #bjc-bje4 ,euphony1 #aaj4 ,ev5ts1 ord] (1 #bca4 ,exposition1 #abc-abg1 #abh-aea2 alli$ to argum5t1 #aec1 #aed1 #aef2 criticism z1 #bhf4 ,expression1 difficulty (1 #aa-ad2 p]fect impossible1 #g-aj4 ,fallacies1 #agf-agi4 8,fau/10 #bge4 ,fiction1 #bca2 mod]n1 #bfj4 ,figures1 #if-ajf2 rules = use (1 #ajj4 ,f9e arts4 ,see ,arts1 f9e4 ,f9e writ+1 #hc4 ,field+1 ,h5ry1 #bci2 8,tom ,jones10 #baj2 use ( dialect1 #bej4 ,flaub]t1 ,gu/ave1 advice to ,de ,maupassant1 #bd1 #bf1 #cji4 ,flippancy1 #cad-cah4 ,=ce1 #fj1 #ga-hd2 9 n>ration1 #bcg2 lies 9 connotation1 #ii2 res]v$1 #gf1 #gg4 8,fr5* ,revolution1 ,!10 #ada4 ,fr]e1 ,j4 ,h41 #bgg2 quot$1 #dd1 #bgh4 ,fuseli1 ,h5ry1 #bjh4 8,g5tleman ( ,france1 ,a10 #cg4 ,goe!1 #bge2 quot$1 #ajc1 #ahg1 #bie1 #cab4 ,good use1 #ca-cc1 #dh1 #ej2 def9$ by gramm>1 #dh4 ,graham1 ,k5ne?1 quot$1 #ahd1 n4 ,gramm>1 #dh4 ,hack-"w1 #cab4 8,half a ,million ( ,money10 #ajb4 ,h>dy1 ,?omas1 realism (1 #gb2 use ( dialect1 #bej2 quot$1 #bjj1 #bef4 ,h>ris1 ,joel ,*&l]1 8,uncle ,remus10 #bde4 ,haw?orne1 #bab1 #baf1 #bci2 8,sc>let ,lett]10 #hj1 #baj1 #bbd1 #bbe1 #bdc2 use ( dialect1 #bej2 quot$1 #bch1 #cjb4 ,hazlitt1 ,william1 #abi4 8,heav5ly ,tw9s1 ,!10 #adj4 ,hill1 ,a4 ,s41 def9ition ( p]suasion1 #abd1 n4 ,hi/ory1 #bca4 ,holmes1 ,o4 ,w41 quot$1 #ad4 ,hom]1 epi!ts (1 #aig1 #bjc2 sang to semi-b>b>ians1 #fh2 quot$1 #bjd4 ,hugo1 ,victor1 8,les ,misrables10 #bab4 ,humor\s lit]ature writt5 s]i\sly1 #caf4 ,idiom1 #dh-ee2 ( diff]5t languages1 #bgg4 ,imag9ation1 #bii1 #cah2 expression l>gely dep5d5t ^u elegance1 #he2 incommunicable1 #a1 #hh4 ,imitation1 #cjh4 ,individualism1 #cjc1 #cjd4 ,individuality1 #aah1 #cah4 ,induction1 #aff4 ,+]soll1 ,rob]t1 #agf4 ,james1 ,h5ry1 use ( loose & p]iodic s5t5ces1 #eg2 quot$1 #eb4 ,jeffrey1 ,francis1 quot$1 #dj4 ,jeff]ies1 ,ri*>d1 #acj4 ,j]rold1 ,d\glas1 quot$1 #bca4 ,jewett1 ,s>ah ,orne1 #bdd4 8,job10 #ih1 #ii4 ,johnson1 ,samuel1 quot$1 #bcg4 ,judd1 ,sylve/]1 quot$1 #aic4 ,keats1 ,john1 quot$1 #ie4 ,kipl+1 ,rudy>d1 my/]i\sness1 #ga2 use ( dialect1 #bdf2 ( physical s5sation1 #bjg2 ( s5se ( smell1 #aii2 quot$1 #ahe4 ,k+sley1 ,*>les1 quot$1 #i1 #ahf4 ,klop/ock1 ,f4 ,g41 ,goe! 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