,,briti% ,,canals ,illu/ration3 ,,aqu$uct ,,at ,,pontcysyllte 7,,9 ,,! ,,di/ance74 7,con/ruct$ by ,tel=d to c>ry ,ellesm]e ,canal ov] ,riv] ,dee4 ,op5$ #ahjc4 ,co/ #dg1jjj4 ,l5g?1 #ajjg feet47 ,frontispiece4 ,,briti% ,,canals3 ,,is ,,_! ,,resuscitation ,,practicable8 ,,by ,,edw9 ,a4 ,,pratt ,,au?or ,,( ,,railways ,,& ,,_! ,,rates1 ,,! ,,organization ,,( ,,agriculture1 ,,! ,,transition ,,9 ,,agriculture1 ,,etc4 ,,london ,,john ,,murray1 ,,albem>le ,,/reet1 ,w4 #aijf ,,preface ,! appo9tm5t ( a ,royal ,commission on ,canals & ,wat]ways1 :i* fir/ sat to take evid5ce on ,m>* #ba1 #aijf1 is an ev5t t %\ld lead to an exhau/ive & mo/ useful enquiry into a "q :i* has be5 mu* discuss$ ( late ye>s1 b on :i*1 z ,i hope to %[1 consid]able misappreh5sion 9 reg>d to actual facts & conditions has hi!rto exi/$4 ,!oretically1 !re is mu* to be said 9 fav\r ( canal re/oration1 & ! advocates !re( h n be5 backw>d 9 ! vigor\s & frequ5t v5tilation ( _! ideas4 ,practically1 !re are o!r all-important consid]ations :i* ought n to be ov]look$1 ?\gh z to ^! ! ,briti% ,public h hi!rto he>d v little4 ,z a matt] ( detail1 also1 x is desirable to see :e!r ! !ory t ! decl9e ( our canals is due to _! hav+ be5 captur$ & /rangl$ by ! railway companies--a !ory :i* _m p seem to believe 9 z implicitly z !y d1 say1 9 ! ,multiplication ,table--is really capable ( pro(1 or :e!r t decl9e is n1 r1 to be attribut$ to :olly diff]5t causes4 ,9 view ( ! increas$ public int]e/ 9 ! g5]al "q1 x has be5 sugge/$ to me t ! ,app5dix on ,! ,briti% ,canal ,problem 9 my book on ,railways & _! ,rates1 publi%$ 9 ! ,spr+ ( #aije1 %\ld n[ be issu$ sep>ately2 b ,i h ?\ght x bett] to deal ) ! subject afre%1 & at some:at great] l5g?1 9 ! pres5t "w4 ,?is ,i n[ (f] to ! _w 9 ! hope t1 ev5 if ! conclusions at :i* ,i h arriv$ are n accept$1 due weight w nev]!less be giv5 to ! important--if n 7z ,i tru/ ,i may add7 ! int]e/+--s]ies ( facts1 conc]n+ ! pa/ & pres5t ( canals alike at home1 on ! ,cont95t1 & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* %\ld /ill repres5t1 ,i ?9k1 a n unacceptable contribution to ! pres5t controv]sy4 ,,edw9 ,a4 ,,pratt4 ,london1 ,april #aijf4 ,,cont5ts ,,*ap4 ,,page ,i4 ,,introductory #a ,,ii4 ,,e>ly ,,days #ab ,,iii4 ,,railways ,,to ,,! ,,rescue #bc ,,iv4 ,,railway-,,controll$ ,,canals #cb ,v4 ,,! ,,birm+ham ,,canal ,,& ,,its ,,/ory #eg ,,vi4 ,,! ,,transition ,,9 ,,trade #gd ,,vii4 ,,cont95tal ,,conditions #ic ,,viii4 ,,wat]ways ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates #ajd ,,ix4 ,,engli% ,,conditions #aai ,x4 ,,conclusions ,,& ,,recomm5dations #adb ,,app5dix--,,! ,,decl9e ,,9 ,,freight ,,traffic ,,on ,,! ,,mississippi #aea ,,index #aeg ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,& ,,maps ,,half-,,tone ,,illu/rations ,,aqu$uct ,,at ,,pontcysyllte 79 ! di/ance7 ,frontispiece ,,:at ,,canal ,,wid5+ ,,w\ld ,,mean3 ,,c[ley ,,tunnel ,,& ,,embankm5ts ,to face page #cb ,,locks ,,on ,,! ,,k5net ,,& ,,avon ,,canal ,,at ,,devizes #db ,,w>eh\ses ,,& ,,hydraulic ,,cranes ,,at ,,ellesm]e ,,port #dh ,,:at ,,canal ,,wid5+ ,,w\ld ,,mean3 ,,%rop%ire ,,union ,,canal ,,at ,,*e/] #gj ,,f ,,pit ,,to ,,port3 ,,prospect ,,pit1 ,,wigan #hb ,,! ,,%ipp+ ,,( ,,coal3 ,,hydraulic ,,tip ,,on ,g4,w4,r41 ,,swansea #hh ,a ,,c>go ,,boat ,,on ,,! ,,mississippi #aaj ,,successful ,,rivals ,,( ,,mississippi ,,c>go ,,boats #aad ,,wat] ,,supply ,,= ,,canals3 ,,belvide ,,res]voir1 ,,/af=d%ire #abh ,,maps ,,& ,,diagrams ,,indep5d5t ,,canals ,,& ,,inl& ,,navigations #ed ,,canals ,,& ,,railways ,,betwe5 ,,wolv]hampton ,,& ,,birm+ham #ef ,,"s ,,typical ,,briti% ,,canals #ih ,,briti% ,,canals ,,*apt] ,i ,,introductory ,! movem5t 9 fav\r ( resuscitat+1 if n also ( recon/ruct+1 ! ,briti% canal sy/em1 9 conjunction ) su* improvem5t z may be possible 9 our natural wat]ways1 is a matt] t conc]ns v>i\s int]e/s1 & gives rise to a numb] ( m or less complicat$ problems4 ,x appeals 9 ! mo/ direct =m to ! ,briti% trad]1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! possibility ( enabl+ him to secure *eap] transit = 8 goods4 ,e "o mu/ sympa?ise ) him 9 t desire1 & !re is no ne$ :atev] = me to /ay "h to repeat ! (t-express$ g5]al reflections z to ! important "p :i* *eap transit necess>ily plays 9 ! developm5t ( trade & comm]ce4 ,b :5 f ! g5]al "o passes to ! p>ticul>1 & beg9s to consid] h[ ^! transit que/ions apply directly to canal revival1 "o comes at once to a c]ta9 elem5t ( ins9c]ity 9 ! agitation :i* has aris54 ,!re is no reason :atev] = d\bt t1 :]eas "o section ( ! trad]s fav\r+ canal revival w\ld !mselves directly b5efit !refrom1 !re is a mu* l>g] section :o h jo9$ 9 ! movem5t1 n because !y h ! slighte/ idea ( re-organis+ _! own bus9esses on a wat]-transport basis1 b simply because !y ?9k ! exi/5ce ( improv$ canals w be a means ( compell+ ! railway companies to grant r$uctions ( _! own rates bel[ su* po9t z !y n[ f9d x necess>y to ma9ta94 ,individuals ( ?is type1 ?\gh admitt+ !y w\ld n use ! canals !mselves1 or v little1 w\ld h u believe t !re are en\gh ( o!r trad]s :o w\ld patronise !m to make !m pay4 ,9 any case1 if only suffici5t pressure c\ld be br\ght to be> on ! railway companies to =ce !m to r$uce _! rates & *>ges1 !y w\ld be prep>$ to reg>d ) p]fect equanimity ! unremun]ative outlay on ! canals ( a l>ge sum ( public money1 & be q indiff]5t z to :o might h to be> ! loss s long z !y ga9$ :at !y want$ = !mselves4 ,! subject is1 also1 "o t appeals to eng9e]s4 ,z orig9ally con/ruct$1 our ,briti% canals includ$ "s ( ! greate/ eng9e]+ triumphs ( _! day1 & ! recon/ruction ei!r ( ^! or ev5 ( ! ord9>y canals 7especially :]e ! diff]5ces ( level are exceptionally great71 w\ld af=d mu* int]e/+ "w = eng9e]s--&1 also1 to come to commonplace details1 w\ld put into circulation a c]ta9 numb] ( millions ( p\nds /]l+ :i* might lead "s ( ^? eng9e]s1 at lea/1 to take a /ill ke5] int]e/ 9 ! g5]al situation4 ,!re is absolutely no d\bt t1 f an eng9e]+ /&po9t1 recon/ruction1 h[ev] co/ly1 w\ld pres5t no unsurm\ntable te*nical difficulties2 b ,i mu/ confess t :5 eng9e]s1 look+ at ! problem exclusively f _! own po9t ( view1 ap>t f /rictly economic & practical consid]ations1 advise canal revival z a means ( improv+ ,briti% trade1 ,i am rem9d$ ( ! fam\s rem>k ( ,sgan]elle1 9 ,molire's ,l',am\r ,mdec9--,v\s tes orfvre1 ,m4 ,josse4 ,! subject /rongly appeals1 also1 to a v l>ge numb] ( patriotic p]sons :o1 ?\gh hav+ no p]sonal or pr(essional int]e/s to s]ve1 are rightly impress$ ) ! ne$ = ev]y?+ t is 9 any way practicable be+ done to ma9ta9 our national welf>e1 & :o may be incl9$ to assume1 f ! entirely inadequate facts :i*1 up to ! pres5t1 h be5 laid be=e !m z to ! real nature & possibilities ( our canal sy/em1 t great results w\ld foll[ f a g5]\s exp5diture ( money on canal resuscitation "h1 foll[+ on ! example already set 9 ,cont95tal c\ntries4 ,x is 9 ! highe/ degree desirable t p]sons ( ?is class %\ld be enabl$ to =m a cle> & def9ite op9ion on ! subject 9 all its be>+s1 & especially f po9ts ( view t may n hi!rto h be5 pres5t$ = _! consid]ation4 ,!n ! "q is "o ( v practical int]e/ inde$ to ! ,briti% taxpay]4 ,x seems to be g5]ally assum$ by ! advocates ( canal revival t x is no use dep5d+ on private ent]prise4 ,engl& is n yet impov]i%$1 & !re is pl5ty ( money /ill available = inve/m5t :]e a mode/ return on x c be assur$4 ,b capitali/s1 l>ge or small1 are n app>5tly dispos$ to risk _! own money 9 ! resuscitation ( ,engli% canals4 ,_! expectation evid5tly is t ! s*eme w\ld n pay4 ,9 ! abs5ce1 !re=e1 ( any will+ness on ! "p ( %rewd capitali/s--ev] on ! look-out = pr(itable inve/m5ts--to t\* ! bus9ess1 x is propos$ t ei!r ! ,/ate or ! local au?orities %\ld take up ! matt]1 & c>ry x ?r\gh at ! risk1 m or less1 ei!r ( taxpay]s or ratepay]s4 ,! ,association ( ,*amb]s ( ,comm]ce1 = in/ance1 adopt$1 by a l>ge majority1 ! foll[+ resolution at its annual meet+1 9 ,london1 9 ,febru>y #aije3-- ,?is ,association recomm5ds t ! improvem5t & ext5sion ( ! canal sy/em ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom %\ld be c>ri$ out by means ( a public tru/1 &1 if necess>y1 9 comb9ation ) local or di/rict public tru/s1 & aid$ by a ,gov]nm5t gu>antee1 & t ! ,executive ,c\ncil be reque/$ to take all reasonable measures to secure e>ly legislation ^u ! subject4 ,!n ,sir ,john ,t4 ,brunn] has /rongly support$ a nationalisation policy4 ,9 a lett] to ,! ,times he once wrote3 ,i submit to y t we might beg9 ) ! nationalisation ( our canals--"s = ! mo/ "p sadly antiquat$--& br+ !m up to "o mod]n /&>d gauge1 su* z ! ,fr5* gauge4 ,ano!r p>ty fav\rs municipalisation & ! creation ( public tru/s1 a ,bill ) ! latt] object 9 view be+ promot$ 9 ! ,session ( #aije1 ?\gh x fell ?r\gh ow+ to an in=mality 9 proc$ure4 ,x w\ld be idle to say t a s*eme ( canal nationalisation1 or ev5 ( public tru/s ) ,gov]nm5t gu>antee 7:atev] ! precise mean+ ( t t]m may be7 involv+ millions ( public money1 c\ld be c>ri$ ?r\gh )\t affect+ ! ,briti% taxpay]4 ,x is equally idle to say t if only ! canal sy/em 7 tak5 9 h& by ! local au?orities !y w\ld make su* a success ( x t !re w\ld be absolutely no dang] ( ! ratepay]s be+ call$ ^u to make good any defici5cy4 ,! exp]i5ces t ,metropolitan ratepay]s1 at lea/1 h _h z ! result ( ,c\nty ,c\ncil managem5t ( ! ,?ames /eamboat s]vice w\ld n pr$ispose !m to any feel+ ( confid5ce 9 ! control ( ! canal sy/em ( ! c\ntry by local au?orities4 ,at ! ,man*e/] meet+ ( ! ,association ( ,*amb]s ( ,comm]ce1 9 ,septemb] #aijd1 ,colonel ,f4 ,n4 ,tannett ,walk] 7,le$s7 said1 dur+ ! c\rse ( a debate on ! canal "q3 ,p]sonally1 he 0 n aga9/ big tru/s run by local au?orities4 ,he knew no m bus9ess-l conc]n 9 ! _w ?an ! ,m]sey ,h>b\r ,bo>d1 :i* 0 a cr$it to ! c\ntry z %[+ :at bus9ess m51 n work+ = _! own selfi% pr(its1 b = ! good ( ! community1 c\ld d = an und]tak+4 ,he w\ld be glad to see ! ,m]sey ,bo>ds scatt]$ all ov] ! c\ntry4 ,b1 ev5 accept+ ! pr9ciple ( canal municipalisation1 :at prospect w\ld !re be ( ,colonel ,walk]'s aspiration be+ realis$8 ,! ,m]sey ,h>b\r ,bo>d is an exceptional body1 n necess>ily capable ( widespread reproduction on ! same l9es ( effici5cy4 ,aga9/ :at is done 9 ,liv]pool may be put1 9 ! case ( ,london1 ! above-m5tion$ wa/e ( public money 9 connection ) ! control ( ! ,?ames /eamboat s]vice by ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil4 ,if ! municipalis$ canals 7 to be work$ on ! same sy/em1 or any approa* !reto1 z ^! municipalis$ /eamboats1 x w\ld be a bad look-out = ! ratepay]s ( ! c\ntry1 :atev] b5efit might be ga9$ by a small section ( ! trad]s4 ,!n "o mu/ rememb] t ! canals1 say1 f ! ,midl&s to "o ( ! ports1 run ?r\gh v>i\s rural di/ricts :i* w\ld h no int]e/ 9 ! ?r\gh traffic c>ri$1 b might be requir$1 nev]!less1 to take a %>e 9 ! co/ & responsibility ( keep+ _! sections ( ! municipalis$ wat]ways 9 an effici5t condition1 or 9 help+ to provide an adequate wat]-supply4 ,x does n foll[ t su* di/ricts--ev5 if !y 7 will+ to g to ! exp5se or ! tr\ble involv$--w\ld be able to provide repres5tatives on ! manag+ body :o w\ld 9 any way comp>e1 9 reg>d to bus9ess capacity1 ) ! memb]s ( ! ,m]sey ,h>b\r ,bo>d1 ev5 if !y did s 9 respect to public _s1 & ! s9k+ ( _! local int]e/s & prejudices to promote ! welf>e ( manufactur]s1 say1 9 ,birm+ham1 & %ipp]s 9 ,liv]pool1 = nei!r ( :om !y felt any direct conc]n4 ,"u ! be/ possible conditions z reg>ds municipalisation1 x is /ill impossible to assume t a bus9ess s full ( complications z ! transport s]vices ( ! c\ntry1 call+ = te*nical or exp]t k ( ! mo/ pron\nc$ type1 c\ld be effici5tly controll$ by individuals :o w\ld be ess5tially amateurs at ! bus9ess--& amateurs !y w\ld /ill be ev5 if assi/$ by memb]s ( ,*amb]s ( ,comm]ce :o1 h[ev] compet5t z m]*ants & manufactur]s1 w\ld n necess>ily be ?or\ghly v]s$ 9 all ^! traffic problems4 ,! result c\ld n fail to be disa/r\s4 ,i come1 at ?is po9t1 9 connection ) ! possible liability ( ratepay]s1 to j "o matt] ( detail t might be dispos$ ( "h4 ,x is c]ta9ly "o t seems to be wor? consid]+4 ,assume1 = ! sake ( argum5t1 t1 9 accordance ) ! plans n[ be+ project$1 7#a7 public tru/s 7 =m$ by ! local au?orities = ! purpose ( acquir+ & op]at+ ! canals2 7#b7 t ^! tru/s secur$ possession--on "s fair sy/em ( comp5sation--( ! canals n[ own$ or controll$ by railway companies2 7#c7 t !y s\ght to "w ! canals 9 m or less direct competition ) ! railways2 7#d7 t1 aft] sp5d+ l>ge sums ( money 9 improvem5ts1 !y f\nd x impossible to make ! canals pay1 or to avoid heavy losses !reon2 & 7#e7 t ^! losses _h to be made good by ! ratepay]s4 ,i am m]ely assum+ t all ?is might happ51 n t x necess>ily w\ld4 ,b1 admitt+ t x did1 w\ld ! railway companies1 z ratepay]s1 be call$ ^u to contribute _! %>e t[>ds mak+ good ! losses :i* _h be5 su/a9$ by ! local au?orities 9 c>ry+ on a direct competition ) !m8 ,su* a policy z ?is w\ld be unju/1 n alone to ! railway %>ehold]s1 b also to ^? trad]s :o _h cont9u$ to use ! railway l9es1 s9ce x is obvi\s t ! heavi] ! burd5s impos$ on ! railway companies 9 ! %ape ( local rates 7:i* already =m su* sub/antial items 9 _! work+ exp5ses71 ! less w ! companies conc]n$ be 9 a position to grant ! concessions !y might o!rwise be will+ to make4 ,besides1 ap>t f monet>y consid]ations1 ! pr9ciple ( ! ?+ w\ld be intol]ably unfair1 &1 if only to avoid an inju/ice1 x w\ld surely be enact$ t any possible increase 9 local rates1 due to ! failure ( p>ticul> s*emes ( canal municipalisation1 %\ld fall exclusively on ! trad]s & ! g5]al public :o 7 to h be5 b5efit$1 & 9 no way on ! railway companies aga9/ :om ! comm]cially unsuccessful competition _h be5 wag$4 ,?is proposition w1 ,i am sure1 appeal to t in/9ct ( ju/ice & fair play :i* e ,engli%man is 7p]haps n always rightly71 assum$ to possess4 ,b :at w\ld happ5 if x 7 duly c>ri$ out1 z x ought to be8 ,well1 9 ! ,*apt] on ,taxation ( ,railways 9 my book on ,railways & _! ,rates1 ,i gave "o li/ %[+ t 9 a total ( eighty-two p>i%es a c]ta9 ,briti% railway company paid an av]age ( #fjbe p] c5t4 ( ! local rates2 :ile ano!r table %[$ t 9 sixte5 specifi$ p>i%es ! proportion ( local rates paid by ! same railway company rang$ f #ffi p] c5t4 to #hfa p] c5t4 ( ! total1 al?\gh 9 twelve p>i%es out ( ! sixte5 ! company _h n ev5 a railway /ation 9 ! place4 ,b if1 9 all su* p>i%es z ^!1 ! railway companies 7 v prop]ly excus$ f hav+ to make good ! losses incurr$ by _! municipalis$-canal competitors 79 addition to su* losses z !y might h already suff]$ 9 meet+ ! competition71 !n ! full weight ( ! burd5 w\ld fall ^u t small]--&1 9 "s cases1 t v small--proportion ( ! g5]al body ( ratepay]s 9 ! locality conc]n$4 ,! above is j a little consid]ation1 en passant1 :i* might be borne 9 m9d by o!rs ?an ^? :o look at ! subject only f a trad]'s or an eng9e]'s po9t ( view4 ,x w help1 also1 to /r5g!n my cont5tion t any ill-advis$1 or1 at lea/1 unsuccessful municipalisation ( ! canal sy/em ( ! c\ntry might h s]i\s consequ5ces = ! g5]al body ( ! community1 :o1 9 ! circum/ances1 w\ld d well to look be=e !y leap4 ,b1 indep5d5tly ( comm]cial1 eng9e]+1 rat+ & o!r consid]ations1 !re are important matt]s ( pr9ciple to be consid]$4 ,great ,brita9 is almo/ ! only c\ntry 9 ! _w :]e ! railway sy/em has be5 con/ruct$ )\t ,/ate or municipal aid--f9ancial or mat]ial--( any k9d :atev]4 ,! canals 7 built by private ent]prise1 & ! railways :i* foll[$ 7 con/ruct$ on ! same basis4 ,?is 0 recognis$ z ! national policy1 & private inve/ors 7 all[$ to put _! money into ,briti% railways1 ?r\gh\t successive decades1 9 ! belief & expectation t ! same pr9ciple w\ld be cont9u$4 ,9 o!r c\ntries ! ,/ate has 7#a7 provid$ ! funds = con/ruct+ or buy+ up ! g5]al railway sy/em2 7#b7 gu>ante$ paym5t ( int]e/2 or 7#c7 has grant$ l& or made o!r concessions1 z a means ( assi/+ ! ent]prise4 ,n only has ! ,/ate refra9$ f adopt+ any su* c\rse "h1 & all[$ private inve/ors to be> ! full f9ancial risk1 b x has impos$ on ,briti% railways requirem5ts :i* may c]ta9ly h l$ to _! be+ ! be/ con/ruct$ & ! mo/ complete ( any 9 ! _w1 b :i* h1 also1 comb9$ ) ! extortions ( l&[n]s 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 heavy exp5diture on ,p>liam5t>y proce$+s1 etc41 to r5d] _! con/ruction p] mile m co/ly ?an ^? ( any o!r sy/em ( railways 9 ! _w2 :ile to-day local taxation is be+ levi$ ^u !m at ! rate ( #e1jjj1jjj p] annum1 ) an annual increm5t ( #bej1jjj4 ,?is heavy exp5diture1 & ^! increas+ly heavy dem&s1 c only be met out ( ! rates & *>ges impos$ on ^? :o use ! railways2 & "o ( ! greate/ grievances advanc$ aga9/ ! railways1 & lead+ to ! agitation = canal revival1 is t ^! rates & *>ges are high] 9 ,great ,brita9 ?an 9 v>i\s o!r c\ntries1 :]e ! railways h co/ less to build1 :]e ,/ate funds h be5 freely drawn on1 & :]e ! ,/ate l9es may be requir$ to contribute no?+ to local taxation4 ,! rem$y propos$1 h[ev]1 is n t any?+ %\ld be done to r$uce ! burd5s impos$ on our own railways1 s z to place !m at lea/ 9 ! position ( be+ able to make fur!r concessions to trad]s1 b t ! ,/ate %\ld n[ itself />t 9 ! bus9ess1 9 competition1 m or less1 ) ! railway companies1 9 ord] to provide ! trad]s--if x c--) some?+ *eap] 9 ! way ( transport6 ,:atev] view may be tak5 ( ! reasonabl5ess & ju/ice ( su* a proc$ure z ?is1 x w\ld1 und\bt$ly1 repres5t a complete *ange 9 national policy1 & "o t %\ld n be ent]$ ^u ) undue ha/e4 ,! logical sequel1 = in/ance1 ( nationalisation ( ! canals w\ld be nationalisation ( ! railways1 s9ce x w\ld h>dly d = ! ,/ate to own ! "o & n ! o!r4 ,!n1 ( c\rse1 ! nationalisation ( all our ports w\ld h to foll[1 z ! fur!r logical sequel ( ! ,/ate own]%ip ( ! means ( communication ) !m1 & ! consequ5t suppression ( competition4 ,f a ,sociali/ /&po9t1 ! successive /eps "h m5tion$ w\ld c]ta9ly be approv$2 b1 ev5 if ! f9ancial difficulty c\ld be met1 ! c\ntry is h>dly ready = all ^! ?+s at pres5t4 ,is x ready1 ev5 9 pr9ciple1 = ei!r ! nationalisation or ! municipalisation ( canals alone8 ,&1 if ready 9 pr9ciple1 if ready to employ public funds to compete ) repres5tatives ( ! private ent]prise x has hi!rto enc\rag$1 is x /ill c]ta9 t1 :5 millions ( p\nds /]l+ h be5 sp5t on ! revival ( our canals1 ! actual results w 9 any way ju/ify ! heavy exp5diture8 ,are n ! physical conditions ( our c\ntry su* t canal con/ruction "h pres5ts exceptional drawbacks1 & t canal navigation mu/ always be exceptionally sl[8 ,are n bo? physical & geographical conditions 9 ,great ,brita9 altoge!r unlike ^? ( mo/ ( ! ,cont95tal c\ntries ( ^: wat]ways s mu* is he>d8 ,are n our comm]cial conditions equally dissimil>8 ,is n ! comp>ative neglect ( our canals due less to /ructural or o!r defects ?an to complete *anges 9 ! :ole basis ( trad+ op]ations 9 ?is c\ntry--*anges t w\ld prev5t any g5]al disc>d+ ( ! quick transit ( small & frequ5t supplies by tra91 9 fav\r ( ! delay$ deliv]y ( l>ge quantities at long] int]vals by wat]1 h[ev] mu* ! canals 7 improv$8 ,^! are m]ely "s ( ! que/ions & consid]ations t arise 9 connection ) ?is mo/ complicat$ ( problems1 & x is ) ! view ( enabl+ ! public to appreciate m fully ! real nature ( ! situation1 & to ga9 a cle>] k ( ! facts on :i* a "r solution mu/ be bas$1 t ,i v5ture to lay be=e !m ! pages t foll[4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,e>ly ,,days ,x seems to be cu/om>y ) writ]s on ! subject ( canals & wat]ways to beg9 ) ! ,egyptians1 to detail ! a*ievem5ts ( ! ,*9ese1 to record ! do+s ( ! ,greeks1 & !n to pass on to ! ,romans1 be=e ev5 beg9n+ _! acc\nt ( :at has be5 done 9 ,great ,brita94 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ,i propose to leave alone all ?is anci5t hi/ory1 :i*1 to my m9d1 has no m to d ) exi/+ conditions 9 our own c\ntry ?an ! sy/em ( inl& navigation adopt$ by ,noah1 or ! "* ( ! canals :i* are suppos$ to exi/ 9 ! planet ( ,m>s4 ,= ! purposes ( ! pres5t "w x w suffice if ,i g no fur!r back ?an :at ,i w\ld call ! pack-horse p]iod 9 ! developm5t ( transport 9 ,engl&4 ,?is 0 ! p]iod imm$iately prec$+ ! introduction ( artificial canals1 :i* _h _! rise 9 ?is c\ntry ab\t #agfj-gj4 ,x prec$$1 also1 ! adv5t ( ,john ,l\don ,mc,adam1 t great re=m] ( our roads1 ^: "n has be5 immortalis$ 9 ! v]b to macadamise4 ,born 9 #agef1 x 0 n until ! e>ly days ( ! n9ete5? c5tury t ,mc,adam really />t$ on 8 b5efic5t mission1 & ev5 !n ! high-roads ( ,engl&--& especially ( ,scotl&--71 z a rule1 deplorably bad1 be+ at once loose1 r\gh1 & p]i%able1 exp5sive1 t$i\s & dang]\s to travel on1 & v co/ly to repair4 ,p5d+ ^? improvem5ts :i* ,mc,adam br\ght ab\t1 adapt+ !m to ! bett] use ( /age-coa*es & c>ri]s' waggons1 ! few roads already exi/+ 7 practically available--z reg>ds ! transport ( m]*&ise--= pack-horses only4 ,ev5 coal 0 !n c>ri$ by pack-horse1 ! co/ work+ out at ab\t #bs4 #f;d4 p] mile = z mu* z a horse c\ld c>ry4 ,x 0 f ^! conditions t canals sav$ ! c\ntry--long1 ( c\rse1 be=e ! locomotive came into vogue4 ,z x happ5$1 too1 x 0 ?is v "q ( coal transport t l$ to _! e>lie/ developm5t4 ,!re is q an elem5t ( romance 9 ! /ory4 ,francis ,eg]ton1 ?ird & la/ ,duke ( ,bridgewat] 7born #agcf71 _h an un=tunate love affair 9 ,london :5 he rea*$ ! age ( tw5ty-?ree1 &1 app>5tly 9 disgu/ ) ! _w1 he retir$ to 8 ,lanca%ire prop]ty1 :]e he f\nd solace to 8 w\nd$ feel+s by devot+ himself to ! developm5t ( ! ,worsley coal m9es4 ,z a boy he _h be5 s feeble-m9d$ t ! d\bt arose :e!r he w\ld be capable ( manag+ 8 own affairs4 ,z a "y man disappo9t$ 9 love1 he appli$ himself to bus9ess 9 a mann] s em95tly practical t he des]v$ly became fam\s z a pione] ( improv$ transport4 ,he saw t if only ! co/ ( c>riage c\ld be r$uc$1 a mo/ valuable m>ket = coal f 8 ,worsley m9es c\ld be op5$ up 9 ,man*e/]4 ,x is true t1 9 ?is p>ticul> in/ance1 ! pack-horse _h be5 supplem5t$ by ! ,m]sey & ,irwell ,navigation1 e/abli%$ z ! result ( ,p>liam5t>y p[]s obta9$ 9 #agcc4 ,?is navigation 0 conduct$ almo/ entirely by natural wat]ways1 b x _h _m drawbacks & inconv5i5ces1 :ile ! freight = g5]al m]*&ise betwe5 ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] by ?is r\te came to #abs4 p] ton4 ,! ,duke's new s*eme 0 "o = ! con/ruction ( an artificial wat]way :i* c\ld be c>ri$ ov] ! ,irwell at ,b>ton by means ( an aqu$uct4 ,?is idea he got f ! aqu$uct on ! ,langu$oc ,canal1 9 ! s\? ( ,france4 ,b ! ,duke requir$ a practical man to help him1 & su* a man he f\nd 9 ,james ,br9dley4 ,born 9 #agaf1 ,br9dley 0 ! son ( a small f>m] 9 ,d]by%ire--a dissolute sort ( fell[1 :o neglect$ 8 *ildr51 did little or no "w1 & devot$ 8 *ief en]gies to ! !n popul> sport ( bull-bait+4 ,9 ! circum/ances ,james ,br9dley's s*ool-tea*+ 0 :olly neglect$4 ,he c\ld no m h pass$ an exam9ation 9 ! ,six? ,/&>d ?an he c\ld h fl[n ov] ! ,irwell ) "s ( 8 ducal patron's coals4 ,he rema9$ to ! la/ illit]ate1 h>dly able to write1 & q unable to spell4 ,he did mo/ ( 8 "w 9 8 head1 )\t writt5 calculations or draw+s1 & :5 he _h a puzzl+ bit ( "w he w\ld g to b$1 & ?9k x out4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( pres5t day ,bo>d ,s*ool inspectors1 & ( ! wor?y magi/rates :o1 ) v>i$ moral reflections1 remorselessly en=ce ! pr9ciples ( compulsory education1 su* an individual ought to h come to a bad end4 ,b he didn't4 ,he became1 in/ead1 ! fa!r ( inl& navigation4 ,james ,br9dley _h s]v$ 8 appr5tice%ip to a millwright1 or eng9e]2 he _h />t$ a little bus9ess z a repair] ( old ma*9]y & a mak] ( new2 & he _h 9 v>i\s ways giv5 pro( ( 8 possession ( me*anical skill4 ,! ,duke--evid5tly a read] ( m5--saw 9 him ! possibility ( bett] ?+s1 took him ov]1 & appo9t$ him 8 "r-h& man 9 con/ruct+ ! propos$ canal4 ,aft] mu* active opposition f ! proprietors ( ! ,m]sey & ,irwell ,navigation1 & also f v>i\s l&[n]s & o!rs1 ! ,duke got 8 fir/ ,act1 to :i* ! ,royal ass5t 0 giv5 9 #agfb1 & ! "w 0 begun4 ,x pres5t$ _m difficulties1 = ! canal _h to be c>ri$ ov] /reams & bogs1 & ?r\gh tunnels co/ly to make1 & ! "t came :5 ! ,duke's f9ancial res\rces 7 almo/ exhau/$4 ,br9dley's wages 7 n extravagant4 ,!y am\nt$1 9 fact1 to #a a week--sub/antially less ?an ! m9imum wage t w\ld be paid to-day to a municipal road-sweep]4 ,b ! co/s ( con/ruction 7 heavy1 & ! l&[n]s _h unduly big ideas ( ! value ( ! l& compulsorily acquir$ f !m1 s t ! ,duke's /ew>d sometimes _h to ride ab\t among ! t5antry & borr[ a few p\nds f "o & ano!r 9 ord] to pay ! week's wages4 ,:5 ! ,worsley section _h be5 complet$1 & _h become remun]ative1 ! ,duke pl$g$ x to ,messrs ,*ild1 ! ,london bank]s1 = #be1jjj1 & ) ! money ?us rais$ he pu%$ on ) ! rema9d] ( ! canal1 see+ x f9ally ext5d$ to ,liv]pool 9 #aggb4 ,altoge!r he exp5d$ on 8 own canals no less ?an #bbj1jjj2 b he liv$ to d]ive f !m a rev5ue ( #hj1jjj a ye>4 ,! ,duke ( ,bridgewat]'s s*emes gave a great impetus to canal con/ruction 9 ,great ,brita91 ?\gh x 0 only natural t a good deal ( opposition %\ld be rais$1 z well4 ,ab\t ! ye> #agfe num]\s pamphlets 7 publi%$ to %[ ! dang] & impolicy ( canals4 ,turnpike tru/ees 7 afraid ! canals w\ld div]t traffic f ! roads4 ,own]s ( pack-horses fanci$ t ru9 />$ !m 9 ! face4 ,!reupon ! turnpike tru/ees & ! pack-horse own]s s\ght ! fur!r support ( ! agricultural int]e/s1 repres5t+ t1 :5 ! dem& = pack-horses fell (f1 !re w\ld be less ne$ = hay & oats1 & ! welf>e ( ,briti% agriculture w\ld be prejudic$4 ,s ! f>m]s jo9$ 91 & ! ?ree p>ties comb9$ 9 an ef=t to ar\se ! c\ntry4 ,canals1 x 0 said1 w\ld involve a great wa/e ( l&2 !y w\ld de/roy ! bre$ ( draught horses2 !y w\ld produce noxi\s or humid vap\rs2 !y w\ld enc\rage pilf]+2 !y w\ld injure old m9es & works by all[+ ( new ones be+ op5$2 & !y w\ld de/roy ! coa/+ trade1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! nurs]y = seam54 ,by argum5ts su* z ^! ! opposition actually *eck$ = "s ye>s ! c>ry+ out ( sev]al important und]tak+s1 includ+ ! ,tr5t & ,m]sey ,navigation4 ,b1 :5 once ! movem5t _h fairly />t$1 x made rapid progress4 ,james ,br9dley's en]gy1 d[n to ! "t ( 8 dea? 9 #aggb1 0 especially indomitable4 ,hav+ ensur$ ! success ( ! ,bridgewat] ,canal1 he turn$ 8 att5tion to a s*eme = l9k+ up ! f\r ports ( ,liv]pool1 ,hull1 ,bri/ol1 & ,london by a sy/em ( ma9 wat]ways1 connect$ by bran* canals ) lead+ indu/rial c5tres (f ! *ief l9es ( r\te4 ,o!r projects foll[$1 z x 0 se5 t ! e>li] v5tures 7 yield+ sub/antial pr(its1 & 9 #agij a canal mania began4 ,9 #agib no few] ?an eighte5 new canals 7 promot$4 ,9 #agic & #agid ! numb] ( canal & navigation ,acts pass$ 0 =ty-five1 increas+ to eighty-"o ! total numb] :i* _h be5 obta9$ s9ce #agij4 ,s great 0 ! public anxiety to inve/ 9 canals t new ones 7 project$ on all h&s1 &1 ?\gh _m ( !m 7 ( a useful type1 o!rs 7 purely speculative1 7 doom$ to failure f ! />t1 & occasion$ s]i\s losses to ?\s&s ( inve/ors4 ,9 c]ta9 in/ances exi/+ canals 7 grant$ ! "r to levy tolls ^u new-com]s1 z comp5sation = prospective loss ( traffic--ev5 :5 ! new canals 7 to be #d or #e miles away--fre% s*emes be+ actually und]tak5 on ?is basis4 ,! canals t paid at all paid well1 & ! good !y conf]r$ on ! c\ntry 9 ! days ( _! prosp]ity is und5iable4 ,fail+1 at t "t1 m effici5t means ( transport1 !y play$ a mo/ important rle 9 develop+ ! trade1 indu/ries1 & comm]ce ( our c\ntry at a p]iod especially fav\rable to national advancem5t4 ,= half a c5tury1 9 fact1 ! canals _h ev]y?+ _! own way4 ,!y _h a monopoly ( ! transport bus9ess--except z reg>ds road traffic--& 9 v>i\s in/ances !y help$ _! proprietors to make huge pr(its4 ,b great *anges 7 imp5d+1 & ^! 7 br\ght ab\t1 at la/1 ) ! adv5t ( ! locomotive4 ,! g5]al situation at ?is p]iod is well %[n by ! foll[+ extracts f an article on ,canals & ,rail-roads1 publi%$ 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,review ( ,m>* #ahbe3-- ,x is true t we1 :o1 9 ?is age1 are accu/om$ to roll along our h>d & ev5 roads at ! rate ( #h or #i miles an h\r1 c h>dly imag9e ! inconv5i5ces :i* beset our great-gr&fa!rs :5 !y _h to und]take a j\rney--=c+ _! way ?r\gh deep miry lanes2 =d+ swoll5 riv]s2 oblig$ to halt = days toge!r :5 '! wat]s 7 out'2 & !n crawl+ along at a pace ( #b or #c miles an h\r1 9 con/ant fe> ( be+ set d[n fa/ 9 "s deep quagmire1 ( be+ ov]turn$1 break+ d[n1 or swept away by a sudd5 inundation4 ,su* 0 ! travell+ condition ( our ance/ors1 until ! sev]al turnpike ,acts effect$ a gradual & mo/ fav\rable *ange1 n only 9 ! /ate ( ! roads1 b ! :ole appe>ance ( ! c\ntry2 by increas+ ! facility ( communication1 & ! transport ( _m weighty & bulky articles :i*1 be=e t p]iod1 no ef=t c\ld move f "o "p ( ! c\ntry to ano!r4 ,! pack-horse 0 n[ yok$ to ! waggon1 & /age coa*es & po/-*aises usurp$ ! place ( saddle-horses4 ,imp]fectly z mo/ ( ^! turnpike roads 7 con/ruct$1 & greatly z _! repairs 7 neglect$1 !y 7 /ill a prodigi\s improvem5t2 yet1 = ! conveyance ( heavy m]*&ise ! progress ( waggons 0 sl[ & _! capacity limit$4 ,?is defect 0 at l5g? rem$i$ by ! op5+ ( canals1 an improvem5t :i* became1 ) reg>d to turnpike roads & waggons1 :at ^! _h be5 to deep lanes & pack-horses4#a ,b we may apply to projectors ! obs]vation ( ,%]idan1 ',give ^! fell[s a good ?+ & !y nev] "k :5 to h done ) x1' = s vehem5t became ! rage = canal-mak+ t1 9 a few ye>s1 ! :ole surface ( ! c\ntry 0 int]sect$ by ^! inl& navigations1 & frequ5tly 9 p>ts ( ! isl& :]e !re 0 little or no traffic to be convey$4 ,! consequ5ce 01 t a l>ge proportion ( !m sc>cely paid an int]e/ ( "o p] c5t41 & _m no?+ at all2 :ile o!rs1 judici\sly conduct$ ov] popul\s1 comm]cial1 & manufactur+ di/ricts1 h n only amply remun]at$ ! p>ties conc]n$1 b h contribut$ 9 no small degree to ! weal? & prosp]ity ( ! nation4 ,yet ^! exp5sive e/abli%m5ts = facilitat+ ! conveyance ( ! comm]cial1 manufactur+ & agricultural products ( ! c\ntry to _! sev]al de/9ations1 excell5t & useful z all mu/ ackn[l$ge !m to be1 are n[ likely1 9 _! turn1 to give way to ! old inv5tion ( ,rail-roads4 ,no?+ n[ is he>d ( b rail-roads2 ! daily pap]s teem ) notices ( new l9es ( !m 9 e direction1 & pamphlets & p>agraphs are ?r[n be=e ! public eye1 recomm5d+ no?+ %ort ( mak+ !m g5]al ?r\gh\t ! k+dom4 ,yet1 till )9 ^! few mon?s pa/1 ?is old inv5tion1 9 use a full c5tury be=e canals1 has be5 suff]$1 ) few exceptions1 to act ! "p only ( an auxili>y to canals1 9 ! conveyance ( goods to & f ! :>fs1 & ( iron1 coals1 lime/one1 & o!r products ( ! m9es to ! ne>e/ place ( %ipm5t4444 ,! p[]s ( ! /eam-eng9e1 & a gr[+ conviction t our pres5t modes ( conveyance1 excell5t z !y are1 bo? require & admit ( great improvem5ts1 are1 no d\bt1 among ! *ief reasons t h set ! curr5t ( speculation 9 ?is p>ticul> direction4 ,deal+ ) ! "q ( ve/$ rights1 ! article w>ns ! projectors ( ! int5d$ railroads 444 ( ! necessity ( be+ prep>$ to meet ! mo/ /r5u\s opposition f ! canal proprietors1 & proce$s3-- ,b1 we are free to confess1 x does n appe> to u t ! canal proprietors h ! lea/ gr\nd = compla9+ ( a grievance4 ,!y emb>k$ _! prop]ty 9 :at !y conceiv$ to be a good speculation1 :i* 9 "s cases 0 realis$ f> beyond _! mo/ sangu9e hopes2 9 o!rs1 fail$ beyond _! mo/ despond+ calculations4 ,if ^? t h succe$$ %\ld be able to ma9ta9 a competition ) rail-ways by l[]+ _! *>ges2 :at !y ?us lose w be a fair & unimpea*able ga9 to ! public1 & a mod]ate & j pr(it w /ill rema9 to !m2 :ile ! o!rs w\ld d well to transf] _! int]e/s f a bad conc]n into "o ^: sup]iority mu/ be ?us e/abli%$4 ,inde$1 we und]/& t ?is has already be5 propos$ to a v consid]able ext5t1 & t ! level b$s ( c]ta9 unproductive canals h be5 (f]$ = ! reception ( rail-ways4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r gr\nd ^u :i*1 9 _m in/ances1 we h no d\bt1 ! opposition ( ! canal proprietors may be prop]ly met--we mean1 & we /ate x di/9ctly1 ! unque/ionable fact1 t our trade & manufactures h suff]$ consid]ably by ! disproportionate rates ( *>ge ^u canal conveyance4 ,! imm5se tonnage ( coal1 iron1 & e>!nw>e1 ,mr ,cumm+ tells u1#b 'h enabl$ "o ( ! canals1 pass+ ?r\gh ^! di/ricts 7ne> ,birm+ham71 to pay an annual divid5d to ! propriet>y ( #adj ^u an orig9al %>e ( #adj1 & z su* has enhanc$ ! value ( ea* %>e f #adj to #c1bjj2 & ano!r canal 9 ! same di/rict1 to pay an annual divid5d ( #afj ^u ! orig9al %>e ( #bjj1 & ! %>es !mselves h rea*$ ! value ( #d1fjj ea*4' ,nor are ^! solit>y in/ances4 ,mr ,s&>s in=ms u#c t1 ( ! only two canals :i* unite ,liv]pool ) ,man*e/]1 ! ?irty-n9e orig9al proprietors ( "o ( !m1 ! ,old ,quay1#d h be5 paid = e o!r ye>1 = ne>ly half a c5tury1 ! total am\nt ( _! inve/m5t2 & t a %>e 9 ?is canal1 :i* co/ only #gj1 has rec5tly be5 sold = #a1bej2 & t1 ) reg>d to ! o!r1 ! late ,duke ( ,bridgewat]'s1 !re is good reason to believe t ! net income has1 = ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 av]ag$ ne>ly #ajj1jjj p] annum6 ,9 reg>d1 h[ev]1 to ! sup]session ( canals 9 g5]al by railways1 ! writ] ( ! article says3-- ,we are n ! advocates = vision>y projects t int]f]e ) useful e/abli%m5ts2 we sc\t ! idea ( a g5]al rail-road z altoge!r impracticable4444 ,z to ^? p]sons :o speculate on mak+ rail-ways g5]al ?r\gh\t ! k+dom1 & sup]s$+ all ! canals1 all ! waggons1 mail & /age-coa*es1 po/-*aises1 &1 9 %ort1 e o!r mode ( conveyance by l& & wat]1 we deem !m & _! vision>y s*emes unwor?y ( notice4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,railways ,,to ,,! ,,rescue ,x is n a little curi\s to f9d t1 :]eas ! propos$ resuscitation ( canals is n[ be+ actively support$ 9 v>i\s qu>t]s z a means ( effect+ increas$ competition ) ! railways1 ! railway sy/em itself orig9ally _h a mo/ cordial welcome f ! trad]s ( ?is c\ntry z a means ( reliev+ !m f :at _h become ! intol]able monopoly ( ! canals & wat]ways6 ,x w h be5 se5 t 9 ! article publi%$ 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,review ( ,m>* #ahbe1 f :i* ,i gave extracts 9 ! la/ ,*apt]1 ref]5ce 0 made to a ,lett] on ! ,subject ( ! ,project$ ,rail-road betwe5 ,liv]pool & ,man*e/]1 by ,mr ,joseph ,s&>s1 & publi%$ t same ye>4 ,i h look$ up ! orig9al ,lett]1 & f\nd 9 x "s in/ructive read+4 ,mr ,s&>s %[$ t al?\gh1 "u ! ,act ( ,p>liam5t obta9$ by ! ,duke ( ,bridgewat]1 ! tolls to be *>g$ on 8 canal betwe5 ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] 7 n to exce$ #bs4 #f;d4 p] ton1 8 tru/ees _h1 by v>i\s exactions1 increas$ !m to #es4 #b;d4 p] ton on all goods c>ri$ along ! canal4 ,!y _h also got possession ( all ! available l& & w>eh\ses along ! canal banks at ,man*e/]1 ?us monopolis+ ! accommodation1 or ne>ly s1 & =c+ ! trad]s to keep to ! tru/ees1 & n patronise indep5d5t c>ri]s4 ,x 01 ,mr ,s&>s decl>$1 ! mo/ oppressive & unju/ monopoly kn[n to ! trade ( ?is c\ntry--a monopoly :i* !re is e reason to believe compels ! public to pay1 9 "o %ape or ano!r1 #ajj1jjj m p] annum ?an !y ought to pay4 ,! ,bridgewat] tru/ees & ! proprietors ( ! ,m]sey & ,irwell ,navigation 71 he cont9u$1 deaf to all remon/rances1 to all entreaties2 !y 7 actuat$ solely by a _s ( monopoly & ext5sion1 & ! only rem$y ! public has left is to g to ,p>liam5t & ask = a new l9e ( conveyance4 ,b ?is new l9e1 he said1 w\ld h to be a railway4 ,x c\ld n take ! =m ( ano!r canal1 z ! two exi/+ r\tes _h absorb$ all ! available wat]-supply4 ,9 discuss+ ! advantages ( a railway ov] a canal1 ,mr ,s&>s cont9u$3-- ,x is comput$ t goods c\ld be c>ri$ = consid]ably less ?an is n[ *>g$1 & = "o-half ( :at has be5 *>g$1 & t !y w\ld be convey$ 9 "o-six? ( ! "t4 ,canals 9 summ] are (t5 %ort ( wat]1 & 9 w9t] are ob/ruct$ by fro/2 a ,railway w\ld n h to enc\nt] ^! imp$im5ts4 ,mr ,s&>s fur!r wrote3-- ,! di/ance betwe5 ,liv]pool & ,man*e/]1 by ! ?ree l9es ( ,wat] conveyance1 is upw>ds ( #ej miles--by a ,rail-road x w\ld only be #cc4 ,goods convey$ by ! ,duke & ,old ,quay ,m]sey & ,irwell ,navigation are expos$ to /orms1 ! delays f adv]se w9ds1 & ! risk ( damage1 dur+ a passage ( #ah miles 9 ! tide-way ( ! ,m]sey4 ,= days toge!r x frequ5tly happ5s t :5 ! w9d bl[s v /rong1 ei!r s\? or nor?1 _! vessels _c move aga9/ x4 ,x is v true t :5 ! w9ds & tides are fav\rable !y c occasionally effect a passage 9 f\rte5 h\rs2 b ! av]age is c]ta9ly ?irty4 ,h[ev]1 not)/&+ all ! accommodation !y c (f]1 ! delays are su* t ! sp9n]s & deal]s are frequ5tly oblig$ to c>t cotton on ! public high-road1 a di/ance ( #cf miles1 = :i* !y pay f\r times ! price :i* w\ld be *>g$ by a ,rail-road1 & !y are ?ree times z long 9 gett+ x to h&4 ,! same obs]vation applies to manufactur$ goods :i* are s5t by l&-c>riage daily1 & = :i* ! rate paid is five times t :i* !y w\ld be subject to by ! ,rail-road4 ,?is enorm\s sacrifice is made = two reasons--sometimes because conveyance by wat] _c be promptly obta9$1 b m frequ5tly because spe$ & c]ta9ty z to deliv]y are ( ! fir/ importance4 ,packages ( goods s5t f ,man*e/]1 = imm$iate %ipm5t at ,liv]pool1 (t5 pay two or ?ree p\nds p] ton2 & yet !re are ^? :o ass]t t ! diff]5ce ( a few h\rs 9 spe$ c be no object4 ,! m]*ants "k bett]4 ,9 ! same ye> t ,mr ,s&>s issu$ 8 ,lett]1 ! m]*ants ( ! port ( ,liv]pool address$ a memorial to ! ,mayor & ,common ,c\ncil ( ! bor\gh1 pray+ !m to support ! s*eme = ! build+ ( a railway1 & /at+3-- ,! m]*ants ( ?is port h = a long "t pa/ exp]i5c$ v great difficulties & ob/ructions 9 ! prosecution ( _! bus9ess1 9 consequ5ce ( ! high *>ges on ! freight ( goods betwe5 ?is t[n & ,man*e/]1 & ( ! frequ5t impossibility ( obta9+ vessels = days toge!r4 ,x is cle> f all ?is t1 h[ev] great ! b5efit :i* canal transport _h conf]r$1 z comp>$ ) prior conditions1 ! canal companies _h abus$ _! monopoly 9 ord] to secure :at 7 (t5 enorm\s pr(its2 t ! canals !mselves1 ap>t f ! excessive tolls & *>ges impos$1 fail$ entirely to meet ! requirem5ts ( trad]s2 & t ! mo/ effective means ( obta9+ relief 0 look$ = 9 ! provision ( railways4 ,! value to :i* canal %>es _h ris5 at ?is "t is well %[n by ! foll[+ figures1 :i* ,i take f ! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e = ,decemb]1 #ahbd3-- ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,canal4 ,%>es4 ,price4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- s4 d4 ,tr5t & ,m]sey #ge #j #j #b1bjj ,l\ghbor\gh #aig #j #j #d1fjj ,cov5try #dd #j #j 7& bonus7 #a1cjj ,ox=d 7%ort %>es7 #cb #j #j #hej ,gr& ,junction #aj #j #j #bij ,old ,union #d #j #j #ajc ,nea? #ae #j #j #djj ,swansea #aa #j #j #bej ,monm\?%ire #aj #j #j #bde ,brecknock & ,ab]gav5ny #h #j #j #age ,/af=d%ire ,worce/]%ire #dj #j #j #ifj ,birm+ham #ab #aj #j #cej ,worce/] & ,birm+ham #a #aj #j #ef ,%rop%ire #h #j #j #age ,ellesm]e #c #aj #j #ajb ,ro*dale #d #j #j #adj ,b>nsley #ab #j #j #ccj ,lanca/] #a #j #j #de ,k5net & ,avon #a #j #j #bi ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,^! sub/antial values1 & ! l>ge divid5ds t l$ to !m1 7 due 9 "p1 no d\bt1 to ! g5]al improvem5t 9 trade :i* ! canals _h help$ mo/ mat]ially to effect2 b !y _h be5 greatly swoll5 by ! m]ciless way 9 :i* ! trad]s ( ^? days 7 exploit$ by ! repres5tatives ( ! canal int]e/4 ,z be>+ on ?is po9t1 ,i might int]rupt ! c\rse ( my n>rative to say t 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons on ,may #ag1 #ahcf1 ,mr ,morrison1 memb] = ,ipswi*1 made a spee* 9 :i*1 z report$ by ,hans>d1 he express$ himself cle>ly ( op9ion t ,p>liam5t %\ld1 :5 x e/abli%$ companies = ! =mation ( canals1 railroads1 or su* l und]tak+s1 inv>iably res]ve to itself ! p[] to make su* p]iodical revisions ( ! rates & *>ges z x may1 "u ! !n circum/ances1 deem exp$i5t2 & he propos$ a resolution to ?is effect4 ,he 0 mov$ to adopt ?is c\rse 9 view ( pa/ exp]i5ces 9 connection ) ! canals1 & a desire t !re %\ld be no repetition ( !m 9 reg>d to ! railways !n be+ v g5]ally promot$4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 spee* he said3-- ,! hi/ory ( exi/+ canals1 wat]ways1 etc41 af=ds abundant evid5ce ( ! evils to :i* ,i h be5 av]t+4 ,an orig9al %>e 9 ! ,l\ghbor\gh ,canal1 = example1 :i* co/ #adb1 #ags4 is n[ sell+ at ab\t #a1bej1 & yields a divid5d ( #ij or #ajj a ye>4 ,! f\r? "p ( a ,tr5t & ,m]sey ,canal %>e1 or #ej ( ! company's /ock1 is n[ fet*+ #fjj1 & yields a divid5d ( ab\t #cj a ye>4 ,& !re are v>i\s o!r canals 9 ne>ly ! same situation4 ,at ! close ( ! debate :i* foll[$1 ,mr ,morrison )drew 8 resolution1 ow+ to ! ann\ncem5t t ! matt] to :i* he _h call$ att5tion w\ld be dealt ) 9 a ,bill !n be+ fram$4 ,x is none ! less int]e/+ ?us to f9d t ,p>liam5t>y revisions ( railway rates 71 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 directly inspir$ by ! extortions practis$ on ! trad]s by canal companies 9 ! int]e/ ( divid5ds f> 9 excess ( any t ! railway companies h !mselves attempt$ to pay4 ,rev]t+ to ! /ory ( ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway--! projection ( :i*1 z ,mr ,s&>s' ,lett] %[s1 repres5t$ a revolt aga9/ ! exorbitant & unju/ *>ges ( ! wat]-c>ri]s--! ,bill promot$ 9 its fav\r 0 oppos$ s vigor\sly by ! canal & o!r int]e/s t #gj1jjj 0 sp5t 9 ! ,p>liam5t>y proce$+s 9 gett+ x ?r\gh4 ,b x 0 c>ri$ 9 #ahbf1 & ! new l9e1 op5$ 9 #ahcj1 0 s great a success t x soon began to inspire _m simil> projects 9 o!r directions1 :ile ) its op5+ ! build+ ( fre% canals = ord9>y inl& navigation 7z di/9ct f %ip canals7 practically ceas$4 ,!re is n ! slighte/ d\bt t1 b = ! extreme dissatisfaction ( ! trad+ int]e/s 9 reg>d alike to ! heavy *>ges & to ! %ortcom+s ( ! canal sy/em1 ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway--t precursor ( ! railway mania--w\ld n h be5 actually con/ruct$ until at lea/ sev]al ye>s lat]4 ,b !re 7 o!r directions1 also1 9 :i* ! revolt aga9/ ! !n exi/+ conditions 0 to br+ ab\t important developm5ts4 ,9 ! pack-horse p]iod ! colli]ies ( ,nott+ham%ire & ,leice/]%ire respectively suppli$ local ne$s only1 ! co/ ( transport by road mak+ x practically impossible to s5d coal out ( ! c\nty 9 :i* x 0 rais$4 ,) ! adv5t ( canals ! coal c\ld be tak5 long] di/ances1 & ! canals !mselves ga9$ s mu* f ! bus9ess t at "o "t %>es 9 ! ,l\ghbor\gh ,canal1 on :i* #adb _h be5 paid1 rose1 z already %[n1 to #d1fjj1 & 7 look$ ^u z be+ z safe z ,consols4 ,b ! collapse ( a canal f ! ,leice/]%ire coal-fields to ! t[n ( ,leice/] plac$ ! coal[n]s ( t c\nty at a disadvantage1 & ?is !y ov]came1 9 #ahcb1 by op5+ ! ,leice/] & ,sw9n+ton l9e ( railway4 ,!reupon ! disadvantage 0 ?r[n ^u ! ,nott+ham%ire coal[n]s1 :o c\ld no long] compete ) ,leice/]%ire4 ,9 fact1 ! imm$iate outlook be=e !m 0 t !y w\ld be exclud$ f _! *ief m>kets1 t _! colli]ies might h to be clos$1 & t ! m9+ population w\ld be ?r[n out ( employm5t4 ,9 _! dilemma !y appeal$ to ! canal companies1 & ask$ = su* a r$uction 9 rates z w\ld enable !m to meet ! new situation2 b ! canal companies--w$d$ to _! big divid5ds--w\ld make only su* concessions z 7 ?\ght by ! o!r side to be totally inadequate4 ,foll[+ on ?is ! ,nott+ham%ire coal[n]s met 9 ! p>l\r ( a village inn at ,ea/wood1 9 ! autumn ( #ahcb1 & =mally decl>$ t !re rema9$ no o!r plan = _! adoption ?an to attempt to lay a railway f _! colli]ies to ! t[n ( ,leice/]4 ,! proposal 0 confirm$ by a subsequ5t meet+1 :i* resolv$ t a railway f ,p9xton to ,leice/] is ess5tial to ! int]e/s ( ! coal-trade ( ?is di/rict4 ,communications 7 op5$ ) ,george ,/eph5son1 ! s]vices ( 8 son ,rob]t 7 secur$1 ! ,midl& ,c\nties ,railway 0 duly con/ruct$1 & ! f9al outcome ( ! action ?us tak5--z ! direct result ( ! attitude ( ! canal companies--is to be se5 9 ! spl5did sy/em kn[n to-day z ! ,midl& ,railway4 ,once m1 ,i might ref] to ,mr ,*>les ,h4 ,gr9l+'s ,hi/ory ( ! ,great ,nor!rn ,railway1 9 :i*1 speak+ ( e>ly conditions1 he says3-- ,dur+ ! w9t] ( #ahdc-dd a /rong desire arose among ! l&[n]s & f>m]s ( ! ea/]n c\nties to secure "s ( ! b5efits :i* o!r di/ricts 7 enjoy+ f ! new me?od ( locomotion4 ,"o great want ( ?is "p ( ,engl& 0 t ( *eap] fuel1 = ?\gh !re 7 colli]ies op5 at ?is "t 9 ,leice/]%ire1 ,nott+ham%ire1 & ,d]by%ire1 ! ne>e/ pits ) :i* ! ea/]n c\nties _h practicable transport communication 7 ^? ( ,s\? ,york%ire & ,durham1 & ?is 0 ( s circuit\s a "* t ev5 9 places situat$ on navigable riv]s1 uns]v$ by a canal1 ! price ( coal (t5 rose z high z #djs4 or ev5 #ejs4 a ton4 ,9 remot] places1 to :i* x _h to be c>t$ #aj1 #bj1 or ev5 #cj miles along bad cross-roads1 coal ev5 = h\se-fir+ 0 a positive luxury1 q unatta9able by ! poor] classes4 ,moreov]1 9 ! mo/ sev]e wea!r1 :5 ! canals 7 froz51 ! :ole sy/em ( supply became p>alys$1 & ev5 ! weal?y _h n seldom to retreat %iv]+ to b$ = lack ( fuel4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> in/ance x 0 ,george ,hudson1 ! ,railway ,k+1 :o 0 approa*$1 & ! fir/ l9es 7 laid ( :at is n[ ! ,great ,nor!rn ,railway4 ,s x happ5$ t1 :5 ! new =m ( transport came into vogue1 9 succession to ! canals1 x 0 ess5tially a case ( ,railways to ! ,rescue4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,railway-,,controll$ ,,canals ,bo? canals & railways 71 9 _! e>ly days1 made accord+ to local conditions1 & 7 int5d$ to s]ve local purposes4 ,9 ! case ( ! =m] ! design & dim5sions ( ! canal boat us$ 7 influ5c$ by ! dep? & nature ( ! e/u>y or riv] along :i* x might require to proce$1 & ! size ( ! lock 7affect+1 aga91 ! size ( ! boat7 might v>y accord+ to :e!r ! lock 0 con/ruct$ on a l[ level1 :]e !re 0 ample wat]1 or on a high level1 :]e economy 9 ! use ( wat] _h to be practis$4 ,uni=mity "u ^! v>y+ conditions w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 difficult to secure1 &1 9 effect1 x 0 n attempt$4 ,! orig9al design]s ( ! canals1 9 days :5 ! trade ( ! c\ntry 0 f> less ?an x is n[ & ! g5]al trad+ conditions v diff]5t1 probably knew bett] :at !y 7 ab\t ?an _! critics ( to-day give !m cr$it =4 ,!y realis$ m completely ?an mo/ ( ^? critics d :at 7 ! limitations ( canal con/ruction 9 a c\ntry ( hills & dales1 & especially 9 rugg$ & m\nta9\s di/ricts4 ,!y cut _! coat1 z x 71 accord+ to _! clo?1 & s\ght to meet ! actual ne$s ( ! day r ?an anticipate ! requirem5ts ( futurity4 ,f _! po9t ( view ?is 0 ! simple/ solution ( ! problem4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:at ,,canal ,,wid5+ ,,w\ld ,,mean4 7,c[ley ,tunnel & ,embankm5ts1 on ,%rop%ire ,union ,r\te betwe5 ,wolv]hampton & ! ,m]sey47 ,to face page #cb4 ,b1 ?\gh ! canals ?us made suit$ local conditions1 !y became unavailable = ?r\gh traffic1 except 9 boats suffici5tly small to pass ! smalle/ lock or ! n>r[e/ & %all[e/ canal en r\te4 ,!n ! lack ( uni=mity 9 con/ruction 0 accompani$ by a lack ( unity 9 managem5t4 ,ea* & e ?r\gh r\te 0 divid$ among1 z a rule1 f f\r to eight or t5 diff]5t navigations1 & a boat-own] mak+ ! j\rney _h to deal sep>ately ) ea*4 ,! railway companies soon began to rid !mselves ( _! own local limitations4 ,a ,railway ,cle>+ ,h\se 0 set up 9 #ahdg1 9 ! int]e/s ( ?r\gh traffic2 gr\ps ( small und]tak+s amalgamat$ into great companies2 facilities ( a k9d unkn[n be=e 7 made available1 :ile ! :ole sy/em ( railway op]ation 0 simplifi$ = trad]s & travell]s4 ,! canal companies1 h[ev]1 made no attempt to foll[ ! example ?us set4 ,!y 7 c]ta9ly 9 a m difficult position ?an ! railways4 ,!y might h amalgamat$1 & !y might h e/abli%$ a ,canal ,cle>+ ,h\se4 ,^! w\ld h be5 comp>atively easy ?+s to d4 ,b any satisfactory l9k+ up ( ! v>i\s canal sy/ems ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry w\ld h meant virtual recon/ruction1 & ?is may well h be5 ?\ght a s]i\s proposition 9 reg>d1 especially1 to canals built at a consid]able elevation above ! sea level1 :]e ! wat] supply 0 limit$1 & :]e1 = t reason1 "s ( ! smalle/ locks 7 to be f\nd4 ,to say ! lea/ ( x1 su* a "w meant a v l>ge outlay1 & at t "t practically all ! capital available = inve/m5t 9 transport 0 be+ absorb$ by new railways4 ,^!1 aga91 _h secur$ ! public confid5ce :i* ! canals 7 los+4 ,z ,mr ,s&>s said 9 8 ,lett]3-- ,canals h done well = ! c\ntry1 j z high roads & pack-horses _h done be=e canals 7 e/abli%$2 b ! c\ntry has n[ pres5t$ to x *eap] & m exp$iti\s means ( conveyance1 & ! attempt to prev5t its adoption is utt]ly hopeless4 ,all t ! canal companies did1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 0 to attempt ! v ?+ :i* ,mr ,s&>s consid]$ utt]ly hopeless4 ,!y adopt$ a policy ( bl9d & n>r[-m9d$ ho/ility4 ,!y seem$ to ?9k t1 if !y only f\ght !m vigor\sly en\gh1 !y c\ld drive ! railways (f ! field2 & fight !m !y did1 at e possible po9t4 ,9 ^? days _m ( ! canal companies 7 /ill weal?y conc]ns1 & :at _! opposition might mean has be5 already %[n 9 ! case ( ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway4 ,! newcom]s _h ?us to conc5trate _! ef=ts & meet ! opposition z be/ !y c\ld4 ,= a "t ! canal companies clung ob/9ately to _! high tolls & *>ges1 9 ! hope t !y w\ld /ill be able to pay _! big divid5ds4 ,b1 :5 ! sup]iority ( ! railways ov] ! wat]ways became m & m manife/1 & :5 ! canal companies saw great] & /ill great] quantities ( traffic be+ div]t$ f !m by _! oppon5ts1 9 fair competition1 !y realis$ ! situation at la/1 & br\ght d[n _! tolls ) a ru%4 ,! r$uctions made 7 s sub/antial t !y w\ld h be5 ?\ght incr$ible a few ye>s previ\sly4 ,9 ! result1 b5efits 7 ga9$ by all classes ( trad]s1 = ^? :o /ill patronis$ ! canals 7 *>g$ mu* m reasonable tolls ?an !y _h ev] paid be=e4 ,b ev5 ! adoption ( ?is belat$ policy by ! canal companies did n help !m v mu*4 ,! div]sion ( ! /ream ( traffic to ! railways _h become too pron\nc$ to be *eck$ by ev5 ! mo/ sub/antial ( r$uctions 9 canal *>ges4 ,) ! increas+ indu/rial & comm]cial developm5t ( ! c\ntry x 0 se5 t ! new means ( transport (f]$ advantages ( ev5 great] weight ?an co/ ( transport1 namely1 spe$ & c]ta9ty ( deliv]y4 ,= ! av]age trad] x 0 ess5tially a case ( "t mean+ money4 ,! canal companies might n[ r$uce _! tolls s mu* t1 in/ead ( be+ sub/antially 9 excess ( ! railway rates1 z !y 7 at fir/1 !y w\ld fall consid]ably bel[2 b !y /ill c\ld n (f] ^? o!r all-important advantages4 ,z ! canal companies f\nd t ! /ruggle 01 inde$1 utt]ly hopeless1 "s ( !m adopt$ new l9es ( policy4 ,ei!r !y propos$ to build railways !mselves1 or !y tri$ to dispose ( _! canal prop]ty to ! newcom]s4 ,9 "s in/ances ! r\te ( a canal1 no long] ( mu* value1 0 really want$ = ! r\te ( a propos$ railway1 & an arrangem5t 0 easily made4 ,9 o!rs1 :]e ! railway promot]s did n wi% to buy1 opposition to _! s*emes 0 (f]$ by ! canal companies ) ! idea ( =c+ !m ei!r s to d1 or1 alt]natively1 to make su* t]ms ) !m z w\ld be to ! advantage ( ! canal %>ehold]s4 ,! t5d5cy 9 ?is direction is %[n by ! extract already giv5 f ! ,qu>t]ly ,review2 & ,i may repeat "h ! passage 9 :i* ! writ] sugge/$ t "s ( ! canal companies w\ld d well to transf] _! int]e/s f a bad conc]n into "o ^: sup]iority mu/ be ?us e/abli%$1 & add$3 ,inde$1 we und]/& t ?is has already be5 propos$ to a v consid]able ext5t1 & t ! level b$s ( c]ta9 unproductive canals h be5 (f]$ = ! reception ( rail-ways4 ,?is 0 z e>ly z #ahbe4 ,lat] on ! t5d5cy became /ill m pron\nc$ z pressure 0 put on ! railway companies1 or z promot]s1 9 days :5 pl5ty ( money 0 available = railway s*emes1 ?\ght ! easie/ way to ov]come actual or prospective opposition 0 to buy x (f by mak+ ! be/ t]ms !y c\ld4 ,s f>1 9 fact1 0 ! pr9ciple recognis$ t 9 #ahde ,p>liam5t expressly sanction$ ! control ( canals by railway companies1 :e!r by amalgamation1 lease1 pur*ase1 or gu>antee1 & a consid]able am\nt ( canal mileage ?us came into ! possession1 or "u ! control1 ( railway companies1 especially 9 ! ye>s #ahde1 #ahdf1 & #ahdg4 ,?is sanction 0 practically repeal$ by ! ,railway & ,traffic ,acts ( #ahgc & #ahhh4 ,by t "t ab\t "o-?ird ( ! exi/+ canals _h be5 ei!r volunt>ily acquir$ by1 or =c$ ^u1 ! railway companies4 ,x is obvi\s1 h[ev]1 t ! responsibility = :at 0 done re/s ) ,p>liam5t itself1 & t 9 _m cases1 probably1 ! railway companies1 in/ead ( be+ ar*-conspirators1 anxi\s to sp5d _! money 9 kill+ (f moribund competitors1 :o 7 g5]ally consid]$ to be on ! po9t ( dy+ a natural dea?1 71 at times1 victims ( ! situation1 be+ practically driv5 into pur*ases or gu>antees :i*1 _h !y be5 p]fectly free ag5ts1 !y might n h c>$ to t\*4 ,! g5]al position 01 p]haps1 v fairly indicat$ by ! late ,sir ,james ,allport1 at "o "t ,g5]al ,manag] ( ! ,midl& ,railway ,company1 9 ! evid5ce he gave be=e ! ,select ,committee on ,canals 9 #ahhc4 ,i d\bt 7he said7 if ,p>liam5t ev]1 at t "t ( day1 came to any delib]ate decision z to ! advisability or o!rwise ( railways possess+ canals2 b ,i presume t !y did n d s )\t ! fulle/ evid5ce be=e !m1 & no d\bt canal companies 7 v anxi\s to get rid ( _! prop]ty to railways1 & !y oppos$ _! ,bills1 &1 9 ! desire to obta9 _! ,bills1 railway companies pur*as$ _! canals4 ,t1 ,i ?9k1 w\ld be f\nd to be ! fact1 if x 7 possible to trace !m out 9 e case4 ,i d n believe t ! ,london & ,nor?-,we/]n w\ld h b\ght ! ,birm+ham ,canal b = ?is circum/ance4 ,i h no d\bt t ! ,birm+ham ,canal1 :5 ! ,/\r ,valley l9e 0 project$1 felt t _! prop]ty 0 jeop>dis$1 & t x 0 !n t ! arrangem5t 0 made by :i* ! ,london & ,nor?-,we/]n ,railway ,company gu>ante$ !m #d p] c5t4 ,! b>ga9s ?us effect$1 ei!r volunt>ily or o!rwise 7& mo/ly o!rwise71 7 n necess>ily to ! advantage ( ! railway companies1 :o might (t5 h done bett] = !mselves if !y _h f\ght out ! fight at ! "t ) _! antagoni/s1 & left ! canal companies to _! fate1 in/ead ( tak+ ov] wat]ways :i* h be5 m or less ( a loss to !m ev] s9ce4 ,consid]+ ! condition into :i* _m ( ! canals _h already drift$1 or 7 !n drift+1 !re is v little room = d\bt :at _! fate w\ld h be5 if ! railway companies _h left !m sev]ely alone4 ,inde$1 !re are v>i\s canals ^: cont9u$ op]ation to-day1 9 spite ( ! losses on _! :olly unremun]ative traffic1 is due exclusively to ! fact t !y are own$ or controll$ by railway companies4 ,indep5d5t proprietors1 look+ to !m = divid5ds1 & n "u any /atutory obligations 7z ! railway companies are7 to keep !m go+1 w\ld long ago h ab&on$ su* canals entirely1 & all[$ !m to be numb]$ among ! d]elicts4 ,z be>+ on ! facts "h n>rat$1 ,i might m5tion t1 9 ! c\rse ( a discussion at ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 9 ,novemb] #aije1 on a pap] read by ,mr ,john ,ar?ur ,san]1 ,wat]ways 9 ,great ,brita9 7report$ 9 ! (ficial ,proce$+s ( ! ,in/itution71 ,mr ,james ,+lis1 ,g5]al ,manag] ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway ,company1 said t 8 company own$ ab\t #baf miles ( canal1 n a mile ( :i* _h be5 acquir$ volunt>ily4 ,_m ( ^? canals _h be5 =c$ on ! railway z ! price ( secur+ ,acts1 & "s _h be5 obta9$ by negotiations ) ! canal companies4 ,! o!rs _h be5 acquir$ 9 incid5tal ways1 aris+ f ! fact t ! traffic _h absolutely disappe>$4 ,mr ,+lis fur!r told ! /ory ( ! ,k5net & ,avon ,canal1 :i* 8 company ma9ta9 at a loss ( ab\t #d1jjj p] annum4 ,! canal1 x seems1 0 con/ruct$ 9 #agid at a co/ ( #a1jjj1jjj1 & at "o "t paid #e p] c5t4 ,! traffic fell (f /eadily ) ! ext5sion ( ! railway sy/em1 & 9 #ahdf ! canal company1 see+ _! position 0 hopeless1 appli$ to ,p>liam5t = p[]s to con/ruct a railway p>allel ) ! canal4 ,sanction 0 refus$1 ?\gh ! company 7 au?oris$ to act z common c>ri]s4 ,9 #ahea ! canal own]s approa*$ ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway ,company1 & told !m ( _! int5tion to seek aga9 = p[]s to build an opposition railway4 ,! up%ot ( ! matt] 0 t ! railway company took ov] ! canal1 & agre$ to pay ! canal company #g1ggc a ye>4 ,?is !y h done1 ) a loss to !mselves ev] s9ce4 ,! rates *>g$ on ! canal 7 successively r$uc$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,trade 7on appeal be+ made to t body7 to #a-a_/d;d41 !n to #a;d41 & f9ally #a_/b;d4 p] ton-mile2 b !re _h nev] be5 a sign1 ,mr ,+lis add$1 t ! r$uction _h any effect 9 attract+ additional traffic4#e ,to asc]ta9 = myself "s fur!r details z to ! pa/ & pres5t ( ! ,k5net & ,avon ,navigation1 ,i paid a visit ( inspection to ! canal 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,ba?1 :]e x ent]s ! ,riv] ,avon1 & also at ,devizes1 :]e ,i saw ! rem>kable s]ies ( locks by means ( :i* ! canal rea*es ! t[n ( ,devizes1 at an elevation ( #dbe feet above sea level4 ,9 conv]sation1 too1 ) v>i\s au?orities1 includ+ ,mr ,h4 ,j4 ,saund]s1 ! ,canals ,eng9e] ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway ,company1 ,i obta9$ "s int]e/+ facts :i* ?r[ light on ! reasons = ! fall+ (f ( ! traffic along ! canal4 ,deal+ ) ?is la/ m5tion$ po9t fir/1 ,i le>n$ t mu* ( ! =m] prosp]ity ( ! ,k5net & ,avon ,navigation 0 due to a sub/antial bus9ess !n done 9 ! transport ( coal f a consid]able colli]y di/rict 9 ,som]set%ire1 compris+ ! ,rad/ock1 ,cam]ton1 ,dunk]ton1 & ,timsbury colli]ies4 ,?is coal 0 fir/ put on ! ,som]set ,coal ,canal1 :i* connect$ ) ! ,k5net & ,avon at ,dundas--a po9t betwe5 ,ba? & ,brad=d-on-,avon--&1 on rea*+ ?is junction1 x 0 tak5 ei!r to t[ns directly s]v$ by ! ,k5net & ,avon 7includ+ ,ba?1 ,bri/ol1 ,brad=d1 ,tr[bridge1 ,devizes1 ,k9tbury1 ,hung]=d1 ,newbury & ,read+7 or1 leav+ ! ,k5net & ,avon at ,semm+ton1 x pass$ ov] ! ,wilts & ,b]ks ,canal to v>i\s places z f> z ,ab+don4 ,9 proportion1 h[ev]1 z ! railways develop$ _! sup]iority z an ag5t = ! effective di/ribution ( coal1 ! traffic by canal decl9$ m & m1 until at la/ x became non-exi/5t4 ,( ! ?ree canals affect$1 ! ,som]set ,coal ,canal1 own$ by an indep5d5t company1 0 ab&on$1 by au?ority ( ,p>liam5t1 two ye>s ago2 ! ,wilts & ,b]ks1 also own$ by an indep5d5t company1 is practically d]elict1 & ! "o t to-day survives & is 9 good work+ ord] is ! ,k5net & ,avon1 own$ by a railway company4 ,ano!r bran* ( local traffic t has left ! ,k5net & ,avon ,canal = ! railway is repres5t$ by ! famili> free/one1 ( :i* l>ge quantities are despat*$ f ! ,ba? di/rict4 ,! /one goes away 9 blocks av]ag+ #e tons 9 weight1 & rang+ up to #aj tons1 & at fir/ sight x w\ld appe> to be a commodity specially adapt$ = transport by wat]4 ,b once m ! great] facilities af=d$ by ! railway h l$ to an almo/ complete neglect ( ! canal4 ,ev5 :]e ! qu>ries are imm$iately alongside ! wat]way 7?\gh ?is is n always ! case7 horses mu/ be employ$ to get ! blocks d[n to ! canal boat2 :]eas ! blocks c be put /raight on to ! railway trucks on ! sid+s :i* g "r into ! qu>ry1 no horses be+ !n requir$4 ,9 calculat+1 !re=e1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! canal rate & ! railway rate1 ! pur*ase & ma9t5ance ( horses at ! po9ts ( emb>kation mu/ be add$ to ! =m]4 ,!n ! /one c\ld travel only a c]ta9 di/ance by wat]1 & fur!r co/ might h to be incurr$ 9 c>tage1 if n 9 transf]r+ x f boat to railway truck1 aft] all1 = transport to f9al de/9ation2 :]eas1 once put on a railway truck at ! qu>ry1 x c\ld be tak5 !nce1 )\t fur!r tr\ble1 to any t[n 9 ,great ,brita9 :]e x 0 want$4 ,9 ?is way1 aga91 ! ,k5net & ,avon 7except 9 ! case ( consignm5ts to ,bri/ol7 has practically lo/ a once important s\rce ( rev5ue4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( =eign timb] /ill goes by wat] f ,avonm\? or ,bri/ol to ! neighb\rhood ( ,pewsey1 & "s ,engli%-gr[n timb] is tak5 f ,devizes & o!r po9ts on ! canal to ,bri/ol1 ,read+1 & int]m$iate places2 gra9 is c>ri$ f ,read+ to mills )9 conv5i5t rea* ( ! canal1 & !re is also a small traffic 9 m9]al oils & g5]al m]*&ise1 includ+ groc]ies = %opkeep]s 9 t[ns along ! canal r\te2 b1 :]eas1 9 =m] days a groc] w\ld ord] #cj tons ( sug> f ,bri/ol to be deliv]$ to him by boat at "o "t1 he n[ ord]s by po/1 telegraph1 or telephone1 v mu* small] quantities z he wants !m1 & ^! small] quantities are consign$ ma9ly by tra91 s t !re is less = ! canal to c>ry1 ev5 :]e ! sug> /ill goes by wat] at all4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 ! actual traffic on ! ,k5net & ,avon at ! we/]n end w\ld n exce$ m ?an ab\t ?ree or f\r boats a day1 & on ! high] levels at ! ea/]n end x w\ld n av]age "o a day4 ,yet1 aft] walk+ = "s miles along ! canal banks at two ( its mo/ important po9ts1 x 0 obvi\s to me t ! decl9e 9 ! traffic c\ld n be attributable to any %ortcom+s 9 ! canal itself4 ,n only does ! ,k5net & ,avon des]ve to rank z "o ( ! be/ ma9ta9$ ( any canal 9 ! c\ntry1 b x /ill af=ds all reasonable facilities = su* traffic z is available1 or seems likely to be (f]$4 ,in/ead ( be+ neglect$ by ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway ,company1 x is kept 9 a /ate ( effici5cy t c\ld n well be improv$ ^u %ort ( a complete recon/ruction1 at a v great co/1 9 ! hope ( gett+ an altoge!r problematical increase ( patronage 9 respect to classes ( traffic diff]5t f :at 0 contemplat$ :5 ! canal 0 orig9ally built4 ,illu/ration3 ,,locks ,,on ,,! ,,k5net ,,& ,,avon ,,canal ,,at ,,devizes4 7,a diff]5ce 9 level ( #bci feet 9 #b-a_/b miles is ov]come by #bi locks4 ,( ^!1 #ag imm$iately foll[ "o ano!r 9 direct l9e1 p\nds be+ provid$ to ensure suffici5cy ( res]ve wat] to "w boats ?r\gh47 ,photo by ,*iv]s1 ,devizes4 ,to face page #db4 ,)9 ! la/ ye> or two ! railway company h sp5t #c1jjj or #d1jjj on ! pump+ ma*9]y4 ,! ma9 wat] supply is d]iv$ f a res]voir1 ab\t #i acres 9 ext5t1 at ,cr(ton1 ?is res]voir be+ f$ p>tly by two rivulets 7:i* dry up 9 ! summ]7 & p>tly by its own spr+s2 & ext5sive pump+ ma*9]y is provid$ = rais+ to ! summit level ! wat] t passes f ! res]voir into ! canal at a l[] level1 ! height ! wat] is ?us rais$ be+ #dj feet4 ,!re is also a pump+ /ation at ,clav]ton1 ne> ,ba?1 :i* raises wat] f ! riv] ,avon4 ,?anks to ^! provisions1 on no occasion has !re be5 m ?an a p>tial /oppage ( ! canal ow+ to a lack ( wat]1 ?\gh 9 seasons ( dr\ght x is necess>y to r$uce ! load+ ( ! boats4 ,! f9al asc5t to ! ,devizes level is accompli%$ by means ( tw5ty-n9e locks 9 a di/ance ( #b-a_/b miles4 ,( ^! tw5ty-n9e !re are sev5te5 :i* imm$iately foll[ "o ano!r 9 a direct l9e1 & "h x has be5 necess>y to supplem5t ! locks ) p\nds to ensure a suffici5cy ( res]ve wat] to "w ! boats ?r\gh4 ,no "o :o walks alongside ^! locks c fail to be impress$ alike by ! boldness ( ! orig9al con/ructors ( ! canal & by ! ?or\ghness ) :i* !y did _! "w4 ,! walls ( ! locks are f #c to #f feet 9 ?ickness1 & !y seem to h be5 built to la/ = all et]nity4 ,! same rem>k applies to ! con/ruct$ works 9 g5]al on ?is canal4 ,= a boat to pass ?r\gh ! tw5ty-n9e locks takes on an av]age ab\t ?ree h\rs4 ,! #ci-a_/b miles f ,bri/ol to ,devizes require at lea/ two full days4 ,consid]able exp5diture is also incurr$ on ! canal 9 dr$g+ "w2 ?\gh "h special difficulties are exp]i5c$1 inasmu* z ! geological =mation ( ! b$ ( ! canal betwe5 ,ba? & ,brad=d-on-,avon r5d]s /eam dr$g+ inadvisable1 s t ! m exp5sive & less exp$iti\s sy/em ( dragg+ has to be reli$ on in/ead4 ,altoge!r x co/s ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway ,company ab\t #a to e>n ea* #ajs4 !y receive f ! canal2 & :e!r or n1 consid]+ pres5t day conditions ( trade & transport1 & ! *anges t h tak5 place !re91 !y w\ld get _! money back if !y sp5t /ill m on ! canal1 is1 to say ! lea/ ( x1 extremely problematical4 ,"o fact absolutely c]ta9 is t ! canal is already capable ( c>ry+ a mu* great] am\nt ( traffic ?an is actually =?com+1 & t ! abs5ce ( su* traffic is n due to any neglect ( ! wat]way by its pres5t own]s4 ,inde$1 ,i _h ! positive assurance ( ,mr ,saund]s t1 9 8 capacity z ,canals ,eng9e] to ! ,great ,we/]n1 he _h nev] yet be5 refus$ by 8 ,company any exp5diture he _h recomm5d$ z necess>y = ! effici5t ma9t5ance ( ! canals "u 8 *>ge4 ,i believe1 he add$1 t any money requir$ to be sp5t = ?is purpose w\ld be readily grant$4 ,i already h p[] to d any?+ ,i consid] advisable to keep ! canals 9 prop] ord]2 & ,i say )\t hesitation t all ! canals belong+ to ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway ,company are well ma9ta9$1 & 9 no way />v$4 ,! decl9e 9 ! traffic is due to obvi\s causes :i* w\ld /ill rema91 no matt] :at improvem5ts "o might seek to c>ry out4 ,! /ory told above may be supplem5t$ by ! foll[+ extract f ! report ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway ,company = ! half-ye> end+ ,decemb] #aije1 %[+ exp5ses & receipts 9 connection ) ! v>i\s canals controll$ by t company3-- ,,great ,,we/]n ,,railway ,,canals1 = half-ye> end+ #ca/ ,decemb] #aije4 ,canal4 ,to ,canal ,exp5ses4 ,by ,canal ,traffic4 ,bridgwat] & ,taunton #a1iia #b #h #ffd #h #i ,gr& ,we/]n #aig #g #a #aai #aj #aj ,k5net & ,avon #e1fjd #j #i #b1jcd #ah #h ,monm\?%ire #a1eeg #c #c #hhf #af #h ,/\rbridge ,ext5sion #dej #ai #d #gfe #g #a ,/rat=d-^u-,avon #a1cdi #aa #c #gbd #a #d ,swansea #a1fdc #ae #g #a1chf #ad #i -------------- -------------- #ab1gic #ai #aa #f1eha #ah #a -------------- -------------- ,! capital exp5diture on ^! diff]5t canals1 to ! same date1 0 z foll[s3-- ,brecon #fa1bag #ai #j ,bridgwat] & ,taunton #gc1ihi #ab #d ,gr& ,we/]n #cj1fbi #h #g ,k5net & ,avon #bji1eji #ai #c ,/\rbridge ,ext5sion #di1dcf #ae #j ,/rat=d-on-,avon #agb1ech #i #g ,swansea #adh1gaa #ag #f -------------- ,total1 #gdf1jcd #a #c --------------- ,^! figures give po9t to ! fur!r rem>k made by ,mr ,+lis at ! meet+ ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s :5 he said1 ,x 0 n to be imag9$ t ! railway companies w\ld will+ly h all _! canal prop]ty ly+ idle2 !y w\ld be only too glad if !y c\ld see h[ to use ! canals s z to obta9 a pr(it1 or ev5 to r$uce ! loss4 ,on ! same occasion1 ,mr ,a4 ,ross1 :o also took "p 9 ! debate1 said he _h _h *>ge ( a numb] ( railway-own$ canals at diff]5t times1 & he 0 ( op9ion !re 0 no f\ndation = ! allegation t railway-own$ canals 7 n prop]ly ma9ta9$4 ,8 fir/ exp]i5ce ( ?is k9d 0 ) ! ,sankey ,brook & ,/ ,hel5s ,canal1 "o ( wide gauge1 c>ry+ a fir/-class traffic1 connect+ ! two great *emical manufactur+ t[ns ( ,/ ,hel5s & ,widnes1 & op5+ into ! ,m]sey4 ,e>ly 9 ! sev5ties ! canal became practically a wreck1 ow+ to ! mort> on ! walls hav+ be5 de/roy$ by ! *emicals 9 ! wat] :i* ! manufactories _h dra9$ into ! canal4 ,9 addition1 !re 0 an ov]fl[ into ! ,sankey ,brook1 & 9 times ( flood ! wat] fl[$ ov] ! mead[s1 & ?\s&s ( acres 7 r5d]$ b>r54 ,mr ,ross cont9u$ 7,i quote f ! (ficial report73-- ,! ,london & ,nor?-,we/]n ,railway ,company1 :o own$ ! canal1 w5t to great exp5se 9 litigation1 & obta9$ an injunction aga9/ ! manufactur]s1 & 9 ! result !y _h to pur*ase all ! mead[s outright1 z ! quicke/ way ( settl+ ! "q ( comp5sation4 ,! company rebuilt all ! walls & "s ( ! locks4 ,if t canal _h n be5 support$ by a p[]ful corporation l ! ,london & ,nor?-,we/]n ,railway1 x mu/ inevitably h be5 9 ru9s n[4 ,! next canal he _h to d )1 ! ,man*e/] & ,bury ,canal1 belong+ to ! ,lanca%ire & ,york%ire ,railway ,company1 0 almo/ z un=tunate4 ,! coal work+s und]nea? ! canal absolutely wreck$ x1 compell+ ! railway company to sp5d _m ?\s&s ( p\nds 9 law suits & on re/or+ ! works1 & he believ$ t no indep5d5t canal c\ld h surviv$ ! exp5se4 ,o!r canals he _h _h to d ) 7 ! ,peak ,=e/1 ! ,macclesfield & ! ,*e/]field canals1 & ! ,%effield & ,s\? ,york%ire ,navigation1 :i* belong$ to ! old ,man*e/] ,%effield & ,l9coln%ire ,railway4 ,^? canals 7 ma9ta9$ 9 good ord]1 al?\gh ! traffic 0 c]ta9ly n l>ge4 ,on ! /r5g? ( ^! p]sonal exp]i5ces ,mr ,ross ?\ght t if a company came =w>d :i* 0 will+ to give reasonable comp5sation1 ! railway companies w\ld n be difficult to deal )4 ,! ,%rop%ire ,union is a railway-controll$ canal ) an especially in/ructive hi/ory4 ,?is sy/em has a total mileage ( j ov] #bjj miles4 ,x ext5ds f ,wolv]hampton to ,ellesm]e ,port on ! riv] ,m]sey1 pass+ ?r\gh ,m>ket ,drayton1 ,nantwi* & ,*e/]1 ) bran*es to ,%rewsbury1 ,newt[n 7,montgom]y%ire71 ,llangoll51 & ,middlewi* 7,*e%ire74 ,"s sections ( ! canal 7 made z f> back z #aggj1 & o!rs z rec5tly z #ahdj4 ,at "o "t x 0 own$ by a numb] ( diff]5t companies1 b by a process ( gradual amalgamation1 mo/ ( ^! 7 absorb$ by ! ,ellesm]e & ,*e/] ,canal ,company4 ,9 #ahdf ?is company obta9$ ,acts ( ,p>liam5t :i* au?oris$ !m to *ange _! "n to t ( ,! ,%rop%ire ,union ,railways & ,canal ,company1 & gave !m p[] to con/ruct ?ree l9es ( railway3 7#a7 f ! ,*e/] & ,crewe ,bran* ( ! ,gr& ,junction ,railway at ,calveley to ,wolv]hampton2 7#b7 f ,%rewsbury to ,/af=d1 ) a bran* to ,/one2 & 7#c7 f ,newt[n 7,montgom]y%ire7 to ,crewe4 ,n only d we get "h a /rik+ in/ance ( ! t5d5cy %[n by canal companies to />t railways on _! own acc\nt1 b 9 ea* "o ( ! ?ree ,acts au?oris+ ! l9es m5tion$ ,i f9d x provid$ t x %all be lawful = ! ,*e/] & ,holyhead ,railway ,company & ! ,man*e/] & ,birm+ham ,railway ,company1 or ei!r ( !m1 to subscribe t[>ds ! und]tak+1 & hold %>es 9 ! ,%rop%ire ,union ,railways & ,canal ,company4 ,exp]i5ce soon %[$ t ! ,%rop%ire ,union _h und]tak5 m ?an x c\ld accompli%4 ,9 #ahdg ! company obta9$ a fre% ,act ( ,p>liam5t1 ?is "t to au?orise a lease ( ! und]tak+s ( ! ,%rop%ire ,union ,railways & ,canal ,company to ! ,london & ,nor?-,we/]n ,railway ,company4 ,! ,act set =? t ! capital ( ! ,%rop%ire ,union ,company 0 #dhb1ibd1 repres5t$ by %>es on :i* all ! calls _h be5 paid1 & t ! indebt$ness on mortgages1 bonds & o!r securities am\nt$ to #had1bjg4 ,"u ^! adv]se conditions1 x has be5 agre$1 ! ,act goes on to say1 betwe5 ! ,%rop%ire ,union ,railways & ,canal ,company & ! ,london & ,nor?-,we/]n ,railway ,company1 ) a view to ! economical & conv5i5t work+ ( ! ?ree railways au?oris$1 t a lease 9 p]petuity ( ! und]tak+ ( ! ,%rop%ire ,union ,railways & ,canal ,company %\ld be grant$ to ! ,london & ,nor?-,we/]n ,railway ,company1 & accept$ by !m1 at a r5t :i* %all be equal to 444 half ! rate p] c5t4 p] annum ( ! divid5d :i* %all f "t to "t be payable on ! capital /ock ( ! ,london & ,nor?-,we/]n ,railway ,company4 ,illu/ration3 ,,w>eh\ses ,,& ,,hydraulic ,,cranes ,,at ,,ellesm]e ,,port4 ,to face page #dh4 ,we h 9 ?is ano!r example ( ! way 9 :i* a railway company has sav$ a canal sy/em f ext9ction1 :ile "u ! control ( ! ,london & ,nor?-,we/]n ! ,%rop%ire ,union ,canal is /ill und\bt$ly "o ( ! be/ ma9ta9$ ( any 9 ! c\ntry4 ,!re may be sections ( x1 especially 9 out-ly+ p>ts1 :]e ! traffic is comp>atively small1 b a consid]able bus9ess is /ill done 9 ! conveyance ( sea-borne gra9 f ! ,m]sey to ! ,*e/] di/rict1 or 9 t ( t9plates1 iron1 & manufactur$ articles f ! ,black ,c\ntry to ! ,m]sey = %ipm5t4 ,= traffic su* z ?is ! canal already (f]s e reasonable facility4 ,! ,%rop%ire ,union is also a l>ge c>ri] ( goods to & f ! ,pott]ies di/rict1 9 conjunction ) ! ,tr5t & ,m]sey4 ,s little has ! canal be5 /rangl$1 or ev5 neglect$1 by ! ,london & ,nor?-,we/]n ,railway ,company t1 9 addition to ma9ta9+ its g5]al effici5cy1 ! exp5diture incurr$ by t company ( late ye>s = ! developm5t ( ,ellesm]e ,port--! po9t :]e ! ,%rop%ire ,union ,canal ent]s ! ,man*e/] ,%ip ,canal--am\nts to sev]al hundr$ ?\s& p\nds1 ?is money hav+ be5 sp5t ma9ly 9 ! int]e/ ( ! traffic along ! ,%rop%ire ,union ,canal4 ,deep-wat] quay walls ( consid]able l5g? h be5 built2 w>eh\ses = g5]al m]*&ise1 ) an excell5t sy/em ( hydraulic cranes1 h be5 provid$2 a l>ge gra9 dept1 fully equipp$ ) gra9 elevators & o!r appliances1 has be5 con/ruct$ at a co/ ( #hj1jjj to facilitate1 m especially1 ! consid]able gra9 transport by canal t is done betwe5 ! ,riv] ,m]sey & ! ,*e/] di/rict2 & at ! pres5t "t ! dock area is be+ enl>g$1 *iefly = ! purpose ( accommodat+ deep] b>ges1 draw+ ab\t #g feet ( wat]4 ,ano!r fact ,i might m5tion 9 reg>d to ! ,%rop%ire ,union ,canal is 9 connection ) me*anical haulage4 ,elaborate !ories1 work$ out on pap]1 z to ! diff]5ce 9 co/ betwe5 rail transport & wat] transport1 may be completely upset :]e ! wat] transport is to be conduct$1 n on a riv] or on a canal cross+ a p]fectly level pla91 b along a canal :i* is rais$1 by means ( locks1 sev]al hundr$ feet on "o side ( a ridge1 or ( "s elevat$ table-l&1 & mu/ be br\ght d[n 9 ! same way on ! o!r side4 ,s1 aga91 ! value ( :at might o!rwise be a useful sy/em ( me*anical haulage may be completely m>r$ ow+ to ! exi/5ce ( innum]able locks4 ,?is conclusion is ! outcome ( a s]ies ( practical exp]im5ts conduct$ on ! ,%rop%ire ,union ,canal at a "t :5 ! !ori/s 7 /ill work+ out _! calculations on pap]4 ,! exp]im5ts 9 "q 7 direct$ to asc]ta9+ :e!r economy c\ld be effect$ by mak+ up /r+s ( n>r[ canal boats1 & hav+ !m drawn by a tug work$ by /eam or o!r motive p[]1 in/ead ( employ+ man & horse = ea* boat4 ,! plan answ]$ admirably until ! locks 7 rea*$4 ,!re ! /eam-tug 01 tempor>ily1 no long] ( any s]vice4 ,x 0 necess>y to keep a horse at e lock1 or flight ( locks1 to get ! boats ?r\gh1 s t1 ap>t f ! t$i\s delays 7! boats t pass$ fir/ hav+ to wait = ! la/-com]s be=e ! procession c\ld />t aga971 ! increas$ exp5se at ! locks nullifi$ any sav+ ga9$ f ! me*anical haulage4 ,z a fur!r illu/ration--drawn ?is "t f ,scotl&--( ! relations ( railway companies to canals1 ,i take ! case ( ! ,=? & ,clyde ,navigation1 controll$ by ! ,cal$onian ,railway ,company4 ,?is navigation really consi/s ( two sections--! ,=? & ,clyde ,navigation1 & ! ,monkl& ,navigation4 ,! =m]1 au?oris$ 9 #agfh1 & op5$ 9 #agij1 comm5ces at ,grangem\? on ! ,fir? ( ,=?1 crosses ! c\ntry by ,falkirk & ,kirk9tillo*1 & t]m9ates at ,b[l+ on ! ,clyde4 ,x has ?irty-n9e locks1 & at "o po9t has be5 con/ruct$ ?r\gh #c miles ( h>d rock4 ,! orig9al dep? ( #h feet 0 increas$ to #aj feet 9 #ahad4 ,9 addition to ! canal prop]1 ! navigation includ$ ! h>b\rs ( ,grangem\? & ,b[l+1 & also ! ,grangem\? ,bran* ,railway1 & ! ,drumpell] ,bran* ,railway1 ne> ,coatbridge4 ,! ,monkl& ,canal1 also op5$ 9 #agij1 0 built f ,glasg[ vi ,coatbridge to ,woodhall 9 ,lan>k%ire1 ma9ly = ! transport ( coal f ! ,lan>k%ire coal-fields to ,glasg[ & else:]e4 ,"h ! dep? 0 #f feet4 ,! und]tak+s ( ! ,=? & ,clyde & ! ,monkl& ,navigations 7 amalgamat$ 9 #ahdf4 ,prior to #ahfe1 ! ,cal$onian ,railway did n ext5d fur!r nor? ?an ,gre5hill1 ab\t #e miles s\? ( ,falkirk1 :]e x jo9$ ! ,scotti% ,c5tral ,railway4 ,?is und]tak+ 0 absorb$ by ! ,cal$onian 9 #ahfe1 & ! ,cal$onian sy/em 0 ?us ext5d$ z f> nor? z ,p]? & ,dundee4 ,! fur!r absorption ( ! ,scotti% ,nor?-,ea/]n ,railway ,company1 9 #ahff1 l$ to ! ext5sion ( ! ,cal$onian sy/em to ,ab]de54 ,at ?is "t ! ,cal$onian ,railway ,company own$ no port or h>b\r 9 ,scotl&1 except ! small & r %all[ tidal h>b\r ( ,s\? ,alloa4 ,hav+ got possession ( ! railway l9es 9 ,c5tral ,scotl&1 !y ?\ght x necess>y to obta9 control ( "s port on ! ea/ coa/1 9 ! int]e/s ( traffic to or f ! ,cont95t1 & especially to facilitate ! %ipm5t to ! ,cont95t ( coal f ! ,lan>k%ire coal-fields1 *iefly s]v$ by !m4 ,! port ( ,grangem\? be+ adapt$ to _! requirem5ts1 !y ent]$ into negotiations ) ! proprietors ( ! ,=? & ,clyde ,navigation1 :o 7 also proprietors ( ! h>b\r ( ,grangem\?1 & acquir$ ! :ole und]tak+ 9 #ahfg1 gu>antee+ to ! orig9al company a divid5d ( #f-a_/d p] c5t4 ,s9ce _! acquisition ( ! canal1 ! ,cal$onian ,railway ,company h sp5t l>ge sums annually 9 ma9ta9+ x 9 a /ate ( effici5cy1 & its g5]al condition to-day is bett] ?an :5 x 0 tak5 ov]4 ,mu* ( ! traffic h&l$ is br\ght into or s5t out f ,grangem\?1 & "h ! ,cal$onian ,railway ,company h m ?an d\bl$ ! accommodation1 ) ! result t ! imports & exports h enorm\sly increas$4 ,all ! same1 !re has be5 a /eady decrease 9 ! actual canal traffic1 due to v>i\s causes1 su* z 7a7 ! exhau/ion ( sev]al ( ! coal-fields 9 ! ,monkl& di/rict2 7b7 ! ext5sion ( railways2 & 7c7 *anges 9 ! s\rces f :i* c]ta9 classes ( traffic =m]ly c>ri$ on ! canal are d]iv$4 ,9 reg>d to ! coal-fields1 ! clos+ ( pits adjo9+ ! canal has be5 foll[$ by ! op5+ ( o!rs at su* a di/ance f ! canal t x 0 *eap] to consign by rail4 ,9 ! matt] ( railway ext5sions1 :5 ! ,cal$onian took ov] ! canal 9 #ahfg1 !re 7 practically no railways 9 ! di/rict ?r\gh :i* x runs1 & ! coal & o!r traffic _h1 p]=ce1 to g by wat]4 ,b1 ye> by ye>1 a complete network ( railways 0 spread ?r\gh ! di/rict by indep5d5t railway companies1 not)/&+ ! ef=ts made by ! ,cal$onian to protect ! int]e/s ( ! canal-ef=ts t l$1 9 "s in/ances1 to ,p>liam5t refus+ ass5t to ! propos$ l9es4 ,^? t 7 con/ruct$ 7ov] a doz5 l9es & bran*es altoge!r71 7 almo/ all absorb$ by ! ,nor? ,briti% ,railway ,company1 :o are /rong competitors ) ! ,cal$onian ,railway ,company1 & h naturally done all !y c\ld to get traffic = ! l9es 9 "q4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 has be5 at ! exp5se ( ! canal & to ! detrim5t ( ! ,cal$onian ,railway ,company1 :o1 9 view ( _! hav+ gu>ante$ a divid5d to ! orig9al proprietors1 w\ld pref] t ! traffic 9 "q %\ld rema9 on ! canal in/ead ( be+ div]t$ to an opposition l9e ( railway4 ,o!r traffic :i* =m]ly w5t by canal1 & is n[ c>ri$ on ! ,cal$onian ,railway1 is ( a "* t w\ld c]ta9ly g by canal no long]1 & = ?is ! ,cal$onian & ! ,nor? ,briti% ,companies compete4 ,! ?ird factor 9 ! decl9e ( ! canal relates to ! g5]al consid]ation t1 dur+ ! la/ ?irty or =ty ye>s1 important works h no long] be5 necess>ily built alongside canal banks1 b h be5 con/ruct$ :]ev] conv5i5t1 & connect$ ) ! railways by bran* l9es or private sid+s1 exp5se ( c>tage to or f ! canal dock or bas9 ?us be+ sav$4 ,on ! ,=? & ,clyde ,canal a good deal ( coal is /ill c>ri$1 b ma9ly to adjo9+ works4 ,coal is also %ipp$ 9 vessels on ! canal = transport to ! ,we/ ,highl&s & ,isl&s1 :]e ! railways _c compete2 b ev5 "h !re is an increas+ t5d5cy = ! coal to be b\ght 9 ,glasg[ 7to :i* port x is c>ri$ by rail71 s t ! %ipp]s c h a wid] range ( m>kets :5 pur*as+4 ,fur!r *anges affect+ ! ,=? & ,clyde ,canal are illu/rat$ by ! fact t :]eas1 at "o "t1 l>ge quantities ( gra9 7 br\ght into ,grangem\? f ,russian & o!r ,cont95tal ports1 tran%ipp$ into light]s1 & s5t to ,glasg[ by canal1 ! gra9 n[ receiv$ at ,glasg[ comes ma9ly f ,am]ica by direct /eam]4 ,t ! ,cal$onian ,railway ,company h done _! duty t[>ds ! ,=? & ,clyde ,canal is beyond all reasonable d\bt4 ,x is true t !y are n !mselves c>ri]s on ! canal4 ,!y are only toll-tak]s4 ,_! bus9ess has be5 to ma9ta9 ! canal 9 effici5t condition1 & all[ any trad] :o wi%es to make use ( x s to d1 on pay+ ! tolls4 ,?is !y h done1 &1 if ! trad]s h n avail$ !mselves ( _! opportunities1 x mu/ naturally h be5 = adequate reasons1 & especially because ( *anges 9 ! c\rse ( ! c\ntry's bus9ess :i* x is impossible = a railway company to control1 ev5 :]e1 z 9 ?is p>ticul> case1 !y are directly int]e/$ 9 see+ ! receipts f tolls atta9 to z high a figure z practicable4 ,i res]ve = ano!r *apt] a /udy ( ! ,birm+ham ,canal sy/em1 :i*1 aga91 is railway controll$2 b ,i may say "h t ,i ?9k ! facts already giv5 %[ x is mo/ unfair to sugge/1 z is con/antly be+ done 9 ! ,press & else:]e1 t ! railway companies b\ght up canals--( malice a=e?\ght1 z x 7--= ! express purpose ( kill+ su* competition z !y repres5t$--a =m ( competition 9 :i*1 z we h se51 public confid5ce _h already practically disappe>$4 ,"o ( ! witnesses at ! canal enquiry 9 #ahhc ev5 w5t s f> z to ass]t3 ,! railway companies h be5 enabl$1 9 "s cases by means ( v que/ionable legality1 to obta9 comm& ( #a1gag miles ( canal1 s adroitly select$ z to /rangle ! :ole ( ! inl& wat] traffic1 :i* has ?us be5 =c$ ^u ! railways1 to ! great int]ruption ( _! legitimate & lucrative trade4 ,! ass]tions "h made are con/antly be+ reproduc$ 9 "o =m or ano!r by newspap] writ]s1 public speak]s1 & o!rs1 :o h gone to no tr\ble to inve/igate ! facts = !mselves1 :o h nev] read1 or1 if !y h read1 h disreg>d$1 ! important evid5ce ( ,sir ,james ,allport1 at ! same enquiry1 9 ref]5ce to ! ,london coal trade 7,i %all rev]t to ?is subject lat] on71 & :o probably h ei!r n se5 a map ( ,briti% canals & wat]ways at all1 or else h fail$ to notice ! r\tes t /ill rema9 indep5d5t1 & are 9 no way controll$ by railway companies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,indep5d5t ,,canals ,,& ,,inl& ,,navigations ,,9 ,,engl& ,:i* are n controll$ by railway companies #a4 ,riv] ,ouse ,navigation 7,york%ire74 #b4 ,riv] ,:>fe ,navigation4 #c4 ,aire & ,cald] ,navigation4 #d4 ,m>ket ,weighton ,navigation4 #e4 ,driffield ,navigation4 #f4 ,bev]ley ,beck ,navigation4 #g4 ,lev5 ,navigation4 #h4 ,le$s & ,liv]pool ,canal4 #i4 ,man*e/] ,%ip ,canal4 #aj4 ,bridgewat] portion ( ,man*e/] ,%ip ,canal4 #aa4 ,ro*dale ,canal4 #ab4 ,cald] & ,hebble ,navigation4 #ac4 ,weav] ,navigation4 #ad4 ,idle ,navigation4 #ae4 ,tr5t ,navigation ,co4 #af4 ,au*olme ,navigation4 #ag4 ,cai/or ,canal4 #ah4 ,l\? ,canal 7,l9coln%ire74 #ai4 ,d]by ,canal4 #bj4 ,nutbrook ,canal4 #ba4 ,erewa% ,canal4 #bb4 ,l\ghbor\gh ,navigation4 #bc4 ,leice/] ,navigation4 #bd4 ,leice/]%ire ,union ,canal4 #be4 ,)am ,navigation4 #bf4 ,)am ,navigation4 #bg4 ,gl5 ,navigation4 #bh4 ,well& ,navigation4 #bi4 ,n5 ,navigation4 #cj4 ,wisbe* ,canal4 #ca4 ,n> ,navigation4 #cb4 ,ouse & ,tribut>ies 7,b$=d%ire74 #cc4 ,nor? ,wal%am ,canal4 #cd4 ,bure ,navigation4 #ce4 ,bly? ,navigation4 #cf4 ,ipswi* & ,/[m>ket ,navigation4 #cg4 ,/\r ,navigation4 #ch4 ,colne ,navigation4 #ci4 ,*elm] & ,blackwat] ,navigation4 #dj4 ,rod+ ,navigation4 #da4 ,/ort ,navigation4 #db4 ,lea ,navigation4 #dc4 ,gr& ,junction ,canal4 #dd4 ,gr& ,union ,canal4 #de4 ,ox=d ,canal4 #df4 ,cov5try ,canal4 #dg4 ,w>wick & ,napton ,canal4 #dh4 ,w>wick & ,birm+ham ,canal4 #di4 ,birm+ham & ,w>wick ,junction ,canal4 #cj4 ,worce/] & ,birm+ham ,canal4 #ea4 ,/af=d & ,worce/] ,canal4 #eb4 ,sev]n 7,l[]7 ,navigation4 #ec4 ,gl\ce/] & ,b]keley ,%ip ,canal4 #ed4 ,l[] ,avon ,navigation4 #ee4 ,/r\dwat] ,canal4 #ef4 ,wye ,navigation4 #eg4 ,axe ,navigation4 #eh4 ,p>rett ,navigation4 #ei4 ,tone ,navigation4 #fj4 ,wilts & ,b]ks ,canal4 #fa4 ,?ames ,navigation4 #fb4 ,london & ,hamp%ire ,canal4 #fc4 ,wey ,navigation4 #fd4 ,m$way ,navigation4 #fe4 ,cant]bury ,navigation4 #ff4 ,ouse ,navigation 7,sussex74 #fg4 ,adur ,navigation4 #fh4 ,arun & ,wey ,canal4 #fi4 ,portsm\? & ,arund] ,canal4 #gj4 ,it*5 ,navigation4 ,to face page #ed4 ,i give1 fac+ p4 #ed1 a sket* :i* %[s ! nature & ext5t ( ^! p>ticul> wat]ways1 & ! read] w see f x t !y include entirely free & indep5d5t communication 7a7 betwe5 ,birm+ham & ! ,?ames2 7b7 f ! coal-fields ( ! ,midl&s & ! ,nor? to ,london2 & 7c7 betwe5 ! we/ & ea/ coa/s1 vi ,liv]pool1 ,le$s1 & ,goole4 ,to say1 !re=e1 9 ^! circum/ances1 t ! :ole ( ! inl& wat] traffic has be5 /rangl$ by ! railway companies because ! canals or sections ( :i* !y obta9$ comm& 7 s adroitly select$1 is simply to say :at is n true4 ,! po9t "h rais$ is n "o t m]ely conc]ns ! integrity ( ! railway companies--?\gh 9 common ju/ice to !m x is only "r t ! tru? %\ld be made kn[n4 ,x really affects ! :ole "q at issue1 because1 s long z public op9ion is conc5trat$ m or less on ?is /rangulation fiction1 due att5tion w n be giv5 to ! real causes = ! decay ( ! canals1 & undue importance w be atta*$ to ! sugge/ions freely made t if only ! "o-?ird ( ! canal mileage own$ or controll$ by ! railway companies c\ld be got out ( _! h&s1 ! revival s*emes w\ld h a fair *ance ( success4 ,c]ta9 x is1 !re=e1 z ! map ,i give %[s beyond all possible d\bt1 t ! causes = ! failure ( ! ,briti% canal sy/em mu/ be s\ght = else:]e ?an 9 ! fact ( a p>tial railway-own]%ip or control4 ,"s ( ^! alt]native causes ,i propose to discuss 9 ! ,*apt]s t foll[ my /ory ( ! ,birm+ham ,canal1 = :i* 7inasmu* z ,birm+ham & di/rict1 by reason ( _! comm]cial importance & geographical position1 h fir/ claim to consid]ation 9 any s*eme ( canal resuscitation7 ,i w\ld beg ! special att5tion ( ! read]4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,birm+ham ,,canal ,,& ,,its ,,/ory ,:at is kn[n z ! ,birm+ham ,canal is really a p]fect network ( wat]ways 9 & ar\nd ,birm+ham & ,s\? ,/af=d%ire1 repres5t+ a total l5g? ( ab\t #afj miles1 exclusive ( "s hundr$s ( private sid+s 9 connection ) diff]5t works 9 ! di/rict4 ,illu/ration3 ,map ( ! ,canals ,railways betwe5 ,,wolv]hampton ,,birm+ham ,to face page #ef4 ,! sy/em 0 orig9ally con/ruct$ by f\r diff]5t canal companies "u ,acts ( ,p>liam5t pass$ betwe5 #agfh & #ahah4 ,^! companies subsequ5tly amalgamat$ & =m$ ! ,birm+ham ,canal ,navigation1 kn[n lat] on z ! ,birm+ham ,canal ,company4 ,f ,m>* #ahaf to ,m>* #ahah ! company paid #cf p] annum p] %>e on #a1jjj %>es1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> ! am\nt paid on ! same numb] ( %>es rose to #dj p] annum4 ,9 #ahbc #bd p] annum p] %>e 0 paid on #b1jjj %>es1 9 #ahch #i to #af on #h1jjj1 9 #ahdd #h on #h1hjj1 & f ,may #ahde to ,decemb] #ahdf #d p] annum p] %>e on #ag1fjj %>es4 ,! ye> #ahde 0 a "t ( great activity 9 railway promotion1 & ! ,birm+ham ,canal ,company1 :o already _h a canal betwe5 t t[n & ,wolv]hampton1 propos$ to supplem5t x by a railway ?r\gh ! ,/\r ,valley1 us+ = ! purpose a c]ta9 am\nt ( sp>e l& :i* !y already own$4 ,a simil> proposal1 h[ev]1 9 respect to a l9e ( railway to take practically ! same r\te betwe5 ,birm+ham & ,wolv]hampton1 0 br\ght =w>d by an indep5d5t company1 :o seem to h _h ! support ( ! ,london & ,birm+ham ,railway ,company2 & 9 ! result x 0 arrang$ among ! diff]5t p>ties conc]n$ 7#a7 t ! ,birm+ham ,canal ,company %\ld n proce$ ) _! s*eme1 b t !y & ! ,london & ,birm+ham ,railway ,company %\ld ea* subscribe a f\r? "p ( ! capital = ! con/ruction ( ! l9e project$ by ! indep5d5t ,birm+ham1 ,wolv]hampton1 & ,/\r ,valley ,railway ,company2 & 7#b7 t ! ,london & ,birm+ham ,railway ,company %\ld1 subject to c]ta9 t]ms & conditions1 gu>antee ! future divid5d ( ! ,canal ,company1 :5ev] ! net income 0 insuffici5t to produce a divid5d ( #d p] %>e on ! capital1 ! ,canal ,company ?us be+ insur$ aga9/ loss result+ f competition4 ,! build+ ( ! ,/\r ,valley ,l9e betwe5 ,birm+ham & ,wolv]hampton1 ) a bran* to ,dudley1 0 sanction$ by an ,act ( #ahdf1 :i* fur!r au?oris$ ! ,birm+ham ,canal ,company & ! ,london & ,birm+ham ,railway ,company to contribute ea* "o qu>t] ( ! necess>y capital4 ,! canal company rais$ _! qu>t]1 am\nt+ to #aij1jhg1 by means ( mortgages4 ,9 return = _! gu>antee ( ! canal company's divid5d1 ! ,london & ,birm+ham ,railway ,company obta9$ c]ta9 rights & privileges 9 reg>d to ! work+ ( ! canal4 ,^! 7 au?oris$ by ! ,london & ,birm+ham ,railway & ,birm+ham ,canal ,arrangem5t ,act1 #ahdf1 :i* emp[]$ ! two companies ea* to appo9t five p]sons z a committee ( managem5t ( ! ,birm+ham ,canal ,company4 ,^? memb]s ( ! committee *os5 by ! ,london & ,birm+ham ,railway ,company 7 to h ! same p[]s1 etc41 z ! memb]s elect$ by ! canal company2 b ! canal company 7 re/rict$ f exp5d+1 )\t ! cons5t ( ! railway company1 any sum :i* %all exce$ ! sum ( five hundr$ p\nds 9 ! =mation ( any new canal1 or ext5sion1 or bran* canal or o!rwise1 = ! purpose ( any s+le "w to be h]eaft] und]tak5 by ! same company2 nor1 )\t cons5t ( ! railway company1 c\ld ! canal company make any alt]ations 9 ! tolls1 rates1 or dues *>g$4 ,9 ! ev5t ( diff]5ces ( op9ion aris+ betwe5 ! two sections ( ! committee ( managem5t1 ! f9al decision 0 to be giv5 by ! railway repres5tatives 9 su* ye> or ye>s z ! railway company 0 call$ ^u to make good a defici5cy 9 ! divid5ds1 & by ! canal repres5tatives :5 no su* dem& _h be5 made ^u ! railway company4 ,9 o!r words ! canal company reta9$ ! decid+ vote s long z !y c\ld pay _! way1 & 9 any case !y c\ld sp5d up to #ejj on any s+le "w )\t ask+ ! cons5t ( ! railway company4 ,9 c\rse ( "t ! ,/\r ,valley ,l9e1 z well z ! ,london & ,birm+ham ,company1 became "p ( ! sy/em ( ! ,london & ,nor?-,we/]n ,railway ,company1 :i* ?us took ov] ! responsibilities & obligations1 9 reg>d to ! wat]ways1 already assum$2 :ile ! mortgages issu$ by ! ,birm+ham ,canal ,company1 :5 !y und]took to raise "o-f\r? ( ! capital = ! ,/\r ,valley ,railway1 7 ex*ang$ = #abf1gbe ( ord9>y /ock 9 ! ,london & ,nor?-,we/]n ,railway4 ,! ,birm+ham ,canal ,company 0 able d[n to #ahgc 7except only 9 "o ye>1 #ahfh1 :5 x requir$ #hce f ! ,london & ,nor?-,we/]n ,company7 to pay its divid5d ( #d p] annum on ea* %>e1 )\t call+ on ! railway company to make good a defici5cy4 ,9 #ahgd1 h[ev]1 !re 0 a sub/antial %ortage ( rev5ue1 & s9ce t "t ! ,london & ,nor?-,we/]n ,railway ,company1 "u ! agreem5t already m5tion$1 h _h to pay consid]able sums to ! canal company1 z ! foll[+ table %[s3-- ,ye> #ahgd #aj1ebh #ah #j #ahge nil4 #ahgf #d1gif #aj #i #ahgg #cfa #g #i #ahgh #aa1cgj #e #g #ahgi #bj1bbe #j #e #ahhj #ac1ecd #ai #f #ahha #ae1jbh #i #c #ahhb #f1hbf #g #a #ahhc #h1hgi #d #g #ahhd #ad1aif #g #i #ahhe #be1dfj #ai #aj #ahhf #ce1afi #i #f #ahhg #ca1dia #ad #a #ahhh #ae1cej #aj #aa #ahhi #e1cda #ai #c #ahij #bb1jfi #i #h #ahia #ag1fbf #b #c #ahib #bi1ejh #d #b #ahic #ca1fah #ai #d #ahid #bg1ice #h #i #ahie #ci1jfe #ae #b #ahif #bb1iid #j #aj #ahig #aj1ahf #ai #g #ahih #aj1bhf #ac #c #ahii #ah1dgj #ah #a #aijj #cd1jge #ai #f #aija #fb1fdd #b #h #aijb #bg1fde #b #c #aijc #cd1jdg #d #f #aijd #cg1hcb #e #h #aije #ci1hfj #ac #j ,! sum total ( ^! figures is #fhe1bfe1 #bs4 #aa;d4 ,x w h be5 se51 f ! facts already n>rat$1 t = a p]iod ( ov] tw5ty ye>s f ! date ( ! agreem5t ! canal company cont9u$ to e>n _! own divid5d )\t requir+ any assi/ance f ! railway company4 ,meantime1 h[ev]1 v>i\s local1 9 addition to g5]al1 causes _h be5 9 op]ation t5d+ to affect ! prosp]ity ( ! canals4 ,! decl9e ( ! pig-iron indu/ry 9 ! ,black ,c\ntry _h set 91 :ile ?\gh ! conv]sion ( manufactur$ iron into plates1 implem5ts1 etc41 l>gely took its place1 ! raw mat]ials came m & m f di/ricts n s]v$ by ! canals1 & ! f9i%$ goods 7 c>ri$ ma9ly by ! railways !n rapidly spread+ ?r\gh ! di/rict1 af=d+ facilities 9 ! way ( sid+s to a consid]able numb] ( manufactur]s ^: works 7 n on ! canal r\te4 ,!n ! local iron ore deposits 7 ei!r work$ out or ceas$ to be remun]ative1 9 view ( ! competition ( o!r di/ricts1 aga9 facilitat$ by ! railways2 & ! ext5sion ( ! ,bessem] process ( /eel-mak+ also affect$ ! ,/af=d%ire iron indu/ry4 ,^! *anges 7 q suffici5t 9 !mselves to acc\nt = ! increas+ unpr(itabl5ess ( ! canals1 )\t any ne$ = sugge/ions ( ho/ility t[>ds !m on ! "p ( ! railways4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 ! ext5sion ( ! railways & ! provision ( railway bas9s br\ght ! canals a c]ta9 am\nt ( traffic !y might n o!rwise h got4 ,x 01 inde$1 due less to an actual decrease 9 ! tonnage ?an to a decrease 9 ! di/ance c>ri$ t ! am\nt receiv$ 9 tolls fell (f1 t ! traffic ceas$ to be remun]ative1 & t ! defici5cies arose :i*1 "u _! /atutory obligations1 ! ,london & ,nor?-,we/]n ,railway ,company _h to meet4 ,! m t ! traffic actually left ! canals1 ! great] 0 ! defici5cy :i*1 z %[n by ! figures ,i h giv51 ! railway company _h to make good4#f ,! condition ( ! canals 9 #ahgd1 :5 ! responsibilities assum$ by ! ,london & ,nor?-,we/]n ,railway ,company began to fall m heavily ^u !m1 left a good deal to be desir$1 & ! railway company f\nd !mselves fac$ ) ! necessity ( f9d+ money = improvem5ts :i* ev5tually repres5t$ a v heavy exp5diture1 ap>t altoge!r f ! mak+ up ( a gu>ante$ divid5d4 ,!y proce$$1 all ! same1 to acquit !mselves ( ^! responsibilities1 & x is no exagg]ation to say t1 dur+ ! ?irty ye>s :i* h s9ce elaps$1 !y h sp5t enorm\s sums 9 improv+ ! canals1 & 9 ma9ta9+ !m 9 :at--adv]se critics not)/&+--is _! pres5t high /ate ( effici5cy1 consid]+ ! peculi>ities ( _! position4 ,"o ( ! greate/ difficulties 9 ! situation 0 9 reg>d to wat] supply4 ,at ,birm+ham1 portions ( ! canal are #dec feet above ordnance datum2 ,wolv]hampton1 ,w$nesfield1 ,tipton1 ,dudley1 & ,oldbury are high] /ill1 = _! elevation is #dgc feet1 :ile ,walsall1 ,d>la/on1 & ,w$nesbury are at a height ( #djh feet4 ,on high-l&s l ^! !re are naturally no p[]ful /reams1 & su* is ! lack ( local wat] supplies t1 z e "o kn[s1 ! city ( ,birm+ham has rec5tly _h to g z f> z ,wales 9 ord] to obta9 suffici5t wat] to meet ! ne$s ( its citiz5s4 ,9 ^! circum/ances special ef=ts _h to be made to obta9 wat] = ! canals 9 ! di/rict1 & to ensure a due reg>d = economy 9 its use4 ,! canals h1 9 fact1 _h to dep5d to a c]ta9 ext5t on wat] pump$ f ! bottom ( coal pits 9 ! ,black ,c\ntry1 & /or$ 9 res]voirs on ! top levels2 ! wat]1 also1 tempor>ily lo/ ea* "t a canal boat pass$ ?r\gh "o ( ! _m locks 9 ! di/rict be+ pump$ back to ! top to be us$ ov] aga94 ,to ?is end pump+ ma*9]y _h already be5 provid$ by ! old canal companies1 b ! ,london & ,nor?-,we/]n ,railway ,company1 on tak+ ov] ! virtual direction ( ! canals = :i* !y 7 f9ancially responsible1 sub/itut$ new & improv$ plant1 & add$ v>i\s new pump+ /ations4 ,?anks to ! *anges ?us effect$--at1 ,i ne$ h>dly say1 v consid]able co/--! av]age am\nt ( wat] n[ pump$ f l[] to high] levels1 dur+ an av]age ye>1 is #be1jjj1jjj gallons p] day1 equal to #a1jjj locks ( wat]4 ,on occasions ! actual quantity dealt ) is #ej1jjj1jjj gallons p] day1 :ile ! total capacity ( ! pres5t pump+ ma*9]y is equal to ab\t #ajb1jjj1jjj gallons1 or #d1jhj locks1 p] day4 ,!re is absolutely no d\bt t1 b = ! special provisions made = an additional wat] supply1 ! ,birm+ham ,canal w\ld h _h to cease op]ations altoge!r 9 ! summ] ( #aije--probably = two mon?s--because ( ! %ortage ( wat]4 ,! res]voirs on ! top level 7 practically empty1 & x 0 solely ow+ to ! company acquir+ new s\rces ( supply1 involv+ a v sub/antial exp5diture inde$1 t ! canal sy/em 0 kept go+ at all4 ,a canal company ) no l>ge f9ancial res\rces w\ld inevitably h brok5 d[n "u ! /ra94 ,!n ! ,london & ,nor?-,we/]n ,company are actively engag$ 9 sub/itut+ new pump+ ma*9]y--repres5t+ all ! late/ improvem5ts--= old1 ! special aim1 "h1 be+ ! secur+ ( a r$uction ( m ?an #ej p] c5t4 ov] ! =m] co/ ( pump+4 ,an exp5diture ( f #ae1jjj to #af1jjj 01 = example1 incurr$ by !m s rec5tly z #aije at ! ,ock] ,hill pump+ /ation4 ,9 ?is way ! railway company are seek+ bo? to ma9ta9 ! effici5cy ( ! canal & to r$uce ! heavy annual dem&s made ^u !m 9 respect to ! g5]al co/ ( op]ation & %>ehold]s' divid5d4 ,= reasons :i* w be indicat$ lat] on1 x is impossible to improve ! ,black ,c\ntry canals on any l>ge scale2 b1 9 addition to :at ,i h already relat$1 ! ,london & ,nor?-,we/]n ,railway ,company are con/antly sp5d+ money on small improvem5ts1 su* z dr$g+1 wid5+ wat]way "u-bridges1 tak+ (f corn]s1 & putt+ 9 side walls 9 place ( slopes1 s z to give m space = ! boats4 ,9 ! latt] respect _m miles h be5 s treat$1 to ! di/9ct bett]m5t ( ! canal4 ,all ?is heavy outlay by ! railway company1 c>ri$ on = a s]ies ( ye>s1 is n[ beg9n+ to tell1 to ! advantage alike ( ! trad]s & ( ! canal z a prop]ty1 & if any s*eme ( ,/ate or municipal pur*ase 7 decid$ on by ! c\ntry ! v>i\s sub/antial items m5tion$ w\ld naturally h to be tak5 into acc\nt 9 mak+ t]ms4 ,ano!r feature ( ! ,birm+ham ,canal sy/em is t x passes to a consid]able ext5t ?r\gh ! m9+ di/ricts ( ! ,black ,c\ntry4 ,?is means1 9 ! fir/ place1 t :]ev] important works h be5 con/ruct$1 z 9 ! case ( tunnels1 7& ! sy/em passes ?r\gh a numb] ( tunnels1 ?ree ( ^! be+ #c1agb y>ds1 #c1jbg y>ds1 & #c1ghe y>ds respectively 9 l5g?7 ! m9]al rights und]nea? h to be b\ght up 9 ord] to avoid subsid5ces4 ,9 "o in/ance ! railway company paid no less ?an #bh1ejj = ! m9+ rights und]nea? a %ort l5g? 7#ged y>ds7 ( a canal tunnel4 ,9 o!r words1 ?is #bh1ejj 0 practically buri$ 9 ! gr\nd1 n 9 ord] to "w ! m9]als1 b ) a view to ma9ta9 a secure f\ndation = ! canal4 ,altoge!r ! exp5diture ( ! company 9 ?is "o direction1 & = ?is "o special purpose alone1 9 ! ,black ,c\ntry di/rict1 mu/ am\nt by ?is "t to "s hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( p\nds4 ,actual subsid5ces repres5t a great s\rce ( tr\ble4 ,!re are "s p>ts ( ! ,birm+ham ,canal :]e ! wat]way 0 orig9ally con/ruct$ on a level ) ! adjo9+ gr\nd1 b1 z m & m coal has be5 tak5 f ! m9es und]nea?1 & especially z m & m ( ! ribs ( coal orig9ally left to support ! ro( h be5 remov$1 ! l& has subsid$ f "t to "t1 r5d]+ necess>y ! rais+ ( ! canal4 ,s f> has ?is gone t to-day ! canal1 at c]ta9 ( ^! po9ts1 in/ead ( be+ on a level ) ! adjo9+ gr\nd1 is on an embankm5t #cj feet above4 ,drops ( f #aj to #bj feet are ( frequ5t occurr5ce1 ev5 ) n>r[ canals1 & ! co/ involv$ 9 repairs & re/oration is enorm\s1 z ! read] may well suppose1 consid]+ t ! total l5g? ( ! ,birm+ham ,canal subject to subsid5ces f m9+ is ab\t #ij miles4 ,i come next to ! po9t z to ! comp>ative n>r[ness ( ! ,birm+ham ,canal sy/em & ! small capacity ( ! locks--conditions1 z we are rightly told1 :i* tell aga9/ ! possibility ( ?r\gh1 or ev5 local1 traffic 9 a l>g] type ( boat4 ,su* conditions z ^! are g5]ally pres5t$ z "o ( ! ma9 reasons :y ! control %\ld be transf]r$ to ! ,/ate1 to municipalities1 or to public tru/s1 :o1 x is assum$1 w\ld soon get rid ( !m4 ,! read] mu/ h fully realis$ by ?is "t t ! orig9al size ( ! wat]ways & locks on ! ,birm+ham ,canal 0 det]m9$ by ! "q ( wat] supply4 ,b any ext5sive s*eme ( wid5+ w\ld involve mu* beyond ! secur+ ( m wat]4 ,dur+ ! decades ! ,birm+ham ,canal has be5 9 exi/5ce important works ( all k9ds h be5 built alongside its banks1 n only 9 & ar\nd ,birm+ham itself1 b all ?r\gh ! ,black ,c\ntry4 ,!re are p>ts ( ! canal :]e almo/ cont9u\s l9es ( su* works on ea* side ( ! canal1 flu% up to ! banks or t[+ pa?1 are to be se5 = miles toge!r4 ,any g5]al wid5+1 !re=e1 ev5 ( ! ma9 wat]ways1 w\ld involve su* a buy+ up1 recon/ruction (1 or int]f]5ce ) extremely valuable prop]ties t ! exp5diture involv$--9 ! int]e/s ( a problematical sav+ 9 canal tolls--w\ld be alike prodigi\s & prohibitive4 ,!re is ! less reason = incurr+ su* exp5diture :5 we consid] ! special purposes :i* ! canals ( ! di/rict already s]ve1 &1 ,i may ev5 say1 effici5tly s]ve4 ,! total traffic pass+ ov] ! ,birm+ham ,canal sy/em am\nts to ab\t #h1jjj1jjj tons p] annum1#g & ( ?is a consid]able proportion is collect$ = ev5tual transport by rail4 ,e few miles along ! canal 9 ! ,black ,c\ntry !re is a railway-bas9 put 9 ei!r by ! ,london & ,nor?-,we/]n ,railway ,company1 :o h _h ! privilege ( f9d+ ! money to keep ! canal go+ s9ce #ahgd1 or by ! ,great ,we/]n or ! ,midl& ,railway ,companies4 ,"h1 aga91 v consid]able exp5diture has be5 incurr$ by ! railway companies 9 ! provision alike ( :>ves1 cranes1 %$s1 etc41 & ( bran* railways connect+ ) ! ma9 l9es ( ! company conc]n$4 ,f ^! railway-bas9s n>r[ boats are s5t out to works all ov] ! di/rict to collect iron1 h>dw>e1 t9plates1 bricks1 tiles1 manufactur$ articles1 & g5]al m]*&ise1 & br+ !m 9 = load+ into ! railway trucks alongside4 ,s complete is ! network ( canals1 ) _! hundr$s ( small special bran*es1 t = _m ( ! local works _! only means ( communication ) ! railway is by wat]1 & ! consignm5ts are simply convey$ to ! railway by canal boat1 in/ead (1 z else:]e1 by collect+ van or road lorry4 ,! numb] ( ^! railway-bas9s--! co/ ( :i* is di/9ctly sub/antial--is con/antly be+ increas$1 = ! traffic ?r\gh !m gr[s almo/ f day to day4 ,! ,great ,we/]n ,railway ,company1 = example1 h already sev]al l>ge tran%ipp+ bas9s on ! canals ( ! ,black ,c\ntry4 ,!y h "o at ,wolv]hampton1 & ano!r at ,tipton1 only #e miles away2 yet !y h n[ decid$ to con/ruct /ill ano!r1 ab\t half-way betwe5 ! two4 ,! matt] is ?us ref]r$ to 9 ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway ,magaz9e = ,m>*1 #aijf3-- ,! ,directors h approv$ a s*eme = an ext5sive dept adjo9+ ! ,birm+ham ,canal at ,bil/on1 ! site be+ advantage\sly c5tral 9 ! t[n4 ,x w comprise a canal bas9 & transf] %$1 sid+s = ov] "o hundr$ & tw5ty waggons1 & a loop = made-up tra9s4 ,a l>ge %>e ( ! traffic ( ! di/rict1 ma9ly raw mat]ial & manufactur$ articles ( ! iron trade1 w d\btless be secur$ z a result ( ?is important /ep--! railway & canal mutually s]v+ ea* o!r z fe$]s4 ,! read] w see f ?is h[ ! t5d5cy1 ev5 on canals t survive1 is = ! l5g? ( haul to become %ort] & %ort]1 s t ! receipts ( ! canal company f tolls may decl9e ev5 :]e !re is no actual decrease 9 ! weight ( ! traffic h&l$4 ,9 ! ev5t ( ,/ate or municipal pur*ase be+ resort$ to1 ! exp5diture on all ^! co/ly bas9s & ! works connect$ !re) w\ld h to be tak5 into consid]ation1 equally ) ! pump+ ma*9]y & g5]al improvem5ts1 &1 also1 ! pur*ase ( m9+ rights1 already spok5 (2 b ,i fail to see :at m ei!r ,gov]nm5t or ,c\nty ,c\ncil control c\ld1 9 ! circum/ances1 d = ! ,birm+ham sy/em ?an is be+ done already4 ,f> m = ! purposes ( ma9t5ance has be5 sp5t on ! canal by ! ,london & ,nor?-,we/]n ,railway ,company ?an _h be5 s sp5t by ! canal company itself2 &1 al?\gh a consid]able am\nt ( traffic aris+ 9 ! di/rict does f9d its way d[n to ! ,m]sey1 ! purpose s]v$ by ! canal is1 & mu/ necess>ily be1 ma9ly a local "o4 ,t ,birm+ham %\ld become a sort ( half-way /age on a cont9u\s l9e ( wid5$ canals across c\ntry f ! ,?ames to ! ,m]sey is "o ( ! mo/ impracticable ( dreams4 ,ev5 if !re 7 n ! "q ( ! prodigi\s co/ t wid5+s ( ! ,birm+ham ,canal w\ld involve1 !re w\ld rema9 ! equally fatal drawback ( ! elevation ( ,birm+ham & ,wolv]hampton above sea level4 ,9 con/ruct+ a broad cross-c\ntry canal1 l9k+ up ! two riv]s 9 "q1 x w\ld be absolutely necess>y to avoid alike ,birm+ham & ! :ole ( ! ,black ,c\ntry4 ,t city & di/rict1 !re=e1 w\ld ga9 no direct advantage f su* a ?r\gh r\te4 ,!y w\ld h to be cont5t to s5d d[n _! commodities 9 ! exi/+ small boats to a l[] level1 & !re1 9 ord] to rea* ! ,m]sey1 connect ) ei!r ! ,%rop%ire ,union ,canal or ! ,tr5t & ,m]sey4 ,"o ( ^! two wat]ways w\ld c]ta9ly h to be select$ = a wid5$ ?r\gh r\te to ! ,m]sey4 ,assume t ! =m] 7 decid$ ^u1 & t1 to meet ! pres5t-day agitation1 ! ,/ate1 or "s ,tru/ back$ by ,/ate or local funds1 b\ght up ! ,%rop%ire ,union1 & resolv$ ^u a sub/antial wid5+ ( ?is p>ticul> wat]way1 s z to admit ( a l>g] type ( boat & ! v>i\s o!r improvem5ts n[ project$4 ,9 ?is case ! crux ( ! situation 7ap>t f ,birm+ham & ,black ,c\ntry conditions71 w\ld be ! city ( ,*e/]4 ,= a di/ance ( #a-a_/b miles ! ,%rop%ire ,union ,canal passes ?r\gh ! v he>t ( ,*e/]4 ,"r alongside ! canal "o sees successively v l>ge fl\r mills or lead works1 big w>eh\ses1 a s*ool1 /reets :i* bord] x = "s di/ance1 masses ( h\ses1 &1 also1 ! old city walls4 ,at "o po9t ! exi/+ canal makes a b5d t is equal almo/ to a "r angle4 ,"h !re w\ld h to be a sub/antial cle>ance if boats mu* l>g] ?an ^? n[ 9 use 7 to get r\nd s ugly a corn] 9 safety4 ,?is b5d1 too1 is j :]e ! canal goes und]nea? ! ma9 l9es ( ! ,london & ,nor?-,we/]n & ! ,great ,we/]n ,railways1 ! gradi5ts ( :i* w\ld c]ta9ly h to be alt]$ if x 7 desir$ to employ l>g] boats4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:at ,,canal ,,wid5+ ,,w\ld ,,mean4 7,! ,%rop%ire ,union ,canal at ! ,nor?gate1 ,*e/]1 look+ ,ea/47 ,to face page #gj4 ,! wid5+ ( ! ,%rop%ire ,union ,canal at ,*e/] w\ld1 9 effect1 necessitate a :olesale de/ruction (1 or int]f]5ce )1 valuable prop]ty 7ev5 if ! city walls 7 sp>$71 & an exp5diture ( hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( p\nds4 ,su* a ?+ is cle>ly n to be ?\ght (4 ,! city ( ,*e/] w\ld h to be avoid$ by ! ?r\gh r\te f ! ,midl&s to ! ,m]sey1 j z ! canals ( ,birm+ham & ! ,black ,c\ntry w\ld h to be avoid$ 9 a ?r\gh r\te f ! ,?ames4 ,if ! ,%rop%ire ,union 7 /ill kept to1 a new bran* canal w\ld h to be con/ruct$ f ,wav]ton to connect aga9 ) ! ,%rop%ire ,union at a po9t half-way betwe5 ,*e/] & ,ellesm]e ,port1 leav+ ,*e/] 9 a neglect$ b5d on ! s\?4 ,on ?is po9t z to ! possibility ( enl>g+ ! ,%rop%ire ,union ,canal1 ,i %\ld l to quote ! foll[+ f "s rem>ks made by ,mr ,g4 ,r4 ,jebb1 eng9e] to ! ,%rop%ire ,union ,railways & ,canal ,company1 9 ! discussion on ,mr ,san]'s pap] at ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s3-- ,z to ! sugge/ion t ! railway companies did n consid] x possible to make successful comm]cial use ( _! canals 9 conjunction ) _! l9es1 & t ! ,london & ,nor?-,we/]n ,railway ,company might h improv$ ! ma9 l9e ( ! ,%rop%ire ,union ,canal betwe5 ,ellesm]e ,port & ,wolv]hampton1 & ?us h reliev$ _! already ov]burd5$ l9e1 z a matt] ( fact ab\t tw5ty ye>s ago he w5t c>efully into ! "q ( enl>g+ t p>ticul> l5g? ( canal1 :i* =m$ ! ma9 l9e betwe5 ! ,midl&s & ! sea4 ,he drew up e/imates & plans = wide canals1 ( diff]5t cross sections1 "o ( :i* 0 almo/ id5tical ) ! cross section propos$ by ,mr ,san]4 ,aft] v c>eful consid]ation ) a disposition to improve ! canal if possible1 x 0 f\nd t ! co/ ( ! necess>y works w\ld be too heavy4 ,bridges ( wide span & l>g] headway--entail+ approa*es :i* c\ld n be con/ruct$ )\t de/roy+ valuable prop]ty on ei!r side--new locks & hydraulic lifts w\ld be requir$1 & a tran%ipp+ dept w\ld h be5 necess>y :]e ea* ( ! n>r[ canals jo9$4 ,! company 7 satisfi$1 & he himself 0 satisfi$1 t no reasonable return = t exp5diture c\ld be expect$1 & !re=e ! "w 0 n proce$$ )4444 ,he 0 satisfi$ t :oev] f\nd ! money = canal improvem5ts w\ld get no fair return = x4 ,! adoption ( ! alt]native r\te1 vi ! ,tr5t & ,m]sey1 w\ld involve 7#a7 lock+-up to & d[n a consid]able summit1 & 7#b7 a cont9u\s s]ies ( wid5+s 7except along ! ,weav] ,canal71 ! co/ ( :i*1 especially 9 ! t[ns ( ,/oke1 ,etruria1 ,middlewi*1 & ,nor?wi*1 w\ld atta9 to proportions altoge!r prohibitive4 ,! conclusion at :i* ,i arrive 9 reg>d to ! ,birm+ham ,canal sy/em is t x _c be directly includ$ 9 any s*eme ( cross-c\ntry wat]ways f riv] to riv]2 t by reason alike ( elevation1 wat] supply1 & ! exi/5ce ( a va/ am\nt ( valuable prop]ty imm$iately alongside1 any g5]al wid5+ ( ! pres5t sy/em ( canals 9 ! di/rict is altoge!r impracticable2 t1 )9 ! scope ( _! unavoidable limitations1 ^? p>ticul> canals already af=d e reasonable facility to ! real requirem5ts ( ! local trad]s2 t1 in/ead ( _! hav+ be5 /rangl$ by ! railways1 !y h be5 kept alive & 9 op]ation solely & entirely because ( ! heavy exp5diture ^u !m by ! ,london & ,nor?-,we/]n ,railway ,company1 foll[+ on conditions :i* mu/ inevitably h l$ to collapse 7) s]i\s disadvantages to ! trad]s dep5d5t on !m = transport7 if ! control _h rema9$ ) an indep5d5t b impov]i%$ canal company2 & t v little1 if any?+1 m--) due reg>d bo? = :at is practical1 & = ! avoidance ( any wa/e ( public money--c\ld be done ?an is already be+ done1 ev5 if ,/ate or municipal au?orities made ! co/ly exp]im5t ( try+ :at !y c\ld d = !m ) _! own 'pr5tice h&s4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,transition ,,9 ,,trade ,( ! v>i\s causes :i* h op]at$ to br+ ab\t ! comp>ative decay ( ! ,briti% canal sy/em 7=1 z already %[n1 !re are sections t /ill reta9 a c]ta9 am\nt ( vitality71 ! mo/ important are to be f\nd 9 ! great *anges t h tak5 place 9 ! g5]al conditions ( trade1 manufacture & comm]ce4 ,! t5d5cy 9 almo/ e bran* ( bus9ess to-day is = ! trad] to h small1 or comp>atively small1 /ocks ( any p>ticul> commodity1 :i* he c repl5i% spe$ily at frequ5t int]vals z occasion requires4 ,! advantages are obvi\s4 ,a small] am\nt ( capital is lock$ up 9 any "o article2 a l>g] v>iety ( goods c be dealt 92 less accommodation is requir$ = /orage2 & m5 ) limit$ means c ent] on bus9esses :i* o!rwise c\ld be und]tak5 only by individuals or companies possess$ ( consid]able res\rces4 ,if a drap] or a groc] at ,plym\? f9ds "o aft]noon t he has run %ort ( a p>ticul> article1 he ne$ only telegraph to ! :olesale h\se ) :i* he deals 9 ,london1 & a fre% supply w be deliv]$ to him ! foll[+ morn+4 ,a trad] 9 ,london :o want$ some?+ f ,dubl91 & telegraph$ = x "o day1 w\ld expect z a matt] ( c\rse to h x ! next4 ,:at1 aga91 w\ld a ,london %opkeep] be likely to say if1 want+ to repl5i% 8 limit$ /ock ) "s ,birm+ham goods1 he 0 in=m$ by ! manufactur]3--,we are 9 receipt ( y\r e/eem$ ord]1 & are s5d+ ! goods on by canal4 ,y may hope to get !m 9 ab\t a week8 ,) a little wid] m>g9 9 ! matt] ( deliv]y1 ! same pr9ciple applies to ^? trad+ 91 or requir+1 raw mat]ials--coal1 /eel1 iron/one1 bricks1 & s on4 ,m]*ants1 manufactur]s1 & build]s are no m anxi\s ?an ! av]age %opkeep] to keep on h& /ocks unnecess>ily l>ge1 & to h s mu* money ly+ idle4 ,!y calculate ! l5g? ( "t t w be requir$ to get 9 m supplies :5 likely to be want$1 & !y "w _! bus9ess accord+ly4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ! railway is f> sup]ior to ! canal 9 two respects1 at lea/4 ,fir/1 !re is ! "q ( spe$4 ,! value ( ?is factor 0 well recognis$ s f> back z #ahbe1 :51 z ,i h told on page #be1 ,mr ,s&>s relat$ h[ spe$ & c]ta9ty ( deliv]y 7 reg>d$ z ( ! fir/ importance1 & con/itut$ "o ( ! lead+ reasons = ! desir$ introduction ( railways4 ,b spe$ & c]ta9ty ( deliv]y become absolutely ess5tial :5 ! m>g9 9 reg>d to supplies on h& is habitually kept to a work+ m9imum4 ,! sav+ 9 freight effect$ z betwe51 on ! "o h&1 wait+ at lea/ sev]al days1 if n a full week1 = goods by canal boat1 &1 on ! o!r1 receiv+ !m ! foll[+ day by tra91 may be m ?an swall[$ up by ! loss ( pr(it or ! loss ( bus9ess 9 consequ5ce ( ! delay4 ,if ! railway transport be a little m co/ly ?an ! canal transport1 ! diff]5ce %\ld be fully c\nt]balanc$ by ! possibility ( a m rapid turnov]1 z well z ! o!r advantages ( :i* ,i h spok54 ,9 cases1 aga91 :]e x is n a matt] ( quickly repl5i%+ /ocks b ( effect+ prompt deliv]y ev5 ( bulky goods1 "t may be all-important4 ,?is fact is well illu/rat$ 9 a contribution1 f ,birm+ham1 publi%$ 9 ! ,eng9e]+ ,supplem5t ( ,! ,times ( ,febru>y #ad1 #aijf1 9 :i* x 0 said3-- ,mak]s ( :eels1 tires1 axles1 spr+s1 & simil> p>ts are busy4 ,( late ! ,s\? ,african colonies h be5 l>g] buy]s1 :ile ,india & ! ,f> ,ea/]n m>kets1 includ+ ,*9a & ,japan1 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & "s o!r %ipp+ m>kets are provid+ v good & valuable ind5ts4 ,9 all cases1 x is especially rem>k$1 v e>ly execution ( contracts & urg5t deliv]y is impress$ by buy]s4 ,! lead+ firms h le>n$ a good deal ( late f ,g]man1 ,am]ican1 ,belgian1 & o!r =eign competitors 9 ! matt] ( rapid output4 ,by ! improvem5t ( plant1 ! lay+ d[n ( new & co/ly ma*9e tools1 & by o!r advances 9 me?ods ( production1 deliv]y is n[ made ( contracts ( heavy tonnage )9 p]iods :i* n s long ago w\ld h be5 deem$ by ^! same produc]s q impossible4 ,9 no bran* ( ! eng9e]+ trades is ?is exp$ition m app>5t ?an 9 ! con/ructional eng9e]+ dep>tm5t1 su* z bridges1 ro(s1 etc41 also 9 /eam boil] "w4 ,n[ :]e1 9 cases su* z ^!1 urg5t deliv]y is impress$ by buy]s1 & ! utmo/ en]gy is probably be+ en=c$ on ! work]s1 is x likely t ev5 ! heavy goods s made w\ld be s5t d[n to ! port by ! t$i\sly sl[ process ( canal boat1 tak+1 p]haps1 z _m days z ev5 a goods tra9 w\ld take h\rs8 ,alt]natively1 w\ld ! manufactur]s run ! risk ( delay+ urg5t "w by hav+ ! raw mat]ials deliv]$ by canal boat 9 ord] to effect a small sav+ on co/ ( transport8 ,c]ta9ty ( deliv]y might aga9 be s]i\sly affect$ 9 ! case ( canal transport by delays aris+ ei!r f sc>city ( wat] dur+ dry seasons1 or f fro/ 9 w9t]4 ,! entire /oppage ( a canal sy/em1 f "o or o!r ( ^! causes1 = weeks toge!r1 especially on high levels1 is no unusual occurr5ce1 & ! inconv5i5ce :i* w\ld !n result to trad]s :o dep5d$ on ! canals is self-evid5t4 ,9 ,holl&1 :]e mo/ ( ! goods traffic goes by ! canals t spread z a p]fect network ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\ntry1 & l9k up ea* t[n ) e o!r t[n1 ! adv5t ( a sev]e fro/ means t ! :ole body ( traffic is sudd5ly ?r[n on ! railways1 :i* !n h m to get ?r\gh ?an !y c manage4 ,"h ! problem arises3 ,if wat]ways take traffic f ! railways dur+ ! great] "p ( ! ye>1 %\ld ! railways /ill be expect$ to keep on h& suffici5t roll+ /ock1 etc41 n only = _! normal conditions1 b to meet all ! dem&s made ^u !m dur+ su* p]iods z _! competitors _c op]ate8 ,!re is an idea 9 "s qu>t]s t /oppage f fro/ ne$ n be fe>$ 9 ?is c\ntry because1 "u an improv$ sy/em ( wat]ways1 measures w\ld be tak5 to keep ! ice on ! canals con/antly brok5 up4 ,b ev5 ) ?is arrangem5t !re comes a "t1 dur+ a prolong$ fro/1 :5 ! quantity ( brok5 ice 9 ! canal is s great t navigation is /opp$ unless ! ice itself is remov$ f ! wat]4 ,fro/ mu/1 !re=e1 /ill be reckon$ ) z a s]i\s factor among ! possibilities ( delay 9 canal transport4 ,secondly1 !re is ! "q ( quantities4 ,= ! av]age trad] ! railway truck is a mu* m conv5i5t unit ?an ! canal boat4 ,x takes j su* am\nt z he may want to s5d or receive4 ,= "s commodities ! m9imum load = :i* ! l[e/ railway rate is quot$ is z little z #b tons2 b _m a railway truck has be5 run ?r\gh to de/9ation ) a solit>y consignm5t ( n m ?an half-a-ton4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a va/ proportion ( ! consignm5ts by rail are ess5tially ( ! small type4 ,f ! goods dept at ,curzon ,/reet1 ,birm+ham1 a total ( #a1fae tons dealt )1 ov] a c]ta9 p]iod1 repres5t$ #f1aaj consignm5ts & #ea1aad packages1 ! av]age weight p] consignm5t be+ #e cwts4 #a qr4 #d lbs41 & ! av]age weight p] package1 #b qrs4 #ad lbs4 ,at ! ,liv]pool goods depts ( ! ,london & ,nor?-,we/]n ,railway1 a total weight ( #c1hie tons h&l$ consi/$ ( #e1jdi consignm5ts & #gi1eac packages1 ! av]age weight p] consignm5t be+ #ae cwts4 #a qr4 #bj lbs41 & ! av]age weight p] package #c qrs4 #bf lbs4 ,f ! dept at ,broad ,/reet1 ,london1 #ijf tons repres5t$ #f1bja consignm5ts & #bc1jfg packages1 ) an av]age weight p] consignm5t ( #b cwts4 #c qrs4 #ai lbs41 & p] package1 #c qrs4 #d lbs42 & s on ) o!r important c5tres ( traffic4 ,!re is little room = d\bt t a sub/antial proportion ( ^! consignm5ts & packages consi/$ p>tly ( goods requir$ by trad]s ei!r to repl5i% _! /ocks1 or1 z 9 ! case ( tailors & dressmak]s1 to enable !m to execute p>ticul> ord]s2 & p>tly ( commodities pur*as$ f trad]s1 & on _! way to ! cu/om]s4 ,9 reg>d to ! latt] class ( goods1 x is a matt] ( common k t !re has be5 an increas+ t5d5cy ( late ye>s to elim9ate ! middleman1 & e/abli% direct trad+ betwe5 produc] & consum]4 ,j z ! small %opkeep] w pur*ase f ! manufactur]1 & avoid ! :olesale deal]1 s1 also1 !re are individual h\sehold]s & o!rs :o elim9ate ev5 ! %opkeep]1 & deal direct ) adv]tis+ manufactur]s will+ to supply to !m ! same quantities z c\ld be obta9$ f a retail trad]4 ,= trades & bus9esses conduct$ on ^! l9es1 ! railway--tak+ & deliv]+ promptly consignm5ts great or small1 p5etrat+ to e "p ( ! c\ntry1 & supplem5t$ by its own commodi\s w>eh\ses1 9 :i* goods c be /or$ z desir$ by ! trad] p5d+ deliv]y or %ipm5t--is a f> m conv5i5t mode ( transport ?an ! canal boat2 & to ! railway ! p]fect revolution t has be5 br\ght ab\t 9 ! g5]al trade ( ?is c\ntry is ma9ly due4 ,bus9ess has be5 simplifi$1 subdivid$1 & br\ght )9 ! rea* ( small m5 to an ext5t t1 b = ! railway1 w\ld h be5 impossible2 & x is difficult to imag9e t trad]s 9 g5]al w =ego all ^! advantages n[1 & rev]t once m to ! canal boat1 m]ely = ! sake ( a sav+ 9 freight :i*1 9 ! long run1 might be no sav+ at all4 ,"h x may be repli$ by my critics t !re is no idea ( reviv+ canals 9 ! int]e/s ( ! g5]al trad]1 & t all t is s\ght is to provide a *eap] =m ( transport = ^? heavi] or bulki] m9]als or commodities :i*1 x is said1 c be c>ri$ bett] & m economically by wat] ?an by rail4 ,n[ ?is argum5t implies ! admission t canal resuscitation1 on a national basis1 or at ! risk m or less ( ! community1 is to be effect$1 n = ! g5]al trad]1 b = c]ta9 special classes ( trad]s4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 su* canal traffic z exi/s to-day is by no means limit$ to heavy or bulky articles4 ,9 _! e>li] days canal companies simply provid$ a wat]-road1 z x 71 along :i* goods c\ld be tak5 by o!r p]sons on paym5t ( c]ta9 tolls4 ,to enable !m to meet bett] ! competition ( ! railways1 ,p>liam5t grant$ to ! canal companies1 9 #ahdf1 ! "r to become common c>ri]s z well1 &1 ?\gh only a v small proportion ( !m took advantage ( ?is concession1 ^? t did are indebt$ 9 "p to ! transport ( g5]al m]*&ise = su* degree ( prosp]ity z !y h reta9$4 ,! sep>ate firms ( canal c>ri]s 7by-trad]s7 h adopt$ a l policy1 &1 not)/&+ ! *anges 9 trade ( :i* ,i h spok51 a good deal ( g5]al m]*&ise does g by canal to or f places t happ5 to be situat$ 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! wat]ways4 ,x is extremely probable t if "s ( ! canals :i* h surviv$ _h dep5d$ entirely on ! transport ( heavy or bulky commodities1 _! f9ancial condition to-day w\ld h be5 ev5 worse ?an x really is4 ,b let u look some:at m closely into ?is !ory t canals are bett] adapt$ ?an railways = ! transport ( m9]als or heavy m]*&ise1 call+ = ! paym5t ( a l[ freight4 ,at ! fir/ glance su* a commodity z coal w\ld claim special att5tion f ?is po9t ( view2 yet "h "o soon le>ns t n only h ! railways secur$ ! great bulk ( ?is traffic 9 fair & op5 competition ) ! canals1 b !re is no probability ( ! latt] tak+ x away f !m aga9 to any appreciable ext5t4 ,"s int]e/+ facts 9 ?is connection 7 m5tion$ by ! late ,sir ,james ,allport 9 ! evid5ce he gave be=e ! ,select ,committee on ,canals 9 #ahhc4 ,n a y>d1 he said1 ( ! s]ies ( wat]ways betwe5 ,london & ,d]by%ire1 ,nott+ham%ire1 "p ( ,/af=d%ire1 ,w>wick%ire & ,leice/]%ire--c\nties :i* includ$ "s ( ! be/ coal di/ricts 9 ,engl& = supply+ ! metropolis--0 own$ by railway companies1 yet ! am\nt ( coal c>ri$ by canal to ,london _h /eadily decl9$1 :ile t by rail _h enorm\sly increas$4 ,to prove ?is ass]tion1 he took ! ye> #aheb z "o :5 !re 0 practically no competition on ! "p ( ! railways ) ! canals = ! transport ( coal1 & he comp>$ !re) ! ye> #ahhb1 giv+ = ea* ! total am\nt ( coal receiv$ by canal & railway respectively1 z foll[s3-- #aheb #ahhb ,receiv$ by canal #cc1jjj tons #g1ijj tons railway #cag1jjj #f1edf1jjj ,! figures quot$ by ,sir ,james ,allport 7 tak5 f ! (ficial returns 9 respect to ! dues =m]ly levi$ by ! ,city ( ,london & ! late ,metropolitan ,bo>d ( ,works on all coal com+ )9 ! ,metropolitan ,police ,area1 repres5t+ a total ( #gjj squ>e miles2 ?\gh at an e>li] p]iod ! di/rict 9 :i* ! dues 7 en=c$ 0 t includ$ 9 a #bj-mile radius4 ,! dues 7 aboli%$ 9 #ahhi1 & s9ce !n ! /ati/ics 9 "q h no long] be5 compil$4 ,b ! returns = #ahhi %[ t ! imports ( coal1 by railway & by canal respectively1 into ! ,metropolitan ,police ,area = t ye> 7 z foll[s3-- ,,by ,,railway ,tons4 ,cwts4 ,midl& #b1fdg1eed #j ,london & ,nor?-,we/]n #a1gce1jfg #ac ,great ,nor!rn #a1cfj1bje #j ,great ,ea/]n #a1jgg1ejd #ac ,great ,we/]n #idj1hbi #j ,london & ,s\?-,we/]n #ha1caa #b ,s\?-,ea/]n #bg1ggf #ah ------------------ ,total by ,railway #g1hgj1bdh #f ------------------ ,,by ,,canal ,gr& ,junction #ab1fja #ae ---------------------- ,diff]5ce #g1heg1fdf #aa ---------------------- ,if1 !re=e1 ! indep5d5t canal companies1 hav+ a wat]way f ! colli]y di/rict ( ! ,midl&s & ! ,nor? ?r\gh to ,london 7)\t1 z already /at$1 any section !re( be+ controll$ by railway companies71 _h improv$ _! canals1 & d\bl$1 trebl$1 or ev5 quadrupl$ ! quantity ( coal !y c>ri$ 9 #ahhi1 _! total w\ld /ill h be5 insignificant z comp>$ ) ! quantity convey$ by rail4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,pit ,,to ,,port4 7,prospect ,pit1 ,wigan ,coal & ,iron ,company4 ,rais$ to ! surface1 ! coal is empti$ on to a me*anical %ak]1 :i* grades x into v>i\s sizes--lumps1 cobbles1 nuts1 & slack4 ,^! sizes !n ea* pass along a pick+ belt--s t impurities c be remov$--& fall into ! railway trucks plac$ at ! end ready to receive !m4 ,! coal c ?us be tak5 direct f ! m\? ( ! pit to any port or t[n 9 ,great ,brita947 ,to face page #hb4 ,! reasons = ?is transition 9 ! ,london coal trade 7& ! same g5]al pr9ciple applies else:]e7 c be readily /at$4 ,!y are to be f\nd 9 ! facilities conf]r$ by ! railway companies1 & ! great *anges t1 z ! direct result !re(1 h tak5 place 9 ! coal trade itself4 ,n only are mo/ ( ! colli]ies 9 communication ) ! railways1 b ! coal waggons are g5]ally s arrang$ alongside ! m\? ( ea* pit t ! coal1 z rais$1 c be tipp$ into !m direct f ! scre5s4 ,coal tra9s1 ?us made up1 are next br\ght to c]ta9 sid+s 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,london1 :]e ! waggons await ! ord]s ( ! coal m]*ants to :om !y h be5 consign$4 ,at ,willesd51 = example1 !re is special accommodation = #b1jjj coal waggons1 & ! sid+s are g5]ally full4 ,lib]al provision ( a l "* has also be5 made 9 ,london by ! ,midl&1 ! ,great ,nor!rn1 & o!r railway companies 9 t\* ) ! colli]y di/ricts4 ,an intimation z to ! arrival ( ! consignm5ts is s5t by ! railway company to ! coal m]*ant1 :o1 9 ,london1 is all[$ ?ree free days at ^! coal sid+s 9 :i* to give in/ructions :]e ! coal is to be s5t4 ,aft] ?ree days he is *>g$ ! v mode/ sum ( #f;d4 p] day p] truck4 ,assum+ t ! coal m]*ant gives directions1 ei!r )9 ! ?ree days or lat]1 = a doz5 trucks1 conta9+ p>ticul> qualities ( coal1 to be s5t to diff]5t p>ts ( ,london1 nor?1 s\?1 ea/ & we/1 ^? doz5 trucks w h to be pick$ out f ! "o or two ?\s& on ! sid+s1 %unt$1 & c\pl$ on to tra9s go+ ?r\gh to ! /at$ de/9ation4 ,?is repres5ts 9 itself a consid]able am\nt ( "w1 & special /affs h to be kept on duty = ! purpose4 ,!n1 at no few] ?an "o hundr$ & ?irty-five railway /ations 9 ,london & ! suburbs !re(1 ! railway companies h provid$ coal depts on su* vacant l& z may be available close to ! local sid+s1 & "h a c]ta9 am\nt ( space is allott$ to ! use ( coal m]*ants4 ,= ?is accommodation no *>ge :atev] is made 9 ,london1 ?\gh a small r5t has to be paid 9 ! prov9ces4 ,! ,london coal m]*ant gets s _m feet1 or y>ds1 allott$ to him on ! railway prop]ty2 he puts up a bo>d ) 8 "n1 or t ( 8 firm2 he /ores on ! said space ! coal = :i* he has no imm$iate sale2 & he s5ds 8 m5 !re to fet* f day to day j su* quantities z he wants 9 ord] to execute ! ord]s receiv$4 ,) free accommodation su* z ?is at half a doz51 or ev5 a score1 ( suburban railway /ations1 all t ! coal m]*ant ( to-day requires 9 addition is a dim9utive little (fice imm$iately adjo9+ ea* railway /ation1 :]e ord]s c be receiv$1 & :5ce in/ructions c be s5t4 ,n only1 also1 d ! railway companies provide him ) a local coal dept :i* s]ves 8 e purpose1 b1 aft] all[+ him ?ree free days on ! great coal sid+s1 to :i* ! waggons fir/ come1 !y give him1 on ! local sid+s1 ano!r sev5 free days 9 :i* to arrange 8 bus9ess4 ,he ?us gets t5 cle> days altoge!r1 be=e any *>ge is made = demurrage1 &1 if !n he is /ill await+ ord]s1 he has only to h ! coal remov$ f ! trucks on to ! dept1 or :>f z x is te*nically call$1 s escap+ any paym5t beyond ! ord9>y railway rate1 9 :i* all ^! privileges & advantages are includ$4 ,if canal transport 7 sub/itut$ = rail transport1 ! coal w\ld fir/ h to be tak5 f ! m\? ( ! pit to ! canal1 &1 inasmu* z comp>atively few colli]ies 7except 9 c]ta9 di/ricts7 h canals imm$iately adjo9+1 ! coal w\ld h to g by rail to ! canal1 unless ! exp5se 7 incurr$ ( cutt+ a bran* ( ! canal to ! colli]y--a mu* m co/ly bus9ess1 especially :]e locks are necess>y1 ?an lay+ a railway sid+4 ,at ! canal ! coal w\ld be tipp$ f ! railway truck into ! canal boat1#h :i* w\ld take x to ! canal t]m9us1 or to "s :>f or bas9 on ! canal banks4 ,!re ! coal w\ld be ?r[n up f ! boat into ! :>f 79 itself a m labori\s & m exp5sive op]ation ?an t ( %ovell+ x d[n1 or into sacks on ! same level1 f a railway waggon71 & f ! :>f x w\ld h to be c>t$1 p]haps sev]al miles1 to f9al de/9ation4 ,"u ?is arrangem5t ! coal w\ld receive mu* m h&l+--& ea* h&l+ means s mu* additional slack & depreciation 9 value2 a week w\ld h to be all[$ = a j\rney n[ possible 9 a day2 ! coal deal]s w\ld h to provide _! own depts & pay m = c>tage1 & !y w\ld h to ord] p>ticul> k9ds ( coal by ! boat load in/ead ( by ! waggon load4 ,?is la/ necessity w\ld alone suffice to r5d] ! s*eme abortive4 ,"s ye>s ago :5 !re 0 s mu* discussion z to ! use ( a l>g] size ( railway waggon1 ef=ts 7 made to induce ! coal int]e/s to adopt ?is policy4 ,b ! #h-ton truck 0 s conv5i5t a unit1 & suit$ s well ! ess5tially retail nature ( ! coal trade to-day1 t z a rule ! coal m]*ants w\ld h no?+ to d ) trucks ev5 ( #ae or #bj tons4 ,mu* less1 !re=e1 w\ld !y be incl9$ to fav\r b>ge loads ( #bjj or #bej tons4 ,exceptions might be made 9 ! case ( gas works1 or ( factories already situat$ alongside ! banks ( canals :i* h direct communication ) colli]ies4 ,9 ! ,black ,c\ntry consid]able quantities ( coal ?us g by canal f ! colli]ies to ! _m local ironworks1 etc41 :i*1 z ,i h %[n1 are /ill actively s]v$ by ! ,birm+ham ,canal sy/em4 ,b ^! exceptions c h>dly be (f]$ z an adequate reason = ! nationalisation ( ,briti% canals4 ,! g5]al conditions1 & especially ! nature ( ! coal trade transition1 w be bett] realis$ f "s figures m5tion$ by ! *airman ( ! ,london & ,nor?-,we/]n ,railway ,company1 ,"l ,/albridge1 at ! half-ye>ly meet+ 9 ,febru>y #aijc4 ,not)/&+ ! heavy coal traffic--9 ! aggregate--! av]age consignm5t ( coal1 he %[$1 on ! ,london & ,nor?-,we/]n ,railway is only #ag-a_/b tons1 & ov] #hj p] c5t4 ( ! total quantity c>ri$ repres5ts consignm5ts ( less ?an #bj tons1 ! actual weights rang+ f lots ( #b tons #ad cwts4 to close ^u #a1jjj tons = %ipm5t4 ,b1 ! read] may say1 if coal is tak5 9 #a1jjj-ton lots to a port = %ipm5t1 surely canal transport c\ld be resort$ to "h6 ,?is c\rse is adopt$ on ! ,aire & ,cald] ,navigation1 :i* is v fav\rably situat$1 & goes ov] almo/ p]fectly level gr\nd4 ,! av]age conditions ( coal %ipm5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom are1 h[ev]1 mu* bett] met by ! special facilities :i* rail transport (f]s4 ,( ! way 9 :i* coal is load$ into railway trucks direct f ! colli]y scre5s ,i h already spok52 b1 9 respect to /eam coal1 x %\ld be add$ t an?racite is sold 9 ab\t twelve diff]5t sizes1 & t "o colli]y w make ?ree or f\r ( ^! sizes1 ea* dropp$ into sep>ate trucks "u ! a=esaid scre5s4 ,! output ( an an?racite colli]y w\ld be f #bjj to #cjj tons a day1 9 ! ?ree or f\r sizes1 z /at$1 ?is total be+ equal to f #bj to #cj truck-loads4 ,an ord] receiv$ by a coal factor = #b1jjj or #c1jjj tons ( a p>ticul> size w\ld1 !re=e1 h to be made up ) coal f a numb] ( diff]5t colli]ies4 ,! coal1 h[ev]1 is n actually sold at ! colli]ies4 ,x is s5t d[n to ! port1 & !re x /&s ab\t = weeks1 & sometimes = mon?s1 await+ sale or ! arrival ( vessels4 ,x mu/ necess>ily be on ! spot1 s t ord]s c be execut$ ) ! utmo/ exp$ition1 & delays to %ipp+ avoid$4 ,consequ5tly x is necess>y t ample accommodation %\ld be provid$ at ! port = :at may be describ$ z ! coal-9-wait+4 ,at ,newport1 = example1 :]e ab\t #d1jjj1jjj tons ( coal are %ipp$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye> 7indep5d5tly ( bunk]s17 !re are #ej miles ( coal sid+s1 capable ( accommodat+ f #dj1jjj to #ej1jjj tons ( coal s5t !re = %ipm5t4 ,a record numb] ( load$ coal trucks actually on ^! sid+s at any "o "t is #c1gaf4 ,! daily av]age is #b1hjj4 ,n[ assume t ! coal = %ipm5t f ,newport _h be5 br\ght !re by canal boat4 ,to beg9 )1 x w\ld h be5 fir/ load$1 by means ( ! colli]y scre5s1 into railway trucks1 tak5 9 ^! to ! canal1 & !n tipp$ into ! boats4 ,?is w\ld mean fur!r breakage1 &1 9 ! case ( /eam coal especially1 a depreciation 9 value4 ,b suppose t ! coal _h duly arriv$ at ! port 9 ! canal boats1 :]e w\ld x be /or$ = ^? weeks & mon?s to await sale or vessels8 ,space = miles ( sid+s on l& c easily be f\nd2 b ! wat] area 9 a canal or dock 9 :i* b>ges c wait is limit$1 &1 9 ! case ( ,newport at lea/1 x w\ld h>dly be equal to ! equival5t ( #c1jjj truck-loads ( coal4 ,!re comes next ! important matt] ( detail z to ! way 9 :i* coal br\ght to a port is to be %ipp$4 ,no?+ c\ld be simpl] & m exp$iti\s ?an ! practice g5]ally adopt$ 9 ! case ( rail-borne coal4 ,:5 a giv5 quantity ( coal is to be despat*$1 ! vessel is br\ght alongside a hydraulic coal-tip1 su* z t %[n 9 ! illu/ration fac+ ?is page1 & ! load$ coal trucks are plac$ 9 succession und]nea? ! tip4 ,rais$ "o by "o to ! level ( ! %oot1 ! trucks are !re incl9$ to su* an angle t ! entire cont5ts fall on to ! %oot1 & !nce into ! hold ( ! %ip4 ,br\ght to ! horizontal aga91 ! empty truck passes on to a viaduct1 d[n :i* x goes1 by gravitation1 back to ! sid+s1 ! place x has vacat$ on ! tip be+ at once tak5 by ano!r load$ truck4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,%ipp+ ,,( ,,coal3 ,,hydraulic ,,tip ,,on ,g4,w4,r41 ,,swansea4 7,! load$ truck is hoi/$ to level ( %oot1 & is !re incl9$ to necess>y angle to tip ! coal1 :i* falls f %oot into hold ( vessel4 ,empty truck passes by gravitation along viaduct1 on left1 to sid+s47 ,to face page #hh4 ,sub/itute coal b>ges = coal trucks1 & h[ w ! load+ !n be accompli%$8 ,"u any possible circum/ances x w\ld take long] to put a s]ies ( canal b>ges alongside a vessel 9 ! dock ?an to place a s]ies ( coal trucks "u ! tip on %ore4 ,nor c\ld ! canal b>ge itself be rais$ to ! level ( a %oot1 & h its cont5ts tipp$ bodily into ! colli]4 ,:at 0 done 9 ! ,s\? ,wales di/rict by "o colli]y "s ye>s ago 0 to load up a b>ge ) iron tubs1 or boxes1 fill$ ) coal1 & plac$ 9 pairs f end to end4 ,9 dock "o ( ^! w\ld be lift$ out ( ! b>ge by a crane1 & l[]$ into ! hold1 :]e ! bottom w\ld be knock$ out1 ! empti$ tub be+ !n replac$ 9 ! b>ge by ! crane1 & ! next "o to x rais$ 9 turn4 ,b1 ap>t f ! o!r consid]ations already pres5t$1 ?is sy/em ( %ipm5t 0 f\nd m co/ly ?an ! direct tipp+ ( railway trucks1 & 0 consequ5tly ab&on$4 ,al?\gh1 !re=e1 9 !ory coal w\ld appe> to be an ideal commodity = transport by canal1 9 actual practice x is f\nd t rail transport is bo? m conv5i5t & m economical1 & c]ta9ly mu* bett] adapt$ to ! exig5ces ( pres5t day trade 9 g5]al1 9 ! case alike ( dome/ic coal & ( coal = %ipm5t4 ,:e!r or n ! c\ntry w\ld be w>rant$ 9 go+ to a heavy exp5se = canal resuscitation = ! special b5efit ( a limit$ numb] ( trad]s hav+ works or factories alongside canal banks is a :olly diff]5t "q4 ,i take next ! case ( raw cotton z ano!r bulky commodity c>ri$ 9 sub/antial quantities4 ,at "o "t x 0 ! cu/om 9 ! ,lanca%ire sp9n+ trade = consid]able supplies to be b\ght 9 ,liv]pool1 tak5 to de/9ation by canal1 & /or$ 9 ! mills = use z requir$4 ,a c]ta9 proportion is /ill h&l$ 9 ?is way2 b ! ,lanca%ire sp9n]s :o n[ /ore _! cotton are extremely few 9 numb]1 & repres5t ! exception r ?an ! rule4 ,x is f\nd mu* m conv5i5t to receive f ,liv]pool f day to day by rail ! exact numb] ( bales requir$ to meet imm$iate wants4 ,! ord] c be s5t1 if necess>y1 by po/1 telegraph1 or telephone1 & ! cotton may be expect$ at ! mill next day1 or z desir$4 ,if b>ge-loads ( cotton 7 receiv$ at "o "t1 capital w\ld at lea/ h to be sunk 9 provid+ w>eh\s+ accommodation1 & ! sp9n] ?9ks he c make bett] use ( 8 money4 ,! day-by-day arrangem5t is ?us bo? a conv5i5ce & a sav+ to ! trad]2 ?\gh x has "o disadvantage f a railway /&po9t1 = cotton consignm5ts by rail are1 z a rule1 s small t !re is difficulty 9 mak+ up a pay+ load = p>ticul> de/9ations4 ,z ! fur!r result ( ! agitation a few ye>s ago = ! use ( a l>g] type ( railway waggons1 exp]im5ts h be5 made at ,liv]pool ) l>ge trucks = ! conveyance especially ( raw cotton4 ,b1 ow+ to ! day-by-day policy ( ! sp9n]s1 x is no easy matt] to make up a #bj-ton truck ( cotton = _m ( ! places to :i* consignm5ts are s5t1 & ! %ortage 9 ! load repres5ts s mu* dead weight4 ,consignm5ts ord]$ =w>d by rail mu/1 h[ev]1 be despat*$ :olly1 or at any rate 9 "p1 on day ( receipt4 ,any keep+ ( !m back1 ) ! idea ( ?us mak+ up a bett] load = ! railway truck1 w\ld involve ! risk ( a compla9t1 if n ( a claim1 aga9/ ! railway company1 on ! gr\nd t ! mill _h _h to /op "w ow+ to delay 9 ! arrival ( ! cotton4 ,if ! sp9n]s w\ld only adopt a two- or ?ree-days-toge!r policy1 x w\ld be a great advantage to ! railways2 b ev5 ?is might involve ! provision ( /orage accommodation at ! mills1 & !y accord+ly pref] ! exi/+ arrangem5t4 ,:at hope c\ld !re be1 !re=e1 except "u v special circum/ances1 t !y w\ld be will+ to *ange _! proc$ure1 & receive _! raw cotton 9 bulk by canal boat8 ,pass+ on to o!r heavy commodities c>ri$ 9 l>ge quantities1 su* z bricks1 /one1 dra9-pipes1 manure1 or road-mak+ mat]ials1 x is f\nd1 9 practice1 t unless bo? ! place :5ce ^! ?+s are despat*$ & ! place :]e !y are actually want$ are close to a wat]way1 x is g5]ally m conv5i5t & m economical to s5d by rail4 ,! railway truck is n only 7once m7 a bett] unit 9 reg>d to quantity1 b1 z 9 ! case ( dome/ic coal1 x c g to any railway /ation1 & c (t5 be br\ght miles ne>] to ! actual de/9ation ?an if ! articles or mat]ials 9 "q are =w>d$ by wat]2 :ile ! addition to ! canal toll ( ! co/ ( c>tage at ei!r end1 or bo?1 may swell ! total to ! full am\nt ( ! railway rate1 or leave s small a m>g9 t conveyance by rail1 9 view ( ! o!r advantages (f]$1 is naturally pref]r$4 ,"h we h fur!r reasons :y commodities t seem to be specially adapt$ = transport by canal s (t5 g by rail in/ead4 ,!re are manufactur]s1 aga91 :o1 if execut+ a l>ge %ipp+ ord]1 w\ld r consign ! goods1 z !y are ready1 to a railway w>eh\se at ! port1 !re to await %ipm5t1 ?an occupy valuable space ) !m on _! own premises4 ,assum+ t x might be possible & ( advantage to =w>d to de/9ation by canal boat1 !y w\ld /ill pref] to s5d (f #be or #cj tons at a "t1 9 a n>r[ boat 7& #be to #cj tons w\ld repres5t a big lot 9 mo/ indu/ries71 r ?an keep ev]y?+ back 7) ! incid5tal result ( block+ up ! factory7 until1 9 ord] to save a little on ! freight1 !y c\ld fill up a b>ge ( #bjj or #cjj tons4 ,s ! moral ( ?is "p ( my /ory is t1 ev5 if ! canals ( ! c\ntry 7 ?or\ghly reviv$1 & made available = l>ge craft1 !re c\ld n be any really great resort to !m unless !re 71 also1 br\ght ab\t a *ange 9 ! :ole basis ( our g5]al trad+ conditions4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,cont95tal ,,conditions ,! l>g] proportion ( ! argum5ts advanc$ 9 ! ,press or 9 public 9 fav\r ( a re/oration ( our own canal sy/em is d]iv$ f ! /atem5ts :i* are unceas+ly be+ made z to :at our neighb\rs on ! ,cont95t ( ,europe are do+4 ,almo/ e writ] or speak] on ! subject br+s =w>d ! same /ock ( facts & figures z to ! l>ge sums ( money t are be+ exp5d$ on wat]ways 9 ,cont95tal c\ntries2 ! cont5tion advanc$ be+1 9 effect1 t because su* & su* ?+s are done on ! ,cont95t ( ,europe1 !re=e !y ought to be done "h4 ,9 ! ,eng9e]+ ,supplem5t ( ,! ,times1 = in/ance--to give only "o example out ( _m--!re appe>$ e>ly 9 #aijf two articles on ,belgian ,canals & ,wat]ways by an eng9e]+ contributor :o wrote1 among o!r ?+s1 t1 9 view ( ! well-direct$ ef=ts n[ be+ made ) ! object ( effect+ ! reg5]ation ( ! ,briti% canal sy/em1 ! /udy ( ,belgian canals & o!r navigable wat]ways possesses di/9ct int]e/2 & decl>$1 9 conclud+ 8 acc\nt !re(1 t if ! necess>y p[]s1 money1 & conc5trat$ ef=t 7 available1 !re is little d\bt t equally satisfactory results c\ld be obta9$ 9 ,great ,brita94 ,is ?is really ! case8 ,c\ld we possibly hope to d all t c be done ei!r 9 ,belgium or 9 ,cont95tal c\ntries g5]ally1 ev5 if we _h ! said p[]s & money1 & %[$ ! same conc5trat$ ef=t8 ,= my "p ,i d n ?9k we c\ld1 & ^! are my reasons = ?9k+ s3-- ,tak+ geographical consid]ations fir/1 a glance at ! map ( ,europe w %[ t1 ap>t f _! national requirem5ts1 ent]prises1 & facilities1 ,g]many1 ,belgium1 & ,holl& are ! gateways to va/ expanses produc+1 or receiv+1 v l>ge quantities ( m]*&ise & raw mat]ials1 mu* ( :i* is em95tly suitable = wat] transport on long j\rneys t h absolutely no p>allel 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 ! case ( ,belgium1 a good idea ( ! g5]al position may be ga9$ f "s rem>ks made by ! ,briti% ,consul-,g5]al at ,antw]p1 ,sir ,e4 ,cecil ,h]tslet1 9 a report 7,miscellane\s ,s]ies1 #fjd7 on ,canals & o!r ,navigable ,wat]ways ( ,belgium1 issu$ by ! ,=eign ,(fice 9 #aijd4 ,ref]r+ to ! position ( ,antw]p he wrote3-- ,9 ord] to =m a cle> idea ( ! great utility ( ! canal sy/em ( ,belgium1 x is f its he>t1 f ! great port ( ,antw]p1 z a c5tre1 t ! survey mu/ be tak54444 ,antw]p holds a lead+ position among ! great ports ( ! _w1 & ?is is due1 n only to h] spl5did geographical situation at ! c5tre ( ! ocean highways ( comm]ce1 b1 also1 & p]haps m p>ticul>ly1 to h] practically unique position z a di/ribut+ c5tre = a l>ge portion ( ,nor?-,ea/]n ,europe4 ,?us ! canals & wat]ways ( ,belgium d n s]ve m]ely local1 dome/ic1 or national purposes1 b repres5t ! fir/ or f9al l9ks 9 a network ( wat] communications by means ( :i* m]*&ise c be tak5 to1 or br\ght f1 9 bulk1 a l>ge portion ( ,nor?-,ea/]n ,europe4 ,mu* ( ?is traffic1 aga91 c j z well pass ?r\gh "o ,cont95tal c\ntry1 on its way to or f ! coa/1 z ?r\gh ano!r4 ,9 fact1 "s ( ! mo/ productive ( ,g]man indu/rial c5tres are mu* ne>] to ,antw]p or ,rott]dam ?an !y are to ,hamburg or ,brem54 ,h5ce ! extremely ke5 rivalry betwe5 ,cont95tal c\ntries hav+ ports on ! ,nor? ,sea = ! capture ( ^! great volumes ( trans-,cont95tal traffic1 & h5ce1 also1 _! l[ transport rates1 &1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 _! l>ge exp5diture on wat]ways4 ,comp>+ ^! ) ,briti% conditions1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d ! fact t we dwell 9 a gr\p ( isl&s1 & n 9 a c\ntry :i* =ms "p ( a ,cont95t4 ,we h1 !re=e1 no su* transit traffic available = ?r\gh b>ges z t :i* is h&l$ on ! ,cont95t4 ,traffic orig9at+ 9 ,liv]pool1 & de/9$ say1 = ,au/ria1 w\ld n be put 9 a canal boat :i* w\ld fir/ g to ,goole1 or ,hull1 !n cross ! ,nor? ,sea 9 ! same boat to ,holl& or ,belgium1 & s on to its de/9ation4 ,nor w\ld traffic 9 bulk f ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! ,cont95t--or ev5 = any ( our ,ea/ ,coa/ ports--be tak5 by boat across ,engl&4 ,x w\ld g r\nd by sea4 ,traffic1 aga91 orig9at+ 9 ,birm+ham1 might be tak5 to a port by boat4 ,b x w\ld !re require tran%ipm5t into an ocean-go+ vessel1 j z ! commodities receiv$ f abroad w\ld h to be transf]r$ to a canal boat--unless ,birm+ham c\ld be conv]t$ into a sea-port4 ,if ,belgium & ,holl&1 especially1 _h _h no *ance ( gett+ m ?an local1 z di/9ct f ?r\gh or transit traffic--if1 9 o!r words1 !y _h be5 isl&s l our own1 ) ! same geographical limitations z ourselves1 & ) no trans-,cont95tal traffic to h&le1 is !re ! slighte/ probability t !y w\ld h sp5t any?+ l ! same am\nt ( money on ! developm5t ( _! wat]ways z !y h actually done8 ,9 ! p>ticul> circum/ances ( _! position !y h act$ wisely2 b x does n necess>ily foll[ t we1 9 :olly diff]5t circum/ances1 h act$ fooli%ly 9 n foll[+ _! example4 ,x might fur!r be not$1 9 ?is connection1 t :ile 9 ! case ( ,belgium all ! wat]ways 91 or lead+ into1 ! c\ntry conv]ge to ! "o great port ( ,antw]p1 9 ,engl& we h great ports1 compet+ m or less ! "o ) ! o!r1 all r\nd our coa/s1 & ! conf]r+ ( special advantages on "o by ! ,/ate w\ld probably be foll[$ by l dem&s on ! "p ( all ! o!rs4 ,z = communication betwe5 our diff]5t ports1 ?is is ma9ta9$ s effectively by coa/+ vessels 7! competition ( :i* already p[]fully influ5ces railway rates7 t heavy exp5diture on canal improvem5t c\ld h>dly be ju/ifi$ on ?is acc\nt4 ,h[ev] effectively ! ,?ames might be jo9$ to ! ,m]sey1 or ! ,humb] to ! ,sev]n1 by canal1 ! va/ bulk ( port-to-port traffic w\ld probably /ill g by sea4 ,!n !re are great diff]5ces betwe5 ! physical conditions ( ,great ,brita9 & ^? p>ts ( ! ,cont95t ( ,europe :]e ! improvem5t ( wat]ways has und]gone ! greate/ expansion4 ,portions ( ,holl&--z ev]ybody kn[s--are bel[ ! level ( ! sea1 & ! rema9d] are n mu* above x4 ,a l>ge "p ( ,belgium is flat2 s is mo/ ( ,nor!rn ,g]many4 ,9 fact !re is practically a level pla9 "r away f ! %ores ( ! ,nor? ,sea to ! /eppes ( ,russia4 ,canal con/ruction 9 ^! conditions is a comp>atively simple & a comp>atively inexp5sive matt]2 ?\gh :]e su* conditions d n exi/ to ! same ext5t--z 9 ! s\? ( ,g]many1 = example--! build+ ( canals becomes a v diff]5t problem4 ,?is fact is well recognis$ by ,h]r ,franz ,ulri* 9 8 book on ,/affelt>ife und ,wass]/rass51 :]e he argues t ! build+ ( canals is practicable only 9 di/ricts fav\r$ by ,nature1 & t hilly & backw>d c\ntry is ?us unavoidably h&icapp$4 ,mu*1 aga91 ( ! "w done on ! ,cont95t has be5 a matt] ei!r ( l9k+ up great riv]s or ( canalis+ ^! = navigation purposes4 ,we h 9 ,engl& no su* riv]s z ! ,rh9e1 ! ,wes]1 ! ,elbe1 & ! ,od]1 b ! v ess5ce ( ! ,g]man s*eme ( wat]ways is to connect ^! & o!r riv]s by canals1 a ?r\gh r\te by wat] be+ ?us provid$ f ! ,nor? ,sea to ! bord]s ( ,russia4 ,fur!r s\? !re is already a small canal1 ! ,ludwigs ,canal1 connect+ ! ,rh9e & ! ,danube1 & ?is canal--z di/9ct f ^? 9 ! nor!rn pla9s--c]ta9ly does rise to an elevation ( #fjj feet f ! ,riv] ,ma9 to its summit level4 ,a s*eme has n[ be5 project$ = e/abli%+ a bett] connection betwe5 ! ,rh9e & ! ,danube by a %ip canal foll[+ ! r\te ei!r ( ! ,ma9 or ( ! ,neck>4 ,9 describ+ ^! two p[]ful /reams ,pr(essor ,meiklejohn says1 9 8 ,new ,geography3-- ,! two greate/ riv]s ( ,europe--greate/ f almo/ e po9t ( view--are ! ,danube & ! ,rh9e4 ,! ,danube is ! l>ge/ riv] 9 ,europe 9 respect ( its volume ( wat]2 x is ! only l>ge ,european riv] t fl[s due ea/2 & x is !re=e ! great highway to ! ,ea/ = ,s\? ,g]many1 = ,au/ria1 = ,hung>y1 & = ! y\ng] nations 9 its valley4 ,x fl[s ?r\gh m l&s1 races1 & languages ?an any o!r ,european riv]4 ,! ,rh9e is ! great wat]-highway = ,we/]n ,europe2 & x c>ries ! traffic & ! travell]s ( _m c\ntries & peoples4 ,bo? /reams give life to ! :ole ,cont95t2 !y jo9 _m c\ntries & ! mo/ v>i$ int]e/s2 :ile ! /reams ( ,france exi/ only = ,france itself4 ,! ,danube runs p>allel ) ! mighty ranges ( ! ,alps2 ! ,rh9e saws its way ?r\gh ! second>y highl&s :i* lie betwe5 ! ,alps & ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,! con/ruction ( ?is propos$ l9k w\ld give direct wat] communication betwe5 ! ,nor? ,sea & ! ,black ,sea1 a di/ance1 z ! cr[ flies1 & n c\nt+ riv] w9d+s1 ( ab\t #a1cjj miles4 ,su* an a*ievem5t z ?is w\ld put entirely 9 ! %ade ev5 ! pres5t possible voyage1 by canal & riv]1 ( #cjj miles f ,antw]p to ,/rasburg4 ,:at are our conditions 9 ,great ,brita91 z aga9/ all ^!8 ,9 place ( ! great l[l& pla9 9 :i* mo/ ( ! ,cont95tal canal "w we he> s mu* ab\t has be5 done1 we possess an undulat+ c\ntry ^: physical conditions are well indicat$ by ! canal sections giv5 opposite ?is page4 ,su* diff]5ces ( level z ^? t are !re %[n mu/ be ov]come by locks1 lifts1 or incl9$ planes1 toge!r ) occasional tunnels or viaducts4 ,9 ! result ! con/ruction ( canals is necess>ily mu* m co/ly 9 ,great ,brita9 ?an on ! a=esaid great l[l& pla9 ( ,cont95tal ,europe1 & dim5sions readily obta9able !re become practically impossible "h on acc\nt alike ( ! prohibitive co/ ( con/ruction & ! difficulties t w\ld arise 9 respect to wat] supply4 ,a canal connect+ ! ,rh9e1 ! ,wes]1 & ! ,elbe1 9 ,g]many1 is h>dly likely to run %ort ( wat]1 & ! same may be said ( ! canals 9 ,holl&1 & ( ^? 9 ! l[l&s ( ,belgium4 ,?is is a v diff]5t matt] f hav+ to pump wat] f l[ levels to high levels1 to fill res]voirs = canal purposes1 z mu/ be done on ! ,birm+ham & o!r canals1 or f tak+ a =tnight to accompli% ! j\rney f ,hull to ,nott+ham z once happ5$ ow+ to insuffici5cy ( wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,"s ,,typical ,,briti% ,,canals4 ,to face page #ih4 ,!re is1 also1 t v important consid]ation1 f a transport /&po9t1 ( ! l5g? ( haul4 ,assum+1 = ! sake ( argum5t 7#a7 t ! comm]cial conditions 7 ! same 9 ,great ,brita9 z !y are on ! ,cont95t2 7#b7 t our c\ntry1 also1 consi/$ ( a great l[l& pla92 & 7#c7 t we1 z well1 _h great natural wat]ways1 l ! ,rh9e1 yield+ an abundant wat] supply2--assum+ all ?is1 x w\ld /ill be impossible1 9 ! circumscrib$ dim5sions ( our isles1 to get a l5g? ( haul 9 any way approa*+ ! b>ge-j\rneys t are regul>ly made betwe51 say1 ,nor? ,sea ports & v>i\s c5tres 9 ,g]many4 ,! geographical diff]5ces 9 g5]al betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & ,cont95tal c\ntries 7 ?us summ$ up by ,mr ,w4 ,h4 ,:eel] 9 ! discussion on ,mr ,san]'s pap] at ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s3-- ,!re really did n seem to be any ju/ification = ,gov]nm5t int]f]5ce ) ! canals4 ,engl& 0 9 an entirely diff]5t situation f ,cont95tal c\ntries4 ,%e 0 a sea-girt nation1 ) no less ?an eight fir/-class ports on a coa/-l9e ( #a1hbj miles4 ,communication betwe5 ^! by coa/+ /eam]s 01 !re=e1 easy1 & c\ld be accompli%$ 9 mu* less "t & at less co/ ?an by canal4 ,!re 0 no l>ge manufactur+ t[n 9 ,engl& t 0 m ?an ab\t #hj miles 9 a direct l9e f a fir/-class seaport2 & tak+ ! c\ntry s\? ( ! ,fir? ( ,=?1 !re 7 only #db-a_/b squ>e miles to ea* mile ( coa/4 ,france1 on ! o!r h&1 _h only two fir/-class ports1 "o 9 ! nor? & ! o!r 9 ! extreme s\?1 ov] a coa/-l9e ( #a1cfj miles4 ,its capital 0 #ajj miles f ! ne>e/ seaport1 & ! t[ns 9 ! c5tre ( ! c\ntry 7 #bej to #cjj miles f ei!r ,havre or ,m>seilles4 ,= e mile ( coa/-l9e !re 7 #afb squ>e miles ( c\ntry4 ,belgium _h "o l>ge seaport & only #ej miles ( coa/-l9e1 ) #bbg squ>e miles ( c\ntry to e squ>e mile4 ,g]many _h only two fir/-class ports1 bo? situat$ on its nor!rn coa/2 ,frank=t & ,b]l9 7 di/ant f ^? ports ab\t #bej miles1 & = e mile ( coa/-l9e !re 7 #bca squ>e miles ( c\ntry4 ,! necessity ( an ext5d$ sy/em ( inl& wat]ways = ! di/ribution ( produce & mat]ials 01 !re=e1 f> m important 9 ^? c\ntries ?an x 0 9 ,engl&4 ,pass+ f comm]cial & geographical to political conditions1 we f9d t 9 ,g]many ! ,/ate owns or controls alike railways & wat]ways4 ,prussia b\ght up mo/ ( ! =m]1 p>tly ) ! idea ( safegu>d+ ! protective policy ( ! c\ntry 7endang]$ by ! l[ rates *>g$ on imports by indep5d5t railway companies71 & p>tly 9 ord] t ! ,gov]nm5t c\ld secure1 9 ! pr(its on railway op]ation1 a s\rce ( income indep5d5t ( ,p>liam5t>y votes4 ,s well has ! latt] aim be5 a*iev$ t a contribution to ! ,ex*equ] ( f #aj1jjj1jjj to #ae1jjj1jjj a ye> has be5 obta9$1 &1 r ?an all[ ?is s\rce ( income to be *eck$ by heavy exp5diture1 ! ,prussian ,gov]nm5t h refra9$ f c>ry+ out su* wid5+s & improvem5ts ( _! ,/ate sy/em ( railways z a ,briti% or an ,am]ican railway company w\ld c]ta9ly h adopt$ 9 l circum/ances1 & h left ! trad]s to f9d relief 9 ! wat]ways in/ead4 ,! increas$ traffic ! wat]ways ( ,g]many are actually gett+ is ma9ly traffic :i* has ei!r be5 div]t$ f ! railways1 or w\ld h be5 h&l$ by ! railways 9 o!r c\ntries 9 ! natural c\rse ( _! expansion4 ,:atev] may be ! case ) ! wat]ways1 ! railways ( ,prussia1 especially1 are comp>atively unprogressive1 &1 in/ead ( develop+ ?r\gh traffic at competitive rates1 !y are rev]t+ m & m to ! orig9al position ( railways z fe$]s to ! wat]ways4 ,!y get a %ort haul f place ( orig9 to ! wat]way1 & ano!r %ort haul1 p]haps1 f wat]way aga9 to f9al de/9ation2 b ! great] "p ( ! j\rney is done by wat]4 ,^! conditions repres5t "o v mat]ial factor 9 ! sub/antial expansion ( wat]-borne traffic 9 ,g]many--& mo/ ( t traffic1 be x rememb]$1 has be5 on great riv]s r ?an on artificial canals4 ,! latt] are c]ta9ly be+ increas$ 9 numb]1 especially1 z ,i h said1 :]e !y connect ! riv]s2 & ! ,gov]nm5t are ! m incl9$ t ! wat]ways %\ld be develop$ because !n !re w be less ne$ = sp5d+ money on ! railways1 & = any int]f]5ce ) ! rev5ue-produc+ ma*9e :i* ^? railways repres5t4 ,9 ,france ! railways own$ & op]at$ by ! ,/ate are only a comp>atively small section ( ! :ole2 b successive ,gov]nm5ts h advanc$ imm5se sums = railway con/ruction1 & ! ,/ate gu>antees ! divid5ds ( ! companies2 :ile 9 ,france z 9 ,g]many railway rates are controll$ absolutely by ! ,/ate4 ,9 nei!r c\ntry is !re free competition betwe5 rail & wat] transport4 ,if !re 71 ! railways w\ld probably secure a mu* great] proportion ( ! traffic ?an !y d4 ,/ill ano!r consid]ation to be borne 9 m9d is t al?\gh ea* c\ntry has sp5t great sums ( money--at ! co/ ( ! g5]al taxpay]--on ! provision ( canals or ! improvem5t ( wat]ways1 no tolls are1 ) few exceptions1 impos$ on ! trad]s4 ,! canal *>ges include no?+ b actual co/ ( c>riage1 :]eas ,briti% railway rates may cov] v>i\s o!r s]vices1 9 addition1 & h to be fix$ on a scale t w all[ ( a great v>iety ( *>ges & obligations be+ met4 ,n only1 bo? 9 ,g]many & ,france1 may ! wat]way be con/ruct$ & improv$ by ! ,/ate1 b ! ,/ate also meets ! annual exp5diture on dr$g+1 light+1 sup]9t5d5ce & ! ma9t5ance ( inl& h>b\rs4 ,"h we h fur!r reasons = ! gr[? ( ! wat]-borne traffic on ! ,cont95t4 ,:]e ! ,/ate1 z railway own] or railway subsidis]1 sp5ds money also on canals1 x competes only1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ) itself2 b ?is w\ld be a v diff]5t position f ,/ate-own$ or ,/ate-support$ canals 9 ?is c\ntry compet+ ) privately-own$ railways4#i ,if !n1 z ,i ma9ta9 is ! case1 !re is absolutely no basis = fair comp>ison betwe5 ,cont95tal & ,briti% conditions--:e!r comm]cial1 geographical1 or political--we are left to conclude t ! "q ( reviv+ ,briti% canals mu/ be judg$ & decid$ /rictly f a ,briti% /&po9t1 & subject to ! limitations ( ,briti% policy1 circum/ances1 & possibilities4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,wat]ways ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,9 "s respects conditions 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates comp>e ) ^? ( ,cont95tal ,europe1 = !y sugge/ alike p[]ful /reams1 artificial canals con/ruct$ on 7z a rule7 flat or comp>atively flat surfaces1 & ! possibilities ( traffic 9 l>ge quantities = transport ov] long di/ances be=e !y c rea* a seaport4 ,9 o!r respects ! comp>ison is less ) ,cont95tal ?an ) ,briti% conditions1 inasmu* z1 = ! la/ half c5tury at lea/1 ! ,am]ican railways h be5 free to compete ) ! wat]ways1 & fair play has be5 giv5 to ! ex]cise ( economic =ces1 ) ! result t1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates z 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 ! railways h fully e/abli%$ _! position z ! factors 9 inl& transport be/ suit$ to ! v>i$ requirem5ts ( trade & comm]ce ( to-day1 :ile ! riv]s & canals 7,i d n "h deal ) ! ,great ,lakes1 :i* repres5t an entirely diff]5t proposition7 h play$ a rle ( /eadily dim9i%+ importance4 ,! e>lie/ canal built 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 t kn[n z ! ,erie ,canal4 ,x 0 fir/ project$ 9 #agfh1 ) ! idea ( e/abli%+ a ?r\gh r\te by wat] betwe5 ,lake ,erie & ! ,riv] ,hudson at ,albany1 :5ce ! boats or b>ges employ$ w\ld be able to rea* ! port ( ,new ,york4 ,! ,act = its con/ruction 0 n pass$1 h[ev]1 by ! ,prov9cial ,legislature ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york until #ahag4 ,! canal itself 0 op5$ = traffic 9 #ahbe4 ,x _h a total l5g? f ,clevel& to ,albany ( #cfd miles1 includ$ !re9 be+ "s notable eng9e]+ "w 9 ! way ( aqu$ucts1 etc4 ,at ! date 9 "q !re 7 f\r ,nor? ,atlantic seaports1 namely1 ,bo/on1 ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia1 & ,baltimore1 all ( ab\t equal importance4 ,bo/on1 h[ev]1 _h appe>$ likely to take ! lead1 by reason bo? ( h] comp>atively d5se population & ( h] sub/antial developm5t ( manufactures4 ,philadelphia 0 also !n some:at 9 advance ( ,new ,york 9 trade & population4 ,! effect ( ! ,erie ,canal1 h[ev]1 0 to conc5trate all ! advantages1 = ! "t be+1 on ,new ,york4 ,?anks to ! canal1 ,new ,york secur$ ! dome/ic trade ( a widespread t]ritory 9 ! middle we/1 :ile h] rivals c\ld n possess !mselves ( l facilities1 because ( ! impracticability ( con/ruct+ canals to cross ! ranges ( m\nta9s sep>at+ !m f ! valley ( ! ,mississippi & ! bas9 ( ! ,great ,lakes--ranges brok5 only by ! ,hudson & ! ,mohawk valleys1 ( :i* ! con/ructors ( ! ,erie ,canal _h already tak5 advantage4 ,s ,new ,york1 ) its spl5did h>b\r1 made great progress alike 9 trade1 weal?1 & population1 completely outdi/anc+ h] rivals1 & becom+1 z a ,/ate1 ! ,empire ,/ate1 &1 z a city1 ! f9ancial & comm]cial c5tre ( ! ,we/]n ,hemisph]e4 ,:ile1 aga91 ! ,erie ,canal 0 "o ( ! mo/ effici5t factors 9 br++ ab\t ^! results1 x 0 also develop+ ! nor?-we/ by giv+ an outlet to ! comm]ce ( ! ,great ,lakes1 & dur+ ! second qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury x repres5t$ :at has be5 well describ$ z ! mo/ pot5t influ5ce ( ,am]ican progress & civilisation4 ,n only did ! traffic x c>ri$ increase f #a1bej1jjj tons1 9 #ahcg1 to #c1jjj1jjj tons 9 #ahdg1 b x fur!r inspir$ ! build+ ( canals 9 o!r sections ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 c\rse ( "t ! artificial wat]ways ( t c\ntry repres5t$ a total l5g? ( #e1jjj miles4 ,) ! adv5t ( ! railways !re came revolution>y *anges :i* 7 by no means g5]ally appreciat$ at fir/4 ,! co/ ( ! v>i\s canals _h be5 defray$ mo/ly by ! diff]5t ,/ates1 &1 ?\gh f9ancial consid]ations _h ?us be5 m readily met1 ! policy pursu$ _h committ$ ! ,/ates conc]n$ to ! support ( ! canals aga9/ possible competition4 ,:51 !re=e1 private ent]prise introduc$ railways1 9 :i* ! doom ( ! canals 0 =ese51 !re 0 a wild outbur/ ( indignant prote/4 ,! money ( ! taxpay]s1 x 0 said1 _h be5 sunk 9 build+ ! canals1 &1 if ! welf>e ( ^! %\ld be prejudic$ by ! railways1 e taxpay] 9 ! ,/ate w\ld suff]4 ,:5 x 0 se5 t ! railways _h come to /ay1 ! dem& arose t1 :ile pass5g]s might travel by rail1 ! canals %\ld h ! exclusive "r to convey m]*&ise4 ,! "q 0 ev5 discuss$ by ! ,legislature ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 9 #aheg1 :e!r ! railways %\ld n be prev5t$ f c>ry+ goods at all1 or1 alt]natively1 :e!r heavy taxes %\ld n be impos$ on goods traffic c>ri$ by rail 9 ord] to *eck ! consid]able t5d5cy !n be+ %[n = m]*&ise to g by rail in/ead ( by canal1 irrespective ( any diff]5ce 9 rates4 ,! railway companies 7 fur!r accus$ ( conspir+ to break d[n ^? great public works ^u :i* ! ,/ate has sp5t =ty ye>s ( lab\r1 & s active 0 ! campaign aga9/ !m--:ile x la/$--t "o ,new ,york pap] wrote3--,! :ole community is ar\s$ z x nev] 0 be=e4 ,"s ( ! laws :i* _h be5 actually pass$ to protect ! ,/ate-con/ruct$ canals aga9/ ! railways 71 h[ev]1 repeal$ 9 #ahea1 & ! agitation itself 0 n cont9u$ beyond #aheg1 f :i* ye> ! railways _h free scope & opportunity to %[ :at !y c\ld d4 ,! conte/ 0 vigor\s & prolong$1 b ! railways /eadily won4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance ! ,erie ,canal _h a dep? ( #d feet1 & c\ld be navigat$ only by #cj-ton boats4 ,9 #ahfb x 0 deep5$ to #g feet1 9 ord] t boats ( #bdj tons1 ) a capacity ( #h1jjj tons ( :eat1 c\ld pass1 ! co/ ( con/ruction be+ ?us increas$ f #g1jjj1jjj to #ej1jjj1jjj4 ,!n1 9 #ahhb1 all tolls 7 aboli%$1 & ! canal has s9ce be5 ma9ta9$ out ( ! ,/ate treasury4 ,b h[ ! traffic on ! ,new ,york canals z a :ole 7includ+ ! ,erie1 ! ,oswego1 ! ,*ampla91 etc47 has decl9$1 9 competition ) ! railroads1 is well %[n by ! foll[+ table3--#aj ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,ye>4 ,total ,traffic on ,new ,york ,p]c5tage on ,canals & ,railroads4 ,canals only4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,tons4 ,p] c5t4 #ahfj #g1aee1hjc #fe #ahgj #ag1dhh1dfi #ce #ahhj #bi1idc1fcc #ba #ahij #ef1cbg1ffa #i4c #aijj #hd1idb1ihh #d4a #aijc #ic1bdh1bii #c4i ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,! fall+ (f 9 ! canal traffic has be5 greate/ 9 j ^? heavy or bulky commodities t are g5]ally assum$ to be specially adapt$ = conveyance by wat]4 ,( ! fl\r & gra91 = in/ance1 receiv$ at ,new ,york1 less ?an #aj p] c5t4 9 #ahii1 & less ?an #h p] c5t4 9 #aijj1 came by ! ,erie ,canal4 ,! exp]i5ces ( ! ,new ,york canals h be5 fully %>$ by o!r canals 9 o!r ,/ates4 ,( ! sum total ( #e1jjj miles ( canals con/ruct$1 #b1jjj _h be5 ab&on$ by #ahij on ! gr\nd t ! traffic 0 insuffici5t to cov] work+ exp5ses4 ,s9ce !n mo/ ( ! rema9d] h %>$ ! same fate1 "o ( ! la/ ( ! survivors1 ! ,delaw>e & ,hudson1 be+ conv]t$ into a railway a ye> or two ago4 ,9 fact ! only canals 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to-day1 besides ^? 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 ^: bus9ess is suffici5tly regul> to w>rant ! inclusion ( _! traffic 9 ! mon?ly reports ( ! ,gov]nm5t are ! ,*esapeake & ,delaw>e 7connect+ ,*esapeake & ,delaw>e ,bays1 & hav+ an annual traffic ( ab\t #gjj1jjj tons1 l>gely lumb]72 & ! ,*esapeake & ,ohio 7f ,cumb]l& to ,georget[n1 own$ by ! ,/ate ( ,m>yl&1 & transport+ coal almo/ exclusively1 ! am\nt dep5d+ on ! /ate ( conge/ion ( traffic on ! railroads74 ,x is ,new ,york t has be5 mo/ affect$ by ?is decl9e 9 ,am]ican canals4 ,:5 ! railways began to compete sev]ely ) ! ,erie ,canal1 ,new ,york's previ\s supremacy ov] rival ports 9 ! ,ea/]n ,/ates 0 s]i\sly ?reat5$4 ,philadelphia & ,baltimore1 & v>i\s small] ports also1 />t$ to make trem5d\s advance4 ,!n ! ,gulf ports--notably ,new ,orleans & ,galve/on--7 able to capture a good deal ( ocean traffic t might o!rwise h pass$ ?r\gh ,new ,york4 ,n only d ! railway l9es to ^? ports h ! advantage ( easy grades1 s t exceptionally heavy tra9-loads c be h&l$ ) ease1 & n only is !re no fe> ( sn[ or ice blocks 9 w9t]1 b ! improvem5ts effect$ 9 ! ports !mselves--z ,i _h ! opportunity ( see+ & judg+1 9 ! w9t] ( #aijb-c1 dur+ a visit to ! ,unit$ ,/ates--h made ^! s\!rn ports /ill m =midable competitors ( ,new ,york4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 ! trade ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has und]gone great expansion ( late ye>s1 t proportion ( x :i* passes ?r\gh ! port ( ,new ,york has s]i\sly decl9$4 ,9 less ?an t5 ye>s1 says a pamphlet on ,! ,canal ,sy/em ( ,new ,york ,/ate1 issu$ by ! ,canal ,improvem5t ,/ate ,committee1 ,city ( ,new ,york1 ,p5nsylvania or "s o!r ,/ate may be ! ,empire ,/ate1 :i* title ,new ,york has held s9ce ! "t ( ! ,erie ,canal4 ,s a movem5t has be5 actively promot$ 9 ,new ,york ,/ate = ! resuscitation ( ! ,erie & o!r canals !re1 ) a view to assur+ ! cont9uance ( ,new ,york's comm]cial supremacy1 & giv+ h] a bett] *ance--if possible--( compet+ ) rivals n[ fl\ri%+ at h] exp5se4 ,at fir/ a %ip canal betwe5 ,new ,york & ,lake ,erie 0 propos$2 b ?is idea has be5 reject$ z impracticable4 ,f9ally1 ! ,legislature ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york decid$ on sp5d+ #aja1jjj1jjj on enl>g+ ! ,erie & o!r canals 9 ! ,/ate1 s z to give !m a dep? ( #ab feet1 & all[ ( ! passage ( #a1jjj-ton b>ges1 arrangem5ts be+ also made = propulsion by electric or /eam traction4 ,9 addition to ?is p>ticul> s*eme1 !re are1 says ,mr ,f4 ,h4 ,dixon1 ,pr(essor ( ,economics1 ,d>tm\? ,college1 9 an address on ,competition betwe5 ,wat] & ,railway ,transportation ,l9es 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 read by him be=e ! ,/ ,l\is ,railway ,club1 & report$ 9 ! ,eng9e]+ ,news 7,new ,york7 ( ,m>* #bb1 #aijf1 _m o!r proposals = canals 9 diff]5t sections ( ! c\ntry1 ext5d+ all ! way f projects t h "s economic ju/ification to ! crazy & impracticable s*emes ( vision>ies4 ,b ! g5]al position 9 reg>d to canal resuscitation 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates does n seem to be v hopeful1 judg+ f a /atem5t made by ,mr ,c>negie--once an advocate ( ! propos$ ,pittsburg-,lake ,erie ,canal--be=e ! ,pittsburg ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce 9 #ahih4 ,su* has be5 ! progress ( railway developm5t1 he said1 t if we _h a canal to-day f ,lake ,erie ?r\gh ! ,ohio ,valley to ,beav]1 free ( toll1 we c\ld n af=d to put boats on x4 ,x is *eap] to-day to transf] ! ore to #ej-ton c>s1 & br+ x to our works at ,pittsburg ov] our railway1 ?an x w\ld be to br+ x by canal4 ,turn+ f artificial to natural wat]ways 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,i f9d ! /ory ( ! ,mississippi no less in/ructive4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,c>go ,,boat ,,on ,,! ,,mississippi4 ,to face page #aaj4 ,?is magnific5t /ream has1 9 itself1 a l5g? ( #b1dhe miles4 ,b ! ,miss\ri is really only an upp] prolongation ( ! same riv] "u ano!r "n1 & ! total l5g? ( ! two1 f m\? to s\rce1 is #d1aij miles1 ( :i* ! great] di/ance is navigable4 ,! ,mississippi & its v>i\s tribut>ies dra91 altoge!r1 an area ( #a1bdj1jjj squ>e miles1 or ne>ly "o-?ird ( ! t]ritory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,if any great riv] 9 ! _w _h a *ance at all ( hold+ its own aga9/ ! railroads z a highway ( traffic x %\ld1 surely1 be ! ,mississippi1 to :i* ,briti% !ori/s ought to be able to po9t z a p[]ful argum5t 9 support ( _! g5]al proposition conc]n+ ! advantages ( wat] ov] rail-transport4 ,b ! actual facts all po9t 9 ! o!r direction4 ,! e>lie/ conditions ( navigation on ! ,mississippi are well %[n 9 ! foll[+ extract f an article publi%$ 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,review ( ,m>* #ahcj1 "u ! head+1 ,railroads & ,locomotive ,/eam-c>riages3-- ,z an example ( ! difficulties ( int]nal navigation1 x may be m5tion$ t on ! great riv] ,mississippi1 :i* fl[s at ! rate ( #e or #f miles an h\r1 x 0 ! practice ( a c]ta9 class ( boatm51 :o br\ght d[n ! produce ( ! int]ior to ,new ,orleans1 to break up _! boats1 sell ! timb]1 & aft]w>ds return home sl[ly by l&2 & a voyage up ! riv] f ,new ,orleans to ,pittsburg1 a di/ance ( ab\t #b1jjj miles1 c\ld h>dly be accompli%$1 ) ! mo/ labori\s ef=ts1 )9 a p]iod ( f\r mon?s4 ,b ! unc]ta9 & limit$ influ5ce1 bo? ( ! w9d & ! tide1 is n[ sup]s$$ by a new ag5t1 :i* 9 p[] f> surpass+ ! rag+ torr5t1 is yet p]fectly manageable1 & acts ) equal efficacy 9 any direction4444 ,/eamboats ( e description1 & on ! mo/ approv$ models1 ply on all ! great riv]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 ! voyage f ,new ,orleans to ,pittsburg1 :i* =m]ly occupi$ f\r mon?s1 is accompli%$ ) ease 9 fifte5 or tw5ty days1 & at ! rate ( n less ?an #e miles an h\r4 ,s9ce ?is article 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,review 0 publi%$1 enorm\s sums ( money h be5 sp5t on ! ,mississippi--p>tly ) a view to ! prev5tion ( floods1 b p>tly1 also1 to improve ! riv] = ! purposes ( navigation4 ,plac$ 9 *>ge ( a ,mississippi ,commission & ( ! ,*ief ( ,eng9e]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army1 ! riv] has be5 sy/ematically survey$2 special /udies & reports h be5 drawn up on e possible aspect ( its normal or abnormal conditions & circum/ances2 ! l>ge/ riv] dr$ges 9 ! _w h be5 employ$ to ensure an adequate dep? ( ! riv] b$2 eng9e]+ works 9 g5]al on ! mo/ complete scale h be5 c>ri$ out--9 fact1 no?+ t sci5ce1 skill1 or money c\ld accompli% has be5 left undone4 ,! difficulties 7 c]ta9ly consid]able4 ,!re has always be5 a t5d5cy = ! riv] b$ to get *ok$ up by ! s$im5t ! /ream fail$ to c>ry on2 ! banks are weak2 :ile ! v>iation 9 wat] level is sometimes z mu* z #aj feet 9 a s+le mon?4 ,none ! less1 ! ,mississippi play$ = a "t z important a rle 9 ! we/ & ! s\? z ! ,erie ,canal play$ 9 ! nor?4 ,/eamboats on ! we/]n riv]s increas$ 9 numb] f #bj1 9 #ahah1 to #a1bjj1 9 #ahdh1 & !re 0 a l developm5t 9 flat boat tonnage4 ,) ! expansion ( ! riv] traffic came a gr[? ( l>ge cities & t[ns alongside4 ,l\isville increas$ 9 population f #d1jjj1 9 #ahbj1 to #dc1jjj1 9 #ahej1 & ,/ ,l\is f #d1ijj to #gg1jjj 9 ! same p]iod4 ,) ! arrival ( ! railroads began ! decl9e ( ! riv]1 ?\gh "s ye>s 7 to elapse be=e ! decl9e 0 s]i\sly felt4 ,x 0 ! absolute p]fection ( ! railway sy/em t ev5tually made its competition irresi/ible4 ,! l9es p>allel$ ! riv]2 !y _h1 z ,i h said1 easy grades2 !y respond$ to t consid]ation 9 reg>d to spe$y deliv]y ( consignm5ts :i* is z pron\nc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates z x is 9 ,great ,brita92 !y 7 z free f /oppages due to v>iations 9 wat] level z !y 7 f /oppages on acc\nt ( ice or sn[2 & !y c\ld be provid$ ) bran* l9es z fe$]s1 go+ f> inl&1 s t ! trad] did n h ei!r to build 8 factory on ! riv] bank or to pay co/ ( c>tage betwe5 factory & riv]4 ,! railway companies1 aga91 7 able to provide mu* m effici5t t]m9al facilities1 especially 9 ! erection ( l>ge :>ves1 pi]s1 & depts :i* all[ ( ! railway waggons com+ "r alongside ! /eam]s4 ,at ,galve/on ,i saw c>go be+ dis*>g$ f ! ocean-go+ /eam]s by be+ plac$ on trucks :i* 7 rais$ f ! vessel by endless mov+-plat=ms to ! level ( ! goods /ation1 :]e /ood1 along p>allel s]ies ( l9es1 ! railway waggons :i* w\ld take !m direct to ,*icago1 ,san ,francisco1 or else:]e4 ,) facilities su* z ^! no inl& wat]way c possibly compete4 ,! railways1 aga91 7 able1 9 competition ) ! riv]1 to r$uce _! *>ges to :at ! traffic w\ld be>1 dep5d+ on a high] proportion ( pr(it else:]e4 ,! /eamboats c\ld adopt no su* policy z ?is1 & ! trad]s f\nd t1 by ! "t !y _h paid1 n only ! *>ges = actual riv] transport1 b insurance & extra c>tage1 z well1 !y _h paid z mu* z transport by rail w\ld h co/1 :ile gett+ a mu* sl[] & m inconv5i5t s]vice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,successful ,,rivals ,,( ,,mississippi ,,c>go ,,boats4 7#a7 ,ill9ois ,c5tral ,freight ,tra92 #dc c>s2 #b1ajj tons4 7#b7 ,banana ,express1 ,new ,orleans to ,*icago2 #cd c>s2 #dcc tons ( bananas4 ,to face page #aad4 ,! f9al outcome ( all ^! conditions is indicat$ by "s rem>ks made by ,mr ,/uyvesant ,fi%1 ,presid5t ( ! ,ill9ois ,c5tral ,railroad ,company 7! *ief railway competitors ( ! ,mississippi /eamboats71 9 ! address he deliv]$ z ,presid5t ( ! ,sev5? ,session ( ! ,int]national ,railway ,congress at ,wa%+ton1 9 ,may #aije3-- ,x is )9 my k t tw5ty ye>s ago !re 7 annually c>ri$ by /eamboats f ,memphis to ,new ,orleans ov] #ajj1jjj bales ( cotton1 & t 9 almo/ e ye> s9ce ! railroads betwe5 ,memphis & ,new ,orleans pass$ "u "o managem5t1 n a s+le bale has be5 c>ri$ d[n ! ,mississippi ,riv] f ,memphis by boat1 & 9 no "o ye> h #ejj bales be5 ?us c>ri$2 ! reason be+ t1 includ+ ! *>ges = m>9e & fire insurance1 ! rates by wat] are high] ?an by rail4 ,to ?is /atem5t ,mr ,fi% add$ "s figures :i* may be tabulat$ z foll[s3-- ,,tonnage ,,( ,,freight ,,receiv$ ,,at ,,or ,,despat*$ ,,f ,,new ,,orleans4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #ahij #aijj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,by ! ,mississippi ,riv] 7all s\rces7 #b1cjf1bij #dej1dih ,by rail #c1eeg1gdb #f1heb1jfd ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,decl9e ( riv] traffic 9 t5 ye>s #a1hee1gib tons ,increase ( rail #c1bid1cbb ,^! figures be> /rik+ te/imony to ! results t may be br\ght ab\t 9 a c\ntry :]e railways are all[$ a fair *ance ( compet+ ) ev5 ! greate/ ( natural wat]ways--a *ance1 z ,i h said1 d5i$ !m 9 ,g]many & ,france4 ,look+1 too1 at ^! figures1 ,i und]/& bett] ! significance ( :at ,i saw at ,memphis1 :]e a solit>y ,mississippi /eamboat--"o ( ! survivals ( ^? huge float+ w>eh\ses n[ mo/ly ru/+ out _! exi/5ce at ,new ,orleans--0 hav+ h] c>go dis*>g$ on ! riv] banks by a few negroes1 :ile ! p[]ful locomotives ( ! ,ill9ois ,c5tral 7 ru%+ along on ! adjo9+ railway ) ! bigge/ tra9-loads x 0 possible = !m to haul4 ,on ! g5]al position 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,i might quote ! foll[+ f a communication ) :i* ,i h be5 fav\r$ by ,mr ,luis ,jackson1 an ,engli%man by bir?1 :o1 aft] an e>ly tra9+ on ,briti% railways1 w5t to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 creat$ !re ! rle ( indu/rial commission] 9 connection ) ,am]ican railways1 & n[ fills t position on ! ,erie ,railroad3-- ,:5 ,i 0 9 ! ,we/ ! "q ( wat] transportation d[n ! ,mississippi 0 frequ5tly rem>k$ ^u4 ,! ,mississippi is navigable f ,/ ,paul to ,new ,orleans4 ,9 ! e>ly days ! t[ns along ! ,mississippi1 especially ^? f ,/ ,paul to ,/ ,l\is1 dep5d$ ^u1 & _h _! gr[? ?r\gh1 ! riv] traffic4 ,x 0 a common rem>k among our railroad p t 'we c\ld lick ! riv]4' ,! traffic d[n ! ,mississippi1 especially f ,/ ,paul to ,/ ,l\is 7,i c only speak ( ! t]ritory ) :i* ,i am well acqua9t$7 p]ceptibly decl9$ 9 competition ) ! railroads1 & ! riv] t[ns h be5 reviv$ by1 & n[ dep5d m = _! gr[? on1 ! railroads ?an on ! riv]4444 ,figures d n prove any?+4 ,if ! ,erie ,canal & ! ,mississippi ,riv] traffic _h increas$1 d\bl$1 trebl$1 or quadrupl$ 9 ! pa/ ye>s1 in/ead ( actually dw9dl+ by tonnage figures1 x w\ld prove no?+ z aga9/ ! trem5d\s tonnage haul$ by ! trunk l9e railroads4 ,! ,erie ,railroad ,company1 ,new ,york to ,*icago1 la/ ye> c>ri$ #cb1jjj1jjj tons ( rev5ue freights4 ,x w\ld take a pretty good canal to h&le t am\nt ( traffic2 & ! ,erie is only "o ( _m l9es betwe5 ,new ,york & ,*icago4 ,a canal1 p>allel+ great railroads1 to "s ext5t injures !m on ?r\gh traffic4 ,! t5d5cy ( all railroads is 9 ! l9e ( progress4 ,z ! tonnage increases ! equipm5t becomes l>g]1 & ! g5]al t5d5cy ( railroad rates is d[nw>ds2 9 o!r words1 ! public 9 ! end gets f ! railroad all t c be expect$ f a canal1 & mu* m4 ,! railroad c exp& "r & left1 & rea* indu/ries by side tracks2 ) canals e manufactur] mu/ locate on ! banks ( ! canal4 ,canals = int]nal comm]ce1 9 my m9d1 are out ( date2 !y belong to ! 'sl[4' ,nor d ,i believe t ! traffic managem5t ( canals by ! ,/ate has ! same conception ( traffic measures :i* is adopt$ by ! mod]n manag]s ( railroads4 ,canals affect rates on heavy commodities1 & play a "p mo/ly injuri\s1 to my m9d1 to ! prop] developm5t ( railroads1 especially on ! ,cont95t ( ,europe4 ,!y may d local bus9ess1 b ! railroad is ! real h&maid ( comm]ce4 ,by way ( conclud+ ?is brief sket* ( ,am]ican conditions1 ,i _c d bett] ?an adopt ! f9al s5t5ces 9 ,pr(essor ,dixon's pap] at ! ,/ ,l\is ,railway ,club to :i* ,i h already ref]r$3-- ,two consid]ations %\ld1 above all o!rs1 be kept 9 m9d 9 det]m9ation ( ! feasibility ( any project3 fir/1 ! v positive limitations to ! effici5cy ( riv]s & canals z transportation ag5cies because ( _! lack ( flexibility & ! natural disabilities "u :i* !y suff]2 & secondly1 t wat] transportation is n necess>ily *eap simply because ! ,gov]nm5t con/ructs & ma9ta9s ! *annels4 ,no?+ c\ld be m delusive ?an ! ass]tion s frequ5tly made1 :i* is f\nd 9 ! op5+ pages ( ! report ( ! ,new ,york ,committee on ,canals ( #ahii1 t wat] transportation is inh]5tly *eap] ?an rail transportation4 ,su* an ass]tion is true only ( ocean transportation1 & possibly also ( l>ge bodies ( wat] l ! lakes1 al?\gh ?is la/ is d\btful4 ,by all means let u h our wat]ways develop$ :5 su* developm5t is economically ju/ifiable4 ,:at is ju/ifiable mu/ be a matt] ( judgm5t1 & possibly to "s ext5t ( exp]im5tation1 b ! burd5 ( pro( re/s on its advocates4 ,su* projects %\ld be c>ri$ out by ! localities int]e/$ & ! burd5 %\ld be borne by ^? :o are to d]ive ! b5efit4 ,only 9 l>ge und]tak+s ( national conc]n %\ld ! ,g5]al ,gov]nm5t be call$ ^u = aid4 ,b ,i prote/ mo/ vigor\sly aga9/ ! deluge ( s*emes p\r$ 9 ^u ,congress at e session by reckless advocates :o1 disreg>d+ altoge!r ! co/ ( _! crazy measures 9 ! increas$ burd5 ( g5]al taxation1 argue = ! inh]5t *eapness ( wat] transportation1 & urge ! con/ruction at public exp5se ( works ^: traffic w nev] cov] ! co/ ( ma9t5ance4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,engli% ,,conditions ,i h already spok5 9 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ( "s ( ! *ief diff]5ces betwe5 ,cont95tal & ,engli% conditions1 b ,i rev]t to ! latt] because x is ess5tial t1 be=e approv+ ( any s*eme ( canal re/oration "h1 ! ,briti% public %\ld ?or\ghly und]/& ! nature ( ! task t w\ld ?us be und]tak54 ,! sections ( actual canal r\tes1 giv5 opposite page #ih1 w convey "s idea ( ! difficulties :i* fac$ ! orig9al build]s ( our artificial wat]ways4 ,! wond] is t1 s9ce wat] has n yet be5 induc$ to fl[ up-hill1 canals 7 ev] con/ruct$ ov] su* surfaces at all4 ,mo/ probably ! majority ( !m w\ld n h be5 attempt$ if railways _h come into vogue half a c5tury e>li] ?an !y did4 ,look+ at ^! diagrams1 "o c imag9e h[ ! locomotive--:i* does n disda9 hill-climb+1 & c easily be provid$ ) cutt+s1 bridges1 viaducts1 & tunnels--c\ld foll[ ! canal2 b "o c h>dly imag9e t 9 ,engl&1 at lea/1 ! canal w\ld h foll[$ ! railway4 ,! :ole proposition 9 reg>d to canal revival w\ld be *ang$ if only ! surfaces 9 ,great ,brita9 7 ! same z !y are1 say1 betwe5 ,hamburg & ,b]l91 :]e 9 #bcj miles ( wat]way !re are only ?ree locks4 ,9 ?is c\ntry !re is an av]age ( "o lock = e #a-a_/d mile ( navigation4 ,! sum total ( ! locks on ,briti% canals is #b1cgg1 ea* repres5t+1 on an av]age1 a capitalis$ co/ ( #a1cfj4 ,in/ead ( a great c5tral pla91 z on ! ,cont95t ( ,europe1 we h a great c5tral ridge1 ext5d+ ! great] l5g? ( ,engl&4 ,9 ! #af miles betwe5 ,worce/] & ,t>debigge on ! ,worce/] & ,birm+ham ,canal1 !re are fifty-eight locks to be pass$ ?r\gh by a canal boat go+ f ! ,sev]n to ,birm+ham4 ,at ,t>debigge !re is a diff]5ce 9 level ( ab\t #bej feet 9 #c miles or s4 ,?is is ov]come by a flight ( ?irty locks1 :i* a #be-ton boat may hope to get ?r\gh 9 f\r h\rs4 ,betwe5 ,hudd]sfield & ,a%ton1 on ! ,hudd]sfield ,n>r[ ,canal1 !re are sev5ty-f\r locks 9 #bj miles2 betwe5 ,man*e/] & ,s[]by ,bridge1 on ! ,ro*dale ,canal1 !re are n9ety-two locks 9 #cb miles1 to enable ! boats to pass ov] an elevation #fjj feet above sea level2 & at ,b+ley1 on ! ,le$s & ,liv]pool ,canal1 five /aircase locks give a total lift ( #ei feet #b in*es4 ,betwe5 ,london & ,liv]pool !re are ?ree canal r\tes1 ea* pass+ ?r\gh ei!r t5 or elev5 sep>ate navigations1 & cov]+ di/ances ( f #bdd to #bfg miles4 ,by "o ( ^! r\tes a boat has to pass ?r\gh su* s]ies ( locks z n9ety 9 #ajj miles on ! ,gr& ,junction ,canal1 betwe5 ,padd+ton & ,braun/on2 =ty-?ree 9 #ag miles on ! ,birm+ham ,canal1 betwe5 ,birm+ham & ,ald]sley2 & =ty-six 9 #ff miles on ! ,%rop%ire ,union ,canal1 betwe5 ,au!rley & ,ellesm]e ,port4 ,proce$+ by an alt]native r\te1 ! boat w\ld pass ?r\gh fifty-n9e locks 9 #fg miles on ! ,tr5t & ,m]sey2 :ile a ?ird r\te w\ld give two hundr$ & eighty-two locks 9 a total ( #bfg miles4 ,! numb] ( sep>ate navigations is t5 by ,r\tes ,i4 & ,,ii41 & elev5 by ,r\te ,,iii4 ,betwe5 ,london & ,hull !re are two r\tes1 "o #bhb miles ) "o hundr$ & sixty-f\r locks1 & ! o!r #cje miles ) "o hundr$ & =ty-eight locks4 ,on ! j\rney f ,london to ! ,sev]n1 a boat w\ld pass ?r\gh "o hundr$ & ?irty locks 9 #agg miles 9 go+ to ! ,avonm\? ,docks 7?is total includ+ "o hundr$ & six locks 9 #hf miles betwe5 ,read+ & ,hanham1 on ! ,k5net & ,avon ,canal72 & ei!r "o hundr$ & two locks 9 #aia miles1 or two hundr$ & ?irty 9 #bai miles1 if ! de/9ation 7 ,%>pness ,docks4 ,betwe5 ,liv]pool & ,hull !re are "o hundr$ & f\r locks 9 #ahg miles by "o r\te2 "o hundr$ & =ty-n9e 9 #aei miles by a second r\te2 & "o hundr$ & fifty-two 9 #adi miles by a ?ird4 ,9 ! case ( a canal boat despat*$ f ,birm+ham1 ! position w\ld be--to ,london1 "o hundr$ & fifty-five locks 9 #adg miles2 to ,liv]pool 7#a7 n9ety-n9e locks 9 #aad miles1 7#b7 sixty-n9e locks 9 #id miles2 to ,hull1 sixty-six locks 9 #afd miles2 to ! ,sev]n1 ,%>pness ,docks 7#a7 sixty-"o locks 9 #ge miles1 7#b7 =ty-n9e locks 9 #hi miles4 ,e>ly 9 #aijf a correspond5t ( ,! ,/&>d made an exp]im5tal canal j\rney f ! ,?ames1 at ,br5t=d1 to ,birm+ham1 to te/ ! qualities ( a c]ta9 suction-produc] gas motor b>ge4 ,! b>ge itself /ood ! te/ s well t ! correspond5t 0 able to decl>e3--,9 ! new p[] may be f\nd a solution ( ! problem ( canal traction4 ,he arriv$ at ?is conclusion not)/&+ ! fact t ! motor b>ge 0 /opp$ at "o ( ! locks by a dr[n$ cat be+ caught betwe5 ! b>ge & ! incom+ butty boat4 ,! j\rney f ,london to ,birm+ham occupi$1 r\ghly1 six & a half days--a j\rney1 t is1 :i* ,london & ,nor?-,we/]n express tra9s accompli% regul>ly 9 two h\rs4 ,! #bb-a_/b miles ( ! ,w>wick & ,birm+ham ,canal1 :i* has ?irty-f\r locks1 alone took t5 h\rs & a half4 ,f ,birm+ham ! correspond5t made o!r j\rneys 9 ! same b>ge1 cov]+1 altoge!r1 #cgj miles4 ,9 t di/ance he pass$ ?r\gh ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty-sev5 locks1 v>i\s summits sev]al hundr$ feet 9 height be+ cross$ by ?is means4 ,at ,&]ton1 on ! ,tr5t & ,m]sey ,canal1 !re is a v]tical hydraulic lift :i* raises or l[]s two n>r[ boats #ej feet to enable !m to pass betwe5 ! canal & ! ,riv] ,m]sey1 ! op]ation be+ done by means ( tr\ghs #ge feet by #ad-a_/b feet4 ,incl9$ planes h also be5 made use ( to avoid a multiplicity ( locks4 ,x is assum$ t 9 ! ev5t ( any g5]al s*eme ( resuscitation be+ und]tak51 ! pres5t flights ( locks w\ld1 9 _m in/ances1 be done away )1 hydraulic lifts be+ sub/itut$ = !m4 ,:]e ?is c\ld be done x w\ld c]ta9ly effect a sav+ 9 "t1 ?\gh ! provision ( a lift betwe5 s]ies ( locks w\ld n save wat]1 z ?is w\ld /ill be requir$ = ! lock bel[4 ,hydraulic lifts1 h[ev]1 c\ld n be us$ 9 m9+ di/ricts1 su* z ! ,black ,c\ntry1 on acc\nt ( possible subsid5ces4 ,:]e t drawback did n occur !re w\ld /ill be ! "q ( exp5se4 ,! co/ ( con/ruction ( ! ,&]ton lift 0 #ej1jjj1 & ! co/ ( ma9t5ance is #ejj a ye>4 ,w\ld ! traffic on a p>ticul> r\te be always equal to ! outlay8 ,9 reg>d to incl9$ planes1 x 0 propos$ "s eight or t5 ye>s ago to con/ruct "o on ! ,birm+ham ,canal 9 ord] to d away ) a s]ies ( locks at a c]ta9 po9t & save "o h\r on ! ?r\gh j\rney4 ,plans 7 prep>$1 & a ,bill 0 deposit$ 9 ,p>liam5t2 b j at t "t a ,bo>d ( ,trade enquiry into canal tolls & *>ges l$ to su* r$uctions be+ en=c$ t !re no long] appe>$ to be any security = a return on ! propos$ exp5diture1 & ! ,bill 0 )drawn4 ,9 _m in/ances ! diff]5ce 9 level has be5 ov]come by ! con/ruction ( tunnels4 ,!re are 9 ,engl& & ,wales no few] ?an =ty-five canal tunnels ea* upw>ds ( #ajj y>ds 9 l5g?1 & ( ^! twelve are ov] #b1jjj y>ds 9 l5g?1 namely1 ,/&idge ,tunnel1 on ! ,hudd]sfield ,n>r[ ,canal1 #e1def y>ds2 ,sapp]ton1 ,?ames & ,sev]n1 #c1hjh2 ,lappal1 ,birm+ham ,canal navigations1 #c1ghe2 ,dudley1 ,birm+ham ,canal1 #c1fgb2 ,norwood1 ,*e/]field ,canal1 #c1ajb2 ,butt]ley1 ,crom=d1 #c1jfc2 ,bliswor?1 ,gr& ,junction1 #c1jef2 ,ne!rton1 ,birm+ham ,canal1 #c1jbg2 ,h>eca/le 7new71 ,tr5t & ,m]sey1 #b1ibf2 ,h>eca/le 7old71 ,tr5t & ,m]sey1 #b1hig2 ,we/ ,hill1 ,worce/] & ,birm+ham1 #b1gej2 & ,braun/on1 ,gr& ,junction1 #b1jdb4 ,! e>lie/ ( ^! tunnels 7 made s n>r[ 79 ! int]e/s ( economy7 t no space 0 left = a t[+ pa? alongside1 & ! boats 7 pass$ ?r\gh by ! boatm5 ei!r pu%+ a pole or %aft aga9/ ! ro( or sides1 & !n walk+ f =w>d to aft ( ! boat1 or else by ! legg+ process 9 :i* !y lay flat on _! backs 9 ! boat1 & pu%$ ) _! feet aga9/ ! sides ( ! tunnel4 ,at "o "t ev5 wom5 engag$ 9 "w ( ?is k9d4 ,lat] tunnels 7 provid$ ) t[+ pa?s1 :ile 9 "s ( !m /eam tugs h be5 sub/itut$ = %aft+ & legg+4 ,resort has also be5 _h to aqu$ucts1 & ^! repres5t "s ( ! be/ "w t ,briti% canal eng9e]s h done4 ,! fir/ 9 ,engl& 0 ! "o built at ,b>ton by ,james ,br9dley to c>ry ! ,bridgewat] ,canal ov] ! ,irwell4 ,x 0 sup]s$$ by a sw+ aqu$uct 9 #ahic1 to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! ,man*e/] ,%ip ,canal4 ,b ! f9e/ examples are ^? pres5t$ by ! aqu$ucts ( ,*irk & ,pontcysyllte on ! ,ellesm]e ,canal 9 ,nor? ,wales1 n[ =m+ "p ( ! ,%rop%ire ,union ,canal4 ,ea* 0 ! "w ( ,tel=d1 & ! two h be5 aptly describ$ z among ! bolde/ ef=ts ( human inv5tion ( mod]n times4 ,! ,*irk aqu$uct 7#gaj feet long7 c>ries ! canal ov] ! ,riv] ,c]iog4 ,x 0 complet$ 9 #ahja & co/ #bj1hih4 ,! ,pontcysyllte aqu$uct1 ( :i* a photograph is giv5 z a frontispiece1 c>ries ! canal 9 a ca/-iron tr\gh a di/ance ( #a1jjg feet across ! valley ( ! ,riv] ,dee4 ,x 0 op5$ = traffic 9 #ahjc1 & involv$ an outlay ( #dg1jjj4 ,ano!r canal aqu$uct wor?y ( m5tion is t :i* 0 con/ruct$ by ,r5nie 9 #agif1 at a co/ ( #dh1jjj1 to c>ry ! ,lanca/] ,canal ov] ! ,riv] ,lune4 ,^! facts mu/ surely conv9ce ev]yone :o is 9 any way op5 to conviction ( ! enorm\s diff]5ce betwe5 canal con/ruction z c>ri$ on 9 bygone days 9 ,great ,brita9--involv+ z x did all ^! co/ly1 elaborate1 & ev5 =midable eng9e]+ works--& ! build+ ( canals1 or ! canalisation ( riv]s1 on ! flat surfaces ( ,holl&1 ,belgium1 & ,nor!rn ,g]many4 ,review+--ev5 ?us inadequately--! "w t _h be5 already done1 "o ceases to wond] t1 :5 ! railways began to e/abli% !mselves 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! canal companies ( t day reg>d$ ) despair ! idea ( practically do+ ! great] "p ( _! "w ov] aga91 9 ord] to c>ry on an app>5tly hopeless /ruggle ) a p[]ful competitor :o _h evid5tly come n only to /ay b to w94 ,x is n surpris+1 aft] all1 t _m ( !m ?\ght x bett] to exploit ! enemy by induc+ or =c+ him to buy !m out6 ,! av]age read] :o may n hi!rto h /udi$ ! "q s completely z ,i am "h seek+ to d1 w also beg9 by ?is "t to und]/& :at ! resuscitation ( ! ,briti% canal sy/em might involve 9 ! way ( exp5se4 ,! initial pur*ase--presumably on fair & equitable t]ms--w\ld 9 itself co/ mu* m ?an is suppos$ ev5 by ! av]age exp]t4 ,assum+1 says "o au?ority1 ,mr ,?waite1 t #c1ejj miles ( ! canal sy/em 7 pur*asable at two-?irds ( _! orig9al co/ ( con/ruction1 say #b1cej p] mile ( l5g?1 !n ! capital requir$ w\ld be #h1bbe1jjj4 ,?is looks v simple4 ,b is ! orig9al co/ ( con/ruction ( canals pass+ ?r\gh tunnels1 ov] viaducts1 & up & d[n elevations ( f #djj to #fjj feet1 calculat$ "h on ! same basis z canals on ! flat-l&s8 ,is all[ance made = co/ly pump+ app>atus--su* z t provid$ = ! ,birm+ham ,canal--= ! docks & w>eh\ses rec5tly con/ruct$ at ,ellesm]e ,port1 & = o!r capital exp5diture = improvem5ts1 or are ^! omitt$ f ! calculation ( s mu* p] mile ( l5g?8 ,items ( ?is k9d might swell ev5 co/ ( con/ruction to l>g] proportions ?an ^? assum$ by ,mr ,?waite4 ,t g5tleman1 also1 evid5tly leaves out ( acc\nt ! v sub/antial sums paid by ! pres5t own]s or controll]s ( canals = ! m9+ rights und]nea? ! wat]ways 9 di/ricts su* z ,/af=d%ire or ,lanca%ire4 ,?is la/-m5tion$ po9t is "o ( consid]able importance1 ?\gh v few p seem to "k t x ent]s into ! canal "q at all4 ,:5 canals 7 orig9ally con/ruct$ x 0 assum$ t ! companies 7 entitl$ to ! l& !y _h b\ght f ! surface to ! c5tre ( ! e>?4 ,b ! law decid$ !y c\ld claim little m ?an a "r ( way1 & t ! orig9al l&[n]s might /ill "w ! m9]als und]nea?4 ,?is 0 done1 ) ! result t !re 7 s]i\s subsid5ces ( ! canals1 involv+ bo? mu* loss ( wat] & heavy exp5diture 9 repairs4 ,! /ability ( railways 0 also affect$1 b ! position ( ! canals 0 mu* worse on acc\nt ( ! wat]4 ,to ma9ta9 ! effici5cy ( ! canals 7& ( railways 9 addition7 ^? responsible = !m--:e!r indep5d5t companies or railway companies--h _h to sp5d enorm\s sums ( money 9 ! said m9+ di/ricts on buy+ up ! "r to "w ! m9]als und]nea?4 ,9 "s in/ances ! l&[n] has giv5 notice ( 8 int5tion to "w ! m9]als himself1 &1 al?\gh he may 9 reality h _h no su* int5tion1 ! canal company or ! railway company h be5 compell$ to come to t]ms ) him1 to prev5t ! possibility ( ! damage t might o!rwise be done to ! wat]way4 ,! v heavy exp5diture ?us incurr$ w\ld h>dly c\nt z co/ ( con/ruction1 & x w\ld repres5t money sunk ) no prospect ( return4 ,yet1 if ! ,/ate takes ov] ! canals1 x w be absolutely b\nd to reckon ) ^! m9]al rights z well--if x wants to keep ! canals intact aft] improv+ !m--&1 9 s do+1 x mu/ all[ = a consid]ably l>g] sum = initial outlay ?an is g5]ally assum$4 ,b ! actual pur*ase ( canals & m9]al rights w\ld be only ! beg9n+ ( ! tr\ble4 ,!re w\ld come next ! "q ( increas+ ! capacity ( ! canals by wid5+1 & :at ?is might involve ,i h already %[n4 ,!n !re are ! innum]able locks by :i* ! great diff]5ces 9 level are ov]come4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ^! w\ld h to be recon/ruct$ 7unless lifts or incl9$ planes 7 provid$ in/ead7 to admit ei!r ! l>g] type ( boat ( :i* "o he>s s mu*1 or1 alt]natively1 two or f\r ( ! exi/+ n>r[ boats4 ,assum+ ?is to be done1 !n1 :5 a s+le n>r[ boat came up to ea* lock 9 ! c\rse ( ! j\rney x 0 mak+1 ei!r x w\ld h to wait until "o or ?ree o!rs arriv$1 or1 alt]natively1 ! wat] 9 a l>ge capacity lock w\ld be us$ = ! passage ( "o small boat4 ,! adoption ( ! =m] c\rse w\ld involve delay2 & ei!r w\ld necessitate ! provision ( a mu* l>g] wat] supply1 toge!r )1 = ! highe/ levels1 /ill m co/ly pump+ ma*9]y4 ,! wat] problem w\ld1 inde$1 spe$ily become "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s 9 ! :ole situation--& t1 too1 n alone 9 reg>d to ! extremely scanty supplies 9 ! high levels4 ,! :ole "q has be5 complicat$1 s9ce canals 7 fir/ built1 by ! gr[+ ne$s ( ! community1 t[ns l>ge & small hav+ tapp$ s\rces ( wat] supply :i* o!rwise might h be5 available = ! canals4 ,ev5 z ^! l9es are be+ writt51 ,i see f ,! ,times ( ,m>* #ag1 #aijf1 t1 because ! ,london1 ,brighton & ,s\? ,coa/ ,railway ,company are s9k+ a well on l& ( _! own adjo9+ ! railway ne> ! ,c>%alton spr+s ( ! ,riv] ,w&le1 ) a view to gett+ wat] = use 9 _! ,victoria ,/ation 9 ,london1 all ! public au?orities 9 t "p ( ,surrey1 toge!r ) ! mill-own]s & o!rs int]e/$ 9 ! ,riv] ,w&le1 are petition+ ,p>liam5t 9 support ( a ,bill to re/ra9 !m1 al?\gh x is admitt$ t ! railway company d n appe> to be exce$+ _! legal rights4 ,?is does n look z if !re 7 too mu* wat] to sp>e = canal purposes 9 ,great ,brita92 & yet s level-head$ a j\rnal z ,! ,economi/1 9 its issue ( ,m>* #c1 #aijf1 gravely tells u1 9 an article on ,! ,new ,canal ,commission1 t ! exp]i5ce ( ,canada is wor? /udy+4 ,:at possible comp>ison c !re be1 9 reg>d to canals1 betwe5 a l& ( lakes & great riv]s & a c\ntry :]e a railway company may n ev5 s9k a well on _! own prop]ty )\t caus+ all ! local au?orities 9 ! neighb\rhood to take al>m1 & petition ,p>liam5t to /op !m6#aa ,illu/ration3 ,,wat] ,,supply ,,= ,,canals4 7,belvide ,res]voir1 ,/af=d%ire1 ,%rop%ire ,union ,canal47 ,to face page #abh4 ,on ?is "q ( wat] supply1 ,i may add1 ,mr ,john ,glass1 manag] ( ! ,reg5ts ,canal1 said at ! meet+ ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s 9 ,novemb] #aije3-- ,9 8 op9ion ,mr ,san] _h treat$ ! wat] "q1 ^u :i* ! :ole matt] dep5d$1 9 too airy a mann]4 ,consid]+1 = in/ance1 ! r\te to ,birm+ham1 x w\ld be se5 t to rea* ,birm+ham ! wat]way 0 c>ri$ ov] "o summit ( #djj feet1 & ano!r ( #chj feet1 desc5d$ #bjj feet1 & ev5tually arriv$ at ,birm+ham1 :i* 0 ab\t #cej feet above sea level4 ,! propos$ /&>d lock1 ) a small all[ance = ! usual leakage 9 fill+1 w\ld consume ab\t #ej1jjj cubic feet ( wat]1 & ! two l>ge crafts :i* ,mr ,san] propos$ to accommodate 9 ! lock#ab w\ld c>ry toge!r1 he calculat$1 ab\t #ejj tons4 ,suppos+ x 7 possible to regulate ! supply & dem& s z to spread t traffic economically ov] ! ye>1 & to p]mit ( tw5ty-five pairs ( boats pass+ f ,birm+ham to ! ,?ames1 or 9 ! opposite direction1 on #cjj days 9 ! ye>1 ! empty boats go+ into ! same locks z ! lad5 boats1 x w\ld be necess>y to provide #a1bej1jjj cubic feet ( wat] daily1 at altitudes ( #cjj to #djj feet2 & 9 addition x w\ld be necess>y to h wat]-/orage = at lea/ #abj days 9 ! ye>1 :i* w\ld am\nt to ab\t #aej1jjj1jjj cubic feet4 ,:5 x 0 rememb]$ t ! di/ricts 9 :i* ! summit-levels ref]r$ to 7 situat$ 7 ill-suppli$ ) wat]1 he ?\ght x 0 q impossible t any?+ l t quantity ( wat] c\ld be obta9$ = ! purpose4 ,canal-manag]s f\nd t ! insuffici5cy ( wat] 9 all di/ricts suppli$ by canals increas$ e ye>1 & ! difficulty ( acquir+ prop] wat]-/orage became enhanc$4 ,n only ! ord9>y wat]way & ! locks1 b ! tunnels & viaducts1 also1 might require wid5+4 ,!n ! adoption ( "s sy/em ( me*anical haulage is spok5 ( z indisp5sable4 ,b a resort to tugs1 h[ev] propell$1 is 9 no way enc\rag$ by ! exp]im5ts made on ! ,%rop%ire ,union1 z told on p4 #ej4 ,an ov]head electrical in/allation1 ) p[] h\ses & electric light+1 s t navigation c\ld g on at night1 w\ld be an especially co/ly und]tak+4 ,b ! increas$ spe$ :i* x is hop$ to ga9 f me*anical haulage on ! level w\ld also necessitate a g5]al /r5g!n+ ( ! canal banks to avoid damage by ! wa%1 & ev5 !n ! possible spe$ w\ld be limit$ by ! bread? ( ! wat]way4 ,on ?is p>ticul> po9t ,i _c d bett] ?an quote ! foll[+ f an article on ,canals & ,wat]ways publi%$ 9 ,! ,field ( ,m>* #aj1 #aijf3-- ,among ! argum5ts 9 fav\r ( revival has be5 t ( anticipat$ rapid /eam traffic on su* re-op5$ wat]ways4 ,any "o :o und]/&s ! elem5t>y pr9ciples ( build+ & propulsion ( boats w realise t volume ( wat] ( itself fixes limits = spe$ ( vessels 9 x4 ,any vessel ( c]ta9 giv5 proportions has its limit ( spe$ 7no matt] :at horse-p[] may be employ$ to move x7 accord+ to ! relative limit 7if any7 ( ! volume ( wat] 9 :i* x floats4 ,our canals are built to all[ easy passage ( ! normal canal b>ge at an av]age ( #c to #c-a_/b miles an h\r4 ,a b>ge velocity ( ev5 #e miles1 /ill m ( #f or #g1 w\ld t5d to wa% banks1 & s to wreck 7to public dang]7 embankm5ts :]e canals are c>ri$ high] ?an surr\nd+ l&4 ,a canal does n lie 9 a valley f end to end l a riv]4 ,x w\ld require great] horse-p[] to t[ "o load$ b>ge #f miles an h\r on normal canal wat] ?an to t[ a /r+ ( ?ree or ev5 f\r su* craft haws]$ #ej or m feet ap>t at ! pace ( #c-a_/b miles4 ,! reason w\ld be t ! *annel is n l>ge en\gh to all[ ! wave ( displacem5t =w>d to f9d its way aft pa/ ! advanc+ vessel1 s z to ma9ta9 an approximate level ( wat] a/]n to t ahead1 unless ei!r ! *annel is m ?an d\bl$ or else ! spe$ limit$ to some?+ less ?an #d miles4 ,x !re=e comes to ?is1 t increas$ spe$ on our canals1 to any tangible ext5t1 does n seem to be atta9able1 ev5 if all b>ges %all be screw /eam]s1 unless ! entire *annel c be recon/ruct$ to f> great] dep? & also wid?4 ,:at ! actual co/ ( recon/ruction w\ld be--z di/9ct f co/ ( pur*ase--,i w n myself und]take to e/imate2 & m]ely g5]al /atem5ts1 bas$ on ! mo/ fav\rable sections ( ! canals1 may be altoge!r mislead+4 ,?us1 a writ] 9 ! ,daily ,*ronicle ( ,m>* #ba1 #aijf1 :o has contribut$ to t j\rnal a s]ies ( articles on ! canal "q1 f an exp]t po9t ( view1 says3-- ,if ! ,aire & ,cald] navigation1 :i* is mu* improv$ 9 rec5t ye>s1 be tak5 z a model1 x has be5 calculat$ t #a1jjj1jjj p] #ajj miles w\ld fit ! trunk sy/em = traffic su* z is dealt ) on ! ,york%ire navigation4 ,h[ c ! ,aire & ,cald] possibly be tak5 z a model--f ! po9t ( view ( calculat+ co/ ( improvem5ts or recon/ruction8 ,let ! read] turn once m to ! diagrams giv5 opposite p4 #ih4 ,he w see t ! ,aire & ,cald] is con/ruct$ on l& t is almo/ flat1 :]eas ! ,ro*dale section on ! same trunk r\te betwe5 ! ,m]sey & ! ,humb] rea*es an elevation ( #fjj feet4 ,h[ c any j comp>ison be made betwe5 ^! two wat]ways8 ,if ! co/ ( improv+ a canal ( ! model type ( ! ,aire & ,cald] be put at ! rate ( #a1jjj1jjj p] #ajj miles1 :at w\ld x come to 9 ! case ( ! ,ro*dale ,canal1 ! ,t>debigge section ( ! ,worce/] & ,birm+ham ,canal1 or ! s]ies ( indep5d5t canals betwe5 ,birm+ham & ,london8 ,t is a practical "q :i* ,i w leave--to ! exp]ts6 ,suppos+1 h[ev]1 t ! canals h be5 pur*as$1 tak5 possession (1 & duly improv$ 7:atev] ! precise co/7 by ,/ate1 municipalities1 or public tru/1 z ! case may be4 ,!re w !n be ! almo/ exact equival5t ( a h\se )\t furniture1 or a factory )\t ma*9]y4 ,be=e ev5 ! re/or$ canals c\ld be adapt$ to ! requirem5ts ( trade & comm]ce !re w\ld h to be a v consid]able exp5diture1 also1 on w>eh\ses1 docks1 appliances1 & o!r indisp5sable adjuncts to m]e haulage4 ,aft] all ! money t has be5 sp5t on ! ,man*e/] ,%ip ,canal x is /ill f\nd necess>y to lay out a great deal m on w>eh\ses :i* are absolutely ess5tial to ! full & complete developm5t ( ! ent]prise4 ,! same pr9ciple w\ld apply to any s*eme ( reviv$ inl& navigation4 ,! goods depts con/ruct$ by railway companies 9 all l>ge t[ns & indu/rial c5tres h alone suffic$ to br+ ab\t a complete revolution 9 trade & comm]ce s9ce ! days :5 canals 7 prosp]\s4 ,!re are _m ?\s&s ( trad]s to-day :o n only ord] comp>atively small quantities ( supplies at a "t f ! manufactur]1 b leave ev5 ^! quantities to be /or$ locally by ! railway company1 hav+ deliv]$ to !m f day to day1 or week by week1 j z mu* z !y c d )4 ,a c]ta9 free p]iod is all[$ = w>eh\s+1 &1 if !y remove ! goods dur+ t p]iod1 !y pay no?+ to ! railway company beyond ! railway rate4 ,aft] ! free p]iod a small r5t is *>g$--a r5t :i*1 :ile repres5t+ no adequate return to ! railway company = ! heavy capital outlay 9 provid+ ! depts1 is mu* less ?an x w\ld co/ ! trad] if he _h to build /ore-rooms = himself1 or pay = accommodation else:]e4 ,o!r trad]s1 z m5tion$ 9 ! *apt] on ,! ,transition 9 ,trade1 s5d goods to ! railway w>eh\ses z soon z !y are ready1 to wait !re until an ord] is complet$1 & ! :ole consignm5t c be despat*$2 :ile o!rs aga91 ag5ts & commission m51 c>ry on a consid]able bus9ess f a small (fice1 leav+ all ! h&l+ ( ! commodities 9 :i* !y deal to be done by ! railway companies4 ,9 fact1 ! situation might be summ$ up by say+ t1 "u ! trad+ conditions ( to-day1 railway companies are n only common c>ri]s1 b g5]al w>eh\sem5 9 addition4 ,if inl& canals are to take ov] any "p ( ! transport at pres5t conduct$ by ! railways1 !y w h to provide ! trad]s ) l facilities4 ,s1 9 addition to buy+ up & recon/ruct+ ! canals2 9 addition to wid5+s1 & alt]ations ( ! gradi5ts ( roads & railways pass$ "u2 & 9 addition to ! ma9t5ance ( t[+ pa?s1 locks1 bridges1 tunnels1 aqu$ucts1 culv]ts1 weirs1 sluices1 cranes1 :>ves1 docks1 & quay walls1 res]voirs1 pump+ ma*9]y1 & s on1 !re w\ld /ill be all ! subsidi>y consid]ations 9 reg>d to w>eh\s+1 etc41 :i* w\ld arise :5 x became a "q ) ! trad] :e!r or n he %\ld avail himself ( ! improv$ wat] transport ?us plac$ at 8 disposal4 ,= ! purposes ( reasonable argum5t ,i w assume t no really s5sible p]son1 kn[+ any?+ at all ( actual facts & conditions1 w\ld attempt to revive ! entire canal sy/em ( ! c\ntry4#ac ,i h %[n on p4 #ai1 t ev5 9 ! ye> #ahbe x 0 recognis$ t "s ( ! canals _h be5 built by speculators simply z a means ( ab/ract+ money f ! pockets ( fooli% inve/ors1 victims ( ! canal mania1 & t no useful purpose c\ld be s]v$ by !m ev5 at a "t :5 !re 7 no compet+ railways4 ,yet to-day s5tim5tal individuals :o1 9 w&]+ ab\t ! c\ntry1 come across "s ( ^! absolutely useless1 ?\gh /ill1 p]haps1 picturesque survivals1 write (f to ! newspap]s to lam5t ov] our neglect$ wat]ways1 to ca/ ! cu/om>y reflections on ! railway companies1 & to jo9 _! voice to ! dem& = imm$iate nationalisation or municipalisation1 accord+ to _! individual lean+s1 & reg>dless ( all consid]ations ( co/ or practicability4 ,d]elicts ( ! type "h ref]r$ to are n wor? consid]+ at all4 ,x is a pity !y 7 n dra9$ & fill$ 9 long ago1 & giv51 z x 71 a dec5t burial1 if only out ( consid]ation = ! feel+s ( s5tim5tali/s4 ,mu* m des]v+ ( /udy are ^? p>ticul> sy/ems :i* ei!r /ill c>ry a c]ta9 am\nt ( traffic1 or are situat$ on r\tes along :i* traffic might be reasonably expect$ to fl[4 ,b1 tak+ ev5 canals ( ?is type1 ! read] mu/ see f ! consid]ations ,i h already pres5t$ t resuscitation w\ld be a v co/ly bus9ess inde$4 ,e/imates ( :i* ,i h read 9 pr9t range f #bj1jjj1jjj to #ej1jjj1jjj2 b ev5 ^! omit v>i\s important items 7m9+ rights1 etc471 :i* w\ld c]ta9ly h to be add$1 :ile ! probability is t1 h[ev] high ! orig9al e/imate 9 reg>d to "w ( ?is k9d1 a good deal m w\ld h to be exp5d$ be=e x 0 f9i%$4 ,! rem>ks ,i h "h made are bas$ on ! supposition t all t is aim$ at is su* an improvem5t z w\ld all[ ( ! use ( a l>g] type ( canal boat ?an t n[ 9 vogue4 ,b1 obvi\sly1 ! exp5diture w\ld be /ill heavi] if !re 7 any idea ( adapt+ ! canals to ! use ( b>ges simil> 9 size to ^? employ$ on ! wat]ways ( ,g]many1 or craft :i*1 />t+ f an inl& manufactur+ t[n 9 ! ,midl&s1 c\ld g on a coa/+ trip1 or make a j\rney across to ! ,cont95t4 ,"h ! capital exp5diture w\ld be s great t ! co/ w\ld be absolutely prohibitive4 ,:atev] ! precise numb] ( millions ! resuscitation s*eme might co/1 ! inevitable "q w\ld pres5t itself--,h[ is ! money to be rais$8 ,! answ] !reto w\ld be v simple if ! entire exp5se 7 borne by ! c\ntry--t is to say1 ?r[n ^u ! taxpay]s or ratepay]s4 ,! problem w\ld !n be solv$ at once4 ,! great drawback to ?is solution is t mo/ ( ! said taxpay]s or ratepay]s w\ld probably object4 ,besides1 !re is ! matt] ( detail ,i m5tion$ 9 ! fir/ ,*apt]3 if ! ,/ate or ! municipalities buy up ! canals on fair t]ms1 includ+ ! canals own$ or controll$ by ! railways1 &1 9 op]at+ !m 9 competition ) ! railways1 make heavy losses :i* mu/ ev5tually fall on ! taxpay]s or ratepay]s1 !n x w\ld be only fair t ! railway companies %\ld be excus$ f su* direct increase 9 taxation z might result f ! said losses4 ,9 t case ! burd5 w\ld fall /ill m heavily on ! g5]al body ( ! tax or ratepay]s1 indep5d5tly ( ! railway companies4 ,x w\ld fall1 too1 ) especial sev]ity on ^? trad]s :o 7 !mselves unable to make use ( ! canals1 b might h to pay increas$ local rates 9 ord] t possible competitors locat$ )9 conv5i5t rea* ( ! improv$ wat]ways c\ld h *eap] transport4 ,x might also happ5 t :5 ! =m] class ( trad]s1 b\nd to keep to ! railways1 appli$ to ! railway companies = "s concession to !mselves1 ! reply giv5 w\ld be--,:at y sugge/ is fair & reasonable1 & "u ord9>y circum/ances we %\ld be prep>$ to meet y\r wi%es2 b ! fall+ (f 9 our receipts1 ow+ to ! competition ( ,/ate-aid$ canals1 makes x impossible = u to grant any fur!r r$uctions4 ,an additional disadvantage w\ld ?us h to be met by ! trad] :o kept to ! railway1 :ile 8 rival1 us+ ! canals1 w\ld practically enjoy ! b5efit ( a ,/ate subsidy4 ,! alt]native to lett+ ! c\ntry be> ! burd5 w\ld be to leave ! resuscitat$ canal sy/em to pay = itself4 ,b is !re any reasonable probability t x c\ld8 ,! ess5ce ( ! pres5t day movem5t is t ! trad]s :o w\ld be enabl$ to use ! canals "u ! improv$ conditions %\ld h *eap] transport2 b if ! tw5ty1 fifty1 or any o!r numb] ( millions /]l+ sp5t on ! pur*ase & improvem5t ( ! canals1 & on ! provision ( indisp5sable accessories !reto1 are to be cov]$ out ( ! tolls & *>ges impos$ on ^? us+ ! canals1 !re is e probability t 7if ! canals are to pay = !mselves7 ! tolls & *>ges w\ld h to be rais$ to su* a figure t any exi/+ diff]5ce betwe5 !m & ! pres5t railway rates w\ld disappe> altoge!r4 ,t diff]5ce is already v (t5 slight en\gh1 & x may be ev5 less ?an appe>s to be ! case1 because ! railway rate might include v>i\s s]vices1 ap>t f m]e haulage--collection1 deliv]y1 w>eh\s+1 use ( coal dept1 etc4--:i* are n cov]$ by ! canal tolls & *>ges1 & ! co/ ( :i* w\ld h to be add$ !reto4 ,a v small addition1 !re=e1 to ! canal tolls1 9 ord] to meet int]e/ on heavy capital exp5diture on pur*ase & recon/ruction1 w\ld br+ wat]ways & railways s f> on a level 9 reg>d to rates t ! railways1 ) ! sup]ior advantages !y (f] 9 _m ways1 w\ld1 inevitably1 /ill get ! pref]5ce4 ,! revival movem5t1 h[ev]1 is bas$ on ! supposition t no increase 9 ! canal tolls n[ *>g$ w\ld be necess>y4#ad ,canal transport1 x is said1 is already mu* high] 9 ?is c\ntry ?an x is on ! ,cont95t--& t may well be s1 consid]+ 7#a7 t canals su* z ours1 ) _! num]\s locks1 etc41 co/ m to con/ruct1 op]ate & ma9ta9 ?an canals on ! flat l&s ( ,cont95tal ,europe2 7#b7 t ,briti% canals are /ill suppos$ to ma9ta9 !mselves2 & 7#c7 t canal traffic z well z railway traffic is assess$ 9 ! mo/ m]ciless way = ! purposes ( local taxation4 ,9 ! circum/ances x is assum$ t ! canal traffic 9 ,engl& c\ld n pay high] tolls & *>ges ?an ^? already impos$1 & t ! int]e/ on ! a=esaid millions1 sp5t on pur*ase & improvem5ts1 w\ld all be met out ( ! exp&$ traffic :i* ! re/or$ canals w\ld attract4 ,aga9 ,i may ask--,is !re any reasonable probability ( ?is8 ,be>+ 9 m9d ! complete transition 9 trade ( :i* ,i h already spok5--a transition :i*1 on ! "o h&1 has enorm\sly increas$ ! numb] ( individual trad]s1 &1 on ! o!r1 has br\ght ab\t a /eady & cont9u\s decrease 9 ! weight ( individual consignm5ts--is !re ! slighte/ probability t ! conditions ( trade are go+ to be *ang$1 & t m]*ants1 manufactur]s1 & o!r trad]s w =ego ! express deliv]y ( conv5i5t quantities by rail1 9 ord] to effect a problematical sav+ 7& especially problematical :]e extra c>tage has to be done7 on ! t$i\s deliv]y ( :olesale quantities by canal8 ,no?+ %ort ( a v l>ge increase inde$ 9 ! wat]-borne traffic w\ld enable ! canals to meet ! heavy exp5diture =e%ad[$1 &1 ev5 if su* increase 7 secur$1 ! great] "p ( x w\ld n be new traffic1 b simply traffic div]t$ f ! railways4 ,m probably1 h[ev]1 ! v l>ge increase w\ld n be secur$1 & no great div]sion f ! railways w\ld take place4 ,! p>am\nt & ev]-increas+ importance atta*$ by ! va/ majority ( ,briti% trad]s to quick deliv]y 7an importance s great t on "s l9es !re are express goods tra9s capable ( runn+ f #dj to #fj miles an h\r7 w keep !m to ! great] effici5cy ( ! railway z a c>ri] ( goods2 :ile1 if a s]i\s div]sion ( traffic 7 really ?reat5$1 ! ,briti% railways w\ld n be h&icapp$ z ^? ( ,france & ,g]many are 9 any resort to rates & *>ges :i* w\ld all[ ( a fair competition ) ! wat]ways4 ,9 practice1 !re=e1 ! !ory t ! canals w\ld become self-support+1 z soon z ! a=esaid millions _h be5 sp5t1 mu/ inevitably break d[n1 ) ! result t ! burd5 ( ! :ole ent]prise w\ld !n necess>ily fall ^u ! community2 & :y ! trad] :o consigns 8 goods by rail1 or ! pr(essional man :o has no goods to consign at all1 %\ld be tax$ to all[ ( *eap] transport be+ conf]r$ on ! m9ority ( p]sons or firms likely to use ! canals ev5 :5 resuscitat$1 is m ?an ,i c imag9e1 or ?an !y1 probably1 w be able to realise4 ,! :ole position 0 v well describ$ 9 "s rem>ks made by ,mr ,h>old ,cox1 ,m4,p41 9 ! c\rse ( a discussion at ! ,society ( ,arts 9 ,febru>y #aijf1 on a pap] read by ,mr ,r4 ,b4 ,buckley1 on ,! ,navigable ,wat]ways ( ,india4 ,!re 01 he said1 a sort ( feel+ curr5t at ! pres5t "t 9 fav\r ( sp5d+ l>ge am\nts ( ! taxpay]'s money 9 ord] to provide wat]ways :i* ! public did n want1 or at any rate :i* ! public did n want suffici5tly to pay = !m1 :i* aft] all 0 ! te/4 ,he notic$ t ev]ybody :o advocat$ ! con/ruction ( canals always want$ !m con/ruct$ ) ! taxpay]'s money1 & always want$ !m to be work$ )\t a toll4 ,:y %\ld n ! same pr9ciple be appli$ to railways also8 ,a railway 0 ev5 m useful to ! public ?an a canal2 !re=e1 con/ruct x ) ! taxpay]'s money1 & all[ ev]ybody to use x free4 ,x 0 always possible to get pl5ty ( money subscrib$ ) :i* to build a railway1 b nobody w\ld subscribe a p5ny t[>ds ! build+ ( canals4 ,an appeal 0 always made to ! gov]nm5t4 ,p _h po9t$ to ,france & ,g]many1 :i* sp5t l>ge sums ( money on _! canals4 ,9 ,france t 0 done because ! ,fr5* ,p>liam5t>y sy/em 0 su* t x 0 to ! int]e/ ( ! electorate & ! elect$ to sp5d ! public money on local improvem5ts or non-improvem5ts4444 ,he _h be5 ask$1 ,:y make any roads8 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 roads & canals 0 t on a canal a toll c\ld be levi$ on ! p :o us$ x1 b on a road t 0 absolutely impossible4 ,tolls on roads 7 f\nd s inconv5i5t t !y _h to be giv5 up4 ,!re 0 no practical inconv5i5ce 9 collect+ tolls on canals2 &1 !re=e1 ! pr9ciple t 0 appli$ to ev]y?+ else %\ld apply to canals--namely1 t ^? :o want$ !m %\ld pay = !m4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,conclusions ,,& ,,recomm5dations ,tak+ into consid]ation all ! facts & argum5ts "h pres5t$1 ,i may summ>ise z foll[s ! conclusions at :i* ,i h arriv$3-- 7#a7 ,t1 alike f a geographical1 physical1 & economic po9t ( view1 !re is no basis = fair comp>ison betwe5 ,briti% & ,cont95tal conditions2 consequ5tly our own position mu/ be judg$ on its own m]its or dem]its4 7#b7 ,t1 ow+ to ! great *anges 9 ,briti% trade1 manufacture1 & comm]ce1 giv+ rise to widespread & /ill increas+ dem&s = spe$y deliv]y ( comp>atively small consignm5ts = a great numb] ( trad]s ( e possible type1 canal transport 9 ,great ,brita9 is no long] suit$ to ! g5]al circum/ances ( ! day4 7#c7 ,t al?\gh a comp>atively small numb] ( trad]s1 locat$ 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ! canals1 might b5efit f a canal-resuscitation s*eme1 ! c>ry+ out ( su* s*eme at ! risk1 if n at ! co/1 ( ! taxpay]s1 w\ld virtually am\nt to subsidis+ "o section ( ! community to ! pecuni>y disadvantage ( o!r sections4 7#d7 ,t ! nationalisation or ! municipalisation ( ,briti% canals w\ld introduce a new pr9ciple inconsi/5t ) ! private ent]prise hi!rto recognis$ 9 ! case ( railways1 9 :i* su* l>ge sums h be5 sunk by inve/ors1 b ) :i* ,/ate-aid$ canals w\ld compete4 7#e7 ,t1 9 view bo? ( ! physical conditions ( our l& 7necessitat+ an ext5sive resort to locks1 etc41 to ov]come great diff]5ces 9 level7 & ( ! fact t _m ( ! mo/ important ( ! canals are n[ hemm$ 9 by works1 h\ses1 or build+s1 any g5]al s*eme ( pur*ase & improvem5t1 9 reg>d ev5 to ma9 r\tes 7ap>t f hopeless d]elicts71 w\ld be extremely co/ly1 &1 9 mo/ in/ances1 entirely outside ! scope ( practicability4 7#f7 ,t su* a s*eme1 involv+ an exp5diture ( _m millions1 c\ld n fail to affect our national f9ances4 7#g7 ,t !re is no gr\nd = expect+ s l>ge an outlay c\ld be rec\p$ by increas$ receipts f ! canals1 & t ! co/ w\ld ?us inevitably fall ^u ! community4 7#h7 ,t ! allegation z to ! *ief canals ( ! c\ntry1 or sections !re(1 hav+ be5 captur$ & /rangl$ by ! railway companies1 9 ! int]e/s ( _! own traffic1 is entirely unsupport$ by evid5ce1 ! facts be+1 r1 t 9 mo/ cases ! canals 7 m or less =c$ ^u ! railway companies1 :o h sp5t money lib]ally on su* ( !m z (f]$ reasonable prospect ( traffic1 &1 9 t way1 h kept alive & 9 active work+ condition canals t w\ld inevitably h be5 add$ to ! numb] ( d]elicts _h !y rema9$ 9 ! h&s ( canal companies possess$ ( inadequate capital = ! purposes ( _! effici5t ma9t5ance4 7#i7 ,t c]ta9 ( ^! canals 7z1 = example1 ! ,birm+ham & ! ,%rop%ire ,union ,canals7 are /ill (f]+ to trad]s all reasonable facilities )9 ! limitations ( _! surr\nd+s & physical possibilities2 & t if su* canals 7 requir$ to be> ! exp5se ( extremely co/ly wid5+s1 ( lock recon/ruction1 ( increas$ wat] supply1 & ( g5]al improvem5ts1 ! tolls & *>ges w\ld h to be rais$ to su* a po9t t ! use ( ! canals w\ld become prohibitive ev5 to ^? local trad]s :o n[ fully appreciate ! conv5i5ce !y /ill af=d4 7#aj7 ,t1 9 effect1 :atev] may be done 9 ! case ( navigable riv]s1 any s*eme :i* aim$ at a g5]al resuscitation ( canals 9 ?is c\ntry1 at ! risk1 if n at ! exp5se1 ( ! community1 is altoge!r impracticable2 & t1 inasmu* z ! only desire ( ! trad]s1 9 ?is connection1 is to secure *eap] transport1 x is desirable to see :e!r ! same results c\ld n be m effectively1 m g5]ally1 & m economically obta9$ 9 o!r directions4 ,foll[+ up ?is la/ conclusion1 ,i beg to recomm5d3-- 7a7 ,! desirability ( increas+ ! usefulness ( ! railway sy/em1 :i* c g any:]e1 s]ve ev]ybody1 & c>ry & deliv] consignm5ts1 great & small1 ) t promptness & despat* :i* are all-important to ! welf>e ( ! va/ majority ( indu/ries & ent]prises1 z conduct$ "u ! trad+ conditions ( to-day4 ,?is usefulness1 "s ( ! trad]s allege1 is m>r$ by rates & *>ges :i* !y consid] unduly heavy1 especially 9 ! case ( c]ta9 commodities call+ = exceptionally l[ freight1 & canal transport is n[ ask$ = by !m1 z aga9/ rail transport1 j z ! trad]s ( #ahbe want$ ! railways z a relief f ! wat]ways4 ,! rates & *>ges1 say ! railway companies1 are n unreasonable 9 !mselves1 consid]+ all ! circum/ances ( ! case & ! nature ( ! v>i\s s]vices repres5t$1 :ile ! actual am\nt !re( is due1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 n s mu* to any seek+ on ! "p ( ! companies to pay divid5ds ( abnormal proportions1 ak9 to ^? ( ! canal companies ( old 7! av]age railway divid5d to-day1 on ov] "o ?\s& millions ( actual capital1 be+ only ab\t #c-a_/b p] c5t471 b to a comb9ation ( causes :i* h increas$ unduly capital outlay & work+ exp5ses1 only to be met out ( ! rates1 f>es1 & *>ges t are impos$ on trad]s & travell]s4 ,among ^! causes may be m5tion$ ! heavy price ! companies h _h to pay = _! l&2 ! co/ ( ,p>liam5t>y proce$+s2 v>i\s requirem5ts impos$ by ,p>liam5t or by ,gov]nm5t dep>tm5ts2 & ! heavy burd5 ( ! contribution t railway companies make to local rates4 7,see p4 #aj47 ,^! v>i\s conditions mu/ necess>ily influ5ce ! rates & *>ges to be paid by trad]s4 ,"s ( !m--su* z co/ ( l&--belong to ! pa/2 o!rs--l ! paym5ts = local taxation--/ill cont9ue1 & t5d to increase r ?an decrease4 ,9 any case1 ! p[] ( ! railway companies to conc$e to ! trad]s *eap] transport is obvi\sly h&icapp$4 ,b if1 to obta9 su* *eap] transport1 ! c\ntry is prep>$ to risk 7at lea/7 f #bj1jjj1jjj to #ej1jjj1jjj on a s*eme ( canal recon/ruction :i*1 z ,i h %[n1 is ( d\btful utility & practicability1 w\ld x n be mu* m s5sible1 & mu* m economical1 if ! weight ( ! obligations n[ ca/ ^u railways 7 r$uc$1 ?us enabl+ ! companies to make concessions 9 ! int]e/s ( trad]s 9 g5]al1 & especially 9 ! int]e/s ( ^? consign+ goods to ports = %ipm5t abroad1 = ^: b5efit ! canal revival is m p>ticul>ly s\ght8 7b7 ,my second recomm5dation is address$ to ! g5]al trad]4 ,8 policy ( ord]+ frequ5t small consignm5ts to meet imm$iate requirem5ts1 & ( hav+1 9 v _m in/ances1 practically no w>eh\se or /ore-rooms except ! railway goods depts1 is "o t suits him admirably4 ,x enables him ei!r to sp5d less capital or else to di/ribute 8 capital ov] a l>g] area4 ,he is also sp>$ exp5se 9 reg>d to ! provision ( w>eh\se accommodation ( 8 own4 ,b to ! railway companies ! g5]al adoption ( ?is policy has meant great] difficulty 9 ! mak+ up ( pay+ loads4 ,to suit ! exig5cies ( pres5t-day trade1 !y h r$uc$ _! m9ima to z l[1 = "s commodities1 z #b-ton lots1 & x is assum$ by _m ( ! trad]s t all !y ne$ d is to "w up to su* m9ima4 ,b a #b-ton lot = ev5 an #h-ton waggon is h>dly a pay+ load4 ,/ill less is a #aj-;cwt4 consignm5t a pay+ load = a simil>ly siz$ waggon4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 no o!r consignm5ts = ! same po9t are available1 ! waggon goes ?r\gh all ! same4 ,9 ,cont95tal c\ntries consignm5ts w\ld be kept back1 if necess>y1 = a c]ta9 numb] ( days1 9 ord] t ! pay+ load might be made up4 ,b 9 ,great ,brita9 ! av]age trad] relies absolutely on prompt deliv]y1 h[ev] small ! consignm5t1 or :atev] ! am\nt ( work+ exp5ses incurr$ by ! railway 9 h&l+ x4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! trad] w\ld %[ a little m consid]ation = ! railway companies--:om he expects to display s mu* consid]ation = him--he might (t5 arrange to s5d or to receive 8 consignm5ts 9 su* quantities 7at less frequ5t int]vals1 p]haps7 z w\ld (f] bett] load+ = ! railway waggons1 ) a consequ5t decrease ( work+ exp5ses1 & a correspond+ increase 9 ! ability ( ! railway company to make bett] t]ms ) him 9 o!r directions4 ,mu* has be5 done ( late ye>s by ! railway companies to effect v>i\s economies 9 op]ation1 & excell5t results h be5 secur$1 especially ?r\gh ! organisation ( tran%ipp+ c5tres = goods traffic1 & ?r\gh r$uctions 9 tra9 mileage2 b /ill m c\ld be done1 9 ! way ( keep+ d[n work+ exp5ses & improv+ ! position ( ! companies 9 reg>d to concessions to trad]s1 if ! trad]s !mselves w\ld co-op]ate m ) ! railways to avoid ! disadvantages ( unremun]ative light-load+4 7c7 ,my ?ird & la/ recomm5dation is to ! agriculturi/s4 ,i h se5 repeat$ ass]tions to ! effect t improv$ canals w\ld be ( great advantage to ! ,briti% f>m]2 & 9 ?is connection x may int]e/ ! read] if ,i reproduce ! foll[+ extract f ! pamphlet1 issu$ 9 #ahbd1 by ,mr ,t4 ,g4 ,cumm+1 "u ! title ( ,illu/rations ( ! ,orig9 & ,progress ( ,rail & ,tram ,roads & ,/eam ,c>riages1 z already m5tion$ on p4 #ba3-- ,to ! f>m+ int]e/s ! advantages ( a rail-way w soon become /rik+ly manife/2 =1 ev5 :]e ! facilities ( a canal c be embrac$1 x pres5ts b a sl[ yet exp5sive mode ( conveyance2 a :ole day w be consum$ 9 accompli%+ a di/ance ( #bj miles1 :il/ by ! rail-way conveyance1 goods w be c>ri$ ! same di/ance 9 ?ree or f\r h\rs1 & p]haps to no class ( ! community is ?is increas$ spe$ ( m consid]ation & value ?an to ! f>m]1 :o has occasion to br+ 8 fruit1 g>d5 /uff1 & p\ltry to m>ket1 & /ill m s to su* z are 9 ! habit ( supply+ ^? great & popul\s t[ns ) milk & butt]1 :il/ ) all ^! additional advantages af=d$ by a rail-way1 ! exp5se ( conveyance w be f\nd consid]ably *eap] ?an by canal4 ,not)/&+ ! va/ importance to ! f>m] ( hav+ ! produce ( 8 f>m convey$ 9 a *eap & exp$iti\s mann] to m>ket1 x is almo/ equally ess5tial to him to h a *eap conveyance = manure f a l>ge t[n to a di/ant f>m2 & "h ! advantages to be d]iv$ f a rail-way are abundantly app>5t1 = by a s+le loco-motive eng9e1 #ej tons ( manure may be convey$1 at a comp>atively trifl+ exp5se1 to any f>m )9 ! l9e ( ! road4 ,9 ! article ( lime1 also1 :i* is "o ( ! fir/ importance to ! f>m]1 !re c be no "q b ! facilities af=d$ by a rail-way w be ! means ( dim9i%+ ! exp5se 9 a v mat]ial degree4 ,if railways 7 desirable 9 #ahbd 9 ! int]e/s ( agriculture1 !y mu/ be /ill m s 9 #aijf1 & ! rev]sion n[ to ! canal transport ( =m] days w\ld be a curi\s comm5t>y on ! views ent]ta9$ at ! e>li] date4 ,z reg>ds p]i%ables1 consign$ = sale on m>kets1 gr[]s obvi\sly n[ want ! quicke/ transport !y c secure1 & special fruit & vegetable tra9s are run daily 9 ! summ] season = _! accommodation4 ,! trad] 9 ! ,nor? :o ord]$ "s /rawb]ries f ,k5t1 & got ^w t !y 7 be+ s5t on by canal1 w\ld probably use language n fit = ev5 a fruit & vegetable m>ket to he>4 ,z = non-p]i%able commodities1 consign$ to or by agriculturi/s1 ! railway is a mu* bett] di/ribut] ?an ! canal1 &1 unless a p>ticul> f>m 7 alongside a canal1 ! extra co/ ( c>tage !refrom might m ?an outweigh any sav+ 9 freight4 ,if great] facilities ?an ! ord9>y railway are ne$$ by agriculturi/s1 !y w be met f> bett] by light railways1 or by railway road-motors ( ! k9d adopt$ fir/ by ! ,nor?-,ea/]n ,railway ,company at ,br&sby1 ?an by any possible ext5sion ( canals4 ,^! road-motors1 op]at$ betwe5 l9es ( railway & recognis$ depts at c5tres "s di/ance !refrom1 are calculat$ to conf] on agriculturi/s a degree ( practical advantage1 9 ! matt] ( *eap] transport1 limit$ only by ! pres5t un=tunate inability ( _m c\ntry roads to be> s heavy a traffic1 & ! equally un=tunate inability ( ! local resid5ts to be> ! exp5se ( adapt+ ! roads !reto4 ,if1 in/ead ( sp5d+ a l>ge sum ( money on recon/ruct+ canals1 ! ,gov]nm5t devot$ "s ( x to grants to ,c\nty ,c\ncils = ! recon/ruction ( rural highways1 !y w\ld d f> m good = agriculture1 at lea/4 ,z = *eap] rail transport = agricultural commodities 9 g5]al1 ,i h said s mu* else:]e z to h[ ^! results c be obta9$ by means ( comb9ation t ,i ne$ n enl>ge on t bran* ( ! subject n[1 fur!r ?an to comm5d x to ! att5tion ( ! ,briti% f>m]1 to :om comb9ation 9 its v>i\s phases w af=d a mu* m sub/antial advantage ?an any possible resort to inl& navigation4 ,^! are ! alt]natives ,i (f] to proposals :i* ,i feel b\nd to reg>d z m or less quixotic1 & ,i leave ! read] to decide :e!r1 9 view ( ! actualities ( ! situation1 z set =? 9 ! pres5t volume1 !y are n mu* m practical ?an ! s*emes ( canal recon/ruction = :i* public fav\r is n[ be+ s\ght4 ,,app5dix ,,! ,,decl9e ,,9 ,,freight ,,traffic ,,on ,,! ,,mississippi ,:il/ ?is book is pass+ ?r\gh ! ,press1 ,i h receiv$ f ,mr ,/uyvesant ,fi%1 ,presid5t ( ! ,ill9ois ,c5tral ,railroad ,company--:om ,i ask$ to fav\r me ) "s additional details respect+ ! decl9e 9 freight traffic on ! ,mississippi ,riv]--! foll[+ int]e/+ notes1 drawn up by ,mr ,t4 ,j4 ,hudson1 ,g5]al ,traffic ,manag] ( ! ,ill9ois ,c5tral3-- ,! traffic on ! ,mississippi ,riv] 0 e/abli%$ & built up "u totally diff]5t conditions f ^? n[ obta9+1 & :5 ! only o!r means ( travel & transportation 0 on horseback & by waggon1 me?ods n suitable 9 view ( ! great di/ances & ! g5]al impassibility ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 ^? days ! pr9cipal s\rce ( supply 0 ,/ ,l\is--& po9ts rea*$ ?r\gh ,/ ,l\is--= gra91 gra9 products1 etc41 except+ t vehicles1 ma*9]y1 & iron 7 br\ght d[n ! ,ohio ,riv] f ,pittsburg & ,c9c9nati by boat to ,cairo1 & trans-%ipp$ !re1 or to ,memphis1 & trans-%ipp$ or re-di/ribut$ f t place4 ,! di/ribut+ po9ts on ! ,l[] ,mississippi ,riv] 7 ,memphis1 ,vicksburg1 ,nat*ez1 ,bay\ ,s>a1 ,baton ,r\ge & ,new ,orleans4 ,goods 7 %ipp$ to ^! po9ts & re-%ipp$ f !re ov] small railroads to %ort di/ances1 & also haul$ by waggon & re-%ipp$ on boats ply+ 9 local trade on ! ,mississippi ,riv] & tribut>y /reams4 ,= example1 !re 7 ,boat ,l9es mak+ small l&+ po9ts above & bel[ ,memphis1 & above & bel[ ,vicksburg2 also ,boat ,l9es ply+ ! ,yazoo & ,tallahat*ie ,riv]s on ! ea/1 & ! ,:ite1 ,arkansas & ,r$ ,riv]s on ! we/1 etc4 ,all ! goods %ipp$ by /eamboat 7 haul$ by waggon or dray to ! /eamboat l&+1 &1 :5 dis*>g$ by ! boats at de/9ation1 7 aga9 haul$ by waggon f ! l&+ to ! /ores & w>eh\ses1 ev5 9 ^? cases 9 :i* re-%ipm5t 0 made f po9ts l ,memphis1 ,vicksburg1 etc4 ,:5 re-%ipp$ by riv]1 ! goods 7 aga9 haul$ to ! /eamboat l&+1 &1 :5 rea*+ ! local l&+ or po9t ( f9al consumption1 aft] be+ dis*>g$ on ! bank1 7 aga9 haul$ by waggon or dray1 p]haps = consid]able di/ances into ! int]ior4 ,:ile ! co/ ( wat] transportation is prim>ily l[1 ! frequ5t h&l+ & re-h&l+ made ?is mode ( transportation m or less exp5sive1 & 9 "s in/ances q co/ly4 ,riv] transportation aga9 is sl[1 tak+ long] "t 9 transit4 ,! frequ5t h&l+s1 fur!r1 7 damag+ & de/ructive to ! packages 9 ! case ( _m k9ds ( goods4 ,transportation on ! riv]s 0 also at times int]rupt$ or delay$ f "o cause or ano!r1 su* z high wat] or l[ wat]1 & ! s]vice 01 9 consequ5ce1 m or less irregul>1 ?us requir+ deal]s to c>ry l>ge /ocks on :i* ! insurance & int]e/ 0 a consid]able item ( exp5se4 ,) ! developm5t ( ! railroads ?r\gh ! c\ntry1 n only 0 competition br\ght into play to ! di/ribut+ po9ts along ! riv]1 su* z ,memphis1 ,vicksburg1 etc41 f ,/ ,l\is1 ,c9c9nati1 & ,pittsburg1 b also f o!r initial s\rces ( supply :i* 7 n locat$ on riv]s1 b 7 enabl$ by reason ( ! e/abli%m5t ( rail transportation to consign direct2 :]eas "u ! old conditions x 0 necess>y = !m to consign to "s riv] po9t & trans-%ip4 ,:at 0 /ill m important & effective 9 accompli%+ ! results s9ce br\ght ab\t 0 ! mat]ial b5efit conf]r$ by ! railroads on mo/ ( ! communities situat$ back f ! riv]4 ,^! communities _h previ\sly be5 oblig$ to s5d _! consignm5ts p]haps _m miles by road to "s po9t on ! riv]1 :5ce ! commodities 7 c>ri$ to "s o!r po9t1 !re to be tak5 by waggon or dray to ! place ( consumption--ano!r j\rney ( _m miles1 p]haps1 by road4 ,progress 0 sl[1 & 9 "s in/ances almo/ impossible1 :ile only small boats c\ld be haul$4 ,!n ! con/ruction ( railroads l$ to ! developm5t ( important di/ribut+ po9ts 9 ! int]ior1 su* z ,jackson1 7,t5nessee71 & ,jackson1 7,mississippi71 n to m5tion _m o!rs4 ,goods load$ into railroad c>s on tracks alongside ! mills1 factories & w>eh\ses c\ld be unload$ at de/9ation into w>eh\ses & /ores :i* also _h _! tracks alongside4 ,by ?is means drayage 0 elim9at$1 & ! packages c\ld be deliv]$ 9 clean condition4 ,nei!r ( ^! conditions 0 possible :]e /eamboat transportation 0 employ$4 ,int]ior po9ts are n[ enabl$ to buy direct1 ei!r 9 l>ge or small quantities1 f initial s\rces ( supply1 & )\t ! delay & exp5se incid5t to %ipm5t to riv]-di/ribut+ po9ts1 & trans-%ipm5t by rail or /eamboat or haul+ by waggon4 ,rail transportation is also m frequ5t1 regul>1 rapid & reliable2 n to m5tion aga9 ! conv5i5ce :i* is ref]r$ to above4 ,! transportation by riv] ( package-freight1 su* z fl\r1 meal1 meat1 cann$ goods1 dry goods1 & o!r commodities1 has be5 almo/ entirely sup]s$$ by rail transportation1 except 9 reg>d to %ort-haul local l&+s1 :]e ! riv] is m conv5i5t1 & ! railroad may n be available4 ,!re is "s s\?-b\nd %ipm5t ( wire1 nails1 & o!r iron goods f ! ,pittsburg di/rict to di/ribut+ po9ts l ,memphis & ,new ,orleans1 b 9 ^! cases ! consignm5ts are exclusively 9 b>ge-load lots4 ,! only o!r commodity to :i* ^! conditions apply is coal4 ,?is is tak5 direct f ! m9es 9 ! ,pittsburg di/rict1 & dropp$ into b>ges on ! ,monongahela ,riv]2 & ^! are float$ d[n ! riv]1 dur+ p]iods ( high wat]1 9 fleets ( f fifty to sev]al hundr$ b>ges at a "t4 ,!re is no movem5t ( gra9 9 b>ges f ,/ ,l\is to ,new ,orleans1 z 0 ! case a great _m ye>s ago4 ,! gra9 = export vi ,new ,orleans is n[ l>gely mov$ direct 9 c>s f ! c\ntry elevators to ! elevators at ,new ,orleans1 f :i* latt] ! gra9 is load$ direct into %ips4 ,!re is1 also1 "s movem5t nor?-b\nd 9 b>ges ( lumb] & logs f mills & =e/s n accessible to railroads1 b v little movem5t ( ^! or o!r commodities f po9ts t are s]v$ by railroad rails4 ,lumb] to be %ipp$ on ! riv] mu/ be mov$ 9 b>ge-load quantities1 & tak5 to places l ,/ ,l\is1 :]e x has to be haul$ f ! b>ge to lumb] y>ds1 & !n load$ on railroad c>s1 if x is go+ to ! int]ior1 :]e a consid]able proportion ( ! quantity h&l$ w be want$4 ,mills rea*$ by railroad tracks c1 & d1 load 9 c>-load quantities1 & %ip to ! f9al po9t ( use1 )\t ! delay incid5t to riv] transportation1 & ! exp5se involv$ by transf] or re-%ipm5t4 ,x is n to be inf]r$ f ! =ego+ t all ! di/ribut+ po9ts along ! riv] h dri$ up s9ce ! developm5t ( rail transportation4 ,9 fact1 ! contr>y is ! case1 because ! railroads h op5$ up l>g] t]ritories to ^! di/ribut+ po9ts1 & 9 reg>d to _m k9ds ( goods ^! riv] po9ts h become1 9 a way1 initial s\rces ( supply z well z ( manufacture4 ,memphis1 = example1 has gra9 br\ght to its elevators direct f ! f>ms1 ! same z ,/ ,l\is1 & c & does %ip on %ort notice to ! _m t[ns & communities 9 ! t]ritory surr\nd+4 ,!re are1 also1 fl\r & meal mills1 iron f\ndries1 waggon & furniture factories1 etc41 at ,memphis1 & at o!r places4 ,_m ( ! po9ts1 h[ev]1 :i* 7 once simply l&+s = int]ior t[ns & communities h n[ become comp>atively insignificant4 ,to sum up 9 a few words1 ,i %\ld say t ! railroads h ov]come ! /eamboat competition on ! ,mississippi ,riv]1 n only by af=d+ fair & reasonable rates1 b also because rail transportation is m frequ5t1 rapid1 reliable1 & conv5i5t1 & is1 on ! :ole1 mu* *eap]4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,t canals also play$ _! "p 9 ! transport ( pass5g]s a hundr$ ye>s ago is %[n by ! foll[+ items ( news1 :i* ,i take f ,! ,times ( #ahjf3-- ,friday1 ,decemb] #ai1 #ahjf4 ,! fir/ division ( ! troops t are to proce$ by ! ,padd+ton ,canal = ,liv]pool1 & !nce by transports = ,dubl91 w leave ,padd+ton to-day1 & w be foll[$ by o!rs to-morr[ & ,sunday4 ,by ?is mode ( conveyance ! m5 w be only sev5 days 9 rea*+ ,liv]pool1 & ) comp>atively little fatigue1 z x w\ld take !m above f\rte5 days to m>* t di/ance4 ,relays ( fre% horses = ! canal boats h be5 ord]$ to be 9 read9ess at all ! /ages4 ,monday1 ,decemb] #bb1 #ahjf4 ,saturday ! #h? ,regim5t emb>k$ at ! ,padd+ton ,canal = ,liv]pool1 9 a numb] ( b>ges1 ea* conta9+ #fj m54 ,?is regim5t consi/s ( #iej m54 ,! #g? ,regim5t emb>k$ at ! same "t 9 eighte5 b>ges3 !y are all to proce$ to ,liv]pool4 ,! ,dukes ( ,york & ,sussex witness$ ! emb>kation4 ,! rema9d] ( ! brigade 0 to foll[ ye/]day1 & ,friday next ano!r & v consid]able emb>kation w foll[4 #b ,illu/rations ( ! ,orig9 & ,progress ( ,rail & ,tram ,roads1 & ,/eam ,c>riages1 or ,locomotive ,eng9es4 ,by ,t4 ,g4 ,cumm+1 ,surveyor1 ,d5bigh1 #ahbd4 #c ,a ,lett] on ! subject ( ! project$ ,rail-road betwe5 ,liv]pool & ,man*e/]1 po9t+ out ! necessity = its adoption1 & ! manife/ advantages x (f]s to ! public2 ) an exposure ( ! exorbitant & unju/ *>ges ( ! ,wat]-,c>ri]s4 ,by ,joseph ,s&>s1 ,esq41 ,liv]pool1 #ahbe4 #d ,m]sey & ,irwell ,navigation4 #e ,ano!r ( ! speak]s1 ,mr ,gordon ,c4 ,?omas1 eng9e] to ! ,gr& ,junction ,canal ,company1 said t not)/&+ ! g5]\s exp5diture on ma9t5ance1 & ! l>ge sums rec5tly sp5t ^u improvem5ts1 ! ?r\gh traffic on ! ,gr& ,junction 0 only "o-half ( :at x 0 fifty ye>s ago1 & n[ ! ?r\gh traffic 0 9 _m cases unable to pay z high a rate z ! local traffic4 #f ,9 ! evid5ce he gave be=e ! ,royal ,commission on ,canals & ,wat]ways on #ba/ ,m>* #aijf1 ,sir ,h]b]t ,jekyll1 ,assi/ant ,secret>y to ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 said 7z report$ 9 ,! ,times ( #bbnd ,m>*73--,"o rem>kable feature 0 noticeable--t1 al?\gh ! tonnage c>ri$ r increas$ ?an dim9i%$ betwe5 #ahch & #ahdh1 ! receipts fell (f enorm\sly1 po9t+ to ! conclusion t ! railway competition _h br\ght ab\t a l>ge r$uction 9 canal companies *>ges4 ,x 0 also notewor?y t on _m canals ! decrease 9 receipts _h cont9u$ out ( all proportion to ! decrease1 if any1 9 ! tonnage c>ri$4 #g ,9 ,mr ,san]'s pap] ! ,birm+ham ,canal navigations are class$ among ! ,indep5d5tly-,own$ ,canals1 & ,mr ,san] says3--,!re are #a1ach miles own$ by railway companies1 :i* convey only #f1jji1hbj tons p] annum1 & produce a net pr(it ( only #dj p] mile ( navigation4 ,?is1 he adds1 appe>s to af=d cle> pro( t ! railways d n attempt to make ! mo/ ( ! canals "u _! control4 ,b :5 ! ,birm+ham ,canal1 ) its #h1jjj1jjj tons ( traffic a ye>1 is transf]r$ 7z x ought to be7 f ! indep5d5tly-own$ to ! railway-controll$ canals1 entirely diff]5t figures are %[n4 #h ,! fact t coal tipp$ into a canal boat w\ld h a long] drop ?an coal fall+ f ! colli]y scre5 into railway waggons is important because ( ! great] damage done to ! coal1 & ! consequ5t decrease 9 value4 #i ,full] in=mation respect+ traffic conditions 9 ,cont95tal c\ntries w be f\nd 9 my book on ,railways & ,_! ,rates4 #aj ,! figures = ! ye>s #ahfj to #ahij are tak5 f ! ,report ( ! ,committee on ,canals ( ,new ,york ,/ate1 #aijj1 ,g5]al ,francis ,v4 ,gre5e1 *airman2 & ^? = #aijj & #aijc f ! ,annual ,report ( ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,public ,works1 ,new ,york ,/ate1 #aijc4 #aa ,! ,/ ,lawr5ce ,riv] & ! ,great ,lakes ^: wat]s fl[ ?r\gh x into ! ,atlantic =m a cont9u\s wat]way ext5d+ f ! ,fond du ,lac1 at ! head ( ,lake ,sup]ior1 to ! ,/raits ( ,belle ,isle1 a di/ance ( #b1chd miles4444 ,empty+ into ! ,/ ,lawr5ce 444 are ! ,ottawa & ,ri*lieu ,riv]s1 ! =m] br++ x into communication ) ! imm5se timb] =e/s ( ,ont>io1 & ! latt] connect+ x ) ,lake ,*ampion 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,^! riv]s 7 ! ?or\ghf>es 9 peace & ! base l9es 9 w> = ! ,indian tribes long be=e ! :ite man appe>$ 9 ! ,we/]n ,hemisph]e4444 ,! e>ly coloni/s f\nd !m ! conv5i5t & almo/ ! only *annels ( int]c\rse among !mselves & ) ! home c\ntry4444 ,! ,/ ,lawr5ce 0 navigable = sea-go+ vessels z f> z ,montreal1 b betwe5 ,montreal & ! foot ( ,lake ,ont>io !re 0 a succession ( rapids sep>at$ by navigable rea*es4444 ,! head ( navigation on ! ,ottawa ,riv] is ! city ( ,ottawa4444 ,betwe5 ?is city & ! m\? ( ! riv] !re are sev]al impassable rapids4 ,! ,ri*lieu 0 also s mu* ob/ruct$ at v>i\s po9ts z to be unavailable = navigation4444 ,! canal sy/em ( ,canada 444 has be5 e/abli%$ to ov]come ^! ob/ructions by artificial *annels at v>i\s po9ts to r5d] freely navigable ! national r\tes ( transportation4--,highways ( ,comm]ce1 issu$ by ! ,bureau ( ,/ati/ics1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,/ate1 ,wa%+ton4 #ab ,! use ( a l>g] type ( canal boat is g5]ally reg>d$ z an ess5tial "p ( ! resuscitation s*eme4 ,b ( ! n>r[ boats n[ 9 active s]vice 9 ! canals ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom !re are f #aj1jjj to #aa1jjj4 ,:at is to be done ) ^!8 ,if !y are scrap-heap$1 & fre% boats sub/itut$1 we increase /ill fur!r ! sum total ( ! outlay ! s*eme w involve4 #ac ,at ! ,society ( ,arts' ,conf]5ce on ,canals1 9 #ahhh1 ,mr ,l4 ,f4 ,v]non-,h>c\rt said3--,! /ati/ics %[ t great caution mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 ! selection ( canal r\tes = improvem5t1 if !y are to prove a comm]cial success1 & t ! scope = su* s*emes is /rictly limit$4 ,any attempt at a g5]al revival & improvem5t ( ! canal sy/em ?r\gh\t ,engl& _c prove f9ancially successful1 z local canals1 ?r\gh ?9ly populat$ agricultural di/ricts1 c\ld n compete ) railways4 ,^! r\tes alone %\ld be select$ = enl>gem5t ( wat]way :i* lead direct f ! sea to l>ge & increas+ t[ns l ! propos$ canal f ! ,bri/ol ,*annel to ,birm+ham1 or :i*1 l ! ,aire & ,cald] ,navigation & ! ,le$s & ,liv]pool ,canal1 are suitably set = ! conveyance ( coal & g5]al bulky goods to popul\s di/ricts4 ,"o or two ?r\gh r\tes to ,london f manufactur+ c5tres1 or f coal-m9+ di/ricts1 might h a prospect ( success1 provid$ ! exi/+ canals along ! r\te c\ld be acquir$ at a small co/1 & ! necess>y improvem5t works 7 n heavy4 #ad ,!re are ev5 ^? :o argue t ! resuscitat$ canals %\ld be toll free4 ,,index ,agriculture & canals1 #af1 #adg-aej ,aire & ,cald] ,navigation1 #hf1 #acb1 #ace ,allport1 ,sir ,james1 #cg1 #ha ,aqu$ucts1 #abd ,association ( ,*amb]s ( ,comm]ce1 #d1 #e ,b>nsley ,canal1 #bf ,belgium1 wat]ways 91 #ic-if1 #ig ,birm+ham ,canal1 #bf1 #cg1 #eg-gc1 #abj1 #abe ,boats1 size (1 #cb1 #fi1 #acj ,brecknock & ,ab]gav5ny ,canal1 #bf ,brecon ,canal1 #de ,bridgewat] ,canal1 #ac-ae1 #ba1 #bc-bd1 #abd ,bridgewat]1 ,duke (1 #ac-ae1 #bc ,bridgwat] & ,taunton ,canal1 #de ,br9dley1 ,james1 #ad-ae1 #af1 #abd ,brunn]1 ,sir ,john ,t41 #d ,buckley1 ,mr ,r4 ,b41 #ada ,cal$onian ,railway ,company1 #ej-ed ,canada1 wat]ways 91 #abh-abi ,canals1 e>lie/1 9 ,engl&1 #ac-bb2 canal mania1 #af2 pass5g] traffic1 #ah-ai2 %>es & divid5ds1 #ba1 #bf1 #bg2 tolls & *>ges1 #bc-be1 #bg-cj2 h&icapp$1 #cc2 attitude t[>ds railways1 #cd-ch2 ,k5net & ,avon1 #ch-de2 ,%rop%ire ,union1 #dg-ej2 ,=? & ,clyde1 #ej-ed2 /rangulation !ory1 #ed-ee2 ,birm+ham ,canal1 #eg-gc2 coal traffic1 #hd-hi2 canals & wat]ways on ! ,cont95t1 #ic-ajc2 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #ajd-aah2 9 ,engl&1 #aai-ada2 9 ,canada1 #abh-abi2 conclusions & recomm5dations1 #adb-aej ,capitali/s1 attitude (1 #c ,c>negie1 ,mr1 #aaj ,*esapeake & ,delaw>e ,canal1 #aji ,*esapeake & ,ohio ,canal1 #aji ,*e/]field ,canal1 #df1 #abc ,*ild1 ,messrs1 #ae ,coal1 #ac1 #ba1 #bi-cj1 #dj1 #ea-ec1 #ha-hi ,consignm5ts1 sizes (1 #gh ,cont95tal conditions1 #aa1 #ic-ajc1 #aci1 #adj1 #ada ,co/ ( recon/ruction1 #acb-acf ,cotton1 raw1 #hi-ia ,cov5try ,canal1 #bf ,cox1 ,m4,p41 ,mr ,h>old1 #adj ,crom=d ,canal1 #abc ,cumm+1 ,mr ,t4 ,g41 #ba1 #adg-adh ,dixon1 ,pr(essor ,f4 ,h41 #aaj1 #aag ,dr$g+1 #dc ,electrical in/allations1 #acj ,ellesm]e ,canal1 #bf1 #dg1 #abd ,eng9e]s & canal "q1 #b ,erie ,canal1 !1 #aje-aaa1 #aaf ,fi%1 ,mr ,/uyvesant1 #aad-aae ,=? & ,clyde ,navigation1 #ej-ed ,france1 wat]ways 91 #ajj1 #ajb ,fro/ on canals1 #bd1 #cj1 #gg ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e1 #bf ,geographical conditions1 #aa1 #id-if1 #ih-ajj ,g]many1 wat]ways 91 #id1 #ig1 #ajj-ajb ,glass1 ,mr ,john1 #abi ,gov]nm5t gu>antee1 #d ,gr& ,junction ,canal1 #bf1 #ci1 #abj1 #abc ,gr& ,we/]n ,canal1 #de ,great ,nor!rn ,railway1 #ca1 #hc ,great ,we/]n ,railway ,company1 #ch-de1 #fg1 #fh1 #gj ,gr9l+1 ,mr ,c4 ,h41 #cj ,h]tslet1 ,sir ,e4 ,cecil1 #id ,holl&1 wat]ways 91 #gg1 #id1 #if ,hudd]sfield ,n>r[ ,canal1 #abj1 #abc ,hudson1 ,george1 #cj ,+lis1 ,mr ,j4 ,c41 #ch-ci1 #de ,jackson1 ,mr ,luis1 #aae-aag ,jebb1 ,mr ,g4 ,r41 #ga ,jekyll1 ,sir ,h]b]t1 #fb ,k5net & ,avon ,canal1 #bf1 #ch-de1 #aba ,lanca%ire & ,york%ire ,railway ,company1 #df ,lanca/] ,canal1 #bf1 #abd ,langu$oc ,canal1 #ad ,le$s & ,liv]pool ,canal1 #abj1 #ace ,leice/] & ,sw9n+ton ,railway1 #bi ,lift at ,&]ton1 #abb-abc ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway1 #ba1 #bc-bf1 #bh ,liv]pool m]*ants1 petition f1 #be-bf ,local taxation1 #i-aj1 #aci1 #ade-adf ,locks1 #cb1 #cc1 #dc1 #ej1 #ff1 #abj-aba1 #abg ,london & ,nor?-,we/]n ,railway ,company1 #cg1 #df1 #dh-di1 #ei-ga ,london1 ,brighton & ,s\? ,coa/ ,railway ,company1 #abh ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 #e ,l\ghbor\gh ,canal1 #bf1 #bg1 #bi ,macclesfield ,canal1 #df ,man*e/] & ,bury ,canal1 #df ,man*e/] ,%ip ,canal1 #acc ,mc,adam1 ,j4 ,l41 #ab-ac ,me*anical haulage1 #di-ej1 #aba-abb1 #acj-aca ,meiklejohn1 ,pr(essor1 #ig ,m]sey & ,irwell ,navigation1 #ac1 #ae1 #ba1 #bd ,m]sey ,h>b\r ,bo>d1 #e ,midl& ,railway1 #cj1 #cg1 #fg1 #hc ,m9+ op]ations & canals1 #df1 #fe-ff1 #abf-abg ,mississippi1 !1 #aaa-aag ,monm\?%ire ,canal1 #bf1 #de ,morrison1 ,mr1 #bg-bh ,man*e/]1 ,%effield & ,l9coln ,railway ,company 7,great ,c5tral71 #df ,municipalisation s*emes1 #d-h1 #ace ,nationalisation ( canals1 #d1 #aj1 #ace ,nea? ,canal1 #bf ,nor? ,briti% ,railway1 #ec ,nor?-,ea/]n ,railway1 #adi ,old ,union ,canal1 #bf ,ox=d ,canal1 #bf ,packhorse p]iod1 !1 #ab1 #af1 #ah ,padd+ton ,canal1 #ah-ai ,physical conditions1 #aa1 #if-ii1 #aai ,political conditions1 #ajj-ajb ,pr9ciple1 que/ions (1 #i-aa ,private ent]prise1 #i1 #ajf1 #adb ,pr(its on canals1 #ae1 #af1 #ba1 #bf1 #bg ,public tru/s1 #d-f ,pump+ ma*9]y1 #db-dc1 #fc ,qu>t]ly ,review1 #ag-bb1 #aaa ,railways1 position ( companies z ratepay]s1 #g-h2 co/ ( railway con/ruction & op]ation1 #i-aj2 effect on railway rates1 #aj2 adv5t (1 #ag-bb2 ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway1 #ba1 #be1 #bh2 ,leice/] & ,sw9n+ton ,railway1 #bi2 ,midl& ,railway1 #cj2 ,great ,nor!rn ,railway1 #ca2 attitude ( canal companies t[>ds1 #ce-ch2 control ( canals1 #ch-ef1 #eg-gc2 railways 9 ,g]many1 #ajj-ajb2 9 ,france1 #ajb2 recomm5dations1 #ade-adf ,ratepay]s1 liability (1 #g-h1 #acg ,rates1 regulation (1 on railways & canals1 #bg-bh ,reg5ts ,canal1 #abi ,r5nie1 #abd ,road-motors1 #adi ,ro*dale ,canal1 #bf1 #abj1 #acb ,ross1 ,mr ,a41 #de-dg ,royal ,commission on ,canals & ,wat]ways1 #fb ,s&>s1 ,mr ,joseph1 #ba1 #bc-be1 #cd1 #ge ,san]1 ,mr ,j4 ,a41 #ch1 #fg1 #abi ,sankey ,brook & ,/ ,hel5's ,canal1 #df ,saund]s1 ,mr ,h4 ,j41 #ci1 #dd ,select ,committee on ,canals 7#ahhc71 #cg ,%effield & ,s\? ,york%ire ,navigation1 #df ,%rop%ire ,union ,canal1 #dg-ej1 #fi-gb1 #abj ,som]set ,coal ,canal1 #dj ,spe$1 #abb1 #aca ,/af=d%ire & ,worce/]%ire ,canal1 #bf ,/albridge1 ,"l1 #hf ,/eph5son1 ,george1 #cj ,/eph5son1 ,rob]t1 #cj ,/\rbridge ,ext5sion ,canal1 #de ,/rangulation !ory1 #ee1 #adc ,/rat=d-^u-,avon ,canal1 #de ,swansea ,canal1 #bf1 #de ,taxpay]s1 h[ affect$1 #c1 #e1 #acg ,tel=d1 #abd ,?ames & ,sev]n ,canal1 #abc ,?ames /eamboat s]vice1 #e ,?omas1 ,mr ,g4 ,c41 #ci ,?waite1 ,mr1 #abe ,trade1 *anges 91 #aa1 #dj-db1 #eb-ed1 #fa1 #gd-ib1 #acc-acd ,trad]s1 advice to1 #adf-adg ,tr5t & ,m]sey ,navigation1 #af1 #bf1 #bg1 #di1 #fi1 #gb1 #abb1 #abc ,troops1 transport (1 by canal1 #ah-ai ,tunnels1 canal1 #abc ,ulri*1 ,h]r ,franz1 #ig ,unit$ ,/ates1 wat]ways 91 #ajd-aah ,v]non-,h>c\rt1 ,mr ,l4 ,f41 #ace ,walk]1 ,colonel1 ,f4 ,n4 ,t41 #e ,wat]-supply = canals1 #bd1 #cb1 #cc1 #db-dc1 #fb-fd1 #ff1 #gg1 #ii1 #abg-acj ,:eel]1 ,mr ,w4 ,h41 #ii ,wid5+s1 #ff1 #gj1 #ga ,wilts & ,b]ks ,canal1 #dj ,worce/] & ,birm+ham ,canal1 #bf1 #abj1 #abc1 #acb ,,works ,,by ,,edw9 ,a4 ,,pratt ,,! ,,transition ,,9 ,,agriculture ,cr[n #hvo4 #cej pp4 ,illu/rations & ,plans4 #es4 net4 ,a book ( great value to all int]e/$ 9 f>m+4 ,discusses1 z correctly z possible1 ! hopeful developm5t ( subsidi>y bran*es ( agriculture1 ! prospects ( co-op]ation1 & ! pr9ciples on :i* small hold+s may be increas$4--,! ,outlook4 ,,! ,,organization ,,( ,,agriculture ,*eap] & ,enl>g$ ,edition4 ,pap] cov]s4 #as4 net4 ,! fir/ impression produc$ on ! m9d ( ! ?\ghtful read] by a p]usal ( ,mr ,pratt's book is t1 9 "o =m or ano!r1 agricultural co-op]ation is inevitable4444 ,to attempt to /& aga9/ ! pressure ( cosmopolitan conditions is z futile z ,mrs ,p>t+ton's attempt to keep back ! ,atlantic ) a mop4--,gu>dian4 ,,railways ,,& ,,_! ,,rates ,,) ,,an ,,app5dix ,,on ,,! ,,briti% ,,canal ,,problem ,*eap ,edition4 ,pap] ,cov]s4 #as4 net4 ,a valuable book = railwaym51 trad]s1 & o!rs :o are int]e/$1 ei!r !oretically or practically1 9 ! l>g] aspect ( ! economic problem ( h[ goods are be/ br\ght to m>ket4--,scotsman4 ,,our ,,wat]ways ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,inl& ,,navigation ,,consid]$ ,,z ,a ,,bran* ,,( ,,wat] ,,cons]vancy ,by ,,urquh>t ,a4 ,,=bes ,( ,l9coln's ,inn1 ,b>ri/]-at-,law2 ,,& ,w4 ,h4 ,r4 ,,a%=d ,) a ,map especially prep>$ to illu/rate ! book4 ,demy #hvo4 #abs4 net4 ,! hi/ory ( ^! canals & wat]ways1 & ( ! law relat+ to !m1 is cle>ly set =? 9 ! excell5t "w4 ,%\ld become ! /&>d "w ( ref]5ce ^u ! subject4--,! ,/&>d4 ,,municipal ,,trade ,,! ,,advantages ,,& ,,disadvantages ,,result+ ,,f ,,! ,,sub/itution ,,( ,,repres5tative ,,bodies ,,= ,,private ,,proprietors ,,9 ,,! ,,managem5t ,,( ,,indu/rial ,,und]tak+s ,by ,major ,,leon>d ,,d>w9 ,au?or ( ,bimetallism4 ,demy #hvo4 #abs4 net4 ,?is "w %\ld be c>efully /udi$1 = !re _c be a bett] guide to ! und]/&+ & solution ( a difficult problem4--,local ,gov]nm5t ,*ronicle4 ,,mod]n ,,t>iff ,,hi/ory ,,%[+ ,,! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,gr[? ,,( ,,t>iffs ,,9 ,,g]many ,,france1 ,,& ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,by ,,p]cy ,,a%ley1 ,m4,a4 ,lectur] at ! ,london ,s*ool ( ,economics 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,london ,) an ,introduction by ! ,rt4 ,hon4 ,r4 ,b4 ,,haldane1 ,,ll4,d41 ,k4,c41 ,m4,p4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 444 ,a c>eful1 fair1 & accurate review ( ! mod]n fiscal hi/ory ( ?ree c\ntries4--,times4 ,,local ,,& ,,c5tral ,,gov]nm5t ,a ,,comp>ative ,,/udy ,,( ,,engl&1 ,,france1 ,,prussia1 ,,& ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,by ,,p]cy ,,a%ley1 ,m4,a4 ,,! ,,briti% ,,trade ,,ye>-,,book ,,cov]+ ,,! #be ,,ye>s #ahhj-aijd1 ,,& ,,%[+ ,,! ,,c\rse ,,( ,,trade ,by ,,john ,,holt ,,s*ool+ ,) #aia tables1 ea* conta9+ sev]al sections ( ,briti% or ( ,int]national ,trade4 #df ,diagrams & v>i\s ab/ract ,tables4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,?is is ! ,,only ,,book t %[s ! ,,c\rse ,,( ,,trade4 ,we believe1 aft] c>eful exam9ation1 t ,mr ,s*ool+ has dealt 9 a /rictly hone/ & imp>tial fa%ion ) ! mat]ial at 8 disposal4 ,read]s ( ! book _c fail to get mu* insight into ! c\rse ( trade f ,mr ,s*ool+'s cle>-sight$ me?ods4--,times4 ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,& ,,me?ods ,,( ,,taxation ,by ,g4 ,,armitage ,,smi? ,pr9cipal ( ,birkbeck ,college4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 ,,*apt] ,i4--,! ,gr\nds & ,nature ( ,public ,exp5diture4 ,,ii4--,s\rces ( ,imp]ial ,rev5ue1 & ,!ories ( ,taxation4 ,,iii4--,pr9ciples ( ,taxation4 ,,iv4--,direct ,taxation--,taxes on ,prop]ty & ,income4 ,v4--,indirect ,taxation--,taxes on ,commodities & ,acts4 ,,vi4--,incid5ce ( ,taxation4 ,,vii4--,national ,debts4 ,,viii4--,"s o!r ,rev5ue ,sy/ems4 ,,ix4--,local ,taxation4 ,,! ,,railways ,,& ,,! ,,trad]s ,a ,,sket* ,,( ,,! ,,railway ,,rates ,,"q ,,9 ,,!ory ,,& ,,practice ,by ,w4 ,m4 ,,acwor?1 ,m4,a4 7,oxon471 ,& ( ! ,inn] ,temple1 ,b>ri/]-at-,law4 ,new ,impression4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,9 ,pap] ,cov]s4 #as4 net4 ,london3 ,,john ,,murray1 ,albem>le ,/reet1 ,w4 ,,pr9t$ ,,at ,,! ,,ed9burgh ,,press1 #i ,,& #aa ,,"y ,,/reet 99 99 99 99 99 ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes ,m9or punctuation & pr9t] errors repair$4 ,italic text is d5ot$ by und]scores