,illu/ration3 ,,duncan ,e4              
,mc,k,i,n,l,a,y    ,:o z a ,memb] (     
,congress ,visit$ ! ,canal ) ! ,int]/ate
  ,committee ( ! ,h\se4                 
,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,big ,,f\r ,,( ,,!   
,,panama ,,canal--,presid5t ,william    
,mc,kinley1 ,presid5t ,william ,h4      
,taft1 ,presid5t ,!odore ,roosevelt &   
,colonel ,g4 ,w4 ,goe?als4              
,,!                                     
,,panama ,,canal                        
,,duncan ,e4 ,mc,k,i,n,l,a,y            
#aiab                         ,,:itak]  
,,ray-,,wigg9 ,,co4                     
,,san ,,francisco                       
,,copyright ,,by                        
,,:itak]  ,,ray-,,wigg9 ,,co4           
#aiab                                   
,,d$icat$                               
,,to                       ,,presid5t   
,,william ,,h[>d ,,taft                 
,,by ,,! ,,au?or4          ,,! ,,panama 
,,canal      ,( all subjects n[ occupy+ 
! att5tion ( ! _w at l>ge1  & (         
importance n only to ! ,/ate (          

,cali=nia1 b to all !  t]ritory we/ ( ! 
,rocky m\nta9s & ! isl&s & coa/s ( !    
,pacific ,ocean1 ov] :i* ! ,am]ican flag
 floats 9 sov]eignty1 none  is p>am\nt  
to ! con/ruction ( ! ,panama ,canal4 ,! 
completion  ( ! canal1 :ile a _w ev5t1  
w1 ( c\rse1 be ( peculi>  significance &
 importance to t portion ( ! globe :i*  
bord]s  on ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,c\ntries1
 isl&s1 coa/s & ,/ates t =  c5turies h  
be5 isolat$ & f> di/ant by wat] r\tes f 
! c5t]s ( population ( ,europe & ,ea/]n 
,unit$ ,/ates1 w  be br\ght ?\s&s (     
miles ne>] to1 & consequ5tly1 into m    
intimate social1 indu/rial & bus9ess    
relations ) ! m highly  organiz$        
gov]nm5ts ( ,europe & ,am]ica4    ,9    
effect1 ! op5+ ( ! canal 9 #aiae to !   
comm]ce & trade  ( ! _w w be !          
realization ( ! dream ( ,columbus1 :o   
sail$ across ! ,atlantic 9 #adib to     
discov] a %ort] wat] r\te  betwe5       
,europe & ,asia1 & ! fulfillm5t ( !     
prophecy ( ,b>on  von ,humboldt1 :o1    
betwe5 ! ye>s ( #agii & #ahje1 explor$ &

  survey$ a great portion ( ,c5tral &   
,s\? ,am]ica4 ,humboldt1 z a  result ( 8
 explorations1 pr$ict$ t )9 a reasonable
 p]iod  ( "t ! two l>ge/ oceans ( ! _w1 
! ,atlantic & !  ,pacific1 w\ld be unit$
 by an artificial wat]-way4 ,?is        
wat]-way1  9 8 op9ion1 z express$ 9 a   
lett] to 8 fri5d1 ! ,g]man poet  ,goe!1 
w\ld be con/ruct$ by ! little republic  
at ! nor?1 !  ,unit$ ,/ates1 ev5 !n     
beg9n+ to take an important place among 
!  p[]s ( ! _w4    ,9 #ahfg1 ! en]gy &  
=esight ( ,sew>d acquir$ ,alaska z an   
addition to ,am]ican t]ritory2 & ?\gh   
,sew>d 0 laugh$ at &  revil$ z a fooli% 
dream] because ( 8 pur*ase ( a s-call$  
iceb]g & a fog-bank1 nev]!less1 t able  
/atesman & diplomat  po9t$ out to ! p ( 
! ,unit$ ,/ates t "s day !  ,pacific    
,ocean mu/ become ! _w's greate/ sea (  
comm]ce &  trade1 & t 9 t day ,alaska   
w\ld become "o ( ! mo/  valuable        
possessions ( ! ,am]ican nation4    ,^? 
dreams & prophecies today are rea*+ _!  
culm9ation  & fulfillm5t 9 ! op5+ ( !   

,panama ,canal1 :i* w be  celebrat$ 9   
,san ,francisco1--yes1 n only 9 ,san    
,francisco1 b  ?r\gh\t all ,cali=nia & !
 si/] ,/ates ( ! we/]n  coa/--by !      
greate/ int]national exposition ev]     
conduct$ 9 !  hi/ory ( civilization4 ,x 
w be a jubilee celebration 9 :i* all  ! 
,/ates & pr9cipalities1 nations &       
empires ( ! _w w  jo9 9 pr\d & ?ankful  
p>ticipation4      ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,canal
    ,! idea ( con/ruct+ an artificial   
wat]-way betwe5 ! ,c>ibbean  ,sea & !   
,gulf ( ,panama is z old z ! discov]y ( 
,am]ica4  ,*ri/oph] ,columbus1 9 e>ly   
life1 became conv]t$ to ! idea t  ! _w 0
 r\nd1 & 8 /udies l$ him to believe t by
 sail+  9 a direct c\rse & sail+ f>     
en\gh1 he c\ld circumnavigate  ! globe &
 come back to ! po9t f :i* he />t$1     
provid$  he c\ld keep on t /raight      
c\rse4 ,?is belief naturally l$ him  to 
! conclusion t by sail+ we/w>d f ,spa91 
across !  ,atlantic1 he c\ld rea* !     
coa/s & ! isl&s ( ,asia1 :i*  ab\t t "t 
7 com+ into great prom95ce z a desir$   

m>ket  = ! ex*ange ( ! w>es ( ! produc]s
 & ! manufactur]s (  ,europe4           
,illu/ration3 ,,ru9s ,,( ,,santa        
,,dom9ie ,,*ur*1 ,,panama4    ,! only   
mi/ake made by ,columbus 0 t he e/imat$ 
! circumf]5ce  ( ! _w at ab\t #h1jjj    
miles1 in/ead ( ov] #bd1jjj4 ,foll[+ 8  
!ory1 ,columbus emb>k$ on 8 fir/ &      
greate/ voyage1 & 0  successful1 z we   
"k1 9 discov]+ "o ( ! isl&s ( ! ,we/    
,indies4 ,columbus made f\r voyages 9   
all to ! newly discov]$ l&1  b x is     
d\btful z to :e!r or n he ev] rea*$ !   
ma9l& (  ,am]ica4 ,"o ( 8 hi/orians     
claims t on 8 la/ voyage he l&$  ^u !   
coa/ ( ,honduras 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 & on
 ! l& n[ kn[n  z ,v5ezuela1 f>!r t[>d ! 
s\?4 ,?is fact is ( little importance   
to u at ?is "t4 ,we d "k1 h[ev]1 t      
,columbus di$ 9 ignorance  ( ! fact t he
 _h discov]$ a great cont95t in/ead ( "s
 (  ! isl&s ( ! ,ea/ ,indies4           
,imm$iately foll[+ ! dea? ( ,columbus1 8
 ent]pris+  lieut5ants1 m5 l ,vespucci1 
,oj$a1 ,balboa1 & o!rs ( equal          

prom95ce1 pu%$ _! explorations f>!r     
we/w>d1 & ,balboa1  ! bolde/ ( ! ,spani%
 conqui/adores1 fitt$ out an exp$ition 9
  ,hispaniola1 :i* isl& 0 !n ! base (   
op]ations ( ,spani%  exploration &      
conque/1 & sail$ across ! n>r[ sea to ! 
coa/  ( t portion ( ,c5tral ,am]ica we  
n[ call ,panama4    ,balboa e/abli%$ a  
r5dezv\s & base ( supplies & op]ations  
on ! coa/1 & !nce cont9u$ 8 j\rney inl&1
 & on ! #bcrd  ( ,septemb]1 #aeac1      
surm\nt$ ! heights ( ,d>i51 & f t       
em95ce beheld ! expansive /ret*es (     
wat]y wa/e kn[n today  z ! ,pacific     
,ocean4 ,balboa1 cont9u+ 8 explorations 
along !  coa/s ( ,panama1 soon discov]$ 
t ! l& 0 n an isl&1 b  a cont95t1 &     
becom+ acqua9t$ ) ! ,indians :o inhabit$
 !  c\ntry1 he le>n$ t !re 7 two l>ge   
bodies connect$ by a  small] body4      
,balboa und]/ood ?is /atem5t to mean two
 l>ge bodies ( wat]  connect$ by a      
small] body ( wat]1 & !re=e1 naturally  
came to  ! conclusion t ! ,indians meant
 t ! ,pacific & ! ,atlantic  ,oceans 7  

connect$ at "s po9t or o!r along !      
i/hmus by a  natural wat]-way4 ,:at !   
,indians really meant 0 t !re 7  two    
l>ge bodies ( l&1 to ! nor? & s\?1 & t  
^! l>ge  bodies 7 connect$ by a long1   
n>r[ /rip ( l&1 "p ( :i* he  0 !n       
explor+4    ,! ,spani>ds1 naturally eag]
 to ext5d _! explorations into !  great 
we/]n ocean1 began to se>* = ! connect+ 
wat]-way1 &  ?is que/ 0 cont9u$ by !m = 
ne>ly half a c5tury2 b !y  f9ally       
realiz$ t ! two great oceans ( ! _w 7   
sep>at$  by ! impassable b>ri] ( a      
cont9u\s *a9 ( m\nta9\s l&4  ,! conqu]] 
( ,mexico1 ,cortez1 aft] f9i%+ !        
subjugation ( !  ,indians ( t "p ( !    
,spani% possessions1 9 #aebf1 0 comm&$  
by ! ,k+ ( ,spa9 to proce$ to ! ,i/hmus 
& to assi/ 9 !  se>* = ! secret         
wat]-way4    ,cortez answ]$ ! comm& ( ! 
,k+ by say+ t if he c\ld n  f9d !       
natural wat]-way he w\ld proce$ to make 
"o4 ,! brave  old soldi]1 all 8 life    
tra9$ 9 ! habit ( surm\nt+ great        
difficulties1 decl>$ t if !re 7 ob/acles

 & m\nta9s1  !re 7 also m5 ) bra9s &    
h&s1 & t if he c\ld n  f9d ! wat]-way z 
comm&$ by ! ,k+1 he w\ld c>ry out !     
ord] by con/ruct+ a canal to connect !  
two oceans4 ,& s1 !  idea ( ,columbus   
be+ to f9d a %ort wat]-r\te betwe5      
,europe &  ! ,ea/ ,indies & coa/s (     
,asia1 by ! completion ( ! ,panama      
,canal1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is c>ry+ out !  
orig9al purpose (  ef=ts ( ! discov]] ( 
,am]ica & ! ord]s ( ! ,k+ (  ,spa9 to   
,cortez1 to make an artificial wat]-way 
:i* w %ort5 !  l9es ( trade & comm]ce   
ar\nd ! globe4    ,betwe5 ^? e>ly days &
 ! pres5t "t e great m>itime nation  ( !
 _w has be5 int]e/$ 9 i/hmian canal     
con/ruction--,spa91  ,portugal1 ,holl&1 
,g]many1 ,france1 ,great ,brita9 &      
,italy h all1 at  "o "t or ano!r 9 !    
int]v5+ ye>s1 consid]$ ! advisability  &
 feasibility ( con/ruct+ a canal some:]e
 across ! n>r[  t]ritory betwe5 !       
,atlantic & ,pacific4      ,n9e ,diff]5t
 ,r\tes ,propos$    ,9 all1 n9e r\tes h 
be5 survey$ or consid]$ by "s nation or 

"s company4 ,! fir/ r\te to ! nor? is   
kn[n z ! ,tehuantepec  r\te1 :i* ext5ds 
across ,mexico f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico to ! 
,pacific ,ocean1 a di/ance ( ne>ly #bjj 
miles1 & ov] :i* r\te an  ,engli%       
syndicate1 head$ by ! ,pe>sons1 is n[   
op]at+ a spl5did  railroad sy/em4       
,capta9 ,eads1 "o ( ! mo/ prom95t (     
,am]ican  eng9e]s ( 8 "t1 advocat$ !    
build+ ( a %ip railway ov]  ?is r\te1 a 
railway s con/ruct$ t c>s c\ld be let   
d[n into  ! wat] "u ! bottoms ( %ips1   
draw+ !m out ( ! wat] &  across ! l& to 
! ocean on ! o!r side4    ,( c\rse1 ?is 
project might h be5 feasible ) ! small] 
siz$ m]*ant %ips ( =ty ye>s ago1 b x    
w\ld h>dly be s =  transport+ ! gigantic
 freight]s & pass5g] vessels t n[       
trav]se ! seas4    ,! second r\te1 t[>ds
 ! s\?1 0 call$ ! ,honduras ,bay r\te1  
a r\te across ! ,republic ( ,honduras f 
,honduras ,bay on ! ea/  to ! ,pacific4 
,! ?ird r\te came to be kn[n z !        
,nic>aguan r\te4 ,= a long  "t ?is 0 !  
mo/ popul> ( all ! r\tes ) ! ,am]ican   

,congress & ! ,am]ican p4 ,! ,nic>aguan 
r\te contemplat$ !  utilization ( ! ,san
 ,juan ,riv] on ! ea/1 betwe5 !         
,atlantic  ,coa/ & ! ,nic>aguan lakes1 !
 ,nic>aguan lakes z f> z !y  ext5d$     
we/w>d1 & !nce ?r\gh a canal across !   
divid+ l&  f ! upp] lake to ,nic>agua to
 ! ,pacific ,ocean at ,brita4 ,!        
,nic>aguan r\te w\ld be #cgg miles %ort]
 betwe5 ,san ,francisco &  ,new ,york   
?an is ! ,panama r\te1 along :i* !      
,unit$ ,/ates is n[  con/ruct+ a canal4 
,a f\r? r\te 0 survey$ betwe5 ! ,*irique
 ,lagoon on ! ea/]n  side to ! ,pacific 
,ocean4      ,! ,i/hmian ,r\tes    ,?ree
 r\tes across ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama h be5 
survey$ &  consid]$--two besides ! "o   
:i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates is n[  utiliz+2 &   
f>!r s\? two possible canal r\tes h be5 
survey$ across ! t]ritory ( ,colombia4  
,! two s\!rn r\tes  w\ld use ! ,atrato  
,riv] z a "p ( _! c\rse1 & f t  riv]    
across to ! sep>at+ l&s an excavation   
w\ld be requir$4    ,illu/ration3 ,,wat]
 ,,front1 ,,panama4    ,( ^! n9e r\tes  

only ?ree h be5 s]i\sly contemplat$ by !
  eng9e]s ( ! v>i\s gov]nm5ts &         
companies :o h exam9$  !m4 ,! ?ree are !
 ,tehuantepec1 ! ,nic>aguan1 & ! ,panama
  ,canal r\te4    ,9 ! ye> #ahjj all    
,s\? ,am]ican t]ritory1 ) ! exception ( 
,brazil & a few colonies1 0 "u !        
sov]eignty ( ,spa91 b  ab\t ! ye> #ahaa 
a s]ies ( revolutions broke out 9 v>i\s 
p>ts  ( ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica1 hav+ =  
_! object ! e/abli%m5t  ( indep5d5t     
republics1 & by #ahbc all ,c5tral & ,s\?
 ,am]ican  c\ntries _h a*iev$           
indep5d5ce4 ,! prov9ce ( ,panama secur$ 
h]  indep5d5ce 9 ! ye> #ahbc1 ma9ta9$ t 
indep5d5ce = a %ort  "t & !n m]g$ ) !   
,republic ( ,new ,granada4    ,panama   
rema9$ a "p ( ,new ,granada = sev]al    
ye>s1 & !n  became a "p ( ! ,new        
,granadan & ,colombian conf$]acy1 &     
cont9u$ to be a "p ( t conf$]acy ?r\gh  
v>i\s vicissitudes  ( =tune & mis=tune  
aris+ out ( revolutions & w> until      
,novemb] #c1 #aijc1 :5 %e sec$$ f !     
,colombian conf$]acy1  hoi/$ h] old     

flag1 & resum$ h] anci5t nationality4   
,9 #ahbe1 ! ,s\? & ,c5tral ,am]ican     
,republics1 desir+ to br+  !mselves into
 clos] relations & sympa?y s t trade &  
comm]ce & indu/ry might be bett]        
develop$1 conceiv$ ! idea  ( hold+ a    
conv5tion 9 ! ,city ( ,panama1 9 ! ye>  
#ahbf4  ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t 0    
invit$ to p>ticipate & take a  prom95t  
"p 9 t conv5tion1 & 9 ord] to induce !  
,presid5t  ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to s5d 8   
repres5tatives1 ! subject ( canal       
con/ruction across ! ,i/hmus 0 to be "o 
( ! mo/ prom95t  subjects consid]$4     
,h5ry ,clay1 ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate ( !    
,unit$ ,/ates at t "t1  0 at fir/ v eag]
 to p>ticipate 9 ! ,pan-,am]ican        
conv5tion1  b 0 prev5t$ by objections ( 
! ,presid5t f s5d+  repres5tatives to   
,panama4 ,h[ev]1 he s5t a note (        
felicitation &  enc\ragem5t & promis$ ! 
support ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 any  mutual 
project t w\ld be to ! advantage ( all !
 c\ntries1  & p>ticul>ly pl$g$ t support
 to any feasible project ( canal        

con/ruction4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ (ficial      
int]e/ tak5 by ! ,unit$  ,/ates 9 !     
con/ruction ( an ,i/hmian ,canal4    ,l 
ne>ly all conv5tions1 ! "o t 0 held 9   
,panama 9 #ahbf  met & resolut$ a great 
deal & indulg$ 9 mu* oratory1 b  adj\rn$
 )\t accompli%+ v mu* ( practical value4
 ,h[ev]1  a congress compos$ (          
repres5tatives ( sev]al ( ! ,s\? &      
,c5tral ,am]ican ,/ates au?oriz$ !      
con/ruction ( an ,i/hmian  ,canal1 &    
actually w5t s f> z to ent] into        
negotiations ) a  prom95t eng9e] = !    
purpose ( hav+ "o con/ruct$1 at "s  po9t
 to be decid$ ^u lat]2 b ow+ to         
revolutions & disord]s  soon aft]       
develop+1 plans = ! project 7 = ! "t    
ab&on$4    ,9 #ahcg ! ,congress ( !     
,unit$ ,/ates au?oriz$ canal surveys to 
be made & a commission 0 appo9t$ = !    
purpose ( survey+  & explor+ ! ,c5tral  
,am]ican c\ntry s t data might be       
secur$ t w\ld give ! ,am]ican ,congress 
in=mation z to !  practicability ( !    
diff]5t r\tes t might be utiliz$4 ,f  t 

"t on1 until today1 ! subject ( ,panama 
,canal con/ruction  has be5 almo/       
con/antly be=e ! ,am]ican ,congress4    
,( c\rse1 action 9 t body 0 m or less   
sporadic4 ,! subject  w\ld be tak5 up f 
"t to "t :5 "s press+ ne$ = quick]  &   
*eap] transportation to ! ,pacific ,coa/
 made itself app>5t4    ,9 #ahdf !      
,unit$ ,/ates ent]$ into w> ) ,mexico1  
:i* engag$  ! en]gies ( ! nation = ! "t 
be+ & canal legislation  0 =gott54 ,aft]
 ! w> ) ,mexico came ! discov]y ( gold 9
  ,cali=nia1 & ! ru% ( ! argonauts to ! 
,gold5 ,/ate made x  necess>y t quick] &
 *eap] r\tes be e/abli%$ ?an ^?  ar\nd  
,cape ,horn by wat]1 or ! long trail ov]
 ! pla9s &  m\nta9s to ! ,pacific       
,slope4 ,a company 0 organiz$ 9 ,new    
,york  :i* e/abli%$ a l9e (             
transportation by means ( /eam]s f  ,new
 ,york to ,greyt[n1 !nce ?r\gh ! ,san   
,juan ,riv] to ! lakes (  ,nic>agua1 &  
!nce by ! /age l9es to ! ,pacific ,coa/1
 :]e  aga9 vessels 7 tak5 = ,san        
,francisco ,bay & = ! coa/s (  ,oregon &

 ,puget ,s\nd4      ,! ,panama ,railroad
    ,ab\t ! same "t a railway company 0 
=m$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates  :i* secur$ a     
concession f ! ,republic ( ,colombia = !
  purpose ( con/ruct+ ! railway sy/em   
across ! ,i/hmus1 :i* is  n[ kn[n z !   
,panama ,railroad4 ,?is railroad 0      
complet$ 9 #ahef1  & ?is addition to !  
means ( transportation to ! ,pacific    
,coa/  aga9 indef9itely po/pon$ !       
necessity = canal con/ruction4    ,9    
#ahfa ! ,unit$ ,/ates drift$ into !     
,civil ,w>1 & once m  ! subject ( canal 
con/ruction 0 =gott54 ,aft] ! close (  !
 ,civil ,w> ! transcont95tal railroads1 
head$ by ! ,union &  ,c5tral ,pacific   
,companies1 pu%$ _! l9es we/w>d until !y
  rea*$ ! ,pacific ,coa/1 & z soon z !  
fir/ railroad _h  cross$ ! cont95t      
active opposition to canal con/ruction  
began to  %[ itself 9 ! ,am]ican        
,congress4    ,! transcont95tal         
railroads1 fe>+ opposition 9            
transportation1  f t day until ! ,spoon]
 bill 0 pass$1 ,june #bh1 #aijb1        

ma9ta9$ an active lobby at ,wa%+ton1 &  
:5ev] canal  legislation 0 sugge/$1 hav+
 = its object ! con/ruction ( an        
,i/hmian ,canal at any po9t1 ?is        
railroad opposition manife/$ itself  9 e
 =m1 & no d\bt canal con/ruction by !   
,unit$ ,/ates 0  po/pon$ = _m ye>s by t 
ag5cy4    ,h[ev]1 9 #ahhi1 ,congress    
au?oriz$ ! incorporation ( a company    
kn[n z ! ,m>itime ,canal ,company ( !   
,unit$ ,/ates1 & "u  t au?ority ,hiram  
,hit*cock1 ( ,new ,york1 z presid5t1    
toge!r  ) ,w>n] ,mill] & sev]al o!r     
capitali/s1 proce$$ to raise  ab\t six  
million doll>s1 :i* 0 actually us$ 9    
obta9+  fran*ises & concessions f ,co/a 
,rica & ,nic>agua = a canal  r\te ?r\gh 
^! c\ntries4 ,"s money 0 also sp5t 9 do+
  necess>y prelim9>y "w4    ,! ,m>itime 
,canal ,company 0 a favorite 9 ! ,unit$ 
,/ates = a  great _m ye>s1 pr9cipally   
because x 0 *ampion$ by ,s5ator ,j4  ,t4
 ,morgan1 ( ,alabama4 ,s5ator ,morgan   
made ?is ! de>e/ project  ( 8 lat] life1
 & no d\bt 8 la/ ye>s ( public s]vice 7 

embitt]$ by 8 failure to secure         
,gov]nm5t co-op]ation = !  build+ ( !   
canal ?r\gh ,nic>aguan t]ritory4        
,illu/ration3 ,,presid5t ,,amador',s    
,,resid5ce1 ,,panama4      ,! ,fr5*     
,company    ,9 ! meantime ,c\nt ,f]d9&  
de ,lesseps1 ! brilliant &  successful  
,fr5* eng9e]1 hav+ complet$ ! ,suez     
,canal1 turn$ 8  att5tion to ! ,i/hmian 
c\ntry4 ,aft] a ?or\gh inve/igation (   
all ! possible r\tes1 ?r\gh a s]ies (   
negotiations1 he succe$$  9 secur+ a    
fran*ise f ! ,republic ( ,colombia1 giv+
 him  au?ority to organize a ,fr5*      
company & ! "r to con/ruct a  canal     
betwe5 ! little city ( ,asp9wall 7n[    
kn[n z ,colon7 on !  ea/]n side1 & !    
,city ( ,panama on ! ,we/]n side4    ,s 
great 0 ! popul>ity ( de ,lesseps t he  
_h no difficulty 9  =m+ a /rong company 
9 ,france4 ,! /ocks (f]$ to ! ,fr5*     
public 7 subscrib$ = rapidly4 ,! ,fr5*  
are a frugal p1 &  ev5 ! poore/ ( !     
,fr5* peasants & work+ m5 h always a    
little ho>d ( sav+s4 ,! ,fr5* p _h su*  

confid5ce 9 de  ,lesseps' ability to    
complete successfully 8 great ,am]ican  
ent]prise  t ! fir/ issue ( 8 /ocks 7   
tak5 almo/ at p>4      ,de ,lesseps'    
,plan    ,de ,lesseps' plan contemplat$ 
! build+ ( a sea-level canal1 #db  miles
 9 l5g?1 f %ore to %ore1 #ajj feet wide 
& #bh feet deep4  ,8 au?ority f !       
,colombian ,gov]nm5t am\nt$ to m]ely a  
"r  to excavate ! canal1 ! ,colombian   
,gov]nm5t reta9+ jurisdiction  ov] !    
soil & ! p4 ,! e/imate ( ! co/ ( ! type 
( canal propos$ 0 fix$ by ! ,fr5*       
company at #abj1jjj1jjj4  ,! "w (       
con/ruction 0 inaugurat$ on ,febru>y #a1
 #ahha1 )  c]emony by ! (fic]s ( ! ,fr5*
 company1 & 0 p>ticipat$  9 by (ficials 
( ,france1 ,panama & ,colombia4 ,b )9 a 
v %ort  "t1 ow+ to ! magnitude ( ! scale
 ( op]ations1 c\pl$ )  wa/eful bus9ess  
me?ods1 ! fir/ fund ( #abj1jjj1jjj 0    
exp5d$4    ,! company put out a second  
issue ( /ock :i* !y (f]$ to !  p (      
,france z ! fir/ issue _h be5 (f]$4 ,?is
 second issue  0 tak5 up z ! fir/ _h    

be51 b ) "s suspicion on !  "p ( !      
buy]s4 ,! second issue sold at a        
consid]able disc\nt2  /ill !y f\nd      
pur*as]s1 & aga9 ! c(f]s ( ! company 7  
suppli$ ) ca%4    ,b ! wa/efulness &    
extravagance ( ! company cont9u+1 !     
proce$s f ! second issue ( /ock 7 soon  
exhau/$ & a  ?ird issue 0 (f]$4 ,! sale 
( ! ?ird issue 0 made ) a  great deal ( 
difficulty1 & premiums 7 giv5 to prom95t
 m5  ( influ5ce or au?ority1 or any l9e 
( bus9ess1 provid+ !y  w\ld use t       
influ5ce 9 ! m>ket+ ( ! company's %>es4 
,s flagrant did ^! irregul>ities become 
t !y culm9at$ 9  crim9al prosecutions4  
,! sum total ( ! capital /ock subscrib$ 
to by ! buy]s (  ! ,fr5* ,panama        
,company's %>es 0 #cic1eje1ajj4 ,?is    
great  volume ( /ock sold to ! pur*as]s 
produc$ = ! company only  #bja1edf1gdj1 
! diff]5ce ( #aia1ieh1cfj be+ lo/ 9     
disc\nts  & premiums paid 9 m>ket+ !    
/ock4      ,wa/efulness ( ! ,fr5*       
,company    ,?is appall+ exhibition (   
crim9al wa/efulness & unlawful  bus9ess 

me?ods caus$ ! utt] collapse ( confid5ce
 9 ! success  ( ! ent]prise1 n only ( ! 
inve/+ public ( ,france1 b (  ! _w z    
well1 & ha/5$ ! "t :5 su* me?ods mu/    
rea*  _! logical conclusion 9           
bankruptcy4 ,! old tim]s on ! ,i/hmus  w
 tell ! inquir] t ( ! enorm\s sum (     
money rais$ by  ! ,fr5* ,canal ,company1
 "o-?ird 0 wa/$1 "o-?ird graft$ &       
"o-?ird probably us$ 9 actual "w4    ,x 
seem$ z if anyone :o _h any sort (      
influ5ce might sell t  influ5ce to !    
,panama company = "s k9d ( a            
consid]ation4 ,on  ! ,i/hmus today !y w 
%[ y a /oreh\se conta9+ ab\t half  a    
%ip's c>go ( sn[ %ovels :i* a           
manufactur+ company 9 ,france  succe$$ 9
 sell+ to ! ,fr5* ,panama ,company1 no  
d\bt 9 return  = ! influ5ce !y might be 
able to give 9 assi/+ 9 ! sale  ( !     
,fr5* ,panama ,company's /ocks4 ,(      
c\rse1 "o c easily see  ! ridicul\s side
 ( ! pur*ase ( half a c>go ( sn[ %ovels 
to  be us$ 9 ! tropics4    ,practical   
bankruptcy came 9 ! ye> #ahhi1 & f t "t 

on  ! ,fr5* ,canal ,company simply held 
its fran*ise & concessions  f !         
,republic ( ,colombia = speculative     
purposes only4 ,!n !  (fic]s ( ! ,fr5*  
company1 see+ t ! ,unit$ ,/ates         
,congress  0 beg9n+ to take a lively    
int]e/ 9 canal con/ruction1 & 0  %[+    
signs ( a disposition to pass           
legislation t w\ld commit  ! ,unit$     
,/ates z a ,nation to ! build+ ( a      
canal1 began to  look t[>d ! ,unit$     
,/ates z a prospective cu/om] = _!      
uncomplet$ canal project at ,panama4 ,9 
! meantime ! ,nic>aguan  company _h gone
 ^u ! rocks ( bankruptcy1 & !y1 too1 7  
(f]+ _! concessions & fran*ises to !    
,am]ican ,gov]nm5t4  ,& s ) ^! two      
propositions be=e ,congress1 "t drift$  
on to  ! op5+ ( ! w> betwe5 our c\ntry &
 ,spa94    ,:5 ! ,spani% w> 0 decl>$1 x 
0 report$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates  t a ,spani%
 fleet 0 cruis+ 9 ,asiatic wat]s4 ,(    
c\rse1 x 0  n kn[n h[ /rong t fleet     
might be4 ,!re 0 no way ( kn[+  :e!r or 
n x w\ld be able to cross ! ,pacific &  

take ,san  ,francisco or "s ( ! o!r     
cities or ports ( ! we/]n coa/  ( !     
,unit$ ,/ates4 ,s ! ,secret>y ( ! ,navy 
ord]$ ! crack  battle%ip ( ! navy1 !    
8,oregon10 to ma9ta9 h] /ation 9 ,san   
,francisco ,bay ) /eam up1 prep>$ to g  
into action at any mom5t4               
,significance ( ! 8,oregon's0 ,c\rse    
,ev]yone :o liv$ ar\nd ! ,bay ( ,san    
,francisco 9 ^? days  rememb]s :at      
relief ! news 9 ! pap]s br\ght on a     
bright ,may  morn+ t ,admiral ,dewey1 9 
response to an ord] f ,secret>y  ,j4 ,d4
 ,long _h proce$$ to ,manila & de/roy$ !
 ,spani% fleet4  ,?is meant !re 0 no    
long] any dang] ( ! bomb>dm5t ( ,san    
,francisco4    ,!re 0 no long] any      
necessity = hold+ ! 8,oregon0 9 ,pacific
  wat]s1 & s quickly foll[$ ! ord] f !  
,secret>y ( !  ,navy t %e %\ld at once  
take h] dep>ture to ! coa/s ( ,cuba  &  
jo9 ! ,am]ican squadron op]at+ !re4 ,!  
citiz5s ( ,san  ,francisco sw>m$ !      
hilltops to see ! dep>ture ( _! favorite
  battle%ip4 ,%e sail$ maje/ically out  

?r\gh ! ,gold5 ,gate &  turn$ h] pr[    
s\?w>d4 ,! patriotic he>ts ( ! m5 & wom5
  ( ,cali=nia foll[$ h] c\rse z !y read 
ea* morn+ 9 !  newspap]s ! description (
 h] successful voyage d[n ! we/]n  coa/s
 ( ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica1 on pa/    
,panama & along !  coa/s ( ,s\? ,am]ica1
 ?r\gh ! ,/raits ( ,magellan1 !n to !   
nor?w>d to h] /ation on ! coa/ ( ,cuba4 
,b !y not$ t ?is  voyage consum$        
sixty-five days ( "t4    ,illu/ration3  
,,! ,,culebra ,,cut1 ,,look+ ,,nor?4    
,!n ! ,presid5t1 ! ,am]ican ,congress1 &
 ! ,am]ican p  awoke to ! fact t if !   
safety ( ! cities ( ! seabo>ds  ( !     
,atlantic & ! ,pacific dep5d$ ^u naval  
protection1 &  t if su* a long voyage   
w\ld h to be tak5 by %ips /ation$  ^u ! 
opposite coa/1 x might mean ! de/ruction
 ( incalculable  weal?4    ,! entire    
,nation began to realize t if !         
8,oregon0 c\ld h  sail$ f ,san          
,francisco to ,panama & pass$ ?r\gh !   
i/hmus by  means ( a canal su* z we are 
n[ con/ruct+1 %e c\ld h made  ! voyage f

 ,san ,francisco to ! coa/s ( ,cuba1    
consum+ ?ree  days at ,colon or ,panama 
to take on /ores & ammunition1 & /ill   
c\ld h be5 at h] /ation on ! coa/s (    
,cuba 9 sixte5 days'  "t4 ,! p ( !      
c\ntry began to realize t ! diff]5ce    
betwe5 sixte5 & sixty-five days might   
mean ! safety ( !  ,nation1 & especially
 s if we 7 at w> ) a m>itime p[] su*  z 
,great ,brita91 ,g]many & ,japan4       
,?is />tl+ demon/ration ( ! absolute    
necessity = a ,panama  ,canal f ! /&po9t
 ( ,am]ican national safety1 at once    
swept  aside all opposition at ,wa%+ton 
to canal con/ruction4 ,imm$iately  a    
univ]sal wave ( s5tim5t 9 favor ( a     
national ,am]ican ,i/hmian  ,canal swept
 ov] ! l& & f\nd its expression 9       
in/ructions  by e con/itu5cy 9 ! ,union 
to ,congressm5 & to ,s5ators to  d all 9
 _! p[] to assi/ 9 br++ canal           
legislation to a  successful t]m9ation4 
,! ,canal ,commission    ,imm$iately    
!reaft] ,presid5t ,william ,mc,kinley 0 
au?oriz$ by  ,congress to s5d a         

commission to ,panama & ,nic>agua to    
exam9e ^?  two r\tes & to receive (f]s f
 ! diff]5t companies z to !  am\nts !   
diff]5t projects c\ld be pur*as$ =4     
,! result ( ! inve/igations ( !         
commission 0 t !  ,panamanian ,company  
(f]$ _! uncomplet$ canal1 _! fran*ises1 
_! plans & specifications1 ! ,panama    
,railroad1 :i* 0 wor?  ab\t #ab1jjj1jjj1
 & a l9e ( /eam%ips f ,colon to ,new    
,york1  consi/+ ( five m$ium-siz$ /eel  
vessels ( mod]n con/ruction1  = ! sum ( 
#aaj1jjj1jjj4 ,! ,nic>aguan ,company    
(f]$ _!  concessions f ,co/a ,rica &    
,nic>agua1 9 addition to all _!  o!r    
prop]ty1 = #f1jjj1jjj4 ,!y simply desir$
 to be reimburs$  = ! am\nts sp5t 9     
secur+ _! concessions & mak+ _!         
prelim9>y surveys4    ,aft] c>eful      
consid]ation ! commission recomm5d$ !   
pur*ase  ( ! ,nic>aguan proposition4 ,x 
0 at ?is critical /ate ( !  negotiations
 t ,presid5t ,mc,kinley 0 remov$ by !   
bloody h& (  ! assass91 & z a result    
,vice-,presid5t ,roosevelt took 8 place 

z ! head ( ! ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t4        
,presid5t ,roosevelt decid$ on  !       
,nic>aguan proposition2 b be=e ! matt] 0
 clos$ ! ,fr5*  ,panama ,company came   
fully to ! realization t if ! ,unit$    
,/ates  pur*as$ ! concessions ( !       
,m>itime ,canal ,company & began !      
con/ruction ( a canal ?r\gh ! ,nic>aguan
 t]ritory1 )\t any  "q t project w\ld be
 complet$ 9 a reasonably %ort space  (  
"t1 z x w\ld h ! p[] ( ! entire ,am]ican
 ,gov]nm5t  beh9d x4    ,illu/rations3  
,,boney>d ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,fr5* ,,ma*9]y4
    ,!y also realiz$ t if ! ,nic>agua   
,canal 0 con/ruct$ x w\ld  probably make
 _! hold+s 9 ,panama ( f> less value2 & 
z !y  7 practically bankrupt !n1 !y     
begg$ an opportunity to submit  a l[]   
price = _! prop]ty4 ,?is opportunity 0  
grant$1 &  ! result 0 t ! ,fr5* company 
(f]$ _! fran*ises &  hold+s1 includ+ !  
railroad & ! /eam%ip l9e1 = ! sum (     
#dj1jjj1jjj4    ,?is am\nt 0 s mu* l[]  
?an ! am\nt orig9ally dem&$  t x caus$ a
 reconsid]ation by ! ,presid5t &        

,congress1 :i*  t]m9at$ 9 ! decision ( !
 ,presid5t & ,congress to pur*ase  !    
rights & ! prop]ty ( ! ,fr5* ,company4  
,! next /ep 0 to asc]ta9 :e!r or n !    
,fr5* company c\ld  convey a valid title
 to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ,attorney-,g5]al 
,knox  0 in/ruct$ to g to ,france &     
consult ) ! prop] ,fr5*  au?orities &   
det]m9e if su* a legal conveyance c\ld  
be made4  ,z a result ( 8 inve/igations1
 ,g5]al ,knox on ,octob] #cj1 #aijb1    
decid$ t ! ,fr5* company c\ld convey an 
absolute title to !  ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t4
    ,a great nation su* z ! ,unit$      
,/ates c\ld n contemplate  becom+ !     
t5ant ( any o!r c\ntry "u ! sun1 mu*    
less a  feeble republic ( ,c5tral       
,am]ica4 ,! dignity ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates   
requir$ absolute sov]eignty ov] any     
t]ritory ?r\gh :i* !  ,am]ican ,nation  
might decide to con/ruct an i/hmian     
canal4 ,absolute  sov]eignty ov] an     
i/hmian canal1 h[ev]1 on ! "p ( ! ,unit$
  ,/ates _h be5 waiv$ by ! t]ms ( !     
,clayton-,bulw] treaty  ent]$ into )    

,great ,brita9 a half c5tury be=e4 ,!   
t]ms (  ?is treaty provid$ t 9 case ei!r
 nation %\ld con/ruct an  i/hmian canal1
 su* canal %\ld n be =tifi$ nor         
controll$ by  ei!r p[]2 & t %\ld any o!r
 nation con/ruct an i/hmian  canal1 !   
,unit$ ,/ates & ,great ,brita9 %\ld jo9 
9 pres]v+  its neutrality4    ,be=e !   
,unit$ ,/ates c\ld ex]cise absolute     
sov]eignty ov]  any /rip ( t]ritory     
across ! i/hmus1 ! ,clayton-,bulw]      
treaty  w\ld h to be abrogat$1 & to     
accompli% ?is ,secret>y (  ,/ate ,hay   
ent]$ into negotiations ) ,great        
,brita94 ,he f\nd !  repres5tatives ( t 
c\ntry v will+ to meet e reasonable     
dem&4 ,aft] a %ort s]ies ( negotiations 
he succe$$ 9 hav+  pass$ & ratifi$ by   
bo? c\ntries ! ,hay-,pauncefote treaty4 
,"u  ! t]ms ( ?is treaty ,great ,brita9 
waiv$ all claims to sov]eignty  &       
control ov] an ,i/hmian ,canal1 &       
sub/antially agre$ to !  jurisdiction & 
control ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ov] any canal 
t might  be con/ruct$ by t c\ntry4      

,acquirem5t ( ! ,canal ,zone    ,:5 ?is 
ob/acle 0 remov$ ! next /ep 0 to secure 
a canal  zone1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ent]$  
into negotiations ) !  ,gov]nm5t (      
,colombia ) t end 9 view4 ,! result ( ! 
negotiations 0 t an agreem5t 0 rea*$ by 
:i* ! ,republic (  ,colombia agre$ to   
convey to ! ,unit$ ,/ates a /rip ( l&   
?irty  miles wide & ext5d+ a m>9e league
 into ! wat]s on ei!r side  ( ! i/hmus4 
,! t]ms ( ! treaty 7 t ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 
9  consid]ation ( ! zone propos$ to be  
transf]r$1 %\ld pay to !  ,republic (   
,colombia t5 million doll>s 9 ca% on !  
ratification  ( ! treaty by ! sep>ate   
gov]nm5ts1 & comm5c+ n9e ye>s  f ! date 
( ratification1 ! sum ( "o hundr$ ?\s&  
doll>s a ye> = all "t4 ,?is t5tative    
treaty f\nd great favor  9 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4
 ,c41 & 0 imm$iately ratifi$ by !       
,am]ican  ,s5ate1 & !n s5t back to      
,bogota = ratification by ! ,colombian  
au?orities4 ,b mu* to ! a/oni%m5t &     
*agr9 ( ! p (  ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & to !  
extreme disappo9tm5t ( ! p &  !         

au?orities ( ,panama1 ?is s-call$       
,hay-,h]ran treaty 0 refus$             
ratification by ! ,colombian ,s5ate4    
,! refusal ( ?is ratification ultimately
 l$ to ! secession  ( ,panama f its     
allegiance to ! ,republic ( ,colombia & 
!  acquirem5t ( indep5d5ce4    ,:ile on 
! ,canal ,zone 9 #aijg on an (ficial    
visit ,i came into close  contact ) !   
(ficials ( ,panama1 p>ticul>ly ,presid5t
 ,amador1  ! fir/ ,presid5t ( ! ,panama 
,republic1 & ,g5]al ,arrias1 :o  held ! 
comb9$ (fices ( ,secret>y ( ,/ate & ,w> 
= ! new  republic4    ,at a d9n] giv5 by
 ! ,am]ican ,m9i/]1 be+ plac$ beside    
,g5]al ,arrias1 ,i took occasion to     
inquire ( him ! reasons :y !            
,hay-,h]ran treaty 0 refus$ ratification
 by ! ,s5ate ( ,colombia1  aft] x _h be5
 t5tatively agre$ to by ! ,colombian    
au?orities4    ,g5]al ,arrias'          
explanation 0 to ! effect t !re 7 f\r   
reasons :y ! ,hay-,h]ran treaty 0 refus$
 ratification on its  return to !       
,colombian ,s5ate4 ,! fir/ 0 t ! ,g]man 

influ5ce  0 /rong 9 ,colombia1 & !      
,g]man m]*ants & diplomats 7  v mu*     
oppos$ to ! ext5sion ( ,am]ican influ5ce
 d[n ! we/  coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica1        
p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,colombian ,republic4 ,! 
,g]man m]*ants1 see+ ! collapse ( !     
,fr5* ,canal ,company ne>  at h&1 hop$ t
 a ,g]man company might pur*ase ! wreck 
( !  ,fr5* ent]prise & c>ry ! canal to  
completion1 realiz+ t  ?is c\rse w\ld   
mean mu* 9 ! way ( ,g]man aggr&izem5t4  
,! second influ5ce1 accord+ to ,g5]al   
,arrias1 0 t ( ! old  transcont95tal    
railroad managem5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4   
,popul>  dem& = an i/hmian canal hav+   
swept away all ob/ruction at  ,wa%+ton1 
,d4 ,c41 ! sc5e ( op]ations 0 %ift$ to  
,bogota1 &  railroad influ5ce & railroad
 money 7 probably us$ to induce "s  ( ! 
,s5ators to refuse to vote = !          
ratification ( ! treaty4    ,! ?ird     
influ5ce 0 t ( patriotism4 ,"s ( !      
,colombian  ,s5ators 7 oppos$ to a      
transf] ( any portion ( ,colombian soil 
to a =eign p[]1 m especially z !        

,colombian con/itution  conta9$ a clause
 mak+ x treason = any ,colombian subject
 to  become a p>ty to ! ali5ation ( any 
"p ( ,colombian t]ritory to  ano!r      
c\ntry4    ,! f\r? & ! mo/ pot5t        
influ5ce 0 ! fact t ! ,fr5*  ,panama    
,canal ,company _h fail$ 9 e respect to 
keep ! t]ms (  _! contract ) !          
,colombian ,gov]nm5t4 ,n only _h !y     
fail$  to complete ! canal at ! "t      
specifi$ 9 _! fran*ise1 b  hav+ obta9$  
an ext5sion ( t "t1 _h fail$ to obs]ve !
  t]ms by :i* ! ext5sion _h be5 secur$4 
,!re=e ! ,colombian ,gov]nm5t might v   
prop]ly proce$ to a  =feiture1 :i* c\ld 
be obta9$ ?r\gh due process ( law 9     
some?+ less ?an t5 mon?s' "t4    ,_m ( !
 ,colombian ,s5ators took ! position t x
 w\ld be  lawful & m exp$i5t to decl>e a
 =feiture ^u ! ,fr5*  company1 & take   
ov] ! canal "u ! t]ms ( su* =feiture  z 
provid$ by ! fran*ise4 ,! ,republic (   
,colombia w\ld !n  be 9 a position to   
sell ! same to ! ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t =   
=ty million doll>s1 & s9ce !n !y w\ld   

secure t5 million  doll>s = a zone & a  
p]petual r5tal ( a l>ge sum annually1 ! 
f9ancial condition ( ! c\ntry w\ld be v 
mu* improv$4 ,z !  f9ances ( ! ,republic
 ( ,colombia 7 at t "t 9 a desp]ately   
deplet$ condition1 ?is prospect ( _!    
rehabilitation mu/ h _h  p[]ful effect )
 _m ( ! ,s5ators4    ,illu/ration3      
,,gatun ,,middle ,,lock1 ,,look+ ,,s\?  
,,f ,,ea/ ,,bank4    ,^! f\r reasons    
op]at+1 no d\bt caus$ ! ,colombian      
,s5ate to  refuse ratification to !     
,hay-,h]ran treaty4    ,b 9 ,panama ! p 
& ! au?orities 7 det]m9$ n to  submit to
 ! action ( ! ,colombian ,s5ate4 ,!     
,panamanians 7  aw>e ( ! fact t !       
,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h be5      
au?oriz$ by ,congress to make a *oice   
betwe5 ei!r ! ,fr5*  ,panama or !       
,nic>aguan r\te1 & t "u t au?ority he   
w\ld  at once proce$ to close a contract
 ) ! ,m>itime ,canal ,company (         
,nic>agua if he c\ld n secure a canal   
zone4 ,!y also realiz$ t  if once !     
,am]ican ,gov]nm5t began ! "w ( excavat+

 a canal  ?r\gh ,nic>aguan & ,co/a      
,rican t]ritory1 9 all human            
probability1  ! ,fr5* ,panama ,company's
 project w\ld be ab&on$4    ,?us !      
cities ( ,colon & ,panama1 & ! t]ritory 
surr\nd+1  w\ld be relegat$ to obscurity
 s f> z _w's trade 0 conc]n$1  = _m     
ye>s4 ,?is ! ,panamanians 7 det]m9$ to  
prev5t  if possible1 s !y took e /ep    
necess>y to inaugurate &  successfully  
c>ry out a revolution 9 case ( ! refusal
 ( !  ,colombian ,gov]nm5t to ratify !  
,hay-,h]ran treaty4 ,!y s5t ,dr4        
,v>illa z _! repres5tative to ,new ,york
 & in/ruct$ him to  rema9 9 close t\* ) 
! cable1 & %\ld he receive a cablegram  
t ,panama _h ?r[n (f h] allegiance to   
,colombia & _h resum$  h] old-"t        
indep5d5ce1 he %\ld proce$ at once to   
,wa%+ton1  ,d4 ,c41 notify ,presid5t    
,roosevelt ( ! fact1 dem& recognition ( 
! new ,republic ( ,panama z an indep5d5t
 p[]1 & ent] at once  into negotiations 
) ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! recognition ( t   
indep5d5ce & ! transf] ( a canal zone4  

,! ,new ,republic ( ,panama    ,?is     
program 0 c>ri$ out lat] on4 ,!         
,panamanians _h v little  tr\ble 9      
ov]aw+ ! few ,colombian (fic]s )9 _!    
t]ritory4  ,!y knew t ! ,colombian      
,gov]nm5t _h no navy1 f ! fact t  a ye> 
be=e ! ,colombian navy _h be5 s5t to !  
,city ( ,panama  to co]ce ! au?orities  
!re :o 7 disput+ ) ! ,colombian         
,gov]nm5t ov] "s items ( rev5ue :i* 7 an
 issue2 & meet+  =ce ) =ce ! au?orities 
( ! ,city ( ,panama _h succe$$1  ) !    
assi/ance ( a small tug-boat & "o piece 
( cannon1 9  sweep+ ! seas ( ! entire   
,colombian naval p[]1 & z evid5ce  ( _! 
success ! two ma/s ( ! ,colombian navy 7
 /ick+ up  out ( ! mud-banks ( ,panama  
,bay4    ,nor 7 ! inhabitants ( ,panama 
or ,colon mu* conc]n$ z to  a possible  
attack f a ,colombian army4 ,t w\ld     
entail a long  m>* ( hundr$s ( miles    
?r\gh morass & jungle1 & c\ld n  be     
successfully accompli%$ 9 less ?an a    
ye>'s "t4 ,& s !  ,panamanians 7 free to
 act 9 _! purposes ( secur+ indep5d5ce  

)\t dang] ( v mu* int]f]5ce f ! home    
gov]nm5t4    ,! result ( ! revolution 0 
v gratify+ to ! ,panamanians4  ,z soon z
 !y le>n$ t ! treaty _h be5 refus$      
ratification1  !y imm$iately wir$ to    
,dr4 ,v>illa at ,new ,york4 ,he app>5tly
 0 at  8 po/ wait+ ! news1 = x 0 :isp]$ 
9 ,wa%+ton t he  took ! night tra9 f    
,new ,york1 rea*$ ,wa%+ton 9 ! morn+1  &
 arriv$ at ! ,:ite ,h\se e>ly 9 ! =5oon4
 ,& f all  indications ,presid5t        
,roosevelt mu/ h be5 wait+ j inside !   
door to receive him1 = x is said t !    
,presid5t 0 on h& to  grasp ,dr4 ,v>illa
 by ! h& & welcome him to ! ,:ite ,h\se1
 &  t :5 he came out two h\rs lat]1     
,panama 0 virtually recogniz$  z an     
indep5d5t gov]nm5t4 ,)9 a few days a    
treaty 0 negotiat$  betwe5 ,panama & !  
,unit$ ,/ates4      ,t]ms ( ! ,treaty   
,?is treaty1 call$ ! ,hay-,v>illa       
treaty1 0 ratifi$ 9 ,decemb]1  #aijc4   
,its t]ms provid$ t ! sum ( t5 millions 
( doll>s be  paid by ! ,unit$ ,/ates to 
! ,gov]nm5t ( ,panama1 & ! fur!r  sum ( 

two hundr$ & fifty ?\s& doll>s a ye> =  
all "t1  comm5c+ n9e ye>s aft] !        
ratification ( ! treaty by bo?          
c\ntries4 ,! ,republic ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates
 0 to h absolute  title & sov]eignty to 
a /rip ( l& t5 miles wide1 five miles on
  ei!r side ( ! c5t] ( ! canal prism1   
ext5d+ f ,colon to  ,panama1 & ?ree     
miles out into ! wat] on ei!r side1 b   
)\t  includ+ ei!r ( ! cities ( ,colon or
 ,panama )9 its area4    ,?is treaty    
fur!r provid$ t ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld    
gu>antee  ! indep5d5ce ( ! ,panamanian  
,republic1 ! t]ms be+ mo/  explicit t ! 
,unit$ ,/ates %\ld protect ! ,panamanian
  ,gov]nm5t f insurrection )9 & invasion
 f )\t4 ,?is  little jok] 9 ! treaty    
betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,panama makes  
t little republic ! /ronge/ ( all !     
republics on ! ,am]ican  cont95t next to
 our own4 ,9 fact1 ! ,republic ( ,panama
 is z /rong  z ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & w be s
 z long z ! ,am]ican flag  floats 9     
sov]eignty ov] a foot ( ,am]ican soil4  
,! treaty also provid$ t ! ,unit$ ,/ates

 %\ld h !  privilege ( sanitiz+ ! cities
 ( ,panama & ,colon1 & t !  co/ ( ! same
 %\ld be a *>ge aga9/ ! ,gov]nm5t (     
,panama4    ,:5 all ob/acles to !       
acquirem5t ( ! zone 7 remov$ "u  !      
,hay-,v>illa treaty1 ! next /ep on ! "p 
( ! ,am]ican  ,republic 0 to beg9 ! mo/ 
important "w ( sanitization4            
,sanitization ( ! ,canal ,zone    ,!    
sanitization ( ! ,canal ,zone & ! cities
 ( ,colon & ,panama  is "o ( ! mo/      
int]e/+ features ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,panama 
,canal4 ,! want ( prop] sanitation 01 no
 d\bt1 v l>gely !  cause ( ! ,fr5*      
failure4    ,! ,fr5* au?orities1 ei!r n 
und]/&+ ! significance  ( ma9ta9+ !     
heal? ( ! great mass ( employees engag$ 
9  _! "w1 or be+ crim9ally neglig5t ( ! 
lives & ! heal?  ( _! employees1 fail$  
to take ! necess>y measures = !         
protection ( life & heal?4 ,_! labor]s 7
 all[$ to live 9 a  haphaz>d way4 ,!    
negroes 7 p]mitt$ to furni% _! own food 
&  to sleep :]e !y pleas$4    ,!        
consequ5ce 0 t ! ignorant & ! improvid5t

 ate food t  0 n prop]ly prep>$1 & slept
 v (t5 9 t5ts or on !  gr\nd1 subject to
 ! night dews & miasmatic vapors ( !    
tropics4  ,diseases ( ! mo/ virul5t     
nature broke out 9 e camp1 &  yell[ fev]
 became especially active 9 c>ry+ (f its
 victims4    ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,effect 
,,( ,a ,,bla/ ,,along ,,! ,,culebra     
,,cut4    ,upp] ,picture--,be=e2        
,l[]--,aft] a ,bla/4    ,s ) ?is        
dreadful exp]i5ce z an example & a w>n+1
 !  ,am]ican au?orities realiz$ t ! fir/
 "w ( importance 0  t ( subdu+ !        
unheal?ful conditions ( ! ,canal ,zone s
  t labor might be engag$ 9 ) reasonable
 safety by ! t5s (  ?\s&s ( employees :o
 w\ld be plac$ ^u ! l9e ( op]ations  ( !
 canal :5 "w 0 actively comm5c$4        
,=tunately1 surgeons ( ! ,am]ican army  
_h ga9$ a great deal (  exp]i5ce dur+ ! 
,cuban campaign1 & "o army surgeon _h   
a*iev$  p>ticul> prom95ce 9 8 h&l+ (    
tropical diseases4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4         
,gorgas1 :o _h campaign$ 9 ,cuba &      
assi/$ ,g5]al ,leon>d ,wood 9  ! clean+ 

up & sanitization ( ,santiago & ,havana1
 0 peculi>ly  fitt$ = ! important "w (  
e/abli%+ heal?ful conditions on  !      
,zone4    ,dr4 ,gorgas _h also _h !     
advantage ( be+ a collaborator z well  z
 a fell[ (fic] ( ,dr4 ,re$ 9 ,cuba4 ,dr4
 ,re$ 0 "o ( ! fir/  army surgeons to   
become famili> ) ! !ory t ! yell[ fev]  
& ! mal>ial fev]s ( ! tropics 7 c>ri$ & 
di/ribut$  ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( mosquitoes4  
,9 fact1 ,dr4 ,re$ himself became  a    
victim to 8 desire = sci5tific k1 he    
hav+ all[$  himself to be bitt5 by a    
mosquito t _h fir/ fill$ itself )  !    
virus ( a yell[ fev] pati5t1 & di$ z !  
result ( !  exp]im5t4      ,w> on !     
,mosquito    ,dr4 ,gorgas c>ri$ on ! "w 
( ! inve/igation & developm5t  ( !      
mosquito !ory aft] ! dea? ( ,dr4 ,re$1 &
 became a  recogniz$ _w-wide au?ority on
 ! sci5ce ( tropical diseases  &        
sanitation1 :5 he 0 *os5 z ! (fic] to   
:om !  sanitization ( ! ,zone %\ld be   
entru/$4 ,he 0 giv5 ample funds  by !   
,am]ican ,gov]nm5t & furni%$ ) a =ce (  

m5 numb]+  m ?an #bjjj1 8 !ory be+ t by 
! de/ruction ( !  bre$+ places (        
mosquitoes he c\ld f9ally elim9ate !    
mosquitoes  !mselves4    ,9 c>ry+ out 8 
plan ! vegetation on ei!r side ( ! canal
 =  half a mile 0 cut d[n & burn$1 !    
dead trees de/roy$1 ! l[  m>%y places   
dra9$ :]e possible2 & :]e x 0 impossible
 to  successfully dra9 ! gr\nd & wat]   
pools !y 7 cov]$ ) a  petroleum mixture4
 ,9 fact1 petroleum 0 f\nd to be s      
effective t  x came to be ! favorite    
means ( de/roy+ ! mosquitoes1 & "o      
approa*+ ,colon today1 if ! w9d is 9 !  
"r qu>t]1 may cat*  ! odor ( t +r$i5t "o
 hundr$ miles at sea4    ,x 0 f\nd aft] 
inve/igation by ,dr4 ,gorgas t !        
mosquito1  call$ ! /egomyia1 0 peculi>ly
 p>tial to ! yell[ fev]  victim1 & t    
aft] bit+ a yell[ fev] pati5t & becom+  
inoculat$ ) ! poison1 ! /egomyia became 
v active 9 its  di/ribution to o!r      
subjects4 ,a mosquito call$ ! anopheles1
 by  "s peculi> freak ( nature1 _h a l  
attraction = ! victims (  mal>ial       

diseases4    ,& s1 betwe5 ! two k9ds (  
mosquitoes !re seem$ to be a  rivalry z 
to :i* c\ld d ! mo/ damage4 ,b =tunately
 nei!r  "o ( ^! pe/if]\s insects c\ld   
fly ov] a qu>t] ( a mile1  & s ! !ory ( 
,dr4 ,gorgas 0 t by de/roy+ _! bre$+    
places & elim9at+ !m f ! ,canal ,zone1  
he might pres]ve !  heal? ( ! work]s4   
,colon 0 ov]haul$ by repav+ ! /reets    
aft] fir/ saturat+  ! gr\nd ) petroleum1
 br++ 9 fre% wat] & con/ruct+  sew]s4 ,9
 fact1 all ! measures t 7 necess>y to   
e/abli%  heal?ful conditions 7 us$4     
,! same c\rse ( treatm5t 0 giv5 ! ,city 
( ,panama1 mu* to !  disgu/ ( _m ( !    
,panamanian resid5ts1 :o _h be5 us+ wat]
  f wells & ci/]ns t _h be5 dug two     
c5turies be=e1 :5  ,panama 0 f\nd$4     
,a spl5did sy/em ( hospitals 0 built up 
by rehabilitation (  ! hospital sy/em   
left by ! ,fr5* company & ! addition (  
o!rs4 ,?\s&s ( cab9s 7 built = ! common 
labor]s1 !  s-call$ 8silv] m510 & bett] 
cottages = :ite m5 :o might  take _!    
families ) !m to ! ,zone :ile engag$ 9  

labor !re4  ,dormitories = s+le :ite m5 
7 built at e con/ruction  po9t4         
,re/aurants 7 e/abli%$ at :i* a meal (  
f\r c\rses 0  furni%$ ! sup]ior class ( 
:ite employees at #ce c5ts4 ,provision  
0 made = ! issuance ( cook$ rations at a
 price ( #aj c5ts  p] ration to ! 8silv]
 m510 :o are ne>ly all negroes1 x be+  !
 policy ( ! commission to protect ! life
 & heal? ( e  employee ( ! ,zone1 s t ! 
heal? ( ! individual w\ld become  a     
gu>antee ( ! safety ( ! :ole body (     
work+ m54      ,! ,pres5t ,l[ ,dea?     
,rate    ,"t & exp]i5ce h conclusively  
%[n ,colonel ,gorgas' !ories  to h be5  
correct1 & ! gratify+ result is t       
because (  ! wond]ful precautions tak5 &
 ! v effective "w done 9  sci5tific     
sanitization s9ce ! comm5cem5t (        
op]ations "u  ,colonel ,gorgas tropical 
diseases h almo/ be5 elim9at$ on !      
,zone4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 !re has n be5 
a case ( yell[ fev]  on ! ,canal ,zone  
s9ce ,june1 #aijf1 & ! mal>ial fev]s h  
be5  r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,! ,canal ,zone 

has n[ a l[] dea? rate ?an  mo/ ,am]ican
 cities1 & has almo/ become a heal?     
resort4 ,9 !  op9ion ( "s ( ! mo/ em95t 
au?orities1 ! mo/ effective  "w ent]+   
into ! entire con/ruction ( ! canal is !
 "w (  sanitization s successfully      
accompli%$ by ,colonel ,gorgas & 8  able
 assi/ants4    ,:ile ! "w ( sanitization
 0 "u way1 ! ,presid5t ( !  ,unit$      
,/ates 0 tak+ c\nsel ) a bo>d ( eng9e]s 
z to !  type ( canal t %\ld be          
con/ruct$4 ,z usual 9 all su* matt]s1  !
 au?orities 7 ab\t equally divid$1 half 
( ! eng9e]s be+  /rongly 9 favor ( a    
sea-level canal1 & ! o!r half advocat+  
:at 0 call$ a lock canal4      ,! ,two  
,types ( ,canal    ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! 
two types ( canal is ?is3 ,a sea-level  
canal contemplat$ an excavation f %ore  
to %ore at ! level (  ! sea2 a lock     
canal contemplat$ ! con/ruction ( a     
great dam  across ! valley ( ! ,*agres &
 ! c\rse ( ! ,*agres riv]1  :i* dam w\ld
 h ! effect ( hold+ ! wat]s ( ! ,*agres 
riv]4 ,! accumulation ( ^? wat]s 9 "t   

w\ld =m a lake1  ! surface ( :i* lake1 (
 c\rse1 w\ld be consid]ably above !     
level ( ! sea on ei!r side4 ,! dam w\ld 
necess>ily h to be  surm\nt$ ?r\gh !    
ag5cy ( locks4    ,aft] mu* controv]sy &
 bick]+1 & a great deal ( muck-rak+  by 
! newspap]s & magaz9es ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates
 & ,europe1 !  plan ( a lock canal 0    
f9ally adopt$4 ,?is plan contemplat$ !  
imp\ndm5t ( ! wat]s ( ! ,*agres riv] by 
a dam con/ruct$  at ,gatun1 a little    
village ab\t ?ree & "o-half miles inl&  
f ! %ore ( ,limon bay4 ,?is dam :5 f9i%$
 w\ld be #ggjj feet  9 l5g?1 half a mile
 9 wid? at ! base1 & #ace feet 9 height4
  ,x 0 design$ t ?is dam %\ld hold !    
wat]s ( ! lake at  a height ( #he feet  
above sea-level1 b x 0 con/ruct$ #ej    
feet  high] s t all dang] might be      
obviat$ 9 case ( excessive floods4      
,illu/rations3 ,,at ,,"w ,,9 ,,!        
,,culebra ,,cut4    ,! plan ( ! canal   
contemplat$ t ?is dam %\ld be surm\nt$  
by ?ree locks con/ruct$ 9 pairs1 s t 9  
case "o s]ies (  locks became impair$ ! 

o!r c\ld be us$1 or %ips might pass up  
"o side & d[n ! o!r at ! same "t4 ,ea* (
 ! locks 0 to  be #ajjj feet long1 #aaj 
feet wide1 & h a lift+ capacity ( #bh   
feet4 ,!re=e1 :5 complet$1 ?is s]ies (  
locks con/ruct$ (  concrete w\ld be m   
?an #cjjj feet 9 l5g? & ab\t #bej feet 9
  wid?1 )\t d\bt ! l>ge/ concrete       
=mation ev] con/ruct$4    ,! eng9e]s ( !
 ,panama ,commission give f\r reasons = 
!  adoption ( ! lock sy/em in/ead ( !   
sea-level type4 ,9 ! fir/  place1 x w\ld
 take twice z long to con/ruct a        
sea-level canal z  x w\ld a lock canal4 
,secondly1 x w\ld co/ twice z mu* money1
  & z ! lock canal sy/em is co/+ ne>ly  
f\r hundr$ millions  ( doll>s1 !        
diff]5ce 9 co/ w\ld be a great ob/acle  
to !  con/ruction to ! o!r type ( canal4
 ,! ?ird reason 0 t 9  case a sea-level 
canal 0 con/ruct$ x w\ld be necess>y to 
place  locks some:]e along its c\rse    
because ( ! fact ( ! v>iation  ( tides  
betwe5 ! ,atlantic & ! ,pacific ,oceans4
    ,! tide rises & falls at ,colon1 on 

! ,atlantic side1 ab\t #c feet1  at ! "t
 ( extreme high tide2 :ile on ! ,pacific
 side ! tides  rise & fall #bg feet1 &  
?is great v>iation w\ld cause a curr5t  
to ru% ?r\gh ! c\rse ( ! canal s great t
 locks w\ld be  requir$ = its control4  
,b ! f\r? 0 ! mo/ pot5t reason ( all :y 
! lock sy/em  0 adopt$4 ,on ! ,i/hmus ( 
,panama ! ra9fall am\nts to #acj to     
#aej in*es annually4 ,sometimes !       
precipitation w am\nt to #aj or  #ab    
in*es 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! ,*agres riv] 
is ! only ag5cy  = ! dra9age ( a va/    
area ( wat]-%$ 9 ! ,c>ibbean sea4       
,!re=e1 at times ! ,*agres riv] might be
 a small1 inconsequ5tial  /ream t a boy 
c\ld wade across1 & yet be=e tw5ty-f\r  
h\rs  _h elaps$1 because ( a heavy      
ra9fall1 x might h swell$ into  a rag+  
torr5t t w\ld wreck ! /ronge/ battle%ip 
( !  ,am]ican navy4 ,! l>ge volume (    
wat] dis*>g$ by ! ,*agres  riv] c\ld n  
be turn$ into ! canal prop]1 z ! curr5ts
 &  ! ru% ( flood wat]s w\ld soon impair
 ! banks ( ! canal4      ,! ,lock ,sy/em

 ,adopt$    ,!re=e x w\ld be necess>y1  
"u ! sea-level type ( canal1  to        
con/ruct a s]ies ( embankm5ts & dams t  
w\ld be f> m  exp5sive to build & keep 9
 repair ?an w\ld be "o great dam ov]  ! 
c\rse ( ! ,*agres riv]4 ,besides1 !     
safety ( ! lock sy/em  w\ld be mu*      
great] ?an t ( ! sea-level type4 ,^! 7 !
  reasons :i* f9ally controll$ !        
det]m9ation ( ! eng9e]s to  con/ruct a  
lock sy/em ( canal4    ,aft] ! type (   
canal 0 decid$ ^u1 ! next /ep 0 !       
assemblage ( ! =ce ( labor]s & !        
me*anical appliances  necess>y = !      
physical op]ations4 ,9 ord] to c>ry out 
?is  s*eme1 a commission 0 orig9ally    
appo9t$1 compos$ half (  civilians &    
half ( milit>y (fic]s4 ,! fir/ eng9e]s 7
  select$ z be+ ! mo/ em95t ( _!        
pr(ession1 & tak5 f  civil employm5t4   
,b great difficulties 7 enc\nt]$ 9      
p]fect+ ! prop] k9d  ( an organization  
to successfully complete ?is /up5d\s    
project4  ,! eng9e]s tak5 f private life
 & entru/$ ) ! "w1  aft] a little       

exp]i5ce on ! ,i/hmus1 w\ld be (f]$     
great]  inducem5ts to ab&on _!          
,gov]nm5tal employm5t & take "s  o!r    
position1 g5]ally f> m lucrative1 9 !   
,unit$ ,/ates4 ,&  s1 ei!r ?r\gh accid5t
 or design1 ! ,canal ,commission lo/ !  
s]vices ( su* m5 z ,wallace1 ,/ev5s1    
,%onts1 ,grunsky1 & o!r  not$ eng9e]s1 &
 aga9 x seem$ z if canal op]ations w\ld 
be  badly crippl$ = want ( ! "r k9d ( m5
 to direct ! "w4      ,army ,eng9e]s    
,in/all$    ,?is t5d5cy ( ! civil       
eng9e]s to leave _! employm5t caus$  mu*
 conc]n to ! ,presid5t & ,congress1 &   
f9ally ,presid5t  ,roosevelt1 ) 8       
*>act]i/ic acum51 decid$ t he w\ld place
  ! "w ( canal con/ruction "u ! army    
eng9e]s entirely4 ,s1  at 8 sugge/ion1  
,congress refram$ ! law ( ! ,canal      
,commission1  & ,presid5t ,roosevelt    
rem>k$ t "u ! new law he w\ld put  army 
eng9e]s on ! job1 & t !y w\ld ei!r /ay  
!re until  x 0 done or get out ( ! army4
    ,exp]i5ce has prov$ t ,presid5t     
,roosevelt's judgm5t 0 correct1  = ! "w 

has gone on s9ce ! reorganization ( !   
commission  ) ! regul>ity ( a ma*9e4    
,!re has h>dly be5 a /op or  a break at 
any po9t along ! l9e ( op]ations4       
,colonel ,g4 ,w4  ,goe?als1 "o ( ! mo/  
successful ( ! army eng9e]s1 0 plac$  at
 ! head ( ! ,canal ,commission & giv5   
full *>ge1 & 8 "w  has be5 s successful 
t he has demon/rat$ 8 ability to comm&  
& to control ! op]ations plac$ 9 8 *>ge 
to ! satisfaction  ( ! great p[]s t gave
 him 8 commission4    ,8 fir/ /ep ^u be+
 plac$ 9 control 0 to provide ! means  (
 fe$+ & c>+ = an army ( f #be1jjj to    
#dj1jjj m54 ,a  bake %op 0 built at     
,cry/obal1 out ( :i* #cj1jjj loaves (   
bread  are turn$ twice a day if         
necess>y1 & a bat* ( pies & cakes 9     
proportion4 ,/orage w>eh\ses h be5 built
 = ! /orage ( meats  & vegetables &     
v>i\s o!r supplies1 t are br\ght f !    
nor? by %iploads4 ,ice plants h be5     
con/ruct$ s t ice may  be di/ribut$ up &
 d[n ! l9e ( op]ations4 ,e morn+ at #c  
o'clock a supply tra9 leaves ,colon1 &  

furni%es e camp along !  l9e ( ! canal )
 fre% supplies = ! day's consumption4   
,?us1 "u army sup]vision ! employees ( !
 ,canal ,zone are z  well suppli$ )     
rations & mat]ials z !y w\ld be on an   
army  res]vation4    ,foll[+ ^! necess>y
 prep>ations = h&l+ ! big =ce (  m51    
came ! assemblage ( ! ma*9]y & !        
me*anical implem5ts  necess>y to p]=m ! 
"w4 ,)\t go+ into exhau/ive details1  x 
is only necess>y to say t ! v be/       
mat]ials1 implem5ts  & ma*9]y t money   
c\ld supply1 br\ght f all p>ts ( !  _w1 
7 s5t to ,panama4      ,old ,fr5*       
,ma*9]y    ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ?+s !    
travel] ^u ! ,i/hmus  w see is ! mass ( 
disc>d$ ,fr5* ma*9]y pil$ all along  !  
l9e ( op]ations4 ,no d\bt ! ,fr5* us$ ! 
be/ ma*9]y  t c\ld be obta9$ at t "t1 b 
t 0 ?irty ye>s ago1  & ! progress ( !   
_w1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! use ( labor-sav+     
ma*9]y1 is n[h]e m ?or\ghly demon/rat$  
?an on !  ,i/hmus ( ,panama by a        
comp>ison ( ! old ,fr5* ma*9]y )  t     
assembl$ by ! ,am]ican eng9e]s4 ,!re are

 piles ( ,fr5*  locomotives t today are 
absolutely wor?less1 n because !  ma*9]y
 itself is defective1 b because ( _!    
feeble p[]4 ,at  ! t[n ( ,empire !re are
 =ty-five ,fr5* eng9es pil$ 9 "o  heap t
 _c be us$ by ! ,canal ,commission4 ,9  
fact1 !y are (  su* little p[] t !y w\ld
 h>dly be us$ by a /reet contractor  on 
a city job 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4           
,illu/ration3 ,upp] ,picture--,gatun    
,l[] ,locks4    ,l[] ,picture--,huge    
,travel+ ,crane ,us$ 9 ,con/ruction ,"w4
    ,9 direct contra/ to ^! are !       
spl5did eng9es s5t to !  ,i/hmus by !   
commission--#bjj locomotives1 n ( !     
l>ge/1  b ab\t ( ! m$ium size "o sees on
 ! ,am]ican railways2  #bjjj spl5didly  
con/ruct$ /eel dump c>s = ! haul+ ( rock
  & debris2 #cjj air-compress$ drills = 
bor+ into ! rocks 9  bla/+ op]ations2   
#abe /eam %ovels ( #ge1 #ij & #abe tons 
capacity2  app>atus & ma*9]y = ! mov+ ( 
railroad tracks1 s effective  t a       
railroad track c be slung #aj or #ab    
feet to "o side or !  o!r1 laid d[n &   

spik$ almo/ z fa/ z a man c walk2 great 
/eel pl[s t are pull$ across /r+s (     
gravel c>s1 pl[+  ! gravel or debris (f 
! c>s on "o side s rapidly t a long     
tra9 ( #be or #cj c>s c be unload$ 9 a  
few m9utes4 ,! /ation>y  ma*9]y is ( !  
be/ quality t g5ius & money c con/ruct1 
& s effective h be5 ^! means ( labor    
sav+ t ! "w  has be5 accel]at$ f "t to  
"t until x is n[ a realiz$ fact  t !    
canal w be actually con/ruct$ a ye> & a 
half ahead (  "t4    ,:5 ! ,canal       
,commission fir/ began _! "w aft] !     
completion  & ! adoption ( _! plans1 x 0
 e/imat$ t #aaj1jjj1jjj  cubic y>ds (   
debris mu/ be excavat$ f ! canal prism4 
,?is  debris mu/ be tak5 & deposit$ at  
"s place s remote t x  c\ld nev] wa%    
back into ! canal by ! ra9s & floods4 ,!
  debris tak5 f ! cuts on ! high l&s    
c\ld n be us$ 9 !  /ructure ( ! ,gatun  
dam1 z x w\ld be too liable to          
p]colation4      ,! ,gatun ,dam    ,!   
,gatun dam is be+ con/ruct$ by hydraulic
 process ?r\gh !  in/rum5tality (       

suction pumps1 :i* suck up ! slime & !  
debris f ! c\rse ( ! ,*agres riv] & !   
swamps & morass  ?r\gh :i* ! canal is   
be+ con/ruct$4 ,?is debris & ?is  wat]  
are suck$ up & all[$ to run along ! c5t]
 ( ! dam1 !  wat] runn+ (f & ! solid    
matt] congeal+ !re1 & by ?is  hydraulic 
process t great /ructure w be =m$4    ,!
 travel] ^u ! ,i/hmus today1 if /&+ ^u  
an em95ce  ov]look+ ! cut ?r\gh ,culebra
 hill1 w\ld imag9e himself on a  height 
ov]look+ an indu/rial city l ,pittsburg4
 ,!re are sc5es  ( su* imm5se activity  
on e side t he =gets he is 9 a  remote  
"p ( ! _w f> f 8 home1 & t he is        
actually  /&+ ^u an em95ce 9 ! tropics4 
,! developm5t ( labor-sav+ ma*9]y has   
be5 s m>k$ s9ce !  con/ruction ( ! canal
 0 actually comm5c$ t ea* mon?'s  "w has
 m>k$ an increase 9 ! am\nt ( debris    
excavat$ f  ! canal prism4 ,:5 !        
,gov]nm5t began op]ations 9 #aijf1 !    
eng9e]s _h be=e !m ! task ( excavat+    
#aaj1jjj1jjj cubic  y>ds4 ,_! fir/      
mon?'s op]ations 7 v successful1 & !y   

report$ at ! end ( ! mon? an excavation 
( ab\t #bej1jjj cubic  y>ds4 ,!y e/imat$
 t if !y c\ld keep up ?is am\nt ( "w    
?r\gh ea* mon? !y c\ld f9i% ! canal at a
 c]ta9 "t2 b  ! c>p+ yell[ newspap]s &  
magaz9es ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates &  ,europe 7 
extremely skeptical ( ! ability ( !     
,canal ,commission  to cont9ue to turn  
out #bej1jjj cubic y>ds p] mon?4 ,!     
critics  =etold t :5 ! ra9y season came 
m debris w\ld be c>ri$  into ! canal    
prism by floods ?an c\ld be tak5 out by 
ma*9]y  9 ! dry season4 ,at times ?is   
criticism grew v irksome &  disagreeable
 to ! commission]s4 ,h[ev]1 !y kept _!  
temp]1 &  cont9u$ improv+ _! ma*9]y1 &  
mon? by mon? ! output grew  greatly4 ,x 
grew to su* an enorm\s ext5t t ! e/imat$
 "t has  be5 %ort5$ to ! ext5t t ,i h   
=m]ly indicat$4    ,illu/ration3 ,,canal
 ,,adm9i/ration ,,build+1 ,,panama4     
,! ,"w ( ,excavation    ,to give a      
comp>ison by ! use ( figures ( !        
rem>kable progress  made1 ,i w say t    
ab\t six mon?s ago ,i took up ! report (

 !  ,canal ,commission & ,i f\nd t 9 !  
previ\s mon? ! am\nt (  debris excavat$ 
= t "o mon? exce$$ #d1jjj1jjj ( cubic   
y>ds1  ?is trem5d\s output be+ a        
complete answ] to ! criticisms ( !      
oppon5ts ( canal con/ruction4    ,9 ord]
 to give a m5tal picture ( ! type (     
canal1 let u take an  imag9>y trip ?r\gh
 ! canal prop]4 ,x w be =ty-two miles  f
 %ore to %ore4 ,9 addition to ?is !re w 
be an excavation  out 9 ,limon bay on ! 
ea/]n side1 & 9 ,panama bay on ! we/]n  
side1 ( ab\t f\r miles on ei!r side1 9  
ord] to rea* deep wat]4    ,suppos+ t we
 are sail+ d[n ?r\gh ,limon bay1 :i* is 
a  small bay at ! bottom ( ! ,c>ibbean  
sea1 on "o ( our ,am]ican  battle%ips4  
,we fir/ ent] ! canal :i* leads f ! bay 
up into  ! %ore t[>d ,gatun dam1 & ?is  
section ( ! canal w be #ejj  feet wide &
 #dj feet deep at l[ wat] level4 ,?is   
*annel p5etrates  ?r\gh ! mud banks & l&
 ab\t f\r miles1 :5 x enc\nt]s  ,gatun  
dam4 ,gatun dam mu/ be surm\nt$ ?r\gh ! 
ag5cy ( locks1  :i* h be5 previ\sly     

describ$4      ,op]ation ( ! ,locks     
,our vessel !n sails into ! fir/1 or !  
l[]1 ( ! locks4 ,!  /eel doors are clos$
 & lock$1 & wat] f ! *amb] above is  let
 d[n by means ( pipes & valves :i*      
dis*>ge und]nea? !  vessel4 ,?is wat]   
fl[+ into ! l[] *amb]1 raises our vessel
  #bh feet to ! level ( ! second lock4  
,our %ip sails into !  second lock1 !   
doors are clos$ beh9d & lock$1 ! wat]   
let d[n  f above1 & aga9 our vessel is  
rais$ #bh feet4 ,& s ! process  is      
repeat$ ! ?ird "t1 until our %ip sails  
out ^u ! lake  :i* is =m$ by ! imp\nd+ (
 ! wat]s ( ,gatun dam4    ,?is lake1 :5 
fill$ to its capacity1 w be ?irty-?ree  
miles long  betwe5 extreme po9ts1 &     
eight miles wide at ! wide/ "p4 ,!      
c\rse ( a vessel f ?is lake w be        
tw5ty-?ree miles to a place  call$ ,bas 
,obispo4 ,?is is ! po9t at :i* ! canal  
beg9s to run  ?r\gh ! hill call$        
,culebra1 & !re=e ! cut is call$ !      
,culebra cut1 & is n9e miles long4 ,!   
canal ?r\gh ?is portion  ( its c\rse w  

be #bej feet wide at ! bottom1 & ! sides
 (  ! canal w slope s gradually t at !  
highe/ po9t ( ,culebra  hill1 :i* is    
#cbe feet above sea level1 ! wid? w be  
ab\t  "o-half mile4    ,our vessel      
passes ?r\gh ?is n9e-mile c\rse to ,p$ro
 ,miguel4 ,at  ,p$ro ,miguel !re w be a 
pair ( locks #ajjj feet long1 #aaj feet 
wide1 & ) a drop or lift+ area ( #ce    
feet1 in/ead ( #bh feet4  ,?r\gh ?is    
lock our vessel w be l[]$ to a small    
lake =m$ by  ! damm+ ( two small /reams 
9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,city ( ,panama4  ,?is  
lake w be a c\ple ( miles across1 & on !
 f>!r po9t1  call$ ,miraflores1 two     
pairs ( locks w l[] our vessel to !     
level ( ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,f !         
,miraflores locks a *annel w be         
con/ruct$ out into ,panama bay--#ejj    
feet wide & #dj feet deep at l[  tide1 !
 same z on ! ,c>ibbean side4    ,!      
eng9e]+ features ( ! ,panama ,canal are 
n intricate1 & n  9 any s5se difficult f
 an eng9e]+ /&po9t1 save = !  great     
magnitude4 ,x is ! size ( ! ent]prise t 

has appall$1  & disc\rag$ ! canal's     
con/ruction1 & n ! te*nical             
difficulties ( ! "w requir$4      ,!    
,future ( ! ,canal    ,:5 ! ,panama     
,canal is complet$ ! comm]ce & trade ( !
  _w w be revolutioniz$4 ,san ,francisco
 w be br\ght ne>ly  #ijjj miles clos] to
 ,new ,york ?an x is today & ,european  
ports  ne>ly #fjjj miles clos]4 ,x is   
e/imat$ by /ati/icians skill$ 9         
transportation & 9 c>ri] s]vice1 t ! co/
 ( transport+  ! great mass ( bulky     
products f ! ,pacific ,coa/ to ,ea/]n   
seabo>ds ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & to         
,european po9ts w be r$uc$  ne>ly       
two-?irds4 ,9 o!r words1 freights t n[  
co/ approximately  #a4jj p] #ajj p\nds  
ov] ! transcont95tal railroads f        
,pacific  ,coa/ ports to ,ea/]n m>kets1 
may be c>ri$ ?r\gh ! canal =  ab\t #cc  
#a_/c c5ts4    ,x is e/imat$ t ?is sav+ 
( freight on timb] alone1 :i* is  /ill  
/&+ 9 ,cali=nia1 w\ld pay ! co/ ( !     
canal1 great z  x is1 ?ree times ov]4   
,we c h>dly e/imate ! effect t ?is      

%ort5+ ( wat] rates w h on all !        
c\ntries front+ !  ,pacific ,ocean4     
,x w\ld seem z if ! ,we/]n hemisph]e 0  
at la/ com+ into  its own 9 dignity &   
progress1 9 its relation to all ! _w4   
,c]ta9ly ! tides ( p ( ent]prise & (    
bus9ess h be5  /eadily press+ we/w>d    
s9ce long be=e ,bi%op ,b]keley decl>$  t
 8,we/w>d ! /> ( empire takes its way10 
& t ,we/]n wave  is ru%+ onw>d today m  
/rongly & /eadily ?an ev] be=e 9  ! _w's
 hi/ory4 ,m5 ( ev5 middle age today     
probably w live  to see ! fulfillm5t ( !
 dreams & prophecies ( ! old5 "t  9 !   
op5+ up ( our coa/s & l& to %ip comm]ce 
) e  c\ntry on ! globe4    ,9 anci5t    
days x 0 ! fact t seas divid$ nations1  
because (  ! difficulty ( ocean travel4 
,9 ^? days ! only safe r\tes 7  ^? ov] !
 l&1 b 9 ?is mod]n "t ( gigantic ocean  
vessels1  capable ( c>ry+ ?\s&s (       
pass5g]s & hundr$s ( ?\s&s  ( tons (    
freight1 wat] travel & transportation is
 ! *eape/ &  mo/ agreeable ( all =ms4 ,&
 !re=e1 today x is a fact t  seas unite 

! c\ntries ( ! _w in/ead ( divid+ !m4   
,illu/ration3 ,,presid5t ,,taft ,,sign+ 
,,jo9t ,,resolution ,,designat+ ,,san   
,,francisco ,,z ,,! ,,place ,,to ,,hold 
,,! ,,_w',s ,,fair ,,9 #aiae4    ,!     
completion ( ! ,panama ,canal w be only 
! completion ( "o  l9k ( ! *a9 ( ?ree   
great improvem5ts t are 9 contemplation 
by ! /atesm5 ( ,am]ica4    ,on ! ea/]n  
side ( ! cont95t all ! ,/ates bord]+ on1
 or  tribut>y to1 ! ,mississippi riv]   
are engag$ 9 ! propag&a =  ! deep5+ ( t 
riv] to a dep? ( #ad feet f ,new        
,orleans  to ,/4 ,l\is1 & #ab feet f ,/4
 ,l\is to ,/4 ,paul1 z well z !         
improvem5t ( ! tribut>ies !re(1 s t     
ocean-go+ vessels may  p5etrate to ! v  
he>t ( ! ,am]ican cont95t & dis*>ge  _! 
c>goes !re4    ,! up-to-date &          
progressive city ( ,*icago1 ! mighty    
metropolis  ( ! c5t] ( ! cont95t1 is    
alive to ! possibilities ( !  ne>       
future1 & has made provision = !        
issuance & sale ( bonds  to ! am\nt (   
#bd1jjj1jjj1 ! proce$s ( :i* are to be  

us$  9 ! deep5+ & wid5+ ( ! ,*icago     
dra9age canal & !  ,ill9ois riv]1 s t   
ocean-go+ vessels may n only p5etrate z 
f> z ,/4 ,l\is1 b may also proce$ to    
,*icago1 & place t great  city 9 direct 
wat] communication ) any "p ( ! _w4     
,! improvem5t ( ! ,mississippi & its    
tribut>ies1 !n1 is "o  ( ! l9ks ( ! *a94
 ,! ,panama ,canal is ! c5tral l9k4 ,!  
?ird l9k mu/ be & w be1 if ! projects ( 
! mo/ em95t  & patriotic ,am]ican       
/atesm5 are c>ri$ out1 ! re-e/abli%m5t  
( ! ,am]ican m]*ant m>9e1 s t ,am]ican  
%ips may be us$ z  ! ag5cy = !          
di/ribution ( ! products ( our great    
indu/rial  c\ntry to all ! l&s front+ ! 
,pacific ,ocean1 z well z to all  o!r   
p>ts ( ! e>?4    ,i believe t x has be5 
a well recogniz$ policy ( all !         
,presid5ts & /atesm5 ( our c\ntry = !   
la/ tw5ty ye>s to  urge ! accompli%m5t (
 ^! improvem5ts4 ,!y come sl[ly1 (      
c\rse1 b all l>ge projects take "t 9 _! 
developm5t1 &  ^? ( u :o today are s    
=tunate z to live 9 ,cali=nia1 or       

any:]e ^u ! ,pacific ,coa/1 may easily  
look =w>d to ! "t1  n f> di/ant1 :5     
,cali=nia w be at lea/ ! second ,/ate ( 
! ,am]ican ,republic 9 weal?1 &         
indu/rial & comm]cial p[]1  & ,san      
,francisco ! second city 9 importance "u
 ! ,am]ican flag4                       
,transcrib]'s ,note3     --,punctuation 
& spell+ inaccuracies 7 sil5tly         
correct$4