,,! ,,non-,,religion ,,( ,,! ,,future ,a ,,sociological ,,/udy ,,translat$ ,,f ,,! ,,fr5* ,,( ,m4 ,,guyau ,illu/ration ,,new ,,york ,,h5ry ,,holt ,,& ,,company #ahig ,,copyright1 #ahig1 ,,by ,,h5ry ,,holt ,,co4 ,,! ,,m]%on ,,company ,,press1 ,,rahway1 ,n4 ,j4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,introduction4 ,i4 ,sociality ! basis ( religion--,its def9ition4 ,,ii4 ,! connection betwe5 religion1 /hetics1 & morals4 ,,iii4 ,! inevitable decomposition ( all sy/ems ( dogmatic religion2 ! /ate ( 8non-religion0 t[>d :i* ! human m9d seems to t5d--,! exact s5se 9 :i* "o mu/ und]/& ! non-religion z di/+ui%$ f ! 8religion ( ! future40 ,,iv4 ,! value & utility1 = ! "t be+1 ( religion2 its ultimate insuffici5cy1 #a ,"p ,fir/4 ,,! ,,g5esis ,,( ,,religions ,,9 ,,primitive ,,societies4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,religi\s ,,physics4 ,,importance ,,( ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,religion--,,univ]sality ,,( ,,religi\s ,,beliefs ,,or ,,sup]/itions--,,v>iability ,,( ,,religions ,,& ,,religi\s ,,evolution4 ,i4 ,ideali/ !ory :i* attributes ! orig9 ( religion to a notion ( ! inf9ite--,h5o!ism ( ,max ,mll] & ,von ,h>tmann--,m4 ,r5an's ,in/9ct = ,div9ity4 ,,ii4 ,!ory ( a wor%ip ( ! dead & ( spirits--,h]b]t ,sp5c]--,sp5c]'s objections to ! !ory ( ! attribution ( a s\l to natural =ces4 ,,iii4 ,answ] to objections--,religi\s physics sociological 9 =m1 & ! sub/itution ( relations betwe5 malevol5t or b5efic5t consci\s be+s = relations betwe5 natural =ces--,sociomorphism ( primitive ,peoples1 #ba ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,religi\s ,,metaphysics4 ,i4 ,animism or polydemonism--,=mation ( ! duali/ conception ( _s--,social relations ) spirits4 ,,ii4 ,provid5ce & miracles--,! evolution ( ! duali/ conception ( a special provid5ce--,! conception ( miracles--,! sup]natural & ! natural--,sci5tific explanation & miracles--,social & moral modifications 9 ! "* ( man1 ow+ to suppos$ social relations ) a special provid5ce--,increas+ s5tim5t ( irresponsibility & passivity & 8absolute dep5d5ce40 ,,iii4 ,! creation--,g5esis ( ! notion ( creation--,! duali/ic elem5ts 9 ?is idea--,monism--,classification ( sy/ems ( religi\s metaphysics--,criticism ( ! classification propos$ by ,von ,h>tmann--,criticism ( ! classification propos$ by ,augu/e ,comte1 #hj ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,religi\s ,,morals4 ,i4 ,! laws :i* regulate ! social relations betwe5 gods & m5--,morality & immorality 9 primitive religions--,ext5sion ( fri5dly & ho/ile relations to ! sph]e ( ! gods--,primitive inability 9 matt]s ( consci5ce1 z 9 matt]s ( art1 to di/+ui% ! great f ! mon/r\s4 ,,ii4 ,! moral sanction 9 ! society :i* includes gods & m5--,patronage--,t div9e int]v5tion t5ds always to be conceiv$ aft] ! model ( human int]v5tion & to sanction x4 ,,iii4 ,wor%ip & religi\s rites--,pr9ciples ( reciprocity & proportionality 9 ! ex*ange ( s]vices--,sacrifice--,pr9ciple ( co]cion & incantation--,pr9ciple ( habit & its relation to rites--,sorc]y--,sac]dotalism--,prophecy --,! ext]nals ( wor%ip--,dramatization & religi\s /hetics4 ,,iv4 ,subjective wor%ip--,adoration & love2 _! psy*ological orig91 #aac ,"p ,second4 ,,! ,,dissolution ,,( ,,religions ,,9 ,,exi/+ ,,societies4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,dogmatic ,,fai?4 ,i4 ,n>r[ dogmatic fai?--,! cr$ulity ( primitive man3 ,fir/1 spontane\s fai? 9 ! s5ses & imag9ation2 ,second1 fai? 9 ! te/imony ( sup]ior m52 ,?ird1 fai? 9 ! div9e ^w1 9 revelation1 & 9 ! sacr$ texts--,! lit]alness ( dogmatic fai?--,inevitable intol]ance ( n>r[ dogmatic fai?--,belief 9 dogma1 revelation1 salvation1 & damnation all result 9 intol]ance--,mod]n tol]ance4 ,,ii4 ,broad dogmatic fai?--,or?odox ,prote/antism--,dogmas ( or?odox ,prote/antism--,rational consequ5ces ( ^! dogmas--,logical failure ( or?odox ,prote/antism4 ,,iii4 ,! dissolution ( dogmatic fai? 9 mod]n society--,reasons t r5d] ?is dissolution inevitable--,comp>ative influ5ce ( ! v>i\s sci5ces2 influ5ce ( public in/ruction1 ( means ( communication1 ( indu/ry ev5 & ( comm]ce1 etc4--,! disappe>ance ( belief 9 oracles & prophecies--,gradual disappe>ance ( ! belief 9 miracles1 9 devils1 etc41 #acf ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,symbolic ,,& ,,moral ,,fai?4 ,i4 ,sub/itution ( metaphysical symbolism = dogma--,lib]al ,prote/antism--,comp>ison ) ,brahmanism--,sub/itution ( moral symbolism = metaphysical symbolism--,moral fai?--,kant--,mill--,mat!w ,arnold--,a lit]>y explanation ( ! ,bible sub/itut$ = a lit]al explanation4 ,,ii4 ,criticism ( symbolic fai?--,inconsequ5ce ( lib]al ,prote/antism--,is ,jesus ( a m div9e type ?an o!r great g5iuses8--,does ! ,bible possess a great] au?ority 9 matt]s ( morals ?an any o!r ma/]piece ( poetry8--,criticism ( ,mat!w ,arnold's sy/em--,f9al absorption ( religions by morality1 #afg ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,dissolution ,,( ,,religi\s ,,morality4 ,i4 ,! fir/ durable elem5t ( religi\s morality3 ,respect--,alt]ation ( respect by ! addition ( ! notion ( ! fe> ( ,god & div9e v5geance4 ,,ii4 ,second durable elem5t ( religi\s morality3 ,love--,alt]ation ( ?is elem5t by ! addition ( ideas ( grace1 pr$e/9ation1 damnation--,caduc\s elem5ts ( religi\s morality--,my/icism--,antagonism ( div9e love & human love--,asceticism--,excesses ( asceticism--,especially 9 ! religions ( ! ,ea/--,conception ( s9 9 ! mod]n m9d4 ,,iii4 ,subjective wor%ip & pray]--,! notion ( pray] f ! po9t ( view ( mod]n sci5ce & philosophy--,ec/asy--,! survival ( pray]1 #aie ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,religion ,,& ,,non-,,religion ,,among ,,! ,,p4 ,i4 ,is religi\s s5tim5t an innate & imp]i%able possession ( humanity--,frequ5t confusion ( a s5tim5t = religion ) a s5tim5t = philosophy & morals--,r5an--,max ,mll]--,diff]5ce betwe5 ! evolution ( belief 9 ! individual & ! evolution ( belief 9 ! race--,w ! disappe>ance ( fai? leave a void beh9d8 ,,ii4 ,w ! dissolution ( religion result 9 a dissolution ( morality among ! p8--,is religion ! sole safegu>d ( social au?ority & public morality8--,*ri/ianity & socialism--,relation betwe5 non-religion & immorality1 accord+ to /ati/ics4 ,,iii4 ,is ,prote/antism a necess>y transition /age betwe5 religion & free-?\ght8--,projects = ,prote/antiz+ ,france--,mi*elet1 ,qu9et1 ,de ,laveleye1 ,r5\vi]1 & ,pillon--,intellectual1 moral1 & political sup]iority ( ,prote/antism--,utopian "* ( ! project--,uselessness1 = purposes ( morals1 ( sub/itut+ "o religion = ano!r--,is ! possession ( religion a condition s9e qua non ( sup]iority 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce8--,objections urg$ aga9/ ,france & ! ,fr5* ,revolution by ,mat!w ,arnold2 ,greece & ,judea comp>$1 ,france & ,prote/ant nations comp>$--,critical exam9ation ( ,mat!w ,arnold's !ory--,_c free-?\ght1 sci5ce1 & art evolve _! respective ideals f )98 #bbf ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,religion ,,& ,,non-,,religion ,,& ,,! ,,*ild4 ,i4 ,decl9e ( religi\s education--,defects ( ?is education1 9 especial 9 ,ca?olic c\ntries--,means ( light5+ ^! defects--,! prie/--,! possibility ( /ate-action on ! prie/4 ,,ii4 ,education provid$ by ! /ate--,prim>y in/ruction--,! s*oolma/]--,second>y & high] in/ruction--,%\ld ! hi/ory ( religion be introduc$ into ! curriculum8 ,,iii4 ,education at home--,%\ld ! fa!r take no "p 9 ! religi\s education ( 8 *ildr5--,evils ( a prelim9>y religi\s education to be foll[$ by disillusionm5t--,! special "q ( ! immortality ( ! s\l3 :at %\ld be said to *ildr5 ab\t dea?1 #bgb ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,religion ,,& ,,non-,,religion ,,among ,,wom54 ,are wom5 inh]5tly pr$ispos$ t[>d religion & ev5 t[>d sup]/ition8--,! nature ( fem99e intellig5ce--,pr$om9ance ( ! imag9ation--,cr$ulity--,cons]vatism--,fe m99e s5sibility--,pr$om9ance ( s5tim5t--,t5d5cy to my/icism--,is ! moral s5tim5t among wom5 bas$ ^u religion--,influ5ce ( religion & ( non-religion ^u mode/y & love--,orig9 ( mode/y--,love & p]petual virg9ity--,m4 ,r5an's p>adoxes on ! subject ( mona/ic v[s--,h[ woman's natural proclivities may be turn$ to acc\nt by free-?\ght--,influ5ce ex]cis$ by ! wife's fai? ov] ! husb&--,in/ance ( a conv]sion to free-?\ght1 #bie ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,effect ,,( ,,religion ,,& ,,non-,,religion ,,on ,,population ,,& ,,! ,,future ,,( ,,! ,,race4 ,i4 ,importance ( ! problem ( population--,antagonism betwe5 num]ical /r5g? & weal?--,necessity ( numb]s = ! ma9t5ance & progress ( ! race--,necessity ( giv+ ! advantage ( numb]s to ! sup]ior races--,problem ( population 9 ,france--,its relation to ! religi\s problem--,are ! reasons = ! re/riction ( ! numb] ( bir?s physiological1 moral1 or economic8--,mal?usianism 9 ,france--,! true national p]il4 ,,ii4 ,rem$ies--,is a return to religion possible8--,religi\s p[]lessness & gr[+ tol]ance 9 ! matt]--,! influ5ce t ! law might ex]cise ^u ! causes ( small families--,enum]ation ( ^! causes--,re=m ( ! law 9 reg>d to filial duty--7,support ( p>5ts7--,re=m ( ! law ( inh]itance--,re=m ( ! milit>y law = ! purpose ( fav\r+ l>ge families & ( p]mitt+ emigration to ! ,fr5* colonies4 ,,iii4 ,influ5ce ( public education3 its necessity z a sub/itute = religi\s s5tim5t1 #cae ,"p ,?ird4 ,,non-,,religion ,,( ,,! ,,future4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,religi\s ,,individualism4 ,i4 ,is a r5ovation ( religion possible8 #a4 ,is a unification ( ! great religions to-day exi/+ possible8 #b4 ,is ! appe>ance ( a new religion to be expect$8--,future miracles impossible--,religi\s poetry n to be expect$--,m5 ( g5ius capable ( s9c]ely & navely lab\r+ 9 ! creat+ ( a new religion n to be expect$--,impossibility ( add+ to ! orig9al /ock ( religi\s ideas--,no new cult possible--,la/ attempts at a new cult 9 ,am]ica & 9 ,france--,! ,positivi/ cult--,e?ical culture--,c socialism r5ew religion8--,advantages & defects ( sociali/ic exp]im5ts4 ,,ii4 ,religi\s anomy & ! sub/itution ( d\bt = fai?--#a4 ,w ! abs5ce ( religion result 9 scepticism8 ,w ! numb] ( sceptics increase ) ! disappe>ance ( religion8 #b4 ,sub/itution ( d\bt = fai?--,g5u9ely religi\s "* ( d\bt4 ,,iii4 ,sub/itution ( metaphysical hypo!sis = dogma--,diff]5ce betwe5 religi\s s5tim5t & in/9ct = metaphysics--,imp]i%able "* ( ! latt]--,s5tim5t at once ( ! limits ( sci5ce & ( ! inf9ity ( our ideal--,sp5c]'s attempt$ reconciliation ( sci5ce & religion--,confusion ( religion ) metaphysics1 #cej ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,association4 ,,! ,,p]man5t ,,elem5t ,,( ,,religions ,,9 ,,social ,,life4 ,,social ,,aspect ,,( ,,religions--,,religi\s ,,communities ,,& ,,*ur*es--,,ideal ,,type ,,( ,,volunt>y ,,association--,,its ,,div]se ,,=ms4 ,i4 ,associations = intellectual purposes--,h[ su* associations might pres]ve ! mo/ preci\s elem5ts ( religions--,societies = ! advancem5t ( sci5ce1 philosophy1 religion--,dang]s to avoid--,popul>ization ( sci5tific ideas2 propag&ism 9 ! int]e/s ( sci5ce4 ,,ii4 ,associations = moral purposes--,t5d5cy ( religion 9 ! be/ m9ds to become "o ) *>ity--,pity & *>ity w survive dogma--,rle ( en?usiasm 9 moral propag&ism--,necessity ( hope to su/a9 en?usiasm--,possibility ( propagat+ moral ideas3 #a4 ,ap>t f my?s & religi\s dogmas2 #b4 ,ap>t f any notion ( a religi\s sanction--,baudelaire's conception ( a crim9al & happy h]o--,criticism ( t conception--,wor%ip ( ! memory ( ! dead4 ,,iii4 ,associations = /hetic purposes--,wor%ip ( art & nature--,art & poetry w sev] _! connection ) religion & w survive x--,necessity ( develop+ ! /hetic s5tim5t & ! wor%ip ( art1 z ! religi\s s5tim5t becomes m feeble--,poetry1 eloqu5ce1 music2 _! rle 9 ! future--,f9al sub/itution ( art = rites--,wor%ip ( nature--,feel+ = nature orig9ally an ess5tial elem5t ( ! religi\s s5tim5t--,sup]iority ( a wor%ip ( nature ov] wor%ip ( human art--,nature is ! true temple ( ! future1 #cia ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,!ism4 ,,review ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,metaphysical ,,hypo!ses ,,:i* ,,w ,,replace ,,dogma4 ,i4 ,introduction--,progress ( metaphysical hypo!ses--,metaphysical hypo!ses de/9$ to increas+ div]sity 9 details1 & increas+ agreem5t on ess5tial po9ts--,importance ( ! moral elem5t 9 metaphysical hypo!ses--,! "p play$ by consci5ce 9 human morality w n dim9i%1 z ,mr4 ,sp5c] says--,sympa!tic gr\ps "u :i* div]s sy/ems ( metaphysics w be rang$4 ,,ii4 ,!ism--#a4 ,probable fate ( ! creation hypo!sis--,! au?or ( ! _w conceiv$ z a prime mov]--,et]nity ( movem5t--,! au?or ( ! _w conceiv$ z a creator prop]ly s call$--,illusion involv$ 9 ! conception ( no?+--,criticism ( ! creation hypo!sis f ! po9t ( view ( morals3 ! problem ( evil & ( ! responsibility ( ! creator--,attempts to save optimism--,hypo!sis ( a ,god creat+ free ag5ts1 8workm50 & n 8"w0--,reciprocal det]m9ism & ! illusion ( spontaneity--,immorality ( ! temptation--,hypo!sis ( ! fall1 its impossibility--,god ! tempt]--,lucif] & ,god--#b4 ,probable fate ( ! notion ( ,provid5ce--,hypo!ses to expla9 a special ,provid5ce & miracles ?us insuffici5t--,hypo!sis ( a non-omnipot5t ,god propos$ by ,john ,/u>t ,mill--,! ,god ( ,comtism--,religion %\ld be n solely human b cosmic--,! fate ( ! philosophical idea ( ,god--,rational religion propos$ by ! neo-,kantians--,ultimate trans=mation ( ! notion ( div9ity & ( ,provid5ce--,human ,provid5ce & progressive div9ity 9 ! _w1 #dbd ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,pan!ism4 ,,review ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,metaphysical ,,hypo!ses ,,:i* ,,w ,,replace ,,dogma4--,cont9u$4 ,i4 ,optimi/ic pan!ism--,trans=mation ( transc5d5t ,deism into imman5t !ism & pan!ism--,disan?ropomorphiz$ ,god1 accord+ to ,messrs4 ,fiske & ,sp5c]--,div]se =ms ( pan!ism--,optimi/ic & intellectuali/ic pan!ism ( ,sp9oza--,objections1 ,sp9oza's fatalism--,! moral significance t might be l5t to pan!ism by ! introduction ( "s notion ( a f9al cause--,qualities & defects ( pan!ism--,conception ( unity ^u :i* x is f\nd$--,?is conception criticis$--,its possible subjectivity4 ,,ii4 ,pessimi/ic pan!ism--,pessimi/ic int]pretation ( religions 9 ,g]many--#a4 ,causes ( ! progress ( pessimism 9 ! pres5t epo*--,progress ( pan!i/ic metaphysics & ( positive sci5ce--,p5alties incid5t to ?\ght & reflection--,m5tal depression & s5se ( p[]lessness1 etc4--#b4 ,is pessimism curable8--,possible rem$ies--,! lab\r problem & ! future ( society--,illusions involv$ 9 pessimism--,inexactitude ( its e/imate ( pleasures & pa9s--,quotation f ,leop>di--,criticism ( ! practical results ( pessimism--,nirvna--,an exp]im5t 9 ,nirvna--,w pessimi/ic pan!ism be ! religion ( ! future8 #deb ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,idealism1 ,,mat]ialism1 ,,monism4 ,,review ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,metaphysical ,,hypo!ses ,,:i* ,,w ,,replace ,,dogma4--,conclud$4 ,i4 ,idealism--,diff]5t =ms ( idealism3 subjective idealism1 objective idealism3 ,! :ole ( exi/5ce resolv$ into a mode ( m5tal exi/5ce--,value ( idealism consid]$ f po9t ( view ( ! religi\s s5tim5t--,mo/ speci\s ( contempor>y idealisms3 ,possibility ( univ]sal progress 9 ! hypo!sis ( radical spontaneity & ( 8fre$om0--,reconciliation betwe5 det]m9ism & ! conception ( fre$om--,moral idealism z a possible sub/itute = religi\s s5tim5t3 ,dep5d5ce ( ! univ]se on ! pr9ciple ( goodness4 ,,ii4 ,mat]ialism--,difficulty 9 def9+ absolute mat]ialism3 ,matt]--,! atom--,nebul> hypo!sis--,hydrog5--,necessity ( supplem5t+ mat]ialism by "s !ory ( ! orig9 ( life--,! late/ conception ( mat]ialism3 ,conception ( inf9ite divisibility & inf9ite ext5sibility4 ,,iii4 ,monism & ! fate ( worlds--,curr5t ( contempor>y sy/ems t[>d monism--,sci5tific int]pretation ( monism--,! _w conceiv$ moni/ically z a becom+ & z a life--,sci5tific =mul = life--,progress consi/s 9 ! gradual confusion ( ^! two =mul--,t ! rise ( morality & religion c be acc\nt$ = )\t ! presupposition ( any f9al cause--,metaphysical & moral expectations 9 reg>d to ! de/9y ( ! _w & ( humanity1 x may be1 f\nd$ on sci5tific monism--,facts :i* appe> to be inconsi/5t ) ^! expectations--,pessimi/ic conception ( dissolution t is complem5t>y to ! conception ( evolution--,is ! imman5ce ( dissolution demon/rable8--,natural devices = ! p]petuation ( ! 8fitte/0--,rle ( intellig5ce1 ( numb]s1 etc4--,calculation ( probabilities--,is et]nity a p>te po/ a gr\nd ( disc\ragem5t or ( hope--,probable exi/5ce ( ?9k+ be+s 9 o!r worlds3 ! planets1 possibility ( ! exi/5ce ( be+s sup]ior to man--,survival ( ! conception ( gods--,hypo!sis ( int]cosmic consci\sness & ( a univ]sal society4 ,,iv4 ,de/9y ( ! human race--,! hypo!sis ( immortality f ! po9t ( view ( monism--,two possible conceptions ( immortality--,et]nal or untemporal exi/5ce & cont9uation ( life 9 "s sup]ior =ms--,i4 ,hypo!sis ( et]nal life--its function 9 antique religions1 9 ,platonism1 & 9 ! sy/ems ( ,sp9oza1 ,kant1 & ,s*op5hau]--,et]nal life & ! subsi/5ce ( ! individual--,di/9ction made by ,s*op5hau] & v>i\s o!r philosoph]s betwe5 individuality & p]sonality--,et]nal life problematical & transc5d5t--,ari/ocratic t5d5cy ( ! !ory ( et]nal life--,hypo!sis ( conditional immortality--,criticism ( ! hypo!sis ( conditional immortality2 incompatibility ( ?is notion ) t ( div9e goodness--,,ii4 ,hypo!sis ( a cont9uation ( ! pres5t life & its evolution into "s sup]ior =m--,:at sort ( immortality ! !ory ( evolution p]mits u to hope =--,immortality ( "o's lab\rs & conduct--,true conception ( su* immortality--,its relation to ! laws ( h]$ity1 atavism1 natural selection--,immortality ( ! individual--,objections drawn f sci5ce--,prote/ations ( affection aga9/ ! annihilation ( ! p]son--,result+ ant9omy--,,iii4 ,mod]n opposition betwe5 ! conception ( function & ! conception ( simple sub/ance1 9 :i* anci5t philosophy endeav\rs to f9d a pro( ( immortality--,p]ipatetic !ory ( ,wundt & mod]n philosoph]s on ! nature ( ! s\l--,immortality z a cont9uation ( function1 prov$ n by ! simplicity1 b by ! complexity ( consci\sness--,relation betwe5 complexity & in/ability--,?ree /ages ( social evolution--,analogy ( consci5ce ) a society1 collective "* ( individual consci\sness--,conception ( progressive immortality--,la/ product ( evolution & natural selection3 7#a7 ,no necess>y relation betwe5 ! composit5ess & complexity ( consci\sness & its dissolubility3 indissoluble comp\nds 9 ! physical univ]se--7#b7 ,relation betwe5 consci\snesses1 _! possible fusion 9 a sup]ior consci\sness--,contempor>y psy*ology & ! religi\s notion ( ! int]p5etration ( s\ls--,possible evolution ( memory & id5tification ( x ) reality--,pal+5esis by =ce ( love--,problematic "* ( ^? conceptions & ( e conception relative to exi/5ce1 ( consci\sness & ! relation betwe5 exi/5ce & consci\sness--,,iv4 ,conception ( dea? appropriate to ^? :o1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( evolution1 d n believe 9 ! immortality ( ! individual--,antique & mod]n /oicism--,acceptance ( dea?3 elem5t ( melan*oly & ( greatness 9 x--,expansion ( self by means ( philosophical ?\ght1 & sci5tific dis9t]e/$ness1 to ! po9t ( to "s ext5t approv+ "o's own annihilation1 #dgg ,,introduction4 ,i4 ,sociality ! basis ( religion--,its def9ition4 ,,ii4 ,! connection betwe5 religion1 /hetics1 & morals4 ,,iii4 ,! inevitable decomposition ( all sy/ems ( dogmatic religion2 ! /ate ( 8non-religion0 t[>d :i* ! human m9d seems to t5d--,! exact s5se 9 :i* "o mu/ und]/& ! non-religion z di/+ui%$ f ! 8religion ( ! future40 ,,iv4 ,! value & utility1 = ! "t be+1 ( religion2 its ultimate insuffici5cy4 ,i4 ,we %all meet1 9 ! c\rse ( ?is "w1 _m diff]5t def9itions t h at "o "t or ano!r be5 giv5 to religion4 ,"s 7 assign$ f ! po9t ( view ( physics1 o!rs f t ( metaphysics1 o!rs f t ( morals1 almo/ none f t ( sociology4 ,& yet1 ^u clos] scrut9y1 ! notion ( a social bond betwe5 man & ! p[]s sup]ior to him1 b resembl+ him1 is precisely ! po9t 9 :i* all religi\s conceptions are at "o4 ,man becomes truly religi\s1 9 our judgm5t1 only :5 above ! human society 9 :i* he lives he sup]imposes 9 8 s*eme ( ! _w ano!r society1 m p[]ful & m cultur$1 a univ]sal &1 s to speak1 a cosmic society4 ,! sph]e ( sociality1 :i* is "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( humanity1 mu/ be enl>g$ till x rea*es to ! />s4 ,sociality is ! firm f\ndation ( ! religi\s s5tim5t1 & a religi\s be+ might be def9$ z a be+ dispos$ to be sociable1 n only ) all liv+ creatures ) :om exp]i5ce makes him acqua9t$1 b also ) ! creatures ( ?\ght ) :om he peoples ! _w4 ,t religion consi/s ess5tially 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( a bond--at fir/ my?ical1 & subsequ5tly my/ic1 9 ! fir/ in/ance betwe5 man & ! =ces ( ! univ]se1 !n betwe5 man & ! univ]se itself1 & ultimately betwe5 man & ! elem5ts ( ! univ]se--is di/9ctly ! outcome ( e /udy ( religion2 b :at we wi% especially "h to consid] is ! precise way 9 :i* ?is bond has be5 conceiv$4 ,well 7x may appe> m cle>ly at ! close ( ?is inquiry71 ! religi\s bond has be5 conceiv$ ex analogia societatis human3 ! relations1 amicable & inimical1 ( m5 to ea* o!r 7 employ$ fir/ = ! explanation ( physical ph5om5a & natural =ces1 !n = ! metaphysical explanation ( ! _w1 ( its creation1 cons]vation1 & gov]nm5t2 9 %ort1 sociological laws 7 univ]saliz$1 & ! /ate ( w> or peace :i* exi/$ among m51 families1 tribes1 & nations 0 conceiv$ z exi/+ also among ! volitions :i* 7 fanci$ to exi/ b5ea? or beyond ! =ces ( nature4 ,a my?ic or my/ic sociology1 conceiv$ z conta9+ ! secret ( all ?+s1 lies at ! basis ( all religions4 ,religion is n simply ! expression ( an an?ropomorphism--animals & fanta/ic be+s ( v>i\s sorts h play$ no inconsid]able rle 9 diff]5t cults2 x is an imag9ative ext5sion1 a univ]salization ( all ! good or evil relations :i* exi/ among consci\s be+s1 ( w> & peace1 fri5d%ip & enmity1 ob$i5ce & rebellion1 protection & au?ority1 submission1 fe>1 respect1 devotion1 love3 religion is a univ]sal sociomorphism4 ,social relations ) animals1 ) ! dead1 intellectual & social relations ) good & evil g5ii1 ) ! =ces ( nature1 are no?+ m nor less ?an v>i\s =ms ( ?is univ]sal sociology 9 :i* religion has s\ght to f9d ! reason ( ?+s--( physical ph5om5a su* z ?und]1 /orm1 sickness1 dea?1 z well z ( metaphysical relations--! orig9 & de/9y ( ?+s1 & ( moral relations--virtue1 vice1 law1 & sanction4 ,if1 !re=e1 we 7 =c$ to cond5se ! !ory ( ?is book into a s+le def9ition1 we %\ld say t religion is ! outcome ( an ef=t to expla9 all ?+s--physical1 metaphysical1 & moral--by analogies drawn f human society1 imag9atively & symbolically consid]$4 ,9 %ort x is a univ]sal sociological hypo!sis1 my?ical 9 =m4 ,to ju/ify ?is conception we %all review ! v>i\s def9itions t h be5 put =? ( ! religi\s s5tim5t2 we %all see t ea* ( !m ne$s completion by ! re/1 & t1 too1 f ! sociological po9t ( view4 ,! def9ition :i* has p]haps be5 mo/ widely adopt$ ( late ye>s1 ) div]s modifications by ,/rauss1 by ,pfleid]]1 by ,lotze1 & by ,m4 ,rville1 is t ( ,s*lei]ma*]4 ,accord+ to him1 ! ess5ce ( religion consi/s 9 ! feel+ t we all h ( our own absolute dep5d5ce4 ,! p[]s 9 respect to :i* ?is dep5d5ce is felt we call div9ities4 ,on ! o!r h&1 accord+ to ,feu]ba*1 ! orig91 nay ! ess5ce ev5 ( religion is desire3 if man possess$ no ne$s1 no desires1 he w\ld possess no gods4 ,if grief & evil did n exi/1 says ,h>tmann lat] on1 !re w\ld be no religion2 ! gods1 ev5 ! gods ( hi/ory1 are no m ?an ! p[]s to :om man looks = :at he does n possess1 & wants1 to :om he looks = relief1 = salvation1 = happ9ess4 ,! respective def9itions ( ,s*lei]ma*] & ,feu]ba*1 tak5 sep>ately1 are incomplete2 x is at lea/ necess>y1 z ,/rauss sugge/s1 to sup]pose !m4 ,! religi\s s5tim5t is prim>ily1 no d\bt1 a feel+ ( dep5d5ce2 b ?is feel+ ( dep5d5ce1 really to give bir? to religion1 mu/ provoke 9 "o a reaction--a desire ( deliv]ance4 ,to feel "o's own weakness2 to be consci\s ( limitations ( all sorts :i* b\nd "o's life1 & !n to desire to augm5t "o's p[] ov] "o's self & ov] ! mat]ial univ]se2 to enl>ge "o's sph]e ( action2 to atta9 once m to a comp>ative indep5d5ce 9 face ( ! necessities ( e k9d :i* hem "o 9--su* is ! c\rse ( ! human m9d 9 ! pres5ce ( ! univ]se4 ,b "h an objection occurs3 precisely ! same c\rse seems to be foll[$ by ! m9d 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( sci5ce4 ,9 a sci5tific p]iod man feels himself z pr(\ndly dep5d5t z 9 a religi\s p]iod1 & ?is feel+ ( dep5d5ce is accompani$ by a no less vivid reaction 9 ! "o case ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,! man ( sci5ce & ! believ] alike aim at enfran*isem5t1 b by diff]5t means4 ,mu/ "o be cont5t1 !n1 ) an ext]nal & negative def9ition1 & say ) ,m4 ,d>me/et]3 8,religion embraces all k & all p[] n sci5tific08#a ,a k n sci5tific possesses all ! attributes ( a contradiction 9 t]ms1 &1 z = a p[] n sci5tific1 x is indisp5sable to di/+ui% x 9 "s positive way f ! p[] :i* is af=d$ u by sci5ce4 ,well1 to keep close to ! facts1 ! p[] ( religion is t :i* we frankly d n possess1 :ile ! p[] ( sci5ce is t :i* we d possess & "k t we possess4 ,"o might inde$ fall back on ! di/9ction betwe5 belief & c]ta9ty2 b ! man ( sci5ce also has 8 beliefs1 8 pref]5ces = su* & su* a cosmological hypo!sis1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is n a religi\s belief1 prop]ly s call$4 ,religi\s & moral 8fai?10 z oppos$ to sci5tific 8hypo!sis10 is an ultimate & v complete manife/ation ( ! religi\s s5tim5t1 :i* we %all exam9e lat]1 ?\gh x c>ries ) x no sugge/ion ( its primitive orig94 #a ,see an acc\nt giv5 ( ! ,prolgomnes ( ,m4 ,alb]t ,rville1 by ,m4 ,d>me/et]1 ,revue philosophique1 sev5? ye>1 vol4 i4 p4 #gf4 ,f ! sociological po9t ( view ! di/9ction is pla94 ,! religi\s s5tim5t beg9s at ! po9t :]e me*anical det]m9ism seems to (f] an opportunity 9 ! _w = a sort ( moral & social reciprocity--a possible ex*ange ( s5tim5ts & ev5 ( desires1 betwe5 man & ! p[]s ( ! univ]se1 :atev] !y may be4 ,t po9t once rea*$1 man no long] conceives x possible to measure ! consequ5ces ( an act--( us+ an axe1 = example1 on a sacr$ tree--9 ! exact t]ms ( m]e me*anical reaction2 = ov] & above ! simple brute fact ( :at he has done1 ! s5tim5t or int5tion t x indicates mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt & ! probable effect ( t = good or evil ^u ! gods4 ,religi\s s5tim5t is a feel+ ( dep5d5ce1 on ! "p ( primitive man1 9 respect to ! intellig5ces1 ! volitions1 ) :i* he has peopl$ ! univ]se & :i* he believes capable ( be+ affect$ agreeably or disagreeably by 8 conduct4 ,religi\s s5tim5t is n a feel+ ( m]e physical dep5d5ce ^u ! univ]sal frame ( ?+s2 x is m ?an all a physical dep5d5ce1 a moral1 & 9 especial1 a social dep5d5ce4 ,?is relation ( dep5d5ce consi/s really ( two reciprocal t]ms3 if man is b\nd by x 9 "s sort to ! p[]s ( nature1 !y 9 turn are b\nd by x to man2 man has m or less ( a hold on !m1 he c (f5d !m morally1 j z he might (f5d a fell[-man4 ,if man is 9 ! h& ( ! gods1 he c 9 a measure =ce ! h& to op5 or %ut4 ,! div9ities are 9 a s5se dep5d5t also on man2 !y exp]i5ce1 z ! result ( 8 conduct1 a measure ( pleasure or ( pa94 ,x is only lat] t ?is idea ( reciprocal dep5d5ce becomes metaphysical2 x rea*es its ultimate developm5t 9 ! concept ( ! 8absolute10 & 9 ! s5tim5t ( adoration or simple 8respect40 ,besides ! consci\sness ( dep5d5ce & ! correlative ne$ ( a lib]ation ( "s sort f x1 we f9d 9 ! religi\s s5tim5t ! expression ( ano!r social ne$ n less important2 ! ne$ ( affection1 ( t5d]ness1 ( love4 ,our s5sibility1 develop$ by h]$it>y in/9cts ( sociality & by ! =ce ev5 ( our imag9ation /ret*+ out beyond ! limits ( ?is _w1 in/9ctively seeks = a p]son1 a comm&+ figure to lean on1 to confide 94 ,:5 we are happy we ne$ to bless "s "o2 :5 we are wret*$1 we ne$ "s "o to compla9 to1 to groan to1 ev5 to curse4 ,x is h>d to resign ourselves to ! belief t no "o he>s u1 t no "o a long way (f sympa?izes ) u1 t ?is sw>m+ univ]se sp9s 9 ! void4 ,god is ! fri5d ) u at ! fir/ h\r & at ! la/1 ) u always & 9 all places1 ev5 :]e no o!r fri5d c foll[1 ev5 9 dea?4 ,to :om c we speak ( ^? we h lov$ & lo/8 ,( ! p ab\t u1 "s h>dly rememb] !m1 o!rs did n ev5 "k !m2 b 9 ?is div9e & omnipres5t ,be+ we f9d ! society1 :i* is con/antly brok5 by dea?1 once m reunit$3 ,9 eo vivimus1 9 ,him we _c die4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 ,god1 ! object ( ! religi\s s5tim5t1 no long] seems a gu>dian & ma/] simply4 ,he is bett] ?an a fri5d2 ,he is a fa!r2 9 ! beg9n+ a sev]e fa!r & all-p[]ful1 z v "y *ildr5 imag9e _! fa!rs to be4 ,*ildr5 readily believe t _! fa!r c d any?+1 ev5 "w miracles3 a ^w f him & ! _w moves2 fiat lux1 & ! day is born2 ! di/9ction betwe5 evil & good lies 9 8 w2 disob$i5ce to him naturally involves puni%m5t4 ,!y judge 8 p[] by _! weakness2 & s ! primitive race ( man felt t[>d ,god4 ,b lat] a sup]ior conception arose2 z man develop$ he develop$ 8 ,god1 end[$ him ) a m g5]\s li/ ( moral attributes2 & ?is ,god is ours4 ,we feel ! ne$ ( a smile f ,him aft] a sacrifice1 ! ?\ght ( ,him su/a9s u4 ,woman especially1 :o is m immature 9 ?is respect ?an man1 exp]i5ces a great] ne$ ( a 8,fa!r 9 heav540 ,:5 "o wi%es to deprive u ( a god1 to deliv] u f cele/ial tutelage1 we sudd5ly f9d ourselves orphans4 ,"o might recognize a pr(\nd tru? 9 ! great symbol ( ,*ri/1 ! ,god1 dy+ = ! enfran*isem5t ( human ?\ght4 ,?is mod]n v]sion ( ! 8passion0 is enact$1 x is true1 only 9 ! he>t1 b x is none ! less agoniz+2 x /irs "o's indignation none ! less1 x dwells 9 "o l ! image ( a fa!r :o is dead4 ,"o c>es less = ! promis$ fre$om ?an = ! protection & affection t are gone4 ,c>lyle--:imsical1 unhappy g5ius--c\ld eat no bread t 8 wife's own h&s1 nay 8 wife's own he>t1 _h n prep>$2 & we are all l t2 we all h ne$ ( daily bread knead$ ) love & t5d]ness2 & !y t h no lov+ h& f :i* to look = x1 ask x ( _! god1 ( _! ideal1 ( _! dream2 !y create = !mselves a family 9 ! realm ( imag9ation1 !y fill out ! bosom ( inf9ity by ! addition ( a he>t4 ,! social ne$ = protection & love 0 evid5tly n s dom9ant 9 primitive times4 ,! tutel>y functions attribut$ to div9ities 7 at fir/ conf9$ to ! m or less vulg> accid5ts ( ?is life4 ,lat] !y 7 m especially direct$ t[>d "o's moral emancipation & ext5d$ ev5 beyond ! tomb4 ,ne$ ( protection & affection leads ultimately to consid]ations on ! de/9y ( man & ! _w2 & ?us x is t religion1 ne>ly physical 9 orig91 issues 9 sy/ems ( metaphysics4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ii4 ,?is book is intimately relat$ to two o!rs t we h publi%$ on /hetics & on morals4 ,we believe t ! /hetic s5tim5t is id5tical ) self-consci\s life1 ) life t is consci\s ( its own subjective int5sity & h>mony2 beauty we h said may be def9$ z a p]ception or an act t /imulates life simultane\sly on its ?ree sides--s5sibility1 intellig5ce1 w--& t produces pleasure by ! imm$iate consci\sness ( ?is g5]al /imulation4 ,moral s5tim5t1 on ! o!r h&1 is id5tical1 we believe1 ) a consci\sness ( ! p[]s & possibilities 9 ! sph]e ( practice ( a life ideal 9 int5sity & bread? ( int]e/4 ,! bulk ( ^! possibilities relates to "o's p[]1 9 "s =m or o!r1 ( s]v+ o!r p4 ,f9ally1 religi\s s5tim5t appe>s :5 ?is consci\sness ( ! social aspect ( life is ext5d$ to ! totality ( consci\s be+s1 & n only ( real & liv+1 b also ( possible & ideal be+s4 ,x is1 !re=e1 9 ! v notion ( life1 & ( its v>i\s individual or social manife/ations1 t ! ess5tial unity ( /hetics ) morals & religion is to be f\nd4 ,9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is "w we %all trace ! orig9 & evolution ( sociological my?ology4 ,9 ! succe$+ portions we %all consid] :e!r1 if we once set aside ! my?ical or imag9ative elem5t :i* is ess5tial to religion & :i* di/+ui%es x f philosophy1 ! sociological !ory does n (f] ! mo/ probable1 & mo/ compreh5sive1 metaphysical explanation ( ! univ]se4#b #b ,! importance :i* ,augu/e ,comte attribut$ to sociology is well kn[n1 b 9 8 horror ( metaphysics ! f\nd] ( positivism exclud$ f 8 sci5ce ev]y?+ really univ]sal & cosmic t x conta9$1 9 ord] to r$uce x to limits exclusively human4 ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,lili5feld1 ,s*aeffle & ,esp9as1 improv+ on ! sociology ( ,comte1 h ext5d$ social laws & h %[n t e liv+ organism is an embryonic society1 &1 vice v]sa1 t e society is an organism4 ,a contempor>y philosoph] goes /ill fur!r & attributes to sociology a c]ta9 metaphysical significance4 ,m4 ,alfr$ ,f\ille says3 8,s9ce biology & sociology are s closely relat$1 may n ! laws t are common to !m be expect$ to sugge/ /ill m univ]sal laws ( nature & ?\ght8 ,is ! entire univ]se any?+ m ?an a va/ society 9 process ( =mation1 a va/ sy/em ( consci\s & consci\sly /riv+ atoms :i* is work+ itself out1 & little by little fall+ into %ape8 ,! laws :i* gov]n ! gr\p+ ( individual atoms 9 ! body are1 no d\bt1 at bottom ! same z ^? t gov]n ! gr\p+ ( individuals 9 society2 & ! v atoms !mselves1 :i* are suppos$ to be indivisible1 are1 x may be1 dim9utive societies4 ,if s1 social sci5ce1 ! cr[n ( human sci5ces1 may "s day give u1 9 its ultimate =mula1 ! secret ( univ]sal life4444 ,x is conceivable t ! univ]sal type ( exi/5ce ( ! _w may be f\nd 9 sociology--t ! univ]se may come to be conceiv$ z a society 9 process ( =mation2 misc>ry+ "h & succe$+ !re1 9 its ef=t to transmute ! reign ( me*anics into a reign ( ju/ice1 & to sub/itute frat]nity = antagonism4 ,if s1 ! ess5tial & imman5t p[] at ! he>t ( be+s1 always ready to manife/ itself z soon z circum/ances give x access to ! light ( consci\sness1 might be express$ by ! s+le ^w1 sociability40 7,alfr$ ,f\ille1 ,la ,sci5ce sociale contempora9e1 #b;d edition1 introduction & conclusion47 ,m4 ,f\ille has n appli$ ?is !ory to religion2 he has not$ its sugge/iv5ess 9 ! doma9 ( metaphysics & ( e?ics simply2 we believe1 & we %all endeav\r to %[1 t x is n less sugge/ive 9 ! doma9 ( religion4 ,?is book 0 f9i%$1 & 9 "p pr9t$1 :5 !re appe>$ 9 ! ,revue philosophique ,m4 ,lesbazeilles' int]e/+ article on ,les bases psy*ologiques de la religion4 ,al?\gh ! au?or's po9t ( view1 z ! title indicates1 is ?r\gh\t /rictly psy*ological1 he has giv5 8 att5tion also to social relations & 8conditions ( collective adaptation10 :i* he reg>ds z prefigur$1 anticipat$1 & sanctifi$ by religi\s rites & my?s4 ,?is1 we ?9k1 implies "s confusion betwe5 religion & morality4 ,morality deals ) collective human life1 b religion deals ) collective life g5]ally1 & und]takes at ! same "t to provide a physical & a metaphysical explanation ( ?+s4 ,we %all see t 9 ! beg9n+ religion 0 a sup]/iti\s physics1 9 :i* ! =ces ( nature 7 reg>d$ simply z ! expression ( "s unkn[n p]son or p]son's volitions1 & t x ?us naturally assum$ a sociological =m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,iii4 ,x is important t !re %\ld be no misund]/&+ 9 reg>d to ?is non-religion ( ! future1 z contradi/+ui%$ f ! multitude ( religions ( ! future t h be5 rec5tly exp\nd$4 ,x has seem$ to u t ^! v>i\s expositions are bas$ on a numb] ( equivocations4 ,9 ! fir/ place religion1 prop]ly s-call$1 has sometimes be5 confus$ ) metaphysics1 sometimes ) morals1 sometimes ) bo?2 & x is ow+ to ?is confusion t religion has be5 conceiv$ to be inde/ructible4 ,is x n by an abuse ( language t ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 = example1 gives ! "n ( religion to speculations conc]n+ ! unkn[able & !nce readily d$uces ! conclusion t religion1 by :i* he means metaphysics1 possesses an impregnable /ronghold 9 ! human m9d8 ,9 ! same way _m o!r contempor>y philosoph]s1 l ,h]r von ,h>tmann1 ! !ologian ( ! unconsci\s1 h n resi/$ ! temptation ( describ+ = u a religion ( ! future1 :i* resolves itself simply into _! own sy/em1 :atev] x may be1 ( philosophy4 ,o!rs aga91 especially among lib]al ,prote/ants1 pres]ve ! "n ( religion = purely rationali/ic sy/ems ( ?\ght4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 a s5se 9 :i* "o may admit t metaphysics & morals con/itute a religion1 or =m at lea/ ! vani%+ po9t t[>d :i* religion t5ds4 ,b1 9 _m books1 ! 8religion ( ! future0 is no m ?an a some:at hypocritical compromise ) "s =m ( positive religion4 ,"u cov] ( ! symbolism de> to ! ,g]mans1 !y save 9 appe>ance :at !y 9 reality de/roy4 ,x is 9 opposition to ?is species ( subt]fuge t we h adopt$ ! less mislead+ t]m ( ! 8,non-religion ( ! ,future40 ,?us we sep>ate ourselves f ,von ,h>tmann & ! o!r prophets :o reveal to u1 po9t by po9t1 ! religion ( ! fiftie? c5tury4 ,:5 "o approa*es an object ( su* ard5t controv]sy x is bett] to employ words ) exactness4 ,ev]y?+1 fir/ & la/1 has be5 includ$ )9 ! limits ( philosophy2 ev5 ! sci5ces1 on ! pretext t all sci5tific rese>*es 7 9 ! beg9n+ und]tak5 by philosophy2 & philosophy1 9 turn1 has be5 includ$ 9 religion1 on ! pretext t orig9ally religion embrac$ )9 its limits ! :ole ( philosophy & ( sci5ce4 ,giv5 a religion ( "s k9d1 ev5 t ( ! ,fuegians1 !re is no?+ to prev5t "o f read+ into its my?s ! la/ dictum ( mod]n metaphysics2 by ?is means a religion may app>5tly cont9ue 9 exi/5ce until !re is no m left ( x ?an a m]e envelope ( religi\s phraseology cov]+ & discov]+ a :olly metaphysical & purely philosophical sy/em4 ,bett] /ill1 on ?is me?od1 s9ce ,*ri/ianity is ! highe/ =m ( religion1 all philosoph]s mu/ ultimately become ,*ri/ians2 & f9ally1 s9ce univ]sality & ca?olicity are ! ideal ( ,*ri/ianity1 we %all all be ,ca?olics be=e we are aw>e ( x4 ,= ! inve/igator :o1 )\t d5y+ su* analogies z may ultimately be f\nd to exi/1 proposes to take z 8 po9t ( dep>ture ! specific diff]5ces ( religion 7:i* is ! true me?od71 e positive & hi/orical religion pres5ts ?ree di/9ctive & ess5tial elem5ts3 7#a7 ,an attempt at a my?ical & non-sci5tific explanation ( natural ph5om5a 7div9e int]v5tion1 miracles1 efficaci\s pray]s1 etc471 or ( hi/orical facts 7inc>nation ( ,jesus ,*ri/ or ( ,buddha1 revelations1 & s =?72 7#b7 ,a sy/em ( dogmas1 t is to say1 ( symbolic ideas1 ( imag9ative beliefs1 =cibly impos$ ^u "o's fai? z absolute v]ities1 ev5 ?\gh !y are susceptible ( no sci5tific demon/ration or philosophical ju/ification2 7#c7 ,a cult & a sy/em ( rites1 t is to say1 ( m or less immutable practices reg>d$ z possess+ a m>vell\s efficacy ^u ! c\rse ( ?+s1 a propitiatory virtue4 ,a religion )\t my?1 )\t dogma1 )\t cult1 )\t rite is no m ?an t some:at ba/>d product1 8natural religion10 :i* is resolvable into a sy/em ( metaphysical hypo!ses4 ,by ^! ?ree diff]5t1 & really organic elem5ts1 religion is cle>ly m>k$ (f f philosophy4 ,also1 in/ead ( be+ n[adays :at x 0 at a =m] p]iod1 a popul> philosophy & popul> sci5ce1 my?ical & dogmatic religion t5ds to become a sy/em ( antisci5tific & antiphilosophical ideas4 ,if ?is "* is n always app>5t1 x is ow+ to ! sort ( symbolism ( :i* we h spok51 :i* pres]ves ! "n & ab&ons ! ideas or adapts !m to ! progress ( ! mod]n m9d4 ,! elem5ts :i* di/+ui% religion f metaphysics or f e?ics1 & :i* con/itutes a positive religion prop]ly s-call$1 are1 9 our judgm5t1 ess5tially caduc\s & transitory1 &1 if s1 we reject ! religion ( ! future1 z we %\ld reject an al*emy ( ! future1 or a/rology ( ! future4 ,b x does n foll[ t non-religion or a-religion--:i* is simply ! negation ( all dogma1 ( all traditional & sup]natural au?ority1 ( all revelation1 ( all miracle1 ( all my?1 ( all rite erect$ into a duty--is synonym\s ) impiety1 ) a contempt = ! moral & metaphysical elem5ts ( anci5t fai?s4 ,n 9 ! lea/2 to be non-religi\s or a-religi\s is n to be anti-religi\s4 ,m ?an t1 z we %all see1 ! non-religion ( ! future may well pres]ve all t is pure 9 ! religi\s s5tim5t3 an admiration = ! cosmos & = ! inf9ite p[]s :i* are !re display$2 a se>* = an ideal n only individual1 b social1 & ev5 cosmic1 :i* %all ov]pass ! limits ( actual reality4 ,z x may be ma9ta9$ t mod]n *emi/ry is a v]itable al*emy--b an al*emy %orn ( ! presuppositions :i* caus$ its misc>riage--z mod]n contempor>y *emi/s may pron\nce a s9c]e eulogium ^u ! anci5t al*emi/s & _! m>vell\s intuitions2 j s x may be affirm$ t ! true religion1 if ! ^w mu/ be pres]v$1 consi/s 9 no long] ma9ta9+ a n>r[ & sup]/iti\s religion4 ,! abs5ce ( positive & dogmatic religion is1 moreov]1 ! v =m t[>d :i* all p>ticul> religions t5d4 ,9 effect !y /rip !mselves1 little by little 7except ,ca?olicism & ,turki% ,mohamm$anism71 ( _! sacr$ "*1 ( _! antisci5tific affirmations2 !y r5\nce ! oppressive control t !y h traditionally ex]cis$ ov] ! individual consci5ce4 ,! developm5ts ( religion & ^? ( civilization h always proce$$ h& 9 h&2 ! developm5ts ( religion h always proce$$ 9 ! l9e ( a great] indep5d5ce ( _s1 ( a less lit]al & less n>r[ dogmatism1 ( a fre] speculation4 ,non-religion1 z we "h und]/& x1 may be consid]$ z a high] degree simply ( religion & ( civilization4 ,! abs5ce ( religion ?us conceiv$ is "o ) a reason$ b hypo!tical metaphysics1 treat+ ( m5 & ! univ]se4 ,"o may designate x z religi\s indep5d5ce1 or anomy1 or individualism4#c ,x has1 moreov]1 be5 prea*$ 9 "s degree by all religi\s re=m]s f ,sakia-,m\ni & ,jesus to ,lu!r & ,calv91 = !y h all ( !m ma9ta9$ lib]ty ( consci5ce & respect$ s mu* only ( tradition z1 9 ! !n /ate ( contempor>y religi\s criticism1 !y c\ld n help admitt+4 ,ca?olicism1 = example1 0 f\nd$ 9 "p by ,jesus1 b also 9 "p 9 spite ( ,jesus2 intol]ant ,anglicanism 0 f\nd$ 9 "p by ,lu!r1 b also 9 "p 9 spite ( ,lu!r4 ,! non-religi\s man1 ! man simply )\t a religion1 may !re=e admire & sympa?ize ) ! great f\nd]s ( religion1 n only 9 t !y 7 ?9k]s1 metaphysicians1 morali/s1 & philan?ropi/s1 b 9 t !y 7 re=m]s ( e/abli%$ belief1 m or less av[$ enemies ( religi\s au?ority1 ( e affirmation :i* %\ld be t ( a sacr$ body & n ( an individual4 ,e positive religion possesses z "o ( its ess5tial *>act]s t ( transmitt+ itself f "o g5]ation to ano!r1 by virtue ( ! au?ority :i* atta*es to dome/ic or national traditions2 its mode ( transmission is ?us totally diff]5t f t ( sci5ce & ( art4 ,new religions !mselves are oblig$ m (t5 ?an n to pres5t !mselves 9 ! guise ( simple re=ms1 9 ! guise ( simple returns to ! rig\r ( =m] tea*+ & precept1 to avoid giv+ too great a %ock to ! pr9ciple ( au?ority1 b 9 spite ( ^! disguises e new religion has %ak5 x2 ! return to an alleg$ primitive au?ority has always be5 a real outleap 9 ! direction ( ultimate lib]ty4 ,!re exi/s1 !n1 9 ! bosom ( e great religion a dissolv+ =ce2 namely1 ! v =ce :i* s]v$ 9 ! beg9n+ to con/itute x & to enable x to triumph ov] its pr$ecessor3 ! "r ( private judgm5t4 ,x is ^u ?is =ce1 ?is "r1 t "o may c\nt = ! ultimate e/abli%m5t1 aft] ! gradual decomposition ( e sy/em ( dogmatic belief1 ( a f9al abs5ce ( religion4#d #c ,see pt4 #c1 *ap4 ii4 #d ,see pt4 #c1 *ap4 i4 ,ov] & above ! confusion betwe5 ! p]petuity ( metaphysics & morals & t ( positive religion1 !re is ano!r t5d5cy among our contempor>ies aga9/ :i* we h wi%$ to prote/4 ,x is ! belief1 :i* _m pr(ess1 9 ! f9al unification ( exi/+ religions into a religion ( ! future1 ei!r a p]fect$ ,judaism1 or a p]fect$ ,*ri/ianity1 or a p]fect$ ,buddhism4 ,to ?is pr$ict$ religi\s unity we oppose r a future plurality ( beliefs1 a religi\s individualism4 ,a pret5sion to univ]sality is1 no d\bt1 *>act]i/ic ( e great religion2 b ! dogmatic & my?ological elem5t :i* con/itutes a religion positive is precisely irreconcilable1 ev5 "u ! ela/ic =m ( symbolism1 ) ! v univ]sality to :i* !y aspire4 ,su* a univ]sality _c be realiz$ ev5 9 metaphysics & morals1 = ! elem5t ( insolubility & unkn[ability1 :i* _c be elim9at$1 w always attract diff]5t m9ds 9 diff]5t directions4 ,! notion ( a dogma actually ca?olic1 t is univ]sal1 or ev5 a belief actually ca?olic1 seems to u a belief contr>y to ! indef9ite progress = :i* ea* ( u ought to "w accord+ to 8 /r5g? & 8 opportunities4 ,a ?\ght is n really p]sonal1 does n1 prop]ly speak+1 ev5 exi/ or possess ! "r to exi/1 unless x be some?+ m ?an a m]e repetition ( ! ?\ghts ( somebody else4 ,e eye mu/ h its own po9t ( view1 e voice its own acc5t4 ,! v progress ( intellig5ce & ( consci5ce mu/1 l all progress1 proce$ f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s1 nor seek = an ideal unity except 9 an increas+ v>iety4 ,w\ld "o recognize ! absolute p[] ( ! savage *ief or ! ,ori5tal mon>* 9 ! f$]ative republican gov]nm5t1 :i*1 aft] a c]ta9 numb] ( c5turies1 w probably be t ( all civiliz$ nations8 ,no2 & yet humanity w h pass$ f ! "o to ! o!r by a s]ies ( gradations sometimes sc>cely visible4 ,we believe t humanity w progress 9 ! same way g5]ally1 f dogmatic religion ) pret5sions to univ]sality1 ca?olicity1 & mon>*y--( :i* ! mo/ curi\s type has precisely be5 a*iev$ 9 our days ) ! dogma ( infallibility--t[>d t /ate ( individualism & religions1 :i* we consid] z ! human ideal1 & :i*1 moreov]1 does n 9 ! lea/ exclude ! possibility ( div]se religi\s associations or f$]ations1 nor ( free & cont9u\s progress t[>d ultimate unity ( belief on ! mo/ g5]al subjects ( human inquiry4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! day :5 positive religions %all h disappe>$1 ! _s ( curiosity 9 matt]s ( cosmology & metaphysics1 :i* has be5 m or less p>alyz$ by an ef=t to dwell )9 ! unyield+ limits ( indomitable =mula1 w be m vivaci\s ?an ev] be=e4 ,!re w be less ( fai?1 b m ( free speculation2 less ( contemplation1 b m ( reason+1 ( h>dy induction1 ( an active outleap ( ?\ght2 ! religi\s dogma w be ext9ct1 b ! be/ elem5ts ( religi\s life w be propagat$1 w be augm5t$ 9 int5sity & ext5t4 ,= he alone is religi\s1 9 ! philosophical s5se ( ! ^w1 :o se>*es =1 :o ?9ks ab\t1 :o loves ! tru?4 ,*ri/ might h said3 ,i came n to br+ peace into human ?\ght1 b an incessant battle ( ideas2 n repose1 b movem5t & progress ( _s2 n univ]sal dogma1 b lib]ty ( belief1 :i* is ! fir/ condition ( gr[?4#e #e ,see pt4 #c1 *aps4 i4 & ii4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,iv4 ,to-day1 :5 ! v value ( religion is increas+ly call$ 9 d\bt1 x has be5 def5d$ by sceptics1 :o support x1 sometimes 9 ! "n ( ! poetry & beauty ( religi\s leg5d1 sometimes 9 ! "n ( its practical utility4 ,!re is sometimes a reaction 9 ! mod]n m9d t[>d fiction & away f ! reality4 ,! human m9d becomes we>y ( reg>d+ itself z a too passively cle> mirror 9 :i* ! _w ?r[s its image2 & takes pleasure 9 brea?+ on ! glass & obscur+ x2 & !nce x comes t c]ta9 ref9$ philosoph]s raise ! "q :e!r tru? & cle>ness are advantage\s 9 art1 9 sci5ce1 9 morals1 9 religion2 & !y g ! l5g? ev5 ( pref]r+ religi\s or philosophical error on /hetic gr\nds4 ,= our "p1 we are f> f antagoniz+ poetry1 & believe x to be excessively b5eficial = humanity1 b on condition t x be n ! dupe ( its own symbols & d n erect its int5tions into dogmas4 ,at ?is price1 we believe t poetry may v (t5 be tru]1 & bett]1 ?an c]ta9 too n>r[ly sci5tific1 or too n>r[ly practical tru?s4 ,we %all n take ourselves to task = hav+ frequ5tly1 9 ?is book1 m+l$ poetry & metaphysics4 ,9 s do+ we pres]ve1 9 s f> z x is legitimate1 "o ( ! aspects ( e religion1 its poetic symbolism4 ,poetry is (t5 m philosophic1 n only ?an hi/ory1 b ?an ab/ract philosophy1 b on condition ( be+ s9c]e & ( mak+ no pret5sions to be+ :at x is n4 ,b ! p>tisans ( 8b5efic5t error0 w object3 ,:y endeav\r to dissipate poetic illusion & to call ?+s by _! names8 ,are !re n = peoples1 = m51 = *ildr51 c]ta9 useful errors & p]missible illusions8#f ,surely a great numb] ( errors may be consid]$ z hav+ be5 necess>y 9 ! hi/ory ( humanity2 b has n progress precisely consi/$ 9 re/rict+ ! numb] ( ^! useful errors8 ,!re h be5 also organs 9 ! body :i* h become sup]flu\s1 & h disappe>$ or be5 fundam5tally trans=m$2 su*1 = example1 are ! muscles :i*1 no d\bt1 s]v$ our ance/ors to move _! e>s4 ,!re exi/ evid5tly also1 9 ! human m9d1 in/9cts1 s5tim5ts1 & beliefs :i* h already atrophi$ & are de/9$ to disappe> or to be trans=m$4 ,to %[ ! deep roots t religion has s5t d[n into ! dep?s ( ! human m9d is n to demon/rate ! p]petuity ( religion1 = ! human m9d itself is incessantly *ang+4 8,our fa!rs10 said ,font5elle1 8made ! mi/ake ( ho>d+ up _! errors = our b5efit02 & 9 effect1 be=e arriv+ at ! tru?1 a c]ta9 numb] ( false hypo!ses mu/ be tri$2 to discov] ! true is 9 "s s5se to h exhau/$ ! possibilities ( ! false4 ,religions h r5d]$ ! human m9d ?is imm5se s]vice1 !y h exhau/$ a :ole class ( side-issues 9 sci5ce1 metaphysics1 & e?ics2 "o mu/ cross ! m>vell\s to atta9 ! natural1 "o mu/ cross direct revelation & my/ical int5tion to atta9 to rational induction & d$uction4 ,all ! fanta/ic & apocalyptical ideas ) :i* religion has peopl$ ! human m9d once possess$ _! utility1 j z ! incomplete & (t5 grotesque sket*es ) :i* ! /udio ( ! arti/ is fill$ once possess$ !irs4 ,?is /ray+ ( ! human m9d 0 a sort ( reconnoit]+1 ?is play ( imag9ation 0 a v]itable lab\r1 a prelim9>y lab\r2 b ! products ( x mu/ n be pres5t$ z f9al4 ,! false & ev5 ! absurd h always play$ s great a rle 9 human affairs t x w\ld assur$ly be dang]\s to attempt abruptly to proce$ )\t !m2 transitions are useful1 ev5 9 pass+ f d>kness into light1 & "o ne$s to become accu/om$ ev5 to ! tru?4 ,x is = t reason t society has always re/$ 9 a great measure ^u error4 ,to-day ?is portion ( its f\ndation is be+ )drawn1 & cons]vatives are sadly fright5$ le/ ! :ole social equilibrium be de/roy$2 b we repeat1 ?is dim9ution ( ! numb] ( errors is precisely :at con/itutes progress1 & 9 "s sort def9es x4 ,progress 9 effect is n simply a s5sible amelioration ( life1 x is also ! a*ievem5t ( a bett] intellectual =mulation ( life1 x is a triumph ( logic2 to progress is to atta9 to a m complete consci\sness ( "o's self & ( ! _w1 & by t v fact to a m complete inn] consi/5cy ( "o's !ory ( ! _w4 ,9 ! beg9n+1 n only moral & religi\s life1 b civil & political life1 re/$ ^u ! grosse/ errors1 on absolute mon>*y1 div9e "r1 ca/e1 & slav]y2 all ?is b>b>ity possess$ a c]ta9 utility1 b its utility precisely consi/$ 9 its lead+ to its own ext9ction2 x s]v$ z a means ( h&+ u on to some?+ bett]4 ,:at di/+ui%es ! liv+ me*anism f o!r me*anisms is t ! out] spr+s precisely lab\r to cause !mselves to be sup]s$$2 t ! movem5t once produc$ is p]petual4 ,if we possess$ means ( projection p[]ful en\gh to rival ^? ( nature1 we might conv]t a cannon ball into an et]nal satellite ( ! e>?1 )\t its be+ necess>y to imp>t movem5t to x a second "t4 ,a result accompli%$ 9 nature is accompli%$ once = all4 ,a /ep =w>d if x is real & n illusory1 & 9 especial if x is completely consci\s1 r5d]s impossible a /ep backw>d4 #f ,see pt4 #b1 *ap4 iv4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury ! attack on religion 0 direct$ by philosophical p>tisans ( a priori pr9ciples1 :o 7 p]suad$ t ! in/ant a fai? 0 prov$ to be absurd t 0 ! end ( x4 ,9 our days ! attack is l$ by hi/orians :o possess an absolute respect = fact1 :i* !y are incl9$ to erect into a law1 hi/orians :o pass a le>n$ exi/5ce 9 ! mid/ ( absurdity 9 all its =ms1 & = :om ! irrational1 in/ead ( condemn+ a belief 9 :i* x appe>s1 is (t5 a condition ( its duration4 ,!re9 lies ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! attitude ( ! eighte5? c5tury & t ( ! n9ete5? t[>d religion4 ,! eighte5? c5tury hat$ religion & wi%$ to de/roy x4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury endeav\rs to und]/& religion & _c reconcile itself to see+ s *>m+ an object ( /udy disappe>4 ,! hi/orian's device is1 8,:at has be51 w be02 he is naturally incl9$ to model 8 conception ( ! future on 8 k ( ! pa/4 ,a witness ( ! futility ( revolutions1 he sometimes =gets t complete evolution is possible3 an evolution :i* trans=ms ?+s to _! v roots & metamorphoses human be+s & _! beliefs to an ext5t t r5d]s !m unrecognizable4#g #g 8,y are occupi$ ) religion10 a cultivat$ unbeliev] writes me4 8,!re is !n "s su* ?+6 ,s mu* ! bett] = ^? :o _c d )\t x40 ,?is witticism precisely sums up ! /ate ( m9d ( a great _m enlight5$ ,fr5*m53 !y are pr(\ndly a/oni%$ t religion %\ld /ill be on its legs1 & out ( _! a/oni%m5t !y draw ! conviction t x is necess>y4 ,_! surprise !reupon becomes a respect1 almo/ a rev]5ce4 ,assur$ly positive religions /ill exi/ & long w exi/2 & z long z !y exi/ !y w no d\bt d s = reasons2 b ^! reasons dim9i% day by day & ! numb] ( believ]s dim9i%es along ) !m4 ,in/ead ( b[+ d[n be=e ! fact z be=e some?+ sacr$1 "o mu/ r say to "o's self t by modify+ ! fact "o w modify & suppress ! raisons d'tre ( t fact2 by driv+ religions be=e x1 ! mod]n m9d demon/rates t !y h less & less ! "r to live4 ,t c]ta9 p h n z yet le>n$ to d )\t !m is true1 & z long z !y d n le>n to d )\t !m religions w = !m exi/2 we h n ! lea/ anxiety on t score2 & j 9 s f> z !y f9d _! c]titude 9 reg>d to !m %ak51 !y w h prov$ t _! intellig5ce is s f> enfran*is$ z to h no fur!r ne$ ( an arbitr>y rule4 ,simil>ly = peoples3 no?+ is m nave ?an to urge ! v necessity ( transitions z a b> to progress3 x is z if "o %\ld call att5tion to ! %ortness ( human /eps1 & conclude !refrom t movem5t is impossible2 t man /&s /ill l a %ell-fi% atta*$ to a /one or a fossil buri$ 9 a rock4 ,"o ( ! ma/]s ( religi\s criticism1 ,m4 ,r5an1 wrote to ,sa9te-,beuve3 8,no1 assur$ly ,i did n wi% to deta* f ! old trunk a s\l :i* 0 n ripe40 ,we1 also1 are n ( ^? :o believe 9 %ak+ ! tree & ga!r+ a gre5 & bruis$ crop2 b if "o ought n to make ! gre5 fruit fall1 "o may at lea/ take means to ha/5 its rip5+ ^u ! bran*4 ,! human bra9 is a transmutation ( sol> heat2 "o mu/ dissipate ?is heat1 to become once m a ray ( ! sun4 ,su* an ambition is v g5tle1 is n at all exorbitant1 :5 "o rememb]s h[ small a ?+ a ray ( ! sun is & h[ lo/ 9 inf9ite space2 a relatively small portion ( ^! w&]+ rays1 h[ev]1 has suffic$ to fa%ion ! e>? & all mank9d4 ,i (t5 meet1 ne> my home1 a mission>y ) a black be>d1 a h>d1 %>p eye1 lit sometimes by a my/ic gleam4 ,he seems to ma9ta9 a correspond5ce ) ! f\r corn]s ( ! _w2 assur$ly he works & works precisely at build+ up :at ,i am endeav\r+ to pull d[n4 ,& mu/ our opposite /riv+s !re=e be reg>d$ z ho/ile8 ,:y s8 ,are we n bo? bro!rs & humble collaborators 9 ! "w ( humanity8 ,to conv]t primitive peoples to ,*ri/ian dogma & to deliv] ^? :o h arriv$ at a high] /age ( civilization f a positive & dogmatic fai?1 are two tasks :i*1 f> f exclud+ ea* o!r1 complete ea* o!r4 ,mission>ies & free?9k]s cultivate diff]5t plants1 9 diff]5t places1 b at bottom bo? are lab\r+ to make ! field ( humanity m f]tile4 ,x is said t ,john ,huss1 :5 ti$ to ! /ake at ,con/ance1 wore a smile ( supreme joy :5 he p]ceiv$ a peasant 9 ! cr[d1 br++ /raw f ! ro( ( 8 hut to light ! fire3 ,sancta simplicitas6 ,! m>tyr recogniz$ 9 ?is man a bro!r 9 s9c]ity2 he 0 glad to f9d himself 9 ! pres5ce ( a dis9t]e/$ conviction4 ,we are no long] 9 ! times ( ,john ,huss1 ( ,bruno1 ( ,s]vetius1 ( ,/4 ,ju/91 or ( ,socrates2 x con/itutes a reason ! m = %[+ ourselves tol]ant1 & sympa!tic ev51 t[>d ^? :om we reg>d z be+ 9 error1 provid$ t ! error be s9c]e4 ,!re is an anti-religi\s fanaticism :i* is almo/ z dang]\s z religi\s fanaticism4 ,erasmus comp>es humanity to a drunk5 man seat$ on a horse & lur*+ fir/ to ! "r & !n to ! left4 ,! enemies ( religion h (t5 committ$ ! mi/ake ( despis+ _! adv]s>ies2 x is ! wor/ ( faults4 ,!re is a p[] ( ela/icity 9 human beliefs :i* causes _! resi/ance to increase 9 proportion to ! compression :i* is ex]t$ ^u !m4 ,=m]ly1 :5 a city 0 attack$ by "s sc\rge1 ! fir/ c>e ( ! notable inhabitants1 ( ! *iefs ( ! city1 0 to ord] public pray]s2 to-day ! practical means ( battl+ ) epidemics & o!r sc\rges are bett] kn[n1 b nev]!less1 9 #ahhe1 :5 !re 0 *ol]a 9 ,m>seilles ! municipal c\ncil devot$ its att5tion almo/ s+ly to remov+ ! religi\s mottoes f ! walls ( ! public s*ools2 x is a rem>kable example ( :at "o may call a c\nt]-sup]/ition4 ,?us ! two species ( fanaticism1 religi\s & anti-religi\s1 may equally di/ract ! timid f ! employm5t ( sci5tific means aga9/ natural evils2 an employm5t :i* is aft] all1 p> excell5ce1 ! bus9ess ( man2 ^! two k9ds ( fanaticism are p>alyso-motors 9 ! great body ( humanity4 ,among cultivat$ p !re has n[ & !n tak5 place a viol5t reaction aga9/ religi\s prejudice1 & ?is reaction frequ5tly p]si/s till dea?2 b 9 a c]ta9 numb] ( cases ?is reaction is foll[$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t by a c\nt]-reaction2 x is only1 z ,sp5c] has rem>k$1 :5 ?is c\nt]-reaction has be5 suffici5t1 t "o may =mulate1 ) any?+ l complet5ess1 judgm5ts some:at less n>r[ & m compreh5sive ^u ! "q ( religion4 ,"t makes u g5]\s1 enl>ges our m9ds ea* ye>1 z x does ! conc5tric circles 9 ! trunk ( a tree4 ,life also pacifies u z dea? does2 reconciles u ) ^? :o d n ?9k & feel z we d4 ,:5 y become indignant at "s antique1 absurd prejudice1 rememb] t x has be5 a travell+ companion ( humanity = p]haps t5 ?\s& ye>s1 t x has l5t m5 aid :5 ! ways 7 bad & has be5 ! occasion ( _m joys1 & has liv$1 s to speak1 ! life ( humanity2 "o might well f9d a c]ta9 elem5t ( frat]nity 9 e human ?\ght4 ,we d n believe t ! read]s ( ?is s9c]e book w be able to accuse u ( p>tiality or ( inju/ice1 = we h n s\ght to disguise ei!r ! good or ! evil aspects ( religion1 & h ev5 tak5 a c]ta9 pleasure 9 sett+ ! =m] 9 relief4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we %all h>dly be tax$ ) ignorance ( ! religi\s problem :i* we h pati5tly /udi$ on its e side4 ,we %all p]haps be reproa*$ ) belong+ some?+ too manife/ly to ! c\ntry ( our bir?1 ) introduc+ into ! solutions "h (f]$ some?+ ( ! ,fr5* excess ( logic1 ( an indisposition to yield to half measures1 ( ! det]m9ation to h all or no?+1 ( ! _s :i* 0 unable to /op midway ) ,prote/antism & :i* = ! pa/ two c5turies has be5 ! home ( ! mo/ ard5t free ?\ght 9 ! _w4 ,we reply t if ! ,fr5* m9d has a defect1 ?is defect is n logic b a c]ta9 nimble tr5*ancy1 a c]ta9 n>r[ness ( view :i* is ! rev]se ( ! _s ( logic & analysis2 logic1 aft] all1 has always ! la/ ^w "h bel[4 ,concessions to absurdity1 or at lea/ to relativity1 may sometimes be necess>y 9 human affairs--& ! ,fr5* ,revolutioni/s 7 wrong n to recognize x--b su* concessions are always transitory4 ,error is n ! end & aim ( ! human m9d2 if "o _c make up "o's acc\nt ) x1 if x is useless to disp>age x bitt]ly1 x is also unnecess>y to v5]ate x4 ,m9ds at once logical & capaci\s are always sure to be foll[$1 provid$ "o gives humanity "t en\gh2 & ! tru? c wait2 x always rema9s "y & is c]ta9 "s day to be recogniz$4 ,sometimes dur+ long night m>*es soldi]s fall asleep )\t ceas+ on t acc\nt to g =w>d2 !y m>* on 9 _! dreams & d n awak5 till !y h rea*$ _! de/9ation on ! battlefield4 ,x is ?us t ideas advance 9 ! human m9d2 !y are s dr[sy t !y seem unable to /& upright1 "o discov]s _! /r5g? & _! vitality only by ! di/ance !y trav]se1 & f9ally day breaks & !y appe> on ! field & are victori\s4 ,,! ,,non-,,religion ,,( ,,! ,,future4 ,"p ,fir/4 ,,! ,,g5esis ,,( ,,religions ,,9 ,,primitive ,,societies4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,religi\s ,,physics4 ,,importance ,,( ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,religion--,,univ]sality ,,( ,,religi\s ,,beliefs ,,or ,,sup]/itions--,,v>iability ,,( ,,religions ,,& ,,religi\s ,,evolution4 ,i4 ,ideali/ ,!ory :i* ,attributes ! ,orig9 ( ,religion to a ,notion ( ! ,inf9ite--,h5o!ism ( ,max ,mll] & ,von ,h>tmann--,m4 ,r5an's ,in/9ct = ,div9ity4 ,,ii4 ,!ory ( a ,wor%ip ( ! ,dead & ( ,spirits--,h]b]t ,sp5c]--,sp5c]'s ,objections to ! ,!ory ( ! ,attribution ( a ,s\l to ,natural ,=ces4 ,,iii4 ,answ] to ,objections--,religi\s ,physics ,sociological 9 ,=m1 & ! ,sub/itution ( ,relations betwe5 ,malevol5t or ,b5efic5t ,consci\s ,be+s = ,relations betwe5 ,natural ,=ces--,socio-morphism ( ,primitive ,peoples4 ,sid5ote3 ,importance ( inquiry into g5esis ( religion4 ,! "q ( ! g5esis ( religion is m important ?an any o!r hi/orical inquiry4 ,x involves n only ! tru? or falsity ( pa/ ev5ts1 b ! value or ! rev]se ( our ideas & pres5t beliefs4 ,ea* ( u has some?+ at /ake 9 ?is inve/igation4 ,! causes :i* =m]ly gave rise to a belief are /ill1 9 ! majority ( cases1 ^? :i* ma9ta9 x 9 exi/5ce 9 our days1 & to take /ock ( ^! causes is1 :e!r "o int5ds x to be s or n1 to pass judgm5t on ! belief itself4 ,hi/ory1 if x %\ld ev] be complete1 w\ld possess "h ! p[] ( effac+ 9 ! future :at x _h fail$ to ju/ify 9 ! pa/4 ,p]fectly to asc]ta9 ! orig9 ( religions w\ld be at ! same "t ei!r to condemn !m or to =tify & pres]ve !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,e/abli%$ fact t e kn[n race ( p is religi\s4 ,"o po9t may legitimately be reg>d$ z atta9$ by contempor>y criticism4 ,aft] ! lab\rs ( ,h]r ,rosk(f1 ,m4 ,rville1 & ,m4 ,gir>d de ,rialle1 x is impossible to ma9ta9 t !re exi/ n[adays on ! surface ( ! e>? :ole peoples absolutely )\t religion or sup]/ition1 :i* among non-civiliz$ p am\nt to ! same ?+4#h ,! reason :y man is a sup]/iti\s or religi\s be+ is simply t he possesses a high degree ( intellig5ce4 ,megali?ic monum5ts 7m5hirs1 cromle*s1 dolm5s71 sepul*res1 amulets1 are tru/wor?y evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( religion 9 prehi/oric times2 & ^? fragm5ts ( bone deta*$ f ! skull & pi]c$ ) holes to pass a /r+ ?r\gh--8cranial r\nds0--belong1 no d\bt1 to ! same category4#i ,manife/ations ( ! religi\s _s date back ?us to ! age ( poli%$ /one4 ,& to pass f facts to hypo!ses x is conceivable t at ! beg9n+ ( ! quat]n>y p]iod1 p]haps two hundr$ & fifty ?\s& ye>s ago1 man 0 already fe$+ ^u vague & elem5t>y sup]/itions1 ?\gh he does n appe> to h felt suffici5t respect = 8 dead to h dug sepul*res1 & al?\gh no feti*es belong+ to t p]iod h be5 discov]$4 #h ,h]r ,rosk(f1 ,das ,religionswes5 d] rohe/5 ,naturvoelk] 7,leipzig1 #ahhj72 ,m4 ,gir>d de ,rialle1 ,my?ologie comp>e 7,p>is1 #ahgh72 ,m4 ,rville1 ,les religions des peuples non civiliss 7,p>is1 #ahhj74 #i ,see ,m4 ,g4 ,de ,mortillet1 ,le prhi/orique4 ,antiquit de l'homme 7,p>is1 #ahhc74 ,sid5ote3 ,e/abli%$ fact t religion is ( natural orig94 ,a second po9t :i* may be reg>d$ z equally e/abli%$1 & :i* results 9 important consequ5ces 9 ! matt] ( me?od ( rese>*1 is t religion1 be+ ( natural orig91 mu/ h develop$ sl[ly & 9 accordance ) univ]sal & regul> laws2 x mu/ h orig9at$ 9 simple & vague notions ( "s sort1 accessible to ! mo/ primitive intellig5ce4 ,& f t />t+ po9t x mu/ h ris5 by gradual evolution to ! complex & precise conceptions :i* *>act]ize x to-day4 ,x is 9 va9 = religions to believe !mselves immutable2 !y h all ( !m be5 borne =w>d unwitt+ly by ! movem5t ( univ]sal evolution4 ,! great ,egyptian ,sph9x1 :o has n *ang$ h] position 9 ! des]t ^! f\r ?\s& ye>s1 might believe h]self to be /ation>y1 b %e has nev] ceas$ = an in/ant to :irl ?r\gh space1 borne along by ! e>?'s motion ar\nd ! sun4 ,sid5ote3 ,two contra/$ !ories ( its orig94 ,x rema9s to det]m9e :at ^! prim>y notions t lay at ! bottom ( all religions 74 ,& "h beg9s ! disagreem5t among ! pr9cipal au?orities on ! sci5ce ( religion4 ,"s ( !m expla9 ! bir? ( religion by a sort ( my/]i\s intuition ( supra-s5sible v]ity1 by a div9ation ( ,god2 o!rs reg>d x z an intellectual error1 a false hypo!sis1 :i* 0 natural1 h[ev]1 & p]haps inevitable to primitive intellig5ce4 ,! fir/ look ^u religion z an imm5se leap on ! "p ( ! human m9d ov] & beyond ! limits ( ! physical _w 9 :i* we are conf9$1 ! second believe x to be born 9 ! beg9n+ ( an inexact int]pretation ( ! commone/ ph5om5a ( ! _w1 ( objects ( our s5ses or ( our consci\sness2 = ! fir/1 religion is m ?an sci5ce2 = ! second1 religion is pseudo-sci5ce4 ,all ideali/s--,/rauss1 ,r5an1 ,mat!w ,arnold--discov] 9 e religion ! g]m ( _! own especial =m ( ref9$ idealism1 & b[ d[n be=e x ) a respect t might well appe> ironical if !y did n affirm !mselves to be q s9c]e2 !y see 9 religions g5]ally ! noble/ & mo/ la/+ product ( ! human m9d4 ,_! extreme adv]s>ies1 on ! contr>y1 see no m 9 ! orig9 ( religions ?an1 z ,augu/e ,comte w\ld h said1 ! expression ( a gross feti*ism4 ,sid5ote3 ,is religion a species ( illusion8 ,x is evid5t t ! problem ( ! orig9 ( religion1 9 ! new =m 9 :i* x pres5ts itself to-day1 is q z grave z ev] x 02 =m]ly ! "q 0 :e!r religion is reveal$ or natural2 to-day ! "q is :e!r religion is or is n true--:e!r x is or is n ! product ( an intellectual error1 ( a sort ( inevitable optical illusion :i* x is ! bus9ess ( sci5ce to expla9 & to correct2 :e!r1 9 effect1 ! god ( my?ical & symbolical religion is n simply a magnifi$ idol4 ,sid5ote3 ,! positivi/ !ory no long] 9 possession ( ! field4 ,! positivi/ !ory ( religion seem$ "s ye>s ago close ^u its ultimate triumph4#aj ,_m _h accept$ x1 b )\t hav+ fully p]ceiv$ all ( its consequ5ces4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t x is1 on ! contr>y1 /rongly conte/$4 ,new elem5ts h be5 introduc$ into ! problem & ! :ole "q mu/ be gone ov] aga94 ,max ,mll] 9 especial has made :at might be almo/ call$ a desp]ate ef=t to make out a case = ! objectivity & ess5tial rationality ( religion1 :i* _h bo? be5 compromis$ by positivism4#aa ,f a diff]5t po9t ( view ,h]b]t ,sp5c] also1 9 8 8,sociology10 has criticis$ !ories :i* reg>d feti*ism or naturism z ! pr9ciple ( religion4 #aj ,we f9d x adopt$ or almo/ s ev5 by spirituali/s1 l ,m4 ,va*]ot1 ,la religion1 ,p>is1 #ahfi4 #aa ,see ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ,religion1 by ,f4 ,max ,mll]1 ,m4 ,a4 ,sid5ote3 ,max ,mll]'s !ory4 ,accord+ to ,max ,mll] "s notion ( div9ity1 9 especial 9 ! =m ( a notion ( ! inf9ite1 mu/ h prec$$ ! conception ( ,god4 ,gods are simply subsequ5t p]sonifications ( ?is great innate idea2 our ance/ors kneel$ 9 wor%ip long be=e !y possess$ a "n = ,him be=e :om !y 7 kneel+4 ,ev5 at ! pres5t day we recognize 9 ! la/ resort ! vanity ( all ! titles ( ! unkn[n ,god :om we mu/ adore really 9 sil5ce4 ,religion1 :i* is responsible = ! orig9 ( ! gods ( hi/ory1 may !re=e well survive !m4 ,we say religion2 = 9 effect1 accord+ to ,max ,mll]1 all religions am\nt 9 ! end to "o1 s9ce !y may all be trac$ back ?r\gh ! long c\rse ( _! developm5t to a s+le orig9al conception1 t namely ( ! inf9ite1 :i* f ! v beg9n+ 0 pres5t 9 ! m9d ( man4 ,?is univ]sal conception1 h[ev]1 ,max ,mll] does n reg>d z 9 any s5se my/ical or innate1 9 ! old acceptation ( t ^w4 ,he will+ly adopts ! axiom3 ,nihil 9 fide quod non antea fu]it 9 s5su4#ab ,b 9 8 op9ion "s p]ception ( ! inf9ite is logically involv$ 9 a p]ception ( ! f9ite1 & ?is conception ( inf9ity1 ) its basis at once 9 s5se & reason1 is ! true f\ndation ( religion4 ,giv5 ! five s5ses ( a savage1 ,max ,mll] und]takes to make him s5sible ( or at lea/ exp]i5ce "s pres5tim5t ( ! inf9ite1 make him desire x1 feel "s aspiration t[>d x4 ,take ! s5se ( sight = example3 8,man sees1 he sees to a c]ta9 po9t2 & !n 8 eyesight breaks d[n4 ,b exactly :]e 8 eyesight breaks d[n !re presses ^u him1 :e!r he likes x or n1 ! p]ception ( ! unlimit$ or ! inf9ite40 8,x may be said10 he adds1 8t ?is is n p]ception 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w4 ,no m x is1 b /ill less is x m]e reason+40 8,if x seems too bold to say t man actually sees ! invisible1 let u say t he suff]s f ! invisible1 & ! invisible is only a special "n = ! inf9ite40 ,man n only necess>ily div9es ! inf9ite z exi/+ beyond ! limits ( ! f9ite1 & z x 7 envelop+ x2 he p]ceives x )9 ! limits ( ! f9ite1 & z x 7 p5etrat+ x2 ! inf9ite divisibility ( matt] is manife/ to ! s5ses1 ! fact t sci5ce seems to dem& ! exi/5ce ( an irr$ucible atom z a necess>y po/ulate to ! contr>y not)/&+4 ,& :at is true ( space is equally true ( "t1 applies equally to quality & quantity4 8,beyond1 beh9d1 b5ea?1 & )9 ! f9ite1 ! inf9ite is always pres5t to our s5ses4 ,x presses ^u u1 x gr[s ^u u f e side4 ,:at we call f9ite 9 space & "t1 9 =m & ^w1 is no?+ b a veil or net :i* we ourselves h ?r[n ov] ! inf9ite40 ,& let x n be object$ t primitive languages supply no means ( express+ ! idea ( inf9ity1 ( ! beyond1 :i* is giv5 9 e f9ite s5sation4 ,d ! languages ( antiquity supply a means ( designat+ ! inf9ite %ades & v>iety ( col\r8 ,democritus 0 acqua9t$ ) b f\r col\rs3 black1 :ite1 r$1 & yell[4 ,%all we say1 !re=e1 t ! anci5ts did n p]ceive ! blue ( heav58 ,! sky 0 z blue = !m z x is = u1 b !y _h n yet e/abli%$ a conv5tional designation = ! s5sation x af=d$ !m4 ,& simil>ly 9 ! case ( ! inf9ite = ! primitive man2 x exi/$ = him al?\gh he _h n z yet inv5t$ a "n = x4 ,well1 :at is ?is inf9ite1 9 ! la/ resort1 b ! object to :i* e religion addresses itself8 ,a religi\s be+ is ess5tially "o :o is n satisfi$ ) su* & su* a f9ite s5sation2 :o looks ev]y:]e = ! beyond--looks = x 9 life1 9 dea?1 9 nature1 9 himself4 ,to be div9ely aw>e ( a vague some:at t "o _c q und]/&1 to feel a v5]ation = x & !n to endeav\r to fit x ) a "n1 to call to x /amm]+ly1 ^! are ! beg9n+s ( e sy/em ( religi\s wor%ip4 ,! religion ( ! inf9ite compreh5ds & prec$es all o!rs1 & s9ce ! inf9ite itself is giv5 9 s5sation1 x foll[s t 8,religion is simply ano!r developm5t ( s5su\s p]ception1 q z mu* z reason is40#ac #ab ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ,religion1 p4 #baj4 #ac ,orig9 ( ,religion1 p4 #be4 ,sid5ote3 ,equally oppos$ to positivi/s & or?odox mono!i/s4 ,max ,mll] is equally critical 9 8 attitude t[>d positivi/s1 :o reg>d feti*ism z ! primitive religion1 & t[>d ! or?odox1 :o f9d 9 mono!ism ! natural uncorrupt$ type ( religion4 ,9 8 op9ion1 to "n a god or gods implies antec$5tly ! possession ( a notion ( ! div9e1 ( ! inf9ite2 gods are simply ! diff]5t =ms1 m or less imp]fect inde$1 9 :i* div]s peoples h bodi$ =? "o & ! same idea2 religion is1 s to speak1 a language into :i* m5 h endeav\r$ to translate "o & ! same int]nal aspiration--t ( compreh5d+ ! great unkn[n2 if man's tongue & intellig5ce h gone a/ray1 if ! div]sity & inequality ( religions are comp>able to ! div]sity & inequality ( languages1 t does n necess>ily mean t at bottom ! v]itable pr9ciple & object ( all ^! diff]5t religions1 z ( all ^! diff]5t languages1 are n v ne>ly ! same4 ,accord+ to ,max ,mll] a feti*1 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w 7factitius71 is no m ?an a symbol :i* presupposes an idea symboliz$2 ! idea ( ,god _c come out ( a feti* unless x has already be5 put !re4 ,casual objects1 su* z /ones1 %ells1 ! tail ( a lion1 a tangle ( hair1 or any su* rubbi%1 d n possess 9 !mselves a !ogonic or god-produc+ "*4 ,! ph5om5a ( feti*ism1 !re=e1 are always hi/orically & psy*ologically second>y4 ,religions d n beg9 9 feti*isms1 x is tru] to say t !y end 9 x2 n "o ( !m has %[n itself capable ( ma9ta9+ its orig9al purity 9 connection ) feti*ism4 ,portuguese ,ca?olics :o reproa* negroes ) ! feitios 7 ! fir/ 77 !y n87 to h _! ros>ies1 _! crosses1 _! sacr$ images1 bless$ by ! prie/s1 be=e _! dep>ture f _! native l&4 ,sid5ote3 ,h5o!ism4 ,if feti*ism1 und]/ood z ,max ,mll] und]/&s x1 is n ! primitive =m ( religion1 if self-consci\s mono!ism is equally incapable ( ma9ta9+ its claim to be s1 x is m exact to say t ! e>lie/ religion1 at lea/ 9 ,india1 consi/$ 9 ! wor%ip ( diff]5t objects1 accept$ "o aft] ! o!r z repres5t+ a god 77 & n ! unique & sole ,god 774 ,x is ?is t ,max ,mll] calls by a ^w inv5t$ by him3 h5o!ism 71 1 9 opposition to 71 or bett]1 ka!no!ism4#ad ,9 ord9>y poly!ism ! gods are arrang$ 9 hi]>*ies1 belong to diff]5t ranks2 ord] reigns 9 heav52 b 9 ! beg9n+ no su* sy/em ( subord9ation c\ld h exi/$4 ,ea* god mu/ h seem$ 9 turn ! mo/ p[]ful to :oev] invok$ him2 ,indra1 ,v>una1 ,agni1 ,mitra1 ,somah 7 accu/om$ to he> ! same epi!ts address$ to !m2 religi\s an>*y prec$$ religi\s mon>*y4 8,among y1 ,o ,gods10 says ,ri%i ,manu ,vaivasvata1 8!re is none t is l>ge1 !re is none t is small1 !re is none t is old nor "y3 y are all great inde$40 ,!y are all b diff]5t symbols ( ! same idea1 ( an adoration = t :i* ov]passes ! limits ( ! human m9d1 = ! my/]i\s inf9ite ^: exi/5ce our s5ses prove by _! v incapacity ( tak+ cognizance ( x4 #ad ,?is ^w has met ) success 9 ,g]many4 ,h>tmann also adopts a !ory ( h5o!ism4 ,sid5ote3 ,! evolution ( ! ,h9du fai? typical4 ,max ,mll] endeav\rs to trace ! evolution ( ,h9du ?\ght f a p]iod long previ\s to ! bir? ( ,buddhism1 :i* 0 ! ,prote/antism ( ,india4 ,! le>n$ philologi/ sees 9 ! developm5t ( religion 9 ,india "o ( ! ess5tial types ( ! developm5t ( human religions g5]ally4 ,x may be ev51 he ?9ks1 t ! ,h9dus1 :o />t$ f z l[ a plane z we1 h 9 "s respects rea*$ a m consid]able height4 ,let u foll[ him 9 ?is inquiry1 :i* has n[h]e be5 conduct$ m anxi\sly & indefatigably ?an 9 ! great c\ntry :i* may almo/ be call$ ! home ( m$itation4 ,let u take ) him a 8bird's-eye view0 ( :at may be reg>d$ z an epitome ( human hi/ory4 ,sid5ote3 ,progress f ! semi-tangible to ! intangible4 ' 1 said ,hom]4 ,x 0 n )9 ! doma9 ( ! :olly tangible t ,india s\ght = its gods2 und]/&+ by tangible :atev] "o c t\* on all sides1 /ones1 %ells1 bones1 etc42 & ,max ,mll] sees 9 ?is fact 7:i*1 by ! way1 may be conte/$7 a fre% argum5t aga9/ ! feti* !ory4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 great1 sn[-capp$ m\nta9s1 ( :i* our comp>atively level ,europe c sc>cely af=d u ev5 an idea1 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 imm5se b5efic5t riv]s ) _! rumbl+ cat>acts1 _! eddies1 _! unkn[n s\rces1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ocean1 /ret*+ away beyond ! l9e ( vision1 ! ,h9du f\nd himself surr\nd$ by ?+s1 ( :i* he c\ld t\* & und]/& b "s inconsid]able portion--( :i* ! orig9 & de/9y baffl$ him4 ,x 0 9 ! doma9 ( ! semi-tangible t ,india f\nd its semi-deities4 ,"o /ep beyond1 ,h9du ?\ght dome/icat$ itself 9 ! region ( ! intangible1 t is to say1 9 ! region ( ?+s :i*1 ?\gh visible1 lie entirely beyond our rea*--! visible heav51 ! />s1 ! sun1 ! moon1 ! dawn1 :i* 7 reg>d$ 9 ,india1 z also else:]e1 z true div9ities4 ,add to ^! ?und]1 :i* = ! ,h9dus also desc5ds f heav5 ) a 8h[l10 ! w9d sometimes s t]rible1 :i*1 h[ev]1 9 ! hot days ( summ] 8p\rs honey0 ^u man1 & ! ra91 s5t by ! b5efic5t ra9 god1 ,indra4 ,hav+ ?us creat$ _! deities & peopl$ heav5 some:at at haphaz>d1 ! ,h9dus 7 n sl[ to di/ribute !m into classes & families--to inv5t = !m a necess>y backgr\nd ( g5ealogy4 ,!re is a record ( c]ta9 ef=ts to e/abli% 9 ! ,h9du heav51 z 9 ! ,olympus ( ! ,greeks1 a sy/em ( gov]nm5t1 a supreme au?ority2 9 a numb] ( hymns ! notion ( ! "o ,god1 ,creator & ,ma/] ( ! _w1 is cle>ly express$3 ,he is 8! ,fa!r t begat u1 ! ,rul] :o kn[s ! laws & ! worlds1 9 ,him alone all creatures repose40 ,sid5ote3 ,& f ! intangible to ! unreal4 ,b ! ,h9du m9d 0 de/9$ to rise at a b\nd above ,greek poly!ism & ,hebrew mono!ism4 ,x is well to see ,god 9 nature4 ,!re lies /ill a /ep beyond3 to ignore nature4 ,a firm belief 9 ! reality ( ?is _w1 9 ! value ( ?is life1 ent]s z an ess5tial elem5t into ! belief 9 a p]sonal ,god1 sup]ior to ! _w & di/9ct f x1 l ! ,javeh ( ! ,hebrews4 ,! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( ! ,h9du m9d is precisely a c]ta9 scepticism 9 reg>d to ! _w1 a p]suasion ( ! vanity ( nature2 s t ! ,h9du god possesses & c possess no?+ 9 common ) ,jupit] or ,javeh4 ,he :o sees no m 9 mat]ial =ce ?an a play ( ! s5ses1 w see no m 9 ! p[] :i* is suppos$ to direct t =ce ?an a play ( ! imag9ation2 fai? 9 a ,creator %>es ! fate ( fai? 9 a creation4 ,x is 9 va9 = ,h9du poets to v9dicate sraddh fai?1 = ! gods4 ,indra 9 especial1 ! mo/ popul> ( ! div9ities1 to :om ! supreme epi!t ( ,visvak>man1 ! mak] ( all ?+s1 is giv51 is ( all o!rs mo/ subject to be d\bt$4 8,!re is no ,indra4 ,:o has se5 him8 ,:om %all we praise80 7,rig4 vii4 #hi1 #c47 ,x is true t ! poet aft] ^! bitt] words repres5ts ,indra z appe>+ 9 p]son1 z 9 ! book ( ,job4 8,"h ,i am1 ,o wor%ipp]6 behold me "h4 ,9 might ,i ov]come all creatures40 ,b ! fai? ( ! poet & ( ! ?9k] takes fire b = a mom5t2 we ent] into a p]iod ( d\bt :i* ,max ,mll] designates by ! "n ( adevism & :i* he c>efully di/+ui%es f a!ism prop]ly s call$4 ,& 9 effect ,h9dus did n reject ! v notion ( a god1 ! ,greek 2 !y s\ght ,god simply back ( & beyond ! p]sonal & caprici\s deities t up to t "t !y _h ador$2 su* deities became = !m names simply1 b names ( "s ?+1 ( "s be+1 unkn[n4 8,!re is only "o be+1 al?\gh ! poets call him by a ?\s& names40 ,buddhism itself1 :i* came lat] & did no m ?an develop t5d5cies already exi/+ 9 ,brahmanism1 0 n1 9 ,max ,mll]'s judgm5t1 orig9ally a!i/ic4 ,adevism 0 no m = ,india1 ) "s slight exceptions1 ?an a p]iod ( transition2 ! ,h9du m9d pass$ x z a /ep t[>d a high] level4 ,& yet :at anxiety1 :at inc]titude1 is express$ 9 c]ta9 hymns :i* belong1 no d\bt1 to ?is unhappy epo*4 ,! ,v$ic poets no long] glorify ! sky nor ! dawn1 !y d n celebrate ! p[]s ( ,indra1 nor ! wisdom ( ,visvak>man & ,pragpati4 ,!y move ab\t1 z !y !mselves say1 8z if envelop$ 9 mi/ & idle spee*40 ,ano!r says3 8,my e>s vani%1 my eyes vani%1 & ! light also :i* dwells 9 my he>t2 my m9d ) its f> (f long+ leaves me2 :at %all ,i say1 & :at %all ,i ?9k8444 ,:o kn[s f :5ce ?is great creation sprang8 & :e!r x is ! "w ( a ,creator or n8 ,! mo/ ,high ,se]1 t is 9 ! highe/ heav51 he kn[s x1 or p]*ance ev5 he kn[s n40 7,rig4 x4 #abi47 ,!re is pr(\ndness 9 ^! la/ words1 & h[ ! problem ( ! creation has be5 prob$ by ! human intellect s9ce t epo*6 ,! evolution ( ! ideas indicat$ 9 ! passages ( ! hymns rea*es its climax 9 :at are call$ ! ,upani%ads1 ! la/ lit]>y compositions :i* /ill belong to ! ,v$ic p]iod1 :]e all ! philosophy ( ! "t is f\nd cond5s$1 & :]e "o cat*es glimpses ( ! mod]n doctr9e ( ,s*op5hau] & ( ,von ,h>tmann4 ,aft] hav+ m$itat$ a long "t ! ,h9du believ$ himself to h succe$$4 ,max ,mll] cites ! surpris+ dialogue betwe5 ,pragpati & ,indra1 9 :i* ! latt] acquires1 aft] a long ef=t1 an acqua9tance ) ! 8self hidd5 )9 ! he>t10 ! ,atman1 :at ,kant w\ld call 8! transc5d5tal ego40 ,9 ! beg9n+ ,indra suppos$ ?is ego to be ! visible reflection ( 8 body1 cov]$ ) its spl5did raim5t1 9 ! wat]4 ,b no2 = :5 ! body suff]s or p]i%es1 ,atman w\ld p]i%4 8,i see no good 9 ?is doctr9e40 ,indra !n ent]ta9$ ! hypo!sis t ! ,atman reveals itself 9 dreams1 :5 ! m9d is giv5 ov] to ! control ( "o kn[s n :at invisible p[]1 & =gets ! pa9s ( life4 ,b no1 = 9 dreams "o /ill weeps1 /ill suff]s4 ,or may n ! ,atman1 ! supreme ego1 be simply ! man 9 dreamless sleep1 9 p]fect repose8 ,! ideal ( repose1 =getfulness1 ( pr(\nd & sweet sleep1 has always possess$ great *>m = ! ,ori5t4 ,b no1 8= he :o sleeps does n "k himself 78 self71 t he is ,i1 nor does he "k any?+ t exi/s4 ,he is gone to utt] annihilation4 ,i see no good 9 ?is doctr9e40 ,x is only aft] pass+ ?r\gh all ^! successive /ages1 t ! ,h9du m9d comes at la/ to =mulate :at seems to x altoge!r ! mo/ pr(\nd tru? & ! supreme ideal4 ,atman is ! self1 leav+ ! body & free+ itself f pleasure & pa91 tak+ cognizance ( its own et]nity 7,upan4 viii4 #g-ab72 recogniz+ ! ,old1 :o is difficult to be se51 :o has ent]$ into d>kness4444 ,x is small] ?an small1 great] ?an great2 hidd5 9 ! he>t ( ! creature4 7ii4 #ab1 #bj47 ,atman ! 8highe/ p]son10 :om ! sage f9ally discov]s 9 himself1 lies also at ! bottom ( all o!r be+s ?an himself4 ,atman1 ! subjective ego1 is id5tical ) ,brahma1 ! objective ego4 ,brahma is 9 u1 & we are 9 all ?+s1 ! di/9ction betwe5 individuals vani%es1 nature & its gods are absorb$ 9 ,brahma1 & ,brahma is 8! v e!r ( our he>ts40 8,?\ art x1 tat tvam1 is ! ^w ( life & ( ! :ole _w40 ,to f9d "o's self 9 ev]y?+1 to feel ! et]nity ( ev]y?+1 is ! supreme religion2 x is ! religion ( ,sp9oza4 8,!re is "o et]nal ?9k]1 ?9k+ ! non-et]nal ?\ghts2 he1 ?\gh "o1 fulfils ! desires ( _m4444 ,brahma _c be rea*$ by spee*1 by m9d1 or by eye4 ,he _c be appreh5d$1 except by him :o says3 ,he is40 ,?is ,brahma 9 :om ev]y?+ vani%es z a dream1 8is a great t]ror1 l a drawn sword02 b he is also ! highe/ joy to him :o has once f\nd him2 he is ! appeas] ( desire & intellig5ce4 8,^? :o "k him become immortal40 ,sid5ote3 ,h9du tol]ance4 ,we h at la/ rea*$ ) ,max ,mll] 8! end ( ! long j\rney :i* we und]took to trace40 ,we h se5 ! ,h9du religion1 :i* is typical ( human religions1 develop gradually1 endeav\r to cope ) ! inf9ite 9 its v>i\s =ms1 until x atta9s ! height ( conceiv+ x z ,brahma1 ! et]nal ?9k]1 ( :om ! _w is no m ?an a transitory ?\ght4 ,! gods are dead2 sacrifices1 rites1 obs]vances ( all sorts are useless2 ! sole rite :i* is appropriate z an (f]+ to ! inf9ite is m$itation & deta*m5t4 ,d ! dbris !re=e ( ! e>li] /ages ( ! fai? disappe> & ! temples fall 9 du/1 & ,agni1 ,indra1 & all ^! spl5did titles pass into oblivion8 ,n at all1 & "h1 foll[+ ,max ,mll]1 we may f9d 9 ! hi/ory ( ! religions ( ,india a lesson = ourselves 9 tol]ance & g5]osity4 ,! ,brahmans und]/ood t1 z man gr[s f infancy to old age1 ! idea ( ! div9e mu/ gr[ 9 him f ! cradle to ! grave2 a religion :i* does n live & gr[ is a dead religion4 ,! ,h9dus accord+ly h divid$ ! life ( ! individual into di/9ct p]iods--sramas1 z !y say2 9 ! e>li] sramas ! believ] invokes gods1 (f]s sacrifices1 puts up pray]s2 x is only lat]1 :5 he has accompli%$ ^! nave duties & temp]$ 8 s\l by long contact ) ! juv5ile aspects ( ! fai?1 t 9 8 mature reason he rises above ! gods1 & reg>ds all sacrifices & c]emonies z va9 =ms1 & !nce=? f9ds 8 cult 9 ! highe/ sci5ce :i* is to him ! highe/ religion1 ! ,v$anta4 ,?us 9 ! life ( ! individual ! v>i\s /ages ( religion exi/ 9 an h>moni\s hi]>*y4 ,ev5 9 our days 9 a ,brahman family "o may see ! gr&fa!r at ! summit ( ! intellectual ladd] look+ d[n )\t disda9 ^u 8 son1 :o fulfils ea* day 8 sacr$ duties1 & at 8 gr&son le>n+ by he>t ! anci5t hymns4 ,all g5]ations live 9 peace1 side by side4 ,! diff]5t ca/es1 ea* ( :i* foll[s a sy/em ( belief adapt$ to its degree1 d ! same4 ,all adore1 at bottom1 ! same god1 b ?is god takes c>e to make himself accessible to ev]yone1 to /oop = ^? ^: /ation does n lift !m above ! e>?4 8,x is ?us10 says ,max ,mll]1 8t e religion1 if x is a bond ( union betwe5 ! wise & ! fooli%1 ! old & ! "y1 mu/ be pliant1 mu/ be high1 & deep1 & broad2 be>+ all ?+s1 believ+ all ?+s1 endur+ all ?+s40 ,let u be z tol]ant z our fa!rs 9 ,india1 let u n be indignant aga9/ ! sup]/itions above :i* we ourselves h ris5 & :i* s]v$ u 9 _! day z /epp+ /ones4 ,let u le>n h[ to discov] ! elem5t ( goodness & tru? 9 all ! cre$s ( humanity4 ,x may be t all human religions1 if !y c\ld once be fre$ f ! leg5ds :i* drape !m1 w\ld unite to furni% = ! cultivat$ portion ( mank9d a religion really complete4 8,:o kn[s b t _! v f\ndation may s]ve once m1 l ! catacombs1 or l ! crypts b5ea? our old ca!drals1 = ^? :o1 to :atev] cre$ !y may belong1 long = some?+ bett]1 pur]1 old]1 & tru] ?an :at !y c f9d 9 ! /atutable sacrifices1 s]vices1 & s]mons ( ! days 9 :i* _! lot on e>? has be5 ca/40 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,criticism ( ,max ,mll]'s !ory4 ,is ?is elevat$ !ory exact8 ,9 ! fir/ place x seeks errone\sly to f9d 9 ,h9du civilization ! type ( primitive religion2 m ?an t x inv]ts ! ord] ( evolution by presuppos+ at ! beg9n+ ! exi/5ce ( complex notions & pr(\nd symbols :i* h be5 misconceiv$1 x holds1 by lat] g5]ations only ?r\gh an inability correctly to int]pret ! language 9 :i* !y lay embalm$4#ae ,! capital defect 9 ! !ory1 h[ev]1 is t x discov]s ! orig9 ( religion 9 ! vague/ & mo/ mod]n ( metaphysical ideas1 t namely ( ! inf9ite4 ,max ,mll] holds t ?is idea is furni%$ ev5 by ! s5ses2 8 sy/em pres5ts itself to u z an ef=t at a reconciliation betwe5 ! s5suali/s & ! ideali/s4 ,b ! doctr9e re/s ^u a confusion4 ,a p]ception ( relativity is "o ?+1 a p]ception ( inf9ity is ano!r2 "s objects are great1 "s are small1 & any object is great or small accord+ to ! /&>d ( comp>ison--t is :at ! s5ses1 or r ! memory1 in=ms u (2 & unless ! metaphysical subtlety ( a mod]n s*ol> :isp]s some?+ 9 _! e>1 t is all !y tell u4 ,max ,mll] seems to believe t ! p]ception ( space supplies u directly ) a p]ception ( inf9ity2 b ov] & above any "q ( ! psy*ological inexactitude ( ?is acc\nt1 x is irreconcilable ) ! hi/orical facts4 ,! inf9ity ( space is an idea :i* metaphysicians alone1 & t too 9 comp>atively late times1 h succe$$ 9 realiz+4 ,! horizon is1 on ! face ( x1 a physical limit4 ,! *ild fancies t he c g close up to ! horizon & t\* ! beg9n+s ( ! cele/ial dome ) 8 f+]2 ! anci5ts conceiv$ ! heav5s z an inv]t$ b[l ( h>d cry/al1 s[n ) lum9\s po9ts4#af ,= u :o h be5 told s9ce we 7 *ildr5 t ! />s are great] ?an ! e>?1 & are sep>at$ f u by a di/ance unimag9ably great1 ! spectacle ( ! heav5s by a necess>y association gives rise to a feel+ ( ! incomm5surable & ! inf9ite4 ,!re is no reason to suppose t any?+ analog\s took place 9 ! m9d ( primitive man :5 he lift$ 8 eyes on high4 ,primitive man has n ! lea/ idea t ! p[] ( vision is limit$1 t ! vault ( heav5 is ! vault ( 8 incapacity & t inf9ite space /ret*es beyond2 habitually1 primitive man locates ! end ( ! _w at ! extremity ( 8 l9e ( vision1 :i* =ms on all sides ( him a visible & motionless sph]e4 ,x is difficult = him to und]/& t heav5ly space is great] ?an ! visible _w4 ,he f9ds x equally difficult to conceive ! inf9itely little2 ! inf9ite divisibility ( matt] ( :i*1 accord+ to ,max ,mll]1 ! s5ses take cognizance1 is a conception :i* results only f ! mo/ ab/ract reason+4 ,man's natural belief is t ! divisibility ( matt] /ops at ! same po9t t 8 p[] ( tak+ cognizance ( x does--at ! visible atom4 #ae ,max ,mll]1 z is well kn[n1 goes ! l5g? ( believ+ t ! au?ors ( ! fir/ my?s 7 p]fectly consci\s t !y 7 speak+ 9 p>ables2 & t subsequ5t g5]ations misund]/ood !m1 because !y p]sonifi$ ! figures & ! names by :i* ! ,div9e 0 ref]r$ to2 s t my?ology becomes lit]ally ! sci5ce ( a disease ( language4 #af ,among ! mo/ +5i\s & lea/ conte/able ( ,max ,mll]'s sugge/ions1 we cite ! p>agraph devot$ to ! ,v$ic deity ,aditi1 "o ( ! names ( ! dawn3 8,y w be z surpris$ z ,i c]ta9ly 0 surpris$ :5 ! fact fir/ pres5t$ itself to me1 t !re really is a deity 9 ! ,v$a :o is simply call$ ! b\ndless or ! inf9ite1 9 ,sanscrit ,a-diti4 ,aditi is d]iv$ f diti1 & ! negative p>ticle a4 ,diti1 aga91 is regul>ly d]iv$ f a root ,d 7dyati71 to b9d1 f :i* dita1 ! p>ticiple1 mean+ b\nd1 & diti1 a sub/antive1 mean+ b9d+ & b\nd4 ,aditi1 !re=e1 mu/ orig9ally h meant )\t b\nds1 n *a9$ nor inclos$1 b\ndless1 inf9ite1 inf9itude40 ,?is etymology1 on ! contr>y1 seems to u r to be calculat$ to %[ precisely t ! conception ( inf9ity is n primitive1 & t ! fir/ "t ! ,h9dus invok$ ! dawn "u ! "n ( ,aditi1 !y 7 f> f possess+ any di/9ction betwe5 f9ite & inf9ite4 ,! night 0 = !m a prison-h\se1 ! return ( day 0 _! deliv]ance4 ,x is well kn[n t !y repres5t$ day z a lum9\s c[1 :i* mov$ sl[ly out ( ! /able at night & /epp$ across ! fields ( heav5 & ( e>?4 ,sometimes ^! c[s are repres5t$ z /ol5 & conf9$ 9 sombre cav]ns4 ,aurora h]self is reta9$ 9 ! dep?s ( ,rita2 night ?reat5s to reign )\t end1 b ! gods set out 9 se>* ( h]1 ,indra discov]s & deliv]s h]1 & ) h] aid1 ! c[s bell[+ = lib]ty are discov]$ 9 _! cav]n4 ,x seems to u t = "o :o ent]s into ! _s ( ^! primitive leg5ds1 x is easy to det]m9e ! primitive s5se ( ,aditi4 ,aditi is ! dawn :o1 conf9$ "o kn[s n :]e1 succe$s at la/ 9 break+ bonds & appe>s radiantly 9 ! op5 heav51 deliv]+ & deliv]$1 break+ ! jail 9 :i* ! h\rs ( d>kness h conf9$ ! _w4 ,aditi is ! dawn1 fre$ & giv+ fre$om4 ,&1 by an ext5sion ( mean+1 x comes to signify ! immortal & imp]i%able light :i* no p[] c veil or hide = m ?an a day4 ,:]eas1 ,diti signifies :at is mortal & p]i%able & prison$ 9 ! b\nds ( matt]4 ,?is con/ruction is simple1 & :at is m1 is confirm$ by ! leg5ds to :i* we h j allud$2 aft] hav+ advocat$ x 9 ! ,revue philosophique 7,decemb]1 #ahgi71 we f9d x adopt$ by ,m4 ,rville1 ,prolgomnes l'hi/oire des religions1 #ahha4 ,sid5ote3 8,suff]+ f ! invisible10 a mod]n malady4 ,z to ?is 8suff]+ f ! invisible0 ( :i* ,max ,mll] speaks1 x is an altoge!r mod]n disease1 :i*1 in/ead ( giv+ rise to ! idea ( ! inf9ite1 is1 on ! contr>y1 a late product ( ?is notion :i* 0 itself acquir$ by =ce ( k & ( reason+2 f> f m>k+ ! po9t f :i* religions spr+1 ! 8suff]+ f ! unkn[n0 /amps _! insuffici5cy1 is ! beg9n+ ( _! end4 ,primitive man tr\bles himself little ab\t ! inf9ity ( nature & ! et]nal sil5ce ( inf9ite space2 he con/ructs a _w aft] ! model ( 8 own h\ses & %uts himself safely up 9 x4 ,x is only ! visible _w t tr\bles him2 he f9ds 9 x an object m ?an suffici5t = 8 utmo/ physical & intellectual activity2 he does n g f> afield 9 se>* ( 8 gods2 he f9ds !m1 s to speak1 "u 8 h&1 t\*es !m ) 8 f+]1 lives 9 _! company4 ,! ess5ce ( _! p[] ov] him lies 9 ! fact t !y are neighb\rs ( 84 ,to 8 gross intellig5ce ! greatness ( ! gods is n comm5surate ) _! intr9sic inf9ity1 b ) _! p[] ov] him2 if heav5 nei!r light$ him nor w>m$ him ) its sun1 x w\ld n be ! univ]sal fa!r1 ! ,dyau%-pit1 ! 1 ! ,jupit]4 ,we d n mean to say ) ,feu]ba* t religion /rikes root 9 gross self-int]e/ & brutal egoism simply2 9 8 relations ) ! gods1 z 9 8 relations ) 8 fell[s1 man is p>tly selfi%1 p>tly unselfi%3 :at we ma9ta9 is t primitive man is n an advanc$ rationali/ ( ! type ( ,max ,mll]1 t ! conception ( inf9ity 0 atta9$ indep5d5tly ( religi\s fai?1 &1 m ?an t1 is 9 conflict ) religi\s fai? & w ultimately de/roy x4 ,:5 9 ! progress ( human ?\ght ! univ]se is once conceiv$ z inf9ite1 x ov]passes ! gods & unseats !m4 ,?is happ5$ 9 ,greece at ! "t ( ,democritus & ,epicurus4 ,positive religion dem&s a f9ite _w3 primitive p did n re> temples to ! ,inf9ite 9 ! hopes ( dome/icat+ ,him4 ,max ,mll] pron\nces a eulogy ^u ! ,h9dus = _! adevism2 0 x really to _! conception ( ! inf9ite t !y ow$ _! wisdom1 & might n ! idea ( inf9ity alone h q z well l$ !m to a!ism8 ,:5 "o le>ns to contemplate ! _w z an et]nally l5g!n+ *a9 ( ph5om5a1 "o no long] hopes1 by a futile pray]1 to /op or to modify ! m>* ( su* inflexible det]m9ism2 "o cont5ts "o's self ) inve/igat+ x by sci5ce or ent]+ into x 9 "s field ( action4 ,religion disappe>s 9 sci5ce or morality4 ,!re rema9s1 x is true1 a f9al hypo!sis t "o may ma9ta93 "o may apo!osize ! inf9ite1 make ov] to x1 aft] ! mann] ( ! ,brahmans1 ( ! anci5t & mod]n ,buddhi/s1 ( ! ,s*op5hau]s & ! ,h>tmanns1 a donation ( "s my/]i\s unity ( ess5ce2 b if s1 pray] expires 9 m$itation1 9 ec/asy1 9 a monoton\s rock+ ( ! cradle ( ?\ght to ! rhy?m ( ! ph5om5al _w1 & religion becomes a religion ( monism4 ,b ?is religion does n spr+ 9 any prop] s5se f ! notion ( inf9ity1 x1 s to speak1 hooks on to x r2 x is ano!r example ( man's ne$1 if n to p]sonify1 at lea/ to individualize & to unify ! inf9ite--s great is man's ne$ to project 8 individuality by ma9 =ce1 if ne$ be1 into ! _w6 ,"o is b5t on end[+ ?is great mat]ial body t "o calls nature ) "s sort ( a s\l1 "o is b5t on conceiv+ x 9 "s fa%ion or o!r on ! model ( ! human organism2 & is n t1 too1 a species ( an?ropomorphism8 ,sid5ote3 ,! conception ( inf9ity a sci5tific discov]y4 ,x is only lat] t human ?\ght1 c>ri$ away ^u an endless voyage ( discov]y analog\s to ! migration ( a primitive p1 aft] hav+ trav]s$ ! l5g? ( visible space & leap$ ! b\nd ( its own intellectual horizon1 atta9s ! pres5ce ( ! unfa?omable ocean ( ! inf9ite4 ,! inf9ite is = ! human m9d su* a discov]y z ! ocean 0 = peoples :o _h w&]$ to its %ores f ! m\nta9s & ! pla9s4 ,j z = ! newborn *ild ! diff]5t planes ( vision are indi/9ct & equally ne>2 j z x is by ! s5se ( t\* t "o le>ns little by little to recognize ! dep? ( space & to acquire ! conception ( di/ance2 j z1 s to speak1 x is ) "o's own h& t "o op5s ! horizon be=e "o2 9 ! same way to ! uncultivat$ intellig5ce ev]y?+ seems f9ite & limit$2 & x is only by mov+ =w>d t x p]ceives ! bread? & dep? ( its doma94 ,x is only to a m9d ^u ! m>* t ! great p]spective ( ! inf9ite is ?r[n op54 ,at bottom ?is conception ( inf9ity is less due to any direct exp]i5ce ( m]e ?+s ?an to a s5se ( "o's own p]sonal activity1 to a belief 9 ! p]petual progress op5 to human ?\ght2 action1 z somebody has said1#ag is ! real inf9ite or at lea/ :at appe>s z su*4 ,9 ?is s5se x may be admitt$ t !re is 9 e human ?\ght "s vague pres5tim5t ( inf9ity1 = !re is a consci\sness ( a fund ( activity :i* w n be exhau/$ 9 any giv5 act nor 9 any giv5 ?\ght2 to be consci\s t "o lives is ?us 9 "s sort to be consci\s t "o is inf9ite3 illusion or reality1 ?is notion =ms a "p ( all our ?\ghts1 turns up 9 e proposition ( sci5ce2 b x does n produce sci5ce1 x is1 on ! contr>y1 born ( x2 x does n produce religion1 :i* is ! sci5ce ( primitive ages1 b desc5ds f x4 ,! conception ( inf9ity 9 _m respects resembles ! ignorance ( ,socrates1 ! ref9$ ignorance :i* 0 really 9 disguise ! la/ developm5t ( intellig5ce4 ,"o ( ! antisci5tific traits ( exi/+ religions is precisely t !y display no suffici5t s5tim5t ( our ignorance 9 ! pres5ce ( ! unkn[able1 t ! w9d[ !y h op5 ^u ! inf9ite is decid$ly too contract$4 ,if1 z we h se51 religi\s physics t5ds little by little to trans=m itself into a metaphysics2 if ! gods h retreat$ f ph5om5on to ph5om5on1 to ! region ( ! sup]s5sible2 if heav5 has sep>at$ itself f e>?1 positive religion nev]!less /ill lives 9 fe> ( ?r[+ op5 to human ?\ght a p]spective really inf9ite4 ,its eyes are always fix$ ^u a m or less1 det]m9ate be+1 a creator1 a unity 9 :i* ! _s may f9d repose & safety f ! inf9ite4 ,religi\s metaphysics1 l religi\s physics1 has rema9$ m or less an?ropomorphic1 & re/s m or less on a f\ndation ( miracle2 a f\ndation1 t is to say1 :i* limits & susp5ds ! ex]cise ( intellig5ce4 ,& z ! object ( adoration1 9 ! majority ( religions1 is any?+ r ?an ! inf9ite1 9 ! same way religi\s fai? itself leads to a disposition to arre/ ! m>* ( ?\ght & impose ^u x an immutable b>ri]2 x leads to ! negation ( inf9ity & ( ! indef9ite progress ( human rese>*4 ,/rick5 by an arre/ ( developm5t ! majority ( positive religions settl$ once = all on ! fir/ =mul t occurr$ to !m2 !y erect$ !m into ! practical object ( a cult & left ! intangible inf9ite unmole/$ 9 out] vagu5ess4 #ag ,alfr$ ,f\ille1 ,la lib]t et le dt]m9isme1 #b;e p>tie4 ,sid5ote3 ,conception ( an all-embrac+ unity1 also mod]n4 ,ov] & above ! conception ( ! inf9ite !re is ano!r & a simil> notion t x is equally impossible to discov] at ! roots ( religi\s ?\ght2 x is t ( unity 9 plurality1 ( totality4 ,?is pan!i/ic1 moni/ic concept ,von ,h>tmann believes to be ! />t+-po9t ( all religions4 ,z a p>tial disciple ( ,hegel & ( ,s*op5hau]1 ,von ,h>tmann inevitably attributes to humanity & applies to ! int]pretation ( hi/ory ! =mul ( 8 dialectic4 8,h5o!ism10 he says1 8is f\nd$ on a recognition ( ! positive id5tity at bottom ( all ! div9ities ( nature2 an id5tity :i* p]mits "o to adore 9 ! p]son ( e god individually1 & pr9cipally 9 ! p]son ( ea* ( ! lead+ gods1 absolute div9ity1 ! div9e god4 ,x becomes !re=e a matt] ( indiff]5ce1 9 "s measure1 "u :i* ( its p>ticul> aspects "o wor%ips ,div9ity2 :5 ,indra is repres5t$ imag9atively 9 ! =m ( a buffalo1 ! "r to repres5t him imm$iately aft]w>d 9 ! =m ( an eagle1 or a falcon1 is n = an in/ant abrogat$2 :5 h5o!ism (f]s its homage to ! supreme deity "u ! "n ( ,indra1 god ( ! tempe/1 x does n incapacitate itself f ador+ him a mom5t aft]w>d "u ! "n ( ,surya1 god ( ! sun2 or ( ,rudra-,v>una1 god ( ! heav5s4 ,h5o!ism does n owe its orig91 !re=e1 to a failure 9 ! association ( ideas1 & to a *ance =getfulness1 an incr$ible lapse ( memory on ! "p ( poly!i/s1 :5 !y 7 address+ _! homage to ,surya z ! supreme god1 t !re 7 /ill o!r gods 9 exi/5ce :o 7 ador$ by o!r p1 & ev5 sometimes by !mselves40 ,imag9e primitive humanity 8up0 9 ! late/ developm5ts ( ! philosophy ( monism1 ) its symbolism & its notion ( conceiv+ div]se p[]s z metaphorical manife/ations ( ! fundam5tal unity ( ?+s6 ,ev5 = ,india1 ! home ( pan!i/ic metaphysics1 su* a philosophy is ! reluctant product ( a civilization already ref9$4 ,p nev] take ! fir/ /eps 9 ?\ght by means ( ab/ractions4 ,to conceive div9ity 9 g5]al1 & subsequ5tly repres5t x by ,indra1 ,surya1 or ,rudra-,v>una1 z by aspects1 no "o ( :i* exhau/ ! totality ( x--by a sort ( litany 9 :i* ! unity ( ?+s appe>s successively "u div]se names & =ms--implies a subtlety ( intellig5ce & a ma/]y ( ! h5o!i/ic conception ( ! univ]se t is "o ( ! late/ products ( metaphysical speculation4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ! =m & figure ( ! god 0 n di/+ui%$ f ! god himself4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 body & m9d 0 "o t humanity atta9$ ) great difficulty2 &1 a =tiori1 any notion ( a unity ( ! supreme & _w s\l1 exi/+ "u a multiplicity ( =ms1 mu/ ( necessity h made its appe>ance mu* lat]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,m4 ,r5an's religi\s in/9ct4 ,ano!r & lat] =m ( ?is vague idealism1 t ,max ,mll] & ,von ,h>tmann1 & also ,/rauss1 h advocat$1 is pres5t$ 9 ! !ory ( ,m4 ,r5an conc]n+ ! 8religi\s in/9ct10 or ! 8revelation ( ! ideal40 ,by religi\s in/9ct ,m4 ,r5an und]/&s some?+ my/]i\s & my/ical1 a heav5ly voice 9 "o's bosom1 a sudd5 & almo/ sacr$ revelation4 8,! con/ruction ( a religion10 he cries1 8is = humanity :at ! con/ruction ( a ne/ is = a bird4 ,a my/]i\s in/9ct awak5s 9 ! he>t ( a be+1 :o h]et(ore has liv$ totally unaw>e ( ! exi/5ce 9 himself ( any su* possibilities4 ,! bird :i* has nev] itself laid an egg nor se5 an egg laid1 possesses a secret =ekn[l$ge ( ! natural function :i* x is go+ to p]=m4 ,x l5ds itself ) a species ( pi\s & devot$ joy to an end :i* x does n und]/&4 ,! bir? ( ! religi\s idea 9 man is some?+ q analog\s4 ,mank9d is mov+ =w>d unsuspect+ly 9 its allott$ c\rse1 & sudd5ly a little p]iod ( sil5ce comes ^u x1 a lapse ( s5sation1 & x cries to itself3 #8,o ,god1 h[ /range is ! de/9y ( man6 ,is x inde$ true t ,i exi/8 ,:at is ! _w8 ,am ,i ! sun1 & does its heat & light fe$ ^u my he>t8444 ,o ,fa!r1 ,i see !e beyond ! cl\ds1' & ! noise ( ! out] _w beg9s aga91 & ! w9d[1 op5 out ^u ! inf9ite1 closes once m1 b1 f t mom5t1 a be+ to all appe>ance egoi/ic w p]=m inexplicable de$s & w exp]i5ce a ne$ to b[ ! knee & to adore40 ,?is *>m+ passage1 set (f by ! unction & ! ec/asy ( ,g]son & ,fnelon1 is a capital in/ance ( ! m5tal attitude ( a numb] ( p n[adays :o are endeav\r+ to transmute a rev]5ce = "s tott]+ religion into a rev]5ce = ! religi\s s5tim5t4 ,unhappily1 ,m4 ,r5an's acc\nt is purely my?ological2 primitive man nev] exp]i5c$ any?+ ( ! k9d4 ,m4 ,r5an completely conf\nds ! ideas & s5tim5ts :i* he1 ! hi/orian ( religion1 ! ref9$ ?9k]1 might h exp]i5c$ himself1 ) ^? :i* primitive man 0 really subject to4 ,?is species ( supreme d\bt on ! matt] ( our own exi/5ce & t ( ! _w1 ?is s5tim5t ( ! /rang5ess ( our de/9y1 ?is communion ( ! s\l ) ! totality ( nature1 ?is outbreak ( ref9$ s5sibility1 excit$ & torm5t$ by mod]n life1 possesses no?+ 9 common ) ! s5tim5t ( primitive religion1 ) its robu/ & crude fai? repos+ ^u palpable fact & visible miracle4 ,my/icism1 f> f expla9+ ! orig9 ( religion1 m>ks r its p]iod1 its decomposition4 ,a my/ic is a p]son1 :o1 feel+ vaguely ! insuffici5cy1 ! void1 ( a positive & f9ite religion1 endeav\rs to comp5sate himself = ! n>r[ness & pov]ty ( e/abli%$ dogma by sup]abundance ( s5tim5t4 ,my/ics1 sub/itut+ a m or less p]sonal s5tim5t & spontane\s outbur/ ( emotion = a fai? 9 au?ority1 h always play$ ! rle 9 hi/ory ( unconsci\s h]etics4 ,s5tim5tal epo*s are epo*s ( inaction1 ( conc5tration ^u "o's self1 ( comp>ative indep5d5ce ( ?\ght4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re presid$ no?+ s5tim5tal or m$itative at ! orig9 ( religion1 !re 0 a /amp$e simply ( a multitude ( s\ls 9 mortal t]ror or hope1 & no su* ?+ z indep5d5ce ( ?\ght2 x is less ( s5tim5t prop]ly s-call$1 ?an ( s5sation & ( action1 t religions h be5 born4 ,primitive religion 0 n a means ( escape out ( ?is _w1 a port-hole into ! blue2 ! e>lie/ gods 7 n 9 ! lea/ e!real1 !y 7 possess$ ( solid muscles1 ( arms capable ( deal+ bl[s4 ,to expla9 ! orig9 ( primitive beliefs by a nasc5t idealism1 is to expla9 !m by _! precise opposite4 ,"o becomes an ideali/ :5 "o is on ! po9t ( ceas+ to believe2 aft] hav+ reject$ a multitude ( alleg$ realities "o consoles "o's self by ador+1 = a "t1 ! figm5ts ( "o's own imag9ation2 ! _s ( e>ly times is mu* m positive1 z ! ,comti/s say4 ,a preoccupation ) ! inf9ite1 a div9e v]tigo1 a s5tim5t ( ! abysses ( life1 are want+ to man 9 e>ly times4 ,! mod]n m9d ) its int5s] vision n[ & aga9 p]ceives 9 nature an endless p]spective d[n :i* we look ) agony2 we feel ourselves c>ri$ =w>d to ! v]ge ( a *asm2 we are l navigators :o1 9 ! ,antilles1 "u ! int5se light ( ! sun1 c see ! bottom & ! dep? ( ! sea & measure ! gulf above :i* !y hang susp5d$4 ,b = less enlight5$ intellig5ces nature is opaque1 vision is limit$ to ! surface ( ?+s1 & "o floats ^u ! rhy?m & pulse ( ! sea )\t ask+ :at lies b5ea?4 ,sid5ote3 ,a late ph5om5on4 ,be=e ! ne$ = my/ical belief c occur to "o1 "o mu/ h be5 re>$ 9 an atmosph]e ( fai?1 or else 9 an atmosph]e ( d\bt2 & bo? ^! /ates ( m9d are equally unkn[n to ! e>li] & simpl] races ( humanity4 ,or1 m accurately1 !y are p]fectly acqua9t$ ) fai?1 b x is ! nave fai? ( eye & e>2 !y possess ! p]fect confid5ce t e s5ti5t be+ has 9 8 five s5ses1 & 9 all t !re is no?+ religi\s prop]ly s-call$4 ,i rememb] ! a/oni%m5t ,i felt 9 my infancy :5 ,i fir/ saw ! words d\bt & fai?2 x 0 9 "s v]ses1 & ! poet 0 s++1 ) mu* eloqu5ce1 all ! horrors ( d\bt4 ,i p]fectly und]/ood :at x 0 to d\bt a fact1 or to believe 9 x1 b ,i bo!r$ my head 9 va9 to discov] :at "o meant by d\bt simply3 ,:at 0 !re s t]rible ab\t be+ 9 d\bt on matt]s ) :i* "o 0 insuffici5tly acqua9t$8 ,! ^w fai? 0 equally un9telligible to me1 = ,i _h z yet no conception ( believ+ 9 any?+ except :at 0 c]ta94 ,! case ( primitive man is exactly ! same4 ,he no m exp]i5ces a my/ical ne$ to believe ?an he exp]i5ces a my/ical ne$ to get drunk be=e hav+ ta/$ w9e4 ,religi\s s5tim5t does n make its appe>ance 9 him sudd5ly1 does n simply /ep out on ! /age4 ,!re are no lacun 9 ! human s\l1 x is a prey to inv9cible cont9uity4 ,su* a s5tim5t mu/ come gradually by a sl[ adaptation ( ! _s to ! inexact ideas suppli$ to "o by ! s5ses4 ,man1 imag9+ himself to live 9 ! bosom ( a society ( gods1 inevitably accommodates himself to s novel a habitat4 ,e society1 human or div9e1 creates ! individual memb] 9 its own image2 draft ! lab\r] = a soldi]1 let ! villag] become a citiz51 !y acquire ( necessity new ge/ures & s5tim5ts :i*1 ^u _! return to _! =m] habitat1 !y once m 9 a measure lose4 ,! case is inevitably ! same = mank9d & religion4 ,z ! mo/ sociable ( be+s1 man is also ! mo/ readily subject to ! influ5ce ( ^? ) :om he lives or believes himself to live4 ,! gods1 :om we create m or less 9 our own image1 !reupon1 by an inevitable reaction1 return ! complim5t4 ,a religi\s in/9ct1 su* z ,m4 ,r5an describes1 is 9 a l>ge "p ! "w ( ?is sort ( reaction & ( education2 if x possesses pr(\nd roots 9 our be+1 ! reason is t x 0 plant$ 9 u 9 our infancy1 t x speaks to u ) ! voice ( our *ildhood1 & takes u back to our e>lie/ ye>s2 (t5 a ^w1 a ?\ght ) :i* we h be5 /ruck at "s =m] "t1 )\t1 h[ev]1 hav+ und]/ood x1 unexpect$ly reawak5s 9 u1 rev]b]ates 9 our memory2 x is b an e*o1 & x appeals to u z if x 7 a voice4 ,! rle play$ by h]$ity 9 ! =mation ( "o's "* has be5 noticeably exagg]at$2 ! influ5ce ( education is at ! pres5t day n e/imat$ at its full value4#ah ,ev5 among animals1 in/9ct am\nts to little )\t education4 ,a bird1 no d\bt1 does n actually ne$ to see an egg laid to acquit itself ) 8devotion0 ( t new function2 b :5 x is a "q ( build+ ! ne/1 ! case is n s simple3 birds re>$ 9 a cage1 :o h nev] se5 a ne/1 are (t5 at a loss :at to d2 in/9ct :isp]s inde$ to !m /ill1 b its voice is no long] cle>1 no def9ite image ( ! ideal ne/ pres5ts itself to _! eyes4 ,nature's 8devotion0 is at fault4 ,add t ^! in/9cts1 s 8my/]i\s0 9 ,m4 ,r5an's op9ion1 act on ! individual by means ( a some:at gross me*anism1 & t x suffices to tamp] ) ! me*anism1 to excite ! in/9ct or to susp5d x4 ,to trans=m1 = example1 a capon into a sett+ h51 x suffices simply to pluck ! fea!rs (f ! belly2 x !n squats ^u eggs--or ^u pebbles--) pleasure4 ,really !re is my/]y en\gh 9 nature )\t go+ out ( "o's way to add to x2 x is n philosophic to trace ev]y?+ back to in/9ct1 & !n pres5tly to reg>d ^! in/9cts z unconsci\s int5tions1 & 9 ^! int5tions to see ! pro( ( a plan1 & 9 ?is plan ! pro( ( a god4 ,) a logic s accommodat+ z t1 ,m4 ,r5an might well f9d 9 ! religi\s in/9ct a p]emptory demon/ration ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 #ah ,see ! au?ors ,morale anglaise contempora9e1 #b;e p>tie4 ,sid5ote3 ,! only in/9cts involv$ ! in/9cts ( self-pres]vation & sociability4 ,9 our judgm5t !re 01 9 ! beg9n+1 no o!r in/9ct involv$ ?an ! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation1 & ! in/9ct ( sociality1 :i* is closely alli$ to ! =m]4 ,m ?an t1 ! intellectual proc$ure ^u :i* primitive m5 reli$ 0 no o!r ?an a simple association by contiguity & simil>ity1 toge!r ) su* reason+ by induction or analogy z is insep>ably b\nd up ) association4 ,?is species ( intellectual proc$ure is precisely t :i*1 9 its highe/ /ages1 gives bir? to ! sci5tific explanation ( ?+s4 ,religion1 z we %all %[ pres5tly1 orig9ates z sci5ce does1 9 a c]ta9 a/oni%m5t t an intellig5t be+ exp]i5ces 9 ! face ( c]ta9 ph5om5a & 9 ! fe>s & desires :i* result !refrom1 & 9 ! consequ5t volunt>y reaction4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,mll] & ,sp5c] agree 9 reject+ ! feti* hypo!sis4 ,,ii4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 :o is almo/ at ! antipodes f ,max ,mll]1 by a consci\s return to euhem]ism reg>ds ! gods simply z h]oes transfigur$ 9 ! memories ( _! desc5dants1 r$uces religion to an ance/or wor%ip1 & ?us implicitly d5ies t a pres5tim5t ( ! div9e or ( ! inf9ite has play$ any "p 9 its orig94 ,nev]!less1 ,max ,mll] & ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 9 spite ( su* div]g5ces1 agree 9 reject+ ! !ory :i* attributes ! bir? ( religion to ! m+l$ a/oni%m5t & fe> ( an intellig5t be+ 9 ! face ( c]ta9 natural ph5om5a1 & to ! ne$ ( explanation & protection t he exp]i5ces be=e :at is puissant & p[]ful4 ,sid5ote3 ,necessity ( rely+ ^u a numb] ( pr9ciples4 ,we will+ly conc$e to ,mr4 ,sp5c] t ance/or wor%ip has play$ its "p 9 ! g5esis ( human beliefs2 h]oes h be5 deifi$ n only aft] _! dea?1 b ev5 9 _! lifetime4 ,b :y rely ^u ?is s+le pr9ciple = ! explanation ( s complex a ph5om5on z religion8 ,:y wi% to see 9 e detail a realization ( x1 ev5 :5 no positive fact seems to au?orize "o's do+ s8 ,sp5c]'s sy/em1 :i* resolves ! :ole body ( our beliefs into "o1 rem9ds "o a little ( ,g5esis1 & ( ! !ory t all mank9d are desc5d$ f ! fir/ c\ple1 ,adam & ,eve1 aft] ,eve _h h]self be5 fa%ion$ out ( "o ( ,adam's ribs4 ,if x is an excell5t *>act]i/ic ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s to look = ! orig9 ( het]og5e\s & lat] beliefs 9 "s vague & homog5e\s conception1 ?is primitive conception mu/ at lea/ be suffici5tly ample to be able fairly to accommodate )9 its own limits ! :ole body ( its successors1 & ,mr4 ,sp5c] is some:at too mu* incl9$ to conf\nd ! homog5eity ( a notion ) its amplitude2 x is only by a prodigy ( artifice t he succe$s 9 extract+ f 8 pr9ciple a completely furni%$ religi\s !ory ( ! univ]se4 ,sid5ote3 ,sp5c]'s !ory wantonly clev]4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] endeav\rs1 fir/1 to prove1 by ?ree examples1 t a cult = ! dead exi/s among ?ree tribes ( savages v l[ 9 ! scale ( civilization & n possess$1 s f> z has be5 obs]v$1 ( any o!r =m ( religion2 he !reupon inf]s t a cult = ! dead is ! e>lie/ =m ( wor%ip4 ,^! examples are op5 to discussion1 b ev5 if !y 7 n1 x 9 n[ise foll[s t all o!r =ms ( religion spr+ f a cult = ! dead4 ,dea? is1 no d\bt1 s frequ5t & brutal a fact t x e>ly engages ! att5tion ( primitive peoples2 "s g]m ( ! notion ( burial may be discov]$ among animals4 ,ants h frequ5tly be5 obs]v$1 aft] _! battles1 c>ry+ (f ! corpses ( _! soldi]s2 b f ! fact t human intellig5ce mu/ necess>ily h be5 engag$ 9 "o direction1 does x foll[ t x c h be5 engag$ 9 no o!r8 ,= ! manufacture ( a god ,mr4 ,sp5c] requires fir/ a corpse1 second ! conception ( a spiritual d\ble ( ! corpse1 ?ird a belief t ?is _s is capable ( inhabit+1 n only ! body1 t x has j quitt$1 b ano!r body1 an inanimate effigy1 a bee1 a /one1 etc4 ,:at a complication6 ,"o kn[s ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s +5i\s device = expla9+ tree-wor%ip2 sometimes he w\ld h u conceive trees z ! re/+-places ( dep>t$ s\ls1 :o = "s reason or o!r h tak5 a notion to inhabit !m2 sometimes he w\ld h u rely on a !ory ( mis9t]pret$ leg5d3 a tribe t 9 =m] ye>s inhabit$ ! =e/1 a tribe come f ! =e/1 ultimately believes itself to be desc5d$ f trees1 ultimately believes t its ance/ors 7 trees4 ,really1 all t /rikes u z p>ticul>ly artificial4 ,a tall tree is v5]able 9 & ( itself4 ,a c]ta9 8sacr$ horror0 is an ess5tial attribute ( a d5se =e/4 ,night & obscurity play a notable "p 9 ! g5esis ( religion2 well1 a =e/ is ! v inc>nation ( et]nal night ) its elem5t ( ! un=ese51 its t]rors1 ! sigh ( ! w9d 9 ! bran*es l a voice1 ! cry ( ! wild bea/ :i* seems sometimes to come f ! trees !mselves4 ,& :at int5se & sil5t life 9 & ab\t a tree1 if "o b /udies x closely6 ,an animal does n obs]ve ) suffici5t att5tion to see plants gr[ & ! sap rise2 b h[ a/oni%$ man mu/ h be5 :5 fir/ he rem>k$ t ! roots ( trees make _! way ev5 into rock1 t _! trunks break all bonds3 t !y rise ye> by ye>1 & are at ! v beg9n+s ( _! maturity at an age :5 man is old6 ,=e/ vegetation is alive1 b ) a life s diff]5t f ours t x mu/ naturally h fill$ our ance/ors ) surprise & rev]5ce4 ,rememb]1 too1 t ! sap ( c]ta9 trees1 :5 x fl[s f a w\nd1 is ( ! col\r ( blood1 or ( ! col\r & almo/ ( ! ta/e ( milk4 ,sid5ote3 ,sup]fluity ( ef=t to expla9 zoolatry by ance/or wor%ip4 ,simil>ly1 :y resort to an ance/or wor%ip to expla9 zoolatry8 ,:at is m natural1 = example1 ?an ! univ]sal v5]ation = ! snake8 ,?is my/]i\s creature :i* glides away among ! %ad[s1 appe>s1 & disappe>s1 & c>ries ) x p[] ( life & dea?8 ,or in/ead ( a s]p5t1 consid] ! lion1 or any o!r f]oci\s animal4 ,he makes 8 appe>ance 9 a c\ntry & creates havoc among ! flocks2 "o pursues him1 b = "s reason or o!r no %ot rea*es him2 he is invuln]able4 ,he becomes increas+ly audaci\s & t]rible2 he disappe>s = weeks toge!r1 nobody kn[s :]e2 he reappe>s sudd5ly1 nobody kn[s :y2 he defies ! hunt]s ) ! maje/y t wild bea/s sometimes %[1 9 p]fect consci\sness ( _! p[]4 ,behold6 a v]itable god4 ,x is well kn[n t ! aborig9es wor%ipp$ ! horses :i* ! ,spani>ds import$ into ,am]ica2 accord+ to ,prescott1 !y pref]r$ to attribute ! inv5tion ( fire>ms to ! horses r ?an to ! ,spani>ds4 ,! fact is simply t ! ,spani>ds 7 m5 l !mselves1 & t ! aborig9es took _! measure accord+ly2 b an unkn[n animal came to !m arm$ ) an indef9ite p[]4 ,m5 adore no?+ b :at !y are comp>atively ignorant (1 & x is = t reason1 :atev] ,mr4 ,sp5c] may say1 t nature1 s long imp]fectly kn[n1 af=d$ to religion a m g5]\s & inexhau/ible alim5t ?an humanity4 ,sid5ote3 ,n>r[ness & insuffici5cy ( ,sp5c]'s =mula4 ,at bottom :at ,mr4 ,sp5c] reg>ds z ! true confirmation ( 8 doctr9e is ! relation x be>s to ! re/ ( 8 sy/em2 x is = him an example simply ( a univ]sal law1 a consequ5ce ( evolution4 ,accord+ to ?is doctr9e1 ev]y?+ seems to spr+ f a primordial unity1 f a s+le homog5e\s belief--! belief 9 a p[] m or less vague1 ex]cis$ by ! s\ls ( ! dead2 ?is belief1 once giv51 und]goes a complete s]ies ( integrations & diff]5tiations1 & ultimately becomes a belief 9 ! regul> action ( an unkn[n & univ]sal p[]4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] seems to u to be "r 9 pit*+ ^u ! "o homog5e\s belief f :i* all o!rs arise by a process ( evolution2 b ! =mula ( ?is belief t he pres5ts u ) seems to u altoge!r too n>r[ & insuffici5t4 ,if "o wi%es to discov] ! idea :i* dom9ates bo? ! cult = ! dead & ! cult = ! gods1 "o w f9d 9 x a natural p]suasion t no?+ is absolutely & def9itively inanimate1 t ev]y?+ lives & possesses1 !re=e1 int5tions & volitions4 ,man has deifi$ ! ph5om5a ( nature1 z he has immortaliz$ 8 ance/ors1 = ! sole & only reason t1 z a liv+ be+ possess$ ( a w1 ! mo/ difficult ?+ 9 ! beg9n+ = him to und]/& is ! inv9cible det]m9ism & absolute in]tia ( ! ph5om5a ( ! ext]nal _w4#ai #ai ,see our ,morale anglaise contempora9e1 p4 #egi4 ,sid5ote3 ,criticism ( feti*ism commonly a play on words4 ,! adoration ( natural =ces1 conceiv$ z m or less analog\s to p[]ful liv+ be+s possess$ ( volition1 has be5 d5om9at$ sometimes feti*ism1 sometimes naturism4 ,messrs4 ,mll] & ,sp5c] are agre$ t feti*ism is "o ( ! lat] =ms ( religion1 & decl9e to treat x z primitive4 ,on bo? sides ( ?is int]e/+ discussion "o desid]atum seems to u to be beautifully conspicu\s by its abs5ce1 namely1 precision ( =mula & agreem5t z to ! exact s5se ( t]ms4 ,! words feti*1 animate be+1 inanimate be+1 & s =?1 seem to u to h giv5 rise to a numb] ( misund]/&+s1 on ! "p bo? ( ^? :o are def5d+ ! feti* !ory & ( ^? :o are attack+ x4 ,let u cite "s examples3 ,max ,mll] has und]tak5 to def9e ! ^w feti*ism2 z 0 natural = a philologi/ he w5t 9 se>* ( an etymology1 & he f\nd1 rely+ on ,tylor1 t feti*ism 7f ! ,portuguese feitio1 d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 factitius1 artificial7 c\ld n designate any?+ b a sup]/iti\s rev]5ce felt or %[n = c]ta9 knick-knacks t possess$ no app>5t title to any su* hon\rable di/9ction4 ,! def9ition ( ,tylor & ( ,max ,mll] may be philologically exact2 unhappily1 none ( ! philosoph]s :o h reg>d$ feti*ism z ! basis ( religion h ev] employ$ t ^w 9 ! n>r[ & rigor\s s5se :i* ,max ,mll] puts ^u x2 !y und]/ood by x1 z de ,brosses & ,a4 ,comte did1 ! primitive t5d5cy to conceive ext]nal objects z animat$ by a life analog\s to t ( man4 ,!y compreh5d$ also1 "u ! title ( feti*ism1 :at ,max ,mll] di/+ui%es f x s c>efully "u ! names ( physiolatry1 or ! wor%ip r5d]$ to natural objects o!r ?an gimcracks1 & ( zoolatry1 or ! wor%ip ( animals4 ,! result is t ,max ,mll]'s refutations really d n conc]n ! doctr9e :i* !y are design$ to combat1 & ov] aga9/ :i* he sets up 8 own doctr9e4 ,simil>ly 9 reg>d to ! def9itions ( ,m4 ,rville4#bj ,to demon/rate t a cult = knick-knacks is n ! primitive & unique orig9al ( all human religions does n help u =w>d2 ! problem rema9s :]e x 04 ,let u consid]1 !re=e1 n ! words1 b ! !ory itself ( ! animation ( nature1 & let u exam9e ! objections t h be5 urg$ aga9/ x4 #bj ,feti*ism1 ,m4 ,rville also says1 is logically a lat] belief4 8,a feti* is a vulg> object1 possess+ no value 9 itself1 b :i* a negro pres]ves1 v5]ates1 adores1 because he believes t x is ! dwell+ place ( a _s4 ,& ! *oice ( ! said object is n absolutely arbitr>y4 ,a feti* possesses ?is v special di/9ction1 t x is ! prop]ty ( ! p]son :o adores x4 ,x is 9 ?is elem5t ( individual own]%ip--own]%ip by ! tribe or ! family--t ! diff]5ce cle>ly appe>s betwe5 ! object ( a naturi/ religion1 & ! feti*1 prop]ly s call$4 ,h[ev] humble x may be--tree1 rock1 or rivulet--! fir/ is indep5d5t1 is accessible to all1 to /rang]s z to indig5es1 on ! sole condition t !y con=m to ! exig5cies ( ! ritual or ! cult4 ,! sun %9es = ev]ybody1 ! m\nta9 is accessible to all :o scale its sides1 ! spr+ refre%es ! pass]-by1 :atev] be 8 tribe2 ! v tree :i* rises 9 ! mid/ ( ! des]t asks ( ! travell] "s m>k ( def]5ce1 & does n tr\ble itself ab\t 8 orig94 ,"o _c appropriate a natural object4 ,x is o!rwise ) a feti*4 ,once adopt$ by a family1 x is 9 "s sort 9 ! s]vice ( t family & has no?+ to d ) o!rs40 ,?is def9ition ( feti*ism is q special1 & 9 no wise conc]ns primitive feti*ism1 conceiv$ z an ascription ( some?+ analog\s to ! human w 9 all inanimate ?+s4 ,sid5ote3 ,*ildr5 & ev5 animals di/+ui% betwe5 animate & inanimate4 ,accord+ to ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,mll] ! savage may legitimately be comp>$ to a *ild :o mi/akes a well-dress$ doll = a liv+ be+1 or :o puni%es a door aga9/ :i* he has /umbl$2 ! savage is n s nave4 ,! v *ild is f> f possess+ all ! navet t is ascrib$ to him1 9 g5]al he p]fectly di/+ui%es betwe5 ! animate & ! inanimate2 & :5 he talks to 8 play-?+s1 & conducts himself be=e !m z if !y 7 alive he is n a dupe ( 8 own words1 he is compos+ a dim9utive drama simply1 9 :i* he is an actor2 he is mak+ poetry & n my?ology4 8,if 8 doll %\ld /ep up to him & bite him1 he w\ld be ! fir/ p]son to be a/oni%$40#ba ,9 ! same way1 a dog plays ) a /ick--! com$y ( ! *ase--he bites x1 he te>s x into pieces1 he w>ms to 8 game1 :i* is /ill = him1 :5 all is said1 no m ?an a game4 ,ev5 ! fam\s example ( a *ild's rage at inanimate objects aga9/ :i* x has /umbl$1 an example :i* has done s]vice 9 ! pages ( all ^? :o h writt5 on religion1#bb is s]i\sly damag$ by ,mr4 ,sp5c]2 accord+ to him1 mo!rs & nurses sugge/ to ! *ild absurd ideas :i*1 b = !m1 x w\ld n h2 x is !y1 :o1 if x has hurt itself aga9/ an inanimate object1 affect to be angry2 &1 to di/ract its att5tion f ! pa91 endeav\r to excite its ang] also4 ,! little com$y ( ! inanimate object is "o 9 :i* ! *ild displays no initiative4 ,9 any ev5t ! example deals ) an ill-obs]v$ psy*ological ph5om5on1 :i*1 = ! pres5t1 c be employ$ to support no !ory :atev]4 #ba ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology4 #bb ,see1 among o!rs1 ,m4 ,va*]ot1 ,la religion4 ,sid5ote3 ,savages mi/ak+ a wat*1 etc41 = animate l5ds no support to feti*ism4 ,simil>ly1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 no employm5t c be made ( ! mi/akes committ$ by a savage 9 ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 complex products ( ! arts & ( civilization2 he believes ^! objects to be alive1 b h[ %\ld he d o!rwise8 ,if he is deceiv$1 x is r due to ! degree ( p]fection atta9$ by our art ?an to any defect 9 8 own intellig5ce4 ,:5 ! indig5es ( ,new ,zeal& saw ,cook's %ip1 !y took x = a sail+ :ale4 ,&]son relates t ! ,bu%m5 suppos$ t a c>riage 0 an animate be+ & mu/ be provid$ ) fodd]2 ! complexity ( its /ructure1 ! symmetry ( its p>ts1 its mov+ :eels1 naturally sugge/$ no fragm5t ( _! own exp]i5ce ( inanimate ?+s4 ,j s ! ,esquimaux believ$ t a music-box & a h&-organ 7 liv+ be+s4 ,all ^! errors are 9 a measure rational1 b !y are errors ( a k9d t really primitive man w\ld h no opportunity to commit4 ,to suppose t he 0 dom9at$ by a natural t5d5cy to assign life to ?+s :i* 7 n alive1 to imag9e t he w5t out ( 8 way to conf\nd ?+s :i* animals ( a less] degree ( intellig5ce p]fectly di/+ui%1 is to inv]t ! :ole c\rse ( evolution4 ,sid5ote3 ,primitive man incuri\s4 ,!re are1 9 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s op9ion1 /ill o!r prejudices relative to primitive man f :i* we %\ld free ourselves4 ,we believe him to be volunt>ily & incessantly occupi$1 z ! mod]n infant is1 ) ! :y ( ?+s2 we fancy him p]petually endeav\r+ to satisfy a re/less curiosity4 ,unhappily1 if we are to tru/ our exp]i5ce ( ! l[] races ( man1 x appe>s t ! s5tim5t ( curiosity decreases directly z "o approa*es ! savage /ate4 ,to awak5 curiosity dem&s surprise2 ,plato 0 correct 9 reg>d+ a/oni%m5t z ! beg9n+ ( philosophy4 ,well1 :at produces a/oni%m5t is an unexpect$ brea* 9 ! *a9 ( causation2 b = a primitive intellig5ce :i* has n yet a*iev$ sci5tific maturity1 !re is no su* ?+ z natural causation & no su* ?+ z rational surprise4#bc ,! ,fuegians1 ! ,au/ralians1 %[ ! mo/ complete indiff]5ce 9 ! pres5ce ( matt]s = !m absolutely new & ess5tially surpris+4 ,accord+ to ,dampi]1 ! ,au/ralians :om he took on bo>d paid no att5tion to any?+ 9 ! vessel except :at 0 giv5 !m to eat4 ,! v mirrors did n succe$ 9 a/oni%+ savages ( inf]ior race2 !y 7 amus$ ) !m1 b ev9c$ nei!r surprise nor curiosity4 ,:5 ,p>k inquir$ ( ! negroes1 8,:at becomes ( ! sun at night8 ,is x ! same sun t rises ! next day or ano!r80--!y made him no reply & f\nd ! "q pu]ile4 ,spix & ,m>tius report1 t ! m9ute "o beg9s to "q a ,brazil ,indian ab\t 8 language he %[s signs ( impati5ce1 compla9s ( heada*e1 & proves himself incapable ( m5tal lab\r4 ,simil>ly ! ,abipones1 :5 !y f9d !mselves unable to und]/& any?+ at a glance1 soon become fatigu$ & cry1 8,:at1 aft] all1 does x am\nt to80 8,x seems10 ,sir ,john ,lubbock says1 8z if ! m9d ( ! savage lives 9 a p]petual come & g ( pure feebl5ess1 incapable ( fix+ itself ^u any?+4 ,he accepts :at he sees z an animal does2 he adapts himself to ! _w ab\t him spontane\sly2 a/oni%m5t1 admiration1 ! v conditions ( wor%ip are above him4 ,accu/om$ to ! regul>ity ( nature he pati5tly awaits ! succession ( su* ph5om5a z he has obs]v$1 me*anical habit ov]be>s all intellig5ce 9 him40 #bc ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology4 ,sid5ote3 ,inexactitude ( facts on :i* ! feti* !ory is f\nd$4 ,9 effect1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 all ( ! obs]v$ facts ^u :i* ! old feti*i/ic !ory 0 f\nd$ are *>geable ) inexactitude2 !y 7 tak5 f ! n>ratives ( ! e>li] travell]s1 :o r>ely came into contact ) any b races already debau*$ & half civiliz$4 ,little by little1 he says1 ! idea t feti*ism is primordial took possession ( m5's m9ds &1 z prepossession con/itutes n9e-t5?s ( belief1 x has re/$ ma/] ( ! field almo/ )\t a conte/2 ,i myself accept$ x1 al?\gh1 z ,i rememb]1 ) a vague feel+ ( discont5t4 ,?is discont5t became positive d\bt :5 ,i 0 bett] in=m$ ) reg>d to ! ideas ( ! savage4 ,f d\bt ,i pass$ to negation :5 ,i _h once tabulat$ ! :ole body ( ! facts relat+ to ! mo/ degrad$ races4 ,sid5ote3 ,a priori demon/ration ( ! priority ( animism4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] und]takes ev5 to demon/rate a priori ! falsity ( ! feti* !ory4 ,:at1 he asks1 is a feti*8 ,an inanimate object suppos$ to conta9 a be+1 ( :i* ! s5ses d n take cognizance2 su* a conception is extremely complex1 & above ! rea* ( primitive m9ds4 ,! savage is s incapable ( ab/raction t he c nei!r conceive nor express a col\r z di/9ct f "s col\r$ object1 a light z di/9ct f "s light object--/> or fire1 an animal :i* %all be nei!r a dog nor a c[ nor a horse2 & he is ask$ to imag9e an animate be+ 9 ! he>t ( an inanimate ?+1 an invisible p[] 9 ! he>t ( a visible object1 9 effect1 a s\l6 ,no?+ less ?an ! conception ( a s\l1 9 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s judgm5t1 w s]ve ! feti* hypo!sis2 & primitive man c]ta9ly c\ld n atta9 ! notion ( a s\l by m]e obs]vation ( nature4 ,be=e project+ ?is complex idea into ! he>t ( ?+s1 he mu/ previ\sly h con/ruct$ x1 & z prep>ation = t1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] says1 he mu/ h suppli$ himself ) a !ory ( dea?1 & conceiv$ ! m9d z surviv+ ! body1 & !re=e z sep>able f ! body & z ! motive pr9ciple ( ! body4 ,x is to 8 notions on dea? t man mu/ look = any conception ( life 9 inanimate nature4 ,e feti* is a _s1 no _s c be = a primitive intellig5ce any?+ else ?an ! _s ( someone :o is dead4 ,necess>ily1 !re=e1 a cult = ! dead1 spiritism1 mu/ prec$e feti*ism2 ! latt] is no m ?an an ext5sion1 a by-product1 ( ! =m]4#bd #bd ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,sp5c]'s attack n aga9/ a vital spot4 ,,iii4 ,su* is ! !ory ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]4 ,& he w\ld be "r if ! p>tisans ( primitive feti*ism und]/ood by feti*1 z he does1 a mat]ial object at ! he>t ( :i* ! ador] imag9es ! exi/5ce ( a my/]i\s ag5t di/9ct f ?is object itself4 ,b is ?is notion ( di/9ctness a necess>y "p1 at lea/ 9 ! beg9n+1 ( feti*ism1 or1 z "o says to-day1 ( naturism8 ,imag9e a rock :i* %\ld deta* itself unexpect$ly f ! m\nta9 side1 & roll d[n to ! hut ( a savage2 x /ops sudd5ly j z x is on ! po9t ( cru%+ 8 dwell+1 x rema9s !re p5d5t1 m5ac+1 to all appe>ance ready at an in/ant's notice to beg9 roll+ aga92 ! savage fairly trembles at ! sight ( x4 ,d y believe t he ne$s really to suppose ! pres5ce ( "s =eign ag5t1 ( a s\l1 ( an ance/ral _s 9 t /one to reg>d x z an object ( fe> & ( respect8 ,n at all4 ,x is ! rock itself :i* con/itutes 8 feti*1 x is to ! rock t he b[s2 he v5]ates x precisely because he is f> f suppos+ x1 z y d1 ess5tially & et]nally in]t & passive2 he ascribes to x possible int5tions1 a malefic5t or b5efic5t w4 ,he says to himself3 8,x is asleep to-day1 b x 0 awake ye/]day2 ye/]day x c\ld h kill$ me1 & x did n want to40 ,let ! lightn+ /rike a savage's hut ?ree times 9 succession )9 a mon?1 & he w easily recognize t ! ?und] is ill-dispos$ t[>d him &1 q )\t any prelim9>y ne$ ( p]sonification 9 ! way ( end[+ x ) a dep>t$ s\l1 he w set ab\t ador+ ! ?und] & conjur+ x n to d him h>m4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] does n p]ceive t1 at ! v beg9n+ ( 8 exposition1 he ascribes to primitive man a conception ( nature analog\s to ! ab/ract me*anism ( ,desc>tes4 ,su* a conception once pre-suppos$1 x is pla9 t to reg>d an object or a natural ph5om5on z ! c5tre ( a cult1 "s new conception mu/ be add$ to x1 & ?is new conception may well be t ( a _s4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 z he himself admits1 looks ^u feti*ism z q analog\s to mod]n spiritualism1 :i* sees 9 turn+ tables & oscillat+ *airs ! "w ( disembodi$ s\ls2 b no?+ c\ld be m arbitr>y ?an ?is analogy4 ,x is q impossible t primitive man %\ld /& 9 ! same position t we d 9 ! face ( any natural ph5om5on2 z he does n possess ! mod]n metaphysical idea ( in]t matt]1 he exp]i5ces no ne$ to inv5t an indwell+ _s be=e he c ascribe volition to x4 ,if a savage %\ld see a table turn1 he w\ld say simply t ! table 0 turn+1 no d\bt1 because x want$ to turn1 & t1 = him1 w\ld be ! end ( x2 & if by *ance x %\ld be a matt] ( int]e/ to him :e!r ! table turn$ or n1 x w\ld imm$iately become a feti* to him4 ,! conception ( a feti* does n 9 ! lea/ presuppose1 z ,mr4 ,sp5c] ma9ta9s1 ! conception ( a s\l2 !re is no su* metaphysical elem5t 9 feti*ism1 & x is precisely on t acc\nt t ?is =m ( religion mu/ h prec$$ spiritism1 :i* is always f\nd$ on a m or less rudim5t>y metaphysics4 ,sid5ote3 ,= savages & *ildr5 nature a society4 ,= animals & savages1 z = v "y *ildr51 nature is absolutely ! opposite ( :at x appe>s to be n[adays to ! s*ol> & ! philosoph]3 = !m x is n a cold & neut] habitat1 9 :i* man alone possesses aims & b5ds ev]y?+ to ! fulfilm5t ( 8 wi%es2 x is n a physical laboratory full ( in]t in/rum5ts = ! s]vice ( man4 ,on ! contr>y1 nature is a society2 primitive p see int5tion 9 ev]y?+4 ,fri5ds or enemies surr\nd !m on all sides2 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce is "o long pit*$ battle ) imag9>y allies aga9/ adv]s>ies n infrequ5tly only too real4 ,h[ %\ld !y und]/& t !re is a pr(\nd unity 9 nature :i* rigidly excludes f ! *a9 ( ?+s any?+ l individuality or indep5d5ce8 ,! only cause ( movem5t ) :i* !y are acqua9t$ is desire2 !y reckon desire or int5tion z ! cause ( e movem5t 9 nature1 z ( e movem5t 9 _! fell[-m5 & 9 animals2 & !y conceive t ! int5tions ( all ( ! div]se be+s by :i* !y f9d !mselves surr\nd$ may be equally modifi$ by pray] & (f]+s4 ,_! conception ( nature is at once an?ropomorphic & sociomorphic1 z is subsequ5tly _! conception ( ,god4 ,no?+ is m natural & inevitable ?an ?is fa%ion ( model+ ! ext]nal _w on ! int]nal1 & ! relations ( ?+s on ! relations ( m54 ,sid5ote3 ,pan!lism4 ,if ! ^w feti*ism is too vague to designate ?is primitive /ate ( m9d & gives rise to confusion1 take ano!r ^w2 if ! ^w pan!lism 7 n a little b>b>\s x w\ld bett] express ?is /age ( human intellig5ce 9 :i* "o is incl9$ to ascribe to all ! ph5om5a ( nature n inde$ s\ls1 z di/9ct f bodies1 b simply int5tions1 desires1 volitions1 z naturally inh]+ 9 ! objects !mselves4 ,sid5ote3 ,engli% classification ( ?+s4 ,b "h we %all p]haps be rem9d$ t1 z ,mr4 ,sp5c] says1 ! di/9ction betwe5 ?+s animate & inanimate is q cle> ev5 to ! brute1 &1 a =tiori1 to primitive man2 s t primitive man w n attribute desire or volition to a ?+ :i* he kn[s to be inanimate--animate1 inanimate2 h[ we d come back to ! vague6 ,"u ea* ( ^! t]ms ! mod]n man ranges a gr\p ( ideas absolutely inaccessible to primitive man & to ! l[] animals4 ,p]sonally we d5y t ! di/9ction betwe5 animate & inanimate 0 pres5t 9 ! e>lie/ /ages ( intellectual evolution4 ,c]ta9ly bo? ! animal & ! savage recogniz$ a division ( ! ph5om5a ( nature into two classes2 "o is compos$ ( ! ?+s :i* are dispos$ to d !m good or evil1 ! o!r is compos$ ( ^? :i* ignore !m simply2 t is ! primitive di/9ction4 ,z to an acqua9tance ) animate & inanimate !y are innoc5t ( any?+ ( ! k9d2 on ?is po9t1 z on all o!rs1 !y conf9e !mselves to ! grosse/ s5se-exp]i5ce4 ,_! s5ses in=m !m t c]ta9 objects are be+s :o are altoge!r in(f5sive1 :o eat nobody & are n !mselves good to eat2 "o gives !m no fur!r att5tion2 practically !y d n exi/4 ,i "o day ask$ a peasant woman ! "n ( a small plant4 ,%e look$ at me ) frank a/oni%m5t & repli$1 ) a %ake ( ! head1 8,ce n'e/ ri5--x is no?+2 x is n good to eat60 ,t woman 0 on a level ) primitive man4 ,9 ! eyes ( ! latt]1 z 9 ! eye ( an animal1 "o-half ! ph5om5a ( nature are no?+--!y d n c\nt2 "o sc>cely sees !m4 ,! fruits on a tree1 on ! contr>y1 are good to eat4 ,! savage1 h[ev]1 p]ceives imm$iately t ! fruit makes no active resi/ance1 does n cry out :5 he bites into x2 & he consid]s x1 !re=e1 z on all acc\nts absolutely indiff]5t1 except t x is good to eat4 ,b giv5 a fruit t poisons him1 he promptly fe>s x & v5]ates x4 ,simil>ly ) animals3 /ones & vegetation hold equally alo( f ! c>nivora1 are practically z di/ant z ! moon & ! />s4 ,! h]bivora1 on ! contr>y1 pay no att5tion to any?+ b vegetation4 ,natural objects be+ ?us p>cell$ (f into two classes1 ! class ( ! indiff]5t & in(f5sive1 & ! class ( ! useful & hurtful1 ! animal soon le>ns to recognize t 9 ! second class ! mo/ important objects are ^? :i* possess spontaneity ( movem5t4 ,b 9 8 eyes--& ?is is a fact ( capital importance--spontaneity ( movem5t is n ! exclusive sign ( life1 ( int]ior activity2 x is a sign simply ( utility1 or ( height5$ dang] = him4 ,he is :olly preoccupi$ ) p]sonal & practical consequ5ces2 he indulges 9 no sup]fluity ( inf]5ce 9 reg>d to ! object itself2 he does n speculate4 ,moreov]1 a mov+ object :i* 9 n[ise affects 8 s5sibility rapidly becomes q z indiff]5t to him z a motionless object4 ,animals soon become accu/om$ to ! passage ( railway tra9s3 c[s br[se tranquilly1 p>tridges on ! br[ ( a hill sc>cely lift _! heads2 & :y8 ,because !y h recogniz$ 9 ! locomotive an inanimate me*anism8#be ,n 9 ! lea/2 !y obs]ve simply t ! locomotive nev] goes out ( its way to damage !m4 #be ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 ! movem5t ( a tra9 does n appe> spontane\s to animals because x is cont9u\s2 & !re9 lies ! gr\nd ( _! exemption f fright4 ,on ?is reason+1 animals :o live 9 ! neighb\rhood ( /ations %\ld display fright at ! arrival & dep>ture ( tra9s4 ,no?+ ( ! k9d is obs]vable4 ,!y are equally incuri\s 9 reg>d to horses h>ness$ to wagons on a high-road4 ,speculative dis9t]e/$ness is altoge!r lack+ 9 animals & savages2 !y live lock$ 9 ! arms ( s5sation & desire2 !y spontane\sly draw a circle ab\t _! ego1 & :atsoev] lies beyond lies beyond _! intellig5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,belief t all ?+s are animate natural to animals4 ,?is be+ ! primitive conception ( ! _w1 we believe t ! m incapable an unciviliz$ be+ is ( obs]v+ & reason+ ! m natural x %\ld be = him to acquire ! conviction t objects :i* at fir/ /ruck him z indiff]5t are n g5u9ely inanimate1 b are sometimes malevol5t 9 _! int5tions t[>d him1 sometimes b5evol5t2 t !y possess 9 effect ov] him a q respectable degree ( p[]4 ,9 o!r words ! m intellig5t an animal or a savage becomes1 ! m sup]/iti\s he w be1 & ?us by ! v progress ( m5tal evolution ! primitive di/9ction ( objects into two classes w become dim--! di/9ction ( objects into ^? :i* are altoge!r indiff]5t & outside ( ! society 9 :i* "o lives1 & ^? :i* are m or less wor?y ( att5tion1 m or less closely 9 practical relations ) u4 ,m5tal evolution has proce$$1 believe u1 9 precisely ! opposite direction to t imag9$ by ,mr4 ,sp5c]4 ,sid5ote3 ,motion a mat]ial sign ( life 9 !m4 ,let u speak fir/ ( ! m intellig5t animals1 be=e pass+ to man4 ,! m intellig5t animals are (t5 oblig$ to give _! att5tion to a class ( objects 9 appe>ance indiff]5t to !m & to modify ! imp]fect ideas :i* !y _h at fir/ conceiv$ 9 reg>d to !m4 ,g5]ally speak+1 objects ( ?is sort are motionless2 if immobility be n _! ess5tial di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic1 x is at lea/ "o ( _! pr9cipal di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics4 ,! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation 9 a be+ inevitably be/irs itself 9 ! pres5ce ( e movem5t t looks l a m5ace4 ,well1 an animal is soon oblig$ to recognize t indiff]5t objects possess 9 c]ta9 circum/ances ! attribute ( spontane\s movem5t1 an attribute :i* is = him s vitally int]e/+4 ,i rememb] ! surprise a kitt5 once %[$ :5 x p]ceiv$ ! dead leaves rise 9 ! w9d & circulate ab\t x2 at fir/ x ran away1 & !n came back & pursu$ ! leaves1 & smelt !m1 & t\*$ !m ) its paw4 ,d>w9 relates t a dog 0 "o day ly+ ne> an op5 p>asol on ! lawn2 ! p>asol mov$ 9 ! breeze1 ! dog began to bay1 to gr[l furi\sly1 &1 e "t t ! p>asol mov$ aga91 began to gr[l afre%4 ,evid5tly x 0 a new ?+ to ,d>w9's dog t su* an object z a p>asol might *ange its place )\t ! visible int]v5tion ( "s p]son2 all ! dog's classifications 7 ?r[n into disord]1 he 0 no long] c]ta9 :e!r he mu/ class ! p>asol ) ?+s indiff]5t or ) ?+s h>mful4 ,he w\ld h exp]i5c$ an analog\s impression if he _h se5 a p>alytic pati5t1 always !ret(ore motionless 9 8 arm*air1 sudd5ly rise & walk4 ,an animal's surprise is /ill m /rong :5 an object reg>d$ z till !n indiff]5t approa*es him & manife/s its activity by an infliction ( sudd5 pa94 ,i witness$ ! a/oni%m5t ( a cat :i*1 hav+ se5 a r$-hot coal roll out ( ! /ove door1 leap$ =w>d to play ) x2 he caught x simultane\sly ) sn\t & paw1 gave a cry ( pa91 & fl$ 9 su* fe> t x 0 two days be=e he return$ to ! h\se4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] himself cites ano!r example :i* he has obs]v$4 ,! bea/ 0 a =midable creature1 half ma/iff1 half h\nd1 :o 0 play+ ) a cane2 he 0 leap+ & gamboll+1 & hold+ x by ! f]ule end4 ,sudd5ly ! h&le ( ! cane t\*$ ! gr\nd & ! f]ule 0 pu%$ =cibly back t[>d ! dog's palate4 ,! animal groan$1 let ! cane fall1 & fl$ "s di/ance away2 & !re he manife/$1 x appe>s1 a degree ( al>m truly comic 9 a bea/ app>5tly s f]oci\s4 ,x 0 only aft] _m cauti\s approa*es & mu* hesitation t he yield$ to ! temptation ( tak+ hold ( ! cane4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 :o supplies u ) ?is fact1 ) great imp>tiality concludes f x1 z we also d1 t x 0 ! unusual conduct ( ! cane :i* sugge/$ to ! dog ! notion t x 0 animate2 b he ha/5s to add t be=e ! vague idea ( animation ?us giv5 rise to 9 an animal c\ld become def9ite 9 a man1 ! int]v5tion ( "s spirituali/ic !ory w\ld be absolutely necess>y4 ,"o may well ask "o's self :at spiritualism has to d ) ! case4#bf #bf ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology4 ,sid5ote3 ,in/rum5ts suppos$ to be animate by animals4 ,"o may le>n f ! prec$+ example some?+ l :at animals conceive ! in]t in/rum5ts to be :i* !y see u h&l+ & ) :i* we sometimes /rike !m4 ,! notion ( an in/rum5t1 z su*1 is relatively mod]n & 0 altoge!r unkn[n 9 ! e>ly /ages ( evolution4 ,an in/rum5t1 9 ! eyes ( an animal z 9 ! eyes ( primitive man1 is almo/ a companion & an accomplice2 nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r possesses any o!r notion 9 especial ( causation ?an t ( a co-op]ation1 mute agreem5t betwe5 two associat$ be+s4 ,a lion1 :i* ,liv+/one %ot at & did n hit1 ran fir/ to bite ! /one :i* ! bullet _h /ruck2 x 0 only subsequ5tly t he ?rew himself ^u ! hunt]2 ! ball1 ! gun1 ! hunt]1 7 s _m di/9ct & sep>ate enemies t he 0 b5t on puni%+ 9 succession4 ,simil>ly1 9 an anci5t li/ ( pa9s & p5alties1 "o f9ds t ! w>rior is to lose 8 h&1 ! blasphem] 8 tongue1 ! spy 8 e>s4 ,at ?is mom5t my dog is at my side2 ! :ip ) :i* ,i correct$ him ?is morn+ lies ^u a *air2 ! dog walks ab\t t *air sniff+ ! air ) defiance & respect1 & ,i d n believe he w\ld h ! c\rage to t\* x4 ,he is aw>e1 h[ev]1 t :5 ! :ip hurt him1 ! circum/ances 7 q diff]5t1 t ,i 0 hold+ t dang]\s object 9 my h&1 & t ,i 01 9 a s5se1 ! fir/ cause ( 8 *a/isem5t4 ,/ill he is n p]fectly reassur$1 z he w\ld be 9 ! pres5ce ( an in]t object4 ,! impression he seems to h got /rikes me z comp>able to t :i* a *ild receives f a s]p5t beh9d a pane ( glass2 ! *ild kn[s p]fectly t "u ! actual circum/ances he is safe1 b he _c help say+ to himself1 8,if ! circum/ances 7 o!rwise60#bg ,recollect t ! ,au/ralian savage treats ! :ite man's gun z a liv+ & p[]ful be+ :i* he adores & cr[ns ) fl[]s & supplicates n to kill him4 ,leg5d attributes a magic p[] to ! swords ( great capta9s1 to ,joyeuse or to ,dur&al4 ,9 our own days1 ev51 "o sees combatants sp5d _! =ce n only aga9/ _! enemies b aga9/ ev]y?+ :i* p]ta9s to !m2 x is z if some?+ 7 suppos$ to h pass$ f ! man into ev]y?+ he possesses4 ,no?+ is m difficult to recognize ?an ! pr(\nd indiff]5ce ( nature4 #bg ,add t :5 an animal or primitive man has recogniz$ t a c]ta9 object possesses a p>ticul> attribute1 he (t5 f9ds x difficult to recognize t simply analog\s objects possess ! same attribute4 ,i 0 "o day mak+ a kitt5 run aft] a wood5 ball z a dog w\ld d2 ! ball /ruck x & hurt x2 x cri$ out & ,i pett$ x & !n want$ to beg9 play+ once m2 x w\ld run will+ly ev5 aft] l>ge /ones :5 ,i ?rew !m1 b ob/9ately refus$ to run aft] ! ball4 ,s t x evid5tly conceiv$ t ! ball alone possess$ ! attribute ( p[] to injure x2 ! kitt5 look$ ^u ! ball1 no d\bt1 ) an evil eye1 reg>d$ x p]haps z an evil be+ :o 0 unwill+ to play2 by a fault ( g5]alization ! kitt5 creat$ = itself a sort ( feti* :i* x did n adore inde$1 b :i* x fe>$1 & fe> is a /ep t[>d adoration4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] himself admits 9 savages a c]ta9 inaptitude = g5]alization4 ,?is op9ion1 p>adoxical z x may seem1 is p]haps an important tru?4 ,if primitive intellig5ces1 z ,m4 ,ta9e among o!rs rem>k$1 are especially prompt at notic+ ! sup]ficial resemblances ( ?+s1 t fact is n always a m>k ( g5u9e p]spicacity1 = ! resemblance p]ceiv$ betwe5 two s5sations may be explicable less z an intellig5t g5]alization ?an z a sort ( confusion ( ! s5sations !mselves2 if s5sations are analog\s or indi/9ct1 !y may naturally be mi/ak5 = ea* o!r )\t any ex]cise :atsoev] ( intellig5ce4 ,!nce ! comp>ative insignificance ( _m examples tak5 f ! case ( language4 ,true g5]alization seems to consi/1 m ?an any?+ else1 9 ! r$uction ( facts to law2 t is to say1 9 a consci\s ab/raction ( diff]5ces1 9 a consci\s recognition ( ! fundam5tal det]m9ism :i* b9ds ?+s up toge!r & :i* precisely eludes bo? savages & animals4 ,note f9ally t ! majority ( animals & ( savages1 :5 !y h once be5 deceiv$1 are sl[ to recov] f _! error1 are = a long "t di/ru/ful t[>d ! object :i* has deceiv$ !m4 ,a dog1 com+ home "o ev5+1 p]ceiv$ an empty cask 9 an unusual place4 ,he 0 extremely fright5$ & b>k$ = a long "t2 x 0 only by day t he d>$ approa* ne> ! object ( 8 al>m1 & he exam9$ & mov$ ab\t x1 & f9ally1 l ! frog 9 ,la ,fonta9e's fable1 recogniz$ t ! ?+ 0 in(f5sive4 ,if ! cask 9 "q _h disappe>$ dur+ ! night1 ! dog w\ld evid5tly h rememb]$ x z a r$\btable be+ se5 ! ev5+ be=e 9 ! y>d4 ,a monkey1 :i* ,i left 9 ! room ) a c>dbo>d %eep "o entire day1 prov$ unable to ! end entirely to satisfy itself t ! %eep 0 inanimate4 ,i believe1 h[ev]1 t ?is p]suasion 0 ultimately a*iev$1 = ! monkey began f9ally to pluck ! %eep's wool & to treat x some?+ too famili>ly4 ,b nature seldom p]mits u equally ext5d$ tte--tte ) objects t al>m u4 ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,mll] w call our att5tion to ! fact1 x is true1 t c>dbo>d %eep1 no m ?an h&-organs or wat*es1 exi/ 9 r]um natura4 ,we reply t nature supplies primitive man ) ?+s mu* m a/oni%+3 ) rocks1 & =e/s :i* c talk 7! e*o71 ) spr+s ( hot wat]1 ) int]mitt5t f\nta9s4 ,mr4 ,f]gusson 7,tree & ,s]p5t ,wor%ip7 relates t 9 ,india he saw ) 8 own eyes a tree :i* salut$ ! ris+ & sett+ sun1 by lift+ or l[]+ its b\ghs4 ,temples _h =m]ly be5 re>$ 9 its neighb\rhood4 ,p came f all sides to see ! m>vell\s tree4 ,?is tree 0 an old date-palm1 half decay$1 :i* hung above ! road2 9 ord] to pass bel[ x1 x _h be5 held back by a rope2 b dur+ ?is op]ation ! fibres :i* compos$ ! trunk 7 twi/$ l ! ?reads 9 a rope4 ,^! fibres contract$ t[>d midday 9 ! heat ( ! sun2 ! tree untwi/$ & rose4 ,x relax$ "u ! dew at ev5+ & once m b[$ d[n4 7,see ,m4 ,gir>d de ,rialle1 ,my?ologie comp>e1 t4 i47 ,sid5ote3 ,conduct g5]ates beliefs t ju/ify x4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 :o d5ies t ! *ild spontane\sly /rikes ! table :i* has w\nd$ him1 is n1 h[ev]1 unaw>e t a savage--! ,indian ,tupis1 = example--if he has bruis$ 8 foot aga9/ a /one1 leaps aga9/ x 9 fury & bites x l a dog4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] sees 9 su* facts a ph5om5on :olly physical1 ! ne$ = sp5d+ "o's rage 9 viol5t muscul> action2 b ?is v ne$ c b fav\r ! bir? ( a psy*ological illusion1 ( :i* ! t5acity w be proportionate to ! int5sity ( ! s5tim5t4 ,! physical & ! moral are too closely b\nd up toge!r = a physical expression ( ang] n to be accompani$ by a moral belief correspond+ to ! action2 if a p[]ful in/9ct induces u to treat a /one z an enemy1 we %all v really see an enemy 9 ?is /one4 ,sid5ote3 ,romanes' exp]im5ts4 ,mr4 ,romanes made "s obs]vations1 ( ! same k9d z ^? ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 ^u a v intellig5t ,skye t]ri]4 ,?is t]ri]1 l _m o!r dogs1 0 accu/om$ to play ) dri$ bones1 ?r[+ !m into ! air & end[+ !m ) an appe>ance ( life1 = ! pleasure ( *as+ !m aft]w>d4 ,mr4 ,romanes atta*$ a long sl5d] ?read to a dri$ bone :i* he gave ! dog to play )4 ,aft] he _h play$ = "s "t ,mr4 ,romanes *ose an opportune mom5t1 :5 ! bone _h fall5 to ! gr\nd "s di/ance away1 & ! t]ri] 0 approa*+ x2 he drew ! bone g5tly away1 by means ( ! ?read atta*$ to x4 ,! attitude ( ! t]ri] *ang$ entirely4 ,! bone1 :i* he _h be5 pret5d+ to reg>d z liv+1 appe>$ to him to be really s1 & 8 surprise knew no b\nds4 ,he approa*$ x n]v\sly & cauti\sly1 z ,mr4 ,sp5c] describes 9 ! obs]vation :i* he made2 b ! sl[ motion ( ! bone cont9u$1 & ! dog became m & m c]ta9 t ! movem5t c\ld n be expla9$ z result+ f ! impulsion :i* he _h communicat$2 8 surprise became t]ror1 & he ran away & hid himself "u ! table1 to /udy f a di/ance ! disconc]t+ spectacle ( dri$ bones com+ to life aga96 ,sid5ote3 ,soap-bubble exp]im5t4 ,ano!r ( ,mr4 ,romanes' exp]im5ts on ! same dog %[s t ! s5tim5t ( ! my/]i\s 01 9 ?is animal1 q p[]ful en\gh to s]ve z an explanation ( 8 conduct4 ,hav+ tak5 ! t]ri] into a c>pet$ room1 ,mr4 ,romanes roll$ "s soap-bubbles :i* an un/eady draft ( air blew ab\t ! c>pet4 ,! dog took a great int]e/ 9 ! matt]1 & seem$ unable to decide :e!r ! bubbles 7 alive or n4 ,at fir/ he 0 v prud5t1 & foll[$ ! bubbles at a di/ance1 b z he 0 enc\rag$ to exam9e !m m closely1 he approa*$ !m ) 8 e>s up & 8 tail d[n1 9 evid5t appreh5sion2 ! in/ant ! bubble mov$ he drew back4 ,aft] a "t1 h[ev]1 dur+ :i* !re 0 at lea/ "o bubble on ! floor1 he took c\rage1 &1 ! sci5tific _s ga9+ ! upp] h& ov] ! s5tim5t ( my/]y1 he became brave en\gh to draw sl[ly ne> "o ( !m & to put 8 paw ^u x1 n )\t anxiety4 ,naturally ! bubble bur/1 & 8 a/oni%m5t 0 vivid 9 ! extreme4 ,mr4 ,romanes made o!r bubbles1 b c\ld n p]suade ! dog to approa* !m = a long "t4 ,aft] a :ile1 h[ev]1 he />t$ aga9 9 pursuit ( "o1 & endeav\r$ ) mu* caution to put 8 paw ^u x4 ,! result 0 ! same z be=e4 ,aft] ! second attempt x 0 impossible to induce him to make a ?ird1 & he ultimately ran out ( ! room & c\ld n be coax$ back4 ,! same exp]im5t1 tri$ by ,pr(essor ,delbuf on 8 dog ,m\/on1 gave a /ill m /rik+ result4 ,at ! bl[+ ( ! f\r? bubble1 8 wra? knew no b\nds1 b he no long] s\ght to seize x1 he cont5t$ himself ) b>k+ at x1 9 all ! acc5ts ( rage1 until x bur/4 ,pr(essor ,delbuf wi%$ to cont9ue ! exp]im5t1 & attempt$ to d s1 b1 to 8 great regret1 0 oblig$ to break (f because ( ! fr5zy into :i* ! dog _h work$ himself4 ,! mom5t t ,pr(essor ,delbuf laid 8 h& ^u ! vessel conta9+ ! soap-suds1 ! dog 0 no long] "u 8 control4 ,8 condition 0 evid5tly due1 ,pr(essor ,delbuf says1 to a contradiction betwe5 ! fact & 8 exp]i5ce1 t ev]y?+ :i* is col\r$ is tangible4 ,he 0 9 ! pres5ce ( ! unkn[n1 ) all its my/]ies & m5aces2 ! unkn[n1 :i* is ! s\rce ( fe> & ( sup]/ition4 ,sid5ote3 ,fe> ( ?und] 9 animals due to s5se ( my/]y4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,romanes ! fe> t _m animals h ( ?und] is due1 9 "s sort1 to a s5tim5t ( my/]y4 ,he once possess$ a sett]1 :i*1 he says1 _h n he>d ?und] until x _h rea*$ ! age ( eighte5 mon?s1 :5 x almo/ di$ ( fe>4 ,he has obs]v$ ! same ph5om5on 9 o!r animals1 9 div]se circum/ances4 ,! fright ( ! sett] 9 "q 0 s /rong t1 subsequ5tly1 :5 he he>d "s artill]y practice & mi/ook x = ?und]1 8 aspect 0 positively pitiable1 & 9 ! mid/ ( ! *ase he endeav\r$ to hide himself1 or to ga9 ! h\se4 ,aft] two or ?ree exp]i5ces ( ?und] 8 horror ( cannon became great] ?an ev]1 s mu* s t1 9 spite ( 8 love = ! *ase1 x 0 impossible to coax him out ( 8 k5nel1 s great 0 8 fe> t ! artill]y practice might recomm5ce & he be di/ant f ! h\se4 ,b ! keep]1 :o _h _h a wide exp]i5ce ( dogs1 assur$ ,mr4 ,romanes t1 if ! dog 7 once tak5 to ! batt]y & %[n ! v]itable cause = a noise analog\s to t ( ?und]1 he w\ld become once m fit = ! hunt4 ,mr4 ,romanes does n d\bt t su* w\ld h be5 ! case1 = once1 :5 sacks ( apples 7 be+ empti$1 x made a noise 9 ! h\se l di/ant ?und]2 ! sett] 0 v re/less1 b :5 ,mr4 ,romanes took him :]e ! sacks 7 be+ op5$ & %[$ him ! real cause ( ! noise1 8 t]ror left him1 & on 8 return to ! h\se he li/5$ to ! l[ rumbl+ 9 p]fect quietude4 ,sid5ote3 ,all natural ph5om5a t5d to seem artificial to primitive man4 ,:5 "o looks close "o is surpris$ to see h[ _m causes w\ld naturally lead "o to attribute life1 & life ( an extraord9>y & my/]i\s "*1 to su* & su* really passive objects4 ,su* causes act evid5tly ) greatly additional p[] ^u ! savage1 ! primitive man1 ! man ( ! quat]n>y epo*1 or ^u ! an?ropoid1 z yet undiscov]$1 ^: in/rum5ts h be5 f\nd 9 ! t]ti>y p]iod4 ,common animals1 9 effect1 are almo/ lack+ 9 att5tion2 f :i* x results t to produce any durable m5tal effect on !m1 a prolong$ repetition ( ! same s5sation is necess>y2 !y mu/ be accu/om$ to x4 ,moreov] _! crude intellig5ce takes no impression f evanesc5t facts1 !y are unacqua9t$ ) ! ext]nal _w except by av]ages4 ,exceptional facts /rike !m = an in/ant1 b pres5tly glance (f into oblivion4 ,9 ?is imp]fect ma*9e1 we> & te> is v rapid & ! traces ( ph5om5a inevitably blur & become conf\nd$4 ,if animals possess a memory = s5sations1 !y lack an intellectual memory altoge!r2 !y are capable ( surprise1 b n ( rememb]+ a surprise4 ,to produce 9 !m a t5aci\s memory dem&s a sett+ ( pa9 or pleasure1 & ev5 !n1 if !y recollect ! s5sation !y exp]i5c$1 !y readily =get ! gr\nds ( x4 ,!y feel passively1 in/ead ( obs]v+4 ,f ! mom5t :]e1 ) man1 ! _s ( obs]vation ent]s ^u ! sc5e ev]y?+ is diff]5t2 an exceptional fact1 = ! same reason t x becomes rapidly effac$ 9 an animal intellig5ce1 p5etrates ! m deeply into ! memory ( a man4 ,moreov]1 man's sph]e ( action is mu* wid] ?an t ( any animal1 & consequ5tly ! field ( 8 exp]i5ce is mu* m va/2 ! m he modifies1 volunt>ily1 ! face ( nature1 ! m capable he becomes ( recogniz+ & obs]v+ ! v>iations :i* x pres5ts1 indep5d5tly ( 8 int]v5tions4 ,man possesses a notion unkn[n to animals1 ! notion ( artificial ?+s1 ( results delib]ately atta9$ by self-consci\s volition4 ,"o rememb]s t feti* comes f factitius1 artificial4 ,man1 be+ acqua9t$ ) ! use ( fire1 w reg>d1 = example1 a =e/ set ablaze by lightn+ f entirely a diff]5t po9t ( view f :at any animal c\ld3 ! animal w flee )\t any o!r s5tim5t ?an t ( al>m2 ! man w naturally suppose ! exi/5ce ( "s p]son :o set x on fire--:o 0 act+1 :o 0 do+ on a gr& scale :at he himself sometimes does4 ,simil>ly ) a boil+ spr+2 ?is ph5om5on lies too f> beyond ! limits ( animal intellig5ce to be especially /rik+2 b a man1 on ! o!r h&1 :o habitually goes to "s tr\ble to provide himself ) boil+ wat]1 inf]s ! exi/5ce ( "s subt]ranean p]son :o is heat+ wat] = purposes ( 8 own4 ,all natural ph5om5a t5d ?us to appe> artificial to ! eyes ( a be+ :o has once famili>iz$ himself ) ! notion ( artifice4 ,i 0 pres5t rec5tly among "s memb]s ( ! l[] classes at ! fl[+ ( an int]mitt5t spr+2 n "o ( !m 0 incl9$ to believe ! ph5om5on a natural "o1 !y reg>d$ x z an effect ( "s me*anism1 ( "s artifice4 ,! same belief is evid5tly common among primitive p1 ) ?is diff]5ce1 t artificial1 in/ead ( sugge/+ me*anics1 implies ! notion ( a sup]human & m>vel\s p[]4 ,sid5ote3 ,feti*ism a logical !ory to primitive man4 ,j z ! animal f9ds ! rationale ( all ?+s 9 a notion ( life & ( activity1 man t5ds to f9d a rationale ( all ?+s 9 a conception ( art & ( s*em+ intellig5ce4 ,= ! "o1 surpris+ ph5om5a are simply inexplicable conduct2 = ! o!r1 !y are ! complex effects ( delib]ative intellig5ce1 !y are ma/]-pieces4 ,b ! notion ( activity1 f> f becom+ effac$ 9 ! progress ( evolution1 becomes simply m def9ite & m precise4 ,giv5 8 incomplete exp]i5ce1 primitive man is p]fectly logical 9 attribut+ intellig5ce & consci\sness to nature1 he c\ld n rationally d o!rwise2 8 m9d is imprison$ 9 a bl9d alley1 & sup]/ition is ! sole outlet4 ,at a giv5 mom5t 9 human evolution1 sup]/ition 0 p]fectly rational4 ,sid5ote3 ,seem+ imman5ce ( consci\s life 9 nature4 ,ev5 9 our days1 m5 ( sci5ce are greatly emb>rass$ by _! inability to po9t out ! precise l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! animate & ! inanimate2 & h[ %\ld primitive man h grappl$ ) ?is problem8 ,h[ di/+ui%1 = example1 betwe5 sleep & dea? dur+ "o entire portion ( life2 dur+ sleep1 liv+ bodies lie in]t1 & :y %\ld n in]t bodies sometimes prove to be alive8 ,at night especially1 ! :ole becomes trans=m$1 ev]y?+ becomes animate1 a brea? ( w9d suffices to make ev]y?+ palpitate2 x seems z if all nature awak5$ aft] its day's sleep2 x is ! h\r :5 wild bea/s g 9 se>* ( prey1 & my/]i\s noises fill ! =e/4 ,! calme/ imag9ation1 "u su* circum/ances1 yields to a temptation to see fanta/ic objects t are n4 ,"o night ,i 0 walk+ on ! sea-%ore1 & saw di/9ctly a gigantic bea/ mov+ "s di/ance away2 x prov$ to be a p]fectly motionless rock1 9 ! mid/ ( o!rs l x1 b ! waves1 :i* alt]nately cov]$ & discov]$ x 9 "p1 l5t x1 to my eyes1 "s portion ( _! own mobility4 ,h[ _m ?+s 9 nature borr[ ?us f "s circum/ance--f ! w9d1 f a m or less unc]ta9 light--an appe>ance ( life6#bh ,ev5 :5 ! eyes !mselves w\ld be incapable ( self-deception1 ! influ5ce ( ! fooli% t]rors s frequ5t among *ildr5 & be+s habituat$ to savage life w\ld c\nt enorm\sly4 ,emotional susceptibility is ! m highly develop$ among savages1 9 t x =ms = !m frequ5tly a means ( safety4 ,& primitive man is mu* m subject ?an we are to halluc9ations ( ! sort t are due to t]ror1 & are n :olly fanta/ic1 b result f a fanta/ic int]pretation ( "s g5u9e s5se /imulus4 ,! travell] ,p>k met two negroes on horseback2 !y fl$ f him at a gallop 9 extreme t]ror1 & meet+ 8 foll[]s 9 ! c\rse ( _! flight report$ t !y _h se5 him dress$ 9 ! float+ robes ( "s r$\btable _s4 ,"o ( !m affirm$ t at sight ( ,p>k he _h felt himself envelop$ 9 a brea? ( cold air f heav51 :i* 0 l a jet ( cold wat]4 ,suppress ! ^w _s 9 ?is passage1 :i* implies a pre-exi/+ belief 9 ! s\l1 & y w p]ceive h[ halluc9ations due to t]ror may well give bir? to beliefs all ! m t5aci\s = ! elem5t ( tru? !y conta94 #bh ,mr4 ,h4 ,russell1 ! explor] ( ! ,pyr5ees1 rem>ks ! fanta/ic effects produc$ by ! moonlight 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,z ! moonlight replac$ ! previ\s %ad[ on ! faces & ! angles ( ! rocks1 he says1 9 an acc\nt ( ! asc5sion ( ! peak ( ,eri/e1 !y seem$ s pla9ly to move t once he mi/ook "o ( !m = a be> & cock$ ! revolv] at 8 side4 ,! same explor] rem>ks also ! surpris+ trans=mations :i* natural objects und]go at nightfall & at daybreak4 ,at dawn1 he says1 !re is a sort ( univ]sal %iv] :i* seems to animate ev]y?+2 ! s\nd ( ! neighb\r+ cascade *ang$ frequ5tly2 at break ( day1 aft] hav+ groan$ & ?und]$ alt]nately1 x beg9s to scold4 ,= 9 ! morn+ 9 ! m\nta9s1 he says1 s\nds ga9 magnitude1 !y swell1 & torr5ts 9 especial lift _! voices z if angry2 ) ! arrival ( ! day ! air becomes sonor\s & s\nd c>ries f>!r4 ,he has exp]i5c$ ?is1 he says1 frequ5tly1 b does n und]/& ! cause4--,alp9e ,club1 #ahhg4 ,sid5ote3 ,dreams4 ,dreams also h play$ a consid]able rle 9 ! g5esis ( sup]/itions1 z ,epicurus & ,lucretius rem>k$1 & ! lab\rs ( ,messrs4 ,tylor & ,sp5c] h prov$4 ,primitive language supplies no means ( say+1 8,i dreamt t ,i saw02 "o mu/ say simply1 8,i saw40 ,well1 9 ! dreams :i* ! savage himself c sc>cely di/+ui% f reality1 he sees no?+ b a p]petual s]ies ( metamorphoses1 ( ! trans=mation ( m5 into f]oci\s bea/s1 & ( f]oci\s bea/s into m52 he dreams t he picks up a /one1 & t x comes to life 9 8 h&2 he looks out ^u a motionless lake1 & x becomes sudd5ly a crawl+ mass ( crocodiles & ( s]p5ts4#bi ,h[ c ,mr4 ,sp5c] ma9ta91 aft] t1 t primitive man c di/+ui% ) "s degree ( c]ta9ty ! animate f ! inanimate8 ,n only dur+ dreams1 b dur+ wakefulness1 ev]y?+ sugge/s to primitive man ! notion ( *anges ( sub/ance & magic metamorphoses4 ,eggs1 :i* are inanimate1 *ange into birds or insects2 dead fle% becomes liv+ worms2 an effigy1 "u ! influ5ce ( memory1 seems to live aga9 & to respire4#cj #bi ,sp5c]'s ,sociology4 #cj ,savages imag9e t !y see ! eyes ( portraits move4 ,i myself saw a *ild ( two ye>s old1 accu/om$ to play ) engrav+s1 "o day 9 a great fright snat* away its gr&mo!r's f+]1 :i* 0 re/+ on ! picture ( a f]oci\s bea/4 8,big bea/ bite gr&mamma60 ,^! ideas1 :i* totally ignore ! pr(\nd & def9itive diff]5ce betwe5 animate & inanimate1 are fix$ 9 ! human m9d4 ,a man ( di/+ui%$ education once ma9ta9$ to me q s]i\sly t c]ta9 petrifactive spr+s 9 ! ,pyr5ees possess$ ! p[] ( *ang+ /icks into s]p5ts4 ,= "o capable ( imag9+ t a bit ( wood might ?us become a s]p5t1 :at difficulty w\ld !re be 9 believ+ t ! bit ( wood is alive 7ev5 a bit ( dead wood71 t ! spr+ is alive 79 especial a spr+ ) su* m>vell\s prop]ties71 & f9ally t ! m\nta9 itself is alive2 ev]y?+ is animate to eyes l t1 & possess$ ( magic p[]4 ,sid5ote3 ,primitive man humanizes nature4 ,an animal is n suffici5tly ma/] ( its s5sations to foll[ _! c\rse ?r\gh\t _! successive modifications2 x is n 9 any prop] s5se a witness1 z man is1 ( ! progress1 ( ! p]petual movem5t & trans=mation ( all ?+s2 nature is1 = x1 a s]ies ( deta*$ pictures ( :i* x does n seize ! contra/s4 ,:5 man1 on ! contr>y1 foll[s att5tively ! m or less sl[ evolution ( ?+s1 he p]ceives ! effacem5t ( e fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 ! animate & ! inanimate1 he obs]ves a process ( bl9d me*anical lab\r1 :i* produces life 9 objects 9 appe>ance q in]t4 ,is !re n some?+ rationally pr(\nd & ju/ifiable 9 ! v navet ) :i* he int]prets nature8 ,poetry is (t5 philosophy 9 its mo/ p5etrat+ =m4 ,:o has n ask$ himself sometimes if a puissant & hidd5 spr+ ( life does n circulate unkn[n to u 9 ! high m\nta9s1 9 ! /ill trees1 & 9 ! re/less ocean1 & if mute nature does n live 9 "o long c\rse ( m$itation ^u !mes unkn[n to u8 ,& s9ce ev5 n[adays we ourselves are full ( su* vague d\bts z t1 d we imag9e t x w\ld be easy to conv9ce "o ( ^! primitive m5 ( 8 error1 :5 he fancies t he feels ! beat+ ( :at ! ,g]mans call ! 8he>t ( nature08 ,aft] all is ! primitive man wrong8 ,ev]y?+ ab\t u does live1 no?+ is inanimate except 9 appe>ance1 in]tia is a ^w simply2 all nature is "o univ]sal aspiration1 mod]n sci5ce alone c measure ) "s approa* to accuracy ! activity ) :i* all ?+s are saturat$1 & %[ x to u1 "h exi/5t 9 a /ate ( diffusion1 !re 9 a /ate ( conc5tration1 & self-consci\s1 & make u acqua9t$ ) ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! high] organisms & ! l[] organisms1 & betwe5 ! latt] & me*anisms & rudim5t>y gr\p+s ( bits ( matt]4 ,= primitive man1 to :om all ^! di/9ctions1 all ! gradations are impossible1 !re is b "o ?+ evid5t1 & t is t ! :ole ( nature lives2 & he naturally conceives ?is life on ! model ( 8 own1 z accompani$ by self-consci\sness1 by an intellig5ce ! m a/oni%+ 9 t x is my/]i\s4 ,moreov] he is a man1 & humanizes nature2 he lives 9 society ) o!r m51 & conceives all ?+s 9 t]ms ( social relations ( fri5d%ip or ( enmity4 ,sid5ote3 ,& div9izes x4 ,f ! humanization to ! div9ization !re is b "o /ep2 let u endeav\r to make x4 ,:oev] says god1 means a liv+ & p[]ful be+ wor?y1 9 "s especial degree1 ( fe>1 ( respect1 or ( gratitude4 ,primitive man possesses already1 let u suppose1 "s notion ( life2 he ne$s n[ to be suppli$ ) "s notion ( p[]1 :i* alone is capable ( inspir+ him ) rev]5ce1 & ?is notion x does n seem difficult = a be+ to obta91 :o sees 9 all nature an expression ( a manifold consci\s life1 & :o mu/ recognize 9 c]ta9 great ph5om5a ! manife/ation ( a w mu* m p[]ful ?an t ( any man1 & consequ5tly m r$\btable & wor?y ( respect4 ,"h also1 h[ev]1 we enc\nt] s]i\s objections f ,mr4 ,sp5c] & f an?ropologi/s l ,m4 ,le ,bon2 ! "q becomes m complex4 ,sid5ote3 ,natural ph5om5a q /rik+ en\gh to be ador$ on _! own acc\nt4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 z we h se51 ! mo/ important ph5om5a ( nature1 & among o!rs ! ris+ & ! sett+ ( ! sun1 are precisely ^? :i* mu/ be lea/ /rik+ to primitive man2 !y _c appe> to him to be extraord9>y because !y happ5 e day2 s t he exp]i5ces be=e !m nei!r surprise nor admiration4 ,?is argum5t is v +5i\s1 b is x n also a little sophi/ical8 ,if x 7 pu%$ to ! end x w\ld am\nt simply to ! fact t !re is no?+ surpris+ or unusual 9 nature1 no?+ :i* breaks ) ! preconceiv$ association ( ideas1 no?+ :i* seems to manife/ ! sudd5 int]v5tion ( /rong or viol5t p[]s4 ,! fact1 h[ev]1 is q ! contr>y2 nature is full ( surprises & ( t]rors4 ,! day may be f9e2 sudd5ly ! cl\ds ga!r & ! ?und] rolls--! fe> ( ?und] felt by animals has already be5 spok5 (2 9 ! m\nta9s especially ! rumbl+1 re-e*o+1 fills !m ) unspeakable t]ror4 ,droves ( cattle lose all control ( !mselves & ?r[ !mselves headlong d[n precipices4 ,x is ) great difficulty t ! h]dsman by 8 pres5ce & exhortations keeps 8 h]d 9 ord]2 probably ! bea/s see 9 ! h]dsman a p[]ful fri5d1 capable ( protect+ !m aga9/ ?is t]rible be+ :om ! ,h9dus call ! 8h[l]40 ,if animals tremble ?us be=e ! ?und]1 x is unlikely t primitive man %\ld see no?+ 9 x abnormal & extraord9>y4 ,simil>ly ) ! hurricane1 :i* seems l an enorm\s respiration1 z ( a univ]se out ( brea?4 ,simil>ly ) ! tempe/3 "o kn[s ! ,basque prov]b3 8,if y want to le>n to pray1 g to sea40 ,ev]yone :o f9ds himself 9 ! h&s ( a victori\s enemy is naturally incl9$ to beg = m]cy4 ,let !re sup]v5e a sudd5 calm2 at ! mom5t :5 ! tempe/ 0 ab\t to break1 let ! sun reappe> l a great smil+ face1 *as+ away ! cl\d ) 8 arr[ ( gold1 & w x n seem a b5evol5t auxili>y2 w x n be receiv$ ) cries ( joy & en?usiasm8 ,nature is incessantly %[+ u ?us "s unexpect$ *ange ( sc5e1 produc+ "s !atrical effect :i* inevitably sugge/s "s an?ropomorphic drama1 9 :i* ! elem5ts & ! />s are ! actors4 ,h[ _m /range ?+s happ5 9 ! sky :5 once ! att5tion is direct$ ?i!r6 ,eclipses ( ! moon & ( ! sun1 & ! v phases ( ! moon1 are abundantly calculat$ to a/oni% ! v savages :om ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,mll] decl>e to be incapable ( a/oni%m5t4 ,note1 too1 t ! simple view ( ! />s at night provokes a lively admiration 9 anyone :o is accu/om$ to sleep "u a ro(4 ,i rememb] /ill my surprise1 :51 z a *ild1 ,i 0 awake = ! fir/ "t 9 ! night & lift$ my eyes by *ance on high & p]ceiv$ ! heav5 glitt]+ ) />s2 x 0 "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ impressions ( my life4#ca #ca ,let u rememb] 9 ?is connection t1 accord+ to ,wuttke1 ,j4 ,g4 ,mll]1 & ,s*ultze1 a cult = ! moon & nocturnal />s mu/ h prec$$ t ( ! sun1 contr>y to ! weight ( op9ion h]et(ore4 ,! moon's phases 7 calculat$ to take ! att5tion ( primitive p1 & mu/ e>ly h done s4 ,"o mu/1 h[ev]1 9 ?is connection be on "o's gu>d aga9/ g5]aliz+ too quickly & believ+ t ! evolution ( human ?\ght has 9 all places foll[$ ! same r\te4 ,habitats diff] too widely = !re n to h be5 9 ! beg9n+ an inf9ite div]sity 9 ! religi\s conceptions ent]ta9$ by diff]5t peoples4 ,9 ,africa1 = example1 x is evid5t a priori t ! sun does n possess all ! *>act]i/ics ( a div9ity4 ,x is nev] desir$ or regrett$1 z 9 a nor!rn c\ntry2 x is1 to all appe>ance at lea/1 r malefic5t ?an b5efic5t2 & ! ,africans adore by pref]5ce ! moon & />s1 ! g5tle radiance ( :i* af=ds !m light )\t oppressive heat1 refre%es & reposes !m f ! fatigues ( ! day4 ,! moon is consid]$ by !m z a male & all-p[]ful be+1 ( :i* ! sun is ! female4 ,x is :5 ! new moon arises1 aft] its p]iod ( abs5ce f ! heav5s1 & beg9s once m ! r\nd ( its visible phases1 t x is receiv$ & salut$ ) an especial demon/ration ( cries & dances4 ,! ,congo blacks g ! l5g? ( see+ 9 ! moon a symbol ( immortality 7,m4 ,gir>d de ,rialle1 ,my?ologie comp>e1 p4 #adh74 ,am]ica1 on ! contr>y1 has be5 ! c5tre ( ! wor%ip ( ! sun4 ,9 g5]al x seems t agriculture mu/ ( necessity result 9 ! triumph ( sun wor%ip ov] moon wor%ip1 = ! lab\r] is m dep5d5t ^u ! sun ?an ! hunt] or ! w>rior4 ,accord+ to ,j4 ,g4 ,mll]1 savage & w>like races h display$ a pref]5ce = ! moon4 ,9 effect1 e>? & sky incessantly furni% mank9d ) new impressions capable ( /imulat+ ! mo/ torpid imag9ation1 & ( appeal+ to ! :ole r\nd ( human & social s5sibilities3 fe>1 respect1 gratitude4 ,) ^! ?ree elem5ts x is easy to acc\nt = ! g5esis ( ! religi\s s5tim5t4#cb ,if1 !n1 our ance/ors ador$ ! dawn1 we d n believe1 ) ,max ,mll]1 t x 0 because x seem$ to op5 ! gates ( heav5 & reveal to !m a vision ( ! inf9ite2 we d n admit1 ) ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 t a cult = ! />s is r$ucible 9 ! la/ resort to a simple confusion ( names1 & 0 orig9ally b an (f-%oot f ance/or wor%ip due orig9ally to ! s\l ( "s ance/or1 :o 0 metaphorically call$ 9 8 lifetime by ! "n ( ! sun or ( "s />4 ,x seems to u t "o might q well wor%ip ! sun & ! />s on _! own acc\nt1 or r on acc\nt ( ! relation !y be> to u4 #cb ,z has be5 rem>k$1 ! adoration ( natural =ces has be5 obs]v$ "u two =ms4 ,x has be5 address$ sometimes to regul> & calm ph5om5a 7,*aldeans1 ,egyptians71 sometimes to *ang+ & port5t\s ph5om5a 7,jews1 ,indo-,europeans74 ,x almo/ always results 9 ! p]sonification ( ^! =ces4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,summ>y4 ,to sum up1 ! simple/1 ! mo/ primitive conception t man c =m ( nature is to reg>d x1 n z a manifold ( int]dep5d5t ph5om5a1 b z a multitude ( consci\s & volunt>y be+s1 m or less indep5d5t & end[$ ) extreme p[]1 capable ( act+ ^u ea* o!r & ^u mank9d4 ,sci5tific det]m9ism _c b be a mu* lat] conception1 incapable ( sugge/+ itself 9 ! e>ly /ages ( human ?\ght4 ,! _w once conceiv$ ?us z a collection ( physically p[]ful1 volunt>y be+s1 man comes1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 to end[ ^! be+s1 morally & socially1 ) qualities accord+ to ! mann] 9 :i* !y conduct !mselves t[>d him4 8,! moon is naughty ?is ev5+10 a *ild said to me2 8x w n %[ itself40 ,primitive man said also t ! hurricane 0 naughty1 ! ?und] 0 naughty1 & s =?1 :]eas ! sun1 ! moon1 ! fire1 :5 !y gave him pleasure1 7 good & b5efic5t4 ,well1 giv5 a _w ( volunt>y be+s sometimes good1 sometimes evil1 arm$ ) irresi/ible p[]1 easy to irritate1 prompt to take v5geance z man is himself1 are !y n gods8 ,& if primitive man ?us possesses gods1 does he n also possess a religion z ! c]emonial :i* regulates 8 social relations ) ! gods8 ,to create a religion we ne$1 9 effect1 to add b "o idea to ^? already dealt )--! idea t x is possible by su* & su* conduct1 by (f]+s1 by supplications1 to influ5ce ! sup]ior be+s ) :i* nature is peopl$2 b ?is idea1 :i* seems to u q simple1 did n1 h[ev]1 appe> be=e a relatively advanc$ /age ( intellectual evolution4 ,a savage animal is sc>cely acqua9t$ ) any o!r means ( influ5c+ o!r be+s ?an bit+1 gr[l+1 & m5ac+2 if ^! means fail1 he c\nts on flight4 ,a m\se has no hope ( influ5c+ a cat 9 any mann] :atsoev]2 once betwe5 ! cat's paws1 x kn[s !re is b "o res\rce1 to run away2 /ill ! animal ultimately1 & 9 especial at ! p]iod ( c\rt%ip1 le>ns to recognize ! p[] ( c>esses & att5tions2 x does n1 h[ev]1 occur to him to employ ^! means t[>d any b individuals ( ! same species4 ,moreov]1 ! animals mu/ be social be=e ! language ( mann]s c atta9 ev5 a v humble degree ( developm5t2 ! animal conf9es itself g5]ally to c>esses ) ! tongue1 ) ! head1 ) ! tail4 ,evid5tly1 also1 su* means w\ld be inappropriate 9 reg>d to be+s :i* did n possess a hide & coat ( hair2 an animal w\ld n lick a tree or a /one1 ev5 if x attribut$ to !m an unwont$ degree ( p[]4 ,s t ev5 if ! brute1 z ,augu/e ,comte suppos$1 really possess$ feti*i/ic conceptions m or less vague1 x w\ld exp]i5ce a complete inability to manife/ its goodwill 9 any mann] :atsoev] t[>d its rudim5t>y feti*es4 ,sup]/iti\s fe> is "o ( ! elem5ts ( religion :i*1 aft] all1 is well )9 ! capacity ( an animal1 b ?is fe> _c 9 an animal produce ev5 ! fir/ /eps ( an embryo cult4 ,an animal is ignorant ( ! means ( t\*+1 ( captivat+1 ( ! inf9itely complex language ( affection & rev]5ce4 ,comp>atively inaccessible to pity himself1 he has no notion h[ to act to excite pity 9 ano!r2 ! conception ( a gift1 ( an (f]+1 s ess5tial to ! relations ( m5 to ea* o!r & to _! gods is1 save 9 r>e in/ances1 to x unkn[n4 ,! mo/ primitive cult is always ess5tially a c\nt]feit ( an advanc$ social /ate2 an imitation1 9 an imag9>y comm]ce ) ! gods1 ( a comm]ce already exi/+ among m5 unit$ by complex ties4 ,religion implies a nasc5t art ( sociability1 an elem5t>y acqua9tance ) ! spr+s :i* regulate ! conduct ( be+s 9 society2 !re is a c]ta9 rhetoric 9 pray]1 9 g5uflections & pro/rations4 ,ev]y?+ ( t k9d is f> beyond ! range ( ! l[] animals4 ,"o may discov] among !m1 h[ev]1 "s traces ( ! process ( evolution :i* man mu/ h foll[$4 ,x is1 9 especial1 "u dome/ication t an animal's mann]s rea* _! highe/ developm5t4 ,_! association ) a sup]ior be+ resembles1 m closely ?an any?+ else 9 nature1 ! /ate 9 :i* primitive man believ$ himself to live ) 8 gods4 ,! dog seems at times to put up a v]itable pray] to ! ma/] :o is beat+ x1 :5 x crawls at 8 feet & :imp]s4 ,?is attitude1 h[ev]1 provok$ by ! fe> ( a bl[1 is p]haps 9 a l>ge measure in/9ctive & n reflectively design$ to excite pity4 ,! true pray] ( ! dog consi/s 9 lick+ ! h& :i* w\nds him2 ! /ory is well kn[n ( ! dog t lick$ ! f+]s ( 8 ma/] :ile ! latt] 0 pitilessly practis+ ^u him an exp]im5t 9 vivisection4 ,i myself obs]v$ an analog\s fact 9 an enorm\s dog f ! ,pyr5ees ^: eye ,i _h to caut]ize2 he might h cru%$ my h&1 & he simply lick$ x fev]i%ly4 ,x is almo/ an example ( religi\s submission2 ! s5tim5t :i* is obs]vable 9 embryo 9 ! dog is ! same z t :i* 9 its complete developm5t appe>s 9 ! ,psalms & ! book ( ,job4 ,! l[] animals display su* a s5tim5t t[>d no o!r be+ b man4 ,z to man himself1 he displays x only t[>d 8 gods1 t[>d an absolute *ief or a fa!r4 ,pr(\nd1 h[ev]1 z ?is s5tim5t is 9 "s animals1 _! expression ( x is q imp]fect2 ?\gh ,i rememb] a case 9 :i* ! action ( lick+1 s habitual ) dogs1 0 almo/ l a human kiss4 ,i 0 embrac+ my "m1 at ! door ( ! h\se1 be=e leav+ = a j\rney1 :5 my ,pyr5ees dog ran up to u1 &1 plac+ 8 paws ^u our %\ld]s lit]ally kiss$ bo? ( u4 ,f t "t on 7we h tri$ ! exp]im5t7 he nev] sees u embrace ea* o!r )\t com+ to dem& 8 kiss4 ,sid5ote3 ,notion ( ,comp5sation4 ,ano!r well-kn[n fact1 & wor?y ( rem>k1 is ! foll[+3 :5 a dog or ev5 a cat has committ$ "s repreh5sible act1 has eat5 ! roa/ or done some?+ clumsy1 x comes t[>d "o ) a ?\s& little att5tions2 9 s mu* t ,i h f\nd myself able to div9e :5 my dog _h committ$ a peccadillo simply by obs]v+ 8 unwont$ demon/rations ( fri5d%ip4 ,! animal hopes !re=e1 by =ce ( 8 social graces & att5tions1 to prev5t 8 ma/] f hold+ a grudge aga9/ him1 to deprecate ! wra? t 8 culpable conduct ought legitimately to ar\se1 & to awak5 9 its /ead "s degree ( b5evol5ce by 8 demon/rations ( submission & affection4 ,?is notion ( comp5sation becomes lat] an important elem5t 9 ! religi\s cult4 ,! ,neapolitan brig& :o d$icates a wax c&le to ! alt> ( ! ,virg92 ! m$ival "l1 :o1 aft] hav+ kill$ 8 next ( k91 re>s a *apel to "s sa9t1 ! h]mit :o lac]ates 8 *e/ ) 8 hair %irt 9 ord] to avoid ! m r$\btable pangs ( hell1 reason precisely aft] ! same fa%ion z my dog1 !y are endeav\r+1 l him1 to conciliate _! judge1 &1 to be q frank1 to corrupt him2 = sup]/ition re/s 9 a great measure ^u ! belief t x is possible to corrupt ,god4 ,sid5ote3 ,notion ( consci\s gift4 ,! mo/ difficult notion to discov] among animals is t ( ! volunt>y & consci\s gift2 ! solid>ity obs]v$ among c]ta9 insects1 = example ! ant1 :i* causes !m to hold all _! goods 9 common1 is some?+ too in/9ctive & irreflective2 a v]itable gift mu/ address itself to "s det]m9ate p]son1 & n to an entire society2 x mu/ possess a degree ( spontaneity t excludes any hypo!sis ( pure in/9ct2 & f9ally1 x mu/ be z f> z possible a sign ( affection1 a symbol4 ,& ! m symbolic its "*1 ! m religi\s1 prop]ly speak+1 x w be2 religi\s (f]+s are m ?an any?+ else a symbolic te/imony ( respect2 piety sc>cely plays a "p 9 !m1 "o does n 9 g5]al believe t !y answ] to any real ne$ on ! "p ( ! gods1 "o believes t !y w be r accept$ by !m ?an seiz$ ^u ) avidity4 ,! notion ( a gift1 !re=e1 presupposes a c]ta9 delicacy & ref9em5t4 ,"s g]m ( ?is s5tim5t1 h[ev]1 we discov] precisely 9 a dog obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,sp5c]4 ,?is dog1 a v intellig5t & v valuable spaniel1 met "o morn+1 aft] an abs5ce ( "s h\rs1 a p]son ( :om he 0 v fond4 ,he amplifi$ 8 ord9>y greet+ by an addition :i* 0 n habitual2 he drew back 8 lips 9 a sort ( smile1 &1 once out ( doors1 (f]$ o!r demon/rations ( fidelity4 ,z a hunt] he _h be5 tra9$ to br+ game to 8 ma/]4 ,he no d\bt regrett$ t !re 0 no game at ! mom5t = him to br+ z a means ( express+ 8 affection2 h[ev] he rummag$ ab\t1 & seiz+ pres5tly a dead leaf1 c>ri$ x to 8 ma/] ) a multitude ( c>ess+ ge/ures4#cc ,evid5tly ! leaf possess$ = ! dog no m ?an a symbolic value2 he knew t x 0 8 duty to retrieve game1 & t ! action ( retriev+ gave pleasure to 8 ma/]1 & he wi%$ to accompli% ?is action "u 8 eyes1 z to ! object itself x made little diff]5ce2 x 0 8 goodwill t he wi%$ to %[4 ,! dead leaf 0 a v]itable (f]+1 x possess$ a sort ( moral value4 #cc ,h4 ,sp5c]1 ,app5dix to ! ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology4 ,sid5ote3 ,elem5ts ( :i* religion is comp\nd$ )9 ! rea* ( ! l[] animals4 ,?us animals may acquire1 by contact ) man1 a c]ta9 numb] ( s5tim5ts :i* ent] lat] into human religion4 ,! monkey 9 ?is respect1 z 9 all o!rs1 seems mu* 9 advance ( ! o!r animals4 ,ev5 9 ! savage /ate a numb] ( simi display ge/ures ( supplication to deprecate ! fir+ ( a gun at !m3#cd ,!y possess ! s5tim5t ( pity1 s9ce !y ascribe x to o!rs4 ,:o kn[s b t !re may be 9 ?is mute pray] m ( real religi\s s5tim5t ?an exi/s sometimes 9 ! psittacism ( c]ta9 believ]s8 ,animals 9 g5]al employ 9 _! relations ) man ! maximum ( ! means ( expression at _! disposal1 & x is n _! fault if ! means are limit$2 !y seem to consid] man z a really royal be+1 a ?+ ap>t 9 nature4#ce ,mu/ "o conclude1 z is sometimes done1 t man is a god 9 ! eyes ( ! re/ ( ! animal k+dom8 ,n altoge!r2 ! l[] animals see man too close2 ev5 9 an embryonic religion "o mu/ n be able to t\* ,god ) "o's f+]2 9 religion z 9 art1 !re is an advantage 9 p]spective4 ,my dog & ,i are companions2 sometimes he is jeal\s1 sometimes he p\ts4 ,i am unhappily 9 no respect1 9 8 eyes1 on a p$e/al4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 evid5tly exceptions1 cases 9 :i* ! ma/] seems to pres]ve 8 pre/ige4 ,i believe t "u c]ta9 circum/ances man has appe>$ to "s memb]s ( ! l[] animals z end[$ ) a p[] s extraord9>y t he mu/ h awak5$ "s vague religi\s s5tim5ts2 if man is sometimes a god to 8 fell[-m51 he may well be s to ! l[] animals4 ,i am aw>e t 9 ! judgm5t ( c]ta9 philosoph]s1 & ev5 ( c]ta9 m5 ( sci5ce1 religion is ! exclusive appanage ( ! human race1 b up to ?is po9t we h f\nd 9 primitive religion no m ?an a c]ta9 numb] ( simple ideas1 n "o ( :i*1 tak5 sep>ately1 is above ! rea* ( ! l[] animals4 ,j z indu/ry1 art1 language1 & reason1 s religion also has its roots 9 ! nebul\s & confus$ consci\sness ( ! animal4 ,! animal1 h[ev]1 rises to su* ideas only at mom5ts4 ,he is unable to ma9ta9 himself at _! level1 to syn!size !m1 to r$uce !m to a sy/em4 ,8 att5tion is too mobile = him to regulate 8 conduct by !m4 ,ev5 if an animal 7 q z capable ( conceiv+ a god z is ! l[e/ ( savages1 he w\ld rema9 =ev] incapable ( a religi\s cult4 #cd ,brehm1 ,revue sci5tifique1 p4 #igd1 #ahgd4 #ce ,esp9as1 ,socitis animales1 p4 #aha4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,primitive religion a p>aphysics4 ,we h se5 t ! bir? ( religion is n a species ( !atrical effect 9 nature1 t prep>ation is be+ made = x among ! high] animals1 & t man himself a*ieves x gradually1 & )\t %ock4 ,9 ?is rapid ef=t to trace ! g5esis ( primitive religions1 we h f\nd no ne$ to rely ^u ! conceptions ( ! s\l1 ( _s1 ( ! inf9ite1 ( a fir/ cause1 nor ^u any metaphysical s5tim5t4 ,^! ideas are ( lat] date2 !y are ! product ( religion1 r ?an ! roots ( x4 ,! basis ( religion 0 9 ! beg9n+ q positive & natural2 religion is simply a my?ical & sociomorphic !ory ( ! physical univ]se1 & x is only at its summit1 at an advanc$ degree ( evolution1 t x comes into contact ) metaphysics4 ,religion lies beyond & at ! side ( sci5ce4 ,sup]/ition1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 & primitive religion 7 "o1 & x is n )\t reason t ,lucretius comp>es ! two3 relligio1 sup]/itio4 ,to be pres5t at ! bir? ( religion is to p]ceive an errone\s sci5tific conception1 ga!r+ o!r errors or incomplete v]ities to itself1 ent]+ into "o body ( belief ) !m1 & ultimately1 little by little1 subord9at+ !m4 ,! e>lie/ religions 7 sy/ematiz$ & organiz$ sup]/itions4 ,be x add$ t 9 our judgm5t sup]/ition consi/s simply 9 an ill-conduct$ sci5tific induction1 9 a mi/ak5 ef=t ( human reason2 & we d n wi% to be und]/ood z int5d+ by t ! m]e play ( ! imag9ation2 we d n wi% to be und]/ood z hold+ t religion is f\nd$ 9 ! la/ resort on a species ( recreation ( ! m9d4 ,h[ (t5 ! bir? ( religion has be5 attribut$ to an alleg$ appetite = ! m>vell\s1 = ! extraord9>y1 :i* is suppos$ to seize ^u "y peoples z ^u infants6 ,a s+ul>ly artificial explanation = a v natural & pr(\nd t5d5cy4 ,to say ! tru?1 :at primitive peoples 7 9 se>* ( :5 !y built up _! diff]5t religions 0 an explanation1 & ! lea/ surpris+ explanation possible1 ! explanation mo/ 9 h>mony ) _! rude intellig5ce1 ! mo/ rational explanation4 ,x 0 inf9itely less m>vell\s = an anci5t to suppose t ! ?und] came f ! h& ( ,indra or ( ,jupit]1 ?an to believe x to be ! product ( a c]ta9 =ce call$ electricity2 ! my? 0 = him a mu* m satisfy+ explanation2 x 0 ! mo/ plausible "o t he c\ld hit ^u1 giv5 8 intellectual habitat4 ,s t if sci5ce consi/s 9 relat+ ?+s1 ,jupit] & ,jehovah may be reg>d$ z rudim5t>y sci5tific conceptions4 ,if !y are no long] su*1 ! reason is simply t we h discov]$ ! natural & regul> laws :i* sup]s$e !m4 ,:5 a task1 s to speak1 beg9s to p]=m itself1 "o dismisses ! employee :o _h previ\sly be5 *>g$ ) x2 b "o %\ld be c>eful n to say t he 0 previ\sly good = no?+1 t he _h be5 /ation$ !re by caprice or by fav\r4 ,if our gods seem n[adays to be purely honor>y1 ! fact 0 o!rwise at a previ\s p]iod4 ,religions are n ! "w ( caprice2 !y correspond to an inv9cible t5d5cy 9 man1 & sometimes 9 ! l[] animals1 to try to und]/& :at passes be=e 8 eyes4 ,religion is nasc5t sci5ce1 & x 0 ) purely physical problems t x at fir/ essay$ to grapple4 ,x 0 a physics ct1 a p>aphysics1 be=e becom+ a sci5ce au del1 a metaphysics4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,religi\s ,,metaphysics4 ,i4 ,animism or polydemonism--,=mation ( ! duali/ conception ( _s--,social relations ) spirits4 ,,ii4 ,provid5ce & miracles--,! evolution ( ! duali/ conception ( a special provid5ce--,! conception ( miracles--,! sup]natural & ! natural--,sci5tific explanation & miracles--,social & moral modifications 9 ! "* ( man ow+ to suppos$ social relations ) a special provid5ce--,increas+ s5tim5t ( irresponsibility & passivity & 8absolute dep5d5ce40 ,,iii4 ,! creation--,g5esis ( ! notion ( creation--,! duali/ic elem5ts 9 ?is idea--,monism--,classification ( sy/ems ( religi\s metaphysics--,criticism ( ! classification propos$ by ,von ,h>tmann--,criticism ( ! classification propos$ by ,augu/e ,comte4 ,i4 ,animism4 ,sid5ote3 ,legitimate & illegitimate metaphysics4 ,! up%ot ( ! prec$+ *apt] is t e religion 9 its beg9n+ consi/$ ( a mi/ak5 sy/em ( physics2 & betwe5 a mi/ak5 sy/em ( physics & c]ta9 =ms ( metaphysics !re is (t5 no diff]5ce b "o ( degree simply4 ,magnify "s sci5tific error1 r$uce x to a sy/em1 expla9 heav5 & e>? by x1 & x w be a metaphysics--9 ! bad s5se4 ,:atev] "o univ]salizes--error or tru?--acquires metaphysical significance1 & possibly x is m easy to univ]salize 9 ?is way ! false ?an ! true2 tru? possesses always a great] concret5ess ?an error1 & !re=e (f]s great] resi/ance to arbitr>y fa%ion+4 ,let a mod]n man ( sci5ce develop 8 k z he w1 & enl>ge ! circle ( kn[n ph5om5a2 s long z he holds vigor\sly by sci5tific me?ods he w nev] be able to pass at a b\nd f ! sph]e ( ph5om5a to ! sph]e ( ?+s 9 !mselves4 ,! consci5ti\s man ( sci5ce is prison$ )9 ! limits ( k1 8 ?\ght has no outlet4 ,b let him once break ! *a9 ( logic :i* conf9es him1 & behold him free4 ,8 false hypo!sis gr[s )\t ob/acle or *eck f reality2 he l&s at a b\nd up to 8 neck 9 metaphysics4 ,! fact is1 "o may arrive at a sy/em ( metaphysics 9 two ways--incont95tly1 by a logical solecism & an exagg]ation ( "s false premise ad inf9itum1 or by foll[+ ! *a9 ( kn[n tru? to ! po9t at :i* x disappe>s 9 et]nal night1 & by endeav\r+ to pe] into ! d>kness by ! light ( hypo!sis3 9 ! fir/ case metaphysics is simply a logically develop$ mi/ake :i* ga9s 9 magnitude :at x loses 9 reality1 an illegitimate negation ( sci5ce2 9 ! second case x is a hypo!tical ext5sion ( tru?1 9 "s sort a legitimate supplem5t to sci5ce4 ,we are approa*+ ! mom5t :5 religi\s physics became trans=m$ into metaphysics2 ! p]iod :5 ! gods retreat$ f ph5om5on to ph5om5on1 & took refuge ultimately 9 ! sup]s5sible2 ! p]iod :5 heav5 & e>? fir/ became di/9ct & sep>ate2 al?\gh1 to be q accurate1 ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( religion ev5 at ! pres5t day is an incoh]5t mixture ( physics & metaphysics1 ( an?ropomorphic or sociomorphic !ories 9 reg>d to nature & to ! sup]natural4 ,! f\ndation ( e primitive religion is reason+ by analogy1 t is to say1 ! vague/ & lea/ s\nd ( logical me?ods4 ,at a lat] date ! mass ( nave analogies con/itut+ any "o religion is criticis$ & sy/ematiz$ & complet$ by t5tative induction or regul> d$uction4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,primitive metaphysics a feti*i/ic monism4 ,man1 z we h se51 beg9s by creat+ a natural society1 includ+ animals1 plants1 & ev5 m9]als1 :i* he end[s ) a life simil> to 8 own3 he believes himself to be 9 communication ) !m 9 matt]s ( volition & int5tion1 j z he is 9 communication ) o!r m5 & animals4 ,b 9 ?us project+ some?+ analog\s to 8 own life1 to 8 p[] ( volition & ( 8 social relations & responsibilities1 into ! exi/5ce ( ext]nal ?+s1 he does n1 at fir/1 dream ( any di/9ction betwe5 ! animat+ pr9ciple & ! body :i* x animates2 he conceives z yet no su* di/9ction 9 8 own case4 ,! e>lie/ /age ( religi\s metaphysics1 !re=e1 is n a sort ( vague monism relative to ! div9e pr9ciple1 ! indwell+ div9ity ( ?+s1 1 z ,messrs4 ,mll] & ,von ,h>tmann affirm1 b a vague monism 9 reg>d to ! s\l & body1 :i* at fir/ are conceiv$ z "o4 ,! :ole _w is a society ( liv+ bodies4 ,sid5ote3 ,becomes a duali/ic animism4 ,sep>ate exi/5ce ( ! s\l4 ,! conception :i* is mo/ analog\s to ! prec$+ is t ( di/9ct & sep>ate s\ls animat+ ea* its body1 ( spirits capable ( quitt+ ea* its dwell+-place4 ,x is ?is t hi/orians ( religion mean by animism4 ,:at is rem>kable 9 ?is conception is its duali/ic "*4 ,x conta9s ! g]m ( ! opposition betwe5 s\l & body4 ,! duali/ic conception arises sl[ly f a numb] ( nave analogies4 ,! fir/ are borr[$ f ! fact ( respiration4 ,does n "o fairly he> ! dep>ture ( ! brea? animat+ a liv+ body1 9 :at "o calls ! la/ gasp8 ,o!r analogies are borr[$ f ! physical fact ( ! %ad[ ca/ by ! sun2 "o seems to see ! _s m>*+ side by side ) ! body1 & ev5 *ang+ its place :5 ! body is motionless4 ,%ad[ has play$ a l>ge rle 9 ! p>aphysics ( primitive peoples2 %ad[s p ! o!r _w4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 dur+ sleep x is inconte/able1 on ! premises t primitive man has at 8 disposal1 t ! _s sometimes makes long j\rneys1 = ! sleep] (t5 recollects w&]+1 hunt+1 or mak+ w> 9 di/ant c\ntries1 at a "t :5 8 companions are p]fectly aw>e t 8 body has la9 motionless4 ,fa9t+ also seems to be a case 9 :i* some?+ dwell+ 9 u sudd5ly leaves & pres5tly comes back aga94 ,le?>gy is a m /rik+ example ( ! same ?+4 ,visions 9 delirium1 halluc9ations 9 madness1 or ev5 9 dreams1 deal ) be+s :o are invisible to o!rs2 fanta/ic be+s :o appe> to savages z real z any o!rs4 ,also x is well kn[n t fools & innoc5ts 7 reg>d$1 until mod]n times1 z inspir$ & sacr$4 ,o!r n]v\s maladies--hy/]ia1 8possession10 somnambulism--add _! quota ( precision to ! conception ( a _s animat+ ! body1 dwell+ 9 x1 quitt+ x m or less at w1 torm5t+ x1 etc4 ,?us1 by degrees1 !re arises ! conception ( a subtle mode ( be+ elud+ t\*1 & commonly vision ev51 capable ( a life indep5d5t ( ! body x inhabits1 & m p[]ful ?an ! body4 ,man comes to believe himself to be liv+ 9 a society ) be+s o!r ?an ^? :o appeal directly & grossly to 8 s5ses2 he believes himself to be liv+ 9 a society ( spirits4 ,sid5ote3 ,gho/s4 ,t is n all4 ,! problem ( dea? e>ly engag$ ! att5tion ( primitive p4 ,!y consid]$ x altoge!r z a physical affair2 !y expla9$ x1 z ,messrs4 ,tylor & ,sp5c] 7foll[+ ,lucretius7 h %[n1 by a numb] ( inductions drawn f obs]vations on sleep1 le?>gy1 & dream4 ,a sleep+ body awakes1 x seems to foll[ t a dead body w awake2 t is ! l9e ( reason+4 ,moreov]1 ! dead come back 9 dreams1 or 9 ! demi-halluc9ations ( ! night & ( fe>4 ,! mod]n conception ( pure _s is an indirect & lat] consequ5ce ( a belief 9 immortality1 x is n itself ! pr9ciple ( x4 ,a cult = ! dead1 = ! manes1 z ! ,romans said1 is p>tly explicable on moral or psy*ological gr\nds1 z1 = example1 by a prolongation ( filial respect & fe>1 & p>tly on gr\nds altoge!r mat]ial & gross4 ,a cult = ! dead re/s on a nave !ory bas$ on s5tim5t2 x is semi-physical & semi-psy*ological4 ,! nature ( a dep>t$ s\l has be5 conceiv$ 9 v diff]5t ways4 ,among ! ,dakota ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 "o's d\ble goes up into ! air1 "o's ?ird rejo9s ! spirits1 "o's f\r? & la/ s\l /ays by ! body2 an in/ance ( a v complicat$ !ory =m$ out ( elem5ts altoge!r primitive4 ,9 g5]al1 ! belief is t ! s\ls ( ! dead g to jo9 ance/ral s\ls 9 ano!r _w1 :i* is commonly a di/ant l& f :i* ! tribe has migrat$ 9 =m] times--af=d+ an example ( a social tie :i* survives dea?4 ,! ,greeks & ,romans believ$ t1 if ! body 0 depriv$ ( sepulture1 its %ad[ c\ld n p5etrate into its prop] place ( abode2 x rema9$ on e>? & haunt$ ! liv+--a remnant ( =m] beliefs 9 ! necessity ( sepulture & ! ma9t5ance ( fri5dly relations ) ! society ( ! dead4#cf #cf ,see ! au?or's ,morale d'picure 7,des ides antiques sur la mort7 #c;d edition1 p4 #aje4 ,sid5ote3 ,analogies betwe5 gho/s & liv+ p4 ,! dead 7 to be conciliat$ by ! same means z ! liv+1 by supplications & gifts4 ,! gifts 7 ! same z ^? :i* are acceptable to ! liv+--food1 arms1 co/umes1 horses1 s]vants4 ,9 ,dahomey1 :5 a k+ dies1 a hundr$ ( 8 soldi]s are immolat$ on 8 tomb z a body gu>d4 ,mu* ! same ?+ 0 done among ! ,incas ( ,p]u4 ,at ,bali all ! wom5 ( ! h>em are immolat$ ^u ! grave ( ! defunct sultan4 ,9 ,hom]1 ,a*illes slaught]$ 8 ,trojan prison]s on ! fun]al pyre ( ,patroclus1 toge!r ) ! horses & ! dogs ( 8 dead fri5d4 ,! ,fiji isl&]s us$ to immolate a man at ! foot ( ea* pill> 9 ! home ( a *ief1 z a gu>d = ! edifice4 ,9 our days1 spirits are /ill s num]\s1 9 ! eyes ( c]ta9 p1 t an ,arab1 = example1 :5 he ?r[s a /one1 brea!s an apology to su* spirits z he may /rike4#cg ,! univ]se is populat$ by an?ropomorphic societies4 #cg ,see ,le ,bon1 ,l',homme et les ,socits1 t4 ii4 ,sid5ote3 ,c>e ( v5geance committ$ to gho/s4 ,x 0 to spirits t ! c>e ( "o's v5geances 0 confid$4 ,accord+ to ,tylor1 two ,brahmans1 believ+ t a man _h robb$ !m ( fifty rupees1 took _! own "m &1 ) h] cons5t1 cut (f h] head 9 ord] t h] %ad[ might torm5t & pursue ! robb] till dea?4 ,among ! ,alf\r\s ( ,moluccas *ildr5 are buri$ alive up to ! neck1 & left !re "u ! scor*+ sun ) _! m\?s full ( pepp] & salt1 s t1 dy+ 9 an agony ( ?ir/1 _! s\ls may g 9 a /ate ( fury 9 se>* ( ! enemy aga9/ :om !y h be5 s5t4 ,x is always "s social exig5cy1 "s hatr$1 "s v5geance1 "s puni%m5t1 t leads "o to ent] into comm]ce ) spirits4 ,sid5ote3 ,summ>y4 ,9 effect1 all hi/orical treatises unite to %[ t animism or polydemonism has at "o "t or o!r be5 univ]sal4 ,x imm$iately succe$$ feti*ism or concrete naturism1 ! primitive belief1 9 :i* animat+ s\l & animat$ body 7 n di/+ui%$4 ,a belief 9 sep>ately exi/+ spirits1 or spiritism1 z ,mr4 ,sp5c] calls x1 :i* conta9s ! g]m ( ! belief 9 revisitants f ! o!r _w1 con/itutes ! primitive orig9 ( ! m ref9$ metaphysical sy/em call$ spiritualism4 ,?is la/ sy/em1 f\nd$ also ^u ! notion ( ! fundam5tal duality ( man1 & ( e liv+ be+1 leads to ! notion ( a society ( spirits4 ,let u n[ consid] ! inh]5t necessity "u :i* animism lies ( develop+ into !ism4 ,,ii4 ,provid5ce & ,miracles4 ,sid5ote3 ,f gho/s to div9ity a s+le /ep4 ,f ! notion ( a _s to t ( a div9ity is b "o /ep4 ,x suffices to conceive ! _s z suffici5tly p[]ful & r$\btable to r$uce u 9 "s consid]able measure to a /ate ( dep5d5ce4 ,spirits1 manes1 gods1 subsi/ 9 ! beg9n+ on an indi/9ct s5tim5t ( t]ror4 ,! in/ant t spirits c sep>ate !mselves f ! body & p]=m my/]i\s actions ( :i* we are incapable1 !y beg9 to be div9e2 x is = ?is reason t dea? may *ange a man into a species ( god4 ,sid5ote3 ,developm5t ( notion ( special provid5ce4 ,spirits are n only p[]ful1 h[ev]2 !y are also clairvoyant1 prevoyant--!y are acqua9t$ ) ?+s t lie beyond our k4 ,m ?an t1 !y are b5evol5t or ho/ile2 !y are relat$ to u 9 v>i\s social or antisocial ways4 ,"h we h ! elem5ts ( ! notion ( div9e provid5ce4 ,! second semi-metaphysical idea1 :i* lies 9 g]m at ! bottom ( e religion1 is1 !re=e1 ?is ( p]spicaci\s spirits1 ( fav\r+ or unfav\r+ deities1 ( provid5ces4 8,?is be+ is well or ill dispos$ t[>d me2 he may "w me good or h>m40 ,su* is ! fir/ nave =mulation ( ! !ory ( div9e provid5ce4 ,"o mu/ n expect to f9d1 9 ! beg9n+1 ! notion ( a g5]al1 direct+ intellig5ce1 b simply t ( a social tie betwe5 p>ticul> volunt>y1 well-dispos$ or ill-dispos$ be+s4 ,! notion ( provid5ce1 l all o!r religi\s notions1 0 at fir/ a sup]/ition4 ,a savage1 on 8 way to "s und]tak+1 meets a s]p5t & succe$s 9 8 ent]prise2 x 0 ! s]p5t t br\ght him luck3 behold a provid5tial accid5t6 ,gambl]s at ! pres5t "t are q z sup]/iti\s4 ,! feti* !ory ( provid5ce /ill subsi/s1 9 ! belief 9 m$als1 scapul>ies1 & s =?4#ch ,obs]vation inevitably results 9 ! p]ception ( causal relations among ph5om5a2 ! tr\ble is1 simply1 t to ! primitive m9d e co9cid5ce appe>s to be a cause2 po/ hoc1 ergo propt] hoc4 ,any object t is a p>ty to any su* co9cid5ce is a lucky object1 good to h 9 "o's p[]1 a portable provid5ce1 s to speak4 ,?us !re arises ! notion ( a de/9y1 a bias 9 ph5om5a t[>d good or evil1 :i* imposes itself ^u ! previ\sly exi/+ conception ( nature z animat$ or peopl$ by spirits4 ,! po/ hoc1 ergo propt] hoc--t is to say1 ! belief 9 ! influ5ce ( ph5om5a imm$iately prec$+ or concomitant to ! ma9 ev5t1 & 9 ! influ5ce ( a pres5t action ^u "s future ev5t--is ! g]m ( sup]/itions bo? 9 reg>d to provid5ce & to de/9y4 ,& out ( ! idea ( de/9y1 ( =tune1 ( necessity1 gr[s 9 process ( "t ! sci5tific notion ( det]m9ism & univ]sal reciprocity4 #ch ,a belief 9 relics1 pu%$ s f> by ! e>li] ,*ri/ians & by s _m ,ca?olics to-day1 is1 too1 a sort ( fai? 9 feti*es or amulets4 ,f ! e>lie/ p]iod ( ,*ri/ianity ! fai?ful 7 accu/om$ to g to ! ,holy ,l& to obta9 wat] f ! ,jordan1 & ga!r du/ f ! soil t ! feet ( ,*ri/ _h trod1 & to break pieces f ! true cross1 :i* ,/4 ,paul9 ( ,nole says1 8possesses 9 all its p>ts a vital =ce 9 s mu* t al?\gh its wood be e day clipp$ (f by innum]able pilgrims1 x rema9s intact40 ,relics are suppos$ n only to cure ! body1 b ! s\l ( ^? :o t\* !m3 ,gregory s5t to a b>b>\s k+ ! *a9s t _h s]v$ to manacle ! apo/le ,paul2 assur+ him t ! same *a9s :i* _h manacl$ ! body ( ! sa9t c\ld deliv] ! he>t f s94 ,?is sup]/ition = relics1 common 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 0 held 9 all its navet by ,bi%op ,gregory ( ,t\rs4 ,he relates t "o day :5 he 0 suff]+ f a pa9 9 ! temples1 a t\* f ! hang+s ab\t ! tomb ( ,/4 ,m>t9 cur$ him4 ,he repeat$ ! exp]im5t ?ree times ) equal success4 ,once1 he tells1 he 0 attack$ by a mortal dys5t]y2 he drank a glass ( wat] 9 :i* he _h dissolv$ a p9* ( du/ scrap$ up on ! tomb ( ! sa9t1 & 8 heal? 0 re/or$4 ,"o day a bone /uck 9 8 ?roat1 he began pray+ & groan+1 & kneel$ be=e ! tomb2 he /ret*$ out 8 h& & t\*$ ! hang+s & ! bone disappe>$4 8,i d n "k10 he says1 8:at became ( x1 = ,i nei!r ?rew x up nor felt x pass d[nw>d into my /oma*40 ,at ano!r "t 8 tongue became swoll5 & tumefi$2 he lick$ ! rail+ ( ! tomb ( ,/4 ,m>t9 & 8 tongue became ( its natural size4 ,/4 ,m>t9's relics g ! l5g? ev5 ( cur+ too?a*e4 8,oh1 ineffable !riac60 cries ,gregory ( ,t\rs1 8ineffable pigm5t6 admirable antidote6 cele/ial purge6 sup]ior to all ! drugs ( ! faculty6 sweet] ?an aromatics1 /rong] ?an all ungu5ts toge!r6 ,?\ cleane/ ! /oma* l scammony1 ! lungs l hyssop2 ?\ purge/ ! head l pyre?rig40 ,sid5ote3 ,sy/ematic subord9ation among ! gods4 ,little by little1 by ! gr[? ( exp]i5ce1 man a*ieves ! conception ( an ord]ly subord9ation among ! diff]5t volunt>y be+s ) :om he peoples ! e>?1 a sort ( unification ( special provid5ces1 a m or less regul> organization ( ! _w4 ,responsibility = curr5t ev5ts retreats f cause to cause into ! di/ance1 f p[]ful be+ to /ill m p[]ful be+2 primitive man /ill insi/s on believ+ t e ev5t is /ill ! sign1 ! expression ( a volition4 ,once m 8 fai? is duali/ic3 he conceives ! _w z dep5d5t ^u ! w ( "s "o or m sup]ior be+s :o direct x1 or susp5d at ne$ ! ord9>y c\rse ( ?+s4 ,sid5ote3 ,developm5t ( belief 9 miracle4 ,x is at ?is /age 9 ! evolution ( religion t ! conception ( miracles appe>s4 ,! notion ( miracles is at fir/ v vague 9 primitive religions2 ! p]iod at :i* ?is notion beg9s to become def9ite m>ks ! initiation ( a fur!r /ep 9 ! developm5t ( religion4 ,if1 9 effect1 ! m>vell\s has 9 all times =m$ a necess>y elem5t 9 ! con/itution1 x did n possess 9 ! beg9n+ ! same "* z n[adays2 x 0 n s def9itely di/+ui%$ f ! natural ord] ( ?+s4 ,human intellig5ce _h n yet di/+ui%$ sci5tific det]m9ism & sup]naturalism4 ,a natural ph5om5on6 ,! b>e idea is almo/ mod]n2 t is to say1 ! idea ( a ph5om5on subject to immutable laws1 b\nd up toge!r ) ! :ole body ( o!r ph5om5a & =m+ ) !m a s+le unit4 ,:at a complex conception1 & h[ f> above ! rea* ( primitive intellig5ce6 ,:at we call a miracle is a natural ph5om5on to a savage1 he sees miracles e h\r2 prop]ly speak+1 he sees no?+ else b miracles1 t is to say1 surpris+ ev5ts4 ,primitive man1 9 effect1 takes no notice ( :at does n surprise him 7surprise1 x has be5 said1 is ! fa!r ( sci5ce71 & "o ( ! imm$iate *>act]i/ics1 9 8 op9ion1 ( :at surprises him1 is t x is int5tional4#ci ,t x %\ld be s no m %ocks him1 ?an a p>adox %ocks a philosoph]4 ,! savage is n acqua9t$ ) ! laws ( nature1 he has no notion ( _! be+ univ]sal to prev5t 8 admitt+ exceptions to !m4 ,a miracle is simply to him a sign ( a p[] l 8 own1 act+ by me?ods unkn[n to him & produc+ effects above ! limits ( 8 own capacity4 ,are su* effects inf9itely above 8 capacity8 ,no su* notion ent]s into ! "q2 x suffices t !y be above x at all to make him b[ d[n & adore4 #ci ,etymologically1 miracle signifies simply surpris+4 ,! ,h9dus d n ev5 possess a special ^w = a sup]natural ev5t2 miracle & spectacle 9 _! language are "o4 ,! sup]natural1 t is to say1 is = !m simply an object ( contemplation & admiration1 an ev5t :i* /&s out prom95tly f ! g5]al monotony :i* attracts ! eye4 ,sid5ote3 ,m>ks a degree ( intellectual progress4 ,! belief 9 miracles1 s anti-sci5tific n[adays1 m>ks a consid]able progress 9 ! intellectual evolution4 ,x am\nts1 9 effect1 to a limitation ( div9e int]v5tion to a small numb] ( extraord9>y ph5om5a4 ,a conception ( univ]sal det]m9ism is1 9 fact1 beg9n+ to make its appe>ance4 ,! belief 9 dualism1 9 ! sep>ation betwe5 _s & body1 becom+ con/antly m m>k$1 ends 9 ! belief 9 di/9ct & sep>ate p[]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,conception ( ,god z ,provid5ce m ess5tial ?an t ( ,him z ,fir/ ,cause4 ,belief 9 a p[] miracul\sly di/ribut+ good & evil1 9 a ,provid5ce1 is ! mo/ vital elem5t 9 religion4 ,! mo/ important act 9 e religion1 inde$1 is propitiation & entreaty2 well1 ?is act is n simply direct$ t[>d ,god z su*1 b t[>d ,god z a presid+ div9ity1 a p[] capable ( fav\r+ or disfav\r+ u4 ,& ! great ,ori5tal religions h rea*$ _! pres5t /ate ( p]fection )\t any special ef=t to make ! notion ( ,god precise1 )\t specially insi/+ ^u any ( 8 di/+ui%+ attributes except su* z are subsidi>y to ?is notion ( a ,provid5ce aw>d+ good & evil2 & popul> fancy ha/5s to ascribe ! accompli%m5t ( ?is di/ribution to g5ii1 to good & evil spirits2 x ne$ g no fur!r1 x ne$ n p5etrate to ! ,great ,be+1 to ! inf9ite1 s to speak1 to ! n\m5on1 & to ! abyss :i*1 9 effect1 is to x a comp>ative matt] ( indiff]5ce4 ,ev5 9 religions ( ,*ri/ian orig9--9 especial1 9 ,ca?olicism1 & ! ,greek ,*ur*--,god is n always address$ directly2 sa9ts1 angels1 ! ,virg91 ! ,son1 ! ,holy ,_s1 are mu* m frequ5tly invok$ z m$iators4 ,!re is some?+ vague1 & obscure1 & t]rible1 9 ,god ! ,fa!r2 ,he is ! creator ( heav5 & hell1 ! great & some:at ambigu\s pr9ciple ( goodness1 &1 9 "s dim way1 ( evil4 ,"o may see 9 ,him ! g]m ( an indirect p]sonification ( nature1 :i* is s indiff]5t to man1 s h>d1 s inflexible4 ,*ri/1 on ! contr>y1 is ! p]sonification ( ! be/ elem5ts ( humanity4 ,! responsibility = f]oci\s laws1 mal$ictions1 et]nal puni%m5ts1 is laid ^u ! %\ld]s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ,deity hidd5 beh9d ,8 cl\d1 reveal$ only 9 ! lightn+ & ! ?und]1 reign+ by t]ror1 & dem&+ ! life ev5 ( ,8 ,son z an expiatory sacrifice4 ,at bottom1 ! real ,god ador$ by ! ,*ri/ians is ,jesus1 t is to say1 a m$iat+ ,provid5ce ^: function is to s(t5 d[n ! asp]ities ( natural law1 a ,provid5ce :o di/ributes no?+ b good & happ9ess1 :]eas nature di/ributes good & evil ) equal indiff]5ce4 ,x is ,jesus we invoke1 & x is to ! p]sonification ( ,provid5ce r ?an to t ( ! fir/ cause ( ! _w t humanity has kneel$ ^! two ?\s& ye>s4 ,sid5ote3 ,increas+ opposition betwe5 notion ( ,provid5ce & sci5ce4 ,a belief 9 miracles & 9 a ,provid5ce comes1 9 ! c\rse ( its developm5t1 into %>p] & %>p] conflict ) a belief 9 ! ord] ( nature4 ,man gives himself up to an exclusive preoccupation ) :at he supposes to be ! means ( ameliorat+ 8 de/9y & t ( 8 fell[s3 provid5tial int]f]5ce ) ! c\rse ( nature1 sacrifice1 & pray] are 8 great means ( action on ! _w4 ,he lives 9 ! sup]natural4 ,!re exi/s always1 9 ! e>ly /ages ( e religion1 a c]ta9 s5tim5t ( evil1 ( suff]+1 ( t]ror2 & to correct x ! believ] takes refuge 9 miracles4 ,provid5ce is ?us ! primitive means ( progress1 & man's fir/ hope lay 9 ! sup]human4 ,sid5ote3 ,practical evil ( belief 9 ,provid5ce4 ,fe> ( evil1 & belief t x c be cur$ by div9e int]v5tion1 7 ! orig9 ( pray]4 ,a positive religion1 ev5 9 our days1 c sc>cely re/ cont5t ) ! conception ( a ,god :o simply sits at a di/ance & wat*es ! m>* ( a _w :i* he regulat$1 once = all1 at ! beg9n+ ( "t4 ,he mu/ absolutely %[ himself f "t to "t 9 our mid/1 we mu/ feel ! proximity ( 8 h& ready to su/a9 u1 he mu/ be able to susp5d ! c\rse ( nature to our pr(it4 ,piety requires ! /imulus ( a belief 9 ! imm$iate & pres5t possibility ( miracles1 9 _! pa/ exi/5ce1 9 _! pres5t exi/5ce ev51 & 9 "o's p[] ( invok+ !m by pray]4 ,?us ! believ] opposes to ! conception ( ord9>y det]m9ism1 z ! regulat+ pr9ciple ( ! ext]nal _w1 a fai? 9 a be+ capable at any mom5t ( tamp]+ ) x2 & he c\nts ^u ?is p[] be+ ex]cis$1 he c\nts ^u invok+ x1 he puts 8 hope 9 sup]natural means n less ?an 9 natural means1 & sometimes ev5 to ! neglect ( ! latt]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,miracles n frauds4 ,z ,littr rem>k$1 ! m9d may behave 9 ?ree ways 9 reg>d to miracles3 adore !m1 reject !m z a my/ification1 or expla9 !m by natural means4 ,primitive times1 ,antiquity1 & ! ,middle ,ages ador$ miracles2 ! eighte5? c5tury reject$ !m z impo/ures & made game ( !m4 ,x 0 !n t ! !ory1 t ! f\nd]s ( religion 7 impo/ors simply1 0 g5]ally preval5t4 ,"o ( ! mo/ necess>y & mo/ s]i\s incid5ts 9 ! human drama 0 simply mi/ak5 = a bit ( com$y4 ,x 0 =gott5 t m5 d n devote a :ole lifetime to falsehood2 ! !ory ( impo/ure 0 a psy*ological z well z hi/orical error4 ,a man--ev5 an actor or a politician--is always s9c]e on "s side or o!r2 at "s p]iod or o!r a man inevitably says :at he ?9ks1 ev5 if only by mi/ake4 ,ev5 c]ta9 pal9odes1 provok$ by self-int]e/1 are explicable by an unconsci\s deviation1 "u ! influ5ce ( "s passion1 r ?an by an altoge!r consci\s & braz5 det]m9ation to deceive2 & ev5 :5 "o lies ) all "o's he>t1 "o inevitably believes1 or soon comes to believe1 "s "p ( "o's own falsehood4 ,! reproa* ( hypocrisy1 ( com$y & falsehood1 has be5 utt]$ a hundr$ times 9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory1 & x has usually be5 a mi/ake4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury ! same m5 :o prep>$ & a*iev$ ! ,fr5* ,revolution 7 fond ( accus+ ! prophets & ,apo/les1 ! revolutioni/s ( an e>ly date1 ( ins9c]ity & fraud4 ,to-day su* an accusation c no long] be su/a9$ aga9/ ! sacr$ books1 & ! m5 ( ! eighte5? c5tury are !mselves accus$ ( hypocrisy4 ,= ,m4 ,ta9e1 = example1 almo/ all ! lead]s ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution lie "u ! reproa* ( ins9c]ity1 & ! v p :o su/a9$ !m 7 n1 9 8 judgm5t1 mov$ by ! ideas :i* !y proclaim$1 b by ! grosse/ self-int]e/4 ,! fact is1 !re are always two po9ts ( view f :i* hi/oric ev5ts may be reg>d$3 t ( p]sonal int]e/s1 :i* come to ! surface z seldom z possible1 & t ( ! g5]al & g5]\s ideas :i*1 on ! contr>y1 are complac5tly giv5 prom95ce 9 public spee*es & writ+s4 ,if x is useful = ! hi/orian to div9e ! int]e/$ motives :i* contribut$ to ! production ( a hi/orical ev5t1 x is irrational to refuse to l5d "s measure ( cr$5ce to ! high] motives :i* ju/ifi$ x & :i* may well h l5t _! influ5ce to t ( self-int]e/4 ,! human he>t is n a "o-/r+$ in/rum5t4 ,! revolutioni/s _h fai? 9 ! ,revolution1 9 ! rights :i* !y 7 v9dicat+1 9 equality & frat]nity2 !y ev5 believ$1 sometimes1 9 _! own dis9t]e/$ness1 z ! ,prote/ants believ$ 9 ! ,re=mation1 z ,*ri/ & ! prophets believ$ 9 _! own inspiration2 z ev5 9 our days1 by a belat$ sup]/ition1 ! ,pope believes 9 8 own infallibility4 ,!re is 9 e fai? "s elem5t ( ! navet :i* a *ild %[s 9 its little semi-consci\s hypocrisies1 9 its c>esses :i* mask a dem& & its smiles :i* are ! effloresc5ce ( satisfi$ desire4 ,b )\t a c]ta9 elem5t ( g5u95ess1 a c]ta9 elem5t ( real navet 9 ! fai? ( ! believ]s1 no religion c\ld exi/1 no revolution w\ld be a*iev$1 no important *ange w\ld be produc$ 9 ! life ( humanity4 ,intellectual affirmation & action are always proportionate3 to act is to believe & to believe is to act4 ,sid5ote3 ,b illusions4 ,9 our days1 miracles are beg9n+ to be sci5tifically expla9$4 ,!y are ph5om5a simply2 frequ5tly !y 7 witness$ & describ$ 9 good fai?1 b ) insuffici5t k4 ,ev]yone is acqua9t$1 = example1 ) ! biblical miracle accord+ to :i* ,isaiah 8br\ght aga9 ! %ad[s ( ! degrees1 :i* 0 gone d[n 9 ! sun dial ( ,ahaz1 t5 degrees backw>d02 inde$ ! miracle has be5 reproduc$4 ,mr4 ,guillem9#dj demon/rates by geometrical reason+s t1 by incl9+ ! dial slightly t[>d ! horizon1 ! %ad[ may be made gradually to creep a c]ta9 di/ance backw>d4 ,9 ! same way1 ! successive appe>ances ( ,jesus aft] 8 burial h be5 p>allel$ by a rec5t ev5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates3 a crim9al1 at ^: execution all 8 fell[-prison]s 7 pres5t1 appe>$ to all ( !m successively ! next day1 or ! day aft]4 ,! latt] is a rem>kable in/ance ( collective halluc9ation1 :i* %[s t a gr\p ( individuals liv+ 91 s to speak1 ! same emotional habitat may well be /ruck at ! same "t by ! same vision1 )\t !re be+1 on _! "p1 ei!r consci\s or unconsci\s fraud or collusion4 ,a ?ird miracle1 ( an altoge!r diff]5t k9d1 has also be5 sci5tifically expla9$3 ,i mean ! col\r+ ( ! fleece ( ! flocks ( ,laban & ( ,jacob2 ! effect 0 obta9$ by a process well-kn[n to ! ,egyptians1 & m5tion$ by ,pl9y4 ,mat!w ,arnold believes t ! miracul\s cures also are n pure leg5d simply1 t !y be> witness to ! great influ5ce ( m9d ov] matt]4 ,jesus really did exorcise devils1 t is to say1 ! mad passions :i* h[l$ ab\t him4 ,& ?us may be und]/ood 9 _! true s5se ! words3 8,:at does x matt] :e!r ,i say1 ,?y s9s are =giv5 !e6 or :e!r ,i say ,arise & walk80 & aga93 8,?\ art made :ole2 s9 no m1 le/ a worse ?+ befall !e40 ,jesus himself mu/ h kn[n1 z ,socrates & ,emp$ocles did1 ?\gh ev5 9 a m extraord9>y degree1 t he possess$ a moral & physical p[]1 a virtue1 :i* he himself did n und]/& & :i* seem$ to him a div9e gift4 ,he knew himself to be morally & symbolically ! heal] ( ! deaf1 ! bl9d1 ! p>alytic1 a physician ( s\ls2 & ! cures t he wr\ght 9 cases ( hy/]ia1 m or less tempor>y b real1 =c$ him to attribute to himself a sup]human p[] ov] ! body also4 #dj ,actes de la ,socit helvt4 des sc4 nat41 ,augu/1 #ahgg4 ,sid5ote3 ,usually explicable by ! sci5ce ( n]v\s ph5om5a4 ,! sci5ce ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 :i* dates almo/ entirely f our days1 may be tak5 z a p]petual runn+ comm5t>y on ! hi/ory ( miracles4 ,p]haps a full qu>t] ( ! m>vell\s facts obs]v$ & rev]$ by humanity fall into place )9 ! limits ( ?is new sci5ce4 ,a physician1 or obs]v]1 9 ! mid/ ( 8 subjects is l a prophet2 ^? :o surr\nd him are incessantly oblig$ to recognize 9 him an occult p[]1 :i* he himself does n und]/&2 physician & pati5t1 obs]v] & obs]v$1 live equally 9 ! realm ( ! extraord9>y4 ,! facts ( p>tial ins5sibility1 ( catalepsy foll[$ by a reawak5+ l a ris+ f ! dead1 ( m5tal sugge/ion tak+ place ev5 at a di/ance1 all ^! facts1 :i* are well kn[n1 & are ea* day becom+ m & m explicable1 are ev5 = u at ! pres5t mom5t on ! conf9es ( ! miracul\s2 !y are deta*+ !mselves1 "u our v eyes1 f ! sph]e ( religion1 & fall+ )9 ! compass ( sci5ce4 ,! obs]v] :o notices = ! fir/ "t t he c transmit an almo/ compulsive comm& by a look1 by a pressure ( ! h&1 & ev51 x appe>s n[adays1 by a simple t5sion ( 8 w1 mu/ exp]i5ce a species ( surprise1 ev5 ( fright1 ( almo/ religi\s disquietude at f9d+ himself arm$ ) su* a p[]4 ,he mu/ beg9 to und]/& t ! my?ical & my/ical int]pretation ( su* facts is an affair ( delicate discrim9ation1 t lay beyond ! /ret* ( primitive intellig5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,(t5 by less recondite k4 ,ev5 ! miracles :i* d n belong simply to ! less explicable ph5om5a ( ! n]v\s sy/em t5d increas+ly to appe> to ! hi/orian z hav+ be5 possess$ ( "s f\ndation 9 fact4 ,all t 0 subjective 9 !m is ! elem5t ( ! m>vell\s & ! provid5tial4 ,! miracles really 7 produc$1 b 9 ! human he>t2 & in/ead1 9 any prop] s5se1 ( eng5d]+ fai? !y proce$$ f x & are explicable by x4 ,an ,engli% mission>y#da :o made a j\rney 9 ,sib]ia relates t at ! mom5t ( 8 arrival at ,irkutsk a fire 0 consum+ ?ree-f\r?s ( ! t[n2 a *apel1 h[ev]1 _h be5 sp>$ & ! ,russian cl]gy saw 9 ?is fact a miracle2 ! ,engli% mission>y expla9$ x v simply by ! obs]vation t ! re/ ( ! t[n _h be5 built up ( wood1 & t ! *apel 0 ( brick4 ,b ! mission>y1 :o d5ies any?+ l provid5tial int]v5tion 9 ! above m5tion$ case1 admits provid5tial int]v5tion ! same day 9 reg>d to ano!r po9t2 = he relates t b = "o ( 8 horses hav+ run away he w\ld h arriv$ too soon at ,irkutsk1 & w\ld h _h 8 baggage burn$ 9 ! fire1 & (f]s ?anks to ,god because 8 horse _h be5 inspir$ to break ! traces4 ,! same natural causes :i* suffice1 accord+ to ?is excell5t g5tleman1 to expla9 :y ! ,russian *ur* 0 sp>$1 suffice no long] :5 ! luggage ( an ,anglican mission>y1 ! special protg1 is involv$4 ,e believ] is incl9$ ?us to int]pret miracul\sly ! m]cies t h be5 %[n to him4 ,f ! height ( a /all or ! pulpit ( a *ur* "o sees ! ev5ts ( ?is _w at a p>ticul> angle2 f ! /all or pulpit ( ano!r *ur* "o sees !m at ano!r angle1 & = purposes ( sci5tific v]ity ! ev5ts mu/ be look$ d[n ^u f ! /alls & pulpits ( e *ur*--unless "o rejects *ur*es altoge!r4 #da ,?r\gh ,sib]ia1 by ,h5ry ,lansdell1 ) illu/rations & maps2 ,london1 #ahhb4 ,sid5ote3 ,miracles ess5tial to religion4 ,religions create miracles by ! v ne$ t !y !mselves feel = !m1 !y create !m z evid5ce 9 _! own support2 miracles ent] z a necess>y elem5t into ! process ( m5tal evolution :i* eng5d]s religion4 ,! di/+ui%+ m>k ( ! ^w ( ,god is t x alt]s ! ord] ( natural ph5om5a4 ,mohamm$anism alone made its way 9 ! _w )\t ! assi/ance ( visible & gross evid5ce 9 its fav\r1 appeal+ n to ! eyes b to ! _s1 z ,pascal w\ld say2 & 9 ?is respect x may p]haps claim an intellectual elevation t ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity _c4 ,b if ,mohamm$ refus$ ! gift ( miracles1 ) a good fai? t ,moses seems n to h possess$1 8 disciples ha/5$ to =ce x ^u him1 & h suppli$ 8 life & dea? ) an appropriate sett+ ( m>vell\s leg5d4 ,gr\nd ( belief mu/ be _h2 ! mess5g] ( ,god mu/ pres5t "s visible sign by :i* he may be recogniz$4 ,sid5ote3 ,preval5ce ( belief 9 special provid5ce4 ,x is evid5t t div9e provid5ce or protection mu/ h be5 conceiv$ 9 ! beg9n+ z q special1 & n z act+ by g5]al laws4 ,! c\rse ( ! _w 0 "o cont9ual s]ies ( div9e int]v5tions 9 ! natural ord] ( ?+s1 & 9 ! affairs ( m52 div9ities liv$ 9 ! mid/ ( mank9d1 9 ! mid/ ( ! family1 9 ! mid/ ( ! tribe4 ,?is result may be expla9$ z due to ! v "* ( primitive humanity4 ,primitive man1 :o is ! mo/ cr$ul\s1 is evid5tly also ! lea/ responsible ( mank9d2 incapable ( gov]n+ himself1 he is always will+ to ab&on himself to ! managem5t ( somebody else2 9 e circum/ance ( life he ne$s to %>e "s "p ( 8 burd54 ,if a mis=tune happ5s to him1 he relies on anybody or any?+ r ?an on himself4 ,?is *>act]i/ic1 :i* has be5 rem>k$ 9 a numb] ( races ( mank9d1 is especially visible 9 infants & 9 infant peoples4 ,!y lack pati5ce to foll[ )\t skipp+ a l9k 9 ! *a9 ( cause & effect2 !y d n und]/& h[ any human action c produce any great effect1 & are1 9 g5]al1 mu* a/oni%$ at ! disproportion :i* exi/s betwe5 effects & _! causes--a disproportion :i* is only explicable 9 _! eyes by ! int]v5tion ( "s =eign cause4 ,h5ce ! ne$1 s rem>kable 9 feeble m9ds1 to discov] "s o!r ?an ! real explanation = a ph5om5on2 ! real explanation is nev]1 9 _! eyes1 truly suffici5t4 ,= a vanqui%$ soldi]1 ! defeat is nev] suffici5tly expla9$ by sci5tific gr\nds2 = example1 by 8 own c[>dice1 by ! ill-managem5t ( ! m5 on ! field1 by ! ignorance ( ! lead]s2 be=e ! explanation is complete ! notion ( treason mu/ always be add$4 ,j s1 if "o ( ! l[] classes has an attack ( indige/ion1 he w n admit t he has eat5 too mu*2 he w compla9 ( ! quality ( ! food1 & p]haps ev5 sugge/ t somebody has tri$ to poison him4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages1 :5 !re 0 pe/il5ce1 x 0 ! fault ( ! ,jews2 at ,naples ! p beat ! images ( ! sa9ts :5 ! h>ve/ is n good4 ,all ^! facts are explicable 9 ! same way2 an uncultivat$ m9d _c br+ itself to accept a result :i* is disagreeable to x1 _c resign itself to hav+ be5 unexpect$ly disconc]t$ by ! m]e brute c\rse ( ?+s1 to say ) ,tur5ne1 :5 he 0 ask$ h[ he lo/ a battle3 8,by my own fault40 ,! notion ( a special provid5ce allies itself ) 8 natural disposition2 x p]mits man to wa% 8 h&s ( all responsibility1 no matt] :at happ5s4 ,a result :i* x w\ld be too mu* tr\ble to =esee1 & to obta9 by m]e natural means1 c always be dem&$ at ! h& ( ,provid5ce2 "o waits = x in/ead ( work+ = x2 & if "o is deceiv$ 9 "o's expectations "o lays ! blame on ! ,deity4 ,9 ! ,bible1 k+s are nev] guilty except t[>d ,god1 _! incapacity is simply impiety2 b x is always easi] to be pi\s ?an to be capable4 ,sid5ote3 ,belief 9 ,provid5ce tames p = absolute mon>*y4 ,at ! same "t t ! nave irresponsibility ( primitive p ?us accommodates itself to ! provid5tial gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 x accommodates itself no less to ! despotic gov]nm5t ( a mon>* or ( an ari/ocracy4 ,! pr9ciple ( despotism is at bottom id5tical ) t ( a sup]natural1 ext]nal provid5ce2 ! latt] also dem&s a c]ta9 r5unciation or abdication 9 ! direction ( ev5ts4 ,"o lets "o's self g1 "o confides "o's self to someone else1 & by ?is means "o w9ks at ! cruelle/ ( frauds1 ! defraudm5t ( "o's own volition2 ano!r wills & det]m9es 9 "o's /ead4 ,"o limits "o's self to desir+ & hop+1 & pray]s & supplications take ! place ( action & ( "w4 ,"o floats ) ! /ream 9 a /ate ( relaxation2 if ?+s turn ill !re is always someone = "o to blame1 to curse1 or to :e$le2 if1 on ! contr>y1 ?+s turn out well1 "o's he>t ov]fl[s ) b5$ictions1 n to m5tion t "o secretly attributes "s "p 7man is s made7 ( ! result obta9$ to "o's self4 ,in/ead ( say+1 8,i det]m9$ t x %\ld be s10 "o says1 8,i ask$1 ,i pray$ = x40 ,x is s easy to believe t "o is help+ to manage ! /ate1 or gov]n ! e>?1 :5 "o has murmur$ two words into ! e> ( a k+ or a god--:51 l ! fly 9 ! fable1 "o has simply buzz$ an in/ant ab\t ! great roll+ :eel ( ! _w4 ,propitiatory pray] possesses a p[] :i* is great 9 proportion to its vagu5ess2 x seems to be able to d ev]y?+ precisely because x _c ev] d any?+ 9 especial4 ,x exalts man 9 8 own eyes because x enables him to obta9 ! maximum ( effect ) ! m9imum ( ef=t4 ,:at a p5*ant ! p h always felt = de/9y & m5 ( de/9y6 ,h[ e appeal to ! p1 9 behalf ( m5 ( de/9y1 has 9 all times succe$$ 9 tak+ ! suffrage ( ! masses6 ,a s5tim5t ( submission to ! decrees ( ,provid5ce1 :o is de/9y p]sonifi$1 has be5 ! excuse ( e =m ( indol5ce1 ( e c[>dly adh]5ce to cu/om4 ,& if "o c>ries x to its logical conclusion1 to :at else does ! indol5t sophism ( ! ,ori5tals am\nt8 ,x is true t ! precept1 8,heav5 w aid !e10 is habitually correct$ by ! precept1 8,aid ?yself40 ,b effici5cy to aid "o's self dem&s initiative1 & audacity1 & a _s ( revolt aga9/ an unwelcome c\rse ( ?+s2 effici5tly to aid "o's self "o mu/ n say1 8,god's w be done10 b 8,my w be done02 "o mu/ be a rebel 9 ! mid/ ( ! passive multitude1 a sort ( ,prome!us or ,satan4 ,x is difficult to say to "o1 8,:atev] happ5s1 :atev] exi/s1 is :at x is1 by ! irresi/ible & special w ( ,god10 & nev]!less to add1 8,d n submit to ! accompli%$ facts40 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages m5 consol$ !mselves 9 ! mid/ ( tyranny & pov]ty by ?9k+ t x 0 ,god himself :o 0 oppress+ !m1 & d>$ n rise aga9/ _! ma/]s = fe> !y might be ris+ really aga9/ ,god4 ,to pres]ve social inju/ice x _h to be apo!osiz$4 ,:at 0 really no m ?an a human "r _h to be made div9e4 ,sid5ote3 ,p]sonal initiative a defiance ( ! gods4 ,! s5tim5t ( p]sonal initiative1 l t ( p]sonal responsibility1 is q mod]n & incapable ( be+ develop$ 9 ! atmosph]e ( bigotry & n>r[ness 9 :i* man has long liv$ ) 8 gods4 ,to say to "o's self1 8,i c und]take some?+ new2 ,i %all h ! audacity to introduce a *ange into ! _w2 to make an advance2 9 ! combat aga9/ brute nature ,i %all %oot ! fir/ arr[1 )\t wait+1 l ! soldi] ( antiquity1 till ! auspices h be5 consult$0--w\ld h look$ l an enormity to m5 ( =m] times2 to m5 :o did n take a /ep )\t consult+ _! gods & c>ry+ _! images be=e !m to %[ ! way4 ,p]sonal initiative 01 on ! face ( x1 a direct (f5ce aga9/ ,provid5ce1 an encroa*m5t on ,8 rights2 to /rike ! rock z ,moses did1 be=e hav+ receiv$ ! ord] to d s f ,god1 w\ld h be5 to expose "o's self to ,8 wra?4 ,! _w 0 ! private prop]ty ( ! ,mo/ ,high4 ,x 0 n p]mitt$ to a man to employ ! =ces ( nature )\t special leave2 man 0 9 ! position ( a *ild1 :o is n all[$ to play ) ! fire2 except t ! reason = prohibit+ ! *ild is n ! same--we d n prohibit *ildr5 f play+ ) ! fire because we are 8jeal\s0 ( !m4 ,! jeal\sy ( ! gods is a conception :i* has surviv$ till ! pres5t day1 al?\gh x is incessantly retreat+ be=e ! progress made by human initiative4 ,ma*9]y1 ! product ( mod]n times1 is ! mo/ p[]ful enemy t ! notion ( a ,provid5ce has ev] _h to wre/le )4 ,"o kn[s h[ ! innoc5t w9n[+ ma*9e 0 curs$ by ! prie/s1 & look$ ^u ) an eye ( hatr$ by ! peasants1 because x imprison$ & employ$ 9 ! s]vice ( man an ess5tially provid5tial =ce--t ( ! w9d4 ,b mal$iction 0 useless1 ! w9d c\ld n refuse to w9n[ ! :eat2 ! ma*9e vanqui%$ ! gods4 ,!re1 z ev]y:]e1 human initiative c>ri$ ! day4 ,sci5ce f\nd itself 9 direct opposition to ! special int]v5tion ( ,provid5ce1 & appropriat$ & subdu$ ! =ces ( nature to an end1 9 appe>ance1 n div9e b natural4 ,a man ( sci5ce is a di/urb+ elem5t 9 nature1 & sci5ce an anti-provid5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,man practically a dome/ic animal 9 ! h\se ( ! gods3 result+ enfeeblem5t ( "*4 ,be=e ! e>lie/ developm5ts ( sci5ce1 primitive man f\nd himself1 z a result ( 8 imag9ation1 9 a /ate ( dome/icity 9 ! _w1 analog\s to t to :i* he _h himself r$uc$ c]ta9 animals2 & ?is /ate ex]t$ a pr(\nd influ5ce ^u ! "* ( su* animals1 depriv$ !m ( c]ta9 capacities & end[$ !m1 9 turn1 ) o!rs4 ,"s ( !m--c]ta9 birds1 = example--become "u dome/ication almo/ incapable ( f9d+ & provid+ !mselves ) _! necess>y food4 ,m intellig5t animals l ! dog1 :o might 9 a case ( absolute necessity rely ^u himself = indisp5sables1 contract nev]!less a habit ( subjection to man :i* creates a correspond+ ne$3 my dog is n at ease except :5 he kn[s t ,i am ne>2 if any?+ causes me to g away1 he is re/less & n]v\s2 9 ! pres5ce ( dang] he runs betwe5 my legs1 in/ead ( tak+ refuge 9 flight1 :i* w\ld be ! primitive in/9ct4 ,?us e animal :i* kn[s itself to be wat*$ & protect$ 9 ! details ( its life by a sup]ior be+1 necess>ily loses its primitive indep5d5ce1 & if its primitive indep5d5ce %\ld be once m re/or$1 x w\ld be unhappy1 w\ld exp]i5ce an ill-def9$ fe>1 a vague s5tim5t ( enfeeblem5t4 ,j s 9 ! case ( primitive & uncultivat$ man3 once he is habituat$ to ! protection ( ! gods1 ?is protection becomes = him a v]itable ne$2 if he is depriv$ ( x1 he falls into a /ate ( inexpressible discomfiture & inquietude4 ,add t1 9 ?is case1 he w soon provide himself ) a sub/itute2 to escape f ! intol]able solitude :i* d\bt creates )9 him1 he w take refuge 9 8 gods or 8 feti*es1 "u ! influ5ce ( a s5tim5t id5tical ) t :i* s5ds ! dog to take refuge betwe5 ! legs ( 8 ma/]4 ,to atta9 "s idea ( ! =ce ( su* a s5tim5t among primitive human be+s1 "o mu/ rememb] t ! surveillance ( ! gods is mu* m ext5d$ & m scrupul\s ev5 ?an t ( man ov] dome/ic animals1 or ( a ma/] ov] 8 slaves4 ,primitive man feels 8 god or 8 g5ii at 8 side at e /ep1 9 all ! circum/ances ( life2 he is accu/om$ to be+ nev] alone1 to ! pres5ce ( someone by him keep+ /ep ) him2 he believes t e ^w t he says & e act t he does is witness$ & judg$4 ,no dome/ic animal is accu/om$ to s high a degree ( subjection2 he kn[s p]fectly t our protection is n always efficaci\s & t we are sometimes mi/ak5 ab\t him1 t we c>ess him :5 he ought to be puni%$1 etc4 ,cats1 = in/ance1 "k t man _c see 9 ! d>k3 "o ev5+ a :ite cat made ready to commit an abom9able misdemean\r )9 two /eps ( me1 n suspect+ t its col\r w\ld betray x to an att5tive eye1 ev5 9 ! obscurity4 ,primitive m5 sometimes practis$ an analog\s cunn+ 9 reg>d to _! gods2 !y did n yet believe 9 ! complete sov]eignty1 9 ! absolute ubiquity1 ( ,provid5ce4 ,b by a process ( logical developm5t1 ,provid5ce is ultimately believ$ to ext5d to ev]y?+1 to envelop "o's :ole life2 ! fe> ( ,god becomes to man a p]petual prohibition aga9/ 8 passions1 a hope 9 ,god's aid 8 p]petual rec\rse4 ,religion & sci5ce possess ?is mu* 9 common1 t !y result 9 envelop+ u equally 9 a network ( necessities2 b :at di/+ui%es sci5ce is t x makes u acqua9t$ ) ! real ord] & causes ( ph5om5a1 & by t fact p]mits u to modify t ord] at w2 by %[+ u ! fact & nature ( our dep5d5ce1 sci5ce supplies u ) ! means ( conqu]+ a comp>ative indep5d5ce4 ,9 religion1 on ! contr>y1 ! my?ical & miracul\s elem5t introduces an un=ese5 factor1 ! div9e w1 a special provid5ce1 into ! mid/ ( ev5ts1 & by t fact deceives "o z to ! true means ( modify+ ! real c\rse ( ?+s4 ,! in/ant "o believes "o's self to be dep5d5t ^u ,jupit] or ,allah1 "o ascribes a great] efficacy to propitiation ?an to action2 & x foll[s t ! great] "o p]ceives "o's dep5d5ce to be ! m completely "o believes "o's self to be )\t def5ce aga9/ x2 ! m complete ! submission is to ,god1 ! m complete "o's result+ submission becomes to ! e/abli%$ fact4 ,! feel+ ( an imag9>y dep5d5ce ^u sup]natural be+s ?us increases ! g5]al dep5d5ce ( man 9 relation to nature4 ,?us und]/ood1 ! notion ( a special provid5ce1 ( a div9e tutelage1 has result$ 9 ! protract$ ma9t5ance ( ! human s\l 9 a /ate ( g5u9e m9ority2 & ?is /ate ( m9ority1 9 its turn1 has r5d]$ ! exi/5ce & surveillance ( div9e protectors a necessity4 ,:51 !re=e1 ! believ] refuses an (f] ( emancipation f ! dep5d5ce :i* he has volunt>ily accept$1 ! reason is t he feels a vague s5tim5t ( 8 own insuffici5cy1 ( 8 irrem$iably belat$ com+ ( age2 he is a *ild1 :o does n d>e /ray f> f ! pat]nal ro(2 he does n possess ! c\rage to walk alone4 ,! *ild :o %\ld %[ a precoci\s indep5d5ce1 & %\ld e>ly le>n to g its own road1 w\ld n improbably become simply dissipat$2 8 precocity might well be depravity 9 disguise4 ,simil>ly 9 hi/ory1 ! irreligi\s1 ! sceptics1 ! a!i/s1 h be5 frequ5tly spoil$ *ildr51 precoci\s 9 ! bad s5se2 _! fre$om ( _s 0 only a high =m ( mis*ief4 ,! human race1 l ! individual1 long ne$$ surveillance & tutelage2 s long z x exp]i5c$ ?is ne$ x lean$ inevitably ^u a belief 9 a provid5ce ext]nal to itself & to ! univ]se1 capable ( int]f]+ 9 ! c\rse ( ?+s1 & ( modify+ ! g5]al laws ( nature by p>ticul> acts ( volition4 ,subsequ5tly1 by ! progress ( sci5ce1 ,provid5ce has be5 depriv$ day by day ( "s ( its special & miracul\s p[]s1 ( its sup]natural pr]ogatives4 ,by ! evolution ( human ?\ght piety has be5 trans=m$2 x t5ds to-day to reg>d z an object ( filial affection :at 0 =m]ly an object ( t]ror1 ( deprecation1 ( propitiation4 ,sci5ce1 envelop+ ,provid5ce 9 a network ( inflexible laws1 is day by day r$uc+ x to a /ate ( immobility &1 s to speak1 p>alyz+ x4 ,provid5ce is becom+ l an old man :om age has r5d]$ incapable ( movem5t--:o b = our aid c\ld n raise a h& or foot1 :o lives ) our assi/ance1 & :o1 nev]!less1 is only ! m belov$1 z if 8 exi/5ce became to u m preci\s 9 proportion to its uselessness4 ,,iii4 ,creation4 ,sid5ote3 ,conception ( creation duali/ic4 ,aft] ! notion ( ,provid5ce "o mu/ deal1 9 runn+ ?r\gh ! metaphysical pr9ciples ( religion1 ) ! notion ( a creator1 :i* has acquir$ 9 our days an importance t x did n possess =m]ly4 ,?is conception1 l t ( ! s\l & ( a special provid5ce1 pres5t$ itself orig9ally "u ! =m ( dualism4 ,man conceiv$ 9 ! beg9n+ a god z fa%ion+ a _w m or less indep5d5t ( himself1 out ( "s pre-exi/+ mat]ial4 ,x 0 only lat] t ?is crude dualism 0 ref9$ into ! notion ( creation ex nihilo1 :i* repres5t$ ! traditional duality z produc$ by a primitive unity--,god1 :o _h at fir/ exi/$ alone1 creat$ out ( no?+ a _w di/9ct & sep>ate f himself4 ,sid5ote3 ,conception ( creation natural4 ,! foll[+ conv]sation1 ( :i* ,i c gu>antee ! au!nticity1 af=ds an example ( nave metaphysic4 ,! two int]locutors 7 a little peasant girl1 f\r ye>s old1 :o _h always liv$ 9 ! c\ntry1 & a "y girl f t[n1 ! daught] ( ! own] ( ! f>m4 ,!y _h gone out into ! g>d5 :]e a numb] ( fl[]s _h op5$ t morn+2 ! little peasant girl admir$ !m en?usia/ically1 & address+ h] companion1 = :om %e _h long ent]ta9$ a species ( cult3 8,x is y1 mi/ress1 is x n10 %e cri$1 8:o makes ^! fl[]s80 ,?is int]rogation did n embody an incipi5t speculation 9 a sph]e ( physics2 ! *ild simply attribut$ an unkn[n p[] to a visible & palpable be+4 ,h] mi/ress repli$ laugh+ly1 8,no1 n ,i4 ,i hav5't ! p[]40 8,:o does x !n80 ! *ild ask$4 ,"o p]ceives ! p]si/5ce1 9 primitive intellig5ces1 ( ! impulse to expla9 ?+s by ! direct action ( somebody's volition1 ! impulse to place somebody beh9d e ev5t4 8,x is ,god10 repli$ ! eld] girl4 8,& :]e is ,god8 ,h y ev] se5 ,him80 ,no d\bt ! little peasant1 :o reg>d$ ! city z a v surpris+ place1 suppos$ "o might meet ,god !re1 face to face1 & ,god did n1 z yet1 repres5t to h] any?+ supra-physical4 ,b h[ admirably dispos$ %e 0 = ! reception ( a m or less illegitimate metaphysic6 8,i h nev] se5 ,god10 repli$ h] mi/ress1 8& nobody has ev] se5 ,him4 ,he lives 9 heav51 & at ! same "t lives among u2 ,he sees u & he>s u2 x is ,he :o made ! fl[]s1 :o made y & me1 & ev]y?+ t exi/s40 ,i %all n report ! *ild's replies1 = ,i believe t %e 0 too mu* a/oni%$ really to say any?+4 ,%e 0 9 a situation su* z a savage f9ds himself 9 :5 a mission>y comes & talks ) him ab\t ,god1 ! supreme be+1 creator ( all ?+s1 a _s exi/+ )\t a body4 ,savages sometimes refuse to und]/&1 & po9t to _! heads & decl>e t !y suff]2 sometimes !y believe t "o is mak+ fun ( !m1 & ev5 among our *ildr5 !re is a good deal ( p]si/5t & mute a/oni%m5t1 :i* we>s (f sl[ly ) ! lapse ( "t4 ,:at is /rik+ 9 ! little conv]sation report$ above1 is ! way 9 :i* ! metaphysical my? necess>ily rises out ( ! sci5tific error4 ,an inexact induction fir/ gives rise to ! notion ( a human be+ act+ by means to u unkn[n & my/]i\s2 ?is notion1 once obta9$1 fa/5s ^u ! body ( su* & su* an individual1 ! object antec$5tly ( especial v5]ation2 f ?is individual x retreats 9 c\rse ( "t to ano!r m di/ant1 f c\ntry to t[n1 f e>? to heav51 f visible heav5 to ! invisible ess5ce ( ?+s1 ! omnipres5t sub/ratum ( ! _w4 ,simultane\sly ) ?is retrograde movem5t1 ! be+ end[$ ) m>vell\s p[]s becomes increas+ly vague & ab/ract4 ,! human intellig5ce1 9 develop+ its conception ( ! sup]natural be+1 employs :at !ologians call ! negative me?od1 :i* consi/s 9 ab/ract+ "o kn[n attribute aft] ano!r4 ,if m5 & races ( m5 h always foll[$ ?is proc$ure1 x is less because ( any ref9em5t ( ?\ght on _! "p ?an 9 ob$i5ce to ! pressure ( an ext]nal necessity4 ,directly z man becomes acqua9t$ ) nature1 he sees all traces ( 8 god fly be=e him2 he is l a m9] :o1 ?9k+ t he recognizes ! pres5ce ( gold 9 ! soil b5ea? 8 feet1 beg9s to dig1 & f9d+ no?+1 _c make up 8 m9d to believe t ! e>? conta9s no treasure2 he s9ks 8 %afts deep] & deep] 9 an et]nal hopefulness4 ,j s1 in/ead ( break+ ) 8 gods1 man exiles !m to a great] & great] di/ance z he advances 9 k4 ,:at nature excludes t5ds to take on a metaphysical "*2 e error :i* p]si/s 9 spite ( ! progress ( exp]i5ce takes refuge 9 heav51 9 "s sph]e m & m completely inaccessible4 ,?us ! some:at gross orig9s ( religions are n irreconcilable ) ! ref9$ speculations incid5t to _! p]iod ( developm5t4 ,human intellig5ce1 once laun*$ into inf9ite space1 inevitably describes a wid] & wid] orbit ab\t reality4 ,a my?ical religion is n a completely rational & a priori con/ruction2 x always re/s ^u alleg$ exp]i5ce1 ^u obs]vations & analogies1 :i* are ta9t$ ) error2 x is1 !re=e1 false a po/]iori1 & !re9 lies ! explanation ( ! inv9cible & increas+ div]g5ce betwe5 my? & v]ity4 ,sid5ote3 ,god conceiv$ z ord]] r ?an z creator4 ,9 ! beg9n+ m5 conceiv$ ,god r z an ord]] ( ! univ]se1 z a workman fa%ion+ a pre-exi/+ matt]1 ?an z a creator2 we f9d ?is notion /ill pr$om9ant among ! ,greeks4 ,its g5esis 0 probably some?+ z foll[s3 ,:oev] supposes ! exi/5ce ( ,god reg>ds ! _w z an in/rum5t 9 ,8 h&s2 ,god employs ! ?und]1 ! w9d1 ! />s = purposes ( 8 own1 z man employs 8 arr[s & 8 hat*et4 ,does x n naturally result f t conception t ,god fa%ions ^! m>vell\s in/rum5ts j z man fa%ions 8 arr[s & hat*et8 ,if ! little peasant girl1 ( :om we spoke above1 _h n se5 h] fa!r repair or make 8 tools1 make a fire1 make bread1 till ! soil1 %e w\ld nev] h ask$ :o made ! fl[]s 9 ! g>d54 ,! *ild's fir/ :y involves ! foll[+ reason+3 ,somebody has act$ on ?is ?+ z ,i myself h act$ on su* & su* ano!r ?+2 :o1 !n1 9 ! pres5t case is x8 ,! ab/ract notion ( causality is a consequ5ce ( ! practical developm5t ( our own causality2 ! great] ! numb] ( ?+s t "o c make "o's self1 ! great] "o's a/oni%m5t at see+ ?+s done by o!r p ) great] rapidity or on a l>g] scale4 ,! m b\nd d[n "o is "o's self1 to ! employm5t ( t$i\s artifice1 ! m "o admires :at is produc$ sudd5ly by a p[] :i* is app>5tly extraord9>y4 ,s t ! notion ( a miracle ?us m naturally arose f "o's exp]i5ce ( ! practical arts1 ?an1 s to speak1 f brute exp]i5ce1 & = ! re/ conta9$ no elem5t :i* 0 contradictory to ! nave sci5ce ( ! e>lie/ obs]v]s4 ,e "q presupposes a c]ta9 k9d & am\nt ( action on ! "p ( ! que/ion]2 "o does n dem& ! cause ( an ev5t until "o has "o's self be5 ! consci\s cause ( su* & su* ano!r ev5t4 ,if man possess$ no influ5ce 9 ! _w1 he w\ld n ask himself :o made ! _w4 ,! mason's tr[el & c>p5t]'s saw h play$ a consid]able "p 9 ! developm5t ( religi\s metaphysics4 ,sid5ote3 ,notion ( creation ex nihilo ( empirical orig94 ,rem>k1 also1 h[ easy x is1 ev5 at ! pres5t day1 to conf\nd ! ^w make ) ! ^w create1 :i* inde$ did n exi/ 9 primitive times4 ,h[ %\ld "o di/+ui% precisely :at "o fa%ions f :at "o creates8 ,!re is a c]ta9 elem5t ( creation 9 fa%ion+2 & ?is elem5t sometimes positively assumes a magical "*1 seems to rise ex nihilo4 ,:at a m>vel1 = example1 is a sp>k ( fire obta9$ f /one or wood6 ,! ,h9dus see 9 x ! symbol ( g5]ation4 ,9 fire ! e>lie/ races ( m5 laid _! f+]s on ! miracul\s4 ,9 appe>ance ! pebble "o /rikes or ! dri$ wood "o rubs to produce a sp>k is n itself consum$2 x gives )\t loss1 x creates4 ,! fir/ man :o discov]$ ! secret ( produc+ fire seem$ to h introduc$ some?+ g5u9ely new into ! _w1 to h ravi%$ ! p[] ( creation f ! gods4 ,9 g5]al1 :at di/+ui%es ! arti/1 prop]ly s call$1 f ! simple workman is ! feel+ t he possesses a p[] :i* he does n und]/&1 t he produces 9 "s s5se m ?an he aims at1 t he is lift$ above himself2 g5ius is n fully consci\s1 z simple tal5t is1 ( its res\rces2 x conta9s an elem5t ( ! un=ese51 a =ce :i* is n calculable 9 advance1 a creative p[]2 & !re9 lies ! secret ( ! true arti/'s p]sonal pride4 ,ev5 9 a matt] ( purely physical p[] a sup]excitation ( ! n]v\s sy/em may place at "o's disposal an am\nt ( muscul> en]gy "o did n suppose "o possess$3 ! a?lete1 no m ?an ! ?9k]1 at su* times kn[s ! limits ( 8 own /r5g? & ! m>vels ( :i* he is capable4 ,ea* ( u possesses ?us1 dur+ c]ta9 h\rs ( 8 exi/5ce1 ! consci\sness ( a m or less creative p[]1 ( ! direct production ( some?+ out ( no?+4 ,"o feels t "o has produc$ by =ce ( w a result t "o's intellig5ce _c :olly acc\nt =1 t "o _c rationally expla94 ,!re9 lies ! f\ndation & 9 a measure ! ju/ification ( a belief 9 miracles1 9 ! extraord9>y p[] ( c]ta9 m51 &1 9 ! la/ analysis1 9 a p[] ( creat+4 ,?is indef9ite p[] t man sometimes feels well up )9 him1 he naturally ascribes to 8 gods4 ,s9ce he conceives !m z act+ ^u ! _w 9 a mann] analog\s to himself1 he conceives !m z capable ( giv+ rise to new elem5ts 9 ! _w2 & ?is notion ( creative p[] once introduc$ cont9u\sly develops till ! day :5 x leads "o1 f induction to induction1 to ! belief t ! entire _w is ! "w ( a div9ity1 t ! e>? & ! />s h be5 fa%ion$ & creat$ by a sup]natural volition4 ,if man c /rike fire out ( a /one1 :y might n ,god /rike a sun out ( ! firmam5t8 ,! conception ( a creator1 :i* seems at fir/ a remote consequ5ce f a *a9 ( ab/ract reason+1 is ?us "o ( ! innum]able manife/ations ( an?ropomorphism2 "o ( ! ideas :i*1 at lea/ orig9ally1 seems to h be5 r p>aphysical ?an metaphysical4 ,x re/s at bottom ^u an ignorance ( ! possible trans=mation & actual equival5ts ( =ces1 ow+ to :i* e app>5t creation is resolvable into a sub/antial equival5ce & e app>5t miracle into an exemplification ( immutable ord]4 ,sid5ote3 ,summ>y4 ,to sum up1 ! creative p[] once ascrib$ to ,god is 9 our op9ion an ext5sion ( ! notion ( special ,provid5ce1 :i* itself is ( empirical orig94 ,:5 !ologians n[adays beg9 by e/abli%+ ! creation1 9 ord] !refrom to d$uce a special ,provid5ce1 !y are precisely inv]t+ ! ord] ( ?+s z !y appe>$ 9 ! beg9n+4 ,x is only ?r\gh ! cont9ually increas+ preoccupation ( ab/ract ?\ght & metaphysical speculation ) ! "q ( ! fir/ cause1 t ! idea ( a creative deity has acquir$ ?us a sort ( prepond]ance1 & con/itutes 9 our day an ess5tial elem5t 9 religion4 ,dualism1 z we h se51 is ( ! ess5ce ( ?is notion2 dualism is ! pr9cipal =m "u :i* ! union ( s\ls & bodies1 ! relation ( a special provid5ce to natural laws1 ! relation ( creator to creat$ has be5 conceiv$4 ,! notion1 h[ev]1 ( a supreme unity runn+ ?r\gh all ?+s has be5 caught m or less vague glimpses (1 f remote times d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,& x is on ?is notion t pan!i/ic & moni/ic religions1 pr9cipally ^? ( ,india1 are bas$4 ,brahmanism & ,buddhism t5d to :at has be5 call$ 8absolute illusionism0 = ! b5efit ( a unity 9 :i* ! supreme be+ takes = u ! =m ( non-exi/5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,dang]s ( ef=t to classify sy/ems ( religi\s metaphysics4 ,! temptation is natural sy/ematically to class div]se sy/ems ( religi\s metaphysics & to repres5t !m z evolv+1 "o aft] ! o!r 9 a regul> ord]1 con=mable to a m or less det]m9ate s*eme2 b "o mu/ be on "o's gu>d "h aga9/ two ?+s3 fir/1 ! s$uction ( a sy/em1 ) ! metaphysical ab/ractions to :i* x leads2 second1 ! pret5se ( f9d+ ev]y:]e a regul> progress con/antly head$ t[>d religi\s unity4 ,religi\s philosoph]s h err$ 9 bo? ^! respects2 ,hegel1 = example1 yield$ to ! temptation ( impos+ ^u ! hi/ory ( religion 8 monoton\s trilogy1 ( !sis1 anti!sis1 & syn!sis4 ,9 ,von ,h>tmann ! ,hegelian _s1 influ5c$ by ,s*op5hau]1 /ill survives4 ,we h se5 ,von ,h>tmann borr[+ f ,max ,mll] ! ab/ract conception ( a div9ity at once unifi$ & multiple1 a species ( primitive syn!sis out ( :i* hi/orical religions 7 to arise by a process ( diff]5tiation3 out ( h5o!ism1 z out ( matt] /ill void & )\t =m1 0 to arise poly!ism1 & !n by a process ( deg5]esc5ce 0 to arise polydemonism or animism1 & f9ally feti*ism4#db ,?is ord] ( developm5t1 z we h se51 is contr>y to matt] ( fact4 #db 8,h5o!ism10 says ,von ,h>tmann1 8re/s ^u a contradiction4 ,man goes =? 9 se>* ( div9ity1 & f9ds gods4 ,he addresses ea* ( ^! div9ities 9 succession 9 ! hope t he may be ! div9ity s\ght =1 & conf]s ^u him a multitude ( pr$icates :i* call 9 "q ! div9ity ( ! o!r gods4 ,oblig$1 h[ev]1 z he is to look to diff]5t gods = ! fulfilm5t ( 8 respective dem&s he is unable to rema9 fai?ful to any "o ( !m2 he *anges 8 object ( adoration repeat$ly & ea* "t acts t[>d ! god he is address+ z if he 7 god p> excell5ce1 )\t inde$ himself obs]v+ at ! "t t he is d5y+ ! supreme div9ity ( any god by attribut+ x 9 turn to ea* ( !m4 ,:at r5d]s ! orig9 ( religion possible is t ?is contradiction is n at fir/ rem>k$2 a p]si/5t failure to recognize su* a contradiction w\ld n be possible 9 ! mid/ ( ! progress ( civilization1 except 9 ! case ( an extreme int5sity ( religi\s s5tim5t1 :i* %ields all religi\s subjects f rational criticism4 ,su* int5sity ( religi\s s5tim5t nei!r exi/s 9 all places nor at all times1 & a _s ( intellectual criticism1 op]at+ int]mitt5tly1 suffices 9 ! long run to r5d] ! po9t ( view ( h5o!ism unt5able4 ,two ways ( avoid+ ! contradiction 9 "q (f] !mselves4 ,"o may ma9ta9 ! unity ( ,god at ! exp5se ( ! plurality1 or1 on ! contr>y1 plurality ( ,god at ! exp5se ( ! unity4 ,! fir/ way leads to ab/ract monism1 ! second to poly!ism2 & out ( poly!ism1 by a process ( deg5]ation1 arise polydemonism or animism & !n feti*ism40 ,feti*ism1 und]/ood simply z ! ascription ( life to natural objects1 is primitive4 ,animism1 or ! conception ( indwell+ _s1 arises subsequ5tly4 ,poly!ism1 or ! wor%ip ( a c]ta9 numb] ( analog\s objects1 su* z ! trees ( a =e/1 implies "s di/9ction betwe5 ! deity & ! =e/1 :]eas feti*ism limits itself /rictly to ! animation ( ea* p>ticul> tree1 & f9ally h5o!ism1 or ! vague conception ( an indwell+ div9ity 9 all ?+s1 is ult]ior & d]ivative4 ,moni/ic pan!ism or monism lies b "o /ep beyond4 ,sid5ote3 ,logically po/]ior (t5 hi/orically prior4 ,rem>k also t ,von ,h>tmann1 :o endeav\rs to prove t a vague monism is ! primitive =m ( religion1 reg>ds ! ,v$as z a fair example ( ! e>lie/ =m ( natural religion1 traces ( :i* rema9 m or less di/9ctly manife/ 9 all my?ologies4 ,b ?is is positively to =get t = an an?ropologi/ ! ,v$as are q mod]n compositions1 & t ,h9du lit]ature belongs to a p]iod ( high ref9em5t & civilization4 ,moni/ic metaphysics may be ! ultimate goal t[>d :i* all religions t5d1 b x is at lea/ n ! po9t ( dep>ture4 ,f9ally1 ,von ,h>tmann endeav\rs to e/abli% ! fact ( a c]ta9 logical ord] 9 religi\s developm5t1 a progress4 ,?is progress does n exi/ 9 hi/ory nor any:]e outside ( ! ab/ract sy/em con/ruct$ by ,von ,h>tmann2 x is dialectic1 n hi/oric4 ,! div]s religi\s po9ts ( view h (t5 co9cid$ 9 hi/ory2 & sometimes a logically sup]ior po9t ( view has ev5 prec$$ an inf]ior4 ,sid5ote3 ,comte's classification logical1 n psy*ological4 ,ano!r classification1 n less op5 to suspicion ?an t ( ,von ,h>tmann1 is ! celebrat$ ,comti/ progression f feti*ism to poly!ism & f poly!ism to monism4 ,9 ?is classification ! framework no long] consi/s ( metaphysical ab/ractions1 b ( numb]s4 ,b numb]s also possess _! artificial & sup]ficial side2 !y d n express ! mo/ fundam5tal aspects ( religion4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is a matt] ( extreme difficulty to p]ceive any radical diff]5ce betwe5 naturi/ic feti*ism & poly!ism4 ,multiplicity ( div9ities is a *>act]i/ic common to bo?4 ,! sole diff]5ce t ,comte 0 able to e/abli% is t 9 poly!ism a :ole class ( objects1 = example all ! trees ( a =e/1 or a :ole class ( ph5om5a1 z lightn+ & /orm1 is repres5t$ by "o div9ity4 ,b ?is species ( ab/raction & g5]alization is mu* less important1 mu* m ext]ior & purely logical1 ?an ! psy*ological & metaphysical progression f a grossly unit>ian & concrete naturism to a duali/ic animism4 ,?is latt] l9e ( developm5t is 9 ! direction ( naturali/ic & spirituali/ic metaphysics1 :i* possess a deep] significance ?an a sy/em ( ma!matical enum]ation & logical g5]alization4 ,! passage f poly!ism to mono!ism is also conceiv$ by ,comte some:at too ma!matically4 ,poly!ism e>ly result$ 9 a c]ta9 hi]>*y & subord9ation ( ! :ole body ( individual deities to "s "o p[]ful god3 ,jupit]1 ,fate1 etc4 ,on ! o!r h&1 mono!ism has always provid$ "s place = second>y div9ities--angels1 devils1 spirits ( e k9d1 to say no?+ ( ! tr9it>ian conception ( ! ,godhead itself4 ,ma!matical t]ms1 9 ?is connection1 obscure pr(\nd problems :i* belong really to metaphysics & to morals4 ,sid5ote3 ,! real classification4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( metaphysics ! great "q is t ( ! relation :i* exi/s betwe5 ! div9ity & ! _w & mank9d2 a relation ( imman5ce or ( transc5d5ce1 ( duality or ( unity4 ,we h se5 t1 f ?is po9t ( view1 religions h pass$ f an extremely vague primitive imman5ce to a relation ( transc5d5ce & ( sep>ation1 ultimately to return1 sometimes ) comp>ative rapidity 7z 9 ,india71 sometimes v sl[ly 7z among ,*ri/ian nations71 to ! notion ( an imman5t ,god 9 :om we live & move & h our be+4 ,sid5ote3 ,progressive encroa*m5t ( det]m9i/ic conception4 ,along ) ?is diff]5ce ( conception !re necess>ily goes a correspond+ diff]5ce 9 ! p>ts ascrib$ respectively to det]m9ism & natural law1 & to ! arbitr>y w ( ! deity or deities4 ,t is to say1 ! conflict betwe5 religion & sci5ce1 or :at w "o day become su*1 exi/s implicitly 9 ! e>lie/ conceptions ( ! _w4 ,9 ! beg9n+1 to be sure1 !re be+ no su* ?+ z sci5ce prop]ly s call$1 no conflict is app>5t2 "o expla9s :atev] "o *ooses z ! product ( an arbitr>y w1 !n little by little ! regul>ity1 ! det]m9ism1 ! ord]l9ess ( c]ta9 ph5om5a are rem>k$4 ,div9ities cease to be absolute pr9ces1 & become m or less con/itutional sov]eigns4 ,!re9 lies ! law ( religi\s evolution1 :i* is mu* m significant ?an ! law promulgat$ by ,comte2 humanity t5ds progressively to re/rict ! numb] ( ! ph5om5a ) ! natural c\rse ( :i* ! gods are suppos$ to int]f]e2 ! sph]e ( natural law t5ds progressively to become m & m ne>ly all-compreh5sive4 ,! ,ca?olic n[adays no long] believes t a goddess br+s 8 crops to maturity or t a p>ticul> god laun*es a ?und]-bolt1 ?\gh he is /ill pr(\ndly incl9$ to imag9e t ,god blesses 8 fields or puni%es him by de/roy+ 8 h\se by a fla% ( lightn+2 arbitr>y p[] t5ds to be conc5trat$ 9 a s+le be+ plac$ on a height above nature4 ,at a /ill fur!r /age 9 ! c\rse ( evolution1 ! w ( ?is be+ is conceiv$ z express$ 9 ! laws ( nature !mselves )\t all[+ = ! exi/5ce ( miracul\s exceptions2 ,provid5ce1 ! ,div9ity1 becomes imman5t 9 ! sci5tific ord]+ & det]m9ism ( ! _w4 ,9 ?is respect ! ,h9dus & ! ,/oics are f> 9 advance ( ! ,ca?olics4 ,sid5ote3 ,unification ( cre$s incid5tal to t encroa*m5t4 ,! absorption ( ! respective wor%ips ( a numb] ( deities into ! wor%ip ( "o deity has be5 an incid5tal consequ5ce ( ! progress ( sci5ce4 ,humanity began by (f]+ up a multitude ( special s]vices to a multitude ( special gods4 ,if "o 7 to believe c]ta9 l+ui/s1 x is true1 natural objects--! sun1 fire1 ! moon--7 at fir/ ador$ z imp]sonal entities2 _! subsequ5t p]sonification be+ due to a too lit]al int]pretation ( figurative impressions habitually employ$ to designate !m1 su* z 1 ! brilliant4 ,c]ta9 my?s1 no d\bt1 did spr+ f ?is s\rce3 nom9a1 num9a2 b humanity does n usually progress f ! g5]al to ! p>ticul>4 ,primitive religion1 on ! contr>y1 0 at fir/ subdivid$ or r simply divid$ into cults ( all sorts2 x 0 only lat] t simplifications & g5]alizations arose4 ,! passage f feti*ism to poly!ism & to mono!ism 0 simply ! consequ5ce ( a progressively sci5tific conception ( ! _w2 ( ! progressive absorption ( ! sev]al transc5d5t p[]s into a s+le p[] imman5t 9 ! laws ( ! univ]se4 ,sid5ote3 ,developm5t ( sociological & moral sides ( religion4 ,m important /ill ?an ?is metaphysical & sci5tific evolution ( religion is ! sociological & moral evolution4 ,:at is really important 9 a religi\s !ory is less ! conceiv$ relation ( ! prim>y sub/ance to its manife/ations 9 ! univ]se1 ?an ! attributes ascrib$ to ?is sub/ance & to ! inhabitants ( ! univ]se4 ,9 o!r words1 :at sort ( a society does ! univ]se con/itute8 ,:at sort ( social relation m or less moral betwe5 ! v>i\s memb]s are d]ivable f ! fundam5tal tie :i* b9ds !m to ! pr9ciple :i* is imman5t 9 all ( !m8 ,t is ! great problem = :i* ! o!rs simply con/itute a prep>ation4 ,! problem is to int]pret ! true f\ndation ( be+s & ( be+1 indep5d5tly ( num]ical1 logical1 & ev5 metaphysical relations4 ,well1 su* an int]pretation _c be o!r ?an psy*ological & moral4 ,psy*ologically1 p[] 0 ! fir/ & ess5tial attribute ( div9ity1 & ?is p[] 0 conceiv$ z r$\btable4 ,intellig5ce1 k1 =ekn[l$ge1 7 only at a lat] p]iod ascrib$ to ! gods4 ,& f9ally1 div9e morality1 "u ! tw(old aspects ( ju/ice & goodness1 is a v late conception inde$4 ,we %all see x develop side by side ) ! developm5t ( ! sy/ems ( practical morals t are incid5t to religion4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,religi\s ,,morals4 ,i4 ,! laws :i* regulate ! social relations betwe5 gods & m5--,morality & immorality 9 primitive religions--,ext5sion ( fri5dly & ho/ile relations to ! sph]e ( ! gods--,primitive inability 9 matt]s ( consci5ce1 z 9 matt]s ( art1 to di/+ui% ! great f ! mon/r\s4 ,,ii4 ,! moral sanction 9 ! society :i* includes gods & m5--,patronage--,t div9e int]v5tion t5ds always to be conceiv$ aft] ! model ( human int]v5tion & to sanction x4 ,,iii4 ,wor%ip & religi\s rites--,pr9ciples ( reciprocity & proportionality 9 ! ex*ange ( s]vices--,sacrifice--,pr9ciple ( co]cion & incantation--,pr9ciple ( habit & its relation to rites--,sorc]y--,sac]dotalism--,prophecy --,! ext]nals ( wor%ip--,dramatization & religi\s /hetics4 ,,iv4 ,subjective wor%ip--,adoration & love2 _! psy*ological orig94 ,i4 ,! laws :i* regulate ! social relations betwe5 gods & m54 ,sid5ote3 ,religion & morals n orig9ally relat$4 ,we are to-day incl9$ to see ev]y:]e a v intimate relation betwe5 religion & morals1 s9ce ,kant recogniz$ 9 e?ics ! aim & sole f\ndation ( ! conception ( ,god4 ,9 ! beg9n+ no?+ ( ! sort exi/$4 ,x is pla9 f ! prec$+ *apt]s t religion 0 at fir/ a physical explanation ( ev5ts1 & above all ( ev5ts 9 _! relation to ! int]e/s ( mank9d1 by a !ory ( causes act+ = ends ( _! own aft] ! mann] ( ! human w2 an explanation1 t is to say1 by causes at once effici5t & f9al2 & !ology is ! developm5t ( a primitive teleology4 ,man imag9$ himself to be liv+ 9 society ) b5efic5t or malefic5t be+s1 at fir/ visible & tangible1 !n progressively invisible & sep>ate f ! objects !y inhabit$4 ,!re91 z we h said1 lay ! fir/ /ep ( religion4 ,religion 0 9 ! beg9n+ no?+ m ?an an imag9ative ext5sion ( human society2 ! explanation ( ?+s by a !ory ( volitions analog\s to ! volitions by means ( :i* man himself acts on ! _w1 b ( ano!r ord]1 ( a high] degree ( p[]4 ,well1 ^! volitions are sometimes good1 sometimes evil1 sometimes fri5dly1 sometimes ho/ile3 fri5d%ip & hatr$ are ! two categories "u :i* man inevitably classifi$ ! sup]ior p[]s ) :om he believ$ himself to be 9 relations4 ,morality 0 9 no s5se "o ( ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics ( ^! p[]s2 man 0 q z naturally incl9$ to attribute to !m wick$ness z goodness1 or r he felt vaguely t ! rules ( conduct by :i* he 0 himself b\nd 7 n necess>ily ^? by :i* ^! be+s1 at once analog\s to m5 & s diff]5t f !m1 7 !mselves b\nd4 ,also 9 8 relations ) ! gods1 ) ! p[]s ( nature1 man 9 n[ise believ$ t ! rules ( m]e human society1 ( ! family1 ( ! tribe1 ( ! nation1 7 always & 9 e respect applicable4 ,!nce x came t to r5d] ! gods propiti\s1 man _h rec\rse to practices :i* he w\ld h blam$ 9 m]e human morals3 human sacrifices1 an?ropophagy1 sacrifices ( virg9ity1 etc4#dc #dc ,x has be5 rem>k$ t peoples :o = c5turies h r5\nc$ an?ropophagy h long p]si/$ 9 human sacrifices3 t ?\s&s ( wom5 9 c]ta9 sanctu>ies h (f]$ ! pa9ful sacrifices ( _! *a/ity to gods ( a furi\s s5suality4 ,! gods ( paganism are dissolute1 arbitr>y1 v9dictive1 pitiless1 & /ill _! ador]s rise little by little to a conception ( moral purity1 ( clem5cy1 & ( ju/ice4 ,javeh is v9dictive & f]oci\s1 & yet x is 9 ! mid/ ( 8 p t ! religion p> excell5ce ( b5ignity & =giv5ess took its rise4 ,also ! real morality ( m5 0 nev] proportionate to ! frequ5tly fanatic int5sity ( _! religi\s s5tim5ts4 ,see ,m4 ,rville 7,prolgomnes1 p4 #bha74 ,sid5ote3 ,religion mu* less moral ?an society4 ,if "o /ops to recollect t moral laws are 9 a great measure ! expression ( ! v necessities ( human life1 & t ! g5]ality ( c]ta9 rules is due to ! uni=mity ( ! conditions ( life on ! surface ( ! globe1 "o w und]/& :y x 0 t "o's relations to ! gods1 t is to say to creatures ( ! imag9ation1 7 n dom9at$ s directly z "o's relations to "o's fell[-m5 by ! exig5cies ( practical life1 b 7 regulat$ by mu* m v>iable & fanta/ic laws conta9+ (t5 a visible g]m ( immorality4 ,! div9e society 0 an imag9>y ext5sion ( human society1 n an imag9ative p]fection ( x4 ,x 0 physical fe>1 timor1 & n moral rev]5ce1 :i* gave be+ to ! fir/ gods4 ,! human imag9ation1 lab\r+ ?us "u ! empire ( fe>1 naturally gave bir? to a prodigy m (t5 ?an to an ideal4 ,= ! primitive consci5ce1 z = primitive art1 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! great & ! mon/r\s 0 by no means suffici5tly m>k$4 ,! g]m ( immorality1 !re=e1 n less ?an ( morality lies at ! root ( e religion4 ,once m1 x w\ld be an error to believe t religions are immoral 9 t !y are an?ropomorphic1 or sociomorphic2 r ! contr>y is true1 !y are n moral except 9 s f> z !y are sociomorphic4 ,mutilation1 = example1 cruelty1 obsc5ity are =eign to ! conceptions :i* dom9ate human conduct4 ,"o may v]ify 9 e religion :at is obs]v$ 9 ,*ri/ianity1 t ! truly moral ,god is precisely ! man-,god1 ,jesus1 :]eas ,god ! ,fa!r1 :o pitilessly sacrifices 8 own son1 is anti-human & immoral1 precisely 9 t he is sup]human4 ,sid5ote3 ,summ>y4 ,9 effect we f9d our fundam5tal proposition confirm$ afre%3 religion is a sociology conceiv$ z a physical1 metaphysical1 & moral explanation ( all ?+s2 x is ! r$uction ( all natural1 & ev5 sup]natural =ces to a human type1 & ! r$uction ( _! relations to social relations4 ,also ! progress ( religion has be5 exactly p>allel to ! progress 9 social evolution1 :i* has itself be5 dom9at$ by ! progress ( subjective morals & consci5ce4 ,! gods 7 at fir/ divid$ into two classes3 ! b5efic5t & ! malefic5t1 :o ultimately came to be recogniz$ z respectively virtu\s & wick$4 ,!n ^! two classes 7 absorb$ into _! respective *iefs1 into ,ormuzd & ,ahriman1 into ,god & ,satan1 into a pr9ciple ( good & a pr9ciple ( evil4 ,?us by a fre% dualism spirits !mselves 7 sep>at$ & rang$ into classes1 z ! _s itself _h previ\sly be5 sep>at$ f ! body4 ,f9ally ! pr9ciple ( goodness subsi/$ victori\sly "u ! "n ( ,god4 ,he became ! p]sonification ( ! moral law & ! moral sanction1 ! sov]eign legislator & judge1 9 a ^w1 ! liv+ law ( univ]sal society1 z a k+ is ! liv+ law 9 a human society4 ,to-day ,god t5ds to be id5tifi$ ) ! human consci5ce purifi$ ad inf9itum1 & adequate ) ! univ]se4 ,= ^! la/ & mo/ subtle repres5tations ( ! religi\s s5tim5t1 ,god is no m ?an a symbol ( ! moral & ! ideal4 ,"o may see 9 ?is evolution ( religi\s ideas ! gradual triumph ( sociomorphism1 s9ce x is *>act]iz$ by an ext5sion to ! univ]se at l>ge ( social relations :i* are incessantly progress+ t[>d p]fection among m54 ,,ii4 ,! moral sanction 9 ! society :i* includes gods & m54 ,sid5ote3 ,! gods inevitably become protectors ( social ju/ice4 ,to ! p]sonification ( ! law1 religi\s morals inevitably jo9$ t ( ! sanction :i* plays s capital a rle 9 e human society4 ,! cele/ial gov]nm5t has always be5 a projection ( ! human gov]nm5t1 ) a p5alty at fir/ t]rible & subsequ5tly s(t5$4 ,to say ! tru?1 ! !ory ( a sanction is ! sy/ematization ( t ( a provid5ce4 ,! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( a provid5ce is t x aw>ds or recomp5ses1 insomu* t "o may br+ d[n ^u "o's self or avoid its ang]1 by su* & su* conduct4 ,well1 ! in/ant a man admits t a div9e p[] is gov]n+ him1 ?is p[] w inevitably appe> to him to be ex]cis+ a control ov] 8 conduct1 &1 z x 71 sanction+ x4 ,?is control w at fir/ be ex]cis$ only 9 reg>d to ! p]sonal relations ( ! individual1 ) 8 god & 8 gods4 ,b ! individual w soon recognize t if ! gods take an int]e/ 9 him !y may well take an int]e/ also 9 ! o!r memb]s ( ! tribe1 provid$ t ^! la/ "k h[ to r5d] !m propiti\s2 & to injure ! o!r wor%ipp]s ( a god w\ld be indirectly to injure ! god himself1 & provoke 8 ang]4 ,all ! memb]s ( a tribe !re=e f9d !mselves protect$ aga9/ ea* o!r by _! association ) ! gods1 religion l5ds support to social ju/ice1 & :oev] violates social ju/ice expects ! gods to puni% him4 ,?is expectation also mu/ h be5 confirm$ by ! facts1 = if antisocial & unju/ conduct _h habitually prevail$ among m51 social life w\ld h be5 impossible4 ,inju/ice mu/ !n always on an av]age h c>ri$ its sanction ) x1 & ?is sanction mu/ h appe>$ to be ! direct "w ( ! gods1 pass+ judgm5t f on high on ! social conduct ( _! cli5ts1 z ,roman patrons did1 seat$ b5ea? ! columns ( ! atrium4 ,sid5ote3 ,& ( human ju/ice4 ,z religions int]m+l$ & grew 9 ext5t1 ! cli5tage ( a god1 at fir/ ext5d$ to ! memb]s ( a s+le tribe1 pass$ beyond its b\nds4 ,m51 ( no matt] :at orig91 might become citiz5s ( ! cele/ial city1 ( ! sup]human association :i* took *>ge ( ea* ( its memb]s1 s t ! div9e sanction t5d$ increas+ly to become conf\nd$ ) ! moral sanction1 & "o und]/ood t ,god protect$ ju/ice n only )9 ! bosom ( a tribe1 b ev]y:]e )9 ! limits ( humanity4 ,sid5ote3 ,natural desire to h ! scales load$ on ! side ( rectitude4 ,:ile 9 ! matt] ( ! sanction ! sociomorphic conception ( ! _w t5d$ ?us to become a moral conception1 morality itself mu/ h t5d$1 9 ord] to eke out its own insuffici5cy1 to ally itself ) religion4 ,human society1 p[]less to make itself always respect$ by e "o ( its memb]s1 inevitably invok$ ! aid ( ! society ( sup]ior be+s :i* envelop$ x on all sides4 ,man be+ ess5tially a social animal1 1 c\ld n be resign$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! success ( antisocial conduct1 & :5ev] x seem$ t su* conduct _h succe$$ humanly1 ! v nature ( mank9d t5d$ to make x turn t[>d ! sup]human to dem& a rep>ation & a comp5sation4 ,if ! bees %\ld sudd5ly see _! hives de/roy$ be=e _! eyes )\t !re be+ any hope ( ev] recon/ruct+ !m1 _! :ole be+ w\ld be %ak51 & !y w\ld in/9ctively await = an int]v5tion ( "s k9d1 :i* %\ld re-e/abli% an ord] z immutable & sacr$ = !m z t ( ! />s is = u4 ,man1 by virtue ( ! moral nature ) :i* h]$ity has furni%$ him1 is ?us incl9$ to believe t wick$ness ought n to h ! la/ ^w 9 ! univ]se2 ! triumph ( evil & ( inju/ice always /irs 8 indignation4 ,?is species ( indignation is obs]vable 9 infants almo/ be=e !y c talk1 & num]\s traces ( x may be f\nd ev5 among animals4 ,! logical result ( ?is in/9ctive prote/ aga9/ evil is a refusal to believe 9 its def9itive triumph4#dd #dd ,see ! au?or's ,esquisse d'une morale 7,i41 iii472 ,beso9 psy*ologique d'une sanction4 ,sid5ote3 ,results 9 victory be+ giv5 9 heav5 to pr9ciple ( light4 ,man1 9 ^: eyes ! society 9 :i* ! gods live corresponds s closely to human society1 mu/ almo/ inevitably imag9e ! exi/5ce among !m ( antisocial be+s1 ( ,ahrimans & ,satans1 protectors ( evil 9 heav5 & on e>?1 b x is natural t he %\ld give ! victory 9 ! end to ! 8pr9ciple ( good0 ov] ! 8pr9ciple ( evil40 ,( all ?+s x is ! mo/ repugnant to him to believe t ! univ]se is fundam5tally indiff]5t to ! di/9ction betwe5 good & evil2 a div9ity may be irascible1 caprici\s1 & ev5 int]mitt5tly wick$1 b man _c und]/& an impassible & cold nature4 ,sid5ote3 ,gods legitimat$ by alliance ) ! moral =ces ( society4 ,! mo/ p[]ful ( ! gods _h ?us s]v$ to reconcile =ce & ju/ice1 a b>b>\s ju/ice appropriate to ! _s ( primitive man4 ,?r\gh ! idea ( sanction graft$ ?us ^u t ( provid5ce1 religion assumes a really sy/ematic "*1 & becomes atta*$ to ! v fibres ( ! human he>t4 ,z in/rum5ts ( goodness 9 ! univ]se1 ! gods1 or at lea/ ! sov]eign gods1 s]ve to confirm human morality2 !y become 9 "s sort ! life ( morality4 ,_! exi/5ce is no long] simply a physical fact2 x is a physical fact1 morally ju/ifi$ by a social in/9ct :i* relies ^u x z its ma9 safegu>d4 ,h5ce=? ! p[] ( ! gods is legitimate4 ,a div9e k+1 l a human k+1 requires a c]ta9 my/ic consecration2 x is religion :i* consecrates human k+s1 x is morality :i* consecrates ! k+ ( ! gods4 ,sid5ote3 ,importance ( conception ( immortality 9 ! moral evolution ( religion4 ,! notion ( a div9e int]v5tion to trim ! balance ( ! social ord]1 to puni% & to recomp5se1 0 at fir/ altoge!r =eign to ! belief 9 a cont9uation ( life aft] dea?2 x became alli$ to ?is belief mu* lat]4 ,ev5 among a p s advanc$ z ! ,hebrews 9 matt]s ( religi\s evolution1 rew>d & puni%m5t beyond ?is life play$ no rle1 & yet !re has sc>cely ev] be5 a p :o believ$ m he>tily 9 ! w ( ,god z direct+ ! life ( mank9d2 b 9 _! eyes ,god a*iev$ 8 victory 9 ?is life2 !y possess$ no ne$ = an immortality z a means ( r$ress+ ! moral balance ( ! _w4#de ,x 0 only lat]1 :5 ! critical s5se _h atta9$ a high] developm5t1 t x 0 recogniz$ t ! sanction did n always come 9 ?is life2 ! *a/isem5t ( ! culpable1 ! hop$-= recomp5se ( ! virtu\s1 gradually retreat$ f ! pres5t _w into a di/ant future4 ,hell & heav5 7 ?r[n op5 to correct ! manife/ imp]fections ( ?is life4 ,! notion ( immortality ?us assum$ an extraord9>y importance1 insomu* t x seem$ z if mod]n life w\ld be de/roy$ if x 7 depriv$ ( ?is belief1 :i* =m] times _h1 h[ev]1 succe$$ 9 do+ )\t4 ,at bottom a cle> & reflective conception ( a life aft] dea?1 9 :i* "o is rew>d$ or puni%$ = "o's life "h1 is a v complex & remote d$uction f ! notion ( sanction4 #de ,! "q :e!r ! ,hebrews believ$ 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l has long be5 discuss$1 & ,m4 ,r5an has be5 reproa*$ ) 8 negative attitude 9 ! matt]2 b ,m4 ,r5an nev] d5i$ ! exi/5ce1 among ! ,hebrews1 ( a belief 9 a soj\rn = ! %ad[s or manes ( ! dead2 ! :ole "q 0 :e!r ! ,hebrews believ$ 9 a sy/em ( rew>d & puni%m5t aft] dea?1 & ,m4 ,r5an 0 "r 9 ma9ta9+ t any su* notion is =eign to primitive ,judaism4 ,x is equally =eign to primitive ,hell5ism4 ,?\gh ! liv+ endeav\r$ to conciliate ! dead1 !y did n envy _! fate :i*1 ev5 9 ! case ( ! j1 0 worse ?an ! fate ( ! liv+4 8,seek n to console me = dea?1 noble ,ulysses10 ,a*illes says1 :5 he arrives 9 ,t>t>us4 8,i w\ld r be a hir$ lab\r] & till a poor man's field ?an reign ov] all ! regions ( ! dead40 7,see ,morale d'picure1 #c;d ed42 ,des ides antiques sur la mort47 ,sid5ote3 ,religi\s sanction at fir/ conceiv$ z a v5geance4 ,! religi\s sanction1 be+ fundam5tally an ext5sion ( human social relations to ! life ( ! gods1 successively assum$ ! ?ree =ms ( human p5alty4 ,at fir/ x 0 only v5geance1 z 9 ! case ( ! l[] animals & ( savage man4 ,x is evil r5d]$ 9 return = evil4 ,! s5tim5t ( v5geance has subsi/$1 & /ill subsi/s1 9 ! bosom ( e religion :i* admits a div9e sanction2 v5geance is confid$ to ,god1 & becomes only ! m t]rible4 8,d n av5ge y\rselves10 ,/4 ,paul says1 8b r give place unto wra?3 = x is writt51 ,v5geance is m9e2 ,i w repay1 sai? ! ,"l4 ,!re=e1 if ?9e enemy hung]1 fe$ him2 if he ?ir/1 give him to dr9k3 = 9 s do+ ?\ %alt heap coals ( fire on 8 head40 8,our pati5ce10 ,/4 ,cyprian wrote1 8comes f our c]ta9ty t we %all be av5g$2 x heaps coals ( fire ^u ! heads ( our enemies4 ,! day on :i* ! ,mo/ ,high %all numb] ! fai?ful %all see ! culpable 9 ,geh5na1 & our p]secutors %all be consum$ 9 et]nal fire6 ,:at a spectacle = my transports1 my admiration1 & my laught]60 ,& by way ( a ref9em5t1 "o ( ! m>tyrs at ,c>?age told ! pagans to look him well 9 ! face s t !y might recognize him on ! day ( judgm5t at ! "r h& ( ! ,fa!r1 :ile !y 7 be+ precipitat$ into et]nal flame4#df #df ,! mo/ or?odox !ologians1 ( c\rse1 mean by fire a v]itable flame4 ,sid5ote3 ,!n z an expiation4 ,! notion ( v5geance1 z x becomes m subtle & passes1 s to speak1 f ! doma9 ( passion into t ( intellig5ce is trans=m$ into ! notion ( expiation1 :i* is exclusively religi\s1 al?\gh spirituali/ic philosoph]s believe t x conta9s moral & rational elem5ts4 ,expiation is a sort ( nave comp5sation by :i* "o fancies "o may c\nt]balance moral evil by accept+ physical evil along ) x4 ,expiation is a p5alty :i* possesses no utility 9 ! way ( b5efit+ ! culprit or ^? :o might foll[ 8 example2 x is nei!r corrective nor prev5tive2 x is an alleg$ satisfaction ( ! law1 ! re-e/abli%m5t ( an app>5t symmetry = ! delight ( pure intellig5ce1 a public prosecution pure & simple4 ,9 a s+ul> passage 9 ! ,p5ses *rti5nes1 ,fa!r ,b\h\rs has cle>ly & innoc5tly set 9 relief ! inutility ( religi\s expiation3 8,p5it5ce ( ! damn$1 ?\ art rigor\s1 & h[ useless2 c\ld ! ang] ( ,god g fur!r ?an to puni% pleasure s brief by torm5ts :i* %all nev] end8 ,:5 a damn$ s\l %all h %$ te>s en\gh to fill all ! riv]s ( ! _w1 ev5 if he %\ld only h %$ "o a c5tury1 he w be no f>!r ahead aft] s _m millions ( ye>s2 he w only h begun to suff]1 & ev5 :5 he %all h recomm5c$ z (t5 z !re are gra9s ( s& ^u ! %ores ( ! sea1 he %all ev5 !n h done no?+40 ,! highe/ degree ( ! notion ( expiation is 9 effect ?is ( et]nal damnation4 ,9 ?is !ory ( ! p5alty ( damnation1 & ! pa9s ( fire )\t end1 "o recognizes ! b>b>ism ( =m] "t & ! torm5ts inflict$ on ! vanqui%$ by ! vanqui%]1 on ! rebel by ! *ief ( ! tribe4 ,a sort ( atavism atta*es ev5 to ! religion ( love 9 ?is p]petual inh]itance ( hatr$1 ( ! cu/oms ( a savage p]iod erect$ into an et]nal & div9e in/itution4 ,,iii4 ,wor%ip & religi\s rites4 ,sid5ote3 ,! cult an expression ( suppos$ reciprocity betwe5 gods & m54 ,! cult1 :i*1 s to speak1 is no m ?an ! religion become visible & tangible1 is1 l ! religion itself1 simply ! apo!osis ( a c]ta9 social relation3 ! ex*ange ( s]vices betwe5 m5 liv+ 9 society4 ,man1 :o believes himself to receive b5efits f ! gods1 feels himself oblig$ to give some?+ 9 ex*ange4 ,he conceives a sort ( reciprocity ( action z appropriate betwe5 ,god & man1 a possible return 9 good or evil conduct2 man possesses a c]ta9 hold on 8 ,god1 he is capable ( procur+ ,him a c]ta9 satisfaction or caus+ ,him a c]ta9 pa91 & ,god w reply a hundr$ fold 9 k9d--pa9 = pa91 pleasure = pleasure4 ,sid5ote3 ,is s1 ev5 to-day4 ,"o kn[s h[ gross ! ext]nal =ms ( wor%ip 9 ! beg9n+ 74 ,!y simply consi/$ 9 a practical application ( ! social economy3 ! gods 7 giv5 to eat & dr9k2 an alt> 0 a but*]'s /all or ! /all ( a w9e m]*ant1 & ! cult 0 a v]itable comm]ce betwe5 heav5 & e>?--a sort ( a m>ket1 9 :i* man (f]$ lambs or %eep & receiv$ 9 ex*ange ri*es & heal?4 ,9 our days1 ! cult is ref9$2 ! ex*ange has become m & m symbolic1 ! gift is simply an expression ( moral homage1 = :i* ! wor%ipp] expects no imm$iate return2 /ill ! pr9ciple ( ! cult is always ! same1 "o believes t an act on man's "p possesses a direct influ5ce on ! w ( ,god1 & ?is act consi/s 9 (f]+s or pray]s fix$ on be=eh&4 ,sid5ote3 ,gov]n$ by ! law ( ! m>ket4 ,ano!r pr9ciple ( primitive cult is proportionality4 ,"o c expect no m f ano!r ?an a proportionate return2 b[ ?ree times be=e him1 & he w be bett] dispos$ t[>d y ?an if y b[ b once2 (f] him a beef1 & he w be m grateful ?an if y (f] an egg4 ,accord+ly1 to an uncultivat$ & sup]/iti\s m9d1 x foll[s t quantity & numb] %\ld regulate our relations ) ! gods z !y regulate our relations ) our fell[-m52 multiply y\r pray]s1 & y w multiply y\r *ances ( fav\rs2 ?ree ,pat]no/]s g f>!r ?an "o1 a doz5 c&les w produce a mu* great] effect ?an a s+le c&le4 ,a pray] t y g to a temple to say 9 public1 a cantique *ant$ 9 a sonor\s voice1 w attract m att5tion ?an a sil5t dem& =mulat$ at ! bottom ( "o's he>t4 ,simil>ly1 if "o wi%es to obta9 ra9 or sun = ! crops1 x is into ! fields t "o mu/ g to (f] up "o's pray]1 9 a motley file ( *ant+ wor%ipp]s2 x is always s]viceable to po9t "o's f+] at :at "o wants1 & to make ! dem& 9 p]son4 ,! bett] to /imulate ! memory ( "o's idol primitive man 0 accu/om$ to drive a nail into him1 & ! cu/om /ill survives 9 ,brittany 9 ! =m ( ?ru/+ p9s into ! bodies ( ! sa9ts4 ,out ( sight1 out ( m9d1 holds good bo? ( gods & sa9ts4 ,to simple m9ds x w\ld be contr>y to ! law ( proportionate ex*ange = a simple ?\ght1 a sil5t pray]1 to receive su* fav\r 9 ! eyes ( ! gods z an ov]t act4 ,sid5ote3 ,embodi$ 9 fix$ =ms4 ,e religion insi/s ^u "s q det]m9ate ext]ior =m ( wor%ip1 a precise manife/ation1 a cre$2 x endeav\rs to incorporate itself into a c]ta9 numb] ( rites & cu/oms1 :i* are num]\s & inviolable 9 proportion z ! religion is primitive4 ,! univ]sality ( an ext]nal =m ( wor%ip 9 ! diff]5t religions ( ! _w is ! consequ5ce & ! mo/ /rik+ pro( ( _! sociomorphic orig94 ,man has always believ$ t he might be useful & agreeable to 8 gods s long z he has conceiv$ !m z analog\s to himself & to 8 neighb\rs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,:i* soon came to be conceiv$ z co]cive4 ,add t to ! notion ( s$uc+ ! gods t ( con/ra9+ is soon jo9$4 ,to ! conception ( an ex*ange ( s]vices is soon jo9$ t ( a species ( co]cion ex]cis$ 9 "s vague mann] by ! int]m$iation ( "s fri5dly god or ev5 by "s simple magic =mula :i* has once succe$$1 once procur$ ! object dem&$6 ,=mul consecrat$ by cu/om appe> to be equally b9d+ on gods & m54 ,accord+ly ! cult1 at fir/ m or less loose1 m or less arbitr>y1 ultimately becomes m9utely regulat$2 ultimately becomes :at "o kn[s z a rite4 ,a rite1 at its l[e/1 is simply ! result ( a t5d5cy to repeat indef9itely an act :i*1 at "s "t or o!r1 has seem$ to r5d] a god or a feti* propiti\s4 ,aft] propitiation comes me*anical cu/om4 ,religion1 z ,pascal well said1 is to a l>ge ext5t habit4 ,rites are born ( ! ne$ to p]=m aga9 & aga9 ! same act1 "u ! same circum/ances2 a ne$ :i* is ! f\ndation ( cu/om1 & )\t :i* all life w\ld be impossible4 ,moreov]1 !re is some?+ sacr$ 9 e habit :atsoev]1 & e act1 :atev] x may be1 t5ds to become a habit & by t fact to become respectable1 to be 9 "s sort self-consecrat$4 ,rites1 !re=e1 /rike root 9 ! v f\ndations ( our be+2 ! ne$ = rites manife/s itself v e>ly 9 ! life ( ! *ild4 ,*ildr5 n only imitate o!r p & !mselves1 repeat o!r p & !mselves1 b exact a scrupul\s precision 9 ^! repetitions2 9 g5]al !y d n di/+ui% ! end f ! means by :i*1 & ! circum/ances "u :i*1 x is pursu$2 !y d n yet possess a suffici5tly ex]cis$ intellig5ce to und]/& t ! same l9e ( action may lead to ! same result 9 diff]5t ways & "u diff]5t circum/ances4 ,i once obs]v$ a *ild ( f eighte5 mon?s to two ye>s old3 if ,i got up f my arm*air & p>ad$ ab\t ! room = its amusem5t1 & /opp$1 x 0 necess>y be=e beg9n+ once m t ,i %\ld return to my seat2 ! *ild's pleasure 0 mu* dim9i%$ if ! repetition 0 n exact4 ,! *ild 0 accu/om$ to be f$ by a numb] ( p indiff]5tly2 /ill if ,i _h giv5 x "s "o ?+--milk to dr9k1 = example--a numb] ( times1 x 0 no long] satisfi$ to receive milk f anybody else1 & insi/$ t ! same p]son %\ld always give x ! same ?+4 ,if1 on leav+ ! h\se1 ,i took ano!r cane ?an my own1 ! *ild w\ld take x away f me to put x back :]e x belong$4 ,x 0 unwill+ t "o %\ld we> "o's hat 9 ! h\se or g b>e-head$ out ( doors4 ,& f9ally1 ,i saw x a*ieve a v]itable bit ( c]emonial on its own acc\nt4 ,x _h be5 accu/om$ to be told to call a dome/ic at ! top ( ! s]vants' /airway2 "o day ! dome/ic 0 9 ! room :5 ! *ild 0 told to call h]2 ! *ild look$ at h]1 turn$ ab\t1 w5t to ! top ( ! /airway :]e x usually call$ h]1 & !re only %\t$ out h] "n4 ,all ! conduct ( life1 9 effect ! mo/ important z ! mo/ insignificant1 is classifi$ 9 a *ild's head1 rigor\sly def9$1 & modell$ on ! type ( ! fir/ act ( t k9d t has caught its att5tion1 )\t ! *ild's ev] be+ able to di/+ui% ! object ( an act f its =m4 ,?is confusion betwe5 purpose & =m exi/s 9 a no less /rik+ degree among savages & primitive peoples1 & x is ^u ?is v confusion t ! sacr$ "* ( religi\s rites is f\nd$4 ,sid5ote3 ,primitive man possesses a repugnance n to novelty b to a brea* ( cu/om4 ,! tr\ble t is app>5t 9 a *ild or an uncultivat$ man 9 ! pres5ce ( :atev] d]anges 8 e/abli%$ association ( ideas1 has be5 expla9$ by a pure & simple horror ( novelty4 ,lombroso has ev5 co9$ a ^w to designate ?is psy*ological /ate2 he has call$ x misoneism4 ,b let u n conf\nd two q di/9ct ?+s1 a horror ( a brea* ( cu/om & a horror ( novelty2 !re are new p]ceptions1 & habits t may be add$ to ! :ole body ( already exi/+ p]ceptions & habits )\t d]ang+ !m mu* or at all2 & aga9/ ^! nei!r ! savage nor ! *ild rebels4 ,?\gh ! *ild nev] we>ies ( li/5+ to ! same tale & becomes irritat$ ! mom5t "o alt]s its lea/ detail1 x w li/5 no less passionately to a new tale2 & new toys & new walks delight x4 ,! same ta/e = novelty is obs]vable among savages1 j 9 s f> z x c be gratifi$ )\t di/urb+ _! preconceiv$ ideas4 ,primitive man is l ! mis] :o w n "p ) any ( 8 acquir$ treasure1 b asks no?+ bett] ?an to increase x4 ,he is naturally curi\s1 b he has no desire to pu% 8 curiosity to ! po9t ( contradict+ :at he kn[s already or believes he kn[s4 ,& 9 a measure he is "r1 he is simply obey+ ! p[]ful in/9ct ( intellectual self-pres]vation2 8 intellig5ce is n suffici5tly supple con/antly to knit & unknit ! associations ( ideas :i* exp]i5ce has e/abli%$ 9 him4 ,a black1 out ( an atta*m5t = ,liv+/one1 wi%$ to accompany him to ,europe2 a few days on ! /eam] drove him insane4 ,x is1 !re=e1 9 ob$i5ce to a c]ta9 bran* ( ! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation t primitive peoples are s cons]vative 9 _! cu/oms & rites2 b !y %[ !mselves no less will+ to appropriate ! cu/oms & rites ( o!r p :5ev] !y c d s )\t ab&on+ _! own4 ,! ,romans ultimately came to accept ! cult ( all ! peoples 9 ! _w )\t1 h[ev]1 any ab&onm5t ( _! national cult2 & ftes1 :i* are prop]ly survivals ( paganism1 subsi/ ev5 at ! pres5t day2 "o acquires sup]/ition1 & cu/oms1 mu* m easily ?an "o loses !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,wor%ip 9 public confirms cult4 ,! p[] ( example contributes also to l5d an additional /ability to ! public cult2 an individual becomes h>d5$ 9 a practice :i* he f9ds univ]sal 9 ! society 9 :i* he lives4 ,!nce comes ! importance ( public wor%ip2 ! practice ( public wor%ip makes ^? :o ab/a9 f x conspicu\s4 ,public wor%ip is a viva voce poll4 ,ev]yone sits 9 judgm5t ^u y1 all ( y\r acqua9tances become y\r accus]s1 & all m5 :o wor%ip ,god are y\r enemies4 ,n to ?9k z ev]ybody else does is compreh5sible--b n to act z ev]ybody else does6 ,to wi% to break away f ! s]vitude ( action :i*1 once e/abli%$1 t5ds to p]petuate itself6 ,9 ! end ! ma*9e b5ds2 "o becomes brutaliz$4 ,ev5 among p ( sup]ior m9ds ! =ce ( habit is incr$ible4 ,9 ! h\rs ( d\bt1 9 8 y\?1 ,m4 ,r5an wrote to 8 advis]3 8,i recite ! ,psalms2 ,i c\ld pass h\rs & h\rs1 if ,i b foll[$ my own incl9ation1 9 ! *ur*es4444 ,i exp]i5ce lively returns ( devotion4444 ,at times ,i am simultane\sly bo? ,ca?olic & rationali/6 ,:5 "o cuts loose f su* beliefs1 beliefs :i* h become a second nature to "o1 x seems z if "o has sev]$ "o's self f "o's :ole pa/4 ,"o has 9 "s s5se liv$ !m1 & "o is atta*$ to !m z to "o's own life2 to ab&on !m is to resolve to die to "o's self4 ,x seems z if "o's entire /r5g? _h come f !m & t "o w be z feeble z a *ild :5 "o has lo/ !m2 !y are to "o :at ,samson's hair 0 to him4 ,happily !y w gr[ aga940 ,sid5ote3 ,prie/hood a consequ5ce ( e/abli%$ rites4 ,prie/hood is a consequ5ce ( ! e/abli%m5t ( rites4 ,! prie/ is ! man suppos$ to be mo/ capable ( influ5c+ ! div9ity by a m9ute & le>n$ obs]vation ( ! sacr$ rites4 ,rites1 9 effect1 ! mom5t !y become complicat$ by an accumulation ( div]se cu/oms lie beyond ! k & p[] ( ! ord9>y man2 x requires a special education to talk to ! gods 9 ! complex language :i* alone !y und]/&1 9 ! =mul :i* co]ce _! wills4 ,:oev] possesses ?is imag9ation is a species ( magician or sorc]]2 & ! prie/hood arose out ( sorc]y1 ( :i* x 0 simply ! regul> organization4#dg #dg 8,sorc]y1 9 ! beg9n+ purely individual & fanta/ic10 says ,m4 ,rville1 8gradually develops into sac]dotalism & by t *ange1 hav+ become a p]man5t public in/itution1 sac]dotal sorc]y becomes sy/ematic1 develops a ritual :i* becomes traditional1 imposes ^u ^? :o aspire to ! hon\r ( conduct+ ! conditions ( initiation1 pro( ( effici5cy1 a novitiate1 receives privileges1 def5ds !m if !y are attack$1 endeav\rs to augm5t !m4 ,?is is ! hi/ory ( all sac]dotal in/itutions1 :i* are c]ta9ly desc5d$ f a caprici\s1 fanta/ic1 disord]ly1 practice ( sorc]y 9 previ\s ages40 ,sid5ote3 ,t5d5cy ( prie/ to become a sacr$ p]son4 ,! ext]nals ( wor%ip rema9 to-day1 9 special 9 ! ,ca?olic & ,greek religions1 a collection ( traditional1 inflexible =mul1 :i* c\ld n be tru/$ to produce _! effect if a ^w or a ge/ure 9 !m 7 *ang$2 c]ta9 c]emonies are really v]itable traditional =ms ( incantation4 ,rites resemble ! invisible bonds 9 :i* ,fau/ held ! ,devil2 b x is ,god himself 9 ?is case t is en*ant$1 *>m$1 & ov]p[]$4 ,at bottom ! belief :i* makes ! ,*9ese prie/ turn 8 pray+ ma*9e1 ! belief :i* makes ! devotee tell h] beads1 ! belief :i* makes ! prie/ ?umb 8 brevi>y or say sal>i$ masses = unkn[n peoples1 :i* 9 ! ,midi makes ri* p pay begg>s to mumble pray]s be=e _! doors1 all re/ ^u "o & ! same pr9ciple3 !y all re/ on a fai? 9 a p[] ( ! rite1 ( ! traditional =mula 9 & ( itself1 no matt] :o pron\nces x4 ,! efficacity ( ! int]e/$ pray]s does n seem to dep5d solely on ! legitimacy ( :at "o dem&s b on ! =m employ$ 9 dem&+ !m2 & ?is =m has be5 det]m9$ at bottom by exp]i5ce2 ! majority ( devotees p]=m m9ute exp]im5ts on ! comp>ative virtue ( individual pray]s1 masses1 (f]+s1 pilgrimages1 miracul\s wat]s1 etc42 !y amass ! result ( _! obs]vations & transmit !m to _! *ildr54 ,! invocation ( c]ta9 privileg$ ,madonnas1 su* z ! ,madonna at ,l\rdes1 is ev5 to-day a ve/ige ( primitive sorc]y4 ,! prie/ inh]its all ^! nave exp]im5ts z to ! conditions appropriate to induce a miracle1 & he sy/ematizes !m4 ,prie/s be+ m5 pick$ = _! capability 9 ! function :i* 0 reg>d$ z ! mo/ useful ( all o!rs = ! pres]vation ( society1 necess>ily came to con/itute a really sup]ior ca/e & to be p]sonally 9 "s s5se ! object ( ! cult :i* !y adm9i/]$4 ,! p]fect type ( sac]dotal privilege is h]$it>y prie/hood z x exi/$ 9 anci5t ,judaism1 z x /ill exi/s 9 ,india2 e ,brahman is born a prie/ & ne$s no special education4 ,! ?irty-sev5 great prie/s ( ,vi%nu 9 ,guj]at are hon\r$ ev5 to-day z ! visible inc>nation ( ,vi%nu4#dh #dh ,x is an hon\r = :i* "o pays de> to be p]mitt$ to consecrate to !m "o's s\l1 "o's body1 or ! s\l & body ( "o's wife4 ,"o pays five rupees = ! privilege ( contemplat+ !m1 tw5ty = ! privilege ( t\*+ !m1 ?irte5 = ! privilege ( be+ :ipp$ by !m1 sev5te5 = ! privilege ( eat+ betel t !y h *ew$1 n9ete5 = ! privilege ( dr9k+ ! wat] 9 :i* !y h ba!d1 ?irty-five = ! privilege ( wa%+ _! great toes1 =ty-two = ! privilege ( rubb+ !m ) p]fum$ oil1 & f "o hundr$ to two hundr$ = ta/+ 9 _! company ! ess5ce ( delight4 ,sid5ote3 ,antagonism betwe5 prie/ & prophet4 ,hi/orically ! prie/ has always f\nd a rival1 sometimes an adv]s>y1 9 ! prophet1 f ,buddha to ,isaiah & ,jesus4 ,! prophet is n a prie/ b\nd to a sanctu>y & slave to a tradition1 b an individual4 8,prophecy10 says ,m4 ,alb]t ,rville1 8is to religion :at lyrism is to poetry40 ,! prophet & ! lyric poet1 9 effect1 bo? speak 9 ! "n ( _! own inspiration4 ,! prophet is (t5 a revolutioni/1 ! prie/ is ess5tially a cons]vative2 ! "o repres5ts innovation1 ! o!r cu/om4 ,sid5ote3 ,dramatic elem5t 9 cult4 ,ext]ior =ms ( wor%ip & rites ally+ !mselves ) ref9$ & elevat$ s5tim5ts h 9 all religions tak5 on a symbolic & expressive "* t !y did n possess 9 ! practice ( primitive sorc]y2 !y h become /hetic & by t fact r5d]$ durable4 ,= :oev] looks ^u ! mo/ anci5t religi\s c]emonies ) ! eye ( an arti/1 !y consi/ 9 ! reproduction1 n[adays too me*anically & unconsci\sly1 ( a "w ( art :i* once 0 n )\t its significance & its beauty4 ,!y are n[adays l a h&-organ play+ admirable compositions by "s old ma/]4 ,pfleid]]1 9 8 8,philosophy ( ,religion10 has %[n t ! dom9ant elem5t 9 ! ext]nals ( wor%ip is dramatic1 ! dramatization ( "s my?ological or leg5d>y sc5es4 ,x is especially among ! ,aryans t ?is elem5t pr$om9ates2 ! ,aryans are especially susceptible to ! *>m ( great epics & dramas4 ,! ,semites are lyric r1 & !nce arises ! importance ( prophecy among !m2 al?\gh ! lyric elem5t 0 also repres5t$ among ! ,greek poets & ,py?onesses4 ,! dramatic elem5t1 on ! contr>y1 is visible 9 c]ta9 symbolic c]emonies ( ,*ri/ianity & ,judaism4 ,! ,mass 0 =m]ly a v]itable drama ( ! ,passion 9 :i* ! spectators also took "p2 ! half pagan1 half ,*ri/ian processions t /ill subsi/ to-day possess = ! cr[d some?+ ( ! attractiv5ess ( ! op]a4 ,! ,communion is a dramatization ( ! ,"l's ,supp]4 ,ca?olicism especially is di/+ui%$ by ! possession ( dramatic & /hetic 7too (t5 gross7 elem5ts1 :i* expla91 n less ?an hi/orical reasons1 its victory ov] ,prote/antism among ! nations ( s\!rn ,europe1 :i* are m arti/ic ?an ^? ( ! nor?1 & m s5sually arti/ic4 ,! /hetic sup]iority ( a religion is n to be disda9$ by ! ?9k]4 ,x is ! /hetic elem5t 9 e rite :i*1 z we %all see1 is its mo/ respectable *>act]i/ic4 ,moreov]1 religi\s s5tim5t & /hetic s5tim5t h always gone h& 9 h&2 & ?is union has be5 "o ( ! mo/ important factors 9 ! developm5t ( ! /hetic s5tim5t2 x is ?us t dramas & epics dealt 9 ! beg9n+ ) gods & demi-gods r ?an ) m52 ! e>lie/ romances 7 religi\s leg5ds2 ! fir/ odes 7 sacr$ *ants & songs4 ,music & religion h always be5 alli$4 ,b 9 ! end1 ! /hetic elem5t becomes feeble & is replac$1 z religion loses its vitality1 by a species ( me*anical r\t9e4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 ev5 m ?an among u1 ?is ph5om5on is manife/1 ! :ole t5d5cy !re is t[>d monoton\s & int]m9able c]emonials4 ,! ,p>sees1 ! repres5tatives ( ! olde/ exi/+ religion1 pass six h\rs a day 9 pray]4 ,& accord+ to ! ,indian ,mirror ! foll[+ is a description ( ! fe/ival ( ! ,"l1 a "p ( ! cult ( ,brahmaism1 ! altoge!r mod]n & :olly dei/ical religion f\nd$ by ,ram ,mohun ,roy & ,ke%ub3 8,at precisely six o'clock a hymn 0 inton$ 9 *orus 9 ! upp] gall]y ( ! m&ir to ann\nce ! day's solemnity4 ,o!rs foll[$ to ! accompanim5t ( ! h>monium1 & ?us1 aft] a succession ( hymns1 ! sacr$ (fice 0 rea*$1 :i*1 c\nt+ 9 ! s]mon1 la/$ f sev5 to t5 o'clock4 ,a "p ( ! congregation !n retir$ to take "s re/1 b ^? :o rema9$ inton$ ! v$i to dem& ( ! m9i/] explanations 9 reg>d to sev]al po9ts ( 8 s]mon4 ,at noon1 ! assembly hav+ conv5$1 f\r pundits came out successively & recit$ ,sanskrit texts4 ,at "o o'clock ! m9i/] gave a conf]5ce40 ,!n came ! exposition ( a numb] ( philosophical & religi\s !ses1 deliv]$ by _! respective au?ors4 ,hymns1 m$itations1 & pray]s 9 common la/$ till ne>ly sev5 o'clock1 :5 ! initiation ( sev5 new ,brahmai/s 0 celebrat$4 ,?is c]emony1 includ+ a s]mon1 la/$ n less ?an two h\rs1 & ! assembly1 :i*1 if "o may believe ! report]1 did n %[ any sign ( fatigue aft] ^! fifte5 h\rs ( cont9u\s devotion1 sep>at$ ) a hymn to ! effect t x _h n yet _h en\gh3 8,! he>t wi%es n to return home40 ,,iv4 ,subjective wor%ip--,adoration & love4 ,sid5ote3 ,subjective wor%ip a ref9em5t on public & ext]nal wor%ip4 ,subjective wor%ip has gr[n out (1 & be5 a ref9em5t ^u1 ! ext]nal cult1 :i* 9 ! beg9n+ 0 9 ! eyes ( mank9d mu* ! m important ( ! two4 ,to ! incantation1 to ! mat]ial (f]+1 to ! sacrifices ( ! victims succe$$ subjective pray] & ! subjective (f]+ ( love1 & ! subjective sacrifice ( egoi/ic passion4 ,to ext]nal homage1 to evid5ces ( fe> & respect by :i* "o 0 suppos$ to recognize ! sup]ior p[] ( ! gods1 z "o b[s d[n 9 recognition ( ! sup]ior p[] ( k+s1 succe$$ a m5tal adoration1 9 :i* a god is recogniz$ z all-p[]ful b also z all-b5efic5t4 ,! m5tal b[+ d[n ( ! entire s\l be=e ,god is ! la/ ref9em5t ( ritual2 & ritual itself 9 ! high] religions comes to be ! simple sign & symbol ( ?is adoration4#di ,?us ! primitive sociomorphic "* ( ! cult becomes progressively m subtle3 ! semi-mat]ial society1 consi/+ ( gods & m51 becomes a :olly moral society1 compos$ ( m5 & ! pr9ciple ( goodness1 :i* /ill cont9ues to be repres5t$ z a p]son1 z a ma/]1 z a fa!r1 z a k+4 #di ,among ! ,h9dus1 ,tapas1 t is to say fire1 ! ard\r ( devotion1 & ( volunt>y r5\ncem5t1 signifi$ 9 ! beg9n+ simply ! incantation int5d$ to con/ra9 ! ,devas to ob$i5ce1 & to deprive !m ( a "p ( _! p[]4 ,out ( a crude conception has gr[n an extremely ref9$ "o4 ,see ,manuel de l',hi/oire des religions1 p> ,c4 ,p4 ,tiele1 p4 #ai 7translat$ by ,maurice ,v]nes74 ,sid5ote3 ,! love ( ,god an outlet = ! surplus ( human love4 ,! highe/ =m ( subjective wor%ip is love ( ,god1 9 :i* all ! duties ( religi\s morality may be reg>d$ z summ$ up4 ,adoration conta9s 9 x a vitiat+ elem5t ( respect = p[]2 love is a m intimate union4 ,! love ( ,god is a p>tial manife/ation ( ! ne$ to love :i* exi/s 9 e human be+4 ,?is ne$ is s great t x _c always f9d satisfaction 9 real life2 x t5ds !re=e to /ret* beyond1 & n f9d+ ^u e>? an object :i* completely suffices = x1 x seeks "o 9 heav54 ,! love ( ,god appe>s ?us to be an expression ( ! sup]abundance ( ! love ( man4 ,our he>t sometimes feels too big = ! _w & seeks to ov]pass its limits4 ,let u n =get1 = ! re/1 t ! _w has be5 /rangely contract$ by religi\s ignorance1 intol]ance1 & prejudice2 ! sph]e left op5 to ! ne$ ( lov+ 0 =m]ly a v n>r[ "o3 x is n a/oni%+ t ! latt] %\ld h /ret*$ out its arms t[>d a cele/ial & sup]natural be+4 ,sid5ote3 ,n\ri%$ by isolation1 feebl5ess1 & mis=tune4 ,! same ?+ happ5s :5 human affections are %ipwreck$ 9 u1 lose _! object1 no long] f9d any?+ to :i* !y c atta* !mselves4 ,9 ,france1 z 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica1 ! habitual devotion ( sp9/]s has long s9ce be5 obs]v$1 ?\gh x (t5 co9cides ) a c]ta9 p9+ away ( ! he>t4 ,9 our times a virtu\s unm>ri$ woman is1 s to speak1 pr$e/9$ to devotion2 div9e love is = h] 7on an av]age1 ( c\rse7 a necess>y comp5sation4 ,rem>k also t old m5 are g5]ally m incl9$ to devotion ?an "y4 ,!re are1 no d\bt1 a numb] ( reasons = x3 ! approa* ( dea?1 ! enfeeblem5t ( ! body & ( ! intellig5ce1 ! increas+ ne$ = a support1 etc42 b !re exi/s also a m pr(\nd reason4 ,! old man1 always m isolat$ ?an ! "y1 & depriv$ ( ! excitations ( ! sexual in/9ct1 possesses a small] outlet = 8 in/9ct = affection & = love4 ,?us !re accumulates 9 him an am\nt ( treasure :i* he is free to apply z to him seems be/2 well1 ! s]vice ( ,god is t :i* dem&s lea/ ef=t1 :i* is mo/ appropriate to ! natural indol5ce ( ! old1 to _! preoccupation ) !mselves2 !y become !re=e devotees1 p>tly out ( egoism1 p>tly out ( a ne$ = "s dis9t]e/$ occupation4 ,a gra9 ( inc5se burns 9 e he>t1 & :5 ! p]fume ( x c no long] be giv5 to ! e>? we let x m\nt to heav54 ,note also t ! loss ( belov$ be+s1 mis=tunes ( e sort1 & irrep>able infirmities all provoke an expansion ( ! he>t t[>d ,god4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages unhapp9ess 0 frequ5tly "o ( ! mo/ important factors ( piety2 :5 a great & unm]it$ mis=tune happ5$ to a man1 ! *ances 7 t he w\ld ent] ! ,*ur* or else become an a!i/2 x dep5d$ (t5 on 8 /r5g? ( m9d1 8 habits1 & 8 education4 ,:5 "o /rikes an animal x is equally possible t x may bite "o or cr\* at "o's feet4 ,e "t ! he>t is viol5tly bruis$ !re comes an inevitable reaction2 we mu/ reply f )9 to ! bl[s f )\t1 & ?is reply is sometimes revolt & sometimes adoration4 ,! feeble1 ! dis9h]it$1 ! suff]+1 all ^? to :om mis=tune has n left /r5g? en\gh = rebellion1 h b "o res\rce3 ! sweet & consol+ humility ( div9e love4 ,:oev] does n love1 or is n lov$ completely & suffici5tly1 on e>? w always turn t[>d heav53 ! proposition is z regul> z ! p>allelogram ( =ces4 ,sid5ote3 ,p[] ( my/icism a p]v]sion ( love4 ,j z we h se5 9 an error ( ! s5ses "o ( ! objective pr9ciples ( religi\s physics1 s p]haps may we f9d 9 a p]v]sion ( love "o ( ! mo/ ess5tial subjective pr9ciples ( my/icism4 ,x is by love t ?is unction1 ?is p5etrat+ sweetness :i* makes ! my/ic tremble to ! m>r[ ( 8 bones1 is to be expla9$4 ,pr(\nd love1 ev5 ! mo/ t]re/rial1 t5ds to envelop ! object ) respect & v5]ation2 an effect :i* is due to a numb] ( causes1 & among o!rs to ! psy*ological law accord+ to :i* desire magnifies ! desir$ object4 ,to love is always a little to adore4 ,if x is a human be+ t is ! object ( ! love1 ! div9ization incid5tal to x w be conf9$ )9 c]ta9 limits1 b if ! love /ret* up f ! e>? into heav51 x may comm& ! full p[]s ( ! imag9ation2 ! s\l1 seek+ at a di/ance = "s vague object to :i* to atta* itself1 w g out 9 my/ic outbur/s ( emotion & ec/asy4 ,! s\l w p]sonify its ideal1 w supply x ) figure & spee*3 its ideal w be ,jesus ) ,m>y ,magdal5e at 8 feet1 or ! ,virg9 weep+ at ! foot ( ! cross1 or ,moses 9 ! mid/ ( ! cl\ds1 or ! *ild ,buddha be=e :om ! /atues ( ! gods rose & made obeisance4 ,?us my/ical religions are =m$ ( great images & passionate s5tim5ts & ! he>t ( man1 ! v life blood ( :i* !y turn to _! pr(it4 ,:at appe>s (t5 to be ! mo/ intellectual ( ta/es is only love 9 disguise4 ,! mo/ e>?ly love is (t5 a religion 9 its e>lie/ /ages4 ,h5ri ,beyle1 visit+ ! salt-m9es at ,salzburg1 f\nd 9 a %aft a bran* cov]$ ) incomp>able diamonds sc9tillat+ 9 ! light4 ,x 0 a dead timb] on :i* ! salt _h cry/alliz$2 9 ! timb] ?us trans=m$ ,beyle saw ! symbol ( :at happ5s 9 e lov+ he>t2 e object "o f9ds !re has tak5 on an extraord9>y brilliancy1 a m>vell\s beauty4 ,he calls ?is ph5om5on cry/allization2 we %\ld pref] to call x div9ization4 ,love always div9izes its object2 p>tially & provisionally :5 ?is object is plac$ ^u e>? & close to "o's eyes1 b def9itively :5 ?is object is lo/ 9 ! di/ance ( heav54 ,our gods are l ^? my/]i\s be+s :o spr+1 9 leg5d1 f a drop ( g5]\s blood or a lov+ te> let fall ^u ! e>?2 x is ) our own sub/ance t we n\ri% !m2 _! beauty1 _! goodness come out ( our love1 & if we love !m z we d1 ! reason is t we mu/ love some?+2 mu/ lift up to ! f\r corn]s ( ! horizon1 ev5 if !y be deaf1 a supreme appeal4 ,?is outcome ( love & religi\s s5tim5t is mo/ visible 9 exalt$ m9ds1 bo? 9 ! ,middle ,ages & 9 our own days4 ,! true elem5t ( orig9ality 9 ,*ri/ian lit]ature is t "o !re f9ds1 = ! fir/ "t1 a s9c]e & w>m acc5t ( love1 sc>cely div9$1 "h & !re1 by ! great spirits ( antiquity1 by ,sappho & ,lucretius4 ,9 a page ( ,/4 ,augu/9e "o f9ds ! expression ( a frank] & m pr(\nd ard\r ?an 9 all ! elegant affectations ( ,horace or ! languors ( ,tibullus4 ,no?+ 9 pagan antiquity is comp>able to ! *apt] 9 ! 8,imitation0 on love4 ,! passion1 conf9$ & held 9 *eck1 m\nts to heights till !n unkn[n1 l a damm$ riv]2 b x is no less g5u9ely itself4 ,:at %all we say ( ! vision>y my/ics ( ! p l ,/4 ,!resa1 & ,*antal1 & ,guyon8 ,among !m piety1 9 its mo/ exagg]at$ =m1 v]ges ^u ! madness ( love4 ,/4 ,!resa might h be5 a c\rtesan ( g5ius equally z well z a sa9t4 ,physiologi/s & physicians h (t5 obs]v$1 9 our days1 analog\s pa?ological cases1 9 :i* ! religi\s effusion is simply1 s to speak1 a case ( mi/ake 9 id5tity4#ej #ej ,ribot1 de l',hrdit1 #cfd2 ,moreau de ,t\rs1 ,psy*4 morbide1 #bei4 ,sid5ote3 ,wor%ip ( ,*ri/ to a consid]able ext5t a p]v]sion ( love4 ,9 ,*ri/ianity ! conception ( ,jesus1 ! beautiful1 g5tle "y man1 ! ,holy ,_s inc>nate 9 ! pure/ & mo/ ideal =m1 fav\rs m directly ?an any correspond+ conception 9 any rival religion ?is p>ticul> p]v]sion ( love4 ,*ri/ianity is ! mo/ an?ropomorphic belief 9 exi/5ce1 = x is ! "o ( all o!rs :i*1 aft] hav+ conceiv$ ! mo/ elevat$ idea ( ,god1 abases x1 )\t degrad+ x1 to ! mo/ human ( human conditions4 ,by a mu* m ref9$1 mu* m pr(\nd paganism ?an ! paganism ( antiquity1 ! ,*ri/ian religion has succe$$ 9 mak+ ,god ! object ( an ard5t love1 )\t ceas+ to make ,him an object ( respect4 ,by a my? mu* m s$uctive & poetic ev5 ?an t ( ,psy*e1 we see ,god1 ! true ,god1 desc5d$ ^u e>? 9 ! =m ( a blond & smil+ "y man2 we he> him speak l[ 9 ! e> ( ,m>y ,magdal5e at ! fall ( ev5+2 & !n ?is vision sudd5ly disappe>s & we see 9 ! ga!r+ %ad[ two mutilat$ arms ext5d$ t[>d u1 & a he>t :i* ble$s = humanity4 ,9 ?is leg5d all ! p[]s ( ! imag9ation are call$ 9 play1 all ! fibres ( ! he>t are mov$2 x is an accompli%$ "w ( art4 ,:at is !re a/oni%+ 9 ! fact t ,*ri/ has be5 & is /ill ! great s$uc] ( s\ls8 ,9 ! e>s ( a "y girl 8 "n appeals at once to all h] in/9cts1 ev5 to ! mat]nal in/9ct1 = ,jesus is (t5 repres5t$ z a *ild ) ! dimpl$1 rosy *eeks :i* ! ,greeks ascrib$ to ,eros4 ,! he>t ( ! woman is ?us besieg$ on all sides at once3 h] wav]+ & timid imag9ation w&]s f ! *]ub to ! y\?1 & f ! y\? to ! pale figure1 ) ! b[$ head1 ^u ! cross4 ,x is possible t f ! bir? ( ,*ri/ianity d[n to ! pres5t day !re has n be5 "o s+le woman ( an exalt$ piety ^: he>t has n fir/ beat = h] ,god1 = ,jesus1 = ! mo/ lovable & lov+ type t ! human m9d has ev] conceiv$4 ,sid5ote3 ,moral elem5t 9 ! law ( ,god4 ,side by side ) its some:at s5tim5tal elem5t ! love ( ,god conta9s a moral elem5t1 :i* is progressively deta*+ itself ) ! m>* ( ideas4 ,god be+ ! v pr9ciple ( goodness1 ! p]sonification ( ! moral ideal1 ! love ( ,god ultimately becomes a moral love prop]ly s call$1 ! love ( virtue1 ( sanctity at its height4 ,! subjective act ( *>ity ?us becomes ! religi\s act p> excell5ce1 9 :i* morality & subjective wor%ip are id5tifi$2 good works & ! ext]nals ( wor%ip are simply a translation into ! out] _w ( ! moral consci\sness4 ,at ! same "t1 9 ! highe/ speculations ( philosophic !ology1 *>ity has be5 conceiv$ z embrac+ simultane\sly all be+s 9 ! div9e love1 & by consequ5ce z beg9n+ to realize ! sort ( p]fect society 9 :i* 8all exi/ 9 all & all 9 e "p40 ,! social & moral "* ( religion ?us atta9s its highe/ degree ( p]fection & ,god appe>s z a sort ( my/ic realization ( ! univ]sal society1 sub specie t]ni4 ,"p ,second4 ,,! ,,dissolution ,,( ,,religions ,,9 ,,exi/+ ,,societies4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,dogmatic ,,fai?4 ,i4 ,n>r[ dogmatic fai?--,! cr$ulity ( primitive man3 ,fir/1 spontane\s fai? 9 ! s5ses & imag9ation2 ,second1 fai? 9 ! te/imony ( sup]ior m52 ,?ird1 fai? 9 ! div9e ^w1 9 revelation1 & 9 ! sacr$ texts--,! lit]alness ( dogmatic fai?--,inevitable intol]ance ( n>r[ dogmatic fai?--,belief 9 dogma1 revelation1 salvation1 & damnation all result 9 intol]ance--,mod]n tol]ance4 ,,ii4 ,broad dogmatic fai?--,or?odox ,prote/antism--,dogmas ( or?odox ,prote/antism--,rational consequ5ces ( ^! dogmas--,logical failure ( or?odox ,prote/antism4 ,,iii4 ,! dissolution ( dogmatic fai? 9 mod]n society--,reasons t r5d] ?is dissolution inevitable--,comp>ative influ5ce ( ! v>i\s sci5ces3 influ5ce ( public in/ruction1 ( means ( communication1 ( indu/ry ev5 & ( comm]ce1 etc4--,! disappe>ance ( belief 9 oracles & prophecies--,gradual disappe>ance ( ! belief 9 miracles1 9 devils1 etc4 ,i4 ,n>r[ dogmatic fai?4 ,if fai? has n v>i$ especially 9 & ( itself z a mode ( feel+1 ! objects ) :i* x is conc]n$ h diff]$ f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,h5ce ! v>i\s =ms ( doctr9e :i* we %all pass 9 review z %[+ ! evolution & dissolution ( fai?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,primitive fai? m prop]ly a cr$ulity4 ,9 primitive religions1 fai? 0 altoge!r exp]im5tal & physical2 x 0 n oppos$ to sci5tific belief1 :i*1 to say ! tru?1 did n exi/4 ,x 0 a cr$ulity r ?an a fai?2 & religi\s fai?1 9 our day1 is /ill a cr$ulity1 an obligatory cr$ulity1 prim>ily 9 ! au?ority ( sup]ior m51 second>ily 9 t ( ,god himself4 ,sid5ote3 ,subord9ation ( ! m>vell\s 9 primitive fai?4 ,! orig9 ( religi\s fai? has be5 attribut$ solely to an appetite = ! m>vell\s & ! extraord9>y2 b we h already %[n t religions d ev]y?+ 9 _! p[] to regulate ! imag9ation ev5 9 ! v act ( /imulat+ x1 & to br+ ! unkn[n to ! t\*/one ( ! kn[n4 ,! m>vell\s mu/ aid 9 mak+ some?+ at lea/ app>5tly compreh5sible2 ) m>vel = m>vel's sake religion holds no comm]ce4 ,s mu* s1 t primitive p h s\ght 9 religion1 less to multiply ! m>vell\s1 9 ! mod]n s5se ( ! ^w1 ?an p>tially to suppress x2 !y h be5 9 se>* ( an explanation ( "s sort4 ,an explanation by sup]ior p[]s1 by spirits1 by occult virtues1 seem$ cle>] to !m ?an an explanation by sci5tific law4 ,sid5ote3 ,rationale ( primitive man's fai? 9 ! m>vell\s4 ,= ! re/1 any explanation once giv51 primitive man nev] dream$ ( disput+ x1 he 0 ess5tially a 8man ( fai?40 ,! delicate %ades ( ?\ght we designate z v]isimilitude1 probability1 possibility1 7 z little kn[n to primitive man z to *ildr54 ,! volunt>y susp5sion ( judgm5t t we call d\bt indicates an extremely advanc$ /ate ( m9d4 ,) *ildr5 & savages1 to conceive & to believe are "o2 !y "k no?+ ab\t res]v+ _! approbation1 or mi/ru/+ _! own intellig5ce or t ( o!rs4 ,a c]ta9 humility1 :i* "y m9ds d n possess1 is necess>y be=e "o c say3 ,t may be true b also x may n1 or 9 o!r words1 ,i don't "k4 ,& also "o mu/ h pati5ce to v]ify ) c>e :at "o believes1 & pati5ce is c\rage ( ! mo/ difficult k9d4 ,f9ally1 man always feels ! ne$ to decl>e t :at is attractive1 :at satisfies 8 m9d1 is real3 :5 "o tells an int]e/+ /ory to a *ild1 he says1 8,x is true1 is x n80 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 x is a sad /ory he w cry out3 8,t is n true60 ,a man ( ! p to :om "o %\ld demon/rate1 ) ! evid5ce 9 "o's h&1 t a ?+ he ?\ght true 0 false1 w\ld reply ) a %ake ( ! head1 8,if x is n true1 x ought to be40 ,all primitive p 7 l t4 ,9 a memor&um on ,! ,developm5t ( ,language & ,intellig5ce among ,*ildr51 ,e4 ,egg] *>act]iz$ ?is /ate ( m9d z 8rebellion aga9/ ! notion ( d\bt & ev5 t ( simple probability40 ,felix1 a *ild ( five & "o-half ye>s1 took a lively int]e/ 9 sacr$ hi/ory1 b he c\ld n und]/& :y all ! lacun _h n be5 fill$ 91 or :y d\btful po9ts %\ld be m>k$ z su*4 8,! actual /ate ( 8 m9d10 adds ,e4 ,egg]1 8corresponds 9 a mann] to t ( ! ,greek m9d dur+ ! p]iod :5 ! ef=t 0 made pa9fully to set 9 ord] ! *aos ( anci5t leg5d40 ,two ye>s lat] ! same *ild receiv$ a pres5t ( a collection ( /ories4 ,he f\nd 9 ! preface t ! au?or gave ! /ories out z true2 he ask$ no?+ fur!r1 & 0 promptly a/oni%$ to f9d anybody else 9 d\bt4 8,8 tru/fulness display$ no disposition to g beh9d ! lett] ( 8 text1 9 especial z ! /ories s\nd$ to him suffici5tly probable40 ,9 my own exp]i5ce ) *ildr51 ,i h notic$ t no?+ irritates !m l unc]ta9ty2 a ?+ mu/ be true or false1 & g5]ally !y pref] t x %\ld be true4 ,= ! re/1 a *ild does n "k ! limits ( 8 own p[]1 & /ill less t ( o!rs2 & too1 he has no cle> s5se ( ! m>vell\s & ! improbable4 ,a *ild saw a horse gallop+ by "o day1 & said to me s]i\sly1 8,i c\ld run z fa/ z t40 ,?us aga9 ! little peasant girl1 ( :om we spoke above1 ask$ h] mi/ress :y %e might n h made ! fl[]s 9 ! g>d54 ,a s5se ( ! possible is lack+ 9 primitive intellig5ces3 because y seem to a *ild or a savage to be able to d m ?+s ?an he1 he readily comes to believe t y c d ev]y?+2 s t :at we call miracles seem to primitive p simply ! visible & necess>y sign ( sup]ior p[]2 s mu* s1 inde$1 t to !m a man ( m>k ought to be able to p]=m miracles2 !y expect !m f him z _! due1 & become indignant if !y are n =?com+1 z a *ild is indignant :5 "o does n help him c>ry a burd5 t is too heavy = 8 /r5g?4 ,! ,hebrews precisely expect$ ,moses to p]=m miracles &1 s to speak1 oblig$ him to d !m4 ,! p believe 9 _! great m51 & ! belief 9 miracles is b a coroll>y f _! g5]al confid5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,absolut5ess ( primitive fai?4 ,moreov]1 fai? rea*es a height among primitive nations t x nev] does among cultivat$ intellig5ces3 !y believe immeasurably ?+s t x is out ( all measure to believe at all2 ! happy int] utrumque is z lack+ 9 ! belief itself z 9 ! ?+ believ$4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 9 8 8,sociology10 cites ! example ( a "y woman :o attribut$ to a c]ta9 amulet ! magical virtue ( pres]v+ h] aga9/ injuries4 ,%e ?\ght h]self z invuln]able z ,a*illes4 ,! *ief ( ! tribe1 a/oni%$ t s preci\s an amulet %\ld exi/1 & wi%+ no d\bt to acquire x1 ask$ to h its virtues v]ifi$ be=e 8 eyes4 ,! woman 0 br\ght to him1 a w>rior prep>$ 8 hat*et1 & 9 p]fect confid5ce %e put out h] arm4 ,! bl[ fell & ! woman utt]$ a cry ( a/oni%m5t n less ?an ( pa9 z h] h& fell to ! gr\nd4 ,:o 9 our day has su* absolute fai?8 ,v few among u w\ld risk 8 life1 or ev5 8 h&1 to ma9ta9 su* & su* a dogma4 ,?is woman belong$ to ! race ( m>tyrs2 h] int5se cr$ulity bord]$ on h]oism4 ,sid5ote3 ,confusion ( s9c]ity ) v]ity by primitive man4 ,man's natural confid5ce 9 8 fell[-m51 especially :5 !re is no v evid5t reason :y ! latt] %\ld mislead him1 is ! orig9 ( ! cr$5ce we give to ! te/imony & au?ority ( ^? :o claim to be inspir$2 :i* all seem$ v human & natural 9 ! beg9n+1 & only lat] came to be reg>d$ z sup]natural4 ,?is spontane\s disposition to believe is an elem5t>y in/9ct :i* plays a l>ge rle 9 religi\s sociomorphism4 ,suspici\s z primitive man is :5 8 mat]ial int]e/s are at /ake1 9 all o!r matt]s he is apt to be cr$ul\s to a fault4 ,moreov]1 he sc>cely kn[s :at "o means by error1 & does n di/+ui% x f deception2 he puts tru/ 9 8 own judgm5t & 9 t ( o!r p4 ,:5 y tell him some?+ extraord9>y1 8 fir/ ?\ght is t y are mak+ sport ( him2 he is less incl9$ to believe t y h deceiv$ y\rself1 t y h reason$ falsely2 s9c]ity & v]ity are confus$ 9 8 m9d4 ,x has tak5 all ! exp]i5ce ( mod]n life to make cle> to u ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two ?+s2 to induce u to v]ify ! affirmations ev5 ( ^? ^: *>act]s we e/eem mo/ highly2 to contradict1 )\t (f5d+1 ^? :o are de>e/ to u4 ,primitive man nev] di/+ui%$ 8 belief 9 ! 8law0 f 8 fai? 9 ! 8prophets40 ,^? :om he e/eem$ & admir$ seem$ to him ( necessity to "k ! facts4 ,add t man is always incl9$ to make mu* ( any?+ t is a mat]ial fact1 ( any?+ t appeals to 8 eyes & to 8 e>s4 ,! sacr$ ^w1 & ! sacr$ writ+s t embody x1 are to him n m]ely indications1 b pro(s ( :at !y affirm4 ,i ov]he>d x giv5 9 a *ur* "o day z an inconte/able pro( t ,moses conv]s$ ) ! ,"l t ,mt4 ,s9ai is /ill 9 exi/5ce2 t is ! sort ( argum5t t is successful ) ! p4 ,liv+/one says t ! negroes li/5$ & believ$ f ! mom5t he %[$ !m ! ,bible & told !m t ! cele/ial ,fa!r _h writt5 ,8 w on ! pages ( t book2 !y t\*$ ! pages & believ$ at once4 ,sid5ote3 ,inf]5ce f reality ( ! sign to reality ( ! ?+ signifi$ ! ess5ce ( fai? 9 revelation4 ,9 effect1 bl9d confid5ce 9 a ^w1 9 a sign--precipitate induction f :i* "o inf]s f ! reality ( ! sign to ! reality ( ! ?+ signifi$3 a second induction to ! effect t any doctr9e relatively elevat$1 f ! social & moral po9t ( view1 & put =? by m5 "o respects1 is probably true1 ev5 if x be 9 _m po9ts irrational--^! are ! pr9cipal elem5ts ( ! primitive fai? 9 revelation4 ,& ?is fai?1 9 all its crudity1 exi/s at ! pres5t day4 ,x w9s its way ?r\gh ! eyes & e>s2 !re9 lies its p[]4 ,x is mu* less my/ical ?an we are incl9$ to fancy2 x is inc>nate 9 its monum5ts1 its temples1 its books2 x walks ab\t & brea!s 9 ! p]son ( its prie/s1 its sa9ts1 its gods2 we _c look ab\t u )\t realiz+ its exi/5ce 9 "o =m or ano!r4 ,x has be5 ( great s]vice to human ?\ght1 9 spite ( its pitfalls1 ?us to h be5 able to express itself1 to fa%ion objects 9 its own image1 to p5etrate m>ble & /one1 to provide t x %all itself be borne back 9 ^u u f )\t4 ,h[ c "o d\bt :at is visible & tangible8 ,sid5ote3 ,results 9 8cr$o quia ineptum40 ,fai? 9 te/imony & au?ority leads to fai? 9 sacr$ texts & 9 ! v lett] ( ^! texts4 ,?is is :at "o means by lit]al fai?4 ,x exi/s /ill 9 our day1 among _m civiliz$ p4 ,x con/itutes ! basis ( ! ,ca?olicism ( ! masses4 8,9 ord] to sil5ce re/less spirits10 said ! c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 8x is decre$ t no "o may1 9 ! int]pretation ( ! ,scriptures1 444 deviate f ! con/ruction sanction$ by ! ,*ur*1 to seek = a suppos$ly m exact r5d]+40 ,fai? lies ?us 9 a r5unciation ( ?\ght1 an abdication ( lib]ty2 imposes ^u itself a rule n ( logic b ( morals1 & subjects itself to dogmas z to immutable pr9ciples4 ,x re/ricts intellig5ce be=eh& to precise limits1 & imposes a g5]al direction on x1 ) in/ructions n to sw]ve f x4 ,x is at ?is po9t t fai? comes really to be oppos$ to sci5tific belief = :i* 9 ! beg9n+ x 0 a sub/itute4 ,accord+ to ! c\ncil ( ! ,vatican1 ^? :o h fai? d n believe 8because ( ! intr9sic tru? ( ! ?+s reveal$10 b 8because ( ! div9e au?ority t reveal$ !m40 ,if y reason ) a p]son ( t /amp1 he w li/51 und]/&1 & foll[ y--b only to a c]ta9 po9t2 !re he /ops1 & no?+ 9 ! _w c make him g beyond4 ,or r f t po9t he w decl>e himself inexpugnable1 & w assure y t y h absolutely no hold on him2 & 9 effect1 no sci5tific or philosophical reason c\ld turn him f 8 belief1 s9ce he places ! object ( 8 fai? 9 a sph]e sup]ior to reason1 & makes 8 fai? an affair ( 8consci5ce40 ,no?+ c =ce a man to ?9k rightly :5 he does n propose rectitude ( ?\ght to himself z a supreme aim1 & no?+ c oblige him to foll[ ! dictates ( reason to ! bitt] end1 if he believes t ! in/ant he calls c]ta9 dogmas & c]ta9 au?orities 9 "q he is committ+ a s94 ,?us1 fai? gives a c]ta9 sacr$ & inviolable "* to :at x sanctions1--conv]ts x into a sacr$ ark t "o may n t\* )\t sacrilege or dang]1 nei!r may "o look at x too closely nor t\* x ) "o's f+]s1 ev5 to l5d x support n[ & !n :5 x seems ready to fall4 ,free-?\ght & sci5ce nev] consid] a ?+ z true except provisionally1 & s long z x is n s]i\sly d\bt$ by someone4 ,dogmatic fai?1 on ! contr>y1 affirms z true n only ! ?+s t are unconte/$1 b ^? :i*1 accord+ to x1 are conclusively presum$1 & !re=e above discussion4 ,x foll[s t1 if reasons = belief dim9i%1 fai? mu/ be none ! less /rong4 ,x 0 ?is t ,pascal endeav\r$ to demon/rate4 ,9 effect1 ! less a belief seems rational to our f9ite m9ds1 ! m m]it !re is 9 l5d+ cr$5ce to 8div9e au?ority40 ,x w\ld be too simple to believe no m ?an :at "o sees or :at s\nds probable to "o2 to affirm ! improbable1 to believe 9 :at seems incr$ible1 is mu* m m]itori\s4 ,our c\rage rises 9 proportion z our intellig5ce becomes humble2 ! m absurd "o is ! great] "o is--cr$o quia ineptum2 ! m difficult ! task1 ! great] ! m]it4 ,! /r5g? ( our fai? is e/imat$1 9 ! my/icism ( ,pascal1 by ! weakness ( its 8reasons40 ,! ideal1 on ?is !ory1 w\ld be to possess no m ?an ! metaphysical m9imum ( reason = belief1 ! weake/ conceivable ( motives1 a m]e no?+2 t is to say1 "o %\ld be atta*$ to ! supreme object ( "o's fai? by ! sl5d]e/ ( bonds4 ,! ,albig5sian prie/s1 ! p>faits1 we> a simple :ite cord ar\nd _! wai/s z an emblem ( _! v[2 all mank9d we>s ?is cord1 & x is 9 reality m solid & (t5 heavi] ?an any *a94 ,sid5ote3 ,complete intellectual re/ incid5t to fai?4 ,scepticism t5ds t[>d a complete intellectual indiff]5ce ) reg>d to all ?+s2 dogmatic fai? produces a p>tial indiff]5ce1 an indiff]5ce limit$ to c]ta9 po9ts1 det]m9$ once = all2 x is no long] anxi\s on ^! heads1 b re/s & delights 9 e/abli%$ dogma4 ,! sceptic & ! man ( fai? ab&on !mselves ?us to a m or less ext5sive ab/95ce f ?\ght4 ,religi\s fai? is a det]m9ation to susp5d ! flight ( ! imag9ation1 to limit ! sph]e ( ?\ght4 ,we all "k ! ,ori5tal leg5d t ! _w is held up by an elephant1 :i* /&s on a tortoise1 :i* floats on a sea ( milk4 ,! believ] mu/ always refra9 f ask+ :at supports ! sea ( milk8 ,he mu/ nev] notice a po9t ( :i* !re is no explanation2 he mu/ con/antly repeat to himself ! abortive incomplete idea t has be5 giv5 him )\t d>+ to recognize t x is incomplete4 ,9 a /reet ?r\gh :i* ,i pass e day1 a blackbird :i/les ! same melodic phrase2 ! phrase is incomplete1 ends abruptly1 & = ye>s ,i h he>d him lift 8 voice1 deliv] himself ( 8 truncat$ song1 & /op ) a satisfi$ air1 ) no ne$ to complete 8 musical fragm5t1 :i* ,i nev] he> )\t a feel+ ( impati5ce4 ,x is ?us ) ! true believ]2 accu/om$ z he is 9 ! mo/ important que/ions to dwell )9 ! limits ( ! cu/om>y1 )\t any curiosity ab\t ! beyond1 he s+s 8 monoton\s little note )\t dream+ t x lacks any?+--t 8 phrase is z clipp$ z 8 w+s are1 & t ! n>r[ _w ( 8 belief is n ! univ]se4 ,sid5ote3 ,wilful bl9dness ( fai?4 ,! p :o /ill hold to ?is k9d ( fai? repres5t ! antique _w endeav\r+ to p]petuate itself )\t a compromise 9 ! bosom ( ! new _w1 ! _w ( mod]n society4 ,! b>b>ian does n wi% to yield to ! progress ( ideas & ( mann]s2 if su* p =m$ ! majority ( ! nation !y w\ld con/itute ! greate/ dang] to human reason1 to sci5ce1 & to tru?4 ,lit]al fai?1 9 effect1 makes nak$ tru? a subject ( pudicity2 "o does n d>e to look x 9 ! face or lift ! sacr$ veil t hides its beauty2 y f9d y\rself 9 ! mid/ ( a conspiracy1 my/]i\s be+s surr\nd y1 putt+ _! h&s be=e y\r eyes & a f+] on y\r lips4 ,dogma holds y1 possesses y1 ma/]s y 9 spite ( y\rself2 x is fix$ 9 y\r he>t & petrifi$ 9 y\r intellig5ce3 x is n )\t reason t fai? has be5 comp>$ to an an*or t has caught on ! bottom & *eck$ ! vessel 9 its c\rse1 :ile ! op5 & free ocean /ret*es beyond z f> z ! eye c rea*4 ,& :o %all break ! an*or f 8 he>t8 ,:5 y %ake x loose 9 "o place1 fai? settles to its hold some:]e else2 y h a ?\s& weak po9ts at :i* x attacks y4 ,y c completely ab&on a philosophical doctr9e2 b y _c break away absolutely f a collection ( beliefs 9 :i* bl9d & lit]al fai? has borne sway2 !re is always some?+ left2 y w c>ry ! sc>s & m>ks f x z slaves :o are fre$ /ill c>ry on _! fle% ! signs ( _! s]vitude4 ,y are br&$ 9 ! he>t1 y %all feel ! effects ( x always2 y %all h mom5ts ( dread & %udd]+1 ( my/ic en?usiasm1 ( di/ru/ ( reason1 ( ne$ to repres5t ?+s z be+ o!r ?an !y really are1 to see :at is n1 & n to see :at is4 ,! fiction t 0 e>ly =c$ ^u y\r s\l %all (t5 seem to y sweet] ?an ! s\nd & rugg$ tru?1 y ne$ to "k2 y %all hate y\rself = ! s9 ( k4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,intol]ance incid5t to fai?4 ,!re is a /ory ( a ,brahman :o 0 talk+ ) a ,european ( 8 religion1 & among o!r dogmas m5tion$ ! scrupul\s respect due to animals4 8,! law10 said he 8n only =bids "o's do+ evil1 volunt>ily1 to ! smalle/ creature ev5 = ! purpose ( supply+ "o's self ) food1 x ev5 bids "o walk ) extraord9>y circumspection ) "o's eyes d[n1 t "o may avoid /epp+ on ! humble/ ant40 ,)\t try+ to refute ?is nave fai? ! ,european h&$ ! speak] a microscope4 ,! ,brahman look$ ?r\gh ! in/rum5t & saw on ev]y?+ ab\t him1 on ! fruits t he 0 ab\t to eat1 9 ! bev]age t he 0 ab\t to dr9k1 ev]y:]e t he might put 8 h& or foot1 ! movem5t ( a multitude ( little animals ( ^: exi/5ce he _h nev] dream$3 creatures t he _h totally left out ( acc\nt4 ,he 0 /upefi$ & h&$ ! microscope back to ! ,european4 8,i give x to y10 ! latt] said4 ,! ,brahman ) a movem5t ( joy took x & ?rew x on ! gr\nd1 & broke x1 & dep>t$ satisfi$2 z if by t /roke he _h de/roy$ ! tru? & sav$ 8 fai?4 ,happily1 9 our day1 "o may )\t great loss de/roy an optical or physical in/rum5t1 x c be replac$2 b :at is to become ( an intellig5ce 9 ! h&s ( ! fanatical believ]8 ,w\ld he n cru% x1 9 case ( ne$1 z ! in/rum5t ( glass 0 cru%$1 & sacrifice x ! m gaily t a m limpid gleam ( tru? might well filt] ?r\gh x8 ,9 ,india we h an example ( ! philosophical doctr9e1 v in(f5sive 9 appe>ance & upheld1 ) v>i\s modifications1 by great ?9k]s1 ( ! transmigration ( s\ls1 becom+ a religi\s dogma1 produc+ z a direct result intol]ance1 contempt ( sci5ce1 & all ! usual effects ( bl9d dogmatism4 ,dogmatic & absolute fai? 9 its e =m t5ds to *eck ?\ght2 !nce spr+s its intol]ance--a consequ5ce t may well be insi/$ on4 ,sid5ote3 ,& ev5 logically result+ f x4 ,intol]ance is only an outw>d realization ( ! tyranny ex]cis$ )9 by dogmatic fai?4 ,belief 9 a revelation1 :i* all religion re/s ^u1 is ! v opposite ( progressive discov]y2 ! in/ant "o affirms t ! fir/ exi/s1 ! latt] becomes useless1 dang]\s1 & ends 9 be+ condemn$4 ,intol]ance1 fir/ !oretic1 !n practical1 is ! legitimate (fspr+ ( absolute fai? ( e k9d4 ,9 all reveal$ religion doctr9e fir/ appe>s 9 ! =m ( dogma1 !n ( dogmatic & categorical comm&m5t4 ,!re h always be5 ?+s t mu/ be believ$1 & practices t mu/ be obs]v$1 "u pa9 ( p]dition4 ,! sph]e ( dogmas & sacr$ rites may be wid5$ or n>r[$1 ! discipl9e may be loose or s /rict t x ext5ds to ! v items ( "o's diet2 b !re is always at lea/ a m9imum ( dogma t is absolute & ( practice t is rigidly obligatory1 )\t :i* no truly religi\s *ur* c\ld exi/4 ,& ?is is n all4 ,!ological sanction is by its v nature always 9 extremes2 x pres5ts "o ) no mean betwe5 absolute good & absolute evil1 bo? conceiv$ z et]nal4 ,& ?is be+ grant$1 h[ %\ld believ]s1 :o are dom9at$ by an exclusive preoccupation ) an ard5t & pr(\nd fai?1 hesitate to employ con/ra9t 9 case ( ne$ :5 ! matt] at /ake is s great--is ( absolute & et]nal good or ( absolute & et]nal evil8 ,= !m ! only value ( free-w lies 9 its use--9 its use t[>d its prop] object1 :i* is ! fulfilm5t ( ! div9e w4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( an et]nity ( p5alties to be avoid$1 ev]y?+ seems p]missible2 any means seems good provid$ x be successful4 ,possess$ ( t implicit c]titude :i* is insep>able f an absolute & explicit fai?1 :at really en?usia/ic s\l w\ld hold back be=e ! employm5t ( =ce8 ,accord+ly1 z a matt] ( fact1 e religion :i* is at once new & p[]ful is intol]ant4 ,! appe>ance ( tol]ance m>ks a decl9e ( fai?2 a religion :i* all[s = ! exi/5ce ( ano!r is a religion 9 decay4 ,"o _c believe any?+ 8) all "o's he>t0 )\t a s5tim5t ( pity & ev5 ( horror = ^? :o believe diff]5tly4 ,if ,i 7 absolutely c]ta9 ( possess+ ! supreme & ultimate v]ity1 %\ld ,i hesitate to turn ! _w upside-d[n to make x prevail8 ,"o puts bl9k]s on a horse to keep him f see+ to ! "r or left2 he looks /raight ahead & runs =w>d "u ! :ip ) ! h>d9ess & vig\r ( ignorance2 x is 9 ! same fa%ion t ! p>tisans ( an absolute dogma move ?r\gh life4 8,e positive religion1 e immutable =m10 says ,b5jam9 ,con/ant1 8leads directly to intol]ance1 provid+ "o reasons logically40 ,sid5ote3 ,use ( =ce z ju/ifiable 9 a prie/ z 9 a physician4 ,! reply to ,b5jam9 ,con/ant is t x is "o ?+ to believe t "o kn[s ! way to salvation & ano!r ?+ to =ce o!rs to walk 9 t way4 ,! prie/ looks ^u himself z ! physician ( ! s\l2 to wi% to m9i/] by viol5ce to an ail+ s\l1 8is q z if10 x has be5 said1 8! physician ( ! body = great] c]ta9ty %\ld take ! precaution ( hav+ 8 pati5t condemn$ to dea? or to h>d labor 9 case ( disob$i5ce to 8 prescriptions40#ea ,assur$ly x w\ld involve a contradiction 9 t]ms = ! physician ( ! body to wi% to br+ x to dea?2 b x 9 n[ise involves a contradiction = ! physician ( ! s\l to wi% to put con/ra9t ^u ! body4 ,! objection falls ( its own weight4 ,= ! re/1 let u n deceive ourselves2 if ! physicians ( ! body leave _! pati5ts free1 x is sometimes t !y _c help s do+1 simply2 9 c]ta9 grave cases !y insi/ on hav+ ! pati5t "u _! control 9 a hospital1 :i* is1 aft] all1 a sort ( prison4 ,if a ,european physician _h to prescribe = "o ( ^? ,am]ican ,indians1 ^: habit x is 9 an attack ( smallpox1 :5 ! fev] rea*es =ty degrees1 to plunge into ! wat] to refre% !mselves1 ! fir/ ?+ he w\ld d w\ld be to /rap 8 pati5t to 8 cot4 ,& e physician w\ld l really to be able to proce$ aft] ! same fa%ion1 ev5 9 ,europe1 ev5 at ! pres5t day1 ) p l ,gambetta1 ,mirabeau1 & _m o!rs less illu/ri\s1 :o kill !mselves by neglig5ce4 #ea ,m4 ,franck1 ,des rapports de la religion et de l'tat4 ,sid5ote3 ,intol]ance a p]v]t$ *>ity4 ,besides1 "o mu/ n reason z if ! believ] c\ld isolate himself & act only = himself4 ,= example1 to a ,ca?olic :at is ! mean+ ( absolute lib]ty ( *oice 9 education8 ,x means ! "r ( p>5ts to damn _! *ildr54 ,is ?is "r ?us p]missible 9 _! eyes8 ,!re are books calculat$ to de/roy fai?2 books by ,voltaire1 or ,/rauss1 or ,r5an2 books :i*1 if circulat$1 result 9 our los+ our s\ls1 8a ?+ f> m grave ?an ! dea? ( ! body10 z ,?odore de ,bze said1 aft] ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,c a nation truly p5etrat$ by a ,*ri/ian *>ity all[ su* books to be circulat$ on ! pretext ( lib]ty ( consci5ce8 ,no2 "o mu/ be=e all else deliv] ! v w f ! bonds ( h]esy & error2 x is on ?is condition only t x c be free4 ,moreov]1 "o mu/ prev5t ! corrupt consci5ce f corrupt+ o!rs4 ,we see pla9ly t *>itable intol]ance is ju/ifi$ f an exclusively !ological po9t ( view4 ,x re/s on logical reason+s ( :i* ! po9t ( dep>ture alone is vici\s4#eb #eb ,x is easy to und]/& ! high ecclesia/ical au?orities 9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 :o ma9ta9 z an article ( fai? ! "r to repress error4 ,recollect ! well-kn[n pages 9 :i* ,/4 ,augu/9e speaks ( :at good effects he _h obs]v$ to result f ! employm5t ( con/ra9t 9 religi\s matt]s4 8,a great _m ( ^? :o h be5 br\ght back into ! ,*ur* by =ce confess !mselves to be greatly rejoic$ at hav+ be5 deliv]$ f _! =m] errors1 :o1 h[ev]1 by ,i "k n :at =ce ( cu/om1 w\ld nev] h ?\ght ( *ang+ = ! bett] if ! fe> ( ! law _h n put !m 9 m9d ( ! tru?4 ,good precepts & :olesome fe> mu/ g toge!r s t n only ! light ( tru? may drive away ! gloom ( error1 b t *>ity may break ! bonds ( bad cu/om1 s t we may rejoice ov] ! salvation ( ! _m4444 ,x is writt53 #8,bid !m to ent] 94' 444 ,god ,himself did n sp>e 8 son1 b deliv]$ ,him = our sake to ! execution]s40 ,s*ill] makes ! great inquisitor 9 ,don ,c>los say ! same ?+4 ,see ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,epi/4 cxiii4 #ag1 #e--,/4 ,paul1 ,ephes41 vi4 #e1 #f1 #i4 ,la/ly1 recollect also ! reason$ decision ( ! doctors & c\ncils4 8,human gov]nm5t10 said ,/4 ,?omas1 8is d]iv$ f div9e gov]nm5t & %\ld imitate x4 ,n[ al?\gh ,god is all-p[]ful & inf9itely good1 ,he nev]!less p]mits 9 ! univ]se t ,he has made ! exi/5ce ( evils :i* ,he c\ld prev5t2 ,he p]mits !m = fe> t 9 suppress+ !m m ?an equival5t goods might be suppress$ incid5tally along ) !m & great] evils provok$ 9 _! /ead4 ,! same is true 9 human gov]nm5t2 rul]s naturally tol]ate c]ta9 evils = fe> ( putt+ an ob/acle 9 ! way ( c]ta9 goods1 or ( caus+ great] evils1 z ,/4 ,augu/9e said 9 ! treatise on ,ord]4 ,x is ?us t infidels1 ?\gh !y s9 9 _! rites1 may be tol]at$1 ei!r because ( "s good com+ f !m1 or to avoid "s evil4 ,! ,jews obs]ve _! rites1 9 :i* =m]ly ! tru? ( ! fai? t we hold 0 prefigur$2 ! result is advantage\s 9 ?is1 t we h ! te/imony ( our enemies 9 fav\r ( our fai?1 & t ! object ( our fai? is1 s to speak1 %[n 9 a reflect$ image4 ,z = ! wor%ip ( ! o!r unbeliev]s1 :i* is oppos$ 9 e way to tru? & is entirely useless1 x w\ld m]it no tol]ance if x 7 n to avoid "s evil1 su* z ! sc&al or ! tr\ble :i* might result f ! suppression ( ?is wor%ip2 or aga9 z an imp$im5t to ! salvation ( ^? :o1 "u cov] ( ?is species ( tol]ance1 come little by little into ! fai?4 ,x is = t reason t ! ,*ur* has occasionally tol]at$ ev5 ! wor%ip ( h]etics1 & hea!ns1 :5 ! numb] ( infidels 0 great40 7,summa !ol41 #b a2 q4 x1 a4 ,,ii47 ,"o readily p]ceives ! nature ( tol]ance 9 t s5se4 ,x does n 9 ! lea/ recognize ! "r ( ^? :o are ! object ( x3 if x does n maltreat !m1 x is simply to avoid a great] evil1 or r because its p[] is too small1 & ! numb] ( infidels is too l>ge4 ,a pr(essor ( !ology at ! ,sorbonne has rec5tly conte/$ ! *>ge ( ,ca?olic intol]ance4 7,m4 ,alfr$ ,f\ille _h j spok5 ( x 9 8 ,social ,sci5ce47 ,he did s = reasons t may be cit$ z fur!r pro(4 8,nei!r to-day1 nor ev]1 9 any epo* ( its hi/ory1 has ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* int5d$ to impose acceptance ( ! tru? by viol5ce4 ,all great !ologians h taught t ! act ( fai? is a volunt>y act1 :i* presupposes an illum9ation ( ! m9d2 b !y h also taught t con/ra9t may fav\r ?is illum9ation1 & 9 especial may pres]ve o!rs f a bad example1 f a contagi\s d>kness4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* has _h no ne$ ( ! sword to evangelize ! nations2 if x has %$ blood 9 its triumph1 x has be5 its own40 ,has x1 !n1 n %$ ! blood ( o!rs8 ,if "o c\nts all ! murd]s committ$ by intol]ance 9 ! "n ( absolute dogma1 9 e c\ntry 9 ! _w2 if "o c\ld measure all ! blood%$2 if "o c\ld ga!r toge!r all ! dead bodies--w\ld ! pile n m\nt high] ?an ! spires ( ! ca!drals & ! domes ( ! temples1 :]e man /ill goes1 ) unalt]able f]v\r1 to invoke & bless ! 8,god ( ,love08 ,fai? 9 a ,god :o talks & acts1 :o has a hi/ory ( ,8 own1 ,8 ,bible1 ,8 prophet & ,8 prie/1 w always end by be+ intol]ant4 ,by ador+ a jeal\s & v5geful ,god1 "o becomes 9 ! end ,8 accomplice4 ,"o tacitly approves all ! crimes committ$ 9 ,8 "n & (t5 7if "o believes ! ,holy ,scriptures7 comm&$ by ,him4 ,"o endeav\rs to =get ^! ?+s :5 !y are too /a9$ ) blood & fil?4 ,! monum5ts ( su* bloody sc5es h be5 raz$1 & ! places to :i* ! /ronge/ memories are atta*$ h be5 purifi$ & trans=m$3 ! p>tisans ( c]ta9 dogmas ne$ to wa% _! he>ts also 9 lu/ral wat]4 ,sid5ote3 ,& a half-ca/e public _s4 ,9 ord] to und]/& h[ legitimate religi\s intol]ance appe>s f its own po9t ( view1 we mu/ rememb] ) :at p]fect calm we =bid & puni% acts t are directly contr>y to ! actual conditions ( our social life 7= example1 ! public outrage ( good morals1 etc474 ,n[ we "k t all religion sup]poses ano!r society ^u ! actual "o2 x conceives m5's life z envelop$ & b\nd$ by ! life ( ! gods2 x mu/ !re=e seek to ma9ta9 ! conditions ( ?is sup]natural society ) n less en]gy ?an we employ to ma9ta9 our human society1 & ! conditions ( ?is sup]ior society lead to ! multiplication ( all ! prohibitive rules t we h previ\sly impos$ on our exi/5ce ) our fell[s2 imag9>y walls _c avoid be+ add$ to ! walls & dit*es already imp$+ circulation on ! e>?'s surface2 if we live ) ! gods1 we mu/ expect to be jo/l$ by !m1 & curb$ 9 _! "n4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s _c disappe> entirely until we cease to believe we are co-memb]s ( a society ) ! gods1 until we see !m transmut$ into simple ideals4 ,ideals nev] necessitate ! exclusiv5ess & intol]ance t realities d4 ,sid5ote3 ,tol]ance highly intellectual4 ,on ! :ole1 "o mu/ di/+ui% two k9ds ( virtue on :i* religion has influ5ce4 ,! fir/ are ! virtues t may be call$ positive & active1 ( ! he>t & ( in/9ct1 l *>ity & g5]osity2 at all times & 9 all c\ntries !y h exi/$ among m52 religion exalts !m1 & to ,*ri/ianity ! hon\r is due ( hav+ develop$ !m to _! highe/ degree4 ,! second category includes ! purely intellectual virtues1 ^: op]ation consi/s r 9 *eck+ & conf9+ ?an 9 ext5d+ ! sph]e ( "o's activity--! virtues ( self-possession1 ( ab/95ce1 & ( tol]ance1 :i* are q mod]n really & ! result ( sci5ce1 :i* has br\ght ab\t a cle>] k ( its own limitations ev54 ,tol]ance is a v complex virtue1 mu* m intellectual ?an *>ity2 x is a virtue ( ! head r ?an ( ! he>t2 ! pro( ( x is t *>ity & intol]ance are (t5 f\nd toge!r1 =m+ an alliance r ?an oppos+ ea* o!r4 ,:5 tol]ance is n philosophical & :olly reason$1 x takes on ! aspect ( a simple good-hum\r t greatly resembles moral weakness4 ,really to demon/rate ! greatness ( tol]ance1 "o mu/ put to ! front ! objective reasons drawn f ! relativity ( human k & n ! subjective reasons drawn f our own he>ts4#ec ,up to ! pres5t "t tol]ance has be5 f\nd$ on respect = ! p]son & ! w ( ano!r3 8,x is necess>y10 x is said1 8= man to be free--free to deceive himself & to d evil1 if ne$ be20 & no?+ is tru]1 b !re is ano!r s\rce ( tol]ance :i* is m sub/antial & t5ds to ga9 gr\nd m & m rapidly z dogmatic fai? disappe>s4 ,?is s\rce is di/ru/ ( human ?\ght & consci5ce1 :i* are n free n to deceive !mselves1 & to :i* e article ( absolute fai? mu/ necess>ily be also an article ( error4 ,s t1 at ! pres5t day1 tol]ance is no long] a virtue1 b simply an affair ( ! intellig5ce2 ! fur!r "o goes1 ! m "o sees t "o does n 9 ! lea/ und]/&2 ! m "o sees t ! beliefs ( "o's neighb\r are a complem5t to "o's own1 t no "o ( u c be "r alone1 to ! exclusion ( all o!rs4 ,by ! m]e developm5t ( ! intellig5ce :i* makes u aw>e ( ! inf9ite v>iety ( ! _w & ! impossibility ( any "o solution ( et]nal problems1 ea* individual op9ion comes to h a value 9 our eyes3 x is no?+ m nor less ?an a bit ( evid5ce be>+ on ! !ory ( ! univ]se1 & x goes )\t ! say+ t no "o item ( evid5ce c be made ! basis ( a def9itive judgm5t1 a dogmatic conclusion1 )\t appeal4 #ec ,see ,a4 ,f\ille1 ,sy/mes de morale contempora9s4 ,,ii4 ,broad dogmatic fai?4 ,sid5ote3 ,conflict betwe5 intellig5ce & dogmatism4 8,! aim ( mo/ m510 z an ,engli% writ] says1 8is to pass ?r\gh life ) z little exp5diture ( ?\ght z possible30 b :at is to become ( ^? :o ?9k1 & ( intellectual m5 9 g5]al8 ,ev5 )\t suspect+ x1 "o w ultimately all[ an int]pretation m or less broad ( ! texts to :i* "o has seem$ to cl+ 9 a n>r[ & lit]al fai?4 ,!re is almo/ no su* ?+ z a p]fectly or?odox believ]4 ,h]esy ent]s by "o door or ano!r1 & /range to say x is t precise fact t keeps traditional fai? alive 9 face ( ! progress ( sci5ce4 ,an absolute & immutably lit]al fai? w\ld be too (f5sive to la/ long4 ,or?odoxy ei!r kills ! nations 9 :i* x entirely /ifles fre$om ( ?\ght or x kills fai? 9 itself4 ,intellig5ce c nev] /& /ill2 x is a light t moves1 l t ca/ by ! sun on ! dripp+ o>s z ! boat is be+ lu/ily r[$ along4 ,sid5ote3 ,dogmatism d\bly irrational4 ,! p>tisans ( lit]al int]pretation & au?ority seem soon] or lat] to accept two irrational hypo!ses in/ead ( "o2 x is n en\gh = !m t !re h be5 c]ta9 revelations f on high1 !y insi/ t ! v t]ms 9 :i* ! div9e ?\ght is incorporat$ %all be div9e1 sacr$1 & immutable1 & ( an absolute exactitude4 ,!y div9ize human language4 ,!y nev] ?9k ( ! difficulties t someone might feel :o 0 n a god b simply a ,desc>tes1 a ,newton1 or a ,leibnitz1 to express 8 great ?\ghts 9 an un=m$ & half-savage tongue4 ,g5ius is always sup]ior to ! language t x makes use (1 & ! words !mselves are responsible = _m ( ! errors 9 its ?\ghts2 & a 8div9e inspiration10 br\ght d[n to ! level ( our language1 w\ld be p]haps m emb>rass$ ?an an ev5 purely human inspiration4 ,no?+ !re=e c be /rang]1 to ^? :o exam9e ! matt] calmly1 ?an to see civiliz$ nations seek+ = a complete expression ( ! div9e ?\ght 9 ! lit]atures ( anci5t peoples & semi-b>b>\s nations1 ^: language & intellig5ce 7 inf9itely inf]ior to ours2 _! god1 talk+ & dictat+1 w\ld n[adays h>dly be giv5 a c]tificate ( compet5cy 9 a prim>y exam9ation4 ,x is ! grosse/ an?ropomorphism to conceive a div9ity n 9 ! type ( an ideal man b 9 ! type ( a b>b>\s man4 ,also1 x is n simply t a lit]al fai? 7! primitive =m ( all reveal$ fai?7 ultimately appe>s to be entirely irrational2 x is t ?is *>act]i/ic becomes con/antly m m>k$1 = ! reason t fai? /&s /ill1 or tries to /& /ill1 :ile humanity m>*es on4 ,sid5ote3 ,dogmatism is intellectual indiff]5ce or dea?4 ,b = a c]ta9 numb] ( h]esies born & circulat$ among !m1 b = a con/ant /ream ( fre% ?\ght1 p hold+ by a lit]al religion w\ld be a caput mortuum 9 hi/ory1 a little 8l ! fai?ful ,tibetians ( ,dala-lama10 z ,von ,h>tmann says4 ,lit]al religions _c la/ & p]petuate !mselves except by a s]ies ( compromises4 ,!re are always 9 ! m9ds ( ! s9c]e & intellig5t believ] p]iods ( advancem5t & ( reaction1 /eps =w>d foll[$ by a recoil4 ,confessors "k ^! sudd5 *anges well1 & are prep>$ to deal ) !m & keep !m )9 c]ta9 limits4 ,!y !mselves are subject to su* *anges2 h[ _m ( !m h ?\ght !y believ$ & be5 suspect$ ( h]esy6 ,if we c\ld see into ! bottom ( _! m9ds :at reconciliations %\ld we n p]ceive1 :at secret accommodations & compliances6 ,!re is 9 e "o ( u some?+ t prote/s aga9/ lit]al fai?1 & if ?is prote/ation is n explicit1 x is (t5 none ! less real4 ,no "o c hope to read m exactly ?an he :o reads betwe5 ! l9es4 ,:5 "o v5]ates & admires ev]y?+1 x is g5]ally :at "o simply does n und]/&4 ,v _m m9ds positively l vagu5ess & accommodate !mselves to x1 !y believe 9 gross & arrange ! details to suit !mselves2 sometimes ev51 aft] accept+ a ?+ z a :ole1 !y elim9ate "o by "o all its p>ts4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ^? :o aspire to lit]al fai? n[adays are divisible into ?ree classes3 ! indiff]5t1 ! bl9d1 & unconsci\s ,prote/ants4 ,sid5ote3 ,prote/antism & lib]ty ( consci5ce4 ,! ,prote/antism ( ,lu!r & ,calv9 0 a compromise replac+ a despotism2 x 0 a broad fai?1 al?\gh x is at ! same "t intol]ant & or?odox2 = !re are c]ta9 ?+s ev5 9 ,prote/antism :i* d n admit ( compromise2 x conta9s dogmas t x is impi\s to reject1 & :i*1 to ! free-?9k]1 seem sc>cely less contr>y to calm reason ?an ! dogmas ( ,ca?olicism2 x conta9s a sy/em ( metaphysical or hi/orical !ses reg>d$ n z m]ely human1 b z div9e4 ,! mo/ desirable ?+ 9 a religion t is to be progressive is t ! sacr$ texts %\ld be ambigu\s2 & ! text ( ! ,bible is n ambigu\s en\gh4 ,h[ are we to d\bt1 = example1 ! div9ity ( ,*ri/'s mission8 ,h[ d\bt ! miracles8 ,a belief 9 ! div9ity ( ,*ri/1 & ! g5u95ess ( ! miracles1 are ! v f\ndation ( ! ,*ri/ian religion2 ,lu!r 0 oblig$ to accept !m1 & 9 our day ev5 !y be> d[n ) _! full weight on or?odox ,prote/antism4 ,s t :at seem$ at fir/ a g5]\s concession to lib]ty ( ?\ght am\nts 9 ! end to little4 ,! circle "o moves ab\t 9 is s contract$6 ,prote/ants1 too1 are fett]$2 ! *a9 is simply long] & m flexible4 ,prote/antism has r5d]$ s]vices ( great importance to law & to lib]ty ( consci5ce2 b alongside ( ! concessions to lib]ty t x en=c$1 x conta9s dogmas f :i* ! use ( 8*>itable con/ra9t0 may logically be d$uc$4 ,^! dogmas :i* are ess5tial to true ,prote/antism are3 orig9al s91 conceiv$ z ev5 m radical ?an x appe>s 9 ,ca?olicism1 & z de/ructive ( fre$om ( ! w2 ! r$emption1 :i* recognizes ! dea? ( ,god ! ,son z necess>y to r$eem man f ! v9dictiv5ess ( ,god ! ,fa!r2 pr$e/9ation 9 all its rig\r2 grace & election 9 _! mo/ fatali/ic & my/ical =m2 & la/ & mo/ important1 an et]nity ( suff]+ )\t purgatory6 ,if all ^! dogmas are simply philosophical my?s1 ,*ri/ian is a purely v]bal title1 & "o might z well call "o's self a hea!n1 = all ! my?s ( ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 ,c]es1 ,pros]p9e1 & ! 8div9ities ( ,samo?race10 are also susceptible ( becom+ symbols ( high] metaphysics2 we ref] ! read] to ,jamblicus & ,s*ell+4 ,we mu/ ?us assume t or?odox ,prote/ants believe 9 hell1 r$emption1 & grace2 & if s1 ! consequ5ces t we h d$uc$ f ^! dogmas become inevitable4 ,also ,lu!r1 ,calv91 ,?odore de ,bze1 h prea*$ & practis$ intol]ance = ! same reasons z did ! ,ca?olics4 ,!y claim$ ! "r ( private judgm5t = !mselves alone1 & only 9 s f> z !y felt ne$ ( x2 !y nev] rais$ x to ! level ( an or?odox doctr9e4 ,calv9 burn$ ,s]vetius1 & ! ,puritans 9 ,am]ica 9 #afib puni%$ wit*craft ) dea?4 ,sid5ote3 ,e h]esy s]ves lib]ty ( consci5ce4 ,if ,prote/antism has 9 ! long run s]v$ ! cause ( lib]ty ( consci5ce1 ! reason is simply t e h]esy is an in/ance ( lib]ty & ( t enfran*isem5t :i* br+s 9 its tra9 a s]ies ( additional h]esies4 ,9 o!r words1 h]esy is ! victory ( d\bt ov] fai?4 ,by d\bt ,prote/antism s]ves ! cause ( lib]ty2 by fai? x w\ld cease to s]ve x & w\ld m5ace x--if x 7 logical4 ,b ! *>act]i/ic ( c]ta9 m9ds is precisely to come to a halt halfway betwe5 fre$om & lib]ty1 betwe5 fai? & reason1 betwe5 ! pa/ & ! future4 ,sid5ote3 ,prote/antism a m>k ( logical feebl5ess 9 ^? :o hold x4 ,ov] & above ! dogmas admitt$ 9 common1 ! true ,prote/ant dem&s fur!r "s fix$ objective expression ( 8 belief3 he attempts--he also--to incorporate x 9 a c]ta9 numb] ( cu/oms & rites :i* create ! ne$ !y satisfy & incessantly give fre% life to a fai? incessantly on ! po9t ( a decl9e2 he dem&s temples1 prie/s1 a c]emonial4 ,9 ! item ( c]emonial z well z 9 ! item ( dogmas1 or?odox ,prote/ants n[adays feel !mselves to be mu* sup]ior to ,ca?olics2 & !y h really reject$ a consid]able numb] ( nave beliefs & ( useless rites n infrequ5tly borr[$ f paganism4 ,y %\ld he> an excit$ ,prote/ant1 9 a discussion ) a ,ca?olic1 speak ( ! ,mass1 t degrad+ sup]/ition 9 :i* 8! mo/ mat]ial & b>b>\s int]pretation possible0 is put ^u ! words ( ,*ri/--,he t eate? me %all live by me4 ,b does n ?is same ,prote/ant admit ) ! ,ca?olic ! miracle ( ! r$emption1 ( ,*ri/ sacrific+ himself to save mank9d8 ,if y admit "o miracle1 :at reason is !re to /op ) t or any succe$+ miracle8 8,once m 9 ?is ord] ( ideas10 says ,mr4 ,mat!w ,arnold1 8& :at c be m natural & beautiful ?an to imag9e ?is miracle e day repeat$1 ,*ri/ (f]$ 9 ?\s&s ( places1 ev]y:]e ! believ] enabl$ to enact ! "w ( r$emption & unite himself ) ! ,body ^: sacrifice saves him40 ,a beautiful conception1 y ackn[l$ge1 = a leg5d1 b y refuse to put fai? 9 x on ! gr\nd t x %ocks y\r reason2 v good1 b y reject 9 ! same brea? all ! re/ ( ! irrationalities t are "p & p>cel ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,if ,*ri/ sacrific$ himself = ! human race1 :y %\ld n he sacrifice himself = me8 if he came to a _w t did n call him1 :y %\ld he n come to me :o call ^u him & pray to him8 if ,god once took on a =m ( fle% & blood1 if ,he once inhabit$ a human body1 :y f9d x /range t ,he %\ld be pres5t 9 my fle% & blood8 ,y want miracles1 on condition t y are n to see !m2 :at is ! mean+ ( su* false mode/y8 ,:5 "o believes a ?+1 "o mu/ live 9 ! he>t ( ?is belief1 "o mu/ see x & feel x ev]y:]e2 :5 "o possesses a god1 x is 9 ord] t he may walk & brea! on e>?4 ,he :om we adore mu/ n be relegat$ to a corn] ( ! heav5s1 or =bidd5 to appe> 9 our mid/2 & !y mu/ n be made sport (1 :o see him1 & feel him1 & t\* him4 ,free-?9k]s may laugh1 if !y h ! c\rage1 at ! prie/ :o believes t ,god is pres5t 9 ! ,ho/ t he holds 9 8 h&s1 & pres5t 9 ! temple :5 he (ficiates4 ,!y may laugh at ! peasant *ildr5 :o believe t ,sa9ts or ! ,virg9 pres5t !mselves be=e !m to li/5 to _! wants1 b a true believ] _c d o!rwise ?an take all ?is s]i\sly4 ,prote/ants take baptism v s]i\sly1 & ?9k x absolutely necess>y to salvation4 ,lu!r c]ta9ly believ$ 9 ! devil2 he saw him ev]y:]e1 9 /orms1 9 fires1 9 ! tumult t 8 passage along ! /reets (t5 excit$1 9 ! int]ruptions t occurr$ 9 8 s]mons2 he *all5g$1 & ?reat5$ all devils1 87 !y z numb]less z ! tiles ( ! ro(s40 ,"o day he ev5 exorcis$ ! ,evil ,"o1 :o _h be5 vocif]at+ 9 ! p]son ( ! audi5ce1 s effici5tly t ! s]mon1 :i* op5$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! greate/ di/urbance1 0 f9i%$ 9 peace2 ! devil _h be5 fright5$4 ,:y1 !n1 d or?odox ,prote/ants1 especially 9 our day1 s g5u9ely wi% to /op arbitr>ily %ort 9 _! fai?8 ,:y believe t ,god or ! devil appe>$ to m5 two ?\s& ye>s ago1 & at no "t s9ce8 ,:y believe 9 ! ,gospel cures & n 9 ! nave leg5ds t are relat$ ( ! ,communion1 or 9 ! miracles at ,l\rdes8 ,all ?+s hold toge!r 9 a fai?1 & if y propose outrag+ human reason1 :y n d x ?or\ghly8 ,z ,mr4 ,mat!w ,arnold obs]ves1 ! or?odox ,prote/ant doctr9e1 9 admitt+ t ! ,son ( ,god c\ld sub/itute himself z an expiatory victim = man1 condemn$ = ! fault ( ,adam1--9 o!r words t he c\ld suff] = a crime t he _h n committ$ = m5 :o _h n committ$ x ei!r1--is only to accept ! foll[+ passage lit]ally & rudely3 8,! son ( man is come to give 8 life z a ransom unto _m40 ,f ! mom5t t "o holds lit]ally to a s+le text1 :y n d ! same 9 reg>d to o!rs8 ,9 introduc+ a c]ta9 %>e ( lib]ty into _! fai?1 ! ,prote/ants h also introduc$ a _s ( inconsequ5ce2 ?is is its *>act]i/ic & its defect4 ,someone said to me once3 8,if ,i %\ld try to believe ev]y?+1 ,i %\ld end by believ+ no?+40 ,?is 0 ,lu!r's reason+2 he wi%$ to make "s all[ances = enlight5m5t2 he hop$ to pres]ve ! fai? by m9imiz+ x4 ,b ! limits are artificial4 ,only li/5 to ,pascal1 :o possesses ! ,fr5* tal5t = logic1 & is at ! same "t a ma!matician1 mak+ light ( ,prote/antism4 8,h[ ,i dete/ su* nons5se60 he cries3 t is1 n to believe 9 ! ,eu*>i/1 etc4 8,if ! ,gospel is true1 if ,jesus ,*ri/ is ,god1 :at difficulty is !re 9 all t80 ,nobody saw m cle>ly ?an ,pascal ! ?+s t1 z he says1 are 8unju/0 9 c]ta9 ,*ri/ian dogmas1 t are 8%ock+10 are 8f>-fet*$10 ! 8absurdities02 he saw x all & accept$ x all4 ,he accept$ ev]y?+ or no?+4 ,:5 "o makes a b>ga9 ) fai?1 "o does n pick & *oose2 "o takes all & gives all4 ,x 0 ,pascal :o said t a!ism 0 a sign ( /r5g? ( m9d1 b a /r5g? display$ 9 "o direction only4 ,"o might turn t r\nd & say t ,ca?olicism implies /r5g? ( m9d1 at lea/ on "o po9t4 ,prote/antism1 ?\gh ( a high] ord] 9 ! evolution ( belief1 rema9s to-day a m>k ( a c]ta9 weakness ( m9d 9 ^? :o1 hav+ made ! fir/ /ep t[>d fre$om ( ?\ght1 re/ !re2 x is a halt midway4 ,at bottom1 h[ev]1 ! two rival or?odoxies1 ov] :i* n[adays civiliz$ nations dispute1 are equally a/oni%+ to ^? :o h pass$ beyond !m4 ,,iii4 ,! dissolution ( dogmatic fai? 9 mod]n society4 ,sid5ote3 ,dogmatic fai? di/anc$ by sci5ce4 ,c a dogmatic fai?1 :e!r n>r[ or broad1 indef9itely coexi/ ) mod]n sci5ce8 ,we ?9k n4 ,sci5ce consi/s ( two portions3 ! con/ructive & ! de/ructive4 ,! con/ructive portion is already f> en\gh advanc$1 9 mod]n society1 to provide = c]ta9 desid]ata :i* dogma und]took =m]ly to supply4 ,we h to-day1 = example1 m ext5d$ & detail$ in=mation ab\t ! g5esis ( ! _w ?an is f\nd 9 ! ,bible4 ,we are atta9+ by degrees a c]ta9 numb] ( facts relat+ to ! affiliation ( species4 ,& all ! cele/ial or t]re/rial ph5om5a :i* /rike ! eye are already completely expla9$4 ,! def9itive :y has n be5 giv51 no d\bt2 we ev5 ask ourselves if !re is "o4 ,b ! h[ has already be5 9 a great "p dealt )4 ,let u n =get t religions 9 ! beg9n+ took ! place ( physics2 t physical !ories con/itut$ = a long "t an ess5tial & prepond]ant "p ( !m4 ,n[adays physics & religion h be5 di/+ui%$1 & religion has lo/ by ! sep>ation a l>ge "p ( its p[]1 :i* has pass$ ov] to sci5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,& und]m9$4 ,! dissolv5t & de/ructive aspect ( sci5ce is n less important4 ,! fir/ to pres5t x 9 high relief 7 ! physical sci5ces & a/ronomy4 ,all ! anci5t sup]/itions ab\t ! trembl+ ( ! e>?1 eclipses1 etc41 :i* 7 a con/ant occasion ( religi\s exaltation1 are de/roy$1 or ne>ly s1 ev5 among ! populace4 ,geology has ov]turn$ ) a s+le /roke ! traditions ( mo/ religions4 ,physics has done away ) miracles4 ,! same almo/ may be said ( meteorology1 :i* is s rec5t & has su* a brilliant future4 ,god is /ill to a man ( ! p too (t5 ! s5d] ( ra9 & good wea!r1 ! ,indra ( ! ,h9dus4 ,a prie/ told me ! o!r day1 9 ! be/ fai? 9 ! _w1 t ! pray]s ( 8 p>i%ion]s _h br\ght ! c\ntry ?ree days ( sun%9e4 ,9 a religi\s t[n if ra9 falls ! day ( a religi\s procession1 & /ops %ortly be=e ! "t ( sett+ out1 ! p unhesitat+ly believe t a miracle has be5 p]=m$4 ,sailors1 :o dep5d s entirely on atmosph]ic p]turbations1 are m incl9$ to sup]/ition4 ,! m9ute ! wea!r c be m or less accurately =etold & gu>d$ aga9/1 all ^! sup]/itions are doom$4 ,x is ?us t fe> ( ?und] is rapidly subsid+ at ! pres5t day2 ?is fe> =m$ an important factor 9 ! =mation ( ! anci5t religions4 ,by inv5t+ ! lightn+-rod1 ,frankl9 did m to de/roy sup]/ition ?an ! mo/ active propag&a c\ld h done4 ,sid5ote3 ,exp]im5t 9 miracles4 ,z ,m4 ,r5an has rem>k$1 we might ev5 9 our day demon/rate sci5tifically ! non-exi/5ce ( miracul\s int]f]5ce 9 ! affairs ( ?is _w & ! ineffici5cy ( reque/s to ,god to modify ! natural c\rse ( ?+s2 "o might1 = example1 m9i/] to pati5ts accord+ to ! same me?ods1 9 two adjo9+ rooms ( a hospital2 = ! "o set ( pati5ts a prie/ might pray1 & "o might see :e!r ! pray] w\ld appreciably modify ! means ( recov]y4 ,! result ( ?is sort ( exp]im5t on ! exi/5ce ( a special provid5ce is moreov] easy to =etell1 & x is d\btful :e!r any educat$ prie/ w\ld l5d himself to x4 ,sid5ote3 ,religion & physiology & psy*ology4 ,! sci5ces ( physiology & psy*ology h expla9$ to u 9 a natural way a multitude ( ph5om5a ( ! n]v\s sy/em :i* we 7 =c$ until rec5tly to attribute to ! m>vel\s1 or to trick]y1 or to div9e influ5ce1 or to ! devil4 ,sid5ote3 ,religion & hi/ory4 ,f9ally1 hi/ory is attack+ n only ! object ( religion1 b religions !mselves1 by display+ all ! s9uosities & unc]ta9ties ( ! ?\ght t con/ruct$ !m2 ! primitive contradictions1 correct$ = bett] or = worse at "s lat] p]iod1 ! g5esis ( ! precise/ dogmas by ! gradual juxtaposition ( vague & het]og5e\s ideas4 ,religi\s criticism1 ! elem5ts ( :i* w soon] or lat] f9d _! way into elem5t>y in/ruction1 is ! mo/ t]rible weapon t c\ld be us$ aga9/ religi\s dogmatism2 x has produc$ & w produce its effect 9 ,prote/ant c\ntries1 :]e !ology passionately engages ! multitude4 ,religi\s fai? t5ds to give place to curiosity ab\t religion2 we und]/& m readily ! ?+s we d n s absolutely believe1 & we c be m dis9t]e/$ly int]e/$ 9 ! ?+s t no long] fill u ) a sacr$ horror4 ,b ! explanation ( positive religion seem$ de/9$ to be absolutely ! opposite ( its ju/ification3 to write ! hi/ory ( religions is to write a damag+ criticism ( !m4 ,:5 "o endeav\rs to come to close qu>t]s ) _! f\ndation 9 reality1 "o f9ds x retire be=e "o little by little & ultimately disappe> l ! place :]e ! ra9b[ re/s ^u ! e>?3 "o believes t "o has discov]$ 9 religion a bond betwe5 heav5 & e>?1 a pl$ge ( alliance & hope2 x is an optical illusion :i* sci5ce at once corrects & expla9s4 ,sid5ote3 ,religion und]m9$ by prim>y in/ruction4 ,prim>y in/ruction1 :i* is sometimes made1 n[adays1 a subject ( ridicule1 is also an altoge!r rec5t in/itution ( :i* 9 =m] times !re sc>cely exi/$ a trace1 & :i* pr(\ndly modifies all ( ! t]ms ( e social & religi\s problem4 ,! modicum ( elem5t>y in/ruction t ! mod]n s*oolboy possesses1 9 especial if "o adds "s few notions ( religi\s hi/ory1 w\ld alone suffice to put him on 8 gu>d aga9/ a great _m =ms ( sup]/ition4 ,=m]ly x 0 ! cu/om = a ,roman soldi] to embrace ! religion ( any1 & ( e c\ntry1 9 :i* he 0 /ation$ = a consid]able space ( "t2 on 8 return home he w\ld set up an alt> to ! di/ant gods t he _h made 8 own3 ,sabazius1 ,adonis1 ! goddess ( ,syria1 or ,asiatic ,bellona1 ! ,jupit] ( ,baalbec1 or ! ,jupit] ( ,doli*e4 ,to-day our soldi]s & m>9]s br+ back f _! travels little m ?an an incr$ul\s tol]ance1 a g5tly disrespectful smile 9 relation to gods 9 g5]al4 ,sid5ote3 ,& by ! p]fection ( ! means ( communication4 ,! p]fection ( means ( communication is also "o ( ! great ob/acles to ! ma9t5ance ( a dogmatic fai?2 no?+ %elt]s a belief l ! abyss ( a deep valley or ! me&]+s ( an unnavigable riv]4 ,! la/ surviv+ believ]s 9 ! religions ( antiquity 7 ! peasants--pagani2 :5ce ! ^w pagan4 ,b to-day ! c\ntry is be+ ?r[n op51 m\nta9s are be+ pi]c$1 ! p]petually increas+ activity 9 ! movem5t ( ?+s & ( p results 9 ! circulation ( ideas1 9 a l[]+ ( ! pret5sions ( ! fai?1 & ?is levell+ d[n mu/ inevitably cont9ue /ep by /ep ) ! progress ( sci5ce4 ,9 all times x has be5 obs]v$ t ! effect ( travell+ alt]s "o's beliefs4 ,to-day "o travels /&+ /ill3 ! intellectual horizon *anges = "o1 :e!r "o w or n4 ,m5 l ,pap9s1 ,watts1 ,/eph5son1 h done z mu* = ! propagation ( free-?\ght z ! bolde/ ( philosoph]s4 ,ev5 9 our days ! pi]c+ ( ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez w probably h done m = ! enlight5m5t ( ! ,h9dus ?an ! consci5ti\s ef=ts ( ,rm ,mohun ,roy or ( ,ke%ub4 ,sid5ote3 ,& by ! developm5t ( comm]ce & indu/ry4 ,among ! causes :i* w t5d 9 ! future to elim9ate ! dogma ( a special provid5ce1 let u note ! developm5t ( ! arts--ev5 ! art ( comm]ce & ( indu/ry1 :i* is /ill 9 its v beg9n+s4 ,m]*ants & workm51 equally1 h le>n$ already to rely ^u no "o b _! own individual selves1 to rely ea* ^u 8 own initiative1 8 p]sonal +5uity2 he kn[s t to "w is to pray1 n 9 ! s5se t 8 lab\r possesses "s sort ( my/ical value b because its value is real & )9 8 rea*2 & he acquires by t v fact a vivid & increas+ s5se ( responsibility4 ,comp>e1 = in/ance1 ! life ( a po9tsman 7t ( a work+-man7 ) ! life ( a soldi]1 & y w see t ! conduct ( ! fir/ is ( necessity reflective1 & develops 9 him a s5se ( responsibility1 :]eas ! second--accu/om$ to m>* he kn[s n :]e1 to obey1 he kn[s n :y1 to vanqui% or be vanqui%$ he kn[s n h[--lives among circum/ances :i* naturally inspire 9 him a conception ( irresponsibility1 ( div9e *ance1 or ( haz>d4 ,moreov]1 :5ev] indu/ry does n treat ! workman l a ma*9e b =ces him to act consci\sly & ) reflection1 its natural effect is to enfran*ise ! m9d4 ,& ! same ?+ is true ( comm]ce2 al?\gh 9 comm]ce a m important rle is play$1 by m]e ly+ 9 wait--m]e passivity2 ! m]*ant waits = a pur*as]1 & 8 com+ or n com+ dep5ds ^u some?+ else4 ,! sup]/itions ( comm]ce1 h[ev]1 w gr[ feebl] z ! functions ( p]sonal initiative & activity become m ext5sive4 ,?irty ye>s ago 9 a v religi\s t[n !re exi/$ a numb] ( small m]*ants :o look$ ^u x z a matt] ( duty n to exam9e _! acc\nt book till ! end ( ! ye>3 x w\ld be1 !y said1 a di/ru/ ( ,god to asc]ta9 too (t5 :e!r !y 7 los+ or ga9+2 x w\ld br+ bad luck2 ! less att5tion y pay to y\r income ! great] x gr[s4 ,add t1 ?anks to ?is sort ( reason+1 :i* = ! re/ 0 n altoge!r )\t a c]ta9 nave logic1 ! m]*ants spok5 ( did n d an especially brilliant bus9ess4 ,9 mod]n comm]ce ! 8positive0 _s--re/less intellig5ce & calculation out/ripp+ *ance--t5ds to become ! true & sole elem5t ( success2 z to ! risks :i*1 9 spite ( e precaution1 /ill rema91 !y are cov]$ by insurance4 ,sid5ote3 ,& by ! practice ( insurance4 ,insurance1 !n1 is a conception altoge!r mod]n1 ^: op]ation is to sub/itute ! direct action ( man = ! int]v5tion ( ,god 9 private affairs1 & :i* looks to ! recomp5se = a mis=tune be=e x has happ5$4 ,x is probable t insurance1 :i* dates only "s few ye>s back & is spread+ rapidly1 w be appli$ "s day to almo/ e =m ( accid5t to :i* man is liable1 w be adapt$ to e circum/ance ( life1 w accompany u ev]y:]e1 w envelop u 9 a protect+ net2 & agriculture & navigation1 & ^? pursuits g5]ally 9 :i* human initiative plays ! smalle/ "p1 9 :i* "o mu/ dance att5dance ^u ! special b5$iction ( heav5 & ultimate success is always cont+5t1 w become increas+ly indep5d5t & free4 ,x is possible t ! notion ( a special provid5ce w "s day be completely elim9at$ f ! sph]e ( economics2 ev]y?+ t 9 any mann] :atsoev] is capable ( be+ e/imat$ 9 t]ms ( money w be cov]$ by an insurance1 %ield$ f accid5t1 made indep5d5t ( div9e fav\r4 ,sid5ote3 ,& ! progress ( m$ical k4 ,!re rema9s ! purely p]sonal sph]e1 ! physical & moral accid5ts :i* may befall u1 ! maladies t may come ^u ourselves & ^? :o belong to u4 ,t is ! sph]e 9 :i* ! majority ( m5 feel _! w mo/ feeble1 _! p]spicacity mo/ at fault4 ,li/5 to a memb] ( ! l[] classes on ! subject ( physiology or m$ic9e1 & y w und]/& h[ deep is ! abasem5t ( _! intellig5ce 9 ?is matt]2 & (t51 inde$1 ev5 m5 ( a m ext5d$ education are possess$ ( no m k ?an !y on su* po9ts4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 our ignorance ( hygi5e & ! mo/ elem5t>y notions ( m$ic9e is su* t we are helpless 9 ! pres5ce ( physical evil2 & x is because ( ?is helplessness1 at ! v spot precisely :]e we mo/ ne$ help1 t we seek = an outlet = an emb>rass$ volition & a re/less hope & f9d x 9 a petition address$ to ,god4 ,_m p nev] ?9k ( pray+ except :5 ill1 or :5 !y see p]sons de> to !m ill4 ,z always1 s "h1 a s5se ( an absolute dep5d5ce provokes a return ( religi\s s5tim5t4 ,j 9 proportion z in/ruction spreads1 j 9 proportion z ! natural sci5ces become ( s]vice1 we feel ourselves arm$ ) a c]ta9 p[]1 ev5 9 ! face ( physical accid5t4 ,9 m ?an usually pi\s families1 ! physician sc>cely assum$ =m]ly any o!r "* ?an t ( an in/rum5t ( special provid5ce2 "o _h confid5ce 9 him1 less on ! score ( 8 tal5t ?an ( 8 sanctity2 t confid5ce 0 absolute2 "o wa%$ "o's h&s ( all responsibility1 z primitive p d 9 ! pres5ce ( ! sorc]]s & 8prie/ physicians40 ,n[adays1 h[ev]1 ! physician is beg9n+ to be look$ ^u z a man l ano!r1 :o mu/ rely ^u himself1 :o receives no inspiration f on high1 & :o mu/1 9 consequ5ce1 be *os5 ) c>e1 & aid$ & su/a9$ 9 8 task4 ,x is und]/ood t ! rem$ies employ$ by him are innoc5t ( my/]y1 t _! op]ation is uni=m1 t ! matt] is altoge!r "o ( intellig5ce 9 _! use2 & in/ead ( putt+ "o's self1 l s mu* brute matt]1 into ! physician's h&s1 "o does "o's be/ to co-op]ate ) him4 ,:5 we he> someone call+ = help & are free to run to him1 does x ev] occur to u n[adays to fall ^u our knees8 ,no2 we %\ld ev5 consid] a passive pray] z an indirect =m ( homicide4 ,! epo* is pa/ :5 ,ambroise ,p> c\ld say mode/ly3 8,i p\ltic$ him1 ,god cur$ him40 ,! fact is1 ,god does n cure ^? :om ! physician does n p\ltice prop]ly4 ,! progress ( natural sci5ce w result really 9 a sort ( prev5tive insurance1 no long] conf9$ :olly to ! sph]e ( economics2 & we %all be able "s day to insure ourselves1 n simply aga9/ ! economical consequ5ces ( su* & su* an accid5t1 b aga9/ ! accid5t itself2 we %all =esee x & avoid x1 z we n infrequ5tly n[adays =esee & avoid pov]ty4 ,& f9ally1 9 respect ev5 to unavoidable evils1 x w occur to no "o to rely ^u any?+ b human sci5ce & human ef=t4 ,sid5ote3 ,progress 9 matt]s ( belief s9ce hea!n antiquity & ! ,middle ,ages4 ,ow+ to ! causes above enum]at$1 h[ f> we h travell$ s9ce ! "t ( ! anci5ts & ! ,middle ,ages6 ,9 ! fir/ place we no long] l5d cr$5ce to oracles or to pr$ictions4 ,! law at lea/ no long] goes ! l5g? ( l5d+ cr$5ce to !m1 & ev5 puni%es ^? :o endeav\r to speculate ^u a navet ( _! m innoc5t neighb\rs4 ,soo?say]s at ! pres5t day are no long] lodg$ 9 ,temples4 ,& 9 no case are philosoph]s & high] p]sonages among _! cli5ts4 ,we are f> f ! "t :5 ,socrates & 8 disciples made a pilgrimage to consult ! oracle1 :5 ! gods spoke1 & gave advice1 & regulat$ ! conduct ( m51 & took ! place ( attorneys1 ( physicians1 ( judges1 & decid$ ^u peace & w>4 ,if x _h be5 affirm$ to a pagan t ! day w\ld come :5 man w\ld f9d ! oracle at ,delphi a sup]fluity1 he w\ld h be5 z frankly surpris$ z a ,*ri/ian is to-day :5 he he>s x affirm$ t ca!drals1 prie/s1 & religi\s c]emonies w "s day become a sup]fluity4 ,sid5ote3 ,t5d5cy t[>d simplicity & uni=mity4 ,! rle :i* prophecies play$ 9 ! religion ( ! ,hebrews is well kn[n4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages c]ta9 prophecies1 su* z t ( ! mill5nium1 7 publicly & mis]ably put to ! pro(4 ,s9ce t "t dogmatic religion1 9 ! fe> ( compromis+ itself1 has /ood alo( f oracles & prophecies1 pref]r+ increase ( security to ext5t ( influ5ce4 ,?us by degrees au?oritative religion has come to r5\nce its sway ov] "o ( ! mo/ important portions ( human life1 :i* x pret5d$ =m]ly to possess a k (1 & to regulate--! future4 ,x cont5ts itself to-day ) ! pres5t4 ,its pr$ictions1 ev] vagu] & m vague1 n[adays be> only on ! p]iod beyond ! grave2 x cont5ts itself ) promis+ heav5 to ! fai?ful--:i* ! ,ca?olic religion inde$ goes ! l5g? ( 9 "s measure secur+ = !m by absolution4 ,& "o may recognize 9 ! confessional a c]ta9 sub/itute = ! div9ation ( =m] times4 ,! h& ( ! prie/ op5s or %uts ! door ( heav5 = ! believ] kneel+ 9 ! %ad[ ( ! confessional2 he wields a p[] 9 "s respects great] ?an t ( ! ,py?oness :o might det]m9e ) a ^w ! fate ( battles4 ,confession itself1 h[ev]1 has disappe>$ 9 ! /rong] & y\ng] (f%oots ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 or?odox ,prote/antism "o is "o's self ! judge ( "o's own future1 & possesses no o!r clew to "o's de/9y ?an ! dictum ( "o's own consci5ce1 ) all its unc]ta9ty ^u its head4 ,ow+ to ?is trans=mation dogmatic fai? 9 ! ^w ( a prie/ or a prophet t5ds to become a simple reliance on ! voice ( consci5ce1 :i* becomes ev] less & less au?oritative1 ev] m & m feeble 9 ! face ( d\bt4 ,fai? 9 oracles & 9 ! visible f+] ( ,provid5ce 9 ?is _w has become to-day simply a some:at hesitat+ reliance ^u an inn] oracle & an toge!r transc5d5tal ,provid5ce4 ,?is is "o ( ! items 9 respect to :i* religi\s evolution may be consid]$ z already some?+ l complete1 & religi\s individualism z on ! po9t ( replac+ ob$i5ce to ! prie/1 & ! negation ( ! m>vell\s z sub/itut$ = antique sup]/ition4 ,sid5ote3 ,belief 9 ,god falls ) belief 9 devils4 ,! /r5g? ( ! belief 9 a p]sonal ,god has be5 9 all times proportionate to ! /r5g? ( ! belief 9 a devil--we h j se5 an illu/ration ( x 9 ! case ( ,lu!r4 ,9 effect ^! two beliefs are correlatives2 !y are ! opposite faces ( "o & ! same an?ropomorphism4 ,well1 9 our days1 belief 9 ! devil is inconte/ably becom+ feebl]2 & ?is enfeeblem5t is ev5 especially *>act]i/ic ( ! pres5t epo*2 !re has at no o!r "t be5 any?+ to equal x4 ,!re is n an educat$ p]son to be f\nd 9 :om ! notion ( a devil does n excite a smile4 ,t1 believe me1 is a sign ( ! times1 a manife/ pro( ( ! decl9e ( dogmatic religion4 ,:]ev] ! p[] ( dogmatic religion by an exception to ! g5]al c\rse ( ?+s has reta9$ its vitality1 & reta9$ x1 z 9 ,am]ica1 ev5 to ! po9t ( giv+ bir? to new dogmas1 ! fe> ( ! devil has subsi/$ 9 its entirety2 :]ev]1 z 9 m enlight5$ regions ?an ,am]ica1 ?is fe> no long] exi/s except z a symbol or a my?1 ! int5sity & ! fecundity ( ! religi\s s5tim5t decl9e inevitably 9 ! same degree4 ,! fate ( ,javeh is b\nd up ) t ( ,lucif]2 angels & devils g h& 9 h&1 z 9 "s fanta/ic m$ival dance4 ,! day :5 ,satan & 8 foll[]s %all be def9itively vanqui%$ & annihilat$ 9 ! m9ds ( ! p1 ! cele/ial p[]s w n h long to live4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,results4 ,to sum up1 9 all ^! relations1 dogmatic fai?--& 9 especial1 su* z is n>r[1 au?oritative1 intol]ant1 & at enmity ) a _s ( sci5ce--seems on e acc\nt de/9$ to disappe>1 or to survive1 if at all1 among a small numb] ( believ]s4 ,e doctr9e1 no matt] h[ moral or h[ elevat+1 seems to u n[adays to lose ^! attributes & to become degrad$ f ! mom5t x proposes to impose itself ^u ! human m9d z a dogma4 ,dogma happily--t cry/allization ( fai?--is an un/able comp\nd2 l c]ta9 complex cry/als1 x is apt to explode1 "u a conc5trat$ ray ( light1 into du/4 ,mod]n criticism supplies ! ray4 ,if ,ca?olicism1 9 pursuit ( religi\s unity1 logically results 9 ! doctr9e ( infallibility1 mod]n criticism 9 ! c\rse ( its e/abli%m5t ( ! relativity ( human k & ( ! ess5tial fallibility ( intellig5ce 9 g5]al1 t5ds t[>d religi\s individualism & t[>d ! dissolution ( e univ]sal or 8,ca?olic0 dogma4 ,& on t score or?odox ,prote/antism is itself m5ac$ ) ru91 = x also has pres]v$ 9 its dogmas an elem5t ( ,ca?olicity1 & by t v fact ( intol]ance1 if n practical & civil1 at lea/ !oretical & religi\s4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,symbolic ,,& ,,moral ,,fai?4 ,i4 ,sub/itution ( metaphysical symbolism = dogma--,lib]al ,prote/antism--,comp>ison ) ,brahmanism--,sub/itution ( moral symbolism = metaphysical symbolism--,moral fai?--,kant--,mill--,mat!w ,arnold--,a lit]>y explanation ( ! ,bible sub/itut$ = a lit]al explanation4 ,,ii4 ,criticism ( symbolic fai?--,inconsequ5ce ( lib]al ,prote/antism--,is ,jesus ( a m div9e type ?an o!r great g5iuses--,does ! ,bible possess a great] au?ority 9 matt]s ( morals ?an any o!r ma/]piece ( poetry--,criticism ( ,mat!w ,arnold's sy/em--,f9al absorption ( religions by morality4 ,sid5ote3 ,inevitable t5d5cy ( religion t[>d non-religion4 ,e illogical position be+ 9 its nature un/able1 ! v inconsequ5ce ( a religion obliges x to a p]petual evolution 9 ! direction ( an ultimate non-religion1 :i* x approa*es incessantly by almo/ ins5sible /eps4 ,! ,prote/ant kn[s no?+ ( ! ordeal ( a ,ca?olic oblig$ to accept ev]y?+ or to reject ev]y?+2 he kn[s no?+ ( prodigi\s revolutions & subjective c\ps d'tat2 he possesses in/9ctively ! art ( transition1 8 cr$o is ela/ic4 ,!re are s _m diff]5t cre$s1 ea* a little m ?or\gh-go+ ?an ! la/1 t he may pass ?r\gh1 t he has "t to habituate 8 _s to ! tru? be=e be+ oblig$ to pr(ess x 9 its simplicity4 ,prote/antism is ! only religion1 9 ! ,occid5t at lea/1 9 :i* x is possible = "o to become an a!i/ unaw>es & )\t hav+ done "o's self ! %ad[ ( a viol5ce 9 ! process3 ! subjective !ism ( ,mr4 ,moncure ,conway1 = example1 or any su* ultra-lib]al ,unit>ian is s ne> a neighb\r to ideal a!ism t really ! two _c be told ap>t1 & yet ! ,unit>ians1 :o z a matt] ( fact are (t5 simply free-?9k]s1 hold1 s to speak1 t !y /ill believe4 ,! tru? is t an affectionate fai? long reta9s its *>m1 ev5 aft] "o is p]suad$ t x is an error & dead 9 "o2 "o c>esses ! lifeless illusions & _c br+ "o's self altoge!r to ab&on !m1 z 9 ! l& ( ! ,slavs x is ! cu/om to kiss ! pale face ( ! dead 9 ! op5 c(f9 be=e ?r[+ ^u x ! h&ful ( e>? :i* sev]s def9itely ! la/ visible bonds ( love4 ,sid5ote3 ,exemplifi$ 9 ! case ( ,brahmanism & ,buddhism4 ,long be=e ,*ri/ianity1 o!r great religions1 ,brahmanism & ,buddhism1 :i* are mu* m compreh5sive & less arre/$ 9 _! developm5t1 foll[$ ! c\rse ( evolution by :i* a lit]al fai? comes to be trans=m$ into a symbolic fai?4 ,!y h be5 reconcil$ successively ) "o metaphysical sy/em aft] ano!r--a process :i* has be5 inevitably c>ri$ =w>d ) a fre% impulse "u ! ,engli% rule4 ,to-day ,sumangala1 ! ,buddhi/ high-prie/ ( ,colombo1 int]prets 9 a symbolic s5se ! at once pr(\nd & nave doctr9e ( ! transmigration2 he pret5ds to reject miracles4 ,o!r enlight5$ ,buddhi/s freely accept mod]n doctr9es1 f ^? ( ,d>w9 to ^? ( ,sp5c]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! bosom ( ,h9duism !re has gr[n up a really new & :olly !i/ical religion1 t ( ! ,brahmai/s4#ed ,rm ,mohum ,roy f\nd$1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury1 a v deeply symbolical & wide-spread fai?2 8 successors h gone ! l5g?1 ) ,deb5dra ,n? ,tgore1 ( d5y+ ! au!nticity ev5 ( ! v texts :i* !y 7 9 ! beg9n+ mo/ conc]n$ to int]pret my/ically4 ,?is la/ /ep 0 tak5 sudd5ly1 "u circum/ances :i* x is wor? :ile to detail1 because !y sum up 9 a few *>act]i/ic /rokes ! univ]sal hi/ory ( religi\s ?\ght4 ,x happ5$ ab\t #ahdg4 ,! disciples ( ,rm ,mohum ,roy1 ! ,brahmai/s1 _h be5 = a long "t engag$ 9 a discussion ab\t ! ,v$as1 &1 q z 9 ! case ( our lib]al ,prote/ants1 _h be5 giv+ especial prom95ce to texts 9 :i* !y imag9$ !y f\nd an unmi/akable affirmation ( ! unity ( ! ,godhead2 & !y rid !mselves ( all conc]n ) ! passages t seem+ly contradict$ ?is notion by d5y+ _! au!nticity4 ,ultimately1 some:at al>m$ at _! own progress1 !y s5t f\r ,pundits to ,b5>es to collate ! sacr$ texts3 x 0 9 ,b5>es t1 accord+ to ! tradition1 ! only s-call$ complete & au!ntic manuscript 0 pres]v$4 ,dur+ ! two ye>s t ! lab\r ( ! ,pundits cov]$1 ! ,h9dus wait$ = ! tru? 9 ! same _s t ! ,hebrews _h done at ! foot ( ,s9ai4 ,f9ally ! au!ntic v]sion1 or :at purport$ to be su*1 0 br\ght to !m2 & !y possess$ ! def9itive =mula ( revelation4 ,_! disappo9tm5t 0 great1 & !y took ! matt] into _! own h&s1 realiz+ at "o bl[ ! revolution :i* ! lib]al ,prote/ants are pursu+ gradually 9 ! bosom ( ,*ri/ianity3 !y reject$ def9itively ! ,v$as & ! antique religion ( ! ,brahmans1 & proclaim$ 9 its /ead a !i/ical religion1 :i* re/s 9 no s5se :atsoev] ^u revelation4 ,! new fai? mu/ 9 "t develop1 n )\t h]esy & s*ism1 b its adh]5ts con/itute to-day 9 ,india an important elem5t 9 progress4 #ed ,m4 ,goblet d',alviella1 ,evolution religieuse contempora9e4 ,sid5ote3 ,pres]vation ( ! lett] :ile tamp]+ ) ! _s ( ! ,bible4 ,9 our days v e/imable p]sons h essay$ to pu% ,*ri/ianity also into a new pa?4 ,9 accord+ ! "r ( int]pretation to private individuals1 ,lu!r gave !m ! "r ( clo?+ _! own individual ?\ghts 9 ! language ( ! antique dogmas & ! texts ( ! sacr$ books4 ,insomu* t by a s+ul> revolution1 ! 8,^w10 :i* 0 consid]$ 9 ! beg9n+ z ! fai?ful expression ( ! div9e ?\ght1 has t5d$ to become = ea* ( u ! expression ( our own p]sonal ?\ght4 ,! s5se ( ! words dep5d+ really ^u ourselves1 ! mo/ b>b>\s language c be made at a p9* to s]ve u = ! conveyance ( ! noble/ ideas4 ,by ?is +5i\s exp$i5t texts become flexible1 dogmas become acclimat$ m or less to ! intellectual atmosph]e 9 :i* !y are plac$1 & ! b>b>ism ( ! sacr$ books becomes disguis$4 ,by virtue ( liv+ ) ! p ( ,god we civilize !m1 we l5d !m our ideas1 inoculate !m ) our aspirations1 ev]yone int]prets ! ,bible to suit himself1 & ! result is t ! comm5t>y ultimately ov]gr[s & half obscures ! text itself2 we no long] read ) undimm$ vision--we look ?r\gh a m$ium :i* disguises ev]y?+ t is hide\s1 & l5ds a fre% beauty to ev]y?+ t is beautiful4 ,at bottom ! v]itable sacr$ ,^w is no long] ! "o :i* ,god pron\nc$ & s5t =? rev]b]at+1 et]nally ! same1 d[n ! c5turies2 x is ! "o :i* we pron\nce or r :isp]--= is x n ! s5se :i* "o puts ^u x t con/itutes ! real value ( an utt]ance8 & x is we :o det]m9e ! s5se4 ,! ,div9e ,_s has pass$ into ! believ] &1 at c]ta9 times at lea/1 ! true ,god w\ld seem to be "o's own ?\ght4 ,?is attempt at a reconciliation betwe5 religion & free-?\ght is a ma/]piece ( tact4 ,religion seems always to lag a little beh9d1 b free-?\ght by ex]cise ( a little +5uity always f9d means1 9 ! end1 ( help+ x =w>d4 ,! progress ( ! two consi/s ( a s]ies ( arrangem5ts1 compromises1 some?+ l :at takes place betwe5 a cons]vative ,s5ate & a progressive ,*amb] ( ,deputies1 hone/ly 9 se>* ( a modus viv5di4 ,sid5ote3 ,ext5sion ( symbolic int]pretation to ess5tial dogmas4 ,by a proc$ure :i* ,lu!r w\ld nev] h d>$ to emulate ,prote/ants h tak5 ! lib]ty ( employ+ on ess5tial dogmas ?is p[] ( symbolical int]pretation :i* ,lu!r res]v$ = texts ( a second>y importance4 ,! mo/ ess5tial ( dogmas1 t ^u :i* all o!rs dep5d1 is ! dogma ( revelation4 ,if1 s9ce ,lu!r's "t1 an or?odox ,prote/ant feels himself at lib]ty to discuss at 8 ease :e!r ! s5se ( ! sacr$ ,^w is really ?is1 t1 or ! o!r1 he nev] = an in/ant que/ions :e!r ! ,^w itself is really sacr$ 9 effect1 or :e!r x really possesses any mean+ t c prop]ly be call$ div9e4 ,:5 he holds ! ,bible he has no d\bt b t he has 8 h& ^u ! tru?2 he has only to discov] x b5ea? ! words 9 :i* x is conta9$1 has only to dig = x 9 ! sacr$ ,book z a lab\r] might dig 9 a field 9 se>* ( a buri$ treasure4 ,b is x !n q c]ta9 t ! treasure is really !re1 t ! tru? lies ready-made some:]e betwe5 ! cov]s ( ! ,book8 ,t is ! "q :i* ! lib]al ,prote/ant is ask+ himself1 & he has already tak5 possession ( ,g]many1 ( ,engl&1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & possesses ev5 9 ,france a l>ge numb] ( repres5tatives4 ,previ\s to 8 adv5t all ,*ri/ians 7 at "o 9 ! belief t ! sacr$ ,^w really exi/s some:]e2 at ! pres5t day ?is belief itself t5ds to become symbolic4 ,no d\bt !re 0 9 ,jesus a c]ta9 elem5t ( div9ity1 b is !re n 9 all ( u1 9 "o s5se or ano!r1 a c]ta9 elem5t ( div9ity8 8,:y %\ld we be surpris$10 writes a lib]al cl]gyman1 8at f9d+ ,jesus a my/]y1 :5 we are all ( u ourselves a my/]y80 ,accord+ to ! new ,prote/ants !re is no long] any reason = tak+ any?+ at its face value1 n ev5 :at has hi!rto be5 consid]$ z ! _s ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,= ! mo/ logical ( !m1 ! ,bible is sc>cely m ?an a book l ano!r2 cu/om has consecrat$ x2 "o may f9d ,god 9 x if "o seeks ,him !re1 because "o may f9d ,god any:]e & put ,him !re1 if by *ance ,he be really n !re already4 ,! div9e halo has dropp$ f ,*ri/'s head1 or r he %>es x ) all ! angels & all ! sa9ts4 ,he has lo/ 8 cele/ial purity or r we %>e x ) him1 all ( u2 = is n orig9al s9 also a symbol1 & are we n all ( u born innoc5t sons ( ,god8 ,! miracles are b fre% symbols :i* repres5t1 grossly & visibly1 ! subjective p[] ( fai?4 ,we are no long] to look = ord]s directly f ,god2 ,god no long] talks to u by a s+le voice1 b by all ! voices ( ! univ]se1 & x is 9 ! mid/ ( ! great conc]t ( nature t we mu/ seize & di/+ui% ! v]itable ,^w4 ,all is symbolic except ,god1 :o is ! et]nal tru?4 ,sid5ote3 ,& ev5 to ! conception ( ,god4 ,well1 & :y /op at ,god8 ,lib]ty ( ?\ght1 :i* has be5 incessantly turn+ & adapt+ dogma to its progress1 has x 9 its p[] to make a /ep beyond4 ,immutable fai? is hemm$ 9 by a circle :i* is daily %r9k+4 ,= ! lib]al ,prote/ant ?is contraction has rea*$ its extreme1 & c5tre & circumf]5ce are "o & ! process is cont9u+4 ,:y %\ld n ,god ,himself be a symbol8 ,:at is ?is my/]i\s ,be+1 aft] all1 b a popul> p]sonification ( ! div9e or ev5 ( ideal humanity2 9 a ^w1 ( morality8 ,sid5ote3 ,! result practically a religion ( morals4 ,p]ceiv$ to be s 9 ,g]many4 ,?us a purely moral symbolism comes 9 process ( "t to be sub/itut$ = a metaphysical symbolism4 ,we are close ^u ! ,kantian conception ( a religion ( duty1 re/+ ^u a simple po/ulate or ev5 a simple g5]alization ( human conduct1 to ! effect t morality & happ9ess are 9 ! la/ resort 9 h>mony4 ,a fai? 9 morals1 ?us und]/ood1 has be5 adopt$ by _m ,g]mans z ! basis ( religi\s fai?4 ,hegelians h conv]t$ religion into a moral symbolism4 ,/rauss def9es morality z ! 8h>monization0 ( man ) 8 species1 & def9es religion z ! h>monization ( man ) ! univ]se2 & ^! def9itions1 :i* seem at fir/ sight to imply a diff]5ce 9 ext5t & a c]ta9 opposition betwe5 morality & religion1 aim 9 reality at %[+ _! ultimate unity2 ! ideal ( ! species & ! purpose ( ! univ]se are "o1 & if by *ance !y %\ld be di/9ct1 x w\ld be ! m univ]sal ideal t morality itself w\ld comm& u to foll[4 ,von ,h>tmann1 also1 9 spite ( 8 my/ical t5d5cies1 concludes t !re is no religion possible except "o :i* w consecrate ! moral autonomy ( ! individual1 8 salvation by 8 own ef=t & n by t ( somebody else 7autosot]ism z di/+ui%$ f het]osot]ism74 ,f :i* x foll[s t1 9 ,von ,h>tmann's op9ion1 ! ess5ce ( religi\s adoration & gratitude %\ld be "o's respect = ! ess5tial & imp]sonal elem5t 9 "o's self2 9 o!r words1 piety is1 prop]ly speak+1 no m ?an a =m ( morality & ( absolute r5\ncem5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,also 9 ,france4 ,9 ,france1 z is well kn[n1 ,m4 ,r5\vi] foll[s ,kant & bases religion ^u morality4 ,m4 ,r5an also makes ( religion a little m ?an an ideal morality3 8,abnegation1 devotion1 sacrifice ( ! real to ! ideal1 su*10 he says1 8is ! v ess5ce ( religion40 ,& else:]e3 8,:at is ! /ate b egoism organiz$8 :at is religion b devotion organiz$80 ,m4 ,r5an =gets1 h[ev]1 t a purely egoi/ic /ate1 t is to say a purely immoral /ate1 c\ld n cont9ue to exi/4 ,x w\ld be m accurate to say t ! /ate is ju/ice organiz$2 & s9ce ju/ice & devotion are 9 pr9ciple ! same1 x foll[s t ! /ate z well z religion re/s ultimately ^u morality3 morality is ! v f\ndation ( social life4 ,sid5ote3 ,also 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ,engl&1 also1 ! same process ( ! trans=mation ( a religi\s fai? into a purely moral fai? may be obs]v$4 ,kant ?r\gh ! int]m$iation ( ,col]idge & ( ,hamilton has ex]cis$ a great influ5ce ^u ,engli% ?\ght & ^u ! c\rse ( ?is trans=mation4 ,col]idge br\ght d[n ! ,k+dom ( ,god f ,heav5 & dome/icat$ x ^u e>?2 ! reign ( ,god = him1 z = ,kant1 became t ( morality4 ,= ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 ^: po9t ( approa* 0 widely diff]5t f t ( ,col]idge1 ! outcome ( ! /udy ( religions 0 ! same--t _! ess5tial value has always consi/$ 9 ! moral precepts !y inculcate2 ! good t !y h done %\ld be attribut$ r to ! /imulus !y h giv5 to ! moral s5tim5t ?an to ! religi\s s5tim5t prop]ly s call$4 ,& x is to be add$1 ,mill says1 t ! moral pr9ciples furni%$ by religions lab\r "u ?is d\ble disability1 t 7#a7 !y are ta9t$ ) selfi%ness1 & op]ate ^u ! individual by promises or m5aces relat+ to ! life to come )\t entirely deta*+ him f a preoccupation ) 8 own int]e/1 &1 7#b7 !y produce a c]ta9 intellectual apa?y1 & ev5 an ab]ration ( ! moral s5se1 9 t !y attribute to an absolutely p]fect be+ ! creation ( a _w s imp]fect z our own1 & ?us 9 a c]ta9 measure cloak evil itself 9 div9ity4 ,nobody c\ld adore su* a god will+ly )\t hav+ und]gone a prelim9>y process ( deg5]ation4 ,! true religion ( ! future1 accord+ to ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 w be an elevat$ moral doctr9e1 go+ beyond an egoi/ic utilit>ianism & enc\rag+ u to pursue ! good ( humanity 9 g5]al2 nay1 ev5 ( s5ti5t be+s 9 g5]al4 ,?is conception ( a religion ( humanity1 :i* is n )\t analogy to ! ,positivi/ conception1 might be reconcil$1 ,john ,/u>t ,mill adds1 ) ! belief 9 a div9e p[]--a pr9ciple ( goodness pres5t 9 ! univ]se4 ,a fai? 9 ,god is immoral only :5 x supposes ,god to be omnipot5t1 s9ce x1 9 t case1 *>ges him ) responsibility = exi/+ evil4 ,a good god c exi/ only on condition t he is less ?an omnipot5t1 t he enc\nt]s 9 nature1 nay 9 human nature1 ob/acles :i* h9d] him f effect+ ! good t he desires4 ,once conceive ,god ?us1 & ! =mula ( duty reads simply3 ,help ,god2 "w ) ,him = ! production ( :at is good1 l5d ,him ! concurr5ce t ,he really ne$s s9ce ,he is n omnipot5t4 ,lab\r also ) all great m5--all m5 l ,socrates1 ,moses1 ,m>cus ,aurelius1 ,wa%+ton--d z !y d1 all t y c & ought to d4 ,?is dis9t]e/$ collaboration on ! "p ( all m5 ) ea* o!r & ) ! pr9ciple ( goodness1 9 :atsoev] mann] t pr9ciple may be conceiv$ or p]sonifi$1 w be1 9 ,john ,/u>t ,mill's judgm5t1 ! ultimate religion4 ,& x is evid5tly no m ?an a magnifi$ sy/em ( morality1 erect$ into a univ]sal law = ! _w4 ,:at is x t we call ! div9e1 except ?is t is ! be/ 9 ourselves8 8,god is good10 cri$ ,feu]ba*1 8signifies3 goodness is div9e2 ,god is j signifies3 ju/ice is div9e40 ,in/ead ( say+3 !re h be5 div9e agonies1 div9e dea?s1 "o has said1 ,god has suff]$1 ,god has di$4 8,god is ! apo!osis ( ! he>t ( man40#ee #ee ,mr4 ,seeley1 9 8 "w entitl$ ,natural ,religion 7#ahhb71 takes pa9s to e/abli% t ( ! ?ree elem5ts :i* compose ! religi\s idea--! love ( tru? or sci5ce1 ! s5tim5t ( beauty or art1 ! notion ( duty or morals--x is ! la/ only t c to-day be reconcil$ ) ,*ri/ianity4 ,sid5ote3 ,mat!w ,arnold's 8,lit]ature & ,dogma40 ,an analog\s !sis is ma9ta9$ ) great clev]ness 9 a book :i* caus$ consid]able /ir 9 ,engl&3 ,mr4 ,mat!w ,arnold's 8,lit]ature & ,dogma40 ,! au?or1 9 common ) religi\s critics g5]ally1 rem>ks ! gr[+ t5sion t n[adays exi/s betwe5 sci5ce & dogma4 8,an inevitable revolution1 ( :i* we all recognize ! beg9n+s & signs1 b :i* has already spread1 p]haps1 f>!r ?an mo/ ( u ?9k1 is befall+ ! religion 9 :i* we h be5 br\ght up40 ,mr4 ,arnold is "r4 ,at no =m] p]iod h unbeliev]s appe>$ to h s /rong a hold 9 "r reason2 ! old argum5ts aga9/ provid5ce1 miracles1 & f9al causes1 t ! ,epicureans br\ght into prom95ce1 seem z no?+ beside ! argum5ts furni%$ 9 our days by ! ,laplaces & ! ,lam>cks1 & q rec5tly by ,d>w91 ! 8evictor ( miracles10 9 ,/rauss' phrase4 ,"o ( ! sacr$ prophets :om ,mr4 ,arnold is fond ( quot+ once said3 8,behold1 ! days come1 t ,i w s5d a fam9e 9 ! l&1 n a fam9e ( bread1 nor a ?ir/ = wat]1 b ( he>+ ! words ( ! ,"l3 & !y %all w&] f sea to sea1 & f ! nor? ev5 to ! ea/1 !y %all run to & fro to seek ! ^w ( ! ,"l1 & %all n f9d x40 ,! "t pr$ict$ by ! prophet ,mr4 ,arnold might well recognize z our own2 might x n ) tru? be said ( ! pres5t t x lacks ! ^w ( ! ,et]nal1 or soon w lack x8 ,a new _s animates our g5]ation2 n only are we 9 d\bt :e!r ! ,et]nal ev] did speak or ev] does speak to man1 b _m ( u believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( no o!r et]nity ?an t ( a univ]se ( mute & unfeel+ matt] :i* keeps its own secret except z aga9/ ^? :o h ! wit to f9d x out4 ,!re are ( c\rse1 ev5 to-day1 "s few fai?ful s]vants 9 ! h\ses ( ! ,"l2 b ! ,ma/] seems to h dep>t$ = ! f> c\ntries ( ! pa/1 to :i* memory alone has access4 ,9 ,russia 9 ! old] seigniorial e/ates1 a disc ( iron is fa/5$ to ! wall ( ! mansion ( ! "l ( ! soil2 & :5 he returns f a j\rney1 ! fir/ night he passes 9 8 dom9ion1 "s foll[] runs to ! disc ( iron & 9 ! sil5ce ( ! night beats ^u ! metal to ann\nce 8 vigilance & ! pres5ce ( ! ma/]4 ,:o w awak5 n[adays ! voice ( ! bells 9 ! *ur*-/eeples to ann\nce ! return to ,8 temple ( ! liv+ ,god1 & ! vigilance ( ! fai?ful8 ,to-day ! s\nd ( ! *ur*-bells is z melan*oly z a cry 9 ! void2 !y tell ( ! des]t$ h\se ( ,god1 ( ! abs5ce ( ! "l ( ! soil1 !y s\nd ! knell ( ! believ]s4 ,& is !re no?+ t c be done to dome/icate religion once m 9 ! he>t ( man8 ,!re is b "o means3 to see 9 ,god no m ?an a symbol ( :at exi/s always at ! bottom ( ! human he>t--morality4 ,& x is to ?is exp$i5t t ,mat!w ,arnold also turns 8 att5tion4 ,b he is n cont5t ) a purely philosophic sy/em ( morals1 he aims at ! pres]vation ( religion1 & 9 especial ( ! ,*ri/ian religion2 & to t end he br+s =w>d a new me?od ( int]pretation1 ! lit]>y & /hetic me?od1 ! purpose ( :i* is to glean f ! sacr$ texts :atev] !y may conta9 ( moral beauty1 9 ! hope t x may incid5tally prove to conta9 also :at is true4 ,x aims at recon/ruct+ ! primitive notions ( ,*ri/ianity1 9 :atsoev] !y possess$ ( vagu5ess1 ( indecision1 & at ! same "t ( pr(undity1 & to set !m 9 opposition ov] aga9/ ! gross precision ( popul> views4 ,9 matt]s ( metaphysic or religion !re is no?+ m absurd ?an an excessive precision2 ! tru? 9 su* matt]s is n to be r\nd$ 9 an epigram4 ,epigram c at be/ s]ve1 n z a def9ition1 b z a sugge/ion ( ! inf9ities t x really does n circumscribe4 ,& j z ! v]ity 9 su* matt]s ov]passes ! measure ( language1 s x ov]passes ! p]sonalities & ! figures :i* humanity has *os5 z repres5tative ( x4 ,:5 an idea is p[]fully conceiv$1 x t5ds to become def9ite1 to take unto itself a visage1 a voice2 our e>s seem to he> & our eyes to see :at our he>ts feel4 8,man nev] kn[s10 said ,goe!1 8h[ an?ropomorphic he is40 ,:at is !re s surpris+ 9 ! fact t humanity has p]sonifi$ t :i* 9 all climes claim$ its allegiance--! idea ( goodness & ( ju/ice8 ,! ,et]nal1 ! et]nally ,j1 ! ,omnipot5t :o squ>es reality ) ju/ice1 ,he :o p>cels out evil & good1 ! ,be+ :o weighs all actions1 :o does all ?+s by weight & measure1 or r :o is ,himself weight & measure--t is ! ,god ( ! ,jewi% p1 ! ,javeh ( adult ,judaism1 z ,he ultimately appe>s 9 ! mi/ ( ! unkn[n4 ,9 our days ,he has become transmut$ into a simple moral conception1 :i*1 hav+ =cibly tak5 possession ( ! human m9d1 has at la/ clo!d itself 9 a my/ical =m--has become p]sonifi$ by alliance ) a cr[d ( sup]/itions t ! 8false sci5ce ( !ologians0 reg>ds z insep>able f x & f :i* a m delicately discrim9at+ int]pretation--an int]pretation m lit]>y & less lit]al--%\ld set x free4 ,god hav+ become "o ) ! moral law1 a fur!r /ep may be tak52 "o may reg>d ,*ri/ :o immolat$ ,himself to save ! _w z a moral symbol ( self-sacrifice1 z ! sublime type 9 :i* we f9d unit$ all ! suff]+ ( human life & all ! ideal gr&eur ( morality4 ,9 ,8 figure ! human & ! div9e are reconcil$4 ,he 0 a man1 = ,he suff]$1 b ,8 devotion 0 s great t ,he 0 a god4 ,& :at !n is t ,heav5 :i* is res]v$ = ^? :o foll[ ,*ri/ & walk 9 ! pa? ( self-sacrifice8 ,x is moral p]fection4 ,hell is ! symbol ( t dep? ( corruption to :i*1 by hypo!sis1 !y w fall :o1 by a p]si/5t *oice ( evil1 ultimately lose all notion ev5 ( goodness4 ,! t]re/rial p>adise is a *>m+ symbol = ! primitive innoc5ce ( ! *ild3 he has done z yet no evil1 he has done z yet no good2 8 e>lie/ disob$i5ce is 8 fir/ s92 :5 desire is awak5$ 9 him = ! fir/ "t1 8 w has be5 conqu]$1 he has fall51 b ?is fall is precisely ! condition ( 8 be+ set ^u 8 feet aga91 ( 8 r$emption by ! moral law2 behold him condemn$ to lab\r1 to ! h>d lab\r ( man ^u himself1 to ! /ruggle ( self-ma/]y2 )\t t conte/ to /r5g!n him he w\ld nev] see ! god desc5d 9 him1 ,*ri/ ! ,savi\r1 ! moral ideal4 ,?us x is 9 ! evolution ( ! human consci5ce t a key to human symbolism mu/ be f\nd4#ef ,( !m mu/ be said :at ! philosoph] ,sallu/ said ( religi\s leg5ds g5]ally 9 8 treatise 8,on ! ,gods & ! ,_w03 ,su* ?+s h nev] happ5$1 b !y are et]nally true4 ,religion is ! morality ( ! p2 x %[s to !m1 realiz$ & div9iz$1 ! high] types ( conduct :i* !y %\ld =ce !mselves to imitate "h bel[2 ! dreams ) :i* x peoples ! skies are dreams ( ju/ice1 ( equality ( goods1 ( frat]nity3 ,heav5 pays = e>?4 ,let u !n no long] employ ! names ( ,god1 ( ,*ri/1 ( ! ,resurrection except z symbols1 vague z hope itself4 ,!n1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,mat!w ,arnold1 & ^? :o ma9ta9 ! same !sis1 we %all beg9 to love ^! symbols1 our fai? w f9d a re/+ place 9 ! religion :i* be=e seem$ to be b a tissue ( gross absurdities4 ,b5ea? dogma1 :i* is b ! surface1 we %all f9d ! moral law1 :i* is ! sub/ance4 ,?is law1 x is true1 has 9 religion become concrete2 x has1 s to speak1 tak5 on col\r & =m4 ,t1 h[ev]1 is simply ow+ to ! fact t p are poets2 !y ?9k 9 images or n at all4 ,y c only attract _! att5tion by po9t+ y\r f+] at some?+4 ,aft] all1 :at h>m is !re 9 ! fact t ! apo/les1 op5+ ! blue e!r1 %[$ ! gap+ nations ( ! e>? ! ?rones ( gold & s]aphim & :ite w+s1 & ! kneel+ multitude ( ! elect8 ,?is spectacle fasc9at$ ! ,middle ,age1 & at times1 :5 we %ut our eyes1 we seem to see x /ill4 ,?is poetry1 spread ^u ! surface ( ! moral law1 l5ds x an attractiv5ess t x did n possess 9 its b>e au/]ity4 ,sacrifice becomes less difficult :5 x pres5ts itself cr[n$ ) a halo4 ,! e>ly ,*ri/ians 7 n fond ( repres5t+ ,*ri/ z ble$+ "u ! cr[n ( ?orns1 b z transfigur$ & triumphant2 !y pref]r$ to keep 8 agony 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,su* pictures z ornam5t our ,*ur*es w\ld h fill$ !m ) horror2 _! "y fai? w\ld h be5 %ak5 by ! image ( ! 8agony ^u ! cross10 :i* caus$ ,goe! also a sort ( a repugnance4 ,:5 !y repres5t$ ! cross x 0 no long] burd5$ ) ! ,god1 & !y took c>e ev5 to cov] x ) fl[]s & ornam5ts ( e k9d4 ,y may see x 9 ! rude figures1 ! designs & sculptures f\nd 9 ! catacombs4 ,to hide ! cross b5ea? an armful ( fl[]s is precisely ! m>vel realiz$ by religion4 ,& :5 religions are reg>d$ f ?is po9t ( view1 all gr\nd vani%es = look+ ) disda9 ^u ! leg5ds :i* con/itute ! mat]ial ( popul> fai?4 ,!y become compreh5sible1 !y become lovable1 "o feels "o's self envelop$ 9 an 8inf9ite t5d]ness0 = ?is spontane\s product ( nave ?\ght 9 que/ ( goodness1 9 pursuit ( ! ideal1 = ^! fairy-tales ( human morality1 pr(\nd] & sweet] ?an all o!r fairy-tales4 ,x 0 necess>y t religi\s poetry %\ld prep>e ! e>? long be=eh& = ! com+ ( ! my/]i\s ideal2 %\ld embelli% ! place :]e x 0 to desc5d1 z ! "m ( ! ,sleep+ ,beauty1 see+ ! eyes ( h] daught] gr[ heavy ) ! sleep ( a hundr$ ye>s1 plac$ ) confid5ce at ! side ( ! b$ ! embroid]$ cu%ion1 on :i* ! enam\r$ pr9ce w\ld "o day kneel to reawak5 h] ) a kiss4 #ef ,besides ,mr4 ,mat!w ,arnold1 consult ,m4 ,l4 ,mn>d1 ,s\rces du dogme ,*rti5 7,critique religieuse1 janvi]1 #ahgi47 ,sid5ote3 ,hi/orical religions to be reg>d$ hi/orically4 ,we h come a long way 9 all ?is f ! s]vile int]pretation ( ! bl9d lead]s :o fa/5 ^u p>ticul> texts & lose sight ( _! subject z a :ole4 ,if "o approa*es a picture too ne>1 ! p]spective disappe>s & all ! col\rs lose _! prop] value2 "o mu/ /& back a c]ta9 di/ance & see x 9 a fav\rable light3 & !n alone ! ri*ness ( ! col\rs & ! unity ( ! "w appe>4 ,religions mu/ be look$ ^u 9 ! same way4 ,if ! spectator /&s suffici5tly above !m & alo( f !m1 he loses all prejudice1 all ho/ility1 9 respect to !m2 _! sacr$ books come ev5 9 "t to m]it 9 8 eyes ! "n ( sacr$1 & he f9ds 9 !m1 ,mr4 ,arnold says1 a provid5tial 8secret10 :i* is ! 8secret ( ,jesus40 ,:y n recognize1 adds ,mr4 ,arnold1 t ! ,bible is an inspir$ book1 dictat$ by ! ,holy ,_s8 ,aft] all1 ev]y?+ t is spontane\s is m or less div9e1 provid5tial2 :atev] spr+s f ! v s\rces ( human ?\ght is inf9itely v5]able4 ,! ,bible is a unique book1 correspond+ to a peculi> /ate ( m9d1 & x c no m be made ov] or correct$ ?an a "w ( ,phidias or ,praxiteles4 ,9 spite ( its moral lapses & its frequ5t disaccord ) ! consci5ce ( our epo*1 x is a necess>y complem5t ( ,*ri/ianity2 x manife/s ! _s ( ,*ri/ian society1 x repres5ts ! tradition ( x1 & atta*es ! beliefs ( ! pres5t to ^? ( ! pa/4#eg ,! ,bible & ! dogmas ( ! ,*ur*1 hav+ be5 =m]ly ! po9t ( dep>ture = religi\s belief1 h come n[adays1 no d\bt1 9 ! face ( mod]n fai?1 to be 9 ne$ ( ju/ification2 & ?is ju/ification !y w obta92 to be und]/ood is itself to be =giv54 #eg ,see ,m4 ,l4 ,mn>d1 ibid4 7,crit4 relig41 #ahgi47 ,sid5ote3 ,! moral doctr9e ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ! ma9 /r5g? ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,if ! ,new ,te/am5t conta9s at all a m or less reflective moral !ory1 x is assur$ly t ( love4 ,*>ity1 or r affectionate ju/ice 7*>ity is always ju/ice1 absolutely consid]$71 su* is ! 8secret0 ( ,jesus4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t may !n be consid]$1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( ,mr4 ,mat!w ,arnold1 z be=e all else a treatise on symbolical morality4 ,! actual sup]iority ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 z comp>$ ) ,paganism & ) pagan philosophy1 is a moral sup]iority2 !re9 lay ! secret ( its success4 ,!re is no !ology 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t unless x be ! ,jewi% !ology1 & ! ,jewi% !ology _h prov$ itself incapable ( ! conque/ ( ! _w4 ,! p[] ( ! ,new ,te/am5t lay 9 its morality1 & x is its morality :i* ev5 9 our times survives /ill1 m or less trans=m$ by mod]n progress4 ,& x is ^u ! morality ( ! ,new ,te/am5t t mod]n ,*ri/ian societies mu/ ( necessity lean1 x is 9 ! morality ( ! ,new ,te/am5t t !y w f9d _! true /r5g?2 ! morality ( ! ,new ,te/am5t is ! pr9cipal argum5t t !y c invoke 9 pro( ( ! legitimacy ( religion itself &1 s to speak1 ( ,god4 ,sid5ote3 ,logical outcome ( ,mat!w ,arnold's position4 ,mr4 ,mat!w ,arnold & ! gr\p ( lib]al critics1 :o1 l him1 are inspir$ by ! _s ( ! age 7,zeitgei/71 seem ?us to h guid$ fai? to ! ultimate po9t beyond :i* no?+ rema9s b to break def9itively ) ! pa/ & its texts & dogmas4 ,religi\s ?\ght 9 ^! pages is b\nd by ! sl5d]e/ ?reads to religi\s symbolism4 ,at bottom1 if "o looks close1 lib]al ,*ri/ians suppress religion1 prop]ly s call$1 & sub/itute a religi\s morality 9 its /ead4 ,! believ] ( o!r times affirm$ ! exi/5ce ( ,god fir/1 & !n made ,8 w ! rule ( conduct2 ! lib]al believ] ( our day affirms ! exi/5ce1 fir/ ( all1 ( ! moral law1 & cloaks x 9 div9ity aft]w>d4 ,he1 l ,mat!w ,arnold1 treats ) ,javeh on equal t]ms1 & speaks to ,him almo/ z foll[s3 8,art ,?\ a p]son8 ,i d n "k4 ,ha/ ,?\ _h prophets1 a ,messiah8 ,i no long] believe s4 ,ha/ ,?\ creat$ me8 ,i d\bt x4 ,do/ ,?\ wat* ov] me--me 9 especial--do/ ,?\ p]=m miracles8 ,i d5y x4 ,b !re is "o ?+1 & "o alone1 9 :i* ,i d believe1 & t is 9 my own conception ( morality2 & if ,?\ art will+ to become a surety = t & to b5d ! reality into h>mony ) my ideal1 we w make a treaty ( alliance2 & by ! affirmation ( my exi/5ce z a moral be+1 ,i w affirm ,?9e into ! b>ga940 ,we are f> away f ! antique ,javeh1 ! ,p[]1 ) :om no b>ga9 c\ld be made2 ! jeal\s ,god1 :o wi%$ man's e ?\ght to po9t t[>d ,him alone1 & :o w\ld make no treaty ) ,8 p unless ,he c\ld precisely dictate ! t]ms4 ,sid5ote3 ,practical att5uation ( ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,! m di/+ui%$ ,g]man1 ,engli%1 & ,am]ican cl]gym5 ?ru/ !ology s f> into ! backgr\nd = ! purpose ( =w>d+ practical morality t "o may apply to all ( !m ! words ( an ,am]ican p]iodical1 ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,review3 t a pagan1 desir\s ( mak+ himself acqua9t$ ) ! doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity1 might frequ5t our mo/ fa%ionable *ur*es = an entire ye> & n he> "o ^w ab\t ! torm5ts ( hell or ! wra? ( an inc5s$ ,god4 ,z to ! fall ( man & ! expiatory agony ( ,*ri/1 j s mu* w\ld be said z to fall %ort ( giv+ umbrage to ! mo/ fanatical believ] ( ! !ory ( evolution4 ,li/5+ & obs]v+ = himself1 he w\ld rea* ! conclusion t ! way to salvation lies 9 confess+ "o's belief 9 c]ta9 ab/ract doctr9es1 beat5 out z ?9 z possible by ! cl]gyman & by ! believ]1 9 frequ5t+ assidu\sly ! *ur* & extra-religi\s meet+s1 9 dropp+ an obolus e ,sunday into ! contribution box1 & 9 imitat+ ! attitudes ( 8 neighb\rs4 ,all ! t]ms ( !ology are s loosely employ$ t all ^? are consid]$ ,*ri/ians ^: "* has be5 =m$ by ,*ri/ian civilization1 all ^? :o h n rema9$ total /rang]s to ! curr5t ( ideas set up 9 ! ,occid5t by ,jesus & ,paul4 ,x 0 an ,am]ican cl]gyman :o _h ab&on$ ! n>r[ dogmas ( ,calv9#eh t1 aft] hav+ employ$ a long life 9 becom+ m & m lib]al1 discov]$1 9 8 sev5tie? ye>1 ?is l>ge =mula = 8 fai?3 8,nobody ought to be reg>d$ z an infidel :o sees 9 ju/ice ! great cre$ ( human life1 & :o aims at an increas+ly complete subjection ( 8 w to 8 moral s5se40 #eh ,mr4 ,h5ry ,w>d ,bee*]4 ,,ii4 ,:at is ! possible value & ! possible duration ( ?is moral & metaphysical symbolism to :i* x is be+ attempt$ to r$uce religion8 ,sid5ote3 ,logical holl[ness ( ! position ( ! lib]al ,prote/ants4 ,let u speak fir/ ( ! lib]al ,prote/ants4 ,lib]al ,prote/antism1 :i* resolves ! v dogmas ( its cre$ into m]e symbols1 /&s no d\bt 9 ! scale ( progress 9 ab\t ! same relation to or?odox ,prote/antism z ! latt] does 9 relation to ,ca?olicism4 ,b f> z x seems 9 advance ( !m f ! po9t ( view ( morals & society1 x is inf]ior to !m 9 logic4 ,ca?olicism has be5 irrev]5tly call$ a p]fectly embalm$ corpse1 a ,*ri/ian mummy1 9 an admirable /ate ( pres]vation b5ea? ! cold embroid]$ *asubles & surplices :i* envelop x2 ,lu!r's ,prote/antism te>s ! body to %r$s1 lib]al ,prote/antism r$uces x to du/4 ,to pres]ve ,*ri/ianity :ile suppress+ ,*ri/ ! son1 or at lea/ ! mess5g] ( ,god1 is an und]tak+ ( :i* !y alone w be capable :o are little dispos$ to make mu* ( :at is kn[n z logic4 ,:oev] does n believe 9 ,revelation ought frankly to confess himself a philosoph]1 & to hold ! ,bible & ! ,new ,te/am5t z little au?oritative z ! dialogues ( ,plato1 or ! treatises ( ,ari/otle1 or ! ,v$as1 or ! ,talmud4 ,lib]al ,prote/ants1 z ,h]r von ,h>tmann1 "o ( _! bitt]e/ adv]s>ies1 rem>ks1 seize ^u ! :ole body ( mod]n ideas & label !m ,*ri/ianity4 ,! process is n v consi/5t4 ,if y are absolutely det]m9$ to rally r\nd a flag1 let x at lea/ be y\r own4 ,b ! lib]al ,prote/ants wi%1 & hone/ly1 to be & to rema9 ,prote/ants2 9 ,g]many1 !y ob/9ately rema9 9 ! ,unit$ ,evangelical ,*ur* ( ,prussia1 :]e !y ab\t z truly belong z a sp>r[ does 9 ! ne/ ( a swall[4 ,h]r von ,h>tmann1 ^: zeal aga9/ !m is unflagg+1 comp>es !m to a man ^: h\se is riv5 9 _m places & go+ to ru91 & :o p]ceives & does all t 9 him lies /ill fur!r to %att] x1 & cont9ues1 nev]!less1 tranquilly to sleep 9 x & ev5 to call 9 pass]s-by & (f] !m bo>d & lodg+4 ,or aga9--always accord+ to ,h]r von ,h>tmann--!y are l a man :o %\ld seat himself 9 p]fect confid5ce ^u a *air aft] hav+ fir/ saw$ ?r\gh all f\r legs ( x4 ,/rauss _h already said3 8,! in/ant t ,jesus is reg>d$ z no m ?an a man1 "o has no long] any "r to pray to him1 to reta9 him z ! c5tre ( a cult1 to prea* ! :ole ye> ?r\gh on him1 on 8 actions1 on 8 adv5tures & maxims2 9 especial1 if ! m important ( 8 adv5tures & actions h be5 recogniz$ z fabul\s1 & if 8 maxims are demon/rably incompatible ) our pres5t views on human life & ! _w40 ,to und]/& :at is peculi> 9 ! majority ( lib]al communions :i* always /op halfway1 x is necess>y to obs]ve t !y are g5]ally ! "w ( ecclesia/ics :o h brok5 ) ! dom9ant *ur*1 & t !y pres]ve to ! end "s sugge/ion ( _! =m] belief2 !y c no m ?9k1 except 9 ! t]ms ( ! =mul ( "s dogma1 ?an we c speak 9 ! words ( a language ) :i* we are unacqua9t$2 & ev5 :5 !y endeav\r to acquire a new language !y speak x always ) an acc5t :i* betrays _! nationality4 ,= ! re/ !y feel in/9ctively t ! "n ( ,*ri/ l5ds !m a c]ta9 au?ority1 & !y f9d x impossible to ab&on _! pr(ession & its emolum5ts4 ,9 ,g]many1 & ev5 9 ,france1 ov] & above ! lib]al ,prote/ants1 :o 9 ! latt] place are few 9 numb]1 =m] ,ca?olics h s\ght to ab&on or?odox ,ca?olicism1 b !y h n d>$ to ab&on ,*ri/ianity4 ,! case ( ,fa!r ,hyac9!#ei is suffici5tly well kn[n4 ,x is 9 va9 = ^? :o are born ,*ri/ians to try _! h& at logic1 & to make an ef=t to rid !mselves ( _! fai?4 ,!y make "o ?9k1 9 spite ( "o's self1 ( a fly caught 9 a spid]-web1 :o has fre$ "o w+ & "o leg1 & only "o4 #ei ,dr4 ,junqua1 ^: "n almo/ became celebrat$ a few ye>s ago1 also tri$ to f\nd a *ur*1 ! ,*ur* ( ,lib]ty2 ^? :o ent]$ 7 at lib]ty to believe almo/ any?+ !y lik$1 n ev5 ! a!i/1 prop]ly s call$1 be+ exclud$4 ,! *ur* 9 "q 0 to h be5 purely symbolic3 baptism x 0 to recognize z ! symbol ( initiation into ,*ri/ian civilization2 confirmation z ! symbol ( an enrolm5t among ! soldi]s ( ,lib]ty2 & ! eu*>i/1 t is to say a religi\s love fea/1 z ! symbol ( ! bro!rhood ( man4 ,x is to be add$ t ^! sacram5ts 7 n obligatory & t ! memb]s might ab/a9 f !m entirely if !y *ose4 ,/ill1 !y w\ld be memb]s ( a communion4 ,_! fai? w\ld be designat$ by a common "n1 !y w\ld be 9 relations ) a prie/ :o w\ld comm5t 9 _! pres5ce on texts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & w\ld talk ( ,*ri/ if he & !y believ$ 9 ,him4 ,! *ur* ( ,dr4 ,junqua might easily h succe$$ 9 ,engl& ) ,mr4 ,moncure ,conway & ! secul>i/s4 ,sid5ote3 ,neo-,*ri/ianity4 ,let u endeav\r1 h[ev]1 to ent] m intimately into ! ?\ghts ( ^? :o may be call$ ! ,neo-,*ri/ians1 & let u seek = ! elem5t ( tru?1 if su* !re be1 t _! mu*-criticis$ doctr9e conta9s4 ,if ,jesus is only a man1 !y say1 he is at lea/ ! mo/ extraord9>y ( m52 at "o b\nd1 by an intuition at once natural & div9e1 he discov]$ ! supreme tru? necess>y to ! life ( humanity2 he is 9 advance ( all times1 he spoke n only = 8 own p1 nor = 8 own c5tury1 nor ev5 = a score ( c5turies2 8 voice roll$ beyond ! re/rict$ circle ( 8 auditors1 & ! twelve apo/les1 beyond ! p ( ,judea pro/rate be=e him1 to u 9 ^: e>s x s\nds ! et]nal tru?2 & x f9ds u ev5 /ill att5tive1 li/5+1 try+ to und]/& x1 incapable ( f9d+ a sub/itute = x4 8,9 ,jesus10 writes ,pa/or ,bo/ 9 8 "w on 8,le ,prote/antisme libral10 8! m+l+ ( ! human & ! div9e 0 accompli%$ 9 proportions n se5 else:]e4 ,8 relation to ,god is ! normal & typical relation ( humanity to ! ,creator4444 ,jesus /&s =ev] z ! model40 ,pr(essor ,h]man ,s*ultz 9 a conf]5ce 9 ,gtt+51 "s ye>s ago1 also express$ ! same idea1 t ,jesus is really ! ,messiah1 prop]ly s call$1 9 ! s5se t ! ,jews atta*$ to t ^w4 ,he did f\nd ! k+dom ( ,god1 n x is true by m>vell\s exploits l ^? ( ,moses or ( ,elias1 b by an exploit surpass+ !irs1 by ! sacrifice ( love1 by ! volunt>y gift ( himself4 ,! apo/les & ,*ri/ians 9 g5]al did n believe 9 ,jesus because ( ! miracles he p]=m$3 !y accept$ 8 miracles ow+ to _! previ\s fai? 9 him1 a fai? ! true f\ndation ( :i* lay 9 ,*ri/'s moral sup]iority1 & t subsi/s /ill ev5 if "o d5y ! miracles4 ,pr(essor ,s*ultz concludes1 aga9/ ,/rauss & ,m4 ,r5an1 t 8a belief 9 ,*ri/ is :olly indep5d5t ( ! results ( a hi/orical criticism ( 8 life40 ,e "o ( ! actions attribut$ to ,jesus may be my?ical1 b !re rema9 to u 8 words & 8 ?\ghts1 :i* f9d 9 u an et]nal e*o4 ,!re are ?+s :i* "o discov]s once = all1 & :osoev] has f\nd love has made a discov]y t is n illusory nor ( brief duration4 ,is x n j t m5 %\ld gr\p !mselves ab\t him1 range !mselves "u 8 "n8 ,he himself loves to call himself ! ,son ( ,man2 x is "u ?is title t humanity %\ld rev]e him4 ,x is n de/ruction b recon/ruction t is ! outcome ( contempor>y biblical exegesis1 "o ( ! repres5tatives ( ,engli% ,unit>ianism1 ! ,rev4 ,a4 ,arm/rong1 said 9 #ahhc4 ,x adds to our love ( ,jesus to recognize 9 him a bro!r & to see 9 ! m>vell\s leg5ds associat$ ) him no m ?an ! symbol ( a love m nave ?an ours1 t namely ( 8 disciples4 ,pro( by miracle is b ! ultimate =m ( a temptation f :i* humanity %\ld escape4 ,9 ! symbolic /ory ( ! temptation 9 ! des]t1 ,satan says3 8,comm& t ^! /ones be made bread20 he urg$ ,*ri/ to be guilty ( a miracle1 ( ! pre/idigitation :i* ! anci5t prophets _h employ$ s frequ5tly to /rike ! imag9ation ( ! p4 ,b ,jesus refus$4 ,& on ano!r occasion he said to ! p indignantly3 ,if y did n see prodigies & miracles y d n believe1 & to ! ,ph>isees3 8,ye hypocrites1 ye c disc]n ! face ( ! sky & ( ! e>?1 444 & :y ev5 ( y\rselves judge ye n :at is "r80 ,x is by ! te/imony ( our own s\ls1 say ! ,neo-,*ri/ians2 x is by our own individual consci5ce1 our own individual reason1 t we %all f9d ju/ice 9 ! ^w ( ,*ri/1 & t we %all rev]e x2 & ?is ^w is n true because x is div9e1 x is div9e because x is true4 ,sid5ote3 ,mod]n ,g]man hi/orical criticism & lib]al ,prote/antism4 ,?us und]/ood1 lib]al ,prote/antism is a doctr9e t m]its discussion2 only x is sadly 9 lack ( any di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic especially to m>k x (f f ! num]\s philosophical sects :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory1 h ga!r$ ab\t ! op9ions ( "s man & endeav\r$ to id5tify 8 tea*+s ) ! tru? & to l5d to !m an au?ority m ?an human4 ,py?agoras 0 = 8 disciples :at ,jesus is to ! lib]al ,prote/ant4 ,! traditional respect also ( ! ,epicureans = _! ma/] is well kn[n1 ! sort ( wor%ip !y r5d]$ him1 ! au?ority t !y l5t to 8 words4#fj ,py?agoras br\ght to light a great idea1 t ( ! h>mony :i* gov]ns ! physical & moral univ]se2 ,epicurus1 ano!r1 t ( ! happ9ess :i* is ! true aim ( rational conduct1 ! measure ( goodness1 & ev5 ( tru?2 & by _! disciples ^! two great ideas came to be look$ ^u n z p>ts ( ! tru? b z tru? itself 9 its entirety2 !y saw no gr\nd = fur!r se>*4 ,9 ! same way1 9 our own times1 ! ,positivi/s see 9 ,augu/e ,comte n a pr(\nd ?9k] simply1 b "o :o has laid 8 f+]1 s to speak1 on ! def9itive v]ity1 "o :o has trav]s$ at a da% ! :ole doma9 ( intellig5ce & trac$ out once = all its limits4 ,x is rigor\sly exact to say t ,augu/e ,comte is a sort ( ,*ri/ = bigot$ ,positivi/s--a ,*ri/ a trifle too rec5t1 :o did n h ! happ9ess ( dy+ on ! cross4 ,ea* ( ^! sects reposes on ! foll[+ belief3 ,be=e ,py?agoras1 ,epicurus1 or ,comte1 nobody _h se5 ! tru?2 aft] !m nobody w ev] see x m cle>ly4 ,su* a cre$ implicitly d5ies3 #a4 ,hi/orical cont9uity1 ! inevitable result ( :i* is t ! man ( g5ius is always m or less ! expression ( 8 c5tury & t ! hon\r ( 8 discov]ies is n due :olly to himself2 #b4 ,human evolution1 ! inevitable result ( :i* is t ! man ( g5ius _c be ! expression ( all ! c5turies to come--t 8 po9t ( view mu/ necess>ily be "s day pass$ by--t ! tru? discov]$ by him is n ! :ole tru? b simply a /age 9 ! inf9ite progress ( ! human m9d4 ,a deus dixit is compreh5sible1 or if n compreh5sible at lea/ conceivable2 b to resuscitate 9 fav\r ( "s m]e human be+1 7 x ,jesus himself1 ! magi/] dixit ( ! ,middle ,ages1 is a bit ( an ana*ronism4 ,geomet]s h always held ,euclid 9 ! highe/ respect1 b ea* ( !m has done 8 be/ to contribute "s new !orem to ! body ( doctr9e t he left beh9d2 & is ! rule = moral tru? n ! same z t = ma!matical tru?8 ,is x )9 ! compass ( "o man's p[]s to "k & to utt] all t !re is to be kn[n8 ,is an autocracy ! only =m ( gov]nm5t 9 ! sph]e ( m9d8 ,lib]al ,prote/ants speak to u ( ! 8secret ( ,jesus02 b !re are _m secrets 9 ?is _w1 & ea* ( u c>ries 8 own2 & :o %all utt] ! secret ( secrets1 ! la/ ^w1 ! supreme v]ity8 ,nobody 9 p>ticul>1 probably2 tru? is ! product ( a prodigi\s co-op]ation1 at :i* all peoples & all g5]ations mu/ "w4 ,! horizon ( tru? c nei!r be tak5 9 at a s+le glance nor contract$2 to p]ceive ! :ole ( x "o mu/ move =w>d incessantly1 & at e /ep a new p]spective is laid b>e4 ,= humanity1 to live is to le>n2 & be=e any individual human be+ c tell u ! great secret1 he mu/ h liv$ ! life ( humanity1 ! lives ( all exi/+ be+s & ev5 ( all exi/+ ?+s1 :i* seem sc>cely to des]ve ! "n ( be+s2 he mu/ h conc5trat$ 9 himself ! univ]se4 ,!re c !re=e prop]ly be no religion c5tr$ ab\t a man4 ,a man1 be he ,jesus himself1 _c atta* ! human _s to himself z to a fix$ po9t4 ,lib]al ,prote/ants ?9k t !y h se5 ! la/ ( ! ,/rausses & ,r5ans & _! de/ructive criticism1 because !y h admitt$ once = all t ,jesus 0 n a god1 b criticism w object to !m t ! non-sup]natural ,messiah t !y *]i% is himself a pure figm5t ( ! imag9ation4 ,accord+ to ! rationali/ic exegesis1 ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/1 l 8 life1 belongs m or less to ! doma9 ( leg5d4 ,jesus nev] s mu* z conceiv$ an idea ( ! r$emption--! v conception t is :i* lies at ! root ( ,*ri/ianity2 he nev] s mu* z conceiv$ an idea ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,if "o may rely ^u works :i* /& p]haps %\ld] to %\ld] ) t ( ,/rauss--! works ( ,f4 ,a4 ,mll]1 ( ,pr(essor ,weiss1 ( ,m4 ,havet--,jesus 0 a ,jew ) ! spiritual limitations ( a ,jew4 ,8 dom9ant idea 0 t ! end ( ! _w 0 at h& & t on a new-creat$ e>? w\ld soon be realiz$ ! national k+dom look$ = by ! ,jews 9 ! =m ( an altoge!r t]re/rial !ocracy4 ,! end ( ! _w be+ ne>1 x 0 naturally n wor? :ile to set up an e/abli%m5t on e>? = ! %ort "t t x 0 /ill to exi/2 "o's entire bus9ess 0 prop]ly ) p5it5ce & ! am5dm5t ( "o's conduct1 9 ord] n to be dev\r$ by fire at ! day ( judgm5t & exclud$ f ! k+dom to be f\nd$ on ! new-creat$ e>?4 ,moreov]1 ,jesus prea*$ neglect ( ! /ate1 ( ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 ( ! family1 ( lab\r & ( prop]ty2 9 effect1 ( all ! ess5tial elem5ts ( social life4 ,evangelical morality itself pres5ts to ! critics ( ?is s*ool little m ?an a disord]ly mixture ( ! precepts ( ,moses on dis9t]e/$ love ) ! doctr9e ( ,hillel m or less well f\nd$ on enlight5$ self-int]e/4 ,! orig9al elem5t 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t consi/$ less 9 ! logical coh]5ce ( its tea*+s ?an 9 a c]ta9 unction 9 ! language employ$1 9 a p]suasive eloqu5ce :i* (t5 took ! place ( reason+4 ,all t ,*ri/ said o!rs _h said be=e him1 b n ) ! same acc5t4 ,9 effect1 ,g]man hi/orical criticism at once pr(esses ! greate/ admiration = ! num]\s f\nd]s ( ,*ri/ianity & leads its foll[]s a long way f ! ideal man conceiv$ by ! ,neo-,*ri/ians z be+ ! man-,god :om primitive ,*ri/ians ador$4 ,!re exi/s accord+ly no m reason to attribute an elem5t ( revelation or ( sacr$ au?ority to ! ,new ,te/am5t ?an to ! ,v$as or to any o!r religi\s book4 ,if ,*ri/ianity is a symbolic fai?1 ! my?s ( ,india may q z well be adopt$ z a basis ( symbolism z ! my?s ( ! ,bible4 ,& contempor>y ,brahmai/s ) _! eclecticism1 confus$ & my/ic z x (t5 is1 mu/ be reg>d$ z ev5 ne>] to ! tru? ?an ! lib]al ,prote/ants :o /ill look = %elt] & salvation n[h]e b "u ! dim9i%+ %ad[ ( ! cross4 #fj ,see ! au?or's "w on la ,morale d'picure et ses rapports avec les doctr9es contempora9es1 p4 #ahf4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ab&on+1 !n1 all ef=t to attribute a sacr$ au?ority to ! sacr$ books & to ! ,*ri/ian tradition1 may "o ascribe to !m at lea/ a sup]ior moral au?ority8 ,d !y l5d !mselves 9 any especial degree to su* a purely /hetic & moral symbolism z t sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,arnold8 ,sid5ote3 ,futility ( ,mr4 ,arnold's me?od consid]$ z an in/rum5t ( hi/orical criticism4 ,a purely moral symbolism may be reg>d$ f ei!r ( two po9ts ( view3 ! concrete1 :i* is t ( hi/ory2 or ! ab/ract1 :i* is t ( philosophy4 ,hi/orically no?+ c\ld be m inexact ?an ,mr4 ,arnold's me?od1 :i* ess5tially consi/s 9 mak+ a pres5t ( ! mo/ ref9$ conceptions ( our epo* to primitive peoples4 ,x gives u to und]/&1 = example1 t ! ,javeh ( ! ,hebrews 0 n reg>d$ z a p]fectly def9ite p]son1 a transc5d5t p[] altoge!r di/9ct & sep>ate f ! _w & manife/+ himself by acts ( caprici\s volition1 a k+ ( ! skies1 a "l ( battles1 be/[+ on 8 p victory or defeat1 abundance or fam9e1 sickness or heal?4 ,x suffices to read "o page ( ! ,bible or ! ,new ,te/am5t to conv9ce "o's self t a d\bt z to ! p]sonal exi/5ce ( ,javeh nev] = an in/ant cross$ ! ,hebrew m9d4 ,s be x1 ,mr4 ,arnold w say1 b ,javeh 0 9 _! eyes no m1 aft] all1 ?an ! p]sonification ( ju/ice1 because !y believ$ p[]fully 9 ju/ice4 ,x w\ld be m exact to say t ! ,hebrews _h n z yet a v philosophic notion ( ju/ice2 t !y conceiv$ x z an ord] receiv$ f )\t1 a comm& :i* x w\ld be dang]\s to disobey1 a ho/ile w =cibly impos$ ^u "o's own4 ,no?+ c\ld be m natural 9 ! sequel ?an to p]sonify su* a w4 ,b is t precisely :at we und]/& n[adays by ju/ice2 & does x n really seem to ,mr4 ,arnold himself t he is play+ on words1 :5 he endeav\rs to make u believe all t8 ,fe> ( ! ,"l is n ju/ice4 ,!re are matt]s t "o _c express 9 ! =m ( leg5d :5 "o has once really conceiv$ !m--matt]s ! true poetry ( :i* consi/s 9 _! v purity1 9 _! simplicity4 ,to p]sonify ju/ice1 to repres5t x z ext]nal to ourselves "u ! =m ( a m5ac+ p[]1 is n to possess a 8high idea0 ( x2 is n 9 ! lea/1 z ,mr4 ,arnold phrases x1 to be agl[ ) x1 illum9at$ by x2 x is1 on ! contr>y1 n yet really to h =m$ a conception ( ju/ice4 ,:at ,mr4 ,arnold reg>ds z ! sublime/ expression ( an altoge!r mod]n moral s5tim5t is1 on ! contr>y1 a p>tial negation ( x4 ,mr4 ,arnold's aim1 z he says1 is a 8lit]>y0 criticism2 b ! lit]>y me?od consi/s 9 resett+ ! great works ( human g5ius 9 ! circum/ances among :i* !y 7 conceiv$2 9 discov]+ 9 !m ! _s ( ! age 9 :i* !y 7 writt51 & n ( ! pres5t age4 ,if we endeav\r to int]pret hi/ory by ! light ( mod]n ideas we %all nev] und]/& a jot ( x4 ,mr4 ,arnold is pleasantly satirical at ! exp5se ( ^? :o f9d 9 ! ,bible allusions to contempor>y ev5ts1 to su* & su* a mod]n cu/om1 to su* & su* a dogma unkn[n to primitive times4 ,a comm5tator1 he says1 f9ds a pr$iction ( ! flight to ,egypt 9 ! prophecy ( ,isaiah3 8,! ,"l ride? ^u a swift cl\d & %all come into ,egypt02 ?is light cl\d be+ ! body ( ,jesus born ( a virg94 ,ano!r1 m fanta/ic1 p]ceives 9 ! words3 8,woe unto !m t draw up iniquity ) cords ( vanity0--a mal$iction ( ,god aga9/ *ur* bells4 ,t assur$ly is a s+ul> me?od ( int]pret+ ! sacr$ texts1 b at bottom x is no m logical to look 9 ! sacr$ texts = mod]n ideas1 good or evil1 ?an to se>* !m = ! ann\ncem5t ( su* & su* a di/ant ev5t or = a comm5t>y on su* & su* a trait ( contempor>y mann]s4 ,really to practise ! lit]>y me?od--& ! sci5tific me?od at ! same "t--"o mu/ a little =get "o's self1 "o's nation1 "o's c5tury2 "o mu/ live ! life ( pa/ times--mu/ become a ,greek :5 "o reads ,hom]1 a ,hebrew :5 "o reads ! ,bible1 & n desire t ,rac9e %\ld be a ,%akespe>e1 nor ,boccaccio a ,/4 ,b5$ict1 nor ,jesus a free-?9k]1 nor ,isaiah an ,epictetus or a ,kant4 ,all ?+s & all ideas are appropriate 9 _! own times & circum/ances4 ,go?ic ca!drals are magnific5t1 our small h\ses to-day are v com=table2 !re is no reason :y we %\ld n admire ! "o & inhabit ! o!r2 ! only ?+ t is really inexcusable is to be absolutely unwill+ t ca!drals %\ld be :at alone !y are4 ,sid5ote3 ,philosophical insuffici5cy ( ,mr4 ,arnold's position4 ,consid]$ n f ! po9t ( view ( hi/ory b purely f t ( philosophy1 ,mr4 ,arnold's doctr9e is mu* m attractive1 = its aim is precisely to enable u to discov] our own ideas 9 ! anci5t books z 9 a mirror4 ,no?+ c\ld be bett]1 b are we really 9 want ( ?is mirror8 ,d we really ne$ to r$iscov] our mod]n conceptions embodi$ 9 ! =m ( my? & m or less di/ort$ 9 ! process8 ,d we really ne$ volunt>ily to g back to ! /ate ( m9d ( primitive peoples8 ,d we really ne$ to dwell ^u ! some:at n>r[ conception t !y possess$ ( ju/ice & ( morality be=e we %all be capable ( conceiv+ a ju/ice m g5]\s 9 its proportions & a morality m wor?y ( its "n8 ,w\ld x n be mu* ! same sort ( ?+ z = "o :o 0 tea*+ *ildr5 physics to beg9 by s]i\sly inculcat+ ! classic !ory ( nature's abhorr5ce ( a vacuum1 ( immobility ( ! e>?1 etc48 ,! au?ors ( ! ,talmud 9 _! nave fai? said t ,javeh1 fill$ ) v5]ation = ! book :i* he _h himself dictat$1 w\ld devote ! fir/ ?ree h\rs ( e day to a /udy ( ! sacr$ law4 ,! mo/ or?odox ,jews d n to-day oblige _! ,god to ?is recurr5t p]iod ( m$itation2 might n "o )\t dang] p]mit mank9d a some:at simil> economy ( "t8 ,mr4 ,arnold1 ^: m9d moves s easily1 al?\gh ) s pl5tiful a lack ( directness & ( logic1 criticises some:]e or o!r ^? :o feel a ne$ ( a f\ndation ( fable = _! fai?1 a f\ndation ( sup]natural int]v5tion & m>vell\s leg5d1 & he says t _m religi\s m5 resemble read]s ( romances or smok]s ( opium2 ! reality becomes insipid to !m1 al?\gh x is really m gr& ?an ! fanta/ic _w ( opium & romance4 ,mr4 ,arnold does n p]ceive t1 if ! reality is1 z he says1 ! greate/ & mo/ beautiful ( ?+s1 we h no fur!r ne$ ( ! leg5d ( ,*ri/ianity1 n ev5 int]pret$ z he int]prets x3 ! real _w1 & by ! real _w ,i und]/& ! moral n less ?an ! physical univ]se1 %\ld prove abundantly suffici5t = u4 ,i?uriel1 ,mr4 ,arnold says1 has punctur$ miracles ) 8 spe>2 & did he n at ! same /roke puncture symbolism8 ,we pref] to see tru? nak$ r ?an trick$ out 9 p>ti-col\r$ ve/m5ts2 to clo! tru? is to degrade x4 ,mr4 ,arnold comp>es a too absolute fai? to intoxication2 "o might will+ly comp>e ,mr4 ,arnold to ,socrates1 :o c\ld dra9 (f m ?an any o!r gue/ at ! table )\t becom+ intoxicat$4 ,n to become intoxicat$ 01 = ! ,greeks1 "o ( ! pr]ogatives ( ! sage4 ,) ?is res]vation !y p]mitt$ him to dr9k1 b 9 our days ! sages make small use ( ! p]mission2 !y admire ,socrates )\t imitat+ him1 & f9d t sobriety is /ill ! be/ means ( keep+ "o's head4 ,"o might say z mu* to ,mat!w ,arnold4 ,! ,bible ) its sc5es ( massacre1 ( rape1 & ( div9e v5geance is 9 8 judgm5t bread = ! s\l2 ! s\l c no m d )\t x ?an we c ourselves d )\t eat+4 ,! reply is t he has himself prov$ x to be a dang]\s =m ( n\ri%m5t1 & t x is sometimes bett] to fa/ ?an to eat poison4 ,sid5ote3 ,buddhism m deeply symbolic ?an ,*ri/ianity4 ,= ! re/1 if "o p]si/s 9 seek+ 9 ! sacr$ books ( by-gone ages = ! expression ( primitive morality1 x is n 9 ! ,bible1 b r 9 ! ,h9du books t a lit]>y or philosophical int]pretation w f9d ! mo/ extraord9>y example ( moral symbolism4 ,! entire _w appe>s to ! ,buddhi/ z ! realization ( ! moral law1 s9ce 9 8 op9ion be+s take rank 9 ! univ]se accord+ to _! virtues or vices1 m\nt or desc5d on ! ladd] ( life accord+ to _! moral elevation or abasem5t4 ,buddhism is 9 c]ta9 respects an ef=t to f9d 9 morals a !ory ( ! univ]se4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,dep5d5ce ( religion ^u morality4 ,9 spite ( ! p>tial lapses f logical consi/5cy t h be5 "h po9t$ out 9 ! !ory ( moral symbolism1 !re is "o conclusion t is logically insi/$ on 9 ! books j exam9$1 & 9 especial ,mr4 ,arnold's book1 namely3 t ! solide/ support ( e religion is a m or less imp]fect sy/em ( morals2 t ! p[] ( ,*ri/ianity1 z ( ,buddhism1 has la9 9 its moral injunctions1 & t if "o suppress$ ?is moral injunction !re w\ld no?+ rema9 ( ! two great 8univ]sal0 religions br\ght =? by human intellig5ce4 ,religion s]ves1 s to speak1 z an envelope = morality2 x protects morality aga9/ ! p]iod ( its ultimate developm5t & effloresc5ce1 b :5 once moral beliefs h ga9$ /r5g? en\gh !y t5d to protrude f ?is envelope1 l a fl[] bur/+ out ( ! bud4 ,"s ye>s ago :at 0 at t "t call$ ,indep5d5t ,morality 0 mu* discuss$2 ! def5d]s ( religion ma9ta9$ t ! fate ( morality is intimately b\nd up ) x--t if morality 7 sep>at$ f religion x mu/ decl9e4 ,!y 7 p]haps "r 9 po9t+ out ! intimate connection betwe5 morality & religion1 b !y 7 mi/ak5 9 ma9ta9+ t x is ! =m] t is dep5d5t2 x w\ld be tru] to say ! precise opposite1 t x is religion t dep5ds ^u morality1 t ! latt] is ! pr9cipal & ! =m] ! subord9ate4 ,! ,ecclesia/ says some:]e1 8,he ha? set ! _w 9 _! he>t40 ,x is = t reason t man %\ld fir/ look into 8 own he>t1 & %\ld fir/ ( all believe 9 himself4 ,religi\s fai? might m or less logically issue out ( moral fai?1 b c\ld n produce ! moral fai?1 & if x %\ld g c\nt] to ! moral fai? x w\ld condemn itself4 ,! religi\s _s _c !re=e accommodate itself to ! new ord] ( ?+s except by ab&on+1 9 ! fir/ place1 all ! dogmas ( a lib]al fai?1 & !n all ! symbols ( a m enlight5$ fai? & hold+ fa/ by ! fundam5tal pr9ciple :i* con/itutes ! life ( religion & dom9ates its hi/orical evolution2 t is to say1 ! moral s5tim5t ( ,prote/antism 9 spite ( all its contradictions has really introduc$ into ! _w a new pr9ciple2 x is ?is1 t consci5ce is its own judge1 t individual initiative %\ld be sub/itut$ = objective au?ority4#fa ,su* a pr9ciple includes z a logical consequ5ce n only ! suppression ( real dogmas & ( my/]ies1 b also t ( precise & det]m9ate symbols2 ( ev]y?+1 9 a ^w1 :i* proposes to impose itself ^u ! consci5ce z a ready-made tru?4 ,prote/antism unwitt+ly conta9$ 9 its own bosom ! g]m ( ! negation ( e positive religion t does n address itself exclusively & directly to private judgm5t1 to ! moral s5se ( ! individual4 ,9 our days no "o is will+ to believe simply :at he is told to believe2 he mu/ accept x indep5d5tly3 he believes t ! dang] ( private judgm5t is only app>5t1 & t 9 ! intellectual _w1 z 9 ! _w ( civil lib]ty1 x is out ( lib]ty t all au?ority wor?y ( respect takes its rise4 ,! revolution :i* t5ds ?us to replace a religi\s fai?1 f\nd$ on ! au?ority ( texts & symbols1 by a moral fai? f\nd$ ^u ! "r ( private judgm5t recalls ! revolution accompli%$ ?ree c5turies ago by ,desc>tes1 :o sub/itut$ evid5ce & reason+ = au?ority4 ,humanity is increas+ly anxi\s to reason out its own beliefs1 to see ) its own eyes4 ,! tru? is no long] exclusively lock$ up 9 temples2 x addresses itself to ev]ybody1 communicates ) ev]ybody1 gives ev]ybody ! "r to act4 ,9 ! cult ( sci5tific tru? ev]yone1 z 9 ! e>ly days ( ,*ri/ianity1 is capable ( (ficiat+ 9 8 turn2 !re are no seats res]v$ 9 ! sanctu>y1 !re is no jeal\s ,god1 or r ! temples ( tru? are ^? :i* ea* ( u re>s 9 8 own he>t--temples :i* are no m truly ,*ri/ian ?an ,hebrew or ,buddhi/4 ,! absorption ( religion into morality is "o ) ! dissolution ( all positive & det]m9ate religion1 ( all traditional symbolism & ( all dogmatism4 ,fai?1 said ,h]aclitus pr(\ndly1 is a sacr$ malady1 4 ,= u mod]ns x is no long] a sacr$ malady1 & x is "o f :i* all ( u wi% to be deliv]$ & cur$4 #fa ,t[>d ! end ( 8 life ,lu!r felt an increas+ disc\ragem5t & disquietude on ! subject ( ! re=m inaugurat$ by him3 8,x is by sev]e laws & by sup]/ition10 he wrote ) bitt]ness1 8t ! _w desires to be guid$4 ,if ,i c\ld reconcile x ) my consci5ce ,i w\ld lab\r t ! ,pope ) all 8 abom9ations might become once m our ma/]40 ,responsibility to "o's own consci5ce 0 inde$ ,lu!r's fundam5tal idea--! idea :i* ju/ifies ! ,re=mation 9 ! eyes ( hi/ory1 z =m]ly 9 ! eyes ( its own au?or4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,dissolution ,,( ,,religi\s ,,morality4 ,i4 ,! fir/ durable elem5t ( religi\s morality3 ,respect--,alt]ation ( respect by ! addition ( ! notion ( ! fe> ( ,god & div9e v5geance4 ,,ii4 ,second durable elem5t ( religi\s morality3 ,love--,alt]ation ( ?is elem5t by ! addition ( ideas ( grace1 pr$e/9ation1 damnation--,caduc\s elem5ts ( religi\s morality--,my/icism--,antagonism ( div9e love & human love--,asceticism--,excesses ( asceticism--,especially 9 ! religions ( ! ,ea/--,conception ( s9 9 ! mod]n m9d4 ,,iii4 ,subjective wor%ip & pray]--,! notion ( pray] f ! po9t ( view ( mod]n sci5ce & philosophy--,ec/asy--,! survival ( pray]4 ,hav+ trac$ ! dissolution ( dogma & religi\s symbolism x is appropriate to consid] ! fate ( t sy/em ( religi\s morality :i* re/s ^u dogma & ^u fai?4 ,!re are 9 religi\s morality "s durable elem5ts & "s caduc\s ones :i* /& out 9 %>p] & %>p] opposition 9 ! c\rse ( ! progress ( human society4 ,! two /able elem5ts ( religi\s morality :i* w occupy u fir/ are respect & love2 ^! are ! elem5ts inde$ ( e sy/em ( morality1 ^? :i* are 9 n[ise relat$ to my/icism or symbolism1 & :i* t5d progressively to "p company ) !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,sup]iority ( elem5t ( love ov] t ( respect4 ,i4 ,kant reg>d$ respect or rev]5ce z ! moral s5tim5t p> excell5ce2 ! moral law1 9 8 op9ion1 0 a law ( rev]5ce & n ( love1 & !re9 lay its pret5sions to univ]sality3 = if x _h be5 a law ( love1 !re w\ld h be5 a difficulty 9 impos+ x ^u all reasonable be+s4 ,i c insi/ on y\r respect+ me b n on y\r lov+ me4 ,9 ! sph]e ( society ,kant is "r2 ! law _c provide t m5 %all love ea* o!r1 b only t !y %all respect ea* o!r's rights4 ,b is ! same ?+ true 9 ! sph]e ( pure morality--h n ! two great 8univ]sal0 religions1 ,buddhism & ,*ri/ianity1 be5 "r 9 reg>d+ love z ! controll+ pr9ciple 9 e?ics8 ,respect is no m ?an ! beg9n+s ( ideal morality2 9 ! attitude ( respect ! s\l feels itself re/rict$1 held 9 *eck1 emb>rass$4 ,& :at 9 effect ess5tially is respect1 b ! ability to violate a "r on ! "o h& & on ! o!r a "r to g inviolable8 ,well1 !re is ano!r s5tim5t :i* does away ) ! v possibility ( viol5ce & :i* !re=e is ev5 pur] ?an respect1 t is to say love1 & ,*ri/ianity has s und]/ood x4 ,be x rem>k$ also t respect is necess>ily impli$ 9 a prop]ly und]/ood moral love2 love is sup]ior to respect n because x suppresses x b because x completes x4 ,g5u9e love inevitably pres5ts itself "u ! =m ( respect1 b ?is conception ( respect1 ab/ractly tak51 is an empty =m )\t cont5t2 & c be fill$ ) love alone4 ,:at "o respects 9 ! dignity ( ano!r p]son is--is x n8--a p]sonal p[] held 9 *eck1 a sort ( moral autonomy4 ,x is possible to conceive a cold h>d respect t is n absolutely free f "s sugge/ion ( me*anical necessity4 ,:at "o loves1 on ! contr>y1 9 ! dignity ( ano!r p]son is ! elem5t 9 8 "* :i* beckons & welcomes "o4 ,is x possible to conceive a cold love8 ,respect is a species ( *eck1 love is an outleap ( emotion2 respect is ! act by :i* w meets w2 9 love !re is no s5se ( opposition1 ( calculation1 ( hesitation2 "o gives "o's self simply & entirely4 ,sid5ote3 ,! mi/ake ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,let x n !re=e be made a reproa* to ,*ri/ianity t x sees 9 love ! v pr9ciple ( relation%ip betwe5 reasonable be+s1 ! v pr9ciple ( ! moral law & ( ju/ice4 ,paul says ) reason t he :o loves o!rs fulfils ! law4 ,9 effect1 ! comm&m5ts3 ?\ %alt n commit adult]y1 ?\ %alt n kill1 ?\ %alt n covet1 & ! re/1 7 summ$ up 93 ?\ %alt love ?y neighbor z ?yself4 ,! defect ( ,*ri/ianity--a defect f :i* ,buddhism is free--is t ! love ( m5 is !re conceiv$ z disappe>+1 9 ! la/ analysis1 9 ! love ( ,god4 ,man is n belov$ except 9 ,god & = ,god1 & human society z a :ole possesses no f\ndation nor rule ( life except 9 ! relation%ip ( m5 to ,god4 ,well1 if ! love ( man = man1 prop]ly und]/ood1 actually implies respect = rectitude1 ! same ?+ _c be said ) ! same degree ( emphasis = ! love ( man = ,god1 & 9 ,god's sight4 ,! conception ( a society f\nd$ on ! love ( ,god conta9s ! se$s ( !ocratic gov]nm5t ) all its abuses4 ,moreov]1 if 9 ,*ri/ian morality love ( man resolves itself1 9 ! la/ resort1 into love ( ,god1 love ( ,god is always adult]at$ ) fe>2 ! ,old ,te/am5t insi/s ^u x ) positive complac5cy4 ,! fe> ( ! ,"l plays an important rle 9 ! cele/ial sanction1 & ju/ice also1 :i* is ess5tial to ,*ri/ianity1 & :i* m or less def9itely antagonizes & sometimes ev5 p>alyzes x4 ,x is ?us t1 aft] hav+ trac$ ! s5tim5t ( respect itself & ( ju/ice to a f\ndation 9 love1 ,*ri/ianity sudd5ly re9/ates ! =m]1 re-end[s x ) prec$5ce & t "u its mo/ primitive & savage =m--! =m ( fe> 9 man & v5geance 9 ,god4 ,sid5ote3 ,respect = ! welf>e ( s5ti5t be+s 9 g5]al ! ess5ce ( morality4 ,?is sanction1 we h se51 is a special =m ( ! notion ( a ,provid5ce4 ,^? :o believe 9 a special ,provid5ce di/ribut+ good & evil admit1 9 ! la/ resort1 t ?is di/ribution takes place 9 con=mity ) ! conduct ( ! receiv]s & ! s5tim5ts ( approval or disapproval t t conduct inspires 9 ! div9ity4 ,! idea ( a ,provid5ce1 9 ! natural c\rse ( its developm5t1 becomes !re=e "o ) ! notion ( di/ributive ju/ice1 & ?is latt]1 on ! o!r h&1 becomes "o ) ! idea ( div9e sanction4 ,! idea ( div9e sanction has be5 conceiv$ up to ?is po9t z "o ( ! ess5tial elem5ts ( morality1 & x seems1 at fir/ glance1 t religion & morality "h co9cide1 t _! respective ne$s "h unite1 or r t morality rea*es complet5ess only by ! aid ( religion4 ,! notion ( di/ributive ju/ice naturally involves ! notion ( a cele/ial di/ributor1 b we h se5 9 a prec$+ "w t ! notion ( a sanction prop]ly s call$1 & ! notion ( a div9e p5al code1 h 9 reality no ess5tial connection ) morality2 t on ! contr>y !y possess a "* ( immorality & irrationality2 & t ?us ! religion ( ! vulg> 9 no respect co9cides ) ! highe/ morality1 b t1 on ! contr>y1 ! v fundam5tal idea ( ! religion ( ! vulg> is oppos$ to morality4#fb ,! f\nd]s ( religion believe t ! mo/ sacr$ law is ! law ( ! /ronge/2 b ! idea ( =ce logically resolves itself into ! relation betwe5 p[] on ! "o h& & resi/ance on ! o!r1 & physical =ce is always1 9 ! sph]e ( morals1 a confession ( weakness4 ,! summum bonum !re=e c conta9 no sugge/ion ( =ce ( ?is especial k9d4 ,if human law1 if civil law be condemn$ to rely ^u a back+ ( physical =ce1 x is !re9 precisely t x lies "u ! reproa* ( be+ m]ely civil & human4 ,! case /&s o!rwise ) ! moral law1 :i* is immutable1 et]nal1 & 9 "s sort inviolable2 & 9 ! pres5ce ( an inviolable law "o c 9 no s5se assume an attitude ev5 ( suppress$ viol5ce4 ,=ce is p[]less aga9/ ! moral law1 & ! moral law has !re=e no ne$ on its own side ( a %[ ( =ce4 ,! sole sanction ( :i* ! moral law /&s 9 ne$1 ! au?or has said else:]e1 z aga9/ ! man :o supposes himself to h abrogat$ x1 is & ought to be ! m]e fact ( its cont9u$ exi/5ce face to face ) him1 ris+ up be=e him ev] anew1 z ! giant ,h]cules believ$ himself to h vanqui%$ rose ev] /rong] to 8 embrace4 ,to possess ! attribute ( et]nity 9 ! face ( viol5ce is ! only rev5ge t goodness p]sonifi$ or n1 "u ! figure ( a god1 c p]mit itself z aga9/ ^? :o violate x4#fc ,9 human societies "o ( ! di/+ui%+ traits ( high civilization is sl[ness to take (f5ce2 ) ! progress ( k "o f9ds less & less gr\nd = indignation 9 ! conduct ( "o's fell[-m54 ,:5 ! be+ involv$ is by def9ition ! v p]sonification ( love ! idea ( (f5ce becomes ridicul\s2 x is impossible = any philosophic m9d to admit ! b>e conception ( (f5d+ ,god1 or ( draw+ d[n ^u "o1 9 ! ,biblical phrase1 8 ang] or 8 v5geance4 ,fe> ( an ext]nal sanction1 or ( any sanction o!r ?an t ( consci5ce1 is !re=e an elem5t t ! progress ( ! mod]n m9d t5ds to exclude f morality4 ,x is 9 va9 = ! ,bible to say t fe> ( ! ,"l is ! beg9n+ ( wisdom2 morality does n truly beg9 until fe> ceases to exi/1 fe> be+1 z ,kant said1 pa?ological1 n moral4 ,fe> ( hell may h possess$ 9 =m] times a c]ta9 social utility1 b x is ess5tially a /rang] 9 mod]n society1 &1 a =tiori1 w be 9 ! society ( ! future4 ,moreov]1 respect = ! happ9ess ( p 9 g5]al is becom+ less & less adult]at$ by any admixture ( fe>4 ,?is respect1 m+l$ ) love & ev5 eng5d]$ by love1 is com+ to be an altoge!r moral1 & an altoge!r philosophic s5tim5t1 purifi$ ( any?+ 9 ! nature ( my/icism1 & 9 ! be/ s5se religi\s4 #fb ,see ! au?or's ,esquisse d'une morale sans obligation ni sanction1 p4 #ahh1 etc4 #fc 8,if ,god _h consci\sly creat$ ! human w ( su* ess5tial p]v]sity z to f9d its natural expression 9 ?w>t+ ,him1 ,he w\ld be impot5t 9 ! face ( x2 c\ld only %[ ,himself compassionate2 c\ld only regret ,8 own act 9 creat+ x4 ,8 duty w\ld n be to puni% mank9d b to ! utmo/ possible degree to light5 _! suff]+s1 to %[ ,himself g5tle & good directly 9 proportion to ?is evil2 & ! damn$1 if !y 7 truly incurable1 w\ld be 9 great] ne$ ( ! joys ( heav5 ?an ! elect !mselves4 ,ei!r ! s9n] c be reclaim$2 & 9 t ev5t hell w\ld be no?+ m ?an an imm5se s*ool1 an imm5se h\se ( correction = prep>+ ! culpable ) ! utmo/ possible rapidity = heav52 or ! s9n] is incorrigible1 is analog\s to an incurable maniac 7:i* is absurd71 & !n he is et]nally to be piti$ & a supreme ,goodness w\ld endeav\r to comp5sate him = 8 mis]y by e imag9able means by %[]+ ^u him e bliss t he 0 capable ( enjoy+4 ,turn x z "o w1 ! dogma ( hell /&s ?us 9 direct opposition to ! tru?4 8,= ! re/1 by ! v act ( damn+ a s\l1 t is to say %utt+ x out =ev] f ,8 pres5ce1 or1 9 t]ms less my/ical1 exclud+ x =ev] f a k ( ! tru?1 w\ld n ,god 9 turn be %utt+ ,himself out f ! s\l1 limit+ ,8 own p[]1 & s to speak 9 "s measure damn+ ,himself also8 ,! p5alty ( ! damnation w\ld fall 9 "p on ,him :o inflict$ x4 ,z to ! physical torm5t ( :i* !ologians speak1 int]pret$ metaphorically1 x becomes ev5 m inadmissible4 ,in/ead ( damn+ mank9d ,god ought et]nally to ga!r ab\t ,him ^? :o h /ray$ f ,him2 x is = ! culpable above all o!rs t1 z ,mi*el ,angelo said1 ,god op5$ wide 8 arms ^u ! cross4 ,we repres5t ,him z look+ d[n ^u ! s9n+ multitude f too great a height = !m ev] to be any?+ to ,him b ! inc>nation ( mis=tune4 ,well1 j 9 s f> z !y are un=tunate mu/ !y n logically be ! especial fav\rites ( div9e goodness80--,esquisse d'une morale sans obligation ni sanction1 p4 #ahi4 ,sid5ote3 ,un/able equilibrium ( ! ,*ri/ian notion ( absolute love4 ,,ii4 ,hav+ se5 h[ readily ! notion ( respect became corrupt 9 ,*ri/ianity1 let u consid] ! fate ( ! notion ( love4 ,if ! importance :i* x gave to ?is pr9ciple con/itutes ! *ief hon\r ( ,*ri/ianity is n ! ,god ( ! ,*ri/ians1 nev]!less1 conceiv$ 9 a mann] inconsi/5t ) ! v ess5ce ( ,8 be+8 ,! ,god ( ,*ri/ianity1 or at lea/ ( or?odox ,*ri/ianity1 is a conception ( absolute love :i* involves a contradiction & ! de/ruction ( all true frat]nity4 ,= ! love affirm$ to be absolute is 9 fact limit$1 s9ce x has to d ) a _w t is m>r$ by evil1 metaphysical1 s5sible1 moral4 ,! love is n ev5 univ]sal1 s9ce x is conceiv$ z an especial grace m or less arbitr>ily be/[$ or )held1 accord+ to ! dogma ( pr$e/9ation4 ,! doctr9e ( grace1 r\nd :i* !ology has play$ ) su* excess ( subtlety1 completes ! highe/ pr9ciple ( morality1 ! pr9ciple ( love by ! addition ( ! grosse/ notion ( an?ropomorphism3 t ( fav\r4 ,god is always conceiv$ on ! model ( absolute k+s :o accord fav\r & disfav\r caprici\sly2 "o ( ! mo/ vulg> ( sociomorphic relations be+ *os51 z "o p]ceives1 z ! true analogue ( ,god's relation to ,8 creatures4 ,! two elem5ts ( ! notion ( grace are antagoni/ic to ea* o!r4 ,absolute love is 9 its nature univ]sal1 fav\ritism is 9 its nature p>ticul>4 ,!re are1 accord+ to !ology1 a c]ta9 numb] ( be+s :o are exclud$ f univ]sal love2 ! s5t5ce ( damnation is 9 its v ess5ce su* an exclusion4 ,?us und]/ood1 div9e *>ity is incompatible ) true frat]nity1 ) true *>ity2 = true *>ity ,god does n possess--sets u no example ( x4 ,if we believe t ,god hates & damns1 x w be 9 va9 = ,him to =bid p]sonal v5geance4 ,we %all inevitably esp\se ,8 hatr$s1 & ! v pr9ciple ( v5geance w f9d its support & its highe/ realization 9 ,him4 ,:5 ,/4 ,paul said3 8,let ?yself n conqu] by ! in/rum5tality ( evil1 b ov]come evil by goodness10 ! precept 0 admirable4 ,unhappily ,god 0 ! fir/ to violate x1 to decl9e to ov]come evil by good4 ,d z ,i bid !e & n z ,i myself d is ! v _s ( ,*ri/ian tea*+s4 ,is x n 9 ! mid/ ( a sort ( hymn to *>ity & =giv5ess t ! *>act]i/ic phrase ( ,/4 ,paul occurs3 8,if ?9e enemy h hung] give him to eat & ?\ %alt heap coals ( fire ^u 8 head40 ,?us ! app>5t =giv5ess becomes transmut$ into a ref9$ =m ( v5geance1 :i* ! div9e sanction s]ves only to make m t]rible1 & :i*1 "u ! cloak ( b5efits1 nay ev5 ( c>esses1 p\rs ^u ! head ( "o's enemy an av5g+ flame2 "o's v *>ity sets ! tor* to ! fires ( hell4 ,?is indelible /a9 ( b>b>ism on ! page ( love1 ?is atavi/ic animal in/9ct ( v5geance ascrib$ to ,god1 %[s ! dang]\s side ( ! !ological elem5t introduc$ into ! morality ( love4 ,sid5ote3 ,conflict betwe5 div9e & human love4 ,ano!r dang] to :i* a religion f\nd$ ^u a div9e love is subject is my/icism2 a s5tim5t de/9$ to an increas+ antagonism ) ! mod]n m9d & condemn$1 !re=e1 ultimately to disappe>4 ,! he>t ( man1 9 spite ( its f]tility 9 giv+ bir? to passions ( all sorts1 has nev]!less always conc5trat$ itself ^u a small numb] ( objects :i* f9d _! own level4 ,god & ! _w are two antagoni/s betwe5 :i* our s5sibility is portion$ out4 ,"o or ! o!r ( !m inevitably receives ! great] %>e4 ,9 all times religi\s sects h felt a possible opposition betwe5 absolute love ( ,god & love ( man4 ,9 a numb] ( religions ,god has %[n himself jeal\s ( ! affection devot$ to o!rs1 & ?us 9 a s5se /ol5 f ,him4 ,he 0 n cont5t ) ! sup]fluity ( ! human he>t1 ,he 0 b5t on appropriat+ ! s\l 9 its entirety4 ,among ! ,h9dus1 z we "k1 ! v ess5ce ( supreme piety lies 9 deta*m5t f ! _w1 9 a life ( solitude 9 ! mid/ ( great =e/s1 9 ! rejection ( all e>?ly affection1 9 a my/ical indiff]5ce 9 reg>d to all mortal ?+s4 ,9 ! we/]n _w1 :5 ,*ri/ianity _h made its way1 ?is ?ir/ ( solitude1 ?is home-sickness = ! des]t seiz$ once m ^u ! s\l1 & ?\s&s ( m5 fl$ ! faces ( _! fell[s1 quitt+ _! families & _! homes1 r5\nc+ all o!r love b t ( ,god1 feel+ !mselves m intimately 9 ,8 pres5ce :5 !y 7 di/ant f all be+s else b ,him4 ,! :ole ( ! ,middle ,ages 7 torm5t$ by ?is antagonism betwe5 div9e & human love4 ,9 ! end1 ) ! imm5se majority ( m51 human love c>ri$ ! day4 ,x c\ld n be o!rwise2 ! v ,*ur* c\ld n prea* complete deta*m5t = ev]ybody "u pa9 ( hav+ nobody to prea* to4 ,b among scrupul\s & /r5u\s s\ls ! opposition betwe5 div9e & human love manife/$ itself 9 all ! circum/ances ( life4 ,"o rememb]s ,mme4 ,pri]'s acc\nt ( ,pascal4 ,%e 0 surpris$ at times t h] bro!r repuls$ h]1 became sudd5ly cold to h]1 turn$ away f h] :5 %e approa*$ to soo! him 9 8 pa92 %e began to ?9k he did n love h]1 %e compla9$ ( x to h] si/]1 b x 0 9 va9 to try to undeceive h]4 ,f9ally ! enigma 0 expla9$ on ! v day ( ,pascal's dea? by ,domat1 "o ( 8 fri5ds4 ,mme4 ,pri] le>n$ t 9 ,pascal's op9ion ! mo/ innoc5t & frat]nal fri5d%ip is a fault = :i* "o habitually fails to take "o's self suffici5tly to task1 because "o und]e/imates its magnitude4 8,by fom5t+ & suff]+ ^! atta*m5ts to gr[ up1 "o is giv+ to someone else "s portion ( :at belongs to ,god alone2 "o is 9 a mann] robb+ ,him ( :at is to ,him ! mo/ preci\s ?+ 9 all ! _w40 ,x w\ld be impossible bett] to express ! my/ical antagonism betwe5 div9e & human love4 ,?is pr9ciple occupi$ s prom95t a place 9 ! =egr\nd ( ,pascal's m9d t1 ! m readily to keep x always be=e him1 he wrote ) 8 own h& ^u a piece ( pap]3 8,x is unju/ 9 me to p]mit anyone to =m an atta*m5t = me1 h[ev] volunt>ily1 & ) :atev] pleasure !y may d x4 ,9 ! long run ,i %\ld deceive !m1 = ,i belong to nobody b to ,god1 & h n ! :]e)al to satisfy a human affection4444 ,i %\ld !re=e be culpable1 if ,i %\ld all[ anyone to love me1 if ,i %\ld attract p t[>d me4444 ,!y %\ld pass _! lives & employ _! ef=t 9 pleas+ & se>*+ = ,god40 ,! in/ant ,god is conceiv$ z a p]son & n z a simple ideal1 !re inevitably arises 9 s\ls t+$ ) my/icism1 a rivalry betwe5 ,8 claims & ^? ( o!r p]sons4 ,h[ c ! ,absolute admit any human be+ to a %>e ( :at ess5tially is ,88 ,he mu/ dwell 9 z absolute a solitude at ! bottom ( man's he>t z on ! height ( heav54 ,sid5ote3 ,exi/s at ! pres5t day4 ,! rivalry betwe5 div9e & human love p]ceiv$ by ! ,jans5i/s1 z by _m ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians & by my/ics g5]ally1 exi/s ev5 to-day = a l>ge numb] ( m54 ,9 c]ta9 religi\s h\ses any excessively affectionate demon/ration t[>d _! p>5ts is =bidd5 to *ildr51 & a frat]nal or filial kiss is made ! basis ( a case ( consci5ce4 ,if ,prote/ant education & cu/om are n at "o on ?is po9t ) ,ca?olic education & cu/om1 ! reason is t ,prote/antism1 z has already be5 obs]v$1 has no tal5t = ultimate logical consequ5ces4 ,ca?olicism1 on ! contr>y1 holds logic 9 scrupul\s respect4 ,to cite b "o example3 is n ! int]diction ( m>riage 9 ! case ( ! cl]gy a logical d$uction f ! conception ( a religion :i* is f\nd$ on ! !ory ( ! fall ( man1 & ^: purpose 9 ! _w is ess5tially anti-c>nal8 ,love = a woman is too absorb+1 too exclusive1 to coexi/ 9 ! he>t ( a prie/1 side by side ) an undim9i%$ love = ,god4 ,( all ! s5tim5ts ( ! s\l1 love is ! "o :i* fills x mo/ ne>ly to ! limit ( its capacity4 ,x is1 9 ?is respect1 9 diametric opposition to ! !ological s5tim5t :i* consi/s 9 ! recognition ( a sort ( subjective void & p]sonal insuffici5cy4 ,two lov]s are ( all ! _w ! be+s :o are mo/ suffici5t unto !mselves1 !y are ( all ! _w ^? :o exp]i5ce lea/ ! ne$ ( ,god4 ,well1 = my/ics1 love t is n giv5 to ,god is love wa/$4 ,! lighte/ veil is en\gh to scre5 !m once & =ev] f ! 8intelligible sun40 ,x is ( ! v ess5ce ( su* a ,god to be relegat$ to "s region above ! _w1 exil$ 9 a mann] f ! s\l ( man2 !re are regions ( love 9 :i* ,he does n exi/ & nev] w exi/4 ,he calls me1 & if ,i d n turn my face 9 ,8 direction precisely1 ,i lose ,him4 ,sid5ote3 ,conflict betwe5 my/icism & egoism4 ,! absolute deta*m5t ( ! my/ic leads to ano!r consequ5ce :i* is equally 9 opposition to mod]n t5d5cies2 x treats1 t is to say1 z an absolute z]o a be+ :o has at lea/ ! value ( unity1 to wit3 ! ego4 ,if ,i aim at ! welf>e ( all s5ti5t be+s indiscrim9at+ly1 ,i aim also 9 "s measure at my own1 :o am "o ( !m2 & moreov]1 x is = my own t ,i c lab\r to be/ advantage4 ,?is ego c\nts = some?+ 9 ?is _w1 x is a unit 9 ! sum4 ,! pure love inculcat$ by my/icism1 on ! contr>y1 lets ! ego g = no?+1 aft] ! mann] ( ! mulete]1 :o1 9 reckon+ 8 mules1 always =got to c\nt ! "o he 0 sitt+ on2 ! miss+ mule nev] turn$ up except :5 he dism\nt$1 s t he ultimately resolv$ to g =w>d on foot4 ,! transc5d5t & *im]ical morality ( my/icism might be comp>$ to a purely humanit>ian !ory ( politics2 x is inde$ ev5 m ab/ract4 ,patriotism1 no d\bt1 leans ^u a delusion :5 x reg>ds "o's native c\ntry z ! c5tre ( ! _w1 b does n humanit>ianism lean n ^u "o b ^u a :ole s]ies ( illusions8 ,9 ! item ( illusions "h bel[ "o mu/ put up ) ! lea/ false & mo/ useful4 ,well1 x is probably n :olly )\t utility t ea* nation 9 ! univ]se %\ld act = itself2 if ea* %\ld attempt to act exclusively = ! univ]se z a :ole & = ! love ( ! :ole1 ei!r x w\ld n act at all or x w\ld conceive ! future ( ! univ]se practically on ! model ( its own future & w\ld commit an un9t]rupt$ succession ( mi/akes4 ,v frequ5tly 9 ?is _w unconsci\s & indirect collaboration is m efficaci\s ?an t :i* is consci\s & direct4 ,m5 (t5 d m = ! be/ aims ( humanity by direct+ _! att5tion 9 a _s ( rivalry t[>d ne$s comp>atively imm$iate b :i* = t v reason /imulate _! ef=ts & _! hopes1 ?an by unit+ = ! atta9m5t ( an object s di/ant t x disc\rages !m4 ,9 morals & politics "o has n only to hit ^u ! be/ means ( comb9+ ! =ces ( humanity1 b also ^u :at is ! be/ means ( excit+ human ef=t2 & on t score !re is some?+ to be said ev5 = ! love ( ! p>i% 9 :i* "o is born4 ,"o's p>i% is at lea/ a def9ite object3 "o kn[s :]e x is1 "o _c lose "o's way1 "o may ent]ta9 a hope1 nay ev5 a c]titude1 ( rea*+ x1 & hope & c]titude are great allies4 ,& ! same is true ( self-love & love = ^? ) :om "o id5tifies "o's self4 ,x is precisely ?is t my/icism ignores & by t means puts itself 9 opposition to ! sci5tific _s4 ,= my/icism !re is no compromise possible betwe5 ! fact & its ideal :i* d5ies ! fact4 ,logically my/icism ought to address its ef=ts t[>d total annihilation1 mu* aft] ! mann] ( ! foll[]s ( ,s*op5hau] & ( ,h>tmann4 ,x w\ld be bett] = ! _w to g (f 9 smoke1 s to speak2 to become sublimat$ l ! corpses :i* ! wor%ipp]s ( ! sun us$ to expose to its rays1 to be conv]t$1 z f> z possible1 into vap\r4 ,sid5ote3 ,love ( ,god on ! decl9e4 ,excess de/roys itself4 ,if pleasure ends 9 disgu/1 my/icism possesses also its seamy side 9 a c]ta9 dis5*antm5t ) ,god himself1 9 a c]ta9 home-sickness = unkn[n joys1 9 t sadness peculi> to ! cloi/] = :i* ,*ri/ians 7 oblig$ to inv5t a new "n1 9 ! ,lat9 language1 to designate--ac$ia4 ,:5 9 ! ,middle ,ages all "o's preoccupations & affections 7 turn$ t[>d heav51 human t5d]ness 0 impov]i%$ to precisely t ext5t4 ,! intellectual & moral evolution ( our days has mov$ 9 a contr>y direction2 love ( ,god is on ! decl9e4 ,love ( mank9d1 on ! contr>y1 & love ( liv+ be+s 9 g5]al1 is on ! increase4 ,a sort ( sub/itution ( ! "o = ! o!r is tak+ place4 ,does x n seem z if e>?'s turn _h come1 & t mu* ( ! =ce previ\sly sp5t 9 futile adoration1 devot$ t[>d ! cl\ds1 is be+ m & m practically employ$ 9 ! s]vice ( humanity8 ,sid5ote3 ,love ( man to take its place4 ,=m]ly1 ideas ( human frat]nity & lov+ equality 7 promot$ 9 especial by ! ,*ri/ians4 ,! explanation is simple3 ,god 0 conceiv$ by !m z an actual fa!r1 a g5itor2 m5 seem$ to ! e>ly ,*ri/ians all ( "o family1 hav+ a common ance/or4 ,s t div9e love & human love 7 reg>d$ by !m z insep>ably b\nd up ) ea* o!r4 ,x is to be add$ t ,*ri/ianity1 :i* made its way into ! _w ?r\gh ! l[] classes ( society1 _h ev]y?+ to ga9 by giv+ prom95ce to notions ( frat]nity & equality2 x 0 by ?is means among o!rs t x conciliat$ ! masses1 :o 7 = a long "t its ma9 support4 ,b f ! mom5t x f\nd itself able to rely ^u ! high] classes ( society1 h[ quickly x *ang$ its language is well kn[n1 & at ! pres5t mom5t ! position ( ,*ri/ianity is precisely opposite to t :i* x occupi$ 9 ! anci5t _w4 ,ard5t advocates ( ! ideas ( frat]nity are (t5 adv]s>ies ( religion1 are (t5 free-?9k]s1 sometimes decid$ a!i/s4 ,! sy/em ( ?\ght :i* f\nd$ ! love ( m5 = ea* o!r ^u a community ( orig9 is almo/ univ]sally reject$4 ,social doctr9es1 :i* 9 =m] times 7 s (t5 bas$ ^u ! elem5t ( socialism 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 are n[adays be+ =m$ & inculcat$ 9 complete indep5d5ce ( religi\s fai? & (t5 9 positive antagonism to any religi\s fai? :atev]4 ,religion sometimes pres5ts itself z an additional ob/acle1 simply1 to ! bro!rhood ( man1 9 t x creates m /ubborn divisions among !m ?an diff]5ces ( class or ev5 ( language4 ,by an inevitable evolution religion has to-day come to repres5t among c]ta9 nations ! _s ( ca/e & intol]ance1 & consequ5tly ( jeal\sy & enmity1 :]eas non-religion has come to be ! recogniz$ *ampion ( social equality1 ( tol]ance1 & ( frat]nity4 ,beh9d ,god1 rightly or wrongly1 z beh9d _! natural def5d]1 ! p>tisans ( ! old ord] ( ?+s1 ( privilege & h]$it>y enmities1 h rang$ !mselves2 9 ! brea/ ( ! fai?ful a my/ical love = ,god corresponds to-day z 9 o!r days to an ana!ma & mal$iction on mank9d4 ,x 0 long ago rem>k$ t ^? ^: bless+ is mo/ flu5t c also %[ !mselves at ne$ ! mo/ flu5t to curse2 ! mo/ my/ical are ! mo/ viol5t4 ,no?+ c equal ! viol5ce ( ! g5tle ,jesus himself :5 he is speak+ ( ! ,ph>isees1 ^: doctr9es possess$ s close an analogy to 8 own4 ,:oev] believes himself to h felt ! brea? ( ,god ^u 8 =ehead becomes bitt] & ob/9ate 9 8 relations ) m]e m52 he is no long] "o ( !m4 ,s t ! notion ( ! div9e1 ( ! sup]human t5ds t[>d t ( ! ant9atural & antihuman4 ,sid5ote3 ,& also love ( family4 ,! aim ( progress 9 mod]n societies is to dome/icate peace )9 _! limits z well z )\t1 to suppress my/icism1 & to conc5trate ^u ! real univ]se1 pres5t or to come1 ! :ole body ( our affections2 to b9d our he>ts toge!r 9 s intimate a union t !y %all be suffici5t unto !mselves & unto ea* o!r1 & t ! human _w1 magnifi$ by ! eyes ( love1 may ga!r to itself ! totality ( ?+s4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! love ( family1 :i* sc>cely exi/$ at all 9 anci5t times1 & :i* 9 ! ,middle ,ages 0 almo/ entirely absorb$ by ! conception ( au?ority & ( subord9ation1 c sc>cely be said to h acquir$ be=e our days a consid]able hold on human life4 ,x is only s9ce ! eighte5? c5tury & ! spread ( ! !ory ( equality t ! fa!r ( a family1 9 especial 9 ,france1 has ceas$ to consid] himself z a sort ( irresponsible sov]eign1 & begun to treat 8 wife 9 "s sort z 8 equal & to ex]cise ov] 8 *ildr5 no m ?an ! m9imum ( possible au?ority4 ,:5ev] wom5 %all receive an education almo/ equival5t to t giv5 to m51 ! moral equality betwe5 !m & m5 w h be5 consecrat$1 & z love is always m complete & m durable betwe5 be+s :o consid] ea* o!r z morally equal1 x foll[s t ! love ( family w increase1 w draw to itself a great] proportion ( ! desires & aspirations ( ! individual4 ,9 positive opposition to religion1 :i* has und]tak5 to combat ! love ( woman by re/ra9+ x )9 n>r[ limits1 ! love ( woman has atta9$ little by little an int5sity t x nev] possess$ 9 anci5t times3 x suffices to read our poets to become conv9c$ ( x1 & x w cont9ue to increase ) ! intellectual developm5t ( wom51 :i* w make a clos] & m complete union betwe5 m5 & wom5 possible ?an exi/s at pres5t4 ,! association ( man & woman be+ capable ?us ( becom+ 9 a mann] a sort ( intellectual association & fell[%ip1 x w result 9 a f]tility ( a new species3 love w no long] act ^u ! intellig5ce solely z ! mo/ p[]ful ( /imulants1 x w contribute positive elem5ts hi!rto unkn[n4 ,x is impossible to pr$ict ! sort ( "w t ! comb9$ lab\r ( man & woman w produce :5 !y possess a prep>ation = x t w be practically ^u bo? sides equal4 ,"s h9t ( :at "o means may be ga!r$ f examples actually "u "o's eyes4 ,9 ! pres5t c5tury m5 & wom5 ( tal5t are t5d+ to come into clos] relations ) ea* o!r2 & ,i might cite ! names ( ,mi*elet & ,mme4 ,mi*elet1 ( ,john ,/u>t ,mill & 8 wife1 ( ,lewes & ,george ,eliot1 & o!r names besides4 ,b n to give an undue prom95ce to great names l ^!1 :i* are aft] all exceptions 9 ! human race1 x is n too mu* to ass]t t f ! v top ( ! social ladd] to ! bottom ! family t5ds increas+ly to become a unity1 a m & m p]fect organism 9 :i* man w "o day f9d scope = all ( 8 p[]s & capabilities4 ,! importance ( ! family increases1 z t ( ! city & ( ! despotic tutelage ( ! /ate decreases4 ,?is importance1 :i* is almo/ non-exi/5t 9 purely milit>y societies 7( :i* ,lac$mon may s]ve z ! accompli%$ exempl>71 becomes great] & great] 9 free & indu/rial societies su* z ^? ( ! future1 & ?us !re op5s a new field = human activity & s5sibility4 ,! love ( m5 & wom5 = ea* o!r & ( bo? = _! *ildr51 height5$ by ! gr[+ s5tim5t ( equality1 is de/9$ 9 ! au?or's judgm5t to create a new & non-my/ical sort ( religion1 ! wor%ip ( ! family4 ,if a cult = ! gods ( ! he>? 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ religions1 p]haps x w also be actually ! la/3 ! family he>? possesses 9 & ( itself an elem5t ( sacr$ness1 ( religion1 s9ce x b9ds toge!r z ab\t a common c5tre be+s s div]se 9 orig9 & sex4 ,& ?us ! mod]n family1 f\nd$ on ! law ( equality1 seems by its v _s1 & by ! s5tim5ts :i* x excites1 to be 9 gr[+ opposition to religi\s my/icism4 ,! true type ( ! prie/1 :atev] ,prote/antism may say1 is ! solit>y man1 ! mission>y "h bel[1 devot$ body & s\l to ,god2 :]eas ! type ( ! practical philosoph] & ! mod]n sage is a lov+1 ?9k+1 lab\r+ man1 devot$ to ^? :o are de> to him4 ,sid5ote3 ,& love ( c\ntry4 ,a simil> antagonism may be se5 betwe5 ! s5tim5t ( my/icism & ( allegiance to ! /ate4 ,! citiz5 :o kn[s t ! fate ( 8 c\ntry lies 9 8 arms1 :o loves 8 c\ntry ) an active & s9c]e love1 is a wor%ipp] 9 a social religion4 ,great politicians h almo/ always be5 l>ge & lib]al m9ds4 ,! anci5t republics 7 comp>atively non-religi\s = _! "t2 ! disappe>ance ( mon>*y co9cides 9 g5]al1 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d1 ) enfeeblem5t ( fai?4 ,:5 ev]ybody %all feel himself z equally & truly a citiz5 z anybody else1 & %all be able to devote himself ) an equal love to ! good ( ! /ate1 !re w no long] be s great a /ore ( unemploy$ activity1 ( surplus s5sibility ly+ ready to ! h& ( my/icism4 ,= ! re/1 let u magnify a little ! sph]e ( human activity2 n only ! family & ! /ate are n[adays dem&+ an increas+ly l>ge %>e ( "o's att5tion & affection1 b ! human race itself is com+ to be ea* day m & m intimately pres5t to ! m9d ( ea* ( u4 ,we f9d x m & m difficult ev5 9 ?\ght to isolate ourselves1 to become absorb$ ei!r 9 ourselves1 or 9 ,god4 ,! human _w has become inf9itely m human ?an =m]ly2 all ! b\nds :i* sep>at$ m5 f ea* o!r 7religion1 language1 nationality1 race7 are reg>d$ already by sup]ior m5 z artificial4 ,! human race itself is com+ to be recogniz$ z a "p only ( ! animal k+dom1 ! entire _w claims ! att5tion ( sci5ce1 (f]s itself to our love & op5s = ! devotees ( my/icism ! p]spective ( a species ( univ]sal frat]nity4 ,j 9 s f> z ! univ]se ?us gr[s l>g]1 x becomes less & less insuffici5t 9 our eyes2 & ?is surplus ( love1 :i* =m]ly m\nt$ t[>d heav5 9 se>* ( "s transc5d5t re/+ place1 f9ds ample room ^u ! surface ( ! e>? & ( heav5ly bodies n unkn[n to a/ronomy4 ,if ! my/ical t5d5cy ( ! human m9d be n de/9$ completely to disappe>1 if x possesses any elem5t ( p]man5cy1 x w at lea/ *ange its direction1 & inde$1 little by little is *ang+ x4 ,*ri/ians 7 9 no s5se wrong 9 f9d+ society 9 anci5t times too n>r[ & ! anci5t _w too cab9$ & conf9$ "u its dome ( cry/al2 ! v reason = ! exi/5ce ( ,*ri/ianity lay 9 ?is vici\s conception ( society & ( nature4 ,to-day ! "o ?+ ne$ful is to magnify ! _w till x %all satisfy ! ne$s ( man2 until an equilibrium be e/abli%$ betwe5 ! univ]se & ! human he>t4 ,! aim ( sci5ce is n to ext+ui% ! ne$ to love :i* con/itutes s consid]able an elem5t ( ! religi\s s5tim5t1 b to supply t ne$ ) an actually exi/+ object2 its function is n to put a *eck ^u ! outleap ( human affection b to ju/ify x4 ,sid5ote3 ,b ! love ( a p]sonal ,god mu/ be di/+ui%$ 9 all ?is f love ( ! ideal ,god4 ,& rem>k1 also1 t if ! love ( a p]sonal ,god my/ically conceiv$ t5ds to become dim 9 mod]n societies1 ! same is n true ( ! love ( an ideal ,god conceiv$ z ! practical type ( conduct4 ,! ideal ,god1 9 effect1 9 no s5se exi/s 9 opposition to ! _w1 ,he surpasses x simply2 ,he is at bottom id5tical ) ! progress ( human ?\ght :i*1 ) its po9t ( dep>ture 9 brute fact1 out/rips ! actual & =esees & prep>es ! way = p]petual progress4 ,9 human life ! real & ! ideal are h>moniz$1 = life z a :ole bo? is & becomes4 ,:oev] says life1 says evolution2 & evolution is ! ,jacob's ladd] re/+ bo? on heav5 & on e>?2 at ! base ( x we are brutes1 at ! summit ( x we are gods1 s t religi\s s5tim5t _c be said s mu* to be 9 opposition to sci5ce & philosophy z to complete !m2 or r1 x is at bottom id5tical ) ! _s t animates !m4 ,we h spok5 ( religion z sci5ce1--9 its beg9n+s z unconsci\s sci5ce2 9 ! same way sci5ce may be call$ religion head$ back t[>d reality2 head$1 t is to say 9 ! normal direction4 ,religion says to ! human race3 ,b9d y\rselves toge!r into a s+le :ole2 sci5ce %[s ! human race t all mank9d are inevitably p>ts ( a s+le :ole already1 & ! tea*+ ( ! two is practically "o4 ,sid5ote3 ,summ>y4 ,9 effect !re is tak+ place a c]ta9 sub/itution 9 our affections2 we are com+ to love ,god 9 man1 ! future 9 ! pres5t1 ! ideal 9 ! real4 ,! man ( evolution is precisely ! man-,god ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,& ?is love ( ! ideal h>moniz$ ) ! love ( humanity1 in/ead ( f9d+ its v5t 9 va9 contemplation & ec/asy1 w fill ! limbs ) en]gy4 ,we %all love ,god all ! m t ,he w be1 s to speak1 ! "w ( our own h&s4 ,& if !re be really at ! bottom ( ! human he>t "s inde/ructible elem5t ( my/icism1 x w be employ$ z an important factor 9 ! s]vice ( evolution2 our he>t w g out to our ideas1 & we %all adore !m 9 proportion z we %all realize !m4 ,religion hav+ become ! pure/ ( all ?+s--pure love ( ! ideal--w at ! same "t h become ! reale/ & 9 appe>ance ! humble/ ( all ?+s--lab\r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,my/icism & asceticism4 ,! natural & practical complem5t ( my/icism is asceticism2 & asceticism is ano!r ( ! elem5ts ( religi\s morality t are becom+ daily feebl] 9 ! pres5ce ( ! mod]n _s4 ,sid5ote3 ,asceticism 9 ! good & ! bad s5se4 ,au/]ity is ( two k9ds1 ! "o q my/ical 9 orig91 despis+ art1 beauty1 sci5ce2 ! o!r f\nd$ on a c]ta9 moral /oicism1 a c]ta9 respect = "o's self4 ,! latt] is 9 no s5se ascetic1 x is compos$ = ! mo/ "p ( ! v love = sci5ce & art1 b x is ! highe/ art only t x loves1 & sci5ce = sci5ce's sake t x pursues4 ,! excess ( au/]ity1 to :i* religions h s (t5 l$1 be>s ! same relation to virtue t av>ice does to economy4 ,au/]ity alone does n con/itute a m]it or an elem5t ( sup]iority4 ,life may be mu* m g5tle1 m social1 bett] on _m acc\nts among a p ( loose mann]s l ! anci5t ,greeks1 ?an among a p :o reg>d exi/5ce z h>d & dry1 & :o make x s by ! brutality ( _! fai? & ignore ! light5+ ( ! burd5 ( life t lies 9 smiles & te>s4 ,"o w\ld r live ) prodigals ?an ) mis]s4 ,av>ice1 h[ev]1 :i* may be reg>d$ 9 ! life ( a p or ( a family z a /ate ( transition1 is economically & morally sup]ior to prodigality4 ,! same may be said ( excessive rig\r4 ,excessive rig\r & av>ice are defects :i* are r5d]$ tol]able by _! consequ5ces1 :i* impov]i% life 9 ord] subsequ5tly1 ) a fre] h&1 to enri* x4 ,x is bett] = ! race if n always s = ! individual to be economical to excess ?an to dissipate its res\rces intemp]ately4 ,an impulse held 9 *eck ga!rs =ce4 ,au/]ity1 l av>ice1 is a means ( def5ce & ( protection1 a weapon4 ,conqu]ors h (t5 9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory be5 ! sons ( mis]s :o h amass$ treasure & blood = _! b5efit4 ,f "t to "t x is good to reg>d "o's self z an enemy1 & to live & sleep 9 a coat ( mail4 ,= ! re/1 !re are temp]am5ts t c be held 9 *eck by no?+ light] ?an b>s ( iron1 t f9d no mean betwe5 pure wat] & pure alcohol2 betwe5 a b$ ( roses & a cr[n ( ?orns2 betwe5 moral law & milit>y discipl9e2 betwe5 a morali/ & a corporal4 ,/ill1 "o mu/ n repres5t su* a /ate ( m9d at lea/ z ideal4 ,! ascetic hates himself2 b "o mu/ hate nobody1 n ev5 "o's self2 "o mu/ und]/& all ?+s & regulate !m4 ,hatr$ ( self spr+s f feebl5ess ( w2 :oev] is gift$ ) self-control ne$ n hate himself4 ,in/ead ( giv+ "o's self a bad "n "o's duty is to make "o's self wor?y ( a bett]4 ,!re may well be a c]ta9 legitimate elem5t ( rig\r1 ( inn] discipl9e1 9 e sy/em ( morality2 b ?is discipl9e %\ld be reasonable1 rationally direct$ t[>d an end :i* expla9s & ju/ifies x3 "o's bus9ess is n to break ! body b to fa%ion x1 to b5d x4 ,! savant1 = example1 %\ld aim to develop 8 bra91 to ref9e 8 n]v\s sy/em1 to r$uce 8 circulatory & nutritive sy/em to _! l[e/ t]ms4 ,y may call t asceticism if y l1 b x is a f]tile1 a useful asceticism2 x is at bottom a moral hygi5e simply--:i* ought to be made a "p ( physical hygi5e4 ,a surgeon kn[s t he mu/ lead a sev]e & cont95t life1 or 8 h& w lose its cunn+4 ,! v condition ( 8 be+ able to aid o!r p is t he 9 a measure suff] privation himself2 he mu/ *oose4 ,& to make ?is *oice he exp]i5ces no ne$ ( a religi\s injunction1 he requires only ! voice ( consci5ce4 ,x suffices = him to "k en\gh ( moral hygi5e to =esee ! di/ant results ( 8 conduct & to possess a suffici5t measure ( firmness to be self-consi/5t4 ,x is aft] ?is fa%ion t1 9 plott+ out "o's life accord+ to sci5tific laws1 "o may regulate x1 may r5d] x almo/ z h>d z t ( ! mo/ self-d5y+ monk4 ,e pr(ession t is freely *os5 is 9 ! nature ( a self-impos$ discipl9e4 ,z to ! *oice ( no pr(ession1 z to volunt>y idl5ess--t is 9 & ( itself immoral & necess>ily leads to immorality1 :atev] may be ! religion t "o holds4 ,sid5ote3 ,asceticism results 9 a preoccupation ) s94 ,! ultimate consequ5ce ( excessive rig\rism is morbid preoccupation ) s93 an obsession :i*1 ) ! fe> ( ! mill5nium1 is "o ( ! greate/ ( ! futile tortures t h afflict$ humanity4 ,x is z dang]\s = man to magnify 8 vices z 8 virtues2 to believe "o's self a mon/] possesses no great] exemption f evil consequ5ces ?an to believe "o's self p]fect4 ,s9 9 itself1 & philosophically consid]$1 is a conception difficult to reconcile ) ! mod]n idea ( sci5tific det]m9ism1 :i*1 :5 x has expla9$ ev]y?+1 goes f>1 if n t[>d ju/ify+ ev]y?+1 at lea/ t[>d p>don+ ev]y?+4 ,nei!r ! pangs nor ! vanity ( s9 are p]missible to u n[adays :5 we are h>dly c]ta9 really t our own s9s belong to u4 ,temptation comes to u 9 ! guise ( ! reawak+ ( an h]$it>y appetite1 h&$ d[n to u n only f ! fir/ man1 b f ! ance/ors ( ! fir/ man1 or m accurately f life itself1 f ! univ]se1 f ! ,god :o is imman5t 9 ! _w or :o transc5ds x1 & has creat$ x2 x is n ! devil t tempts u1 x is ,god4 ,l ,jacob1 ( :om we 7 speak+ a mom5t ago1 we mu/ vanqui% ,god1 mu/ subject life to ?\ght1 mu/ give ! victory to ! high] =ms ( life1 z aga9/ ! l[]4 ,if we are w\nd$ 9 ?is /ruggle1 if we are br&$ ) ! m>k ( s91 if we m\nt halt+ly up ! /eps ( goodness1 we ought n to be immeasurably t]rifi$3 ! ess5tial ?+ is to g upw>d4 ,temptation is n 9 & ( itself a blot1 x may be ev5 an emblem ( nobility s long z "o does n yield to x4 ,our fir/ fa!rs 7 n subject to temptation1 prop]ly s call$1 because !y yield$ to all _! desires1 because !y made no /ruggle aga9/ !m4 ,s9 or moral evil is explicable3 fir/ by ! antagonism betwe5 in/9ct & reflection2 second1 by ! antagonism betwe5 egoi/ic in/9cts & altrui/ic in/9cts4 ,?is d\ble antagonism betwe5 in/9ct & consci\s purpose1 betwe5 egoism & altruism1 is a necess>y incid5t ( self-k & a condition ( progress3 to "k "o's self is to be aw>e m or less uneasily ( a manifold1 & succession ( inconsi/5t desires ( :i* ! mov+ equilibrium con/itutes life itself2 self-k1 & k 9 g5]al1 is ! equival5t ( temptation4 ,life is 9 "s sort always s91 = "o _c eat1 "o _c ev5 brea! )\t "s measure ( affirmation ( l[ & egoi/ic in/9cts4 ,moreov] asceticism logically leads n[h]e1 to negation ( life2 ! mo/ ?or\gh-go+ ascetics are ! ,yoghis ( ,india1 :o atta9 ! po9t ( liv+ )\t air or food & ( go+ d[n alive into ! tomb4#fd ,& 9 believ+ himself ?us to h realiz$ absolute r5unciation1 :at ! ascetic actually realiz$ is complete & p]fect egoism1 = ! la/ drops ( vegetative life :i* fl[ 9 8 ve9s circulate = him alone & n a %iv] ( 8 he>t is direct$ beyond himself2 by impov]i%+ & annihilat+ 8 life1 he has suppress$ ! g5]osity t fulness ( life produc$2 9 8 endeav\r to kill s9 he has slaught]$ *>ity4 ,! real moral & religi\s ideal does n consi/ 9 d5y+ "o's self ev]y?+ 9 ord] to d5y "o's self :at is s9ful4 ,!re is no?+ absolutely evil 9 u1 except excess2 :5 we apply ! knife to our he>ts1 we %\ld h b "o aim1 ! "o :i* ! g>d5] has 9 view 9 prun+ trees1 to increase our real p[]4 ,our manifold desires %\ld all be satisfi$ at "o "t or ano!r2 we %\ld take example f ! "m :o =ces h]self to eat t %e may wat* to ! end at ! b$side ( h] dy+ *ild4 ,:oev] purposes to live = o!rs besides himself1 w f9d no "t to sulk2 = :oev] possesses a he>t suffici5tly great no function 9 life is impure4 ,e moral rule %\ld be a reconciliation betwe5 egoism & altruism1 orig9al s9 & ideal sanctity2 & to accompli% ?is reconciliation x suffices to %[ t ea* ( our manifold & mutually exclusive desires1 if c>ri$ to ! extreme1 contradicts itself2 t our desires ne$ ea* o!r1 t :5 nature endeav\rs to rise above h]self %e inevitably falls headlong4 ,to gov]n "o's self means to reconcile all p>ties4 ,ormuzd & ,ahriman1 _s & nature1 are n s ho/ile to ea* o!r z seems to be believ$1 & ei!r ( !m inde$ is p[]less )\t ! o!r4 ,!y are two gods ^: orig9 is ! same1 !y are immortal1 & = immortals "s means ( accommodation mu/ be f\nd4 ,complete & unremun]at$ sacrifice nev] c be adopt$ z a rule ( life2 nev] c be m ?an a sublime conception1 a sp>k 9 "s individual exi/5ce1 consum+ ! fuel x fe$s ^u & !n disappe>+ & leav+ beh9d1 face to face1 ! two great pr9ciples1 a consci\s reconciliation ( :i* con/itutes ! moral mean4 #fd ,! fact has be5 v]ifi$ by ! ,engli% au?orities & has be5 comm5t$ on by ! physiologi/ ,w4 ,prey] 7b] die ,er=s*ung des ,leb5s1 ,j5a1 & ,sammlung physiologis*] ,abh&lung574 ,yoghis :o h atta9$ ! highe/ degree ( p]fection1 & are ins5sible to cold & to heat & h contract$1 by a s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 ! habit ( brea?+ almo/ n at all1 h be5 buri$ alive & resuscitat$ at ! end ( "s weeks4 ,:5 !y 7 reawak5$ a height5+ ( ! temp]ature 0 notic$ z 9 ! case ( ! reawak+ ( hib]nat+ mammals1 & x is inde$ to ! ph5om5a ( hib]nation t ?is /range volunt>y susp5sion ( animation mo/ closely approa*es--?is my/ical return to a life m]ely vegetative1 ?is absorption 9 ! bosom ( ! unconsci\s1 :]e ! ,yoghis hopes to f9d ,god4 ,z a prelim9>y discipl9e ! ,yoghis dim9i%es little by little ! quantity ( air & light necess>y to 8 life2 he lives 9 a cell :i* is lit & v5tilat$ by no m ?an a s+le *9k2 he m9imizes all movem5t 9 ord] to m9imize ! necessity ( respiration2 he does n speak except to repeat to himself twelve ?\s& times a day ! my/ic "n ( ,om2 he rema9s = h\rs toge!r motionless z a /atue4 ,he practises brea?+ ov] aga9 & aga9 ! same body ( air1 & ! long] ! p]iod betwe5 inspiration & expiration1 ! great] 8 sanctity6 ,f9ally he c>efully seals all ! op5+s ( 8 body ) wax & cotton & closes ! op5+ ( ! ?roat ) ! tongue1 :i* c]ta9 incisions p]mit him to fold ov] backw>d1 & f9ally falls into a le?>gy 9 :i* ! movem5ts ( respiration may be susp5d$ )\t ! ?read ( life positively be+ sev]$4 ,sid5ote3 ,results a priori f ! nature ( ideas4 ,! v nature ( ! conceptions confirms :at we h j said respect+ temptation & s94 ,directly or indirectly1 e idea is a sugge/ion1 an incitem5t to action2 x t5ds ev5 to take exclusive possession ( u1 to become a fix$ idea1 to employ u z a means to its own end1 to realize itself (t5 9 spite ( u2 b z our ?\ght embraces all ?+s 9 ! univ]se1 high & l[1 we are incessantly solicit$ to act 9 opposite directions2 temptation1 f ?is po9t ( view1 is simply ! law ( ?\ght1 & ! law ( s5sibility4 ,& ascetics & prie/s h endeav\r$ z a means ( /ruggl+ aga9/ temptation to conf9e human ?\ght1 to prev5t x f play+ freely ab\t ! ?+s ( ?is _w4 ,b ! ?+s ( ?is _w are precisely ^? :i* are always pres5t1 :i* solicit u mo/ /rongly & con/antly4 ,& ! great] our ef=t to exclude !m f ! m9d1 ! great] _! p[] ov] u4 ,!re is no?+ "o sees m cle>ly ?an :at "o resolves n to look at2 !re is no?+ t makes ! he>t beat s quickly z :at "o resolves n to love4 ,! cure = temptation1 s p]si/5tly dem&$ by ess5tially religi\s p1 is n re/riction ( ?\ght b enl>gem5t ( ?\ght4 ,! visible _w _c be hidd51 x is folly to attempt x1 b x c be magnifi$ indef9itely4 ,incessant discov]ies may be made 9 x & ! p]il ( c]ta9 po9ts ( view c\nt]act$ by ! novelty & attractiv5ess ( c]ta9 o!rs1 & ! kn[n univ]se lo/ sight ( 9 ! abyss ( ! unkn[n4 ,?\ght be>s its own antidote--a sci5ce suffici5tly great is m tru/wor?y ?an innoc5ce2 a b\ndless curiosity is ! cure = all petty curiosities4 ,an eye :i* rea*es ! />s w n aim long at a l[ m>k2 x is protect$ by its comm& ( space & light1 = light is purify+4 ,by mak+ temptation inf9ite "o makes x salut>y & 9 ! be/ s5se div9e4 ,asceticism1 & ! artificial maturity t comes ( a dissolute life1 (t5 am\nt to ! same ?+4 ,"o mu/ keep "o's y\? & memory gre51 & "o's he>t op54 8,i 0 n a man be=e ye>s ( manhood10 said ,m>cus ,aurelius4 ,bo? asceticism & debau*]y make m5 precoci\sly old1 wean !m f love & en?usiasm = ! ?+s ( ?is _w4 ,! isl& ( ,cy!re & ! des]t ( ,!bes are alike des]ts4 ,to rema9 "y long1 to rema9 a *ild ev5 9 ! spontaneity & affectionat5ess ( "o's he>t1 to pres]ve n 9 ext]nals1 b 9 8int]nals10 some?+ ( lightness & gaiety is ! be/ means ( dom9at+ life2 = :at is m p[]ful ?an y\?8 ,"o mu/ nei!r /iff5 "o's self1 nor bri/le up aga9/ life1 nor c[>dly ab&on "o's self to x2 "o mu/ take x z x is1 t is to say1 accord+ to ! popul> maxim1 8z x comes10 & welcome x ) an infant's smile )\t any o!r c>e ?an to ma9ta9 "o's possession ( "o's self1 9 ord] t "o may possess all ?+s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,pray]4 ,,iii4 ,morality & religion are insep>able 9 all hi/orical fai?s1 & ! ess5tial act ( subjective wor%ip1 ! fundam5tal rite comm&$ by religi\s morality1 is pray]4 ,sid5ote3 ,k9ds ( pray] di/+ui%$4 ,to analyze pray] into all its compon5t elem5ts w\ld be v difficult & f> f simple4 ,pray] may be an almo/ me*anical accompli%m5t ( ! rite1 ! babbl+ ( va9 words1 & z su* x is despicable ev5 f ! po9t ( view ( religion4 ,x may be an egoi/ic dem&1 & z su* x is mean1 simply4 ,x may be an act ( nave fai? 9 beliefs m or less popul> & irrational1 & on ?is score its value is s slight t x may be neglect$4 ,b x may be also ! dis9t]e/$ outp\r+ ( a s\l :i* believes itself to be 9 "s fa%ion or o!r s]v+ someone else1 act+ ^u ! _w by ! ard\r ( its fai?1 conf]r+ a gift1 an (f]+1 devot+ some?+ ( itself to someone else4 ,!re9 lies ! gr&eur ( pray]3 x is !n no m ?an "o ( ! =ms ( *>ity & ! love ( mank9d4 ,b suppose x %\ld be demon/rat$ t ?is especial =m ( *>ity is illusory1 does "o imag9e t ! v pr9ciple ( *>ity itself w by t fact receive a *eck8 ,sid5ote3 ,sup]ficiality ( mo/ pleas 9 its behalf4 ,_m argum5ts h be5 urg$ 9 fav\r ( pray]1 b ! majority ( !m are q ext]nal & sup]ficial4 ,pray]1 x has be5 said1 z be+ a dem& on a special ,provid5ce1 is sov]eignly consol+2 x is "o ( ! sweete/ ( ! satisfactions incid5t to religi\s fai?4 ,"o :o _h be5 conv]t$ to free-?\ght said to me rec5tly1 8,!re is b "o ?+ 9 my =m] fai? t ,i regret1 & t is t ,i c no long] pray = y & imag9e t ,i am s]v+ y40 ,assur$ly x is sad to lose a fai? :i* consol$ "o2 b suppose t someone believ$ himself to possess ! fairy-w& & to be able to save ! _w4 ,"s f9e morn+ he f9ds himself undeceiv$1 he f9ds himself alone 9 ! _w ) no p[] at 8 disposal m my/]i\s ?an t ( 8 t5 f+]s & 8 bra94 ,he _c b regret 8 imag9>y p[]1 b he w lab\r nev]!less to acquire a real p[] & ! loss ( 8 illusions w b s]ve z a /imulus to 8 w4 ,x is always dang]\s to believe t "o possesses a p[] t "o has n1 = x h9d]s "o 9 "s degree f kn[+ & ex]cis+ ^? t "o has4 ,! m5 ( =m] times1 ! times ( absolute mon>*y1 :o _h access to ! e> ( pr9ces1 possess$ a p[] analog\s to t :i* ! believ]s on _! knees 9 temples /ill believe !mselves to possess2 ?is p[]1 9 ! case ( k+s1 _! confid5tial m9i/]s h lo/ z ! result ( purely t]re/rial revolutions2 & h !y !reby be5 dim9i%$ 9 _! dignity z moral be+s8 ,no1 a man is morally great] z a citiz5 ?an z a c\rti]2 "o is great] z ! result ( :at "o does "o's self only1 or attempts to d1 & n z ! result ( :at "o endeav\rs to obta9 f a ma/]4 ,sid5ote3 ,argum5ts = its utility equally good = auricul> confession4 ,w ! individual nev] be able to d )\t pray]s conceiv$ z a con/ant communication ) ,god1 z a daily confession1 a fai? 9 ,him & be=e ,him8 ,he w probably n r5\nce x until he is capable ( exi/+ )\t x4 ,argum5ts to prove ! practical utility ( pray]1 conceiv$ z a direct communication ) "o's liv+ ideal1 w\ld all hold equally good 9 fav\r ( ,ca?olic confession be=e ! prie/ z a realization ( ! moral ideal4 ,nev]!less1 :5 ,prote/ants suppress$ ! confession !y gave a fre% developm5t to moral au/]ity3 ! morality ( ,prote/ant peoples1 :i* is def5d$ only by ! voice ( consci5ce1 is n inf]ior to t ( ,ca?olic peoples4#fe ,is x any m necess>y = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ "o's faults & cur+ !m to kneel be=e a p]sonifi$ & an?ropomorphic ,god ?an be=e a prie/ b5ea? ! ro( ( a *ur*8 ,exp]i5ce alone c decide1 & a numb] ( m5 seem already successfully to h tri$ ! exp]im5t4 ,! scrut9y ( a philosophical consci5ce has be5 prov$ to be suffici5t4 #fe ,see bel[ *apt] iv4 ,sid5ote3 ,pray] z a subjective relief4 ,f9ally x has be5 said t pray]1 ev5 conceiv$ z de/itute ( objective effect1 nev]!less ju/ifies itself by ! com=t x af=ds2 "o has attempt$ to argue 9 its fav\r on purely subjective gr\nds1 b pray] runs ! risk precisely ( los+ its p[] z a consol] ! in/ant "o ceases to believe 9 its objective effici5cy4 ,if nobody he>s u1 :o w cont9ue to (f] up petitions simply to ease ! burd5 ( 8 own he>t8 ,if ! orator is uplift$ by ! sympa?y ( ! assembly :i* li/5s to him1 does x foll[ t he w exp]i5ce ! same effect if he deliv] 8 oration 9 ! void ) ! k t 8 ?\ght1 8 ^w1 8 emotion1 are lo/1 & sp5d !mselves 9 space8 ,sid5ote3 ,subjective *>ity ! durable elem5t 9 pray]4 ,if pray] is really to be its own rew>d1 x mu/ n consi/ ( a dem& address$ to "s ,be+ ext]ior to "o's self1 x mu/ be a subjective act ( love1 :at ,*ri/ianity calls an act ( *>ity4 ,*>ity is ! et]nal elem5t 9 pray]4 ,to ask = some?+ = "o's self is a ?+ difficult to ju/ify2 to ask = some?+ = someone else is at lea/ a beg9n+ ( dis9t]e/$ conduct4 8,h[ mu* long] ?y pray]s gr[1 gr&mama1 day by day60 8,! numb] ( ^? = :om ,i pray increases day by day40 ,ov] & above ?is elem5t ( *>ity1 pray] conta9s a c]ta9 beauty--a beauty :i* w n disappe> ) ! disappe>ance ( ! sup]/itions :i* h clu/]$ ab\t x4 ,! moral beauty ( pray] is intimately b\nd up ) c]ta9 pr(\nd human s5tim5ts3 "o prays = somebody :om "o loves2 "o prays out ( pity or ( affection2 "o prays 9 despair1 9 hope1 9 gratitude2 s t ! mo/ elevat$ ( human s5tim5ts sometimes ally !mselves ) pray] & col\r x4 ,?is t5sion ( "o's :ole be+ at su* times f9ds its way out ^u ! visage1 & transfigures x ) ! int5se expression t c]ta9 pa9t]s h lov$ to cat* & to p]petuate4#ff ,:at is mo/ beautiful & probably also :at is be/ 9 pray] is1 m ?an all else1 ! human & moral elem5t 9 x4 ,if !re is ?us an ess5tial *>ity 9 g5u9e pray]1 *>ity ( ! lips is n en\gh1 t ( ! he>t & h&s mu/ be add$ to x1 & t is to say 9 ! la/ resort action mu/ be sub/itut$ = x4 #ff ,?is1 h[ev]1 is exceptional2 9 *ur*1 dur+ ! s]vices1 ! majority ( ! faces rema9 inexpressive1 = ! reason t pray] ) ! majority ( ! fai?ful is almo/ always me*anical4 ,sid5ote3 ,increas+ t5d5cy = su* pray] to express itself 9 action4 ,pray] = love & *>ity t5ds increas+ly to f9d v5t 9 action3 a v]ification ( ?is fact may be f\nd 9 hi/ory4 ,=m]ly1 9 a mom5t ( di/ress1 a pagan woman w\ld h ?\ght only ( appeas+ ! ang] ( ! ,gods by "s blood sacrifice1 by ! murd] ( "s innoc5t memb] ( ! l>g] mammals2 9 ! ,middle ,ages %e w\ld h made a v[ or f\nd$ a *apel--?+s /ill va9 & p[]less to alleviate ! mis]y ( ?is _w2 9 our days %e w\ld ?9k r1 if %e 7 a p]son ( "s elevation ( _s1 ( giv+ money 9 *>ity1 ( f\nd+ an e/abli%m5t = ! in/ruction ( ! poor or ! c>e ( ! infirm4 ,"o sees 9 t fact ! m>* ( progress 9 religi\s ideas2 ! "t w come :5 su* actions w no long] be accompli%$ = a directly int]e/$ end b z a sort ( ex*ange ) ! div9ity1 a traffic ( k9dness2 !y w con/itute a recogniz$ "p ( public wor%ip1 ! ess5ce ( wor%ip w be *>ity4 ,pascal asks1 some:]e1 :y ,god has be/[$ pray] ^u man1 :y ,god has comm&$ man to pray2 & he replies pr(\ndly en\gh3 8,to give him ! dignity ( see+ himself z a cause02 b if he :o dem&s b5efits by pray] possess$ =m]ly ! dignity ( be+1 9 8 own "r1 a cause1 h[ mu* great] is ! dignity ( him :o by ! ex]cise ( 8 own moral w procures ! object ( 8 desire8 ,& if to be ! cause ( "o's own well-be+ be ?us ! ess5ce ( pray]1 ( t :i* br+s man ne>e/ to ,god1 ( t :i* lifts man ne>e/ to ,8 level--may "o n say t ! mo/ dis9t]e/$1 ! mo/ sacr$1 ! mo/ human1 ! mo/ div9e ( pray]s is moral conduct8 ,9 ,pascal's op9ion1 x is true1 moral conduct presupposes two t]ms1 duty & p[]1 & man _c always d :at he %\ld2 b "o mu/ break ) ! antique opposition e/abli%$ by ,*ri/ianity1 betwe5 ! s5tim5t ( duty & ! practical p[]lessness ( a man %orn ( all adv5titi\s aid--%orn ( grace4 ,9 reality ! s5tim5t ( duty is1 9 & ( itself1 ! fir/ vague consci\sness ( a p[] exi/5t 9 u1 ( a =ce :i* t5ds to a*ieve its own realization4#fg ,consci\sness ( 8 p[] = good & ( ! p[] ( ! ideal unite 9 man1 = ?is ideal is no m ?an ! projection1 ! objectification1 ( ! highe/ p[] )91 ! =m t t p[] takes 9 reflective intellig5ce4 ,e volition is at bottom no m ?an a capability ( "s sort 9 lab\r1 an action 9 ! /age ( g]m9ation3 ! w to d good1 if x is consci\s ( its own p[]1 has no ne$ to await ! prompt+ ( ext]nal grace2 x is itself its own grace2 by ! v fact ( its bir? x becomes efficaci\s2 by ! v fact ( wi%+1 nature creates4 ,pascal conceiv$ ! moral end1 :i* duty places be=e u1 too mu* aft] ! mann] ( a physical & ext]nal object1 t "o might be able to look ^u b n to atta94 8,"o directs "o's looks on high10 says he1 9 8 8,p5ses10 8b "o re/s ^u ! s& & ! e>? w slip f "u "o1 & "o %all fall ) "o's eyes on heav540 ,b might n "o respond t ! heav5 ( :i* ,pascal is "h speak+1 ! heav5 we c>ry 9 our own bosoms1 is some?+ q diff]5t f ! heav5 :i* we p]ceive spread out above our heads8 ,mu/ x n "h be said t to see is to t\* & to possess2 t a sight ( ! moral end r5d]s possible a progress t[>d x2 t ! re/+ po9t "o f9ds 9 ! moral w1 ! mo/ inv9cible ( all ! =ms ( volition1 w n give way b5ea? "o1 & t "o _c fall1 9 "o's progress t[>d goodness & t 9 ?is s5se to lift "o's eyes t[>d heav5 is already to h set "o's feet on ! way ?i!r4 #fg ,see on ?is po9t our ,esquisse d'une morale sans obligation1 p4 #bg4 ,sid5ote3 ,ultimate claim = pray]4 ,!re rema9s "o m aspect "u :i* pray] may be consid]$4 ,x may be reg>d$ z a species ( spiritual elevation1 a communication ) ! univ]se or ) ,god4#fh ,pray] has 9 all times be5 glorifi$ z a means ( uplift+ ! :ole be+ to a plane t x o!rwise w\ld h be5 unable to atta94 ,! be/ ( u1 z ,amiel said n long s9ce1 f9d complete developm5t & self-k 9 pray] alone4 #fh 8,oh1 ,god0 said ,did]ot1 at ! end ( 8 ,int]prtation de la nature1 8,i d n "k if ,?\ exi/e/1 b ,i %all be> myself z if ,?\ sawe/ into my s\l2 ,i %all act z if ,i felt myself 9 ,?y pres5ce4444 ,i ask no?+ ( ,!e 9 ?is _w1 = ! c\rse ( ?+s is necess>y 9 & ( its own nature1 if ,?\ do/ n exi/1 & necess>y if ,?\ do/1 by ,?y decree40 ,sid5ote3 ,di/9ction betwe5 religi\s ec/asy & philosophical m$itation4 ,"o mu/ be on "o's gu>d aga9/ a multitude ( illusions 9 ?is connection1 & mu/ c>efully di/+ui% betwe5 two v diff]5t ?+s3 religi\s ec/asy & philosophical m$itation4 ,"o ( ! consequ5ces ( our pr(\nd] k ( ! n]v\s sy/em is an increas+ contempt = ec/asy & = all ( ^? /ates ( n]v\s intoxication or ev5 ( intellectual intoxication :i* 7 =m]ly reg>d$ by ! multitude1 & sometimes ev5 by philosoph]s1 z sup]human1 & truly div9e4 ,religi\s ec/asy1 s call$1 may be a ph5om5on s purely physical t x suffices to apply a bit ( volatile oil ( *]ry laurel to induce x 9 c]ta9 subjects1 & to fill !m ) ec/atic beatitude1 & make !m pray & weep & kneel4 ,su* 0 ! fact 9 ! case ( a hy/]ic pati5t1 a h>d5$ c\rtesan ( ,jewi% orig92 x suffic$ ev5 to induce 9 h] def9ite visions1 ev5 su* z t ( ! girl ) gold5 hair 9 ! blue robe />r$ ) gold4#fi ,! intoxication indulg$ 9 by ! foll[]s ( ,dionysius 9 ,greece1 l t indulg$ 9 by ha%ee%-eat]s1 0 no m ?an a viol5t means ( induc+ ec/asy & ( ent]+ into communication ) ! sup]natural _w4#gj ,9 ,india1#ga & among ! ,*ri/ians1 fa/+ is practis$ to atta9 ! same end1 namely a n]v\s excitation ( ! n]v\s sy/ems4 ,! mac]ations ( ! an*orite 71 says ,wundt1 a solit>y orgie1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* monks & nuns ard5tly press$ 9 _! arms fanta/ic images ( ! ,virg9 & ! ,savi\r4 ,accord+ to a leg5d ( ,kri%nasm1 ! ,que5 ,udayapura1 ,mira ,bai1 be+ press$ to abjure h] ,god1 ?rew h]self at ! feet ( ! /atue ( ,kri%na & made ?is pray]3 8,i h quitt$ = !e my love1 my possessions1 my cr[n2 ,i come to !e1 oh1 my refuge6 ,take me40 ,! /atue li/5$ motionless2 sudd5ly x op5$ & ,mira disappe>$ inside ( x4 ,to vani% ?us into ! bosom ( "o's ,god is--is x n8--! p]fect ideal ( ! highe/ human religions4 ,all ( !m h propos$ x to man1 z a prime object ( desire1 to die 9 ,god2 all ( !m h se5 ! high] life z a =m ( ec/asy2 :]eas ! fact is t1 9 a /ate ( ec/asy1 "o desc5ds on ! contr>y to a l[] & a vegetative plane ( exi/5ce1 & t ?is app>5t fusion ) ,god is no m ?an a return to a primitive in]tia1 to a m9]al impassibility1 to a /atuesque petrifaction4 ,"o may believe "o's self uplift$ 9 a /ate ( ec/asy1 & mi/ake = an exaltation ( ?\ght :at is 9 reality no m ?an a /]ile n]v\s excitem5t4 ,! tr\ble is t !re is no means ( measur+ ! real =ce & ext5t ( ?\ght4 ,"u normal circum/ances ! only means t exi/ are action2 "o :o does n act is inevitably incl9$ to exagg]ate ! value ( 8 ?\ght4 ,amiel himself did n escape f ?is dang]4 ,fanci$ sup]iority disappe>s ! mom5t a ?\ght seeks expression ( :atsoev] k9d4 ,! dream t is told becomes absurd2 ! ec/asy 9 :i* "o reta9s complete control ( "o's m9d1 9 :i* "o endeav\rs to take /ock ( ! confus$ emotions "o exp]i5ces1 vani%es be=e u & leaves beh9d no m ?an a fatigue1 a c]ta9 subjective obscurity1 l a w9t] twilight1 :i* precipitates a fro/ ^u ! w9d[-panes t int]cepts ! la/ rays ( ! sun4 ,my mo/ beautiful v]ses w nev] be writt51 ! poet says3 8,( my "w1 ! bett] "p lies buri$ 9 myself40#gb ,t is an illusion by :i* dream seems always sup]ior to reality2 an illusion ( ! same sort z t :i* makes u atta* s mu* value to c]ta9 h\rs ( religi\s exaltation4 ,! tru? is t ! poet's be/ v]ses are ^? :i* he has writt5 ) 8 own h&1 8 be/ ?\ght is t :i* has possess$ vitality en\gh to f9d its =mula & its music2 ! :ole ( him lies 9 8 poetry4 ,& we also1 we are 9 our actions1 9 our words1 9 ! glance ( an eye or ! acc5t ( a ^w1 9 a ge/ure1 9 ! palm ( a h& op5 9 *>ity4 ,to exi/ is to act1 & a ?\ght :i* is incapable ( expression is an abortion :i* has nev] really be5 alive & has nev] m]it$ to live4 ,9 ! same way ! true ,god is also ! "o :o c be dome/icat$ 9 "o's own he>t1 :o does n fly ! face ( reflective consci\sness1 :o does n %[ himself 9 dreams alone1 :om "o does n invoke z a phantom or a demon4 ,our ideal ought n to be "s pass+ & fanta/ic app>ition1 b a positive creation ( our _s2 we mu/ be able to contemplate x )\t de/roy+ x1 to fe$ our eyes ^u x z ^u a reality4 ,= ! re/ ?is ideal ( goodness & ( p]fection1 p]si/+ z x does 9 ! face ( inn] scrut9y1 has no ne$ ( an objective exi/5ce 9 "s sort mat]ial1 to produce its prop] effect ^u ! _s4 ,! pr(\nde/ love subsi/s = ^? :o h be51 z well z = ^? :o are1 & rea*es out into ! future z well z into ! pres5t4 ,nay1 x ev5 9 a mann] out/ret*es ! measure ( exi/5ce & develops a p[] ( div9+ & lov+ ! ideal t %all "s day be4 ,mat]nal love is a model n[ z always = all moral be+s1 9 t x does n await ! bir? ( its object be=e mak+ ! fir/ /eps 9 its s]vice4 ,long be=e ! *ild is born ! "m =ms an image ( x 9 h] fancy1 & loves x & gives h]self to x 9 advance4 #fi ,report ( ,,mm4 ,b\rru & ,burot au ,congrs sci5tifique de ,gr5oble1 ,augu/ #ah1 #ahhe4 #gj ,a def5d] ( ! use ( ha%ee% sci5tifically employ$1 ,m4 ,giraud1 :o conceives t x is possible to induce ec/asy at w1 & to regulate x by m$ical doses1 writes u ) en?usiasm3 8,a bit ( ha%ee% disp5ses ) pa9ful my/ical exp$i5ts to induce ec/asy4 ,!re is no fur!r ne$ ( asceticism2 ! result is an intoxication1 b a sacr$ intoxication1 :i* is no?+ else ?an an excess ( activity 9 ! high] c5tres40 ,we believe t e sort ( drunk5ness1 f> f possess+ a sacr$ "*1 w con/itute = ev] & always1 9 ! eyes ( sci5ce1 a morbid /ate1 9 no s5se enviable f any rational po9t ( view1 by an individual 9 normal heal?2 ! con/ant employm5t ( /imulants w exhau/ ! n]v\s sy/em & ?r[ x out ( ord]1 z ! daily employm5t ( nux vomica w1 9 ! long run1 de/roy ! p[] ( a heal?y /oma*4 #ga ,see above :at we h already said 9 reg>d to ! ,yoghis & asceticism4 #gb ,m4 ,sully-,prudhomme4 ,sid5ote3 ,! highe/ =m ( pray]4 ,= a truly elevat$ _s ! h\rs consecrat$ to ! =mation ( its ideal w always be preci\s h\rs ( pati5t att5tion & m$itation1 n only ^u :at "o kn[s or does n "k1 b ^u :at "o hopes & w attempt2 ^u ! ideal seek+ = bir? ?r\gh "o's in/rum5tality1 & lean+ ^u "o's he>t4 ,! highe/ =m ( pray] is ?\ght4 ,e =m ( philosophic m$itation possesses1 l pray]1 an elem5t ( consolation1 n directly1 = x may well deal ) ! sadde/ ( realities1 b indirectly because x enl>ges ! he>t4 ,e ap]ture brok5 op5 ^u ! inf9ite braces u l a curr5t 9 ! op5 air4 ,our p]sonal sorr[s are lo/ 9 ! imm5sity ( ! inf9ite1 z ! wat]s ( ! e>? are lo/ 9 ! imm5sity ( ! sea4 ,z = ^? :o are n capable ( ?9k+ = !mselves1 ( /&+ spiritually on _! own feet2 x w always be good = !m to retrace ! ?\ghts :i* appe> to !m to be ! highe/ & ! noble/ product ( ! human m9d4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! ,prote/ant cu/om ( read+ & ( m$itat+ on ! ,bible is1 9 pr9ciple1 excell5t2 ! book h[ev] is ill-*os54 ,b x is good t man %\ld habituate himself to read or to re-read a c]ta9 numb] ( times a day1 or a week1 some?+ else ?an a newspap] or a novel2 t he %\ld turn n[ & !n to "s s]i\s subject ( m$itation & dwell on x4 ,p]haps ! day w come :5 e "o indep5d5tly w compose a ,bible ( 8 own2 w select f among ! works ( ! greate/ human ?9k]s ! passages :i* especially appeal to him1 & w read !m & re-read & assimilate !m4 ,to read a s]i\s & high-m9d$ book is to deal at fir/ h& ) ! greate/ ( human ?\ghts2 to admire is to pray1 & x is a =m ( pray] t is )9 ! p[] ( all ( u4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,religion ,,& ,,non-,,religion ,,among ,,! ,,p4 ,i4 ,is religi\s s5tim5t an innate & imp]i%able possession ( humanity8--,frequ5t confusion ( a s5tim5t = religion ) a s5tim5t = philosophy & morals--,r5an--,max ,mll]--,diff]5ce betwe5 ! evolution ( belief 9 ! individual & ! evolution ( belief 9 ! race--,w ! disappe>ance ( fai? leave a void beh9d8 ,,ii4 ,w ! dissolution ( religion result 9 a dissolution ( morality among ! p8--,is religion ! sole safegu>d ( social au?ority & public morality8--,*ri/ianity & socialism--,relation betwe5 non-religion & immorality1 accord+ to /ati/ics4 ,,iii4 ,is ,prote/antism a necess>y transition /age betwe5 religion & free-?\ght8--,projects = ,prote/antiz+ ,france--,mi*elet1 ,qu9et1 ,de ,laveleye1 ,r5\vi]1 & ,pillon--,intellectual1 moral1 & political sup]iority ( ,prote/antism--,utopian "* ( ! project--,uselessness1 = purposes ( morals1 ( sub/itut+ "o religion = ano!r--,is ! possession ( religion a condition s9e qua non ( sup]iority 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce8--,objections urg$ aga9/ ,france & ! ,fr5* ,revolution by ,mat!w ,arnold2 ,greece & ,judea comp>$1 ,france & ,prote/ant nations comp>$--,critical exam9ation ( ,mat!w ,arnold's !ory--,_c free-?\ght1 sci5ce1 & art evolve _! respective ideals f )98 ,we h se5 ! dissolution :i* m5aces religi\s dogmatism1 & ev5 religi\s morality1 9 mod]n societies4 ,& f ! v fact ( su* dissolution c]ta9 m or less di/urb+ social problems arise4 ,is x really a p]il\s ?+1 ?is gradual enfeeblem5t ( :at has s long s]v$ z ! basis ( social & dome/ic virtue8 ,c]ta9 p delight 9 subject+ n9e-t5?s ( ! human race to a sort ( o/racism4 ,!y decl>e 9 advance t ! p1 & all wom5 & *ildr51 are incapable ( ris+ to a conception :i* x is recogniz$ t a l>ge numb] ( m5 h atta9$4 ,! mass ( ! p1 x is said1 & wom5 & *ildr51 mu/ be appeal$ to on ! side ( ! imag9ation2 only1 "o mu/ take c>e to *oose ! lea/ dang]\s =m ( appeal possible1 = fe> ( injur+ ^? :om "o means to s]ve4 ,let u consid] to :at ext5t ?is incapacity ( ! p1 ( wom5 & *ildr51 = philosophy is capable ( demon/ration4 ,x is ! m necess>y 9 ?is book1 9 t x is ! sociological aspect ( religion t is "h ! subject ( inve/igation4 ,i4 ,is religi\s s5tim5t an innate & imp]i%able possession ( humanity8 ,sid5ote3 ,t5d5cy to reg>d religi\s beliefs z necess>y 9 proportion to _! absurdity4 ,9 our days1 be x rem>k$1 religi\s s5tim5t has f\nd def5d]s among ^? :o1 l ,r5an1 ,ta9e1 & s _m o!rs1 are mo/ firmly conv9c$ ( ! absurdities ( ! dogmas !mselves4 ,s long z su* m5 occupy a purely intellectual po9t ( view--t is to say1 _! real po9t ( view--! :ole ( ! cont5ts ( religion1 all ! dogmas1 all ! rites appe> to !m to be s _m a/\nd+ errors1 a va/ sy/em ( unconsci\s1 mutual deception2 b ! in/ant1 on ! contr>y1 !y reg>d religion f ! po9t ( view ( s5sibility--t is to say1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! masses--ev]y?+ becomes ju/ifiable 9 _! eyes2 ev]y?+ t !y w\ld attack )\t scruple z a bit ( reason+ becomes sacr$ to !m z a bit ( s5tim5t1 & by a /range optical illusion ! absurdity ( religi\s beliefs becomes an additional pro( ( _! necessity2 ! great] ! abyss :i* sep>ates !m f ! intellig5ce ( ! masses1 ! great] _! fe> ( hav+ ?is abyss fill$ up4 ,!y d n = !mselves feel ! ne$ ( religi\s beliefs1 b on ?is v acc\nt !y reg>d !m z indisp5sable = o!r p4 ,!y say1 8,h[ _m irrational beliefs ! p d h t we get along v well )\t60 ,& !y conclude1 !re=e1 8,^! beliefs mu/ be extremely necess>y to ! exi/5ce ( social life & mu/ correspond to a real ne$1 9 ord] ?us firmly to h implant$ !mselves 9 ! life ( ! masses40#gc #gc ,moreov] :5 "o has pass$ "o's life1 or ev5 _m ye>s1 9 any /udy :atsoev]1 "o is incl9$ extremely to exagg]ate ! importance ( ?is /udy4 ,greek pr(essors believe t ,greek is necess>y to ! be/ int]e/s ( humanity4 ,:5 any "q arises ( draw+ up a curriculum1 if ! pr(essors ( ! sev]al /udies are int]rogat$1 ea* wi%es to see 8 own especial bran* ( sci5ce 9 ! fir/ rank4 ,i rememb] t aft] ,i myself _h be5 mak+ ,lat9 v]ses = "s ye>s ,i w\ld h rang$ myself volunt>ily among ! def5d]s ( ,lat9 v]se4 ,:5ev] anyone makes an especial /udy ( "s "w ( g5ius1 t ( an individual1 or a =tiori t ( a p--,plato1 ,ari/otle or ,kant1 ! ,v$as or ! ,bible1 ?is "w t5ds to become 9 8 eyes ! v c5tre ( human ?\ght2 ! book ( :i* "o makes a special /udy t5ds to become ! book4 ,a prie/ looks ^u ! :ole ( human life z an affair ( fai? simply2 k to a prie/ means simply a k ( ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*4 ,x is n a/oni%+ t ev5 memb]s ( ! laity1 :o h made religion ! pr9cipal object ( _! /udies1 %\ld be incl9$ to magnify its importance = humanity1 or t ! hi/orian ( religi\s ?\ght %\ld reg>d x z includ+ ! :ole ( human life1 & z acquir+1 ev5 indep5d5tly ( any notion ( revelation1 a sort ( inviolable "*4 ,sid5ote3 ,free-?\ght = an intellectual ari/ocracy4 ,frequ5tly1 along ) ?is belief 9 ! omnipot5ce ( ! religi\s s5tim5t1 !re goes a c]ta9 contempt = ^? :o are ! victims ( x2 !y are ! s]fs ( ?\ght1 !y mu/ rema9 atta*$ to ! soil1 b\nd )9 ! limits ( _! own n>r[ horizon4 ,! ari/ocracy ( sci5ce is ! mo/ jeal\s ( ari/ocracies1 & a c]ta9 numb] ( our contempor>y m5 ( sci5ce are b5t on c>ry+ _! coat ( mail 9 _! bra94 ,!y pr(ess t[>d ! mass ( ! p a some:at contemptu\s *>ity1 & propose to leave x undi/urb$ 9 its beliefs1 imm]s$ 9 prejudice z be+ ! sole habitat 9 :i* x is capable ( exi/+4 ,= ! re/1 !y sometimes envy ! p its et]nal ignorance1 platonically ( c\rse4 ,! bird no d\bt possesses vague regrets1 vague desires1 :5 he p]ceives f on high a worm trail+ tranquilly ?r\gh ! dew1 oblivi\s ( heav52 b ! bird1 z a matt] ( fact1 is always c>eful to reta9 8 w+s1 & our sup]ior m5 ( sci5ce d ! same4 ,9 _! judgm5t1 c]ta9 sup]ior m9ds are capable ( enfran*is+ !mselves f religion1 )\t evil results foll[+2 ! mass ( ! p _c4 ,x is necess>y to res]ve fre$om ( consci5ce & free-?\ght = a c]ta9 select few2 ! intellectual ari/ocracy %\ld def5d itself by a =tifi$ camp4 ,j z ! anci5t ,roman p dem&$ bread & spectacles1 s mod]n p dem& temples1 & to give !m temples is sometimes ! sole means ( mak+ !m =get t !y h n en\gh bread4 ,! mass ( humanity mu/1 z a m]e necessity ( exi/5ce1 adore a god1 & n simply god 9 g5]al1 b a c]ta9 ,god ^: comm&m5ts are to be f\nd 9 a pocket ,bible4 ,a sacr$ book1 t is :at is necess>y4 ,we are rem9d$ ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s say+1 t ! sup]/ition ( ! pres5t day is ! sup]/ition ( ! pr9t$ page2 we believe t "s my/ical virtue inh]es 9 ! f\r & tw5ty lett]s ( ! alphabet4 ,:5 a *ild asks que/ions conc]n+ ! bir? ( 8 y\ng] bro!r1 he is told t "o f\nd him "u a bu% 9 ! g>d52 & ! *ild is cont5t4 ,! mass ( ! p is a big *ild simply1 & mu/ be dealt ) aft] ! same fa%ion4 ,:5 ! mass ( ! p asks que/ions ab\t ! orig9 ( ! _w1 h& x ! ,bible--x w !re see t ! _w 0 made by a det]m9ate ,be+1 :o c>efully adju/$ its p>ts to ea* o!r2 x w le>n ! precise am\nt ( "t t 0 consum$ 9 ! "w2 sev5 days1 nei!r m nor less2 & x ne$s le>n no?+ fur!r4 ,its m9d is wall$ 9 by a good solid b>ri] :i* x is =bidd5 to ov]leap ev5 by a look--! wall ( fai?4 ,its bra9 is c>efully seal$1 ! sutures become firm ) age1 & !re is no?+ to d b to beg9 ! same ?+ ov] aga9 ) ! next g5]ation4 ,is x !n true t religion is ?us1 = ! mass ( mank9d1 ei!r a necess>y good or a necess>y evil1 root$ 9 ! human he>t8 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,confusion ( religi\s s5tim5t ) ne$ = philosophy & morality4 ,! belief t ! religi\s s5tim5t is innate & p]petual re/s ^u a confusion ( ! religi\s s5tim5t ) ! ne$ t exi/s 9 mank9d = philosophy & morality2 & h[ev] closely b\nd up toge!r philosophy & morality & religion may be1 !y are 9 !mselves di/9ct & sep>ate1 & t5d progressively to become m & m manife/ly s4 ,sid5ote3 ,religi\s s5tim5t n innate4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 h[ univ]sal soev] ! religi\s s5tim5t may appe> to be1 x mu/ be admitt$ t x is n innate4 ,p]sons :o h pass$ _! *ildhood )\t any communication ) o!r human be+s1 ow+ to "s corporal defect1 display no signs ( ! possession ( religi\s ideas4 ,dr4 ,kitto1 9 8 book on ! loss ( ! s5ses1 cites ! case ( an ,am]ican woman :o 0 cong5itally deaf & dumb1 & :o lat]1 aft] %e 0 capable ( communicat+ ) ! p ab\t h]1 0 f\nd n to possess ! slighte/ notion ( a div9ity4 ,! ,rev4 ,samuel ,smi?1 aft] tw5ty-?ree ye>s int]c\rse ) deaf mutes1 says t1 education ap>t1 !y possess no notion ( a div9ity4 ,lubbock & ,bak] cite a great numb] ( examples ( savages :o are 9 ! same case4 ,accord+ to ! conclusions set =? above1 9 ! beg9n+ religions did n spr+ ready-made out ( ! human he>t3 !y 7 impos$ on man f )\t1 !y rea*$ him ?r\gh 8 eyes & ?r\gh 8 e>s2 !y conta9$ no elem5t ( my/icism--9 _! fir/ /eps4 ,^? :o d]ive my/icism f an innate religi\s s5tim5t reason a little aft] ! mann] ( ^? :o 9 politics %\ld d]ive royalty f "s suppos$ innate respect = a royal race4 ,su* a respect is ! "w ( "t1 ( cu/om1 ( ! sympa!tic t5d5cies ( a body ( m5 long tra9$ 9 "s "o direction2 !re is conta9$ 9 x no s+le primitive elem5t1 & yet ! p[] ( ! s5tim5t ( loyalty to a royal race is consid]able4 ,! ,revolution %[$ z mu*1 9 ! w>s ( ! ,v5de4 ,b ?is p[] we>s out "s day or o!r1 ! cult = royalty disappe>s ) ! disappe>ance ( royalty itself2 o!r habits are =m$1 creat+ o!r s5tim5ts1 & ! spectator is surpris$ to see t a p :i* 0 royali/ "u mon>*y becomes republican "u republicanism4 ,! reign ( s5sibility ov] intellig5ce is n p]petual2 soon] or lat]1 ! position ( ! two mu/ be rev]s$2 !re is an intellectual habitat to :i* we mu/ z inevitably adapt ourselves z to our physical habitat4 ,! p]petuity ( ! religi\s s5tim5t dep5ds ^u its legitimacy4 ,born1 z x is1 ( c]ta9 beliefs & c]ta9 cu/oms1 its fate is "o ) !irs4 ,s long z a belief is n completely compromis$ & dissolv$1 ! s5tim5t atta*+ to x may no d\bt possess ! p[] ( pres]v+ x1 = s5tim5t always plays ! rle ( protector & pres]v]4 ,! human s\l 9 ?is respect is analog\s to society4 ,religi\s or political s5tim5ts resemble iron braces buri$ 9 "s wall m5ac$ ) ru92 !y b9d toge!r ! disjo9t$ /ones1 & may well su/a9 ! edifice = "s "t long] ?an1 b = !m1 x w\ld h /ood2 b let ! wall once be und]m9$1 s t x beg9s to give way1 & !y w fall ) x4 ,no bett] me?od c\ld be employ$ = secur+ ! complete & absolute ext9ction ( a dogma or an in/itution ?an to ma9ta9 x till ! la/ possible in/ant2 its fall "u su* circum/ances becomes a v]itable annihilation4 ,!re are p]iods 9 hi/ory :5 to pres]ve is n to save b def9itely to ru94 ,sid5ote3 ,po/ hoc ergo propt] hoc4 ,! p]petuity ( religion has !re=e 9 n[ise be5 demon/rat$4 ,f ! fact t religions always h exi/$ x _c be conclud$ t !y always w exi/2 by ratioc9ation l t "o might inde$ a*ieve s+ul> consequ5ces4 ,humanity has always1 9 all times & places1 associat$ c]ta9 ev5ts ) o!rs :i* *anc$ to accompany !m2 po/ hoc ergo propt] hoc is a univ]sal sophism & ! pr9ciple ( all sup]/ition4 ,x is ! basis ( ! belief t ?irte5 mu/ n sit d[n at table1 t "o mu/ be c>eful n to spill ! salt1 etc4 ,c]ta9 beliefs ( ?is k9d1 su* z t ,friday is an unlucky day1 are s widespread t !y suffice s5sibly to affect ! av]age ( travell]s arriv+ 9 ,p>is on t day ( ! week by tra9 & omnibus2 a numb] ( ,p>isians are av]se to beg9n+ a j\rney on ,friday1 or to att5d+ to bus9ess t c be po/pon$2 & x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! intellig5ce ( ,p>isians1 at lea/ ( ! m51 /&s high 9 ! scale4 ,:at c "o conclude f t if n t sup]/ition is t5aci\s ( life 9 ! bosom ( humanity & w long be s8 ,let u reason1 !n1 9 reg>d to sup]/ition z 9 reg>d to my?ological religion4 ,mu/ we n admit t ! ne$ ( sup]/ition is innate 9 man1 t x is "p ( 8 nature1 t 8 life w\ld really be incomplete if he ceas$ to believe t ! break+ ( a mirror is a sign t someone w die8 ,let u !re=e set ab\t f9d+ "s modus viv5di ) sup]/ition2 let u combat sup]/itions :i* are h>mful n by expos+ _! irrationality b by sub/itut+ 9 _! /ead sup]/itions :i* are contr>y to !m & in(f5sive4 ,let u decl>e t !re are political sup]/itions & in/ruct wom5 & *ildr5 9 !m2 let u inoculate1 = example1 feeble m9ds ) t +5i\s ,mohamm$an aphorism1 t ! duration ( "o's life is det]m9$ 9 advance & t ! c[>d ga9s absolutely no?+ by flee+ f ! field ( battle2 if he 0 fat$ to die1 he w die on 8 own door/ep4 ,does n t /rike "o z a useful belief = an army to hold & m in(f5sive ?an a great _m religi\s beliefs8 ,p]haps x ev5 conta9s an elem5t ( tru?4 ,sid5ote3 ,t religi\s beliefs h be5 useful no reason = reta9+ !m4 ,"o might g f> along t pa? & discov] a numb] ( necess>y or at lea/ useful illusions1 a numb] ( 8inde/ructible0 beliefs4 8,x is10 says ,m4 ,r5an1 8m difficult to h9d] mank9d's believ+ ?an to induce x to believe40 ,c]ta9ly x is4 ,9 o!r words1 x is m difficult to in/ruct ?an to deceive4 ,if x 7 n s1 :at m]it w\ld !re be 9 ! communication ( k8 ,k is always m complex ?an prejudice4 ,a k suffici5tly complete to put "o on "o's gu>d aga9/ lapses ( judgm5t dem&s ye>s ( pati5ce4 ,happily1 humanity has long c5turies be=e x1 long c5turies & treasures ( p]sev]ance2 = !re is no creature m p]sev]+ ?an man & no man m ob/9ate ?an ! savant4 ,b x may be said t religi\s my?s1 be+ bett] adapt$ ?an pure k to popul> intellig5ce1 possess aft] all ! advantage ( symboliz+ a portion ( ! tru?2 & t on ?is score "o may p]mit !m to ! vulg>4 ,x is z if "o %\ld say t ! 8vulg>0 %\ld be p]mitt$ to believe t ! sun moves r\nd ! e>? because ! common man is incapable ( conceiv+1 ) accuracy1 ! inf9ite complexity ( ! motion ( ! />s4 ,b e !ory1 e attempt$ explanation1 h[ev] crude x may be1 is 9 "s degree a symbol ( ! tru?4 ,x is symbolic ( ! tru? to say t nature exp]i5ces a horror ( a vacuum1 t ! blood lies motionless 9 ! art]ies1 t ! l9e ( vision runs f ! eye to ! object1 in/ead ( f ! object to ! eye4 ,all ^! primitive !ories are incomplete =mulations ( ! reality1 m or less popul> ef=ts to 8r5d]0 x2 !y re/ ^u visible facts n yet correctly int]pret$ by a complet] sci5tific k2 & does t con/itute a reason = respect+ all ^! symbols1 & = condemn+ ! popul> intellig5ce to fatt5 ^u !m8 ,primitive & my?ical explanations s]v$ 9 ! pa/ to build up ! tru?2 !y ought n n[adays to be employ$ to obscure x4 ,:5 a scaffold+ has s]v$ its purpose 9 aid+ "o to erect an edifice1 "o te>s x d[n4 ,if c]ta9 tales are good to amuse *ildr5 )1 "o at lea/ %\ld be c>eful t !y are n tak5 too s]i\sly4 ,let u n take outworn dogmas too s]i\sly1 let u n reg>d !m ) excessive complac5cy & t5d]ness2 if !y are /ill legitimately objects ( admiration to u :5 we reset !m among ! circum/ances to :i* !y ow$ _! bir?1 !y cease to be s ! in/ant "o endeav\rs to p]petuate !m among ! circum/ances ( mod]n life :]e !y are q out ( place4 ,sid5ote3 ,prelim9>y acquisition ( falsehood n necess>y to recognition ( tru?4 ,l ,m4 ,r5an1 ,mr4 ,max ,mll] almo/ sees an example to be foll[$ 9 ! ca/es e/abli%$ by ! ,h9dus among ! m9ds1 z among ! classes ( ! p1 9 ! regul> p]iods or asrmas ?r\gh :i* !y oblige ! intellig5ce successively to pass1 9 ! hi]>*y ( religions ) :i* !y burd5 ! _s ( ! fai?ful4 ,= !m traditional error is sacr$ & v5]able2 x s]ves z a prep>ation = ! tru?2 "o mu/ place a b&age on ! eyes ( ! neophyte 9 ord] to be able to take x (f aga9 aft]w>d4 ,! t5d5cies ( ! mod]n m9d are precisely ! opposite2 x likes to supply ! pres5t g5]ation at once1 & )\t sup]flu\s prelim9>y1 ) ! :ole body ( tru? acquir$ by ! g5]ations :i* h pass$ away1 )\t false respect or false c\rtesy = ! errors x replaces2 x is n en\gh t ! light %\ld filt] into ! m9d ?r\gh "s secret rift1 ! doors & w9d[s mu/ be ?r[n wide op54 ,! mod]n m9d fails to see 9 :at respect a delib]ate ef=t to inculcate absurdity 9 a portion ( ! community c s]ve to secure rectitude ( judgm5t 9 ! rema9+ portions2 or 9 :at respect x is necess>y to build a h\se ( tru? ^u a f\ndation ( falsehood2 or to run d[n ! "p ( ! hill t we h already climb$1 z a prep>ation = climb+ high]4 ,sid5ote3 ,trans=mation ( fai? inevitable4 ,if ! religi\s s5tim5t %\ld disappe>1 x may be object$1 x w\ld leave a void :i* x w\ld be impossible to fill1 & humanity's horror ( a vacuum is ev5 great] ?an nature's4 ,humanity1 !re=e1 w\ld satisfy someh[ or o!r1 ev5 ) absurdities1 t et]nal ne$ ( believ+ ( :i* we h spok5 above4 ,! in/ant "o religion is de/roy$ ano!r takes its place2 x w be always s f age to age1 because ! religi\s s5tim5t w always exi/ z a cont9u+ ne$ = "s object ( wor%ip :i* x w create & re-create 9 spite ( all ! ratioc9ation 9 ! _w4 ,no victory ov] nature c be la/+2 no p]man5t ne$ 9 ! human brea/ c be long sil5c$4 ,!re are p]iods 9 human life :5 fai? is z imp]i\s z love2 "o exp]i5ces a hung] to embrace some?+1 to give "o's self--ev5 to a figm5t ( ! imag9ation2 "o is a victim to a fev] ( fai?4 ,sometimes ?is mood la/s ?r\gh\t "o's :ole life1 sometimes x la/s "s days only or "s h\rs2 !re are cases 9 :i* x does n pres5t itself till late1 & ev5 v late1 9 life4 ,& ! prie/ has tak5 note ( all ^! vicissitudes2 he is always !re1 pati5t1 wait+ tranquilly = ! mom5t :5 ! symptoms %all appe>1 & ! sleep+ s5tim5t %all awak5 & become ma/]ful2 he has ! ,ho/ ready1 he has great temples rev]b]at+ ) sacr$ pray]s1 :]e man may come to kneel1 & brea! 9 ! _s ( ,god1 & arise /r5g!n$4 ,! reply is t x is a mi/ake to reg>d all humanity z typifi$ 9 ! p]son ( ! rec5tly disabus$ believ]4 ,x has (t5 be5 made a subject ( reproa* to free-?9k]s t !y endeav\r to de/roy )\t replac+1 b "o _c de/roy a religion 9 ! brea/s ( a p4 ,at "s c]ta9 mom5t 9 its hi/ory x falls ( its own weight1 ) ! disappe>ance ( ! pret5d$ evid5ces on :i* x 0 re/+2 x does n1 prop]ly speak+1 die2 x ceases simply--becomes ext9ct4 ,x w cease def9itely :5 x %all h become useless1 & !re is no obligation to replace :at is no long] necess>y4 ,among ! masses1 intellig5ce is nev] f> 9 advance ( tradition2 "o nev] adopts a new idea until "o has by degrees become accu/om$ to x4 ,x all takes place )\t viol5ce1 or at lea/ )\t la/+ viol5ce2 ! crisis passes1 ! w\nd closes quickly1 & leaves no trace beh9d2 ! =ehead ( ! masses be>s no sc>4 ,progress lies 9 wait = ! mom5t ( lea/ resi/ance1 ( lea/ pa94 ,ev5 revolutions d n succe$ except 9 s f> z !y are purely b5eficial1 z !y con/itute a univ]sally advantage\s evolution4 ,= ! re/1 !re is no su* ?+ z a revolution1 or a cataclysm1 prop]ly s call$1 9 human belief4 ,ea* g5]ation adds a d\bt to ^? :i* exi/$ be=e 9 ! m9ds ( _! p>5ts1 & ?us fai? falls away bit by bit1 l ! banks ( a riv] worn by ! /ream2 ! s5tim5ts :i* 7 b\nd up ) ! belief g ) x1 b !y are incessantly replac$ by o!rs1 a new wave sweeps =w>d to fill ! void1 & ! human s\l pr(its by its losses & gr[s l>g]1 l ! b$ ( a riv]4 ,! adaptation ( a p to its environm5t is a b5efic5t law4 ,x has (t5 be5 said1 & ju/ly1 t !re is food = ! s\l z well z food = ! body2 & ! analogy may be pursu$ by rem>k+ t x is difficult to induce a p to *ange its national diet4 ,= c5turies ! inhabitants ( ,brittany h liv$ ^u imp]fectly cook$ buck:eat cakes1 z !y live by _! simple fai? & infant9e sup]/itions4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be affirm$1 a priori1 t ! day w come :5 ! reign ( ! buck:eat cake 9 ,brittany w be at an end1 or at lea/ w be %>$ by o!r1 & bett] prep>$1 & m n\ri%+ foods2 x is equally rational to affirm t ! fai? ( ,brittany w "s day come to an end1 t ! some:at feeble m9ds ( ! inhabitants w soon] or lat] seek n\ri%m5t 9 solid] ideas & beliefs1 & t ! :ole ( _! intellectual life w1 by degrees1 be trans=m$ & r5ew$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! dis5*antm5t t accompanies x tempor>y4 ,x is only ^? :o h be5 re>$ 9 a fai?1 & !n disabus$ ( x1 t pres]ve1 along ) _! primitive s5tim5ts1 a c]ta9 home-sickness = a belief to correspond to ^! s5tim5ts4 ,! reason is t !y h be5 viol5tly ha/5$ 9 _! passage f belief to incr$ulity4 ,! /ory ( ! pass+ dis5*antm5t ) life1 :i* ! rec5t disbeliev] exp]i5ces1 has (t5 be5 told4 8,i felt horribly exil$10 ,m4 ,r5an once said1 9 speak+ ( ! moral crisis ?r\gh :i* he himself _h pass$4 8,! fi% 9 ,lake ,baikal h tak5 ?\s&s ( ye>s1 x is said1 to trans=m !mselves f salt-wat] to fre%-wat] fi%4 ,i _h to a*ieve my own trans=mation 9 ! c\rse ( "s weeks4 ,ca?olicism surr\nds ! :ole ( life l an en*ant$ circle ) s mu* magic t1 :5 "o is depriv$ ( x1 ev]y?+ seems insipid & melan*oly2 ! univ]se look$ to me l a des]t4 ,if ,*ri/ianity 0 n true1 ev]y?+ else seem$ to me to be indiff]5t1 frivol\s1 sc>ce wor?y ( att5tion2 ! _w look$ m$iocre1 morally impov]i%$ to me4 ,! _w seem$ to me to be 9 its dotage & decad5ce2 ,i felt lo/ 9 a nation ( pigmies40 ,?is pa9 incid5t to metamorphosis1 ?is sort ( despair at r5\nc+ ev]y?+ t "o has believ$ & lov$ up to t "t1 is n peculi> to ! ,*ri/ian :o has fall5 away f ,*ri/ianity2 x exi/s 9 div]se degrees1 z ,m4 ,r5an well knew1 :5ev] a love ( any sort comes to an end 9 u4 ,= him :o1 = example1 has plac$ 8 :ole life 9 ! love ( a woman & feels himself betray$ by h]1 life seems n less dis5*ant$ ?an = ! believ] :o sees himself ab&on$ by 8 ,god4 ,ev5 simple intellectual errors may produce an analog\s s5tim5t4 ,ar*im$es no d\bt w\ld h felt 8 life crumble away b5ea? him1 if he _h discov]$ irrem$iable lacun 9 8 *a9 ( !orems4 ,! m intimately a god has be5 p]sonifi$ & humaniz$1 ! m intimately he comes to be belov$1 & ! great] mu/ be ! w\nd he leaves beh9d :5 he des]ts ! he>t4 ,b ev5 ?\gh ?is w\nd be 9 c]ta9 in/ances incurable1 t fact con/itutes no argum5t 9 support ( ! religion ( ! masses1 = an illegitimate & unju/ifiable love may cause z mu* suff]+ :5 "o is depriv$ ( x z a legitimate love4 ,! bitt]ness ( tru? lies less 9 tru? itself ?an 9 ! resi/ance (f]$ to x by intr5*$ & e/abli%$ error4 ,x is n ! _w :i* is des]t :5 depriv$ ( ! god ( our dreams1 x is our own he>t2 & we h ourselves to blame if we h fill$ our he>ts ) no?+ bett] ?an dreams4 ,= ! re/1 9 ! majority ( cases1 ! void1 ! s5se ( loss :i* a religion leaves beh9d1 is n la/+2 "o adapts "o's self to "o's new moral environm5t1 "o becomes happy aga92 no d\bt n 9 ! same mann]--"o is nev] happy twice 9 ! same mann]--b 9 a mann] less primitive1 less infant9e1 m /able4 ,m4 ,r5an is an example ( x4 ,8 transmutation into a fre%-wat] fi% 0 a*iev$ 9 reality tranquilly en\gh2 x is d\btful :e!r he ev] dreams n[ ( ! salt-wat] /ret*es ( ! ,bible1 & nobody has ev] decl>$ s =cibly t he is happy4 ,"o might almo/ make x a matt] ( reproa* to him1 & sugge/ t ! pr(\nde/ happ9ess is sometimes n s precisely aw>e ( itself4 ,if e absolute fai? is a little nave1 "o is n absolutely )\t navet :5 "o is too confid5t ( "o's own happ9ess4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ess5tial *eapness ( religi\s speculation4 ,to ! surprise & to ! dis5*antm5t :i* a =m] ,*ri/ian exp]i5ces 9 ! pres5ce ( sci5tific tru? may be oppos$ ! ev5 m pr(\nd a/oni%m5t :i* ^? :o h be5 exclusively n\ri%$ on sci5ce exp]i5ce 9 ! pres5ce ( religi\s dogma4 ,! man ( sci5ce c und]/& religi\s dogmas1 = he c foll[ ! c\rse ( _! bir? & developm5t c5tury by c5tury2 b he exp]i5ces1 9 8 ef=t to adapt himself to ?is n>r[ environm5t1 some?+ ( ! difficulty t he might feel 9 an ef=t to ent] a ,liliputian fairy palace4 ,! _w ( religion--) ! ridicul\s importance :i* x ascribes to ! e>? z ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 ) ! palpable moral errors t ! ,bible conta9s1 ) its :ole body ( leg5d1 :i* is affect+ only to ^? :o believe 9 !m1 ) its sup]annuat$ rites--all seems s poor1 s p[]less to symbolize ! inf9ite1 t ! man ( sci5ce is incl9$ to see 9 ^! infant9e dreams ! repugnant & despicable side r ?an ! elevat$ & attractive side4 ,liv+/one says t "o day1 aft] hav+ prea*$ ! ,gospel to a new tribe1 he 0 tak+ a walk 9 ! neighb\r+ fields :5 he he>d ne> him1 beh9d a bu%1 a /range noise l a convulsive c\gh2 he !re f\nd a "y negro :o _h be5 tak5 by an irresi/ible desire to laugh by ! acc\nt ( ! ,biblical leg5ds1 & _h hidd5 himself !re out ( respect = ,liv+/one1 & 9 ! %ad[ ( ! bu% 0 wri?+ ) laught] & unable to reply to ! que/ions ( ! wor?y pa/or4 ,c]ta9ly ! surpris+ leg5ds ( religion c give rise to no su* outbur/ ( gaiety z ?is 9 "o :o has sp5t 8 life among ! facts ( sci5ce & ! reason$ !ories ( philosophy4 ,he feels r a c]ta9 bitt]ness1 su* z "o feels g5]ally 9 ! pres5ce ( human feebl5ess1 = man feels some?+ ( ! same solid>ity 9 ! pres5ce ( human error z 9 ! pres5ce ( human suff]+4 ,if ! eighte5? c5tury ridicul$ sup]/ition1 if ! human m9d 0 !n 8danc+10 z ,voltaire said1 89 *a9s10 x is ! di/9ction ( our epo* m accurately to h e/imat$ ! weight ( ^? *a9s2 & 9 tru?1 :5 "o exam9es coolly ! pov]ty ( ! popul> attempts t h be5 made to repres5t ! _w & ! ideal ( mank9d1 "o feels less incl9ation to laugh ?an to weep4 ,sid5ote3 ,inevitable ext9ction ( fanaticism4 ,b1 h[ev] t may be1 ! evolution ( human belief mu/ n be judg$ by ! pa9ful revolutions ( individual belief2 9 humanity su* trans=mations are subject to regul> laws4 ,! v explosions ( ! religi\s s5tim5t1 explosions ev5 ( fanaticism1 :i* /ill occur & h s (t5 occurr$ 9 ! c\rse ( religi\s deg5]ation1 ent] z an integral "p into ! =mula ( ! v process ( deg5]ation itself4 ,aft] hav+ be5 s long "o ( ! mo/ ard5t int]e/s ( humanity1 religi\s fai? mu/1 ( necessity1 be sl[ 9 cool+4 ,e human int]e/ resembles ^? />s :i* are gradually decl9+ at once 9 light & heat1 & :i* f "t to "t pres5t a solid ext]ior & !n1 z ! result ( "s inn] di/urbance1 bur/ ?r\gh _! out] r9d & become once m brilliant to a degree t !y _h n rivall$ = hundr$s ( c5turies2 b ?is v brilliancy is itself an exp5diture ( light & heat1 a phase simply ( ! process ( cool+4 ,! /> h>d5s once m on its surface1 &1 aft] e fre% cataclysm & illum9ation1 x becomes less brilliant & dies 9 its ef=ts to revive4 ,a spectator :o %\ld be wat*+ x f a suffici5t height might ev5 f9d a c]ta9 com=t 9 ! triumphs ( ! v _s ( fanaticism & reaction :i* result 9 a prolong$ subsequ5t enfeeblem5t & a m rapid approa* t[>d f9al ext9ction4 ,j z ha/e is sometimes m delib]ate ?an delib]ation1 s a viol5t ef=t to reanimate ! pa/ sometimes results 9 ha/5+ its dea?4 ,y _c heat a cold /> f ! outside4 ,,ii4 ,w ! dissolution ( religion result 9 a dissolution ( morality among ! p8 ,! g5]al enfeeblem5t ( ! religi\s in/9ct w set free1 = employm5t 9 social progress1 an imm5se am\nt ( =ce hi!rto set aside = ! s]vice ( my/icism2 b x may well be ask$ also :e!r !re are n a numb] ( =ces hurtful to society1 & hi!rto held 9 *eck or annull$ by ! religi\s in/9ct1 :i* ^u its disappe>ance w be giv5 free play4 ,sid5ote3 ,"o mu/ respect :at is respectable only4 8,*ri/ianity10 ,guizot said1 8is a necessity = mank9d2 x is a s*ool ( rev]5ce40 ,no d\bt2 b less s p]haps ?an ,h9du religions1 :i* g ! l5g? ( propos+ ! absolute division ( mank9d into ca/es z an object = rev]5ce2 h[ev] contr>y x may be to ! natural s5tim5ts ( mank9d & ! op]ation ( social laws4 ,assur$ly no society c subsi/ if its memb]s nei!r respect nor rev]5ce :at is respectable & v5]able2 respect is decid$ly an indisp5sable elem5t 9 national life2 ! fact is "o :i* we too easily =get 9 ,france2 b society is b>r$ f progress if "o respects :at is n respectable1 & progress is a condition ( life = a society4 ,tell me :at y respect1 & ,i w tell y :at y are4 ,! progress ( human rev]5ce = objects ev] high] & m high is symbolic ( all o!r k9ds ( progress a*iev$ by ! human m9d4 ,sid5ote3 ,*ri/ianity q ! opposite ( a def5ce aga9/ communism4 ,b = religion1 say ! ,guizot s*ool1 ! prop]ty-"q w\ld sweep away ! masses ( ! p2 x is ! ,*ur* :i* holds !m 9 *eck4 ,if !re is a prop]ty-"q1 let u n seek to ignore x2 let u lab\r s9c]ely & actively at its solution4 ,qui trompe-t-on ici8 ,is ,god simply a means ( sav+ ! capitali/8 ,m ?an t1 ! prop]ty-"q is n "o :i* is m intimately b\nd up to-day ) religion ?an ) free-?\ght4 ,*ri/ianity1 :i* implicitly conta9s )9 x ! pr9ciples ( communism1 is itself responsible = spread+ ideas among ! p :i* h inevitably g]m9at$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! great intellectual g]m9ation :i* di/+ui%es ! pres5t epo*4 ,m4 de ,laveleye1 "o ( ! def5d]s ( lib]al ,*ri/ianity1 confesses z mu*4 ,x 0 well kn[n t among ! fir/ ,*ri/ians all prop]ty 0 held 9 common1 & t communism 0 ! imm$iate consequ5ce ( baptism4#gd 8,we hold ev]y?+ 9 common except our wom510 ,t]tullian & ,/4 ,ju/9 say2 8we %>e ev]y?+40#ge ,x is well kn[n ) :at vehem5ce ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* h attack$ ! "r ( private prop]ty4 8,! e>?10 says ,/4 ,ambrose1 80 giv5 to ! ri* & poor 9 common4 ,:y1 oh1 ye ri*6 %\ld ye arrogate to y\rselves alone ! own]%ip ( x80 8,nature creat$ rights 9 common1 usurpation has creat$ private rights40 8,weal? is always ! product ( robb]y10 says ,/4 ,j]ome4 8,! ri* man is a robb]10 says ,/4 ,basil4 8,iniquity is ! basis ( private prop]ty10 says ,/4 ,clem5t4 8,! ri* man is a brig&10 says ,/4 ,*ryso/om4 ,bossuet himself cries1 9 a s]mon on ! di/ribution ( ! necessities ( life3 8,! murmurs ( ! poor are j3 :y ?is inequality ( condition80 ,&1 9 ! s]mon on ! em95t dignity ( ! poor3 8,! politics ( ,jesus are directly oppos$ to ^? ( ?is c5tury40 ,& f9ally ,pascal1 summ+ up 9 an illu/ration all ! sociali/ic ideas :i* compose ! bulk ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e3 8#8,t dog is m9e1' say ^! poor *ildr52 #8t place !re is my place 9 ! sun4' ,behold ! beg9n+ & ! type ( ! usurpation ( ! e>?40 ,:5 8^! poor *ildr50 are m51 !y d n always view ! usurpation ( ! e>? ) resignation2 f ! ,middle ,ages d[n !y h1 f "t to "t1 ris5 9 revolt & !re h be5 result+ massacres4 ,m5 l ,pa/\reaux & ,jacques 9 ,france & ,wat ,tyl] 9 ,engl&1 ! anabapti/s & ,john ( ,leyd5 9 ,g]many1 are examples ( :at we mean4 ,b1 ^! great explosions ( popul> clam\r once at an end1 ! ,*ri/ian prie/ _h always at 8 disposal1 to subdue ! cr[d1 a robu/ doctr9e ( comp5sation 9 heav5 = "o's suff]+s on e>?2 all ! beatitudes are summ$ up 9 8,bless$ are ! poor1 = !y %all see ,god40 ,9 our days1 ow+ to ! progress ( ! natural sci5ces1 any?+ l c]titude on ! subject ( comp5sation 9 heav5 has disappe>$2 ev5 ! ,*ri/ian1 less sure ( ,p>adise1 aspires to see ! ju/ice & comp5sations ( heav5 realiz$ 9 ?is _w4 ,! mo/ durable elem5t 9 ,*ri/ianity is1 !re=e1 less ! *eck t x imposes ^u ! masses ?an ! contempt = ! e/abli%$ ord] ) :i* x inspires !m4 ,religion is n[adays oblig$ to call 9 social sci5ce to aid x 9 its /ruggle aga9/ socialism4 ,! true pr9ciple ( private prop]ty z ( social au?ority _c be religi\s2 x lies ess5tially 9 ! s5tim5t ( ! rights ( o!r p & 9 an increas+ly sci5tific acqua9tance ) ! conditions ( social & political life4 #gd ,acts ii4 #dd1 #de2 iv4 #cb1 sqq4 #ge ,t]tull4 ,apolog4 c4 #ci1 ,ju/941 ,apolog4 ,i1 #ad4 ,sid5ote3 ,religion n necess>y to morality4 ,b is n religion a safegu>d ( popul> morality8 ,x is true t immorality & crime are habitually conceiv$ z associat$ ) non-religion1 & z products ( x4 ,crim9ologi/s1 h[ev]1 h demon/rat$ t no proposition c\ld be less t5able4 ,if "o consid]s ! mass ( ! del9qu5ts 9 any c\ntry1 "o w f9d t irreligion among !m is an exception1 & a r>e exception4 ,9 unusually religi\s c\ntries l ,engl& del9qu5ts are n less num]\s1 & ! av]age ( belief among !m is high]2 ! great] numb]1 ,mayhew says1 pr(ess to believe 9 ! ,bible4 ,9 ,france1 :]e non-religion is s common1 x is natural t x %\ld also be common among ! crim9al classes1 b x is f> f be+ ! rule2 x is mo/ frequ5t among ! lead]s1 ! organiz]s ( crime1 ^?1 9 effect1 :o rise above ! mass ( _! fell[s1 l ,m&r9 9 ! la/ c5tury1 ,la ,pomm]ais1 ,lac5aire4 ,if sociologi/s f9d !mselves oblig$ to attribute a positive antisocial bias to c]ta9 crim9als1 x is n surpris+ t !y %\ld recognize 9 a numb] ( !m an am\nt ( in/ruction & a degree ( tal5t amply suffici5t to disemb>rass !m ( ! sup]/iti\s beliefs ( ! multitude1 :i* are %>$ by _! companions 9 crime4 ,nei!r _! tal5ts nor _! culture h suffic$ absolutely to *eck _! evil disposition1 b c]ta9ly !y h n be5 responsible = x4 ,crim9ologi/s cite a numb] ( facts :i* g to prove t ! mo/ m9ute & s9c]e practice ( religion may g along ) ! greate/ crimes4 ,desp9e relates t ,b\rse _h sc>cely f9i%$ a robb]y & a homicide1 be=e he w5t to kneel & take "p 9 a *ur* s]vice4 ,g41 a c\rtesan1 z %e set fire to h] lov]'s h\se1 cri$3 8,god & ! ev] bless$ ,virg9 d ! re/60 ,! wife ( ,p>5cy1 :ile h] husb& 0 kill+ an old man z a prelim9>y to robb]y1 0 pray+ ,god = h] husb&'s success4 ,x is well kn[n h[ religi\s ! ,m>quise ( ,br9villi]s 02 h] v condemnation 0 facilitat$ by ! fact ( h] hav+ writt5 ) h] own h&s a secret confession ( h] s9s 9 :i* %e made m5tion1 along ) p>ricides1 fratricides1 arsons1 & poison+s )\t numb]1 ( ! li/ ( ! numb] ( times t %e _h be5 remiss or neglig5t 9 confession4#gf ,religion is no m responsible = all ^! crimes ?an non-religion is2 ! high] elem5ts ( bo? are equally deb>r$ ( entrance into ! bra9 ( a crim9al4 ,al?\gh ! moral s5se & religi\s s5tim5t are 9 orig9 di/9ct1 !y act & react incessantly ^u ea* o!r4 ,x may be ann\nc$1 z a law1 t no "o ^: moral s5se is oblit]at$ c be capable ( exp]i5c+ g5u9e religi\s s5tim5t 9 all its purity1 ?\gh su* a p]son may well be m ?an usually apt to atta* a value to ! sup]/iti\s =ms ( a cult4 ,! religi\s s5tim5t1 at its height1 always re/s ^u a ref9$ moral s5se1 al?\gh1 :5 religi\s s5tim5t goes fur!r & becomes fanaticism1 x may react on & debase ! moral s5se4 ,on a p]son :o is defici5t 9 moral s5se1 religion produces no effects b su* z are evil--fanaticism1 =malism1 & hypocrisy--because x is ( necessity ill-compreh5d$ & miscon/ru$4 #gf ,x mu/ n be believ$ t ev5 pro/itutes1 :o z a class are s closely alli$ to crim9als1 are :olly non-religi\s4 ,a case is cit$ ( a numb] ( pro/itutes :o subscrib$ ! money to h "o ( _! companions1 :o 0 on ! po9t ( dea?1 remov$ f a h\se ( ill-fame to "s place :]e ! prie/ might visit h]2 o!rs subscrib$ money = a great numb] ( masses to be said = ! s\l ( a companion :o 0 dead4 ,at all ev5ts pro/itutes are q sup]/iti\s1 & _! religion sw>ms ) /range & ridicul\s beliefs4 ,9 ,italy crim9als are usually religi\s4 ,q rec5tly ! ,tozzi family ( but*]s1 aft] hav+ kill$ & dismemb]$ a "y man1 sold 8 blood1 mix$ ) %eep's blood1 9 _! %op1 & w5t none ! less to p]=m _! devotions to ! ,madonna1 & to kiss ! /atue ( ! ,virg94 ,! ,c>uso b&1 ,lombroso says1 habitually plac$ sacr$ images 9 ! caves & woods 9 :i* !y liv$1 & burn$ c&les be=e !m4 ,v]z5i1 :o /rangl$ ?ree wom51 0 an assidu\s frequ5t] ( ! *ur* & ! confessional1 & he came ( a family :i* 0 n only religi\s b bigot$4 ,! companions ( ,la ,gala1 :o 7 imprison$ at ,pisa1 ob/9ately refus$ to take food on ,friday dur+ ,l5t1 & :5 ! keep] tri$ to p]suade !m to d s1 !y repli$1 8,d y ?9k we h be5 excommunicat$80 ,mas9i1 ) 8 b&1 met ?ree c\ntrym5 & among !m a prie/2 he sl[ly saw$ op5 ! ?roat ( "o ( !m ) an ill-%>p5$ knife1 & !n1 ) 8 h&s /ill bloody1 oblig$ ! prie/ to give him ! consecrat$ ,ho/4 ,giovani ,mio & ,fontana w5t to confession be=e go+ out to commit a murd]4 ,a "y ,neapolitan p>ricide1 cov]$ ) amulets1 confess$ to ,lombroso t he _h invok$ ! aid ( ! ,madonna de la ,*ane 9 ! accompli%m5t ( 8 horrible crime4 8,& t %e really help$ me ,i conclude f ?is1 t at ! fir/ bl[ ( ! /ick my fa!r fell dead1 al?\gh ,i am myself p]sonally weak40 ,ano!r murd]]1 a woman1 be=e kill+ h] husb&1 fell on h] knees & pray$ to ! bless$ ,virg9 to give h] ! /r5g? to accompli% h] crime4 ,/ill ano!r ann\nc$ 8 acceptance ( a l9e ( action devis$ by 8 companion 9 ^! words1 8,i w come1 & ,i w d t ) :i* ,god has inspir$ !e40 ,sid5ote3 ,ignorance1 n ,ca?olicism1 responsible = immorality4 ,ca?olic c\ntries (t5 supply an unusually high p]c5tage ( crim9als1 because ,ca?olic c\ntries are m ignorant ?an ,prote/ant c\ntries4 ,9 ,italy1 = example1 z _m z sixte5 out ( e hundr$ dea?s 9 ! ,papal ,/ates & ,s\!rn ,italy1 h at times be5 dea?s by viol5ce1 :]eas 9 ,liguria & ,pi$mont only two or ?ree out ( e hundr$ are dea?s by viol5ce4 ,! population ( ,p>is is n1 on ! :ole1 m immoral ?an t ( any o!r great ,european city1 al?\gh x is di/9ctly less religi\s2 :at a diff]5ce1 = example1 betwe5 ,london & ,p>is6 ,! *ur*es1 temples1 & synagogues 9 ,p>is w\ld n hold "o-t5? ( ! population1 &1 z !y are half empty 9 "t ( s]vices1 a /ati/ician may ) "s %[ ( reason conclude t only ab\t a tw5tie? ( ! population fulfil _! religi\s duties4 ,:]eas ,p>is conta9s only #afi places ( wor%ip1 ,london1 9 #ahhb1 possess$ #abca--)\t c\nt+ ! religi\s assemblies :i* regul>ly ga!r 9 ! p>ks1 ! public squ>es1 & ev5 "u ! railway viaducts4 ,sid5ote3 ,non-religion n responsible = ,fr5* ,revolution & ! ,commune4 ,b %\ld n ! crimes ( ! ,commune & ^? ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution be set d[n to non-religion8 ,"o might1 ) m %[ ( tru?1 r5d] religion responsible = ! massacres ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew & ( ! ,dragonnades1 =1 9 ! w>s ( ! ,hugu5ots1 ( ! ,vaudois1 ( ! ,albig5ses1 ! issue 0 a religi\s issue1 :]eas 9 ! case ( ! ,commune ! issue 0 :olly a social "o2 religion 0 only v indirectly involv$ 9 x4 ,! analogy = ! ,commune is to be f\nd 9 ! w>s conc]n+ ! agr>ian laws ( anci5t ,rome1 or 9 contempor>y /rikes :i* are s (t5 accompani$ by blood%$1 or 9 any ( ! brutal upris+s ( ! lab\r] or ! peasant aga9/ ! capitali/ or ! own] ( ! soil4 ,be x rem>k$1 moreov]1 t 9 all ^! & ! l conte/s ! /rong] p>ty--! repres5tative ( society &1 x is alleg$1 ( religion--commits1 9 ! "n ( repression1 viol5ces comp>able to & sometimes less excusable ?an ^? ) :i* !y *>ge ! p>ty ( disord]4 ,sid5ote3 ,lab\r = lab\r's sake4 ,:at demoralizes races & peoples is n s mu* ! d[nfall ( religion z ! luxury & idl5ess ( ! few & ! discont5t$ pov]ty ( ! _m4 ,9 society demoralization beg9s at ! two extremes1 top & bottom4 ,! law ( lab\r is op5 to two species ( revolt2 ! revolt ( ! discont5t$ work+ man :o curses ! law ( lab\r ev5 :ile he obeys x1 & ! revolt ( ! idle noble1 or man ( =tune1 :o ignores x simply4 ,! ri*e/ classes 9 society are (t5 ^? ^: lives %[ a m9imum ( devotion1 ( dis9t]e/$ness1 ( true moral elevation4 ,= a fa%ionable woman1 = example1 ! duties ( life too frequ5tly consi/ 9 an unbrok5 r\nd ( trifles2 %e is utt]ly ignorant ( :at x means to take pa9s4 ,to be> a *ild or two 7to exce$ ! numb] ( ?ree1 "o ( !m has said1 is ! height ( immorality71 to h a nurse to take c>e ( !m1 to be fai?ful to "o's husb&1 at lea/ )9 ! limits ( coquetry--behold ! :ole duty ( woman6 ,too frequ5tly1 9 ! upp] classes1 duty comes to be conceiv$ simply z a matt] ( ab/95ce1 ( n be+ z na/y or z wick$ z "o might4 ,temptations to d evil increase 9 numb] z "o m\nts 9 ! social scale1 :]eas :at "o may call temptations to d good decrease 9 numb]4 ,=tune enables "o to hire a sub/itute1 s to speak1 9 all ! duties ( life--9 c>+ = ! sick1 9 nurs+ *ildr51 9 re>+ !m1 & s =?2 ! ri* are n oblig$ to pay1 z ! say+ is1 ) _! p]son--pay] de la p]sonne6 ,weal? too (t5 produces a species ( p]sonal av>ice1 ( mis]l9ess ( "o's self1 a re/riction ( moral & physical activity1 an impov]i%m5t ( ! individual & ( ! race4 ,! %opkeep+ class con/itute ! lea/ immoral section ( ! ri*1 & t because !y pres]ve _! habits ( "w2 b !y are con/antly affect$ by ! example ( ! high] classes1 :o take a pride 9 be+ useless4 ,! remnant ( morality1 :i* exi/s among ! middle class1 is p>tly due to ! love ( money2 money does1 9 effect1 possess "o advantage1 t x mu/ 9 g5]al be work$ =4 ,nobles & bus9ess m5 love money b 9 diff]5t ways4 ,"y m5 ( good family love x z a means ( exp5se & ( prodigality1 p 9 a small way ( bus9ess love x = its own sake1 & out ( av>ice4 ,av>ice is a p[]ful safegu>d = ! remnants ( morality 9 a p4 ,x co9cides1 9 almo/ all its results1 ) a dis9t]e/$ love ( lab\r2 x ex]cises no evil influ5ce except 9 ! matt] ( m>riage1 :]e ! "q ( ! girl's portion becomes p>am\nt1 & 9 ! matt] ( *ildr51 ( :i* x t5ds to re/rict ! numb]4 ,all ?+s consid]$1 z betwe5 prodigality & av>ice1 ! morali/ is oblig$ to ca/ 8 vote = ! latt] on ! gr\nd t x is n fav\rable to debau*]y1 & does n !re=e t5d to dissolve society2 bo? are maladies :i* b5umb & may de/roy "o1 b ! =m] is contagi\s & is transmitt$ by contact4 ,we may add t love ( exp5se r>ely s]ves to enc\rage regul> lab\r3 x produces1 r1 an appetite = gambl+ & ev5 = robb]y2 clev] /rokes on ! /ock-ex*ange am\nt1 9 c]ta9 cases1 to robb]y pure & simple4 ,!nce arises a second>y demoraliz+ influ5ce4 ,prodigals are necess>ily attract$ to ! m or less %aky =ms ( f9ancial speculation1 by :i*1 absolutely )\t lab\r prop]ly s call$1 m money c be amass$ ?an by lab\r2 ! mis]1 on ! contr>y1 w hesitate1 w pref] ef=t to risk1 & 8 ef=t w be m b5eficial to society4 ,9 effect1 ! only ?+ t c ma9ta9 society 9 a heal?y /ate is t love ( lab\r = its own sake :i* is s r>ely met )1 & :i* "o mu/ endeav\r to develop2 b ?is love ( intellectual & physical lab\r is 9 n[ise b\nd up ) religion2 x is b\nd up ) a c]ta9 broad culture ( ! m9d & he>t :i* r5d] idl5ess insupportable4 ,sid5ote3 ,religion ! creature ( circum/ance4 ,simil>ly ) ! o!r moral & social virtues :i* are alleg$ to be insep>able f religion4 ,9 all times humanity has f\nd a c]ta9 av]age ( vice1 z ( virtue1 necess>y4 ,religions !mselves h always be5 oblig$ to give way be=e c]ta9 preval5t habits & passions4 ,if we _h be5 liv+ at ! "t ( ! ,re=mation1 we %\ld h he>d ,ca?olic prie/s ma9ta9+1 ) all ! s]i\sness 9 ! _w1 t1 b = ,ca?olic dogmas & ! au?ority ( ! ,pope1 society w\ld dissolve & p]i%4 ,happily exp]i5ce has prov$ t ^! dogmas & t au?ority are n indisp5sable to social life2 ! consci5ce ( mank9d has atta9$ its majority & no long] ne$s ! s]vices ( a gu>dian4 ,! day w come1 no d\bt1 :5 ,fr5*m5 w no m feel an incl9ation to ent] into a h\se ( /one & invoke ,god to ! s\nd ( a hymn ?an an ,engli%man or a ,g]man exp]i5ces to-day an incl9ation to kneel be=e a prie/ & confess to him4 ,,iii4 ,is ,prote/antism a necess>y transition /age betwe5 religion & free-?\ght8 ,sid5ote3 ,dep5d5ce ( ,ca?olicism on p[]4 ,ov] & above free-?9k]s1 prop]ly s call$1 !re exi/s 9 e c\ntry a class ( m5 :o und]/& p]fectly ! defects 9 ! religions 9 =ce ab\t !m1 b h n ! p[] ( m9d necess>y to lift !m above reveal$ dogma g5]ally1 & e =m ( ext]nal cult & rite4 ,!y beg9 accord+ly to dabble 9 ! religions ( neighb\r+ peoples4 ,a religion :i* is n 9 =ce 9 "o's imm$iate neighb\rhood always possesses ! advantage ( be+ se5 f a di/ance4 ,at a di/ance its faults are sc>cely di/+ui%able1 & ! imag9ation freely end[s x ) all excell5t qualities4 ,h[ _m ?+s & p]sons ga9 ?us by alo(ness6 ,:5 "o has se5 "o's ideal1 x is sometimes good n to approa* x too ne> if "o is to pres]ve "o's rev]5ce = x4 ,a numb] ( ,engli%m51 indignant at ! aridity ( ! h>d & bl9d fanaticism ( ! extreme ,prote/ants1 ca/ envi\s glances across ! ,*annel1 :]e a religion seems to reign t is m fri5dly to art1--at once m /hetic & m my/ical1 capable ( af=d+ a complet] satisfaction to c]ta9 human ne$s4 ,among ^? :o are ?us fav\rable to a prop]ly und]/ood ,ca?olicism may be cit$ ,mat!w ,arnold & ,c>d9al ,newman2 & "o might ev5 add ! ,que5 ( ,engl& h]self4 ,9 ,france1 z might be expect$1 q ! opposite disposition obta9s4 ,we>i$ ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* & ( its intol]ance1 we %\ld gladly escape its dom9ion3 comp>$ ) ! objections aga9/ ,ca?olicism :i* assail our eyes1 ! objections aga9/ ,prote/antism appe> to u z trifl+4 ,& ! same notion has occurr$ simultane\sly to a numb] ( di/+ui%$ ,fr5*m53 :y %\ld ,france rema9 ,ca?olic1 at lea/ 9 "n8 ,:y %\ld n ,france adopt ! religion ( ! m robu/ p :o h rec5tly vanqui%$ h]2 ! religion ( ,g]many1 ( ,engl&1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ( all ! "y1 /rong1 & active nations8 ,:y n beg9 aga9 ! lab\r int]rupt$ by ! massacre ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew & ! ,edict ( ,nantes8 ,ev5 if "o %\ld n succe$ 9 conv]t+ ! masses1 x w\ld suffice1 accord+ to ! p>tisans ( ,prote/antism1 to propagate ! new religion among ! lite ( ! population v s5sibly to modify ! g5]al c\rse ( our gov]nm5t1 ( our national _s1 ev5 ( our laws4 ,! laws regulat+ ! relations ( ,*ur* & ,/ate w\ld promptly be correct$2 !y w\ld be recon/ruct$ s z to (f] protection to ! developm5t ( ! ,prote/ant religion1 z !y at ?is mom5t d 9 a ?\s& ways to ! outworn religion ( ,ca?olicism4 ,ultimately ,prote/antism w\ld be decl>$ to be ! national religion ( ,france2 ! religion1 9 o!r words1 t[>d :i* %e ought to endeav\r to move1 & :i* con/itutes h] real ideal1 h] sole hope ( ! future1 ! sole means op5 to ,lat9 nations to escape dea?1 & to outlive1 9 "s s5se1 !mselves4 ,add t1 9 ! judgm5t ( ! au?ors ( ?is hypo!sis1 ! ,prote/ant religion1 once fairly ent]$ 9 ! li/s aga9/ ,ca?olicism1 mu/ inevitably & spe$ily w9 ! day2 ! iron pot w\ld make %ort "w ( ! e>!n pot4 ,! p>tisans ( ,prote/antism invoke hi/ory 9 support ( _! conclusions2 ,prote/antism 0 vanqui%$ among u by =ce1 & n by p]suasion2 its defeat is !re=e n def9itive4 ,:]ev] ,ca?olicism has n employ$ viol5ce1 p]secution1 & crime to ma9ta9 itself1 x has always succumb$2 its only t5able argum5t has be5 to put its oppon5ts to dea?2 to-day ?is com=table me?od ( back+ ! syllogism by ! sword is out ( date1 & ,ca?olicism is condemn$ ! in/ant x is attack$4 ,x conta9s1 moreov]1 an ess5tial & irrem$iable vice1 auricul> confession4 ,by ! confessional x excites ! op5 or secret ho/ility ( e husb& & e fa!r1 :o sees ! prie/ int]pos+ betwe5 him & 8 wife1 betwe5 him & 8 *ildr54 ,! confessor is a sup]num]>y 9 e family2 a memb] :o has nei!r ! same int]e/s nor ! same ideas1 & :o1 nev]!less1 is p]fectly in=m$ ( ev]y?+ ! o!r memb]s d1 & c1 9 a ?\s& ways1 oppose _! projects1 &1 at ! mom5t :5 !y lea/ expect x1 b> _! pa?4 ,:5 "o takes into consid]ation ! mute /ate ( w> :i* s (t5 exi/s betwe5 ! m>ri$ man & ! ,ca?olic prie/2 :5 "o analyzes ! o!r causes ( dissolution :i* are work+ 9 ,ca?olicism2 :5 "o consid]s1 = example1 t ! dogma ( infallibility is simply inacceptable to anyone ^: consci5ce is n absolutely di/ort$1 "o mu/ admit t ! project ( ,prote/antiz+ ,france1 h[ /range soev] x may seem at fir/ glance1 is wor?y ( s]i\s att5tion4 ,sid5ote3 ,proposal to ,prote/antize ,france4 ,x is n a/oni%+ t x %\ld h won to its side a numb] ( p>tisans1 & %\ld h provok$ a c]ta9 intellectual f]m5tation4 ,mi*elet & ,qu9et 7 desir\s t ,france %\ld become ,prote/ant1 at lea/ transitorily6 ,9 #ahdc1 dur+ a j\rney to ,g5eva1 ,mi*elet discuss$ ) "s cl]gym5 ! means ( accel]at+ ! progress ( ,prote/antism 9 ,france & ( creat+ a really national *ur*4 ,two m51 ^: names are kn[n to all ^? :o h lab\r$ 9 philosophy or 9 social sci5ce1 ,,mm4 ,r5\vi] & ,de ,laveleye1 are among ! promot]s ( ?is movem5t4 ,conv9c$ free-?9k]s1 l ,m4 ,l\is ,mn>d1 acquiesce 9 x1 mak+ use ( ! names ( ,turgot & ,qu9et2 & ,m4 ,pillon also has su/a9$ ! project4 ,_m ,prote/ant m9i/]s h turn$ ! :ole ( _! activity 9 ?is *annel1 h f\nd$ j\rnals & writt5 = ! reviews2 pamphlets1 works (t5 rem>kable 9 _! k9d1 h be5 compos$ & circulat$4 ,prote/ants are m dispos$ ?an ,ca?olics to propag&ism1 because _! fai? is m p]sonal4 ,!y feel t 9 a numb] ( prov9ces !y =m an important nucleus :i* may gr[ 9 "t l a sn[ball4 ,a numb] ( villages1 ( ,yonne1 la ,m>ne1 l',aude1 etc41 h already be5 conv]t$2 9 spite ( all ! ob/acles rais$ by ! civil & religi\s au?orities1 9 spite ( vexations & annoyances ( e sort1 ! neophytes h f9ally succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ a ,prote/ant pa/or among !m4 ,mat]ially consid]$1 ^! results are small2 _! consequ5ces1 h[ev]1 may "s day be ( great importance4 ,"o nev] suspects h[ _m p !re are ready to li/5 & to believe2 h[ _m p !re are ready to prea* & to conv]t4 ,x ne$ n be a matt] ( surprise1 "s day or o!r1 to see ,prote/ant cl]gym5 fairly rise out ( ! soil & ov]run our c\ntry di/ricts4 ,! ,ca?olic cl]gy1 :o pres5t an almo/ unbrok5 front ( incapacity1 w sc>cely be able to hold _! own aga9/ a new & ard5t adv]s>y4 ,sid5ote3 ,contr>y to ! t5d5cy ( ,fr5* hi/ory4 ,! mo/ s]i\s opposition to ,prote/antism 9 ,france is n to be look$ = f ! ,ca?olics1 b f ! free-?9k]s4 ,x is 9 ! "n ( free-?\ght t we %all consid] ! foll[+ "q3 ,ought ,france really to accept z its ideal any religion :atsoev]1 ev5 ?\gh x be sup]ior to ! "o pr(ess$ly 9 possession at ! pres5t day8 ,is n ! acceptance ( any religion z an ideal precisely contr>y to ! :ole movem5t ( ! ,fr5* m9d s9ce ! ,revolution8 ,sid5ote3 ,fr5* ,revolution /ill be+ accompli%$4 ,x has be5 said t1 if ! ,fr5* ,revolution 0 put d[n be=e x _h produc$ all ( ! results :i* 7 expect$ ( x1 ! reason 0 t x 0 und]tak51 n 9 ! "n ( a lib]al religion1 b 9 antagonism to all religion4 ,! nation rose z a body aga9/ ,ca?olicism1 b x _h no?+ to (f] 9 its /ead2 x 0 an ef=t 9 ! void & result$ necess>ily 9 a fall4 ,to address su* a reproa* to ! ,revolution1 is precisely to fail to recognize its di/+ui%+ peculi>ity4 ,!ret(ore religion _h usually be5 involv$ 9 ! political discussions ( m52 ! ,engli% ,revolution1 = example1 0 9 "p religi\s4 ,& :5 an upris+ 01 z x happ5$1 :olly religi\s1 its purpose 0 to pull d[n "o cult & set up ano!r2 ! aid ( a new ,god _h to be call$ 9 to expel ! old2 b = ,jesus or "s o!r unkn[n div9ity1 ,jupit] w\ld /ill h be5 en?ron$ on ,olympus4 ,also ! result ( ^! religi\s revolutions 0 easy to pr$ict2 at ! end ( a c]ta9 numb] ( ye>s "s new cult 0 b\nd to c>ry ! day1 to intr5* itself1 & to become q z intol]ant z its pr$ecessor2 & ! revolution 0 a*iev$--t is to say1 ev]y?+ 0 practically 9 ! same /ate t x 0 be=e4 ,a det]m9ate end1 close at h&1 _h be5 pursu$ & atta9$2 a little *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( ! univ]se _h be5 writt51 & "o 0 ready to close x ) a p]iod & to say t 0 all4 ,:at drives ! hi/orian to despair 9 ! case ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 is precisely ! impossibility ( writ+ a p]oration1 ( rea*+ a f9al /op1 ( say+1 8,t is all40 ,! great f]m5tation p]si/s1 & passes on f g5]ation to g5]ation4 8,! ,fr5* ,revolution has come to no?+10 x is said2 b ! reason is p]haps simply t x has n misc>ri$4 ,! ,fr5* ,revolution is /ill 9 its e>lie/ /ages2 if we are /ill unable to say :]e x is lead+ u1 we may at lea/ affirm ) confid5ce t x is lead+ u some:]e4 ,x is precisely ! inc]titude & ! remot5ess ( _! aim t con/itute ! nobility ( c]ta9 ent]prises2 if "o wants some?+ v big1 "o mu/ be resign$ to want some?+ a little vague4 ,"o mu/ be resign$ also to a settl$ discont5t ) ev]y?+ t is (f]$ "o z a sub/itute = ! flee+ ideal t con/itutes "o's aim4 ,nev] to be satisfi$--behold a comp>atively unkn[n /ate ( m9d 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w6 ,"s ?\s&s ( ye>s ago !re 7 a numb] ( revolutions 9 ,*9a1 :i* br\ght =? results s precise & s inconte/able t !y h come d[n 9 a /ate ( absolute pres]vation to ! pres5t day4 ,is ,*9a ! ideal ( ^? :o wi% a p to a*ieve once = all a /ate ( satisfaction1 ( /able equilibrium1 ( e/abli%$ environm5t1 ( unalt]able outl9e & =m8 ,c]ta9ly ! b5t ( ! ,fr5* m9d is precisely ! opposite ( t ( ! ,*9ese4 ,horror ( r\t9e1 ( tradition1 ( ! e/abli%$ fact 9 ! face ( reason1 is an attribute t we possess to a fault4 ,to c>ry reason into politics1 into law1 into religion 0 precisely ! aim ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,x is no easy ?+1 x is ev5 futile1 to attempt to introduce simultane\sly logic & light into ev]y?+2 "o makes mi/akes1 "o reasons ill1 "o has "o's days ( weakness1 "o succumbs to concordats & empires4 ,9 spite1 h[ev]1 ( s _m tempor>y div]g5ces f ! /raight pa?1 x is already easy to recognize ! direction t[>d :i* ! ,revolution t5ds1 & to affirm t ?is direction is n religi\s4 ,! ,fr5* ,revolution af=ds an example1 = ! fir/ "t 9 ! _w1 ( a lib]al movem5t disassociat$ f religion4 ,to wi%1 ) ,qu9et1 t ! ,revolution %\ld become ,prote/ant is simply n to und]/& x4 ,republican 9 ! sph]e ( politics1 ! ,revolution t5ds to enfran*ise man1 9 ! sph]e ( ?\ght also1 f e species ( religi\s dom9ation1 & ( uni=m & irrational dogmatic belief4 ,! ,revolution did n a*ieve ?is end at ! fir/ attempt2 x 0 guilty ev5 ( imitat+ ! intol]ance ( ! ,ca?olics2 !re9 lay its prime fault1 its great crime2 we suff] f x /ill4 ,b ! rem$y does n consi/ 9 adopt+ a new religion1 :i* w\ld simply be a disguis$ return to ! pa/4 ,sid5ote3 ,advantages ( ,prote/antism4 ,let u exam9e1 h[ev]1 ! sub/antial apology = ,prote/antism1 pres5t$ by ,m4 de ,laveleye4 ,he ma9ta9s ! sup]iority ( ,prote/antism pr9cipally 9 reg>d to ?ree po9ts3 #a4 ,x is fav\rable to education2 #b4 ,x is fav\rable to political & religi\s lib]ty2 #c4 ,x does n possess a celibate cl]gy liv+ outside ( ! family1 & ev5 outside ( ! c\ntry4 ,let u pass ^! diff]5t po9ts 9 review4 ,9 ,prote/antism ! ne$ ( in/ruction1 & !re=e ( a k ( h[ to read1 is inevitable1 = ! reason t1 z has be5 (t5 rem>k$1 ! re=m$ religion is f\nd$ on ! int]pretation ( a book1 ! ,bible4 ,! ,ca?olic religion1 on ! contr>y1 re/s ^u ! sacram5ts & c]ta9 practices1 su* z ! confession1 & ! ,mass1 :i* presuppose no k ( read+4 ,lu!r's fir/ & la/ ^w 01 8,god comm&s y to educate y\r *ildr540 ,9 ! eyes ( ! ,ca?olic prie/ an ability to read is n1 s f> z religion is conc]n$1 an unqualifi$ advantage1 x exposes ! possessor to c]ta9 dang]s1 x is a pa? t may lead to h]esy4 ,! organization ( popul> in/ruction dates f ! ,re=mation4 ,! consequ5ce is t ,prote/ant c\ntries are f> 9 advance ( ,ca?olic c\ntries 9 ! matt] ( popul> in/ruction4#gg ,:]ev] popul> in/ruction atta9s its height1 lab\r w be direct$ ) m intellig5ce1 & ! economic situation w be bett]2 ,prote/antism !re=e gives rise to a sup]iority n only 9 in/ruction1 b 9 comm]ce & indu/ry1 9 ord] & 9 cleanl9ess4#gh #gg ,9 ,saxony1 ,d5m>k1 ,sw$51 ,prussia1 ,scotl& 7n ,engl&71 illit]acy is at a m9imum4 ,ev5 9 ! mo/ fav\r$ ,ca?olic c\ntries1 su* z ,france & ,belgium1 at lea/ a ?ird ( ! population are illit]ate4 ,9 ?is comp>ison race goes = no?+2 ,switz]l& proves z mu*2 purely ,lat9 b also ,prote/ant cantons ,neu*tel1 ,vaux1 & ,g5eva are on a level ) ! ,g]manic cantons ( ,zri* & ,b]n1 & are sup]ior to su* z ,tess91 ,valais1 & ,luc]ne4 #gh ,9 ,switz]l& ! cantons ( ,neu*tel1 ,vaux1 & ,g5eva are /rik+ly 9 advance ( ,luc]ne1 ,valais1 & ! =e/ cantons2 !y are n only sup]ior 9 matt]s ( education1 b 9 matt]s ( indu/ry1 ( comm]ce1 & ( weal?2 & _! arti/ic & lit]>y activity is great]4 8,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates10 says ,de ,tocqueville1 8! majority ( ! ,ca?olics are poor40 ,9 ,canada ! l>g] ord] ( bus9ess int]e/s1 manufactur+1 comm]ce1 ! pr9cipal %ops 9 ! cities1 are 9 ! h&s ( ,prote/ants4 ,m4 ,audiganne1 9 8 /udies on ! lab\r+ population 9 ,france1 rem>ks on ! sup]iority ( ! ,prote/ants 9 respect to indu/ry1 & 8 te/imony is ! less suspici\s because he does n attribute t sup]iority to ,prote/antism4 8,! majority ( ! lab\r]s 9 ,nmes1 notably ! silk-weav]s1 are ,ca?olics1 :ile ! capta9s ( indu/ry & ( comm]ce1 ! capitali/s 9 a ^w1 belong to ! ,re=m$ religion40 8,:5 a family has split into two bran*es1 "o ( :i* has clung to ! fai? ( its fa!rs1 :ile ! o!r has become ,prote/ant1 "o almo/ always rem>ks 9 ! =m] a progressive f9ancial emb>rassm5t1 & 9 ! o!r an increas+ weal?40 8,at ,mazamet1 ! ,elbuf ( ! s\? ( ,france1 all ! capta9s ( indu/ry ) "o exception are ,prote/ants1 :ile ! great majority ( ! lab\r]s are ,ca?olics4 ,& ,ca?olic work+ m5 are1 z a class1 mu* less well educat$ ?an ,prote/ant work+ m540 ,be=e ! revocation ( ! ,edict ( ,nantes memb]s ( ! ,re=m$ *ur* _h tak5 ! lead 9 all bran*es ( lab\r1 & ! ,ca?olics1 :o f\nd !mselves unable to ma9ta9 a competition ) !m1 _h ! practice ( a numb] ( diff]5t indu/ries 9 :i* ! latt] excell$ =bidd5 !m by a s]ies ( edicts beg9n+ ) ! ye> #affb4 ,aft] _! expulsion f ,france ! ,hugu5ots c>ri$ into ,engl&1 into ,prussia1 into ,holl&1 _! _s ( ent]prise & ( economy2 & enri*$ ! di/ricts 9 :i* !y settl$4 ,! ,g]mans owe "s portion ( _! progress to ,hugu5ot exiles4 ,refugees f ! ,revocation introduc$ diff]5t indu/ries into ,engl&1 among o!rs ! silk indu/ry2 & x 0 c]ta9 disciples ( ,calv9 :o civiliz$ ,scotl&4 7,see ,m4 de ,laveleye ,de l'av5ir des peuples ca?oliques47 ,sid5ote3 ,prote/antism fav\rs self-gov]nm5t4 ,simil>ly 9 civil & political matt]s1 ,prote/ants h always be5 p>tisans ( self-gov]nm5t1 ( lib]ty1 ( local autonomy1 & ( dec5tralization4 ,side by side ) ! advance ( ! ,re=mation 9 ,switz]l&1 9 ,holl&1 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica !re w5t a dissem9ation ( ! pr9ciples ( lib]ty :i* lat] became ! articles ( fai? ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,calv9i/s1 notably1 h always be5 incl9$ to an ideal ( lib]ty & equality :i* has rightfully r5d]$ !m objects ( suspicion to ! ,fr5* mon>*y2 !y realiz$ ?is ideal only beyond ! seas 9 ! ,am]ican ,con/itution1 :i* may be reg>d$1 9 "s sort1 z ! product ( ,calv9i/ic ideas4 ,z e>ly z ! ye> #afcc an ,am]ican1 ,rog] ,williams1 proclaim$ univ]sal lib]ty1 & lib]ty ( consci5ce 9 p>ticul>2 he proclaim$ ! complete equality ( all modes ( religi\s wor%ip be=e ! law1 & on ^! pr9ciples f\nd$ ! democracy ( ,rhode ,isl& & ! t[n ( ,provid5ce4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) ! local autonomy & dec5tralization :i* *>act]ize its gov]nm5t1 /ill =ms ! type ( ! ,prote/ant /ate4 ,9 su* a /ate ! wide/ lib]ty exi/s only1 to say ! tru?1 )9 ! limit ( ,*ri/ianity3 ! f\nd]s ( ! ,am]ican ,con/itution sc>cely =esaw ! day :5 a wid] tol]ance w\ld be necess>y4 ,& x w\ld be to =m an extremely false idea ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to imag9e t ! civil p[] & religion are :olly disassociat$4 ,! sep>ation betwe5 ,*ur* & /ate is f> f be+ z absolute 9 ,am]ica z is (t5 suppos$1 & ,m4 ,goblet d',alviella v ju/ly corrects ! too en?usia/ic ass]tions1 on ?is po9t1 ( ,m4 ,guizot & ,m4 de ,laveleye4#gi #gi 8,public in/itutions are /ill deeply impregnat$ ) ,*ri/ianity4 ,congress1 ! ,/ate legislatures1 ! navy1 ! army1 ! prisons1 are all suppli$ ) *apla9s2 ! ,bible is /ill read 9 a l>ge numb] ( s*ools4 ,! invocation ( ,god is g5]ally obligatory 9 an oa? 9 a c\rt ( law1 & ev5 9 an oa? ( (fice4 ,9 ,p5nsylvania ! ,con/itution requires t e public employee %all believe 9 ,god1 & 9 a future /ate ( rew>d & puni%m5ts4 ,! ,con/itution ( ,m>yl& aw>ds lib]ty ( consci5ce to dei/s only4 ,! laws aga9/ blasphemy h nev] be5 =mally abrogat$4 ,9 c]ta9 ,/ates1 m or less /r+5t ,sunday laws are en=c$4 ,9 #ahhj a c\rt decl9$ to recognize1 ev5 z a moral obligation1 a debt contract$ on ,sunday1 & a travell]1 injur$ 9 a railway accid5t1 0 refus$ damages on ! gr\nd t he 0 travell+ on ! ,"l's ,day4 ,&1 f9ally1 *ur* prop]ty & funds are 9 a consid]able degree exempt f taxation40 7,m4 ,goblet d',alviella1 volution religieuse1 p4 #bcc47 ,simil>ly1 9 ,switz]l&1 9 ! mon? ( ,febru>y1 #ahhf1 ! crim9al c\rt ( ,gl>is1 ! *ief place 9 a canton ( #gjjj inhabitants1 at #acj kilomet]s f ,b]n1 r5d]$ a s+ul> judgm5t4 ,a mason nam$ ,jacques ,s*iess]1 :o 0 oblig$ to "w 9 wat] ( an excessively l[ temp]ature1 %iv]+ ) cold1 8 h&s blue1 made a movem5t ( impati5ce at ! cold1 & utt]$ irrev]5tial words t[>d ,god4 ,a procs-v]bal 0 made out aga9/ him4 ,he appe>$ be=e ! judges1 :o condemn$ him = blasphemy to two days' imprisonm5t4 ,x is surpris+ to see ,switz]l& c>ri$1 actually by ,prote/antism1 back to ! ,middle ,ages4 ,sid5ote3 ,intellectual & moral sup]iority ( ,prote/ant cl]gy4 ,f9ally1 to ! political sup]iority ( ,prote/antism mu/ be add$ ! intellectual & moral sup]iority ( its cl]gy4 ,! obligation to read & int]pret ! ,bible has giv5 rise1 9 ! univ]sities ( ,prote/ant !ology1 to a "w ( exegesis :i* has result$ 9 a new sci5ce1 ! ,sci5ce ( ,religion4 ,! ,prote/ant cl]gym5 are bett] educat$ ?an our prie/s1 & h moreov] families & *ildr51 & lead a life l t ( any o!r citiz52 !y are national1 because _! *ur* is a national *ur*2 !y d n receive ord]s f abroad1 &1 m ?an all1 !y d n possess ! t]rible p[] :i* ! ,ca?olic prie/ owes to ! confessional2 a p[] :i* co/ ,france ! ,revocation ( ! ,edict ( ,nantes & s _m o!r deplorable measures4#hj #hj 8,by means ( ! confessional10 says ,m4 de ,laveleye1 ! 8prie/ holds ! sov]eign1 ! magi/rates1 & ! electors1 & ?r\gh ! electors ! legislative *amb]1 9 8 p[]2 s long z ! prie/ presides ov] ! sacram5ts1 ! sep>ation ( ,*ur* & ,/ate is only a dang]\s illusion4 ,! absolute submission ( ! entire ecclesia/ical hi]>*y to a s+le w1 ! celibacy ( ! cl]gy1 & ! multiplication ( mona/ic ord]s1 con/itute a dang] 9 ,ca?olic c\ntries ( :i* ,prote/ant c\ntries "k no?+40 ,sid5ote3 ,b ,prote/antism is n a necess>y /ep t[>d free-?\ght4 ,! sev]al advantages :i* ,prote/antism enjoys by comp>ison ) ,ca?olicism are s inconte/able t1 if "o mu/ absolutely *oose betwe5 ! two religions1 "o c\ld n hesitate4 ,b su* a *oice is n necess>y2 "o c avoid bo? horns ( ! dilemma4 ,free-?\ght is ev5 m intimately dep5d5t ^u1 & m dispos$ to fav\r1 sci5ce ?an ,prote/antism is1 = free-?\ght absolutely dep5ds ^u sci5ce4 ,free-?\ght is m intimately dep5d5t ^u practical & civil lib]ty ?an ,prote/antism is1 by ! v fact t free-?\ght is ! complete realization ( lib]ty 9 ! sph]e ( !ory4 ,f9ally free-?\ght r5d]s ! cl]gy sup]flu\s1 or r to re9/ate a m$ival t]m x t5ds to replace ! prie/ by ! cl]k1 t is to say by ! savant1 ! pr(essor1 ! man ( lett]s1 ! man ( culture1 to :atev] /ate ( society he may belong4 ,! be/ ?+ t has be5 said ab\t ,prote/antism 9 ,france is ,m4 de ,n>bonne's rem>k to ,napoleon4 8,!re is n en\gh religion 9 ,france to make two40 ,in/ead ( a national religion we possess 9 ,france a national non-religion2 t v fact con/itutes our claim to orig9ality among ! nations4 ,9 ,france two-?irds at lea/ ( ! male population live outside ! limits ( religi\s tradition4 ,9 ! c\ntry1 z 9 ! t[n1 !re is sc>cely "o man = e t5 wom5 to be f\nd 9 *ur*1 sometimes n m ?an "o = a hundr$1 & sometimes none at all4 ,9 ! majority ( ! dep>tm5ts1 sc>cely "o man c be f\nd fulfill+ 8 religi\s duties4 ,9 ! great cities1 ! lab\r] is ! av[$ enemy ( religion1 9 ! c\ntry ! peasant is simply indiff]5t4 ,! peasantry displays a c]ta9 respect = ! ext]ior =ms ( wor%ip2 b ! reason is t ! peasantry comes 9 contact ) ! prie/1 its int]c\rse ) him is con/ant1 x g5]ally fe>s or e/eems him en\gh n to laugh at him1 except beh9d 8 back4 ,! results ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution _c be arre/$ 9 ?is c\ntry2 soon] or lat] !y w suffice to give bir? to a complete religi\s1 political1 & civil lib]ty3 ev5 to-day 9 politics x is n 9 ! direction ( a lack ( lib]ty t our failure lies1 x is q ! rev]se4 ,= ! ,fr5*1 x is useless to talk ( adopt+ ,prote/antism "u ! pretext t x is fav\rable to civil & political lib]ty1 to diffusion ( mod]n ideas & sci5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,no suffici5t evid5ce t ,prote/ant c\ntries are m moral ?an ,ca?olic4 ,!re rema9s ! consid]ation ( public morality 9 ,france4 ,b x is impossible to demon/rate t ! morality ( ,prote/ant p is sup]ior to t ( ,ca?olics2 nay1 9 respect to a c]ta9 numb] ( items1 /ati/ics t5d r to prove ! contr>y1 if any?+ c be prov$ ( morality by /ati/ics4 ,drunk5ness1 = example1 is a mu* less t]rible sc\rge among ,ca?olic peoples :o inhabit climates 9 :i* alcohol con/itutes a mu* small] temptation4 ,illegitimate bir?s are mu* m frequ5t 9 ,g]many ?an 9 ,france2 no d\bt because ( ! laws t regulate m>riage4 ,! av]age ( crimes & (f5ces is n v v>iable f c\ntry to c\ntry1 & su* v>iations z !re are1 are attributable to diff]5ce ( climate1 ( race1 ( great] or less d5sity ( population1 & n to diff]5ces ( religion4 ,to-day1 on acc\nt ( ! increas+ p]fection ( means ( communication1 vice t5ds to f9d its level4 ,vices spread l contagi\s diseases3 ev]yone ^: sy/em is 9 a /ate :i* is fav\rable to poison becomes contam9at$1 to :atsoev] race or :atsoev] religion he may belong4 ,! effect ( any giv5 religion ^u ! morality ( any giv5 p is c]ta9ly n to be ov]look$1 b x is altoge!r relative to ! "* ( ! p 9 "q1 & proves no?+ z to ! absolute moral quality ( ! religion itself4 ,mohamm$anism is ( great s]vice to b>b>\s tribes1 because x prohibits drunk5ness1 & travell]s g5]ally agree z to ! moral sup]iority ( ,mohamm$an tribes z comp>$ ) tribes conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity2 ! fir/ are compos$ ( %eph]ds & relatively hone/ m]*ants1 ! second are compos$ ( drunk>ds1 :om alcohol has trans=m$ into bea/s & pillag]s4 ,does x foll[ t we mu/ all become conv]t$ to ,mohamm$anism1 or ev5 t ! prohibitions ( ! ,koran1 all-p[]ful z !y are ov] ! savage m9d1 w\ld act ) ! same =ce ^u a drunk>d ( ,p>is or ( ,london8 ,alas1 no6 & 9 ! abs5ce ( any su* possibility "o may take refuge 9 ?is means3 sobriety is ev5 m important = ! masses ( ! p ?an cont95ce1 its abs5ce bord]s m ne>ly on be/iality2 moreov] ! lab\r+ man & especially ! peasant possesses less opportunity to run to excesses ( incont95ce ?an ( dr9k1 = ! simple reason t wom5 co/ m ?an dr9k4 ,ev5 among ! foll[]s ( ,mohamm$1 ! poor are oblig$ to re/rict !mselves to "o wife4 ,sid5ote3 ,& religion is n ! sole factor t det]m9es morality4 ,& f9ally religion does n con/itute ! sole cause ( morality2 /ill less is x capable ( re-e/abli%+ a morality :i* is on a decl9e2 ! utmo/ x c d is to ma9ta9 morality some:at long] 9 exi/5ce ?an x o!rwise w\ld be1 to confirm cu/om & habit by a back+ ( fai?4 ,! p[] ( cu/om & ( ! accompli%$ fact is s consid]able t ev5 religion c sc>cely make head aga9/ x4 ,:5 a new religion takes possession ( a p x nev] de/roys ! mass ( ! beliefs :i* h tak5 root 9 _! he>ts2 x =tifies !m r by adapt+ itself to !m4 ,to conqu] paganism1 ,*ri/ianity 0 oblig$ to trans=m itself3 x became ,lat9 9 ,lat9 c\ntries1 ,g]man 9 ,g]man c\ntries4 ,mohamm$anism 9 ,p]sia1 9 ,h9du/an1 9 ! isl& ( ,java s]ves simply z a ve/m5t & a veil = ! old ,zoroa/rian1 or ,brahman1 or ,buddhi/ic beliefs4 ,mann]s1 national *>act]s1 & sup]/itions are m durable ?an dogmas4 ,! "* ( nor!rn peoples is always h>d & all ( a piece1 to an ext5t t produces a c]ta9 ext]nal regul>ity 9 _! lives1 a c]ta9 submission to discipl9e1 sometimes also a c]ta9 savag5ess & brutality4 ,! m5 ( s\!rn ,europe1 on ! contr>y1 are mobile1 malleable1 op5 to temptation4 ,! explanation is to be look$ = 9 _! climate1 n 9 _! religion4 ,! rigid fir-tree gr[s 9 ! nor?2 flexible1 tall re$s 9 ! s\?4 ,! discipl9e ( ! ,prussian army & adm9i/ration does n result f ! religion ( ,prussia1 b f ! wor%ip ( discipl9e4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole life ( ! nor? !re runs a c]ta9 /iffness :i* %[s itself 9 ! smalle/ details1 9 ! mann] ( walk+1 ( speak+1 ( direct+ ! eyes2 & ! nor!rn consci5ce is brusque & r\gh1 x comm&s1 & "o mu/ obey or disobey2 9 ! s\? ( ,europe x argues4 ,if ,italy 7 ,prote/ant1 !re w\ld probably be few ,quak]s4 ,we believe !re=e t ! effect is (t5 tak5 = ! cause1 :]e a prepond]ant influ5ce is attribut$ to ! ,prote/ant or ,ca?olic religion on public or private morality1 &1 t is to say1 on ! vital p[] ( a p4 ,?is influ5ce =m]ly 0 enorm\s1 x is dim9i%+ day by day1 & x is sci5ce to-day :i* t5ds to become ! pr9cipal arbit] ( ! de/9ies ( a nation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,is ! possession ( a religion indisp5sable = ! be/ int]e/s ( humanity4 ,if x be s1 :at mu/ "o ?9k ( ! d\bts1 z to ! future ( ,france1 :i* seem to be ent]ta9$ 9 c]ta9 qu>t]s8 ,^? :o reg>d religion z ! condition s9e qua non ( life & ( sup]iority 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce among nations1 mu/ naturally consid] ,france z 9 dang] ( disappe>+4 ,b is ?is crit]ion ( national vitality admissible8 ,sid5ote3 ,mat!w ,arnold's !ory4 ,we f9d ourselves "h once m 9 ! pres5ce ( ,mr4 ,mat!w ,arnold4 ,9 8 judgm5t1 ! mod]n _w has be5 made :at x is by ! influ5ce ( two peoples1 ! ,greeks & ! ,jews1 repres5t+ respectively two di/9ct & almo/ oppos$ ideas1 :i* are cont5d+ ) ea* o!r = ! possession ( ! mod]n m9d4 ,= ,greece--! brilliant1 b 9 spite ( its subtlety ( _s1 some:at sup]ficial ,greece--art & sci5ce fill ! measure ( life4 ,= ! ,hebrews life might be summ$ up 9 "o ^w1 ju/ice4 ,& by ju/ice mu/ n be und]/ood a rigid respect = ! rights ( o!rs1 b a will+ness to r5\nce "o's own int]e/1 "o's own pleasure1 a self-effacem5t 9 ! pres5ce ( ! et]nal law ( sacrifice p]sonifi$ 9 ,javeh4 ,greece & ,judea are dead2 ,greece fai?ful to ! la/ mom5t to its belief 9 ! all-suffici5cy ( art & sci5ce1 ,judea fai?less at ! la/ mom5t to its belief 9 ! all-suffici5cy ( ju/ice1 & fall+ by reason ( t v infidelity4 ,mr4 ,mat!w ,arnold f9ds ! two nations symboliz$ 9 an ,old ,te/am5t /ory4 ,x 0 be=e ! bir? ( ,isaac1 ! v]itable inh]itor ( ! div9e promise1 :o 0 humble b elect4 ,abraham look$ ^u 8 fir/ son ,i%mael1 :o 0 "y1 vigor\s1 brilliant1 & d>+1 & implor$ ,god3 8,oh1 t ,i%mael might live be=e ,!e60 ,b x c\ld n be4 ,greece1 ! ,i%mael among nations1 has p]i%$4 ,lat] ! ,r5aissance appe>$ z its successor2 ! ,r5aissance 0 full ( vitality1 ( future2 ! dream1 ! sombre nightm>e _h pass$ away1 !re 0 to be no m religi\s asceticism1 we 7 to return to nature4 ,! ,r5aissance held 9 horror ! tonsur$ & hood$ ,d>k ,ages1 ^: _s 0 r5\ncem5t & mortification4 ,= ! ,r5aissance itself ! ideal 0 fulness ( life1 gr[? ( ! individual1 ! free & joy\s satisfaction ( all our in/9cts1 ( art & sci5ce2 ,rabelais 0 ! p]sonification ( x4 ,alas6 ! ,r5aissance fell1 z ,greece fell1 & ! natural successor ( ! ,r5aissance1 9 ,mr4 ,mat!w ,arnold's judgm5t1 is ,george ,fox1 ! fir/ ,quak]1 ! op5 contemn] ( arts & sci5ces4 ,f9ally1 9 our days1 a p 9 ,europe has tak5 up ! succession2 ! mod]n ,greece1 de> to ! enlight5m5t ( all nations1 ! fri5d ( art & sci5ce1 is ,france4 ,h[ (t51 & ) :at ard\r1 has ?is pray] 9 its fav\r be5 rais$ to ,god 9 heav53 8,oh1 t ,i%mael might live be=e ,!e60 ,france is ! av]age s5sual man1 & ,p>is is 8 city1 & :o ( u does n feel himself attract$8 ,! ,fr5* possess ?is elem5t ( sup]iority ov] ! ,r5aissance1 t !y are m balanc$ ?an o!r peoples1 & ?\gh ,france has aim$ to lib]ate mank9d & to enfran*ise !m f ! au/]e rule ( sacrifice1 %e has n conceiv$ man z a mon/]1 nor lib]ty z a species ( madness4 ,h] ideas are =mulat$ 9 a sy/em ( education :i* lies 9 ! regul>1 complete1 & h>moni\s developm5t ( all ! faculties4 ,accord+ly ! ,fr5* ideal does n %ock o!r nations1 x s$uces !m2 ,france is = !m ! l& ( tact1 ( measure1 ( good s5se1 ( logic4 ,we aim 9 p]fect confid5ce at develop+ ! :ole human be+ )\t viol5ce to any "p ( x4 ,x is 9 ?is ideal t we h f\nd our fam\s gospel ( ! rights ( man4 ,! rights ( man consi/ simply 9 a sy/ematization ( ,greek & ,fr5* ideas1 9 a consecration ( ! supremacy ( self1 z aga9/ abnegation & religi\s sacrifice4 ,9 ,france1 ,mr4 ,mat!w ,arnold says1 ! desires ( ! fle%1 & curr5t ideas1 are mi/ak5 = ! rights ( man4 ,:ile we are pursu+ "o ideal1 o!r peoples1 m tightly *a9$ to ,hebraism1 cont9ue to cultivate t ju/ice :i* is f\nd$ on r5\ncem5t4 ,f "t to "t !y look ) envy out ( _! own au/]e & dull life1 & ) admiration ^u ! ,fr5* ideal :i* is s positive1 s cle>1 s satisfy+2 !y are half incl9$ at times to make a trial ( x4 ,france has ex]t$ a *>m on ! entire _w4 ,ev]yone at "s p]iod or o!r ( 8 life has ?ir/$ = ! ,fr5* ideal1 has desir$ to make a trial ( x4 ,! ,fr5* we> ! guise ( ! p to :om has be5 intru/$ ! beautiful1 ! *>m+ ideal ( ! future1 & o!r nations cry3 8,oh1 t ,i%mael might live be=e ,!e60 ,& ,i%mael seems to gr[ m & m brilliant ea* day1 seems c]ta9 ( success1 is on ! po9t ( mak+ ! conque/ ( ! _w4 ,b at ?is mom5t a disa/] occurs1 ! ,crisis1 ! ,biblical judgm5t arrives at ! mom5t ( triumph2 behold ! judgm5t ( ! _w6 ,! _w1 9 ,mr4 ,mat!w ,arnold's op9ion1 0 judg$ 9 #ahgj3 ! ,prussians 7 ,javeh's sub/itute4 ,& once m ,i%mael1 ! _s ( ,greece1 ! _s ( ! ,r5aissance1 ! _s ( ,france1 free-?\ght1 & free conduct 7 conqu]$ by ,israel1 by ! _s ( ! ,bible1 by ! _s ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,a brilliant b sup]ficial civilization 0 cru%$ b5ea? ! weight ( ! b>b>\s & unyield+ asceticism ( a m or less nave fai?4 ,javeh is ev5 9 ! pres5t c5tury ! god ( battles1 & woe to ! individuals :o d n believe1 ) ! anci5t ,jew1 t abnegation con/itutes ?ree-f\r?s ( life1 & t art & sci5ce toge!r b>ely fill ! o!r f\r?4 ,sid5ote3 ,victori\s sup]iority ( ,hell5ism4 ,rightly to e/imate ?is philosophy ( hi/ory let u occupy ,mat!w ,arnold's po9t ( view1 :i* is n )\t "s %ade ( tru?4 ,assur$ly ,greece & ,judea1 al?\gh _! ideas dissolv$ into & became a "p ( ,*ri/ianity1 are1 s to speak1 two anti!tical nations repres5t+ respectively two oppos$ conceptions ( life & ( ! _w4 ,^! two nations h unceas+ly /ruggl$ aga9/ ea* o!r 9 intellectual battle1 & "o may accept z mo/ hon\rable = ,france ! rle t ,mr4 ,arnold has assign$ to h]1 t ( be+ ! mod]n ,greece1 ( repres5t+ ! /ruggle ( art & sci5ce aga9/ my/ical & ascetic fai?4 ,greece & ,france 7 conqu]$1 x is true1 b x does n foll[ f t fact t ! _s ( ,greece & ,france1 ( art & sci5ce1 has be5 conqu]$ by fai?4 ,! battle is on ! def9itive issue /ill unc]ta94 ,if "o mu/ tru/ to a calculation ( probabilities1 all ! probabilities are 9 fav\r ( sci5ce2 if ! ,fr5* 7 conqu]$ 9 #ahgj1 x 0 n by ,g]man religion b by ,g]man sci5ce4 ,9 g5]al x is v difficult to say t a doctr9e is inf]ior because ! p :o ma9ta9$ x h be5 vanqui%$ 9 hi/ory4 ,hi/ory is a succession ( ev5ts ^: causes are s complex t we nev] c affirm t we "k absolutely all ( ! reasons :i* produc$ any giv5 hi/orical fact4 ,!re are1 moreov]1 9 ! life ( any p a numb] ( curr5ts ( ?\ght runn+ side by side1 & sometimes 9 opposite directions4 ,! l& ( ,rabelais is also t ( ,calv94 ,m ?an t1 9 o!r nations we see a species ( (ficial doctr9e pr(ess$ by a s]ies ( rem>kable ?9k]s1 :i* seems m or less 9 opposition to ! m unconsci\s doctr9e ( ! p1 9 :i* ! conduct & ?\ghts ( ! great multitude may be reg>d$ z summ>iz$4 ,:at1 = example1 is to be consid]$ z ! true doctr9e ( ! ,jewi% p8 ,is x ! passionate fai? ( ,moses1 ( ,elijah1 or ( ,isaiah2 is x ! scepticism ( ! ,ecclesia/1 already =e%ad[$ 9 ! book ( ,job2 is x ! explosion ( s5suality 9 ! ,song ( ,songs8 ,x is difficult to decide2 x may be affirm$ ) "s %[ ( tru? t ! temp]am5t ( ! ,jewi% p z a :ole is r m s5sual ?an my/ic4 ,! (ficial doctr9e h&$ d[n to u 9 ! ,bible may be reg>d$ z a reaction aga9/ popul> t5d5cies2 a reaction ^: viol5ce is ! measure ( ! /r5g? & /ubbornness ( ! t5d5cies aga9/ :i* x 0 direct$4 ,! great days ( ! ,hebrew p 7 r ^? :51 "u ! reign ( ,solomon1 ! arts ( ease & life 7 fl\ri%+ ?an ^? :5 ! prophets 7 bewail+ ! disappe>ance ( s mu* spl5d\r4 ,or :at 0 really ! _s ( ! p 9 ! ,middle ,ages8 ,is x to be f\nd 9 ! my/ical books ( ! monks ( ! times8 ,& are ! ,middle ,ages1 ap>t f ! ,r5aissance1 to be reg>d$ z con/itut+ a great & complet$ epo*8 ,ev5 if we suppos$1 ) ,mr4 ,mat!w ,arnold1 t e brilliant age1 su* z ! ,r5aissance1 e age ( art & sci5ce1 h>b\rs 9 its own bosom ! g]ms ( dea?1 does t fact con/itute a reason = l[]+ "o's e/imate ( su* epo*s ( int5se life1 & is x n bett] = a p to h liv$1 ev5 ?\gh b = a few ye>s1 ?an to h slept ?r\gh c5turies8 ,sid5ote3 ,analogy betwe5 life ( nation & t ( individual4 ,no?+ is et]nal4 ,:5 a nation has enjoy$ a brilliant life dur+ a c]ta9 numb] ( ye>s or c5turies1 :5 x has produc$ great arti/s or great s*ol>s1 !re necess>ily comes a p]iod ( comp>ative exhau/ion4 ,religions also are subject to ! law ( bir?1 maturity1 & decay4 ,:]e does ! responsibility lie8 ,on ! v laws ( life1 :i* d n p]mit plants to blossom et]nally1 & :i* 9 g5]al provide1 9 all ! k+doms ( ! natural _w1 t !re %all be no?+ s fragile z a fl[]4 ,b if all human ?+s are transitory1 to lab\r = ! effloresc5ce ( intellig5ce1 to reg>d art & sci5ce z ! supreme aim ( life1 is precisely to pursue t :i* is lea/ p]i%able4 ,art1 sci5ce1 ! la/ a*ievem5ts ( ! human m9d d n decay2 man alone1 ! individual disappe>s1 & ! anci5t adage is et]nally true3 8,art is long1 & life is %ort40 ,z to true ju/ice1 x also is surely et]nal2 b if by true ju/ice be und]/ood ! h>d law ( ,jehovah1 ! wor%ip ( ?is law has always fall5 ^u ! insignificant epo*s ( hi/ory1 & precisely ^u ! epo*s ( inju/ice & b>b>ism4 ,!re9 lies ! explanation ( ! fact t t cult has fl\ri%$ at p]iods :5 nations 7 ! mo/ robu/ & difficult to subdue4 ,! mann]s ( su* nations are f]oci\s1 _! life at bottom is q contr>y to ! ideal ( ju/ice1 & _! religi\s fai? resembles _! mann]s1 & is viol5t & savage1 & incl9es !m to intol]ance1 to fanaticism1 to massacre2 b all ^! elem5ts ( inju/ice none ! less con/itute1 9 ! p t unites !m all1 s _m additional *ances ( victory ov] o!r p4 ,lat]1 :5 mann]s become m civiliz$1 :5 fai? dim9i%es & art & sci5ce are born1 a nation (t5 becomes weak]1 directly z x becomes nobl]2 ! f9] an organism is1 ! m delicate x becomes1 ! easi] x is to break4 ,r5\ncem5t ( self1 submission ( ! weak to ! /rong1 & ( ! /ronge/ to an all-p[]ful prie/1 ! species ( hi]>*y t obta9$ 9 ,judea1 9 ,india1 & ,europe dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 =m]ly gave a p a sup]iority 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 l t ( a rock ov] a vegetable1 ( an oak ov] a s5sitive plant1 ( a bull or an elephant ov] man2 b is precisely t k9d ( effectiv5ess ! ideal ( humanity1 & ! aim to be propos$ to human ef=t8 ,to raise art & sci5ce to _! highe/ possible developm5t exacts a consid]able exp5se ( =ce2 art & sci5ce fatigue & exhau/ ! p :o give !m bir?4 ,aft] epo*s ( eff]vesc5ce1 foll[ epo*s ( repose & ( recup]ation1 epo*s1 s to speak1 ( intellectual ly+ fall[4 ,^! alt]nations ( repose & productivity1 ( /]ility & fecundity w cont9ue to recur until "s means be f\nd ( ma9ta9+ ! human m9d cont9u\sly 9 its /ate ( highe/ vitality1 z "o f]tilizes ! e>?1 &1 s to speak1 ?us secures a con/ant fl[ ( sap & a p]petual effloresc5ce4 ,! day p]haps w come :5 ! psy*ic analogue ( ! rotation ( crops may be discov]$4 ,h[ev] t may be1 ! greatness ( a p has 9 ! pa/ too (t5 exhau/$ x4 ,b x does n foll[1 f t fact1 t hi/ory mu/ be read backw>d1 & t p]iods ( m]e prep>ation & b>b>ism & despotism mu/ be reg>d$ z ^? :i* are ! inc>nation ( ! law ( ju/ice & h sav$ ! race ( mank9d4 ,sid5ote3 ,hell5ism conta9s ! cure ( its own evils4 ,if greatness kills x is beautiful to die = greatness2 b :5 x is ! dea? ( a nation t is 9 "q1 mortality is nev] complete4 ,:i* is ! m completely alive to-day1 :atev] ,mr4 ,mat!w ,arnold may say1 ,greece or ,judea8 ,:i* w be m alive to-morr[1 ,france1 :i* to-day seems trampl$ und]foot1 or ! nations :i* seem to be ,france's sup]iors8 ,if we 7 p]fectly sure t ,france1 bett] ?an any o!r nation1 repres5ts art & sci5ce1 we might affirm ) p]fect c]titude t %e w possess ! future1 & say ) confid5ce t ,i%mael w live4 ,x is true t1 9 ,mr4 ,mat!w ,arnold's op9ion1 ,i%mael repres5ts n only ! man ( intellect b ! man ( ! s5ses1 ( ! desires ( ! fle%4 ,( a tru? x is /range to see anyone reg>d+ ! conqu]ors ( ,france z ,quak]s1 & ,p>is c lay no bett] claim ?an ,london or ,b]l9 to be+ dubb$ ! mod]n ,babylon4 ,mr4 ,mat!w ,arnold's my/ic t]rors 9 ?is connection are really des]v+ ( raill]y4 ,:at is j 9 8 position is t ! ,fr5*1 ev5 9 ! pursuit ( pleasure1 display a c]ta9 mod]ation & measure1 display a degree ( art t is unkn[n to o!r p2 & by t v fact !y a*ieve1 if n ! sub/ance1 at lea/ ! =m ( morality1 :i* is1 z ,ari/otle has said1 a j mean betwe5 two vici\s extremes4 ,9 ,mr4 ,mat!w ,arnold's judgm5t1 h[ev]1 ?is speci\s morality s]ves simply z a cloak = ! l[e/ degree ( immorality1 t namely ( seek+ "o's rule ( life n 9 ,god b 9 human nature1 ) all its div]se t5d5cies1 high & l[4 ,?is immorality con/itutes 9 its turn a sort ( social dang]1 t ( a s(t5+ or enfeeblem5t ( ! national "* ( a p4 ,?is dang] appe>s to u illusory1 or r1 if "o may s speak1 x is a "q :i* belongs r to hygi5e ?an to morals2 :at is really want$ is t sci5ce itself %\ld discov] 9 ! matt] a rule ( conduct4 ,9 reality1 g5u9e m5 ( sci5ce actually are ^? :o "k be/ h[ to direct !mselves 9 life1 & a :ole p ( m5 ( sci5ce c\ld leave little to desire on ! score ( conduct2 & t fact %[s t sci5ce itself conta9s an elem5t ( practical wisdom & morality4 ,note also t !re exi/s an antagonism betwe5 c]ebral lab\r & ! viol5ce ( ! physical appetites4 ,! prohibitions :i* are bas$ ^u a my/ical law too (t5 season desire simply1 z x is easy to prove by examples drawn f ! cl]gy ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,a mu* m c]ta9 me?od may be employ$1 namely1 to ext+ui% desire1 to sub/itute a sort ( intellectual disda9 9 place ( religi\s t]ror4 ,! ,mohamm$an religion prohibits ! use ( w9e2 b x is v easy to di/+ui% betwe5 w9e & alcohol1 :i* ,mohamm$ did n =m]ly =bid = ! suffici5t reason t he 0 unacqua9t$ ) its exi/5ce4 ,moreov]1 religi\s fai? is n only subject to subtleties ( int]pretation1 x is subject to p]iods ( weakness2 b if1 on ! contr>y1 y issue no my/ical prohibition b cultivate a man to a c]ta9 degree ( intellectual developm5t1 he w simply n desire to dr9k2 education w h trans=m$ him m p]fectly ?an religion c\ld h done4 ,f> f dim9i%+ ! value t individuals set ^u pleasure1 religions 9 reality frequ5tly augm5t x consid]ably1 because1 ov] & aga9/ su* & su* a pleasure1 &1 z x 71 hold+ ! balance level aga9/ x1 !y e/abli% an et]nity ( pa94 ,:5 a religi\s devotee yields to temptation1 he conceives ! desir$ indulg5ce z1 9 "s sort1 ( an inf9ite value1 z cond5s+ into an in/ant su* an et]nity ( joy z may comp5sate an et]nity ( suff]+4 ,?is conception1 :i* unconsci\sly dom9ates ! entire conduct ( ! believ]1 is fundam5tally immoral4 ,fe> ( *a/isem5t1 z psy*ologi/s h frequ5tly rem>k$1 l5ds a c]ta9 additional *>m to ! =bidd5 pleasure2 magnify ! *a/isem5t1 y height5 ! *>m4 ,!re9 lies ! explanation ( ! fact t1 if a devotee is immoral at all1 he is inf9itely m s ?an a sceptic2 he w indulge 9 mon/r\s ref9em5ts 9 8 pleasures1 analog\s to ! mon/r\s ref9em5ts 9 :i* 8 god indulges1 9 ! item ( puni%m5ts2 & 8 virtue1 consi/+ l>gely 9 fe>1 is itself fundam5tally immoral4 ,9 epo*s ( sci5tific developm5t ?is my/ical & diabolical height5+ ( pleasure w disappe>4 ,! man ( sci5ce is acqua9t$ ) ! causes ( pleasure1 !y fall into place 9 8 s*eme ( ?+s1 9 ! g5]al network ( causes & effects2 a pleasure is a desirable effect1 b only 9 s f> z x does n exclude su* & su* ano!r equally desirable effect4 ,! pleasures ( ! s5ses take _! legitimate rank 9 ! classifi$ & subord9at$ li/ ( human aims4 ,a man ( l>ge intellig5ce holds desire 9 *eck by means ( its natural & sole all-p[]ful antagoni/--disda94 ,sid5ote3 ,hell5ism m j ?an ju/ice4 ,to sum x all up1 ,i%mael is q capable ( regulat+ 8 own conduct )\t ,jehovah's help4 ,ju/ice is salvation1 said ! ,hebrew p2 b sci5ce also is salvation1 & ju/ice too1 & ju/ice n infrequ5tly m j & m c]ta9 ?an any o!r k9d4 ,if ,i%mael sometimes /rays into ! des]t1 sometimes loses 8 way & falls1 he kn[s h[ to get up aga92 he has /r5g? en\gh 9 8 own he>t to help himself1 & to make him indep5d5t ( ,jehovah1 :o left him alone 9 inf9ite space )\t ev5 s5d+ to 8 aid ! angel m5tion$ 9 ! ,bible4 ,if ,france has really1 z ,mr4 ,arnold says1 =mulat$ ! new gospel ( ,i%mael1 ?is pr(\ndly human gospel is indubitably de/9$ to outlive ! o!r1 = !re is (t5 no?+ m provisional1 m unla/+1 m fragile1 ?an :at m5 h cr[n$ ) ! adjective div9e4 ,! sure/ me?od ( f9d+ :at is really et]nal is to look = ! be/ & mo/ univ]sal elem5ts 9 ! human "*4 ,b ! gospel ( ! rights ( man1 ,mr4 ,arnold objects1 is ! ideal ( ! av]age1 s5sual man only4 ,"o wond]s :at ! mean+ ( ! ^w 8s5sual0 9 ?is place c be1 & :at s5suality c h to d ) an unwill+ness to disreg>d ! rights ( o!r p or to h "o's own rights disreg>d$ by o!r p4 ,z if ! rights ( man _h any?+ to d ) s5suality6 ,mr4 ,arnold =gets t ! ^w 8"r0 always implies "s measure ( sacrifice4 ,b ! sacrifice is precisely proportionate--x is n ! sacrifice ( all = ! b5efit ( "o or ( ! few2 x is n a /]ile sacrifice1 x is n a va9 exp5se ( =ce1 x is ! p>tial sacrifice ( all = ! b5efit ( all1 x is ! r5unciation 9 our own conduct ( ev]y?+ :i* might int]f]e ) l conduct on ! "p ( o!r p2 s t1 in/ead ( be+ a wa/e ( social p[]1 x is 9 ! be/ s5se an organization & an increase ( social p[]4 ,! p :o fir/ truly realize ! gospel ( ! rights ( man w n only be ! mo/ brilliant1 ! mo/ enviable1 ! happie/ ( peoples1 b also ! ju/e/ ( peoples1 ) a ju/ice :i* w be n only national & pass+1 b1 s to speak1 univ]sal & inde/ructible2 n ev5 ! h& ( ,jehovah w be able to %iv] its p[]1 = :at is really div9e 9 p[] w dwell 9 its own he>t4 ,! ,fr5* ,revolution 0 n s purely s5sual & e>?ly z ,mr4 ,mat!w ,arnold affirms4 ,x 0 an upris+ n 9 ! "n ( ! s5ses b ( ! reason4 ,! ,decl>ation ( ,rights is a s]ies ( =mul a priori1 con/itut+ a sort ( metaphysics or religion ( civil gov]nm5t1 f\nd$ ^u a revelation by ! human consci5ce4 ,x is easily compreh5sible t positive & empirical ?9k]s1 su* z ,b5?am & ,john ,/u>t ,mill & ,ta9e1 %\ld h a ^w ( blame = ?is novel species ( religi\s ,utopia2 b a p]son l ,mr4 ,mat!w ,arnold1 :o prides himself on be+ religi\s1 ought n to draw back f x1 ought ev5 to admire x4 ,!odore ,p>k]1 a ,*ri/ian n less lib]al ?an ,mr4 ,mat!w ,arnold1 did s4 ,writ+ on ! subject ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 ,!odore ,p>k] said3 t ! ,fr5* 7 m transc5d5tal ?an ! ,am]icans4 ,to ! intellectual conception ( lib]ty & to ! moral conception ( equality !y jo9$ ! religi\s conception ( frat]nity1 & ?us suppli$ politics z well z legislation ) a div9e f\ndation z inconte/able z ! tru?s ( ma!matics4 ,!y decl>e t rights & duties prec$e & dom9ate human law4 ,am]ica says3 8,! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is above ! ,presid5t2 ! ,supreme ,c\rt is above ,congress40 ,france says3 8,! con/itution ( ! univ]se is above ! ,con/itution ( ,france60 ,t is :at =ty millions ( m5 decl>e4 ,x is ! greate/ proclamation t a nation has ev] made 9 hi/ory4 ,sid5ote3 ,good & evil sides ( ,fr5* gaiety4 ,:at we may reasonably be reproa*$ ) is n our love = art & sci5ce1 b our love = a facile art & a sup]ficial sci5ce4 ,we may rightfully be reproa*$ also ) a some:at ,attic lightness1 a lack ( p]sev]ance & ( s]i\sness4 ,naturally1 "o does n mean t we %\ld imitate ! sup]/iti\s ,slave :o attributes an involunt>y bur/ ( laught] to ! devil1 & :o1 aft] hav+ laugh$1 expectorates indignantly to exorcise ! sweet _s ( gaiety :om he reg>ds z a _s ( evil4 ,if ,fr5* gaiety is "o ( our weaknesses x is also "o ( ! elem5ts ( our national /r5g?2 b let u be q cle> ab\t ! s5se to be put ^u ! ^w4 ,! gaiety :i* is g5u9e & *>m+ consi/s simply 9 high-he>t$ness & vivacity ( m9d4 ,"o's c\rage is /rong en\gh1 confid5t en\gh1 to be able to af=d n to look at ?+s on _! pa9ful side4 ,ev]y?+ has two h&les1 says ! ,greek sage2 & by "o h&le x is light & easy to manage2 x is by t h&le t ! ,fr5* are fond ( tak+ de/9y & =tune4 ,gaiety ( t k9d is simply a =m ( hope2 ?\ghts :i* come f ! he>t1 great ?\ghts are (t5 ! mo/ smil+4 ,:at "o calls aptness1 t swift fitness & appropriat5ess 9 :i* ! ,fr5* delight1 is itself an evid5ce ( m5tal deta*m5t1 an affirmation to ! effect t ?+s :i* appe>$ at fir/ s enorm\s really possess slight importance1 a m>k ( high c\rage 9 ! face ( disa/]2 x is simply a less !atrical r5d]+ ( ! anci5t non dolet4 ,a ,fr5* (fic]1 9 a gu]illa w> 79 ,new ,cal$onia1 ,i ?9k71 felt himself /ruck 9 ! brea/ by a bullet2 8,well aim$1 = a savage10 he said1 z he fell4 ,t is ,fr5* h]oism2 n go+ ! l5g? ( ignor+ ! fact1 b ma9ta9+ a j appreciation ( x z x is4 ,b !re is a gaiety t _c be too mu* blam$ or too /eadily repress$1 a gaiety undi/+ui%$ by subtlety or high c\rage1 & "o to :i* o!r peoples are q z incl9$ z ! ,fr5*1 ! gross laugh :i* foll[s horse-play l an e*o1 & inhabits tav]ns & cafs *antants4 ,t species ( gaiety is ! vici\s gaiety ( peasants out = a holiday1 ( comm]cial travell]s at d9n]4 ,x is und5iable t ! ,gaul has a weakness = gaudriole4 ,i "k a promis+ "y physician :o 0 oblig$ to leave ,p>is1 :]e he _h won a "n z a hospital surgeon1 oblig$ to quit "w & to g to a di/ant c\ntry = 8 heal?2 9 a mom5t ( expansion he confid$ to me t :at he regrett$ mo/ 7 ! jolly ev5+s at ! ,palais-,royal4 ,!re are ?\s&s ( di/+ui%$ "y m5 subject$ to ?is species ( education1 ( discipl9e 9 8*aff10 & x is inevitable t x %\ld result 9 a loss1 = !m1 ( some?+ t is f9e4 ,! ,palais-,royal1 ! vaudeville1 cafs-conc]ts are places :i* corrupt ! ta/e z ! palate is corrupt$ by dr9k+ wood eau-de-vie4 ,x is difficult to be a really rem>kable man & at ! same "t to possess a s]i\s ta/e = ! gross pleasantry ( second-class !atres4 ,! two are irreconcilable4 ,& x is a melan*oly ?+ to ?9k t ! pick ( ! "y m5 ( ,france %\ld be expos$ to precisely t influ5ce1 %\ld pass a numb] ( ye>s 9 su* an environm5t & lose _! ta/e z surely z _! e> = music4 ,:atev] is anti-/hetic 9 laught] is degrad+2 witticisms mu/ be spiritual1 mu/ really exp& ! he>t ) heal?y mir?2 laught] %\ld positively embelli% ! face4 ,nihil inepto risu ineptius e/2 ! reason is t 9 su* cases laught] is simply an explosion ( sill9ess4 ,! wise man1 says ! ,bible1 laughs ) an inn] laugh4 ,laught] %\ld illum9ate & n disfigure ! visage1 because x reveals ! s\l1 & ! s\l %\ld be beautiful1 %\ld resemble an outbur/ ( frankness1 ( s9c]ity4 ,! *>m ( laught] lies1 9 a great measure1 9 ! s9c]ity ( ! joy :i* r5d]s u1 = ! "t be+1 transp>5t to ^? ab\t u4 ,human ?\ght & ! human he>t1 ) ! entire _w t !y conta91 may be embodi$ 9 a te>4 ,sid5ote3 ,p>isian wit an epitome ( all t is evil 9 ,fr5* gaiety4 ,p>isian wit1 :i* 9 "s qu>t]s is reg>d$ z ! v type & ideal ( ,fr5* wit1 is 9 "s respects no m ?an an epitome ( its defects2 among ! work+ classes x consi/s 9 *aff1 :at !y call blague2 among ! upp] classes x consi/s 9 a sup]ficial v>ni%1 an inability to fix ! m9d on a logical succession ( ideas4 ,9 ! salon frivolity is a conv5tion1 x has positively atta9$ ! height ( be+ good mann]s4 ,my att5tion 0 attract$ a m9ute ago by a fly buzz+ ab\t my w9d[1 its transp>5t w+s describ$ curve aft] curve on ! lum9\s surface t arre/$ its flight4 ,its graceful & futile progress rem9d$ me ( ! conv]sation ( a lady to :om ,i _h j be5 li/5+ 9 ! salon1 & :o = an h\r _h describ$ a s]ies ( sc>cely l>g] circles1 ^u ! surfaces ( ev]y?+1 & b5ea? ! surface ( no?+4 ,! :ole _w ( ,p>isian frivolity 0 typefi$ by ! %imm]+ flight ( ! fly on ! w9d[-pane1 ignorant ( ! op5 air1 play+ ) /ray rays ( ! great sun t[>d :i* x 0 unable to m\nt4 ,sid5ote3 ,true inw>dness4 ,b mu/ "o be s]i\s to ! po9t ( ennui8 ,c]ta9ly n1 x is n necess>y4 ,x does n belong to our temp]am5t4 ,let u recognize1 h[ev]1 t to be endur+ ( ennui is a great p[]2 x is ! secret ( sl[1 pati5t1 pa9/ak+ lab\r1 :i* sp>es no detail1 :i* gu>antees solidity 9 ! f\ndations & remote & hidd5 elem5ts ( k2 x is ! secret ( ! sup]iority ( m5 ( nor!rn race ov] m5 ( s\!rn4 ,9 ! s\?1 ow+ to an impati5ce ( :at is t$i\s1 !re is manife/$ an inability to /ick to "o ?+1 to foll[ "o pursuit1 to v5ture into ! d>kness beyond :]e ! light /ops4 ,tasks pursu$ ) ob/9acy 9 ! c]titude ( an ultimate success1 indefatigable lab\r at ! desk1 read+ und]/ood z ! absolute appropriation ( e ^w & ?\ght betwe5 ! cov]s ( ! book 9 h&1 are unkn[n to ^? sup]ficial intellig5ces :i* are quick to take a birds-eye view ( a subject 9 its entirety1 b are impati5t ( details & ( c\rse among o!rs ( ess5tial details4 ,!re are races ( m5 :o are incapable ( any?+ exact+ m att5tion ?an 8skimm+02 !y skim _! books1 !y skim ! _w1 !y turn ! leaves ( life4 ,nei!r true art nor true sci5ce is )9 _! rea*4 8,live inw>dly10 says ! 8,imitation40 ,x is an ideal :i* ,fr5*m51 :o are p>ticul>ly incl9$ to lose !mselves 9 ext]nal details1 might well pursue4 ,b true inw>dness does n necess>ily consi/ 9 /]ile m$itation on a dogma4 8,live inw>dly0 %\ld signify1 be s]i\s1 be y\rself1 be orig9al1 indep5d5t1 & free2 be/ir y\r own p[]s ( ?\ght1 take a pleasure 9 develop+ !m & y\rself2 bloom inw>dly l c]ta9 plants :i* lock up )9 !mselves _! poll51 _! p]fume1 _! beauty2 b give out y\r fruit4 ,! natural expansiv5ess :i* leads a ,fr5*man to be s communicative is "o ( 8 good qualities2 ! bad side ( x1 :]e !re is a bad side1 consi/s simply 9 n hav+ any?+ s]i\s to communicate4 ,sid5ote3 ,rem$y = ,fr5* levity4 ,our defects are curable1 & _! rem$y does n lie 9 a sort ( religi\s asceticism1 b 9 a m pr(\nd & complete und]/&+ ( ! great objects ( love t h always attract$ ! ,fr5* m9d--sci5ce1 art1 law1 lib]ty1 univ]sal frat]nity4 ,!re is a ,japanese leg5d ( a "y girl :o procur$ "s fl[] se$s & 0 surpris$ to f9d !m no?+ b little black prickly gra9s2 %e (f]$ !m to h] playmates1 :o w\ld n accept !m2 !n %e s[$ !m1 9 "s anxiety z to ! results1 & by & by a sup]b fl[] sprang f e gra9 & all h] playmates begg$ = ! se$s t !y _h refus$4 ,philosophic & sci5tific tru?s are j su* se$s2 !y are unattractive at fir/1 b ! day w come :5 mank9d w prize !m at _! j wor?4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,religion ,,& ,,non-,,religion ,,& ,,! ,,*ild4 ,i4 ,decl9e ( religi\s education--,defects ( ?is education1 9 especial 9 ,ca?olic c\ntries--,means ( light5+ ^! defects--,! prie/--,! possibility ( /ate-action on ! prie/4 ,,ii4 ,education provid$ by ! /ate--,prim>y in/ruction--,! s*oolma/]--,second>y & high] in/ruction--,%\ld ! hi/ory ( religion be introduc$ into ! curriculum4 ,,iii4 ,education at home--,%\ld ! fa!r take no "p 9 ! religi\s education ( 8 *ildr5--,evils ( a prelim9>y religi\s education to be foll[$ by disillusionm5t--,! special "q ( ! immortality ( ! s\l3 :at %\ld be said to *ildr5 ab\t dea?4 ,i4 ,decl9e ( religi\s education4 ,sid5ote3 ,unfitness ( religi\s dogma z mat]ial = education4 ,! religi\s education giv5 to *ildr5 by ! prie/ possesses defects & ev5 dang]s :i* x is important to set 9 a cle> light1 & :i* expla9 ! gradual decl9e 9 secul> education4 ,an op9ion reg>d$ z div9e is an op9ion :i* is z unfit = purposes ( education z = purposes ( sci5ce4 ,! great opposition :i* obta9s betwe5 religion & philosophy--9 spite ( _! outw>d resemblances--is t ! "o is seek+ & t ! o!r decl>es t x has f\nd2 ! "o is anxi\s to he>1 ! o!r has already he>d2 ! "o weighs evid5ce1 ! o!r puts =? ass]tions & condemnations2 ! "o recognizes x z its duty to raise objections & to reply to !m2 ! o!r to %ut its eyes to objections & to difficulties4 ,f ^! diff]5ces result correspond+ diff]5ces 9 me?ods ( in/ruction4 ,a philosoph]1 a metaphysician1 aims to conv9ce1 ! prie/ inculcates2 ! =m] in/ructs1 ! latt] reveals2 ! =m] endeav\rs to /imulate & to tra9 ! reason+1 ! latt] to suppress x or at lea/ to turn x aside f primitive & fundam5tal dogmas2 ! =m] awak5s ! intellig5ce1 ! latt] 9 "s measure lays x asleep4 ,x is inevitable t revelations %\ld be oppos$ to spontaneity & lib]ty ( m9d4 ,:5 ,god has spok5 man %\ld be sil5t1 9 especial :5 ! man is a *ild4 ,& errors1 :i* are (t5 in(f5sive if taught by a philosoph]1 are grave & dang]\s if taught by a prie/ :o speaks 9 ! "n & ) ! au?ority ( ,god4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance ! rem$y lies always at h&3 an insuffici5t reason may always be made to give way be=e a suffici5t reason2 ! *ild holds ! /&>ds ( weight & measure 9 8 own h&s4 ,& inde$ x is n always easy to tea* error at all by reason & reason+3 to attempt to give reasons = a prejudice is an excell5t means ( mak+ its ess5tial untru? prom95t4 ,x has always be5 "s attempt on ! "p ( humanity to demon/rate its beliefs t has result$ 9 _! dispro(4 ,:oev] endeav\rs to exam9e a dogma is close ^u ! po9t ( contradict+ x1 & ! prie/1 :o reg>ds contradiction z a failure 9 fai?1 is always oblig$1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 to avoid an exam9ation ( x1 to int]dict a c]ta9 numb] ( que/ions1 to take refuge 9 my/]y4 ,:5 a prie/ has fill$ a bra9 ) fai? he seals x4 ,d\bt & inve/igation1 :i* are ! life ( philosophy1 ! prie/ reg>ds z a m>k ( di/ru/ & suspicion1 z a s91 z an impiety2 he lifts 8 eyes to ,heav5 at ! b>e notion ( anybody's ?9k+ = himself4 ,god is bo? judge & p>ty 9 e discussion2 at ! v "t :5 y are endeav\r+ to f9d reasons = believ+ 9 8 exi/5ce1 ,he comm&s y to affirm x4 ,! believ] :o hesitates at a dogma is a little 9 ! position ( ! %eep 9 ! fable1 :o wi%$ to reason ) ! wolf & to prove to him t ! wat] 0 n muddy2 he prov$ x inde$1 b he 0 eat5 up = 8 pa9s2 he w\ld h done j z well to hold 8 peace & yield4 ,also !re is no?+ m difficult ?an to %ake y\rself free f a fai? t 0 fa/5$ ^u y 9 y\r *ildhood & t has be5 confirm$ by ! prie/1 by cu/om1 by example1 by fe>4 ,fe>1 9 especial1 is a capital gu>dian to wat* ov] ! int]e/s ( positive religion & a religi\s education1 a gu>dian :o is always on ! qui vive2 b = x ! body ( belief :i* is kn[n z dogma w\ld soon fall into decay & bl[ away 9 du/4 ,"o p]son w\ld reject ?is1 ano!r t2 ev]ybody w\ld rise 9 op5 revolt1 runn+ hi!r & ?i!r gaily l a lot ( s*ool*ildr5 out = a holiday4 ,happily !y are always accompani$ by a tutor1 :o keeps !m 9 ord] & br+s !m home l a flock ( lambs to ! %eepcote4 ,:at p[] c reason+ h ov] anybody :o is afraid8 ,h[ c y be expect$ to see any?+ z 9 itself x really is1 if y h be5 accu/om$ f *ildhood to walk ) y\r eyes clos$8 ,tru? becomes = y z v>iable & un/able z y\r own s5sibility4 ,at an audaci\s mom5t y d5y ev]y?+1 ! next day y are prep>$ to affirm m ?an y 7 be=e4 ,x is v easy to und]/&2 nobody is oblig$ to be brave always1 &1 m ?an all1 "o's consci5ce is involv$4 ,consci5ce1 l gov]nm5t1 is cons]vative2 x is naturally inimical to revolution & *ange4 ,x is e>ly tak5 9 h&1 & taught its little lesson2 x becomes uneasy ! in/ant y call 9 "q a l9e on ! map2 y _c take an indep5d5t /ep )\t "s inn] voice cry+ out to y to take c>e4 ,accu/om$ z y are to he> p ana!matiz$ :o d n ?9k z y d1 y %udd] at ! ?\ght ( incurr+ su* ana!mas y\rself4 ,! prie/ has corrupt$ to 8 int]e/ e s5tim5t 9 y\r s\l--fe>1 respect1 remorse2 he has fa%ion$ y\r s\l1 y\r "*1 y\r morals to 8 h&4 ,insomu* t if y call religion 9 "q1 y call ev]y?+ 9 "q4 ,sid5ote3 ,impropriety ( suppress+ ! cl]gy4 ,subsid5ce ( ?\ght1 b5umbm5t ( ! _s ( lib]ty1 love ( r\t9e1 ( bl9d tradition1 ( passive ob$i5ce1 ( ev]y?+1 9 a ^w1 :i* is directly oppos$ to ! _s ( mod]n sci5ce are ! results ( a too exclusively cl]ical education4 ,^! dang]s are be+ m & m di/9ctly felt1 especially 9 ,france--p]haps too mu* s4 ,we g ! l5g? ( dem&+ t religi\s education %all be suppress$ & t imm$iately1 z be+ ho/ile to lib]ty & to progress4 ,an irresi/ible movem5t has begun t[>d lay education1 a movem5t to :i* ,ca?olics mu/ "s day or o!r adju/ !mselves4 ,b x %\ld be done sl[ly1 transition %\ld n be pu%$ too rapidly4 ,to suppress at a bl[ ! :ole cl]gy :o once _h complete control ( ! national education1 & /ill h *>ge ( "s portion ( x1 ought n to be ! aim ( free-?9k]s2 ! cl]gy w suppress !mselves if !y are b giv5 "t2 !y w simply become ext9ct4 ,at bottom x is n a bad ?+ t fifty-five ?\s& p %\ld be or appe> to be occupi$ ) some?+ else ?an _! p]sonal wants4 ,no d\bt "o nev] lives completely up to "o's ideal1 & ! ideal ( dis9t]e/$ness t ! prie/ proposes to himself is r>ely realiz$2 /ill x is good t a c]ta9 numb] ( m5 "h bel[ %\ld lab\r at a task :i* is above _! /r5g?2 s _m o!rs lab\r at tasks only :i* are b5ea? !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,a religion at its be/ only 9 competition4 ,x mu/ be confess$1 h[ev]1 t no religion is at its be/ 9 a c\ntry 9 :i* x reigns supreme2 really to e/imate x1 "o mu/ see x /ruggl+ = supremacy aga9/ "s rival fai?1 ,ca?olic aga9/ ,prote/ant1 = example4 ,"u su* circum/ances ! prie/ & ! pa/or 9 a s5se run a race ) ea* o!r1 compete ) ea* o!r 9 activity & intellig5ce4 ,"o may see ! results 9 ! ,dauph91 9 ,alsace1 & 9 a numb] ( =eign c\ntries4 ,! zeal ( ! prie/ pr(its imm5sely by "s su* /ruggle = exi/5ce on ! "p ( ! religion to :i* he belongs2 :oev] does ! mo/ good1 gives ! be/ advice1 ! be/ education1 to ! *ildr5 9 8 *>ge1 w9s a victory = 8 fai?4 ,! result1 :i* is easy to =esee1 is t a mix$ population ( ,prote/ants & ,ca?olics is bett] in/ruct$1 m enlight5$1 is possess$ ( a high] morality ?an _m o!r c\ntries :olly ,ca?olic4 ,sid5ote3 ,propos$ re=m 9 ,ca?olic c\ntries4 ,"o v desirable /ep 9 ,ca?olic c\ntries is t ! prie/ %\ld be giv5 complete civil lib]ty1 %\ld be all[$ to leave ! ,*ur* if he *oose1 )\t becom+ an outca/ 9 society1 %\ld be free to m>ry1 & to enjoy absolutely all ! rights ( citiz5%ip4 ,a second desirable /ep1 & an ess5tial "o1 is t ! prie/1 :o is "o ( ! s*oolma/]s ( ! nation1 %\ld himself receive a high] education ?an he does to-day4 ,! /ate1 f> f endeav\r+ to dim9i% ! income ( ! prie/hood--a v slight economy--might well1 at ne$1 augm5t x & exact diplomas analog\s to ^? dem&$ ( o!r in/ructors1 & suffici5t evid5ces ( compet5ce 9 ext5d$ hi/orical & sci5tific inquiries & 9 religi\s hi/ory4#ha ,already a numb] ( prie/s 9 c\ntry di/ricts are /udy+ botany1 m9]alogy1 &1 9 "s in/ances1 music4 ,! ranks ( ! cl]gy conta9 a great quantity ( live =ce1 :i* is neutraliz$ by a defective prim>y education1 by lack ( initiative1 by lack ( habits ( fre$om4 ,in/ead ( endeav\r+ to sep>ate *ur* & /ate by a species ( surgical op]ation1 free-?9k]s might well take _! /& on ! concordat1 & pr(it by ! fact t ! /ate controls ! income ( ! cl]gy1 & endeav\r to reawak5 ! prie/hood to ! conditions ( mod]n life4 ,9 sociology1 z 9 me*anics1 x is sometimes easi] to make use ( ! ob/acles to "o's advancem5t ?an to try to batt] !m d[n4 ,:atev] is1 is 9 "s measure useful2 f ! v fact t cl]ical education /ill ma9ta9s its exi/5ce x may be argu$ t x /ill plays a c]ta9 rle 9 ma9ta9+ ! social equilibrium1 ev5 if x be b a passive rle1 ! rle ( c\nt]poise4 ,b :atev] possesses "s degree ( utility may well acquire a high] degree2 :atev] is may be trans=m$4 ,we mu/ n endeav\r to de/roy ! prie/hood b to trans=m x2 to supply x ) o!r practical & !oretical pursuits ?an ! me*anical h&l+ ( ! brevi>y4 ,betwe5 ! lit]al religion :i* ! majority ( ! ,fr5* cl]gy tea*1 & a national & human ideal1 !re exi/ innum]able degrees :i* mu/ be a*iev$ successively & sl[ly1 by a gradual intellectual progress1 by an almo/ ins5sible wid5+ ( ! intellectual horizon4 ,mean:ile1 until ! prie/ %all h pass$ ?r\gh ^! successive degrees & h become aw>e ( 8 ess5tial sup]flu\sness1 x is good t he %\ld make himself useful 9 ! mann] 9 :i* he /ill believes himself capable ( be+ ( use3 b "o ?+ %\ld be exact$ ( him1 t he %\ld n make himself h>mful by /epp+ outside ( ! limits )9 :i* he is prop]ly conf9$4 #ha ,w\ld x n be possible at once to raise ! income ( all prie/s :o are possess$ ( c]ta9 lay diplomas su* z ^? ( ba*elor1 lic5tiate1 etc41 & :o1 by t v fact1 w\ld be pla9ly compet5t to conduct a lay or religi\s education 9 a m mod]n & sci5tific _s8 ,,ii4 ,education provid$ by ! /ate4 ,sid5ote3 ,/ate neutrality 9 religi\s matt]s4 ,! task und]tak5 by a /ate t is endeav\r+ to sub/itute a lay = a cl]ical education is "o ( increas+ importance4 ,! law ought1 no d\bt1 to recognize all religions z equal1 b1 z has be5 rem>k$1#hb !re are two ways 9 :i* ?is recognition may be conduct$3 ! "o passive1 ! o!r active4 ,! gov]nm5t may /& neutral simply1 & ab/a9 f ei!r refut+ or f giv+ com=t to ! pret5sions ( any giv5 sy/em ( !ology2 or x may be actively neut]1 t is to say1 x may pursue its task ( sci5tific & philosophical a*ievem5t 9 complete indiff]5ce to any & e sy/em ( !ology4#hc ,x is a neutrality ( ! latt] sort t %\ld be practis$ 9 prim>y & second>y in/ruction1 & t %\ld gov]n ! conduct ( ! in/ructor4 #hb ,m4 ,goblet d',alviella4 #hc 8,lay education10 said ,littr1 8ought n to avoid deal+ ) any?+ :i* is ess5tial2 & :at c\ld be m ess5tial 9 consid]+ ! moral gov]nm5t ( society ?an ! religions :i* h dom9at$ or /ill dom9ate x80 ,sid5ote3 ,importance ( ! s*oolma/]4 ,! s*oolma/] has always be5 a m>k = raill]y1 & sometimes ju/ly s2 to-day he is slightly reg>d$ by ev]yone ) any pret5sions to high acquirem5ts4 ,r5an & ,ta9e1 & p>tisans g5]ally ( an intellectual ari/ocracy1 c sc>cely suppress a smile at ! m5tion ( ?is repres5tative ( democracy1 ( sci5ce = small *ildr54 ,univ]sity pr(essors %[ small tol]ance = ! p$antry ( _! humble assi/ant1 :o is sometimes ignorant ( ,greek4 ,m5 ( culture1 ) any t9cture ( poetry or ( art1 reg>d ! man z some?+ v prosaic & utilit>ian ^: ma9 ambition is to in/ruct "s ?\s&s ( peasants 9 ! alphabet1 gramm>1 & ! names ( ! pr9cipal cities ( ,europe1 & ( ! geographical localities f :i* we obta9 pepp] & c(fee4 ,& yet ?is despis$ s*oolma/]1 ^: importance is daily increas+1 is ! sole middle-man betwe5 ! belat$ masses & ! intellectual lite1 :o are mov+ ev] m & m rapidly =w>d4 ,he has ! advantage ( be+ necess>y & ! disadvantage ( kn[+ x2 buri$ 9 8 remote village1 8 accompli%m5ts impress him almo/ z mu* z !y d ! *ildr5 & ! peasantry ab\t him2 ! optical illusion is a natural "o4 ,b if an exagg]at$ e/imate ( 8 own importance sometimes gives rise 9 him to an (f5sive p$antry1 x supplies him ) ! sort ( devotion t enables a humble function>y to rise to ! height ( ! duties to :i* he has be5 call$4 ,& :o1 aft] all1 b society1 is responsible = ! fa%ion+ & in/ruction ( ! s*oolma/]8 ,& _c society raise ! level ( 8 intellig5ce 9 proportion z x increases ! magnitude ( 8 task8 ,a little k makes a p$ant1 mu* k makes a s*ol>4 ,!re w always be s*oolma/]s :o w be z well educat$ z "o c\ld wi%1 provid$ only t _! sal>ies are rais$ side by side ) ! li/ ( requir$ /udies4 ,x is /range t a society %\ld n d its be/ to =m ^? ^: function x is 9 turn to =m x4 ,! great "q ( popul> education becomes 9 c]ta9 aspects a "q ( %ill+s & p5ce4 ,! practical in/ruction ( s*oolma/]s has already be5 c>ri$ to a c]ta9 degree ( p]fection2 he has be5 initiat$ into an appr5tice%ip1 & introduc$1 z x 71 into ! kit*5 ( c]ta9 sci5ces2 he has be5 suppli$ ) notions on agriculture & *emi/ry :i* (t5 enable him to give excell5t advice to ! peasantry4 ,x w\ld be v easy a little to p]fect 8 !oretical k1 to give him a broad] k ( ! sci5ces :i* he consid]s too exclusively on _! practical side1 to give him "s conception ( ?+s z a :ole1 to raise him above an exclusive adoration ( ! isolat$ facts ( hi/orical or grammatical m9uti4 ,a little philosophy w\ld make a bett] hi/orian & a less t$i\s geograph]4 ,he might be introduc$ to ! great cosmological hypo!ses1 to "s suffici5t notions ( psy*ology1 & 9 especial ( *ild-psy*ology1 & f9ally a little hi/ory ( religion w\ld famili>ize him ) ! pr9cipal metaphysical speculations t ! human m9d has put =? 9 its endeav\r to pass beyond ! b\nds ( sci5ce2 he w\ld become1 z a result ( x1 m tol]ant 9 all matt]s ( religi\s belief4 ,?is m ext5d$ in/ruction w\ld p]mit him to foll[ at a di/ance ! progress ( sci5ce2 8 intellig5ce w\ld n /& /ill1 he w\ld n come to 8 complete maturity some:]e betwe5 ! ,,abc-book & ! gramm>4 ,moreov]1 intellectual elevation is always accompani$ by a moral elevation :i* manife/s itself 9 all ! conduct ( life1 & sometimes a ^w f a s*oolma/] may *ange all ! re/ ( a pupil's exi/5ce4 ,! great] "o's intellectual1 & 9 especial1 "o's moral sup]iority1 ! great] "o's influ5ce ov] ^? ab\t "o4 ,ev5 at ! pres5t "t ! v mode/ am\nt ( k at ! disposal ( ! ord9>y tea*] gives him a v g5u9e influ5ce2 he is believ$ 91 8 words are li/5$ to & accept$4 ,! peasant--t d\bt+ ,?omas--:o n[adays %akes 8 head ov] :at ! prie/ says1 is becom+ accu/om$ to consult ! s*oolma/]2 ! s*oolma/] has %[n him h[ to make m gra9 gr[ 9 ! same am\nt ( gr\nd2 ! quiv]+ ( a blade ( grass 9 ! w9d is = a man ( ! p ! mo/ categorical ( affirmations2 to accompli% some?+ is to prove3 action is ratioc9ation en\gh4 ,moreov] ! s*oolma/] demon/rates ! practical p[] ( sci5ce by fa%ion+ successive g5]ations ( mank9d1 by conv]t+ !m into m54 ,x is at ! s*oolma/]'s h&s t ev]yone receives ! provision ( k t mu/ la/ him & ma9ta9 8 /r5g? ?r\gh\t 8 :ole life2 he prep>es "o = life z ! prie/ prep>es "o = dea?1 & 9 ! eyes ( ! peasant1 prep>ation = life is mu* m important ?an prep>ation = dea?4 ,life has its my/]y z well z dea?1 & 9 ! =m] case ! fact ( "o's capability is c]ta92 ! s*oolma/] (t5 det]m9es ! future ( ! pupil 9 a mann] t is visible & v]ifiable2 & no?+ l s mu* c be said = ! prie/4 ,! p[] ( ! latt] also has dim9i%$ ) ! *ange t has tak5 place 9 ! popul> notion ( puni%m5t aft] dea?4 ,! prie/'s p[] lies 9 c]emonies1 9 propitiatory or expiatory sacrifices2 ! virtue ( sacrifices ( bo? k9ds equally is to-day look$ on sceptically4 ,k is bett] ?an pray]1 & ! prie/ is gradually los+ 8 asc5d5cy ov] ! p4 ,! s*oolma/] is (t5 ! butt ( raill]y1 b ! c\ntry prie/1 :om x 0 s mu* ! fa%ion to idealize at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury1 is to-day a m>k = op5 mir?4 ,! reaction 0 natural & 9 "s measure legitimate2 p]fection is n ( ?is _w1 & dwells nei!r 9 ! /ate nor ! s*ool1 b ! rle ( ! s*oolma/] & ! prie/ 9 humanity is important1 = !y are ! sole disp5s]s ( sci5ce & metaphysics to ! multitude4 ,we h se5 h[ mu* x is to be hop$ t ! prie/1 :o is s ignorant to-day 9 ,ca?olic c\ntries1 w soon receive a bett] education1 w soon beg9 to create a reason = 8 cont9u$ exi/5ce 9 mod]n society4 ,if he falls too f> beh9d ! intellectual movem5t ( ! times1 he w drop out simply1 & ! s*oolma/] w inh]it 8 p[]4 ,aft] all !re are all k9ds ( apo/les1 9 bl\se & frock-coat z well z 9 prie/ly robes2 & ! proselytism ( "s ( !m is bas$ ^u a my/ical dis9t]e/$ness1 & ( o!rs on a c]ta9 practical aim2 !re are "s :o travel ab\t ! _w1 & "s :o sit by ! fire & are none ! less active = all t4 ,:at may be affirm$ safely is t 9 all times apo/les h be5 ev5 m dispos$ to address little *ildr5 ?an m51 & x is notable t ! mod]n ,v9c5t de ,paul 0 a s*oolma/]-,pe/alozzi4 ,sid5ote3 ,moral education ! legitimate successor ( religi\s education4 ,:at is tak+ ! place ( religi\s education1 9 exi/+ societies1 is moral education4 ,! moral s5tim5t1 z we "k1 is ! lea/ suspici\s elem5t 9 ! mod]n religi\s s5tim5t1 & metaphysical hypo!ses1 bas$ 9 ! la/ resort ^u moral conceptions1 are ! ultimate & highe/ outcome ( religi\s hypo!ses4 ,to ! elem5ts ( philosophic morality x has be5 propos$ to add1 9 second>y & ev5 9 prim>y in/ruction1 "s notion ( ! hi/ory ( religions#hd4 ,if ?is proposition is to be made acceptable x mu/ be r$uc$ )9 j limits4 ,let u *]i% no illusion2 ,m4 ,v]nes is wrong if he believes t a pr(essor1 & 9 especial a s*oolma/]1 ev] c\ld dwell ) insi/5ce ^u ! hi/ory ( ! ,jews )\t com+ into conflict ) ! cl]gy4 ,a truly sci5tific criticism ( ! leg5ds :i* are usually taught *ildr5 "u ! "n ( sacr$ hi/ory positively batt]s d[n ! v f\ndations ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,cl]gym5 & prie/s w\ld n endure x2 !y w\ld prote/ & ) "s %[ ( reason aga9/ x1 9 ! "n ( religi\s neutrality3 religion is n less c]ta9 9 _! eyes ?an sci5ce1 & ! ignorant fai? t di/+ui%es _m ( !m has n yet be5 temp]$ by a habit ( free criticism2 s t any?+ l a g5u9e hi/orical education :i* %\ld op5ly controv]t portions ( ! traditional !ology mu/ be consid]$ 9 advance z impossible4 ,!re mu/ be no "q 9 ! matt] ( op5ly refut+ anybody2 ! c\rse ( in/ruction mu/ simply be su* z to furni% ^? :o foll[ x ) a crit]ion ( tru?1 & to tea* !m to make use ( x4 ,we believe !re=e t if ! hi/ory ( religions is ev] made a "p ( ! regul> c\rse ( in/ruction1 x w deal pr9cipally ) ev]y?+ b ! hi/ory ( ! ,jews4 ,x might furni% elem5t>y in/ruction on ! moral sy/em ( ,confucius1 on ! moral metaphysical notions involv$ 9 ,indo-,european religions1 on ! antique ,egyptian religion1 on ! ,greek my?s1 & f9ally on ! religi\s & moral atmosph]e 9 :i* ,*ri/ianity took its rise1 & on :i* x 9 "s sort dep5d$ & ?rove4 ,x w\ld be well ev5 to make s*ol>s 9 prim>y s*ools acqua9t$ ) ! names ( "s ( ! great sages 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 ) _! actual or leg5d>y biography1 ) ! moral maxims :i* are attribut$ to !m4 ,:at h>m c\ld x d to in/ruct our *ildr5 9 ! aphorisms utt]$ by ,confucius1 ,zoroa/]1 ,buddha1 ,socrates1 ,plato1 & ,ari/otle1 & to let !m see some?+ ( :at humanity really believ$ be=e ! "t ( ,*ri/8 ,"o _c de/roy ! old fai? op5ly & 9 a m9ute1 b "o may d mu* to und]m9e & ju/ly to und]m9e x by %[+ :]e & h[ x borr[$ mu* ( all t is be/ 9 x--t x is n an exception 9 ! hi/ory ( human ?\ght nor ev51 9 all respects1 unsurpass$ 9 its k9d4 #hd ,by ,m4 ,maurice ,v]nes 7approv$ by ,littr1 & lat] by ,m4 ,paul ,b]t74 ,sid5ote3 ,helplessness ( religion 9 ! face ( argum5t4 ,! ,*ur* possesses two means ( educat+ *ildr5 9 its dogmas1 & only two2 ! fir/ is t ( patri/ic or ecclesia/ical au?ority3 #8,! fact is ?us & su* because ,i say s'2 ! second is ! te/imony ( miracles4 ,^! two1 ev5 at ! pres5t day1 con/itute ! :ole effective cont5ts ( ! prie/s' arm\ry4 ,! mom5t !y /ep outside ?is little circle ( ideas !y lose _! p[]4 ,& to de/roy ^! two argum5ts x suffices to %[3 #a/1 t o!r m5 h said some?+ diff]5t f ! tea*+s ( ,*ri/ianity2 #b;d1 t o!r gods ?an ,jehovah h also p]=m$ miracles2 or1 9 o!r words1 !re are no miracles :atev] t h be5 sci5tifically asc]ta9$4 ,a numb] ( ,fr5* s*ools 7 f\nd$ 9 ,kabail1 & 7 prosp]+1 :5 by degrees !y 7 ab&on$4 ,9 "o ( !m1 :i* 0 ! la/ des]t$1 "s ex]cises ( ! pupils 7 discov]$3 !y dealt ) a /ory ab\t ,fr$egunde4 ,?is anecdote illu/rates curr5t notions on in/ruction 9 classical hi/ory3 ,hi/ory means facts1 & facts (t5 mon/r\s & immoral2 n cont5t ) tea*+ !m to "y ,fr5*m5 we export !m to ,kabail2 b we d n export our ideas1 nor ev5 employ !m at home4 ,we %\ld h done bett] to tea* ! "y ,alg]ians :at we "k ab\t ,mohamm$ & 8 religion & ab\t ,jesus & ! o!r prophets1 ! div9ity ( ^: inspiration ,mohamm$ himself admitt$4 ,! slighte/ traces t a really rational education %\ld leave 9 a half-savage m9d w\ld be m useful ?an a heap ( absurd facts p]fectly rememb]$4 ,at bottom x is m important ev5 t a ,fr5* *ild %\ld "k some?+ ( ,mohamm$ or ,buddha ?an ( ,fr$egunde4 ,al?\gh ,mohamm$ & ,buddha nev] liv$ on ,fr5* soil1 _! influ5ce on u is inf9itely m great & _! relation to u inf9itely clos] ?an t ( ,*ilp]ic or ,lo?aire4 ,sid5ote3 ,place ( religion 9 /ate education4 ,! place 9 :i* ! hi/ory ( religions really belongs1 is 9 ! high] education4 ,x is n en\gh to h introduc$ x ) success into ! ,collge de ,france1 & q rec5tly to h secur$ its recognition 9 a small "p ( ! high] /udies 9 ! cole4 ,if we %\ld replace our faculties ( !ology by *airs ( religi\s criticism we %\ld d no m ?an foll[ ! example ( ,holl&4#he ,mr4 ,max ,mll] introduc$ ! sci5ce ( religions into ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d ) success4 ,simil>ly 9 ,switz]l& at ! organization ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,g5eva1 9 #ahgc1 !re 0 creat$ 9 ! faculty ( lett]s a *air ( ! hi/ory ( religions1 al?\gh !re already exi/$ 9 ! univ]sity a faculty ( !ology4 ,9 ,g]many ! hi/ory ( religions is taught indep5d5tly1 notably at ! ,univ]sity ( ,wurtzburg1 "u ! "n ( ,comp>ative ,symbolism4 ,j z a complete c\rse ( in/ruction 9 philosophy %\ld include ! pr9ciples ( ! philosophy ( law & ! philosophy ( hi/ory1 x w "s day include also ! pr9ciples ( ! philosophy ( religion4 ,aft] all1 ev5 f ! po9t ( view ( philosophy1 ,buddha & ,jesus possess a mu* great] importance ?an ,anaxim&] or ,?ales4#hf #he ,"s ye>s ago1 z is well kn[n1 on ! #a/ ( ,octob]1 #ahgg1 ! faculty ( !ology 9 ! ?ree /ate univ]sities ( ,leyd51 ,utre*t1 & ,gron+51 & 9 ! ,communal ,univ]sity ( ,am/]dam1 0 decl>$ to be a lay faculty & 0 fre$ f all association & connection ) ! ,*ur*1 & 0 requir$ to give purely sci5tific & philosophic in/ruction on ! hi/ory ( religion1 )\t practical discipl9e4 7,see ,m4 ,/eyn ,p>v1 ,organisation de l'in/ruction primaire1 secondaire et suprieure dans le royaume des ,pays-,bas1 ,leyd51 #ahgh1 & ,m4 ,maurice ,v]nes1 ,mlanges de critique religieuse1 p4 #cje47 ,! foll[+ is ! programme ( ?is faculty3 #a4 ,g5]al !ology2 #b4 ,hi/ory ( doctr9es conc]n+ div9ity2 #c4 ,hi/ory ( religions 9 g5]al2 #d4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,israelite religion2 #e4 ,hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity2 #f4 ,lit]ature ( ! ,israelites1 & ! anci5t ,*ri/ians2 #g4 ,old & ,new ,te/am5t exegesis2 #h4 ,hi/ory ( ! dogmas ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*2 #i4 ,philosophy ( religion2 #aj4 ,e?ics4 #hf ,z ,m4 ,v]nes has rem>k$1 ! prep>ation = tea*+ ! hi/ory ( religions might well be ! same z t = tea*+ philosophy1 hi/ory1 & lett]s4 ,x %\ld include ! /udies 9 ! upp] classes1 ( ! philosophical section ( ! cole normale1 & a prep>atory c\rse 9 ! div]s o!r faculties3 a real normal c\rse4 ,9 ?is c\rse ! pr(essor %\ld po9t out ! g5]al pr9ciple ( ! hi/ory ( religions & %\ld conf9e himself to indicat+ !m v summ>ily 9 ! case ( ! religions ( ,greece & ,rome1 to :i* a g5]al lit]>y education w h giv5 ! pupil access2 he %\ld deal1 )\t excessive att5tion to detail1 ) ! o!r ,indo-,european religions 7^? ( ,india1 ,p]sia1 etc471 ) ! religions ( ,egypt1 ( ,assyria1 ( ,phnicia1 ( ,islam2 & %\ld sp5d 8 greate/ ef=ts on ! criticism ( ,judaism & ! e>ly /ages ( ,*ri/ianity1 on ! hi/ory ( ! pr9cipal ,*ri/ian dogmas & _! developm5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,education ( in/ructors4 ,x has be5 said1 aft] ,m4 ,lab\laye1 t a pr(essor ( ! hi/ory ( religion %\ld be at once an ar*ologi/1 an epigraphi/1 a numismati/1 a l+ui/1 an an?ropologi/1 & v]s$ 9 ,h9du1 ,phnician1 ,slavonic1 ,g]manic1 ,celtic1 ,etruscan1 ,greek1 & ,roman antiquities2 he %\ld be no?+ less ?an a ,pico della ,mir&ola4 ,at t rate "o might %[ also t nei!r s*ools nor colleges c be expect$ to include a c\rse on natural hi/ory or on ! political hi/ory ( "s sev5 or eight nations--nay1 ev5 t x is impossible to tea* *ildr5 to read3 ! art ( read+ is s difficult 9 its p]fection6 ,really is x necess>y t ! hi/orian ( religion %\ld be a ma/] ( all ! hi/orical sci5ces8 ,he is "u no obligation to discov] new mat]ials1 he has simply to make use ( ^? :i* philologi/s & epigraphi/s h put at 8 disposal2 su* mat]ials are n[ abundant en\gh & well en\gh asc]ta9$ to require a c\rse specially devot$ to !m4 ,!re is no ne$ = ! in/ructor to ma/] su* & su* a p>ticul> division ( ! hi/ory ( religion2 he is simply requir$ to furni% /ud5ts 9 our univ]sities1 9 ! c\rse ( "o or two ye>s1 ) a g5]al view ( ! developm5t ( religi\s ideas 9 hi/ory4 ,! pr(essor w no d\bt enc\nt] c]ta9 difficulties 9 deal+ ) religi\s que/ions because ( ! am\nt ( feel+ t su* problems always involve1 b ! same difficulty is met ) 9 e c\rse :i* deals ) contempor>y que/ions1 & almo/ e c\rse does deal ) !m4 ,a pr(essor ( hi/ory has to deal ) contempor>y facts1 to describe ! successive *anges 9 ! =m ( gov]nm5t 9 ,france1 etc4 ,a pr(essor ( philosophy has to deal ) que/ions ( !odicy & morals2 & ev5 9 pure psy*ology1 mat]iali/ic & det]m9i/ic !ories h to be pass$ ^u2 ev5 a m]e pr(essor ( rhetoric is oblig$1 9 treat+ ( lit]ature & ( ,voltaire & ( ! eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies1 to t\* on que/ions :i* are burn+4 ,simil>ly1 a pr(essor 9 ! law s*ool mu/ f9d a ?\s& occasions = prais+1 or blam+1 or criticis+ ! laws ( ! ,/ate4 ,& mu/ "o1 because ( dang]s ( ?is sort :i* are met ) at e /ep1 cease tea*+ hi/ory1 philosophy1 & law8 ,no1 & we d n believe t "o %\ld be deb>r$ f tea*+ religi\s hi/ory4 ,! :ole "q is "o ( fact r ?an ( pr9ciple2 x %\ld be ! ma/]'s bus9ess to avoid digressions beyond ! limits ( pure sci5ce1 & to be on 8 gu>d aga9/ seem+ to mean some?+ m ?an he says1 & mask+ a criticism ( ! exi/+ ord] ( ?+s "u a c\rse on ab/ract !ory4#hg #hg ,works 9 religi\s criticism w\ld naturally f9d _! place 9 ! s*ool & college libr>ies4 ,!y might be supplem5t$ by a m or less ext5sive museum ( religi\s curiosities1 beg9n+ ) ! feti*es ( savage tribes & ext5d+ d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,to ! mass ( ! ,fr5* public ! solid results already a*iev$ by an indep5d5t criticism ( ! ,bible con/itute a t]ra incognita2 !y mu/ be dissem9at$4 ,m4 ,l5ormant's ef=t might s]ve z an example = o!r ef=ts ( ! same k9d4 ,9 ord] to make x app>5t at a glance h[ ! ,p5tateu* has be5 =m$1 by ! comb9ation & fusion ( ! e>li] sets ( docum5ts1 ,m4 ,l5ormant und]took to publi% a translation f ! ,hebrew1 9 :i* he di/+ui%es ! extracts f ! respective sets ( docum5ts by diff]5t k9ds ( type4 ,?us "o has be=e "o ! natural explanation ( ! way 9 :i* all ! episodes 9 ,g5esis are pres5t$ 9 ! two p>allel v]sions1 sometimes juxtapos$1 sometimes m+l$4 ,sid5ote3 ,legitimate object ( religi\s in/ruction4 ,! aim ( ?is imp>tial c\rse ( in/ruction %\ld be to supply ea* religion ) its prop] hi/orical sett+1 to %[ h[ x 0 born1 develop$1 oppos$ to o!rs2 x %\ld be describ$1 n refut$4 ,! b>e introduction ( hi/orical cont9uity into ! c\rse ( religi\s ?\ght is itself a consid]able /ep 9 advance2 :atev] is cont9u\s ceases to be m>vell\s4 ,nobody is a/oni%$ at a brook :i* gradually becomes bigg]2 our ance/ors ador$ great riv]s ( ^: s\rces !y 7 ignorant4 ,,iii4 ,education at ,home4 ,x has (t5 be5 ask$1 z a "q ( practical conduct1 :e!r ! head ( a h\sehold ought n to h a religion1 at lea/ if n = himself1 = 8 wife & *ildr51 & if 8 wife is religi\s ought he to ab&on ! education ( 8 *ildr5 to h]8 ,sid5ote3 ,fa!r's duty 9 reg>d to religi\s in/ruction4 ,we believe x is ! duty ( ! head ( a h\sehold to re> 8 family 9 ! ideas 9 :i* he believes4 ,:atev] solution ( ! religi\s problem he may h atta9$1 he ought to hide x f no "o1 & 9 especial n f 8 family4 ,moreov]1 ev5 if he %\ld wi% to keep 8 op9ions secret1 he w\ld be unable to d s1 at lea/ = ! :ole ( 8 life4 ,8 dissimulation w\ld simply result 9 su* an association 9 ! m9ds ( 8 *ildr5 betwe5 moral precepts & religi\s dogmas t ! *ances w\ld be t !y w\ld /&1 or r fall1 toge!r4 ,( all p 9 ! _w ! *ild is precisely ! "o :o is likely to suff] mo/ f a belief t religion & morality are insep>ably b\nd up toge!r4 ,( all human be+s *ildr5 are lea/ philosophical1 lea/ metaphysical1 lea/ famili> ) sci5tific ideas1 & !re=e ( all o!rs ! mo/ easily biass$ once = all by ! inculcation ( false or d\btful notions pres5t$ z c]ta94 ,9 ,*9a1 at ! p]iodical conf]5ces1 c]ta9 m&>9s dilate ^u ! foll[+ !me 9 ! pres5ce ( ! m notable among ! inhabitants3 8,d y\r duty z a citiz5 & bew>e ( religion40 ,t is precisely :at a fa!r ought to say aga9 & aga9 to 8 *ildr54 ,x is a good pr9ciple ( education to take x = grant$ t ! *ild is rational1 & to treat x z su*1 9 ord] ultimately & gradually to develop ! _s ( reason 9 x4 ,:at a *ild lacks is mu* less int5sity ( att5tion ?an cont9uity4 ,v (t5 among c\ntry p1 & almo/ always among inf]ior races 7z also among animals71 ! "y are m wide-awake1 m curi\s1 m quick-m9d$ ?an ! mature m52 b _! att5tion mu/ be seiz$ 9 transit2 tea*+ !m resembles tea*+ a bird on ! w+4 ,_! s*oolma/] mu/ h ! gifts ( a bird-fanci]2 & x is 8 fault mu* (t5] ?an ! *ild's if ! latt] does n und]/&1 does n ask que/ions1 is in]t & incuri\s4 ,! sci5tific education ( ! *ild %\ld beg9 ) its fir/ "q2 tru? is a debt t "o owes to x1 & tru? accessible to its intellig5ce4 ,! mom5t a *ild asks a "q out ( its own head1 x is at lea/ 9 "p prep>$ to und]/& ! reply2 ! duty ( ! p]son int]rogat$ is to reply1 z fully & z truly z he believes ! *ild capable ( und]/&+1 & if he leaves gaps he mu/ at lea/ nev] fill !m ) lies4 ,x is s easy to tell ! *ild to wait until x is bigg]4 ,!re %\ld be no fe> ( precoci\sly develop+ ! *ild's reason 9 its two ess5tial =ms1 ! in/9ct ( inquiry1 ( :y & h[1 & ! in/9ct ( p]ception1 ( logical cog5cy 9 ! reply to ! 8:y0 & 8h[40 ,"o ne$ n be afraid t ! *ild w fatigue its bra9 by ab/ract reason+2 ,pascals are r>e4 ,! dang] does n lie 9 a premature developm5t ( ! reason1 :i* x is always easy moreov] to *eck1 b 9 a premature developm5t ( ! s5sibility4 ,! *ild mu/ n be enc\rag$ to feel too /rongly4 ,to subject x to va9 fe>s su* z ^? ( hell & ! devil1 or to beatific visions & my/ic en?usiasms su* z "y girls exp]i5ce at ! "t ( ! fir/ communion1 is to d x mu* great] h>m ?an to tea* x to reason ju/ly & to develop 9 x a c]ta9 intellig5t virility4 ,races become effem9ate by excess ( s5sibility1 nev] by excess ( sci5tific & philosophic p[]4 ,sid5ote3 ,impossible to leave ! *ild 9 ignorance4 ,x w p]haps be said1 ) ,r\sseau1 t if ! *ild is n to be trammell$ ) religi\s prejudice x may at lea/ wait = reason$ in/ruction on religion until x has atta9$ its intellectual maturity4 ,we reply t x is impossible to d s 9 ! pres5t /ate ( society4 ,if ! fa!r does n tea* 8 *ild x w absorb ! prejudices ( ^? x associates )1 & to disabuse x ( !m aft]w>d w dem& a v]itable crisis1 :i* is always pa9ful & (t5 ! cause ( p]man5t suff]+4 ,! great art ( education %\ld consi/ precisely 9 avoid+ crises ( ?is sort 9 ! ord]ly gr[? ( ! intellect4 ,! fa!r :o po/pones ! decisive mom5t w be ! fir/ p]son to be surpris$ at ! am\nt ( pa9 he w be oblig$ to subject 8 *ild to 9 ord] to root up ! error :i* he has placidly p]mitt$ to gr[ "u 8 v eyes4 ,sid5ote3 ,"o mu/ beg9 e>ly4 ,m4 ,littr has giv5 an acc\nt ( a case ( consci5ce ( ?is k9d2 aft] hav+ volunt>ily held alo( f ! religi\s education ( 8 daught] till %e _h rea*$ ye>s ( discretion1 he f\nd h] at la/ s s9c]ely conv9c$1 s completely fa%ion$ by religion = religion1 t he recoil$ be=e s ?or\gh-go+ a *ange2 l a surgeon ^: h& %\ld tremble at ! ?\ght ( an op]ation ^u a body t love _h r5d]$ sacr$ to him2 l an oculi/ :o %\ld feel t light 0 n wor? ! pa9 t he w\ld h to inflict on eyes t 7 de> to him4 ,! intellectual op]ator has n at 8 comm& ev5 ! res\rce ( *lor(orm2 he mu/ practise 8 surg]y ^u a subject :o is fully consci\s & ev5 excit$ by att5tion & reflection4 ,prev5tion is bett] ?an expectant treatm5t1 :i* all[s ! disease to develop 9 ! hopes ( cur+ x aft]w>d4 ,! compet5t educator1 l ! compet5t physician1 may be kn[n by 8 ability 9 avoid+ ! necessity ( op]ations4 ,x is a mi/ake to all[ a *ild to gr[ up 9 complete belief 9 religi\s leg5ds1 ) ! int5tion ( undeceiv+ x aft]w>d4 ,x w be undeceiv$ n )\t regret nor )\t ef=t4 ,& (t5 ! ef=t put =? w itself be too great1 w ov]%oot itself1 & f excess ( fai? ! *ild w pass at a b\nd to sceptical indiff]5ce & w suff] = x4 ,treasures 9 heav5 are treasures 9 fiat money2 ! disappo9tm5t :i* mu/ "s day come1 :5 "o le>ns ! tru?1 w be bitt]4 ,x w\ld be bett] always to h kn[n t "o 0 poor4 ,a *ild may e>ly be accu/om$ to ! conception ( ! inf9ite2 x makes up its acc\nt ) x z ) ! notion ( ! antipodes1 or ( ! abs5ce ( an absolute up & d[n 9 ! univ]se4 ,! fir/ s5sation "o exp]i5ces :5 "o le>ns t ! e>? is sph]ical is ( t]ror1 a fe> ( ! void1 ( tumbl+ (f into ! abyss ( op5 space4 ,! same nave fe> lies at ! bottom ( ! religi\s s5tim5t 9 c]ta9 m9ds1 & is due to factiti\s associations ( ideas :i* are a matt] ( education :olly4 ,a fi% born 9 an aqu>ium becomes accu/om$ to its habitat1 z ! anci5ts 7 accu/om$ to ! inv]t$ cry/al ball ( ! heav5s2 x w\ld be lo/ 9 ! ocean4 ,birds re>$ 9 ! cage (t5 die if !y are abruptly giv5 _! lib]ty4 ,a p]iod ( transition is always necess>y1 "o ne$s "t to become accu/om$ to intellectual expanses z well z to expanses ( air & wat]4 ,if mank9d is to live )\t religion x mu/ receive a non-religi\s education1 & ?is education w sp>e x a great deal ( ! suff]+ t ^? :o h be5 educat$ 9 ! fai? & h subsequ5tly brok5 away by _! own ef=ts h und]gone4 ,! wood-cutt]'s *ild exp]i5ces no s5tim5t ( fe> 9 ! solitude & obscurity ( ! =e/1 9 ! ar*$ lanes & alleys1 among ! trees among :i* x 0 born4 ,a t[n-born *ild w\ld feel lo/ 9 su* a place & w\ld beg9 to cry4 ,! _w ( sci5ce1 ) its %ad[y labyr9?s & limitless ext5t & its numb]less ob/acles :i* mu/ be remov$ "o at a "t1 is su* a =e/2 ! *ild :o is born 9 x w n be fright5$1 w live 9 x always happily4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,:at to say to ! *ild ab\t dea?4 ,m4 ,l\is ,mn>d's position4 ,( all ! problems ( education :i* lie on ! bord]s ( religi\s metaphysics ! mo/ int]e/+ is1 unque/ionably1 :at to say to ! *ild ab\t dea? & human de/9y4 ,:5 ^! que/ions are discuss$ be=e him1 is a rational & truly philosophical me?od to be employ$8 ,is he to be in=m$ dogmatically1 or is x a matt] ( indiff]5ce :at is said to him8 ,?is problem has be5 discuss$1 9 ! 8,critique philosophique10 by ,m4 ,l\is ,mn>d1 :o deals ) ! hypo!tical case ( a *ild t has lo/ its "m & is cross-que/ion+ its fa!r4 ,t is +5i\s1 b x is a speci\s way ( rais+ ! problem4 ,:5 a "y *ild loses its "m we reg>d x z ! fir/ duty ( ! fa!r to console & sp>e its delicate organism ! /ra9 ( all /rong emotions4 ,! "q is "o ( moral hygi5e1 9 :i* philosophy & religion are n conc]n$1 9 :i* ! age & temp]am5t ( ! *ild are ! sole ?+s to consid]4 ,tru? is n equally valuable at all p]iods ( life2 "o does n tell a man abruptly t 8 wife has j di$4 ,! mo/ conv9c$ mat]iali/ w hesitate to ann\nce to a n]v\s *ild t x w nev] see its "m aga94 ,b ! mat]iali/ 9 "q w\ld always d wrong to put =? a categorical affirmation 9 a case 9 :i* !re exi/s at be/ no?+ m ?an probabilities2 ! mo/ dang]\s me?od ( deception is to pres5t z a recogniz$ c]ta9ty :at is really no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,9 any ev5t !re is "o =m ( immortality1 t ( memory1 & t species ( immortality we may ourselves secure by implant+ x 9 ! m9d ( ! *ild4#hh ,! fa!r ought repeat$ly to talk to ! orphan *ild ( ! dead "m4 ,he c create a recollection 9 ! *ild z vivid & z detail$ z 8 own2 :e!r ! *ild behaves well or ill he c always say1 8,if y\r "m 7 b "h60 ,! *ild w ?us become accu/om$ to f9d a recomp5se or a puni%m5t 9 its "m's approbation or disapprobation4#hi #hh 8,memory is no d\bt an affliction = ! gr[n man mu* m ?an = ! *ild1 b x is also a consolation4 ,cultivation ( "o's memories supplies p[]ful means ( moral education = all ages1 & = nations z well z = individuals4 ,x 0 q to be expect$ t we %\ld f9d an ance/or wor%ip 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( e p40 7,felix ,h5neguy1 ,critique philosophique1 #h? ye>1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bah47 #hi ,ibid4 ,sid5ote3 ,%\ld talk ) *ild z ) a gr[n p]son4 ,to raise ! problem m fairly1 let u suppose ! circum/ances some:at less tragic ?an ^? :i* ,m4 ,mn>d has *os51 & let u ask h[1 9 g5]al1 ! *ild mu/ be spok5 to ab\t dea?4 ,:5 ! *ild is capable ( foll[+ a m or less complex bit ( exposition1 t[>d ! age ( t5 or twelve = example1 ,i confess t ,i see no reason :y its que/ions %\ld n be answ]$ exactly z if !y 7 ^? ( a gr[n p]son4 ,at t age x w no long] believe 9 fairies1 x w no long] ne$ to believe 9 leg5ds1 n ev5 9 ^? ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! sci5tific & philosophic _s w h begun to develop & mu/ n be ei!r *eck$ or di/ort$4 ,if its intellig5ce leads x t[>d philosophical problems1 s mu* ! bett]2 "o mu/ meet its ne$ z simply z if ! problems 9 "q 7 hi/orical4 ,i h se5 a *ild mu* torm5t$ by a desire to "k :e!r su* & su* an hi/orical p]sonage di$ a natural dea? or 0 poison$4 ,! *ild 0 told t ! ?+ 0 d\btful1 b t ! probability 0 s & s4 ,! same me?od %\ld be pursu$ 9 ref]5ce to m important problems4 ,sid5ote3 ,no difficulty 9 mak+ ! *ild und]/&4 ,b h[1 x may be ask$1 is "o to =m replies1 t ! *ild c und]/&1 to que/ions :i* relate to ! life beyond ! grave8 ,is n ! sole language t x und]/&s t ( ,*ri/ianity1 :i* deals ) m5 rais$ to heav51 ) happy s\ls seat$ among ! angels & ! s]aphim1 etc48 ,we reply t p 9 g5]al seem to h a /range conception ( ! *ild's intellig5ce2 !y expect x to und]/& ! mo/ ref9$ subtleties ( gramm>1 ! mo/ unexpect$ turns & %ifts ( !ology1 & are afraid to say a ^w to x ( philosophy4 ,a little girl ( twelve ye>s1 ( my acqua9tance1 repli$ ) mu* +5uity to ?is unexpect$ "q3 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 a p]fect & an imp]fect ,*ri/ian8 ,x 0 evid5t t %e w\ld n h exp]i5c$ great] difficulty 9 reply+ to a metaphysical "q4 ,i recollect hav+ myself foll[$1 at ! age ( eight1 a discussion on ! immortality ( ! s\l2 nay1 ,i ev5 pron\nc$ an int]ior judgm5t 9 fav\r ( him :o 0 ma9ta9+ ! cause ( immortality4 ,our sy/em ( education is full ( contradictions1 :i* consi/ at once 9 me*anically burd5+ ! *ild's memory ) ?+s x _c und]/&1 & 9 depriv+ its intellig5ce ( subjects 9 :i* x might take an int]e/4 8,b10 ,m4 ,mn>d w object1 8a *ild mu/ n be put into a position ( be+ able to oppose its fa!r's belief to t ( its "m or ( its gr&-"m40 ,:y n8 ,x happ5s1 necess>ily1 e day4 ,!re are1 on all subjects1 incessantly go+ on 9 ! bosom ( ! family a s]ies ( discussions1 ( small disagreem5ts :i* 9 n[ise fundam5tally di/urb ! h>mony ( ! h\sehold2 :y %\ld x be o!rwise :5 m important & unc]ta9 que/ions simply are involv$8 8,b ! *ild w lose respect = its p>5ts40 ,x is c]ta9ly bett] t x %\ld lose respect = !m ?an t x %\ld believe ev]y?+ !y say1 ev5 :5 !y deceive x4 ,happily1 respect = "o's p>5ts is n at all ! same ?+ z belief 9 _! infallibility4 ,*ildr5 e>ly make use ( lib]ty ( judgm5t1 !y may e>ly be taught to sift out ! tru? f a mass ( m or less contradictory affirmations1 _! judgm5t may be develop$ in/ead ( be+ suppli$1 z is at pres5t attempt$1 ready & completely made4 ,! ess5tial ?+ is to avoid r\s+ _! passions & conv]t+ !m into fanatics4 ,! *ild ne$s an atmosph]e ( calm = ! h>moni\s developm5t ( its faculties2 x is a delicate plant t mu/ n be too soon expos$ to w9d & wea!r2 b x does n foll[ t x %\ld be kept 9 ! obscurity or half light ( religi\s leg5d4 ,! sole means ( sp>+ ! *ild ! tr\ble ( passion & fanaticism is to place x outside ( all religi\s communion & to habituate x to exam9e ?+s coolly1 philosophically2 to take problems ( religion = :at !y are2 t is to say1 = problems simply1 ) ambigu\s solutions4#ij ,no?+ s]ves bett] to awake ! intellectual spontaneity ( ! *ild ?an to say to x3 ,?is is :at ,i believe1 & ^! are my reasons = believ+ x2 ,i may be wrong4 ,y\r "m1 or su* & su* a p]son1 believes some?+ else = c]ta9 o!r reasons1 "r or wrong4 ,! *ild acquires ?us a r>e quality1 t ( tol]ance2 its respect = its p>5ts atta*es to ! div]se doctr9es t x sees !m pr(ess+2 x le>ns1 9 its e>lie/ ye>s1 t e s9c]e & reason$ belief is 9 ! highe/ degree respectable4 ,i am intimately acqua9t$ ) a *ild t has be5 re>$ 9 ?is way1 & x has nev] _h any occasion = any?+ b satisfaction ) ! education x has receiv$4 ,x has nev] be5 pres5t$ on ! subject ( human de/9y1 or ! de/9y ( ! _w1 ) any op9ion 9 ! nature ( an article ( fai?2 in/ead ( religi\s c]titudes x has he>d only ( metaphysical possibilities & probabilities4 ,t[>d ! age ( ?irte5 & a half ! problem ( ! de/9y ( mank9d 0 abruptly sugge/$ to x2 ! dea? ( a v de> ag$ relative caus$ x to d m ?9k+ ?an is cu/om>y at t age1 b its philosophic beliefs prov$ !mselves suffici5t4 ,!y /ill are suffici5t1 al?\gh ! *ild 9 "q has be5 oblig$ sev]al times to face ! possibility1 & ! imm$iate possibility1 ( its own dea?4 ,i cite ! example z an exp]im5t :i* be>s on ! "q "u discussion4 #ij ,among ! greate/ causes ( difficulty ) a *ild1 let u note ! foll[+3 ! fa!r is apt to be a free-?9k]1 ! "m a ,ca?olic4 ,x he>s e day at ,*ur* t ^? :o d n practise _! religi\s duties w g to hell3 ! *ild !re=e reasons t if its fa!r dies x w nev] see him aga91 unless x goes to hell ) him1 & !n x w nev] see its "m aga94 ,a full & complete belief 9 annihilation w\ld be less pa9ful & less annoy+ ?an ?is belief 9 et]nal damnation4 ,add t 9 ?is respect _m ,prote/ant cl]gym51 9 especial 9 ,engl& & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 are n less intol]ant ?an ,ca?olic prie/s4 ,sid5ote3 ,summ>y4 ,h[ !n %\ld dea? be spok5 ( to a *ild8 ,i reply confid5tly1 z "o w\ld speak ( x to a gr[n p]son1 all[+ = ! diff]5ce betwe5 ab/ract & concrete language4 ,i naturally suppose ! *ild to be semi-rational1 m ?an t5 ye>s old1 & capable ( ?9k+ ( some?+ else ?an its top or its doll4 ,i believe x %\ld !n be talk$ ) op5ly1 & told :at we ourselves ?9k mo/ probable on ^! t]rible que/ions4 ,! free-?9k] :o leans t[>d naturali/ic doctr9es w say to 8 son or 8 daught] t he believes dea? to be a resolution ( ! p]son into its con/itu5t elem5ts1 a return to a bl9d mat]ial exi/5ce1 a fre% beg9n+ 9 ! p]petual r\nd ( evolution2 t all t we leave beh9d is ! good t we h done & t we live 9 humanity by our good actions & our good ?\ghts1 & t immortality is productivity = ! be/ int]e/s ( humanity4 ,! spirituali/ w say t1 ow+ to ! di/9ction betwe5 ! s\l & ! body1 dea? is simply a deliv]ance4 ,! pan!i/ or ! moni/ w repeat ! =mula consecrat$ by ! use ( ?ree ?\s& ye>s3 ,tat tvam asi--,?\ art t2 & ! mod]n *ild w recognize1 z ! "y ,brahman does1 t b5ea? ! surface ( ?+s !re lies a my/]i\s unity into :i* ! individual may fade4 ,f9ally ! ,kantian w endeav\r to make 8 *ild und]/& t ! conception ( duty involves some?+ ant]ior & sup]ior to ! pres5t life2 t to be aw>e ( ! moral law is to be consci\s ( immortality4 ,ev]yone w say :at he believes1 & take c>e n to pret5d t 8 op9ion is ! absolute tru?4 ,! *ild1 ?us treat$ l a human be+1 w e>ly le>n to make up its own m9d1 to provide itself ) a cre$ )\t hav+ receiv$ x f any traditional religion or any immutable doctr9e2 x w le>n t a really sacr$ belief is "o :i* is reflective & reason$ & seem+ly p]sonal2 & if at times1 z x advances 9 age1 x exp]i5ces a great] or less anxiety ab\t ! unkn[n1 s mu* ! bett]2 su* an anxiety1 :5 ! s5ses are n involv$ & ?\ght alone is conc]n$1 is 9 no s5se dang]\s4 ,! *ild :o exp]i5ces x w be ( ! /uff out ( :i* philosoph]s & sages are made4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,religion ,,& ,,non-,,religion ,,among ,,wom54 ,are wom5 inh]5tly pr$ispos$ t[>d religion & ev5 t[>d sup]/ition8--,! nature ( fem99e intellig5ce--,pr$om9ance ( ! imag9ation--,cr$ulity--,cons]vatism--,fe m99e s5sibility--,pr$om9ance ( s5tim5t--,t5d5cy to my/icism--,is ! moral s5tim5t among wom5 bas$ ^u religion8--,influ5ce ( religion & ( non-religion ^u mode/y & love--,orig9 ( mode/y--,love & p]petual virg9ity--,m4 ,r5an's p>adoxes on ! subject ( mona/ic v[s--,h[ woman's natural proclivities may be turn$ to acc\nt by free-?\ght--,influ5ce ex]cis$ by ! wife's fai? ov] ! husb&--,in/ance ( a conv]sion to free-?\ght4 ,among free-?9k]s !mselves !re are a c]ta9 numb] :o believe t wom5 are by ! v nature ( _! m9ds devot$ to sup]/ition & to my?4 ,is ! incapacity ( ! female m9d = philosophy m demon/rable ?an t ( ! *ild's m9d to :i* x has s frequ5tly be5 comp>$8 ,sid5ote3 ,woman's att5tion to details4 ,we are n oblig$ to decide ! "q :e!r wom5's m5tal p[]s are or are n inf]ior to ^? ( m54#ia ,we are oblig$ to consid] only :e!r ! limits ( female intellig5ce are s tightly drawn t religion1 & ev5 sup]/ition1 are = x inevitable4 ,^? :o ma9ta9 t wom5 are 9 "s sort condemn$ to error argue f c]ta9 ess5tial elem5ts 9 h] "*2 let u exam9e accord+ly ! peculi>ity ( h] intellig5ce & ( h] s5sibility4 ,! female m9d1 x has be5 said1 is less ab/ract ?an t ( ! male2 wom5 are m impressionable on ! side ( ! s5ses & ( ! imag9ation1 are m readily appeal$ to by :at is beautiful & /rik+ & col\r$3 !nce arises _! ne$ = my?s1 = symbols1 = a cult1 = rites t speak to ! eye4 ,we reply t ?is ne$ is n absolute3 are n ,prote/ant wom5 cont5t ) a cult :i* does n appeal to ! s5ses8 ,& 9 any ev5t1 an imag9ative _s is n necess>ily sup]/iti\s4 ,sup]/ition is a matt] ( education1 n ( nature2 !re is a c]ta9 maturity ( m9d :i* l5ds no enc\ragem5t to sup]/ition4 ,i h kn[n a numb] ( wom5 :o did n possess "o sup]/ition among !m & 7 incapable ( acquir+ "o2 !re 0 no di/9ction 9 ?is respect to be obs]v$ betwe5 _! intellig5ce & t ( a man2 ! conception ( ! _w z an ord]ly succession ( ph5om5a1 once really accept$ by ! human m9d1 ma9ta9s itself by its own p[]1 )\t aid f )\t1 z ! fact 9 ! long run always does4 #ia ,z a g5]al rule1 ,d>w9 says1 m5 g f>!r ?an wom51 :e!r ! matt] be "o ( pr(\nd m$itation1 ( reason1 or imag9ation1 or simply ( ! use ( ! s5ses or ev5 ( ! h&s4 ,accord+ to c]ta9 /ati/ical inve/igations x appe>s t ! mod]n female bra9 has rema9$ almo/ /ation>y1 :ile ! male bra9 has develop$ notably4 ,! bra9 ( a ,p>isian woman is no l>g] ?an t ( a ,*9ese woman1 & ! ,p>isian woman lab\rs "u ! additional disadvantage ( possess+ a l>g] foot4 ,admitt+ ^! facts "o may /ill refuse to inf] f !m ! exi/5ce ( a cong5ital incapacity1 = ! way 9 :i* wom5 h always be5 treat$ by m5 & ! education t !y h receiv$ may well h left results :i* h become h]$it>y4 ,! education ( wom5 has 9 all times be5 less /r5u\s ?an t ( m52 & _! m9d1 p]haps naturally less sci5tific1 has nev] be5 develop$ by direct contact ) ! ext]nal _w4 ,9 ! ,ori5t & 9 ,greece1 among ! nations f :om we d]ive our civilization1 wom5 7at lea/ 9 families 9 easy circum/ances7 7 always re/rict$ to a subord9ate rle1 conf9$ to woman's qu>t]s1 or )drawn f all direct contact ) ! real _w4 ,!nce arose a sort ( tradition ( ignorance & intellectual abasem5t :i* has be5 h&$ d[n to u4 ,!re is no?+ l ! bra9 ( a "y girl re>$ at home = ga!r+ to itself completely1 & )\t loss1 ! :ole residue ( middle-class sill9ess1 ( nave & self-satisfi$ prejudice1 ( /rutt+ ignorance t does n see itself z o!rs see x1 ( sup]/ition trans=m$ into a rule ( conduct4 ,b *ange ! education & y w 9 a great measure *ange ^! results4 ,ev5 accord+ to ,d>w9's own !ory1 education & h]$ity c 9 ! long run undo any?+ t !y h done4 ,ev5 if !re %\ld rema9 a c]ta9 balance ( intellig5ce 9 favor ( ! male1 ev5 if ! female %\ld prove to be 9 ! end1 z ,d>w9 says1 incapable ( pu%+ inv5tion z f> 9 advance z man1 x w\ld n foll[ t h] he>t & intellig5ce %\ld be fill$ ) ano!r ord] ( ideas & s5tim5ts ?an ^? :i* are b5eficial to m54 ,x is "o ?+ to inv5t & to wid5 ! doma9 ( sci5ce1 & ano!r ?+ to assimilate ! k already acquir$2 x is "o ?+ to wid5 ! intellectual horizon1 & ano!r ?+ to adapt "o's eyes & he>t to ?is m op5 habitat4 ,sid5ote3 ,female cr$ulity4 ,a second trait ( female intellig5ce1 :i* has also be5 made use (1 is its cr$ulity--by :i* religion has s l>gely pr(it$4 ,wom5 are m cr$ul\s ?an m51 9 ?is s5se3 !y possess a c]ta9 confid5ce 9 m51 :om !y recognize z /rong] & m widely exp]i5c$ ?an !mselves2 !y will+ly believe :atev] grave m51 :om !y are accu/om$ to v5]ate1 m5 l prie/s1 ass]t4 ,_! cr$ulity is ?us 9 a great "p a m]e =m ( _! natural ne$ to lean on "s memb] ( ! opposite sex4 ,conceive a religion orig9at$ & adm9i/]$ solely by wom52 x w\ld be look$ ^u ) great di/ru/ by wom51 9 g5]al4 ,! day m5 cease to believe1 female cr$ulity--9 especial t ( ! av]age woman1 :o is accu/om$ to judge ) ! eyes & intellig5ce ( someone else--w be pr(\ndly affect$4 ,i once ask$ a maid :o _h rema9$ ?irty ye>s 9 ! same h\se :at 7 h] beliefs4 8,^? ( my ma/]10 %e repli$2 h] ma/] 0 an a!i/4 ,! same "q 0 put to ! wife ( a memb] ( ! ,in/itute4 ,%e repli$3 8,i 0 a ,ca?olic until ,i 0 m>ri$4 ,aft] ,i 0 m>ri$ ,i began to appreciate ! sup]iority ( my husb&'s m9d1 ,i saw t he did n believe 9 religion1 & ,i ceas$ to believe 9 x entirely myself40 ,sid5ote3 ,female cons]vatism4 ,a ?ird trait ( ! fem99e "* is its cons]vativ5ess1 its fri5dl9ess to tradition1 its indisposition to initiative4 ,respect = p[] & au?ority1 ,sp5c] says1 pr$om9ates 9 wom51 influ5ces _! ideas & s5tim5ts 9 reg>d to all in/itutions1 & t5ds to /r5g!n political & ecclesia/ical gov]nm5ts4 ,= ! same reason wom5 are p>ticul>ly incl9$ to put fai? 9 :atev] is impos+2 d\bt1 criticism1 a disposition to "q :atev] is e/abli%$ is r>e among !m1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] ?9ks4 ,wom5 c]ta9ly d possess a m cons]vative disposition ?an m5 9 religion & 9 politics2 x has be5 s f\nd 9 ,engl& :]e wom5 vote on municipal que/ions1 & 9 our judgm5t ! rle t woman %\ld play 9 ?is _w is precisely t ( cons]vatism2 z a "y girl1 %e mu/ gu>d h] p]son z a treasure1 mu/ be always suspici\s ( %e kn[s n precisely :at2 !n z a wife %e mu/ wat* ov] h] *ild1 h] h\se1 h] husb&2 mu/ pres]ve1 reta91 def5d1 embrace somebody or some?+4 ,is x a ?+ to be compla9$ (8 ,is x n to ?is in/9ct t we owe our life1 & if diff]5ce 9 sex1 or sexual functions1 involves grave diff]5ces 9 "*1 mu/ we conclude f ?is fact t wom5 possess an irrem$iable civil & religi\s incapacity8 ,no2 cons]vatism may be ( s]vice 9 ! ranks ( tru? z 9 ! ranks ( error2 all dep5ds on :at is giv5 to cons]ve4 ,if wom5 are m philosophically & sci5tifically educat$1 _! cons]vatism may d good s]vice4 ,sid5ote3 ,female timidity4 ,a f9al trait ( ! fem99e m9d1 v l ! prec$+1 is t wom5 are m giv5 to an absorption 9 detail1 are less c\rage\s1 are m capable ( deal+ ) p>ticul> details ?an ) g5]al ideas & ?+s z a :ole1 & are m incl9$ to n>r[ & lit]al int]pretations ?an m54 ,if a woman1 = example1 is intru/$ ) any adm9i/rative (fice %e w execute e rule to ! lett] ) an exagg]at$ consci5ti\sness & a nave anxiety4 ,! conclusion is t wom5 w always l5d com=t to lit]al religions & to sup]/iti\s practices4 ,9 our op9ion ?is p5*ant = m9uti & = scrupul\sness :i* is s frequ5tly obs]v$ among wom5 may become1 on ! contr>y1 an important factor ( incr$ulity :5 wom5 are suffici5tly in/ruct$ to p]ceive at fir/ h& ! innum]able contradictions & ambiguities ( ! texts !y are deal+ )4 ,an enlight5$ scruple is a ke5] in/rum5t ( d\bt ?an ( fai?4 ,we confess we d n yet see t ! diff]5ces1 native or acquir$1 betwe5 ! male & ! female bra9 suffice to con/itute wom5 a sort ( inf]ior ca/e1 devot$ by _! bir? to religion & ! s]vice ( my?1 :ile m5 are res]v$ = sci5ce & philosophy4 ,sid5ote3 ,is s5tim5t a badge ( s]vitude to error8 ,let me n[ exam9e ! m pr(\nd reasons bas$ on ! nature ( wom5's s5tim5tal proclivities4 ,9 g5]al1 x is said t wom5 are dom9at$ n by reason b by s5tim5t4 ,!y respond quickly to a call made 9 ! "n ( pity or ( *>ity1 & n s quickly to "o made 9 ! "n ( equity4 ,b is s5tim5t ! exclusive possession ( religions8 ,& are !re n also m5 ( s5tim5t z well z m5 ( ?\ght8 ,& are ! fir/ on t acc\nt condemn$ to a life ( error :ile ! second live 9 ! pres5ce ( ! tru?8 ,sid5ote3 ,wom5 & my/icism4 ,b x is insi/$ t 9 wom5 s5tim5t naturally t5ds t[>d my/icism4 ,among ! ,greeks1 ,sp5c] says1 ! wom5 7 m accessible ?an ! m5 to religi\s excitation4#ib ,x may be repli$ t ! greate/ my/ics h n be5 wom54 ,/4 ,!resas h be5 mu* less num]\s ?an m5 l ,plot9us 7x 0 ,plot9us :o fir/ gave ! ^w its curr5t s5se71 ,porphyry1 ,iamblicus1 ,dionysius ! ,areopagite1 ,/4 ,bonav5ture1 ,g]son1 ,ri*>d de ,sa9t ,victor1 ,eckh>t1 ,taul]1 ,sw$5borg4 ,my/icism develops 9 proportion to ! re/riction ( ! individual's activity4 ,wom5's life1 :i* is less active ?an t ( m51 all[s m space = ! developm5t ( my/ic impulses & ex]cises ( piety4 ,b activity cures ! diseases ( contemplation1 9 especial ( va9 & empty contemplation 9 :i* only av]age & ignorant m9ds c take delight4 ,woman's religi\s activity w dim9i% 9 proportion z a wid] field ( activity is op5$ up to h]1 & 9 proportion z an intellectual & /hetic education is suppli$ to h] & %e becomes int]e/$ 9 all ! human que/ions & realities ( ?is _w4 ,x has be5 desir$ ev5 to r5d] political life accessible to woman1 to re/ore to h] ! rights :i* h hi!rto be5 d5i$ h]4 ,m4 ,secrtan has rec5tly advocat$ ?is measure1 :i* 0 =m]ly advocat$ by ,john ,/u>t ,mill4 ,to d s at ! pres5t mom5t w\ld be to h& ov] politics directly to ! prie/hood1 :o at pres5t control wom54 ,b :5 by gradual degrees wom5's religi\s emancipation %all h be5 complet$1 x is possible t a c]ta9 political emancipation may be ! natural consequ5ce ( x4 ,h] civil emancipation 9 any ev5t is only a matt] ( "t4 ,! equality ( wom5 be=e ! law is a necess>y consequ5ce ( democratic ideas4 ,:5 !y %all be =c$ ?us to occupy !mselves m actively 9 ! affairs ( ?is _w ! new employm5t ( _! en]gy w protect !m m & m f my/ical t5d5cies4 #ib ,sir ,ru!r=d ,alcock says also1 t 9 ,japan x is v r>e to see any o!r wor%ipp]s 9 ! temples ?an wom5 & *ildr52 ! m5 are always extremely few 9 numb] & belong to ! l[] classes4 ,at lea/ five-six?s & (t5 n9e-t5?s ( ! pilgrims :o come to ! temple ( ,jugg]naut are wom54 ,among ! ,sikhs ! wom5 are said to believe 9 m gods ?an ! m54 ,^! examples1 borr[$ z !y are f diff]5t races1 & at diff]5t epo*s1 %[ suffici5tly1 9 ,sp5c]'s op9ion1 t1 :5 we f9d an analog\s /ate ( ?+s 9 ,ca?olic c\ntries1 & ev5 9 "s measure 9 ,engl&1 we are n to attribute x solely to ! education ( wom52 ! cause1 he ?9ks1 is deep]1 lies 9 _! nature4 7,see ,sp5c]'s ,/udy ( ,sociology47 ,if an opportunity be giv5 !m to influ5ce society !y w no d\bt ex]cise x philan?ropically4 ,well1 pity is "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful d]ivatives ( my/icism4 ,ev5 among religi\s ord]s x has be5 rem>k$ h[ mu* less exalt$ ! devotion ( ! memb]s ( ! philan?ropic ord]s is ?an ( ^? :o re/rict !mselves to /]ile m$itation 9 ! cloi/]4 ,sid5ote3 ,female moral s5tim5t4 ,if my/icism is no m truly indisp5sable to wom5 ?an to m51 c x be ma9ta9$ t _! moral s5tim5t is incapable ( subsi/5ce ap>t f "s religion8 ,is wom5's moral p[] less ?an t ( m51 & is x only 9 religion t !y c f9d ! additional increm5t ( /r5g? ( :i* !y are 9 ne$8 ,resi/ance to physical or moral pa9 supplies a suffici5tly exact measure ( p[]4 ,well1 wom5 %[ 9 mat]nity1 ) all its consequ5ces1 9 pregnancy1 9 *ildbir?1 9 nurs+1 accompani$ z x is by cont9ual wat*fulness & c>e1 a pati5ce ( physical pa9 :i* is p]haps great] ?an any?+ t ! av]age man is capable (4 ,j s 9 respect to pati5ce ( moral pa93 wom5 may suff] mu* f pov]ty1 & sadness foll[s ! fly+ ne$le1 b love & pity are ! great s\rces ( re/ra9t4 ,z ! sph]e ( h] intellig5ce wid5s1 a l>ge field w be suppli$ = ! ex]cise ( wom5's p[] ( love :i* is s highly develop$4 ,! g5u9e rem$y = e k9d ( suff]+ is increas$ activity ( m9d1 :i* means increas$ in/ruction4 ,action is always an anodyne ( pa94 ,!re9 lies ! explanation ( ! p[] ( *>ity to calm p]sonal suff]+1 :i* is always 9 "s degree egoi/ic4 ,! be/ way to console "o's self1 = wom5 & m5 alike1 w always be to m9i/] to someone else2 hope revives 9 a he>t :i* gives hope to o!rs4 ,pa9s become g5tle z !y become f]tile 9 b5efic5ce1 & productivity is an appeasem5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,be/ side ( female levity4 ,& f9ally1 by way ( comp5sation1 !re are o!r respects 9 :i* wom5 w\ld suff] p]haps less ?an m5 f ! disappe>ance ( religi\s beliefs4 ,wom5 live m completely 9 ! pres5t ?an m5 d1 !y are some:at bird-l 9 _! composition1 & =get ! tempe/ ! in/ant x is pass$4 ,wom5 laugh z easily z !y cry1 & _! laught] soon dries _! te>s3 !y are to be =giv5 = at lea/ "o aspect ( ?is div9e levity4 ,moreov] !y h _! h\sehold1 all ! t5d] & practical preoccupations ( life1 :i* absorb !m m completely1 he>t & s\l1 ?an m54 ,a woman's happ9ess is probably complete ! in/ant %e believes h]self to be beautiful & feels t %e is lov$2 a man's happ9ess is a mu* m complex product & conta9s a mu* l>g] numb] ( intellectual elem5ts4 ,wom5 live m :olly )9 ! limits ( _! own g5]ation ?an m51 & exp]i5ce a sort ( contempor>y immortality 9 ! he>ts ( ^? !y love4 ,sid5ote3 ,mode/y & love4 ,among ! mo/ develop$ s5tim5ts ( wom5 !re are two :i* con/itute ! /r5g? ( _! disposition to propriety3 mode/y1 ! dignity ( _! sex1 & love1 :i* is exclusive :5 x is true4 ,b = ^! two p[]ful causes religi\s motives w\ld always h weigh$ lightly ) h]4 ,if religion ex]cises a great control ov] wom51 x is by tak+ possession ( ^! two motives3 ! sure/ means ( mak+ wom5 li/51 & almo/ ! sole means1 is to awak5 _! love1 or to appeal to _! mode/y3 to give !mselves or to refuse !mselves are ! two great acts :i* dom9ate _! lives1 & immorality among !m g5]ally increases directly ) ! dim9ution ( _! mode/y4 ,!nce arises a new & delicate problem1 :e!r mode/y1 t comp\nd ( p[] & grace1 is n r a religi\s ?an a moral virtue1 & if religion has ma9ta9$ x1 w\ld x n disappe> ) ! disappe>ance ( religion1 & be enfeebl$ by a religion increas+ly sci5tific &1 9 a s5se1 positive8 ,note 9 ! fir/ place1 t if ! ess5ce ( all fem99e virtue is mode/y1 z ( all male virtue x is c\rage1 t v fact con/itutes an additional reason = do+ ev]y?+ 9 "o's p[] to make mode/y indep5d5t ( religion1 9 ord] t x may /& unaffect$ by ! d\bts :i* necess>ily1 9 ! mod]n _w1 w ov]:elm ! latt]4 ,c]ta9ly mode/y is capable ( s]v+ rem>kably well z a safegu>d = beliefs1 & ev5 = irrational beliefs2 x always prev5ts "o f pu%+ reason1 z f pu%+ desire to ! end1 b !re is a true & a false1 a useful & a h>mful mode/y4 ,! fir/1 z we %all see1 is n b\nd up ) religion1 ei!r 9 its orig9 or 9 its de/9y4 ,sid5ote3 ,orig9 ( mode/y4 ,9 ! fir/ place is mode/y ( religi\s orig98 ,e "y girl feels vaguely t %e has at h] disposal a treasure :i* a numb] ( p desire4 ,?is s5tim5t1 :i* is confus$ ) "s obscure consci\sness ( sex1 0 necess>y to enable ! female to atta9 complete physical developm5t be=e giv+ h]self4 ,precoci\s immode/y mu/ inevitably1 9 effect has1 result$ 9 an arre/$ developm5t4 ,x might easily h produc$ also a comp>ative /]ility4 ,mode/y is ?us a gu>antee = ! cont9uance ( ! species1 "o ( ! s5tim5ts t natural selection mu/ inevitably h t5d$ to pres]ve & to increase4 ,x is a condition1 moreov]1 ( sexual selection2 if ! female _h be5 dispos$ to give h]self indiscrim9ately1 ! species w\ld h suff]$4 ,happily desire is *eck$ by mode/y1 an ob/acle :i* x c remove only on condition ( ! woman's be+ /rongly attract$ by ! object desir$2 a quality :i* w subsequ5tly be transmissible to ! species4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( sexual selection !re is 9 mode/y a great deal ( coquetry--a coquetry :i* is unaw>e ( its aim1 :i* is half unconsci\s1 & (t5 mi/akes = a duty :at is really b a bit ( managem5t4 ,! art ( provisional refusal1 & ( attractive flight1 mu/ inevitably h atta9$ a high developm5t among sup]ior be+s1 = x is a p[]ful m$ium ( s$uction & selection4 ,mode/y has develop$ side by side ) x1 & really con/itutes b a fugitive mom5t 9 ! et]nity ( female coquetry4 ,coquetry orig9ates 9 ! "y girl :o is yet too ignorant to be really mode/1 b too mu* ( a woman n to love to attract & to retreat2 & at ! o!r extreme x con/itutes ! la/ remnant ( mode/y 9 wom5 :o really possess none4 ,f9ally1 mode/y is also compos$ l>gely ( an elem5t ( fe>1 :i* has be5 v useful 9 ! pres]vation ( ! race4 ,among animals ! female almo/ always runs "s risk 9 ! pres5ce ( ! male1 :i* is g5]ally /rong] ?an %e2 love-mak+ is n only a crisis b a dang]1 & %e mu/ mollify ! male be=e surr5d]+ h]self to him1 mu/ s$uce him be=e satisfy+ him4 ,ev5 9 ! human race1 9 primitive times1 wom5 7 n always safe f viol5ce f m54 ,mode/y secures a sort ( expectant love :i* 0 necess>y 9 primitive times1 a pro(1 a p]iod ( mutual scrut9y4 ,lucretius has rem>k$ t *ildr51 by _! weakness & by _! fragility1 h contribut$ to ! s(t5+ ( human mann]s2 ! same rem>k applies to wom5 & to ?is s5se ( _! own comp>ative weakness1 :i* !y exp]i5ce s acutely 9 mode/y1 & :i* !y to "s degree communicate to m54 ,wom5's fe>s & scruples h made man's h& less h>d2 _! mode/y has giv5 rise 9 him to a c]ta9 =m ( respect1 to a =m ( desire :i* is less brutal & m g5tle2 !y h civiliz$ love4 ,mode/y is analog\s to ! species ( fright t incl9es a bird to flee "o's c>esses1 :i* bruise x4 ,"o's v look possesses "s elem5t ( h>dness = a bird2 & is x n a prolongation ( t\*8 ,9 addition to ^! v>i\s elem5ts !re goes1 to ! composition ( a "y girl's or a "y man's mode/y1 a high] & m prop]ly human elem5t2 ! fe> ( love itself1 ! fe> ( some?+ new & unkn[n1 ( ! pr(\nd & p[]ful in/9ct :i* is awak5+ 9 "o aft] hav+ up to t "t la9 asleep1 :i* abruptly arises 9 "o & /ruggles = dom9ance ) ! o!r =ces & impulses ( "o's be+4 ,! "y man1 unaccu/om$ z yet to submit to ! dom9ation ( ?is in/9ct1 f9ds 9 x some?+ /rang] & m my/]i\s ?an 9 any o!r2 c'e/ l'int]rogation anxieuse de *rub94#ic #ic ,%ame is usually reg>d$ z con/itut+ ! ess5ce ( mode/y1 b %ame c h be5 b "o ( ! elem5ts 9 its =mation2 su* %ame z actually exi/s is readily explicable z a s5se ( ! uncleanness atta*+1 9 especial 9 ! case ( ! woman 7( :om ! ,hebrews requir$ a p]iodic purification71 to c]ta9 animal functions4 ,b mode/y mu/ h be5 develop$ also by ! use ( clo?+ & ! gr[? ( ! habit ( cov]+1 fir/ ! lo9s & !n m & m ( ! entire p]son2 & inde$ ! developm5t ( mode/y & ( ! habit ( we>+ clo!s mu/ ea* h be5 aid$ by ! o!r4 ,! habit ( go+ cov]$ gives rise v soon to %ame at be+ se5 uncov]$4 ,! little negresses :om ,liv+/one suppli$ ) %ifts became1 9 a few days1 s accu/om$ to hav+ ! upp] half ( _! bodies hidd5 t1 :5 !y 7 surpris$ 9 _! *amb]s 9 ! morn+1 !y ha/ily cov]$ _! brea/s4 ,sid5ote3 ,religi\s education & mode/y4 ,to sum up1 ! s5tim5t ( mode/y nei!r orig9ates 9 religion nor dep5ds ^u x2 x is only v indirectly alli$ to x4 ,ev5 f ! po9t ( view ( mode/y a religi\s education is n above reproa*4 ,among ,prote/ants1 is ! read+ ( ! ,bible always a good s*ool8 ,m4 ,bru/on has cont5d$ = ! propriety ( read+ ! ,song ( ,songs 9 an epo* l ours :5 m>riages are (t5 made out ( int]e/ r ?an ( incl9ation2 & inde$ we agree ) him t ! read+ ( ! ,song ( ,songs does t5d to develop c]ta9 incl9ations 9 "y girls1 b h>dly an incl9ation to a regul> & complicat$ *ur* m>riage4 ,among ,ca?olics h[ _m indiscreet que/ions ! confessor puts to ! "y girl6 ,h[ _m prohibitions1 z dang]\s 9 _! way z sugge/ions6 ,& ev5 9 ! item ( mode/y excess is a defect2 a little :olesome lib]ty 9 education & mann]s w\ld d no h>m4 ,ca?olic education sometimes di/orts ! woman's m9d by mak+ x too diff]5t f t ( ! man1 & by accu/om+ x to a p]petual timidity & discomposure 9 ! pres5ce ( ! be+ ) :om %e mu/ pass h] life1 & by r5d]+ h] mode/y some:at too indet]m9ate & savage1 & conv]t+ x into a sort ( religion4 ,sid5ote3 ,true mode/y4 ,!re is also sometimes manife/ a sort ( p]v]sion ( mode/y 9 ! my/ical t5d5cies ( woman1 :i* are especially /rong at ! age ( pub]ty4 ,^! t5d5cies1 exploit$ by ! prie/hood1 give rise to conv5ts & cloi/]s4 ,a ,ca?olic education too (t5 con/itutes = "y girls a sort ( moral mutilation2 "o endeav\rs to keep !m virg9s1 & "o succe$s 9 conv]t+ !m into imp]fect wom54 ,religions are too incl9$ to consid] ! union ( ! sexes "u ,i "k n :at my/ical aspect1 &1 f ! po9t ( view ( morals1 z a /a94 ,c]ta9ly purity is a p[]2 x is ) a little diamond po9t t m\nta9s1 & ev5 cont95ts1 are n[adays pi]c$1 b ,*ri/ianity has conf\nd$ *a/ity ) purity4 ,true purity is t ( love1 true *a/ity is *a/ity ( he>t2 *a/ity ( he>t survives *a/ity ( body1 & /ops at ! po9t beyond :i* x w\ld become a re/riction1 an ob/acle to ! free developm5t ( ! entire be+4 ,an eunu* or a "y man /udy+ = ! prie/hood may well be de/itute ( *a/ity2 ! smile ( a "y girl at ! ?\ght ( h] fianc may be inf9itely m virg9al ?an t ( a nun4 ,no?+ moreov] /a9s ! m9d l a too exclusive preoccupation ) ! ?+s ( ! body2 incessant att5tion to !m necess>ily evokes a *a9 ( immode/ imag]y4 ,/4 ,j]ome 9 8 des]t1 believ+1 z he relates1 t he saw ! ,roman c\rtesans danc+ nak$ 9 ! moonlight1 0 less pure 9 he>t & bra9 ?an ,socrates unc]emoni\sly pay+ a visit to ,!odora4 ,a too self-consci\s mode/y is immode/4 ,! :ole grace ( virg9ity is ignorance2 ! in/ant virg9ity becomes aw>e ( itself x is t>ni%$2 virg9ity1 l c]ta9 fruits1 c only be pres]v$ by a process ( desiccation4 ,love & sun%9e trans=m ! univ]se4 ,mode/y is simply a coat ( mail :i* presupposes a /ate ( w> betwe5 ! sexes1 & aims at prev5t+ a bl9d promiscuity2 ! mutual self-ab&onm5t ( love is m *a/e ?an ! mode/ inquietude & ! immode/ suspicion :i* prec$e x2 !re gr[s up betwe5 two p :o love ea* o!r a sort ( confid5ce t results 9 _! nei!r wi%+ nor be+ able to keep back any?+ f ea* o!r2 self-con/ra9t1 suspicion1 consci\sness ( antagonism ( int]e/1 all disappe>4 ,?is is assur$ly ! *>act]i/ic ( ! mo/ p]fect =m ( reunion t c exi/ 9 ?is _w2 ,plato believ$ t ! human body is ! prison ( ! _s & cuts x (f f imm$iate communication ) its fell[-spirits2 p>adoxical z x may seem1 x is 9 love t ! body becomes less opaque1 & effaces itself1 & s\l communicates ) s\l4 ,nay1 m>riage itself pres]ves 9 wom5 a sort ( moral virg9ity1 z "o may recognize on ! sc>r$ & discol\r$ h&s ( old wom5 ! :ite l9e t has be5 protect$ = ?irty ye>s1 by ! w$d+ r+1 aga9/ ! we> & te> ( life4 ,sid5ote3 ,m4 ,r5an on celibacy4 ,mode/y is a s5tim5t :i* has surviv$1 z we h se51 because x 0 useful to ! propagation ( ! species2 my/icism p]v]ts & corrupts x & enli/s x precisely aga9/ ! propagation ( ! species4 ,betwe5 a ,c>melite nun & a c\rtesan l ,n9on de ,l5clos ! sociologi/ might well hesitate2 socially !y are almo/ equally wor?less1 _! lives are almo/ equally mis]able & va92 ! excessive mac]ations ( ! "o are z fooli% z ! pleasures ( ! o!r2 ! moral desiccation ( ! "o is (t5 n )\t "s analogy to ! corruption ( ! o!r4 ,v[s or habits ( p]petual *a/ity1 ! mona/ic life itself1 h f\nd 9 our days an unexpect$ def5d] 9 ,m4 ,r5an4 ,x is true he does n reg>d su* matt]s f ! po9t ( view ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,if he has a ^w to say 9 fav\r ( p]petual *a/ity1 x is /rictly 9 ! "n ( physiological induction2 he consid]s *a/ity simply z a means ( height5+ ! capacity ( ! bra9 & ( increas+ "o's intellectual f]tility4 ,he does n absolutely blame impurity1 he delights 9 a s5se1 z he himself says1 9 ! joys ( ! debau*ee & ! c\rtesan2 he possesses ! b\ndless curiosity & ! accompli%$ impudicity ( ! man ( sci5ce4 ,b he believes t !re exi/s a sort ( intellectual ant9omy betwe5 complete intellectual developm5t & bodily love4 ,! true man ( sci5ce %\ld conc5trate 8 entire vitality 9 8 bra91 %\ld devote 8 life to ab/ractions & *im]as2 by ?is res]vation ( 8 entire /r5g? = ! s]vice ( 8 head1 8 intellig5ce w fl[] 9 d\ble blossoms1 ! mon/r\s beauty ( :i*1 produc$ by ! trans=mation ( /am5s into petals1 is ! a*ievem5t ( /]ility4 ,love is a heavy tax to pay = ! vanities ( ! _w1 & 9 ! budget ( ! human race wom5 c\nt almo/ exclusively on ! side ( exp5se4 ,sci5ce1 economical ( "t & =ce1 %\ld tea* "o to disemb>rass "o's self ( wom5 & love1 & to leave su* futilities to ! drones4 ,^! p>adoxes t ,m4 ,r5an puts =? re/ on a well-kn[n sci5tific fact3 t ! mo/ intellig5t species are ^? 9 :i* reproduction is lea/ active2 f]tility1 g5]ally speak+1 v>ies inv]sely to c]ebral en]gy4 ,b love mu/ n q be conf\nd$ ) sexual activity1 unless "o is to draw ! some:at /range conclusion t among animals h>es are ^? :o are be/ acqua9t$ ) love1 & among m5 ,fr5*m5 are ^? :o "k lea/ ( x4 ,f ! fact t excessive comm]ce ) ! o!r sex p>alyses ! intellig5ce1 x does n 9 ! lea/ foll[ t ! s5tim5t ( love produces ! same effect & t "o's intellectual p[] dim9i%es ) ! gr[? ( "o's he>t4 ,sid5ote3 ,love a c]ebral /imulant4 ,we believe t love may be suffici5tly def5d$ on intellectual z well z on moral gr\nds4 ,if x 9 c]ta9 respects involves an exp5se ( =ce1 x 9 o!rs s height5s ! entire vital en]gy1 t ! exp5se mu/ be reg>d$ z "o ( ^? fruitful inve/m5ts :i* are insep>able f ! v cont9uance ( life4 ,to live1 aft] all1 9 ! physical z well z 9 ! moral s5se ( ! ^w1 is n only to receive b to give1 b above all to give "o's self to love2 x is difficult to p]v]t "o ( ! mo/ primitive elem5ts ( ! human "*1 )\t also p]v]t+ ! he>t & ! intellig5ce4 ,love is above all ?+s a /imulant to ! entire be+ & to ! bra9 itself2 x takes possession ( ! :ole man2 x plays ^u man z ^u a h>p & s\nds ! :ole compass ( 8 be+4 ,x _c be replac$ by c(fee or ha%ee%4 ,wom5 n only complete m51 & =m by union ) !m a m complete1 m r\nd$ exi/5ce1 m ju/ly epitomiz+ ! possibilities ( life2 !y are capable also1 by _! m]e pres5ce1 by _! m]e smile1 ( d\bl+ our individual p[]s & c>ry+ !m to ! highe/ po9t ( en]gy ( :i* !y are capable4 ,our manhood leans ^u _! grace4 ,all o!r motives :i* inspire man--love ( reputation1 ( glory1 ev5 ( ,god--are slight z comp>$ ) ! love ( a woman :o und]/&s h] rle4 ,ev5 ! mo/ ab/ract passion1 ! passion = sci5ce1 (t5 fails to acquire its entire /r5g? until x has call$ to its aid ! love ( a woman1 :i* wr+s a smile out ( ! grave alembics & fills ! crucibles ) ! gaiety ( hope4 ,no?+ is simple 9 our be+2 all ?+s amalgamate & unite toge!r4 ,!y :o inv5t$ ! monk aim$ at simplify+ human life2 !y succe$$ only 9 unnaturally complicat+ x or mutilat+ x4 ,sid5ote3 ,love makes = sanity4 ,b love does n only play1 9 ! life ( ! man ( sci5ce & ( ! ?9k]1 ! rle ( /imulant2 ov] & above its function 9 incit+ su* m5 to "w1 x contributes indirectly to rectify ! product ( _! lab\rs4 ,love lives 9 reality1 & to live 9 reality helps "o to ?9k ju/ly4 ,rightly to und]/& ! _w 9 :i* we live1 we mu/ n dwell beyond its b\nds1 mu/ n make a _w ( our own1 an unnatural & frigid _w1 r\nd$ by ! walls ( a mona/]y4 8,to aim at be+ an angel is to be a bea/10 says ,pascal2 & n only to be a bea/1 b 9 a measure to brutalize "o's self1 to dim ! precision & vivacity ( "o's intellig5ce4 ,a complete acqua9tance ) ! details ( ! lives ( great m9ds w\ld reveal surpris+ traces ( love 9 ! audacity & sweep ( great metaphysical & cosmological hypo!ses1 9 pr(\nd g5]alizations1 9 passionate exactitude ( demon/ration4 ,love rea*es ev]y:]e2 & z ! philosoph] :o is also a lov] pu%es audaci\sly =w>d 9 ! doma9 ( ?\ght1 he moves m easily1 m lightly1 m confid5tly1 ) a height5$ fai? 9 himself1 9 o!rs1 & 9 ?is my/]i\s & mute univ]se4 ,love inspires "o ) t g5tl5ess ( he>t :i* incl9es "o to an int]e/ 9 ! smalle/ ?+s & 9 _! place 9 ! univ]se4 ,!re is great k9dl9ess 9 ! he>t ( ! true philosoph]4 ,sid5ote3 ,love ! ess5ce ( art4 ,!n1 too1 :at is sci5ce )\t art8 ,! mo/ intimate relations exi/ betwe5 ! intellectual & arti/ic faculties4#id ,c\ld art exi/ )\t love8 ,love becomes1 9 matt]s ( art1 ( ! v tissue ( ?\ght4 ,to compose v]ses or music1 to pa9t or model1 is simply to transmute love by div]se me?ods & into div]se =ms4 ,:atev] ! m or less s9c]e def5d]s ( ! mona/ic _s & religi\s my/icism may say1 love1 :i* is z old z ! _w1 is n ^u ! po9t ( quitt+ x2 & x is 9 ! he>ts & m9ds ( ! greate/ ( mank9d t x dwells mo/ securely4 8,human frailty60 someone w murmur4 8,no10 we reply3 8s\rce ( /r5g? & /r5g? itself40 ,if love is ! sci5ce ( ! ignorant x con/itutes "s "p also ( ! sci5ce ( ! sage4 ,eros is ( all ! gods ! "o on :om ,prome!us is mo/ dep5d5t1 = x is f ,eros t he /eals ! sacr$ flame4 ,eros w survive 9 e he>t1 & 9 especial 9 e woman's he>t1 :5 all religions %all h decay$4 #id ,see ! au?or's ,problmes de l'e/htique contempora9e1 livre ii4 ,sid5ote3 ,importance ( e>ly education 9 woman4 ,we may conclude1 !re=e1 t ! *>act]i/ic t5d5cies ( woman may be employ$ 9 ! s]vices ( tru?1 sci5ce1 free-?\ght1 & social frat]nity4 ,ev]y?+ dep5ds on ! education t is giv5 h]1 & on ! influ5ce ( ! man :om %e m>ries4 ,woman mu/ be begun ) 9 *ildhood4 ,! life ( a woman is m ord]ly & cont9u\s ?an t ( a man2 = t reason ! habits ( *ildhood ex]cise a m p]man5t influ5ce ov] h]4 ,!re is b "o great revolution 9 a woman's life3 m>riage4 ,& !re are wom5 = :om ?is revolution does n exi/2 & !re are o!rs = :om x exi/s 9 its mo/ att5uat$ =m1 z :51 = example1 ! husb&'s mann] ( life & 8 beliefs are practically ! same z ^? ( ! wife's "m & family4 ,9 a tranquil environm5t1 su* z ! majority ( wom5 exi/ 91 ! influ5ce ( e>ly education may p]si/ to ! end2 ! small numb] ( religi\s or philosophical ideas t 7 plant$ 9 a woman's bra9 9 h] *ildhood may be f\nd !re ye>s aft]w>d1 practically un*ang$4 ,! home is a protection1 a sort ( hot-h\se 9 :i* plants fl\ri% t c\ld n live 9 ! op5 air2 ! film ( glass or ( veil+ beh9d :i* wom5 habitually /& to look out into ! /reet does n protect !m aga9/ sun & ra9 alone4 ,a woman's s\l1 l h] complexion1 pres]ves some?+ ( its native :it5ess4 ,sid5ote3 ,husb& responsible = wife's education4 ,9 ,france1 9 ! majority ( in/ances1 wom5 are *ildr5 up to ! "t ( _! m>riage2 & *ildr5 incl9$ to reg>d ! man to :om _! p>5ts wi% !m to give _! h& ) a c]ta9 mixture ( fe> & ( respect4 ,su* a woman's intellig5ce is almo/ z virg9 z h] body1 & 9 ! fir/ mon?s ( m>riage ! husb& may acquire1 if he *ooses1 a decisive influ5ce ov] 8 wife1 model h] z yet imp]fectly develop$ bra9 almo/ to 8 w4 ,if he waits1 if he temporizes1 he w f9d 8 task difficult--! m s z 8 wife w "s day ga9 ov] him "s su* influ5ce z he might at fir/ h ga9$ ov] h]4 ,! in/ant a woman becomes fully aw>e ( h] p[]1 %e almo/ always becomes ! controll+ influ5ce 9 ! h\sehold2 if h] husb& has n =m$ h]1 if he has left h] ) all ! prejudices & ignorances ( a *ild1 & (t5 ( a spoil$ *ild1 %e w1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 =m or r de=m him--w oblige him at fir/ to tol]ate1 & ultimately to accept1 h] *ildi% beliefs & errors1 & p]haps 9 ! end1 pr(it+ by ! decl9e ( 8 intellig5ce1 ) ! com+ on ( old age1 %e w conv]t him1 & by t fact ret>d ! intellectual progress ( ! h\sehold by an entire g5]ation4 ,! prie/hood positively c\nt on ! gr[+ influ5ce ( ! wife 9 e h\sehold2 b !y are helpless 9 ! fir/ mon?s1 or p]haps ye>s1 ( m>riage aga9/ ! influ5ce t ! husb& may ex]cise4 ,& once fa%ion$ by him ! wife may cont9ue to exi/ to ! end ( h] life 9 8 image1 & to give him back 8 own ideas & in/il !m into 8 *ildr54 ,sid5ote3 ,free-?9k]'s difficulty4 ,! free-?9k]1 x is true1 lab\rs "u a great disadvantage 9 ! "w ( conv]sion3 a believ] may always decl9e to reason2 :5ev] an intellectual duel seems to him to be disadvantage\s he may decl9e to fight2 a high degree ( indulg5t t5acity & ( prud5ce is necess>y 9 a discussion ) anyone :o is ?us ready to take refuge 9 flight at ! slighte/ al>m4 ,:at c "o d aga9/ a g5tle & ob/9ate det]m9ation to say no?+1 to intr5* "o's self 9 ignorance1 to all[ argum5t to %att] itself aga9/ an out] wall4 8,x seem$ to me10 a ,russian noveli/ cries1 8z if all my words b\nd$ (f h] l peas %ot at a m>ble /atue40 ,"o ( ,%aksp]e's h]o9es proposes to essay matrimony z an ex]cise ( pati5ce4 ,if pati5ce is1 9 ! managem5t ( ! h\sehold1 ! great virtue ( ! wife1 ! man's virtue %\ld be p]sev]ance & active ob/9acy 9 an ef=t to fa%ion & create h] to 8 desire & ideal4 ,i once que/ion$ a woman :o _h m>ri$ a free-?9k] ) a secret int5tion ( conv]t+ him4 ,! up%ot ( ! matt] 0 ! precise opposite1 & ,i quote bel[ h] own acc\nt1 z %e gave x to me1 ( ! successive phases ( ?is moral crisis4 ,x is ( c\rse only an isolat$ example1 b x may s]ve to illu/rate ! "* ( wom51 & ! m or less great facility ) :i* !y may be made to accept sci5tific or philosophic ideas4 ,sid5ote3 ,wife's ef=t to conv]t h] husb&4 8,! d\ble aim ( e ,*ri/ian woman is to save s\ls1 9 g5]al1 & to save h] own 9 p>ticul>4 ,to aid ,*ri/1 by br++ back into ! fold ! %eep :o h /ray$ away1 is h] great dream1 & to pres]ve h] own purity is h] con/ant preoccupation4 ,:5 ! mom5t came = me to try my p[]s1 a lively solicitude took possession ( me3 %\ld ,i really succe$ 9 w9n+ ov] ! man to :om ,i 0 to unite my life1 or w\ld he succe$ 9 w9n+ me ov]8 ,great is ! p[] ( evil1 & :oev] exposes himself to temptation w p]i%1 b if evil is p[]ful1 ,god1 ,i assur$ myself1 is /ill m p[]ful1 & ,god nev] ab&ons ^? :o confide 9 him1 & ,i confid$ 9 ,god4 ,to conv9ce ! incr$ul\s :o _h sy/ematiz$ _! incr$ulity into a reason$ :ole 0 no slight task1 & ,i did n hope to accompli% x 9 f\r & tw5ty h\rs4 ,my plan 0 ?is3 to be fai?ful 9 ! mid/ ( ! unfai?ful1 immutable & confid5t 9 my religion :i* 0 ! religion ( ! humble1 ! simple1 & ! ignorant2 to d ! utmo/ good possible1 accord+ to ! fir/ ( ,*ri/'s comm&m5ts2 to practise my religion 9 sil5ce b op5ly2 to dome/icate x 9 my h\sehold2 to inaugurate a secret1 sl[1 incessant combat :i* %\ld la/1 if necess>y1 till ! end ( my life4 ,& !n to rely ^u ! inf9ite m]cy ( ,god4 8,) ?is disposition ( m9d ,i _h no difficulty 9 /&+ mute :5ev] my husb& attack$ my beliefs4 ,my fir/ object 0 to prove ! uselessness ( all discussion1 ! firmness ( my fai?4 ,i knew p]fectly well t ,i really 0 unable to reply1 t he knew s mu* & ,i s little4 ,b if ,i _h only be5 a doctor ( !ology ,i w\ld h accept$ ! *all5ge1 ,i w\ld h heap$ up pro( on pro(6 ,) ! tru? & ,god = me1 h[ c\ld ,i h be5 vanqui%$8 ,b ,i 0 n 9 ! lea/ l a doctor ( !ology1 & ! result 0 t1 =tifi$ 9 my ignorance1 ,i li/5$ placidly to all 8 argum5ts1 & ! liveli]1 ! m cog5t !y 71 ! m pr(\ndly ,i 0 conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( my religion1 :i* /ood erect "u s mu* batt]+ & triumph$ 9 its immunity4 8,i 0 inexpugnable1 & ! siege might h la/$ long if my husb& _h n recogniz$ ! /r5g? ( my position & *ang$ 8 tactics4 ,8 object 0 to =ce me to discuss1 to foll[ 8 objections1 to und]/& !m 9 spite ( myself1 to turn !m ov] 9 my own m9d4 ,he told me t x w\ld be a help to him 9 8 "w if ,i %\ld epitomize sometimes 9 writ+1 sometimes viva voce1 a c]ta9 numb] ( works on religion4 ,he put into my h&s ,m4 ,r5an's #8,vie de ,jsus1' ,m4 ,reville's wise & consci5ti\s little book on #8,l',hi/oire du dogme de la div9it de ,jsus ,*ri/1' (t5 full ( ab/ract inquiries 9 :i* ! s9c]ity ( ! au?or 0 evid5t & contagi\s1 ev5 :5 ! read] 0 look+ = sophisms4#ie ,i c\ld n refuse to read ! books )\t ab&on+ my mo/ *]i%$ ambition1 :i* 0 to aid my husb& 9 8 "w4 ,my consci5ce 0 involv$1 & ,i c\ld n consult my confessor because we 7 !n abroad2 moreov] my fai?1 al?\gh pr(\nd1 _h always be51 or pret5d$ to be1 g5]\s & enlight5$4 ,if ,i 0 ev] to h& my religion on ,i mu/ n be intol]ant2 & ,i read6 ,m4 ,r5an did n especially sc&alize me1 he 0 a foll[] ( ,jesus1 writ+ ( ,jesus2 8 book1 :i* has *>m$ _m wom5 z mu* z a romance1 sadd5$ me )\t repell+ me4 ,i 0 oblig$ to make a writt5 ab/ract ( ! entire book & _h to put myself into ! au?or's place1 to see ?+s ) 8 eyes1 to ?9k 8 ?\ghts2 &1 9 spite ( myself1 ,i sometimes saw 9 my own he>t1 side by side ) ! impeccable & p]fect ,*ri/ ,god1 ! figure ( ! imp]fect1 suff]+1 worn man1 out ( pati5ce & curs+4 ,! o!r books1 :i* 7 mu* m ab/ract1 call$ = a mu* great] ef=t on my "p1 b ! v ef=t t ,i put =? con/ra9$ me m completely to assimilate _! cont5ts4 ,e day ,i lo/ gr\nd1 & my once passive fai? became sl[ly trans=m$ into an anxi\s desire to "k1 into a hope t a m complete k w\ld re-e/abli% my brok5 def5ces4 #ie 8,among ! polemical works on ,*ri/ianity ,i %all cite "o :i* is p]haps some:at old1 b preci\s1 9 t x sums up ) great imp>tiality ! :ole mass ( secul> objections1 includ+ a l>ge numb] ( mod]n objections to ,*ri/ianity1 ! book ( ,m4 ,patrice ,l>roque1 entitl$ ,exam5 critique des doctr9es de la religion ,*rti5ne40 8,"o day1 my husb& said to me abruptly3 #8,y w n refuse to read ! ,bible1 :i* is ! s\rce ( y\r religion1 f "o end to ! o!r8' ,i acc$$ ) pleasure1 ,i did n wait = p]mission--,i 0 beyond t2 x seem$ to me t to read ! ,bible mu/ be ! beg9n+ ( t pr(\nd k :i* ,i envi$ my ideal doctor ( !ology4 ,x 0 ) trembl+ f+]s t ,i op5$ ! black-b\nd book1 ) its closely pr9t$ pages dictat$ by ,god ,himself1 alive /ill ) ! div9e ,^w6 ,i held 9 my h&s ! tru?1 ! ju/ification ( human life1 ! keys ( ! future2 x seem$ to me t ! tablets ( ,s9ai _h be5 committ$ to me z to ! pro/rate multitude ( ! ,hebrews at ! foot ( ! m\nta91 & ,i also w\ld h kneel$ humbly to receive x4 ,b1 z ,i made my way ?r\gh ! book1 ! immorality ( c]ta9 pages seem$ to me s evid5t t my :ole he>t rose 9 revolt aga9/ !m4 ,i _h n be5 h>d5$ f my *ildhood1 z ,prote/ant girls are1 to all ^! tales4 ,! ,ca?olic education1 :i* does :at x c to keep ! ,sacr$ ,books out ( sight1 seems to me 9 ?is respect1 & only 9 ?is respect1 mu* sup]ior to ! ,prote/ant religion4 ,9 any ev5t1 x prep>es "o :o reads ! ,bible = ! fir/ "t 9 mature ye>s to feel mu* m acutely ! pr(\nd immorality ( sacr$ hi/ory4 ,ca?olicism (t5 p]v]ts ! intellig5ce2 ,prote/antism might naturally g ! l5g? ( p]v]t+ ! he>t4 ,unbeliev]s h (t5 made ! moral mon/rosities 9 ! ,bible a subject ( raill]y2 ,i felt no?+ b indignation :5 ,i came across !m1 & ,i clos$ ) disgu/ ! book :i* ,i _h s long reg>d$ ) respect4 8,:at %\ld ,i ?9k ( x2 :at %\ld ,i believe8 ,! words ( inf9ite love & *>ity :i* ! ,new ,te/am5t conta9s came back to me4 ,if ,god 0 any:]e ,he mu/ be !re1 & once m ,i op5$ ! sacr$ book--! book :i* has s (t5 tempt$ humanity4 ,aft] all1 x 0 ,*ri/ t ,i _h ador$ r ?an ! ,"l ( ,ho/s4 ,my acqua9tance _h be5 almo/ :olly limit$ to ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,john1 :i* ,i _h le>n$ 0 ( disputable au!nticity4 ,i read ! ,gospels f end to end4 ,ev5 9 ,/4 ,john ,i c\ld n f9d ! model man above reproa*1 ! inc>nate ,god1 ! div9e ,^w2 9 ! v mid/ ( ! beauties & sublimities ( ! text1 ,i myself began to p]ceive innum]able contradictions1 navets1 sup]/itions1 & moral fail+s4 ,my beliefs no long] exi/$1 ,i _h be5 betray$ by my ,god1 my :ole previ\s intellectual life look$ to me m & m l a dream4 ,?is dream _h its beautiful aspects2 ev5 to-day ,i sometimes regret ! consolation t x once af=d$ me & c nev] af=d me aga94 ,nev]!less1 9 all s9c]ity1 if ,i _h ! *ance to sleep once m ! intellectual sleep ( my girlhood1 to =get all t ,i h le>n$1 to return to my errors--,i w\ld n = ! _w cons5t to take x1 ,i w\ld n take a /ep backw>d4 ,! memory ( ! illusions t ,i h lo/ has nev] di/urb$ ! l9e ( reason+ by means ( :i* ,i lo/ !m4 ,:5 once ,i _h come face to face ) ! reality1 x ma9ta9$ itself f t mom5t on1 sometimes pa9fully1 b /eadily 9 my imag9ation4 ,! la/ ?+ t a human be+ c will+ly cons5t to is to be deceiv$40 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,effect ,,( ,,religion ,,& ,,non-,,religion ,,on ,,population ,,& ,,! ,,future ,,( ,,! ,,race4 ,i4 ,importance ( ! problem ( population--,antagonism betwe5 num]ical /r5g? & weal?--,necessity ( numb]s = ! ma9t5ance & progress ( ! race--,necessity ( giv+ ! advantage ( numb]s to ! sup]ior races--,problem ( population 9 ,france--,its relation to ! religi\s problem--,are ! reasons = ! re/riction ( ! numb] ( bir?s physiological1 moral1 or economic8--,mal?usianism 9 ,france--,! true national p]il4 ,,ii4 ,rem$ies--,is a return to religion possible8--,religi\s p[]lessness & gr[+ tol]ance 9 ! matt]--,! influ5ce t ! law might ex]cise ^u ! causes ( small families--,enum]ation ( ^! causes--,re=m ( ! law 9 reg>d to filial duty--7,support ( p>5ts7--,re=m ( ! law ( inh]itance--,re=m ( ! milit>y law = ! purpose ( fav\r+ l>ge families & ( p]mitt+ emigration to ! ,fr5* colonies4 ,,iii4 ,influ5ce ( public education3 its necessity z a sub/itute = religi\s s5tim5t4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important ( ! problems to :i* ! gradual enfeeblem5t ( ! religi\s s5tim5t has giv5 rise is t ( race f]tility & ! "q ( population4 ,almo/ all religions h atta*$ a consid]able importance to ! rapid increase ( population4 ,) ! dim9ution ( ! influ5ce ( religions among ! sup]ior races ( mank9d1 %all we n lose an important aid 9 _! ma9t5ance & multiplication8 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,antagonism betwe5 weal? & population4 ,i4 ,9 ! beg9n+1 = ! e>lie/ aggregations ( mank9d1 numb] 0 a condition ( p[] & consequ5tly ( security4 ,! p[] ( weal?1 :i* c be conc5trat$ 9 ! possession ( a s+le man1 did n1 s to speak1 exi/4 ,9 our days weal? has become a p[] :i* is suffici5t unto itself1 & :i* division & di/ribution (t5 inevitably dissipate4 ,!re9 lies ! s\rce ( ! reason+ :i* appeals n[adays to ! heads ( families3 8,to r5d] a family p[]ful "o mu/ transmit "o's capital 9 z undivid$ a /ate z possible2 t is to say1 "o mu/ re/rict ! numb]s ( "o's desc5dants to ! utmo/ feasible limits40 ,capital & capitali/ic egoism is !re=e ! enemy ( population1 because multiplication ( m5 always implies a m or less m9ute subdivision ( weal?4 ,sid5ote3 ,importance ( rapid increase ( population4 ,religion has always held ! p[] ( capital1 9 ?is respect1 9 *eck4 ,! ,*ri/ian1 ! ,h9du1 ! ,mohamm$an religion all correspond to a /ate ( ?+s v diff]5t f t ( ! mod]n _w2 to a /ate ( society 9 :i* numb] con/itutes a great p[]1 9 :i* l>ge families possess an imm$iate & visible utility4 ,! great] numb] ( ! great religions are at "o 9 ! precept3 8,increase & multiply40 ,accord+ to ! laws ( ,man\1 "o ( ! conditions ( salvation is ! l>ge numb] ( male desc5dants4 ,! religi\s & national tradition ( ! ,jews on ! po9t is well kn[n4 ,e religion ( ,jewi% orig9 be+ ?us fav\rable to increase 9 ! size ( ! family1 & expressly prohibit+ means ( prev5tion1 x foll[s t1 o!r ?+s equal1 a s9c]ely ,*ri/ian or ,jewi% p w multiply m rapidly ?an a free-?9k+ p4 ,! inf]tility ( ! high] races1 ov] & above ! influ5ce ( ! opposition betwe5 religion & ! mod]n _s1 is induc$ also by a sort ( ant9omy betwe5 civilization & race propagation3 rapid civilization is always accompani$ by a c]ta9 race corruption4 ,?is ant9omy mu/ be rem$i$ "u p5alty ( ext9ction4 ,life is int5se 9 proportion to ! numb] ( "y1 ambiti\s p :o engage 9 x2 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce is f]tile j s f> z x is c>ri$ on by "y m5 r ?an by m5 :o are fatigu$ & :o no long] possess an en?usiasm = "w2 a "y & rapidly increas+ nation con/itutes a ri*] & m p[]ful organism1 a /eam-eng9e work+ at a high pressure4 ,"o-half1 p]haps ?ree-f\r?s ( ! di/+ui%$ m5 h come ( num]\s families2 "s h be5 ! t5?1 "s ! twelf? *ild2 to re/rict ! numb] ( *ildr5 is to re/rict ! production ( tal5t & g5ius1 & t1 too1 out ( all proportion to ! re/riction ( ! family4 ,an only son1 f> f hav+1 on ! av]age1 a great] numb] ( *ances ( be+ a rem>kable man1 really possesses few]2 9 especial if he belongs to ! upp] classes4 8,bo? ! "m & fa!r1 x has be5 said1 wat* ov] ?is fir/ *ild & enfeeble x by sup]flu\s c>e1 & sp>e x1 by yield+ to its wi%es1 all moral gymna/ic40 ,e *ild :o expects to be ! sole inh]itor ( a small =tune w put =? less en]gy1 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 ?an he o!rwise w\ld4 ,& f9ally1 x is a physiological fact t ! fir/ *ildr5 are (t5 less vigor\s & less intellig5t2 mat]nity is a function :i* becomes p]fect1 z o!r functions d1 by repetition2 a "m's fir/ ef=t is z r>ely a ma/]piece z a poet's4 ,to limit ! numb] ( *ildr5 is1 !re=e1 9 a c]ta9 measure to dw>f _! physical & intellectual p[]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,fallacy ( ,mal?usianism4 ,z an increase ( population height5s ! int5sity ( ! physical & m5tal life ( a nation1 s also x height5s ! int5sity ( ! economic life ( a nation1 /imulates ! circulation ( weal?1 & ultimately increases ! public treasure in/ead ( dim9i%+ x4 ,x is happ5+ "u our v eyes 9 ,g]many & ,engl&1 :]e public weal? has increas$ side by side ) ! population4 ,9 ,g]many1 9 a p]iod ( n9e ye>s 7#ahgb-ahha71 ! av]age annual rev5ue ( ea* individual increas$ six p] c5t41 :ile ! population roll$ up by millions4 ,! economical doctr9e :i* reg>ds ov]population z ! pr9cipal cause ( pov]ty is a v sup]ficial "o4 ,z long z !re is an available plot ( gr\nd unoccupi$1 & p]haps ev5 aft] ! entire e>? %all be cultivat$ 7= sci5ce may be able to create new s\rces ( weal? & ev5 ( food7 a man w always con/itute a bit ( liv+ capital1 ( a high] value ?an a horse or a c[1 & to increase ! numb]s ( citiz5s ( a nation w be to increase ! sum ( its weal?4#if #if ,:at economi/s h really e/abli%$1 & :at ,,mm4 ,maurice ,block1 ,c\rcelles-,s5euil1 ,paul ,l]oy-,beaulieu1 ,o!n9 d',haussonville are "r 9 ma9ta9+1 is t x is h>mful to society to add to ! non-work+ classes1 to ! numb] ( feeble be+s :o are incapable ( lab\r1 to ! numb] ( begg>s1 & ( non-combatants g5]ally1 :oev] !y may be4 ,well1 pov]ty fav\rs ! bir? ( ^? :o are dep5d5t ^u society1 & ! bir? ( ^? :o are dep5d5t ^u society t5ds /ill fur!r to increase pov]ty2 t is ! circle f :i* s _m economi/s h believ$ t ! precepts ( ,mal?us (f]$ !m an issue4 ,unhappily1 if !re is "o univ]sal attribute ( pov]ty1 x is its f]tility2 = 9 all nations ! poore/ classes are ^? t h ! greate/ numb] ( *ildr54 ,mal?us has nev] be5 li/5$ to by ! poor] classes1 b precisely by ^? only :o1 f ! po9t ( view ( a sagaci\s political economy1 ought to be enc\rag$ to leave z _m *ildr5 beh9d !m z possible1 because !y alone w\ld educate !m well3 t is to say1 ! economical peasantry & ! prosp]\s middle class4 ,insomu* t a f]tility ( ! poor is absolutely )\t rem$y 7except by way ( *>ity or emigration72 b x con/itutes 9 ! end a mu* less consid]able evil ?an ! inf]tility ( a nation z a :ole1 & is an ultimate evil only because1 9 ! la/ analysis1 x results 9 a g5u9e unproductivity4 ,pov]ty1 especially 9 ! cities1 rapidly kills out ! mo/ prolific races4 ,sid5ote3 ,m5ace to mod]n civilization4 ,=m]ly ! /ruggle = exi/5ce betwe5 two races or nations end$ 9 a s+le viol5t crisis3 ! vanqui%$ 7 massacr$ or r$uc$ to slav]y1 & slav]y usually result$ 9 ! gradual ext9ction ( ! inf]ior race2 x 0 a sl[ massacre4 ,fam9e1 produc$ by me?odical deva/ation1 a*iev$ :at w> _h begun--:ole races disappe>$ abruptly f ! face ( ! globe & left n a trace beh9d3 ! mo/ rec5t & mo/ /rik+ example is t ( ! great ,am]ican empires ( ,mexico & ,p]u4 ,?us ! /ronge/ & mo/ intellig5t races alone surviv$1 & _h only to confirm _! victory ) all its consequ5ces by cle>+ ! e>? be=e !m4 ,exi/5ce 0 a monopoly 9 ! h&s ( ! /rong4 ,x is no long] s4 ,to-day ! vanqui%$ are no long] massacr$2 on ! contr>y1 :5 an unciviliz$ c\ntry is conqu]$1 x is suppli$ ) good laws1 ) police & hygi5e4 ,inf]ior races increase & multiply "u ! rule ( sup]ior races4 ,! ,cape negroes1 ! ,*9ese1 ! negroes 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ev5 ! la/ surviv+ r$-sk9s1 :o seem dispos$ to-day to take he>t1 are examples ( :at ,i mean4 ,well1 ! ,ori5t conta9s1 9 ! ,*9ese ,empire1 a v]itable res]voir ( m51 :i* "s day or o!r w ov]fl[ ! entire e>?4 ,9 ! face ( ?is compact multitude1 :i* is increas+ rapidly1 & ) advanc+ civilization w increase m rapidly1 ! f\r or five great nations ( ,europe1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,au/ralia1 seem a small matt]4 ,! future ( humanity dep5ds ma!matically ^u ! proportions 9 :i* ! m intellig5t races are repres5t$ 9 ! complex composition ( ! man ( ! future4 ,& e son ( "o ( ! m highly end[$ races ( ! globe1 su* z ! ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 or ,engli%1 commits a positive fault 9 n lab\r+ = ! multiplication ( 8 race2 he contributes to l[] ! future level ( human intellig5ce4 ,m5 ( sci5ce h already e/abli%$ x z a law t ! p[] ( reproduction decreases ) ! increase ( c]ebral activity1 & t intellig5t races reproduce !mselves ) increas+ difficulty2 to augm5t ?is natural difficulty by a volunt>y re/riction is daily to lab\r = ! brutalization ( ! human race4 ,sid5ote3 ,duty ( civiliz$ races to multiply4 ,! foll[]s ( ,mal?us1 suppos+ t !re at pres5t exi/s an equilibrium betwe5 population & ! means ( subsi/5ce1 look ) anxiety ^u e new arrival 9 ! _w2 b ev5 admitt+ t ! /ruggle = exi/5ce has already rea*$ t acute /age1 x might /ill be hop$ t only ! m intellig5t w\ld leave *ildr5 beh9d !m4 ,mal?us' law %\ld possess no =ce = ! educat$ m5 ( ,europe1 :o alone are acqua9t$ ) x1 b only = ! negroes or ! ,*9ese1 :o are absolutely ignorant ( x4 ,mal?us' law is n meant = u2 9 reality x is n meant = anyone4 ,by ! v fact t "o is acqua9t$ ) x1 & possesses =esight & self-control en\gh to put x into practice1 "o proves t "o /&s beyond ! circle ( its applicability4 ,mal?usians1 :o endeav\r to apply to ! reproduction ( mank9d ! pr9ciples ( animal-bre$]s1 =get t ! dom9ant pr9ciple 9 all bre$+ is to fav\r ! multiplication ( ! sup]ior species4 ,"o ,durham bull is wor? t5 common bulls4 ,:at is true ( bulls & %eep is true ( m53 a ,fr5*man1 ) ! sci5tific & /hetic aptitude ( 8 race1 repres5ts on ! av]age a social capital a hundr$ times great] ?an t repres5t$ by a negro1 an ,arab1 a ,turk1 a ,cossack1 or a ,*9aman4 ,to leave few ,fr5* desc5dants1 9 ord] t ,cossacks & ,turks may increase & multiply1 is to commit an absurdity1 ev5 on ! pr9ciples ( a ,mal?usian4 ,be x rememb]$ t x 0 among ! ,aryans1 & 9 especial among ! ,greeks1 t sci5ce & art wor?y ( ! "n took _! rise2 f !m !y pass$ to ! o!r ,aryans1 & !n to ! o!r human races4 ,sid5ote3 ,bad outlook = ! future4 ,mi*elet comp>es ! treasure ( sci5ce & tru?1 amass$ by ! human m9d1 to ! egg t a slave c>ri$ into ! ,roman circus1 at ! end ( ! ent]ta9m5t1 into ! mid/ ( ! great lions1 :o 7 gorg$ & asleep4 ,if "o ( ! wild bea/s op5$ 8 eyes & 0 seiz$ once m by desire at sight ( ! man ) ! egg1 :i* is ! symbol ( human g5ius1 ! slave 0 lo/4 ,9 our times g5ius is inf9itely less p]secut$ ?an h]et(ore1 & is no long] 9 dang] ( ! ar5a or ( ! headsman1 & x seems z if ! sacr$ egg out ( :i* ! future is to arise has no?+ fur!r to fe>2 b ?is is a mi/ake4 ,precisely because ! human m9d is ye> by ye> gr[+ ri*]1 its treasure is becom+ s consid]able1 s delicate1 & difficult to pres]ve 9 its entirety1 t x may well be ask$ :e!r a succession ( p suffici5tly well end[$ w arise to reta9 & to augm5t ! acquisitions ( sci5ce4 ,up to ! pres5t day ^? tru?s alone h surviv$ ! we> & te> ( "t :i* 7 simple2 at ! pres5t epo* ! rapidity ( ! progress ( sci5ce may well make u anxi\s z to its p]man5ce4 ,! extreme complexity ( sci5ce may well make u fe> t ! peoples ( ! future may n possess m5tal elevation en\gh to embrace x 9 its entirety1 & to add to x by a con/ant increase4 ,suppose1 = example1 t ! _w %\ld be r$uc$ abruptly to ,africa1 ,asia1 & ,s\? ,am]ica1 :]e ! ,spani% race has n yet produc$ a s+le sci5tific g5ius2 mu/ n ! sci5tific lab\rs ( our c5tury inevitably misc>ry8 ,happily _! safety is b\nd up ) t ( c]ta9 great nations4 ,! ,anglo-,saxon & ,g]manic peoples to-day cov] ! e>? ) _! *ildr5 & _! colonies4 ,b x is sad to ?9k t "o ( ! ?ree or f\r great ,european peoples1 :i* alone c\nt = mu* 9 ! progress ( humanity1 %\ld be danc+ gaily t[>d annihilation4 ,sid5ote3 ,dang] f ,asia4 ,a fusion ( races w soon] or lat] take place 9 humanity2 x is already tak+ place 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! p]fection ( means ( communication is ha/5+ its consummation ?r\gh\t ! entire _w4 ,europe is p\r+ out its surplus ^u ,am]ica1 ,africa1 & ,au/ralia2 ,asia w "s day ov]fl[ ,europe & ,am]ica2 :at is tak+ place to-day1 fifty ye>s aft] ! inv5tion ( railways1 c sc>cely give u an idea ( ! mixture & amalgamation ( races :i* w "s day be realiz$ on ! e>?4 ,su* a mixture1 ev5 ?\gh x raise ! level1 9 "s small degree1 ( races intellectually ill-end[$1 may well abase ! level ( races intellectually well-end[$1 if ! latt] are greatly outnumb]$ by ! =m]4 ,sid5ote3 ,money ! mod]n pat5t ( nobility4 ,x may be object$1 x is true1 t ! sup]ior races ( mank9d may rema9 isolat$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! multiplication ( ! o!r bran*es ( humanity 9 a sort ( jeal\s ari/ocracy1 s]v$ & respect$ by ^? :om !y dom9ate by _! intellig5ce4 ,?is is "o ( ! dreams ( ,m4 ,r5an1 :o sees 9 ! ,*9ese ! future slave ( ! ,europeans--g5tle1 docile slaves1 ) j en\gh intellig5ce to be m>vell\s indu/rial ma*9es4 ,unhappily we h le>n$1 to our exp5se1 t ! ,*9ese are also excell5t in/rum5ts ( w>4 ,9 ! indu/rial society 9 :i* we live1 money con/itutes1 9 ! long run1 ! basis ( ari/ocracy4 ,to-day money is ! true =ce & title ( nobility4 ,to lay up treasures dem&s a v av]age intellig5ce1 ( :i* a great numb] ( inf]ior p are no d\bt capable3 once ri* & !y w be our equals2 ri*]1 !y w be our sup]iors & our ma/]s4 ,if !y h money en\gh !y c pur*ase e privilege1 ev5 t ( mix+ _! blood ) ours1 ev5 t ( m>ry+ our daught]s & ( conf\nd+ our race & !irs4 ,! only means by :i* intellig5ce c pres]ve its p[] is by means ( numb]s4 ,g5ius itself mu/ leave a po/]ity beh9d x1 & 9 spite ( prejudice to ! contr>y1 if we are to be et]nal x mu/ be by means ( our *ildr5 r ?an by our works4 ,sid5ote3 ,religion ( ! family4 ,positivi/s propose to sub/itute a religion ( humanity = exi/+ & rapidly disappe>+ religions2 !re is a /ill m accessible religion1 & m practical1 & m useful1 :i* 0 "o ( ! fir/ religions ( humanity3 ! religion ( ! family1 ! wor%ip ( ! little gr\p ( be+s b\nd toge!r by ties ( blood & memory & "n & hon\r1 :i* =m an epitome ( a nation2 to p]mit "o's family to die out or to dim9i% 9 numb] is to lab\r1 to ! ext5t t 9 "o lies1 to dim9i% ! p[] ( "o's native c\ntry & ( humanity itself4 ,patriotism has be5 made a subject ( ridicule1 b patriotism is a beautiful ?+1 & befitt+ 9 ! head ( a h\sehold4 ,pat]nity 9 its complete/ s5se1 t is to say1 ! responsibility = ! education ( a new g5]ation f bir? to ! age ( manhood1 is1 aft] all1 ! sure/ elem5t ( patriotism1 & is )9 ! rea* ( ev]yone4 ,sid5ote3 ,gradual impov]i%m5t ( ,france4 ,9 ,france especially1 z we h se51 ! population "q is an important "o1 & %\ld be insi/$ on4 ,x has be5 said ) reason t ,france to-day is n ?reat5$ by a multitude ( dang]s1 b by "o only1 :i* actually con/itutes a national p]il3 t ( ext9ction f lack ( *ildr54#ig ,a nation may increase its capital 9 two ways2 #a4 ,by productive exp5diture & productive lab\r2 #b4 ,by ! utmo/ possible dim9ution ( bo?1 ( lab\r & ( exp5diture4 ,france has be5 employ+ ! second means s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury2 %e has be5 economiz+ 9 *ildr5 & dim9i%+ ! rapidity ( ! circulation ( national life4 ,%e has1 by ?is process1 amass$ a great treasure1 b ! results ( h] economy h be5 9 "p consecrat$ to ! paym5t ( an indemnity ( five billions1 & 9 "p to loans1 z 9 ,mexico1 ,turkey1 & ,egypt1 & to speculation ( e k9d1 & ! result ( ^! bl9d economies has be5 a gradual impov]i%m5t4 #ig ,m4 ,ri*et4 ,sid5ote3 ,classes 9 ,france t ma9ta9 ! population4 ,ov] & above ^? :o are unreflective1 or :o simply tru/ to luck1 !re exi/s no consid]able class ( p 9 ,france1 except ,ca?olics1 ,prote/ants1 & ,jews1 :o c be c\nt$ on to ma9ta9 ! race4 ,!re exi/s no d\bt a c]ta9 numb] ( bons vivants :o are det]m9$ to take _! pleasure at all haz>ds1 & :o f9d 9 ! re/riction ( ! family a limitation ( _! pleasure2 b !y are r>e4 ,! disciples ( ,mal?us are n[adays mu* m num]\s ?an ^? ( ,rabelais4 ,p :o h *ildr51 n out ( pleasure nor by *ance1 b out ( patriotism & philosophy1 are s r>e t !y ne$ n at pres5t be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,! m ! prop]ty 9 ,france is subdivid$1 ! great] ! numb] ( small proprietors1 ! few] *ildr5 !re are4 ,s9ce #ahff ! agricultural inquiry has demon/rat$ ! invasion ( ,mal?usianism & ! progress ( volunt>y inf]tility 9 almo/ e dep>tm5t side by side ) ! subdivision ( ! soil4 ,f t "t on ! movem5t has gone =w>d un*eck$4 8,9 c]ta9 communes ! words bro!r & si/] h almo/ fall5 out ( use4 ,primog5iture1 :i* 0 aboli%$ 9 #aghi1 has be5 replac$ by unig5iture40#ih ,lab\r]s only are anti-mal?usians1 & t out ( c>elessness = ! future4 ,a ,mal?usian 0 "o day remon/rat+ ) a poor lab\r]1 :o 0 ! fa!r ( twelve *ildr5 & ambiti\s to become ! fa!r ( a ?irte5?4 8,:at w y h80 said ! latt]1 8x is ! only pleasure 9 ! _w t ,i get = no?+2 ,i w\ld n dim9i% x on any acc\nt40 #ih ,t\beau1 ,la ,rp>tition des impts1 t4 ii4 ,sid5ote3 ,p[] ( religion to /imulate population4 ,x has be5 ma9ta9$ t a great] or less re/riction ( ! numb] ( bir?s is ess5tially due1 n to a dim9ution 9 ! religi\s devotion ( ! p1 b simply to an increase ( prud5ce4 ,:oev] does n live simply 9 ! pres5t mom5t1 b takes acc\nt ( ! future1 w re/rict ! numb] ( 8 *ildr5 accord+ to ! figure ( 8 income4 ,& yet :]e fai? is s9c]e & rigid1 x does n p]mit "o to hesitate on m]e gr\nds ( economics4 ,9 ,brittany prud5ce nei!r *ecks religion nor f]tility4 ,engag$ c\ples1 kn[+ t !y w h *ildr5 aft] m>riage1 po/pone _! union till !y %all h laid by a c]ta9 am\nt ( money1 pur*as$ a h\se & a plot ( gr\nd4 ,9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,ille-et-,vila9e1 m5 d n g5]ally become engag$ be=e _! tw5ty-f\r? ye>1 nor wom5 be=e _! n9ete5? ye>4 ,m>riage does n la/ z long !re=e 9 ,brittany z 9 ,norm&y2 x la/s on ! av]age tw5ty-sev5 ye>s & a half 9 ,norm&y & tw5ty-"o 9 ,brittany1 & yet ! f]tility ( ! wom5 ( ,brittany1 z comp>$ ) t ( ! wom5 ( ,norm&y1 is almo/ z t ( a hundr$ to sixty4 ,9 ,brittany ! result ( religion & prud5ce1 be=e m>riage1 comb9$1 is a con/ant increase ( population2 9 ,norm&y ! effect ( incr$ulity & prud5ce1 aft] m>riage1 comb9$1 is a con/ant dim9ution ( ! population2 al?\gh1 ( ! two peoples1 ! ,normans are m vigor\s1 & ow+ to ! great] frequ5cy ( tw9s1 naturally m f]tile4#ii #ii ,see ,m4 ,baudrill>t1 ,les ,populations rurales de la ,bretagne4 ,sid5ote3 ,condition ( population 9 ,france n due to av]sion to m>riage4 ,! weakness ( ! ,fr5* z a nation does n lie 9 ! smallness ( ! numb] ( m>riages4 ,practically ! av]age numb] ( m>riages 9 ,france is ! same z 9 ,g]many1 some?+ l eight a ye> = e ?\s& inhabitants1 s t m>riages are ab\t z frequ5t 9 ,france z else:]e4 ,!re is no "q ( immorality involv$1 b simply "o ( ! prud5ce ( m>ri$ p4 ,illegitimate bir?s are less num]\s 9 ,france ?an 9 ,italy or 9 ,g]many & 9 especial 9 ,ca?olic ,g]many4 ,9 ,p>is sc>cely m ?an tw5ty-five p] c5t4 ( ! *ildr5 are illegitimate1 at ,osmultz 9 ,moravia fully sev5ty p] c5t4 are illegitimate4 ,m4 ,b]tillon has e/abli%$ ! fact t1 s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury1 ! p]c5tage ( m>riage has be5 ma9ta9$1 & ev5 has increas$ r ?an dim9i%$ up to #ahfe2 b t ! p]c5tage ( bir?s has dim9i%$ cont9u\sly1 & regul>ly4 ,accord+ to /ati/ics e m>riage av]ages five *ildr5 9 ,g]many1 five 9 ,engl&1 or almo/ five1 & ?ree only 9 ,france4 ,sid5ote3 ,nor to degree ( civilization 9 ,france4 ,c]ta9 ?9k]s h be5 incl9$ to believe t ! comp>ative sl[ness 9 ! increase ( ! ,fr5* p 0 due to a relatively high developm5t ( ! bra94 ,we h already rem>k$ ! antagonism :i* exi/s betwe5 reproduction & ! developm5t ( ! n]v\s or c]ebral sy/em1 b x is some:at precipitate to apply to a special gr\p ( m5 :at is true ( ! species z a :ole2 & !re is a t\* ( fatuity 9 ! notion t ! ,fr5* p h a*iev$ s high a po9t ( developm5t t !re exi/s 9 c]ta9 prov9ces n only a decrease 9 ! rate ( reproduction1 b an absolute decrease ( population4 ,a /ati/ical inve/igation has %[n1 x is true1 t memb]s ( ! ,in/itute d n av]age m ?an "o or two *ildr5 apiece1 b ?is /ati/ical inquiry proves simply t memb]s ( ! ,in/itute h n desir$ to h l>ge families1 & t _! conduct1 :i* is g5]ally n influ5c$ by religion1 has be5 com=mable to _! desire4 ,an ord9>ily heal?y man c\ld become ! fa!r ( a hundr$ *ildr5 e ye>2 & to imag9e t 8 sexual ne$s dim9i% "u ! influ5ce ( intellectual lab\r to ! ext5t ( 8 hav+ b "o *ild 9 =ty ye>s w\ld be m apropos 9 a comic op]a ?an 9 a s]i\s book4 ,rem>k1 h[ev]1 t ! f]tility is less great among peasants1 ^: c]ebral activity is at a m9imum1 ?an 9 our cities1 9 :i* x is relatively great2 b 9 cities f]tility is balanc$ unhappily by mortality4 ,! antagonism betwe5 f]tility & developm5t ( ! bra9 %\ld be at its greate/ 9 wom52 b ,fr5*wom51 ^: education has long be5 neglect$1 d n appe> to possess on ! av]age any intellectual sup]iority ov] ! wom5 ( o!r c\ntries4 ,& 9 our prov9ces population advances mo/ sl[ly 9 ,norm&y1 :]e ! wom5 are s vigor\s t ! p]c5tage ( tw9s is high] ?an else:]e4 ,sid5ote3 ,mal?usianism ! cause4 ,mal?usianism !re=e is ! cause ( ! evil1 & mal?usianism is a worse sc\rge ?an paup]ism2 x is 9 a s5se ! paup]ism ( ! middle classes4 ,j z an excessive impov]i%m5t may kill out a :ole social class1 mal?usianism is ! dea? ( ! middle classes4 ,x is r>e to f9d a middle-class family ) m ?an two or ?ree *ildr52 two *ildr51 at lea/1 are necess>y to replace ! fa!r & ! "m1 & to ma9ta9 ! population2 a c]ta9 numb] ( celibates & ( m>ri$ p :o are /]ile mu/ be all[$ =4 ,! middle classes !re=e are approa*+ ext9ction3 ! result ( re/rict+ _! numb] is suicide4 ,to sum up1 ! population "q 9 ,france is purely & simply a moral "q2 b m ?an any o!r "q ( ! l nature x is closely b\nd up ) religion because1 up to ! pres5t "t1 religion has be5 ! sole p[] :i* has d>$ to *eck popul> incl9ation 9 ?is reg>d4 ,x is 9 respect to population t lay morality has be5 mo/ neglig5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,futility ( ef=t to br+ ab\t a return ( religion4 ,,ii4 ,if ! "q is really "o ( a return to "s traditional religion or a gradual ext9ction ( ! race1 free-?9k]s may well hesitate betwe5 a numb] ( l9es ( conduct4 ,!y may1 9 ! fir/ place1 take refuge 9 resignation3 8,aft] me ! ,deluge40 ,_m ( ! middle classes & a great numb] ev5 ( economi/s1 :o reg>d ! future ( _! race & ( _! c\ntry z mu* too di/ant to be tak5 into acc\nt & consid] pres5t com=t z ! sole rational aim ( man1 accept ?is position4 ,a m radical alt]native is to jo9 ! ,*ur*3 bo? ! ,ca?olic & ! ,prote/ant *ur*es1 9 spite ( ! ecc5tricity ( _! leg5ds1 are useful z an aid 9 mak+ a nation num]\s & /rong & prolific2 & ! ,fr5* ( all nations ne$s religion1 s t1 in/ead ( endeav\r+ to de/roy ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 x is our duty to endeav\r to propagate x4 ,!re is an elem5t ( hypocrisy & ev5 ( c[>dice 9 ?is ef=t to revive a bygone error 9 ! "n ( pres5t utility4 ,& x involves ! affirmation t error is at ! bottom m useful ?an tru?1 & t tru? is fundam5tally irreconcilable ) ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! human race--an affirmation :i* is some:at precipitate4 ,above all1 ! ef=t to arre/ scepticism is simply futile--futile = humanity1 = a p1 = a family4 ,:5 x is "t to regret t c]ta9 ?+s h be5 le>n$ x is too late to set ab\t ignor+ !m4 ,! ,fr5* p1 9 especial1 possess a fund ( incr$ulity :i* is bas$ ^u ! practical & logical "* ( _! temp]am5t3 !y rose 9 #aghi aga9/ ! cl]gy1 9 ! "n ( lib]ty2 n[adays !y w /ruggle ) ! same /ubbornness 9 ! "n ( com=t aga9/ ! prescriptions ( religion1 aga9/ ! v in/9cts ( human nature1 & w make !mselves /]ile 9 ord] to become ri* )\t immod]ate lab\r4 ,! re-e/abli%m5t ( religion is simply out ( ! "q2 s9c]ely religi\s m5 !mselves1 if !y happ5 also to be intellig5t1 recognize x4 ,?is rational /]ility1 produc$ by a triumph ( ! intellect ov] natural in/9ct & religi\s dogma1 is a *>m+ !me = declamation2 b declamation is also /]ile1 & does n date f ye/]day2 x 0 tri$ be=e ! ,revolution & succe$$ nei!r 9 augm5t+ religi\s s5sibility nor 9 dim9i%+ ,fr5* inf]tility4 ,9 a pamphlet on ! ,erreurs de ,voltaire1 ! ,abb ,nonotte wrote 9 #agff3 8,pres5t notions & practices on ! subject ( population are z melan*oly = morality z = /atesman%ip4 ,p are cont5t n[adays ) a s+le heir4 ,pleasure & lib]t9ism c>ry ! day4 ,! =tunes ( a great numb] ( ! fir/ families 9 ,p>is re/ on ! %\ld]s ( a s+le *ild4 ,x 0 bett] 9 =m] times2 = families 7 n afraid ( a numb] ( *ildr51 & 7 n s extravagant b t !y c\ld provide !m ) a means ( subsi/5ce40 ,sid5ote3 ,inability ( prie/ to cope ) "q ( population4 ,nei!r ! prie/ nor ! confessor c be c\nt$ on4 ,has ! prie/ ev] p[] en\gh1 ev5 9 c\ntries l ,brittany :]e devotion is at its height1 to suppress ! grosse/ vice2 drunk5ness1 = example1 & t1 too1 among wom58 ,h[ c a prie/ be expect$ to ma9ta9 an influ5ce ov] m5 :o confess h>dly m ?an once a ye>--at ,ea/]8 ,h[ c ! prie/1 "u su* circum/ances1 be expect$ to be really a gov]nor ( ! consci5ce1 & 9 especial a physician ( ! s\l8 ,he receives a g5]al confession f ea* ( 8 p>i%ion]s1 he is 9 a hurry1 he is oblig$ to re/rict 8 att5tion to ! mo/ enorm\s ( ! s9s confess$ to him1 & ! :ole ends 9 absolution1 foll[$ by communion4 ,"s days aft]w>d ! m5 get drunk aga91 & d j z !y did be=e1 till ! ye> comes r\nd4 ,prejudices & habits are /rong] ?an any?+ else4 ,sid5ote3 ,pliancy ( religion4 ,!y :o1 ) ! ,abb ,nonotte1 reg>d religion z ! cure ( all evils1 =get t religion itself is v compliant1 t x c be made to /& = a multitude ( ?+s4 ,if ! mass ( ! ,fr5* p %\ld all[ !mselves to be p]suad$ by ! ,abb ,nonotte & 8 disciples to return to ! traditional fai?1 ! traditional fai? itself w\ld soon cease to be s au/]e4 ,confessors w\ld become m discreet4 ,are !y n to-day oblig$ to tol]ate polkas & waltzes1 & "y p :irl+ ab\t ! room 9 ea* o!r's arms1 :i* 0 =m]ly s sev]ely prohibit$8 ,! lett] ( religion rema9s 9 va9 ! same1 ! _s ( ! wor%ipp]s *anges4 ,at ! pres5t day ,jesuits will+ly close _! eyes to ! /]ility ( ! family2 !y h ev5 be5 accus$ ( :isp]+ to advice = ! pres]vation ( c]ta9 inh]itances4 ,d y imag9e t confessors 9 ! ,faub\rg ,sa9t-,g]ma9 ask especially emb>rass+ que/ions8 ,heav5 c be compromis$ )4 ,sid5ote3 ,ev5 ( ,prote/antism4 ,?is sort ( tol]ance1 l all tol]ance1 w gr[ ) "t4 ,ev5 9 ,prote/ant families 9 :i* a m extreme rigidity reigns1 ! _s ( ! times is dom9ant4 ,or?odoxy is ev]y:]e becom+ less f]oci\s1 /]ility is ev]y:]e on ! increase4 ,ev5 cl]gym5 d n h z l>ge families z =m]ly4 ,/ati/ics on ?is head w\ld be v in/ructive2 "o might f9d 9 ! v bosom ( ,prote/antism /]ility increas+ directly ) lib]alism ( belief4 ,if ,d>w9 & ,sp5c] h p>tisans 9 ! ,engli% cl]gy1 & among ! ,am]ican ,prote/ants1 :y %\ld n ,mal?us also8 ,9 especial1 s9ce ,mal?us 0 a grave & religi\s man4 ,sid5ote3 ,decrease ( population enc\rag$ by ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,! ,ca?olic religion has itself be5 guilty by its advocacy ( religi\s celibacy4 ,9 ,france "o hundr$ & ?irty ?\s& p]sons ( bo? sexes are devot$ to celibacy4#ajj ,x is to be regrett$ t ,ca?olicism1 :i* dur+ a numb] ( c5turies 79 ! "t :5 ,/4 ,sidonius ,apoll9>is1 ! son-9-law ( ! ,emp]or ,avitus1 0 ,bi%op ( ,cl]mont-,f]r&7 did n impose celibacy ^u ecclesia/ics1 %\ld h felt oblig$ lat] to exact x1 & %\ld h come to consid] absolute cont95ce sup]ior to m>riage1 contr>y to all physiological & psy*ological laws4 8,cont95ce z a pr(ession10 says ,m4 ,montesquieu1 8has de/roy$ m m5 ?an pe/il5ce & w> toge!r4 ,e religi\s h\se con/itutes a family :i* nev] gives bir? to a *ild1 & :i* cont9ues 9 exi/5ce only by adopt+ *ildr5 f )\t4 ,su* h\ses are op5 l s _m abysses1 to swall[ up ! future ( ! race40 ,religi\s celibacy results 9 ano!r evil consequ5ce3 al?\gh prie/s d n to-day con/itute ! lite ( society1 !y are /ill among ! mo/ intellig5t1 ! be/ educat$1 ! lea/ ill-dispos$ memb]s ( society4 ,& !y gaily cons5t to be annihilat$1 to disappe>1 & to leave1 l ! h]etics !y us$ to burn1 no trace beh9d4 ,!y =m z con/ant a dra9 on ! body-politic z ! victims ( ! ,inquisition =m$ dur+ s _m ye>s 9 ,spa94 ,if we %\ld c\nt ! sons only ( cl]gym5 :o h become di/+ui%$ or ev5 great m51 f ,l9nu to ,wurtz & ,em]son1 we might see h[ mu* we lose by ! celibacy ( our prie/hood4 #ajj ,dr4 ,lagneau1 ,rem>ques dmographiques sur le clibat en ,france4 ,b religion ap>t1 /]ility may be combat$ by law1 by morals1 & by education4 ,sid5ote3 ,legal rem$y4 ,religion is ! law ( primitive peoples2 :5 x becomes feeble1 its precepts split into two p>ts3 "o ( :i*1 reg>d$ z useless1 is neglect$ & loses its entire value1 :ile ! o!r1 :i* is reg>d$ z ! gu>antee ( social life1 becomes =mulat$ into moral or civiliz$ laws obligatory 9 "*4 ,?is is ! hi/ory ( a numb] ( hygi5ic measures prescrib$ by ,ori5tal religion :i* h become simple police regulations 9 ! laws ( mod]n ,europe4 ,9 ! pres5t "q x is evid5t t ! law %\ld take ! place t religion once held2 ! legislator %\ld assume ! function ( ! prie/4 ,su* a sub/itution is n unexampl$2 x took place among ! ,greeks2 ! citiz5 0 oblig$1 by law1 to h *ildr54 ,socrates 9 ,a!ns 0 oblig$ by law to take a second wife4 ,9 ,sp>ta ! "y husb& liv$ at ! public table until he _h suppli$ ! /ate ) ?ree sons4 ,he 0 subject to milit>y s]vice until he _h suppli$ ! /ate ) f\r4#aja ,n[adays ( c\rse su* radical laws are n to be ?\ght (1 & inde$ no simple & direct law c\ld rea* ! evil2 an entire sy/em ( mutually complet+ laws is necess>y4 ,! :ole s]ies ( reasons :i* prev5t ! head ( a h\sehold f hav+ a l>ge family mu/ fir/ be kn[n2 !n !y mu/ be met 9 detail by a s]ies ( laws devis$ to suppress !m or c\nt]balance !m2 s t :5ev] "o int]e/ makes = /]ility1 ano!r & equival5t int]e/ %all make = f]tility4 ,x is accord+ly 9 ! v bosom ( ! family t ! law1 & t progressive re=m ( morals to :i* ! law is s capable ( contribut+1 mu/ op]ate4 #aja ,ari/otle1 ,politica1 ii4 #f1 #ac4 ,sid5ote3 ,wor%ip ( com=t a reason = small families4 ,! head ( a family to-day ab&ons ! notion ( hav+ _m *ildr5 = a numb] ( reasons1 sometimes mutually contradictory1 :i* x is necess>y we %\ld make ourselves fully acqua9t$ ) be=e endeav\r+ to devise means ( c\nt]act+ !m4 ,!re exi/ 9 ! fir/ place1 ?\gh n v frequ5tly1 physical reasons3 ! ill-heal? ( ! "m1 ! fe> ( h] dy+ ?r\gh frequ5t pregnancies4 ,:5 ?is fe> is ju/ifi$ 9 ! judgm5t ( a physician x is respectable2 x is def5sible ev5 f ! po9t ( view ( society1 = *ildr5 born "u su* conditions w\ld be delicate & useless z memb]s ( society4 ,b 9 almo/ ! :ole numb] ( cases1 ! gr\nds ( /]ility are economical & egoi/ic4 ,fr5* /]ility is an economical1 mu* m ?an a physiological ph5om5on4 ,! head ( a family calculates ! co/ ( re>+ a num]\s family1 calculates t in/ead ( be+ able to lay by money :ile he is 9 ! vig\r ( 8 life1 he w h to sp5d x on 8 *ildr51 & to pass 8 old age 9 pov]ty2 hav+ a l>ge family he reg>ds simply z a bit ( prodigality4 ,our budget ( #d1bjj1jjj1jjj repres5ts an av]age ( #aac francs a head2 ) su* taxes1 decid$ly1 if "o is to br+ up a num]\s family1 "o mu/ h a consid]able =tune or mu/ deftly manipulate "o's pov]ty4 ,sid5ote3 ,wor%ip ( l& ano!r4 ,also ! small proprietor reg>ds ! e>? some:at z a savage does 8 feti*3 8 field1 8 h\se1 are sacr$ entities :i* he wi%es to confide to sure h&s4 ,if he has a numb] ( *ildr51 x w be necess>y to %>e ^! treasures & p]haps to sell !m 9 case !y _c o!rwise be divid$ equally4 ,! peasant no m reg>ds su* a division ( prop]ty z possible ?an a g5tleman "u ! old rgime w\ld h admitt$ ! possibility ( sell+ 8 ance/ral *ateau4 ,bo? ( !m w\ld reg>d a mutilation ( _! family z a less evil ?an ! mutilation ( _! doma94 ,b to re> a *ild is to create a bit ( capital1 & f]tility is a =m ( social economy4 ,bo? economi/s & ,fr5* peasants admit will+ly t to re> a calf or a %eep is to add to "o's weal?1 & a =tiori !y %\ld admit t to re> a *ild is4 ,b !re is a diff]5ce3 ! calf1 once re>$1 lab\rs solely = ! p]son :o re>$ x1 :]eas ! *ild ultimately comes to lab\r = itself4 ,f ! selfi% po9t ( view ( ! fa!r1 x is bett] to raise cattle & %eep4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( society1 x is inconte/ably bett] to re> m54 ,9 all new c\ntries ! ,fr5* race is prolific1 because a l>ge numb] ( *ildr5 "u su* circum/ances is n a *>ge b a pr(itable inve/m5t4 ,9 ,canada sixty ?\s& ,fr5*m5 h gr[n into a p ( two millions & a half4 ,9 ,alg]ia ! bir?-rate is f #cj to #ce p] #ajjj2 9 ,norm&y x is n #bj p] ?\s&4 ,f9ally1 a /rik+ example ( ! influ5ce ( emigration has be5 discov]$ 9 ,france itself1 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,basses-,pyrnes1 :]e ! bir?-rate v>ies ) ! rate ( emigration1 to fill ! places ( ^? :o h gone to ,am]ica4 ,sid5ote3 ,wom5 ( fa%ion imitate ! demi-monde4 ,let u consid]1 on ! o!r h&1 ! causes :i* influ5ce wom54 ,x is natural t1 9 a c]ta9 /age ( society1 wom5 %\ld be unwill+ to be mo!rs4 ,mo!rhood repres5ts ! sole task :i* x is left to !m to p]=m1 & ?is task !y f9d ! h>d] because =tune has reliev$ !m ( e o!r4 ,!y are n ev5 oblig$ to n\ri% _! *ildr53 ! mat]nal brea/ c f9d a sub/itute2 !y are n oblig$ ei!r to re> _! *ildr5 or to tea* !m3 gov]nesses c be hir$2 b nobody c give bir? to _! *ildr51 & 9 _! life ( frivolity *ildbir? is ! "o s]i\s function t rema9s4 ,!y prote/ aga9/ x & !y are "r4 ,! ambition ( wom5 ( ! gr&monde be+ too (t51 z has be5 said1 to mimic wom5 ( ! demi-monde1 x is well t !y %\ld imitate !m 9 ?is respect z 9 all o!rs1 & t !y %\ld endeav\r to e/abli% betwe5 m>riage & pro/itution ?is f9al bond ( simil>ity--/]ility4 ,sid5ote3 ,wom5 ( ! l[] classes fe> lab\r4 ,ev5 among ! wom5 ( ! p ge/ation & *ildbir?1 be+1 z !y are1 pa9ful1 are also objects ( ! livelie/ repugnance & ( prote/ations ( e k9d4 ,i h nev] se5 a woman ( ! p :o did n compla9 at be+ pregnant & :o w\ld n h pref]r$ any o!r malady4 ,ah6 ,n\s ne faisons pas1 n\s recevons--8,we wom5 h no voice 9 ! matt]10 said "o ( !m to me--8if b we _h60 ,%e epitomiz$ 9 a ^w ! physiological & psy*ological position ( ! poor woman4 ,^? :o h n _h *ildr51 f> f compla9+ ( x1 congratulate !mselves1 & 9 any ev5t !y r>ely desire m ?an "o4 ,sid5ote3 ,l>ge families among ! poor traceable to ignorance4 ,9 ,pic>dy & 9 ,norm&y1 z ,m4 ,baudrill>t rem>ks1 a woman :o has _m *ildr5 is made ! butt ( raill]y4 ,& if o!r prov9ces are less /]ile1 x is ow+ to religion or to ignorance4 ,! wom5 h n yet become acqua9t$ ) ,mal?us4 ,!y "k ( b "o rem$y aga9/ an evil t !y fe>--to keep out ( ! way ( _! husb&s4 ,! wife ( su* & su* a lab\r+ man pref]s a beat+ to ! risk ( hav+ ano!r *ild3 b z %e is ! weak] %e (t5 succe$s 9 br++ ^u h]self bo? ! beat+ & ! *ild4 ,fe> ( pregnancy is m (t5 ?an is commonly believ$ ! cause ( diss5sion 9 poor h\seholds1 & = t matt] 9 ri* h\seholds also4 ,! in/ant a woman reasons1 in/ead ( submitt+ to ! law1 %e inevitably feels ! disproportion t exi/s1 = h]1 betwe5 ! pleasures ( love & ! pa9s ( mat]nity4 ,%e mu/ be suppli$ ) a new conception ( duty1 & t n simply 9 ! way ( a religi\s obligation :i* ! husb& c ridicule b ( a moral obligation4 ,sid5ote3 ,girls %\ld be educat$ = mat]nity4 ,ca?olic education1 z we h already rem>k$1 does great h>m 9 re>+ "y girls 9 a false mode/y1 9 nev] speak+ to !m ( ! duties ( m>riage = fe> ( awak5+ _! imag9ation 9 ! direction ( _! future husb&4 ,! actual result is precisely ! opposite ( ! calculat$ result4 ,"y girls see no?+ 9 m>riage b ! future husb& & unkn[n pleasures4 ,!y nev] ?9k ( any matt] ( pa9ful duty :i* !y mu/ accept 9 advance2 !y d n consid] *ildr5 z a "q ( duty b ( necessity simply1 !y are actuat$ by b "o ambition1 t ( div]t+ !mselves4 ,girls %\ld be educat$ & prep>$ = mo!rhood2 our pres5t education is adapt$ to ! =mation ( nuns or old maids1 sometimes ( c\rtesans1 = we neglect e>ly to inspire woman ) a feel+ ( duty = h] prop] function1 :i* con/itutes also a l>ge portion ( all t is moral 9 h] life--! duty ( mat]nity4 ,happily1 m>ri$ wom5 _c rema9 /]ile simply by wi%+ x1 _! husb&s mu/ become _! accomplices2 x is _! husb&s1 :o1 9 ! la/ resort1 are responsible4 ,if ! husb&1 out ( complaisance to 8 wife or to 8 wife's relatives1 und]takes to be a ,mal?usian malgr lui1 he plays almo/ z ridicul\s a rle z t ( ,georges ,d&93 ! man :o p]mits himself to be dictat$ to 9 ! matt] ( n hav+ *ildr5 is almo/ z complaisant z ! man :o ackn[l$ges ! *ildr5 ( o!r p4 ,sid5ote3 ,pat]nal love t5ds to re/rict ! numb] ( *ildr54 ,ano!r cause :i* expla9s ! l[ bir?-rate 9 ,france is t pat]nal & mat]nal love is m t5d] & m exclusive !re ?an 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,! ,fr5* family1 :atev] may be said to ! contr>y1 is mu* m closely unit$ ?an ! ,engli% or ,g]man family3 9 x a sort ( frat]nity obta9s betwe5 p>5ts & *ildr54 ,memb]s ( a family sep>ate ) regret1 & ! ideal ( ! fa!r is to h s few *ildr5 t he may always keep !m by him4 ,we are too ref9$1 too f> advanc$ f a /ate ( nature1 to submit )\t suff]+ to ! rupture :i* pub]ty naturally br+s ab\t 9 ! animal family1 to ! flight ( ! "y bird ^: w+s are gr[n2 we h n ! c\rage to accept ! dismemb]m5t ( ! h\sehold1 f> less to wi% x z a necessity &1 on ! :ole1 a good ?+4 ,?is affection has ( c\rse its egoi/ic side1 & x is on t side t x results 9 /]ility4 ,p>5ts re> *ildr5 less = ! *ildr5's sake ?an = _! own4 ,sid5ote3 ,two legal rem$ies4 ,hav+ ?us pass$ 9 review ! pr9cipal causes :i* re/rict ! numb] ( *ildr5 9 ,fr5* families let u consid] :at influ5ce law & morals might ex]t 9 c\nt]act+ !m4 ,legal re=ms %\ld be direct$ especially t[>d ! two foll[+ po9ts3 #a4 ,re=m ( ! law relat+ to filial duties 7ma9t5ance ( p>5ts72 #b4 ,re=m ( ! law ( inh]itance2 #c4 ,re=m ( ! milit>y law1 s z to fav\r num]\s families & p]mit emigration to ! ,fr5* colonies4 ,sid5ote3 ,pres5t /ate ( ! law does n suffici5tly protect p>5ts aga9/ +ratitude4 ,re>+ *ildr5 be+ a consid]able tr\ble & exp5se x is necess>y t x %\ld be made pr(itable1 t x %\ld be conv]t$ into a species ( loan = a long t]m ( ye>s4 ,! law c br+ ?is ab\t 9 v>i\s ways4 ,fr5* legislation has protect$ *ildr5 by a provision t _! fa!rs _c completely dis9h]it !m2 x %\ld also h protect$ fa!rs aga9/ *ildr5's +ratitude4 ,x (t5 happ5s1 9 ! c\ntry especially1 t aft] an ag$ c\ple h re>$ a num]\s g5]ation !y f9d !mselves dep5d5t ^u _! sons or ^u _! sons-9-law & are ill-f$ & greet$ ) abuse4 ,! law provides t *ildr5 mu/ ma9ta9 _! p>5ts1 no d\bt1 b ma9t5ance may be suppli$ 9 a mann] :i* r5d]s x little bett] ?an assass9ation4 ,! law :i* has endeav\r$ to e/abli% ! moral indep5d5ce ( ! son z aga9/ ! fa!r might well endeav\r to e/abli% on a firm basis ! moral indep5d5ce ( ! p>5ts !mselves4 ,if a fa!r to-day _c dis9h]it 8 son1 is x n %ock+ t a son %\ld be able1 9 a s5se1 to dis9h]it 8 fa!r--to accept life1 n\ri%m5t1 education f him & to give d]ision1 abusive language1 & sometimes bl[s 9 return8 ,obs]v]s :o h liv$ among ! p1 9 especial 9 c\ntry di/ricts1 uni=mly be> witness to ! deplorable situation ( c]ta9 old m5 :o are oblig$ to beg on ! highroad1 or ( _! neighb\rs1 = means ( support :i* are refus$ !m 9 _! own h\ses4 ,! pres5t ,fr5* law is helpless 9 ! pres5ce ( filial +ratitude :i* takes ! =m1 n ( ov]t act1 b ( abusive language & disrespectful conduct4 ,x annuls a donation made to an ungrateful *ild1 b x _c annul ! donation ( life1 & ungrateful *ildr5 b5efit by ! inability4 ,a fa!r %\ld be able to c\nt at lea/ on a c]ta9 m9imum ( rev5ue f 8 *ildr51 :oev] !y may be4#ajb #ajb ,we are n oblig$ "h to ent] into details ( adm9i/ration4 ,p]haps x w\ld be no m ?an j to give p>5ts _! *oice betwe5 liv+ ) _! *ildr51 :i* is (t5 s pa9ful1 & an annual sum1 proportional to ! sal>y & res\rces ( ! *ildr54 ,?is sum might be tax$ by ! /ate or ! commune1 & paid by x to ! fa!r4 ,e head ( a family w\ld at once reflect t if he "s day becomes poor & has b "o *ild he w h b "o s\rce ( income1 :]eas1 if he has t5 *ildr51 he w h t5 s\rces ( income1 & t5 *ances t "o ( !m may be consid]able2 z x w\ld be if any ( "o's *ildr5 %\ld h become weal?y4 ,a num]\s family w\ld ?us con/itute a gu>antee ( indep5d5ce = ! fa!r2 on ! o!r h&1 ! m he exp5d$ 9 educat+ !m1 ! great] *ance he w\ld h ( lat] obta9+ an equival5t return = x4 ,9 lab\r+ = ! augm5tation ( ! social capital he w\ld ?us be secur+ an insurance = 8 old age4 ,ev5 suppos+ t ! execution ( a law ( ?is k9d %\ld be difficult1 ! "r ( p>5ts to "s really active gratitude on ! "p ( _! *ildr5 %\ld be recogniz$ & consecrat$ =mally by ! lett] ( ! law1 :i* %\ld prescribe a l9e ( conduct = *ildr5 & ev5 fix a c]ta9 appropriate ratio betwe5 _! income & ! am\nt ( _! remittances to _! p>5ts4 ,! law %\ld ev5 d :at 9 x lies to efface f ! language1 9 especial 9 _! applicability to ^? :o h g5]\sly fulfill$ _! duties ( pat]nity1 ! %ameful words3 tre la *>ge de ses enfants--dep5d5t on 8 *ildr5 = support2 ! public %\ld be made accu/om$ to consid] ?is sort ( dep5d5ce n z an accid5t to ! *ildr51 & z a mis=tune1 & almo/ a disgrace1 to ! p>5ts1 b z a natural consequ5ce ( ! relation ( p>5t & *ild4 ,sid5ote3 ,! /ate owes p>5ts a debt4 ,if1 z is probable1 ! pr9ciple ( social insurance is ultimately to prevail1 & if a c]ta9 am\nt ( ! regul> income ( e lab\r] is to be reta9$ & laid by to =m a provision = 8 old age1 :i* 8 employ] or ! /ate w increase 9 c]ta9 proportions1 we believe t x w\ld be equitable to increase ! provision laid by = ! fa!r ( a family 9 a l>g] ratio ?an ! provision laid by = a celibate4 ,! fa!r ( a family hav+ done m = ! /ate ?an ! celibate--hav+ contribut$ to ! /ate 8 "t & tr\ble & exp5se 9 re>+ c]ta9 memb]s ( ! new g5]ation--x w\ld be legitimate = ! /ate to make a re/itution to him ( "s small portion ( ! money he has laid out 9 a dis9t]e/$ mann]2 9 a mann] :i* did n b5efit him & has b5efit$ ! /ate4 ,sid5ote3 ,tax on celibacy4 ,mean:ile ?is consummation is some:at di/ant1 & !re is a re=m imm$iately practicable3 a tax on celibacy4 ,:5ev] ?is tax has be5 m5tion$ x has be5 made ! subject ( univ]sal ridicule2 x has be5 repres5t$1 z ,m4 ,*4 ,ri*et rem>k$1 z a sort ( p5alty1 a f9e = n be+ will+ or n be+ able to m>ry4 ,?is is a v unfair /atem5t ( ! case2 ! measure w\ld be simply /rict ju/ice4 ,) any?+ l an equality 9 ! matt] ( =tune a celibate pays small] taxes 7indirect taxes1 taxes on doors & w9d[s1 etc472 & ! tax ( re>+ a family1 by :i* ! m>ri$ man s]ves ! /ate 9 a numb] ( ways at once1 ! celibate avoids altoge!r4 ,! celibate !re=e is an altoge!r privileg$ p]son1 he avoids almo/ ev]y?+ 9 ! way ( social duties4 ,9 reg>d to all taxes1 direct & indirect1 he enjoys disp5sations :i* are n )\t analogy to ^? =m]ly admitt$ to prie/s & nobles4 ,! same ?+ holds good ( m>ri$ p :o d n h *ildr52 !y are1 s to speak1 enc\rag$ by ! law3 x is a /ate ( ?+s :i* %\ld n & _c la/4 ,sid5ote3 ,9 pr9ciple id5tical ) c]ta9 provisions at "t ( ,revolution4 ,by a tax on celibacy "o w\ld simply be rev]t+ to ! ideas ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,! ,revolution took c>e1 by a numb] ( laws1 to fav\r ! m>ri$ man at ! exp5se ( ! unm>ri$4 ,?us e celibate 0 rank$1 = purposes ( taxation1 9 a high] class ?an t to :i*1 accord+ to 8 income1 he w\ld h be5 plac$ _h he be5 m>ri$4 ,if he dem&$ assi/ance = "s ( ! causes = :i* assi/ance 0 grant$1 he w\ld be giv5 b half ! am\nt t a m>ri$ man 9 8 situation w\ld h receiv$2 if he 0 m ?an ?irty ye>s old ! laws oblig$ him to pay tw5ty-five p] c5t4 additional to all gr\nd tax2 ! taxable value ( 8 prop]ty 0 e/imat$ at fifty p] c5t4 high] ?an x w\ld o!rwise h be54 ,a manufactur] 0 oblig$ to decl>e :e!r he 0 celibate or m>ri$4 ,! law consid]$ e man a celibate :o 0 ?irty ye>s old & 0 n m>ri$1 or a wid[]4#ajc #ajc ,see ! tudes sur le clibat en ,france1 by ,dr4 ,g4 ,lagneau 7,acadmie des sci5ces morales et politiques1 p4 #hce1 #ahhe47 ,sid5ote3 ,p>5ts %\ld be tax$ inv]sely to numb] ( *ildr54 ,ov] & above ! special tax on celibacy1 a m equitable di/ribution ( ! tax on families might be realiz$4 ,z ,m4 ,ri*et rem>ks1 if ! fa!r ( a family _c be assi/$ by indirect taxes1 ! direct tax on him %\ld at lea/ be inv]sely proportional to ! numb] ( 8 *ildr54#ajd ,n only s1 b compulsory road lab\r--?is unpopul> tax1 :i* con/itutes ! la/ ve/ige ( ! corve--might well be suppress$ entirely = ! fa!rs ( m ?an f\r or ev5 ( m ?an ?ree *ildr54#aje #ajd 8,direct taxes10 says ,m4 ,javal1 8are 9 a great measure a tax on *ildr53 compulsory road lab\r is =c$ on "y m5 be=e !y are adult4 ,! tax on doors & w9d[s is a tax on air & light1 ! inconv5i5ce ( :i* increases directly ) ! increase 9 ! size ( ! family & ! consequ5t necessity ( occupy+ a l>g] ap>tm5t4 ,! lic5se itself1 :i* applies to ! am\nt ( ! r5t ( "o's habitation1 is 9 a great measure proportional to ! necess>y exp5ses & n to ! res\rces ( ! p]son tax$40 7,revue sci5tifique1 ,no4 #ah1 ,novemb] #a1 #ahhd1 p4 #efg47 8,x is well kn[n10 says ,m4 ,b]tillon1 8t ! city ( ,p>is pays to ! /ate ! tax on ap>tm5ts t r5t = less ?an f\r hundr$ francs4 ,9 pr9ciple no?+ c\ld be bett]1 b 9 practice3 suppose two neighb\rs1 "o ( !m an unm>ri$ man1 possesses a com=table lodg+ ( two rooms ) ! accessories2 "o ( ^! two rooms c sc>cely be call$ a necessity = him & is di/9ctly a simple addition to 8 com=t1 & ! city pays 8 tax4 ,8 neighb\r has a family & f\r *ildr51 & lives 9 ?ree rooms :i* con/itute a v n>r[1 & h>dly a suffici5t lodg+1 b ! r5t ( x is five hundr$ francs & ! unhappy man mu/ pay3 7#a7 ,six times great] taxes on :at he consumes ?an 8 neighb\r2 7#b7 ,a furniture tax2 7#c7 ,"s portion ( ! tax t ! city pays on ! ap>tm5t ( ! celibate neighb\r4 ,evid5tly ! result is precisely ! opposite ( :at x %\ld be40 7,b]tillon1 ,la /ati/ique huma9e de la ,france47 #aje ,if a purse %\ld be giv5 by ! /ate to "o ( e sev5 *ildr5 9 ! same family 7accord+ to a law at ! "t ( ! ,revolution :i* has rec5tly be5 reviv$ & correct$7 x w\ld be no m ?an ju/ice1 nay1 x w\ld be almo/ an act ( simple rep>ation2 al?\gh x mu/ n be suppos$ t ! practical results w\ld be consid]able4 ,! b5efit t x w\ld d to ! fa!r ( ! family is too unc]ta91 & ! prospect ( su* an advantage c\ld influ5ce only a man :o _h six *ildr5 & 0 hesitat+ ab\t ! sev5?2 b he :o has _h six *ildr5 is n a foll[] ( ,mal?us & is n likely to be4 ,sid5ote3 ,inju/ice ( pres5t law ( inh]itance4 ,ev]ybody is agre$ n[adays z to ! defects 9 ! law regulat+ ! taxation ( inh]itances4 ,we believe t x is m ?an any?+ else by a modification ( ?is law t ! practice ( mal?usianism c be *eck$4 ,! tax on e inh]itance :i* is to be divid$ up among a great numb] ( *ildr5 ought z f> z possible to be r$uc$1 :]eas ! tax on inh]itances :i* are to g undivid$ to a s+le inh]itor ought to be increas$4 ,! small proprietor :o limits himself to "o *ild1 9 ord] to avoid divid+ 8 field1 w\ld soon le>n t he is mak+ a bad calculation if by t v act he subjects 8 e/ate to a heavy tax4 ,on ! contr>y1 :oev] lays out 8 =tune 9 re>+ a numb] ( *ildr5 w\ld at lea/ h ! satisfaction ( ?9k+ t almo/ ! :ole ( 8 =tune c\ld be h&$ d[n to !m1 t ! public treasury w\ld take little ( x1 & t if 8 prop]ty _h to be divid$ aft] 8 dea? x w\ld at lea/ n be s]i\sly dim9i%$2 almo/ no?+ w\ld 8g out ( ! family40#ajf #ajf ,suppose1 to take almo/ ! fir/ figures t occur to "o1 t ! law tax$ an only son's inh]itance tw5ty p] c5t42 x might tax an inh]itance to be h&$ d[n to two *ildr5 only fifte5 p] c5t41 an inh]itance to be h&$ d[n to ?ree *ildr5 t5 p] c5t41 to f\r *ildr5 eight p] c5t41 to five *ildr5 six p] c5t41 to six *ildr5 f\r p] c5t41 to sev5 *ildr5 two p] c5t41 & to any great] numb] ( *ildr5 no?+4 ,rem>k t ?is gradation actually exi/s to-day b inv]sely1 because j 9 s f> z an inh]itance has to be divid$ up among a l>ge numb] ( *ildr51 ! exp5ses ( ! sale & p>tition t5d to increase & ! value ( ! prop]ty1 :i* is ?us split up into bits1 t5ds to decrease4 ,a numb] ( cases may be cit$ 9 :i* inh]itances t _h to be divid$ among sev5 or eight *ildr5 h lo/1 by p>tition1 n only tw5ty b ev5 tw5ty-five or fifty p] c5t4 ( _! value4 ,on ! contr>y1 an inh]itance transmitt$ to a s+le inh]itor is burd5$ ) ! direct tax only1 & t am\nts at mo/ to t5 p] c5t4 ,"h1 z else:]e1 ! law protects small families & enc\rages /]ility4 ,sid5ote3 ,tax on inh]itances fall+ to celibates4 ,e re=m ( ! law ( inh]itance mu/ make up its acc\nt ) ! two motives :i* alone inspire a man to amass a =tune3 a p]sonal int]e/1 & an int]e/ 9 8 wife & *ildr54 ,s t1 :5ev] a man is a wid[] )\t *ildr51 8 prop]ty might be made subject at 8 dea? to a consid]able tax1 )\t 8 indu/ry1 :i* society is int]e/$ 9 /imulat+1 be+ !reby especially disc\rag$4 ,a consid]able tax !re=e on ! prop]ty left by celibates1 & m>ri$ c\ples )\t *ildr51 w\ld be evid5tly equitable1 &1 no m ?an 9 ! case ( a tax on celibacy1 to be reg>d$ z a p5alty4 ,! simple fact is t a man :o has n re>$ *ildr5 has exp5d$ mu* less ( 8 income = ! b5efit ( society1 & t society has ! "r dur+ 8 lifetime or at 8 dea? to trim ! scales aga9/ him4 ,inde$ proportionate taxation ought positively to be a matt] ( consci5ce ) society4 ,sid5ote3 ,fr5* law ( inh]itance t5ds t[>d m9ute subdivision ( e/ates4 ,giv5 ! importance ( l>ge =tunes 9 mod]n society1 religion & ! patri>*al _s toge!r devis$ 9 =m] times a compromise betwe5 ! necessity ( hav+ a l>ge family & ( keep+ ! family possessions undivid$2 ,i ref] to primog5iture4 ,to attempt to re-e/abli% ! law ( primog5iture 9 nations :i* h reject$ x w\ld be impracticable & unju/1 ev5 ?\gh "o %\ld recognize t ! traditional sup]/ition & prejudices on ?is po9t 7 n )\t "s ju/ification4 ,b1 to reassure ^? :o dislike ! ?\ght ( ! inevitable p>tition ( _! t]ritorial possessions1 ! pres5t laws 9 reg>d to inh]itances might be made less /r+5t4 ,e l&-own]1 e own] ( a factory or a comm]cial h\se1 might be left free to designate :i* ( 8 *ildr5 he consid]$ mo/ compet5t to succe$ him 9 ! possession ( su* real prop]ty1 & ! law ( p>tition might be consid]$ z applicable to ! re/ ( 8 prop]ty only4 ,x w\ld be a sort ( lib]ty ( beque/1 )9 ! limits ( ! family4 ,! au?ors ( our civil code broke ! l9e ( succession z x _h exi/$ 9 ! families ( ! nobility2 & !y did well1 9 t !y disp]s$ masses ( unproductive capital1 & by t v fact r5d]$ !m productive2 b !y did less well1 9 t !y r5d]$ x difficult to bequea? l>ge f>m+ or manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts f fa!r to son4 ,!y h necessitat$ ! subdivision ( capitals :i* 7 mu* m productive 9 _! entirety2 & z a result families ( f>m]s & manufactur]s :o rema91 f fa!r to son1 = g5]ations 9 ! same pursuit & are !reby enabl$ to c>ry x to its highe/ degree ( p]fection1 h almo/ disappe>$ 9 ,france4 ,su* comm]cial or l&-own+ dyna/ies con/itute ! greatness ( ,engl& & ( ,g]many4 ,a great comm]cial h\se or a great f>m+ ent]prise is n to be creat$ 9 a day1 & if aft] "o's dea? "o's lab\r is to be de/roy$ by p>tition1 s mu* ! worse = ! c\ntry4 ,le ,play has depict$ 9 lively col\rs ! despair ( ! f>m] :o has lab\r$ all 8 life to p]fect a sy/em ( cultivation1 ( ! manufactur] :o has creat$ a prosp]\s h\se1 :o see _! "w m5ac$ ) de/ruction if !y h a numb] ( *ildr54 ,su* m5 h b "o res\rce2 to )draw en\gh money f _! bus9ess to satisfy ! requirem5ts ( ! law 9 reg>d to ! *ildr5 :o are n to succe$ !m1 & ?us to prev5t ! sale ( _! e/abli%m5t4 ,! result ( ?is manuvre (t5 is t ! *ild :o inh]its ?is e/abli%m5t is left too poor to c>ry on ! bus9ess & f9ds ru9 :]e 8 fa!r f\nd weal?4 ,! law1 9 its endeav\r to divide ! produce ( ! fa!r's lab\r among 8 *ildr51 too (t5 annihilates ! mo/ valuable "p ( ! fa!r's lab\r2 9 ! ef=t to obta9 an app>5t equity 9 ! p>tition ( ! rev5ues1 x de/roys ! s\rce ( !m4 ,! law cuts d[n ! tree to ga!r ! fruit4 ,sid5ote3 ,l>ge families %\ld be p>tly exempt$ f milit>y s]vice4 ,milit>y s]vice1 :i* is p]haps ! heavie/ burd5 t ! /ate lays on ! individual1 also con/itutes ! /ate's pr9cipal means ( influ5c+ him4 ,! mo/ ,mal?usian native ( ,norm&y w\ld become am5able at once if a "q ( five ye>s' milit>y s]vice1 m or less1 7 involv$4 ,to-day ! fa!r ( f\r liv+ *ildr5 is exempt f ! tw5ty-eight days' milit>y s]vice 7! law does n seem to be well kn[n1 b ought to be72 he ought to be exempt f all res]ve s]vice1 ev5 9 "t ( w>4 ,simil>ly1 z has already be5 dem&$1 a family :i* has furni%$ two soldi]s to ! army ought to be exempt f fur!r milit>y duty4 ,! y\ng] sons %\ld be def9itively excus$ f milit>y s]vice by ! fact ( _! two eld] bro!rs hav+ m>*$ "u ! flag4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 families 9 :i* !re are m ?an two sons are s r>e t su* a measure w\ld h>dly dim9i% ! annual recruits4#ajg ,m ?an t ! ,budget is unequal to ! ne$s ( ! :ole numb] ( possible recruits ev5 z ! case /&s2 x is !re=e irrational to make "o's selection f among !m by an appeal to *ance4 ,su* a device is an appeal to inequality & t "u ! disguise ( equality & law2 ! future ( e society dep5ds ^u ! decreas+ "p play$ 9 x by ! inju/ices ( *ance4 ,! milit>y s]vice requir$ ( ea* family %\ld !re=e be regulat$ ) "s rational ref]5ce to ! numb] ( *ildr5 9 x4#ajh #ajg ,m4 ,javal 9 #ahhe propos$1 9 ! ,*amb]1 to sub/itute = ,article #ai ( ! commission ano!r article1 accord+ to ! t]ms ( :i* :5 two or ?ree sons ( ! same family 7 enroll$ !y %\ld be held to only ?ree ye>s ( s]vice all told1 & t :5 !re 7 m ?an ?ree bro!rs enroll$ !y %\ld ea* be requir$ to give b "o ye>'s s]vice4 ,! am5dm5t 0 due to ! fact t population 9 ,france is n increas+4 #ajh ,"y soldi]s also1 z ,m4 ,ri*et says1 might be p]mitt$ to m>ry "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,!y are precisely at ! age :5 f]tility is at its greate/4 ,sid5ote3 ,emigration to be enc\rag$4 ,emigration t5ds to augm5t f]tility2 emigration mu/ !re=e be fav\r$ by law4 ,x is sob]ly e/imat$ at pres5t t f ?irty to =ty ?\s& ,fr5*m5 emigrate ea* ye>2 ! figure is relatively small1 b t numb] ( emigrants a ye> is en\gh to settle important colonies4#aji ,x is unsci5tific to ma9ta9 at ?is late day t ! ,fr5* are incapable ( coloniz+ :5 !y h s p[]fully aid$ 9 =m+ ! great ,engli% colonies 9 ,canada1 ,india1 & ,egypt & are actually coloniz+ ,alg]ia & ,tunis4 ,:at we lack is n ! ability to e/abli% colonies1 b ! habit ( emigration4 ,emigration1 9 spite ( its importance = u1 obta9s ma9ly 9 c]ta9 poor di/ricts 9 ,france2 x is n g5]al en\gh to h any consid]able influ5ce1 z yet1 9 rais+ ! bir?-rate2 ! law %\ld "h be look$ to1 to correct ! habits ( ! p4 ,9 ,engl& out ( e family ( f\r sons x is almo/ to be expect$ t "o ( !m w g to ,india1 ano!r to ,au/ralia1 a ?ird to ,am]ica2 !re is no?+ surpris+ 9 x1 x is ! cu/om4 ,a s5se ( di/ance is almo/ unkn[n on ! opposite side ( ! ,*annel4 ,9 ,france1 if a s+le *ild leaves ! c\ntry1 ev5 z ! secret>y ( an embassy1 he is z solemnly bid good-bye z if he 7 go+ nev] to return1 z if he 7 dy+ ev54 ,!re is a great deal ( prejudice & ignorance 9 pat]nal angui% ( ?is k9d4 ,su* & su* a s$5t>y pr(ession1 = example t ( a physician1 is subject to p]ils t are p]fectly well kn[n to /ati/icians & :i* we nev]!less d n hesitate to *oose = our *ildr5 precisely because x p]mits !m to live next door to u1 r ?an at ! o!r end ( ! _w4 ,su* national prejudices w give way be=e education1 ! increas+ habit ( travell+1 & ! progressively rapid circulation ( society2 laws might fav\r x4 ,! _s ( ent]prise & colonization1 :i* seems at fir/ sight s =eign to love ( family1 is capable ( be+ alli$ ) x2 nay1 becomes1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 ! v condition ( x4 ,to re> a num]\s family is always 9 a c]ta9 s5se to colonize1 ev5 ?\gh all ! *ildr5 live )9 ! limits ( _! native c\ntry4 ,to re> a l>ge family is to laun* "o's *ildr5 ^u unkn[n ways1 & dem&s ! activity ( m9d & f]tility ( res\rce :i* are ( ! ess5ce ( colonization4 ,! creation ( a num]\s family is positively a social ent]prise1 z ! creation ( a great comm]cial h\se or a great f>m+ indu/ry is an economical ent]prise2 success 9 bo? cases dem&s con/ant ef=t & br+s a v>i\s pr(it 9 return4 ,suppose a c\ple h re>$ t5 *ildr5 to lab\r & hone/y2 ! *ildr5 =m a protect+ phalanx ab\t ! p>5ts & give !m1 9 return = ! re>+1 if n gross & direct b5efits1 at lea/ happ9ess & hon\r4 ,we d n wi% to disguise ! fact1 h[ev]1 t to re> a family involves a c]ta9 am\nt ( risk2 b e ent]prise involves a risk4 ,& inde$ ! prime ne$ 9 ?is :ole matt] is to develop ! _s ( ent]prise & audacity :i* 0 =m]ly s p[]ful 9 ! ,fr5* nation4 ,a great _m p to-day rema9 celibate = ! same reason t !y are cont5t to live )9 a small income )\t endeav\r+ to increase _! =tune by inve/+ x 9 comm]ce or manufacture2 !y are afraid ( ! risks ( ! family1 j z !y are afraid ( comm]cial risks4 ,!y consume in/ead ( produc+1 because produc+ is insep>able f a c]ta9 prelim9>y inve/m5t ( money & activity4 ,simil>ly a great _m p1 once !y are m>ri$1 endeav\r1 s to speak1 to r$uce m>riage to a m9imum2 !y d n d>e to h *ildr52 !y are afraid ( ! prelim9>y outlay1 !y are afraid ( em]g+ f ! %ell ( _! %ort-sight$ egoism4 #aji ,rightly to appreciate ! ability ( ,france to ma9ta9 colonies1 ?is figure mu/ n be comp>$ ) ! rate ( emigration f o!r c\ntries1 b ) ! av]age excess ( bir?s ov] dea?s 9 ,france4 ,?us consid]$1 ! numb] ( =ty ?\s& emigrants 7adopt$ by ,m4 ,paul ,l]oy-,beaulieu7 becomes relatively l>ge1 s9ce ! annual excess ( our bir?s is n "o hundr$ ?\s&4 ,sid5ote3 ,to ,fr5* colonies4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 emigration to ,fr5* colonies t ! law ought especially to fav\r1 & = t purpose !re is "o respect 9 :i* ! milit>y law %\ld be re=m$4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 9 spite ( ! law ( ,july #bg1 #ahgb1 ! gov]nm5t is oblig$ to grant p>don to ! num]\s ,basques & ,savoy>ds :o emigrate to escape milit>y s]vice4 ,m ?an t1 ! sole important curr5t t exi/s 9 ,france fl[s t[>d =eign colonies1 & (t5 creates on _! %ores indu/ries :i* rival our own1 :ile !y r>ely op5 advantage\s m>kets = our comm]ce4 ,is x n a matt] ( urg5t necessity to make our colonies z attractive to ! ,fr5* emigrants z ! colonies ( any =eign nationality8 ,if ! "y man ( tw5ty :o has made up 8 m9d to pass "s ye>s ( 8 life 9 ,brazil f9ds himself de facto exempt f milit>y s]vice1 ought he n to be de jure exempt if he wi%es to emigrate to ,algi]s1 to ,tunis1 to ,tonqu91 to ,madagasc>8 ,emigration is itself a sort ( milit>y s]vice4 ,coloni/s def5d & enl>ge ! fronti]s ( ! c\ntries2 a really rational law %\ld recognize !m z a portion ( ! milit>y p[] ( ! c\ntry4 ,fifty-f\r *amb]s ( comm]ce 9 our pr9cipal cities1 8consid]+ t x is ( ! greate/ importance to enc\rage1 by e means possible1 intellig5t & well-educat$ "y p1 int5d+ to emigrate1 to e/abli% !mselves 9 our colonies10 dem&$ ju/ly 8t1 9 times ( peace1 "y m5 resid+ 9 ! colonies %\ld be grant$ a delay ( five ye>s 9 ! call to milit>y s]vice1 a delay :i* %\ld become a def9itive exemption aft] a fur!r resid5ce ( five consecutive ye>s40 ,we believe t ?is p]iod ( t5 ye>s might be %ort5$1 & t a resid5ce ( sev5 ye>s 9 ! colonies1 or ev5 ( five 9 c]ta9 di/ant colonies1 l ,tonqu91 might be inf9itely m pr(itable to ! "m c\ntry ?an a ?ree-ye>s' milit>y s]vice at home4#aaj ,we are mu* less 9 ne$ ( soldi]s to gu>d our colonies ?an ( coloni/s2 inde$ our colonies are too (t5 8colonies )\t coloni/s40 ,m ?an t1 we travel too little1 we are n z well acqua9t$ z we %\ld be ) our own possessions2 :oev] _h sp5t five ( ! mo/ active ye>s ( 8 life 9 ! colonies w\ld be tempt$ to return !re or to s5d 8 fri5ds & relatives !re4 ,an am5dm5t1 look+ to ?is exemption f milit>y s]vice1 0 discuss$ 9 ! ,*amb] ( ,deputies 9 ,may & ,june1 #ahhd4 ,if x %\ld ev] be pass$1 x might h a consid]able influ5ce ^u ! de/9ies ( ! ,fr5* p4#aaa #aaj ,! legal m9imum ( requir$ resid5ce %\ld n be tak5 z repres5t+ ! real duration ( actual resid5ce3 p d n come back f di/ant c\ntries m]ely = ! wi%+2 b ! legislature %\ld take advantage ( ! psy*ological effect ( a def9ite figure2 an emigrant r>ely leaves ,france )\t a det]m9ation to be gone only s long4 ,! majority ( ! ,basques :o emigrate 9 su* l>ge numb]s to ,am]ica expect to return soon2 ?ree-f\r?s ( !m become good citiz5s ( ! ,arg5t9e ,republic4 #aaa ,among ! second>y causes :i* t5d to l[] ! ,fr5* bir?-rate1 & :i* ! law might c\nt]act1 let u notice t ( abortion1 :i* is practis$ 9 ,france n less commonly ?an 9 ,g]many1 b be>s mu* worse results "h ?an !re1 because ( ! small numb] ( *ildr5 t are born 9 ,france4 ,p>is positively enjoys a reputation = ! art ( misc>riage1 & ladies come !re f v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w to be reliev$ ( _! *ildr54 8,"o ( ! pr(essors ( our s*ools said ?is ye>1 9 "o ( 8 c\rses1 t a midwife _h confess$ to him t %e produc$ on an av]age "o hundr$ misc>riages a ye>40 7,dr4 ,v]ri]1 ,revue sci5tifique1 ,june #ba1 #ahhd47 ,pajot affirms t !re are m misc>riages ?an bir?s4 ,might n ?is /ate ( ?+s be rem$i$3 #a4 ,by ! re-e/abli%m5t ( ! revolv+ boxes 7t\rs72 #b4 ,by a m con/ant inspection ( ! books & (fices ( midwives & acc\*eurs1 su* z furni%$ lodg+s 9 ,p>is are subject to4 ,among ! pr9cipal reasons :i* prev5t m>riage let u m5tion ! prelim9>y =malities1 :i* are too num]\s ev5 :5 bo? p>ties are ,fr5*1 & are simply numb]less :5 "o p>ty is a =eign]4 ,! law ( m>riages :5 bo? p>ties are ,fr5* ought to be simplifi$ to ! utmo/ possible ext5t1 s t an impati5ce ( ! prelim9>ies c\ld 9 n[ise influ5ce engag$ c\ples4 ,m ?an t e ef=t %\ld be made to facilitate m>riages betwe5 ,fr5* subjects & =eign]s1 unions ! results ( :i* are g5]ally good = ! race & :i* are h9d]$ by all sorts ( legal ob/acles 9 c]ta9 c\ntries2 ?is la/ "q is a subject to be dealt ) by diplomacy4 ,/ill o!r causes t ! law might modify op]ate 9 ,france1 if n to dim9i% ! bir?-rate1 at lea/--:at am\nts to ! same ?+--to increase ! mortality among *ildr54 ,9 ! fir/ place is to be reckon$ ! employm5t ( wet-nurses1 :o %\ld be subject to a mu* m rigor\s surveillance ?an !y are at pres5t1 "u ! ,r\ssel law4 ,9 ! second place1 !re is ! deplorable condition ( illegitimate *ildr51 ! mortality among :om is great] 9 ,france ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry3 "s ( !m are report$ z /illborn1 :o m$ical /ati/ics w\ld g to %[ are ! victims ( murd]2 o!rs die ( hung] 9 ! second week ( _! bir? ow+ to neglig5ce or cruelty on ! "p ( ! "m4 ,! re-e/abli%m5t ( ! revolv+ boxes 7t\rs7 w\ld "h also be ( prime s]vice4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 let u m5tion ! exceptional mortality 9 ,france ( adults f tw5ty to tw5ty-five ye>s ( age1 :i* mu/ result f bad adm9i/ration 9 ! army4 ,legislators & adm9i/rators %\ld direct _! att5tion simultane\sly to all ^! po9ts1 if !y are to *eck ! curr5t ( depopulation 9 ,france4 ,sid5ote3 ,dang]s ( depopulation %\ld be taught4 ,,iii4 ,ap>t f ! laws1 ! great means ( influ5c+ races is public education3 x is by t means t ! ideas & feel+s may be m\ld$4 ,! ,fr5* p mu/ be enlight5$1 !re=e1 on ! disa/r\s consequ5ces ( depopulation2 s5tim5ts ( patriotism1 ( hon\r1 ( duty1 mu/ 9 e possible way be appeal$ to4 ,! s*oolma/]1 ! physician1 & ! mayor may all be ( help4 ,!re are a :ole multitude ( su* means ( in/ruction t are be+ neglect$4 ,sid5ote3 ,9 ! army by conf]5ces4 ,9 ! fir/ place !re are milit>y conf]5ces4 ,conf]5ces ( a half h\r ea*1 ) /rik+ facts & examples & a few significant figures1 might ex]cise a consid]able influ5ce on ! army1 :i* is to-day ! nation4 ,milit>y conf]5ces w "s day c]ta9ly be "o ( ! great means = ! dissem9ation ( k2 !y h rec5tly be5 employ$ ) success 9 ,belgium dur+ ! /rikes1 to inculcate notions ( political economy 9 ! army & to =tify ! milit>y aga9/ c]ta9 communi/ic argum5ts4 ,sid5ote3 ,9 ! c\ntry by proclamations4 ,!n1 9 ! second place1 po/]s might be us$4 ,c]ta9 spee*es deliv]$ 9 ! ,*amb] or ! ,s5ate h a mu* feebl] title to be plac>d$ on ! walls ( remote villages ?an su* & su* economical1 /ati/ical1 & geographical in=mation4 ,9 ! c\ntry plac>d+ might be supplem5t$ by viva voce read+ by "s important function>y ( ! village1 or ev5 by ! public cri]4 ,! ,bullet9 des ,communes1 if x 7 compos$ m c>efully ?an x is & fill$ ) examples1 might be read e ,sunday 9 front ( ! t[n hall4 ,if ! s*oolma/] 7 intru/$ ) ?is function ! read+ w\ld be ! g]m ( a weekly conf]5ce1 :i* consid]+ ! empt9ess & monotony ( c\ntry life might well succe$ 9 attract+ a c]ta9 numb] ( ! public4 ,/ati/ical & economical in=mation on ! depopulation ( c]ta9 prov9ces2 on ! dang]s ( su* depopulation2 on ! enorm\s gr[? ( ! ,engli%1 ,g]man1 & ,italian peoples2 on ! social consequ5ces ( ! enfeeblem5t ( a race--might ?us be plac>d$1 read al\d1 & comm5t$ on 9 ord] to call to ! att5tion ( ev]yone ! economical & political ru9 :i* is m5ac+ u4 ,! influ5ce ( religi\s in/ruction is dim9i%+2 x is ess5tial to supply its place by a moral & patriotic education :i* %all combat prejudice1 egoism1 imprud5ce1 & false prud5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,ta/es ( p>5ts & ( *ildr5 n ! same4 ,"o ( ! commone/ psy*ological illusions t a bett] education might dispel is ! belief t "o's *ildr5 are go+ to dep5d = _! happ9ess on precisely ! same circum/ances t con/itute "o's own happ9ess4 ,a mis]1 ^: happ9ess consi/s 9 add+ to 8 weal?1 does n p]ceive t 8 po/]ity w n lay ! same emphasis t he does on ! possession ( an imm5se & undivid$ capital4 ,! peasant1 :o has pass$ 8 life 9 r\nd+ out 8 plot ( gr\nd1 by obta9+ "h a bit & !re a bit ( real e/ate at ! exp5se ( inf9ite /ratagem1 conceives 8 son z f9d+ 8 highe/ happ9ess 9 a cont9uation ( ! same process4 ,8 vision does n /ret* beyond ! h$ge t b\nds 8 own mead[1 or r ! h$ge t b\nds ! neighb\r+ mead[ :i* he is ambiti\s to acquire4 ,a village but*] w h b "o *ild1 s t he may make him a but*] l himself1 & 8 successor2 if he _h two1 ! second might be =c$ to become a bak] or a c>p5t] or a locksmi?4 ,:at a mis=tune6--h[ c\ld "o cons5t to live if "o 7 n a but*]6 ,! idle man ( leisure1 :o passes ! fir/ =ty ye>s ( 8 life betwe5 wom5 & horses1 dreams ( no?+ bett] = 8 heir ?an idl5ess4 ,^?1 on ! contr>y1 :o feel su* & su* a ?orn 9 _! pres5t mode ( life imag9e t !y are secur+ p]fect happ9ess = _! son if !y secure him an immunity f t p>ticul> s\rce ( suff]+4 ,! h>d-work+ day lab\r]1 ! small %opkeep]1 ! function>y :o has lab\r$ all 8 life t5 or twelve h\rs out ( e tw5ty-f\r1 & has nev] _h b "o desire 9 8 life--t ( tak+ 8 fill ( re/--imag9es t 8 son w naturally be mu* happi] ?an himself if he does n h to "w s mu*4 ,n9ety-five p] c5t4 ( ! human race are b\nd to h>d lab\r & imag9e t ! p9nacle ( happ9ess w\ld be to d no?+4 ,! majority are absolutely ignorant ( ! fact t1 o!r ?+s equal1 happ9ess is nev] exactly proportionate to weal?1 & t1 accord+ to "o ( ,laplace's !orems1 if =tune %\ld increase by geometrical progression1 happ9ess w\ld increase by ari?metical progression2 ! millionaire controls b a fraction m happ9ess ?an a workman :o makes en\gh to live on4 ,& too1 weal? is nev] kn[n at its be/ except by ! man :o has made x1 :o kn[s :at x is wor?1 :o looks ^u x ) ! satisfaction ( an arti/ contemplat+ 8 "w1 ( a h\se-own] exam9+ 8 h\se1 ( a peasant measur+ 8 field4 ,a =tune is always m preci\s to ! man :o has got x toge!r ?an to 8 son1 :o w p]haps dissipate x4 ,if !re is "o axiom t fa!rs ought to take ! tr\ble to ma/]1 x is ?is3 ,a robu/1 intellig5t "y man ) ! advantage ( a good education1 :i* to-day is indisp5sable1 runs a great] *ance ( be+ happy 9 life if he is busy1 & he w n be busy if a =tune is h&$ to him :5 he comes ( age4 ,if a "y man is to be made happy1 ! sure/ means is n to give him a =tune b to supply him ) an opportunity ( acquir+ "o1 if =tune be 8 aim4#aab #aab ,we conceive1 = example1 t a fa!r :o proposes to enri* 8 son might (t5 d well to take z ! measure ( 8 g5]osity ! sum t 8 son c lay by1 & does really lay by1 dur+ a ye> ( lab\r4 ,! fa!r might d\ble or ev5 sextuple t sum1 b he ought at lea/ to make x ! basis ( 8 calculations in/ead ( tak+ c\nsel ) "s vague & (t5 deceptive notion ( equality1 or ) 8 affection = 8 *ild1 :i* is (t5 an extreme in/ance ( inequality4 ,we "k a "y man :o at 8 tw5ty-eigh? ye> _h already amass$ by t5 ye>s ( lab\r =ty ?\s& francs2 8 p>5ts tripl$ ! am\nt4 ,sid5ote3 ,relation betwe5 ample means ( subsi/5ce & population4 ,! peasantry & ! middle classes ( ,france1 :5 !y become m enlight5$1 w beg9 to und]/& t ! univ]se /ret*es beyond _! village or _! /reet2 t _! *ildr51 :5 once !y h be5 suffici5tly educat$1 w h a multitude ( c>e]s op5 to !m1 & notably t ( emigration to ! colonies4 ,:5ev] a limitless field ( action is ?r[n op5 to a race1 its bir?-rate increases4 ,p :o live ne> unoccupi$ l&1 or :o see num]\s c>e]s op5 to _! *ildr51 are l p :o live on ! coa/ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! weal? ( ! ocean4 ,:at is ! explanation ( ! well-kn[n f]tility ( ! fi%+ population1 ev5 9 ,france8 ,x has be5 attribut$ to diff]5ces ( food2 x is m probably due1 z has be5 rem>k$1 to ! fact t ! produce ( fi%+ is proportionate to ! numb] ( fi%]m5 & t ! sea is l>ge en\gh & deep en\gh = all4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,summ>y4 ,to sum up1 ! relation ( religi\s beliefs to ! ma9t5ance ( ! race is ! f\ndation ( "o ( ! grave/ problems t ! decl9e ( ,*ri/ianity gives rise to4 ,if we h insi/$ at l5g? ^u ?is problem1 ! reason is t x is almo/ ! only "o 9 reg>d to :i* nei!r morals nor politics h z yet s]i\sly attempt$ to supply ! place ( religion4 ,9 reg>d to su* que/ions morals h hi!rto be5 afraid to insi/1 & politics h be5 unp>donably neglig5t4 ,religion alone is afraid ( no?+ & has neglect$ no?+4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s mu/ be *ang$2 "s solution mu/ be f\nd = s vital a problem--a problem :i* becomes e ye> m & m vital z in/9ct decl9es 9 p[] & reflective intellig5ce becomes /rong]4#aac ,%all we be oblig$ "s day to adopt ! mo/ radical imag9able solution2 %all ^? :o h no *ildr5 be oblig$ to pay = ! re>+ & education ( ! *ildr5 ( ^? :o h _m8 ,no2 be=e rea*+ s extreme a po9t z t a numb] ( palliatives w h be5 tri$1 & we h endeav\r$ to sugge/ "s ( !m4 ,:at is ess5tial is t politics1 morals1 education1 & hygi5e %\ld all d _! duty 9 ?is matt]1 9 especial s9ce religion is n[adays beg9n+ to be p[]less 9 x4 ,sci5ce mu/ d 9 ! future :at religion has done 9 ! pa/2 mu/ secure ! f]tility ( ! race & its physical1 moral1 & economical education4 #aac ,see ,esquisse d'une morale sans obligation ni sanction1 p4 #ec1 & ,morale anglaise contempora9e1 #b;e p>tie4 ,"p ,?ird4 ,,non-,,religion ,,( ,,! ,,future4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,religi\s ,,individualism4 ,i4 ,is a r5ovation ( religion possible8 #a4 ,is a unification ( ! great religions to-day exi/+ possible8 #b4 ,is ! appe>ance ( a new religion to be expect$8--,future miracles impossible--,religi\s poetry n to be expect$--,m5 ( g5ius capable ( s9c]ely & navely lab\r+ 9 ! creat+ ( a new religion n to be expect$--,impossibility ( add+ to ! orig9al /ock ( religi\s ideas--,no new cult possible--,la/ attempts at a new cult 9 ,am]ica & 9 ,france--,! ,positivi/ cult--,e?ical culture--,c socialism r5ew religion8--,advantages & defects ( sociali/ic exp]im5ts4 ,,ii4 ,religi\s anomy & ! sub/itution ( d\bt = fai?--#a4 ,w ! abs5ce ( religion result 9 scepticism8 ,w ! numb] ( sceptics increase ) ! disappe>ance ( religion8 #b4 ,sub/itution ( d\bt = fai?--,g5u9ely religi\s "* ( d\bt4 ,,iii4 ,sub/itution ( metaphysical hypo!sis = dogma--,diff]5ce betwe5 religi\s s5tim5t & in/9ct = metaphysics--,imp]i%able "* ( ! latt]--,s5tim5t at once ( ! limits ( sci5ce & ( ! inf9ity ( our ideal--,sp5c]'s attempt$ reconciliation ( sci5ce & religion--,confusion ( religion ) metaphysics4 ,i4 ,is a r5ovation ( religion possible8 ,sid5ote3 ,is contempor>y scepticism f9al8 ,we h se5 t ! influ5ce ( dogma & ( religi\s morality is on ! wane 9 actually exi/+ societies2 b w n ?is p]iod ( decl9e be foll[$ by a reaction 9 ! opposite direction8 ,sid5ote3 ,consolidation ( exi/+ religions n possible4 ,su* a reaction c\ld take place 9 two ways only3 #a4 ,by ! unification ( religions2 #b4 ,by ! appe>ance ( a new religion4 ,! unification ( exi/+ religions is n to-day to be ?\ght (2 ea* ( !m has %[n itself to be incapable ( assimilat+ ! o!rs4 ,! diff]5t ,*ri/ian confessions hold ea* o!r 9 mutual respect1 b !y d ! same ) ! great religions ( ! ,ea/4 ,islamism alone has made notable progress among tribes /ill imbu$ ) primitive animism1 & = !m x repres5ts a manife/ progress4 ,z = ,*ri/ian mission>ies !y h nev] be5 able to make _m proselytes among ! ,mussulmans1 ! ,buddhi/s1 or ! ,h9dus4 ,! ,h9du :o has be5 in/ruct$ 9 ,european sci5ce necess>ily comes to d\bt ! reveal$ f\ndation ( 8 national religion1 b he is n on t acc\nt any ! m incl9$ to believe 9 ! ,*ri/ian revelation4 ,he ceases simply to be religi\s & becomes a free-?9k]4 ,all peoples alike are 9 t position2 ! pr9cipal great religions possess an approximate value z symbols ( ! unkn[able1 & wor%ipp]s p]ceive no advance 9 pass+ f "o ( !m to ! o!r3 mank9d 9 g5]al does n welcome *ange = *ange's sake4 ,mission>ies !mselves to-day lack fai? 9 _! religion2 !y possess ei!r en?usiasm m9us tal5t or tal5t m9us en?usiasm1 & ! "t is at h& :5 ! _s ( propag&ism1 :i* has hi!rto con/itut$ ! p[] ( religion1 w ab&on x4 ,few p c cry to-day 9 ! words ( ! unbeliev+ ,jesuit mission>y3 8,ah1 y h no conception ( ! pleasure ( conv9c+ m5 ( :at y d n believe y\rself60 ,:]e absolute fai? is lack+1 & absolute fai? 9 ! v details ( ! dogmas is lack+1 s9c]ity1 :i* con/itutes ! ess5tial p[] ( all propag&ism1 is lack+ too4 ,bi%op ,col5so 0 "o day ask$1 by 8 neophytes 9 ,natal1 "s que/ions on ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,aft] hav+ foll[$ him up f "q to "q !y ask$ him1 on 8 ^w ( hon\r1 if all t 0 true4 ,seiz$ by a scruple1 ! ,bi%op fell into a pr(\nd tra9 ( reflection1 /udi$ ! "q1 read ,/rauss & ! ,g]man comm5tators1 & f9ally publi%$ a book 9 :i* he treats ,biblical hi/ory z a s]ies ( my?s4 ,to ?is celebrat$ example ( ,col5so among ! ,kaffirs1 mu/ be jo9$ t ( ,mr4 ,francis ,newman 9 ,syria1 & ( ! ,rev4 ,adams 9 ,india1 & ( o!rs less well kn[n4 ,effici5tly to combat religions z well organiz$ z ^? ( ,india1 = example1 our mission>ies w\ld be oblig$ to become s]i\sly pr(ici5t 9 ! hi/ory ( religion4 ,b ! day !y s9c]ely /udy comp>ative religion 9 ! hopes ( conv]t+ somebody else1 !y w !mselves und]go conv]sion1 or at lea/ w rapidly le>n to reject a belief 9 a special revelation4#aad ,! great religions1 & pr9cipally ! 8univ]sal0 religions1 :i* to-day h atta9$ _! full developm5t1 hold ea* o!r 9 *eck4 ,^! va/ bodies %[ almo/ no signs ( life except )91 by ! =mation ( new c5tres ( activity :i* deta* !mselves f ! primitive nucleus1 z we see daily happ5+ 9 ! bosom ( ,prote/antism1 :i* is con/antly be+ subdivid$ into new sects2 z also )9 ! bosom ( ,h9duism1 insomu* t ! only sign ( life t ^! religions give is t !y are beg9n+ to dis9tegrate4 #aad ,see ,m4 ,goblet d',alviella1 ,l'volution religieuse4 ,anglo-,saxon religi\s proselytism has a*iev$ ! di/9ction ( contradict+ & p>alyz+ itself4 ,! ,!osophi/ ,society ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 #ahgi1 s5t to ,india c]ta9 mission>ies1 or r c\nt]-mission>ies1 :o 7 commission$ 8to prea* ! maje/y & glory ( all anci5t religions & to =tify ! ,h9du1 ! ,c+alese1 ! ,p>see1 aga9/ all ef=ts to induce him to accept a new fai? in/ead ( ! ,v$as1 ( ! ,tri-,pitka & ( ! ,z5d ,ave/40 ,9 ,india & 9 ! isl& ( ,ceylon ^! c\nt]-mission>ies h succe$$ 9 br++ back to ! primitive fai? "s ?\s&s ( conv]ts to ,*ri/ianity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,analogy betwe5 n9ete5? c5tury & times ( ! ,anton9es sup]ficial4 ,! increas+ multiplicity ( sects1 = example ( ! ,prote/ant sects2 ! c\rage\s ef=ts ( c]ta9 disciples ( ,comte & ( ,sp5c]1 ! bir? ( ,mormonism 9 ,am]ica & ( ,brahmaism 9 ,india1 h be5 reg>d$ z symptoms ( a religi\s f]m5tation analog\s to t :i* di/urb$ ! _w at ! "t ( ! ,anton9es & v possibly de/9$1 l t1 to result 9 a r5ovation4 8,all ?+s 9 nature spr+ f humble beg9n+s1 & no "o c to-day say :e!r ! unconsci\s mission ( ! fi%]man & publicans1 ga!r$ eighte5 c5turies ago on ! bord]s ( ,lake ,tib]ias ab\t a g5tle & my/ical ideali/1 w n to-morr[ be h&$ on to su* & su* an association ( spirituali/s prophesy+ 9 a gorge ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s2 to su* & su* an illum9at$ ga!r+ ( sociali/s 9 "s back %op 9 ,london2 to su* & su* a b& ( ascetics1 m$itat+1 l ! ,ess5es ( old on ! mis]ies ( ! _w1 9 "s jungle ( ,h9du/an4 ,p]haps all !y ne$ is to discov] on ! road to ,damascus ano!r ,paul1 to give !m a passport to future ages40#aae ,^! analogies betwe5 our c5tury & t ( ! ,anton9es are v sup]ficial2 betwe5 ! c5tury :i*1 z a :ole1 is ( an unexampl$ incr$ulity & ! c5tury :i* 0 ( an unexampl$ cr$ulity--:i* accept$ all religion f t ( ,isis & ,mi?ra to t ( ,*ri/2 f t ( ! talk+ s]p5t to t ( ,*ri/ inc>nate 9 ! body ( a virg94 ,dur+ ! pa/ eighte5 hundr$ ye>s a new ?+ has be5 born into ! _w--sci5ce2 & sci5ce is n compatible ) sup]natural revelations1 :i* are ! f\ndation ( religions4 #aae ,l'volution religieuse contempora9e1 by ,m4 ,goblet d',alviella1 p4 #daa4 ,sid5ote3 ,attempt to f\nd a religion to-day on miracles desp]ate4 ,w x be object$ t miracles /ill happ58 ,possibly "o or two notable ones 9 a c5tury6 ,! surpris+ ?+ is n t miracles /ill happ51 b t1 ) millions ( believ]s1 includ+ 9 _! ranks ?\s&s ( excit$ wom5 & *ildr51 !y d n happ5 frequ5tly4 ,e day ought to br+ =? its duly au!nticat$ miracle1 b unhappily daily miracles no long] happ5--except 9 mad-h\ses & hospitals = ! hy/]ical1 :]e !y are obs]v$ & report$ n[adays by incr$ul\s m5 ( sci5ce4 ,:5 !y happ5 else:]e1 true believ]s !mselves are almo/ afraid ( !m & d n c>e to talk ab\t !m4 ,( old a k+ =bade ,god to p]=m miracles2 ! ,pope has done almo/ z mu* to-day2 !y are reg>d$ z objects ( d\bt & suspicion1 r ?an ( edification4 ,among or?odox ,prote/ant nations1 miracles d n happ52 enlight5$ !ologians among !m no long] insi/ on ! m>vell\s elem5ts 9 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian tradition2 !y reg>d !m z m likely to enfeeble ?an to confirm ! au?ority ( ! ,scriptures4 ,add t z a means ( f\nd+ a new religion1 or ( reviv+ old religions1 a miracle or two w\ld d no good2 !y w\ld r result 9 ! total de/ruction ( ! fai? !y 7 int5d$ to e/abli%4 ,a :ole s]ies ( miracles w\ld be necess>y1 a sort ( m>vell\s atmosph]e 9 :i* ! :ole face ( nature %\ld be trans=m$1 a my/ic halo n only visibly re/+ on ! head ( ! prophet1 b reflect$ on ! believ]s :o surr\nd him4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ,messiah mu/ be 9 8 lifetime q z wond]ful z he is always report$ to be aft]w>d1 & t )\t deception or f9esse1 ei!r on 8 "p or on ! "p ( ^? :o surr\nd him & are support$ by 8 div9ity4 ,unhappily1 9 our days great m5 are imm$iately tak5 acc\nt ( by hi/ory1 :i* v]ifies ev]y?+1 describes ev]y?+1 sets d[n 9 pla9 pr9t ! contempor>y fact1 o!rwise s likely to settle1 ) "t1 into "s fanta/ic %ape4 ,ev5 ! leg5d ( ,napoleon1 :i* he himself lab\r$ ) all ! res\rces ( despotic p[] & brutal =ce to e/abli%1 did n la/ ?irty ye>s 9 ,europe2 9 ! ,ea/ x exi/s /ill1 transfigur$4 ,p]sonalities %r9k b5ea? ! t\* ( hi/ory4 ,if ,jesus _h liv$ to-day 8 lett]s w\ld h be5 publi%$1 & x is impossible to believe 9 ! div9ity ( anybody aft] "o has read 8 correspond5ce4 ,! slighte/ facts ( an int]e/+ man's life are asc]ta9able3 /ate records enable u to asc]ta9 important dates1 :at he did f ye> to ye> & ev5 sometimes f day to day2 sometimes a m]e appe>ance 9 c\rt1 su* z happ5$ 9 ! life ( ,%akspe>e's fa!r1 may s]ve to fix a date2 & 9 ! life ( a prophet !re w\ld be no lack ( appe>ances 9 c\rt s9ce unlic5s$ assemblies are int]dict$4 ,life to-day is s hemm$ 9 by reality1 s discipl9$1 t x is difficult = ! m>vell\s to f9d entrance1 or to make good its lodgm5t ev5 if x %\ld get 94 ,we live 9 little numb]$ & w9d[$ boxes1 9 :i* ! lea/ di/urbance attracts att5tion2 we are wat*$ l soldi]s liv+ 9 b>racks2 we h e ev5+ to be pres5t at ! roll-call1 ) no possibility ( dropp+ out ( ! society ( m51 ( return+ into ourselves1 ( avoid+ ! big eye ( society4 ,we are l bees liv+ "u a glass2 ! obs]v] c wat* !m at "w1 wat* !m con/ruct+ _! hive1 wat* !m mak+ _! honey2 & ! sweete/ ( honey1 ev5 ! honey ) :i* ! anci5ts n\ri%$ ! baby ,jupit]1 ceases to be m>vell\s :5 "o has be5 pres5t at its t>dy & pa9/ak+ elaboration4 ,we are f> f ! "t :5 ,pascal c\ld say 8,miracles are z a fla% ( lightn+ t reveals40 ,! lightn+ no long] fla%es4 ,sci5ce /&s ready to expla9 ! fir/ miracle t arises 9 support ( a new religion4 ,sid5ote3 ,g5ius has des]t$ ! s]vice ( religion4 ,metaphysical & poetic g5ius also1 ^u :i* religions 7 s dep5d5t 9 _! e>lie/ /ages 9 ! pa/1 h also )drawn f _! s]vice4 ,read ! descriptions ( ! late/ miracles1 ^? at ,l\rdes1 = example3 ! little girl tak+ (f h] /ock+s to /ep into ! rivulet1 ! words ( ! ,virg91 ! vision repeat$ z a spectacle be=e witnesses :o saw no?+--all ( x is trivial & insignificant2 h[ f> we h travell$ f ! ,lives ( ! ,sa9ts1 ! ,gospel1 ! great ,h9du leg5ds6 ,! poor 9 _s may see ,god or ! ,virg91 b !y _c make o!rs see !m2 ! poor 9 _s _c f\nd or revive religion2 x requires g5ius1 & g5ius1 :i* bl[e? :]e x li/e?1 bl[e? to-day else:]e4 ,if ! ,bible & ! ,gospels _h n be5 sublime poems !y w\ld n h made ! conque/ ( ! _w4 /hetically consid]$1 !y are epics great] ?an ! ,iliad4 ,:at ,odyssey equals t ( ,jesus8 ,ref9$ ,greeks & ,romans did n at fir/ appreciate ! simple1 impassion$ poetry ( ! ,gospels2 x 0 long be=e !y admir$ ! /yle ( ! ,scriptures4 ,/4 ,j]ome1 transport$ 9 a dream to ! feet ( ! ,sov]eign ,judge1 he>d a m5ac+ voice cry3 8,?\ art naught b a ,cic]onian60 ,aft] ?is dream ,/4 ,j]ome appli$ himself to ! /udy ( ! beauties ( ! ,bible & ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & came ultimately to pref] !m to ! balanc$ p]iods ( ! great ,lat9 orator3 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 9 spite ( "s inconsi/5cies 79 "p ! "w ( ! disciples71 is m eloqu5t ?an ! mo/ eloqu5t ( ,cic]o's orations1 & ! invectives aga9/ ! ,ph>isees1 au!ntic or n1 are bett] lit]ature ?an ! d5unciations aga9/ ,catil9e4 ,m4 ,havet1 9 our judgm5t1 entirely misses ! po9t1 :5 he asks h[ 8s great a revolution c\ld h tak5 its rise f su* commonplace lit]ature z ! ,new ,te/am5t40 ,! lit]>y excell5ce ( ! ,new ,te/am5t is ( a new k9d1 unp>allel$ among ! ,greeks or ! writ]s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t2 x possesses ! grace ( t5d]ness & ( unction1 :i* is well wor? ! lyrical fire ( ! prophets2 x is a pr(\nd & nave manual ( popul> morality1 & e ^w makes "o's he>t vibrate4 ,! lit]>y success ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 0 fully m]it$4 ,! ,hebrew p1 :o _h n produc$ "o man ( sci5ce1 _h evid5tly produc$ a succession ( sombre1 t5d]1 puissant poets unp>allel$ among any o!r p2 a fact :i* 9 a great "p expla9s ! victori\s progress ( ,hebrew religion4 ,poetry1 l hope1 is ! si/] ( fai?1 & is m necess>y ?an hope to fai?1 = "o may =ego ! di/ant grace ( hope :5 "o is "u ! pres5t *>m ( an illusion4 ,sid5ote3 ,& ! conditions 9 :i* alone g5ius c\ld succe$ are want+4 ,to f\nd a great religion has dem&$ & w always dem& ! s]vices ( m5 ( g5ius su* z ,jesus 01 or1 to be q hi/oric1 z ,/4 ,paul 04 ,b if g5ius is to f\nd religion x c d s only "u two ess5tial conditions4 ,x mu/ 9 ! fir/ place be absolutely s9c]e2 we no long] live 9 a p]iod :5 religion c be b5efit$ by impo/ure2 x mu/1 9 ! second place1 di/9ctly impose ^u itself2 x mu/ be ! dupe ( its own inspiration1 ( its own int]ior illum9ations1 dispos$ to see 9 !m some?+ sup]human1 to feel itself 9 direct communication ) ,god1 or at lea/ especially designat$ by ,god4 ,?is second condition 0 easy to realize 9 anci5t times :51 9 _! ignorance ( psy*ological & physiological ph5om5a1 n only m5 l ,jesus b philosoph]s l ,socrates & ,plot9us believ$ t !y felt )9 !m some?+ sup]natural1 took _! visions & _! ec/asies s]i\sly2 &1 unable to expla9 _! own v g5u9e g5ius1 reg>d$ x z a pro( ( "s my/]i\s or miracul\s communication ) ,god4 ,purely & simply to rank ^! great m5 among lunatics w\ld be absurd2 !y 7 simply seek+ to expla9 ph5om5a :i* ov]tax$ _! k & gave :at1 aft] all1 0 ! mo/ plausible explanation = ! times 9 :i* !y liv$4 ,) ! sci5tific k t we possess n[adays1 & :i* e man :o atta9s a c]ta9 intellectual level inevitably w possess1 m5 l ,moses & ,jesus1 m5 :o are inspir$1 w be oblig$1 s to speak1 to *oose betwe5 two alt]natives2 to see 9 _! inspiration simply ! natural impulse ( g5ius1 to speak 9 _! own "n1 to make no pret5ces to revelation or prophecy1 to be1 9 effect1 philosoph]s1 or actively to all[ !mselves to be deceiv$ by _! own exaltation1 to objectify x1 to p]sonify x1 to become madm5 9 d[nright e>ne/4 ,at ! pres5t day ^? :o are n capable ( nam+ ! =ce t is act+ 9 !m & decl>+ x to be natural & human1 & ( pres]v+ _! self-ma/]y1 are def9itively reg>d$ z ( uns\nd m9d2 prophets :o believe 9 _! own prophecies are s5t to ,*>5ton4 ,we are famili> ) di/9ctions t 7 unkn[n 9 anci5t times1 ev5 to ! promot]s ( religi\s ideas2 ! great m5 :o f\nd$ religions 7 c>ri$ away by ! movem5t !y _h !mselves call$ into be+2 7 div9iz$ by ! ,god t !y !mselves _h br\ght to m54 ,g5ius is z capable ( go+ to s*ool z /upidity2 &1 l /upidity1 x has be5 to s*ool 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury & is famili> ) n9ete5?-c5tury sci5ce4 ,a "t w come--nay1 probably has come = ,europe--:5 prophets1 apo/les1 & ,messiahs w be ext9ct among m54 ,x is a species :i* is dy+ out4 8,:o ( u1 :o ( u w become a god80 ,none ( u w become a god1 & m ?an t none ( u wants to4 ,sci5ce has kill$ ! sup]natural 9 u ev5 9 ! v c5tre ( our be+1 9 our deepe/ ec/asies2 visions no long] put on ! %ape ( app>ition b ( simple halluc9ation1 & ! day !y become s /rong t we believe 9 !m we lose all p[] to make anybody else believe 9 !m1 & become1 n uncommonly1 am5able to ! law4 ,! middle t]m betwe5 ! man ( g5ius & ! fool1 ! man ( inspiration1 ( revelation1 ! ,messiah1 ! ,god1 has disappe>$4 ,sid5ote3 ,dissem9ation ( k has weak5$ ! religi\s s5tim5t4 ,add t inspiration n[adays1 & =ev] m1 lacks & w lack its appropriate environm5t4 ,int5sity ( religi\s emotion 9 a p1 an int5sity :i* sometimes rises to ! height ( fanaticism1 dep5ds1 9 a great measure1 ^u ignorance & ^u ! level ( intellig5ce a*iev$ by av]age human life4 ,:5 problems ( ! orig9 & de/9y1 & reason ( ?+s1 are sudd5ly pres5t$ to an ignorant p1 x exp]i5ces pr(\nd t]rors1 ec/asies1 a g5]al height5+ ( ! s5sibility :i* is due to ! fact t a /ate ( metaphysical & philosophical curiosity is utt]ly unfamili> to x1 con/itutes a positive revolution 9 its ord9>y habits ( m9d4 ,:5 ! av]age level ( intellectual activity is once rais$1 metaphysical emotion loses its revolution>y "* precisely because ! :ole ext5t ( human exi/5ce has become imbu$ ) x4 ,a calm1 high1 cont9u\s enjoym5t takes ! place ( a brief1 /ormy ec/asy2 p :o pass _! lives on ! %ore ( ! ocean cease to fe> x1 or at lea/ d n exp]i5ce s viol5t an emotion 9 its pres5ce z !y did at ! sight ( _! fir/ tempe/4 ,if we _h nev] look$ ^u ! />ry heav5s1 ! fir/ "t we lift$ our eyes to !m we %\ld be fill$ ) fe>2 ! spectacle ( !m to-day calms u1 g5tly inspires u4 ,to appease ! viol5ce ( religi\s s5tim5t1 x mu/1 :5 x has be5 purifi$1 be p]mitt$ to p]meate ! :ole ( human exi/5ce1 be always pres5t ) u1 & dome/icate u 9 ! inf9ite4 ,sid5ote3 ,a new religion mu/ be bo? novel & significant4 ,a f9al condition prec$5t to ! success ( a new religion w\ld be t x %\ld be really new1 t x %\ld contribute a new idea to ! treasury ( ! human m9d4 ,among ! wret*$ attempts at />t+ a new fai? :i* h be5 made f "o end ( ! _w to ! o!r 9 our days1 no?+ orig9al has made its appe>ance4 ,9 ,am]ica a religion new 9 appe>ance1 ,mormonism1 has _h "s success2 x is1 ( all mod]n attempts1 ! only "o :i* has reli$ ^u miracul\s prophecy & revelation1 su* z are indisp5sable to a g5u9e dogmatic religion3 x has also its book1 its ,bible1 & ev5 includes 9 its leg5d "s prosaic tale ( m>vell\s pair ( spectacles de/9$ = ! deciph]+ ( ! book4 ,! ,god ( ,mormonism1 :o is r bett] educat$ ?an ! ,god ( ! ,bible1 possesses "s notion ( optics4 ,b at bottom ,mormonism is simply a mod]n edition ( ,jewi% ideas & cu/oms3 ! :ole religion is a bit ( plagi>ism1 a resuscitation ( sup]anuat$ leg5ds & beliefs1 to :i* x has add$ no?+ b :at is trivial2 x is a religi\s ana*ronism4 ,x seems also to h rea*$ ! limit ( its developm5t1 ! numb] ( its adh]5ts is n increas+4 ,h9du ,brahmaism is an eclectic & my/ic spiritualism )\t "o really new idea4 ,comtism1 :i* consi/s ( ! rites ( religion & no?+ else1 is an attempt to ma9ta9 life 9 ! body aft] ! dep>ture ( ! s\l4 ,! spirituali/s are *>latans1 or empirics1 :o h be5 impress$ ) c]ta91 z yet obscure1 ph5om5a ( ! n]v\s sy/em :i* !y !mselves are unable to expla9 sci5tifically4 ,b *>latanism has nev] f\nd$ any?+ durable 9 ! doma9 ( religion4 ,to comp>e ,am]ican ,mormonism or spiritualism to nasc5t ,*ri/ianity is to make "o's self ridicul\s4 ,humble z ! beg9n+s ( ,*ri/ianity 7 "o mu/ n be ! dupe ( hi/orical illusion1 nor believe t ,*ri/ianity ow$ its triumph to a simple concurr5ce ( happy ev5ts2 t ! _w1 = example1 accord+ to ,m4 ,r5an's hypo!sis1 might q easily h become ,mi?raic4 ,! disciples ( a c]ta9 ,*re/us1 m5tion$ = ! fir/ "t by ,suetonius1 c\ld pres5t1 z ! basis ( _! z yet vague beliefs1 two incomp>able epic poems1 ! ,old ,te/am5t & ,gospels2 !y introduc$ into ! _w a new sy/em ( morality1 :i* 0 admirable ev5 9 its errors1 & orig9al at lea/ = ! mass ( mank9d2 & !y contribut$1 f9ally1 to ! common /ock ( ideas a great metaphysical conception1 t ( ! resurrection1 :i*1 comb9$ ) curr5t philosophical conceptions1 necess>ily gave bir? to ! doctr9e ( p]sonal immortality4 ,*ri/ianity conqu]$ by its own weight1 x 0 inevitable t x %\ld f9d its ,/4 ,paul2 ! ,old ,te/am5t & ! ,gospels 7 too em95t to be =gott51 or to rema9 )\t influ5ce on human life4 ,!re is n a s+le example 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w ( a great ma/]piece1 at once lit]>y or philosophical1 :i* has gone its way unp]ceiv$1 )\t ex]t+ an influ5ce ^u ! progress ( humanity4 ,e "w :i* is suffici5tly end[$ ) beauty or virtue is sure ( ! future4 ,sid5ote3 ,no great religion c\ld n[adays take its rise among ! masses4 ,x is among ! masses t religi\s movem5ts h hi!rto begun4 ,b a new religion c\ld n come to u to-day f ! ignorant masses ( an ,ori5tal p nor f ! l[] classes ( any c\ntry ( ,europe4 ,9 hea!n antiquity1 all social classes 7 unit$ 9 a belief 9 nave sup]/itions4 ,m>cus ,aurelius himself 0 oblig$ to preside 9 great pomp ov] a c]emony 9 hon\r ( ! s]p5t ( ,alex&] ( ,abonotei*os :i* numb]$ believ]s among 8 fri5ds4 ,to-day a bi%op 9 ,au/ralia c refuse to ord] a pray] = ra91 & decl>e t atmosph]ic ph5om5a are regulat$ by inflexible natural laws1 & p]suade ! believ]s 9 8 diocese1 if !y want a rem$y aga9/ dr\ght1 to ameliorate _! sy/em ( irrigation4 ,^! two facts indicate ! ?or\gh-go+ diff]5ce betwe5 ! anci5t & mod]n _w4 ,! contemptu\s title ( ,b>b>ians1 :i* ! ,greeks & ,romans appli$ to all o!r peoples1 0 less ?an exact1 = ! ,hebrews & ! ,h9dus at lea/ possess$ a m pr(\nd religion ?an ! ,greeks & ,romans & ev5 9 c]ta9 respects a sup]ior lit]ature4 ,greek & ,roman civilization is a r>e hi/orical example1 :i* proves t religion is n necess>ily ! measure ( ! intellectual developm5t ( a p4 ,greece excels pr9cipally by h] art & sci5ce2 b ! sup]iority :i* %e conceiv$ h]self to possess 9 o!r respects 0 a pure illusion f\nd$ on ignorance4 ,! sup]iority t we attribute to ourselves is demon/rat$ by our k2 we are bett] acqua9t$ to-day ) ! religion ( mo/ ,ori5tal peoples ?an !y are !mselves2 & we h e>n$ a "r to sit 9 judgm5t on !m1 & admire !m1 & criticise !m1 t ! anci5ts did n possess4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ^? :o "k & ^? :o d n is to-day ! sole really s]i\s l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 classes & nations4 ,& ! l9e is "o t religion _c pass1 = e complete religion involves a g5]al conception ( ! _w1 & no su* nave conception ( ! _w z a man ( ! p is capable ( c ev] f9d acceptance by a cultivat$ m9d4 ,no great religion c g]m9ate & a*ieve complete developm5t 9 mod]n society4 ,sid5ote3 ,impossibility ( improv+ on exi/+ religions 9 _! k9d4 ,! impossibility ( f9d+ any?+ new 9 ! doma9 ( my?ical religion might almo/ be demon/rat$ a priori2 no?+ m attractive w ev] be discov]$ 9 ! way ( a metaphysical my? ?an ! sov]eign happ9ess obta9$ 9 ?is life 9 ! ,buddhi/s ,nirvna1 or obta9$ 9 ! life aft] dea? 9 ,*ri/ian immortality4 ,9 ^! two conceptions1 ! metaphysical imag9ation ( humanity has once = all a*iev$ its ma/]piece1 z ! pla/ic imag9ation once = all a*iev$ its ma/]piece 9 ,greek /atu>y4 ,some?+ may be dem&$ 9 ano!r ord] ( ideas1 "o may exact less nave hypo!ses1 hypo!ses m neighb\r to ! tru?2 b ^! hypo!ses w nev] s$uce humanity nor pass ov] ! _w l a wave ( light1 nor become transfigur$ 9 ! =m ( a revelation4 ,! multitude nev] li/5s to a revelation t does n ann\nce "s glad tid+s1 "s salvation 9 ?is _w1 or ! next2 to be a prophet1 & to be li/5$ to1 imp]atively requires "o to be a prophet ( good augury4 ,religi\s metaphysics1 aft] its two imm5se ef=ts 9 ,buddhism & ,*ri/ianity 7,mohamm$anism is simply a vulg>ization ( ^! two71 is condemn$ 9 ! future to /]ility or repetition1 s long z sev]e & truly philosophical hypo!ses1 bas$ on sci5tific g5]alization1 engage ! att5tion ( mank9d4 ,infant9e hypo!ses1 :i* resolve ! problems ( ! de/9y ( mank9d & ( ! _w 9 a mann] altoge!r consol+ to human vanity1 are condemn$ to uni=mity & banality4 ,to discov] any?+ new 9 ! realm ( metaphysics1 ! religi\s _s w h to ab&on ! conditions :i* h hi!rto exi/$2 w h to deal ) ideas t lie beyond ! primitive intellectual range ( a ,hott5tot1 & ev5 ab&on all notion ( univ]sality1 ( ,ca?olicity1 9 ! sph]e ( speculation4 ,sid5ote3 ,impossibility ( improv+ exi/+ religi\s morality z su*4 ,! same is true 9 ! sph]e ( morals4 ,s f> z an exalt$ & attractive sy/em ( morality is conc]n$1 c "o g f>!r ?an ,*ri/ianity & ,buddhism1 bo? ( :i* prea* exclusive altruism1 absolute self-abnegation8 ,all t "o c d is really to take a few /eps backw>d to mod]ate c]ta9 exagg]at$ outbur/s ( devotion 9 ! void1 to fit ,*ri/ian & ,buddhi/ic morality to ! real _w1 to supply ?is beautiful my/icism ) a mat]ial body2 b = su* a task a new ,messiah w\ld be p[]less1 simple good s5se does n *>m humanity2 ! cold1 humble1 commonplace duties ( ev]yday life _c be made ! basis ( a great popul> movem5t4 ,common-s5se is n contagi\s aft] ! fa%ion ( religi\s exaltation1 :i* passes f man to man l wildfire4 ,moral s5tim5t may well1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 filt] into u1 pass sl[ly f man to man1 rise l a ris+ tide1 b s gradually z sc>cely to be p]ceptible4 ,! mo/ la/+ approa*es to p]fection are (t5 ! mo/ unconsci\s4 ,x is a difficult matt] by a simple impulse ( fai? to climb %e] up on ! ladd] ( civilization4 ,true moral p]fection is (t5 ! precise opposite ( h]oic p>oxysm4 ,z ! passion = goodness becomes triumphant1 x ceases to be a passion3 x becomes1 & mu/ become1 a portion ( our normal life1 ( ! fle% t ! my/ics curse2 ! man mu/ become good f ! roots ( 8 hair to ! soles ( 8 feet4 ,?us ,buddhism & ,*ri/ianity1 9 _m respects1 h misc>ri$4 ,if ! fir/ apo/les1 :o prea*$ ^! religions1 %\ld return among m51 h[ un*ang$ & untransmut$ !y w\ld f9d humanity1 aft] s _m ?\s&s ( ye>s6 ,!re has be51 no d\bt1 an intellectual progress :i* has confirm$ a c]ta9 numb] ( moral ideas1 b ?is v complex intellectual progress has n entirely be5 effect$ by religions4 ,!re 0 z yet no sign ( x 9 ! small numb] ( simple-he>t$ p ga!r$ ab\t ! 8new ^w0 9 :i* ! apo/les saw _! moral & religi\s ideal realiz$4 ,z ! primitive virtues ( ?is small knot ( :olly religi\s & n at all sci5tific p ov]spread humanity1 !y necess>ily became corrupt3 & a morality ( exalt$ self-abnegation c\ld n succe$ beyond a small gr\p1 a family1 a conv5t1 artificially seque/]$ f ! re/ ( ! _w x necess>ily fail$ :5 x und]took to appeal to all mank9d4 ,! great _w is too inhospitable & %ift+ a soil2 "o does n s[ se$ 9 ! sea4 ,a revival or a repetition ( ! religi\s epics ( ,*ri/ianity or ( ,buddhism w\ld to-day meet ) an imm$iate *eck2 = x is ! v ess5ce ( _! influ5ce to develop ! he>t disproportionately to ! bra91 &1 su* an effect be+ a sort ( di/urbance ( equilibrium1 a sort ( natural mon/rosity1 c be produc$ 9 individuals inde$1 b n 9 races4 ,! inve/igator to-day1 :o adds ! lea/ item ( tru? to ! mass ( sci5tific & philosophic k already acquir$1 p]=ms a mu* less brilliant b probably m def9itive "w ?an ! purely religi\s "w ( a ,messiah4 ,he is ( ^? :o con/ruct n 9 ?ree days1 b dur+ successive ages1 ! sacr$ edifice :i* w n fall4 ,sid5ote3 ,gr[+ antagonism to ext]nals ( wor%ip4 ,! mo/ ess5tial incid5t ( e dogmatic religion1 ! cult1 is n less =eign to ! _s ( mod]n society ?an dogma itself is4 ,! f\ndation ( out] =ms ( wor%ip1 z we h se51 is a cry/allization ( cu/om & tradition into ! =m ( rites4 ,well1 z has be5 said1 "o ( ! *>act]i/ic m>ks ( ! innovat+ _s1 & ( intellectual sup]iority1 is ! p[] ( break+ up associations ( ideas1 ( lib]at+ "o's self 9 a measure f e/abli%$ collocations ( ideas1 ( be+ sl[ to contract inv9cible habits ( ?\ght1 ( precisely n possess+ a rituali/ic m9d4 ,if su* be "o ( ! great signs ( sup]iority 9 an individual1 x is none ! less s 9 a p4 ,progress 9 humanity may be e/imat$ by ! degree ( p]fection t ! faculty ( psy*ic disassociation has a*iev$4 ,! in/9ct = novelty is !n no long] held 9 *eck by ! in/9ct = ritualism2 curiosity may be pu%$ to its extreme )\t any s5se ( innovat+ impiety su* z primitive peoples reg>d x )4 ,! importance ( ritualism 9 ! mat]ial & religi\s life ( a p indicates ! pr$om9ance among !m ( obscure & unconsci\s associations ( ideas1 _! bra9 is caught & envelop$ 9 a closely wov5 network ( tradition1 9 a tissue imp5etrable to ! light ( consci5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! progress ( reflection & ( consci5ce :i* is manife/$ among mod]n p is accompani$ by an enfeeblem5t ( e/abli%$ cu/om1 ( unconsci\s habit1 ( ! discipl9e & p[] ( ! pa/4 ,!re is (t5 a c]ta9 dang]1 on ! practical side1 9 ?is *ange1 because reflection becomes /rong en\gh to dissolve habits be=e x is capable ( mak+ head aga9/ ! passions ( ! mom5t4 ,! p[] ( disassociation is intellectual1 & is n 9 itself adequate to ! moral dom9ation & direction ( ! individual1 & :atev] may be ! objections1 f ! po9t ( view ( morals1 to ! progress ( reflection1 x is c]ta9 t x soon] or lat] /rips rites1 religi\s c]emonies1 & ! :ole ma*9]y ( wor%ip1 ( _! sacr$ "*4 ,etiquette 9 ! pres5ce ( k+s & gods alike is de/9$ to disappe>4 ,:atev] is an obs]vance ceases to be a duty1 & ! rle ( ! prie/ by t fact is s]i\sly *ang$4 ,! di/ant ideal t[>d :i* we are m>*+ includes among o!r ?+s ! disappe>ance ( ! prie/hood1 :i* is rite p]sonifi$2 ! god ( ! prie/hood1 :o 9 c]ta9 respects is no m ?an an apo!osis ( cu/om1 has to-day gr[n old & ma9ta9s 8 p[] only by ! pre/ige ( ! accompli%$ fact4 ,x is 9 va9 = m5 l ,g]man1 ,engli%1 or ,am]ican cl]gym51 or ,h9du dei/s1 :o /ill possess a religion1 to endeav\r to ?r[ ov] revelation & dogma1 & r$uce _! fai? to a sy/em ( p]sonal & progressive beliefs1 to be accompani$ by a ritual4 ,! ritual is an excresc5ce simply1 an almo/ sup]/iti\s habit1 me*anically practis$ & de/9$ to disappe>4 ,sid5ote3 ,! lib]al movem5t 9 religion a movem5t ( dis9tegration4 ,! movem5t :i*1 9 c]ta9 c\ntries1 incl9es religion to be %y ( dogmas & rites1 is 9 reality a movem5t ( dis9tegration1 n ( recon/ruction4 ,human beliefs1 :5 !y %all h tak5 _! f9al =m 9 ! future1 w be> no m>k ( dogmatic & rituali/ic religion1 !y w be simply philosophical4 ,among c]ta9 p1 x is true1 e philosophical sy/em t5ds to assume ! practical & s5tim5tal =m ( a sy/em ( beliefs & aspirations4 ,! ideas ( ,kant & ,s*ell+1 :5 !y pass$ into ,am]ica1 gave bir? to ,em]son's & ,p>k]'s transc5d5talism2 ,sp5c]'s !ory ( evolution became1 9 ,am]ica1 a religion ( ,cosmism1 repres5t$ by ,messrs4 ,fiske1 ,pott]1 & ,savage4 ,b all su* alleg$ religions are simply ! mov+ %ad[1 9 ! doma9 ( s5tim5t & action1 ( ! sub/ance ( intellectual speculation4 ,x is n en\gh to be ( ! same op9ion on "s sociological or metaphysical !ory & !n to congregate to ! numb] ( t5 or a hundr$ 9 "s !atre or temple1 to f\nd a new religion & a new cult4 ,! majority ( ^! pret5d$ religions1 :i* are simply philosophies & sometimes v bad philosophies1 are op5 to ,m>k ,pattison's obs]vation on ! congregation ( ,comti/s 9 _! *apel 9 ,london3 8,?ree p]sons & no ,god40 ,sid5ote3 ,secul>ism4 ,! defects ( ^! mod]n cults appe> 9 _! mo/ exagg]at$ =m 9 secul>ism1 :i* _h its h\r ( success 9 ,engl&4 ,secul>ism is a purely a!i/ic & utilit>ian religion1 :i* has borr[$ all x c\ld f ! ritual ( ! ,engli% ,*ur*4 ,?is contradiction betwe5 ! out] =m & ! inn] void result$ 9 a positive p>ody4#aaf #aaf ,see ! secul>i/ v]sion ( ! ,ite missa e/4 ,sid5ote3 ,comti/s4 ,9 ,france ! ,comti/s h made ! same attempt to pres]ve ! rites1 )\t ! backgr\nd1 ( belief4 ,! ,comti/ doctr9e ( feti*ism conta9s a c]ta9 am\nt ( tru? z *>act]iz+ primitive religion1 b x is insuffici5t 9 its application to actual1 exi/+ religions4 ,! religions ( ! pres5t day h develop$1 gradually1 f a primitive sy/em ( physics to a complete sy/em ( metaphysics3 ! feti*es h be5 transmut$ into symbols ( ! ,fir/ ,cause1 or ( ! ,f9al ,cause4 ,positivism c (f] u no symbol ( ?is k9d2 its 8,great ,feti*0 is g5u9ely a feti*1 & appropriate = primitive peoples only4 8,humanity0 does n af=d complete satisfaction to "o's conception ( causality1 nor to "o's conception ( f9ality4 ,9 reg>d to ! fir/1 humanity is a simple l9k 9 ! inf9ite *a9 ( ph5om5a2 9 reg>d to ! second1 humanity con/itutes an end :i* is practically inexact & !oretically insuffici5t3 practically inexact because almo/ ! :ole ( "o's activity relates to su* & su* a re/rict$ gr\p ( human be+s & n to humanity z a :ole2 & !oretically insuffici5t1 because humanity looks small 9 ! pres5ce ( ! great univ]se4 ,its life is a po9t 9 space1 a po9t 9 "t2 x con/itutes a contract$ ideal1 & to say ! tru?1 x is z va9 = a race to reg>d itself z its own end z = an individual4 ,"o _c et]nally contemplate "o's own image & _c1 9 especial1 et]nally adore x4 ,love ( humanity is ! greate/ ( virtues & ! mo/ ridicul\s ( feti*isms4 ,! m>riage ( positive sci5ce & bl9d s5tim5t _c produce religion2 ! attempt to return to feti*ism is an attempt to foi/ ! religion ( a savage ^u ! mo/ civiliz$ ( mank9d4 ,moreov]1 :at we believe de/9$ to subsi/ 9 ! future 9 a multitude ( =ms1 & to replace religions1 is n pure & simple s5tim5t1 b s5tim5t r\s$ by metaphysical symbols1 by speculation & ?\ght4 ,religi\s metaphysics may consi/ 9 involunt>y illusion1 9 error1 9 dream2 b unmetaphysical feti*ism consi/s 9 volunt>y illusion1 9 *]i%$ error1 9 day-dream4 ,augu/e ,comte seem$ to believe t we %\ld always ne$ z ! c5tre ( our sy/em ( wor%ip1 an imag9>y p]sonification ( humanity1 a great ,be+1 a great ,feti*2 su* a feti*ism w\ld be a species ( new category1 9 ! ,kantian s5se4 ,feti*ism has nev] impos$ itself ^u humanity aft] t fa%ion2 intellectually consid]$1 x 0 bas$ on reasons :i* c be %[n to be false2 emotionally consid]$1 x 0 bas$ on feel+s :i* c be %[n to be p]v]t$1 & c be rectifi$4 ,if love sometimes /ret*es out t[>d p]sonification1 t[>d feti*es1 x is only 9 default ( real p]sons & liv+ individuals2 su* 9 our op9ion is1 9 its simple/ =m1 ! law :i* w gradually result 9 ! disappe>ance ( e feti*i/ic cult4 ,we mu/ f9d gods ( fle% & bone1 liv+ & brea?+ among u--n poetical creations l ^? ( ,hom]1 b visible realities4 ,we mu/ discov] ! k+dom ( heav5 9 ! human s\l1 a future provid5ce 9 sci5ce1 absolute goodness 9 ! f\ndation ( life4 ,we mu/ n project our ideas & subjective images ( ?+s into ! out] _w1 & beyond ! limits ( ! out] _w1 & love !m ) a /]ile love2 b mu/ love ! be+s ( ?is _w ) an active affection 9 s f> z !y are capable ( conceiv+ & realiz+ ! same ideas z we4 ,j z patriotism1 9 s f> z x is an ab/ract love1 t5ds to disappe>1 & to resolve itself into a g5]al sympa?y = all our fell[-citiz5s1 j s f> ! love ( ,god t5ds to ov]fl[ ! surface ( ! e>? & to include all liv+ be+s4 ,to "k liv+ be+s is to love !m2 & ?us sci5ce1 9 s f> z x is sci5ce ( ! obs]vation ( life1 is "o ) ! s5tim5t :i* con/itutes :at is be/ 9 religion1 is "o ) love4 ,sid5ote3 ,e?ical ,culture ,society4 ,ano!r religion ( humanity1 or r a religion ( e?ics1 has rec5tly be5 f\nd$ 9 ,new ,york by ,mr4 ,felix ,adl]1 ! son ( an ,am]ican rabbi2 b ,mr4 ,adl]1 :o is m consi/5t ?an ,comte1 has det]m9$ to d away ) religi\s c]emonial1 n less ?an ) religi\s dogma4 ,he has ab&on$ almo/ ev]y?+ 9 ! way ( c]emony2 he has ab&on$ ! cate*ism1 & pr(esses allegiance to no sacr$ book4 ,z a metaphysician he is a foll[] ( ,kant1 r ?an ( ,comte1 b makes no positive affirmation on ! subject ( ,god & immortality2 he admits only ! exi/5ce ( an unkn[able n\m5on1 ( an ultimate reality :i* lies beh9d all appe>ances1 & is responsible = ! h>mony ( ! _w4 ,s long z div]g5ce 9 matt]s ( belief cont9ues to become increas+ly great1 ,mr4 ,adl] reg>ds x z necess>y to conc5trate att5tion on ! moral law itself1 ap>t f any !ory ( its orig9 or ju/ification4 ,m5 h s long disput$1 he ?9ks1 ab\t ! basis ( ! law1 t ! law itself has n receiv$ its due %>e ( notice4 ,8 movem5t is ess5tially a practical movem5t & appeals to ! consci5ce1 a cry = m ju/ice1 an exhortation = ! p]=mance ( duty4 ,sid5ote3 ,its object4 ,! prim>y aim ( ! society %\ld be1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,adl]1 to re=m ! lives ( its own memb]s4 ,he has f\nd$3 #a4 ,a ,sunday-s*ool1 :]e in/ruction is giv5 9 practical morality1 9 ! hi/ory ( ! mo/ important religions1 & 9 ! elem5ts ( ! philosophy ( religion2 #b4 ,a public k9d]g>t5 organiz$ on ! ,froebel me?od2 #c4 ,a s*ool1 = work+ p's *ildr5 betwe5 ! ages ( ?ree & n9e4#aag #aag ,indig5t pupils are clo!d & f$2 ! in/ruction is gratuit\s2 ! s*ool conta9s at pres5t "o hundr$ pupils1 hav+ begun ) eight4 ,an indu/rial museum is atta*$ to x4 ,! society also s5ds out di/rict nurses to att5d ! sick 9 ! poor] qu>t]s ( ,new ,york4 ,sid5ote3 ,is ( a type de/9$ to survive4 ,mr4 ,adl]'s foll[+ at fir/ consi/$ ( ,jews2 subsequ5tly a numb] ( p1 )\t di/9ction ( race1 ga!r$ ab\t him4 ,!y are left entirely free 9 ! matt] ( _! p]sonal beliefs1 & are unit$ only 9 an ard5t desire = ! reg5]ation ( mank9d4 ,e ,sunday ! fai?ful congregate1 to li/5 to a disc\rse & !n disp]se2 none b memb]s ( ! society are p]mitt$ to jo9 9 ! managem5t ( ! in/itutions f\nd$ & ma9ta9$ by ! society4 ,?is religion1 :i* is1 l'amrica9e1 :olly practical1 is acceptable to ! philosoph]2 at bottom x is simply a great mutual aid temp]ance society4 ,! only objection t c be urg$ aga9/ x is t x is some:at prosaic1 b x is c]ta9ly "o ( ! =ms ( social activity :i* are de/9$ to succe$ rituali/ic religions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,antiquity ( fai? 9 socialism z a panacea4 ,c]ta9 p>tisans ( religi\s revival reg>d socialism z _! la/ hope4 ,sociali/ic ideas ought1 9 _! judgm5t1 to give religion a fre% />t & supply x ) an impetus hi!rto unkn[n4 ,?is conception we>s an air ( orig9ality1 b1 z a matt] ( fact1 x is q ! rev]se ( orig9al4 ,! great ca?olic religions1 ,buddhism & ,*ri/ianity1 7 9 ! beg9n+ sociali/ic1 !y prea*$ univ]sal p>tition ( goods1 & pov]ty2 x 0 by means ( s do+ t !y 7 9 "p enabl$ to spread ) su* rapidity4 ,9 reality ! in/ant t ! p]iod ( propag&ism succe$$ ! p]iod ( /ruggle = p]mission to exi/1 ^! religions did ev]y?+ )9 _! p[] to become individuali/ic ev5 at ! exp5se ( inconsi/5cy2 !y ceas$ to promise equality on e>? & relegat$ x to heav5 or to ,nirvna4 ,sid5ote3 ,socialism unrealizable except by a select few4 ,d we !re=e believe t sociali/ic ideas w play no "p 9 ! future1 & is x n conceivable t a c]ta9 my/icism might =m an alliance ) socialism1 & bo? l5d & borr[ =ce by s do+8 ,a my/ical socialism is by no means unrealizable "u c]ta9 conditions1 &1 f> f con/itut+ an ob/acle to religi\s free-?\ght1 x might become "o ( its mo/ important manife/ations4 ,b :at has hi!rto r5d]$ socialism impracticable & utopian is t x has aim$ at subjugat+ ! :ole ( mank9d1 r ?an "s small social gr\p4 ,:at has be5 aim$ at is /ate socialism2 ! case has be5 ! same 9 ! matt] ( religion4 ,b sy/ems ( socialism & ( religi\s doctr9e mu/1 9 ! future at lea/1 be address$ to small gr\ps & n to confus$ masses2 mu/ be made ! basis ( manifold & v>i\s associations 9 ! bosom ( society4 ,z its mo/ e>ne/ p>tisans recognize1 socialism presupposes = its success a c]ta9 av]age ( virtue1 t may well obta9 among "s hundr$s ( m5 b n among "s millions4 ,x endeav\rs to e/abli% a sort ( special provid5ce1 :i* w\ld be q incompet5t to manage ! affairs ( ! _w b may well wat* ov] ! int]e/s ( a neighb\rhood4 ,socialism aims m or less at play+ ! "p ( fate1 at pr$et]m9+ ! de/9y ( ! individual1 at supply+ ea* individual ) a c]ta9 av]age am\nt ( happ9ess :i* he c nei!r increase nor dim9i%4 ,socialism is ! apo!osis ( /ate int]f]5ce1 & ! _w 9 g5]al is n dispos$ to wor%ip x2 its ideal is a life :i* is completely =ese51 insur$1 ) ! elem5t ( =tune & ( hope left out1 ) ! heights & ! dep?s ( human life levell$ away--an exi/5ce some:at utilit>ian & uni=m1 regul>ly plott$ (f l ! squ>es on a *eck] bo>d1 incapable ( satisfy+ ! ambiti\s desires ( ! mass ( mank9d4 ,socialism is to-day advocat$ by ! rebels 9 society4 ,its success1 h[ev]1 w\ld dep5d on ! mo/ peaceable1 ! mo/ cons]vative1 ! mo/ b\rgeois p 9 ! _w2 x supplies no suffici5t outlet = ! love ( risk1 ( /ak+ "o's ev]y?+1 ( play+ = ! height ( =tune aga9/ ! dep? ( mis]y1 :i* is "o ( ! ess5tial factors ( human progress4 ,sid5ote3 ,exp]im5ts 9 socialism4 ,practical exp]im5ts 9 socialism are be+ made e day2 !re is 9 ,france ! phalan/]ian association ( ,m4 ,god92 9 ,am]ica !re are ! associations by ! foll[]s ( ,cabet1 n to speak ( o!rs ( a m purely religi\s "*1 su* z ^? ( ! ,quak]s1 ,%ak]s1 etc42 & f9ally1 !re are co-op]ative societies ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,^! av[$ly or unav[$ly sociali/ic exp]im5ts h nev] succe$$ except :5 _! promot]s 7 will+ v rigor\sly to limit _! numb]s2 c]ta9 intellectual & moral defects 9 ! memb]s mu/ inevitably 9 e case h prov$ fatal to !m4 ,socialism is possible only 9 a small society ( ! elect4 ,ev5 ! !ori/s :o once reg>d$ pr(it-%>+ z ! univ]sal panacea recognize to-day t pr(it-%>+ con/itutes a rem$y 9 "s cases only2 t ! lab\r+ classes are n1 z a :ole1 ei!r pati5t1 or pa9/ak+ en\gh to fulfil ! v simple conditions t pr(it-%>+ dem&s4 ,!y are unfit = corporate life1 !y are h>d repell5t individuals1 !y are elem5ts ( dis9tegration2 :5 a small sociali/ic society f9ds !m on its li/ ( memb]s1 x excludes !m2 if mank9d z a :ole =m$ "o great sociali/ic society1 x also w\ld be oblig$ to exclude !m4 ,to univ]salize socialism is to de/roy x4 ,sid5ote3 ,future ( socialism4 ,e sci5tific discov]y passes ?r\gh ?ree di/9ct /ages3 ! /age ( pure !ory1 ( application on a small scale 9 ! laboratory1 ( application on a gr& scale 9 ! _w ( bus9ess4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s t ! developm5t ( an idea is arre/$ 9 ! sph]e ( !ory1 t x does n ent] into ! sph]e ( practice at all1 or t1 completely successful 9 ! laboratory1 x misc>ries :5 ! attempt is made to apply x to bus9ess4 ,if ?is holds true ( sci5tific ideas1 ( devices t dep5d = _! success ^u ! pla/icity ( in]t matt] only1 :i* we may b5d to our w1 a =tiori x mu/ be true ( sociological ideas1 ( exp]im5ts1 ( devices t dep5d = _! success on ! pla/icity ( s v>iable1 s het]og5e\s a sub/ance z human nature4 ,socialism is /ill1 = ! mo/ "p1 at ! !oretical /age2 & ev5 z a !ory socialism is v vague & n v consi/5t &1 :5 ! ef=t is made to put x into practice1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 exp]im5ts 9 ! laboratory1 among conditions t ! exp]im5t] c 9 a measure det]m9e & control1 & 9 ! great _w 9 :i* ev]y?+ is det]m9$ & controll$ = him1 mu/ be rememb]$4 ,! /ate :i* yields to ! s$uction ( "s *>m+ sociali/ic !ory1 & endeav\rs1 z x w endeav\r1 to realize x1 w inevitably be ru9$4 ,social exp]im5ts _c be attempt$ by ! /ate--n ev5 if !y are exp]im5ts 9 religion1 or r 9 especial n if !y are exp]im5ts 9 religion4 ,"s exp]im5ts may at mo/ be obs]v$ by ! /ate & foll[$ ) int]e/ by x2 nay1 ! /ate may ev5 9 c]ta9 cases enc\rage ! mo/ int]e/+ ( !m & subsidize !m z x does c]ta9 indu/rial ent]prises4 ,we are p]suad$ t socialism 9 ! future1 l religion 9 ! pa/1 w appe> 9 _m diff]5t =ms4 ,!re w arise a numb] ( conceptions ( an ideal society1 ea* ( :i* is realizable 9 special circum/ances1 & by p ( "s special disposition4 ,human society :i* to-day1 beyond ! limits ( conv5ts & mona/]ies 7:i* consi/ 9 artificial gr\p+s ( individuals ( ! same sex71 pres5ts a c]ta9 uni=mity ( type1 may well at "s lat] date1 ow+ to complete lib]ty ( association1 & to ! spread ( p]sonal initiative1 pres5t a great v>iety ( types4 ,socialism w n result 9 ! f\nd+ ( a religion1 b x may well result 9 ! f\nd+ ( a numb] ( associations dom9at$ respectively by "s metaphysical or moral idea4 ,socialism w ?us contribute to t multiplicity & div]sity ( beliefs :i* does n exclude b r enc\rages _! practical application4 ,sid5ote3 ,necessity ( all[+ = a multiplicity ( conflict+ ideals4 ,! future1 !re=e1 w leave ! human m9d1 z "t goes on1 m & m at lib]ty2 w p]mit ! individual to d increas+ly z he likes s long z he does n violate ! rights ( anybody else4 ,:at is ! highe/ social ideal8 ,does x lie purely & simply 9 ! practice ( ! necess>y virtues or ( a half consci\s morality1 an unreflect+ b5ignity1 comp\nd$ ( ignorance & cu/om8 ,?is social ideal is realiz$ 9 c]ta9 c\ntries 9 ! ,ori5t1 :]e ,buddhism is dom9ant1 & ! p are s g5tle t ye>s pass )\t a homicide2 & yet life 9 ^! c\ntries 9 n[ise appeals to u z ideal4 ,to ?is sort ( morality mu/ be add$ "s satisfaction ( ! pr9cipal desire ( mank9d1 ( ! desire = economic ease & = practical happ9ess1 & ev5 t w\ld n be en\gh2 = t mu* is realiz$ 9 corn]s ( ,switz]l&1 ( ,portugal1 9 primitive c\ntries l ,co/a ,rica1 :]e pov]ty is unkn[n4 ,arti/s dream ( a life devot$ entirely to art1 to ! beautiful1 ( a life :i* is ho/ile to prosaic & practical virtue1 & ?is ideal 0 realiz$ 9 ! ,r5aissance3 ! ,r5aissance 0 di/+ui%$ by an extraord9>y effloresc5ce ( /hetic in/9ct & moral depravity1 & we 9 n[ise desire to return to x4 ,& if sci5ce1 :i* is ! mod]n ideal1 %\ld become absolute1 we %\ld see a society ( blass ,fau/s :i* w\ld n be m enviable p]haps ?an o!r societies4 ,no2 a complete social ideal mu/ nei!r consi/ 9 b>e morality nor 9 simple economic well-be+1 nor 9 art alone1 nor 9 sci5ce alone--x mu/ consi/ 9 all ( ^! toge!r2 its ideal mu/ be ! greate/ & mo/ univ]sal conceivable4 ,?is ideal is t ( progress1 & progress _c take place 9 "o direction only at a "t2 :oev] advances 9 "o direction only w soon retreat4 ,a po9t ( light %9es 9 all directions simultane\sly4 ,! excell5ce ( religion _c be demon/rat$ by %[+ t x fav\rs "s "o species ( human activity2 morality1 = example1 or art4 ,x is n en\gh to make man moral z ,*ri/ianity & ,buddhism did1 nor to excite 8 /hetic imag9ation z ,paganism did4 ,n "o b all ( 8 faculties mu/ be /imulat$1 & !re is b "o religion t c d x2 & t religion ea* mu/ create = himself4 ,:oev] feels attract$ by a life simil> to t ( a prie/ w d well to become a ,*ri/ian & ev5 a ,quak]1 & ! arti/ w d well to become a pagan4 ,:at is c]ta9 is t no "o ( ! deities :i* mank9d has creat$ & wor%ipp$ is all-suffic+2 mank9d ne$s all ( !m & some?+ m1 = human ?\ght has outgr[n its gods4 ,sid5ote3 ,lib]ty ! condition ( k4 ,"u ! s\nd+ domes ( old ca!drals1 ! e*oes are s num]\s t an imm5se scre5 has sometimes to be /ret*$ across ! nave to break ! rev]b]ations & enable ! prie/'s voice alone to rea* ! fai?ful4 ,?is scre5 :i* is invisible f bel[1 :i* isolates ! sacr$ ^w & dead5s all o!r s\nd1 is /ret*$ n only across ! ca!dral nave b across ! he>t ( e true believ]4 ,x mu/ be torn away2 e voice & ^w mu/ be free to atta9 ! e> ( man2 ! sacr$ ^w rises f no "o ?roat1 b is ! symphony ( all ! voices t s\nd b5ea? ! dome ( heav54 ,sid5ote3 ,decl9e ( ! p[] ( religion4 ,i 0 talk+ "o day ) ,m4 ,r5an ^u ! gradual decrease 9 ! p[] ( religion1 on ! sil5ce t has fall5 on ! div9e ^w1 :i* =m]ly dr[n$ all o!r s\nds4 ,to-day1 x is ! ^w ( nature & humanity1 ( free-?\ght & free s5tim5t1 :i* is tak+ ! place ( oracles & ( sup]natural revelation1 ( dogmatic religion4 ,m4 ,r5an1 ) ! op5ness ( m9d :i* is habitual ) him1 & :i* p>takes inde$ l>gely ( scepticism1 took up at once my po9t ( view4 8,yes10 he said1 8we are all m>*+ t[>d non-religion4 ,aft] all1 :y %\ld n humanity d )\t religi\s dogmas8 ,speculation w take ! place ( religion4 ,ev5 at ! pres5t day1 among advanc$ peoples1 dogmas are dis9tegrat+1 ! incru/ations ( human ?\ght are break+ up4 ,mo/ p 9 ,france are already non-religi\s2 m5 ( ! p h>dly believe m ?an pr(ess$ m5 ( sci5ce2 !y possess _! little fund ( ideas1 m or less pr(\nd1 on :i* !y live1 )\t help f ! prie/4 ,9 ,g]many ! "w ( decomposition is f> advanc$4 ,9 ,engl& x is only 9 its beg9n+s1 b x is mov+ rapidly4 ,*ri/ianity is ev]y:]e giv+ place to free-?\ght4 ,buddhism & ,h9duism are do+ ! same2 9 ,india ! mass ( intellig5t m5 are free-?9k]s1 9 ,*9a !re is no /ate religion4 ,x w take a long :ile1 b religion w 9 ! end disappe>1 & "o may already imag9e = ,europe a "t :5 x w be a ?+ ( ! pa/4444 ,islam is ! "o black spot on ! horizon4 ,! ,turks are n>r[1 rebelli\s aga9/ reason+1 ho/ile to ev]y?+ t lies beyond lit]al fai? 444 b if !y w n foll[ u we %all simply leave !m beh9d1 & ,i ?9k we %all be oblig$ to d s40 ,we %\ld add t1 if "s ,*ri/ians & ,buddhi/s %[ !mselves z backw>d z ! ,turks1 we %all leave !m beh9d also4 ,^? memb]s ( mank9d :o ?9k1 see1 & move =w>d1 are always oblig$ to drag a long tra9 ( ^? :o nei!r see1 nor ?9k1 nor wi% to move =w>d4 ,!y d move =w>d1 h[ev]1 9 ! long run4 ,pr(ess$ advocates ( ! diff]5t positive & dogmatic religions c\nt e day = less & less among ! truly active memb]s ( ! human species2 & we ask no?+ bett]4 ,:oev] does n c\nt = progress practically does n exi/1 & ultimately w n exi/4 ,activity ( ?\ght is becom+ m & m a condition ( exi/5ce2 ! prepond]ant rle t religions play$ 9 ! pa/ is to be expla9$ by ! fact t religion (f]$ almo/ ! sole field ( intellectual & moral activity--! sole issue = ! mo/ elevat$ t5d5cies ( our be+4 ,at t "t !re lay beyond ! limits ( religion no?+ b ! grosse/ & mo/ mat]ial occupations2 !re 0 no kn[n middle gr\nd betwe5 heav5 & e>?4 ,to-day ?is middle gr\nd has be5 discov]$--! gr\nd ( ?\ght4 ,sci5ce & art are born2 & op5 be=e u an inf9ite p]spective1 :]e ea* ( u may f9d an opportunity to employ ! be/ ( our gifts4 ,sci5ce (f]s a field = dis9t]e/$ness & rese>*1 b does n tol]ate vag>ies ( ! imag9ation4 ,x enc\rages en?usiasm1 b n delirium1 & possesses a beauty ( its own1 ! beauty ( tru?4 ,,ii4 ,religi\s anomy & ! sub/itution ( d\bt = fai?4 ,sid5ote3 ,religi\s anomy4 ,i4 ,we h propos$ z ! moral ideal :at we h call$ moral anomy--! abs5ce ( any fix$ moral rule4#aah ,we believe /ill m firmly t ! ideal t[>d :i* e religion ought to t5d is religi\s anomy1 ! complete enfran*isem5t ( ! individual 9 all religi\s matt]s1 ! r$emption ( 8 ?\ght1 :i* is m preci\s ?an 8 life1 ! suppression ( dogmatic fai? 9 e =m4 ,in/ead ( accept+ ready-made dogmas1 we %\ld ea* ( u be ! mak]s ( our own cre$4 ,:atev] ,montaigne may say1 fai? is a s(t] pill[ = idl5ess ?an d\bt4 ,fai? is a species ( ne/ 9 :i* idl5ess lies 9 %elt]1 & hides its head "u ! w>m? & d>kness ( a protect+ w+2 nay1 x is a ne/ prep>$ 9 advance1 l ^? t are sold 9 ! m>kets & made by m51 = birds t are kept 9 cages4 ,we believe t 9 ! future man w be increas+ly unwill+ to live 9 cages & t1 if he ne$s a ne/1 he w con/ruct x himself twig by twig 9 ! op5 air1 & ab&on x :5 he is we>y ( x1 & remake x1 if necess>y1 e spr+time1 at ea* new /age ( 8 ?\ght4 #aah ,see our ,esquisse d'une morale sans obligation ni sanction4 ,sid5ote3 ,religi\s anomy & scepticism4 ,is religi\s anomy1 or ! abs5ce ( religion1 synonym\s ) scepticism8 ,s9ce ! disappe>ance ( ,pyrrhonism & neside9ism1 scepticism is simply a ^w :i* s]ves z a label = ! mo/ dissimil> doctr9es4 ,greek sceptics 7 fond ( call+ !mselves seek]s1 2 a "n :i* is appropriate to e philosoph] z di/+ui%$ f believ]4 ,b h[ ! t]m scepticism 9 its mod]n negative acceptation is abus$6 ,if y d n belong to "s def9ite sy/em ( ?\ght1 y are at once set d[n z a sceptic4 ,b no?+ is fur!r remov$ f a sup]ficial scepticism ?an ! sympa!tic m9d :i*1 precisely because x embraces s l>ge a horizon1 refuses to conf9e itself to "s "o n>r[ po9t ( view1 z 9 a glade a hundr$ feet squ>e or 9 a dim9utive valley betwe5 two m\nta9s4 8,y are n dogmatic en\gh10 ! philosoph] is sometimes told4 8,to :at sy/em d y belong80 8,9 :at class ( ?9k+ insects d y belong80 8,to :at c>d 9 our collection mu/ y be p9n$80 ,a read] always wants to ask an au?or a c]ta9 numb] ( conv5tional que/ions4 ,:at d y ?9k ( su* & su* a problem8 ,( su* & su* ano!r8 ,y are n a spirituali/2 are y !n a mat]iali/8 ,y are n an optimi/2 are y !n a pessimi/8 ,"o mu/ reply1 yes or no1 )\t explanatory amplification4 ,b :at ,i ?9k is ( small importance1 ev5 = myself2 my po9t ( view is n ! c5tre ( ! univ]se4 ,:at ,i am seek+ to le>n1 :at y are seek+ to le>n1 is ! cont5ts ( human ?\ght 9 all its v>iety & complexity4 ,if ,i /udy myself x is n because ,i am myself1 b because ,i am a man l o!r m54 ,if ,i wat* my own little soap bubble1 x is because x conta9s a ray ( ! sun2 my object is precisely to pass beyond ! limits ( my own horizon & n to rema9 )9 !m4 ,m ?an t1 p ^: ideas are fix$1 cle>-cut1 absolute1 are exactly ^? :o h no ideas ( _! own4 ,revelation1 intuition1 religion1 categorical & exclusive affirmation1 are notions ho/ile to mod]n ?\ght1 :i* is 9 its v ess5ce progressive4 ,!re are two sorts ( m53 ^? :o rema9 on ! surface ( ?+s & ^? :o s\nd ! dep?s ( ?+s4 ,!re are sup]ficial m9ds & s]i\s m9ds4 ,9 ,france almo/ all ^? :om we designate z sceptics or z blass are sup]ficial m9ds1 ) an affectation ( pr(undity4 ,!y are also (t5 practical ,epicureans4 ,!re w always be p ready to say1 ) a c]ta9 h]o ( ,balzac's3 8,a good fire1 a good table2 behold ! ideal ( human life60 ,wait+ = d9n] is ! sole occupation ( ! day4 ,b !re w always be o!r p = :om life consi/s 9 an indefatigable activity4 ,sid5ote3 ,feebl5ess ( scepticism4 ,! numb] ( sceptics w n necess>ily be increas$ by ! f9al decay & disappe>ance ( religi\s scepticism1 :i* is a comp\nd ( lightness & ignorance1 re/+ on ! same f\ndation z religi\s prejudice1 on ! abs5ce ( a solid philosophical education4 ,really s]i\s m9ds are ei!r positive or speculative2 a too positive1 common-s5se _s might1 if x became g5]al 9 society1 m5ace x ) a c]ta9 intellectual debasem5t2 b religion w\ld n h9d] its developm5t3 witness ,am]ica4 ,! true means ( *eck+ ! positive _s is to cultivate ! s5se ( beauty & ! love ( art4 ,to speculative m9ds1 on ! o!r h&1 belongs ! future ( humanity2 b f> f be+ dep5d5t ^u dogma1 speculation c fl\ri% only 9 its abs5ce4 ,x is ! life ( speculation to ask que/ions ab\t ! deepe/ conc]ns ( human life2 dogma provides ready-made answ]s1 & speculation _c accept !m4 ,! disappe>ance ( positive religions w give sci5tific & metaphysical speculation a fre% impulse4 ,! speculative _s is ! extreme opposite bo? ( ! _s ( fai? & ( ! _s ( absolute negation4 ,an inquir] may suspect 8 own res\rces1 may recognize 8 own p[]lessness1 b he w nev] give up ! se>*4 ,/rong m9ds w nev] be disc\rag$ or disgu/$1 w nev] be foll[]s ( ,mrime or ,beyle4 ,9 active m5tal lab\r !re is some?+ :i* is wor? m ?an fai? & d\bt toge!r1 z !re is 9 g5ius some?+ :i* is wor? m at once ?an ! some:at silly admiration ( ! multitude & ! disda9ful criticism ( pret5d$ connoisseurs2 excess ( criticism & excess ( cr$ulity are alike p[]less4 ,x is good to be aw>e ( "o's own weakness1 b f "t to "t only2 "o mu/ turn "o's eyes t[>d ! limits ( human intellig5ce1 b n re/ !m !re1 on pa9 ( p>alysis4 8,man10 says ,goe!1 8%\ld believe firmly t ! incompreh5sible w become compreh5sible2 b = t he w\ld cease to scrut9ize & to try40 ,9 spite ( ! numb] ( ideas :i* make _! entrance into & exit f ! human m9d1 :i* rise & set on ! human horizon1 :i* flame up & burn out1 !re is1 9 e human m9d1 an elem5t ( et]nity4 ,on c]ta9 autumn nights "o may obs]ve a v]itable %[] ( a]olites2 hundr$s ( />s deta* !mselves f ! z5i? l lum9\s flakes ( sn[2 ! dome ( heav5 itself seems to h giv5 way1 ! worlds hung above ! e>? seem to h brok5 loose1 & all ! />s at once to be desc5d+ & ab\t to leave ! great firmam5t ( night unv>iegat$1 opaque2 b ! fall+ />s g out "o by "o1 & ! s]5e brilliancy ( ! fix$ />s /ill rema9s2 ! /orm has pass$ b5ea? !m & has n tr\bl$ ! tranquil spl5d\r ( _! rays1 nor ! incessant appeal ( _! fixity & glory4 ,! appeal is "o t man w always respond to2 "u ! op5 sky & ! pressure ( ! problem br\ght home to him by ! great />s1 man does n feel himself feeble unless he pusillanim\sly %uts 8 eyes4 ,humanity w lose none ( its intellectual p[] by ! disappe>ance ( religi\s fai?2 its horizon w gr[ wid] simply1 & ! lum9\s po9ts 9 ! imm5sity ( space w gr[ m num]\s4 ,true g5ius is speculative1 & 9 :atev] environm5t true g5ius is plac$ x w speculate2 x has speculat$ hi!rto despite ( all t or?odox fai? c\ld d1 x w speculate /ill m actively 9 spite ( all t scepticism c d4 ,sid5ote3 ,speculation & practice4 ,& ! practical side ( human life has no?+ to fe> f ! gr[? ( ! speculative _s4 ,giv5 m9ds suffici5tly l>ge1 & ! fact t !y look d[n ^u ! e>? f a height1 does n prev5t !m f see+ human life z x is & z x %\ld be4 ,decid$ly "o mu/ be a man1 a patriot1 a 8tellurian10 z ,amiel said1 ) "s contempt2 to be s may appe> to be a small function 9 ! totality ( ?+s1 b an upright _s w n fulfil x ) less exactitude because he p]ceives its limits & its re/rict$ importance4 ,no?+ is 9 va91 & a =tiori no be+ is 9 va92 small functions are z necess>y z great4 ,if a man ( intellig5ce happ5s to be a port] or a scav5g]1 he %\ld apply himself to t pr(ession ) z mu* devotion z to any o!r4 ,to d well :at "o has to d1 h[ev] humble x may be1 is ! fir/ ( duties4 ,an ant ( g5ius ought n to br+ to ! ant-hill a gra9 ! less1 ev5 ?\gh he 7 capable ( tak+ cognizance ( ! et]nities ( "t & space4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,d\bt z di/+ui%$ f scepticism4 ,,ii4 ,al?\gh ! suppression ( religi\s dogma does n lead to scepticism1 x decid$ly does lead to d\bt1 & we believe t ! mod]n s5se ( d\bt repres5ts a high] /age ( civilization ?an ! fai? 9 dogma t di/+ui%$ =m] times4 ,religi\s fai? is di/+ui%$ f philosophic belief by a subjective diff]5ce4 ,if ! man ( fai? is n altoge!r bl9d1 at lea/ he p]ceives b "o po9t 9 ! intellectual horizon2 he has focuss$ 8 intellig5ce ^u "s "o plot ( gr\nd1 & ! re/ ( ! _w does n exi/ = him2 he returns day aft] day to 8 *os5 corn]1 to ! little ne/ he has made = 8 ?\ghts to dwell 91 z we said above--returns z a dove returns to ! dovecote & sees b x 9 ! imm5sity ( space4 ,fanaticism m>ks a /ill fur!r degree ( contraction 9 "o's intellectual vision4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! great] ! progress ( reflection 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human race1 ! m completely religi\s fai? becomes m]g$ 91 & subord9at$ to1 philosophic conviction2 ! two cease to be di/+ui%able except by a diff]5ce 9 ! degree ( d\bt t !y involve1 a d\bt :i* itself re/s ^u a cle>ness 9 "o's vision ( ?+s4 ,z reflection becomes m pr(\nd1 x manife/s "h z ev]y:]e its de/ructive influ5ce ^u in/9ct2 ev]y?+ t is in/9ctive1 primitive1 & nave 9 fai? disappe>s1 &1 along ) x1 disappe>s ev]y?+ t con/itut$ its /r5g?1 t made x s p[]ful 9 ! human he>t4 ,true /r5g? lies 9 ! human reason1 9 complete self-consci\sness1 9 a consci\sness ( ! problems ( life1 ( _! complexity1 ( _! difficulties4 ,sid5ote3 ,ideal gradation ( fai?4 ,fai?1 z we h se51 consi/s 9 affirm+ ?+s n capable ( objective v]ification1 ) ! same subjective satisfaction z if !y c\ld be v]ifi$3 9 attribut+ to ! unc]ta9 z great a value z to ! c]ta9--nay1 p]haps a great] value4 ,! ideal ( ! philosoph]1 on ! contr>y1 w\ld be a p]fect correspond5ce betwe5 conclusiv5ess ( evid5ce & degree ( belief4 ,! intellectual satisfaction t we take 9 our beliefs1 ! degree ( t5acity ) :i* we hold !m1 %\ld v>y precisely ) ! complet5ess & c]ta9ty ( our k4 ,a primitive intellig5ce _c be cont5t to rema9 9 susp5se1 x mu/ decide "o way or ! o!r2 x is ! m>k ( a m p]fect intellig5ce to rema9 9 d\bt 9 ref]5ce to :at is d\btful4 ,cr$ulity is intellectual orig9al s94 ,sid5ote3 ,unc]ta9ty ( metaphysics4 ,employ+ ! ^w c]titude /rictly = :at is c]ta91 & mean+ by belief :at is plausible or probable only1 :5 "o is inve/igat+ "s m]e matt] ( fact1 "o may 9 ! end be able to say positively su* & su* is c]ta91 is :at ! future w affirm on ?is po9t2 b1 :5 ! degree ( c]titude involv$ am\nts to no m ?an to probability or ev5 possibility1 & to metaphysical possibility at t1 x is ridicul\s to say3 8,i believe su* & su* a ?+2 su* & su* is !re=e ! dogma t ev]ybody ought to adopt40 ,su* positive basis = metaphysical inductions z exi/s is too unev5 n to result 9 a div]g5ce 9 ! l9es ( ! hypo!ses :i* rise f x into ! obscure heights ( ! unkn[n2 no two ( our glances t[>d ! inf9ite are p>allel2 our attempts at solv+ metaphysical problems are little m ?an rockets %ot caprici\sly into ! sky4 ,! philosoph] c d little m ?an take cognizance ( ! div]g5ce ( rival hypo!ses1 & ( _! equality & equal insuffici5cy 9 ! eye ( reason4 ,sid5ote3 ,po/ulates = purposes ( practice4 ,b ! problem ( action pres5ts itself to ! philosoph] no less ?an to ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,= purposes ( conduct "s "o among ! div]g+ l9es ( human speculation mu/ be *os52 philosophic ?\ght mu/ be left to describe its curves & circles above our heads :ile we walk1 if n sure-foot$ly at lea/ 9 "s def9ite direction1 ^u ! e>?4 ,"o is sometimes = practical purposes oblig$ to rely on d\btful premises z if !y 7 c]ta94 ,su* a *oice1 h[ev]1 is simply an inf]ior & exceptional means ( *oos+ among hypo!ses :i* "o has nei!r ! "t nor ! p[] exactly to te/4 ,"o cuts loose f "o's d\bts1 b ! exp$i5t is a purely practical "o2 cutt+ ! ,gordian knots ( life _c be adopt$ z "o's habitual intellectual proc$ure4 ,fai? :i* leans ) an equal s5se ( security ^u ! c]ta9 & ! unc]ta91 ! evid5t & ! d\btful1 %\ld be b a provisional /ate ( m9d =c$ ^u "o by "s practical necessity4 ,"o ought nev]1 s to speak1 to believe once = all1 to subscribe "o's allegiance =ev]4 ,fai? %\ld nev] be reg>d$ z m ?an a second be/1 & a provisional second be/4 ,! in/ant t action is no long] necess>y1 "o mu/ rev]t to "o's d\bt1 to "o's scruples1 to all ! precautions ( sci5ce4 ,kant did viol5ce to ! natural ord] ( ?+s :5 he ascrib$ to fai? & morals a pr$om9ance ov] reason+2 :5 he gave to ! practical reason1 ^: comm&m5ts may be ! expression simply ( acquir$ habits1 control ov] ! critical & sci5tific reason4 ,8 moral philosophy consi/s 9 erect+ a =egone conclusion into a rule1 :]eas1 z a matt] ( fact1 "o ought n to make up "o's m9d def9itely until all ! evid5ce is 91 until e alt]native *oice has be5 consid]$ & reject$1 if at all1 on good gr\nds2 our beliefs %\ld be reli$ ^u 9 practice exactly 9 proportion to _! probability 9 ! actual /ate ( our k4 ,alt]natives d n exi/ 9 ! out] _w1 !y d n exi/ 9 a /ate ( complete k4 ,! moral ideal is n to multiply !m1 nor to make a leap 9 ! d>k ! habitual me?od ( intellectual proc$ure4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z a categorical imp]ative or a religi\s cr$o = ! travell] "u unkn[n skies2 he is n to be sav$ by fai? b by active & con/ant self-control1 by ! _s ( d\bt & criticism4 ,sid5ote3 ,d\bt & ! religi\s s5tim5t4 ,d\bt is n1 at bottom1 z pr(\ndly oppos$ z might be believ$ to :at is be/ 9 ! religi\s s5tim5t1 x is ev5 a product ( ! religi\s s5tim5t4 ,= d\bt is simply a consci\sness t "o's ?\ght is n absolute--_c seize ! absolute ei!r directly or indirectly2 & s1 consequ5tly1 d\bt is ! mo/ religi\s attitude ( ! human m9d4 ,ev5 a!ism is (t5 less irreligi\s ?an a positive belief 9 ! imp]fect & inconsi/5t ,god ( religion4 ,to be 9 d\bt ab\t ,god is a =m ( ! s5se ( ! div9e4 ,moreov]1 ! con/ant inquiry t d\bt provokes does n necess>ily exclude ! erection ( an alt> to ! unkn[n ,god1 b x excludes ev]y?+ 9 ! nature ( a det]m9ate religion1 ! erection ( an alt> t be>s a "n1 ! e/abli%m5t ( a cult t consi/s 9 rites4 ,9 ! cemet]ies 9 ,tyrol1 a little m>ble bas9 re/s on ea* tomb2 x ga!rs wat] f ! ra9 & ! swall[s f ! eaves ( ! neighb\r+ *ur* come & dr9k f x2 ?is cle> wat]1 t comes f on high1 is a ?\s& times m sacr$1 m deeply bless$ ?an t :i* sleeps 9 ! holy-wat] vessel 9 ! *ur*1 & ov] :i* ! prie/ has /ret*$ 8 h&s4 ,:y %\ld religion1 s to speak1 seque/rate1 retire f public circulation1 ev]y?+ x t\*es8 ,t alone is truly sacr$ :i* is consecrat$ to ! use ( mank9d z a :ole1 :i* passes f h& to h&1 :i* is worn out 9 process ( "t 9 ! s]vice ( humanity4 ,!re has be5 en\gh & to sp>e ( clos$ h\ses1 clos$ temples1 clos$ s\ls--( cloi/]$ & wall$-9 lives1 ( smo!r$ or ext+ui%$ he>ts2 :at is want$ is an op5 he>t & life "u ! op5 sky1 "u ! incessant b5$iction ( ! sun & cl\ds4 ,sid5ote3 ,mode/y ( d\bt4 ,philosophy is (t5 accus$ ( pride because x rejects fai?1 b x 0 ! fa!r ( philosophy1 ,socrates1 :o fir/ said3 8,i "k b "o ?+1 t ,i "k no?+40 ,x is precisely because ! philosoph] kn[s h[ mu* he does n "k t he is n c]ta9 9 reg>d to all ?+s1 b is r$uc$ to rema9 9 d\bt1 to wait anxi\sly & rev]5tially = ! g]m9ation ( ! se$ ( tru? 9 ! di/ant future4 ,to reg>d z c]ta9 :at "o does n positively "k is to violate "o's intellectual consci5ce4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( ! individual1 z f ! po9t ( view ( society1 d\bt is 9 c]ta9 cases a duty--d\bt1 or if y pref]1 me?odical ignorance1 humility1 self-abnegation 9 matt]s intellectual4 ,:]e philosophy is ignorant x is morally oblig$ to say to o!rs & to itself3 8,i d n "k2 ,i d\bt1 ,i hope1 no?+ m40 ,sid5ote3 ,morality ( d\bt4 ,! mo/ orig9al1 & "o ( ! mo/ pr(\ndly moral products ( ! pres5t c5tury1 ( ! c5tury ( sci5ce1 is precisely ?is s9c]e s5se ( d\bt1 ( ! s]i\sness ( e act ( fai?1 ( its n be+ a matt] to be und]tak5 lightly1 ( its be+ a grav] engagem5t ?an _m o!rs t "o hesitates to assume2 to give 9 "o's fai? to an op9ion has come to be l atte/+ "o's allegiance to x by ! m$ival signature1 :i* 0 writt5 9 "o's blood & b\nd "o = all et]nity4 ,at ! po9t ( dea? especially1 :i* is ! v p]iod :5 religion says to a man1 8,ab&on ?yself = an in/ant1 yield to ! =ce ( example1 ( cu/om1 to ! natural disposition to affirm z c]ta9 :at ?\ do/ n "k1 to fe> ( damnation1 & ?\ %alt be sav$0--at ! po9t ( dea? :5 a bl9d act ( fai? is a la/ weakness & a la/ c[>dice1 d\bt is assur$ly ! highe/ & mo/ c\rage\s position ! human ?\ght c assume3 x is a fight to ! f9i% )\t surr5d]2 x is dea? ) all "o's w\nds be=e1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! problem /ill unsolv$1 b fac$ to ! end4 ,,iii4 ,sub/itution ( metaphysical hypo!ses = dogma4 ,sid5ote3 ,scope ( metaphysics4 ,beyond ! limits ( sci5ce !re lies /ill a field = hypo!sis1 & = t o!r sci5ce call$ metaphysics1 ! aim ( :i* is to e/imate ! comp>ative value ( hypo!ses2 to "k1 to suppose1 to reason1 to inquire1 are ( ! ess5ce ( ! mod]n m9d2 we no long] ne$ dogma4 ,religion1 :i* 9 ! beg9n+ 0 a nave sci5ce1 has ultimately become ! enemy ( sci5ce2 9 ! future x mu/ give way be=e sci5ce or mu/ become m]g$ 9 "s really sci5tific hypo!sis2 an hypo!sis1 t is to say1 :i* ackn[l$ges itself to be su*1 :i* decl>es itself to be provisional1 :i* measures its utility by ! am\nt x expla9s2 & aspires to no?+ bett] ?an to give place to an hypo!sis t %all be m inclusive4 ,sci5ce & rese>* outweigh /ation>y adoration4 ,! et]nal elem5t 9 religion is ! t5d5cy :i* produc$ !re ! ne$ ( an explanation1 ( a !ory t %all b9d mank9d & ! _w toge!r2 ! indefatigable activity ( m9d :i* decl9es to /op at ! brute fact :i* produc$ 9 =m] times ! tangle ( contradictory my?s & leg5ds n[ transmut$ into ! co-ord9ate & h>moni\s body ( sci5ce4 ,:at is respectable 9 religion is precisely ! g]m ( ! _s ( metaphysics & sci5tific inve/igation1 :i* is to-day prov+ fatal to religions4 ,sid5ote3 ,di/9ction betwe5 metaphysical & religi\s s5tim5t4 ,religi\s s5tim5t prop]ly s call$ mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! in/9ct = metaphysics1 ! two are utt]ly di/9ct4 ,! fir/ is de/9$ to decl9e ) ! ext5sion ( k2 ! o!r1 "u "s =m or o!r1 w always cont9ue4 ,! in/9ct = free speculation corresponds 9 ! fir/ place to an inde/ructible s5se ( ! limits ( positive k3 x is an e*o 9 u ( ! undy+ my/]y ( ?+s4 ,x corresponds to an inv9cible t5d5cy 9 ! human m9d to ! ne$ = an ideal2 to ! ne$1 n only ( ! intellig5ce b ( ! he>t1 to pass beyond ! limits ( ! visible & tangible _w4 ,! w+s ( ! s\l are too long to fly close to ! e>?1 ! s\l is =m$ to move 9 long swoops & circles 9 ! op5 sky4 ,all x ne$s is to be lift$ above ! e>?2 (t5 x is unable to d ?is ( itself1 & its long w+s beat & trail 9 ! du/4 ,& to :at p[] is x to look = its prelim9>y />t8 ,to its v desire = unkn[n spaces1 to its desire = an inf9ite & insecure ideal4 ,nature1 z positive sci5ce reveals x to u1 is1 no d\bt1 ! sole inconte/able div9ity1 ! deus c]tus1 z ! ,emp]or ,aurelius call$ ! ,sun2 b its v c]titude con/itutes an elem5t ( inf]iority4 ,sun-light is n ! mo/ brilliant light2 ! reality c h no la/+ pret5sions to be reg>d$ z div9e4 ,! ideal ,god is necess>ily ! deus inc]tus1 a problematical1 p]haps ev5 fictiti\s ,god4 ,sid5ote3 ,p]si/5ce ( metaphysical problems4 ,?is s5se at once ( ! limits ( sci5ce & ( ! inf9ity ( human aspirations makes x =ev] inadmissible = man to ab&on all ef=t to solve ! great problem ( ! orig9 & de/9y ( ! univ]se4 ,! *ild1 ,sp5c] says1 may hide 8 head "u ! b$-clo!s1 & = an in/ant escape consci\sness ( ! d>kness outside2 b 9 ! long run ! consci\sness subsi/s1 ! imag9ation cont9ues to dwell ^u :at lies beyond ! limits ( human conception4 ,! progress ( human ?\ght has consi/$ less 9 discov]+ answ]s to ultimate problems ?an 9 discov]+ m precise me?ods ( =mulat+ ! problems !mselves2 ! enigmas are no long] /at$ 9 primitive t]ms4 ,?is *ange 9 /atem5t is a pro( ( ! progress & gr[? 9 ! human m9d2 b ! problems unhappily are z difficult z ev] to solve4 ,up to ! pres5t mom5t no suffici5t answ] has be5 sugge/$1 ! my/]y has simply be5 transpos$ f "o place to ano!r2 s mu* s t ,sp5c] says ! sci5tific int]pretation ( ! univ]se is z full ( my/]ies z !ology2 & he comp>es human k to a lum9\s globe 9 ! mid/ ( inf9ite d>kness4 ,! l>g] ! globe becomes ! great] ! dep? & ext5t ( d>kness t x reveals1 insomu* t increase ( sci5ce b enl>ges ! abyss ( our ignorance4 ,sid5ote3 ,possible f9it5ess ( ! unkn[n4 ,"o mu/1 h[ev]1 be on "o's gu>d aga9/ exagg]ation4 ,! univ]se is inf9ite1 no d\bt1 & consequ5tly ! mat]ial ( human sci5ce is inf9ite1 b ! univ]se is dom9at$ by a c]ta9 numb] ( simple laws ) :i* we may become cont9u\sly bett] & bett] acqua9t$4 ,_m g5]ations ( m5 w\ld be necess>y to ma/] 9 all _! complexity ! v$ic epics1 b we are able ev5 to-day to =mulate ! pr9ciples :i* dom9ate !m1 & x is n impossible t we may "s day be able to d ! same = ! epic ( ! univ]se4 ,we may be able ev5 to g ! l5g? ( a*iev+ precision 9 our ignorance1 ( m>k+ 9 ! inf9ite *a9 ( ph5om5a ! l9ks :i* mu/ =ev] be hidd5 f u4 ,x is n accurate1 !re=e1 to say t our ignorance increases ) our k1 al?\gh x may be consid]$ z probable t our k w always be aw>e ( some?+ t escapes x1 & may come 9 "t to be able m & m di/9ctly to def9e1 h[ev] negatively1 ! nature ( ?is residuum4 ,! inf9ity ( ! unkn[able1 ev51 is no m ?an hypo!tical4 ,we p]haps flatt] ourselves 9 ! belief t we possess any?+ t is inf9ite--ev5 ignorance4 ,p]haps ! sph]e ( our k is l ! t]re/rial globe1 envelop$ by b a ?9 atmosph]e ( ! unkn[able & unkn[n2 p]haps !re is no basis & f\ndation ( ! univ]se1 j z !re is no basis & f\ndation ( ! e>?2 p]haps ! ultimate secret ( ?+s is ! gravitation ( ph5om5a4 ,! unkn[n is ! air we brea!1 b x is p]haps no m inf9ite ?an ! e>?'s atmosph]e1 & "o's consci\sness ( an unkn[able inf9ity c no m be reg>d$ z ! basis ( k ?an ! atmosph]e ( ! e>? c be reg>d$ z ! f\ndation ^u :i* ! e>? re/s4#aai #aai ,! notion ( ! unkn[able has be5 ! subject ( a lively discussion 9 ,engl& & 9 ,france4 ,see on ?is po9t ! "w ( ,m4 ,paulhan 9 ! ,revue philosophique1 t4 vi4 p4 #bgi4 ,sid5ote3 ,di/9ction betwe5 religion & metaphysics4 ,unkn[able or n1 inf9ite or f9ite1 ! unkn[n w always be ! object ( metaphysical hypo!ses4 ,b is to admit ! p]petuity ( metaphysical hypo!ses to admit ! et]nity ( religion8 ,! "q involves an ambiguity ( words4 ,sp5c] def9es religi\s ?\ght z t :i* deals ) all t lies beyond ! sph]e ( ! s5ses1 b t is precisely ! field ( philosophic ?\ght2 philosophy 9 its entirety1 !re=e1 & n religion only1 is includ$ 9 ,sp5c]'s def9ition4 ,nay m1 sci5ce itself is 9 "p includ$ 9 ,sp5c]'s def9ition1 = sci5ce1 :i* takes cognizance ( ev]y?+ )9 ! rea* ( p]ception & reason+1 by t v fact und]takes to fix ! limit ( _! p[]1 & ?us indirectly t\*es ^u ! field ( ! unkn[able--if n to ent] x1 at lea/ to outl9e x1 & t itself con/itutes a sort ( negative acqua9tance ) x4 ,k is ess5tially critical & self-critical4 ,! et]nity ( philosophy & ( sci5ce mu/1 no d\bt1 be admitt$2 b ! et]nity ( religion1 z t ^w is usually und]/ood1 9 n[ise foll[s f t admission4 ,sid5ote3 ,sp5c]'s unkn[able4 ,accord+ to ,sp5c]1 ! unkn[able itself is n absolutely unkn[able4 ,among ! my/]ies1 :i* become m my/]i\s z !y are m deeply reflect$ ^u1 !re w rema91 ,sp5c] ?9ks1 = man "o absolute c]titude--t he is 9 ! pres5ce ( an inf9ite & et]nal en]gy :i* is ! s\rce ( all ?+s4 ,! =mula ( human c]titude is op5 to discussion4 ,! man ( sci5ce is m incl9$ to believe 9 an inf9ite numb] ( en]gies ?an 9 an inf9ite en]gy1 9 a sort ( me*anical atomism1 a subdivision ( =ce ad inf9itum r ?an 9 monism4 ,moreov]1 no religion c /op ) ! b>e affirmation ( ! exi/5ce ( an et]nal en]gy or inf9ity ( en]gies4 ,x mu/ ma9ta9 ! exi/5ce ( "s relation betwe5 ^! en]gies & human morality1 betwe5 ! direction ( ^! en]gies & t ( ! moral impulse 9 mank9d4 ,b a relation ( ?is sort is ! la/ ?+ 9 ! _w t c be d$uc$ f ! doctr9e ( evolution4 ,hypo!ses 9 reg>d to ! matt] may ( c\rse be devis$1 b1 f> f possess+ a "* ( c]titude1 su* hypo!ses w\ld r1 f ! po9t ( view ( pure sci5ce1 display a positive improbability4 ,human morality1 if x be consid]$ sci5tifically1 is a "q t conc]ns ! /ruggle = exi/5ce & n a "q t conc]ns ! univ]se4 ,:at di/+ui%es ! natural =ces1 ) :i* sci5ce deals1 f gods1 is precisely t ! =m] are indiff]5t to ! morality or immorality ( our lives4 ,9 spite ( our increas+ admiration = ! complexity ( ! ph5om5a ( ! _w1 = ! solid>ity t obta9s among !m1 = ! lat5t or active life :i* animates all ?+s1 we h n yet demon/rably discov]$ 9 ! _w a s+le elem5t ( div9ity4 ,sci5ce does n reveal to u a univ]se spontane\sly lab\r+ = ! realization ( :at we call goodness3 goodness is to be realiz$1 if at all1 only by our b5d+ ! _w to our purposes1 by enslav+ ! gods t we once ador$1 by replac+ ! reign ( ,god by ! reign ( man4 ,sid5ote3 ,sp5c]'s foll[]s 9 ,france4 ,! alleg$ reconciliation ( sci5ce & religion 9 ,sp5c]'s pages is n made out except by virtue ( an ambiguity 9 t]ms4 ,p>tisans ( religion h1 h[ev]1 ha/5$ to welcome ^! app>5t concessions 9 _! fav\r & h bas$ on !m an argum5t = ! p]petuity ( dogmas4 ,j\ffroy has told u h[ dogmas become ext9ct2 rec5tly "o ( 8 successors at ! ,sorbonne endeav\r$ to %[ 8h[ dogmas come into be+ aga910 & he took 8 /& ) ,sp5c] on an ambiguity 9 t]ms4 ,by dogmas ,m4 ,c>o meant ! pr9cipal po9ts ( ! orig9al doctr9e ( ! s\l--z if "o c\ld apply ! "n dogma to philosophical hypo!ses1 ev5 ?\gh !y be et]nal hypo!ses6 ,! important ?+1 h[ev]1 is to und]/& ea* o!r2 if problems :i* con/antly recur1 & con/antly receive hypo!tical solutions1 are to be call$ dogmas1 !n dogmas d come to life aga91 & may be expect$ always to d s2 multa r5asc5tur qu jam cecid]e1 cad5tque4444 ,b if t]ms be employ$ z a philosoph] %\ld employ !m1 ) precision1 h[ c metaphysical conclusions be reg>d$ z dogmas8 ,exam9e ! writ+s ( ,h]aclitus1 ! evolutioni/2 ,plato1 ! contemplator ( ideas2 ,ari/otle1 ! =mulat] ( ! laws ( ?\ght2 ,desc>tes1 ! inquir] :o s\ght 9 an abyss ( d\bt = ! absolute crit]ion ( tru?2 ,leibnitz1 :o reg>d$ himself z ! mirror ( ! univ]se2 ,sp9oza1 lo/ 9 ! he>t ( inf9ite sub/ance2 ,kant1 resolv+ ! univ]se into ?\ght & ?\ght into ! moral law2 :]e are ! dogmas 9 ^! great metaphysical poems8 ,!y are n sy/ems ( dogma1 !y are sy/ems m>k$ by ! individuality ( g5ius1 al?\gh conta9+ some?+ ( ! et]nal philosophy1 ! p]5nis philosophia ( ,leibnitz4 ,e sy/em1 z su*1 is precisely ! means ( demon/rat+ ! insuffici5cy ( ! c5tral idea :i* dom9ates x1 & ! necessity = ! human m9d ( pass+ beyond x4 ,to sy/ematize is to develop a gr\p ( ideas to _! logical conclusion1 &1 by t v fact1 to %[ h[ mu* !y d n include1 h[ f> !y fall %ort ( exhau/+ human ?\ght z a :ole2 to con/ruct is to demon/rate ! weight ( ! mat]ial "o is build+ )1 & ! impossibility ( pil+ x up to heav54 ,e sy/em requires a c]ta9 numb] ( ye>s to br+ x to completion1 & !n1 :5 ! edifice is a*iev$1 "o may "o's self m>k ! po9ts :]e x w beg9 to crack1 :at columns w yield fir/1 :]e its ultimate decay w beg94 ,to recognize t ! subsid5ce & decay ( a ?+ is rational1 is to be resign$ to x & 9 "s measure consol$ = x2 b :atev] is useful is necess>ily transitory1 = x is useful = an end2 & x is ?us t ! utility ( a sy/em implies t x w "s day make way = some?+ else4 8 10 says dogma2 8 10 ! philosoph] says4 ,sy/ems die & dogmas die2 s5tim5ts & ideas survive4 ,:atev] has be5 set 9 ord] falls into disord]1 b\nd>ies become oblit]at$1 /ructures fall into du/2 :at is et]nal is ! du/ itself1 ! du/ ( doctr9e1 :i* is always ready to take on a new =m1 to fill a new m\ld1 & :i*1 f> f receiv+ its life f ! fugitive =ms x fills1 l5ds !m !irs4 ,human ?\ghts live1 n by _! cont\rs b f )94 ,to und]/& !m !y mu/ be tak51 n z !y appe> 9 any "o sy/em1 b z !y appe> 9 a succession ( diff]5t & (t5 div]se sy/ems4 ,sid5ote3 ,in/ability ( metaphysics4 ,z speculation & hypo!sis are et]nal1 s also is ! in/9ct = philosophy & metaphysics :i* corresponds to !m et]nal1 ?\gh x is p]petually *ang+4 ,x appe>s at ! pres5t day z some?+ widely diff]5t f ! intimate c]titude ( dogma1 ( confid5t & placid fai?4 ,if indep5d5ce ( m9d & fre$om ( speculation are n )\t _! sweetness1 _! attractiv5ess1 _! intoxication1 !y are n )\t _! bitt]ness & disquietude4 ,we mu/ make up our m9ds to-day to accept a c]ta9 modicum ( intellectual suff]+ z insep>able f our treasure ( intellectual joy2 = ! life ( ! _s1 l t ( ! body1 foll[s a j mean betwe5 pleasure & pa94 ,int5se metaphysical emotion1 l int5se /hetic emotion1 possesses always an elem5t ( sadness4#abj ,! day w come :5 ! grav] moods ( ! human he>t w sometimes dem& satisfaction z !y dem&$ & f\nd satisfaction 9 ,h]aclitus & ,j]emiah4 ,x is inevitable t !re %\ld be an elem5t ( melan*oly 9 ! emotional sett+ ( metaphysical speculation--z !re inevitably is 9 ! p]ception ( ! sublimity we feel ourselves incapable ( atta9+1 9 ! exp]i5ce ( d\bt1 ( intellectual evil1 ( moral evil1 ( s5sible evil :i* are m+l$ ) all our joys1 & ( :i* d\bt itself is b a rev]b]ation 9 consci\sness4 ,!re is an elem5t ( suff]+ 9 all pr(\nd philosophy z 9 all pr(\nd religion4 #abj ,see our ,problmes de l'e/htique contempora9e1 #a/ "p4 ,sid5ote3 ,communion ) ! univ]se4 ,"o day :5 ,i 0 seat$ at my desk my wife came up to me & exclaim$3 8,h[ melan*oly y look6 ,:at is ! matt] ) y8 ,te>s1 mon ,dieu6 ,is x any?+ t ,i h done80 8,( c\rse x is n2 x is nev] any?+ t y h done4 ,i 0 weep+ ov] a bit ( ab/ract ?\ght1 ( speculation on ! _w & ! de/9y ( ?+s4 ,is !re n en\gh mis]y 9 ! _w to ju/ify an aimless te>8 & ( joy to ju/ify an aimless smile80 ,! great totality ( ?+s 9 :i* man lives may well dem& a smile or a te> f him1 & x is 8 consci\s solid>ity ) ! univ]se1 ! imp]sonal joy & pa9 t he is capable ( exp]i5c+1 ! faculty1 s to speak1 ( imp]sonaliz+ himself1 t is ! mo/ durable elem5t 9 religion & philosophy4 ,to sympa?ize ) ! :ole univ]se1 to inquire ! secret ( x1 to wi% to contribute to its amelioration1 to ov]pass ! limits ( our egoism & live ! life ( ! univ]se1 is ! di/+ui%+ pursuit ( humanity4 ,sid5ote3 ,summ>y4 ,religion1 !re=e1 may pass away )\t 9 ! lea/ affect+ ! metaphysical in/9ct1 or ! emotion :i* accompanies its ex]cise4 ,:5 ! ,hebrews 7 m>*+ t[>d ! promis$ l& !y felt t ,god 0 ) !m1 ,god _h spok5 & _h told !m :at lay beyond1 & at night a pill> ( fire light$ !m on _! way4 ,! pill> ( fire has burn$ out1 & we are no long] sure t ,god is ) u2 we possess no o!r fire to light u on our way ?r\gh inf9ite night b t ( our intellig5ce4 ,if we c\ld b be sure t !re is a promis$ l&--t o!rs may atta9 x z well z we--t ! des]t really has an end6 ,b we are n c]ta9 ev5 ( t2 we are seek+ = a new _w & are n positive t x exi/s2 nobody has j\rney$ ?i!r1 nobody has return$ !nce1 & our sole hope ( repose lies 9 discov]+ x4 ,& we %all g =w>d =ev]1 ! puppets ( an indefatigable hope4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,association4 ,,! ,,p]man5t ,,elem5t ,,( ,,religions ,,9 ,,social ,,life4 ,,social ,,aspect ,,( ,,religions--,,religi\s ,,communities ,,& ,,*ur*es--,,ideal ,,type ,,( ,,volunt>y ,,association--,,its ,,div]se ,,=ms4 ,i4 ,associations = intellectual purposes--,h[ su* associations might pres]ve ! mo/ preci\s elem5ts ( religions--,societies = ! advancem5t ( sci5ce1 philosophy1 religion--,dang]s to avoid--,popul>ization ( sci5tific ideas2 propag&ism 9 ! int]e/s ( sci5ce4 ,,ii4 ,associations = moral purposes--,t5d5cy ( religion 9 ! be/ m9ds to become "o ) *>ity--,pity & *>ity w survive dogma--,rle ( en?usiasm 9 moral propag&ism--,necessity ( hope to su/a9 en?usiasm--,possibility ( propagat+ moral ideas3 #a4 ,ap>t f my?s & religi\s dogmas2 #b4 ,ap>t f any notion ( a religi\s sanction--,baudelaire's conception ( a crim9al & happy h]o--,criticism ( t conception--,wor%ip ( ! memory ( ! dead4 ,,iii4 ,associations = /hetic purposes--,wor%ip ( art & nature--,art & poetry w sev] _! connection ) religion & w survive x--,necessity ( develop+ ! /hetic s5tim5t & ! wor%ip ( art1 z ! religi\s s5tim5t becomes m feeble--,poetry1 eloqu5ce1 music2 _! rle 9 ! future--,f9al sub/itution ( art = rites--,wor%ip ( nature--,feel+ = nature orig9ally an ess5tial elem5t ( ! religi\s s5tim5t--,sup]iority ( a wor%ip ( nature ov] wor%ip ( human art--,nature is ! true temple ( ! future4 ,sid5ote3 ,association & religion4 ,! mo/ durable practical idea 9 possession ( ! religi\s _s1 z ( ! _s ( re=m1 is t ( association4 ,9 ! beg9n+1 z we h se51 religion 0 ess5tially sociological1 by its conception ( a society ( gods & m54 ,! elem5t ( v>i\s religions t w survive 9 ! non-religion ( ! future is precisely ?is conception1 t ! ideal ( humanity & ev5 ( nature consi/s 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( clos] & clos] social relations betwe5 all k9ds ( be+s4 ,religions1 !re=e1 h ju/ly *os5 to call !mselves associations & glises1 t is to say1 assemblies4 ,x is by =ce ( assemblies1 secret or op51 t ! great ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian religions h conqu]$ ! _w4 ,*ri/ianity has ev5 result$ 9 ! notion ( an univ]sal *ur*1 fir/ militant1 !n triumphant1 & unit$ 9 love2 al?\gh1 by a /range ab]ration1 in/ead ( reg>d+ univ]sality z an ideal1 z ! inaccessible limit ( an indef9ite evolution1 ,ca?olicity has be5 pres5t$ z already realiz$ 9 a sy/em ( dogmas :i* !re 0 no?+ to d b to dissem9ate1 & t1 if ne$ be1 by =ce4 ,?is mi/ake has be5 ! ru9 ( dogmatic religions1 & x /ill subsi/s1 ev5 9 religions :i* h transmut$ _! dogmas into symbols2 = an univ]sal symbol is less conceivable ?an an univ]sal dogma4 ,! only univ]sal ?+ is & %\ld be precisely ! lib]ty accord$ to individuals ( conceiv+ ! et]nal enigma 9 any mann] :atev] t appeals to !m1 & ( associat+ !mselves ) ^? :o %>e ! same hypo!sis4 ,sid5ote3 ,ideal type ( association4 ,! "r ( association1 :i* has hi!rto be5 *eck$ by law1 by ignorance1 by prejudice1 by difficulties ( communication1 etc41 _h sc>cely begun to manife/ its full importance till 9 ! pres5t c5tury4 ,associations ( e k9d w "s day cov] ! globe1 or r ev]y?+1 s to speak1 w be accompli%$ by associate ent]prise2 & )9 ! limits ( ! great body ( society innum]able gr\ps ( ! mo/ div]se k9ds w =m & dissolve ) an equal facility1 )\t imp$+ ! g5]al movem5t4 ,! ideal type ( e =m ( association is a comp\nd ( ! ideal ( socialism & ( ! ideal ( individualism--su* a =m ( association1 t is to say1 z w af=d ! individual at once ! maximum ( pres5t & future security1 & ! maximum ( p]sonal lib]ty4 ,e insurance company is an association ( ?is k9d2 ! individual memb] is protect$ by ! imm5se p[] ( ! association2 8 contribution to ! associate funds is ( ! slighte/1 he is free to jo9 ! association or to )draw f x1 & to lead 8 life absolutely z he *ooses4 ,sid5ote3 ,its v>i\s =ms4 ,! mi/ake ( religions1 & ( sy/ems ( socialism also1 z we h already rem>k$1 is t !y presuppose a society ( individuals morally & intellectually ( ! same type4 ,b human be+s are1 nei!r )9 nor )\t1 copies ( ea* o!r2 ! comp>ative psy*ology & physiology ( races & nations1 sci5ces :i* are /ill embryonic1 w "o day demon/rate ! div]sity :i* exi/s betwe5 diff]5t divisions ( ! human species &1 ow+ to atavisms ( v>i\s k9ds1 ev5 betwe5 individuals ( ! mo/ /rictly homog5e\s divisions & gr\ps4 ,religi\s1 metaphysical1 & moral s5tim5t w "o day appe> 9 v v>i\s =ms1 & give rise to associations ( e k9d--"s individuali/ic1 "s sociali/ic--s t m5 ( ! same /amp may mutually aid & enc\rage ea* o!r1 "u condition1 h[ev]1 ( pres]v+ _! complete indep5d5ce1 _! p]fect "r to *ange _! beliefs :5 !y w4 ,union & indep5d5ce %\ld g h& 9 h&2 ev]y?+ %\ld be %>$1 b nobody %\ld be compell$ to give or to receive2 m9ds may be made transp>5t )\t los+ _! fre$om ( movem5t4 ,! future1 9 a ^w1 belongs to association1 provid+ x be volunt>y association1 = ! augm5tation1 & n = ! sacrifice ( p]sonal lib]ty4 ,if we pass f ^! g5]al pr9ciples to _! p>ticul> applications we f9d ?ree ess5tial k9ds ( volunt>y association t seem de/9$ to survive religions3 associations = intellectual purposes1 = moral purposes1 = emotional purposes4 ,i4 ,associations = intellectual purposes4 ,sid5ote3 ,associations = ! advancem5t ( rese>*4 ,x w always be possible = m5 ( sci5ce to associate = ! purpose ( v]ify+ & collect+ evid5ce 9 reg>d to doctr9es & beliefs :i* !y !mselves recognize z provisional only4 ,!re are divisions & subdivisions 9 ! _w ( ?\ght1 :i* resemble ! geographical division ( ! e>?2 ^! divisions practically result f ! division ( lab\r2 ea* p]son has a di/9ct task to fulfil1 a di/9ct object to :i* he mu/ apply 8 intellig5ce4 ,! :ole body ( lab\r]s unit$ 9 "o & ! same ef=t ( ?\ght1 & turn$ t[>d ! same po9t 9 ! intellectual horizon1 t5d naturally to gravitate t[>d ea* o!r2 e =m ( co-op]ation t5ds to become an association4 ,we all ( u belong to "s intellectual prov9ce1 we h all ( u a m5tal native l&1 9 :i* we f9d our fell[-citiz5s1 our bro!rs t[>d :om we are impell$ by a natural sympa?y4 ,?is sympa?y is explicable z a vague consci\sness ( ! solid>ity exi/+ betwe5 ! :ole body ( intellig5t human be+s :o inevitably take an int]e/ 9 ea* o!r1 :o love to %>e tru? or error1 z !y love to %>e pleasure or pa93 x is good to see m5 draw toge!r & agree1 provid+ !y d n !reby lose flexibility2 provid+ _! solid>ity becomes a condition ( progress & n ( immobility4 ,m5 w always delight 9 contribut+ _! /ore ( ideas to ! common /ock1 z ! disciples ( ,socrates br\ght _! d9n]s & %>$ !m 9 ! little h\se 9 ,a!ns2 k1 supposition1 or prejudice1 9 common1 draws p toge!r l a common love4 ,our he>ts %\ld g out fir/ to ^? :o are ne>e/ to u1 to ^? :o are our neighb\rs 9 ! field ( intellig5ce4 ,lab\r n only fa%ions ! object x is exp5d$ on1 x fa%ions ! lab\r]2 simil>ity ( occupation pursu$ ) ! same ard\r ends by produc+ simil>ity ( he>t4 ,companion%ip 9 lab\r1 ( :atsoev] k9d x may be1 con/itutes "o ( ! /ronge/ ties among m54 ,9 our days associations are =m$ among m5 ( sci5ce or inve/igators1 z among j\rneym5 foll[+ ! same trade4 ,!re are societies = ! pursuit ( sci5tific1 m$ical1 biological /udies1 etc42 & societies = ! pursuit ( lit]>y & philological /udies1 ( philosophical1 psy*ological1 & moral /udies2 ( economic & social /udies1 & f9ally ( religi\s /udies4 ,^! societies are g5u9e glises1 *ur*es1 b *ur*es = community ( lab\r & n = associate repose 9 a conv5tional fai?2 & !y w increase 9 numb] ) ! subdivision & specialization ( ea* ( ^! sev]al bran*es ( /udy4 ,su* associations are typical ( future associations g5]ally1 religi\s associations includ$4 ,community ( inquiry1 :i* no less ?an community ( fai? gives rise to a feel+ ( frat]nity1 is (t5 sup]ior to community ( fai? & m f]tile ?an x4 ,! highe/ religi\s associations w1 no d\bt1 "s day be associations = ! pursuit ( religi\s & metaphysical /udies4 ,?us ! be/ elem5ts ( individualism & socialism w be reconcil$4 ,! inf9ite ext5sibility ( sci5ce1 ! opportunity t x (f]s inquir]s ( appropriat+ ! results ( ea* o!r's lab\rs1 make association = ! acquisition ( k ! type ( a p]fect association1 ( an association t exi/s = ! b5efit bo? ( ! individuals & ( ! society4 ,sid5ote3 ,sci5tific fanaticism4 ,!re is "o ?+1 h[ev] to be avoid$4 ,op9ions1 & 9 especial op9ions on morals1 social matt]s1 or metaphysical subjects1 acquire1 l ! /icks 9 ! fable1 a prodigi\s p[]1 :5 a numb] ( p hold+ !m 9 common once associate1 :i* is out ( all relation to ! intr9sic value ( ! op9ions !mselves4 ,novalis said3 8,my fai? ga9$ an inf9ite value 9 my eyes ! mom5t ,i saw x %>$ by someone else40 ,! psy*ology ( t rem>k is j2 x calls att5tion to a dang]\s illusion aga9/ :i* precaution %\ld be tak52 = 9 a c]ta9 /ate ( ! emotions x is easi] = two p1 & ev5 = a ?\s&1 to make mi/akes ?an = any "o ( !m sep>ately4 ,sci5ce has its en?usia/s1 & also its fanatics1 & might h at ne$ its advocates ( intol]ance & viol5ce4 ,happily x c>ries ! rem$y = all ?is ) x2 increase sci5ce1 & x becomes ! v pr9ciple ( tol]ance1 = ! greate/ sci5ce is be/ aw>e ( its own limits4 ,sid5ote3 ,association = purposes ( propag&ism4 ,:ile di/+ui%$ m9ds w ?us associate & c>ry on _! lab\rs & speculations 9 common1 m5 :o are occupi$ r ) manual lab\r w associate = ! communication ( _! m or less vague1 m or less irreflective beliefs1 :i*1 h[ev]1 w be increas+ly free f all elem5t ( ! sup]natural z in/ruction spreads among ! p4 ,^! beliefs1 :i* among c]ta9 peoples w be metaphysical1 among c]ta9 o!rs1 su* z ! ,lat9 nations1 w be social & moral4 ,su* associations w be ( e possible k9d1 accord+ to ! op9ions :i* preside ov] _! =mation2 !y w1 h[ev]1 possess ?is trait 9 common1 t !y w m & m rigor\sly exclude any?+ 9 ! nature ( dogma & ( revelation4 ,!y w aim also at becom+ l ! associations ( ?9k]s & m5 ( sci5ce ( :i* we h j spok54 ,x w be ! duty ( p ( education1 9 su* societies1 to h& on ! results ( ! sci5tific & metaphysical inquiries conduct$ by associations high] 9 ! intellectual scale4 ,e temple w ?us be built 9 /ages1 nave on nave1 z 9 c]ta9 anci5t *ur*es1 & ! highe/ ( ^! temples f :i* ! inspir$ ^w w desc5d w be op5 to ! sky & inhabit$ n by believ]s b by unbeliev]s 9 e limitation ( rese>*--by m9ds re/lessly active1 9 que/ ( a m ext5d$ & demon/rable k3 ad lucem p] lucem4 ,sid5ote3 ,association = ! dissem9ation ( useful k4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal effects ( association = intellectual purposes1 ?us conduct$1 w\ld be ! diffusion ( sci5tific ideas among ! p4 ,if religions may be consid]$ z s _m expressions ( ! e>lie/ sci5tific !ories1 ! sure/ means ( combat+ ! errors & ( pres]v+ ! good sides ( religion w\ld be ! dissem9ation ( ! e/abli%$ pr9ciples ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,to dissem9ate is 9 a s5se 8to conv]t10 b to conv]t ! believ] to a fai? 9 indubitable virtues2 ! task is "o :i* is mo/ tempt+ to a philosoph]2 "o is sure t tru? c d no h>m1 :5 x is h&$ on 9 all its purity4 ,a really capital bit ( /atem5t1 a really capital book1 is (t5 bett] ?an a good action2 x c>ries f>!r1 & if an imprud5t act ( h]oism sometimes has a melan*oly end+1 words t speak to ! he>t nev] h4 ,!re are already 9 exi/5ce books = *ildr51 & = ! p1 t are ma/]pieces2 !y supply ! public1 = :i* !y are int5d$1 ) ideas on morality & on c]ta9 sci5ces & supply ^? ideas undisfigur$2 & su* books con/itute m or less sci5tific cate*isms1 :i* are altoge!r sup]ior to religi\s cate*isms4 ,at "s future day su* books w be writt5 9 reg>d to ! great cosmological & metaphysical !ories1 epitomiz+ 9 simple language1 made simpl] by tell+ illu/rations1 ! body ( acquir$ facts or ( probable hypo!ses on ! prime subjects ( human int]e/4 ,! dissem9ation ( k1 /&+ ?us on ! middle plane betwe5 orig9al inquiry & rese>* & popul> ignorance1 w take ! place held by religions1 :i* are !mselves f\nd$ on a collection ( exot]ic notions--a gross & symbolic epitome ( :at once 0 pr(\nd1 & to-day is nave1 9 ! realm ( k4 ,mod]n sci5ce1 if x is to progress1 mu/ be popul>iz$2 l a great riv]1 if x is to gr[ l>g]1 its b$ mu/ be deep5$ & wid5$4 ,sid5ote3 ,sci5tific rese>* op5 to ev]ybody4 ,"o ( ! great advantages ( sci5ce is t x c employ half tal5t & mode/ capacity--a manife/ advantage = x z comp>$ ) art4 ,a m$iocre poet is a z]o 9 ! univ]se--at lea/ sometimes2 b a v ord9>y m9d may be capable ( r5d]+ a g5u9e s]vice by "s almo/ insignificant improvem5t 9 ! me?od ( cov]+ ! wires 9 an electric coil or 9 ! ge> ( a /eam-eng9e2 x w h done its "w 9 ?is _w1 w h paid its tribute1 h won its place 9 ! sun4 ,art _c endure m$iocrity1 sci5ce may rely ^u x--& f9d collaborators ev]y:]e4 ,ow+ to t fact1 sci5ce is capable ( a degree ( democratization t art does n always possess--& t religion alone has equall$4 ,art is capable ( be+ & rema9+ ari/ocratic2 sci5ce disda9s no?+1 ga!rs toge!r all k9ds ( obs]vations1 makes use ( all k9ds & grades ( intellectual p[]4 ,l ! great ,buddhi/ic & ,*ri/ian religions1 sci5ce fav\rs equality1 ne$s ! support ( ! multitude1 ne$s to be nam$ legion4 ,no d\bt a small numb] ( comm&+ m5 ( g5ius are always necess>y to conduct ! "w1 to syn!size ! mat]ials 9 _! totality1 to make ! m fundam5tal inductions4 ,b if ^! m5 ( g5ius 7 isolat$1 !y w\ld be p[]less4 ,e man mu/ contribute a /one1 some:at at haphaz>d1 & ! con/ruction settles firmly on its f\ndation b5ea? ! add$ weight ( all ( !m1 & becomes really inde/ructible4 ,dikes made ( irregul> /ones are ! solide/ ( all4 ,:5 "o walks along su* a dike1 "o feels ! sea rumble & break n only ne> "o b "u "o's v feet2 ! wat] plays va9ly aga9/ ! uncem5t$1 undress$ blocks ( /one )\t be+ able to deta* !m1 ba!s !m all & de/roys none2 su*1 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human m9d1 is sci5ce1 :i* is =m$ ( a multitude ( little facts1 ga!r$ 9 v mu* at haphaz>d1 :i* g5]ations ( mank9d h pil$ up 9 disord]1 & :i* ultimately become s solidly unit$ t no ef=t ( ! imag9ation c disjo9 !m4 ,! human m9d1 9 ! mid/ ( its et]nal ebb & fl[1 feels some?+ solid & inde/ructible 9 its possession t its waves beat aga9/ 9 va94 ,,ii4 ,associations = moral purposes & moral propag&ism4 ,sid5ote3 ,association = uplift+ ! masses4 ,!re is ano!r elem5t ( religion t w survive4 ,m5 n only associate = intellectual purposes1 !y w cont9ue to d s = ! purpose ( m9i/]+ to human suff]+1 ( correct+ errors1 ( dissem9at+ moral ideas4 ,su* associations1 l ^? = intellectual purposes1 are bas$ on a consci\sness ( ! solid>ity & frat]nity ( mank9d1 al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 s f> z ! future is conc]n$1 !re w be no "q ( a frat]nity conceiv$ sup]/iti\sly1 or anti-philosophically1 z aris+ out ( a community ( orig91 f ! same t]re/rial or cele/ial fa!r1 b only ( a rational & moral frat]nity1 aris+ out ( an id5tity ( nature & int]e/4 ,! true philosoph] %\ld say n only1 8,no?+ t is human is /range to me20 b also1 8,no?+ t lives1 suff]s1 & ?9ks is /range to me40 ,! he>t feels at home :]ev] x f9ds ano!r he>t1 ?\gh x ev5 be 9 a l[] ord] ( be+1 & a =tiori1 if x be 9 an equal or high] ord] ( be+4 ,a ,h9du poet1 says ! leg5d1 saw a w\nd$ bird fall /ruggl+ at 8 feet2 ! he>t ( ! poet1 sobb+ ) pity1 /ruggl$ ) ! /ruggles ( ! dy+ bird3 x is ?is flutt]+ ( ! he>t1 ?is measur$ & modulat$ rhy?m ( pa91 :i* 0 ! orig9 ( v]se4 ,l poetry1 religion also orig9at$ 9 ! highe/ & mo/ beautiful manife/ation ( pity4 ,human love = human be+s does n dem&1 z a condition prec$5t1 p]fect spiritual accord2 x is love itself t produces su* accord z is necess>y4 ,love "o ano!r1 & y w und]/& "o ano!r2 light spr+s f ! true union ( he>ts4 ,sid5ote3 ,love ( mank9d 9 ! future4 ,univ]sal sympa?y is a s5tim5t :i* is de/9$ increas+ly to develop 9 future societies4 ,ev5 to-day1 z ! result ( an inevitable evolution1 religion has come to be conf\nd$ 9 ! be/ m9ds ) *>ity4 ,h>d & /]ile among primitive peoples1 little m ?an a collection ( =mul ( propitiation1 religions h come1 ?r\gh _! alliance ) morality1 to be "o ( ! ess5tial s\rces ( human t5d]ness4 ,buddhism & ,*ri/ianity h head$1 fir/ & la/1 ! pr9cipal *>itable organizations e/abli%$ among mank9d4 ,fatally condemn$ z !y are1 at ! end ( a long] or %ort] p]iod1 to intellectual /]ility1 ^! two religions are end[$ ) ! g5ius ( ! he>t4 ,m5 l ,v9c5t de ,paul h little by little come to replace m5 l ,/4 ,augu/9e or ,/4 ,a?anasius1 n )\t pr(it to humanity4 ,?is evolution>y process w1 no d\bt1 cont9ue2 to-day1 = example1 few really tal5t$ !ological works are produc$ by ! prie/hood1#aba b a great _m practical *>ities are excell5tly conceiv$ & execut$ by !m4 ,! day1 no d\bt1 w come :5 ! exp]i5ce ( p]sonal suff]+ w always result 9 a desire to relieve ! suff]+ ( o!rs4 ,physical pa9 usually produces a ne$ ( physical movem5t2 /hetic in/9ct introduces rhy?m into ! movem5t1 trans=ms disord]ly ge/ures into a beautiful regul>ity1 & discordant cries into songs ( pa92#abb moral in/9ct turns ?is ne$ ( movem5t t[>d ! s]vice ( o!r p1 & e mis=tune ?us becomes a s\rce ( pity = ! mis=tunes ( o!rs1 & grief is transmut$ into *>ity4 #aba ,none 9 ,france4 #abb ,see ! au?or's ,problmes d'e/htique1 i4 #c4 ,sid5ote3 ,mu/ f9d expression 9 action4 ,z 9 ! case ( arti/ic s5tim5t1 religi\s s5tim5t at its be/ mu/ be productive1 mu/ /imulate "o's activity4 ,religion1 accord+ to ,/4 ,paul1 means *>ity1 love2 b !re is no *>ity t is n *>ity = someone1 & a really ri* love _c be conf9$ )9 ! limits ( contemplation & my/ic ec/asy1 :i*1 sci5tifically consid]$1 are simply p]v]sions &1 z x 71 spiritual misc>riages4 ,true love mu/ act4 ,! anci5t opposition betwe5 fai? & works is ?us effac$4 ,!re is no p[]ful fai? )\t works1 any m ?an !re is any su* ?+ z a /]ile g5ius or an unproductive tal5t = art4 ,if ,jesus pref]r$ ,m>y1 :o 0 motionless at 8 feet1 to ,m>?a1 :o 0 mov+ ab\t ! h\se1 x 01 no d\bt1 because he p]ceiv$ 9 ! =m] a treasure ( moral en]gy 9 res]ve = ! s]vice ( "s great devotion2 9 res]ve & !re=e only wait+2 sil5t1 ) a sil5ce ( s9c]e love :i* speaks m f]v5tly ?an words4 ,sid5ote3 ,*>ity4 ,*>ity w always con/itute ! po9t ( meet+ betwe5 ! mo/ audaci\s !oretic speculation & ! lea/ audaci\s practical activity4 ,to id5tify "o's self1 ?\ght & he>t1 ) someone else is to speculate 9 ! mo/ *>m+ s5se ( ! ^w1 is to /ake "o's all4 ,& ! risk ( /ak+ 8 all is "o t man w always wi% to run4 ,he is pu%$ to x by ! mo/ vivaci\s impulses 9 8 nature4 ,goe! said t a man is n really wor?y ( ! "n till he has 8begott5 a *ild1 built a h\se1 & plant$ a tree40 ,! details *os5 are some:at trivial1 b ! aphorism embodies ! ne$ = productivity :i* is inh]5t 9 e be+1 ! ne$ to give or to develop life1 to f\nd some?+2 ! be+ :o does n obey ?is impulse is dclass1 is degrad$ bel[ ! rank ( man2 he w suff] f x "s day or o!r1 & die ( x body & s\l4 ,happily absolute egoism is less frequ5t ?an is believ$2 to live solely = "o's self is a sort ( utopia t may be summ$ up 9 ! nave =mula3 ,ev]ybody = me & ,i = nobody4 ,! humble/ ( u1 ! in/ant we und]take a "w ( *>ity1 come into possession ( a complet] self2 we belong at once :olly to ! ent]prise1 to ! idea involv$ 9 x1 to an idea m or less imp]sonal2 we are drawn =w>d 9 spite ( ourselves1 l a swimm] by ! curr5t ( ! /ream4 ,sid5ote3 ,en?usiasm4 ,! promotion ( e ent]prise great & small & ( almo/ e human "w dep5ds on en?usiasm1 :i* has play$ s important a rle 9 religion4 ,en?usiasm presupposes a belief 9 ! possible reality ( an ideal1 an active belief to be manife/$ 9 ef=t4 ,!re is g5]ally b "o way ( demon/rat+ :at is m]ely possible1 & t is by realiz+ x1 by conv]t+ x f possibility into actuality4 ,excessively matt]-(-fact m9ds--m9ds imm]s$ 9 matt]--are condemn$ to %ort-sight$ness 9 ! realm ( ! possible2 analy/s di/+ui% too exactly betwe5 :at is1 & :at is n1 to be able to be ( ! be/ s]vice 9 ! lab\r ( increas+ly trans=m+ ! "o into ! o!r4 ,!re is1 no d\bt1 a po9t ( junction betwe5 ! pres5t & ! future1 b pure intellig5ce f9ds x difficult to lay its f+] on x3 x is ev]y:]e & n[h]e1 or r x is n an in]t po9t b a fly+ po9t1 a direction1 a volition 9 pursuit ( an end4 ,! _w belongs to ! en?usia/1 :o delib]ately deals ) ! 8n yet0 z ! 8already10 & treats ! future z if x 7 ! pres5t2 ! _w belongs to ! syn!tic m9d1 :i* conf\nds ! real & ! ideal 9 its embrace2 ! _w belongs to m5 ( ! volunt>y type1 :o d viol5ce to reality1 & break up its rigid outl9es1 & =ce x to yield up f )9 :at might be=eh&1 9 pure reason1 h ) equal ju/ice be5 pron\nc$ ! possible & ! impossible4 ,! _w belongs to ! prophets & messiahs ( sci5ce2 en?usiasm is necess>y to mank9d1 x is ! g5ius ( ! masses & ! productive elem5t 9 ! g5ius ( individuals4 ,sid5ote3 ,c\rage4 ,! ess5ce ( en?usiasm is hope1 & ! basis ( hope is manl9ess1 is c\rage4 ,c\rage ( despair is n s int5se a phrase z c\rage ( hope4 ,hope & true & active *>ity are "o4 ,if ,hope alone rema9$ 9 ! bottom ( ,p&ora's box x 0 n because %e _h lo/ h] w+s & 0 unable to des]t ! society ( m5 = ! op5 spaces ( ! sky2 x 0 t pity1 *>ity1 devotion1 are v elem5ts ( h] nature2 to hope is to love1 & to love is to wi% to m9i/] to ^? :o suff]4 ,^u ! half-op5 box ( ,p&ora1 f :i* ,hope 9 h] devotion to mank9d refus$ to make h] escape1 %\ld be inscrib$1 z ^u ! lead5 c(f] 9 ! 8,m]*ant ( ,v5ice10 8,:o *oose? me1 mu/ give & haz>d all he ha?40 ,sid5ote3 ,proselytism4 ,! object ( en?usiasm v>ies f age to age3 x 0 once religion1 x may be sci5tific doctr9e & discov]y1 x may above all be moral & social beliefs4 ,x results !refrom t ! _s ( proselytism1 t seems s peculi> to religion1 is de/9$ to survive religion3 x w be trans=m$ simply4 ,e s9c]e & en?usia/ic man ) a surplus ( moral en]gy is at he>t a mission>y1 a propag&i/ ( ideas & beliefs4 ,next to ! joy ( possess+ a tru? or a sy/em :i* seems to be true1 is t ( dissem9at+ ?is tru?1 ( feel+ x speak & act 9 u1 ( exhal+ x ) our brea?4 ,!re h be5 m ?an twelve apo/les 9 ! hi/ory ( humanity2 e he>t t is "y1 & /rong1 & lov+ is ! he>t ( an apo/le4 ,!re is n an idea 9 our bra9 t does n possess "s elem5t ( sociality1 ( frat]nity2 t does n /ruggle = expression4 ,propag&ism w be z ard5tly pursu$1 9 ! society ( ! future1 z discov]y4 ,moral proselytism w aim at communicat+ en?usiasm = ! good & ! true1 at uplift+ ! moral level ( mank9d z a :ole & ma9ly ( ! masses ( ! p4 ,sid5ote3 ,morality ap>t f religion difficult to tea*4 ,b "h we %all be met by an objection2 we %all be told t indep5d5tly ( religion x w be difficult to dissem9ate a sy/em ( practical morality1 con=mable to ! sci5tific ideas ( our times4 ,a pr(essor ( ! ,sorbonne 0 "o day ma9ta9+1 9 my he>+1 t 9 ! pres5t crisis any?+ l sy/ematic moral in/ruction is gravely 9 dang]4 ,ab/ract !ories _c be taught1 = !y end 9 scepticism2 absolute precepts _c be taught1 = !y are false2 no?+ c be taught b facts1 b hi/ory3 "o may be c]ta9 ab\t facts4 ,t is to say1 morality _c be taught at all4 ,sid5ote3 ,b n impossible4 ,we believe1 on ! contr>y1 t1 ev5 at ! pres5t day1 ! v>i\s !ories 9 reg>d to ! pr9ciples ( morals possess a c]ta9 fund ( ideas 9 common1 :i* might well be made ! subject ( popul> in/ruction4 ,ev5 ! mo/ sceptical & egoi/ic moral !ories admit t ! individual _c live by himself & = himself solely2 t egoism involves a n>r[+ ( ! sph]e ( human activity t results 9 ! impov]i%m5t ( life4 ,to live fully & completely "o mu/ live = o!rs4 ,our actions are l a %ad[ :i* we project ^u ! univ]se2 ! %ad[ c only be contract$ by a dim9ution ( our height2 & ! be/ way to enl>ge x is to become g5]\s--! pr9ciple ( egoism is int]ior littl5ess4 ,! idea & ! s5tim5t :i* lie at ! bottom ( all human morality are ! idea & s5tim5t ( g5]osity2 ev5 ! sy/ems ( ,epicurus & ( ,b5?am become g5]\s & philan?ropic :5 !y are look$ at f a c]ta9 height4 ,x is ?is _s ( g5]osity :i* is inh]5t 9 e sy/em ( morals t a morali/ ought always to endeav\r to elicit & to communicate to 8 auditors4 ,:at1 aft] all1 con/itutes ! outcome ( ! ye>s ( in/ruction to :i* we devote our y\?8 ,ab/ract =ms8 ,m or less s*ola/ic ideas inculcat$ ) s mu* difficulty8 ,no1 t sort ( ?+ fades rapidly away2 :at subsi/ are c]ta9 s5tim5ts4 ,f hi/ory "o acquires a c]ta9 cult = ! pa/ & = our natural tradition1 :i* is useful b may become dang]\s if x is c>ri$ to extremes2 f ! /udy ( philosophy we acquire a c]ta9 op5ness ( m9d1 a dis9t]e/$ preoccupation ) ! causes ( ?+s1 a love ( hypo!sis1 a tol]ance = diff]5ce ( op9ion2 & f a /udy ( e?ics we acquire--:at8 ,a g5]osity ( he>t t causes u1 if n to =get ourselves1 at lea/ n to =get o!r p4 ,o!r /udies enl>ge ! m9d1 ?is "o enl>ges ! he>t4 ,x is unreasonable1 !re=e1 to be appall$ by div]sity ( moral sy/ems1 = !y are all ( !m oblig$ 9 "o way or o!r to beat up to ! physiological & psy*ological v]ity ( love1 :i* is ! pr9ciple ( all altruism & pres5ts mank9d ) ?is alt]native3 to desiccate or to exp&4 ,exclusively egoi/ic conduct is a rott5 fruit4 ,egoism is et]nal illusion & av>ice1 afraid to op5 its h&s1 ignor+ ! necessity ( mutual cr$it1 & ! productivity ( weal? 9 circulation4 ,9 morals z 9 political economy1 circulation is necess>y2 ! individual mu/ %>e 9 ! life ( ! society4 ,morali/s h be5 wrong1 p]haps1 9 ov]e/imat+ self-sacrifice4 ,x may be d5i$ t virtue is at bottom1 9 any rigor\s s5se ( ! ^w1 a sacrifice1 b x _c be d5i$ t x is at bottom an enl>gem5t ( "o's self1 a =m ( g5]osity4 ,& ?is s5tim5t ( g5]osity1 by means ( :i* "o embraces all humanity & ! univ]se1 is :at con/itutes ! solid base ( all great religions1 z ( all sy/ems ( morality2 & !re9 lies ! reason :y "o may1 )\t dang]1 /udy ! inf9ite div]sity ( human beliefs 9 reg>d to ! moral ideal--! summum bonum4 ,!re is a unity 9 ! v>iety1 a unity t c5tres 9 ! idea ( love4 ,to be g5]\s 9 ?\ght & de$ is to be at ! c5tre ( all great speculation on morals & religion4 ,sid5ote3 ,necessity ( dis9t]e/$ness4 ,= ! re/1 is !re any ne$ ( call+ 9 ! aid ( my?ical & my/ical ideas 9 our ef=t to und]/& human society & its necessities1 & among !m ! necessity ( dis9t]e/$ness8 ,! pr(\nd] "o's intellig5ce becomes1 ! m adequately "o p]ceives ! necessity1 ! inh]5t rationality ( ! function "o accompli%es 9 human society2 ! m absolutely "o und]/&s "o's self & "o's self z a social be+4 ,a function>y above reproa* is always ready to risk 8 life = ! accompli%m5t ( ! duty ) :i* he is *>g$1 ev5 ?\gh x be a relatively humble "o--t ( a policeman or a cu/oms (fic]1 ( a signal man1 ( a railway employee or telegraph op]ator4 ,:oev] does n feel himself ready to die at a giv5 mom5t is inf]ior to ^!4 ,"o may sit 9 judgm5t on "o's self & on "o's ideal1 by ask+ "o's self ?is "q3 = :at idea1 = :at p]son w\ld ,i risk my life8 ,:oev] has n a reply ready has an empty or vulg> he>t1 he is incapable ei!r ( sympa?iz+ ) or ( a*iev+ any?+ t is great 9 life1 = he is hideb\nd to ! limits ( 8 own individuality2 he is feeble & /]ile1 & lives 9 8 egoism l ! tortoise 9 8 %ell4 ,on ! contr>y1 he :o is consci\s ( a will+ness to face dea? = 8 ideal is will+ & anxi\s to ma9ta9 8 ideal to ! height ( ?is possible sacrifice1 & f9ds 9 ! fact ( ! risk a supreme & con/ant t5sion1 an indefatigable en]gy & p[] ( w4 ,! sole means ( be+ great 9 life is to be consci\s ( indiff]5ce to dea?4 ,& ?is c\rage 9 ! pres5ce ( dea? is n ! privilege ( religions2 its g]m exi/s 9 e intellig5t & lov+ volition1 9 ! v s5se = ! univ]sal :i* gives u sci5ce & philosophy2 x %[s itself 9 ! spontane\s impulses ( ! he>t1 9 ! moral inspirations 7:i* are z truly inspirations z ^? ( ! poet7 t art & morality seek to give rise to 9 u4 ,indep5d5tly ( any religi\s conception1 morality is privileg$ to belong to ! poetry ( ! _w & to ! reality ( ! _w4 ,?is poetry1 in/ead ( be+ purely contemplative1 exi/s 9 action & 9 movem5t1 b ! s5tim5t ( ! beautiful is none ! less "o ( ! ess5tial elem5ts ( x4 ,a virtu\s life1 z ! ,greeks said1 is at once bo? beautiful & good4 ,virtue is ! pr(\nde/ ( ! arts1 is t 9 :i* ! arti/ & ! "w ( art are "o4 ,9 ! old oak *oir /alls 9 our *ur*es1 lov+ly sculptur$ 9 ! ages ( fai?1 ! same slab ( wood sometimes repres5ts on "o side ! life ( a sa9t & on ! o!r a patt]n ( roses & fl[]s1 s arrang$ t ea* ev5t 9 ! sa9t's life corresponds to a petal or ! corolla ( a fl[]2 8 self-sacrifice or 8 m>tyrdom lies on a backgr\nd ( lilies or roses4 ,to live & to fl[] side by side1 at once to suff] & to blossom1 to unite 9 "o's self ! reality ( goodness & ! beauty ( ! ideal1 is ! d\ble aim ( life2 & we also1 l ! sa9ts 9 ! *oir /alls1 %\ld pres5t bo? sides4 ,sid5ote3 ,religi\s sanction a sup]fluity4 ,x w be object$ t if ! dissem9ation ( moral ideas %\ld be attempt$ 9 indep5d5ce ( religion1 x w lack an elem5t ( sov]eign p[]3 ! idea ( a sanction aft] dea?1 or at lea/ ! c]titude ( t sanction4 ,x may be repli$ t ! moral s5tim5t 9 its purity implies precisely do+ good = its own sake4 ,& if x be rejo9$ t any su* notion is *im]ical1 we reply t ! p[] ( ! moral ideal 9 future societies w be proportionate to its height4#abc ,x is commonly believ$ t ! highe/ ideals are ^? :i* x is lea/ easy to dissem9ate among ! masses2 ! future w1 we believe1 demon/rate ! opposite4 ,ev]y?+ dep5ds on ! tal5t ( ! propag&i/4 ,jesus & ! evangeli/s did m to diffuse morality by embody+ moral ideas 9 a =m at once simple & sublime ?an by m5ac+ m5 ) div9e v5geance & ! flames ( ,geh5na4 8,love ye "o ano!r2 by ?is %all all m5 "k t ye are my disciples1 if ye h love "o to ano!r40 ,9 ?is admirable & et]nal precept !re is m ( inexhau/ible1 practical p[] ?an 93 ye %all be ca/ into ! fire2 !re %all be wail+ & gna%+ ( tee?4 ,ev5 9 ! pa/1 x is by fav\r ( great s5tim5ts t great religi\s revolutions h be5 a*iev$2 & ^! great s5tim5ts w p]si/ 9 ! future1 %orn ( ! sup]/itions ) :i* !y h long be5 associat$4 ,?\s&s ( m>tyrs h gone gaily to dea? = religion2 & m>tyrdom to simple hone/y & goodness ( he>t is1 no d\bt1 m difficult ?\gh n less realizable ?an m>tyrdom to dea?4 ,morality w lose none ( its practical p[] by reveal+ itself m & m z x is2 t is1 z ! supreme end t a man c propose to himself4 ,! true ideal ( morality is *>ity1 & *>ity is absolute dis9t]e/$ness1 :i* looks = a recomp5se nei!r f man nor ,god4 ,recomp5se ought nev] to ent] into "o's calculations 9 life nor into ! hopes ) :i* "o reg>ds ! future2 besides1 ! calculation w\ld probably be bad4 ,recomp5se %\ld be tak51 :5 x comes1 z a gift2 z some?+ di/9ctly ov] & above :at "o has e>n$4 ,x is ev5 good & reasonable nev] to d "r ) any o!r expectation ?an t ( +ratitude1 & to resign "o's self to receiv+ aft] dea? no rew>d ( m]it4 ,! mo/ practical religi\s in/ruction is an appeal to g5]\s s5tim5ts4 #abc ,see ! au?or's ,esquisse d'une morale1 pp4 #bcf1 #bcg4 ,sid5ote3 ,baudelaire's triumphant crim9al4 ,to ma9ta9 ! necessity ( ! idea ( sanction 9 moral in/ruction & propag&ism1 ! foll[+ argum5t has be5 employ$4 ,baudelaire1 x is said1 9 ! la/ days ( 8 intellectual life1 sket*$ a great drama1 de/9$ to a/oni% ! p>tisans ( middle-class morality4 ,! h]o ( ! drama1 /ripp+ himself ( vulg> prejudice1 0 to commit "o aft] ano!r1 & ) an equal success1 ! crimes :i* are suppos$ to be ! mo/ t]rible--0 to kill 8 fa!r1 to di%on\r 8 bro!r1 to violate 8 si/] & 8 "m1 to betray 8 c\ntry1 & f9ally1 8 "w 9 ! _w accompli%$1 9 possession ( =tune & reputation1 0 to retire to "s *>m+ site1 "u "s s(t sky1 & to exclaim ) all ! tranquillity 9 ! _w3 8,let u n[ enjoy 9 peace ! fruits ( our crime40 ,:at reply c\ld y make1 x is ask$1 to su* a man & to ^? :o might be tempt$ to imitate him1 if y _h n at h& ! m5aces ( religion & ! prospect ( future puni%m5t8 ,h[ c\ld y di/urb ! crim9al's promis$ joy8 ,sid5ote3 ,8 life puni%es itself4 ,let u consid] fir/ 9 :at ! crim9al's promis$ joy c consi/4 ,baudelaire's h]o is naturally incapable ( appreciat+ ! pleasures ( ! he>?2 a man :o has kill$ 8 fa!r c f9d little delight 9 ! bir? ( a son4 ,he is equally incapable ( appreciat+ a love ( sci5ce = sci5ce's sake1 = ! man :o c\ld love sci5ce = sci5ce's sake w\ld nev] be tempt$ to become a great crim9al1 & z = pure /hetic pleasures1 moral delicacy & /hetic delicacy 9 g5]al g h& 9 h&2 x is n probable t a be+ incapable ( remorse & ins5sitive to all ! %ades & v>ieties ( ! moral life w\ld be apt to be s5sible ( all ! %ades & v>ieties ( beauty & ( /hetic enjoym5t4 ,! capacity = a s9c]e admiration ( ! beautiful corresponds always to a possibility ( /rong repugnances to ! ugly1 & repugnance = ! ugly is sc>cely conceivable ap>t f a repugnance = :at is ugly 9 immorality4 ,x is true t ,byron depict$ c]ta9 satanic h]oes accompli%+ ! blacke/ ( crimes )\t any loss to _! elegance1 to _! good mann]s1 to _! high _s & c\rage1 b 8 h]oes1 n to raise ! "q ( _! possibility 9 real life1 are extremely unhappy2 !y1 l ,byron himself & 8 disciples1 are ! victims ( a ref9$ remorse1 di/a/e ( life1 misan?ropy2 ! only art t lies )9 _! range is pessimi/ic art1 :i* b aggravates _! malady4 ,_! /hetic joys are v]itable agonies4 ,or if1 ,byron & ,byronism ap>t1 "o keeps close to ! tru?1 "o may well d\bt :e!r true /hetic pleasures are m )9 ! rea* ( a g5u9e crim9al ?an ( an educat$ but*]'s boy4 ,8 pleasure w\ld be conf9$ to ! monoton\s r\nd ( w9e1 wom51 & play2 & he c\ld n take w9e ) a light he>t1 = m5 talk "u ! influ5ce ( w9e2 & he mu/ play b little1 = m5 ru9 !mselves at play2 s t !re rema9s no?+ b wom5 :o con/itute1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! habitual consolation ( crim9als4 ,9 all times police h look$ = crim9als1 & f\nd !m1 ! day aft] _! (f5ce 9 places ( ill-repute4 ,v well1 ! def5ce ( society ap>t1 we see no reason = depriv+ ! poor wret*es ( ! re/rict$ joys t rema9 to !m4 ,x w\ld be do+ too mu* hon\r to ,baudelaire's h]o to give him an immortality 9 ! next life1 simply z a means ( mak+ him pay de>] ?an he has already done 9 ?is = ! few kisses t he has pur*as$ ) 8 blood-/a9$ gold4 ,he suff]s en\gh z x is1 ! only additional suff]+ t c\ld be wi%$ = him is t ( remorse1 b remorse is a sign ( sup]iority4 ,real crim9als1 temp]am5tal crim9als1 ^? :o are ! victims ( :at is kn[n z moral insanity1 are absolutely ignorant ( remorse1 because !y are p]fectly adapt$ to crime2 !y are made = ! immoral environm5t 9 :i* !y live1 & live at ease1 & exp]i5ce no desire = a *ange4 ,to p]ceive t a door is l[1 "o's /ature mu/ be great4 ,if ,lady ,macbe?'s h& _h be5 rude & h] eye dull1 %e nev] w\ld h desir$ to wa% (f ! drop ( blood4 ,to suff] is to pass beyond ! b\nds ( "o's environm5t2 ! crim9al :o exp]i5ces remorse has /ray$ less f> f ! human type ?an ! "o :o does n feel remorse4 ,! fir/ may become a man once m1 ! second is incapable ( cross+ ! l9e ( dem>cation :i* sep>ates man & bea/1 = he is incapable ( p]ceiv+ x2 he is wall$ 9 ) 8 crime1 & is a brute or a madman4 ,sid5ote3 ,& w 9 ! future be view$ ) horror4 ,b1 x w be object$1 if ?is brute or ?is madman sees no div9e m5ace above 8 head1 w\ld n _m p reg>d 8 situation z enviable1 & lab\r z !y are lab\r+1 to de/roy ! moral & human in/9cts 9 !mselves1 to place !mselves precisely 9 ! position ( ,baudelaire's h]o8 ,we d n believe t fai? 9 a religi\s sanction c\ld greatly *ange anybody's attitude t[>d su* an abnormal be+4 ,crime (f]s man b "o attraction1 t ( weal?2 b weal?1 :atev] value x may h 9 ! eyes ( ! p1 is b "o among ! good ?+s ( ! _w4 ,(f] a poor man a million doll>s c\pl$ ) ! g\t1 & if he _h an atom ( common-s5se he w\ld refuse4 ,propose to make him ri*1 on condition ( 8 be+ b&y-legg$ or humpback$1 & he w\ld probably refuse also2 9 especial1 if he 7 "y4 ,all wom5 w\ld refuse4 ,! difficulty exp]i5c$ 9 f9d+ p to fill c]ta9 situations :i* are 9 !mselves well paid--t1 = in/ance1 ( public execution]--demon/rates t1 ev5 9 ! eyes ( ! p1 money is n ev]y?+4 ,if x 71 no m5ace ( puni%m5t aft] dea? c\ld prev5t m5 g5]ally f becom+ assass9s4#abd ,i "k wom51 & m5 also1 :o w\ld refuse a =tune if !y 7 oblig$ to acquire x by becom+ but*]s--s great are c]ta9 repugnances1 ev5 purely s5tim5tal & /hetic repugnances4 ,! moral horror ( crime1 :i* is 9 ! g5]ality ( cases /rong] ?an any o!r repugnance1 w always sep>ate u f crim9als1 :atev] ! prevail+ beliefs z to life aft] dea?4 #abd ,m4 de ,mol9>i has calculat$ ! *ances ( dea? to :i* ! pr(ession ( assass9 is expos$1 z comp>$ ) c]ta9 dang]\s occupations1 z t ( m9]4 ,he rea*es ! foll[+ result3 t an assass9 runs less risk ( dea? ?an a m9]2 an insurance company might dem& a small] premium ( assass9s ?an x w\ld be oblig$ to dem& ( m9]s4 7,see ,esquisse d'une morale1 ! *apt] on ,le risque et la lutte1 i4 #d47 ,sid5ote3 ,& ) pity4 ,?is horror w be /ill /rong] :5 = ! habitual hatr$1 ang]1 & desire = rev5ge1 t ! pres5ce ( a crim9al n[ causes u1 %all be sub/itut$ by degrees a feel+ ( pity--! pity :i* we feel = inf]ior or mal=m$ be+s1 = ! unconsci\s mon/rosities ( nature4 ,"o may sometimes envy ! life ( :at "o hates2 b "o c nev] envy ! life ( :at "o pities4 ,hatr$ signifies ! pres5ce ( "s elem5t ( attraction 9 ! object hat$2 b pity is ! highe/ & mo/ def9itive moral b>ri] t c exi/ betwe5 two be+s4 ,sid5ote3 ,! durable elem5t 9 ?is notion ( sanction4 ,! sole respectable & durable elem5t 9 ! idea ( sanction is nei!r ! notion ( recomp5se nor ( p5alty1 b t ( ! ideal ( goodness z possess$ ( suffici5t =ce to impose itself ^u nature1 & to envelop ! _w2 x seems to u good t ! j & g5tle man %\ld h ! la/ ^w 9 ! univ]se1 b ?is k+dom ( goodness ( :i* humanity dreams does n ne$ = its e/abli%m5t ! proc$ure ( a human k+dom4 ,! moral s5tim5t may be consid]$ ! great p[] 9 ! univ]se4 ,! inh]5t t5d5cy ( morality gradually to subdue nature to its purposes by ! in/rum5tality ( mank9d is ! mo/ /rik+ fact 9 ! realm ( philosophy1 & ! "o :i* is1 ( all o!rs1 ! mo/ appropriate to excite ! _s ( proselytism4 ,no my? is necess>y to ar\se an ard\r = goodness & a s5se ( univ]sal frat]nity4 ,:at is great & beautiful is self-suffic+4 ,sid5ote3 ,cult = ! dead4 ,:atev] may be ! beliefs t m5 w "o day hold on a life aft] dea?1 & ! conditions :i* r5d] possible ! f9al triumph ( goodness1 ! notion ( su* a triumph is an ultimate moral & social idea1 :i* w always l5d itself readily to propag&ism1 because x is ! f\ndation ( all religions )\t be+ 9 any wise ess5tially b\nd up ) religi\s dogma2 x is 9 ess5ce a cult = memory1 = v5]ation & love ( ance/ry1 = respect = dea? & = ! dead4 ,f> f necess>ily decl9+ ) ! decl9e ( religion1 a rev]5ce = ! dead may rapidly increase because ! metaphysical s5tim5t ( ! unkn[n 9 dea? w increase4 ,! _s ( democracy itself incl9es ! masses to an uneasy admiration 9 ! pres5ce ( dea?1 ! great democrat1 ! great levell] :o w&]s incessantly ab\t humanity1 & planes d[n equally all excesses ( mis]y & happ9ess2 ca/s u1 )\t di/9ction ( p]sons1 into ! great abyss f ! dep?s ( :i* ! att5tive e> has caught no s\nd ( an arre/$ fall4 ,sid5ote3 ,among ! ,greeks4 ,! ,greeks1 :o ( all anci5t p are suppos$ to h be5 ! lea/ religi\s1 7 ( all anci5t p ^? :o %[$ mo/ rev]5ce = ! dead4 ,! mo/ irreligi\s city 9 mod]n times1 ,p>is1 is t 9 :i* ! fte = ! dead is mo/ solemn1 9 :i* ! entire p rise to celebrate x1 & t also 9 :i* we see ! mo/ flippant /reet ,arab take (f 8 hat 9 ! pres5ce ( a fun]al & salute ! visible image ( ! et]nal enigma4 ,a respect = ! dead :i* b9ds ! g5]ations ( mank9d toge!r1 :i* is ! ess5ce ( ! mo/ c]ta9 =m ( immortality1 t ( memory & example1 w n disappe> ) ! decay ( religion4 ,corpus ,*ri/i may be =gott51 b ,all ,s\ls' ,day w be obs]v$ till ! end ( human "t4 ,,iii4 ,associations = /hetic purposes--,wor%ip ( art & nature4 ,sid5ote3 ,association = enjoym5t ( products ( /hetic g5ius4 ,i4 ,! ?ird notion :i* is de/9$ to survive hi/oric religions1 & :i* has be5 z yet imp]fectly realiz$1 is t ( volunt>y association = ! purpose ( enjoy+ 9 common "s /hetic pleasure ( a high & morally ref9+ k9d2 !re9 lies :at w survive ( ! c]emonial ( div]se religions4 ,! arti/ic elem5ts p5t up 9 v>i\s religions w dis5gage !mselves1 w become indep5d5t ( tradition1 ( symbolism tak5 s]i\sly1 & ( sup]/ition4 ,sci5ce1 metaphysics1 & morals all h _! poetical side1 & 9 s f> are analog\s to religion4 ,sid5ote3 ,de/9$ preval5ce ( admiration4 ,! pure ab/raction by :i* ! ?9k] escapes beyond ! limits ( s5tim5t is an un/able & unla/+ /ate ( m9d2 ab/raction conta9s some?+ fictiti\s1 = no?+ ab/ract exi/s 9 nature2 ab/raction is ( value only z an in/rum5t2 its aim is to grapple ) "s "o side ( ! reality1 to enable "o subsequ5tly m easily to embrace ! reality z a :ole4 ,e g5]al result t ab/raction c a*ieve may soon] or lat] become ! object ( a s5tim5t4 ,! progress ( sci5ce1 z ,mr4 ,sp5c] says1 has always be5 accompani$ side by side by a correspond+ progress 9 ! faculty ( admiration2 ?is faculty mu/ inevitably develop1 9 ! future1 :5 man w h atta9$ a less fragm5t>y & m g5u9ely syn!tic conception ( ! univ]se4 ,admiration is "o ( ! surviv+ elem5ts ( ! religi\s s5tim5t4 ,man w always be subject to a/oni%m5t1 & w always contemplate ! univ]se 9 a _s ( wond]1 al?\gh1 no d\bt1 ! "t mu/ come :5 he w cease to kneel4 ,arti/ic g5ius1 ev5 :5 inspir$ by great philosophical & cosmological ideas1 rema9s ess5tially diff]5t f religi\s g5ius prop]ly s call$1 ! di/9ctive "* ( :i* is to be dogmatic4 ,! ,greeks 7 ( all peoples ! mo/ poetical & ! lea/ religi\s4 ,poetry1 l metaphysics1 consi/s 9 con/ructions 9 ! realm ( imag9ation & ?\ght1 :i* are capable ( inf9ite v>iety & t5d to ov]run ! :ole compass ( ! human m9d4 ,dogmatic religion1 on ! contr>y1 t5ds cont9ually to limit ! f]tility ( ! imag9ation & ( philosophic ?\ght2 x implies a c]ta9 pov]ty ( m9d to cl+ always to ! same conception1 to feel no desire to pass beyond x1 to create4 ,metaphysical hypo!sis1 un%ackl$ by dogma1 gift$ ) v>iety & lib]ty1 mu/ inevitably be f]tile ev5 9 ! doma9 ( art2 x _c dwell =ev] among ab/ractions1 x mu/ produce a correspond+ s5tim5t1 a poetic s5tim5t :i* w n be ! nave assurance ( fai? b ! prop] emotional reaction 9 ! pres5ce ( a trans=mation ( ! real _w "u ! influ5ce ( ?\ght conceiv+ ! ideal4 ,= ! philosoph]1 z = ! poet1 e surface t sci5ce t\*es1 e =m & figure 9 ! _w t ! f+] ( k taps1 gives =? a s\nd1 n ( ! void1 b1 s to speak1 ( ! 8ess5tial inw>dness ( life40 ,!y resemble ! m>bles 9 ,italy :i* give =?1 b5ea? a bl[1 a s\nd z h>moni\s z _! =ms4 ,!re is an inn] h>mony t may well g along ) h>mony ( surface2 sci5ce %[s u ! laws ( surfaces1 philosophy & poetry put u into sympa?y ) :at lies bel[ ! surface4 ,if x is impossible to d5y1 z pure ideali/s attempt to d5y1 ! objective "* ( ! _w 9 :i* we live1 "o c1 at lea/1 n say :]e objectivity beg9s & subjectivity ends4 ,betwe5 ,naghiri & ,y>k& !re exi/s an almo/ unkn[n tribe call$ ,hunza1 ^: language pres5ts a peculi>ity :i* x is impossible to sep>ate f "o's notion ( humanity2 "o _c1 9 _! spee*1 express ! idea ( a horse simply1 b mu/ say my horse or ?y horse or 8 horse4 ,our language is m p]fect ?an t ( ! ,hunza1 b we are absolutely incapable ( conceiv+ ?+s 9 ab/raction f all notion ( human p]sonality2 9 especial1 :5 we are deal+1 n ) individual1 ext]nal objects1 b ) ! cosmos z a :ole4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z a _w exi/+ 9 isolation2 !re is only y\r _w1 my _w1 ! human _w4 ,man is s insep>ably associat$ ) 8 conception ( ! univ]se t x is impossible to "k :at our univ]se w\ld be ap>t f u1 or :at we %\ld be ap>t f x4 ,! metaphysician & ! poet are at "o 9 celebrat+ ! projection ( humanity into all ?+s4 ,at _! highe/ po9ts poetry & philosophy co9cide4 ,metaphysics is ! poetry ( pure reason1 poetry is ! metaphysics ( ! s5ses & ( ! he>t4 ,! two supply u ) our conception ( ! _w1 &1 aft] all1 s9ce we are ! product ( ! _w1 x mu/ be 9 "s s5se ak9 to all t we conta94 ,! fundam5tal secret ( ?+s lies at ! bottom ( human ?\ght4 ,poetry is a light & w+$ creature1 ,plato says1 b he 0 speak+ ( ! poetry ( ! poet1 ( 8 sonor\s & h>moni\s words2 b ! poetry ( ! metaphysician1 ! poetry ( pr(\nd ideas & hidd5 causes1 is also a w+$ ?+1 b w+$ n to be enabl$ to skim ! surfaces ( ?+s z a l& bird skims ! surface ( l& & sea1 b to be enabl$ to dive z 8div]s0 d :5 !y plunge into ! limpid waves1 &1 at ! risk ( asphyxia1 walk ^u ! opaque bottom ( ! sea & te> x up ) _! beaks 9 se>* ( food & come up %ak+ _! fea!rs f none kn[s :]e4 ,sometimes _! se>* has be5 9 va91 sometimes !y br+ up buri$ treasure2 & !y alone ( all be+s employ _! w+s n to skim & to t\* ! surface ( ?+s1 b to p5etrate to ! dep?s ( !m4 ,! la/ ^w ( poetry1 z ( ?\ght1 w be to dive b5ea? ! mov+ flood & sweep ( ?+s1 & seize ! secret ( ! mat]ial univ]se :i* is also ! secret ( ! spiritual univ]se4 ,sid5ote3 ,art 9 a measure to take ! place ( religion4 ,,ii4 ,! m feeble dogmatic religions become1 ! great] ! necessity = a /rong] & high] art4 ,humanity ne$s a c]ta9 am\nt ( di/raction1 & ev51 z ,pascal said1 ( 8div]sion40 ,a human bea/1 su* z an ,engli% or ,g]man lab\r+ man1 kn[s b "o di/raction 9 ! _w3 eat+ & dr9k+1 especially dr9k+4 ,_m ,engli% lab\r]s nev] g to ! !atre or to *ur*1 nev] read1 "k no?+ ( ! pleasures ( home2 ! g9-palace & g9 take ! place ( art1 religion1 & ! family4 ,opium plays ! same role 9 ,*9a4 ,!y :o d n "k h[ to amuse !mselves brutalize !mselves2 self-brutalization is1 at lea/1 a *ange1 an elem5t ( v>iety 9 ! monotony ( life1 a break 9 ! cont9uity ( ! *a9 ( mis]y4 ,oblivion f "t to "t is imp]ative4 ,"o ( ! anci5ts said t he w\ld r be a ma/] 9 ! sci5ce ( oblivion ?an 9 t ( memory4 ,! only por*es ( =getfulness t are op5 to ! m debas$ portions ( mank9d are sleep & intoxication2 p at a high] /age ( civilization may approa* art & adoration2 & ^! two =ms ( di/raction are ! highe/ & sweete/4#abe #abe ,slaves1 exiles1 & un=tunates g5]ally dr9k4 ,! ,iri% & ,poles are1 accord+ to /ati/ics1 ! mo/ drunk5 peoples 9 ,europe4 ,sid5ote3 ,art z a div]sion4 ,! am\nt ( activity devot$ by m5 to religion & /hetics may appe> at fir/ sight useless & ev5 h>mful2 b x mu/ be recogniz$ t humanity is always possess$ ( a surplus :i* mu/ be exp5d$ 9 "s way or o!r4 ,pray] & religi\s ex]cises1 reg>d$ z occupations simply1 are ( ! lea/ h>mful ( pa/imes1 are ( ! lea/ va9 ( ! v>i\s =ms ( di/raction4 ,pray] & ! *ur* h hi!rto be5 ! art & !atre ( ! poor4 ,no d\bt art & pray] _c be made to con/itute alone ! :ole ( life2 my/ics h believ$ t x is practical life t is ! div]sion1 & t ! s]i\s elem5t 9 ?+s is religi\s contemplation4 ,precisely ! opposite is true3 preoccupation ) art & metaphysics %\ld dom9ate human life1 b n absorb x4 ,religion 9 especial1 ) its my?s1 is too g5]\sly comp\nd$ ( illusion & d[nright fiction to be made ! c5tre ( life2 religion is a radiant col\r$ cl\d t wrea?s ! summit ( ! m\nta94 ,if we climb up into x we p]ceive t x is empty & sombre )91 t x is a cl\d1 damp & cold l o!r cl\ds & radiant only f bel[4 ,sid5ote3 /hetic elem5t 9 religion4 ,! poetry ( religion may survive ! dogmatism ( religion2 z articles ( fai?1 religi\s ideas are to-day ana*ronisms2 z practical & philosophical conceptions !y are l all works ( art1 9 a measure imp]i%able4 ,:o1 asks ,lange1 c\ld wi% to refute a ,mass ( ,pale/r9a or accuse ! ,madonna ( ,raphael ( error8 ,religions h inspir$ lit]>y & arti/ic lab\rs--products :i* w survive !m at lea/ 9 "p1 & w con/itute ultimately _! be/ ju/ification4 ,:at rema9s ( ! ,crusades to-day8 ,among ! be/ ?+s t !y gave u mu/ be c\nt$ c]ta9 fl[]s t !y br\ght back ) !m & propagat$ among u1 = example1 ,damascus roses1 & c]ta9 col\rs & p]fumes :i* h surviv$ ! great ris+ ( ,europe aga9/ ,asia 9 support ( c]ta9 ideas & passions :i* are to-day =ev] ext9ct4 ,sid5ote3 ,defects ( /hetic side ( religion4 ,look$ at f a c]ta9 po9t ( view1 prie/s are ! arti/s ( ! p1 b ! g5u9e arti/ ought to move ) ! times1 und]/& new motives & n repeat indef9itely1 f g5]ation to g5]ation1 ! same musical or poetical !me4 ,! feeble side ( religi\s a/hetics is t its rep]toire ( incid5t & my/]y is sev]ely limit$1 t x has repeat$ itself = c5turies4 ,x mu/ enl>ge ! numb] ( its pieces1 mu/ ab&on ^? x has4 ,no?+ c\ld be bett] ?an to assemble = ! purpose ( exp]i5c+ 9 common an emotion at once a/hetic & s]i\s1 see+ & he>+ some?+ beautiful2 b x is impossible t ?is emotion %\ld be indef9itely prolong$ by a repetition ( ! same /imulus4 ,rites are irreconcilable ) ! d\ble aim ( art3 v>iety & progress 9 ! expression ( ! emotions !mselves4 ,soon] or lat] ! rudim5t>y art ( ritual mu/ give place to g5u9e & progressive art1 j z ! in/9ctive & et]nally monoton\s ar*itecture practis$ by bird & insect has become ! inf9itely v>i$ ar*itecture :i* has produc$ & w produce ma/]pieces ( ! mo/ v>i$ k9d1 f ,notre ,dame de ,p>is to ! ,alhambra4 ,sid5ote3 ,trans=mation ( ! s]mon4 ,9 g5]al1 m5 ga!r toge!r to li/54 ,conf]5ces1 s]mons1 songs are ! mo/ p]man5t features 9 religi\s cult4 ,!y w probably exi/ 9 "s =m or o!r 9 future associations z 9 ^? ( ! pa/4 ,"o po9t w become increas+ly important 9 e spok5 ^w address$ to ! p1 & t is ! in/ructive aspect ( :at is said2 if "o is to address ! p1 "o mu/ tea* !m some?+4 ,well1 !re are ?ree k9ds ( in/ruction1 sci5tific1 lit]>y & moral1 or metaphysical4 ,! fir/ w h to be m & m g5]\sly giv51 n only 9 s*ool b :]ev] adults congregate4 ,! two o!r sorts may be giv5 simultane\sly by lectures4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ elem5ts 9 _m s]mons & conf]5ces are ! texts & citations br\ght to ! he>]s' att5tion by ! speak]4 ,! *oice ( ^! texts1 ! mann] 9 :i* !y are exp\nd$ & introduc$ to ! compreh5sion ( ! multitude1 con/itute ! value ( ! s]mon4 ,9 o!r words1 ! be/ s]mon consi/s simply 9 ! read+ & exposition ( "s *oice page f a good book4 ,9 ,g]many1 9 ,engl&1 9 ! ,indies prea*]s ( c]ta9 lib]al sects *oose _! texts indiff]5tly f among ! :ole numb] ( ! sacr$ books ( humanity4 ,a /ill m lib]al epo* may be conceiv$1 :5 texts w be select$ n only f among ! writ+s ( ! poets ( anci5t times b also f among ! writ+s ( m5 ( g5ius ( all times2 e great "w w be read & comm5t$ on z a sacr$ book4 ,! mo/ complete expression ( ! s-call$ religi\s s5tim5t1 ap>t f ! va/ ,h9du or ,jewi% epo*s1 is1 aft] all1 to be f\nd 9 c]ta9 pr(ane ma/]pieces1 f ! works ( ,plato & ,m>cus ,aurelius to ,kant's 8,hymn to ,duty02 f ! dramas ( s*ylus to ! 8,hamlet0 ( ,%akespe>e1 to ! 8,polyeucte0 ( ,corneille1 & ! 8,contemplations0 ( ,victor ,hugo4 ,sid5ote3 ,trans=mation ( ! prophet4 ,religi\s prophets1 l prie/s1 w be replac$ by great poets1 great metaphysicians1 great m5 ( sci5ce4 ,ea* ( u w be able to *oose our prophet1 to pref] ! g5ius :i* is be/ adapt$ to our p]sonal intellig5ce & be/ s]ves z an int]m$i>y betwe5 u & ! et]nal tru?1 & ea* ( u w be 9 ! la/ resort our own prie/4#abf #abf 8,prophecy is n dead1 x fl\ri%es "u ano!r "n4 ,religi\s re=ms1 emancipation f oppressive au?ority1 w> aga9/ corrupt in/itutions1 religi\s poetry1 philosophy ( hi/ory--are all repres5t$ "u v>i\s titles 9 ! mod]n _w4 ,! old trunk has bran*$ aga9 simply40 7,m4 ,alb]t ,rville1 p4 #bbi1 ,prolgomnes de l',hi/oire des religions47 ,sid5ote3 ,music4 ,ap>t f poetry & eloqu5ce1 ! mo/ religi\s ( ! arts1 ! mo/ capable ( inspir+ ! multitude ) an elevat$ sympa?y has be51 & w be music4 ,wagn] 0 n absolutely wrong 9 8 notion t music w be ! religion ( ! future1 or1 at lea/1 ! cult ( ! future4 ,we d n speak ( in/rum5tal music only1 b also & 9 especial ( vocal music1 ( *oruses su* z are (t5 met ) 9 ,g]many1 9 :i* _m voices unite 9 produc+ ! same *ant1 9 beat+ ! same rhy?m :i* has be5 regulat$ 9 advance by g5ius4 ,?us conceiv$1 music is truly religi\s & socially significant4#abg #abg ,music at ! pres5t day =ms a "p ( ! cult2 b ei!r x is suppli$ by memb]s ( ! fai?ful1 9 :i* ev5t x is suffici5tly bad1 = ! majority ( ! fai?ful are ignorant ( music2 or x is provid$ by m]c5>ies1 & x is !n m commonly good1 b is g5]ally ill *os54 ,musical education w "o day probably be mu* m wide-spread ?an x is to-day2 x w\ld n be m difficult1 & w\ld always be m useful1 to tea* *ildr5 ! elem5ts ( music ?an to tea* !m ! my/]y ( ! ,inc>nation4 ,m ?an t1 if religi\s music 7 *os5 n only f s-call$ sacr$ works b f ! works ( classical ma/]s g5]ally1 "o might be c]ta9 ( he>+ good music1 v>i$ 9 /yle & movem5t1 & capable ( pleas+ all ^? 9 :om ! /hetic s5se is develop$4 ,sid5ote3 ,k9%ip ( /hetic & religi\s s5tim5t4 ,= ! re/1 almo/ e art is reconcilable ) ! gravity ( religi\s s5tim5t1 = e art at its be/ awak5s1 no less ?an poetry & music1 a contemplative & philosophical mood4 ,"o may agree ) ,/rauss t religion w gradually be transmut$ into art1 & ev5 at ! pres5t day pr(ane art & sacr$ art are r diff]5t ?an oppos$4 ,^! diff]5ces w always subsi/2 x is evid5t t a pas r$\bl1 = example1 c nev] be ! symbol ( a really pr(\nd idea ( nature or ( humanity or ( ! inf9ite4 ,religi\s /hetics1 ev5 ?\gh x becomes cont9u\sly l>g] & m tol]ant1 w exclude to ! end c]ta9 inf]ior =ms ( art4 ,sid5ote3 ,necess>y re=ms 9 lay art4 ,if art is to take ! place ( religion1 x mu/ progress 9 c]ta9 directions1 n only 9 its =ms b 9 its mat]ial me?ods ( appeal4 ,note h[ mu* bett] *ur* s]vices are pres5t$1 f ! po9t ( view ( hygi5e1 ?an art exhibitions are4 ,mod]ation is practis$ 9 ! matt] ( light2 ! rooms are l>ge & well suppli$ ) fre% air1 are ( an almo/ con/ant temp]ature2 & ! /hetic s]vices are re/ful r ?an exhau/+4 ,comp>e ) all ?is ! ent]ta9m5t giv5 9 conc]t halls & !atres1 :]e multitudes are pack$ toge!r "u unnecess>ily brilliant lights1 :]e ! spectators are wr\ght up & excit$ & exhau/$ 9 a hundr$ ways & pass out1 f9ally1 fatigu$1 enfeebl$1 n]v\sly key$ up1 & pursu$ by a ho/ ( s5sual images4 ,*ur* ar*itects are inf9itely m conv]sant ) hygi5e ?an ^? :o build our !atres2 !y und]/& t if ! heav5s are to be %ut out at all1 space en\gh mu/ be %ut 9 to give ! he>t & *e/ room to exp&4 ,among ! ,greeks1 :]e art really did =m a sort ( religion1 ! !atres 7 op5 to ! sky s t ! spectators might really repose 9 body :ile !y gave up _! m9ds to be play$ ^u by ! poet4 ,sid5ote3 ,9 religi\s art4 ,j z exi/+ pr(ane art mu/ und]go c]ta9 trans=mations be=e x c be expect$ fully to satisfy a sane & well-balanc$ nature1 s religi\s art1 if x is to be true to its highe/ t5d5cies1 mu/ trans=m itself1 mu/ rid itself ( precisely ! elem5ts :i* to-day seem di/9ctively to con/itute x1 namely its m>vell\s subject-matt] & conv5tional h&l+4 ,! m>vell\s 9 art 0 long necess>y1 z we h se51 to capture m5's att5tion2 contemporane\s art does n ne$ to make ?is appeal4 ,all art took its rise f conv5tion1 f c]emonial1 b has enfran*is$ itself by degrees4 ,x might ev5 be e/abli%$ z a g5]al law t ! m p]fect1 ! m expressive1 arts become--! m1 t is to say !y seek precisely to body =? ! s5tim5t ( ! arti/2 & ! m expressive !y are ! less conv5tional & less pomp\s !y mu/ be4 ,amplification & exagg]ation are suppress$4 ,! arti/ occupies t[>d 8 emotions ! same relation t ! translator ( a great "w does to 8 text3 8 translation w be reg>d$ n[adays z p]fect 9 proportion z x is close1 z x foll[s ! text1 l9e by l9e & ^w by ^w2 =m]ly ! tradition 0 o!rwise1 & e translator felt himself oblig$ to amplify4 ,art possesses great means ( inspir+ emotion1 b n gross means4 ,public speak]s at ! pres5t day make mu* less frequ5t use ( ge/ure2 ! actor no long] /eps out on ! /age 9 ! co?urnus2 ! language ( v]se is approa*+ ! language ( ord9>y life2 music is break+ away f ! conv5tions ( c\nt]po9t4 ,:at is true ( ! div]se arts is true also ( religi\s /hetics1 :i* w "o day ab&on ! fictiti\s ornam5ts & va9 c]emonies ( ritualism4 ,if an /hetic expression ( "s pr(\nd s5tim5t is to be true & durable1 x mu/ itself be pr(\nd1 mu/ be l :at x expresses1 mu/ be murmur$ r ?an articulate4 ,:at r5d]s c]ta9 v]se et]nal is its simplicity3 ! m ov]*>g$ an art is ! m caduc\s x proves1 l ! ar*itecture ( ! ,jesuit /yle1 :i* is to-day s ridicul\s1 ) its gild+ & false ornam5ts4 ,c]emonies1 prop]ly s call$1 w become m & m simple 9 religi\s or moral associations2 ! day w come1 no d\bt1 :5 !y w n be employ$ at all except to celebrate ! ?ree great ev5ts ( human life3 bir?1 m>riage1 & dea?2 nay1 p]haps !y w disappe> altoge!r z emotion becomes too pr(\nd to be translat$ by any objective device1 by any conv5tional c]emony :atev]4 8,une l>me en dit plus que v\s n'en p\rriez dire40 ,9 cemet]ies ! tombs ( di/+ui%$ p may be recogniz$ by _! simplicity1 by _! fre$om f conv5tional ornam5t4 ,a m>ble slab "u a wrea? ( fl[]s is en\gh to produce ^u ! pass]-by a m vivid impression ?an crosses1 burn+ lamps1 images ( ! sa9ts1 infant9e gewgaws1 & ridicul\s inscriptions4 ,et]nal enigmas ne$ n be suppli$ ) excess ( language2 !y are q capable ( mak+ !mselves he>d )\t rais+ _! voices4 ,! sil5ce ( ! />s is m impressive ?an spee*1 & ! highe/ religi\s in/ruction c\ld n d bett] ?an tea* m5 to li/5 to su* sci5ce4 ,m$itation1 :i*1 aft] all1 is recomm5d$ by e religion1 implies ! negation ( rite4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,enjoym5t ( natural beauty4 ,,iii4 ,a feel+ = nature 01 9 ! beg9n+1 an important elem5t 9 ! composition ( ! religi\s s5tim5t4 ,h9du ascetics w5t up into ! valleys ( ! ,himalayas1 ,/4 ,anto9e w5t into ! des]t at ,!bes1 ,/4 ,bruno w5t to ,la ,gr&e ,*>treuse1 9 se>* ( some?+ m ?an simple solitude2 !y all ( !m exp]i5c$ an ill-def9$ ne$ to eke out monotony ( contemplation by admiration ( ! beautiful 9 nature2 a ne$ to fill ! void ( ec/asy ) h>moni\s & p[]ful s5sations4 ,!y 7 unconsci\s poets1 pa9t]s )\t h&s1 a/ronom]s )\t special k1 & _! s5tim5t = nature made "p ( _! religi\s s5tim5t2 ! pr(ane m+l$ ) ! div9e1 & !y ascrib$ to ,god alone ! int5se emotion t =e/ & m\nta9 summit _h giv5 rise to 9 !m4 ,to-day1 ! /hetic s5tim5t exi/s ap>t f religi\s s5tim5t2 al?\gh e /hetic s5tim5t ( an especially elevat$ k9d is bo? contemplative & philosophical1 x conta9s no sugge/ion ( any p>ticul> religion3 no tab]nacle c ro( 9 heav52 /hetic s5tim5t is =eign to ! def9ite & an?ropomorphic notion ( a p]sonal ,god4 ,:5 we contemplate nature we h no s5se ( communion ) ! p]sonality ( ,god2 ! arti/ has def9itively supplant$ ! religi\s h]mit4 ,! p[] ( !ological s5tim5t has weak5$2 ! p[] ( sympa?y = nature has increas$4 ,sid5ote3 ,%\ld be *]i%$4 ,?is s5se ( natural beauty1 :i* is s /rong 9 _m m5 at ! pres5t day1 is de/9$ to a mu* great] future4 ,l /hetic faculties g5]ally1 a s5se = ! beauty ( nature mu/ be cultivat$ & develop$ by a well-direct$ education4 ,no g]m ( x app>5tly is to be f\nd 9 c]ta9 cases among ! peasantry1 :]e a me*anical habit ( life has dull$ ! emotions1 nor among dwell]s 9 cities1 9 :om antagoni/ic ta/es h be5 develop$4 ,a g5u9e ,p>isian c>es little = ! c\ntry2 he c pass an h\r or two 9 ! fields1 z he might 9 ! ,bois de ,b\logne4 ,an op5-air l&scape w\ld n s readily appeal to him z a picture ( x 9 a gold frame2 8 eye is n educat$ = deal+ ) ! dim5sions ( nature4 ,sid5ote3 ,! mo/ :olesome =m ( enjoym5t4 ,( all /hetic s5tim5ts1 love ( nature possesses ! advantage ( be+ ! "o :i*1 ev5 ?\gh pu%$ to excess1 does n di/urb ! equilibrium ( body & m9d4 ,love ( nature is ! sole emotion :i* is absolutely hygi5ic4 ,"o may die ( an exagg]at$ love ( ! !atre1 ( music & s =?2 "o simply becomes heal?y f an exagg]at$ love ( nature4 ,air & light6 ,! ,greeks 7 "r1 7 !y n8 to philosophize 9 ! op5 air1 9 g>d5s & groves4 ,a ray ( sunlight sometimes helps "o m to und]/& ! _w ?an an et]nity ( m$itation 9 "s gray room 9 ! mid/ ( op5 volumes4#abh #abh ,e libr>y read+ room ought to op5 on a g>d5 :]e "o c\ld read & write on f9e days 9 ! op5 air4 ,= all m5 ^: lab\r is physical--= example1 = a factory h&--! prop] recreation is repose 9 ! op5 air1 &1 if ne$ be1 intellectual lab\r 9 ! op5 air4 ,= m5 :o "w ) _! m9ds1 ! prop] recreation is bodily ex]cise 9 ! op5 air1 9 ! sunlight4 ,= *ildr5 e holiday ought to be sp5t 9 ! c\ntry4 ,light$ rooms1 *ildr5's ent]ta9m5ts 9 ! h\se ev5 on ,sunday aft]noons1 !atrical repres5tations1 are1 hygi5ically speak+1 absurdities4 ,all bo>d+-s*ools1 moreov]1 ought to be beyond ! city limits & if possible on "s comm&+ height4 ,if !re exi/$ 9 ,france1 z 9 ,g]many = example1 great colleges 9 c\ntry di/ricts h>d by =e/s1 or /ill bett]1 9 ! highl&s ( ,dauph9y or ! ,pyr5ees1 su* places w\ld ultimately be adopt$ by ! bett] classes = _! *ildr5's education1 & ?us might be combat$ ! deg5]acy ( ! middle class1 :i* is s mu* m rapid 9 ,france ?an else:]e1 because ! cu/om ( re/rict+ ! numb] ( *ildr5 int]f]es ) natural selection4 ,sid5ote3 ,sup]ior to enjoym5t ( human art4 ,comp>e ! appeal t nature makes to ! /hetic s5se ) t made by human art1 & y w at once p]ceive ! sup]iority ( ! =m]4 ,art1 ev5 great art1 ev5 t :i* seems close/ to ! tru?1 c nev] be m ?an a v insuffici5t repres5tation ( ! real _w1 because x is =c$ to a selection2 x is =c$ to ignore n9e-t5?s ( life 9 ord] to set 9 a cle> light :at is extreme1 :at appeals to laught] or to te>s4 ,av]age human life is nei!r ridicul\s nor tragic2 life1 z x appe>s 9 art1 is g5]ally "o or ! o!r4 ,! reason is t art subord9ates tru? to int]e/1 :ile life is tru?4 ,!nce results ! movem5t t[>d pessimism 9 art1 & 9 especial 9 mod]n art2 ! m ma/]ly ! arti/ is1 ! m he w be incl9$ to seek = ! ridicul\s or ! melan*oly aspects ( life2 8 aim is to move pity or mir?1 & exi/5ce 9 8 pages mu/ take ! =m ( trag$y or com$y4 ,to live too exclusively 9 ! _w ( art is to live 9 a factiti\s environm5t z if "o %\ld pass "o's :ole exi/5ce 9 a !atre4 ,! mo/ beautiful poem1 ! mo/ beautiful "w ( art1 conta9s pitfalls :i* "o mu/ avoid4 ,! imag9ation usually plays ) load$ dice4 ,:oev] lives too exclusively on human art becomes1 !re=e1 a little unheal?y1 a little unbalanc$4 ,! great s\rce ( /hetic appeal is & %\ld be nature1 :i* is always s9c]e1 always %[s = :at x is1 )\t deception & ornam5t4 ,a high] /hetic culture w increase "o's s5sibility to natural beauty1 & x is 9 a contemplation ( ! cosmos t /hetic s5tim5t1 & a purifi$ religi\s s5tim5t1 w f9d x possible mo/ completely to co9cide4 ,! emotion t arises f ! contemplation ( a l&scape1 ( a sunset1 ( a /ret* ( blue sea1 ( a sn[-capp$ m\nta9 outl9$ aga9/ ! sky1 or ev5 ! blue dome ( ! sky itself1 is absolutely pure1 sane1 nei!r too depress+1 nor too immod]ately gay4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( nature "o's /hetic s5sibilities become ! means ( refre%+ & re/+ "o in/ead ( fatigu+ "o--nature smiles b nev] grimaces2 & its smile p5etrates ! s\l z ! sunlight p5etrates ! eye2 & if nature has its moods ( sadness1 !y conta9 a t\* ( ! inf9ite :i* enl>ges ! he>t4 ,! imm5sity ( nature & ( ! all-envelop+ heav5s becomes1 = ^? :o feel x1 a con/ant s\rce ( a c]ta9 /oical s]5ity4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,!ism4 ,,review ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,metaphysical ,,hypo!ses ,,:i* ,,w ,,replace ,,dogma4 ,i4 ,introduction--,progress ( metaphysical hypo!sis--,metaphysical hypo!ses de/9$ to increas+ div]sity 9 details1 & increas+ agreem5t on ess5tial po9ts--,importance ( ! moral elem5t 9 metaphysical hypo!ses--,! "p play$ by consci5ce 9 human morality w n dim9i%1 z ,mr4 ,sp5c] says--,sympa!tic gr\ps "u :i* div]s sy/ems ( metaphysics w be rang$4 ,,ii4 ,!ism--#a4 ,probable fate ( ! creation hypo!sis--,! au?or ( ! _w conceiv$ z a prime mov]--,et]nity ( movem5t--,! au?or ( ! _w conceiv$ z a creator prop]ly s call$--,illusion involv$ 9 ! conception ( no?+--,criticism ( ! creation hypo!sis f ! po9t ( view ( morals3 ! problem ( evil & ( ! responsibility ( ! creator--,attempts to save optimism--,hypo!sis ( a ,god creat+ free ag5ts1 8workm50 & n 8"w0--,reciprocal det]m9ism & ! illusion ( spontaneity--,immorality ( ! temptation--,hypo!sis ( ! fall1 its impossibility--,god ! tempt]--,lucif] & ,god--#b4 ,probable fate ( ! notion ( ,provid5ce--,hypo!ses to expla9 a special ,provid5ce & miracles ?us insuffici5t--,hypo!sis ( a non-omnipot5t ,god propos$ by ,john ,/u>t ,mill--,! ,god ( ,comtism--,religion %\ld be n solely human b cosmic--,! fate ( ! philosophical idea ( ,god--,rational religion propos$ by ! neo-,kantians--,ultimate trans=mation ( ! notion ( ,div9ity & ( ,provid5ce--,human ,provid5ce & progressive ,div9ity 9 ! _w4 ,i4 ,introduction--,progress ( metaphysical hypo!sis4 ,sid5ote3 ,tr5d visible 9 metaphysical speculation4 ,to say t humanity1 9 its se>* = a plausible explanation ( ! _w1 f9ds itself 9 ! pres5ce ( a great numb] ( hypo!ses among :i* x mu/ *oose does n mean t ^! hypo!ses %\ld be reg>d$ ) a b5evol5t neutrality1 t !y are equival5t 9 ! eyes ( reason4 ,f> f x3 we believe t metaphysical hypo!ses already are foll[+ a c]ta9 g5]al direction & w cont9ue to d s 9 ! future4 ,our conception ( ! unkn[n w become precise z our k ( ! kn[able becomes complete4 ,ev5 morals1 :i* v>y s m>k$ly f c\ntry to c\ntry1 t5d to approa* a s+le type & to become id5tical among all civiliz$ peoples4 ,! same may be said ( ! practical "p ( all religions4 ,rites become e day simpl]1 & dogmas d ! same1 & metaphysical hypo!ses w d ! same4 ,by ! progress ( human ?\ght1 ! av5ues t lead to tru? w be bett] kn[n4 ,we reg>d x z c]ta91 = example1 t all ef=t w be ab&on$1 if x has n be5 ab&on$ already1 to conceive mank9d's ideal z embodi$ 9 ! jeal\s & evil ,god ( ! ,bible4 ,sid5ote3 ,numb] ( metaphysical hypo!ses n de/9$ to decrease4 ,! angle at :i* diff]5t human be+s look out ^u ! ideal w cont9ually dim9i%2 & z ! angle dim9i%es1 ! p[] ( vision w increase1 & ?is unexpect$ result w foll[3 t metaphysical hypo!ses conc]n+ ! _w1 & its de/9y w nev] be less num]\s nor less v>i$1 9 spite ( ! increas+ conv]g5ce4 ,human ?\ght may ev5 become m p]sonal1 m orig9al1 full] ( delicate di/9ctions1 & at ! same "t less inconsi/5t z "o passes f m9d to m9d4 ,z mank9d approximates ! tru? its details w become m v>i\s1 & ! beauty ( ! :ole m m>k$4 ,an approa* to c]titude augm5ts ! dignity & probability ( ! possible hypo!ses )\t dim9i%+ _! numb]4 ,a/ronomy1 = example1 has increas$ ! sum ( ! kn[n tru?s ab\t cele/ial bodies & at ! same "t multipli$ ! numb] ( possible hypo!ses conc]n+ !m2 ! mo/ def9ite k may ?us be ! mo/ f]tile 9 views ( e sort1 ev5 ( obscure ones4 ,z ! human m9d progresses x w see ! aspects ( nature div]sify & ! laws ( nature unify4 ,?is ev5+ f ,s]mione1 ! p59sula de> to ,catullus1 ,i saw on ! surface ( ,lago di ,g>da ! reflection ( z _m />s z ,i c\ld h se5 _h ,i lift$ my eyes to heav54 ,ea* /> reflect$ 9 ! lake 0 9 reality no?+ b a brilliant drop ( wat]1 close to my h&2 ea* ( ! />s 9 heav5 is a _w sep>ate f me by an inf9ite rea* ( space2 ! />s ( heav5 & ( ! lake 71 h[ev]1 to me ! same4 ,! real di/ance ( ?+s & ! dep? ( ! univ]se escape ! human eye4 ,b sci5ce corrects ! eye1 measures di/ances at _! j wor?1 probes ev] deep] into ! vault ( heav51 di/+ui%+ objects f _! reflections4 ,sci5ce takes acc\nt at once ( ! place ( ! ray 9 ! wat] & ( its orig9 9 ! sky4 ,x w p]haps "o day discov]1 9 an inf9itely magnifi$ expanse ( ?\ght1 ! primitive & c5tral spr+ ( light :i* z yet communicates ) u only by reflection & brok5 rays & fly+ sc9tillations f "s un/able mirror4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,moralism4 ,s9ce ! ,/oics & ,kant1 metaphysical hypo!ses h come to be reg>d$ f a new po9t ( view4 ,:at to-day has come to be ! great *>m ( su* hypo!ses is t !y endeav\r to l5d a moral significance to ! _w1 to impress ^u ! c\rse ( univ]sal evolution a direction con=mable to t ( our consci5ce z affectionate & sociable be+s4 ,! future hi/ory ( religion may be summ$ up 9 ?is law3 t religi\s dogmas1 trans=m$ at fir/ into simple metaphysical conjectures1 r$uc$ lat] to a c]ta9 numb] ( def9ite hypo!ses1 among :i* ! individual made 8 *oice on increas+ly rational gr\nds1 ultimately came to be> pr9cipally on ! problem ( morals4 ,religi\s metaphysics1 9 effect1 w result 9 a transc5d5tal !ory ( univ]sality1 an ideal sociology embrac+ 9 its sweep all ! be+s t con/itute ! univ]se2 & ?is sociology w be f\nd$1 n ^u physical inductions1 l t ( ! e>lie/ religions1 nor ^u ontological inductions l t ( ! fir/ sy/em ( metaphysics1 b ^u ! moral consci5ce ( mank9d4 ,animism1 !ism1 pan!ism1 are de/9$ to fall "u ! dom9ation ( :at may be call$ moralism4 ,sid5ote3 ,increas+ int]e/ 9 moralism4 ,su* div]se solutions z may be giv5 ( ! moral problem ?us und]/ood w always int]e/ mank9d1 b !y w occupy a small] & small] place 9 its practical life2 !y w lose ! extraord9>y influ5ce t religions h (t5 possess$ ov] ! conduct ( m54 ,z society progresses ! moral ag5t w f9d less & less ne$ to appeal = support 9 ! conduct ( life to metaphysical hypo!ses & sy/ematic unc]ta9ty4 ,positive morality w m & m completely suffice = ! ord9>y exig5cies ( life4 ,g5]osity ( he>t w be less dep5d5t on ! intellig5ce = its adv5tur\s impulses2 x w produce !m unassi/$4 ,metaphysical speculations w t5d to become1 l ! highe/ /hetic products1 a luxury2 !y w be s\ght = _! own sakes1 & = ! g5]al elevation ( m9d t !y be/[1 r ?an = guidance 9 p>ticul> matt]s ( conduct4 ,! de/9y ( ! _w w int]e/ u q ap>t f any "q ( our own de/9y1 & our voyages into ! unkn[n w be prompt$ n by selfi%ness b by dis9t]e/$ curiosity4 ,sid5ote3 ,& 9 reflective rectitude4 ,we d n believe1 h[ev]1 ) ,mr4 ,sp5c] t ! "p to be play$ by ! reflective consci5ce 9 human life is de/9$ to dim9i%1 nor t man w come to d :at is "r 9 ob$i5ce to a bl9d in/9ct--to ru% into ! fire or ?r[ himself into ! wat] to save ! life ( a fell[-creature almo/ z irreflectively z he w\ld lift 8 hat to a fri5d 9 ! /reet4 ,on ! contr>y1 man w become m & m reflective & philosophical 9 all ?+s1 & among o!rs1 9 reg>d to ! direct+ pr9ciples ( 8 conduct4 ,& !re is no room 9 all ?is = ! belief t ! dissolv+ influ5ce ex]cis$ by reflection ^u primitive in/9cts w s]i\sly h9d] ! gr[? ( ! social in/9ct4 ,intellig5ce p>alyzes in/9cts only :5 x is oblig$ to oppose !m1 :5 x does n ju/ify !m1 :5 x aims really at displac+ !m4#abi ,b speculative ?\ght w always ju/ify social in/9ct1 ev5 consid]$ purely f ! sci5tific & positive po9t ( view4 ,z we h %[n1 ! mo/ extraord9>y manife/ation ( ! social in/9ct1 devotion1 belongs to ! g5]al law ( life1 & does n 9 ! lea/ possess ! abnormal "* t has sometimes be5 attribut$ to x2 to run a risk = someone else is n to be purely unselfi%1 = "o is attract$ by ! sublimity ( dang] & ( risk1 & a capacity = ?is attraction has be5 develop$ & r5d]$ p[]ful by natural selection 9 ! high] species ( ! animal k+dom2 ! desire to expose "o's self is almo/ normal 9 a morally well-con/itut$ individual4 ,9 morals z 9 /hetics sublimity is alli$ to beauty4#acj ,! speculative in/9ct w1 !re=e1 n c\nt]act ! social in/9ct2 x w r =tify x1 & human dis9t]e/$ness g5]ally1 = speculation itself is ! mo/ dis9t]e/$ act ( ! m5tal life4 ,g5]ally speak+1 reflective consci5ce is always m dis9t]e/$ ?an irreflective action1 :i* is typifi$ 9 reflex action2 x is less directly useful to life on its simple/ t]ms4 ,p>allel to ! developm5t ( consci5ce & ( speculative intellig5ce !re goes always a developm5t ( our moral activity4 ,! m truly intellig5t a human be+ is ! m active he is2 & ! m active he is1 ! less self-suffic+ he becomes1 ! great] 8 ne$ to live = someone else4 ,antisocial be+s are almo/ always m5tally & physically dawdl]s1 :o are incapable ( cont9u\s m5tal or physical lab\r4 ,activity ( m9d mu/ inevitably1 !re=e1 indirectly =tify ! moral in/9cts4 ,sociality is develop$ by ?\ght4 #abi ,see ^u ?is po9t ! au?or's ,problmes d'e/htique1 p4 #aci 7,de l'antagonisme entre l'esprit sci5tifique et l'in/9ct47 #acj ,esquisse d'une morale sans obligation1 p4 #bae4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,possible to classify ! div]se sy/ems ( future4 ,al?\gh by ! progress ( analysis ! complication ( ! great m5tal & moral hypo!ses mu/ increase1 x is possible1 ev5 at ! pres5t day1 to =esee ! ma9 syn!tic gr\ps "u :i* ! sev]al sy/ems w be classifiable4 ,sid5ote3 ,pres5t int]e/ 9 su* sy/ems4 ,?is book is n a treatise on metaphysics3 an exposition & criticism ( ^! sy/ems w n1 !re=e1 "h be expect$2 b _! *>act]i/ic _s1 :i* has also be5 ! _s ( ! great religions1 is ( int]e/ to u "h1 &1 = u1 con/itutes _! value4 ,x is ?is _s :i* is at once speculative & religi\s1 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w1 t x is important1 accord+ly1 to elicit1 & t :olly )\t dogmatical or polemical aim ( any k9d4 ,absolute s9c]ity1 imp]sonal & passionate s9c]ity1 is ! fir/ duty ( ! philosoph]4 ,to arrange ! _w accord+ to "o's p]sonal pref]5ces1 to be on ! look\t1 n = ! mo/ probable1 b = ! mo/ consol+ hypo!ses1 is to resemble a m]*ant :o %\ld c\nt 8 cr$its only :5 he is mak+ up 8 books & %\ld indulge 9 none b consol+ additions4 ,! /ricte/ probity is dem&$ ( him :o balances ! great book ( life2 ! philosoph] %\ld hide no?+ ei!r f o!rs or f himself4 ,we %all endeav\r1 !re=e1 to set =?1 :at are 9 our judgm5t ! div]se aspects "u :i* ! kn[able z a :ole1 & !re=e also ! unkn[able1 or if y pref]1 ! great unkn[n1 pres5t !mselves to-day4 ,we %all endeav\r to int]pret ! great metaphysical sy/ems sympa!tically1 )\t1 h[ev]1 any illusions 9 reg>d to _! incomplet5ess & _! errors4 ,9 a c]ta9 *ur* 9 ,v]ona sacr$ texts are inscrib$ on ! m>ble slabs ( :i* ! floor is compos$2 !y int]pret & complete ea* o!r1 &1 h[ev] obscure at fir/1 gradually become pla9 z "o advances "u ! high ar*$ ro(2 ?us x is 9 life3 ! religi\s & philosophical beliefs 9 ! mid/ ( :i* we live seem to u at fir/ enigmatical & my/]i\s1 we trample !m "u foot )\t und]/&+ !m2 b1 z we advance1 we discov] _! hidd5 mean+1 _! navet1 & _! pr(\ndity4 ,at e /ep 9 life a new p]spective into ! he>t ( humanity is ?r[n op5 to u2 to live is to und]/&1 & to und]/& is n only to tol]ate b to love4 ,su* love1 h[ev]1 is n incompatible ) cle>ness ( vision1 nor ) an ef=t to trans=m & ameliorate ! belov$ object2 on ! contr>y1 a really active love ought to be1 m ?an all else1 a desire = trans=mation & = progress4 ,to love a be+ or a belief is to seek to make x bett]4 ,,ii4 ,!ism4 ,sid5ote3 ,!ism & religion di/9ct4 ,! majority ( p sc>cely see any possible alt]native to su* & su* a det]m9ate religion except a!ism4 ,! fact is1 ( c\rse1 q o!rwise4 ,religi\s ?\ght manife/s itself 9 a hundr$ =ms2 :y %\ld free-?\ght be re/rict$ to a s+le conception ( ! univ]se8 ,i h kn[n a multitude ( free-?9k]s :o believ$ m s9c]ely 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l1 &1 9 g5]al1 9 spiritual pr9ciples ?an a great _m pr(ess$ wor%ipp]s4 ,7 !y "r to d s8 ,0 ,voltaire1 = example1 :o bas$ 8 affirmation ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god ^u ! spl5d\r ( a sunrise1 some:at nave1 & incl9$ to mi/ake an emotion = a bit ( pro(8 ,x makes little diff]5ce2 :at we wi% to set 9 relief is t fai? 9 a prie/ is n necess>ily "p & p>cel ( fai? 9 a ,god1 & t ! disappe>ance ( ! =m] may l5d an increase ( p[] & ( ref9em5t to ! latt]4 ,no s+le philosophic doctr9e is to be reg>d$ z /&+ alone 9 opposition to ! :ole body ( religions2 religions & philosophies toge!r are all philosophic doctr9es1 all hypo!ses1 & none ( !m above discussion4 ,we say to ! individual3 8,weigh & *oose40 ,& among ^! hypo!ses we include t ( :i* mod]n religions con/itute ! symbolic expression1 !ism4 ,if ! religi\s anomy :i* we reg>d z ! ideal implies ! suppression ( ev]y?+ 9 ! nature ( an ext]nal revelation1 x does n on t acc\nt exclude a subjective & p]sonal intuition ( div9ity4 ,ev5 my/ics may f9d _! acc\nt 9 ! religi\s individualism ( ! future4 ,intuition1 h[ev]1 9 metaphysics z 9 morals1 is e day los+ gr\nd4 ,! progress ( ideas w result 9 ! gradual triumph ( sci5tific induction ov] alleg$ natural intuition1 ( probability ov] fai?4 ,subjective revelation w disappe> z objective revelation is do+1 & give place by degrees to reason+4 ,dogmatic !ism1 l all dogma1 is doom$2 b :at is pure/ 9 ! !i/ic _s may survive4 ,sid5ote3 ,god conceiv$ z prime mov] a sup]fluity accord+ to mod]n physics4 ,i4 ,let u fir/ consid] ! probable fate ( ! dogma ( ! ,creator1 :i* belongs to ! great ,jewi%1 ,*ri/ian1 & ,islamite religions4 ,sci5ce foll[s ! law ( p>simony2 nature economizes =ce1 sci5ce economizes ideas4 ,! fir/ economy to be und]tak5 might well relate precisely to ! idea ( ! creation4 ,! au?or ( ! _w may be conceiv$ z ! univ]sal motor4 ,b ! conception ( cause z a s\rce ( movem5t1 or z a prime motor1 is full ( contradictions & is becom+ m & m =eign to mod]n philosophy4 ,= ! conception ( a fir/ cause implies a pre-exi/+ /ate ( repose1 & repose is no m primitive & absolute ?an no?+ness4 ,no?+ is 9 repose1 no?+ has ev] be5 9 repose4 ,! mo/ motionless atom 9 ! atmosph]e describes 9 its vibration1 accord+ to ,clausius1 f\r hundr$ & =ty-sev5 metres a second 9 a space ( n9ety-five million?s ( a millimetre2 x receives dur+ ?is "t f\r billion sev5 hundr$ million %ocks4 ,! vibrat+ atom ( hydrog5 describes "o ?\s& eight hundr$ & eighty-f\r metres 9 a second4 ,repose is an illusion ( ! human m9d1 & ! conception ( a div9e fir/ mov] is a second illusion bas$ on ! fir/4 ,! et]nal movem5t t /irr$ ! molecules ( ! primitive sub/ance1 lat] gr\p$ !m into sph]es1 & ! sph]es began :irl+ ( _! own accord 9 ! e!r )\t ne$ ( a prelim9>y pu% f ! sacr$ beetle 7z ! ,egyptian leg5d has x7 t rolls 8 sacr$ ball1 :i* is ! image ( ! univ]se4 ,:]e1 z ,/rauss rem>k$1 ,newton felt call$ ^u to assume a 8div9e fir/ impulse10 & ,buffon 0 oblig$ to resort to ! hypo!sis ( a comet collid+ ) ! primitive sph]e & break+ x up into ! fragm5ts :i* n[ con/itute ! e>? & ! planets1 we ne$ invoke no?+ b ! fixity ( natural laws4 ,s9ce ,kant1 ,desc>tes1 & ,laplace1 we possess an approximate explanation ( ! =mation ( ! />s1 :i* are alt]nately produc$ & dissolv$ by ! conc5tration & resolution ( mat]ial masses--are born to be 8dev\r$10 z ,kant said1 9 ! abyss ( et]nity4 ,"o & ! same cause1 resi/ance ( ! e!r1 expla9s ! agglom]ation ( nebul\s matt] into nucle1 & ! sl[+ d[n ( ! motion ( ! sph]es ?us =m$1 & ! ultimate fall ( ^! sph]es ^u "s neighb\r+ c5tre ( attraction & ! result+ disp]sion into nebul4 ,sid5ote3 ,& ) physiology4 ,m ?an t1 by ! progress ( physiology & natural hi/ory1 ! organic & ! inorganic worlds h come to be conceiv$ z s closely relat$ t a true explanation ( ! fir/ w\ld probably include a true explanation ( ! second4 ,! *asm t once exi/$ betwe5 life & :at su/a9s life has be5 clos$4 ,if our laboratories d n enable u to cat* spontane\s g5]ation 9 ! act1 ! reason is simply t _! res\rces are n equal to ^? ( nature1 t !y h n ! same means at _! disposal1 t ! s-call$ primitive be+s t we endeav\r to produce 9 ! laboratory are really n primitive4 ,m5 ( sci5ce :o h attempt$ su* exp]im5ts resemble ! foll[]s ( ,d>w9 :o h tri$ to trans=m an an?ropoid ape into a human be+4 ,nature p]mits ( an inf9ite conv]g5ce ( =ces ^u a det]m9ate po9t1 t _c be realiz$ 9 a laboratory4 ,m ?an t1 "t1 :i* we are always incl9$ to neglect1 is a necess>y factor 9 ! evolution ( ?+s2 :at is natural is sl[4 ,to f9d ! e>lie/ /ages ( organic life1 z to f9d ! e>ly /ages 9 ! =mation ( a />1 we mu/ g f> back into ! remote pa/4 ,sid5ote3 ,god conceiv$ z a ,creator worse ?an sup]flu\s4 ,if !re is no necessity = ! conception ( ,god z a prime mov]1 is !re any necessity = ! conception ( ,god z ! ,creator ( ! univ]se8 ,a creative cause seems to ! mod]n m9d less & less ne$$ = ! explanation ( ! _w1 = ! fact ( exi/5ce /&s 9 no ne$ ( explanation2 :at r ne$s explanation is non-exi/5ce4 ,dea?1 repose1 are all relative & d]iv$4 ,dea? implies life1 & is itself only a provisional /age1 an int]val betwe5 two metamorphoses4 ,!re exi/s no punctum mortuum1 no "o really dead po9t 9 ! univ]se4 ,x is by a pure artifice ( ?\ght t religions h conceiv$ ! univ]se z beg9n+ 9 annihilation1 9 dea? 7:i* is a remote consequ5ce ( life71 9 ord] to af=d an opportunity = ! int]v5tion ( a creative p[]3 creation is a resurrection foll[+ on a fictiti\s dea?4 ,sid5ote3 ,no?+ness an aspect ( exi/5ce4 ,! real /ate ( ! case is n t exi/5ce spr+s f non-exi/5ce1 b t non-exi/5ce is a simple aspect ( exi/5ce1 or r an illusion ( ?\ght4 ,! notion ( creation w be m & m widely displac$ by t ( evolution & v>iation4 ,diff]5t worlds are et]nal v>iations on ! same !me1 ! tat tvam asi ( ! ,h9dus t5ds to become a sci5tific v>iety4 ,a sub/antial unity ( ! _w & ! solid>ity ( all ! be+s 9 ! _w w1 und\bt$ly1 be m & m cle>ly demon/rat$4 ,sid5ote3 ,god responsible = evil4 ,! creation may be consid]$1 s9ce ,kant's "t1 z a demon/rably indemon/rable & ev5 inconceivable hypo!sis2 b ,kant did n /ay to inquire :e!r ! ,biblical dogma ( ! creation w n t5d to appe> to u increas+ly immoral2 a t5d5cy :i*1 accord+ to ,kant's pr9ciples1 w\ld suffice to cause x to be reject$ 9 ! future4 ,a d\bt1 :i* "s ?9k]s ( antiquity felt ke5ly1 has come to be widely diffus$ 9 our days2 a ,creator is a be+ 9 :om all ?+s f9d _! reason & _! cause1 & :o1 consequ5tly1 is ultimately responsible = ev]y?+4 ,he is responsible = all ! evil 9 ! univ]se4 ,z ! idea ( inf9ite p[]1 ( supreme lib]ty ( action became insep>able f ! conception ( ,god1 ,god 0 depriv$ ( e excuse1 = ! ,absolute is dep5d5t ^u no?+4 ,ev]y?+1 on ! contr>y1 dep5ds on ,him & f9ds its reason 9 ,him4 ,9 ! la/ resort ,he alone is culpable2 ,8 "w1 9 ! manifold s]ies ( its effects1 pres5ts itself to mod]n ?\ght z "o sole action1 & ?is action1 l any o!r1 is capable ( be+ sat ^u 9 moral judgm5t2 ! au?or is to be judg$ by 8 "w1 ! _w passes judgm5t on ,god4 ,well1 z evil & immorality 9 ! univ]se1 ) ! progress ( ! moral s5se1 become m %ock+1 x seems t to admit ! creation hypo!sis is to c5tralize1 to conc5trate1 all ! immorality ( ! _w 9 "o be+1 & to ju/ify ! p>adox3 8,god is evil40 ,to admit ! doctr9e ( a ,creator is1 9 a ^w1 to bani% evil f ! _w to ,god1 its primordial s\rce2 to absolve m5 & ! univ]se & accuse ! au?or ( bo?4 ,sid5ote3 ,evil ( d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( evil to exculpate ,god4 ,!re is some?+ /ill worse ?an ref]r+ ! s\rce ( all evil ?us to a creative w1 & t is1 = ! purpose ( exculpat+ ! ,creator1 to d5y ! evil itself1 & to decl>e t ?is _w is ! be/ ( all possible worlds4 ,su* is ! *oice t ,leibnitz & ! !ologians made4 ,religions are oblig$ to apologize = ! univ]se1 to pr(ess an admiration = ! div9e plan2 !y hold 9 res]ve excuses = ! exi/5ce ( inju/ice1 & lab\r unconsci\sly to falsify ! moral s5se1 9 ord] to relieve ,god ( 8 responsibility4 ,sid5ote3 ,doctr9e t physical or intellectual evil are conditions ( well-be+4 ,_m hypo!ses h be5 devis$ 9 ! s]vice ( optimism to excuse ! ,creator1 )\t compromis+ ! moral s5se1 & mank9d's in/9ct = progress4 ,physical evil 7suff]+71 intellectual evil 7error & d\bt71 h be5 decl>$ to be a condition s9e qua non ( moral good2 :i* w\ld ju/ify !m4 ,moral evil w\ld ?us rema9 ! sole v]ifiable evil 9 ! univ]se1 & z moral evil consi/s simply 9 evil int5tions on ! "p ( m51 m5 alone1 on ?is hypo!sis1 w\ld be responsible4 ,! univ]se itself1 t is to say1 w\ld conta9 no evil except 9 ! p]son ( ! man :o is purposely evil by 8 own free *oice1 & ! possibility ( moral evil might be consid]$ z a supreme condition ( moral goodness1 ! latt] presuppos+ fre$om ( *oice1 a selection by ! w1 & an alt]native to be refus$4 ,! evil 9 ! univ]se w\ld ?us be comp5sat$ = by morality1 suff]+ w\ld be comp5sat$ = by virtue1 mi/akes by good w4 ,! _w itself w\ld be simply a means ( produc+ morality &1 9 its app>5t imp]fection1 x w\ld be ! be/ _w possible1 because its app>5t imp]fection w\ld be necess>y to produce :at is be/ 9 x4 ,sid5ote3 ,doctr9e t ! dignity ( ! _w lies 9 its spontaneity4 ,! _w1 x has be5 said1 _c be 9 e respect absolute1 = x w\ld !n be ,god2 x mu/ always be 9 ! position ( a recipi5t2 ! less x receives--! m x acts 9 indep5d5ce ( ext]nal aid1 ! m x develops f )91 & ! m x approa*es ! ,absolute1 insomu* t ! v pov]ty ( ! e>? con/itutes its gr&eur1 s9ce x is ! condition ( its real weal?1 a weal? n borr[$ f ano!r b acquir$ by its own ef=t4 ,ev]y?+1 !re=e1 becomes transfigur$ accord+ to ?is hypo!sis1 e suff]+ becomes a m]it2 ,god wi%$ to create ! mo/ spontane\s _w possible1 t is to say at bottom to create z little z possible1 to leave z l>ge an initiative z possible to 8 creatures4 ,laissez faire is ,god's device1 z x is ! device ( all good gov]nm5t4 ,a small result1 b obta9$ by spontaneity1 is sup]ior to a great] result obta9$ by me*anical artifice4 8,div9e art10 says a philosoph]1 9 comm5t+ on "s doctr9es ( ,plato1 8is inf9itely sup]ior to human art2 x creates individuals :o are ends unto !mselves & self-evolv$4 ,^! individuals are n1 z ,leibnitz believ$1 automata 444 true p]fection is autonom\s4 ,if ,god is only a demiurge1 he may be accus$1 & ought to be accus$1 ( be+ a bad workman4 ,is ! _w n full ( unsuccessful attempts1 ( un=tunate comb9ations1 ( ends ei!r miss$ altoge!r or ill a*iev$8 ,! critics ( ,provid5ce w always h en\gh to say1 b ^! unf9i%$ sket*es are ! "w n ( ,god b ( 8 creatures1 ( ! =ces & individual s\ls t he has set 9 op]ation4 ,9 a ^w ,god is n a workman :o produces works1 b a workman :o creates workm540#aca ,?is =mula sums up 9 a /rik+ mann] :at may be call$ transfigur$ optimism4 ,! new hypo!sis does n d5y evil1 b1 on ! contr>y1 ha/5s to admit x2 b by conv]t+ evil into a consequ5ce ( spontaneity1 x subord9ates x to good itself1 makes x lab\r 9 ! s]vice ( its opposite2 ! mo/ fragm5t>y sket* becomes respectable :5 x is a /ep1 & a necess>y /ep1 t[>d a ma/]piece4 #aca ,a4 ,f\ille1 ,philosophie de ,platon1 t4 ii4 p4 #fci4 ,see also ,m4 ,secrtan1 ,philosophie de la lib]t1 & ,valli]1 ,l',int5tion morale4 ,sid5ote3 ,criticis$4 ,! hypo!sis 9 "q is c]ta9ly "o :i*1 )9 ! realm ( !ism1 may well cont9ue to be long ! mo/ plausible4 ,x gives rise1 h[ev]1 to a great _m difficulties4 ,9 ! fir/ place x assumes ! sup]iority ( :at is spontane\s to :at is n2 ( :at1 s to speak1 does itself1 z comp>$ ) :at is done4 ,be x s1 b 9 :at respect c be+s 9 ?is _w be said to lead a spontane\s exi/5ce2 9 :at respect c ,i be said to lead a spontane\s exi/5ce8 ,am ,i n ! result ( a multitude ( causes8 ,i 0 born & am ma9ta9$ by ! consili5ce ( a multitude ( little cellul> or atomic volitions4 ,%\ld ,i be less ?an ,i am if ,i 7 ! result ( a s+le volition1 & t a div9e volition8 ,ov] & above myself !re always exi/ my antec$5ts1 ! causes ( me2 my true cause does n lie )9 ! limits ( myself3 :at diff]5ce does x make to me1 !re=e1 :e!r ^? causes lie )9 ! univ]se or beyond8 ,:e!r ! _w is ! m or less h>moni\s "w ( a multitude ( bl9d spontaneities or ! "w ( a s+le intellig5t w1 nei!r dim9i%es nor increases ! value ( any giv5 individual t is ! product ( ! _w4 ,my ance/ors are indiff]5t to me ! in/ant ,i become dep5d5t ^u ance/ors at all4 ,%\ld ! /atue ( ,pygmalion reproa* ! sculptor ) hav+ made x beautiful1 & hav+ made x ) 8 own h&s1 & def9itively fa%ion$ x = life8 ,provid+ x lives & is happy1 x matt]s little :5ce its life comes4 ,obscurity lies beh9d1 light & life lie be=e1 & x is =w>d t "o's face is set4 ,sid5ote3 ,results 9 det]m9ism4 ,9 ! new ,platonic hypo!sis1 transfigur$ z above1 ! organization ( ! individual always becomes1 9 ! la/ resort1 ! "w ( a reciprocal det]m9ism4 ,accord+ to ! ord9>y hypo!sis1 x is ! "w ( a s+le1 absolute1 det]m9+ w2 b ! absolute or relative "* ( ! det]m9+ pr9ciple 9 n[ise affects ! nature ( :at is det]m9$4 ,! actual _w is no m passive1 if x is produc$ directly by ! op]ation ( ! fir/ cause1 ?an if x is produc$ indirectly by ! int]m$iation ( a multitude ( d]ivative causes1 ev5 if ^! causes pres5t individually ! "* ( spontaneity4 ,aft] all1 s9ce ! individual mu/ always be solid>y1 solid>ity betwe5 x & div9e p]fection is pref]able to solid>ity ) d]ivative imp]fection4 ,sid5ote3 ,& contradicts itself4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 9 ! ,platonic & ,ari/otelian notion ( spontaneity an elem5t ( pr(undity & ( v]isimilitude1 b x leads precisely to ! refutation ( ! doctr9e ( creation3 once c>ry ! hypo!sis ( ! spontaneity ( exi/5ce to its ultimate conclusion1 & ! orig9al fund ( exi/5ce mu/ be impov]i%$ until no?+ b nude unqualifiable sub/ance be left2 b t is to say1 "o mu/ g back to ,ari/otle's pure =ce1 to ,hegel's pure be+1 :i* is id5tical ) n be+2 ! ma/]piece ( spontaneity w\ld be self-creation4 ,! in/ant su* a spontaneity is possible ,god is a sup]fluity2 x is easi] to say t becom+ arose out ( ! id5tity ( be+ & n be+1 or r t becom+ is et]nal on its own acc\nt4 ,becom+ ?us becomes ,god & !ism becomes a!ism or pan!ism4 ,sid5ote3 ,summ>y4 ,to sum up1 ! ,creator unable to create b>e1 virtual sub/ance1 mu/ h creat$ be+s end[$ ) "s real quality2 b1 if s1 !y are once = all 8 works & n simply indep5d5t workm54 ,m ?an t1 su* a sub/ance ) su* qualities once creat$1 su* & su* effects necess>ily foll[2 qualities are det]m9ations :i* det]m9e subsequ5t det]m9ations 9 _! turn4 ,behold !re=e ! pres5t1 big ) ! future4 ,! _w becomes a det]m9$ succession ( 8works0 :i* develop fatally f _! e>lie/ /age4 ,sid5ote3 ,doctr9e t ,god has creat$ be+s free to *oose criticiz$4 ,m4 ,secrtan w tell u t ,god simply creat$ free wills b n sub/ances2 b x mu/ be confess$ t ^! free wills h be5 imm]s$ 9 a det]m9i/ic univ]se :i* leaves !m little lib]ty ( action4 ,:y1 !re=e1 did ,he n create u fre] & /ill fre] & z free z ,himself8 ,b we %\ld h be5 gods1 x is object$3--s mu* ! bett]1 might be repli$2 !re c\ld n be too _m gods2 we d n see :y ,god %\ld h r$uc$ himself to a unity1 8z if ! laws ( numb] con/itut$ a limitation ( ,8 p[]40#acb ,x does n appe> :y ! ,creator %\ld be unable to create a d\ble ( ,himself2 :y ,he %\ld be oblig$ to h& on ! div9e life1 t ,he wi%es to %>e1 on l[] t]ms only2 we d n see :y ,god's productivity %\ld involve a c]ta9 deg5]ation4 #acb ,m4 ,f\ille has effectively /at$ ?is 9 8 ,sy/mes de morale contempora9s1 :]e he 9 "s measure attacks ! hypo!sis t he _h incid5tally propos$ 9 8 comm5t>y on ,plato4 ,sid5ote3 ,a maximum ( lib]ty4 ,9 any ev5t1 9 default ( o!r attributes1 we ought to be giv5 ! maximum ( possible lib]ty2 admitt+ t we c\ld n be creat$ free & equal to ,god1 our lib]ty %\ld diff] f ,8 by a m9imum4 ,?is m9imum1 be+ susceptible ( inf9ite dim9ution1 might become less ?an any conceivable diff]5ce2 x might become1 t is to say1 inf9itely little1 practically z]o2 b we are f> f any su* exalt$ /ation1 & if ,god gave u lib]ty ,he 0 v mis]ly ab\t x4 ,sid5ote3 ,an abuse ( language to call u free4 ,to say ! tru?1 x is only by an abuse ( language t any su* ideal lib]ty is ascrib$ to u z is attribut$ to ,god1 & reg>d$ z ( inf9ite value4 ,! fre$om t religion ascribes to u is fre$om ( ! w1 p[] to d evil or good1 a p[] ! v consequ5ce ( :i* is irreconcilable ) ! notion ( ,god4 ,)\t ent]+ ^u a consid]ation ( :at su* a p[] w\ld be & ( its moral wor?1 :y does our free-w exi/ 9 ! mid/ ( conditions s unfav\rable to x1 s calculat$ to r5d] x ineffective8 ,! sole response is ! classic !ory ( ! temptation4 ,! temptation1 z an explanation ( ! _w1 practically involves ! hypo!sis ( a fa!r expos+ 8 *ildr51 z a means ( te/+ _! virtue1 to temptations ( vice & crime1 & kn[+ be=eh& t !y w succumb4 ,morally1 ! conception is simply inadmissible2 is wor?y ( ! di/ant times :5 he>ts 7 h>d] ?an !y are to-day4 ,m ?an t1 ! only be+s t c\ld 9 any prop] s5se be put to ! pro( are truly consci5ti\s be+s1 = !y alone are capable ( ent]ta9+ a moral alt]native4 ,a reflective consci5ce is s r>e 9 ! _w6 ,by virtue ( :at temptation resi/$ are m9]als & vegetables p]mitt$ to exi/ 9 unconsci\sness & sleep1 :ile animals are torn by ! mis]ies ( life & dea? )\t be+ able to conv]t _! suff]+s into a confirmation ( ! moral w or amelioration ( _! lot8 ,sid5ote3 ,doctr9e ( ! fall4 ,! supreme res\rce ( ,*ri/ianity & ( religions g5]ally is ! doctr9e ( ! fall1 b ?is explanation ( evil z ! result ( a primitive imp]fection is an explanation ( evil by evil4 ,! fall mu/ h be5 prec$$ by "s defect 9 ! w itself1 or ! w w\ld n h fail$4 ,orig9al s9 is n an ultimate2 "o does n /umble if !re is no ob/acle 9 ! way1 & "o's legs are well made1 & "o is walk+ 9 ! eye ( ! ,"l4 ,s9 involves temptation1 & ! doctr9e ( ! temptation necess>ily implies t ,god 0 ! fir/ tempt]2 morally1 x 0 ,god himself :o fell 9 ! fall ( ,8 creatures by ,him plann$4 ,to expla9 orig9al s91 :i* is ! root ( all s91 ! s9 ( ,lucif]1 !ologians h resort$ n to a temptation )9 ! realm ( s5se1 b to a temptation )9 ! realm ( intellig5ce4 ,x 0 by pride t ! angels fell4 ,_! s9 rose ?us out ( ! v c5tre ( _! m9ds4 ,b pride is incid5tal only to %ort-sight$ness4 ,complete sci5ce is aw>e ( its own limitations4 ,pride1 !re=e1 results f insuffici5cy ( k4 ,! pride ( ! angels 0 due to ,god4 ,"o may h reasons = wi%+ to d & = do+ evil1 b reasons d n hold 9 ! face ( reason itself4 ,if1 accord+ to ! p>tisans ( free-w1 human intellig5ce is capable by virtue ( pride & inn] p]v]sity ( creat+ out ( no?+ motives = evil-do+1 x is at lea/ incapable ( s do+ except 9 s f> z its k is limit$1 ambigu\s & unc]ta94 ,practically1 nobody hesitates except 9 ! abs5ce ( absolute k4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z rationally & consci\sly fly+ 9 ! face ( reason4 ,lucif] 01 !re=e1 by 8 v nature impeccable4 ,! w to d evil is borne ( ! opposition :i* an imp]fect intellig5ce fancies x p]ceives1 9 a _w hypo!tically p]fect1 betwe5 its own advantage & ! advantage ( ev]ybody else4 ,b if ,god & 8 works are really p]fect1 su* an ant9omy betwe5 ! good ( ! individual & ! univ]sal good1 :i* ev5 to ! be/ human intellig5ces appe>s provisional only1 w\ld a =tiori appe> s to "o ( ! ar*angels ( ! intellig5ce1 to ! ,light-be>] ( ?\ght4 ,to "k is to p>ticipate 9 ! supreme tru?1 9 ! div9e consci5ce2 to possess all k w\ld be to possess1 among o!r ?+s1 ! moral insight ( ,god2 & h[ out ! mid/ ( all t div9ity %\ld any?+ ,satanic arise8 ,sid5ote3 ,god always responsible 9 ! la/ resort4 ,to-day1 :5 a s9 is committ$ among m5 & x _c be trac$ to any fault ( education1 or ( environm5t1 or ( ov]:elm+ temptation1 m5 ( sci5ce look = ! explanation among ! ance/ors ( ! guilty p]son1 9 ! conviction t !y mu/ be 9 ! pres5ce ( a case ( atavism4 ,no su* explanation c\ld exi/ 9 ! case ( ,god's fir/born4 ,:5 ! _w 0 "y & beautiful & good1 orig9al s9 0 z wond]ful z ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! _w itself2 x 0 a v]itable creation ( some?+ out ( no?+4 ,satan's creation 0 sup]ior to ,god's4 ,8 moral fiat nox 0 great] 9 g5ius & creative p[] ?an ,god's fiat lux4 ,9 effect1 e religi\s explanation ( evil ultimately leads to ! ascription ( x to ,god himself or to a be+ m p[]ful ?an ,god1 & 9 bo? cases equally ! ,creator is debas$4 ,t fact con/itutes ! pr9cipal reason t compromises ! creation hypo!sis1 prop]ly s call$1 = e philosophical m9d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,special ,provid5ce & miracles4 ,,ii4 ,! second notion ( !ism is t ( ,provid5ce1 :i* may be ei!r g5]al or special4 ,along ) ! notion ( a special ,provid5ce gov]n+ ! _w f )\t1 we h se5 t ! notion ( miracle mu/ be includ$4 ,! sole means by :i* ^! two decrepit conceptions c be def5d$ are ! foll[+3 ,conceive1 ) ,pascal1 two worlds1 a physical _w & above x ! moral _w envelop+ x1 & 9 places p5etrat+ x4 ,! po9ts ( int]section1 s to speak1 betwe5 ! moral & physical _w are miracles4 ,!y are n s mu* brea*es 9 ! laws ( nature z affirmations ( sup]ior laws4 ,su* is ! argum5t2 b we reply t ! s-call$ sup]ior laws are inevitably1 9 c]ta9 respects1 contradictory to ^? ( nature1 9 ! v respects 9 ref]5ce to :i* ! miracle has happ5$4 ,"o _c1 = example1 suppose t a sa9t1 precipitat$ f ! height ( a rock1 resi/s ! law ( gravitation & floats up to heav51 )\t a manife/ contradiction1 s f> z natural laws are conc]n$2 )\t a de/ruction1 inde$1 ( ^? laws4 ,m ?an t1 a moral law is su* precisely 9 s f> z x diff]s 9 ! l9es ( its applicability f natural law2 j 9 s f> z a conflict betwe5 x & natural laws is inconceivable4 ,only a natural law c susp5d 7& t app>5tly only7 ! op]ation ( a natural law4 ,sid5ote3 ,attempt to limit its activity to ! subjective side4 ,x has be5 fanci$ t ! difficulty ab\t miracles may be done away ) by conceiv+ t ,provid5ce acts1 n ^u ! mat]ial univ]se1 b ^u human ?\ght1 by means ( sugge/ion1 inspirations f on high1 provid5tial ideas2 b contempor>y sci5ce has e/abli%$ s intimate a connection betwe5 motion & ?\ght t x is impossible to di/+ui% betwe5 an influ5ce ex]t$ 9 ! spiritual & an influ5ce ex]t$ 9 ! mat]ial _w4 ,x is hopeless to attempt to immat]ialize ,provid5ce 9 ord] to save x4 ,! special int]v5tion ( ,provid5ce mu/ be mat]ial or n at all4 ,sid5ote3 ,univ]sal ,provid5ce4 ,! old conception ( miracles & ( ! sup]natural & special ,provid5ce 0 !re=e1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 logical4 ,religions _h n be5 mi/ak52 !y _h p]ceiv$ t ! day ,provid5ce became too exclusively univ]sal religion w\ld be absorb$ 9 metaphysics1 & ?is result1 9 effect1 w be produc$ 9 ! future4 ,religions h nev] support$ ! !ory ( a g5]al ,provid5ce1 & x is c]ta9 t if a g5]al ,provid5ce suffic$ = ! ab/ract reason ( a ,malebran*e1 ) 8 s5se ( ord]1 symmetry1 & law1 x w\ld n suffice = ! human he>t1 ) its s5se ( ju/ice & its desire1 if x is to sacrifice itself = ,god1 to f9d 9 ! ,god at lea/ a def5d] & a b5efactor4 ,a b5efit loses its value z su* by be+ too indirect2 humanity has little und]/&+ ( ju/ice 9 g5]al :i* treats ! individual z a means ( secur+ ! good ( ! :ole & sacrifices him at ne$--at lea/1 = a "t4 ,*>ity1 l ju/ice1 x seems to him1 %\ld be individual & special4 ,a univ]sal ,provid5ce is s univ]sal t no traces ( x exi/ 9 ! details ( life1 & 9 especial 9 ! p>ticul> evils & suff]+s :i* =m s l>ge a "p ( life4 ,! ,god ( ,malebran*e1 :o is incapable ( %[+ ,8 effective b5evol5ce to any ( u individually1 is p>alyz$1 z ,l\is ,,xiv4 01 by ,8 v greatness4 ,he is ! sole be+ :o _c move )\t break+ a natural law1 & :o consequ5tly is condemn$ to et]nal immobility4 ,! lea/ ( ,8 int]v5tions be+ a miracle1 ,he _c employ ! means t o!r be+s employ )\t d]ogat+ f ,8 dignity & ,8 p[]2 s t ,god is r$uc$1 if ,he is to rema9 ,god1 ei!r to /&+ in]t or to contradict+ our intellig5ce4 ,by t v fact ,he ceases to be lovable1 unless "o pret5d to love ,him precisely = :at ,he _c d1 = ! b5evol5ce t ,he _c %[1 z = ! pray]s ,he _c grant4 ,pity is ! sole s5tim5t t c be r\s$ 9 u by a be+ :o is s good t ,he _c wi% evil1 & s p[]less t ,he is oblig$ to see no?+ b evil accompli%$ 9 ! _w4 ,no human mis]y c\ld be comp>able to a div9e mis]y l t4 ,! v height ( suff]+ mu/ be exp]i5c$ by a ,god :o %\ld at once be consci\s ( ,8 own inf9ity & %\ld feel ! di/ance :i* sep>ates ,him f ! _w :i* ,he has creat$4 ,only ! cle> & pr(\nd vision ( su* a ,god c\ld p5etrate ! abyss ( evil to ! bottom1 & x is ,he ( all be+s 9 ! _w :o w\ld suff] f an et]nal v]tigo4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,god's omnipot5ce4 ,:at is mo/ unacceptable 9 ! traditional notion ( ,provid5ce is ! attribute ( omnipot5ce4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 div9e omnipot5ce is inconsi/5t ) ! exi/5ce ( evil2 9 ! second place1 x leads logically to ! possibility ( sup]natural int]v5tion 9 ?is _w1 :i*1 if x is to be ( any s]vice1 mu/ be special & n g5]al4 ,to avoid ^! implications ( ! conception ( ,provid5ce1 ,john ,/u>t ,mill has conceiv$ a sup]ior & div9e be+ :o %\ld n be all-p[]ful4 ,?is be+ w\ld be ! pr9ciple ( good1 act+ 9 ! univ]se accord+ to natural laws1 b h9d]$ & ret>d$ 9 8 action by ^! laws !mselves1 :i* br+ suff]+ & dea?4 ,! exi/5ce ( su* a be+ once e/abli%$1 religion w\ld be sav$ & morality confirm$4 ,virtue w\ld consi/ 9 a sort ( co-op]ation ) ?is great unkn[n be+1 :o is /ruggl+ aga9/ evil4 ,! good man w\ld feel t he 0 aid+ ,god & t ,god 0 aid+ him 9 s f> z ,he f\nd x possible4 ,sid5ote3 ,non-omnipot5t ,god4 ,?is am5d$ conception ( ,provid5ce is m admissible & m reconcilable ) ! real & imp]fect _w t we are famili> )4 ,b x mu/ be confess$ t ! am5dm5t am\nts to an almo/ complete cancellation4 ,if ,provid5ce is to be r$uc$ ?us simply to "o ( ! =ces at "w 9 nature1 to ! =ce t makes m or less p>tially & provisionally = goodness1 !re is no?+ to di/+ui% x f ! p[] t makes = evolution1 f natural selection1 or f any o!r b5efic5t natural law4 ,to p]sonify su* laws is futile sci5tifically2 &1 practically1 is x s v useful8 ,or conceive ! be+ z exi/5t side by side ) ^! laws & wat*+ _! op]ation1 b unable to contrav5e x2 b s to d is to return to ! conception ( an ineffective1 immobile ,god4 ,! prime condition ( exi/5ce = a ,god is to be good = some?+2 a non-omnipot5t ,god soon comes to be an impot5t ,god4 ,! actual _w m>ks ! extreme limits ( ! p[] ( su* a ,god1 & at "s /age 9 ! c\rse ( evolution ! unconsci\s =ces ( nature1 leagu$ toge!r aga9/ ! pr9ciple ( goodness1 may succe$ 9 p>alyz+ x entirely4 ,sid5ote3 ,is su* a ,god to be conceiv$ z et]nal8 ,m ?an t1 is a non-omnipot5t ,god to be conceiv$ z et]nal8 ,if n1 ,he is 9 no v /rik+ respect sup]ior to man4 ,8 p[] is s slight t ,he has n ev5 be5 able to make x v cle>ly manife/ to mank9d t x exi/s at all4 ,or if ,he is et]nal1 & et]nally pres5t 9 all ?+s1 !n ,8 lack ( p[] is gr[+ & becom+ radical4 ,"o may 9 any ev5t congratulate "o's self t a bl9d & indiff]5t univ]se has1 among all possible comb9ations1 fall5 by *ance into ! "o :i* con/itutes our pres5t _w2 b a ,god :o has pursu$ goodness consci5ti\sly ?r\gh a :ole et]nity demon/rates ,8 complete incapacity1 if ,he has succe$$ 9 produc+ no?+ bett] ?an su* a misc>riage ( ! ideal z ?is univ]se4 ,! judgm5t t may fairly be pass$ ^u ! _w is altoge!r dep5d5t ^u ! "q :o made x & :o creat$ life2 if ! _w is self-evolv$1 x may well appe> to u z possess+ a c]ta9 beauty1 z giv+ an e>ne/ ( bett] ?+s2 b if x is ! "w ( an intellig5t w1 pres5t 9 all ?+s1 & p]si/+ 9 its designs ?r\gh\t ! et]nity ( ! pa/1 x is inevitable t "o %\ld feel t ?is volition has n be5 possess$ ( great p[]1 t ! importance ( ! victory is n 9 proportion to ! duration ( ! /ruggle1 t su* a ,god does n con/itute a v solid support1 & t ,8 exi/5ce is a matt] ( indiff]5ce to ! future ( ! univ]se4 ,is su* a ,god m p[]ful ?an humanity1 or ev5 s p[]ful8 ,8 et]nity is b a pro( ( volunt>y or =c$ inaction2 f> f dignify+ ,him x debases ,him4 ,on ! surface ( ! e>? !re are _m species ( insects :i* 7 probably 9 exi/5ce be=e ! race ( man4 ,9 ! transp>5t amb] t belongs to t]ti>y /rata may be se5 ! little corselet ( ! melipones caught & held !re ^! pa/ five hundr$ ?\s& ye>s4 ,are ^! di/ant pr$ecessors ( ! human race on t acc\nt m v5]able8 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,! religion ( humanity4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 a disciple ( ,augu/e ,comte1 put =? ?is !ory ( a non-omnipot5t ,provid5ce1 conceiv$ on ! model ( ! human w1 ) a c]ta9 m5tal res]vation2 8 real mean+ 0 t = _m cultivat$ m5 su* a be+1 lab\r+ = goodness1 accord+ to ! utmo/ ( its limit$ p[]1 w\ld be conf\nd$ ) humanity1 tak5 z a :ole4 ,humanity is1 9 effect1 accord+ to ,comte1 a great be+ ( div9e aspirations1 to :om "o might1 ) all "o's he>t1 r5d] homage2 9 especial1 if "o leaves out ( acc\nt ! individuals :o are1 prop]ly speak+1 only p>asites1 & d n co-op]ate = ! production ( ! common result1 :om progress consi/s precisely 9 exclud+ f society4 ,religion1 on ?is !ory1 is ! /ate ( spiritual unity result+ f ! conv]g5ce ( all our ?\ghts & all our actions t[>d ! s]vice ( humanity4 ,?is1 z ,mill said1 is a g5u9e religion1 q capable ( resi/+ sceptical attack & ( und]tak+ ! lab\r ( ! old] cults4 ,accord+ to ?is doctr9e1 ,provid5ce is simply humanity1 look+ aft] ! int]e/ ( its individual memb]s4 ,su* a ,provid5ce1 reg>d$ z "o ) human volition1 might assur$ly be accept$ by any philosoph]2 x m>ks1 z we %all see lat]1 ! extreme limit ( :i* ! developm5t ( ! notion ( a ,special ,provid5ce is susceptible1 ! po9t at :i* ?is notion & ! conception ( human morality become "o4 ,! precept to love mank9d 9 ,god becomes trans=m$ into ! precept to love ,god 9 mank9d4 ,= a philosoph] :o id5tifies ,god ) 8 ideal1 bo? precepts are equally true & beautiful4 ,we h ourselves %[n h[ ! religi\s s5tim5t 9 ! c\rse ( its evolution t5ds to become "o ) ! respect & love ( humanity1 & h[ religi\s fai? t5ds to develop into a moral fai?1 & a simple & active hopefulness 9 ! triumph ( moral goodness4 ,sid5ote3 ,criticis$4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill's & ,comte's ideas are ?us %ield$ aga9/ criticism s long z !y are tak5 9 a g5]al & almo/ metaphorical s5se2 b if !y are to be int]pret$ lit]ally & made ! basis ( a cult & a religion ( humanity1 !y are pu]ile simply4 ,precisely because ,provid5ce c be realiz$ by humanity1 ! cult = ,provid5ce1 ) all its c]emonies1 invocations1 adorations1 :i* are manife/ & ridicul\s paganism1 mu/ be suppress$4 ,e organism exemplifies a c]ta9 sort ( ,provid5ce--ev5 ! social organism1 :i* is ! equilibrium ( ! laws ( life4 ,! totality ( an organism is truly admirable1 & "o may readily und]/& h[ any individual memb]1 if he is end[$ ) consci\sness1 might admire ! :ole to :i* he belongs2 b h[ c\ld he make x ! object ( a cult8 ,! cellules :i* con/itute me might well be int]e/$ 9 ! pres]vation ( :at ,i call myself & help ea* o!r1 & by t v fact help me to t end1 b !y c\ld n adore me4 ,love ( humanity is "o ?+1 & idolatry ( humanity1 or sociolatry1 accord+ to ,comte's t]m1 is ano!r4 ,a really s9c]e & enlight5$ love ( humanity is ! v opposite ( su* idolatry2 w\ld be by x compromis$ & corrupt$4 ,! cult = humanity rem9ds "o ( ! antique1 nave cult = ! family1 = ! l>es1 = ! he>?1 = ! sacr$ fire kept alive b5ea? ! a%es4 ,to pres]ve respect & love to-day does n require a resuscitation ( all ^! sup]/itions2 respect & love pass f he>t to he>t )\t ne$ ( c]emonial z a m$ium4 ,! ,positivi/ religion1 f> f be+ a /ep 9 advance1 is a /ep backw>d t[>d ! sup]/iti\s beliefs :i* h be5 bani%$ because !y 7 useless1 & consequ5tly h>mful4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,religion mu/ be cosmic4 ,religion ought to be n only human b cosmic1 & su* x w be by ! v nature ( ! case z ! result ( reflection4 ,!ism w be oblig$1 if x is to subsi/ at all1 to conf9e itself to ! vague/ possible affirmation ( a pr9ciple analog\s to ! s\l z ! my/]i\s orig9 ( ! _w & ( its developm5t4 ,! ess5tial "* ( ?is pr9ciple mu/ be t x is n really sep>ate f ! _w nor oppos$ to its det]m9ism4 ,beliefs 9 ! creation & 9 a special ,provid5ce w give place m & m to belief 9 "s spontane\s action1 :i* is ess5tial to be+s g5]ally1 & 9 especial to ^? :o are end[$ ) consci\sness4 ,religion has gradually come to be a metaphysics ( imman5t f9ality1 consi/+ 9 ! s+le g5]al proposition3 ! _w possesses a significance1 & is mak+ t[>d an end & aim ( its own2#acc ! _w is a society ( be+s :o may come to discov] 9 !mselves an id5tity ( moral impulse4#acd ,god is ! t]m by :i* we designate :at r5d]s ! movem5t ( ! _w t[>d a /ate ( peace1 concord1 & h>mony possible4 ,& s9ce = human intellig5ce ! possible & ! real#ace are confus$1 a belief 9 ! possibility ( a bett] _w becomes ! belief 9 some?+ div9e :i* is imman5t 9 ?is _w4 #acc ,kant's ,kritik d] ,ur!ils-,kraft4 #acd ,see ,m4 ,a4 ,f\ille1 ,les sy/mes de morale contempora9s4 #ace ,see ,ari/otle1 ,metaphysica1 & ,hegel's ,logik4 ,sid5ote3 ,!ism & a!ism ins5sibly pass into ea* o!r4 ,betwe5 ideali/ic !ism & a!ism ! di/ance may be dim9i%$ ad inf9itum4 ,_m a!i/s1 language to ! contr>y not)/&+1 are already at "o ) !i/s1 intoxicat$ ) ,god4 ,if ! actual exi/5ce ( ,god be call$ 9 "q1 at lea/ ,8 progressive exi/5ce1 ! progressive realization ( an ideal1 ! gradual desc5t ( ,*ri/ f heav5 to e>?1 may be admitt$4 ,! pres5tim5t ( progress ?us becomes m]g$ 9 a s5se ( ! actual pres5ce ( ! div9e4 ,! ideal seems to live & palpitate 9 ! _w ab\t "o2 x is z if an arti/'s vision ( 8 "w %\ld be s int5se t x %\ld seem to float out ( 8 bra9 & take its place ^u ! unt\*$ canvass be=e him4 ,sid5ote3 ,!ism mu/ be furni%$ ) a new vocabul>y4 ,! p[] ( words is limit$2 !re are %ades & subtleties ( ?\ght t _c be express$ 9 language4 ,:at possible v]bal reply c be giv5 to que/ions l ^? t ,m>gu]ite asks ( ,fau/8 8,x is a long "t s9ce ?\ w]t at mass 444 do/ ?\ believe 9 ,god80 8,my belov$10 replies ,fau/1 8:o w\ld d>e to say ,i believe 9 ,god80 444 8,s ?\ do/ n believe 9 ,him8444 ,:o w\ld d>e to say t he does n believe :5 he li/5s to ! voice ( 8 he>t1 :5 a s5se ( t5d]ness & happ9ess fills 8 s\l8 ,pron\nce ! fir/ words t occur to !e4 ,:at diff]5ce :at ?\ calle/ x3 happ9ess1 he>t1 love1 ,god8 ,! feel+ is ev]y?+1 ! ^w is va940 ,! dei/ philosoph] :o holds words *eap seems to ! sup]ficial multitude to be simply a hypocritical sceptic2 :]eas ! rigid a!i/ displays ! n>r[ness ( a sect>y4 ,:at is c]ta9 is t ! "n ( ,god has sometimes be5 associat$ ) ! greate/ ( human conceptions1 sometimes ) ! mo/ b>b>\s4 ,! !i/ic hypo!sis _c cont9ue to subsi/ unless x be fre$ once = all f pu]ile & gross associations4 ,sid5ote3 ,rational religion4 ,x is t[>d ?is consummation t !ism1 at its be/1 & 9 p>ticul> :at ,kant calls religion1 )9 ! limits pres5t$ by reason1 is t5d+4 ,x m]its a special exam9ation4 ,sid5ote3 ,neo-,kantianism4 ,! neo-,kantian religion ascribes ! supreme place to moral goodness z ! direct+ pr9ciple ( e reasonable w4 ,f t premise ! neo-,kantians d$uce 8moral lib]ty0 z ! condition ( goodness4 ,= goodness1 9 _! judgm5t1 is simply fre$om conceiv$ z appe>+ to itself 9 its intellectual purity1 & dom9at+ ! ph5om5al self4 ,fre$om ?us conceiv$ occupies a place above ph5om5a1 :i* belong ess5tially to necessity & to det]m9ism4 ,kantians f\nd also impli$ 9 ! notion ( absolute lib]ty1 subject to ! condition ( "t1 ! attribute ( et]nity4 ,!y say1 ) ,sp9oza3 8,i feel1 & ,i "k t ,i am et]nal2 et]nity is "o ) div9ity40 ,is x n ! et]nal t all ! nations ( m5 h ador$8 ,i feel ,god !re=e pres5t 9 myself4 ,he reveals himself to me 9 ! moral ideal4 ,b is ?is ,god t my consci5ce reveals to me really myself8 ,is he ea* ( u1 & mu/ "o believe t ! univ]se 9 ! la/ resort is1 z has be5 said1 a republic ( free-wills--t !re are ?us z _m ,gods z individuals1 & t we are all ,gods8 ,or does ?is multiplicity ( individuals & ( p]sonalities exi/ only 9 appe>ance1 & is ! univ]se at bottom ! expression ( a s+le w8 ,!ism may *oose betwe5 ^! two hypo!ses--betwe5 a sort ( metaphysical & moral poly!ism & a sort ( mono!ism1 & may subsequ5tly arrange to its lik+ ! relations :i* x may suppose to exi/ betwe5 ! absolute w & ! _w ( ph5om5on4 ,b a belief 9 a moral ideal does n 9 ! lea/ involve any?+ m ?an a belief 9 some?+ et]nal & div9e1 z %ap+ ! univ]sal c\rse ( ?+s4 ,"o _c b5d x to ! s]vice ( any "o det]m9ate religion1 r ?an ( any o!r4 ,)9 c]ta9 limits1 h[ev]1 x may l5d "s support to ! moral & religi\s s5tim5ts4 ,! mo/ acceptable =m ( !i/ic doctr9e 9 ! future w1 no d\bt1 be "s moral philosophy analag\s to t ( ,kant4 ,kantianism itself1 h[ev]1 is too closely b\nd up ) ! notion ( duty1 prop]ly s call$1 & ) ! categorical imp]ative4 ,x1 l ,judaism1 is a religion ( law4 ,in/ead ( ! law1 "o w cont5t "o's self1 9 all probability1 9 ! future1 ) an ideal conceiv$ z supreme above all ?+s1 & z ex]cis+ ^u our ?\ght & w ! highe/ attraction t c be ex]cis$ by :at has be5 call$ ! p[] ( an ideal4#acf #acf ,see ! criticism ( ,kantianism 9 ! ,sy/mes de morale contempora9s1 by ,m4 ,alfr$ ,f\ille4 ,sid5ote3 ,belief consi/s n 9 wor%ip1 b 9 action4 ,a belief 9 ! div9e w !n no long] consi/ 9 passive adoration1 b 9 action4 ,a belief 9 ,provid5ce w no long] consi/ 9 a ju/ification ( ! exi/+ _w & ( its evils 9 ! "n ( ! div9e int5tion1 b 9 an ef=t to introduce by human int]v5tion a great] am\nt ( ju/ice & ( goodness into ! _w4 ,we h se5 t ! notion ( ,provid5ce 0 bas$ among anci5t peoples on ! conception ( an ext]ior f9ality1 =cibly impos$ ^u ?+s1 ( a secret & transc5d5t aim1 :i* ! univ]se 0 w>p$ to s]ve by =ce ( "s unkn[n w4 ,) su* a !ory ( ?+s1 man 0 incessantly *eck$ 9 8 activity1 s9ce he conceiv$ x to be impossible to prev5t ! c\rse ( ! _w f a*iev+ its aim4 ,! _w seem$ to him to be organiz$ def9itively2 he _h no hope1 except 9 pray] & miracle2 ev]y?+ ab\t him seem$ to him to be sacr$2 ! inviolability ( nature 0 bo? a pr9ciple & a consequ5ce ( ! notion ( ,provid5ce ?us und]/ood4 ,&1 z we h se51 sci5ce 0 long reg>d$ z sacrilegi\s4 ,x creat$ bo? surprise & sc&al to see sci5ce int]v5e 9 ! affairs ( ?is _w1 di/urb+ ev]y?+1 *ang+ ! direction ( natural =ces1 trans=m+ ! div9e rul]s ( ! _w into humble m9i/rants to human wants4 ,9 our days1 h[ev]1 sci5ce is com+ to be m & m held 9 hon\r4 ,= ! pa/ c5tury nature has be51 to ! be/ ( human ability1 turn$ upside d[n4 ,humanity's long quietism has be5 succe$$ by a fev]i% activity4 ,ev]ybody wi%es to l5d a h& 9 ! univ]sal me*anism1 & to contribute 8 "p 9 ! modification ( ! direction ( ! :ole2 ev]ybody wi%es to b5d ?+s to 8 own views1 & to become1 s f> z 9 him lies1 a m9or ,provid5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,increas+ p[] ( mank9d 9 ! univ]se4 ,j z ! individual is com+ to feel himself m & m a citiz5 ( ! /ate1 s he is com+ to feel himself m & m a citiz5 ( ! univ]se1 insep>ably b\nd by relations ( cause & effect ) ! univ]sal sum ( ph5om5a4 ,he recognizes t !re is no?+ 9 ! _w t does n conc]n him1 & t on e side he c ex]t an influ5ce1 great or small1 & leave 8 m>k on ! great _w4 ,he p]ceives ) a/oni%m5t ! ext5t ( ! p[] ( 8 w & intellig5ce4 ,j 9 s f> z 8 rational faculties e/abli% a connection betwe5 ph5om5a1 !y e/abli% by t v fact a connection betwe5 ph5om5a & himself1 & he no long] feels himself alone 9 ! univ]se4 ,s9ce1 accord+ to a celebrat$ !ory1 ! c5tre ( ! _w is 9 ea* & e di/9ct be+1 x foll[s t if ?is c5tre 7 exhau/ively self-consci\s x w\ld see all ! rays 9 inf9ite space focuss+ 9 x1 & all ! *a9s ( ph5om5al causation meet+ 9 x1 & ! effects ( its volition /ret*+ out into inf9ity1 & its e action possess+ an influ5ce ^u ! totality ( ?+s4 ,x w\ld p]ceive itself to be a sort ( univ]sal ,provid5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,a consequ5ce ( lib]ty ( ?\ght4 ,if human be+s are n s exhau/ively self-consci\s z all t1 ! progress ( sci5ce is c>ry+ !m =w>d 9 t direction4 ,a portion ( ! gov]nm5t ( nature is 9 our h&s1 "s "p ( ! responsibility = :at takes place 9 ! univ]se is on our heads4 ,at ! beg9n+ man conceiv$ himself z liv+ 9 a /ate ( dep5d5ce on ! _w1 9 a /ate :i* anci5t religions symbolize2 at pres5t he p]ceives t ! _w is equally dep5d5t ^u him4 ,! sub/itution ( a human provid5ce = ! omnipres5t influ5ce ( a div9e provid5ce might be giv5 z be+1 f ?is po9t ( view1 ! =mula ( progress2 ! increas+ indep5d5ce ( mank9d1 9 ! face ( ! natural univ]se1 w ?us result 9 an increas+ inn] indep5d5ce1 9 a gr[+ indep5d5ce ( m9d & ?\ght4 ,sid5ote3 ,mank9d to be its own special provid5ce4 ,! vulg> conception ( a special & ext]ior provid5ce :i*1 z we h se51 is s closely b\nd up ) ! conception ( man's place 9 ! univ]se z "o ( subjection--nay1 ev5 ! mo/ ref9$ conception ( provid5ce z transc5d5t & di/ant & z assign+ to ea* be+ its det]m9ate place 9 ! totality ( ?+s--may ?us1 )\t gr\nd ( regret1 be displac$ 9 ! m9d ( humanity4 ,we %all "s day p]ceive t we are /rong] :5 we /& on our feet1 %\ld] to %\ld]1 h& 9 h&1 ?an :5 we kneel ) b[$ heads & implore ! unfeel+ sky4 ,among ! anci5t ,g]mans1 :5 "o ( ! fai?ful 0 ab\t to ent] a sacr$ =e/ he _h 8 h&s b\nd toge!r z a symbol ( 8 subjection to ! gods2 if he _h ! mis=tune to fall z he 0 mak+ 8 way into ! =e/1 he did n d>e to get up aga92 s to d w\ld h be5 an affront to ! gods2 he 0 r$uc$ to squirm+ & roll+ l a reptile out ( ! imm5se temple4 ,to ?is primitive conception ( religi\s s]vitude1 ! mod]n conception ( mank9d z free 9 ! pres5ce ( its ,god1 ( its belov$ ideal1 ( its conceiv$ "w 9 ! _w1 ( its dream ( progress1 is m & m oppos$4 ,ev5 at ! pres5t day a true s5se ( ! div9e may be recogniz$ by its giv+ man a consci\sness ( 8 lib]ty & 8 dignity r ?an 8 subjection2 ! true gods are ^? :o make u lift our heads high] 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce2 adoration no long] consi/s 9 pro/ration b 9 /&+ upright4 ,sid5ote3 ,/ory ( ! an*orite4 ,to borr[ once m f ! classic l& ( symbolism1 f ,india1 :5ce our ,g]man or ,gallic ance/ors came1 ! great epic ( ,ramayana tells u ( a sa9t$ & sage an*orite :o exemplifi$ 9 8 own p]son ! :ole sum ( human virtue & piety4 ,"o day1 confid+ 9 ! ju/ice ( heav51 he 0 invok+ ,indra & ! :ole *orus ( ! gods1 & ! gods 7 caprici\s & did n li/5 to him2 8 pray] fell back f ! heav5s unhe>d4 ,! man1 p]ceiv+ ! indiff]5ce ( ! gods1 0 mov$ ) indignation2 & ga!r+ toge!r ! p[] t he _h ho>d$1 by 8 sacrifices & r5unciation1 &1 feel+ himself m p[]ful ?an 8 gods1 m p[]ful ?an ,indra himself1 began to issue =? comm&s to ! high heav5s4 ,& at 8 voice new />s rose & %one 9 ! cry/al sph]e2 he said1 8,let !re be light60 & !re 0 light2 he refa%ion$ ! _w2 8 goodness became a creative provid5ce4 ,nor 0 ?is all3 he conceiv$ ! notion ( creat+ new & bett] gods2 & ,indra himself 0 trembl+ t[>d 8 fall1 = n ev5 he t comm&s ! air & ! skies %all prevail aga9/ sanctity4 ,indra1 ! p[]ful1 !re=e ha/5$ to yield & cri$ out to ! sa9t1 8,?y w be done60 & he left a place 9 ! heav5s = ! new />s1 & _! light be>s et]nal witness to ! omnipot5ce ( goodness1 :i* is ! supreme ,god & object ( adoration among m54 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,pan!ism4 ,,review ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,metaphysical ,,hypo!ses ,,:i* ,,w ,,replace ,,dogma4--,cont9u$4 ,i4 ,optimi/ic pan!ism--,trans=mation ( transc5d5t ,deism into imman5t !ism & pan!ism--,disan?ropomorphiz$ ,god1 accord+ to ,messrs4 ,fiske & ,sp5c]--,div]se =ms ( pan!ism--,optimi/ic & intellectuali/ic pan!ism ( ,sp9oza--,objections1 ,sp9oza's fatalism--,! moral significance t might be l5t to pan!ism by ! introduction ( "s notion ( a f9al cause--,qualities & defects ( pan!ism--,conception ( unity ^u :i* x is f\nd$--,?is conception criticis$--,its possible subjectivity4 ,,ii4 ,pessimi/ic pan!ism--,pessimi/ic int]pretation ( religions 9 ,g]many--#a4 ,causes ( ! progress ( pessimism 9 ! pres5t epo*--,progress ( pan!i/ic metaphysics & ( positive sci5ce--,p5alties incid5t to ?\ght & reflection--,m5tal depression & s5se ( p[]lessness1 etc4--#b4 ,is pessimism curable8--,possible rem$ies--,! lab\r problem & ! future ( society--,illusions involv$ 9 pessimism--,inexactitude ( its e/imate ( pleasures & pa9s--,quotation f ,leop>di--,criticism ( ! practical results ( pessimism--,nirvna--,an exp]im5t 9 ,nirvna--,w pessimi/ic pan!ism be ! religion ( ! future8 ,sid5ote3 ,conception ( ,god be+ disan?ropomorphiz$4 ,z !ism becomes imman5t1 ! p]sonality ( ,god comes to be m & m vaguely conceiv$4 ,x is ! v exi/5ce ( ,god's p]sonality t pan!ism ei!r d5ies or conf\nds ) t ( ! univ]se4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,sp5c] & ,mr4 ,fiske1 ! movem5t :i* l$ humanity to conceive its ,god an?ropomorphically w be succe$$ by a movem5t 9 ! opposite direction2 ,god w be depriv$ ( all ( ,8 human attributes1 w be disan?ropomorphiz$4 ,he w fir/ be %orn ( ,8 l[] impulses1 & !n ( ev]y?+ :i* is analog\s to human s5sibility2 ! highe/ human s5tim5ts w be reg>d$ z too gross to be attribut$ to ,him4 ,simil>ly ) ! attributes ( intellig5ce & w2 e human faculty w 9 its turn be ab/ract$ & div9ity1 z x becomes reliev$ ( its limitations1 w lose1 "o aft] ! o!r1 e item ( its significance to ! intellig5ce2 x w be conceiv$ ultimately z a vague unity simply1 :i* eludes ! =ms ( di/9ct ?\ght4 ,pan!ism l5ds itself to ?is notion ( an indet]m9ate & indet]m9able disan?ropomorphiz$ div9ity4 ,nev]!less1 ! crude/ & mo/ nave speculations1 an?ropomorphism & feti*ism1 9 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s judgm5t1 conta9$ a "p ( ! tru?1 namely1 t ! p[] t manife/s itself 9 consci\sness is simply a diff]5t =m ( ! my/]i\s p[] t manife/s itself beyond consci\sness4 ,! la/ result atta9$ by human sci5ce1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] ?9ks1 is t ! unkn[n =ce :i* exi/s outside ( consci\sness is1 if n simil> to ! kn[n =ce t exi/s 9 consci\sness1 at lea/ a simple mode ( ! same =ce1 s9ce ! two are conv]tible into ea* o!r4 ,s t ! f9al result ( ! l9e ( speculation begun by primitive man is t ! p[] :i* manife/s itself 9 ! mat]ial univ]se is ! same z t :i* manife/s itself 9 u "u ! =m ( consci\sness4 ,sid5ote3 ,pan!ism4 ,if pan!ism goes ! l5g? ( d5y+ ! p]sonality & individuality ( ,god1 x is by way ( comp5sation incl9$ to attribute a sort ( individuality to ! _w4 ,9 effect1 if ,god is pres5t 9 e atom ( ! univ]se1 ! univ]se is a v]itable liv+ be+ possess+ an organic unity1 & develop+1 l an embryo1 accord+ to a det]m9ate law4 ,:at di/+ui%es pan!ism f ?is po9t ( view is1 !re=e1 ! sub/antial unity t x ascribes to ! _w4 ,sid5ote3 ,diff]5t =ms ( pan!ism4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 pan!ism is a v indef9ite doctr9e1 susceptible ( _m int]pretations accord+ to ! mann] 9 :i* ! univ]sal en]gy1 ! omnipres5t unity1 & 9 especial1 ! fundam5tal gr\nd ( its activity1 :i* "s reg>d z det]m9ism simply & o!rs z ! ord]ly a*ievem5t ( a f9al cause1 are conceiv$4 ,nay1 m2 bo? necessity & ! ord]ly a*ievem5t ( a f9al cause may be conceiv$ optimi/ically or pessimi/ically4 ,i4 ,optimi/ic pan!ism4 ,sid5ote3 ,sp9ozism4 ,! fir/ k9d ( pan!ism1 !n1 t :i* conceives a s+le sub/ance z develop+ 9 an inf9ity ( modes ) no f9al cause 9 view1 may be typifi$ by ! purely intellectuali/ic pan!ism ( ,sp9oza4 ,?is doctr9e %[s u1 z exi/+ 9 ! totality ( ?+s1 ! imman5t logic :i* presides ov] its developm5t4 ,! ess5ce ( human nature is reason1 s9ce reason is ! ess5ce ( man4 ,! prop] function ( reason is und]/&+1 & to und]/& is to p]ceive ! necessity ( ?+s1 & ! necessity ( ?+s is nature1 or1 if y w1 ,god4 ,reason s]ves no o!r purpose ?an to enable u to und]/&2 & ! s\l1 9 s f> z x employs reason1 reg>ds t alone z useful :i* leads to und]/&+4 ,to conceive ! absolute necessity ( et]nal nature is to conceive t :i*1 be+ subject only to ! law ( its own be+1 is free2 x is1 !re=e1 to conceive et]nal fre$om4 ,& by t v fact x is to p>ticipate 9 et]nal fre$om1 to id5tify itself ) x4 ,a consci\sness ( necessity is ?us "o ) ! fact ( fre$om4 ,human ?\ght ?us id5tifies itself ) div9e ?\ght & becomes a consci\sness ( et]nity4 ,?is consci\sness1 :i* is supreme joy1 is love ( ,god4 ,! my/ic ,hebrew & ,*ri/ian idea ?us proves "o ) ! moral !ories ( antiquity 9 ,sp9oza's va/ syn!sis4 ,intellectual intuition is self-consci\s nature2 ! intellectual lib]ty1 z ! ,/oics taught x1 is consci\sness ( necessity1 & nature possess+ itself2 & my/ic ec/asy1 by :i* ! individual is absorb$ 9 univ]sal be+1 is nature return+ to itself & r$iscov]+ its et]nal exi/5ce b5ea? its pass+ modes4#acg #acg ,see ! *apt] on ,sp9oza 9 ! au?or's ,morale d'picure1 p4 #bcj4 ,sid5ote3 ,an optimi/ic fatalism4 ,! objection t moral & religi\s philosophy urg$1 & always w urge1 aga9/ ,sp9oza's pan!ism1 consid]$ z a possible sub/itute = religion1 is t x is an optimi/ic fatalism1 t reg>ds ev]y?+ z a*iev$ by ! me*anical & brutal op]ation ( effici5t causes1 & excludes ! possibility ( any conception ( f9al cause or ( progress1 prop]ly s call$4 ,! evolution ( ! modes ( sub/ance1 ev5 :5 x results 9 pa91 dea?1 & vice1 is div9e2 & ! "q arises1 :y ?is univ]se1 :i* is alleg$ to be p]fect & incapable ( progress1 %\ld n be :olly motionless1 & :y ?is et]nal1 aimless agitation 9 ! bosom ( absolute sub/ance %\ld exi/8 ,sid5ote3 ,fiske's !ory ( a dramatic movem5t 9 ! univ]se4 ,9 ,mr4 ,fiske's judgm5t1 ,sp9ozism is ! only pan!ism1 prop]ly s call$4 ,! rem>k seems to u unduly to re/rict ! application ( ! t]m4 ,e sy/em ( !ism t involves ! notion ( a f9al cause t5ds to become pan!i/ic :5 x d5ies ! transc5d5ce & admits ! organic unity ( ! univ]se1 :i* is ! ,deus viv5s1 ! natura naturans1 ) a law ( progress :i* is sup]ior to ! necess>y laws ( pure logic & ma!matics & me*anics4 ,! exclusion ( any notion ( ! imman5ce ( a f9al cause 9 ?+s is n ess5tial to pan!ism4 ,"o might ev5 conceive a sort ( moral pan!ism :i* %\ld recognize a c]ta9 moral significance 9 ! _w1 or at lea/ :at ,mr4 ,fiske himself calls a dramatic t5d5cy t[>d a moral dn\em5t4 ,! in/ant m5 feel x to be a god t is lab\r+ 9 ! univ]se1 !y feel1 rightly or wrongly1 reassur$ z to ! de/9y ( ! moral ideal2 !y feel t !y h an aim to m>* t[>d1 & seem to he>1 9 ! %ad[ ( ?+s1 a multitude m>*+ ) !m4 ,!y no long] h a s5se ( ! vanity ( life2 all life1 on ! contr>y1 becomes div9e1 if n z x is1 at lea/ z x t5ds to be & ultimately w be4 ,sid5ote3 ,criticis$4 ,?is sy/em1 accord+ to its p>tisans1 may be reg>d$ z an induction :i* is ju/ifi$ by ! mod]n doctr9e ( evolution4 ,mr4 ,fiske ev5 goes ! l5g? ( say+ t ,d>w9ism has done z mu* to confirm !ology z to weak5 x4 ,unhappily1 no?+ is m problematic ?an su* an int]pretation ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,sci5ce reveals no elem5t ( div9ity 9 ! univ]se1 & ! process ( evolution1 :i* results 9 ! incessant con/ruction & de/ruction ( simil> worlds 9 an endless r\nd1 moves t[>d no consci\s or unconsci\s natural end1 s f> z we c discov]4 ,sci5tifically1 !re=e1 ! notion ( a f9al cause ( ! univ]se may be no m ?an a human conception1 ?an a bit ( ab/ract an?ropomorphism4 ,no sci5tific induction c ju/ify "o 9 ascrib+ to ! univ]se z su* a consci\s purpose4 ,& x is equally ra% to conceive ! univ]se z a :ole possess+ a psy*ical & moral unity1 s9ce ! univ]se1 z sci5ce reveals x to u1 is an inf9ity 9 no s5se gr\p$ ab\t a c5tre4 ,mat]ially speak+1 ! univ]se may p]haps be reg>d$ z ! expression ( a s+le p[]1 b n z possess+ any moral or psy*ic unity4 ,:atev] is organiz$1 liv+1 feel+1 ?9k+1 is1 s f> z we "k1 f9ite1 & ! equival5ce ( =ces 9 ! univ]se possesses no?+ 9 common ) ! c5tralization ( ^! =ces4 ,x is1 p]haps1 precisely because ! =ces ( ! univ]se are n mov+ 9 ! same direction t ! /ruggle & conte/ :i* are ! life ( ! _w exi/4 ,:o kn[s b t = ! univ]se to become a unity & a total w\ld involve its becom+ f9ite1 involve ! acquisition ( a c5tre1 & by t v fact1 p]haps1 ( a circumf]5ce :i* w\ld arre/ ! et]nal expansion ( matt] & life 9 inf9ite space4 ,sid5ote3 ,no unity 9 ! s-call$ univ]se4 ,:at con/itutes ! *>m ( pan!ism1 = a numb] ( its foll[]s1 is precisely ?is conception ( unity 9 ! _w2 b :5 "o endeav\rs to make ! conception precise1 x proves s evanesc5t t x ultimately resolves itself into ! absolute indet]m9ation ( ,hegelian ,non-,be+4 ,! m "o exam9es x1 ! m "o asks "o's self :e!r ! unity t pan!ism ascribes to ! univ]se is n z purely a bit ( an?ropomorphism z is ! design t pan!ism attributes to ! univ]se4 ,! "* ( def9it5ess & ( totality t ! univ]se seems to possess may be simply a =m t ! human m9d imposes ^u ! _w ( exp]i5ce4 ,project on a wall--! wall ( ,plato's cav]n--%ad[s ( numb]less confus$ objects1 ( revolv+ atoms & =mless cl\ds1 & !y w all fall into "s c]ta9 figure2 w look l ! fanta/ic %ad[ ( c]ta9 human con/ructions3 w pres5t ! outl9e ( t[]s & cities1 animals & :at n4 ,! unity & figure ( ! _w are p]haps simply ( ! same nature4 ,ap>t f our conception ( x1 ! _w is p]haps inf9ite1 & inf9ity c nev] mean any?+ else to ! human m9d ?an =mlessness1 = we are1 by ! v nature ( ! case1 unable to describe its cont\rs4 ,! unity ( ! _w is p]haps realiz$ only 9 our m9ds2 x is1 p]haps1 only f our m9ds t ! mass ( ?+s obta9 su* unity z !y seem to possess4 ,nei!r ! _w nor humanity are totals except 9 s f> z we ?9k ( !m z su*1 & act ^u !m1 & gr\p !m ab\t our ?\ght & action z a c5tre4 ,sid5ote3 ,summ>y4 ,to sum up1 if ! ne$ ( unity seems to ju/ify pan!ism1 ?is ne$ receives1 at lea/1 b an illusory satisfaction 9 ! two pr9cipal =ms ( pan!ism1 &1 9 especial1 9 ! det]m9i/ic =m4 ,ei!r ! primordial & f9ite unity ( ! _w is ab/ract & indet]m9ate & !re=e purely subjective2 or x becomes det]m9ate 9 attributes :i* are z human z ^? ( ! god ( a!ism4 ,! w :i* ,s*op5hau] makes ! basis ( 8 sy/em is ei!r ! human w or simply =ce 7:i* itself is human or animal71 or ! s5se ( ef=t1 or1 f9ally1 pure ab/raction4 ,! same is true ( ! et]nal =ce :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] reg>ds z imman5t 9 ! univ]se4 ,su* conceptions are m meagre 9 cont5t b n necess>ily m objective ?an ^? ( ! ,god ( love1 ! ,_w-,_s1 ! ,_w-,?\ght4 ,,ii4 ,pessimi/ic pan!ism4 ,sid5ote3 ,pessimism4 ,pan!ism has travell$ f ,sp9oza's optimism to ,s*op5hau]'s pessimism2 its mo/ rec5t =m1 & 9 "s respects "o ( its mo/ anci5t =ms4 ,! pessimi/ic int]pretation ( religions ) dea? or ,nirvna reg>d$ z ! r$emption1 is mak+ incessant progress 9 ,g]many4 ,pascal long ago said3 8,( all creatures t inhabit ! e>?1 ! ,*ri/ian alone avoids pleasure & will+ly embraces pa940 ,g]many1 aft] hav+ resuscitat$ ,buddhism ) ,s*op5hau]1 ,von ,h>tmann1 ,bahns51 is 9 a fair way to supply u ) a sort ( pessimi/ic edition ( ,*ri/ianity :i* w f> outdo ,pascal4 ,b = evil & s91 religion w\ld n h exi/$1 ,von ,h>tmann ?9ks1 & z evil is ( ! ess5ce ( exi/5ce annihilation is ! sole salvation possible4 ,bahns51 9 8 philosophy ( despair rea*es an analog\s conclusion4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ repres5tative ( ! new doctr9e is ,philipp ,ma9la5d]1 ! au?or ( ! 8,philosophy ( ! ,r$emption0 7,die ,philosophie d] ,ercls+74 ,he 0 ! son ( p>5ts ( an exalt$ piety1 & gr&son ( a my/ic :o di$ ( n]v\s fev] 9 8 ?irty-?ird ye>1 & bro!r ( ano!r my/ic :o1 on 8 arrival 9 ,india1 0 conv]t$ to ,buddhism & di$ soon aft]1 exhau/$ by ! int5sity ( 8 m5tal life4 ,ma9la5d] f\nd 8 ,damascus 9 ,italy2 ! heav5s op5$ ^u him 9 a book%op 9 ,naples :]e he discov]$ ! writ+s ( ,s*op5hau]4 ,aft] hav+ compos$ 8 sy/em ( pessimi/ic philosophy1 he sup]vis$ ! pr9t+ ( ! fir/ volume1 & ! day he receiv$ 8 fir/ copy 7,m>* #ca1 #ahgf7 he hang$ himself4#ach ,! s9c]ity ( ?is pessimi/'s conviction _c be d5i$1 nor ! p[] ( ab/ract ideas implant$ on a bra9 prep>$ = !m by h]$ity1 & by ! intellectual t5d5cies ( ! times4 ,ma9la5d] reg>d$ philosophy z "s day de/9$ to replace religion1 b ! philosophy is to be pessimi/ic2 ,ma9la5d] decl>$ himself a ,*ri/ian ev5 :ile he 0 f\nd+ a sci5tific sy/em ( a!ism4 ,fre$om to commit suicide is ! mod]n sub/itute = ! beautiful illusion ( immortality4 ,salvation by dea? w1 ,ma9la5d] ?\ght1 take ! place ( salvation by et]nal life4 ,! tree ( sci5ce w ?us become ! leg5d>y fig-tree ( ,timon ! misan?rope1 ! bran*es ( :i* 7 weight$ e morn+ afre% by ! bodies ( ! dead1 :o _h come 9 se>* ( oblivion f ! evil ( life1 & _h f\nd x 9 self-de/ruction4 #ach ,see 9 ! ,revue philosophique1 ,june1 #ahhe1 an article by ,m4 ,arrat on ,ma9la5d]4 ,sid5ote3 ,mu/ f9d ! causes ( pessimism4 ,i4 ,to e/imate ! value & probable duration ( ! pessimi/ic s5tim5t1 :i* has 9 "s cases at ! pres5t day be5 id5tifi$ ) ! religi\s s5tim5t1 "o mu/ fir/ consid] its causes4 ,sid5ote3 ,! gr[? ( pan!i/ic metaphysics4 ,diff]5t reasons h br\ght ab\t ?is trans=mation ( pan!ism1 :i* aft] hav+ div9iz$ ! _w1 n[ inspires ! individual to dream fondly on 8 annihilation & reabsorption into ! unity ( ?+s4 ,! fir/ cause is ! progress ( pan!i/ic metaphysics4 ,aft] hav+ ador$ nature z ! product ( imman5t reason1 pan!i/s h come to reg>d x z a "w ( imman5t unreason1 z ! deg5]ation ( an indet]m9ate & unconsci\s unity 9 ! mis]y & conflict ( ph5om5al selves1 ( consci\s be+s condemn$ to suff]+4 ,at ! v lea/1 nature is indiff]5t to man4 ,et]nal =ce1 :i* is s mu* spok5 ( to-day1 is no m com=t+ & reassur+ to u ?an et]nal sub/ance4 ,"r or wrong1 ! metaphysical in/9ct1 :i* is id5tical at bottom ) ! moral in/9ct1 dem&s n only ! pres5ce ( life 9 all ?+s1 b ( life 9 pursuit ( an ideal ( goodness & univ]sal sociality4 ,sid5ote3 ,p]si/5ce ( an?ropomorphism4 ,i 0 ly+ "o day 9 ! m\nta9s1 /ret*$ on ! grass2 a liz>d came out ( a hole & mi/ook my motionless body = a rock1 & climb$ up on my leg & /ret*$ himself out to bask 9 ! sun4 ,! confid+ little creature lay on me enjoy+ ! light1 untr\bl$ by any suspicion ( ! relatively p[]ful /ream ( life :i* 0 fl[+ noiselessly & amicably b5ea? him4 ,& ,i1 = my "p1 began to look at ! moss & ! grass on :i* ,i 0 repos+1 & ! br[n e>? & ! great rocks2 0 ,i n myself1 aft] all1 a liz>d simply z comp>$ ) ! great _w1 & 0 ,i n p]haps a victim ( ! same mi/ake8 ,0 !re n a secret life ?robb+ ev]y:]e ab\t me1 palpitat+ b5ea? my feet1 sweep+ =w>d confus$ly 9 ! great totality ( ?+s8 ,yes1 b :at diff]5ce did x make if x 0 simply ! bl9d egoi/ic life ( a multitude ( atoms1 ea* /riv+ = ends ( its own4 ,little liz>d1 :y h ,i n1 l !e1 a fri5dly eye 9 ! univ]se to wat* ov] me8 ,sid5ote3 ,! progress ( sci5ce4 ,! second cause ( contempor>y pessimism is ! rapid progress ( positive sci5ce1 & ! revelations x is mak+ 9 reg>d to ! natural _w4 ,! movem5t has be5 s precipitate1 new ideas h be5 produc$ ) su* rapidity1 t ! intellig5ce has f\nd x difficult to adapt itself to !m2 we are go+ too fa/1 we f9d x z difficult to get our brea? z ! rid] ( a runaway horse1 or an a]onaut swept away at a dizzy spe$ by ! w9d4 ,k causes ?us1 at ! pres5t epo*1 a s5se ( discom=t :i* is due to a di/urbance ( ! inn] equilibrium2 consci\sness ( ! _w1 s joy\s 9 its beg9n+s at ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance1 mak+ its fir/ appe>ance 9 ! mid/ ( ,rabelais' upro>i\s fun1 has come to be almo/ melan*oly4 ,we h n yet become dome/icat$ 9 ! inf9ities ( ! new _w :i* has be5 reveal$ to u1 & we feel a little lo/2 !re9 lies ! secret ( ! melan*oly ( ! pres5t epo*1 :i* 0 melodramatic & rapid 9 ! pages ( ,*ateaubri& & ! y\nge/ *ildr5 ( ! c5tury2 & has come to be s]i\s & reflective 9 ! pages ( ,leop>di & ( ,s*op5hau] & ( ! pessimi/s ( ! pres5t day4 ,9 ,india ! ,brahmans are di/+ui%$ by a black po9t betwe5 _! eyes2 our m5 ( sci5ce1 our philosoph]s & arti/s1 c>ry ?is black po9t on _! =eheads4 ,sid5ote3 ,exagg]at$ developm5t ( ?\ght4 ,! ?ird cause ( pessimism1 :i* results f ! two prec$+1 is ! suff]+ caus$ by ! exagg]at$ developm5t ( ?\ght at ! pres5t day1 & ! disproportionate place t x occupies at pres5t 9 human life4 ,we are suff]+ f a sort ( hyp]trophy ( ! intellig5ce4 ,^? :o "w ) _! bra9s1 :o m$itate ^u life & dea?1 :o philosophize1 ultimately exp]i5ce ?is suff]+2 & ! same is true ( arti/s1 :o pass _! life 9 endeav\r+ to realize a m or less inaccessible ideal4 ,"o is drawn all ways at once by ! sci5ces & arts2 "o wi%es to devote "o's self simultane\sly to all ( !m1 & "o is oblig$ to *oose4 ,"o's :ole vitality sets 9 t[>d "o's bra92 "o has to *eck x1 to beat x back1 to resign "o's self to vegetat+ in/ead ( to liv+6 ,"o does n resign "o's self--"o pref]s to ab&on "o's self to ! inn] fire t consumes "o4 ,"o's ?\ghts gradually become feebl]1 ! n]v\s sy/em becomes irritable1 becomes fem99e2 b ! w rema9s virile1 is always on ! /ret*1 unsatisfi$1 & ! result is an et]nal /ruggle1 an endless dissatisfaction ) "o's self2 "o mu/ *oose1 mu/ h muscles or n]ves2 be a man or a woman2 & ! ?9k] & arti/ are nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r4 ,if by a simple imm5se ef=t we c\ld b express ! _w ( s5tim5t & ?\ght we c>ry )9 u1 ) :at joy1 :at pleasure we %\ld d x2 ev5 if ! bra9 %\ld be torn asund] 9 ! process6 ,b we mu/ give x out by small fragm5ts1 squeeze x out drop by drop1 submit to all ! int]ruptions ( life1 & little by little ! organism becomes exhau/$ 9 ! /ruggle betwe5 m9d & body1 & ! intellig5ce flick]s l a light 9 a ris+ w9d1 until ! _s is vanqui%$ & ! light goes out4 ,sid5ote3 ,dissolv+ effect ( subjective analysis on ! emotions4 ,mod]n ?\ght is n only m cle>-sight$ 9 matt]s ( ! ext]nal _w1 b also 9 matt]s ( ! int]nal _w4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill ma9ta9$ t introspection & ! progress ( psy*ological analysis possess a c]ta9 dissolv+ =ce t1 along ) disillusionm5t1 induces sadness4 ,we come to be too well aw>e ( ! s\rce ( our feel+s & ! details ( our "*2 :at an antagonism betwe5 be+ gift$ en\gh 9 matt]s ( philosophy or poetry to create a _w to "o's own m9d1 to embelli% & illum9ate ! real _w1 &1 nev]!less1 be+ too analytic & introspective to pr(it by ! pleas+ illusion6 ,we build airy palaces ( c>ds & are ! fir/ to bl[ !m d[n4 ,we are )\t pity = our own he>ts1 & sometimes wond] :e!r we %\ld n h be5 bett] (f )\t !m2 we are too transp>5t to our own eyes1 we see ! hidd5 spr+s ( our own activity1 we h no s9c]e fai? 9 objective reality1 nor fai? en\gh 9 ! rationality ( our own joys to enable !m to atta9 _! maximum4 ,sid5ote3 ,height5$ s5sibility4 ,at ! same "t t ! intellig5ce is becom+ m p5etrat+ & reflective ) ! progress ( k1 s5sibility ( e k9d is becom+ m delicate2 ev5 sympa?y1 accord+ to ! pessimi/1 is com+ to be an in/rum5t ( torture by annex+ ! suff]+ ( o!rs 9 addition to our own4 ,! e*o & rev]b]ation 9 u ( ! suff]+s ( o!r p1 gr[+ ) ! gr[+ sociality1 seem to be great] ?an ! e*o & rev]b]ation 9 u ( human joys4 ,social ne$s !mselves1 :i* h be5 s magnifi$ at ! pres5t day1 are s f> f be+ satisfi$ t pessimi/s are ask+ :e!r !y ev] c be satisfi$ & :e!r humanity is n de/9$ to become simply m num]\s 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 & m wret*$ & m consci\s ( its wret*$ness4 ,sid5ote3 ,depression ( vitality4 ,&1 f9ally1 a la/ cause ( pessimism is ! enfeeblem5t ( ! w1 :i* accompanies an exaltation ( ! intellig5ce & ! s5sibility4 ,pessimism is 9 "s sort a metaphysical sugge/ion eng5d]$ by physical & moral p[]lessness4 ,consci\sness ( lack ( p[] produces a dise/eem1 n only = "o's self1 b = ev]y?+2 a dise/eem :i*1 9 c]ta9 speculative m9ds1 mu/ inevitably cry/allize into a priori =mul4 ,x has be5 said t suff]+ embitt]s "o2 & ! same is true 9 an ev5 great] degree ( a s5se ( p[]lessness4 ,rec5t psy*ological obs]vations confirm ?is conclusion4#aci ,among ! insane1 & among hypnotic subjects1 p]iods ( satisfaction & optimism1 :i* are p]iods ( b5evol5ce & am5ity1 co9cide ) a height5$ muscul> p[]1 :]eas p]iods ( discont5t & malevol5ce co9cide ) a /ate ( depression ( ! w :i* is accompani$ by a l[]+ ( ! muscul> p[]s1 sometimes by "o-half4 ,"o may say1 ) ,m4 ,fr1 t p 9 good heal?1 at ! maximum ( _! muscul> vitality1 are incessantly dispos$ to e/imate ! _w 9 t]ms ( _! own vig\r1 :]eas ! deg5]ate1 ! physically or m5tally enfeebl$1 are incessantly dispos$ to e/imate ! _w & its possibilities 9 t]ms ( _! own slackness & incompet5cy4 ,add t1 be+ !mselves unequal to ! /ruggle ) ! univ]se1 x seems to !m1 by a natural illusion1 t ! univ]se is unequal to _! ideals & dem&s ^u x2 !y fancy t x is !y t tip ! scale1 :]eas ! fact is precisely ! opposite4 #aci ,m4 ,*4 ,fr1 ,revue philosophique1 ,july1 #ahhf4 ,sid5ote3 ,relation betwe5 p[]lessness & pessimism4 ,9 all ! exp]im5ts 9 hypnotism a s5se ( p[]lessness eng5d]s dissatisfaction2 ! pati5t :o f9ds himself unable to obta9 possession ( a desir$ object endeav\rs to expla9 8 inability by seek+ 9 ! object itself "s quality :i* r5d]s x repulsive4 ,we are inevitably incl9$ to objectify ! limitations ( our own p[] in/ead ( recogniz+ !m = :at !y are4 ,once />t$ 9 ?is pa?1 hypnotic pati5ts w\ld c]ta9ly1 if !y 7 compet5t1 g ! l5g? ( con/ruct+ a metaphysical sy/em to ju/ify _! /ate ( m9d4#adj #adj ,a woman somnambuli/ 0 induc$ to believe t %e c\ld n lift h] wor/$ neck]*ief (f ! back ( a *air2 h] %\ld]s 7 cold & %e want$ x2 %e put out h] h&1 & f9d+ h]self unable to ov]come ! subjective ob/acle1 %e translat$ x into ! out] _w & decl>$ t ! neck]*ief 0 unclean1 or ( an (f5sive col\r1 etc41 & ultimately became viol5tly t]rifi$4 ,ano!r subject1 also a woman1 0 p]suad$ t %e c\ld n pull op5 a draw]2 %e t\*$ ! button & !n let g ( x %iv]+1 & exclaim+ t x 0 cold4 8,no wond]10 %e add$1 z a rational ju/ification ( h] repulsion1 8x is ( iron60 ,%e 0 giv5 an iron compass2 %e endeav\r$ to h&le x1 b soon dropp$ x4 8,y see10 %e said1 8x is z cold z ! h&le1 ,i _c hold x40 ,?us ! objective explanation ( a subjective fact1 once ent]ta9$1 t5ds by =ce ( logic to become g5]al1 to include a :ole class ( simil> ph5om5a1 to become a sy/em1 &1 if ne$ be1 a cosmological & metaphysical sy/em4 ,sid5ote3 ,s5se ( p[]lessness de/9$ to increase4 ,pessimism ?us probably orig9ates1 = ! individual1 9 a s5se ( lack ( p[]4 ,sometimes ?is s5se possesses indisputably a c]ta9 elem5t ( univ]sality2 a consci\sness ( ! limits ( human p[]1 z ( human intellig5ce1 mu/ z inevitably increase by ! v progress ( our k & capacity4 ,pessimism is n1 !re=e1 pure madness1 nor pure vanity2 or1 if x is madness1 ! madness is natural1 & is induc$ sometimes by nature itself4 ,at c]ta9 p]iods nature seems to g insane1 to revel 9 folly1 al?\gh ! p[] ( logic1 :i* is id5tical 9 ! la/ resort ) ! ov]rul+ pr9ciple ( ?+s1 always has ! la/ ^w 9 ! univ]se1 z x ought to h also 9 ! human m9d4 ,sid5ote3 ,summ>y4 ,to sum up3 9 ?is c5tury ( transition1 ( religi\s & moral & social trans=mation1 ( reflection & dissolv+ analysis1 causes ( suff]+ are abundant & ultimately assume ! guise ( motives ( despair4 ,e new /ep 9 intellig5ce & s5sibility br+s new modes ( suff]+ )9 our rea*4 ,! desire ( k1 9 especial1 :i* is ! mo/ dang]\s ( all human desires1 because ! object ( x is really inf9ite1 becomes e day m insatiable & enslaves n only isolat$ individuals1 b entire nations2 x is ! desire ( k t is ! disease ( ! c5tury1 a disease :i* is gr[+1 & becom+ = ! philosoph] ! disease ( humanity4 ,! seat ( ! disease is 9 ! head2 x is ! bra9 ( mank9d t is attack$4 ,we are f> f ! navet ( primitive p1 :o1 :5 !y are ask$ = ! seat ( ?\ght1 po9t to ! /oma* or ! bosom6 ,we are well aw>e t we ?9k ) our heads1 = x is 9 our heads t we suff] f a preoccupation ) ! unkn[n1 ) ! ideal1 ) an incessant endeav\r to ov]take ! progress ( a w+$ & dev\r+ ?\ght4 ,on ! m\nta9s ( ,t>t>y "o sometimes sees a /range animal pass ?r\gh ! morn+ mi/ at a brea?less spe$2 its eyes are ^? ( a fright5$ antelope1 & :ile x gallops ) a foot t trembles z x /rikes ! soil1 two great w+s /ret* out f ! sides ( its head & seem on ! po9t ( lift+ x f ! gr\nd ea* "t t !y pulsate4 ,x sweeps d[n ! valleys1 & its pa? is m>k$ by traces ( blood1 & sudd5ly x falls1 & ! two great w+s rise f ! body1 & an eagle1 :i* 0 fe$+ leisurely ^u its bra91 takes its way (f into ! sky4 ,sid5ote3 ,is pessimism ! la/ ^w ( philosophy8 ,,ii4 ,is pessimism curable8 ,a s5se ( evil con/itutes a legitimate elem5t 9 ! metaphysical or religi\s s5tim5t2 b is t a suffici5t reason = recogniz+ x n simply z a "p1 b z ! :ole ( metaphysics & ( religion8 ,su* is ! problem4 ,sid5ote3 ,pessimism only "p ( ! tru?4 ,von ,h>tmann has endeav\r$ to discov] 9 all religion a basis ( pessimism4 ,to d s is to judge all humanity too n>r[ly1 accord+ to "o's obs]vation ( x at ! pres5t day4 ,to ma9ta9 t religion is f\nd$ on a radical pessimism is l affirm+ t m$ic9e is bas$ n on a !ory ( ! curability1 b ( ! incurability ( disease4 ,s*op5hau]'s pessimism1 l ,sp9oza's optimism1 conta9s1 no d\bt1 a c]ta9 inde/ructible elem5t ( tru?1 b imm5sely ov]/at$ & magnifi$4 ,if sci5ce _c reg>d ! _w z div9e1 nei!r c x reg>d ! _w z diabolical4 ,!re is no m gr\nd = curs+ ! objective univ]se ?an = ador+ x4 ,& ! subjective causes ( unhapp9ess1 :i* we h analyz$1 are provisional simply4 ,human k1 :i* at pres5t is s consid]able 9 its dim5sions t x actually emb>rasses ! bra91 may well come to be s organiz$ 7z1 inde$1 9 "s cases1 x is ev5 n[7 t x w produce a s5se ( well-be+ & ( l>g5ess ( life only4 ,!re is ne$1 h[ev]1 = a :olly new sci5ce1 t ( intellectual hygi5e1 ( intellectual !rapeutics1 a sci5ce :i*1 once creat$1 might prev5t or cure ! m5tal depression :i* seems to result f exagg]at$ n]v\s excitation1 su* z pessimism seems to be incid5tal to1 & su* z ,greece 0 unacqua9t$ )4 ,sid5ote3 ,resignation4 ,= ! re/1 ! desire ( k1 :i* is1 z we h se51 among ! mo/ pr(\nd ( ! desires ( ! c5tury1 may become ! s\rce (1 p]haps1 ! mo/ tru/wor?y & mo/ infallible cure = a great numb] ( human ills4 ,"s ( u1 c]ta9ly1 :o are ( ! physically & m5tally dis9h]it$1 may cry3 8,i h suff]$ 9 all my joys40 ,nescio quid am>i 0 pres5t = u 9 ! fir/ draught ( pleasure1 9 ! fir/ smile1 9 ! fir/ kiss1 & yet ! pres5t life is n )\t its sweetness :5 we d n rebel aga9/ x1 :5 x is rationally accept$4 ,:at makes up = ! bitt]ness ( k is ! def9it5ess & cle>ness t x l5ds to ! _w4 ,z sci5ce becomes m p]fect x may "s day inspire ! s\l ) some?+ ( ! s]5ity t is ev]y:]e incid5tal to unfalt]+ cle> light4 ,!re9 lies ! secret ( ,sp9oza's intellectual calm4 ,if 8 objective optimism is indef5sible1 8 subjective optimism is n )\t an aspect ( tru? 9 ! consci\sness ( inn] peace t belongs to bread? ( intellig5ce & h>mony ( ?\ght4 ,sid5ote3 ,analysis de/roys irrational joys only4 ,s f> z introspection is conc]n$1 & ! dissolv+ =ce x ex]cises ^u our joys1 introspection is de/ructive1 really1 ( none b irrational joys1 & by way ( comp5sation1 x is de/ructive also ( irrational griefs4 ,tru? resi/s analysis2 x is our bus9ess to seek 9 tru? n only = ! beautiful1 b = ! good4 ,take x all 9 all1 !re is z mu* solid & endur+ tru? 9 enlight5$ love ( family1 ( c\ntry1 ( humanity1 z 9 ! mo/ unque/ionable sci5tific fact1 or 9 c]ta9 physical laws1 l t ( gravitation4 ,! great rem$y = excessive analysis1 su* z ,amiel1 = example1 suff]$ f1 is a little to =get "o's self1 to wid5 "o's horizon1 &1 above all1 to d some?+4 ,action1 by its v nature1 is a realiz$ syn!sis1 a decision :i* necessitates ! solution ( a c]ta9 numb] ( problems1 or ! recognition t _! solution is n indisp5sable4 ,action is some?+ too tr5*ant & provisional1 no d\bt1 b m5 mu/ rememb] t !y live 9 ! provisional & n ! et]nal1 & t ( _! life1 aft] all1 :at is lea/ provisional is action1 motion1 ! vibration ( an atom1 ! undulation :i* trav]ses ! great :ole4 ,:oev] lives imm]s$ 9 ! conduct ( life has no "t = self-pity or self-dissection4 ,o!r =ms ( oblivion are involunt>y & sometimes lie beyond "o's p[]1 b "o may always =get "o's self4 ,! cure = all ! suff]+s ( ! mod]n bra9 lies 9 an enl>gem5t ( ! he>t4 ,sid5ote3 ,! problem ( di/ribution ( weal?4 ,x has be5 urg$1 x is true1 t we suff] increas+ly f a gr[+ sympa?y & pity = ea* o!r4 ,! problem ( individual happ9ess1 ow+ to ! increas+ s5se ( ! solid>ity ( mank9d1 is m ?an ev] dep5d5t to-day ^u ! happ9ess ( society at l>ge4 ,n only our imm$iate & p]sonal griefs1 b ! griefs ( o!r p1 ( society1 ( humanity1 pres5t & to come1 influ5ce u4 ,s be x4 ,to discuss ! future w\ld be endless4 ,we h n ,macbe?'s privilege ( be+ br\ght face to face ) ! file ( future g5]ations1 & _c read 9 advance ! de/9y ( our desc5dants 9 _! faces4 ,! mirror ( human life %[s u no?+ b an image ( ourselves1 & 9 ?is image we are incl9$1 l ! poets1 to emphasize ! l9es ( pa94 ,! lab\r problem1 :i* at pres5t di/resses u1 is inf9itely complex2 b we believe t ! optimi/s h ev5 m "r to reg>d x ) tranquillity ?an ! pessimi/s h to decl>e x insoluble2 9 especial :5 "o consid]s t x has assum$ a ?reat5+ aspect only dur+ some?+ l ! la/ half c5tury4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ ! economic half ( ! problem w be dealt )4 ,! lab\r problem involves two di/9ct que/ions1 "o ( !m relat+ to a conflict ( int]e/s1 ! o!r to a conflict ( int5tions4 ,we believe t ! /rictly economic problem w "o day be solv$ by a simultane\s increase 9 ! difficulty ( ! indu/rial situation & 9 ! k ( h[ to deal ) x1 :i* w lead ! well-to-d classes to p]ceive t by endeav\r+ to save ev]y?+ !y are runn+ ! risk ( los+ ev]y?+1 & w lead ! l[] classes to p]ceive t by endeav\r+ to obta9 too mu* !y are runn+ ! risk ( ga9+ no?+ & ( see+ society's covet$ weal? melt away be=e _! eyes1 & t divid+ capital is l divid+ a g]m1 & results 9 /]ilization4 ,! rem$y = socialism lies 9 sci5ce--ev5 ?\gh ! fir/ effect ( a wid] dissem9ation ( k w\ld be to increase ! /r5g? ( socialism4 ,out ( ! v int5sity ( ! crisis ! solution w come4 ,! mom5t diff]5t int]e/s are completely consci\s ( _! real po9ts ( antagonism1 !y are close ^u a compromise4 ,w> is nev] ! result ( any?+ b an incomplete k ( ! comp>ative p[]s & respective int]e/s ( ! oppos+ p>ties2 p fight :5 !y c no long] calculate1 & ! m>* ( armies & pit*$ battles may !mselves be reg>d$ z a sort ( high] ari?metic4 ,sid5ote3 ,! human half w settle itself4 ,:5 x has once come to be und]/ood t !re is no fundam5tal conflict ( int]e/ betwe5 ! classes1 ! s5se ( antagonism betwe5 !m w gradually dim9i%4 ,! mo/ reassur+ promise ( a complete solution ( ! indu/rial problem lies 9 human sociality4 ,all asp]ity ( temp] 9 ! matt] w be smoo!d away by ! inconte/able gr[? ( sympa?y & altruism4 ,sid5ote3 ,love & admiration ! panacea = pessimism4 ,if sympa?y1 love1 lab\r 9 common1 recreation 9 common1 sometimes seem to augm5t ! pa9s ( life1 !y m ?an proportionately augm5t ! joys4 ,moreov]1 z is well kn[n1 to %>e tr\ble is to less5 x2 sympa?y is itself a pleasure2 poets "k x1 dramatic poets 9 especial2 ev5 :5 pity is accompani$ by a lively realization ( ano!r's pa9 x nev]!less induces love1 & to t ext5t /ill pres]ves a c]ta9 *>m4 ,t creature suff]s1 !re=e ,i love x2 & !re are inf9ite joys 9 love2 x1 multiplies ! value ( life 9 "o's own eyes1 by giv+ x a value 9 ! eyes ( o!r p1 a social value1 :i* is 9 ! be/ s5se a religi\s value4 ,man1 ,wordswor? says1 lives 9 admiration1 hope1 & love1 b he :o possesses admiration & love w always possess an abundance ( hope4 ,he :o loves & admires w possess ! lightness ( he>t t c>ries "o ?r\gh ! day )\t fatigue4 ,love & admiration are ! great rem$ies ( despair4 ,love1 & y w wi% to live4 ,:atev] may be ! value ( life f ! po9t ( view ( s5sibility--k & action1 & pr9cipally action 9 behalf ( ano!r1 w always con/itute reasons = liv+4 ,& x is ma9ly "o's reasons = liv+ t ju/ify "o's t5acity ( life4 ,sid5ote3 ,pessimism an optical illusion4 ,pessimism sees only ! s5sitive side ( life2 b life pres5ts also an active & an intellectual side2 ov] & above ! agreeable !re exi/ ! great1 ! beautiful1 & ! g5]\s4 ,ev5 f ! m]e po9t ( view ( pleasure & pa91 pessimism is bas$ on calculations :i* are z op5 to discussion z ,b5?am's h$oni/ic ari?metic4 ,we h se5 else:]e#ada t happ9ess & unhapp9ess are ex po/ facto m5tal con/ructions t are bas$ ^u a multitude ( optical illusions4 ,ev5 ! disillusionm5t ( pessimism is itself a sort ( an illusion4 #ada ,esquisse d'une morale sans obligation ni sanction1 p4 #hi4 ,leop>di hit ^u an +5i\s empirical argum5t 9 fav\r ( pessimism 9 8 dialogue betwe5 an almanac sell] & a pass]-by3 ,almanac ,sell]4 ,almanacs6 ,new almanacs6 ,new cal5d>s6 ,:o wants new almanacs8 ,pass]-by4 ,almanacs = ! new ye>8 ,almanac ,sell]4 ,yes1 sir4 ,pass]-by4 ,d y ?9k ?is ye> w be a happy "o8 ,almanac ,sell]4 ,yes1 to be sure1 sir4 ,pass]-by4 ,z happy z la/ ye>8 ,almanac ,sell]4 ,mu* m s4 ,pass]-by4 ,z ! ye> be=e8 ,almanac ,sell]4 ,/ill m s1 sir4 ,pass]-by4 ,:y1 %\ld y n l ! new ye> to resemble "o ( ! pa/ two ye>s8 ,almanac ,sell]4 ,no1 sir1 ,i %\ld n4 ,pass]-by4 ,h[ _m ye>s h gone by s9ce y began to sell almanacs8 ,almanac ,sell]4 ,ab\t tw5ty ye>s1 sir4 ,pass]-by4 ,:i* ( ! tw5ty %\ld y wi% ! new ye> to be l8 ,almanac ,sell]4 ,i d n "k4 ,pass]-by4 ,d y n rememb] any p>ticul> ye> :i* y ?\ght a happy "o8 ,almanac ,sell]4 ,inde$1 ,i d n1 sir4 ,pass]-by4 ,& yet life is a f9e ?+1 is x n8 ,almanac ,sell]4 ,s !y say4 ,pass]-by4 ,%\ld y n l to live ^? tw5ty ye>s1 & ev5 all y\r pa/ life f y\r bir?1 ov] aga98 ,almanac ,sell]4 ,ah1 de> sir1 w\ld to ,god t ,i c\ld6 ,pass]-by4 ,b if y _h to live ov] aga9 ! life y h already liv$1 ) all its pleasures & suff]+s8 ,almanac ,sell]4 ,i %\ld n l t4 ,pass]-by4 ,!n :at o!r life w\ld y l to live8 ,m9e1 or t ( ! pr9ce1 or ^:8 ,d y n ?9k t ,i1 or ! pr9ce1 or anyone else w\ld reply exactly z y h done1 & t no "o w\ld wi% to repeat ! same life ov] aga98 ,almanac ,sell]4 ,yes1 ,i believe t4444 ,pass]-by4 ,& x is cle> t ea* p]son is ( op9ion t ! evil he has exp]i5c$ exce$s ! good2 444 b ) ! new ye> fate w comm5ce treat+ y1 & me1 & ev]yone well1 & ! happy life w beg94444 ,almanac ,sell]4 ,almanacs6 ,new almanacs6 ,new cal5d>s6#adb #adb ,dialogue cit$ by ,m4 ,c>o 9 ,pessimisme4 ,sid5ote3 ,p]si/5t novelty 9 ! univ]se4 ,_m ( u no d\bt w\ld reply to ! poet z ! almanac sell] did--we %\ld n wi% to beg9 our life ov] aga9--b x is n to be conclud$ f t t our pa/ life1 tak5 z a :ole1 has be5 unhappy r ?an happy4 ,x is to be conclud$ simply t x has lo/ its novelty1 & ) its novelty a great "p ( its *>m4 ,man1 9 effect1 is n a purely s5sitive be+4 ,8 pleasures are1 s to speak1 n bl9d4 ,he n only enjoys1 he kn[s t he enjoys1 & kn[s :at he enjoys1 & ea* ( 8 s5sations con/itutes an addition to 8 treasures ( k4 ,hav+ once begun to amass ?is treasure1 he desires incessantly to augm5t x1 ?\gh he c>es little en\gh futilely to h&le & to contemplate ! weal? already acquir$4 ,our pa/ life1 !re=e1 is to "s ext5t t>ni%$ & defl[]$4 ,! numb] ( h\rs t 7 s ri*1 s full t we c\ld n exhau/ !m at ! "t & desire to repeat !m1 is n great2 &1 b>r+ su* h\rs1 ! pr9cipal *>m ( ! re/ ( our pa/ exi/5ce lay 9 e/imat+ its details1 9 comp>+ !m ) ea* o!r1 9 ex]cis+ ^u !m our intellig5ce & our activity1 & 9 lightly pass+ !m by2 !y 7 n wor? l+]+ ov]2 !y resembl$ ! tracts ( c\ntry t ! travell] does n feel tempt$ to turn & look back ^u4 ,if novelty possesses = mank9d a c]ta9 *>m1 if a repetition ( id5tically simil> circum/ances r>ely af=ds z great pleasure ! second "t z ! fir/1 ! fact is ow+ 9 "p to ! v laws ( desire1 b 9 "p to ! sup]iority ( ! human m9d2 ! desir$ object %\ld always (f] some?+ new to ! intellig5ce4 ,e desire conta9s an elem5t ( philosophic & /hetic curiosity t ! pa/ _c satisfy2 ! fl[] ( novelty _c be ga!r$ twice f ! same bran*4 ,sid5ote3 ,& g5u9e novelty4 ,b ,leop>di might reply1 ,:at is ! *>m ( novelty b an illusion8 ,= ev]y?+ on e>? is really old3 ! future is b a repetition ( ! pa/ & ought logically to be z repugnant z ! pa/4 ,ab/ract =mul1 & precipitate inductions l t1 (f] no resi/ance ei!r to reason or to exp]i5ce4 ,:atev] pessimi/ic poets may say to ! contr>y1 no?+ is a repetition ( any?+ else1 ei!r 9 human life or 9 ! univ]se4 ,!re is always some?+ new "u ! sun1 if x be no m ?an ! budd+ leaves on a tree or ! *ang+ col\r on a cl\d4 ,no two sunsets are ! same4 ,fairy-/ories tell ( a m>vell\s picture book1 ! pages ( :i* "o may turn =ev] )\t we>9ess1 = ! in/ant ! picture has be5 look$ ^u & ! page turn$1 its place is tak5 by a new picture4 ,! univ]se is su* a book2 :5 "o wi%es to turn back to a famili> page x is no long] ! same nor are we ourselves ! same1 & if we consid] ! matt] n>r[ly1 ! _w %\ld always possess = u its fir/ fre%ness4 ,sid5ote3 ,p]ception ( diff]5ce ! m>k ( high intellig5ce4 ,! di/9ctive sign ( a really sup]ior1 really human intellect is to be int]e/$ 9 ev]y?+ 9 ! univ]se1 & 9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ?+s4 ,:5 we look /raight be=e u )\t1 prop]ly speak+1 see+ any?+1 we p]ceive resemblances only2 :5 we look ) att5tion1 ) affectionate love ( detail1 we p]ceive an inf9ity ( diff]5ces2 an intellectual activity1 always awake1 f9ds ev]y:]e objects ( int]e/4 ,to love any?+ is to f9d 9 x1 incessantly1 elem5ts ( novelty4 ,sid5ote3 ,! _w inexhau/ibly int]e/+4 ,:5 pessimi/s ma9ta9 t ! *>m ( ! future is an illusion1 x may be retort$ t ! illusion is !irs1 t !y d n look at ! _w closely en\gh to see x z x is1 & d n love x because !y d n "k x4 ,if "o c\ld view ! ,alps f ! surface ( a pass+ arolite1 ! ,rigi1 ! ,faulhorn1 ,mont ,blanc1 ,monte ,rosa w\ld all look alike1 w\ld all appe> to be indiff]5t po9ts on ! e>?'s r9d2 b :at %all be said ( ! nave travell] :o conf\nds !m1 & pr(esses to h se5 ! :ole ( ! ,alps :5 he has climb$ ! ,rigi8 ,life1 also1 is a p]petual asc5t1 ( :i* x is difficult to say "o has se5 ! :ole because "o has climb$ ! fir/ peak4 ,f *ildhood to old age1 ! horizon gr[s l>g] & *anges & is always new4 ,nature seems to repeat itself only to a sup]ficial gaze4 ,ea* ( its works is orig9al1 l ^? ( g5ius4 /hetically or intellectually consid]$1 disc\ragem5t is volunt>y or involunt>y bl9dness4 ,if poets h wi%$ to =get pa/ exp]i5ces :i* 7 too pa9ful1 ev5 9 memory1 no true s*ol> or man ( sci5ce has ev] express$ ! desire to =get :at he knew1 to make a blank space 9 8 intellig5ce1 to reject ! k s sl[ly acquir$--unless1 inde$1 x 7 = ! ref9$ pleasure ( le>n+ x all ov] aga9 & ( ow+ no?+ to ! lab\r ( previ\s g5]ations4 ,b5ea? e human desire1 we repeat1 !re exi/s ?is ?ir/ = tru?1 :i* is "o ( ! ess5tial elem5ts ( ! religi\s s5tim5t1 & all o!r desires may be satiat$ or fatigu$1 b ?is "o /ill subsi/s2 "o may be we>y ( life )\t be+ we>y ( k2 ev5 ^? :o h be5 mo/ bitt]ly w\nd$ by ! conditions ( life may /ill accept !m = ! light t ! intellig5ce br+s !m at ! price ( pa91 z a soldi]1 ^: eyes h be5 injur$ by "s *ance spl9t]1 nev]!less /ra9s !m b5ea? 8 eyelids to foll[ ! c\rse ( ! fight ab\t him4 ,sid5ote3 ,summ>y4 ,9 effect1 ! analysis t pessimism is bas$ ^u is1 9 _m respects1 sup]ficial4 ,ev5 ! ^w pessimism is inexact1 = ! doctr9e ascribes no progress f bad to worse1 f pejus to pessimum2 x ma9ta9s simply t ! _w is bad & mu/ be recogniz$ z su*1 & t ?is recognition is ! consequ5ce & ! condition ( progress1 ( intellectual p[] & ( k4 ,sid5ote3 ,suicide z a res\rce4 ,! practical rules = ! conduct ( life t pessimism prescribes f its pr9ciples are /ill m op5 to discussion4 ,grant$ ! wret*$ness ( life1 ! rem$y t pessimi/s propose is ! new religi\s salvation t mod]n ,buddhi/s are to make fa%ionable4 ,?is novelty1 :i* is old] ?an ,skya-,muni itself1 is "o ( ! mo/ anci5t ( ,ori5tal ideas2 x to-day proves attractive to a numb] ( ,occid5tal peoples1 z x has sev]al times prov$ attractive to !m 9 =m] days1 = traces ( x may be f\nd among ! ,neo-,platoni/s & ! ,*ri/ian my/ics4 ,! conception is t ( ,nirvna4 ,to sev] all ! ties :i* atta* y to ! ext]nal _w2 to prune away all ! "y (f%oots ( desire1 & recognize t to be rid ( !m is a deliv]ance2 to practice a sort ( complete psy*ical circumcision2 to recoil ^u y\rself & to believe t by s do+ y ent] into ! society ( ! great totality ( ?+s 7! my/ics w\ld say ( ,god72 to create an inn] vacuum1 & feel dizzy 9 ! void &1 nev]!less1 to believe t ! void is pl5titude supreme----^! h always con/itut$ temptations to mank9d2 mank9d has be5 tempt$ to m$dle ) !m1 z x has be5 tempt$ to creep up to ! v]ge ( dizzy precipices & look ov]4 ,! pan!i/ic or moni/ic notion ( ,nirvna eludes criticism precisely because x is void ( all precise cont5t4 ,physiologically speak+1 ,nirvna corresponds to ! p]iod ( repose & quietude :i* always foll[s a p]iod ( t5sion & ( ef=t4 ,"o _c /op & take brea? 9 ! et]nal =w>d m>* t con/itutes ! ph5om5al life ( humanity2 x is good sometimes to feel lassitude1 x is good a little to und]/& ! comp>ative *eapness & vanity ( ev]y?+ "o has hi!rto atta9$1 b good only on condition t su* an und]/&+ ( our pa/ con/itutes a spur to fre% ef=t 9 ! future4 ,to re/ cont5t ) lassitude--to believe t ! deepe/ exi/5ce is ! meane/1 ! colde/1 ! mo/ in]t--is equival5t to a confession ( defeat 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,nirvna leads1 9 fact1 to ! annihilation ( ! individual & ( ! race1 & to ! logical absurdity t ! vanqui%$ 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce are ! victors ov] ! trials & mis]ies ( life4 ,sid5ote3 ,trial ( ,nirvna4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to p]=m a practical exp]im5t 9 ,nirvna4 ,"o ( my acqua9tances pu%$ ! exp]im5t z f> z a ,european ( sci5tific t5d5cies c\ld4 ,he practis$ asceticism to ! po9t ( reject+ all v>iety 9 8 diet1 he gave up meat 7z ,mr4 ,sp5c] also did = "s "t71 w9e1 e k9d ( rag\t1 e =m ( condim5t1 & r$uc$ to its l[e/ possible t]ms ! desire t is mo/ fundam5tal 9 e liv+ be+--! desire ( food1 ! excitation ( ! fami%$ animal 9 ! pres5ce ( appetiz+ di%es1 ! mom5t ( height5$ expectation be=e d9n] :i* con/itutes = s _m p ! ev5t ( ! day4 ,= ! protract$ meals t are cu/om>y1 he sub/itut$ a c]ta9 numb] ( cups ( pure milk4 ,hav+ ?us blunt$ 8 s5se ( ta/e & ! gross] ( 8 appetites1 hav+ ab&on$ all physical activity1 he s\ght to f9d a recomp5se 9 ! pleasures ( ab/ract m$itation1 & ( /hetic contemplation4 ,he ent]$ into a /ate :i* 0 n t ( dreaml&1 b nei!r 0 x t ( real life1 ) its def9ite details4 ,:at gives relief & outl9e to ! life ( ea* day1 :at makes ea* day an epo* = u 9 our exi/5ce1 is ! succession ( our desires & our pleasures4 ,"o has no idea :at a blank w\ld be produc$ 9 "o's exi/5ce by ! simple omission ( "s hundr$s ( meals4 ,by a simil> process ( elim9ation1 employ$ 9 reg>d to pleasures & desires g5]ally1 he secur$ = 8 life a c]ta9 sav\rless1 col\rless1 e!real *>m4 ,! :ole univ]se recoil$ by degrees into ! di/ance1 = ! univ]se 0 compos$ ( ?+s t he no long] came into =cible contact )1 t he no long] h&l$ vigor\sly1 & t1 !re=e1 came less viol5tly into contact ) him1 & left him1 !re=e1 m indiff]5t to !m4 ,he ent]$ ! cl\d 9 :i* ! gods sometimes envelop !mselves1 & no long] felt ! firm e>? b5ea? 8 feet1 b he soon f\nd t1 if he no long] /ood ^u firm e>?1 he 0 n on t acc\nt ! ne>] heav52 :at /ruck him mo/ 0 ! enfeeblem5t ( 8 ?\ghts precisely at ! "t :51 ow+ to 8 complete deta*m5t f all mat]ial c>es1 he 0 incl9$ to believe himself mo/ intellectually compet5t4 ,! in/ant t ?\ght ceas$ to re/ ^u a f\ndation ( solid reality x became incapable ( ab/raction2 ! life ( ?\ght z ( our :ole be+ is contra/1 & x ga!rs p[] by deal+ f "t to "t ) objects :i* seem lea/ readily to l5d !mselves to its purposes4 ,an endeav\r to purify & to sublimate ?\ght robs x ( its precision2 m$itation gives place to dream1 & dream gives place to ! ec/asy 9 :i* my/ics lose all s5se ( ! di/9ction betwe5 1 b 9 :i* a m9d accu/om$ to self-possession _c long rema9 )\t a s5se ( vapidity4 ,!n a feel+ ( revolt sup]v5es1 & "o beg9s to und]/& t ab/ract ?\ght ne$s1 if x is to a*ieve its highe/ po9t ( lucidity & conc5tration1 to be spurr$ on by desire4 ,su* at lea/ 0 ! exp]i5ce ( ! fri5d m5tion$ above1 & ,i sugge/ 8 exp]im5t = imitation to ^? :o speak ( ,nirvna f he>say only1 & h nev] practis$ absolute r5unciation4 ,! only dang] to fe> is le/ r5unciation produce a c]ta9 brutalization1 le/ "o lose "o's self-control & be ov]come by a sort ( v]tigo be=e hav+ measur$ ! dep? ( ! abyss1 & hav+ p]ceiv$ t x is bottomless4 ,! safe/ pa?s 9 ! m\nta9s are ^? t h be5 trodd5 out by asses & mules4 8,foll[ ! asses10 is ! advice ( ! guides4 ,! advice is (t5 good 9 real life2 ! good s5se ( ! multitude op5s ! way :i* mu/ be foll[$1 :e!r "o w or n1 & philosoph]s may well at times 8foll[ ! asses40 ,sid5ote3 ,sanctity & egoism4 ,absorption 9 inf9ite sub/ance1 r5unciation ( ! desire to live1 & in]t sanctity w always con/itute ! ultimate =m & expression ( human illusion4 ,if all is vanity1 no?+1 aft] all1 is m va9 ?an to be completely consci\s t all is vanity2 if action is va91 repose is /ill m va92 life is va91 dea? is va9]4 ,ev5 sanctity is n ! equal ( *>ity1 ! equal1 t is to say1 ( :at b9ds ! individual to o!r individuals1 & by t fact r5d]s him once m ! slave ( desire & ( pleasure--if n ( 8 own desires & pleasures1 at lea/ ( ^? ( o!r p4 ,"o mu/ always s]ve someone1 mu/ always be 9 bonds to some?+1 ev5 if only to ! fle%4 ,"o mu/ drag a *a91 if "o is to draw o!rs aft] "o4 ,nobody =ms a suffici5t end & aim = 8 own activity2 nobody c emancipate himself by liv+ #89 & 91' by =m+ an ideal circle l ! coil$ s]p5t1 by reflect+ et]nally1 accord+ to ! ,h9du precept1 on 8 navel2 no?+ is m l s]vitude ?an lib]ty t is conf9$ )9 ! b\nds ( self4 ,! p]fect sanctity ( ! my/ics1 ,buddhi/s1 & pessimi/s is a subtl] egoism simply2 & ! sole g5u9e virtue 9 ! _w is g5]osity1 :i* does n fe> to set its foot 9 ! du/1 9 ! s]vice ( ano!r4 ,sid5ote3 ,pessimism n de/9$ to prevail4 ,we d n !re=e believe1 ) ,s*op5hau] & ,von ,h>tmann1 t pessimism w be ! religion ( ! future4 ,life w n be p]suad$ to seek dea?1 nor movem5t to pref] immobility4 ,we h said else:]e t :at r5d]s exi/5ce possible r5d]s x also desirable2 if ! sum ( ! pa9s ( human life 7 great] ?an ! sum ( ! pleasures1 ! species w\ld become ext9ct by a gradual decrease 9 ! vitality ( ea* succe$+ g5]ation4 ,occid5tal nations1 or r ! active p 9 ! _w1 to :om ! future belongs1 w nev] become conv]ts to pessimism4 ,:oev] acts1 feels1 has p[]1 & to be /rong is to be happy4 ,ev5 9 ! ,ori5t1 :5 _! pessimism1 ! great religions1 is address$ to ! multitude1 x is v sup]ficial2 commonplace maxims on ! ills ( exi/5ce1 & on ! necessity = resignation1 result z a matt] ( fact 9 a f> ni5te :i* is appropriate to ! mann]s ( ! ,ori5t4 ,&1 :5 x is address$ to ?9k]s1 pessimism is only provisional--x po9ts to its own rem$y 9 ,nirvna2 b ,nirvna z a panacea & salvation by negation1 or by viol5t self-de/ruction1 w n long captivate mod]n common s5se4 ,x is ridicul\s to attribute to man ! p[] to de/roy ! sacr$ g]m f :i* life1 ) all its illusions1 has sprung1 & w always spr+1 9 spite ( ascetics & p>tisans ( individual suicide1 & ev51 if ,von ,h>tmann w1 ( 8cosmic suicide40 ,x is p]haps less difficult to create ?an to annihilate1 to make ,god ?an to de/roy ,him4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,review ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,metaphysical ,,hypo!ses ,,:i* ,,w ,,replace ,,dogma--,conclud$4 ,,idealism1 ,,mat]ialism1 ,,monism4 ,i4 ,idealism--,diff]5t =ms ( idealism3 subjective idealism1 objective idealism3 ,! :ole ( exi/5ce resolv$ into a mode ( m5tal exi/5ce--,value ( idealism consid]$ f po9t ( view ( ! religi\s s5tim5t--,mo/ speci\s ( contempor>y idealisms3 ,possibility ( univ]sal progress on ! hypo!sis ( radical spontaneity & ( 8fre$om0--,reconciliation betwe5 det]m9ism & ! conception ( fre$om--,moral idealism z a possible sub/itute = religi\s s5tim5t3 ,dep5d5ce ( ! univ]se on ! pr9ciple ( goodness4 ,,ii4 ,mat]ialism--,difficulty 9 def9+ absolute mat]ialism3 ,matt]--,! atom--,nebul> hypo!sis--,hydrog5--,necessity ( supplem5t+ mat]ialism by "s !ory ( ! orig9 ( life--,! late/ conception ( mat]ialism3 ,conception ( inf9ite divisibility & inf9ite ext5sibility4 ,,iii4 ,monism & ! fate ( worlds--,curr5t ( contempor>y sy/ems t[>d monism--,sci5tific int]pretation ( monism--,! _w conceiv$ moni/ically z a becom+ & z a life--,sci5tific =mul = life--,progress consi/s 9 ! gradual confusion ( ^! two =mul--,t ! rise ( morality & religion c be acc\nt$ = )\t ! presupposition ( any f9al cause--,metaphysical & moral expectations 9 reg>d to ! de/9y ( ! _w & ( humanity x may be f\nd$ on sci5tific monism--,facts :i* appe> to be inconsi/5t ) ^! expectations--,pessimi/ic conception ( dissolution t is complem5t>y to ! conception ( evolution--,is ! imman5ce ( dissolution demon/rable8--,natural devices = ! p]petuation ( ! 8fitte/0--,rle ( intellig5ce1 ( numb]s1 etc4--,calculation ( probabilities--,is et]nity a p>te po/ a gr\nd ( disc\ragem5t or ( hope--,probable exi/5ce ( ?9k+ be+s 9 o!r worlds3 ! planets1 possibility ( ! exi/5ce ( be+s sup]ior to man--,survival ( ! conception ( gods--,hypo!sis ( int]cosmic consci\sness & ( a univ]sal society4 ,,iv4 ,de/9y ( ! human race--,! hypo!sis ( immortality f ! po9t ( view ( monism--,two possible conceptions ( immortality--,et]nal or untemporal exi/5ce & cont9uation ( life 9 "s sup]ior =ms--,i4 ,hypo!sis ( et]nal life--its function 9 antique religions1 9 ,platonism1 & 9 ! sy/ems ( ,sp9oza1 ,kant1 & ,s*op5hau]--,et]nal life & ! subsi/5ce ( ! individual--,di/9ction made by ,s*op5hau] & v>i\s o!r philosoph]s betwe5 individuality & p]sonality--,et]nal life problematical & transc5d5t--,ari/ocratic t5d5cy ( ! !ory ( et]nal life--,hypo!sis ( conditional immortality--,criticism ( ! hypo!sis ( conditional immortality2 incompatibility ( ?is notion ) t ( div9e goodness--,,ii4 ,hypo!sis ( a cont9uation ( ! pres5t life & its evolution into "s sup]ior =m--,:at sort ( immortality ! !ory ( evolution p]mits u to hope =--,immortality ( "o's lab\rs & conduct--,true conception ( su* immortality--,its relation to ! laws ( h]$ity1 atavism1 natural selection--,immortality ( ! individual--,objections drawn f sci5ce--,prote/ations ( affection aga9/ ! annihilation ( ! p]son--,result+ ant9omy--,,iii4 ,mod]n opposition betwe5 ! conception ( function & ! conception ( simple sub/ance1 9 :i* anci5t philosophy endeav\rs to f9d a pro( ( immortality--,p]ipatetic !ory ( ,wundt & mod]n philosoph]s on ! nature ( ! s\l--,immortality z a cont9uation ( function1 prov$ n by ! simplicity1 b by ! complexity ( consci\sness--,relation betwe5 complexity & in/ability--,?ree /ages ( social evolution--,analogy ( consci5ce ) a society1 collective "* ( individual consci\sness--,conception ( progressive immortality--,la/ product ( evolution & natural selection3 7#a7 ,no necess>y relation betwe5 ! composit5ess & complexity ( consci\sness & its dissolubility3 indissoluble comp\nds 9 ! physical univ]se--7#b7 ,relation betwe5 consci\snesses1 _! possible fusion 9 a sup]ior consci\sness--,contempor>y psy*ology & ! religi\s notion ( ! int]p5etration ( s\ls--,possible evolution ( memory & id5tification ( x ) reality--,pal+5esis by =ce ( love--,problematic "* ( ^? conceptions & ( e conception relative to exi/5ce1 ( consci\sness1 & ! relation betwe5 exi/5ce & consci\sness--,,iv4 ,conception ( dea? appropriate to ^? :o1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( evolution1 d n believe 9 ! immortality ( ! individual--,antique & mod]n /oicism--,acceptance ( dea?3 elem5t ( melan*oly & ( greatness 9 x--,expansion ( self by means ( philosophical ?\ght1 & sci5tific dis9t]e/$ness1 to ! po9t ( to "s ext5t approv+ "o's own annihilation4 ,sid5ote3 ,! problem ( ! imman5ce ( be+4 ,naturalism consi/s 9 believ+ t nature1 toge!r ) ! be+s :i* compose x1 make up ! sum total ( exi/5ce4 ,b ev5 f ?is po9t ( view !re /ill rema9s ! problem1 :at exi/5ce ess5tially is1 & :at special mode ( exi/5ce is mo/ typical4 ,is nature mat]ial1 or m5tal1 or bo?8 ,! problem ( ! ess5ce ( be+ is "o t _c be escap$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! d\ble-aspect !ory4 ,! !ory t seems to-day to be dom9ant is ! 8d\ble-aspect0 !ory--! !ory ( two insep>able correlatives subjective & objective1 ( consci\sness & ( motion4 ,we h1 z ,m4 ,ta9e#adc w\ld say1 two texts ( ! et]nal book in/ead ( "o4 ,! "q is1 :i* ( ! two texts is orig9al & sacr$8 ,sometimes t :i* is furni%$ by introspection alone1 sometimes t :i* objective sci5ce endeav\rs to deciph]1 are respectively held to be primitive4 ,!nce arise two oppos$ t5d5cies1 n alone 9 psy*ological b 9 metaphysical speculation2 ! "o t[>d idealism1 ! o!r t[>d mat]ialism2 ! "o t[>d :at lies )91 ! o!r t[>d :at lies )\t4 ,b ^! two aspects may & %\ld be conceiv$ z possess+ a c]ta9 unity2 !re is an inevitable t5d5cy 9 ! human m9d to foll[ out two conv]g+ l9es to _! po9t ( int]section4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 ?ree =ms ( naturalism3 idealism1 mat]ialism1 monism4 ,^! ?ree con/itute ! ?ree g5u9e sy/ems ( ?\ght f :i* !ism1 a!ism1 & pan!ism are respectively d]iv$4 #adc ,m4 ,ribot holds ! same doctr9e4 ,i4 ,idealism4 ,sid5ote3 ,idealism def9$4 ,if ! words ?\ght & idea be int]pret$ z ,desc>tes & ,sp9oza und]/& !m1 z designat+ ! entire life ( ! m9d1 ! sum total ( ! possible cont5t ( consci\sness1 idealism may be def9$ z ! sy/em :i* resolves all reality into ?\ght1 into psy*ical exi/5ce1 insomu* t to be is to ?9k or to be ?\ght2 to feel or to be felt2 to w or to be will$2 to be ! object or subject ( a consci\s ef=t4 ,sid5ote3 ,idealism & ! religi\s in/9ct4 ,x is evid5t t idealism is "o ( ! sy/ems :i* is capable ( af=d+ a c]ta9 satisfaction to ! religi\s s5tim5t1 because ! religi\s s5tim5t is alli$ to ! in/9ct = metaphysics1 & ! in/9ct = metaphysics f9ds itself at home among all ?+s ( ! _s1 ( ?\ght1 ( ! moral _w4 ,! f\ndation ( !ism1 z we h said1 is moralism2 ! belief1 t is to say1 t ! true p[] 9 nature is m5tal & moral4 ,god is simply a repres5tation ( ?is p[]1 conceiv$ z transc5d5t4 ,pan!ism itself1 aft] hav+ div9iz$ & mat]ializ$ ! univ]se & resolv$ all ?+s1 s to speak1 into ,god1 t5ds to become ideali/ic1 to resolve ,god into ! ?\ght :i* has conceiv$ ,him1 to d5y ,him all exi/5ce ov] & above t :i* ,he possesses 9 ?\ght1 & = ?\ght1 & by virtue ( ?\ght4 ,accord+ to ! ,h9du comp>ison1 ! human m9d is l ! spid] t c build its mansion out ( mat]ials drawn f its own body1 & !n reabsorb !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,subjective idealism criticis$4 ,b h[ %all ! m9d itself1 ! c5tral fund ( ?\ght t is ! orig9 & end ( all ?+s1 be conceiv$8 ,is x individual or imp]sonal8 ,engli% subjective or egoi/ic idealism1 z ,mr4 ,huxley def9es x 9 8 8,life ( ,hume10 replies1 t 9 spite ( all demon/ration to ! contr>y1 ! collection ( p]ceptions :i* con/itute our consci\sness may be simply a phantasmagoria :i*1 eng5d]$ & co-ord9at$ by ! ego1 unrolls its successive sc5es ^u a backgr\nd ( non5tity4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] retorts t1 if ! univ]se is ?us simply a projection ( our subjective s5sations1 evolution is a dream2 b evolution may be =mulat$ 9 ideali/ic q z well z reali/ic t]ms3 & a coh]5t dream is z good z reality4 ,subjective idealism is !re=e difficult to refute logically2 b 9 spite ( t fact x w nev] h _m foll[]s4 ,= ?is app>5t simplification ( ! _w is 9 reality a complication4 ,= subjective idealism involves ! ridicul\s hypo!sis ( a *ance agreem5t betwe5 ! impressions ( any giv5 individual & ( all o!r individuals3 a difficulty mu* h>d] to expla9 away ?an ! prelim9>y "o ( ! simple reflection 9 u ( an ext]nal _w4 ,m5tal ph5om5a are always m complex ?an mat]ial ph5om5a4 ,! r$uction ( ! ext]nal _w to subjective t]ms1 ! explanation ( ! optical illusion ( objectivity1 dem&s a mu* great] display ( va9 +5uity ?an any !ory ( simple p]ception4 ,m ?an t1 ! lea/ ef=t ) ! resi/ance t x enc\nt]s is a refutation ( egoi/ic1 or z ! ,engli% aga9 say1 solipsi/ic idealism4 ,9 ! fact ( resi/ance1 subjective s5sation & ! p]ception ( an objective reality co9cide4 ,ev5 if ! mann] 9 :i* our s5sations ( resi/ance are comb9$ 9 tridim5sional space may be conceiv$ z subjective1 x is difficult to admit t ! mat]ials out ( :i* ! /ructure is made are1 z x 71 susp5d$ 9 mid-air4 ,to expla9 ! fact ( resi/ance requires u absolutely to pass beyond ! limits ( consci\sness1 = ev5 9 ! cases 9 :i* ! s5sation ( resi/ance seems to be due to halluc9ation1 ! cause ( halluc9ation is always f\nd to be "s in/ance ( actual resi/ance1 ( friction or /ress inside ! body4 ,! mi/ake ( a madman1 :o sees an unfamili> =m take %ape & rise be=e 8 eyes1 is n t ( consid]+ ! p[] z exi/+ outside ( himself1 b ( locat+ x at ! extremities ( 8 n]ves ( t\*2 :]eas x is really 9 8 bra91 at ! po9t :]e ! n]ves int]sect ) ! c]ebral c5tres4 ,he is "r 9 8 s5se ( ! pres5ce ( an enemy1 b wrong 9 ! direction 9 :i* he looks = x4 ,sid5ote3 ,tru? 9 subjective idealism4 ,we are oblig$1 !re=e1 to admit ! hypo!sis ( a multitude ( microcosms1 ( m9e1 ( y\rs1 ( ev]ybody's1 & ( a s+le macrocosm ! same = ev]ybody4 ,:at is true is t betwe5 ! great _w & e little _w !re is an incessant communication1 by means ( :i* ev]y?+ t passes 9 ! "o is e*o$ 9 ! o!r4 ,we live 9 ! univ]se1 & ! univ]se lives 9 u4 ,! /atem5t is n metaphorical1 b lit]al4 ,if we c\ld look into ! consci\sness ( a s*ool *ild1 we %\ld see a m or less fai?ful image ( all ! m>vels ( ! _w3 skies1 seas1 m\nta9s1 cities1 etc42 we %\ld p]ceive ! g]m ( e elevat$ s5tim5t1 ( e k9d ( complex k t ! human bra9 conta9s4 ,if we c\ld look into ! consci\sness ( "s great man--"s ?9k]1 "s poet--! spectacle w\ld be q diff]5t4 ,x w\ld embrace ! :ole ( ! visible & invisible univ]se1 ) its facts & its laws2 x w\ld embrace :at is be/ 9 ! :ole ( humanity4 ,if ! traces left by exp]i5ce on ! n]v\s sy/em c\ld be read1 l ! writ+ 9 a book1 ! e>? might disappe>1 & its image & hi/ory be h&$ d[n 9 c]ta9 *os5 human bra9s4 ,sid5ote3 ,realism de/9$ to prevail4 ,active & practical humanity w always believe 9 realism to ! ext5t ( insi/+ t ! _w possesses an exi/5ce :i* is indep5d5t ( any individual ?\ght4 ,we %all dwell no fur!r on subjective idealism1 :i* is m important z a metaphysical curiosity ?an = any com=t x gives to ! religi\s s5tim5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,objective idealism4 ,( objective idealism ! same _c be said4 ,9 objective idealism1 too1 all mat]ial exi/5ce is reg>d$ z a mode ( m5tal exi/5ce2 be+ is id5tifi$ ei!r ) ! ideal law :i* presides ov] ! developm5t ( ! univ]se1 or ) ! g5u9e f\ndation ( our consci\sness1 our s5sations1 our desires4 ,! _w1 z ,em]son has said1 is a precipitate ( ! s\l4 ,sid5ote3 ,criticis$4 ,?is hypo!sis is c]ta9ly "o ( ^? t may be/ s]ve z a sub/itute = !ism1 if !ism %\ld ev] disappe>4 ,b idealism1 ?us und]/ood1 is op5 to ! foll[+ objection3 ,is x ( any special use to objectify ! s\l1 if ! exi/5ce ( evil1 :i* ,plato id5tifi$ ) matt]1 is !reby left un*ang$8 ,x is 9 va9 to translate evolution into psy*ic t]ms2 no difficulty c be avoid$ by s do+4 ,! my/]i\s imp]fections ( ! ext]ior _w are transport$ bodily into ! m9d2 evil is spiritualiz$ simply4 ,id5tify+ ?+s ) ! intellectual law :i* presides ov] _! evolution 9 n[ise excuses u f expla9+ :y t law is 9 s _m respects bad1 & :y ! intellig5ce t directs ! univ]se is s (t5 self-contradictory & feeble4 ,sid5ote3 ,objective idealism relatively capable ( satisfy+ ! moral in/9cts4 ,9 spite ( ?is objection1 :i* w1 p]haps1 nev] receive a suffici5t reply1 x is c]ta9 t1 s f> z our moral & social in/9cts are conc]n$1 idealism (f]s u great] gr\nd = hope ?an ei!r ( ! rema9+ sy/ems ( ?\ght4 ,9 spite ( evil & pa91 ! desire ( progress & ( salvation1 :i* is ! basis ( all religi\s speculation1 may rely ^u ?\ght z its la/ res\rce4 ,b ?\ght1 if ! doctr9e ( objective idealism is to be made acceptable1 mu/ be und]/ood z includ+ n only intellig5ce1 b also s5tim5t1 desire1 & volition1 &1 9 effect1 ! purely intellectual idealism ( a =m] "t is at ! pres5t day be+ succe$$ by an idealism t reg>ds ! w z ! fundam5tal elem5t 9 ! univ]se4#add ,univ]sal s5sibility is an incid5t ( univ]sal p[] ( w1 :]eas intellig5ce1 prop]ly s call$1 at lea/ 9 s f> z ! function ( intellig5ce is reg>d$ z repres5tation1 is m sup]ficial ?an s5sibility or volition4#ade ,^! ?ree insep>able =ms ( psy*ic life#adf con/itute ! great =ces to :i* moral & religi\s s5tim5t mu/ always turn = support4 #add ,see ,s*ell+1 ,s*op5hau]1 ,lotze1 ,wundt1 ,secrtan1 ,,mm4 ,ravaison1 ,a4 ,f\ille1 ,la*eli]1 &1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ,m4 ,r5\vi]4 #ade ,see ,s*op5hau]1 ,horwicz1 & ,m4 ,f\ille4 #adf ,see ,wundt's ,psy*ologie physiologique4 ,sid5ote3 ,hypo!sis ( moral progress imman5t 9 ! _w4 ,idealism1 ?us und]/ood1 con/itutes "o ( ! mo/ tempt+ ( ! solutions ( ! problem ( evil4 ,optimism be+1 z we h se51 indef5sible1 & pessimism be+ a c>icature1 ! mo/ plausible religi\s & metaphysical hypo!sis at ! pres5t day is ! conception ( a 8possible progress ow+ to ! radical spontaneity ( all exi/+ ?+s40#adg ,! w1 accord+ to ?is hypo!sis1 ) its t5d5cy to indef9ite self-expansion1 is p> excell5ce ! primitive p[]1 ! c5tral elem5t 9 man & 9 ! univ]se4 ,fre$om ( ! w 9 man means ! consci\sness ( ?is progressive p[]1 :i* is imman5t 9 all ?+s1 & ?is consci\sness may be made ! f\ndation ( a moral be+4 ,?is conception ( fre$om1 :i* is reconcilable ) det]m9ism1 becomes an additional motive among ! o!r motives t gov]n man's life1 & t5ds to be realiz$ by ! v fact t x is conceiv$ & desir$4 ,?r\gh ! int]m$iation ( ?is conception1 reality possesses a progressive fre$om1 t is to say1 a p[] ( con/ant union ) ! :ole1 & ( moral enfran*isem5t4 8,9 ! beg9n+ !re obta9s a univ]sal antagonism among ! =ces ( ! univ]se1 a brutal fatality1 an inf9ite reign ( %ock & c\nt]-%ock1 betwe5 bl9d & bl9dly driv5 be+s2 !n !re arises a progressive organization t makes ! evolution ( consci\sness1 & !re=e ( volition1 possible2 !re arises a gradual union & frat]nity among ! p>ticul>s t con/itute ! univ]se4 ,ill-w1 :e!r x orig9ate 9 me*anical necessity or 9 intellectual ignorance1 is transitory2 good-w is p]man5t1 radical1 normal1 & fundam5tal4 ,to cultivate good-w 9 "o's self is to enfran*ise "o's self f ! individual & ! transitory 9 fav\r ( ! univ]sal & ! p]man5t2 x is to become truly free1 & by t v fact to become truly lov+40#adh #adg ,alfr$ ,f\ille1 ,la ,lib]t et le ,dt]m9isme1 #b;d edition1 pp4 #cec1 #ced1 #cef4 #adh ,alfr$ ,f\ille1 ,la ,lib]t et le ,dt]m9isme1 #b;d edition1 pp4 #cec1 #ced1 #cef4 ,sid5ote3 ,reconciliation betwe5 fre$om & det]m9ism4 ,betwe5 progressive fre$om ?us conceiv$1 & ! det]m9ism 9 ! mid/ ( :i* x progresses1 !re is no opposition2 fre$om & det]m9ism con/itute two aspects ( "o & ! same process ( evolution4 ,det]m9ism ess5tially consi/s 9 a s]ies ( actions & reactions exi/+ betwe5 o!r be+s & ourselves2 b ^! v actions & reactions con/itute ! manife/ation ( ! developm5t ( our1 & _!1 inn] activities4 ,& ! s\rce ( activity 9 ! univ]se is none o!r ?an an ov]fl[+ p[]1 :i* is ho/ile to limitation1 to imp$im5t ( e k9d2 is1 9 a ^w1 none o!r ?an a self-realiz+ volition4 ,fre$om1 ?us und]/ood1 may1 !re=e1 be consid]$ 9 ! la/ resort z ! orig9 ( det]m9ism & z "o ) x4#adi ,necessity is1 s to speak1 ! out] surface ( fre$om--! po9t ( contact betwe5 two or m free ag5ts4 ,fre$om is inconceivable ap>t f a result+ det]m9ism1 = to be free is to possess p[]1 is to act & to react1 is to det]m9e & to be det]m9$4 ,det]m9ism1 on ! o!r h&1 t is to say1 reciprocal action1 is inconceivable ap>t f fre$om1 f int]nal action1 f a spontane\s outbreak ( p[] t t5ds to be free4 ,s t "o may say1 )\t contradiction1 t det]m9ism envelops ! _w1 & t free-w con/itutes x4 #adi ,a4 ,f\ille1 op4 cit4 ,sid5ote3 ,ideal lib]ty ! aim ( ! univ]se4 ,if ! %ock ( wills 9 ! _w is unusually brutal1 ! reason is t !y are z yet b half consci\s ( _! p[]s2 z consci\sness develops1 conte/ w give way to concurr5ce4 ,to avoid viol5t concussion ) ob/acles 9 ! way1 ! free ag5t has less ne$ ( acqua9tance ) !m ?an ( acqua9tance ) itself4 ,z !re is no?+ 9 ! univ]se t is =eign to volition1 !re is no?+ 9 ! univ]se t is =eign to ! ideal t e volition aims at4 ,x is probable t life is always & ev]y:]e accompani$ by consci\sness 9 "s slight degree2 & :]ev] consci\sness exi/s1 desire may exi/4 ,nature's device1 z a contemporane\s poet has said1 is 8,i aspire40 ,! human ideal is1 p]haps1 no m ?an ! consci\s =mulation ( ?is aspiration :i* is common to ! :ole univ]se4 ,if s1 x foll[s t ideal fre$om is ! limit ( evolution1 & t volition1 :i* aims at ideal fre$om1 is ! pr9ciple ( x4#aej #aej 8,! category ( ,real ,exi/5ce does n seem reconcilable ) ! notion ( lib]ty2 ! latt] 9 its p]fection mu/ be conceiv$ "u ! category ( ! ,ideal1 & 9 its imp]fection "u t ( ,becom+40--,a4 ,f\ille1 ,la ,lib]t et le ,dt]m9isme1 conclusion4 ,sid5ote3 ,objections answ]$4 ,x has be5 object$ to ?is ideali/ !ory ( evolution t progress implies an aim & ! obs]vance ( c]ta9 pr9ciples 9 its atta9m5t1 :ile evolution does n4#aea ,b ! precise object ( ! doctr9e 9 "q is to supply evolution ) a "n & appropriate pr9ciples1 & to ext5d ! notion ( progress to ! univ]se z a :ole4 ,x has also be5 object$ to ?is some:at pan!li/ic hypo!sis 771 t if ev]y?+ is free1 no?+ is free4#aeb ,?is objection is n exact1 = x w\ld imply1 9 economics1 = in/ance1 t to increase ev]ybody's well-be+ w\ld increase ! well-be+ ( nobody1 or t if ev]ybody equally %\ld be impov]i%$1 ev]ybody w\ld equally be enri*$4 ,to univ]salize a conception is "o ?+1 to suppress x is ano!r4 ,! _w _c at ! pres5t day be conceiv$ z di/9ct f ! human race3 ! two are vitally & intimately relat$4 ,end[ mank9d ) an unbiass$ fre$om ( w1 & ,epicurus w\ld be "r 9 hold+ t indet]m9ism is ! basis ( all ?+s4#aec ,simil>ly1 suppose mank9d end[$ ) 8a radical goodness ( w1 :i* is v di/9ct f fre$om ( ! w1 b nev]!less con/itutes a sort ( moral fre$om 9 process ( =mation10#aed & ! g]m ( su* goodness ( w %\ld be f\nd 9 a m or less unconsci\s =m ?r\gh\t ! entire univ]se4 ,be=e ! human m9d c really produce any?+ :atev]1 ! :ole univ]se mu/ be l x 9 lab\r4 ,p>tisans ( ! !ory ( goodness ( w z ! basis ( human morality are !re=e logical 9 reg>d+ x z m or less pres5t 9 "s degrad$ =m ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( nature1 ev5 9 be+s 9 :i* intellig5ce has n yet made its appe>ance2 & goodness ( w 9 su* cases is to be consid]$ z accompani$ by ! obscure beg9n+s ( responsibility1 ( implicit m]it or dem]it--"o mu/ return 9 effect to a sort ( re-read+ ( ! ,h9du !ory1 accord+ to :i* ! sev]al degrees t exi/ 9 nature repres5t s _m /ages 9 morality4 #aea ,m4 ,franck1 ,essais de critique philosophique4 #aeb ,m4 ,franck1 op4 cit4 #aec ,! au?or argu$ ! po9t at l5g?1 9 #ahgc1 9 8 book on ,epicurus4 ,see also 8 ,morale anglaise1 #b p>tie1 pp4 #che-chf1 #b;d edition4 #aed ,a4 ,f\ille1 ,la ,lib]t et le ,dt]m9isme1 #b;d edition4 ,sid5ote3 ,moral idealism & ! religi\s s5tim5t4 ,hypo!ses f+o is ! "m ( metaphysics4 ,moral idealism ( ! k9d we h j epitomiz$ f ! pages ( a contempor>y au?or is decid$ly no m ?an a hypo!sis1 & a hypo!sis op5 to discussion2 b x is assur$ly ! =m ( idealism t is lea/ incompatible ) ! !ory ( evolution1 & ) ! facts ( natural hi/ory & ( human hi/ory4#aee ,moreov]1 x af=ds unusual scope = ! religi\s s5tim5t1 fre$ f its my/icism & transc5d5ce4 ,if ! unkn[n activity :i* lies at ! basis ( ! natural _w has produc$ 9 ! human race a consci\sness ( goodness1 & a delib]ate desire = x1 !re is reason to hope & to believe t ! la/ ^w ( e?ics & metaphysics is n a negative4 #aee ,?is =m ( idealism is equally compatible ) ! prevail+ moni/ic doctr9es1 & is 9 "s cases1 z notably 9 t ( ,m4 ,f\ille1 conf\nd$ ) !m4 ,see bel[4 ,sid5ote3 ,religion int]pret$ 9 ! light ( ?is hypo!sis4 ,we h a numb] ( times cit$ ,s*lei]ma*]'s def9ition ( religion3 ! s5se ( our absolute dep5d5ce 9 reg>d to ! univ]se & its pr9ciple4 ,:5 ! religi\s s5tim5t becomes trans=m$ into a moral idealism its correct =mula t5ds to be ! inv]se ( ! prec$+3 a s5se ( ! dep5d5ce ( ! univ]se ^u ! det]m9ation t goodness %all prevail1 ( :i* we are consci\s 9 ourselves & :i* we conceive to be or to be capable ( becom+ ! direct+ pr9ciple ( univ]sal evolution4 ,! notion ( ! moral & social ideal ( fre$om is1 !re=e1 accord+ to ?is doctr9e1 n a m]e sup]ficial accid5t 9 ! univ]se1 b a revelation & gr[+ consci\sness ( ! mo/ fundam5tal laws ( ! univ]se1 ( ! true ess5ce ( ?+s1 :i* is ! same 9 all be+s 9 diff]5t degrees & 9 div]se comb9ations4 ,nature repres5ts an et]nal asc5t t[>d a m & m cle>ly conceiv$ ideal1 :i* dom9ates its progress f beg9n+ to end4 ,z "o climbs a height to survey a m\nta9 range1 ! sn[-capp$ peaks rise sil5tly & take _! places side by side along ! horizon2 x seems z if ! enorm\s masses rise 9 ob$i5ce to an imm5se ef=t :i* uplifts !m2 x seems z if _! immobility is only app>5t1 & "o feels borne al(t ) !m t[>d ! z5i?4 ,! h]oes 9 ! ,indian leg5d1 :5 !y 7 we>y ( life & ( ! e>?1 ralli$ _! /r5g? = a f9al ef=t1 & h& 9 h& scal$ ! ,himalayas1 & ! m\nta9s bore !m away into ! cl\ds4 ,anci5t peoples g5]ally reg>d$ ! m\nta9s z a transition betwe5 e>? & sky2 x 0 f ! m\nta9s t ! s\l1 pr(it+ by ! impulse l5t x by ! la/ t\* ( e>?1 took its free/ flight3 ! m\nta9s con/itut$ a pa?way t[>d ! op5 heav5s4 ,& t may be an elem5t ( pr(undity 9 ^! nave ideas :i* ascribe to nature aspirations :i* are m prop]ly human4 ,d !re n exi/ 9 nature great unf9i%$ sket*es1 h9ts & l9es lead+ upw>d8 ,nature has done all t unconsci\sly1 has bl9dly pil$ block on block ( /one sl[ly t[>d ! />s4 ,x is man's privilege to read a mean+ into h] "w1 to make use ( h] ef=ts1 to employ pa/ c5turies z ! mat]ials out ( :i* to build ! future2 by scal+ ! heights ( nature man w rea* ! sky4 ,,ii4 ,mat]ialism4 ,prop]ly to e/imate idealism x mu/ be contra/$ ) its opposite1 mat]ialism4 ,sid5ote3 ,mat]ialism difficult to def9e4 ,we %all say b a few words on ! subject ( pure mat]ialism1 because ( all sy/ems ( ?\ght mat]ialism is ! f>!/ remov$ f ^? :i* give rise to religi\s & to metaphysical !ories4 ,absolute mat]ialism is some:at difficult to def9e1 because matt] is "o ( ! vague/ ( words4 ,to aim at repres5t+ ! ultimate elem5ts ( matt] z :olly indep5d5t ( ?\ght1 ( consci\sness1 ( life1 is evid5tly *im]ical2 su* an ef=t leads /raight to ! pure indet]m9ism ( matt] z conceiv$ by ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 & ,hegel2 to an indef9ite dyad1 to a !ory ( virtuality & ( ! id5tity ( non-be+4 ,also mat]iali/s are oblig$ to reg>d z det]m9ate & mat]ial ! primitive =ce ( :i* ! _w con/itutes simply a developm5t4 ,if1 = example1 accord+ to ! mo/ rec5t !ories1 all matt] %\ld prove to be r$ucible to hydrog51 mat]ialism w\ld reg>d hydrog5 z con/itut+ a sort ( mat]ial or sub/antial unity 9 ! _w4 ,v>iety w\ld exi/ only 9 ! =ms display$ by ! primitive elem5t1 hydrog51 or1 if y pref]1 pre-hydrog54 ,sid5ote3 ,mat]ialism criticis$4 ,x mu/ be confess$ t ?is conception is some:at nave & nom9ali/ic2 ! ^w mat]ial or *emical c nev] express m ?an ! outside1 ?an ! ext]ior prop]ties ( ! primordial elem5t4 ,! hydrog5 atom itself is probably 9 a high degree composite1 is itself probably a _w ( little worlds1 held 9 place by gravitation4 ,! v conception ( an indivisible atom is philosophically infant9e4 ,?omson & ,helmholtz h %[n t our atoms are little vortices ( en]gy1 & h succe$$ 9 produc+ exp]im5tally analog\s vortices =m$ ( vap\r2 = in/ance1 ( ! vap\r *lor-hydrate ( ammonia4 ,ea* vortex is compos$ always ( ! same p>ticles2 no "o p>ticle c be sep>at$ f ! o!rs2 ea* vortex possesses1 !re=e1 a /able individuality4 ,:5 ! attempt is made to cut ! vortices1 !y fly ! blade or b5d ab\t x1 & prove to be indivisible4 ,!y are capable ( contraction1 ( dilation1 ( p>tial int]p5etration & di/ortion1 b nev] ( dissolution4 ,& c]ta9 m5 ( sci5ce h !nce inf]r$ t we possess ?us a mat]ial pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( atoms4 ,& s inde$ we d1 provid+ an atom be und]/ood to be some?+ z complex1 z little primordial1 & z relatively enorm\s z a nebula4 ,atoms are indivisible z a nebula is indivisible by a knife blade1 & ! atom ( hydrog5 is ab\t z simple z ! sol> sy/em4 ,to expla9 ! univ]se by hydrog5 is l expla9+ x by ! sun & ! planets4 ,! rise ( ! actual _w out ( hydrog5 c be conceiv$ only on condition ( ascrib+ to ! alleg$ atoms ( hydrog5 some?+ m ?an physici/s & *emi/s "k !m to possess4 ,mat]ialism1 !re=e1 mu/ enl>ge its pr9ciple if x is to prove productive3 enl>ge1 z ,did]ot w\ld say1 y\r a!ism & y\r mat]ialism4 ,sid5ote3 ,mu/ be supplem5t$ by "s !ory to acc\nt = life4 ,b ! in/ant mat]ialism is 8enl>g$10 ! univ]sal elem5t mu/ at once be reg>d$ z alive & is n :at is call$ brute matt]4 ,e g5]ation ( physici/s1 z ,mr4 ,sp5c] says1 discov]s 9 s call$ brute matt] =ces ! exi/5ce ( :i* ! be/ in=m$ physici/ w\ld "s ye>s previ\s h disbeliev$4 ,:5 we p]ceive solid bodies1 s5sitive 9 spite ( _! in]tia to ! action ( =ces1 ! numb] ( :i* is inf9ite2 :5 ! spectroscope proves to u t t]re/rial molecules move 9 h>mony ) molecules 9 ! />s2 :5 we f9d ourselves oblig$ to inf] t ! innum]able vibrations trav]se space 9 all directions1 ! conception :i* is =c$ ^u u is n t ( a univ]se ( dead matt] b r t ( a univ]se ev]y:]e alive2 alive 9 ! g5]al s5se ( ! ^w1 if n 9 ! re/rict$4#aef ,! notion ( life is p]haps m human & m subjective1 b aft] all m complete & concrete ?an ! notion ( movem5t & ( =ce2 = we _c hope to discov] ! tru? at any great di/ance f ! subjective1 s9ce subjectivity is ! necess>y =m 9 :i* tru? appe>s to u4 #aef ,mr4 ,sp5c] himself has a little =gott5 ?is fact 9 a numb] ( 8 own some:at too me*anical con/ructions4 ,sid5ote3 ,mu/ be supplem5t$ by "s sort ( m9d-/uff !ory4 ,! second em5dation to :i* mat]ialism mu/ submit1 if x is to satisfy ! metaphysical in/9cts ( mank9d1 is to include 9 ! primordial elem5t n only life b "s g]m ( m9d4 ,b primitive matt] conceiv$ z a =ce capable ( liv+ & ultimately ( ?9k+ is n :at is sci5tifically & vulg>ly reg>d$ z matt]1 f> less z hydrog54 ,! pure mat]iali/1 ?ump+ ! rotundity ( ! e>? ) 8 fi/1 & rely+ grossly on 8 s5se ( t\*1 cries3 8,matt] is ev]y?+10 b matt] is analyzable into =ce1 & =ce is simply a primitive =m ( life4 ,mat]ialism !re=e issues into a sort ( animism2 9 ! pres5ce ( ! circl+ _w1 ! mat]iali/ is oblig$ to say x is alive4 ,nor c he /op !re2 ! _w is =ce1 is action1 is life--& some?+ m2 = 9 & by me ! _w ?9ks4 ,e pur si p5sa6 ,sid5ote3 ,passes readily into idealism4 ,behold u l&$ once m 9 idealism4 ,&1 inde$1 z ,lange & ,m4 ,ta9e h well %[n1 mat]ialism easily passes to idealism2 pure mat]ialism results 9 an ab/ract me*anism1 :i* is analyzable into ! laws ( logic & ( ?\ght4 ,& ! basis ( ?is me*anism--atoms & motion--consi/s 9 enfeebl$ subtiliz$ & r>efi$ tactual & visual s5sations1 tak5 ultimately z ! expression ( ! f9al reality4 ,! alleg$ f\ndation ( objective reality is simply a residuum ( our mo/ ess5tial s5sations4 ,mat]ialism is advocat$ 9 ! "n ( positive sci5ce2 b x1 n less ?an idealism1 belongs really to ! poetry ( metaphysics2 its poetry is record$ simply 9 t]ms ( atoms & motion1 in/ead ( 9 t]ms ( ! elem5ts ( consci\sness4 ,mat]iali/ic symbols are m matt] ( fact1 m neighb\r to ! visible reality1 possess a wid] compass & g5]ality1 b !y are none ! less symbols simply4 ,mat]ialism is 9 "s sort a tissue ( metaphor 9 :i* sci5tific t]ms lose _! sci5tific signification1 & ga9 a metaphysical signification 9 its /ead1 transf]r$1 z !y are1 to a doma9 t lies beyond ! range ( exp]i5ce4 ,! man ( sci5ce :o speculates ?us ^u ! nature ( ?+s is1 unkn[n to himself1 a mod]n ,lucretius4 ,sid5ote3 ,mat]ialism & ! notion ( inf9ity4 ,& f9ally1 mat]ialism1 prop]ly s call$1 has be5 invad$ by a notion :i* has be5 at all times peculi>ly adapt$ to satisfy ! metaphysical & religi\s aspirations ( mank9d2 ! notion ( inf9ity1 :e!r 9 ! direction ( greatness or ! opposite4 ,m5 ( sci5ce g to ! tr\ble ( e/imat+ ! numb] ( molecules 9 a drop ( wat]2 !y tell u t ! ?\s&? "p ( a millimet] ( wat] conta9s #bbh1jjj1jjj molecules2 !y say t a p9head conta9s ! f\r? p[] ( #bj1jjj1jjj atoms1 & t1 if ! atoms c\ld be c\nt$ a billion e second1 x w\ld take #bec1fgh ye>s to complete ! task4 ,b all su* calculations are simply ari?metical jeux d'esprit4 ,^! figures1 :i* are s great 9 appe>ance1 really am\nt to no?+1 & a gra9 ( s&1 no d\bt1 conta9s lit]ally an inf9ite numb] ( p>ticles4 ,sid5ote3 ,f9al breakd[n ( mat]ialism4 ,! argum5t aga9/ ! notion ( inf9ity1 bas$ on ! logical impossibility ( an inf9ite numb]1 is n decisive2#aeg x re/s ^u a begg+ ( ! "q1 namely1 t ev]y?+ 9 ! univ]se is innum]able--t is to say1 is capable ( be+ precisely includ$ )9 ! limits ( an intellig5ce l our own4 ,logic1 on ! contr>y1 insi/s t 9 homog5e\s matt]1 l space1 "t1 & quantity1 !re is no limit to ! possibility ( division & multiplication1 & t1 consequ5tly1 !y may proce$ beyond any giv5 numb]4 ,if s call$ 8purely sci5tific0 mat]ialism does n admit t nature is coext5sive ) man's conception ( :at is possible--if x d5ies ! p>allelism betwe5 ?\ght & nature--x by t v fact d5ies also ! rationality ( nature1 :i* is precisely ! pr9ciple ^u :i* e philosophy t pret5ds to be purely sci5tific ultimately relies4 ,:oev] rejects ! notion ( inf9ity is oblig$1 9 ! la/ resort1 to suppose a species ( contradiction betwe5 ! activity ( ! human m9d1 :i* is unable to /op at any giv5 po9t1 & nature1 :i* /ops1 = no reason 9 p>ticul>1 at a det]m9ate po9t 9 "t & space4 ,! conception ( inf9ity may be said to be =c$ ^u mat]ialism1 & t v notion conta9s "o ( ! ant9omies aga9/ :i* intellig5ce1 by ! v fact ( its employm5t1 is ultimately br\ght to a /&/ill2 x is precisely 9 ! act ( c\nt+ t intellig5ce a*ieves ! conception ( ! innum]able2 x is by exhau/+ e giv5 quantity t x a*ieves ! conception ( ! inexhau/ible2 x is by rea*+ ev] beyond ! limits ( ! kn[n t x comes 9 t\* ) ! unkn[able2 & all ^! conceptions m>k ! po9t :]e we feel our intellig5ce becom+ feeble & beyond :i* our sight gr[s dim4 ,back ( matt]1 :i* ?\ght takes cognizance (1 & back ( ?\ght1 :i* takes cognizance ( itself1 lies inf9ity1 :i* envelops bo? ( !m1 & :i* seems ! mo/ fundam5tal aspect ( matt] itself4 ,x 0 n )\t reason t ! anci5ts call$ matt]1 ab/ractly consid]$1 z indep5d5t ( its div]se =ms1 ! inf9ite 4 ,mat]ialism ?us leaves u1 z o!r sy/ems d1 9 ! pres5ce ( t ultimate my/]y :i* all religions h symboliz$ 9 _! my?s1 & :i* metaphysics w always be oblig$ to recognize1 & poetry to express1 by ! in/rum5tality ( images4 #aeg ,see ,r5\vi]'s argum5ts & ,lotze's & ,f\ille's replies to !m 9 ! ,revue philosophique4 ,sid5ote3 ,apologue4 ,by ! seaside /ood a great1 upright m\nta9 t pi]c$ ! sky l an arr[-head1 & ! waves beat ^u its base4 ,9 ! morn+1 :5 ! fir/ light ( ! sun t\*$ ! anci5t rocks1 !y %iv]$1 & a voice rose f ! gray /ones & m+l$ ) ! s\nd made by ! blue sea2 & m\nta9 & wave conv]s$ toge!r4 ,! sea said3 8,! heav5s h be5 mirror$ 9 my %ift+ waves a million ye>s1 & 9 all t "t h held z high alo( f me & /ood z motionless40 ,& ! m\nta9 said3 8,i h climb$ t[>d ! heav5s a million ye>s1 & !y are /ill z high above me z ev]40 ,"o day a ray ( sun fell smil+ ^u ! br[ ( ! m\nta91 & ! m\nta9 que/ion$ x on ! di/ant heav5s f :i* x came4 ,! ray 0 ab\t to reply1 b 0 reflect$ sudd5ly f ! m\nta9 to ! sea1 & f a sc9tillat+ wave back to ! heav5s f :i* x came4 ,& ! ray is /ill en r\te across ! inf9ite1 t[>d ! nebul ( ,maa1 9 ! ,pleiades1 :i* 7 s long invisible1 or t[>d "s po9t f>!r /ill1 & has n yet repli$4 ,,iii4 ,monism4 ,! ,fate ( ,worlds4 ,sid5ote3 ,monism4 ,! ^w inf9ite1 1 :i* ! anci5ts appli$ to matt]1 ! mod]ns h appli$ to m9d4 ,! reason1 no d\bt1 is t matt] & m9d are two aspects ( "o & ! same ?+4 ,! syn!sis ( ^! two aspects is attempt$ by monism4 ,sid5ote3 ,monism to-day preval5t4 ,i4 ,x is n our purpose "h to pass judgm5t ^u ! !oretical pret5sions ( monism z a sy/em ( metaphysics4 ,we obs]ve simply t ! tr5d ( mod]n ?\ght is t[>d ?is sy/em4 ,mat]ialism is simply a me*anical monism1 ! fundam5tal law ( :i* is conceiv$ z capable ( be+ completely =mulat$ 9 ma!matical t]ms4 ,idealism is simply a monism ! ess5tial law ( :i* is conceiv$ z m5tal1 z p]ta9+ to ! intellig5ce or to ! w4 ,?is latt] =m ( monism numb]s _m adh]5ts 9 ,g]many & 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ,france x has be5 advocat$ by ,m4 ,ta9e1 & we h j se5 t x is ma9ta9$ at ! pres5t mom5t "u a some:at diff]5t =m by ,m4 ,f\ille1 :o reg>ds x z a reconciliation ( naturalism & idealism1 & no d\bt also z a possible reconciliation betwe5 :at is ess5tial 9 pan!ism & 9 !ism4#aeh ,9 our judgm5t ! balance mu/ be m ev5ly trimm$ ?an ! philosoph]s above cit$ h done1 betwe5 ! mat]ial & m5tal aspects ( exi/5ce1 betwe5 objective sci5ce & subjective1 consci\s k4 ,monism1 !re=e1 ess5tially consi/s simply 9 a hypo!sis t comb9es ! lea/ que/ionable facts dealt ) by sci5ce1 ^? :i* are insep>able f ! elem5t>y facts ( consci\sness4 ,! fundam5tal unity import$ by ! t]m monism is n to be conf\nd$ ) ,sp9oza's unity ( sub/ance1 nor ) ! absolute unity advocat$ by ! ,alex&rians1 nor ) ,sp5c]'s unkn[able =ce1 nor ) any?+ 9 ! nature ( a f9al cause1 su* z is spok5 (1 = example1 by ,ari/otle4 ,nei!r d we affirm ! exi/5ce ( any unity ( figure & =m 9 ! univ]se4 ,we are cont5t to admit1 by a hypo!sis at once sci5tific & metaphysical1 ! fundam5tal homog5eity ( all ?+s1 ! fundam5tal id5tity ( nature4 ,monism1 9 our judgm5t1 %\ld be nei!r transc5d5t nor my/ical1 b imman5t & naturali/ic4 ,! _w is "o cont9u\s ,becom+2 !re are n two k9ds ( exi/5ce nor two l9es ( developm5t1 ! hi/ory ( :i* is ! hi/ory ( ! univ]se4 #aeh ,see ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,sid5ote3 ,! fundam5tal conception ( philosophy is t ( life4 ,in/ead ( endeav\r+ to resolve matt] into m9d or m9d into matt]1 we recognize !m bo? z unit$ 9 ?is syn!sis1 :i* sci5ce itself 7& sci5ce is a /rang] to any?+ 9 ! nature ( moral or religi\s prejudice7 is oblig$ to recognize3 ! syn!sis kn[n z life4 ,sci5ce t5ds e day /ill fur!r to ext5d ! doma9 ( life1 & !re exi/s no fix$ po9t ( dem>cation betwe5 ! organic & ! inorganic _w4 ,we d n "k :e!r ! f\ndation ( life is w1 or idea1 or ?\ght1 or s5sation1 al?\gh 9 s5sation we no d\bt approa* ! c5tral po9t2 x seems to u probable simply t consci\sness1 :i* con/itutes = u ev]y?+1 %\ld c\nt = some?+ 9 e mode ( be+1 & t !re is1 s to speak1 no be+ 9 ! univ]se :i* is entirely ab/ract$ f self4 ,b1 leav+ ^! hypo!ses to "o side1 :at we c affirm ) c]ta9ty is t life1 by ! v fact ( its developm5t1 t5ds to eng5d] consci\sness2 & t progress 9 life ultimately comes to be "o ) progress 9 consci\sness1 9 :i* :at is movem5t 9 "o aspect is s5sation 9 ano!r4 ,consid]$ f )9 ev]y?+1 ev5 ! intellectual =ms ( "t & space1 is resolvable by ! psy*ologi/ into s5sation & desire2#aei &1 consid]$ f )\t1 ev]y?+ is resolvable by ! physici/ into emotion2 to feel & to move seem to be ! two =mul t express ! entire inn] & out] univ]se1 ! concave & convex aspects ( ?+s2 b to feel t "o's self moves is ! =mula t expresses self-consci\s life :i* is /ill s infrequ5t 9 ! great totality ( ?+s1 b :i* is becom+ increas+ly m common4 ,! v mean+ ( progress 9 life consi/s 9 :at is express$ by ! gradual fusion ( ^! two4 ,life means1 9 fact1 developm5t t[>d s5sation & ?\ght4 #aei ,see ! au?or's /udy on ,l'ide de temps 7,revue philosophique1 ,april1 #ahhe74 ,sid5ote3 ,life & activity4 ,side by side ) ! t5d5cy :i* life ?us displays to take possession ( itself by consci\sness1 x seeks to wid5 ! sph]e ( its op]ation by a m & m pr(\nd activity4 ,life is productivity4 ,at ! l[e/ /age ( consci\sness life leads only to ! inn] developm5t ( ! solit>y cell2 at ! highe/ /age ( consci\sness1 life manife/s itself 9 intellig5t & moral productivity4 ,expansion1 f> f be+ oppos$ to ! nature ( life1 is 9 h>mony ) its nature1 is ! v condition ( life1 prop]ly s call$1 j z 9 g5]ation ! ne$ to eng5d] ano!r individual results 9 t individual's exi/5ce be+1 z x 71 a condition ( our own4 ,! fact is t life does n consi/ 9 nutrition only1 x consi/s 9 production1 & pure egoism involves n an expansion ( self b a dim9ution & mutilation ( self4 ,also ! individual1 by ! m]e fact ( gr[?1 t5ds to become bo? social & moral4#afj ,x is ?is fact ( ! fundam5tal sociality ( mank9d :i* is ! basis ( ! moral in/9ct1 & ( :at is mo/ pr(\nd & durable 9 ! religi\s & metaphysical in/9ct4 ,metaphysical speculation1 l moral action1 ?us spr+s f ! v s\rce ( life4 ,to live is to become a consci\s1 a moral1 & ultimately a philosophical be+4 ,life is activity 9 "o or o!r ( its m or less equival5t =ms3 moral activity1 & :at may be call$ metaphysical activity1 t is to say1 activity ( ?\ght1 b9ds up ! individual ) ! univ]se4 #afj ,see ! au?or's ,esquisse d'une morale1 p4 #ddg1 et seq4 ,sid5ote3 ,no f9al cause 9 nature4 ,up to ?is po9t we h made no m5tion ( any?+ 9 ! nature ( a f9al cause4 ,morality1 9 our judgm5t1 is z indep5d5t z ! s-call$ religi\s in/9ct ( any?+ 9 ! nature ( a primordial end & aim4 ,morality 9 ! beg9n+ is simply a m or less bl9d1 unconsci\s1 or1 at be/1 subconsci\s p[]4 ,z ?is p[] becomes end[$ ) self-consci\sness1 x directs itself t[>d m & m rational objects3 duty is self-consci\s & organiz$ morality4 ,j z humanity moves bl9dly =w>d )\t 9 ! fir/ in/ance possess+ any notion ( its de/9ation1 s also moves nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,monism & ! problem ( de/9y4 ,all ?is be+ true1 :at is ! de/9y ( mank9d 9 ! _w8 ,does monism all[ a place = ! hopes on :i* ! moral & metaphysical s5tim5ts h always reli$ 9 _! ef=t to save ?\ght & good-w f ! *>ge ( vanity8 ,sid5ote3 ,natural selection & ! possible evolution ( gods4 ,if evolution may be conceiv$ z possess+ f ! beg9n+ a c]ta9 aim & z be+ on ! :ole provid5tial1--a metaphysical hypo!sis :i* unhappily is guiltless ( ! smalle/ trace ( sci5tific induction1--x may also be conceiv$ z result+ 9 be+s capable ( propos+ to !mselves a c]ta9 aim1 & ( dragg+ nature aft] !m t[>d x4 ,natural selection w\ld ?us f9ally be conv]t$ into moral &1 9 "s sort1 div9e selection4 ,su* an hypo!sis is1 no d\bt1 z yet a ra% "o1 b is at lea/ 9 ! direction ( ! tr5d ( sci5tific ?\ght1 & x is n =mally 9 contradiction ) pres5t k4 ,evolution1 9 effect1 c & w produce species & types sup]ior to humanity z we "k x2 x is n probable t we embody ! highe/ a*ievem5t possible 9 life1 ?\ght1 & love4 ,:o kn[s1 inde$1 b t evolution may be able to br+ =?1 nay1 has n already br\ght =?1 :at ! anci5ts call$ gods8 ,sid5ote3 ,possibility ( arre/+ process ( dissolution4 ,su* speculation (f]s a p]man5t support = :at is be/ 9 ! religi\s s5tim5t = sociality1 n only ) all liv+ & kn[+ be+s1 b ) ! creatures ( ?\ght & sup]ior p[] ) :i* we p ! univ]se4 ,provid$ su* be+s are 9 no s5se anti-real1 provid$ !y might some:]e exi/1 if n 9 ! pres5t at lea/ 9 ! future1 ! religi\s s5tim5t may atta* itself to !m )\t *eck f ! sci5tific s5tim5t4 ,& 9 s do+ x becomes "o ) ! metaphysical & poetic impulse4 ,! believ] is transmut$ into a philosoph] or a poet1 b into a poet ^: poetry is 8 life1 & :o dreams ( a univ]sal society ( real or possible be+s :o %all be animat$ to a goodness ( w analog\s to 8 own4 ,! /atem5t t ,feu]ba* propos$1 ( :at is ess5tial 9 moral & religi\s s5tim5t 7! reaction ( human desire on ! univ]se71 may !n be int]pret$ 9 a high] s5se z ref]r+ to a desire & a hope bo? t1 fir/1 ! sociality ) :i* we feel ourselves p]sonally to be animat$ may1 z biology w\ld lead u to believe1 be discov]$ 9 all be+s t exi/ at ! summit ( univ]sal evolution2 & second1 t ^! be+s ?us plac$ at ! front by evolution1 w "o day succe$ 9 secur+ :at !y h ga9$1 9 prev5t+ dissolution1 & t !y may !reby p]man5tly e/abli% 9 ! univ]se ! love ( social or r univ]sal well-be+4 ,sid5ote3 ,! highe/ possible conception 9 ! realms ( morals4 ,?us und]/ood1 ! religi\s s5tim5t may /ill be reg>d$ z ultra-sci5tific1 b no long] z anti-sci5tific4 ,x is1 no d\bt1 tak+ mu* = grant$ to suppose t be+s :o h arriv$ at a high degree ( evolution may det]m9e f t po9t on ! direction t ! evolution>y process is to take1 b1 aft] all1 s9ce we are unable to affirm ) c]titude t su* is n or may n become ! fact1 ! moral & social s5tim5t urges u to act 9 su* mann] z to turn z f> z 9 u lies ! process ( evolution 9 t direction4 ,if1 z we h said1 morality is a species ( productivity1 e moral be+ mu/ turn 8 eyes t[>d ! future1 mu/ hope t 8 "w w n die1 mu/ wat* ov] ! safety ( t portion ( himself t he has deliv]$ to someone else--( 8 love--by :i* n only he has devot$ himself to o!rs1 b has made o!rs 9 a s5se 8 own2 has acquir$ rights ov] !m1 has conqu]$ !m1 s to speak1 by subject+ himself to !m4 ,by lab\r+ = humanity & = ! univ]se ) :i* humanity is b\nd up1 ,i acquire c]ta9 rights ov] ! univ]se4 ,!re arises betwe5 u a relation ( reciprocal dep5d5ce4 ,! highe/ conception ( morals & metaphysics is t ( a sort ( sacr$ league betwe5 ! high] be+s ( ! e>?1 & ev5 ( ! univ]se1 = ! advancem5t ( :at is good4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ii4 ,:at sci5tific facts may be urg$ 9 b> ( su* hopes z to ! de/9y ( ! univ]se & ( humanity8 ,sid5ote3 ,imman5ce ( dissolution4 ,! mo/ disc\rag+ aspect ( ! !ory ( evolution is t ( dissolution1 :i* seems to be inevitably incid5t to x4 ,f ,h]acleitus to ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 philosoph]s h reg>d$ ^! two ideas z insep>able4 ,b does evolution necess>ily result 9 dissolution8 ,our exp]i5ce1 bo? ( ! life ( individuals & ( worlds1 seems1 s f> z ! pa/ is conc]n$1 to make = a reply 9 ! affirmative4 ,our :ole acqua9tance has be5 ) worlds :i* h gone or are go+ to %ipwreck4 ,:5 ! corpse ( a sailor is ?r[n into ! sea1 8 fri5ds take notice ( ! exact po9t ( latitude & longitude at :i* 8 body disappe>$ 9 ! ocean4 ,two figures on a bit ( pap] are all t exi/s ( :at 0 a human life4 ,an analog\s de/9y may be suppos$ to be 9 res]ve = ! t]re/rial globe & = humanity z a :ole4 ,!y may "s day s9k out ( sight 9 space & dissolve b5ea? ! mov+ waves ( e!r2 & at t p]iod1 if "s neighb\r+ & fri5dly /> obs]ve u1 x may take ! latitude & longitude 9 inf9ite space ( ! po9t 9 ! cele/ial abyss :]e we disappe>$--! angle made by ! la/ rays t left ! e>?2 & ! measure ( ?is angle1 made by two ext9ct rays1 may be ! sole trace to rema9 ( ! :ole sum ( human ef=t 9 ! _w ( ?\ght4 ,sid5ote3 ,has be5 obs]v$ 9 ! pa/ only4 ,nev]!less1 ! duty ( sci5ce be+ equally 9 its d5ials & 9 its affirmations to keep )9 ! limits ( c]ta9ty1 x is important n to model our conception ( ! future too absolutely ^u our k ( ! pa/4 ,sid5ote3 ,! future may diff] f ! pa/4 ,up to ! pres5t "t !re has be5 no individual1 nor gr\p ( individuals1 nor _w :i* has atta9$ complete self-consci\sness1 complete consci\sness ( its life & ( ! laws ( its life4 ,we are unable1 !re=e1 ei!r to affirm or to demon/rate t dissolution is ess5tially & et]nally incid5t to evolution by ! v law ( be+3 ! law ( laws is to u simply x4 ,if ?\ght is ev] to und]/& ! law ( laws1 x w be by realiz+ ! law 9 its own p]son4 ,& su* a height ( developm5t is conceivable2 if x is impossible to prove its exi/5ce1 x is /ill m impossible to prove its non-exi/5ce4 ,x may be t if complete self-consci\sness1 if complete consci\sness is ev] a*iev$1 x w produce a correspond+ p[] great en\gh to arre/ ! process ( dissolution4 ,be+s :o are capable1 9 _! inf9ite complication ( movem5ts 9 ! _w1 ( di/+ui%+ ^? :i* make = evolution z aga9/ ^? :i* make = dissolution1 might be capable ( defeat+ ! latt] & ( secur+ ! unimp$$ op]ation ( ! =m]4 ,if a bird is to cross ! sea x ne$s a c]ta9 bread? ( w+2 its de/9y dep5ds on "s in*es1 m or less1 ( fea!rs4 ,seabirds t des]t ! %ore be=e _! w+s h atta9$ ! prop] /r5g? are "o aft] ano!r engulf$ 9 ! waves1 b :5 _! w+s are full gr[n !y c cross ! ocean4 ,a _w also ne$s1 s to speak1 a c]ta9 bread? ( w+ to secure its flight 9 inf9ite space--its fate dep5ds on "s small increm5ts1 m or less1 9 ! developm5t ( consci\sness2 be+s may "o day be produc$ capable ( trav]s+ et]nity )\t dang] ( be+ engulf$1 & evolution may be e/abli%$ once = all 9 security aga9/ a recoil2 = ! fir/ "t 9 ! onw>d movem5t ( ! univ]se a def9itive result may be a*iev$4 ,accord+ to ! pr(\nd symbolism ( ! ,greek religion1 "t is ! fa!r ( worlds4 ,! p[] ( evolution :i* ! mod]ns reg>d z rul+ ov] all ?+s is ! anci5t ,saturn :o dev\rs 8 (fspr+4 ,:i* ( 8 *ildr5 %all deceive him & vanqui% him--:at ,jupit] %all "s day prove /rong en\gh to *a9 up ! div9e & t]rible p[] t eng5d]$ him8 ,! problem = him :5 he %all arise--= ?is god ( light & intellig5ce--w be to *eck ! et]nal & bl9d impulse ( de/ruction )\t at ! same "t arre/+ ! impulse ( productivity4 ,no?+1 aft] all1 c ju/ify "o 9 affirm+ sci5tifically t su* a problem is =ev] insoluble4 ,sid5ote3 ,! inexhau/ible res\rces ( nature4 ,! great res\rce ( nature is numb]1 ! possible comb9ations ( :i* are inf9ite & con/itute ! secret ( ! et]nal me*anism ( ! univ]se4 ,=tuit\s comb9ation & selection1 :i* h produc$ s _m m>vels 9 ! pa/1 may give rise to /ill great] m>vels 9 ! future4 ,x is on t fact t ,h]acleitus1 ,emp$ocles1 ,democritus1 & lat] ! m5 l ,laplace1 ,lam>ck1 & ,d>w9 bas$ _! conception ( ! "p play$ by *ance 9 ! univ]se1 & ( ! po9t ( union betwe5 luck & de/9y4 ,!re is 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w--z 9 ! hi/ory ( a p1 a belief1 or a sci5ce--a c]ta9 numb] ( p>t+s ( ! way1 :]e ! lea/ impulse t[>d "o side or t[>d ! o!r suffices to de/roy or to pres]ve ! accumulat$ ef=t ( c5turies4 ,we mu/ happily h pass$ an inf9ity ( su* cross-roads to h atta9$ our pres5t po9t ( developm5t4 ,& at ea* new po9t ( ! k9d we enc\nt] once m ! same dang] & run ! same risk ( los+ ev]y?+ t we h ga9$4 ,! numb] ( times t a =tunate soldi] has evad$ dea? w n make ! next %ot fir$ at him deviate a millimetre f its appo9t$ pa?1 b if our successes 9 ! pa/ are no gu>antee ( success 9 ! future1 our failures 9 ! pa/ d n con/itute a def9itive pro( ( failure 9 ! future4 ,sid5ote3 ,ev5 *ances t ! future may n resemble ! pa/4 ,! grave/ objection t c be urg$ aga9/ hopefulness1 an objection :i* has hi!rto n be5 suffici5tly consid]$1 & :i* ,m4 ,r5an has omitt$ to deal ) 9 8 some?+ too optimi/ic 8,dialogues0--is t ( ! et]nity a p>te po/1 is ! semi-abortion1 ! p>tial misc>riage ( a univ]se :i*1 ?r\gh\t an inf9ite pa/1 has prov$ itself incapable ( a bett] _w ?an ?is4#afa ,/ill1 if t fact con/itutes a reason = look+ ) less confid5ce t[>d ! future1 x _c be reg>d$ z a gr\nd = despair4 ,an inf9ite pa/ has prov$ to be m or less /]ile1 b an inf9ite future may prove to be o!rwise4 ,ev5 tak+ = grant$ ! total misc>riage hi!rto ( ! lab\rs ( humanity & ( ! inf9ity ( extra-t]re/rial be+s :o no d\bt cop]ate ) u1 !re rema9s1 s f> z ! future is conc]n$1 ma!matically "o *ance out ( e two ( success2 & t is en\gh to deb> pessimism =ev] ( an ultimate triumph4 ,if ! m]e *ances ( ! dice1 by :i*1 accord+ to ,plato1 ! univ]se is gov]n$1 h z yet produc$ no?+ b crumbl+ worlds & caduc\s civilization1 a calculation ( probabilities demon/rates t ev5 aft] an inf9ite numb] ( ?r[s ! result ( ! pres5t ca/ or ( ! next ca/ _c be =ese54 ,! future is n entirely det]m9$ by ! pa/ :i* is kn[n to u4 ,future & pa/ are reciprocally relat$ & ! "o _c be absolutely kn[n )\t ! o!r1 & ! "o _c be absolutely div9$ f a k ( ! o!r4 ,conceive a fl[] 9 bloom at "s po9t 9 inf9ite space--a sacr$ fl[]1 ! fl[] ( ?\ght3 h&s h be5 grop+ = x 9 e direction ?r\gh\t an inf9ite pa/2 "s h t\*$ x by *ance & !n lo/ x aga9 be=e !y c\ld seize x4 ,is ! div9e fl[] nev] to be pluck$8 ,:y n8 ,a negative answ] w\ld be simply ! outcome ( disc\ragem5t1 n ! expression ( probability4 ,or conceive1 once m1 a ray ( light foll[+ a /raight l9e ?r\gh space1 n reflect$ by any solid atom or molecule ( air1 & an inf9ity ( eyes 9 an et]nal obscurity seek+ = ?is ray1 ) no means ( discov]+ h[ ne> to !m or h[ f> f !m x may1 at any mom5t1 be4 ,! ray pursues its way unimp$$1 & innum]able op51 ard5t eyes long = x & sometimes seem to feel ! pres5ce ( ! lum9\s wave mov+ =w>d on its victori\s c\rse4 ,mu/ _! se>* et]nally be va98 ,if !re is no def9itive reason = affirm+ x1 !re is /ill less any categorical reason = d5y+ x4 ,x is a matt] ( *ance1 ! man ( sci5ce might say2 x is a matt]1 also1 ( p]sev]ance & intellig5ce1 w\ld be add$ by ! philosoph]4 #afa ,see on ?is subject ! au?or's ,v]s d'un philosophe1 p4 #aih4 ,sid5ote3 ,positive evid5ce ( ultimate success4 ,! fact t we are to-day capable ( /at+ su* problems 9 reg>d to ! de/9y ( ! univ]se seems to indicate some?+ l an advance 9 ! direction ( solv+ !m2 ?\ght is unable to advance ^u reality beyond a c]ta9 po9t2 ! conception ( an ideal presupposes ! exi/5ce ( a m or less imp]fect realization ( x4 ,9 ! t]ti>y p]iod no animal speculat$ ab\t ! univ]sal society4 ,a true conception ( ! ideal1 if ! tru? ab\t ! matt] c\ld be kn[n ma!matically1 w\ld be f\nd to possess1 9 all probability1 an enorm\s numb] ( *ances ( be+ realiz$2 prop]ly to /ate a problem is to h begun to solve x4 ,a purely ma!matical calculation ( ! ext]nal probabilities ( ! case does n1 !re=e1 express ! real value 9 ! doma9 ( intellig5ce & morality1 because 9 matt]s ( intellig5ce & morality1 possibility1 probability1 & ! p[]s ^u :i* ! realization ( ! fact dep5ds1 lie 9 ?\ght :i* is a conc5tration ( inn] &1 s to speak1 liv+ *ances4 ,sid5ote3 ,9 especial :5 ! inf9ity ( space is tak5 into acc\nt4 ,ov] & above inf9ity ( numb] & et]nity ( "t1 a field ( hopefulness lies 9 ! imm5sity ( space1 :i* makes x irrational = u to judge too absolutely ( ! future ( ! univ]se solely f our exp]i5ce ( s small a portion ( x z our sol>1 & ev5 z our /ell> sy/em4 ,are we ! only ?9k+ be+s 9 ! univ]se8 ,we h already se5 t1 )\t pass+ f> beyond :at sci5ce holds to be c]ta91 "o may ev5 n[ reply 9 ! negative4 ,!re v probably exi/s an inf9ity ( cold or cool+ />s1 :i* h arriv$ at ab\t ! same po9t 9 _! evolution z our e>?2 ea* ( ^! />s is physically & *emically analog\s to ! e>?1 & !y mu/ h pass$ ?r\gh analog\s /ages ( vap\rization1 & cond5sation1 & inc&esc5ce1 & cool+4 ,x is !re=e probable t !y h giv5 rise to =ms ( organic life m or less analog\s to ^? t we are acqua9t$ )4 ,9 effect1 ! homog5eity ( ! organic matt] ( :i* our /ell> sy/em is compos$ 7a fact :i* spectral analysis enables u to asc]ta9 9 reg>d to ev5 ! mo/ remote />s7 all[s u to inf]1 by an induction :i* is n too improbable1 a c]ta9 similitude 9 ! mo/ fundam5tal types ( organic life4 ,analog\s types ( m9]alization & cry/allization mu/ h giv5 rise to analog\s types ( organization1 al?\gh ! numb] & ri*ness ( ! =ms t are possible increase z exi/5ce gr[s m complex4 ,we d n see :y ! primordial protoplasm %\ld 9 su* & su* a satellite ( ,sirius be especially diff]5t f t ( our globe2 nay1 !re may ev5 obta9 a c]ta9 cycle ( =ms & 8liv+ numb]s10 z ,py?agoras w\ld say1 t p]iodically recur4 ,x is difficult 9 ! actual /ate ( sci5ce to conceive life z appe>+ except 9 "s =m ( matt] analog\s to ! cellule1 & to conceive consci\sness z o!rwise ?an c5traliz$ 9 & manife/+ itself by vibrations su* z ^? to :i* our n]v\s sy/ems are subject4 ,consci\s life implies a society ( liv+ be+s1 a sort ( social consci\sness :i* ! individual consci\sness seems1 9 a sort1 to presuppose4 ,organic & consci\s life1 ! conditions ( :i* are s mu* m det]m9ate ?an ^? ( inorganic life1 mu/ ev]y:]e1 9 spite ( diff]5ces 9 ! circum/ances1 h assum$ 9 ! c\rse ( evolution =ms t1 9 a numb] ( respects1 mu/ h be5 analog\s to animals & human be+s su* z we are famili> )4 ,p]haps ! mo/ g5]al ( ! laws =mulat$ by ,ge(frey ,sa9t-,hilaire on ! correlation ( organs might be f\nd to hold good ( ! animals exi/+ on ! satellites ( di/ant />s ( ! tw5tie? magnitude4 ,9 spite ( ! inf9ite v>iety ( ! flora & fauna ( our globe1 & ! seem+ly inexhau/ible +5uity t nature has display$ 9 v>y+ _! =ms1 x may reasonably be surmis$ t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! types ( life ) :i* we are acqua9t$ & ^? ) :i* we are n acqua9t$ is subject to c]ta9 consid]able limitations4 ,9 spite ( diff]5ces ( temp]ature1 ( light1 ( attraction1 ( electricity1 sid]eal species1 h[ diff]5t soev] !y may be f t]re/rial species ( liv+ be+s1 mu/1 by ! necessities ( ! case1 h be5 develop$ 9 ! direction ( s5sitiv5ess & ( intellig5ce1 & h gone 9 t direction sometimes n z f> z we1 sometimes f>!r4 ,note also t ev5 on our globe ! excessively odd & mon/r\s types produc$1 l ^? ( ! t]ti>y p]iod1 z x 7 9 ob$i5ce to a sort ( apocalyptic imag9ation1 h prov$ unable to ma9ta9 !mselves4 ,! mo/ endur+ species h g5]ally be5 ! lea/ ecc5tric1 ! close/ to a uni=m & /hetic type4 ,x is n excessively improbable1 !re=e1 t ! univ]se conta9s an inf9ite numb] ( human species analog\s to humanity z we "k x1 9 all ess5tial faculties1 al?\gh1 p]haps1 v diff]5t 9 ! =m ( _! organs & 9 ! degree ( _! intellig5ce4 ,!y are our planet>y bro!rs4 ,p]haps by comp>ison ) u !y are gods2 & 9 t fact lies1 z we h said1 ! k]nel ( possible or actual tru? 9 ! anci5t beliefs 9 reg>d to ! div9e inhabitants ( ! skies4#afb #afb ,to und]/& ! enorm\s diff]5ces :i*1 9 spite ( ! analogies1 may exi/ betwe5 ! organization ( ! planet>y or /ell> be+s & our own1 x suffices to consid] ! imm5se v>iety :i* obta9s among t]re/rial species4 ,ants h already a*iev$ an advanc$ /ate ( society ) _! %eph]d1 lab\r+1 & w>rior ca/es4 ,suppose !m to cont9ue _! intellectual developm5t in/ead ( halt+ at a me*anical life ( in/9ct2 !y might arrive at a po9t ( m5tal evolution analog\s1 mutatis mut&is1 to t ( su* & su* a human society2 = example1 t ( ! ,*9ese4 ,:o kn[s1 inde$1 b t !y might rule ! e>? by virtue ( sub/itut+ numb] & intellig5ce = individual p[]8 ,_! civilization w\ld be 9 "s sort ,liliputian1 & de/9$1 no d\bt1 to ex]cise a small] influ5ce on ! c\rse ( ?+s ?an t ( :i* physically /rong] be+s might prove capable2 or1 to pass f "o extreme to ! o!r1 9 ! dreaml& 9 :i* ,font5elle1 ,did]ot1 & ,voltaire h lab\r$1 conceive a race ( human be+s develop$ n f an?ropoids1 b f ! next mo/ intellig5t memb]s ( ! animal k+dom--f elephants4 ,sci5tifically1 ! supposition is n impossible1 :5 x is consid]$ t ! elephant's trunk is at once "o ( ! /ronge/ & mo/ delicate organs ( preh5sion kn[n to u1 & t to possess a well-develop$ bra9 & good organs ( preh5sion are p]haps ! prime requisites = success 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,a giant civilization1 !re=e1 q diff]5t f ours 9 ext]nals1 if n 9 ess5tials1 might well h be5 a*iev$ on ! e>? or on "s neighb\r+ />4 ,h[ev] repugnant to our in/9ctive an?ropomorphism1 we %\ld famili>ize ourselves ) ! ?\ght t if evolution is subject to necess>y laws1 a simple s]ies ( accid5ts & fav\rable circum/ances may give su* & su* a species ! advantage ov] su* & su* ano!r1 & inv]t ! comp>ative dignity ( ! two )\t ! g5]al onw>d movem5t ( evolution be+ *eck$4 ,moreov]1 ! developm5t ( intellig5ce 9 a planet dep5ds mu* less on ! bodily =m & numb] ( ! inhabitants ?an on ! nature ( _! life2 & z _! life dep5ds ^u ph5om5a ( heat1 light1 electricity1 & ! *emical modifications t !y produce1 x is ^! ph5om5a t 9 "s sort decide ! intellectual future ( ! planet4 ,kant ?rew out ! sugge/ion t 9 an a/ronomic sy/em1 = example--9 our sol> sy/em--! intellectual & moral p]fection ( ! inhabitants increases ) _! alo(ness f ! c5tral />1 & ?us foll[s a l[]+ ( ! temp]ature2 b su* a hypo!sis is mu* too simple to acc\nt = s complex an effect1 & "o :i* is dep5d5t ^u _m o!r ?+s ?an temp]ature4 ,:at is probable1 f ! ph5om5a ( life z we "k !m1 is t ?\ght c\ld sc>cely be develop$ ei!r 9 a brazi] or a glaci]1 & t a c]ta9 mean is a necess>y condition ( organic & intellectual developm5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,objections answ]$4 ,b1 x has be5 said1 if o!r globes ?an ours are inhabit$ by intellig5t & affectionate be+s :o live z we d ^u ! daily bread ( sci5ce1 ^! be+s _c be notably sup]ior to u1 or !y w\ld h giv5 u be=e ?is "t visible signs ( _! exi/5ce4 ,to argue ?us is n suffici5tly to take acc\nt ( ! t]rible p[] ( space to imprison be+s 9 inf9ite isolation4 ,x may well be d\bt$ :e!r be+s ( a relatively inf9ite intellig5ce1 z comp>$ ) u1 w\ld n f9d _! p[] unequal to deal+ ) su* spaces z sep>ate ! />s4 ,our te/imony on a "q ( ! exi/5ce ( su* be+s has no m value ?an t ( a fl[] 9 ! pol> regions1 or a bit ( moss on ! ,himalayas1 or a bit ( we$ 9 ! dep?s ( ! ,pacific ,ocean1 w\ld h if x %\ld decl>e ! e>? to be void ( really intellig5t be+s on ! gr\nd t !y _h nev] be5 pluck$ by a human h&4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! univ]se some:]e conta9s be+s really wor?y ( ! "n ( gods1 !y are probably s di/ant f u t !y are z unaw>e ( our exi/5ce z we are ( !irs4 ,!y p]haps h realiz$ our ideals1 & ! fact ( t realization w p]haps rema9 unkn[n to u to ! end4 ,sid5ote3 ,possibility ( discov]+ inhabitants 9 o!r sph]es4 ,x is to-day admitt$ t e ?\ght corresponds to a c]ta9 k9d ( motion4 ,suppose t an analysis m delicate ev5 ?an t ( ! spectrum %\ld enable u to record & to di/+ui%1 n only vibrations ( light b ! invisible vibrations ( ?\ght 9 di/ant worlds4 ,we %\ld1 p]haps1 be surpris$ to see t 9 proportion z ! light & heat ( ! inc&esc5t />s decrease1 !re by degrees arises consci\sness1 & t ! smalle/ & mo/ obscure />s are ! fir/ to produce x1 :]eas ! mo/ brilliant & enorm\s1 l ,sirius & ,aldeb>an1 are ! la/ to feel ^! subtl] vibrations1 b feel !m ultimately ) great] p[]1 & develop a humanity ) faculties & p[]s proportionate to _! enormity4 ,sid5ote3 ,sl[ness ( spread ( civilization f /> to />4 ,! total am\nt ( space :i* is kn[n to u1 f our e>? to ! f>!/ nebul t ! telescope r5d]s visible1 & to ! d>k dep?s beyond1 is no m ?an a m]e po9t z comp>$ ) ! totality ( ! univ]se--suppos+ always t !re is a totality4 ,et]nity may1 !re=e1 be necess>y = progress to trav]se ! imm5sity ( space1 if "o conceives progress 7if su* a ?+ exi/s at all7 z />t+ f "s "o po9t ( dep>ture1 f a sort ( holy-l& & elect p1 & spread+ f !m out 9 all directions into ! inf9ite4 ,mod]n sci5ce1 ( c\rse1 sc>cely p]mits "o to believe 9 s privileg$ a l&4 ,illimitable nature sc>cely possesses1 aft] ! fa%ion ( ,god1 exclusive election4 ,if ! ideal has be5 a*iev$ 9 "o place1 x mu/ also1 9 all probability1 h be5 a*iev$ 9 a numb] ( o!rs1 al?\gh ! wave ( progress has n yet spread to u4 ,intellectual light travels less rapidly ?an sol> & /ell> light1 & yet h[ long x takes a ray to come to u f ,capricornus6 ,sid5ote3 ,possibility ( m9d-act+ on m9d at a di/ance4 ,9 our inf]ior organisms1 consci\sness does n seem to pass f "o liv+ molecule to ano!r unless !y are contigu\s 9 space2 /ill1 accord+ to ! mo/ rec5t discov]ies 9 reg>d to ! n]v\s sy/em1 & to ! propagation ( ?\ght by m5tal sugge/ion f a di/ance1#afc x is n contr>y to ! facts to conceive ! possibility ( a sort ( radiation ( consci\sness ?r\gh space by means ( undulations ( a degree ( subtlety z yet unkn[n to u4 ,x is n utt]ly unp]missible to conceive a society ( consci\snesses n hemm$ into "s small corn] ( ! univ]se1 ea* 9 a n>r[ organism :i* is a prison1 b communicat+ freely ) ea* o!r ?r\gh\t ! :ole expanse ( space2 x is n utt]ly unp]missible to conceive ! ultimate realization ( ! ideal ( univ]sal sociality :i* con/itutes ! basis ( ! religi\s in/9ct4 ,j z out ( a m intimate communication ) individual consci\snesses !re may arise ^u our e>? a sort ( collective consci\sness1 s x is n ridicul\s to suppose t !re may arise1 9 an inf9ity ( ages1 a sort ( int]cosmic consci\sness4 #afc ,see ! ,revue philosophique1 #ahhf4 ,sid5ote3 ,pati5ce4 ,god is pati5t because he is et]nal1 !ologians are fond ( say+4 ,9 an all-p[]ful be+ pati5ce ( evil w\ld be a crime2 pati5ce1 :i* c sc>cely be ascrib$ ) any propriety to ,god1 belongs h[ev] mo/ fitly to a be+ :o is aw>e ( 8 fundam5tal unity ) ! totality ( ?+s1 & is consci\s ( 8 et]nity z a memb] ( ! human species1 z a memb] ( ! bro!rhood ( liv+ be+s ( :i* ! human species is simply an accid5t1 z a "p ( ! evolution ( ?is globe 9 :i* consci\s life itself at fir/ appe>s z no m ?an an accid5t1 & ( ! evolution ( ! va/ a/ronomical sy/ems 9 :i* our globe is no m ?an a po9t4 ,man may be pati5t because1 z an insep>able "p ( nature1 he is et]nal4 ,,iv4 ,! de/9y ( ! human race & ! hypo!sis ( immortality f ! po9t ( view ( monism4 ,sid5ote3 ,!ory ( evolution & dea?4 ,next to ! fate ( ! univ]se1 :at int]e/s u mo/ vitally is ! "q ( our own de/9y4 ,religion consi/s = ! mo/ "p 9 a m$itation on dea?4 ,if dea? 7 n an incid5t ( life mank9d w\ld nev]!less be sup]/iti\s1 b sup]/ition w\ld probably nev] h be5 sy/ematiz$ into religions4 ,! mass ( society possesses s slight an int]e/ 9 metaphysics6 ,a problem mu/ bruise & w\nd !m to attract _! att5tion2 & dea? prev5ts su* problems4 ,w ! gates ( ! valley ( ,jeho%aphat1 ?r\gh :i* ! dead mu/ pass1 op5 on ! heav5s l a ra9b[ made ( light & hope1 l a joy\s triumphal ar*1 or w x be l[ z ! door ( ! tomb1 & op5 ^u inf9ite d>kness8 ,su* is ! great "q to :i* all religions h endeav\r$ to furni% a response4 8,! la/ enemy t %all be vanqui%$ is dea?10 says ,/4 ,paul2 p]haps t also repres5ts ! la/ secret t %all be p5etrat$ by human ?\ght4 ,! ideas :i* t5d to become dom9ant 9 mod]n philosophy seem1 h[ev]1 to exclude ! notion ( ! p]petuity ( ! self4 ,! conception ( evolution pr9cipally is bas$ on a !ory ( mobility1 & appe>s to result 9 ! dissolution ( ! individual1 ) ev5 a great] c]ta9ty ?an 9 t ( ! species or ! _w4 ,! individual =m1 & ! species =m1 are equally un/able4 ,on ! walls ( ! catacombs may (t5 be se51 r\ghly design$1 ! dove1 br++ back to ! ark ! gre5 b\gh1 ! symbol ( ! s\l :i* has pass$ beyond ! ocean & discov]$ ! et]nal h>b\r2 at ! pres5t day ! h>b\r recoils ad inf9itum1 be=e human ?\ght2 limitless op5 sea /ret*es away be=e x3 :]e 9 ! abyss ( bottomless & limitless nature %all be f\nd ! bran* ( hope4 ,dea? is a wid] void ?an life4 ,sid5ote3 ,! problem ( life aft] dea? at ! pres5t day4 ,:5 ,plato approa*$ ! problem ( de/9y1 he did n hesitate to laun* out into philosophical hypo!ses1 & ev5 into poetical my?s4 ,x is our pres5t purpose to exam9e :at are to-day ! suppositions1 or1 if y *oose1 ! dreams t may /ill be ent]ta9$ z to ! future by a s9c]e believ] 9 ! dom9ant philosophy ( ! pres5t day1 ! philosophy ( evolution4 ,giv5 ! pres5t conception ( nature1 w\ld ,plato h f\nd himself cut (f f ^? beautiful expectations to ! *>m ( :i* he said we ought to submit ourselves8 ,9 ,g]many1 & 9 especial 9 ,engl&1 x is n uncommon to endeav\r to discov] h[ mu* ( ! antique religi\s beliefs /ill subsi/s1 & is1 9 h[ev] problematic & unc]ta9 a =m1 involv$ 9 ! sci5tific & philosophic hypo!ses ( ! day4 ,x is our purpose to und]take "h an analog\s inquiry 9 reg>d to immortality1 recogniz+ h[ conjectural any attempt to solve ! my/]y ( fate mu/ be4 ,is x necess>y to say t we make no pret5sions to 8demon/rat+0 ei!r ! exi/5ce or ev5 ! sci5tific probability ( a life aft] dea?8 ,our design is m mode/2 x is en\gh to %[ t ! impossibility ( su* a life is n yet prov52 ev5 9 ! pres5ce ( mod]n sci5ce immortality is /ill a problem2 if ?is problem has n receiv$ a positive solution1 no m has x receiv$ a negative solution4 ,x is our int5tion fur!r to consid] :at bold1 & ev5 adv5tur\s hypo!ses may be necess>y to enable "o to translate into philosophic language ! sacr$ symbols ( religion1 or ! de/9y ( ! s\l4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,dea? & idealism4 ,i4 ,!re are two possible conceptions z to life aft] dea?2 t ( et]nal exi/5ce & t ( immortality1 prop]ly s call$1 or cont9uation & evolution ( life "u a sup]ior =m4 ,! fir/ conception corresponds m p>ticul>ly to ! ideali/ic !ories ( ! _w1 :i* we h analyz$ above1 :i*1 reg>d+ ! basis ( ?+s z an et]nal ?\ght1 a ?\ght ( ?\ght1 believe t by id5tify+ itself ) x mank9d might pass out ( "t into et]nity4 ,?\ght1 :i* seems at fir/ no m ?an a rev]b]ation & image ( ?+s1 ideali/s believe1 turns out 9 ! la/ analysis to be ! v reality ( :i* all ! re/ ( ! _w is b a reflection2 b ?is conception ( an et]nal exi/5ce is n 9 ! lea/ incompatible ) ! philosophy ( evolution1 = evolution 9 "t does n exclude a transc5d5t mode ( exi/5ce out ( "t4 ,su* an exi/5ce1 h[ev]1 rema9s ess5tially problematic2 x corresponds to ,kant's ,n\m5on & ,sp5c]'s ,unkn[able2 accord+ to ?is hypo!sis1 corporal dea? is simply a /age 9 physical evolution1 & ! f9al t]m to be atta9$ by all be+s is _! fixation 9 ! consci\sness ( et]nity4 ,?is po9t ( fixation1 accessible to e ?9k+ be+1 is to be atta9$ only by ! highe/1 mo/ dis9t]e/$1 imp]sonal1 & univ]sal ?\ght possible4 ,sid5ote3 ,an et]nal elem5t 9 man4 ,su* is ! hope :i* lies at ! bottom ( ! great religions1 & ! great ideali/ic sy/ems ( metaphysics4 ,accord+ to ,plato !re is no?+ durable 9 u b :at relates to ! et]nal1 & to ! univ]sal1 & is !re=e ( ! same nature z !y are4 ,all ! re/ is elim9at$ by ,becom+1 by p]petual ,g5]ation1 t is1 by evolution4 ,a fl[] is1 9 our eyes1 a fri5d2 x owes its col\r & *>m1 h[ev] simple1 to a ray ( ! sun2 b ?is ray1 to :i* our affection is due1 is :olly imp]sonal2 x creates ! beauty ( ! fl[]1 & passes on its way2 & x is ! sun t we %\ld love1 bo? = ! ray & ! fl[]4 ,too exclusive & limit$ affection is always bas$ on "s mi/ake1 & is on t acc\nt p]i%able4 ,x insi/s on our /opp+ at su* & su* a l9k 9 ! inf9ite *a9 ( causes & effects4 ,x is ! pr9ciple ( ! univ]se1 x is ! univ]sal be+ t we mu/ love1 if our he>t is big en\gh1 & x is t love alone1 accord+ to ,plato1 :i* is et]nal4 ,is n et]nity ! v =m ( exi/5ce 9 ! intelligible _w1 9 :i* ,goodness is ! sun & ! ,ideas are ! />s8 ,*ri/ian neo-,platoni/s1 ov] & above ,"t & its incessant mobility1 h dream$ ( an intemporal & immutable some:at1 t !y call ! life et]nal3 ,qu enim vid5tur1 temporalia sunt2 qu autem non vid5tur1 t]na4 ,sp9oza has dealt ) ! same conception ( an exi/5ce "u ! =m ( et]nity1 :i* does n exclude ! p]petual developm5t ( *ang+ modes4 ,kant also1 by 8 ^w ,n\m5on1 designat$ an intelligible1 intemporal1 transc5d5t some:at1 t lay beyond ! scope ( physical evolution4 8,! et]nal evolution ( ! s\l10 ,s*ell+ has said 9 8 turn1 8is n et]nal 9 ! s5se t x possesses nei!r a beg9n+ nor an end1 b 9 t x be>s no relation to ,"t40 ,& ,s*op5hau]1 f9ally1 believes 9 an intemporal1 et]nal w1 :i* is di/+ui%$ f ! w to live t belongs to "t & to ! evolution ( temporal =ms4 8,we will+ly recognize10 says ,s*op5hau]1 8t :at rema9s aft] ! complete abolition ( ! w is absolutely no?+ to ^? :o are /ill full ( ! desire ( life1 b = ^? 9 :om desire is annihilat$ :at does our evil _w1 ) its sun & its ,milky ,way1 am\nt to8 ,no?+40 ,x is ) ^! words t ,s*op5hau] closes 8 book4 ,he br+s u once m into ! pres5ce ( ,nirvna1 conceiv$ n only z a refuge f life1 b also z a refuge f dea?2 z an exi/5ce t %all be placeless & timeless1 &1 s to speak1 utopian 79 its prim>y int5tion7 & a*roni/ic4 ,sid5ote3 ,is su* immortality p]sonal or n8 ,b is ?is et]nal life1 ! fact ( :i* is1 z we h se51 problematic1 altoge!r imp]sonal or n8 ,no c]ta9 reply c be giv5 s9ce we are z ignorant ( ! ess5ce ( individual be+ z ( ! ess5ce ( univ]sal be+1 & consequ5tly ( ! degree to :i* x is possible = individuality to subsi/ 9 univ]sality4 ,s*op5hau]1 h[ev]1 9 8 endeav\r to ascribe to ! individual a great] am\nt ( reality ?an ,plato all[$1 oppos$ ! pr9ciple ( individuation to ! natural individualities 9 :i* x manife/s itself1 & x may1 inde$1 be ask$1 :e!r g5u9e consci\sness1 g5u9e ?\ght1 & g5u9e volition d n at once pass beyond ! individual1 & pres]ve :at is mo/ ess5tial 9 ! individual4 ,individuality is always m or less physical1 b x is possible t :at makes individuality limit$ is n ( ! ess5ce ( p]sonality1 ( consci\sness2 p]haps :at is be/ 9 ?\ght & w may become univ]sal1 )\t ceas+ 9 ! be/ s5se to be p]sonal l ! ( ,anaxagoras4#afd #afd ,at ! v c5tre ( "o's be+1 univ]sality & p]sonality increase side by side2 t is to say1 ! great] ! %>e ( exi/5ce a be+ possesses1 ! great] ! am\nt ( exi/5ce t x is capable ( %>+ ) o!r be+s4 ,incommunicability or imp5etrability repres5ts ! l[e/ degree ( exi/5ce2 natural exi/5ce1 ! exi/5ce ( =ces z yet bl9d & fatal1 ma9ta9s by _! mutual antagonism an equilibrium 9 a /ate ( in]tia & torpor 444 ,! great] "o's self-appropriation by intellig5ce1 ! great] "o's p[] ( tak+ possession ( o!r be+s by ?\ght2 ! be+ t be/ kn[s itself be/ kn[s o!r be+s 444 ! _s1 9 s f> z x is intellig5t1 %\ld be op51 p5etrable1 p>ticipable1 & p>ticipant4 ,two m9ds1 9 s f> z !y are p]fect1 may int]p5etrate ea* o!r by means ( ?\ght 7,a4 ,f\ille1 ,philosophie de ,platon74 8,we mu/ di/+ui%10 ,m4 ,janet also says1 8betwe5 p]sonality & individuality4 ,individuality consi/s 9 all ! ext]nal circum/ances :i* di/+ui% "o man f ano!r--circum/ances ( "t1 place1 organization1 etc4444 ,! root ( p]sonality lies 9 individuality1 b x t5ds incessantly to )draw f x4 ,! individual is c5tr$ 9 himself2 p]sonality aspires to rise above itself4 ,! ideal ( individuality is egoism1 ! focuss+ ( ! :ole 9 self2 ! ideal ( p]sonality is devotion1 ! id5tification ( self ) ! :ole4 ,p]sonality1 prop]ly s call$1 is consci\sness ( ! imp]sonal0 7,moral1 #egc74 ,sid5ote3 ,no positive k to oppose to hypo!sis ( immortality4 ,speculate z we may ^u individual & univ]sal be+1 we are all b br\ght face to face 9 ! end ) ! same transc5d5tal x4 ,su* speculations1 h[ev]1 are n )\t a c]ta9 utility1 t ( impress+ u afre% ) ! limits ( our k4 ,a belief 9 a transc5d5t immortality1 z ,fiske says1 c be def9$ only negatively1 z a refusal to believe t ?is _w is ev]y?+4 ,! mat]iali/ ma9ta9s1 ,fiske says1 t :5 we h describ$ ! entire univ]se ( ph5om5a1 ( :i* we are capable ( tak+ cognizance "u ! conditions ( ?is life1 ! :ole ( ! /ory has be5 told4 ,fiske himself believes1 on ! contr>y1 t ! :ole has n !n be5 told4#afe ,we may at lea/ say t x is possible t ! :ole /ory has n !n be5 told4 ,b to pass f ! possible to ! probable1 no conclusion ( ! k9d c be consid]$ satisfactory t is n bas$ ^u m positive reason1 psy*ological or moral2 unsupport$ metaphysical speculations leave ! m9d simply 9 ! pres5ce ( a problem4 #afe ,fiske1 ,! ,de/9y ( ,man1 p4 #aac4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,! hypo!sis ( a conditional et]nity4 ,!ories 9 reg>d to an et]nal life su* z we above m5tion$ h always prov$ 9 hi/ory m or less ari/ocratic & incl9$ to limit ! numb] ( ! elect4 ,9 ,buddhism ! sage alone is capable ( a*iev+ et]nal exi/5ce1 :]eas all ! re/ ( mank9d are condemn$ to life 9 "t & illusion4 ,sp9oza recognizes et]nity only 9 :at he calls cognition ( ! ?ird ord]1 intellectual intuition & love4 ,su* cognition belongs prop]ly to ! true philosoph] only4 ,! intellig5ce ( ! vulg> is passive & p]i%able4 8,! in/ant ! vulg> cease 444 to suff]10 says ,sp9oza1 8!y cease to exi/40 ,& ,goe!1 too1 0 incl9$ to reg>d ! et]nal life z res]v$ = an ari/ocracy4 ,sid5ote3 ,criticis$4 ,?is !ory ( inequality is ma9ta9able only 9 s f> z x is bas$ ^u an actual asc]ta9m5t ( ! diff]5ce 9 progress display$ by diff]5t m9ds1 & ( ! small numb] ( ^? :o a*ieve ! heights ( wisdom4 ,! case is o!rwise :5 su* an obs]v$ fact ( natural or moral inequality is conv]t$ into a div9e "r1 & ,god is conceiv$ z creat+ & desir+ precisely su* a /ate ( ?+s4 ,! latt]1 h[ev]1 is ! alt]native t mod]n ,*ri/ian !ologians h adopt$ 9 _! ef=t to (f] a re-read+ ( ! sacr$ texts4 ,9 _! judgm5t ! good alone are immortal1 or1 r1 are immortaliz$ by ,god2 ! o!rs are damn$1 9 ! s5se t !y are totally annihilat$--an int]pretation ( ! dogma ( et]nal puni%m5t t seems to !m :olly to exculpate ! ,deity4 ,any su* notion is bas$ ^u a metaphysical illusion4 ,! hypo!sis ( traditional et]nity is inconsi/5t ) t ( ! exi/5ce ( a creator1 s9ce x is =ev] impossible on t hypo!sis1 to escape ! contradiction involv$ 9 ! notion ( a be+'s creat+ only to de/roy--( a be+'s *oos+ among 8 creatures a c]ta9 numb] = condemnation to dea?4 ,annihilation is simply damnation palliat$2 x is ! sub/itution ( a cele/ial guillot9e = ! long mis]ies t h prec$$4 ,?is !ological hypo!sis af=ds u no way out ( ! difficulties involv$ 9 ! doctr9e ( div9e sanction t lies at ! he>t ( all religions2 x is ! sacrifice ( ,isaac1 or ( ,jesus1 9 ano!r =m simply4 ,w x be said t1 on ! hypo!sis ( conditional immortality1 ! immoral be+ is alone responsible = 8 own dea?8 ,yield+ to passion1 or ev5 to vice1 _c be assimilat$ to suicide1 = 9 suicide "o kn[s :at "o is do+ & is responsible = x2 "o kills "o's self because "o wi%es to die2 b "o does n wi% to die :5 "o ab&ons "o's self to a passion2 &1 if ! result !re=e ( s do+ is annihilation1 dea? comes ^u "o un=ese5 & undesir$1 takes "o by surprise1 by a sort ( div9e ruse1 & ! responsibility = su* annihilation lies & mu/ lie ) ,god4 ,moreov]1 h[ c !re exi/ betwe5 two individuals ( ! same nature a suffici5tly great natural or moral diff]5ce to ju/ify ! "o's be+ :olly annihilat$1 & ! o!r's be+ p]mitt$ to live 9 t]num8 ,x may be said1 ) ,plato 9 ! 8,republic10 t1 if vice 7 a disease t is really mortal to ! s\l1 x w\ld kill x 9 ?is life4 ,its de/ructive influ5ce w\ld be felt long be=e ! occurr5ce ( dea?1 :i*1 s f> z vice is conc]n$1 is an accid5tal circum/ance simply4 ,sid5ote3 ,is incompatible ) human fell[%ip4 ,z ! notion ( conditional immortality is incompatible ) ! notion ( an omnipot5t1 omnisci5t1 sov]eignly lov+ creator1 s also is x ) t ( a society ( s\ls1 ( a spiritual k+dom1 f :i* a c]ta9 numb] ( mank9d w\ld be exclud$ =ev]4 ,an absolutely wick$ & hateful s\l1 unpossess$ ( any elem5t ( humanity1 n to say ( div9ity1 & consequ5tly unfit to live1 is a pure figm5t ( hate & am\nts to transport+ ! ca/e ( p>iah into ! cele/ial city4 ,x is a contradiction 9 t]ms to enjo9 u to univ]sal *>ity t[>d all m5 )\t exception1 & at ! same "t to wi% u to cons5t to ! absolute annihilation & damnation ( "s ( !m4 ,we are naturally & morally too intimately relat$ = c]ta9 ( u to be condemn$ def9itively to dea? )\t ! re/ ( u be+ imp$$ on our upw>d c\rse2 we are b\nd to ea* o!r by our love ( humanity l ,alp9e climb]s by ! cord t passes f wai/ to wai/1 & "o ( u _c slip b t ! re/ ( u feel x1 nor fall )\t all ( u fall+4 ,nihil humani ali5um2 "o he>t beats 9 ! bosom ( humanity1 & if x /ops =ev] 9 a s+le human brea/1 x w /op =ev] 9 ! brea/s ( ^? also :o are suppos$ to be immortal4 ,! be/ ( u1 ^? :o w\ld be fit to receive baptism into immortality1 w\ld d z ! b>b>\s & pagan *ief1 :o1 aft] hav+ wa%$ away 8 s9s 9 ! holy wat] ( ! font1 ) salvation 9 8 h& & ,p>adise be=e 8 eyes1 dem&$ sudd5ly :at w\ld be ! fate ( 8 =m] companions :o _h di$ unconv]t$1 & :e!r he %\ld f9d !m 9 heav54 8,no10 repli$ ! prie/1 8!y w be among ! mis]able & ! damn$1 & ?\ among/ ! bless$40 8,i w g1 !n1 among ! damn$1 = ,i wi% to g :]e ,i %all f9d my companions 9 arms4 ,adieu60 ,& he turn$ 8 back ^u ! font4 ,sid5ote3 ,summ>y4 ,! hypo!sis ( conditional immortality c1 !re=e1 be ma9ta9$ only by elim9at+ f x ! doctr9e ( a creator ( absolute m]it1 ( virtue1 & ( univ]sal & inf9ite *>ity2 ?us dim9i%$1 x becomes a belief 9 a sort ( natural or metaphysical necessity to :i* be+s are subject accord+ to _! degree ( p]fection simply4 ,?is hypo!sis is ess5tially anti-provid5tial1 & 9 h>mony only ) sy/ems m or less analog\s to t ( ,sp9oza4 ,9 g5]al ! notion ( et]nal life is altoge!r transc5d5t & a fit subject = my/ical dreams only4 ,let u1 !re=e1 ab&on ?is high gr\nd & desc5d to nature & exp]i5ce4 ,in/ead ( talk+ ( et]nity1 let u speak ( life aft] dea? & ( an immortality n conditional1 b condition$ by ! laws ( matt] & ( m9d & atta9able by ev]yone4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,does p]sonality conta9 a p]man5t elem5t8 ,,ii4 ,let u take our /& 9 ! beg9n+ on positive exp]i5ce1 & consid] :at sort ( immortality ! philosophy ( evolution p]mits u to hope =4 ,!re exi/s 9 ! sph]e ( consci\sness1 s to speak1 a s]ies ( conc5tric circles :i* lie clos] & clos] ab\t an unfa?omable c5tre1 p]sonality4 ,let u pass 9 review ! div]se manife/ations ( p]sonality & see if !y conta9 any imp]i%able elem5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,"o's works immortal4 ,! mo/ ext]nal1 &1 9 "s sort1 ! mo/ obs]vable aspect ( mank9d1 consi/s 9 _! works & actions4 ,:]e mat]ial works alone are conc]n$1 su* z a h\se t "o has built1 a picture t "o has pa9t$1 a /atue t "o has modell$1 x may be felt t ! di/ance betwe5 ! work] & ! "w is too great1 & t immortality 9 "o's "w is too mu* l a sort ( optical illusion4 ,b :5 intellectual & moral works are conc]n$1 ! effect & ! cause are m ne>ly "o2 !re9 lies ! elem5t ( tru? conta9$ 9 ! highly imp]sonal & dis9t]e/$ doctr9e t "o lives 9 "o's works4 ,intellectual & moral lab\rs are m ?an _! m]e mat]ial effect4 ,! good man's highe/ wi% is to live & live aga9 9 8 good actions2 ! ?9k]'s highe/ wi% is to live & live aga9 9 ! ?\ght t he has contribut$ to ! inh]itance ( humanity4 ,?is doctr9e may be f\nd 9 almo/ all great religions & is capable ( subsi/5ce 9 ! doma9 ( pure sci5ce4 ,accord+ to ! mod]n ,buddhi/s ( ,india a man's actions are 8 s\l1 & x is ?is s\l t survives 8 dea?1 & transmigration ( s\ls is simply ! con/ant trans=mation ( good into bett]1 & evil into worse2 ! immortality ( "o's s\l is ! immortality ( "o's actions1 :i* cont9ue to op]ate =ev] 9 ! _w accord+ to _! orig9al =ce & direction4 ,sid5ote3 ,cont9uity ( human ef=t4 ,g5]ation aft] g5]ation lab\rs at ! task1 & passes ! tok5 ( hope f h& to h&4 ,h]i meum1 tuum hodie1 ye/]day 0 m9e & ,i sp5t x 9 do+ good1 b n en\gh good2 to-day is ?9e3 employ ! :ole ( x1 d n lose an h\r ( x2 if an h\r dies /]ile1 x is a *ance lo/ ( realiz+ ! ideal4 ,?\ art ma/] ( to-day2 d :at 9 !e lies to make to-morr[ :at ?\ w\ld/ h x1 let to-morr[ be always 9 advance ( to-day1 & ! horizon t m5 see ea* fre% morn+ be bright] & high] ?an ! "o !y saw be=e4 ,sid5ote3 ,no?+ lo/4 ,! action mu/ be foll[$ into its effects1 or into ! effect ( ^? effects1 & s on inf9itely4 ,our conduct /ret*es away ad inf9itum1 beyond ! rea* ( our k4 ,ev5 f ! purely physical & physiological po9t ( view1 nei!r int5d$ nor attempt$ goodness is ineffective1 s9ce bo? ?\ght & desire develop ! m9d4 ,! v notion ( :at is to-day *im]ical corresponds to a real movem5t 9 our bra9s2 x is a m5tal =ce :i* conta9s its elem5t ( v]ity & influ5ce4 ,we inh]it n only :at our fa!rs did1 b :at !y c\ld n d1 :at !y attempt$ & did n a*ieve4 ,we are /ill alive ) ! devotion & sacrifice ( our ance/ors1 ) ! c\rage t p]haps !y sp5t 9 va91 z we feel 9 ! spr+ ! brea? ( di/ant ant$eluvian spr+s & ! loves ( ! t]ti>y p]iod4 ,sid5ote3 ,failure 9 ! pa/ ! gu>antee ( success 9 ! future4 ,! ability ( ! pres5t g5]ation has be5 made possible by ! /umbl+ & mi/akes ( g5]ations 9 ! pa/2 & ?is embryonic & successless pa/ con/itutes ! gu>antee ( our future4 ,9 ! moral1 z 9 ! physiological _w1 !re are in/ances ( f]tility t are n yet explicable4 ,sometimes long aft] ! dea? ( ! man :o fir/ lov$ h] ! woman br+s =? a *ild t resembles him2 & humanity may br+ =? a civilization on ! model ( "s ideal *]i%$ 9 ! pa/1 ev5 :5 ! pa/ seems to be buri$ =ev]1 if ! ideal conta9s "s obscure elem5t ( tru? &1 by consequ5ce1 ( imp]i%able =ce4 ,:at has once really liv$ %all live aga91 & :at seems to be dead is only mak+ ready to revive4 ,! sci5tific law ( atavism is a gu>antee ( resurrection4 ,to conceive & desire ! be/ is to attempt ! ideal1 is to pr$et]m9e ! pa? t all succe$+ g5]ations %all tread4 ,our highe/ aspirations1 :i* seem precisely ! mo/ va91 are1 z x 71 waves :i*1 hav+ _h ! p[] to rea* u1 h ! p[] to pass beyond u1 & may1 by a process ( summation ) o!r waves1 ultimately %ake ! _w4 ,i am satisfi$ t :at is be/ 9 me w survive1 p]haps n "o ( my dreams %all be lo/2 o!r m5 w take !m up1 w dream !m ov] aga9 9 _! turn until !y are realiz$4 ,x is by =ce ( sp5t waves t ! sea fa%ions ! imm5se b$ 9 :i* x lies4 ,sid5ote3 ,dea? n inevitable4 ,9 effect1 9 ! philosophy ( evolution life & dea? are recogniz$ z relative & correlative conceptions2 life is 9 "o s5se dea?1 & dea? is ! triumph ( life ov] "o ( its p>ticul> =ms4 ,proteus 9 ! fable c\ld be prev5t$ f *ang+ 8 %ape only by be+ caught 9 sleep1 :i* is ! image ( dea?2 ?us x is 9 nature2 fix$ =m is sleep1 is dea?1 is a pause 9 ! et]nal fluctuation ( life4 ,becom+ & life are alike =mless4 ,=m1 individuality1 species1 m>k a transitory /oppage 9 ! *annel ( life2 we c nei!r seize nor hold nature1 except :5 x is laid asleep1 & :at we call dea?--my dea? or y\rs--is itself a lat5t pulse ( univ]sal life1 l "o ( ! secret vibrations t pass ?r\gh ! g]m dur+ ! mon?s ( app>5t in]tia dur+ :i* x is mak+ ready = ! lat] /ages ( its developm5t4 ,! law ( nature is et]nal g]m9ation4 ,a man ( sci5ce 0 "o day hold+ a h&ful ( :eat1 t _h be5 f\nd 9 ! tomb ( an ,egyptian mummy4 8,five ?\s& ye>s )\t sight ( ! sun6 ,unhappy gra9s ( :eat1 z /]ile z dea?1 ( :i* !y h s long be5 ! companions1 nev] %all _! tall /alks b[ b5ea? ! w9d on ! banks ( ! ,nile4 ,nev]8 ,:at d ,i "k ( life1 ( dea?80 ,z an exp]im5t simply1 )\t mu* hope ( success1 ! man ( sci5ce s[$ ! gra9s ( :eat t he _h recov]$ f ! tomb1 & ! :eat ( ! ,ph>aohs receiv$ ! c>ess ( ! sun1 ( ! air1 & came up gre5 ?r\gh ! soil ( ,egypt1 & b[$ b5ea? ! w9d on ! banks ( ! sacr$ & inexhau/ible flood ( ! ,nile4 ,& %all human ?\ght1 & ! high] life :i* /irs 9 u l ! g]m 9 ! se$1 & love t seems to sleep =ev] 9 ! tomb1 n h ?is reawak5+ 9 "s un=ese5 spr+time1 & n be br\ght face to face ) et]nity1 :i* seems at pres5t to be buri$1 once & = all1 9 d>kness8 ,:at is dea?1 aft] all1 9 ! univ]se1 b a less] degree ( vital heat1 a m or less transitory l[ness ( temp]ature8 ,dea? _c be p[]ful en\gh to hold life & its p]petual y\? 9 *eck1 & to prev5t ! inf9ite activity ( ?\ght & ( desire4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,is a m p]sonal immortality possible8 ,,iii4 ,yes1 ,i & my works %all survive2 b is immortality 9 ?is s5se suffici5t to satisfy ! religi\s s5tim5t8 ,z an individual1 :at d sci5ce & ! philosophy ( evolution promise me or p]mit me to hope8 ,a some:at ext]nal & imp]sonal immortality is1 z we h se51 possible2 is any?+ 9 ! nature ( an int]nal or p]sonal immortality likewise possible8 ,sid5ote3 ,sci5ce answ]s 9 ! negative4 ,assur$ly1 x is n ( sci5ce t ! individual c dem& pro(s ( 8 p]man5ce4 ,! fact ( g5]ation is1 9 ! eyes ( ! man ( sci5ce1 9 & ( itself a negative ( individual immortality2 ! social in/9ct :i* op5s our he>ts to ?\s&s ( o!r be+s emphasizes ! negation1 & ! sci5tific & metaphysical in/9cts !mselves1 :i* cause u to take an int]e/ 9 ! s5sitive _w1 9 its laws & de/9ies1 dim9i%1 s to speak1 our importance z limit$ individuals4 ,?\ght breaks ! limits ( ! self 9 :i* x is conf9$1 & our brea/ is too n>r[ to conta9 our he>t4 ,oh1 h[ rapidly "o le>ns 9 sci5ce & 9 art to make small acc\nt ( "o's self1 & ?is dim9ution ( self-e/eem nei!r less5s "o's en?usiasm nor "o's ard\r1 b adds to !m only an elem5t ( manly sadness su* z a soldi] might feel :o says3 8,i c\nt = b "o 9 ! battle1 nay1 = less ?an t1 = b a hundr$ million?1 & if ,i %\ld disappe> ! result ( ! conte/ w\ld no d\bt n be *ang$1 & yet ,i %all /ay & fight40 ,sid5ote3 ,c\nsels resignation4 ,sci5tifically consid]$1 individuality is a sort ( provisional native l&1 & "o's native l& is a sort ( magnifi$ individual ) a consci\sness compos$ ( ideas & s5tim5ts1 & "o's love = "o's c\ntry may be great] ?an "o's love = su* & su* an individual4 ,su* a love does n prev5t u f und]/&+ t our c\ntry w n be immortal z a nation1 t x w h its p]iods ( gr[? & ( decay1 t ! ob/acles :i* keep peoples ap>t are caduc\s1 & t nations incessantly disappe> & lose old elem5ts & take on new4 ,:y1 m]ely f ! fact t we love our own individuality1 %\ld we n cons5t to ! same reason+ 9 reg>d to x2 :y %\ld we wi% to imprison x =ev] )9 ! limits ( ! same individuality8 ,if a nation dies1 :y %\ld n a man8 ,if x sometimes am\nts to div9ation to cry out z "o falls on ! battlefield1 8,f9is patri60 does x any ! less surely am\nt to div9ation to cry out 9 ! pres5ce ( dea?1 8,f9is individu08 ,c\ld ,kosciusko feel t he himself _h a "r to live :5 ,pol& & ! ideas & beliefs to :i* he _h devot$ 8 life 7 no m8 ,sid5ote3 ,dignity ( resignation4 ,a "y girl1 a relative ( m9e1 on ! po9t ( dea? & unable to articulate1 signifi$ h] wi% = a piece ( pap]4 ,:5 x 0 giv5 to h]1 %e began to write1 8,i d n want----0 ,dea? sudd5ly int]v5$ & int]rupt$ h] volition be=e x c\ld f9d expression 9 words2 ! ?9k+ be+ & ! expression ( h] ?\ght seem$ to be annihilat$ by ! same bl[4 ,! *ild's prote/1 l h] life1 0 int]rupt$ 9 ! middle4 ,volition is p[]less aga9/ dea?1 & x is useless to /iff5 "o's w aga9/ ! f9al bl[4 ,on ! contr>y1 man's sole sup]iority 9 dea? consi/s 9 acceptance4 ,pascal's consci\s re$ might n only be con/ra9$ to b5d l any o!r re$1 x might b5d cons5t+ly & respect ! law t requires its dea?4 ,next to consci\sness ( 8 own p[]1 ! highe/ ( man's privileges is consci\sness ( ! limits ( 8 p[]1 at lea/ z an individual4 ,out ( ! v disproportion betwe5 ! inf9ity t kills u1 & ! no?+ t con/itutes u1 arises ! s5se ( a c]ta9 greatness 9 u2 we pref] to be /rick5 by a m\nta9 r ?an by a pebble2 we %\ld r fall 9 a /ruggle aga9/ a ?\s& ?an 9 a /ruggle aga9/ "o2 s t intellig5ce1 by measur+ ! greatness ( our adv]s>y1 deprives u ( regret at our defeat4 ,sid5ote3 ,desire to survive egoi/ic4 ,to desire to make ! individual1 :o is m or less physical ev5 9 8 moral nature1 et]nal1 is1 9 ! eyes ( ! man ( sci5ce1 a remnant ( egoism4 ,9 8 judgm5t1 ! human m9d %\ld accept ! dea? ( ! individual by a species ( intellectual devotion analog\s to t ) :i* we accept ! dea? ( our native c\ntry4 ,mod]n m5 ( sci5ce may be def9$ z ^? :o h no hope1 1 z ,/4 ,paul said2 we are individually ( too small acc\nt 9 ! eyes ( sci5ce to live always individually4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,b only :5 x relates to "o's self4 ,ought we1 !re=e1 to cons5t *e]fully to ! sacrifice ( self1 & to die will+ly = ! b5efit ( ! univ]sal life8 ,s f> z "o's self is conc]n$1 "o c make ! sacrifice lightly1 b ! annihilation ( ^? "o loves _c be accept$ by a consci\s & affectionate be+4 ,x is 9 va9 = sci5tific & philosophic /oicism to urge ) ,epictetus t x is natural = a vase1 :i* is fragile1 to break1 & = a man1 :o is mortal1 to die4 ,! "q /ill rema9s1 :e!r :at is natural & sci5tific ought1 z ! ,/oics alleg$1 to satisfy my reason & my love4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 :5 "o really loves ano!r p]son1 :at "o endeav\rs to love is n ! elem5t ( fragility1 ! vase ( clay1 b ! intellig5ce & ! he>t1 :i* ,epictetus decl9es to consid] sep>ately f _! p]i%able accompanim5ts4 ,"o atta*es "o's self to !m z to some?+ p]man5t2 "o corrects & transfigures nature itself1 & passes 9 ?\ght beyond ! brutality ( its laws1 & !re9 lies1 p]haps1 ! v ess5ce ( ! love ( ano!r4 ,if ! laws ( nature1 aft] seem+ = a mom5t to be susp5d$ & vanqui%$ by ! =ce ( "o's dis9t]e/$ love1 subsequ5tly break ! bond t holds !m 9 *eck1 is x surpris+ t "o's love %\ld /ill hold out aga9/ !m8 ,x is n only pa9 t ,i exp]i5ce at be+ baffl$ by ! laws ( nature2 x is indignation1 x is ! s5se ( inju/ice4 ,! ,/oics reg>d$ pa9 z a passive affection ( ! s5sibility simply1 b moral pa9 implies a /ruggle ( ! w aga9/ nature1 & an ef=t1 z !y !mselves admit1 to correct x4 ,x is on ?is gr\nd t pa9 is n an evil2 its rle is incessantly to impose our moral & social ideal on our physical nature1 to =ce x to p]fect itself2 pa9 is ! pr9ciple ( developm5t 9 life1 & if !re exi/s a means ( vanqui%+ dea?1 x is p]haps by virtue ( pa9 t we %all arrive at x4 ,we are "r1 !re=e1 9 rebell+ aga9/ nature's p[]s ( life & dea?1 9 s f> z %e ex]cises !m = ! purpose ( annihilat+ :at is morally be/ 9 u & 9 o!rs4 ,sid5ote3 ,love "u ! =m ( et]nity4 ,true love %\ld nev] be express$ 9 ! language ( "t4 ,we say3 8,i lov$ my fa!r dur+ 8 lifetime2 ,i 0 deeply atta*$ to my "m or my si/]40 ,:y locate x 9 ! pa/8 ,:y n say always3 8,i love my fa!r or my "m80 ,does n1 & %\ld n1 love lay claim to an et]nal pres5t8 ,sid5ote3 ,uniqu5ess ( ! individual4 ,h[ c\ld "o say to a "m t !re is no?+ truly & def9itively alive1 p]sonal1 unique1 9 ! at once smil+ & m$itative eyes ( ! *ild %e holds ^u h] knees2 t ! little be+ t %e dreams ( mature1 & good1 & great1 is a simple incid5t 9 ! life ( ! species8 ,no2 h] *ild is n l any o!r t has ev] liv$ or t ev] w live2 none o!r c\ld possess t look4 ,n[h]e among ! g5]ations ( m5 c !re exi/ a fac-simile ( ! belov$ face be=e "o4 ,all nature does n possess ! equival5t ( ! individual1 :i* x c de/roy1 b n replace4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 )\t reason t love refuses to cons5t to ! sub/itution ( "o individual = ano!r1 :i* con/itutes ! v movem5t ( life2 x _c reconcile itself to ! et]nal :irl 9 ! du/ ( be+2 x is b5t on fix+ life1 on arre/+ ! _w 9 mid-progress4 ,b ! _w does n /op at its bidd+4 ,! future calls to g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 & ?is p[]ful =ce ( attraction is also a =ce ( dissolution4 ,nature gives bir? by means ( dea?1 & ! joy ( new loves is compos$ ( ! fragm5ts ( ! old4 ,sid5ote3 ,! prote/ ( love aga9/ dea? n limit$ to humanity4 ,?is prote/ ( love aga9/ dea?1 aga9/ ! dissolution ( ! individual1 atta*es also to ! l[] animals4 ,a dog1 x seems1 has only a m>ket value1 & yet c ,i ev] buy aga9 "o t %all be ! equival5t ( ?is "o t has di$ be=e my eyes8 ,he lov$ me ) all ! p[] ( 8 unhappy be+1 & endeav\r$ to hold fa/ to me :ile he 0 slipp+ away1 & ,i endeav\r$ to hold him fa/4 ,does n e be+ t loves acquire a "r to immortality8 ,yes2 ! ideal ( affection w\ld be to immortalize all consci\s be+s2 nay1 m1 ! poet :o is delicately s5sitive to ! individuality ( a fl[]1 or a ray ( col\r$ light1 ( ! drop ( dew t refracts x1 w\ld wi% to immortalize all nature1 w\ld wi% to view "u ! =m ( et]nity ! ra9b[ t quiv]s 9 a soap bubble2 = c any two bubbles ev] be ! same8 ,& yet1 :ile ! poet aims ?us at hold+ ev]y?+ fa/1 at pres]v+ ev]y?+1 at fix+ 8 dreams1 at en*a9+ ! ocean ( life1 ! man ( sci5ce replies t ! et]nal flood mu/ be all[$ to pulsate1 to engulf our te>s & our blood1 & t ! _w mu/ be left free4 ,= ! man ( sci5ce1 ! flux & reflux & progress ( life are m sacr$ ?an ! love ( ! individual4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,antagonism betwe5 love & sci5ce4 ,?us1 9 ! "q ( individual immortality1 two great =ces drag human ?\ght 9 opposite directions4 ,sci5ce is incl9$ ev]y:]e to sacrifice ! individual 9 ! "n ( natural evolution2 love is incl9$1 9 ! "n ( a high] moral & social evolution1 to pres]ve ! individual4 ,! ant9omy is "o ( ! mo/ disquiet+ t ! philosophic m9d has to deal )4 ,sid5ote3 ,! be/ 9 "o may survive4 ,%\ld sci5ce be admitt$ to be :olly 9 ! "r1 or mu/ we believe t an elem5t ( tru? exi/s 9 ! social in/9ct :i* lies at ! basis ( affection1 z !re is a pres5tim5t & anticipation ( ! tru? 9 all great natural in/9cts8 ,! social in/9ct possesses a great] value at ! pres5t day1 because philosoph]s are beg9n+ to consid] ev5 ! individual z a society1 & to recognize association z a univ]sal law ( nature4 ,love1 :i* is ! p[] ( cohesion at its highe/ degree1 is p]haps "r 9 its desire = an elem5t 9 ! association betwe5 individuals4 ,its sole error is t ( exagg]at+ its pret5sions & ( misplac+ its hopes4 ,aft] all1 "o mu/ n be too exact+ nor ask too mu* ( nature4 ,a true philosoph]1 ev5 = ^? t he loves1 %\ld n %r9k f pro( by fire1 & dea? is ! flame t purifies :ile x consumes4 ,if any?+ survives ! ordeal t alone is mu*1 & if :at survives is precisely :at is be/ 9 u1 :at m c be ask$8 ,"o may break ! vase1 ( :i* ,epictetus speaks1 b ! p]fume rema9s1 & floats out into ! air1 & becomes1 no d\bt1 ultimately indi/+ui%able1 b /ill subsi/s4 ,sid5ote3 ,sociology & ! problem ( immortality4 ,! sci5ce :i* seems to (f] ! /ronge/ opposition to ! pres]vation ( ! individual is ma!matics1 :i* recognizes ! exi/5ce ( no?+ 9 ! _w b v>iable & equival5t figures & ab/ractions4 ,on ! contr>y1 p]haps ! mo/ concrete ( ! sci5ces1 sociology1 recognizes ev]y:]e gr\ps ( realities2 sociology !re=e _c hold relations t arise out ( association1 nor ! t]ms betwe5 :i* !y exi/1 s *eap4 ,let u consid] :e!r1 f ! po9t ( view ( a m complete & m concrete sci5ce1 consci\sness1 :i* is ! pr9ciple ( p]sonality1 prop]ly s call$1 necess>ily & =ev] excludes ! possibility ( indef9ite duration t all great sci5ces attribute to ! _s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,! basis ( exi/5ce n sub/ance b activity4 ,,iii4 ,antique metaphysics gave too mu* att5tion to que/ions ( sub/ance1 to consid]+ :e!r ! s\l is simple or complex4 ,! "q am\nts to :e!r ! s\l is made ( indivisible or divisible mat]ial2 x assumes z ! basis ( ! ph5om5a ( m9d1 an imag9>y & 9 "s sort ext5d$ sub/ance4 ,x 0 ^u ?is doctr9e ( ! simple sub/ance t ! demon/ration ( ! immortality ( ! s\l 0 f\nd$4 ,evolutioni/ philosophy t5ds to fix our att5tion n[adays1 n on ! sub/ance1 b on ! way ! sub/ance behaves1 t is to say1 9 physical t]ms1 on movem5ts4#aff ,consci\sness is a c]ta9 action accompani$ by a c]ta9 collective unity ( movem5ts4 ,if x exi/s 9 a sub/ance x is n ! duration ( ?is sub/ance t int]e/s u1 b t ( its activity1 s9ce x is t activity :i* con/itutes our consci\sness4 #aff 8,:oev] says t he _c conceive an action )\t a sub/ratum confesses by 8 v words t ! alleg$ sub/ratum :i* he conceives is a product ( 8 imag9ation2 x is 8 own ?\ght t he is oblig$ to place z a support beh9d ! reality ( ?+s4 ,by a pure illusion ( ! imag9ation1 aft] "o has /ripp$ (f f an object ! only qualities t x possesses1 "o affirms t some?+ ( x1 "o kn[s n :at1 /ill subsi/s40 7,s*ell+1 ,sy/em ( ,transc5d5tal ,idealism47 8,to be10 said ,b]keley1 8is to be ?is or t4 ,simply to be1 )\t explanatory addition1 is to be no?+2 x is a simple conception1 if n a ^w void ( s5se40 8,b]keley's object 0 to ov]?r[ ! hypo!sis ( a sub/ance ly+ beyond ! range ( _s1 z an imp]ceptible support ( ! qualities ( :i* our s5ses take cognizance40 7,flix ,revaisson1 ,la ,philosophie en ,france1 #i47 ,see also ,m4 ,la*eli]1 ,de l',induction4 ,sid5ote3 ,cont9uity ( exi/5ce means cont9uity ( function4 ,wundt is "o ( ! contempor>y philosoph]s1 :o1 aft] ,ari/otle1 ,hume1 ,b]keley1 & ,kant1 has be/ %[n ! illusiv5ess ( endeav\r+ to discov] a simple sub/ance und]ly+ consci\sness4 ,x is only int]nal exp]i5ce1 he says1 only consci\sness itself1 t comes to u gu>ante$ by imm$iate c]ta9ty4 ,& ?is implies1 he adds1 8t all ^! sub/ances :i* spiritualism reg>ds z ! basis ( subjective or objective exp]i5ce are ( ! highe/ degree ( unc]ta9ty1 = 9 no exp]i5ce :atsoev] are !y giv54 ,!y are delib]ate fictions1 by ! aid ( :i* x has be5 attempt$ to expla9 ! unity ( exp]i5ce40 ,! true explanation ( ?is unity %\ld be s\ght = else:]e 9 cont9uity ( function1 & n 9 simplicity ( sub/ance4 8,! consecutive effects ( ant]ior /ates comb9e ) ^? :i* arise lat]2 9 ?is way !re is caus$ a subjective cont9uity ( /ates :i* corresponds to ! objective cont9uity ( movem5t1 :i* is ! condition ( unity ( consci\sness40 ,! b9d+ toge!r ( successive m5tal /ates is lack+ 9 bodies1 al?\gh !y mu/ possess ! g]m ( action & ( s5sation4 ,= ?is reason ,leibnitz 0 "r 9 say+ t bodies are 8mom5t>y spirits10 :i* =get ev]y?+ imm$iately1 & "k only a pres5t1 uncomplicat$ by a pa/ or a future4 ,consci\s life1 on ! contr>y1 by ! v means ( *ang+ elem5ts1 realizes a cont9uity ( m5tal functions1 a memory ( ! pa/1 a c]ta9 durability4 ,?is cont9uity is n a result ( simplicity1 b1 on ! contr>y1 ( ! high] complexity t belongs to m5tal functions4 8,on ! physical side1 z on ! psy*ical side10 says ,wundt1 8! liv+ body is a unity2 ?is unity is n f\nd$ 9 simplicity b 9 composit5ess ( a high degree ( complexity4 ,consci\sness1 ) its multitude ( comb9$ /ates1 is a unity analog\s to t ( ! bodily organism4 ,! absolute correlation betwe5 ! physical & ! psy*ical sugge/s ! foll[+ hypo!sis3#afg t :at we call ! s\l is ! int]nal aspect ( :at1 9 its ext]nal aspect1 we call ! body t conta9s ! s\l4 ,?is way ( conceiv+ ! problem ( correlation inevitably leads u to ! belief t ! ess5ce ( reality is intellectual1 & t ! fundam5tal attribute ( be+ is developm5t or evolution4 ,human consci\sness is ! highe/ po9t ( su* evolution2 x con/itutes ! nodal po9t 9 ! c\rse ( nature :]e ! _w recollects itself4 ,x is n z a simple be+ b z a product evolv$ out ( innum]able elem5ts t ! human s\l is1 z ,leibnitz says1 #8a mirror ( ! _w4'0#afh #afg ,?is hypo!sis is id5tical ) t ( monism4 #afh ,wundt1 ,psy*ologie1 vol4 ii4 ,sid5ote3 ,! problem ( immortality at ! pres5t day4 ,f ?is mod]n po9t ( view1 :i* is a developm5t ( t ( ,ari/otle1#afi ! "q ( immortality am\nts to ask+ h[ f> ! cont9uity ( m5tal functions may be suppos$ to ext5d ! cont9uity ( "o's intellectual be+1 :i* is ! subjective unity ( a complex multiplicity aw>e ( itself z su*8 #afi ,see ,m4 ,ravaisson1 ,la ,mtaphysique d',ari/ote1 vol4 ii41 & ,rapport sur la ,philosophie en ,france4 ,sid5ote3 ,indissoluble mat]ial comp\nds4 ,note1 fir/1 t ev5 9 ! ext]nal _w we are n )\t examples ( indissoluble comp\nds2 c]ta9 simple atoms are comp\nds ( ?is sort4 ,! atom ( hydrog5 is a vortex ( little worlds4 ,well1 is !re no?+ indissoluble 9 ! univ]se except s-call$ atoms1 s-call$ physical 8individuals10 & is x unp]missible to conceive1 on ! subjective side1 individuals m wor?y ( ! "n1 ^: duration is gu>ante$ by ! v fact ( _! complexity8 ,sid5ote3 ,re/atem5t ( ! problem4 ,accord+ to ! reign+ doctr9es 9 physiology & exp]im5tal psy*ology1 individual consci\sness is1 z we h said1 a comp\nd ( ! consci\snesses ( all ! cells t are unit$ 9 ! physical organism4#agj ,! individual1 consi/+ ?us ( a society1 ! problem ( dea? am\nts to ! "q1 :e!r !re c exi/ an association1 at once solid en\gh to endure =ev]1 & flexible en\gh to adapt itself to ! ev]-%ift+ conditions ( univ]sal evolution4 #agj ,association or gr\p+ is ! g5]al law ( organic & inorganic exi/5ce4 ,society1 prop]ly s call$1 is only a p>ticul> case1 is only ! mo/ complex in/ance1 ( ?is univ]sal law4444 ,a consci\sness is r a ,we ?an an ,i4 ,x is capable ( union ) o!r consci\snesses & ( =m+1 9 conjunction ) !m1 a m compreh5sive & m durable consci\sness1 f :i* x receives & to :i* x communicates ?\ght1 z a /> bo? borr[s & communicates motion 9 ! sy/em to :i* x belongs4 7,esp9as1 ,des ,socits animales1 #abh4 ,see also ,m4 ,f\ille1 ,la ,sci5ce sociale contempora9e1 l4 iii47 ,sid5ote3 ,! ideal type ( association4 ,?is problem1 be x obs]v$ 9 ! fir/ place1 is precisely t :i* human societies are endeav\r+ to solve4 ,at ! l[e/ /age ( social evolution solidity & flexibility are r>ely unit$4 ,egypt1 = example1 0 solid b n v progressive4 ,a /age high] 9 ! scale ( evolution1 9 proportion z sci5ce advances & p]sonal lib]ty comes to be recogniz$1 civilization becomes bo? m solid & indef9itely flexible1 & at "s p]iod 9 ! future1 :5 sci5tific civilization %all h once ma/]$ ! globe1 x w possess a p[] t ! mo/ compact1 &1 9 appe>ance1 ! solide/ masses _c equal2 x w be firm] ?an ! v pyramids1 & w at ! same "t prove increas+ly flexible1 progressive1 capable ( adaptation to e v>iation 9 ! environm5t4 ,! syn!sis ( complexity & /ability w !n h be5 a*iev$4 ,! v "* ( ?\ght is increas+ adaptivity1 & ! m intellectual a be+ is1 ! great] its p[] ( display+ ! qualities :i* are mo/ advantage\s "u any giv5 set ( circum/ances4 ,! eye1 :i* is m intellectual ?an ! s5se ( t\*1 furni%es a p[] ( adaptation to a wid] & m div]sifi$ environm5t4 ,?\ght1 :i* is m intellectual ?an sight1 enables "o to adapt "o's self to ! univ]se itself1 to ! imm5sity ( ! />s1 z well z to ! inf9ite pett9ess ( ! atoms 9 a drop ( wat]4 ,if memory is a ma/]piece ( intellectual record-tak+1 reason+ is a ma/]piece ( flexibility1 ( mobility1 & ( progress4 ,s t1 :e!r individuals or nations are 9 "q1 ! mo/ intellectual are ^? :i* possess at once ! greate/ am\nt ( /ability & ( adaptability4 ,! problem ( society is to unite ^! two ?+s1 ! problem ( immortality is at bottom ! same2 ! individual consci\sness be+1 z we h se51 itself a society4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 x seems probable t ! m p]fect "o's p]sonal consci\sness is1 ! m absolutely x possesses bo? durability & a p[] ( indef9ite metamorphosis4 ,s t1 ev5 admitt+ :at ! ,py?agoreans insi/ ^u1 t consci\sness is a numb]1 a h>mony1 a musical *ord1 we may /ill ask :e!r c]ta9 h>monies may n become suffici5tly p]fect to endure =ev] )\t1 on t acc\nt1 ceas+ to ent] z elem5ts into ri*] & m complex h>monies4 ,a lyre might vibrate ad inf9itum )\t its sev]al /r+s los+ _! respective tonalities amid ! multitude ( _! v>iations4 ,!re ought to exi/ an evolution 9 ! organization ( consci\sness z 9 ! organization ( molecules & liv+ cells1 & ! mo/ vital & durable & flexible comb9ations %\ld possess ! advantage 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,! la/ /age 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,consci\sness is a collection ( associations ( ideas1 &1 consequ5tly1 ( habits1 gr\p$ ab\t a c5tre2 & we "k t habits possess an indef9ite duration2 contempor>y philosophy reg>ds ! prop]ties ( elem5t>y mat]ial sub/ances z habits1 z in/ances ( indissoluble association4 ,a vegetable or animal species is a habit1 a type ( gr\p+ & organic =m :i* subsi/s c5tury aft] c5tury4 ,x is n prov$ t m5tal habits may n 9 ! c\rse ( evolution a*ieve a fixity & a durability ( :i* we possess to-day no example4 ,x is n prov$ t in/ability is ! def9itive & et]nal *>act]i/ic ( ! highe/ functions ( consci\sness4 ,a philosophic hopefulness 9 reg>d to immortality is f\nd$ on ! belief t1 9 ! la/ /ages ( evolution1 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce w become a /ruggle = immortality4 ,nature w !n come to realize1 n by virtue ( simplicity1 b ( judici\s complexity1 a sort ( progressive immortality1 ! f9al product ( natural selection2 &1 if s1 religi\s symbols w h be5 simply an anticipation ( ?is f9al p]iod4 ,we %all h w+s to support u 9 our flight ?r\gh life1 ,rck]t says1 w+s to support u 9 our flight pa/ dea?2 b ! bird does n le>n to fly imm$iately nor at once2 ! h]$it>y habit ( flight mu/ h be5 acquir$ & develop$ by ! species because ( ! advantage x br+s ) x 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,survival1 !re=e1 mu/ n be conceiv$ z complet$ at a b\nd1 b z sl[ly p]fect$ by a gradual & cont9u\s l5g!n+ ( ! av]age span ( life4 ,x mu/ be %[n1 h[ev]1 t su* a survival w\ld con/itute a sup]iority1 n only = ! individual1 b = ! species4 ,sid5ote3 ,psy*ology & ! communion ( s\ls4 ,& n[ let u consid] consci\snesses 9 _! relations to ea* o!r4 ,contempor>y psy*ology t5ds to ! doctr9e t diff]5t consci\snesses1 or if y pref]1 diff]5t aggregates ( /ates ( consci\sness1 may comb9e1 & ev5 int]p5etrate1 some:at analog\sly to :at !ologians mean by communion ( s\ls4 ,& if s1 x is p]missible to ask :e!r1 if consci\snesses c int]p5etrate1 !y may n "s day come to possess a cont9uity ( exi/5ce2 may n be able to h& on _! exi/5ce to ea* o!r1 & to communicate to ea* o!r a new sort ( durability in/ead ( rema9+1 z ,leibnitz says1 m or less mom5t>y2 suppos+ always t su* durability w\ld be advantage\s to ! species4 ,sid5ote3 ,possible frequ5cy ( ! ph5om5on4 ,my/ical intuitions sometimes conta9 a c]ta9 pres5tim5t ( ! tru?4 ,/4 ,paul tells u t ! heav5s & ! e>? %all pass away1 t prophecies & languages %all pass away1 b t "o ?+ %all n pass1 & t is *>ity1 or love4 ,if ?is doctr9e is to be int]pret$ philosophically1 ! bond ( cont9ual love1 :i* is ( all bonds ! lea/ primitive & ! mo/ complex1 mu/ be conceiv$ z capable ( ultimately becom+ ! mo/ durable ( bonds1 & z t5d+ progressively to embrace a l>g] & l>g] proportion ( ! :ole numb] ( ! inhabitants ( ! cele/ial city4 ,x is by :at is be/1 :at is mo/ dis9t]e/$1 mo/ imp]sonal1 & mo/ lov+ 9 "o1 t "o a*ieves communion ) ! consci\sness ( ano!r1 & su* dis9t]e/$ness mu/ co9cide ultimately ) dis9t]e/$ness 9 o!rs1 ) o!rs' love = "o's self2 & !re w arise ?us a possible fusion ( s\ls1 a communion s int5se t z "o suff]s 9 ! bosom ( ano!r1 s1 too1 "o may come to live 9 ! he>t ( ano!r4 ,to be sure1 we h pass$ "h into ! limits ( dreaml&1 b x is to be rem>k$ t su* dreams are extra-sci5tific1 & n anti-sci5tific4 ,sid5ote3 ,vision ( ! ideal society4 ,let u conceive ourselves z exi/+ 9 ?is problematical1 ?\gh n impossible1 epo* :5 individual consci\snesses %all h a*iev$ a high] degree ( complexity & ( subjective unity1 & along ) !m a p[] ( m intimate communion ?an !y possess to-day1 )\t ! fact ( t communion altoge!r break+ d[n ! b\nds ( p]sonality4 ,!y w communicate ?us ) ea* o!r1 z ! liv+ cells 9 ! same body sympa?ize ) ea* o!r1 & contribute ea* to =m ! collective consci\sness2 !y w be all 9 all1 & all 9 e "p4 ,& inde$ "o may readily conceive means ( communication & ( sympa?y1 mu* m subtle & direct ?an ^? :i* exi/ to-day among diff]5t individuals4 ,! sci5ce ( ! n]v\s sy/em is 9 its e>lie/ /ages2 we are acqua9t$ z yet ) exaltation z a /ate ( disease only1 & ) sugge/ion at a di/ance z an incid5t m]ely ( hypnotism2 b we already beg9 to be dimly aw>e ( a :ole _w ( ph5om5a t g to %[ ! possibility ( a direct communication betwe5 diff]5t1 & ev5 "u c]ta9 circum/ances ( a sort ( reciprocal absorption ( two p]sonalities4 ,"s su* complete fusion ( two consci\snesses1 t h[ev] /ill pres]ve _! individuality1 is to-day ! dream ( love :i*1 z "o ( ! greate/ ( social =ces1 ought n to lab\r 9 va94 ,suppos+ ! p[] ( communion ) o!r consci\snesses gradually to develop1 ! dea? ( ! individual w manife/ly enc\nt] a great] & great] resi/ance on ! "p ( ! sev]al m9ds ) :i* su* an individual is 9 communication4 ,&1 9 any ev5t1 ! m9ds ) :i* an individual is 9 communication w t5d to reta9 an increas+ly vivid1 &1 s to speak1 liv+ memory ( him4 ,memory at ! pres5t day is simply an absolutely di/9ct repres5tation ( a c]ta9 be+--an image1 z x 71 vibrat+ 9 ! e!r aft] ! orig9al has disappe>$4 ,! reason is t !re does n z yet exi/ an intimate solid>ity & cont9u\s communication betwe5 "o individual & ano!r4 ,b x is possible to conceive an image :i* w\ld be sc>cely di/+ui%able f ! object repres5t$2 w\ld be ! sum ( :at su* & su* an object means to me2 w\ld be1 z x 71 ! prolongation ( ! effect ( ano!r consci\sness on my consci\sness4 ,su* an image might be reg>d$ z a po9t ( contact betwe5 ! two consci\snesses involv$4 ,j z 9 g5]ation ! two factors comb9e 9 a c]ta9 ?ird1 :i* repres5ts !m bo?1 s su* an animat$ & belov$ image1 in/ead ( be+ passive1 w\ld con/itute a compon5t "p ( ! collective en]gy & purpose ( "o's be+2 w\ld c\nt = "o 9 ! complex :ole t "o calls a m9d or a consci\sness4 ,sid5ote3 ,p]sonal immortality4 ,accord+ to ?is hypo!sis1 ! problem w\ld be1 to be at once lov+ en\gh & belov$ en\gh to live & survive 9 ! m9ds ( o!rs4 ,! individual1 9 s f> z 8 ext]nal accid5ts are conc]n$1 w\ld disappe>2 b :at is be/ 9 him w\ld survive 9 ! s\ls ( ^? he loves :o love him4 ,a ray ( sunlight may = a "t record ^u a bit ( dead pap] ! l9es ( a face t no long] exi/s among ! liv+2 nay1 human art may g f>!r1 & imp>t to canvas or to /one ! m9ute/ resemblances to human life2 b art has n yet succe$$ 9 imp>t+ a s\l to ,galatea4 ,love mu/ be add$ to art to a*ieve t miracle--m5 mu/ love ea* o!r s completely t !y become id5tifi$ 9 ! univ]sal consci\sness4 ,:5 t consummation has be5 rea*$1 ea* ( u w live completely1 & )\t loss1 9 ! love ( our fell[s4 ,! p[] ( love is n limit$1 l t ( light1 to giv+ p]man5ce to ! outw>d appe>ances ( life2 x is capable ( l5d+ /ability to life itself4 ,sid5ote3 ,elim9ation ( dea?4 ,sep>ation on su* an hypo!sis w\ld be z impossible z 9 ! case ( ^? atomic vortices ( :i* we spoke above1 :i* consi/$ ea* 9 a s+le individual1 9 ! s5se t no =ce c\ld break !m up into _! elem5ts2 _! unity lay n 9 _! simplicity1 b 9 _! insep>ability4 ,j s 9 ! sph]e ( consci\sness1 a manifold ( consci\s /ates may conceivably =m a lum9\s r+ t c nei!r be brok5 nor ext+ui%$4 ,! atom1 x has be5 said1 is inviolable1 & consci\sness may come to be inviolable de facto4 ,sid5ote3 ,triumph ( love4 ,nay1 "o's second>y & reflect$ life 9 ! m9ds ( o!r p might ev5 come to be m important ?an ! orig9al ( :i* x is a copy1 insomu* t a gradual process ( sub/itution might take place1 a sub/itution ( :i* dea? w\ld simply m>k ! def9itive & tranquil accompli%m5t4 ,we might feel ourselves1 ev5 9 ?is life1 ent]+ into possession ( an immortality 9 ! he>ts ( ^? :o love u4 ,su* an immortality w\ld be a species ( new creation4 ,morality1 & religion ev51 are 9 our judgm5t simply ! outcome ( moral productivity2 su* an immortality w\ld be simply an ultimate manife/ation ( ! same ?+4 ,& if x 7 once a*iev$1 ! opposition t ! man ( sci5ce to-day p]ceives betwe5 ! cont9uation ( ! species & ! immortality ( ! individual w\ld h disappe>$ 9 a f9al syn!sis4 ,dea? closes "o's eyes1 b love /&s by to op5 !m aga94 ,sid5ote3 ,complete survival ( ! individual4 ,! po9t ( contact might ?us be f\nd betwe5 life & immortality4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( evolution1 dea? 0 ! end ( ! individual & ! light ( consci\sness end$ 9 obscurity4 ,by virtue ( moral & social progress1 "o's fri5ds t5d to rememb] "o aft] dea? ) increas+ int5sity & = long] & long] p]iods2 ! image t survives ! orig9al fades only by degrees1 & m & m sl[ly1 z ! c\rse ( evolution advances4 ,& x may be t1 at "s "t 9 ! future1 ! memory ( belov$ be+s w s m+le ) ! life & ! blood ( ea* new g5]ation1 & w be s pass$ on f "o to ! o!r1 t x w become a p]man5t elem5t 9 ! curr5t ( consci\s exi/5ce4 ,su* a p]si/5t memory ( ! individual w\ld be a ga9 9 p[] = ! species1 = !y :o rememb] love m de>ly ?an !y :o =get1 & to love de>ly is advantage\s to ! species4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 unp]missible to conceive a gradual increase 9 ! faculty ( memory by natural selection4 ,! day may come :5 ! individual w survive 9 z detail$ & complete a fac-simile ( :at he 0 9 8 lifetime z c well be imag9$1 & dea? may become less significant ?an a p]iod ( abs5ce2 love w end[ ! belov$ object ) ! my/]y ( et]nal pres5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,exemplifi$ to-day 9 isolat$ cases4 ,ev5 at ! pres5t day individuals "h & !re are sometimes s deeply lov$ t x is d\btful :e!r or no :at is be/ 9 !m does n survive _! dea?1 & _! m9ds1 unhappily subject to ! weaknesses ( humanity & unable z yet to break ?r\gh ! limitations ( ! physical organism1 d n really succe$1 by virtue ( ! love t surr\nds !m1 9 a*iev+ an almo/ complete immortality ev5 be=e _! dea?4 ,x is 9 ! he>ts ( ^? :o love !m t !y really live1 & 9 all ! _w ! corn] t x really conc]ns !m to be able to call _! own lies 9 ! affections ( two or ?ree p4 ,sid5ote3 ,de/9$ to become common4 ,?is ph5om5on ( m5tal pal+5esis1 :i* is at pres5t isolat$1 may gradually come to be ext5d$ to ! :ole ( ! human species4 ,immortality may be an ultimate possession acquir$ by ! species1 z a :ole1 = ! b5efit ( all ( its memb]s4 ,e individual consci\sness may come to survive z a con/itu5t "p 9 a m compreh5sive consci\sness4 ,frat]nity may1 at "s "t 9 ! future1 be univ]sal1 r5d] s\l transp>5t to s\l1 & ! ideal ( morals & ( religion be realiz$4 ,e s\l w be reflect$ & mirror$ 9 e o!r2 al?\gh x w n suffice = t purpose simply to look into ea* o!r's eyes unless "o's he>t positively %9es ?r\gh !m4 ,"o mu/ project "o's own image into ! mirror ( ! sea1 if "o is to f9d x !re4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,possibility ( a /ill m lit]al immortality4 ,x mu/1 ( c\rse1 be admitt$ t1 if su* speculations d n positively /ret* away beyond ! limits ( possibility1 !y c]ta9ly d /ret* away beyond ! limits ( actual sci5ce & exp]i5ce1 b precisely :at r5d]s all su* hypo!ses unc]ta9 r5d]s !m also =ev] possible3 namely1 our irrem$iable ignorance ( ! basis ( consci\sness4 ,:atev] discov]y sci5ce may make 9 reg>d to consci\sness & its conditions1 x w nev] asc]ta9 its ess5ce1 nor1 consequ5tly1 ! limits ( its possible subsi/5ce4 ,psy*ologically & metaphysically consid]$1 :at are consci\s action & volition8 ,nay1 :at is unconsci\s activity1 :at is =ce1 :at is effici5t causality8 ,we d n "k1 we are oblig$ to def9e subjective activity & p[] 9 t]ms ( objective motion1 t is to say1 9 t]ms ( _! effect1 & x w always be p]missible = a philosoph] to d5y t motion1 z a simple *ange ( relations 9 space1 con/itutes ! :ole ( an action1 & t !re are no uncaus$ movem5ts1 no relations betwe5 non-exi/5t t]ms4 ,&1 if s1 h[ are we to "k precisely to :at ext5t activity is ess5tially endur+ z ! emanation ( a subjective p[] ( :i* motion is1 z x 71 ! visible sign1 & ( :i* consci\sness is ! imm$iate & intimate 8appreh5sion40 ,nei!r ^w nor act expresses all ( u1 some?+ always rema9s unsaid1 & w1 p]haps1 rema9 unsaid to ! end ( our lives--& beyond4 ,x is possible t ! f\ndation ( p]sonal consci\sness is a p[] z incapable ( be+ exhau/$ by any am\nt ( activity z ( be+ conf9$ to any v>iety ( =ms4 ,sid5ote3 ,c nev] be disprov$4 ,9 any ev5t ! matt] is1 & always w be1 a my/]y1 :i* arises f ! fact t consci\sness is sui g5]is1 is absolutely inexplicable1 & at bottom =ev] inaccessible to sci5tific =mul & a fit subject1 !re=e1 ( metaphysical hypo!ses4 ,j z be+ is ! supreme g5us1 g5us g5]alissimum1 9 ! objective _w1 s consci\sness is ! supreme g5us 9 ! subjective _w2 s t no reply c ev] be giv5 to ^! two que/ions3 ,:at is be+1 & :at is consci\sness8 ,nor1 !re=e1 to ?is ?ird "q1 :i* dep5ds ^u ! two prec$+3 ,w consci\sness cont9ue to exi/8 ,on an old dial1 9 a t[n 9 ! s\? ( ,france1 may be read ! leg5d3 ,sol non occidat6 ,may ! light n fail6 ,su* is1 inde$1 ! prop] epilogue to fiat lux4 ,( all ?+s 9 ?is _w light is ! "o ^u :i* we are mo/ dep5d5t2 x1 ( all ?+s1 %\ld h be5 creat$ once = all1 2 %\ld p\r d[n f ! heav5s ?r\gh all et]nity4 ,& ! light ( ! m9d1 :i* is m p[]ful ?an ! light ( ! sun1 may ultimately succe$ 9 elud+ ! law ( de/ruction :i* ev]y:]e 9 ! book ( nature imm$iately foll[s ! law ( creation1 & !n only w ! comm&1 fiat lux1 h be5 accompli%$4 ,lux non occidat 9 t]num6 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,/oicism ! la/ resort4 ,,iv4 ,b1 x w be ask$1 :at consolation & enc\ragem5t is !re 9 all ?is = ^? :o d n feel ! *>m ( ^! remote hypo!ses conc]n+ ! out] limits ( exi/5ce1 = ^? :o see dea? 9 all its brutality1 & lean1 z y y\rself probably d1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! !ory ( evolution1 some:at t[>d purely negative conclusions8 ,:at c be said to !m :5 !y /&1 z !y believe !y d1 on ! br9k ( annihilation8 ,no?+ bett] c\ld be said ?an ! simple & some:at unfeel+ words ( ! anci5t ,/oics1 :o1 be x rem>k$ also1 7 !mselves disbeliev]s 9 ! immortality ( ! individual3 8,be n a c[>d60 ,deeply 9 ! wrong z ,/oicism 0 9 ! pres5ce ( dea?1 9 its ins5sibility to ! pa9 ( love :i* 0 ! condition ( its p[] & ( its progress among mank9d1 :5 x int]dict$ atta*m5t & comm&$ impassibility1 x 0 "r :5 x recomm5d$ ins5sibility to "o's own dea?4 ,a man ne$s no o!r consolation ?an to feel t he has liv$ a complete life1 t he has done 8 "w1 & t mank9d is n ! worse1 nay1 is p]haps ! bett] = 8 hav+ exi/$2 & t :atev] he has lov$ w survive1 t ! be/ ( 8 dreams w some:]e be realiz$1 t ! imp]sonal elem5t 9 8 consci\sness1 ! portion ( ! immortal patrimony ( ! human race1 :i* has be5 intru/$ to him & con/itutes :at is be/ 9 him1 w endure & increase1 & be pass$ on1 )\t loss1 to succe$+ g5]ations2 t 8 own dea? is ( no m importance1 no m breaks ! et]nal cont9uity ( ?+s1 ?an ! %iv]+ ( a bit ( a h&-glass does4 ,to ga9 a complete consci\sness ( ! cont9uity ( life is to e/imate dea? at its prop] value1 :i* is p]haps t ( ! disappe>ance ( a k9d ( liv+ illusion4 ,once m1 9 ! "n ( reason1 :i* is capable ( und]/&+ dea?1 & ( accept+ x z x accepts :atsoev] else is intelligible--be n a c[>d6 ,sid5ote3 ,dignity ( resignation4 ,m ?an t1 despair is grotesque because x is useless2 cries & groans1 at lea/ su* z are n purely reflex1 orig9ally s]v$ _! purpose 9 ! life ( ! species ( ar\s+ att5tion or pity1 or ( summon+ aid2 x is to ! fact t x 0 once useful t ! exi/5ce & propagation ( ! language ( pa9 are due2 b z !re is no help aga9/ ! inexorable1 & no pity to be ask$ = 9 a matt] t is 9 h>mony ) ! int]e/s ( ! totality ( ?+s & con=mable to ! dictates ( our own ?\ght1 resignation alone is ! prop] attitude ( m9d1 or r a c]ta9 inn] ass5t1 or /ill bett]1 a smile ( deta*m5t & intellig5ce & compreh5sion1 & int]e/ ev5 9 our own ext9ction4 ,:at is beautiful 9 ! natural ord] ( ?+s _c def9itively excite despair4 ,sid5ote3 ,( consid]+ "o's own case imp]sonally4 ,if anyone :o has exp]i5c$ ! pangs ( dea? %\ld make light ( ! sort ( consolation "h ref]r$ to1 we reply t we are n ourselves speak+ 9 absolute ignorance ( ! visage ( ! supreme mom5t4 ,we h ourselves _h occasion m ?an once to look dea? 9 ! face1 less (t5 no d\bt ?an a soldi] 9 active s]vice2 b we h _h m "t to consid] x at our ease1 & we h nev] f\nd reason to desire t x %\ld be veil$ by an irrational belief4 ,x is bett] to see & to "k ! tru?2 x is bett] n to tread ! br9k ( ! precipice ) b&ag$ eyes4 ,to disguise dea? is to pay x too great a complim5t4 ,we h _h m ?an "o example ( x "u our eyes4 ,we h se5 our gr&fa!r1 :o1 by ! way1 0 himself n a believ]1 /rick5 d[n by successive attacks ( apoplexy1 & he said to u1 smil+ 9 ! int]vals ( 8 pa91 t he felt b "o regret1 & t 0 t s _m sup]/itions %\ld be 9 exi/5ce1 & t ,ca?olicism 9 p>ticul> 7x 0 at t "t :5 ,france 0 aid+ ! ,papacy7 %\ld /ill be 9 p[]4 ,note also t ! progress ( sci5ce--9 especial1 ( physiological & m$ical sci5ces--t5ds to increase ! numb] ( in/ances 9 :i* dea? is =ese5 & is wait$ = almo/ ) s]5ity4 ,! lea/ /oical ( mank9d sometimes feel ! incl9ation t[>d an act ( h]oism1 :i*1 ?\gh 9 a measure =c$ ^u !m1 is nev]!less n )\t its dignity4 ,9 ! c\rse ( c]ta9 cases ( protract$ disease1 su* z consumption or canc]1 ! pati5t1 if he possesses ! necess>y sci5tific qualifications1 c calculate ! probabilities ( 8 life & det]m9e )9 a few days at :at "t he w die4 ,b]got1 :om ,i knew1 0 su* a pati5t2 ,tr\sseau 0 ano!r1 & !re h be5 _m m4 ,kn[+ "o's self to be condemn$1 feel+ "o's self to c\nt = b "o 9 ! inf9ity ( ! univ]se1 "o c consid] "o's self & "o's progress t[>d ! unkn[n 9 a s5se imp]sonally4 ,sid5ote3 ,sudd5 dea? a bless+4 ,if su* a dea? is n )\t its bitt]ness1 x is nev]!less ! "o :i*1 ( all o!rs p]haps1 is likely to prove attractive to a philosoph]1 to a m9d ) a passion = cle>ness1 = =esight1 = compreh5sion4 ,= ! re/1 9 ! majority ( cases1 dea? takes its victims 9 ! height ( _! vig\r1 9 ! mid/ ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce2 x is a matt] ( a few h\rs1 l bir?2 its v sudd5ness r5d]s x less r$\btable to ! majority ( mank9d1 :o f9d x comp>atively easy to be brave 9 ! pres5ce ( a dang] t is brief1 & !y hold out aga9/ ! supreme enemy ) ! same ob/9ate c\rage t !y w\ld display aga9/ any o!r4 ,on ! contr>y1 :5 dea? approa*es sl[ly1 & deprives u ( our /r5g? by degrees1 & ea* day leaves u 9 possession ( some?+ less ?an ! day be=e1 ano!r s\rce ( consolation is op5 to u4 ,sid5ote3 ,decl9e 9 int]e/ 9 life ) decl9e 9 vitality4 ,x is a law ( nature t dim9ution ( vitality br+s ) x a proportionate dim9ution ( desire2 a man c>es less ke5ly = :at he feels himself less capable ( atta9+4 ,illness & old age always make u set less value ^u ! joys ( :i* !y deprive u :i* !y fir/ r5d] bitt] & !n impossible2 & ! la/ joy ( all1 t ( b>e exi/5ce1 is z subject to ! law z its pr$ecessors4 ,consci\sness ( "o's inability to live br+s ) x inability to desire to live2 x becomes a burd5 to draw "o's brea?4 ,"o feels "o's self disp]s+1 fall+ into du/1 & no long] possess+ ! /r5g? to *eck ! process ( decay4 ,moreov]1 egoism decl9es ) decl9+ /r5g?2 z we approa* ! grave we ga9 a p[] ( e/imat+ ourselves m ne>ly at our j value1 ( und]/&+ t a fad$ fl[] has no "r to live2 t1 z ,m>cus ,aurelius said1 8a ripe olive ought to fall f ! tree40 ,"o s5tim5t alone survives1 a s5se ( we>9ess1 ( extreme we>9ess4 ,we long = re/1 long to relax ! t5sion ( life1 to lie at ease1 to h done ) x once = all4 ,oh6 to be no long] on "o's feet4 ,! dy+ well "k ! supreme joy ( look+ =w>d to _! la/ re/+ place6 ,!y no long] envy ! int]m9able file ( ! liv+ :om !y p]ceive1 z x 7 9 a dream1 va9ly m>*+ & c\nt]m>*+ ^u ! surface ( ! e>? :]e !y sleep4 ,!y are resign$ to ! solitude & ab&onm5t ( dea?4 ,!y are l travell]s 9 ! des]t--worn ) fev]1 & fatigue1 & unwill+ to make ano!r /ep 9 advance2 !y are no long] borne up by ! hope ( revisit+ famili> skies2 !y are unable to surm\nt ! rema9+ difficulties ( ! way & reque/ _! companions to leave !m1 to m>* on )\t !m1 &1 /ret*$ ^u ! s&1 wat* )\t a te>1 )\t a desire1 ! dep>t+ c>avan creep+ away t[>d ! horizon4 ,sid5ote3 ,p]si/5ce ( curiosity4 ,naturally1 "s ( u w always %r9k be=e dea?1 & wr+ our h&s1 & lose our self-possession4 ,"s temp]am5ts are subject to v]tigo1 to a horror ( abysses1 & 9 especial to a horror ( ! great abyss t[>d :i* all pa?s conv]ge4 ,montaigne c\nsels su* p to ?r[ !mselves bl9dly ov] ! v]ge2 o!rs c\nsel !m to fix _! eyes till ! end on "s small m\nta9 fl[] 9 ! crevice ( ! rock4 ,! manlie/ ( mank9d w give _! att5tion to ! dep?s ( space & to ! heav5s1 w fill _! he>ts ) ! imm5sity ( ! univ]se1 w magnify _! s\ls to ! limits ( ! abyss1 w subdue ! rebelli\s individuality 9 !mselves be=e x is =cibly subdu$ = !m1 & w sc>cely be aw>e ( ! precipice till !y h fairly pass$ beyond its br9k4 ,& = ! philosoph]1 :o is ess5tially a wor%ipp] ( ! unkn[n1 dea? possesses ! attraction ( novelty2 bir? only except$1 x is ! mo/ my/]i\s incid5t 9 life4 ,dea? has its secret1 its enigma1 & we are haunt$ by a vague hope t1 z ! f9al t\* ( irony1 x may be reveal$ to u at ! la/ mom5t2 t ! dy+1 accord+ to ! anci5t belief1 div9e x & close _! eyes only to %ield !m f an intol]able brightness4 ,man's la/ agony & 8 la/ pulse ( curiosity are "o4 ,,index4 ,a ,absolut5ess ( primitive fai?1 #aci ,adl]1 ,felix1 #cfg ,all-embrac+ unity1 mod]nity ( concept (1 #ci ,alviella1 ,m4 ,goblet d'1 #bed1 #bgg1 #ceb ,amiel1 #cgh1 #dff ,analysis1 effect (1 on emotions1 #dfa2 de/roys irrational joys only1 #dff ,ance/or wor%ip1 #dg ,animal's pray]1 #gd2 religion 9 l[]1 #gf ,animate & inanimate1 obvi\sness ( di/9ction betwe51 #di ,animism1 priority (1 #eb2 duali/ic1 #hb ,anomy1 religi\s1 #cgd ,antagonism betwe5 weal? & population1 #cae ,arnold1 ,mat!w1 #bc1 #ib1 #adc1 #aef1 #agd1 #ahi1 #bdg1 #bei ,art1 & religion1 #dad2 necess>y re=ms 91 #dah ,asceticism1 #baa1 #dgc ,asia1 dang] f1 #cba ,association1 ideal type (1 #cib ,augu/9e1 ,sa9t1 #adg ,aurelius1 ,m>cus1 #cfj ,b ,baudelaire's crim9al1 #djf ,baudrill>t1 #cbd1 #ccb ,b5efic5t error1 #ad ,b5?am1 #djc ,b]tillon1 ,m41 #cbd1 #ccg ,bo/1 ,pa/or1 #ahd ,buddhism1 #cfb ,byron1 #djg ,c ,c>o1 ,m41 #chg ,ca?olicism1 #bjc1 #bdd1 #bdg ,cause1 conception ( ,god z fir/1 #hh ,celibacy1 #cjf2 tax on1 #ccf ,*>ity1 intol]ance a p]v]t$1 #adg1 #djj ,*ri/ianity1 #cei1 #cfb2 ma9 /r5g? (1 #ahj2 ! error (1 #aif2 & communism1 #bdj ,civilization1 m5ace to mod]n1 #cah ,cl]gy1 impropriety ( suppress+ !1 #bgd ,col5so1 ,bi%op1 #ceg ,commune1 ,!1 #bdd ,communism & ,*ri/ianity1 #bdj ,comp5sation1 notion (1 #ge ,comte1 ,a41 #aji ,confessional1 !1 #bdh ,cons]vatism1 fem99e1 #g ,con/ant1 ,b5jam91 #adf ,conway1 ,moncure1 #afg ,cosmism1 #cfe ,creation hypo!sis1 #ajb1 #dcc ,cr$ulity1 fem99e1 #bi ,crimes ( ,fr5* ,revolution & ,commune n due to non-religion1 #bdd ,crim9al1 ,baudelaire's1 #djf ,crim9ology & religion1 #bda ,d ,d>w91 #bie ,dead1 cult = !1 #daj ,defect ( ,fr5* m9d1 #bj ,def9ition1 by ,s*lei]ma*] & ,feu]ba*1 ( religion1 #c ,delirium1 #hb ,dep5d5ce ( religion ^u morality1 #aib ,det]m9ism1 concept (1 #gb2 reconciliation betwe5 indet]m9ism &1 #dhd ,did]ot1 #bbb ,dissolution1 possibility ( arre/+1 #dig ,div9e & human love1 conflict betwe51 #bja ,div9e ,provid5ce1 notion ( a1 #he2 futility ( doctr9e (1 #ddj ,div9ization1 #fi ,doctr9e ( ,div9e ,provid5ce1 futility (1 #ddj ,dogma1 unfitness z mat]ial = education ( religions1 #bgb ,dogmatism & intellig5ce1 #aej ,d\bt1 ,morality (1 #chb ,dreams1 #fg1 #hb ,duali/ic animism1 #hb ,duty ( civiliz$ races to multiply1 #cai ,e ,ec/asy1 religi\s1 #bbb ,education1 unfitness ( religi\s dogma z mat]ial =1 #bgb2 by ! prie/hood1 #bgc1 #bhb2 moral1 #bhj2 husb& responsible = wife's1 #caj ,egoism & my/icism1 conflict betwe51 #bjd ,eighte5? c5tury view ( miracles1 #ia ,esp9as1 #ebf ,ess5ce ( religion1 #a1 #aj ,e?ical ,culture ,society1 #cfg ,evil ( belief 9 a ,div9e ,provid5ce1 #ig ,evil1 problem (1 #dcc ,exp]im5t 9 miracles1 #aeh ,f ,fa9t+1 #hb ,fai?1 absolut5ess ( primitive1 #aci2 complete intellectual re/1 incid5t to1 #adb2 willfully bl9d1 #adc2 trans=mation ( inevitable1 #bcd ,fall ( man1 doctr9e ( !1 #dci ,family1 religion ( !1 #cbb ,fanaticism1 possible sci5tific1 #cie ,fa!r's duty 9 reg>d to religi\s in/ruction1 #bhf ,fem99e cr$ulity1 #big2 cons]vatism1 #big2 timidity1 #bih ,fr1 ,m4 ,*41 #dfb ,feti*ism1 #dd1 #dh1 #fe ,feti*i/ic monism1 primitive metaphysics a1 #ha ,feu]ba*'s def9ition ( religion1 #c ,fir/ cause1 concept ( ,god z1 #hh ,fiske1 ,mr4 ,john1 #deb1 #dee1 #eab ,=ce1 use ( ju/ifiable1 #adf ,f\ille1 ,m4 ,alfr$1 #g1 #cg1 #dce1 #dhd1 #dhe1 #dic1 #ebf ,france1 proposal to ,prote/antize1 #bdi2 gradual improvem5t (1 #cbb ,fr5*1 m9d1 its defect1 #bj2 ,revolution1 #bej2 gaiety1 #bfh ,g ,gaiety1 ,fr5*1 #bfh ,gho/s1 #hc ,gift1 notion (1 #ge ,god1 conceiv$ z fir/ cause1 #hh1 #dca2 z ord]$1 #ajd2 z creator1 #dcb2 responsible = evil1 #dcc2 ,8 omnipot5ce1 #ddb2 hypo!sis (1 a non-omnipot5t1 #ddc2 disan?ropomorphization ( concept (1 #deb2 possible evolution ( by natural selection1 #dif ,god1 love (1 #aca2 belief 91 falls ) belief 9 devil1 #afe2 love (1 on ! wane1 #bje ,goe!1 #cgg1 #djj ,grace1 doctr9e (1 #bjj ,h ,h>tmann1 ,von1 #ci1 #ajh1 #aji1 #dfd ,ha%ee%1 use (1 def5d$1 #bbc ,havet1 ,m41 #cee ,hell5ism1 #bfa ,h5neguy1 ,felix1 #bij ,h5o!ism1 #bg1 #ci1 #ajh ,h9du tol]ance1 #cb ,hi/ory & religion1 #aeh ,human & div9e love1 conflict betwe51 #bfa ,humanity1 religion (1 #cfe ,humanization1 #fh ,husb& responsible = wife's education1 #caj ,huxley1 #dhj ,hy/]ia1 #hc ,i ,ideal type ( association1 #cib ,idealism1 #dgi ,incuriosity ( primitive man1 #ea ,indet]m9ism1 reconciliation betwe5 det]m9ism &1 #dhd ,individualism1 religi\s1 #ab ,inf9ite1 concept ( !1 #cd ,inh]itance1 inju/ice ( pres5t law (1 #cch ,initiative1 s5tim5t ( p]sonal1 #ih ,in/9ct1 religi\s1 #dj1 #bbi2 ( self-pres]vation & sociality1 #dd ,in/ruction1 fa!r's duty 9 reg>d to1 #bhf ,insurance & religion1 #afa ,intol]ance1 incid5t to fai?1 #add2 a p]v]t$ *>ity1 #adg ,invisible1 suff]+ f !1 a mod]n malady1 #ce ,imman5ce ( consci\s life 9 nature1 #ff ,immortality1 importance ( concept (1 #aai ,j ,javal1 ,m41 #ccg1 #cda ,j]ome1 ,sa9t1 #cee ,jesus1 #acd1 #ahg1 #cef ,junqua1 ,dr41 #ahc ,k ,kant1 #aie1 #chj1 #dcc1 #ddg ,l ,lange1 #dae1 #dij ,laveleye1 ,m4 de1 #bdi1 #beb1 #bhd ,l5ormant1 ,m41 #bhe ,leop>di1 #dfh ,le?>gy1 #hb ,lib]al ,prote/antism1 #ahb ,littr1 #bgg1 #bhh ,liv+/one1 #cjb ,love1 conflict betwe5 div9e & human1 #bja2 a c]ebral /imulant1 #cjg2 makes = sanity1 #cjh2 ( mank9d1 future (1 #cii ,love ( ,god1 #aca2 on ! wane1 #bje ,l[] animals1 religion 91 #gf ,lu!r1 #aic ,m ,ma9la5d]1 ,phillipp1 #deh ,mal?usianism1 #cag2 fallacy (1 #cag2 9 ,france1 #cbe ,m>vell\s1 primitive man's fai? 9 !1 #acg ,mat]ialism1 #dhh ,mat]nity1 girls %\ld be tra9$ =1 #ccc ,m$ical k1 progress (1 & religion1 #afb ,mn>d1 ,m4 ,l\is1 #bdi1 #bhi ,metaphysics1 primitive1 a feti*i/ic monism1 #ha2 scope (1 #chc2 in/ability (1 #chi2 pres5t direction (1 #dbd ,mi*elet1 #bdi1 #cbj ,mill1 ,john ,/u>t1 #agc1 #ddb1 #dfa ,m9d /uff1 #dij ,misoneism1 #abe ,miracles1 conception (1 #hg2 n frauds1 #ij2 eighte5? c5tury view (1 #ia2 b illusions1 #ib2 exp]im5t 91 #abh2 9 mod]n times1 #cec ,mode/y1 nature or1 #cja ,mohamm$anism1 #beg1 #cfa ,mol9>i1 ,m4 de1 #dji ,monism1 #dic ,montesquieu1 #cbi ,moral s5tim5t def9$1 #g ,moralism1 #dbf ,morality & religion1 #aad1 #bda1 #cfb2 dep5d5ce ( religion ^u1 #aib2 ess5ce (1 #aig2 ap>t f religion n h>d to tea*1 #djb ,mormonism1 #ceh ,mll]1 ,max1 #bd1 #di1 #bcc ,my/]y1 fe> ( ?und] due to s5se (1 #fb ,my/icism a p]v]sion1 #acb2 conflicts ) egoism1 #bjd2 & asceticism1 #baa2 & wom51 #bii ,n ,natural ph5om5a non-exi/5t = primitive man1 #fd ,natural selection1 evolution ( gods by1 #dif ,nature a society1 #ee2 seem+ m5ace ( consci\s life 91 #ff2 love (1 #dba2 inexhau/ible res\rces (1 #ejj ,neo-,*ri/ianity1 #ahd ,neutrality1 propriety 9 religi\s affairs ( /ate1 #bgg ,newman1 ,c>d9al1 #bdg ,newman1 ,mr4 ,francis1 #cea ,nirvna1 #dgc ,nonotte1 ,abb1 #cbg ,non-religion def9$1 #h2 ! goal ( religion1 #afg2 n responsible = ! crimes ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution & ! ,commune1 #bdd ,novelty1 p]si/5t 9 ! _w1 #dgj ,o ,omnipot5ce1 ,god's1 #ddb ,p ,pan!ism1 #deb ,pan!lism1 #ee ,p>aphysics1 religion prim>ily a1 #gi ,p>5ts1 n protect$ aga9/ +ratitude1 #ccd2 %\ld be tax$ inv]sely to numb] ( *ildr51 #ccg ,p>v1 ,m4 ,/eyn1 #bhc ,pascal1 #bjb1 #ddj ,pattison1 ,m>k1 #cfe ,paul1 ,sa9t1 #cef ,paul1 ,v9c5t de1 #cii ,p]sonal initiative1 s5tim5t (1 #ih ,pessimism1 #deg2 an optical illusion1 #dfh ,pillon1 ,m41 #bdi ,polydemonism1 #he ,population1 antagonism betwe5 weal? &1 #cae2 importance (1 #caf2 inability ( prie/ to cope ) "q (1 #cbg2 decrease (1 enc\rag$ by ! *ur*1 #cbh ,positivism1 #bd1 #aji1 #cfe ,possession1 #hc ,pray]1 ! animal's1 #gd2 k9ds (1 di/+ui%$1 #bag2 durable elem5t 91 #bag2 highe/ =m (1 #bbe ,prie/ & prophet1 antagonism betwe51 #abh ,prie/hood1 orig9 (1 #abf2 education by !1 #bgc1 #bhb ,prim>y in/ruction & religion1 #aei ,primitive man1 incuri\s1 #ea2 unaw>e ( natural ph5om5a z su*1 #fd2 & novelty1 #abe2 & ! m>vel\s1 #acg ,primitive metaphysics1 a feti*i/ic monism1 #ha ,problem ( evil1 #dcc ,prophet & prie/1 antagonism betwe51 #abh ,prote/antism1 #aeb1 #afg1 #beb2 lib]al1 #ahb ,provid5ce1 notion ( a ,div9e1 #he2 evil ( belief 91 #ig2 futility ( doctr9e (1 #ddj ,r ,realism1 #dhb ,reconciliation betwe5 det]m9ism & indet]m9ism1 #dhd ,relics1 belief 91 #hf ,religion1 ess5ce (1 #a1 #aj2 & sci5ce1 diff]5ce betwe51 #c2 ,feu]ba*'s def9ition (1 #c2 ,s*lei]ma*]'s def9ition (1 #c1 #dhg2 ( natural orig91 #bb2 & sup]/ition1 #gh2 prim>ily a p>aphysics1 #gi2 morally retrograde1 #aad2 & physiology1 psy*ology1 & hi/ory1 #aeh2 & prim>y in/ruction1 #aei2 & developm5t ( comm]ce1 #afj2 & insurance1 #afa2 & progress ( m$ical k1 #afb2 t5ds t[>d non-religion1 #afg2 dep5d5t ^u morality1 #aib2 & crime1 #bda2 n ess5tial to morality1 #bda2 des]t$ by g5ius1 #cee2 ( humanity1 #cfe2 & art1 #dad ,religi\s individualism1 #ab2 in/9ct1 #dj1 #bbi2 ec/asy1 #bbb2 in/ruction1 fa!r's duty 9 reg>d to1 #bhf ,r5an1 #ag1 #bc1 #dj1 #aai1 #abf1 #aeh1 #agb1 #bbg1 #bcb1 #bcf1 #cjf1 #cba1 #cgc ,r5\vi]1 #bdi ,revelation1 ess5ce ( fai? 91 #adj ,rville1 ,m41 #di1 #aad1 #abh1 #dag ,revolution1 ,fr5*1 #bdd1 #bej ,ri*et1 ,m41 #ccg ,romanes1 ,george1 #fb ,s ,sanction1 sup]fluity ( religi\s1 #dje ,scepticism1 feebl5ess (1 #cgf ,s*ell+1 #ebd ,s*lei]ma*]'s def9ition ( religion1 #c1 #dhg ,s*oolma/]1 importance ( !1 #bgg ,s*ultz1 ,pr(essor ,h]mann1 #ahd ,sci5ce & religion1 diff]5ce betwe51 #c ,secrtan1 ,m41 #dcg ,secul>ism1 #cfe ,self-pres]vation1 & sociality1 in/9cts (1 #dd ,s5tim5t1 def9ition ( moral1 #g ,s]mon1 trans=mation ( !1 #daf ,%ad[s1 #hb ,s91 morbid preoccupation )1 #bac ,socialism1 #cfi ,sociality1 & self-pres]vation1 in/9cts (1 #dd ,society = ,e?ical ,culture1 #cfg ,sociomorphism1 religion a1 #b ,somnambulism1 #hc ,special ,provid5ce1 #ddj2 mank9d to be its own1 #dej ,sp5c]1 ,h]b]t1 #dd1 #chd1 #dbg1 #dea1 #dij ,sp9ozism1 #ded ,_s1 g5esis ( concept (1 #hb ,/oicism1 #ebj ,/rauss1 #bc1 #dag1 #dca ,suff]+ f ! invisible1 a mod]n malady1 #ce ,suicide1 z a res\rce1 #dgb ,sup]/ition & religion1 #gh ,symbolism1 #i ,t ,ta9e1 #bbg1 #dgi1 #dij1 #dic ,tax on celibacy1 #cjf ,!ism1 #dbi ,!resa1 ,sa9t1 #acd ,?und]1 s5se ( my/]y responsible = fe> (1 #fc ,timidity1 fem99e1 #bih ,tol]ance1 #adi2 ,h9du1 #cb ,totality1 concept (1 #ci ,trans=mation ( ! s]mon1 #daf ,tr5t1 ,c\ncil (1 #ada ,u ,unity1 mod]nity ( concept ( an all-embrac+1 #ci ,univ]sal ,provid5ce1 #dda ,v ,v]nes1 ,m4 ,maurice1 #bha1 #bhc ,v]ri]1 ,dr41 #cdd ,w ,weal?1 antagonism betwe5 population &1 #cae ,wife1 husb& responsible = education (1 #caj ,wom5 & my/icism1 #bii2 importance ( e>ly education (1 #cji ,wor%ip ( ance/ors1 #dg2 public1 #abf2 subjective1 #acj ,z ,zolatry1 #dg ,,! ,,end4 ,transcrib]'s note ,words 9 italics h be5 surr\nd$ ) und]scores & small capitals h be5 replac$ ) all capitals4 ,! footnotes h be5 r5umb]$ & plac$ directly aft] ! p>agraph !y belong to4 ,m9or errors 9 spac+1 capitalization etc4 h be5 correct$ )\t note4 ,miss+ acc5ts 9 ! sid5otes h be5 add$ to be consi/5t ) ! ma9 text4 ,also ! foll[+ *anges h be5 made1 on page #e 8z0 add$ 7j z he might (f5d a fell[-man7 #ah 8adv]v]s>ies0 *ang$ to 8adv]s>ies0 7! mi/ake ( despis+ _! adv]s>ies7 #de 8puisant0 *ang$ to 8puissant0 7:at is puissant & p[]ful7 #dh footnote an*or add$ 7! ph5om5a ( ! ext]nal _w4#ai7 #fd 8unaqua9t$0 *ang$ to 8unacqua9t$0 7!y are unacqua9t$ ) ! ext]nal _w7 #aeg 8t]re/ial0 *ang$ to 8t]re/rial0 7! cele/ial or t]re/rial ph5om5a :i*7 #afc 8neigb\rs0 *ang$ to 8neighb\rs0 7_! m innoc5t neighb\rs7 #afg 8,prote/anism0 *ang$ to 8,prote/antism0 7,inconsequ5ce ( lib]al ,prote/antism7 #aia 8abhor5ce0 *ang$ to 8abhorr5ce0 7!ory ( nature's abhorr5ce7 #bjg 8consid]ble0 *ang$ to 8consid]able0 7a consid]able hold on human life7 #bae 8mimimize0 *ang$ to 8m9imize0 79 ord] to m9imize ! necessity7 #bda 8,watt0 *ang$ to 8,wat0 7,pa/\reaux & ,jacques 9 ,france & ,wat ,tyl] 9 ,engl&7 #bih 8s5titim5t0 *ang$ to 8s5tim5t0 7dom9at$ n by reason b by s5tim5t7 #cjd 8*]ub90 *ang$ to 8*rub90 7l'int]rogation anxieuse de *rub97 #cjd 8,songs0 *ang$ to 8,song0 7read+ ! ,song ( ,songs7 #cce 8tre0 *ang$ to 8tre0 7tre la *>ge de ses enfants7 #ccg 8corve0 *ang$ to 8corve0 7! la/ ve/ige ( ! corve7 #ccg 8celibat0 *ang$ to 8clibat0 7sur le clibat en ,france7 #cdg 8anxiom0 *ang$ to 8axiom0 7,if !re is "o axiom t fa!rs ought to7 #chi 8e/hetique0 *ang$ to 8e/htique0 7,problmes de l'e/htique contempora9e7 #cii 8,budhism0 *ang$ to 8,buddhism0 7,buddhism & ,*ri/ianity h head$7 #dec 8asscribes0 *ang$ to 8ascribes0 7unity t x ascribes to ! _w7 #dgg 8,hydrog5e0 *ang$ to 8,hydrog50 7hypo!sis--,hydrog5--,necessity (71 also 9 ! table ( cont5ts #ecc 8,pys*ologically0 *ang$ to 8,psy*ologically0 7,psy*ologically & metaphysically consid]$7 #edb 8,reconcilation0 *ang$ to 8,reconciliation0 7,reconciliation betwe5 det]m9ism & indet]m9ism7 #edb 8,socialty0 *ang$ to 8,sociality0 7,sociality1 & self-pres]vation7 #dfb 8,frr0 *ang$ to 8,fr0 7,"o may say1 ) ,m4 ,fr1 t p 9 good7 #eci 8,comtes0 *ang$ to 8,comte0 7,comte1 ,a41 #aji7 #eci 8,feurba*0 *ang$ to 8,feu]ba*0 7by ,s*lei]ma*] & ,feu]ba*7 #eda 8,lavelaye0 *ang$ to 8,laveleye0 7,lavelaye1 ,m4 de1 #bdi1 #beb1 #bhd7 #eda 8ascetism0 *ang$ to 8asceticism0 7& asceticism1 #baa7 #eda 8,pan!lism1 #ee-dec0 *ang$ to 8,pan!ism1 #deb0 & 8,pan!lism1 #ee0 #eda 8,p>ve0 *ang$ to 8,p>v0 7,p>v1 ,m4 ,/eyn1 #bhc7 & 9 footnote numb] #cf 8,epicure0 *ang$ to 8picure0 7,see ! au?or's ,morale d'picure7 #dj 8,societe0 *ang$ to 8,socit0 7,actes de la ,socit helvt4 des sc4 nat47 #dd 8a'une0 *ang$ to 8d'une0 7,esquisse d'une morale7 #gh 8emb>assm5t0 *ang$ to 8emb>rassm5t0 7rem>ks 9 ! =m] a progressive f9ancial emb>rassm5t7 #he 8scondaire0 *ang$ to 8secondaire0 7l'in/ruction primaire1 secondaire et suprieure7 #hg 8,l5ornant0 *ang$ to 8,l5ormant0 7,m4 ,l5ormant und]took to publi% a translation7 #aci 8,frr0 *ang$ to 8,fr0 7,m4 ,*4 ,fr1 ,revue philosophique1 ,july1 #ahhf474 ,o!rwise ! orig9al 0 pres]v$1 includ+ inconsi/5cies 9 spell+1 hyph5ation & capitalisation1 also possible errors 9 =eign languages4 ,no italics 7 us$ 9 ! sid5otes1 ?is has n be5 *ang$4 ,! index has n be5 *eck$ = errors 9 alphabetization or pag5umb]s4 ,additional3 ,m4 ,janet1 m5tion$ 9 footnote #afd is probably ,paul ,janet1 8,la ,morale04