,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,italic text is d5ot$ by und]scores & bold text by equal signs ar\nd ! text4 ,small capitals 9 ! pr9t$ works h be5 transcrib$ z ,,all ,,capitals4 ,m ,transcrib]'s ,notes may be f\nd at ! end ( ?is docum5t4 ,! picture opposite ! title-page is a repr9t ( a page f ! volume ( plates1 made 9 #agga1 to illu/rate ,did]ot's ,encyclopdia4 ,?is page is "o ( six1 ea* #hab ins4 9 ! orig9al1 illu/rat+ ! article 9 ! encyclopdia on b9d+4 ,! picture 9 ! upp] "p ( ! plate repres5ts a b9d]'s work%op4 ,! p]son at ,a is beat+ a book4 ,! woman at ,b is sew+4 ,! man at ,c is cutt+ or trimm+ ! edges ( a book4 ,! man at ,d is work+ a press4 ,( ! figures bel[3 #a is a piece ( m>ble on :i* books are beat52 #b is a piece ( m>ble ( diff]5t %ape = ! same purpose2 #c is a beat+ hamm]2 #d is a sew+ table or b5*1 on :i* books are sewn2 #e & #f are balls ( ?read = sew+ books2 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 & #ab are p>ts ( a sew+ b5*2 #ac & #ad are l>ge & small pap] fold]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,notes on ,bookb9d+ = ,libr>ies ,by ,john ,cotton ,dana ,libr>ian ,free ,public ,libr>y1 ,new>k1 ,n4 ,j4 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$ ,edition ,libr>y ,bureau1 ,*icago #aiaj ,,copyright$ #aiaj ,,libr>y ,,bureau ,naud ,on ,b9d+ ,! f\r? is1 to retr5* cut (f all ! sup]flu\s exp5ces1 :i* _m prodigally & to no purpose be/[ ^u ! b9d+ & ornam5ts ( _! ,books1 & to employ x 9 pur*as+ su* z !y want1 t s !y may n be obnoxi\s to t c5sure ( ,s5eca1 :o h&somly reproa*es ^?1 ,quibus volum9um suorum frontes maxime plac5t titulique2 ?is ! r1 t ! b9d+ is no?+ b an accid5t =m ( appe>+1 )\t :i* 7at lea/ s spl5did & sumptu\s7 ,books become altoge!r z useful1 commode r>e2 x becom+ ! ignorant onely to e/eem a ,book = its cov]2 see+ x is n ) ,books1 z x is ) m51 :o are onely kn[n & respect$ = _! robes & _! clo!s1 s t x is a great deal bett]1 & m necess>y1 = example1 to h a good quantity ( ,books1 well ord9>ily b\nd1 ?an to h a little ,*amb] or ,cab9et full ( wa%$1 gild$1 rul$1 & enri*$ ) all mann] ( nicity1 lux & sup]fluity4 ,f ,john ,evelyn's translation ( ,gabriel ,naud's ,in/ructions ,conc]n+ ,erect+ ( a ,libr>y4 ,london4 #affa4 ,*apt] #e4 ,preface to ,second & ,revis$ ,edition ,9 ! fir/ edition ( ?is book ,i said t x ought n to be tak5 z a f9al au?ority1 b z a set ( sugge/ions :i* ,i hop$ w\ld ar\se int]e/ 9 ! subject ( libr>y b9d+ & lead a few to pursue ! subject fur!r4 ,"s ( ! *anges made = ?is edition indicate t ,i h foll[$ ! topic a little fur!r myself1--,i hope ) advantage to my read]s4 ,sev]al *apt]s are new4 ,!re are _m m9or *anges & omissions4 ,! li/s h be5 enl>g$ & br\ght into "o4 ,i _h look$ into ! subject ( libr>y b9d+ & discov]$ ! ignorance conc]n+ x ( ,am]ican libr>ians1 includ+ myself1 be=e ,i visit$ ,mr4 ,*iv]s' beautiful b9d]y 9 ,ba?1 ,engl&1 sev]al ye>s ago4 ,t visit _h mu* to d ) ! cont5ts ( ?is little book4 ,mr4 ,*iv]s 0 q ( my op9ion t ! only way to induce libr>ians 9 ,am]ica to improve our b9d+ 0 to p]suade u to look into ! subject4 ,if ! book has l$ "s to d ?is x has accompli%$ its purpose4 ,z to ! fundam5tal po9ts 9 x1 !y l>gely come1 ,i am pleas$ to confess1 f ,engl&1 by way ( t b9d]y 9 ,ba?4 ,at ! risk ( seem+ to speak to comm]cial ends ,i quote 9 effect "s ( ! ?+s said by ,mr4 ,*iv]s 9 "o ( 8 circul>s1 prefac+ ! quotation ) ! rem>k t ! po9t ,i wi% *iefly to make 9 ?is book is ! advantage ( hav+ c]ta9 books1 :5 new1 b\nd once = all3 ,! foll[+ /atem5t is n an exagg]ation3 ,a libr>y saves half ! co/ ( new popul> books1 & ( replacem5ts = :i* mu* use may be anticipat$1 if x pur*ases !m 9 ,c$ric ,*iv]s' pat5t b9d+s4 ,new books suppli$ 9 ^! b9d+s are sold z be+ b\nd once = all4 ,x is ?\ght t !y are s b\nd z to s]ve = q fifty p] c5t4 m issues ?an w a book pur*as$ 9 publi%]'s clo?1 us$ = a "t1 & !n reb\nd 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,g5]ally speak+ su* results & ev5 bett] results are obta9$4 ,occasionally1 h[ev]1 a book does n come up to ^! expectations4 ,9 su* cases x is especially desir$ t its failure be report$ &1 if necess>y1 t ! book be return$ = exam9ation4 ,! pap] us$ 9 mod]n books is ( su* v>y+ quality t x is sometimes difficult to tell )\t actually try+ :at is ! be/ mann] ( treat+ x4 ,buy books well b\nd direct f publi%]s' %eets2 m5d ord9>y books v little2 reb9d !m e>ly2 wat* results2 tabulate !m1 & make use ( exp]i5ce4 ,^! are ! ma9 !mes ( ?is book4 ,j4 ,c4 ,d4 ,free ,public ,libr>y1 ,new>k1 ,n4 ,j41 ,may1 #aiji4 ,cont5ts ,,page ,description ( ,frontispiece #d ,quotation f ,naud #i ,preface to ,second & ,revis$ ,edition #aa ,table ( ,cont5ts #ac ,li/ ( ,illu/rations #ae ,,*apt] ,i4 ,introductory #ag ,,ii4 ,b9d+3 ! ,process ,describ$ #bf ,,iii4 ,! ,lit]>y ,side ( ,libr>y ,reb9d+ #cf ,,iv4 ,b9d+ ,mat]ials ,suitable = a ,libr>y #da ,v4 ,reb9d+ = ,libr>ies #dd ,,vi4 ,lett]+ & ,numb]+ ! ,backs ( ,books #ec ,,vii4 ,pamphlets #eh ,,viii4 ,magaz9e ,b9d]s #fa ,,ix4 ,repair+ ,books1 ,g5]al ,rules #fh ,x4 ,repair+ ,books1 ,new>k ,me?ods #gd ,,xi4 ,repair+ ,books1 ,mat]ials & ,tools #hf ,,xii4 ,cov]+ ,books #ij ,,xiii4 ,lea!r1 ,g5]al ,notes #ic ,,xiv4 ,pap] & ,pap] ,mak+ #aja ,,xv4 ,b9d+ ,records #aaj ,,xvi4 ,b9d+ ,records & ,notes--,new>k #aab ,,xvii4 ,b9d]y ,equipm5t #aae ,,xviii4 ,li/ ( ,te*nical ,t]ms #aai ,,xix4 ,li/ ( ,mak]s ( & ,deal]s 9 ,bookb9d]s' ,mat]ials1 ,tools & ,ma*9]y #afa ,,xx4 ,a ,few ( ! ,be/ ,books on ,bookb9d+1 ,pap] & ,lea!r #afc ,index #afi ,li/ ( ,illu/rations ,,page ,old ,picture ( ,b9d]y & ,tools ,frontispiece ,sew+1 ,draw+ ,%[+ ,f\r ,me?ods #bf ,sew+ on ,tapes #cb ,me?od ( ,atta*+ ,slips on ,ends ( ,b&s to ,bo>ds #cd ,plates1 ,two ,me?ods ( ,ins]t+ ,!m #dh ,me?od ( ,lac+ 9 ,slips on ,ends ( ,b&s #di ,fr5* & ,ord9>y ,jo9ts #ej ,anatomy ( a ,jo9t #ea ,type ,faces ,suitable = ,lett]+ #ee ,type ,cab9et #ef ,back+ ,bo>ds1 metal #aba ,back+ ,bo>ds1 wood1 /eel-fac$ #aba ,back+ ,hamm] #abb ,back+ ,press #abc ,beat+ ,hamm] #abd ,bo>ds1 brass-b\nd #abe ,h& ,:eel ,drive ,cutt] #aca ,f9i%+ ,presses #ace ,f9i%+ ,/& #acf ,lett]+ ,pallet #adi ,flat ,poli%] #aea ,r\nd+ ,hamm] #aec ,sew+ ,b5* #aee ,/&+ ,press ( ,wood & ,iron #aeh ,,*apt] ,i ,introductory ,z ! title indicates ^! notes h be5 compil$ 9 ! hope t !y may be ( assi/ance to libr>ians 9 c>+ = ! b9d+ & reb9d+ ( libr>y books4 ,!y h>dly t\* ^u publi%]s' b9d+ or ! decoration ( b9d+s4 ,! sugge/ions & advice !y give %\ld n be tak5 z f9al1 = ! b9d+ & reb9d+ "q is n yet settl$4 ,!y may help "s to c>ry out m successfully _! own inquiries & exp]im5ts4 ,if good b9d]s 7 m common libr>ians w\ld ne$ little ( ! in=mation "h briefly set =?4 ,b "u ! pres5t conditions ( ! bookb9d]'s art 9 ?is c\ntry libr>ians !mselves mu/ (t5 furni% consid]able exp]t k1 if !y wi% _! "w well done4 ,i h refra9$ f go+ mu* into ! details ( ! process ( b9d+4 ,! details c only be made cle> by means ( illu/rations1 & h already be5 mo/ admirably set =? 9 ,d\glas ,cock]ell's book4 ,i h tri$ to draw att5tion to ! important po9ts4 ,! libr>ian ought to "k good results :5 he sees !m1 or at lea/ :5 he te/s !m on 8 books2 ! details ( e /ep he c le>n if he w1 by a little practice & a good deal ( obs]vation4 ,no libr>ian %\ld try to b9d or to conduct p]sonally 8 own b9d]y4 ,b9d+ is a special trade1 & skill & spe$ 9 x come only by long practice4 ,! libr>ian _c become a skill$ b9d]4 ,he %\ld become famili> ) ! results ( ! b9d+ he gets by a /udy ( 8 books4 ,if he f9ds !y d n we> well1 b rot1 break or %[ loose pages1 let him keep a few /ati/ics1 & if he le>ns he is wa/+ money on *eap "w or poor mat]ial1 let him *ange 8 mat]ial & 8 processes1 & p]haps 8 b9d]4 ,i hope ?is book may lead "s to te/ ! "w !y are n[ gett+1 & may help "s to get m satisfactory workman%ip & m endur+ mat]ials4 ,x is n a guide to ! craft ( b9d+4 ,to get good b9d+1 g to a good b9d]2 to le>n ab\t ! b9d+ craft1 practice x & read ,cock]ell2 to discov] if y\r b9d+ is good1 wat* x & ga!r /ati/ics ( its we>4 ,mu* ( ! in=mation1 _m reports ( exp]i5ces & _m sugge/ions w be f\nd 9 ! li/s ( lea!rs1 etc41 & def9itions ( t]ms us$ 9 b9d+4 ,x seem$ unwise to repeat !m z "p ( a connect$ text4 ,9 consid]+ ! subject ( economical b9d+ & reb9d+ = libr>ies1 we f9d t we are entirely )\t /&>ds4 ,we h no figures = comp>isons4 ,libr>ians h1 save 9 a v few cases1 made no /udy ( ! comp>ative value ( b9d+s1 ei!r ( orig9al clo? or ( ! reb9d+s !y h _h put on _! books4 ,if a few libr>ians w\ld note ! numb] ( times books c be issu$ )\t reb9d+ aft] !y are receiv$ 9 ! orig9al publi%]'s clo?1 & h[ _m issues !y w /& aft] !y h be5 once1 or twice1 reb\nd1 !y w\ld1 9 a few mon?s1 h data f :i* !y c\ld draw helpful conclusions 9 reg>d to ! comp>ative value ( b9d+s & reb9d+s4 ,! te/ ( a b9d+1 :e!r publi%]'s orig9al1 special f ! %eets1 or a reb9d+1 lies1 = ord9>y l5d+ books1 9 ! ratio ( its co/ to ! numb] ( times ! book x cov]s is l5t = home use be=e be+ disc>d$4 ,?is ratio has r>ely be5 sy/ematically not$4 ,to ! inquiry1 does ! me?od ( reb9d+ :i* my libr>y n[ employs give ! be/ possible return = ! money sp5t8 mo/ libr>ians mu/ reply t !y d n "k4 ,ref]5ce & college libr>ies are (t5 also mu* 9 ! d>k4 ,! cont9u$ q g5]al use = p]man5t b9d+s ( a lea!r :i* te/s h %[n w n la/ ov] #be or #cj ye>s at ! mo/ is an evid5ce ( ?is4 ,9 ,engl&1 z is well kn[n1 a good _m ye>s ( c>eful obs]vation & comp>ison ( exp]im5ts h l$ a l>ge numb] ( libr>ians to ! conclusion :i* "s ,am]ican libr>ians also accept1 t x is ! "p ( s\nd economy to h books c>efully b\nd directly f publi%]s' %eets1 ev5 ?\gh ! prices ( su* b9d+s seem at fir/ unduly high4 ,i s5t a lett] ( inquiry to a l>ge numb] ( libr>ies ask+ = detail$ in=mation ab\t ! we> ( books 9 publi%]s' b9d+s & 9 ! "o or m reb9d+s :i* 7 plac$ on !m4 ,replies 7 receiv$ f #ah libr>ies1 giv+ brief life hi/ories ( #gd books4 ,def9ite conclusions _c be drawn f ^! reports1 z libr>ians diff] mu* 9 _! ways ( treat+ books4 ,"s reb9d !m z soon z !y %[ s]i\s signs ( we>2 o!rs keep !m 9 circulation long aft] !y h begun to g to pieces4 ,b ! figures indicate t x w\ld pay ^! libr>ies1 z x probably w\ld all o!rs1 to get mo/ ( ! books :i* are to be subject$ to mu* h&l+ /rongly b\nd direct f publi%]s' %eets4 ,! reports %[ t #gd books co/1 includ+ fir/ price1 reb9d+ & labor ( h&l+ = reb9d+1 an av]age ( #a4ch ea*2 t !y 7 l5t an av]age ( #gi times 9 ! two /ates1 new & reb\nd2 & t !y 7 out ( use an av]age ( five weeks :ile be+ reb\nd4 ,a book ( a nature simil> to ^? report$ on1 well-b\nd f publi%]s' %eets co/s ab\t #a4ej2 c be l5t f #ajj to #aej times & loses no "t 9 be+ reb\nd4 ,( ^! books #eb 7 reb\nd a second "t at an av]age co/1 includ+ labor 9 prep>ation1 ( #dj c5ts2 7 out ( use an av]age ( five weeks2 & 7 l5t an av]age ( #dc times ea* 9 ?is second b9d+4 ,! complete hi/ory ( ! books a second "t reb\nd is z foll[s3 ,fir/ co/ 4#ie ,co/ ( fir/ reb9d+ 4#cf ,co/ ( "t 9 h&l+ 4#jg ,co/ ( second reb9d+ 4#cc ,co/ ( "t 9 h&l+ 4#jg ---- ,total co/ #a4gh ,times l5t 9 publi%]s' clo? #cb ,times l5t 9 fir/ reb9d+ #dg ,times l5t 9 second reb9d+ #dc ---- #abb ,"t out ( use fir/ reb9d+ #e4e weeks ,"t out ( use second reb9d+ #e4j weeks ,total "t out ( use #aj4e weeks ,^! figures d n tell ! :ole /ory4 ,! book b\nd /rongly & flexibly f publi%]s' %eets is f ! fir/ m conv5i5t to h&le & pleasant] to read1 & usually looks bett] ?r\gh\t all its "o long life ?an d1 on ! av]age1 ^? books :i* twice or ?rice 9 _! hi/ories get into a brok5-back$1 loose-leav$1 g5]ally disreputable condition4 ,fur!rmore1 & ?is is mo/ important1 a book is mo/ want$ 9 a libr>y :5 x is new2 if s5t out to be reb\nd = five & a half weeks aft] x has be5 l5t #cb times x is out ( use j :5 x is mo/ 9 dem&2 & ! libr>y loses 9 its effectiv5ess--t is1 9 ! s]vice x c r5d] its public = ! money exp5d$--mu* m ?an ! m]e diff]5ce 9 ! money co/ ( ! two k9ds ( b9d+ w\ld indicate4 ,! durable fir/ b9d+ gives u a book :i* c be 9 con/ant s]vice f #ajj to #aej times f ! day x goes to ! %elves1 j :5 x is mo/ ne$$4 ,a book once or twice reb\nd 9 ! fir/ few mon?s ( its life is a special s\rce ( annoyance--! p>adox is p]missible--by its v abs5ce4 ,table ( life hi/ories3 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! foll[+ text is ! transcription ( a table ^: column head+s 7 writt5 v]tically4 ,key to column head+s3-- ,a3 ,libr>y1 ,b3 ,no4 ( books report$ on1 ,c3 ,fir/ co/ ( books1 ,d3 ,times l5t be=e reb9d+1 ,e3 ,co/ ( reb9d+1 ,f3 ,weeks out ( use1 ,g3 ,co/ ( h&l+1 ,h3 ,times l5t 9 reb9d+1 ,i3 ,co/ ( #bnd reb9d+1 ,j3 ,weeks out ( use1 ,k3 ,co/ ( h&l+1 & ,l3 ,times l5t 9 #bnd reb9d+4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,i ,j ,k ,l ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #a #i #i #jj #cj #d #ej #f #dj #b #b #b #jj #dj #gj #h #bj #gj #c #e #c #be #ai #b #ej #f #ej #bc #d #aj #i #hj #ae #d #ej #d #fj #be #d #ej #h #fj #cb #e #a #a #jj #bh #ce #d #ab #ej #f #aj #aj #jj #bh #b #ej #f #cj #ca #b #ej #f #cj #bb #g #d #d #jj #bj #a #hj #d #dj #be #a #hj #d #dj #ae #h #a #a #jj #gj #ed #aj #jh #ajj #i #a #a #jj #ge #ce #aj #jh #de #edaj #jh #ajj #aj #c #c #jj #bi #a #je #b #cj #hj #a #je #b #cj #aae #aa #a #ii #cg #dj #f #ab #cf #ab #c #b #gj #ce #a #bj #f #cf #dj #ac #a #if #ah #ce #f #aj #fd #ce #f #aj #cb #ad #b #a #hj #bb #ej #e #af #ad #gj #e #af #ad #ae #d #b #gb #ai #a #dj #d #cb #ai #a #dj #e #cb #ad #af #ae #ae #jj #de #c #ge #d #a #ej #fj #c #ge #d #a #ej #ej #ag #a #a #jj #ae #be #d #jf #fj #ae #d #jf #ej #ah #a #ih #cj #ce #d #jh #fb #ce #d #jh #bh ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,totals #gd #gj #bj #ege #bf #ii #ii #e #bb #hdd #ag #jieh #c #hd #dgb ,av]ages = ea* ,book #ie #cb #cfe-a_/b #jg #dg #cc #e #jg #dc ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,9 ! ,new>k libr>y an exam9ation ( #ef books1 *iefly novels1 f #ae or #bj diff]5t publi%]s1 %[s t on ! av]age !y 7 l5t 9 publi%]s' b9d+ only #be times ea* be=e be+ reb\nd2 & t #db books 9 ! juv5ile dep>tm5t 7 l5t 9 ! publi%]s' b9d+ an av]age ( only #ag times ea*4 ,9 b9d+s & reb9d+s "o ( ! mo/ ess5tial ?+s to be secur$ is ease ( op5+4 ,a book t op5s out easily1 & lies flat )\t be+ press$ or held 9 position1 w probably keep clean & :ole = m ?an twice z _m l5d+s z "o t is held toge!r tightly at ! back4 ,z a great _m ( ! libr>y books :i* call = reb9d+s h to be trimm$ at ! back & ov]ca/1 x is ess5tial t ! ov]ca/ sew+ be ( a flexible nature1 "o t p]mits ( ! easy op5+ ( ! book4 ,probably few ( ! factors 9 book con/ruction & book injury h be5 m effective ?an ! tight b9d+1 held op5 ) difficulty1 :i* is produc$ by ne>ly all ( ! curr5t ov]ca/+ or :ip/it*+4 ,ano!r po9t t _c be too /rongly insi/$ on is t books n only diff] f "o ano!r 9 _! natures & s require diff]5t treatm5t 9 b9d+2 b also diff] 9 ! use !y are to receive1 & require diff]5t b9d+s on t acc\nt4 ,x %\ld be und]/ood t bookb9d+ is a craft 9 ! be/ s5se ( t ^w4 ,to b9d a book well calls = good judgm5t & c>e at e /ep4 ,! libr>ian c draw up s*$ules ) inf9ity ( detail1 & make !m z correct z he may please1 bas+ !m on exp]i5ce )\t end2 & ! b9d]1 s f> z mat]ial & processes are conc]n$1 may seem to foll[ ^! specifications exactly1 & /ill may produce poor b9d+s4 ,to secure a good b9d+ ! _s ( ! b9d] mu/ g into x4 ,9 draw+ ! ?read1 9 p>+ & plac+ ! lea!r1 9 apply+ ! pa/e & glue1 & 9 e o!r ( ! _m processes involv$1 ! man )\t good w1 z ! man )\t skill1 c spoil ! :ole b9d+4 ,libr>ians %\ld le>n to e/eem bookb9d+ highly4 ,x is a craft :i* lies close to !m4 ,x is prem95tly _! bus9ess to enc\rage x to gr[ 9 excell5ce4 ,!y %\ld develop _! local b9d]'s int]e/ 9 8 call+1 /& by him1 urge him on to bett] "w1 & pay him adequately = x4 ,"o may frankly say t ! "* ( b9d+ done 9 ne>ly all libr>ies 9 ,am]ica has be51 up to ! pres5t "t1 a discr$it to ! libr>y pr(ession4 ,we owe x to ourselves to take up ?is craft & d :at we c to elevate x4 ,"o objection sometimes made to b9d+s ( ! highe/ grade is t !y la/ too long2 & aft] ! book is too greatly soil$ & tatt]$ )9 to be long] kept1 ! b9d+ itself /ill holds1 %[+ t m c>e has be5 put into its con/ruction1 & consequ5tly m co/1 ?an x ne$$4 ,! objection ne$s only to be /at$ = its absurdity to be se54 ,! ?or\gh b9d]1 ! skill$ craftsman1 adapts 8 b9d+ to ! book & to ! use1 z f> z he c judge ( x1 :i* x is to receive4 ,he b9ds ea* book s well t x w hold toge!r to ! end ( "t2 or until its pap] fairly drops to pieces4 ,he c issue ) ea* volume no gu>antee t x w n receive m ?an its prop] baptism ( dirt f c>eless borr[]s long be=e ! pap] 9 x beg9s to give way & fray out4 ,! b9d]'s obligation is to b9d ! book well4 ,x is ! libr>ian's bus9ess to see t ! book is1 z to its int]ior1 well treat$4 ,z to its b9d+ la/+ too long1 :y %\ld ! libr>ian conc]n himself ab\t ! %ell aft] ! k]nel is eat58 ,x %\ld be not$ aga91 h[ev]1 t a book well b\nd1 op5+ easily1 & ly+ op5 )\t pressure f f+]s or ?umbs1 keeps clean _m times long] ?an "o t op5s h>d4 ,! sum ( all my obs]vations is1 ! be/ is ! *eape/4 ,if a book is wor? b9d+ let x be b\nd by ! be/ man available4 ,if possible1 buy books s well b\nd f ! publi%]s' %eets1 t !y w nev] ne$ to be b\nd aga94 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,b9d+3 ,! ,process ,describ$ ,books are n[ pr9t$ 9 l>ge %eets f #d to #fd pages at a "t4 ,9 _m cases pap] is drawn f a roll 7z x is 9 ! pr9t+ ( a newspap]71 pr9t$ on bo? sides 9 l>ge sections ( #fd pages1 & cut & fold$ z x leaves ! press4 ,^! %eets1 ( sev]al pages ea*1 aft] be+ pr9t$1 are ga!r$ into a complete book1 sometimes by a ma*9e1 & are !n sewn toge!r by a ma*9e4 ,?is ma*9e = sew+ is a comp>atively rec5t inv5tion4 ,9 mo/ cases sew+ done on a ma*9e is n z /rong z ! old-fa%ion$ h& sew+4 ,! sections1 or signatures1 or folds ( ! book1 z ! sev]al sets ( sev]al pages ea* are call$1 are caught toge!r only by ?read2 /r+s or tapes are n us$4 ,?is sew+ is !n re9=c$ by a piece ( clo?1 usually ?91 *eap musl91 or poor sup]1 :i* is pa/$ ov] ! back & all[$ to ext5d a little way d[n ea* side4 ,b sew+ on a ma*9e c be done ) /r+s add$ & made v /rong4 ,illu/ration3 ,sew+ ,a ,section ( ,fifte5? ,c5tury sew+ on d\ble b&s ) head & tail b&s4 ,b ,section ( mod]n flexible sew+ r\nd s+le b&s4 ,c ,section ( ord9>y sew+ ) sunk b&s4 ,d ,section ( tape sew+ advocat$ = *eap "w 9 place ( ,c4 ,f report ( ! ,committee on ,lea!r = ,bookb9d+4 ,edit$ = ,society ( ,arts4 ,london3 ,bell ,sons1 #aije4 ,cov]s = books are n[ made by ma*9es into :i* are f$ pieces ( c>dbo>d & a roll ( clo?4 ,! ma*9e cuts ! clo? into ! prop] size1 pa/es x & folds x ov] ! bo>ds into a cov]1 leav+ a loose place betwe5 ! two bo>ds to be fill$ by ! body ( ! book4 ,?is cov] is !n pr9t$ 9 a ma*9e mu* l a pr9t+ press2 ! gold ( ! title on ! back or sides or bo?1 & ! colors or blank impressions1 = ornam5t1 all be+ impress$ on x ) great rapidity4 ,! complet$ cov]1 call$ a case1 is !n pa/$ to ! sides ( ! book4 ,a book ?us b\nd has no?+ to hold cov] & inside toge!r save a /rip ( ?9 musl91 ) a /rip ( pap] :i* goes ov] x1 pass+ f ! back ( ! book to ! inside ( ! bo>d cov]s4 ,?is /rip gr[s weak aft] a little use & frequ5tly breaks1 or pulls away f ! cov]1 or f ! back1 or f bo?4 ,books pr9t$ on *eap pap] & fold$ & sew$ & b\nd by ma*9]y 9 ! mann] ?us v briefly outl9$ c be produc$ & sold at pres5t = #aj c5ts ea*1 or ev5 less4 ,books pr9t$ ) m c>e1 on bett] pap]1 ) a bett] quality ( clo? on ! cov]1 & a m elaborate title 9 real gold in/ead ( "s *eap] imitation ( x1 books1 t is1 l ! novels issu$ by ! bett] class ( publi%]s1 c be produc$ 9 quantities ( f "o to ?ree ?\s&1 = f #ae to #cj c5ts ea*4 ,few ( ! novels put on ! m>ket today co/ ! publi%]s1 = _! mak+ alone1 z mu* z ! latt] price4 ,to ?is mu/ be add$ a royalty to ! au?or1 g5]ally #aj ( ! retail price1 ! co/ ( ! managem5t ( ! bus9ess & ! adv]tis+4 ,9 ! case ( small editions1 "o or two ?\s&1 ?is br+s ! orig9al co/ ( ! av]age "w up to #ej or #ge c5ts4 ,suppose ?is book to be (f]$ at retail at #a4be4 ,!re mu/ !n be d$uct$ f ?is retail price ! disc\nt to ! jobb]1 #be to #dj #aj1 & ! royalty1 & ! adv]tis+1 & ! co/ ( production1 etc41 leav+ a pr(it to ! publi%] ( f #e to #bj c5ts on ea* volume4 ,a well-made & widely adv]tis$ novel :i* does n sell m ?an a ?\s& copies is n a v pr(itable product = a publi%] to put out4 ,! s*ool text-books issu$ by ! m reputable publi%+ h\ses are g5]ally v well made4 ,!y are pr9t$ on good pap]1 usually r highly cal5d]$1 ) good ink1 are b\nd ) extra c>e1 & h good mat]ial 9 _! cov]s4 ,! competition betwe5 s*ool book publi%]s makes x necess>y = !m 9 self-def5se to produce books :i* w we> well 9 ! h&s ( ! av]age pupil4 ,up to a few ye>s ago all books 7 sewn by h&1 ! cov]s 7 made by h&1 & h& "w 0 employ$ 9 putt+ book & cov] toge!r4 ,! process ( sew+ by h& may be briefly describ$ z foll[s3 ,two or m /r+s or tapes are /ret*$ betwe5 ! edge ( a bo>d & a /ick held horizontally above x by two uprights4 ,! book fold$ & ready = sew+1 aft] hav+ be5 ei!r press$ or beat5 ) a hamm] to make x lie smoo?1 is held 9 a vise & two saw cuts are made 9 ! back at ab\t ! same di/ance f ea* o!r & f ! ends4 ,two small] saw cuts are also made 9 ! back ( ! book1 "o betwe5 ea* ( ! l>g] ones & ! opposite ends ( ! back4 ,! fir/ signature--! fold or section made ( a l>ge %eet fold$--( ! book is laid on ! bo>d s t ! l>g] saw cuts are opposite ! two /r+s4 ,a ?read is pass$ ?r\gh ! small cut at "o end1 into ! middle ( ! fold1 !n out aga9 by ! fir/ /r+1 ar\nd ! /r+1 & 9 aga9 to ! middle ( ! fold1 !n along ! inside ( ! fold to ! next /r+1 ar\nd t /r+1 along inside ! fold1 !n out aga9 at ! o!r small cut4 ,! second signature is !n laid on top ( ! fir/4 ,! ?read is pass$ into ! small cut1 along & ar\nd ! two /r+s1 z ) ! fir/ signature1 & out at ! o!r end1 :]e x is ti$ to ! end ( ! ?read :i* has be5 left /ick+ out ( ! fir/ saw cut = ?is purpose4 ,?is process is cont9u$ until ! book is all fa/5$ toge!r & to ! /r+s4 ,z ! sew+ goes on1 ! sev]al signatures are caught toge!r at ! small] holes at ea* end by pass+ ! ?read1 z x comes out ( ! hole1 d[n & "u ! loop made by ! pass+ ( ! ?read betwe5 ! two signatures previ\sly sewn4 ,9 ! case ( a book conta9+ a l>ge numb] ( signatures ! ?read does n ext5d ! :ole l5g? ( ea* fold1 b passes f "o to ano!r z x goes ! l5g? ( ! book1 ga!r+ on two signatures at once4 ,sometimes1 by us+ f\r /r+s in/ead ( two1 ! /r+ is made to pass ?r\gh & to sew on ?ree signatures at a "t4 ,examples ( ?is two-on & ?ree-on me?od c be se5 9 almo/ any l>ge book b\nd prior to #ae or #bj ye>s ago4 ,9 v c>eful b9d+ by h& 9 ! e>ly days ( book-mak+1 ! /r+s 7 n set into saw cuts1 b 7 simply laid across ! back ( ! book4 ,! ?read came out ( ! signature & pass$ ar\nd ! /r+s1 & w5t 9 aga94 ,! /r+s1 ) ! ?read ?us wrapp$ ar\nd !m1 made a welt across ! back ( ! book4 ,^! welts1 :5 cov]$ by ! lea!r ( ! b9d+1 %[$ z rais$ b&s4 ,^! rais$ b&s are imitat$ by pa/+ bits ( lea!r on ! back 9 mu* s-call$ f9e b9d+ today4 ,9 "s cases ! old process is employ$ & ! b&s h a real reason = exi/5ce4 ,books are sometimes sewn on tapes or /rips ( vellum4 ,^!1 laid across ! back1 sometimes make ridges :i* are treat$ z b&s 9 ! complet$ book4 ,9 old b9d+s1 to give ! book a bett] appe>ance at top & bottom1 :at is call$ a headb& 0 put on ) ?read1 ! ?read pass+ ?r\gh ! signatures & f "o signature to ano!r 9 su* a way z /ill m securely to hold ^! toge!r4 ,today ! headb& is /ill us$2 b usually x is simply pa/$ 9 & is little m ?an an ornam5t4 ,sometimes ! book's back is /ill fur!r re9=c$ by pa/+ or glu+ to x a piece ( vellum1 lea!r or heavy clo? be=e ! process ( putt+ on ! cov] beg9s4 ,set rules = sew+ books %\ld n be laid d[n4 ,ea* book is treat$ by ! skillful b9d]1 or %\ld be1 9 accordance ) ! "* ( its pap]1 ! numb] ( ins]ts1 ! ?ickness ( ! pap]1 ! size ( ! signatures1 ! size ( ! leaves1 ! use x is to receive1 & o!r facts4 ,! good b9d] b9ds ea* book well accord+ to its k9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,%[+ a ,me?od ( ,sew+ on ,tapes ,! cat*+ up ( ! alt]nate gr\ps ( ?reads z !y cross ! b&s r5d]s ! sew+ firm]4 ,!re are o!r me?ods ( a*iev+ ?is end4 ,f report ( ! ,committee on ,lea!r = ,bookb9d+4 ,edit$ = ,society ( ,arts4 ,london3 ,bell ,sons1 #aije4 ,aft] ! book is prop]ly sewn1 ! /r+s on :i* x is ga!r$ are cut (f a %ort di/ance f ! sides4 ,pieces ( c>dbo>d are cut ( ! prop] size = a cov]4 ,! ends ( ! /r+s are lac$ into !m or fa/5$ d[n ^u !m ) pa/e or glue4 ,! lea!r = ! cov] is !n pa/$ or glu$ to ! back & ! outside ( ! bo>ds4 ,! ends are turn$ ov] ! bo>ds & at ! top & bottom ( ! book are turn$ d[n & pa/$ to !mselves1 ?us =m+ a roll or cr[n :i* lies up close to ! headb&4 ,! sides are !n cov]$1 if ! book is n to be b\nd 9 full lea!r1 ) clo? or pap] or o!r mat]ial4 ,! outside %eets ( ! books1 call$ end-%eets1 are !n pa/$ to ! inside ( ! cov] & ! book is practically complete4 ,! back ( ! book is always cov]$ ) glue aft] ! sew+ & be=e ! lea!r or clo? is put on4 ,?is glue is ?9 & hot1 & is put on to hold toge!r ! backs ( ! signatures4 ,9 r\nd+1 ! b9d] manipulates ! book ) ! h&s1 & taps x ) a hamm] until ! prop] %ape is secur$4 ,?is is done aft] ! coat ( glue has be5 appli$4 ,9 edition "w ?is is done on a ma*9e4 ,9 back+ ! book is held betwe5 two metal1 or metal-edg$1 plates close up to ! back1 ! back hav+ be5 /iff5$ previ\sly ) a coat ( glue :i* has n set v firmly2 & ) a hamm] ! backs ( ! signatures are p\nd$ d[n & out1 mak+ a slight l$ge or groove along ! out] edges aga9/ :i* set lat] ! bo>ds ( ! cov]s4 ,if ! book is to be tight back ! clo? or lea!r is glu$ direct to ! backs ( ! signatures ?us r\nd$1 ?\gh (t5 a ?9 piece ( clo?1 sup]1 is fir/ glu$ on1 ext5d+ ov] onto ! sides4 ,if x is to be loose back a d\ble fold ( pap] is atta*$ to ! back1 "o %eet to ! back & "o to ! cov] mat]ial4 ,! lea!r or clo? !n /&s out f ! book1 :5 x is op51 be+ atta*$ to x only at ! jo9ts4 ,x is 9 loose back b9d+1 z said above1 t clo? or lea!r is sometimes glu$ fa/ & ) great c>e to ! back be=e ! cov] goes on1 ?us tak+ ! place ( ! lea!r ( ! cov] 9 ! tight back book4 ,9 ! be/ b9d+ ?is back+ ext5ds ov] ?r\gh or pa/ ! jo9t & onto ! sides or cov]s2 & is also firmly atta*$1 at ! jo9t1 to ! lea!r ( ! back4 ,9 ! ,new>k libr>y we use = ?is a ?9 s(t musl9 ( ! be/ quality4 ,illu/ration3 ,%[+ ,me?od ( ,atta*+ ,tape ,slips or ,ends ( ,b&s to a ,split ,bo>d ,leav+ a ,fr5* ,jo9t ,f report ( ! ,committee on ,lea!r = ,bookb9d+4 ,edit$ = ,society ( ,arts4 ,london3 ,bell ,sons1 #aije4 ,?is description ( ! process ( b9d+ is a sugge/ive outl9e only4 ,en\gh has be5 said1 h[ev]1 to %[ t ! books sewn by h& & fa/5$ c>efully to ! cov] z describ$ w1 if prop]ly made1 we> mu* long] ?an a book b\nd by ma*9]y1 if b\nd z above describ$4 ,b1 j z a ma*9e prop]ly h&l$ c produce pap] ( great] uni=mity ( ?ickness & ( a quality sup]ior 9 _m respects to ! be/ h&-made pap]1 s ! ma*9es us$ 9 b9d+ c1 if prop]ly h&l$1 b9d books ev5 m /rongly ?an c any save ! mo/ c>eful workman4 ,! possible diff]5ces betwe5 ma*9e-made books c easily be not$ 9 ! *eap novels ( ! day1 :i* are poorly b\nd1 & well-made law books & encyclopdias4 ,^! latt] are (t5 fai?fully put toge!r & w /& almo/ z mu* we> z any books ev] produc$4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,! ,lit]>y ,side ( ,libr>y ,reb9d+ ,aft] satisfactory mat]ials & me?ods ( b9d+ = a libr>y h be5 discov]$ & adopt$1 !re /ill rema9 _m que/ions :i* c be well answ]$ only by "o hav+ a wide k ( books4 ,nor is a g5]al k ( books alone en\gh to qualify "o to answ] wisely ^! que/ions4 ,close acqua9tance ) ! libr>y's policy 9 reg>d to book-sav+ & book-buy+ & ( its attitude t[>d ! dem& = popul> & ephem]al fiction2 k ( its ref]5ce "w2 ( ! am\nt ( h&l+ its books receive by ! public1 & ( its f9ancial condition & policy--all ?is & mu* besides ! p]son 9 *>ge ( b9d+ %\ld h be=e %e c make wise decisions4 ,& p>ticul>ly %e ne$s k ( pap]1 editions1 prices & simil> matt]s4 ,take fiction = example4 ,m ?an half ( ! b9d+ bills ( mo/ free public libr>ies are probably *>geable to novels4 ,"o ( ^! comes to ! h&s ( ! p]son 9 *>ge ( b9d+ 9 su* condition t at ! fir/ glance x seems desirable to reb9d x4 ,let u suppose t x is /ill 9 publi%]'s clo?2 is q soil$ outside1 b /ill fairly clean )92 t ! cov] has p>t$ f ! book 9 front2 t sev]al leaves are loose & two ( !m fray$ at ! edges2 t at ! back ! outside %eets ( sev]al signatures are ne>ly worn ?r\gh or brok52 & t ! label is (f4 ,%\ld x be reb\nd2 or :at %\ld be done ) x8 ,be=e decid+ its fate1 que/ions l ! foll[+ mu/ be answ]$4 ,if ?is is n ! only copy ( ?is book n[ 9 ! libr>y1 are ! o!r copies 9 good condition8 ,if !y are1 c ! libr>y sp>e ?is copy because ! dem& = ?is p>ticul> title is pa/8 ,& is x n bett] economy to ?r[ x away or sell x--z x w probably nev] be want$ aga9--?an to sp5d money 9 b9d+ x8 ,t is to say1 if x is b\nd1 w x n /& idle on ! %elf8 ,if x cont9ues to be some:at popul>1 & ?is copy w\ld get "s use if x 7 replac$1 /ill1 is x a book ! use ( :i* x is ! libr>y's policy to enc\rage8 ,if n1 has x n s]v$ its purpose & %\ld x n be put away1 r ?an entail on ! libr>y ano!r exp5se item 9 co/ ( b9d+8 ,if x is ! only copy 9 ! libr>y1 is x a book ! libr>y wi%es to reta9 or has x be5 9 effect on trial1 & has prov$ n to be wor? keep+8 ,if s1 w\ld n ! b9d+ ( x be a use ( money f> less ju/ifiable ?an its orig9al pur*ase8 ,or is x p]haps ( int]e/ n[ simply z a "p ( ! hi/ory ( fiction & s /ill wor? keep+8 ,b1 if kept = ?is purpose1 does x ne$ b9d+ at all8 ,w n a little m5d+ make x hold toge!r suffici5tly well8 ,p]haps ! be/ plan w\ld be to reclassify x = ! lit]ature section1 wrap x 9 pap]1 m>k ! wrapp]1 & put on ! %elf4 ,if x is a good book1 9 con/ant dem&1 ! "q is /ill n a simple "o4 ,is x on poor pap]1 s poor t 9 our /yle ( reb9d+ x w la/ b a %ort "t8 ,if s1 w\ld n a new copy be a bett] inve/m5t ?an ! reb9d+ ( ?is "o8 ,if ! pap] is good en\gh = reb9d+1 w x /& m5d+ & fur!r we> )\t mak+ its ultimate b9d+ v difficult8 ,if !re are o!r editions ( ?is book obta9able1 does ?is sample indicate t ?is p>ticul> edition is ! be/ "o to buy h]eaft]8 ,^! & _m o!r que/ions confront ! libr>ian e "t a book1 ( any k9d1 comes up = b9d+4 ,because !y are n wisely answ]$ ! %elves ( e libr>y %[ examples ( ! unwise exp5diture ( money4 ,to take a specific example 9 ?is same field ( fiction4 ,! libr>y has sev]al sets ( ,coop]4 ,9 ea* ( !m is ! ,*a9be>]4 ,consid] any "o ( ! libr>y's copies ( ?is book3 ,no "o reads x4 ,b m]e %ift+ on ! %elf gradually we>s x out4 ,x goes ?r\gh ! b9d]y1 &1 be+ by ,coop]1 & a novel1 x is b\nd1 9 ! same /yle z ! ,spy :i* happ5s to g ) x1 9 half lea!r4 ,! ,spy is us$2 ! lea!r on x keeps s(t & pliable & we>s a ye> or two1 until ! book is too dirty to keep x long]4 ,b ! ,*a9be>] /&s unt\*$ & its lea!r h>d5s & breaks4 ,x mu/ be b\nd aga9 )9 ?ree or f\r ye>s1 ev5 ?\gh x has n be5 l5t once 9 t p]iod4 ,if x _h receiv$ a pla9 clo? b9d+1 t b9d+ w\ld h co/ less & la/$ indef9itely4 ,if x _h be5 ?r[n away ! libr>y w\ld h be5 ! ga9]4 ,! problem is n less complex :5 books 9 classes o!r ?an fiction are up = consid]ation4 ,_m ( !m are r>ely us$2 :y reb9d !m at all1 no matt] h[ brok58 ,to tie a /r+ ab\t !m or to wrap 9 pap] & m>k !m w\ld (t5 be wis] economy4 ,(t5 !y are s+le volumes f long sets1 an edition1 = example1 ( "s hi/ory b\nd ab\t #ahjj4 ,! b9d+ is calf4 ,9 reb9d+1 to mat* ! set is v unwise1 = all calf n[ on ! m>ket w rot 9 a few ye>s4 ,x mu/ be b\nd1 let u suppose1 z x is occasionally call$ =2 yet x w n1 l a popul> novel1 we> out or become unbe>ably dirty 9 a half c5tury4 ,%all x be put 9 morocco8 ,?is w\ld be a mi/ake1 = x is d\btful if pres5t-day morocco w la/ #ej ye>s1 probably n half t "t4 ,! only alt]native is clo?1 & t ) no lea!r title label on ! back4 ,"o ( ! be/ ?+s is1 = a l>ge book1 heavy duck back1 light gray or light gre51 lett]$ 9 pr9t]s' ink1 ) sides ( any good book clo?4 ,?is spoils ! looks ( ! set4 ,moreov]1 ! clo? cat*es du/ & dirt1 & gr[s s(t & flabby4 ,b x is today "o ( ! few safe b9d+s4 ,if ! book is small1 full art canvas or imp]ial morocco clo? is bett]4 ,s1 z ,i h said1 pap]1 lea!r1 clo?1 sew+1 jo9ts1 gold1 & _m o!r ?+s ! libr>ian mu/ "k2 & to ^! mu/ add k ( lit]>y values1 popul>ity ( books & au?ors1 editions1 prices & a score ( o!r ?+s be=e he c be sure1 if he ev] c be sure1 t he is really b9d+ economically1 9 ! long run4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,b9d+ ,mat]ials ,suitable = a ,libr>y ,! ,new>k ,libr>y has tri$ _m exp]im5ts 9 ! *oice ( mat]ials4 ,x f9ds t ?91 import$1 acid-free pigsk91 fir/ us$ 9 ?is c\ntry by ,mr4 ,*iv]s1 is ! be/ mat]ial = backs4 ,x we>s well2 does n rot2 is easily manipulat$ & takes gold lett]+ well4 ,a disadvantage is its t5d5cy to d>k5 ) h&l+4 ,x works well on books ( all sizes & all k9ds1 :e!r !y are h&l$ mu* or n4 ,morocco1 if tann$ s t x w n rot1 is m exp5sive ?an pigsk94 ,= ! f9] books x is bett] ?an pigsk9 z x pres]ves bett] its appe>ance "u mu* h&l+4 ,c[sk9 is good = books :i* are to be mu* h&l$ & are likely to be worn out & disc>d$ )9 five ye>s4 ,only ! be/ quality %\ld be us$4 ,d>k r$ is usually pref]able to light r$ or br[n4 ,x co/s less ?an pigsk94 ,engli% ,imp]ial ,morocco clo? makes a good full b9d+ = books t are n to receive mu* we>4 ,x _c be lett]$ easily1 & if mu* h&l$ soon looks d+y at ! top & bottom ( ! back & along ! jo9t & at ! corn]s4 ,d>k blue art canvas1 ! k9d 9 :i* bo? w>p & wo( are dy$ blue1 makes a s]viceable & inexp5sive full b9d+4 ,x c be recomm5d$ = books :i* are to be h&l$ b little4 ,l>ge volumes l p]iodicals & society proce$+s %\ld h backs ( gray or light gre5 duck1 ) black lett]s1 & sides ( art canvas or morocco clo?4 ,newspap]s %\ld also h backs ( duck4 ,! sides may be cov]$ ) pap]1 b art canvas or art vellum is bett]4 ,if newspap]s are to be consult$ (t5 !y %\ld be c>efully b\nd ( c\rse4 ,b 9 a great _m libr>ies x is wise to tie mo/ newspap]s up 9 flat packages in/ead ( b9d+ !m4 ,= ! sides ( books1 b\nd ) pigsk9 or morocco backs1 :i* are to be mu* h&l$ ! ,new>k ,libr>y has f\nd no?+ z good z k]atol1 else:]e describ$4 ,= books :i* are n to be mu* h&l$1 morocco clo? is excell5t4 ,on books :i* are b\nd ) an eye to _! beauty1--curios1 r>ities1 books to be exhibit$1 etc4--,new>k uses ?ree-f\r?s morocco ) sides ( pap] or ( clo? ( appropriate color4 ,! jo9t committee on pr9t+ ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 made an inve/igation 9 #aijg ( sev]al b9d+ mat]ials4 ,?is inve/igation 0 made ) special ref]5ce to ! b9d+ ( ! publications ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t4 ,x includ$ ! subjects ( endurance1 we>1 t5sile /r5g?1 t5d5cy to absorb moi/ure1 read9ess ) :i* attack$ by insects4 ,incid5tally o!r qualities 7 consid]$4 ,an outcome ( ?is inve/igation 0 ! publication by ! ,bureau ( ,/&>ds1 ,wa%+ton1 ( specifications = bookclo? = b9d+ depository sets ( public docum5ts4 ,! specifications /ate t ! clo? %all be f fir/ quality /aple cotton1 uni=mly wov5 & ( ! grade kn[n z fir/s4 ,! surface %all be smoo? & h>d & %[ no t5d5cy to /ick :5 fold$ ^u itself4 ,fur!r specifications cov] ! /r5g? ( ! mat]ial1 its t5d5cy to absorb moi/ure1 its resi/ance to mold & insects & o!r *>act]i/ics4 ,^! specifications may be us$ by all libr>ians 9 select+ clo? = ord9>y libr>y b9d+4 ,! ,bureau ( ,/&>ds w make te/s accord+ to ! specifications = any libr>y1 *>g+ a fee = ! "w4 ,! clo? :i* con=ms to ^! specifications is a smoo? cotton fabric simil> to t us$ by ! be/ law book publi%]s 9 ?is c\ntry1 & to ! duck m5tion$ above4 ,x is mu* heavi] ?an ord9>y publi%]'s book clo?4 ,,*apt] ,v ,reb9d+ = ,libr>ies ,libr>ies diff] z to b9d+s 9 _! ne$s & 9 _! possibilities4 ,books diff] ev5 m4 ,no libr>y c or %\ld exactly foll[ any "o /yle 9 its reb9d+ "w4 ,i add1 h[ev]1 ! foll[+ directions = ord9>y1 mu*-us$ #abmo volumes1 9 ! hope t !y may be f\nd sugge/ive4 ,!y %\ld be read 9 ! light ( all ! re/ ( ?is book1 & n tak5 z f9al au?ority at any po9t4 ,pull ap>t ) great c>e4 ,remove all ?reads & old pa/e & glue4 ,smoo? out ! backs by beat+4 ,gu>d ! out] & inn] leaves ( all signatures t are brok5 or weak ) pap] or jaconet4 ,loose pictures1 if !y are to be kept1 put 9 ) gu>ds4 ,frequ5tly 9 reb9d+ ! illu/rations may be dropp$ ) no loss ei!r to ! read]'s pleasure or ! cause ( art4 ,see t ! leaves are all 9 & complete4 ,no4 #a4 ,books sew$ regul>ly1 t is1 n :ip/it*$4 ,gu>d ! fir/ & la/ signatures ) jaconet4 ,if ! title-page or frontispiece is an ins]t1 pa/e ! gu>d along ! ins]t & ov] ! fir/ signature4 ,?is saves ! labor ( gu>d+ ! ins]t & fir/ signature sep>ately4 ,gu>d ) jaconet ! inn] side ( ! inside leaf ( e signature t is at all worn or weak2 if badly worn gu>d also ! out] side ( ! outside leaf4 ,9 "s cases e leaf %\ld be gu>d$4 ,b rememb] t gu>ds ?ick5 ! back4 ,make two sets ( f\r-page end-%eets by fold+ once ) ! gra9 pieces ( li?ograph$ l9+ pap]2 & two sets ( wa/e pap]s by fold+ once pieces ( good book pap]1 ab\t #fj lb4 ,gu>d ! outside ( ! folds ( all ( ^! ) jaconet1 & place "o ( ea* k9d at ! front & back ( ! book1 ! li?ograph "o on ! outside 9 ea* case4 ,use ,hayes's /&>d l95 ?read ( a weight adapt$ to ! book4 ,! cotton ?read us$ 9 book sew+ ma*9es we>s well1 b is n recomm5d$ = h&-"w4 ,no4 #be is good = books ) light sections1 #af = ^? ) heavy sections1 & #bj = ^? ) m$ium4 ,sew ! book on f\r /\t b flexible tapes1 ea* ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* wide4 ,sew all along ?r\gh\t4 ,leave ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* ( tape project+ ea* side :5 cutt+ (f4 ,f "h on ! process is v simil> = ?is k9d ( b9d+ sew$ 9 ! ord9>y way1 & = ,no4 #b1 :ip/it*$1 :i* foll[s4 ,no4 #b4 ,books :i* are :ip/it*$1 be+ 9 su* condition or ( su* "* t !y h to be trimm$ at ! back1 be+ !n simply piles ( loose %eets4 ,cut (f z little ( ! backs z possible4 ,prep>e & place end %eets & wa/e pap]s z above describ$1 except "h pa/e ! jaconet gu>d only along "o side1 ! out]1 ( ! folds ( all ( !m4 ,?is gives firm hold = fir/ ov]ca/ /it*es4 ,glue ! back ( ! book slightly s t x may be divid$ into signatures ( a few leaves ea* :i* w hold toge!r4 ,sew on same tapes z = a regul>ly sew$ book4 ,9 ov]ca/+ or :ip/it*+ d n take up m ?an "o-eigh? ( an in* = ! deepe/ /it*es4 ,make ! signatures small & pass ! ne$le ?r\gh two ( !m ) ea* /it*1 tak+ ! /it* diagonally4 ,pa/e ! l9+ pap]s to ! wa/e %eets1 all ov]1 front & back4 ,pa/e ends ( tapes on top ( l9+ pap]s4 ,trim ! book1 cutt+ x z little z possible4 ,glue ! back slightly1 &1 :5 x is p>tly dri$1 r\nd ! book & !n back x4 ,9 back+ d n break ! ?reads or pull !m ?r\gh ! pap]4 ,?is is especially to be gu>d$ aga9/ on :ip/it*$ books4 ,aft] r\nd+ & back+1 glue to ! back & ov] onto ! sides1 pass+ beyond ! jaconet gu>ds1 a /rip ( m$ium weight1 s(t1 blea*$ musl94 ,measure & cut ! bo>ds1 :i* %\ld be ( good quality1 adapt$ to ! we> ! book is likely to h4 ,cut ! lea!r back1 ( pigsk94 ,d n p>e x save slightly at ! edges4 ,put a little pa/e on ! bo>ds to make !m /ay 9 place1 & set !m 9 place on ! book4 ,put on ! lea!r1 leav+ ! bo>ds 9 place1 tuck+ ! lea!r 9 at top & bottom1--head & tail4 ,:5 ! lea!r is p>tly dri$1 ! book hav+ be5 kept "u slight pressure1 cov] ! bo>ds ) k]atol or appropriate clo?4 ,make ! corn] fold by fir/ turn+ ! cov] mat]ial 9 /raight across ! corn] & !n br++ 9 ! folds f "r & left4 ,pa/e ! end %eets firmly d[n on ! inside ( ! cov]s4 ,?is fa/5s ! book securely into its case4 ,press until ?or\ghly dry4 ,lett] 9 gold ) l>ge1 r heavy1 black-face lett]s4 ,r$uce ! lett]+ to z few words z possible4 ,no rule c be giv5 z to ! glue to be us$4 ,let y\r b9d] be sure t :at he uses is good1 :e!r ! price he pays be high or l[4 ,he c tell :e!r x is good or n by te/+ x4 ,glue pots %\ld be clean$ out frequ5tly4 ,glue %\ld be treat$ ) judgm5t z to heat & degree ( ?ickness at :i* x is us$4 ,x is animal matt] t quickly *anges its "* & loses its /r5g? "u wrong conditions4 ,! bo>ds to be us$ 9 a book %\ld dep5d1 z to quality & ?ickness1 on ! "* ( ! volume !y cov]4 ,exp5sive bo>ds on a book :i* w probably soon be too dirty to be kept1 are n ess5tial4 ,nei!r /r+s nor tapes ne$ to be lac$ into ! bo>ds on ord9>y libr>y "w4 ,!y hold well if c>efully glu$ d[n on ! inside1 & v well if pa/$ betwe5 two bo>ds or into a split 9 "o4 ,illu/ration3 ,plates ,! fir/ diagram %[s 9 section a plate pa/$ on to a leaf ( a book4 ,?is me?od is faulty1 because x takes up "s ( ! back m>g9 ( ! leaf2 if ! leaf is press$ back ! plate is apt to split (f4 ,! second diagram %[s ! me?od ( atta*+ a plate by means ( a gu>d4 ,f report ( ! ,committee on ,lea!r = ,bookb9d+4 ,edit$ = ,society ( ,arts4 ,london3 ,bell ,sons1 #aije4 ,"s books are be/ b\nd ) tight backs1 "s ) loose4 ,!re is no inv>iable rule 9 reg>d to ?is2 x dep5ds p>tly on ! ?ickness ( ! book4 ,v ?ick volumes %\ld h loose backs1 usually4 ,x is usually wise to trim books :5 !y are reb\nd4 ,b ?is trimm+ %\ld ( c\rse be z little z possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,%[+ ! ,me?od ( ,lac+ 9 ! ,slips or ,ends ( ,b&s on a ,flexible ,b\nd ,book ,if depressions are cut 9 ! bo>d z %[n1 ! slips c be left ) an adequate m>g9 ( /r5g? )\t clums9ess4 ,f report ( ! ,committee on ,lea!r = ,bookb9d+4 ,edit$ = ,society ( ,arts4 ,london3 ,bell ,sons1 #aije4 ,x is possible to :ip/it* a book1 ev5 "o :i* is pr9t$ on /iff pap]1 9 su* a way t x w be almo/ z flexible & op5 almo/ z easily z if x 7 sew$ on tapes 9 ! regul> way4 ,x is possible1 b difficult4 ,few h done x4 ,few b9d]ies1 if any1 9 ?is c\ntry h work]s :o c & w give to ! "w ( :ip/it*+ ! c>e & ?\ght necess>y to produce a good job4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #a ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #b ,%[+ ! ,advantage ( a ,fr5* ,jo9t ov] an ,ord9>y ,jo9t ,no4 #a4 ,a section ( an ,ord9>y ,jo9t ) ! bo>d op5 %[s t ! creas+ ( ! lea!r is conc5trat$ on "o l9e4 ,no4 #b4 ,a section ( a ,fr5* ,jo9t %[s h[ ?is creas+ is di/ribut$ ov] a great surface1 & s enables suffici5t flexibility to be obta9$ ) mu* ?ick] lea!r ?an c be us$ ) an ord9>y jo9t4 ,f report ( ! ,committee on ,lea!r = ,bookb9d+4 ,edit$ = ,society ( ,arts4 ,london3 ,bell ,sons1 #aije4 ,"s /r5g!n ! top & bottom ( ! back1 ! head & tail1 by a piece ( clo? or tape pass+ ov] ! back ( ! signatures & held to !m by ! sew+ 9 a mann] difficult to describe4 ,illu/ration3 ,anatomy ( a ,jo9t ,a ,bo>d ( cov]4 ,b ,b ,blea*$ musl91 pa/$ ov] back aft] r\nd+ & back+4 ,c ,c ,/r+s or tapes on :i* ! book is sewn4 ,d ,d ,end %eets ( li?ograph pap]4 ,! "p at ! left is pa/$ to ! inside ( ! bo>d & becomes ! l9+ pap]4 ,b & ,c be+ pa/$ ov] on to ,d1 :5 ,d is pa/$ to ,a !y are c>ri$ ) x & lie "u ! end %eet or l9+ pap]4 ,e ,e ,jaconet or ?9 musl9 gu>d pa/$ on ,d be=e ! book is sewn4 ,f ,f ,wa/e pap]s ( good book pap]4 ,g ,g ,jaconet gu>d ( wa/e pap]s4 ,be=e ! book is trimm$ ,f & ,d are pa/$ toge!r & become a d\bl$ fly leaf4 ,h ,h ,! fir/ signature ( ! book4 ,j ,j ,jaconet gu>d ( ! fir/ signature4 ,k ,k ,k ,pa?s ( ?reads4 ,l ,lea!r back4 ,m ,clo? or pap] side4 ,music %\ld be sew$ regul>ly or all along & ! inside & outside %eets ( all signatures %\ld be gu>d$ ) jaconet4 ,?is gu>d+ ( ! inn] %eets makes ! b9d+ /rong]1 z ! inn] pages ( a section always t5d to "w loose if mu* h&l$4 ,! side & top squ>es %\ld be ab\t #a_/h ( an in*2 b ! bottom squ>e ab\t #c_/h in*4 ,?is l>ge squ>e at ! bottom raises ! book on ! in/rum5t to all[ ! easy turn+ ( leaves1 z ! pages frequ5tly cat* :5 ! squ>es are ! usual size all ar\nd4 ,new>k f9ds half pig ) ,k]atol sides v durable4 ,l>ge maps1 draw+s1 etc41 may be m\nt$ on l951 jaconet1 na9sook1 ord9>y blea*$1 or unblea*$ musl94 ,! mat]ial us$ %\ld be five or six in*es l>g] all ar\nd ?an ! map to be m\nt$ = conv5i5ce 9 /ret*+ & work+4 ,tack ! clo? on a clean bo>d1 table or floor4 ,put ! tacks v close toge!r & tack ! selvage edge fir/4 ,! surface may be cov]$ ) wa/e pap] be=e /ret*+ ! clo? on x4 ,apply a ?9 coat ( ?9 pa/e all ov]4 ,:5 dry1 pa/e ! map & all[ x to /& ab\t t5 m9utes to give x "t to /ret*4 ,lay ! map on ! musl9 & rub x d[n "u a /\t piece ( pap]4 ,?or\gh rubb+ d[n is absolutely necess>y to make e "p adh]e4 ,proce$ f ! c5t] outw>d1 c>efully rubb+ out creases & bubbles4 ,dry ?or\ghly be=e tak+ up4 ,"o p]son alone _c m\nt a v l>ge %eet4 ,v small maps 9 books :i* h become some:at worn & creas$ c be m\nt$ on ,japanese m5d+ tissue4 ,?is pap] is q t\gh & ?91 & we>s well4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,lett]+ & ,numb]+ ! ,backs ( ,books ,sev]al me?ods ( lett]+ ! backs ( books are 9 use 9 libr>ies4 ,! be/ is gild+4 ,if ?is is well done ) g5u9e gold x w rema9 bright = _m ye>s1 & w /& h>d we> bett] ?an any o!r /yle ( m>k+4 ,on lea!r ?is me?od %\ld always be foll[$4 ,only ! be/ "w 9 gild+ is wor? ! money x co/s1 & !re is no sub/itute = gold t des]ves m5tion4 ,gild+ on clo? by h& is r difficult4 ,x does n %[ well on light-color$ clo?1 or on "s d>k colors4 ,on "s clo?s1 also1 gold titles become q invisible 9 c]ta9 lights1 probably because ( a c]ta9 comb9ation 9 !m ( color & texture4 ,d>k gre5 is (t5 q objectionable on ?is acc\nt1 & ! same is true ( "s %ades ( r$1 9 clo?s ( a c]ta9 texture4 ,?is difficulty %\ld be not$1 & only ^? clo?s us$ on books :i* are to h gold titles on :i* ! lett]s %[ well1 at :atev] angle ! light may /rike !m4 ,! process ( gild+ is describ$ 9 books on b9d+4 ,x co/s usually ab\t two c5ts a l9e4 ,black ink is v good = lett]+ on "s k9ds ( clo?1 p>ticul>ly on light-color$ duck1 canvas1 buckram1 :e!r cotton or l951 & art vellum4 ,! ink us$ %\ld be bookb9d]'s title ink1 made = ! purpose4 ,! lett]s %\ld be l>ge & heavy-fac$ & n set v closely toge!r4 ,! me?od ( apply+ ! ink is to p\r "s ( x on a piece ( m>ble & !n to apply to ! type ) a rubb] pad4 ,z ! type is cold1 consid]able pressure is necess>y to make ! ink take well4 ,black lett]+ co/s ab\t ! same z gild+1 say1 two c5ts p] l9e4 ,lett]s 9 gold are sometimes appli$ to books b\nd 9 clo? by pr9t+ !m on a v ?9 piece ( lea!r & !n glu+ ! latt] to ! back4 ,?is me?od is also occasionally us$ on books 9 lea!r4 ,^! lea!r labels c be /amp$ by ma*9]y 9 quantities1 z is done = l>ge editions by comm]cial b9d]s1 ?\gh ?is is n practicable = ! ord9>y libr>y b9d]4 ,!y usually look v well :5 fir/ appli$2 b x is n v easy to make !m hold p]man5tly4 ,! bett] me?od 9 almo/ all cases is to lett] directly on ! book1 no matt] :at mat]ial x is b\nd 94 ,! b9d] %\ld use brass type lett]s 9 mo/ cases2 !y we> well & give a cle> impression4 ,ord9>y pr9t]'s type w d excell5t "w = a "t4 ,brass type co/s f #aj to #bj c5ts p] lett]1 common type f "o to five doll>s p] font1 accord+ to size & numb] ( types4 ,! be/ /yle = ord9>y use is cond5s$ go?ic4 ,a heavy-fac$ ,roman1 l ,j5s51 is sometimes good1 & on l>g] books looks v well 9 capitals & small lett]s4 ,use z l>ge lett]s z ! back ( ! book w p]mit4 ,r$uce ! numb] ( words 9 all titles to ! l[e/ possible numb]4 ,samples ( type well adapt$ to lett]+ 9 gold on ! backs ( books3 ,illu/ration3 ,sample #a--;,go?ic cond5s$1 #ah po9t4 ,,c>negie ,,public ,,libr>y ,free = ! p ,sample #b--,s*oeff]1 #ah po9t4 ,,c>negie ,,public ,,libr>y ,free = ! p ,sample #c--,l9+ cond5s$ title1 #ab po9t4 ,,c>negie ,,public ,,libr>y ,free = ! p ,titles c be pr9t$ on pap] also & ! pap] !n pa/$ or glu$ on4 ,?is plan is n at all satisfactory = books :i* are to h mu* use1 z ! pap] soon gets soil$ & is v apt to peel (f4 ,_m libr>ies h b\nd books 9 light-color$ clo?1 usually art vellum1 & !n lett]$ !m by h& ) india-ink4 ,! result is n v satisfactory4 ,! "t tak5 9 lett]+ !m neatly is consid]able2 ! lett]s soon get soil$ & illegible1 & ev5 if v well done !y look *eap & homemade4 ,at ! ord9>y co/ ( gild+1 ab\t two c5ts p] l9e1 h& lett]+ is almo/ z exp5sive z gild+ if ! co/ ( ! "t sp5t on x is fairly e/imat$4 ,!n1 to make !m legible1 ! clo? *os5 mu/ be s light 9 color t x soon %[s ! results ( h&l+ & becomes d+y & disreputable4 ,a d>k clo? ( ! be/ quality & gold lett]s pay be/4 ,illu/ration3 ,type ,cab9et ,on books b\nd 9 d>k clo? or lea!r1 numb]s c be writt5 9 :ite ink4 ,"s libr>ians f9d ?is plan q satisfactory4 ,! me?od is ?is3 ,! place = ! numb] be+ locat$1 wa% ! v>ni% away f x ) a clean clo?1 damp5$ ) a mixture ( ammonia "o "p & wat] two p>ts1 & all[ to dry4 ,!n write ! lett]s ) a f9e camel's hair bru%1 ab\t ,no4 #b 9 size4 ,:5 ?or\ghly dry give ! lett]s a ?9 coat ( %ellac4 ,david's :ite lett]9e is "o ( ! be/ :ite inks4 ,:ite ink is difficult to manage & we>s (f soon if n v c>efully put on4 ,labels %\ld always be put at lea/ f\r in*es f ! bottom ( ! back1 ! tail1 t !y may n be soil$ or worn (f 9 h&l+4 ,!y %\ld be m>k$ ) india-ink 9 l>ge1 pla9 figures4 ,on _m books x w pay to h !m gild$1 z :5 ?us put on !y d n detract f ! book's appe>ance & look well = an indef9ite "t4 ,if labels are us$1 put !m on z foll[s3 ,! place = ! label be+ locat$1 wa% away ! v>ni% f t place a little ) a clean clo? damp5$ ) wat] & ammonia4 ,if ! book is ?9 cut ! label be=e x is put on1 s t x does n q rea* ! edges ( ! back4 ,if ! book is s ?9 t !re w\ld n be suffici5t room = ! book numb] on a label cut to fit x1 place ! label on ! upp] left corn] ( ! front cov]4 ,press ! label tightly & ev5ly d[n until x /icks firmly all ov]4 ,?is is mo/ important4 ,use ,d5nison's r\nd gumm$ labels4 ,^!1 be+ r\nd1 pres5t no corn]s to be easily ruff$ up4 ,!y are free f l9es ar\nd ! bord]1 s _! :ole surface is available = ! book numb]4 ,!y c be _h 9 sev]al sizes4 ,lay out a s*eme = m>k+ books1 & !n make model labels to be foll[$ 9 m>k+ fiction1 class$ books1 ref]5ce books1 juv5iles1 magaz9es1 etc41 s t ! same k9ds ( comb9ations ( lett]s & figures w always be writt5 9 ! same way4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,pamphlets ,! subject ( ! c>e ( pamphlets 9 a libr>y does n come )9 ! field ( ^! notes2 b x may be prop] to say t exp]i5ce & obs]vation h l$ me to ! conclusion t _m pamphlets are b\nd & ent]$ 9 ! catalog :i* are n wor? ! labor !y h entail$4 ,h[ ^? %\ld be kept t are ?\ght wor? keep+ ,i d n attempt to say4 ,(t5 ^? kept are n wor? keep+1 & /ill (t5] ^? b\nd & catalogu$ are n wor? b9d+4 ,if !y are b\nd1 ! /yle ( b9d+ !y %\ld receive1 if !y are 9 fact books 9 pap] cov]s1 is to be decid$ by ! same rules z is ! same "q 9 reg>d to o!r books4 ,if !y are 9 fact pamphlets--a few pages ) no cov]1 & mu/ /& on ! %elf & w be little us$1 a *eap b9d+ may be made ?us3 ,take (f ! cov]2 fold once a %eet ( /\t pap] to ! pamphlet's size2 cut two bo>ds = cov]s1 a little n>r[] ?an ! pamphlet2 pa/e !m to ! pap] m5tion$ ab\t half an in* ap>t2 pa/e a /rip ( book clo? d[n ! back & ov] ! edges ( ! bo>ds2 pa/e ! cov] to ! bo>ds1 front & back2 sew ! pamphlet into ! case ?us r\ghly made ) /\t ?read ?r\gh ?ree or five holes along ! back 7?is la/ process is call$ /abb+72 trim4 ,?is is simple1 /rong & inexp5sive4 ,if ! pamphlet consi/s ( "o signature only ! me?od j describ$ c be foll[$2 b ! sew+ %\ld be ?r\gh ! back1 a saddle/it*1 ) ! knot inside4 ,! b9d]'s knot or /it* is ?us made3 ,hav+ ?ree holes = ! ?read1 g fir/ d[n ?r\gh ! c5t] "o1 back ?r\gh "o ( ! end holes1 d[n aga9 ?r\gh ! o!r end hole1 up ?r\gh ! c5t]1 & tie ! two ends ov] ! ?read :i* passes f end hole to end hole4 ,) five holes ! process is simil> & easily foll[$4 ,a v neat pamphlet b9d+1 = pamphlets too l>ge to be saddle-/it*$1 is ! foll[+3 ,cut two pieces ( smoo?1 h>d1 flat pap] ! size ( ! pamphlet2 along "o edge ( ea* pa/e a /rip ( ?9 cotton clo?1 blea*$ musl91 ab\t half an in* wide2 lay "o piece ea* side ( ! pamphlet1 clo? /rips at ! back1 & sew ! pamphlet ?r\gh ^! /rips1 close to ! back1 ) ?ree holes or five z seems advisable4 ,make two end-%eets ( two leaves ea*1 ! size ( ! pamphlet2 gu>d ea* ) musl92 pa/e ^! to ! fir/ %eets1 all ov]1 "o on ea* side ( ! pamphlet2 cut bo>ds & pa/e !m d[n on ! out] halves ( ! end-%eets 7ea* end-%eet has n[ become1 "o-half ! l9+ pap] = ! cov]1 ! o!r half1 half ( a d\ble fly leaf72 put on a back ( art vellum1 lea!r or o!r mat]ial2 pa/e on ! pamphlet's cov]2 trim4 ,?is b9d+ is v /rong1 v neat1 op5s q easily & w we> well4 ,! bo>ds c be cov]$ all ov] ) clo?1 & ! b9d+ w !n we> mu* long]4 ,ball>d's clips f9d favor ) _m libr>ians1 = bo? pamphlets & magaz9es4 ,!y hold ?+s toge!r neatly & securely1 & hold magaz9es into cov]s ( clo? or lea!r q effectively4 ,!y are /rips ( %eet /eel1 ( sev]al wid?s1 b5t into ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( a circle4 ,small /eel lev]s fit into clev]ly adju/$ holes & make op5+ easy4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,magaz9e ,b9d]s ,x has long be5 "o ( ! libr>y traditions t magaz9es us$ 9 ! read+ room %\ld be put into /iff & heavy tempor>y b9d]s z soon z receiv$1 & s arrang$1 usually on racks hold+ !m v]tically1 t !y c all be se5 at once4 ,x is n[ p]mitt$ to d\bt ! wisdom ( ?is proce$+4 ,! b9d]s are exp5sive2 ! be/ ( !m soon get a worn & d+y look1 ev5 if !y hold toge!r = a long "t2 ! racks ) _! cont5ts are usually n ornam5tal & are (t5 q ! rev]se4 ,! space tak5 by ! racks c ill be sp>$1 especially :5 ! area ne$$ by br[s]s 9 front ( !m is includ$4 ,if ! numb] ( p]iodicals tak5 is q l>ge ! display space ne$$ = !m is q out ( proportion to ! use made ( !m4 ,rec5t back numb]s ( mo/ j\rnals1 z well z ! la/ numb]s1 %\ld be made accessible to read]s1 & = ?is !re is no provision 9 ! v]tical file arrangem5t4 ,!re seems no bett] reason = expos+ to ! casual read] ( ! read+ room ! full fronts ( all ! j\rnals ! libr>y takes ?an !re is = mak+ a simil> display ( all ! books ! libr>y buys4 ,to ! display ( all j\rnals on t]race tables mo/ ( ! objections j not$ are also applicable4 ,a c>eful consid]ation ( ! relative value ( curr5t numb]s ( p]iodicals 9 a libr>y & ( space1 "t & en]gy t %\ld be put on _! pres5tation to ! public1 w lead "o to ! conclusion t ! be/ way to h&le !m is to lay !m 9 alphabetical ord] on pla9ly label$ ord9>y book %elves wide en\gh to hold ! l>g] ones1 set ab\t six in*es ap>t1 t ! numb]s = ! pa/ six mon?s may be kept toge!r4 ,! ?9 j\rnals :i* are mo/ read1 l ,puck or ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 may well be slipp$ = a week into an inexp5sive b9d] l ! "o call$ ,clevel& 9 ! li/ :i* foll[s4 ,magaz9es mu* read1 l ! ,c5tury & ,mc,clures1 c be s re9=c$ 9 a few m9utes1 z describ$ bel[1 t !y w keep q neat = sev]al mon?s4 ,?is me?od is economical ( space2 keeps ! j\rnals easily 9 "o alphabetical s]ies2 makes six numb]s accessible in/ead ( "o2 elim9ates ! "q ( b9d]s2 saves ! assi/ant's "t1 relatively to ! s]vice giv5 to ! public2 & asks ! public simply to rememb] _! alphabet & to read ! %elves4 ,b9d]s t require ! pun*+ ( holes ?r\gh ! backs ( magaz9es %\ld be look$ on ) suspicion2 ?\gh 9 spite ( its exp5se ! b9d] ( ?is type1 ) flexible metal /rips 9 place ( /r+s & ) poli%$ sides conta9+ actual cov]s ( ! magaz9e )91 has _h mu* use4 ,x we>s well1 is put on ab\t z quickly z any1 exposes ! date & "n along ! magaz9e's back1 & looks m attractive ?an any o!r b9d] :5 p]*$ 9 r[s 9 v]tical racks4 ,all o!r b9d]s may be divid$ into ?ree k9ds3 ,! ,clip1 ! ,b> & ! ,/r+4 ,! ,clip is bas$ on ! ,ball>d clip idea4 ,! ,john/on is a good example4 ,a spr+ 9 ! back grips ! sides ( ! magaz9e & holds ! b9d] on4 ,x t5ds to make a magaz9e less easy to hold op54 ,x pleases a good _m4 ,! ,b> has = its ma9 feature "o or m /rips ( /eel1 :i* run d[n ! back ( ! magaz9e & are fa/5$ to ! b9d] by a h+e at "o end & a hook at ! o!r4 ,( all ( ?is k9d ! be/ = ! money is1 p]haps1 ! ,new ,hav54 ,! ,/r+ uses a /r+ or ela/ic b& to hold ! magaz9e4 ,9 ! "o call$ ! ,spr+field1 fir/ us$ 9 ,los ,angeles 9 #ahij1 ! /r+ passes ?r\gh ! magaz9e1 betwe5 sections1 & ?r\gh ?ree holes 9 ! back ( ! b9d] 9 a b9d]'s /it*4 ,! ,new>k ,libr>y has tri$ _m k9ds ( mat]ial = b9d]s4 ,?9 book clo? soon we>s out4 ,heavy & /rong clo? soon gets soil$4 ,full lea!r is v exp5sive1 unless ! lea!r us$ is light & poor1 & !n x soon we>s out4 ,good lea!r backs outwe> sides ( any clo?4 ,a ,clevel& b9d] made = ,h>p]'s ,weekly1 ) heavy c[sk9 back & k]atol sides1 0 9 con/ant use = #cj mon?s & look$ well ne>ly all t "t4 ,x co/s #gj c5ts4 ,! few b9d]s n[ us$ 9 ! ,new>k read+ room are made 9 ?is /yle4 ,cov]s ( /rong pap] pa/$ to ! outsides ( s+le copies ( magaz9es to protect !m dur+ read+-room use or = l5d+1 ! ,new>k ,libr>y has n f\nd satisfactory4 ,we re9=ce ! cov]s ( s+le magaz9es = ?is purpose z foll[s & f9d ! me?od q satisfactory3 ,if ! orig9al cov] is loose1 take x (f & pa/e on aga9 c>efully4 ,l9e ! cov] ) ?91 :ite bond pap]1 pa/$ on all ov] & lapp+ a half-in* onto ! magaz9e itself4 ,press = t5 m9utes 9 a copy+ press4 ,pa/e a /rip ( ?9 d>k-color$ book clo? d[n ! back on ! outside4 ,put "u mod]ate pressure until dry4 ,write ! "n & date ( ! magaz9e on ! /rip ( clo? ) :ite ink4 ,sew l>ge magaz9es l ! ,ladies' ,home ,j\rnal into cov]s ( /\t pap]4 ,a /rip ( pap] an in* & a half wide plac$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! section ?r\gh :i* ! magaz9e is sew$ keeps ! sew+ f te>+ ! pap]4 ,s+le copies ( magaz9es c be b\nd = l5d+1 at ab\t #ae c5ts ea*1 9 ?is mann]3 ,take (f cov]s2 trim2 remove table ( cont5ts if x faces ! cov]2 pa/e /rip ( /rong cotton clo? d[n ! back1 & ext5d+ ab\t an in* ov] ! sides2 /aple ?is on ) at lea/ ?ree /aples 9 ! same l9e ) ! /aples :i* hold ! magaz9e toge!r1 or sew ) /\t ?read ?r\gh five holes2 cut cov]s z = an ord9>y b9d+2 pa/e !m to ! /rip2 cov] all ov] ) art vellum2 l9e cov]s ) pap] 7?is l9+ c be put on all ov] z ! fir/ /ep 9 ! process1 & pa/$ to ! cov]s aft] !y are on1 ?us =m+ ! end pap]72 pa/e ! front cov] ( ! magaz9e on ! front 9 su* a way t ! date l9e d[n ! back comes on ! back ( ! new cov]4 ,?is is neat1 conv5i5t & q durable4 ,a few ( ! m popul> b9d]s are li/$ bel[4 ,! mat]ial us$ to cov] !m c be endlessly v>i$4 #a4 ,! ,new ,hav5 ,b9d]1 design$ by ,mr4 ,w4 ,k4 ,/etson1 ,libr>ian ( ! ,public ,libr>y ( ,new ,hav54 ,a solid back ( metal4 ,a metal rod h+$ at "o end passes ?r\gh ! middle section ( ! magaz9e4 ,! free end ( ! rod is =m$ into a hook :i*1 be+ slipp$ "u a metal loop atta*$ to ! back ( ! b9d]1 holds ! magaz9e firmly 9 place4 ,co/s f #he c5ts to #a4ae4 ,a simpl] b9d]1 also design$ by ,mr4 ,/etson & made on ! same pr9ciples1 sells at #ee c5ts4 #b4 ,! ,john/on ,b9d]1 made by ,william ,g4 ,john/on ,co41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa41 has a r\nd /eel spr+ back :i* grips ! magaz9e4 ,co/s f #ge c5ts up1 accord+ to size4 #c4 ,! ,bo/on ,b9d]1 made by ! ,(fice1 ,bank & ,libr>y ,co41 #aeg ,summ] ,/41 ,bo/on4 ,a r\nd$ wood5 back supports ! b9d+ device :i* consi/s ( two b>s ( /eel pivot$ at "o end & fa/5$ at ! o!r ) a p94 ,co/s f #ge c5ts to #b4jj accord+ to size & mat]ial us$4 #d4 ,! ,torsion ,b9d]1 made by ! ,b>rett ,b9d]y ,co41 #ahj-ahb ,monroe ,/41 ,*icago4 ,two flat /eel wires are h+$ to ! b9d] at ! top & fitt$ ) knobs at ! free ends4 ,^! pass inside ! magaz9e & a slight pressure on ! knobs s5ds ! free ends ( ! wires into an incl9$ slot4 ,co/s f #ie c5ts to #d4ej accord+ to size & mat]ial us$4 #e4 ,! ,spr+field ,b9d] has a /rip d[n ! back ( a simple cov] or case1 ) ?ree holes pun*$ !re9 ?r\gh :i* ! magaz9e is lac$ 9 by /r+s4 ,%oe /r+s or tape may be us$4 ,co/s f #be c5ts up4 #f4 ,! ,*iv]s ,b9d]1 made by ,c$ric ,*iv]s1 ,ba?1 ,engl&1 & ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y41 is l ! ,spr+field cov]1 b ) a sep>ate flat brass rod ar\nd :i* ! magaz9e is sew$ into ! cov]4 #g4 ,! ,weis ,b9d]1 made by ! ,weis ,co41 ,tol$o1 ,ohio1 has metal grooves 9 ! back :i* hold ! magaz9e4 #h4 ,! ,bu*an ,b9d]1 made by ,bu*an ,mfg4 ,co41 ,new>k1 ,n4 ,j41 has a /eel back :i* consi/s ( a h+e regulat$ by a screw4 ,"o or m magaz9es may be kept 9 ! b9d]4 ,good = magaz9es t are poorly put toge!r4 #i4 ,! ,ro$de ,magaz9e ,b9d]1 made by ! ,flexible ,back ,looseleaf ,l$g] ,co41 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y41 v>ies some:at f ! ,torsion & ,bo/on ,b9d]s1 b is built on ! same pr9ciple4 ,co/s f #a4aj to #h4jj4 #aj4 ,clevel& ,b9d]1 s call$ because mu* us$ 9 ! ,clevel& ,libr>y4 ,a simple cov] or case 9 ! back ( :i* are holes half an in* f ! top & bottom2 ?r\gh ^! a piece ( n>r[ ela/ic is sew$4 ,! magaz9e1 op5$ at ! middle ( a section is slipp$ "u ! ela/ic4 ,recomm5d$ = weekly j\rnals4 #aa4 ,klip ,b9d]1 made by ,h4 ,h4 ,ball>d1 ,pittsfield1 ,mass4 ,a simple cov] atta*$ to ! magaz9e by a pair ( /eel clips1 put on ) keys4 ,price ( klips1 #ej c5ts p] box ( #aj4 #ab4 ,! ,philadelphia ,b9d]1 made by ,g4 ,d4 ,em]son1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,a rod passes ?r\gh ! magaz9e & spr+s into hooks at ea* end ( ! back4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,repair+ ,books1 ,g5]al ,rules ,! univ]sal rule 9 ?is matt] is1 don't4 ,to ?is !re are exceptions2 b _m if n mo/ ( ! books :i* are repair$ are s injur$ by ! process itself1 or by ! we> !y receive aft] !y are repair$1 t x w\ld h be5 bett] = !m if !y _h n be5 repair$ at all1 b s5t direct to ! b9d]4 ,libr>ians d n pay suffici5t att5tion to book surg]y4 ,all repair+ ( books %\ld be done by skill$ p]sons4 ,! "q ( :e!r or n repairs %all be made at all %\ld be decid$ by a p]son :o has n only te*nical skill 9 repair+2 b also k ( ! use to :i* ! book 9 h& is likely to be subject$4 ,?is1 because 9 _m cases x w be evid5t to a p]son :o kn[s ab\t ! use ! books are to h t c]ta9 ( !m %\ld n be repair$ at all1 no matt] if 9 q a dilapidat$ condition1 ) loose cov]s & loose leaves2 b %\ld be neatly wrapp$ 9 good manila pap]1 label$ pla9ly on ! back & set aga9 on ! %elf4 ,! few times 9 a ye> :5 little-us$ books are want$ d n1 9 _m cases1 w>rant _! reb9d+4 ,repairs on !m1 no matt] h[ well done1 are likely to injure !m4 ,books :i* are r>ely borr[$1 ev5 ?\gh !y are us$ occasionally1 or are ev5 a good deal h&l$ because !y /& ne> books :i* are mu* us$1 %\ld p]haps be m5d$ a little2 loose leaves %\ld be tipp$ 91 at lea/4 ,b "w on !m beyond t is (t5 injuri\s4 ,! feel+ t all books 9 a libr>y %\ld be neatly b\nd has caus$ mu* unnecess>y exp5se4 ,9 mo/ libr>ies ( mod]ate size & 9 all l>ge ones1 !re %\ld be a sup]visor ( b9d+ & repairs2 a p]son ?or\ghly famili> ) ! :ole r\t9e ( libr>y "w1 famili> also ) lit]ature1 keep+ close wat* ( ! rise & fall 9 popul>ity ( new books4 ,su* a p]son c\ld say1 = example1 t ! libr>y's ?ird copy ( ! ,valley ( ,decision & ! f\r? copy ( ! ,crisis1 if ready = repair+ or reb9d+1 c\ld ) good economy be plac$ on a res]ve %elf1 n accessible to ! public1 !re to be held until ! deliv]y desk assi/ants f9d a call = !m4 ,t is1 %e w\ld "k t ) two or ?ree copies 9 good condition ( ^! books 9 circulation !re w\ld almo/ always be "o 9 ! libr>y4 ,:5 ! libr>y's /ock ( su* books z ^? nam$ becomes r$uc$ to "o s\nd copy %e c !n tell1 f ! dem& = x1 if x is wise to b9d "o copy1 or all2 or if x is wise to d m ?an m5d4 ,?is omnisci5t p]son :o has *>ge ( b9d+ & repairs1 reports to ! head ( ! libr>y t su* & su* books are pa/ repairs2 t !y w co/ #ce to #ej c5ts apiece to be prop]ly reb\nd1 & asks1 ,w ! libr>y ev] want !m aga98 ,if n1 !n %e w advise t !y be giv5 away & _! c>ds remov$ f ! catalog4 ,or1 if !y mu/ be kept = hi/orical or religi\s or sup]/iti\s or o!r reasons %e w advise t !y be neatly ti$ up 9 pap]1 label$1 & put back on ! %elf4 ,k ( ! art ( m5d+ implies n only k ( ! process ( mak+ a book by ma*9]y & by h&2 b also k ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( pap]1 h[ !y we>1 if !y break easily1 if !y w soon gr[ brittle1 & ! effect on !m ( attempts to hold !m ) pa/e or glue4 ,along ) ?is k %\ld also g k ( ! co/ ( ea* individual book1 & su* k ( _! use z w enable ! repair] to decide at once :e!r #aj1 #bj1 or #cj c5ts sp5t 9 repairs w or w n pay4 ,z long z !re are s few assi/ants :o are at all famili> ) pap]1 type1 b9d+1 lit]>y quality1 popul>ity1 co/1 etc41 x is well to disc\rage almo/ all book repairs4 ,z soon z we admit1 z we mu/1 t a good book1 co/+ f "o to two doll>s1 mu/ be m5d$ c>efully if at all1 we h op5$ ! door = a l>ge exp5se4 ,an assi/ant c easily sp5d an h\r or two on a book1 repair+ its cov]1 m5d+ a few leaves & putt+ x 9 ord]4 ,:5 %e gets ?r\gh %e w h put f #cj to #ej c5ts' wor? ( "t into x1 has probably p]man5tly injur$ x1 & 9 a few mon?s or ye>s x w be 9 worse condition ?an if %e _h nev] t\*$ x at all4 ,moreov]1 ! same am\nt ( money put out 9 ca% in/ead ( "t w\ld 9 _m cases h reb\nd x4 ,9 a measure ! rem>ks j made apply ev5 to popul> books1 mu* us$ by *ildr5 or adults4 ,x is easy to sp5d m money 9 m5d+ !m ?an good economy c ju/ify4 ,m5d sp>+ly2 reb9d e>ly4 ,! reason = ?is w>n+ aga9/ m5d+ lies 9 ! anatomy ( ! book & ! injury x receives f h&l+ aft] x beg9s to break up1 & especially aft] its fir/ breaks h be5 m5d$ by a pr5tice h&4 ,! weake/ po9t 9 a book is ! jo9t4 ,9 publi%]s' b9d+ ( today ?is jo9t is made by a piece ( sup]1 :i* is glu$ to ! back ( ! book & !n to ! inside ( ! cov]1 plus ! end pap] :i* is pa/$ ov] x & also onto ! cov]4 ,?is sup] is weak4 ,if x is put on ) a poor glue t glue soon gr[s h>d & ! jo9t is fur!r weak5$ !reby4 ,x breaks or te>s easily4 ,also1 x p>ts easily f ! back to :i* x is glu$ & f ! cov]4 ,no /r+s or tapes pass f ! book to cov]4 ,:5 ! jo9t once comes loose f ei!r back or cov]1 or breaks1 x _c well be ei!r atta*$ or m5d$ aga94 ,x is sometimes possible to take a brok5 book out ( its case entirely1 remove ! old & atta* new sup]1 add new end %eets1 put x aga9 into ! case & get consid]able use f x4 ,b any o!r k9d ( m5d+ ( ! jo9t is almo/ futile & ev5 ?is is injuri\s4 ,& ! bett] su* m5d+ seems at fir/ to succe$1 ! great] ! h>m x is really do+ to ! :ole book4 ,= ! m5d+ usually consi/s 9 pa/+ a /rip ( /rong pap] or clo? along ! jo9t4 ,?is simply conveys ! /ra9 f ! jo9t prop]1 :]e x belongs1 to ! fir/ leaf ( ! fir/ signature4 ,?is is only pap]1 usually poor at t4 ,x soon breaks & lets its o!r half loose4 ,v commonly o!r injuries are work$ at ! same "t4 ,! book gets loose aga91 if x 0 ev] really tight5$4 ,! sup] ) h>d glue atta*$ rubs ab\t on ! backs ( ! signatures2 sev]al ( !m are cut ?r\gh1 & ! possibility ( a reb9d+ ) prop] sew+ is ei!r gone =ev] or c be rega9$ only aft] ! long labor ( m5d+ _m signatures4 ,:5 ! cords or b&s are brok5 9 a book 9 :i* !y are us$ x is z useless to attempt to fa/5 book & cov] toge!r z x is :5 ! sup] gives way 9 publi%]s' b9d+4 ,loose leaves appe> e>lie/ 9 books pr9t$ on pap] :i* is s heavy t x breaks almo/ z soon z x is fold$4 ,if ! loose leaves ( su* books are tipp$ 9 !y t5d to te> out ) !m ! ones !y are tipp$ onto4 ,leaves %\ld r>ely be tipp$ into books :i* h nev] be5 reb\nd4 ,9 reb\nd books :i* are 9 _! la/ days & w nev] be reb\nd aga9 x is sometimes prop] to tip 94 ,full-page illu/rations :i* come loose c 9 mo/ cases be left out to advantage4 ,to tip !m 9 aga9 hurts ! leaves !y are fa/5$ to4 ,!y are usually s poor t x is a k9dness to ! read] to ?r[ !m away4 ,9 ! long run a book ne$+ m ?an v slight repairs w give bett] return if s reb\nd at once t x w hang toge!r until s dirty t x w h to be ?r[n away4 ,"s books1 especially "s ( ^? pr9t$ on *eap1 heavy1 coat$ pap]1 w nev] pay to reb9d4 ,!y %\ld be m5d$1 ea* accord+ to its con/itution1 & :5 beyond m5d+ ?r[n away4 ,good g5]al rules = m5d+ books are few4 ,! fir/ & mo/ important ( all is3 ,be sp>+ ) pa/e or o!r /icki/4 ,ano!r is3 ,if a ma*9e-b\nd book is brok5 at ! jo9t1 ! cov] beg9n+ to "p f ! back1 s5d x /raight to ! b9d]4 ,! be/ plan is to buy y\r books z f> z possible prop]ly b\nd = libr>y use direct f ! publi%]s' %eets4 ,su* books nev] ne$ m5d+ or reb9d+4 ,be+ flexible & easily op5$ _! leaves are r>ely torn2 &1 = ! same reason1 gett+ no h>d pressure f moi/ or dirty h&s 9 try+ to keep !m op51 _! leaves keep clean = a long "t4 ,books n ?us b\nd 9 ! fir/ place %\ld be reb\nd 9 fir/-class mann] :5 !y beg9 to break4 ,p>simony 9 reb9d+ is a libr>y ?ief4 ,,*apt] ,x ,repair+ ,books1 ,new>k ,me?ods ,books are s5t to ! b9d]y & repair dep>tm5t f ! deliv]y dep>tm5t1 z ! head ( ! latt] dep>tm5t may direct2 & ! head ( ! b9d]y dep>tm5t1 or "s "o "u h] direction1 is con/antly look+ ov] ! %elves = books t ne$ att5tion4 ,9 ! repair dep>tm5t1 :i* att5ds to ! repair ( books & to ! s5d+ ( ^? ne$+ b9d+ to ! b9d]y1 ^! directions are foll[$3 ,:5 a book looks dilapidat$1 note c>efully its condition ?r\gh\t4 ,consid] ^! que/ions 9 reg>d to x3 ,is x wor? repair+8 ,%\ld x be cov]$8 ,%\ld x be reb\nd8 ,%\ld x be disc>d$8 ,no g5]al rules c be giv5 by :i* to answ] ^! qu]ies4 ,ea* case mu/ be decid$ by itself4 ,g5]al clean+4 ,look ?r\gh book2 turn out corn]s ( leaves :i* h be5 turn$ 92 m5d torn leaves ) transp>5t m5d+ pap]1 or ,japanese m5d+ tissue2 erase dirt & p5cil m>ks4 ,p5cil m>ks4 ,= remov+ soil & p5cil m>ks1 we h tri$ ! ,ruby1 ,c]ise1 & ,ideal eras]s1 ,art gum1 & ivory soap & wat]4 ,we l ! ,c]ise1 manufactur$ by ,eb]h>d ,fab]1 z hav+ m grit ?an ! ,ruby & yet n injuri\s to ! pap]4 ,torn leaves4 ,ord9>y circulat+ books are be/ m5d$ ) n>r[ /rips ( ,japanese tissue & pa/e4 ,?is is *eap] ?an comm]cial gumm$ pap] & is pref]able to x also1 z ! mucilage on ! latt] gr[s d>k & brittle 9 a %ort "t4 ,d5nison's adhesive tape co/s ab\t ?ree c5ts = a roll ( f\r y>ds1 :ile "o %eet ( ,japanese tissue1 co/+ two & a qu>t] c5ts1 cuts into #df y>ds ( /rips ! wid? ( ,d5nison's4 ,torn leaves 9 *oice books may ?us be m5d$3 ,mat* ! edges ( ! te> c>efully & apply a n>r[ l9e ( pa/e along !m4 ,lay ov] ?is a piece ( ,japanese tissue l>g] ?an ! te>1 & rub x d[n v lightly4 ,repeat ?is on ! o!r side ( ! leaf & put "u mod]ate pressure4 ,:5 dry1 pull (f all ! tissue t w come away easily4 ,clean+ publi%]s' b9d+s4 ,(t5 !re are a few spots on books :i* make !m unsightly4 ,x is n advisable to wa% a clo? cov]1 unless v dirty1 z ! f9i% is !reby remov$1 ?us p]mitt+ ! book to become soil$ aga9 almo/ ) fir/ h&l+4 ,9 case1 h[ev]1 a publi%]'s clo? b9d+ has become s soil$ z to ne$ wa%+1 x c be v well clean$ & giv5 a new f9i% by ! process describ$ bel[4 ,if ! directions are c>efully foll[$ books treat$ 9 ?is way w look almo/ new & w keep clean almo/ z well z !y did :5 !y came f ! publi%]s' h&s3 ,hold ! book by ! leaves 9 ! left h&1 ) ! cov]s outside ( f+]s & ?umb2 rub ! cov] g5tly ) a sponge dipp$ 9 a mixture ( v9eg> & wat]1 half ( ea*4 ,cont9ue to rub x c>efully until x is q clean2 b d n press h>d en\gh or rub p]si/5tly en\gh to take (f any ( ! color4 ,rub g5tly1 sl[ly & c>efully1 lett+ ! v9eg> & wat] d mo/ ( ! "w4 ,:5 ?or\ghly clean1 or z clean z ! "* ( color & clo? w p]mit ! book 9 h& to be made1 /& x on end to dry4 ,! dry+ w take at lea/ a half h\r2 a good plan1 consequ5tly1 is to clean z _m books at "o "t z "o c d 9 ab\t =ty-five m9utes4 ,! fir/ "o clean$ w !n be ready = ! next /ep :5 ! :ole lot has be5 f9i%$4 ,9 a common dr9k+ glass1 place "o teaspoonful ( egg album51 to be _h at any book b9d]y1 & two teaspoonfuls ( v9eg>1 add half a glass ( wat] & let ?is /& ov] night4 ,! next day1 add two teaspoonfuls ( b9d]s' pa/e1 /ir ?or\ghly1 & x is ready = use4 ,) a sponge give ! clean$ books "o coat ( ?is mixture & aga9 /& on end to dry4 ,?is mixture w n make ! cov]s z %9y z does %ellac or v>ni%1 b w cov] ! surface well & protect x4 ,x w be /icky :5 fir/ put on4 ,lea!r decay4 ,lea!r b9d+s :i* %[ signs ( decay may be treat$ to an application ( vasel9e or olive oil1 or a solution ( p>aff9 wax 9 twice its weight ( ca/or oil1 slightly w>m$4 ,rub 9 well ) f+]s or clo?4 ,! progress ( decay c 9 "s cases be /opp$ by ?is means4 ,labels4 ,take (f & replace ) fre% ones all torn & badly soil$ back labels4 ,to d ?is1 apply to !m a mixture ( two p>ts wat] & "o "p ammonia4 ,aft] !y are soak$ en\gh to come (f v easily1 take !m (f ) a dull knife4 ,9 mo/ cases let ! wat] rema9 on ! label = sev]al m9utes4 ,to scrat* (f ! label )\t soak+ x fir/ w (t5 injure ! book4 ,labels t h be5 v>ni%$ are sometimes v difficult to remove & great c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ ) !m4 ,replac+ labels4 ,foll[ me?od us$ 9 putt+ !m on :5 book is new1 except t x is n necess>y to moi/5 ) ammonia & wat] ! place on :i* ! label is to g4 ,use ,d5nison's r\nd gumm$ label1 ( a size small en\gh to re/ entirely on ! back ( ! book4 ,nev] let a label ext5d ov] & ar\nd ! edge ( ! back4 ,= q small books trim ! label4 ,moi/5 ! gum slightly & press & "w x d[n c>efully until x has set all ov]4 ,?is is v ess5tial4 ,m>k ! book ) indelible ink4 ,cov] label ) q ?9 :ite %ellac4 ,! %ellac %\ld ext5d a little onto ! book beyond ! label all ar\nd4 ,let ! fir/ coat dry ?or\ghly & !n apply a second4 ,labels on ! sides ( books4 ,if ! cov] is durabl9e or k]atol1 fir/ put a coat ( %ellac on ! place :]e ! label is to be plac$4 ,all[ ?is to dry4 ,pa/e & put on ! label1 rubb+ x d[n ?or\ghly4 ,all[ x to dry & give x a coat ( %ellac4 ,if ! cov] is clo?1 use ammonia & wat] in/ead ( %ellac be=e putt+ on ! label4 ,loose leaves4 ,if ! loose leaves are illu/rations 9 an ord9>y novel1 take !m out & s5d !m to ! picture dep>tm5t4 ,replace o!r pictures ) a gu>d ( ,japanese m5d+ tissue4 ,?is tissue takes up less space ?an bond pap] & mu/ always be cut ) ! gra9 ( ! pap] or x _c well be h&l$4 ,rub ! tissue d[n1 fir/ lay+ ov] x a piece ( pap]4 ,s+le leaves c be ins]t$ 9 ?ree diff]5t ways3 #a4 ,fold half-in* /rips ( bond pap] 9 ! c5t] l5g?wise along ! gra94 ,) a small bru% apply pa/e to ! outside ( ?is /rip4 ,atta* half ( x to ! edge ( ! loose leaf & ! o!r half to ! adjo9+ leaf1 close 9 by ! fold4 ,cov] ! /rip ) pa/e ev5ly1 b sp>+ly & quickly1 /ret*+ x z little z possible4 ,if x does /ret*1 & x t5ds to d s z soon z moi/5$1 x w :5 dry wr9kle ! page to :i* x is atta*$4 ,loose leaves %\ld be atta*$ 9 ?is way only 9 books :i* are 9 good condition4 #b4 ,draw a s(t piece ( tw9e ov] a bo>d :i* has receiv$ a ?9 coat ( pa/e2 !n pull ?is cord ?r\gh ! back ( ! book :]e ! loose leaf is to be ins]t$4 ,?is leaves 9 ! book j en\gh pa/e to hold 9 ! loose leaf4 ,"w ! loose leaf c>efully back into its place1 close ! back & let x dry4 ,?is me?od is n advis$ = g5]al use4 #c4 ,on ! back edge ( ! loose leaf put a little pa/e4 ,lay ! leaf 9 place & close ! book = a second1 !n op5 & pu% leaf 9 place ) fold]4 ,?is me?od is us$ ) :ip/it*$ books4 ,! fir/ two me?ods are g5]ally us$ ) books sew$ 9 ! ord9>y way on tapes or cords4 ,sew+ 9 loose sections & loose leaves4 #a4 ,loose back books4 ,?read a d>n+ ne$le ?ree in*es long ) ,b>b\r's l95 ?read1 ,no4 #dj1 or ,hayes's l95 ?read1 ,no4 #bj4 ,op5 ! book 9 ! middle ( ! loose section4 ,ne> ! top & bottom ( ! fold w be se5 holes made by ! b9d]4 ,pass ! ne$le ?r\gh a hole ne> ! top1 & out betwe5 ! book & its loose back4 ,d n pull ! ?read cle> ?r\gh4 ,drop ! ne$le & ?read betwe5 ! back ( ! book & ! loose "p ( ! b9d+ to ! bottom1 !n run x f ! outside into ! middle ( ! loose section ?r\gh ! hole at ! bottom !re(1 & tie at ! po9t ( beg9n+4 ,ins]t ,japanese gu>d ov] ?read4 ,?is holds ! section 9 fairly well4 ,always gu>d a section be=e replac+ by pa/+ a half-in* /rip ( bond pap]1 fold$ 9 ! middle1 along ! folds4 #b4 ,tight-back books4 ,cut a gu>d ( jaconet or bond pap] ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* wide & z long z ! book4 ,sew ! signature to ! middle ( ?is gu>d & !n pa/e ! gu>d 9 ! book1 atta*+ half ( x to ea* ( ! leaves adjo9+ ! loose section4 ,brok5 b9d+s4 ,books 9 publi%]'s clo?1 :i* are break+ out ( _! b9d+s1 are m5d$ 9 "s libr>ies ) consid]able success z foll[s3 ,! case is tak5 (f ) c>e4 ,if possible1 ! l9+ ( ! bo>ds is remov$ 9 su* a way z to p]mit ( its be+ put on aga94 ,! sup] is remov$ f ! m>g9s ( ! bo>ds & f ! back4 ,necess>y repairs are made to end leaves & /it*es are tak5 9 ! book :5 out ( ! case1 if ne$ be4 ,! back ( ! book & ! end leaves are !n cov]$ ) a ?9 coat ( flexible glue4 ,! book is !n aga9 put toge!r4 ,?is glues ! back ( ! case directly to ! back ( ! book1 mak+ x a tight back4 ,x is report$ t books ?us repair$ we> v well4 ,new>k has n _h success ) ?is k9d ( "w4 ,fly leaves & end pap]s4 ,to add a new fly leaf4 ,cut suitable pap] j ! l5g? ( ! leaves ( ! book b half an in* wid]1 fold ov] ! half in* & pa/e x2 atta* ?is half in* to ! la/ fly leaf 9 ! book1 close to ! jo9t4 ,if a book has two or m fly leaves1 v (t5 y c save mu* "t & /ill h y\r "w look well by turn+ ! fir/ leaf back & pa/+ d[n ! page fac+4 ,if leaves /ick out ( book aft] !y h be5 tipp$1 gu>d$ or sew$ 91 trim !m (f ev5 ) ! o!rs4 ,if ! end %eet or l9+ pap] ( ! cov] is soil$ or injur$1 cut a %eet ( suitable pap] to fit ! l9+ pap] exactly & pa/e ! new %eet d[n all ov]1 fully cov]+ x4 ,aft] ! new l9+ pap] is put 91 keep ! book = a "t "u mod]ate pressure or ! cov] w curl4 ,loose jo9ts4 ,if books are loose along ! jo9t !y c sometimes be repair$ by pa/+ along ! jo9t inside z a gu>d a /rip ( ?9 musl9 or bond pap]1 an in* & a qu>t] wide4 ,fold ! /rip ?r\gh ! c5t]1 pa/e x & apply x to fly leaf & book cov]4 ,a bett] mat]ial ?an musl9 = ?is purpose is jaconet1 be+ light 9 weight & />*$ a little4 ,! book %\ld lie op5 & flat aft] m5d+ until x is dry4 ,?is1 z has already be5 not$1 is a poor me?od ( m5d+ a brok5 jo9t4 ,by x ! /ra9 is pass$ f ! cov] ?r\gh ! new jo9t to ! fly leaf1 & ! /r5g? ( ! new jo9t is only ! /r5g? ( ! fly leaf itself1 :i* is g5]ally a poor piece ( pap]4 ,a bett] way1 9 "s cases1 is to take ! book entirely out ( its cov]1 pull ! sup] f ! back1 sew on new end %eets & glue a new piece ( sup] or musl9 ov] ! back & ext5d+ half an in* onto ! sides4 ,let ?is dry ?or\ghly4 ,!n cov] ) pa/e ! back & ! end leaves1 ! latt] be+ ! %eets :i* are n[ to become l9+ pap]s1 & put ! book aga9 into its case4 ,?is is recas+1 9 effect1 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! book 0 fir/ put toge!r4 ,loos5$ back4 ,a book :i* is 9 fairly good condition1 ) sew+ protect$1 b loose 9 ! case1 c sometimes be /r5g!n$ by apply+ pa/e or glue d[n ! inside ( ! loose back ( ! cov]4 ,?is c be done fairly well ) a long h&l$ bru%4 ,?is *anges ! b9d+ f a loose to a tight back4 ,to reatta* loose cov]s4 ,! me?od "h describ$ %\ld be appli$ only to books :i* are little us$4 ,cut a /rip ( musl9 ! l5g? ( ! book1 & ab\t an in* & a half wid] ?an its back4 ,apply hot b9d]'s glue to x & put x ov] ! back on ! outside4 ,:5 ?is is dry1 cov] ! book ) br[n wrapp+ pap] z describ$ "u ! head+ ,cov]+ books1 z a book ?us m5d$ is q unsightly4 ,:5 a book is out ( ! cov]1 b has its sew+ intact & ! sup] or pap] ov] ! sew+ firmly 9 place1 x may be wise to give ! back a coat ( hot glue & put book aga9 into its cov]1 ?us mak+ x a tight back4 ,cov]+ books4 ,cut br[n ,rugby wrapp+ pap] into %eets ( su* a size t !y w ext5d f #b to #b-a_/b in*es all ar\nd beyond ! book :5 laid op5 on !m4 ,?is size w be f\nd to be ne>ly #acag in*es = ! ord9>y #abmo4 ,lay ! clos$ book on ! pap] ) back 9 ! c5t] & t[>d y1 mak+ sure t ! prop] m>g9 ( pap] is left all ar\nd4 ,fold ! pap] ov] ! front edge ( top cov]2 rev]se book1 ?is "t ) front edge t[>d y1 & fold & /ret* pap] tight ov] ! front edge ( ! cov]4 ,take book by ! back 9 ! left h&4 ,) scissors cut ! pap] at top & bottom1 ) slight inw>d slant f its out] edges d[n to ! f\r ends ( ! jo9ts4 ,take out ! book1 & turn 9 ^! c5t] flaps ) a d\ble fold1 putt+ a little pa/e on !m aft] fir/ turn4 ,replace ! book 9 ! cov]1 flu% ) head & tail4 ,tuck 9 folds at ! corn]s ( ! front & back lap1 mak+ n too great an angle2 crease well4 ,! top & bottom laps %\ld lie ov] ! front & back laps4 ,put a t\* ( pa/e on laps at corn]s1 b d n put any on ! book itself4 ,re-sid+ books4 ,books 9 good condition z to _! b9d+s1 be+ /ill solid1 b hav+ badly worn or badly soil$ sides1 s5d to b9d]y to h ! cov]+ ( ! bo>ds1 n ! lea!r ( ! back1 tak5 (f & replac$ ) fre% k]atol4 ,?is co/s ab\t #aj c5ts p] volume4 ,?is c also be done 9 ! repair dep>tm5t1 & book clo? c be us$ in/ead ( k]atol4 ,soil$ edges4 ,! edges ( soil$ books c be some:at improv$ by rubb+ !m ) s& pap]4 ,to cut =e edges ( b\nd book4 ,?is is nev] done to a book ( value or to "o t c be reb\nd2 b *eap1 %abby books ) s\nd lea!r backs :i* hold toge!r well c be fre%5$ by cutt+ ! =e edges &1 if necess>y1 resid+4 ,sometimes "o c cut /raight d[n ?r\gh ! front edges & ! two bo>ds1 reside & ins]t new end pages4 ,?is seems a b>b>\s process2 /ill1 x fre%5s ! appe>ance ( ! book v mu* & (t5 prolongs its usefulness4 ,maps4 ,:5 small fold$ maps are badly torn l9e !m ?r\gh\t ) ,japanese tissue1 jaconet or na9sook4 ,to fre%5 black lea!r4 ,sponge (f ) ord9>y black ink2 dry2 rub ov] ) pa/e2 dry2 apply a coat ( bookb9d]s' v>ni%2 dry2 rub ) vasel9e4 ,brok5 bo>ds4 ,books :i* h "o or bo? ( _! sides brok51 b are o!rwise p]fect1 c h _! bo>ds replac$4 ,d n d ?is to books 9 publi%]'s b9d+1 z su* books w soon h to be reb\nd 9 any case4 ,on a book :i* is h& sewn1 ) lea!r back1 a brok5 bo>d c be replac$ ?us3 ,pull (f ! clo? side1 lift up ! lea!r c>efully :]e x laps ov] ! side1 also ! musl9 on ! inside & pull out ! brok5 bo>d4 ,put hot glue along bo? edges ( new bo>d to be ins]t$1 & put 9 place4 ,rub d[n well1 & put "u pressure1 !n reside & ins]t new end leaf4 ,ink /a9s4 ,^! if on ! leaves c g5]ally be remov$ ) ink eradicator or javelle wat]2 b if !y are on ! edges & h soak$ d[n into ! book1 no?+ c be done b to cut ! edges & h ! book reb\nd4 ,if ! /a9s on ! edges h n soak$ 9 v deep1 s&pap] c be us$ on !m ) good results4 ,ink /a9s c be remov$ f ,k]atol by apply+ to !m h\sehold ammonia ( full /r5g? ) a small bri/le bru%1 work+ x ov] a little to loos5 ! ink4 ,all[ ?is to /& a m9ute or two & !n rub ) s(t clo? & wa% well ) wat]4 ,?is _c be done ) imp]ial clo?1 z ink s9ks into its fib]4 ,g5]al /a9s4 ,_m br[n /a9s c be remov$ ) a /rong solution ( wa%+ soda1 or bett] ) javelle wat]4 ,wa% ) cle> wat] & dry ?or\ghly aft] remov+ ! /a9 or a d>k l9e w lat] appe> at ! edge ( ! spot :i* 0 wet2 put 9 a press ) clean pap]s betwe5 ! leaves4 ,alum & wat] also give fairly good results4 ,wat] & a little ivory soap w remove "s f+] m>ks4 ,all ( ^! me?ods h ! disadvantage ( remov+ ! size or f9i% 9 ! pap] s t x soils quickly aga94 ,grease m>ks4 ,= spots made ) grease use b5z9e2 :ile /ill moi/ apply a hot iron1 ) a blott+ pap] on ea* side ( leaf4 ,pa/e4 ,pa/e mu/ n be us$ if n 9 a good condition4 ,! ?ickness at :i* x %\ld be us$ v>ies ) diff]5t k9ds ( "w4 ,?9 pa/e is quickly tak5 up & "u its application pap] quickly exp&s4 ,9 mo/ cases ?is /ret*+ or exp&+ ( ! pap] is a disadvantage4 ,if x is desirable t ! pap] be s appli$ z n to draw or curl t to :i* x is appli$1 x %\ld be cov]$ quickly ) ?ick pa/e1 !n appli$ at once & n mu* rubb$ aft] x is 9 place4 ,! di%es 9 :i* pa/e is kept %\ld be ?or\ghly & (t5 clean$2 bru%es ! same4 ,bits ( clo? us$ 9 pa/+ %\ld ei!r be ?r[n away or wa%$ aft] !y h be5 us$ a %ort "t4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,repair+ ,books3 ,mat]ials & ,tools ,9 spite ( ! rem>ks h]et(ore made ab\t ! injury (t5 done to books by repair+ !m1 ev5 :5 ! repairs are clev]ly made1 x is well = any libr>y1 h[ev] small1 to h a m5d+ table at :i* su* "w on books z seems necess>y c be done4 ,! mat]ials = ?is "w c 9 "p be obta9$ f a b9d]y4 ,!re "o c get sup]1 pieces ( book clo? ( sev]al colors1 & "s ( o!r ?+s m5tion$ bel[ & 9 ! li/ ( te*nical t]ms4 ,"o ne$s = book repairs "s or all ( ! foll[+ ?+s1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( "w to be done4 ,bru%es4 ,buy a small bru%1 ab\t z l>ge z a lead p5cil1 & ano!r half an in* 9 diamet]4 ,_! prices v>y ) _! quality1 f #f c5ts up4 ,^! w be suffici5t = mo/ purposes4 ,get good ones2 & = pa/e & glue ! k9d set 9 cem5t1 n 9 glue4 ,arti/s' bri/le bru%es are good4 ,clo?4 ,a y>d or two ( sup]4 ,?is is /iff5$ a little & pa/es & h&les m easily ?an ord9>y musl94 ,if y are go+ to put backs on books y w ne$ also pieces ( bookb9d]'s clo?4 ,^! c be b\ght at almo/ any b9d]y 9 y>d l5g?s4 ,get also pieces ( cambric & f9e musl9 call$ na9sook1 or jaconet1 = gu>d+ signatures & simil> "w4 ,x co/s #ae c5ts a y>d4 ,copy+ press4 ,= press+ books4 ,"o #ajab in*es w co/ ab\t #c4ge4 ,cutt+ bo>d4 ,! be/ cutt+ bo>d is "o ( h>d wood4 ,a common bread-bo>d w s]ve = small "w & co/s only a few c5ts4 ,fold]4 ,flat piece ( bone4 #ae c5ts4 ,glue pot4 ,get ! regul> d\ble pot ( iron4 ,a ,no4 #b w co/ ab\t #ge c5ts4 ,gr\nd glue4 ,be/1 #ah c5ts a p\nd4 ,gumm$ pap]4 ,pap] & clo? ready gumm$ & o!r useful repair mat]ial c be b\ght ( ,gaylord ,bros41 ,em]son ,build+1 ,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y41 & also ( ,hold5 ,pat5t ,book ,cov] ,co41 ,spr+field1 ,mass4 ,japanese m5d+ pap]4 ,h&made ,japanese ,w9d[ or ,%oji ,pap] us$ = m5d+ & gu>d+ c be obta9$ f ,japan ,pap] ,co41 #cd ,union ,sq41 ,n4 ,y4 ,price #e4jj p] ream ( #ejj %eets #afbb4 ,?is is ! be/ ( all m5d+ pap]s = repair+ torn leaves4 ,knife4 ,a good knife is :at is call$ a %oemak]'s knife1 a long blade1 squ>e at ! end4 #ae c5ts4 ,keep ! corn] squ>e by occasionally knock+ a piece (f ! end4 ,= a %>p5] wrap a piece ( f9e em]y pap] ab\t a squ>e /ick & tack x d[n4 ,m5d+ tissue4 ,see ,japanese m5d+ pap]4 ,ne$les4 ,sev]al sizes1 especially ! regul> sew+ ne$les ( ! b9d]4 ,pap]4 ,diff]5t k9ds ( book pap]1 to be obta9$ f any pr9t]1 w be ne$$ = replac+ end %eets1 also ?9 bond pap] = gu>d+ leaves4 ,rope manila ( ! be/ quality w also be f\nd useful4 ,get also "s ( ! rolls ( adhesive pap] sold by ,! ,d5nison ,manufactur+ ,company1 #aa ,dey ,/41 ,new ,york 7#c_/d in*es wide1 p] doz5 spools #dj c5ts71 = m5d+ torn pages4 ,x is v conv5i5t4 ,pa/e4 ,buy ?is at a b9d]y1 if y use mu*4 ,= occasional use x c be ?us made3 /ir fl\r 9 cold wat] until smoo?1 add hot wat]1 let x boil = a few m9utes1 & add a little salt & alum z pres]vatives4 ,good pa/e c be b\ght 9 j>s4 ,higg9s's is ! be/4 ,! co/ is #be c5ts p] #h-ounce j>4 ,almo/ any /ation] c>ries x1 or x c be ord]$ ( ,*>les ,m4 ,higg9s1 #afh ,eigh? ,/41 ,brooklyn4 ,a conv5i5t ?+ = pa/e 9 small quantities is ! tube4 ,! sev]al makes are all ab\t equally good4 ,pa/e made ( />* is be/ = "w on f9e books1 z x is m transp>5t & %[s less ?an o!r pa/e4 ,rul]4 ,"o ) a brass edge is h&y1 b n ess5tial4 ,scissors4 ,sl5d]1 #f-;in* blades1 good quality1 #ge c5ts4 ,sew+ b5*4 ,?is c be made z foll[s3 ,take a bo>d #bd 94 long & #aj 94 wide4 ,on ! side ( x & #ad 94 ap>t nail two uprights1 #c_/d 94 squ>e & a foot long4 ,across ! top ( ^! nail a /ick #c_/d 94 squ>e4 ,tacks c be driv5 into ! bo>d & into ! cross /ick above :]e ne$$1 & cords or tapes /ret*$ betwe5 !m4 ,?is gives y all ! ess5tials ( a sew+ b5*4 ,?read4 ,"s ( ,hayes's be/ ,iri% l95 ?read1 small] size1 say ,no4 #ah4 ,or ,b>b\r's l951 ,no4 #cj4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,cov]+ ,books ,few libr>ies n[ cov] _! books4 ,! reasons = cov]+ !m usually giv5 are1 t ! pap] cov]s ga!r du/ less easily ?an d ! publi%]'s clo? b9d+s2 & t ! pap] cov]s c be r5ew$ :5 soil$ & books c ?us be kept at small exp5se fairly clean z to _! ext]iors4 ,! objections to ! pap] cov] may ?us be /at$3 ,x takes away ! individuality ( ! book & ?us detracts f its int]e/2 ! cov] has a t5d5cy1 unless v c>efully put on1 to /ra9 ! back ( ! book2 borr[]s are m c>eless 9 h&l+ a cov]$ ?an an uncov]$ book4 ,! only use ! ,new>k ,libr>y has f\nd = book cov]s is on old volumes :i* are v r>ely us$ & yet are too brok5 or too mu* worn & disfigur$ to look well on ! %elf4 ,frequ5tly old lea!r b9d+s crack along ! jo9t s t ! sides sep>ate f ! back4 ,:5 ?is occurs a piece ( musl9 cov]$ ) hot glue appli$ to ! back ( ! book1 ext5d+ onto ! sides1 w hold x toge!r fairly well1 & !n a pap] cov] hides ! defacem5t4 ,! process ( putt+ on a pap] cov] is describ$ 9 ! *apt] on ,repair+4 ,! ,new>k ,libr>y has exp]im5t$ ) sev]al mat]ials & at ?is date has f\nd t ,rugby wrapp+ pap] has giv5 bett] satisfaction ?an any o!r4 ,x is a t\gh br[n pap]1 :i* c be obta9$ f ,l9d5meyr ,sons1 ,new ,york4 ,co/1 #c4cj p] ream2 size1 #bdcf1 #fj lbs4 ,! argum5ts = cov]+ books us$ 9 s*ools are some:at diff]5t f ^? t may be appli$ 9 reg>d to ! same practice = books 9 libr>ies4 ,! ,hold5 ,pat5t ,book ,cov] ,company1 ( ,spr+field1 ,mass41 makes an adju/able cov] ( v /\t1 wat]-pro( pap]4 ,?is cov] & o!rs ak9 to x are us$ to a great ext5t 9 ! public s*ools4 ,! same ,hold5 ,company publi%es a little pamphlet call$1 ,h[ to ,c>e = ,books & ,keep ,!m 9 ,p]fect ,repair4 ,?is !y pres5t to tea*]s :o make use ( _! appliances = repair+ books4 ,^! appliances include ?9 transp>5t pap] glu$ on bo? sides2 ! same glu$ on "o side2 poli%$ clo? 9 sev]al colors glu$ on "o side2 pap] 9 long /rips1 s fold$ & glu$ t !y c be conv5i5tly us$ to /r5g!n & repair b9d+s2 self-b9d]s1 :i* are /rips ( glu$ clo? ) little tongues cut out & project+ f !m1 t may be us$ to hold cov] & book toge!r4 ,x appe>s t 9 s*ools :i* pur*ase mat]ials l ^? made by ! ,hold5 ,company1 & in/ruct _! tea*]s to use !m on books z soon z any ( !m %[ ! ne$ ( repairs1 ! annual co/ ( text-books is r$uc$4 ,probably ! co/ w\ld be /ill m r$uc$ 7 ! books m5d$ v little by a skill$ p]son1 & 7 !y prop]ly reb\nd z soon z !y ne$ to be4 ,gaylord ,bro!rs1 ( ,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y41 make & sell repair mat]ial simil> to t ( ! ,hold5 ,company4 ,fur!r light is ?r[n on ?is subject by c]ta9 answ]s to que/ions rec5tly receiv$ f =ty sup]9t5d5ts 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,^! answ]s %[ t 9 two only ( =ty cities :]e text-books are furni%$ is any sy/ematic att5tion giv5 to ! c>e ( text-books4 ,9 two cities !re is an (ficial curator ( books :o looks aft] ! cov]+1 repair+1 & reb9d+ ( !m4 ,! cu/om 9 public s*ools seems to be to pur*ase text-books1 to keep !m 9 use ) a m9imum ( repairs until !y are too tatt]$ & soil$ to be ?\ght respectable ev5 by ! mo/ c>eless tea*]1 & !n ?r[ !m away4 ,?is practice is probably wa/eful & extravagant2 at lea/ x seems to be s 9 ! light ( ! exp]i5ce 9 libr>ies 9 ! same matt]4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,lea!r3 ,g5]al ,notes ,! names giv5 to diff]5t k9ds ( lea!r come sometimes f ! "* ( its surface1 t is1 f ! gra91 or r\ghness or corrugation x has2 sometimes f ! animal x once cov]$2 sometimes f ! me?od ( tann+2 sometimes f ! fact t x is "p ( a sk9 :i* has be5 split2 sometimes f ! place or c\ntry :]e x is made or :]e ! animal x once cov]$ liv$1 & sometimes f a comb9ation ( two or m ( ^!4 ,! subject ( ! lea!rs us$ 9 bookb9d+ is a v difficult "o4 ,tann]s1 deal]s & b9d]s1 diction>ies1 encyclopdias & books on tann+ disagree ) "o ano!r z to ! prop] t]ms to use 9 speak+ ( diff]5t k9ds ( lea!r4 ,imitations are _m1 & v successful4 ,9 ! li/ bel[ ,i h tri$ to foll[ ! usage ( b9d]s2 b ,i am sure no exp]t w\ld accept x ?r\gh\t z correct4 ,) ?is v>iety 9 def9ition goes a correspond+ v>iety 9 "* 9 lea!r ( ! same "n4 ,diff]5t sk9s tann$ 9 ! same way1 app>5tly1 & call$ by ! same "n by deal]s & b9d]s1 w we>1 "s well1 "s n s well4 ,! only q def9ite ass]tion :i* c be made is1 t ( mod]n lea!rs1 few save ! be/ morocco & pigsk9 w keep _! /r5g? = any l5g? ( "t 9 an ,am]ican libr>y1 & morocco & pigsk9 usually = n mu* ov] #bj ye>s4 ,z ! rem>ks :i* foll[ indicate1 ,engli% lea!r mak]s h rec5tly procur$ lea!rs gu>ante$ to be dress$ on ! l9es recomm5d$ by ! ,society ( ,arts ,report4 ,see also ! revis$ report1 & ! little volume1 ) samples1 call$ ,lea!r = ,libr>ies by ,hulme1 ,p>k] & o!rs4 ,lea!rs made f ! sk9s ( animals ( ! same k9d1 ! goat = example1 ?\gh made by ! same process1 v>y some:at ) ! animals' sex1 age :5 kill$1 ! food on :i* !y liv$1 ! climate 9 :i* !y matur$1 & _! mann] ( life1 &1 if females1 ) ! fact t !y h or h n _h "y4 ,also1 ! lea!r made f ! sk9 ( "o "p ( ! body diff]s mat]ially f t made f ! sk9 ( ano!r "p4 ,moreov]1 "s dyes seem to ha/5 decay1 "s to ret>d x4 ,r$ seems lea/ hurtful1 black ! mo/ s2 ?\gh ?is diff]5ce is probably due m to *emicals us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! sk9 = ! dye ?an to ! dye itself4 ,br[n g5]ally /&s well2 mo/ o!r colors1 except r$ z /at$1 d n4 ,) all ^!1 & o!r1 factors to be tak5 into consid]ation x is evid5t t full k ( lea!r is n giv5 to anyone4 ,9 a g5]al way x may be said t good lea!r _c be told by "n1 or looks1 or feel2 b only by trial4 ,deal]s1 ev51 _c tell ! good f ! be/4 ,! sum ( all advice is1 hav+ f\nd1 by y\r own or o!rs' te/s1 t a c]ta9 lea!r is good1 use x z long z y c get x4 ,! ,briti% museum sets a good example 9 ?is4 ,x has 9 rec5t ye>s b\nd _m ?\s&s ( volumes 9 morocco made by ,m]$i?-,jones ,sons1 ,wrexham1 ,wales1 :i* exp]i5ce ?us f> %[s to be v good4 ,we h tri$ x & 9 ! brief trial we h giv5 x1 f\nd x excell5t4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,gordon ,p>k]1 ,h]old's ,in/itute1 ,drummond ,road1 ,b]mondsey1 ,engl&1 has made an arrangem5t ) ! c\ncil ( ! ,libr>y ,association ( ,engl& by :i* he has become _! (ficial exam9] ( lea!r & he w te/ samples = acids1 nature ( tannage1 etc41 at reasonable rates4 ,john ,muir ,son1 tann]s & curri]s1 ,bei?1 ,scotl&1 (fices3 #c ,arundel ,/41 ,/r&1 ,london1 ,w4 ,c41 ,engl&1 prep>e pigsk9 = bookb9d+2 s d ,edw4 ,jas4 ,ri*>dson1 ,elswick ,lea!r ,works1 ,newca/le-on-,tyne1 ,engl&4 ,j4 ,m]$i?-,jones ,sons1 ,ltd41 ,cambrian ,lea!r ,works1 ,wrexham1 ,wales1 make bookb9d]s' lea!rs gu>ante$ to be dress$ on ! l9es recomm5d$ by ! ,society ( ,arts ,report1 & free f m9]al acids4 ,specialty3 ,wel% %eep4 ,mu* has be5 writt5 on ! we>+ & la/+ qualities ( lea!r4 ,! be/ discussion ( ! subject is ! ,report ( ! committee on lea!r = bookb9d+1 made to ! ,society ( ,arts1 ,engl&1 & publi%$ 9 its ,j\rnal1 ,july #e1 #aija4 ,i allude to ?is report frequ5tly1 & = conv5i5ce speak ( x z ,report '#ja4 ,! committee :o made ?is report f\nd t ! lea!r made today does n la/ z long z t made #ge ye>s ago4 ,!y f\nd t ! heat & fumes ( gas help to ha/5 ! decay ( ! lea!r on books4 ,^! factors are m effective 9 ,am]ican sup]heat$ libr>ies ?an 9 ,engli% ones4 ,if books b\nd 9 lea!r are mu* h&l$ !y la/ long] ?an if !y /& undi/urb$ on ! %elves1 because ! oil f ! h& helps to keep lea!r s(t1 pliable1 & alive4 ,! committee conclud$ t no lea!r1 ) ! sole exception ( ,nig] goat1 made by ! natives on ! riv] ,nig] 9 ,africa1 & import$ j z x leaves _! h&s1 c be fully recomm5d$ z free f elem5ts :i* lead to its e>ly decay4 ,s9ce ?is report 0 publi%$ imitations ( ?is lea!r h be5 put on ! m>ket1 & x c no long] be reli$ ^u4 ,we h f\nd x beautiful 9 color & texture1 easy to "w & we>+ admirably on l>ge & mu*-us$ books4 ,b x does n keep clean z well z a good morocco ( co>se gra94 ,x is v exp5sive1 & fir/-class morocco is probably bett] :]e /rong1 endur+ lea!r is advisable :i* is only on books :i* are to be mu* us$4 ,! mo/ important po9ts made 9 ! report ( ! ,society ( ,arts committee on lea!r = bookb9d+1 ref]r$ to above1 are ! foll[+3 ,books b\nd dur+ ! la/ #hj or #ajj ye>s %[ f> great] evid5ce ( det]ioration ?an ^? ( an e>li] date4 ,_m rec5t b9d+s %[ evid5ce ( decay aft] s %ort a p]iod z t5 or ev5 five1 ye>s4 ,mod]n lea!r is c]ta9ly f> less durable ?an old lea!r4 ,! mo/ preval5t decay is a r$ decay1 & ?is may be diff]5tiat$ into old & new1 ! old r$ decay be+ noticeable up to ab\t #ahcj1 & ! new decay s9ce t date4 ,ano!r =m ( det]ioration1 m noticeable 9 ! new] books1 r5d]s ! gra9 ( ! lea!r liable to peel (f :5 expos$ to ! slighte/ friction4 ,?is is ! mo/ common =m ( decay not$ 9 ! mo/ rec5t lea!rs4 ,decay is caus$ by bo? me*anical & *emical influ5ces4 ,( ! latt] "s are due to mi/akes ( ! lea!r manufactur] & ! bookb9d]1 o!rs to ! want ( v5tilation1 & improp] heat+ & light+ ( libr>ies4 ,9 "s cases inf]ior lea!rs are f9i%$ 7by me?ods 9 !mselves injuri\s7 to imitate a bett] class ( lea!rs1 & ( c\rse :]e ^! are us$ durability _c be expect$4 ,b 9 ! ma9 ! injury = :i* ! manufactur] & bookb9d] are responsible mu/ be attribut$ r to ignorance ( ! effect ( ! means employ$ to give ! lea!r ! outw>d qualities requir$ = b9d+1 ?an to ! int5tional production ( an inf]ior article4 ,emboss+ lea!r "u heavy pressure to imitate a gra9 has a v injuri\s effect4 ,! %av+ ( ?ick sk9s greatly r$uces ! /r5g? ( ! lea!r by cutt+ away ! t\gh fib]s ( ! inn] "p ( ! sk94 ,! use ( m9]al acids 9 bright5+ ! color ( lea!r1 & 9 ! process ( dye+1 has a s]i\s effect 9 less5+ its resi/ance to decay4 ,q mod]n lea!r dy$ black seems1 9 ne>ly all cases1 to h p]i%$1 al?\gh old black morocco 7sixte5?1 sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies7 9 good condition is n uncommon4 ,9 a v l>ge proportion ( cases ! decay ( mod]n sumac-tann$ lea!r has be5 due to ! sulphuric acid us$ 9 ! dye ba?1 & reta9$ 9 ! sk94 ,tobacco smoke has a d>k5+ & delet]i\s effect on lea!r b9d+s4 ,light1 & especially direct sunlight & hot air1 possess delet]i\s influ5ces :i* _h sc>cely be5 suspect$4 ,gas fumes are ! mo/ injuri\s ( all ! influ5ces to :i* books are subject$1 no d\bt because ( sulphuric & sulphur\s acid !y conta94 ,!y are especially injuri\s to books on ! upp] %elves ( a high room4 ,! importance ( mod]ate temp]ature & ?or\gh v5tilation ( libr>ies _c be too mu* insi/$ on4 ,) prop] conditions ( v5tilation1 temp]ature1 & dryness1 books may be pres]v$ )\t det]ioration1 = v long p]iods1 on op5 %elves4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z a g5]al rule1 tightly fitt+ glass cases conduce to _! pres]vation4 ,lea!r b9d+s t h be5 coat$ ) glair or v>ni% seem to keep bett] ?an ^? )\t4 ,! bookb9d] %>es1 9 no small measure1 ) ! lea!r manufactur] & libr>ian1 ! blame = ! premature decay ( lea!r b9d+s4 ,books are sewn on too few & too ?9 cords1 & are n firmly lac$ into ! bo>ds4 ,?is r5d]s ! atta*m5t ( ! bo>ds to ! book almo/ entirely dep5d5t on ! /r5g? ( ! lea!r4 ,! use ( holl[ backs usually ?r[s too mu* /ra9 on ! jo9ts 9 op5+ & %utt+ ! book4 ,if ! headb&s are n /rong ! lea!r ( ! back is apt to become torn4 ,! lea!r is (t5 made v wet & /ret*$ a great deal 9 cov]+1 ) ! result t1 on dry+1 x is fur!r /ra9$1 almo/ to break+ po9t1 by contraction1 leav+ a v small m>g9 ( /r5g? to meet ! accid5ts ( use4 ,! use ( oxalic acid = wa%+ backs ( books1 or ( lea!r = bookb9d+1 is fatal to durability4 ,v9eg>1 ev5 9 its pure /ate1 is injuri\s4 ,pa/e %\ld be us$ 9 a fre% condition1 o!rwise x is liable to und]go an acid f]m5tation1 & to favor ! gr[? ( injuri\s m\lds & bact]ia4 ,9 all contracts & specifications = bookb9d+1 ! use ( ,ea/ ,india-tann$ goat & %eep1 :e!r retann$ or n1 %\ld be absolutely =bidd54 ,x appe>s to be ! g5]al op9ion t lea!r1 & especially ,russia lea!r1 la/s bett] on books t are 9 con/ant use4 ,?is is attribut$ to ! slight am\nt ( grease absorb$ by ! lea!r f ! h&1 & x is sugge/$ t possibly a suitable dress+ may be discov]$ :i* w\ld h a simil> effect to t produc$ by ?is grease4 ,:ile ! lea!r n[ us$ = b9d+ books is less durable ?an t employ$ #ej ye>s & m ago1 !re ought to be no difficulty 9 provid+ lea!r at ! pres5t "t z good z any previ\sly made4 ,x is possible to te/ any lea!r 9 su* a way z to gu>antee its suitability = bookb9d+4 ,a reissue ( ! report summ>iz$ above 0 publi%$1 9 clo?1 9 #aije4 ,x is ent]$ 9 ! li/ ( books at ! end ( ?is volume4 ,9 ?is reissue ! arrangem5t ( ! orig9al report is some:at modifi$2 a pap] on lea!r dyes & dye+ has be5 add$2 ! report ( ! sci5tific sub-committee has be5 practically rewritt52 _m illu/rations h be5 add$1 "s ( !m color$2 #ab samples ( lea!r prep>$ 9 accordance ) ! committee's conclusions are ins]t$2 & ! volume is h&somely pr9t$1 & b\nd 9 clo?4 ,! reissue1 h[ev]1 does n make necess>y any *ange 9 ! above summ>y4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,pap] & ,pap] ,mak+ ,mu* ( ! pap] us$ 9 books today is made ( wood4 ,wood is conv]t$ into pap]-mak+ mat]ial 9 ?ree ways4 ,9 "o1 x is cut into conv5i5t l5g?s1 /ripp$ ( its b>k & f9ely gr\nd on gr9d/ones1 & blea*$4 ,! product is call$ gr\nd wood pulp4 ,! pap] made f ?is pulp is ha/ily & *eaply put toge!r1 has little /r5g?1 & soon turns yell[ & gr[s brittle4 ,!re is (t5 add$ to gr\nd wood be=e mak+ x into pap]1 m or less sulphite or soda pulp1 usually ! latt]1 ! product ( ano!r process ( turn+ wood into pap]-mak+ mat]ial4 ,9 ! sulphite & soda processes ! wood is fre$ ( b>k1 cut into small pieces1 & r$uc$ to a pulp by be+ heat$ ) wat] & *emicals "u pressure 9 an air-tight /eel tank or boil]4 ,sulphite & soda pulp1 :i* get _! names f *emicals us$ 9 r$uc+ ! wood to pulp1 h long] & bett] fib] ?an gr\nd wood pulp4 ,9 bo? processes c]ta9 means are us$ to :it5 ! fib] & free x f sap1 gum1 & o!r ?+s :i* w\ld prev5t x f act+ prop]ly 9 ! pap]-mak+ ma*9e1 or w\ld t5d to make x gr[ yell[ or spott$4 ,spruce or basswood are ! woods *iefly us$1 & !y seem to submit !mselves to treatm5t bett] & to give a long] fib] ?an o!r k9ds4 ,! pulp made f rags is (t5 mix$ ) sulphite & soda pulp4 ,! rag-pulp fib] improves ! quality ( ! result+ pap] = reasons n easily set =?4 ,pap] made entirely ( wood may be ( good quality1 especially sulphite pap]s4 ,! popul> outcry aga9/ wood pap] is bas$ on ! fact t mu* ( x is made v *eaply & poorly4 ,! rags us$ 9 pap] mak+ are ne>ly all cotton4 ,!y are n all ( !m rags 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! t]m4 ,_m ( !m are cutt+s f clo?+ factories & h nev] be5 us$4 ,new rags d n act ! same way "u ! treatm5t :i* *anges !m to pap] pulp z d ! old ones4 ,! pap] made entirely f new clo? diff]s some:at f t made f old rags4 ,! be/ book pap]s1 h[ev]1 conta9 only /ock prep>$ f old rags4 ,! process ( *ang+ rags into pap] is v simil> to t ( *ang+ wood into pap]4 ,! rags are clean$1 fre$ f =eign sub/ances1 cut into small pieces1 ?or\ghly wa%$1 blea*$1 & !n beat5 to a pulp1 "u wat]1 by ma*9es :i* conv]t !m into a s(t1 homog5e\s1 creamy mass1 call$ te*nically /uff1 & yet pres]ve ! greate/ possible l5g? ( fib]4 ,?is process ( beat+ rags into good pap]-mak+ mat]ial requires c>e & consid]able "t4 ,if ! process is ha/5$ unduly ! result+ mat]ial is n s good4 ,pap] is made f o!r mat]ials besides wood & cotton2 b ne>ly all ( t us$ 9 books 9 ?is c\ntry is made ( "o or o!r ( ^! two mat]ials1 or ( a comb9ation ( ! two4 ,! /uff produc$ z describ$1 almo/ milk-l 9 its consi/5cy1 is pump$ f a tank1 9 :i* x is kept con/antly /irr$ to prev5t ! fib] f settl+1 onto ! pap]-mak+ ma*9e4 ,?is ma*9e is an evolution f a simple h& appliance :i* 0 us$ by pap] mak]s = sev]al c5turies4 ,x 0 a %all[ tray ) a bottom made ( a network ( wires4 ,?is 0 held 9 ! h&s1 dipp$ into a vat conta9+ ! pap]-mak+ mat]ial1 & z mu* ( ! latt] tak5 up on ! wires z 9 ! judgm5t ( ! mak] 0 suffici5t = a %eet ( pap]4 ,x 0 !n %ak5 g5tly1 & deftly h&l$1 until ! wat]1 runn+ ?r\gh ! wires1 left on ! latt]1 & spread ev5ly ov] !m1 a lay] ( fib]s4 ,^! dri$ & matt$ toge!r 9 a few seconds suffici5tly to enable ! mak] to turn !m out on a blanket2 on ?is ano!r blanket 0 spread1 & on ?is 0 laid ano!r lay] ( fib]s4 ,! skilful mak] ( pap] by h& 79 a few places 9 ?is c\ntry ! craft is /ill practic$7 c secure consid]able ev5ness 9 ! lay]s ( fib] or pulp on ! wire ( 8 frame2 b ! lay] is nev] ( q ! same ?ickness ?r\gh\t4 ,h&made pap] c sometimes be di/+ui%$ by ^! v>iations 9 its ?ickness4 ,ma*9e-made pap] is ( ne>ly uni=m ?ickness4 ,9 ! process ( tak+ up f ! vat by h& a ?9 lay] ( /uff1 ! mak] wove toge!r ! fib]s 9 e direction by skilful & delicate movem5ts ( ! frame4 ,a pap]-mak+ ma*9e _c s ?or\ghly int]weave ! fib]s4 ,pap] made by h&1 !re=e1 has a quality :i* _c be secur$ on a ma*9e4 ,?is peculi> texture ( h&made pap] ( ! fir/ class delights ! connoisseur1 & furni%es a pr9t+ surface sup]ior1 9 "s respects1 to any ma*9e-made pap]4 ,! pap]-mak+ ma*9e consi/s prim>ily ( an endless roll ( wire scre51 simil> to t =m+ ! bottom ( ! %all[ tray us$ 9 mak+ pap] by h&4 ,?is wire scre51 /ret*$ ar\nd roll]s1 travels almo/ horizontally away f a broad %elf f :i* x receives a /ream ( /uff pump$ onto ! latt] f ! tank be=e m5tion$4 ,z ! pulp p\rs out onto ?is wire x settles ov] ! scre51 & is wov5 toge!r by ! latt]'s oscillat+ & =w>d movem5t1 & by ! "t x rea*es ! end ( ! scre5 is suffici5tly matt$ & dry to hold its %ape1 ! wat] be+ remov$ by suction4 ,x is !n pick$ up by a roll]1 & goes ?r\gh a succession ( rolls1 v>y+ 9 size1 numb]1 "*1 heat & pressure1 accord+ to ! quality ( ! pap] be+ made & ! surface desir$ !reon4 ,9 "s cases1 t[>d ! close ( ! process1 x is pass$ ?r\gh a tank conta9+ a ?9 mixture ( glue & wat]1 call$ size1 & !n is aga9 dri$4 ,com+ out z pap] at ! end x is cut into l5g?s & pil$1 or ga!r$ on a roll4 ,! wire diaphragm onto :i* ! pap] pulp fir/ p\rs1 & dur+ ! passage ov] :i* x is work$ into a mat1 ! wat] mean:ile be+ extract$ f x1 is ( v>y+ /yles4 ,if p]fectly pla9 ! result+ pap] is almo/ )\t m>ks1 & is said to be wove4 ,if made ( wires ( diff]5t sizes prop]ly arrang$ ! pap]1 z x lies on x1 receives deep] impressions f ! l>g] wires ?an f ! small] & ! =m] appe> z light l9es runn+ ?r\gh x :5 f9i%$4 ,pap] ?us m>k$ is call$ laid1 to di/+ui% x f ! wove4 ,z ! pap] comes f ! wires x passes "u ! d&y roll4 ,?is roll sometimes has figures or lett]s rais$ on its surface4 ,^! impress !mselves on ! s(t pap] & produce a great] transp>5cy :]e !y t\*1 sometimes r$uc+ ! ?ickness1 & give ! f9i%$ pap] :at is call$ a wat]m>k4 ,x is s call$ n because x is made ( wat] or by wat]1 b because x looks z ?\gh x 7 drawn on ! pap] ) a po9t dipp$ 9 wat]4 ,endless v>ieties ( pap] c be made f ! same mat]ials4 ,x may conta9 m or less rag2 may be beat5 to a great] or less ext5t & ) m or less c>e2 may be spread ?ick] or ?9n]2 may be roll$ on hot rolls1 or poli%$1 m or less2 may receive m or less siz+2 may be dy$ 9 a vat be=e x />ts = ! ma*9e1 or dipp$ 9 dye aft] x is made1 or color may be appli$ to "o surface by ma*9e4 ,! fib] may be c>elessly produc$1 & ! *emicals us$ 9 blea*+ & clean+ x may be only p>tially neutraliz$1 ) ! result t ! pap] w soon act z if be+ eat5 ) acid1 & w rapidly turn yell[ "u a bright light4 ,! ord9>y obs]v] c di/+ui% betwe5 v poor & fairly good pap] 9 books4 ,he _c di/+ui% betwe5 pap] ( fairly good quality & ! be/4 ,! pap] us$ 9 newspap]s is ne>ly all made entirely ( gr\nd wood4 ,mo/ ( x is made z *eaply z possible1 & soon gr[s brittle & d>k 9 color4 ,?is is ( little consequ5ce 9 mo/ cases4 ,= ! ord9>y newspap] ! pap] has s]v$ its purpose if x looks well = tw5ty-f\r h\rs aft] x is pr9t$ & expos$ to ! light4 ,books are g5]ally pr9t$ on pap] :i* has n be5 v highly poli%$4 ,ink is tak5 f ! type m readily by pap] ( ?is k9d1 especially if ! latt] be r s(t 9 texture1 s t ! press drives into x ! face ( ! type be>+ ! ink4 ,mod]n processes ( reproduc+ pictures give plates = pr9t+1 _m ( :i* are made up ( v f9e l9es plac$ v closely toge!r & hav+ v %all[ depressions betwe5 !m4 ,to pr9t f ^! ) good results ! pap] us$ mu/ h a v smoo?1 highly poli%$ surface4 ,! press drives s(t pap] d[n into ! n>r[ places betwe5 ! f9e l9es & blurs ! impression ( ! cut4 ,newspap]s :i* use process-cuts ( ! k9d m5tion$ are oblig$ to use pap] ) a smoo? surface to get good results4 ,?is smoo? surface is g5]ally produc$1 z already not$1 by pass+ ! pap] betwe5 hot metal roll]s1 a process call$ cal5d]+4 ,9 a m exp5sive process1 call$ plat+1 ! pap]1 cut into %eets1 is laid betwe5 %eets ( z9c until a pile ( sev]al in*es 9 ?ickness is =m$1 & ?is pile is pass$ sev]al times "u roll]s ex]t+ a heavy pressure4 ,?is smoo?s1 poli%es & h>d5s ! pap]4 ,mu* ( ! pap] us$ = illu/rations 9 books has a surface made by apply+ a coat+ ( clay or o!r mat]ial to x & !n poli%+ x4 ,q good results c be obta9$ ) f9e l9e cuts on cal5d]$ or plat$ pap] )\t ! addition ( a coat+ ( clay4 ,! illu/rations on coat$ pap] :i* are f\nd 9 books are v commonly pr9t$ sep>ately f ! book itself1 :i* is on ord9>y uncoat$ pap]1 & ins]t$ sep>ately4 ,g5]ally ^! ins]ts are n c>efully fa/5$ 9 & cause mu* annoyance by fall+ out aft] ! book has be5 subject$ to a little use4 ,rec5tly pap] mak]s h succe$$ 9 produc+ a pap] :i* has a smoo? surface )\t ! high poli% usually f\nd on t :i* is coat$1 or highly cal5d]$4 ,! poli%$ surface ( ^! pap]s1 especially ( ! coat$1 is v objectionable to read]s1 light be+ reflect$ f x 9 an unpleasant way4 ,x w be se5 f :at has be5 said t x is difficult s to describe :at we may call good book pap] t x c be readily di/+ui%$4 ,con/ant /udy & c>eful comp>isons ( ! pap]s "o meets 9 books w enable "o to judge ( !m ) "s success4 ,"o :o has mu* to d ) books %\ld take note ( ! pap] ( :i* !y are made1 & le>n to di/+ui% betwe5 poor & good1 & ! good & ! be/1 z f> z possible4 ,?is is especially desirable = "o ^: "w ) books includes _! reb9d+ & repair+4 ,coat$ pap] breaks easily1 ! /iff5+ add$ to x by ! coat ( clay giv+ x a t5d5cy to fall ap>t z soon z x has be5 fold$ 9 ! same place a few times4 ,s(t & fragile pap]1 su* z is f\nd 9 _m books1 w /& v little we> at ! jo9t 9 ! back4 ,pap] n c>efully blea*$ & fre$ f ! *emicals us$ 9 blea*+1 rapidly discolors at ! edges :]e expos$ to light4 ,su* facts z ^!1 & _m o!rs1 w be f\nd useful :5 "o comes to h books reb\nd1 or attempts to repair !m4 ,t side ( ! pap] :i* t\*$ ! wires on :i* x is made is diff]5t f ! o!r4 ,?is diff]5ce is usually visible to ! tra9$ eye4 ,x is (t5 tak5 into consid]ation 9 f9e pr9t+4 ,z ! pulp fl[s out ^u ! wires x t5ds to mat toge!r m ?or\ghly along ! l9e ( fl[ ?an across x4 ,?is gives pap] a gra91 along :i* x te>s & folds m readily ?an across x4 ,?is fact also is (t5 tak5 advantage ( 9 good pr9t+4 ,all pap] exp&s or /ret*es :5 wet4 ,?is is to be kept 9 m9d 9 m5d+ books4 ,an add$ /rip1 pa/$ on1 usually draws & wr9kles1 :5 x dries1 ! pap] to :i* x is appli$4 ,h5ce ! rule1 9 m5d+1 to use ?ick pa/e & apply ! pa/$ %eet or /rip to its place z quickly aft] pa/+ z possible4 ,mr4 ,*iv]s has rec5tly made1 #aiji1 ) ! help ( *emi/s & o!r exp]ts1 a v c>eful exam9ation ( ! composition1 /ructure1 t5sile & fold+ /r5g? & o!r qualities ( ! pap] n[ us$ 9 sev]al ?\s& popul> books4 ,! results ( ?is exam9ation1 :5 appli$ to ! subjects ( book-selection & book-buy+1 w be ( great value to libr>ies4 ,! quality ( ! pap] us$ 9 ! books on :i* libr>ies sp5d a l>ge p] c5t4 ( _! book fund--novels--is ! "q t %\ld be fir/ consid]$ 9 select+ editions4 ,libr>ies may hope soon to be able to select editions mu* m wisely ?an h]et(ore4 ,! inve/igations by ,mr4 ,*iv]s1 & ^? c>ri$ on by ,u4 ,s4 ,gov]nm5t exp]ts 9 ,wa%+ton1 w n only enable libr>ies to discov] ! be/ editions = pur*ase1 b w also enable !m to secure b9d+s s c>efully adapt$ to ! quality ( ! pap] 9 ea* book z to give t book ! longe/ possible life ( usefulness4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,b9d+ ,records ,by b9d+ records are meant ! reports ( books s5t to ! b9d]y1 _! return1 /yles1 co/1 etc4 ,!re are _m ways ( keep+ ^!4 ,= ! small libr>y great simplicity is desirable & possible4 ,! l>ge libr>y usually works out a me?od adapt$ to its own conditions4 ,9 s5d+ books to a b9d] x is usually n necess>y to keep any record o!r ?an ! book c>d1 on :i* may be writt5 or /amp$ ! ^w ,b9d] & ! date s5t4 ,to ?is may be add$ a few words or a numb] indicat+ mat]ial & /yle4 ,! b9d] himself is usually cont5t ) g5]al in/ructions = ea* sep>ate lot1 su* z1 ,^! #be vols4 b9d 9 half br[n c[sk9 ) k]atol sides2 special sew+4 ,"s libr>ies atta* a note to ! title-page ( ea* book say+ h[ x is to be b\nd & giv+ ! lett]+ = ! back4 ,?is is n (t5 necess>y4 ,x is usual to note ! latt] po9t on ! title page by und]scor+ ! fir/ lett] ( ea* ^w :i* is to appe> on ! back4 ,9 do+ ?is1 r$uce ! lett]+ z f> z possible by omitt+ unnecess>y words4 ,9 mo/ libr>ies1 = example1 ! new title = ,! ,adv5tures ( ,huckleb]ry ,f9n c be r$uc$ to advantage to ,huck ,f9n4 ,special books mu/ be specially m>k$ ( c\rse1 & books 9 sets & s]ies %\ld be lett]$ 9 ! same /yle ?r\gh\t4 ,?is c be assur$ by s5d+ a sample volume or a rubb+ ( ! back4 ,! rubb+ is got by lay+ a piece ( pap] on ! back ( ! volume ! /yle ( :i* is to be copi$ & rubb+ x h>d ) a l>ge1 s(t p5cil or rub-(f wax4 ,z books are return$ !y %\ld be *eck$ by :atev] record 0 kept ( !m4 ,!n _! numb]1 sizes & /yles %\ld be ent]$ 9 a book kept = ! purpose4 ,f ^! items ! bill w be *eck$ :5 s5t 94 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,b9d+ ,records & ,notes1 ,new>k ,rules foll[$ 9 ,new>k ,libr>y 9 s5d+ books to b9d]y4 ,remove book slip1 hav+ fir/ comp>$ its numb] ) ! numb] on ! book pocket4 ,?is book slip is /amp$ ) ! ^w ,b9d]y & ) ! date1 & !n is fil$ ) o!r simil> slips1 all be+ kept 9 gr\ps 9 accordance ) ! k9ds ( b9d+ ! books are to receive4 ,! slips = ! books s5t ea* mon? are also put toge!r4 ,on ! title page ( ! book und]l9e ) light p5cil m>ks su* words z are to be gild$ on ! back4 ,make ! title = ! back z %ort z x c be made )\t loss ( id5tity4 ,if ! "n on ! title page is a pseudonym1 write ! au?or's correct "n beside x 9 small lett]s4 ,mo/ books are s5t 9 gr\ps ) a g5]al note ( in/ruction z to ! b9d+ ( ! :ole gr\p4 ,= example1 a hundr$ books may be s5t 9 "o lot ) a note say+1 ,b9d 9 pigsk9 9 ! usual /yle4 ,:5 special b9d+s are requir$1 :i* call = special in/ructions1 tip slightly 9 ! front ( ! book1 usually on ! title page1 a slip ( yell[ pap] #ce in*es4 ,bright yell[ is *os5 because x is easily di/+ui%$ f ! :ite pap] ( ! book1 ev5 at night1 & yet writ+ on x is q legible4 ,on ?is slip write ! call numb] ( ! book1 ! special /yle ( b9d+ want$ & o!r rem>ks :5 ne$$1 su* z ! foll[+3 ,ru%4 ,if ! book is to be return$ 9 ha/e4 ,see sample4 ,:5 book is "o ( two or m volumes & a special /yle ( b9d+ is to be c>ri$ out ?r\gh ! :ole set4 ,d n trim at all4 ,:5 ! book is ( "s special "* & x is desir$ to pres]ve all ! pap]4 ,:5 books come back f ! b9d]y /amp ! date ( _! return on ! l[] left corn] ( ! back cov] imm$iately on _! receipt4 ,add to ?is date ! "n ( ! b9d] if ! libr>y employs m ?an "o firm4 ,?is date makes x possible to tell h[ b9d+s we>1 h[ _m ye>s !y la/1 etc4 ,note ! /yle ( b9d+ ( ea* book & look = its book slip among ! o!r slips = books ( ?is /yle4 ,= "s reasons x w\ld be wise to keep ! slips f all books s5t to ! b9d]y 9 "o alphabetical s]ies4 ,9 ! ,new>k ,libr>y ?is proves n to be z conv5i5t z ! me?od describ$1 ( keep+ x fir/ by days or mon?s & next by /yles ( b9d+4 ,exam9e ! lett]+ & ! numb]s on ! back to see if !y are correct1 comp>+ ) ! title page4 ,exam9e also ! b9d+ ?r\gh\t4 ,if all is satisfactory1 put pockets & book plates 9 all ! books :i* require !m4 ,m>k ! pockets4 ,op5 ea* book c>efully & ?or\ghly t ! back may be loos5$ & made m flexible4 ,all magaz9es s5d ) yell[ slips conta9+ directions z to /yle ( b9d+1 etc4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,b9d]y ,equipm5t ,! small libr>y w f9d x does n pay to h a b9d]y ( its own4 ,?is is a safe g5]al rule to :i* !re are exceptions1 ( c\rse4 ,special conditions1 su* z remot5ess f good b9d]ies1 may make x wor? :ile = a libr>y :i* sp5ds only ab\t #a1jjj a ye> 9 b9d+ to put 9 a small plant & d its own "w4 ,ev5 !n1 h[ev]1 x is usually bett] to f9d a b9d] :o w take ! contract f ! libr>y at a fix$ price p] volume1 us+ ! libr>y's room & mat]ial4 ,su* a b9d] c sometimes get additional "w f o!r libr>ies or f private individuals4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ! am\nt paid = b9d+ is n q all t a b9d] :o works 9 ! libr>y may expect to div]t to 8 own %op2 = a clev] & oblig+ workman w make himself useful 9 repair+ & 9 do+ _m small jobs ( cutt+1 m\nt+1 etc41 :i* w add a good deal to 8 income4 ,/ill1 z ,i h said1 ! small libr>y w usually f9d t x is n economical to h its own b9d]y4 ,7 !re 9 ?is c\ntry pl5ty ( comm]cial b9d]ies1 :]e fir/-rate "w is done at fair prices--,i d n mean l[ prices--x w\ld n pay ev5 ! l>g] libr>ies to op5 _! own b9d]ies4 ,! l>ge %op is ! only place 9 :i* "s ( ! mo/ important economies are possible1 & only ! l>ge %op c af=d to hire ! mo/ compet5t =em5 & work]s4 ,ev5 ! l>ge libr>ies f9d x wise to r5t _! b9d]ies to compet5t m5 :o w d b9d+ at contract prices4 ,"u ?is arrangem5t "s libr>ies f9d x pays to give up room to a b9d]y2 ?\gh1 z ,i h already rem>k$1 !y w\ld n f9d x economical to d s 7 !re effici5t libr>y b9d+ e/abli%m5ts 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity4 ,z ! l>ge libr>ies h a good deal ( "w :i* ! av]age comm]cial b9d] does n c>e to take1 l map m\nt+1 r>e-book m5d+1 & ord9>y book repairs1 ! ideal condition = !m w\ld be a small b9d]y ) two or ?ree h&s1 9 ! build+2 a contract = all ord9>y b9d+ & reb9d+ ) an outsid]1 & ! pur*ase ( _m new books especially b\nd direct f ! %eets4 ,! foll[+ li/ includes ! ma*9]y1 tools & mat]ials ne$$ 9 op5+ a b9d]y4 ,! full li/ w\ld equip fairly well a %op employ+ "o =eman1 :o is also a f9i%]2 "o =w>d]2 "o boy 7help] or appr5tice71 & ?ree girls = sew+4 ,?is %op w\ld turn out1 say1 #aj1jjj books a ye>1 its output dep5d+ v l>gely on ! "* ( ! "w4 ,if ! %op is to b9d1 say1 only #b1jjj books p] ye> ! items m>k$ ,s on ! li/ w prove suffici5t4 ,^! e/imates are v g5]al4 ,equipm5t = ,b9d]y ,/&+ press1 l>ge #ajj4jj ,s ,/&+ press1 small #cj4jj ,s ,bo>d %e>s #ajj to #abe4jj ,s #b back]s1 #ag-;in* #fe4jj ,s ,cutt+ ma*9e #cbe4jj ,s #aj-;case type cab9et 7#f-;case #h4jj7 #ab4jj ,s ,f9i%+ press1 #ba-;in* #b4ge ,s ,lett]+ pallet #f4jj ,s #bj brass-b\nd bo>ds1 #afbd1 at #c4be p] bo>d #fe4jj ,case = #ad bo>ds #d4jj #af press bo>ds1 #afbd #af4jj #af press bo>ds1 #ajac #g4bj #ad press bo>ds1 #hab #e4fj ,s #c sew+ b5*es1 at #a4jj #c4jj ,s #b back saws1 at #a4jj #b4jj ,s #c bone fold]s 4#cf ,s #a glue bru%1 ,no4 #d #a4jj ,s #b pa/e bru%es1 ,no4 #g #b4jj ,s #b back+ hamm]s1 at #a4be #b4ej ,s ,knives & %e>s #c4jj ,s ,gas /ove #a4jj ,iron b5*-block1 #aeabb in*es #g4ej ,s ,glue kettle #a4jj ,compass #a4jj ,s ,gold cu%ion #c4jj ,s ,gold knife 4#ge #d tables1 b5*es1 draw]s #ajj4jj ,s ,p>+ knife 4#ej ,s ,b& nipp]s #b4jj ,s ,flat poli%] #b4jj ,s ,r\nd poli%] #c4ej ,s ,creas] #a4ej ,s ,agate burni%]s #c4ge ,s ,b& rubb] #a4ej ,rolls & /amps #bj4jj ,s ,type1 ord9>y1 #d fonts at #c4jj2 brass1 #c fonts at #ae4jj #eg4jj ,%elv+ & bookcases #ajj4jj -------- ,total #ajhc4da ,) treble ! numb] ( books to be b\nd1 !re %\ld be add$ to ! above li/3 #a l>ge press #ajj4jj #a back] #fe4jj #a f9i%+ press #b4ge #cj brass-b\nd bo>ds1 #afbd1 at #c4be p] bo>d #ig4ej #e sew+ b5*es1 at #a4jj #e4jj #a back-saw1 at #a4jj #a4jj #e bone fold]s 4#fj #a glue bru%1 ,no4 #d #a4jj #c pa/e bru%es1 ,no4 #g #c4jj #b back+ hamm]s1 at #a4be #b4ej ,glue kettle #a4jj ,compass #a4jj ,knives & %e>s #c4jj ,gold knife 4#ge ,p>+ knife 4#ej ,b& nipp]s #b4jj ,type #ae4jj ,lett]+ pallet #f4jj ,iron b5* block #g4ej ------ ,total #cae4aj ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,li/ ( ,te*nical ,t]ms1 ,lea!rs & ,o!r ,b9d+ ,mat]ials1 ,tools1 ,/yles ( ,ornam5t ,us$ 9 ,b9d+ ,! quotations are f ! report ( committee on lea!r ( ! ,society ( ,arts1 ,engl&1 #aija4 ,ald9e or ,italian ,/yle4 ,ornam5ts ( solid face )\t any %ad+ :atev]1 su* z us$ by ,aldus & o!r e>ly ,italian pr9t]s4 ,! ornam5ts are ( ,arabic "*4 ,a /yle appropriate = e>ly pr9t$ lit]ature4 ,all-along4 ,:5 a volume is sew$1 & ! ?read passes f kettle/it* to kettle/it*1 or f end to end 9 ea* %eet1 x is said to be sew$ all-along4 ,am]ican ,russia4 ,see ,c[hide4 ,antique4 ,see ,bl9d-tool$4 ,arabesque ,/yle4 ,a fanciful mixture ( animals1 birds1 insects1 & ( plants1 fruits & foliage1 involv$ & twi/$4 ,arm+ press4 ,see ,block+ press4 ,art canvas4 ,a book clo?1 made 9 sev]al colors by ! ,holli/on ,mills1 #fg ,fif? ,ave41 ,new ,york2 ,jos4 ,bancr(t ,sons1 ,wilm+ton1 ,del4 7,a4 ,d4 ,smi?1 #ce ,?omas ,/41 ,new ,york1 ag5t72 ! ,int]lak5 ,mills1 #aaa ,duane ,/41 ,new ,york1 & o!rs4 ,x is kn[n bo? z art canvas & buckram4 ,! ,new>k libr>y1 9 exp]im5t+ to f9d a sub/itute = lea!r1 tri$ 9 succession ! gre51 r$1 br[n & blue4 ,! gre5 prov$ ! poore/1 ! blue made by ,holli/on ,mills ! be/ 9 we>+ quality4 ,"o reason = ! poor results ) all ! colors tri$1 ) ! exception ( ! blue1 is t ! clo? ( ^! colors is made ) a color$ ?read runn+ "o way & a gray or :ite ?read ! o!r2 ! color$ ?read soon we>s (f on ! edges & corn]s & ! gray ?read gives ! book a v d+y appe>ance4 ,d>k blue has giv5 u ! be/ results4 ,art canvas co/s #bb c5ts a squ>e y>d by ! roll ( #dj y>ds4 ,art vellum4 ,a book clo? made 9 sev]al colors & /yles ( f9i% by ! firms :i* make art canvas4 ,x is n suitable = full b9d+ on books subject to mu* we>4 ,x co/s ab\t #af c5ts p] squ>e y>d4 ,mo/ publi%]s' b9d+s are 9 clo? ( ! art vellum grade4 ,our own exp]i5ce ) art canvas & art vellum = full b9d+s on books mu* us$ seems to h be5 t ( _m o!r libr>ies4 ,popul> books 9 ^! mat]ials f ab\t a doz5 public libr>ies all seem to h worn poorly4 ,! jo9ts soon become s(t & loose2 ! corn]s fray out & look ragg$2 ! gold ( ! titles does n /& out well :5 fir/ put on & rapidly gr[s dim4 ,azure' tools4 ,us$ 9 b9d+1 :]e ! heavy & wide m>ks1 in/ead ( be+ a solid mass1 are made ) horizontal l9es4 ,azur$ /yle4 ,ornam5tations outl9$ 9 gold & cross$ ) horizontal l9es 9 ! mann] ( indicat+ azure 9 h]aldry4 ,back1 tight & loose4 ,b9d+ is said to be tight back :5 ! lea!r1 clo? or o!r mat]ial ( ! back is pa/$ or glu$ to ! back ( ! book4 ,?is /yle ( b9d+ is commonly us$ 9 f9e "w4 ,mo/ books1 (t5 q l>ge ones1 7 =m]ly b\nd 9 ?is way4 ,b9d+ is said to be loose back :5 ! lea!r1 clo? or o!r mat]ial ( ! back is fa/5$ to ! book only along ! jo9ts4 ,to ! "q1 :i* is ! bett] b9d+ = libr>y books1 no def9ite answ] c be giv54 ,back+4 ,b5d+ ov] ! folds at ! back ( a book to =m a ridge or projection call$ a jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 7,l7 ,back+ ,bo>ds1 ,metal 7,r7 ,back+ ,bo>ds1 ,wood1 ,/eel ,fac$ ,back+ bo>ds4 ,us$ = back+ or =m+ ! jo9t4 ,!y are made ( v h>d wood or fac$ ) iron1 & are ?ick] on ! edge int5d$ to =m ! groove ?an ^u ! edge t goes t[>d ! =e-edge ( ! book1 s t :5 plac$ "o ea* side ( ! book & all are plac$ 9 ! lay+ press1 ! :ole p[] ( ! press is direct$ t[>d ! back4 ,illu/ration3 ,back+ ,hamm] ,back+ hamm]4 ,! hamm] us$ = back+ & r\nd+4 ,x has a broad1 flat face simil> to a %oemak]'s hamm]4 ,back+ ma*9e4 ,a ma*9e = back+ books4 ,if n c>efully h&l$ x is apt to injure books by cru%+ & break+ ! pap] at ! folds4 ,us$ on publi%]s' b9d+4 ,back+ press4 ,a press hav+ two1 v]tically m\nt$1 /eel plates br\ght toge!r by a screw4 ,a book is held 9 ?is press ) ! back slightly project+ above ! plates1 & !n back$ ) a hamm]4 ,b&-driv]4 ,a tool us$ 9 =w>d+ to correct irregul>ities 9 ! b&s ( flexible backs4 ,b& nipp]s4 ,p9*]s ) flat jaws us$ = /raight5+ b&s by nipp+ up ! lea!r aft] x is 9 place4 ,!y %\ld be nickel$ to prev5t ! iron /a9+ ! lea!r4 ,b&s4 ,! /r+s1 cord or tw9e on :i* a book is sew$4 ,!y are usually made ( hemp1 are loosely twi/$1 are #b1 #c1 #d-ply accord+ to ! size ( ! book1 & co/ ab\t #ce c5ts p] p\nd4 ,?is tw9e is loosely twi/$ t x may be flexible & less likely to break :5 glu$ & dri$1 & t x may be easily fray$ out at ! ends = pa/+ d[n on ! inside ( ! cov]s4 ,:5 ! book is sew$ flexible ! b&s appe> ^u ! back4 ,:5 ! back is s sewn z to let 9 ! tw9e1 ! appe>ance ( rais$ b&s is produc$1 if at all1 by glu+ n>r[ /rips ( lea!r across ! back be=e ! volume is cov]$4 ,a h>d1 closely twi/$ cord is also sometimes us$ 9 f9e b9d+4 ,illu/ration3 ,back+ ,press ,ba/>d title4 ,see ,half-title4 ,bead4 ,a little roll =m$ by ! knots ( ! headb&4 ,beat+ hamm]4 ,! heavy1 %ort-h&l$ hamm] us$ 9 beat+1 weigh+ g5]ally ab\t #aj lbs4 ,books are beat5 to make ! leaves lie close to "o ano!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,beat+ ,hamm] ,beat+ /one4 ,! b$ ( /one or iron on :i* books are beat54 ,bevel$ bo>ds4 ,v heavy bo>ds = sides1 *amf]$ along ! edges4 ,b9d]4 ,a tempor>y cov] = p]iodicals & pamphlets1 usually s arrang$ t x may be tak5 (f & atta*$ to successive numb]s ( a publication4 ,b9d]y4 ,a book-b9d+ e/abli%m5t4 ,blank books4 ,appli$ to a l>ge v>iety ( books :i* are b\nd ) blank leaves1 or leaves hav+ rul$ l9es & little or no pr9t+3 acc\nt books1 memor&um books1 l$g]s1 etc4 ,! b9d+ ( su* books is a special trade4 ,ble$4 ,:5 a book on be+ trimm$ is s cut t "s ( ! pr9t is tak5 (f x is said to ble$4 ,bl9d-tool$4 ,:5 tools are impress$ ^u ! lea!r1 )\t gold1 !y are said to be bl9d or blank1 & ! book is bl9d-tool$4 ,?is tool+ is sometimes call$ antique4 ,block+ press4 ,ano!r & m g5]al t]m = ! /amp+ or arm+ press2 "o ( ! *ief implem5ts us$ 9 clo? "w4 ,us$ = f9i%+ or decorat+ ! sides & back ( a cov] by a me*anical process4 ,bo>d pap]s4 ,^? p>ts ( ! end pap]s :i* are pa/$ onto ! bo>ds4 ,bo>d %e>s4 ,heavy %e>s1 usually fitt$ to a table1 & ) a gauge = cutt+ bo>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,bo>ds1 ,brass ,b\nd1 9 ,case ,bo>ds4 ,are ( sev]al k9ds1 su* z press+1 back+1 cutt+1 burni%+1 gild+1 etc4 ,! pa/e-bo>ds us$ = side cov]s are t]m$ bo>ds4 ,! bo>ds us$ = cutt+ books out ( bo>ds are call$ /eamboat-bo>ds4 ,t9n$ bo>ds are us$ = f9i%$ "w1 :ile brass or iron-b\nd bo>ds are us$ = press+ clo?-"w4 ,see also ,9 bo>ds4 ,bock morocco4 ,! "n giv5 to a lea!r made ( ,p]sian %eepsk9 usually f9i%$ 9 imitation ( morocco4 ,x does n we> well & soon decays4 ,bodk9 or /abb+-awl4 ,a /rong po9t ( iron or /eel fix$ 9 a wood5 h&le to =m ! holes 9 bo>ds ?r\gh :i* to lace b&s4 ,us$ also = trac+ l9es = cutt+ =e-edges4 ,bolt4 ,fold$ edge ( %eets 9 an unop5$ book4 ,books1 sizes (4 ,see folio1 qu>to1 octavo1 sixte5mo1 ?irty-twomo1 etc4 ,bosses4 ,brass or o!r metal ornam5ts fa/5$ ^u ! bo>ds ( books4 ,brass-b\nd bo>ds4 ,see ,bo>ds4 ,brok5 up4 ,:5 plates are fold$ ov] a %ort di/ance f ! back edge be=e !y are plac$ 9 ! book1 t !y may be turn$ easily1 !y are said to be brok5 up4 ,! same process is sometimes appli$ to an entire book4 ,buckram4 ,prop]ly a co>se l95 clo?1 /iff5$ ) glue or gum4 ,mo/ buckram1 s-call$1 is made ( cotton4 ,see also ,l95-f9i% buckram & ,art canvas4 ,buff+4 ,! "n giv5 to ! ?9 %eet ( c[hide tak5 (f 9 ! op]ation ( buff+ or splitt+4 ,x is usually ( v inf]ior quality4 ,buff+ette4 ,see ,k]atol4 ,burni%$4 ,! effect produc$ by ! application ( a burni%] to edges4 ,burni%]s4 ,pieces ( agate or blood/one affix$ to h&les4 ,) !m a gloss is produc$ on ! edges ( a book4 ,calf or calfsk94 ,lea!r made ( calves' sk9s4 ,x has a smoo? & uni=m surface4 ,x 0 =m]ly mu* us$ 9 b9d+1 & is v beautiful2 b t made 9 rec5t ye>s la/s only a %ort "t1 soon gr[+ h>d & brittle & ev5 fall+ into du/4 ,ev5 :5 new ! surface is easily brok5 & torn4 ,dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury x became cu/om>y to p>e d[n calf until x 0 z ?9 z pap]4 ,s9ce ab\t #ahcj little s\nd calf seems to h be5 made1 z1 :e!r ?ick or ?91 x appe>s g5]ally to h p]i%$1 turn+ r$ & crumbl+ into du/4 ,spr9kl$ or m>bl$ calf is 9 a specially bad /ate4 ,see also ,div9ity1 ,kip1 ,m>bl$1 ,spr9kl$ & ,tree calf4 ,calf-l9$4 ,:5 ! inside ( a limp cov] is l9$ ) calfsk91 ?is tak+ ! place ( t half ( ! end pap] :i* is usually on ! inside ( ! cov]4 ,?is calf l9+ is ?9 & s(t & is usually glu$ to ! lea!r cov] only at ! latt]'s out] edges1 ?us leav+ ! cov] pliable4 ,cancels4 ,leaves conta9+ errors :i* are to be cut out & replac$ ) correct$ pages4 ,canvas4 ,see ,duck4 ,caps4 ,pap] cov]+s us$ to protect ! edges :ile ! book is be+ cov]$ & f9i%$4 ,also ! lea!r cov]+s ( headb&s4 ,see ,head cap4 ,case b9d+s4 ,! ord9>y clo? b9d+ ( comm]ce4 ,books 9 ^! b9d+s are fold$ & sewn1 r\nd$ & back$ by ma*9]y4 ,a ma*9e also makes ! cases1 cov]+ ! two pieces ( c>dbo>d :i* =m ! sides ) clo? z ne$$4 ,^! cases are sep>ately pr9t$ be=e be+ put on ! books4 ,! book is !n glu$ & put into its case by ma*9]y4 ,cat*word4 ,a ^w plac$ "u ! la/ l9e on ea* page ( "s old-"t books1 ! ^w be+ ! same z ! fir/ ^w on ! next page2 a direction ^w4 ,c5t] tools4 ,tools cut = ornam5tation ( c5t] ( panels & sides ( book cov]s4 ,circuit edges4 ,bibles & pray]-books are sometimes b\nd ) project+ cov]s turn$ ov] to protect ! leaves2 ^! are call$ circuit or div9ity edges4 ,clasp4 ,a hook or cat* = fa/5+ ! cov]s ( a book toge!r1 usually at ! =e edge4 ,cle>+ out4 ,remov+ ! wa/e pap] & p>+ away sup]flu\s lea!r ^u ! inside1 prep>atory to pa/+ d[n ! l9+-pap]4 ,clo? bo>ds4 ,/iff bo>ds cov]$ ) clo?4 ,cobd5-,s&]son /yle4 ,an arrangem5t ( graceful curves or /ems1 fl[]s1 buds & leaves1 treat$ conv5tionally2 ! backgr\nd be+ (t5 p[d]$ ) nebulae ( gold />s or dots4 ,! lett]+ ( title1 etc41 on back & sides is treat$ fancifully & (t5 made an integral "p ( ! design4 ,collat+4 ,exam9+ ! signatures1 or %eets1 aft] a volume is ga!r$1 to asc]ta9 if !y be correct & foll[ 9 num]ical ord]4 ,also1 exam9+ a book page by page to see if x is complete4 ,combs4 ,in/rum5ts ) wire tee? us$ 9 m>bl+4 ,! colors be+ ^u ! surface ( wat]1 ! comb is drawn across a portion 9 su* a way t a new =m is develop$4 ,corn]s4 ,lea!r pieces pa/$ on ! corn]s ( a half-b\nd or ?ree-qu>t]-b\nd book4 ,c[hide4 ,! ?ick1 co>se lea!r made f ! sk9 ( a c[4 ,by b9d]s x is commonly kn[n z ,am]ican ,russia1 or imitation ,russia4 ,x is mu* us$ = b9d+ popul> books ( fiction4 ,x has a slight gra9 or corrugation on ! surface1 is t\gh & /rong1 takes gild+ well1 we>s well & if ( be/ quality & h&l$ mu* is usually q durable2 t is1 w la/ five or six ye>s on popul> fiction4 ,creas]4 ,! tool us$ 9 m>k+ ea* side ( ! b&s1 g5]ally made ( /eel4 ,cropp$4 ,:5 a book has be5 cut d[n too mu* x is said to be cropp$4 ,cru%$4 ,lea!r :i* has be5 press$ betwe5 %eets ( metal to smoo? or give a f9i% to its co>se gra9 is said to be cru%$4 ,! process is usually appli$ to morocco or its imitations4 ,see ,cru%$ levant4 ,cru%$ levant4 ,levant morocco ) ! gra9 cru%$ d[n until ! surface is smoo? & highly poli%$4 ,9 f9e b9d+ ?is is done by h& aft] ! lea!r is on ! book4 ,mo/ cru%$ levant morocco1 h[ev]1 is surfac$ by a ma*9e be=e x is appli$ to ! book4 ,cut edges4 ,see ,edges cut4 ,cut flu%4 ,means t ! clo? cov]1 :i* is usually limp 7)\t bo>ds71 is drawn on ! book & ! :ole cut at once1 cov] & all1 ! edge ( ! cov] be+ cut flu% ) ! edge ( ! book4 ,x is a suitable way ( b9d+ only :5 /r5g? & elegance are n requir$4 ,cutt]1 or ,cutt+ ma*9e4 ,! ma*9e on :i* ! edges ( ! leaves ( books are cut or trimm$4 ,runn+ su* a ma*9e is n[ a special bran* ( ! b9d]'s trade4 ,sometimes call$ a guillot9e4 ,cutt+ bo>ds4 ,w$g$-%ap$ bo>ds some:at l back+-bo>ds1 b ) ! top edge squ>e2 us$ 9 cutt+ ! edge ( a book & 9 edge-gild+4 ,cutt+ 9 bo>ds4 ,cutt+ ! edges ( a book ) a pl\gh aft] ! bo>ds are lac$ on4 ,cutt+ press4 ,:5 a ly+ press is turn$ s t ! side ) ! runn]s is upp]mo/ x is call$ a cutt+ press4 ,d&y4 ,a roll] affix$ to pap]-mak+ ma*9es4 ,! wet web ( pap] c>ri$ on ! endless wire ( ! ma*9e passes "u ?is roll] & is press$ by x4 ,x gives ! laid or wove appe>ance to ! %eet1 & :5 lett]s1 figures1 or o!r devices are work$ 9 f9e wire on its surface x produces ! effect kn[n z wat]-m>k+4 ,deckle-edge4 ,! r\gh untrimm$ edge ( h&-made pap]4 ,deckle-edges are poorly imitat$ by cutt+ & te>+ ma*9e-made pap]1 sometimes ) ! aid ( a jet ( wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,oswego ,h& ,:eel ,drive ,cutt] ,d5telle bord]4 ,a tool$ po9t$ bord] ) f9ely dott$ or ,gascon ornam5ts 9 imitation ( lace4 ,d]ome /yle4 ,?is /yle has ornam5ts ( a leafy "*1 ) a m solid face1 ?\gh lightly %ad$ by ! grav]4 ,! ornam5ts are (t5 /yl$ ,r5aissance1 be+ an entire *ange f ! ,gascon4 ,! ,d]ome is be/ exemplifi$ 9 bord]s1 ,v&yke 9 design2 x is simple 9 con/ruction b ri* 9 effect1 & is appropriate = art publications4 ,"t1 eighte5? c5tury4 ,diap]4 ,a t]m appli$ to a small repeat+ all-ov] patt]n4 ,f wov5 mat]ial decorat$ 9 ?is way4 ,div9ity calf4 ,a d>k br[n calf bookb9d+ decorat$ ) bl9d /amp+1 & )\t gild+2 s call$ because =m]ly us$ 9 b9d+ !ological books4 ,div9ity edges4 ,see ,circuit edges4 ,d\ble4 ,see ,d\blure4 ,d\blure4 ,! inside face ( ! bo>ds1 especially appli$ to !m :5 l9$ ) lea!r & decorat$4 ,:5 ?us l9$ a cov] is said to be d\ble4 ,duck1 sometimes call$ ,canvas4 ,?is is made by _m firms 9 a wide range ( colors & qualities4 ,x is 9 fact a heavy cotton clo?4 ,slate-color$ duck #bh 94 wide1 #aj oz4 to ! y>d1 co/s ab\t #bj c5ts p] y>d4 ,?is is a firmly wov51 smoo? mat]ial4 ,we h us$ a light gre54 ,x takes pr9t]s' ink = lett]+ fairly well1 ?\gh x soon soils if h&l$4 ,x is a v desirable b9d+ = heavy books n mu* us$4 ,all su* books %\ld be /iff5$ by pa/+ or glu+ clo? on ! backs1 if loose back1 & %\ld be re9=c$ at head & tail4 ,dut* metal4 ,an imitation ( gold leaf1 sometimes us$ on *eap b9d+s4 ,x soon gr[s d>k or t>ni%es4 ,edges cut4 ,a book or pamphlet cut d[n suffici5tly to make all ! edges q smoo?4 ,edges gilt4 ,book edges cut & gild$4 ,edges op5$4 ,a book or pamphlet op5$1 ! folds ( ! leaves be+ cut by h& ) a pap] knife4 ,edges r$4 ,book edges cut & color$ r$4 ,edges roll$4 ,:5 ! edges ( ! cov]s are m>k$ ) a roll1 ei!r 9 gold or bl9d4 ,edges r\nd$4 ,corn]s r\nd$ to prev5t _! becom+ dog's-e>$4 ,edges trimm$4 ,a book or pamphlet ) ! edges cut en\gh to make !m tidy1 b n en\gh to cut ! folds ( ! leaves4 ,edges unt\*$4 ,a book or pamphlet ) edges uncut & unop5$4 ,edition de luxe4 ,appli$ to l>ge pap] editions ( books1 & to special editions :i* are 9 fact1 or are claim$ to be1 unusually well & exp5sively made4 ,emboss$4 ,:5 a plate is s /amp$ ^u a %eet or cov] z to produce a rais$ figure or design4 ,end leaves or ,l9+ pap]s4 ,are ! %eets :i* are pa/$ to ! inside ( ! cov]s1 & are ei!r pla9 :ite or color$1 accord+ to ! /yle ( b9d+4 ,m>bl$ pap]s are l>gely us$ on f9e lea!r "w4 ,sometimes 9 f9e b9d+s ! end leaves are made ( silk or lea!r4 ,end pap]s4 ,! pap]s plac$ at ea* end ( ! volume & pa/$ d[n ^u ! bo>ds4 ,also1 ! pap] plac$ at ea* end ( ! volume1 a portion ( :i* is usually remov$ :5 ! l9+-pap] is pa/$ d[n ^u ! bo>ds4 ,engli% l95 or ,l[ buckram4 ,a l95 clo?1 highly poli%$1 well color$1 /rong1 durable1 made 9 ,engl&1 & co/+ 9 ?is c\ntry ab\t #gj c5ts p] squ>e y>d4 ,9 ,de ,jonge's li/ 7,de ,jonge1 deal] 9 lea!r1 book clo?s1 etc41 #fi-gc ,duane ,/41 ,new ,york7 x is call$ ,l[ buckram4 ,we h us$ x = ! backs ( books1 light & heavy4 ,x promises to /& indef9itely if n mu* h&l$4 ,"u h&l+ x gr[s s(t & flabby l o!r book clo?s1 ?\gh n rapidly1 & )\t los+ its /r5g?4 ,we h disc>d$ x = ! books on :i* we fir/ tri$ x1 p]iodicals subject to mu* use4 ,x is n easy to lett] 9 gold by h&1 & does n hold gold well "u we>4 ,eve /yle4 ,a framework ( v>i\s geometrical-%ap$ comp>tm5ts l9k$ toge!r by int]lac$ circles2 ! c5t]s ( ! comp>tm5ts are fill$ ) small floral ornam5ts & ! irregul> spaces surr\nd+ !m ) circul> scrolls & bran*es ( laurel & palm4 ,an elaborate /yle ( ! end ( ! sixte5? & beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,extra b9d+4 ,a trade t]m = ! be/ "w4 ,fanf>e /yle4 ,:5 ! comp>tm5ts on a decorat$ corn] =m$ by fillets or curves1 or bo?1 are fill$ ) little bran*es1 v9es1 etc41 ! /yle ( decoration is said to be fanf>e--f its fir/ hav+ be5 us$ on a book ( :i* ?is ^w =m$ ! pr9cipal "p ( ! title4 ,fillet4 ,a cyl9drical tool ^u :i* a l9e1 l9es1 or figures are engrav$4 ,us$ 9 f9i%+4 ,f9i%+4 ,! dep>tm5t :i* receives books aft] !y are put 9 lea!r1 & ornam5ts !m z requir$4 ,x includes lett]+1 tool+1 poli%+1 etc4 ,also1 ! ornam5ts plac$ on a book4 ,"o :o works at ?is bran* is t]m$ a f9i%]4 ,illu/ration3 ,f9i%+ ,presses ,f9i%+ press4 ,a small press ) :i* a book is held firmly ) its back upw>d & expos$ = "w4 ,f9i%+ /ove4 ,a small gas heat]1 simil> to a hot plate1 = heat+ f9i%+ tools4 ,flexible b9d+4 ,:5 a book is sewn on rais$ b&s or cords & ! ?read is pass$ entirely r\nd ea* b&1 & ! :ole b9d+ is su* z to p]mit ! book to be op5$ readily4 ,illu/ration3 ,f9i%+ ,/& ,flexible glue4 ,?is is usually made by add+ ab\t two tablespoonfuls ( glyc]9e to half a p\nd ( ! glue 9 a dry /ate4 ,?is glue us$ on ! backs ( books makes ! b9d+ some:at m flexible4 ,x _c be recomm5d$ = all books 9 all cases z ! glyc]9e t5ds to weak5 ! glue1 at ! same "t t x prev5ts x f becom+ v h>d4 ,flexible sew+4 ,:5 ! cord re/s on in/ead ( be+ sunk into ! back & ! ?read is c>ri$ ar\nd x2 a book ?us sewn usually op5s freely4 ,flu% cut4 ,see ,cut flu%4 ,fly leaves4 ,! blank leaves at ! beg9n+ & end ( a book1 betwe5 ! end pap]s & ! book prop]4 ,fold]4 ,a flat piece ( bone or ivory us$ 9 fold+ ! %eets & 9 _m o!r manipulations4 ,also appli$ to ! p]son engag$ 9 fold+ %eets4 ,folio4 ,a %eet fold$ once1 consi/+ ( two leaves1 or f\r pages2 ! size ( ! %eet be+ usually und]/ood z ab\t #aibd in*es1 giv+ a leaf #aiab in*es4 ,also1 ! consecutive page numb]s ( a book1 pamphlet1 etc4 ,=e-edge4 ,! front edge ( ! leaves4 ,=w>d+4 ,all processes ?r\gh :i* a book passes aft] sew+1 o!r ?an ^? ( ornam5tation by means ( tools or rolls4 ,also t dep>tm5t :i* takes books aft] !y are sew$ & advances !m until !y are put 9 lea!r ready = ! f9i%]4 ,"o :o works at ?is bran* is t]m$ a =w>d]4 ,fr5* gu>d4 ,made by turn+ ov] half an in* or m ( ! back edge ( a pr9t$ %eet or illu/ration & !n fold+ x ar\nd ! next signature4 ,fr5* jo9t4 ,a jo9t 9 :i* ! bo>d is n br\ght close up to ! back1 ?us giv+ m play 9 op5+4 ,fr5* morocco4 ,an inf]ior quality ( levant morocco1 hav+ usually a small] & less prom95t gra94 ,full-b\nd4 ,:5 ! sides & back ( a book are entirely cov]$ ) "o piece ( ! same mat]ial x is said to be full-b\nd4 ,gascon1 ,le1 /yle4 ,! di/+ui%+ feature ( ?is /yle is ! dott$ face ( ! ornam5ts in/ead ( ! cont9u\s or solid l9e4 ,:]ev] ^! dott$ ornam5ts are us$ ! /yle is call$ ,le ,gascon4 ,"t1 ! fir/ half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 imm$iately foll[+ t ( ,ni*olas & ,clovis ,eve4 ,ga!r+4 ,! process ( collect+ ! sev]al %eets :i* make a book & arrang+ !m accord+ to ! signatures4 ,gaufre edges4 ,impressions made ) ! f9i%]'s tools on ! edges ( ! book aft] gild+4 ,gauge4 ,! tool us$ 9 =w>d+ to take ! correct size ( ! volume & to m>k x ^u ! bo>ds = squ>+4 ,gild+ press4 ,a press made ( two squ>e blocks br\ght toge!r by screws1 to hold books = gild+4 ,gilt4 ,appli$ to ornam5tal "w on cov]s & also to edges ( a book2 9 ! latt] case1 *iefly us$ = ! top4 ,gilt edges4 ,see ,edges gilt4 ,gilt tops4 ,books ) ! top edges cut & gild$4 ,?is prev5ts _! be+ soil$ by ! du/ t may collect on !m4 ,glair4 ,! :ite ( eggs beat5 up & us$ 9 f9i%+ & gild+ ! edges ( ! leaves4 ,g(f]$ edges4 ,see ,gaufre edges4 ,gold cu%ion4 ,a cu%ion ( lea!r on :i* ! f9i%] cuts gold leaf into pieces4 ,gold knife4 ,! knife = cutt+ ! gold leaf2 long & q /raight4 ,gold leaf4 ,gold beat5 into v ?9 leaves1 occasionally us$ = pr9t+ purposes1 b m p>ticul>ly = ! decoration ( book cov]s4 ,g\ge4 ,a gild+ tool cut to impress a curv$ l9e or segm5t ( a circle ^u ! lea!r4 ,gra94 ,! t]m appli$ to ! out] side ( a piece ( lea!r1 f :i* ! hair 0 remov$4 ,?is ^w is also us$ 9 describ+ ! diff]5t k9ds ( surface giv5 to lea!r 9 ! mak+1 (t5 ) a qualify+ adjective1 z1 seal-gra91 l ! gra9 on sealsk92 co>se gra92 pebble-gra9$1 t is1 gra9$ 9 an irregul> mann]1 z ?\gh num]\s small pebbles ( diff]5t sizes _h be5 press$ ^u its surface2 wat] gra92 smoo? gra92 brass bo>d gra91 usually put into c[sk91 etc4 ,gra9+4 ,! process ( giv+ to lea!r surfaces ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,grat]4 ,an iron in/rum5t us$ by ! =w>d] = rubb+ backs aft] !y are pa/e-wa%$4 ,groli] /yle4 ,an int]lac$ framework ( geometrical figures--circles1 squ>es1 & diamonds--) scrollwork runn+ ?r\gh x1 ! ornam5ts ( :i* are ( moresque "*1 g5]ally azur$ 9 :ole or 9 "p1 sometimes 9 outl9e only4 ,p>ts ( ! design are (t5 /udd$ ) gold dots4 ,"t1 fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,groove4 ,t "p ( ! sections :i* is turn$ ov] 9 back+ to receive ! bo>d4 ,also call$ ! ,jo9t4 ,gu>ds4 ,/rips ( pap] ins]t$ 9 ! backs ( books to :i* plates or pictures or any extra leaves are to be atta*$4 ,^! /rips mu/ always be cut ) ! gra94 ,!y make ! back z ?ick z ! book w be :5 ! plates h be5 atta*$ to !m4 ,also1 ! /rips ( pap] or clo? pa/$ along ! folds ( leaves to /r5g!n !m4 ,also1 ! /rips pa/$ to ! edges ( s+le leaves1 :e!r plates or n1 fold$ ab\t ! next signature & sewn ?r\gh ) x4 ,books ) ?ick1 heavy leaves are sometimes gu>d$ or h+$ ?r\gh\t t !y may op5 freely4 ,a n>r[ /rip is cut f ! back ( ea* leaf4 ,?is /rip is !n aga9 atta*$ to ! leaf f :i* x 0 cut by a /rip ( ?9 pap] or musl9 :i* acts z a h+e4 ,! leaves are !n b\nd toge!r ?r\gh & by ! /rips cut f !m4 ,guides4 ,! grooves 9 :i* ! pl\gh moves ^u ! face ( an old-/yle cutt+-press4 ,guillot9e4 ,a ma*9e ) a heavy knife hav+ a p]p5dicul> action1 us$ = cutt+ pap]4 ,usually call$ a ,cutt]1 or ,cutt+ ma*9e4 ,half-b\nd4 ,:5 ! back ( a book is cov]$ ) lea!r & ! sides ) pap] or clo?4 ,"s b9d]s call a book half-b\nd :5 x has lea!r on ! back & small pieces on ! corn]s4 ,?ree-qu>t]s b\nd means wide lea!r back & l>ge lea!r corn]s4 ,half-title4 ,! brief title :i* prec$es ! ma9 title page1 usually a s+le l9e 9 pla9 type2 ! ba/>d title4 ,h& lett]s4 ,lett]s fix$ 9 h&les2 us$ s+ly = lett]+4 ,head & tail4 ,! top & bottom ( ! back ( a book4 ,headb&4 ,! silk or cotton ornam5t work$ at ! head & tail ( a book to give x a f9i%$ look1 to /r5g!n x & to make ! back ev5 ) ! squ>es or bo>ds :i* =m ! sides4 ,on *eap b9d+ ! headb& is cut f a /rip ( ma*9e-made mat]ial & pa/$ 9 m]ely = ornam5t4 ,heel-ball4 ,a prep>ation ( wax us$ by %oemak]s1 9 ! =m ( a ball1 9 burni%+ ! heels ( %oes4 ,head cap4 ,! fold ( lea!r ov] ! headb&4 ,imitation ,russia4 ,see ,c[hide4 ,imp]ial morocco clo?4 ,a gra9-f9i%$ l95-?read clo? manufactur$ by ! ,w9t]bottom ,book ,clo? ,company ( ,engl&4 ,x is made 9 diff]5t colors2 ( ^! ! libr>y has tri$ b "o1 ! gre54 ,on books :i* h "s1 b n con/ant use1 x is a v good sub/itute = lea!r4 ,x takes lett]+ well1 & we>s bett] ?an any ( ! clo?s ! libr>y has tri$4 ,! price is #dh c5ts p] squ>e y>d by ! roll1 fa/ color1 duty paid4 7,de ,jonge ,co41 #fi-gc ,duane ,/41 ,new ,york47 ,9 bo>ds4 ,:5 a book is cut aft] ! bo>ds are affix$ to =m ! sides1 x is said to be cut 9 bo>ds4 ,! t]m is also appli$ to a /yle ( b9d+ 9 :i* ! bo>ds are cov]$ ) pap] only4 ,inset4 ,:5 "o %eet is plac$ inside ( ano!r1 bo? be+ fold$4 ,inside m>g9s4 ,! bord] made by ! turn 9 ( ! lea!r on ! inside ( bo>ds4 ,inside t9s4 ,%eets ( t92 s call$ f be+ plac$ inside ! bo>ds :5 a book is put 9 ! /&+-press4 ,jans5 /yle4 ,)\t l9e or ornam5t ei!r 9 blank or gold4 ,x p]mits decoration on ! inside cov]1 b dem&s absolute pla9ness on ! outside1 ) ! exception ( lett]+4 ,x is only appropriate = cru%$ levant1 x be+ dep5d5t = its beauty on ! poli%$ surface ( ! lea!r4 ,javelle wat]4 ,to "o p\nd ( *loride ( lime add f\r & a half p9ts ( wat]1 & put 9 a j> ) tight cov]4 ,dissolve #bj oz4 ( ord9>y wa%+ soda 9 f\r & a half p9ts ( boil+ wat]1 9 a sep>ate vessel1 & imm$iately p\r into ! fir/ mixture4 ,:5 cold add en\gh wat] to make elev5 p9ts 9 all4 ,/ra9 ?r\gh musl91 settle1 & p\r (f ! cle> solution4 ,?is w remove _m /a9s2 b c>e mu/ be tak5 to r9se ?or\ghly ! pap] ) wat] aft] us+ x1 z x t5ds to rot pap]4 ,jo9ts4 ,! projections =m$ 9 back+ to admit ! bo>ds4 ,also ! lea!r or clo?1 ) its l9+1 :]e x passes f ! book prop] to ! bo>ds :5 ! volume is cov]$2 t is1 ! "p ( ! b9d+ t b5ds :5 ! bo>ds are op5$4 ,see also ,fr5* jo9t4 ,ju/ification4 ,! process ( mak+ ! pages ( a book lie opposite "o ano!r to insure a /raight & equal m>g9 ?r\gh\t4 ,k]atol1 ! ,b ,b ,b grade1 or ,buff+ette manufactur$ by ! ,k]atol ,company1 cor4 ,clif=d & ,van ,bur5 ,/s41 ,new>k1 ,n4 ,j41 at #ce c5ts p] y>d4 ,a wat]pro( clo? made 9 imitation ( lea!r4 ,x is excell5t = ! sides ( books :i* receive mu* we>1 z x does n %[ ei!r f+] or wat] m>ks1 & outla/s ! ord9>y book clo?4 ,x _c be recomm5d$ = full b9d+ z x is difficult to lett] & we>s away quickly at ! jo9ts4 ,at fir/ x has a disagreeable odor1 b ?is we>s (f4 ,an objectionable feature is t labels _c easily be pa/$ ^u x4 ,to ov]come ?is difficulty1 put a ?9 coat ( %ellac on ! place :]e ! label is to g4 ,! objectionable po9t m5tion$ is ov]balanc$ by ! mat]ial's good qualities4 ,kettle/it*4 ,z ! sew] draws ! ?read out ?r\gh ! hole ne> ! end ( a signature %e passes x betwe5 ! two prec$+ signatures & ar\nd ! ?read :i* connects !m1 be=e %e passes x into ! hole 9 ! signature %e next lays on4 ,?is is call$ ! kettle-/it*1 a ^w said to be a corruption ( ei!r cat*-up /it* or *a9 /it*4 ,keys4 ,little metal in/rum5ts us$ to secure ! b&s to ! sew+ b5*4 ,kip calf4 ,made f ! sk9 ( a heif]2 mu* /rong] ?an ord9>y calf4 ,knock+-d[n iron4 ,a heavy iron plate on :i* are plac$ ! sides ( a lac$-9 book :5 ! lac+s ( /r+1 tape or vellum1 are p\nd$ d[n ) a hamm] s !y w n %[ :5 ! book is cov]$4 ,lac$ 94 ,:5 ! bo>ds are affix$ to ! volume by pass+ ! b&s1 /r+s1 or tapes on :i* x is sewn ?r\gh holes made 9 ! bo>ds1 !y are said to be lac$ 94 ,laid pap]4 ,hav+ l9es wat]-m>k$ 9 x1 runn+ ?r\gh x at equal di/ances ap>t1 ! l9es be+ ?9 places made by ! pressure ( projections on ! d&y-roll4 ,lay+ press4 ,see ,ly+ press4 ,law %eep4 ,law books are usually b\nd 9 %eep left :olly uncolor$1 h5ce ! t]m4 ,_m law books are n[ b\nd 9 buckram1 canvas or duck4 ,lea!rette4 ,clo? or pap] made to look l lea!r4 ,!re are _m k9ds us$ 9 b9d+1 "s ( :i* look v well & we> ab\t z long z poor] k9ds ( clo?4 ,lett]+ block4 ,a piece ( wood ( ab\t ! size & %ape ( a l>ge book4 ,lea!r labels :i* are to be lett]$ 9 gold are laid on ! r\nd$ edge ( ?is block t ! pallet may be press$ on !m m readily4 ,lett]+ box4 ,! iron box 9 :i* type are screw$ up prep>atory to lett]+4 ,to ! box is atta*$ a h&le1 ! :ole =m+ a pallet4 ,lett]+ pallet4 ,see ,pallet4 ,levant morocco4 ,orig9ally made 9 ! ,levant f ! sk9s ( ,angora goats4 ,a sup]ior quality ( morocco1 hav+ a l>ge & prom95t gra94 ,fr5* levant morocco has long held its place z ! be/ ( all lea!rs = bookb9d+4 ,limp b9d+4 ,b9d+ ) a ?9 & yield+ cov]4 ,a p]fectly limp lea!r book c be roll$ up easily4 ,l954 ,see ,engli% l954 ,l95-f9i% buckram4 ,poli%$ buckram & sat9-f9i% book clo?4 ,manufactur$ by ,jos4 ,bancr(t ,sons ,co41 ,rock=d1 ne> ,wilm+ton1 ,del4 7,new ,york ag5t1 ,alb]t ,d4 ,smi?1 #ce-cg ,?omas ,/41 ,new ,york47 ,! special features ( ^! clo?s1 9 :i* x is claim$ !y are sup]ior1 are uni=mity ( color1 f9i% & fabric1 we>+ qualities1 t5sile /r5g?1 & easy application ( decoration1 ink or metal4 ,l9+ pap]s4 ,! color$ or m>bl$ pap] at ea* end ( a book4 ,call$ also ,end pap]s1 :i* see4 ,loose back4 ,see ,back1 tight & loose4 ,l[ buckram4 ,see ,engli% l954 ,ly+ press4 ,! t]m appli$ to ! "u side ( ! cutt+ press :5 us$ = back+4 ,usually call$ lay+ press4 ,maioli /yle4 ,a /yle prior to & contempor>y ) ! e>ly 7,italian7 examples ( ! ,groli]4 ,g5]ally compos$ ( a framework ( %ields or m$allions1 ) a design ( scrollwork fl[+ ?r\gh x4 ,portions ( ! design are usually /udd$ ) gold dots4 ,ornam5ts are ( moresque "*4 ,m>bl$ calf4 ,calf s treat$ ) acid t x be>s "s resemblance to m>ble4 ,m>bl]4 ,a workman :o m>bles ! edges ( ! leaves4 ,m>bl+4 ,a process ( decorat+ %eets ( pap] & edges ( books ) v>iegat$ colors 9 irregul> patt]ns4 ,millbo>d4 ,! bo>ds t are atta*$ to ! book to =m ! cov]s4 ,sev]al k9ds are 9 use n[2 ! be/ is made ( old naval cordage4 ,millbo>d ma*9e4 ,see ,bo>d cutt]4 ,mitr$4 ,:5 ! l9es 9 f9i%+ int]sect ea* o!r at "r angles & are cont9u$ )\t ov]runn+ ea* o!r1 !y are said to be mitr$4 ,morocco4 ,lea!r made f goatsk9s1 tann$ ) sumac1 orig9ally made 9 ! ,b>b>y /ates1 b aft]w>ds v l>gely 9 ! ,levant1 & n[ produc$ 9 ,europe & ,am]ica f sk9s import$ f ,asia & ,africa4 ,! peculi> qualities ( true morocco are great firmness ( texture1 ) flexibility1 & a gra9$ surface1 ( :i* !re are _m v>ieties4 ,?is surface is produc$ by a process :i* consi/s l>gely 9 roll+ & fold+1 call$ gra9+4 ,true morocco is ( extreme h>dness1 & makes ! mo/ durable book b9d+s2 x is us$ also = uphol/]+ seats & = simil> purposes1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t 9 %oemak+4 ,e>ly specim5s ( r$ morocco1 f ! sixte5? to ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 7 f\nd 9 good condition1 & ( all lea!rs notic$ ?is seems to be ! lea/ affect$4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ! committee1 mo/ ( ?is lea!r has be5 tann$ ) sumac or "s closely alli$ tann+ mat]ial4 ,morocco b9d+s e>li] ?an #ahfj 7 g5]ally f\nd to be 9 fairly good condition2 b morocco aft] t date seems to be mu* less reliable1 & 9 _m cases has become utt]ly rott54--,report '#ja4 ,lea!r call$ morocco1 sometimes ) a qualify+ adjective1 is n[ made 9 ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,mu* ( ?is is v good1 ev5 :5 made1 z x (t5 is1 f o!r sk9s ?an ^? ( goats4 ,ev5 ! exp]ts seem (t5 unable to di/+ui% ! good f ! be/4 ,none ( x is to be condemn$ or approv$ because x is or is n made 9 ! ,levant1 or f goatsk9s4 ,morocco4 ,! "n giv5 to any imitation1 (t5 made ( %eepsk91 ( ! g5u9e morocco4 ,morocco4 ,= ,bock1 ,fr5*1 ,levant1 ,p]sian1 ,turkey morocco1 see ! sev]al words4 ,morocco clo?4 ,see ,imp]ial morocco clo?4 ,mosaic b9d+4 ,a b9d+ ( lea!r decorat$ ) designs made 9 :ole or 9 "p by inlay+ pieces ( lea!r or o!r mat]ial ( diff]5t colors4 ,! designs are usually outl9$ ) gold4 ,mottl$ calf4 ,a light br[n calf bookb9d+1 made to look mottl$ by treatm5t ) acid4 ,nig] goatsk94 ,br\ght f ,africa by ! ,royal ,nig] ,company4 ,a native production4 ,x has a v beautiful color & texture1 ) no gra94 ,x has /ood all ! te/s giv5 x )\t s]i\s det]ioration4 ,x does n keep clean "u h&l+ z well z a good co>se-gra9$ morocco4 ,especially recomm5d$ by ! committee appo9t$ to inve/igate lea!r by ! ,society ( ,arts1 ( ,engl&4 ,octavo4 ,a %eet ( pap] fold$ into eight leaves1 be+1 :5 fold$1 ab\t #h-a_/b #e-a_/b in*es2 usually writt5 #hvo4 ,(f-set4 ,! impression made by pr9t aga9/ ! opposite page1 :5 a book has be5 roll$ or beat5 be=e ! ink is dri$2 also call$ ,set-(f4 ,op5$ edges4 ,see ,edges op5$4 ,out ( bo>ds4 ,:5 a volume is cut be=e ! bo>ds are affix$ x is done out ( bo>ds4 ,ne>ly all "w is n[ done out ( bo>ds4 ,ov]ca/+4 ,sew+ ! leaves or signatures ( a book toge!r ov] & ov]4 ,usually done only :5 ! book consi/s ( s+le leaves or plates2 b is q commonly employ$ n[ 9 reb9d+ books1 especially on ! la/ two or ?ree signatures front & back4 ,also call$ :ip-/it*+4 ,probably #ij p] c5t4 ( ! books publi%$ today w /& we> bett] if !y are prop]ly ov]ca/ ?an if !y are sew$ 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,pallet4 ,"n giv5 to ! tool us$ 9 gild+ ^u ! b&s2 sometimes appli$ to ! /eel box1 ) a h&le1 9 :i* lett]s are fa/5$ :5 !y are press$ ^u ! back4 ,panel4 ,! space betwe5 b&s2 also appli$ to bevel$ & sunk sides4 ,panel+4 ,! sides ( books are sometimes ornam5t$ ) sunk5 panels4 ,panel$ cov]s are usually made ( wood & cov]$ ) lea!r1 ?\gh sometimes a panel$ effect is produc$ on c>dbo>ds by heavy pressure4 ,illu/ration3 ,lett]+ ,pallet ,pap]+ up4 ,cov]+ ! leaves ( a volume to protect !m :ile ! volume is be+ f9i%$4 ,?is is (t5 done 9 f9e b9d+1 especially aft] edges h be5 gild$4 ,p>+4 ,r$uc+ ! edges ( ! lea!r by cutt+ !m d[n to =m a gradual slope4 ,9 l>ge b9d]ies n[ done by a ma*9e4 ,p>+ knife4 ,! knife us$ = p>+4 ,pa/ewa%4 ,a ?9 dilution ( pa/e 9 wat]4 ,payne1 ,rog]1 /yle4 ,! ornam5ts ( ?is /yle are easily id5tifi$1 be+ free & fl[+ 9 /em & fl[]2 :]eas be=e ,payne's "t !y _h be5 /iff & =mal4 ,! honeysuckle is a cu/om>y ornam5t4 ,! impressions ( ! tools are usually /udd$ r\nd ) gold dots1 :e!r us$ 9 bord]s1 corn]s1 or c5t]pieces4 ,! /yle is well suit$ = e>ly n9ete5? c5tury lit]ature1 especially poetry4 ,pebble gra9$4 ,see ,gra94 ,p]sian morocco4 ,a k9d ( morocco lea!r mu* us$ 9 bookb9d+4 ,x may be f9i%$ by gra9+ 9 sev]al /yles4 ,x is mo/ly made 9 ,g]many1 f ! sk9s ( hairy %eep call$ ,p]sian goats1 :5ce its "n is d]iv$4 ,ea/ ,indian or ',p]sian' tann$ %eep & goatsk9s1 call$ ',p]sian morocco' or ',p]sian %eep1' n[ us$ l>gely = *eap bookb9d+ purposes1 are extremely bad4 ,books b\nd 9 ^! mat]ials h be5 f\nd to %[ decay 9 less ?an #ab mon?s & probably no book b\nd 9 ^! lea!rs1 expos$ on a %elf to sunlight or gas fumes1 c be expect$ to la/ m ?an five or six ye>s4--,report '#ja4 ,petits ,f]s4 ,small h& tools us$ 9 f9i%+1 z di/+ui%$ f ! /amps or blocks work$ 9 a press4 ,piec$4 ,:5 ! space betwe5 b&s1 :]e lett]+ or title is plac$1 has fa/5$ to x a piece ( lea!r diff]5t f ! back1 x is said to be piec$ or titl$4 ,pigsk94 ,lea!r made ( pigsk94 ,x is v t\gh & if con/antly h&l$ we>s well4 ,mod]n pigsk91 if g5u9e1 seems to la/ v well 9 "s colors & 9 an undy$ condition2 b "s color$ pigsk9 b9d+s h utt]ly p]i%$4 ,pigsk9 is naturally h>d & r /iff lea!r & is suitable = l>ge books r ?an small1 & = books :i* are mu* h&l$4 ,if submitt$ to sev]e s(t5+ processes 9 manufacture its durability is v small4--,report '#ja4 ,*iv]s has us$ a s(t1 ?9 pigsk9 ) great success1 "h & 9 ,engl&4 ,plate4 ,an illu/ration pr9t$ f a plate4 ,t]m (t5 incorrectly appli$ to illu/rations pr9t$ f wood-cuts4 ,also1 any full page illu/ration pr9t$ on pap] diff]5t f t ( ! re/ ( ! book is usually call$ a plate4 ,pl\gh4 ,an in/rum5t us$ 9 cutt+ ! edges ( books & bo>ds4 ,po9tille /yle4 ,! dott$ /yle ( ornam5t ( ,le ,gascon4 ,po9ts4 ,small holes made 9 ! %eets by ! pr9t] :i* s]ve z guides 9 regi/]+ & fold+4 ,illu/ration3 ,flat ,poli%] ,poli%]4 ,a /eel in/rum5t = giv+ a gloss to lea!r aft] f9i%+4 ,p[d]4 ,see ,seme4 ,press4 ,!re are sev]al k9ds ( presses1 viz43 pl\gh & press1 = cutt+1 & /&+1 /amp+1 emboss+1 gild+1 & f9i%+ presses4 ,press p94 ,an iron b> us$ = turn+ ! screws ( presses4 ,press+ bo>ds4 ,bo>ds put betwe5 books :5 !y are press$4 ,!y are usually made ( c>efully season$ wood1 & h a heavy /rip ( brass ab\t _! edges1 :i* projects a little above ! bo>d's surface4 ,books are laid on ! bo>ds ) _! backs project+ ov] ?is b& en\gh to br+ ! latt] exactly into ! groove ( ! jo9t4 ,ano!r bo>d is laid on ^! books 9 ! same position z ! fir/1 & s on4 ,all are !n press$4 ,press+ plates4 ,?9 plates ( metal1 japann$ or nickel$1 us$ to give a f9i% or poli% to ! lea!r on a book by plac+ !m next to ! lea!r & !n subject+ book & plates to heavy pressure4 ,publi%]s' b9d+s4 ,see ,case b9d+s4 ,qu>to4 ,:5 a %eet is fold$ into f\r leaves1 ! size ( ! fold$ piece be+ ab\t #aa #h-a_/b in*es2 usually writt51 #dto4 ,quire4 ,tw5ty-f\r %eets4 ,:5 ! %eets ( a pamphlet are fold$ & set into ea* o!r 9 "o section1 !y are quir$4 ,recto4 ,! "r page2 v]so is ! left page4 ,r$ edges4 ,see ,edges r$4 ,regi/]4 ,:5 ! pr9t on "o side ( a leaf falls exactly ov] t on ! o!r x is said to regi/]4 ,also1 a ribbon plac$ 9 a book z a m>k]4 ,r5aissance ornam5ts4 ,see ,d]ome /yle4 ,roan4 ,lea!r made ( %eepsk9 & n split4 ,see ,%eepsk94 ,roll$ edges4 ,see ,edges roll$4 ,roll+ ma*9e4 ,a ma*9e introduc$ to save ! labor ( beat+4 ,by x ! %eets are pass$ betwe5 two revolv+ cyl9d]s4 ,us$ 9 publi%]s' b9d+4 ,rolls4 ,:eels ( brass1 cut to any patt]n1 = impress+ gold leaf on lea!r4 ,r\lette bord]4 ,a bord] design produc$ by a :eel on ! circumf]5ce ( :i* is engrav$ a patt]n t reproduces itself z ! :eel is revolv$4 ,illu/ration3 ,r\nd+ ,hamm] ,r\nd$ edges4 ,see ,edges r\nd$4 ,r\nd+4 ,! process by :i* ! back ( a book is made r\nd4 ,r\nd+ hamm]4 ,a heavy1 r\nd-fac$ hamm] us$ 9 r\nd+ books4 ,r\ndlet4 ,a small circle 9 gold4 ,roxburgh b9d+4 ,a b9d+ ) a r n>r[ lea!r back1 )\t b&s1 simply lett]$1 pap] sides & no lea!r corn]s4 ,rubb+ or rub-(f4 ,! "n usually giv5 to ! copy ( ! lett]+ on ! back ( ! book1 made by hold+ ?9 pap] tightly ov] ! back & rubb+ ! pap] ) a heel-ball or a piece ( plumbago4 ,run up4 ,:5 a back has a fillet run f top to bottom )\t be+ mitr$ at ea* b&1 x is said to be run up4 ,russia lea!r4 ,a f9e lea!r prep>$ 9 ,russia1 & imitat$ else:]e1 by v c>eful will[b>k tann+1 dye+ ) s&alwood1 & soak+ 9 bir* oil4 ,x is ( a br[ni% r$ color1 & has a peculi> & *>act]i/ic odor4 ,! g5u9e is n (t5 us$ 9 b9d+2 x is n z /rong z c[hide4 ,9 ne>ly all samples ( ,russia lea!r a v viol5t =m ( r$ decay 0 notic$4 ,9 _m cases ! lea!r 0 f\nd to be absolutely rott5 9 all p>ts expos$ to light & air1 s t on ! v slighte/ rubb+ ) a blunt in/rum5t ! lea!r fell into f9e du/4--,report '#ja4 ,saddle-/it*$4 ,a pamphlet or book ( "o signature only sew$ ) ?read or fa/5$ ) wire /aples along ! back is said to be saddle-/it*$4 ,saw+ 94 ,mak+ grooves 9 ! back ( a book ) a saw to receive /r+s or b&s4 ,seal gra94 ,see ,gra94 ,section4 ,a fold$ %eet4 ,see ,signature4 ,seme1 or ,semis1 or ,p[d]4 ,ornam5tation 9 :i* a device is repeat$ at regul> int]vals4 ,set-(f4 ,see ,(f-set4 ,sett+ ! head4 ,cov]+ ! headb& neatly ) ! lea!r to =m ov] x a k9d ( cap4 ,sew]4 ,! p]son :o sews toge!r on a sew+ b5* ! %eets1 call$ :5 fold$ sections or signatures1 to =m a book4 ,illu/ration3 ,sew+ ,b5* ,sew+ b5*4 ,a bo>d f "o side ( :i* rise two /icks across :i* is a b>1 :i* c be mov$ up & d[n & fix$ 9 any desir$ position4 ,/r+s1 b&s1 or tapes are /ret*$ v]tically betwe5 ! edge ( ! bo>d & ! cross b>2 aga9/ ^! ! signatures ( a book are successively plac$ & to !m sew$4 ,%eepsk94 ,! commone/ lea!r us$ = b9d+4 ,:5 unsplit x is call$ ,roan4 ,:5 split 9 two1 ! upp] half is call$ ,skiv]1 ! "u or fle%y half a ,fle%]4 ,?is lea!r is easy to "w1 takes gold lett]+ easily1 & looks fairly well on a book4 ,b x is n /rong1 & mo/ k9ds dry out & break )9 ?ree to five ye>s1 ev5 if mu* h&l$4 ,! lea!r made f ! sk9 ( ! %eep is n all alike4 ,! rem>k already made1 t a giv5 piece ( lea!r is n to be condemn$ = its "n1 applies to all ! o!r lea!rs 9 ?is li/4 ,! sk9 f "s m\nta9-br$ %eep1 = example1 if well tann$1 makes a good lea!r4 ,%eepsk9 b9d+s ( ! e>ly "p ( ! c5tury are _m ( !m /ill 9 good condition4 ,%eepsk91 9 a fairly natural /ate1 seems to keep its flexibility1 b x is v easily damag$ by friction4 ,s9ce ab\t #ahfj %eepsk9 z %eepsk9 is h>dly to be f\nd4 ,we h in/ead %eepsk9s gra9$ 9 imitation ( v>i\s o!r lea!rs1 & ^! imitation gra9$ lea!rs are1 g5]ally speak+1 9 a worse condition ?an any o!rs1 except+1 p]haps1 "s ( ! v ?9 calf b9d+s4--,report '#ja4 ,%elf-back4 ,! back ( ! book1 %[+ ! title1 b&s1 decorations1 etc4 ,signature4 ,! lett] or figure "u ! foot-l9e ( ! fir/ page ( ea* %eet or signature to indicate ! ord] ( its arrangem5t 9 ! book2 (t5 appli$ to ! %eet itself4 ,sixte5mo4 ,a %eet fold$ into sixte5 leaves1 ab\t #df in*es :5 fold$4 ,usually writt5 #afmo4 ,size4 ,a prep>ation ( pa/ewa% us$ 9 f9i%+ & gild+4 ,sizes ( books4 ,see folio1 qu>to1 octavo1 etc4 ,skiv]4 ,! out] hair or gra9 side ( %eepsk9 :i* has be5 split4 ,x is commonly ! ?9n] ( ! two p>ts1 z :5 ! inn] is prep>$ = *amois4 ,x usually looks well1 & is easily work$1 b is n /rong4 ,mu* us$ = b9d+s4 ,see ,%eepsk94 ,slips4 ,! ends ( ! b&1 tw9e or tape on :i* ! book is sewn t project beyond ! back aft] x is sew$4 ,smoo? calf4 ,pla9 or undecorat$ calf4 ,split lea!r4 ,lea!r split by ma*9e4 ,two or m pieces or splits are ?us obta9$ ei!r ( :i* may be us$4 ,! inn] lay] is usually ( inf]ior quality4 ,sometimes lea!r is split simply to secure uni=mity ( ?ickness 9 ! out] p>ts4 ,spr9kl$ calf4 ,calf s treat$ ) acid t x looks z if x _h be5 spr9kl$ ) a dye4 ,spr9kl$ edges4 ,cut edges ( books spr9kl$ ) color1 t ! m>ks made by h&l+ may be less evid5t4 ,squ>es4 ,! portion ( ! bo>ds t project beyond ! edge ( ! leaves ( ! book4 ,/abb$4 ,a pamphlet or book ( "o or m signatures held toge!r by ?read or wire /aples driv5 v]tically ?r\gh ne> ! back edge is said to be /abb$4 ,/abb+4 ,! op]ation ( pi]c+ ! bo>ds ) a bodk9 = ! slips to pass ?r\gh4 ,also ! pi]c+ ( pamphlets = /it*+4 ,also ! process ( fa/5+ pamphlets toge!r ) /aples ( f9e wire1 done on a ma*9e4 ,/amp+ press4 ,see ,block+ press4 ,/amps4 ,! brass tools us$ 9 f9i%+ to impress figures ^u ! lea!r2 !y are di/+ui%$ z h& /amps & /amps = ! press4 ,illu/ration3 ,/&+ ,press ( ,wood & ,iron ,/&+ press4 ,a l>ge press ) screw = press+ _m books at once4 ,/>t4 ,:51 aft] cutt+1 "o or m sections ( ! book come =w>d1 mak+ ! =e edge irregul>1 !y are said to h />t$4 ,/eamboat+4 ,cutt+ books out ( bo>ds1 a numb] be+ cut at ! same "t4 ,/raight edge4 ,a flat rul]4 ,sup]4 ,a ?91 loosely wov5 cotton clo?1 glu$ onto ! backs ( books to help to hold ! signatures toge!r &1 by ext5d+ ov] to ! inside ( ! cov]1 to hold book & cov] toge!r4 ,9 publi%]s' b9d+ ?is is usually all t holds a book 9 its case4 ,x is ?9 & loosely wov5 t x may be easily glu$ d[n & />*$ t x may be easily h&l$4 ,its place is tak5 9 good b9d+ by f9e musl9 or jaconet4 ,t4 ,e4 ,g4 ,top-edge gilt4 ,tacky4 ,/icky2 spok5 (t5 ( glue aft] x has set1 b be=e x is q dry4 ,tail4 ,see ,head & tail4 ,tape4 ,cotton tape on :i* _m books are be/ sewn4 ,x %\ld be /\t b flexible4 ,?read4 ,! ?read ) :i* books are sewn is usually made ( l951 unblea*$4 ,x comes 9 sev]al sizes4 ,if ( good quality1 say ,hayes's ,/&>d l951 x co/s ab\t #a4be p] p\nd = ,no4 #ah #b-;cord4 ,silk ?read is sometimes us$ 9 extra b9d+ & on v ?ick books4 ,9 ma*9e sew+ cotton ?read is us$ & we>s well4 ,?irty-twomo4 ,a %eet ( pap] fold$ into ?irty-two leaves2 usually writt5 #cbmo4 ,?ree-qu>t]s b\nd4 ,see ,half-b\nd4 ,tight back4 ,see ,back1 tight & loose4 ,title4 ,! space betwe5 ! b&s ^u :i* ! title is lett]$4 ,titl$4 ,see ,piec$4 ,tools4 ,brass /amps us$ = impress+ gold leaf on lea!r4 ,appli$ p>ticul>ly to ! h& /amps & tools us$ 9 f9i%+4 ,top cov]4 ,! upp] or front cov] ( a book 9 b9d+4 ,top edges4 ,! head or top ( a book1 9 contradi/9ction to =e-edge or tail4 ,top gilt4 ,us$ 9 speak+ ( a book ( :i* ! top edge only is gild$4 ,top side4 ,! front side ( ! cov] ( a book 9 b9d+4 ,tree calf4 ,a bright br[n calf /a9$ by acids 9 conv5tional imitation ( ! trunk & bran*es ( a tree4 ,trimm$4 ,! edges ( a book are said to be trimm$ :5 ! edges ( ! l>g] or project+ leaves only h be5 cut4 ,tr9dle4 ,a /rip ( ?9 wood or iron us$ to take ! r\nd out ( a book :5 x is cut4 ,tub4 ,! /& :i* supports ! ly+ press4 ,orig9ally an actual tub to cat* ! %av+s4 ,turkey morocco4 ,made ( goatsk9s f ,turkey4 ,x is v /rong1 durable lea!r2 exp5sive1 b wor? ! money4 ,turn+ up4 ,! process ( tak+ ! r\nd out ( a book :5 ! edge is cut4 ,all books t are cut 9 bo>ds h a pair ( tr9dles ?ru/ betwe5 ! bo>ds & across ! back to assi/ 9 ?is op]ation4 ,ty+ up4 ,ty+ a volume ) heavy tw9e aft] ! lea!r cov] has be5 drawn on to make ! lea!r adh]e to ! sides ( ! b&s2 also to help 9 sett+ ! head4 ,uncut4 ,a book is said to be uncut :5 ! edges ( ! pap] h n be5 cut ) ! cutt+ ma*9e4 ,unop5$4 ,a book is said to be unop5$ if ! bolts ( ! %eets h n be5 cut4 ,vellum4 ,see ,art vellum4 ,v]so4 ,! left page4 ,wa/e1 or ,wa/e leaves4 ,"p ( ! end pap]s & ! blank leaves betwe5 ! color$ end pap]s & ! book prop]2 %\ld be "p ( ! same lot ( pap] ) :i* ! book is pr9t$4 ,"o ( ! wa/e leaves is (t5 pa/$ to ! loose half ( ! l9+ pap] or end %eet1 ?us =m+ a d\bl$ fly-leaf4 ,wa/e pap]s4 ,see ,end pap]s4 ,wat]pro( %eets4 ,%eets ( celluloid or wat]pro( c>dbo>d sometimes laid 9 or betwe5 books :5 press+4 ,:atman pap]4 ,a high grade quality ( ,engli% h&-made pap]1 bo? laid & wove1 *iefly us$ = draw+4 ,:ipp+4 ,same z :ip/it*+ or ov]ca/+4 ,:ip/it*+4 ,see ,ov]ca/+4 ,:ite edges4 ,simply cut1 )\t be+ gild$ or color$4 ,:ole b9d+4 ,:5 ! lea!r cov]s ! back & sides ( a volume4 ,wire /aples4 ,f9e wire /aples us$ by c]ta9 book-sew+ ma*9es 9 ! place ( ?read = hold+ ! sections to a piece ( musl94 ,also ! /aples us$ 9 place ( ?read 9 saddle-/it*+ a pamphlet ( "o signature on a ma*9e4 ,us$ also 9 hold+ a book ( sev]al signatures toge!r1 ! /aple be+ driv5 ?r\gh all ! signatures close to _! back edges4 ,witness4 ,:5 a book has be5 trimm$1 leav+ "s ( ! leaves /ill r\gh1 ! latt] are a witness z to ! orig9al size ( ! %eet & prove t x has n be5 cut d[n4 ,wove pap]4 ,t :i* does n %[ wat]-m>k$ l9es runn+ across x2 di/+ui%$ f laid pap]4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,mak]s & ,deal]s 9 ,bookb9d]s' ,mat]ials1 ,tools & ,ma*9]y ,jos4 ,bancr(t ,sons1 manufactur]s1 ,rock=d1 ,wilm+ton1 ,del4 ,book clo?s4 ,alb]t ,d4 ,smi?1 #ce & #cg ,?omas ,/41 ,new ,york1 ,new ,york ag5t4 ,john ,campbell ,co41 #cd ,f]ry ,/41 ,new ,york4 ,lea!rs1 book clo?s1 m>ble pap]s1 etc4 ,c$ric ,*iv]s1 #iaa ,atlantic ,ave41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y41 & ,ba?1 ,engl&4 ,b9d] f publi%]s' %eets1 reb9d]1 art b9d]4 ,crawley ,book ,ma*9]y ,company1 ,newport1 ,ky4 ,bookb9d]s' ma*9]y4 ,l\is ,de ,jonge ,co41 #ga-gc ,duane ,/41 ,new ,york4 ,lea!r1 book clo?s1 fancy pap]1 bookb9d]s' supplies & ma*9]y4 ,d5nison's ,manufactur+ ,co41 #ae ,john ,/41 ,new ,york4 ,gumm$ labels & o!r (fice supplies4 ,miss ,edi? ,diehl1 #aca ,e4 #ca/ ,/41 ,new ,york4 ,lea!r & b9d+ supplies4 ,gane ,bros41 #ha ,duane ,/41 ,new ,york4 ,lea!rs1 clo?s1 bo>ds1 bookb9d]s' supplies & ma*9]y ( e description4 ,?os4 ,g>n] ,co41 #aha ,william ,/41 & #bb ,spruce ,/41 ,new ,york4 ,manufactur]s ( lea!rs & bookb9d]s' supplies4 ,gaylord ,bros41 #aag ,em]son ,build+1 ,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y4 ,book repair mat]ial ( _m k9ds4 ,! ,h4 ,griff9 ,sons ,company1 #ge-gg ,duane ,/41 ,new ,york4 ,lea!rs1 book clo?s1 m>ble pap]s & bookb9d]s' mat]ials ( e description4 ,! ,hamilton ,manufactur+ ,company1 ma9 (fice & factory1 ,two ,riv]s1 ,wis42 ea/]n (fice & w>eh\se1 ,middlet[n1 ,n4 ,y4 ,bookb9d]s' furniture & supplies4 ,c4 ,b4 ,hewitt ,bro!rs1 #dh ,beekman ,/41 ,new ,york4 ,pap]1 bo>ds & glue4 ,! ,w4 ,o4 ,hickok ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,h>risburg1 ,pa4 ,bookb9d]s' ma*9]y4 ,holli/on ,mills1 ,norwood1 ,mass41 & #fg ,fif? ,ave41 ,new ,york4 ,book clo?s4 ,hoole ,ma*9e & ,engrav+ ,works1 #bi ,prospect ,/41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,manufactur]s ( bookb9d]s' tools & ma*9]y4 ,int]lak5 ,mills1 #aaa ,duane ,/41 ,new ,york4 ,book clo?s4 ,japan ,pap] ,co41 #cd ,union ,squ>e1 ,e41 ,new ,york4 ,h&made ,japanese w9d[ or ,%oji pap] = repair+ leaves1 also call$ ,japanese m5d+ tissue4 ,k]atol ,company1 corn] ,s\? & ,van ,bur5 ,/s41 ,new>k1 ,n4 ,j4 ,manufactur]s ( imitation lea!rs4 ,la?am ,ma*9]y ,company1 #aig-bja ,s4 ,canal ,/41 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,manufactur]s ( bookb9d]s' & pr9t]s' ma*9]y4 ,l9d5meyr ,sons1 #bj ,beekman ,/41 ,new ,york4 ,pap]4 ,j4 ,w4 ,o',bannon ,company1 #gd ,duane ,/41 ,new ,york4 ,deal]s 9 all bookb9d]s' supplies4 ,oswego ,ma*9e ,works1 ,oswego1 ,n4 ,y4 ,bookb9d]s' ma*9]y4 ,c4 ,w4 ,pyle ,company1 #d? & ,van ,bur5 ,/s41 ,wilm+ton1 ,del4 ,bookb9d]s' mat]ial4 ,s*ulte ,co41 #ea ,n4 #g? ,/41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,lea!r & book clo?s4 ,t4 ,w4 ,c4 ,b4 ,%]idan1 #ef ,duane ,/41 ,new ,york4 ,bookb9d]s' ma*9]y4 ,j4 ,l4 ,%oemak] ,co41 #ae? & ,s4 #f? ,/s41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,ma*9]y1 pap]1 lea!r1 etc4 ,/&>d ,ma*9e ,co41 ,my/ic1 ,conn4 ,bookb9d]s' ma*9]y4 ,/>k ,selig1 #deh ,w4 ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,book /amps & emboss+ dies4 ,f4 ,wesel ,manufactur+ ,company1 #aj ,spruce ,/41 ,new ,york4 ,bookb9d]s' ma*9]y4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,a ,few ( ! ,be/ ,books on ,bookb9d+1 ,pap] & ,lea!r ,^? m>k$ 7,s7 w be f\nd ! mo/ useful books = a small libr>y4 ,adam1 ,paul4 ,practical bookb9d+4 ,van ,no/r&4 ,new ,york4 #aijc4 #a4be4 ,?is is a translation f ! ,g]man1 ! au?or be+ ! director ( ! ,dsseldorf ,te*nical ,s*ool ( ,arti/ic & ,practical ,bookb9d+4 ,x treats ma9ly ( ! practical side ( b9d+ & describes ) consid]able detail ! mat]ials us$ 9 ! "w4 ,x is illu/rat$ mo/ly ) outl9e cuts :i* aid ! read] or /ud5t to und]/& ! sev]al me?ods & processes4 ,brass+ton1 ,w4 ,s4 ,hi/ory ( ! art ( bookb9d+4 ,/ock4 ,london4 #ahid4 #aj4jj4 ,int]e/+ illu/rations ( anci5t records be=e book mak+4 ,notices ( pr9t]s1 collectors1 b9d]s & fam\s books4 ,app5dix ,c gives samples & brief descriptions ( ori5tal =ms ( b9d+4 ,v good g5]al "w4 ,butl]1 ,j4 ,w4 ,! /ory ( pap] mak+4 ,butl] ,pap] ,co4 ,*icago4 #aija4 #a4be4 ,an int]e/+ acc\nt ( pap] mak+ f its e>lie/ kn[n record d[n to ! pres5t "t4 7,s7 ,*iv]s1 ,c$ric4 ,improvem5ts 9 ! b9d+ ( books4 ,c$ric ,*iv]s4 ,ba?1 ,engl&4 ,free4 ,description ( ! me?ods us$ by ,*iv]s 9 8 own b9d]y4 ,! writ] has a high reputation1 & probably b9ds books m satisfactorily = libr>ies ?an any b9d] 9 ! _w today4 7,s7 ,cock]ell1 ,d\glas4 ,bookb9d+ & ! c>e ( books4 ,appleton4 ,new ,york4 #aijb4 #a4be net4 ,text-book ( work%op practice f p]sonal exp]i5ce & critical exam9ation ( me?ods curr5t 9 %ops4 ,x supplem5ts work%op tra9+ & is a help 9 ! selection ( s\nd b9d+s4 ,! be/ s+le book = ! libr>ian :o wi%es to "k ab\t ! craft ( b9d+4 ,does n treat ! subject ( /rong reb9d+ = ! public libr>y4 ,cock]ell1 ,d\glas4 ,a note on bookb9d+ 444 ) extracts f ! special report ( ! ,society ( ,arts on lea!r = bookb9d+4 ,london4 ,issu$ by ,w4 ,h4 ,smi? ,son1 = _! bookb9d+ dep>tm5t4 #aijd4 ,price #a p5ny4 ,crane1 ,w4 ,j4 ,e4 ,bookb9d+ = amateurs4 ,l4 ,upcott ,gill1 ,london1 no date4 ,price #j4fe4 ,?is gives a description ( ! v>i\s tools & appliances requir$ & m9ute in/ruction = _! use4 ,cundall1 ,joseph1 ed4 ,on bookb9d+s anci5t & mod]n4 ,bell1 ,london1 #ahha4 ,price #ab4jj4 ,an excell5t hi/ory ( ! art f e>lie/ times4 ,conta9s a *ronological li/ or table ( fam\s bookb9d]s1 ) _! nationalities1 dates ( bir? & dea?4 ,flet*]1 ,w4 ,y41 ,f4 ,s4 ,a4 ,bookb9d+ 9 ,france4 ,macmillan ,co41 ,new ,york1 #ahid4 #j4ge4 ,an accurate brief acc\nt ( ! hi/ory & gr[? ( ! art 9 ,france4 ,pr(usely illu/rat$1 ) cuts 9 ! text & ) facsimiles 9 color4 7,s7 ,gane ,bro!rs4 ,bookb9d]s' /ock4 ,free4 ,gane4 #ha ,duane ,/41 ,new ,york4 ,a trade catalogue1 giv+ cuts ( articles z well z prices4 ,gr[oll1 ,a4 ,! pr(ession ( booksell+4 #bv4 ,publi%]'s ,weekly4 ,new ,york4 #ahie4 #d4jj net4 ,conta9s an excell5t article on bookb9d+ ) descriptions ( lea!r & o!r cov] mat]ial1 co/ & o!r details4 ,a li/ ( au?orities is giv5 & a description ( te*nical t]ms4 ,hasluck1 ,paul ,n41 ed4 ,bookb9d+4 ,david ,mc,kay1 ,philadelphia1 #aijc4 #j4ej4 ,a practical text-book ) num]\s engrav+s & diagrams4 ,horne1 ,h]b]t ,p4 ,! b9d+ ( books4 ,scribn]1 ,new ,york1 #ahid4 #b4jj4 ,%[s h[ good decoration on b9d+s c be made only by ^? :o und]/& design4 7,s7 ,hulme1 ,p>k] & o!rs4 ,lea!r = libr>ies4 ,publi%$ = ! ,s\nd lea!r committee ( ! ,libr>y ,association1 ,engl&1 by ! ,libr>y ,supply ,company4 ,london4 #aije4 ,price #j4dj4 ,a summ>y ( ! report ( ! committee ( ! ,society ( ,arts1 br\ght d[n to date1 & ) helpful notes add$4 ,includes small samples ( lea!r4 ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,arts4 #d nos4 #bj c5ts ea*4 ,london4 ,sept4 #aa1 #ah1 #be1 ,oct4 #b1 #aijc4 ,f\r lectures deliv]$ by ,julius ,hbn]1 director ( ! pap] mak+ dep>tm5t1 at ! ,municipal ,s*ool ( ,te*nology1 ,man*e/]1 ,engl&1 giv+ a practical treatise on pap] mak+4 ,also issu$ z ,cantor ,lectures 9 "o pamphlet1 same society4 #be c5ts4 ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,arts4 #bj c5ts4 ,london4 ,july #e1 #aija4 ,report ( a committee on lea!r = bookb9d+4 ,! decay ( lea!r1 a subject :i* has attract$ a great deal ( att5tion & int]e/ among libr>ians & collectors4 ,! be/ ?+ = libr>ians ev] publi%$ on lea!r4 ,mat!ws1 ,br&]4 ,bookb9d+1 old & new4 ,macmillan1 ,new ,york1 #ahie4 #c4jj4 ,notes ( a book-lov]1 ) an acc\nt ( ! ,groli] ,club ( ,new ,york4 ,ni*olson1 ,james ,b4 ,manual ( ! art ( bookb9d+4 ,baird1 ,philadelphia1 #ahef4 #a4jj4 ,in/ructions 9 ! diff]5t bran*es ( =w>d+1 gild+1 f9i%+ & m>bl+4 7,s7 ,pe>ce1 ,w4 ,b4 ,practical bookb9d+4 ,m>%all ,co41 ,london1 no date4 #be c5ts4 ,a text-book design$ to give suffici5t help to enable h&y p]sons to b9d _! own books4 ,illu/rat$ ) photographs & draw+s4 ,prideaux1 ,s4 ,t4 ,an hi/orical sket* ( bookb9d+4 ,lawr5ce4 ,london4 #ahic4 #a4ej net4 ,int5d$ z a help 9 ! fir/ /eps4 ,a *ronological table ( ,fr5* & ,engli% sov]eigns is add$ ) a bibliography & explanation ( te*nical t]ms4 ,an app5dix treats ( ornam5tation4 ,public ,libr>ies1 ,june1 #aijd4 ,b9d+ numb]4 ,public ,libr>ies1 ,june1 #aijf4 ,b9d+ numb]4 ,report ( ! committee on lea!r = bookb9d+4 ,edit$ by ,cobham & ,wood = ! ,society ( ,arts4 ,london4 ,bell4 #aije4 #b4hj4 ,conta9s "s mat]ial on dye+ lea!r n 9 ! orig9al report2 has num]\s illu/rations1 #ab samples ( lea!r1 well pr9t$1 b\nd 9 clo?4 ,society ( ,arts--,committee on ! det]ioration ( pap]4 ,report 444 ) two app5dixes3 #a1 ab/racts ( pap] on ,g]man (ficial te/s1 #ahhe-if2 #b1 correspond5ce4 ,london4 #ahih4 #be c5ts4 ,zaehnsdorf1 ,j4 ,w4 ,! art ( bookb9d+4 #a4be4 ,bell4 ,london4 #ahhj4 #a4be4 ,/ep by /ep an imag9>y book is b\nd1 z 9 an extra %op1 to %[ ! amateur h[ to b9d 8 own book1 or h[ to "k a good b9d+ :5 pur*as+4 ,illu/rations ( ma*9]y us$ are giv5 & practical receipts4 ,zahn1 ,otto4 ,on art b9d+4 ,s4 ,c4 ,to( ,co41 ,memphis1 #aijd4 #a4ej4 ,illu/rat$ ) half-tone pictures ( f9e b9d+s by ! au?or4 ,index ,acids us$ 9 dye+1 ,effects (1 #gf1 #ie ,ald9e /yle1 #aai ,all-along sew+1 #aai ,am]ican ,russia lea!r1 #aed ,antique1 #abd ,arabesque /yle1 #aai ,art canvas1 #da1 #aai ,art vellum1 #abj ,azure tools1 #abj ,azur$ /yle1 #aba ,back+1 #cc1 #aba ,back+ bo>ds1 #aba ,back+ hamm]1 #abb ,back+ ma*9e1 #abb ,back+ press1 #abb ,backs1 #aba ,backs1 loose1 repair+1 #ha ,backs1 mat]ial =1 #da ,b& driv]1 #abb ,b& nipp]s1 #abb ,b&s1 #abb ,bead1 #abc ,beat+ hamm]1 #abd ,beat+ /one1 #abd ,bevel$ bo>ds1 #abd ,bibliography ( bookb9d+1 #afe ,b9d]1 #abd ,b9d]'s work%op 9 #agga1 #d ,b9d]s = magaz9es1 #fa ,b9d]y1 equipm5t1 #aad ,b9d+1 flexible1 #ace ,b9d+ f publi%]s' %eets1 #bj ,b9d+ mat]ials = backs1 #da ,b9d+ mat]ials = sides1 #db ,b9d+1 mosaic1 #adg ,b9d+ records1 #aaj ,b9d+s1 brok51 #abd ,b9d+s1 brok51 m5d+1 #hj ,ble$1 #abd ,bl9d tool+1 #abd ,block+ press1 #abe ,bo>d pap]s1 #abe ,bo>d %e>s1 #abe ,bo>ds1 #dg1 #abe ,bo>ds1 b9d+ 91 #adb ,bo>ds1 brok51 repair+1 #hd ,bo>ds1 press+1 #aeb ,bock morocco1 #abf ,bodk91 #abf ,bolt1 #abf ,book cov]s1 ma*9e-made1 #bf ,book li/ on bookb9d+1 #afe ,bookb9d+ t]ms1 #aai ,bosses1 #abf ,bo/on b9d]1 #fe ,brok5 b9d+s1 m5d+1 #hj ,brok5 bo>ds1 replac+1 #hd ,bru%es1 #hf ,bu*an b9d]1 #ff ,buckram1 #abf ,buckram1 ,l95 f9i%1 #ade ,buff+1 #abf ,buff+ette1 see ,k]atol1 #adc ,bureau ( /&>ds1 specifications = book clo?1 #dc ,burni%]s1 #abg ,burni%+1 #abf ,calf l9$1 #abg ,calf1 m>bl$1 #adf ,calf1 spr9kl$1 #aeg ,calf1 ,tree-1 #afj ,calfsk91 #abg ,cancels1 #abg ,canvas1 #acb ,caps1 #abg ,case b9d+s1 #abh ,cat*word1 #abh ,c5t] tools1 #abh ,*iv]s b9d]1 #ff ,circuit edges1 #abh ,clasp1 #abh ,clean+ books1 #gd ,cle>+ out1 #abh ,clevel& b9d]1 #fb1 #fg ,clip b9d]s1 #fc ,clo?1 #hf ,clo? bo>ds1 #abh ,clo?1 ,engli% ,imp]ial ,morocco1 #da1 #ada ,clo?1 /&>ds1 #dc ,cobd5-,s&]son /yle1 #abh ,collat+1 #abh ,combs1 #abi ,copy+ press1 #hg ,corn]s1 #abi ,co/ ( b9d+1 #bj ,cov]+ 7repair+71 #hb ,cov]s1 loose1 reatta*+1 #hb ,c[hide1 #abi ,c[sk91 #da ,creas]1 #abi ,cropp$ b9d+1 #abi ,cru%$ lea!r1 #abi ,cru%$ levant1 #abi ,cut flu%1 #acj ,cutt]1 #acj ,cutt+ bo>ds1 #hg1 #acj ,cutt+ ma*9e1 #acj ,cutt+ press1 #acj ,d&y1 #acj ,deal]s 9 bookb9d+ mat]ials1 #afc ,decay ( lea!r1 #gf1 #ie ,deckle edge1 #aca ,d5telle bord]1 #aca ,d]ome /yle1 #acb ,diap]1 #acb ,div9ity calf1 #acb ,d\blure1 #acb ,duck1 #acb ,dut* metal1 #acc ,eau de ,javelle1 #adb ,edges1 ,gaufre1 #ach ,edges1 gilt1 #ach ,edges1 soil$1 clean+1 #hc ,edges1 treatm5ts 9 b9d+1 #acc ,edition de luxe1 #acc ,emboss$1 #acc ,end leaves1 #acc ,end pap]s1 #acd ,end pap]s1 r5ewal1 #hj ,end %eets1 #de ,engli% l951 #acd ,eve /yle1 #acd ,extra b9d+1 #acd ,fanf>e /yle1 #acd ,fillet1 #ace ,f9i%+1 #ace ,f9i%+ press1 #ace ,f9i%+ /ove1 #ace ,flexible b9d+1 #ace ,flexible glue1 #ace ,flexible sew+1 #acg ,fly leaves1 #acg ,fly leaves1 removal1 #hj ,fold]1 #hg1 #acg ,folio1 #acg ,=e-edge1 #acg ,=e-edges1 cutt+1 #hc ,=w>d+1 #acg ,fr5* gu>d1 #acg ,fr5* jo9t1 #cd1 #ej1 #acg ,fr5* morocco1 #acg ,full b\nd1 #ach ,gascon /yle1 ,le1 #ach ,ga!r+1 #ach ,gaufre edges1 #ach ,gauge1 #ach ,gild+1 #ec ,gild+ press1 #ach ,gilt1 #ach ,gilt edges1 #ach ,gilt tops1 #ach ,glair1 #ach ,glue1 #dg ,glue1 flexible1 #ace ,glue pot1 #hg ,goatsk91 ,nig]1 #adg ,g(f]$ edges1 #aci ,gold cu%ion1 #aci ,gold knife1 #aci ,gold leaf1 #aci ,g\ge1 #aci ,gra9 7lea!r71 #aci ,gra9+1 #aci ,grat]1 #aci ,grease m>ks1 removal1 #he ,groli] /yle1 #aci ,groove1 #adj ,gr\nd glue1 #hg ,gu>d1 ,fr5*1 #acg ,gu>ds1 #adj ,gu>ds = plates1 #dh ,guides1 #adj ,guillot9e1 #adj ,gumm$ pap]1 #hg ,half-b\nd1 #adj ,half-title1 #ada ,h& lett]s1 #ada ,h&-sew+1 #de ,head & tail1 #ada ,head cap1 #ada ,heel-ball1 #ada ,imp]ial morocco clo?1 #ada ,ink /a9s1 removal1 #hd ,inset1 #adb ,inside m>g9s1 #adb ,inside t9s1 #adb ,italian /yle1 #aai ,jans5 /yle1 #adb ,japanese m5d+ pap]1 #hg ,japanese m5d+ tissue1 #eb ,javelle wat]1 #adb ,john/on b9d]1 #fe ,jo9t1 ,fr5*1 #acg ,jo9ts1 #adb ,jo9ts1 repair+1 #ha ,ju/ification1 #adc ,k]atol1 #adc ,kettle/it*1 #adc ,keys1 #adc ,kip calf1 #add ,klip b9d]1 #fg ,knife1 #hg ,knock+-d[n iron1 #add ,labels1 #eg ,labels1 r5ewal1 #gg ,lac$ 91 #add ,laid pap]1 #add ,law %eep1 #add ,lea!r1 #ic ,lea!r1 decay1 #gf1 #ie ,lea!r1 gra9 91 #aci ,lea!r1 ,russia1 #aed ,lea!r1 treatm5t ) oil1 #gf ,lea!rette1 #add ,le ,gascon /yle1 #ach ,lett]+1 #dg1 #ec ,lett]+ block1 #add ,lett]+ box1 #add ,lett]+ pallet1 #adh ,lett]+ by h&1 #ee ,lett]+ 9 :ite ink1 #ef ,levant morocco1 #ade ,libr>y b9d+1 #ag & foll4 ,life hi/ories ( libr>y b9d+s1 #bb ,limp b9d+1 #ade ,l951 ,engli%1 #acd ,l95-f9i% buckram1 #ade ,l9+ pap]s1 #acc1 #ade ,loose backs1 repair+1 #ha ,loose jo9ts1 repair+1 #ha ,loose leaves1 ins]t+1 #gh ,l[ buckram1 #acd ,ly+ press1 #ade ,magaz9e b9d]s1 #fa ,magaz9es1 b9d+ s+le copies1 #fd ,maioli /yle1 #ade ,maps1 m\nt+1 #eb ,maps1 repair+1 #hd ,m>bl$ calf1 #adf ,m>bl]1 #adf ,m>bl+1 #adf ,m>g9s1 #adb ,m>k+ books1 #eg ,m5d+ books1 #fh ,m5d+ tissue1 #hg ,millbo>d1 #adf ,mitr$1 #adf ,morocco1 #da1 #adf ,morocco1 ,fr5*1 #acg ,morocco1 ,levant1 #ade ,morocco1 ,p]sian1 #aej ,morocco1 ,turkey1 #afj ,morocco clo?1 #da1 #adg ,morocco clo?1 ,imp]ial1 #ada ,mosaic b9d+1 #adg ,mottl$ calf1 #adg ,m\nt+1 #eb ,music1 b9d+1 #ej ,ne$les1 #hg ,new>k libr>y1 b9d+ records1 #aab ,new>k libr>y1 b9d+ /ati/ics1 #bb ,new>k libr>y1 repair+ me?ods1 #gd ,new ,hav5 b9d]1 #fe ,newspap]s1 b9d+ accord+ to use1 #db ,nig] goatsk91 #adg ,numb]+ backs1 #ec ,octavo1 #adh ,(f-set1 #adh ,op5+1 ease (1 #bc ,out ( bo>ds1 #adh ,ov]ca/+1 #df1 #adh ,pallet1 #adh ,pamphlets1 b9d+1 #eh ,panel1 #adh ,panel+1 #adi ,pap]1 #aja ,pap]1 det]m9+ quality1 #aji ,pap]1 m5d+1 #hh ,pap]1 laid1 #add ,pap]1 qualities1 #ajf ,pap] cov]s1 #ij ,pap] us$ 9 books1 #ajf ,pap]+ up1 #adi ,p>+1 #adi ,p>+ knife1 #adi ,pa/e1 #he1 #hh ,pa/ewa%1 #aej ,payne1 ,rog]1 /yle1 #aej ,p5cil m>ks remov$1 #gd ,p]sian morocco1 #aej ,petits f]s1 #aej ,philadelphia b9d]1 #fg ,piec$ space1 #aej ,pigsk91 #da1 #aea ,plane1 #aea ,plates1 brok5-up1 #abf ,plates1 ins]tion on gu>ds1 #dh ,plates1 press+1 #aeb ,pl\gh1 #aea ,po9tille /yle1 #aea ,po9ts1 #aea ,poli%]s1 #aea ,p[d]1 #aed ,press1 #aeb ,press p91 #aeb ,press+ bo>ds1 #aeb ,press+ plates1 #aeb ,publi%]s' b9d+s1 clean+1 #ge ,publi%]s' b9d+s1 /ati/ics ( we>1 #bj ,qu>to1 #aeb ,quire1 #aeb ,rag pap]1 #ajb ,reb9d+1 co/ (1 #bj ,reb9d+ = we>1 #cf ,reb9d+1 prep>ation ( books =1 #dd ,records ( b9d+1 #aaj ,recto1 #aeb ,regi/]1 #aeb ,repair+ books1 #fh ,repair+ jo9ts1 #ga ,re-sid+ books1 #hc ,roan1 #aec ,ro$de magaz9e b9d]1 #ff ,rog] ,payne /yle1 #aej ,roll+ ma*9e1 #aec ,rolls1 #aec ,r\lette bord]1 #aec ,r\nd+1 #aec ,r\nd+ hamm]1 #aec ,r\ndlet1 #aec ,roxburgh b9d+1 #aec ,rubb+1 #aec ,rugby wrapp+ pap] = cov]s1 #ia ,rul]1 #hh ,run up1 #aed ,russia lea!r1 #aed ,saddle-/it*$1 #aed ,saw+ 91 #aed ,scissors1 #hh ,seme1 #aed ,sett+ ! head1 #aed ,sew]1 #aee ,sew+ all along1 #aai ,sew+ by h&1 #bg ,sew+ 9 loose sections1 #gi ,sew+1 flexible1 #acg ,sew+ b5*1 #hh ,%eep1 ,law1 #add ,%eepsk91 #aee ,%elf-back1 #aef ,sides1 mat]ial =1 #db ,signature1 #aef ,sixte5mo1 #aef ,size1 #aef ,skiv]1 #aef ,slips1 #aeg ,split lea!r1 #aeg ,spr+field b9d]1 #ff ,spr9kl$ calf1 #aeg ,spr9kl$ edges1 #aeg ,squ>es1 #aeg ,/abb$1 #aeg ,/abb+1 #aeg ,/abb+ awl1 #abf ,/a9s1 removal1 #he ,/amps1 #aeg ,/&+ press1 #aeh ,/>t1 #aeh ,/eamboat+1 #aei ,/it*+1 #aed ,/raight edge1 #aei ,/yle1 ,groli]1 #aci ,/yle1 ,le ,gascon1 #ach ,/yle1 ,po9tille1 #aea ,/yle1 ,rog] ,payne1 #aej ,/yle1 ,roxburgh1 #aec ,sup]1 #aei ,tacky1 #aei ,tape1 #aei ,?irty-two-mo1 #aei ,tapes1 sew+ on1 #cb ,t]m9ology ( bookb9d+1 #aai ,?read1 #de1 #hi1 #aei ,t9s1 ,inside1 #adb ,tipp+-91 #ga ,title1 #afj ,tools1 #afj ,top cov]1 #afj ,top edges1 #afj ,top gilt1 #afj ,top side1 #afj ,tops1 gilt1 #ach ,torn leaves1 m5d+1 #ge ,torsion b9d]1 #ff ,tree calf1 #afj ,trimm+1 #afj ,tr9dle1 #afj ,tub1 #afj ,turkey morocco1 #afj ,turn+-up1 #afj ,ty+-up1 #afa ,uncut1 #afa ,unop5$1 #afa ,wa/e leaves1 #afa ,wat]pro( %eets1 #afa ,we>+ qualities ( lea!r1 #ie ,weis b9d]1 #ff ,:atman pap]1 #afa ,:ipp+1 #afa ,:ip/it*+1 #de ,:ite edges1 #afa ,:ite ink1 #ef ,:ole b9d+1 #afa ,wire /aples1 #afb ,witness1 #afb ,wood pap]1 #aja ,wove pap]1 #afb 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,m9or typographical errors h be5 correct$4 ,old-fa%ion$ spell+ has be5 left un*ang$4 99 ,,corrections ,,to ,,! ,,orig9al ,,text ,! foll[+ mispr9ts & misspell+s h be5 correct$3 ,page #abc - sawn *ang$ to sewn 7is s sewn z to let7 99 ,,o!r ,,*anges ,,& ,,notes ,! foll[+ *anges to ! orig9al text h be5 made = cl>ity or consi/5cy3 ,page #ej - ,! illu/ration on ?is page has be5 split 9 two & ! p>ts label$ ,no4 #a & ,no4 #b1 respectively1 9 ord] to correspond m cle>ly ) ! text 9 ! orig9al caption4 ,page #hc - ,resid+ books4 *ang$ to ,re-sid+ books4 to agree ) ,index entry4 ,page #aji - p] c5t *ang$ to p] c5t4 7a l>ge p] c5t4 ( _! book fund74 ,page #aba - 7,l7 & 7,r7 add$ = cl>ity to ! caption ( ! illu/ration on ?is page4 ,! foll[+ v>iations ( a ^w or descriptive t]m are common 9 ! orig9al text & h be5 reta9$3 bookb9d+ & book-b9d+ h&made & h&-made saddle/it*1 saddle-/it*$ & saddle-/it*+ wat]m>k1 wat]-m>k$ & wat]-m>k+ wat]pro( & wat]-pro( :ip/it*+ & :ip-/it*+