,,d5t',s ,,mod]n ,,language ,,s]ies4 ,,g5]al ,,editor3 ,,walt] ,,rippmann1 ,m4,a4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,special ,,note4 ,a complete descriptive catalogue 7#cb pp47 ( ! books issu$ 9 ?is ,s]ies may be _h1 po/ free1 on application to ,messrs4 ,j4 ,m4 ,d5t ,sons1 ,ltd41 ,b$=d ,/reet1 ,london1 ,w4,c4 ,applicants may h re-issues ( ?is ,li/1 f "t to "t1 ^u furni%+ _! "n & address to ! publi%]s4 ,all books are ,extra ,fcap4 #hvo4 ,clo? ,b\nd1 unless o!rwise not$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,fr5* ,,c\rses4 ,,d5t',s ,,fr5* ,,prim]4 ,by ,w4 ,e4 ,m4 ,,llewellyn1 ,b4,a41 ,b4,sc4 ,"p #a1 ,phonetic ,text2 ,"p #b1 ,transition ,spell+4 ,price #h;d4 ea*4 ,design$ z an introduction to ,alge & ,rippmann's ,fir/ ,fr5* ,book4 ,tw5ty-second ,edition 7complet+ #bjj1ejj copies74 ,,d5t',s ,,fir/ ,,fr5* ,,book4 ,by ,s4 ,,alge & ,,walt] ,,rippmann4 ,cr4 #hvo1 #bs4 ,we "k ( no bett] book to />t ,fr5* on4 --,! ,j\rnal ( ,education4 ,! e>ly lessons ( ! ,fir/ ,fr5* ,book 9 ! transcription ( ! ,int]national ,phonetic ,association are issu$ sep>ately at #f;d4 net1 = tea*]s :o pref] to beg9 ) phonetic script only4 ,= ,wall ,pictures to accompany ! ,fir/ ,fr5* ,book see ,fr5* ,life & ,ways4 ,fif? ,edition1 ,enl>g$ & ,revis$4 ,,h9ts ,,on ,,tea*+ ,,fr5*4 ,) a ,runn+ ,comm5t>y to ,d5t's ,fir/ ,fr5* ,book & ,second ,fr5* ,book4 ,by ,,walt] ,,rippmann4 #as4 #f;d4 net4 ,n9? ,edition 7complet+ #de1jjj copies74 ,,d5t',s ,,second ,,fr5* ,,book4 ,by ,s4 ,,alge & ,,walt] ,,rippmann4 #bs4 ,,fr5* ,,gramm> ,,composition4 ,,premi,,re ,,grammaire ,,fran,,aise4 ,by ,h4 ,e4 ,,b]?on1 ,taylorian ,lectur] 9 ,fr5* at ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d4 #bs4 ,sev5? ,edition1 ,revis$4 ,,d5t',s ,,fir/ ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,fr5* ,,gramm>4 ,by ,miss ,f4 ,m4 ,s4 ,,bat*elor4 #as4 #d;d4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,,d5t',s ,,fur!r ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,fr5* ,,gramm>4 ,by ,miss ,f4 ,m4 ,s4 ,,bat*elor4 #as4 #d;d4 ,key #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,outl9es ,,( ,,fr5* ,,hi/orical ,,gramm>4 ,) ,repres5tative ,fr5* ,texts4 ,by ,pr(4 ,a4 ,t4 ,,bak]1 ,m4,a4 7,camb471 ,ph4,d4 7,heidelb]g74 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,d5t',s ,,s*ool ,,gramm> ,,( ,,mod]n ,,fr5*4 ,) ,special ,sections deal+ ) ! ,language ( ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury4 ,by ,g4 ,h4 ,,cl>ke1 ,m4,a41 & ,c4 ,j4 ,,murray1 ,b4,a4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,second ,edition4 ,a ,,fr5* ,,v]b ,,ex]cise ,,book4 ,by ,miss ,c4 ,f4 ,,%e>son1 ,m4,a4 ,cr[n #dto1 ,wrapp]$1 #i;d4 net4 ,,easy ,,free ,,composition ,,9 ,,fr5*4 ,by ,miss ,l4 ,m4 ,,bull4 #as4 #d;d4 ,second ,edition4 ,,free ,,composition ,,& ,,essay ,,writ+ ,,9 ,,fr5*4 ,by ,a4 ,,pratt & ,,anto9e ,,philib]t4 #as4 #d;d4 ,second ,edition4 ,,phonetics4 ,,fr5* ,,spee* ,,& ,,spell+4 ,by ,s4 ,a4 ,,ri*>ds1 ,b4,a4 ,a ,fir/ ,guide to ,fr5* ,pronunciation4 #h;d4 ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,fr5* ,,pronunciation ,,& ,,diction4 ,by ,b4 ,,dumville1 ,b4,a4 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,a ,,fr5* ,,phonetic ,,read]4 ,by ,s4 ,a4 ,,ri*>ds1 ,b4,a4 #as4 #f;d4 ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,phonetics--,,engli%1 ,,fr5*1 ,,& ,,g]man4 ,translat$ & adapt$ by ,,walt] ,,rippmann1 f ,pr(essor ,,vi,,tor's ,kle9e ,phonetik4 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,fif? ,edition1 ,revis$4 ,,! ,,s\nds ,,( ,,engli%4 ,,les ,,sons ,,du ,,fran,,ais4 ,,deuts*e ,,laute4 ,?ree ,*>ts1 size #cj by #cj in*es4 ,unm\nt$1 #as4 net ea*4 ,m\nt$ on ,l951 #bs4 #f;d4 net2 ,m\nt$ on ,l95 & ,roll]s1 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,small reproductions ( ea* *>t are sold 9 packets ( #cj1 price #as4 ,a ,,set ,,( ,,s\nd ,,*>ts4 ,%[+ ,tongue & ,lip ,positions4 ,design$ by ,d4 ,,jones1 ,m4,a4 & ,f4 ,,raus*4 ,p] ,set ( #i ,*>ts1 #abs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,%ort ,,fr5* ,,read]s4 #dh pp4 #d;d4 ea* vol4 ,,second ,,ye> ,,fr5* ,,read]s-- ,,contes ,,de ,,p]rault4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,,yvon ,,et ,,f9ette4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,p\c9et4 ,,la ,,mule ,,du ,,pape 7& ,o!r ,/ories74 ,,les ,,quatorze ,,sa9ts4 ,,?ird ,,ye> ,,fr5* ,,read]s-- #dh pp4 #d;d4 p] vol4 ,l',l,,phant ,,blanc4 ,,un ,,pisode ,,s\s ,,la ,,t]reur4 ,,daudet1 ,,contes4 ,,le ,,monde ,o ,l',,on ,,se ,,bat4 ,l',,affaire ,,des ,,contreb&i]s4 ,,le ,,tr,,sor ,,du ,,vieux ,,seigneur4 ,,f\r? ,,ye> ,,fr5* ,,read]s-- #fd pp4 #f;d4 p] vol4 ,,le ,x,i,xme ,,si,,cle4 ,,la ,r,,volution ,,fran,,aise4 ,,un ,,m]le ,,blanc4 ,t,l,,maque4 ,,le ,,bi5v5u 7,,jean ,,valjean74 ,,long] ,,fr5* ,,read]s4 ,,les ,p,,l]9s ,,de ,,la ,,tamise4 ,) ,notes & ,ex]cises by ,,*ri/9e ,,boyd4 #as4 #f;d4 ,,p\r ,,la ,,patrie ,,et ,,autres ,,contes4 ,by ,,jetta ,s4 ,,wolff4 #as4 #d;d4 ,l',,homme ,,v]t1 et ,autres ,contes de ,fes4 ,by ,,jetta ,s4 ,,wolff4 #as4 #d;d4 ,,une ,,joyeuse ,,ni*,e4 ,by ,madame ,,de ,,press5s4 ,edit$1 ) ,ex]cises & a ,gloss>y1 by ,s4 ,,alge4 ,illu/rat$ by ,c4 ,e4 ,brock4 #as4 #i;d4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,,fables ,,de ,,la ,,fonta9e4 ,) ,notes1 ,ex]cises1 etc41 by ,,?omas ,,ke5 7,! ,high ,s*ool1 ,glasg[74 #as4 #f;d4 ,,les ,,feuilles ,d',,automne ,,de ,,victor ,,hugo4 ,edit$ by ,h4 ,c4 ,,norman1 ,b4,a4 #as4 #d;d4 ,,dialogues ,,& ,,plays4 ,,fables ,,en ,,action4 ,by ,,violet ,,p>t+ton4 #as4 ,,tableaux ,,m\vants4 ,by ,,lilian ,c4 ,,p+4 #as4 #d;d4 ,,episodes ,,en ,,action4 ,) a ,phonetic ,transcript4 ,by ,j4 ,,/u>t ,,walt]s4 #as4 #d;d4 ,l',,ent5te ,,cordiale ,,la ,,campagne4 ,by ,,cl,,m5ce ,,saunois4 #as4 #f;d4 ,,?ree ,,%ort ,,plays4 ,by ,,s\ve/re4 ,edit$ by ,,m>gu]ite ,,n9et4 #as4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,be/ ,,fr5* ,,plays4 ,edit$ by ,,walt] ,,rippmann1 ,m4,a4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 clo?4 ,,s$a9e3 ,,le ,,philosophe ,,sans ,,le ,,savoir4 #c;d4 ,,musset3 ,,ou ,,ne ,,saurait ,,passe ,a ,,t\t4 #c;d4 ,,mme4 ,,de ,,gir>d93 ,,la ,,joie ,,fait ,,peur4 #c;d4 ,,labi*e3 ,,le ,,grammaire4 #c;d4 ,,labi*e ,,et ,,m>t93 ,,le ,,voyage ,,de ,m4 ,,p]ri*on4 #c;d4 ,,m>ivaux3 ,,le ,,jeu ,,de ,l',,am\r ,,et ,,du ,,has>d4 #c;d4 ,,d5t',s ,,long] ,,fr5* ,,texts4 ,,la ,,bruy]e3 ,,c>act,,res4 ,notes by ,h4 ,o',,grady4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 clo?1 #as4 #f;d4 ,,octave ,,feuillet3 ,,le ,,roman ,d',,un ,,jeune ,,homme ,,pauvre4 ,,pr(ils ,,anglais3 ,,sa9te-,,beuve4 ,notes by ,h4 ,o',,grady4 ,,dumas3 ,,la ,,tulipe ,,noire4 ,notes by ,h4 ,o',,grady4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 clo?1 #bs4 ,,fr5* ,,life ,,& ,,ways4 ,,features ,,( ,,fr5* ,,life4 ,by ,f4 ,r4 ,,rob]t4 ,p>ts ,i4 & ,,ii4 #as4 ea* volume4 ,,tony ,,et ,,sa ,s,,ur ,,en ,,france4 ,rcit de ,voyage avec notes et app5dices sur les g5s et les *oses4 ,by ,j4 ,,duhamel4 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,see end ( ,book = cont9uation4 ,j4 ,m4 ,,d5t ,,sons1 ,limit$4 ,d5t's ,mod]n ,language ,s]ies ,,edit$ ,,by ,,walt] ,,rippmann1 ,m4,a4 ,,! ,,s\nds ,,( ,,spok5 ,,engli% ,all rights res]v$ ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,organs ,,( ,,spee*4 ,plate ,,iii4 9 ,a4 v4 ,lus*ka's ',d] ,s*lundkopf des ,m5s*51' reproduc$ by p]mission ( ! ,publi%]s1 ,messrs ,h4 ,laupp ,co41 ,tb+54 ,,! ,,s\nds ,,( ,,spok5 ,,engli% ,a ,,manual ,,( ,,e> ,,tra9+ ,,= ,,engli% ,,/ud5ts ,,by ,,walt] ,,rippmann ,illu/ration ,,london3 ,j4 ,m4 ,,d5t ,,sons1 ,,ltd4 ,,b$=d ,,/reet1 ,w4,c4 ,,mcmx ,fir/ ,edition 7#cjjj copies71 ,janu>y #aijf ,second ,edition 7#bejj copies71 ,novemb] #aijg ,?ird ,edition 7#cjjj copies71 ,may #aiji ,f\r? ,edition 7#djjj copies71 ,decemb] #aiaj ,messrs ,j4 ,m4 ,,d5t ,,sons also publi% ! foll[+ ,books on ,phonetics3-- ,extra fcap4 #hvo1 #as4 net ,,specim5s ,,( ,,engli% ,,spok51 ,,read ,,& ,,recit$ ,?is is a companion volume to ! ,s\nds ( ,spok5 ,engli%4 ,x conta9s a c>efully graduat$ selection ( passages 9 prose & v]se1 transcrib$ ) ! signs ( ! ,int]national ,phonetic ,association1 & suppli$ ) ex]cises4 ,^! & p>allel passages = practice are also giv5 9 ord9>y type4 ,! ,s\nds ( ,spok5 ,engli% & ,specim5s c also be obta9$ 9 "o volume1 price #bs4 net ,extra fcap4 #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 net ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,phonetics ,,engli%1 ,,fr5* ,,& ,,g]man ,translat$ & ,adapt$ by ,,walt] ,,rippmann f ,pr(essor ,vitor's ,kle9e ,phonetik ,extra fcap4 #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 net ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,fr5* ,,pronunciation ,,& ,,diction ,by ,b4 ,,dumville1 ,b4,a4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo1 #bs4 ,a ,,phonetic ,,fr5* ,,read] ,by ,s4 ,a4 ,,ri*>ds1 ,b4,a4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo1 #h;d4 ,,fr5* ,,spee* ,,& ,,spell+ ,a ,fir/ ,guide to ,fr5* ,pronunciation ,by ,s4 ,a4 ,,ri*>ds1 ,b4,a4 ,,rippmann',s ,,s\nd ,,*>ts ,,! ,,s\nds ,,( ,,engli%--,,les ,,sons ,,du ,,fran,,ais--,,deuts*e ,,laute ,size #cj #cj in*es4 ,price1 ,unm\nt$1 #as4 net2 ,m\nt$ on ,l951 #bs4 #f;d4 net1 ) ,roll]s1 #cs4 #f;d4 net ,small reproductions ( ! *>ts1 ) a table ( keywords3 #cj copies = #as4 ,! alphabet ( ! ,int]national ,phonetic ,association adopt$ 9 ^! books is also us$ 9 ,d5t's ,fir/ ,engli% ,book1 ,fir/ ,fr5* ,book1 ,fir/ ,g]man ,book1 ,fir/ ,spani% ,book1 ,fir/ ,lat9 ,book1 & o!r volumes ( ,d5t's ,mod]n ,language ,s]ies4 ,,note ,z ! title ( ?is book is ambiti\s1 & ! sub-title may n suffice to indicate its limitations1 x is well to w>n ! read] t he w f9d no exhau/ive treatm5t ( ,engli% spee* s\nds4 ,t w\ld h requir$ k great] ?an m9e1 & m space ?an 0 at my disposal4 ,! little book is an attempt to ga9 fell[-work]s 9 a field :i* is unduly neglect$1 yet full ( promise4 ,fasc9at+ inde$ are ! problems af=d$ by ! spee* ( ^? ar\nd u2 p]plex+ (t51 /imulat+ to fur!r inquiry4 ,x 0 9 tea*+ ! pronunciation ( =eign languages t ,i fir/ realis$ h[ important x is to acquire a k ( ! s\nds ( ! "m tongue4 ,be=e ! le>n] c acquire ! fre% habits ( spee* peculi> to ! =eign language1 8 tea*] mu/ "k cle>ly :at di/+ui%es ! new s\nds f ^? famili> 9 ! "m tongue1 = only !n c ! =eign pronunciation be imp>t$ 9 a me?odical way4 ,x has be5 %[n conv9c+ly t x is va9 to tru/ altoge!r to imitation1 h[ev] correct & cle> may be ! pronunciation ( ! tea*]4 ,! book may !re=e be useful to ! tea*] ( =eign languages2 b x is int5d$ also = a l>g] circle4 ,9 our ,tra9+ ,colleges1 not$ = e>ne/ "w1 ! importance ( ! spok5 language has long be5 felt1 & mu* att5tion has be5 devot$ to ! cultivation ( ! voice4 ,my object has n be5 to write on voice production1 ?\gh occasional ref]5ce to ! subject has be5 made4 ,x has n be5 my aim to say h[ ! language ought to be spok51 to improve ^u ! ord9>y spee* ( our day1 b to repres5t x to ! be/ ( my ability1 & to enable o!rs to di/+ui% spee* s\nds :5 !y he> !m4 ,if x be desirable to improve ^u our spee*1 its pres5t condition & t5d5cies mu/ fir/ be det]m9$4 ,! difficulties ( ! und]tak+ h be5 consid]able2 ,i confess t ,i h (t5 giv5 my impressions r ?an ! well-sub/antiat$ results ( obs]vation4 ,i am confid5t t p>ticul>ly ^? :o h _h no phonetic tra9+ w reg>d z slip%od "s ( ! pronunciations :i* ,i /ate to be usual4 ,i c only ask !m to put aside all preconceiv$ notions ( :at is correct1 & to li/5 c>efully to ! uncon/ra9$ spee* ( _! fri5ds4 ,if !y /ill f9d t ! facts d n be> out :at is "h /at$1 !y w d me a s]vice by s5d+ me _! corrections4 ,! le>n$ critic :o *ances to take up ?is book may feel (f5d$ t ,i %\ld h treat$ phonetics 9 s conv]sational a tone1 & disappo9t$ at f9d+ little or no?+ ) :i* he is n well acqua9t$4 ,my endeav\r has be5 to put ?+s v simply1 & to make ! beg9n] 9 phonetics he> = himself4 ,x is only a fir/ /ep2 b ,i am n )\t hope t "s w be induc$ to take a second /ep & a ?ird1 until ! numb] ( /ud5ts is f> l>g] ?an at pres5t4 ,! tea*]s 9 our s*ools h _h scant opportunities = e>-tra9+1 & ! "m tongue has sadly suff]$4 ,i h be5 mu* enc\rag$ 9 my "w by ! g5]\s help ( fri5ds2 to ,pr(4 ,a4 ,t4 ,bak]1 ,mr ,w4 ,osborne ,brig/ocke1 ,pr9cipal ,a4 ,burrell1 ,dr ,e4 ,r4 ,edw>ds1 ,miss ,e4 ,fog]ty1 ,mr ,w4 ,w4 ,greg1 ,dr ,h4 ,f4 ,hea?1 ,dr ,r4 ,j4 ,lloyd1 ,mr ,r4 ,b4 ,mc,kerrow1 & ,pr(4 ,g4 ,c4 ,moore ,smi?1 ,i am mu* indebt$ = useful & sugge/ive criticisms4 ,,walt] ,,rippmann ,,london #a/ ,novemb] #aije ,i am glad to say t x has n be5 necess>y to make any f>-rea*+ *anges 9 ! lat] editions4 ,t ! book has ar\s$ int]e/ is evid5t2 & if its read]s h n agre$ ) x 9 e detail1 t is :at ,i fully anticipat$ & ev5 desir$1 = its object 0 to r5d] /ud5ts m critical 9 _! consid]ation ( ! spok5 language4 ,to make a dogmatic pron\ncem5t on all po9ts w\ld h be5 mislead+4 ,?is book has n[ be5 supplem5t$ by a volume ( ,specim5s ( ,engli%1 9 :i* ,i h giv51 9 ! phonetic transcription1 a numb] ( passages rang+ 9 /yle f ! c>eful & elevat$ to ! colloquial & famili>4 ,w4 ,r4 ,decemb] #aiaj4 ,,cont5ts ,,sect4 ,,page ,,introduction #a #a4 ,purpose ( ! ,book #a #b4 ,diff]5t ,ways ( ,approa*+ ! ,subject ( ,spok5 ,engli% #b #c4 ,/&>d ,spee* #c ,,! ,,organs ,,( ,,spee* #f #d4 ,brea?+ #f #e4 ,good ,air #g #f4 ,! ,vocal ,*ords #i #g4 ,voice #ab #h4 ,! ,velum2 ,nasalis+ #ad #i4 ,! ,m\? ,passage2 ,v[el & ,consonant #af #aj4 ,cont9uants #ag #aa4 ,/ops #ag #ab4 ,place ( ,closure or ,n>r[+ #ah #ac4 ,! ,epiglottis #ah #ad4 ,good ,he>+ #ai #ae4 ,%\t+ #bj #af4 ,,! ,,repres5tation ,,( ,,spee* ,,s\nds #bj #ag4 ,! ,inadequacy ( ! ,spell+2 its ,causes #ba #ah4 ,spell+ ,re=m #bc #ai4 ,! ,ne$ ( a ,phonetic ,alphabet #bd #bj4 ,! ,s\nds ( ,/&>d ,engli% #bd ,,! ,,s\nds ,,consid]$ ,,sep>ately #bh #ba4 ,/ops #bh #bb4 ,lip ,/ops #bi #bc4 ,! ,tongue & its ,p>ts #cj #bd4 ,tee? ,/ops #ca #be4 ,front & ,back ,/ops #cb #bf4 ,cont9uants2 ,lip ,cont9uants #ce #bg4 ,lip ,tee? ,cont9uants #cf #bh4 ,tee? ,cont9uants #cg #bi4 ,! ,hu%+ ,s\nds #ch #cj4 ,! ,hiss+ ,s\nds #dj #ca4 ,! ,lisp+ ,s\nds #db #cb4 ,! ,liquids2 ! r ,s\nds #dc #cc4 ,! l ,s\nds #df #cd4 ,front & ,back ,cont9uants #dh #ce4 ,! h ,s\nds #ej #cf4 ,v[els #ec #cg4 ,! a ,s\nds #ec #ch4 a & #ee #ci4 ,! ,front ,v[els1 & #eg #dj4 ai & au #ei #da4 ,middle & ,close e #fj #db4 ,! i ,s\nds #fa #dc4 ,! ,back ,v[els2 ,op5 o #fc #dd4 ,middle & ,close o #fg #de4 ,! u ,s\nds #fh #df4 ,,s\nds ,,9 ,,connect$ ,,spee* #gb #dg4 ,/rong & ,weak ,=ms #gb #dh4 ,un/ress$ ,lax i #gd #di4 ,assimilation #gd #ej4 ,simplification ( ,consonant ,gr\ps #gg #ea4 ,/ress ( ! ,^w #hj #eb4 ,sonority2 ! ,syllable #hc #ec4 ,/ress ( ! ,s5t5ce2 ,scann+ #he #ed4 ,/ress #hg #ee4 ,pit* #hh ,,conclusion #hi #ef4 ,importance ( ,e>-,tra9+ #hi #eg4 ,public ,speak+ #ij 99 99 99 99 99 ,,app5dices-- ,i4 ,ex]cises #ic ,,ii4 ,li/s ( ,words ) ,phonetic ,transcription #ig ,a4 ,g5]al #ih ,b4 ,prop] ,names #aaa ,,iii4 ,on ! ,tea*+ ( ,read+ #abj ,,iv4 ,diagrams #aba ,,introduction #a4 ,t a book deal+ ) ,engli% pronunciation 9 q a simple way %\ld yet be int5d$ = ,engli% read]s r ?an = =eign]s may seem to require "s explanation4 ,h ,i n be5 talk+ ,engli% all my life8 ! read] may ask2 :y %\ld ,i conc]n myself ) ! pronunciation ( my "m tongue8 ,if he is q satisfi$ ) ! way 9 :i* he speaks1 & ne$s no help 9 tea*+ o!rs to speak1 !n ?is little book is inde$ sup]flu\s--= him2 b exp]i5ce has %[n t !re are _m :o are grop+ ab\t 9 d>kness1 anxi\s = light on ! subject4 ,x is above all ! tea*] :o is con/antly br\ght face to face ) "s difficulty on ! "p ( a pupil4 ,he realises t some?+ is wrong 9 ! pronunciation ( a ^w1 b he _c cle>ly tell :]e ! fault lies2 he tru/s t improvem5t w foll[ if he repeat$ly utt]s ! ^w correctly pron\nc$ & gets ! pupil to say x aft] him4 ,to 8 di/ress ! pupil /ill says ! ^w 9 ! old way1 & at la/ ! tea*] gives up 9 despair4 ,:5 a =eign language is attempt$1 ! difficulties become ev5 m app>5t2 b ^! we d n propose to consid] "h1 except 9 s f> z !y ?r[ light on our imm$iate subject1 ! pronunciation ( ,engli%4 #b4 ,!re are sev]al ways ( approa*+ ! "q4 ,we may turn our att5tion ma9ly to ! requirem5ts ( ! public speak]--cl]gyman1 actor1 s+]1 lectur]1 recit]1 or politician2 ?is is ! prov9ce ( ! tea*]s ( elocution4 ,x mu/ be confess$ t ^! h r>ely _h a sci5tific tra9+2 9 _m cases !y base _! tea*+ on _! own exp]i5ce z recit]s & on :at _! p[]s ( obs]vation h enabl$ !m to le>n f _! pupils2 & !y frequ5tly h& on traditions obta9$ f _! own tea*]s1 :i* may h no?+ b old age to recomm5d !m4 ,x is to be fe>$ t ! majority ( ^? pr(ess+ to tea* elocution are little bett] ?an quacks2 & by no "o is ?is m readily ackn[l$g$ ?an by ! few :o h made an e>ne/ /udy ( ! art ( public speak+ & s++4 ,! physici/ consid]s ! production ( s\nds f ano!r po9t ( view2 he measures ! waves ( s\nd ) delicate in/rum5ts4 ,! physiologi/1 aga91 /udies ! organs ( spee* 9 a /ate ( heal? & sickness4 ,f all ^! ! phonetician d]ives assi/ance4 ,8 conc]n is ! spok5 language g5]ally4 ,he seeks to asc]ta9 h[ s\nds are produc$1 & h[ !y are repres5t$ 9 writ+2 he traces ! *anges :i* s\nds und]go accord+ to "t & place2 he attempts to det]m9e ! /&>d ( spee* = 8 own "t & 8 own surr\nd+s2 he consid]s h[ ! pronunciation is be/ imp>t$ to ! "y & to =eign]s4 ,:5 ! read] has come to ! end ( ?is little book1 he w see h[ complicat$ ^! problems are1 & h[ mu* yet awaits solution2 he may also h acquir$ "s int]e/ 9 ^! problems & desire to give 8 help4 ,su* help is urg5tly ne$$2 ! numb] ( s]i\s /ud5ts is di/ress+ly small1 & real progress c only be made if _! numb] gr[s consid]ably4 #c4 ,ref]5ce has be5 made to ! "q ( /&>d spee*2 x is conv5i5t to discuss ?is at once1 z ! /&>d select$ naturally affects ! way 9 :i* ! subject ( ,engli% pronunciation is treat$4 ,x is g5]ally agre$ t !re are two pr9cipal types ( ,engli% spee*3 ,s\!rn ,engli%1 ( :i* ,dr ,h4 ,sweet is ! be/ kn[n expon5t2 & ,nor!rn ,engli%1 :i* ,dr ,r4 ,j4 ,lloyd has describ$ 9 an excell5t book4 ,s\!rn ,engli% may be def9$ z ! ,engli% spok5 9 ,london4 ,! def9ition w at once /rike ! read] z requir+ "s modification--= :at =m ( ,engli% is n spok5 9 ,london8 & ! dialect 7or r set ( dialects7 peculi> to ,london & kn[n z cockney is c]ta9ly n to be set up z ! /&>d4 ,! object ( spee* is to communicate :at is 9 ! m9d ( ! speak] to o!rs2 ! m adequately x atta9s ?is end1 ! bett] x is4 ,if !re is any?+ 9 ! mann] ( spee* :i* attracts att5tion to itself 7= example1 talk9' 9 place ( talk+1 or 'ot = hot71 !n our att5tion is di/ract$ f ! subject discuss$2 we say t su* faulty spee* j>s ^u u4 ,! same is true if ! pronunciation is indi/9ct1 or ! voice pit*$ too high1 or if ! speak] /amm]s2 we !n suff] f ! /ra9 ( li/5+1 & aga9 ! object ( spee*1 to communicate ?\ght1 is n atta9$ ) ! lea/ am\nt ( ef=t4 ,x foll[s naturally f :at has be5 said t x is our duty t[>ds our fell[s to speak 9 su* a way t no?+ j>s on _! e>1 no?+ /ra9s _! att5tion4 ,to reta9 c]ta9 peculi>ities ( spee* :i* we "k to diff] f g5]al usage is no?+ %ort ( rud5ess4 ,9 a great man we may ov]look x1 9 ackn[l$gm5t ( ! s]vices he has r5d]$ to mank9d2 b we :o are 9 a humbl] position mu/ endeav\r to r5d] x z easy & pleasant z possible = o!rs to foll[ :at we say4 ,we are n[ able to give a bett] def9ition ( /&>d spee* z consid]$ 9 ?is book3 x is t =m ( spok5 ,engli% :i* w appe> to ! majority ( educat$ ,london]s z entirely free f unusual features4 ,?is spee* w be acceptable n only 9 ,london1 b ?r\gh\t ! s\? ( ,engl&2 !re is reason to believe t x is spread+ & n[h]e w x be un9telligible or ev5 objectionable4 ,x mu/ be confess$ t on "s po9ts !re is unc]ta9ty1#a & ^! w be discuss$ lat]4 ,language is always *ang+1 & ! y\ng] g5]ation does n speak exactly z ! old] g5]ation does4 ,! /&>d ( to-day w no long] be ! /&>d a hundr$ ye>s h5ce4 ,nev]!less1 x is well to inquire :at may be reg>d$ z ! be/ spee* ( our own day1 ) a view to con=m+ to ?is spee* & tea*+ its use to our pupils4 ,! "q may "h be rais$ :e!r we are to re/ cont5t ) ! /&>d spee* z "h def9$1 or %\ld /rive to improve x1 = in/ance by aim+ at simple v[els in/ead ( diph?ongs1 or by c>efully utt]+ consonants :i* are n[ commonly dropp$4 ,ev5 if x be desirable1 x may well be d\bt$ :e!r x is possible1 s subtle are ! *anges 9 our pronunciation1 & s unconsci\sly are !y p]=m$4 ,!re is a deep-seat$ t5d5cy to economy ( ef=t1 :i* x w\ld be idle to ignore4 ,x mu/ always be rememb]$ t ! phonetician is prim>ily conc]n$ ) ! "q h[ p actually speak2 ! det]m9ation ( ?is mu/ ne$s prec$e any attempt to decide h[ p ought to speak4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages we %all consid] ! organs ( spee*1 ! v>i\s classes ( s\nds1 & h[ ^! are produc$4 ,!n we inquire into _! comb9ation to =m words1 & ! comb9ation ( words 9 s5t5ces4 ,incid5tally we notice colloquial t5d5cies1 ! requirem5ts ( public speak+1 & o!r topics aris+ naturally f our subject4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,x might be ?\ght t ref]5ce to a diction>y w\ld be suffici5t to settle disput$ po9ts4 ,h[ev]1 x may be said t no diction>y--n ev5 ! famili> ,web/] or ! great ,ox=d ,engli% diction>y1 n[ 9 c\rse ( publication--c be implicitly tru/$ 9 matt]s ( pronunciation4 ,,! ,,organs ,,( ,,spee* #d4 ,= speak+ we ne$ brea?4 ,9 ord9>y brea?+ we take ab\t ! same "t to draw ! brea? into ! lungs z to let x out4 ,9 ,engli% spee* we use only ! brea? :i* is let out2 & :5 we are speak+ we accord+ly draw x 9 quickly & let x out sl[ly4 ,?is requires c>eful adju/m5t2 if we are n c>eful1 our brea? gives out 9 ! middle ( a s5t5ce4 ,?is is "o ( ! ?+s t j>1 & mu/ be avoid$4 ,! m brea? we c draw 9 7or inhale7 at once1 ! long] we c use x = spee* z we let x out 7or exhale x74 ,x is !re=e to our advantage to gr[ accu/om$ to tak+ deep brea?s1 & ?us to increase ! capacity ( ! lungs4 ,deep brea?s expresses exactly :at is want$4 ,! lungs are l two ela/ic bell[s4 ,we may exp& !m only a little2 we c exp& !m a great deal4 ,! /ud5t %\ld make himself famili> ) ! %ape ( ! lungs4 ,!y occupy ! *e/1 :i* is a k9d ( box ) ela/ic sides & bottom4 ,! sides are held out by ! ribs1 & :5 ! two sets ( ribs are drawn ap>t1 ! sides ( ! box are made l>g]4 ,! bottom ( ! box 7call$ ! diaphragm7 is n flat1 b r\nd$1 bulg+ upw>ds :5 ! lungs are empty4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! diaphragm contracts s t brea? is drawn into ! lungs to _! full capacity1 x becomes practically flat4 ,if at ! same "t we ext5d ! ribs1 !n we h a consid]ably increas$ space = ! lungs4 ,(t51 h[ev]1 !re is ! less satisfactory k9d ( brea?+ 9 :i* ! ribs are n suffici5tly active4 ,! desc5d+ diaphragm !n presses on ! s(t p>ts und]nea?1 & ?is 9 turn leads to a pu%+ =w>d ( ! abdom54#b ,good brea?+ is ess5tial n only = ! s+] or ! public speak]2 x is ess5tial = e tea*] & = e pupil4 ,x is necess>y = good spee*1 & x is necess>y = good heal?4 ,! tea*] %\ld asc]ta9 z soon z possible :e!r 8 pupils are brea?+ well2 a simple te/ is to det]m9e h[ long !y c hold _! brea?4 ,!y %\ld c]ta9ly all be able to d s = =ty seconds1 & %\ld gradually le>n to emit a v[el s\nd = at lea/ ?irty seconds )\t a pause1 & ) uni=m pit* & volume4 ,brea?+ ex]cises %\ld =m a regul> "p ( ! pupils' physical tra9+1 & ! tea*] %\ld make a po9t ( draw+ ! in/ructor's special att5tion to pupils ^: brea?+ appe>s defective4 #e4 ,! tea*] %\ld also make sure t ! air brea!d is ! be/ procurable "u ! conditions2 he mu/ nev] relax 9 8 c>e t ! v5tilation is good4 ,! results ( rec5t rese>* h n yet be5 suffici5tly tak5 to he>t1 & mu* we>9ess & ill-heal? are /ill due to q avoidable causes4 ,x may be laid d[n z an absolute necessity t !re %\ld be a pause ( at lea/ five m9utes 9 ! w9t]1 & at lea/ t5 9 ! summ] betwe5 consecutive p]iods ( tea*+1 ! p]iods !mselves n exce$+ fifty m9utes1 ev5 9 ! case ( ! olde/ pupils ( s*ool age4 ,dur+ ! int]val ! doors & w9d[s %\ld be ?r[n wide op51 & ! room flu%$ ) fre% air4 ,! floor %\ld be ei!r ( h>d wood treat$ ) du/less oil or ( cork l9oleum4 ,! blackbo>d %\ld be wip$ ) a damp clo?1 9 ord] to prev5t ! *alk f vitiat+ ! air4 ,9 ?is way ! microbes & p>ticles ( du/ w be s5sibly r$uc$ 9 numb]1 & ! proportion ( oxyg5 9 ! air w rema9 satisfactory4 ,! seats & desks mu/ be ( su* a k9d t ! pupils w naturally assume positions fav\rable = good brea?+4 ,!y mu/ be graduat$ 9 size2 ! seats mu/ h suitably curv$ backs2 & !re mu/ be "s adju/m5t by :i* ! edge ( ! desk w ov]hang ! edge ( ! seat :5 ! pupils are writ+1 :]eas !re is a cle> space betwe5 !m :5 ! pupil /&s4 ,?is may be obta9$ ei!r by mak+ ! desk z a :ole1 or ! lid ( x1 move =w>d & backw>d2 or by mak+ ! seat movable4 ,x is n ! place "h to ent] into fur!r details ) reg>d to ^! important matt]s2 x mu/ suffice to rem9d ! tea*] t unceas+ p]sev]ance is requir$4 ,g5tly1 b firmly1 he mu/ insi/ t 8 pupils hold !mselves well2 n /iffly1 ( c\rse1 nor )\t v>iety ( position4 ,to sit rigidly means a great /ra9 = a *ild#c2 & x is v desirable t pupils %\ld h frequ5t opportunities ( *ang+ _! po/ure1 & especially ( re/+ aga9/ ! back ( ! seat4 #f4 ,x w (t5 be f\nd t a few m9utes giv5 to brea?+ ex]cises 9 ! middle ( a lesson w s]ve to fre%5 ! pupils4 ,an excell5t set ( ex]cises is giv5 9 ,dr ,hulb]t's ,brea?+ = ,voice ,production 7publ4 by ,novello71 :i* tea*]s w d well to read & to put into practice4#d ,_m ( ! ?roat tr\bles ( :i* tea*]s compla9 are directly due to bad brea?+ & bad v5tilation4 ,s++ & speak+ 9 *orus1 if he>tily done by all1 may be reg>d$ z admirable brea?+ ex]cises1 ap>t f _! use 9 o!r respects4 ,a few words ) reg>d to *orus "w may be useful to ! tea*]4 ,if well c>ri$ out1 x c be ( great s]vice4 ,! individual is enc\rag$ to speak up well2 x is (t5 f\nd t ! class speak+ 9 *orus is bett] 9 pronunciation ?an ! majority ( ^? compos+ x4 ,:5 a *ild speaks alone1 self-consci\sness may make x hesitate or prev5t x f rais+ its voice4 ,b ! *orus "w mu/ be guid$ ) c>e & us$ ) mod]ation4 ,no?+ c\ld surely be m objectionable ?an ! monoton\s s+-song into :i* ! read+ ( a class is almo/ sure to deg5]ate if all or ne>ly all _! read+ is 9 *orus4 ,! tea*] w gu>d aga9/ ?is by mak+ ! pupils feel :at !y read1 & ?us insi/+ on expressive & !re=e int]e/+ spee*4 ,illu/ration3 ,?is diagram repres5ts a v]tical section ?r\gh ! l>ynx1 ! h9d] "p ( :i* is remov$1 %[+ ! n>r[+ ?r\gh :i* ! brea? has to pass4 ,epiglottis4 ,left vocal *ord4 ,"r vocal *ord4 ,cases ( m\?-brea?+1 usually due to ad5oid gr[?s1 _c be cur$ by ! tea*]2 b x is 8 duty to take ! e>lie/ possible notice ( su* a case1 & to ensure t ^? 9 *>ge ( ! *ild are w>n$ ( ! dang] incurr$ by delay 9 consult+ a m$ical man4 ,! brea? on leav+ ! lungs passes ?r\gh ! w9dpipe--& 9 ord9>y brea?+ !re is no?+ 9 its way4 ,9 speak+1 h[ev]1 !re is (t5 some?+ 9 its way3 a beautiful contrivance1 capable ( ! mo/ v>i$ & delicate adju/m5t1 & kn[n z ! vocal *ords4 ,!y are situat$ :]e1 9 a man1 we see ! ,adam's apple4 ,illu/ration3 ,view ( ! vocal *ords op5$ to _! wide/ ext5t1 %[+ ! w9dpipe to its bifurcation4 ,! accompany+ illu/ration w s]ve to expla9 _! nature4 ,x w be se5 t ! vocal *ords spr+ f bo? sides ( ! w9dpipe4 ,!y are really r ( ! nature ( flexible ridges or %all[ flaps ?an cords4 ,by means ( muscles act+ on c]ta9 c>tilages !y c be br\ght closely or lightly toge!r4 ,!y consi/ ( a s(t fle%y "p at "o end1 & a h>d] c>tilag9\s "p at ! o!r4 ,! position ( ! vocal *ords1 9 o!r words ! nature ( ! glottis 7i4e4 ! op5+ betwe5 ! vocal *ords71 modifies ! brea? 9 _m ways4 ,:5 !y are ap>t1 9 :at we may call ! re/ position1 ! brea? passes ?r\gh unh9d]$4 ,:5 we want a p>ticul>ly l>ge supply ( brea?1 z 9 bl[+1 we keep !m /ill m ap>t4 ,:5 we wi% to hold our brea?1 we close !m firmly4 ,:5 we wi% to cle> our ?roat1 we press !m toge!r & !n let ! brea? come out 9 j]ks2 if ?is is done viol5tly & 7z a rule7 un9t5tionally1 a c\gh is produc$2 sometimes we d x slightly be=e ! op5+ v[el ( a ^w spok5 emphatically 7?is is commonly ! case 9 ,g]man1 & is kn[n z ! glottal /op74 ,we may also close only ! fle%y ends1 & leave ! c>tilag9\s ends op52 !n we speak 9 a :isp]4 #g4 ,if we nei!r leave ! vocal *ords ap>t nor br+ !m toge!r q closely1 b let !m t\* lightly1 !n ! air z x passes out w make !m vibrate2 & brea? accompani$ by ?is vibration is voice#e 9 ! n>r[] application ( ! ^w4 ,9 ord9>y spee* ?is vibration is an ess5tial "p ( all v[els & ( _m consonants4 ,!y are accord+ly call$ voic$#f s\nds2 ^? produc$ )\t vibration ( ! vocal *ords are voiceless4#g ,! vibration c be felt 9 sev]al ways4 ,utt] a long s & !n a long z 7! s\nds at ! beg9n+ ( seal & zeal respectively71 aga9 long s1 aga9 long z1 & s on2 at ! same "t put y\r f+]s to y\r ?roat1 or put y\r h&s to bo? e>s1 or lay y\r h& on ! top ( y\r head1 & y _c fail to notice ! vibration e "t y utt] z4 ,try x also ) f v f v f v1 etc41 & ) ! s\nds writt5 s 9 sure & z 9 azure1 & ! s\nds writt5 ? 9 ?i/le & ? 9 ?is4 ,!n proce$ to p & b1 t & d1 k & g 7z 9 g74 ,la/ly1 utt] a long ah ) full voice1 & !n :isp] ! same s\nd s(tly4 ,asc]ta9 9 ea* case :i* s\nd is accompani$ by vibration ( ! vocal *ords4 ,utt] a long f & sudd5ly sep>ate ! l[] lip f ! upp] tee?1 & no?+ m w be he>d2 b utt] a long v & aga9 sudd5ly sep>ate ! lip f ! tee?1 & y w he> ! voice1 ) a s\nd l ! describ$ 9 #ch4 7,x is ! s\nd utt]$ :5 we hesitate 9 our spee*1 & is usually repres5t$ 9 writ+ by er 444 er47 ,x is important t ! vibration %\ld be good4 ,if x is sl[1 ! pit* w be l[2 if x is quick1 ! pit* w be high4 ,b :atev] ! pit*1 ! vibration mu/ be uni=m4 ,to practise ?is1 dwell on v>i\s voic$ s\nds = a long "t1 emitt+ ! brea? sl[ly & regul>ly4 ,only ! voic$ s\nds c be produc$ ) v>y+ pit*2 !y are musical1 ! re/ are noises4 ,notice1 9 *ur* = in/ance1 h[ ! tune is c>ri$ by ! voic$ s\nds2 ! voiceless ones seem to break ! c\rse ( ! tune4 ,:5 ! vocal *ords are %ort !y vibrate m quickly ?an :5 !y are long1 & quick] vibrations give a high] pit*4 ,?is expla9s :y ! av]age pit* ( a woman's voice is high] ?an t ( a man4 ,:5 a boy's voice breaks1 ?is is due to c]ta9 *anges affect+ 8 vocal *ords2 x is important t ! voice %\ld n be subject$ to any excessive /ra9 :5 x is 9 ?is /age4 ,c]ta9 affections ( ! ?roat int]f]e ) ! action ( ! vocal *ords1 & !y become incapable ( vibrat+2 !n we lose our voice4 ,:5 we l[] ! voice1 we make ! vibrations sl[]1 & l[] ! pit*4 ,:5 we drop ! voice to a :isp]1 we are int5tionally prev5t+ !m f vibrat+4 ,?is mu* dim9i%es ! c>ry+ p[] ( ! voice1 & we !reby ensure t our words are he>d only by ^? :o are q close4 ,a peculi> v>iety is ! /age aside1 :5 ! actor tries to convey ! impression t 8 words are n he>d by ^? ne> him1 yet desires !m to be he>d by ! spectators1 _m ( :om are mu* f>!r away4 ,?is is a v l\d :isp]2 x naturally requires a consid]able ef=t & is v tir+4 #h4 ,! brea? :i* has pass$ betwe5 ! vocal *ords & issues f ! w9dpipe passes ?r\gh ! m\?1 or ?r\gh ! nose1 or ?r\gh bo?4 ,?is is r5d]$ possible by a s(t movable flap :i* c at w be made to close ! way ?r\gh ! nose1 or--hang+ loosely--to leave bo? passages op54 ,take a small mirror & look at ! inside ( y\r m\?1 /&+ s t z mu* light z possible falls into x2 y w see ?is flap1 ! velum1 hang+ d[n ) a k9d ( 9 ! c5tre1 ! l[] extremity ( :i* is kn[n z ! uvula4 ,/ill wat*+ y\r m\?1 inhale ?r\gh ! nose & exhale ?r\gh ! m\?2 see h[ ! velum moves z y d ?is4 ,aft] a little :ile try to move ! velum1 clos+ & op5+ ! nose passage1 )\t utt]+ a s\nd & )\t brea?+4 ,9 ,fr5* !re are f\r nasal v[els 7occurr+ 9 un bon v9 blanc7 9 :i* ! velum hangs loose1 & brea? passes ?r\gh nose & m\?4 ,9 /&>d ,engli% su* v[els d n exi/1 b ano!r =m ( nasal v[el1 produc+ a twang1 is sometimes he>d 9 _m =ms ( :at may be call$ dialect spee*4 ,! ,london] is (t5 c>eless ab\t clos+ ! nose passage1 & "s brea? is all[$ to pass out by t way s z to be p]ceptible to ! e> 9 ! =m ( friction1 & to impair ! quality ( ! v[els4 ,! nasal twang is v noticeable 9 "s =ms ( ,am]ican ,engli%4 ,! nasalis+ t5d5cy may also be obs]v$ 9 untra9$ s+]s & public speak]s2 x is und\bt$ly a means ( increas+ ! c>ry+ p[] ( ! voice1 & ( r$uc+ ! ef=t ( mak+ oneself und]/ood by a l>ge audi5ce4 ,! same effect c1 h[ev]1 be produc$ by tra9+ ! muscles ( ! *e/ by means ( brea?+ ex]cises1 & ) m agreeable results to ! e>4 ,pupils :o %[ a t5d5cy to nasalis+ c be cur$ by frequ5t ex]cises 9 utt]+ ! m\? 7or oral7 v[els4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ma9ta9$ by "s tea*]s ( voice production t ! be/ v[el s\nds are produc$ :5 ! velum does n q prev5t ! passage ( air ?r\gh ! nose4 ,9 produc+ a nasal consonant 7su* z m71 we /op ! brea? some:]e 9 ! m\? 7e4g4 at ! lips :5 we utt] m71 & let x pass out ?r\gh ! nose4 ,a cold 9 ! nose (t5 prev5ts ! brea? f pass+ ?r\gh x2 & ?is r5d]s x impossible to produce ! nasal consonants m1 n1 & ng 7z 9 s+71 ! k9dr$ s\nds b1 d1 & g be+ sub/itut$ = !m4 ,a simil> difficulty is exp]i5c$ by *ildr5 ) ad5oid gr[?s4 ,?is is commonly call$ speak+ ?r\gh ! nose2 x is j ! rev]se4 #i4 ,9 speak+1 z a rule1 ! passage to ! nose is clos$ & ! brea? f9ds its passage ?r\gh ! m\?4 ,! %ape ( ?is passage c be modifi$ 9 _m ways1 because sev]al organs ( spee* are movable4 ,! l[] jaw c be mov$ up & d[n4 ,! lips c be clos$1 or kept lightly t\*+1 or ! l[] lip may t\* ! upp] tee?2 or ! lips may be ap>t1 assum+ v>i\s %apes1 f a n>r[ slit to a l>ge or small circle4 ,!y may also be ?ru/ =w>d1 protrud$4 ,! tongue is capable ( an ev5 great] v>iety ( position4 ,aga9 wat* ! inside ( y\r m\? by means ( y\r little mirror4 ,say e 7z 9 he71 a 7z 9 fa!r71 o 7z 9 :o71 & obs]ve ! movem5ts ( y\r tongue2 !n make ! same movem5ts1 b )\t utt]+ ! s\nds4 ,y w soon feel h[ y\r tongue moves1 )\t ne$+ to look at x4 ,?is consci\sness ( ! muscul> action ( y\r tongue is valuable1 & y mu/ take pa9s to develop x4 ,wat* ! movem5ts ( y\r tongue z y utt] o!r v[el s\nds2 !y w be treat$ sy/ematically 9 due c\rse4 ,by means ( ^! movable organs ( spee* ! m\? passage assumes v>i\s =ms2 x may /ill be wide en\gh to leave a free c\rse = ! brea?1 or x may be q n>r[1 or x may be clos$ at "s po9t4 ,if ! passage is free1 ! result is a v[el2 if n1 x is a consonant4#h #aj4 ,if ! passage is s n>r[ at "s po9t t ! brea? _c pass ?r\gh )\t rubb+ or bru%+1 we h a cont9uant 7sometimes call$ a fricative74 ,?us :5 we say f or v1 ! brea? passes out ?r\gh ! tee?2 ! only diff]5ce betwe5 ! two s\nds be+ t 9 say+ v1 ! brea? is also engag$ 9 sett+ ! vocal *ords vibrat+4 ,say e 7z 9 he7 & gradually raise ! tongue /ill fur!r1 ?us n>r[+ ! passage2 y w rea* a po9t :5 y no long] produce a v[el1 b a cont9uant1 namely ! s\nd he>d at ! beg9n+ ( yes4 ,^! s\nds are call$ cont9uants1 because we c prolong !m at w2 inde$1 we c dwell on !m until no m brea? is left 9 ! lungs4 #aa4 ,if ! passage is clos$ altoge!r at "s po9t1 we h a /op2 ! brea? is /opp$4 ,say hope or wit or luck & notice h[ 9 ea* case !re is a closure at ! end4 ,/ops consi/ ( two p>ts3 ! clos+ ( ! passage1 & ! subsequ5t op5+ ( x2 ?is op5+ resembles a little explosion1 & /ops are accord+ly sometimes call$ plosives or explosives4 ,obs]ve t ! e> does n require to p]ceive bo? ! closure & ! op5+2 "o is en\gh to give ! impression ( ! s\nd4 ,:5 y say hope or wit or luck1 y ne$ only he> ! clos+ ( ! passage2 y c leave y\r m\? %ut1 yet to ! e> ! ^w w seem complete4 7,! s\nd w1 h[ev]1 c>ry fur!r if y op5 ! passage aga92 & 9 public speak+ x is !re=e to be recomm5d$47 ,simil>ly1 9 utt]+ ! words pa91 tell1 come1 only ! op5+ ( ! passage is audible2 yet ! e> is satisfi$4 ,9 ! middle ( a ^w l night-"t1 c>efully pron\nc$1 we he> bo? ! closure & ! op5+2 & ! int]val betwe5 ! two gives our e> ! impression t !re are two t's4#i ,9 quick spee*1 h[ev]1 ! closure is usually inaudible 9 su* words or1 m correctly1 ! s\nds ov]lap4 #ab4 ,! n>r[+ or clos+ ( ! passage may be effect$ at v>i\s po9ts4 ,! lips may be p>tially or completely clos$2 ! l[] lip may be press$ aga9/ ! upp] tee?2 diff]5t p>ts ( ! tongue may be press$ aga9/ ! tee?1 or ! gums1 or ! palate4 ,pass y\r f+] along ! ro( ( y\r m\?1 & notice t only ! front ( x is h>d2 we di/+ui% ! h>d palate & ! s(t palate4 #ac4 ,:5 we are eat+ or dr9k+1 ! food passes d[n ! gullet1 beh9d ! w9dpipe4 ,to prev5t food ent]+ ! w9dpipe1 :i* causes a *ok+ s5sation & c\gh+1 !re is ! epiglottis 7see ! diagram on p4 #aj71 a c>tilag9\s flap :i* cov]s ! top ( x2 ?is flap is rais$ :5 we are brea?+4 ,h5ce ! wisdom ( ! rule1 n to speak :ile y are eat+4 #ad4 ,9 ord] t spee* may h its full effect1 x is necess>y t ! he>] %\ld he> well2 ?is is by no means s common z is g5]ally suppos$4 ,! importance ( te/+ ! eyesight is n[ recognis$2 b ! he>+ is usually neglect$4 ,att5tion mu/ be drawn to ?is matt]1 z tea*]s (t5 reg>d pupils z inatt5tive & dull & reprim& !m1 :5 !y are really h>d ( he>+4 ,! tea*]'s mi/ake is to "s ext5t p>donable1 because ! defect is easily ov]look$1 especially z a pupil may he> badly 9 "o e> & n 9 ! o!r1 & ?us seem inatt5tive only :5 ! tea*] happ5s to be /&+ on ! side ( 8 defective e>4 ,fur!r1 x is a defect :i* (t5 v>ies 9 int5sity f day to day1 accord+ to ! pupil's g5]al condition ( heal?4 ,^! consid]ations po9t to ! urg5t necessity ( in/itut+ an inspection ( ! he>+ 9 our s*ools4 ,! tea*] c himself apply ! simple te/ ( see+ at :at di/ance ! pupil is able to he> :isp]$ d\ble numb]s1 su* z #ce1 #ha2 ea* e> %\ld be te/$ sep>ately1 a clo? be+ press$ aga9/ ! o!r4 ,! tea*] w note d[n ! two di/ances = ea* pupil1 & w probably be surpris$ at ! v>iations obs]v$4 ,x is cle> t defective he>+ %\ld con/itute a /rong claim = a front seat 9 ! class-room1 m s ?an defective eyesight1 :i* c usually be rectifi$ by ! use ( suitable spectacles4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to po9t out t lack ( cleanl9ess 9 ! e>s may int]f]e ) ! he>+1 & t c>elessness ) reg>d to ! tee? may lead to _! loss & to defects ( spee*1 ap>t f o!r unpleasant consequ5ces4 ,x is cle> t any?+ 9 ! nature ( tight-lac+ r5d]s good brea?+ impossible2 & ! fa%ion ( lett+ ! hair cov] ! e>s is also to be disc\rag$1 z r5d]+ ! he>+ m difficult4 ,9 m51 tight coll>s & belts (t5 int]f]e ) ! brea?+4 #ae4 ,la/ly1 tea*]s 7p>ticul>ly male tea*]s7 require to be w>n$ aga9/ %\t+2 ?is only tires !m & irritates ! n]ves ( _! pupils1 :ile ! same object c be a*iev$ by c>eful articulation4 ,:]e x is us$ to keep ! class 9 ord]1 ! tea*] %\ld e>ne/ly consid] h[ x is t o!rs c keep ord] )\t %\t+2 usually 8 difficulties 9 ma9ta9+ discipl9e are due to ill-heal?1 ov]/ra91 or g5]al incapacity4 ,:5 ! ?roat is relax$1 a g>gle ) "s a/r+5t w be f\nd a simple rem$y2 a solution ( alum 9 wat] may be recomm5d$ = ?is purpose1 or a bit ( borax may be held 9 ! *eek4 #af4 ,f a v e>ly "t ! attempt has be5 made to repres5t ! spok5 language by means ( signs4 ,picture writ+ is a primitive & clumsy exp$i5t4 ,x 0 a great /ep =w>d :5 signs 7 us$ to repres5t syllables1 a /ill fur!r improvem5t :5 a sep>ate sign 0 us$ = ea* sep>ate s\nd4 ,at fir/ writ+ 0 r\ghly phonetic1 9 o!r words1 "o sign 0 int5d$ to repres5t "o s\nd 7or set ( s\nds71 & "o only2 & ?is is /ill :at is requir$ ( an ideal alphabet4 ,x is a commonplace rem>k t ! ,engli% alphabet l>gely fails to fulfil ?is requirem5t4 ,! same sign repres5ts diff]5t s\nds 7sign1 sure1 easy72 ! same s\nd is repres5t$ by diff]5t signs 7cat*1 kill1 que51 lack74 ,"s signs are sup]flu\s 7c1 x72 sometimes a s\nd is writt51 b n pron\nc$ 7lamb1 knee72 sometimes two signs1 :i* sep>ately express two s\nds1 :5 us$ toge!r designate a ?ird s\nd altoge!r diff]5t f ^! two 7* 9 *at & ri*74 #ag4 ,h[ are we to expla9 ?is bewild]+ /ate ( ?+s8 ,x is due to two causes--! natural developm5t ( ! language1 & ! p$antic int]f]5ce ( ! le>n$4 ,language is con/antly *ang+4 ,! rate ( *ange is n p]haps always ! same1 b *ange !re always is4 ,z we h se5 above1 ! old] g5]ation & ! y\ng] d n speak exactly alike4 ,n[ ! *anges 9 ! spok5 language are gradual1 & q unconsci\s2 b a *ange 9 ! recognis$ spell+ ( words is some?+ tangible4 ,x conflicts ) a habit we h acquir$4 ,9 m$ival times1 :5 !re 0 no pr9t+1 no daily pap]1 no univ]sal compulsory education1 !re 0 a good deal ( fre$om 9 ! spell+1 & p wrote v mu* z !y pleas$--phonetically1 if !y 7 n spoilt by a little k4 ,b ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ & ! dissem9ation ( le>n+ *ang$ all ?is4 ,a uni=m spell+ came to be recognis$2 ! nation acquir$ ! habit ( reg>d+ x z correct1 & w\ld tol]ate no deviation f x4 ,?\gh x repres5ts ! pronunciation ( a =m] age1 we /ill use x2 & we are q upset :5 we read ! spell+s labor1 c5t]1 !re=1 nay ev5 :5 two words are1 contr>y to our usage1 run toge!r1 z 9 =ev]4 ,:5 our spell+ receiv$ its pres5t =m n only 0 ! language v diff]5tly pron\nc$1 b ! p$antic _h already be5 able to wreak _! wick$ w on x4 ,?us ! le>n$ m5 ( m$ival ,france spell$ p>faict1 ?\gh ! c ( ,lat9 p]fectum _h develop$ into ! i ( p>fait1 & !y did n pron\nce ! c :i* !y introduc$ into ! spell+4 ,! ^w pass$ into ,engli%1 & "h also ! c 0 at fir/ only writt52 lat] on x came to be pron\nc$4 ,! le>n$ simil>ly introduc$ a b into ! ,fr5* words d\t] & dette 7because ( ! ,lat9 dubit>e & debita71 b _h ! good s5se to drop x2 we h x /ill 9 d\bt & debt1 ?\gh we leave x unpron\nc$4 ,9 lat] times we f9d some?+ simil>3 ! le>n$ =ce u to spell philosophy ) ph & n f4 ,! ^w comes f ,greek ?r\gh ,lat92 ! ,greeks pron\nc$ ! ph actually z p plus h at ! "t :5 ! ,romans took to spell+ ,greek words 9 _! language1 & ^! cont9u$ to spell ph ev5 :5 ! ,greeks no long] pron\nc$ p plus h1 b f1 z we d n[4 #ah4 ,! subject ( spell+ re=m is n )9 ! scope ( ?is book2 b x pres5ts itself naturally to all :o take an intellig5t int]e/ 9 ! language4 ,x seems probable t mu* good w be a*iev$ by ! ,simplifi$ ,spell+ ,society 7#dd ,great ,russell ,/reet1 ,london1 ,w4,c42 annual subscription f #as471 :i* has be5 rec5tly e/abli%$ & w und\bt$ly pr(it by ! exp]i5ce ( ! si/] society 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,su* spell+s z wel1 ful1 ?o1 ?oro1 br$1 plesure1 w surely comm5d !mselves z soon z ! eye ( ! man 9 ! /reet has be5 made famili> ) !m & ! etymological s5tim5tali/ has realis$ ! a/\nd+ weakness ( 8 argum5ts4 ,h[ev] di/ant may be a complete re=m1 x is c]ta9ly helpful to be consci\s ( ! evil2 only ?us c we neutralize "s ( its bad effects4 ,! mo/ obvi\s ( ^! is ! lack ( e> tra9+ 9 our s*ools1 :]e ! "m tongue has be5 le>nt on ! basis ( ! writt5 & n ! spok5 language4 ,! only me?od = tea*+ ,engli% read+ & writ+ :i* c comm5d itself to ! /ud5t ( ! language no less ?an to ! /ud5t ( *ildhood is ! me?od id5tifi$ ) ! "n ( ,miss ,dale4 ,ap>t f ! sympa?y & love ( *ildr5 p]vad+ all h] "w1 x is ( unusual importance because %e has solv$ ! problem ( />t+ f ! spok5 language1 :ile avoid+ all phonetic symbols4 #ai4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 conv5i5t = ! /ud5t ( phonetics to h a set ( g5]ally accept$ signs2 o!rwise he w\ld be unable to express 9 writ+ ! pronunciation 9 su* a way t o!r /ud5ts c\ld und]/& :at he meant4 ,)\t phonetic symbols ! designation ( s\nds becomes awkw>d4 ,x 0 "o ( ,miss ,dale's _m happy ?\ghts to connect s\nds & _! writt5 =m ) def9ite words1 = in/ance ! moon oo & ! f]n er2 b h[ev] suitable t is = ! little ones1 x is inconv5i5t = ! gr[n-up /ud5t4 ,!re are _m phonetic alphabets2 all else be+ equal1 ! "o mo/ widely us$ is cle>ly ! mo/ valuable4 ,we h !re=e *os5 = ?is book ! alphabet ( ! ,association phontique int]nationale1 :i* is already well kn[n 9 ,engl& ow+ to its use 9 a numb] ( books = elem5t>y in/ruction 9 ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 & ev5 ,lat94 ,x w comm5d itself to ! /ud5t by its great simplicity4 ,:at w really pres5t difficulty is r ! det]m9ation ( ! actual nature ( ! spok5 ^w1 ?an ! repres5tation ( ! s\nds :5 once det]m9$4 #bj4 ,we n[ give ! s\nds occurr+ normally 9 /&>d ,engli%1 & _! phonetic signs2 ! signs = consonants :i* are likely to be unfamili> are enclos$4 ,consonants4 b z 9 bat rabble tab p z 9 pat apple tap m z 9 man hamm] lamb d z 9 dab bidd5 bad t z 9 tap bitt5 pat n z 9 nut w9n] tun g z 9 gut waggle tug k z 9 cat tackle tack z 9 s+] s+ w z 9 wit #aj z 9 :5 v z 9 van nev] leave f z 9 fan /iff] leaf z 9 ?is lea!r clo! z 9 ?i/le ,e!l clo? z z 9 zeal easel lose s z 9 seal lesson lease z 9 leisure r\ge z 9 %$ a%es da% j z 9 yes r z 9 r$ v l z 9 lip pallor pill h z 9 hot ,v[els4 ,att5tion %\ld be paid to ! signs = ^!1 z _m are unfamili>4 ,! examples giv5 w convey only a g5]al idea ( ! s\nds1 :i* are discuss$ 9 detail 9 #cf & foll4 ,! sign indicates l5g?1 & half l5g?4 i is ! fir/ v[el s\nd#aa 9 bead4 is ! v[el s\nd 9 bit4 e is ! fir/ v[el s\nd#aa 9 braid4 e is ! v[el s\nd 9 bet4 is ! fir/ v[el s\nd 9 fairy4 is ! v[el s\nd 9 bat4 a is ! fir/ v[el s\nd#aa 9 b\t1 bite4 is ! fir/ v[el s\nd 9 fa!r4 is ! fir/ v[el s\nd 9 glory4 is ! v[el s\nd 9 pot4 o is ! fir/ v[el s\nd#aa 9 boat4 u is ! fir/ v[el s\nd#aa 9 rude4 is ! v[el s\nd 9 put4 is ! v[el s\nd 9 burn4 is ! second v[el s\nd 9 bett]4 is ! v[el s\nd 9 b4 ,! foll[+ s5t5ces writt5 9 ! conv5tional & ! phonetic spell+ w give "s idea ( ! use ( ?is alphabet = repres5t+ connect$ spee* z spok5 7a7 v c>efully1 7b7 q colloquially4 ,= purposes ( conv5i5ce ! & are n us$ 9 ord9>y transcript1 z !re is no dang] ( confusion4 7a7 ,! s]i\ /ud5t ( phonetics soon gr[s sirjs /juwdnt#ab v fonetiks#ac suwn gr\z int]e/$ 9 ! subject1 & e fre% speak] intre/id 9 sbdikt1 nd evri fre spijk#ab pres5ts new mat]ials = /udy4 priz5ts njuw mtirilz f /di4 7b7 ,did y he> :at he told me la/ night8 du hi wt i t\l mi ls nait8 ,,footnotes3 #b ,ano!r defective me?od ( brea?+ consi/s 9 rais+ ! %\ld]s = ! purpose ( increas+ ! capacity ( ! lungs4 ,! %\ld]s %\ld1 h[ev]1 n be mov$ at all 9 brea?+4 #c ,! cu/om ( insi/+ on tightly-fold$ arms is n to be enc\rag$4 #d ,! ex]cises sugge/$ by ,mr ,burrell 9 ,cle> ,speak+ & ,good ,read+ 7p4 #af & foll47 are also recomm5d$4 #e ,also call$ tone4 #f ,or1 ton$4 #g ,or1 unton$1 brea!d4 #h ,?is def9ition has its drawbacks1 z w be se5 lat]4 #i ,consid] :at happ5s 9 ! case ( su* words z v9tn]1 lampman4 #aj ,x is d\btful :e!r ?is c be call$ a s\nd ( /&>d ,engli%2 see #ca4 #aa ,x is mo/ important t y %\ld n confuse s\nd ) lett]4 ,?us 9 bead we h ! lett]s e & a1 :i* repres5t v[els 9 b$ & bad2 b ! e 9 bead has q a diff]5t value f ! e 9 b$4 ,! two lett]s ea 9 bead toge!r repres5t two s\nds :i* are describ$ 9 #db4 #ab ,9 ! ,specim5s ( ,engli% ! diph?ongs "h repres5t$ by uw & ij are simply pr9t$ u & i4 #ac ,obs]ve t ! acc5t prec$es ! /ress$ syllable4 ,9 ! ,specim5s ( ,engli% ! v[el ( ! /ress$ syllable is pr9t$ 9 ?is type4 ,,! ,,s\nds ,,consid]$ ,,sep>ately ,consonants--/ops4 #ba4 ,! s\nds :i* pres5t lea/ difficulty to ! /ud5t are ! /ops1 9 produc+ :i* ! fl[ ( brea? is completely *eck$4 ,we h already se5 9 #aa t e /op1 /rictly speak+1 consi/s ( ?ree p>ts1 ! clos+ & ! op5+ ( ! passage & ! pause betwe51 & t only ! clos+ or only ! op5+ ne$ be he>d = ! e> to di/+ui% ! s\nd4 ,! int]val betwe5 ! closure & ! op5+ may be noticeable1 9 :i* case we call ! consonant d\ble4 ,/ops may be voic$ or voiceless1 t is1 !y may be produc$ ) or )\t vibration ( ! vocal *ords 7see #g74 ,/ops may be produc$ by /opp+ ! brea? at "s po9t 9 ! m\? & !n lett+ x bur/ ?r\gh ! ob/acle2 ^! are oral /ops4 ,! brea?1 /opp$ at "s po9t 9 ! m\?1 may be all[$ to pass out ?r\gh ! nose2 ! s\nds ?us produc$ are call$ nasal4#ad ,utt] ! foll[+ s\nds1 & det]m9e :e!r !y are voic$ or voiceless1 oral or nasal3 p1 g1 n1 t1 b1 k1 m1 d1 4#ae ,accord+ to ! place ( articulation we di/+ui% lip#af /ops1 po9t#ag /ops1 front 7palate7#ah /ops & back 7palate7#ai /ops4 #bb4 ,lip /ops4--,:5 ! brea? is /opp$ at ! lips1 ?ree diff]5t s\nds may be produc$4 #a4 p1 :5 !re has be5 no vibration ( ! vocal *ords4 ,9 precise or emphatic spee*1 suffici5t brea? escapes aft] ! op5+ ( ! passage to give ! effect ( h#bj2 ?us ,pay1 pay6#ba pei1 pei4 ,?is occurs mo/ly be=e acc5t$ v[els1 & sometimes f9ally#bb3 ,i hope ai h\p4#bc p is writt5 p or pp2 r>ely ph 7z 9 a common pronunciation ( diph!ria dipiri1 = :i* see #bg74 ,notice ! spell+ ( hicc\gh hikp4 #b4 b1 :5 !re has be5 vibration ( ! vocal *ords4 b is writt5 b or bb4 #c4 m1 :5 ! velum is l[]$ & "p ( ! brea? passes out ?r\gh ! nose4 7,g5]ally speak+1 ?is s\nd is voic$2 b :5 x is imm$iately foll[$ by a voiceless s\nd1 x may be p>tly voic$1 !n voiceless 7phonetic sign3 m74 ,!n lamp is /rictly lmmp4 ,we may say3 m is unvoic$ or devocaliz$ be=e a voiceless /op47 ,notice ! diff]5ce 9 l5g? ( m 9 lamb1 hamm]1 glum1 moon2 9 :i* ( ^! words is x %ort8 ,9 com=t1 triumph ! m is (t5 labiod5tal3 ! brea? is /opp$ by ! upp] tee? & l[] lip1 n by bo? lips4 ,9 prism1 s*ism ! m may h syllabic value2 x !n does ! "w usually p]=m$ by a v[el4 ,we say prizm or prizm1 :]e m is ! sign = syllabic m4 m is writt5 m or mm4 #bc4 ,9 ! production ( ! lip /ops ! tongue plays no "p1 except by leav+ a free passage2 b x is active 9 ! production ( ! /ops we next h to consid]4 ,?is is !re=e ! "r place to give ! names by :i* we designate ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! tongue4 ,we di/+ui% ! po9t1 ! blade 7above & beh9d ! po9t :5 ! tongue lies flat71 ! front 7yet fur!r beh9d71 & ! back2 also ! ridge or dorsum 7an imag9>y l9e drawn along ! middle ( ! top ( ! tongue f end to end71 & ! rim 7runn+ all r\nd ! edge ( ! tongue :5 x lies flat74 ,:5 ! n>r[+ or closure ( ! passage is made by ! front rim ( ! tongue1 we say x is ( apical =mation2 :5 x is made by ! surface ( ! tongue beh9d ! front rim1 we say x is ( dorsal =mation4 #bd4 ,po9t /ops4#bd--,! brea? is /opp$ by ! action ( ! po9t ( ! tongue t\*+ ! tee? 79 :i* case we h true d5tals7 or ! upp] gums 7?is is kn[n z alveol> articulation1 alveoli be+ ! le>n$ ^w = ! gums74 ,9 ,engli% ! po9t ( ! tongue r>ely t\*es ! tee?2 usually x t\*es ! upp] gums1 sometimes ! h>d palate 7?is %\ld be avoid$71 9 :i* case x approa*es k4 ,see ! diagram on p4 #abf4 ,h5ce 9 c>eless spee* at la/ sometimes becomes kl/4#be ,little *ildr5 are he>d to say ikl = little2 comp>e also ! *ange f ,lat9 trem]e to ,fr5* cra9dre4 ,?ree diff]5t s\nds may be produc$ ) ?is /oppage3 #a4 t1 :5 !re has be5 no vibration ( ! vocal *ords4 ,9 precise or emphatic spee*1 suffici5t brea? escapes aft] ! op5+ ( ! passage to give ! effect ( h2 ?us take x6 teik x4 ,?is occurs mo/ly be=e acc5t$ v[els1 & sometimes f9ally2 he s5t me su* a *>m+ note hi s5t mi st tmi n\t4#bf ,9 c]ta9 k9ds ( un$ucat$ s\!rn ,engli% spee* t is occasionally dropp$ betwe5 v[els1 9 su* words z wat]1 butt]4 t is writt5 t or tt2 d 9 ! ed ( v]bs aft] voiceless s\nds1 z 9 /opp$ /pt2 r>ely ?1 9 words ( =eign orig94 #b4 d1 :5 !re has be5 vibration ( ! vocal *ords4 d is writt5 d or dd4 #c4 n1 :5 ! velum is l[]$ & ! brea? passes out ?r\gh ! nose4 7,g5]ally speak+1 ?is s\nd is voic$2 b :5 x is imm$iately prec$$ or foll[$ by a voiceless s\nd1 x may become voiceless 7n7 9 "p4 ,!n sne] is /rictly snni1 h9t h9nt47 ,notice ! diff]5ce 9 l5g? ( n 9 m9e1 own1 mann]1 an1 "n2 9 :i* ( ^! words is x long8 ,9 mon?1 an!m ! n is a true d5tal3 ! tongue t\*es ! tee?4 ,9 li/51 op5 we may h syllabic n n4 ,comp>e :at 0 said ab\t syllabic m 9 #bb4 n is writt5 n or nn4 #be4 ,front & back /ops4--,! brea? is /opp$ by "s "p ( ! ridge ( ! tongue meet+ ! front or h>d palate1 giv+ front /ops2 or ! back or s(t palate1 giv+ back /ops4 ,say ku & !n ki2 n[ :isp] !m4 ,9 :i* case is ! closure m =w>d 9 ! m\?8 ,comp>e ) ^! ! place ( closure :5 y say k4 ,f ^! examples x w be se5 t ! effect = ! e> is v mu* ! same1 & we %all "h make use ( ! same signs = front & back /ops4 ,9 cockney spee* !re is a di/9ct t5d5cy to make ! closure s f> =w>d t ! k1 g are p]ceptibly modifi$4 7,?is pronunciation is sugge/$ by ! spell+ gy>d51 ky9d1 employ$ by ^? :o try to repres5t cockney spee*47 ,! palataliz+ t5d5cy is n to be enc\rag$2 a m effective k is produc$ by di/9ctly backw>d articulation4 ,slight v>iations 9 ! place ( closure due to ! place ( articulation ( neighb\r+ s\nds 9 a ^w are inevitable4 ,?ree diff]5t s\nds may be produc$ ) ?is /oppage4 #a4 k1 :5 !re has be5 no vibration ( ! vocal *ords4 ,9 precise or emphatic spee*1 suffici5t brea? escapes aft] ! op5+ ( ! passage to give ! effect ( h2 ?us come1 come6 km1 km4 ,?is occurs mo/ly be=e acc5t$ v[els1 sometimes f9ally1 give him a good %ake6 giv im gud eik4#bg k is writt5 c1 k1 ck1 cc 7z 9 accuse kjuwz71 * 7z 9 *ord kd71 q 7z 9 que5 kwijn72 ks z ks1 cc1 x1 xc4 #b4 g1 :5 !re has be5 vibration ( ! vocal *ords4 ,sometimes g is pron\nc$ ) ! tip ( ! tongue s t x s\nds l d2 ?us glory becomes dlory dlri4 ,! way 9 :i* l is produc$ 7see #cc7 expla9s ?is4 g is writt5 g & gg2 r>ely gh 7z 9 gho/ g\/74 ,= ks & gz writt5 x see #cj4 #c4 1 :5 ! velum is l[]$ & ! brea? passes out ?r\gh ! nose4 7,g5]ally speak+1 ?is s\nd is voic$2 b :5 x is imm$iately foll[$ by a voiceless s\nd1 x may be at fir/ voic$1 !n voiceless 2 ! may be unvoic$ 7see #bc1 #c7 be=e a voiceless /op4 ,!n l5g? is /rictly le or lek47 ,notice ! diff]5ce 9 l5g? ( 9 s+1 s+]1 dr9k1 bang2 9 :i* ( ^! words is x %ort8 is writt5 ng1 z 9 long l1 & n be=e g1 k1 or x1 z 9 long] lg1 lank lk1 lynx liks4 ,:at does ng repres5t 9 s+]8 9 f+]8 9 ,engli%8 ,! dropp+ ( g is really an incorrect t]m4 ,!re is no g 9 ! end+-+ i2#bh :at does take place is ! sub/itution ( n = 4 ,?is occurs 9 baby spee*1 9 vulg> spee*1 & 9 ! spee* ( "s sections ( society4 ,x is on no acc\nt to be tol]at$4 ,! opposite mi/ake is made only by ! un$ucat$1 :o pron\nce kit*5 z kiti1 *ick5 z tiki1 & sudd5 z sdi4 ,notice ! sub/itution ( ?is s\nd by ! un$ucat$ = ! unfamili> palatal nasal 9 ,b\logne bul1 ! un$ucat$ bul1#bi & = ! equally unfamili> nasal v[el 9 ! ,fr5* ^w cont95t kt91 ! un$ucat$ knt94 ,= n becom+ m or by assimilation1 see #di4 #bf4 ,consonants--cont9uants4 ,x w be se5 t ! articulations ( ^! s\nds are m difficult to analyse ?an ^? ( ! /ops4 ,!re is1 r\ghly speak+1 only "o way ( clos+ a passage entirely2 b !re are v>i\s ways ( clos+ x p>tially4 ,! cont9uants usually g 9 pairs1 "o be+ voiceless1 ! o!r voic$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,lip cont9uants4--,! brea? passes betwe5 ! two lips 7h5ce ! t]m bilabials72 ! tongue is 9 a position some:at clos] ?an ! u position1 i4e4 bun*$ up at ! back 7see #dc71 & we may !re=e call ^! s\nds lip-vel> cont9uants4 ,! voic$ s\nd w is t commonly us$ 9 /&>d ,engli%1 :e!r ! spell+ be w or :4 ,9 nor!rn ,engli% & 9 ,scot* ! voiceless is us$ :]e ! ord9>y spell+ has :4 ,x is v d\btful :e!r has a "r to be reg>d$ z a normal s\nd 9 /&>d ,engli%4 ,x is taught by pr(essors ( elocution1 & is !re=e commonly he>d at recitals & also at amateur !atricals4 ,on ! regul> /age x is by no means ! rule1 & 9 ! pulpit x is probably ! exception4 ,if x comes naturally to pupils1 :o br+ x ) !m f ! ,nor?1 !y ne$ n be int]f]$ )2 !re is c]ta9ly no good reason :y x %\ld be =c$ on speak]s ( s\!rn ,engli%1 :o g5]ally produce a grossly exagg]at$ & q ludicr\s trave/y ( ! nor!rn s\nd4 ,:i* d y use y\rself8 ,if 1 is x natural to y1 or acquir$8 ,d ! re/ ( y\r family use x8 ,any ( y\r fri5ds8 ,:at proportion ( *ildr5 9 y\r class8 ,x may be not$ t aft] voiceless s\nds sometimes takes ! place ( w1 ev5 9 /&>d ,engli%2 tw5ty is pron\nc$ tw5ti or tenti & swim swim or sim4 ,sometimes also ! s\nd is he>d 9 :]e pron\nc$ ) great emphasis1 9 ! case ( speak]s :o d n ord9>ily use x4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ^! s\nds are n cont9uants 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! t]m1 = ! lips are gradually br\ght ne>] & gradually drawn ap>t4 ,! s\nds d n cont9ue 9 ! same position at all2 h5ce !y h be5 describ$ z glid+1 n held4 ,! ^w conqu] is sometimes p$antically pron\nc$ kkw in/ead ( kk2 b x is ! rule to s\nd ! w 9 conque/4 ,comp>e liquor lik1 ex*equ] ekstek4 ,a w has (t5 influ5c$ a foll[+ a4 ,consid] ! foll[+ cases3 01 w>m1 squabble1 quality1 quack1 qu>rel1 quaff1 wasp1 wat]1 waft1 walk1 swall[4 #bg4 ,lip tee? cont9uants4--,! brea? passes betwe5 ! l[] lip & ! upp] tee? 7also betwe5 ! int]/ices ( ! upp] tee?72 ! s\nds produc$ 9 ?is way are also call$ labiod5tals4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! voiceless s\nd f is usually writt5 f or ff1 also ph 79 words tak5 f ,greek72 note also ! gh 9 laugh1 etc4 ,notice our reluctance to pron\nce ph? f1 z %[n 9 ! dropp+ ( ph 9 ph?isis1 & ! frequ5t sub/itution ( p = ph 9 diph!ria1 diph?ong1 naph?a1 oph?almia1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 avoid$ by c>eful speak]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! voic$ s\nd v is usually writt5 v4 ,s\nds v l f1 v c be produc$ ) bo? lips4 ,?\gh !y d n ord9>ily occur 9 ,engli%1 x w be good practice = y to produce !m4 ,:5 v is f9al1 x is n voic$ to ! end1 b passes into :isp]$ v 7symbol v71 :i* s\nds v mu* l voiceless f2 9 o!r words1 ! vocal *ords cease to vibrate be=e ! brea? ceases to pass betwe5 ! l[] lip & ! upp] tee?4 ,we may say3 f9al v is devocalis$4 ,obs]ve ?ief1 b ?ieves & to ?ieve2 loaf1 b loaves2 %elf1 b %elves & to %elve4 ,! ph 9 nephew is pron\nc$ v1 b f is he>d 9 dialects4 #bh4 ,po9t cont9uants4--,we h se5 above 7 #bd7 t 9 ,engli% ! tongue1 z a matt] ( fact1 r>ely t\*es ! tee? 9 ! case ( po9t /ops4 ,simil>ly ! n>r[+ ( ! passage :i* leads to ! production ( po9t cont9uants 7except 17 is n necess>ily betwe5 ! tongue & ! tee?2 9 "s cases x is inde$ a good deal f>!r back4 ,! po9t cont9uants include3 #a4 ,! hu%+1 hiss+1#cj & lisp+ s\nds1 & ! r s\nds1 9 :i* ! place ( articulation is along ! middle l9e ( ! m\? 7m$ial =mation72 & #b4 ,! l s\nds1 ! n>r[+ = :i* is betwe5 ! side rim or rims ( ! tongue & ! side tee? 7lat]al =mation74 ,! r s\nds & ! l s\nds are sometimes call$ liquids4 #bi4 ,! hu%+ s\nds4--,= ! production ( ! % s\nds ! passage is n>r[$ betwe5 ! blade 7see #bc7 ( ! tongue & ! h>d palate4 ,a broad curr5t ( air is brok5 aga9/ ! edge ( ! tee?4 ,!re is "s friction betwe5 ! tongue & ! gums1 b t aga9/ ! front tee? is m noticeable4 ,wat* a ,fr5*man utt]+ ^! s\nds1 & see :at he does ) 8 lips4 ,d y use y\r lips 9 ! same way8 99 99 99 99 99 ,! voiceless is usually writt5 %2 also s aft] consonants 7z 9 t5sion t5n1 c5sure s574 ,x is writt5 ss1 c or t be=e a front v[el 7e or i71 7z 9 passion pn1 caprici\s kpris1 /ation /ein74 ,9 all ^! cases arose f sj4 ,obs]ve ! colloquial pronunciation ( ?is ye> z i j2 six ye>s sik jz4 ,! comb9ation t is v common1 & is usually writt5 * or t*4 ,9 "s cases x arises f tj1 :5 t foll[s ! *ief acc5t ( ! ^w & prec$es ei!r a front v[el 7e or i7 or u#ca :i* goes back to ju 7z 9 righte\s raits1 nature neit74 ,! comb9ation k simil>ly goes back to ksj 9 anxi\s ks 7notice anxiety 7g7zaiti74 ,luxury is lkri1 b luxuri\s is lgzuris or lgzjuris1 sometimes lguris4 ,! pronunciation ( associate z s\sieit1#cb (ficiate z ofisieit1 in/ead ( s\ieit1 ofiieit1 is p$antic2 propisieit is also faulty = propiieit4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! voic$ /&+ alone betwe5 v[els is n common 9 ,engli%1 be+ f\nd only :]e s is foll[$ by a front v[el1 or by u :i* goes back to ju4 ,"h ! developm5t is f sj to zj & !n to 4 ,examples are vision vin1 measure me4 ,! spell+ z is f\nd only 9 azure or eij1 sometimes ju4 ,obs]ve ! c>eless pronunciation ( z usual z juwul1 praise ye ! ,"l z prei jij ld4 ,india rubb] is g5]ally pron\nc$ ind rb4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! comb9ation d is q common4 ,?is is writt5 j 7z 9 jet det71 g be=e e or i4 7z 9 gem dem1 g9 d91 age eid2 obs]ve also gaol deil71 & sometimes dg 7z 9 edge ed74 ,x is spell$ * 9 o/ri*1 s&wi*1 ,gre5wi*1 ,h>wi*1 ,woolwi*1 & 9 sp9a*4 ,:at is ! value ( ng 9 ! foll[+ words3--hang1 long+1 l\ng+1 language1 engage1 hung]1 h+e1 ungraceful8 #cj4 ,! hiss+ s\nds4--,di/+ui% cle>ly ! voiceless s z 9 seal & ! voic$ z z 9 zeal4 ,comp>e ! mann] ( production ( ! hiss+ & ! hu%+ s\nds3 utt] & s4 7,:y w ^! %[ ! di/9ction m cle>ly ?an & z87 ,y w f9d t ! brea? is m widely diffus$ :5 y utt] 2 9 produc+ s y\r tongue =ms a n>r[ *annel & ! brea? is ?us direct$ aga9/ a po9t4 ,see ! diagram on p4 #abf4 ,! usual spell+ ( bo? voiceless s & voic$ z is s4 ,notice t #a4 ,! s ( inflections is z aft] a voic$ s\nd3 comp>e fills filz1 glances glnsiz1 dogs dgz1 faces feisiz1 b hits hits1 cats kts4 #b4 ,! f9al s ( "s words ( "o syllable is z3 z1 has1 is1 81 02 b ?is1 u4 #c4 ,sometimes ! v]b has z1 ! sub/antive or adjective s3 use juwz use juws diffuse difjuwz diffuse difjuws close kl\z close kl\s lose luwz loose luws 7,notice ! diff]5ce 9 ! l5g? ( ! v[el47 #d4 ,notice also t we h z s 9 res]ve 9 rese>* disease disobey dissolve dissolv5t1 dissolute presumption presuppose ,f9d o!r examples 7!re are _m74 ,h[ d y pron\nce dis>m8 #e4 x repres5ts ks 9 ex]cise1 excell5t1 & 9 extra1 exce$1 express1 extol1 b gz 9 ex]t1 exam9e1 anxiety1 exult1 exon]ate1 exorbitant1 exotic4 ,d y agree ) ?is /atem5t8 ,try to f9d a rule = ! pronunciation ( x4 ,9 exile bo? pronunciations ( x may be he>d1 ks be+ p]haps ! m common4 ,= ! dropp+ ( h 9 comp\nds ) ex- see #dg4 ,! voiceless s is usually writt5 s1 b also ss1 & c or sc be=e e & i 7z 9 city1 sc5e1 b n 9 sceptic skeptik74 ,say :i* ( ! s\nds 1 1 t1 d1 s1 z occur 9 ! foll[+ words3 *ur*1 ma*9e1 l$g]1 leisure1 seizure1 cease1 ease1 scissors1 *isel1 lesion1 legion1 s+e1 excessive1 example4 ,notice t f9al z is unvoic$ t[>ds ! end2 ?us is is /rictly izz2 comp>e :at 0 said ab\t f9al v 9 #bg4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! t]m lisp+ is giv5 to v>i\s mispronunciations ( ! s s\nds4 ,x may be due to a la/+ or a pass+ mal=mation ( ! tee?1 palate1 or tongue1#cc or x may be simply a bad habit4 ,a slight habitual lisp is (t5 he>d1 & p>5ts & fri5ds h be5 kn[n fooli%ly to enc\rage a *ild 9 ! belief t ! lisp is pretty2 x is important to drive ?is idea out ( ! *ild's head4 ,! treatm5t ( lisp]s is v>i$2 g5]ally !y c produce ! "r s\nd aft] "s exp]im5t+4 ,:5 ! "r s\nd has be5 f\nd & di/+ui%$ by ! *ild1 ! re/ is entirely a matt] ( p]sev]ance4 ,!re mu/ be frequ5t repetition 9 _m comb9ations4 ,! ex]cises %\ld be practis$ sp>+ly at fir/1 & gradually increas$1 o!rwise ! /ra9 may be too great & int]f]e ) ! *ild's regul> "w4 #ca4 ,! lisp+ s\nds4--,di/+ui% cle>ly ! voiceless z 9 ?i/le1 & ! voic$ z 9 ?is4 ,comp>e ! mann] ( production ( ! lisp+ & ! hiss+ s\nds3 utt] & s4 ,y w f9d t 9 ! case ( ! brea? is n pass+ ?r\gh a n>r[ *annel1 & issues betwe5 ! tips ( ! upp] tee? & ( ! tongue4 ,! tongue may be betwe5 ! tee?1 & ! s\nds are accord+ly sometimes call$ int]d5tal2 b ?is is by no means ess5tial4 ,our ,engli% lisp+ s\nds are usually =m$ betwe5 ! po9t ( ! tongue & ! back ( ! front upp] tee?2 "p ( ! tongue fills up ! small gap betwe5 ! tee?1 )\t advanc+ beyond _! back surface4 ,:i* ( ! foll[+ words h & :i* h 8 ?orn1 ?\1 ba?991 ba?s991 ba!991 !n1 ?9k1 clo!991 clo?991 )1 fa!r1 ?ump1 le?al1 lea!r1 la?1 la!1 li!1 loa?991 loa!991 brea?991 brea!991 hea!n1 hea?1 hea?s1 wrea!991 wrea?991 wrea?s991 see!1 tru?991 tru?s994 ,:at d y notice ) reg>d to ! words m>k$ ) an a/]isk8 ,( :at does x rem9d y 9 connection ) ! hiss+ s\nds8 ,notice t f9al is unvoic$ or :isp]$ t[>ds ! end2 comp>e :at has be5 said ab\t f9al v & f9al z4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a fault1 common especially 9 bad s\!rn ,engli%1 & f\nd almo/ inv>iably 9 baby spee*1 is ! sub/itution ( v1 f = 1 4 ,! baby says fm = m1 ! cockney nafik = ni1 fev = fe4 ,?is fault %\ld on no acc\nt be tol]at$2 ! *ild 7we are ( c\rse n ref]r+ to ! baby7 c produce ! lisp+ s\nds )\t difficulty4 ,x ne$ only be told to place ! tongue betwe5 ! tee?4 ,:5 once ! diff]5ce 9 ! mann] ( production ( f & is kn[n1 ! *ild c also he> ! diff]5ce2 all t is n[ requir$ is p]sev]ance4 ,9 c>eless spee* h is sometimes sub/itut$ = 1 ?us ,i ?9k s becomes ai hik s\4 ,?is also has its p>allel 9 baby spee*1 e4g4 hug = sug>4 #cb4 ,! liquids4--,?is designation comprises ! r s\nds & ! l s\nds4 ,! s\nds writt5 r are extremely v>i$1 & are likely to give "s tr\ble to ! /ud5t4 ,he %\ld 9 ! fir/ place asc]ta9 f 8 fri5ds 7we are assum+ t ^! speak /&>d ,engli%7 :e!r !y notice any?+ peculi> ab\t 8 r4 ,if !y d n1 x is probable t he uses ! untrill$ r4 7,! phonetic sign = ?is is 1 b x is cu/om>y to use r1 unless exceptional accuracy be desir$47 ,?is s\nd is produc$ by all[+ ! brea? to pass betwe5 ! rais$ po9t ( ! tongue & ! ridge ( ! upp] gums4#cd ,:5 ! brea? makes ! tip ( ! tongue vibrate1 we h ! trill$ or roll$ r4 ,c y roll y\r r8 ,does anyone y "k habitually d s8 ,h y notic$ :e!r ,fr5*m5 or ,g]mans ev] d x8 ,ano!r k9d ( r is t produc$ at ! back ( ! m\?1 by ! help ( ! uvula 7see #h71 & call$ ! ?roat r or uvul> r 7phonetic sign3 ,r71 z di/+ui%$ f ! tongue or tee? r 7l+ual or d5tal r74 ,x is n a normal s\nd 9 /&>d ,engli%1 b is occasionally f\nd4 ,x us$ to be frequ5t 9 ,durham & ,nor?umb]l& 7! ,nor?umbrian burr71 b is dy+ out !re n[4 ,notice t aft] t & d ! n>r[+ = r is p>ticul>ly small1 & !re=e ! friction ( ! brea? p>ticul>ly noticeable4 ,say su* words z dry1 dr9k1 droll1 try1 trill1 trap1 & c>efully obs]ve ! nature ( ! r4 ,notice also t aft] voiceless s\nds ! r (t5 becomes voiceless r1 z 9 praise1 try1 increase4 ,sometimes tri$ almo/ s\nds l *ide1 because ! passage ( ! brea? is n /opp$ & ! vocal *ords h n begun to vibrate4 ,try to utt] a voiceless r by itself2 practise ! s]ies r r r r r4 ,!re is also a peculi> v>iety ( r f\nd aft] g1 z 9 great1 gre51 grass4 ,?is r is a k9d ( palatal blade cont9uant1 & its use %\ld be avoid$1 z x is g5]ally held to be affect$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 /&>d ,engli% ! writt5 r is only pron\nc$ initially 7z 9 r$71 betwe5 a consonant & a v[el 7z 9 bread1 angry71 & betwe5 v[els1 ! second ( :i* is n only writt51 b actually pron\nc$ 7z 9 v74#ce ,x is n pron\nc$ betwe5 a v[el & a consonant 7z 9 arm1 "l71 nor :5 x is f9al 9 ! spell+ or foll[$ by a v[el :i* is only writt5 & n actually pron\nc$ 7z 9 b>1 b>e74 ,its place is 9 _m cases tak5 by ! neutral v[el 7see #ch74 ,obs]ve t a f9al r is pron\nc$ :5 ! next ^w beg9s ) a v[el4 7,is !re any?+ l ?is 9 ,fr5*87 ,?us we say bett] bet1 b betr n bet2 ev] ev1 b fr evr nd ev2 "h hi1 b hir n 2 /ir up /r p1 b / fai4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 n[adays a t5d5cy to leave ev5 ?is r unpron\nc$4 ,! fact t su* words z bett] h two =ms1 ) & )\t r1 has l$ to ! addition ( r :5 !re is no ju/ification = x4 ,ev5 educat$ p are (t5 he>d to pron\nce ! idea ( x z i aidir v x2 ,! ,india ,(fice sometimes becomes i indjr fis2 *9a ornam5ts becomes ta9r nmnts2 & cl]gym5 h be5 kn[n to say viktjr au kwijn4 ,simil>ly1 9 vulg> spee* w9dr iz oupn1 ppr z gn aut1 etc41 are q common4 ,!re is an affect$ pronunciation ( ?is :i* makes x approximate to a deep 2 ! comic pap]s repres5t my de> fell[ z my deah fellah to indicate ! spee* ( a swell4 ,! sub/itution ( w = r is a mann]ism :i* %\ld n be tol]at$2 x is ! result ( a bad habit1 n ( any defect ( ! organs ( spee*4 ,:5 a ^w conta9s ! lett] r twice1 c>eless speak]s incl9e to drop "o ( !m2 ,febru>y becomes febjuri1 tempor>ily temprili1 libr>y laibri1 lit]>y litri1 sup]num]>y sjuwpnjuwmri1 contempor>y kntempri4 ,vet]9>y usually becomes vetnri or vetnri4 #cc4 ,9 ord] to produce ! s\nd ( l1 we let ! brea? pass out betwe5 ! side rims ( ! tongue & ! side gums & tee?2 ! po9t ( ! tongue t\*es ! ro( ( ! m\? some:]e along ! middle l9e4 ,utt] l ) ! po9t ( ! tongue drawn back z f> z possible2 !n utt] l sev]al times1 gradually br++ ! po9t ( ! tongue =w>d1 until x ev5tually t\*es ! tee?4 ,y w notice a diff]5ce 9 ! quality ( ! s\nd3 ! s\nd is d>k#cf :5 ! tongue is f>!r back1 cle> :5 x is =w>d 9 ! m\?4 ,notice t :5 ! tongue is drawn back1 x is bun*$ up beh9d4 ,9 /&>d ,engli% ! l is frequ5tly pron\nc$ ) ! tongue fairly back 9 ! m\?2 ! d>kness ( ! l is p>ticul>ly noticeable :5 x comes at ! end ( a ^w4#cg ,excessive )drawal ( ! tongue tip is n to be enc\rag$ 9 *ildr52 !y %\ld r practise ! cle> l1 ?\gh !y ne$ n g s f> z actually to let ! tongue t\* ! tee?4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 a good rule1 & if in/ill$ 9 ! *ildr5 w d some?+ to c\nt]act any t5d5cy to d>kness ( ! l4 ,x is n likely t !y w acquire ! habit ( actually t\*+ ! tee? :5 !y say l2 b a suffici5tly cle> l c be obta9$ if ! po9t ( contact is at ! upp] gums1 & ev5 a little f>!r back ?an t4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ! l may be d>k1 ev5 :5 ! po9t ( ! tongue t\*es ! tee?1 if ! back ( ! tongue is rais$4 ,9 cockney spee* ! l is sometimes lo/1 ?r\gh no contact tak+ place2 tail is pron\nc$ tj or some?+ simil>1 ) a v op5 7see #dc7 9 place ( l1 & aft] consonants also ! f9al l1 z 9 giggle1 is v liable to disappe>4 ,?is recalls ! treatm5t ( f9al r 9 /&>d ,engli%4 ,9 c>eless spee* ! l also disappe>s 9 only & 9 all "r4 ,colonel is pron\nc$ knl2 ! old] spell+ coronel expla9s ?is4 ,notice t :5 l comes next to a voiceless s\nd1 x may become p>tly or :olly voiceless l4 ,?us cle> becomes kli1 halt hlt4 ,! friction becomes noticeable !n2 try to utt] l & obs]ve ?is4 ,! voiceless s\nd is ! famili> ,wel% ll4 ,9 bubble1 riddle1 etc41 we may h syllabic l l4 ,comp>e :at 0 said ab\t syllabic m 9 #bb1 & ab\t syllabic n 9 #bd4 ,! l is n pron\nc$ 9 calf1 half1 salve1#ch balk1 caulk1 *alk1 falcon1#ci folk1 /alk1 talk1 walk1 yolk1 almond1 alms1 balm1 calm1 palm1 psalm1 qualm1 salmon1 sold]1 %\ld1 w\ld1 c\ld 7:]e x is n etymologically ju/ifi$72 golf is usually glf1 b also gf#c1 & r>ely gf4#dj ,x 0 said above t = l we let ! brea? pass out at bo? sides ( ! m\?2 b1 z a matt] ( fact1 mo/ p let x out only on "o side4 ,on :i* side does x pass out 9 y\r own case8 ,is ! same true ( y\r :ole family8 ,asc]ta9 :i* is ! usual side 9 ! case ( fri5ds4 #cd4 ,front cont9uants4--,wat* ) y\r mirror :at ! tongue does :5 y utt] ! ^w he4 ,y see t x rises 9 front4 ,raise x a little m1 until ! passage becomes q n>r[2 ! v[el w pass into ! s\nd :i* we h at ! beg9n+ ( yes jes1 & :i* we also h 9 sue sjuw1 = :i* see #de4 ,z a rule ! friction is v slight1 & inde$ h>dly p]ceptible to ! e>2 b 9 ! sl[ly utt]$1 delib]ate yes ! friction c (t5 be he>d v di/9ctly4 ,! s\nd is also notewor?y z be+1 l w & 1 glid+1 n held 7see #bf1 #cb74 ,9 c>eless spee* x sometimes passes into aft] d2 dur+ is pron\nc$ duwri in/ead ( djuwri1 ! dew becomes duw1 x made y />t x mei du /t4 ,soldi] is regul>ly pron\nc$ s\ld1 n s\ldj2 & v]dure1 gr&eur1 h bo? pronunciations1 dj be+ pref]r$ by c>eful speak]s4 ,aft] voiceless s\nds1 z 9 ,tuesday1 tube1 j occasionally passes into ! correspond+ voiceless 1 :i* is ! consonant s\nd 9 ! ,g]man i*2 & sometimes x ev5 becomes 1 comp>e ! c>eless pronunciation ( don't y "k d\ntn\1 la/ ye> ls ti1 he'll meet y hijl mijtu2 ,i %all hit y is 9 vulg> spee* i l x4 ,= ?is developm5t 9 un/ress$ syllables1 see #de4 99 99 99 99 99 ,back cont9uants4--,:5 we utt] ! v[el s\nd ( :o ! back ( ! tongue is rais$2 if we raise x a little high]1 !re is friction1 & we obta9 ! back cont9uants4 ,^! d n normally belong to /&>d ,engli%4 ,! voiceless x is1 h[ev]1 n uncommon 9 ! pronunciation ( words tak5 f ,scot*1 ,wel%1 or ,g]man2 ev5 9 su* words k is g5]ally sub/itut$4 ,! ,scot* lo* is pron\nc$ lx or lk2 ! ,g]man ,ho*7heim]7 is always spelt & pron\nc$ hock hk4 ,9 ,scot* x occurs normally4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?roat r 7uvul> r74--,?is s\nd1 :i* does n normally belong to /&>d ,engli%1 has be5 ref]r$ to 9 #cb4 #ce4 ,! h s\nds4--,we consid]$ ! glottis 7! int]val betwe5 ! vocal *ords7 9 #f4 ,we saw t :5 x is q op51 ! brea? passes ?r\gh )\t produc+ any audible s\nd4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! glottis is some:at n>r[$1 ! brea? bru%es pa/ ! vocal *ords1 & an h is produc$2 ?is we may call a voiceless glottal cont9uant4#da ,n[ !re may be v>i\s k9ds ( glottal h4 ,! passage betwe5 ! vocal *ords may be m or less n>r[1 & x may rema9 uni=m or gradually gr[ n>r[] or wid]4 ,! curr5t ( brea? may be /rong or weak2 x may be ( uni=m =ce1 or gradually gr[ /rong] or weak]4 ,:5 !re is a /rong curr5t ( brea?1 & ! op5+ is v n>r[1 we call x :eez+4 ,9 /&>d ,engli% ! h is a glottal cont9uant only :5 !re is precise & emphatic utt]ance4 ,ord9>ily x is produc$ 9 ! m\? passage4 ,:5 we say ha1 ! vocal *ords are n drawn toge!r until ! v[el is s\nd$2 ! m\?1 h[ev]1 gets into position = utt]+ ! v[el a little be=e ! "t1 & ! brea? z x passes ?r\gh produces an h s\nd4 ,9 h !n1 we practically h a voiceless foll[$ by ! ord9>y voic$ 2 9 he1 a voiceless i foll[$ by ! ord9>y i v[el2 9 :o1 a voiceless u foll[$ by ! ord9>y u4 ,:isp] ^! words1 & also hay & hoe2 & aft] ea*1 :isp] ! h only4 ,notice t ! e> detects an actual diff]5ce 9 ^! h s\nds4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a good deal dep5ds on ! curr5t ( brea? ) :i* ! h is utt]$4 ,9 /&>d ,engli% ! curr5t does n keep on gr[+ 9 volume until ! v[el is s\nd$2 x di/9ctly dim9i%es be=e ! v[el appe>s4 ,?is may be graphically repres5t$ by ! signs h4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if ! curr5t ( brea? does n dim9i% 9 ?is way1 b />ts weakly & does n rea* its maximum =ce until ! v[el is rea*$1 ! e> does n receive ! impression ( a di/9ct h4 ,?is s\nd may be writt5 h or simply 4 ,?is 7! s(t brea?7 prec$es initial v[els 9 /&>d ,engli%2 x is ! s\nd :i* 9 cockney spee* commonly repres5ts ! m di/9ct h2 ^? :o use x are said to drop _! h's4 ,consci\s ( ! defect1 !y (t5 prefix a full1 ev5 an exagg]at$ h to words :i* h no h4 ,x ne$ h>dly be said t c>elessness 9 ! use ( h is n to be tol]at$4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t no h is ev] dropp$ 9 ! spee* ( ,am]icans1 except 9 ! weak =ms ( he1 him1 h]4 h occurs 9 /&>d ,engli% only be=e /ress$ v[els4 ,initial h be=e un/ress$ v[els is only pron\nc$ :5 prec$$ by a pause4 ,notice t3 #a4 ,writt5 h is n pron\nc$ 9 heir1 hone/1 hon\r1 h\r1 & words d]iv$ f ^!4 ,x is n[ pron\nc$ 9 /&>d ,engli% 9 h]b1 hospital1 humble1 hum\r 7a fair numb] ( educat$ speak]s /ill pron\nce ?is ^w )\t h74 #b4 ,x is reg>d$ z correct to say a hi/ory1 b an hi/orical novel2 a habit1 b an habitual action2 _m1 h[ev]1 pron\nce ! h 9 bo? cases4 #c4 ,c]ta9 words drop ! h :5 !y occur 9 an un/ress$ position 9 ! s5t5ce2 ?is is a regul> feature ( /&>d colloquial spee*1 & does n convey ! slighte/ sugge/ion ( vulg>ity4 ,x mu/ be recognis$ t su* words h two =ms1 weak & /rong1 accord+ z !y are us$ )\t or ) emphasis4 ,comp>e ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 ,tom has be5 !re4 ,has he ?\gh8 tm z bijn 7b97 e4 hz i ou8 ,i gave h] a book4 ,:at1 to h]8 ai geiv r buk4 wt1 tu h8 ,f9d z _m words hav+ /rong & weak =ms z y c by obs]v+ ! ord9>y spee* ( ^? ar\nd y4 ,!n comp>e ! li/ giv5 9 #dg4 ,= ! dropp+ ( h 9 ! second "p ( comp\nd words1 see #dg4 #cf4 ,,v[els ,we h consid]$ ! s\nds produc$ :5 ! passage ?r\gh :i* ! brea? passes is clos$ 7/ops7 or n>r[$ 7cont9uants72 we n[ h to consid] ! s\nds produc$ :5 ! passage is wide en\gh = ! brea? to pass ?r\gh )\t audibly bru%+ aga9/ ! sides4 ,^! s\nds are ! v[els4 ,voice1 produc$ by ! vibration ( ! vocal *ords1 may be said to give body to ! v[el2 ! %ape ( ! passage ?r\gh :i* ! brea? passes det]m9es ! features t di/+ui% "o v[el f ano!r1 i4e4 its quality4 ,! %ape ( ?is passage is capable ( almo/ inf9ite v>iation1 :i* leads to a correspond+ v>iety ( resonances1 & ^! det]m9e ! quality ( ! v[els4 ,picture to y\rself ! inside ( ! m\?1 & consid] h[ ! cavity may become l>g] or small]1 accord+ z y sep>ate or draw toge!r ! jaws2 see :at a diff]5ce x makes if y raise ! tongue at ! back1 or 9 ! middle1 or 9 ! front2 be> 9 m9d t ! position ( ! lips may also modify ! s\nd1 z y w notice if1 = in/ance1 y utt] u z 9 :o1 fir/ ) ! lips =m+ a long n>r[ slit1 & aga9 ) ! lips =m+ a v small circle 7( ! same size z ! end ( a lead p5cil74 #cg4 ,( ! well-def9$ v[els t :i* is articulat$ ) lea/ ef=t is 4#db ,x is ! e>lie/ v[el s\nd utt]$ by ! baby1 be=e x has acquir$ control ov] ! muscles ( ! tongue4 ,x is also common z an int]jection4 ,utt] x1 & wat* ! tongue ) y\r mirror2 y w see t ! middle ( ! tongue ridge is slightly rais$4 ,! op5+ ( ! m\? is g5]ally l>g] ?an 9 ! case ( ! o!r v[els4 ,see ! diagram on p4 #abe4 ,utt] ! /&>d ,engli% s\nd ( a 9 hat1 = :i* ! sign is 4 ,say sev]al times & wat* ! tongue z y d s2 y w see t x moves =w>d & is a little high] 9 front & l[] at back = 4 ,! op5+ ( ! m\? is (t5 q z l>ge = z = 4 ,n[ try to produce ! s\nd :i* lies betwe5 ! two1 ) ! tongue occupy+ an int]m$iate position2 y w obta9 ! s\nd a1 :i* is ! nor!rn ,engli% v[el 9 hat1 & ! v[el 9 ! ,fr5* ^w *at2 9 /&>d ,engli% x occurs only z ! fir/ "p ( ! diph?ongs 9 bite bait & b\t baut4#dc ,?is a is sometimes call$ ! cle> a s\nd4 ,see ! diagram on p4 #abc4 ,next1 draw ! tongue a little back1 & y w obta9 a v>iety ( :i* is d>k & has a sugge/ion ( ! v[el 9 all l4 ,?is s\nd is commonly sub/itut$ = ! pure or neutral 9 cockney spee*1 s t fa/ is made to s\nd l f/1 p>k l pk4 ,?is d>k5+ ( ! a s\nd %\ld n be p]mitt$2 9 ord] to c\nt]act x1 x may be advisable to make ! class utt] s+ly & 9 *orus1 until !y are q cle> z to ! nature ( ! requir$ s\nd4 ,x is sometimes f\nd t precise speak]s1 ?r\gh an excessive desire to avoid any suspicion ( cockney lean+s 9 _! spee*1 sub/itute a = 1 say+1 = in/ance1 fa 9 place ( f2 x is p>ticul>ly ladies ( real or w\ld-be ref9em5t :o commit ?is mi/ake4 ,a mi/ake x is1 l e o!r deviation f :at is g5]ally recognis$ by ! educat$4 ,9 o!r cases ! cle> pronunciation ( a is (t5 he>d1 e4g41 9 glass1 ba?1 pa/1 answ]1 dem&1 grant1 ev]la/+4 ,bo? a & occur1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! spee* ( ladies4 ,:at is ! ,am]ican pronunciation ( half8 ,9 /&>d ,engli% !re is practically no %ort 1#dd b only ! long 1 :i* %\ld be nei!r d>k nor cle>4 ,if we analyse x c>efully1 we (t5 f9d#de t x is n a s+le v[el ( uni=m value1 only ! fir/ "p be+ pure 1 ! re/ be+ a fa9t v>iant2 b = practical purposes we may reg>d x z uni=m 9 quality1 z 9 good spee* x is a pure long v[el4 #ch4 ,!re is a %ort s\nd closely ak9 to x 79 position1 b n 9 s\nd71 :i* we h 9 b1 mu*1 etc41 & = :i* ! sign is 4 ,! back ( ! tongue is rais$ a little 9 ! production ( ?is s\nd1 & sometimes ! front also2 & 9 consequ5ce !re are sev]al v>ieties ( x4 ,x occurs only 9 syllables hav+ "s /ress2 we h 9 teacup1 unfit1 until2 b n 9 welcome1 :i* is n felt to be a comp\nd4 ,:5 x is un/ress$1 x becomes ! dull v[el 2 un/ress$ b is bt4 ,obs]ve ! vulg> pronunciation ( j z de/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! dull v[el occurs v commonly 9 ord9>y spee*2 mo/ un/ress$ syllables conta9 ?is v[el or ! v>iety ( i m5tion$ bel[4 ,x is f\nd1 = in/ance1 9 ! italicis$ syllables ( v[el1 v>iety1 c>penter1 ord9ary4 ,! long is v>i\sly writt52 we h x 9 f]n1 fir1#df fur1 ^w4 7,9 nor!rn ,engli% !re is "s v>iety 9 ! 1 accord+ to ! writt5 v[el :i* x repres5ts47 ,notice ! precise & ! ord9>y pronunciation ( su* words z pat]nal1 polite1 potato4 ,! un$ucat$ (t5 ins]t 9 su* words z ,h5ry h5ri1 umbrella mbrel2 & sometimes !y sub/itute i = 1 z 9 miracle1 wrongly pron\nc$ mirikl1 philosoph]1 wrongly pron\nc$ filsif1 & 9 oracle1 pigeon4 ,! lett]s e1 i1 & y 9 un/ress$ syllables repres5t a v laxly articulat$ s\nd1 = :i* ! sign i is us$ 9 ?is book4 ,x v>ies some:at 9 diff]5t speak]s2 sev]al s\nds int]m$iate betwe5 ! op5 & ! middle e may be he>d4 ,?is s]ves to expla9 ! unc]ta9ty ( spell+ 9 su* cases z ensure & insure1 enquire & inquire4 ,sometimes ! v[el disappe>s altoge!r1 z 9 bus9ess1 m$ic9e1 v5ison4 ,! lett] o 9 un/ress$ syllables prec$+ ! *ief /ress is usually 1 b 9 precise spee* an o-s\nd is he>d 9 su* words z conceive1 (ficial1 possess4 ,aft] ! *ief /ress is r>ely he>d2 b epo* ijpk & o!r uncommon words keep ! 4 #ci4 ,! front v[els4--,utt] ! ^w he & notice :at ! tongue does4 ,y c d s by look+ into y\r mirror1 or by putt+ a f+] j inside y\r front upp] tee?1 or by :isp]+ ! s\nd1 & feel+ :at happ5s4 ,y w g5]ally f9d t y c analyse v[els be/ if y :isp] !m1 because ! voice does n int]f]e ) y\r appreciation ( ! m\? resonances4 ,by ?is "t y\r muscul> consci\sness 7see #i7 %\ld be consid]ably develop$1 & y %\ld be consci\s ( :at y\r tongue1 lips1 etc41 are do+1 )\t hav+ rec\rse to a mirror4 ,y w f9d t y are rais+ y\r tongue v high 9 front3 & i are extremes2 9 ! "o case ! front ( ! tongue is practically z l[ z x c be1 9 ! o!r x is rais$ z high z possible4 ,y might raise ! tongue f>!r1 b ! result+ s\nd w\ld n be a v[el4 ,! passage w\ld be too n>r[1 !re w\ld be friction1 & a cont9uant w\ld be ! result 7see #cd74 ,utt] a pure & gradually raise ! front ( ! tongue until y rea* i4 ,y may ei!r keep y\r vocal *ords vibrat+ all ! "t1 or y may :isp] ! s\nds2 b see t ! tongue moves sl[ly & /eadily4 ,y w realise t v _m s\nds lie betwe5 & i2 z !y are all produc$ ) ! rais+ ( ! front ( ! tongue1 !y are call$ front v[els4 ,we h already notic$ cle> a1 & h met ) 1 :i* is ! v[el s\nd 9 hat ht4 ,:5 un/ress$ ! gives place to 2 t t becomes t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! un$ucat$ sometimes sub/itute a clos] s\nd 7! middle e7 = 2 !y say keb = cab1 ket = cat*1 eks = ?anks1 bek = bank4 ,! same mi/ake may also be he>d 9 ! pronunciation ( c>riage1 radi%1 ,janu>y4 ,9 any1 _m ! fir/ v[el is always e4 ,:at is x 9 manifold8 ,! s\nd is only f\nd %ort4 ,!re is a k9dr$ long s\nd 1 z 9 fair1 = :i* ! tongue is r high]4 ,x is (t5 call$ ! op5 1 be+ a /ill m op5 s\nd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a diff]5ce 9 ! =mation ( & mu/ be notic$2 x is n conf9$ to ?is pair ( v[els4 ,9 utt]+ a v[el s\nd we may adju/ ! articulations s fav\rably t ! result+ s\nd is cle> & decid$2 ?is may be call$ t5se articulation1 produc+ t5se v[els4 ,if we d n tr\ble to adju/ ! articulations c>efully1 if we h lax articulation1 we obta9 lax v[els4 ,9 /&>d ,engli% we d n articulate t5sely1 except 9 precise & emphatic spee*4 7,notice h[ t5sely ! ,fr5* & ! ,g]mans articulate _! acc5t$ long v[els47 ,9 tea*+ *ildr5 ! t]ms tight & loose may be us$4 ,! articulation ( is relatively t5se1 t ( is lax4 ,= see ! diagram on p4 #abc4 ,notice t is always foll[$ by a m or less di/9ct 2 !re is 1 ,m>y is m77ri4 ,consid] ! value ( -e>- 9 be> & be>+4 ,!re is a vulg> pronunciation ( ,i d>e say z ai desei1 in/ead ( ai d sei4 #dj4 ,! diph?ongs 9 bite & b\t are pron\nc$ by ! un$ucat$ 9 _m ways n p]missible 9 /&>d ,engli%4 ,! fir/ elem5t %\ld be cle> a4 ,a pure w\ld n be (f5sive "h1 ?\gh x is mu* less common2#dg b any pu%+ =w>d ( ! tongue beyond ! a limit1 any sub/itution ( = a1 is n to be tol]at$4 ,! nasalis+ ( ^! diph?ongs adds to ! unpleasant effect4 ,probably ! be/ means ( c\nt]act+ ^! t5d5cies is to insi/ on i & u2 if ! pure has be5 practis$1 z 0 sugge/$ above1 x w =m a /epp+-/one to ! acquisition ( good diph?ongs4 ,notice h[ a ,g]man pron\nces ^! diph?ongs2 y w f9d t he dwells mu* long] on ! fir/ elem5t ?an we d1 & t x is m op54 ,! end+ -ile 9 agile1 docile1 f]tile1 futile1 ho/ile1 pu]ile is pron\nc$ ail1 & n il z us$ to be ! case4 #da4 ,! next s\nds 9 ! s]ies1 obta9$ by rais+ ! tongue a little high] ?an = 1 are middle e & close e4 ,! v[el 9 p51 get1 fell is usually ! middle e2 "s speak]s 7p]haps mo/ly ladies7 use ! close e "h1 b ! v close e1 he>d 9 ,fr5* t1 is n f\nd 9 /&>d ,engli%4 ,= ord9>y purposes ! sign e may s]ve to designate bo? e & e1 z !y are s closely connect$4 ,:5 un/ress$1 ! e gives place to 2 ?us un/ress$ !m is m4 ,notice t 'em really goes back to ! old =m hem4 ,= e see ! diagram on p4 #abb4 ,obs]ve ! colloquial t5d5cy to pron\nce get z git4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a fairly close e is 9 /&>d ,engli% ! fir/ elem5t ( ! diph?ong 9 laid1 tame1 late1 etc4 ,!re is n "o uni=m v[el s\nd 9 ^! words2 pron\nce aid q sl[ly1 & y w notice t ! tongue rises be=e ! consonant is rea*$4 ,! diph?ong is long :5 a voic$ s\nd foll[s x1 %ort be=e a voiceless s\nd4 ,?us laid leid is long] ?an late leit4 ,te/ ?is /atem5t by f9d+ o!r words conta9+ ! diph?ong1 & pron\nc+ !m to y\rself or gett+ o!rs to pron\nce !m4 ,:at is ! quantity ( ! ei :5 ! diph?ong is f9al8 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 vulg> spee* ! fir/ elem5t ( ! diph?ong t5ds to 1 sometimes almo/ to 4 ,li/5 to a =eign]'s pronunciation ( ,engli% words conta9+ ?is diph?ong2 :at d y notice8 ,! v[el 9 says & said is %ort sez1 s$1 z also 9 ate et4 ,! pronunciation ( -a9 z e9 9 su* words z f\nta91 capta91 b>ga91 is a p$antic affectation4 ,h[ d y pron\nce villa91 curta98 #db4 ,two front v[els rema9 to be consid]$1 ! i s\nds4 ,say bid & bead4 ,y recognise t "o is long] ?an ! o!r2 are !y o!rwise ! same8 ,say bid & repeat x ) ! same v[el drawn out2 !n say bead1 & repeat x ) ! v[el %ort5$4 ,if y are c>eful 9 ea* case to *ange only ! l5g?1 & n ! quality ( ! v[el1 y w p]ceive t ! v[els 9 bid & 9 bead are diff]5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! v[el 9 bid is laxly articulat$ & is kn[n z ! op5 4 ,9 un/ress$ syllables 7see #ch7 x is (t5 v op5 inde$1 & :5 x is f9al1 z 9 v1 ! tongue is rais$ v little high] ?an = close or ev5 middle e4 ,! sign = ?is s\nd is e or 4 7,"h means m close1 m op547 ,c y he> any diff]5ce betwe5 ! two v[els ( lily8 ,! great phonetician ,ellis rem>k$ t ! pronunciation ( ! i 9 six is ! t\*/one ( =eign]s1 especially ( ^? belong+ to ! ,romance nations2 !y usually articulate x too t5sely4 ,ask a ,fr5*man to say f9i1 & comp>e 8 s\nds ) ^? 9 f9ny4 ,notice ! frequ5t cockney pronunciation ( -y z ei1 e4g41 9 w9dy w9dei4 ,(t5 is sub/itut$ = ?is s\nd1 z 9 unity1 ability1 pron\nc$ juwnti1 bilti1 also 9 ,april1 visible2 b ?is is avoid$ by "s speak]s4 ,! i 9 ! diph?ongs ai & i1 z 9 buy1 boy1 is v l[4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 bead we h n a s+le v[el1 b a k9d ( diph?ong4 ,if y utt] x sl[ly1 y w f9d t ! tongue does n rema9 9 a uni=m position1 b rises a little t[>ds ! end1 ! s\nd becom+ clos]4 ,x may beg9 close1 9 :i* case ! fur!r ris+ r$uces ! passage s mu* t we h j2 bead 9 ?is case is bijd4 ,or ! v[el may beg9 fairly op5 & rise to ! close position2 !n bead is bid4#dh ,:5 ! diph?ong is foll[$ by a voiceless s\nd1 x is %ort5$2 beat bijt bx is %ort] ?an bead4 ,comp>e also se$1 seat1 sit2 fe$1 feet1 fit4 ,c>eful speak]s pron\nce be5 l bean1 n l b92 mo/ speak]s1 h[ev]1 use ! %ort5$ =m 9 ord9>y spee*4 ,= i see ! diagram on p4 #abb4 ,9 de>1 fe>1 etc41 we h a r op5 v[el1 ( v>y+ l5g?1 foll[$ by 2 we may write di1 b /rictly x is d1 d,i & sometimes d,i4 ,be=e r1 z 9 de>e/1 ! becomes fa9t or disappe>s4 ,/&>d ,engli% conta9s no i z close z ! ,fr5* i & ! ,g]man i4 ,conv9ce y\rself ( ?is by ask+ =eign]s to pron\nce words conta9+ ^! s\nds1 9 _! own language or 9 ,engli%4 ,notice ! frequ5t pronunciation ( e>1 ye>1 z j1 & t ( de> z dj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we are n[ able to give ! :ole s]ies ( v[els f i to occurr+ 9 /&>d ,engli%4 close i 7diagram1 p4 #abb7 op5 close e 7diagram1 p4 #abb7 middle e op5 7diagram1 p4 #abc7 m op5 cle> a 7diagram1 p4 #abc7 7diagram1 p4 #abe7 ,x w be good practice = y to utt] ?is s]ies ( s\nds1 f to i & vice v]sa1 & long z well z %ort4 ,! rais+ ( ! tongue = ! i s\nds is be/ se5 if ! upp] & l[] tee? are kept well ap>t4 #dc4 ,! back v[els4--,:5 ! front v[els h be5 c>efully diff]5tiat$1 ! back v[els w be f\nd to pres5t little difficulty4 ,ow+ to ! fact t ! back ( ! tongue does n admit ( s mu* v>iety ( movem5t z ! front ( ! tongue1 ! numb] ( s\nds 9 ! s]ies to u is small] ?an 9 ! s]ies to i4 ,y w see t !re is "s resemblance betwe5 ! s\nds ( ! two s]ies4 ,?us we _h a lax & a t5se 9 ! front v[els2 & !re are correspond+ op5 o s\nds :5 ! tongue is rais$ a little at ! back4 ,! articulation ( ^! s\nds is (t5 unsatisfactory ow+ to ! l[] jaw n be+ mov$ d[n suffici5tly1 ! tee? be+ h>dly sep>at$4 ,! back v[els ga9 9 quality 7cp4 #cf7 if !y are produc$ ) lip r\nd+4 ,! op5+ is l>ge 9 ! case ( ! s\nds 9 :i* ! tongue is only slightly rais$2 z x rises high]1 ! op5+ ( ! lips gr[s small]1 until = u x is only ! size ( ! end ( an ord9>y lead p5cil4 ,?is lip r\nd+ is r>e ) s\!rn ,engli% speak]s :o h n _h special voice tra9+2 !y usually br+ toge!r or sep>ate ! lips )\t r\nd+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! %ort v[el s\nd 9 n1 :at1 etc41 is a laxly articulat$1 op5 1 mu* m op5 ?an any o 9 ,fr5* or ,g]man1 ) ! front ( ! tongue ev5 l[] ?an = 4 ,x is l5g!n$ a little be=e a voic$ f9al consonant1 z 9 dog dg2 b x %\ld nev] be made q long4 ,! pronunciation gd = ,god is dete/able4 ,be=e ss s1 / /1 sp sp1 ? 1 & f1 ff1 or ph f1 ! long s\nd is occasionally he>d4 ,det]m9e :e!r 9 ! foll[+ words y use ! long or ! %ort s\nd3 loss1 o/1 fro?1 cross1 c\gh1 s(t1 c(fee1 (f1 (fic]1 clo?1 moss1 gospel4 ,ext5d ! inquiry to y\r fri5ds4 ,:5 ! %ort is 9 an un/ress$ syllable x ei!r disappe>s entirely 7z 9 lesson1 :]e ! n is syllabic1 see #bd71 or x may become 1 z 9 m9or ma91 or x may become ! s\nd 1 :i* w be expla9$ 9 #dd4 ,?us ,octob] is kt\b or kt\b2 connect is knekt only 9 precise spee*1 b usually knekt or knekt4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! long 9 law1 laud1 "l is r t5sely articulat$1 c]ta9ly n s laxly z ! %ort 4#di ,be=e voiceless s\nds ! v[el is some:at %ort5$1 z 9 %ort 7comp>e %awl & %ot74 ,x is 9 /&>d ,engli% ! only s\nd ( /ress$ or 7or o>7 be=e a consonant2#ej !re is no diff]5ce 9 s\nd betwe5 laud & "l1 f\ght & =t1 /alk & /ork1 caw$ & cord4 ,x is true t "s speak]s try to make a di/9ction4 ,! long is n a simple long v[el1 b really a diph?ong ( :i* ! second elem5t is #ea2 & 9 words conta9+ a writt5 r1 ^! precise speak]s some:at l5g!n ! elem5t4 ,?us !y w say ld = laud1 & ld = "l4 ,x may be add$ t !y g5]ally d s only if ! di/9ction has be5 spok5 ab\t1 & !y h express$ _! firm belief 9 its exi/5ce2 !n1 = a :ile1 ! may be he>d4 ,a simple te/1 :i* ! /ud5t %\ld apply to 8 fri5ds1 is t ( ask+ !m to write d[n ! ^w he utt]s4 ,if he says ft1 mean+ f\ght1 mo/ p w write d[n =t1 because ! s\nd gives !m no guidance1 & ! sub/antive is likely to occur to !m fir/4 ,simil>ly1 if he says ld1 mean+ laud1 !y w write d[n "l4#eb ,! ^w lore1 :i* h>dly occurs 9 ord9>y spee*1 is (t5 pron\nc$ l 9 ord] to di/+ui% x f law1 ! s\nd be+ mu* m di/9ct ?an 9 law1 m1 bore1 etc4 ,consid] ! value ( -ore- 9 m wat]1 & 9 m ink4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re is mu* v>iation 9 ! pronunciation ( ! words daunt1 flaunt1 gaunt1 gauntlet1 haun*1 haunt1 jaundice1 jaunt1 laun*1 laundry1 paun*1 saunt]1 /aun*1 taunt1 vaunt4 ,! g5]al t5d5cy seems to be 9 fav\r ( 1 n 4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:5 un/ress$1 ! s\nd is (t5 %ort5$ to or #ec2 ?us autumnal becomes tmnl or tmnl2 or :5 /ress$ is 1 un/ress$ or or 4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a v>iety ( ! op5 1 n equally op5 9 all speak]s ( /&>d ,engli%1 is ! fir/ elem5t 9 ! diph?ong f\nd 9 boy bi4 ,! pronunciation bi#ec is also he>d4 ,9 vulg> spee* i sometimes becomes i2 ?us boil is pron\nc$ bil4 ,only 9 *oir 7also writt5 quire7 is ?is pronunciation curr5t 9 good spee*4 #dd4 ,utt] ! s\nd usually call$ long o & f\nd 9 bode1 boat1 etc12 y w obs]ve t ! s\nd is n uni=m1 z ! tongue rises a little be=e ! consonant is rea*$4#ed ,inde$ ! action ( ! tongue is q simil> to :at we notic$ 9 ! case ( ei 9 #da2 & also to ij or ,ii 9 #db1 :]e1 h[ev]1 x is less obvi\s to ! e>4 ,! diph?ongal "* ( ! long o is s ess5tial1 t :5 a /rang] m]ely says ono = oh no6 we at once recognise t he is n ,engli%4 ,! fir/ elem5t ( ?is diph?ong is a middle o1 sometimes a fairly close o2 9 /&>d ,engli% ! o is nev] s close z 9 ,fr5* o or 9 ,g]man 4#ee 7,wat* =eign]s :5 !y utt] ^! s\nds2 notice h[ t5sely !y articulate1 & h[ mu* m !y r\nd _! lips ?an we d47 ,9 cockney spee* ! fir/ elem5t is pron\nc$ ) ! tongue l[] & rais$ 9 front4--,! second is a u s\nd2 place a f+] aga9/ ! int]val betwe5 ! upp] & l[] tee?1 & notice h[ !y are br\ght a little clos] t[>ds ! end ( ! diph?ong4 ,obs]ve also ! action ( ! lips4 ,! diph?ong is long] be=e voic$ ?an be=e voiceless cont9uants2 v]ify ?is /atem5t by say+1 or gett+ o!rs to say1 bode & boat1 goad & goat1 robe & rope1 brogue & broke4 ,9 syllables t are weakly /ress$1 ! fir/ "p ( ! diph?ong becomes o1 #ef or ev5 1 ! second "p disappe>+ altoge!r4 ,?us fell[ is 9 precise spee* felou1 b 9 ord9>y spee* felo1 fel1 & 9 c>eless 7b n necess>ily vulg>7 spee* fel4#eg ,9 ladies' spee* ! occurs ev5 9 /ress$ syllables1 & may !n be confid5tly describ$ z a sign ( affectation4 ,! prefix pro-1 :5 /ress$1 is g5]ally pron\nc$ pr\4 ,9 process & progress pr is sometimes he>d2 9 ! sub/antives project & produce x is ! rule4 #de4 ,! u s\nds are cle>ly p>allel to ! i s\nds4 ,9 bo? cases we h a laxly articulat$ %ort s\nd1 & a diph?ong 9 :i* ! tongue rises t[>ds ! end4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! %ort s\nd 9 w\ld1 book1 etc41 is op51 & ! sign = x is 4 ,d y notice any diff]5ce 9 ! l5g? ( ! v[el s\nd 9 ! words %\ld & put1 pull & cook8 ,obs]ve o!rs1 if y are unc]ta9 9 y\r own case4 7,y w sometimes f9d x h>d to det]m9e :at is y\r natural1 in/9ctive way ( pron\nc+ a ^w1 :5 once y h gr[n accu/om$ to wat*+ y\r own spee*47 ,:5 ?is is un/ress$ x becomes #eh or 1 or is dropp$ altoge!r4 ,?us helpful becomes helpfl1 helpfl1 & %\ld becomes d1 d1 d1 t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! v[el s\nd 9 :o is n uni=m4 7,see :at 0 said ab\t ! correspond+ i s\nd 9 #db74 ,x may beg9 z close u#ei1 9 :i* case ! fur!r ris+ t[>ds ! end r$uces ! passage s mu* t we h w2 :o 9 ?is case is huw4 ,or ! v[el may beg9 fairly op5 & rise to ! close position2 !n :o is h,uu4 ,:5 ! diph?ong is foll[$ by a voiceless s\nd1 x is some:at %ort5$2 hoot is huwt or hut2 comp>e root ) rude4 ,a half-long v[el is n[ g5]ally he>d 9 room2 "s speak]s make x q %ort4 ,9 un/ress$ syllables ! fir/ elem5t is %ort5$ & (t5 becomes 2 ?us ,july is dwlai4 ,be=e ! diph?ong loses its second elem5t2 cruel is krul4 ,:5 ! repres5ts a writt5 r1 ! fir/ elem5t (t5 *anges to a v[el ) l[] tongue position4 ,?us poor is pron\nc$ p1 po1 & "s educat$ speak]s ( s\!rn ,engli% ev5 say p1 rim+ ) door1 floor2 b ?is c h>dly be consid]$ /&>d ,engli%4 ,notice also ! v>i\s pronunciations ( y\r1 sure4 ,be=e spok5 r1 z 9 poore/1 endur+1 ! becomes v fa9t or disappe>s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! s-call$ long u 9 su* words z due1 dew1 dude consi/s ( ?ree p>ts4 ,! second & ?ird are ! v[el s\nds 9 d1 :i* h j be5 discuss$2 ! fir/ is j1 :i* aft] voiceless s\nds t5ds to become ! voiceless & ev5 1 z 0 m5tion$ 9 #cd4 ,?us tune is 9 ord9>y spee* tjuwn1 & (t5 tuwn2 9 c>eless spee* x may ev5 become tuwn4 ,! -ture 9 nature1 creature1 =feiture1 etc41 is g5]ally pron\nc$ t#fj2 ! pronunciation tj or tj s\nds affect$ 9 ord9>y spee*4 ,v5ture is usually v5t1 sometimes v51 v5tj1 or v5tj4 ,c5sure is always s54 ,9 allude1 99allusion1 lute1 luc5t1 lum9\s1 99flute1 salute199absolute1 99absolution1 dissolute1 99dissolution1 99sup]/ition1 99,susan bo? uw & juw may be he>d2 uw is probably m common 9 ! words m>k$ ) an a/]isk4 ,precise speak]s pref] juw 9 all ! words giv54 ,9 assume1 presume juw is regul>ly he>d4 ,z a rule j is n ins]t$ aft] r1 1 1 or consonant plus l4 ,notice ! pronunciation ( casual kul or kwl1 s5sual s5ul1 usual juwul or juwl1 visual vizjul4 ,educate is edjukeit or edukeit2 c>eful speak]s pref] ! =m]4 ,z ! long u beg9s ) a consonantal s\nd x is correct to say a uni=m1 a univ]sity1 a union1 a ,european1 a eulogy4 ,to write an be=e su* words is a gross mi/ake4 ,we f9d ! u elem5t *ang$ 9 un/ress$ syllables2 ?us value becomes vlj1 regul> becomes regjl1 regjl1 &1 v colloquially1 regl4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we are n[ able to give ! :ole s]ies ( v[els f u to occurr+ 9 /&>d ,engli%3 close u 7diagram1 p4 #abd7 _/ op5 _/ close o 7diagram1 p4 #abd7 _/ middle o _/ op5 7diagram1 p4 #abe7 _/ d>k ,practise ?is s]ies1 z 0 sugge/$ 9 #db1 9 connection ) ! i to s]ies4 ,,footnotes3 #ad ,= ! sake ( conv5i5ce ! nasal s\nds1 9 produc+ :i* ! brea? does n also pass out ?r\gh ! m\?1 i4e4 :i* are n nasal v[els 7see #h71 are includ$ "u /ops4 #ae ,s\nds 9 phonetic transcript are enclos$ 9 squ>e brackets4 #af ,also call$ labial4 #ag ,also call$ d5tal4 #ah ,also call$ palatal4 #ai ,also call$ vel> 7f velum1 = :i* see #h7 & m usually1 b less accurately1 guttural4 #bj ,an oral /op foll[$ by h is call$ an aspirate4 ,aspirates are common 9 ,g]man1 b practically unkn[n 9 /&>d ,fr5*4 #ba ,examples 9 ! conv5tional spell+ are pr9t$ 9 italics4 #bb i4e4 at ! end ( a ^w1 be=e a pause4 #bc ,:5 ! aspiration is /rongly m>k$1 x =ms a *>act]i/ic ( ! spee* ( ! l[] middle class 9 ,london & "s home c\nties4 #bd ,! po9t /ops are also call$ tee? or d5tal /ops4 #be ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ,som]set clean1 clod are sometimes pron\nc$ ) tl-4 #bf ,see footnote #h on page #bi4 #bg ,see footnote #h on page #bi4 #bh ,9 /&>d ,engli%2 9 c]ta9 dialects ! end+-+ is always pron\nc$ ig4 #bi ,! educat$ commonly say bul\n2 bul9 is also he>d4 #cj ,! hu%+ & hiss+ s\nds are also call$ sibilants4 #ca ,see also #de4 #cb ,"s speak]s say s\ieit b s\siein1 innieit b innsiein4 #cc ,9 a great _m cases lisp+ is due to an ov]-long tongue2 or ! tongue may be ti$1 9 :i* case ! ligature is easily cut4 #cd ,! back ( ! tongue may also be rais$ to "s ext5t2 h[ does ?is expla9 ! sub/itution ( w = r :i* is sometimes he>d8 #ce ,! rule may also be /at$ ?us3 r is only he>d :5 a v[el foll[s 9 ! same or ! next ^w4 ,v[el mu/ "h be tak5 to include j4 #cf ,! t]m d>k "h implies a deep & obscure resonance1 ) little friction4 #cg ,contra/ ! l ( w & will+ 7:]e its position betwe5 front v[els leads to =w>d =mation74 #ch ,"s pron\nce ?is ^w slv4 #ci ,"s pron\nce ?is ^w flkn4 #dj ,^! are modifications ( ! ,scot* =m ( ! ^w4 #da h is describ$ z voiceless2 b x may also be produc$ ) voice4 ,we h se5 t ! vocal *ords consi/ ( a fle%y & a c>tilag9\s "p3 x is possible to let ! =m] vibrate1 :ile ! latt] is left op51 & ! brea? pass+ ?r\gh produces h4 ,try to utt] ?is s\nd4 #db ,! neutral v[el 1 = :i* see #ch1 requires less ef=t4 #dc ,notice ! faulty t5d5cy to raise ! tongue too high 9 utt]+ ! fir/ "p ( ?is diph?ong2 see #dj4 #dd ,h[ev]1 !re is a pronunciation ( are1 int]m$iate betwe5 ! emphatic & ! un/ress$ 1 :i* may be describ$ z %ort 4 ,! a 9 ! un/ress$ prefix trans-1 & ! second a ( advantage\s also h ! s\nd ( sometimes4 #de ,especially :5 x is f9al4 #df ,_m cultivat$ p pron\nce girl z gl2 b gl is to be pref]r$4 ,cl]k1 s]geant h 1 n 2 also ,d]by1 ,b]k%ire1 ,h]t=d%ire4 #dg ,x is he>d on ! /age & 9 public speak+ g5]ally2 9 ord9>y conv]sation x sugge/s ! spee* ( a =eign]1 especially if ! elem5t ( ! diph?ong is l5g!n$4 #dh ,! fir/ "p is /ill m op5 9 a common vulg> pronunciation ( tea1 please4 #di ,= see ! diagram on p4 #abe4 #ej ,exceptions are borr[1 etc41 "w1 attorney1 etc4 #ea ,to pron\nce ?is di/9ctly 9 su* words z law1 saw is a mi/ake4 #eb ,x is absurd to speak ( =t & caught1 morn & dawn z cockney rimes2 !y are p]fectly good rimes 9 /&>d ,engli%2 & a s\!rn ,engli%man only %[s ignorance by speak+ ( !m z bad4 ,consid]+1 h[ev]1 t /&>d ,engli% is by no means univ]sal1 ! w\ld-be poet is advis$ to avoid ^! rimes4 #ec ,= see ! note on p4 #fh4 #ed ,9 ! case ( ?is diph?ong z well z 9 t 9 "n1 pail1 etc4 7see #da71 untra9$ s+]s usually betray !mselves by pass+ too soon to ! second "p ( ! diph?ong4 #ee ,= o see ! diagram on p4 #abd4 #ef is o pron\nc$ ) ! :ole body ( ! tongue m =w>d ?an usual4 ,to ! e> x gives an effect l t ( ,fr5* eu or ,g]man 2 b = ^! s\nds ! lips are r\nd$4 #eg ,! pronunciations w9d1 pil = w9d[1 pill[ are1 h[ev]1 avoid$ by educat$ speak]s4 #eh is u pron\nc$ ) ! :ole body ( ! tongue m =w>d ?an usual4 ,to ! e> x gives an effect l t ( ,fr5* u or ,g]man 2 b = ^! s\nds ! lips are r\nd$4 #ei ,= u see ! diagram on p4 #abd4 #fj ,see also #bi4 ,,! ,,s\nds ,,9 ,,connect$ ,,spee* #df4 ,let u take a famili> nurs]y rime z an example ( simple conv]sational ,engli%2 x w s]ve to give u "s idea ( ! problems :i* h to be consid]$ :5 we deal ) ! s\nds ( connect$ spee*4 ,?is is ! rime3 si s v sikspns pkit ful v rai fr n tenti blkbdzz beikt 9 pai wen pai wz opnd bdzz bign t si wzn7t7 t de9ti di t set bif ki4 #dg4 ,p$antically precise spee* is z mu* out ( place 9 ! nurs]y z vulg> spee*2 !re=e we d n say1 si e s v sikspens4 ,notice t ! foll[+ words h /rong & weak =ms1 a weak =m be+ regul>ly us$ :5 !y are n /ress$3-- weak /rong a1 an 1 n ei1 n ! 7be=e consonants7 ij i 7be=e v[els7 has hz1#fa z1 z hz h hv1#fa v1 v hv _h hd1#fa d1 d hd is iz1 z1 s iz are 7r71 7r7 1 r 0 wz wz 7 w7r7 w7r71 w7r7 c kn1 kn kn %all l1 l1 l l w l1 l wil c\ld kd kud %\ld d1 d1 t1 d ud w\ld wd1 d1 d wud he hi1#fb i hij %e i ij h] h7r71#fb 7r7 h7r7 him m him 8 z hiz we wi wij u s s y ju1 j juw !m m1 7m7 em y\r j7r71 j7r71 j7r7 ju7r7 ( v v f frm1 frm frm to t 7be=e consonants7 tu & nd1 nd1 n1 n nd or 7r71 7r7 7r7 ,! use ( /rong =ms = weak ones 9 ord9>y conv]sation is und\bt$ly a fault1 & %\ld be avoid$2 mu* ( ! unnatural read+ al\d 9 our s*ools is due to ?is cause4 ,=eign]s :o h liv$ long 9 ,engl& (t5 fail 9 ?is respect :5 !y h ov]come almo/ all o!r difficulties4 ,x is also n uncommon 9 ! spee* ( colonials4 99 99 99 99 99 ,notice pens1 b sikspns4 ,a ^w :i* =ms ! second "p ( a comp\nd (t5 *anges 9 pronunciation1 a weak] =m be+ sub/itut$4 ,comp>e p5ny & halfp5ny1 bo>d & cupbo>d1 come & welcome1 day & ye/]day1 ways & always1 fa/ & breakfa/1 m\? & ,portsm\?1 l& & ,engl&1 =d & ,ox=d4 ,! fir/ lett] ( ! second "p is sometimes dropp$2 ?us ! w 9 h\sewife 7case = ne$les1 etc47 hzif1 ,gre5wi*1 ,h>wi*1 ,woolwi*1 ,norwi*1 ,keswick1 ,w>wick is no long] pron\nc$1 nor ! h 9 %eph]d1 =ehead1 ,clapham1 ,syd5ham1 & 9 _m words beg9n+ ) ex-1 e4g41 exhale1#fc exhau/1 exhibit1 exhil>ate1 exhort4 ,! dropp+ ( h 9 neighb\rhood is vulg>4 ,sometimes !re is a *ange 9 ! fir/ "p ( a comp\nd ^w4 ,comp>e half & halfp5ny1 ?ree & ?reep5ce1 =e & =ehead1 break & breakfa/4 ,! /ress ( comp\nds l sixp5ce is discuss$ bel[ 7blackbirds74 #dh4 ,9 pocket ! second v[el is n middle e1 b a v laxly articulat$ v>iety ( 1 ) ! tongue only a little high] ?an = close e2 see #ch4 ,9 ! spee* ( elocutioni/s ! middle e (t5 appe>s "h4 ,!y tell ( ! gaden v ijden1 j z !y succe$ 9 pron\nc+ devl in/ead ( devl1 ?us avoid+ all (f5ce2 = devl is said by common p1 b devl only by ! polite4 99 99 99 99 99 ,notice t 9 f\r-&-tw5ty ! r is pron\nc$1 z x comes betwe5 v[els2 b x is mute 9 be=e ! ,k+1 :]e x comes be=e a consonant1 z 9 ! ^w =?4 ,see #cb4 #di4 ,9 & ! d is dropp$4 ,"h x might be a case ( assimilation2 t is to say ! t :i* imm$iately foll[s1 & :i* is closely ak9 to x1 might h *ang$ x to t1 & ! two w\ld h fall5 toge!r4 ,9 sit d[n1 d y utt] bo? t & d8 ,if y speak naturally1 y probably say sidaun or sitaun4 ,:at is y\r pronunciation ( hold tight1 less zeal8 ,9 cupbo>d none b ! absurdly precise pron\nce ! p4 99 99 99 99 99 ,assimilation ( consonants is common 9 ,engli%1 & ! m colloquial ! spee* is1 ! m assimilation y are likely to f9d4 ,assimilation r$uces ! numb] ( movem5ts :i* h to be made1 & ?us repres5ts a sav+ ( tr\ble2 & 9 colloquial spee* we incl9e to take z little tr\ble z possible4 ,! g5]al rule is1 t :5 two s\nds come toge!r1 ^? movem5ts ( articulation :i* are common to bo? are execut$ once only4 ,?us 9 don't1#fd ! /opp+ ( ! passage = n also does duty = t2 x is ! op5+ ( ! passage :i* con/itutes ! t4 ,9 /amp ! closure = m also does duty = p4 ,9 witness ! closure = t rema9s = n1 :i* m]ely requires ! op5+ ( ! nose-passage & vibration ( ! vocal *ords4 ,utt] ! ^w clean1 & obs]ve :e!r y produce ! k 9 ! same way z 9 ke52 probably y w f9d t = ! k ( clean y op5 ! closure only at ! sides1 leav+ ! c5tre ( ! tongue 9 contact1 ready = ! production ( l4 ,see :e!r any?+ simil> happ5s :5 y say ! ^w atlas4 ,sometimes a voic$ s\nd makes a neighb\r+ s\nd voic$1 or a voiceless s\nd makes a neighb\r+ s\nd voiceless4 ,examples 9 ! nurs]y rime are bdzz & beikt2 f9d simil> examples ( ! s ( ! plural#fe & ! ed ( ! pa/ p>ticiple1 & det]m9e 9 ea* case :e!r ! f9al s\nd is voic$ or voiceless4 ,try to f9d pairs l lagg$ & lack$1 bids & bits4 ,utt] ! words apt1 act1 & notice c>efully :5 y make ! closure = t2 probably x is e>li] ?an y w\ld h ?\ght4 ,d y make ! n closure 9 op5 be=e or aft] ! p op5+8 ,9 comp\nd words1 & 9 neighb\r+ words :i* belong closely toge!r1 assimilation is common4 ,:5 "o ^w ends 9 a voiceless s\nd & ! o!r beg9s ) a voic$ s\nd1 or vice v]sa1 x is usually ! second :i* prevails4 ,obs]ve cupbo>d kbd1 raspb]ry rzbri1 blackgu>d blgd1 b$time betaim1 hold tight h\ltait4 ,consid] ! pronunciation ( obs]ve1 ob/acle1 gooseb]ry1 absolve1 absolute4 ,9 c>eless spee* hu is he>d = hsu1 ldbru gr\v does duty = ,ladbroke ,grove1 & hsijn = has se54 ,is %e is regul>ly pron\nc$ i i1 or ii 9 quick conv]sation4 ,! nasals frequ5tly *ange to suit ! place ( articulation ( ! foll[+ s\nd1 z 9 congress kres1 congregation krigein1 an*or1 concave1 conclusion1 conc\rse1 concrete1 syncope1 tranquil1 unctu\s1 p9cu%ion pikun1 infam\s imfms1 ,holl& ,p>k hlmpk2 or ( ! prec$+ s\nd1 z 9 second s+le seksigl1 capta9 kpm1 op5 ! door oupm d1 cup & sauc] kpmss4 ,! examples f p9cu%ion onw>ds occur only 9 di/9ctly c>eless spee*4 ,! *ange ( s to z 9 h\se1 h\ses haus1 hauziz1 %[s a diff]5t k9d ( assimilation4 #ej4 ,! dropp+ ( d 9 f\r-&-tw5ty might also be due to ! desire to simplify a gr\p ( consonants2 & ?is w seem ! m likely explanation if we notice t ! d ( & is g5]ally dropp$ be=e a consonant1 b kept be=e a v[el4 ,comp>e y & ,ida1 bread & butt]2 if y drop ! d 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 or utt] x 9 ! second1 y are equally wrong4 ,su* simplify+ is fairly common 9 educat$ spee*2 mo/ p drop ! t 9 (t51 & ! p 9 empty 7:]e x has no etymological ju/ification71 & jump$2 9 colloquial spee* don't "k is dn\4 ,9 q c>eless spee* y may notice consonants dropp$ 9 su* words z acts1 insects1 b ?is is cle>ly a lic5ce :i* _c be p]mitt$ 9 ! class-room4 ,inde$ ^! gr\ps ( consonants %\ld be articulat$ ) great c>e4 ,no?+ s quickly gives an effect ( slov5ly spee* z ! slurr+ ( consonants1 :]e x is n g5]ally adopt$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ord9>y spee* num]\s in/ances occur ( ?is t5d5cy to simplify gr\ps ( consonants1 d & t be+ ! s\nds mo/ frequ5tly dropp$4 d is n pron\nc$ 9 h&k]*ief hktif1 h&some hnsm1 ,w9dsor w9z1 ,guild=d gilfd1 ,+oldsby iglzbi1 ,w$nesday w5zdi4#ff ,! d 9 fri5ds1 gr&fa!r is also (t5 dropp$2 &1 9 v c>eless spee*1 ! d ( su* words z old1 cold1 *ild1 ?\s&1 k9dness1 l&lord4 t is n pron\nc$ 9 *ri/5 krisn1 gli/5 glisn1 ha/5 heisn1 li/5 lisn1 moi/5 misn1 apo/le psl1 bu/le bsl1 ca/le ksl1 epi/le ipisl1 gri/le grisl1 hu/le hsl1 o/l] sl1 pe/le pesl1 ru/le rsl1 ?i/le isl1 tre/le tresl1 :i/le wisl1 wre/le resl1 99,we/b\rne wesbn1 99,we/m9/] wesm9/1 ,*ri/mas krisms1 *e/nut tesnt1 coa/gu>d k\sgd1 (t5 fn1 s(t5 sfn1 mortgage mgid1 99directly direkli1 99exactly igzkli1 po/pone p\sp\n1 wai/coat weiskt1 weskt1 bankruptcy bkrpsi4 ,9 v c>eless spee* ! t ( su* words z slept1 swept1 wept is dropp$2 also 9 acts1 facts1 insects1 sects4 ,notice ! ,fr5* rosbif1 bifteck4 ? is n pron\nc$ 9 a/hma sm1 i/hmus isms & 7c>elessly7 9 dep?s4 p is n pron\nc$ 9 empty emti1 jump$ dmt1 tempt temt1 attempt temt1 contempt kntemt1 p]emptory premtri1 symptom simtm1#fg sapphire sfai1 ,sappho sf\4 c is n pron\nc$ 9 corpuscle kpsl1 muscle msl1 victuals vitlz1 indict 9dait4#fh ,s _m educat$ speak]s say / = ask$1 t ?is pronunciation mu/ be reg>d$ z no long] incorrect4 ,:at is ! usual pronunciation ( next /ation8 ,9 c>eful spee* ! simplifications m>k$ ) an a/]isk are avoid$1 z also su* pronunciations z ail dssij = ,i'll j see1 difikl kwe/nz = difficult que/ions4 ,! omission ( k 9 ! pronunciation ( arctic & ant>ctic & ( g 9 recognise is g5]ally reg>d$ z faulty4 99 99 99 99 99 ,unfamili> gr\ps ( consonants at ! beg9n+ ( words are simplifi$ by dropp+ ! fir/ s\nd2 notice ! simplification ( bd 9 bdellium2 *? 9 *?onian2 gn 9 gnaw1 gneiss1 gnome1 gno/ic2 gz 7x7 9 ,x]xes zksijz1 ,x5ophon2 kn 9 knee1 knit1 "k1 etc42 mn 9 mnemonic2 ph? 9 ph?isis aisis1 also taisis2 pn 9 pneumatic1 pneumonia2 ps 9 psalm1 pseudo-1 ,psy*e1 psy*ic saikik1 psy*ology1 etc42 pt 9 pt>migan1 ,ptolemy2 sw becomes s 9 sword 7obs]ve also answ]72 wr 9 wreck1 write1 etc4 ,simil>ly1 an unfamili> gr\p at ! end ( a ^w is simplifi$1 usually by dropp+ ! la/ s\nd2 notice-- ln 9 kiln 7"s d n drop ?is n72 mb 9 bomb1 catacomb1 climb1 comb1 dumb1 hecatomb1 lamb1 limb1 plumb]1 succumb1 tomb2 mn 9 autumn1 column1 condemn1 contemn1 hymn1 limn1 solemn4 7,! opposite t5d5cy is f\nd 9 vulg> spee*1 :]e vm9t is said = v]m91 draund = dr[n47 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]ve dra*m drm1 ya*t jt1 impugn impjuwn1 physiognomy fizinmi1 diaphragm daifrm1 p>adigm prdaim1 phlegm flem1 sign sa91 feign1 reign1 =eign1 b5ign4 #ea4 ,9 rai we h a diph?ong4 ,x is wor? not+ t ! ,engli% diph?ongs ai1 au1 i1 ei1 ou1 etc41 all h ! /ress on ! =m] elem5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,blackbirds & black birds3 9 ! spell+ we di/+ui% ^! by writ+ ! fir/ z "o ^w1 ! second z two4 ,:at diff]5ce is !re 9 ! s\nds8 ,if y li/5 c>efully1 y w f9d t ! second v[el 9 ! comp\nd ^w is j a little %ort] ?an 9 birds /&+ alone1 & t 9 blackbirds ! op5+ ( ! closure = k is n he>d1 :ile 9 black birds x may be audible4 ,! *ief diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 lies 9 ! /ress ( ! comp\nd ^w4 ,blackbirds is an example ( desc5d+ /ress 1 black birds is pron\nc$ ) level /ress 1 p]haps ) asc5d+ /ress 4 ,take ! foll[+ comp\nd words or gr\ps1 & classify !m accord+ to _! /ress3-- ,sixp5ce1 ra9b[1 good morn+1 look+ glass1 moon%9e1 bravo61 tw5ty-f\r1 tw5ty-f\r m51 ,high ,/reet1 ,london ,road1 wat]sp\t1 "r ( way1 undo1 ,mr ,jones1 ,p>k ,lane1 season ticket1 sunfl[]1 ,hongkong1 /eel p51 ,*9ese1 hallo6 bill ( f>e1 e>?quake1 sea wall1 ,bond ,/reet1 ,grosv5or ,squ>e1 f\rte51 ,hyde ,p>k4 ,try to d$uce "s rules f ^! examples4 ,x has be5 said t level /ress contra/s1 & unev5 /ress unites ! ideas express$ by ! comp\nd words2 d y agree ) ?is8 ,notice :at difficulty our level /ress gives to ! ,g]man2 he w utt] /eel p51 ,hyde ,p>k1 etc41 ) desc5d+ /ress4 ,d s y\rself1 & obs]ve h[ /range x s\nds4 ,notice ! diff]5ce 9 /ress ( ,sub/antive or ,adjective ,v]b abs5t to abs5t acc5t to acc5t consort to consort conv]se to conv]se des]t to des]t prefix to prefix pres5t to pres5t ,sub/antive ,v]b proce$s to proce$ produce to produce project to project prote/ to prote/ rebel to rebel record to record refuse to refuse ,sub/antive ,adjective compact compact in/9ct in/9ct m9ute m9ute ,"s words ( two syllables h ! /ress on ! fir/ or ! second syllable accord+ to _! place 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,consid] ! acc5t ( ! italicis$ words 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 ,!y sat outside4 ,an outside pass5g]4 ,among ! ,*9ese4 ,a ,*9ese lant]n4 ,8 age is fifte54 ,i h fifte5 %ill+s4 ,"s fell by ! wayside4 ,a wayside inn4 ,try to f9d a rule gov]n+ ^! cases4 ,! /resses 9 a s5t5ce are consid]$ 9 #ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:5 w\ld be pron\nc$ z voiceless by "s1 h>dly by a s\!rn ,engli% nurse say+ ! rime 7 #df74 ,notice h[ ! tongue moves =w>d z ! n passes ov] into ! 9 :5 !4 ,0 is 9 ! weak =m because x is q un/ress$2 b notice3 w ju rili 8 jes1 ai wz4 #eb4 ,9 op5$1 obs]ve c>efully h[ ! consonants are articulat$1 & put _! action d[n 9 writ+4 ,h[ _m syllables are !re 9 op5$1 bubbles1 *asms1 mitt5s8 ,probably y h no difficulty 9 und]/&+ & answ]+ ?is "q1 b if ask$ to describe a syllable y might hesitate1 = x is n easy4 ,utt] & !n t2 :i* c>ries f>!r1 :i* has great] fulness ( s\nd or sonority8 ,if y wi%$ to attract ! att5tion ( "s "o1 & 7 only all[$ to utt] "o ( ^! two s\nds1 y w\ld pref] )\t hesitation4 ,:y is m sonor\s ?an t8 ,because1 :]eas t is only a brief noise1 9 ! curr5t ( brea? is r5d]$ musical by ! vibration ( ! vocal *ords1 & has a free passage ?r\gh ! wide op5 m\?4 ,inde$ is ! mo/ sonor\s ( all s\nds4 ,x is cle> t voic$ s\nds are m sonor\s ?an voiceless1 v[els ?an consonants1 cont9uants ?an /ops4 ,! liquids & nasals /& betwe5 v[els & consonants 9 po9t ( sonority2 !y are voic$ & ) ei!r a fair passage ?r\gh ! m\? or a free passage ?r\gh ! nose4 ,a good deal naturally dep5ds on ! =ce & ! pit* ( ! s\nds2 a :isp]$ may n c>ry s f> z a =cible s4 ,n[ if a s\nd ) good c>ry+ p[] has = its neighb\rs s\nds t d n c>ry f>1 x helps !m to be he>d2 notice h[ su* weakly sonor\s s\nds z t or p occurr+ 9 ! words ( a song are q cle>ly he>d at ! o!r end ( a l>ge conc]t hall4 ,!y are c>ri$ along by ! full s\nd+ v[els1 z ! great] volume ( air employ$ causes m pressure1 & h5ce a m =cible & l\d] release4 ,x is ! s\nds ( great] sonority t c>ry ! syllable1 :i* t]m is also appli$ to a v[el /&+ alone1 or beside o!r v[els ( practically equal sonority4 ,9 ,engli%1 ! syllable is g5]ally c>ri$ by v[els2 sometimes also by liquids & nasals1 :i* are !n call$ syllabic4#fi ,rules = divid+ words into syllables are giv5 9 mo/ gramm>s1 & are requir$ = writ+ & pr9t+2 b !y d n always repres5t ! actual /ate ( ?+s4 ,:5 a consonant comes betwe5 two v[els1 x really belongs to bo? syllables4 ,9 leav+ we pron\nce nei!r lea-v+ nor leav-+4 ,f ! phonetic po9t ( view we may ?9k ( words & gr\ps ( words z consi/+ ( a s]ies ( s\nds ( v>y+ sonority4 ,we may indicate ! sonority v r\ghly by l9es2 if we connect _! top ends1 we %all obta9 a curve4 ,?us ! ^w sonority might be repres5t$ z foll[s 7no attempt is "h made at sci5tific accuracy74 ,illu/ration3 _/ _/ _/ s o n o r i t y ,! curves w repres5t a s]ies ( waves2 & ea* ( ^! waves is a syllable4 99 99 99 99 99 ,began3 notice ! quality ( ! v[el 9 ! fir/1 un/ress$ syllable ( ?is ^w4 ,x is high] ?an any real e s\nd1 & is v laxly articulat$4 ,x occurs also 9 be=e1 en\gh1 inquire2 f9d o!r words 9 :i* x occurs4 ,is x ! same s\nd z ! second v[el 9 lily8 ,to s+3 read ! six? l9e q naturally & see :e!r y say t or tu2 get fri5ds to read x1 & f9d out :at !y say4 ,:5 y wi% to asc]ta9 h[ a fri5d pron\nces "s p>ticul> s\nd1 d n tell him :at ?is s\nd is1 or he may pron\nce x n naturally1 b 9 :at he believes1 or has be5 told1 is ! correct pronunciation4 ,try to asc]ta9 ! pronunciation ( ^! s5t5ces3 ,:at are y go+ to d to-morr[ morn+8 ,i'm go+ to answ] lett]s4 ,wasn't t3 0 is "h 9 ! /rong =m 7 #dg72 are weak =ms f\nd at ! beg9n+ ( a s5t5ce8 ,notice ! syllabic n2 also ! simplification ( ! gr\p ( consonants by ! omission ( t4 ,:at is ! weak =m ( t8 ,:5 is x us$8 ,! rema9+ words pres5t no?+ ( special int]e/4 #ec4 ,we may n[ consid] ! /ress ( ! s5t5ce4 ,= ?is purpose x is suffici5t to consid] ! mo/ sonor\s "p ( ea* syllable1 g5]ally speak+ a v[el4 ,we may di/+ui% /ress & abs5ce ( /ress1 :i* we c designate by ! signs _/ & 2 extra /rong /ress w be _/_/1 & second>y /ress 4 ,! fir/ l9e ( ,s+ a ,song ( ,sixp5ce1 w !n run3-- _/_/ _/ _/_/ ,"h s+ & six h ! /ronge/ /ress2 song has ord9>y /ress4 ,second>y /ress is giv5 to t syllable ( a ^w :i* is /ress$1 b has n ! *ief /ress2 ?us ! /resses 9 en]getic may be writt5 _/ 4 ,! nurs]y rhyme !n %[s ! foll[+ /resses3-- _/_/ _/ _/_/ _/_/ _/ _/_/ _/_/ _/_/ _/_/ _/_/ _/_/ _/ _/_/ _/_/ _/ _/_/ _/_/ _/ _/_/ _/ _/_/ _/ _/_/ ,p]haps y d n read ! poem 9 ?is way2 m>k ! /resses = y\rself1 )\t look+ at ! book4 ,accept no /atem5ts )\t v]ify+ !m4 #ec;,a4 ,x w h /ruck y t y h really be5 scann+ ! poem4 ,hi!rto y may h done x by means ( ! signs - & 1 tak5 f ,lat9 prosody1 :]e !y /& = long & %ort4 ,consid] ! "q :i* ( ^! two sy/ems ( scansion is ! m accurate & ! m conv5i5t4 #ec;,b4 ,x may also /rike y t 9 read+ ! poem we d n make a pause at ! end ( ea* ^w2 & ( c\rse we d n read x all 9 "o brea?4 ,h[ _m brea?s d y require = read+ x sl[ly8 = read+ x quickly8 ,:at guides y 9 f9d+ places = y\r pauses8 ,take any doz5 l9es ( prose & read !m al\d2 notice :]e y pause = brea?4 ,! words :i* are read toge!r 9 "o brea? are call$ a brea? gr\p4 ,aft] consid]+ sev]al passages f ?is po9t ( view1 y w realise t good read+ dep5ds to "s ext5t on ! *oice ( suitable places = tak+ brea?4 ,let y\r fri5ds read to y1 & obs]ve h[ !y manage _! brea?4 #ed4 ,we h spok5 sev]al times ( /ress1 & y h probably foll[$ )\t difficulty4 ,:at is /ress8 ,utt] ! s]ies ( s\nds atata1 !n atata1 & atata4#gj ,y use m =ce = ! /ress$ ?an = ! un/ress$ v[els1 t is to say1 y put m brea? into !m4 ,place y\r h& close 9 front ( y\r lips z y say ! above s\nds1 & y w notice a di/9ct increase ( brea? z ! /ress$ syllable is utt]$4 ,we use ?is /ress = purposes ( emphasis2 g5]ally speak+1 we exp5d m brea? on ^? syllables ( a ^w1 or words ( a s5t5ce1 :i* are m important = ! mean+4 ,we may say t ,engli% s5t5ce /ress is guid$ by logical consid]ations4 ,is ?is equally true ( ,fr5*8 ( ,g]man8 ,has any?+ /ruck y ab\t ! /ress 9 ,fr5*1 or 9 ,engli% z spok5 by a ,fr5*man8 #ee4 ,/ress1 due to =ce ( brea?1 is n ! only means ( acc5tuation at our disposal4 ,we c also produce v>i\s effects by *ang+ ! pit* ( ! voice4 ,:5 ! pit* ( a voice h>dly v>ies at all1 we consid] x monoton\s4 ,c]ta9 cl]gym5 h acquir$ ! habit ( read+ ! ,*ur* s]vice 9 monotone2 consid] :e!r ?is has any advantage or disadvantage4 ,:5 !re is v great & regul> or monoton\s v>iation ( pit* 9 a voice1 we call x a s+-song4 ,9 /&>d spee* !re is mod]ate v>iation ( pit*2 x becomes consid]able only 9 dramatic & oratorical declamation1 :5 a skill$ use ( pit* v>iations may produce a deeply mov+ or highly /irr+ effect1 some:at resembl+ t produc$ by song4 ,obs]ve ! pit* *anges 9 ord9>y spee*4 ,! mo/ obvi\s case is ! rise ( pit* 9 que/ions1 9 contra/ ) ! t5d5cy to l[] ! pit* 9 a /atem5t4 ,ev5 ?\gh we h ! same ord] ( words z 9 a /atem5t1 ?is *ange ( pit* alone suffices to %[ t a "q is be+ ask$4 ,say3 ,y are go+ out & ,y are go+ out8 ,try to say ,are y go+ out8 ) ! same fall+ pit* z 9 ,y are go+ out1 & obs]ve ! /range effect4 ,det]m9e ! *anges ( pit* 9 su* que/ions z3 ,is y\r bro!r tall or %ort8 ,is y\r uncle's h\se 9 ! t[n or 9 ! c\ntry8 ,notice t joy or any great excitem5t leads to ! use ( a high] pit* ?an usual4 ,sometimes ! pit* may rise or fall1 or rise & fall1 or fall & rise dur+ ! utt]ance ( a s+le v[el4 ,say ,no 9 a d\btful1 a que/ion+1 a decid$1 & a ?reat5+ tone1 & obs]ve ! pit*4 ,if y wi% to repres5t x r\ghly1 y may use = fall 9 pit*1 _/ = a rise1 _/ = a rise & fall1 _/ = a fall & rise4 #ef4 ,we h devot$ our att5tion ma9ly to /&>d ,engli% z x is spok5 9 ord9>y life1 because x is important to tra9 ! e> s t x p]ceives ! s\nds & ceases to be misl$ by ! conv5tional spell+4 ,only :5 we c he> :at s\nds our pupils actually utt]1 only :5 we h a fair idea ( ! way 9 :i* !y produce ^! s\nds1 are we 9 a position to correct :at is faulty 9 ! "m tongue1 or to imp>t ! s\nds ( a =eign language ) any prospect ( success4 ,h9ts h be5 giv5 z to "s ( ! faulty t5d5cies likely to be f\nd2 ! tea*] ^: e> has be5 tra9$ 9 ! mann] "h sugge/$ w be able to add to _! numb] )\t difficulty1 & probably ) gr[+ int]e/4 ,9 ?is respect e c\nty pres5ts its own problems1 & _m /ill require to be record$2 e tea*] c help by contribut+ 8 own obs]vations4 ,no obs]v] c fail to be /ruck by ! diff]5t degrees ( c>e ) :i* mo/ individuals speak ,engli% "u diff]5t circum/ances4 ,9 _! talk among !mselves1 *ildr51 especially "y boys1 are (t5 extremely c>eless2 at home we f9d v>i\s degrees ( c>e1 mu* dep5d+ on ! example set by ! p>5ts & ! influ5ce ( gov]nesses & nurses4 ,9 talk+ to educat$ /rang]s1 we are usually c>eful 9 our pronunciation4 ,if we occupy a position :i* makes x necess>y to speak to l>ge numb]s1 we mu/ be p>ticul>ly c>eful1 & t 9 sev]al respects3 ! voice mu/ be pleasant1 c>ry f>1 & h good /ay+ p[]4 #eg4 ,a pleasant voice is to a c]ta9 degree a natural gift2 x dep5ds on ! quality ( ! vocal *ords1 ! %ape ( ! ro( ( ! m\?1 & s on4 ,_m voices are spoilt by bad habits1 su* z excessive nasalis+1 or v high pit*4 ,! tea*] ( elocution (t5 gives valuable criticism & help "h4 ,li/5 att5tively to any criticisms :i* y\r fri5ds make ab\t y\r voice4 ,! voice ( a public speak] 7:i* includes ! class tea*] & college lectur] no less ?an ! cl]gyman1 actor1 or politician7 mu/ c>ry f>4 ,8 words mu/ p5etrate to e he>]1 ev5 9 a l>ge hall4 ,if !re is any /ra9+ to cat* 8 words1 ^? words w n produce _! be/ effect4 ,! *ief requirem5t is n l\dness1 b di/9ctness4 ,he mu/ articulate m c>efully ?an 9 ord9>y conv]sation3 un/ress$ v[els w h great] importance & be less r$uc$1 consonants w nev] be slurr$ ov]4 ,! /ress$ v[els are ! mo/ important ( all because !y are ! mo/ sonor\s s\nds & help ! o!rs 7see #eb72 he w let ! vocal *ords vibrate long] = !m1 to re9=ce _! value1 & he w produce !m 9 su* a way t !y give _! *>act]i/ic s\nd mo/ cle>ly4 ,= ?is purpose he w f9d x be/ to articulate m t5sely 7?is applies also to ! consonants7 ?an 9 ord9>y spee*2 & a di/9ct r\nd+ ( ! lips = ! back v[els w enable him to add to _! value4 ,he w pref] to keep ! tongue po9t well =w>d 9 ! m\? = l4 ,?is & o!r h9ts he may obta9 f ! tea*] ( elocution4 ,h[ev] pleasant a voice may be1 & h[ev] f> x may c>ry1 x w yet be ( little use if x tires soon2 x mu/ h /ay+ p[]4 ,?is aga9 is to "s ext5t a natural gift2 ! ?roat may be con/itutionally weak4 ,tra9+1 h[ev]1 c d v mu* to improve ! p[]s ( endurance4 ,above all1 good brea?+ is ess5tial2 h9ts h be5 giv5 9 #d h[ ?is may be assur$1 & ! tea*] _c be recomm5d$ too w>mly to give f #ae to #be m9utes e morn+ to brea?+ ex]cises2 he w be amply repaid = ! "t sp5t 9 t way by ! great] ease ) :i* he gets ?r\gh 8 tea*+1 & by ! inevitable improvem5t 9 8 g5]al heal?4 ,x has also be5 po9t$ out above t bad v5tilation & du/ are calculat$ to int]f]e ) 8 voice4 ,ano!r sugge/ion may be helpful3 to keep ! tongue z =w>d 9 ! m\? z possible4 ,! av]age tongue position 9 _m s\!rn ,engli% tea*]s is too f> back 9 ! m\?1 & ?is is f\nd to lead to s]i\s fatigue2 x may inde$ be reg>d$ z "o ( ! ma9 causes ( tea*]s' sore ?roat4 ,x is 9 giv+ advice on ! managem5t ( ! voice = public speak+ t tru/wor?y tea*]s ( elocution are mo/ helpful4 ,:5 !y make dogmatic /atem5ts z to h[ a s\nd or ^w is or %\ld be pron\nc$1 _! guidance is n equally satisfactory1 & ! /ud5t is e>ne/ly recomm5d$ always to te/ _! /atem5ts himself4 ,! same reque/ is address$ to him ) reg>d to ! pres5t book2 if x ar\ses int]e/1 !re is no h>m if x also ar\ses opposition4 ,,footnotes3 #fa ,^! =ms are f\nd1 = in/ance1 at ! beg9n+ ( que/ions2 ?us h y be5 !re8 is hv ju bijn 4 ,!y are also f\nd aft] v[els1 e4g41 ,i _h done s1 ai hd dn s\4 #fb ,see ! note on p4 #gb4 #fc ,:5 contra/$ ) inhale1 ?is ^w is also pron\nc$ ek%eil4 #fd ,! *ange 9 ! quality ( ! v[el is int]e/+2 possibly don't pres]ves ! old pronunciation ( ! v[el 9 d4 #fe ,/rictly speak+ ! s ( ! plural 0 always voic$ 9 ! old] language1 & x is 9 cats1 tips t we h assimilation4 #ff ,! fir/ d is sometimes he>d 9 ! pronunciation ( ?is ^w4 #fg ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be not$ t 9 pass+ f m to t !re is a transitional s\nd or glide :i* has ! value ( a fa9t p4 #fh ,! c 9 victuals & indict has no etymological ju/ification1 z may be se5 f ! middle ,engli% spell+ 7vitaille1 endite74 #fi ,= syllabic m see #bb2 = syllabic n1 #bd2 = syllabic l1 #cc4 #gj ,! m>k prec$es ! /ress$ syllable4 ,,app5dix ,i ,ex]cises4 #a4 ,h[ is -i\s pron\nc$ 9 graci\s1 bili\s1 victori\s8 #b4 ,h[ is -ion pron\nc$ 9 motion1 onion1 crit]ion1 vision1 & ,ionian8 #c4 ,h[ is -ial pron\nc$ 9 labial1 judicial1 m>tial1 p>tiality8 #d4 ,:at diff]5ce 9 pronunciation1 if any1 d y make betwe5 hire & high]1 lyre & li>1 cure & 7s7kew]1 alms & arms8 #e4 ,consid] ! value ( o> 9 ro> & 9 ro>+1 & ! value ( air 9 pair & 9 pair+4 #f4 ,det]m9e ! v[el s\nds correspond+ to ! italiciz$ lett]s 9 *ild1 *ildr52 woman1 women2 read 7inf9itive71 read 7pa/ p>ticiple72 say1 says2 dream1 dream$2 leap1 leap$2 hear1 heard2 can1 can't2 do1 don't2 g5tleman1 g5tlemen4 #g4 ,write 9 transcript ! words italiciz$3 a4 ,i h le>n$ mu* f ?is le>n$ man4 b4 ,he has ag$ a good deal4 ,he is ag$4 c4 ,i us$ to use x2 y us$ x too4 ,try to acc\nt = ! pronunciation ( us$ 9 ! s5se ( 0 accu/om$ 7see #di74 #h4 ,transcribe y\r pronunciation ( halfp5ny1 twop5ce1 ?reep5ce4 ,%[ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,engli% & ! ,fr5* pronunciation ( franc1 & betwe5 ! ,engli% & ! ,g]man pronunciation ( m>k4 #i4 ,a wait] 0 he>d to rem>k pa!tically t he nev] c\ld tell :e!r a cu/om] want$ cold lamb or cold ham4 ,:at caus$ 8 unc]ta9ty8 #aj4 ,! pronunciation ( ! *ildr5 ( ,walwor? att5d+ ! ,*ur* s*ools has giv5 mu* conc]n to ,canon ,horsley1 :o says t 9 _! spee* ,i've be5 to take h] home becomes b9t] tik] rome1 ,oh1 %ake h&s becomes ow %y cans1 & ,i've be5 hav+ a game becomes b9nav9agime4 ,consid] ! pronunciation sugge/$ by ?is r\gh transcription1 transcribe x m c>efully1 & comm5t on su* features ( ! ,walwor? dialect z x illu/rates4 #aa4 ,y are famili> ) ! t]m allit]ation1 & "k t x is a fav\rite device ( *eap j\rnalism4 ,criticise ! allit]ation 9 ! foll[+ sc>e-l9es3 ,,city ,,cl]k ,,*as$4 ,,?ief ,,tak54 ,,solicitor ,,%ot4 #ab4 ,m5tion words 9 :i* ! foll[+ lett]s are writt5 b n s\nd$3 b1 g1 gh1 k1 l1 m1 n1 t1 w4 #ac4 ,comm5t on ! foll[+ /atem5t3 ,! lett]s l & r are call$ trills1 because !re is a vibration 9 ! s\nds1 or 9 "s "p ( ! vocal app>atus by :i* we pron\nce !m4 #ad4 ,consid] ?is /atem5t3 ,! ai 9 fair1 ea 9 lead1 ie 9 field1 ei 9 receive1 are none ( !m true diph?ongs2 !y are m or less clumsy ways ( %[+ ! l5g? ( an elem5t>y v[el-s\nd4 #ae4 ,engli% has two e s\nds1 z 9 f$1 fe$1 & f\r u s\nds1 z 9 b1 pull1 fur1 fool4 ,d y agree ) ?is8 #af4 ,:y does cry/al look nic] ?an kri/le1 :i* repres5ts ! same s\nds8 ,acc\nt = su* spell+s z ,edy!1 ,smy!1 ,:yte4 #ag4 ,say quickly b di/9ctly3 ,%e sells sea-%ells 9 a salt-fi% %op4 ,is ,/eph5 ,smi?'s son a smi? too8 ,h[ _m h\ses _h ,h>ry ,hall8 ,long & l\dly little ,lily laugh$4 ,! skill$ d5ti/ extract$ ! ?ree tee?4 ,d y want ! ?ick ?read or ! ?98 ,9 sil5ce he sat on ! s&s by ! silv]y sea4 ,a boat is float+ ov] ! ocean4 ,) a l\d %\t he came out ( ! h\se4 ,! fir/ "q ,*>les ask$ 0 /range4 ,?ree grey geese 9 ! gre5 grass graz+4 #ah4 ,discuss ! old-fa%ion$ =m ( address m9e ho/4 ,d y say an hi/orical novel8 a 7or an7 hotel at ,folke/one8 ,h[ d y pron\nce ! ,gr& ,hotel8 ,transcribe y\r pronunciation ( ,i gave h] h] hat4 #ai4 ,:at is ! d]ivation ( v5triloqui/8 ,does ! t]m correctly indicate ! way 9 :i* v5triloqui/s produce _! s\nds8 ,:i* s\nds d y ?9k mo/ likely to give !m difficulty8 #bj4 ,9 ! ,fr5* ( ! #ab? c5tury l "u c]ta9 circum/ances became a v[el2 ?us altre became autre & *evals became *evaus4 ,h[ d y expla9 ?is *ange8 ,po9t to a simil> *ange 9 ,engli%4 #ba4 ,h[ w\ld y tea* a =eign] to pron\nce ! ,engli% ? s\nds8 #bb4 ,little *ildr5 say pease = please1 gamma or granma = gr&ma1 dess = dress1 tock+ = /ock+4 ,illu/rate ! t5d5cy %[n 9 ^! examples f ! spee* ( gr[n-up p4 #bc4 ,comm5t on ! little *ild's pronunciation ( tsa9 = *a91 fee = ?ree1 nod] = ano!r1 & bafyoom = ba?room4 #bd4 ,consid] c>efully ! "q1 :y ! pronunciation ( a =eign language pres5ts difficulties2 draw on any =eign language y "k = illu/rations4 #be4 ,! ,lat9 cam]a is our *amb]1 num]us our numb]1 ,lat9 humilis our humble1 ,lat9 simil>e our 7re7semble4 ,acc\nt = ! b 9 ! ,engli% words4 #bf4 ,consid] ! value ( ure 9 sure1 pure1 nature1 figure4 #bg4 ,:at light is ?r[n on ! pronunciation ( ! pa/ by ! foll[+ quotations3 7a7 ,:ile he1 )drawn1 at _! mad lab\r smiles1 ,& safe enjoys ! ,sabba? ( 8 toils4 7,dryd547 7b7 ,dread+ ev5 fools1 by flatt]]s besieg'd1 ,& s oblig+ t he ne'er oblig'd4 7,pope47 7c7 ,cntemplate is bad en\gh1 b blcony makes me sick4 7,rog]s47 7d7 ,! dame1 ( mann] v>i\s1 temp] fickle1 ,n[ all = pleasure1 n[ ! conv5ticle4 7,colman47 7e7 ,!re is little d\bt t 9 ! pronunciation ( successor ! antep5ultimate acc5t w prevail4 7,walk]47 7f7 ,to ket* cat* him at a vantage 9 8 sn>es4 7,sp5s]47 7g7 ,yet he 0 k9d1 or1 if sev]e 9 aught1 ,! love he bore to le>n+ 0 9 fault4 7,goldsmi?47 #bh4 ,det]m9e :i* s\nds are repres5t$ by ea 9 ! foll[+ words3 be>1 be>d1 bread1 bead1 yea1 create1 realm1 leap1 leapt1 he>k52 & by eo 9 ! foll[+ words3 yeoman1 p1 leop>d1 re-op54 #bi4 ,det]m9e :i* s\nds are repres5t$ by oi 9 ! foll[+ words3 boil1 h]oic1 *oir1 tortoise1 turquoise1 co9cide2 & by ou 9 ! foll[+ words3 s\?1 s\!rn1 m\rn1 j\rnal1 ?\gh1 ?\ght1 unc\?4 #cj4 ,det]m9e :i* s\nds are repres5t$ by g 9 ! foll[+ words3 gem1 goal1 gaol1 gill1 gibb]i%1 fatigue1 gnaw2 & by ough 9 ! foll[+ words3 tr\gh1 ?r\gh1 ?or\gh1 s\gh1 c\gh1 r\gh1 pl\gh1 l\gh4 #ca4 ,a "* 9 "o ( ,miss ,braddon's novels says3 ,sup]num]y--x's no use1 ,i don't ?9k anybody ev] did "k h[ _m syllables !re are 9 t ^w4 ,:at is x t leads to ! %ort5+ ( ?is ^w 9 un$ucat$ spee*8 ,m5tion simil> cases ( %ort5+4 ,,app5dix ,,ii ,li/s ( ,words ) ,phonetic ,transcription4 ,,note4 ,! acc5t %[s t ! foll[+ syllable has ! *ief /ress4 ,z ^! li/s are int5d$ = ! use ( ,engli% /ud5ts1 x has be5 ?\ght suffici5t to let e repres5t ! fir/ v[el s\nd & i ! second v[el s\nd 9 v4 ,! v>iation 9 l5g? ( ij & o!r diph?ongs & ( m1 n1 l1 etc41 has n be5 indicat$4 ,words :i* h occurr$ 9 ! text ( ! book are n repeat$ "h4 ,:5 two pronunciations are giv51 bo? may be consid]$ z common2 ! fir/ is g5]ally to be pref]r$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a pronunciation is enclos$ 9 brackets1 x is to be reg>d$ z faulty4 ,a4 ,g5]al4 abdom51 bd\mn 7bdomn7 ab initio1 b inii\1 -j\ abscission1 bsin acacia1 kei acc5t 7sub/471 ksnt1 ks5t2 7v]b7 ks5t acclimatize1 klimtaiz1 klaimetaiz accolade1 kleid acc\tre1 kuwt acetic1 sijtik1 -se- ac\/ics1 kau/iks 7kuw/iks7 acrobat1 krobt adage1 did adept1 dept1 dept adieu1 djuw ad inf9itum1 d infinaitm admirable1 dmirbl admiration1 dmirein ad nauseam1 d nsim1 -jm ado1 duw adult1 dlt1 dlt ad valorem1 d vlrem advantage\s1 dvnteids1 dvnteids adv]tisem5t1 dvtizmnt aegis1 ijdis aegrotat1 igr\tt a]at$1 reitid a]ial1 eril1 iril a]ie1 ri1 iri a]onaut1 ront ae/hetics1 ijsetiks 7esetiks7 a =tiori1 ei fjrai aga91 g51 ge9 aga9/1 g5/1 ge9/ ag$ 7adj471 eidid aggr&izem5t1 grndizmnt agha/1 g/ agile1 dail ague1 eigjuw aisle1 ail albeit1 lbijit algebra1 ldibr alibi1 libai ali5ate1 eiljneit allegiance1 lijdns allegro1 legr\1 -leig- allot1 lt alloy1 li ally1 lai almanac1 lmnk also1 ls\1 ls\ always1 lwiz1 -wz1 -weiz amateur1 mt1 mtu am5ity1 m5iti among1 m 7m7 anmic1 nijmik an>*i/1 nki/ an>*y1 nki1 nki an*ovy1 ntouvi anemone1 nemni ang9a1 nda9 anglice1 glisi ant1 nt 7nt7 antipodes1 ntipodijz antique1 ntijk anti!sis1 ntiisis aori/1 ri/ ap]ture1 pt aphasia1 feizj apoph!gm1 poem apo!osis1 poiousis1 po- app>atus1 preits app>5t1 prnt1 -pr- a priori1 ei prirai apropos1 prop\ ar*-1 usually t ar*angel1 ke9dl ar*etype1 kitaip ar*i-1 ki-1 kj- ar*ives1 kaivz arid1 rid arras1 rs artific]1 tifis arti/e1 tij/1 -i/ asaftida1 sfetid askance1 skns1 -ns aspirant1 spairnt assignee1 sinij atoll1 tl1 tl attorney1 tni avalan*e1 vln awkw>d1 kwd awry1 rai ayah1 aj aye 7always71 ei aye 7yes71 ai baboo1 bbuw bacillus1 bsils bagatelle1 bgtel bak%i%1 bkij balcony1 blkni ballet1 blei balsam1 blsm basalt1 bslt1 bslt bass 7voice71 beis because1 bikz1 bikz b$iz51 bidaizn begone1 bign bellig]5t1 belidrnt betro?1 bitr\ bicycle1 baisikl 7baisaikl7 bigot1 bigt bij\1 bijuw billet-d\x1 bileiduw bison1 baisn bitum51 bitjumn1 bitjuwmn biz>re1 biz blancmange1 blmn7d7 bli!1 blai bl\se1 blauz 7bluwz7 boatswa91 b\sn bodega1 bodijg bomba/1 bmb/1 bmb/ bona fide1 b\n faidi boo?1 buw bor\gh1 br 7br\7 b\quet1 bukei b\rn1 bn1 bun bravado1 brveid\1 brvd\ brazi]1 brei1 breizj bree*es1 britiz1 brij- br\gham1 brum1 br\m 7br\m7 brusque1 brusk1 brsk buffet1 bufei bulw>k1 bulwk bureau1 bjur\1 bjur\ burgh]1 bg cabal1 kbl ca*et1 kei cadi1 keidi caesura1 sizjur cambric1 keimbrik campanile1 kmpnijli caon1 knjn cantata1 kntt cantonm5t1 kntuwnmnt1 -tn- ca\t*\c1 kautuk cap--pie1 kppij capitali/1 kpitli/ caprice1 kprijs capu*91 kpjut9 c>\se1 krauz ca%i]1 ki cas9o1 ksijn\ ca!dra1 kidr 7kijdr7 caulifl[]1 kliflau celibate1 selibt 'cello1 tel\ c5t5>y1 s5t5ri1 s5t5ri c]e 7-clo?s1 -m5ts71 si- *agr91 grijn1 gr9 *alybeate1 klibjet *amois 7lea!r71 mi *ap]on1 pr\n *>ade1 rd1 reid *>iv>i1 rijvrij *>latan1 ltn1 -n *a/isem5t1 t/izmnt *auffeur1 ouf *aunt1 tnt *auv9i/1 ouv9i/ *ic1 ik *im]a1 kaimir1 ki- *iro-1 kairo- *ivalric1 ivlrik also *ivalr\s1 ivlrs ) *ivalry1 ivlri ti- *oir1 kwai *ol]ic1 klrik *\gh1 tf cicala1 sikl cic]one1 sisr\ni c9que1 sik circuit1 skit circum/ance1 skm/ns cl&e/9e1 klnde/9 clematis1 klemtis1 7klimeitis7 clique1 klijk coalesce1 k\les cobalt1 k\blt co*9eal1 ktinijl cognisant1 kgnisnt coign7e71 k9 co9cide1 k\9said colonel1 knl combat1 combatant1 combative h km- or km- comely1 kmli comm5t>y1 kmntri comp>able1 kmprbl comrade1 kmrid1 kmrid con*1 kk condign1 knda9 condol5ce1 knd\lns cong]1 kg cong]ies1 knderiijz1 -dij- conjure 7sleight ( h&71 knd conjure 7implore71 kndu connoisseur1 knis1 knisju consignee1 knsinij ,consols1 knslz con/able1 kn/bl1 kn/bl con/rue1 kn/ruw1 kn/ruw contagion1 knteidn contemplate1 kntempleit 7kntempleit7 contemplative1 kntempltiv cont5ts1 knt5ts1 knt5ts contumacy1 kntjumsi contumely1 kntjuwmili conv]sazione1 knvstsiouni coroll>y1 krlri1 krlri corps1 k cot]ie1 k\trij cotillon1 kotiljn c\nt]feit1 kauntfit c\rte\s1 ktjs1 ktjs 7kts7 c\rtesy1 ktsi c\rti]1 ktj covet\s1 kvits covey1 kvi coxswa91 kksn coz51 kzn crayon1 krejn cr\p1 kruwp cui bono1 kai b\n\ cuirass1 kwirs1 kju- cuis9e1 kwizijn cunei=m1 kjuwniifm cupola1 kjuwpol cynosure1 sa9osju1 sa9ou1 s9o- dais1 deis d&elion1 dndilain debau*1 dibt debonair1 debn debris1 debri decade1 dekd1 dekeid decad5ce1 dekdns decease1 disijs decor\s1 dekrs1 dikrs dei gratia1 dijai greiiei demesne1 dime9 demise1 dimaiz demon/rate1 demn/reit demy 7pap]71 dimai depot1 dep\ 7dijp\7 d]elict1 d]likt desid]ate1 disidreit design1 diza9 designate1 dezigneit1 des- desi/1 dizi/ desuetude1 deswitjuwd diresis1 daiirsis diapason1 daipeizn didactic1 didktik dilatory1 dilt77ri dilettante1 dilitnti diocese1 daiosis dis- 7be=e voic$ s\nds71 diz-2 7be=e voiceless s\nds71 dis- di%abille1 disbijl disputant1 dispjutnt di/i*1 di/ik divan1 divn 7daivn7 div]s1 daivs div]se1 divs divisible1 divizibl docile1 d\sail1 dsail doctr9al1 dktr9l1 dktra9l doge1 d\d dolor\s1 dlrs domicile1 dmisail d\*e1 du1 duw d\ghty1 dauti dramatis p]son1 drmtis ps\nij draught1 drft droll]y1 dr\lri drom$>y1 drmidri dr\ght1 draut 7drt7 dubiety1 djuwbaiti ducat1 dkt ductile1 dktail dute\s1 djuwtjs 7djuwts7 dyna/y1 d9/i1 da9/i dys5t]y1 disntri eau de ,cologne1 ou di kl\n e*elon1 eln eclat1 ekl1 ekl een1 ijn eer1 effete1 efijt eglant9e1 eglnta9 ei!r1 ai1 ij elicit1 ilisit elite1 elijt elixir1 iliks emaciat$1 imeiieitid embrasure1 embrei en]vate1 enveit enunciate1 innieit envelope1 nvl\p1 envel\p environs1 envairnz epaulet1 eplet epitome1 ipitomi epo*1 ijpk 7epk7 equ]ry1 ekwri1 ekw]i erase1 ireis erasure1 irei ere1 es*eat1 estijt es*ew1 estuw esot]ic1 esot]ik espionage1 espinid evasive1 iveisiv ex*equ]1 ekstek excise1 eksaiz1 eksaiz excuse 7v]b71 ekskjuwz1 7sub/47 ekskjuws exp]t1 ekspt expletive1 eksplijtiv exquisite1 ekskwizit extant1 ek/nt1 ek/nt extempore1 ek/empri extirpate1 ek/peit extraord9>y1 ek/rdnri1 ek/rd9ri exude1 egzjuwd1 -ks- eyot1 ait faade1 fsd1 fseid facile1 fsil facsimile1 fksimili fakir1 fki1 feiki fal*ion1 fln fanatic1 fntik f>9ace\s1 frineis fealty1 filti fecund1 fijknd1 fe- feod1 fjuwd fe(f1 fef feti%1 fijti1 fe- f9ance1 finns f9anci]1 finn1 -sj f9esse1 fines fissure1 fi flaccid1 flksid flamboyant1 flmbjnt fluor1 flu ftid1 fetid =feit1 ffit fragile1 frdail fran*ise1 frn7t7aiz1 -iz frigate1 frigt fronti]1 frnti1 frn- fu*sia1 fjuw fugue1 fjuwg furl\gh1 fl\ furore1 fjurri futile1 fjuwtail gala1 geil gallant 7polite71 glnt gambol1 gmbl gaol1 deil g>i%1 gri gase\s1 gsjs1 geijs gau*e1 g\ gauge1 geid g5]ic1 den]ik ge/ure1 de/ gewgaw1 gjuwg geys]1 gais1 geis gh\l1 guwl gibb]i%1 gibri gibbet1 dibit gibb\s1 gibs gig1 gig gigantic1 daigntik gill 7( fi%71 gil2 7( liquid71 dil gillyfl[]1 diliflau gimlet1 gimlit gimp1 gimp gi/1 di/ gizz>d1 gizd glacial1 gleil glaci]1 glei1 glsj1 -i gladiolus1 gldails1 gldiouls glam\r1 glm goitre1 gx gondola1 gndl 7gnd\l7 gosl+1 gzli g\ge1 guwd1 gaud g\rd1 gud1 gd gravam51 grveimn1 gr- greasy1 grijzi1 grijsi groat1 gr\t 7grt7 gross1 gr\s gu]don1 gdn guillot9e1 giltijn gunwale1 gnl gutta-p]*a1 gtpt gyves1 daivz halb]d1 hlbd halcyon1 hlsjn hautboy1 h\bi heif]1 hef heigho1 heih\ he9\s1 he9s hemorrhage1 hemorid h]o9e1 h]o9 h]oism1 h]oizm het]og5e\s1 het]odijnjs hiatus1 haieits hi]>*1 hairk hirsute1 hsjuwt hosi]1 h\1 h\zj h\sewife 7case = ne$les1 etc471 hzif huss>1 huz1 hz hussy1 hzi hygi5e1 haidijn hygi5ic1 haidienik1 hidiijnik hym5eal1 haiminil hyp]bole1 haipbli hypo*ondriacal1 haipokndraikl1 hipo- hypot5use1 haiptnjuws hyssop1 8p id5tical1 aid5tikl idiosyncrasy1 idiosikrsi idyll1 aidil illu/rative1 il/reitiv1 il/rtiv imbecile1 imbisijl1 -il imbroglio1 imbr\lj\ impi\s1 impis indecor\s1 9dekrs indict1 9dait indissoluble1 indisljubl inexorable1 9egzrbl1 -eks- int]e/+1 intr/i int]locutor1 9tlokjuwt int]/ice1 9t/is1 int/is inte/9e1 9te/9 inundate1 9ndeit inveigh1 9vei inveigle1 9vijgl inv5tory1 invntri inve/iture1 9ve/it irascible1 irsibl irrefragable1 irefrgbl irrefutable1 irefjutbl irrep>able1 ireprbl irrevocable1 irevkbl isolate1 aisoleit italics1 itliks 7aitliks7 it9]>y1 it9rri jejune1 deduwn jeop>dy1 depdi jocose1 dok\s jocund1 dknd1 dou- j7o7u/1 du/1 duw/ kopje1 kpi laboratory1 lbrtri1 lbrtri lam5table1 lmntbl l&au1 lnd lapel1 lpel la?1 l laudanum1 ldnm laurel1 lrl leg5d1 l$nd 7lijdnd7 legislature1 l$islt leisure1 le 7lij7 leop>d1 lepd leve1 levi lib]t9e1 libta91 -tijn1 -t9 li*51 laikn1 litn li51 lain1 lin1 lijn lieu1 luw lieut5ant1 left5nt1 lif- l9eam5t1 l9jmnt liqueur1 lik1 likju liquor1 lik liquorice1 likris litre1 lijt livelong1 laivl1 livl loa?1 l\ loa!1 l\ loa?some1 l\sm1 -- longevity1 lndeviti longitude1 lnditjuwd l\gh1 lk l[]+ 7look+ sull571 lauri ludicr\s1 luwdikrs lugubri\s1 luguwbris luxuri\s1 lgzuris luxury1 lkri ma*9ation1 mkinein magi1 meidai mahl/ick1 ml/ik mal+]1 mligr manuvre1 mnuwv manse1 mns m>g>9e1 mdrijn m>igold1 mrig\ld m>quee1 mkij m>quis1 mkwis masqu]ade1 mskreid massage1 ms mausoleum1 mslim m$icam5t1 m$ikmnt1 medikmnt m$iocre1 mijdi\k m$iocrity1 mijdikriti me]s*aum1 mim melan*oly1 melkli memoir1 memw m5ag]ie1 mindri m5u1 m5ju1 mnuw ,messrs1 mesz metallurgy1 metldi1 mitldi metamorphosis1 metmfsis meta!sis1 mitsis metre1 mijt mezzot9t1 metsot9t miasma1 maizm1 mi- mill5>y1 mil5ri m9atory1 ma9tri m9iature1 m9it1-tj m9ute 7adj471 mainjuwt1 mi- mirage1 mir misan?rope1 misnr\p miscellany1 miselni mis*ief1 mi/if morose1 mr\s my?1 mi1 mai my?ology1 mildi naive1 neiv naivet1 neivtei nauseate1 njeit nause\s1 njes1 ns ne'er1 n nei!r1 nai1 nij nicety1 nais77ti ni*e1 nit nom5clature1 nom5klt noose1 nuwz1 nuws norse1 ns nuncio1 nni\ nuptial1 npl oasis1 oueisis obeisance1 obeisns obese1 obijs obligatory1 bligtri1 bligtri1 bligeitri obloquy1 blkwi obsequies1 bsikwiz obtuse1 obtjuws occult1 oklt octopus1 ktps1 kt\ps olig>*y1 ligki omnisci5t1 mnint1 -si- on]\s1 nrs onomatopeia1 nmtpi op]ative1 prtiv1 preitiv or*e/ral1 ke/rl1 ki- ordeal1 dil organization1 gnizein1 -nai- orison1 rizn1 -s- ormolu1 mluw ornate1 neit osi]1 ou ou/1 au/ pageant1 peidnt1 pdnt palav]1 plv palfrey1 plfri 7plfri7 panacea1 pnsi panegyric1 pnidirik pan7n7i]1 pnj papyrus1 ppairs p>adigm1 prdaim p>aff9e1 prf9 p>iah1 prj p>o*ial1 pr\kjl p>v5u1 pvnju pa/el1 p/el1 p/l pa/ille1 p/ijl1 p/il pat5t1 peitnt 7ptnt7 pa?os1 peis patois1 ptw patrimony1 ptrimni patron1 peitrn patronage1 ptrnid1 peitrnid patronize1 ptrnaiz1 peitrnaiz peccavi1 pekeivai p$agogue1 p$gg p$agogy1 p$gdi1 -gi p]quisite1 pkwizit pet>d1 pitd phaeton1 feitn phalanx1 feilks1 flks phlegmatic1 flegmtik piazza1 pits piquant1 pijknt pique1 pijk pite\s1 pitjs 7pits7 plac>d1 plkd plaid1 pld1 pleid plait1 plt plebiscite1 plebisait pl5>y1 plijnri pl5te\s1 pl5tjs 7pl5ts7 ple?ora1 pler ple?oric1 plerik plov]1 plv poignant1 pinjnt poign>d1 pnjd pomade1 pomeid1 pomd pommel1 pml pongee1 pndi porpoise1 pps po/hum\s1 p/jums pot%]d1 ptd prec$5ce1 prisijdns prec$5t1 presidnt pr$atory1 pr$tri prelate1 prelt prelude1 preljuwd premature1 premtju1 prijmtju premi]1 prijmj 7premj7 premise 7sub/471 premis premise 7v]b71 primaiz presage1 presid presci5ce1 prens1 -si- pre/ige1 pre/ij prim]1 prim1 praim pri/9e1 pri/a91 pri/9 privacy1 praivsi1 privsi pr(ligacy1 prfligsi prophecy1 prfisi prophesy1 prfisai puisne1 pjuwni puissant1 pwijsnt pumice1 pmis purlo91 pl9 purport1 ppt quagmire1 kwgmai qu&>y1 kwndri1 -dri qu>ant9e1 kwrntijn quay1 kij queue1 kjuw quiesc5t1 kwaiesnt qu99e1 kwinijn quoif1 kif quoit1 kx quo?1 kw\ ragg$1 rgid ran*7e71 rn7t7 ranc\r1 rk rapi]1 reipi rap9e1 rp91 rpa9 rase1 reiz rations 7army71 rnz recluse1 rikluws recondite1 rekndait reconnaissance1 riknsns reconnoitre1 reknx r$ol5t1 r$lnt regicide1 r$isaid regime1 reijm re9de]1 re9di remon/rate1 rimn/reit r5aissance1 rineisns r5dezv\s1 rndivuw rep]toire1 reptw replica1 replik requiem1 rekwim r]$os1 rids res]voir1 rezvw res91 rezn1 rzn resonance1 reznns respite1 respit re/aurant1 re/or reveille1 rivli rev]ie1 revri 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( 8 own pr(ession4 ,9 deal+ ) phonetics he h>dly appreciates ! advantages atta*+ to a ?or\gh /udy ( ! language z x is actually spok52 b we c recomm5d )\t res]ve ! lat] *apt]s ( 8 book 7vi4 ,! ,read+ ,lesson2 vii4 ,read+ & ,recit+2 viii4 ,specim5 ,lessons 9 ,recitation2 ix4 ,on ! ,high] ,/udy ( ,read+ & ,speak+74 ,,app5dix ,,iv ,! foll[+ diagrams s]ve to %[ ! position ( ! tongue 9 ! =mation ( "s ( ! v[els4 ,obs]ve ! diff]5t %apes ( ! m\? passage ?r\gh :i* ! brea? passes4 7,^! diagrams 7 orig9ally prep>$ by ,dr4 ,r4 ,j4 ,lloyd47 ,illu/ration3 m>ine 7i7 ,illu/ration3 r,e9 7e7 ,illu/ration3 ?,ere 77 ,illu/ration3 p,at 7a7 ,?is diagram repres5ts ! v[el a4 ,9 nor!rn ,engli% x is f\nd 9 words l pat2 9 s\!rn ,engli% x is ! fir/ "p ( ! diph?ong 9 h\se haus1 bite bait4 ,illu/ration3 br,ute 7u7 ,illu/ration3 n,ote 7o7 ,illu/ration3 ,all 77 ,illu/ration3 f,a!r 77 ,! foll[+ diagrams are ! result ( exp]im5ts ) an artificial palate1 cov]$ ) f9e p[d]4 ,:5 c]ta9 s\nds are utt]$1 ! tongue t\*es ! palate & "s ( ! p[d] is remov$4 ,:at is black 9 ! diagrams indicates ^? p>ts ( ! h>d palate :i* are t\*$ by ! tongue4 ,illu/ration3 ,^! diagrams %[ :]e ! tongue t\*es ! palate 9 ! production ( & s respectively4 ,illu/ration3 ,engli% ^w toe ,fr5* ^w tt 7to7 ,^! diagrams are by ,mr ,dumville1 & are tak5 f 8 ,elem5ts ( ,fr5* ,pronunciation & ,diction4 ,!y illu/rate ! mann] ( production ( ! ,engli% & ! ,fr5* t4 ,x w be notic$ t 9 ! case ( ! ,engli% s\nd ! tongue is f>!r back ?an 9 ! case ( ! ,fr5* s\nd4 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,turnbull ,,& ,,spe>s1 ,,ed9burgh ,,fr5* ,,life ,,& ,,ways4--,cont9u$4 ,,d5t',s ,,wall ,,pictures ,,( ,,! ,,f\r ,,seasons4 ,f ,draw+s especially prep>$ by ,j4 ,a4 ,,sym+ton4 ,pr9t$ 9 ,col\rs4 ,size #ee by #ce ins4 ,unm\nt$1 #bs4 #f;d4 net ea*2 ,m\nt$ on ,l95 & ,eyelett$1 #cs4 #f;d4 net ea*2 ,m\nt$ on ,l951 ) ,roll]s1 #fs4 net ea*4 ,,fr5* ,,^w ,,gr\ps4 ,bas$ on ,d5t's ,wall ,pictures ( ! ,f\r ,seasons4 ,by ,r4 ,,gu]ra4 ,,rippmann',s ,,fr5* ,,picture ,,vocabul>y4 ,! ,fir/ & ,second ,s]ies n[ ready4 #as4 #d;d4 ea* vol4 ,,pi]re ,,l>\sse',s ,,dictionnaire ,,complet ,,illu/r ,,de ,,la ,,langue ,,fran,,aise4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations 9 ,col\r & ,l9e4 ,l>ge fcap4 #hvo1 clo?1 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,g]man4 ,f\rte5? 7,engli%7 ,edition1 complet+ #ee1bjj copies4 ,,d5t',s ,,fir/ ,,g]man ,,book4 ,by ,,walt] ,,rippmann1 ,s4 ,,alge1 & ,s4 ,,hamburg]4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,an excell5t book 444 w be f\nd well wor? introduc+ into s*ools4--,a!num4 ,,d5t',s ,,g]man ,,read]4 ,by ,s4 ,,alge & ,,walt] ,,rippmann4 #cs4 ,fif? ,edition4 ,! same pr9ciples und]lie ! ,g]man ,read] z ! ,fir/ ,g]man ,book2 ! ,read] c1 h[ev]1 q well be tak5 ) pupils :o h n work$ ?r\gh ! easi] volume4 ,,g]man ,,gramm> ,,& ,,^w ,,=mation4 ,ex]cises1 ) an ,ab/ract ( ! ,ess5tials ( ,g]man ,gramm>4 ,by ,,walt] ,,rippmann4 #as4 #h;d4 ,?ird & ,revis$ ,edition4 ,,h9ts ,,on ,,tea*+ ,,g]man4 ,) a runn+ ,comm5t>y to ,d5t's ,fir/ ,g]man ,book & ,d5t's ,g]man ,read]4 ,by ,,walt] ,,rippmann4 #as4 #f;d4 net4 ,p>ticul>ly good & practical4--,a!num4 ,,g]man ,,daily ,,life4 ,by ,dr4 ,,kron4 ,fif? ,edition1 ,revis$4 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,aus ,,dem ,,leb54 ,g]man ,sc5es = ! ,classroom4 ,by ,l4 ,,hirs* & ,j4 ,,/u>t ,,walt]s4 #as4 #d;d4 ,,rippmann',s ,,g]man ,,picture ,,vocabul>y4 ,! ,fir/ & ,second ,s]ies n[ ready4 #as4 #d;d4 ea* volume4 ,a ,,fir/ ,,book ,,( ,,g]man ,,poetry4 ,compil$ & ,annotat$ by ,,walt] ,,rippmann4 #as4 #d;d4 ,,d5t',s ,,&]s5 ,,9 ,,g]man4 ,edit$1 ) ,ex]cises1 by ,,walt] ,,rippmann4 ,) _m beautiful ,pictures by ,?omas1 ,,*>les1 & ,,william ,,rob9son4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #as4 #d;d4 ,an ,edition is issu$ ) a ,gloss>y at #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,d] ,,gold5e ,,vogel1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,tales4 ,a ,second ,ye> ,g]man ,read]4 ,edit$ by ,,walt] ,,rippmann4 #as4 #d;d4 ,,eis5hans1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,tales4 ,a ,second ,ye> ,g]man ,read]4 ,edit$ by ,,walt] ,,rippmann4 #as4 #d;d4 ,! ex]cises 9 ,d] ,gold5e ,vogel & ,eis5hans are typical ( ! late/ advance 9 re=m tea*+4 ,!y consi/ ( que/ions bas$ on ! text1 & ex]cises 9 ^w-=mation & appli$ gramm>4 ,,easy ,,free ,,composition ,,9 ,,g]man4 ,by ,,walt] ,,rippmann1 ,m4,a4 #as4 #d;d4 ,,deuts*e ,,laute4 ,a ,phonetic ,*>t = use 9 ,class 7see "u ,phonetics74 ,,engli%4 ,,! ,,s\nds ,,( ,,spok5 ,,engli%4 ,a ,manual ( ,e> ,tra9+ = ,engli% ,/ud5ts4 ,by ,,walt] ,,rippmann4 #as4 #f;d4 net4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,! subject is treat$ 9 a pleasant & sympa!tic mann] q )\t p$antry4 ,_m useful h9ts are introduc$ on brea?+1 voice-production1 & ! elem5ts ( elocution4 ,mr4 ,rippmann is to be congratulat$ on ! production ( a fre% & int]e/+ little "w4--,! ,gu>dian4 ,an excell5t manual t 0 mu* requir$4--,s*ool ,_w4 ,,specim5s ,,( ,,engli%1 ,,read1 ,,spok51 ,,& ,,recit$4 ,by ,,walt] ,,rippmann4 #as4 net4 ,second ,edition4 ,! ,fir/ ,"p ( ?is companion volume to ,! ,s\nds ( ,spok5 ,engli% consi/s ( a numb] ( c>efully grad$ passages 9 prose & v]se1 9 phonetic transcription1 ) ex]cises4 ,! same pieces appe> 9 ! ord9>y spell+ 9 ! ,second ,"p1 ) num]\s p>allel passages = practice4 ,x may be confid5tly ass]t$ t = class use z well z = ! private /ud5t ! ,s\nds & ! ,specim5s toge!r af=d ! be/ introduction to ! /udy ( ,engli% spee* s\nds t has yet appe>$4 ,^! two works may be _h 9 "o volume at #bs4 net4 ,,d5t',s ,,fir/ ,,engli% ,,book4 ,by ,,walt] ,,rippmann4 ,well ,illu/rat$4 #bs4 net4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,! "n ( ! au?or & 8 wide exp]i5ce 9 tea*+ mod]n languages are gu>antees ( ! excell5ce ( 8 "w4--,s*oolmi/ress4 ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,engli% ,,composition4 ,by ,miss ,e4 ,e4 ,,cov]nton1 ,engli% ,mi/ress at ,/4 ,m>y's ,college1 ,padd+ton4 #as4 #f;d4 net4 ,miss ,cov]nton is evid5tly an en?usia/ on h] subject1 & ?is book is pleasantly writt5 & v sugge/ive4444 ,^? :o are /ill novices w ga9 _m h9ts & avoid _m pitfalls if !y read ?is volume4--,mod]n ,language ,tea*+4 ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,engli% ,,analysis4 ,by ,miss ,e4 ,m4 ,,dobbs4 #as4 net4 ,,! ,,s\nds ,,( ,,engli%4 ,a ,phonetic ,*>t = use 9 ,class4 7,see "u ,phonetics47 ,,engli% ,,s\nds4 ,a ,book = ,boys & ,girls1 by ,,walt] ,,rippmann1 ,m4,a4 #as4 ,,spani%4 ,,d5t',s ,,fir/ ,,spani% ,,book4 ,by ,f4 ,r4 ,,rob]t4 ,) ,illu/rations by ,j4 ,a4 ,,sym+ton4 #bs4 net4 ,?is book is exceptionally well writt51 & =ms a mo/ int]e/+ introduction to ! /udy ( ,spani%4 ,d5t's ,classical ,s]ies ,,on ,,! ,,l9es ,,( ,,d5ts ,,mod]n ,,language ,,s]ies4 ,,g5]al ,,editor3 ,,walt] ,,rippmann1 ,m4,a4 ,fif? ,edition1 complet+ #ad1fej copies4 ,,d5t',s ,,fir/ ,,lat9 ,,book4 ,by ,,h>old ,w4 ,,atk9son1 ,m4,a41 & ,j4 ,w4 ,e4 ,,pe>ce1 ,m4,a4 ,) #ab ,col\r$ ,plates ,illu/rative ( ,roman ,life1 by ,m4 ,e4 ,,durham4 ,small cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #cs4 ,effects = ,lat9 a compromise betwe5 ! usual classical me?od & ! re=m me?od n[ frequ5tly us$ 9 ! tea*+ ( mod]n languages4 ,! ,phonetic ,"p ( ! ,fir/ ,lat9 ,book is issu$ sep>ately at #f;d4 ,,d5t',s ,,lat9 ,,prim]4 ,by ,e4 ,s4 ,,=/]1 ,m4,a4 ,second ,edition1 #as4 ,?is ,prim] is int5d$ = pupils :o beg9 ,lat9 e>ly1 :]eas ! ,fir/ ,lat9 ,book is bett] suit$ = r old] pupils4 ,note4--,ea* ( ! above books conta9s a ,phonetic ,transcript ( ! ,roman ,pronunciation ( passages 9 ! ,read]4 ,,basis ,,lat9a4 ,an ,introduction to ,lat9 ?r\gh ! ,language to ! ,lit]ature4 ,by ,pr(4 ,e4 ,v4 ,,arnold1 assi/$ by ,,walt] ,,rippmann4 #as4 #f;d4 ,,=um ,,lat9um4 ,a ,fir/ ,lat9 ,book4 ,by ,dr4 ,e4 ,,v]non ,,arnold1 ,pr(essor ( ,lat9 at ! ,univ]sity ,college ( ,nor? ,wales4 ,small cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,a5e ,,facta ,,et ,,fata4 ,a ,/epp+-/one to ,virgil4 ,) ,notes & ,ex]cises on ! text by ,dr4 ,e4 ,,v]non ,,arnold4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,small cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 ,c,,s> ,,imp]ator4 ,an ,elem5t>y ,lat9 ,read]4 ,) ,vocabul>y & ,ex]cises on ! ,text by ,j4 ,w4 ,e4 ,,pe>ce1 ,m4,a41 jo9t-au?or ( ,d5t's ,fir/ ,lat9 ,book4 #as4 #d;d4 ,,d5ts ,,wall ,,pictures4 ,= ,tea*+ ,lat94 ,f\r ,col\r$ ,pictures enl>g$ f ! ,fir/ ,lat9 ,book4 ,size #cj by #bb ins4 ,unm\nt$1 #bs4 net ea*2 ,m\nt$ on ,l95 & ,eyelett$1 #cs4 net2 ,m\nt$ on ,l951 ) ,roll]s1 #es4 net4 ,rom1 ,sexti ,domus4 ,rom1 ,triumphus4 ,pompeiis1 ,o/ium ,tab]n et ,via ,/rata4 ,9 ,gallia1 ,proelium ,eque/re et ,p$e/re4 ,,classical ,,texts4 ,c,,s>',s ,,gallic ,,w>4 ,book ,i4 #as4 #d;d4 ,books ,,ii4 ,,iii4 #as4 #d;d4 ,books ,,iv4 ,v4 #as4 #d;d4 ,,virgil',s ,,a5eid4 ,book ,i4 #as4 #d;d4 ,book ,,ii4 #as4 #d;d4 ,book ,x4 #as4 #d;d4 ,= li/ ( ,editors1 see ,d5t's ,educational ,catalogue1 obta9able1 po/ free1 on application to ! ,publi%]s4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,simple spell+1 gramm>1 & typographical errors 7 sil5tly correct$4 ,punctuation normaliz$4 ,ana*roni/ic & non-/&>d spell+s reta9$ z pr9t$4 ,italics m>kup is enclos$ 9 und]scores4 ,bold m>kup is enclos$ 9 equals4