,,transcriber',s ,,notes3 --,obvious print and punctuation errors were corrected4 --,where necessary1 illustrations have been relocated4 ,list of illustration has been therefore adapted4 --,bold text has been rendered as bold text4 ,,the ,,wild ,,garden ,the ,,wild ,,garden ,or our ,groves and ,gardens made beautiful by the ,naturalisation of ,hardy ,exotic ,plants2 being one way onwards from the ,dark ,ages of ,flower ,gardening1 with suggestions for the ,regeneration of the ,bare ,borders of the ,london ,parks4 ,,by ,w4 ,,robinson1 ,f4 ,l4 ,s4 ,,third ,,edition ,illustrated by ,alfred ,parsons ,,london ,,john ,,murray1 ,,albemarle ,,street ,,new ,,york3 ,,scribner ,,and ,,welford #ahhc ,by the same ,author4 ,,the ,,english ,,flower ,,garden3 ,,its ,,style ,,and ,,arrangement4 ,followed by an ,,alphabetical ,,description ,,of ,,all ,,the ,,plants ,,best ,,suited ,,for ,,its ,,embellishment1 ,,their ,,culture1 ,,and ,,position4 ,with numerous ,illustrations4 ,medium #hvo4 #aes4 ,,the ,,parks ,,and ,,gardens ,,of ,,paris1 ,,considered ,,in ,,relation ,,to ,,the ,,wants ,,of ,,other ,,cities ,,and ,,of ,,public ,,and ,,private ,,gardens4 ,third ,edition4 ,with #cej ,illustrations4 #hvo4 #ahs4 ,,alpine ,,flowers ,,for ,,english ,,gardens4 ,,how ,,they ,,may ,,be ,,grown ,,in ,,all ,,parts ,,of ,,the ,,british ,,islands4 ,with ,illustrations of ,rock-gardens1 ,natural and ,artificial4 ,third ,edition4 ,with ,woodcuts4 ,crown #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,the ,,sub-,,tropical ,,garden2 ,,or1 ,,beauty ,,of ,,form ,,in ,,the ,,flower ,,garden2 with ,illustrations of all the finer ,plants used for this purpose4 ,second ,edition4 ,with ,illustrations4 ,small #hvo4 #es4 ,,hardy ,,flowers4 ,,descriptions ,,of ,,upwards ,,of #acjj ,,of ,,the ,,most ,,ornamental ,,species2 with ,directions for their ,culture1 c4 ,fourth ,edition4 ,post #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,god',s ,,acre ,,beautiful2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,cemeteries ,,of ,,the ,,future4 ,third ,edition4 ,with ,illustrations4 #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,illustration3 ,colonies of ,poet's ,narcissus and ,broad-leaved ,saxifrage1 etc4--,frontispiece4 ,illustration3 ,columbines and ,geraniums in meadow-grass4 ,,preface4 ,when ,i began1 some years ago1 to plead the cause of the innumerable hardy flowers against the few tender ones1 put out at that time in a formal way1 the answer frequently was1 8,we cannot go back to the mixed border0--that is to say1 the old way of arranging flowers in borders4 ,knowing1 then1 a little of the vast world of plant beauty quite shut out of our gardens by the 8system10 in vogue1 ,i was led to consider the ways in which it might be introduced to our gardens2 and1 among various ideas that then occurred to me1 was the name and scope of the 8wild garden40 ,i was led to think of the enormous number of beautiful hardy plants from other countries which might be naturalised1 with a very slight amount of trouble1 in many situations in our gardens and woods--a world of delightful plant beauty that we might in this way make happy around us1 in places now weedy1 or half bare1 or useless4 ,i saw that we could not only grow thus a thousandfold more lovely flowers than are commonly seen in what is called the flower garden1 but also a number which1 by any other plan1 have no chance whatever of being seen around us4 ,this is a system which will give us more beauty than ever was dreamt of in gardens1 without interfering with formal gardening in any way4 ,in this illustrated edition1 by the aid of careful drawings1 ,i have endeavoured to suggest in what the system consists2 but if ,i were to write a book for every page that this contains1 ,i could not hope to suggest the many beautiful aspects of vegetation which the wild garden will enable us to enjoy at our doors4 ,the illustrations are1 with a few slight exceptions1 the work of ,mr4 ,alfred ,parsons1 and the drawing and engraving have been several years in execution4 ,they are after nature1 in places where the ideas expressed in the first small edition of the book had been carried out1 or where accident1 as in the case of the beautiful group of ,myrrh and white ,harebells1 had given rise to the combinations or aspects of vegetation sought4 ,i cannot too heartily acknowledge the skill and pains which ,mr4 ,parsons devoted to the drawings1 and to the success which he has attained in illustrating the motive of the book1 and such good effects as have already been obtained where the idea has been intelligently carried out4 ,there has been some misunderstanding as to the term 8,wild ,garden40 ,it is applied essentially to the placing of perfectly hardy exotic plants in places and under conditions where they will become established and take care of themselves4 ,it has nothing to do with the old idea of the 8wilderness10 though it may be carried out in connection with that4 ,it does not necessarily mean the picturesque garden1 for a garden may be highly picturesque1 and yet in every part the result of ceaseless care4 ,what it does mean is best explained by the winter ,aconite flowering under a grove of naked trees in ,february2 by the ,snowflake growing abundantly in meadows by the ,thames side2 by the perennial ,lupine dyeing an islet with its purple in a ,scotch river2 and by the ,apennine ,anemone staining an ,english wood blue before the blooming of our blue bells4 ,multiply these instances a thousandfold1 illustrated by many different types of plants and hardy climbers1 from countries as cold or colder than our own1 and one may get a just idea of the wild garden4 ,some have erroneously represented it as allowing a garden to run wild1 or sowing annuals promiscuously2 whereas it studiously avoids meddling with the garden proper at all1 except in attempting the improvements of bare shrubbery borders in the ,london parks and elsewhere2 but these are waste spaces1 not gardens4 ,i wish it to be kept distinct in the mind from the various important phases of hardy plant growth in groups1 beds1 and borders1 in which good culture and good taste may produce many happy effects2 distinct from the rock garden or the borders reserved for choice hardy flowers of all kinds2 from the best phase of the sub-tropical garden--that of growing hardy plants of fine form2 from the ordinary type of spring garden2 and from the gardens1 so to say1 of our own beautiful native flowers in our woods and wilds4 ,how far the wild garden may be carried out as an aid to1 or in connection with1 any of the above in the smaller class of gardens1 can be best decided on the spot in each case4 ,in the larger gardens1 where1 on the outer fringes of the lawn1 in grove1 park1 copse1 or by woodland walks or drives1 there is often ample room1 fair gardens and wholly new and beautiful aspects of vegetation may be created by its means4 ,,may #bh1 #ahha4 ,,contents4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,page ,,explanatory #a ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,example ,,from ,,the ,,forget-,,me-,,not ,,family #i ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,example ,,from ,,hardy ,,bulbs ,,and ,,tubers ,,in ,,grass #ae ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,example ,,from ,,the ,,globe ,,flower ,,order #ba ,,chapter ,v4 ,,plants ,,chiefly ,,fitted ,,for ,,the ,,wild ,,garden #cb ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,ditches ,,and ,,narrow ,,shady ,,lanes1 ,,copses1 ,,hedgerows1 ,,and ,,thickets #cf ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,drapery ,,for ,,trees ,,and ,,bushes #dc ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,the ,,common ,,shrubbery1 ,,woods ,,and ,,woodland ,,drives #ea ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,the ,,brook-,,side1 ,,water-,,side1 ,,and ,,bog ,,gardens #fg ,,chapter ,x4 ,,roses ,,for ,,the ,,wild ,,garden1 ,,and ,,for ,,hedgerows1 ,,fences1 ,,and ,,groups #ha ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,wild ,,gardening ,,on ,,walls ,,or ,,ruins #hh ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,,some ,,results #ib ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,a ,,plan ,,for ,,the ,,embellishment ,,of ,,the ,,shrubbery ,,borders ,,in ,,london ,,parks #aaa ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,,the ,,principal ,,types ,,of ,,hardy ,,exotic ,,flowering ,,plants ,,for ,,the ,,wild ,,garden #abj ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,,selections ,,of ,,hardy ,,exotic ,,plants ,,for ,,various ,,positions ,,in ,,the ,,wild ,,garden #afc ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations4 ,,page ,colonies of ,poet's ,narcissus and ,broad-leaved ,saxifrage1 etc4 ,frontispiece ,columbine and ,geraniums in meadow-grass v ,large flowered ,meadow ,rue in the ,wild ,garden1 type of plant mostly excluded from the ,garden #a ,night effect of large evening ,primrose in the ,wild ,garden 7nothera ,lamarkiana7 ,to face page #d ,a 8mixed border0 with tile edging1 the way in which the beautiful hardy flowers of the world have been grown in gardens hitherto1 when grown at all4 7,sketched in a large garden1 #ahgh7 #e ,blue flowered ,composite plant2 fine foliage and habit2 type of noble plants excluded from ,gardens4 7,mulgedium ,plumieri7 #f ,wood ,anemone #h ,caucasian ,comfrey in shrubbery #i ,the ,cretan ,borage 7,borago cretica7 #ab ,flowers of ,geneva ,bugle 7,ajuga genevensis71 ,dwarf ,boragewort #ad ,star of ,bethlehem in ,grass #ae ,the association of exotic and ,british wild flowers in the ,wild ,garden4--,the ,bell-flowered ,scilla1 naturalised with our own ,wood ,hyacinth #af ,the ,turk's ,cap ,lily1 naturalised in the grass by wood-walk #ai ,crocuses in turf1 in grove of ,summer leafing trees #bj ,group of ,globe flowers 7,trollius7 in marshy place2 type of the nobler ,northern flowers little cultivated in gardens #ba ,the ,mountain ,clematis 7,c4 montana7 #bb ,the ,white ,japan ,anemone in the ,wild ,garden #bc ,anemones in the ,riviera4 ,thrive equally well in any open soil here1 only flowering later ,to face page #bd ,the ,green ,hellebore in the ,wild ,garden #bf ,tall perennial ,larkspurs1 naturalised in ,shrubbery 7#ahgh7 #bh ,double ,crimson ,ponies in grass #cj ,eupatorium purpureum #cb ,the ,giant ,scabious 7#h feet high74 7,cephalaria procera7 #cb ,giant ,cow parsnip4 ,type of ,great ,siberian herbaceous vegetation4 ,for rough places only #ce ,foliage of ,dipsacus1 on hedge-bank in spring #cf ,the large white ,bindweed1 type of nobler climbing plants1 with annual stems4 ,for copses1 hedgerows1 and shrubberies #ci ,the ,nootka ,bramble2 type of free-growing flowering shrub4 ,for copses and woods #dj ,the ,yellow ,allium 7,a4 ,moly7 naturalised #db ,periploca grca 7climber7 #dc ,large ,white ,clematis on ,yew tree at ,great ,tew4 7,c4 montana grandiflora7 #de ,the way the climbing plants of the world are crucified in gardens--winter effect 7a faithful sketch7 #de ,climbing shrub 7,celastrus71 isolated on the grass2 way of growing woody ,climbers away from walls or other supports #dg ,a ,liane in the ,north4 ,aristolochia and ,deciduous ,cypress #dh ,a beautiful accident4--,a colony of ,myrrhis odorata1 established in shrubbery1 with white ,harebells here and there #ea ,large ,white ,achilleas spread into wide masses under shade of trees in shrubbery #ec ,lilies coming up through carpet of ,white ,arabis #ef ,colony of ,narcissus in properly spaced shrubbery #eg ,the ,american ,white ,wood-,lily 7,trillium grandiflorum7 in ,wild ,garden1 in wood bottom in leaf-mould ,to face page #eh ,the ,lily of the ,valley in a copse #fc ,solomon's ,seal and ,herb ,paris1 in copse by streamlet #fg ,colony of hardy exotic ,flowers1 naturalised by brook-side #gj ,valley in ,somersetshire1 with ,narcissi1 ,marsh ,marigolds1 and ,primroses ,to face page #gj ,cyperus longus #gc ,the ,cape ,pond ,weed in an ,english ditch in winter #ge ,day ,lily by margin of water #gf ,marsh ,marigold and ,iris in early spring #gh ,the same spot as in previous sketch1 with aftergrowth of ,iris1 ,meadow ,sweet1 and ,bindweed #gi ,partridge ,berry 7,gaultheria7 #hj ,wild ,rose growing on a ,pollard ,ash in ,orchardleigh ,park1 ,somerset #hc ,white ,climbing ,rose scrambling over old ,catalpa ,tree ,to face page #hd ,climbing ,rose isolated on grass #hg ,arenaria balearica1 in a hole in wall at ,great ,tew #hh ,cheddar ,pink1 ,saxifrage1 and ,ferns1 on cottage wall at ,mells #hi ,the ,yellow ,fumitory on wall 7,corydalis lutea7 #ia ,large ,japan ,sedum 7,s4 spectabile7 and ,autumn ,crocuses in the ,wild ,garden #ib ,crane's ,bill1 wild1 in grass #id ,large-leafed ,saxifrage in the ,wild ,garden #ie ,tiger ,lilies in ,wild ,garden at ,great ,tew ,to face page #ih ,large-flowered ,clematis #ajb ,sun ,roses 7,cistus7 and other exotic hardy plants among heather1 on sandy slope ,to face page #ajd ,wood and herbaceous ,meadow-sweets grouped together in ,mr4 ,hewittson's garden #aje ,woodruff and ,ivy #ajh ,tailpiece #aaj ,dug and mutilated ,shrubbery in ,st4 ,james's ,park4 ,sketched in winter of #ahgi #aaa ,colony of the ,snowdrop-,anemone in ,shrubbery not dug4 ,anemone taking the place of weeds or bare earth #aae ,colony of the ,summer ,snowflake1 on margin of shrubbery #aai ,the ,monkshood1 naturalised by wet ditch in wood #aba ,the white ,narcissus-like ,allium1 in the orchards of ,provence2 type of family receiving little place in gardens which may be beautiful for a season in wild places #abc ,the ,alpine ,windflower 7,anemone alpina7 #abd ,siberian ,columbine in rocky place #abf ,tall ,asphodel in copse #abg ,the foliage of the ,meadow ,saffron in ,spring #acb ,the ,white-flowered ,european ,clematis 7,c4 erecta7 #acc ,cyclamens in the ,wild ,garden2 from nature #acd ,a ,south ,european ,bindweed creeping up the stems of an ,iris in an ,english garden #ace ,a ,sea ,holly2 ,eryngium #ach ,groups of ,funkia ,sieboldi #adj ,a hardy ,geranium #ada ,snowdrops1 wild1 by streamlet in valley #adb ,sun ,rose on limestone rocks #add ,white ,lily in ,wild ,garden #adf ,everlasting ,pea1 creeping up stem in shrubbery #adh ,type of fine-leaved umbellate plants seldom grown in gardens #adi ,the ,bee ,balm1 ,monarda4 ,american wood plant #aej ,the ,great ,japan ,knotweed 7,polygonum cuspidatum74 7,showing the plant in flower7 #aeb ,phlomis4 ,type of handsome ,labiates2 admirably suited for the ,wild ,garden #aec ,the tall ,ox-eye daisy 7,pyrethrum serotinum7 #aed ,the ,great ,reed of ,southern ,europe 7,arundo ,donax7 #aee ,telekia4 ,type of the ,larger ,composites1 excluded from gardens proper #aei ,group of ,tritoma1 in grass #afj ,a tall ,mullein #afa ,ophrys in grass #afc ,rock steps with ,omphalodes #age ,butterbur and ,double ,furze on margin of lake #agf ,,the ,,wild ,,garden4 ,,one ,,way ,,onwards ,,from ,,the ,,dark ,,ages ,,of ,,flower-,,gardening4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,explanatory4 ,illustration3 ,large-flowered ,meadow ,rue in the ,wild ,garden1 type of plant mostly excluded from the ,garden4 ,about a generation ago a taste began to be manifested for placing a number of tender plants in the open air in summer1 with a view to the production of showy masses of decided colour4 ,the subjects selected were mostly from sub-tropical climates and of free growth2 placed annually in the open air of our genial early summer1 and in fresh rich earth1 every year they grew rapidly and flowered abundantly during the summer and early autumn months1 and until cut down by the first frosts4 ,the showy colour of this system was very attractive1 and since its introduction there has been a gradual rooting out of all the old favourites in favour of this 8bedding0 system4 ,this was carried to such an extent that it was not uncommon1 indeed it has been the rule1 to find the largest gardens in the country without a single hardy flower1 all energy and expense being devoted to the production of the few exotics required for the summer decoration4 ,it should be distinctly borne in mind that the expense for this system is an annual one2 that no matter what amount of money may be spent in this way1 or how many years may be devoted to perfecting it1 the first sharp frost of ,november announces a yet further expense and labour1 usually more heavy than the preceding4 ,its highest results need hardly be described2 they are seen in all our great public gardens2 our ,london and many other city parks show them in the shape of beds filled with vast quantities of flowers1 covering the ground frequently in a showy way1 or in a repulsively gaudy manner3 nearly every private garden is taken possession of by the same things4 ,i will not here enter into the question of the merits of this system2 it is enough to state that even on its votaries it is beginning to pall4 ,some are looking back with regret to the old mixed-border gardens2 others are endeavouring to soften the harshness of the bedding system by the introduction of fine-leaved plants1 but all are agreed that a great mistake has been made in destroying all our old flowers1 from ,lilies to ,hepaticas1 though very few persons indeed have any idea of the numbers of beautiful subjects in this way which we may gather from every northern and temperate clime to adorn our gardens under a more artistic system4 ,my object in the ,wild ,garden is now to show how we may have more of the varied beauty of hardy flowers than the most ardent admirer of the old style of garden ever dreams of1 by naturalising innumerable beautiful natives of many regions of the earth in our woods and copses1 rougher parts of pleasure grounds1 and in unoccupied places in almost every kind of garden4 ,i allude not to the wood and brake flora of any one country1 but to that which finds its home in the vast fields of the whole northern world1 and that of the hill-ground that falls in furrowed folds from beneath the hoary heads of all the great mountain chains of the world1 whether they rise from hot ,indian plains or green ,european pastures4 ,the ,palm and sacred ,fig1 as well as the ,wheat and the ,vine1 are separated from the stemless plants that cushion under the snow for half the year1 by a zone of hardier and not less beautiful life1 varied as the breezes that whisper on the mountain sides1 and as the rills that seam them4 ,they are the ,lilies1 and ,bluebells1 and ,foxgloves1 and ,irises1 and ,windflowers1 and ,columbines1 and ,rock-roses1 and ,violets1 and ,cranesbills1 and countless ,pea-flowers1 and mountain ,avens1 and ,brambles1 and ,cinquefoils1 and ,evening ,primroses1 and ,clematis1 and ,honeysuckles1 and ,michaelmas ,daisies1 and ,wood-hyacinths1 and ,daffodils1 and ,bindweeds1 and ,forget-me-nots1 and blue-eyed ,omphalodes1 and ,primroses1 and ,day ,lilies1 and ,asphodels1 and ,st4 ,bruno's ,lilies1 and the almost innumerable plants which form the flora of the northern and temperate portions of vast continents4 ,it is beyond the power of pen or pencil to picture the beauty of these plants4 ,innumerable and infinitely varied scenes occur in the wilder parts of all northern and temperate regions1 at many different elevations4 ,the loveliness and ceaselessly varying charms of such scenes are indeed difficult to describe or imagine2 the essential thing to bear in mind is that the plants that go to form them are hardy1 and will thrive in our climate as well as native plants4 ,such beauty may be realised in every wood and copse and shrubbery that screens our 8trim gardens40 ,naturally our woods and wilds have no little loveliness in spring2 we have here and there the ,lily-of-the-valley and the ,snowdrop1 and everywhere the ,primrose and ,cowslip2 the ,bluebell and the ,foxglove sometimes take nearly complete possession of whole woods2 but1 with all our treasures in this way1 we have no attractions in or near our gardens compared to what it is within our power to create4 ,there are many countries with winters as cold as1 or colder than1 our own1 possessing a rich flora2 and by taking the best hardy exotics and establishing them in wild or half-wild spots1 we may produce beautiful pictures in such places4 ,to most people a pretty plant in a free state is more attractive than any garden denizen4 ,it is taking care of itself2 and1 moreover1 it is usually surrounded by some degree of graceful wild spray--the green above1 and the moss and brambles and grass around4 ,by the means presently to be explained1 numbers of plants of the highest order of beauty and fragrance1 and clothed with pleasant associations1 may be seen perfectly at home in the spaces now devoted to rank grass and weeds1 and by wood walks in our shrubberies and ornamental plantations4 ,illustration3 ,night effect of large evening ,primrose in the ,wild ,garden 7nothera ,lamarkiana7 ,among my reasons for advocating this system are the following3-- ,first1 because hundreds of the finest hardy flowers will thrive much better in rough and wild places than ever they did in the old-fashioned border4 ,even comparatively small ones1 like the ivy-leaved ,cyclamen1 a beautiful plant that we rarely find in perfection in gardens1 ,i have seen perfectly naturalised and spread all over the mossy surface of a thin wood4 ,illustration3 ,a 8mixed border0 with tile edging1 the way in which the beautiful hardy flowers of the world have been grown in gardens hitherto1 when grown at all4 7,sketched in a large garden1 #ahgh47 ,secondly1 because they will look infinitely better than ever they did in gardens1 in consequence of fine-leaved plant1 fern1 and flower1 and climber1 grass and trailing shrub1 relieving each other in ways innumerable and delightful4 ,any one of a thousand combinations will prove as far superior to any aspect of the old mixed border1 or the ordinary type of modern flower-garden1 as is a lovely mountain valley to a piece of the 8black country40 ,thirdly1 because1 arranged as ,i propose1 no disagreeable effects result from decay4 ,the raggedness of the old mixed border after the first flush of spring and early summer bloom had passed was intolerable1 bundles of decayed stems tied to sticks1 making the place look like the parade-ground of a number of crossing-sweepers4 ,when ,lilies are sparsely dotted through masses of shrubs1 their flowers are admired more than if they were in isolated showy masses2 when they pass out of bloom they are unnoticed amidst the vegetation1 and not eyesores1 as when in rigid unrelieved tufts in borders1 etc4 ,in a wild or semi-wild state the beauty of individual species will proclaim itself when at its height2 and when out of bloom they will be succeeded by other kinds1 or lost among the numerous objects around4 ,illustration3 ,blue flowered ,composite plant2 fine foliage and habit2 type of noble plants excluded from gardens4 7,mulgedium ,plumieri47 ,fourthly1 because it will enable us to grow many plants that have never yet obtained a place in our 8trim gardens40 ,i allude to the multitudes of plants which1 not being so showy as those usually considered worthy of a place in gardens1 are never seen therein4 ,the flowers of many of these are of the highest order of beauty1 especially when seen in numbers4 ,an isolated tuft of one of these1 seen in a formal border1 may not be considered worthy of its place1 while in some wild glade1 in a wood1 as a little colony1 grouped naturally1 or associated with like subjects1 its effect may be exquisite4 ,among the subjects usually considered unfit for garden cultivation may be included a goodly number that1 grown in gardens1 are no addition to them2 subjects like the ,american ,asters1 ,golden ,rods1 and like plants1 which merely overrun the choicer and more beautiful border-flowers when planted amongst them4 ,these coarse subjects would be quite at home in copses and woody places1 where their blossoms might be seen or gathered in due season1 and their vigorous vegetation form a covert welcome to the game-preserver4 ,to these two groups might be added subjects like the winter ,heliotrope1 the handsome ,british ,willow herb1 and many other plants which1 while attractive in the garden1 are apt to spread about so rapidly as to become a nuisance there4 ,clearly these should only be planted in wild and semi-wild places4 ,fifthly1 because we may in this way settle also the question of spring flowers1 and the spring garden1 as well as that of hardy flowers generally4 ,in the way ,i suggest1 many parts of every country garden1 and many suburban ones1 may be made alive with spring flowers1 without interfering at least with the geometrical beds that have been the worthless stock-in-trade of the so-called landscape-gardener for centuries4 ,the blue stars of the ,apennine ,anemone will be seen to greater advantage 8wild10 in shady or half-shady bare places1 under trees1 than in any conceivable formal arrangement1 and it is but one of hundreds of sweet spring flowers that will succeed perfectly in the way ,i propose4 ,sixthly1 because there can be few more agreeable phases of communion with nature than naturalising the natives of countries in which we are infinitely more interested than in those of which greenhouse or stove plants are native4 ,from the ,roman ruin--home of many flowers1 the prairies of the ,new ,world1 the woods and meadows of all the great mountains of ,europe2 from ,greece and ,italy and ,spain1 from the sunny hills of ,asia ,minor2 from the alpine regions of the great continents--in a word1 from almost every interesting region the traveller may bring seeds or plants1 and establish near his home the pleasantest souvenirs of the various scenes he has visited4 ,moreover1 the great merit of permanence belongs to this delightful phase of gardening4 ,select a wild rough slope1 and embellish it with the handsomest and hardiest climbing plants1--say the noble mountain ,clematis from ,nepal1 the sweet ,c4 ,flammula from ,southern ,europe1 8,virginian creepers0 in variety1 the ,nootka ,bramble 7,rubus nutkanus and ,r4 odoratus71 various species of hardy vines1 ,jasmines1 ,honeysuckles--,british and ,european1 and wild ,roses4 ,arranged with some judgment at first1 such a colony might be left to take care of itself2 time would but add to its attractions1 and the happy owner might go away for years1 and find it beautiful on his return4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,example ,,from ,,the ,,forget-,,me-,,not ,,family4 ,illustration3 ,caucasian ,comfrey in shrubbery4 ,i will now endeavour to illustrate my meaning by showing what may be done with one type of northern vegetation-- that of the ,forget-me-not order1 one far from being as rich as others in subjects suited for the wild garden4 ,through considering its capabilities in this way1 the reader may be able to form some idea of what we may do by selecting from the numerous plants that grow in the meadows and mountain-woods of ,europe1 ,asia1 and ,america4 ,the ,forget-me-not or ,borage family is a well-marked and well-known one1 containing a great number of coarse weeds1 but which1 if it possessed only the common ,forget-me-not1 would have some claims on us4 ,many persons are not acquainted with more than the ,forget-me-nots2 but what lovely exotic plants there are in this order that would afford delight if met with creeping about along our wood and shrubbery walks6 ,nature1 say some1 is sparing of her deep true blues2 but there are obscure plants in this order that possess the truest1 deepest1 and most delicate of blues1 and which will thrive as well in the wild garden as common weeds4 ,the creeping ,omphalodes verna even surpasses the ,forget-me-not in the depth and beauty of its blue and its other good qualities1 and runs about quite freely in any shady or half-shady shrubbery or open wood1 or even in turf in moist soil not very frequently mown4 ,its proper home is the wood or semi-wild spot1 where it takes care of itself4 ,put it in a garden1 and probably1 unless the soil and region be moist1 it soon perishes4 ,besides1 in the border1 it would be a not very agreeable object when once the sweet spring bloom had passed2 whereas1 in the positions spoken of1 in consequence of the predominance of trees1 shrubs1 and tall herbs1 the low plants are not noticed when out of flower1 but crawl about unobserved till returning spring reminds those fortunate enough to see them how superior is the inexpensive and natural kind of gardening here advocated4 ,another plant of the order is so suitable and useful for this purpose1 that if a root or two of it be planted in any shrubbery1 it will soon run about1 exterminate the weeds1 and prove quite a lesson in wild gardening4 ,i allude to the ,caucasian ,comfrey 7,symphytum caucasicum71 which grows about twenty inches high1 and bears quantities of the loveliest blue pendulous flowers4 ,it1 like many others1 does much better in a wood1 grove1 or any kind of shrubbery1 than in any other position1 filling in the naked spaces between the trees and shrubs1 and has a quick-growing and spreading tendency1 but never becomes weedy or objectionable4 ,as if to contrast with it1 there is the deep crimson ,bohemian ,comfrey 7,s4 bohemicum71 which is sometimes startling from the depth of its vivid colouring2 and the white ,comfrey 7,s4 orientale71 quite a vigorous-growing kind1 blooming early in ,april and ,may1 with the blue ,caucasian ,c4 ,these ,comfreys1 indeed1 are admirable plants for rough places--the tall and vigorous ones thriving in a ditch or any similar place1 and flowering much better and longer than they ever did in the garden proper1 in prim borders4 ,there are about twenty species1 mostly from ,southern and ,central ,europe1 ,asia1 and ,siberia4 ,i purposely omit the ,british ,forget-me-nots1 wishing now chiefly to show what we may do with exotics quite as hardy as our own wildlings2 and we have another ,forget-me-not1 not ,british1 which surpasses them all--the early ,myosotis dissitiflora4 ,this is like a patch of the bluest sky settled down among the moist stones of a rockwork or any similar spot1 before our own ,forget-me-not has opened its blue eyes1 and is admirable for blades or banks in wood or shrubbery1 especially in moist districts4 ,for rocky bare places and sunny sandy banks we have the spreading ,gromwell 7,lithospermum prostratum71 which1 when in flower1 looks just as if some exquisite alpine ,gentian had assumed the form of a low bush1 to enable it to hold its own among creeping things and stouter herbs than accompany it on the ,alps4 ,the ,gromwells are a large and important genus but little known in gardens1 some of them1 like our native kind1 being handsome plants4 ,among the fairest plants we have are the ,lungworts1 ,pulmonaria1 too seldom seen1 and partly destroyed through exposure on bare dug and often dry border4 ,the old ,pulmonaria 7,mertensia virginica7 is one of the loveliest spring flowers ever introduced4 ,it is very rare in gardens1 but if placed in a moist place near a stream1 or in a peat bottom1 it will live2 whereas it frequently dies in a garden4 ,the newer and more easily grown ,mertensia sibirica is a lovely plant1 taller and flowering longer4 ,these two plants alone would repay any one for a trial of the wild garden1 and will illustrate the fact that for the sake of culture alone 7apart from art1 beauty1 or arrangement7 the wild-garden idea is worth carrying out4 ,among the many plants suitable for the wild garden none look more at home than ,borage1 a few seeds of which scattered over fresh dry ground soon germinate1 and form fine patches that will flower during the summer4 ,although only an annual1 once it is introduced there is no fear of losing it1 as it comes up somewhere near the same spot each succeeding year1 and when in bloom the peculiar ,solanum-like shape of the blossoms1 and their rich blue colour1 make it beautiful4 ,the ,cretan ,borage is a curious old perennial1 seldom seen in gardens2 and deservedly so1 for its growth is robust and its habit coarse4 ,it is1 however1 a capital plant for the wild garden1 or for rough places--in copse1 or shrubbery1 or lane1 where the ample room which it requires would not be begrudged1 and where it may take care of itself from year to year1 showing among the boldest and the hardiest of the early spring flowers4 ,illustration3 ,the ,cretan ,borage 7,borago ,cretica74 ,thus1 though ,i say little of the ,alkanet 7,anchusa7 tribe1 several of which could be found worth a place with our own handsome ,evergreen ,alkanet1 and do not mention other important genera1 it will be seen that a whole garden of beauty may be reaped from this tribe alone4 ,any one who doubts the advantages of carrying out the idea of the wild garden could settle the matter to his satisfaction in a couple of years with these plants alone1 in a shrubbery1 ditch1 lane1 copse1 or wood1 always providing that he takes care to adapt each kind to the position and the soil4 ,for instance1 the ,giant ,comfrey will grow six feet high in rich or moist soil in a partially shaded ditch1 and therefore1 once fairly started1 might be trusted to take care of itself in any position4 ,the ,caucasian ,comfrey1 on the other hand1 grows from eighteen inches to two feet high1 and is at home in the spaces in a copse or shrubbery4 ,the creeping ,forget-me-not 7,ompalodes verna7 is a little plant that creeps about in grass or among vegetation1 not over a span high1 or forms a carpet of its own--these points must be considered1 and then the rest is gardening of the happiest kind only4 ,these ,borageworts1 richer in blue flowers than even the gentians1 are usually poor rusty things in exposed sunny borders1 and also much in the way when out of flower1 whereas in shady lanes1 copses1 open parts of not too dry or impoverished shrubberies1 in hedgerow-banks1 or ditches1 we only notice them in their beautiful bloom4 ,illustration3 ,flowers of ,geneva ,bugle 7,ajuga genevensis71 ,dwarf ,boragewort4 ,illustration3 ,star of ,bethlehem in ,grass4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,example ,,from ,,hardy ,,bulbs ,,and ,,tubers ,,in ,,grass4 ,we will now turn from the ,forget-me-not order to a very different type of vegetation--hardy bulbs and other plants dying down after flowering early in the year1 like the ,winter ,aconite and the ,blood-root 7,sanguinaria74 ,how many of us really enjoy the beauty which a judicious use of a profusion of hardy ,spring-flowering ,bulbs affords8 ,how many get beyond the miserable conventionalities of the flower-garden1 with its edgings and patchings1 and taking up1 and drying1 and mere playing with our beautiful ,spring ,bulbs8 ,how many enjoy the exquisite beauty afforded by flowers of this class1 established naturally1 without troubling us for attention at any time8 ,the subject of decorating with ,spring-flowering ,bulbs is merely in its infancy2 at present we merely place a few of the showiest of them in geometrical lines4 ,the little we do leads to such a very poor result1 that numbers of people1 alive to the real charms of a garden too1 scarcely notice ,spring ,bulbs at all1 regarding them as things which require endless trouble1 as interfering with the 8bedding-out20 and in fact1 as not worth the pains they occasion4 ,this is likely to be the case so long as the most effective and satisfactory of all modes of arranging them is unused2 that way is the placing of them in wild and semi-wild parts of country seats1 and in the rougher parts of a garden1 no matter where it may be situated or how it may be arranged4 ,this way will yield more real interest and beauty than any other4 ,look1 for instance1 at the wide and bare belts of grass that wind in and around the shrubberies in nearly every country place2 frequently1 they never display a particle of plant-beauty1 and are merely places to be roughly mown now and then4 ,but if planted here and there with the ,snowdrop1 the blue ,anemone1 the ,crocus1 ,scillas1 and ,winter ,aconite1 they would in spring surpass in attractiveness the gayest of spring gardens4 ,cushioned among the grass1 these would have a more congenial medium in which to unfold than is offered by the beaten sticky earth of a border2 in the grass of spring1 their natural bed1 they would look far better than ever they do when arranged on the bare earth of a garden4 ,once carefully planted1 they--while an annual source of the greatest interest--occasion no trouble whatever4 ,ilustration3 ,the association of exotic and ,british wild flowers in the ,wild ,garden4--,the ,bell-flowered ,scilla1 naturalised with our own ,wood ,hyacinth4 ,their leaves die down so early in spring that they would scarcely interfere with the mowing of the grass1 if that were desired1 but ,i should not attempt to mow the grass in such places till the season of vernal beauty had quite passed by4 ,surely it is enough to have a portion of lawn as smooth as a carpet at all times1 without sending the mower to shave the 8long and pleasant grass0 of the other parts of the grounds4 ,it would indeed be worth while to leave many parts of the grass unmown for the sake of growing many beautiful plants in it4 ,if in some spot where a wide fringe of grass spreads out in the bay of a shrubbery or plantation1 and upon this carpet of rising and unshaven verdure there be dotted1 in addition to the few pretty natural flowers that happened to take possession of it1 the blue ,apennine ,anemone1 the ,snowdrop1 the ,snowflake1 ,crocuses in variety1 ,scillas1 ,grape-,hyacinths1 earlier and smaller ,narcissi1 the ,wood ,anemone1 and any other pretty ,spring flowers that were suitable to the soil and position1 we should have a glimpse of the vernal beauty of temperate and northern climes1 every flower relieved by grass blades and green leaves1 the whole devoid of any trace of man1 or his exceeding weakness for tracing wall-paper patterns1 where everything should be varied1 indefinite1 and changeful4 ,in such a garden it would be evident that the artist had caught the true meaning of nature in her disposition of vegetation1 without sacrificing one jot of anything of value in the garden1 but1 on the contrary1 adding the highest beauty to spots devoid of the slightest interest4 ,in connection with this matter ,i may as well say here that mowing the grass once a fortnight in pleasure grounds1 as now practised1 is a great and costly mistake4 ,we want shaven carpets of grass here and there1 but what cruel nonsense both to men and grass it is to shave as many foolish men shave their faces6 ,there are indeed places where they boast of mowing forty acres6 ,who would not rather see the waving grass with countless flowers than a close shaven surface without a blossom8 ,imagine the labour wasted in this ridiculous labour of cutting the heads off flowers and grass4 ,let the grass grow till fit to cut for hay1 and we may enjoy in it a world of lovely flowers that will blossom and perfect their growth before the grass has to be mown2 more than one person who has carried out the ideas expressed in this book has waving lawns of feathery grass where he used to shave the grass every ten days2 a prairie of flowers where a daisy was not allowed to peep2 and some addition to his hay crop as he allows the grass to grow till it is fit for that purpose4 ,it is not only to places in which shrubberies1 and plantations1 and belts of grass in the rougher parts of the pleasure-ground1 and shady moss-bordered wood-walks occur that these remarks apply4 ,the suburban garden1 with its single fringe of planting1 may show like beauty1 to some extent4 ,it may have the ,solomon's ,seal arching forth from a shady recess1 behind tufts of the sweet-scented ,narcissus1 while in every case there may be wild fringes of strong and hardy flowers in the spring sun1 and they cannot be cut off by harsh winds as when exposed in the open garden4 ,what has already been stated is1 ,i hope1 sufficient to show to everybody the kind of place that may be used for their culture4 ,wild and semi-wild places1 rough banks in or near the pleasure-ground or flower-garden1 such spots as perhaps at present contain nothing but weeds1 or any naturally rough or unused spot about a garden--such are the places for them4 ,even where all the lawn must be mown the ,snowdrop may be enjoyed in early spring1 for its leaves die down1 or at all events ripen sufficiently before there is any occasion to mow the grass4 ,illustration3 ,the ,turk's ,cap ,lily1 naturalised in the grass by wood-walk4 ,but the prettiest results are only attainable where the grass need not be mown till nearly the time the meadows are mown4 ,then we may have gardens of ,narcissi1 such as men never dared to dream about a dozen years ago2 such as no one ever thought possible in a garden4 ,in grass not mown at all we may even enjoy many of the ,lilies1 and all the lovelier and more stately bulbous flowers of the meadows and mountain lawns of ,europe1 ,asia1 and ,america4 ,on a stretch of good grass which need not be mown1 and on fairly good soil in any part of our country1 beauty may be enjoyed such as has hitherto only gladdened the heart of the rare wanderer on the high mountain lawns and copses1 in ,may when the earth children laugh in multitudes on their mother's breast4 ,all planting in the grass should be in natural groups or prettily fringed colonies1 growing to and fro as they like after planting4 ,lessons in this grouping are to be had in woods1 copses1 heaths1 and meadows1 by those who look about them as they go4 ,at first many will find it difficult to get out of formal masses1 but that may be got over by studying natural groupings of wild flowers4 ,once established1 the plants soon begin to group themselves in a way that leaves nothing to desire4 ,illustration3 ,crocuses in turf1 in grove of ,summer leafing trees4 ,illustration3 ,group of ,globe flowers 7,trollius7 in marshy place3 type of the nobler ,northern flowers little cultivated in gardens4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,example ,,from ,,the ,,globe ,,flower ,,order4 ,let us next see what may be done with the ,buttercup order of plants4 ,it embraces many things widely diverse in aspect from these burnished ornaments of northern meadows and mountains4 ,the first thing ,i should take from it to embellish the wild wood is the sweet-scented ,virgin's ,bower 7,clematis flammula71 a native of the south of ,europe1 but as hardy and free in all parts of ,britain as the common ,hawthorn4 ,and as the ,hawthorn sweetens the breath of early summer1 so will this add fragrance to the autumnal months4 ,it is never to be seen half so beautiful as when crawling over some tree or decayed stump2 and if its profuse masses of white bloom do not attract1 its fragrance is sure to do so4 ,an open glade in a wood1 or open spaces on banks near a wood or shrubbery1 would be charming for it1 while in the garden or pleasure-ground it may be used as a creeper over old stumps1 trellising1 or the like4 ,clematis campaniflora1 with flowers like a campanula1 and of a pale purplish hue1 and the beautiful white ,clematis montana grandiflora1 a native of ,nepaul1 are almost equally beautiful1 and many others of the family are worthy of a place1 rambling over old trees1 bushes1 hedgerows1 or tangling over banks4 ,these single wild species of ,clematis are more graceful than the large ,hybrids now common2 they are very hardy and free4 ,in mild and seashore districts a beautiful kind1 common in ,algeria1 and in the islands on and the shores of the ,mediterranean 7,clematis cirrhosa71 will be found most valuable--being nearly evergreen1 and flowering very early in spring--even in winter in the ,south of ,england4 ,illustration3 ,the ,mountain ,clematis 7,c4 montana74 ,next in this order we come to the ,wind ,flowers1 or ,anemones1 and here we must pause to select1 for more beautiful flowers do not adorn this world of flowers4 ,have we a bit of rich grass not mown8 ,if so1 the beautiful downy white and yellow ,anemones of the ,alps 7,a4 alpina and ,a4 sulphurea7 may be grown there4 ,any sunny bushy bank or southern slope which we wish to embellish with vernal beauty8 ,then select ,anemone blanda1 a small but lovely blue kind2 place it in open bare spots to begin with1 as it is very dwarf1 and it will at ,christmas1 and from that time onward through the spring1 open its large flowers of the deepest sky blue4 ,the common garden ,anemone 7,a4 ,coronaria7 will not be fastidious1 but had better be placed in open bare sandy places2 and the splendid ,anemone fulgens will prove most attractive1 as it glows with fiery scarlet4 ,of other ,anemones1 hardy1 free1 and beautiful enough to be made wild in our shrubberies1 pleasure-grounds1 and wilds1 the ,japan ,anemone 7,a4 japonica7 and its white varieties1 ,a4 trifolia and ,a4 sylvestris1 are the best of the exotic species4 ,the ,japan ,anemones grow so strongly that they will take care of themselves even among stiff brushwood1 brambles1 etc42 and they are beautifully fitted for scattering along the low1 half-wild margins of shrubberies and groups4 ,the interesting little ,a4 trifolia is not unlike our own wood ,anemone1 and will grow in similar places4 ,illustration3 ,the ,white ,japan ,anemone in the ,wild ,garden4 ,few plants are more lovely in the wild garden than the ,white ,japan ,anemone4 ,the idea of the wild garden first arose in the writer's mind as a home for a numerous class of coarse-growing plants1 to which people begrudge room in their borders1 such as the ,golden ,rods1 ,michaelmas ,daisies1 ,compass plants1 and a host of others1 which are beautiful for a season only1 or perhaps too rampant for what are called choice borders and beds4 ,this ,anemone is one of the most beautiful of garden flowers1 and one which is as well suited for the wild garden as the kinds alluded to4 ,it grows well in any good soil in copse or shrubbery1 and increases rapidly4 ,partial shade seems to suit it2 and in any case the effect of the large white flowers is1 if anything1 more beautiful in half-shady places4 ,the flowers1 too1 are more lasting here than where they are fully exposed4 ,as for the ,apennine ,anemone 7the white as well as the blue variety71 it is one of the loveliest spring flowers of any clime1 and should be in every garden1 in the borders1 and scattered thinly here and there in woods and shrubberies1 so that it may become 8naturalised40 ,it is scarcely a ,british flower1 being a native of the south of ,europe2 but having strayed into our wilds and plantations occasionally1 it is now included in most books on ,british plants4 ,the yellow ,a4 ranunculoides1 a doubtful native1 found in one or two spots1 but not really ,british1 is well worth growing1 thriving well on the chalk1 and being very beautiful4 ,the large ,hepatica angulosa will grow almost as freely as ,celandine among shrubs and in half-shady spots1 and we all know how readily the old kinds grow on all garden soils of ordinary quality4 ,there are about ten or twelve varieties of the common ,hepatica 7,anemone ,hepatica7 grown in ,british nurseries and gardens1 and all the colours of the species should be represented in every collection of spring flowers4 ,illustration3 ,anemones in the ,riviera4 ,thrive equally well in any open soil here1 only flowering later4 ,there are many of the ,ranunculi1 not natives of ,britain1 which would grow as freely as our native kinds4 ,many will doubtless remember with pleasure the pretty button-like white flowers of the ,fair ,maids of ,france 7,ranunculus aconitifolius fl4 pl471 a frequent ornament of the old mixed border4 ,this1 and the wild form from which it comes--a frequent plant in alpine meadows--may also be enjoyed in our wild garden4 ,quite distinct from all these1 and of chastest beauty when well grown1 is ,r4 amplexicaulis1 with flowers of pure white1 and simple leaves of a dark glaucous green and flowing graceful outline2 a hardy and charming plant on almost any soil4 ,this is one of the elegant exotic forms of a family well represented in the golden type in our meadows1 and therefore it is welcome as giving us a strange form4 ,such a plant deserves that pains be taken to establish it in good soil1 in spots where a rank vegetation may not weaken or destroy it4 ,of the ,globe ,flowers 7,trollius71 there are various kinds apart from our own1 all rich in colour1 fragrant1 and hardy in a remarkable degree4 ,these are among the noblest wild-garden plants--quite hardy1 free of growth in the heaviest of soil and wettest of climates1 affording a lovely type of early summer flower-life1 and one distinct from any usually seen in our fields or gardens2 for these handsome ,globe flowers are among the many flowers that for years have found no place in the garden proper4 ,they are lovely in groups or colonies1 in cold grassy places1 where many other plants would perish4 ,illustration3 ,the ,green ,hellebore in the ,wild ,garden4 ,the ,winter ,aconite 7,eranthis hyemalis7 should be naturalised in every country seat in ,britain--it is as easy to do so as to introduce the thistle4 ,it may be placed quite under the branches of deciduous trees1 will come up and flower when the trees are naked1 will have its foliage developed before the leaves come on the trees1 and be afterwards hidden from sight4 ,thus masses of this earliest flower may be grown without the slightest sacrifice of space1 and only be noticed when bearing a bloom on every little stem4 ,that fine old little plant1 the ,christmas ,rose 7,helleborus niger71 likes partial shade better than full exposure1 and should be used abundantly1 giving it rather snug and warm positions1 so that its flowers may be encouraged to open well and fully4 ,any other kinds might also be used4 ,recently many kinds of ,helleborus have been added to our gardens1 not all of them so conspicuous at first sight as the ,christmas ,rose1 yet they are of remarkable beauty of foliage and habit as well as of blossom1 and they flower in the spring4 ,these1 too1 show the advantage of the wild garden as regards cultivation4 ,they will thrive much better in any bushy places1 or copses1 or in mutually sheltering groups on warm banks and slopes1 even in hedge banks1 old quarries1 or rough mounds1 than in the ordinary garden border4 ,of the difference in the effect in the two cases it is needless to speak4 ,some of the ,monkshoods are very handsome1 but all of them virulent poisons2 and1 bearing in mind what fatal accidents have arisen from their use1 they are better not used at all in the garden proper4 ,amongst tall and vigorous herbaceous plants few are more suitable for wild and semi-wild places4 ,they are hardy and robust enough to grow anywhere in shady or half-shady spots2 and their tall spikes1 loaded with blue flowers1 are very beautiful4 ,an illustration in the chapter on the plants suited for the wild garden shows the common ,aconite in a ,somersetshire valley in company with the ,butterbur and the ,hemlock4 ,in such a place its beauty is very striking4 ,the larger rich blue kinds1 and the blue and white one1 are very showy grown in deep soils1 in which they attain a great height4 ,when out of flower1 like many other stately ,perennials1 they were often stiff and ugly in the old borders and beds4 ,in the wild garden their stately beauty will be more remarkable than ever under the green leaves in copses and by streams4 ,and when flower-time is gone1 their stems1 no longer tied into bundles or cut in by the knife1 will group finely with other vigorous herbaceous vegetation4 ,the ,delphiniums1 or tall ,perennial ,larkspurs1 are amongst the most beautiful of all flowers4 ,they embrace almost every shade of blue1 from the rich dark tone of ,d4 grandiflora to the charming crulean tints of such as ,d4 ,belladonna2 and being usually of a tall and strong type1 will make way among long grasses and vigorous weeds1 unlike many things for which we have to recommend an open space1 or a wood with nothing but a carpet of moss under the trees4 ,illustration3 ,tall ,perennial ,larkspurs1 naturalised in ,shrubbery 7#ahgh74 ,one of the prettiest effects which ,i have ever seen was a colony of tall ,larkspurs4 ,portions of old roots of several species and varieties had been chopped off when a bed of these plants was dug in the autumn4 ,for convenience sake the refuse had been thrown into the neighbouring shrubbery1 far in among the shrubs and trees4 ,here they grew in half-open spaces1 which were so far removed from the margin that they were not dug and were not seen4 ,when ,i saw the ,larkspurs in flower they were certainly the loveliest things that one could see4 ,they were more beautiful than they are in borders or beds1 not growing in such close stiff tufts1 but mingling with and relieved by the trees above and the shrubs around4 ,little more need be said to any one who knows and cares about such plants1 and has an opportunity of planting in such neglected places4 ,this case points out that one might make wild gardens from the mere parings and thinnings of the beds and borders in autumn in any place where there is a collection of good hardy plants4 ,the engraving on the next page represents one of the most beautiful effects obtained in his wild garden by an acquaintance of mine who began when he knew very little of plants and their favoured haunts1 and succeeded well in a not very favourable site4 ,herbaceous ,ponies were amongst those that succeeded best4 ,the effect was very beautiful1 either close at hand or seen at a considerable distance off4 ,herbaceous ,ponies are amongst the most free1 vigorous1 and hardy of perennial plants1 and with them alone most novel and beautiful effects may be carried out in most places where there is room4 ,even in comparatively small gardens1 a group or two outside the margin of a shrubbery would be desirable4 ,the effect of the blooms amongst the long grass of the wild garden is finer than any they present in borders1 and when out of flower they do not seem to be in the way1 as they often are thought to be when in borders and beds4 ,it is almost needless to speak here of the great variety of forms now obtainable amongst these herbaceous ,ponies1 many of which are agreeably scented4 ,the older forms were not remarkable in that respect1 but rather the contrary4 ,in addition to the splendour of colour for which ,ponies are long and well known1 there are now many delicately-coloured and tinted varieties4 ,the whole race is undeservedly neglected4 ,people spend plenty of money on greenhouses which will never produce anything so handsome as a well-grown group of herbaceous ,ponies in the open garden2 yet when they are grown they are often begrudged a few feet of good soil1 though that is all they would require for years at a time4 ,my friend's ,ponies formed a group that could be seen from a distance2 when ,i saw them they were surrounded by long and waving grass4 ,i cannot give any idea of the fine effect4 ,illustration3 ,double ,crimson ,ponies in grass4 ,the ,clematis-like ,atragene alpina is one of my favourite flowers--seldom seen now-a-days1 or indeed at any time1 out of a botanical garden1 and till lately not often seen in one4 ,it likes to trail over an old stump1 or through a thin low bush1 or over a rocky bank1 and it is a perfectly hardy plant4 ,speaking of such plants as this1 one would like to draw a sharp distinction between them and the various weedy and indistinct subjects which are now creeping into cultivation owing to the revival of interest in hardy plants4 ,many of these have some botanical interest1 but they can be only useless in the garden4 ,our chief danger now is getting plants into cultivation which are neither very distinct nor very beautiful1 while perhaps we neglect many of the really fine kinds4 ,this ,atragene is a precious plant for low bush and bank wild garden4 ,among plants which one never sees1 and which1 indeed1 one never ought to see1 in a flower garden1 are the ,meadow ,rues2 and yet there is a quiet beauty and grace about these plants which entitle them to some consideration2 and the flowers1 too1 of certain species1 particularly the one here shown in the illustration on page #a1 are of singular beauty4 ,when it is considered that all the species will grow anywhere--in any hedgerow or lane or byeway1 or among coarse grass1 or in a copse1 or under the shrubs1 in places usually abandoned to common weeds1 there is no reason why numbers of them should not be rescued from the oblivion of the botanic garden4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,plants ,,chiefly ,,fitted ,,for ,,the ,,wild ,,garden4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,the ,giant ,scabious 7#h feet high74 7,cephalaria procera47 ,what first suggested the idea of the wild garden1 and even the name to me1 was the desire to provide a home for a great number of exotic plants that are unfitted for garden culture in the old sense4 ,many of these plants have great beauty when in flower1 and perhaps at other seasons1 but they are frequently so free and vigorous in growth that they overrun and destroy all their more delicate neighbours4 ,many1 too1 are so coarse that they are objectionable in choice borders1 and after flowering they leave a blank or a mass of unsightly stems4 ,these plants are unsightly in gardens1 and the main cause of the neglect of hardy flowers2 yet many are beautiful at certain stages4 ,a tall ,harebell1 for example1 stiffly tied up in a garden border1 as has been the fashion where plants of this kind have been grown at all1 is at best of times an unsightly object2 but the same plant growing amongst the long grass in a thin wood is lovely4 ,the ,golden-rods and ,michaelmas ,daisies used to overrun the old mixed border1 and were with it abolished4 ,but even the poorest of these seen together in a ,new ,england wood in autumn form a picture4 ,so also there are numerous exotic plants of which the individual flowers may not be so striking1 but which1 grown in groups and colonies1 and seen at some little distance off1 afford beautiful aspects of vegetation1 and quite new so far as gardens are concerned4 ,when ,i first wrote this book1 not one of these plants was in cultivation outside botanic gardens4 ,it was even considered by the best friends of hardy flowers a mistake to recommend one of them1 for they knew that it was the predominance of these weedy vigorous subjects that made people give up hardy flowers for the sake of the glare of bedding plants2 therefore1 the wild garden in the case of these particular plants opens up to us a new world of infinite and strange beauty4 ,in it every plant vigorous enough not to require the care of the cultivator or a choice place in the mixed border will find a home4 ,of such plants there are numbers in every northern and mountainous country1 which travellers may gather and afterwards grow in their own gardens4 ,the taller ,achilleas1 the stately ,aconites1 the seldom-seen ,actas1 the huge and vigorous1 but at certain seasons handsome1 ,althas1 ,angelica with its fine foliage1 the herbaceous kinds of ,aralia from the ,american woods1 also with fine foliage1 the ,wormwood family 7,artemisia71 the stronger kinds of ,american cotton-weed 7,asclepias71 certain of the vigorous species of ,asparagus1 ,asters and their allies in great variety1 the larger and more vigorous species of ,astragalus1 certain of the larger species of ,betonica1 pretty1 and with delicate flowers1 but hardly fit for the mixed border1 various free and vigorous exotic ,grasses1 large and showy ,bupthalmums1 the handsome creeping ,bindweeds1 too free in a garden1 the most vigorous ,campanulas1 exotic ,thistles 7,carduus7 and their allies1 the more remarkable kinds of ,carex1 numerous ,centaureas1 somewhat too coarse for the garden2 and among other strong and hardy genera1 the following are chiefly suitable for the wild garden3 ,crambe4 ,galega4 ,rhaponticum4 ,digitalis4 ,helenium4 ,rheum4 ,dipsacus4 ,helianthus4 ,rudbeckia4 ,doronicum4 ,heracleum4 ,scolymus4 ,echinacea4 ,inula4 ,senecio4 ,echinops4 ,kitaibelia4 ,sida4 ,elymus4 ,lavatera4 ,silphium4 ,epilobium4 ,ligularia4 ,solidago4 ,eryngium4 ,ligusticum4 ,sonchus4 ,eupatorium4 ,mulgedium4 ,symphytum4 ,euphorbia4 ,onopordon4 ,veratrum4 ,ferula4 ,phytolacca4 ,verbascum4 ,funkia4 ,polygonum4 ,vernonia4 ,illustration3 ,giant ,cow ,parsnip4 ,type of ,great ,siberian herbaceous vegetation4 ,for rough places only4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,ditches ,,and ,,narrow ,,shady ,,lanes1 ,,copses1 ,,hedgerows1 ,,and ,,thickets4 ,illustration3 ,foliage of ,dipsacus1 on hedge-bank in spring4 ,men usually seek sunny positions for their gardens1 so that even those obliged to be contented with the north side of the hill would scarcely appreciate some of the above-named positions4 ,what1 the gloomy and weedy dyke as a garden6 ,yes1 there are ditches1 dry and wet1 in every district1 that may readily be made more beautiful than many a 8modern flower-garden40 ,but what would grow in them8 ,many of the beautiful wood and shade-loving plants of our own and similar latitudes--things that love not the open sunny hill-sides or wide meadows1 but take shelter in the stillness of deep woods or in dark valleys1 are happy deep between riven rocks1 and gaily occupy the little dark caves beneath the great boulders on many a horror-stricken mountain gorge1 and which garland with inimitable grace the vast flanks of rock that guard the dark courses of the rivers on their paths through the hills4 ,and as these dark walls1 ruined by ceaseless pulse of the torrent1 are beautiful exceedingly1 how much more may we make all the shady dykes and narrow lanes that occur everywhere6 ,for while the nymph-gardener of the ravine may depend for her novelties on the stray grains of seeds brought in the moss by the robin when building her nest1 or on the mercy of the hurrying wave1 we may place side by side the snowy white wood lily 7,trillium grandiflorum71 whose home is in the shades of the ,american woods1 with the twin flower of ,scotland and northern ,europe1 and find both thrive on the same spot in happy companionship4 ,and so in innumerable instances4 ,and not only may we be assured of numbers of the most beautiful plants of other countries thriving in deep ditches and in like positions1 but also that not a few of them1 like the white wood lily1 will thrive much better in them than in any position in garden borders4 ,this plant1 when in perfection1 has a flower as fair as any white lily1 while it is seldom a foot high2 but1 in consequence of being a shade-loving and wood plant1 it usually perishes in the ordinary garden bed or border1 while in a shady dyke or any like position it will be found to thrive as well as in its native woods2 and if in deep1 free1 sandy1 or vegetable soil1 to grow so as not to be surpassed in loveliness by anything seen in our stoves or greenhouses4 ,our wild flowers take possession of the stiff1 formal1 and shorn hedges that seam the land1 often draping them with such inimitable grace that half the conservatories in the country1 with their collections of small red pots and small mean plants are stiff and poor compared with a few yards' length of their blossomy verdure4 ,the ,wild ,roses1 ,purple ,vetch1 ,honeysuckle1 and the ,virgin's ,bower1 clamber above smaller1 but not less pretty1 wildlings1 and throw a veil of graceful life over the mutilated shrubs1 reminding us of the plant-life in the nest-like thickets of dwarf shrubs that one often meets on the high ,alpine meadows4 ,in these islets of bushes in a sea of grass one may gather flowers after they have been all browsed down on the turf4 ,next to the most interesting aspects of ,alpine vegetation1 there is perhaps nothing in the world of plant-life more lovely than the delicate tracery of low-climbing things wedded to the bushes in all northern and temperate regions of the earth4 ,perishing like the grass1 they are happy and safe in the earth's bosom in winter2 in spring they come up as the buds swell1 and soon after1 finding the bushes once more enjoyable1 rush over them as joyously as children from school over a meadow of cowslips4 ,over bush1 over brake1 on mountain or lowland copse1 holding on with delicate but unyielding grasp1 they engrave themselves on the mind as the central type of grace4 ,in addition to climbing ,pea-flowers1 ,convolvuluses1 etc41 of which the stems perish in winter1 we have the great tribes of wild vines1 noble in foliage and often in fruit1 the numerous ,honeysuckles1 from coral red to pale yellow1 all beautiful2 and the ,clematid1 rich1 varied1 and lovely beyond description1 from those of which each petal reminds one of the wing of some huge tropical butterfly1 to those with small flowers borne in showers like drops from a fountain jet1 and often sweet as ,hawthorn blossoms4 ,illustration3 ,the large white ,bindweed1 type of nobler climbing plants1 with annual stems4 ,for copses1 hedgerows1 and shrubberies4 ,this climbing vegetation may be trained and tortured into forms in gardens1 but never will its beauty be seen until we entrust it to the garlanding of shrub1 and copse1 or hedgerow1 fringes of dwarf plantation1 or groups of shrubs and trees4 ,all to be done is to put in a few tufts of any desired kind1 and leave them alone1 adapting the kind to the position4 ,the large1 flesh-coloured ,bindweed1 for example1 would be best in rough places1 out of the pale of the pleasure-ground or garden1 so that its roots would not spread where they could do harm1 while a delicate ,clematis might be placed beneath the choicest specimen ,conifer1 and allowed to paint its rich green with fair flowers4 ,in nature we frequently see a ,honeysuckle clambering up through an old ,hawthorn tree1 and then struggling with it as to which should produce the greatest profusion of blossoms--but in gardens not yet4 ,some may say that this cannot be done in gardens2 but it can be done infinitely better in gardens than it has ever been done in nature2 because1 for gardens we can select plants from many countries4 ,we can effect contrasts1 in which nature is poor in any one place in consequence of the comparatively few plants that naturally inhabit one spot of ground4 ,people seldom remember that 8the art itself is nature20 and foolish old laws laid down by landscape-gardeners are yet fertile in perpetuating the notion that a garden is a 8work of art1 and therefore we must not attempt in it to imitate nature40 ,illustration3 ,the ,nootka ,bramble2 type of free-growing flowering shrub4 ,for copses and woods4 ,sometimes1 where there are large and bare slopes1 an excellent effect may be obtained by planting the stouter climbers1 such as the ,vines1 ,mountain ,clematis1 and ,honeysuckles1 in groups or masses on the grass1 away from shrubs or low trees2 while1 when the banks are precipitous or the rocks crop forth1 we may allow a curtain of climbers to fall over them4 ,endless charming combinations may be made in this way in many spots near most country houses4 ,the following genera are among the climbing and clinging hardy plants most suitable for garlanding copses1 hedges1 and thickets3--,everlasting ,peas 7many kinds71 the hardy exotic ,honeysuckles1 ,clematis 7wild species mainly71 the common ,jasmine1 the double ,bramble1 ,vines 7,american and the common varieties71 single ,roses1 the ,virginian creepers 7,ampelopsis71 the large ,bindweed 7,calystegia dahurica71 ,aristolochia ,sipho1 and ,a4 tomentosa1 and several of the perennial ,tropolums1 ,t4 pentaphyllum1 speciosum1 and tuberosum4 ,the hardy ,smilax1 too1 are very handsome1 and the ,canadian ,moonseed1 only suitable for this kind of gardening4 ,among the families of plants that are suitable for the various positions enumerated at the head of this chapter may be named--,acanthus1 any variety1 ,viola1 both the sweet varieties and some of the large scentless kinds1 the ,periwinkle1 ,speedwells1 ,globe ,flowers1 ,trilliums1 ,plume ,ferns 7,struthiopteris71 and many other kinds1 the ,lily of the ,valley and its many varieties and allies1 the ,canadian ,bloodwort1 the ,winter ,greens 7,pyrola71 ,solomon's ,seal1 and allied exotic species1 the ,may ,apple1 ,orobus in variety1 ,narcissi1 many1 the ,common ,myrrh1 the perennial ,lupin1 hardy common ,lilies1 the ,snowflakes1 all kinds of ,everlasting ,peas and allied plants1 admirable for scrambling through low hedges and over bushes1 ,windflowers1 the taller and stronger kinds in lanes and hedgerows1 the various ,christmas ,roses which will repay for shelter1 the ,european kinds of ,gladiolus1 such as segetum and ,colvilli1 the taller and more vigorous ,cranes ,bills 7,geranium71 the ,snake's ,head 7,fritillaria7 in variety1 ,strawberries of any variety or species1 the beautiful ,plume-leaved ,giant ,fennel1 ,dog's ,tooth ,violets in bare spots or spots bare in spring1 the ,winter ,aconite1 the ,barren ,worts1 for peaty spots or leaf soil1 the ,may ,flower1 for sandy poor soil under trees1 the ,dentaria1 the coloured and showier forms of ,primroses1 ,oxslips1 ,polyanthus1 the hardy ,european ,cyclamens in carefully chosen spots1 ,crocuses in places under branches and trees not bearing leaves in ,spring1 the yellow and pink ,coronilla 7,c4 montana and ,c4 varia71 the larger forms of ,bindweed1 many of the taller and finer ,harebells1 ,starworts 7,aster71 for hedgerows1 and among the taller plants the ,italian ,cuckoo ,pint 7,arum71 and also the ,dragons1 for warm sandy soils1 the ,monkshoods which people fear in gardens and which do admirably in many positions2 the different species of ,onion1 also unwelcome in gardens1 some of which are very beautiful1 as1 for example1 the ,white ,provence kind and the old yellow garden ,allium 7,moly74 ,with the above almost exclusively exotic things and our own wild flowers and ferns beautiful colonies may be made4 ,illustration3 ,the ,yellow ,allium 7,a4 ,moly7 naturalised4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,drapery ,,for ,,trees ,,and ,,bushes4 ,illustration ,the numerous hardy climbers which we possess are very rarely seen to advantage1 owing to their being stiffly trained against walls4 ,indeed1 the greater number of hardy climbers have gone out of cultivation mainly for this reason4 ,one of the happiest of all ways of using them is that of training them in a free manner over trees2 in this way many beautiful effects may be secured4 ,established trees have usually exhausted the ground near their base1 which may1 however1 afford nutriment to a hardy climbing shrub4 ,in some low trees the graceful companion may garland their heads2 in tall ones the stem only may at first be adorned4 ,but some vigorous climbers could in time ascend the tallest trees1 and there can be nothing more beautiful than a veil of such a one as ,clematis montana suspended from the branch of a tall tree4 ,a whole host of lovely plants may be seen to great advantage in this way1 apart from the well-known and popular climbing plants4 ,there are1 for example1 many species of ,clematis which have never come into cultivation1 but which are quite as beautiful as any climbers4 ,the same may be said of the ,honeysuckles1 wild ,vines1 and various other families of which the names may be found in catalogues4 ,much of the northern tree and shrub world is garlanded with creepers1 which may be grown in similar ways1 as1 for example1 on banks and in hedgerows4 ,the trees in our pleasure-grounds1 however1 have the first claim on our attention in planting garlands4 ,there would seldom be need to fear injury to established trees4 ,illustration3 ,large ,white ,clematis on ,yew tree at ,great ,tew4 7,c4 montana grandiflora47 ,some time ago ,i saw a ,weeping ,willow1 on the margin of a lake1 that had its trunk clothed with ,virginian ,creeper1 and the effect in autumn1 when the sun shone through the drooping branches of the ,willow--whose leaves were just becoming tinged with gold--upon the crimson of the creeper-covered trunk was very fine4 ,the ,hop is a very effective plant for draping a thin specimen ,arbor-vit1 or ,yew tree1 but the shoots should be thinned out in spring1 and not more than three or four allowed to climb up to the tree4 ,when the leader emerges from the top of the bush1 and throws its long1 graceful wreaths of ,hops over the dark green foliage1 the contrast is most effective4 ,the ,wistaria1 if planted before its support has become old1 will combine with excellent effect with any single specimen of not too dense a habit4 ,illustration3 ,the way the climbing plants of the world are crucified in gardens--winter effect 7a faithful sketch74 ,a correspondent1 who has added largely to the charms of a place in ,suffolk by means of the wild garden1 writes as follows3--8,some time ago ,i discovered and had removed from the woods to the pleasure-grounds a robust round-headed ,holly tree1 which had been taken entire possession of by a wild ,honeysuckle1 which1 originating at the root of the tree1 had scrambled up through the branches to the top1 and there1 extending itself in all directions1 had formed a large head and hung in festoons all round--a highly ornamental object indeed4 ,the ,holly had endured the subjection for many years1 and still seemed to put forth sufficient shoots and leaves annually to ensure a steady support to its climbing companion4 ,the birds also had discovered that the dense and tangled thicket created by the ,honeysuckle was a suitable home for their young1 for inside of it was a regular settlement of nests of various kinds2 and1 since the tree has been moved it has been taken complete possession of again by the bird tribe40 ,the ,honeysuckle in question is an example of what might be done with such handsome and free growing climbers and scrambling ,roses4 ,what could be more effective1 for instance1 than a lofty tree-like mass of the purple and white ,clematis mixed1 or either of these alone1 or1 better still1 a gigantic head of ,roses8 ,i throw out these hints for those who choose to act upon them4 ,draped trees1 such as ,i have described1 may soon be had4 ,i do not know that a better tree than the ,holly could be selected for a support4 ,where the trees are not in the place in which they are wanted1 they should be moved about the end of ,august to the desired situation1 and if some good rich soil--loam and decayed manure--is furnished to the roots at the same time1 it will be in proper condition for climbers in spring4 ,the latter should be planted pretty closely to the stem of the tree1 and a start should be made with good vigorous plants1 whether of ,honeysuckle1 ,roses1 or ,clematis4 ,the ,roses and other things will want a little leading off at first till they get hold of their supporters1 but afterwards no pruning or interference should be attempted4 ,illustration3 ,climbing shrub 7,celastrus71 isolated on the grass2 way of growing woody ,climbers away from walls or other supports4 ,mr4 ,hovey1 in a letter from ,boston1 ,mass41 wrote as follows1 on certain interesting aspects of tree drapery3-- ,some ten or fifteen years ago we had occasion to plant three or four rows of popular climbers in nursery rows1 about #ajj feet long2 these consisted of the ,virginian creeper1 the ,moonseed 7,menispermum71 ,periploca grca1 and ,celastrus scandens2 subsequently1 it happened accidentally that four rows of rather large ,tartarian 7so-called7 ,arbor-vits were planted on one side1 and about the same number of rows of ,smoke trees1 ,philadelphus1 and ,cornus florida1 on the other4 ,for three or four years many of these climbers were taken up annually until rather too old to remove1 and year by year the ,arbor-vits and shrubs were thinned out until what were too large to safely transplant remained4 ,but the land was not wanted then1 and the few scattered trees and climbers grew on while cultivation was partially neglected1 a large specimen being occasionally taken out until the climbers had fairly taken possession of the trees1 and are now too beautiful to disturb4 ,it forms the most unique specimen of tree drapery ,i have ever seen4 ,some of the ,arbor-vits are entirely overrun with the ,moonseed 7,menispermum71 whose large1 slightly-scalloped leaves overlap one another from the ground to the top like slates on a roof4 ,over others1 the gloomy leaves of the ,periploca scramble1 and also the ,celastrus1 and on still others the deep green leaves of the ,ampelopsis completely festoon the tree2 of some trees all four and other climbers have taken possession2 and from among the tops of the ,sumach the feathery tendrils of the ,ampelopsis1 and1 just now1 its deep blue berries hold full sway4 ,and these are not all4 ,the ,apios tuberosa is indigenous1 and springs up everywhere as soon as our land is neglected4 ,this has also overrun several trees1 and coils up and wreaths each outstretching branch with its little bunches of fragrant brownish coloured flowers4 ,it is the ,arbor-vits which give the peculiar beauty of this description of tree drapery4 ,on the deciduous trees the new growth lengthens rapidly1 and the branches soon get far apart2 but with ,arbor-vits1 which always present a round compact head1 the effect is entirely different2 they are covered so densely that it is impossible1 in some instances1 to say what the tree is that supports the climbers4 ,one ,hemlock ,spruce 7,abies canadensis7 has every branch loaded with the ,apios and profuse with blossoms2 but this one sees happen with other trees4 ,the ,smoke tree looks interesting just now1 while its flowers are fresh1 but soon they will fade1 and the dry tops will be a disadvantage2 but the ,arbor-vit will remain clothed with the foliage1 flowers1 and berries too1 of the ,celastrus until the autumn frosts have shorn them of their beauty1 and no falling leaves are scattered around4 ,the ,arbor-vit is the tree ,i would recommend when it is desirable to produce such effects as ,i have described4 ,when such strong-growing climbers as ,begonias and ,wistarias take possession of a shrub they generally injure it2 but the very slender stems of ,menispermum and ,apios die entirely to the ground after the first sharp frost1 and the slender stems of the others do not appear to arrest the growth of the ,arbor-vits1 which are restored when the climbers are down1 and1 after full eight months' rest1 are again ready to aid in sustaining their more dependent companions4 ,the ,honeysuckle1 the ,clematis1 and similar plants might1 no doubt1 be added to the list1 and give more variety1 as well as fragrance and beauty1 but ,i have only detailed the effects of what has been done1 leaving what might be effected for some future trial4 ,illustration3 ,a ,liane in the ,north4 ,aristolochia and ,deciduous ,cypress4 ,but the noblest kind of climbers forming drapery for trees are not so often seen as some of the general favourites mentioned above4 ,a neglected group are the wild ,vines1 plants of the highest beauty1 and which1 if allowed to spring through the tall trees1 which they would quickly do1 would soon charm by their bold grace4 ,some of them are fine in colour of foliage in autumn4 ,with these might be associated1 though not so fine in form1 certain free-growing species of ,ampelopsis1 grown in some nurseries4 ,the ,wistaria is also well worth growing on trees1 in districts where it flowers freely away from walls4 ,in visiting the garden of ,,mm4 ,van ,eden1 at ,haarlem1 ,i was surprised to see a ,liane1 in the shape of the well-known ,aristolochia or ,dutchman's ,pipe1 which had clambered high into a fine old deciduous ,cypress4 ,being much interested in this long-established companionship1 ,i was able to procure1 through the kindness of ,messrs4 ,van ,eden1 photographs of the tree and its ,liane1 from which this illustration was engraved4 ,when ,i saw it early in spring the leaves had not appeared on either the tree or its companion1 and the effect of the old rope-like stems was very picturesque4 ,the ,aristolochia ascends to a height of #ce ft4 #f in4 on the tree4 ,the tree was a superb specimen1 and was not in the least injured by the growth of the climber4 ,what a beautiful effect a graceful flowering climber would afford in a similar case6 ,imagine one of the white-flowered ,clematis 7which may be seen as many as over forty feet in height under suitable conditions7 garlanding such a tree1 or any tree1 with wreaths of fragrant blossoms4 ,strange and lovely aspects of vegetation may be created in our pleasure-grounds by the judicious use of these climbers1 varying according to the trees and their position1 and also as to their being evergreen or summer-leafing4 ,even where one might fear to injure a valuable tree by a vigorous climber1 trees may easily be found of little value1 and much may be done even with the old or dead trees4 ,illustration3 ,a beautiful accident4--,a colony of ,myrrhis odorata1 established in shrubbery1 with white ,harebells here and there4 7,see p4 #fj47 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,the ,,common ,,shrubbery1 ,,woods ,,and ,,woodland ,,drives4 ,it must not be thought that the wild garden can only be formed in places where there is some extent of rough pleasure-ground4 ,excellent results may be obtained from the system in comparatively small gardens1 on the fringes of shrubberies and marginal plantations1 open spaces between shrubs1 the surface of beds of ,rhododendrons1 where we may have plant-beauty instead of garden-graveyards4 ,i call garden-graveyards the dug shrubbery borders which one sees in nearly all gardens1 public or private4 ,every shrubbery and plantation surface that is so needlessly and relentlessly dug over by the gardener every winter1 may be embellished in the way ,i propose1 as well as wild places4 ,the custom of digging shrubbery borders prevails now in every garden1 and there is in the whole course of gardening no worse or more profitless custom4 ,when winter is once come1 almost every gardener1 although animated with the best intentions1 simply prepares to make war upon the roots of everything in his shrubbery border4 ,the generally-accepted practice is to trim1 and often to mutilate the shrubs1 and to dig all over the surface that must be full of feeding roots4 ,delicate half-rooted shrubs are disturbed2 herbaceous plants are destroyed2 bulbs are displaced and injured2 the roots as well as the tops of shrubs are mutilated2 and a sparse depopulated aspect is given to the margins1 while the only 8improvement0 that is effected by the process is the annual darkening of the surface by the upturned earth4 ,illustrations of these bad practices occur by miles in our ,london parks in winter4 ,walk through any of them at that season1 and observe the borders around masses of shrubs1 choice and otherwise4 ,instead of finding the earth covered1 or nearly covered1 with vegetation close to the margin1 and each individual plant developed into something like a fair specimen of its kind1 we find a spread of recently-dug ground1 and the plants upon it with an air of having recently suffered from a whirlwind1 or some calamity that necessitated the removal of mutilated branches4 ,rough-pruners precede the diggers1 and bravely trim in the shrubs for them1 so that nothing may be in the way2 and then come the diggers1 plunging their spades deeply about plants1 shrubs1 or trees4 ,the first shower that occurs after this digging exposes a whole network of torn-up roots4 ,there is no relief to the spectacle2 the same thing occurs everywhere--in botanic gardens as well as in our large ,west-end parks2 and year after year is the process repeated4 ,while such is the case1 it will be impossible to have an agreeable or interesting margin to a shrubbery or plantation4 ,what secrets one might have in the central hidden portions of these now dug and bare shrubberies--in the half-shady spots where little colonies of rare exotic wildlings might have their first introduction to our wild garden6 ,of course all the labour required to produce this miserable result of dug borders is worse than thrown away1 as the shrubberies would do better if let alone1 and by utilising the power thus wasted1 we might highly beautify the positions that are now so ugly4 ,illustration3 ,large ,white ,achilleas spread into wide masses under shade of trees in shrubbery4 ,if we resolve that no annual manuring or digging is to be permitted1 nobody will grudge a thorough preparation at first4 ,when a plantation of shrubs is quite young it is well to keep the ground open by lightly stirring it for a year or two4 ,then the planting should be so arranged as to defeat the digger4 ,to graduate the vegetation from the taller subjects behind to the very margin of the grass is of much importance1 and this could be done best by the greater use of dwarf evergreens4 ,happily1 there is quite enough of these to be had suitable for every soil4 ,light1 moist1 peaty1 or sandy soils1 where such things as the sweet-scented ,daphne ,cneorum would spread forth its dwarf cushions1 would be somewhat more desirable than1 say1 a stiff clay2 but for every position suitable plants might be found4 ,look1 for example1 at what we could do with the dwarf-green ,iberises1 ,helianthemums1 ,aubrietias1 ,arabises1 ,alyssums1 dwarf shrubs1 and little conifers like the creeping ,cedar 7,juniperus squamata71 and the ,tamarix-leaved ,juniper1 in spreading groups and colonies4 ,all these are green1 and would spread out into dense wide cushions1 covering the margin1 rising but little above the grass1 and helping to cut off the formal line which usually divides margin and border4 ,behind them we might use other shrubs1 deciduous or evergreen1 in endless variety2 and of course the margin should be varied also as regards height4 ,in one spot we might have a wide-spreading tuft of the prostrate ,savin pushing its graceful evergreen branchlets out over the grass2 in another the dwarf little ,cotoneasters might be allowed to form the front rank1 relieved in their turn by pegged-down ,roses2 and so on without end4 ,herbaceous plants1 that die down in winter and leave the ground bare afterwards1 should not be assigned any important position near the front4 ,evergreen ,alpine plants and shrubs1 as before remarked1 are perfectly suitable here2 but the true herbaceous type1 and the larger bulbs1 like ,lilies1 should be in groups between spreading shrubs4 ,by so placing them1 we should not only secure a far more satisfactory general effect1 but highly improve the aspect of the herbaceous plants themselves4 ,to carry out such planting properly1 a little more time at first and a great deal more taste than are now employed would be required2 but what a difference in the result6 ,all that the well-covered borders would require would be an occasional weeding or thinning1 and1 in the case of the more select spots1 a little top-dressing with fine soil4 ,here and there1 between and amongst the plants1 such things as ,forget-me-nots and ,violets1 ,snowdrops and ,primroses1 might be scattered about1 so as to give the borders interest even at the dullest seasons2 and thus we should be delivered from digging and dreariness1 and see our once ugly borders alive with flowers4 ,the chief rule should be--never show the naked earth3 clothe it1 and then allow the taller plants to rise in their own way through the turf or spray4 ,here is a little sketch of what is meant4 ,a colony of the white ,arabis carpets the ground in which strong hardy ,lilies are growing2 and the ,lilies are pushing up their bold unfolding shoots4 ,the latter are none the worse in winter for this light carpet of foliage over the border2 and then for a long time in spring it is bedecked with white flowers4 ,indeed1 in fairly good seasons it blooms in winter too4 ,it would take a big book to tell all the charms and merits belonging to the use of a variety of small plants to carpet the ground beneath and between those of larger growth4 ,it need hardly be said that this argument against digging applies to two or three beds of shrubs1 and places where the 8shrubbery0 is little larger than the dining-room1 as much as to the large country seat1 public park1 or botanic garden4 ,illustration3 ,lilies coming up through carpet of ,white ,arabis4 ,there are great cultural advantages too1 in leaving the whole of the leaves to nourish the ground and protect it from frost or heat4 ,i append a note from a correspondent inquiring about what he supposes practical difficulties1 and an answer to them3-- ,you draw a pretty picture of what a shrubbery border should be and how it should be kept in winter4 ,there should be no digging1 and the fallen leaves should be left4 ,i fully agree1 except as to the leaves4 ,theoretically1 it seems quite right to allow the leaves to lie and decay amidst the surrounding plants1 but in practice it does not answer4 ,there are1 for instance1 in most gardens such things as slugs and snails4 ,these delight in a leafy covering1 and1 protected from frost by the shelter1 will prey upon the perennial green leafage and the starting crowns of the herbaceous plants1 and do an immense amount of mischief4 ,then there are usually in gardens in winter1 especially in hard weather1 blackbirds and thrushes1 which in their efforts to obtain food set all notions of tidiness at defiance4 ,a troop of fowls would hardly turn a flower border more topsy-turvy than would a few of these birds4 ,the first storm that came would whirl the disturbed leaves all over the place1 much to the disgust of the cultivator1 and the hardy plants would find that the theory of a natural dressing of leaf manure had broken down4 ,i detest the forking of borders so common in winter4 ,a moderate stirring of the surface first with a two or three-tined rake is good1 then a dressing of soot or guano1 or both1 and over all a thin surfacing of old pot soil1 or the rough screened produce of the rubbish heap1 or1 in fact1 any kind of refuse soil that may offer4 ,i think that most cultivators will agree that such a plan would answer better than the natural1 but very inoperative leaf-dressing4--,a4 ,illustration3 ,colony of ,narcissus in properly spaced shrubbery4 ,how do the swarming herbs of the woods and copses of the world exist in spite of the slugs8 ,a good protection for them is hard gravel walks and paths1 where they lay their eggs without danger4 ,against the door one may do what one likes1 but not one leaf would ,i ever allow removed from a clump of shrubs or trees on my lawn or in my pleasure ground4 ,i would prefer the leaves all over the place to a dug border1 but ,i would1 if need be1 meet that difficulty by scattering a light dressing of soil over them4 ,in what ,i should call a properly managed shrubbery or clump1 with the bushes well spaced1 and their branches resting on the ground1 with low shrubs between1 and evergreen and other herbs1 there are natural impediments to the leaves rushing about in the way you suppose4 ,this is a subject of the greatest interest and the utmost practical importance4 ,our annual digging mutilation1 scraping away of leaves1 and exposing on bare sloppy borders plants that in ,nature shelter each other1 and are shielded from bitter frost and burning heat by layers of fallen leaves1 gradually sinking into excellent light surface soil for the young roots1 are ignorant and brutal practices that must be given up by all who really look into the needs of our hardy garden flora4 ,with reference to this point1 ,i print this letter from an observer of what goes on in the woods of ,new ,england4 ,our own woods are full of lessons1 and so it is in all countries4 ,mr4 ,falconer's letter is very suggestive of the revolution in method which must be carried out in the gardens of the future3-- ,i go into the woods in the spring time1 and find them carpeted with ,dog's-tooth ,violets1 ,wood ,anemones1 blue and purple ,hepaticas1 ,spring beauty1 ,trilliums1 ,blood-root1 ,star-flowers1 ,false ,solomon's ,seal1 ,gold ,thread1 trailing ,arbutus1 wild ,ginger1 and a host of other pretty little flowers1 all bright and gay1 arising from their bed of decaying herbage and tree leaves1 and many of them are in perfection1 too1 before a tree has spread a leaf2 and thus they glow and revel in their cosy bed1 fed and sheltered by their tree friends4 ,when their petals drop and their leaves are mature1 the trees expand their leafy canopy and save the little nurslings from the torture of a scorching sun4 ,and early as the earliest1 too1 the outskirts of the woods and meadows with hosts of ,violets are painted blue and white1 and speckled everywhere with ,bluets1 or little ,innocents1 as the children call them4 ,woodsias1 tiny ,aspleniums1 and other ,ferns are unfolding their fronds along the chinks among the stones2 the common ,polypody is reaching over blocks and boulders2 and even the exposed rocks1 with their rough and ,lichen-bearded faces1 are aglow in vernal pride4 ,every nook and cranny among them1 and little mat of earth upon them are checkered with the flowery print of the ,canada ,columbine1 the ,virginia ,saxifrage1 and the glaucous ,corydalis4 ,but to the carpet4 ,what can be prettier or more appropriate than the ,partridge-berry 7,mitchella repens71 the ,twin-flower 7,linna borealis--does well with us71 ,creeping ,winter ,green 7,gaultheria procumbens71 ,bearberry 7,arctostaphylos ,uva-,ursi71 ,cowberry 7,vaccinium ,vitis-ida71 ,dwarf ,cornel 7,cornus canadensis71 ,fringed ,polygala 7,p4 paucifolia71 the ,common ,pipsissewa 7,chimaphila umbellata7 with its shining deep green leaves1 the ,spotted ,pipsissewa 7,c4 maculata71 the sombre-hued ,pyrola and ,galax1 and that bright and easily-grown ,club ,moss 7,lycopodium lucidulum78 ,add to these such plants as ,winter ,aconite1 ,apennine ,anemone1 ,creeping ,forget-me-not1 and the like1 together with a few of the most suitable kinds of the host of bulbous ornamental plants which we now possess1 and our shrubbery carpets may be replete with garden jewels4 ,it is now generally conceded that shrubs thrive better in beds whose surface is undisturbed than where it is annually loosened by digging or pointing4 ,this1 coupled with a yearly top-dressing of decayed leaf-soil or light rich vegetable heap compost1 is equally beneficial for the shrubs and their carpet4 ,illustration3 ,the ,american ,white ,wood-,lily 7,trillium grandiflorum7 in ,wild ,garden1 in wood bottom in leaf-mould4 8,one day last spring1 when strolling through the ,medford wood1 ,i came upon an open meadow with a high bank--cleared timber land--on one side4 ,adown this bank in a rough and rocky course1 came a little stream of water1 bordered on both sides with streaks and patches of ,blood-root in its gayest state4 ,the large and showy blossoms1 clasped erect in their own leaf-vases and sparkling in the sun1 while the sward and other vegetation around were yet dormant1 had a cheerful influence indeed4 ,true1 near by in the hollow1 the malodorous ,skunk ,cabbage was rank in leaf and flower1 and the ,indian ,poke was rushing out its plaited1 broadly oval leaves1 and away in the streamlet a few ,marsh ,marigolds glittered on the water4 ,but the ,blood-root is neither an aquatic nor a bog plant1 but most at home in the leaf-mould beds and linings of rich woodlands40 8,hereabout1 a little wild flower 7,erythronium americanum7 more commonly known as ,dog's-tooth ,violet1 is a charming plant1 with variegated handsome leaves1 and comely flowers in earliest spring4 ,in low copses in rich deposits of vegetable mould it grows around here in the utmost profusion4 ,in one place by the side of a wood is a sort of ditch1 which is filled with water in winter but dry in summer1 and wherein is collected a mass of leaf-soil4 ,here the ,erythronium runs riot1 and forms the densest kind of matted sod1 all bespeckled with yellow blossoms before a bush or tree has spread a leaf4 ,then blackberry bushes get a growing and sprawling everywhere1 the trees expand their leafy shade1 and ,grass and weeds grow up and cover the surface of the earth4 ,but all too late for evil1 the ,adder's-tongue's mission for a year is ended2 it has blossomed1 matured1 and retired4 ,the next densest mass ,i know of is in a low piece of cleared timber land1 where1 besides the profusion in the hollow1 the carpet extends1 thinner as it ascends1 for many yards up the slope of the hill4 ,as garden plants they are at home anywhere1 underneath bushes1 or in any out of-the-way corner1 merely praying to be let alone4 ,but what ,i desire to urge is their naturalisation in your rich woodlands1 where ,anemones and ,primroses1 ,buttercups and ,violets1 grow up and flower together40 ,i cannot better conclude this chapter than by showing one of the most interesting aspects of vegetation ,i have ever seen4#a ,it was in an ordinary shrubbery1 forming a belt round a botanic garden4 ,in the inner parts1 hidden from the walk probably from want of labour1 the digging had not been carried out for some years4 ,some roots of the common ,myrrh 7,myrrhis odorata71 thrown out of the garden in digging1 had rooted by accident and spread into a little colony4 ,the plant grows freely in any soil4 ,among the graceful tufts of ,myrrh were tall white ,harebells1 and the effect of these1 standing above the elegant spreading foliage of the ,myrrh in the shade of the trees1 was very beautiful4 ,note particularly that the front of the shrubbery in which this exquisite scene was discovered was as stiff and hideous as usual in winter--raw earth1 full of mutilated roots1 and shrubs cut in for the convenience and according to the taste of the diggers4 ,the beds in the botanical arrangement near were ugly beyond description4 ,longleat is one of the first places in which the idea of the wild garden was practically carried out and ably by the forester1 ,mr4 ,berry4 ,with such a fine variety of surface and soil1 the place naturally offers numerous positions in which the plants of other countries as cold or colder than our own could be naturalised1 or so planted that they would increase and take care of themselves in the woods4 ,a forester's duties and opportunities are generally such as make it extremely difficult for him to carry out such an idea4 ,to know the plants even that are likely to succeed is1 in itself1 a species of knowledge which every planter does not possess2 however1 the idea was clearly understood and carried out well1 so far as possible in the face of rabbits1 which are the great destroyers of almost all flowering ground vegetation4 ,to get the necessary quantities of subjects necessitated a little nursery in which a sufficient number could be raised of the more vigorous perennials1 bulbs1 and climbers4 ,if this new idea in gardening be carried out on the old dotting principle of the herbaceous border1 its great value and its charming effects cannot be realised4 ,to do it rightly we must group and mass as ,nature does4 ,though we may enjoy a single flower or tuft here and there1 the true way is natural fringes and masses of plants1 one or two species prevailing in a given spot2 in that way we may secure several important ends--distinct effects in different places1 a variety as we walk along1 and better means of meeting the wants of a plant1 inasmuch as1 dealing with a group1 or mass1 or carpet1 we can best observe the result of our judgment in putting them in any soil or place4 ,therefore1 although the quantity of vigorous hardy flowers essential for making good effects in a place of this size has not yet been planted out1 some very charming effects have been obtained4 ,among the features that ,mr4 ,berry is working to introduce are vigorous hardy exotic creepers on old and inferior trees1 ,thorn1 and other bushes of little value4 ,many are already planted1 but will be some time before they show their full beauty--among them ,japanese and other ,honeysuckles1 ,virginian ,creepers1 ,clematis1 ,wistarias1 and others4 ,a part of the arboretum is more particularly devoted to this kind of decoration1 and will eventually form a very wild wood and wild garden1 where the ,poet's ,narcissus may be found among ,sweet ,briers1 ,lilacs1 and many kinds of fragrant-flowering shrubs and vigorous perennials4 ,while carrying out the scheme of wild gardening1 pure and simple1 that is to say1 the naturalisation of foreign hardy plants1 opportunity has been taken to establish beautiful native kinds where they do not happen to be present in sufficient abundance4 ,thus the ,lily of the ,valley has been brought in quantities and planted in wide-spreading colonies along the drives1 and so have the ,meadow ,saffron and the ,snowflakes and ,daffodils4 ,to group and scatter these in a natural and easy way has required considerable care1 the tendency of the men being invariably1 and almost in spite of themselves1 to plant in stiff and set or too regular masses4 ,illustration3 ,the ,lily of the ,valley in a copse4 ,few things are more delightful to anybody who cares about hardy plants than naturalising the ,lily of the ,valley in pleasant spots about a country house4 ,it is in every garden1 of course1 and very often so crowded and so starved that it seldom flowers well4 ,a bare garden border is not so suitable for it as that in which it may be found in a thin wood1 or in little openings in a copse1 where it enjoys enough light1 and gets shelter too4 ,frequently the fresh wood soil would be more welcome to it than the worn-out soil in a garden2 also by planting it in various positions and soils1 we may secure an important difference as regards blooming4 ,in a cool woody place it would bloom ten days later than in an exposed warm garden border1 and this difference could be increased by carefully selecting the position4 ,apart altogether from the wild garden and its charms1 this difference in the time of blooming of the ,lily of the ,valley would be a great advantage to all who have to provide cut flowers1 inasmuch as it would give them late bloom in plenty without trouble4 ,however1 giving reasons for the naturalisation of the ,lily of the ,valley is surely unnecessary4 ,the only surprising thing is that it has not been done to a large extent already1 because it is so very easy and so very delightful4 ,recently a good many different varieties of ,lily of the ,valley--nearly as many as twenty--have been collected1 and are beginning to be cultivated by some of our growers of herbaceous plants4 ,the difference in these is not owing to soil or situation4 ,when grown in the same place they manifest differences in length of spike and size of foliage2 and also in time of blooming4 ,in some the spike is short1 and in others nearly one foot long4 ,this important fact should1 of course1 be noted by any who would1 in places where the ,lily of the ,valley does not grow wild1 interest themselves in establishing it4 ,there are advantages in wood-culture for many hardy plants--the shelter1 shade1 and soil affording for some things conditions more suitable than our gardens4 ,the warmth of the wood1 too1 is an advantage1 the fallen leaves helping to protect the plants in all ways4 ,in a hot country plants that love cool places could be grown in a wood where they would perish if exposed4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,wilson has made himself a remarkably interesting and successful wild garden in a wood1 from which he sent me in the autumn of last year 7#ahhj7 a flowering stem of the ,american ,swamp ,lily 7,l4 superbum7 eleven feet high4 ,no such result has ever been seen in any garden or border of the ordinary type4 ,these ,lilies of his grow in a woody bottom where rich dark soil has gathered1 and where there is shelter and shade4 ,placing every plant in one border with the same conditions as to soil and exposure was a great mistake4 ,a great many beautiful plants haunt the woods1 and we cannot change their nature easily4 ,even if we should grow them in open places their bloom will not be so enduring as in the wood4 ,a curious instance of the advantage of planting in a wood is at ,bodorgan in ,anglesey1 where a much later bloom was gathered off a colony of the popular ,hoteia japonica1 owing to planting it in a cool wood4 ,a little woodland planting may indeed be worth doing for the sake of a prolonged or later bloom1 even from plants that thrive in sunny places4 ,,the ,,orchard ,,wild ,,garden4 ,although three years have elapsed since the illustrations of this book were commenced1 ,i regret to issue it without a satisfactory one showing the beauty which may be obtained in the orchard from flowers in the grass or fences around4 ,in our orchard counties--pity it is that all our counties are not worthy of the name within the possibilities of their position and climate--one may now and then see a cloud of ,daffodils or a tuft of ,summer ,snowflake1 enough to suggest what happy places they would be for many bulbous flowers in the grass4 ,a ,,wild ,,orchard4 ,a correspondent of the 8,garden0 writes3-- ,after reading in the 8,garden0 of ,november #af1 about the ,bullace there named1 and the ,cranberries1 the idea struck me of adding unto our ,orchard in ,sussex 8a wild ,orchard10 with fruit trees such as follows1 viz4--,quince1 ,medlar1 ,mulberry1 ,bullace1 ,crab1 ,pyrus ,maulei1 ,barberries1 ,blackberries 7the large kinds for preserving71 ,filberts1 and in a suitable place1 ,cranberries4 ,all these1 besides the interest of cultivating them1 would yield fruit for preserving1 etc4 ,for instance1 we have old-fashioned receipts for making an excellent ,bullace cheese1 ,crab jelly1 ,quince jelly1 etc4 ,i venture to trouble you with a view to asking if you can suggest any other similar fruit-bearing trees or shrubs1 as we should like to carry out our idea well4 ,our house is in ,sussex1 between ,midhurst and ,haslemere4--,c4 ,s4 ,r4 ,an excellent idea6 ,there are many fruits which could be grown this way that people do not usually give space to1 and this applies to the varieties of cultivated fruits1 as well as species that are never cultivated4 ,the natural order to which most of our fruit trees belong contains many other species1 not without merit as fruits1 scattered throughout the temperate regions of the northern world4 ,these trees and shrubs happen also to be most beautiful of flowering trees and shrubs in spring1 and are well worthy of culture on that account alone4 ,in ,japan1 ,north ,america1 and even the continent of ,europe1 one frequently sees fruits that are never seen in our gardens2 such fruits will be quite at home in the wild orchard4 ,for the sake of growing one family of fruiting bushes alone--the fruiting brambles of ,america and other countries--a considerable piece of ground might be profitably devoted4 ,even amongst the ,english wild ,blackberries there is considerable variety and a good deal of unrecognised merit4 ,such plants can only be grown fairly where there is considerable space4 ,if so much beauty and interest1 and even good fruit1 may be found in one neglected family1 it suggests how interesting the subject is when considered in relation to the great number of our hardy fruit trees and shrubs4 ,a good feature of such a garden would be plantations of such ,apples and ,pears as are most remarkable for the beauty of their flowers and fruit1 some being much more striking in that respect than others4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,the ,,brook-,,side1 ,,water-,,side1 ,,and ,,bog ,,gardens4 ,illustration3 ,solomon's ,seal and ,herb ,paris1 in copse by streamlet4 ,nearly all landscape gardeners seem to have put a higher value on the lake or fish-pond than on the brook as an ornament to the garden2 but1 while we allow that many places are enhanced in beauty and dignity1 by a broad expanse of water1 many pictures might be formed by taking advantage of a brook as it meanders through woody glade or meadow4 ,no such beauty is afforded by a pond or lake1 which gives us water in repose--imprisoned water1 in fact2 and although we obtain breadth by confining water1 still1 in many cases1 we prefer the brook1 or water in motion1 as it ripples between mossy rocks or flower-fringed banks4 ,the brook-margin1 too1 offers opportunities to lovers of hardy flowers which few other situations can rival4 ,hitherto we have only used in and near such places aquatic or bog plants1 and of these usually a very meagre selection2 but the improvement of the brook-side will be most readily effected by planting the banks with hardy flowers1 making it a wild garden1 in fact4 ,a great number of our finest herbaceous plants1 from ,irises to ,globe-flowers1 thrive best in the moist soil found in such positions2 numbers of hardy flowers1 also1 that do not in nature prefer such soil1 would exist in perfect health in it4 ,the wild garden illustrated by the water-side will give us some of the most charming garden pictures4 ,land plants would have this advantage over water ones1 that we could fix their position1 whereas water plants are apt to spread everywhere1 and sometimes one kind exterminates the rest2 therefore it might1 in many cases1 be better not to encourage the water or water-side vegetation1 but to form little colonies of hardy flowers along the banks4 ,the plants1 of course1 should be such as would grow freely among ,grass and take care of themselves4 ,if different types of vegetation were encouraged on each side of the water1 the effect would be all the better4 ,the common way of repeating a favourite plant at intervals would spoil all3 groups of free hardy things1 different in each place as one passed1 would be best2 ,day ,lilies2 ,phloxes1 which love moisture2 ,irises1 mainly the beardless kinds1 which love wet places1 but all the fine ,germanica forms will do2 ,gunnera2 ,aster2 ,american swamp ,lilies in peaty or boggy soil2 the deep rose-coloured variety of the ,loosestrife2 ,golden ,rods2 the taller and stouter ,bell-flowers 7,campanula72 the ,spider ,wort 7,tradescantia virginica71 of which there are a good many forms1 differing in colour2 the ,broad-leaved ,saxifrages2 the ,compass plants 7,silphium72 ,everlasting ,peas2 ,monkshood2 the ,goats ,rues 7,galega72 ,baptisia2 the free-flowering ,yuccas2 the hardiest flame-flowers 7,tritoma72 the stouter kinds of ,yarrow 7,achillea72 the common perennial ,lupin--these are some of many types of hardy flowers which would grow freely near the water-side apart wholly from the plants that naturally frequent such places or which are usually placed there4 ,with these hardy plants too1 a variety of the nobler hardy ferns would thrive1 as the ,struthiopteris2 the finer types of the ,umbellate order 7,ferula and others7 would also come in well here4 ,we will now consider the plants that naturally belong to such situations so to say4 ,illustration3 ,colony of hardy exotic ,flowers1 naturalised by brook-side4 ,water-plants of northern and temperate regions1 associated with those of our own country1 add much beauty to a garden if well selected and well grown4 ,a great deal of variety may be added to the margins1 and here and there to the surface1 of ornamental water1 by the use of a good collection of hardy aquatics arranged with taste2 but this has not yet been fairly attempted4 ,usually we see the same monotonous vegetation all round the margin if the soil be rich2 in some cases1 where the bottom is of gravel1 there is little or no vegetation1 but an unbroken ugly line of washed earth between wind and water4 ,in others1 water-plants accumulate till they are only an eyesore--not submerged plants like ,anacharis1 but such as the ,water ,lilies when matted together4 ,a well-developed plant or group of plants of the queenly ,water ,lily1 with its large leaves and noble flowers1 is an object not surpassed by any other in our gardens2 but when it increases and runs over the whole of a piece of water--thickening together and being in consequence weakened--and water-fowl cannot make their way through it1 then even this plant loses its charms4 ,no garden water1 however1 should be without a few fine plants or groups of the ,water ,lily4 ,where the bottom does not allow of the free development of the plant1 earth might be accumulated in the spot where it was desired to encourage the growth of the ,nympha4 ,thus arranged it would not spread too much4 ,but it is not difficult to prevent the plant from spreading2 indeed ,i have known isolated plants1 and groups of it1 remain of almost the same size for years4 ,the ,yellow ,water ,lily1 ,nuphar lutea1 though not so beautiful as the preceding1 is well worthy of a place2 and also the little ,n4 pumila1 a variety or sub-species found in the lakes of the north of ,scotland4 ,illustration3 ,valley in ,somersetshire1 with ,narcissi1 ,marsh ,marigolds1 and ,primroses4 ,then there is the fine and large ,n4 advena1 a native of ,america1 which pushes its leaves boldly above the water1 and is very vigorous in habit4 ,it is very plentiful in the ,manchester ,botanic ,garden1 and will be found to some extent in most gardens of the same kind4 ,the ,american ,white ,water ,lily 7,nympha odorata7 is a noble species1 which would prove quite hardy in ,britain4 ,it is a pity this noble aquatic plant is not more frequently seen1 as it is quite as fine as our own ,water ,lily4 ,rose-coloured varieties are spoken of1 but are not yet in cultivation here4 ,one of the prettiest effects ,i have ever observed was afforded by a sheet of ,villarsia nymphoides belting round the margin of a lake near a woody recess1 and before it1 more towards the deep water1 a group of ,water ,lilies4 ,the ,villarsia is a charming little water-plant1 with its ,nympha-like leaves and numerous golden-yellow flowers1 which furnish a beautiful effect on fine days1 under a bright sun4 ,it is not very commonly distributed as a native plant1 though1 where found1 generally very plentiful4 ,not rare--growing1 in fact1 in nearly all districts of ,britain--but beautiful and singular1 is the ,buckbean or ,marsh ,trefoil 7,menyanthes trifoliata71 with its flowers deeply fringed on the inside with white filaments1 and the round unopened buds blushing on the top with a rosy red like that of an ,apple-blossom4 ,it will grow in a bog or any moist place1 or by the margin of any water4 ,for grace1 no water-plant can well surpass ,equisetum ,telmateia1 which1 in deep soil1 in shady and sheltered places near water1 often grows several feet high1 the long1 close-set1 slender branches depending from each whorl in a singularly graceful manner4 ,it will grow on the margins of lakes and streams1 especially among water-side bushes1 or in boggy spots in the shade4 ,for a bold and picturesque plant on the margin of water1 nothing equals the great ,water ,dock 7,rumex ,hydrolapathum71 which is rather generally dispersed over the ,british ,isles2 it has leaves quite sub-tropical in aspect and size1 becoming of a lurid red in the autumn4 ,it forms a grand mass of foliage on rich muddy banks1 and1 unlike many water-plants1 has the good quality of not spreading too much4 ,the ,cat's-tail 7,typha7 must not be omitted1 but it should not be allowed too much liberty4 ,the narrow-leaved one 7,t4 angustifolia7 is more graceful than the common one 7,t4 latifolia74 ,carex pendula is excellent for the margins of water1 its elegant drooping spikes being quite distinct in their way4 ,it is rather common in ,england1 more so than ,carex pseudocyperus1 which grows well in a foot or two of water or on the margin of a muddy pond4 ,carex paniculata forms a strong and thick stem1 sometimes #c ft4 or #d ft4 high1 somewhat like a tree ,fern1 and with luxuriant masses of drooping leaves1 and on that account is transferred to moist places in gardens1 and cultivated by some1 though generally these large specimens are difficult to remove and soon perish4 ,scirpus lacustris 7the ,bulrush7 is too distinct a plant to be omitted1 as its stems1 sometimes attaining a height of more than #g ft4 and even #h ft41 look very imposing2 and ,cyperus longus is also a desirable plant1 reminding one of the aspect of the ,papyrus when in flower4 ,it is found in some of the southern counties of ,england4 ,poa aquatica might also be used4 ,cladium ,mariscus is another distinct and rather scarce ,british aquatic which is worth a place4 ,illustration3 ,cyperus ,longus4 ,if one chose to enumerate the plants that grow in ,british and ,european waters1 a very long list might be made1 but those which possess no distinct character or no beauty of flower would be useless1 for it is only by a judicious selection of the very best kinds that gardening of this description can give satisfaction2 therefore1 omitting a host of inconspicuous water-weeds1 we will endeavour to indicate others of real worth for our present purpose4 ,those who have seen the flowering ,rush 7,butomus umbellatus7 in blossom1 are not likely to omit it from a collection of water-plants1 as it is conspicuous and distinct4 ,it is a native of the greater part of ,europe and ,russian ,asia1 and is dispersed over the central and southern parts of ,england and ,ireland4 ,plant it not far from the margin1 and it likes rich muddy soil4 ,the common ,arrow ,head 7,sagittaria71 very frequent in ,england and ,ireland1 but not in ,scotland1 might be associated with this2 but there is a very much finer double exotic kind1 which is really a handsome plant1 its flowers white1 and resembling1 but larger than1 those of the old white ,double ,rocket4 ,this used to be grown in abundance in the pleasure gardens at ,rye ,house1 ,broxbourne1 where it filled a sort of oblong basin1 or wide ditch1 and was very handsome in flower4 ,it forms large egg-shaped tubers1 or rather receptacles of farina1 and in searching for these1 ducks destroyed the plants occasionally4 ,calla palustris is a beautiful bog-plant1 and ,i know nothing that produces a more pleasing effect over rich1 soft1 boggy ground4 ,it will also grow by the side of water4 ,calla thiopica1 the well-known and beautiful ,lily of the ,nile1 is hardy enough in some places if planted rather deep1 and in nearly all it may be placed out for the summer2 but1 except in quiet waters1 in the south of ,england and ,ireland1 it will not thrive4 ,however1 as it is a plant so generally cultivated1 it may be tried without loss in favourable positions4 ,pontederia cordata is a stout1 firm-rooting1 and perfectly hardy water-herb1 with erect and distinct habit1 and blue flowers1 not difficult to obtain from botanic garden or nursery4 ,the ,sweet-flag will be associated with the ,water ,iris 7,i4 ,pseudacorus71 and a number of exotic ,irises will thrive in wet ground1 i4e4 ,i4 sibirica1 ochreleuca1 graminea1 and many others4 ,aponogeton distachyon is a native of the ,cape of ,good ,hope1 a singularly pretty plant1 which is hardy enough for our climate1 and1 from its sweetness and curious beauty1 a most desirable plant to cultivate4 ,it frequently succeeds in water not choked by weeds or foulness1 and wherever there are springs that tend to keep the water a little warmer than usual it seems to thrive in any part of the country4 ,the ,water ,ranunculuses1 which sheet over our pools in spring and early summer with such silvery beauty1 are not worth an attempt at cultivation1 so rambling are they2 and the same applies to not a few other things of interest4 ,orontium aquaticum is a scarce and handsome aquatic for a choice collection1 and as beautiful as any is the ,water ,violet 7,hottonia palustris74 ,it occurs most frequently in the eastern and central districts of ,england and ,ireland4 ,the best example of it that ,i have seen was on an expanse of soft mud near ,lea ,bridge1 in ,essex1 where it covered the surface with a sheet of dark fresh green1 and must have looked better in that position than when in water1 though doubtless the place was occasionally flooded4 ,a suitable companion for the ,marsh ,marigold 7,caltha7 and its varieties is the very large and showy ,ranunculus ,lingua1 which grows in rich ground to a height of three feet or more4 ,illustration3 ,the ,cape ,pond ,weed in an ,english ditch in winter4 ,illustration3 ,day ,lily by margin of water4 ,if with this water-garden we combine the wild garden of land plants--herbaceous1 trailers1 etc4--some of the loveliest effects possible in gardens will be produced4 ,the margins of lakes and streams are happily not upturned by the spade in winter2 and hereabouts1 just away from the water-line1 almost any vigorous and really hardy flower of the thousands now in our gardens may be grown and will afterwards take care of itself4 ,the ,globe-flowers alone would form beautiful effects in such positions1 and would endure as long as the ,grass4 ,near the various ,irises that love the water-side might be planted those that thrive in moist ground1 and they are many1 including the most beautiful kinds4 ,among recently introduced plants the singular ,californian ,saxifraga peltata is likely to prove a noble one for the water-side1 its natural habitat being beside mountain watercourses1 dry in the autumn when it is at rest2 both flowers and foliage are effective1 and the growth very vigorous when in moist ground4 ,it would require a very long list to enumerate all the plants that would grow near the margins of water1 and apart from the aquatics proper2 but enough has been said to prove that1 given a strip of ground beside a stream or lake1 a garden of the most delightful kind could be formed4 ,the juxtaposition of plants inhabiting different situations--water-plants1 water-side plants1 and land-plants thriving in moist ground--would prevent what would1 in many cases1 be so undesirable--a general admixture of the whole4 ,two distinct classes of effects could be obtained1 the beauty of the flowers seen close at hand1 and that of the more conspicuous kinds in the distance1 or from the other side of the water of a stream or lakelet4 ,an interesting point in favour of the wild garden is the succession of effects which it may afford1 and which are suggested by the illustrations on the next pages1 both showing a succession of life on the same spot of ground4 ,in gardens in early summer at present the whole of the portion devoted to flower-gardening is dug up raw as a ploughed field1 just when the earth is naturally most thickly strewn with flowers4 ,a very little consideration and observation will suffice to make it clear that a succession of effects may be secured without this violent disfigurement of our gardens in the fairest days of early summer4 ,these are not the days for digging or planting either1 and the system that necessitates them is pernicious in its effects on our gardens4 ,it is equally an enemy of all peace or rest for the gardener1 who1 having trenched1 dug1 enriched1 planted1 and sown1 through the autumn1 winter1 and spring1 might certainly begin to look for the fruits and flowers of his labour1 when he has to face the most trying effort of all--the planting of the flower-garden in ,may and ,june with a host of flowers too tender to be committed to the earth at an earlier season4 ,illustration3 ,marsh ,marigold and ,iris in early spring4 7,see p4 #gg47 ,the bog-garden is a home for the numerous children of the wild that will not thrive on our harsh1 bare1 and dry garden borders1 but must be cushioned on moss1 and associated with their own relatives in moist peat soil4 ,many beautiful plants1 like the ,wind ,gentian and ,creeping ,harebell1 grow on our own bogs and marshes1 much as these are now encroached upon4 ,but even those acquainted with the beauty of the plants of our own bogs have1 as a rule1 but a feeble notion of the multitude of charming plants1 natives of northern and temperate countries1 whose home is the open marsh or boggy wood4 ,in our own country1 we have been so long encroaching upon the bogs and wastes that some of us come to regard them as exceptional tracts all over the world4 ,but when one travels in new countries in northern climes1 one soon learns what a vast extent of the world's surface was at one time covered with bogs4 ,in ,north ,america day after day1 even by the margins of the railroads1 one sees the vivid blooms of the ,cardinal-flower springing erect from the wet peaty hollows4 ,far under the shady woods stretch the black bog-pools1 the ground between being so shaky that you move a few steps with difficulty4 ,one wonders how the trees exist with their roots in such a bath4 ,and where the forest vegetation disappears the ,american ,pitcher-plant 7,sarracenia71 ,golden ,club 7,orontium71 ,water ,arum 7,calla palustris71 and a host of other handsome and interesting bog-plants cover the ground for hundreds of acres1 with perhaps an occasional slender bush of ,laurel ,magnolia 7,magnolia glauca7 among them4 ,in some parts of ,canada1 where the painfully long and straight roads are often made through woody swamps1 and where the few scattered and poor habitations offer little to cheer the traveller1 he will1 if a lover of plants1 find conservatories of beauty in the ditches and pools of black water beside the road1 fringed with the sweet-scented ,buttonbush1 with a profusion of stately ferns1 and often filled with masses of the pretty ,sagittarias4 ,illustration3 ,the same spot as in opposite sketch1 with aftergrowth of ,iris1 ,meadow ,sweet1 and ,bindweed4 7,see p4 #gg47 ,southwards and seawards1 the bog-flowers become tropical in size and brilliancy1 as in the splendid kinds of herbaceous ,hibiscus1 while far north1 and west and south along the mountains1 the beautiful and showy ,mocassin-flower 7,cypripedium spectabile7 grows the queen of the peat bog4 ,then in ,california1 all along the ,sierras1 there are a number of delicate little annual plants growing in small mountain bogs long after the plains have become quite parched1 and annual vegetation has quite disappeared from them4 ,but who shall record the beauty and interest of the flowers of the wide-spreading marsh-lands of this globe of ours1 from those of the vast wet woods of ,america1 dark and brown1 and hidden from the sunbeams1 to those of the breezy uplands of the high ,alps1 far above the woods1 where the little bogs teem with ,nature's most brilliant flowers1 joyous in the sun8 ,no one worthily2 for many mountain-swamp regions are as yet as little known to us as those of the ,himalaya1 with their giant ,primroses and many strange and lovely flowers4 ,one thing1 however1 we may gather from our small experiences--that many plants commonly termed 8alpine10 and found on high mountains1 are true bog-plants4 ,this must be clear to anyone who has seen our pretty ,bird's-eye ,primrose in the wet mountain-side bogs of ,westmoreland1 or the ,bavarian ,gentian in the spongy soil by alpine rivulets1 or the ,gentianella 7,gentiana acaulis7 in the snow ooze4 ,bogs are neither found or desired in or near our gardens now-a-days1 but1 wherever they are1 there are many handsome flowers from other countries that will thrive in them as freely as in their native wastes4 ,illustration3 ,partridge ,berry 7,gualtheria74 ,,chapter ,x4 ,,roses ,,for ,,the ,,wild ,,garden1 ,,and ,,for ,,hedgerows1 ,,fences1 ,,and ,,groups4 ,the wild ,roses of the world1 had we no other plants1 would alone make beautiful wild gardens4 ,the unequalled grace of the ,wild ,rose is as remarkable as the beauty of bloom for which the ,rose is grown in gardens4 ,the culture is mostly of a kind which tends to conceal or suppress the grace of shoot and foliage of the ,rose4 ,therefore the wild garden may do good work in bringing before the many who love gardens1 but have fewer chances of seeing the ,roses in their native haunts1 the native grace of the well-loved ,rose1 which even in its obesity1 and trained into the form of a mop1 still charms us4 ,the ,rev4 ,h4 ,n4 ,ellacombe writes3-- ,i have here a very large and thick ,box bush1 in the centre of which there has been for many years an ,ayrshire ,rose4 ,the long branches covered with flowers1 and resting on the deep green cushion1 have a very beautiful effect4 ,other ,roses may be used in the same way4 ,the ,musk ,rose of ,shakespeare and ,bacon would be particularly well suited for this1 and would climb up to a great height4 ,rosa scandens or sempervirens1 ,rosa multiflora1 and perhaps some others1 might be grown in the same way2 and it would be worth while to experiment with other garden forms1 such as ,aime ,vibert1 purple ,boursault1 etc4 ,if grown against a tree of thin foliage1 such as a ,robinia1 they would grow quicker and flower sooner2 but this is not necessary1 for even if grown near a thick-foliaged tree they will soon bring their branches to the outside for the light4 ,but besides climbing ,roses1 there is another way in which ,roses may be combined with trees to great advantage1 viz4 by planting some of the taller-growing bushes in rough grassy places4 ,these would grow from #f feet to #aj feet high1 and would flower well in such a position4 ,for such a purpose the old ,dutch ,apple ,rose 7,rosa villosa var4 pomifera7 would be very suitable1 and so would ,r4 cinnamomea1 ,r4 fraxinifolia1 ,r4 gallica1 ,r4 rubifolia1 and the common monthly ,china4 ,and if growers would rear the perpetual and other ,roses by autumnal cuttings instead of by budding1 they might have hundreds and thousands of fine ,roses which would do well planted in the woods and plantations4 ,another correspondent1 ,mr4 ,greenwood ,pim1 writes referring to the preceding note3-- ,i have two large exotic ,hawthorns--round-headed standards1 growing close together1 so that their edges touch1 forming1 as it were1 two gentle hills with a valley between1 and sloping down to within about #f ft4 of the lawn4 ,of these one is ,cratgus ,crus-galli2 the other ,c4 tanacetifolia4 ,behind1 and partly through these1 climbs a very old ,noisette ,rose--all that now remains of an arched trellis--producing a vast number of bunches of white flowers1 six or eight together1 and about #a in4 or #b in4 across4 ,the old gnarled stem of the ,rose is scarcely noticeable amongst those of the ,thorns till it reaches the top of them1 whence it descends between the trees in a regular torrent of blossom1 in addition to occupying the topmost boughs of the ,cockspur ,thorn4 ,the general effect is almost that of a large patch of snow between two bright green hills--a combination very common in the higher districts of ,switzerland4 ,a smaller plant of the same ,rose has recently been trained up a large ,arbor-vit which1 from moving1 has lost its lower branches for some #d ft4 or #e ft41 and has its stem clothed with ,ivy4 ,it is now festooned with snowy flowers hanging down from and against the dark green of the ,arbor-vit and ,ivy1 forming a charming contrast4 ,it seems a great pity that we do not oftener thus wed one tree to another--a stout and strong to a slender and clinging one1 as ,virgil in the 8,georgics0 talks of wedding the ,vine to the ,elm1 as is1 ,i believe1 done to this day in ,italy4 ,illustration3 ,wild ,rose growing on a ,pollard ,ash in ,orchardleigh ,park1 ,somerset4 8,we have10 says a correspondent1 8a pretty extensive collection of ,roses1 but one of the most attractive specimens on the place is an old double white ,ayrshire ,rose1 growing in a group of common ,laurel in the shrubberies4 ,we cannot tell how old the plant may be1 but it has probably been in its present situation for thirty years1 struggling the best way it could to keep its place among the tall-growing ,laurels1 sometimes sending out a shoot of white flowers on this side and sometimes on that side of the clump of bushes1 and sometimes scrambling up to the tops of the tallest limbs and draping them with its blossoms throughout ,june and ,july4 ,nearly three years ago we had the ,laurels headed down to within six feet of the ground1 leaving the straggling limbs of the ,rose which were found amongst them1 and since then it has grown and thriven amazingly1 and now fairly threatens to gain the mastery4 ,we had the curiosity to measure the plant the other day1 and found it rather over seventy feet in circumference4 ,within this space the plant forms an irregular undulating mound1 nearly in all parts so densely covered with ,roses that not so much as a hand's breadth is left vacant anywhere1 and the ,laurel branches are quite hidden1 and in fact are now dying1 smothered by the ,rose4 ,a finer example of luxuriant development we never saw4 ,the plant has been a perfect sheet of bloom for a month or more1 and there are thousands of buds yet to expand1 and hundreds of bunches of buds have been cut just at the opening stage--when they are neater and whiter than a ,gardenia--to send away4 ,the tree has never received the least attention or assistance with the exception of the removal of the ,laurel tops before mentioned1 to let the light into it4 ,it is growing in a tolerably deep and strong dry loam1 and this1 together with head room1 seems to be all it requires4 ,we record this example simply to show of what the ,rose is capable without much cultural assistance4 ,no doubt1 in order to produce fine individual blooms certain restricted culture is necessary2 but almost any variety of ,rose will make a good-sized natural bush of itself1 and as for the climbing or pillar ,roses1 the less they are touched the better4 ,of course we are not alluding to the ,rosery proper1 but of ,roses in their more natural aspect1 as when planted to hide fences1 cover rockeries1 or as striking objects on lawns4 ,except against walls1 and in similar situations1 there is no occasion to prune climbing ,roses4 ,left to themselves1 they make by far the grandest display1 and to insure this it is only necessary to provide them with a good1 deep1 strong soil at the beginning1 and to let them have a fair amount of light on all sides4 ,whether planting be carried out with the object above described1 or for the purpose of covering naked tree stumps or limbs1 or for draping any unsightly object whatever1 liberal treatment in the first instance is the main thing4 ,a good soil makes all the difference in time and in the permanent vigour of the tree1 and were we desirous of having a great ,rose tree 7whether it be a common ,ayrshire or a ,gloire de ,dijon1 that we expected to produce thousands of blooms in a few years71 we should1 if the soil were not naturally strong and deep1 provide a well-drained pit and fill it with two or three good cartloads of sound loam and manure2 thus treated1 the result is certain1 provided an unrestricted growth be permitted40 ,illustration3 ,white ,climbing ,rose scrambling over old ,catalpa ,tree4 ,roses on grass are a pleasant feature of the wild garden4 ,no matter what the habit of the rose1 provided it be free and hardy1 and growing on its own roots1 planting on the grass will suit it well4 ,so treated1 the more vigorous climbers would form thickets of flowers1 and graceful vigorous shoots4 ,they will do on level grass1 and be still more picturesque on banks or slopes4 ,the following description1 by ,mr4 ,e4 ,andre1 of ,roses in the ,riviera is suggestive of what we may obtain in our own climate later1 by using the free kinds on their own roots1 or on stocks equally hardy and not less vigorous1 as in the case of the ,banksian ,roses mentioned below3-- ,on my last excursion from ,marseilles to ,genoa1 ,i was greatly struck1 as any one seeing them for the first time would be1 with the magnificence of the ,roses all along the ,mediterranean shores4 ,the ,rose hedges1 and the espalier ,roses1 especially1 offer an indescribably gorgeous sight4 ,under the genial influence of the warm sun of ,provence1 from the ,corniche to the extremity of the ,riviera di ,ponente1 that is as far as the ,gulf of ,genoa1 and protected to the north by the mountains1 which gradually slope down to the sea-coast1 ,roses attain the size of ,ponies1 and develop a depth and brilliancy of colour and fragrance of unusual intensity4 ,but this is in part due to another cause1 or rather two other causes1 which lead to the same result1 the main point being the choice of suitable subjects for stocks to graft upon4 ,these stocks are1 ,rosa ,banksi and ,rosa indica major4 ,the ,banksian ,rose presents three varieties1 namely1 ,white ,banksian1 producing a profusion of small white flowers1 scarcely so large as those of the double-flowered ,cherry1 and of a most delicious fragrance2 ,yellow ,banksian1 with still larger clusters of small nankeen-yellow scentless flowers2 ,chinese ,thorny ,banksian1 flowers less numerous and about three times as large as in the two preceding1 and of the most grateful odour4 ,these three forms attain an unsurpassable vigour in this region4 ,in two years one plant will cover an immense wall1 the gable of a house1 or climb to the top of a tall tree1 from which its branches hang like flowery cascades1 embalming the air around with a rich perfume during the months of ,april and ,may4 ,now1 if these be taken for stocks upon which to bud some of the choicer ,teas1 ,noisettes1 and ,bourbons1 the growth of the latter will be prodigious4 ,the stock should be two years old1 having well ripened1 though still smooth1 wood4 ,in this way such varieties as ,gloire de ,dijon1 ,marchal ,niel1 ,lamarque1 ,safrano1 ,chromatella1 ,aime ,vibert1 le ,pactole1 and all the ,teas1 attain such dimensions as to be no longer recognisable4 ,rosa indica major is almost naturalised throughout the whole of this region4 ,it possesses the additional claim to favour of flowering nearly all the winter1 forming beautiful hedges of dark green shining foliage1 from which thousands of clusters of lovely flowers rise1 of a tender delicate transparent pink1 or almost pure white1 with a brighter tinge in the centre and at the tips of the petals4 ,this ,rose is an evergreen1 and makes an excellent stock for grafting or budding4 ,it is either planted in nursery beds1 where it quickly throws up a stem suitable for standards in the same way as we employ the ,dog ,rose1 or in hedges1 and left to its naturally luxuriant growth to produce its own charming flowers in rich profusion1 or rows of cuttings are put in where it is intended to leave them1 and subsequently budded with some of the varieties of the diverse tribes we have named4 ,illustration3 ,climbing ,rose isolated on grass4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,wild ,,gardening ,,on ,,walls ,,or ,,ruins4 ,illustration3 ,arenaria balearica1 in a hole in wall at ,great ,tew4 ,there are many hundred species of mountain and rock plants which will thrive much better on an old wall1 a ruin1 a sunk fence1 a sloping bank of stone1 with earth behind1 than they do in the most carefully prepared border1 and therefore their culture may be fittingly considered here1 particularly1 as once established in such positions they increase and take care of themselves unaided4 ,indeed1 many an alpine plant which may have perished in its place in the garden1 would thrive on any old wall near at hand1 as1 for example1 the pretty ,pyrenean ,erinus1 the silvery ,saxifrages of the ,alps1 pinks like the ,cheddar ,pink1 established on the walls at ,oxford1 many ,stonecrops and allied plants1 the ,aubrietia and ,arabis4 ,a most interesting example of wall gardening is shown on the opposite page4 ,in the gardens at ,great ,tew1 in ,oxfordshire1 this exquisite little alpine plant1 which usually roots over the moist surface of stones1 established itself high up on a wall in a small recess1 where half a brick had been displaced4 ,the illustration tells the rest4 ,it is suggestive1 as so many things are1 of the numerous plants that may be grown on walls and such unpromising surfaces4 ,illustration3 ,cheddar ,pink1 ,saxifrage1 and ,ferns1 on cottage wall at ,mells4 ,a mossy old wall1 or an old ruin1 would afford a position for many rock-plants which no specially prepared situation could rival2 but even on well-preserved walls we can establish some little beauties1 which year after year will abundantly repay for the slight trouble of planting or sowing them4 ,those who have observed how dwarf plants grow on the tops of mountains1 or on elevated stony ground1 must have seen in what unpromising positions many flourish in perfect health--fine tufts sometimes springing from an almost imperceptible chink in an arid rock or boulder4 ,they are often stunted and diminutive in such places1 but always more long-lived than when grown vigorously upon the ground4 ,now1 numbers of alpine plants perish if planted in the ordinary soil of our gardens1 and many do so where much pains is taken to attend to their wants4 ,this results from over-moisture at the root in winter1 the plant being rendered more susceptible of injury by our moist green winters inducing it to make a lingering growth4 ,but it is interesting and useful to know that1 by placing many of these delicate plants where their roots can secure a comparatively dry and well-drained medium1 they remain in perfect health4 ,many plants from latitudes a little farther south than our own1 and from alpine regions1 may find on walls1 rocks1 and ruins1 that dwarf1 ripe1 sturdy growth1 stony firmness of root medium1 and dryness in winter1 which go to form the very conditions that will grow them in a climate entirely different from their own4 ,in many parts of the country it may be said with truth that opportunities for this phase of gardening do not exist2 but in various districts1 such as the ,wye and other valleys1 there are miles of rock and rough wall-surface1 where the scattering of a few pinches of ,arabis1 ,aubrietia1 ,erinus1 ,acanthus1 ,saxifrage1 ,violas1 ,stonecrops1 and ,houseleeks1 would give rise to a garden of rock blossoms that would need no care from the gardener4 ,growing such splendid alpine plants as the true ,saxifraga longifolia of the ,pyrenees on the straight surface of a wall is quite practicable4 ,i have seen the rarest and largest of the silvery section grown well on the face of a dry wall3 therefore there need be no doubt as to growing the more common and hardy kinds4 ,a few seeds of the ,cheddar ,pink1 for example1 sown in a mossy or earthy chink1 or even covered with a dust of fine soil1 would soon take root1 living for years in a dwarf and perfectly healthful state4 ,the seedling roots vigorously into the chinks1 and gets a hold which it rarely relaxes4 ,a list of many of the plants which will grow on walls will be found among the selections near the end of the book4 ,illustration3 ,the ,yellow ,fumitory on wall 7,corydalis lutea74 ,illustration3 ,large ,japan ,sedum 7,s4 spectabile7 and ,autumn ,crocuses in the ,wild ,garden4 ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,,some ,,results4 ,in addition to ,longleat1 and other cases previously mentioned1 a few of the results obtained1 where the system was tried1 and so far as known to me1 may not be without interest4 ,how much a wild garden intelligently and tastefully carried out may effect for a country seat is fairly well shown in a garden in ,oxfordshire4 ,here is one of the earliest1 and probably one of the largest wild gardens existing1 and which1 visiting it on the #bgth ,may1 ,i found full of novel charms4 ,no old-fashioned garden yields its beauty so early in the year1 or over a more prolonged season1 than the wild garden1 as there is abundant evidence here2 but our impressions shall be those of the day only4 ,it may serve to throw light on the possibilities of garden embellishment in one way at a season when there is a great blank in many gardens--the time of 8bedding out40 ,the maker of this had no favourable or inviting site with which to deal2 no great variety of surface1 which makes attempts in this direction so much easier and happier2 no variety of soil1 which might enable plants of widely different natural habitats to be grown2 only a neglected plantation1 with rather a poor gravelly soil and a gentle slope in one part1 and little variety of surface beyond a few gravel banks thrown up long before4 ,the garden is1 for the most part1 arranged on each side of a ,grass drive among rather open ground1 few trees on the one hand and rather shady ground on the other4 ,the most beautiful aspect at the end of ,may of a singularly ungenial spring1 which had not allowed the ,ponies to unfold1 was that of the ,german ,irises1 with their great ,orchid-like blossoms seen everywhere through the wood1 clear above the ,grass and other herbage1 stately and noble flowers that1 like the ,daffodils1 fear no weather1 yet with rich and delicate hues that could not be surpassed by tropical flowers4 ,if this wild garden only should teach this effective way of using the various beautiful and vigorous kinds of ,iris now included in our garden flora1 it would do good service4 ,the ,irises are perfectly at home in the wood and among the ,grass and wild flowers4 ,by-and-by1 when they go out of flower1 they will not be in the way as in a 8mixed border10 tempting one to remove them1 but grow and rest quietly among the grass until the varied blossoms of another year again repay the trouble of substituting these noble hardy flowers for some of the familiar weeds and wild plants that inhabit our plantations4 ,illustration3 ,crane's ,bill wild1 in grass4 ,in the wild garden the fairest of our own wild flowers may be happily associated with their relatives from other countries4 ,here the sturdy ,bell-flowered ,scilla 7,s4 campanulata7 grows wild with our own ,bluebell 7,s4 nutans72 the white and pink forms also of the last-named look beautiful here associated with the common well-known form4 ,the earlier ,scillas are of course past2 they are admirably suited for the wild garden1 especially ,s4 bifolia1 which thrives freely in woods4 ,the ,lily of the ,valley did not inhabit the wood before2 therefore it was pleasant to thin out some of its over-matted tufts and carry them to the wild garden1 where they are now in fullest beauty4 ,it is associated with its tall and stately relation the ,solomon's ,seal4 ,the ,solomon's ,seal1 which is usually effective when issuing forth from fringes of shrubberies1 is here best arching high over the ,woodruff and other sweet woodland flowers1 among which it seems a giant1 with every leaf1 and stem1 and blossom lines of beauty4 ,the additional vigour and beauty shown by this plant when in rich soil well repays one for selecting suitable spots for it4 ,the greater ,celandine 7,chelidonium majus7 and its double form are very pretty here with their tufts of golden flowers2 they grow freely and take all needful care of themselves4 ,the same may be said of the ,honesty1 the common forms of ,columbine1 and ,allium ,moly1 an old-fashioned plant1 and one of the many subjects at home in the wild garden1 and which are better left out of the garden proper4 ,the myriads of ,crocus leaves dying off without the indignity of being tied into bundles as is common in gardens1 the dense growth of ,aconite and ,snowdrop leaves1 of coloured and common ,primroses and ,cowslips1 suggest the beauty of this wild garden in spring4 ,the yet unfolded buds on the many tufts and groups of the numerous herbaceous ,ponies1 promise noble effects early in ,june2 so do the tufts of the splendid ,eastern ,poppy 7,papaver orientale7 and the ,lilies1 and ,sweet ,williams1 and ,adam's ,needles1 and many other subjects1 that will show their blossoms above or among the summer ,grass in due time4 ,among the best of the ,borageworts here at present1 are the ,caucasian ,comfrey 7,symphytum caucasicum71 an admirable wood or copse plant1 and red-purple or ,bohemian ,comfrey 7,s4 bohemicum71 which is very handsome here4 ,and what lovely effects from the ,forget-me-nots--the wood ,forget-me-not1 and the ,early ,forget-me-not 7,m4 dissitiflora7 are here6 where their soft little clouds of blue in the ,grass are much prettier than tufts of the same kind surrounded by the brown earth in a prim border4 ,here the pushing of the delicate ,grass blades through the blue mass and the indefinite way in which the fringes of the tufts mingle with the surrounding vegetation are very beautiful4 ,illustration3 ,large-leafed ,saxifrage in the ,wild ,garden4 ,the only noticeable variation of surface is that of some gravel banks1 which are properly covered with ,stonecrops1 ,saxifrages1 and the like1 which would1 as a rule1 have a poor chance in the ,grass4 ,surfaces that naturally support a very sparse and dwarf vegetation are valuable in a garden1 as they permit of the culture of a series of free-growing alpine and rock plants that would not be able to hold their own among ,grass and ordinary weeds and wild flowers4 ,one of the happiest features of this wild garden results from the way in which dead trees have been adorned4 ,once dead1 some of the smaller branches are lopped off1 and one or more climbers planted at the base of the tree4 ,here a ,clematis1 a climbing ,rose1 a new kind of ,ivy1 a wild ,vine1 or a ,virginian ,creeper1 have all they require1 a firm support on which they may arrange themselves after their own natural habit1 without being mutilated1 or without trouble to the planter1 and fresh ground free to themselves4 ,what an admirable way1 too1 of growing the many and varied species of ,clematis6 as beautiful as varieties with flowers as large as saucers4 ,even when an old tree falls and tosses up a mass of soil and roots the wild gardener is ready with some subject from his mixed border to adorn the projection1 and he may allow some choice ,bramble or wild ,vine to scramble over the prostrate stem4 ,a collection of ,ivies grown on old tree-stems would be much more satisfactory than on a wall1 and not liable to robe each other at the roots1 and interfere with each other in the air4 ,ferns are at home in the wild garden2 all the strong hardy kinds may be grown in it1 and look better in it among the flowers than in the 8hardy ,fernery0 properly so called4 ,even more graceful than the ,ferns1 and in some cases more useful1 because they send up their plume-like leaves very early in the year1 are the giant ,fennels 7,ferula71 which grow well here1 and hold their own easily among the strongest plants4 ,the common ,fennel is also here1 but it seeds so freely that it becomes a troublesome weed1 and shows a tendency to overrun plants of greater value4 ,this reminds us of certain subjects that should be introduced with caution into all but the remotest parts of the wild garden4 ,such plants as ,heracleum1 ,willow ,herb1 and many others1 that overcome all obstacles1 and not only win but destroy all their fellows in the struggle for life1 should only be planted in outlying positions1 islands1 hedges1 small bits of isolated wood or copse1 where their effects might be visible for a season1 and where they might ramble without destroying4 ,in short1 they never should be planted where it is desired to encourage a variety of beautiful subjects4 ,rabbits--dreaded vermin to the wild gardener--are kept out here effectually by means of wire fencing4 ,the presence of these pests prevents all success in the wild garden4 ,the encouragement of creatures that feed on slugs is desirable1 as these are the most potent cause of mischief to hardy flowers4 ,to succeed with the wild garden1 one should have a good collection of hardy flowers from which it can be supplied4 ,here one has been formed1 consisting of about #aajj species1 mostly arranged in borders4 ,from these1 from time to time1 over-vigorous and over-abundant kinds may be taken to the wilderness4 ,in a large collection one frequently finds species most suited for full liberty in woods4 ,the many subjects good in all positions1 may increase in these borders till plentiful enough for planting out in some quantity in the wild garden4 ,the wild garden here has been wholly formed by the owner1 who planted with his own hands the various subjects that now adorn it throughout the year4 ,it has been done within four or five years1 and therefore many of the climbers have not as yet attained full growth4 ,tew ,park will long be interesting1 from the fact that it was there ,j4 ,c4 ,loudon practised agriculture before he began writing the works which were such a marked addition to the horticultural literature of ,england4 ,the ,grove there is a plantation of fine trees1 bordering a wide sweep of grass1 which varies in width4 ,this grove1 unlike much of the rest of the ground1 does not vary in surface1 or but very little1 so that one of the greatest aids is absent4 ,originally this now pleasant grove was a dense wood1 with ,gout-weed mainly on the ground1 and troublesome flies in the air4 ,a few years ago the formation of a wild garden was determined upon1 and the first operation was the thinning of the wood2 light and moving air were let into it1 and weak or overcrowded trees removed4 ,this1 so far1 was a gain1 quite apart from the flowers that were in good time to replace the few common weeds that occupied the ground4 ,of these the unattractive ,gout-weed was the most abundant1 and the first thing to do was to dig it up4 ,it was found that by deeply digging the ground1 and sowing the wood ,forget-me-not in its place1 this weed disappeared4 ,who would not exchange foul weeds for ,lilies of the ,valley and ,wood ,forget-me-nots6 ,the effect of broad sheets of this ,wood ,forget-me-not 7,myosotis sylvatica7 beyond1 and seen above the long waving ,grass gradually receding under the trees1 was very beautiful2 now 7,june7 its beauty is not so marked as earlier1 when the colour was fuller1 from the plants being more compact2 but one charm of the wild garden is that the very changes of plants from what may be thought their most perfect state1 may be in itself the source of a new pleasure instead of a warning1 such as so often occurs in the garden1 that we must cut them down or replace them4 ,illustration3 ,tiger ,lilies in ,wild ,garden at ,great ,tew4 ,not to mow is almost a necessity in the wild garden3 considering that there is frequently in large gardens much more mown surface than is necessary1 many will not regret this need4 ,here the ,grass is designedly left unmown in many places1 and thereby much labour is saved4 ,of course it may be cut when ripe1 and most of the spring flowers have past and their leaves are out of danger2 even in parts where no flowers are planted the ,grass is left till long enough to cut as meadow4 ,except where actually required as a carpet1 ,grass may often be allowed to grow even in the pleasure ground2 quite as good an effect is afforded by the unmown as the mown ,grass--indeed1 better when the long ,grass is full of flowers4 ,three-fourths of the most lovely flowers of cold and temperate regions are companions of the ,grass--like ,grasses in hardiness1 like ,grasses in summer life and winter rest1 like them even in stature4 ,whatever plants may seem best to associate with in gardens1 an immense number--more than two thousand species of those now cultivated--would thrive to perfection among our meadow ,grasses1 as they do on the ,grassy breast of the mountain in many lands4 ,some1 like the tall ,irises or ,columbines1 will show their heads clear above the delicate bloom of the ,grass2 others1 like the ,cerastiums1 will open their cups below it1 in this way multiplying the variety of effects that may be obtained4 ,the varieties of ,columbine in the ,grass were perhaps the prettiest flowers at the time of my visit4 ,the white1 purplish1 and delicately-variegated forms of this charming old plant1 just seen above the tops of the long ,grass1 growing singly1 in little groups1 or in spreading colonies1 were sufficient in themselves to form a wild garden for ,june4 ,established among the ,grass1 they will henceforward1 like it1 take care of themselves4 ,the rosy1 heart-shaped blooms of the ,dielytra spectabilis are recognised at some distance through the ,grass1 and1 so grown1 furnish a bright and peculiarly pretty effect4 ,tree ,ponies succeed admirably1 and their great heads of flower quite light up this charming wilderness4 ,plants of the ,goat's ,beard ,spira 7,s4 ,aruncus7 are very stately and graceful1 even now1 before their flowering1 being quite #f ft4 high4 ,in a few weeks1 when the numerous flowers are open1 they will present quite another aspect4 ,in the wild garden1 apart from the naturalisation of free-growing exotics1 the establishment of rare ,british flowers is one of the most interesting occupations2 and here1 under a ,pine tree1 the modest1 trailing ,linna borealis of the northern ,fir-woods is beginning to spread4 ,the ,foxglove was not originally found in the neighbourhood2 now the ordinary kind and the various other forms of this fine wild flower adorn the woods4 ,in this way also the ,lily of the ,valley has been introduced and is spreading rapidly4 ,many climbing ,roses and various other climbers have been planted at the bases of trees and stumps1 but1 though thriving1 the plantation is as yet too young to show the good effect that these will eventually produce4 ,there is no finer picture at present to be seen in gardens than a free-growing flowering creeper1 enjoying its own wild way over an old tree or stump1 and sending down a rain of flower-laden shoots4 ,a ,clematis montana here1 originally trained on a wall1 sent up some of its shoots through a tree close at hand1 where1 fortunately1 they have been allowed to remain1 and now the long shoots hang from the tree full of flowers4 ,the large plumes of the nobler hardy ,ferns are seen here and there through the trees and ,grass1 and well they look--better here among the ,grass and flowers1 partially shaded by trees1 than in the hardy ,fernery1 which is so often a failure1 and when a success1 often 8too much of a muchness10 so to say4 ,the wild garden of the future will be also the true home of all the more important hardy ,ferns4 ,the rivals of the ,ferns in beauty of foliage1 the ,ferulas1 and various other umbelliferous plants with beautifully cut foliage1 have also their homes in the wild garden4 ,the ,welsh ,poppy thrives1 as might be expected1 admirably in the grove1 its rich yellow cups just showing above the meadow4 ,illustration3 ,large-flowered ,clematis4 ,in another part of the grounds there is a raised walk quite away from trees1 open and dry1 with sloping banks on each side4 ,this may be called a sun-walk1 and here quite a different type of vegetation is grown2 ,scotch ,roses1 ,brooms1 ,sun ,roses1 ,rock ,roses1 etc4 ,it is quite recently formed1 and will probably soon accommodate a more numerous and interesting flora4 ,such an open sunny walk1 with dry banks near1 is a capital position in which to carry out various phases of the wild garden4 ,peculiarly suitable1 however1 in such a position is a good illustration of the vegetation of the hot1 rocky1 and gravelly hill-sides of the ,mediterranean region1 and this is quite easily represented1 for the various leguminous plants and dwarf ,pea-flowered shrubs1 such as the ,spanish ,broom1 many of the beautiful ,rock ,roses 7,cistus71 the ,sun ,roses 7,helianthemum71 and the ,lavenders1 will1 with a host of companions1 for the most part thrive quite as well on a sunny sandy bank in ,england as in ,italy or ,greece4 ,in the wild garden it is easy to arrange aspects of vegetation having a geographical interest1 and a portion of such a sunny bank as ,i allude to might be worthily furnished with the various aromatic plants 7nearly all hardy7 which one meets with on the wild hill-sides of ,southern ,france1 and which include ,thyme1 ,balm1 ,mint1 ,rosemary1 ,lavender1 and various other old garden favourites4 ,true taste in the garden is unhappily much rarer than many people suppose4 ,no amount of expense1 rich collections1 good cultivation1 large gardens1 and plenty of glass1 will suffice2 all these and much more it is not difficult to see1 but a few acres of garden showing a real love of the beautiful in ,nature1 as it can be illustrated in gardens1 is rare1 and when it is seen it is often rather the result of accident than design4 ,this is partly owing to the fact that the kind of knowledge one wants in order to form a really beautiful garden is very uncommon4 ,no man can do so with few materials4 ,it is necessary to have some knowledge of the enormous wealth of beauty which the world contains for the adornment of gardens2 and yet this knowledge must not have a leaning1 or but very partially1 towards the ,dryasdust character4 ,the disposition to 8dry0 and name everything1 to concern oneself entirely with nomenclature and classification1 is not in accordance with a true gardening spirit--it is the life we want4 ,the garden of the late ,mr4 ,hewittson1 at ,weybridge1 contained some of the most delightful bits of garden scenery which ,i have ever seen4 ,below the house1 on the slope over the water of ,oatlands ,park1 and below the usual lawn beds1 trees1 etc41 there is a piece of heathy ground which1 when we saw it1 was charming beyond any power of the pencil to show4 ,the ground was partially clad with common ,heaths with little irregular green paths through them1 and abundantly naturalised in the warm sandy soil were the ,sun ,roses1 which are shown in the foreground of the plate4 ,here and there among the ,heaths1 creeping about in a perfectly natural-looking fashion1 too1 was the ,gentian blue ,gromwell 7,lithospermum prostratum71 with other hardy plants suited to the situation4 ,among these naturalised groups were the large ,evening ,primroses and ,alstrmeria aurea1 the whole being well relieved by bold bushes of flowering shrubs1 so tastefully grouped and arranged as not to show a trace of formality4 ,such plants as these are not set out singly and without preparation1 but carefully planted in beds of such naturally irregular outline1 that when the plants become established they seem native children of the soil1 as much as the ,bracken and ,heath around4 ,it is remarkable how all this is done without in the least detracting from the most perfect order and keeping4 ,closely-shaven glades and wide ,grass belts wind about among such objects1 while all trees that require special care and attention show by their health and size that they find all they require in this beautiful garden4 ,it is more free from needless or offensive geometrical-twirling1 barren expanse of gravelled surface1 and all kinds of puerilities--old-fashioned and new-fangled--than any garden ,i have seen for years4 ,the following1 from a correspondent1 shows what may be done with few advantages as to space or situation3-- ,we have a dell with a small stream of spring water running through it4 ,when ,i first came to ,brockhurst ,i found this stream carried underground by a tile culvert1 and the valley sides covered with ,rhododendrons1 the soil between carefully raked and kept free from weeds1 so that it was only during springtime that flowers relieved the sombre effect of this primness4 ,after five years this has all been changed into what ,i think you would call a wild garden1 and we have cheerfulness and beauty all the year round4 ,illustration3 ,sun ,roses 7,cistus7 and other exotic hardy plants among heather1 on sandy slope4 ,illustration3 ,wood and herbaceous ,meadow-sweets grouped together in ,mr4 ,hewittson's garden4 ,in the first place the brooklet was brought to the surface1 and its course fringed with marsh plants1 such as ,marsh ,marigolds1 ,forget-me-nots1 ,celandines1 ,irises1 ,primroses1 and ,ranunculuses1 together with ,osmundas1 ,hart's-tongues1 and other ,ferns4 ,many large-growing ,carexes and ornamental ,rushes are also here4 ,little flats were formed and filled with peat1 in which ,cypripediums1 ,trilliums1 ,orchises1 ,solomon's ,seal1 and many rare bog plants find a home4 ,in the valley we have planted bulbs by thousands--,crocuses1 ,snowdrops1 ,daffodils1 ,narcissi1 etc4 ,the ,rhododendrons were thinned and interspersed with ,azaleas1 ,aucubas1 and other handsome-foliaged shrubs1 to give brightness to the spring flowering1 and rich colour to the foliage in autumn4 ,in the spaces between we introduced wild ,hyacinths everywhere1 and in patches amongst these the ,red ,campion1 together with every other pretty wild flower we could obtain--,forget-me-nots1 ,globe-flowers1 ,columbines1 ,anemones1 ,primroses1 ,cowslips1 ,polyanthuses1 ,campanulas1 ,golden ,rods1 etc4 ,all the bulbs which have bloomed in the greenhouses are planted out in these spaces1 so that there are now large clumps of choice sorts of ,crocus1 ,tulip1 ,narcissus1 and ,hyacinth4 ,we have also planted bulbs very extensively1 and as they have been allowed to grow on undisturbed we have now large patches of ,daffodils1 ,narcissi1 and other spring flowers in great beauty and exuberance4 ,when we trim the garden all the spare plants are brought here1 where they form a reserve1 and it is thus gradually getting stocked1 and all the bare ground covered with foliage and flowers4 ,lastly1 for autumn blooming we raised large quantities of ,foxgloves in every colour1 and the larger ,campanulas1 and these were pricked out everywhere1 so that we have a glorious show of ,foxglove flowers to close the year worth all the trouble4 ,a wild garden of this sort is a very useful reserve ground1 where many a plant survives after it has been lost in the borders4 ,such spare seedlings as the ,aquilegias1 ,campanulas1 ,primulas1 ,trolliuses1 and other hardy plants can here find space until wanted elsewhere1 and one can frequently find blooms for bouquets in the dell when the garden flowers are over4 ,the ,lily of the ,valley and ,sweet ,violet also flourish here1 creeping over heaps of stones1 and flower more freely than they do in more open situations4 ,visitors often say that the dell beats all the rest of the garden for beauty1 and it certainly gives less trouble in the attainment4 ,brockhurst1 ,didsbury4 ,in ,garden4 ,,wm4 ,,brockbank4 ,,the ,,wild ,,garden ,,in ,,america4#b ,probably many of your readers will ask1 8,what is a wild garden80 ,when ,i came to ,london1 about fifteen years ago1 8flower-gardening0 had but one mode of expression only1 viz4 8bedding out10 and that in its harshest form--ribbons1 borders1 and solid masses of flowers of one colour and one height4 ,the old hardy flowers had been completely swept away2 the various and once popular race of so-called florist's flowers were rarely or never seen4 ,as a consequence1 gardens were indescribably monotonous to any person with the faintest notion of the inexhaustible charms of the plant world4 ,this kind of flower-gardening has the same relation to true art in a garden which the daubs of colour on an ,indian's blanket have to the best pictures4 ,in fighting1 some years later1 in the various journals open to me1 the battle of nature and variety against this saddening and blank monotony1 ,i was occasionally met by a ridicule of the old-fashioned mixed border which the bedding plants had supplanted4 ,now1 a well-arranged and varied mixed border may be made one of the most beautiful of gardens2 but to so form it requires some knowledge of plants1 as well as good taste4 ,nevertheless1 the objection was just as concerned the great majority of mixed borders2 they were ragged1 unmeaning1 and even monotonous4 ,i next began to consider the various ways in which hardy plants might be grown wholly apart from either way 7the bedding plants or that of the mixed border71 and the wild garden1 or garden formed in the wilderness1 grove1 shrubbery1 copse1 or rougher parts of the pleasure garden1 was a pet idea which ,i afterwards threw into the form of a book with this name4 ,in nearly all our gardens we have a great deal of surface wholly wasted--wide spaces in the shrubbery frequently dug over in the winter1 plantations1 grass-walks1 hedgerows1 rough banks1 slopes1 etc41 which hitherto have grown only grass and weeds1 and on these a rich garden flora may be grown4 ,hundreds of the more vigorous and handsome herbaceous plants that exist will thrive in these places and do further good in exterminating weeds and preventing the need of digging4 ,every kind of surface may be embellished by a person with any slight knowledge of hardy plants--ditch-banks1 gravel-pits1 old trees1 hedge-banks1 rough1 grassy places that are never mown1 copses1 woods1 lanes1 rocky or stony ground4 ,the tendency has always been to suppose that a plant from another country than our own was a subject requiring much attention1 not thinking that the conditions that occur in such places as mentioned above1 are1 as a rule1 quite as favourable as those that obtain in nature throughout the great northern regions of ,europe1 ,asia1 and ,america4 ,here some common plants of the woods of the ,eastern ,states are considered rarities and coddled accordingly to their destruction4 ,it is quite a phenomenon to see a flower on the little ,yellow ,dog's-,tooth ,violet1 which ,i remember seeing in quantity among the grass in your noble ,central ,park4 ,when one has but a few specimens of a plant1 it is best no doubt to carefully watch them4 ,but an exposed and carefully dug garden border is the worst place to grow many wood and copse plants 7,i mean plants that grow naturally in such places71 and in many uncultivated spots here the ,american ,dog's-,tooth ,violet would flower quite as freely as at home4 ,your beautiful little ,may-flower1 ,epiga repens1 we have never succeeded in growing in our best ,american nurseries1 as they are called1 which grow your ,rhododendrons and other flowering shrubs so well4 ,if a number of young plants of this were put out in a sandy fir-wood1 under the shrubs and pines1 as they grow in ,new ,jersey1 we should succeed at once4 ,your beautiful ,trillium grandiflorum is usually seen here in a poor state2 but ,i have seen a plant in a shady position in a shrubbery1 in rich1 moist soil1 quite two feet through and two feet high4 ,illustration3 ,woodruft and ,ivy4 ,i mention these things to show that the wild garden may even have advantages from the point of view of cultivation4 ,another advantage is the facilities it affords us for enjoying representations of the vegetation of other countries4 ,here1 for example1 the poorest soil in the most neglected copse will grow a mixture of golden rods and asters1 which will give us an aspect of vegetation everywhere seen in ,american woods in autumn4 ,this to you may appear a very commonplace delight2 but as we have nothing at all like it1 it is welcome4 ,besides1 we in this way get the golden rods and coarser asters out of the garden proper1 in which they used to overrun the choicer plants1 and where they did much to disgrace the mixed border4 ,so1 in like manner1 you may1 in ,new ,england or ,new ,jersey1 make wild gardens of such of our ,english flowers as you love4 ,for example1 the now numerous and very handsome varieties of our ,primroses1 ,polyanthuses1 and ,oxlips would probably succeed better with you in moist places1 in woods1 or partially shaded positions1 than in the open garden4 ,there can be no doubt in which position they would look best4 ,but let us suppose for a moment that there was no other object for the wild garden in ,america than growing the many lovely wild flowers that inhabit the land1 it is sufficient4 ,here some of your wildlings are the darlings of our rock-garden growers1 though we are far from possessing all the bright flowers and graceful trailers that adorn the bogs and woods and heaths of the ,eastern ,states4 ,it would be most wise1 in case of possessing a little bit of wood or copse1 adorned naturally with the trailing ,partridge ,berry1 and the rosy ,lady's ,slipper 7,cypripedium acaule71 which ,i noticed growing so plentifully1 to preserve the spot as a wild garden1 and add to it such home and foreign1 free and handsome hardy plants1 as one could obtain4 ,it is impossible in this letter to speak of the various kinds of wild gardens1 but the opportunity which the system offers for embellishing cool shady places is one which should make it interesting to the people to whose language belongs the term 8shade trees40 ,usually flower beds and borders are in the full sun--a very proper arrangement in a cool country4 ,but even in our climate1 there are in the warm months many days in which the woodland shade is sought in preference to the open lawn1 and when the fully-exposed garden is deserted4 ,therefore1 it is clearly desirable that we have flowers in shady as well as sunny places4 ,many plants1 too1 love the shade1 and we only require to plant the most suitable of these to enjoy a charming wild garden4 ,it need not be pointed out to ,americans that a vast number of herbaceous plants naturally inhabit woods4 ,in ,america1 where shade is such a necessity1 the wild garden in the shade will be the most delightful retreat near the country house4 ,in it many of the plants common in the gardens of all northern countries will1 without wearisome attention1 flower in the spring4 ,for the early summer months flowers of a somewhat later period will be selected1 as1 for example1 the later ,irises--lovely hardy flowers1 the tall ,asphodel ,a4 ramosus1 the ,day ,lilies 7,hemerocallis71 the ,solomon's ,seal and some of its allies1 the ,veronicas1 tall ,phloxes1 the great ,scarlet ,poppy 7,papaver bracteatum71 ,symphytums in variety2--these are all free-growing and admirable plants for the wild wood-garden4 ,mulleins 7,verbascum71 ,salvias1 ,harebells 7,campanula71 ,willow herbs1 tall ,lupines1 ,geraniums1 ,spurges1 ,meadow ,rues1 ,columbines1 ,delphiniums1 and the latest wind flowers 7,anemone74 ,later still1 and in the sunny days1 would come the various beautiful everlasting peas1 various plants of the ,mallow tribe1 the ,poke ,weeds1 broad-leaved ,sea ,lavender1 and other vigorous kinds1 the ,globe ,thistles1 ,acanthuses1 the free-flowering ,yuccas1 such as ,y4 flaccida and ,y4 filamentosa1 the common ,artichoke1 with its noble flowers2 and in autumn1 a host of the ,golden ,rods and ,michaelmas ,daisies4 ,these are so common in ,america that adding them to the wild garden would probably be considered a needless labour2 but the substitution of the various really beautiful species of aster for those commonly found and of inferior beauty would well repay4 ,in case it were thought desirable in making a wild garden in a shady position to grow plants that do not attain perfection in such positions1 they might be grown in the more open parts at hand1 and sufficiently near to be seen in the picture4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,a ,,plan ,,for ,,the ,,embellishment ,,of ,,the ,,shrubbery ,,borders ,,in ,,london ,,parks4 ,illustration3 ,dug and mutilated ,shrubbery in ,st4 ,james's ,park4 ,sketched in winter of #ahgi4 ,in the winter season1 or indeed at any other season1 one of the most melancholy things to be seen in our parks and gardens are the long1 bare1 naked shrubberies1 extending1 as along the ,bayswater ,road1 more or less for a mile in a place2 the soil greasy1 black1 seamed with the mutilated roots of the poor shrubs and trees2 which are none the better1 but very much the worse1 for the cruel annual attention of digging up their young roots without returning any adequate nourishment or good to the soil4 ,culturally1 the whole thing is suicidal1 both for trees and plants4 ,the mere fact of men having to pass through one of those shrubberies every autumn1 and1 as they fancy1 8prune0 and otherwise attend to unfortunate shrubs and low trees1 leads to this1 and especially to the shrubs taking the appearance of inverted besoms4 ,thus a double wrong is done1 and at great waste of labour4 ,any interesting life that might be in the ground is destroyed1 and the whole appearance of the shrubbery is made hideous from the point of view of art2 all good culture of flowering or evergreen shrubs destroyed or made impossible4 ,this system is an orthodox one1 that has descended to us from other days1 the popular idea being that the right thing to do in autumn is to dig the shrubbery4 ,the total abolition of this system1 and the adoption of the one to be presently described1 would lead to the happiest revolution ever effected in gardening1 and be a perfectly easy1 practicable means for the abolition of the inverted besoms1 and the choke-muddle shrubbery1 and these awful wastes of black soil and mutilated roots4 ,two ideas should be fixed in the mind of the improver1 the one being to allow all the beautiful shrubs to assume their natural shapes1 either singly or in groups1 with sufficient space between to allow of their fair development1 so that the shrubbery might1 in the flowering season1 or indeed at all seasons1 be the best kind of conservatory--a beautiful winter garden even1 with the branches of most of the shrubs touching the ground1 no mutilation whatever visible1 and no hard dug line outside the shrubs4 ,this last improvement could easily be effected by forming a natural fringe1 so to say1 by breaking up the usual hard edge from good planting2 by letting1 in fact1 the edge be formed by well-furnished shrubs projected beyond the hard line1 and running in and out as they do on a hill copse1 or as the box bushes sometimes do on a ,sussex down4 ,here care1 variety in selection1 taste and skill in grouping1 so as to allow different subjects1 whether placed singly or in groups1 or little groves1 being in a position where they may grow well and be seen to advantage1 would lead to the most charming results in the open-air garden4 ,with sufficient preparation at first1 such shrubberies would be the cause of very little trouble afterwards4 ,now1 such beauty could be obtained without any further aid from other plants2 and in many cases it might be desirable to consider the trees and shrubs and their effect only1 and let the turf spread in among them2 but we have the privilege of adding to this beautiful tree and shrub life another world of beauty--the bulbs and herbaceous plants1 and innumerable beautiful things which go to form the ground flora1 so to say1 of northern and temperate countries1 and which light up the world with loveliness in meadow or copse1 or wood or alpine pasture in the flowering season4 ,the surface which is dug and wasted in all our parks1 and in numbers of our gardens1 should be occupied with this varied life2 not in the miserable old mixed border fashion1 with each plant stuck up with a stick1 but with the plants in groups and colonies between the shrubs4 ,in the spaces where turf would not thrive1 or where it might be troublesome to keep fresh1 we should have irises1 or narcissi1 or lupines1 or ,french willows1 or ,japan anemones1 or any of scores of other lovely things which people cannot now find a place for in our stiff gardens4 ,the soil which now does little work1 and in which the tree-roots every year are mercilessly dug up1 would support myriads of lovely plants4 ,the necessity of allowing abundant space to the shrubs and trees1 both in the young and the adult stage1 gives us some space to deal with1 which may be occupied with weeds if we do not take care of it4 ,the remedy1 then1 is to replace the weed by a beautiful flower1 and to let some handsome hardy plant of the northern world occupy each little space2 keeping it clean for us1 and1 at the same time1 repaying us by abundant bloom1 or fine foliage or habit4 ,this system in the first place allows the shrubs themselves to cover the ground to a great extent4 ,in the ,london parks now every shrub is cut under so as to allow the digger to get near it2 and this leads to the most comical and villainous of shapes ever assumed by bushes4 ,even the lilac bushes1 which we see so horribly stiff1 will cover the ground with their branches if allowed room enough2 therefore1 to a great extent1 we should have the branches themselves covering the ground instead of what we now see4 ,but open spaces1 little bays and avenues running in among the shrubs1 are absolutely essential1 if we want to fully enjoy what ought to be the beautiful inhabitants of our shrub garden4 ,such openings offer delightful retreats for hardy flowers1 many of which thrive better in semi-shady spots than they do in the open1 while the effect of the flowers is immeasurably enhanced by the foliage of the shrubs around4 ,to carry out this plan well1 one should have1 if possible1 a good selection of the shrubs to begin with1 although the plainest shrubbery1 which is not overgrown or overcrowded1 may be embellished with hardy plants on the ground4 ,the plan may be adopted in the case of new shrubberies being formed1 or in the case of old ones2 though the old ones are frequently so dried up and overcrowded that great alterations would have to be made here and there4 ,in the case of young shrubberies it is1 of course1 necessary at first to keep the surface open for a while until the shrubs have taken hold of the ground2 then the interesting colonies to which we alluded may be planted4 ,illustration3 ,colony of the ,snowdrop-,anemone in ,shrubbery not dug4 ,anemone taking the place of weeds or bare earth4 ,an essential thing is to abolish utterly the old dotting principle of the mixed border1 as always ugly and always bad from a cultural point of view4 ,instead of sticking a number of things in one place1 with many labels1 and graduating them from the back to the front1 so as to secure the stiffest imaginable kind of arrangement1 the true way is to have in each space wide colonies or groups of one kind1 or more than one kind4 ,here is a little bay1 for example1 with the turf running into it1 a handsome holly feathered to the turf forming one promontory1 and a spreading evergreen barberry1 with its fine leaves also touching the ground1 forming the other4 ,as the turf passes in between those two it begins to be colonised with little groups of the pheasant's-eye ,narcissus1 and soon in the grass is changed into a waving meadow of these fair flowers and their long grayish leaves4 ,they carry the eye in among the other shrubs1 and perhaps carry it to some other colony of a totally different plant behind--an early and beautiful boragewort1 say1 with its bright blue flowers1 also in a spreading colony4 ,some might say1 ,your flowers of narcissi only last a certain time2 how are you going to replace them8 ,the answer is1 that they occupy1 and beautifully embellish1 a place that before was wholly naked1 and worse than naked1 and in this position we contend that our narcissi should be seen in all their stages of bud and bloom and decay without being hurried out of the world as soon as their fair bloom is over1 as they are on the border or in the greenhouse4 ,they are worth growing if we only secure this one beautiful aspect of vegetation where before all was worse than lost4 ,we also secure plenty of cut flowers without troubling the ordinary resources of the garden4 ,we might then pass on to another1 of the ,german iris1 occupying not only a patch1 but a whole clump2 for these enormous ,london parks of ours have acres and acres on every side of this greasy dug earth which ought to sparkle with flowers2 and1 therefore1 a very fine plant might be seen to a large extent4 ,and how much better for the gardener or cultivator to have to deal with one in one place than be tormented with a hundred little 8dots0 of flowers--alpine1 rock1 wood1 copse1 or meadow plants--all mixed up in that usually wretched soup called the 8mixed border06 ,no plants that require staking ought to be used in the way we are speaking of4 ,day lilies1 for example1 are good plants4 ,in some bold opening what a fine effect we could get by having a spreading colony of these therein2 scores of plants might be named1 that want no sticking1 for such places4 ,each plant having a sufficient space and forming its own colony1 there is much less doubt in case of alterations as to what should be done4 ,in fact1 in the case of an intelligent cultivator1 there should be no doubt4 ,observe the advantage of this plan4 ,instead of seeing the same plants everywhere1 we should pass on from narcissi to iris1 from iris to bluebell1 and thus meet with a different kind of vegetation in each part of the park or garden1 instead of the eternal monotony of privet and long dreary line of 8golden-feather0 everywhere4 ,the same kind of variety1 as suggested for the flowers1 should be seen among the shrubs4 ,the sad planter's mixture--privet1 laurel1 etc4--taking all the colour and all the life and charm out of the shrubbery1 should be avoided2 so1 too1 the oppressive botanical business1 with everything labelled1 and plants classified out of doors as they are in an herbarium4 ,they should be put where they would look well and grow best4 ,well carried out1 such a system would involve labour1 and1 above all things1 taste at first2 but it would eventually resolve itself into the judicious removal of interloping weeds4 ,the labour that is now given to dig and mutilate once a year and keep clean at other times of the year would easily1 on the plan proposed1 suffice for a much larger area4 ,more intelligence would certainly be required4 ,any ignorant man can dig around and mutilate a shrub and chop up a white lily if he meets it6 ,but any person taught to distinguish between our coarse native weeds and the beautiful plants we want to establish1 passing round now and then1 would keep all safe4 ,on a large scale1 in the ,london parks1 such a plan would be impossible to carry out without a nursery garden2 that is to say1 the things wanted should be in such abundance1 that making the features of the kind we suggest would be easy to the superintendent4 ,the acres and acres of black surface should themselves afford here and there a little ground where the many hardy plants adapted for this kind of gardening might be placed and increased4 ,this1 supposing that a real want of the public gardens of ,london--a large and well-managed nursery in the pure air--is never carried out3 the wastefulness of buying everything they want--even the commonest things--is a costly drawback to our ,london public gardens4 ,at the very least we should have #ajj acres of nursery gardens for the planting and replanting of the ,london parks4 ,so1 too1 there ought to be intelligent labour to carry out this artistic planting2 and with the now-awakened taste for some variety in the garden1 one cannot doubt that a few years will give us a race of intelligent young men1 who know a little of the plants that grow in northern countries1 and whose mental vision is not begun and ended by the ribbon border4 ,the treatment of the margin of the shrubbery is a very important point here4 ,at present it is stiff--the shrubs cut in or the trees cut in1 and an unsightly border running straight along1 perhaps with a tile edging4 ,well1 the right way is to have a broken margin1 to let the shrubs run in and out themselves1 and let them form the margin2 let them come to the ground in fact1 not stiffly1 and here and there growing right outside the ordinary boundary1 in a little group4 ,throw away altogether the crowded masses of starved privet and pruned laurel1 and let the turf pass right under a group of fine trees where such are found4 ,this turf itself might be dotted in spring with snowdrops and early flowers2 nothing1 in fact1 would be easier than for any intelligent person1 who knew and cared for trees and shrubs1 to change the monotonous wall of shrubbery into the most delightful of open-air gardens2 abounding in beautiful life1 from the red tassels on the topmost maples to flowers in the grass for children4 ,illustration3 ,colony of the ,summer ,snowflake1 on margin of shrubbery4 ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,,the ,,principal ,,types ,,of ,,hardy ,,exotic ,,flowering ,,plants ,,for ,,the ,,wild ,,garden4 ,wherever there is room1 these plants should be at first grown in nursery beds to ensure a good supply4 ,the number of nursery collections of hardy plants being now more numerous than they were a few years ago1 getting the plants is not so difficult as it once was4 ,the sources of supply are these nurseries2 seed houses1 who have lists of hardy plant seeds--many kinds may be easily raised from seed2 botanic gardens1 in which many plants are grown that hitherto have not found a place in our gardens1 and were not fitted for any mode of culture except that herein suggested2 orchards and cottage gardens in pleasant country places may supply desirable things from time to time2 and those who travel may bring seeds or roots of plants they meet with in cool1 temperate1 or mountain regions4 ,few plants1 not free of growth and hardy in the ,british ,islands without any attention after planting1 are included here3-- ,bear's ,breech1 ,acanthus4--,vigorous perennials with noble foliage1 mostly from ,southern ,europe4 ,long cast out of gardens1 they are now beginning to receive more of the attention they deserve4 ,in no position will they look better than carelessly planted here and there on the margin of a shrubbery or thicket1 where the leaves of the ,acanthus contrast well with those of the ordinary shrubs or herbaceous vegetation4 ,though quite hardy in all soils1 they flower most freely in free loamy soils4 ,not varying very much in character1 all obtainable hardy species would group well together4 ,the most vigorous kind at present in cultivation is one called ,a4 latifolius1 almost evergreen1 and a fine plant when well established4 ,few plants are more fitted for adorning wild and semi-wild places1 as they grow and increase without care1 and are for foliage or bloom unsurpassed by any of the numerous plants that have been so long neglected through their not being available in any popular system of 8flower gardening40 ,illustration3 ,the ,monkshood1 naturalised by wet ditch in wood4 ,monkshood1 ,aconitum4--,these are tall1 handsome perennials1 with very poisonous roots1 which make it dangerous to plant them in or near gardens4 ,being usually very vigorous in constitution1 they spread freely1 and hold their own amongst the strongest herbaceous plants and weeds2 masses of them seen in flower in copses or near hedgerows afford a very fine effect4 ,there are many species1 all nearly of equal value for the wild garden4 ,coming from the plains and mountains of ,siberia and ,northern ,europe and ,america1 they are among the hardiest of plants4 ,when spreading groups of ,aconites are in bloom in copses or open spaces in shrubberies1 their effect is far finer than when the plants are tied into bundles in trim borders4 ,the old blue-and-white kind is charming in half-shady spots1 attaining stately dimensions in good soil4 ,the species grow in any soil1 but are often somewhat stunted in growth on clay4 ,bugle1 ,ajuga4--,not a very numerous family so far as represented in gardens1 but some of the species are valuable for the wild garden1 notably ,ajuga genevensis1 which thrives freely in ordinary soils in open and half-shady places among dwarf vegetation1 and affords beautiful tufts and carpets of blue4 ,it spreads rapidly and is hardy everywhere4 ,the plants mostly come from the cool uplands and hills of the temperate regions of ,europe and ,asia4 ,yarrow1 ,achillea4--,a numerous family of hardy plants spread through ,northern ,asia1 ,italy1 ,greece1 ,turkey1 ,hungary1 etc41 but more in ,southern than in ,central or ,northern ,europe4 ,in the ,alps and ,pyrenees numerous species are found4 ,the ,golden ,yarrows 7,a4 ,eupatorium and ,a4 filipendulina7 are stately herbaceous plants1 with broad handsome corymbs of brilliantly showy flowers1 attaining a height of #c feet or #d feet1 and growing freely in any soil4 ,these are well worthy of naturalisation4 ,various other ,achilleas would grow quite as well in copses and rough places as the common ,yarrow1 but we know of none more distinct and brilliant than the preceding4 ,the vigorous white-flowering kinds are superb for shrubberies1 where their numerous white heads of flowers produce a singularly pleasing effect under the trees in summer4 ,with few exceptions these plants have never been grown out of botanic gardens1 many of them being thought too coarse for the mixed border4 ,they are1 nevertheless1 remarkably beautiful both in flower and foliage1 and many effects never before seen in gardens may be obtained by massing them under trees in shrubberies or copses1 as a rule allowing one species to establish itself in each place and assume an easy natural boundary of its own4 ,the small ,alpine species would be interesting plants for stony or bare rocky places4 ,allium4--,a most extensive genus of plants scattered in abundance throughout the northern temperate and alpine regions of ,europe and ,asia1 and also in ,america4 ,some of the species are very beautiful1 so much so as to claim for them a place in gardens notwithstanding their disagreeable odour4 ,it is in the wild garden only1 however1 that this family can find a fitting home2 there species that do not seem attractive enough for the garden proper would afford novel effects at certain seasons4 ,one of the most desirable effects to produce in the wild garden would be that of the beautiful white ,narcissus-like ,allium of the south of ,europe 7,a4 neapolitanum74 ,the sheets of this in the ,lemon orchards of ,provence will be remembered with pleasure by many travellers4 ,it would thrive in warm and sandy soils3 there is an allied species 7,a4 ciliatum7 which does well in any soil1 affords a similar effect1 and produces myriads of star-like white flowers4 ,numerous singular effects may be produced from species less showy and more curious and vigorous1 as for example the old yellow ,a4 ,moly4 ,illustration3 ,the white ,narcissus-like ,allium1 in the orchards of ,provence2 type of family receiving little place in gardens which may be beautiful for a season in wild places4 ,alstrmeria4--,all who care for hardy flowers must admire the beauty of ,alstrmeria aurantiaca1 especially when it spreads into bold healthy tufts1 and when there is a great variety in the height of the flowering stems4 ,a valuable quality of the plant is1 that in any light soil it spreads freely1 and it is quite hardy4 ,for dry places between shrubs1 for dry or sandy banks 7either wooded or bare71 copses1 or heathy places1 this plant is admirable4 ,i have noticed it thriving in the shade of fir trees4 ,it is interesting as being a ,south ,american plant1 thriving in any open soil4 ,marsh ,mallow1 ,altha4--,these are plants rarely seen out of botanic gardens now-a-days1 and yet1 from their vigour and showy flowers1 they may afford unique effects in the wild garden4 ,the common ,hollyhock is an ,altha1 and in its single form is typical of the vigorous habit and the numerous showy flowers of other rampant species1 such as ,a4 ficifolia4 ,a group of these plants would be very effective seen from a wood walk1 no kind of garden arrangement being large enough for their extraordinary vigour4 ,it is not a numerous genus1 but there are at least a dozen species1 principally found on the shores and islands of the ,mediterranean1 and also in ,western ,asia4 ,alyssum4--,in spring every little shoot of the wide tufts and flakes of these plants sends up a little fountain of small golden flowers4 ,for bare1 stony1 or rocky banks1 poor sandy ground1 and ruins1 they are admirable4 ,alyssum ,wiersbecki and ,a4 saxatile are strong enough to take care of themselves on the margins of shrubberies1 etc41 where the vegetation is not very coarse1 but they are more valuable for rocky or stony places1 or old ruins1 and thrive freely on cottage garden walls in some districts2 some of the less grown species would be welcome in such places4 ,there are many species1 natives of ,germany1 ,russia1 ,france1 ,italy1 ,corsica1 ,sicily1 ,hungary1 and ,dalmatia2 ,asia1 principally ,siberia1 the ,altai ,mountains1 ,georgia1 ,persia1 and the entire basin of the ,caspian1 is rich in them4 ,illustration3 ,the ,alpine ,windflower 7,anemone alpina74 ,windflower1 ,anemone4--,a numerous race of dwarf herbs that contribute largely to the most beautiful effects of the mountain1 wood1 and pasture vegetation of all northern and temperate climes4 ,the flowers vary from intense scarlet to the softest blue2 most of the exotic kinds would thrive as well in our woodlands and meadows as they do in their own4 ,there is hardly a position they may not adorn--warm1 sunny1 bare banks1 on which the ,grecian ,a4 blanda might open its large blue flowers in winter2 the tangled copse1 where the ,japan ,windflower and its varieties might make a bold show in autumn2 and the shady wood1 where the ,apennine ,windflower would contrast charmingly with the ,wood ,anemone so abundantly scattered in our own woods4 ,the ,hepaticas should be considered as belonging to the same genus1 not forgetting the ,hungarian one1 ,a4 angulosa4 ,the ,hepaticas thrive best and are seen best in half-woody places1 where the spring sun may cheer them by passing through the branches1 which afterwards become leafy and shade them from the scorching heats of summer4 ,st4 ,bruno's ,lily1 ,anthericum4--,one of the most lovely aspects of vegetation in the alpine meadows of ,europe is that afforded by the delicate white flowers of the ,st4 ,bruno's ,lily in the ,grass in early summer1 looking like miniature white ,lilies4 ,all who have seen it would no doubt like to enjoy the same in their turfy lawns or ,grassy places1 and there should be no difficulty in establishing it4 ,the large-flowered or major variety might be tried with advantage in this way1 and the smaller-flowered kinds1 ,a4 ,liliago and its varieties1 are equally suitable4 ,they are not so likely to find favour in gardens as the larger kind1 and therefore the wild garden is the home for them1 and in it many will admire their graceful habit and numerous flowers4 ,all the species best worth growing are natives of the alpine meadows of ,europe4 ,alkanet1 ,anchusa4--,tall and handsome herbaceous plants1 with numerous flowers of a fine blue1 admirable for dotting about in open places in sunny glades in woods or copses4 ,they mostly come from ,southern ,europe and ,western ,asia4 ,a4 italica and ,a4 capensis are among the most useful4 ,the ,english ,anchusa sempervirens1 rare in some places1 is an excellent wild garden plant4 ,snapdragon1 ,antirrhinum4--,the common ,snapdragon and its beautifully spotted varieties are easily naturalised on old walls and ruins by sowing the seed in old or mossy chinks4 ,antirrhinum ,asarinum1 rupestre1 and molle do well treated in the same way4 ,probably many other species would be found good in like places4 ,about two dozen species are known1 but comparatively few of these are in cultivation4 ,they mostly come from the shores of the ,mediterranean4 ,columbine1 ,aquilegia4--,favourite herbaceous plants1 generally of various shades of blue and purple1 white1 and sometimes bright orange4 ,the varieties of the common kind 7,a4 vulgaris71 which are very numerous1 are those most likely to be naturalised4 ,in elevated and moist districts some of the beautiful ,rocky ,mountain kinds would be worth a trial in bare places4 ,in places where wild gardens have been formed the effect of ,columbines in the ,grass has been one of the most beautiful that have been obtained4 ,the flowers group themselves in all sorts of pretty ways1 showing just above the long ,grass1 and possessing great variety of colour4 ,the vigorous and handsome ,a4 chrysantha of ,western ,america is the most hardy and enduring of the ,american kinds4 ,the species are of a truly northern and alpine family1 most abundant in ,siberia4 ,illustration3 ,siberian ,columbine in rocky place4 ,wall ,cress1 ,arabis4--,dwarf alpine plants1 spreading in habit1 and generally producing myriads of white flowers1 exceedingly suitable for the decoration of sandy or rocky ground1 where the vegetation is very dwarf4 ,with them may be associated ,cardamine trifolia and ,thlaspi latifolium1 which resemble the ,arabises in habit and flowers4 ,all these are particularly suited for association with the purple ,aubrietias1 or yellow ,alyssums1 and in bare and rocky or gravelly places1 old walls1 sunk fences1 etc4 ,sandwort1 ,arenaria4--,a most important family of plants for the wild garden1 though perhaps less so for lowland gardens where more vigorous types flourish4 ,there are1 however1 certain species that are vigorous and indispensable1 such as ,a4 montana and ,a4 graminifolia4 ,the smaller alpine species are charming for rocky places1 and the little creeping ,a4 balearica has quite a peculiar value1 inasmuch as moist rocks or stones suffice for its support4 ,it covers such surfaces with a close carpet of green1 dotted with numerous star-like flowers4 ,some of the smaller species1 such as ,arenaria cspitosa 7,sagina glabra var471 better known as ,spergula pilifera1 might be grown in the gravel1 and even used to convert bare and sandy places into carpets of ,mossy turf4 ,in certain positions in large gardens it would be an improvement to allow the very walks or drives to become covered with very dwarf plants--plants which could be walked upon with little injury4 ,the surface would be dry enough1 being drained below1 and would be more agreeable to the feet4 ,removing any coarse weeds that established themselves would be much easier than the continual hoeing and scraping required to keep the walk bare4 ,of course this only refers to walks in rough or picturesque places--the wild garden and the like--in which formal bare walks are somewhat out of place4 ,illustration3 ,tall ,asphodel in copse4 ,asphodel1 ,asphodelus4--,the ,asphodels are among the plants that have never been popular in the mixed border1 nor are they likely to be so1 the habit of the species being somewhat coarse and the flowering period not long1 and yet they are of a stately and distinct order of beauty1 which well deserves to be represented in open spaces1 in shrubberies1 or on their outer fringes4 ,the plants are mostly natives of the countries round the ,mediterranean1 and thrive freely in ordinary soils4 ,lords and ,ladies1 ,arum4--,mostly a tropical and sub-tropical family1 some of which grow as far north as southern ,europe4 ,these are quite hardy in our gardens4 ,the ,italian ,arum is well worthy of a place in the wild garden1 from its fine foliage in winter4 ,it should be placed in sheltered half-shady places where it would not suffer much from storms4 ,the old ,dragon plant 7,a4 ,dracontium7 grows freely enough about the foot of rocks or walls in sandy1 or dry1 peaty places4 ,the nearly allied ,arum ,lily 7,calla thiopica7 is quite hardy as a water and water-side plant in the southern counties of ,england and ,ireland4 ,silkweed1 ,asclepias4--,usually vigorous perennials1 with very curious and ornamental flowers1 common in fields and on river banks in ,north ,america and ,canada1 where they sometimes become troublesome weeds4 ,of the species in cultivation1 ,a4 ,cornuti and ,a4 ,douglasi could be naturalised easily in rich deep soil in wild places4 ,the showy and dwarfer ,asclepias tuberosa requires very warm sand soils to flower as well as in its own dry hills and fields4 ,a good many of the hardy species are not introduced2 for such the place is the wild garden4 ,some of them are water-side plants1 such as ,a4 incarnata1 the ,swamp ,silkweed of the ,united ,states4 ,starwort1 ,aster4--,a very large family of usually vigorous1 often showy1 and sometimes beautiful perennials1 mostly with bluish or white flowers1 chiefly natives of ,north ,america4 ,many of these1 of an inferior order of beauty1 used to be planted in our mixed borders1 which they very much helped to bring into discredit1 and they form a very good example of a class of plants for which the true place is the copse1 or rough and half-cared-for places in shrubberies and copses1 and by wood-walks1 where they will grow as freely as any native weeds1 and in many cases prove highly attractive in late summer and autumn4 ,such kinds as ,a4 pyrensus1 ,amellus1 and turbinellus1 are amongst the most ornamental perennials we have4 ,with the ,asters may be grouped the ,galatellas1 the ,vernonias1 and also the handsome and rather dwarf ,erigeron speciosus1 which1 however1 not being so tall1 could not fight its way among such coarse vegetation as that in which the ,asters may be grown4 ,associated with the ,golden ,rods 7,solidago7--also common plants of the ,american woods and copses--the best of the ,asters or ,michaelmas ,daisies will form a very interesting aspect of vegetation4 ,it is that one sees in ,american woods in late summer and autumn when the ,golden ,rods and ,asters are seen in bloom together4 ,it is one of numerous aspects of the vegetation of other countries which the 8wild garden0 will make possible in gardens4 ,to produce such effects the plants must1 of course1 be planted in some quantity in one part of a rather open wood1 and not repeated all over the place or mixed up with many other things4 ,nearly #bjj species are known1 about #aej of which form part of the rich vegetation of ,north ,america4 ,these fine plants inhabit that great continent1 from ,mexico--where a few are found--to the ,united ,states and ,canada1 where they abound1 and even up to the regions altogether arctic of that quarter of the world4 ,milk ,vetch1 ,astragalus4--,an enormously numerous family of beautiful hardy plants1 represented to but a very slight extent in our gardens1 though hundreds of them are hardy1 and many of them among the most pleasing of the many ,pea flowers which adorn the hills and mountains of the northern world in ,asia1 ,europe1 and ,america4 ,they are mostly suited for rocky or gravelly situations1 or bare banks1 though some of the taller species1 like ,a4 galegiformis1 are stout enough to take care of themselves among the larger perennials4 ,this plant is valuable for its handsome port and foliage1 though its flowering qualities are not such as recommend it for the garden proper4 ,the numerous species from the ,mediterranean shores and islands could be successfully introduced on banks and slopes in our chalk districts and in rocky places4 ,a4 ponticus1 a tall kind1 and ,a4 monspessulanus1 a dwarf one1 are both worth growing4 ,masterwort1 ,astrantia4--,this is an elegant genus1 of which few species are known1 five being ,european--found in ,italy1 ,carinthia1 ,greece1 and the centre of ,europe--others from ,northern ,asia4 ,they are among the few umbellates with attractive and distinct flowers1 and yet they are rarely seen in gardens4 ,in the wild garden they are quite at home among the ,grass and medium-sized herbaceous plants1 and partial shade prolongs their quaint beauty4 ,in fact they are far more at home in the thin wood or copse than in the open exposed mixed border4 ,blue ,rock ,cress1 ,aubrietia4--,dwarf ,alpine plants1 with purplish flowers1 quite distinct in aspect and hue from anything else grown in our gardens1 and never perishing from any cause1 except being overrun by coarser subjects4 ,they are admirable for association with the ,alyssums and ,arabises in any position where the vegetation is very dwarf1 or in rocky bare places4 ,there are several species and varieties1 all almost equally suitable1 but not differing much in aspect or stature from each other4 ,the ,aubrietias come chiefly from the mountains of ,greece1 ,asia ,minor1 and neighbouring countries4 ,wherever there is an old wall1 or a sunk fence1 or a bare bank1 evergreen curtains may be formed of these plants1 and in spring they will be sheeted with purple flowers1 no matter how harsh the weather4 ,great ,birthwort1 ,aristolochia ,sipho4--,a noble plant for covering arbours1 banks1 stumps of old trees1 etc41 also wigwam-like bowers1 formed with branches of trees4 ,it is ,american1 and will grow as high as thirty feet1 ,a4 tomentosa is distinct and not so large in leaf4 ,these will scarcely be grown for their flowers2 but for covering stumps or trees they are valuable1 and afford a distinct type of foliage4 ,virginian ,creepers1 ,ampelopsis4--,although this chapter is mostly devoted to herbaceous plants1 the ,virginian ,creeper and its allies are so useful for forming curtains in rocky places1 ravines1 or over old trees1 that they deserve mention here4 ,these plants are not very distant relations of the vine--the wild ,american vines which are worthy of a place in our groves1 garlanding trees as they do in a grand way4 ,some noble in colour of leaf are grown in nurseries--,u4 ,humboldti being remarkable both for colour and size of leaf4 ,bamboo1 ,bambusa4--,in many parts of ,england1 ,ireland1 and ,wales1 various kinds of ,bamboos are perfectly hardy1 and not only hardy1 but thrive freely4 ,in cold1 dry1 and inland districts1 it is true1 they grow with difficulty--all the greater reason for making the best use of them where they grow freely4 ,their beauty is the more precious from their being wholly distinct in habit from any other plants or shrubs that we grow4 ,the delicate feathering of the young1 tall1 and slender shoots1 the charming arching of the stems1 have often been fertile in suggestion to the ,japanese artist1 and often adorn his best work4 ,they may be enjoyed with all the charms of life in many gardens4 ,the wild garden1 where the climate is suitable1 is the best home for ,bamboos4 ,they are so tall and so enduring at the roots that they will take care of themselves among the tallest and strongest plants or bushes1 and the partial shelter of the thin wood or copse preserves their abundant leaves from violent and cold winds4 ,along by quiet ,grass walks1 in sheltered dells1 in little bogs1 in the shrubbery1 or in little lawns opened in woods for the formation of wild gardens1 the ,bamboo will be at home4 ,the commonest kind is that generally known as ,arundinaria falcata 7sometimes called ,bambusa gracilis72 but others1 such as ,bambusa ,metake1 ,b4 ,simmonsi1 and ,b4 viridis-glaucescens1 are of equal or greater value4 ,they all delight in rich1 light1 and moist soils4 ,baptisia4--,a strong ,lupin-like plant seldom grown in gardens1 but beautiful when in bloom for its long blue racemes of pea flowers1 growing three to four feet high2 it will hold its own in strong soil4 ,borage1 ,borago4--,a genus seldom seen out of ,botanic gardens1 where they form part of the usual distressing arrangements honoured with the name of 8scientific40 ,among the best kinds for our purpose are ,b4 cretica and ,b4 orientalis1 even the well-known annual kind will be found a pretty plant1 naturalised and useful for covering mounds4 ,bell-flower1 ,campanula4--,beautiful and generally blue-flowered herbs1 varying from a few inches to #d ft4 in height1 and abundantly scattered in northern and temperate countries4 ,many kinds are in cultivation4 ,all the medium-sized and large kinds thrive very well in rough places1 woods1 copses1 or shrubberies1 among grasses and other herbaceous plants2 while those smaller in size than our own harebell 7,c4 rotundifolia7 are quite at home1 and very pretty1 on any arid or bare surfaces1 such as sandy banks1 chalk pits1 and even high up on old walls1 ruins1 etc4 ,in such positions the seeds have only to be scattered4 ,c4 rapunculoides and ,c4 lamiifolia do finely in shrubberies or copses1 as1 indeed1 do all the tall-growing kinds4 ,where there are white varieties they should be secured2 many people will begin to see the great beauty of this family for the first time when they see them growing among the grass or herbs4 ,the effect is far more beautiful than can be obtained in the garden proper4 ,red ,valerian1 ,centranthus ruber4--,this showy and pleasing plant is only seen in highest perfection on elevated banks1 rubbish-heaps1 or old walls1 in which positions it endures much longer than on the level ground1 and becomes a long-lived perennial with a shrubby base4 ,on the long bridge across the ,nore at ,col4 ,tighe's place1 ,woodstock1 ,kilkenny1 it grows in abundance1 forming a long line on the wall above the arches2 of course it could be easily grown on ruins1 while it is invaluable for banks of all kinds1 chalk pits1 etc41 and also for the level ground1 except in heavy cold soils4 ,some of the larger ,valerianas would grow freely in rough places1 but none of them are so distinct as the preceding4 ,knap-weed1 ,centaurea4--,vigorous perennial or annual herbaceous plants1 seldom so pretty as autumn-sown plants of our corn bluebottle 7,c4 ,cyanus74 ,they are scarcely important enough for borders2 hence the wild wood is the place for them4 ,among the most suitable kinds may be mentioned macrocephala1 montana1 babylonica1 and uniflora1 the last more suitable for banks1 etc4 ,mouse-ear1 ,cerastium4--,dwarf spreading perennials1 bearing a profusion of white flowers4 ,half a dozen or more of the kinds have silvery leaves1 which1 with their flowers1 give them an attractive character4 ,most of these are used as bedding plants1 but1 as they will grow in any position where they are not choked by coarser plants1 they may be employed with good effect in the wild garden4 ,wallflower1 ,cheiranthus4--,the varieties of the common wallflower afford quite a store of beauty in themselves for the embellishment of rocky places1 old walls1 etc4 ,probably other species of ,cheiranthus will be found to grow on ruins quite as well1 but at present we are not quite sure of these4 ,the clear yellow ,erysimum ochroleucum is very like a wallflower in type1 and thrives well in dry sandy places4 ,with these might be associated ,vesicaria utriculata4 ,illustration3 ,the foliage of the ,meadow ,saffron in ,spring4 ,meadow ,saffron1 ,colchicum4--,in addition to the meadow saffron1 plentifully dotted over the moist fields in various parts of ,england1 there are several other species which could be readily naturalised in almost any soil and position4 ,they would be particularly desirable where subjects that flower in autumn would be sought2 and they are charming1 seen in tufts or colonies on the lawn or in the pleasure-ground4 ,crocus4--,one or two ,crocuses are naturalised in ,england already1 and there is scarcely one of them that will not succeed thus if properly placed4 ,they should not be placed where coarse vegetation would choke them up or prevent the sun getting to their flowers and leaves4 ,some of the delicately-tinted varieties of vernus are well worth dotting about in grassy places and on sunny slopes1 if only to accompany the snowdrop4 ,c4 ,imperati is a valuable early-flowering kind1 and the autumnal flowering ones are particularly desirable2 but we must not particularise where all are good4 8,in the plantations here10 writes a correspondent1 8on each side of a long avenue1 we have the common ,crocus in every shade of purple 7there are scarcely any yellow ones7 growing literally in hundreds of thousands4 ,we have no record of when the roots were originally planted 7and the oldest people about the estate say they have always been the same as far as their recollection goes72 but they grow so thickly that it is quite impossible to step where they are without treading on two or three flowers4 ,the effect produced by them in spring is magnificent1 but unfortunately1 their beauty is but short-lived4 ,i have transplanted a good many roots to the wild garden1 to the great improvement of the size of the individual blooms2 they are so matted together in the shrubberies ,i have mentioned1 and have remained so long in the same place1 that the flowers are small40 ,illustration3 ,the ,white-flowered ,european ,clematis 7,c4 erecta74 ,virgin's ,bower1 ,clematis4--,mostly climbing or trailing plants1 free1 often luxuriant1 sometimes rampant1 in habit1 with bluish1 violet1 purple1 white1 or yellow flowers1 produced most profusely1 and sometimes deliciously fragrant4 ,they are most suited for covering stumps1 planting on rocky places1 among low shrubs in copses1 for draping over the faces of rocks1 sunny banks1 or the brows of sunk fences1 covering objectionable railings1 rough bowers1 chalk pits1 hedges1 etc41 and occasionally for isolating in large tufts in open spaces where their effect could be seen from a distance4 ,not particular as to soil1 the stronger kinds will grow in any ground1 but the large-flowered new hybrids will thrive best in warm1 rich1 deep soil4 ,c4 ,viorna1 ,c4 flammula1 montana1 campaniflora1 ,viticella1 and cirrhosa1 must not be omitted from a selection of the wild kinds4 ,the new garden hybrids will also be useful4 ,dwarf ,cornel1 ,cornus canadensis4--,this charming little bushy plant1 singularly beautiful from its white bracts1 is a very attractive subject for naturalisation in moist1 sandy1 or peaty spots1 in which our native heaths1 ,mitchella repens1 ,linna borealis1 and the ,butterworts would be likely to thrive4 ,it would also grow well in moist woods1 where the herbaceous vegetation is dwarf4 ,mocassin ,flower1 ,cypripedium spectabile4--,the noblest of hardy orchids1 found far north in ,america1 and thriving perfectly in ,england and ,ireland in deep rich or vegetable soil4 ,wherever the soil is not naturally peat or rich vegetable matter this fine plant will succeed on the margins of beds of rhododendrons1 etc4 ,it should be sheltered by surrounding bushes1 and be in a moist position4 ,others of the genus1 and various other hardy orchids1 are worthy of naturalisation2 but the mocassin flower is the best as well as the most easily tried at present4 ,sowbread1 ,cyclamen4--,it was the sight of a grove nearly covered with ,cyclamen hederfolium1 near ,montargis1 in ,france1 that first turned my attention to the 8,wild ,garden40 ,both ,c4 hederfolium and ,c4 europum may be naturalised with the greatest ease on light1 loamy1 or other warm and open soil4 ,c4 vernum1 ,c4 ,coum1 and ,c4 repandum1 are also well worthy of trial4 ,nothing can be more agreeable to the lover of hardy plants than endeavouring to naturalise these charming flowers1 now rarely seen out of the greenhouse4 ,the best positions would be among dwarf shrubs1 etc41 that would afford slight shelter1 on banks or sunny open spots in copses or woods4 ,bare or dug borders they abhor1 and a sunny warm exposure should be chosen4 ,in the case of ,c4 hederfolium 7and perhaps some of the others7 ground under trees1 bare1 or with a very scant vegetation of herbs1 etc41 would do quite well if the soil were free and warm4 ,there is scarcely a country seat in ,england in which the hardy ,cyclamens1 now almost entirely neglected by the gardener1 could not be naturalised4 ,illustration3 ,cyclamens in the wild garden2 from nature4 ,the ,giant ,sea-kale1 ,crambe4--8,c4 cordifolia is a very fine perennial1 but its place is on the turf in rich soil4 ,it has enormous leaves1 and small whitish flowers in panicles4 ,here it is one of the finest ornaments in a wild garden of about five acres1 associated with ,rheums1 ,ferulas1 ,gunneras1 ,centaurea babylonica1 ,arundo ,donax1 ,acanthus1 and others40 ,bindweed1 ,calystegia4--,climbing plants1 with handsome white or rosy flowers1 often too vigorous in constitution to be agreeable in gardens1 as is the case with our common bindweed4 ,c4 dahurica1 somewhat larger than the common kind1 is very handsome when allowed to trail through shrubs1 in rough places1 or over stumps1 rustic bridges1 etc41 and doubtless sundry other species will in time be found equally useful4 ,the pretty little ,rosy ,bindweed that one meets often upon the shores of the ,mediterranean is here depicted at home in an ,english garden1 creeping up the leaves of an ,iris in ,mr4 ,wilson's garden at ,heatherbank1 ,weybridge ,heath4 ,it is a great privilege we have of being able to grow the fair flowers of so many regions in our own1 and without caring for them in the sense1 and with the troubles that attend other living creatures in menageries1 aviaries1 etc4 ,this is an advantage that we do not evidently consider when we put a few plants in lines and circles only1 oblivious of the infinite beauty and variety of the rest4 ,this beautiful pink ,bindweed is the representative1 so to speak1 of our own ,rosy ,field ,bindweed in the south1 but nevertheless it is perfectly hardy and free in our own soils4 ,its botanical name is ,convolvulus althoides4 ,illustration3 ,a ,south ,european ,bindweed creeping up the stems of an ,iris in an ,english garden4 ,marsh ,calla1 ,calla palustris4--,a creeping ,arum-like plant1 with white flowers showing above a carpet of glossy leaves1 admirable for naturalisation in muddy places1 moist bogs1 on the margins of ponds1 etc4 ,rosy ,coronilla1 ,coronilla varia4--,europe4 ,on grassy banks1 stony heaps1 rough rocky ground1 spreading over slopes or any like positions4 ,a very fine plant for naturalisation1 thriving in any soil4 ,giant ,scabious1 ,cephalaria4--,allied to ,scabious but seldom grown4 ,they are worth a place in the wild garden for their fine vigour alone1 and the numerous pale yellow flowers will be admired by those who do not limit their admiration to showy colours4 ,coral-wort1 ,dentaria4--,very showy perennials1 the purplish or white flowers of which present somewhat of the appearance of a stockflower1 quite distinct both in habit and bloom1 and very rarely seen in our gardens2 they will be found to thrive well and look well in peat soil beneath rhododendrons1 and towards the margins of clumps of ,american shrubs4 ,leopard's ,bane1 ,doronicum4--,stout1 medium-sized1 or dwarf perennials1 with hardy and vigorous constitutions1 and very showy flowers2 well suited for naturalisation among herbaceous vegetation1 in any position where the beauty of their early bloom can be enjoyed4 ,american ,cowslip1 ,dodecatheon4--,all who care for hardy flowers admire the beautiful ,american cowslip 7,d4 ,meadia71 found in rich woods in ,pennsylvania1 ,ohio1 to ,wisconsin and south-westward1 in ,america4 ,this would be a charming plant to naturalise on rich and light sandy loams1 among dwarf herbs1 low shrubs1 etc41 in sheltered and sunny spots4 ,jeffrey's ,american cowslip 7,d4 ,jeffreyanum71 a vigorous-growing kind1 is also well worth a trial in this way1 though as yet it is hardly plentiful enough to be spared for this purpose4 ,fumitory1 ,fumaria1 ,dielytra4--,plants with graceful leaves and gay flowers suited for association with dwarf subjects on open banks1 except ,d4 spectabilis1 which in deep peat or other rich soil will grow a yard high4 ,the simple-looking little ,fumaria bulbosa is one of the dwarf subjects which thrive very well under the branches of specimen deciduous trees1 and ,corydalis lutea thrives in every position from the top of an old castle to the bottom of a well shaft4 ,i saw ,dielytra eximia naturalised in ,buckhurst ,park1 in a shrubbery1 the position shady4 ,its effect was most charming1 the plumy tufts being dotted all over with flowers4 ,had ,i before wished to naturalise this1 ,i should have put it on open slopes1 or among dwarf plants1 but it thrives and spreads about with the greatest freedom in shady spots4 ,the blossoms1 instead of being of the usual crimson hue1 were of a peculiar delicate pale rose1 no doubt owing to the shade2 and1 as they gracefully drooped over the elegantly-cut leaves1 they looked like snowdrops of a faint rosy hue4 ,delphinium1 ,perennial species4--,tall and beautiful herbaceous plants1 with flowers of many exquisite shades of blue and purple4 ,there are now numerous varieties4 ,they are well suited for rich soil in glades1 copses1 thin shrubberies1 or among masses of dwarf shrubs1 above which their fine spikes of bloom might here and there arise4 ,one of the prettiest effects which ,i have ever seen among naturalised plants was a colony of tall ,larkspurs 7,delphiniums74 ,portions of old roots of several species and varieties had been chopped off where a bed of these plants was being dug in the autumn4 ,for convenience sake the refuse had been thrown into the neighbouring shrubbery1 far in among the shrubs and tall trees4 ,here they grew in certain half-open little spaces1 which were so far removed from the margin that they were not dug and were not seen4 ,when ,i saw the ,larkspurs in flower they were certainly the loveliest things that one could see4 ,they were more beautiful than they are in borders or beds1 not growing in such close stiff tufts1 and mingling with and relieved by the trees above and the shrubs around4 ,little more need be said to any one who knows and cares about such plants1 and has an opportunity of planting in such neglected places4 ,this case points out pretty clearly that one might make wild gardens from the mere parings and thinnings of the beds and borders in autumn1 in any place where there is a collection of good hardy plants4 ,the cut on p4 #bh does scant justice to the scene1 which1 perhaps1 it is not in the power of wood engraving to illustrate4 ,pink1 ,dianthus4--,a numerous race of beautiful dwarf mountain plants1 with flowers mostly of various shades of rose1 sometimes sporting into other colours in cultivation4 ,the finer mountain kinds would be likely to thrive only on bare stony or rocky ground1 and amidst very dwarf vegetation4 ,the bright ,d4 neglectus would thrive in any ordinary soil4 ,some of the kinds in the way of our own ,d4 csius grow well on old walls and ruins1 as do the single carnations and pinks2 indeed1 it is probable that many kinds of pink would thrive on ruins and old walls better far than on the ground4 ,foxglove1 ,digitalis4--,it need not be said here that our own stately ,foxglove should be encouraged in the wild garden1 particularly in districts where it does not naturally grow wild2 ,i allude to it here to point out that there are a number of exotic species for which a place might be found in the wild garden--some of them are not very satisfactory otherwise4 ,the most showy hardy flowers of midsummer are the ,foxglove and the ,french willow 7,epilobium angustifolium71 and in wild or rough places in shrubberies1 etc41 their effect is beautiful4 ,in such half shady places the ,foxglove thrives best2 and1 as the ,french willow is much too rampant a plant for the garden proper1 the proper place for it too is in the wild garden4 ,it is a most showy plant1 and masses of it may be seen great distances off4 ,the delicately and curiously spotted varieties of the ,foxglove should be sown as well as the ordinary wild form4 ,hemp ,agrimony1 ,eupatorium4--,vigorous perennials1 with white or purple fringed flowers4 ,some of the ,american kinds might well be associated with our own wild one--the white kinds1 like aromaticum and ageratoides1 being very beautiful and distinct1 and well worthy of a place in the best parts of the wild garden4 ,sea ,holly1 ,eryngium4--,very distinct and noble-looking perennials1 with ornamental and usually spiny leaves1 and flowers in heads1 sometimes surrounded by a bluish involucrum1 and supported on stems of a fine amethystine blue4 ,they would be very attractive on margins of shrubberies and near wood-walks1 thrive in ordinary free soil1 and will take care of themselves among tall grasses and all but the most vigorous herbs4 ,heath1 ,erica1 ,menziesia4--,our own heathy places are pretty rich in this type1 but the brilliant ,erica carnea is so distinct and attractive that it well deserves naturalisation among them4 ,the beautiful ,st4 ,daboec's heath 7,menziesia polifolia7 deserves a trial in the same way1 as1 though found in the west of ,ireland1 it is to the majority of ,english gardens an exotic plant4 ,it will grow almost anywhere in peaty soil4 ,barren-wort1 ,epimedium4--,interesting and very distinct1 but comparatively little known perennials1 with pretty and usually delicately tinted flowers1 and singular and ornamental foliage4 ,they are most suitable for peaty or free moist soils1 in sheltered positions1 among low shrubs on rocky banks1 etc41 and near the eye4 ,the variety called ,e4 pinnatum elegans1 when in deep peat soil1 forms tufts of leaves nearly a yard high1 and in spring is adorned with long racemes of pleasing yellow flowers1 so that it is well worthy of naturalisation where the soil is suitable4 ,illustration3 ,a ,sea ,holly2 ,eryngium4 ,globe ,thistle1 ,echinops4--,large and distinct perennials of fine port1 from #c feet to #f feet high1 with spiny leaves and numerous flowers in spherical heads4 ,these will thrive well in almost any position1 and hold their ground amid the coarsest vegetation4 ,being of a 8type0 quite distinct from that of our indigenous vegetation1 they are more than usually suited for naturalisation4 ,echinops exaltatus and ,e4 ruthenicus1 are among the best kinds1 the last the best in colour4 ,may-flower1 ,epiga repens4--,a small creeping shrub1 with pretty and deliciously fragrant flowers1 which appear soon after the melting of the snow in ,n4 ,america1 and are there as welcome as the hawthorn with us4 ,in its native country it inhabits woods1 mostly in the shade of pines2 and usually1 wherever ,i saw it1 it seemed to form a carpet under three or four layers of vegetation1 so to speak--that is to say1 it was beneath pines1 medium-sized trees1 tall bushes1 and dwarf scrub about #ah in4 high1 while the plant itself was not more than one or two inches high4 ,in our gardens this plant is very rarely seen1 and even in the great ,american plant nurseries1 where it used to grow it has disappeared4 ,this is no wonder1 when it is considered how very different are the conditions which it enjoys in gardens compared with those which ,i have above described4 ,without doubt it can be naturalised easily in pine woods on a sandy soil4 ,dog's-tooth ,violet1 ,erythronium4--,a few days ago ,i saw a number of irregular clumps of these here and there on a gently sloping bank of turf1 and1 in front of clumps of evergreens1 they looked quite charming1 and their dark spotted leaves showed up to much better effect on the fresh green ,grass than they do in borders4 ,they were all of the red variety1 and required a few of the white form among them to make the picture perfect4 ,so writes a correspondent in ,ireland4 ,this beautiful plant1 some years ago rarely seen in our gardens1 adorns many a dreary slope in the ,southern ,alps1 and there should be no great difficulty in the way of adding its charms to the wild garden in peaty or sandy spots1 rather bare or under deciduous vegetation4 ,the ,winter ,aconite1 ,eranthis hyemalis4--,classed among ,british plants but really naturalised4 ,its golden buttons peeping through the moss and grass in snowdrop time form one of the prettiest aspects of our garden vegetation in spring4 ,it will grow anywhere1 and is one of the plants that thrive under the spreading branches of summer-leafing trees1 as it blooms and perfects its leaves before the buds open on the beech4 ,on many lawns1 spring gardens might be formed by planting some spring flowering plants that finish their growth before the trees are in leaf4 ,another advantage of such positions is1 that the foliage of the tree prevents any coarser plants taking possession of the ground1 and therefore these little spring plants have the ground to themselves1 and wander into natural little groups in the moss and grass1 sometimes covering the surface with a sheet of blossoms4 ,funkia4--,i have spoken of the conditions in the wild garden being more suitable to many plants than those which obtain in what might seem choice positions in borders1 many of the plants attaining greater beauty and remaining longer in bloom in the shade and shelter of shrubby places than when fully exposed4 ,as an instance of this1 ,i saw ,funkia crulea the other day1 showing a size and beauty in a shady drive at ,beauport1 near ,battle1 which ,i never saw it attain under other circumstances4 ,the plant was over a yard high1 and bore many stately stems hung with blue flowers4 ,the ,funkias are exceedingly valuable plants for the wild garden1 not being liable to accidents which are fatal to ,lilies and other plants exposed to the attacks of slugs and rabbits4 ,illustration3 ,groups of ,funkia ,sieboldi4 ,snakes-head1 ,fritillaria4--,the beautiful ,british snakes-head 7,f4 ,meleagris7 grows wild1 as most people know1 in meadows in various parts of ,england1 and we should like to see it as well established in the grassy hollows of many a country seat4 ,various other ,fritillarias not so pretty as this1 and of a peculiar livid dark hue1 which is not like to make them popular in gardens1 such as ,f4 tristis1 would be worthy of a position also2 while the ,crown ,imperial would do on the fringes of shrubberies4 ,giant ,fennel1 ,ferula4--,noble herbaceous plants belonging to the parsley order1 with much and exquisitely divided leaves2 when well developed forming magnificent tufts of verdure1 reminding one of the most finely-cut ferns1 but far larger4 ,the leaves appear very early in spring1 and disappear at the end of summer1 and the best use that can be made of the plants is to plant them here and there in places occupied by spring and early summer flowers1 among which they would produce a very fine effect4 ,with the ,ferulas might be grouped another handsome umbelliferous plant 7,molopospermum cicutarium72 and no doubt1 when we know the ornamental qualities of the order better1 we shall find sundry other charming plants of similar character4 ,ferns4--,no plants may be naturalised more successfully and with a more charming effect than ferns4 ,the royal ferns1 of which the bold foliage is reflected in the marsh waters of ,northern ,america1 will do well in the many places where our own royal fern thrives4 ,the graceful maidenhair fern of the rich woods of the ,eastern ,states and the ,canadas will thrive perfectly in any cool1 shady1 narrow lane1 or dyke1 or in a shady wood4 ,the small ferns that find a home on arid alpine cliffs may be established on old walls and ruins4 ,cheilanthes odora1 which grows so freely on the sunny sides of walls in ,southern ,france1 would be well worth trying in similar positions in the south of ,england1 the spores to be sown in mossy chinks of the walls4 ,the climbing fern ,lygodium palmatum1 which goes as far north as cold ,massachusetts1 would twine its graceful stems up the undershrubs in an ,english wood too4 ,in fact1 there is no fern of the numbers that inhabit the northern regions of ,europe1 ,asia1 and ,america1 that may not be tried with confidence in various positions1 preferring for the greater number such positions as we know our native kinds to thrive best in4 ,one could form a rich and stately type of wood-haunting fern vegetation without employing one of our native kinds at all1 though1 of course1 generally the best way will be to associate all so far as their habits and sizes will permit4 ,treat them boldly2 put strong kinds out in glades2 imagine colonies of ,daffodils among the ,oak and ,beech ,ferns1 fringed by early ,aconite1 in the spots overshadowed by the branches of deciduous trees4 ,then1 again1 many of these ,ferns1 the more delicate of them1 could be used as the most graceful of carpets for bold beds or groups of flowering plants4 ,they would form part1 and a very important part1 of what we have written of as evergreen herbaceous plants1 and might well be associated with them in true winter gardens4 ,illustration3 ,a hardy ,geranium4 ,geranium1 ,geranium1 ,erodium4--,handsome and rather dwarf perennials1 mostly with bluish1 pinkish1 or deep rose flowers1 admirable for naturalisation4 ,some of the better kinds of the hardy geraniums1 such as ,g4 ibericum1 are the very plants to take care of themselves on wild banks and similar places4 ,with them might be associated the fine ,erodium ,manescavi2 and where there are very bare places1 on which they would not be overrun by coarser plants1 the smaller ,erodiums1 such as ,e4 romanum1 might be tried with advantage4 ,goat's ,rue1 ,galega4--,tall and vigorous but graceful perennials1 with very numerous and handsome flowers1 pink1 blue1 or white4 ,g4 officinalis and its white variety are among the very best of all tall border flowers1 and they are equally useful for planting in rough and wild places1 as is also the blue ,g4 orientalis and ,g4 biloba4 ,they are all free growers4 ,illustration3 ,snowdrops1 wild1 by streamlet in valley4 ,gypsophila1 ,gypsophila and ,tunica4--,vigorous but neat perennials1 very hardy1 and producing myriads of flowers1 mostly small1 and of a pale pinkish hue4 ,they are best suited for rocky or sandy ground1 or even old ruins1 or any position where they will not be smothered by coarser vegetation4 ,similar in character is the pretty little ,tunica saxifraga1 which grows on the tops of old walls1 etc41 in ,southern ,europe1 and will thrive on bare places on the level ground with us4 ,gentian1 ,gentiana4--,dwarf1 and usually evergreen1 alpine or high-pasture plants1 with large and numerous flowers1 mostly handsome1 and frequently of the most vivid and beautiful blue4 ,the large ,g4 acaulis 7,gentianella7 would grow as freely in moist places on any of our own mountains as it does on its native hills2 as1 indeed1 it would in all moist loams1 where it could not be choked by coarse and taller subjects4 ,the tall willow ,gentian 7,g4 asclepiadea7 is a handsome plant1 which1 in the mountain woods of ,switzerland1 may be seen blooming among long grass in shade of trees1 and this fact is suggestive as to its use in this country4 ,snowdrops1 ,galanthus4--,the charms of our own ,snowdrop when naturalised in the grass are well known to all1 but many of the new kinds have claims also in that respect1 such as ,elwesi and ,g4 plicatus4 ,it is surprising how comparatively few people take advantage of the facility with which the ,snowdrop grows in grass1 so as to have it in pretty groups and colonies by grass-walks or drives4 ,the accompanying illustration1 which shows it on the margin of a streamlet in a ,somersetshire valley1 shows that it is not particular as to situation4 ,it suggests the many places it may adorn other than the garden border4 ,cow ,parsnips1 ,heracleum4--,giant herbaceous plants1 mostly from ,northern ,asia1 with huge divided leaves1 and umbels 7sometimes a foot across7 of white or whitish flowers4 ,they are very suitable for rough places on the banks of rivers or artificial water1 islands1 or in any position in which a very vigorous and bold type of foliage may be desired4 ,in arranging them it should be borne in mind that their foliage dies down and disappears in the end of summer4 ,when established they sow themselves1 so that seedling plants in abundance may be picked up around them4 ,in all cases it is important that their seed should be sown immediately after being gathered4 ,but it is also important not to allow them to monopolise the ground1 as then they become objectionable4 ,to this end it may1 in certain positions1 be desirable to prevent them seeding4 ,day ,lily1 ,hemerocallis4--,vigorous plants of the lily order1 with long leaves and graceful habit1 and large and showy red-orange or yellow flowers1 sometimes scented as delicately as the primrose4 ,there are two types1 one large and strong like flava and fulva1 the other short and somewhat fragile like graminea4 ,the larger kinds are superb plants for naturalisation1 growing in any soil1 and taking care of themselves among coarse herbaceous plants or brambles4 ,christmas ,rose1 ,helleborus4--,stout but dwarf perennials1 with showy blooms appearing in winter and spring when flowers are rare1 and with handsome leathery and glossy leaves4 ,they thrive in almost any position or soil2 but to get the full benefit of their early-blooming tendency it is desirable to place them on sunny grassy banks in tufts or groups1 and not far from the eye1 as they are usually of unobtrusive colours4 ,they form beautiful ornaments near wild wood walks1 where the spring sun can reach them4 ,there are various kinds useful for naturalisation4 ,illustration3 ,sun ,rose on limestone rocks4 ,sun ,rose1 ,helianthemum4--,dwarf spreading shrubs1 bearing myriads of flowers in a variety of showy colours4 ,the most tasteful and satisfactory way of employing these in our gardens is to naturalise them on banks or slopes in the half-wild parts of our pleasure-grounds1 mostly in sandy or warm soil4 ,they are best suited for chalk districts or rocky ones1 where they thrive most luxuriantly1 and make a very brilliant display4 ,there are many varieties1 mostly differing in the hue of the flowers4 ,perennial ,sunflower1 ,helianthus1 ,rudbeckia1 ,silphium4--,stout and usually very tall perennials1 with showy yellow flowers1 the best known of which is ,helianthus multiflorus fl4 pl41 of which plenty may be seen in ,euston ,square and other places in ,london4 ,as a rule these are all better fitted for rough places than for gardens1 where1 like many other plants mentioned in these pages1 they will tend to form a vigorous herbaceous covert4 ,h4 rigidus is a brilliantly showy plant1 running very freely at the root1 and an excellent subject for naturalisation4 ,h4 giganteus1 common in thickets and swamps in ,america1 and growing as high as #aj ft41 is also desirable4 ,the showy and larger ,american ,rudbeckias1 such as laciniata1 triloba1 and also the small but showy hirta1 virtually belong to the same type4 ,all these plants1 and many others of the tall yellow-flowered composites that one sees conspicuous among herbaceous vegetation in ,america1 would produce very showy effects in autumn1 and might perhaps more particularly interest those who only visit their country seats at that time of year4 ,the ,silphiums1 especially the compass plant 7,s4 laciniatum71 and the cup plant 7,s4 perfoliatum71 are allied in general aspect and character to the ,helianthuses1 and are suitable for the same purposes4 ,st4 ,john's ,wort1 ,hypericum4--,the well-known ,st4 ,john's wort has already in many places made good its claim as a wilderness plant1 and there is scarcely one of its numerous congeners which will not thrive in wild and rough places1 in any soil4 ,they have all the same bright yellow flowers as the ,st4 ,john's wort1 and are nearly all taller4 ,some of the newer kinds have the handsome large flowers of the ,st4 ,john's ,wort4 ,it should be noted that the common ,st4 ,john's ,wort so exhausts the soil of moisture that it may be the cause of the death of trees1 and should therefore be looked after4 ,many places have too much of it1 as they have of the common ,laurel4 ,rocket1 ,hesperis4--,the common single ,rocket 7,hesperis matronalis7 is a showy useful plant in copse or shrubbery1 and very easily raised from seed4 ,evergreen ,candytuft1 ,iberis4--,compact little evergreens1 forming spreading bushes from #c inches to #ae inches high1 and sheeted with white flowers in spring and early summer4 ,there are no plants more suitable for naturalisation in open or bare places1 or1 indeed1 in any position where the vegetation is not strong enough to overrun them4 ,they1 however1 attain greatest perfection when fully exposed to the sun1 and are admirable for every kind of rocky or stony ground and banks4 ,iris1 ,fleur de ,lis4--,these plants1 once so well known in our gardens1 rivalling 7or rather exceeding7 the lilies in beauty1 are varied and numerous enough to make a wild garden by themselves4 ,the many beautiful varieties of germanica will grow in almost any soil1 and may be used with good effect in woods1 copses1 by wood walks1 or near the margin of water4 ,i4 sibirica1 rather a common kind1 will grow in the water2 and1 as this is not generally known1 it is worthy the notice of any one taking an interest in aquatics4 ,it is probable that others of the beardless kinds will also do well with their roots below the water1 and if so1 they will one day much improve the rather poorly adorned margins of artificial waters4 ,on the other hand1 ,i4 pumila1 and the varieties of germanica1 are often seen on the tops of old walls1 on thatched roofs1 etc41 on the ,continent1 flowering profusely4 ,these facts tend to show how many different positions may be adorned by the irises4 ,illustration ,common ,lupine1 ,lupinus polyphyllus4--,amidst the tallest and handsomest herbaceous plants1 grouped where they may be seen from grass drives or wood walks1 or in any position or soil4 ,excellent for islets or river banks1 in which1 or in copses1 it spreads freely4 ,there are several varieties1 all worthy of culture4 ,honesty1 ,lunaria4--,this1 which approaches the ,stocks in the aspect of its fine purplish violet flowers1 is quite removed from them by the appearance of its curious seed-vessels4 ,it is one of the most valuable of all plants for naturalisation1 and may be said to form a type by itself4 ,it shows itself freely in dryish ground or on chalk banks1 and is one of the prettiest objects to be met with in early summer in wood or wild4 ,lily1 ,lilium4--,there are many hardy lilies that may be naturalised4 ,the situations that these grow in1 from the high meadows of ,northern ,italy1 dotted with the orange lily1 to the woody gorges of the ,sierras in ,california1 rich with tall and fragrant kinds1 are such as make their culture in copses1 woods1 rough grassy places1 etc41 a certainty4 ,in woods where there is a rich deposit of vegetable matter the great ,american ,lilium superbum1 and no doubt some of the recently-discovered ,californian lilies1 will do well4 ,the ,european lilies1 dotted in the grass in the rough unmown glades1 would not grow nearly so large as they do in the rich borders of our cottage gardens2 but the effect of the single large blooms of the orange lily just level with the tops of the grass1 in early summer1 where it grows wild1 is at least as beautiful as any aspect it has hitherto presented in gardens4 ,along the bed of small rivulets1 in the bottom of narrow gorges densely shaded by great ,thujas1 ,arbutus trees sixty and even eighty feet high1 and handsome large-leaved evergreen oaks on the ,sierras1 ,i saw in autumn numbers of lily stems seven1 eight1 and nine feet high1 so one could imagine what pictures they formed in early summer2 therefore deep dykes and narrow shady lanes would afford congenial homes for various fine species4 ,no mode of cultivating lilies in gardens is equal to that of dotting them through beds of rhododendrons and other ,american plants usually planted in peat2 the soil of these1 usually and very unwisely left to the rhododendrons alone1 being peculiarly suited to the majority of the lily tribe4 ,as for the wild garden1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,wilson sent me a stem of ,lilium superbum last year 7#ahhj7 grown in a rich woody bottom1 #aa feet high6 ,snowflake1 ,leucojum4--,i have rarely seen anything more beautiful than a colony of the summer ,snowflake on the margin of a tuft of rhododendrons in the gardens at ,longleat4 ,some of the flowers were on stems nearly #c feet high1 the partial shelter of the bushes and good soil causing the plants to be unusually vigorous4 ,both the spring and summer ,snowflakes 7,l4 vernum and ,l4 stivum7 are valuable plants for wild grassy places4 ,gentian ,lithosperm1 ,lithospermum prostratum4--,a very distinct1 prostrate1 hairy1 half-shrubby plant1 with a profusion of flowers of as fine a blue as any gentian4 ,thrives vigorously in any deep sandy soil1 and in such well deserves naturalisation among low rock plants1 etc41 in sunny positions4 ,probably other species of the genus will be found suitable for the same purpose4 ,lychnis4--,handsome medium-sized perennials1 with showy blooms1 mostly of a brilliant rose or scarlet colour4 ,if the type was only represented by the rose campion it would be a valuable one4 ,this is a beautiful object in dry soils1 on which it does not perish in winter4 ,they are most fitted for association with dwarf or medium-sized perennials1 in open places and in rich soil4 ,honeysuckle1 ,lonicera4--,such favourites as these must not be omitted4 ,any kind of climbing ,honeysuckle will find a happy home in the wild garden1 either rambling over stumps or hedgerows1 or even planted by themselves on banks4 ,pea1 ,lathyrus4--,much having been lately written concerning the wild garden and its suitable occupants1 ,i venture to suggest ,lathyrus pyrenaicus as an addition to the list4 ,most cultivators of flowers are aware of the rambling habits of the greater number of plants of the ,leguminous tribe1 but in that particular ,l4 pyrenaicus eclipses them all4 ,it produces an immense quantity of bright orange-coloured blossoms1 but the principal difficulty connected with its thorough development is the selection of an appropriate place for it1 for a well-established plant of this species will ramble over1 and by its density of growth prevent every plant and shrub that comes within its reach from thriving2 indeed1 it is a greater rambler than the ,hop1 the ,bindweed1 or the ,bryony1 and is decidedly more handsome4 ,tying up or training such a plant is out of the question2 but there are many rough places in the wild garden where it would be quite at home and form an attractive feature4 ,every kind of ,everlasting ,pea is excellent for the wild garden1 either for scrambling over hedgerows1 stumps1 or growing among the grass4--,j4 ,w4 ,illustration3 ,everlasting ,pea1 creeping up stem in shrubbery4 ,monkey-flower1 ,mimulus4--8,wandering one day in the neighbourhood of 8,gruigfoot10 a queer-shaped hill in ,linlithgowshire1 my eye was attracted by a small burn whose banks were literally jewelled throughout its visible course with an unfamiliar yellow flower4 ,a nearer approach showed me that it was the garden ,mimulus 7,monkey-flower71 the seed of which must have escaped from some neighbouring cottage garden1 and established itself here1 in the coldest part of the ,british ,isles4 ,i took the hint1 and have naturalised it by the banks of a small stream which runs at the foot of my garden1 and ,i strongly recommend your readers to do the same4 ,it mingles charmingly with the blue ,forget-me-not1 and is equally hardy40--,s4 in ,garden4 ,grape ,hyacinth1 ,muscari4--,these free and hardy little bulbs are easily naturalised and very handsome1 with their little spikes of flowers of many shades of blue4 ,forget-me-not1 ,myosotis4--,there is one exotic species1 ,m4 dissitiflora1 not inferior in beauty to any of our handsomest native kinds1 and which is well worthy of naturalisation everywhere1 thriving best on moist and sandy soil4 ,illustration3 ,type of fine-leaved umbellate plants seldom grown in gardens4 ,molopospermum cicutarium4--,there is a deep green and fern-like beauty displayed profusely by some of the ,umbelliferous family1 but ,i have rarely met with one so remarkably attractive as this species4 ,it is a very ornamental plant1 with large1 deeply-divided leaves of a lively green colour1 forming a dense irregular bush4 ,the flowers1 which are insignificant and of a yellowish-white colour1 are borne in small roundish umbels4 ,many of the class1 while very elegant1 perish quickly1 get shabby indeed by the end of ,june1 and are therefore out of place in the flower garden2 but this is firm in character1 of a fine rich green1 stout yet spreading in habit1 growing more than #c feet high1 and making altogether a most pleasing bush4 ,it is perfectly hardy1 and easily increased by seed or division1 but rare as yet4 ,it loves a deep moist soil1 but will thrive in any good garden soil4 ,it is a fine subject for isolation or grouping with other hardy and graceful-leaved ,umbelliferous plants4 ,stock1 ,matthiola4--,showy flowers1 mostly fragrant1 peculiarly well suited for old ruins1 chalk pits1 stony banks1 etc4 ,some of the annual kinds are pretty1 and some of the varieties common in gardens assume a bush-like character when grown in the positions above named4 ,with the ,stocks may be associated the single rocket 7,hesperis matronalis71 which thrives freely in shrubberies and copses4 ,bee ,balm1 ,monarda4--,large and very showy herbaceous plants1 with scarlet or purple flowers1 conspicuously beautiful in ,american and ,canadian woods1 and capital subjects for naturalisation in woods1 copses1 etc41 or anywhere among medium-sized vegetation1 thriving best in light or well-drained soils4 ,illustration3 ,the ,bee ,balm1 ,monarda4 ,american wood plant4 ,mallow1 ,malva1 ,altha1 ,malope1 ,kitaibelia1 ,callirhoe1 ,sida4--,plants of several distinct genera may be included under this type1 and from each very showy and useful things may be obtained4 ,they are for the most part subjects which are somewhat too coarse1 when closely examined1 to be planted in gardens generally2 but among the taller vegetation in wild shrubberies1 copses1 glades in woods1 etc41 they will furnish a magnificent effect4 ,some of the ,malvas are very showy1 vigorous-growing plants1 mostly with rosy flowers1 and would associate well with our own handsome ,m4 moschata4 ,the ,althas1 close allies of the common single hollyhock1 are very vigorous and fine for this purpose1 as are also the ,sidas and ,kitaibelia vitifolia4 ,the ,malopes are among the best of the annual subjects for naturalisation4 ,the ,callirhoes are dwarf1 handsome trailers1 more brilliant than the others1 and the only ones of the type that should be planted on bare banks or amidst dwarf vegetation1 as all the others are of the most rampant character4 ,mulgedium ,plumieri4--,a herbaceous plant of fine and distinct port1 bearing purplish-blue blossoms1 rather uncommon among its kind4 ,till recently it was generally only seen in botanic gardens1 but it has1 nevertheless1 many merits as a wild garden plant1 and for growing in small groups or single specimens in quiet green corners of pleasure-grounds or shrubberies4 ,it does best in rather rich ground1 and in such a position will reward all who plant it1 being a really hardy and long-lived perennial4 ,the foliage is sometimes over a yard long1 and the flower-stems attain a height of over six feet in good soil4 ,water ,lily1 ,nympha and ,nuphar4--,two noble ,north ,american plants well deserve naturalisation in our waters1 associated with our own beautiful white and yellow water lilies--the large ,nuphar advena1 which thrusts its great leaves well out of the water in many parts of ,north ,america1 and the sweet-scented ,nympha odorata1 which floats in crowds on many of the pine-bordered lakes and lakelets of ,new ,england1 to a non-botanical observer seeming very like our own water lily4 ,daffodil1 ,narcissus4--,most people have seen the common daffodil in a semi-wild state in our woods and copses4 ,apart from varieties1 there are more than a score distinct species of daffodil that could be naturalised quite as easily as this in all parts of these islands4 ,we need hardly suggest how charming these would be1 flowering in early spring and summer in the rougher parts of pleasure grounds1 or along wood-walks1 or any like position4 ,bitter ,vetch1 ,orobus4--,banks1 grassy unmown margins of wood-walks1 rocks1 fringes of shrubberies1 and like places1 with deep and sandy loam1 well drained1 will grow the beautiful spring ,bitter ,vetch or any of its varieties or allies perfectly4 ,evening ,primrose1 ,enothera4--,among the largest-flowered and handsomest of all known types of herbaceous vegetation4 ,the yellow species1 and varieties like and allied to the common ,evening ,primrose 74 biennis71 may be readily naturalised in any position1 from a rubbish-heap to a nice1 open1 sunny copse2 while such prostrate ones as 4 marginata and 4 macrocarpa will prove very fine among dwarf herbs on banks or in open sunny places1 in light or calcareous soil4 ,these noble and delicately-scented flowers are very easily grown and very beautiful in any position4 ,they1 however1 from their height and boldness1 and the freedom with which they grow in almost any soil1 are peculiarly suited for the wild garden1 for shrubberies1 copses1 and the like1 sowing themselves freely4 ,cotton ,thistle1 ,onopordon4--,large thistles1 with very handsome hoary and silvery leaves1 and purplish flowers on fiercely-armed stems4 ,no plants are more noble in port than these1 and they thrive freely in rough open places1 rubbish-heaps1 etc41 and usually come up freely from self-sown seeds4 ,star of ,bethlehem1 ,ornithogalum4--,various handsome hardy species of this genus will thrive as well as the common ,star of ,bethlehem in any sunny1 grassy places4 ,creeping ,forget-me-not1 ,omphalodes4--,the creeping ,forget-me-not1 ,omphalodes verna1 is one of the prettiest plants to be naturalised in woods1 copses1 or shrubberies1 running about with the greatest freedom in moist soil4 ,it is more compact in habit and lives longer on good soils than the ,forget-me-nots1 and should be naturalised round every country place4 ,wood ,sorrel1 ,oxalis4--,dwarf plants with clover-like leaflets and pretty rosy or yellow flowers4 ,at least two of the species in cultivation1 viz4 ,o4 ,bowieana and ,o4 floribunda1 might be naturalised on sandy soils amidst vegetation not more than #e inches or #f inches high2 and the family is so numerous that probably other members of it will be found equally free growing4 ,illustration3 ,the ,great ,japan ,knotweed 7,polygonum cuspidatum74 7,showing the plant in flower47 ,polygonum cuspidatum4--,if1 instead of the formal character of much of our gardening1 plants of bold types similar to the above were introduced along the sides of woodland walks and shrubbery borders1 how much more enjoyable such places would be1 as at almost every step there would be something fresh to attract notice and gratify the eye1 instead of which such parts are generally bare1 or given up to weeds and monotonous rubbish4 ,pony4--,vigorous herbaceous plants1 with large and splendid flowers of various shades of crimson1 rosy-crimson1 and white1 well calculated for producing the finest effects in the wild garden4 ,there are many species and varieties1 the flowers of some of the varieties being very sweet-scented1 double1 and among the largest flowers we know of4 ,fringes of shrubberies1 open glades in woods or copses1 and indeed almost any wild place1 may be adorned by them2 and they may also be advantageously grouped or isolated on the grass in the rougher parts of the pleasure-ground4 ,i never felt the beauty of the fine colour of ,ponies till ,i saw a group of the double scarlet kind flowering in the long ,grass in ,oxfordshire4 ,the owner had placed an irregular group of this plant in an unmown glade1 quite away from the garden proper2 and yet1 seen from the lawn and garden1 the effect was most brilliant1 as may be imagined from the way in which such high colours tell in the distance4 ,to be able to produce such effects in the early summer for six weeks or so is a great gain from a landscape point of view1 apart from the immediate beauty of the flowers when seen close at hand4 ,illustration3 ,phlomis4--,type of handsome ,labiates2 admirably suited for the wild garden4 7,see p4 #aed47 ,poppy1 ,papaver1 in var4--,the huge and flaming ,papaver orientale1 ,p4 bracteatum1 and ,p4 lateritium1 are the most important of this type4 ,they will thrive and live long in almost any position1 but the proper place for them is in open spots among strong herbaceous plants4 ,for the wild garden or wilderness the ,welsh ,poppy 7,meconopsis cambrica7 is one of the best plants4 ,it is a cheerful plant at all seasons2 perched on some old dry wall its masses of foliage are very fresh1 but when loaded with a profusion of large yellow blossoms the plant is strikingly handsome2 it is a determined coloniser1 ready to hold its own under the most adverse circumstances4 ,its home is the wall1 the rock1 and the ruin4 ,it even surpasses the ,wallflower in adapting itself to strange out-of-the-way places2 it will spring up in the gravel walk under one's feet1 and seems quite happy among the boulders in the courtyard4 ,it looks down on one from crevices in brick walls1 from chinks where one could scarcely introduce a knife-blade1 and after all it delights most in shady places4 ,no plant can be better adapted for naturalising on rough stony banks1 old quarries1 gravel pits1 dead walls1 and similar places1 and its large handsome flowers will lend a charm to the most uninteresting situations4 ,phlomis4--,showy and stately herbaceous or half-shrubby plants1 with a profusion of handsome yellow or purplish flowers4 ,excellent for naturalisation in warm open woods1 copses1 banks1 etc41 growing well in ordinary soil4 ,illustration3 ,the tall ,ox-eye ,daisy 7,pyrethrum serotinum74 ,virginian ,poke1 ,phytolacca decandra4--,a tall1 robust perennial1 within conspicuous flowers and long dense spikes of purplish berries4 ,it will grow anywhere and in any soil2 but is most imposing in rich deep ones4 ,the berries are relished by birds4 ,it is fine for association with the largest and stoutest herbaceous plants in rough and half-wild places4 ,physostegia4--,tall1 erect1 and beautiful herbaceous plants1 mostly with delicate rosy flowers2 natives of ,north ,america1 thriving in any soil4 ,they are among the most pleasing things for planting in half-wild places1 where they will not spread rampantly1 nor perish quickly4 ,lungwort1 ,pulmonaria4--,dwarf plants of the borage family1 with showy blue or pinkish blossoms4 ,easily naturalised in woods or copses1 in which position the common blue one must be familiar to many in the woods of ,england and ,france4 ,the varieties are common in cottage gardens2 they grow in any soil4 ,the tall ,ox-eye daisy1 ,pyrethrum serotinum4--,this fine autumn flowering plant1 for years left in the almost exclusive possession of the ,botanic ,gardens1 is one of the handsomest things we have4 ,it grows #e or #f feet high1 and flowers late in the year1 when flowers are scarce4 ,it is very picturesque in habit4 ,bramble1 ,rubus4--,although we have nearly fifty kinds or reputed kinds of bramble native in ,britain1 some of the exotic species1 entirely distinct from our own1 are well worthy of naturalisation among low shrubs and tall herbaceous plants4 ,one of the most charming plants we know for naturalising in shady woods is the large1 white-flowered ,rubus ,nutkanus1 with which might be tastefully associated the deep rose-coloured ,rubus odoratus1 and the early spring-flowering ,r4 spectabilis2 while the very striking white-stemmed ,r4 biflorus is a grand object for warm slopes1 sunny sides of chalk and gravel pits1 etc4 ,the ,great ,reed2 ,arundo ,donax4--,this noble reed ,i do not like to omit here1 it is so beautiful in the southern counties of ,england1 though in cold soils and hard winters it may perish4 ,where the hardier ,bamboos find a place this will be welcome1 though in our country it is only in the warmer parts that it attains the dignity of port it possesses in the south of ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,the ,great ,reed of ,southern ,europe 7,arundo ,donax74 ,rhubarb1 ,rheum4--,there are several species of rhubarb in cultivation in addition to those commonly grown in gardens4 ,they are much alike in port and in the size of their leaves1 ,r4 palmatum and ,emodi being the most distinct4 ,the rhubarbs are fine things for association with large-leaved herbaceous plants in deep soils4 ,rose1 ,rosa4--,as in the case of brambles1 we have many more kinds of wild roses in ,england than is commonly supposed1 but of course nobody ever thinks of planting such things in gardens or shrubberies1 where such gems as privet usually make up the underwood4 ,there are scores of the roses of northern and temperate countries which would thrive as well in our woodlands2 but as these are not to be obtained in our nurseries1 it is useless to mention them4 ,any species of rose from a northern country might be tried2 whilst of roses commonly cultivated the climbing races--such as the ,boursault1 ,ayrshire1 and ,sempervirens--are the most likely to be satisfactory4 ,the ,damask1 ,alba gallica1 and hybrid ,china1 being hardy and free1 would do1 as would ,felicit ,perpetuelle1 ,banksiflora1 the ,garland roses1 ,austrian briar1 berberifolia1 and microphylla rubra plena4 ,pruning1 or any other attention after planting1 should of course not be thought of in connection with these4 ,we have seen masses of wild roses the effect of which was finer than anything we have ever seen in a rosery4 ,rosa ,brunoniana is a very fine free and hardy species from ,india4 ,sea ,lavender1 ,statice4--,vigorous perennials1 with a profusion of bluish lavender-coloured bloom1 thriving freely on all ordinary garden soils4 ,s4 latifolia1 and some of the stronger kinds1 thrive in any position among the medium-sized herbaceous plants4 ,spira1 ,spira4--,handsome and usually vigorous herbaceous plants1 with white or rosy flowers1 and generally ornamental foliage4 ,such beautiful kinds as venusta and palmata it is most desirable to try in wild places among the stouter and medium-sized perennials1 where sufficiently plentiful to be spared for this purpose4 ,s4 ,aruncus is1 perhaps1 the finest plant for the wild garden4 ,mr4 ,ellam planted out some spare stock of ,s4 japonica in a wood at ,bodorgan1 and with the happiest effect4 ,the plants grow and flower freely1 the flowers appearing a fortnight later in the moist cool wood than on plants of the same kind on a north garden border2 therefore they prolong the season of this favourite flower4 ,they are planted in an irregular group1 as such things should generally be1 the effect being much better than that obtained by the common dotting plan4 ,golden ,rod1 ,solidago4--,tall and vigorous perennials with yellow flowers1 showy when in bloom1 and attractive when seen in ,america in autumn1 mingled with the blue and lilac ,asters of that country1 but rarely ornamental as grown in gardens4 ,these1 like the ,asters1 used to be grown to excess in the old borders2 but the only position they are fit for is in rough wild places1 where in many cases it would be easy1 with their aid and that of the ,asters1 to form that mixture of ,golden ,rod and ,michaelmas daisies which is one of the prettiest effects of ,american vegetation in autumn4 ,catch-fly1 ,silene4--,dwarf or spreading plants1 allied to the pinks1 and generally with white or rosy flowers4 ,the choice mountain kinds1 such as ,s4 ,lagasc1 alpestris1 ,schafta1 etc41 are among the most charming subjects that can be naturalised on rocky places or banks1 associated with very dwarf subjects4 ,such fine annual or biennial kinds as ,s4 ,armeria or ,s4 pendula are among the best for this purpose1 and might be easily established by scattering a few seeds in such places4 ,bloodwort1 ,sanguinaria canadensis4--,this little plant1 which abounds in the woods of ,canada and ,north ,america1 and which is very rarely indeed seen well grown in our gardens1 will thrive under the branches of deciduous trees as well as the winter aconite1 and in spring will produce an effect as beautiful as singular4 ,squill1 ,scilla4--,several kinds of ,scilla1 closely allied to the common bluebell1 would do quite as well in our woods as that well-known native plant1 notably ,s4 campanulata1 ,s4 bifolia1 ,s4 sibirica1 etc4 ,bifolia and sibirica would be better on sunny banks or sheltered fringes of shrubberies with a good aspect4 ,the tall kinds would do in woods or copses like the bluebell4 ,with the dwarfer squills might be associated the grape hyacinth and the amethyst hyacinth 7,hyacinthus amethystinus74 ,comfrey1 ,symphytum4--,herbaceous plants of the borage order1 usually vigorous1 and with handsome blue flowers4 ,one of the handsomest spring flowers is ,symphytum caucasicum1 and it is also one of the easiest things to naturalise1 running about with the greatest freedom in shrubby or any wild places4 ,coarse kinds1 like ,s4 asperrimum 7unfit for garden culture71 thrive apace among the largest plants in wild places1 and there look quite beautiful when in flower4 ,scabious1 ,scabiosa1 ,cephalaria1 ,knautia4--,sometimes handsome and usually free-growing herbaceous plants1 bluish1 purplish1 or yellowish in tone4 ,among these may be seen1 in botanic and other gardens1 plants suited for naturalisation1 but scarcely worthy of a place in the garden4 ,the fine ,s4 caucasica would thrive amidst coarse vegetation in good soil1 as would the ,knautias4 ,stonecrop1 ,sedum4--,minute and usually prostrate plants1 mostly with white1 yellow1 or rosy flowers1 and occurring in multitudes on most of the mountain chains of northern and temperate countries4 ,there are few of these interesting and sometimes very pretty plants that would not grow on the top of an old wall1 or thatched house1 or stony bank1 or bare ground1 as well as our common ,stonecrop4 ,all grow in any soil1 are as easily increased as any weed1 and grow anywhere if they are not too much overshadowed by trees and coarse vegetation4 ,such kinds as ,s4 spurium1 ,s4 pulchellum1 kamtschaticum1 and ,s4 spectabile are among the most ornamental4 ,the last1 being a stout herbaceous plant1 would be worth associating with such in wild places4 ,there are nearly #ajj species of stonecrop in cultivation in ,britain4 ,saxifrage1 ,saxifraga4--,a very extensive genus of plants1 abundantly distributed on mountains in northern countries4 ,for our present purpose they may be broadly thrown into five sections--the mossy section1 represented in ,britain by ,s4 hypnoides2 the silvery section1 represented by ,s4 ,aizoon2 the ,london ,pride section1 by the ,kerry saxifrages2 the ,megasea section1 by the large cabbage-leaved ,s4 crassifolia2 and the oppositifolia section1 distinguished by its rosy-purple flowers4 ,with the exception of the ,megasea and oppositifolia sections1 which have rosy flowers1 most of the saxifrages have white blossoms spotted with red2 a few are yellow1 and all are very hardy1 and the easiest to grow of all alpine flowers4 ,the mossy1 silvery1 and purple saxifrages may be naturalised with the greatest ease on bare rocky or mountainous grounds1 amidst dwarf vegetation2 but1 as the places in which this kind of ground occurs are comparatively few1 the ,megaseas1 and the ,kerry saxifrages1 are probably the most generally useful1 as they can fight their way amongst coarse grass and other common herbs4 ,there are probably nearly #aej species in cultivation in the botanic gardens of ,england1 though in many private gardens they are very little known4 ,houseleek1 ,sempervivum4--,very dwarf and succulent plants1 with their fleshy leaves arranged in dense rosettes1 and mostly with curious but seldom conspicuous flowers1 abounding in mountainous regions1 and very hardy4 ,the greater number of these grow quite as freely as the common ,houseleek in any arid soil1 and in any position where the vegetation is not taller than themselves1 such as on bare sandy banks1 gravelly heaps1 etc4 ,there are about fifty hardy kinds in cultivation in the gardens in this country4 ,meadow ,rue1 ,thalictrum4--,tall and vigorous herbaceous plants1 mostly without any beauty of flower when closely examined1 but often affording a pleasing distant effect when seen in masses1 and hence desirable for this mode of gardening1 though seldom suitable for a position in the garden proper4 ,they grow in any soil1 and should be placed among rank herbs and coarse vegetation1 not in the foreground1 which might be occupied by more brilliant subjects4 ,there are many kinds not differing much in aspect2 some of the smaller ones in the way of our own ,british ,t4 minus1 deserve a place among dwarf vegetation for the elegance of their leaves4 ,with these last may be associated the ,italian ,isopyrum thalictroides1 which is handsome in flower and elegant in leaf4 ,spiderwort1 ,tradescantia virginica4--,a handsome and distinct ,north ,american perennial1 with purple1 blue1 or white flowers1 attaining a height of #a feet or #b feet4 ,an admirable subject for naturalisation on almost any soil1 thriving perfectly on the wettest and coldest1 and therefore suited for many places where other perennials would make little progress4 ,wood ,lily1 ,trillium4--,very singular and beautiful ,american wood plants1 of which ,t4 grandiflorum is worthy of special attention1 thriving in shady places in moist rich soils1 in woods and copses1 where some vegetable soil has gathered4 ,illustration3 ,telekia4 ,type of the ,larger ,composites excluded from gardens proper4 ,globe ,flower1 ,trollius4--,beautiful plants of vigorous habit1 with large handsome flowers1 of a fine golden colour1 like those of the buttercups1 but turning inwards so as to form an almost round blossom1 quite distinct in aspect4 ,few subjects are more worthy of a position in grassy glades where the soil is rich1 although they will grow in ordinary soil4 ,there are several distinct kinds suitable1 though there is little difference in their appearance4 ,tulip1 ,tulipa4--,various kinds of ,tulips might be naturalised with advantage by wood walks and in the rougher parts of the pleasure grounds4 ,in such positions they would not attain such a size as the richly-fed garden flowers1 but that would make them none the less attractive to those who care about the wild garden4 ,telekia1 ,telekia cordifolia4--,a vigorous herbaceous plant1 suited for association with ,echinops1 ,rheum1 and subjects grown for their foliage and character4 ,it is very free in growth1 and has large foliage and sunflower-like flowers4 ,flame-,flower1 ,tritoma4--,flame ,flowers are occasionally planted in excess1 so as to neutralise the good effect they might otherwise produce1 and they1 like many other flowers1 have suffered from being1 like soldiers1 put in straight lines and in other geometrical formations4 ,it is only where a fine plant or group of plants is seen in some green glade that the true beauty of the ,flame ,flower is seen1 especially at some little distance off4 ,although not exactly belonging to the very free-growing and extremely hardy genera of plants recommended for the wild garden1 they are so free in many soils that they might with confidence be recommended for that purpose1 and our sketch shows a picturesque group of them planted in this way4 ,it would be delightful if people having country seats would study more the effects to be realised from certain types of plants4 ,for instance1 a well and tastefully placed group of these ,flame ,flowers would for a long time in autumn be a most effective feature in the landscape of a country seat2 and there are various other plants to which the same remark applies1 though perhaps to none better than these in the later months of the year4 ,illustration3 ,group of ,tritoma1 in grass4 ,showy ,indian ,cress1 ,tropolum speciosum4--,against terrace walls1 among shrubs1 and on slopes1 on banks1 or bushy rockwork near the hardy fernery2 in deep1 rich1 and light soil4 ,this is a brilliant plant1 well worth any trouble to establish4 ,many fail to establish it in the garden proper1 but moist1 shady1 and bushy places1 will suit it better4 ,illustration3 ,a tall ,mullein4 ,mullein1 ,verbascum4--,verbascum vernale is a noble plant1 which has been slowly spreading in our collections of hardy plants for some years past1 and it is a plant of peculiar merit4 ,i first saw it in the ,garden of ,plants1 and brought home some roots which gave rise to the stock now in our gardens4 ,its peculiarities1 or rather its merits1 are that it is a true perennial species--at least on the warm soils1 and in this respect quite unlike other ,mulleins which are sometimes seen in our gardens1 and oftener in our hedgerows4 ,it also has the advantage of great height1 growing1 as in the specimen shown in our illustration1 to a height of about #aj feet1 or even more4 ,then there are the large and green leaves1 which come up rather early and are extremely effective4 ,finally1 the colour is good and the quantity of yellow flowers with purplish filaments that are borne on one of these great branching panicles is something enormous4 ,the use of such a plant cannot be difficult to define1 it being so good in form and so distinct in habit4 ,for the back part of a mixed border1 for grouping with other plants of remarkable size or form of foliage1 or for placing here and there in open spaces among shrubs1 it is well suited4 ,a bold group of it1 arranged on the ,grass by itself1 in deep1 light1 and well-dressed soil1 would be effective in a picturesque garden4 ,it is also known in gardens by the name of ,verbascum ,chaixii1 which name1 we believe1 was given to it at ,kew4 ,periwinkle1 ,vinca4--,trailing plants1 with glossy foliage and handsome blue flowers1 well known in gardens4 ,they are admirable plants for naturalisation1 growing in any position1 shady or sunny4 ,there are variously-coloured and very pretty varieties of ,v4 minor1 while the variegated forms of both species are handsome1 and may be naturalised like the green kinds4 ,speedwell1 ,veronica4--,herbaceous plants1 usually rather tall 7#a feet to #c feet71 in some cases dwarf and neat alpine plants with blue flowers in various shades2 are among the hardiest of plants1 and will grow in any soil4 ,all the taller kinds are admirably suited for naturalisation among long grass and other herbaceous vegetation4 ,a great number that are in cultivation in borders are only fit for this purpose4 ,the dwarf kinds are equally suitable for bare places1 or among other dwarf plants4 ,violet1 ,viola4--,a numerous race of dwarf and interesting plants1 thriving freely in our climate1 in half-shady places1 rocky spots or banks1 fringes of shrubberies1 or almost any position4 ,the very handsome bird's-foot violet of ,n4 ,america 7,v4 pedata7 would thrive in sandy level places or on rocky banks4 ,in this family occur a good many kinds1 such as ,v4 canadensis1 which1 not being fragrant1 or not possessing sufficient charms to ensure their general cultivation in gardens1 are peculiarly suited for this sort of gardening4 ,our own sweet violet should be abundantly naturalised wherever it does not occur in a wild state4 ,adam's-,needle1 ,yucca4--,although these scarcely come into this selection1 yet their fine habit and their hardiness give them a charm for us even in a wild garden4 ,a legitimate aim1 on the part of any one carrying out this to any extent1 would be to try and develop a sub-tropical aspect of vegetation in certain places4 ,in such a case the ,yuccas could not be dispensed with4 ,the free-flowering kinds 7,y4 flaccida and ,y4 filamentosa7 should not be omitted1 as they are more likely to spread and increase than the larger ones2 all such plants are better held together in groups4 ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,,selections ,,of ,,hardy ,,exotic ,,plants ,,for ,,various ,,positions ,,in ,,the ,,wild ,,garden4 ,illustration3 ,ophrys in grass4 ,as it is desirable to know how to procure as well as how to select the best kinds1 a few words on the first subject may not be amiss here4 ,a very important point is the getting of a stock of plants to begin with4 ,in country or other places where many good old border flowers remain in the cottage gardens1 many species may be collected therein4 ,a series of nursery beds should be formed in some by-place in which such subjects could be increased to any desired degree4 ,free-growing spring-flowers like ,aubrietia1 ,alyssum1 and ,iberis1 may be multiplied to any extent by division or cuttings4 ,numbers of kinds may be raised from seed sown rather thinly in drills1 in nursery beds in the open air4 ,the catalogues should be searched every ,spring for suitable subjects4 ,the best time for sowing is the ,spring1 but any time during the ,summer will do4 ,many perennials and bulbs must be bought in nurseries and increased as well as may be in nursery beds4 ,as to soil1 etc41 the best way is to avoid the trouble of preparing it except for specially interesting plants4 ,the great point is to adapt the plant to the soil--in peaty places to place plants that thrive in peat1 in clay soils those that thrive in clays1 and so on4 ,among coarse vegetation the best way is to dig the ground deeply before planting1 so as to allow the planted subjects to become well established4 ,the ground is so dried1 and exhausted and impoverished in some woodland places with coarse weeds1 that so much preparation is necessary4 ,a selection of ,plants for ,naturalisation in places devoid of any but dwarf vegetation1 on bare banks1 etc41 and in poorish soil4 ,dielytra eximia4 0 formosa4 ,cheiranthus alpinus4 ,arabis albida4 ,aubrietia1 in var4 ,alyssum saxatile4 ,odontarrhena carsinum4 ,iberis corifolia4 0 sempervirens4 0 correfolia4 ,thlaspi latifolium4 thionema coridifolium4 ,helianthemum1 in var4 ,viola cornuta4 0 cucullata4 ,gypsophila repens4 ,tunica ,saxifraga4 ,saponaria ocymoides4 ,silene alpestris4 0 ,schafta4 ,cerastium ,biebersteinii4 0 grandiflorum4 0 tomentosum4 ,linum alpinum4 0 arboreum4 0 flavum4 ,geranium ,wallichianum4 0 striatum4 0 cinereum1 and others4 ,oxalis floribunda4 ,genista sagittalis4 ,anthyllis montana4 ,astragalus monspessulanus4 ,coronilla varia4 ,hedysarum obscurum4 ,vicia argentea4 ,orobus vernus4 0 lathyroides4 ,waldsteinia trifolia4 ,potentilla calabra4 nothera speciosa4 0 missouriensis4 0 taraxacifolia4 ,sedum dentatum4 0 kamtschaticum4 0 ,sieboldii4 0 spectabile4 0 spurium4 ,sempervivum calcareum4 0 hirtum4 0 montanum4 0 soboliferum4 0 sedoides4 ,saxifraga ,aizoon4 0 cordifolia4 0 crassifolia4 0 crustata4 0 longifolia4 0 ,cotyledon4 0 rosularis4 ,astrantia major4 ,dondia ,epipactis4 ,athamanta ,matthioli4 ,cornus canadensis4 ,scabiosa caucasica4 ,hieracium aurantiacum4 ,doronicum caucasicum4 ,aster alpinus4 ,tussilago fragrans4 ,achillea aurea4 ,symphyandra pendula4 ,campanula carpatica4 0 fragilis4 0 garganica4 0 cspitosa4 ,gaultheria procumbens4 ,vinca herbacea4 ,gentiana acaulis4 ,phlox stolonifera4 0 subulata4 ,lithospermum prostratum4 ,pulmonaria grandiflora4 0 mollis4 ,myosotis dissitiflora4 ,physalis ,alkekengi4 ,pentstemon procerus4 ,veronica austriaca4 0 candida4 0 taurica4 ,teucrium ,chamdrys4 ,ajuga genevensis4 ,scutellaria alpina4 ,prunella grandiflora4 ,stachys lanata4 ,zietenia lavandulfolia4 ,dodecatheon ,meadia4 ,acantholimon glumaceum4 ,armeria cephalotes4 ,plumbago ,larpent4 ,polygonum ,brunonis4 0 vaccinifolium4 ,euphorbia ,cyparissias4 ,iris cristata4 8 graminea4 8 pumila4 8 reticulata4 8 nudicaulis4 ,plants of vigorous habit for the ,wild ,garden4 ,trollius altaicus4 0 napellifolius1 or any other kind4 ,thalictrum aquilegifolium4 ,delphinium1 in var4 ,aconitum1 in var4 ,ponia1 in great var4 ,papaver orientale4 0 bracteatum4 ,macleya cordata4 ,datisca cannabina4 ,crambe cordifolia4 ,altha ficifolia4 0 nudiflora4 0 taurinensis4 ,lavate a ,olbia4 ,galega officinalis4 0 biloba4 ,lathyrus latifolius4 0 grandiflorus1 and any others4 ,lupinus polyphyllus4 ,thermopsis barbata4 ,spira ,aruncus4 ,astilbe rivularis4 0 rubra4 ,molopospermum cicutarium4 ,ferula communis4 0 glauca4 0 tingitana4 0 sulcata4 ,statice latifolia4 ,peucedanum involucratum4 0 longifolium4 ,heracleum flavescens4 0 giganteum4 ,dipsacus laciniatus4 ,mulgedium ,plumieri4 ,alfredia cernua4 ,onopordon tauricum4 ,centaurea babylonica4 ,echinops bannaticus4 0 exaltatus4 0 ruthenicus4 0 purpureus4 ,aster elegans4 0 ,novi ,belgii4 0 ,nov ,angli4 0 pyrenus4 0 ericoides1 and any other good kinds4 ,eupatorium purpureum4 ,telekia cordifolia4 ,helianthus angustifolius4 0 multiflorus4 0 orgyalis4 ,harpalium rigidum4 ,silphium perfoliatum4 ,campanula1 all the tall and strong growing kinds4 ,asclepias ,cornuti4 0 ,douglasii4 ,verbascum ,chaixii4 ,physostegia imbricata4 0 speciosa4 ,acanthus latifolius4 0 spinosus4 0 spinosissimus4 ,phytolacca decandra4 ,polygonum ,sieboldii4 ,rheum ,emodi4 0 palmatum4 ,achillea ,eupatorium4 ,bambusa falcata4 ,veratrum album4 ,yucca filamentosa4 0 flaccida4 0 recurva4 0 gloriosa4 ,peucedanum ruthenicum4 ,astragalus ponticus4 ,hardy ,plants with fine foliage or graceful habit suitable for ,naturalisation4 ,acanthus1 several species4 ,asclepias syriaca4 ,statice latifolia4 ,polygonum cuspidatum4 0 sachalinense4 ,rheum ,emodi1 and other kinds4 ,euphorbia ,cyparissias4 ,datisca cannabina4 ,veratrum album4 ,crambe cordifolia4 ,altha taurinensis4 ,elymus arenarius4 ,bambusa1 several species4 ,arundinaria falcata4 ,yucca1 several species4 ,verbascum ,chaixii4 ,spira ,aruncus4 ,astilbe rivularis4 0 rubra4 ,eryngium1 several species4 ,ferula1 several species4 ,phytolacca decandra4 ,centaurea babylonica4 ,acta1 in var4 ,cimicifuga racemosa4 ,peucedanum ruthenicum4 ,heracleum1 several species4 ,aralia japonica4 0 edulis4 ,macleaya cordata4 ,panicum bulbosum4 0 virgatum4 ,dipsacus laciniatus4 ,alfredia cernua4 ,carlina acanthifolia4 ,telekia cordifolia4 ,echinops exaltatus4 0 ruthenicus4 ,helianthus orgyalis4 0 multiflorus1 and vars4 ,silybum eburneum4 0 ,marianum4 ,onopordon ,acanthium4 0 arabicum4 ,plants for ,hedge-banks and like ,places4 ,clematis in great var4 ,thalictrum aquilegifolium4 ,anemone japonica and vars4 ,delphinium1 in var4 ,aconitum1 in var4 ,macleaya cordata4 ,kitaibelia vitifolia4 ,tropolum speciosum4 ,baptisia australis4 ,coronilla varia4 ,galega officinalis1 both white and pink forms4 ,galega biloba4 ,astragalus ponticus4 ,lathyrus grandiflorus4 0 rotundifolius4 0 latifolius4 0 latifolius albus4 ,lupinus polyphyllus4 ,rubus biflorus4 nothera ,lamarckiana4 ,astilbe rivularis4 ,ferula1 in var4 ,campanula1 in great var4 ,calystegia dahurica4 0 pubescens4 ,verbascum ,chaixii4 ,pentstemon barbatus4 ,veronica1 tall kinds in var4 ,phlomis ,russelliana4 0 herba-venti4 ,physostegia speciosa4 0 virginica4 ,acanthus spinosus4 ,lilies1 common kinds4 ,narcissus1 common kinds4 ,scillas1 in var4 ,statice latifolia4 ,phytolacca decandra4 ,aristolochia ,sipho4 ,asparagus ,broussoneti4 0 officinalis4 ,vitis1 in var4 ,honeysuckles1 in var4 ,leucojum1 in var4 ,fritillary1 in var4 ,trailers1 ,climbers1 etc4 ,the selection of plants to cover bowers1 trellises1 railings1 old trees1 stumps1 rootwork1 etc41 suitably1 is important1 particularly as the plants fitted for these purposes are equally useful for rough rockwork1 precipitous banks1 flanks of rustic bridges1 river-banks1 ruins1 covering cottages or outhouses1 and many other uses in garden1 pleasure-ground1 or wilderness4 ,vitis stivalis4 0 amooriensis4 0 cordifolia4 0 heterophylla variegata 0 ,isabella4 0 ,labrusca4 0 laciniosa4 0 riparia4 0 ,sieboldii4 0 vinifera apiifolia4 0 vulpina4 ,aristolochia ,sipho4 0 tomentosa4 ,clematis1 in great variety1 both species and hybrids4 ,calystegia dahurica4 0 pubescens plena4 ,wistaria sinensis4 ,asparagus ,broussoneti4 ,periploca grca4 ,hablitzia tamnoides4 ,boussingaultia baselloides4 ,menispermum canadense4 0 virginicum4 ,cissus orientalis4 0 pubescens4 ,ampelopsis bipinnata4 0 cordata4 0 hederacea4 0 tricuspidata4 ,jasminum nudiflorum4 0 officinale4 0 revolutum4 ,passiflora crulea4 ,lonicera ,caprifolium4 0 confusa4 0 flava4 0 japonica4 0 ,periclymenum4 ,spring and early ,summer ,flowers for ,naturalisation4 ,anemone alpina4 0 0 sulphurea4 0 apennina4 0 blanda4 0 ,coronaria4 0 fulgens4 0 ,hepatica4 0 ranunculoides4 0 trifolia4 ,ranunculus aconitifolius4 0 amplexicaulis4 0 montanus4 ,helleborus niger4 0 olympicus1 and many other kinds4 ,eranthis hyemalis4 ,aquilegia vulgaris4 ,ponia1 many kinds4 ,epimedium pinnatum4 ,papaver croceum4 0 bracteatum4 0 orientale4 ,dielytra eximia4 0 spectabilis4 ,corydalis capnoides4 0 lutea4 ,cheiranthus alpinus4 0 ,cheiri4 ,arabis4 ,aubrietia1 various4 ,alyssum saxatile4 ,iberis corifolia4 0 sempervirens4 0 correfolia4 ,viola cornuta4 ,saponaria ocymoides4 ,silene alpestris4 ,arenaria montana4 ,ononis fruticosa4 ,vicia argentea4 ,orobus flaccidus4 0 cyaneus4 0 lathyroides4 0 variegatus4 0 vernus4 ,centranthus ruber4 ,centaurea montana4 ,doronicum caucasicum4 ,thlaspi latifolium4 ,hesperis matronalis4 ,erica carnea4 ,vinca major4 ,gentiana acaulis4 ,phlox reptans4 ,pulmonaria grandiflora4 0 mollis4 ,symphytum bohemicum4 0 caucasicum4 ,myosotis dissitiflora4 ,omphalodes verna4 ,verbascum ,chaixii4 ,dodecatheon ,jeffreyi4 0 ,meadia4 ,cyclamen europum4 ,cyclamen hederfolium4 ,primula1 in var4 ,iris amna4 0 cristata4 0 ,de ,bergii4 0 flavescens4 0 florentina4 0 germanica4 0 graminea4 0 ochroleuca4 0 pallida4 0 sambucina4 0 sub-biflora4 0 variegata1 and many other kinds4 ,crocus aureus4 0 speciosus4 0 versicolor4 0 susianus1 and many others4 ,narcissus angustifolius4 0 ,bulbocodium4 0 bicolor4 0 incomparabilis4 0 major4 0 montanus4 0 odorus4 0 poeticus vars4 ,galanthus1 in var4 ,leucojum pulchellum4 0 vernum4 ,paradisia ,liliastrum4 ,ornithogalum umbellatum4 ,scilla amna4 0 bifolia4 0 campanulata4 0 patula4 0 italica4 0 sibirica4 ,hyacinthus amethystinus4 ,muscari botryoides4 0 moschatum1 and various others4 ,allium neapolitanum4 0 ciliatum4 ,tulipa ,gesneriana4 0 suaveolens4 0 scabriscapa and many others4 ,fritillaria1 in var4 ,bulbocodium vernum4 ,plants for ,naturalisation beneath specimen ,trees on ,lawns1 etc4 ,where1 as is frequently the case1 the branches of trees1 both evergreen and deciduous1 sweep the turf--and this1 as a rule1 they should be allowed to do where they are planted in ornamental grounds--a great number of pretty spring flowers may be naturalised beneath the branches1 where they thrive without attention4 ,it is chiefly in the case of deciduous trees that this could be done2 but even in the case of conifers and evergreens some graceful objects might be dotted beneath the outermost points of their lower branches4 ,however1 it is the specimen deciduous tree that offers us the best opportunities in this way4 ,we know that a great number of our spring flowers and hardy bulbs mature their foliage and go to rest early in the year4 ,they require light and sun in spring1 which they obtain abundantly under the deciduous tree2 they have time to flower and develop their leaves under it before the foliage of the tree appears2 then1 as the summer heats approach1 they are gradually overshadowed by a cool canopy1 and go to rest undisturbed2 but1 the leaves of the trees once fallen1 they soon begin to appear again and cover the ground with beauty4 ,an example or two will perhaps explain the matter more fully4 ,take the case of1 say1 a spreading old specimen of any summer-leafing tree4 ,scatter a few tufts of the winter ,aconite beneath it1 and leave them alone4 ,in a very few years they will have covered the ground2 every year afterwards they will spread a golden carpet beneath the tree2 and when it fades there will be no eyesore from decaying leaves as there would be on a border--no necessity for replacing the plants with others2 the tree puts forth its leaves1 covering the ground till ,autumn1 and in early spring we again see our little friend in all the vigour of his glossy leaves and golden buttons4 ,in this way this pretty spring flower may be seen to much greater advantage1 in a much more pleasing position than in the ordinary way of putting it in patches and rings in beds or borders1 and with a tithe of the trouble4 ,there are many other subjects of which the same is true4 ,we have only to imagine this done in a variety of cases to see to what a beautiful and novel result it would lead4 ,given the bright blue ,apennine ,anemone under one tree1 the spring ,snowflake under another1 the delicate blue and pencilled ,crocuses1 and so on1 we should have a spring garden of the most beautiful kind4 ,the same plan could be carried out under the branches of a grove as well as of specimen trees4 ,very attractive mixed plantations might be made by dotting tall subjects like the large ,jonquil 7,narcissus odorus7 among dwarf spreading plants like the ,anemone1 and also by mixing dwarf plants of various colours3 diversely coloured varieties of the same species of ,anemone1 for example4 ,omitting the various pretty ,british plants that would thrive in the positions indicated--these are not likely to be unknown to the reader interested in such matters--and confining the selection to dwarf1 hardy1 exotic flowers alone1 the following are selected as among the most suitable for such arrangements as that just described1 with some little attention as to the season of flowering and the kind of soil required by some rather uncommon species4 ,a late-flowering kind1 for example1 should be planted under late-leafing trees1 or towards the points of their branches1 so that they might not be obscured by the leaves of the tree before perfecting their flowers4 ,anemone angulosa4 0 apennina4 0 blanda4 0 ,coronaria4 0 fulgens4 0 ,hepatica4 0 stellata4 0 sylvestris4 0 trifolia4 ,arum italicum4 ,bulbocodium vernum4 ,corydalis solida4 0 tuberosa4 ,crocus ,imperati4 0 biflorus4 0 reticulatus4 0 versicolor1 and many others4 ,cyclamen hederfolium4 ,eranthis hyemalis4 ,erythronium ,dens-canis4 ,ficaria grandiflora4 ,snowdrop1 all the kinds4 ,snowflake1 all the kinds4 ,iris reticulata4 ,grape ,hyacinths4 ,grape ,hyacinths ,muscari1 any of the numerous kinds4 ,narcissus1 in var4 ,puschkinia scilloides4 ,sanguinaria canadensis4 ,scilla bifolia4 0 sibirica4 0 campanulata4 ,sisyrinchium grandiflorum4 ,trillium grandiflorum 7peat or leaf soil74 ,tulipa1 in var4 ,plants for very moist rich ,soils4 ,altha1 in var4 ,astilbe rivularis4 ,aralia edulis4 0 nudicaulis4 ,artemisia1 in var4 ,asclepias ,cornuti4 ,asphodelus ramosus4 ,aster1 in var4 ,baptisia exaltata4 ,butomus umbellatus4 ,calla palustris4 ,caltha palustris fl4 pl4 ,campanula glomerata1 and large kinds4 ,convallaria multiflora4 ,colchicum1 in var4 ,crinum capense4 ,cypripedium spectabile4 ,datisca cannabina4 ,echinops1 in var4 ,elymus1 in var4 ,epilobium1 in var4 ,eupatorium1 in var4 ,ficaria grandiflora4 ,galax aphylla4 ,galega officinalis4 ,gentiana asclepiadea4 ,helianthus multiflorus1 single and double forms4 ,helianthus orgyalis4 0 rigidus4 ,helonias bullata4 ,hemerocallis1 in var4 ,heracleum1 in var4 ,iris ochreleuca4 ,liatris1 in var4 ,lythrum 7roseum superbum74 ,mimulas1 in var4 ,molopospermum cicutarium4 ,mulgedium ,plumieri4 ,narcissus1 stronger kinds4 nothera1 large kinds4 ,omphalodes verna4 ,onopordon1 in var4 ,phlomis herba-venti4 0 ,russelliana4 ,physostegia speciosa4 ,phytolacca decandra4 ,rudbeckia hirta4 ,ranunculus amplexicaulis4 0 parnassifolius4 ,sanguinaria canadensis4 ,solidago1 in var4 ,spira ,aruncus4 ,statice latifolia4 ,silphium1 in var4 ,swertia perennis4 ,telekia speciosa4 ,thalictrum1 in var4 ,trollius1 in var4 ,vaccinium1 in var4 ,veratrum1 in var4 ,plants suited for ,peat ,soil4 ,alstrmeria1 in var4 ,calluna1 in var4 ,chimaphila maculata4 ,chrysobactron ,hookeri4 ,coptis trifoliata4 ,cornus canadensis4 ,cypripedium spectabile4 ,dentaria laciniata4 ,daphne ,cneorum4 ,dryas octopetala4 ,epiga repens4 ,epimedium1 in var4 ,funkia ,sieboldii4 0 grandiflora4 ,galax aphylla4 ,gaultheria procumbens4 ,gentians1 in var4 ,helonias bullata4 ,iris nudicaulis1 pumila1 and vars4 ,jeffersonia diphylla4 ,linna borealis4 ,podophyllum peltatum4 ,podophyllum ,eniodi4 ,polygala ,chambuxus4 ,pyrola1 in var4 ,hardy ,heaths1 in var4 ,ramondia pyrenaica4 ,sisyrinchium grandiflorum4 ,spigelia marilandica4 ,trientalis europa4 ,trillium grandiflorum4 ,lilies1 in var4 ,plants suited for ,calcareous or ,chalky ,soil4 ,adenophora1 in var4 thionema1 in var4 ,anemone1 in var4 ,alyssum1 in var4 ,anthyllis montana4 ,antirrhinum1 in var4 ,cistus1 in var4 ,cheiranthus1 in var4 ,campanula1 in var4 ,carduus eriophorus4 ,cerastium1 in var4 ,coronilla1 in var4 ,dorycnium sericeum4 ,dianthus1 in var4 ,echium1 in var4 ,erodium1 in var4 ,genista1 in var4 ,geum1 in var4 ,geranium1 in var4 ,gypsophila1 in var4 ,hedysarum1 in var4 ,helianthemum1 in var4 ,lunaria biennis4 ,lupinus polyphyllus4 ,onobrychis1 in var4 ,ononis1 in var4 ,ophrys1 in var4 ,othonna cheirifolia4 ,phlomis1 in var4 ,prunella grandiflora4 ,santolina1 in var4 ,saponaria ocymoides4 ,saxifraga 7the encrusted and the large-leaved kinds74 ,scabiosa1 in var4 ,sempervivum1 in var4 ,sedum1 in var4 ,symphytum1 in var4 ,thermopsis fabacea4 ,thymus1 in var4 ,trachelium cruleum4 ,trifolium alpinum4 ,triteleia uniflora4 ,tunica ,saxifraga4 ,vesicaria utriculata4 ,vicia1 in var4 ,vittadenia triloba4 ,waldsteinia trifoliata4 0 geoides4 ,plants suited for ,dry and ,gravelly ,soil4 ,achilla1 in var4 thionema cordifolium4 ,agrostemma coronaria4 ,alyssum saxatile4 ,antennaria dioica4 ,anthyllis montana4 ,antirrhinum rupestre4 ,arabis albida4 ,aubrietia1 in var4 ,armeria cephalotes4 ,artemisia1 in var4 ,cerastium1 in var4 ,carlina acanthifolia4 ,cheiranthus1 in var4 ,chrysopsis mariana4 ,cistus1 in var4 ,corydalis1 in var4 ,dianthus1 in var4 ,dracocephalum1 in var4 ,dielytra eximia4 ,dorycnium sericeum4 ,echium1 in var4 ,erodium1 in var4 ,eryngium1 in var4 ,euphorbia ,myrsinites4 ,fumaria1 in var4 ,geranium1 in var4 ,gypsophila1 in var4 ,helianthemum1 in var4 ,helichrysum arenarium4 ,hypericum1 in var4 ,iberis1 in var4 ,jasione perennis4 ,lavandula spica4 ,linaria1 in var4 ,linum1 in var4 ,lupinus polyphyllus4 ,modiola geranioides4 ,narcissus1 in var4 ,nepeta ,mussinii4 ,onobrychis1 in var4 ,ononis1 in var4 ,ornithogalum1 in var4 ,plumbago ,larpent4 ,polygonum vaccinifolium4 ,santolina1 in var4 ,scabiosa1 in var4 ,sedum1 in great var4 ,sempervivum1 in great var4 ,saponaria ocymoides4 ,stachys lanata4 ,teucrium ,chamdrys4 ,thlaspi latifolium4 ,thymus1 in var4 ,trachelium1 in var4 ,tussilago fragrans4 0 ,farfara variegata4 ,verbascum1 in var4 ,vesicaria utriculata4 ,selection of ,plants for ,growing on ,old ,walls1 ,ruins1 or ,rocky ,slopes4 ,achillea tomentosa4 ,alyssum montanum saxatile 7walls and ruins74 ,antirrhinum rupestre4 0 majus4 0 ,orontium4 ,arenaria balearica4 0 cspitosa4 0 ciliata4 0 graminifolia4 0 montana4 0 verna4 ,arabis albida4 0 petra4 ,asperula cynanchica4 ,campanula ,barrelieri4 0 rotundifolia4 0 fragilis4 0 fragilis lanuginosa4 0 garganica4 0 pumila4 0 pumila alba4 ,centranthus ruber4 0 0 albus4 ,centranthus ruber coccineus4 ,cheiranthus alpinus4 0 ,cheiri4 0 0 pleno4 ,coronilla minima4 ,corydalis lutea4 ,cotyledon ,umbilicus4 ,dianthus csius4 0 deltoides4 0 monspessulanus4 0 petrus4 ,draba aizoides4 ,erinus alpinus4 ,erodium romanum4 0 ,reichardii4 ,gypsophila muralis4 0 prostrata4 ,helianthemums4 ,hutchinsia petra4 ,iberis4 ,ionopsidium acaule4 ,koniga maritima4 ,linum alpinum4 ,lychnis alpina4 ,lychnis ,flos ,jovis4 0 lapponica4 ,malva campanulata4 ,santolina lanata4 ,saponaria ocymoides4 ,saxifraga bryoides4 0 caryophyllata4 0 csia4 0 crustata4 0 cuscutformis4 0 diapensioides4 0 ,hostii4 0 intacta4 0 ligulata4 0 longifolia4 0 pectinata4 0 pulchella4 0 retusa4 0 ,rhei4 0 rosularis4 0 ,rocheliana4 0 sarmentosa4 ,sedum acre4 0 aureum4 0 ,aizoon4 ,sedum album4 0 anglicum4 0 arenarium4 0 brevifolium4 0 californicum4 0 cruleum4 0 dasyphyllum4 0 elegans4 0 ,ewersii4 0 farinosum4 0 globiferum4 0 ,heuffelli4 0 hirtum4 ,sedum hispanicum4 0 kamschaticum4 0 montanum4 0 multiceps4 0 pilferum4 0 pulchrum4 0 sempervivoides4 ,sempervivum arachnoideum4 0 soboliferum4 0 spurium4 0 sexangulare4 0 sexfidum4 ,sempervivum tectorum4 ,silene alpestris4 0 rupestris4 0 ,schafta4 ,symphiandra pendula4 ,thlaspi alpestre4 ,thymus citriodorus4 ,trichomanes1 and vars4 ,tunica ,saxifraga4 ,umbilicus chrysanthus4 ,veronica fruticulosa4 0 saxatilis4 ,vesicaria utriculata4 ,a ,selection of ,annual and ,biennial ,plants for ,naturalisation4 ,papaver somniferum4 ,eschscholtzia californica4 ,platystemon californicum4 ,matthiola annua4 0 bicornis4 ,arabis arenosa4 ,alyssum maritimum4 ,iberis coronaria4 0 umbellata4 ,malcolmia maritima4 ,erysimum ,peroffskianum4 ,gypsophila elegans4 ,saponaria calabrica4 ,silene ,armeria4 ,viscaria oculata4 ,malope trifida4 ,limnanthes ,douglasii4 ,ononis viscosa4 nothera odorata4 ,godetia ,lindleyana4 0 rubicunda4 ,godetia tenella4 ,clarkia elegans4 0 pulchella4 ,eucharidium concinnum grandiflorum4 ,amberboa moschata4 0 odorata4 ,helianthus annuus4 ,dimorphotheca pluvialis4 ,gilia capitata4 0 tricolor4 ,collomia coccinea4 ,leptosiphon androsaceus4 0 densiflorus4 ,nicandra physaloides4 ,collinsia bicolor4 0 verna4 ,dracocephalum nutans4 0 moldavicum4 ,blitum capitatum4 ,polygonum orientale4 ,panicum capillare4 ,bromus brizformis4 ,briza maxima4 0 gracilis4 ,agrostis nebulosa4 ,matthiola1 in var4 ,lunaria biennis4 ,hesperis matronalis4 ,erysimum asperum4 ,silene pendula4 ,hedysarum coronarium4 nothera ,jamesi4 nothera ,lamarckiana4 ,dipsacus laciniatus4 ,silybum eburneum4 ,onopordum1 in var4 ,campanula ,medium4 0 0 rosea4 ,verbascum phlomoides4 ,grasses for ,naturalisation4 ,agrostis nebulosa4 ,briza maxima4 ,brizopyrum siculum4 ,bromus brizformis4 ,hordeum jubatum4 ,panicum virgatum4 0 bulbosum4 0 capillare4 ,polypogon monspeliensis4 ,stipa gigantea4 0 pennata4 ,milium multiflorum4 ,some of our nobler grasses1 like the ,pampas and the ,new ,zealand reeds1 have not the qualities of perfect hardiness and power of increase without care in our climate1 which would entitle them to a place in these selections4 ,they belong to the garden proper4 ,aquatic ,plants for ,naturalisation4 ,nuphar advena4 ,nympha odorata4 ,calla palustris4 ,pontederia cordata4 ,aponogeton distachyon4 ,orontium aquaticum4 ,hardy ,bulbs for ,naturalisation4 ,allium ,moly4 0 fragrans4 0 neapolitanum4 0 ciliatum4 ,brodia congesta4 ,bulbocodium vernum4 ,camassia esculenta4 ,crinum capense4 ,crocus1 in great var4 ,colchicum1 in var4 ,cyclamen1 in var4 ,erythronium ,dens-canis4 ,fritillaria1 in var4 ,gladiolus communis4 ,hyacinthus amethystinus4 ,iris1 in great var4 ,leucojum1 in var4 ,lilium1 in var4 ,merendera ,bulbocodium4 ,muscari1 in var4 ,narcissus1 in great var4 ,ornithogalum1 in var4 ,scilla1 in var4 ,snowdrops1 in var4 ,sparaxis pulcherrima4 ,sternbergia lutea4 ,trichonema ramiflorum4 ,triteleia uniflora4 ,tulipa1 in var4 ,list of ,plants for ,naturalisation in ,lawns and other ,grassy ,places not frequently mown4 ,this must of necessity be a limited list--being confined to subjects that will grow and flower early in the season1 and not form tufts or foliage large enough to much injure the turf4 ,bulbocodium vernum4 ,colchicum1 in var4 ,cyclamen hederfolium4 ,snowdrops1 all4 ,leucojum vernum4 ,scilla bifolia4 0 alba4 0 sibirica4 0 italica4 0 amna4 ,anemone apennina4 0 ranunculoides4 0 blanda4 0 trifolia4 ,antennaria dioica rosea4 ,anthyllis montana4 ,dianthus deltoides4 ,erodium romanum4 ,fumaria bulbosa4 ,helichrysum arenarium4 ,iris reticulata4 ,linum alpinum4 ,narcissus minor4 0 bicolor4 0 ,bulbocodium4 0 juncifolius1 and many others4 ,sternbergia lutea4 ,hyacinthus amethystinus4 ,merendera ,bulbocodium4 ,muscari1 in var4 ,trichonema ramiflorum4 ,climbing and ,twining ,plants for ,thickets1 ,copses1 ,hedgerows1 and ,trees4 ,ampelopsis bipinnata4 0 cordata4 0 hederacea4 0 tricuspidata4 ,apios tuberosa4 ,aristolochia ,sipho4 0 tomentosa4 ,asparagus ,broussoneti4 ,calystegia dahurica4 ,cissus orientalis4 ,clematis flammula4 0 montana4 0 ,viticella1 and others4 ,hablitzia tamnoides4 ,jasminum nudiflorum4 0 officinale4 ,lathyrus grandiflorus4 0 latifolius4 0 rotundifolius4 0 tuberosus and others4 ,lonicera ,caprifolium4 0 confusa4 0 flava4 0 japonica4 0 ,periclymenum4 ,menispermum canadense4 0 virginicum4 ,periploca grca4 ,roses1 single1 in great var4 ,smilax1 hardy kinds4 ,tamus communis4 ,tropolum pentaphyllum4 0 speciosum4 ,vitis1 various4 ,wistaria frutescens4 0 sinensis4 ,these selections are only proposed as aids to those dealing with special positions4 ,the most valuable selection and best guide to the material for the beginner will be found in ,chapter ,,xiv41 on the principal types of ,hardy ,exotic ,plants for the wild garden4 ,,rabbits ,,and ,,woods4 ,this sad subject has been kept for the last1 as the only disagreeable one in connection with the wild garden4 ,all ,i have to say of it is1 there should be no rabbits in the wild garden2 but the following suggestions may prove useful4 ,the subject should be presented in a practical light to landowners and preservers of game1 and if it can be shown that the preservation1 or rather toleration1 of rabbits on an estate is a dead loss both to the proprietor and his tenants1 probably more active measures would be taken for their extermination4 ,it is incalculable the injury they do to young trees alone2 indeed1 where they prevail there is no chance of getting up cover except at an extravagant cost4 ,hares are less destructive1 if they damage trees at all2 and it is said by experienced gamekeepers that they never thrive so well where rabbits abound4 ,and as regards pheasants1 they drive them away by eating down the evergreen cover so necessary to their existence in the way of shelter in winter4 ,pheasants will not remain in a wood where there is not shelter of this kind2 and nothing are they more partial to than the ,holly1 which ought to abound in every wood1 but which the rabbits destroy first4 ,here are two sorts of game--hares and pheasants--which many can never have enough of1 and the existence of which is directly interfered with by the rabbits2 they should be encouraged at the expense of the latter--not to speak of the expense incurred year after year making up losses in plantation1 and the expense of wire-netting and labour1 etc41 in protecting the trees4 ,the extermination of rabbits in this country is not such a difficult matter as might be imagined4 ,when it was determined here a few years since to reduce their numbers to a minimum on the farm lands and woods1 it did not require more than a couple of years to do so by shooting and ferreting during the season2 and they are now principally confined to one part of the estate--an extensive tract of waste land not of much use for any other purpose4 ,i feel pretty certain that a few active poachers would undertake to clear an estate of its rabbits in a marvellously short time1 and would be glad to pay a handsome consideration for the privilege of doing so4 ,in whatever degree rabbits contribute to our food supply--and it is not much--they certainly destroy a great quantity of our corn crops1 and are no profit to gentlemen or game preservers1 and there is therefore no excuse for their existence4 ,hungry rabbits1 like hungry dogs or starving men1 will eat almost anything that can be masticated and swallowed4 ,rabbits1 as a rule1 prefer to nibble over a pasture that contains short1 sweet1 wholesome grass1 and a proportion of clover1 dandelion1 and daisies1 but in and about woods where rabbits are numerous1 the grass1 from being closely and constantly eaten off1 gradually disappears1 and at the approach of winter is succeeded by moss1 a very cold1 watery1 and innutritious substitute2 then rabbits are driven to seek food from other sources than grass1 and the bark of small trees1 the leaves1 stalks1 and bark of shrubs1 and the protruding roots of forest trees1 are eaten almost indiscriminately4 ,amongst evergreen shrubs1 rhododendrons and box are generally avoided1 but ,i have known newly-planted hybrid rhododendrons to be partly eaten by rabbits4 ,the elder is distasteful1 and ,american azaleas are avoided4 ,i have frequently seen ,yew trees barked2 mahonias are devoured in these woods as soon as planted2 and periwinkle1 which is named amongst rabbit-proof plants1 is generally eaten to the ground in severe weather4 ,some of the bulbs and flowering plants named by your correspondent may well escape in winter1 because they are not seen above ground1 and where they grow1 other more agreeable herbage appears1 so their immunity consists in being inaccessible in a hungry time4 ,where rabbits are permitted1 the fact that they require food daily1 like other creatures1 should be recognised4 ,in the absence of wholesome food1 they will eat simply what they can get4 ,a certain portion of grass land should be retained for them and managed accordingly2 a few acres might be wired round1 or1 to be more explicit1 surrounded with wire-netting1 to the exclusion of rabbits1 until the approach of wintry weather1 when it could be thrown open for them4 ,if this cannot be done1 and frosty weather sets in1 when the mischief to shrubs is consummated1 trimmings of quick hedges should be scattered about1 and an allowance of turnips1 carrots1 or mangold wurzel made and doled out daily in bad weather4 ,in my experience rabbits prefer newly planted trees and shrubs to those established4 ,i have even had the fronds of newly-planted ,athyrium ,filix-fmina eaten1 while other ferns have been untouched4 ,there is one hint ,i may give your rabbit-preserving readers3 certain breeds of wild rabbits are much more prone to bark trees than others4 ,the barking of trees is an acquired propensity more common to north-country rabbits than others4 ,i should advise the destruction of those rabbits whose propensity for shrubs is very marked1 and try warren or common rabbits from the south of ,england2 but the best advice ,i can give is to have no rabbits at all4--,j4 ,s4 ,a correspondent who has given much attention to the subject 7,salmoniceps7 gives the following1 as among the most rabbit-proof of plants3--8,most of the ,lily family are10 he says1 8rejected by them1 including ,daffodils1 ,tulips1 ,snowdrops1 ,snowflakes1 ,lilies1 ,day ,lilies1 ,asphodels1 and others1 and they cannot be too extensively planted2 but even in that tribe the ,crocus 7which is also named in the article in question7 is greedily devoured4 ,i gave--in an early number of your paper 7see pp4 #i and #hh1 ,vol4 ,i47--a list of all rabbit-proof trees1 shrubs1 and flowers then known to me1 and ,i regret that1 though keeping a watch upon the subject1 ,i have not been able to add a single species to the list given below40 ,androsmum officinale4 ,anemone coronaria4 0 japonica4 ,arabis4 ,artemesia ,abrotanum4 ,asphodelus albus4 ,aubrietia4 ,berberis ,darwinii4 ,canterbury ,bells4 ,cineraria maritima4 ,columbine4 ,common and ,irish ,yews4 ,deutzia scabra4 ,dog's-tooth ,violet4 ,elder4 ,euonymus4 ,fuchsia4 ,hibiscus syriacus4 ,hollies4 ,honesty 7,lunaria74 ,iris4 ,ligustrum vulgare4 ,lilies 7common orange and white kinds74 ,lily of the ,valley4 ,lycium barbarum4 ,mahonia ,aquifolium4 ,monkshood4 ,muscari4 ,narcissus4 ,ornithogalum4 ,pansies4 ,periwinkle 7large and small74 ,phlox1 in var4 ,poppy4 ,primrose1 in var4 ,roses4 ,ruscus aculeatus4 0 racemosus4 ,scilla4 ,solomon's ,seal4 ,lonicera1 in var4 ,stachys lanata4 ,symphoricarpus4 0 racemosus4 ,syringa persica4 0 vulgaris4 ,tritoma4 ,violets4 ,weigela rosea4 ,winter ,aconite4 ,woodruff4 ,yucca gloriosa4 ,lists1 however1 and considerations of the above sort1 are a poor substitute for what is really required in such cases--the extermination of pests which are destructive alike to field crops1 to trees and shrubs1 and to plants1 and which offer at best a very scanty return for the havoc they commit4 ,illustration ,illustration ,,finis4 ,,index4 ,acanthus1 #abj ,accident1 a beautiful1 #ea ,achillea1 #abb ,achilleas1 large white1 #ec ,aconite1 the ,winter1 #aci ,aconitum1 #aba ,adam's ,needle1 #afb ,ajuga1 #abb ,alkanet1 #abe ,allium1 the ,white1 #abc ,allium1 the ,yellow1 naturalised1 #db ,alstrmeria1 #abc ,altha1 #abc1 #aej ,american ,cowslip1 #acf ,american ,swamp ,lily1 #fd ,american ,white ,wood ,lily1 #ei ,ampelopsis1 #acj ,anchusa1 #abe ,anemone1 #abd ,anemone1 ,blue ,apennine1 #ag ,anemone fulgens1 #bc ,anemones in the ,riviera1 #be ,anthericum1 #abe ,antirrhinum1 #abe ,apennine ,anemone1 #g ,aquilegia1 #abe ,arabis1 #abf ,arenaria1 #abf ,arenaria balearica on a wall1 #hh ,aristolochia ,sipho1 #abi ,arum1 #abg ,arundo ,donax1 #aee ,asclepias1 #abh ,asphodel1 #abg ,aster1 #abh ,astragalus1 #abi ,astrantia1 #abi ,atragene ,alpina1 #cj ,aubrietia1 #abi ,bamboo1 #acj ,bambusa1 #acj ,baptisia1 #acj ,barren-wort1 #ach ,bear's ,breech1 #abj ,bedding ,system1 the1 #b ,bee ,balm1 #aej ,bell-flower1 #acj ,bindweed1 #acd ,bindweed1 a ,south ,european1 #ace ,bindweed1 large white1 #ci ,bitter ,vetch1 #aea ,blood-root1 #ae ,bloodwort1 #aeg ,blue ,apennine ,anemone1 #ag ,blue ,rock ,cress1 #abi ,bog ,garden1 #gg ,bog ,gardens1 #fg ,bohemian ,comfrey1 #aa ,borage1 #ab ,borage family1 #i ,borago1 #acj ,borago cretica1 #ac ,bramble1 #aee ,bramble1 the ,nootka1 #dj ,brookside ,gardens1 #fg ,bugle1 #abb ,bulbs1 hardy1 for naturalisation1 #agb ,bulbs and ,tubers in grass1 #ae ,calla palustris1 #ace ,callirhoe1 #aej ,calystegia1 #acd ,campanula1 #acj ,candytuft1 ,evergreen1 #ade ,cape ,pond ,weed1 #ge ,catch-fly1 #aeg ,caucasian ,comfrey1 #i1 #aj ,celastrus1 #df ,centaurea1 #aca ,centranthus ruber1 #aca ,cephalaria1 #aeg ,cephalaria procera1 #cc ,cerastium1 #aca ,cheddar ,pink1 #ia ,cheddar ,pink1 ,saxifrage1 etc41 on wall1 #hi ,cheiranthus1 #aca ,christmas ,rose1 #adc ,clematis1 #acc ,clematis erecta1 #acc ,clematis flammula1 #ba ,clematis1 large white1 on ,yew tree1 #dd ,clematis1 the mountain1 #bb ,clematis1 the ,white-flowered ,european1 #acc ,climbers1 #aff ,climbing plants crucified1 #de ,climbing plants for ,wild ,garden1 #h ,climbing ,rose isolated on grass1 #hg ,colchicum1 #acb ,colony of ,myrrhis odorata1 #ea ,colony of ,narcissus in shrubbery1 #eg ,colony of ,summer ,snowflake1 #aai ,columbine1 #abe ,columbine1 the ,siberian1 #abf ,columbines in ,grass1 v ,comfrey1 #aeg ,comfreys1 #aa ,common ,lupine1 #adf ,copse1 ,lily of the ,valley in a1 #fc ,copses1 #cf ,coral-wort1 #ace ,cornus canadensis1 #acc ,coronilla varia1 #ace ,cotton ,thistle1 #aea ,cow ,parsnip1 the ,giant1 #ce ,cow ,parsnips1 #adc ,crambe1 #acd ,crane's ,bill1 wild1 #id ,creeping ,forget-me-not1 #aea ,cretan ,borage1 #ac ,crocus1 #acb ,crocuses1 #ag ,crocuses in turf1 #bj ,culture in ,woods1 #fd ,cyclamen1 #acc ,cyclamen1 ,ivy-leaved1 #e ,cyclamens in the ,wild ,garden1 #acd ,cyperus longus1 #gc ,cypripedium spectabile1 #acc ,daffodil1 #aea ,day ,lily1 #adc ,day ,lily by margin of water1 #gf ,delphinium1 #acf ,dentaria1 #ace ,dianthus1 #acg ,dielytra1 #acf ,digitalis1 #acg ,digging shrubbery borders1 #ea ,ditches1 #cf ,dodecatheon1 #acf ,dog's-tooth ,violet1 #aci ,doronicum1 #acf ,drapery for trees and bushes1 #dc ,dug and mutilated shrubbery in ,st4 ,james's ,park1 #aaa ,dwarf ,cornel1 #acc ,echinops1 #ach ,ellacombe1 ,rev4 ,h4 ,n41 on the ,rose1 #ha ,enothera1 #aea ,epiga repens1 #ach ,epimedium1 #ach ,eranthis hyemalis1 #aci ,erica1 #ach ,eryngium1 #ach ,erythronium1 #aci ,eupatorium1 #acg ,evening ,primrose1 #aea ,evening ,primrose at night1 #d ,evergreen ,candytuft1 #ade ,everlasting ,pea1 #adh ,exotic and ,british ,wild ,flowers in the ,wild ,garden1 #ag ,ferns1 #ada ,ferula1 #adj ,flame ,flower1 #aei ,fleur de ,lis1 #ade ,flowers1 ,spring and early ,summer1 #aff ,forget-me-not1 #adi ,forget-me-not1 ,creeping1 #aea ,foxglove1 #acg ,fritillaria1 #adj ,fumaria1 #acf ,fumitory1 #acf ,fumitory1 the ,yellow1 on wall1 #ia ,funkia1 #aci ,funkia ,sieboldi1 group of1 #adj ,galanthus1 #adc ,galega1 #adb ,gardens of the future1 #eh ,gentian1 #adb ,geranium1 #ada ,geranium1 a hardy1 #ada ,geraniums in ,grass1 v ,giant ,comfrey1 #ac ,giant ,cow ,parsnip1 #ce ,giant ,fennel1 #adj ,giant ,scabious1 #cc1 #ace ,giant ,sea-kale1 #acd ,globe ,flower1 #aei ,globe ,flower order1 #ba ,globe ,flowers1 #be ,globe ,flowers1 group of1 #ba ,globe ,thistle1 #ach ,goat's ,rue1 #adb ,golden ,rod1 #aef ,grape ,hyacinth1 #adh ,grape ,hyacinths1 #ag ,grass1 double ,crimson ,ponies in1 #cj ,grass1 ,star of ,bethlehem in1 #ae ,grasses for naturalisation1 #aga ,great ,siberian vegetation1 type of1 #ce ,green ,hellebore in the ,wild ,garden1 #bf ,gromwells1 #aa ,gypsophila1 #adb ,hardy flowers by brook-side1 #fi ,heath1 #ach ,hedgerows1 #cf ,helianthemum1 #add ,helianthus1 #add ,hellebore in ,wild ,garden1 #bf ,helleborus1 #adc ,hemerocallis1 #adc ,hemp ,agrimony1 #acg ,hepatica angulosa1 #bd ,hepatica1 common1 #be ,heracleum1 #adc ,herb ,paris and ,solomon's ,seal in copse by streamlet1 #fg ,hesperis1 #ade ,honesty1 #adf ,honeysuckle1 #adg ,hop1 the1 #de ,houseleek1 #aeh ,hovey1 ,mr41 on tree drapery1 #dg ,hypericum1 #ade ,iberis1 #ade ,illustrations1 list of1 xi ,indian ,cress1 showy1 #afj ,iris1 #ade ,japan ,anemone in the ,wild ,garden1 #bc ,japan ,knotweed1 #aeb ,japan ,sedum in ,wild ,garden1 #ib ,kitaibelia1 #aej ,knap-weed1 #aca ,knautia1 #aeg ,landwort1 #abf ,large ,achilleas1 #ec ,large ,bindweed1 #ci ,large-flowered ,clematis1 #aja ,large-leafed ,saxifrage1 #ig ,larkspurs1 perennial1 #bg ,lathyrus1 #adg ,lavender1 ,sea1 #aef ,leopard's ,bane1 #acf ,leucojum1 #adg ,liane in the north1 #di ,lilies through carpet of ,white ,arabis1 #ee ,lilium1 #adf ,lily1 #adf ,lily1 ,american ,swamp1 #fd ,lily1 ,american ,white ,wood1 #ei ,lily of the ,valley in a copse1 #fc ,lily1 ,wood1 #aei ,lily1 ,water1 #aea ,lily1 ,white ,wood1 #cg ,lithospermum prostratum1 #adg ,longleat1 ,wild ,garden at1 #fa ,lonicera1 #adg ,lords and ,ladies1 #abg ,lunaria1 #adf ,lungwort1 #aed ,lungworts1 #aa ,lupine1 common1 #adf ,lychnis1 #adg ,mallow1 #aej ,malope1 #aej ,malva1 #aej ,marsh ,calla1 #ace ,marsh ,mallow1 #abc ,marsh ,marigold and ,iris in early spring1 #gh ,masterwort1 #abi ,matthiola1 #adi ,may-flower1 #ach ,meadow ,rue1 #aeh ,meadow ,rue in ,wild ,garden1 #a ,meadow ,rues1 #ca ,meadow ,saffron1 foliage of1 #acb ,menispermum1 #dg ,menziesia1 #ach ,mertensia virginica1 #ab ,milk ,vetch1 #abi ,mimulus1 #adh ,mocassin ,flower1 #acc ,molopospermum1 #adi ,monarda1 #aej ,monkey-flower1 #adh ,monkshood1 #aba ,moonseed1 #dg ,mountain ,clematis1 #bb ,mouse-ear1 #aca ,mowing ,grass1 #ag ,mulgedium ,plumieri1 #f1 #aej ,mullein1 a tall1 #afa ,muscari1 #adh ,myosotis1 #adi ,myrrh1 #fj ,myrrhis odorata1 a colony of1 #ea ,narcissus1 #aea ,narcissus1 colony of1 in shrubbery1 #eg ,new ,england1 woods of1 #eh ,night effect of ,evening ,primrose1 #d ,nootka ,bramble1 #dj ,nuphar1 #aea ,nursery for ,london ,parks1 #aah ,nympha1 #aea nothera ,lamarkiana1 #d ,omphalodes1 #aea ,omphalodes verna1 #aj ,onopordon1 #aea ,orchard ,wild ,garden1 #fe ,ornithogalum1 #aea ,orobus1 #aea ,oxalis1 #aeb ,ox-eye ,daisy1 the tall1 #aed ,ponies in grass1 #cj ,pony1 #aec ,papaver1 in var41 #aec ,partridge ,berry1 #hj ,pea1 #adg ,pea1 ,everlasting1 #adh ,perennial ,larkspurs1 #bg ,perennial ,larkspurs naturalised in shrubbbery1 #bh ,periwinkle1 #afa ,phlomis1 #aec ,physostegia1 #aed ,phytolacca decandra1 #aed ,pink1 #acg ,plants1 ,annual and ,biennial1 for naturalisation1 #aga ,plants1 ,aquatic1 #aga ,plants chiefly fitted for the ,wild ,garden1 #cb ,plants1 climbing and twining1 for copses1 thickets1 hedgerows1 and trees1 #agb ,plants for bare banks1 #afd ,plants for calcareous or chalky soil1 #afi ,plants1 hardy1 with fine foliage1 #afe ,plants for hedge-banks and like places1 #afe ,plants for moist rich soils1 #afi ,plants for naturalisation beneath specimen trees on lawns1 #afg ,plants for naturalisation in lawns and other grassy places1 #agb ,plants for peat-soil1 #afi ,plants for the ,wild ,garden1 #abj ,plants of vigorous habit for the ,wild ,garden1 #afd ,plants1 selections of1 for old walls1 ruins1 or rocky slopes1 #agj ,plants1 selections of hardy1 #afc ,plants suited for dry and gravelly soil1 #agj ,polygonum cuspidatum1 #aeb ,poppy1 #aec ,primrose1 ,evening1 #aea ,pulmonaria1 #aed ,pyrethrum serotinum1 #aed ,rabbits and ,woods1 #agc ,reasons for the system1 #d ,red ,valerian1 #aca ,reed1 the ,great1 #aee ,results1 #ib ,rheum1 #aee ,rhubarb1 #aee ,riviera1 ,anemones in the1 #be ,rocket1 #ade ,rosa1 #aee ,rose1 #aee ,roses for the ,wild ,garden1 hedgerows1 fences1 and groups1 #ha ,roses in the ,riviera1 #he ,rosy ,coronilla1 #ace ,rubus1 #aee ,rudbeckia1 #add ,rush1 flowering1 #gc ,sanguinaria canadensis1 #aeg ,saxifraga1 #aeh ,saxifrage1 #aeh ,scabious1 the ,giant1 #cc ,scabious1 #aeg ,scilla1 #aeg ,scillas1 #ag ,sea ,holly1 #ach ,sea-kale1 the ,giant1 #acd ,sea ,lavender1 #aef ,sedum1 #aeg ,sempervivum1 #aeh ,shady ,lanes1 #cf ,shrubbery borders1 digging of1 #ea ,shrubbery1 margin of1 #aah ,shrubbery1 ,perennial ,larkspurs naturalised in1 #bh ,sida1 #aej ,silene1 #aeg ,silkweed1 #abh ,silphium1 #add ,snakes-head1 #adj ,snapdragon1 #abe ,snowdrop1 #ag ,snowdrop-,anemone1 colony of1 in shrubbery not dug1 #aae ,snowdrops1 #adc ,snowdrops1 ,wild1 by streamlet1 #adb ,snowflake1 #ag1 #adg ,soils1 #afi1 #agj ,solidago1 #aef ,solomon's ,seal1 #ah ,sowbread1 #acc ,speedwell1 #afb ,spiderwort1 #aei ,spira1 #aef ,spring ,flowers in the ,wild ,garden1 #g ,squill1 #aeg ,star of ,bethlehem1 #aea ,star of ,bethlehem in grass1 #ae ,starwort1 #abh ,statice1 #aef ,st4 ,bruno's ,lily1 #abe ,st4 ,john's ,wort1 #ade ,stock1 #adi ,stonecrop1 #aeg ,sunflower1 ,perennial1 #add ,sun ,rose on limestone rocks1 #add ,sun ,roses1 #ajd ,symphytum1 #aeg ,telekia cordifolia1 #aei ,tew ,park1 #ih ,thalictrum1 #aeh ,thickets1 #cf ,tiger ,lilies in ,wild ,garden at ,great ,tew1 #ih ,tradescantia virginica1 #aei ,trailers1 #aff ,trees and ,bushes1 drapery for1 #dc ,tree drapery1 ,mr4 ,hovey on1 #dg ,trillium1 #aei ,tritoma1 #aei ,tritoma1 group of1 #afj ,trollius1 #ba1 #be1 #aei ,tropolum speciosum1 #afj ,tulip1 #aei ,tunica1 #adb ,turf1 ,crocuses in1 #bj ,turk's ,cap ,lily1 #ai ,valley in ,somersetshire1 #gj ,verbascum1 #afa ,veronica1 #afb ,vetch1 ,bitter1 #aea ,vinca1 #afa ,vines1 ,wild1 #dh ,viola1 #afb ,violet1 #afb ,virgin's ,bower1 #ba1 #acc ,virginian ,creepers1 #acj ,virginian ,poke1 #aed ,wall ,cress1 #abf ,wallflower1 #aca ,water ,dock1 ,great1 #gb ,water ,lily1 #aea ,water ,lily1 ,yellow1 #ga ,water ,plants1 #gj ,waterside ,gardens1 #fg ,white ,arabis1 ,lilies coming up through carpet of1 #ee ,white ,clematis on ,yew tree1 #dd ,white ,climbing ,rose over old ,catalpa tree1 #hd ,white ,lily in ,wild ,garden1 #adf ,wild ,garden in the orchard1 #fe ,wild ,garden1 ,japan ,anemone in the1 #bc ,wild ,garden1 plants chiefly fitted for1 #cb ,wild ,garden1 plants for1 #abj ,wild ,garden in ,america1 #ajf ,wild gardening on walls or ruins1 #hh ,wild ,garden1 where to obtain plants1 #abj ,wild ,orchard1 #fe ,wild ,rose on a ,pollard ,ash1 #hc ,wild ,vines1 #dh ,willow ,herb1 #g ,wilson1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,f41 and wood-culture1 #fd ,windflower1 #abd ,winter ,aconite1 #ae ,winter ,heliotrope1 #g ,wistaria1 #de ,wood and herbaceous ,meadow-sweets1 #aje ,wood-culture1 #fd ,wood-culture at ,bodorgan1 #fe ,wood ,lily1 #aei ,wood ,plants1 ,american1 #aej ,woodruff and ,ivy1 #ajh ,woods and woodland drives1 #ea ,woods of ,new ,england1 #eh ,wood ,sorrel1 #aeb ,wye ,valley1 #ij ,yarrow1 #abb ,yellow ,allium naturalised1 #db ,yucca1 #afb ,printed by ,r4 ,r4 ,,clark1 ,edinburgh4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,see illustration on p4 #ea4 #b ,a letter written by request1 in the ,rural ,new ,yorker1 ,july #ahgf4