,transcriber's ,notes3 ,text enclosed by underscores is in italics 7italics71 and text enclosed by equal signs is in bold 7bold74 ,this book contains ,macmillan ,co4's ,september #ahgd book catalogue1 which follows the index for the main book4 ,additional ,transcriber's ,notes are at the end4 ,,michael ,,faraday4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,michael ,faraday ,from a ,photograph by ,john ,watkins4 #cd ,parliament ,street4 ,,michael ,,faraday4 ,,by ,j4 ,h4 ,,gladstone1 ,,ph4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,third ,,edition1 ,,with ,,portrait4 ,london3 ,,macmillan ,,and ,,co4 #ahgd4 ,the ,right of ,translation and ,reproduction is reserved4 ,,london3 ,r4 ,,clay1 ,,sons1 ,,and ,,taylor1 ,,printers1 ,,bread ,,street ,,hill4 ,,preface4 ,shortly after the death of ,michael ,faraday1 ,professor ,auguste de la ,rive1 and others of his friends1 gave to the world their impressions of his life1 his character1 and his work2 ,professor ,tyndall drew his portrait as a man of science2 and after a while ,dr4 ,bence ,jones published his biography in two octavo volumes1 with copious extracts from his journals and correspondence4 ,in a review of this ,life and ,letters ,i happened to mention my thought of giving to the public some day my own reminiscences of the great philosopher2 several friends urged me to do so1 not in the pages of a magazine1 but in the form of a little book designed for those of his fellow-countrymen who venerate his noble character without being able to follow his scientific researches4 ,i accepted the task4 ,professor ,tyndall and ,dr4 ,bence ,jones1 with ,messrs4 ,longman1 the publishers1 kindly permitted me to make free use of their materials2 but ,i am indebted to the ,corporation of the ,trinity ,house1 and to many friends1 for a good deal of additional information2 and in compiling my book ,i have preferred1 where practicable1 to illustrate the character of ,faraday by documents or incidents hitherto unpublished1 or contained in those sketches of the philosopher which are less generally known4 ,it is due to myself to say that ,i had pretty well sketched out the second part of this book before ,i read ,m4 ,dumas' ,eloge ,historique4 ,the close similarity of my analysis of ,professor ,faraday's character with that of the illustrious ,french chemist may perhaps be accepted as an additional warrant for the correctness of our independent estimates4 ,,preface ,,to ,,second ,,edition4 ,the very favourable reception which my book has met with1 both from the press and the public1 seems to call for my grateful acknowledgment on the issue of a second edition4 ,in revising the former1 ,i have added some further particulars about ,faraday1 especially in regard to his method of working2 and an engraving from a photograph by ,watkins1 which best recalls to my recollection the features and the usual expression of the genial philosopher4 ,,contents4 ,,sect4 ,,page ,i4--,,the ,,story ,,of ,,his ,,life #a ,,ii4--,,study ,,of ,,his ,,character #fj ,,iii4--,,fruits ,,of ,,his ,,experience #id ,,iv4--,,his ,,method ,,of ,,working #abc ,v4--,,the ,,value ,,of ,,his ,,discoveries #adf ,,supplementary ,,portraits #afg ,,appendix3--,,list ,,of ,,honorary ,,fellowships1 ,,etc4 #agc ,,index #agf ,,michael ,,faraday4 ,,section ,i4 ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,his ,,life4 ,at the beginning of this century1 in the neighbourhood of ,manchester ,square1 ,london1 there was an inquisitive boy running about1 playing at marbles1 and minding his baby-sister4 ,he lived in ,jacob's ,well ,mews1 close by1 and was learning the three ,r's at a common day-school4 ,few passers-by would have noticed him1 and none certainly would have imagined that this boy1 as he grew up1 was to achieve the truest success in life1 and to die honoured by the great1 the wise1 and the good4 ,yet so it was2 and to tell the story of his life1 to trace the sources of this success1 and to depict some of the noble results of his work1 are the objects of this biographical sketch4 ,it was not at ,jacob's ,well ,mews1 but in ,newington ,butts1 that the boy had been born1 on ,september #bb1 #agia1 and his parents1 ,james and ,margaret ,faraday1 had given this1 their third child1 the unusual name of ,michael4 ,the father was a journeyman blacksmith1 a skilful workman who1 in spite of poverty and feeble health1 strove to bring up his children in habits of industry and the love of ,god4 ,of course young ,michael must soon do something for his living4 ,there happened to be a bookseller's shop in ,blandford ,street1 a few doors from the entrance to the ,mews1 kept by a ,mr4 ,riebau1 an intelligent man1 who is said to have had a leaning to astrology2 and there he went as errand boy when thirteen years old4 ,many a weary walk he had1 carrying round newspapers to his master's customers2 but he did his work faithfully2 and so1 after a twelvemonth1 the bookseller was willing to take him as an apprentice1 and that without a premium4 ,now1 a boy in a bookseller's shop can look at the inside as well as the outside of the books he handles1 and young ,faraday took advantage of his position1 and fed on such intellectual food as ,watts's ,improvement of the ,mind1 ,mrs4 ,marcet's ,conversations on ,chemistry1 and the article on ,electricity in the ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 besides such lighter dishes as ,miss ,burney's ,evelina2 nor can we doubt that when he was binding ,lyons' ,experiments on ,electricity1 and ,boyle's ,notes about the ,producibleness of ,chymicall ,principles1 he looked beyond the covers4#a ,and his thirst for knowledge did not stop with reading3 he must see whether ,mrs4 ,marcet's statements were correct1 and so1 to quote his own words1 ,i made such simple experiments in chemistry as could be defrayed in their expense by a few pence per week1 and also constructed an electrical machine1 first with a glass phial1 and afterwards with a real cylinder1 as well as other electrical apparatus of a corresponding kind4 ,he kept too a note-book called ,the ,philosophical ,miscellany1 intended1 he tells us1 to promote both amusement and instruction1 and also to corroborate or invalidate those theories which are continually starting into the world of science2 and miscellaneous indeed were the scraps he gathered from the magazines of the time4 ,one day1 early in #ahaj1 walking somewhere in the neighbourhood of ,fleet ,street1 he saw in a shop-window a bill announcing that lectures on natural philosophy were delivered by ,mr4 ,tatum1 at #ec1 ,dorset ,street1 at eight in the evening1 price of admission one shilling4 ,he wanted to hear these lectures4 ,his master's permission was obtained1 but where was the money to come from8 ,the needful shillings were given him by his elder brother1 ,robert1 who earned them as a blacksmith2 and so ,michael ,faraday made his first acquaintance with scientific lectures4 ,and not with lectures only1 for ,tatum's house was frequented by other earnest students1 and lifelong friendships were formed4 ,among these students was ,benjamin ,abbott1 a young ,quaker1 who had received a good education1 and had then a situation in a ,city house as confidential clerk4 ,with him ,faraday chatted on philosophy or anything else1 and happily for us he chatted on paper1 in letters of that fulness and length which the penny post and the telegraph have well-nigh driven out of existence2 and happily for us1 too1 ,abbott kept those letters1 and ,dr4 ,bence ,jones has published them4 ,they are wonderful letters for a poor bookseller's apprentice2 they bear the stamp of an innate gentleman and philosopher4 ,long afterwards1 when ,benjamin ,abbott was an old man1 he used to tell how ,faraday made his first experiments in the kitchen of his house1 and delivered his first lecture from the end of that kitchen table4 ,the electrical machine made by him in those early days came into the possession of ,sir ,james ,south1 and now forms one of the treasures of the ,royal ,institution4 ,as the eager student drank in the lectures of ,tatum1 he took notes1 and he afterwards wrote them out carefully in a clear hand1 numbering and describing the different experiments that he saw performed1 and making wonderfully neat drawings of the apparatus1 in good perspective4 ,these notes he bound in four volumes1 adding to each a copious index1 and prefixing to the first this dedication to his master3-- ,,to ,,mr4 ,g4 ,,riebau4 ,,sir1 ,when first ,i evinced a predilection for the sciences1 but more particularly for that one denominated electricity1 you kindly interested yourself in the progress ,i made in the knowledge of facts relating to the different theories in existence1 readily permitting me to examine those books in your possession that were in any way related to the subjects then occupying my attention4 ,to you1 therefore1 is to be attributed the rise and existence of that small portion of knowledge relating to the science which ,i possess1 and accordingly to you are due my acknowledgments4 ,unused to the arts of flattery1 ,i can only express my obligations in a plain but sincere way4 ,permit me1 therefore1 ,sir1 to return thanks in this manner for the many favours ,i have received at your hands and by your means and believe me1 ,your grateful and obedient ,servant1 ,m4 ,,faraday4 ,now there happened to be lodging at ,mr4 ,riebau's a notable foreigner of the name of ,masquerier4 ,he was a distinguished artist1 who had painted ,napoleon's portrait1 and had passed through the stirring events of the first ,french ,revolution1 not without serious personal danger1 and was now finding a refuge and a home in ,london4 ,he was struck with the intelligence of the apprentice1 whose duty it was to do various offices for him2 and he lent the young man his books1 and taught him how to make the drawings in perspective which have already been alluded to4 ,but the lectures in ,dorset ,street were not the only ones that ,michael ,faraday attended2 and as the ,royal ,institution is the central scene of all his subsequent history1 we must pay a mental visit to that building4 ,turning from the busy stream of ,piccadilly into the quiet of ,albemarle ,street1 we see1 in a line with the other houses1 a large ,grecian faade with fourteen lofty pilasters4 ,between these are folding doors1 which are pushed open from time to time by grave-looking gentlemen1 many of them white-headed2 but often of an afternoon1 and always on ,friday evening during the season1 the quiet street is thronged with carriages and pedestrians1 ladies and gentlemen1 who flock through these folding doors4 ,entering with them1 we find ourselves in a vestibule1 with a large stone staircase in front1 and rooms opening on the right and left4 ,the walls of these rooms are lined with myriads of books1 and the tables are covered with scientific and other periodicals of the day1 and there are cabinets of philosophical apparatus and a small museum4 ,going up the broad staircase and turning to the right1 we pass through an ante-room to the lecture theatre4 ,there stands the large table1 horseshoe-shaped1 with the necessary appliances for experiments1 and behind it a furnace and arrangements for black-board and diagrams2 while round the table as a centre range semicircular seats1 rising tier above tier1 and surmounted by a semicircular gallery1 the whole capable of seating #gjj persons4 ,on the basement is a new chemical laboratory1 fitted up with modern appliances1 and beyond it the old laboratory1 with its furnaces and sand-bath1 its working tables and well-stored shelves1 flanked by cellars that look like dark lumber-rooms4 ,a narrow private staircase leads up to the suite of apartments in which resides the ,director of the house4 ,such is the ,royal ,institution of ,great ,britain1 incorporated by ,royal ,charter in the year #ahjj1 for the diffusing knowledge and facilitating the general introduction of useful mechanical inventions and improvements1 and for teaching1 by courses of philosophical lectures and experiments1 the application of science to the common purposes of life2--with the motto1 ,illustrans commoda vit4 ,fifty or sixty years ago the building was essentially what it is now1 except the faade and entrance1 and that the laboratory1 which was considered a model of perfection1 was even darker than at present1 and in the place of the modern chemical room there was a small theatre4 ,the side room1 too1 was fitted up for actual work1 though even at mid-day it had to be artificially lighted2 and beyond this there was1 and still is1 a place called the ,froggery1 from a certain old tradition of frogs having been kept there4 ,the first intention of the founders to exhibit useful inventions had not been found very practicable1 but the place was already famous with the memories of ,rumford and ,young2 and at that time the genius of ,sir ,humphry ,davy was entrancing the intellectual world with brilliant discoveries1 and drawing fashionable audiences to ,albemarle ,street to listen to his eloquent expositions4 ,among the customers of the bookseller in ,blandford ,street was a ,mr4 ,dance1 who1 being a member of the ,royal ,institution1 took young ,faraday to hear the last four public lectures of ,davy4 ,the eager student sat in the gallery1 just over the clock1 and took copious notes of the ,professor's explanations of radiant matter1 chlorine1 simple inflammables1 and metals1 while he watched the experiments that were performed4 ,afterwards he wrote the lectures fairly out in a quarto volume1 that is still preserved--first the theoretical portions1 then the experiments with drawings1 and finally an index4 ,the desire to be engaged in scientific occupation1 even though of the lowest kind1 induced me1 he says1 whilst an apprentice1 to write1 in my ignorance of the world and simplicity of my mind1 to ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 then ,president of the ,royal ,society4 ,naturally enough1 ',no answer' was the reply left with the porter4 ,on the #gth of ,october his apprenticeship expired1 and on the next day he became a journeyman bookbinder under a disagreeable master--who1 like his friend the artist1 was a ,french migr4 ,no wonder he sighed still more for congenial occupation4 ,towards the end of that same ,october ,sir ,humphry ,davy was working on a new liquid which was violently explosive1 now known as chloride of nitrogen1--and he met with an accident that seriously injured his eye1 and produced an attack of inflammation4 ,of course1 for a while he could not write1 and1 possibly through the introduction of ,m4 ,masquerier1#b the young bookseller was employed as his amanuensis4 ,this1 however1 ,faraday himself tells us lasted only some days2 and in writing years afterwards to ,dr4 ,paris1 he says1 ,my desire to escape from trade1 which ,i thought vicious and selfish1 and to enter into the service of ,science1 which ,i imagined made its pursuers amiable and liberal1 induced me at last to take the bold and simple step of writing to ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 expressing my wishes1 and a hope that1 if an opportunity came in his way1 he would favour my views2 at the same time ,i sent the notes ,i had taken of his lectures4 ,davy1 it seems1 called with the letter on one of his friends--at that time honorary inspector of the models and apparatus--and said1 ,pepys1 what am ,i to do8 ,here is a letter from a young man named ,faraday2 he has been attending my lectures1 and wants me to give him employment at the ,royal ,institution--what can ,i do8 ,do8 replied ,pepys2 put him to wash bottles3 if he is good for anything1 he will do it directly2 if he refuses1 he is good for nothing4 ,no1 no1 replied ,davy1 we must try him with something better than that4 ,so ,davy wrote a kind reply1 and had an interview with the young man upon the subject2 in which1 however1 he advised him to stick to his business1 telling him that ,science was a harsh mistress1 and1 in a pecuniary point of view1 but poorly rewarding those who devoted themselves to her service4 ,he promised him the work of the ,institution1 and his own besides4 ,but shortly afterwards the laboratory assistant was discharged for misconduct1 and so it happened that one night the inhabitants of quiet ,weymouth ,street were startled by the unusual apparition of a grand carriage with a footman1 which drew up before the house where ,faraday lived1 when the servant left a note from ,sir ,humphry ,davy4 ,the next morning there was an interview1 which resulted in the young aspirant for scientific work being engaged to help the famous philosopher4 ,his engagement dates from ,march #a1 #ahac1 and he was to get #bes4 per week1 and a room in the house4 ,the duties had been previously laid down by the managers3--,to attend and assist the lecturers and professors in preparing for1 and during lectures4 ,where any instruments or apparatus may be required1 to attend to their careful removal from the model room and laboratory to the lecture-room1 and to clean and replace them after being used2 reporting to the managers such accidents as shall require repair1 a constant diary being kept by him for that purpose4 ,that in one day in each week he be employed in keeping clean the models in the repository1 and that all the instruments in the glass cases be cleaned and dusted at least once within a month4 ,the young assistant did not confine himself to the mere discharge of these somewhat menial duties4 ,he put in order the mineralogical collection2 and from the first we find him occupying a higher position than the minute quoted above would indicate4 ,in the course of a few days he was extracting sugar from beet-root2 but all his laboratory proceedings were not so pleasant or so innocent as that1 for he had to make one of the worst smelling of all chemical compounds1 bisulphide of carbon2 and as ,davy continued to work on the explosive chloride of nitrogen1 his assistant's career stood some chance of being suddenly cut short at its commencement4 ,indeed it seems that before the middle of ,april he had run the gauntlet of four separate explosions4 ,knowing that the liquid would go off on the slightest provocation1 the experimenters wore masks of glass1 but this did not save them from injury4 ,in one case ,faraday was holding a small tube containing a few grains of it between his finger and thumb1 and brought a piece of warm cement near it1 when he was suddenly stunned1 and on returning to consciousness found himself standing with his hand in the same position1 but torn by the shattered tube1 and the glass of his mask even cut by the projected fragments4 ,nor was it easy to say when the compound could be relied on1 for it seemed very capricious2 for instance1 one day it rose quietly in vapour in a tube exhausted by the air-pump1 but the next day1 when subjected to the same treatment1 it exploded with a fearful noise1 and ,sir ,humphry was cut about the chin1 and was struck with violence on the forehead4 ,this seems to have put an end to the experiments4 ,nevertheless1 in spite of disagreeables and dangers1 the embryo philosopher worked on with a joyful heart1 beguiling himself occasionally with a song1 and in the evening playing tunes on his flute4 ,the change in ,michael ,faraday's employment naturally made him more earnest still in the pursuit of knowledge4 ,he was admitted as a member of the ,city ,philosophical ,society1 a fraternity of thirty or forty men in the middle or lower ranks of life1 who met every ,wednesday evening for mutual instruction2 and here is a contemporary picture of him at one of its debates3-- ,but hark6 ,a voice arises near the chair6 ,its liquid sounds glide smoothly through the air2 ,the listening muse with rapture bends to view ,the place of speaking1 and the speaker too4 ,neat was the youth in dress1 in person plain2 ,his eye read thus1 ,philosopher in grain2 ,of understanding clear1 reflection deep2 ,expert to apprehend1 and strong to keep4 ,his watchful mind no subject can elude1 ,nor specious arts of sophists e'er delude2 ,his powers1 unshackled1 range from pole to pole2 ,his mind from error free1 from guilt his soul4 ,warmth in his heart1 good humour in his face1 ,a friend to mirth1 but foe to vile grimace2 ,a temper candid1 manners unassuming1 ,always correct1 yet always unpresuming4 ,such was the youth1 the chief of all the band2 ,his name well known1 ,sir ,humphry's right hand4 ,with manly ease towards the chair he bends1 ,with ,watts's ,logic at his finger-ends4 ,another way in which he strove to educate himself is thus described in his own words3--,during this spring ,magrath and ,i established the mutual improvement plan1 and met at my rooms up in the attics of the ,royal ,institution1 or at ,wood ,street at his warehouse4 ,it consisted1 perhaps1 of half-a-dozen persons1 chiefly from the ,city ,philosophical ,society1 who met of an evening to read together1 and to criticise1 correct1 and improve each other's pronunciation and construction of language4 ,the discipline was very sturdy1 the remarks very plain and open1 and the results most valuable4 ,this continued for several years4 ,seven months after his appointment there began a new passage in ,faraday's life1 which gave a fresh impulse to his mental activity1 and largely extended his knowledge of men and things4 ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 wishing to travel on the ,continent1 and having received a special pass from the ,emperor ,napoleon1 offered to take him as his amanuensis3 he accepted the proposal1 and for a year and a half they wandered about ,france1 ,italy1 and ,switzerland1 and then they returned rapidly by the ,tyrol1 ,germany1 and ,holland4 ,from letters written when abroad we can catch some of the impressions made on his mind by these novel scenes4 ,i have not forgot1 he writes to ,abbott1 and never shall forget1 the ideas that were forced on my mind in the first days4 ,to me1 who had lived all my days of remembrance in ,london1 a city surrounded by a flat green country1 a hill was a mountain1 and a stone a rock2 for though ,i had abstract ideas of the things1 and could say rock and mountain1 and would talk of them1 yet ,i had no perfect ideas4 ,conceive then the astonishment1 the pleasure1 and the information which entered my mind in the varied county of ,devonshire1 where the foundations of the earth were first exposed to my view1 and where ,i first saw granite1 limestone1 c41 in those places and in those forms where the ever-working and all-wonderful hand of nature had placed them4 ,mr4 ,ben41 it is impossible you can conceive my feelings1 and it is as impossible for me to describe them4 ,the sea then presented a new source of information and interest2 and on approaching the shores of ,france1 with what eagerness1 and how often1 were my eyes directed to the ,south6 ,when arrived there1 ,i thought myself in an uncivilized country2 for never before nor since have ,i seen such wretched beings as at ,morlaix4 ,his impression of the people was not improved by the fact of their having arrested the travellers on landing1 and having detained them for five days until they had sent to ,paris for verification of their papers4 ,again1 to her towards whom his heart was wont to turn from distant lands with no small longing3 ,i have said nothing as yet to you1 dear mother1 about our past journey1 which has been as pleasant and agreeable 7a few things excepted1 in reality nothing7 as it was possible to be4 ,sir ,h4 ,davy's high name at ,paris gave us free admission into all parts of the ,french dominions1 and our passports were granted with the utmost readiness4 ,we first went to ,paris1 and stopped there two months2 afterwards we passed1 in a southerly direction1 through ,france to ,montpellier1 on the borders of the ,mediterranean4 ,from thence we went to ,nice1 stopping a day or two at ,aix on our way2 and from ,nice we crossed the ,alps to ,turin1 in ,piedmont4 ,from ,turin we proceeded to ,genoa1 which place we left afterwards in an open boat1 and proceeded by sea towards ,lerici4 ,this place we reached after a very disagreeable passage1 and not without apprehensions of being overset by the way4 ,as there was nothing there very enticing1 we continued our route to ,florence2 and1 after a stay of three weeks or a month1 left that fine city1 and in four days arrived here at ,rome4 ,being now in the midst of things curious and interesting1 something arises every day which calls for attention and observations4 ,the relics of ancient ,roman magnificence1 the grandeur of the churches1 and their richness also--the difference of habits and customs1 each in turn engages the mind1 and keeps it continually employed4 ,florence1 too1 was not destitute of its attractions for me1 and in the ,academy del ,cimento and the museum attached to it is contained an inexhaustible fund of entertainment and improvement2 indeed1 during the whole journey1 new and instructive things have been continually presented to me4 ,tell ,b4 ,i have crossed the ,alps and the ,apennines2 ,i have been at the ,jardin des ,plantes2 at the museum arranged by ,buffon2 at the ,louvre1 among the chefs d'oeuvre of sculpture and the masterpieces of painting2 at the ,luxembourg ,palace1 amongst ,rubens' works2 that ,i have seen a ,,glowworm666 waterspouts1 torpedo1 the museum at the ,academy del ,cimento1 as well as ,st4 ,peter's1 and some of the antiquities here1 and a vast variety of things far too numerous to enumerate4 ,but he kept a lengthy journal1 and as we turn over the pages--for the best part of it is printed by ,bence ,jones--we meet vivid sketches of the provokingly slow custom-house officers1 the postilion in jack-boots1 and the thin pigs of ,morlaix--pictures of ,paris1 too1 when every ,frenchman was to him an unintelligible enemy2 when the ,apollo ,belvidere1 the ,venus de ,medici1 and the ,dying ,gladiator were at the ,louvre1 and when the ,first ,napoleon visited the ,senate in full state4 ,he was sitting in one corner of his carriage1 covered and almost hidden from sight by an enormous robe of ermine1 and his face overshadowed by a tremendous plume of feathers that descended from a velvet hat4 ,we watch ,sir ,humphry as ,ampre and others bring to him the first specimens of iodine1 and he makes experiments with his travelling apparatus on the dark lustrous crystals and their violet vapour2 we seem1 too1 to be present with the great ,english chemist and his scholar as they burn diamonds at ,florence by means of the ,grand ,duke's gigantic lens1 and prove that the invisible result is carbonic acid2 or as they study the springs of inflammable gas at ,pietra ,mala1 and the molten minerals of ,vesuvius4 ,the whole1 too1 is interspersed with bits of fun1 and this culminates at the ,roman ,carnival1 where he evidently thoroughly enjoyed the follies of the ,corso1 the pelting with sugar-plums1 and the masked balls1 to the last of which he went in a nightgown and nightcap1 with a lady who knew all his acquaintances2 and between the two they puzzled their friends mightily4 ,this year and a half may be considered as the time of ,faraday's education2 it was the period of his life that best corresponds with the collegiate course of other men who have attained high distinction in the world of thought4 ,but his ,university was ,europe2 his professors the master whom he served1 and those illustrious men to whom the renown of ,davy introduced the travellers4 ,it made him personally known1 also1 to foreign savants1 at a time when there was little intercourse between ,great ,britain and the ,continent2 and thus he was associated with the ,french ,academy of ,sciences while still young1 his works found a welcome all over ,europe1 and some of the best representatives of foreign science became his most intimate friends4 ,in ,may #ahae1 his engagement at the ,royal ,institution was renewed1 with a somewhat higher position and increased salary1 which was again raised in the following year to #ajjl4 per annum4 ,the handwriting in the ,laboratory ,note-book changes in ,september #ahae1 from the large running letters of ,brande to the small neat characters of ,faraday1 his first entry having reference to an analysis of ,dutch turf ash1 and then soon occur investigations into the nature of substances bearing what must have been to him the mysterious names of ,paligenetic tincture1 and ,baphe eugenes chruson4 ,it is to be hoped that the constituents of this golden dye agreed together better than the ,greek words of its name4 ,we can imagine the young philosopher taking a deeper interest in the researches on flame which his master was then carrying out1 and in the gradual perfection of the safety-lamp that was to bid defiance to the explosive gases of the mine2 this at least is certain1 that ,davy1 in the preface to his celebrated paper on the subject1 expresses himself indebted to ,mr4 ,michael ,faraday for much able assistance1 and that the youthful investigator carefully preserved the manuscript given him to copy4 ,part of his duty1 in fact1 was to copy such papers2 and as ,sir ,humphry had a habit of destroying them1 he begged leave to keep the originals1 and in that way collected two large volumes of precious manuscripts4 ,but there came a change4 ,hitherto he had been absorbing2 now he was to emit4 ,the knowledge which had been a source of delight to himself must now overflow as a blessing to others3 and this in two ways4 ,his first lecture was given at the ,city ,philosophical ,society on ,january #ag1 #ahaf1 and in the same year his first paper was published in the ,quarterly ,journal of ,science4 ,the lecture was on the general properties of matter2 the paper was an analysis of some native caustic lime from ,tuscany4 ,neither was important in itself1 but each resembled those little streams which travellers are taken to look at because they are the sources of mighty rivers1 for ,faraday became the prince of experimental lecturers1 and his long series of published researches have won for him the highest niche in the temple of science4 ,when he began to investigate for himself1 it could not have been easy to separate his own work from that which he was expected to do for his master4 ,hence no small danger of misunderstandings and jealousies2 and some of these ugly attendants on rising fame did actually throw their black shadows over the intercourse between the older and the younger man of genius4 ,in these earlier years1 however1 all appears to have been bright2 and the following letter1 written from ,rome in ,october #ahah1 will give a good idea of the assistant's miscellaneous duties1 and of the pleasant feelings of ,davy towards him4 ,it may be added that in another letter he is requested to send some dozens of flies with pale bodies to ,florence1 for ,sir ,humphry loved fly-fishing as well as philosophy4 ,,to ,,mr4 ,,faraday4 ,i received the note you were so good as to address to me at ,venice2 and by a letter from ,mr4 ,hatchett ,i find that you have found the parallax of ,mr4 ,west's ,sirius1 and that1 as ,i expected1 he is mistaken4 ,if when you write to me you will give the #c per cents4 and long annuities1 it will be enough4 ,i will thank you to put the enclosed letters into the post1 except those for ,messrs4 ,morland and ,messrs4 ,drummond1 which perhaps you will be good enough to deliver4 ,mr4 ,hatchett's letter contained praises of you which were very gratifying to me2 and pray believe me there is no one more interested in your success and welfare than your sincere well-wisher and friend1 ,h4 ,,davy4 ,,rome4 ,it must not be supposed1 however1 that he had any astronomical duties1 for the parallax he had found was not that of the ,dog-star1 but of a reputed new metal1 ,sirium1 which was resolved in ,faraday's hands into iron1 nickel1 and sulphur4 ,but the impostor was not to be put down so easily1 for he turned up again under the alias of ,vestium2 but again he was unable to escape the vigilant eye of the young detective1 for one known substance after another was removed from it2 and then1 says ,faraday1 my ,vestium entirely disappeared4 ,his occupations during this period were multifarious enough4 ,we must picture him to ourselves as a young-looking man of about thirty years of age1 well made1 and neat in his dress1 his cheerfulness of disposition often breaking out in a short crispy laugh1 but thoughtful enough when something important is to be done4 ,he has to prepare the apparatus for ,brande's lectures1 and when the hour has arrived he stands on the right of the ,professor1 and helps him to produce the strange transformations of the chemical art4 ,and conjurers1 indeed1 the two appear in the eyes of the youth on the left1 who waits upon them1 then the laboratory assistant1 now the well-known author1 ,mr4 ,william ,bollaert1 from whom ,i have learnt many details of this period4 ,when not engaged with the lectures1 ,faraday is manufacturing rare chemicals1 or performing commercial analyses1 or giving scientific evidence on trials4 ,one of these was a famous one1 arising from the ,imperial ,insurance ,company resisting the claim of ,severn and ,king1 sugar-bakers2 and in it appeared all the chemists of the day1 like knights in the lists1 on opposite sides1 ready to break a lance with each other4 ,all his spare time ,faraday was occupied with original work4 ,chlorine had a fascination for him1 though the yellow choking gas would get out into the room1 and he investigated its combinations with carbon1 squeezed it into a liquid1 and applied it successfully as a disinfectant when fatal fever broke out in the ,millbank ,penitentiary4 ,iodine too1 another of ,davy's elements1 was made to join itself to carbon and hydrogen2 and naphthaline was tormented with strong mineral acids4 ,long1 too1 he tried to harden steel and prevent its rusting1 by alloying it with small quantities of platinum and the rarer metals2 the boy blew the bellows till the crucibles melted1 but a few ordinary razors seem to have been the best results4 ,far more successful was he in repeating and extending some experiments of ,ampre on the mutual action of magnets and electric currents2 and when1 after months of work and many ingenious contrivances1 the wire began to move round the magnet1 and the magnet round the wire1 he himself danced about the revolving metals1 his face beaming with joy--a joy not unmixed with thankful pride--as he exclaimed1 ,there they go6 there they go6 we have succeeded at last4 ,after this discovery he thought himself entitled to a treat1 and proposed to his attendant a visit to the theatre4 ,which shall it be8 ,oh1 let it be ,astley's1 to see the horses4 ,so to ,astley's they went2 but at the pit entrance there was a crush2 a big fellow pressed roughly upon the lad1 and ,faraday1 who could stand no injustice1 ordered him to behave himself1 and showed fight in defence of his young companion4 ,the rising philosopher indulged1 too1 in other recreations4 ,he had a wonderful velocipede1 a progenitor of the modern bicycle1 which often took him of an early morning to ,hampstead ,hill4 ,there was also his flute2 and a small party for the practice of vocal music once a week at a friend's house4 ,he sang bass correctly1 both as to time and tune4 ,and though the ,city ,philosophical ,society was no more1 the ardent group of students of nature who used to meet there were not wholly dispersed4 ,they seem to have carried on their system of mutual improvement1 and to have read the current scientific journals at ,mr4 ,nicol's house till he married1 and then alternately at those of ,mr4 ,r4 ,h4 ,solly1 ,mr4 ,ainger1 and ,mr4 ,hennel1 of ,apothecaries' ,hall1 who came to a tragical end through an explosion of fulminating silver4 ,several of them1 including ,mr4 ,cornelius ,varley1 joined the ,society of ,arts1 which at that time had committees of various sciences1 and was very democratic in its management2 and1 finding that by pulling together they had great influence1 they constituted themselves a caucus1 adopting the ,american word1 and meeting in private4 ,magrath was looked upon as a chair-maker1 and ,faraday in subsequent years held the office of ,chairman of the ,committee of ,chemistry1 and occasionally he presided at the large meetings of the ,society4 ,during this time 7#ahbc7 the ,athenum ,club was started1 not in the present ,grecian palace in ,pall ,mall1 but in a private house in ,waterloo ,place4 ,its members were the aristocracy of science1 literature1 and art1 and they made ,faraday their honorary secretary2 but after a year he transferred the office to his friend ,magrath1 who held it for a long period4 ,among the various sects into which ,christendom is divided1 few are less known than the ,sandemanians4 ,about a century and a half ago1 when there was little light in the ,presbyterian ,church of ,scotland1 a pious minister of the name of ,john ,glas began to preach that the ,church should be governed only by the teaching of ,christ and ,his apostles1 that its connection with the ,state was an error1 and that we ought to believe and to practise no more and no less than what we find from the ,new ,testament that the primitive ,church believed and practised4 ,these principles1 which sound very familiar in these days1 procured for their asserter much obloquy and a deposition by the ,church ,courts1 in consequence of which several separate congregations were formed in different parts of ,great ,britain1 especially by ,robert ,sandeman1 the son-in-law of ,mr4 ,glas1 and from him they received their common appellation4 ,in early days they taught a simpler view of faith than was generally held at that time2 it was with them a simple assent of the understanding1 but produced by the ,spirit of ,god1 and its virtue depended not on anything mystical in the operation itself1 but on the grandeur and beauty of the things believed4 ,now1 however1 there is little to distinguish them in doctrine from other adherents of the ,puritan theology1 though they certainly concede a greater deference to their elders1 and attach more importance to the ,lord's ,supper than is usual among the ,puritan ,churches4 ,their form of worship1 too1 resembles that of the ,presbyterians2 but they hold that each congregation should have a plurality of elders1 pastors1 or bishops1 who are unpaid men2 that on every first day of the week they are bound to assemble1 not only for prayers and preaching1 but also for breaking of bread1 and putting together their weekly offerings2 that the love-feast and kiss of charity should continue to be practised2 that blood and things strangled are still forbidden as food2 and that a disciple of ,christ should not charge interest on loans except in the case of purely business transactions1 or lay up wealth for the unknown future1 but rather consider all he possesses as at the service of his poorer brethren1 and be ready to perform to them such offices of kindness as in the early ,church were expressed by washing one another's feet4 ,but what gives the remarkable character to the adherents of this sect is their perfect isolation from all ,christian fellowship outside their own community1 and from all external religious influence4 ,they have never made missionary efforts to win men from the world1 and have long ceased to draw to themselves members from other ,churches2 so they have rarely the advantage of fresh blood1 or fresh views of the meaning of ,scripture4 ,they commonly intermarry1 and are expected to bear one another's burthens2 so the ,church has acquired somewhat of the additional character of a large intertwined family and of a mutual benefit society4 ,this rigid separation from the world1 extending now through three or four generations1 has produced a remarkable elevation of moral tone and refinement of manner2 and it is said that no one unacquainted with the inner circle can conceive of the brotherly affection that reigns there1 or the extent to which hospitality and material help is given without any ostentation1 and received without any loss of self-respect4 ,the body is rendered still more seclusive by demanding1 not merely unity of spirit among its members1 but unanimity of opinion in every ,church transaction4 ,in order to secure this1 any dissentient who persists in his opinion after repeated argument is rejected2 the same is also the consequence of neglect of ,church duties1 as well as of any grave moral offence3 and in such a community excommunication is a serious social ban1 and though a penitent may be received back once1 he can never return a second time4 ,it was in the midst of this little community that ,faraday received his earliest religious impressions1 and among them he found his ecclesiastical home till the day of his entrance into the ,church above4 ,among the elders of the ,sandemanian ,church in ,london was ,mr4 ,barnard1 a silversmith1 of ,paternoster ,row4 ,the young philosopher became a visitor at his house1 and though he had previously written1-- ,what is't that comes in false deceitful guise1 ,making dull fools of those that 'fore were wise8 ',tis ,love4 --he altered his opinion in the presence of the citizen's third daughter1 ,sarah1 and wrote to her what was certainly not the letter of a fool3-- ,you know me as well or better than ,i do myself4 ,you know my former prejudices and my present thoughts--you know my weaknesses1 my vanity1 my whole mind2 you have converted me from one erroneous way1 let me hope you will attempt to correct what others are wrong4444 ,again and again ,i attempt to say what ,i feel1 but ,i cannot4 ,let me1 however1 claim not to be the selfish being that wishes to bend your affections for his own sake only4 ,in whatever way ,i can best minister to your happiness1 either by assiduity or by absence1 it shall be done4 ,do not injure me by withdrawing your friendship1 or punish me for aiming to be more than a friend by making me less2 and if you cannot grant me more1 leave me what ,i possess1--but hear me4 ,the lady hesitated1 and went to ,margate4 ,there he followed her1 and they proceeded together to ,dover and ,shakspeare's ,cliff1 and he returned to ,london full of happiness and hope4 ,he loved her with all the ardour of his nature1 and in due course1 on ,june #ab1 #ahba1 they were married4 ,the bridegroom desired that there should be no bustle or noise at the wedding1 and that the day should not be specially distinguished2 but he calls it himself an event which more than any other contributed to his happiness and healthful state of mind4 ,as years rolled on the affection between husband and wife became only deeper and deeper2 his bearing towards her proved it1 and his letters frequently testify to it4 ,doubtless at any time between their marriage and his final illness he might have written to her as he did from ,birmingham1 at the time of the ,british ,association3--,after all1 there is no pleasure like the tranquil pleasures of home1 and here--even here--the moment ,i leave the table1 ,i wish ,i were with you ,,in ,,quiet4 ,oh6 what happiness is ours6 ,my runs into the world in this way only serve to make me esteem that happiness the more4 ,he took his bride home to ,albemarle ,street1 and there they spent their wedded life2 but until ,mr4 ,barnard's death it was their custom to go every ,saturday to the house of the worthy silversmith1 and spend ,sunday with him1 returning home usually in the evening of that day4 ,his own father died while he was at ,riebau's1 but his mother1 a grand-looking woman1 lived long afterwards1 supported by her son1 whom she occasionally visited at the ,institution1 and of whose growing reputation she was not a little proud4 ,with a mind calmed and strengthened by this beautiful domestic life1 he continued with greater and greater enthusiasm to ask questions of ,nature1 and to interpret her replies to his fellow-men4 ,just before his marriage he had been appointed at the ,royal ,institution superintendent of the house and laboratory1 and in ,february #ahbe1 after a change in the management of the ,institution1 he was placed as director in a position of greater responsibility and influence4 ,one of his first acts in this capacity was to invite the members to a scientific evening in the laboratory2 this took place three or four times in #ahbe1 and in the following years these gatherings were held every week from ,feb4 #c to ,june #i2 and though the labour devolved very much upon ,faraday1 other philosophers sometimes brought forward discoveries or useful inventions4 ,thus commenced those ,friday evening meetings which have done so much to popularize the high achievements of science4 ,faraday's note-books are still preserved1 containing the minutes of the committee-meetings every ,thursday afternoon1 the ,duke of ,somerset chairman1 and he secretary2 also the record of the ,friday evenings themselves1 who lectured1 and on what subject1 and what was exhibited in the library1 till ,june #ahdj1 when other arrangements were probably made4 ,the year #ahbg was otherwise fruitful in lectures3 in the spring1 a course of twelve on chemical manipulation at the ,london ,institution2 after ,easter1 his first course at ,albemarle ,street1 six lectures on chemical philosophy 7he had helped ,professor ,brande in #ahbd72c and at ,christmas1 his desire to convey knowledge1 and his love to children1 found expression in a course of six lectures to the boys and girls home for their holidays4 ,these were a great success2 indeed1 he himself says they were just what they ought to have been1 both in matter and manner1--but it would not answer to give an extended course in the same spirit4 ,he continued these juvenile lectures during nineteen years4 ,the notes for courses of lectures were written in school copy-books1 and sometimes he appends a general remark about the course1 not always so favourable as the one given above4 ,thus he writes1 ,the eight lectures on the operations of the laboratory1 ,april #ahbh1 were not to my mind4 ,of the course of twelve in the spring of #ahbg1 he says he found matter enough in the notes for at least seventeen4 ,up to #ahcc ,faraday was bringing the forces of nature in subjection to man on a salary of only #ajjl4 per annum1 with house1 coals1 and candles1 as the funds of the ,institution would not at that time afford more2 but among the sedate habites of the place was a tall1 jovial gentleman1 who lounged to the lectures in his old-fashioned blue coat and brass buttons1 grey smalls1 and white stockings1 who was a munificent friend in need4 ,this was ,john ,fuller1 a member of ,parliament4 ,he founded a ,professorship of ,chemistry with an endowment that brings in nearly #ajjl4 a year1 and gave the first appointment to ,faraday for life4 ,when the ,institution became richer1 his income was increased2 and when1 on account of the infirmities of age1 he could no longer investigate1 lecture1 or keep accounts1 the managers insisted on his still retaining in name his official connection with the place1 with his salary and his residence there4 ,nor indeed could they well have acted otherwise2 for though the ,royal ,institution afforded in the first instance a congenial soil for the budding powers of ,faraday1 his growth soon became its strength2 and eventually the blooming of his genius1 and the fruit it bore1 were the ornament and glory of the ,institution4 ,it will be asked1 ,was this #ajjl4 or #bjjl4 per annum the sole income of ,faraday8 ,no2 in early days he did commercial analyses1 and other professional work1 which paid far better than pure science4 ,in #ahcj his gains from this source amounted to #a1jjjl41 and in #ahca to considerably more2 they might easily have been increased1 but at that time he made one of his most remarkable discoveries--the evolution of electricity from magnetism1#d--;and there seemed to lie open before him the solution of the problem how to make one force exhibit at will the phenomena of magnetism or of common or voltaic electricity4 ,and then he had to face another problem--his own mental force might be turned either to the acquisition of a fortune1 or to the following up of those great discoveries2 it would not do both3 which should he relinquish8 ,the choice was deliberately made3 ,nature revealed to him more and more of her secrets1 but his professional gains sank in #ahcb to #aeel4 #is41 and during no subsequent year did they amount even to that4 ,still his work was not entirely confined to his favourite studies4 ,in a letter to ,lord ,auckland1 long afterwards1 he says3--,i have given up1 for the last ten years or more1 all professional occupation1 and voluntarily resigned a large income that ,i might pursue in some degree my own objects of research4 ,but in doing this ,i have always1 as a good subject1 held myself ready to assist the ,government if still in my power1 not for pay2 for1 except in one instance 7and then only for the sake of the person joined with me71 ,i refused to take it4 ,i have the honour and pleasure of applications1 and that very recently1 from the ,admiralty1 the ,ordnance1 the ,home ,office1 the ,woods and ,forests1 and other departments1 all of which ,i have replied to1 and will reply to as long as strength is left me4 ,he had declined the ,professorship of ,chemistry at the ,london ,university--now ,university ,college1--but in #ahbi he accepted a lectureship at the ,royal ,academy1 ,woolwich1 and held it for about twenty years4 ,in #ahcf he became scientific adviser to the ,trinity ,house1 and his letter to the ,deputy ,master also shows his feelings in reference to such employment3--,you have left the title and the sum in pencil4 ,these ,i look at mainly as regards the character of the appointment2 you will believe me to be sincere in this1 when you remember my indifference to your proposition as a matter of interest1 though not as a matter of kindness4 ,in consequence of the goodwill and confidence of all around me1 ,i can at any moment convert my time into money1 but ,i do not require more of the latter than is sufficient for necessary purposes4 ,the sum1 therefore1 of #bjjl4 is quite enough in itself1 but not if it is to be the indicator of the character of the appointment2 but ,i think you do not view it so1 and that you and ,i understand each other in that respect2 and your letter confirms me in that opinion4 ,the position which ,i presume you would wish me to hold is analogous to that of a standing counsel4 ,for nearly thirty years ,faraday continued to report on all scientific suggestions and inventions connected with lighthouses or buoys1 not for personal gain or renown1 but for the public good4 ,his position was never above that of a standing counsel4 ,in his own words3 ,i do not know the exact relation of the ,board of ,trade and the ,trinity ,house to each other2 ,i am simply an adviser upon philosophical questions1 and am put into action only when called upon4 ,in regard to the lectureship at ,woolwich1 ,mr4 ,abel1 his successor1 writes thus3--,faraday appears to have enjoyed his weekly trips to ,woolwich1 which he continued for so many years1 as a source of relaxation4 ,he was in the habit of going to ,woolwich in the afternoon or evening preceding his lecture at the ,military ,academy1 then preparing at once for his experiments1 and afterwards generally taking a country ramble4 ,the lecture was delivered early the following morning4 ,no man was so respected1 admired1 and beloved as a teacher at the ,military ,academy in former days as ,faraday4 ,many are the little incidents which have been communicated to me by his pupils illustrative of his charms as a lecturer1 and of his kindly feelings for the youths to whom he endeavoured to impart a taste for1 if not a knowledge of1 science4 ,but for some not ill-meant1 though scarcely judicious1 proposal to dictate modifications in his course of instruction1 ,faraday would probably have continued for some years longer to lecture at ,woolwich4 ,in ,may #aheb1 soon after ,i had been appointed his successor1 ,faraday wrote to me requesting the return of some tubes of condensed gases which he left at the ,academy4 ,this letter ends thus3--',i hope you feel yourself happy and comfortable in your arrangements at the ,academy1 and have cause to be pleased with the change4 ,i was ever very kindly received there1 and that portion of regret which one must ever feel in concluding a long engagement would be in some degree lessened with me by hearing that you had reason to be satisfied with your duties and their acceptance4--,ever very truly yours1 ,m4 ,,faraday4' ,for year after year the life of ,faraday afforded no adventure and little variety1 only an ever-growing skill in his favourite pursuit1 higher and higher success1 and ever-widening fame4 ,but simple as were his mind and his habits1 no one picture can present him as the complete man2 we must try to make sketches from various points of view1 and leave it to the reader's imagination to combine them4 ,let us watch him on an ordinary day4 ,after eight hours' sleep1 he rises in time to breakfast at eight o'clock1 goes round the ,institution to see that all is in order1 and descends into the laboratory1 puts on a large white apron1 the stains and holes in which tell of previous service1 and is busy among his pieces of apparatus4 ,the faithful ,anderson1 an old soldier1 who always did exactly what he was told1 and nothing more1#e is waiting upon him2 and as thought flashes after thought through his eager--perhaps impatient--brain1 he twists his wires into new shapes1 and re-arranges his magnets and batteries4 ,then some conclusion is arrived at which lights up his face with a gleam of satisfaction1 but the next minute a doubt comes across that expressive brow--may the results not be due to something else yet imperfectly conceived8--and a new experiment must be devised to answer that4 ,in the meantime perhaps one of his little nieces has been left in his charge4 ,she sits as quiet as a mouse with her needlework2 but now and then he gives her a nod1 or a kind word1 and throwing a little piece of potassium on to a basin of water for her amusement1 he shows her the metal bursting into purple flame1 floating about in fiery eddies1 and the crack of the fused globule of potash at the end4 ,presently there is handed to him the card of some foreign savant1 who makes his pilgrimage to the famous ,institution and its presiding genius2 he puts down his last result on a slate1 comes upstairs1 and1 disregarding the interruption1 chats with his visitor with all cordiality and openness4 ,then to work again till dinner-time1 at half-past two4 ,in the afternoon he retires to his study with its plain furniture and the india-rubber tree in the window1 and writes a letter full of affection to some friend1 after which he goes off to the council meeting of one of the learned bodies4 ,then back again to the laboratory1 but as evening approaches he goes upstairs to his wife and niece1 and then there is a game at bagatelle or acting charades2 and afterwards he will read aloud from ,shakspeare or ,macaulay till it is time for supper and the simple family worship which now is not liable to the interruptions that generally prevent it in the morning4 ,and so the day closes4 ,or if it be a fine summer evening1 he takes a stroll with his wife and the little girl to the ,zoological ,gardens1 and looks at all the new arrivals1 but especially the monkeys1 laughing at their tricks till the tears run down his cheeks4 ,but should it be a ,friday evening1 ,faraday's place is in the library and theatre of the ,institution1 to see that all is right and ready1 to say an encouraging word to the lecturer1 and to welcome his friends as they arrive2 then taking his seat on the front bench near the right hand of the speaker1 he listens with an animated countenance to his story1#f sometimes bending forwards1 and scarcely capable of keeping his fingers off the apparatus--not at all able if anything seems to be going wrong2 when the discourse is over1 a warm shake of the hand1 with ,thank you for a pleasant hour1 and ,good night to those around him1 and upstairs with his wife and some particularly congenial friends to supper4 ,on the dining-table is abundance of good fare and good wine1 and around it flows a pleasant stream of lively and intellectual conversation4 ,but suppose it is his own night to lecture4 ,the subject has been carefully considered1 an outline of his discourse has been written on a sheet of foolscap1 with all the experiments marked and numbered1 and during the morning everything has been arranged on the table in such order that his memory is assisted by it2 the audience now pours in1 and soon occupies all the seats1 so that late comers must be content with sitting on the stairs or standing in the gangways1 or at the back of the gallery4 ,faraday enters1 and placing himself in the centre of the horse-shoe table1 perfect master of himself1 his apparatus1 and his audience1 commences a discourse which few that are present will ever forget4 ,here is a picture by ,lady ,pollock3--,it was an irresistible eloquence1 which compelled attention and insisted upon sympathy4 ,it waked the young from their visions1 and the old from their dreams4 ,there was a gleaming in his eyes which no painter could copy1 and which no poet could describe4 ,their radiance seemed to send a strange light into the very heart of his congregation2 and when he spoke1 it was felt that the stir of his voice and the fervour of his words could belong only to the owner of those kindling eyes4 ,his thought was rapid1 and made itself a way in new phrases--if it found none ready made--as the mountaineer cuts steps in the most hazardous ascent with his own axe4 ,his enthusiasm sometimes carried him to the point of ecstasy when he expatiated on the beauties of ,nature1 and when he lifted the veil from her deep mysteries4 ,his body then took motion from his mind2 his hair streamed out from his head2 his hands were full of nervous action2 his light1 lithe body seemed to quiver with its eager life4 ,his audience took fire with him1 and every face was flushed4 ,whatever might be the after-thought or the after-pursuit1 each hearer for the time shared his zeal and his delight4#g ,is it possible that he can be happier when lecturing to the juveniles8 ,the front rows are filled with the young people2 behind them are ranged older friends and many of his brother philosophers1 and there is old ,sir ,james ,south1 who is quite deaf1 poor man1 but has come1 as he says1 because he likes to see the happy faces of the children4 ,how perfect is the attention6 ,faraday1 with a beaming countenance1 begins with something about a candle or a kettle that most boys and girls know1 then rises to what they had never thought of before1 but which now is as clear as possible to their understandings4 ,and with what delight does he watch the performances of ,nature in his experiments6 ,one could fancy that he had never seen the experiments before1 and that he was about to clap his hands with boyish glee at the unexpected result6 ,then with serious face the lecturer makes some incidental remark that goes far beyond natural philosophy1 and is a lesson for life4 ,some will remember one of these occasions which forms the subject of a painting by ,mr4 ,blaikley4 ,within the circle of the table stands the lecturer1 and waiting behind is the trusty ,anderson1 while the chair is occupied by the ,prince ,consort1 and beside him are the young ,prince of ,wales and his brother1 the present ,duke of ,edinburgh2 while the ,rev4 ,john ,barlow and ,dr4 ,bence ,jones sit on the left of the ,princes2 ,sir ,james ,south stands against the door1 and ,murchison1 ,de ,la ,rue1 ,mrs4 ,faraday1 and others may be recognized among the eager audience4 ,let us now suppose that it is a ,sunday on which we are watching this prince among the aristocracy of intellect1 and we will assume it to be during one of the periods of his eldership1 namely between #ahdj and #ahdd1 or after #ahfj4 ,the first period came to a close through his separation both from his office and from the ,church itself4 ,the reason of this is unknown except to the parties immediately concerned1 but it will be readily understood how easily differences may arise in such a community as that of the ,sandemanians between an original and conscientious mind and his brethren in the faith4 ,he1 however1 continued to worship among his friends1 and was after a while restored to the rights of membership1 and eventually to the office of elder4 ,in the morning he and his family group find their way down to the plain little meeting-house in ,paul's ,alley1 ,red-cross ,street1 since pulled down to make room for the ,metropolitan ,railway4 ,the day's proceedings commence with a prayer meeting1 during which the worshippers gradually drop in and go to their accustomed seats1 ,faraday taking his place on the platform devoted to the elders3 then the more public service begins2 one of a metrical but not rhyming version of the ,psalms is sung to a quaint old tune2 the ,lord's ,prayer and another psalm follow2 he rises and reads in a slow1 reverent manner the words of one of the ,evangelists1 with a most profound and intelligent appreciation of their meaning2 or he offers an extempore prayer1 expressing perfect trust and submission to ,god's will1 with deep humility and confession of sin4 ,it may be his turn to preach4 ,on two sides of a card he has previously sketched out his sermon with the illustrative texts1 but the congregation does not see the card1 only a little ,bible in his hand1 the pages of which he turns quickly over1 as1 fresh from an earnest heart1 there flows a discourse full of devout thought1 clothed largely in the language of ,scripture4 ,after a loud simultaneous ,amen has closed the service1 the ,church members withdraw to their common meal1 the feast of charity2 and in the afternoon there is another service1 ending by invariable custom with the ,lord's ,supper4 ,the family group do not reach home till half-past #e2 then there is a quiet evening1 part of which is spent by ,faraday at his desk1 and they retire to rest at an early hour4 ,again on ,wednesday evening he is among the little flock4 ,the service is somewhat freer1 for not the officers of the ,church only1 but the ordinary members are encouraged to express whatever thoughts occur to them1 so as to edify one another4 ,at these times1 ,faraday1 especially when he was not an elder1 very often had some word of exhortation1 and the warmth of his temperament would make itself felt1 for he was known in the small community as an experimental rather than a doctrinal preacher4 ,the notes of his more formal discourses which ,i have had the opportunity of seeing1 indicate1 as might be expected from the tenets of his ,church1 a large acquaintance with the words of ,scripture1 but no knowledge of modern exegesis4 ,they appear to have impressed different hearers in different ways4 ,one who heard him frequently and was strongly attached to him1 says that his sermons were too parenthetical and rapid in their delivery1 with little variety or attractiveness2 but another scientific friend1 who heard him occasionally1 writes3 ,they struck me as resembling a mosaic work of texts4 ,at first you could hardly understand their juxtaposition and relationship1 but as the well-chosen pieces were filled in1 by degrees their congruity and fitness became developed1 and at last an amazing sense of the power and beauty of the whole filled one's thoughts at the close of the discourse4 ,his first sermon as an elder was on ,christ's character and example as shown in ,matthew xi4 #bh-cj3 ,learn of me2 for ,i am meek and lowly in heart4 ,among the latest of his sermons was one that he preached at ,dundee about four years before his death4 ,he began by telling his audience that his memory was failing1 and he feared he could not quote ,scripture with perfect accuracy2 and then1 as said one of the elders who had been present1 his face shone like the face of an angel1 as he poured forth the words of loving exhortation4 ,when a mind is stretched in the same direction week-day and ,sunday1 the tension is apt to become too great4 ,with ,faraday the first symptom was loss of memory4 ,then his devoted wife had to hurry him off to the country for rest of brain4 ,once he had to give up work almost entirely for a twelvemonth4 ,during this time he travelled in ,switzerland1 and extracts from his diary are given by ,bence ,jones4 ,his niece1 ,mrs4 ,deacon1 gives us her recollections of a month spent at ,walmer3--,how ,i rejoiced to be allowed to go there with him6 ,we went on the outside of the coach1 in his favourite seat behind the driver4 ,when we reached ,shooter's ,hill1 he was full of fun about ,falstaff and the men in buckram1 and not a sight nor a sound of interest escaped his quick eye and ear4 ,at ,walmer we had a cottage in a field1 and my uncle was delighted because a window looked directly into a blackbird's nest built in a cherry-tree4 ,he would go many times in a day to watch the parent birds feeding their young4 ,i remember1 too1 how much he was interested in the young lambs1 after they were sheared at our door1 vainly trying to find their own mothers4 ,the ewes1 not knowing their shorn lambs1 did not make the customary signal4 ,in those days ,i was eager to see the sun rise1 and my uncle desired me always to call him when ,i was awake4 ,so1 as soon as the glow brightened over ,pegwell ,bay1 ,i stole downstairs and tapped at his door1 and he would rise1 and a great treat it was to watch the glorious sight with him4 ,how delightful1 too1 to be his companion at sunset6 ,once ,i remember well how we watched the fading light from a hill clothed with wild flowers1 and how1 as twilight stole on1 the sounds of bells from ,upper ,deal broke upon our ears1 and how he watched till all was grey4 ,at such times he would be well pleased if we could repeat a few lines descriptive of his feelings4 ,and then she tells us about their examining the flowers in the fields by the aid of ,galpin's ,botany1 and how with a candle he showed her a spectre on the white mist outside the window2 of reading lessons that ended in laughter1 and of sea-anemones and hermit crabs1 with the merriment caused by their odd movements as they dragged about the unwieldy shells they tenanted4 ,but of all things ,i used to like to hear him read ',childe ,harold2' and never shall ,i forget the way in which he read the description of the storm on ,lake ,leman4 ,he took great pleasure in ,byron1 and ,coleridge's ',hymn to ,mont ,blanc' delighted him4 ,when anything touched his feelings as he read--and it happened not unfrequently--he would show it not only in his voice1 but by tears in his eyes also4 ,a few days at ,brighton refreshed him for his work4 ,he was in the habit of running down there before his juvenile lectures at ,christmas1 and at ,easter he frequently sought the same sea-breezes4 ,but it was not always that ,faraday could run away from ,london when the mental tension became excessive4 ,a shorter relaxation was procured by his taking up a novel such as ,ivanhoe1 or ,jane ,eyre1 or ,monte ,christo4 ,he liked the stirring ones best1 a story with a thread to it4 ,or he would go with his wife to see ,kean act1 or hear ,jenny ,lind sing1 or perhaps to witness the performance of some ,wizard of the ,north4 ,now and then he would pay a visit to some scene of early days4 ,one of his near relatives tells me3 ,it is said that ,mr4 ,faraday once went to the shop where his father had formerly been employed as a blacksmith1 and asked to be allowed to look over the place4 ,when he got to a part of the premises at which there was an opening into the lower workshop1 he stopped and said3 ',i very nearly lost my life there once4 ,i was playing in the upper room at pitching halfpence into a pint pot close by this hole1 and having succeeded at a certain distance1 ,i stepped back to try my fortune further off1 forgetting the aperture1 and down ,i fell2 and if it had not been that my father was working over an anvil fixed just below1 ,i should have fallen on it1 broken my back1 and probably killed myself4 ,as it was1 my father's back just saved mine4' ,business1 as well as pleasure1 sometimes took him away from home4 ,he often joined the ,british ,association1 returning usually on ,saturday1 that he might be among his own people on the ,lord's ,day4 ,during the meeting he would generally accept the hospitality of some friend2 and it was one of these occasions that gave rise to the following jeu d'esprit3-- ',that ,p will change to ,f in the ,british tongue is true 7,quoth ,professor ,phillips71 though the instances are few2' ,an entry in my journal then ,i ventured thus to parody1 ',i this day dined with ,fillips1 where ,i hobbed and nobbed with ,pharaday4' ,t4 ,t4 ,,oxford1 ,june #bg1 #ahfj4 ,at the ,liverpool meeting1 in #ahcg1 he was president of the ,chemical ,section1 and on two other occasions he was selected to deliver the evening lecture1 but though repeatedly pressed to undertake the presidency of the whole body1 he could not be prevailed upon to accept the office4 ,my first personal intercourse with him1 of any extent1 was at the ,ipswich meeting in #ahea4 ,i watched him with all the interest of an admiring disciple1 and there is deeply engraven on my memory the vivacity of his conversation1 the eagerness with which he entered into some mathematico-chemical speculations of ,dumas1 and the playfulness with which1 when we were dining together1 he cut boomerangs out of card1 and shot them across the table at his friends4 ,professional engagements also took him not unfrequently into the country4 ,some of these will be described in the later sections1 that treat of his mode of working and its valuable results4 ,to comprehend a man's life it is necessary to know not merely what he does1 but also what he purposely leaves undone4 ,there is a limit to the work that can be got out of a human body or a human brain1 and he is a wise man who wastes no energy on pursuits for which he is not fitted2 and he is still wiser who1 from among the things that he can do well1 chooses and resolutely follows the best4 ,faraday took no part in any of the political or social movements of his time4 ,to politics indeed he seems to have been really indifferent4 ,it was during the intensely interesting period of #ahad-ae that he was on the ,continent with ,davy1 but he alludes to the taking of ,paris by the allied troops simply because of its bearing on the movements of the travellers1 and on ,march #g1 #ahae1 he made his remarkable entry in his journal3 ,i heard for news that ,bonaparte was again at liberty4 ,being no politician1 ,i did not trouble myself much about it1 though ,i suppose it will have a strong influence on the affairs of ,europe4 ,in later days he seems to have awaked to sufficient interest to read the debates1 and to show a ,conservative tendency2 he became a special constable in #ahdh1 and was disposed generally to support the powers that be1--though that involved some perplexity at a change of ,government4 ,it is more singular that a man of his benevolent spirit should never have taken a prominent part in any philanthropic movement4 ,in some cases his religious views may have presented an obstacle1 but this reason can hardly apply to many of those social movements in which the influence of his name1 and his occasional presence and advice1 would have been highly valuable4 ,during the latter half of his life1 he1 as a rule1 avoided serving on committees even for scientific objects1 and was reluctant to hold office in the learned societies with which he was connected4 ,i believe1 however1 that this arose not so much from want of interest1 as from a conviction that he was ill-suited by natural temperament for joining in discussions on subjects that roused the passions of men1 or for calmly weighing the different courses of action1 and deciding which was the most judicious4 ,it is remarkable how little even of his scientific work was done in conjunction with others4 ,neither did he spend time in rural occupations1 or in literary or artistic pursuits4 ,beasts and birds and flowers he looked at1 but it was for recreation1 not for study4 ,music he was fond of1 and occasionally he visited the ,opera1 but he did not allow sweet sounds to charm him away from his work4 ,he stuck closely to his fireside1 his laboratory1 his lecture table1 and his church4 ,he lived where he worked1 so that he had only to go downstairs to put to the test of experiment any fresh thought that flitted across his brain4 ,he almost invariably declined dinner-parties1 except at ,lady ,davy's1 and at ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,masquerier's at ,brighton1 towards whom he felt under an obligation on account of former kindnesses4 ,if he went to a soire1 he usually stayed but a short time2 and even when away from home he generally refused private hospitality4 ,thus he was able to give almost undivided attention to the chief pursuit of his life4 ,his residence in so accessible a part of ,london did1 however1 expose him to the constant invasion of callers1 and his own good nature often rendered fruitless the efforts that were considerately made to restrict these within reasonable limits4 ,of course he suffered from the curious and the inconsiderate of the human species2 and then there were those pertinacious bores1 the dabblers in science4 ,one morning a young man called on him1 and with an air of great importance confided to him the result of some original researches 7so he deemed them7 in electrical philosophy4 ',and pray1' asked the ,professor1 taking down a volume of ,rees' ,cyclopdia1 'did you consult this or any elementary work to learn whether your discovery had been anticipated8' ,the young man replied in the negative4 ',then why do you come to waste my time about well-known facts1 that were published forty years ago8' ',sir1' said the visitor1 ',i thought ,i had better bring the matter to head-quarters immediately4' ',all very well for you1 but not so well for head-quarters1' replied the ,professor1 sharply1 and set him down to read the article4 ,a grave1 elderly gentleman once waited upon him to submit to his notice 'a new law of physics4' ,the visitor requested that a jug of water and a tumbler might be brought1 and then producing a cork1 ',you will be pleased to observe1' said he1 'how persistently this cork clings to the side of the glass when the vessel is half filled4' ',just so1' replied the ,professor4 ',but now1' resumed this great discoverer1 'mark what happens when ,i fill the tumbler to the brim4 ,there6 you see the cork flies to the centre--positively repelled by the sides6' ',precisely so1' replied the amused electrician1 with the air of a man who felt perfectly at home with the phenomenon1 and indeed regarded it quite as an old friend4 ,the visitor was evidently disconcerted4 ',pray how long have you known this8' he ventured to ask ,faraday4 ',oh1 ever since ,i was a boy1' was the rejoinder4 ,crestfallen--his discovery demolished in a moment--the poor gentleman was retiring with many apologies1 when the ,professor1 sincerely concerned at his disappointment1 comforted him by suggesting that possibly he might some day alight upon something really new4#h ,but there were other visitors who were right welcome to a portion of his time4 ,one day it might be a young man1 whom a few kind words and a little attention on the part of the great philosopher would send forward on the journey of life with new energy and hopes4 ,another day it might be some intellectual chieftain1 who could meet the prince of experimenters on equal terms4 ,but these are hardly to be regarded as interruptions2--rather as a part of his chosen work4 ,here is one instance in the words of ,mr4 ,robert ,mallet4 444 ,i was1 in the years that followed1 never in ,london without paying him a visit1 and on one of those times ,i ventured to ask him 7if not too much engaged7 to let me see where he and ,davy had worked together4 ,with the most simple graciousness he brought me through the whole of the ,royal ,institution1 ,albemarle ,street4 ,brande's furnaces1 ,davy's battery1 the place in the laboratory where he told me he had first observed the liquefaction of chlorine1 are all vividly before me--but nothing so clear or vivid as our conversation over a specimen of green 7crown7 glass1 partially devitrified in floating opaque white spheres of radiating crystals3 he touched luminously on the obscure relation of the vitreous and crystalloid states1 and on the probable nature of the nuclei of the white spheres4 ,my next visit to ,faraday that ,i recollect was not long after my paper ',on the ,dynamics of ,earthquakes' had appeared in the ,transactions of the ,royal ,irish ,academy4 ,he almost at once referred to it in terms of praise that seemed to me so far beyond my due1 that even now ,i recall the very humble way ,i felt1 as the thought of ,faraday's own transcendent merits rushed across my mind4 ,i ventured to ask him1 had the paper engaged his attention sufficiently that ,i might ask him--did he consider my explanation of the before supposed vorticose shock sufficient8 ,to my amazement he at once recited nearly word for word the paragraph in which ,i took some pains to put my views into a demonstrative shape1 and ended with1 ',it is as plain and certain as a proposition of ,euclid6' ,and yet the subject was one pretty wide away from his own objects of study4 ,often1 too1 if some interesting fact was exhibited to him1 he would send to his brother savants some such note as this3-- ,,royal ,,institution1 #dth ,may1 #aheb4 ,,my ,,dear ,,wheatstone1 ,dr4 ,dubois-,raymond will be making his experiments here next ,thursday1 the #fth1 from and after #aa o'clock4 ,i wish to let you know1 that you may if you like join the select few4 ,ever truly yours1 ,m4 ,,faraday4 ,it was indeed his wont to share with others the delight of a new discovery4 ,thus ,sir ,henry ,holland tells me that he used frequently to run to his house in ,brook ,street with some piece of scientific news4 ,one of these visits was after reading ,bunsen and ,kirchhoff's paper on ,spectrum ,analysis2 and he did not stop short with merely telling the tale of the special rays of light shot forth by each metallic vapour1 as the following letter will show4 ,it is addressed to the present ,baroness ,burdett ,coutts4 ,,royal ,,institution1 ,friday1 #agth ,may4 ,,dear ,,miss ,,coutts1 ,to-morrow1 at #d o'clock1 immediately after ,max ,mller's lecture1 ,i shall show ,sir ,henry ,holland an apparatus which has arrived from ,munich to manifest the phenomena of light which have recently been made known to us by ,bunsen and ,kirchhoff4 ,mr4 ,barlow will be here1 and he suggests that you would like to know of the occasion4 ,if you are inclined to see how philosophers work and live1 and so are inclined to climb our narrow stairs 7for ,i must show the experiments in my room71 we shall be most happy to see you4 ,the experiments will not be beautiful except to the intelligent4 ,ever your faithful ,servant1 ,m4 ,,faraday4 ,sometimes1 too1 the exhibition of a scientific fact would take him away from home4 ,thus1 when her ,majesty and the ,prince ,consort once paid a private visit to the ,polytechnic1 ,mr4 ,pepper arranged a surprise for the ,royal party1 by getting ,faraday in a quiet room to explain the ,ruhmkorff's coil--the latest development of his own inductive currents4 ,this he did with his usual vivacity and enthusiasm1 and the interview is said to have gratified the philosopher as well as the ,queen4 ,he could not1 however1 escape the inroads made upon his time by correspondence4 ,people would write and ask him questions4 ,once a solitary prisoner wrote to tell him1 ,it is indeed in studying the great discoveries which science is indebted to you for1 that ,i render my captivity less sad1 and make time flow with rapidity1--and then he proceeds to ask1 ,what is the most simple combination to give to a voltaic battery1 in order to produce a spark capable of setting fire to powder under water1 or under ground8 ,up to the present ,i have only seen employed to that purpose piles of thirty to forty pairs constructed on ,dr4 ,wollaston's principles4 ,they are very large and inconvenient for field service4 ,could not the same effect be produced by two spiral pairs only8 and if so1 what can be their smallest dimension8 ,and who was the prisoner who thus speculated on the applications of science to war8 ,it was no other than ,prince ,louis ,napoleon1 then immured in the fortress of ,ham1 and now the ex-,emperor of the ,french4 ,at another time he wrote asking for his advice in the manufacture of an alloy which should be about as soft as lead1 but not so fusible1--a question which also had evident bearing upon the art of war2 and offering at the same time to pay the cost of any experiments that might be necessary4 ,often1 too1 the correspondents of ,faraday thought that they were doing him a kindness4 ,he says somewhere3 ,the number of suggestions1 hints for discovery1 and propositions of various kinds1 offered to me very freely and with perfect goodwill and simplicity on the part of the proposers1 for my exclusive investigation and final honour1 is remarkably great1 and it is no less remarkable that but for one exception--that of ,mr4 ,jenkin--they have all been worthless4444 ,i have1 ,i think1 universally found that the man whose mind was by nature or self-education fitted to make good and worthy suggestions1 was also the man both able and willing to work them out4 ,both the askers of questions and the givers of advice expected answers--and the answers came4 ,most of ,faraday's letters1 indeed1 are of a purely business character3 sometimes they are very laconic1 as the note in which he announced to ,dr4 ,paris one of his principal discoveries3-- ,,dear ,,sir1 ,the oil you noticed yesterday turns out to be liquid chlorine4 ,yours faithfully1 ,m4 ,,faraday4 ,but in other letters1 as may be expected1 there is found the enthusiasm of his ardent nature1 or the glow of his genial spirit4 ,an instance or two may suffice4 ,,royal ,,institution1 #bdth ,march1 #ahdc4 ,,dear ,,sir1 ,i have received and at once looked at your paper4 ,many thanks for so good a contribution to the beloved science4 ,what glorious steps electricity has taken in the days within our remembrance1 and what hopes are held out for the future6 ,the great difficulty is to remove the mists which dim the dawn of a subject1 and ,i cannot but consider your paper as doing very much that way for a most important part of natural knowledge4 ,i am1 my dear ,sir1 ,most truly yours1 ,m4 ,,faraday4 ,j4 ,p4 ,,joule1 ,,esq4 ,,royal ,,institution1 #aeth ,oct41 #ahec4 ,,my ,,dear ,,miss ,,moore1 ,the summer is going away1 and ,i never 7but for one day7 had any hopes of profiting by your kind offer of the roof of your house in ,clarges ,street4 ,what a feeble summer it has been as regards sunlight6 ,i have made a good many preliminary experiments at home1 but they do not encourage me in the direction towards which ,i was looking4 ,all is misty and dull1 both the physical and the mental prospect4 ,but ,i have ever found that the experimental philosopher has great need of patience1 that he may not be downcast by interposing obstacles1 and perseverance1 that he may either overcome them1 or open out a new path to the bourn he desires to reach4 ,so perhaps next summer ,i may think of your housetop again4 ,many thanks for your kind letter and all your kindnesses uswards4 ,my wife had your note yesterday1 and ,i enjoyed the violets1 which for a time ,i appropriated4 ,with kindest remembrances and thoughts to all with you and her at ,hastings1 ,i am1 my dear ,friend1 ,very faithfully yours1 ,m4 ,,faraday4 ,the following is written to ,mr4 ,frank ,barnard1 then an ,art student in ,paris3-- ,,royal ,,institution1 #ith ,nov41 #aheb4 ,,my ,,dear ,,nephew1 ,though ,i am not a letter-writer and shall not profess to send you any news1 yet ,i intend to waste your time with one sheet of paper3 first to thank you for your letter to me1 and then to thank you for what ,i hear of your letters to others4 ,you were very kind to take the trouble of executing my commissions1 when ,i know your heart was bent upon the entrance to your studies4 ,your account of ,m4 ,arago was most interesting to me1 though ,i should have been glad if in the matter of health you could have made it better4 ,he has a wonderful mind and spirit4 ,and so you are hard at work1 and somewhat embarrassed by your position3 but no man can do just as he likes1 and in many things he has to give way1 and may do so honourably1 provided he preserve his self-respect4 ,never1 my dear ,frank1 lose that1 whatever may be the alternative4 ,let no one tempt you to it2 for nothing can be expedient that is not right2 and though some of your companions may tease you at first1 they will respect you for your consistency in the end2 and if they pretend not to do so1 it is of no consequence4 ,however1 ,i trust the hardest part of your probation is over1 for the earliest is usually the hardest2 and that you know how to take all things quietly4 ,happily for you1 there is nothing in your pursuit which need embarrass you in ,paris4 ,i think you never cared for home politics1 so that those of another country are not likely to occupy your attention1 and a stranger can be but a very poor judge of a new people and their requisites4 ,i think all your family are pretty well1 but ,i know you will hear all the news from your appointed correspondent ,jane1 and1 as ,i said1 ,i am unable to chronicle anything4 ,still1 ,i am always very glad to hear how you are going on1 and have a sight of all that ,i may see of the correspondence4 ,ever1 my dear ,frank1 ,your affectionate ,uncle1 ,m4 ,,faraday4 ,his scientific researches were very numerous4 ,the ,royal ,society ,catalogue gives under the name of ,faraday a list of #aeh papers1 published in various scientific magazines or learned ,transactions4 ,many of these communications are doubtless short1 but a short philosophical paper often represents a large amount of brain work2 a score of them are the substance of his ,friday evening discourses2 while others are lengthy treatises1 the records of long and careful investigations2 and the list includes the thirty series of his ,experimental ,researches in ,electricity4 ,these extended over a period of twenty-seven years1 and were afterwards reprinted from the ,philosophical ,transactions1 and form three goodly volumes1 with #c1dcj numbered paragraphs--one of the most marvellous monuments of intellectual work1 one of the rarest treasure-houses of newly-discovered knowledge1 with which the world has ever been enriched4 ,faraday never published but one book in the common acceptation of the term--it was on ,chemical ,manipulation1--but there appeared another large volume of reprinted papers3 and three of his courses of lectures were also published as separate small books1 though not by himself4 ,it is very tempting to linger among these #aeh papers2 but this is not intended as a scientific biography1 and those readers who wish to make themselves better acquainted with his work will find an admirable summary of it in ,professor ,tyndall's ,faraday as a ,discoverer4 ,in ,sections ,,iv4 and ,v41 however1 ,i have endeavoured to give an idea of his manner of working1 and of the practical benefits that have flowed to mankind from some of his discoveries4 ,as these papers appeared his fame grew wider and wider4 ,when a comparatively young man he was naturally desirous of appending the mystic letters ,f4,r4,s4 to his name1 and he was balloted into the ,royal ,society in ,january #ahbd1 not without strong opposition from his master1 ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 then president4 ,he paid the fees1 and never sought another distinction of the kind4 ,but they were showered down upon him4 ,the ,philosophical ,society of ,cambridge had already acknowledged his merits1 and the learned ,academies of ,paris and ,florence had enrolled him amongst their corresponding members4 ,heidelberg and ,st4 ,petersburg1 ,philadelphia and ,boston1 ,copenhagen1 ,berlin1 and ,palermo1 quickly followed3 and as the fame of his researches spread1 very many other learned societies in ,europe and ,america1 as well as at home1 brought to him the tribute of their honorary membership4#i ,he thrice received the degree of ,doctor1 ,oxford making him a ,d4,c4,l41 ,prague a ,ph4,d41 and ,cambridge an ,,ll4,d41 besides which he was instituted a ,chevalier of the ,prussian ,order of ,merit1 a ,commander of the ,legion of ,honour1 and a ,knight ,commander of the ,order of ,st4 ,maurice and ,st4 ,lazarus4 ,among the medals which he received were each of those at the disposal of the ,royal ,society--indeed the ,copley medal was given him twice--and the ,grande ,mdaille d',honneur at the time of the ,french ,exhibition4 ,altogether it appears he was decorated with ninety-five titles and marks of merit1#aj including the blue ribbon of science1 for in #ahdd he was chosen one of the eight foreign associates of the ,french ,academy4 ,though he had never passed through a university career1 he was made a member of the ,senate of the ,university of ,london1 which he regarded as one of his chief honours2 and he showed his appreciation of the importance of the office by a diligent attendance to its duties4 ,as the recognized prince of investigators1 it is no wonder that on the resignation of ,lord ,wrottesley1 an attempt was made to induce him to become ,president of the ,royal ,society4 ,a deputation waited upon him and urged the unanimous wish of the ,council and of scientific men4 ,faraday begged for time to consider4 ,tyndall gives us an insight into the reasons that led him to decline4 ,he tells us3 ,on the following morning ,i went up to his room1 and said1 on entering1 that ,i had come to him with some anxiety of mind4 ,he demanded its cause1 and ,i responded1 ',lest you should have decided against the wishes of the deputation that waited on you yesterday4' ',you would not urge me to undertake this responsibility1' he said4 ',i not only urge you1' was my reply1 'but ,i consider it your bounden duty to accept it4' ,he spoke of the labour that it would involve2 urged that it was not in his nature to take things easy2 and that if he became president1 he would surely have to stir many new questions1 and agitate for some changes4 ,i said that in such cases he would find himself supported by the youth and strength of the ,royal ,society4 ,this1 however1 did not seem to satisfy him4 ,mrs4 ,faraday came into the room1 and he appealed to her4 ,her decision was adverse1 and ,i deprecated her decision4 ',tyndall1' he said at length1 ',i must remain plain ,michael ,faraday to the last2 and let me now tell you1 that if ,i accepted the honour which the ,royal ,society desires you to confer upon me1 ,i would not answer for the integrity of my intellect for a single year4' ,in #ahce ,sir ,robert ,peel desired to confer pensions as honourable distinctions on ,faraday and some other eminent men4 ,lord ,melbourne1 who succeeded him as ,prime ,minister1 in making the offer at a private interview1 gave utterance to some hasty expressions that appeared to the man of science to reflect on the honour of his profession1 and led to his declining the money4 ,the ,king1 ,william ,,iv41 was struck with the unusual nature of the proceeding1 and kept repeating the story of ,faraday's refusal2 and about a month afterwards the ,premier1 dining with ,dr4 7now ,sir ,henry7 ,holland1 begged him to convey a letter to the ,professor and to press on him the acceptance of the pension4 ,the letter was couched in such honourable and conciliatory terms1 that ,faraday's personal objection could no longer apply1 and he expressed his willingness to receive this mark of national approval4 ,a version of the matter that found its way into the public prints caused fresh annoyance1 and nearly produced a final refusal1 but through the kind offices of friends who had interested themselves throughout in the matter1 a friendly feeling was again arrived at1 and the pension of #cjj a year was granted and accepted4 ,in #aheh the ,queen offered him a house at ,hampton ,court4 ,it was a pretty little place1 situated in the well-known ,green in front of the ,palace2 and in that quiet retreat ,faraday spent a large portion of his remaining years4 ,in ,october #ahfa he wrote a letter to the managers of the ,royal ,institution1 resigning part of his duties1 in which he reviewed his connection with them4 ,i entered the ,royal ,institution in ,march #ahac1 nearly forty-nine years ago1 and1 with the exception of a comparatively short period during which ,i was abroad on the ,continent with ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 have been with you ever since4 ,during that time ,i have been most happy in your kindness1 and in the fostering care which the ,royal ,institution has bestowed upon me4 ,thank ,god1 first1 for all ,his gifts4 ,i have next to thank you and your predecessors for the unswerving encouragement and support which you have given me during that period4 ,my life has been a happy one1 and all ,i desired4 ,during its progress ,i have tried to make a fitting return for it to the ,royal ,institution1 and through it to science4 ,but the progress of years 7now amounting in number to three-score and ten7 having brought forth first the period of development1 and then that of maturity1 have ultimately produced for me that of gentle decay4 ,this has taken place in such a manner as to make the evening of life a blessing2 for whilst increasing physical weakness occurs1 a full share of health free from pain is granted with it2 and whilst memory and certain other faculties of the mind diminish1 my good spirits and cheerfulness do not diminish with them4 ,when he could no longer discharge effectually his duties at the ,trinity ,house1 the ,corporation quietly made their arrangements for transferring them1 and1 with the concurrence of the ,board of ,trade1 determined that his salary of #bjjl4 per annum should continue as long as he lived4 ,sir ,frederick ,arrow called upon him at ,albemarle ,street1 and explained how the matter stood1 but he found it hard to persuade the ,professor that there was no injustice in his continuing to receive the money2 then1 taking hold of ,sir ,frederick by one hand and ,dr4 ,tyndall by the other1 ,faraday1 with swimming eyes1 passed over his office to his successor4 ,gradually but surely the end approached4 ,the loss of memory was followed by other symptoms of declining power4 ,the fastenings of his earthly tabernacle were removed one by one1 and he looked forward to the house not made with hands1 eternal in the heavens4 ,this was no new anticipation4 ,calling on the friend who had long directed with him the affairs of the ,institution1 but who was then half paralysed1 he had said1 ,barlow1 you and ,i are waiting2 that is what we have to do now2 and we must try to do it patiently4 ,he had written to his niece1 ,mrs4 ,deacon3 ,i cannot think that death has to the ,christian anything in it that should make it rare1 or other than a constant1 thought2 out of the view of death comes the view of the life beyond the grave1 as out of the view of sin 7the true and the real view which the ,holy ,spirit alone can give to a man7 comes the glorious hope4444 ,my worldly faculties are slipping away day by day4 ,happy is it for all of us that the true good lies not in them4 ,as they ebb1 may they leave us as little children trusting in the ,father of ,mercies1 and accepting ,his unspeakable gift4 ,and when the dark shadow was creeping over him1 he wrote to the ,comte de ,paris3 ,i bow before ,him who is ,lord of all1 and hope to be kept waiting patiently for ,his time and mode of releasing me according to ,his ,divine ,word1 and the great and precious promises whereby ,his people are made partakers of the ,divine nature4 ,his niece1 ,miss ,jane ,barnard1 who tended him with most devoted care1 thus wrote from ,hampton ,court on the #bgth ,june3--,the kind feelings shown on every side towards my dear uncle1 and the ready offers of help1 are most soothing4 ,i am thankful to say that we are going on very quietly2 he keeps his bed and sleeps much1 and we think that the paralysis gains on him1 but between whiles he speaks most pleasant words1 showing his comfort and trust in the finished work of our ,lord4 ,the other day he repeated some verses of the #dfth ,psalm1 and yesterday a great part of the #bcrd4 ,we can only trust that it may be given us to say truly1 ',thy will be done2' indeed1 the belief that all things work together for good to them that believe1 is an anchor of hope1 sure and steadfast1 to the soul4 ,we are surrounded by most kind and affectionate friends1 and it is indeed touching to see what warm feelings my dear uncle has raised on all sides4 ,when his faculties were fading fast1 he would sit long at the western window1 watching the glories of the sunset2 and one day when his wife drew his attention to a beautiful rainbow that then spanned the sky1 he looked beyond the falling shower and the many-coloured arch1 and observed1 ,he hath set his testimony in the heavens4 ,on ,august #be1 #ahfg1 quietly1 almost imperceptibly1 came the release4 ,there was a philosopher less on earth1 and a saint more in heaven4 ,the funeral1 at his own request1 was of the simplest character4 ,his remains were conveyed to ,highgate ,cemetery by his relations1 and deposited in the grave1 according to the practice of his ,church1 in perfect silence4 ,few of his scientific friends were in ,london that bright summer-time1 but ,professor ,graham and one or two others came out from the shrubbery1 and joining the group of family mourners1 took their last look at the coffin4 ,but when this sun had set below our earthly horizon1 there seemed to spring up in the minds of men a great desire to catch some of the rays of the fading brightness and reflect them to posterity4 ,a ,faraday ,memorial was soon talked of1 and the work is now in the sculptor's hands2 the ,chemical ,society has founded a ,faraday ,lectureship2 one of the new streets in ,paris has been called ,rue ,faraday2 biographical sketches have appeared in many of the ,british and ,continental journals2 successive books have told the story of his life and work2 and in a thousand hearts there is embalmed the memory of this ,christian gentleman and philosopher4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,these books1 with others bound by ,faraday1 are preserved in a special cabinet at the ,royal ,institution1 together with more valuable documents1--the laboratory notes of ,davy and those of ,faraday1 his notes of ,tatum's and ,davy's lectures1 copies of his published papers with annotations and indices1 notes for lectures and ,friday evening discourses1 account books1 and various memoranda1 together with letters from ,wollaston1 ,young1 ,herschel1 ,whewell1 ,mitscherlich1 and many others of his fellow-workers in science4 ,these were the gift of his widow1 in accordance with his own desire4 #b ,this idea was suggested by some remarks of ,faraday to the ,baroness ,burdett ,coutts4 #c ,sir ,roderick ,murchison used to tell how he was attending ,brande's lectures1 when one day1 the ,professor being absent1 his assistant took his place1 and lectured with so much ease that he won the complete approval of the audience4 ,this1 he said1 was ,faraday's first lecture at the ,royal ,institution4 #d ,the laboratory note-book shows that at this very time he was making a long series of commercial analyses of saltpetre for ,mr4 ,brande4 #e ,the following anecdote has been sent me on the authority of ,mr4 ,benjamin ,abbott3--,sergeant ,anderson was engaged to attend to the furnaces in ,mr4 ,faraday's researches on optical glass in #ahbh1 and was chosen simply because of the habits of strict obedience his military training had given him4 ,his duty was to keep the furnaces always at the same heat1 and the water in the ashpit always at the same level4 ,in the evening he was released1 but one night ,faraday forgot to tell ,anderson he could go home1 and early next morning he found his faithful servant still stoking the glowing furnace1 as he had been doing all night long4 ,a more probable and better authenticated version of this story is that after nightfall ,anderson went upstairs to ,faraday1 who was already in bed1 to inquire if he was to remain still on duty4 #f ,one evening1 when the ,rev4 ,a4 ,j4 ,d',orsey was lecturing ,on the ,study of the ,english ,language1 he mentioned as a common vulgarism that of using don't in the third person singular1 as ,he don't pay his debts4 ,faraday exclaimed aloud1 ,that's very wrong4 #g ,the ,st4 ,paul's ,magazine1 ,june #ahgj4 #h ,british ,quarterly ,review1 ,april #ahfh4 #i ,see ,appendix4 #aj ,no wonder the celebrated electrician ,p4 ,riess1 of ,berlin1 once addressed a long letter to him as ,professor ,michael ,faraday1 ,member of all ,academies of ,science1 ,london4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,,study ,,of ,,his ,,character4 ,in the previous section we have traced the leading events of a life which was quietly and uniformly successful4 ,we have watched the passage of the errand-boy into the philosopher1 and we have seen how at first he begged for the meanest place in a scientific workshop1 and at last declined the highest honour which ,british ,science was capable of granting4 ,his success did not lie in the amassing of money--he deliberately turned aside from the path of proffered wealth2 nor did it lie in the attainment of social position and titles--he did not care for the weight of these4 ,but if success consists in a life full of agreeable occupation1 with the knowledge that its labours are adding to the happiness and wealth of the world1 leading on to an old age full of honour1 and the prospect of a blissful immortality1--then the highest success crowned the life of ,faraday4 ,how did he obtain it8 ,not by inheritance1 and not by the force of circumstances4 ,the wealth or the reputation of fathers is often an invaluable starting-point for sons3 a liberal education and the contact of superior minds in early youth is often a mighty help to the young aspirant3 the favour of powerful friends will often place on a vantage-ground the struggler in the battle of life4 ,but ,faraday had none of these4 ,accidental circumstances sometimes push a man forward1 or give him a special advantage over his fellows2 but ,faraday had to make his circumstances1 and to seize the small favours that fortune sometimes threw in his way4 ,the secret of his success lay in the qualities of his mind4 ,it is only fair1 however1 to remark that he started with no disadvantages4 ,there was no stain in the family history3 he had no dead weight to carry1 of a disgraced name1 or of bad health1 or deficient faculties1 or hereditary tendencies to vice4 ,it must be acknowledged1 too1 that he was endowed with a naturally clear understanding and an unusual power of looking below the surface of things4 ,the first element of success that we meet with in his biography is the faithfulness with which he did his work4 ,this led the bookseller to take his poor errand-boy as an apprentice2 and this enabled his father to write1 when he was #ah3 ,michael is bookbinder and stationer1 and is very active at learning his business4 ,he has been most part of four years of his time out of seven4 ,he has a very good master and mistress1 and likes his place well4 ,he had a hard time for some while at first going2 but1 as the old saying goes1 he has rather got the head above water1 as there is two other boys under him4 ,this faithful industry marked also his relations with ,davy and ,brande1 and the whole of his subsequent life2 and at last1 when he found that he could no longer discharge his duties1 it made him repeatedly press his resignation on the managers of the ,royal ,institution1 and beg to be relieved of his eldership in the ,church4 ,his love of study1 and hunger after knowledge1 led him to the particular career which he pursued1 and that power of imagination1 which reveals itself in his early letters1 grew and grew1 till it gave him such a familiarity with the unseen forces of nature as has never been vouchsafed to any other mortal4 ,as a source of success there stands out also his enthusiasm4 ,a new fact seemed to charge him with an energy that gleamed from his eyes and quivered through his limbs1 and1 as by induction1 charged for the time those in his presence with the same vigour of interest4 ,plcker1 of ,bonn1 was showing him one day in the laboratory at ,albemarle ,street his experiments on the action of a magnet on the electric discharge in vacuum tubes4 ,faraday danced round them2 and as he saw the moving arches of light1 he cried1 ,oh6 to live in it6 ,mr4 ,james ,heywood once met him in the thick of a tremendous storm at ,eastbourne1 rubbing his hands with delight because he had been fortunate enough to see the lightning strike the church tower1 and displace a pinnacle4 ,this enthusiasm led him to throw all his heart into his work4 ,nor was the energy spasmodic1 or wasted on unworthy objects2 for1 in the words of ,bence ,jones1 his was a lifelong lasting strife to seek and say that which he thought was true1 and to do that which he thought was kind4 ,indeed1 his perseverance in a noble strife was another of the grand elements in his success4 ,his tenacity of purpose showed itself equally in little and in great things4 ,arranging some apparatus one day with a philosophical instrument maker1 he let fall on the floor a small piece of glass3 he made several ineffectual attempts to pick it up4 ,never mind1 said his companion1 it is not worth the trouble4 ,well1 but1 ,murray1 ,i don't like to be beaten by something that ,i have once tried to do4 ,the same principle is apparent in that long series of electrical researches1 where for a quarter of a century he marched steadily along that path of discovery into which he had been lured by the genius of ,davy4 ,and so1 whatever course was set before him1 he ran with patience towards the goal1 not diverted by the thousand objects of interest which he passed by1 nor stopping to pick up the golden apples that were flung before his feet4 ,this tremendous faculty of work was relieved by a wonderful playfulness4 ,this rarely appears in his writings1 but was very frequent in his social intercourse4 ,it was a simple-hearted joyousness1 the effervescence of a spirit at peace with ,god and man4 ,it not seldom1 however1 assumed the form of good-natured banter or a practical joke4 ,indications of this playfulness have already been given1 and ,i have tried to put upon paper some instances that occur to my own recollection1 but the fun depended so much upon his manner1 that it loses its aroma when separated from himself4 ,however1 ,i will try one story4 ,i was spending a night at an hotel at ,ramsgate when on lighthouse business4 ,early in the morning there came a knock at the bed-room door1 but1 as ,i happened to be performing my ablutions1 ,i cried1 ,who's there8 ,guess4 ,i went over the names of my brother commissioners1 but heard only ,no1 no1 till1 not thinking of any other friend likely to hunt me up in that place1 ,i left off guessing2 and on opening the door ,i saw ,faraday enjoying with a laugh my inability to recognize his voice through a deal board4 ,a student of the late ,professor ,daniell tells me that he remembers ,faraday often coming into the lecture-room at ,king's ,college just when the ,professor had finished and was explaining matters more fully to any of his pupils who chose to come down to the table4 ,one day the subject discoursed on and illustrated had been sulphuretted hydrogen1 and a little of the gas had escaped into the room1 as it perversely will do4 ,when ,faraday entered he put on a look of astonishment1 as though he had never smelt such a thing before1 and in a comical manner said1 ,ah6 a savoury lecture1 ,daniell6 ,on another occasion there was a little ammonia left in a jar over mercury4 ,he pressed ,daniell to tell him what it was1 and when the ,professor had put his head down to see more clearly1 he whiffed some of the pungent gas into his face4 ,occasionally this humour was turned to good account1 as when1 one ,friday evening before the lecture1 he told the audience that he had been requested by the managers to mention two cases of infringement of rule4 ,the first related to the red cord which marks off the members' seats4 ,the second case ,i take to be a hypothetical one1 namely1 that of a gentleman wearing his hat in the drawing-room4 ,this produced a laugh1 which the ,professor joined in1 bowed1 and retired4 ,this faithful discharge of duty1 this almost intuitive insight into natural phenomena1 and this persevering enthusiasm in the pursuit of truth1 might alone have secured a great position in the scientific world1 but they alone could never have won for him that large inheritance of respect and love4 ,his contemporaries might have gazed upon him with an interest and admiration akin to that with which he watched a thunderstorm2 but who feels his affections drawn out towards a mere intellectual ,jupiter8 ,we must look deeper into his character to understand this4 ,there is a law well recognized in the science of light and heat1 that a body can absorb only the same sort of rays which it is capable of emitting4 ,just so is it in the moral world4 ,the respect and love of his generation were given to ,faraday because his own nature was full of love and respect for others4 ,each of these qualities--his respect for and love to others1 or1 more generally1 his reverence and kindliness--deserves careful examination4 ,throughout his life1 ,michael ,faraday appeared as though standing in a reverential attitude towards ,nature1 ,man1 and ,god4 ,towards ,nature1 for he regarded the universe as a vast congeries of facts which would not bend to human theories4 ,speaking of his own early life1 he says3 ,i was a very lively imaginative person1 and could believe in the ',arabian ,nights' as easily as in the ',encyclopdia2' but facts were important to me1 and saved me4 ,i could trust a fact1 and always cross-examined an assertion4 ,he was indeed a true disciple of that philosophy which says1 ,man1 who is the servant and interpreter of ,nature1 can act and understand no farther than he has1 either in operation or in contemplation1 observed of the method and order of ,nature4#aa ,and verily ,nature admitted her servant into her secret chambers1 and showed him marvels to interpret to his fellow-men more wonderful and beautiful than the phantasmagoria of ,eastern romance4 ,his reverence towards ,man showed itself in the respect he uniformly paid to others and to himself4 ,thoroughly genuine and simple-hearted himself1 he was wont to credit his fellow-men with high motives and good reasons4 ,this was rather uncomfortable when one was conscious of no such merit1 and ,i at least have felt ashamed in his presence of the poor commonplace grounds of my words and actions4 ,to be in his company was in fact a moral tonic4 ,as he had learned the difficult art of honouring all men1 he was not likely to run after those whom the world counted great4 ,we must get ,garibaldi to come some ,friday evening1 said a member of the ,institution during the visit of the ,italian hero to ,london4 ,well1 if ,garibaldi thinks he can learn anything from us1 we shall be happy to see him1 was ,faraday's reply4 ,this nobility of regard not only preserved him from envying the success of other explorers in the same field1 but led him heartily to rejoice with them in their discoveries4 ,dumas gives us a picture of ,foucault showing ,faraday some of his admirable experiments1 and of the two men looking at one another with eyes moistened1 but full of bright expression1 as they stood hand in hand1 silently thankful--the one for the pleasure he had experienced1 the other for the honour that had been done him4 ,he also tells how1 on another occasion1 he breakfasted at ,albemarle ,street1 and during the meal ,mr4 ,faraday made some eulogistic remarks upon ,davy1 which were coldly received by his guest4 ,after breakfast1 he was taken downstairs to the ante-room of the lecture theatre1 when ,faraday1 walking up to the portrait of his old master1 exclaimed1 ,wasn't he a great man6 then turning round to the window next the entrance door1 he added1 ,it was there that he spoke to me for the first time4 ,the ,frenchman bowed4 ,they descended the stairs again to the laboratory4 ,faraday pulled out an old note-book1 and turning over its pages showed where ,davy had entered the means by which the first globule of potassium was produced1 and had drawn a line round the description1 with the words1 ,capital experiment4 ,the ,french chemist owned himself vanquished1 and tells the tale in honour of him who remembered the greatness and forgot the littlenesses of his teacher4 ,and the respect he showed to others he required to be shown to himself4 ,it is difficult to imagine anyone taking liberties with him1 and it was only in early life that there were small-minded creatures who would treat him not according to what he was1 but according to the position from which he had risen4 ,his servants and workpeople were always attentive to the smallest expression of his wish4 ,still1 he did not go through his life with his elbows out4 ,he once wrote to ,matteucci3 ,i see that that moves you which would move me most1 viz4 the imputation of a want of good faith2 and ,i cordially sympathize with anyone who is so charged unjustly4 ,such cases have seemed to me almost the only ones for which it is worth while entering into controversy4 ,i have felt myself not unfrequently misunderstood1 often misrepresented1 sometimes passed by1 as in the cases of specific inductive capacity1 magneto-electric currents1 definite electrolytic action1 c4 c43 but it is only in the cases where moral turpitude has been implied1 that ,i have felt called upon to enter on the subject in reply4 ,yet1 where he felt that his honour was impugned1 none could be more sensitive or more resolute4 ,this desire to clear himself1 combined with his delicate regard for the feelings of others1 struck me forcibly in the following incident4 ,at ,mr4 ,barlow's1 one ,friday evening after the discourse1 two or three other chemists and myself were commenting unfavourably on a public act of ,faraday1 when suddenly he appeared beside us4 ,i did not hesitate to tell him my opinion4 ,he gave me a short answer1 and joined others of the company4 ,a few days afterwards he found me in the laboratory preparing for a lecture1 and1 without referring directly to what ,i had said1 he gave me a full history of the transaction in such a way as to show that he could not have acted otherwise1 and at the same time to render any apology on my part unnecessary4 ,intimately connected with his respect for ,man as well as reverence for truth1 was the flash of his indignation against any injustice1 and his hot anger against any whom he discovered to be pretenders4 ,when1 for instance1 he had convinced himself that the reputed facts of table-turning and spiritualism were false1 his severe denunciation of the whole thing followed as a matter of course4 ,thus1 too1 a story is told of his once taking the side of the injured in a street quarrel by the pump in ,savile ,row4 ,one evening also at my house1 a young man who has since acquired a scientific renown was showing specimens of some new compounds he had made4 ,a well-known chemist contemptuously objected that1 after all1 they were mere products of the laboratory3 but ,faraday came to the help of the young experimenter1 and contended that they were chemical substances worthy of attention1 just as much as though they occurred in nature4 ,his reverence for ,god was shown not merely by that homage which every religious man must pay to his ,creator and ,redeemer1 but by the enfolding of the words of ,scripture and similar expressions in such a robe of sacredness1 that he rarely allowed them to pass his lips or flow from his pen1 unless he was convinced of the full sympathy of the person with whom he was holding intercourse4 ,this characteristic reverence was united to an equally characteristic kindliness4 ,this word does not exactly express the quality intended2 but unselfishness is negative1 goodness is too general1 love is commonly used with special applications2 kindness1 friendship1 geniality1 and benevolence are only single aspects of the quality4 ,let the reader add these terms all together1 and the resultant will be about what is meant4#ab ,faraday's love to children was one way in which this kindliness was shown4 ,having no children of his own1 he surrounded himself usually with his nieces3 we have already had a glimpse of him heartily entering into their play1 and we are told how a word or two from ,uncle would clear away all the trouble from a difficult lesson1 that a long sum in arithmetic became a delight when he undertook to explain it1 and that when the little girl was naughty and rebellious1 he could gently win her round1 telling her how he used to feel himself when he was young1 and advising her to submit to the reproof she was fighting against4 ,nor were his own relatives the only sharers of his kindness4 ,one friend cherishes among his earliest recollections1 that of ,faraday making for him a fly-cage and a paper purse1 which had a real bright half-crown in it4 ,when the present ,mr4 ,baden ,powell was a little fellow of thirteen1 he used to give short lectures on chemistry in his father's house1 and the philosopher of ,albemarle ,street liked to join the family audience1 and would listen and applaud the experiments heartily4 ,when one day my wife and ,i called on him with our children1 he set them playing at hide-and-seek in the lecture theatre1 and afterwards amused them upstairs with tuning-forks and resounding glasses4 ,at a soire at ,mr4 ,justice ,grove's1 he wanted to see the younger children of the family2 so the eldest daughter brought down the little ones in their nightgowns to the foot of the stairs1 and ,faraday expressed his gratification with ,ah6 that's the best thing you have done to-night4 ,and when his faculties had nearly faded1 it is remembered how the stroking of his hand by ,mr4 ,vincent's little daughter quickened him again to bright and loving interest4 ,it would be easy to multiply illustrations of this kindliness in various relations of life4 ,here is one of his own telling1 where certainly the effect produced was not owing to any knowledge of how princely an intellect underlay the loving spirit4 ,it is from a journal of his tour in ,wales3-- ,tuesday1 ,july #bjth4--,after dinner ,i set off on a ramble to ,melincourt1 a waterfall on the north side of the valley1 and about six miles from our inn4 ,here ,i got a little damsel for my guide who could not speak a word of ,english4 ,we1 however1 talked together all the way to the fall1 though neither knew what the other said4 ,i was delighted with her burst of pleasure as1 on turning a corner1 she first showed me the waterfall4 ,whilst ,i was admiring the scene1 my little ,welsh damsel was busy running about1 even under the stream1 gathering strawberries4 ,on returning from the fall ,i gave her a shilling that ,i might enjoy her pleasure3 she curtsied1 and ,i perceived her delight4 ,she again ran before me back to the village1 but wished to step aside every now and then to pull strawberries4 ,every bramble she carefully moved out of the way1 and ventured her bare feet to try stony paths1 that she might find the safest for mine4 ,i observed her as she ran before me1 when she met a village companion1 open her hand to show her prize1 but without any stoppage1 word1 or other motion4 ,when we returned to the village ,i bade her good-night1 and she bade me farewell1 both by her actions and1 ,i have no doubt1 her language too4 ,in a letter which ,mr4 ,abel1 the ,director of the ,chemical ,department of the ,war ,establishment1 has sent me1 occur the following remarks3-- ,early in #ahdi ,i was appointed1 partly through the kind recommendation of ,faraday1 to instruct the senior cadets and a class of artillery officers in the ,arsenal1 in practical chemistry4 ,on the occasion of my first attendance at ,woolwich1 when1 having just reached manhood1 ,i was about to deliver my first lecture as a recognized teacher1 ,i was naturally nervous1 and was therefore dismayed when on entering the class-room ,i perceived ,faraday1 who1 having come to ,woolwich1 as usual1 to prepare for his next morning's lecture at the ,military ,academy1 had been prompted by his kindly feelings to lend me the support of his presence upon my first appearance among his old pupils4 ,in a moment ,faraday put me completely at my ease2 he greeted me heartily1 saying1 ',well1 ,abel1 ,i have come to see whether ,i can assist you2' and suiting action to word1 he bustled about1 persisting in helping me in the arrangement of my lecture-tables1--and at the close of my demonstration he followed me from pupil to pupil1 aiding each in his first attempt at manipulation1 and evidently enjoying most heartily the self-imposed duty of assistant to his young protg4 ,another scientific friend1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,barrett1 writes3--,my first interview with ,mr4 ,faraday ten years ago left an impression upon me ,i can never forget4 ,young student as ,i then was1 thinking chiefly of present work and little of future prospects1 and till then unknown to ,mr4 ,faraday1 judge of my feelings when1 taking my hand in both of his1 he said1 ',i congratulate you upon choosing to be a philosopher3 it is an arduous life1 but a noble and a glorious one4 ,work hard1 and work carefully1 and you will have success4' ,the sweet yet serious way he said this made the earnestness of work become a very vivid reality1 and led me to doubt whether ,i had not dared to undertake too lofty a pursuit4 ,after this ,mr4 ,faraday never forgot to remember me in a number of thoughtful and delicate ways4 ,he would ask me upstairs to his room to describe or show him the results of any little investigation ,i might have made3 taking the greatest interest in it all1 his pleasure would seem to equal and thus heighten mine1 and then he would add words of kind suggestion and encouragement4 ,in the same kindly spirit he has invited me to his house at ,hampton ,court1 or would ask me to join him at supper after the ,friday evening's lecture4 ,his kindness is further shown by his giving me a volume of his researches on ,chemistry and ,physics1 writing therein1 ',from his friend ,michael ,faraday4' ,those who live alone in ,london1 unknown and uncared-for by any around them1 can best appreciate these marks of attention which ,mr4 ,faraday invariably showed1 and not only to myself1 but equally to my fellow-assistant in the chemical laboratory4 ,the following instance among many that might be quoted will illustrate his readiness to take trouble on behalf of others4 ,when ,dr4 ,noad was writing his ,manual of ,electricity1 a doubt crossed his mind as to whether ,sir ,snow ,harris's unit jar gave a true measure of the quantity of electricity thrown into a ,leyden jar3 he asked ,faraday1 and his doubt was confirmed4 ,shortly afterwards he received a letter beginning thus3-- ,,my ,,dear ,,sir1 ,whilst looking over my papers on induction1 ,i was reminded of our talk about ,harris's unit jar1 and recollected that ,i had given you a result just the reverse of my old conclusions1 and1 as ,i believe1 of the truth4 ,i think the jar is a true measure1 so long as the circumstances of position1 c41 are not altered2 for its discharge and the quantity of electricity thus passed on depends on the constant relation of the balls connected with the inner and outer surface coating to each other1 and is independent of their joint relation to the machine1 battery1 c4444 ,perhaps ,i have not made my view clear1 but next time we meet1 remind me of the matter4 ,ever truly yours1 ,m4 ,,faraday4 ,and just a week afterwards ,dr4 ,noad received a second letter1 surmounted by a neat drawing1 and describing at great length experiments that the ,professor had since made in order to place the matter beyond doubt4 ,and it was not merely for friends and brother savants that he would take trouble4 ,old volumes of the ,mechanics' ,magazine bear testimony to the way in which he was asked questions by people in all parts of the kingdom1 and that he was accustomed to give painstaking answers to such letters4 ,do to others as you would wish them to do to you1 was a precept often on his lips4 ,but ,i have heard that he was sometimes charged with transgressing it himself1 inasmuch as he took an amount of trouble for other people which he would have been greatly distressed if they had taken for him4 ,his charities were very numerous1--not to beggars2 for them he had the ,mendicity ,society's tickets1--but to those whose need he knew4 ,the porter of the ,royal ,institution has shown me1 among his treasured memorials1 a large number of forms for post-office orders1 for sums varying from #es4 to #el41 which ,faraday was in the habit of sending in that way to different recipients of his thoughtful bounty4 ,two or three instances have come to my knowledge of his having given more considerable sums of money--say #bjl4--to persons who he thought would be benefited by them4 ,in some instances the gift was called a loan1 but he lent not expecting again1 and entered into the spirit of the injunction1 ,when thou doest alms1 let not thy left hand know what thy right hand doeth4 ,this principle was in fact stated in one of his letters to a friend3 ,as a case of distress ,i shall be very happy to help you as far as my means allow me in such cases2 but then ,i never let my name go to such acts1 and very rarely even the initials of my name4 ,his contributions to the general funds of his ,church were kept equally secret4 ,from all these circumstances1 therefore1 it is impossible to gauge the amount of his charitable gifts2 but when it is remembered that for many years his income from different sources must have been #a1jjjl4 or #a1bjjl41 that he and ,mrs4 ,faraday lived in a simple manner--comfortably1 it is true1 but not luxuriously--and that his whole income was disposed of in some way1 there can be little doubt that his gifts amounted to several hundred pounds per annum4 ,but it was not in monetary gifts alone that his kindness to the distressed was shown4 ,time was spent as freely as money2 and an engrossing scientific research would not be allowed to stand in the way of his succouring the sorrowful4 ,many persons have told me of his self-denying deeds on behalf of those who were ill1 and of his encouraging words4 ,he had indeed a heart ever ready to sympathize4 ,thus meeting once in the neighbourhood of ,hampton ,court an old friend who had retired there invalided and was being drawn about in a ,bath chair1 he is said to have burst into tears4 ,when eight years ago my wife and my only son were taken away together1 and ,i lay ill of the same fatal disease1 he called at my house1 and in spite of remonstrances found his way into the infected chamber4 ,he would have taken me by the hand if ,i had allowed him2 and then he sat a while by my bedside1 consoling me with his sympathy and cheering me with the ,christian hope4 ,it is no wonder that this kindliness took the hearts of men captive2 and this quality was1 like mercy1 twice blessed2 it blesseth him that gives1 and him that takes4 ,the feeling awakened in the minds of others by this kindliness was indeed a source of the purest pleasure to himself2 trifling proofs of interest or love could easily move his thankfulness2 and he richly enjoyed the appreciation of his scientific labours4 ,this would often break forth in words4 ,thus in the middle of a letter to ,a4 ,de la ,rive1 principally on scientific matters1 he writes3-- ,do you remember one hot day1 ,i cannot tell how many years ago1 when ,i was hot and thirsty in ,geneva1 and you took me to your house in the town and gave me a glass of water and raspberry vinegar8 ,that glass of drink is refreshing to me still4 ,again3 ,tyndall1 the sweetest reward of my work is the sympathy and good-will which it has caused to flow in upon me from all quarters of the world4 ,but to estimate rightly this amiability of character1 it must be distinctly remembered that it was not that superabundance of good-nature which renders some men incapable of holding their own1 or rebuking what they know to be wrong4 ,in proof of this his letters to the spiritualists might be quoted2 but the following have not hitherto seen the light4 ,they are addressed to two different parties whose inventions came officially before him4 ,you write 'private' on the outside of your official communication1 and 'confidential' within4 ,i will take care to respect these instructions as far as falls within my duty2 but ,i can have nothing private or confidential as regards the ,trinity ,house1 which is my chief4 ,whatever opinion ,i send to them ,i must accompany with the papers you send me4 ,if therefore you wish anything held back from them1 send me another official answer1 and ,i will return you the one ,i have1 marked 'confidential4' ,our correspondence is indeed likely to become a little irregular1 because your papers have not come to me through the ,trinity ,house4 ,you will feel that ,i cannot communicate any opinion ,i may form to you3 ,i am bound to the ,trinity ,house1 to whom ,i must communicate in confidence4 ,i have no objection to your knowing my conclusions2 but the ,trinity ,house is the fit judge of the use it may make of them1 or the degree of confidence they may think they deserve1 or the parties to whom they may choose to communicate them4 ,by a foot-note it appears that the private and confidential communication was returned to the writer1 by desire1 four days afterwards4 ,,sir1 ,i have received your note and read your pamphlet4 ,there is nothing in either which makes it at all desirable to me to see your apparatus1 for ,i have not time to spare to look at a matter two or three times over4 ,in referring to ----1 ,i suppose you refer also to his application to the ,trinity ,house4 ,in that case ,i shall hear from him through the ,trinity ,house4 ,he has1 however1 certain inquiries 7which ,i have no doubt have gone to him long ago through the ,trinity ,house7 to answer before ,i shall think it necessary to take any further steps in the matter4 ,with these1 however1 ,i suppose you have nothing to do4 ,are you aware that many years ago our ,institution was lighted up for months1 if not for years together1 by oil-gas 7or1 as you call it1 olefiant gas71 compressed into cylinders to the extent of thirty atmospheres1 and brought to us from a distance8 ,i have no idea that the patent referred to at the bottom of page #i could stand for an hour in a court of law4 ,i think1 too1 you are wrong in misapplying the word olefiant4 ,it already belongs to a particular gas1 and cannot1 without confusion1 be used as you use it4 ,i am ,sir1 ,your obedient ,servant1 ,m4 ,,faraday4 ,,sir1 ,thanks for your letter4 ,at the close of it you ask me privately and confidingly for the encouragement my opinion might give you if this power gas-light is fit for lighthouses4 ,i am unable to assent to your request1 as my position at the ,trinity ,house requires that ,i should be able to take up any subject1 applications1 or documents they may bring before me in a perfectly unbiassed condition of mind4 ,i am1 ,sir1 ,yours very truly1 ,m4 ,,faraday4 ,the kindliness which shed its genial radiance on every worthy object around1 glowed most warmly on the domestic hearth4 ,little expressions in his writings often reveal it1 as when we read in his ,swiss journal about ,interlaken3 ,clout-nail making goes on here rather considerably1 and is a very neat and pretty operation to observe4 ,i love a smith's shop1 and anything relating to smithery4 ,my father was a smith4 ,when he was sitting to ,noble for his bust1 it happened one day that the sculptor1 in giving the finishing touches to the marble1 made a clattering with his chisels3 noticing that his sitter appeared distrait1 he said that he feared the jingling of the tools had annoyed him1 and that he was weary4 ,no1 my dear ,mr4 ,noble1 said ,faraday1 putting his hand on his shoulder1 but the noise reminded me of my father's anvil1 and took me back to my boyhood4 ,this deep affection peeps out constantly in his letters to different members of his family1 bound up together1 as he wrote to his sister-in-law1 in the one hope1 and in faith and love which is in ,jesus ,christ4 ,but it was towards his wife that his love glowed most intensely4 ,yet how can we properly speak of this sacred relationship1 especially as the mourning widow is still amongst us8 ,it may suffice to catch the glimpse that is reflected in the following extract from a letter he wrote to ,mrs4 ,andrew ,crosse on the death of her husband3-- ,july #ab1 #ahee4 444 ,believe that ,i sympathize with you most deeply1 for ,i enjoy in my life-partner those things which you speak of as making you feel your loss so heavily4 ,it is the kindly domestic affections1 the worthiness1 the mutual aid in sorrow1 the mutual joy in happiness that has existed1 which makes the rupture of such a tie as yours so heavy to bear2 and yet you would not wish it otherwise1 for the remembrance of those things brings solace with the grief4 ,i speak1 thinking what my own trouble would be if ,i lost my partner2 and ,i try to comfort you in the only way in which ,i think ,i could be comforted4 ,m4 ,,faraday4 ,there was1 as ,tyndall has observed1 a mixture of chivalry with this affection4 ,in his book of diplomas he made the following remarkable entry3-- #beth ,january1 #ahdg4 ,amongst these records and events1 ,i here insert the date of one which1 as a source of honour and happiness1 far exceeds all the rest4 ,we were married on ,june #ab1 #ahba4 ,m4 ,,faraday4 ,on the character of ,faraday1 these two qualities of reverence and kindliness have appeared to me singularly influential4 ,among the ways in which they manifested themselves was that beautiful combination of firmness and gentleness which has been frequently remarked3 intimately associated with them also were his simplicity and truthfulness4 ,these points must have made themselves evident already1 but they deserve further illustration4 ,in his early days1 one ,sabbath morning his swift and sober steps were carrying him along the ,holborn pavement towards his meeting-house1 when some small missile struck him smartly on the hat4 ,he would have thought it an accident and passed on1 when a second and a third rap caused him to turn and look just in time to perceive a face hastily withdrawn from a window in the upper story of a closed linendraper's establishment4 ,roused by the affront1 he marched up to the door and rapped4 ,the servant opening it said there was no one at home1 but ,faraday declared he knew better1 and desired to be shown upstairs4 ,opposition still being made1 he pushed on1 made his way up through the house1 opened the door of an upper room1 discovering a party of young drapers' assistants1 who at once professed they knew nothing of the motive of this sudden visit4 ,but the hunter had now run his game to earth3 he taxed them sharply with their annoyance of wayfarers on the ,sabbath1 and said that unless an apology were made at once1 they should hear from their employer of something much to their disadvantage4 ,an apology was made forthwith4#ac ,long1 long after this event1 ,dr4 and ,mrs4 ,faraday1 with ,dr4 ,tyndall1 were returning one evening from ,mr4 ,gassiot's1 on ,clapham ,common3 a dense fog came on1 and they did not know where they were4 ,the two gentlemen got out of their vehicle1 and walked to a house and knocked4 ,a man appeared1 first at a window and afterwards at the door1 very angry indeed at the disturbance1 and demanded to know their business4 ,faraday1 in his calm1 irresistible manner1 explained the situation and their object in knocking4 ,the man instantly changed his tone1 looked foolish1 and muttered something about being in a fright lest his house of business was on fire4 ,as to simplicity of character3 when1 in the course of writing this book1 ,i have spoken to his acquaintances about ,faraday1 the most frequent comment has been in such words as1 ,oh6 he was a beautiful character1 and so simple-minded4 ,i have tried to ascertain the cause of this simple-mindedness1 and ,i believe it was the consciousness that he was meaning to do right himself1 and the belief that others whom he addressed meant to do right too1 and so he could just let them see everything that was passing through his mind4 ,and while he knew no reason for concealment1 there was no trace of self-conceit about him1 nor any pretence at being what he was not4 ,to illustrate this quality is not so easy2 the indications of it1 like his humour1 were generally too delicate to be transferred to paper2 but perhaps the following letter will do as well as anything else1 for there are few philosophers who could have written so naturally about the pleasures of a pantomime and then about his highest hopes3-- ,,royal ,,institution1 ,,london1 ,w4 #ast ,january1 #aheg4 ,,my ,,dear ,,miss ,,coutts1 ,you are very kind to think of our pleasure and send us entrance to your box for to-morrow night4 ,we thank you very sincerely1 and ,i mean to enjoy it1 for ,i still have a sympathy with children and all their thoughts and pleasure4 ,permit me to wish you very sincerely a happy year2 and also to ,mrs4 ,brown4 ,with some of us our greatest happiness will be content mingled with patience2 but there is much happiness in that and the expected end4 ,ever your obliged ,servant1 ,m4 ,,faraday4#ad ,as to truthfulness3 he was not only truthful in the common acceptation of the word1 but he did not allow1 either in himself or others1 hasty conclusions1 random assertions1 or slippery logic4 ,at such times he had a way of repeating the suspicious statement very slowly and distinctly1 with an air of wondering scrutiny as if it had astonished him4 ,his irony was then irresistible1 and always produced a modification of the objectionable phrase4 ,one ,friday evening there was exhibited an improved ,davy lamp1 with an eulogistic description4 ,faraday added the words1 ,the opinion of the inventor4 ,an acquaintance rather given to inflict tedious narratives on his friends was descanting to ,faraday on the iniquity of some coachman who had set him down the previous night in the middle of a dark and miry road1--'in fact1' said the irksome drawler1 'in a perfect morass2 and there ,i was1 as you may imagine1 half the night1 plunging and struggling to get out of this dreadful morass4' ',more ass you6' rapped out the philosopher at the top of his scale of laughter4 ,this was a rare instance1 for it was only when much provoked that he would perpetrate a pun1 or depart from the kind courtesy of his habitual talk4 ,that he was quite ready to give up a statement or view when it was proved by others to be incorrect1 is shown by the ,preface to the volumes in which are reprinted his ,experimental ,researches4 ,in giving advice1 says his niece ,miss ,reid1 he always went back to first principles1 to the true right and wrong of questions1 never allowing deviations from the simple straightforward path of duty to be justified by custom or precedent2 and he judged himself strictly by the same rule which he laid down for others4 ,these beauties of character were not marred by serious defects or opposing faults4 ,he could not be too closely approached4 ,there were no shabby places or ugly comers in his mind4 ,yet he was very far from being one of those passionless men who resemble a cold statue rather than throbbing flesh and blood4 ,he was no model of all the virtues1 dreadfully uninteresting1 and discouraging to those who feel such calm perfection out of their reach4 ,his inner life was a battle1 with its wounds as well as its victory4 ,proud by nature1 and quick-tempered1 he must have found the curb often necessary2 but notwithstanding the rapidity of his actions and thoughts1 he knew how to keep a tight rein on that fiery spirit4 ,i have listened attentively to every remark in disparagement of ,faraday's character1 but the only serious ones have appeared to me to arise from a misunderstanding of the man1 a misunderstanding the more easy because his standard of right and wrong1 and of his own duty1 often differed from the notions current around him4 ,still1 it may be true that his extreme sensitiveness led him sometimes to do scant justice to those who1 he imagined1 were treading too closely in his own footsteps2 as1 for instance1 when ,nobili brought out some beautiful experiments on magnetism1 just after the short notice of his own discoveries in #ahca which ,faraday had sent to ,m4 ,hachette1 and which was communicated to the ,acadmie des ,sciences4 ,it is true also that1 with his great caution and his repugnance to moral evil1 he was more disposed to turn away in disgust from an erring companion than to endeavour to reclaim him4 ,it has also been imputed to him as a fault that he founded no school1 and took no young man by the hand as ,davy had taken him4 ,that this was rather his misfortune than his fault1 would appear from words he once wrote to ,miss ,moore3 ,i have often endeavoured to discover a genius1 but have not been very successful1 though many cases seemed promising at first4 ,the world would doubtless have been the gainer if he had stamped his own image on the minds of a group of disciples3 but a man cannot do everything2 and had ,faraday been more of a teacher1 he would perhaps have been less of an investigator4 ,of course ,faraday was subject1 like other men1 to errors of judgment1 and it was impossible1 even if desirable1 always to avoid giving offence4 ,thus he was constantly pestered for his autograph2 and instead of throwing the applications into his waste-paper basket1 he had a formal circular lithographed excusing himself from complying4 ,this offended more than one recipient2 and he was roughly made aware of it by once having the circular returned from ,st4 ,louis with a scurrilous comment1 and the postage from ,america not prepaid4 ,he never again used the printed form1 ,miss ,barnard undertaking to answer all such requests4 ,it has been previously remarked that ,faraday took little part in social movements1 and went little into society1 but it must not be supposed that he was by any means unsocial4 ,it seems probable that his freedom in this matter was somewhat hampered by the principles in which he had been brought up3 it is certain that he was restrained by the desire to give all the time and energy he could to scientific research4 ,yet pleasant stories are told of his occasional appearances at social gatherings4 ,thus he liked to attend the ,royal ,academy dinners1 and in earlier days he enjoyed the artistic and musical conversaziones at ,hullmandel's1 where ,stanfield ,turner and ,landseer met ,garcia and ,malibran2 and sometimes he joined this pleasant company at supper and charades1 at others in their excursions up the river in an eight-oared cutter4 ,captain ,close has described to me how1 when the ,french ,lighthouse authorities put up the screw-pile light on the sands near ,calais1 they invited the ,trinity ,house officers and ,faraday to inspect it4 ,a dinner was arranged for them after the inspection1 and ,m4 ,reynaud proposed the health of the tranger clbre4 ,a young engineer took exception to ,faraday being called a stranger--since he had been at ,st4 ,cyr he had known the great ,englishman well by his works4 ,the ,professor replied to the compliment in the language of his hosts1 with a few of his happy and kindly remarks4 ,a gentleman high in the diplomatic service1 who was present1 remarked that ,faraday had said many things which were not ,french1 but not a word which ought not to be so4 ,more unrestricted was ,faraday's sympathy with ,nature4 ,he felt the poetry of the changing seasons1 but there were two aspects of ,nature that especially seemed to claim communion with his spirit3 he delighted in a thunderstorm1 and he experienced a pleasurable sadness as the orange sunset faded into the evening twilight4 ,there are other minds to which both these sensations are familiar1 but they seem to have been felt with great intensity by him4 ,no doubt his electrical knowledge added much to his interest in the grand discharges from the thunder-clouds1 but it will hardly account for his standing long at a window watching the vivid flashes1 a stranger to fear1 with his mind full of lofty thoughts1 or perhaps of high communings4 ,sometimes1 too1 if the storm was at a little distance1 he would summon a cab1 and1 in spite of the pelting rain1 drive to the scene of awful beauty4 ,on a clear starry night ,captain ,close quoted to him the words of ,lorenzo in the ,merchant of ,venice3-- 444 ,look1 how the floor of heaven ,is thick inlaid with patines of bright gold2 ,there's not the smallest orb1 which thou behold'st1 ,but in his motion like an angel sings1 ,still quiring to the young-eyed cherubins2 ,such harmony is in immortal souls2 ,but1 whilst this muddy vesture of decay ,doth grossly close us in1 we cannot hear it4 ,faraday1 who happened not to be familiar with the passage1 made his friend repeat it over and over again as he drank in the whole meaning of the poetry1 for there is a true sense in which no other mortal had ever opened his ears so fully to the harmony of the universe4 99 99 99 99 99 ,from the plains of mental mediocrity there occasionally rise the mountains of genius1 and from the dead level of selfish respectability there stand out now and then the peaks of moral greatness4 ,neither kind of excellence is so common as we could wish it1 and it is a rare coincidence when1 as in ,socrates1 the two meet in the same individual4 ,in ,faraday we have a modern instance4 ,there are persons now living who watched this man of strong will and intense feelings raising himself from the lower ranks of society1 yet without losing his balance2 rather growing in simplicity1 disinterestedness1 and humility1 as princes became his correspondents and all the learned bodies of the world vied with each other to do him homage2 still finding his greatest happiness at home1 though reigning in the affections of all his fellows1--loving every honest man1 however divergent in opinion1 and loved most by those who knew him best4 ,this is the phenomenon4 ,by what theory is it to be accounted for8 ,the secret did not lie in the nature of his pursuits4 ,this cannot be better shown than in the following incident furnished me by ,mrs4 ,crosse3--,one morning1 a few months after we were married1 my husband took me to the ,royal ,institution to call on ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,faraday4 ,i had not seen the laboratory there1 and the philosopher very kindly took us over the ,institution1 explaining for my information many objects of interest4 ,his great vivacity and cheeriness of manner surprised me in a man who devoted his life to such abstruse studies1 but ,i have since learnt to know that the highest philosophical nature is often1 indeed generally1 united with an almost childlike simplicity4 ,after viewing the ample appliances for experimental research1 and feeling impressed by the scientific atmosphere of the place1 ,i turned and said1 ',mr4 ,faraday1 you must be very happy in your position and with your pursuits1 which elevate you entirely out of the meaner aspects and lower aims of common life4' ,he shook his head1 and with that wonderful mobility of countenance which was characteristic1 his expression of joyousness changed to one of profound sadness1 he replied3 ',when ,i quitted business1 and took to science as a career1 ,i thought ,i had left behind me all the petty meannesses and small jealousies which hinder man in his moral progress2 but ,i found myself raised into another sphere1 only to find poor human nature just the same everywhere--subject to the same weaknesses and the same self-seeking1 however exalted the intellect4' ,these were his words as well as ,i can recollect2 and1 looking at that good and great man1 ,i thought ,i had never seen a countenance which so impressed me with the characteristic of perfect unworldliness4 ,we know how his life proved that this rare qualification was indeed his4 ,childlike simplicity3 unworldliness4 ,where was the tree rooted that bore such beautiful blossoms8 ,faraday had learnt in the school of ,christ to become a little child1 and he loved not the world because the love of the ,father was in him4 ,we have a charming glimpse of this in an extract which ,professor ,tyndall has given from an old paper in which he wrote his impressions after one of his earliest dinners with the philosopher3--,at two o'clock he came down for me4 ,he1 his niece1 and myself formed the party4 ',i never give dinners1' he said2 ',i don't know how to give dinners2 and ,i never dine out4 ,but ,i should not like my friends to attribute this to a wrong cause4 ,i act thus for the sake of securing time for work1 and not through religious motives as some imagine4' ,he said grace4 ,i am almost ashamed to call his prayer a 'saying' of grace4 ,in the language of ,scripture1 it might be described as the petition of a son into whose heart ,god had sent the ,spirit of ,his ,son1 and who with absolute trust asked a blessing from his father4 ,we dined on roast beef1 ,yorkshire pudding1 and potatoes1 drank sherry1 talked of research and its requirements1 and of his habit of keeping himself free from the distractions of society4 ,he was bright and joyful--boylike1 in fact1 though he is now sixty-two4 ,his work excites admiration1 but contact with him warms and elevates the heart4 ,here1 surely1 is a strong man4 ,i love strength1 but let me not forget the example of its union with modesty1 tenderness1 and sweetness1 in the character of ,faraday4 ,but his religion deserves a closer attention4 ,when an errand-boy1 we find him hurrying the delivery of his newspapers on a ,sunday morning so as to get home in time to make himself neat to go with his parents to chapel3 his letters when abroad indicate the same disposition2 yet he did not make any formal profession of his faith till a month after his marriage1 when nearly thirty years of age4 ,of his spiritual history up to that period little is known1 but there seem to be good grounds for believing that he did not accept the religion of his fathers without a conscientious inquiry into its truth4 ,it would be difficult to conceive of his acting otherwise4 ,but after he joined the ,sandemanian ,church1 his questionings were probably confined to matters of practical duty2 and to those who knew him best nothing could appear stronger than his conviction of the reality of the things he believed4 ,in order to understand the life and character of ,faraday1 it is necessary to bear in mind not merely that he was a ,christian1 but that he was a ,sandemanian4 ,from his earliest years that religious system stamped its impress deeply on his mind1 it surrounded the blacksmith's son with an atmosphere of unusual purity and refinement1 it developed the unselfishness of his nature1 and in his after career it fenced his life from the worldliness around1 as well as from much that is esteemed as good by other ,christian bodies4 ,to this small self-contained sect he clung with warm attachment2 he was precluded from ,christian communion or work outside their circle1 but his sympathies at least burst all narrow bounds4 ,thus the ,abb ,moigno tells us that at ,faraday's request he one day introduced him to ,cardinal ,wiseman4 ,the interview was very cordial1 and his ,eminence did not hesitate frankly and good-naturedly to ask ,faraday if1 in his deepest conviction1 he believed all the ,church of ,christ1 holy1 catholic1 and apostolical1 was shut up in the little sect in which he bore rule4 ,oh no6 was the reply2 but ,i do believe from the bottom of my soul that ,christ is with us4 ,there were other points1 too1 in his character which reflected the colouring of the religious school to which he belonged4 ,thus1 while humility is inseparable from a ,christian life1 there is a special phase of that virtue bred of those doctrines which teach that all our righteousness must be the unmerited gift of another3 these doctrines are strongly insisted upon in the ,sandemanian ,church1 and this humility was acquired in an intense degree by its minister4 ,again1 while all ,christians deplore the terrible amount of folly and sin in the world1 most recognize also a large amount of good1 and believe in progressive improvement2 but small communities are apt to take gloomy views1 and so did ,faraday1 notwithstanding his personal happiness1 and his firm conviction that there is ,one above who worketh in all things1 and who governs even in the midst of that misrule to which the tendencies and powers of men are so easily perverted4 ,in writing to ,professor ,schnbein and a few other kindred spirits he would turn naturally enough from scientific to religious thoughts1 and back again to natural philosophy1 but he generally kept these two departments of his mental activity strangely distinct2 yet of course it was well known that the ,professor at ,albemarle ,street was one of that long line of scientific men1 beginning with the savants of the ,east1 who have brought to the ,redeemer the gold1 frankincense1 and myrrh of their adoration4 ,but the peculiar features of ,faraday's spiritual life are matters of minor importance3 the genuineness of his religious character is acknowledged by all4 ,we have admired his faithfulness1 his amiability of disposition1 and his love of justice and truth2 how far these qualities were natural gifts1 like his clearness of intellect1 we cannot precisely tell2 but that he exercised constant self-control without becoming hard1 ascended the pathway of fame without ever losing his balance1 and shed around himself a peculiar halo of love and joyousness1 must be attributed in no small degree to a heart at peace with ,god1 and to the consciousness of a higher life4 ,,footnotes3 #aa ,bacon's ,novum ,organum1 i4 #a4 #ab ,bence ,jones has used the ,greek agap2 and it was just this ideal of ,christian love which ,faraday set before himself4 #ac ,for this anecdote1 and some others in inverted commas1 ,i am indebted to ,mr4 ,frank ,barnard4 #ad ,in another letter that ,lady ,burdett ,coutts has kindly sent me1 ,faraday says3 ,we had your box once before1 ,i remember1 for a pantomime1 which is always interesting to me because of the immense concentration of means which it requires4 ,in a third he makes admiring comments on ,fechter4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,,fruits ,,of ,,his ,,experience4 ,those who loved ,faraday would treasure every word that he wrote1 and to them the life and letters which ,bence ,jones has given to the world will be inestimable2 but from the multitude who knew him only at a distance1 we can expect no enthusiasm of admiration4 ,yet all will readily believe that through the writings of such a genius there must be scattered nuggets of intellectual gold1 even when he is not treating directly of scientific subjects4 ,some of these relate to questions of permanent interest1 and such nuggets it is my aim to separate and lay before the reader4 ,when quite a young man he drew the following ideal portrait3--,the philosopher should be a man willing to listen to every suggestion1 but determined to judge for himself4 ,he should not be biassed by appearances1 have no favourite hypothesis1 be of no school1 and in doctrine have no master4 ,he should not be a respecter of persons1 but of things4 ,truth should be his primary object4 ,if to these qualities be added industry1 he may indeed hope to walk within the veil of the temple of ,nature4 ,this ideal he must steadily have kept before him1 and not unfrequently in after days he gave utterance to similar thoughts4 ,here are two instances1 the first from a lecture thirty years afterwards1 the second from a private letter3--,we may be sure of facts1 but our interpretation of facts we should doubt4 ,he is the wisest philosopher who holds his theory with some doubt2 who is able to proportion his judgment and confidence to the value of the evidence set before him1 taking a fact for a fact1 and a supposition for a supposition2 as much as possible keeping his mind free from all source of prejudice1 or1 where he cannot do this 7as in the case of a theory71 remembering that such a source is there4 ,the letter is to ,mr4 ,frederick ,field1 and relates to a paper on the existence of silver in the water of the ocean4 ,,royal ,,institution1 #bast ,october1 #ahef4 ,,my ,,dear ,,sir1 ,your paper looks so well1 that though ,i am of course unable to become security for the facts1 ,i have still thought it my duty to send it to the ,royal ,society4 ,whether it will appear there or not ,i cannot say1--no one can say even for his own papers2 but for my part1 ,i think that as facts are the foundation of science1 however they may be interpreted1 so they are most valuable1 and often more so than the interpretations founded upon them4 ,i hope your further researches will confirm those you have obtained3 but ,i would not be too hasty with them1--rather wait a while1 and make them quite secure4 ,i am1 ,sir1 your obliged ,servant1 ,m4 ,,faraday4 ,how pleasant it would have been to peep into his mind and watch the process by which he was transformed into the very image of his ideal philosopher6 ,he has partially told us the secret in two remarkable lectures1 one of which was delivered before the ,city ,philosophical ,society when he was only twenty-seven years of age1 while the other formed part of a series on ,education at ,albemarle ,street4 ,copious extracts from the first are given by ,dr4 ,bence ,jones2 the second was published at the time4 ,in the early lecture1 which is ,on the ,forms of ,matter1 he points out the advantages and dangers of systematizing1 and winds up his remarks with-- ,nothing is more difficult and requires more care than philosophical deduction1 nor is there anything more adverse to its accuracy than fixidity of opinion4 ,the man who is certain he is right is almost sure to be wrong1 and he has the additional misfortune of inevitably remaining so4 ,all our theories are fixed upon uncertain data1 and all of them want alteration and support4 ,ever since the world began opinion has changed with the progress of things2 and it is something more than absurd to suppose that we have a sure claim to perfection1 or that we are in possession of the highest stretch of intellect which has or can result from human thought4 ,why our successors should not displace us in our opinions1 as well as in our persons1 it is difficult to say2 it ever has been so1 and from analogy would be supposed to continue so2 and yet1 with all this practical evidence of the fallibility of our opinions1 all1 and none more than philosophers1 are ready to assert the real truth of their opinions4 ,in his discourse entitled ,observations on ,mental ,education1 like a skilful physician he first determines what is the great intellectual disease from which the community suffers--deficiency of judgment1--and then he lays down rules by which each man may attempt his own cure4 ,for this self-education1 it is necessary that a man examine himself1 and that not carelessly4444 ,a first result of this habit of mind will be an internal conviction of ignorance in many things respecting which his neighbours are taught1 and that his opinions and conclusions on such matters ought to be advanced with reservation4 ,a mind so disciplined will be open to correction upon good grounds in all things1 even in those it is best acquainted with2 and should familiarize itself with the idea of such being the case4444 ,it is right that we should stand by and act on our principles1 but not right to hold them in obstinate blindness1 or retain them when proved to be erroneous4 ,and then he gives cases from his own mental history3--,i remember the time when ,i believed a spark was produced between voltaic metals as they approached to contact 7and the reasons why it might be possible yet remain72 but others doubted the fact and denied the proofs1 and on re-examination ,i found reason to admit their corrections were well founded4 ,years ago ,i believed that electrolites could conduct electricity by a conduction proper2 that has also been denied by many through long time3 though ,i believed myself right1 yet circumstances have induced me to pay that respect to criticism as to re-investigate the subject1 and ,i have the pleasure of thinking that nature confirms my original conclusions4 ,so1 though evidence may appear to preponderate extremely in favour of a certain decision1 it is wise and proper to hear a counter-statement4 ,you can have no idea how often1 and how much1 under such an impression1 ,i have desired that the marvellous descriptions which have reached me might prove1 in some points1 correct2 and how frequently ,i have submitted myself to hot fires1 to friction with magnets1 to the passes of hands1 c41 lest ,i should be shutting out discovery2--encouraging the strong desire that something might be true1 and that ,i might aid in the development of a new force of nature4 ,he turns then to another evil1 and its cure3 ,the tendency to deceive ourselves regarding all we wish for1 and the necessity of resistance to these desires2 444 the force of the temptation which urges us to seek for such evidence and appearances as are in favour of our desires1 and to disregard those which oppose them1 is wonderfully great4 ,in this respect we are all1 more or less1 active promoters of error4 ,he winds up his remarks upon this subject with the italicized sentence3 ,i will simply express my strong belief that that point of self-education which consists in teaching the mind to resist its desires and inclinations until they are proved to be right1 is the most important of all1 not only in things of natural philosophy1 but in every department of daily life4 ,he turns then to the necessity of a habit of forming clear and precise ideas1 and of expressing them in clear and definite language3--,when the different data required are in our possession1 and we have succeeded in forming a clear idea of each1 the mind should be instructed to balance them one against another1 and not suffered carelessly to hasten to a conclusion4 ,as a result of this wholesome mental condition1 we should be able to form a proportionate judgment2 that is1 one proportionate to the evidence1 ranging through all degrees of probability--while he adds3 ,frequently the exercise of the judgment ought to end in absolute reservation4 ,the education which ,i advocate1 says ,faraday1 will require patience and labour of thought in every exercise tending to improve the judgment4 ,it matters not on what subject a person's mind is occupied2 he should engage in it with the conviction that it will require mental labour4 ,because the education is internal1 it is not the less needful2 nor is it more the duty of a man that he should cause his child to be taught1 than that he should teach himself4 ,indolence may tempt him to neglect the self-examination and experience which form his school1 and weariness may induce the evasion of the necessary practices2 but surely a thought of the prize should suffice to stimulate him to the requisite exertion2 and to those who reflect upon the many hours and days devoted by a lover of sweet sounds to gain a moderate facility upon a mere mechanical instrument1 it ought to bring a correcting blush of shame if they feel convicted of neglecting the beautiful living instrument wherein play all the powers of the mind4 ,at the commencement of this discourse the lecturer felt called upon to limit the range of his remarks3--,high as man is placed above the creatures around him1 there is a higher and far more exalted position within his view2 and the ways are infinite in which he occupies his thoughts about the fears1 or hopes1 or expectations of a future life4 ,i believe that the truth of that future cannot be brought to his knowledge by any exertion of his mental powers1 however exalted they may be2 that it is made known to him by other teaching than his own1 and is received through simple belief of the testimony given4 ,let no one suppose for a moment that the self-education ,i am about to commend in respect of the things of this life extends to any considerations of the hope set before us1 as if man by reasoning could find out ,god4 ,it would be improper here to enter upon this subject further than to claim an absolute distinction between religious and ordinary belief4 ,i shall be reproached with the weakness of refusing to apply those mental operations which ,i think good in respect of high things to the very highest4 ,i am content to bear the reproach4 ,yet1 even in earthly matters1 ,i believe that 'the invisible things of ,him from the creation of the world are clearly seen1 being understood by the things that are made1 even ,his eternal power and ,godhead2' and ,i have never seen anything incompatible between those things of man which can be known by the spirit of man which is within him1 and those higher things concerning his future which he cannot know by that spirit4 ,there is of course a certain truth in this passage2 spiritual discernment is a real thing possessed by some1 and not by others2 yet is there this absolute distinction between religious and ordinary belief8 ,surely there is the same opportunity and the same necessity for careful judgment1 and for resistance to prejudice or preference1 when we are weighing the credentials of anything that may come before us purporting to be a revelation from above2 surely too1 if we have satisfied ourselves that we possess such a revelation1 we must seek for the same clearness of ideas1 and must exercise the same patience and labour of thought1 if we would understand it aright4 ,that mental discipline which fits us to interpret the works of ,god cannot but be akin to the intellectual training required for interpreting ,his word4 ,since ,faraday thought and wrote1 the question of public education has taken a far deeper hold on the feelings and the hopes of the nation1 and it is not merely the extent of the instruction1 but its nature also1 that is discussed4 ,it is held to be no longer right that the minds of our youth should be fed almost exclusively on the dry husks of classic or medival knowledge1 while the rich banquet of modern discovery remains untasted4 ,yet it is hard for natural science to gain an honoured place in our venerable scholastic institutions4 ,faraday1 however1 had long formed his conclusions on this subject4 ,in one of his ,friday evening discourses he says3 ,the development of the applications of physical science in modern times has become so large and so essential to the well-being of man1 that it may justly be used as illustrating the true character of pure science as a department of knowledge1 and the claims it may have for consideration by ,governments1 ,universities1 and all bodies to whom is confided the fostering care and direction of learning4 ,as a branch of learning1 men are beginning to recognize the right of science to its own particular place2 for1 though flowing in channels utterly different in their course and end from those of literature1 it conduces not less1 as a means of instruction1 to the discipline of the mind1 whilst it ministers1 more or less1 to the wants1 comforts1 and proper pleasure1 both mental and bodily1 of every individual of every class in life4 ,until of late years1 the education for1 and recognition of it by the bodies which may be considered as governing the general course of all education1 have been chiefly directed to it only as it could serve professional services1 viz4 those which are remunerated by society2 but now the fitness of university degrees in science is under consideration1 and many are taking a high view of it1 as distinguished from literature1 and think that it may well be studied for its own sake1 i4e4 as a proper exercise of the human intelligence1 able to bring into action and development all the powers of the mind4 ,as a branch of learning1 it has 7without reference to its applications7 become as extensive and varied as literature2 and it has this privilege1 that it must ever go on increasing4 ,on the subject of scientific education ,faraday was examined by the ,public ,schools ,commission1 ,november #ahth1 #ahfb1 and his sentiments of course appear in their report4 ,he said to them3 ,that the natural knowledge which has been given to the world in such abundance during the last fifty years should remain untouched1 and that no sufficient attempt should be made to convey it to the young mind growing up and obtaining its first views of those things1 is to me a matter so strange that ,i find it difficult to understand4 ,though ,i think ,i see the opposition breaking away1 it is yet a very hard one to overcome4 ,that it ought to be overcome ,i have not the least doubt in the world4 ,lord ,clarendon asked him3 ,you think it is now knocking at the door1 and there is a prospect of the door being opened8 ,yes1 answered ,faraday1 and it will make its way1 or we shall stay behind other nations in our mode of education4 ,he had been led to the conviction that the exclusive attention to literary studies created a tendency to regard other things as nonsense1 or belonging only to the artisan1 and so the mind is positively injured for the reception of real knowledge4 ,he says3 ,it is the highly educated man that we find coming to us again and again1 and asking the most simple question in chemistry or mechanics2 and when we speak of such things as the conservation of force1 the permanency of matter1 and the unchangeability of the laws of nature1 they are far from comprehending them1 though they have relation to us in every action of our lives4 ,many of these instructed persons are as far from having the power of judging of these things as if their minds had never been trained4 ,he gives his own opinion as to the precise course to be pursued with great diffidence2 but it is evident that he would begin the education in natural science at a pretty early age1 and in all cases carry it up to a certain point4 ,one-fifth of a boy's time might be devoted to this purpose at present1 though in less than half a century he thinks science will deserve and obtain a far larger share4 ,supposing a boy of eleven years of age and of ordinary intelligence at one of our public schools3 ,i would teach him1 he says1 all those things that come before classics in the programme of the ,london ,university1--mechanics1 hydrostatics1 hydraulics1 pneumatics1 acoustics1 and optics4 ,they are very simple and easily understood when they are looked at with attention by both man and boy4 ,with a candle1 a lamp1 and a lens or two1 an intelligent instructor might teach optics in a very short time2 and so with chemistry4 ,i should desire all these4 ,much would depend on the competency and earnestness of the teacher4 ,good lectures might do a great deal4 ,they would at all events remove the absolute ignorance which sometimes now appears1 but would give a very poor knowledge of natural things4 ,perhaps these opinions of one whose lips are now silent will yet have their weight in the discussion of this question both in our highest seats of learning and in those educational parliaments which have been lately called into existence in almost every town and district of our country4 ,from the somewhat disparaging remarks about lectures quoted above1 it must not be supposed that this prince of lecturers depreciated his office4 ,lectures1 he said1 depend entirely for their value upon the manner in which they are given4 ,it is not the matter1 it is not the subject1 so much as the man2 but if he is not competent1 and does not feel that there is a need of competency1 to convey his ideas gently and quietly and simply to the young mind1 he simply throws up obstacles1 and will be found using words which they will not comprehend4 ,these were the words of his later days1 but fortunately he felt the need of competency before his own habits were formed1 and in four letters to ,abbott we find wonderfully sagacious observations on the matter1 which it would be well for any young lecturer to study4 ,he describes the proper arrangement of a lecture-room1 dwelling on the necessity of good ventilation2 and then1 having considered the fittest subjects for popular lectures1 he turns to the character of the audience1 and shows how that must be studied2 for some expect to be entertained by the manner of the lecturer as well as his subject1 while others care for something which will instruct4 ,he dwells on the superiority of the eye over the ear as a channel of knowledge1 and lays down some rules for this kind of instruction1 which he of all men subsequently carried out to perfection4 ,apparatus is an essential part of every lecture in which it can be introduced4444 ,diagrams and tables1 too1 are necessary1 or at least add in an eminent degree to the illustration and perfection of a lecture4 ,when an experimental lecture is to be delivered1 and apparatus is to be exhibited1 some kind of order should be observed in the arrangement of them on the lecture table4 ,every particular part illustrative of the lecture should be in view2 no one thing should hide another from the audience1 nor should anything stand in the way of or obstruct the lecturer4 ,they should be so placed1 too1 as to produce a kind of uniformity in appearance4 ,no one part should appear naked and another crowded1 unless some particular reason exists and makes it necessary to be so4 ,at the same time the whole should be so arranged as to keep one operation from interfering with another4 ,a good delivery comes in for its share of praise2 for though to all true philosophers science and nature will have charms innumerable in every dress1 yet ,i am sorry to say that the generality of mankind cannot accompany us one short hour unless the path is strewed with flowers4 ,then1 a lecturer should appear easy and collected1 undaunted and unconcerned1 his thoughts about him1 and his mind clear and free for the contemplation and description of his subject4 ,his action should not be hasty and violent1 but slow1 easy1 and natural1 consisting principally in changes of the posture of the body1 in order to avoid the air of stiffness or sameness that would otherwise be unavoidable4 ,his whole behaviour should evince respect for his audience1 and he should in no case forget that he is in their presence4 ,he allows a lecturer to prepare his discourse in writing1 but not to read it before the audience1 and points out how necessary it is to raise their interest at the commencement of the lecture1 and by a series of imperceptible gradations1 unnoticed by the company1 keep it alive as long as the subject demands it4 ,this of course forbids breaks in the argument1 or digressions foreign to the main purpose1 and limits the length of the lecture to a period during which the listeners can pay unwearied attention4 ,he castigates those speakers who descend so low as to angle for claps1 or who throw out hints for commendation1 and shows that apologies should be made as seldom as possible4 ,experiments should be to the point1 clear1 and easily understood3 they should rather approach to simplicity1 and explain the established principles of the subject1 than be elaborate and apply to minute phenomena only4444 ',tis well1 too1 when the lecturer has the ready wit and the presence of mind to turn any casual circumstance to an illustration of his subject4 ,but experiments should be explained by a satisfactory theory2 or if the scientific world is divided in opinion1 both sides of the question ought to be stated with the strongest arguments for each1 that justice may be done and honour satisfied4 ,often in later days was his experience in lecturing made use of for the benefit of others4 ,if1 he once remarked to a young lecturer1 ,i said to my audience1 ',this stone will fall to the ground if ,i open my hand1' ,i should open my hand and let it fall4 ,take nothing for granted as known2 inform the eye at the same time as you address the ear4 ,i remember him once giving me hints on the laying of the lecture table at the ,institution1 and telling me that where possible he was accustomed to arrange the apparatus in such a way as to suggest the order of the experiments4 ,an incident told me by ,dr4 ,carpenter will illustrate some of the foregoing points4 ,the first time he heard ,faraday lecture at the ,royal ,institution1 the ,professor was explaining the researches of ,melloni on radiant heat4 ,during the discourse he touched on the refraction and polarization of heat2 and to explain refraction he showed the simple experiment of fixing some coloured wafers at the bottom of a basin1 and then pouring in water so as to make them apparently rise4 ,dr4 ,carpenter1 who had come up from ,bristol with grand ideas of the lectures at ,albemarle ,street1 wondered greatly at the introduction of so commonplace an experiment4 ,of course there were many other illustrations1 and beautiful ones too4 ,he went down1 however1 after the lecture1 to the table1 and among the crowd chatting there was an old gentleman who remarked1 ,i think the best experiment to-night was that of the wafers in the basin4 ,when a young lecturer1 ,faraday took lessons in elocution from ,mr4 ,smart1 and was at great pains to cure himself of any defect of pronunciation or manner2 for this purpose he would get a friendly critic to form part of his audience4 ,on the fly-leaves of many of the notes of his lectures are written the reminders--,stand up--,don't talk quick4 ,indeed1 in early days it was so much a matter of anxiety to him that everything in his lectures should be as perfect as possible1 that he not only was accustomed to go over everything again and again in his mind1 but the difficulty of satisfying himself used to trouble his dreams4 ,i was told this1 if ,i am not mistaken1 by himself2 and it goes far to explain how his discourses possessed such a fascination4 ,some of his feelings in regard to lecturing may be learnt from the following particulars1 for which ,i am indebted to ,mr4 ,charles ,tomlinson4 ,they relate to a course of lectures he delivered in #ahdi on ,statical ,electricity4 ,the first lecture began thus3--,time moves on1 and brings changes to ourselves as well as to science4 ,i feel that ,i must soon resign into the hands of my successors the position which ,i now occupy at this table4 ,indeed1 ,i have long felt how much rather ,i would sit among you and be instructed than stand here and attempt to instruct4 ,i have always felt my position in this ,institution as a very strange one4 ,coming after such a man as ,davy1 and associated with such a man as ,brande1 and having had to make a position for myself1 ,i have always felt myself here in a strange position4 ,you will wonder why ,i make these remarks4 ,it is not from any affectation of modesty that ,i do so1 but ,i feel that loss of memory may soon incapacitate me altogether for my duties4 ,without1 however1 troubling you more about myself1 let us proceed to the subject before us1 and fall back upon the beginnings of the wonderful science of electricity4 ,i shall have to trouble you with very little of theory4 ,the facts are so wonderful that ,i shall not attempt to explain them4 ,at the second lecture1 ,faraday advanced to the table at three o'clock1 and began to apologize for an obstruction of voice1 which indeed was painfully evident4 ,he said that1 'in an engagement where the contracting parties were one and many1 the one ought not on any slight ground to break his part of the engagement with the many1 and therefore1 if the audience would excuse his imperfect utterance1 he would endeavour--' ,murmurs arose3 ',put off the lecture4' ,faraday begged to be allowed to go on4 ,a medical man then rose and said he had given it as his opinion that it would be dangerous to ,dr4 ,faraday to proceed4 ,faraday again urged his wish to proceed--said it was giving so much trouble to the ladies1 who had sent away their carriages1 and perhaps put off other engagements4 ,on this the whole audience rose as by a single impulse1 and a number of persons surrounded ,faraday1 who now yielded to the general desire to spare him the pain and inconvenience of lecturing4 ,a fortnight elapsed before he could again make his appearance1 but he continued his course later than usual1 in order not to deprive his audience of any of the eight lectures he had undertaken to give them4 ,prince ,albert came to one of these extra lectures4 ,faraday's opinion as to the honours due to scientific men from society or from ,government1 may be gathered from the following extract from a letter written me by his private friend ,mr4 ,blaikley3--,on one occasion1 when making some remark in reference to a movement on behalf of science1 ,i inadvertently spoke of the proper honour due to science4 ,he at once remarked1 ',i am not one who considers that science can be honoured4' ,i at once saw the point4 ,his views of the grandeur of truth1 when once apprehended1 raised it far beyond any honour that man could give it2 but man might honour himself by respecting and acknowledging it4 ,professor ,george ,wilson1 of ,edinburgh1 has thus described his first visit to the philosopher3 ,faraday was very kind1 showed me his whole laboratory with labours going on1 and talked frankly and kindly2 but to the usual question of something to do1 gave the usual round ,o answer1 and treated me to a just1 but not very cheering animadversion on the ,government of this country1 which1 unlike that of every other civilized country1 will give no help to scientific inquiry1 and will afford no aid or means of study for young chemists4 ,take care of your money1 was his advice to ,mr4 ,joule1 then another young aspirant to scientific honours1 but who has since rendered the highest service to science1 without leaning on any hopes of ,government help or public support4 ,but the impressions given in conversation may not be always correct4 ,happily there exist his written opinions on this subject4 ,in a letter addressed to ,professor ,andrews of ,belfast1 and dated #bnd ,february1 #ahdc1 there occurs this passage3--,as to the particular point of your letter about which you honour me by asking my advice1 ,i have no advice to give2 but ,i have a strong feeling in the matter1 and will tell you what ,i should do4 ,i have always felt that there is something degrading in offering rewards for intellectual exertion1 and that societies or academies1 or even ,kings and ,emperors1 should mingle in the matter does not remove the degradation1 for the feeling which is hurt is a point above their condition1 and belongs to the respect which a man owes to himself4 ,with this feeling1 ,i have never since ,i was a boy aimed at any such prize2 or even if1 as in your case1 they came near me1 have allowed them to move me from my course2 and ,i have always contended that such rewards will never move the men who are most worthy of reward4 ,still1 ,i think rewards and honours good if properly distributed1 but they should be given for what a man has done1 and not offered for what he is to do1 or else talent must be considered as a thing marketable and to be bought and sold1 and then down falls that high tone of mind which is the best excitement to a man of power1 and will make him do more than any commonplace reward4 ,when a man is rewarded for his deserts1 he honours those who grant the reward1 and they give it not as a moving impulse to him1 but to all those who by the reward are led to look to that man for an example4 ,eleven years afterwards ,faraday expressed similar views1 but more fully1 in a letter to the late ,lord ,wrottesley as chairman of the ,parliamentary ,committee of the ,british ,association3-- ,,royal ,,institution1 ,march #ajth1 #ahed4 ,,my ,,lord1 ,i feel unfit to give a deliberate opinion on the course it might be advisable for the ,government to pursue if it were anxious to improve the position of science and its cultivators in our country4 ,my course of life1 and the circumstances which make it a happy one for me1 are not those of persons who conform to the usages and habits of society4 ,through the kindness of all1 from my ,sovereign downwards1 ,i have that which supplies all my need2 and in respect of honours1 ,i have1 as a scientific man1 received from foreign countries and ,sovereigns1 those which1 belonging to very limited and select classes1 surpass in my opinion anything that it is in the power of my own to bestow4 ,i cannot say that ,i have not valued such distinctions2 on the contrary1 ,i esteem them very highly1 but ,i do not think ,i have ever worked for or sought after them4 ,even were such to be now created here1 the time is past when these would possess any attraction for me2 and you will see therefore how unfit ,i am1 upon the strength of any personal motive or feeling1 to judge of what might be influential upon the minds of others4 ,nevertheless1 ,i will make one or two remarks which have often occurred to my mind4 ,without thinking of the effect it might have upon distinguished men of science1 or upon the minds of those who1 stimulated to exertion1 might become distinguished1 ,i do think that a ,government should for its own sake honour the men who do honour and service to the country4 ,i refer now to honours only1 not to beneficial rewards2 of such honours ,i think there are none4 ,knighthoods and baronetcies are sometimes conferred with such intentions1 but ,i think them utterly unfit for that purpose4 ,instead of conferring distinction1 they confound the man who is one of twenty1 or perhaps fifty1 with hundreds of others4 ,they depress rather than exalt him1 for they tend to lower the especial distinction of mind to the commonplaces of society4 ,an intelligent country ought to recognize the scientific men among its people as a class4 ,if honours are conferred upon eminence in any class1 as that of the law or the army1 they should be in this also4 ,the aristocracy of the class should have other distinctions than those of lowly and high-born1 rich and poor1 yet they should be such as to be worthy of those whom the ,sovereign and the country should delight to honour1 and1 being rendered very desirable and even enviable in the eyes of the aristocracy by birth1 should be unattainable except to that of science4 ,thus much ,i think the ,government and the country ought to do1 for their own sake and the good of science1 more than for the sake of the men who might be thought worthy of such distinction4 ,the latter have attained to their fit place1 whether the community at large recognize it or not4 ,but besides that1 and as a matter of reward and encouragement to those who have not yet risen to great distinction1 ,i think the ,government should1 in the very many cases which come before it having a relation to scientific knowledge1 employ men who pursue science1 provided they are also men of business4 ,this is perhaps now done to some extent1 but to nothing like the degree which is practicable with advantage to all parties4 ,the right means cannot have occurred to a ,government which has not yet learned to approach and distinguish the class as a whole4 99 99 99 ,i have the honour to be1 my ,lord1 ,your very faithful ,servant1 ,m4 ,,faraday4 ,sometimes people's views on these matters change when the despised distinction is actually offered1 but it was not so with him2 for once1 when indirectly sounded as to whether a knighthood would be acceptable1 he declined the honour1 preferring to remain plain ,michael ,faraday to the last4 ,in this day1 when so many allow their names to be used for offices of which they never intended to discharge the duties1 the following letter may convey an appropriate lesson3-- ,,royal ,,institution1 ,oct4 #agth1 #ahdi4 ,,my ,,dear ,,percy1 ,i cannot be on the committee2 ,i avoid everything of that kind1 that ,i may keep my stupid mind a little clear4 ,as to being on a committee and not working1 that is worse still4 99 99 99 ,ever yours and ,mrs4 ,percy's1 ,m4 ,,faraday4 ,it is well known that he waged implacable war with the ,spiritualists4 ,eighteen years ago tables took to spinning mysteriously under the fingers of ladies and gentlemen who sat or stood around the animated furniture2 much was said about a new force1 much too about strange revelations from another sphere1 but ,faraday made a simple apparatus which convinced him and most others that the tables moved through the unconscious pressure of the hands that touched them4 ,the account of this will be found in the ,athenum of ,july #b1 #ahec4 ,three weeks afterwards he wrote to his friend ,schnbein3 ,i have not been at work except in turning the tables upon the table-turners1 nor should ,i have done that1 but that so many inquiries poured in upon me1 that ,i thought it better to stop the inpouring flood by letting all know at once what my views and thoughts were4 ,what a weak1 credulous1 incredulous1 unbelieving1 superstitious1 bold1 frightened1--what a ridiculous world ours is1 as far as concerns the mind of man6 ,how full of inconsistencies1 contradictions1 and absurdities it is6 ,but the believers in these occult phenomena1 some of them holding high positions about the ,court1 would not let him alone2 and there are many indications of the annoyance and irritation they caused him4 ,he declined to meet the professors of the mysterious art1 and the following letter will serve to show the way in which he regarded them3-- ,,royal ,,institution1 ,nov4 #a1 #ahfd4 ,,sir1 ,i beg to thank you for your papers1 but have wasted more thought and time on so-called spiritual manifestation than it has deserved4 ,unless the spirits are utterly contemptible1 they will find means to draw my attention4 ,how is it that your name is not signed to the testimony that you give8 ,are you doubtful even whilst you publish8 ,i've no evidence that any natural or unnatural power is concerned in the phenomena that requires investigation or deserves it4 ,if ,i could consult the spirits1 or move them to make themselves honestly manifest1 ,i would do it4 ,but ,i cannot1 and am weary of them4 ,i am1 ,sir1 your obedient ,servant1 ,m4 ,,faraday4 ,there was once a strange statement put forth to the effect that ,faraday said electricity was life4#ae ,he himself denied it indignantly2 but as most falsehoods are perversions of some truth1 this one probably originated in his experiments on the ,gymnotus4 ,he felt an intense interest in those marine animals that give shocks1 and sought to identify the living power which they possess1 with that which man can call into action from inert matter1 and by him named electricity4#af ,the most powerful of these is the ,gymnotus1 or electrical eel1 and a live specimen of this creature1 forty inches long1 was secured by the ,adelaide ,gallery--a predecessor of the ,polytechnic--in the summer of #ahch4 ,four days after its arrival the poor creature lost an eye2 for two months it could not be coaxed to eat either meat or fish1 worms or frogs2 but at last one day it killed and devoured four small fishes1 and afterwards swallowed about a fish per diem4 ,it was accustomed to swim round and round the tank1 till a live fish was dropped in1 when in some cases bending round its victim1 it would discharge a shock that made the fish float on its back stunned and ready to be sucked into the jaws of its assailant4 ,faraday examined this eel and the water around it1 both with his hands and with special collectors of electricity1 and satisfied himself not merely of the shock1 which was easy enough1 but of its power to deflect a galvanometer1 to make a magnet1 to effect chemical decomposition1 and to give a spark4 ,his account of the experiments terminates with some speculations on the connection of this animal electricity with nervous power2 but there the matter rested4 ,his own views were thus expressed to his friend ,dumas3--,as living creatures produce heat1 and a heat certainly identical with that of our hearths1 why should they not produce electricity also1 and an electricity in like manner identical with that of our machines8 ,but if the heat produced during life1 and necessary to life1 is not life after all1 why should electricity itself be life8 ,like heat1 like chemical action1 electricity is an implement of life1 and nothing more4 ,whether the belief that electricity is life would be inconsistent with the ,christian faith or not1 it is clear that when an infidel preacher asserts that ,faraday held such an opinion1 his assertion will influence few who are not already disposed to ,materialism4 ,far more damaging is it to the cause of religion when her ministers repeat the assumption of the infidel that those who study the truths of nature are particularly prone to disbelieve4 ,yet such statements have been made1 even with reference to ,faraday4 ,i have it on the best authority that one of the leading clergymen of the day1 preaching on a special occasion from ,peter's words1 ,the elements shall melt with fervent heat1 the earth also and the works that are therein shall be burned up1 spoke in antagonism to scientific men1 alluding to ,faraday by name1 and to his computation of the tremendous electrical forces that would be produced by sundering the elements of one drop of water4 ,they shall be confuted by their own element--fire1 added the preacher1 careless of the conclusion which his audience might legitimately draw from such a two-edged argument4 ,the accuser of the men of science was much astonished when told after his sermon1 by a brother clergyman1 that ,faraday and other eminent physicists of the day were believers in a divine revelation4 ,it may be doubted whether ,faraday ever tried to form a definite idea of the relation in which the physical forces stand to the ,supreme ,intelligence1 as ,newton did1 or his own friend ,sir ,john ,herschel2 nor did he consider it part of his duty as a lecturer to look beyond the natural laws he was describing4 ,his practice in this respect has been well described by the ,rev4 ,professor ,pritchard3#ag--,this great and good man never obtruded the strength of his faith upon those whom he publicly addressed2 upon principle he was habitually reticent on such topics1 because he believed they were ill suited for the ordinary assemblages of men4 ,yet on more than one occasion when he had been discoursing on some of the magnificent pre-arrangements of ,divine ,providence so lavishly scattered in nature1 ,i have seen him struggle to repress the emotion which was visibly striving for utterance2 and then1 at the last1 with one single far-reaching word1 he would just hint at his meaning rather than express it4 ,on such occasions he only who had ears to hear1 could hear4 ,in his more familiar lectures to the cadets at ,woolwich1 however1 he more than hinted at such elevated thoughts4 ,in conversation1 too1 ,faraday has been known to express his wonder that anyone should fail to recognize the constant traces of design2 and in his writings there sometimes occur such passages as the following3--,when ,i consider the multitude of associated forces which are diffused through nature--when ,i think of that calm and tranquil balancing of their energies which enables elements most powerful in themselves1 most destructive to the world's creatures and economy1 to dwell associated together and be made subservient to the wants of creation1 ,i rise from the contemplation more than ever impressed with the wisdom1 the beneficence1 and grandeur beyond our language to express1 of the ,great ,disposer of all6 ,faraday's journals abound with descriptions of nature and human nature4 ,he had evidently a keen eye for the beauties of scenery1 and occasionally the objects around him suggested higher thoughts4 ,here are two instances taken from his notes of a ,swiss tour in #ahda3-- ,monday1 #aith4--,very fine day2 walk with dear ,sarah on the lake side to ,oberhofen1 through the beautiful vineyards2 very busy were the women and men in trimming the vines1 stripping off leaves and tendrils from the fruit-bearing branches4 ,the churchyard was beautiful1 and the simplicity of the little remembrance-posts set upon the graves very pleasant4 ,one who had been too poor to put up an engraved brass plate1 or even a painted board1 had written with ink on paper the birth and death of the being whose remains were below1 and this had been fastened to a board1 and mounted on the top of a stick at the head of the grave1 the paper being protected by a little edge and roof4 ,such was the simple remembrance1 but ,nature had added her pathos1 for under the shelter by the writing a caterpillar had fastened itself1 and passed into its deathlike state of chrysalis1 and1 having ultimately assumed its final state1 it had winged its way from the spot1 and had left the corpse-like relics behind4 ,how old and how beautiful is this figure of the resurrection6 ,surely it can never appear before our eyes without touching the thoughts4 ,august #abth1 ,brienz ,lake4--,george and ,i crossed the lake in a boat to the ,giessbach--he to draw1 and ,i to saunter4444 ,this most beautiful fall consists of a fine river1 which passes by successive steps down a very deep precipice into the lake4 ,in some of these steps there is a clear leap of water of #ajj feet or more1 in others most beautiful combinations of leap1 cataract1 and rapid1 the finest rocks occurring at the sides and bed of the torrent4 ,in one part a bridge passes over it4 ,in another a cavern and a path occur under it4 ,to-day every fall was foaming from the abundance of water1 and the current of wind brought down by it was in some parts almost too strong to stand against4 ,the sun shone brightly1 and the rainbows seen from various points were very beautiful4 ,one at the bottom of a fine but furious fall was very pleasant4 ,there it remained motionless1 whilst the gusts and clouds of spray swept furiously across its place1 and were dashed against the rock4 ,it looked like a spirit strong in faith and stedfast in the midst of the storm of passions sweeping across it2 and though it might fade and revive1 still it held on to the rock as in hope and giving hope2 and the very drops which in the whirlwind of their fury seemed as if they would carry all away1 were made to revive it and give it greater beauty4 ,how often are the things we fear and esteem as troubles made to become blessings to those who are led to receive them with humility and patience4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in concluding this section it may be well to string together a few gems from ,faraday's lectures or correspondence1 though they are greatly damaged by being torn away from their original setting3-- ,after all1 though your science is much to me1 we are not friends for science sake only1 but for something better in a man1 something more important in his nature1 affection1 kindness1 good feeling1 moral worth2 and so1 in remembrance of these1 ,i now write to place myself in your presence1 and in thought shake hands1 tongues1 and hearts together4 ,this was addressed to ,schnbein4 ,i should be glad to think that high mental powers insured something like a high moral sense1 but have often been grieved to see the contrary3 as also1 on the other hand1 my spirit has been cheered by observing in some lowly and uninstructed creature such a healthful and honourable and dignified mind as made one in love with human nature4 ,when that which is good mentally and morally meet in one being1 that that being is more fitted to work out and manifest the glory of ,god in the creation1 ,i fully admit4 ,let me1 as an old man who ought by this time to have profited by experience1 say that when ,i was younger ,i found ,i often misinterpreted the intentions of people1 and found they did not mean what at the time ,i supposed they meant2 and further1 that as a general rule1 it was better to be a little dull of apprehension when phrases seemed to imply pique1 and quick in perception when1 on the contrary1 they seemed to imply kindly feeling4 ,the real truth never fails ultimately to appear2 and opposing parties1 if wrong1 are sooner convinced when replied to forbearingly1 than when overwhelmed4 ,man is an improving animal4 ,unlike the animated world around him1 which remains in the same constant state1 he is continually varying2 and it is one of the noblest prerogatives of his nature1 that in the highest of earthly distinctions he has the power of raising and exalting himself continually4 ,the transitory state of man has been held up to him as a memento of his weakness3 to man degraded it may be so with justice2 to man as he ought to be it is no reproach2 and in knowledge1 that man only is to be contemned and despised who is not in a state of transition4 ,it is not the duty or place of a philosopher to dictate belief1 and all hypothesis is more or less matter of belief2 he has but to give his facts and his conclusions1 and so much of the logic which connects the former with the latter as he may think necessary1 and then to commit the whole to the scientific world for present1 and1 as he may sometimes without presumption believe1 for future judgment4 ,,footnotes3 #ae ,i myself once heard this advanced by an infidel lecturer on ,paddington ,green4 #af ,electrical ,researches1 ,series ,,xv4 #ag ,analogies in the ,progress of ,nature and ,grace1 p4 #aba4 ,,section ,,iv4 ,,his ,,method ,,of ,,working4 ,it is on record that when a young aspirant asked ,faraday the secret of his success as a scientific investigator1 he replied1 ,the secret is comprised in three words--,work1 ,finish1 ,publish4 ,each of these words1 we may be sure1 is full of meaning1 and will guide us in a useful inquiry4 ,already in the ,story of his ,life we have caught some glimpses of the philosopher at work in his laboratory2 but before looking at him more closely let us learn from a foreigner with what feelings to enter a place that is hallowed by so many memories sacred in the history of science4 ,professor ,schnbein1 of ,basle1 who visited ,england in #ahdj1 says3 ,during my stay in ,london1 ,i once worked with ,faraday for a whole day long in the laboratory of the ,royal ,institution1 and ,i cannot forbear to say that this was one of the most enjoyable days that ,i ever spent in the ,british capital4 ,we commenced our day's work with breakfast2 and when that was over1 ,i was supplied with one of the laboratory dresses of my friend1 which1 when ,i was presented in it to the ladies1 gave occasion to no little amusement1 as the dimensions of ,faraday are different from those of my precious body4 ,to work with a man like ,faraday was in itself a great pleasure2 but this pleasure was not a little heightened in doing so in a place where such grand secrets of nature had been unfolded1 the most brilliant discoveries of the century had been made1 and entirely new branches of knowledge had been brought forth4 ,for the empty intellect circumstances of this nature are indeed of little special value2 but they stand in quite another relation to our power of imagination and inner nature4 ,i do not deny that my surroundings produced in me a very peculiar feeling2 and whilst ,i trod the floor upon which ,davy had once walked--whilst ,i availed myself of some instrument which this great discoverer had himself handled--whilst ,i stood working at the very table at which the ever-memorable man sought to solve the most difficult problems of science1 at which ,faraday enticed the first sparks out of the magnet1 and discovered the most beautiful laws of the chemical action of current electricity1 ,i felt myself inwardly elevated1 and believed that ,i myself experienced something of the inbreathing of the scientific spirit which formerly ruled there with such creative power1 and which still works on4#ah ,the habit of ,faraday was to think out carefully beforehand the subject on which he was working1 and to plan his mode of attack4 ,then1 if he saw that some new piece of apparatus was needed1 he would describe it fully to the instrument maker with a drawing1 and it rarely happened that there was any need of alteration in executing the order4 ,if1 however1 the means of experiment existed already1 he would give ,anderson a written list of the things he would require1 at least a day before--for ,anderson was not to be hurried4 ,when all was ready1 he would descend into the laboratory1 give a quick glance round to see that all was right1 take his apron from the drawer1 and rub his hands together as he looked at the preparations made for his work4 ,there must be no tool on the table but such as he required4 ,as he began1 his face would be exceedingly grave1 and during the progress of an experiment all must be perfectly quiet2 but if it was proceeding according to his wish1 he would commence to hum a tune1 and sometimes to rock himself sideways1 balancing alternately on either foot4 ,then1 too1 he would often talk to his assistant about the result he was expecting4 ,he would put away each tool in its own place as soon as done with1 or at any rate when the day's work was over1 and he would not unnecessarily take a thing away from its place3 thus1 if he wanted a perforated cork1 he would go to the drawer which contained the corks and cork-borers1 make there what he wanted1 replace the borers1 and shut the drawer4 ,no bottle was allowed to remain without its stopper2 no open glass might stand for a night without a paper cover2 no rubbish was to be left on the floor2 bad smells were to be avoided if possible2 and machinery in motion was not permitted to grate4 ,in working1 also1 he was very careful not to employ more force than was wanted to produce the effect4 ,when his experiments were finished and put away1 he would leave the laboratory1 and think further about them upstairs4 ,this orderliness and this economy of means he not only practised himself1 but he expected them also to be followed by any who worked with him2 and it is from conversation with these that ,i have been enabled to give this sketch of his manner of working4#ai ,this exactness was also apparent in the accounts he kept with the ,royal ,institution and ,trinity ,house1 in which he entered every little item of expenditure with the greatest minuteness of detail4 ,it was through this lifelong series of experiments that ,faraday won his knowledge and mastered the forces of nature4 ,the rare ingenuity of his mind was ably seconded by his manipulative skill1 while the quickness of his perceptions was equalled by the calm rapidity of his movements4 ,he had indeed a passion for experimenting4 ,this peeps out in the preface to the second edition of his ,chemical ,manipulation1 where he writes1 ,being intended especially as a book of instruction1 no attempts were made to render it pleasing1 otherwise than by rendering it effectual2 for ,i concluded that1 if the work taught clearly what it was intended to inculcate1 the high interest always belonging to a well-made or successful experiment would be abundantly sufficient to give it all the requisite charms1 and more than enough to make it valuable in the eyes of those for whom it was designed4 ,he could scarcely pass a gold leaf electrometer without causing the leaves to diverge by a sudden flick from his silk handkerchief4 ,i recollect1 too1 his meeting me at the entrance to the lecture theatre at ,jermyn ,street1 when ,lyon ,playfair was to give the first1 or one of the first lectures ever delivered in the building4 ,let us go up here1 said he1 leading me far away from the central table4 ,i asked him why he chose such an out-of-the-way place4 ,oh1 he replied1 we shall be able here to find out what are the acoustic qualities of the room4 ,the simplicity of the means with which he made his experiments was often astonishing1 and was indeed one of the manifestations of his genius4 ,a good instance is thus narrated by ,sir ,frederick ,arrow4 ,when the electric light was first exhibited permanently at ,dungeness1 on #fth ,june1 #ahfb1 a committee of the ,elder ,brethren1 of which ,i was one1 accompanied ,faraday to observe it4 ,we dined1 ,i think1 at ,dover1 and embarked in the yacht from there1 and were out for some hours watching it1 to ,faraday's great delight--7a very fine night7--and especially we did so from the ,varne lightship1 about equidistant between it and the ,french light of ,grisnez1 using all our best glasses and photometers to ascertain the relative value of the lights3 and this brings me to my story4 ,before we left ,dover1 ,faraday1 with his usual bright smile1 in great glee showed me a little common paper box1 and said1 ',i must take care of this2 it's my special photometer1'--and then1 opening it1 produced a lady's ordinary black shawl-pin1--jet1 or imitation perhaps1--and then holding it a little way off the candle1 showed me the image very distinct2 and then1 putting it a little further off1 placed another candle near it1 and the relative distance was shown by the size of the image4 ,he lent me this afterwards when we were at the ,varne lightship1 and it acted admirably2 and ever since ,i have used one as a very convenient mode of observing1 and ,i never do so but ,i think of that night and dear good ,faraday1 and his genial happy way of showing how even common things may be made useful4 ,after this ,faraday modified his glass-bead photometer1 and he might be seen comparing the relative intensity of two lights by watching their luminous images on a bead of black glass1 which he had threaded on a string1 and was twirling round so as to resolve the brilliant points into circles of fainter light2 or he fixed the black glass balls on pieces of cork1 and1 attaching them to a little wheel1 set them spinning for the same purpose4 ,some of these beads are preserved by the ,trinity ,house1 with other treasures of a like kind1 including a flat piece of solder of an irregular oval form1 turned up at one side so as to form a thumb-rest1 and which served the philosopher as a candlestick to support the wax-light that he used as a standard4 ,the museum of the ,royal ,institution contains a most instructive collection of his experimental apparatus1 including the common electrical machine which he made while still an apprentice at ,riebau's1 and the ring of soft iron1 with its twisted coils of wire isolated by calico and tied with common string1 by means of which he first obtained electrical effects from a magnet4 ,in lecturing to the young he delighted to show how easily apparatus might be extemporized4 ,thus1 in order to construct an electrical machine he once inverted a four-legged stool to serve for the stand1 and took a white glass bottle for the cylinder4 ,a cork was fitted into the mouth of this bottle1 and a bung was fastened with sealing-wax to the other end3 into the cork was inserted a handle for rotating the bottle1 and in the centre of the bung was a wooden pivot on which it turned2 while with some stout wire he made crutches on two of the legs of the stool for the axles of this glass cylinder to work upon4 ,the silk rubber he held in his hand4 ,a japanned tin tea-canister resting on a glass tumbler formed the conductor1 and the collector was the head of a toasting fork4 ,with this apparently rough apparatus he exhibited all the rudimentary experiments in electricity to a large audience4 ,wishing to carry home in good condition a flower that had been given him1 he rolled a piece of writing-paper round a cork1 tied it tightly with string1 and filled the little tube with water4 ,he had thus a perfectly efficient bouquet-holder4 ,a lady1 calling on his wife1 happened to mention that a needle had been once broken into her foot1 and she did not know whether it had been all extracted or not4 ,oh6 said ,faraday1 ,i will soon tell you that1--and taking a finely suspended magnetic needle1 he held it close to her foot1 and it dipped to the concealed iron4 ,on this subject ,schnbein has also some good remarks4 ,the laboratory of the ,institution is indeed efficiently arranged1 though anything but large and elaborately furnished4 ,and yet something extraordinary has happened in this room for the extension of the limits of knowledge2 and already more has been done in it than in many other institutions where the greatest luxury in the supply of apparatus prevails1 and where there is the greatest command of money4 ,but when men work with the creative genius of a ,davy1 and the intuitive spirit of investigation and the wealth of ideas of a ,faraday1 important and great things must come to pass1 even though the appliances at command should be of so limited a character4 ,for the experimental investigator of nature1 it is especially desirable that1 according to the kind of his researches1 he should have at command such and such appliances1 that he should possess a 'philosophical apparatus1' a laboratory1 c42 but for the purpose of producing something important1 of greatly widening the sphere of knowledge1 it in no way follows that a superfluity of such things is necessary to him4444 ,he who understands how to put appropriate questions to ,nature1 generally knows how to extract the answers by simple means2 and he who wants this capacity will1 ,i fear1 obtain no profitable result1 even though all conceivable tools and apparatus may be ready to his hand4 ,nor did ,faraday require elaborate apparatus to illustrate his meaning4 ,steaming up the ,thames one ,july day in a penny boat1 he was struck with the offensiveness of the water4 ,he tore some white cards into pieces1 wetted them so as to make them sink easily1 and dropped them into the river at each pier they came to4 ,their sudden disappearance from sight1 though the sun was shining brightly1 was proof enough of the impurity of the stream2 and he wrote a letter to the ,times describing his observations1 and calling public attention to the dangerous state of the river4#bj ,at a meeting of the ,british ,association he wished to explain the manner in which certain crystallized bodies place themselves between the poles of an electro-magnet3 two or three raw potatoes furnished the material out of which he cut admirable models of the crystals4 ,wishing to show the electrical nature of gun-cotton1 he has been known to lay his watch upon the table1 balance on it a slender piece of wood1 and1 charging a morsel of the gun-cotton by drawing it along his coat sleeve1 cause the wood to revolve towards the electric fibres4 ,an artist was once maintaining that in natural appearances and in pictures1 up and down1 and high and low1 were fixed indubitable realities2 but ,faraday told him that they were merely conventional acceptations1 based on standards often arbitrary4 ,the disputant could not be convinced that ideas which he had hitherto never doubted had such shifting foundations4 ',well1' said ,faraday1 'hold a walking-stick between your chin and your great toe2 look along it and say which is the upper end4' ,the experiment was tried1 and the artist found his idea of perspective at complete variance with his sense of reality2 either end of the stick might be called 'upper1'--pictorially it was one1 physically it was the other4 ,faraday's manner of experimenting may be further illustrated by the recollections of other friends who have had the opportunity of watching him at work4 ,mr4 ,james ,young1 who was in the laboratory of ,university ,college in #ahch1 thus writes3--,about that time ,professor ,graham had got from ,paris ,thilorier's apparatus for producing liquid and solid carbonic acid2 hearing of this1 ,mr4 ,faraday came to ,graham's laboratory1 and1 as one might expect1 showed great interest in this apparatus1 and asked ,graham for the loan of it for a ,friday evening lecture at the ,royal ,institution1 which of course ,graham readily granted1 and ,faraday asked me to come down to the ,institution and give him the benefit of my experience in charging and working the apparatus2 so ,i spent a long evening at the ,royal ,institution laboratory4 ,there was no one present but ,faraday1 ,anderson1 and myself4 ,the principal thing we did was to charge the apparatus and work with the solid carbonic acid1 ,mr4 ,faraday working with great activity2 his motions were wonderfully rapid2 and if he had to cross the laboratory for anything1 he did not walk at an ordinary step1 but ran for it1 and when he wanted anything he spoke quickly4 ,faraday had a theory at that time that all metals would become magnetic if their temperature were low enough2 and he tried that evening some experiments with cobalt and manganese1 which he cooled in a mixture of carbonic acid and ether1 but the results were negative4 ,among the deep mines of the ,durham coal-field is one called the ,haswell ,colliery4 ,one ,saturday afternoon1 while the men were at work in it as usual1 a terrible explosion occurred3 it proceeded from the fire-damp that collects in the vaulted space that is formed in old workings1 when the supporting pillars of coal are removed and the roof falls in3 the suffocating gases rushed along the narrow passages1 and overwhelmed ninety-five poor fellows with destruction4 ,of course there was an inquiry1 and the ,government sent down to the spot as their commissioners ,professor ,faraday and ,sir ,charles ,lyell4 ,the two gentlemen attended at the coroner's inquest1 where they took part in the examination of the witnesses2 they inspected the shattered safety-lamps2 they descended into the mine1 spending the best part of a day in the damaged and therefore dangerous galleries where the catastrophe had occurred1 and they did not leave without showing in a practical form their sympathy with the sufferers4 ,when down in the pit1 an inspector showed them the way in which the workmen estimated the rapidity of the ventilation draught1 by throwing a pinch of gunpowder through the flame of a candle1 and timing the movement of the little puff of smoke4 ,faraday1 not admiring the free and easy way in which they handled their powder1 asked where they kept their store of it1 and learnt that it was in a large black bag which had been assigned to him as the most comfortable seat they could offer4 ,we may imagine the liveliness with which he sprang to his feet1 and expostulated with them on their culpable carelessness4 ,my own opportunities of observing ,faraday at work were nearly confined to a series of experiments1 which are the better worth describing here as they have escaped the notice of previous biographers4 ,the ,royal ,commission appointed to inquire into our whole system of ,lights1 ,buoys1 and ,beacons1 perceived a great defect that rendered many of our finest shore or harbour lights comparatively ineffective4 ,the great central lamp in a lighthouse is surrounded by a complicated arrangement of lenses and prisms1 with the object of gathering up as many of the rays as possible and sending them over the surface of the sea towards the horizon4 ,now1 it is evident that if this apparatus be adjusted so as to send the beam two or three degrees upwards1 the light will be lost to the shipping and wasted on the clouds2 and if two or three degrees downwards1 it will only illuminate the water in the neighbourhood3 in either case the beautiful and expensive apparatus would be worse than useless4 ,it is evident also that if the eye be placed just above the wick of the lamp1 it will see through any particular piece of glass that very portion of the landscape which will be illuminated by a ray starting from the same spot2 or the photographic image formed in the place of the flame by any one of the lenses will tell us the direction in which that lens will throw the luminous rays4 ,this simple principle was applied by the ,commissioners for testing the adjustment of the apparatus in the different lights1 and it was found that few were rightly placed1 or rather that no method of adjustment was in use better than the mason's plumbline4 ,the ,royal ,commissioners therefore in #ahfj drew the attention of all the lighthouse authorities to this fact1 and asked the ,elder ,brethren of the ,trinity ,house1 with ,faraday and other parties1 to meet them at the lights recently erected at the ,north ,foreland and ,whitby4 ,i1 as the scientific member of the ,commission1 had drawn out in detail the course of rays from different parts of the flame1 through different parts of the apparatus1 and ,i was struck with the readiness with which ,faraday1 who had never before considered the matter1#ba took up the idea1 and recognized its importance and its practical application4 ,with his characteristic ingenuity1 too1 he devised a little piece of apparatus for the more exact observation of the matter inside the lighthouse4 ,he took to ,mr4 ,ladd1 the optical instrument maker1 a drawing1 very neatly executed1 with written directions1 and a cork cut into proper shape with two lucifer matches stuck through it1 to serve as a further explanation of his meaning3 and from this the focimeter1 as he called it1 was made4 ,the position of the glass panels at ,whitby was corrected by means of this little instrument1 and there were many journeys down to ,chance's glassworks near ,birmingham1 where1 declining the hospitality of the proprietor in order to be absolutely independent1 he put up at a small hotel while he made his experiments1 and jotted down his observations on the cards he habitually carried in his pocket4 ,at length we were invited down to see the result4 ,faraday explained carefully all that had been done1 and at the risk of sea-sickness 7no trifling matter in his case7 accompanied us out to sea to observe the effect from various directions and at various distances4 ,the experience acquired at ,whitby was applied elsewhere1 and in ,may #ahfa the ,trinity ,house appointed a ,visiting ,committee1 to examine all dioptric light establishments1 with the view of remedying any inaccuracies of arrangement that may be found to exist4 ,faraday had instructed and practised ,captain ,nisbet and some others of the ,elder ,brethren in the use of the focimeter1 and now wrote a careful letter of suggestions on the question of adjustment between the lamp and the lenses and prisms2 so thoughtfully did he work for the benefit of those who go down to the sea in ships1 that do business in great waters4 ,as to the mental process that devised1 directed1 and interpreted his experiments1 it must be borne in mind that ,faraday was no mathematician2 his power of appreciating an priori reason often appeared comparatively weak4 ,it has been stated on good authority that ,faraday boasted on a certain occasion of having only once in the course of his life performed a mathematical calculation3 that once was when he turned the handle of ,babbage's calculating machine4#bb ,though there was more pleasantry than truth in this professed innocence of numbers1 probably no one acquainted with his electrical researches will doubt that1 had he possessed more mathematical ability1 he would have been saved much trouble1 and would sometimes have expressed his conclusions with greater ease and precision4 ,yet1 as ,sir ,william ,thomson has remarked with reference to certain magnetic phenomena1 ,faraday1 without mathematics1 divined the result of the mathematical investigation2 and1 what has proved of infinite value to the mathematicians themselves1 he has given them an articulate language in which to express their results4 ,indeed1 the whole language of the magnetic field and 'lines of force' is ,faraday's4 ,it must be said for the mathematicians that they greedily accepted it1 and have ever since been most zealous in using it to the best advantage4 ,the peculiarity of his mind was indeed well known to himself4 ,in a letter to ,dr4 ,becker he says3 ,i was never able to make a fact my own without seeing it2 and the descriptions of the best works altogether failed to convey to my mind such a knowledge of things as to allow myself to form a judgment upon them4 ,it was so with new things4 ,if ,grove1 or ,wheatstone1 or ,gassiot1 or any other told me a new fact1 and wanted my opinion either of its value1 or the cause1 or the evidence it could give on any subject1 ,i never could say anything until ,i had seen the fact4 ,for the same reason ,i never could work1 as some ,professors do most extensively1 by students or pupils4 ,all the work had to be my own4 ,thus we are told what took place when ,dr4 ,tyndall brought ,mr4 ,faraday into the laboratory to look at his new discovery of calorescence4 ,as ,faraday saw for the first time a piece of cold1 black platinum raised to a dazzling brightness when held in the focus of dark rays1 a point undistinguishable from the air around1 he looked on attentively1 putting on his spectacles to observe more carefully1 then ascertained the conditions of the experiment1 and repeated it for himself2 and now quite satisfied1 he turned with emotion to ,dr4 ,tyndall1 and almost hugged him with pleasure4#bc ,the following story by ,mr4 ,robert ,mallet also serves as an illustration3--,it must be now eighteen years ago when ,i paid him a visit and brought some slips of flexible and tough ,muntz's yellow metal1 to show him the instantaneous change to complete brittleness with rigidity produced by dipping into pernitrate of mercury solution4 ,he got the solution1 and ,i showed him the facts2 he obviously did not doubt what he saw me do before and close to him3 but a sort of experimental instinct seemed to require he should try it himself4 ,so he took one of the slips1 bent it forwards and backwards1 dipped it1 and broke it up into short bits between his own fingers4 ,he had not before spoken4 ,then he said1 ',yes1 it is pliable1 and it does become instantly brittle4' ,and after a few moments' pause he added1 ',well1 now have you any more facts of the sort8' and seemed a little disappointed when ,i said1 ',no2 none that are new4' ,it has often since occurred to me how his mind needed absolute satisfaction that he had grasped a fact1 and then instantly rushed to colligate it with another if possible4 ,but as the ,professor watched these new facts1 new thoughts would shape themselves in his mind1 and this would lead to fresh experiments in order to test their truth4 ,the answers so obtained would lead to further questions4 ,thus his work often consisted in the defeat of one hypothesis after another1 till the true conditions of the phenomena came forth and claimed the assent of the experimenter and ultimately of the scientific world4 ,a4 de la ,rive has some acute observations on this subject4 ,he explains how ,faraday did not place himself before his apparatus1 setting it to work1 without a preconceived idea4 ,neither did he take up known phenomena1 as some scientific men do1 and determine their numerical data1 or study with great precision the laws which regulate them4 ,a third method1 very different from the preceding1 is that which1 quitting the beaten track1 leads1 as if by inspiration1 to those great discoveries which open new horizons to science4 ,this method1 in order to be fertile1 requires one condition--a condition1 it is true1 which is but rarely met with--namely1 genius4 ,now1 this condition existed in ,faraday4 ,endowed1 as he himself perceived1 with much imagination1 he dared to advance where many others would have recoiled3 his sagacity1 joined to an exquisite scientific tact1 by furnishing him with a presentiment of the possible1 prevented him from wandering into the fantastic2 while1 always wishing only for facts1 and accepting theories only with difficulty1 he was nevertheless more or less directed by preconceived ideas1 which1 whether true or false1 led him into new roads1 where most frequently he found what he sought1 and sometimes also what he did not seek1 but where he constantly met with some important discovery4 ,such a method1 if indeed it can be called one1 although barren and even dangerous with mediocre minds1 produced great things in ,faraday's hands2 thanks1 as we have said1 to his genius1 but thanks also to that love of truth which characterized him1 and which preserved him from the temptation so often experienced by every discoverer1 of seeing what he wishes to see1 and not seeing what he dreads4 ,this love of truth deserves a moment's pause4 ,it was one of the most beautiful and most essential of his characteristics2 it taught him to be extremely cautious in receiving the statements of others or in drawing his own conclusions1#bd and it led him1 if his scepticism was overcome1 to adopt at once the new view1 and to maintain it1 if need be1 against the world4 ,the thing ,i am proudest of1 ,pearsall1 is that ,i have never been found to be wrong1 he could say in the early part of his scientific history without fear of contradiction4 ,after his death ,a4 de la ,rive wrote1 ,i do not think that ,faraday has once been caught in a mistake2 so precise and conscientious was his mode of experimenting and observing4 ,this is not absolutely true2 but the extreme rarity of his mistakes1 notwithstanding the immense amount of his published researches1 is one of those marvels which can be appreciated only by those who are in the habit of describing what they have seen in the mist land that lies beyond the boundaries of previous knowledge4 ,into this unknown region his mental vision was ever stretched4 ,i well remember one day1 writes ,mr4 ,barrett1 a former assistant at the ,royal ,institution1 when ,mr4 ,faraday was by my side1 ,i happened to be steadying1 by means of a magnet1 the motion of a magnetic needle under a glass shade4 ,mr4 ,faraday suddenly looked most impressively and earnestly as he said1 ',how wonderful and mysterious is that power you have there6 the more ,i think over it the less ,i seem to know3'--and yet he who said this knew more of it than any living man4 ,it is easy to imagine with what wonder he would stand before the apples or leaves or pieces of meat that swung round into a transverse position between the poles of his gigantic magnet1 or the sand that danced and eddied into regular figures on plates of glass touched by the fiddle-bow1 or gold so finely divided that it appeared purple and when diffused in water took a twelvemonth to settle4 ,it is easy1 too1 to imagine how he would long to gain a clear idea of what was taking place behind the phenomena4 ,but it is far from easy to grasp the conceptions of his brain3 language is a clumsy vehicle for such thoughts4 ,he strove to get rid of such figurative terms as currents and poles2 in discussing the mode of propagation of light and radiant heat he endeavoured to dismiss the ether1 but not the vibrations2 and in conceiving of atoms1 he says3 ,as to the little solid particles 444 ,i cannot form any idea of them apart from the forces1 so ,i neither admit nor deny them4 ,they do not afford me the least help in my endeavour to form an idea of a particle of matter4 ,on the contrary1 they greatly embarrass me4 ,yet he could not himself escape from the tyranny of words or the deceitfulness of metaphors1 and it is hard for his readers to comprehend what was his precise idea of those centres of forces that occupy no space1 or of those lines of force which he beheld with his mental eye1 curving alike round his magnetic needle1 and that mightiest of all magnets--the earth4 ,as he was jealous of his own fame1 and had learnt by experience that discoveries could be stolen1 he talked little about them till they were ready for the public2 indeed1 he has been known to twit a brother electrician for telling his discoveries before printing them1 adding with a knowing laugh1 ,i never do that4 ,he was obliged1 however1 to explain his results to ,professor ,whewell1 or some other learned friend1 if he wished to christen some new idea with a ,greek name4 ,one of ,whewell's letters on such an occasion1 dated ,trinity ,college1 ,cambridge1 ,october #ad1 #ahcg1 begins thus3-- ,,my ,,dear ,,sir1 ,i am always glad to hear of the progress of your researches1 and never the less so because they require the fabrication of a new word or two4 ,such a coinage has always taken place at the great epochs of discovery2 like the medals that are struck at the beginning of a new reign1 or rather like the change of currency produced by the accession of a new ,sovereign2 for their value and influence consists in their coming into common circulation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,during the whole time of an investigation ,faraday had kept ample notes1 and when all was completed he had little to do but to copy these notes1 condensing or re-arranging some parts1 and omitting what was useless4 ,the paper then usually consisted of a series of numbered paragraphs1 containing first a statement of the subject of inquiry1 then a series of experiments giving negative results1 and afterwards the positive discoveries4 ,in this form it was sent to the ,royal ,society or some other learned body4 ,yet this often involved considerable labour1 as the following words written to ,miss ,moore in #ahej from a summer retreat in ,upper ,norwood will show3--,i write and write and write1 until nearly three papers for the ,royal ,society are nearly completed1 and ,i hope that two of them will be good if they do justify my hopes1 for ,i have to criticise them again and again before ,i let them loose4 ,you shall hear of them at some of the next ,friday evenings4 ,this criticism did not cease with their publication1 for he endeavoured always to improve on his previous work4 ,thus1 in #ahcb he bound his papers together in one volume1 and the introduction on the fly-leaf shows the object with which it was done3-- ,papers of mine1 published in octavo1 in the ,quarterly ,journal of ,science1 and elsewhere1 since the time that ,sir ,h4 ,davy encouraged me to write the analysis of caustic lime4 ,some1 ,i think 7at this date71 are good1 others moderate1 and some bad4 ,but ,i have put all into the volume1 because of the utility they have been of to me--and none more than the bad--in pointing out to me in future1 or rather after times1 the faults it became me to watch and to avoid4 ,as ,i never looked over one of my papers a year after it was written1 without believing1 both in philosophy and manner1 it could have been much better done1 ,i still hope the collection may be of great use to me4 ,m4 ,,faraday4 ,august #ah1 #ahcb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,this section may be summed up in the words of ,dumas when he gave the first ,faraday ,lecture of the ,chemical ,society3--,faraday is the type of the most fortunate and the most accomplished of the learned men of our age4 ,his hand in the execution of his conceptions kept pace with his mind in designing them2 he never wanted boldness when he undertook an experiment1 never lacked resources to ensure success1 and was full of discretion in interpreting results4 ,his hardihood1 which never halted when once he had undertaken a task1 and his wariness1 which felt its way carefully in adopting a received conclusion1 will ever serve as models for the experimentalist4 ,,footnotes3 #ah ,mittheilungen aus dem ,reisetagebuche eines deutschen ,naturforschers1 p4 #bge4 #ai ,since the publication of the first edition ,i have been struck with how precisely his practice corresponded with his precept in the introduction to his book on ,chemical ,manipulation3--,when an experiment has been devised1 its general nature and principles arranged in the mind1 and the causes to be brought into action1 with the effect to be expected1 properly considered1 then it has to be performed4 ,the ultimate objects of an experiment1 and also the particular contrivance or mode by which the results are to be produced1 being mental1 there remains the mere performance of it1 which may properly enough be expressed by the term manipulation4 ,notwithstanding this subordinate character of manipulation1 it is yet of high importance in an experimental science1 and particularly in chemistry4 ,the person who could devise only1 without knowing how to perform1 would not be able to extend his knowledge far1 or make it useful2 and where every doubt or question that arises in the mind is best answered by the result of an experiment1 whatever enables the philosopher to perform the experiment in the simplest1 quickest1 and most direct manner1 cannot but be esteemed by him as of the utmost value4 #bj ,punch's cartoon next week represented ,professor ,faraday holding his nose1 and presenting his card to ,father ,thames1 who rises out of the unsavoury ooze4 #ba ,since writing the above ,i have come across a letter written by ,faraday in answer to one by ,captain ,welier as far back as #acth ,sept4 #ahci1 in which he pointed out the mal-adjustment of the dioptric apparatus at ,orfordness4 ,in ,july of the following year he made lengthy suggestions to the ,trinity ,house1 in which he proposed using a flat white circle or square1 half an inch across1 on a piece of black paper or card1 as a focal object4 ,this was to be looked at from outside1 in order to test the regularity of the glass apparatus4 ,he also suggested observations on the divergence by looking at this white circle at a distance of twenty feet at most4 ,another plan he proposed was that of lighting the lamp and putting up a white screen outside4 ,these methods of examining he carried out very shortly afterwards at ,blackwall1 on ,french and ,english refractors1 but it seems never to have occurred to him to place his eye in the focus1 or in any other manner to observe the course of the rays from inside the apparatus4 #bb ,dr4 ,scoffern1 ,belgravia1 ,october #ahfg4 #bc ,mr4 ,barrett1 ,nature1 ,sept4 #ai1 #ahgb4 #bd ,a good instance of his caution in drawing conclusions is contained in one of his letters to me3-- ,,royal ,,institution ,,of ,,great ,,britain1 #b ,july1 #ahei4 ,,my ,,dear ,,gladstone1 ,although ,i have frequently observed lights from the sea1 the only thing ,i have learnt in relation to their relative brilliancy is that the average of a very great number of observations would be required for the attainment of a moderate approximation to truth4 ,one has to be some miles off at sea1 or else the observation is not made in the chief ray1 and then one does not know the state of the atmosphere about a given lighthouse4 ,strong lights like that of ,cape ,grisnez have been invisible when they should have been strong2 feeble lights by comparison have risen up in force when one might have expected them to be relatively weak2 and after inquiry has not shown a state of the air at the lighthouse explaining such differences4 ,it is probable that the cause of difference often exists at sea4 ,besides these difficulties there is that other great one of not seeing the two lights to be compared in the field of view at the same time and same distance4 ,if the eye has to turn #ij from one to the other1 ,i have no confidence in the comparison2 and if both be in the field of sight at once1 still unexpected and unexplained causes of difference occur4 ,the two lights at the ,south ,foreland are beautifully situated for comparison1 and yet sometimes the upper did not equal the lower when it ought to have surpassed it4 ,this ,i referred at the time to an upper stratum of haze2 but on shore they knew nothing of the kind1 nor had any such or other reason to expect particular effects4 ,ever truly yours1 ,m4 ,,faraday4 ,as an instance of his unwillingness to commit himself to an opinion unless he was sure about it1 may be cited a letter he wrote to ,sir ,g4 ,b4 ,airy1 the ,astronomer ,royal1 who asked for his advice in regard to the material of which the national standard of length should be made3--,i do not see any reason why a pure metal should be particularly free from internal change of its particles1 and on the whole should rather incline to the hard alloy than to soft copper1 and yet ,i hardly know why4 ,i suppose the labour would be too great to lay down the standard on different metals and substances2 and yet the comparison of them might be very important hereafter1 for twenty years seem to do or tell a great deal in relation to standard measures4 ,bronze was finally chosen4 ,,section ,v4 ,,the ,,value ,,of ,,his ,,discoveries4 ,science is pursued by different men from different motives4 ,to some she is the goddess great2 ,to some the milch-cow of the field2 ,their business is to calculate ,the butter she will yield4 ,now1 ,faraday had been warned by ,davy before he entered his service that ,science was a mistress who paid badly2 and in #ahcc we have seen him deliberately make his calculation1 give up the butter1 and worship the goddess4 ,for the same reason also he declined most of the positions of honour which he was invited to fill1 believing that they would encroach too much on his time1 though he willingly accepted the honorary degrees and scientific distinctions that were showered upon him4#be ,and among those who follow ,science lovingly1 there are two very distinct bands3 there are the philosophers1 the discoverers1 men who persistently ask questions of ,nature2 and there are the practical men1 who apply her answers to the various purposes of human life4 ,many noble names are inscribed in either bead-roll1 but few are able to take rank in both services3 indeed1 the question of practical utility would terribly cramp the investigator1 while the enjoyment of patient research in unexplored regions of knowledge is usually too ethereal for those who seek their pleasures in useful inventions4 ,the mental configuration is different in the two cases2 each may claim and receive his due award of honour4 ,faraday was pre-eminently a discoverer2 he liked the name of philosopher4 ,his favourite paths of study seem to wander far enough from the common abodes of human thought or the requirements of ordinary life4 ,he became familiar1 as no other man ever was1 with the varied forces of magnetism and electricity1 heat and light1 gravitation and galvanism1 chemical affinity and mechanical motion2 but he did not seek to harness the lightnings1 or to chain those giants and to make them grind like ,samson in the prison-house4 ,his way of treating them reminds us rather of the old fable of ,proteus1 who would transform himself into a whirlwind or a dragon1 a flame of fire or a rushing stream1 in order to elude his pursuer2 but if the wary inquirer could catch him asleep in his cave1 he might be constrained to utter all his secret knowledge3 for the favourite thought of ,faraday seems to have been that these various forces were the changing forms of a ,proteus1 and his great desire seems to have been to learn the secret of their origin and their transformations4 ,thus he loved to break down the walls of separation between different classes of phenomena1 and his eye doubtless sparkled with delight when he saw what had always been looked upon as permanent gases liquefy like common vapours under the constraint of pressure and cold--when the wires that coiled round his magnets gave signs of an electric wave1 or coruscated with sparks--when the electricities derived from the friction machine and from the voltaic pile yielded him the same series of phenomena--when he recognized the cumulative proof that the quantity of electricity in a galvanic battery is exactly proportional to the chemical action--when his electro-static theory seemed to break down the barrier between the conductors and insulators1 and many other barriers beside--when he sent a ray of polarized light through a piece of heavy glass between the poles of an electro-magnet1 and on making contact saw that the plane of polarization was rotated1 or1 as he said1 the light was magnetized--and when he watched pieces of bismuth1 or crystals of ,iceland spar1 or bubbles of oxygen1 ranging themselves in a definite position in the magnetic field4 ,i delight in hearing of exact numbers1 and the determinations of the equivalents of force when different forms of force are compared one with another1 he wrote to ,joule in #ahde2 and no wonder1 for these quantitative comparisons have proved many of his speculations to be true1 and have made them the creed of the scientific world4 ,when he began to investigate the different sciences1 they might be compared to so many different countries with impassable frontiers1 different languages and laws1 and various weights and measures2 but when he ceased they resembled rather a brotherhood of states1 linked together by a community of interests and of speech1 and a federal code2 and in bringing about this unification no one had so great a share as himself4 ,he loved to speculate1 too1 on ,matter and ,force1 on the nature of atoms and of imponderable agents4 ,it is these things1 says the great ,german physicist ,professor ,helmholz1 that ,faraday1 in his mature works1 ever seeks to purify more and more from everything that is theoretical1 and is not the direct and simple expression of the fact4 ,for instance1 he contended against the action of forces at a distance1 and the adoption of two electrical and two magnetic fluids1 as well as all hypotheses contrary to the law of the conservation of force1 which he early foresaw1 though he misunderstood it in its scientific expression4 ,and it is just in this direction that he exercised the most unmistakeable influence first of all on the ,english physicists4#bf ,while1 however1 ,faraday was pre-eminently an experimental philosopher1 he was far from being indifferent to the useful applications of science4 ,his own connection with the practical side of the question was threefold3 he undertook some laborious investigations of this nature himself2 he was frequently called upon1 especially by the ,trinity ,house1 to give his opinions on the inventions of others2 and he was fond of bringing useful inventions before the members of the ,royal ,institution in his ,friday evening discourses4 ,the first of these1 on ,february #c1 #ahbf1 was on ,india-rubber1 and was illustrated by an abundance of specimens both in the raw and manufactured states4 ,he traced the history of the substance1 from the crude uncoagulated sap to the sheet rubber and waterproof fabrics which ,mr4 ,hancock and ,mr4 ,macintosh had recently succeeded in preparing4 ,in this way also he continued to throw the magic of his genius around ,morden's machinery for manufacturing ,bramah's locks1 ,ericsson's caloric engine1 ,brunel's block machinery at ,portsmouth1 ,petitjean's process for silvering mirrors1 the prevention of dry-rot in timber1 ,de la ,rue's envelope machinery1 artificial rubies1 ,bonelli's electric silk loom1 ,barry's mode of ventilating the ,house of ,lords1 and many kindred subjects4 ,it may not be amiss to describe the last of his ,friday evenings1 in which he brought before the public ,mr4 ,c4 ,w4 ,siemens' ,regenerative ,gas ,furnace4 ,the following letter to the inventor will tell the first steps3-- ,,royal ,,institution1 ,march #bb1 #ahfb4 ,,my ,,dear ,,sir1 ,i have just returned from ,birmingham--and there saw at ,chance's works the application of your furnaces to glass-making4 ,i was very much struck with the whole matter4 ,as our managers want me to end the ,f4 evenings here after ,easter1 ,i have looked about for a thought1 for ,i have none in myself4 ,i think ,i should like to speak of the effects ,i saw at ,chance's1 if you do not object4 ,if you assent1 can you help me with any drawings or models1 or illustrations either in the way of thoughts or experiments8 ,do not say much about it out of doors as yet1 for my mind is not settled in what way 7if you assent7 ,i shall present the subject4 ,ever truly yours1 ,m4 ,,faraday4 ,c4 ,w4 ,,siemens1 ,,esq4 ,of course the permission was gladly given1 and ,mr4 ,siemens met him at ,birmingham1 and for two days conducted him about works for flint and crown glass1 or for enamel1 as well as about ironworks1 in which his principle was adopted1 wondering at the ,professor's simplicity of character as well as at his ready power of grasping the whole idea4 ,then came the ,friday evening1 #bjth ,june1 #ahfb1 in which he explained the great saving of heat effected1 and pictured the world of flame into which he had gazed in some of those furnaces4 ,but his powers of lecturing were enfeebled1 and during the course of the hour he burnt his notes by accident1 and at the conclusion he very pathetically bade his audience farewell1 telling them that he felt he had been before them too long1 and that the experience of that evening showed he was now useless as their public servant1 but he would still endeavour to do what he could privately for the ,institution4 ,the usual abstract of the lecture appeared1 but not from his unaided pen4 ,inventors1 and promoters of useful inventions1 frequently benefited by the advice of ,faraday1 or by his generous help4 ,a remarkable instance of this was told me by ,cyrus ,field4 ,near the commencement of his great enterprise1 when he wished to unite the old and the new worlds by the telegraphic cable1 he sought the advice of the great electrician1 and ,faraday told him that he doubted the possibility of getting a message across the ,atlantic4 ,mr4 ,field saw that this fatal objection must be settled at once1 and begged ,faraday to make the necessary experiments1 offering to pay him properly for his services4 ,the philosopher1 however1 declined all remuneration1 but worked away at the question1 and presently reported to ,mr4 ,field3--,it can be done1 but you will not get an instantaneous message4 ,how long will it take8 was the next inquiry4 ,oh1 perhaps a second4 ,well1 that's quick enough for me1 was the conclusion of the ,american2 and the enterprise was proceeded with4 ,as to the electric telegraph itself1 ,faraday does not appear among those who claim its parentage1 but he was constantly associated with those who do2 his criticisms led ,ritchie to develop more fully his early conception1 and he was constantly engaged with batteries and wires and magnets1 while the telegraph was being perfected by others1 and especially by his friend ,wheatstone1 whose name will always be associated with what is perhaps the most wonderful invention of modern times4 ,as to ,faraday's own work in applied science1 his attempts to improve the manufacture of steel1 and afterwards of glass for optical purposes1 were among the least satisfactory of his researches4 ,he was more successful in the matter of ventilation of lamp-burners4 ,the windows of lighthouses were frequently found streaming with water that arose from the combustion of the oil1 and in winter this was often converted into thick ice4 ,he devised a plan by which this water was effectually carried away1 and the room was also made more healthy for the keepers4 ,at the ,athenum ,club serious complaints were made that the brilliantly lighted drawing-room became excessively hot1 and that headaches were very common1 while the bindings of the books were greatly injured by the sulphuric acid that arose from the burnt coal-gas4 ,faraday cured this by an arrangement of glass cylinders over the ordinary lamp chimneys1 and descending tubes which carried off the whole products of combustion without their ever mixing with the air of the room4 ,this principle could of course be applied to brackets or chandeliers elsewhere1 but the ,professor made over any pecuniary benefit that might accrue from it to his brother1 who was a lamp manufacturer1 and had aided him in the invention4 ,the achievements of ,faraday are certainly not to be tested by a money standard1 nor by their immediate adaptation to the necessities or conveniences of life4 ,practical men might be disposed to think slightly of the grand discoveries of the philosopher4 ,their ideas of utility will probably be different4 ,one man may take his wheat corn and convert it into loaves of bread1 while his neighbour appears to lose his labour by throwing the precious grain into the earth3 but which is after all most productive8 ,the loaves will at once feed the hungry1 but the sower's toil will be crowned in process of time by waving harvests4 ,yet some of ,faraday's most recondite inquiries did bear practical fruit even during his own lifetime4 ,in proof of this ,i will take one of his chemical and two of his electrical discoveries4 ,long ago there was a ,portable ,gas ,company1 which made oil-gas and condensed it into a liquid4 ,this liquid ,faraday examined in #ahbd1 and he found the most important constituent of it to be a light volatile oil1 which he called bicarburet of hydrogen4 ,the gas company1 ,i presume1 came to an end2 but what of the volatile liquid8 ,obtained from coal-tar1 and renamed ,benzine or ,benzol1 it is now prepared on a large scale1 and used as a solvent in some of our industrial arts4 ,but other chemists have worked upon it1 and torturing it with nitric acid1 they have produced nitrobenzol--a gift to the confectioner and the perfumer4 ,and by attacking this with reducing agents there was called into existence the wondrous base aniline1--wondrous indeed when we consider the transformations it underwent in the hands of ,hofmann1 and the light it was made to throw on the internal structure of organic compounds4 ,faraday used sometimes to pay a visit to the ,royal ,college of ,chemistry1 and revel in watching these marvellous reactions4 ,but aniline was of use to others besides the theoretical chemist4 ,tortured by fresh appliances1 this base gave highly-coloured bodies which it was found possible to fix on cotton as well as woollen and silken fabrics1 and thence sprang up a large and novel branch of industry1 while our eyes were delighted with the rich hues of mauve and magenta1 the ,bleu de ,paris1 and various other aniline dyes4 ,everyone who is at all acquainted with the habits of electricity knows that the most impassable of obstacles is the air1 while iron bolts and bars only help it in its flight3 yet1 if an electrified body be brought near another body1 with this invisible barrier between them1 the electrical state of the second body is disturbed4 ,faraday thought much over this question of induction1 as it is called1 and found himself greatly puzzled to comprehend how a body should act where it is not4 ,at length he satisfied himself by experiment that the interposed obstacle is itself affected by the electricity1 and acquires an electro-polar state by which it modifies electric action in its neighbourhood4 ,the amount varies with the nature of the substance1 and ,faraday estimated it for such dielectrics as sulphur1 shellac1 or spermaceti1 compared with air4 ,he termed this new property of matter specific inductive capacity1 and figured in his own mind the play of the molecules as they propagated and for a while retained the force4 ,now1 these very recondite observations were opposed to the philosophy of the day1 and they were not received by some of the leading electricians1 especially of the ,continent1 while those who first tried to extend his experiments blundered over the matter4 ,however1 the present ,professor ,sir ,william ,thomson1 then a student at ,cambridge1 showed that while ,faraday's views were rigorously deducible from ,coulomb's theory1 this discovery was a great advance in the philosophy of the subject4 ,when submarine telegraph wires had to be manufactured1 ,thomson took specific inductive capacity into account in determining the dimensions of the cable3 for we have there all the necessary conditions--the copper wire is charged with electricity1 the covering of gutta-percha is a dielectric1 and the water outside is ready to have an opposite electric condition induced in it4 ,the result is that1 as ,faraday himself predicted1 the message is somewhat retarded2 and of course it becomes a thing of importance so to arrange matters that this retardation may be as small as possible1 and the signals may follow one another speedily4 ,now this must depend not only on the thickness of the covering1 but also on the nature of the substance employed1 and it was likely enough that gutta-percha was not the best possible substance4 ,in fact1 when ,professor ,fleeming ,jenkin came to try the inductive capacity of gutta-percha by means of the ,red ,sea cable1 he found it to be almost double that of shellac1 which was the highest that ,faraday had determined1 and attempts have been made since to obtain some substance which should have less of this objectionable quality and be as well adapted otherwise for coating a wire4 ,there is ,hooper's material1 the great merit of which is its low specific inductive capacity1 so that it permits of the sending of four signals while gutta-percha will only allow three to pass along2 and ,mr4 ,willoughby ,smith has made an improved kind of gutta-percha with reduced capacity4 ,of course no opinion is expressed here on the value of these inventions1 as many other circumstances must be taken into account1 such as their durability and their power of insulation1--that is1 preventing the leakage of the galvanic charge2 but at least they show that one of the most abstruse discoveries of ,faraday has penetrated already into our patent offices and manufactories4 ,two students in the ,physical ,laboratory at ,glasgow have lately determined with great care the inductive capacity of paraffin1 and there can be little doubt that the speculations of the philosopher as to the condition of a dielectric will result in rendering it still more easy than at present to send words of information or of friendly greeting to our cousins across the ,atlantic or the ,indian ,ocean4 ,the history of the magneto-electric light affords another remarkable instance of the way in which one of ,faraday's most recondite discoveries bore fruit in his own lifetime2 and it is the more interesting as it fell to his own lot to assist in bringing the fruit to maturity4 ,,brighton1 ,november #bi1 #ahca4 ,,dear ,,phillips1 ,for once in my life ,i am able to sit down and write to you without feeling that my time is so little that my letter must of necessity be a short one2 and accordingly ,i have taken an extra large sheet of paper1 intending to fill it with news4 ,but how are you getting on8 ,are you comfortable8 ,and how does ,mrs4 ,phillips do2 and the girls8 ,bad correspondent as ,i am1 ,i think you owe me a letter2 and as in the course of half an hour you will be doubly in my debt1 pray write us1 and let us know all about you4 ,mrs4 ,faraday wishes me not to forget to put her kind remembrances to you and ,mrs4 ,phillips in my letter4444 ,we are here to refresh4 ,i have been working and writing a paper that always knocks me up in health2 but now ,i feel well again1 and able to pursue my subject2 and now ,i will tell you what it is about4 ,the title will be1 ,i think1 ',experimental ,researches in ,electricity3'--,i4 ,on the ,induction of ,electric ,currents2 ,,ii4 ,on the ,evolution of ,electricity from ,magnetism2 ,,iii4 ,on a new ,electrical ,condition of ,matter2 ,,iv4 ,on ,arago's ,magnetic ,phenomena4 ,there is a bill of fare for you2 and1 what is more1 ,i hope it will not disappoint you4 ,now1 the pith of all this ,i must give you very briefly2 the demonstrations you shall have in the paper when printed4444 ,so wrote ,faraday to his intimate friend ,richard ,phillips1 on ,november #bith1 #ahca1 and the letter goes on to describe the great harvest of results which he had gathered since the #bith of ,august1 when he first obtained evidence of an electric current from a magnet4 ,a few days afterwards he was at work again on these curious relations of magnetism and electricity in his laboratory1 and at the ,round ,pond in ,kensington ,gardens1 and with ,father ,thames at ,waterloo ,bridge4 ,on the #hth of ,february he entered in his note-book3 ,this evening1 at ,woolwich1 experimented with magnet1 and for the first time got the magnetic spark myself4 ,connected ends of a helix into two general ends1 and then crossed the wires in such a way that a blow at a b would open them a little4 ,then bringing a b against the poles of a magnet1 the ends were disjoined1 and bright sparks resulted4 ,next day he repeated this experiment at home with ,mr4 ,daniell's magnet1 and then invited some of his best friends to come and see the tiny speck of light4#bg ,but what was the use of this little spark between the shaken wires8 ,what is the use of an infant8 asked ,franklin once1 when some such question was proposed to him4 ,faraday said that the experimentalist's answer was1 ,endeavour to make it useful4 ,but he passed to other researches in the same field4 ,i have rather been desirous1 he says1 of discovering new facts and new relations dependent on magneto-electric induction1 than of exalting the force of those already obtained2 being assured that the latter would find their full development hereafter4 ,and in this assurance he was not mistaken4 ,electro-magnetism has been taken advantage of on a large scale by the metallurgist and the telegrapher2 and even the photographer and sugar-refiner have attempted to make it their servant2 but it is its application as a source of light that is most interesting to us in connection with its discoverer4 ,many electric lights were invented by practical men1 the power being generally derived from a galvanic battery2 and it was discovered that by making the terminals of the wires of charcoal1 the brilliancy of the spark could be enormously increased4 ,some of these inventions were proposed for lighthouses1 and so came officially under the notice of ,faraday as scientific adviser to the ,trinity ,house4 ,thus he was engaged in #ahec and #ahed with the beautiful electric light of ,dr4 ,watson1 which he examined most carefully1 evidently hoping it might be of service1 and at length he wrote an elaborate report pointing out its advantages1 but at the same time the difficulties in the way of its practical adoption4 ,the ,trinity ,corporation passed a special vote of thanks for his report1 and hesitated to proceed further in the matter4 ,but ,faraday's own spark was destined to be more successful4 ,in #ahec some large magneto-electric machines were set up in ,paris for producing combustible gas by the decomposition of water4 ,the scheme failed1 but a ,mr4 ,f4 ,h4 ,holmes suggested that these expensive toys might be turned to account for the production of light4 ,my propositions1 he told the ,royal ,commissioners of ,lighthouses1 were entirely ridiculed1 and the consequence was1 that instead of saying that ,i thought ,i could do it1 ,i promised to do it by a certain day4 ,on that day1 with one of ,duboscq's regulators or lamps1 ,i produced the magneto-electric light for the first time2 but as the machines were ill-constructed for the purpose1 and as ,i had considerable difficulty to make even a temporary adjustment to produce a fitting current1 the light could only be exhibited for a few minutes at a time4 ,he turned his attention to the reconstruction of the machines1 and after carrying on his experiments in ,belgium1 he applied to the ,trinity ,board in ,february #aheg4 ,here was the tiny spark1 which ,faraday had produced just twenty-five years before1 exalted into a magnificent star1 and for ,faraday it was reserved to decide whether this star should shed its brilliance from the cliffs of ,albion4 ,a good piece of optical apparatus1 intended for the ,bishop ,rock in the ,scillies1 happened to be at the experimental station at ,blackwall1 and with this comparative experiments were made4 ,we can imagine something of the interest with which ,faraday watched the light from ,woolwich1 and asked questions of the inventor about all the details of its working and expense2 and we can picture the alternations of hope and caution as he wrote in his report1 ,the light is so intense1 so abundant1 so concentrated and focal1 so free from under-shadows 7caused in the common lamp by the burner71 so free from flickering1 that one cannot but desire it should succeed4 ,but1 he adds1 it would require very careful and progressive introduction--men with peculiar knowledge and skill to attend it2 and the means of instantly substituting one lamp for another in case of accident4 ,the common lamp is so simple1 both in principle and practice1 that its liability to failure is very small4 ,there is no doubt that the magneto-electric lamp involves a great number of circumstances tending to make its application more refined and delicate2 but ,i would fain hope that none of these will prove a barrier to its introduction4 ,nevertheless1 it must pass into practice only through the ordeal of a full1 searching1 and prolonged trial4 ,this trial was made in the upper of the two light towers at the ,south ,foreland2 but it was not till the #hth ,december1 #aheh1 that the experiment was commenced4 ,faraday made observations on it for the first two days1 but it did not act well1 and was discontinued till ,march #bh1 #ahei1 when it again shot forth its powerful rays across the ,channel4 ,it was soon inspected by ,faraday inside and outside1 by land and by sea4 ,his notes terminate in this way3--,went to the hills round1 about a mile off1 or perhaps more1 so as to see both upper and lower light at once4 ,the effect was very fine4 ,the lower light does not come near the upper in its power1 and1 as to colour1 looks red whilst the upper is white4 ,the visible rays proceed from both horizontally1 but those from the low light are not half so long as those from the electric light4 ,the radiation from the upper light was beautifully horizontal1 going out right and left with intenseness like a horizontal flood of light1 with blackness above and blackness below1 yet the sky was clear and the stars shining brightly4 ,it seemed as if the lanthorn#bh only were above the earth1 so dark was the path immediately below the lanthorn1 yet the whole tower was visible from the place4 ,as to the shadows of the uprights1 one could walk into one and across1 and see the diminution of the light1 and could easily see when the edge of the shadow was passed4 ,they varied in width according to the distance from the lanthorn4 ,with upright bars their effect is considerable at a distance1 as seen last night2 but inclining these bars would help in the distance1 though not so much as with a light having considerable upright dimension1 as is the case with an oil-lamp4 ,the shadows on a white card are very clear on the edge--a watch very distinct and legible4 ,on lowering the head near certain valleys1 the feeble shadow of the distant grass and leaves was evident4 ,the light was beautifully steady and bright1 with no signs of variation--the appearance was such as to give confidence to the mind--no doubt about its continuance4 ,as a light it is unexceptionable--as a magneto-electric light wonderful--and seems to have all the adjustments of quality and more than can be applied to a voltaic electric light or a ,ruhmkorff coil4 ,the ,royal ,commissioners and others saw with gratification this beautiful light1 and arrangements were made for getting systematic observations of it by the keepers of all the lighthouses within view1 the masters of the light-vessels that guard the ,goodwin ,sands1 and the crews of pilot cutters2 after which ,faraday wrote a very favourable report1 saying1 among other things3 ,i beg to state that in my opinion ,professor ,holmes has practically established the fitness and sufficiency of the magneto-electric light for lighthouse purposes1 so far as its nature and management are concerned4 ,the light produced is powerful beyond any other that ,i have yet seen so applied1 and in principle may be accumulated to any degree2 its regularity in the lanthorn is great1 its management easy1 and its care there may be confided to attentive keepers of the ordinary degree of intellect and knowledge4#bi ,the ,elder ,brethren then wished a further trial of six months1 during which time the light was to be entirely under their own control4 ,it was therefore again kindled on ,august #bb1 and the experiment happened soon to be exposed to a severe test1 as one of the light-keepers1 who had been accustomed to the arrangement of the lamps in the lantern1 was suddenly removed1 and another took his place without any previous instruction4 ,this man thought the light sufficiently strong if he allowed the carbon points to touch1 as the lamp then required no attendance whatever1 and he could leave it in that way for hours together4 ,on being remonstrated with1 he said1 ,it is quite good enough4 ,notwithstanding such difficulties as these1 the experiment was considered satisfactory1 but it was discontinued at the ,south ,foreland1 for the cliffs there are marked by a double light1 and the electric spark was so much brighter than the oil flames in the other house1 that there was no small danger of its being seen alone in thick weather1 and thus fatally misleading some unfortunate vessel4 ,after this ,faraday made further observations1 estimates of the expense1 and experiments on the divergence of the beam1 while ,mr4 ,holmes worked away at ,northfleet perfecting his apparatus1 and the authorities debated whether it was to be exhibited again at the ,start1 which is a revolving light1 or at ,dungeness1 which is fixed4 ,the scientific adviser was in favour of the ,start1 but after an interview with ,mr4 ,milner ,gibson1 then ,president of the ,board of ,trade1 ,dungeness was determined on2 a beautiful small combination of lenses and prisms was made expressly for it by ,messrs4 ,chance1 and at last1 after two years' delay1 the light again shone on our southern coast4 ,it may be well to describe the apparatus4 ,there are #abj permanent magnets1 weighing about #ej lbs4 each1 ranged on the periphery of two large wheels4 ,a steam-engine of about three-horse power causes a series of #ahj soft iron cores1 surrounded by coils of wire1 to rotate past the magnets4 ,this calls the power into action1 and the small streams of electricity are all collected together1 and by what is called a commutator the alternative positive and negative currents are brought into one direction4 ,the whole power is then conveyed by a thick wire from the engine-house to the lighthouse tower1 and up into the centre of the glass apparatus4 ,there it passes between two charcoal points1 and produces an intensely brilliant continuous spark4 ,at sunset the machine is started1 making about #ajj revolutions per minute2 and the attendant has only to draw two bolts in the lamp1 when the power thus spun in the engine-room bursts into light of full intensity4 ,the lamp regulates itself1 so as to keep the points always at a proper distance apart1 and continues to burn1 needing little or no attention for three hours and a half1 when1 the charcoals being consumed1 the lamp must be changed1 but this is done without extinguishing the light4 ,again there were inspections1 and reports from pilots and other observers1 and ,faraday propounded lists of questions to the engineer about bolts and screws and donkey-engines1 while he estimated that at the ,varne light-ship1 about equidistant from ,cape ,grisnez and ,dungeness1 the maximum effect of the revolving ,french light was equalled by the constant gleam from the ,english tower4 ,but delays again ensued till intelligent keepers could be found and properly instructed2 but on the #fth ,june1 #ahfb1 ,faraday's own light1 the baby grown into a giant1 shone permanently on the coast of ,britain4 ,france1 too1 was alert4 ,berlioz's machine1 which was displayed at the ,international ,exhibition in ,london1 and which was also examined by ,faraday1 was approved by the ,french ,government1 and was soon illuminating the double lighthouse near ,havre4 ,these magneto-electric lights on either side of the ,channel have stood the test of years2 and during the last two years there has shone another still more beautiful one at ,souter ,point1 near ,tynemouth2 while the narrow strait between ,england and ,france is now guarded by these sentinels of peaceful progress1 for the revolving light at ,grisnez has been lately illuminated on this principle1 and on the #ast of ,january1 #ahgb1 the two lights of the ,south ,foreland flashed forth with the electric flame4#cj ,in describing thus the valuable applications of ,faraday's discoveries of benzol1 of specific inductive capacity1 and of magneto-electricity1 it is not intended to exalt these above other discoveries which as yet have paid no tribute to the material wants of man4 ,the good fruit borne by other researches may not be sufficiently mature1 but it doubtless contains the seeds of many useful inventions4 ,yet1 after all1 we must not measure the worth of ,faraday's discoveries by any standard of practical utility in the present or in the future4 ,his chief merit is that he enlarged so much the boundaries of our knowledge of the physical forces1 opened up so many new realms of thought1 and won so many heights which have become the starting-points for other explorers4 ,,footnotes3 #be ,de la ,rive points this out in his brief notice of ,faraday immediately on receiving the news of his death3--,je n'ai parl que du savant1 je tiens aussi dire un mot de l'homme4 ,alliant une modestie vraie1 parcequ'elle provenait de l'lvation de son me1 une droiture toute preuve et une candeur admirable1 ,faraday n'aimait la science que pour elle-mme4 ,aussi jouissait-il des succs des autres au moins autant que des siens propres2 et quant lui1 s'il a accept1 avec une sincre satisfaction1 les honneurs scientifiques qui lui out t prodigus si juste titre1 il a constamment refus toutes les autres distinctions et les rcompenses qu'on et voulu lui dcerner4 ,il s'est content toute sa vie de la position relativement modeste qu'il occupait l',institution ,royale de ,londres2 avoir son laboratoire et strictement de quoi vivre1 c'est tout ce qu'il lui fallait4--,presinge1 le #bi aot1 #ahfg4--;,a4 ,,de ,,la ,,rive4 #bf ,preface to ,faraday und seine ,entdeckungen4 #bg ,i am indebted to ,sir ,charles ,wheatstone for the following impromptu by ,herbert ,mayo3-- ,around the magnet ,faraday ,was sure that ,volta's lightnings play3 ,but how to draw them from the wire8 ,he drew a lesson from the heart3 ',tis when we meet1 'tis when we part1 ,breaks forth the electric fire4 #bh ,the room with glass sides1 from which the light is exhibited at the top of a lighthouse1 is called by this name4 #bi ,one night there was a beautiful aurora4 ,mr4 ,holmes remarked that his poor electric light could not compare with that for beauty2 but ,faraday rejoined1 ,don't abuse your light4 ,the aurora is very beautiful1 and so is a wild horse1 but you have tamed it and made it valuable4 #cj ,the illuminating apparatus at ,dungeness is one of what is termed the sixth order1 #cjj millimetres 7about #ab inches7 in diameter4 ,mr4 ,chance constructed one for ,souter ,point of the third order1 one metre 7nearly #dj inches7 in diameter1 with special arrangements for giving artificial divergence to the beam in a vertical direction1 in order to obviate the danger arising from the luminous point not being always precisely in the same spot4 ,it has also additional contrivances for utilizing the back light4 ,similar arrangements were made for the ,south ,foreland lights1 which are also of the third order2 and every portion of the machinery and apparatus is in duplicate in case of accident1 and the double force can be employed in times of fog4 ,,supplementary ,,portraits4 ,it has been said that there is no photograph or painting of ,faraday which is a satisfactory likeness2 not because good portraits have never been published1 but because they cannot give the varied and ever-shifting expression of his features4 ,similarly1 ,i fear that the mental portraiture which ,i have attempted will fail to satisfy his intimate acquaintance4 ,yet1 as one who never saw him in the flesh may gain a good idea of his personal appearance by comparing several pictures1 so the reader may learn more of his intellectual and moral features by combining the several estimates which have been made by different minds4 ,earlier biographies have been already referred to1 but my sketch may well be supplemented by an anonymous poem that appeared immediately after his death1 and by the words of two of the most distinguished foreign philosophers--,messrs4 ,de la ,rive and ,dumas4 ,statesmen and soldiers1 authors1 artists1--still ,the topmost leaves fall off our ,english oak3 ,some in green summer's prime1 some in the chill ,of autumn-tide1 some by late winter's stroke4 ,another leaf has dropped on that sere heap-- ,one that hung highest2 earliest to invite ,the golden kiss of morn1 and last to keep ,the fire of eve--but still turned to the light4 ,no soldier's1 statesman's1 poet's1 painter's name ,was this1 thro' which is drawn ,death's last black line2 ,but one of rarer1 if not loftier fame-- ,a priest of ,truth1 who lived within her shrine4 ,a priest of ,truth3 his office to expound ,earth's mysteries to all who willed to hear-- ,who in the book of ,science sought and found1 ,with love1 that knew all reverence1 but no fear4 ,a priest1 who prayed as well as ministered3 ,who grasped the faith he preached2 and held it fast3 ,knowing the light he followed never stirred1 ,howe'er might drive the clouds thro' which it past4 ,and if ,truth's priest1 servant of ,science too1 ,whose work was wrought for love and not for gain3 ,not one of those who serve but to ensue ,their private profit3 lordship to attain ,over their lord1 and bind him in green withes1 ,for grinding at the mill 'neath rod and cord2 ,of the large grist that they may take their tithes-- ,so some serve ,science that call ,science lord4 ,one rule his life was fashioned to fulfil3 ,that he who tends ,truth's shrine1 and does the hest ,of ,science1 with a humble1 faithful will1 ,the ,god of ,truth and ,knowledge serveth best4 ,and from his humbleness what heights he won6 ,by slow march of induction1 pace on pace1 ,scaling the peaks that seemed to strike the sun1 ,whence few can look1 unblinded1 in his face4 ,until he reached the stand which they that win ,a bird's-eye glance o'er ,nature's realm may throw2 ,whence the mind's ken by larger sweeps takes in ,what seems confusion1 looked at from below4 ,till out of seeming chaos order grows1 ,in ever-widening orbs of ,law restrained1 ,and the ,creation's mighty music flows ,in perfect harmony1 serene1 sustained2 ,and from varieties of force and power1 ,a larger unity1 and larger still1 ,broadens to view1 till in some breathless hour ,all force is known1 grasped in a central ,will1 ,thunder and light revealed as one same strength-- ,modes of the force that works at ,nature's heart-- ,and through the ,universe's veind length ,bids1 wave on wave1 mysterious pulses dart4 ,that cosmic heart-beat it was his to list1 ,to trace those pulses in their ebb and flow ,towards the fountain-head1 where they subsist ,in form as yet not given e'en him to know4 ,yet1 living face to face with these great laws1 ,great truths1 great myst'ries1 all who saw him near ,knew him for child-like1 simple1 free from flaws ,of temper1 full of love that casts out fear3 ,untired in charity1 of cheer serene2 ,not caring world's wealth or good word to earn2 ,childhood's or manhood's ear content to win2 ,and still as glad to teach as meek to learn4 ,such lives are precious3 not so much for all ,of wider insight won where they have striven1 ,as for the still small voice with which they call ,along the beamy way from earth to heaven4 ,punch1 ,september #g1 #ahfg4 ,the estimate of ,m4 ,a4 de la ,rive is from a letter he addressed to ,faraday himself3-- ,i am grieved to hear that your brain is weary2 this has sometimes happened on former occasions1 in consequence of your numerous and persevering labours1 and you will bear in mind that a little rest is necessary to restore you4 ,you possess that which best contributes to peace of mind and serenity of spirit--a full and perfect faith1 a pure and tranquil conscience1 filling your heart with the glorious hopes which the ,gospel imparts4 ,you have also the advantage of having always led a smooth and well-regulated life1 free from ambition1 and therefore exempt from all the anxieties and drawbacks which are inseparable from it4 ,honour has sought you in spite of yourself2 you have known1 without despising it1 how to value it at its true worth4 ,you have known how to gain the high esteem1 and at the same time the affection1 of all those acquainted with you4 ,moreover1 thanks to the goodness of ,god1 you have not suffered any of those family misfortunes which crush one's life4 ,you should1 therefore1 watch the approach of old age without fear and without bitterness1 having the comforting feeling that the wonders which you have been able to decipher in the book of nature must contribute to the greater reverence and adoration of their ,supreme ,author4 ,such1 my dear friend1 is the impression that your beautiful life always leaves upon me2 and when ,i compare it with our troubled and ill-fulfilled life-course1 with all that accumulation of drawbacks and griefs by which mine in particular has been attended1 ,i put you down as very happy1 especially as you are worthy of your good fortune4 ,this leads me to reflect on the miserable state of those who are without that religious faith which you possess in so great a degree4 ,in ,m4 ,dumas' ,eloge at the ,acadmie des ,sciences1 occur the following sentences3-- ,i do not know whether there is a savant who would not feel happy in leaving behind him such works as those with which ,faraday has gladdened his contemporaries1 and which he has left as a legacy to posterity3 but ,i am certain that all those who have known him would wish to approach that moral perfection which he attained to without effort4 ,in him it appeared to be a natural grace1 which made him a professor full of ardour for the diffusion of truth1 an indefatigable worker1 full of enthusiasm and sprightliness in his laboratory1 the best and most amiable of men in the bosom of his family1 and the most enlightened preacher amongst the humble flock whose faith he followed4 ,the simplicity of his heart1 his candour1 his ardent love of the truth1 his fellow-interest in all the successes1 and ingenuous admiration of all the discoveries of others1 his natural modesty in regard to what he himself discovered1 his noble soul--independent and bold1--all these combined gave an incomparable charm to the features of the illustrious physicist4 ,i have never known a man more worthy of being loved1 of being admired1 of being mourned4 ,fidelity to his religious faith1 and the constant observance of the moral law1 constitute the ruling characteristics of his life4 ,doubtless his firm belief in that justice on high which weighs all our merits1 in that sovereign goodness which weighs all our sufferings1 did not inspire ,faraday with his great discoveries1 but it gave him the straightforwardness1 the self-respect1 the self-control1 and the spirit of justice1 which enabled him to combat evil fortune with boldness1 and to accept prosperity without being puffed up4444 ,there was nothing dramatic in the life of ,faraday4 ,it should be presented under that simplicity of aspect which is the grandeur of it4 ,there is1 however1 more than one useful lesson to be learnt from the proper study of this illustrious man1 whose youth endured poverty with dignity1 whose mature age bore honours with moderation1 and whose last years have just passed gently away surrounded by marks of respect and tender affection4 ,,appendix4 ,,list ,,of ,,learned ,,societies ,,to ,,which ,,michael ,,faraday ,,belonged4 ,,anno #ahbc4 ,corresponding member of the ,academy of ,sciences1 ,paris4 ,corresponding member of the ,accademia dei ,georgofili1 ,florence4 ,honorary member of the ,cambridge ,philosophical ,society4 ,honorary member of the ,british ,institution4 #ahbd4 ,fellow of the ,royal ,society4 ,honorary member of the ,cambrian ,society1 ,swansea4 ,fellow of the ,geological ,society4 #ahbe4 ,member of the ,royal ,institution4 ,corresponding member of the ,society of ,medical ,chemists1 ,paris4 #ahbf4 ,honorary member of the ,westminster ,medical ,society4 #ahbg4 ,correspondent of the ,socit ,philomathique1 ,paris4 #ahbh4 ,fellow of the ,natural ,society of ,science1 ,heidelberg4 #ahbi4 ,honorary member of the ,society of ,arts1 ,scotland4 #ahca4 ,honorary member of the ,imperial ,academy of ,sciences1 ,st4 ,petersburg4 #ahcb4 ,honorary member of the ,college of ,pharmacy1 ,philadelphia4 ,honorary member of the ,chemical and ,physical ,society1 ,paris4 ,fellow of the ,american ,academy of ,arts and ,sciences1 ,boston4 ,member of the ,royal ,society of ,science1 ,copenhagen4 #ahcc4 ,corresponding member of the ,royal ,academy of ,sciences1 ,berlin4 ,honorary member of the ,hull ,philosophical ,society4 #ahcd4 ,foreign corresponding member of the ,academy of ,sciences and ,literature1 ,palermo4 #ahce4 ,corresponding member of the ,royal ,academy of ,medicine1 ,paris4 ,honorary member of the ,royal ,society1 ,edinburgh4 ,honorary member of the ,institution of ,british ,architects4 ,honorary member of the ,physical ,society1 ,frankfort4 ,honorary ,fellow of the ,medico-,chirurgical ,society1 ,london4 #ahcf4 ,senator of the ,university of ,london4 ,honorary member of the ,society of ,pharmacy1 ,lisbon4 ,honorary member of the ,sussex ,royal ,institution4 ,foreign member of the ,society of ,sciences1 ,modena4 ,foreign member of the ,natural ,history ,society1 ,basle4 #ahcg4 ,honorary member of the ,literary and ,scientific ,institution1 ,liverpool4 #ahch4 ,honorary member of the ,institution of ,civil ,engineers4 ,foreign member of the ,royal ,academy of ,sciences1 ,stockholm4 #ahdj4 ,member of the ,american ,philosophical ,society1 ,philadelphia4 ,honorary member of the ,hunterian ,medical ,society1 ,edinburgh4 #ahdb4 ,foreign ,associate of the ,royal ,academy of ,sciences1 ,berlin4 #ahdc4 ,honorary member of the ,literary and ,philosophical ,society1 ,manchester4 ,honorary member of the ,useful ,knowledge ,society1 ,aix-la-,chapelle4 #ahdd4 ,foreign ,associate of the ,academy of ,sciences1 ,paris4 ,honorary member of the ,sheffield ,scientific ,society4 #ahde4 ,corresponding member of the ,national ,institute1 ,washington4 ,corresponding member of the ,socit d',encouragement1 ,paris4 #ahdf4 ,honorary member of the ,society of ,sciences1 ,vaud4 #ahdg4 ,member of the ,academy of ,sciences1 ,bologna4 ,foreign ,associate of the ,royal ,academy of ,sciences of ,belgium4 ,fellow of the ,royal ,bavarian ,academy of ,sciences1 ,munich4 ,correspondent of the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences1 ,philadelphia4 #ahdh4 ,foreign honorary member of the ,imperial ,academy of ,sciences1 ,vienna4 #ahdi4 ,honorary member1 first class1 of the ,institut ,royal des ,pays ,bas4 ,foreign correspondent of the ,institute1 ,madrid4 #ahej4 ,corresponding ,associate of the ,accademia ,pontificia1 ,rome4 ,foreign ,associate of the ,academy of ,sciences1 ,haarlem4 #ahea4 ,member of the ,royal ,academy of ,sciences1 ,the ,hague4 ,corresponding member of the ,batavian ,society of ,experimental ,philosophy1 ,rotterdam4 ,fellow of the ,royal ,society of ,sciences1 ,upsala4 #ahec4 ,foreign ,associate of the ,royal ,academy of ,sciences1 ,turin4 ,honorary member of the ,royal ,society of ,arts and ,sciences1 ,mauritius4 #ahed4 ,corresponding ,associate of the ,royal ,academy of ,sciences1 ,naples4 #ahee4 ,honorary member of the ,imperial ,society of ,naturalists1 ,moscow4 ,corresponding ,associate of the ,imperial ,institute of ,sciences of ,lombardy4 #ahef4 ,corresponding member of the ,netherlands' ,society of ,sciences1 ,batavia4 ,member of the ,imperial ,royal ,institute1 ,padua4 #aheg4 ,member of the ,institute of ,breslau4 ,corresponding ,associate of the ,institute of ,sciences1 ,venice4 ,member of the ,imperial ,academy1 ,breslau4 #aheh4 ,corresponding member of the ,hungarian ,academy of ,sciences1 ,pesth4 #ahfj4 ,foreign ,associate of the ,academy of ,sciences1 ,pesth4 ,honorary member of the ,philosophical ,society1 ,glasgow4 #ahfa4 ,honorary member of the ,medical ,society1 ,edinburgh4 #ahfc4 ,foreign ,associate of the ,imperial ,academy of ,medicine1 ,paris4 #ahfd4 ,foreign ,associate of the ,royal ,academy of ,sciences1 ,naples4 ,,index4 ,a4 ,abbott1 ,benjamin1 #c4 ,abel1 ,f4 ,a41 reminiscences by1 #cj1 #ga4 ,anderson1 ,sergeant1 #ca4 ,apparatus1 simplicity of1 #abg-aca4 ,arrow1 ,sir ,frederick1 anecdote by1 #abg4 ,astley's ,theatre1 adventure at1 #bj4 ,athenum ,club1 #ba1 #aec4 ,atoms1 or centres of force8 #adc4 ,autograph persecution1 #hf4 ,b4 ,barlow1 ,rev4 ,john1 #eg2 incident at his house1 #fh4 ,barnard1 ,f41 anecdotes by1 #ha1 #hd1 #aca4 ,barnard1 ,miss ,jane1 #eh4 ,barrett1 ,w4 ,f41 reminiscences by1 #gb1 #ach1 #adb4 ,blacksmith's shop1 #dj1 #gi4 ,blaikley's painting1 #ce4 ,bollaert1 ,william1 #ai4 ,bores1 #dd4 ,british ,association1 #dj4 ,c4 ,carpenter1 ,dr41 anecdote by1 #ajg4 ,character of ,faraday1 #fj4 ,charitable gifts1 #ge4 ,chemical ,manipulation1 #eb2 quotations from1 #abf1 #abg4 ,chemical ,society1 #ei4 ,children and ,faraday1 #cb1 #ce1 #fi4 ,churchyard at ,oberhofen1 #aai4 ,city ,philosophical ,society1 #aa1 #ag4 ,close1 ,captain1 anecdotes by1 #hg1 #hh4 ,colliery explosion at ,haswell1 #acc4 ,committees1 #db1 #aad4 ,continent1 visits to the1 #ab1 #ch4 ,correspondence1 #dh4 ,crosse1 ,mrs4 ,a41 visit of1 #hi4 ,d4 ,daniell1 ,professor1 #fd4 ,davy1 ,sir ,humphry1 #g1 #h1 #af1 #ag1 #fg2 his safety-lamp1 #af4 ,de la ,rive1 ,a41 #gf2 sketches by1 #aci1 #adf1 #agj4 ,deacon1 ,mrs41 recollections by1 #ch4 ,discoveries1 value of1 #adf1 #aff4 ,domestic affection1 #gi4 ,dumas1 sketches by1 #ff1 #ade1 #aga4 ,e4 ,education1 views on1 #ig1 #aja-ajd4 ,electrical machines1 primitive1 #c1 #abi4 ,enthusiasm1 #fb4 ,experiment1 love of1 #abg1 #acg4 ,explosions1 #aj4 ,f4 ,faithfulness1 #fa4 ,faraday1 ,michael1 his birth1 #a2 apprenticed to a bookseller1 #b1 #fa2 begins to experiment1 #c1 #d2 attends ,tatum's lectures1 #c2 ,davy's1 #g2 becomes journeyman bookbinder1 #h2 engaged by ,davy1 #h1 #i2 his attempts at self-improvement1 #aa1 #ab1 #bj2 travels on the ,continent1 #ab2 gives his first lecture1 #ag2 writes his first paper1 #ag2 assists ,professor ,brande1 #ai2 his amusements1 #bj1 #dj1 #db2 marries1 #bd2 gives courses of lectures1 #bf2 appointed ,fullerian ,professor1 #bg2 his income1 #bg1 #ge2 accepts lectureship at ,woolwich1 #bi2 becomes scientific adviser to ,trinity ,house1 #bi2 his usual day's work1 #ca2 his ,friday evenings1 #cc2 his juvenile lectures1 #ce2 his ,sunday engagements1 #ce2 his ,wednesday meetings1 #cg2 his visits to the country1 #ch2 his correspondence1 #dh2 his publications1 #eb2 his honours1 #ec1 #agc2 declines presidentship of ,royal ,society1 #ed2 refuses and accepts pension1 #ee2 resigns his appointments1 #ef1 #eg2 his last illness1 #eg2 his death1 #ei4 ,faraday's father1 #a1 #be1 #dj1 #fa1 #gi4 mother1 #a1 #be4 ,field1 ,cyrus1 #aeb4 ,firmness with gentleness1 #ha4 ,force1 a ,proteus1 #adg4 ,foucault1 visit to1 #ff4 ,friday evenings at the ,royal ,institution1 #bf1 #cc1 #aej4 ,fuller1 ,john1 #bg4 ,funeral1 #ei4 ,g4 ,giessbach ,falls1 #aai4 ,government and ,science1 #aaj4 ,graham1 ,professor1 #ei1 #acb4 ,gymnotus1 #aaf4 ,h4 ,hampton ,court1 house at1 #ef4 ,helmholz1 ,professor1 quoted1 #adi4 ,holland1 ,sir ,henry1 #df1 #ee4 ,holmes1 ,f4 ,h41 #afj1 #afc4 ,home life1 #be1 #ca1 #ch1 #gi4 ,honours1 scientific1 #ec1 #agc2 views on1 #aji-aac4 ,humility1 #ib4 ,humour1 #fd4 ,i4 ,imagination1 #fb4 ,indignation against wrong1 #fh4 ,infidelity1 accusation of1 #aag4 ,inner conflicts1 #he4 ,j4 ,jermyn ,street1 incident at1 #abf4 ,jones1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,bence1 quoted1 #fb2 his ,life and ,letters of ,faraday1 #d1 #ad1 #id4 ,journals1 #ad1 #aai4 ,juvenile lectures at ,royal ,institution1 #bf1 #ce4 ,k4 ,kindliness1 #fi-gg1 #gi1 #ha4 ,l4 ,laboratory work1 #ca1 #abc4 ,lectures at ,royal ,institution1 #bf1 #ajg1 #aej4 ,lecturing1 views on1 #ajd-ajh4 ,letters from ,faraday to ,abbott1 ,b41 #ab2 ,abel1 ,f4 ,a41 #cj2 ,airy1 ,sir ,g4 ,b4 7,astronomer ,royal71 #ada2 ,andrews1 ,prof41 #aaj2 ,auckland1 ,lord1 #bh2 ,barnard1 ,f41 #ea2 ,barnard1 ,miss ,sarah1 #bd2 ,becker1 ,dr41 #acg2 ,coutts1 ,lady ,burdett1 #dg1 #hc2 ,crosse1 ,mrs4 ,andrew1 #hj2 ,deacon1 ,mrs41 #eg2 ,faraday1 ,mrs4 7his mother71 #ac2 ,faraday1 ,mrs4 7his wife71 #bd1 #be2 ,field1 ,f41 #ie2 ,gladstone1 ,j4 ,h41 #adj2 ,inventors1 #gg2 ,joule1 ,j4 ,p41 #di1 #adh2 ,managers of ,royal ,institution1 #ef2 ,matteucci1 #fg2 ,moore1 ,miss1 #ej1 #add2 ,noad1 ,dr41 #gc2 ,paris1 ,comte de1 #eh2 ,paris1 ,dr41 #h1 #di2 ,percy1 ,dr41 #aad2 ,phillips1 ,r41 #aeg2 ,riebau1 ,g41 #d2 ,schnbein1 #aad1 #abj2 ,siemens1 ,c4 ,w41 #aej2 ,spiritualist1 #aae2 ,wheatstone1 ,sir ,charles1 #df2 ,wrottesley1 ,lord1 #aaa4 ,letters to ,faraday1 from ,bonaparte1 ,louis ,napoleon1 #dh2 ,davy1 ,sir ,humphry1 #ah2 ,de la ,rive1 ,a41 #agj2 ,whewell1 ,dr41 #adc4 ,lighthouses1 adjustment of apparatus in1 #acd2 illuminated by electricity1 #aei-aff4 ,love of study1 #fb4 ,love to children1 #fi4 ,m4 ,magnetism1 wonder at1 #adb4 ,magneto-electric light1 #afj-aff4 ,magrath1 ,mr41 #ab1 #ba4 ,mallet1 ,robert1 reminiscences by1 #de4 #ace4 ,masquerier1 ,m41 #e1 #dc4 ,mathematics1 want of1 #acf4 ,mayo1 ,herbert1 impromptu by1 #aeh4 ,melbourne1 ,lord1 #ee4 ,mental and moral greatness conjoined1 #hh1 #aba4 ,mental education1 views on1 #ig4 ,music1 #bj1 #dc4 ,n4 ,napoleon ,,iii41 #dh4 ,natural theology1 views on1 #aag4 ,noad1 ,dr41 #gc4 ,noble1 ,mr4 7the sculptor71 #gi4 ,note-books1 #c1 #d1 #g1 #bf4 ,o4 ,orderliness1 #abe4 ,p4 ,peel1 ,sir ,robert1 #ee4 ,philosopher portrayed1 #id1 #abb4 ,philosophers and practical men1 #adg1 #aec4 ,photometer1 special1 #abh ,playfulness1 #da1 #fc4 ,poetry of nature1 #hg1 #aai4 ,politics1 indifference to1 #db4 ,pollock1 ,lady1 description of ,friday evening discourse1 #cd4 ,potato models1 #aca4 ,practical applications of science1 #adi-aec4 ,preaching1 style of1 #cf4 ,prince ,consort1 #ce4 ,pritchard1 ,rev4 ,c41 quoted1 #aah4 ,progress1 necessity of1 #if1 #aba4 ,publications1 scientific1 #eb1 #add4 ,public ,schools ,commission1 evidence before1 #ajb4 ,punch1 verses in1 #afg4 ,q4 ,queen ,victoria1 #dg1 #ef4 ,r4 ,reid1 ,miss1 reminiscences by1 #hd4 ,religious belief1 views on1 #ii4 ,religious character1 #ij-ic4 ,researches1 early1 #ai2 on electricity and magnetism1 #bj1 #eb1 #adh1 #aee1 #aeg2 electrical eel1 #aaf2 telegraphy1 #aeb2 ventilation1 #aeb2 benzol1 #aed4 ,respect paid to others1 #ff4 ,reverence1 #fe1 #fi1 #ha4 ,roman ,carnival1 #ae4 ,royal ,commission on ,lights1 #acd4 ,royal ,institution1 #e1 #be1 #ef1 #abc1 #acj2 ,faraday laboratory assistant at1 #i1 #af2 superintendent of house at1 #be2 ,fullerian ,professorship1 #bg2 relics at1 #b1 #abi4 ,royal ,society1 fellowship1 #ec2 presidentship declined1 #ed2 communications to1 #eb1 #add4 ,s4 ,sandemanians1 #ba1 #ia2 ,faraday's eldership among1 #cf4 ,schnbein1 ,prof41 quoted1 #abc1 #acj ,science a branch of education1 #aja4 ,sciences linked together1 #adi4 ,self-respect1 #ea1 #fg4 ,sensitiveness1 #fh1 #he4 ,sermons1 ,faraday's1 #cf1 #cg4 ,simple-hearted joyousness1 #fc1 #hi4 ,simplicity of character1 #hb1 #ij4 ,sirium alias ,vestium1 #ah4 ,social character1 #hf1 #ij4 ,society of ,arts1 #ba4 ,spectrum analysis1 #dg4 ,spiritualists1 opinion of1 #aad4 ,submarine cables1 #aee4 ,swiss tour1 #aai4 ,t4 ,table-turning explained1 #aad4 ,tenacity of purpose1 #fb4 ,thames impure1 #aca4 ,thomson1 ,sir ,william1 #acg1 #aee4 ,thunderstorms enjoyed1 #fb1 #hg4 ,tomlinson1 ,c41 reminiscence by1 #ajh4 ,trinity ,house1 #bi1 #eg1 #gg1 #abg1 #ace1 #aei-aff4 ,truthfulness1 #hc1 #adj4 ,tyndall1 ,professor1 reminiscences by1 #ed1 #hb1 #ij2 his ,faraday as a ,discoverer1 #ec4 ,u4 ,unworldliness1 #ij4 ,v4 ,velocipede riding1 #bj4 ,visitors1 attention to1 #cb1 #de4 ,visits to the sick1 #gf4 ,w4 ,walmer1 visit to1 #ch4 ,welsh damsel at waterfall1 #ga4 ,william ,,iv41 #ee4 ,wiseman1 ,cardinal1 visit of1 #ib4 ,woolwich ,academy1 #bi1 #cj1 #gb4 ,working1 method of1 #ca1 #abc4 ,y4 ,young1 ,james reminiscence by1 #acb4 ,,the ,,end4 ,,london3 ,r4 ,,clay1 ,,sons1 ,,and ,,taylor1 ,,printers1 ,,bread ,,street ,,hill4 ,,bedford ,,street1 ,,covent ,,garden1 ,,london4 ,september #ahgd4 ,,macmillan ,,co4',s ,,catalogue of ,works in ,,belles ,,lettres1 including ,poetry1 ,fiction1 etc4 ,allingham4--,,laurence ,,bloomfield ,,in ,,ireland2 or1 the ,new ,landlord4 ,by ,,william ,,allingham4 ,new and ,cheaper ,issue1 with a ,preface4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 cloth4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,it is vital with the national character4444 ,it has something of ,pope's point and ,goldsmith's simplicity1 touched to a more modern issue4--,,athen,,um4 ,an ,ancient ,city1 and other ,poems4--,by ,a ,,native ,,of ,,surrey4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,archer4--,,christina ,,north4 ,by ,e4 ,m4 ,,archer4 ,two vols4 ,crown #hvo4 #bas4 ,the work of a clever1 cultivated person1 wielding a practised pen4 ,the characters are drawn with force and precision1 the dialogue is easy3 the whole book displays powers of pathos and humour1 and a shrewd knowledge of men and things4--,,spectator4 ,arnold4--,,the ,,complete ,,poetical ,,works4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,,narrative ,,and ,,elegiac ,,poems4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,dramatic ,,and ,,lyric ,,poems4 ,by ,,matthew ,,arnold4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 ,price #fs4 each4 ,the two volumes comprehend the ,first and ,second ,series of the ,poems1 and the ,new ,poems4 ,thyrsis is a poem of perfect delight1 exquisite in grave tenderness of reminiscence1 rich in breadth of western light1 breathing full the spirit of gray and ancient ,oxford4--,,saturday ,,review4 ,atkinson4--,,an ,,art ,,tour ,,to ,,the ,,northern ,,capitals ,,of ,,europe4 ,by ,j4 ,,beavington ,,atkinson4 #hvo4 #abs4 ,we can highly recommend it2 not only for the valuable information it gives on the special subjects to which it is dedicated1 but also for the interesting episodes of travel which are interwoven with1 and lighten1 the weightier matters of judicious and varied criticism on art and artists in northern capitals4--,,art ,,journal4 ,baker4--,,cast ,,up ,,by ,,the ,,sea2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,adventures ,,of ,,ned ,,grey4 ,by ,,sir ,,samuel ,,baker1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,with ,illustrations by ,,huard4 ,fifth ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 cloth gilt4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,an admirable tale of adventure1 of marvellous incidents1 wild exploits1 and terrible dnouements4--,,daily ,,news4 ,a story of adventure by sea and land in the good old style4--,,pall ,,mall ,,gazette4 ,baring-,gould4--,works by ,s4 ,,baring-,,gould1 ,m4,a43-- ,,in ,,exitu ,,israel4 ,an ,historical ,novel4 ,two ,vols4 #hvo4 #bas4 ,full of the most exciting incidents and ably portrayed characters1 abounding in beautifully attractive legends1 and relieved by descriptions fresh1 vivid1 and truth-like4--,,westminster ,,review4 ,,legends ,,of ,,old ,,testament ,,characters1 from the ,talmud and other sources4 ,two vols4 ,crown #hvo4 #afs4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,adam to ,abraham4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,melchizedek to ,zachariah4 ,these volumes contain much that is very strange1 and1 to the ordinary ,english reader1 very novel4--,,daily ,,news4 ,barker4--,works by ,,lady ,,barker3-- ,lady ,barker is an unrivalled story-teller4--,,guardian4 ,,station ,,life ,,in ,,new ,,zealand4 ,new and ,cheaper ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,we have never read a more truthful or a pleasanter little book4--,,athen,,um4 ,,spring ,,comedies4 ,,stories4 ,,contents3--,a ,wedding ,story--,a ,stupid ,story--,a ,scotch ,story--,a ,man's ,story4 ,crown #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,lady ,barker is endowed with a rare and delicate gift for narrating stories1--she has the faculty of throwing even into her printed narrative a soft and pleasant tone1 which goes far to make the reader think the subject or the matter immaterial1 so long as the author will go on telling stories for his benefit4--,,athen,,um4 ,,stories ,,about3--,with ,six ,illustrations4 ,third ,edition4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,this volume contains several entertaining stories about ,monkeys1 ,jamaica1 ,camp ,life1 ,dogs1 ,boys1 c4 ,there is not a tale in the book which can fail to please children as well as their elders4 --,,pall ,,mall ,,gazette4 ,a ,,christmas ,,cake ,,in ,,four ,,quarters4 ,with ,illustrations by ,,jellicoe4 ,second ,edition4 ,ex4 fcap4 #hvo4 cloth gilt4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,contains just the stories that children should be told4 ',christmas ,cake' is a delightful ,christmas book4--,,globe4 ,,ribbon ,,stories4 ,with ,illustrations by ,c4 ,o4 ,,murray4 ,second ,edition4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 cloth gilt4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,we cannot too highly commend4 ,it is exceedingly happy and original in the plan1 and the graceful fancies of its pages1 merry and pathetic turns1 will be found the best reading by girls of all ages1 and by boys too4--,,times4 ,,sybil',s ,,book4 ,illustrated by ,s4 ,e4 ,,waller4 ,second ,edition4 ,globe #hvo4 gilt4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,another of ,lady ,barker's delightful stories1 and one of the most thoroughly original books for girls that has been written for many years4 ,grown-up readers will like it quite as much as young people1 and will even better understand the rarity of such simple1 natural1 and unaffected writing4444 ,that no one can read the story without interest is not its highest praise1 for no one ought to be able to lay it down without being the better girl or boy1 or man or woman1 for the reading of it4 ,lady ,barker has never turned her fertile and fascinating pen to better account1 and for the sake of all readers we wish ',sybil's ,book' a wide success4--,,times4 ,bell4--,,romances ,,and ,,minor ,,poems4 ,by ,,henry ,,glassford ,,bell4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,full of life and genius4--,,court ,,circular4 ,besant4--,,studies ,,in ,,early ,,french ,,poetry4 ,by ,,walter ,,besant1 ,m4,a4 ,crown #hvo4 #hs4 #f;d4 ,the present work aims to afford information and direction touching the early efforts of ,france in poetical literature4 ,in one moderately sized volume he has contrived to introduce us to the very best1 if not to all of the early ,french poets4--,,athen,,um4 ,betsy ,lee2 ,a ,,fo',c',s',,le ,,yarn4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,there is great vigour and much pathos in this poem4--,,morning ,,post4 ,we can at least say that it is the work of a true poet4--,,athen,,um4 ,black 7,w47--,works by ,w4 ,,black1 ,author of ,a ,daughter of ,heth4 ,,the ,,strange ,,adventures ,,of ,a ,,phaeton4 ,seventh and ,cheaper ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 ,also1 ,illustrated by ,s4 ,e4 ,,waller1 #hvo4 cloth gilt4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,the book is a really charming description of a thousand ,english landscapes and of the emergencies and the fun and the delight of a picnic journey through them by a party determined to enjoy themselves1 and as well matched as the pair of horses which drew the phaeton they sat in4 ,the real charm and purpose of the book is its open-air life among hills and dales4--,,times4 ,the great charm of ,mr4 ,black's book is that there is nothing hackneyed about it1 nothing overdrawn1--all is bright and lifelike4--,,morning ,,post4 ,a ,,princess ,,of ,,thule4 ,three vols4 ,sixth and cheaper ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 ,the ,,saturday ,,review says3--,a novel which is both romantic and natural1 which has much feeling1 without any touch of mawkishness1 which goes deep into character without any suggestion of painful analysis--this is a rare gem to find amongst the dbris of current literature1 and this1 or nearly this1 ,mr4 ,black has given us in the ',princess of ,thule4' ,it has1 for one thing1 the great charm of novelty4444 ,there is a picturesqueness in all that ,mr4 ,black writes1 but scarcely even in the ',adventures of a ,phaeton' are there the freshness and sweetness and perfect sense of natural beauty we find in this last book4--,,pall ,,mall ,,gazette4 ,a beautiful and nearly perfect story4--,,spectator4 ,borland ,hall4--,by the ,author of ,olrig ,grange4 ,crown #hvo4 #gs4 ,brooke4--,,the ,,fool ,,of ,,quality2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,history ,,of ,,henry1 ,,earl ,,of ,,moreland4 ,by ,,henry ,,brooke4 ,newly revised1 with a ,biographical ,preface by the ,rev4 ,,charles ,,kingsley1 ,m4,a41 ,rector of ,eversley4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 ,broome4--,,the ,,stranger ,,of ,,seriphos4 ,a ,dramatic ,poem4 ,by ,,frederick ,,napier ,,broome4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #es4 ,founded on the ,greek legend of ,dana and ,perseus4 ,grace and beauty of expression are ,mr4 ,broome's characteristics2 and these qualities are displayed in many passages4--,,athen,,um4 ,the story is rendered with consummate beauty4--,,literary ,,churchman4 ,buist4--,,birds1 ,,their ,,cages ,,and ,,their ,,keep3 ,being a ,practical ,manual of ,bird-,keeping and ,bird-,rearing4 ,by ,k4 ,a4 ,,buist4 ,with ,coloured ,frontispiece and other ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo4 #es4 ,burnand4--,,my ,,time1 ,,and ,,what ,i',,ve ,,done ,,with ,,it4 ,by ,f4 ,c4 ,,burnand4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 ,cabinet ,pictures4--,oblong folio1 price #dbs4 ,,contents3--,childe ,harold's ,pilgrimage and ,the ,fighting ,tmraire1 by ,j4 ,m4 ,w4 ,turner2 ,crossing the ,bridge1 by ,sir ,w4 ,a4 ,callcott2 ,the ,cornfield1 by ,john ,constable2 and ,a ,landscape1 by ,birket ,foster4 ,the ,,daily ,,news says of them1 ,they are very beautifully executed1 and might be framed and hung up on the wall1 as creditable substitutes for the originals4 ,,cabinet ,,pictures4 ,a ,second ,series4 ,containing3--,the ,baths of ,caligula and ,the ,golden ,bough1 by ,j4 ,m4 ,w4 ,turner2 ,the ,little ,brigand1 by ,t4 ,uwins2 ,the ,lake of ,lucerne1 by ,percival ,skelton2 ,evening ,rest1 by ,e4 ,m4 ,wimperis4 ,oblong folio4 #dbs4 ,carroll4--,works by ,,lewis ,,carroll3-- ,,alice',s ,,adventures ,,in ,,wonderland4 ,with ,forty-two ,illustrations by ,,tenniel4 #dfth ,thousand4 ,crown #hvo4 cloth4 #fs4 ,a ,,german ,,translation ,,of ,,the ,,same4 ,with ,,tenniel',s ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo4 gilt4 #fs4 ,a ,,french ,,translation ,,of ,,the ,,same4 ,with ,,tenniel',s ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo4 gilt4 #fs4 ,,an ,,italian ,,translation ,,of ,,the ,,same4 ,by ,t4 ,p4 ,,rossette4 ,with ,,tenniel',s ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 ,beyond question supreme among modern books for children4--,,spectator4 ,one of the choicest and most charming books ever composed for a child's reading4--,,pall ,,mall ,,gazette4 ,a very pretty and highly original book1 sure to delight the little world of wondering minds1 and which may well please those who have unfortunately passed the years of wondering4--,,times4 ,,through ,,the ,,looking-,,glass1 ,,and ,,what ,,alice ,,found ,,there4 ,with ,fifty ,illustrations by ,,tenniel4 ,crown #hvo4 gilt4 #fs4 #ceth ,thousand4 ,quite as rich in humorous whims of fantasy1 quite as laughable in its queer incidents1 as loveable for its pleasant spirit and graceful manner1 as the wondrous tale of ,alice's former adventures4--,,illustrated ,,london ,,news4 ,if this had been given to the world first it would have enjoyed a success at least equal to ',alice in ,wonderland4'--,,standard4 ,children's 7,the7 ,garland1 ,,from ,,the ,,best ,,poets4 ,selected and arranged by ,,coventry ,,patmore4 ,new ,edition4 ,with ,illustrations by ,j4 ,,lawson4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth extra4 #fs4 ,christmas ,carol 7,a74 ,printed in ,colours from ,original ,designs by ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,,trevor ,,crispin1 with ,illuminated ,borders from ,,mss4 of the #adth and #aeth ,centuries4 ,imp4 #dto4 cloth inlaid1 gilt edges1 #c #cs4 ,also a ,cheaper ,edition1 #bas4 ,a most exquisitely got up volume4 ,legend1 carol1 and text are preciously enshrined in its emblazoned pages1 and the illuminated borders are far and away the best example of their art we have seen this ,christmas4 ,the pictures and borders are harmonious in their colouring1 the dyes are brilliant without being raw1 and the volume is a trophy of colour-printing4 ,the binding by ,burn is in the very best taste4--,,times4 ,church 7,a4 ,j47--,,hor ,,tennysonian1 ,sive ,eclog e ,tennysono ,latine reddit4 ,cura ,a4 ,j4 ,,church1 ,a4,m4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,of ,mr4 ,church's ode we may speak in almost unqualified praise1 and the same may be said of the contributions generally4--,,pall ,,mall ,,gazette4 ,clough 7,arthur ,hugh74--,,the ,,poems ,,and ,,prose ,,remains ,,of ,,arthur ,,hugh ,,clough4 ,with a ,selection from his ,letters and a ,memoir4 ,edited by his ,wife4 ,with ,portrait4 ,two ,vols4 ,crown #hvo4 #bas4 ,taken as a whole1 the ,,spectator says1 these volumes cannot fail to be a lasting monument of one of the most original men of our age4 ,full of charming letters from ,rome1 says the ,,morning ,,star1 from ,greece1 from ,america1 from ,oxford1 and from ,rugby4 ,,the ,,poems ,,of ,,arthur ,,hugh ,,clough1 sometime ,fellow of ,oriel ,college1 ,oxford4 ,fourth ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,from the higher mind of cultivated1 all-questioning1 but still conservative ,england1 in this our puzzled generation1 we do not know of any utterance in literature so characteristic as the poems of ,arthur ,hugh ,clough4--,,fraser',s ,,magazine4 ,clunes4--,,the ,,story ,,of ,,pauline3 an ,autobiography4 ,by ,g4 ,c4 ,,clunes4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 ,both for vivid delineation of character and fluent lucidity of style1 ',the ,story of ,pauline' is in the first rank of modern fiction4--,,globe4 ,told with delightful vivacity1 thorough appreciation of life1 and a complete knowledge of character4--,,manchester ,,examiner4 ,collects of the ,church of ,england4 ,with a beautifully ,coloured ,floral ,design to each ,collect1 and ,illuminated ,cover4 ,crown #hvo4 #abs4 ,also kept in various styles of morocco4 ,this is beyond question1 the ,,art ,,journal says1 the most beautiful book of the season4 ,the ,,guardian thinks it a successful attempt to associate in a natural and unforced manner the flowers of our fields and gardens with the course of the ,christian year4 ,cox4--,,recollections ,,of ,,oxford4 ,by ,g4 ,v4 ,,cox1 ,m4,a41 late ,esquire ,bedel and ,coroner in the ,university of ,oxford4 ,second and cheaper ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 ,the ,,times says that it will pleasantly recall in many a country parsonage the memory of youthful days4 ,culmshire ,folk4--,by ,,ignotus4 ,three vols4 ,crown #hvo4 #cas4 #f;d4 ,its sparkling pleasantness1 its drollery1 its shrewdness1 the charming little bits of character which frequently come in1 its easy liveliness1 and a certain chattiness which1 while it is never vulgar1 brings the writer very near1 and makes one feel as if the story were being told in lazy confidence in an hour of idleness by a man who1 while thoroughly good-natured1 is strongly humorous1 and has an ever-present perception of the absurdities of people and things4--,,spectator4 ,dante4--,,dante',s ,,comedy1 ,,the ,,hell4 ,translated by ,w4 ,m4 ,,rossetti4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 cloth4 #es4 ,the aim of this translation of ,dante may be summed up in one word--,literality4 ,to follow ,dante sentence for sentence1 line for line1 word for word--neither more nor less1 has been my strenuous endeavour4--,,author',s ,,preface4 ,days of ,old2 ,,stories ,,from ,,old ,,english ,,history4 ,by the ,author of ,ruth and her ,friends4 ,new ,edition4 #ahmo4 cloth1 extra4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,full of truthful and charming historic pictures1 is everywhere vital with moral and religious principles1 and is written with a brightness of description1 and with a dramatic force in the representation of character1 that have made1 and will always make1 it one of the greatest favourites with reading boys4--,,nonconformist4 ,deane4--,,marjory4 ,by ,,milly ,,deane4 ,third ,edition4 ,with ,frontispiece and ,vignette4 ,crown #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,the ,,times of ,september #aath says it is ,a very touching story1 full of promise for the after career of the authoress4 ,it is so tenderly drawn1 and so full of life and grace1 that any attempt to analyse or describe it falls sadly short of the original4 ,we will venture to say that few readers of any natural feeling or sensibility will take up ',marjory' without reading it through at a sitting1 and we hope we shall see more stories by the same hand4 ,the ,,morning ,,post calls it ,a deliciously fresh and charming little love story4 ,de ,vere4--,,the ,,infant ,,bridal1 and other ,poems4 ,by ,,aubrey ,,de ,,vere4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,mr4 ,de ,vere has taken his place among the poets of the day4 ,pure and tender feeling1 and that polished restraint of style which is called classical1 are the charms of the volume4--,,spectator4 ,doyle 7,sir ,f4 ,h47--,,lectures ,,on ,,poetry1 delivered before the ,university of ,oxford in #ahfh4 ,by ,sir ,,francis ,,hastings ,,doyle1 ,professor of ,poetry in the ,university of ,oxford4 ,crown #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,full of thoughtful discrimination and fine insight3 the lecture on ',provincial ,poetry' seems to us singularly true1 eloquent1 and instructive4--,,spectator4 ,estelle ,russell4--,by the ,author of ,the ,private ,life of ,galileo4 ,new ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 ,full of bright pictures of ,french life4 ,the ,english family1 whose fortunes form the main drift of the story1 reside mostly in ,france1 but there are also many ,english characters and scenes of great interest4 ,it is certainly the work of a fresh1 vigorous1 and most interesting writer1 with a dash of sarcastic humour which is refreshing and not too bitter4 ,we can send our readers to it with confidence4--,,spectator4 ,evans4--,,brother ,,fabian',s ,,manuscript1 ,,and ,,other ,,poems4 ,by ,,sebastian ,,evans4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 cloth4 #fs4 ,in this volume we have full assurance that he has 'the vision and the faculty divine4'444 ,clever and full of kindly humour4--,,globe4 ,evans4--,,the ,,curse ,,of ,,immortality4 ,by ,a4 ,,eubule ,,evans4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 ,never1 probably1 has the legend of the ,wandering ,jew been more ably and poetically handled4 ,the author writes as a true poet1 and with the skill of a true artist4 ,the plot of this remarkable drama is not only well contrived1 but worked out with a degree of simplicity and truthful vigour altogether unusual in modern poetry4 ,in fact1 since the date of ,byron's ',cain1' we can scarcely recall any verse at once so terse1 so powerful1 and so masterly4--,,standard4 ,fairy ,book4--,the ,best ,popular ,fairy ,stories4 ,selected and ,rendered anew by the ,author of ,john ,halifax1 ,gentleman4 ,with ,coloured ,illustrations and ,ornamental ,borders by ,j4 ,e4 ,,rogers1 ,author of ,ridicula ,rediviva4 ,crown #hvo4 cloth1 extra gilt4 #fs4 7,golden ,treasury ,edition4 #ahmo4 #ds4 #f;d47 ,a delightful selection1 in a delightful external form1--,,spectator4 ,a book which will prove delightful to children all the year round4--,,pall ,,mall ,,gazette4 ,fletcher4--,,thoughts ,,from ,a ,,girl',s ,,life4 ,by ,,lucy ,,fletcher4 ,second ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,the poems are all graceful2 they are marked throughout by an accent of reality2 the thoughts and emotions are genuine4--,,athen,,um4 ,garnett4--,,idylls ,,and ,,epigrams4 ,chiefly from the ,greek ,anthology4 ,by ,,richard ,,garnett4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,a charming little book4 ,for ,english readers1 ,mr4 ,garnett's translations will open a new world of thought4--,,westminster ,,review4 ,gilmore4--,,storm ,,warriors2 ,,or1 ,,life-,,boat ,,work ,,on ,,the ,,goodwin ,,sands4 ,by the ,rev4 ,,john ,,gilmore1 ,m4,a41 ,rector of ,holy ,trinity1 ,ramsgate1 ,author of ,the ,ramsgate ,life-,boat1 in ,macmillan's ,magazine4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 ,the stories1 which are said to be literally exact1 are more thrilling than anything in fiction4 ,mr4 ,gilmore has done a good work as well as written a good book4--,,daily ,,news4 ,gladstone4--,,juventus ,,mundi4 ,the ,gods and ,men of the ,heroic ,age4 ,by the ,right ,hon4 ,w4 ,e4 ,,gladstone1 ,m4,p4 ,crown #hvo4 cloth extra4 ,with ,map4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,second ,edition4 ,to read these brilliant details1 says the ,,athen,,um1 is like standing on the ,olympian threshold and gazing at the ineffable brightness within4 ,according to the ,,westminster ,,review1 it would be difficult to point out a book that contains so much fulness of knowledge along with so much freshness of perception and clearness of presentation4 ,gray4--,,the ,,poetical ,,works ,,of ,,david ,,gray4 ,new and ,enlarged ,edition4 ,edited by ,,henry ,,glassford ,,bell1 late ,sheriff of ,lanarkshire4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 ,guesses at ,truth4--,by ,,two ,,brothers4 ,with ,vignette ,title and ,frontispiece4 ,new ,edition1 with ,memoir4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,also see ,golden ,treasury ,series4 ,halifax4--,,after ,,long ,,years4 ,by ,m4 ,c4 ,,halifax4 ,crown #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,a story of very unusual merit4 ,the entire story is well conceived1 well written1 and well carried out2 and the reader will look forward with pleasure to meeting this clever author again4--,,daily ,,news4 ,this is a very pretty1 simple love story4444 ,the author possesses a very graceful1 womanly pen1 and tells the story with a rare tender simplicity which well befits it4--,,standard4 ,hamerton4--,a ,,painter',s ,,camp4 ,second ,edition1 revised4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,book ,i4 ,in ,england2 ,,book ,,ii4 ,in ,scotland2 ,,book ,,iii4 ,in ,france4 ,these pages1 written with infinite spirit and humour1 bring into close rooms1 back upon tired heads1 the breezy airs of ,lancashire moors and ,highland lochs1 with a freshness which no recent novelist has succeeded in preserving4--,,nonconformist4 ,heaton4--,,happy ,,spring ,,time4 ,illustrated by ,,oscar ,,pletsch4 ,with ,rhymes for ,mothers and ,children4 ,by ,,mrs4 ,,charles ,,heaton4 ,crown #hvo4 cloth extra1 gilt edges4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,the pictures in this book are capital4--,,athen,,um4 ,hervey4--,,duke ,,ernest1 a ,tragedy2 and other ,poems4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,conceived in pure taste and true historic feeling1 and presented with much dramatic force4444 ,thoroughly original4--,,british ,,quarterly4 ,higginson4--,,malbone3 ,an ,oldport ,romance4 ,by ,t4 ,w4 ,,higginson4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,the ,,daily ,,news says3 ,who likes a quiet story1 full of mature thought1 of clear1 humorous surprises1 of artistic studious design8 ',malbone' is a rare work1 possessing these characteristics1 and replete1 too1 with honest literary effort4 ,hillside ,rhymes4--,extra fcap4 #hvo4 #es4 ,home4--,,blanche ,,lisle1 and other ,poems4 ,by ,,cecil ,,home4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,hood 7,tom74--,,the ,,pleasant ,,tale ,,of ,,puss ,,and ,,robin ,,and ,,their ,,friends1 ,,kitty ,,and ,,bob4 ,told in ,pictures by ,l4 ,,fr,,lich1 and in ,rhymes by ,,tom ,,hood4 ,crown #hvo4 gilt4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,the volume is prettily got up1 and is sure to be a favourite in the nursery4--,,scotsman4 ,herr ,frlich has outdone himself in his pictures of this dramatic chase4--,,morning ,,post4 ,keary 7,a47--,works by ,miss ,a4 ,,keary3-- ,,janet',s ,,home4 ,new ,edition4 ,globe #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,never did a more charming family appear upon the canvas2 and most skilfully and felicitously have their characters been portrayed4 ,each individual of the fireside is a finished portrait1 distinct and lifelike4444 ,the future before her as a novelist is that of becoming the ,miss ,austin of her generation4--,,sun4 ,,clemency ,,franklyn4 ,new ,edition4 ,globe #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,full of wisdom and goodness1 simple1 truthful1 and artistic4444 ,it is capital as a story2 better still in its pure tone and wholesome influence4--,,globe4 ,,oldbury4 ,three vols4 ,crown #hvo4 #cas4 #f;d4 ,this is a very powerfully written story4--,,globe4 ,this is a really excellent novel4--,,illustrated ,,london ,,news4 ,the sketches of society in ,oldbury are excellent4 ,the pictures of child life are full of truth4--,,westminster ,,review4 ,keary 7,a4 and ,e47--,works by ,a4 and ,e4 ,,keary3-- ,,the ,,little ,,wanderlin1 and other ,fairy ,tales4 #ahmo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,the tales are fanciful and well written1 and they are sure to win favour amongst little readers4--,,athen,,um4 ,,the ,,heroes ,,of ,,asgard4 ,tales from ,scandinavian ,mythology4 ,new and ,revised ,edition1 ,illustrated by ,,huard4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,told in a light and amusing style1 which1 in its drollery and quaintness1 reminds us of our old favourite ,grimm4--,,times4 ,kingsley4--,works by the ,rev4 ,,charles ,,kingsley1 ,m4,a41 ,rector of ,eversley1 and ,canon of ,westminster3-- ,,westward ,,ho6 or1 ,the ,voyages and ,adventures of ,sir ,amyas ,leigh4 ,ninth ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 ,,fraser',s ,,magazine calls it almost the best historical novel of the day4 ,,two ,,years ,,ago4 ,fifth ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 ,mr4 ,kingsley has provided us all along with such pleasant diversions--such rich and brightly tinted glimpses of natural history1 such suggestive remarks on mankind1 society1 and all sorts of topics1 that amidst the pleasure of the way1 the circuit to be made will be by most forgotten4--,,guardian4 ,,hypatia2 or1 ,new ,foes with an ,old ,face4 ,seventh ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 ,,hereward ,,the ,,wake--,,last ,,of ,,the ,,english4 ,second ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 ,,yeast3 ,a ,problem4 ,sixth ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 #es4 ,,alton ,,locke4 ,new ,edition4 ,with a ,new ,preface4 ,crown #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,the author shows1 to quote the ,,spectator1 what it is that constitutes the true ,christian1 ,god-fearing1 man-living gentleman4 ,,the ,,water ,,babies4 ,a ,fairy ,tale for a ,land ,baby4 ,new ,edition1 with additional ,illustrations by ,sir ,,noel ,,paton1 ,r4,s4,a41 and ,p4 ,,skelton4 ,crown #hvo4 cloth1 extra gilt4 #es4 ,in fun1 in humour1 and in innocent imagination1 as a child's book we do not know its equal4--,,london ,,review4 ,mr4 ,kingsley must have the credit of revealing to us a new order of life4444 ,there is in the ',water ,babies' an abundance of wit1 fun1 good humour1 geniality1 lan1 go4--,,times4 ,,the ,,heroes2 or1 ,greek ,fairy ,tales for my ,children4 ,with ,coloured ,illustrations4 ,new ,edition4 #ahmo4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,we do not think these heroic stories have ever been more attractively told4444 ,there is a deep under-current of religious feeling traceable throughout its pages which is sure to influence young readers powerfully4--,,london ,,review4 ,one of the children's books that will surely become a classic4--,,nonconformist4 ,,phaethon2 or1 ,loose ,thoughts for ,loose ,thinkers4 ,third ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 #bs4 ,the dialogue of ',phaethon' has striking beauties1 and its suggestions may meet half-way many a latent doubt1 and1 like a light breeze1 lift from the soul clouds that are gathering heavily1 and threatening to settle down in misty gloom on the summer of many a fair and promising young life4--,,spectator4 ,,poems2 including ,the ,saint's ,tragedy1 ,andromeda1 ,songs1 ,ballads1 etc4 ,complete ,collected ,edition4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,the ,,spectator calls ,andromeda the finest piece of ,english hexameter verse that has ever been written4 ,it is a volume which many readers will be glad to possess4 ,,prose ,,idylls4 ,,new ,,and ,,old4 ,second ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 #es4 ,,contents3--,a ,charm of ,birds2 ,chalk-,stream ,studies2 ,the ,fens2 ,my ,winter-,garden2 ,from ,ocean to ,sea2 ,north ,devon4 ,altogether a delightful book4444 ,it exhibits the author's best traits1 and cannot fail to infect the reader with a love of nature and of out-door life and its enjoyments4 ,it is well calculated to bring a gleam of summer with its pleasant associations1 into the bleak winter-time2 while a better companion for a summer ramble could hardly be found4--,,british ,,quarterly ,,review4 ,kingsley 7,h47--,works by ,,henry ,,kingsley3-- ,,tales ,,of ,,old ,,travel4 ,re-narrated4 ,with ,eight full-page ,illustrations by ,,huard4 ,fourth ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 cloth1 extra gilt4 #es4 ,we know no better book for those who want knowledge or seek to refresh it4 ,as for the 'sensational1' most novels are tame compared with these narratives4--,,athen,,um4 ,exactly the book to interest and to do good to intelligent and high-spirited boys4--,,literary ,,churchman4 ,,the ,,lost ,,child4 ,with ,eight ,illustrations by ,,fr,,lich4 ,crown #dto4 cloth gilt4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,a pathetic story1 and told so as to give children an interest in ,australian ways and scenery4--,,globe4 ,very charmingly and very touchingly told4--,,saturday ,,review4 ,,oakshott ,,castle4 #c ,vols4 ,crown #hvo4 #cas4 #f;d4 ,no one who takes up ',oakshott ,castle' will willingly put it down until the last page is turned4444 ,it may fairly be considered a capital story1 full of go1 and abounding in word pictures of storms and wrecks4--,,observer4 ,knatchbull-,hugessen4--,works by ,e4 ,h4 ,,knatchbull-,,hugessen1 ,m4,p43-- ,mr4 ,knatchbull-,hugessen has won for himself a reputation as a teller of fairy-tales4 ,his powers1 says the ,,times1 are of a very high order2 light and brilliant narrative flows from his pen1 and is fed by an invention as graceful as it is inexhaustible4 ,children reading his stories1 the ,,scotsman says1 or hearing them read1 will have their minds refreshed and invigorated as much as their bodies would be by abundance of fresh air and exercise4 ,,stories ,,for ,,my ,,children4 ,with ,illustrations4 ,fourth ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 #es4 ,the stories are charming1 and full of life and fun4--,,standard4 ,the author has an imagination as fanciful as ,grimm himself1 while some of his stories are superior to anything that ,hans ,christian ,andersen has written4--,,nonconformist4 ,,crackers ,,for ,,christmas4 ,more ,stories4 ,with ,illustrations by ,,jellicoe and ,,elwes4 ,fourth ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 #es4 ,a fascinating little volume1 which will make him friends in every household in which there are children4--,,daily ,,news4 ,,moonshine3 ,fairy ,tales4 ,with ,illustrations by ,w4 ,,brunton4 ,sixth ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 cloth gilt4 #es4 ,a volume of fairy tales1 written not only for ungrown children1 but for bigger1 and if you are nearly worn out1 or sick1 or sorry1 you will find it good reading4--,,graphic4 ,the most charming volume of fairy tales which we have ever read4444 ,we cannot quit this very pleasant book without a word of praise to its illustrator4 ,mr4 ,brunton from first to last has done admirably4--,,times4 ,,tales ,,at ,,tea-,,time4 ,fairy ,stories4 ,with ,seven ,illustrations by ,w4 ,,brunton4 ,fifth ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 cloth gilt4 #es4 ,capitally illustrated by ,w4 ,brunton4444 ,in frolic and fancy they are quite equal to his other books4 ,the author knows how to write fairy stories as they should be written4 ,the whole book is full of the most delightful drolleries4--,,times4 ,,queer ,,folk4 ,,fairy ,,stories4 ,illustrated by ,s4 ,e4 ,,waller4 ,fourth ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth gilt4 #es4 ,decidedly the author's happiest effort4444 ,one of the best story books of the year4--,,hour4 ,knatchbull-,hugessen 7,louisa74--,,the ,,history ,,of ,,prince ,,perrypets4 ,a ,fairy ,tale4 ,by ,,louisa ,,knatchbull-,,hugessen4 ,with ,eight ,illustrations by ,,weigand4 ,new ,edition4 ,crown #dto4 cloth gilt4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,a grand and exciting fairy tale4--,,morning ,,post4 ,a delicious piece of fairy nonsense4--,,illustrated ,,london ,,news4 ,knox4--,,songs ,,of ,,consolation4 ,by ,,isa ,,craig ,,knox4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 ,cloth extra1 gilt edges4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,the verses are truly sweet2 there is in them not only much genuine poetic quality1 but an ardent1 flowing devotedness1 and a peculiar skill in propounding theological tenets in the most graceful way1 which any divine might envy4--,,scotsman4 ,latham4--,,sertum ,,shaksperianum1 ,subnexis aliquot aliunde excerptis floribus4 ,latine reddidit ,rev4 ,h4 ,,latham1 ,m4,a4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 #es4 ,lemon4--,,the ,,legends ,,of ,,number ,,nip4 ,by ,,mark ,,lemon4 ,with ,illustrations by ,c4 ,,keene4 ,new ,edition4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,life and ,times of ,conrad the ,squirrel4 ,a ,story for ,children4 ,by the ,author of ,wandering ,willie1 ,effie's ,friends1 c4 ,with a ,frontispiece by ,r4 ,,farren4 ,second ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,having commenced on the first page1 we were compelled to go on to the conclusion1 and this we predict will be the case with every one who opens the book4--,,pall ,,mall ,,gazette4 ,little ,estella1 and other ,,fairy ,,tales ,,for ,,the ,,young4 #ahmo4 cloth extra4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,this is a fine story1 and we thank heaven for not being too wise to enjoy it4--,,daily ,,news4 ,lowell4--,works by ,j4 ,russell ,,lowell3-- ,,among ,,my ,,books4 ,six ,essays4 ,dryden--,witchcraft--,shakespeare once ,more--,new ,england ,two ,centuries ,ago--,lessing--,rousseau and the ,sentimentalists4 ,crown #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,we may safely say the volume is one of which our chief complaint must be that there is not more of it4 ,there are good sense and lively feeling forcibly and tersely expressed in every page of his writing4--,,pall ,,mall ,,gazette4 ,,complete ,,poetical ,,works of ,,james ,,russell ,,lowell4 ,with ,portrait1 engraved by ,jeens4 #ahmo4 cloth extra4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,all readers who are able to recognise and appreciate genuine verse will give a glad welcome to this beautiful little volume4--,,pall ,,mall ,,gazette4 ,lyttelton4--,works by ,,lord ,,lyttelton3-- ,,the ,,comus ,,of ,,milton1 rendered into ,greek ,verse4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 #es4 ,,the ,,samson ,,agonistes ,,of ,,milton1 rendered into ,greek ,verse4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 #fs4 #f;d4 ,classical in spirit1 full of force1 and true to the original4--,,guardian4 ,maclaren4--,,the ,,fairy ,,family4 ,a series of ,ballads and ,metrical ,tales illustrating the ,fairy ,mythology of ,europe4 ,by ,,archibald ,,maclaren4 ,with ,frontispiece1 ,illustrated ,title1 and ,vignette4 ,crown #hvo4 gilt4 #es4 ,a successful attempt to translate into the vernacular some of the ,fairy ,mythology of ,europe4 ,the verses are very good4 ,there is no shirking difficulties of rhyme1 and the ballad metre which is oftenest employed has a great deal of the kind of 'go' which we find so seldom outside the pages of ,scott4 ,the book is of permanent value4--,,guardian4 ,macmillan's ,magazine4--,published ,monthly4 ,price #as4 ,volumes ,i4 to ,,xxix4 are now ready4 #gs4 #f;d4 each4 ,macquoid4--,,patty4 ,by ,,katharine ,s4 ,,macquoid4 ,third and ,cheaper ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 ,a book to be read4--,,standard4 ,a powerful and fascinating story4--,,daily ,,telegraph4 ,the ,,globe considers it well-written1 amusing1 and interesting1 and has the merit of being out of the ordinary run of novels4 ,maguire4--,,young ,,prince ,,marigold1 ,,and ,,other ,,fairy ,,stories4 ,by the late ,,john ,,francis ,,maguire1 ,m4,p4 ,illustrated by ,s4 ,e4 ,,waller4 ,globe #hvo4 gilt4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,the author has evidently studied the ways and tastes of children and got at the secret of amusing them2 and has succeeded in what is not so easy a task as it may seem--in producing a really good children's book4--,,daily ,,telegraph4 ,marlitt 7,e47--,,the ,,countess ,,gisela4 ,translated from the ,german of ,e4 ,,marlitt4 ,crown #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,a very beautiful story of ,german country life4--,,literary ,,churchman4 ,masson 7,professor74--,works by ,,david ,,masson1 ,m4,a41 ,professor of ,rhetoric and ,english ,literature in the ,university of ,edinburgh4 ,,british ,,novelists ,,and ,,their ,,styles4 ,being a ,critical ,sketch of the ,history of ,british ,prose ,fiction4 ,crown #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,wordsworth1 ,,shelley1 ,,keats1 ,,and ,,other ,,essays4 ,crown #hvo4 #es4 ,,chatterton3 ,a ,story of the ,year #aggj4 ,crown #hvo4 #es4 ,,the ,,three ,,devils3 ,,luther',s1 ,,milton',s1 and ,,goethe',s2 and other ,essays4 ,crown #hvo4 #es4 ,mazini4--,,in ,,the ,,golden ,,shell2 ,a ,story of ,palermo4 ,by ,,linda ,,mazini4 ,with ,illustrations4 ,globe #hvo4 cloth gilt4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,as beautiful and bright and fresh as the scenes to which it wafts us over the blue ,mediterranean1 and as pure and innocent1 but piquant and sprightly as the little girl who plays the part of its heroine1 is this admirable little book4--,,illustrated ,,london ,,news4 ,merivale4--,,keats' ,,hyperion1 rendered into ,latin ,verse4 ,by ,c4 ,,merivale1 ,b4,d4 ,second ,edition4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,milner4--,,the ,,lily ,,of ,,lumley4 ,by ,,edith ,,milner4 ,crown #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,the novel is a good one and decidedly worth the reading4--,,examiner4 ,a pretty1 brightly-written story4--,,literary ,,churchman4 ,a tale possessing the deepest interest4--,,court ,,journal4 ,milton's ,poetical ,works4--,edited with ,text collated from the best ,authorities1 with ,introduction and ,notes by ,,david ,,masson4 ,three vols4 #hvo4 ,with ,three ,portraits engraved by ,c4 ,h4 ,,jeens and ,,radcliffe4 7,uniform with the ,cambridge ,shakespeare47 ,mistral 7,f47--,,mirelle1 a ,pastoral ,epic of ,provence4 ,translated by ,h4 ,,crichton4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,it would be hard to overpraise the sweetness and pleasing freshness of this charming epic4--,,athen,,um4 ,a good translation of a poem that deserves to be known by all students of literature and friends of old-world simplicity in story-telling4--,,nonconformist4 ,mitford 7,a4 ,b47--,,tales ,,of ,,old ,,japan4 ,by ,a4 ,b4 ,,mitford1 ,second ,secretary to the ,british ,legation in ,japan4 ,with ,illustrations drawn and cut on ,wood by ,japanese ,artists4 ,new and ,cheaper ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 ,they will always be interesting as memorials of a most exceptional society2 while1 regarded simply as tales1 they are sparkling1 sensational1 and dramatic1 and the originality of their ideas and the quaintness of their language give them a most captivating piquancy4 ,the illustrations are extremely interesting1 and for the curious in such matters have a special and particular value4--,,pall ,,mall ,,gazette4 ,mr4 ,pisistratus ,brown1 ,m4,p41 ,,in ,,the ,,highlands4 ,new ,edition1 with ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,the book is calculated to recall pleasant memories of holidays well spent1 and scenes not easily to be forgotten4 ,to those who have never been in the ,western ,highlands1 or sailed along the ,frith of ,clyde and on the ,western ,coast1 it will seem almost like a fairy story4 ,there is a charm in the volume which makes it anything but easy for a reader who has opened it to put it down until the last page has been read4--,,scotsman4 ,mrs4 ,jerningham's ,journal4 ,a ,poem purporting to be the ,journal of a newly-married ,lady4 ,second ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,it is nearly a perfect gem4 ,we have had nothing so good for a long time1 and those who neglect to read it are neglecting one of the jewels of contemporary history4--,,edinburgh ,,daily ,,review4 ,one quality in the piece1 sufficient of itself to claim a moment's attention1 is that it is unique--original1 indeed1 is not too strong a word--in the manner of its conception and execution4--,,pall ,,mall ,,gazette4 ,mudie4--,,stray ,,leaves4 ,by ,c4 ,e4 ,,mudie4 ,new ,edition4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,contents3--,his and ,mine--,night and ,day--,one of ,many1 c4 ,this little volume consists of a number of poems1 mostly of a genuinely devotional character4 ,they are for the most part so exquisitely sweet and delicate as to be quite a marvel of composition4 ,they are worthy of being laid up in the recesses of the heart1 and recalled to memory from time to time4--,,illustrated ,,london ,,news4 ,murray4--,,the ,,ballads ,,and ,,songs ,,of ,,scotland1 in ,view of their ,influence on the ,character of the ,people4 ,by ,j4 ,,clark ,,murray1 ,,ll4,d41 ,professor of ,mental and ,moral ,philosophy in ,mc,gill ,college1 ,montreal4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 ,independently of the lucidity of the style in which the whole book is written1 the selection of the examples alone would recommend it to favour1 while the geniality of the criticism upon those examples cannot fail to make them highly appreciated and valued4--,,morning ,,post4 ,myers 7,ernest74--,,the ,,puritans4 ,by ,,ernest ,,myers4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 cloth4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,it is not too much to call it a really grand poem1 stately and dignified1 and showing not only a high poetic mind1 but also great power over poetic expression4--,,literary ,,churchman4 ,myers 7,f4 ,w4 ,h47--,,poems4 ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,myers4 ,containing ,st4 ,paul1 ,st4 ,john1 and others4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,it is rare to find a writer who combines to such an extent the faculty of communicating feelings with the faculty of euphonious expression4--,,spectator4 ',st4 ,paul' stands without a rival as the noblest religious poem which has been written in an age which beyond any other has been prolific in this class of poetry4 ,the sublimest conceptions are expressed in language which1 for richness1 taste1 and purity1 we have never seen excelled4--,,john ,,bull4 ,nichol4--,,hannibal1 ,a ,,historical ,,drama4 ,by ,,john ,,nichol1 ,b4,a4 ,oxon41 ,regius ,professor of ,english ,language and ,literature in the ,university of ,glasgow4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,the poem combines in no ordinary degree firmness and workmanship4 ,after the lapse of many centuries1 an ,english poet is found paying to the great ,carthagenian the worthiest poetical tribute which has as yet1 to our knowledge1 been afforded to his noble and stainless name4--,,saturday ,,review4 ,nine ,years ,old4--,by the ,author of ,st4 ,olave's1 ,when ,i was a ,little ,girl1 c4 ,illustrated by ,,fr,,lich4 ,third ,edition4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 cloth gilt4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,it is believed that this story1 by the favourably known author of ,st4 ,olave's1 will be found both highly interesting and instructive to the young4 ,the volume contains eight graphic illustrations by ,mr4 ,l4 ,frlich4 ,the ,,examiner says3 ,whether the readers are nine years old1 or twice1 or seven times as old1 they must enjoy this pretty volume4 ,noel4--,,beatrice1 ,,and ,,other ,,poems4 ,by the ,hon4 ,,roden ,,noel4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,it is impossible to read the poem through without being powerfully moved4 ,there are passages in it which for intensity and tenderness1 clear and vivid vision1 spontaneous and delicate sympathy1 may be compared with the best efforts of our best living writers4--,,spectator4 ,norton4--,works by the ,hon4 ,mrs4 ,,norton3-- ,,the ,,lady ,,of ,,la ,,garaye4 ,with ,vignette and ,frontispiece4 ,new ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,full of thought well expressed1 and may be classed among her best efforts4--,,times4 ,,old ,,sir ,,douglas4 ,cheap ,edition4 ,globe #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,this varied and lively novel--this clever novel so full of character1 and of fine incidental remark4--,,scotsman4 ,one of the pleasantest and healthiest stories of modern fiction4--,,globe4 ,oliphant4--,works by ,mrs4 ,,oliphant3-- ,,agnes ,,hopetoun',s ,,schools ,,and ,,holidays4 ,new ,edition with ,illustrations4 ,royal #afmo4 gilt leaves4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,there are few books of late years more fitted to touch the heart1 purify the feeling1 and quicken and sustain right principles4--,,nonconformist4 ,a more gracefully written story it is impossible to desire4--,,daily ,,news4 ,a ,,son ,,of ,,the ,,soil4 ,new ,edition4 ,globe #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,it is a very different work from the ordinary run of novels4 ,the whole life of a man is portrayed in it1 worked out with subtlety and insight4--,,athen,,um4 ,our ,year4 ,a ,child's ,book1 in ,prose and ,verse4 ,by the ,author of ,john ,halifax1 ,gentleman4 ,illustrated by ,,clarence ,,dobell4 ,royal #afmo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,it is just the book we could wish to see in the hands of every child4--,,english ,,churchman4 ,olrig ,grange4 ,edited by ,,hermann ,,kunst1 ,philol4 ,professor4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 #fs4 #f;d4 ,a masterly and original power of impression1 pouring itself forth in clear1 sweet1 strong rhythm4444 ,it is a fine poem1 full of life1 of music and of clear vision4--,,north ,,british ,,daily ,,mail4 ,oxford ,spectator1 ,the4--,reprinted4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,there is1 the ,,saturday ,,review says1 all the old fun1 the old sense of social ease and brightness and freedom1 the old medley of work and indolence1 of jest and earnest1 that made ,oxford life so picturesque4 ,palgrave4--,works by ,,francis ,,turner ,,palgrave1 ,m4,a41 late ,fellow of ,exeter ,college1 ,oxford3-- ,,the ,,five ,,days' ,,entertainments ,,at ,,wentworth ,,grange4 ,a ,book for ,children4 ,with ,illustrations by ,,arthur ,,hughes1 and ,engraved ,title-page by ,,jeens4 ,small #dto4 cloth extra4 #fs4 ,if you want a really good book for both sexes and all ages1 buy this1 as handsome a volume of tales as you'll find in all the market4--,,athen,,um4 ,exquisite both in form and substance4--,,guardian4 ,,lyrical ,,poems4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,a volume of pure quiet verse1 sparkling with tender melodies1 and alive with thoughts of genuine poetry4444 ,turn where we will throughout the volume1 we find traces of beauty1 tenderness1 and truth2 true poet's work1 touched and refined by the master-hand of a real artist1 who shows his genius even in trifles4--,,standard4 ,,original ,,hymns4 ,third ,edition1 enlarged1 #ahmo4 #as4 #f;d4 ,so choice1 so perfect1 and so refined1 so tender in feeling1 and so scholarly in expression1 that we look with special interest to everything that he gives us4--,,literary ,,churchman4 ,,golden ,,treasury ,,of ,,the ,,best ,,songs ,,and ,,lyrics4 ,edited by ,f4 ,t4 ,,palgrave4 ,see ,,golden ,,treasury ,,series4 ,,shakespeare',s ,,sonnets ,,and ,,songs4 ,edited by ,f4 ,t4 ,,palgrave4 ,gem ,edition4 ,with ,vignette ,title by ,,jeens4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,for minute elegance no volume could possibly excel the ',gem ,edition4'--,,scotsman4 ,parables4--,,twelve ,,parables ,,of ,,our ,,lord4 ,illustrated in ,colours from ,sketches taken in the ,east by ,,mceniry with ,frontispiece from a ,picture by ,,john ,,jellicoe1 and ,illuminated ,texts and ,borders4 ,royal #dto4 in ,ornamental ,binding4 #afs4 ,the ,,times calls it one of the most beautiful of modern pictorial works2 while the ,,graphic says nothing in this style1 so good1 has ever before been published4 ,patmore4--,,the ,,children',s ,,garland1 from the ,best ,poets4 ,selected and arranged by ,,coventry ,,patmore4 ,new ,edition4 ,with ,illustrations by ,j4 ,,lawson4 ,crown #hvo4 gilt4 #fs4 ,golden ,treasury ,edition4 #ahmo4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,the charming illustrations added to many of the poems will add greatly to their value in the eyes of children4--,,daily ,,news4 ,pember4--,,the ,,tragedy ,,of ,,lesbos4 ,a ,dramatic ,poem4 ,by ,e4 ,h4 ,,pember4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,founded upon the story of ,sappho4 ,he tells his story with dramatic force1 and in language that often rises almost to grandeur4--,,athen,,um4 ,poole4--,,pictures ,,of ,,cottage ,,life ,,in ,,the ,,west ,,of ,,england4 ,by ,,margaret ,e4 ,,poole4 ,new and ,cheaper ,edition4 ,with ,frontispiece by ,r4 ,farren4 ,crown #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,charming stories of peasant life1 written in something of ,george ,eliot's style4444 ,her stories could not be other than they are1 as literal as truth1 as romantic as fiction1 full of pathetic touches and strokes of genuine humour4444 ,all the stories are studies of actual life1 executed with no mean art4--,,times4 ,population of an ,old ,pear ,tree4 ,from the ,french of ,e4 ,,van ,,bruyssel4 ,edited by the ,author of ,the ,heir of ,redclyffe4 ,with ,illustrations by ,,becker4 ,cheaper ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 gilt4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,this is not a regular book of natural history1 but a description of all the living creatures that came and went in a summer's day beneath an old pear tree1 observed by eyes that had for the nonce become microscopic1 recorded by a pen that finds dramas in everything1 and illustrated by a dainty pencil4444 ,we can hardly fancy anyone with a moderate turn for the curiosities of insect life1 or for delicate ,french esprit1 not being taken by these clever sketches4--,,guardian4 ,a whimsical and charming little book4--,,athen,,um4 ,prince ,florestan of ,monaco1 ,the ,fall of4 ,by ,,himself4 ,new ,edition1 with ,illustration and ,map4 #hvo4 cloth4 ,extra gilt edges1 #es4 ,a ,french ,translation1 #es4 ,also an ,edition for the ,people4 ,crown #hvo4 #as4 ,those who have read only the extracts given1 will not need to be told how amusing and happily touched it is4 ,those who read it for other purposes than amusement can hardly miss the sober and sound political lessons with which its light pages abound1 and which are as much needed in ,england as by the nation to whom the author directly addresses his moral4--,,pall ,,mall ,,gazette4 ,this little book is very clever1 wild with animal spirits1 but showing plenty of good sense1 amid all the heedless nonsense which fills so many of its pages4--,,daily ,,news4 ,in an age little remarkable for powers of political satire1 the sparkle of the pages gives them every claim to welcome4--,,standard4 ,rankine4--,,songs ,,and ,,fables4 ,by ,w4 ,j4 ,,mcquorn ,,rankine1 late ,professor of ,civil ,engineering and ,mechanics at ,glasgow4 ,with ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 ,a lively volume of verses1 full of a fine manly spirit1 much humour and geniality4 ,the illustrations are admirably conceived1 and executed with fidelity and talent4--,,morning ,,post4 ,realmah4--,by the ,author of ,friends in ,council4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 ,rhoades4--,,poems4 ,by ,,james ,,rhoades4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,richardson4--,,the ,,iliad ,,of ,,the ,,east4 ,a ,selection of ,legends drawn from ,valmiki's ,sanskrit ,poem1 ,the ,ramayana4 ,by ,,frederika ,,richardson4 ,crown #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,it is impossible to read it without recognizing the value and interest of the ,eastern epic4 ,it is as fascinating as a fairy tale1 this romantic poem of ,india4--,,globe4 ,a charming volume1 which at once enmeshes the reader in its snares4--,,athen,,um4 ,roby4--,,story ,,of ,a ,,household1 ,,and ,,other ,,poems4 ,by ,,mary ,k4 ,,roby4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #es4 ,rogers4--,works by ,j4 ,e4 ,,rogers3-- ,,ridicula ,,rediviva4 ,old ,nursery ,rhymes4 ,illustrated in ,colours1 with ,ornamental ,cover4 ,crown #dto4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,the most splendid1 and at the same time the most really meritorious of the books specially intended for children1 that we have seen4--,,spectator4 ,these large bright pictures will attract children to really good and honest artistic work1 and that ought not to be an indifferent consideration with parents who propose to educate their children4--,,pall ,,mall ,,gazette4 ,,mores ,,ridiculi4 ,old ,nursery ,rhymes4 ,illustrated in ,colours1 with ,ornamental ,cover4 ,crown #dto4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,these world-old rhymes have never had and need never wish for a better pictorial setting than ,mr4 ,rogers has given them4--,,times4 ,nothing could be quainter or more absurdly comical than most of the pictures1 which are all carefully executed and beautifully coloured4--,,globe4 ,rossetti4--,,goblin ,,market1 ,,and ,,other ,,poems4 ,by ,,christina ,,rossetti4 ,with two ,designs by ,d4 ,g4 ,,rossetti4 ,second ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #es4 ,she handles her little marvel with that rare poetic discrimination which neither exhausts it of its simple wonders by pushing symbolism too far1 nor keeps those wonders in the merely fabulous and capricious stage4 ,in fact1 she has produced a true children's poem1 which is far more delightful to the mature than to children1 though it would be delightful to all4--,,spectator4 ,runaway 7,the74 ,a ,story for the ,young4 ,by the ,author of ,mrs4 ,jerningham's ,journal4 ,with ,illustrations by ,j4 ,,lawson4 ,globe #hvo4 gilt4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,this is one of the best1 if not indeed the very best1 of all the stories that has come before us this ,christmas4 ,the heroines are both charming1 and1 unlike heroines1 they are as full of fun as of charms4 ,it is an admirable book to read aloud to the young folk when they are all gathered round the fire1 and nurses and other apparitions are still far away4--,,saturday ,,review4 ,ruth and her ,friends4 ,a ,story for ,girls4 ,with a ,frontispiece4 ,fourth ,edition4 #ahmo4 ,cloth extra4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,we wish all the school girls and home-taught girls in the land had the opportunity of reading it4--,,nonconformist4 ,scouring of the ,white ,horse2 or1 the ,long ,,vacation ,,ramble ,,of ,a ,,london ,,clerk4 ,illustrated by ,,doyle4 ,imp4 #afmo4 ,cheaper ,issue4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,a glorious tale of summer joy4--,,freeman4 ,there is a genial hearty life about the book4--,,john ,,bull4 ,the execution is excellent4444 ,like ',tom ,brown's ,school ,days1'the ',white ,horse' gives the reader a feeling of gratitude and personal esteem towards the author4--,,saturday ,,review4 ,shairp 7,principal74--,,kilmahoe1 a ,highland ,pastoral1 with other ,poems4 ,by ,,john ,,campbell ,,shairp1 ,principal of the ,united ,college1 ,st4 ,andrews4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #es4 ,kilmahoe is a ,highland ,pastoral1 redolent of the warm soft air of the western lochs and moors1 sketched out with remarkable grace and picturesqueness4--,,saturday ,,review4 ,shakespeare4--,the ,works of ,,william ,,shakespeare4 ,cambridge ,edition4 ,edited by ,w4 ,,george ,,clark1 ,m4,a4 and ,w4 ,,aldis ,,wright1 ,m4,a4 ,nine vols4 #hvo4 ,cloth4 #dl4 #ads4 #f;d4 ,the ,,guardian calls it an excellent1 and1 to the student1 almost indispensable edition2 and the ,,examiner calls it an unrivalled edition4 ,shakespeare's ,tempest4 ,edited with ,glossarial and ,explanatory ,notes1 by the ,rev4 ,j4 ,m4 ,,jephson4 ,new ,edition4 #ahmo4 #as4 ,slip 7,a7 in the ,fens4--,illustrated by the ,author4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 ,an artistic little volume1 for every page is a picture4--,,times4 ,it will be read with pleasure1 and with a pleasure that is altogether innocent4--,,saturday ,,review4 ,smith4--,,poems4 ,by ,,catherine ,,barnard ,,smith4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #es4 ,wealthy in feeling1 meaning1 finish1 and grace2 not without passion1 which is suppressed1 but the keener for that4--,,athen,,um4 ,smith 7,rev4 ,walter74--,,hymns ,,of ,,christ ,,and ,,the ,,christian ,,life4 ,by the ,rev4 ,,walter ,c4 ,,smith1 ,m4,a4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,these are among the sweetest sacred poems we have read for a long time4 ,with no profuse imagery1 expressing a range of feeling and expression by no means uncommon1 they are true and elevated1 and their pathos is profound and simple4--,,nonconformist4 ,spring ,songs4 ,by a ,,west ,,highlander4 ,with a ,vignette ,illustration by ,,gourlay ,,steele4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #as4 #f;d4 ,without a trace of affectation or sentimentalism1 these utterances are perfectly simple and natural1 profoundly human and profoundly true4--,,daily ,,news4 ,stanley4--,,true ,,to ,,life4--,a ,,simple ,,story4 ,by ,,mary ,,stanley4 ,crown #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,for many a long day we have not met with a more simple1 healthy1 and unpretending story4--,,standard4 ,stephen 7,c4 ,e47--,,the ,,service ,,of ,,the ,,poor2 being an ,inquiry into the ,reasons for and against the ,establishment of ,religious ,sisterhoods for ,charitable ,purposes4 ,by ,,caroline ,,emilia ,,stephen4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 #f;d4 ,it touches incidentally and with much wisdom and tenderness on so many of the relations of women1 particularly of single women1 with society1 that it may be read with advantage by many who have never thought of entering a ,sisterhood4--,,spectator4 ,stephens 7,j4 ,b47--,,convict ,,once4 ,a ,poem4 ,by ,j4 ,,brunton ,,stephens4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,it is as far more interesting than ninety-nine novels out of a hundred1 as it is superior to them in power1 worth1 and beauty4 ,we should most strongly advise everybody to read ',convict ,once4'--,,westminster ,,review4 ,streets and ,lanes of a ,city3 ,being the ,reminiscences of ,,amy ,,dutton4 ,with a ,preface by the ,,bishop ,,of ,,salisbury4 ,second and ,cheaper ,edition4 ,globe #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,one of the most really striking books that has ever come before us4--,,literary ,,churchman4 ,thring4--,,school ,,songs4 ,a ,collection of ,songs for ,schools4 ,with the ,music arranged for four ,voices4 ,edited by the ,rev4 ,e4 ,,thring and ,h4 ,,riccius4 ,folio4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,the collection includes the ,agnus ,dei1 ,tennyson's ,light ,brigade1 ,macaulay's ,ivry1 etc4 among other pieces4 ,tom ,brown's ,school ,days4--,by ,,an ,,old ,,boy4 ,golden ,treasury ,edition1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,people's ,edition1 #bs4 ,with ,seven ,illustrations by ,a4 ,,hughes and ,,sydney ,,hall4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 ,the most famous boy's book in the language4--,,daily ,,news4 ,tom ,brown at ,oxford4--,new ,edition4 ,with ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 ,in no other work that we can call to mind are the finer qualities of the ,english gentleman more happily portrayed4--,,daily ,,news4 ,a book of great power and truth4--,,national ,,review4 ,trench4--,works by ,r4 ,,chenevix ,,trench1 ,d4,d41 ,archbishop of ,dublin4 7,for other ,works by this ,author1 see ,,theological1 ,,historical1 and ,,philosophical ,,catalogues47 ,,poems4 ,collected and arranged anew4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,elegiac ,,poems4 ,third ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,calderon',s ,,life',s ,a ,,dream3 ,the ,great ,theatre of the ,world4 ,with an ,essay on his ,life and ,genius4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,household ,,book ,,of ,,english ,,poetry4 ,selected and arranged1 with ,notes1 by ,archbishop ,,trench4 ,second ,edition4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 #es4 #f;d4 ,the ,archbishop has conferred in this delightful volume an important gift on the whole ,english-speaking population of the world4--,,pall ,,mall ,,gazette4 ,,sacred ,,latin ,,poetry1 ,chiefly ,lyrical4 ,selected and arranged for ,use4 ,by ,archbishop ,,trench4 ,third ,edition1 ,corrected and ,improved4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #gs4 ,,justin ,,martyr1 ,,and ,,other ,,poems4 ,fifth ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,trollope 7,anthony74--,,sir ,,harry ,,hotspur ,,of ,,humblethwaite4 ,by ,,anthony ,,trollope1 ,author of ,framley ,parsonage1 etc4 ,cheap ,edition4 ,globe #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,the ,,athen,,um remarks3 ,no reader who begins to read this book is likely to lay it down until the last page is turned4 ,this brilliant novel appears to us decidedly more successful than any other of ,mr4 ,trollope's shorter stories4 ,turner4--,works by the ,rev4 ,,charles ,,tennyson ,,turner3-- ,,sonnets4 ,dedicated to his ,brother1 the ,poet ,laureate4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,small ,,tableaux4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,under the ,limes4--,by the ,author of ,christina ,north4 ,second ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 ,the readers of ',christina ,north' are not likely to have forgotten that bright1 fresh1 picturesque story1 nor will they be slow to welcome so pleasant a companion to it as this4 ,it abounds in happy touches of description1 of pathos1 and insight into the life and passion of true love4--,,standard4 ,one of the prettiest and best told stories which it has been our good fortune to read for a long time4--,,pall ,,mall ,,gazette4 ,vittoria ,colonna4--,,life ,,and ,,poems4 ,by ,,mrs4 ,,henry ,,roscoe4 ,crown #hvo4 #is4 ,it is written with good taste1 with quick and intelligent sympathy1 occasionally with a real freshness and charm of style4--,,pall ,,mall ,,gazette4 ,waller4--,,six ,,weeks ,,in ,,the ,,saddle3 ,a ,painter's ,journal in ,iceland4 ,by ,s4 ,e4 ,,waller4 ,illustrated by the ,author4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 ,an exceedingly pleasant and naturally written little book4444 ,mr4 ,waller has a clever pencil1 and the text is well illustrated with his own sketches4--,,times4 ,wandering ,willie4 ,by the ,author of ,effie's ,friends1 and ,john ,hatherton4 ,third ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 ,this is an idyll of rare truth and beauty4444 ,the story is simple and touching1 the style of extraordinary delicacy1 precision1 and picturesqueness4444 ,a charming gift-book for young ladies not yet promoted to novels1 and will amply repay those of their elders who may give an hour to its perusal4--,,daily ,,news4 ,webster4--,works by ,,augusta ,,webster3-- ,if ,mrs4 ,webster only remains true to herself1 she will assuredly take a higher rank as a poet than any woman has yet done4--,,westminster ,,review4 ,,dramatic ,,studies4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 #es4 ,a volume as strongly marked by perfect taste as by poetic power4--,,nonconformist4 ,a ,,woman ,,sold1 ,,and ,,other ,,poems4 ,crown #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,mrs4 ,webster has shown us that she is able to draw admirably from the life2 that she can observe with subtlety1 and render her observations with delicacy2 that she can impersonate complex conceptions and venture into which few living writers can follow her4--,,guardian4 ,,portraits4 ,second ,edition4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,mrs4 ,webster's poems exhibit simplicity and tenderness 444 her taste is perfect4444 ,this simplicity is combined with a subtlety of thought1 feeling1 and observation which demand that attention which only real lovers of poetry are apt to bestow4--,,westminster ,,review4 ,,prometheus ,,bound ,,of ,,schylus4 ,literally translated into ,english ,verse4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,closeness and simplicity combined with literary skill4--,,athen,,um4 ,mrs4 ,webster's ',dramatic ,studies' and ',translation of ,prometheus' have won for her an honourable place among our female poets4 ,she writes with remarkable vigour and dramatic realization1 and bids fair to be the most successful claimant of ,mrs4 ,browning's mantle4--,,british ,,quarterly ,,review4 ,,medea ,,of ,,euripides4 ,literally translated into ,english ,verse4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,mrs4 ,webster's translation surpasses our utmost expectations4 ,it is a photograph of the original without any of that harshness which so often accompanies a photograph4--,,westminster ,,review4 ,,the ,,auspicious ,,day4 ,a ,dramatic ,poem4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 #es4 ,the ',auspicious ,day' shows a marked advance1 not only in art1 but1 in what is of far more importance1 in breadth of thought and intellectual grasp4--,,westminster ,,review4 ,this drama is a manifestation of high dramatic power on the part of the gifted writer1 and entitled to our warmest admiration1 as a worthy piece of work4--,,standard4 ,,yu-,,pe-,,ya',s ,,lute4 ,a ,chinese ,tale in ,english ,verse4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,a very charming tale1 charmingly told in dainty verse1 with occasional lyrics of tender beauty4--,,standard4 ,we close the book with the renewed conviction that in ,mrs4 ,webster we have a profound and original poet4 ,the book is marked not by mere sweetness of melody--rare as that gift is--but by the infinitely rarer gifts of dramatic power1 of passion1 and sympathetic insight4--,,westminster ,,review4 ,when ,i was a ,little ,girl4 ,,stories ,,for ,,children4 ,by the ,author of ,st4 ,olave's4 ,fourth ,edition4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,with ,eight ,illustrations by ,l4 ,,fr,,lich4 ,at the head1 and a long way ahead1 of all books for girls1 we place ',when ,i was a ,little ,girl4'--,,times4 ,it is one of the choicest morsels of child-biography which we have met with4--,,nonconformist4 ,white4--,,rhymes ,,by ,,walter ,,white4 #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,whittier4--,,john ,,greenleaf ,,whittier',s ,,poetical ,,works4 ,complete ,edition1 with ,portrait engraved by ,c4 ,h4 ,,jeens4 #ahmo4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,mr4 ,whittier has all the smooth melody and the pathos of the author of ',hiawatha1' with a greater nicety of description and a quainter fancy4--,,graphic4 ,wolf4--,,the ,,life ,,and ,,habits ,,of ,,wild ,,animals4 ,twenty ,illustrations by ,,joseph ,,wolf1 engraved by ,j4 ,w4 and ,e4 ,,whymper4 ,with descriptive ,letter-press1 by ,d4 ,g4 ,,elliot1 ,f4,l4,s4 ,super royal #dto1 cloth extra1 gilt edges4 #bas4 ,this is the last series of drawings which will be made by ,mr4 ,wolf1 either upon wood or stone4 ,the ,,pall ,,mall ,,gazette says3 ,the fierce1 untameable side of brute nature has never received a more robust and vigorous interpretation1 and the various incidents in which particular character is shown are set forth with rare dramatic power4 ,for excellence that will endure1 we incline to place this very near the top of the list of ,christmas books4 ,and the ,,art ,,journal observes1 ,rarely1 if ever1 have we seen animal life more forcibly and beautifully depicted than in this really splendid volume4 ,also1 an ,edition in royal folio1 handsomely bound in ,morocco elegant1 ,proofs before ,letters1 each ,proof signed by the ,engravers4 ,price #hl4 #hs4 ,wollaston4--,,lyra ,,devoniensis4 ,by ,t4 ,v4 ,,wollaston1 ,m4,a4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,it is the work of a man of refined taste1 of deep religious sentiment1 a true artist1 and a good ,christian4--,,church ,,times4 ,woolner4--,,my ,,beautiful ,,lady4 ,by ,,thomas ,,woolner4 ,with a ,vignette by ,,arthur ,,hughes4 ,third ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #es4 ,no man can read this poem without being struck by the fitness and finish of the workmanship1 so to speak1 as well as by the chastened and unpretending loftiness of thought which pervades the whole4--,,globe4 ,words from the ,poets4 ,selected by the ,editor of ,rays of ,sunlight4 ,with a ,vignette and ,frontispiece4 #ahmo4 limp41 #as4 ,the selection aims at popularity1 and deserves it4--,,guardian4 ,yonge 7,c4 ,m47--,works by ,,charlotte ,m4 ,,yonge4 ,,the ,,heir ,,of ,,redclyffe4 ,twentieth ,edition4 ,with ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 ,,heartsease4 ,thirteenth ,edition4 ,with ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 ,,the ,,daisy ,,chain4 ,twelfth ,edition4 ,with ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 ,,the ,,trial3 ,,more ,,links ,,of ,,the ,,daisy ,,chain4 ,twelfth ,edition4 ,with ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 ,,dynevor ,,terrace4 ,sixth ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 ,,hopes ,,and ,,fears4 ,fourth ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 ,,the ,,young ,,stepmother4 ,fifth ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 ,,clever ,,woman ,,of ,,the ,,family4 ,third ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 ,,the ,,dove ,,in ,,the ,,eagle',s ,,nest4 ,fourth ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 ,we think the authoress of ',the ,heir of ,redclyffe' has surpassed her previous efforts in this illuminated chronicle of the olden time4--,,british ,,quarterly4 ,,the ,,caged ,,lion4 ,illustrated4 ,third ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 ,prettily and tenderly written1 and will with young people especially be a great favourite4--,,daily ,,news4 ,everybody should read this4--,,literary ,,churchman4 ,,the ,,chaplet ,,of ,,pearls2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,white ,,and ,,black ,,ribaumont4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 ,new ,edition4 ,miss ,yonge has brought a lofty aim as well as high art to the construction of a story which may claim a place among the best efforts in historical romance4--,,morning ,,post4 ,the plot1 in truth1 is of the very first order of merit4--,,spectator4 ,we have seldom read a more charming story4--,,guardian4 ,,the ,,prince ,,and ,,the ,,page4 ,a ,tale of the ,last ,crusade4 ,illustrated4 #ahmo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,a tale which1 we are sure1 will give pleasure to many others besides the young people for whom it is specially intended4444 ,this extremely prettily-told story does not require the guarantee afforded by the name of the author of ',the ,heir of ,redclyffe' on the title-page to ensure its becoming a universal favourite4--,,dublin ,,evening ,,mail4 ,,the ,,lances ,,of ,,lynwood4 ,new ,edition1 with ,coloured ,illustrations4 #ahmo4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,the illustrations are very spirited and rich in colour1 and the story can hardly fail to charm the youthful reader4--,,manchester ,,examiner4 ,,the ,,little ,,duke3 ,,richard ,,the ,,fearless4 ,new ,edition4 ,illustrated4 #ahmo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,a ,,storehouse ,,of ,,stories4 ,first and ,second ,series4 ,globe #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,,contents ,,of ,,first ,,series3--,history of ,philip ,quarll--,goody ,twoshoes--,the ,governess--,jemima ,placid--,the ,perambulations of a ,mouse--,the ,village ,school--,the ,little ,queen--,history of ,little ,jack4 ,miss ,yonge has done great service to the infantry of this generation by putting these eleven stories of sage simplicity within their reach4--,,british ,,quarterly ,,review4 ,,contents ,,of ,,second ,,series3--,family ,stories--,elements of ,morality--,a ,puzzle for a ,curious ,girl--,blossoms of ,morality4 ,a ,,book ,,of ,,golden ,,deeds ,,of ,,all ,,times ,,and ,,all ,,countries4 ,gathered and ,narrated ,anew4 ,new ,edition1 with ,twenty ,illustrations by ,,fr,,lich4 ,crown #hvo4 cloth gilt4 #fs4 7,see also ,,golden ,,treasury ,,series74 ,cheap ,edition4 #as4 ,we have seen no prettier gift-book for a long time1 and none which1 both for its cheapness and the spirit in which it has been compiled1 is more deserving of praise4--,,athen,,um4 ,,little ,,lucy',s ,,wonderful ,,globe4 ,pictured by ,,fr,,lich1 and narrated by ,,charlotte ,m4 ,,yonge4 ,second ,edition4 ,crown #dto4 cloth gilt4 #fs4 ',lucy's ,wonderful ,globe' is capital1 and will give its youthful readers more idea of foreign countries and customs than any number of books of geography or travel4--,,graphic4 ,,cameos ,,from ,,english ,,history4 ,from ,,rollo to ,,edward ,,ii4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 #es4 ,second ,edition1 enlarged4 #es4 ,a ,,second ,,series4 ,,the ,,wars ,,in ,,france4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 #es4 ,instead of dry details1 says the ,,nonconformist1 we have living pictures1 faithful1 vivid1 and striking4 ,p',s ,,and ,q',s2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,question ,,of ,,putting ,,upon4 ,with ,illustrations by ,c4 ,o4 ,,murray4 ,second ,edition4 ,globe #hvo4 cloth gilt4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,one of her most successful little pieces 444 just what a narrative should be1 each incident simply and naturally related1 no preaching or moralizing1 and yet the moral coming out most powerfully1 and the whole story not too long1 or with the least appearance of being spun out4--,,literary ,,churchman4 ,,the ,,pillars ,,of ,,the ,,house2 ,,or1 ,,under ,,wode1 ,,under ,,rode4 ,second ,edition4 ,four vols4 crown #hvo4 #bjs4 ,a domestic story of ,english professional life1 which for sweetness of tone and absorbing interest from first to last has never been rivalled4--,,standard4 ,miss ,yonge has certainly added to her already high reputation by this charming book1 which1 although in four volumes1 is not a single page too long1 but keeps the reader's attention fixed to the end4 ,indeed we are only sorry there is not another volume to come1 and part with the ,underwood family with sincere regret4--,,court ,,circular4 ,,lady ,,hester2 ,,or1 ,,ursula',s ,,narrative4 ,second ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 ,we shall not anticipate the interest by epitomizing the plot1 but we shall only say that readers will find in it all the gracefulness1 right feeling1 and delicate perception which they have been long accustomed to look for in ,miss ,yonge's writings4--,,guardian4 ,,macmillan',s ,,golden ,,treasury ,,series4 ,,uniformly printed in #ahmo41 with ,vignette ,titles by ,sir ,,noel ,,paton1 ,t4 ,,woolner1 ,w4 ,,holman ,,hunt1 ,j4 ,e4 ,,millais1 ,,arthur ,,hughes1 c4 ,engraved on ,steel by ,,jeens4 ,bound in extra cloth1 #ds4 #f;d4 each volume4 ,also kept in morocco and calf bindings4 ,messrs4 ,macmillan have1 in their ,golden ,treasury ,series1 especially provided editions of standard works1 volumes of selected poetry1 and original compositions1 which entitle this series to be called classical4 ,nothing can be better than the literary execution1 nothing more elegant than the material workmanship4--,,british ,,quarterly ,,review4 ,the ,golden ,treasury of the ,best ,songs and ,,lyrical ,,poems ,,in ,,the ,,english ,,language4 ,selected and arranged1 with ,notes1 by ,,francis ,,turner ,,palgrave4 ,this delightful little volume1 the ,golden ,treasury1 which contains many of the best original lyrical pieces and songs in our language1 grouped with care and skill1 so as to illustrate each other like the pictures in a well-arranged gallery4--,,quarterly ,,review4 ,the ,children's ,garland from the best ,poets4 ,selected and arranged by ,,coventry ,,patmore4 ,it includes specimens of all the great masters in the art of poetry1 selected with the matured judgment of a man concentrated on obtaining insight into the feelings and tastes of childhood1 and desirous to awaken its finest impulses1 to cultivate its keenest sensibilities4--,,morning ,,post4 ,the ,book of ,praise4 ,from the ,best ,english ,hymn ,writers4 ,selected and arranged by ,,lord ,,selbourne4 ,a ,new and ,enlarged ,edition4 ,all previous compilations of this kind must undeniably for the present give place to the ,book of ,praise4444 ,the selection has been made throughout with sound judgment and critical taste4 ,the pains involved in this compilation must have been immense1 embracing1 as it does1 every writer of note in this special province of ,english literature1 and ranging over the most widely divergent tracks of religious thought4--,,saturday ,,review4 ,the ,fairy ,book2 the ,best ,popular ,fairy ,stories4 ,selected and rendered anew by the ,author of ,,john ,,halifax1 ,,gentleman4 ,a delightful selection1 in a delightful external form2 full of the physical splendour and vast opulence of proper fairy tales4--,,spectator4 ,the ,ballad ,book4 ,a ,selection of the ,choicest ,british ,ballads4 ,edited by ,,william ,,allingham4 ,his taste as a judge of old poetry will be found1 by all acquainted with the various readings of old ,english ballads1 true enough to justify his undertaking so critical a task4--,,saturday ,,review4 ,the ,jest ,book4 ,the ,choicest ,anecdotes and ,sayings4 ,selected and arranged by ,,mark ,,lemon4 ,the fullest and best jest book that has yet appeared4--,,saturday ,,review4 ,bacon's ,essays and ,colours of ,good and ,evil4 ,with ,notes and ,glossarial ,index4 ,by ,w4 ,,aldis ,,wright1 ,m4,a4 ,the beautiful little edition of ,bacon's ,essays1 now before us1 does credit to the taste and scholarship of ,mr4 ,aldis ,wright4444 ,it puts the reader in possession of all the essential literary facts and chronology necessary for reading the ,essays in connection with ,bacon's life and times4--,,spectator4 ,the ,pilgrim's ,progress from this ,world to that which is to come4 ,by ,,john ,,bunyan4 ,a beautiful and scholarly reprint4--,,spectator4 ,the ,sunday ,book of ,poetry for the ,young4 ,selected and arranged by ,c4 ,f4 ,,alexander4 ,a well-selected volume of ,sacred ,poetry4--,,spectator4 ,a ,book of ,golden ,deeds of ,all ,times and ,all ,countries4 ,gathered and narrated anew4 ,by the ,author of ,,the ,,heir ,,of ,,redclyffe4 444 ,to the young1 for whom it is especially intended1 as a most interesting collection of thrilling tales well told2 and to their elders1 as a useful handbook of reference1 and a pleasant one to take up when their wish is to while away a weary half-hour4 ,we have seen no prettier gift-book for a long time4--,,athen,,um4 ,the ,poetical ,works of ,robert ,burns4 ,edited1 with ,biographical ,memoir1 ,notes1 and ,glossary1 by ,,alexander ,,smith4 ,two ,vols4 ,beyond all question this is the most beautiful edition of ,burns yet out4--,,edinburgh ,,daily ,,review4 ,the ,adventures of ,robinson ,crusoe4 ,edited from the ,original ,edition by ,j4 ,w4 ,,clark1 ,m4,a4 ,fellow of ,trinity ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,mutilated and modified editions of this ,english classic are so much the rule1 that a cheap and pretty copy of it1 rigidly exact to the original1 will be a prize to many book-buyers4--,,examiner4 ,the ,republic of ,plato4 ,,translated into ,,english1 with ,notes by ,j4 ,,ll4 ,,davies1 ,m4,a4 and ,d4 ,j4 ,,vaughan1 ,m4,a4 ,a dainty and cheap little edition4--,,examiner4 ,the ,song ,book4 ,words and ,tunes from the best ,poets and ,musicians4 ,selected and arranged by ,,john ,,hullah1 ,professor of ,vocal ,music in ,king's ,college1 ,london4 ,a choice collection of the sterling songs of ,england1 ,scotland1 and ,ireland1 with the music of each prefixed to the ,words4 ,how much true wholesome pleasure such a book can diffuse1 and will diffuse1 we trust through many thousand families4--,,examiner4 ,la ,lyre ,franaise4 ,selected and arranged1 with ,notes1 by ,,gustave ,,mass,n1 ,french ,master in ,harrow ,school4 ,a selection of the best ,french songs and lyrical pieces4 ,tom ,brown's ,school ,days4 ,by ,,an ,,old ,,boy4 ,a perfect gem of a book4 ,the best and most healthy book about boys for boys that ever was written4--,,illustrated ,,times4 ,a ,book of ,worthies4 ,gathered from the ,old ,histories and written anew by the ,author of ,,the ,,heir ,,of ,,redclyffe4 ,with ,vignette4 ,an admirable addition to an admirable series4--,,westminster ,,review4 ,a ,book of ,golden ,thoughts4 ,by ,,henry ,,attwell1 ,knight of the ,order of the ,oak ,crown4 ,mr4 ,attwell has produced a book of rare value4444 ,happily it is small enough to be carried about in the pocket1 and of such a companion it would be difficult to weary4--,,pall ,,mall ,,gazette4 ,guesses at ,truth4 ,by ,,two ,,brothers4 ,new ,edition4 ,the ,cavalier and his ,lady4 ,selections from the ,works of the ,first ,duke and ,duchess of ,newcastle4 ,with an ,introductory ,essay by ,,edward ,,jenkins1 ,author of ,ginx's ,baby1 c4 #ahmo4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,a charming little volume4--,,standard4 ,theologia ,germanica4--,which setteth forth many fair ,lineaments of ,divine ,truth1 and saith very lofty and lovely things touching a ,perfect ,life4 ,edited by ,,dr4 ,,pfeiffer1 from the only complete manuscript yet known4 ,translated from the ,german1 by ,,susanna ,,winkworth4 ,with a ,preface by the ,,rev4 ,,charles ,,kingsley1 and a ,letter to the ,translator by the ,chevalier ,bunsen1 ,d4,d4 ,milton's ,poetical ,works4--,edited1 with ,notes1 c41 by ,,professor ,,masson4 ,two vols4 #ahmo4 #is4 ,scottish ,song4 ,a ,selection of the ,choicest ,lyrics of ,scotland4 ,compiled and arranged1 with brief ,notes1 by ,,mary ,,carlyle ,,aitkin4 #ahmo4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,miss ,aitken's exquisite collection of ,scottish ,song is so alluring1 and suggests so many topics1 that we find it difficult to lay it down4 ,the book is one that should find a place in every library1 we had almost said in every pocket1 and the summer tourist who wishes to carry with him into the country a volume of genuine poetry1 will find it difficult to select one containing within so small a compass so much of rarest value4--,,spectator4 ,,macmillan',s ,,globe ,,library4 ,beautifully printed on toned paper and bound in cloth extra1 gilt edges1 price #ds4 #f;d4 each2 in cloth plain1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,also kept in a variety of calf and morocco bindings at moderate prices4 ,,books1 ,wordsworth says1 are the spirit breathed ,by dead men to their kind2 and the aim of the publishers of the ,globe ,library has been to make it possible for the universal kin of ,english-speaking men to hold communion with the loftiest spirits of the mighty dead2 to put within the reach of all classes complete and accurate editions1 carefully and clearly printed upon the best paper1 in a convenient form1 at a moderate price1 of the works of the ,,master-,,minds ,,of ,,english ,,literature1 and occasionally of foreign literature in an attractive ,english dress4 ,the ,editors1 by their scholarship and special study of their authors1 are competent to afford every assistance to readers of all kinds3 this assistance is rendered by original biographies1 glossaries of unusual or obsolete words1 and critical and explanatory notes4 ,the publishers hope1 therefore1 that these ,globe ,editions may prove worthy of acceptance by all classes wherever the ,english ,language is spoken1 and by their universal circulation justify their distinctive epithet2 while at the same time they spread and nourish a common sympathy with nature's most finely touched spirits1 and thus help a little to make the whole world kin4 ,the ,,saturday ,,review says3 ,the ,globe ,editions are admirable for their scholarly editing1 their typographical excellence1 their compendious form1 and their cheapness4 ,the ,,british ,,quarterly ,,review says3 ,in compendiousness1 elegance1 and scholarliness1 the ,globe ,editions of ,messrs4 ,macmillan surpass any popular series of our classics hitherto given to the public4 ,as near an approach to miniature perfection as has ever been made4 ,shakespeare's ,complete ,works4 ,edited by ,w4 ,g4 ,,clark1 ,m4,a41 and ,w4 ,,aldis ,,wright1 ,m4,a41 of ,trinity ,college1 ,cambridge1 ,editors of the ,cambridge ,shakespeare4 ,with ,glossary4 pp4 #a1jge4 ,the ,,athen,,um says this edition is a marvel of beauty1 cheapness1 and compactness4444 ,for the busy man1 above all for the working student1 this is the best of all existing ,shakespeares4 ,and the ,,pall ,,mall ,,gazette observes3 ,to have produced the complete works of the world's greatest poet in such a form1 and at a price within the reach of every one1 is of itself almost sufficient to give the publishers a claim to be considered public benefactors4 ,spenser's ,complete ,works4 ,edited from the ,original ,editions and ,manuscripts1 by ,r4 ,,morris1 with a ,memoir by ,j4 ,w4 ,,hales1 ,m4,a4 ,with ,glossary4 pp4 lv41 #gcf4 ,worthy--and higher praise it needs not--of the beautiful ',globe ,series4' ,the work is edited with all the care so noble a poet deserves4--,,daily ,,news4 ,sir ,walter ,scott's ,poetical ,works4 ,edited with a ,biographical and ,critical ,memoir by ,,francis ,,turner ,,palgrave1 and copious ,notes4 pp4 xliii41 #eei4 ,we can almost sympathise with a middle-aged grumbler1 who1 after reading ,mr4 ,palgrave's memoir and introduction1 should exclaim--',why was there not such an edition of ,scott when ,i was a schoolboy8'--,,guardian4 ,complete ,works of ,robert ,burns4--,,the ,,poems1 ,,songs1 ,,and ,,letters1 edited from the best ,printed and ,manuscript ,authorities1 with ,glossarial ,index1 ,notes1 and a ,biographical ,memoir by ,,alexander ,,smith4 pp4 lxii41 #fcf4 ,admirable in all respects4--,,spectator4 ,the cheapest1 the most perfect1 and the most interesting edition which has ever been published4--,,bell',s ,,messenger4 ,robinson ,crusoe4 ,edited after the ,original ,editions1 with a ,biographical ,introduction by ,,henry ,,kingsley4 pp4 xxxi41 #fjg4 ,a most excellent and in every way desirable edition4--,,court ,,circular4 ,macmillan's ',globe' ,robinson ,crusoe is a book to have and to keep4--,,morning ,,star4 ,goldsmith's ,miscellaneous ,works4 ,edited1 with ,biographical ,introduction1 by ,professor ,,masson4 pp4 lx41 #fie4 ,such an admirable compendium of the facts of ,goldsmith's life1 and so careful and minute a delineation of the mixed traits of his peculiar character as to be a very model of a literary biography in little4--,,scotsman4 ,pope's ,poetical ,works4 ,edited1 with ,notes and ,introductory ,memoir1 by ,,adolphus ,,william ,,ward1 ,m4,a41 ,fellow of ,st4 ,peter's ,college1 ,cambridge1 and ,professor of ,history in ,owens ,college1 ,manchester4 pp4 lii41 #ejh4 ,the ,,literary ,,churchman remarks3 ,the editor's own notes and introductory memoir are excellent1 the memoir alone would be cheap and well worth buying at the price of the whole volume4 ,dryden's ,poetical ,works4 ,edited1 with a ,memoir1 ,revised ,text1 and ,notes1 by ,w4 ,d4 ,,christie1 ,m4,a41 of ,trinity ,college1 ,cambridge4 pp4 lxxxvii41 #ffb4 ,an admirable edition1 the result of great research and of a careful revision of the text4 ,the memoir prefixed contains1 within less than ninety pages1 as much sound criticism and as comprehensive a biography as the student of ,dryden need desire4--,,pall ,,mall ,,gazette4 ,cowper's ,poetical ,works4 ,edited1 with ,notes and ,biographical ,introduction1 by ,,william ,,benham1 ,vicar of ,addington and ,professor of ,modern ,history in ,queen's ,college1 ,london4 pp4 lxxiii41 #ecf4 ,mr4 ,benham's edition of ,cowper is one of permanent value4 ,the biographical introduction is excellent1 full of information1 singularly neat and readable and modest--indeed too modest in its comments4 ,the notes are concise and accurate1 and the editor has been able to discover and introduce some hitherto unprinted matter4 ,altogether the book is a very excellent one4--,,saturday ,,review4 ,morte d',arthur4--,,sir ,,thomas ,,malory',s ,,book ,,of ,,king ,,arthur ,,and ,,of ,,his ,,noble ,,knights ,,of ,,the ,,round ,,table4 ,the original ,edition of ,,caxton1 revised for ,modern ,use4 ,with an ,introduction by ,sir ,,edward ,,strachey1 ,bart4 pp4 xxxvii41 #eji4 ,it is with perfect confidence that we recommend this edition of the old romance to every class of readers4--,,pall ,,mall ,,gazette4 ,the ,works of ,virgil4 ,rendered into ,english ,prose1 with ,introductions1 ,notes1 ,running ,analysis1 and an ,index4 ,by ,,james ,,lonsdale1 ,m4,a41 late ,fellow and ,tutor of ,balliol ,college1 ,oxford1 and ,classical ,professor in ,king's ,college1 ,london2 and ,,samuel ,,lee1 ,m4,a41 ,latin ,lecturer at ,university ,college1 ,london4 pp4 #bhh4 ,a more complete edition of ,virgil in ,english it is scarcely possible to conceive than the scholarly work before us4--,,globe4 ,the ,works of ,horace4 ,rendered into ,english ,prose1 with ,introductions1 ,running ,analysis1 ,notes1 and ,index4 ,by ,,john ,,lonsdale1 ,m4,a41 and ,,samuel ,,lee1 ,m4,a4 ,the ,,standard says1 ,to classical and non-classical readers it will be invaluable as a faithful interpretation of the mind and meaning of the poet1 enriched as it is with notes and dissertations of the highest value in the way of criticism1 illustration1 and explanation4 ,,london3 ,r4 ,,clay1 ,,sons1 ,,and ,,taylor1 ,,printers4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,footnotes have been moved to the end of each chapter and renumbered consecutively through the document4 oe changed to oe3 p4 #ad 7d'oeuvre7 ,punctuation has been made consistent4 ,variations in spelling and hyphenation were retained as they appear in the original publication1 except as noted below4 ,changes have been made as follows3 ,page #id1 footnote #ab3 ,greek transliterated to ,english 7,greek agap27 ,page #agh3 ,mallett changed to ,mallet 7,mallet1 ,robert1 reminiscences7 ,catalog p4 #b3 ,book's changed to ,book 7wish ',sybil's ,book' a wide7 ,catalog p4 #d3 ,j4 ,w4 ,m4 changed to ,j4 ,m4 ,w4 7by ,j4 ,m4 ,w4 ,turner2 ,the7 ,catalog p4 #g3 ,gree changed to ,greek 7from the ,greek ,anthology47 ,catalog p4 #bh3 ,is changed to ,it 7,it puts the reader in possession7