,transcriber's ,note3 ,italic text is denoted by underscores and bold text by equal signs around the text4 ,small capitals in the printed works have been transcribed as ,,all ,,capitals4 ,more ,transcriber's ,notes may be found at the end of this document4 ,the picture opposite the title-page is a reprint of a page from the volume of plates1 made in #agga1 to illustrate ,diderot's ,encyclopdia4 ,this page is one of six1 each #hab ins4 in the original1 illustrating the article in the encyclopdia on binding4 ,the picture in the upper part of the plate represents a binder's workshop4 ,the person at ,a is beating a book4 ,the woman at ,b is sewing4 ,the man at ,c is cutting or trimming the edges of a book4 ,the man at ,d is working a press4 ,of the figures below3 #a is a piece of marble on which books are beaten2 #b is a piece of marble of different shape for the same purpose2 #c is a beating hammer2 #d is a sewing table or bench1 on which books are sewn2 #e and #f are balls of thread for sewing books2 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 and #ab are parts of a sewing bench2 #ac and #ad are large and small paper folders4 ,illustration3 ,notes on ,bookbinding for ,libraries ,by ,john ,cotton ,dana ,librarian ,free ,public ,library1 ,newark1 ,n4 ,j4 ,revised and ,enlarged ,edition ,library ,bureau1 ,chicago #aiaj ,,copyrighted #aiaj ,,library ,,bureau ,naud ,on ,binding ,the fourth is1 to retrench cut off all the superfluous expences1 which many prodigally and to no purpose bestow upon the binding and ornaments of their ,books1 and to employ it in purchasing such as they want1 that so they may not be obnoxious to that censure of ,seneca1 who handsomly reproaches those1 ,quibus voluminum suorum frontes maxime placent titulique2 this the rather1 that the binding is nothing but an accident form of appearing1 without which 7at least so splendid and sumptuous7 ,books become altogether as useful1 commode rare2 it becoming the ignorant onely to esteem a ,book for its cover2 seeing it is not with ,books1 as it is with men1 who are onely known and respected for their robes and their clothes1 so that it is a great deal better1 and more necessary1 for example1 to have a good quantity of ,books1 well ordinarily bound1 than to have a little ,chamber or ,cabinet full of washed1 gilded1 ruled1 and enriched with all manner of nicity1 lux and superfluity4 ,from ,john ,evelyn's translation of ,gabriel ,naud's ,instructions ,concerning ,erecting of a ,library4 ,london4 #affa4 ,chapter #e4 ,preface to ,second and ,revised ,edition ,in the first edition of this book ,i said that it ought not to be taken as a final authority1 but as a set of suggestions which ,i hoped would arouse interest in the subject of library binding and lead a few to pursue the subject further4 ,some of the changes made for this edition indicate that ,i have followed the topic a little further myself1--,i hope with advantage to my readers4 ,several chapters are new4 ,there are many minor changes and omissions4 ,the lists have been enlarged and brought into one4 ,i had looked into the subject of library binding and discovered the ignorance concerning it of ,american librarians1 including myself1 before ,i visited ,mr4 ,chivers' beautiful bindery in ,bath1 ,england1 several years ago4 ,that visit had much to do with the contents of this little book4 ,mr4 ,chivers was quite of my opinion that the only way to induce librarians in ,america to improve our binding was to persuade us to look into the subject4 ,if the book has led some to do this it has accomplished its purpose4 ,as to the fundamental points in it1 they largely come1 ,i am pleased to confess1 from ,england1 by way of that bindery in ,bath4 ,at the risk of seeming to speak to commercial ends ,i quote in effect some of the things said by ,mr4 ,chivers in one of his circulars1 prefacing the quotation with the remark that the point ,i wish chiefly to make in this book is the advantage of having certain books1 when new1 bound once for all3 ,the following statement is not an exaggeration3 ,a library saves half the cost of new popular books1 and of replacements for which much use may be anticipated1 if it purchases them in ,cedric ,chivers' patent bindings4 ,new books supplied in these bindings are sold as being bound once for all4 ,it is thought that they are so bound as to serve for quite fifty per cent4 more issues than will a book purchased in publisher's cloth1 used for a time1 and then rebound in the ordinary way4 ,generally speaking such results and even better results are obtained4 ,occasionally1 however1 a book does not come up to these expectations4 ,in such cases it is especially desired that its failure be reported and1 if necessary1 that the book be returned for examination4 ,the paper used in modern books is of such varying quality that it is sometimes difficult to tell without actually trying what is the best manner of treating it4 ,buy books well bound direct from publishers' sheets2 mend ordinary books very little2 rebind them early2 watch results2 tabulate them1 and make use of experience4 ,these are the main themes of this book4 ,j4 ,c4 ,d4 ,free ,public ,library1 ,newark1 ,n4 ,j41 ,may1 #aiji4 ,contents ,,page ,description of ,frontispiece #d ,quotation from ,naud #i ,preface to ,second and ,revised ,edition #aa ,table of ,contents #ac ,list of ,illustrations #ae ,,chapter ,i4 ,introductory #ag ,,ii4 ,binding3 the ,process ,described #bf ,,iii4 ,the ,literary ,side of ,library ,rebinding #cf ,,iv4 ,binding ,materials ,suitable for a ,library #da ,v4 ,rebinding for ,libraries #dd ,,vi4 ,lettering and ,numbering the ,backs of ,books #ec ,,vii4 ,pamphlets #eh ,,viii4 ,magazine ,binders #fa ,,ix4 ,repairing ,books1 ,general ,rules #fh ,x4 ,repairing ,books1 ,newark ,methods #gd ,,xi4 ,repairing ,books1 ,materials and ,tools #hf ,,xii4 ,covering ,books #ij ,,xiii4 ,leather1 ,general ,notes #ic ,,xiv4 ,paper and ,paper ,making #aja ,,xv4 ,binding ,records #aaj ,,xvi4 ,binding ,records and ,notes--,newark #aab ,,xvii4 ,bindery ,equipment #aae ,,xviii4 ,list of ,technical ,terms #aai ,,xix4 ,list of ,makers of and ,dealers in ,bookbinders' ,materials1 ,tools and ,machinery #afa ,,xx4 ,a ,few of the ,best ,books on ,bookbinding1 ,paper and ,leather #afc ,index #afi ,list of ,illustrations ,,page ,old ,picture of ,bindery and ,tools ,frontispiece ,sewing1 ,drawing ,showing ,four ,methods #bf ,sewing on ,tapes #cb ,method of ,attaching ,slips on ,ends of ,bands to ,boards #cd ,plates1 ,two ,methods of ,inserting ,them #dh ,method of ,lacing in ,slips on ,ends of ,bands #di ,french and ,ordinary ,joints #ej ,anatomy of a ,joint #ea ,type ,faces ,suitable for ,lettering #ee ,type ,cabinet #ef ,backing ,boards1 metal #aba ,backing ,boards1 wood1 steel-faced #aba ,backing ,hammer #abb ,backing ,press #abc ,beating ,hammer #abd ,boards1 brass-bound #abe ,hand ,wheel ,drive ,cutter #aca ,finishing ,presses #ace ,finishing ,stand #acf ,lettering ,pallet #adi ,flat ,polisher #aea ,rounding ,hammer #aec ,sewing ,bench #aee ,standing ,press of ,wood and ,iron #aeh ,,chapter ,i ,introductory ,as the title indicates these notes have been compiled in the hope that they may be of assistance to librarians in caring for the binding and rebinding of library books4 ,they hardly touch upon publishers' binding or the decoration of bindings4 ,the suggestions and advice they give should not be taken as final1 for the binding and rebinding question is not yet settled4 ,they may help some to carry out more successfully their own inquiries and experiments4 ,if good binders were more common librarians would need little of the information here briefly set forth4 ,but under the present conditions of the bookbinder's art in this country librarians themselves must often furnish considerable expert knowledge1 if they wish their work well done4 ,i have refrained from going much into the details of the process of binding4 ,the details can only be made clear by means of illustrations1 and have already been most admirably set forth in ,douglas ,cockerell's book4 ,i have tried to draw attention to the important points4 ,the librarian ought to know good results when he sees them1 or at least when he tests them on his books2 the details of every step he can learn if he will1 by a little practice and a good deal of observation4 ,no librarian should try to bind or to conduct personally his own bindery4 ,binding is a special trade1 and skill and speed in it come only by long practice4 ,the librarian cannot become a skilled binder4 ,he should become familiar with the results of the binding he gets by a study of his books4 ,if he finds they do not wear well1 but rot1 break or show loose pages1 let him keep a few statistics1 and if he learns he is wasting money on cheap work or poor material1 let him change his material and his processes1 and perhaps his binder4 ,i hope this book may lead some to test the work they are now getting1 and may help some to get more satisfactory workmanship and more enduring materials4 ,it is not a guide to the craft of binding4 ,to get good binding1 go to a good binder2 to learn about the binding craft1 practice it and read ,cockerell2 to discover if your binding is good1 watch it and gather statistics of its wear4 ,much of the information1 many reports of experiences and many suggestions will be found in the lists of leathers1 etc41 and definitions of terms used in binding4 ,it seemed unwise to repeat them as part of a connected text4 ,in considering the subject of economical binding and rebinding for libraries1 we find that we are entirely without standards4 ,we have no figures for comparisons4 ,librarians have1 save in a very few cases1 made no study of the comparative value of bindings1 either of original cloth or of the rebindings they have had put on their books4 ,if a few librarians would note the number of times books can be issued without rebinding after they are received in the original publisher's cloth1 and how many issues they will stand after they have been once1 or twice1 rebound1 they would1 in a few months1 have data from which they could draw helpful conclusions in regard to the comparative value of bindings and rebindings4 ,the test of a binding1 whether publisher's original1 special from the sheets1 or a rebinding1 lies1 for ordinary lending books1 in the ratio of its cost to the number of times the book it covers is lent for home use before being discarded4 ,this ratio has rarely been systematically noted4 ,to the inquiry1 does the method of rebinding which my library now employs give the best possible return for the money spent8 most librarians must reply that they do not know4 ,reference and college libraries are often also much in the dark4 ,the continued quite general use for permanent bindings of a leather which tests have shown will not last over #be or #cj years at the most is an evidence of this4 ,in ,england1 as is well known1 a good many years of careful observation and comparison of experiments have led a large number of librarians to the conclusion which some ,american librarians also accept1 that it is the part of sound economy to have books carefully bound directly from publishers' sheets1 even though the prices of such bindings seem at first unduly high4 ,i sent a letter of inquiry to a large number of libraries asking for detailed information about the wear of books in publishers' bindings and in the one or more rebindings which were placed on them4 ,replies were received from #ah libraries1 giving brief life histories of #gd books4 ,definite conclusions cannot be drawn from these reports1 as librarians differ much in their ways of treating books4 ,some rebind them as soon as they show serious signs of wear2 others keep them in circulation long after they have begun to go to pieces4 ,but the figures indicate that it would pay these libraries1 as it probably would all others1 to get most of the books which are to be subjected to much handling strongly bound direct from publishers' sheets4 ,the reports show that #gd books cost1 including first price1 rebinding and labor of handling for rebinding1 an average of #a4ch each2 that they were lent an average of #gi times in the two states1 new and rebound2 and that they were out of use an average of five weeks while being rebound4 ,a book of a nature similar to those reported on1 well-bound from publishers' sheets costs about #a4ej2 can be lent from #ajj to #aej times and loses no time in being rebound4 ,of these books #eb were rebound a second time at an average cost1 including labor in preparation1 of #dj cents2 were out of use an average of five weeks2 and were lent an average of #dc times each in this second binding4 ,the complete history of the books a second time rebound is as follows3 ,first cost 4#ie ,cost of first rebinding 4#cf ,cost of time in handling 4#jg ,cost of second rebinding 4#cc ,cost of time in handling 4#jg ---- ,total cost #a4gh ,times lent in publishers' cloth #cb ,times lent in first rebinding #dg ,times lent in second rebinding #dc ---- #abb ,time out of use first rebinding #e4e weeks ,time out of use second rebinding #e4j weeks ,total time out of use #aj4e weeks ,these figures do not tell the whole story4 ,the book bound strongly and flexibly from publishers' sheets is from the first more convenient to handle and pleasanter to read1 and usually looks better throughout all its one long life than do1 on the average1 those books which twice or thrice in their histories get into a broken-backed1 loose-leaved1 generally disreputable condition4 ,furthermore1 and this is most important1 a book is most wanted in a library when it is new2 if sent out to be rebound for five and a half weeks after it has been lent #cb times it is out of use just when it is most in demand2 and the library loses in its effectiveness--that is1 in the service it can render its public for the money expended--much more than the mere difference in the money cost of the two kinds of binding would indicate4 ,the durable first binding gives us a book which can be in constant service from #ajj to #aej times from the day it goes to the shelves1 just when it is most needed4 ,a book once or twice rebound in the first few months of its life is a special source of annoyance--the paradox is permissible--by its very absence4 ,table of life histories3 ,transcriber's ,note3 ,the following text is the transcription of a table whose column headings were written vertically4 ,key to column headings3-- ,a3 ,library1 ,b3 ,no4 of books reported on1 ,c3 ,first cost of books1 ,d3 ,times lent before rebinding1 ,e3 ,cost of rebinding1 ,f3 ,weeks out of use1 ,g3 ,cost of handling1 ,h3 ,times lent in rebinding1 ,i3 ,cost of #bnd rebinding1 ,j3 ,weeks out of use1 ,k3 ,cost of handling1 and ,l3 ,times lent in #bnd rebinding4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,i ,j ,k ,l ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #a #i #i #jj #cj #d #ej #f #dj #b #b #b #jj #dj #gj #h #bj #gj #c #e #c #be #ai #b #ej #f #ej #bc #d #aj #i #hj #ae #d #ej #d #fj #be #d #ej #h #fj #cb #e #a #a #jj #bh #ce #d #ab #ej #f #aj #aj #jj #bh #b #ej #f #cj #ca #b #ej #f #cj #bb #g #d #d #jj #bj #a #hj #d #dj #be #a #hj #d #dj #ae #h #a #a #jj #gj #ed #aj #jh #ajj #i #a #a #jj #ge #ce #aj #jh #de #edaj #jh #ajj #aj #c #c #jj #bi #a #je #b #cj #hj #a #je #b #cj #aae #aa #a #ii #cg #dj #f #ab #cf #ab #c #b #gj #ce #a #bj #f #cf #dj #ac #a #if #ah #ce #f #aj #fd #ce #f #aj #cb #ad #b #a #hj #bb #ej #e #af #ad #gj #e #af #ad #ae #d #b #gb #ai #a #dj #d #cb #ai #a #dj #e #cb #ad #af #ae #ae #jj #de #c #ge #d #a #ej #fj #c #ge #d #a #ej #ej #ag #a #a #jj #ae #be #d #jf #fj #ae #d #jf #ej #ah #a #ih #cj #ce #d #jh #fb #ce #d #jh #bh ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,totals #gd #gj #bj #ege #bf #ii #ii #e #bb #hdd #ag #jieh #c #hd #dgb ,averages for each ,book #ie #cb #cfe-a_/b #jg #dg #cc #e #jg #dc ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,in the ,newark library an examination of #ef books1 chiefly novels1 from #ae or #bj different publishers1 shows that on the average they were lent in publishers' binding only #be times each before being rebound2 and that #db books in the juvenile department were lent in the publishers' binding an average of only #ag times each4 ,in bindings and rebindings one of the most essential things to be secured is ease of opening4 ,a book that opens out easily1 and lies flat without being pressed or held in position1 will probably keep clean and whole for more than twice as many lendings as one that is held together tightly at the back4 ,as a great many of the library books which call for rebindings have to be trimmed at the back and overcast1 it is essential that the overcast sewing be of a flexible nature1 one that permits of the easy opening of the book4 ,probably few of the factors in book construction and book injury have been more effective than the tight binding1 held open with difficulty1 which is produced by nearly all of the current overcasting or whipstitching4 ,another point that cannot be too strongly insisted on is that books not only differ from one another in their natures and so require different treatment in binding2 but also differ in the use they are to receive1 and require different bindings on that account4 ,it should be understood that bookbinding is a craft in the best sense of that word4 ,to bind a book well calls for good judgment and care at every step4 ,the librarian can draw up schedules with infinity of detail1 and make them as correct as he may please1 basing them on experience without end2 and the binder1 so far as material and processes are concerned1 may seem to follow these specifications exactly1 and still may produce poor bindings4 ,to secure a good binding the spirit of the binder must go into it4 ,in drawing the thread1 in paring and placing the leather1 in applying the paste and glue1 and in every other of the many processes involved1 the man without good will1 as the man without skill1 can spoil the whole binding4 ,librarians should learn to esteem bookbinding highly4 ,it is a craft which lies close to them4 ,it is preminently their business to encourage it to grow in excellence4 ,they should develop their local binder's interest in his calling1 stand by him1 urge him on to better work1 and pay him adequately for it4 ,one may frankly say that the character of binding done in nearly all libraries in ,america has been1 up to the present time1 a discredit to the library profession4 ,we owe it to ourselves to take up this craft and do what we can to elevate it4 ,one objection sometimes made to bindings of the highest grade is that they last too long2 and after the book is too greatly soiled and tattered within to be longer kept1 the binding itself still holds1 showing that more care has been put into its construction1 and consequently more cost1 than it needed4 ,the objection needs only to be stated for its absurdity to be seen4 ,the thorough binder1 the skilled craftsman1 adapts his binding to the book and to the use1 as far as he can judge of it1 which it is to receive4 ,he binds each book so well that it will hold together to the end of time2 or until its paper fairly drops to pieces4 ,he can issue with each volume no guarantee that it will not receive more than its proper baptism of dirt from careless borrowers long before the paper in it begins to give way and fray out4 ,the binder's obligation is to bind the book well4 ,it is the librarian's business to see that the book is1 as to its interior1 well treated4 ,as to its binding lasting too long1 why should the librarian concern himself about the shell after the kernel is eaten8 ,it should be noted again1 however1 that a book well bound1 opening easily1 and lying open without pressure from fingers or thumbs1 keeps clean many times longer than one that opens hard4 ,the sum of all my observations is1 the best is the cheapest4 ,if a book is worth binding let it be bound by the best man available4 ,if possible1 buy books so well bound from the publishers' sheets1 that they will never need to be bound again4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,binding3 ,the ,process ,described ,books are now printed in large sheets from #d to #fd pages at a time4 ,in many cases paper is drawn from a roll 7as it is in the printing of a newspaper71 printed on both sides in large sections of #fd pages1 and cut and folded as it leaves the press4 ,these sheets1 of several pages each1 after being printed1 are gathered into a complete book1 sometimes by a machine1 and are then sewn together by a machine4 ,this machine for sewing is a comparatively recent invention4 ,in most cases sewing done on a machine is not as strong as the old-fashioned hand sewing4 ,the sections1 or signatures1 or folds of the book1 as the several sets of several pages each are called1 are caught together only by thread2 strings or tapes are not used4 ,this sewing is then reinforced by a piece of cloth1 usually thin1 cheap muslin1 or poor super1 which is pasted over the back and allowed to extend a little way down each side4 ,but sewing on a machine can be done with strings added and made very strong4 ,illustration3 ,sewing ,a ,section of ,fifteenth ,century sewing on double bands with head and tail bands4 ,b ,section of modern flexible sewing round single bands4 ,c ,section of ordinary sewing with sunk bands4 ,d ,section of tape sewing advocated for cheap work in place of ,c4 ,from report of the ,committee on ,leather for ,bookbinding4 ,edited for ,society of ,arts4 ,london3 ,bell ,sons1 #aije4 ,covers for books are now made by machines into which are fed pieces of cardboard and a roll of cloth4 ,the machine cuts the cloth into the proper size1 pastes it and folds it over the boards into a cover1 leaving a loose place between the two boards to be filled by the body of the book4 ,this cover is then printed in a machine much like a printing press2 the gold of the title on the back or sides or both1 and the colors or blank impressions1 for ornament1 all being impressed on it with great rapidity4 ,the completed cover1 called a case1 is then pasted to the sides of the book4 ,a book thus bound has nothing to hold cover and inside together save a strip of thin muslin1 with a strip of paper which goes over it1 passing from the back of the book to the inside of the board covers4 ,this strip grows weak after a little use and frequently breaks1 or pulls away from the cover1 or from the back1 or from both4 ,books printed on cheap paper and folded and sewed and bound by machinery in the manner thus very briefly outlined can be produced and sold at present for #aj cents each1 or even less4 ,books printed with more care1 on better paper1 with a better quality of cloth on the cover1 and a more elaborate title in real gold instead of some cheaper imitation of it1 books1 that is1 like the novels issued by the better class of publishers1 can be produced in quantities of from one to three thousand1 for from #ae to #cj cents each4 ,few of the novels put on the market today cost the publishers1 for their making alone1 as much as the latter price4 ,to this must be added a royalty to the author1 generally #aj of the retail price1 the cost of the management of the business and the advertising4 ,in the case of small editions1 one or two thousand1 this brings the original cost of the average work up to #ej or #ge cents4 ,suppose this book to be offered at retail at #a4be4 ,there must then be deducted from this retail price the discount to the jobber1 #be to #dj #aj1 and the royalty1 and the advertising1 and the cost of production1 etc41 leaving a profit to the publisher of from #e to #bj cents on each volume4 ,a well-made and widely advertised novel which does not sell more than a thousand copies is not a very profitable product for a publisher to put out4 ,the school text-books issued by the more reputable publishing houses are generally very well made4 ,they are printed on good paper1 usually rather highly calendered1 with good ink1 are bound with extra care1 and have good material in their covers4 ,the competition between school book publishers makes it necessary for them in self-defense to produce books which will wear well in the hands of the average pupil4 ,up to a few years ago all books were sewn by hand1 the covers were made by hand1 and hand work was employed in putting book and cover together4 ,the process of sewing by hand may be briefly described as follows3 ,two or more strings or tapes are stretched between the edge of a board and a stick held horizontally above it by two uprights4 ,the book folded and ready for sewing1 after having been either pressed or beaten with a hammer to make it lie smooth1 is held in a vise and two saw cuts are made in the back at about the same distance from each other and from the ends4 ,two smaller saw cuts are also made in the back of the book1 one between each of the larger ones and the opposite ends of the back4 ,the first signature--the fold or section made of a large sheet folded--of the book is laid on the board so that the larger saw cuts are opposite the two strings4 ,a thread is passed through the small cut at one end1 into the middle of the fold1 then out again by the first string1 around the string1 and in again to the middle of the fold1 then along the inside of the fold to the next string1 around that string1 along inside the fold1 then out again at the other small cut4 ,the second signature is then laid on top of the first4 ,the thread is passed into the small cut1 along and around the two strings1 as with the first signature1 and out at the other end1 where it is tied to the end of the thread which has been left sticking out of the first saw cut for this purpose4 ,this process is continued until the book is all fastened together and to the strings4 ,as the sewing goes on1 the several signatures are caught together at the smaller holes at each end by passing the thread1 as it comes out of the hole1 down and under the loop made by the passing of the thread between the two signatures previously sewn4 ,in the case of a book containing a large number of signatures the thread does not extend the whole length of each fold1 but passes from one to another as it goes the length of the book1 gathering on two signatures at once4 ,sometimes1 by using four strings instead of two1 the string is made to pass through and to sew on three signatures at a time4 ,examples of this two-on and three-on method can be seen in almost any large book bound prior to #ae or #bj years ago4 ,in very careful binding by hand in the early days of book-making1 the strings were not set into saw cuts1 but were simply laid across the back of the book4 ,the thread came out of the signature and passed around the strings1 and went in again4 ,the strings1 with the thread thus wrapped around them1 made a welt across the back of the book4 ,these welts1 when covered by the leather of the binding1 showed as raised bands4 ,these raised bands are imitated by pasting bits of leather on the back in much so-called fine binding today4 ,in some cases the old process is employed and the bands have a real reason for existence4 ,books are sometimes sewn on tapes or strips of vellum4 ,these1 laid across the back1 sometimes make ridges which are treated as bands in the completed book4 ,in old bindings1 to give the book a better appearance at top and bottom1 what is called a headband was put on with thread1 the thread passing through the signatures and from one signature to another in such a way as still more securely to hold these together4 ,today the headband is still used2 but usually it is simply pasted in and is little more than an ornament4 ,sometimes the book's back is still further reinforced by pasting or gluing to it a piece of vellum1 leather or heavy cloth before the process of putting on the cover begins4 ,set rules for sewing books should not be laid down4 ,each book is treated by the skillful binder1 or should be1 in accordance with the character of its paper1 the number of inserts1 the thickness of the paper1 the size of the signatures1 the size of the leaves1 the use it is to receive1 and other facts4 ,the good binder binds each book well according to its kind4 ,illustration3 ,showing a ,method of ,sewing on ,tapes ,the catching up of the alternate groups of threads as they cross the bands renders the sewing firmer4 ,there are other methods of achieving this end4 ,from report of the ,committee on ,leather for ,bookbinding4 ,edited for ,society of ,arts4 ,london3 ,bell ,sons1 #aije4 ,after the book is properly sewn1 the strings on which it is gathered are cut off a short distance from the sides4 ,pieces of cardboard are cut of the proper size for a cover4 ,the ends of the strings are laced into them or fastened down upon them with paste or glue4 ,the leather for the cover is then pasted or glued to the back and the outside of the boards4 ,the ends are turned over the boards and at the top and bottom of the book are turned down and pasted to themselves1 thus forming a roll or crown which lies up close to the headband4 ,the sides are then covered1 if the book is not to be bound in full leather1 with cloth or paper or other material4 ,the outside sheets of the books1 called end-sheets1 are then pasted to the inside of the cover and the book is practically complete4 ,the back of the book is always covered with glue after the sewing and before the leather or cloth is put on4 ,this glue is thin and hot1 and is put on to hold together the backs of the signatures4 ,in rounding1 the binder manipulates the book with the hands1 and taps it with a hammer until the proper shape is secured4 ,this is done after the coat of glue has been applied4 ,in edition work this is done on a machine4 ,in backing the book is held between two metal1 or metal-edged1 plates close up to the back1 the back having been stiffened previously with a coat of glue which has not set very firmly2 and with a hammer the backs of the signatures are pounded down and out1 making a slight ledge or groove along the outer edges against which set later the boards of the covers4 ,if the book is to be tight back the cloth or leather is glued direct to the backs of the signatures thus rounded1 though often a thin piece of cloth1 super1 is first glued on1 extending over onto the sides4 ,if it is to be loose back a double fold of paper is attached to the back1 one sheet to the back and one to the cover material4 ,the leather or cloth then stands out from the book1 when it is open1 being attached to it only at the joints4 ,it is in loose back binding1 as said above1 that cloth or leather is sometimes glued fast and with great care to the back before the cover goes on1 thus taking the place of the leather of the cover in the tight back book4 ,in the best binding this backing extends over through or past the joint and onto the sides or covers2 and is also firmly attached1 at the joint1 to the leather of the back4 ,in the ,newark library we use for this a thin soft muslin of the best quality4 ,illustration3 ,showing ,method of ,attaching ,tape ,slips or ,ends of ,bands to a ,split ,board ,leaving a ,french ,joint ,from report of the ,committee on ,leather for ,bookbinding4 ,edited for ,society of ,arts4 ,london3 ,bell ,sons1 #aije4 ,this description of the process of binding is a suggestive outline only4 ,enough has been said1 however1 to show that the books sewn by hand and fastened carefully to the cover as described will1 if properly made1 wear much longer than a book bound by machinery1 if bound as above described4 ,but1 just as a machine properly handled can produce paper of greater uniformity of thickness and of a quality superior in many respects to the best hand-made paper1 so the machines used in binding can1 if properly handled1 bind books even more strongly than can any save the most careful workman4 ,the possible differences between machine-made books can easily be noted in the cheap novels of the day1 which are poorly bound1 and well-made law books and encyclopdias4 ,these latter are often faithfully put together and will stand almost as much wear as any books ever produced4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,the ,literary ,side of ,library ,rebinding ,after satisfactory materials and methods of binding for a library have been discovered and adopted1 there still remain many questions which can be well answered only by one having a wide knowledge of books4 ,nor is a general knowledge of books alone enough to qualify one to answer wisely these questions4 ,close acquaintance with the library's policy in regard to book-saving and book-buying and of its attitude toward the demand for popular and ephemeral fiction2 knowledge of its reference work2 of the amount of handling its books receive by the public1 and of its financial condition and policy--all this and much besides the person in charge of binding should have before she can make wise decisions4 ,and particularly she needs knowledge of paper1 editions1 prices and similar matters4 ,take fiction for example4 ,more than half of the binding bills of most free public libraries are probably chargeable to novels4 ,one of these comes to the hands of the person in charge of binding in such condition that at the first glance it seems desirable to rebind it4 ,let us suppose that it is still in publisher's cloth2 is quite soiled outside1 but still fairly clean within2 that the cover has parted from the book in front2 that several leaves are loose and two of them frayed at the edges2 that at the back the outside sheets of several signatures are nearly worn through or broken2 and that the label is off4 ,should it be rebound2 or what should be done with it8 ,before deciding its fate1 questions like the following must be answered4 ,if this is not the only copy of this book now in the library1 are the other copies in good condition8 ,if they are1 can the library spare this copy because the demand for this particular title is past8 ,and is it not better economy to throw it away or sell it--as it will probably never be wanted again--than to spend money in binding it8 ,that is to say1 if it is bound1 will it not stand idle on the shelf8 ,if it continues to be somewhat popular1 and this copy would get some use if it were replaced1 still1 is it a book the use of which it is the library's policy to encourage8 ,if not1 has it not served its purpose and should it not be put away1 rather than entail on the library another expense item in cost of binding8 ,if it is the only copy in the library1 is it a book the library wishes to retain or has it been in effect on trial1 and has proved not to be worth keeping8 ,if so1 would not the binding of it be a use of money far less justifiable than its original purchase8 ,or is it perhaps of interest now simply as a part of the history of fiction and so still worth keeping8 ,but1 if kept for this purpose1 does it need binding at all8 ,will not a little mending make it hold together sufficiently well8 ,perhaps the best plan would be to reclassify it for the literature section1 wrap it in paper1 mark the wrapper1 and put on the shelf4 ,if it is a good book1 in constant demand1 the question is still not a simple one4 ,is it on poor paper1 so poor that in our style of rebinding it will last but a short time8 ,if so1 would not a new copy be a better investment than the rebinding of this one8 ,if the paper is good enough for rebinding1 will it stand mending and further wear without making its ultimate binding very difficult8 ,if there are other editions of this book obtainable1 does this sample indicate that this particular edition is the best one to buy hereafter8 ,these and many other questions confront the librarian every time a book1 of any kind1 comes up for binding4 ,because they are not wisely answered the shelves of every library show examples of the unwise expenditure of money4 ,to take a specific example in this same field of fiction4 ,the library has several sets of ,cooper4 ,in each of them is the ,chainbearer4 ,consider any one of the library's copies of this book3 ,no one reads it4 ,but mere shifting on the shelf gradually wears it out4 ,it goes through the bindery1 and1 being by ,cooper1 and a novel1 it is bound1 in the same style as the ,spy which happens to go with it1 in half leather4 ,the ,spy is used2 the leather on it keeps soft and pliable and wears a year or two1 until the book is too dirty to keep it longer4 ,but the ,chainbearer stands untouched and its leather hardens and breaks4 ,it must be bound again within three or four years1 even though it has not been lent once in that period4 ,if it had received a plain cloth binding1 that binding would have cost less and lasted indefinitely4 ,if it had been thrown away the library would have been the gainer4 ,the problem is not less complex when books in classes other than fiction are up for consideration4 ,many of them are rarely used2 why rebind them at all1 no matter how broken8 ,to tie a string about them or to wrap in paper and mark them would often be wiser economy4 ,often they are single volumes from long sets1 an edition1 for example1 of some history bound about #ahjj4 ,the binding is calf4 ,in rebinding1 to match the set is very unwise1 for all calf now on the market will rot in a few years4 ,it must be bound1 let us suppose1 as it is occasionally called for2 yet it will not1 like a popular novel1 wear out or become unbearably dirty in a half century4 ,shall it be put in morocco8 ,this would be a mistake1 for it is doubtful if present-day morocco will last #ej years1 probably not half that time4 ,the only alternative is cloth1 and that with no leather title label on the back4 ,one of the best things is1 for a large book1 heavy duck back1 light gray or light green1 lettered in printers' ink1 with sides of any good book cloth4 ,this spoils the looks of the set4 ,moreover1 the cloth catches dust and dirt1 and grows soft and flabby4 ,but it is today one of the few safe bindings4 ,if the book is small1 full art canvas or imperial morocco cloth is better4 ,so1 as ,i have said1 paper1 leather1 cloth1 sewing1 joints1 gold1 and many other things the librarian must know2 and to these must add knowledge of literary values1 popularity of books and authors1 editions1 prices and a score of other things before he can be sure1 if he ever can be sure1 that he is really binding economically1 in the long run4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,binding ,materials ,suitable for a ,library ,the ,newark ,library has tried many experiments in the choice of materials4 ,it finds that thin1 imported1 acid-free pigskin1 first used in this country by ,mr4 ,chivers1 is the best material for backs4 ,it wears well2 does not rot2 is easily manipulated and takes gold lettering well4 ,a disadvantage is its tendency to darken with handling4 ,it works well on books of all sizes and all kinds1 whether they are handled much or not4 ,morocco1 if tanned so that it will not rot1 is more expensive than pigskin4 ,for the finer books it is better than pigskin as it preserves better its appearance under much handling4 ,cowskin is good for books which are to be much handled and are likely to be worn out and discarded within five years4 ,only the best quality should be used4 ,dark red is usually preferable to light red or brown4 ,it costs less than pigskin4 ,english ,imperial ,morocco cloth makes a good full binding for books that are not to receive much wear4 ,it cannot be lettered easily1 and if much handled soon looks dingy at the top and bottom of the back and along the joint and at the corners4 ,dark blue art canvas1 the kind in which both warp and woof are dyed blue1 makes a serviceable and inexpensive full binding4 ,it can be recommended for books which are to be handled but little4 ,large volumes like periodicals and society proceedings should have backs of gray or light green duck1 with black letters1 and sides of art canvas or morocco cloth4 ,newspapers should also have backs of duck4 ,the sides may be covered with paper1 but art canvas or art vellum is better4 ,if newspapers are to be consulted often they should be carefully bound of course4 ,but in a great many libraries it is wise to tie most newspapers up in flat packages instead of binding them4 ,for the sides of books1 bound with pigskin or morocco backs1 which are to be much handled the ,newark ,library has found nothing as good as keratol1 elsewhere described4 ,for books which are not to be much handled1 morocco cloth is excellent4 ,on books which are bound with an eye to their beauty1--curios1 rarities1 books to be exhibited1 etc4--,newark uses three-fourths morocco with sides of paper or of cloth of appropriate color4 ,the joint committee on printing of the ,house of ,representatives1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 made an investigation in #aijg of several binding materials4 ,this investigation was made with special reference to the binding of the publications of the ,united ,states government4 ,it included the subjects of endurance1 wear1 tensile strength1 tendency to absorb moisture1 readiness with which attacked by insects4 ,incidentally other qualities were considered4 ,an outcome of this investigation was the publication by the ,bureau of ,standards1 ,washington1 of specifications for bookcloth for binding depository sets of public documents4 ,the specifications state that the cloth shall be from first quality staple cotton1 uniformly woven and of the grade known as firsts4 ,the surface shall be smooth and hard and show no tendency to stick when folded upon itself4 ,further specifications cover the strength of the material1 its tendency to absorb moisture1 its resistance to mold and insects and other characteristics4 ,these specifications may be used by all librarians in selecting cloth for ordinary library binding4 ,the ,bureau of ,standards will make tests according to the specifications for any library1 charging a fee for the work4 ,the cloth which conforms to these specifications is a smooth cotton fabric similar to that used by the best law book publishers in this country1 and to the duck mentioned above4 ,it is much heavier than ordinary publisher's book cloth4 ,,chapter ,v ,rebinding for ,libraries ,libraries differ as to bindings in their needs and in their possibilities4 ,books differ even more4 ,no library can or should exactly follow any one style in its rebinding work4 ,i add1 however1 the following directions for ordinary1 much-used #abmo volumes1 in the hope that they may be found suggestive4 ,they should be read in the light of all the rest of this book1 and not taken as final authority at any point4 ,pull apart with great care4 ,remove all threads and old paste and glue4 ,smooth out the backs by beating4 ,guard the outer and inner leaves of all signatures that are broken or weak with paper or jaconet4 ,loose pictures1 if they are to be kept1 put in with guards4 ,frequently in rebinding the illustrations may be dropped with no loss either to the reader's pleasure or the cause of art4 ,see that the leaves are all in and complete4 ,no4 #a4 ,books sewed regularly1 that is1 not whipstitched4 ,guard the first and last signatures with jaconet4 ,if the title-page or frontispiece is an insert1 paste the guard along the insert and over the first signature4 ,this saves the labor of guarding the insert and first signature separately4 ,guard with jaconet the inner side of the inside leaf of every signature that is at all worn or weak2 if badly worn guard also the outer side of the outside leaf4 ,in some cases every leaf should be guarded4 ,but remember that guards thicken the back4 ,make two sets of four-page end-sheets by folding once with the grain pieces of lithographed lining paper2 and two sets of waste papers by folding once pieces of good book paper1 about #fj lb4 ,guard the outside of the folds of all of these with jaconet1 and place one of each kind at the front and back of the book1 the lithograph one on the outside in each case4 ,use ,hayes's standard linen thread of a weight adapted to the book4 ,the cotton thread used in book sewing machines wears well1 but is not recommended for hand-work4 ,no4 #be is good for books with light sections1 #af for those with heavy sections1 and #bj for those with medium4 ,sew the book on four stout but flexible tapes1 each about a quarter of an inch wide4 ,sew all along throughout4 ,leave about three-fourths of an inch of tape projecting each side when cutting off4 ,from here on the process is very similar for this kind of binding sewed in the ordinary way1 and for ,no4 #b1 whipstitched1 which follows4 ,no4 #b4 ,books which are whipstitched1 being in such condition or of such character that they have to be trimmed at the back1 being then simply piles of loose sheets4 ,cut off as little of the backs as possible4 ,prepare and place end sheets and waste papers as above described1 except here paste the jaconet guard only along one side1 the outer1 of the folds of all of them4 ,this gives firm hold for first overcast stitches4 ,glue the back of the book slightly so that it may be divided into signatures of a few leaves each which will hold together4 ,sew on same tapes as for a regularly sewed book4 ,in overcasting or whipstitching do not take up more than one-eighth of an inch for the deepest stitches4 ,make the signatures small and pass the needle through two of them with each stitch1 taking the stitch diagonally4 ,paste the lining papers to the waste sheets1 all over1 front and back4 ,paste ends of tapes on top of lining papers4 ,trim the book1 cutting it as little as possible4 ,glue the back slightly1 and1 when it is partly dried1 round the book and then back it4 ,in backing do not break the threads or pull them through the paper4 ,this is especially to be guarded against on whipstitched books4 ,after rounding and backing1 glue to the back and over onto the sides1 passing beyond the jaconet guards1 a strip of medium weight1 soft1 bleached muslin4 ,measure and cut the boards1 which should be of good quality1 adapted to the wear the book is likely to have4 ,cut the leather back1 of pigskin4 ,do not pare it save slightly at the edges4 ,put a little paste on the boards to make them stay in place1 and set them in place on the book4 ,put on the leather1 leaving the boards in place1 tucking the leather in at top and bottom1--head and tail4 ,when the leather is partly dried1 the book having been kept under slight pressure1 cover the boards with keratol or appropriate cloth4 ,make the corner fold by first turning the cover material in straight across the corner and then bringing in the folds from right and left4 ,paste the end sheets firmly down on the inside of the covers4 ,this fastens the book securely into its case4 ,press until thoroughly dry4 ,letter in gold with large1 rather heavy1 black-face letters4 ,reduce the lettering to as few words as possible4 ,no rule can be given as to the glue to be used4 ,let your binder be sure that what he uses is good1 whether the price he pays be high or low4 ,he can tell whether it is good or not by testing it4 ,glue pots should be cleaned out frequently4 ,glue should be treated with judgment as to heat and degree of thickness at which it is used4 ,it is animal matter that quickly changes its character and loses its strength under wrong conditions4 ,the boards to be used in a book should depend1 as to quality and thickness1 on the character of the volume they cover4 ,expensive boards on a book which will probably soon be too dirty to be kept1 are not essential4 ,neither strings nor tapes need to be laced into the boards on ordinary library work4 ,they hold well if carefully glued down on the inside1 and very well if pasted between two boards or into a split in one4 ,illustration3 ,plates ,the first diagram shows in section a plate pasted on to a leaf of a book4 ,this method is faulty1 because it takes up some of the back margin of the leaf2 if the leaf is pressed back the plate is apt to split off4 ,the second diagram shows the method of attaching a plate by means of a guard4 ,from report of the ,committee on ,leather for ,bookbinding4 ,edited for ,society of ,arts4 ,london3 ,bell ,sons1 #aije4 ,some books are best bound with tight backs1 some with loose4 ,there is no invariable rule in regard to this2 it depends partly on the thickness of the book4 ,very thick volumes should have loose backs1 usually4 ,it is usually wise to trim books when they are rebound4 ,but this trimming should of course be as little as possible4 ,illustration3 ,showing the ,method of ,lacing in the ,slips or ,ends of ,bands on a ,flexible ,bound ,book ,if depressions are cut in the board as shown1 the slips can be left with an adequate margin of strength without clumsiness4 ,from report of the ,committee on ,leather for ,bookbinding4 ,edited for ,society of ,arts4 ,london3 ,bell ,sons1 #aije4 ,it is possible to whipstitch a book1 even one which is printed on stiff paper1 in such a way that it will be almost as flexible and open almost as easily as if it were sewed on tapes in the regular way4 ,it is possible1 but difficult4 ,few have done it4 ,few binderies1 if any1 in this country have workers who can and will give to the work of whipstitching the care and thought necessary to produce a good job4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #a ,illustration3 ,no4 #b ,showing the ,advantage of a ,french ,joint over an ,ordinary ,joint ,no4 #a4 ,a section of an ,ordinary ,joint with the board open shows that the creasing of the leather is concentrated on one line4 ,no4 #b4 ,a section of a ,french ,joint shows how this creasing is distributed over a great surface1 and so enables sufficient flexibility to be obtained with much thicker leather than can be used with an ordinary joint4 ,from report of the ,committee on ,leather for ,bookbinding4 ,edited for ,society of ,arts4 ,london3 ,bell ,sons1 #aije4 ,some strengthen the top and bottom of the back1 the head and tail1 by a piece of cloth or tape passing over the back of the signatures and held to them by the sewing in a manner difficult to describe4 ,illustration3 ,anatomy of a ,joint ,a ,board of cover4 ,b ,b ,bleached muslin1 pasted over back after rounding and backing4 ,c ,c ,strings or tapes on which the book is sewn4 ,d ,d ,end sheets of lithograph paper4 ,the part at the left is pasted to the inside of the board and becomes the lining paper4 ,b and ,c being pasted over on to ,d1 when ,d is pasted to ,a they are carried with it and lie under the end sheet or lining paper4 ,e ,e ,jaconet or thin muslin guard pasted on ,d before the book is sewn4 ,f ,f ,waste papers of good book paper4 ,g ,g ,jaconet guard of waste papers4 ,before the book is trimmed ,f and ,d are pasted together and become a doubled fly leaf4 ,h ,h ,the first signature of the book4 ,j ,j ,jaconet guard of the first signature4 ,k ,k ,k ,paths of threads4 ,l ,leather back4 ,m ,cloth or paper side4 ,music should be sewed regularly or all along and the inside and outside sheets of all signatures should be guarded with jaconet4 ,this guarding of the inner sheets makes the binding stronger1 as the inner pages of a section always tend to work loose if much handled4 ,the side and top squares should be about #a_/h of an inch2 but the bottom square about #c_/h inch4 ,this large square at the bottom raises the book on the instrument to allow the easy turning of leaves1 as the pages frequently catch when the squares are the usual size all around4 ,newark finds half pig with ,keratol sides very durable4 ,large maps1 drawings1 etc41 may be mounted on linen1 jaconet1 nainsook1 ordinary bleached1 or unbleached muslin4 ,the material used should be five or six inches larger all around than the map to be mounted for convenience in stretching and working4 ,tack the cloth on a clean board1 table or floor4 ,put the tacks very close together and tack the selvage edge first4 ,the surface may be covered with waste paper before stretching the cloth on it4 ,apply a thin coat of thin paste all over4 ,when dry1 paste the map and allow it to stand about ten minutes to give it time to stretch4 ,lay the map on the muslin and rub it down under a stout piece of paper4 ,thorough rubbing down is absolutely necessary to make every part adhere4 ,proceed from the center outward1 carefully rubbing out creases and bubbles4 ,dry thoroughly before taking up4 ,one person alone cannot mount a very large sheet4 ,very small maps in books which have become somewhat worn and creased can be mounted on ,japanese mending tissue4 ,this paper is quite tough and thin1 and wears well4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,lettering and ,numbering the ,backs of ,books ,several methods of lettering the backs of books are in use in libraries4 ,the best is gilding4 ,if this is well done with genuine gold it will remain bright for many years1 and will stand hard wear better than any other style of marking4 ,on leather this method should always be followed4 ,only the best work in gilding is worth the money it costs1 and there is no substitute for gold that deserves mention4 ,gilding on cloth by hand is rather difficult4 ,it does not show well on light-colored cloth1 or on some dark colors4 ,on some cloths1 also1 gold titles become quite invisible in certain lights1 probably because of a certain combination in them of color and texture4 ,dark green is often quite objectionable on this account1 and the same is true of some shades of red1 in cloths of a certain texture4 ,this difficulty should be noted1 and only those cloths used on books which are to have gold titles on which the letters show well1 at whatever angle the light may strike them4 ,the process of gilding is described in books on binding4 ,it costs usually about two cents a line4 ,black ink is very good for lettering on some kinds of cloth1 particularly on light-colored duck1 canvas1 buckram1 whether cotton or linen1 and art vellum4 ,the ink used should be bookbinder's title ink1 made for the purpose4 ,the letters should be large and heavy-faced and not set very closely together4 ,the method of applying the ink is to pour some of it on a piece of marble and then to apply to the type with a rubber pad4 ,as the type is cold1 considerable pressure is necessary to make the ink take well4 ,black lettering costs about the same as gilding1 say1 two cents per line4 ,letters in gold are sometimes applied to books bound in cloth by printing them on a very thin piece of leather and then gluing the latter to the back4 ,this method is also occasionally used on books in leather4 ,these leather labels can be stamped by machinery in quantities1 as is done for large editions by commercial binders1 though this is not practicable for the ordinary library binder4 ,they usually look very well when first applied2 but it is not very easy to make them hold permanently4 ,the better method in almost all cases is to letter directly on the book1 no matter what material it is bound in4 ,the binder should use brass type letters in most cases2 they wear well and give a clear impression4 ,ordinary printer's type will do excellent work for a time4 ,brass type costs from #aj to #bj cents per letter1 common type from one to five dollars per font1 according to size and number of types4 ,the best style for ordinary use is condensed gothic4 ,a heavy-faced ,roman1 like ,jensen1 is sometimes good1 and on larger books looks very well in capitals and small letters4 ,use as large letters as the back of the book will permit4 ,reduce the number of words in all titles to the lowest possible number4 ,samples of type well adapted to lettering in gold on the backs of books3 ,illustration3 ,sample #a--;,gothic condensed1 #ah point4 ,,carnegie ,,public ,,library ,free for the people ,sample #b--,schoeffer1 #ah point4 ,,carnegie ,,public ,,library ,free for the people ,sample #c--,lining condensed title1 #ab point4 ,,carnegie ,,public ,,library ,free for the people ,titles can be printed on paper also and the paper then pasted or glued on4 ,this plan is not at all satisfactory for books which are to have much use1 as the paper soon gets soiled and is very apt to peel off4 ,many libraries have bound books in light-colored cloth1 usually art vellum1 and then lettered them by hand with india-ink4 ,the result is not very satisfactory4 ,the time taken in lettering them neatly is considerable2 the letters soon get soiled and illegible1 and even if very well done they look cheap and homemade4 ,at the ordinary cost of gilding1 about two cents per line1 hand lettering is almost as expensive as gilding if the cost of the time spent on it is fairly estimated4 ,then1 to make them legible1 the cloth chosen must be so light in color that it soon shows the results of handling and becomes dingy and disreputable4 ,a dark cloth of the best quality and gold letters pay best4 ,illustration3 ,type ,cabinet ,on books bound in dark cloth or leather1 numbers can be written in white ink4 ,some librarians find this plan quite satisfactory4 ,the method is this3 ,the place for the number being located1 wash the varnish away from it with a clean cloth1 dampened with a mixture of ammonia one part and water two parts1 and allow to dry4 ,then write the letters with a fine camel's hair brush1 about ,no4 #b in size4 ,when thoroughly dry give the letters a thin coat of shellac4 ,david's white letterine is one of the best white inks4 ,white ink is difficult to manage and wears off soon if not very carefully put on4 ,labels should always be put at least four inches from the bottom of the back1 the tail1 that they may not be soiled or worn off in handling4 ,they should be marked with india-ink in large1 plain figures4 ,on many books it will pay to have them gilded1 as when thus put on they do not detract from the book's appearance and look well for an indefinite time4 ,if labels are used1 put them on as follows3 ,the place for the label being located1 wash away the varnish from that place a little with a clean cloth dampened with water and ammonia4 ,if the book is thin cut the label before it is put on1 so that it does not quite reach the edges of the back4 ,if the book is so thin that there would not be sufficient room for the book number on a label cut to fit it1 place the label on the upper left corner of the front cover4 ,press the label tightly and evenly down until it sticks firmly all over4 ,this is most important4 ,use ,dennison's round gummed labels4 ,these1 being round1 present no corners to be easily ruffed up4 ,they are free from lines around the border1 so their whole surface is available for the book number4 ,they can be had in several sizes4 ,lay out a scheme for marking books1 and then make model labels to be followed in marking fiction1 classed books1 reference books1 juveniles1 magazines1 etc41 so that the same kinds of combinations of letters and figures will always be written in the same way4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,pamphlets ,the subject of the care of pamphlets in a library does not come within the field of these notes2 but it may be proper to say that experience and observation have led me to the conclusion that many pamphlets are bound and entered in the catalog which are not worth the labor they have entailed4 ,how those should be kept that are thought worth keeping ,i do not attempt to say4 ,often those kept are not worth keeping1 and still oftener those bound and catalogued are not worth binding4 ,if they are bound1 the style of binding they should receive1 if they are in fact books in paper covers1 is to be decided by the same rules as is the same question in regard to other books4 ,if they are in fact pamphlets--a few pages with no cover1 and must stand on the shelf and will be little used1 a cheap binding may be made thus3 ,take off the cover2 fold once a sheet of stout paper to the pamphlet's size2 cut two boards for covers1 a little narrower than the pamphlet2 paste them to the paper mentioned about half an inch apart2 paste a strip of book cloth down the back and over the edges of the boards2 paste the cover to the boards1 front and back2 sew the pamphlet into the case thus roughly made with stout thread through three or five holes along the back 7this last process is called stabbing72 trim4 ,this is simple1 strong and inexpensive4 ,if the pamphlet consists of one signature only the method just described can be followed2 but the sewing should be through the back1 a saddlestitch1 with the knot inside4 ,the binder's knot or stitch is thus made3 ,having three holes for the thread1 go first down through the center one1 back through one of the end holes1 down again through the other end hole1 up through the center1 and tie the two ends over the thread which passes from end hole to end hole4 ,with five holes the process is similar and easily followed4 ,a very neat pamphlet binding1 for pamphlets too large to be saddle-stitched1 is the following3 ,cut two pieces of smooth1 hard1 flat paper the size of the pamphlet2 along one edge of each paste a strip of thin cotton cloth1 bleached muslin1 about half an inch wide2 lay one piece each side of the pamphlet1 cloth strips at the back1 and sew the pamphlet through these strips1 close to the back1 with three holes or five as seems advisable4 ,make two end-sheets of two leaves each1 the size of the pamphlet2 guard each with muslin2 paste these to the first sheets1 all over1 one on each side of the pamphlet2 cut boards and paste them down on the outer halves of the end-sheets 7each end-sheet has now become1 one-half the lining paper for the cover1 the other half1 half of a double fly leaf72 put on a back of art vellum1 leather or other material2 paste on the pamphlet's cover2 trim4 ,this binding is very strong1 very neat1 opens quite easily and will wear well4 ,the boards can be covered all over with cloth1 and the binding will then wear much longer4 ,ballard's clips find favor with many librarians1 for both pamphlets and magazines4 ,they hold things together neatly and securely1 and hold magazines into covers of cloth or leather quite effectively4 ,they are strips of sheet steel1 of several widths1 bent into about three-fourths of a circle4 ,small steel levers fit into cleverly adjusted holes and make opening easy4 ,,chapter ,,viii ,magazine ,binders ,it has long been one of the library traditions that magazines used in the reading room should be put into stiff and heavy temporary binders as soon as received1 and so arranged1 usually on racks holding them vertically1 that they can all be seen at once4 ,it is now permitted to doubt the wisdom of this proceeding4 ,the binders are expensive2 the best of them soon get a worn and dingy look1 even if they hold together for a long time2 the racks with their contents are usually not ornamental and are often quite the reverse4 ,the space taken by the racks can ill be spared1 especially when the area needed by browsers in front of them is included4 ,if the number of periodicals taken is quite large the display space needed for them is quite out of proportion to the use made of them4 ,recent back numbers of most journals1 as well as the last numbers1 should be made accessible to readers1 and for this there is no provision in the vertical file arrangement4 ,there seems no better reason for exposing to the casual reader of the reading room the full fronts of all the journals the library takes than there is for making a similar display of all the books the library buys4 ,to the display of all journals on terrace tables most of the objections just noted are also applicable4 ,a careful consideration of the relative value of current numbers of periodicals in a library and of space1 time and energy that should be put on their presentation to the public1 will lead one to the conclusion that the best way to handle them is to lay them in alphabetical order on plainly labeled ordinary book shelves wide enough to hold the larger ones1 set about six inches apart1 that the numbers for the past six months may be kept together4 ,the thin journals which are most read1 like ,puck or the ,scientific ,american1 may well be slipped for a week into an inexpensive binder like the one called ,cleveland in the list which follows4 ,magazines much read1 like the ,century and ,mc,clures1 can be so reinforced in a few minutes1 as described below1 that they will keep quite neat for several months4 ,this method is economical of space2 keeps the journals easily in one alphabetical series2 makes six numbers accessible instead of one2 eliminates the question of binders2 saves the assistant's time1 relatively to the service given to the public2 and asks the public simply to remember their alphabet and to read the shelves4 ,binders that require the punching of holes through the backs of magazines should be looked on with suspicion2 though in spite of its expense the binder of this type1 with flexible metal strips in place of strings and with polished sides containing actual covers of the magazine within1 has had much use4 ,it wears well1 is put on about as quickly as any1 exposes the date and name along the magazine's back1 and looks more attractive than any other binder when perched in rows in vertical racks4 ,all other binders may be divided into three kinds3 ,the ,clip1 the ,bar and the ,string4 ,the ,clip is based on the ,ballard clip idea4 ,the ,johnston is a good example4 ,a spring in the back grips the sides of the magazine and holds the binder on4 ,it tends to make a magazine less easy to hold open4 ,it pleases a good many4 ,the ,bar has for its main feature one or more strips of steel1 which run down the back of the magazine and are fastened to the binder by a hinge at one end and a hook at the other4 ,of all of this kind the best for the money is1 perhaps1 the ,new ,haven4 ,the ,string uses a string or elastic band to hold the magazine4 ,in the one called the ,springfield1 first used in ,los ,angeles in #ahij1 the string passes through the magazine1 between sections1 and through three holes in the back of the binder in a binder's stitch4 ,the ,newark ,library has tried many kinds of material for binders4 ,thin book cloth soon wears out4 ,heavy and strong cloth soon gets soiled4 ,full leather is very expensive1 unless the leather used is light and poor1 and then it soon wears out4 ,good leather backs outwear sides of any cloth4 ,a ,cleveland binder made for ,harper's ,weekly1 with heavy cowskin back and keratol sides1 was in constant use for #cj months and looked well nearly all that time4 ,it costs #gj cents4 ,the few binders now used in the ,newark reading room are made in this style4 ,covers of strong paper pasted to the outsides of single copies of magazines to protect them during reading-room use or for lending1 the ,newark ,library has not found satisfactory4 ,we reinforce the covers of single magazines for this purpose as follows and find the method quite satisfactory3 ,if the original cover is loose1 take it off and paste on again carefully4 ,line the cover with thin1 white bond paper1 pasted on all over and lapping a half-inch onto the magazine itself4 ,press for ten minutes in a copying press4 ,paste a strip of thin dark-colored book cloth down the back on the outside4 ,put under moderate pressure until dry4 ,write the name and date of the magazine on the strip of cloth with white ink4 ,sew large magazines like the ,ladies' ,home ,journal into covers of stout paper4 ,a strip of paper an inch and a half wide placed in the center of the section through which the magazine is sewed keeps the sewing from tearing the paper4 ,single copies of magazines can be bound for lending1 at about #ae cents each1 in this manner3 ,take off covers2 trim2 remove table of contents if it faces the cover2 paste strip of strong cotton cloth down the back1 and extending about an inch over the sides2 staple this on with at least three staples in the same line with the staples which hold the magazine together1 or sew with stout thread through five holes2 cut covers as for an ordinary binding2 paste them to the strip2 cover all over with art vellum2 line covers with paper 7this lining can be put on all over as the first step in the process1 and pasted to the covers after they are on1 thus forming the end paper72 paste the front cover of the magazine on the front in such a way that the date line down the back comes on the back of the new cover4 ,this is neat1 convenient and quite durable4 ,a few of the more popular binders are listed below4 ,the material used to cover them can be endlessly varied4 #a4 ,the ,new ,haven ,binder1 designed by ,mr4 ,w4 ,k4 ,stetson1 ,librarian of the ,public ,library of ,new ,haven4 ,a solid back of metal4 ,a metal rod hinged at one end passes through the middle section of the magazine4 ,the free end of the rod is formed into a hook which1 being slipped under a metal loop attached to the back of the binder1 holds the magazine firmly in place4 ,costs from #he cents to #a4ae4 ,a simpler binder1 also designed by ,mr4 ,stetson and made on the same principles1 sells at #ee cents4 #b4 ,the ,johnston ,binder1 made by ,william ,g4 ,johnston ,co41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa41 has a round steel spring back which grips the magazine4 ,costs from #ge cents up1 according to size4 #c4 ,the ,boston ,binder1 made by the ,office1 ,bank and ,library ,co41 #aeg ,summer ,st41 ,boston4 ,a rounded wooden back supports the binding device which consists of two bars of steel pivoted at one end and fastened at the other with a pin4 ,costs from #ge cents to #b4jj according to size and material used4 #d4 ,the ,torsion ,binder1 made by the ,barrett ,bindery ,co41 #ahj-ahb ,monroe ,st41 ,chicago4 ,two flat steel wires are hinged to the binder at the top and fitted with knobs at the free ends4 ,these pass inside the magazine and a slight pressure on the knobs sends the free ends of the wires into an inclined slot4 ,costs from #ie cents to #d4ej according to size and material used4 #e4 ,the ,springfield ,binder has a strip down the back of a simple cover or case1 with three holes punched therein through which the magazine is laced in by strings4 ,shoe strings or tape may be used4 ,costs from #be cents up4 #f4 ,the ,chivers ,binder1 made by ,cedric ,chivers1 ,bath1 ,england1 and ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y41 is like the ,springfield cover1 but with a separate flat brass rod around which the magazine is sewed into the cover4 #g4 ,the ,weis ,binder1 made by the ,weis ,co41 ,toledo1 ,ohio1 has metal grooves in the back which hold the magazine4 #h4 ,the ,buchan ,binder1 made by ,buchan ,mfg4 ,co41 ,newark1 ,n4 ,j41 has a steel back which consists of a hinge regulated by a screw4 ,one or more magazines may be kept in the binder4 ,good for magazines that are poorly put together4 #i4 ,the ,roedde ,magazine ,binder1 made by the ,flexible ,back ,looseleaf ,ledger ,co41 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y41 varies somewhat from the ,torsion and ,boston ,binders1 but is built on the same principle4 ,costs from #a4aj to #h4jj4 #aj4 ,cleveland ,binder1 so called because much used in the ,cleveland ,library4 ,a simple cover or case in the back of which are holes half an inch from the top and bottom2 through these a piece of narrow elastic is sewed4 ,the magazine1 opened at the middle of a section is slipped under the elastic4 ,recommended for weekly journals4 #aa4 ,klip ,binder1 made by ,h4 ,h4 ,ballard1 ,pittsfield1 ,mass4 ,a simple cover attached to the magazine by a pair of steel clips1 put on with keys4 ,price of klips1 #ej cents per box of #aj4 #ab4 ,the ,philadelphia ,binder1 made by ,g4 ,d4 ,emerson1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,a rod passes through the magazine and springs into hooks at each end of the back4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,repairing ,books1 ,general ,rules ,the universal rule in this matter is1 don't4 ,to this there are exceptions2 but many if not most of the books which are repaired are so injured by the process itself1 or by the wear they receive after they are repaired1 that it would have been better for them if they had not been repaired at all1 but sent direct to the binder4 ,librarians do not pay sufficient attention to book surgery4 ,all repairing of books should be done by skilled persons4 ,the question of whether or not repairs shall be made at all should be decided by a person who has not only technical skill in repairing2 but also knowledge of the use to which the book in hand is likely to be subjected4 ,this1 because in many cases it will be evident to a person who knows about the use the books are to have that certain of them should not be repaired at all1 no matter if in quite a dilapidated condition1 with loose covers and loose leaves2 but should be neatly wrapped in good manila paper1 labeled plainly on the back and set again on the shelf4 ,the few times in a year when little-used books are wanted do not1 in many cases1 warrant their rebinding4 ,repairs on them1 no matter how well done1 are likely to injure them4 ,books which are rarely borrowed1 even though they are used occasionally1 or are even a good deal handled because they stand near books which are much used1 should perhaps be mended a little2 loose leaves should be tipped in1 at least4 ,but work on them beyond that is often injurious4 ,the feeling that all books in a library should be neatly bound has caused much unnecessary expense4 ,in most libraries of moderate size and in all large ones1 there should be a supervisor of binding and repairs2 a person thoroughly familiar with the whole routine of library work1 familiar also with literature1 keeping close watch of the rise and fall in popularity of new books4 ,such a person could say1 for example1 that the library's third copy of the ,valley of ,decision and the fourth copy of the ,crisis1 if ready for repairing or rebinding1 could with good economy be placed on a reserve shelf1 not accessible to the public1 there to be held until the delivery desk assistants find a call for them4 ,that is1 she would know that with two or three copies in good condition of these books in circulation there would almost always be one in the library4 ,when the library's stock of such books as those named becomes reduced to one sound copy she can then tell1 from the demand for it1 if it is wise to bind one copy1 or all2 or if it is wise to do more than mend4 ,this omniscient person who has charge of binding and repairs1 reports to the head of the library that such and such books are past repairs2 that they will cost #ce to #ej cents apiece to be properly rebound1 and asks1 ,will the library ever want them again8 ,if not1 then she will advise that they be given away and their cards removed from the catalog4 ,or1 if they must be kept for historical or religious or superstitious or other reasons she will advise that they be neatly tied up in paper1 labeled1 and put back on the shelf4 ,knowledge of the art of mending implies not only knowledge of the process of making a book by machinery and by hand2 but also knowledge of the different kinds of paper1 how they wear1 if they break easily1 if they will soon grow brittle1 and the effect on them of attempts to hold them with paste or glue4 ,along with this knowledge should also go knowledge of the cost of each individual book1 and such knowledge of their use as will enable the repairer to decide at once whether #aj1 #bj1 or #cj cents spent in repairs will or will not pay4 ,as long as there are so few assistants who are at all familiar with paper1 type1 binding1 literary quality1 popularity1 cost1 etc41 it is well to discourage almost all book repairs4 ,as soon as we admit1 as we must1 that a good book1 costing from one to two dollars1 must be mended carefully if at all1 we have opened the door for a large expense4 ,an assistant can easily spend an hour or two on a book1 repairing its cover1 mending a few leaves and putting it in order4 ,when she gets through she will have put from #cj to #ej cents' worth of time into it1 has probably permanently injured it1 and in a few months or years it will be in worse condition than if she had never touched it at all4 ,moreover1 the same amount of money put out in cash instead of time would in many cases have rebound it4 ,in a measure the remarks just made apply even to popular books1 much used by children or adults4 ,it is easy to spend more money in mending them than good economy can justify4 ,mend sparingly2 rebind early4 ,the reason for this warning against mending lies in the anatomy of the book and the injury it receives from handling after it begins to break up1 and especially after its first breaks have been mended by a prentice hand4 ,the weakest point in a book is the joint4 ,in publishers' binding of today this joint is made by a piece of super1 which is glued to the back of the book and then to the inside of the cover1 plus the end paper which is pasted over it and also onto the cover4 ,this super is weak4 ,if it is put on with a poor glue that glue soon grows hard and the joint is further weakened thereby4 ,it breaks or tears easily4 ,also1 it parts easily from the back to which it is glued and from the cover4 ,no strings or tapes pass from the book to cover4 ,when the joint once comes loose from either back or cover1 or breaks1 it cannot well be either attached or mended again4 ,it is sometimes possible to take a broken book out of its case entirely1 remove the old and attach new super1 add new end sheets1 put it again into the case and get considerable use from it4 ,but any other kind of mending of the joint is almost futile and even this is injurious4 ,and the better such mending seems at first to succeed1 the greater the harm it is really doing to the whole book4 ,for the mending usually consists in pasting a strip of strong paper or cloth along the joint4 ,this simply conveys the strain from the joint proper1 where it belongs1 to the first leaf of the first signature4 ,this is only paper1 usually poor at that4 ,it soon breaks and lets its other half loose4 ,very commonly other injuries are worked at the same time4 ,the book gets loose again1 if it was ever really tightened4 ,the super with hard glue attached rubs about on the backs of the signatures2 several of them are cut through1 and the possibility of a rebinding with proper sewing is either gone forever or can be regained only after the long labor of mending many signatures4 ,when the cords or bands are broken in a book in which they are used it is as useless to attempt to fasten book and cover together as it is when the super gives way in publishers' binding4 ,loose leaves appear earliest in books printed on paper which is so heavy that it breaks almost as soon as it is folded4 ,if the loose leaves of such books are tipped in they tend to tear out with them the ones they are tipped onto4 ,leaves should rarely be tipped into books which have never been rebound4 ,in rebound books which are in their last days and will never be rebound again it is sometimes proper to tip in4 ,full-page illustrations which come loose can in most cases be left out to advantage4 ,to tip them in again hurts the leaves they are fastened to4 ,they are usually so poor that it is a kindness to the reader to throw them away4 ,in the long run a book needing more than very slight repairs will give better return if so rebound at once that it will hang together until so dirty that it will have to be thrown away4 ,some books1 especially some of those printed on cheap1 heavy1 coated paper1 will never pay to rebind4 ,they should be mended1 each according to its constitution1 and when beyond mending thrown away4 ,good general rules for mending books are few4 ,the first and most important of all is3 ,be sparing with paste or other stickist4 ,another is3 ,if a machine-bound book is broken at the joint1 the cover beginning to part from the back1 send it straight to the binder4 ,the best plan is to buy your books as far as possible properly bound for library use direct from the publishers' sheets4 ,such books never need mending or rebinding4 ,being flexible and easily opened their leaves are rarely torn2 and1 for the same reason1 getting no hard pressure from moist or dirty hands in trying to keep them open1 their leaves keep clean for a long time4 ,books not thus bound in the first place should be rebound in first-class manner when they begin to break4 ,parsimony in rebinding is a library thief4 ,,chapter ,x ,repairing ,books1 ,newark ,methods ,books are sent to the bindery and repair department from the delivery department1 as the head of the latter department may direct2 and the head of the bindery department1 or some one under her direction1 is constantly looking over the shelves for books that need attention4 ,in the repair department1 which attends to the repair of books and to the sending of those needing binding to the bindery1 these directions are followed3 ,when a book looks dilapidated1 note carefully its condition throughout4 ,consider these questions in regard to it3 ,is it worth repairing8 ,should it be covered8 ,should it be rebound8 ,should it be discarded8 ,no general rules can be given by which to answer these queries4 ,each case must be decided by itself4 ,general cleaning4 ,look through book2 turn out corners of leaves which have been turned in2 mend torn leaves with transparent mending paper1 or ,japanese mending tissue2 erase dirt and pencil marks4 ,pencil marks4 ,for removing soil and pencil marks1 we have tried the ,ruby1 ,cerise1 and ,ideal erasers1 ,art gum1 and ivory soap and water4 ,we like the ,cerise1 manufactured by ,eberhard ,faber1 as having more grit than the ,ruby and yet not injurious to the paper4 ,torn leaves4 ,ordinary circulating books are best mended with narrow strips of ,japanese tissue and paste4 ,this is cheaper than commercial gummed paper and is preferable to it also1 as the mucilage on the latter grows dark and brittle in a short time4 ,dennison's adhesive tape costs about three cents for a roll of four yards1 while one sheet of ,japanese tissue1 costing two and a quarter cents1 cuts into #df yards of strips the width of ,dennison's4 ,torn leaves in choice books may thus be mended3 ,match the edges of the tear carefully and apply a narrow line of paste along them4 ,lay over this a piece of ,japanese tissue larger than the tear1 and rub it down very lightly4 ,repeat this on the other side of the leaf and put under moderate pressure4 ,when dry1 pull off all the tissue that will come away easily4 ,cleaning publishers' bindings4 ,often there are a few spots on books which make them unsightly4 ,it is not advisable to wash a cloth cover1 unless very dirty1 as the finish is thereby removed1 thus permitting the book to become soiled again almost with first handling4 ,in case1 however1 a publisher's cloth binding has become so soiled as to need washing1 it can be very well cleaned and given a new finish by the process described below4 ,if the directions are carefully followed books treated in this way will look almost new and will keep clean almost as well as they did when they came from the publishers' hands3 ,hold the book by the leaves in the left hand1 with the covers outside of fingers and thumb2 rub the cover gently with a sponge dipped in a mixture of vinegar and water1 half of each4 ,continue to rub it carefully until it is quite clean2 but do not press hard enough or rub persistently enough to take off any of the color4 ,rub gently1 slowly and carefully1 letting the vinegar and water do most of the work4 ,when thoroughly clean1 or as clean as the character of color and cloth will permit the book in hand to be made1 stand it on end to dry4 ,the drying will take at least a half hour2 a good plan1 consequently1 is to clean as many books at one time as one can do in about forty-five minutes4 ,the first one cleaned will then be ready for the next step when the whole lot has been finished4 ,in a common drinking glass1 place one teaspoonful of egg albumen1 to be had at any book bindery1 and two teaspoonfuls of vinegar1 add half a glass of water and let this stand over night4 ,the next day1 add two teaspoonfuls of binders' paste1 stir thoroughly1 and it is ready for use4 ,with a sponge give the cleaned books one coat of this mixture and again stand on end to dry4 ,this mixture will not make the covers as shiny as does shellac or varnish1 but will cover the surface well and protect it4 ,it will be sticky when first put on4 ,leather decay4 ,leather bindings which show signs of decay may be treated to an application of vaseline or olive oil1 or a solution of paraffin wax in twice its weight of castor oil1 slightly warmed4 ,rub in well with fingers or cloth4 ,the progress of decay can in some cases be stopped by this means4 ,labels4 ,take off and replace with fresh ones all torn and badly soiled back labels4 ,to do this1 apply to them a mixture of two parts water and one part ammonia4 ,after they are soaked enough to come off very easily1 take them off with a dull knife4 ,in most cases let the water remain on the label for several minutes4 ,to scratch off the label without soaking it first will often injure the book4 ,labels that have been varnished are sometimes very difficult to remove and great care should be exercised with them4 ,replacing labels4 ,follow method used in putting them on when book is new1 except that it is not necessary to moisten with ammonia and water the place on which the label is to go4 ,use ,dennison's round gummed label1 of a size small enough to rest entirely on the back of the book4 ,never let a label extend over and around the edge of the back4 ,for quite small books trim the label4 ,moisten the gum slightly and press and work it down carefully until it has set all over4 ,this is very essential4 ,mark the book with indelible ink4 ,cover label with quite thin white shellac4 ,the shellac should extend a little onto the book beyond the label all around4 ,let the first coat dry thoroughly and then apply a second4 ,labels on the sides of books4 ,if the cover is durabline or keratol1 first put a coat of shellac on the place where the label is to be placed4 ,allow this to dry4 ,paste and put on the label1 rubbing it down thoroughly4 ,allow it to dry and give it a coat of shellac4 ,if the cover is cloth1 use ammonia and water instead of shellac before putting on the label4 ,loose leaves4 ,if the loose leaves are illustrations in an ordinary novel1 take them out and send them to the picture department4 ,replace other pictures with a guard of ,japanese mending tissue4 ,this tissue takes up less space than bond paper and must always be cut with the grain of the paper or it cannot well be handled4 ,rub the tissue down1 first laying over it a piece of paper4 ,single leaves can be inserted in three different ways3 #a4 ,fold half-inch strips of bond paper in the center lengthwise along the grain4 ,with a small brush apply paste to the outside of this strip4 ,attach half of it to the edge of the loose leaf and the other half to the adjoining leaf1 close in by the fold4 ,cover the strip with paste evenly1 but sparingly and quickly1 stretching it as little as possible4 ,if it does stretch1 and it tends to do so as soon as moistened1 it will when dry wrinkle the page to which it is attached4 ,loose leaves should be attached in this way only in books which are in good condition4 #b4 ,draw a soft piece of twine over a board which has received a thin coat of paste2 then pull this cord through the back of the book where the loose leaf is to be inserted4 ,this leaves in the book just enough paste to hold in the loose leaf4 ,work the loose leaf carefully back into its place1 close the back and let it dry4 ,this method is not advised for general use4 #c4 ,on the back edge of the loose leaf put a little paste4 ,lay the leaf in place and close the book for a second1 then open and push leaf in place with folder4 ,this method is used with whipstitched books4 ,the first two methods are generally used with books sewed in the ordinary way on tapes or cords4 ,sewing in loose sections and loose leaves4 #a4 ,loose back books4 ,thread a darning needle three inches long with ,barbour's linen thread1 ,no4 #dj1 or ,hayes's linen thread1 ,no4 #bj4 ,open the book in the middle of the loose section4 ,near the top and bottom of the fold will be seen holes made by the binder4 ,pass the needle through a hole near the top1 and out between the book and its loose back4 ,do not pull the thread clear through4 ,drop the needle and thread between the back of the book and the loose part of the binding to the bottom1 then run it from the outside into the middle of the loose section through the hole at the bottom thereof1 and tie at the point of beginning4 ,insert ,japanese guard over thread4 ,this holds the section in fairly well4 ,always guard a section before replacing by pasting a half-inch strip of bond paper1 folded in the middle1 along the folds4 #b4 ,tight-back books4 ,cut a guard of jaconet or bond paper three-fourths of an inch wide and as long as the book4 ,sew the signature to the middle of this guard and then paste the guard in the book1 attaching half of it to each of the leaves adjoining the loose section4 ,broken bindings4 ,books in publisher's cloth1 which are breaking out of their bindings1 are mended in some libraries with considerable success as follows3 ,the case is taken off with care4 ,if possible1 the lining of the boards is removed in such a way as to permit of its being put on again4 ,the super is removed from the margins of the boards and from the back4 ,necessary repairs are made to end leaves and stitches are taken in the book when out of the case1 if need be4 ,the back of the book and the end leaves are then covered with a thin coat of flexible glue4 ,the book is then again put together4 ,this glues the back of the case directly to the back of the book1 making it a tight back4 ,it is reported that books thus repaired wear very well4 ,newark has not had success with this kind of work4 ,fly leaves and end papers4 ,to add a new fly leaf4 ,cut suitable paper just the length of the leaves of the book but half an inch wider1 fold over the half inch and paste it2 attach this half inch to the last fly leaf in the book1 close to the joint4 ,if a book has two or more fly leaves1 very often you can save much time and still have your work look well by turning the first leaf back and pasting down the page facing4 ,if leaves stick out of book after they have been tipped1 guarded or sewed in1 trim them off even with the others4 ,if the end sheet or lining paper of the cover is soiled or injured1 cut a sheet of suitable paper to fit the lining paper exactly and paste the new sheet down all over1 fully covering it4 ,after the new lining paper is put in1 keep the book for a time under moderate pressure or the cover will curl4 ,loose joints4 ,if books are loose along the joint they can sometimes be repaired by pasting along the joint inside as a guard a strip of thin muslin or bond paper1 an inch and a quarter wide4 ,fold the strip through the center1 paste it and apply it to fly leaf and book cover4 ,a better material than muslin for this purpose is jaconet1 being light in weight and starched a little4 ,the book should lie open and flat after mending until it is dry4 ,this1 as has already been noted1 is a poor method of mending a broken joint4 ,by it the strain is passed from the cover through the new joint to the fly leaf1 and the strength of the new joint is only the strength of the fly leaf itself1 which is generally a poor piece of paper4 ,a better way1 in some cases1 is to take the book entirely out of its cover1 pull the super from the back1 sew on new end sheets and glue a new piece of super or muslin over the back and extending half an inch onto the sides4 ,let this dry thoroughly4 ,then cover with paste the back and the end leaves1 the latter being the sheets which are now to become lining papers1 and put the book again into its case4 ,this is recasing1 in effect1 in the manner in which the book was first put together4 ,loosened back4 ,a book which is in fairly good condition1 with sewing protected1 but loose in the case1 can sometimes be strengthened by applying paste or glue down the inside of the loose back of the cover4 ,this can be done fairly well with a long handled brush4 ,this changes the binding from a loose to a tight back4 ,to reattach loose covers4 ,the method here described should be applied only to books which are little used4 ,cut a strip of muslin the length of the book1 and about an inch and a half wider than its back4 ,apply hot binder's glue to it and put it over the back on the outside4 ,when this is dry1 cover the book with brown wrapping paper as described under the heading ,covering books1 as a book thus mended is quite unsightly4 ,when a book is out of the cover1 but has its sewing intact and the super or paper over the sewing firmly in place1 it may be wise to give the back a coat of hot glue and put book again into its cover1 thus making it a tight back4 ,covering books4 ,cut brown ,rugby wrapping paper into sheets of such a size that they will extend from #b to #b-a_/b inches all around beyond the book when laid open on them4 ,this size will be found to be nearly #acag inches for the ordinary #abmo4 ,lay the closed book on the paper with back in the center and toward you1 making sure that the proper margin of paper is left all around4 ,fold the paper over the front edge of top cover2 reverse book1 this time with front edge toward you1 and fold and stretch paper tight over the front edge of the cover4 ,take book by the back in the left hand4 ,with scissors cut the paper at top and bottom1 with slight inward slant from its outer edges down to the four ends of the joints4 ,take out the book1 and turn in these center flaps with a double fold1 putting a little paste on them after first turn4 ,replace the book in the cover1 flush with head and tail4 ,tuck in folds at the corners of the front and back lap1 making not too great an angle2 crease well4 ,the top and bottom laps should lie over the front and back laps4 ,put a touch of paste on laps at corners1 but do not put any on the book itself4 ,re-siding books4 ,books in good condition as to their bindings1 being still solid1 but having badly worn or badly soiled sides1 send to bindery to have the covering of the boards1 not the leather of the back1 taken off and replaced with fresh keratol4 ,this costs about #aj cents per volume4 ,this can also be done in the repair department1 and book cloth can be used instead of keratol4 ,soiled edges4 ,the edges of soiled books can be somewhat improved by rubbing them with sand paper4 ,to cut fore edges of bound book4 ,this is never done to a book of value or to one that can be rebound2 but cheap1 shabby books with sound leather backs which hold together well can be freshened by cutting the fore edges and1 if necessary1 residing4 ,sometimes one can cut straight down through the front edges and the two boards1 reside and insert new end pages4 ,this seems a barbarous process2 still1 it freshens the appearance of the book very much and often prolongs its usefulness4 ,maps4 ,when small folded maps are badly torn line them throughout with ,japanese tissue1 jaconet or nainsook4 ,to freshen black leather4 ,sponge off with ordinary black ink2 dry2 rub over with paste2 dry2 apply a coat of bookbinders' varnish2 dry2 rub with vaseline4 ,broken boards4 ,books which have one or both of their sides broken1 but are otherwise perfect1 can have their boards replaced4 ,do not do this to books in publisher's binding1 as such books will soon have to be rebound in any case4 ,on a book which is hand sewn1 with leather back1 a broken board can be replaced thus3 ,pull off the cloth side1 lift up the leather carefully where it laps over the side1 also the muslin on the inside and pull out the broken board4 ,put hot glue along both edges of new board to be inserted1 and put in place4 ,rub down well1 and put under pressure1 then reside and insert new end leaf4 ,ink stains4 ,these if on the leaves can generally be removed with ink eradicator or javelle water2 but if they are on the edges and have soaked down into the book1 nothing can be done but to cut the edges and have the book rebound4 ,if the stains on the edges have not soaked in very deep1 sandpaper can be used on them with good results4 ,ink stains can be removed from ,keratol by applying to them household ammonia of full strength with a small bristle brush1 working it over a little to loosen the ink4 ,allow this to stand a minute or two and then rub with soft cloth and wash well with water4 ,this cannot be done with imperial cloth1 as ink sinks into its fiber4 ,general stains4 ,many brown stains can be removed with a strong solution of washing soda1 or better with javelle water4 ,wash with clear water and dry thoroughly after removing the stain or a dark line will later appear at the edge of the spot which was wet2 put in a press with clean papers between the leaves4 ,alum and water also give fairly good results4 ,water and a little ivory soap will remove some finger marks4 ,all of these methods have the disadvantage of removing the size or finish in the paper so that it soils quickly again4 ,grease marks4 ,for spots made with grease use benzine2 while still moist apply a hot iron1 with a blotting paper on each side of leaf4 ,paste4 ,paste must not be used if not in a good condition4 ,the thickness at which it should be used varies with different kinds of work4 ,thin paste is quickly taken up and under its application paper quickly expands4 ,in most cases this stretching or expanding of the paper is a disadvantage4 ,if it is desirable that the paper be so applied as not to draw or curl that to which it is applied1 it should be covered quickly with thick paste1 then applied at once and not much rubbed after it is in place4 ,the dishes in which paste is kept should be thoroughly and often cleaned2 brushes the same4 ,bits of cloth used in pasting should either be thrown away or washed after they have been used a short time4 ,,chapter ,,xi ,repairing ,books3 ,materials and ,tools ,in spite of the remarks heretofore made about the injury often done to books by repairing them1 even when the repairs are cleverly made1 it is well for any library1 however small1 to have a mending table at which such work on books as seems necessary can be done4 ,the materials for this work can in part be obtained from a bindery4 ,there one can get super1 pieces of book cloth of several colors1 and some of other things mentioned below and in the list of technical terms4 ,one needs for book repairs some or all of the following things1 according to the amount of work to be done4 ,brushes4 ,buy a small brush1 about as large as a lead pencil1 and another half an inch in diameter4 ,their prices vary with their quality1 from #f cents up4 ,these will be sufficient for most purposes4 ,get good ones2 and for paste and glue the kind set in cement1 not in glue4 ,artists' bristle brushes are good4 ,cloth4 ,a yard or two of super4 ,this is stiffened a little and pastes and handles more easily than ordinary muslin4 ,if you are going to put backs on books you will need also pieces of bookbinder's cloth4 ,these can be bought at almost any bindery in yard lengths4 ,get also pieces of cambric and fine muslin called nainsook1 or jaconet1 for guarding signatures and similar work4 ,it costs #ae cents a yard4 ,copying press4 ,for pressing books4 ,one #ajab inches will cost about #c4ge4 ,cutting board4 ,the best cutting board is one of hard wood4 ,a common bread-board will serve for small work and costs only a few cents4 ,folder4 ,flat piece of bone4 #ae cents4 ,glue pot4 ,get the regular double pot of iron4 ,a ,no4 #b will cost about #ge cents4 ,ground glue4 ,best1 #ah cents a pound4 ,gummed paper4 ,paper and cloth ready gummed and other useful repair material can be bought of ,gaylord ,bros41 ,emerson ,building1 ,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y41 and also of ,holden ,patent ,book ,cover ,co41 ,springfield1 ,mass4 ,japanese mending paper4 ,handmade ,japanese ,window or ,shoji ,paper used for mending and guarding can be obtained from ,japan ,paper ,co41 #cd ,union ,sq41 ,n4 ,y4 ,price #e4jj per ream of #ejj sheets #afbb4 ,this is the best of all mending papers for repairing torn leaves4 ,knife4 ,a good knife is what is called a shoemaker's knife1 a long blade1 square at the end4 #ae cents4 ,keep the corner square by occasionally knocking a piece off the end4 ,for a sharpener wrap a piece of fine emery paper about a square stick and tack it down4 ,mending tissue4 ,see ,japanese mending paper4 ,needles4 ,several sizes1 especially the regular sewing needles of the binder4 ,paper4 ,different kinds of book paper1 to be obtained from any printer1 will be needed for replacing end sheets1 also thin bond paper for guarding leaves4 ,rope manila of the best quality will also be found useful4 ,get also some of the rolls of adhesive paper sold by ,the ,dennison ,manufacturing ,company1 #aa ,dey ,st41 ,new ,york 7#c_/d inches wide1 per dozen spools #dj cents71 for mending torn pages4 ,it is very convenient4 ,paste4 ,buy this at a bindery1 if you use much4 ,for occasional use it can be thus made3 stir flour in cold water until smooth1 add hot water1 let it boil for a few minutes1 and add a little salt and alum as preservatives4 ,good paste can be bought in jars4 ,higgins's is the best4 ,the cost is #be cents per #h-ounce jar4 ,almost any stationer carries it1 or it can be ordered of ,charles ,m4 ,higgins1 #afh ,eighth ,st41 ,brooklyn4 ,a convenient thing for paste in small quantities is the tube4 ,the several makes are all about equally good4 ,paste made of starch is best for work on fine books1 as it is more transparent and shows less than other paste4 ,ruler4 ,one with a brass edge is handy1 but not essential4 ,scissors4 ,slender1 #f-;inch blades1 good quality1 #ge cents4 ,sewing bench4 ,this can be made as follows3 ,take a board #bd in4 long and #aj in4 wide4 ,on the side of it and #ad in4 apart nail two uprights1 #c_/d in4 square and a foot long4 ,across the top of these nail a stick #c_/d in4 square4 ,tacks can be driven into the board and into the cross stick above where needed1 and cords or tapes stretched between them4 ,this gives you all the essentials of a sewing bench4 ,thread4 ,some of ,hayes's best ,irish linen thread1 smaller size1 say ,no4 #ah4 ,or ,barbour's linen1 ,no4 #cj4 ,,chapter ,,xii ,covering ,books ,few libraries now cover their books4 ,the reasons for covering them usually given are1 that the paper covers gather dust less easily than do the publisher's cloth bindings2 and that the paper covers can be renewed when soiled and books can thus be kept at small expense fairly clean as to their exteriors4 ,the objections to the paper cover may thus be stated3 ,it takes away the individuality of the book and thus detracts from its interest2 the cover has a tendency1 unless very carefully put on1 to strain the back of the book2 borrowers are more careless in handling a covered than an uncovered book4 ,the only use the ,newark ,library has found for book covers is on old volumes which are very rarely used and yet are too broken or too much worn and disfigured to look well on the shelf4 ,frequently old leather bindings crack along the joint so that the sides separate from the back4 ,when this occurs a piece of muslin covered with hot glue applied to the back of the book1 extending onto the sides1 will hold it together fairly well1 and then a paper cover hides the defacement4 ,the process of putting on a paper cover is described in the chapter on ,repairing4 ,the ,newark ,library has experimented with several materials and at this date has found that ,rugby wrapping paper has given better satisfaction than any other4 ,it is a tough brown paper1 which can be obtained from ,lindenmeyr ,sons1 ,new ,york4 ,cost1 #c4cj per ream2 size1 #bdcf1 #fj lbs4 ,the arguments for covering books used in schools are somewhat different from those that may be applied in regard to the same practice for books in libraries4 ,the ,holden ,patent ,book ,cover ,company1 of ,springfield1 ,mass41 makes an adjustable cover of very stout1 water-proof paper4 ,this cover and others akin to it are used to a great extent in the public schools4 ,the same ,holden ,company publishes a little pamphlet called1 ,how to ,care for ,books and ,keep ,them in ,perfect ,repair4 ,this they present to teachers who make use of their appliances for repairing books4 ,these appliances include thin transparent paper glued on both sides2 the same glued on one side2 polished cloth in several colors glued on one side2 paper in long strips1 so folded and glued that they can be conveniently used to strengthen and repair bindings2 self-binders1 which are strips of glued cloth with little tongues cut out and projecting from them1 that may be used to hold cover and book together4 ,it appears that in schools which purchase materials like those made by the ,holden ,company1 and instruct their teachers to use them on books as soon as any of them show the need of repairs1 the annual cost of text-books is reduced4 ,probably the cost would be still more reduced were the books mended very little by a skilled person1 and were they properly rebound as soon as they need to be4 ,gaylord ,brothers1 of ,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y41 make and sell repair material similar to that of the ,holden ,company4 ,further light is thrown on this subject by certain answers to questions recently received from forty superintendents in the ,united ,states4 ,these answers show that in two only of forty cities where text-books are furnished is any systematic attention given to the care of text-books4 ,in two cities there is an official curator of books who looks after the covering1 repairing1 and rebinding of them4 ,the custom in public schools seems to be to purchase text-books1 to keep them in use with a minimum of repairs until they are too tattered and soiled to be thought respectable even by the most careless teacher1 and then throw them away4 ,this practice is probably wasteful and extravagant2 at least it seems to be so in the light of the experience in libraries in the same matter4 ,,chapter ,,xiii ,leather3 ,general ,notes ,the names given to different kinds of leather come sometimes from the character of its surface1 that is1 from the grain1 or roughness or corrugation it has2 sometimes from the animal it once covered2 sometimes from the method of tanning2 sometimes from the fact that it is part of a skin which has been split2 sometimes from the place or country where it is made or where the animal it once covered lived1 and sometimes from a combination of two or more of these4 ,the subject of the leathers used in bookbinding is a very difficult one4 ,tanners1 dealers and binders1 dictionaries1 encyclopdias and books on tanning disagree with one another as to the proper terms to use in speaking of different kinds of leather4 ,imitations are many1 and very successful4 ,in the list below ,i have tried to follow the usage of binders2 but ,i am sure no expert would accept it throughout as correct4 ,with this variety in definition goes a corresponding variety in character in leather of the same name4 ,different skins tanned in the same way1 apparently1 and called by the same name by dealers and binders1 will wear1 some well1 some not so well4 ,the only quite definite assertion which can be made is1 that of modern leathers1 few save the best morocco and pigskin will keep their strength for any length of time in an ,american library1 and morocco and pigskin usually for not much over #bj years4 ,as the remarks which follow indicate1 ,english leather makers have recently procured leathers guaranteed to be dressed on the lines recommended by the ,society of ,arts ,report4 ,see also the revised report1 and the little volume1 with samples1 called ,leather for ,libraries by ,hulme1 ,parker and others4 ,leathers made from the skins of animals of the same kind1 the goat for example1 though made by the same process1 vary somewhat with the animals' sex1 age when killed1 the food on which they lived1 the climate in which they matured1 and their manner of life1 and1 if females1 with the fact that they have or have not had young4 ,also1 the leather made from the skin of one part of the body differs materially from that made from the skin of another part4 ,moreover1 some dyes seem to hasten decay1 some to retard it4 ,red seems least hurtful1 black the most so2 though this difference is probably due more to chemicals used in the preparation of the skin for the dye than to the dye itself4 ,brown generally stands well2 most other colors1 except red as stated1 do not4 ,with all these1 and other1 factors to be taken into consideration it is evident that full knowledge of leather is not given to anyone4 ,in a general way it may be said that good leather cannot be told by name1 or looks1 or feel2 but only by trial4 ,dealers1 even1 cannot tell the good from the best4 ,the sum of all advice is1 having found1 by your own or others' tests1 that a certain leather is good1 use it as long as you can get it4 ,the ,british museum sets a good example in this4 ,it has in recent years bound many thousands of volumes in morocco made by ,meredith-,jones ,sons1 ,wrexham1 ,wales1 which experience thus far shows to be very good4 ,we have tried it and in the brief trial we have given it1 found it excellent4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,gordon ,parker1 ,herold's ,institute1 ,drummond ,road1 ,bermondsey1 ,england1 has made an arrangement with the council of the ,library ,association of ,england by which he has become their official examiner of leather and he will test samples for acids1 nature of tannage1 etc41 at reasonable rates4 ,john ,muir ,son1 tanners and curriers1 ,beith1 ,scotland1 offices3 #c ,arundel ,st41 ,strand1 ,london1 ,w4 ,c41 ,england1 prepare pigskin for bookbinding2 so do ,edw4 ,jas4 ,richardson1 ,elswick ,leather ,works1 ,newcastle-on-,tyne1 ,england4 ,j4 ,meredith-,jones ,sons1 ,ltd41 ,cambrian ,leather ,works1 ,wrexham1 ,wales1 make bookbinders' leathers guaranteed to be dressed on the lines recommended by the ,society of ,arts ,report1 and free from mineral acids4 ,specialty3 ,welsh sheep4 ,much has been written on the wearing and lasting qualities of leather4 ,the best discussion of the subject is the ,report of the committee on leather for bookbinding1 made to the ,society of ,arts1 ,england1 and published in its ,journal1 ,july #e1 #aija4 ,i allude to this report frequently1 and for convenience speak of it as ,report '#ja4 ,the committee who made this report found that the leather made today does not last as long as that made #ge years ago4 ,they found that the heat and fumes of gas help to hasten the decay of the leather on books4 ,these factors are more effective in ,american superheated libraries than in ,english ones4 ,if books bound in leather are much handled they last longer than if they stand undisturbed on the shelves1 because the oil from the hand helps to keep leather soft1 pliable1 and alive4 ,the committee concluded that no leather1 with the sole exception of ,niger goat1 made by the natives on the river ,niger in ,africa1 and imported just as it leaves their hands1 can be fully recommended as free from elements which lead to its early decay4 ,since this report was published imitations of this leather have been put on the market1 and it can no longer be relied upon4 ,we have found it beautiful in color and texture1 easy to work and wearing admirably on large and much-used books4 ,but it does not keep clean as well as a good morocco of coarse grain4 ,it is very expensive1 and first-class morocco is probably better where strong1 enduring leather is advisable which is only on books which are to be much used4 ,the most important points made in the report of the ,society of ,arts committee on leather for bookbinding1 referred to above1 are the following3 ,books bound during the last #hj or #ajj years show far greater evidence of deterioration than those of an earlier date4 ,many recent bindings show evidence of decay after so short a period as ten or even five1 years4 ,modern leather is certainly far less durable than old leather4 ,the most prevalent decay is a red decay1 and this may be differentiated into old and new1 the old red decay being noticeable up to about #ahcj1 and the new decay since that date4 ,another form of deterioration1 more noticeable in the newer books1 renders the grain of the leather liable to peel off when exposed to the slightest friction4 ,this is the most common form of decay noted in the most recent leathers4 ,decay is caused by both mechanical and chemical influences4 ,of the latter some are due to mistakes of the leather manufacturer and the bookbinder1 others to the want of ventilation1 and improper heating and lighting of libraries4 ,in some cases inferior leathers are finished 7by methods in themselves injurious7 to imitate a better class of leathers1 and of course where these are used durability cannot be expected4 ,but in the main the injury for which the manufacturer and bookbinder are responsible must be attributed rather to ignorance of the effect of the means employed to give the leather the outward qualities required for binding1 than to the intentional production of an inferior article4 ,embossing leather under heavy pressure to imitate a grain has a very injurious effect4 ,the shaving of thick skins greatly reduces the strength of the leather by cutting away the tough fibers of the inner part of the skin4 ,the use of mineral acids in brightening the color of leather1 and in the process of dyeing1 has a serious effect in lessening its resistance to decay4 ,quite modern leather dyed black seems1 in nearly all cases1 to have perished1 although old black morocco 7sixteenth1 seventeenth and eighteenth centuries7 in good condition is not uncommon4 ,in a very large proportion of cases the decay of modern sumac-tanned leather has been due to the sulphuric acid used in the dye bath1 and retained in the skin4 ,tobacco smoke has a darkening and deleterious effect on leather bindings4 ,light1 and especially direct sunlight and hot air1 possess deleterious influences which had scarcely been suspected4 ,gas fumes are the most injurious of all the influences to which books are subjected1 no doubt because of sulphuric and sulphurous acid they contain4 ,they are especially injurious to books on the upper shelves of a high room4 ,the importance of moderate temperature and thorough ventilation of libraries cannot be too much insisted on4 ,with proper conditions of ventilation1 temperature1 and dryness1 books may be preserved without deterioration1 for very long periods1 on open shelves4 ,on the other hand1 as a general rule1 tightly fitting glass cases conduce to their preservation4 ,leather bindings that have been coated with glair or varnish seem to keep better than those without4 ,the bookbinder shares1 in no small measure1 with the leather manufacturer and librarian1 the blame for the premature decay of leather bindings4 ,books are sewn on too few and too thin cords1 and are not firmly laced into the boards4 ,this renders the attachment of the boards to the book almost entirely dependent on the strength of the leather4 ,the use of hollow backs usually throws too much strain on the joints in opening and shutting the book4 ,if the headbands are not strong the leather of the back is apt to become torn4 ,the leather is often made very wet and stretched a great deal in covering1 with the result that1 on drying1 it is further strained1 almost to breaking point1 by contraction1 leaving a very small margin of strength to meet the accidents of use4 ,the use of oxalic acid for washing backs of books1 or of leather for bookbinding1 is fatal to durability4 ,vinegar1 even in its pure state1 is injurious4 ,paste should be used in a fresh condition1 otherwise it is liable to undergo an acid fermentation1 and to favor the growth of injurious moulds and bacteria4 ,in all contracts and specifications for bookbinding1 the use of ,east ,india-tanned goat and sheep1 whether retanned or not1 should be absolutely forbidden4 ,it appears to be the general opinion that leather1 and especially ,russia leather1 lasts better on books that are in constant use4 ,this is attributed to the slight amount of grease absorbed by the leather from the hand1 and it is suggested that possibly a suitable dressing may be discovered which would have a similar effect to that produced by this grease4 ,while the leather now used for binding books is less durable than that employed #ej years and more ago1 there ought to be no difficulty in providing leather at the present time as good as any previously made4 ,it is possible to test any leather in such a way as to guarantee its suitability for bookbinding4 ,a reissue of the report summarized above was published1 in cloth1 in #aije4 ,it is entered in the list of books at the end of this volume4 ,in this reissue the arrangement of the original report is somewhat modified2 a paper on leather dyes and dyeing has been added2 the report of the scientific sub-committee has been practically rewritten2 many illustrations have been added1 some of them colored2 #ab samples of leather prepared in accordance with the committee's conclusions are inserted2 and the volume is handsomely printed1 and bound in cloth4 ,the reissue1 however1 does not make necessary any change in the above summary4 ,,chapter ,,xiv ,paper and ,paper ,making ,much of the paper used in books today is made of wood4 ,wood is converted into paper-making material in three ways4 ,in one1 it is cut into convenient lengths1 stripped of its bark and finely ground on grindstones1 and bleached4 ,the product is called ground wood pulp4 ,the paper made from this pulp is hastily and cheaply put together1 has little strength1 and soon turns yellow and grows brittle4 ,there is often added to ground wood before making it into paper1 more or less sulphite or soda pulp1 usually the latter1 the product of another process of turning wood into paper-making material4 ,in the sulphite and soda processes the wood is freed of bark1 cut into small pieces1 and reduced to a pulp by being heated with water and chemicals under pressure in an air-tight steel tank or boiler4 ,sulphite and soda pulp1 which get their names from chemicals used in reducing the wood to pulp1 have longer and better fiber than ground wood pulp4 ,in both processes certain means are used to whiten the fiber and free it from sap1 gum1 and other things which would prevent it from acting properly in the paper-making machine1 or would tend to make it grow yellow or spotted4 ,spruce or basswood are the woods chiefly used1 and they seem to submit themselves to treatment better and to give a longer fiber than other kinds4 ,the pulp made from rags is often mixed with sulphite and soda pulp4 ,the rag-pulp fiber improves the quality of the resulting paper for reasons not easily set forth4 ,paper made entirely of wood may be of good quality1 especially sulphite papers4 ,the popular outcry against wood paper is based on the fact that much of it is made very cheaply and poorly4 ,the rags used in paper making are nearly all cotton4 ,they are not all of them rags in the ordinary sense of the term4 ,many of them are cuttings from clothing factories and have never been used4 ,new rags do not act the same way under the treatment which changes them to paper pulp as do the old ones4 ,the paper made entirely from new cloth differs somewhat from that made from old rags4 ,the best book papers1 however1 contain only stock prepared from old rags4 ,the process of changing rags into paper is very similar to that of changing wood into paper4 ,the rags are cleaned1 freed from foreign substances1 cut into small pieces1 thoroughly washed1 bleached1 and then beaten to a pulp1 under water1 by machines which convert them into a soft1 homogeneous1 creamy mass1 called technically stuff1 and yet preserve the greatest possible length of fiber4 ,this process of beating rags into good paper-making material requires care and considerable time4 ,if the process is hastened unduly the resulting material is not so good4 ,paper is made from other materials besides wood and cotton2 but nearly all of that used in books in this country is made of one or other of these two materials1 or of a combination of the two4 ,the stuff produced as described1 almost milk-like in its consistency1 is pumped from a tank1 in which it is kept constantly stirred to prevent the fiber from settling1 onto the paper-making machine4 ,this machine is an evolution from a simple hand appliance which was used by paper makers for several centuries4 ,it was a shallow tray with a bottom made of a network of wires4 ,this was held in the hands1 dipped into a vat containing the paper-making material1 and as much of the latter taken up on the wires as in the judgment of the maker was sufficient for a sheet of paper4 ,it was then shaken gently1 and deftly handled1 until the water1 running through the wires1 left on the latter1 and spread evenly over them1 a layer of fibers4 ,these dried and matted together in a few seconds sufficiently to enable the maker to turn them out on a blanket2 on this another blanket was spread1 and on this was laid another layer of fibers4 ,the skilful maker of paper by hand 7in a few places in this country the craft is still practiced7 can secure considerable evenness in the layers of fiber or pulp on the wire of his frame2 but the layer is never of quite the same thickness throughout4 ,handmade paper can sometimes be distinguished by these variations in its thickness4 ,machine-made paper is of nearly uniform thickness4 ,in the process of taking up from the vat by hand a thin layer of stuff1 the maker wove together the fibers in every direction by skilful and delicate movements of the frame4 ,a paper-making machine cannot so thoroughly interweave the fibers4 ,paper made by hand1 therefore1 has a quality which cannot be secured on a machine4 ,this peculiar texture of handmade paper of the first class delights the connoisseur1 and furnishes a printing surface superior1 in some respects1 to any machine-made paper4 ,the paper-making machine consists primarily of an endless roll of wire screen1 similar to that forming the bottom of the shallow tray used in making paper by hand4 ,this wire screen1 stretched around rollers1 travels almost horizontally away from a broad shelf from which it receives a stream of stuff pumped onto the latter from the tank before mentioned4 ,as the pulp pours out onto this wire it settles over the screen1 and is woven together by the latter's oscillating and forward movement1 and by the time it reaches the end of the screen is sufficiently matted and dry to hold its shape1 the water being removed by suction4 ,it is then picked up by a roller1 and goes through a succession of rolls1 varying in size1 number1 character1 heat and pressure1 according to the quality of the paper being made and the surface desired thereon4 ,in some cases1 toward the close of the process1 it is passed through a tank containing a thin mixture of glue and water1 called size1 and then is again dried4 ,coming out as paper at the end it is cut into lengths and piled1 or gathered on a roll4 ,the wire diaphragm onto which the paper pulp first pours1 and during the passage over which it is worked into a mat1 the water meanwhile being extracted from it1 is of varying styles4 ,if perfectly plain the resulting paper is almost without marks1 and is said to be wove4 ,if made of wires of different sizes properly arranged the paper1 as it lies on it1 receives deeper impressions from the larger wires than from the smaller and the former appear as light lines running through it when finished4 ,paper thus marked is called laid1 to distinguish it from the wove4 ,as the paper comes from the wires it passes under the dandy roll4 ,this roll sometimes has figures or letters raised on its surface4 ,these impress themselves on the soft paper and produce a greater transparency where they touch1 sometimes reducing the thickness1 and give the finished paper what is called a watermark4 ,it is so called not because it is made of water or by water1 but because it looks as though it were drawn on the paper with a point dipped in water4 ,endless varieties of paper can be made from the same materials4 ,it may contain more or less rag2 may be beaten to a greater or less extent and with more or less care2 may be spread thicker or thinner2 may be rolled on hot rolls1 or polished1 more or less2 may receive more or less sizing2 may be dyed in a vat before it starts for the machine1 or dipped in dye after it is made1 or color may be applied to one surface by machine4 ,the fiber may be carelessly produced1 and the chemicals used in bleaching and cleaning it may be only partially neutralized1 with the result that the paper will soon act as if being eaten with acid1 and will rapidly turn yellow under a bright light4 ,the ordinary observer can distinguish between very poor and fairly good paper in books4 ,he cannot distinguish between paper of fairly good quality and the best4 ,the paper used in newspapers is nearly all made entirely of ground wood4 ,most of it is made as cheaply as possible1 and soon grows brittle and dark in color4 ,this is of little consequence in most cases4 ,for the ordinary newspaper the paper has served its purpose if it looks well for twenty-four hours after it is printed and exposed to the light4 ,books are generally printed on paper which has not been very highly polished4 ,ink is taken from the type more readily by paper of this kind1 especially if the latter be rather soft in texture1 so that the press drives into it the face of the type bearing the ink4 ,modern processes of reproducing pictures give plates for printing1 many of which are made up of very fine lines placed very closely together and having very shallow depressions between them4 ,to print from these with good results the paper used must have a very smooth1 highly polished surface4 ,the press drives soft paper down into the narrow places between the fine lines and blurs the impression of the cut4 ,newspapers which use process-cuts of the kind mentioned are obliged to use paper with a smooth surface to get good results4 ,this smooth surface is generally produced1 as already noted1 by passing the paper between hot metal rollers1 a process called calendering4 ,in a more expensive process1 called plating1 the paper1 cut into sheets1 is laid between sheets of zinc until a pile of several inches in thickness is formed1 and this pile is passed several times under rollers exerting a heavy pressure4 ,this smooths1 polishes and hardens the paper4 ,much of the paper used for illustrations in books has a surface made by applying a coating of clay or other material to it and then polishing it4 ,quite good results can be obtained with fine line cuts on calendered or plated paper without the addition of a coating of clay4 ,the illustrations on coated paper which are found in books are very commonly printed separately from the book itself1 which is on ordinary uncoated paper1 and inserted separately4 ,generally these inserts are not carefully fastened in and cause much annoyance by falling out after the book has been subjected to a little use4 ,recently paper makers have succeeded in producing a paper which has a smooth surface without the high polish usually found on that which is coated1 or highly calendered4 ,the polished surface of these papers1 especially of the coated1 is very objectionable to readers1 light being reflected from it in an unpleasant way4 ,it will be seen from what has been said that it is difficult so to describe what we may call good book paper that it can be readily distinguished4 ,constant study and careful comparisons of the papers one meets in books will enable one to judge of them with some success4 ,one who has much to do with books should take note of the paper of which they are made1 and learn to distinguish between poor and good1 and the good and the best1 as far as possible4 ,this is especially desirable for one whose work with books includes their rebinding and repairing4 ,coated paper breaks easily1 the stiffening added to it by the coat of clay giving it a tendency to fall apart as soon as it has been folded in the same place a few times4 ,soft and fragile paper1 such as is found in many books1 will stand very little wear at the joint in the back4 ,paper not carefully bleached and freed from the chemicals used in bleaching1 rapidly discolors at the edges where exposed to light4 ,such facts as these1 and many others1 will be found useful when one comes to have books rebound1 or attempts to repair them4 ,that side of the paper which touched the wires on which it is made is different from the other4 ,this difference is usually visible to the trained eye4 ,it is often taken into consideration in fine printing4 ,as the pulp flows out upon the wires it tends to mat together more thoroughly along the line of flow than across it4 ,this gives paper a grain1 along which it tears and folds more readily than across it4 ,this fact also is often taken advantage of in good printing4 ,all paper expands or stretches when wet4 ,this is to be kept in mind in mending books4 ,an added strip1 pasted on1 usually draws and wrinkles1 when it dries1 the paper to which it is applied4 ,hence the rule1 in mending1 to use thick paste and apply the pasted sheet or strip to its place as quickly after pasting as possible4 ,mr4 ,chivers has recently made1 #aiji1 with the help of chemists and other experts1 a very careful examination of the composition1 structure1 tensile and folding strength and other qualities of the paper now used in several thousand popular books4 ,the results of this examination1 when applied to the subjects of book-selection and book-buying1 will be of great value to libraries4 ,the quality of the paper used in the books on which libraries spend a large per cent4 of their book fund--novels--is the question that should be first considered in selecting editions4 ,libraries may hope soon to be able to select editions much more wisely than heretofore4 ,the investigations by ,mr4 ,chivers1 and those carried on by ,u4 ,s4 ,government experts in ,washington1 will not only enable libraries to discover the best editions for purchase1 but will also enable them to secure bindings so carefully adapted to the quality of the paper in each book as to give that book the longest possible life of usefulness4 ,,chapter ,,xv ,binding ,records ,by binding records are meant the reports of books sent to the bindery1 their return1 styles1 cost1 etc4 ,there are many ways of keeping these4 ,for the small library great simplicity is desirable and possible4 ,the large library usually works out a method adapted to its own conditions4 ,in sending books to a binder it is usually not necessary to keep any record other than the book card1 on which may be written or stamped the word ,binder and the date sent4 ,to this may be added a few words or a number indicating material and style4 ,the binder himself is usually content with general instructions for each separate lot1 such as1 ,these #be vols4 bind in half brown cowskin with keratol sides2 special sewing4 ,some libraries attach a note to the title-page of each book saying how it is to be bound and giving the lettering for the back4 ,this is not often necessary4 ,it is usual to note the latter point on the title page by underscoring the first letter of each word which is to appear on the back4 ,in doing this1 reduce the lettering as far as possible by omitting unnecessary words4 ,in most libraries1 for example1 the new title for ,the ,adventures of ,huckleberry ,finn can be reduced to advantage to ,huck ,finn4 ,special books must be specially marked of course1 and books in sets and series should be lettered in the same style throughout4 ,this can be assured by sending a sample volume or a rubbing of the back4 ,the rubbing is got by laying a piece of paper on the back of the volume the style of which is to be copied and rubbing it hard with a large1 soft pencil or rub-off wax4 ,as books are returned they should be checked by whatever record was kept of them4 ,then their number1 sizes and styles should be entered in a book kept for the purpose4 ,from these items the bill will be checked when sent in4 ,,chapter ,,xvi ,binding ,records and ,notes1 ,newark ,rules followed in ,newark ,library in sending books to bindery4 ,remove book slip1 having first compared its number with the number on the book pocket4 ,this book slip is stamped with the word ,bindery and with the date1 and then is filed with other similar slips1 all being kept in groups in accordance with the kinds of binding the books are to receive4 ,the slips for the books sent each month are also put together4 ,on the title page of the book underline with light pencil marks such words as are to be gilded on the back4 ,make the title for the back as short as it can be made without loss of identity4 ,if the name on the title page is a pseudonym1 write the author's correct name beside it in small letters4 ,most books are sent in groups with a general note of instruction as to the binding of the whole group4 ,for example1 a hundred books may be sent in one lot with a note saying1 ,bind in pigskin in the usual style4 ,when special bindings are required1 which call for special instructions1 tip slightly in the front of the book1 usually on the title page1 a slip of yellow paper #ce inches4 ,bright yellow is chosen because it is easily distinguished from the white paper of the book1 even at night1 and yet writing on it is quite legible4 ,on this slip write the call number of the book1 the special style of binding wanted and other remarks when needed1 such as the following3 ,rush4 ,if the book is to be returned in haste4 ,see sample4 ,when book is one of two or more volumes and a special style of binding is to be carried out through the whole set4 ,do not trim at all4 ,when the book is of some special character and it is desired to preserve all the paper4 ,when books come back from the bindery stamp the date of their return on the lower left corner of the back cover immediately on their receipt4 ,add to this date the name of the binder if the library employs more than one firm4 ,this date makes it possible to tell how bindings wear1 how many years they last1 etc4 ,note the style of binding of each book and look for its book slip among the other slips for books of this style4 ,for some reasons it would be wise to keep the slips from all books sent to the bindery in one alphabetical series4 ,in the ,newark ,library this proves not to be as convenient as the method described1 of keeping it first by days or months and next by styles of binding4 ,examine the lettering and the numbers on the back to see if they are correct1 comparing with the title page4 ,examine also the binding throughout4 ,if all is satisfactory1 put pockets and book plates in all the books which require them4 ,mark the pockets4 ,open each book carefully and thoroughly that the back may be loosened and made more flexible4 ,all magazines send with yellow slips containing directions as to style of binding1 etc4 ,,chapter ,,xvii ,bindery ,equipment ,the small library will find it does not pay to have a bindery of its own4 ,this is a safe general rule to which there are exceptions1 of course4 ,special conditions1 such as remoteness from good binderies1 may make it worth while for a library which spends only about #a1jjj a year in binding to put in a small plant and do its own work4 ,even then1 however1 it is usually better to find a binder who will take the contract from the library at a fixed price per volume1 using the library's room and material4 ,such a binder can sometimes get additional work from other libraries or from private individuals4 ,it should be noted that the amount paid for binding is not quite all that a binder who works in the library may expect to divert to his own shop2 for a clever and obliging workman will make himself useful in repairing and in doing many small jobs of cutting1 mounting1 etc41 which will add a good deal to his income4 ,still1 as ,i have said1 the small library will usually find that it is not economical to have its own bindery4 ,were there in this country plenty of commercial binderies1 where first-rate work is done at fair prices--,i do not mean low prices--it would not pay even the larger libraries to open their own binderies4 ,the large shop is the only place in which some of the most important economies are possible1 and only the large shop can afford to hire the most competent foremen and workers4 ,even the large libraries find it wise to rent their binderies to competent men who will do binding at contract prices4 ,under this arrangement some libraries find it pays to give up room to a bindery2 though1 as ,i have already remarked1 they would not find it economical to do so were there efficient library binding establishments in the immediate vicinity4 ,as the large libraries have a good deal of work which the average commercial binder does not care to take1 like map mounting1 rare-book mending1 and ordinary book repairs1 the ideal condition for them would be a small bindery with two or three hands1 in the building2 a contract for all ordinary binding and rebinding with an outsider1 and the purchase of many new books especially bound direct from the sheets4 ,the following list includes the machinery1 tools and materials needed in opening a bindery4 ,the full list would equip fairly well a shop employing one foreman1 who is also a finisher2 one forwarder2 one boy 7helper or apprentice71 and three girls for sewing4 ,this shop would turn out1 say1 #aj1jjj books a year1 its output depending very largely on the character of the work4 ,if the shop is to bind1 say1 only #b1jjj books per year the items marked ,s on the list will prove sufficient4 ,these estimates are very general4 ,equipment for ,bindery ,standing press1 large #ajj4jj ,s ,standing press1 small #cj4jj ,s ,board shears #ajj to #abe4jj ,s #b backers1 #ag-;inch #fe4jj ,s ,cutting machine #cbe4jj ,s #aj-;case type cabinet 7#f-;case #h4jj7 #ab4jj ,s ,finishing press1 #ba-;inch #b4ge ,s ,lettering pallet #f4jj ,s #bj brass-bound boards1 #afbd1 at #c4be per board #fe4jj ,case for #ad boards #d4jj #af press boards1 #afbd #af4jj #af press boards1 #ajac #g4bj #ad press boards1 #hab #e4fj ,s #c sewing benches1 at #a4jj #c4jj ,s #b back saws1 at #a4jj #b4jj ,s #c bone folders 4#cf ,s #a glue brush1 ,no4 #d #a4jj ,s #b paste brushes1 ,no4 #g #b4jj ,s #b backing hammers1 at #a4be #b4ej ,s ,knives and shears #c4jj ,s ,gas stove #a4jj ,iron bench-block1 #aeabb inches #g4ej ,s ,glue kettle #a4jj ,compass #a4jj ,s ,gold cushion #c4jj ,s ,gold knife 4#ge #d tables1 benches1 drawers #ajj4jj ,s ,paring knife 4#ej ,s ,band nippers #b4jj ,s ,flat polisher #b4jj ,s ,round polisher #c4ej ,s ,creaser #a4ej ,s ,agate burnishers #c4ge ,s ,band rubber #a4ej ,rolls and stamps #bj4jj ,s ,type1 ordinary1 #d fonts at #c4jj2 brass1 #c fonts at #ae4jj #eg4jj ,shelving and bookcases #ajj4jj -------- ,total #ajhc4da ,with treble the number of books to be bound1 there should be added to the above list3 #a large press #ajj4jj #a backer #fe4jj #a finishing press #b4ge #cj brass-bound boards1 #afbd1 at #c4be per board #ig4ej #e sewing benches1 at #a4jj #e4jj #a back-saw1 at #a4jj #a4jj #e bone folders 4#fj #a glue brush1 ,no4 #d #a4jj #c paste brushes1 ,no4 #g #c4jj #b backing hammers1 at #a4be #b4ej ,glue kettle #a4jj ,compass #a4jj ,knives and shears #c4jj ,gold knife 4#ge ,paring knife 4#ej ,band nippers #b4jj ,type #ae4jj ,lettering pallet #f4jj ,iron bench block #g4ej ------ ,total #cae4aj ,,chapter ,,xviii ,list of ,technical ,terms1 ,leathers and ,other ,binding ,materials1 ,tools1 ,styles of ,ornament ,used in ,binding ,the quotations are from the report of committee on leather of the ,society of ,arts1 ,england1 #aija4 ,aldine or ,italian ,style4 ,ornaments of solid face without any shading whatever1 such as used by ,aldus and other early ,italian printers4 ,the ornaments are of ,arabic character4 ,a style appropriate for early printed literature4 ,all-along4 ,when a volume is sewed1 and the thread passes from kettlestitch to kettlestitch1 or from end to end in each sheet1 it is said to be sewed all-along4 ,american ,russia4 ,see ,cowhide4 ,antique4 ,see ,blind-tooled4 ,arabesque ,style4 ,a fanciful mixture of animals1 birds1 insects1 and of plants1 fruits and foliage1 involved and twisted4 ,arming press4 ,see ,blocking press4 ,art canvas4 ,a book cloth1 made in several colors by the ,holliston ,mills1 #fg ,fifth ,ave41 ,new ,york2 ,jos4 ,bancroft ,sons1 ,wilmington1 ,del4 7,a4 ,d4 ,smith1 #ce ,thomas ,st41 ,new ,york1 agent72 the ,interlaken ,mills1 #aaa ,duane ,st41 ,new ,york1 and others4 ,it is known both as art canvas and buckram4 ,the ,newark library1 in experimenting to find a substitute for leather1 tried in succession the green1 red1 brown and blue4 ,the green proved the poorest1 the blue made by ,holliston ,mills the best in wearing quality4 ,one reason for the poor results with all the colors tried1 with the exception of the blue1 is that the cloth of these colors is made with a colored thread running one way and a gray or white thread the other2 the colored thread soon wears off on the edges and corners and the gray thread gives the book a very dingy appearance4 ,dark blue has given us the best results4 ,art canvas costs #bb cents a square yard by the roll of #dj yards4 ,art vellum4 ,a book cloth made in several colors and styles of finish by the firms which make art canvas4 ,it is not suitable for full binding on books subject to much wear4 ,it costs about #af cents per square yard4 ,most publishers' bindings are in cloth of the art vellum grade4 ,our own experience with art canvas and art vellum for full bindings on books much used seems to have been that of many other libraries4 ,popular books in these materials from about a dozen public libraries all seem to have worn poorly4 ,the joints soon become soft and loose2 the corners fray out and look ragged2 the gold of the titles does not stand out well when first put on and rapidly grows dim4 ,azure' tools4 ,used in binding1 where the heavy and wide marks1 instead of being a solid mass1 are made with horizontal lines4 ,azured style4 ,ornamentations outlined in gold and crossed with horizontal lines in the manner of indicating azure in heraldry4 ,back1 tight and loose4 ,binding is said to be tight back when the leather1 cloth or other material of the back is pasted or glued to the back of the book4 ,this style of binding is commonly used in fine work4 ,most books1 often quite large ones1 were formerly bound in this way4 ,binding is said to be loose back when the leather1 cloth or other material of the back is fastened to the book only along the joints4 ,to the question1 which is the better binding for library books1 no definite answer can be given4 ,backing4 ,bending over the folds at the back of a book to form a ridge or projection called a joint4 ,illustration3 7,l7 ,backing ,boards1 ,metal 7,r7 ,backing ,boards1 ,wood1 ,steel ,faced ,backing boards4 ,used for backing or forming the joint4 ,they are made of very hard wood or faced with iron1 and are thicker on the edge intended to form the groove than upon the edge that goes toward the fore-edge of the book1 so that when placed one each side of the book and all are placed in the laying press1 the whole power of the press is directed toward the back4 ,illustration3 ,backing ,hammer ,backing hammer4 ,the hammer used for backing and rounding4 ,it has a broad1 flat face similar to a shoemaker's hammer4 ,backing machine4 ,a machine for backing books4 ,if not carefully handled it is apt to injure books by crushing and breaking the paper at the folds4 ,used on publishers' binding4 ,backing press4 ,a press having two1 vertically mounted1 steel plates brought together by a screw4 ,a book is held in this press with the back slightly projecting above the plates1 and then backed with a hammer4 ,band-driver4 ,a tool used in forwarding to correct irregularities in the bands of flexible backs4 ,band nippers4 ,pinchers with flat jaws used for straightening bands by nipping up the leather after it is in place4 ,they should be nickeled to prevent the iron staining the leather4 ,bands4 ,the strings1 cord or twine on which a book is sewed4 ,they are usually made of hemp1 are loosely twisted1 are #b1 #c1 #d-ply according to the size of the book1 and cost about #ce cents per pound4 ,this twine is loosely twisted that it may be flexible and less likely to break when glued and dried1 and that it may be easily frayed out at the ends for pasting down on the inside of the covers4 ,when the book is sewed flexible the bands appear upon the back4 ,when the back is so sewn as to let in the twine1 the appearance of raised bands is produced1 if at all1 by gluing narrow strips of leather across the back before the volume is covered4 ,a hard1 closely twisted cord is also sometimes used in fine binding4 ,illustration3 ,backing ,press ,bastard title4 ,see ,half-title4 ,bead4 ,a little roll formed by the knots of the headband4 ,beating hammer4 ,the heavy1 short-handled hammer used in beating1 weighing generally about #aj lbs4 ,books are beaten to make the leaves lie close to one another4 ,illustration3 ,beating ,hammer ,beating stone4 ,the bed of stone or iron on which books are beaten4 ,beveled boards4 ,very heavy boards for sides1 chamfered along the edges4 ,binder4 ,a temporary cover for periodicals and pamphlets1 usually so arranged that it may be taken off and attached to successive numbers of a publication4 ,bindery4 ,a book-binding establishment4 ,blank books4 ,applied to a large variety of books which are bound with blank leaves1 or leaves having ruled lines and little or no printing3 account books1 memorandum books1 ledgers1 etc4 ,the binding of such books is a special trade4 ,bleed4 ,when a book on being trimmed is so cut that some of the print is taken off it is said to bleed4 ,blind-tooled4 ,when tools are impressed upon the leather1 without gold1 they are said to be blind or blank1 and the book is blind-tooled4 ,this tooling is sometimes called antique4 ,blocking press4 ,another and more general term for the stamping or arming press2 one of the chief implements used in cloth work4 ,used for finishing or decorating the sides and back of a cover by a mechanical process4 ,board papers4 ,those parts of the end papers which are pasted onto the boards4 ,board shears4 ,heavy shears1 usually fitted to a table1 and with a gauge for cutting boards4 ,illustration3 ,boards1 ,brass ,bound1 in ,case ,boards4 ,are of several kinds1 such as pressing1 backing1 cutting1 burnishing1 gilding1 etc4 ,the paste-boards used for side covers are termed boards4 ,the boards used for cutting books out of boards are called steamboat-boards4 ,tinned boards are used for finished work1 while brass or iron-bound boards are used for pressing cloth-work4 ,see also ,in boards4 ,bock morocco4 ,the name given to a leather made of ,persian sheepskin usually finished in imitation of morocco4 ,it does not wear well and soon decays4 ,bodkin or stabbing-awl4 ,a strong point of iron or steel fixed in a wooden handle to form the holes in boards through which to lace bands4 ,used also for tracing lines for cutting fore-edges4 ,bolt4 ,folded edge of sheets in an unopened book4 ,books1 sizes of4 ,see folio1 quarto1 octavo1 sixteenmo1 thirty-twomo1 etc4 ,bosses4 ,brass or other metal ornaments fastened upon the boards of books4 ,brass-bound boards4 ,see ,boards4 ,broken up4 ,when plates are folded over a short distance from the back edge before they are placed in the book1 that they may be turned easily1 they are said to be broken up4 ,the same process is sometimes applied to an entire book4 ,buckram4 ,properly a coarse linen cloth1 stiffened with glue or gum4 ,most buckram1 so-called1 is made of cotton4 ,see also ,linen-finish buckram and ,art canvas4 ,buffing4 ,the name given to the thin sheet of cowhide taken off in the operation of buffing or splitting4 ,it is usually of very inferior quality4 ,buffingette4 ,see ,keratol4 ,burnished4 ,the effect produced by the application of a burnisher to edges4 ,burnishers4 ,pieces of agate or bloodstone affixed to handles4 ,with them a gloss is produced on the edges of a book4 ,calf or calfskin4 ,leather made of calves' skins4 ,it has a smooth and uniform surface4 ,it was formerly much used in binding1 and is very beautiful2 but that made in recent years lasts only a short time1 soon growing hard and brittle and even falling into dust4 ,even when new the surface is easily broken and torn4 ,during the latter part of the eighteenth century it became customary to pare down calf until it was as thin as paper4 ,since about #ahcj little sound calf seems to have been made1 as1 whether thick or thin1 it appears generally to have perished1 turning red and crumbling into dust4 ,sprinkled or marbled calf is in a specially bad state4 ,see also ,divinity1 ,kip1 ,marbled1 ,sprinkled and ,tree calf4 ,calf-lined4 ,when the inside of a limp cover is lined with calfskin1 this taking the place of that half of the end paper which is usually on the inside of the cover4 ,this calf lining is thin and soft and is usually glued to the leather cover only at the latter's outer edges1 thus leaving the cover pliable4 ,cancels4 ,leaves containing errors which are to be cut out and replaced with corrected pages4 ,canvas4 ,see ,duck4 ,caps4 ,paper coverings used to protect the edges while the book is being covered and finished4 ,also the leather coverings of headbands4 ,see ,head cap4 ,case bindings4 ,the ordinary cloth binding of commerce4 ,books in these bindings are folded and sewn1 rounded and backed by machinery4 ,a machine also makes the cases1 covering the two pieces of cardboard which form the sides with cloth as needed4 ,these cases are separately printed before being put on the books4 ,the book is then glued and put into its case by machinery4 ,catchword4 ,a word placed under the last line on each page of some old-time books1 the word being the same as the first word on the next page2 a direction word4 ,center tools4 ,tools cut for ornamentation of center of panels and sides of book covers4 ,circuit edges4 ,bibles and prayer-books are sometimes bound with projecting covers turned over to protect the leaves2 these are called circuit or divinity edges4 ,clasp4 ,a hook or catch for fastening the covers of a book together1 usually at the fore edge4 ,clearing out4 ,removing the waste paper and paring away superfluous leather upon the inside1 preparatory to pasting down the lining-paper4 ,cloth boards4 ,stiff boards covered with cloth4 ,cobden-,sanderson style4 ,an arrangement of graceful curves or stems1 flowers1 buds and leaves1 treated conventionally2 the background being often powdered with nebulae of gold stars or dots4 ,the lettering of title1 etc41 on back and sides is treated fancifully and often made an integral part of the design4 ,collating4 ,examining the signatures1 or sheets1 after a volume is gathered1 to ascertain if they be correct and follow in numerical order4 ,also1 examining a book page by page to see if it is complete4 ,combs4 ,instruments with wire teeth used in marbling4 ,the colors being upon the surface of water1 the comb is drawn across a portion in such a way that a new form is developed4 ,corners4 ,leather pieces pasted on the corners of a half-bound or three-quarter-bound book4 ,cowhide4 ,the thick1 coarse leather made from the skin of a cow4 ,by binders it is commonly known as ,american ,russia1 or imitation ,russia4 ,it is much used for binding popular books of fiction4 ,it has a slight grain or corrugation on the surface1 is tough and strong1 takes gilding well1 wears well and if of best quality and handled much is usually quite durable2 that is1 will last five or six years on popular fiction4 ,creaser4 ,the tool used in marking each side of the bands1 generally made of steel4 ,cropped4 ,when a book has been cut down too much it is said to be cropped4 ,crushed4 ,leather which has been pressed between sheets of metal to smooth or give a finish to its coarse grain is said to be crushed4 ,the process is usually applied to morocco or its imitations4 ,see ,crushed levant4 ,crushed levant4 ,levant morocco with the grain crushed down until the surface is smooth and highly polished4 ,in fine binding this is done by hand after the leather is on the book4 ,most crushed levant morocco1 however1 is surfaced by a machine before it is applied to the book4 ,cut edges4 ,see ,edges cut4 ,cut flush4 ,means that the cloth cover1 which is usually limp 7without boards71 is drawn on the book and the whole cut at once1 cover and all1 the edge of the cover being cut flush with the edge of the book4 ,it is a suitable way of binding only when strength and elegance are not required4 ,cutter1 or ,cutting machine4 ,the machine on which the edges of the leaves of books are cut or trimmed4 ,running such a machine is now a special branch of the binder's trade4 ,sometimes called a guillotine4 ,cutting boards4 ,wedged-shaped boards somewhat like backing-boards1 but with the top edge square2 used in cutting the edge of a book and in edge-gilding4 ,cutting in boards4 ,cutting the edges of a book with a plough after the boards are laced on4 ,cutting press4 ,when a lying press is turned so that the side with the runners is uppermost it is called a cutting press4 ,dandy4 ,a roller affixed to paper-making machines4 ,the wet web of paper carried on the endless wire of the machine passes under this roller and is pressed by it4 ,it gives the laid or wove appearance to the sheet1 and when letters1 figures1 or other devices are worked in fine wire on its surface it produces the effect known as water-marking4 ,deckle-edge4 ,the rough untrimmed edge of hand-made paper4 ,deckle-edges are poorly imitated by cutting and tearing machine-made paper1 sometimes with the aid of a jet of water4 ,illustration3 ,oswego ,hand ,wheel ,drive ,cutter ,dentelle border4 ,a tooled pointed border with finely dotted or ,gascon ornaments in imitation of lace4 ,derome style4 ,this style has ornaments of a leafy character1 with a more solid face1 though lightly shaded by the graver4 ,the ornaments are often styled ,renaissance1 being an entire change from the ,gascon4 ,the ,derome is best exemplified in borders1 ,vandyke in design2 it is simple in construction but rich in effect1 and is appropriate for art publications4 ,time1 eighteenth century4 ,diaper4 ,a term applied to a small repeating all-over pattern4 ,from woven material decorated in this way4 ,divinity calf4 ,a dark brown calf bookbinding decorated with blind stamping1 and without gilding2 so called because formerly used in binding theological books4 ,divinity edges4 ,see ,circuit edges4 ,double4 ,see ,doublure4 ,doublure4 ,the inside face of the boards1 especially applied to them when lined with leather and decorated4 ,when thus lined a cover is said to be double4 ,duck1 sometimes called ,canvas4 ,this is made by many firms in a wide range of colors and qualities4 ,it is in fact a heavy cotton cloth4 ,slate-colored duck #bh in4 wide1 #aj oz4 to the yard1 costs about #bj cents per yard4 ,this is a firmly woven1 smooth material4 ,we have used a light green4 ,it takes printers' ink for lettering fairly well1 though it soon soils if handled4 ,it is a very desirable binding for heavy books not much used4 ,all such books should be stiffened by pasting or gluing cloth on the backs1 if loose back1 and should be reinforced at head and tail4 ,dutch metal4 ,an imitation of gold leaf1 sometimes used on cheap bindings4 ,it soon grows dark or tarnishes4 ,edges cut4 ,a book or pamphlet cut down sufficiently to make all the edges quite smooth4 ,edges gilt4 ,book edges cut and gilded4 ,edges opened4 ,a book or pamphlet opened1 the folds of the leaves being cut by hand with a paper knife4 ,edges red4 ,book edges cut and colored red4 ,edges rolled4 ,when the edges of the covers are marked with a roll1 either in gold or blind4 ,edges rounded4 ,corners rounded to prevent their becoming dog's-eared4 ,edges trimmed4 ,a book or pamphlet with the edges cut enough to make them tidy1 but not enough to cut the folds of the leaves4 ,edges untouched4 ,a book or pamphlet with edges uncut and unopened4 ,edition de luxe4 ,applied to large paper editions of books1 and to special editions which are in fact1 or are claimed to be1 unusually well and expensively made4 ,embossed4 ,when a plate is so stamped upon a sheet or cover as to produce a raised figure or design4 ,end leaves or ,lining papers4 ,are the sheets which are pasted to the inside of the covers1 and are either plain white or colored1 according to the style of binding4 ,marbled papers are largely used on fine leather work4 ,sometimes in fine bindings the end leaves are made of silk or leather4 ,end papers4 ,the papers placed at each end of the volume and pasted down upon the boards4 ,also1 the paper placed at each end of the volume1 a portion of which is usually removed when the lining-paper is pasted down upon the boards4 ,english linen or ,low buckram4 ,a linen cloth1 highly polished1 well colored1 strong1 durable1 made in ,england1 and costing in this country about #gj cents per square yard4 ,in ,de ,jonge's list 7,de ,jonge1 dealer in leather1 book cloths1 etc41 #fi-gc ,duane ,st41 ,new ,york7 it is called ,low buckram4 ,we have used it for the backs of books1 light and heavy4 ,it promises to stand indefinitely if not much handled4 ,under handling it grows soft and flabby like other book cloths1 though not rapidly1 and without losing its strength4 ,we have discarded it for the books on which we first tried it1 periodicals subject to much use4 ,it is not easy to letter in gold by hand1 and does not hold gold well under wear4 ,eve style4 ,a framework of various geometrical-shaped compartments linked together by interlaced circles2 the centers of the compartments are filled with small floral ornaments and the irregular spaces surrounding them with circular scrolls and branches of laurel and palm4 ,an elaborate style of the end of the sixteenth and beginning of the seventeenth century4 ,extra binding4 ,a trade term for the best work4 ,fanfare style4 ,when the compartments on a decorated corner formed by fillets or curves1 or both1 are filled with little branches1 vines1 etc41 the style of decoration is said to be fanfare--from its first having been used on a book of which this word formed the principal part of the title4 ,fillet4 ,a cylindrical tool upon which a line1 lines1 or figures are engraved4 ,used in finishing4 ,finishing4 ,the department which receives books after they are put in leather1 and ornaments them as required4 ,it includes lettering1 tooling1 polishing1 etc4 ,also1 the ornaments placed on a book4 ,one who works at this branch is termed a finisher4 ,illustration3 ,finishing ,presses ,finishing press4 ,a small press with which a book is held firmly with its back upward and exposed for work4 ,finishing stove4 ,a small gas heater1 similar to a hot plate1 for heating finishing tools4 ,flexible binding4 ,when a book is sewn on raised bands or cords and the thread is passed entirely round each band1 and the whole binding is such as to permit the book to be opened readily4 ,illustration3 ,finishing ,stand ,flexible glue4 ,this is usually made by adding about two tablespoonfuls of glycerine to half a pound of the glue in a dry state4 ,this glue used on the backs of books makes the binding somewhat more flexible4 ,it cannot be recommended for all books in all cases as the glycerine tends to weaken the glue1 at the same time that it prevents it from becoming very hard4 ,flexible sewing4 ,when the cord rests on instead of being sunk into the back and the thread is carried around it2 a book thus sewn usually opens freely4 ,flush cut4 ,see ,cut flush4 ,fly leaves4 ,the blank leaves at the beginning and end of a book1 between the end papers and the book proper4 ,folder4 ,a flat piece of bone or ivory used in folding the sheets and in many other manipulations4 ,also applied to the person engaged in folding sheets4 ,folio4 ,a sheet folded once1 consisting of two leaves1 or four pages2 the size of the sheet being usually understood as about #aibd inches1 giving a leaf #aiab inches4 ,also1 the consecutive page numbers of a book1 pamphlet1 etc4 ,fore-edge4 ,the front edge of the leaves4 ,forwarding4 ,all processes through which a book passes after sewing1 other than those of ornamentation by means of tools or rolls4 ,also that department which takes books after they are sewed and advances them until they are put in leather ready for the finisher4 ,one who works at this branch is termed a forwarder4 ,french guard4 ,made by turning over half an inch or more of the back edge of a printed sheet or illustration and then folding it around the next signature4 ,french joint4 ,a joint in which the board is not brought close up to the back1 thus giving more play in opening4 ,french morocco4 ,an inferior quality of levant morocco1 having usually a smaller and less prominent grain4 ,full-bound4 ,when the sides and back of a book are entirely covered with one piece of the same material it is said to be full-bound4 ,gascon1 ,le1 style4 ,the distinguishing feature of this style is the dotted face of the ornaments instead of the continuous or solid line4 ,wherever these dotted ornaments are used the style is called ,le ,gascon4 ,time1 the first half of the seventeenth century1 immediately following that of ,nicholas and ,clovis ,eve4 ,gathering4 ,the process of collecting the several sheets which make a book and arranging them according to the signatures4 ,gaufre edges4 ,impressions made with the finisher's tools on the edges of the book after gilding4 ,gauge4 ,the tool used in forwarding to take the correct size of the volume and to mark it upon the boards for squaring4 ,gilding press4 ,a press made of two square blocks brought together by screws1 to hold books for gilding4 ,gilt4 ,applied to ornamental work on covers and also to edges of a book2 in the latter case1 chiefly used for the top4 ,gilt edges4 ,see ,edges gilt4 ,gilt tops4 ,books with the top edges cut and gilded4 ,this prevents their being soiled by the dust that may collect on them4 ,glair4 ,the white of eggs beaten up and used in finishing and gilding the edges of the leaves4 ,goffered edges4 ,see ,gaufre edges4 ,gold cushion4 ,a cushion of leather on which the finisher cuts gold leaf into pieces4 ,gold knife4 ,the knife for cutting the gold leaf2 long and quite straight4 ,gold leaf4 ,gold beaten into very thin leaves1 occasionally used for printing purposes1 but more particularly for the decoration of book covers4 ,gouge4 ,a gilding tool cut to impress a curved line or segment of a circle upon the leather4 ,grain4 ,the term applied to the outer side of a piece of leather1 from which the hair was removed4 ,this word is also used in describing the different kinds of surface given to leather in the making1 often with a qualifying adjective1 as1 seal-grain1 like the grain on sealskin2 coarse grain2 pebble-grained1 that is1 grained in an irregular manner1 as though numerous small pebbles of different sizes had been pressed upon its surface2 water grain2 smooth grain2 brass board grain1 usually put into cowskin1 etc4 ,graining4 ,the process of giving to leather surfaces of different kinds4 ,grater4 ,an iron instrument used by the forwarder for rubbing backs after they are paste-washed4 ,grolier style4 ,an interlaced framework of geometrical figures--circles1 squares1 and diamonds--with scrollwork running through it1 the ornaments of which are of moresque character1 generally azured in whole or in part1 sometimes in outline only4 ,parts of the design are often studded with gold dots4 ,time1 first half of the sixteenth century4 ,groove4 ,that part of the sections which is turned over in backing to receive the board4 ,also called the ,joint4 ,guards4 ,strips of paper inserted in the backs of books to which plates or pictures or any extra leaves are to be attached4 ,these strips must always be cut with the grain4 ,they make the back as thick as the book will be when the plates have been attached to them4 ,also1 the strips of paper or cloth pasted along the folds of leaves to strengthen them4 ,also1 the strips pasted to the edges of single leaves1 whether plates or not1 folded about the next signature and sewn through with it4 ,books with thick1 heavy leaves are sometimes guarded or hinged throughout that they may open freely4 ,a narrow strip is cut from the back of each leaf4 ,this strip is then again attached to the leaf from which it was cut by a strip of thin paper or muslin which acts as a hinge4 ,the leaves are then bound together through and by the strips cut from them4 ,guides4 ,the grooves in which the plough moves upon the face of an old-style cutting-press4 ,guillotine4 ,a machine with a heavy knife having a perpendicular action1 used for cutting paper4 ,usually called a ,cutter1 or ,cutting machine4 ,half-bound4 ,when the back of a book is covered with leather and the sides with paper or cloth4 ,some binders call a book half-bound when it has leather on the back and small pieces on the corners4 ,three-quarters bound means wide leather back and large leather corners4 ,half-title4 ,the brief title which precedes the main title page1 usually a single line in plain type2 the bastard title4 ,hand letters4 ,letters fixed in handles2 used singly for lettering4 ,head and tail4 ,the top and bottom of the back of a book4 ,headband4 ,the silk or cotton ornament worked at the head and tail of a book to give it a finished look1 to strengthen it and to make the back even with the squares or boards which form the sides4 ,on cheap binding the headband is cut from a strip of machine-made material and pasted in merely for ornament4 ,heel-ball4 ,a preparation of wax used by shoemakers1 in the form of a ball1 in burnishing the heels of shoes4 ,head cap4 ,the fold of leather over the headband4 ,imitation ,russia4 ,see ,cowhide4 ,imperial morocco cloth4 ,a grain-finished linen-thread cloth manufactured by the ,winterbottom ,book ,cloth ,company of ,england4 ,it is made in different colors2 of these the library has tried but one1 the green4 ,on books which have some1 but not constant use1 it is a very good substitute for leather4 ,it takes lettering well1 and wears better than any of the cloths the library has tried4 ,the price is #dh cents per square yard by the roll1 fast color1 duty paid4 7,de ,jonge ,co41 #fi-gc ,duane ,st41 ,new ,york47 ,in boards4 ,when a book is cut after the boards are affixed to form the sides1 it is said to be cut in boards4 ,the term is also applied to a style of binding in which the boards are covered with paper only4 ,inset4 ,when one sheet is placed inside of another1 both being folded4 ,inside margins4 ,the border made by the turn in of the leather on the inside of boards4 ,inside tins4 ,sheets of tin2 so called from being placed inside the boards when a book is put in the standing-press4 ,jansen style4 ,without line or ornament either in blank or gold4 ,it permits decoration on the inside cover1 but demands absolute plainness on the outside1 with the exception of lettering4 ,it is only appropriate for crushed levant1 it being dependent for its beauty on the polished surface of the leather4 ,javelle water4 ,to one pound of chloride of lime add four and a half pints of water1 and put in a jar with tight cover4 ,dissolve #bj oz4 of ordinary washing soda in four and a half pints of boiling water1 in a separate vessel1 and immediately pour into the first mixture4 ,when cold add enough water to make eleven pints in all4 ,strain through muslin1 settle1 and pour off the clear solution4 ,this will remove many stains2 but care must be taken to rinse thoroughly the paper with water after using it1 as it tends to rot paper4 ,joints4 ,the projections formed in backing to admit the boards4 ,also the leather or cloth1 with its lining1 where it passes from the book proper to the boards when the volume is covered2 that is1 the part of the binding that bends when the boards are opened4 ,see also ,french joint4 ,justification4 ,the process of making the pages of a book lie opposite one another to insure a straight and equal margin throughout4 ,keratol1 the ,b ,b ,b grade1 or ,buffingette manufactured by the ,keratol ,company1 cor4 ,clifford and ,van ,buren ,sts41 ,newark1 ,n4 ,j41 at #ce cents per yard4 ,a waterproof cloth made in imitation of leather4 ,it is excellent for the sides of books which receive much wear1 as it does not show either finger or water marks1 and outlasts the ordinary book cloth4 ,it cannot be recommended for full binding as it is difficult to letter and wears away quickly at the joints4 ,at first it has a disagreeable odor1 but this wears off4 ,an objectionable feature is that labels cannot easily be pasted upon it4 ,to overcome this difficulty1 put a thin coat of shellac on the place where the label is to go4 ,the objectionable point mentioned is overbalanced by the material's good qualities4 ,kettlestitch4 ,as the sewer draws the thread out through the hole near the end of a signature she passes it between the two preceding signatures and around the thread which connects them1 before she passes it into the hole in the signature she next lays on4 ,this is called the kettle-stitch1 a word said to be a corruption of either catch-up stitch or chain stitch4 ,keys4 ,little metal instruments used to secure the bands to the sewing bench4 ,kip calf4 ,made from the skin of a heifer2 much stronger than ordinary calf4 ,knocking-down iron4 ,a heavy iron plate on which are placed the sides of a laced-in book when the lacings of string1 tape or vellum1 are pounded down with a hammer so they will not show when the book is covered4 ,laced in4 ,when the boards are affixed to the volume by passing the bands1 strings1 or tapes on which it is sewn through holes made in the boards1 they are said to be laced in4 ,laid paper4 ,having lines water-marked in it1 running through it at equal distances apart1 the lines being thin places made by the pressure of projections on the dandy-roll4 ,laying press4 ,see ,lying press4 ,law sheep4 ,law books are usually bound in sheep left wholly uncolored1 hence the term4 ,many law books are now bound in buckram1 canvas or duck4 ,leatherette4 ,cloth or paper made to look like leather4 ,there are many kinds used in binding1 some of which look very well and wear about as long as poorer kinds of cloth4 ,lettering block4 ,a piece of wood of about the size and shape of a large book4 ,leather labels which are to be lettered in gold are laid on the rounded edge of this block that the pallet may be pressed on them more readily4 ,lettering box4 ,the iron box in which type are screwed up preparatory to lettering4 ,to the box is attached a handle1 the whole forming a pallet4 ,lettering pallet4 ,see ,pallet4 ,levant morocco4 ,originally made in the ,levant from the skins of ,angora goats4 ,a superior quality of morocco1 having a large and prominent grain4 ,french levant morocco has long held its place as the best of all leathers for bookbinding4 ,limp binding4 ,binding with a thin and yielding cover4 ,a perfectly limp leather book can be rolled up easily4 ,linen4 ,see ,english linen4 ,linen-finish buckram4 ,polished buckram and satin-finish book cloth4 ,manufactured by ,jos4 ,bancroft ,sons ,co41 ,rockford1 near ,wilmington1 ,del4 7,new ,york agent1 ,albert ,d4 ,smith1 #ce-cg ,thomas ,st41 ,new ,york47 ,the special features of these cloths1 in which it is claimed they are superior1 are uniformity of color1 finish and fabric1 wearing qualities1 tensile strength1 and easy application of decoration1 ink or metal4 ,lining papers4 ,the colored or marbled paper at each end of a book4 ,called also ,end papers1 which see4 ,loose back4 ,see ,back1 tight and loose4 ,low buckram4 ,see ,english linen4 ,lying press4 ,the term applied to the under side of the cutting press when used for backing4 ,usually called laying press4 ,maioli style4 ,a style prior to and contemporary with the early 7,italian7 examples of the ,grolier4 ,generally composed of a framework of shields or medallions1 with a design of scrollwork flowing through it4 ,portions of the design are usually studded with gold dots4 ,ornaments are of moresque character4 ,marbled calf4 ,calf so treated with acid that it bears some resemblance to marble4 ,marbler4 ,a workman who marbles the edges of the leaves4 ,marbling4 ,a process of decorating sheets of paper and edges of books with variegated colors in irregular patterns4 ,millboard4 ,the boards that are attached to the book to form the covers4 ,several kinds are in use now2 the best is made of old naval cordage4 ,millboard machine4 ,see ,board cutter4 ,mitred4 ,when the lines in finishing intersect each other at right angles and are continued without overrunning each other1 they are said to be mitred4 ,morocco4 ,leather made from goatskins1 tanned with sumac1 originally made in the ,barbary states1 but afterwards very largely in the ,levant1 and now produced in ,europe and ,america from skins imported from ,asia and ,africa4 ,the peculiar qualities of true morocco are great firmness of texture1 with flexibility1 and a grained surface1 of which there are many varieties4 ,this surface is produced by a process which consists largely in rolling and folding1 called graining4 ,true morocco is of extreme hardness1 and makes the most durable book bindings2 it is used also for upholstering seats and for similar purposes1 and to a certain extent in shoemaking4 ,early specimens of red morocco1 from the sixteenth to the end of the eighteenth century1 were found in good condition1 and of all leathers noticed this seems to be the least affected4 ,in the opinion of the committee1 most of this leather has been tanned with sumac or some closely allied tanning material4 ,morocco bindings earlier than #ahfj were generally found to be in fairly good condition2 but morocco after that date seems to be much less reliable1 and in many cases has become utterly rotten4--,report '#ja4 ,leather called morocco1 sometimes with a qualifying adjective1 is now made in ,europe and ,america4 ,much of this is very good1 even when made1 as it often is1 from other skins than those of goats4 ,even the experts seem often unable to distinguish the good from the best4 ,none of it is to be condemned or approved because it is or is not made in the ,levant1 or from goatskins4 ,morocco4 ,the name given to any imitation1 often made of sheepskin1 of the genuine morocco4 ,morocco4 ,for ,bock1 ,french1 ,levant1 ,persian1 ,turkey morocco1 see the several words4 ,morocco cloth4 ,see ,imperial morocco cloth4 ,mosaic binding4 ,a binding of leather decorated with designs made in whole or in part by inlaying pieces of leather or other material of different colors4 ,the designs are usually outlined with gold4 ,mottled calf4 ,a light brown calf bookbinding1 made to look mottled by treatment with acid4 ,niger goatskin4 ,brought from ,africa by the ,royal ,niger ,company4 ,a native production4 ,it has a very beautiful color and texture1 with no grain4 ,it has stood all the tests given it without serious deterioration4 ,it does not keep clean under handling as well as a good coarse-grained morocco4 ,especially recommended by the committee appointed to investigate leather by the ,society of ,arts1 of ,england4 ,octavo4 ,a sheet of paper folded into eight leaves1 being1 when folded1 about #h-a_/b #e-a_/b inches2 usually written #hvo4 ,off-set4 ,the impression made by print against the opposite page1 when a book has been rolled or beaten before the ink is dried2 also called ,set-off4 ,opened edges4 ,see ,edges opened4 ,out of boards4 ,when a volume is cut before the boards are affixed it is done out of boards4 ,nearly all work is now done out of boards4 ,overcasting4 ,sewing the leaves or signatures of a book together over and over4 ,usually done only when the book consists of single leaves or plates2 but is quite commonly employed now in rebinding books1 especially on the last two or three signatures front and back4 ,also called whip-stitching4 ,probably #ij per cent4 of the books published today will stand wear better if they are properly overcast than if they are sewed in the ordinary way4 ,pallet4 ,name given to the tool used in gilding upon the bands2 sometimes applied to the steel box1 with a handle1 in which letters are fastened when they are pressed upon the back4 ,panel4 ,the space between bands2 also applied to beveled and sunk sides4 ,paneling4 ,the sides of books are sometimes ornamented with sunken panels4 ,paneled covers are usually made of wood and covered with leather1 though sometimes a paneled effect is produced on cardboards by heavy pressure4 ,illustration3 ,lettering ,pallet ,papering up4 ,covering the leaves of a volume to protect them while the volume is being finished4 ,this is often done in fine binding1 especially after edges have been gilded4 ,paring4 ,reducing the edges of the leather by cutting them down to form a gradual slope4 ,in large binderies now done by a machine4 ,paring knife4 ,the knife used for paring4 ,pastewash4 ,a thin dilution of paste in water4 ,payne1 ,roger1 style4 ,the ornaments of this style are easily identified1 being free and flowing in stem and flower2 whereas before ,payne's time they had been stiff and formal4 ,the honeysuckle is a customary ornament4 ,the impressions of the tools are usually studded round with gold dots1 whether used in borders1 corners1 or centerpieces4 ,the style is well suited for early nineteenth century literature1 especially poetry4 ,pebble grained4 ,see ,grain4 ,persian morocco4 ,a kind of morocco leather much used in bookbinding4 ,it may be finished by graining in several styles4 ,it is mostly made in ,germany1 from the skins of hairy sheep called ,persian goats1 whence its name is derived4 ,east ,indian or ',persian' tanned sheep and goatskins1 called ',persian morocco' or ',persian sheep1' now used largely for cheap bookbinding purposes1 are extremely bad4 ,books bound in these materials have been found to show decay in less than #ab months and probably no book bound in these leathers1 exposed on a shelf to sunlight or gas fumes1 can be expected to last more than five or six years4--,report '#ja4 ,petits ,fers4 ,small hand tools used in finishing1 as distinguished from the stamps or blocks worked in a press4 ,pieced4 ,when the space between bands1 where lettering or title is placed1 has fastened to it a piece of leather different from the back1 it is said to be pieced or titled4 ,pigskin4 ,leather made of pigskin4 ,it is very tough and if constantly handled wears well4 ,modern pigskin1 if genuine1 seems to last very well in some colors and in an undyed condition2 but some colored pigskin bindings have utterly perished4 ,pigskin is naturally hard and rather stiff leather and is suitable for large books rather than small1 and for books which are much handled4 ,if submitted to severe softening processes in manufacture its durability is very small4--,report '#ja4 ,chivers has used a soft1 thin pigskin with great success1 here and in ,england4 ,plate4 ,an illustration printed from a plate4 ,term often incorrectly applied to illustrations printed from wood-cuts4 ,also1 any full page illustration printed on paper different from that of the rest of the book is usually called a plate4 ,plough4 ,an instrument used in cutting the edges of books and boards4 ,pointille style4 ,the dotted style of ornament of ,le ,gascon4 ,points4 ,small holes made in the sheets by the printer which serve as guides in registering and folding4 ,illustration3 ,flat ,polisher ,polisher4 ,a steel instrument for giving a gloss to leather after finishing4 ,powder4 ,see ,seme4 ,press4 ,there are several kinds of presses1 viz43 plough and press1 for cutting1 and standing1 stamping1 embossing1 gilding1 and finishing presses4 ,press pin4 ,an iron bar used for turning the screws of presses4 ,pressing boards4 ,boards put between books when they are pressed4 ,they are usually made of carefully seasoned wood1 and have a heavy strip of brass about their edges1 which projects a little above the board's surface4 ,books are laid on the boards with their backs projecting over this band enough to bring the latter exactly into the groove of the joint4 ,another board is laid on these books in the same position as the first1 and so on4 ,all are then pressed4 ,pressing plates4 ,thin plates of metal1 japanned or nickeled1 used to give a finish or polish to the leather on a book by placing them next to the leather and then subjecting book and plates to heavy pressure4 ,publishers' bindings4 ,see ,case bindings4 ,quarto4 ,when a sheet is folded into four leaves1 the size of the folded piece being about #aa #h-a_/b inches2 usually written1 #dto4 ,quire4 ,twenty-four sheets4 ,when the sheets of a pamphlet are folded and set into each other in one section1 they are quired4 ,recto4 ,the right page2 verso is the left page4 ,red edges4 ,see ,edges red4 ,register4 ,when the print on one side of a leaf falls exactly over that on the other it is said to register4 ,also1 a ribbon placed in a book as a marker4 ,renaissance ornaments4 ,see ,derome style4 ,roan4 ,leather made of sheepskin and not split4 ,see ,sheepskin4 ,rolled edges4 ,see ,edges rolled4 ,rolling machine4 ,a machine introduced to save the labor of beating4 ,by it the sheets are passed between two revolving cylinders4 ,used in publishers' binding4 ,rolls4 ,wheels of brass1 cut to any pattern1 for impressing gold leaf on leather4 ,roulette border4 ,a border design produced by a wheel on the circumference of which is engraved a pattern that reproduces itself as the wheel is revolved4 ,illustration3 ,rounding ,hammer ,rounded edges4 ,see ,edges rounded4 ,rounding4 ,the process by which the back of a book is made round4 ,rounding hammer4 ,a heavy1 round-faced hammer used in rounding books4 ,roundlet4 ,a small circle in gold4 ,roxburgh binding4 ,a binding with a rather narrow leather back1 without bands1 simply lettered1 paper sides and no leather corners4 ,rubbing or rub-off4 ,the name usually given to the copy of the lettering on the back of the book1 made by holding thin paper tightly over the back and rubbing the paper with a heel-ball or a piece of plumbago4 ,run up4 ,when a back has a fillet run from top to bottom without being mitred at each band1 it is said to be run up4 ,russia leather4 ,a fine leather prepared in ,russia1 and imitated elsewhere1 by very careful willowbark tanning1 dyeing with sandalwood1 and soaking in birch oil4 ,it is of a brownish red color1 and has a peculiar and characteristic odor4 ,the genuine is not often used in binding2 it is not as strong as cowhide4 ,in nearly all samples of ,russia leather a very violent form of red decay was noticed4 ,in many cases the leather was found to be absolutely rotten in all parts exposed to light and air1 so that on the very slightest rubbing with a blunt instrument the leather fell into fine dust4--,report '#ja4 ,saddle-stitched4 ,a pamphlet or book of one signature only sewed with thread or fastened with wire staples along the back is said to be saddle-stitched4 ,sawing in4 ,making grooves in the back of a book with a saw to receive strings or bands4 ,seal grain4 ,see ,grain4 ,section4 ,a folded sheet4 ,see ,signature4 ,seme1 or ,semis1 or ,powder4 ,ornamentation in which a device is repeated at regular intervals4 ,set-off4 ,see ,off-set4 ,setting the head4 ,covering the headband neatly with the leather to form over it a kind of cap4 ,sewer4 ,the person who sews together on a sewing bench the sheets1 called when folded sections or signatures1 to form a book4 ,illustration3 ,sewing ,bench ,sewing bench4 ,a board from one side of which rise two sticks across which is a bar1 which can be moved up and down and fixed in any desired position4 ,strings1 bands1 or tapes are stretched vertically between the edge of the board and the cross bar2 against these the signatures of a book are successively placed and to them sewed4 ,sheepskin4 ,the commonest leather used for binding4 ,when unsplit it is called ,roan4 ,when split in two1 the upper half is called ,skiver1 the under or fleshy half a ,flesher4 ,this leather is easy to work1 takes gold lettering easily1 and looks fairly well on a book4 ,but it is not strong1 and most kinds dry out and break within three to five years1 even if much handled4 ,the leather made from the skin of the sheep is not all alike4 ,the remark already made1 that a given piece of leather is not to be condemned for its name1 applies to all the other leathers in this list4 ,the skin from some mountain-bred sheep1 for example1 if well tanned1 makes a good leather4 ,sheepskin bindings of the early part of the century are many of them still in good condition4 ,sheepskin1 in a fairly natural state1 seems to keep its flexibility1 but it is very easily damaged by friction4 ,since about #ahfj sheepskin as sheepskin is hardly to be found4 ,we have instead sheepskins grained in imitation of various other leathers1 and these imitation grained leathers are1 generally speaking1 in a worse condition than any others1 excepting1 perhaps1 some of the very thin calf bindings4--,report '#ja4 ,shelf-back4 ,the back of the book1 showing the title1 bands1 decorations1 etc4 ,signature4 ,the letter or figure under the foot-line of the first page of each sheet or signature to indicate the order of its arrangement in the book2 often applied to the sheet itself4 ,sixteenmo4 ,a sheet folded into sixteen leaves1 about #df inches when folded4 ,usually written #afmo4 ,size4 ,a preparation of pastewash used in finishing and gilding4 ,sizes of books4 ,see folio1 quarto1 octavo1 etc4 ,skiver4 ,the outer hair or grain side of sheepskin which has been split4 ,it is commonly the thinner of the two parts1 as when the inner is prepared for chamois4 ,it usually looks well1 and is easily worked1 but is not strong4 ,much used for bindings4 ,see ,sheepskin4 ,slips4 ,the ends of the band1 twine or tape on which the book is sewn that project beyond the back after it is sewed4 ,smooth calf4 ,plain or undecorated calf4 ,split leather4 ,leather split by machine4 ,two or more pieces or splits are thus obtained either of which may be used4 ,the inner layer is usually of inferior quality4 ,sometimes leather is split simply to secure uniformity of thickness in the outer parts4 ,sprinkled calf4 ,calf so treated with acid that it looks as if it had been sprinkled with a dye4 ,sprinkled edges4 ,cut edges of books sprinkled with color1 that the marks made by handling may be less evident4 ,squares4 ,the portion of the boards that project beyond the edge of the leaves of the book4 ,stabbed4 ,a pamphlet or book of one or more signatures held together by thread or wire staples driven vertically through near the back edge is said to be stabbed4 ,stabbing4 ,the operation of piercing the boards with a bodkin for the slips to pass through4 ,also the piercing of pamphlets for stitching4 ,also the process of fastening pamphlets together with staples of fine wire1 done on a machine4 ,stamping press4 ,see ,blocking press4 ,stamps4 ,the brass tools used in finishing to impress figures upon the leather2 they are distinguished as hand stamps and stamps for the press4 ,illustration3 ,standing ,press of ,wood and ,iron ,standing press4 ,a large press with screw for pressing many books at once4 ,start4 ,when1 after cutting1 one or more sections of the book come forward1 making the fore edge irregular1 they are said to have started4 ,steamboating4 ,cutting books out of boards1 a number being cut at the same time4 ,straight edge4 ,a flat ruler4 ,super4 ,a thin1 loosely woven cotton cloth1 glued onto the backs of books to help to hold the signatures together and1 by extending over to the inside of the cover1 to hold book and cover together4 ,in publishers' binding this is usually all that holds a book in its case4 ,it is thin and loosely woven that it may be easily glued down and starched that it may be easily handled4 ,its place is taken in good binding by fine muslin or jaconet4 ,t4 ,e4 ,g4 ,top-edge gilt4 ,tacky4 ,sticky2 spoken often of glue after it has set1 but before it is quite dry4 ,tail4 ,see ,head and tail4 ,tape4 ,cotton tape on which many books are best sewn4 ,it should be stout but flexible4 ,thread4 ,the thread with which books are sewn is usually made of linen1 unbleached4 ,it comes in several sizes4 ,if of good quality1 say ,hayes's ,standard linen1 it costs about #a4be per pound for ,no4 #ah #b-;cord4 ,silk thread is sometimes used in extra binding and on very thick books4 ,in machine sewing cotton thread is used and wears well4 ,thirty-twomo4 ,a sheet of paper folded into thirty-two leaves2 usually written #cbmo4 ,three-quarters bound4 ,see ,half-bound4 ,tight back4 ,see ,back1 tight and loose4 ,title4 ,the space between the bands upon which the title is lettered4 ,titled4 ,see ,pieced4 ,tools4 ,brass stamps used for impressing gold leaf on leather4 ,applied particularly to the hand stamps and tools used in finishing4 ,top cover4 ,the upper or front cover of a book in binding4 ,top edges4 ,the head or top of a book1 in contradistinction to fore-edge or tail4 ,top gilt4 ,used in speaking of a book of which the top edge only is gilded4 ,top side4 ,the front side of the cover of a book in binding4 ,tree calf4 ,a bright brown calf stained by acids in conventional imitation of the trunk and branches of a tree4 ,trimmed4 ,the edges of a book are said to be trimmed when the edges of the larger or projecting leaves only have been cut4 ,trindle4 ,a strip of thin wood or iron used to take the round out of a book when it is cut4 ,tub4 ,the stand which supports the lying press4 ,originally an actual tub to catch the shavings4 ,turkey morocco4 ,made of goatskins from ,turkey4 ,it is very strong1 durable leather2 expensive1 but worth the money4 ,turning up4 ,the process of taking the round out of a book when the edge is cut4 ,all books that are cut in boards have a pair of trindles thrust between the boards and across the back to assist in this operation4 ,tying up4 ,tying a volume with heavy twine after the leather cover has been drawn on to make the leather adhere to the sides of the bands2 also to help in setting the head4 ,uncut4 ,a book is said to be uncut when the edges of the paper have not been cut with the cutting machine4 ,unopened4 ,a book is said to be unopened if the bolts of the sheets have not been cut4 ,vellum4 ,see ,art vellum4 ,verso4 ,the left page4 ,waste1 or ,waste leaves4 ,part of the end papers and the blank leaves between the colored end papers and the book proper2 should be part of the same lot of paper with which the book is printed4 ,one of the waste leaves is often pasted to the loose half of the lining paper or end sheet1 thus forming a doubled fly-leaf4 ,waste papers4 ,see ,end papers4 ,waterproof sheets4 ,sheets of celluloid or waterproof cardboard sometimes laid in or between books when pressing4 ,whatman paper4 ,a high grade quality of ,english hand-made paper1 both laid and wove1 chiefly used for drawing4 ,whipping4 ,same as whipstitching or overcasting4 ,whipstitching4 ,see ,overcasting4 ,white edges4 ,simply cut1 without being gilded or colored4 ,whole binding4 ,when the leather covers the back and sides of a volume4 ,wire staples4 ,fine wire staples used by certain book-sewing machines in the place of thread for holding the sections to a piece of muslin4 ,also the staples used in place of thread in saddle-stitching a pamphlet of one signature on a machine4 ,used also in holding a book of several signatures together1 the staple being driven through all the signatures close to their back edges4 ,witness4 ,when a book has been trimmed1 leaving some of the leaves still rough1 the latter are a witness as to the original size of the sheet and prove that it has not been cut down4 ,wove paper4 ,that which does not show water-marked lines running across it2 distinguished from laid paper4 ,,chapter ,,xix ,makers and ,dealers in ,bookbinders' ,materials1 ,tools and ,machinery ,jos4 ,bancroft ,sons1 manufacturers1 ,rockford1 ,wilmington1 ,del4 ,book cloths4 ,albert ,d4 ,smith1 #ce and #cg ,thomas ,st41 ,new ,york1 ,new ,york agent4 ,john ,campbell ,co41 #cd ,ferry ,st41 ,new ,york4 ,leathers1 book cloths1 marble papers1 etc4 ,cedric ,chivers1 #iaa ,atlantic ,ave41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y41 and ,bath1 ,england4 ,binder from publishers' sheets1 rebinder1 art binder4 ,crawley ,book ,machinery ,company1 ,newport1 ,ky4 ,bookbinders' machinery4 ,louis ,de ,jonge ,co41 #ga-gc ,duane ,st41 ,new ,york4 ,leather1 book cloths1 fancy paper1 bookbinders' supplies and machinery4 ,dennison's ,manufacturing ,co41 #ae ,john ,st41 ,new ,york4 ,gummed labels and other office supplies4 ,miss ,edith ,diehl1 #aca ,e4 #cast ,st41 ,new ,york4 ,leather and binding supplies4 ,gane ,bros41 #ha ,duane ,st41 ,new ,york4 ,leathers1 cloths1 boards1 bookbinders' supplies and machinery of every description4 ,thos4 ,garner ,co41 #aha ,william ,st41 and #bb ,spruce ,st41 ,new ,york4 ,manufacturers of leathers and bookbinders' supplies4 ,gaylord ,bros41 #aag ,emerson ,building1 ,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y4 ,book repair material of many kinds4 ,the ,h4 ,griffin ,sons ,company1 #ge-gg ,duane ,st41 ,new ,york4 ,leathers1 book cloths1 marble papers and bookbinders' materials of every description4 ,the ,hamilton ,manufacturing ,company1 main office and factory1 ,two ,rivers1 ,wis42 eastern office and warehouse1 ,middletown1 ,n4 ,y4 ,bookbinders' furniture and supplies4 ,c4 ,b4 ,hewitt ,brothers1 #dh ,beekman ,st41 ,new ,york4 ,paper1 boards and glue4 ,the ,w4 ,o4 ,hickok ,manufacturing ,co41 ,harrisburg1 ,pa4 ,bookbinders' machinery4 ,holliston ,mills1 ,norwood1 ,mass41 and #fg ,fifth ,ave41 ,new ,york4 ,book cloths4 ,hoole ,machine and ,engraving ,works1 #bi ,prospect ,st41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,manufacturers of bookbinders' tools and machinery4 ,interlaken ,mills1 #aaa ,duane ,st41 ,new ,york4 ,book cloths4 ,japan ,paper ,co41 #cd ,union ,square1 ,e41 ,new ,york4 ,handmade ,japanese window or ,shoji paper for repairing leaves1 also called ,japanese mending tissue4 ,keratol ,company1 corner ,south and ,van ,buren ,sts41 ,newark1 ,n4 ,j4 ,manufacturers of imitation leathers4 ,latham ,machinery ,company1 #aig-bja ,s4 ,canal ,st41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,manufacturers of bookbinders' and printers' machinery4 ,lindenmeyr ,sons1 #bj ,beekman ,st41 ,new ,york4 ,paper4 ,j4 ,w4 ,o',bannon ,company1 #gd ,duane ,st41 ,new ,york4 ,dealers in all bookbinders' supplies4 ,oswego ,machine ,works1 ,oswego1 ,n4 ,y4 ,bookbinders' machinery4 ,c4 ,w4 ,pyle ,company1 #dth and ,van ,buren ,sts41 ,wilmington1 ,del4 ,bookbinders' material4 ,schulte ,co41 #ea ,n4 #gth ,st41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,leather and book cloths4 ,t4 ,w4 ,c4 ,b4 ,sheridan1 #ef ,duane ,st41 ,new ,york4 ,bookbinders' machinery4 ,j4 ,l4 ,shoemaker ,co41 #aeth and ,s4 #fth ,sts41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,machinery1 paper1 leather1 etc4 ,standard ,machine ,co41 ,mystic1 ,conn4 ,bookbinders' machinery4 ,stark ,selig1 #deh ,w4 ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,book stamps and embossing dies4 ,f4 ,wesel ,manufacturing ,company1 #aj ,spruce ,st41 ,new ,york4 ,bookbinders' machinery4 ,,chapter ,,xx ,a ,few of the ,best ,books on ,bookbinding1 ,paper and ,leather ,those marked 7,s7 will be found the most useful books for a small library4 ,adam1 ,paul4 ,practical bookbinding4 ,van ,nostrand4 ,new ,york4 #aijc4 #a4be4 ,this is a translation from the ,german1 the author being the director of the ,dsseldorf ,technical ,school of ,artistic and ,practical ,bookbinding4 ,it treats mainly of the practical side of binding and describes with considerable detail the materials used in the work4 ,it is illustrated mostly with outline cuts which aid the reader or student to understand the several methods and processes4 ,brassington1 ,w4 ,s4 ,history of the art of bookbinding4 ,stock4 ,london4 #ahid4 #aj4jj4 ,interesting illustrations of ancient records before book making4 ,notices of printers1 collectors1 binders and famous books4 ,appendix ,c gives samples and brief descriptions of oriental forms of binding4 ,very good general work4 ,butler1 ,j4 ,w4 ,the story of paper making4 ,butler ,paper ,co4 ,chicago4 #aija4 #a4be4 ,an interesting account of paper making from its earliest known record down to the present time4 7,s7 ,chivers1 ,cedric4 ,improvements in the binding of books4 ,cedric ,chivers4 ,bath1 ,england4 ,free4 ,description of the methods used by ,chivers in his own bindery4 ,the writer has a high reputation1 and probably binds books more satisfactorily for libraries than any binder in the world today4 7,s7 ,cockerell1 ,douglas4 ,bookbinding and the care of books4 ,appleton4 ,new ,york4 #aijb4 #a4be net4 ,text-book of workshop practice from personal experience and critical examination of methods current in shops4 ,it supplements workshop training and is a help in the selection of sound bindings4 ,the best single book for the librarian who wishes to know about the craft of binding4 ,does not treat the subject of strong rebinding for the public library4 ,cockerell1 ,douglas4 ,a note on bookbinding 444 with extracts from the special report of the ,society of ,arts on leather for bookbinding4 ,london4 ,issued by ,w4 ,h4 ,smith ,son1 for their bookbinding department4 #aijd4 ,price #a penny4 ,crane1 ,w4 ,j4 ,e4 ,bookbinding for amateurs4 ,l4 ,upcott ,gill1 ,london1 no date4 ,price #j4fe4 ,this gives a description of the various tools and appliances required and minute instruction for their use4 ,cundall1 ,joseph1 ed4 ,on bookbindings ancient and modern4 ,bell1 ,london1 #ahha4 ,price #ab4jj4 ,an excellent history of the art from earliest times4 ,contains a chronological list or table of famous bookbinders1 with their nationalities1 dates of birth and death4 ,fletcher1 ,w4 ,y41 ,f4 ,s4 ,a4 ,bookbinding in ,france4 ,macmillan ,co41 ,new ,york1 #ahid4 #j4ge4 ,an accurate brief account of the history and growth of the art in ,france4 ,profusely illustrated1 with cuts in the text and with facsimiles in color4 7,s7 ,gane ,brothers4 ,bookbinders' stock4 ,free4 ,gane4 #ha ,duane ,st41 ,new ,york4 ,a trade catalogue1 giving cuts of articles as well as prices4 ,growoll1 ,a4 ,the profession of bookselling4 #bv4 ,publisher's ,weekly4 ,new ,york4 #ahie4 #d4jj net4 ,contains an excellent article on bookbinding with descriptions of leather and other cover material1 cost and other details4 ,a list of authorities is given and a description of technical terms4 ,hasluck1 ,paul ,n41 ed4 ,bookbinding4 ,david ,mc,kay1 ,philadelphia1 #aijc4 #j4ej4 ,a practical text-book with numerous engravings and diagrams4 ,horne1 ,herbert ,p4 ,the binding of books4 ,scribner1 ,new ,york1 #ahid4 #b4jj4 ,shows how good decoration on bindings can be made only by those who understand design4 7,s7 ,hulme1 ,parker and others4 ,leather for libraries4 ,published for the ,sound leather committee of the ,library ,association1 ,england1 by the ,library ,supply ,company4 ,london4 #aije4 ,price #j4dj4 ,a summary of the report of the committee of the ,society of ,arts1 brought down to date1 and with helpful notes added4 ,includes small samples of leather4 ,journal of the ,society of ,arts4 #d nos4 #bj cents each4 ,london4 ,sept4 #aa1 #ah1 #be1 ,oct4 #b1 #aijc4 ,four lectures delivered by ,julius ,hbner1 director of the paper making department1 at the ,municipal ,school of ,technology1 ,manchester1 ,england1 giving a practical treatise on paper making4 ,also issued as ,cantor ,lectures in one pamphlet1 same society4 #be cents4 ,journal of the ,society of ,arts4 #bj cents4 ,london4 ,july #e1 #aija4 ,report of a committee on leather for bookbinding4 ,the decay of leather1 a subject which has attracted a great deal of attention and interest among librarians and collectors4 ,the best thing for librarians ever published on leather4 ,matthews1 ,brander4 ,bookbinding1 old and new4 ,macmillan1 ,new ,york1 #ahie4 #c4jj4 ,notes of a book-lover1 with an account of the ,grolier ,club of ,new ,york4 ,nicholson1 ,james ,b4 ,manual of the art of bookbinding4 ,baird1 ,philadelphia1 #ahef4 #a4jj4 ,instructions in the different branches of forwarding1 gilding1 finishing and marbling4 7,s7 ,pearce1 ,w4 ,b4 ,practical bookbinding4 ,marshall ,co41 ,london1 no date4 #be cents4 ,a text-book designed to give sufficient help to enable handy persons to bind their own books4 ,illustrated with photographs and drawings4 ,prideaux1 ,s4 ,t4 ,an historical sketch of bookbinding4 ,lawrence4 ,london4 #ahic4 #a4ej net4 ,intended as a help in the first steps4 ,a chronological table of ,french and ,english sovereigns is added with a bibliography and explanation of technical terms4 ,an appendix treats of ornamentation4 ,public ,libraries1 ,june1 #aijd4 ,binding number4 ,public ,libraries1 ,june1 #aijf4 ,binding number4 ,report of the committee on leather for bookbinding4 ,edited by ,cobham and ,wood for the ,society of ,arts4 ,london4 ,bell4 #aije4 #b4hj4 ,contains some material on dyeing leather not in the original report2 has numerous illustrations1 #ab samples of leather1 well printed1 bound in cloth4 ,society of ,arts--,committee on the deterioration of paper4 ,report 444 with two appendixes3 #a1 abstracts of paper on ,german official tests1 #ahhe-if2 #b1 correspondence4 ,london4 #ahih4 #be cents4 ,zaehnsdorf1 ,j4 ,w4 ,the art of bookbinding4 #a4be4 ,bell4 ,london4 #ahhj4 #a4be4 ,step by step an imaginary book is bound1 as in an extra shop1 to show the amateur how to bind his own book1 or how to know a good binding when purchasing4 ,illustrations of machinery used are given and practical receipts4 ,zahn1 ,otto4 ,on art binding4 ,s4 ,c4 ,toof ,co41 ,memphis1 #aijd4 #a4ej4 ,illustrated with half-tone pictures of fine bindings by the author4 ,index ,acids used in dyeing1 ,effects of1 #gf1 #ie ,aldine style1 #aai ,all-along sewing1 #aai ,american ,russia leather1 #aed ,antique1 #abd ,arabesque style1 #aai ,art canvas1 #da1 #aai ,art vellum1 #abj ,azure tools1 #abj ,azured style1 #aba ,backing1 #cc1 #aba ,backing boards1 #aba ,backing hammer1 #abb ,backing machine1 #abb ,backing press1 #abb ,backs1 #aba ,backs1 loose1 repairing1 #ha ,backs1 material for1 #da ,band driver1 #abb ,band nippers1 #abb ,bands1 #abb ,bead1 #abc ,beating hammer1 #abd ,beating stone1 #abd ,beveled boards1 #abd ,bibliography of bookbinding1 #afe ,binder1 #abd ,binder's workshop in #agga1 #d ,binders for magazines1 #fa ,bindery1 equipment1 #aad ,binding1 flexible1 #ace ,binding from publishers' sheets1 #bj ,binding materials for backs1 #da ,binding materials for sides1 #db ,binding1 mosaic1 #adg ,binding records1 #aaj ,bindings1 broken1 #abd ,bindings1 broken1 mending1 #hj ,bleed1 #abd ,blind tooling1 #abd ,blocking press1 #abe ,board papers1 #abe ,board shears1 #abe ,boards1 #dg1 #abe ,boards1 binding in1 #adb ,boards1 broken1 repairing1 #hd ,boards1 pressing1 #aeb ,bock morocco1 #abf ,bodkin1 #abf ,bolt1 #abf ,book covers1 machine-made1 #bf ,book list on bookbinding1 #afe ,bookbinding terms1 #aai ,bosses1 #abf ,boston binder1 #fe ,broken bindings1 mending1 #hj ,broken boards1 replacing1 #hd ,brushes1 #hf ,buchan binder1 #ff ,buckram1 #abf ,buckram1 ,linen finish1 #ade ,buffing1 #abf ,buffingette1 see ,keratol1 #adc ,bureau of standards1 specifications for book cloth1 #dc ,burnishers1 #abg ,burnishing1 #abf ,calf lined1 #abg ,calf1 marbled1 #adf ,calf1 sprinkled1 #aeg ,calf1 ,tree-1 #afj ,calfskin1 #abg ,cancels1 #abg ,canvas1 #acb ,caps1 #abg ,case bindings1 #abh ,catchword1 #abh ,center tools1 #abh ,chivers binder1 #ff ,circuit edges1 #abh ,clasp1 #abh ,cleaning books1 #gd ,clearing out1 #abh ,cleveland binder1 #fb1 #fg ,clip binders1 #fc ,cloth1 #hf ,cloth boards1 #abh ,cloth1 ,english ,imperial ,morocco1 #da1 #ada ,cloth1 standards1 #dc ,cobden-,sanderson style1 #abh ,collating1 #abh ,combs1 #abi ,copying press1 #hg ,corners1 #abi ,cost of binding1 #bj ,covering 7repairing71 #hb ,covers1 loose1 reattaching1 #hb ,cowhide1 #abi ,cowskin1 #da ,creaser1 #abi ,cropped binding1 #abi ,crushed leather1 #abi ,crushed levant1 #abi ,cut flush1 #acj ,cutter1 #acj ,cutting boards1 #hg1 #acj ,cutting machine1 #acj ,cutting press1 #acj ,dandy1 #acj ,dealers in bookbinding materials1 #afc ,decay of leather1 #gf1 #ie ,deckle edge1 #aca ,dentelle border1 #aca ,derome style1 #acb ,diaper1 #acb ,divinity calf1 #acb ,doublure1 #acb ,duck1 #acb ,dutch metal1 #acc ,eau de ,javelle1 #adb ,edges1 ,gaufre1 #ach ,edges1 gilt1 #ach ,edges1 soiled1 cleaning1 #hc ,edges1 treatments in binding1 #acc ,edition de luxe1 #acc ,embossed1 #acc ,end leaves1 #acc ,end papers1 #acd ,end papers1 renewal1 #hj ,end sheets1 #de ,english linen1 #acd ,eve style1 #acd ,extra binding1 #acd ,fanfare style1 #acd ,fillet1 #ace ,finishing1 #ace ,finishing press1 #ace ,finishing stove1 #ace ,flexible binding1 #ace ,flexible glue1 #ace ,flexible sewing1 #acg ,fly leaves1 #acg ,fly leaves1 removal1 #hj ,folder1 #hg1 #acg ,folio1 #acg ,fore-edge1 #acg ,fore-edges1 cutting1 #hc ,forwarding1 #acg ,french guard1 #acg ,french joint1 #cd1 #ej1 #acg ,french morocco1 #acg ,full bound1 #ach ,gascon style1 ,le1 #ach ,gathering1 #ach ,gaufre edges1 #ach ,gauge1 #ach ,gilding1 #ec ,gilding press1 #ach ,gilt1 #ach ,gilt edges1 #ach ,gilt tops1 #ach ,glair1 #ach ,glue1 #dg ,glue1 flexible1 #ace ,glue pot1 #hg ,goatskin1 ,niger1 #adg ,goffered edges1 #aci ,gold cushion1 #aci ,gold knife1 #aci ,gold leaf1 #aci ,gouge1 #aci ,grain 7leather71 #aci ,graining1 #aci ,grater1 #aci ,grease marks1 removal1 #he ,grolier style1 #aci ,groove1 #adj ,ground glue1 #hg ,guard1 ,french1 #acg ,guards1 #adj ,guards for plates1 #dh ,guides1 #adj ,guillotine1 #adj ,gummed paper1 #hg ,half-bound1 #adj ,half-title1 #ada ,hand letters1 #ada ,hand-sewing1 #de ,head and tail1 #ada ,head cap1 #ada ,heel-ball1 #ada ,imperial morocco cloth1 #ada ,ink stains1 removal1 #hd ,inset1 #adb ,inside margins1 #adb ,inside tins1 #adb ,italian style1 #aai ,jansen style1 #adb ,japanese mending paper1 #hg ,japanese mending tissue1 #eb ,javelle water1 #adb ,johnston binder1 #fe ,joint1 ,french1 #acg ,joints1 #adb ,joints1 repairing1 #ha ,justification1 #adc ,keratol1 #adc ,kettlestitch1 #adc ,keys1 #adc ,kip calf1 #add ,klip binder1 #fg ,knife1 #hg ,knocking-down iron1 #add ,labels1 #eg ,labels1 renewal1 #gg ,laced in1 #add ,laid paper1 #add ,law sheep1 #add ,leather1 #ic ,leather1 decay1 #gf1 #ie ,leather1 grain in1 #aci ,leather1 ,russia1 #aed ,leather1 treatment with oil1 #gf ,leatherette1 #add ,le ,gascon style1 #ach ,lettering1 #dg1 #ec ,lettering block1 #add ,lettering box1 #add ,lettering pallet1 #adh ,lettering by hand1 #ee ,lettering in white ink1 #ef ,levant morocco1 #ade ,library binding1 #ag and foll4 ,life histories of library bindings1 #bb ,limp binding1 #ade ,linen1 ,english1 #acd ,linen-finish buckram1 #ade ,lining papers1 #acc1 #ade ,loose backs1 repairing1 #ha ,loose joints1 repairing1 #ha ,loose leaves1 inserting1 #gh ,low buckram1 #acd ,lying press1 #ade ,magazine binders1 #fa ,magazines1 binding single copies1 #fd ,maioli style1 #ade ,maps1 mounting1 #eb ,maps1 repairing1 #hd ,marbled calf1 #adf ,marbler1 #adf ,marbling1 #adf ,margins1 #adb ,marking books1 #eg ,mending books1 #fh ,mending tissue1 #hg ,millboard1 #adf ,mitred1 #adf ,morocco1 #da1 #adf ,morocco1 ,french1 #acg ,morocco1 ,levant1 #ade ,morocco1 ,persian1 #aej ,morocco1 ,turkey1 #afj ,morocco cloth1 #da1 #adg ,morocco cloth1 ,imperial1 #ada ,mosaic binding1 #adg ,mottled calf1 #adg ,mounting1 #eb ,music1 binding1 #ej ,needles1 #hg ,newark library1 binding records1 #aab ,newark library1 binding statistics1 #bb ,newark library1 repairing methods1 #gd ,new ,haven binder1 #fe ,newspapers1 binding according to use1 #db ,niger goatskin1 #adg ,numbering backs1 #ec ,octavo1 #adh ,off-set1 #adh ,opening1 ease of1 #bc ,out of boards1 #adh ,overcasting1 #df1 #adh ,pallet1 #adh ,pamphlets1 binding1 #eh ,panel1 #adh ,paneling1 #adi ,paper1 #aja ,paper1 determining quality1 #aji ,paper1 mending1 #hh ,paper1 laid1 #add ,paper1 qualities1 #ajf ,paper covers1 #ij ,paper used in books1 #ajf ,papering up1 #adi ,paring1 #adi ,paring knife1 #adi ,paste1 #he1 #hh ,pastewash1 #aej ,payne1 ,roger1 style1 #aej ,pencil marks removed1 #gd ,persian morocco1 #aej ,petits fers1 #aej ,philadelphia binder1 #fg ,pieced space1 #aej ,pigskin1 #da1 #aea ,plane1 #aea ,plates1 broken-up1 #abf ,plates1 insertion on guards1 #dh ,plates1 pressing1 #aeb ,plough1 #aea ,pointille style1 #aea ,points1 #aea ,polishers1 #aea ,powder1 #aed ,press1 #aeb ,press pin1 #aeb ,pressing boards1 #aeb ,pressing plates1 #aeb ,publishers' bindings1 cleaning1 #ge ,publishers' bindings1 statistics of wear1 #bj ,quarto1 #aeb ,quire1 #aeb ,rag paper1 #ajb ,rebinding1 cost of1 #bj ,rebinding for wear1 #cf ,rebinding1 preparation of books for1 #dd ,records of binding1 #aaj ,recto1 #aeb ,register1 #aeb ,repairing books1 #fh ,repairing joints1 #ga ,re-siding books1 #hc ,roan1 #aec ,roedde magazine binder1 #ff ,roger ,payne style1 #aej ,rolling machine1 #aec ,rolls1 #aec ,roulette border1 #aec ,rounding1 #aec ,rounding hammer1 #aec ,roundlet1 #aec ,roxburgh binding1 #aec ,rubbing1 #aec ,rugby wrapping paper for covers1 #ia ,ruler1 #hh ,run up1 #aed ,russia leather1 #aed ,saddle-stitched1 #aed ,sawing in1 #aed ,scissors1 #hh ,seme1 #aed ,setting the head1 #aed ,sewer1 #aee ,sewing all along1 #aai ,sewing by hand1 #bg ,sewing in loose sections1 #gi ,sewing1 flexible1 #acg ,sewing bench1 #hh ,sheep1 ,law1 #add ,sheepskin1 #aee ,shelf-back1 #aef ,sides1 material for1 #db ,signature1 #aef ,sixteenmo1 #aef ,size1 #aef ,skiver1 #aef ,slips1 #aeg ,split leather1 #aeg ,springfield binder1 #ff ,sprinkled calf1 #aeg ,sprinkled edges1 #aeg ,squares1 #aeg ,stabbed1 #aeg ,stabbing1 #aeg ,stabbing awl1 #abf ,stains1 removal1 #he ,stamps1 #aeg ,standing press1 #aeh ,start1 #aeh ,steamboating1 #aei ,stitching1 #aed ,straight edge1 #aei ,style1 ,grolier1 #aci ,style1 ,le ,gascon1 #ach ,style1 ,pointille1 #aea ,style1 ,roger ,payne1 #aej ,style1 ,roxburgh1 #aec ,super1 #aei ,tacky1 #aei ,tape1 #aei ,thirty-two-mo1 #aei ,tapes1 sewing on1 #cb ,terminology of bookbinding1 #aai ,thread1 #de1 #hi1 #aei ,tins1 ,inside1 #adb ,tipping-in1 #ga ,title1 #afj ,tools1 #afj ,top cover1 #afj ,top edges1 #afj ,top gilt1 #afj ,top side1 #afj ,tops1 gilt1 #ach ,torn leaves1 mending1 #ge ,torsion binder1 #ff ,tree calf1 #afj ,trimming1 #afj ,trindle1 #afj ,tub1 #afj ,turkey morocco1 #afj ,turning-up1 #afj ,tying-up1 #afa ,uncut1 #afa ,unopened1 #afa ,waste leaves1 #afa ,waterproof sheets1 #afa ,wearing qualities of leather1 #ie ,weis binder1 #ff ,whatman paper1 #afa ,whipping1 #afa ,whipstitching1 #de ,white edges1 #afa ,white ink1 #ef ,whole binding1 #afa ,wire staples1 #afb ,witness1 #afb ,wood paper1 #aja ,wove paper1 #afb 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's ,notes ,minor typographical errors have been corrected4 ,old-fashioned spelling has been left unchanged4 99 ,,corrections ,,to ,,the ,,original ,,text ,the following misprints and misspellings have been corrected3 ,page #abc - sawn changed to sewn 7is so sewn as to let7 99 ,,other ,,changes ,,and ,,notes ,the following changes to the original text have been made for clarity or consistency3 ,page #ej - ,the illustration on this page has been split in two and the parts labeled ,no4 #a and ,no4 #b1 respectively1 in order to correspond more clearly with the text in the original caption4 ,page #hc - ,residing books4 changed to ,re-siding books4 to agree with ,index entry4 ,page #aji - per cent changed to per cent4 7a large per cent4 of their book fund74 ,page #aba - 7,l7 and 7,r7 added for clarity to the caption of the illustration on this page4 ,the following variations of a word or descriptive term are common in the original text and have been retained3 bookbinding and book-binding handmade and hand-made saddlestitch1 saddle-stitched and saddle-stitching watermark1 water-marked and water-marking waterproof and water-proof whipstitching and whip-stitching