,transcrib]'s ,note4 ,an adv]tisem5t = ! ,expositor's ,bible s]ies has be5 %ift$ to ! end ( ! text4 ,app>5t typographical errors h be5 correct$2 inconsi/5t hyph5ation has be5 reta9$4 ,small capitals h be5 replac$ by full capitals :ile italics are indicat$ by und]scores4 ,,! ,,expositor',s ,,bible ,,edit$ ,,by ,,! ,,rev4 ,w4 ,,rob]tson ,,nicoll1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d4 ,editor ( ,! ,expositor ,,! ,,g5]al ,,epi/les ,,( ,,/4 ,,james ,,& ,,/4 ,,jude ,,by ,,! ,,rev4 ,,alfr$ ,,plumm]1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,d4 ,,ma/] ,,( ,,univ]sity ,,college1 ,,durham ,,=m]ly ,,fell[ ,,& ,,s5ior ,,tutor ,,( ,,tr9ity ,,college1 ,,ox=d ,,six? ,,edition ,,hodd] ,,& ,,/\ghton ,,london ,,mcmvii ,pr9t$ by ,hazell1 ,watson ,v9cy1 ,ld41 ,london & ,aylesbury4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,introductory4 ,,page ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,ca?olic ,,epi/les #a ,,! ,,epi/le ,,( ,,/4 ,,james4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,au!nticity ,,( ,,! ,,epi/le ,,( ,,/4 ,,james #ac ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,au?or ,,( ,,! ,,epi/le3 ,,james ,,! ,,bro!r ,,( ,,! ,,"l #be ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,p]sons ,,address$ ,,9 ,,! ,,epi/le3 ,,! ,,jews ,,( ,,! ,,disp]sion #db ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,?is ,,epi/le ,,to ,,! ,,writ+s ,,( ,,/4 ,,paul ,,& ,,( ,,/4 ,,pet]4--,,! ,,date ,,( ,,! ,,epi/le4--,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,joy ,,9 ,,temptation #ee ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,?is ,,epi/le ,,to ,,! ,,books ,,( ,,ecclesia/icus ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,wisdom ,,( ,,solomon4--,,! ,,value ,,( ,,! ,,apocrypha1 ,,& ,,! ,,mis*ief ,,( ,,neglect+ ,,x #fh ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,exaltation ,,( ,,! ,,l[ly1 ,,& ,,! ,,fad+ ,,away ,,( ,,! ,,ri*4--,,! ,,metaphors ,,( ,,/4 ,,james ,,& ,,! ,,p>ables ,,( ,,*ri/ #hj ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,s\rce ,,( ,,temptations1 ,,& ,,! ,,reality ,,( ,,s94--,,! ,,difficulties ,,( ,,! ,,det]m9i/ #hi ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,delusion ,,( ,,he>+ ,,)\t ,,do+4--,,! ,,mirror ,,( ,,god',s ,,^w #ii ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,*ri/ology ,,( ,,/4 ,,james4--,,! ,,practical ,,unbelief ,,involv$ ,,9 ,,%[+ ,a ,,worldly ,,respect ,,( ,,p]sons ,,9 ,,public ,,wor%ip #aaa ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,iniquity ,,( ,,respect+ ,,! ,,ri* ,,& ,,despis+ ,,! ,,poor4--,,! ,,solid>ity ,,( ,,! ,,div9e ,,law #abd ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,fai? ,,& ,,works3 ,,?ree ,,views ,,( ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,/4 ,,james ,,to ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,/4 ,,paul4--,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,lu!r ,,to ,,bo? #ace ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,fai? ,,( ,,! ,,demons2 ,,! ,,fai? ,,( ,,abraham2 ,,& ,,! ,,fai? ,,( ,,rahab ,,! ,,h>lot #adi ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,heavy ,,responsibilities ,,( ,,tea*]s4--,,! ,,p[]s ,,& ,,prop5sities ,,( ,,! ,,tongue4--,,! ,,self-,,defilem5t ,,( ,,! ,,reckless ,,talk] #afe ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,! ,,moral ,,contradictions ,,9 ,,! ,,reckless ,,talk] #agi ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,wisdom ,,t ,,is ,,f ,,bel[ #aia ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,wisdom ,,t ,,is ,,f ,,above #bjc ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,/4 ,,james ,,& ,,plato ,,on ,,lu/s ,,z ,,! ,,causes ,,( ,,/rife2 ,,_! ,,effect ,,on ,,pray] #bad ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,! ,,s$uctions ,,( ,,! ,,_w1 ,,& ,,! ,,jeal\sy ,,( ,,! ,,div9e ,,love #bbf ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,! ,,p[] ,,( ,,satan ,,& ,,its ,,limits4--,,humility ,,! ,,f\ndation ,,( ,,p5it5ce ,,& ,,( ,,hol9ess #bch ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,self-,,assurance ,,& ,,invasion ,,( ,,div9e ,,pr]ogatives ,,involv$ ,,9 ,,! ,,love ,,( ,,c5sur+ ,,o!rs #bej ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,self-,,assurance ,,& ,,invasion ,,( ,,div9e ,,pr]ogatives ,,involv$ ,,9 ,,presum+ ,,^u ,,our ,,future4--,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,probabilism #bfa ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,! ,,follies ,,& ,,iniquities ,,( ,,! ,,ri*2 ,,_! ,,mis]able ,,end #bgd ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,pati5ce ,,9 ,,wait+4--,,! ,,endurance ,,( ,,job4--,,! ,,significance ,,( ,,! ,,m5tion ,,( ,,job ,,by ,,/4 ,,james #bhi ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,! ,,prohibition ,,( ,,swe>+4--,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,! ,,language ,,( ,,/4 ,,james ,,to ,,record$ ,,say+s ,,( ,,*ri/ #cjb ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,wor%ip ,,! ,,be/ ,,outlet ,,& ,,rem$y ,,= ,,excitem5t4--,,! ,,connexion ,,betwe5 ,,wor%ip ,,& ,,conduct #cae ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,! ,,eld]s ,,( ,,! ,,*ur*4--,,! ,,ano9t+ ,,( ,,! ,,sick ,,& ,,extreme ,,unction #cbc ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,,! ,,public ,,& ,,private ,,confession ,,( ,,s9s4--,,! ,,lawfulness ,,( ,,pray]s ,,= ,,ra9 #cce ,,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,conv]t+ ,,s9n]s2 ,,its ,,conditions ,,& ,,rew>ds #cej ,,! ,,g5]al ,,epi/le ,,( ,,/ ,,jude4 ,,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,,! ,,au!nticity ,,( ,,! ,,epi/le ,,( ,,/4 ,,jude #cfe ,,*apt] ,,xxxi4 ,,! ,,purpose ,,( ,,! ,,epi/le4--,,! ,,fai? ,,once ,,= ,,all ,,deliv]$ ,,& ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,*ri/ian ,,doctr9e #cgg ,,*apt] ,,xxxii4 ,,! ,,p]sons ,,d5\nc$ ,,9 ,,! ,,epi/le4--,,its ,,relation ,,to #b ,,pet] #chh ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii4 ,,d\btful ,,read+s ,,& ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,v]bal ,,inspiration--,,?ree ,,palm>y ,,in/ances ,,( ,,div9e ,,v5geance ,,^u ,,griev\s ,,s9 #dja ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv4 ,,rail+ ,,at ,,dignities4--,,! ,,assumption ,,( ,,moses4--,,/4 ,,jude',s ,,use ,,( ,,apocryphal ,,lit]ature #dae ,,*apt] ,,xxxv4 ,,! ,,description ,,correspond+ ,,to ,,ca94 ,,! ,,lib]t9es ,,at ,,! ,,love-,,fea/s4--,,! ,,book ,,( ,,eno* #dbf ,,*apt] ,,xxxvi4 ,,! ,,description ,,correspond+ ,,to ,,balaam3 ,,! ,,impi\s ,,discont5t ,,& ,,gre$ ,,( ,,! ,,lib]t9es4--,,! ,,apo/olic ,,w>n+ ,,respect+ ,,!m #ddb ,,*apt] ,,xxxvii4 ,,! ,,description ,,correspond+ ,,to ,,korah3 ,,mak+ ,,sep>ations4--,,exhortations ,,to ,,! ,,fai?ful ,,to ,,build ,,up ,,!mselves1 ,,& ,,!n ,,rescue ,,o!rs #dej ,,*apt] ,,xxxviii4 ,,! ,,f9al ,,doxology3 ,,praise ,,to ,,god1 ,,! ,,protector ,,( ,,8 ,,s]vants #dfc ,,index #dga ,,introductory4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,ca?olic ,,epi/les4 ,?is volume is to treat ( ! ,g5]al ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,james & ! ,g5]al ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,jude4 ,accord+ to ! mo/ common1 b n inv>iable arrangem5t1 !y =m ! fir/ & ! la/ lett]s 9 ! collection :i* = fifte5 c5turies has be5 kn[n z ! ,ca?olic ,epi/les4 ,! epi!t ,g5]al1 :i* appe>s 9 ! titles ( ^! ,epi/les 9 ! ,engli% v]sions1 is simply ! equival5t ( ! epi!t ,ca?olic1 ! "o ^w be+ ( ,lat9 7g5]alis71 ! o!r ( ,greek 77 orig94 ,9 ,lat91 h[ev]1 e4g4 9 ! ,vulgate1 ^! lett]s are n call$ ,g5]ales1 b ,ca?olic4 ,! mean+ ( ! t]m ,ca?olic ,epi/les 7 7 has be5 disput$1 & m ?an "o explanation may be f\nd 9 comm5t>ies2 b ! true signification is n really d\btful4 ,x c]ta9ly does n mean or?odox or canonical2 al?\gh f ! six? c5tury1 & possibly e>li]1 we f9d ^! ,epi/les sometimes call$ ! ,canonical ,epi/les 7,epi/ol ,canonic71 an expression 9 :i* canonical is evid5tly meant to be an equival5t = ca?olic4 ,?is use is said to occur fir/ 9 ! ,prologus 9 ,canonicas ,epi/olas ( ! ,pseudo-,j]ome giv5 by ,cassiodorus 7,de ,ju/it4 ,div94 ,litt41 viii472 & ! expression is us$ by ,cassiodorus himself1 ^: writ+s may be plac$ betwe5 ,a4,d4 #edj & #egj1 ! p]iod sp5t 9 8 mona/]y at ,vivi]s1 aft] he _h retir$ f ! conduct ( public affairs4 ,! t]m ca?olic is us$ 9 ! s5se ( or?odox be=e ?is date1 b n 9 connexion ) ^! lett]s4 ,!re seems to be no e>li] evid5ce ( ! op9ion1 c]ta9ly errone\s1 t ?is collection ( sev5 ,epi/les 0 call$ ,ca?olic 9 ord] to m>k !m z ,apo/olic & au?oritative1 9 di/9ction f o!r lett]s :i* 7 het]odox1 or at any rate ( inf]ior au?ority4 ,five out ( ! sev5 lett]s1 viz4 all b ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,pet] & ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,john1 belong to t class ( ,new ,te/am5t books :i* f ! "t ( ,eusebius 7,h4 ,e4 ,,iii4 xxv4 #d7 h be5 spok5 ( z disput$ 771 i4e4 z be+ up to ! beg9n+ ( ! f\r? c5tury n univ]sally admitt$ to be canonical4#a ,& x w\ld h be5 almo/ a contradiction 9 t]ms if ,eusebius _h fir/ call$ ^! ,epi/les ca?olic 7,h4 ,e4 ,,ii4 xxiii4 #be2 ,,vi4 xiv4 #a7 9 ! s5se ( be+ univ]sally accept$ z au?oritative1 & _h !n class$ !m among ! disput$ books4 ,nor is x accurate to say t ^! lett]s are call$ ca?olic because !y are address$ to bo? ,jewi% & ,g5tile ,*ri/ians alike1 a /atem5t :i* is n true ( all ( !m1 & lea/ ( all ( ! ,epi/le :i* g5]ally /&s fir/ 9 ! s]ies2 = ! ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,james takes no acc\nt ( ,g5tile ,*ri/ians4 ,moreov]1 !re are ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul :i* are address$ to bo? ,jews & ,g5tiles 9 ! ,*ur*es to :i* he writes4 ,s t ?is explanation ( ! t]m makes x ?or\ghly unsuitable = ! purpose = :i* x is us$1 viz4 to m>k (f ^! sev5 ,epi/les f ! ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,nev]!less1 ?is int]pretation is ne>] to ! tru? ?an ! =m] "o4 ,! ,epi/les are call$ ,ca?olic because !y are n address$ to any p>ticul> ,*ur*1 :e!r ( ,!ssalonica1 or ,cor9?1 or ,rome1 or ,galatia1 b to ! ,*ur* univ]sal1 or at any rate to a wide circle ( read]s4 ,?is is ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian use ( ! t]m ca?olic1 :i* 0 appli$ to ! ,*ur* itself be=e x 0 appli$ to ^! or any o!r writ+s4 ,:]esoev] ! bi%op %all appe>1 !re let ! p be1 says ,ignatius to ! ,*ur* ( ,smyrna 7viii471 j z :]e ,jesus ,*ri/ is1 !re is ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*--! e>lie/ passage 9 ,*ri/ian lit]ature 9 :i* ! phrase ,ca?olic ,*ur* occurs4 ,& !re c be no d\bt z to ! mean+ ( ! epi!t 9 ?is expression4 ,9 lat] times1 :5 ,*ri/ians 7 oppress$ by a consci\sness ( ! sl[ progress ( ! ,gospel1 & by ! k t z yet only a fraction ( ! human race _h accept$ x1 x became cu/om>y to expla9 ca?olic z mean+ t :i* embraces & tea*es ! :ole tru?1 r ?an z t :i* spreads ev]y:]e & cov]s ! :ole e>?4 ,b 9 ! fir/ two or ?ree c5turies ! feel+ 0 r "o ( jubilation & triumph at ! rapidity ) :i* ! good news 0 spread+1 & ( confid5ce t !re is n "o s+le race ( m51 :e!r b>b>ians or ,greeks1 or :atev] !y may be call$1 nomads or vagrants1 or h]dsm5 liv+ 9 t5ts1 among :om pray]s & giv+ ( ?anks are n (f]$1 ?r\gh ! "n ( ! crucifi$ ,jesus1 to ! ,fa!r & ,creator ( all ?+s 7,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ,trypho1 cxviii472 & t z ! s\l is diffus$ ?r\gh all ! memb]s ( ! body1 ,*ri/ians are scatt]$ ?r\gh all ! cities ( ! _w 7,epi/le to ,diognetus1 vi474#b ,"u ! influ5ce ( su* exultation z ?is1 :i* 0 felt to be 9 h>mony ) ,*ri/'s promise & comm& 7,luke xxiv4 #dg2 ,matt4 xxviii4 #aj71 x 0 natural to use ca?olic ( ! univ]sal ext5sion ( ,*ri/5dom1 r ?an ( ! compreh5siv5ess ( ! tru?s ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,& ?is mean+ /ill prevails 9 ! "t ( ,augu/9e1 :o says t ! ,*ur* is call$ ',ca?olic' 9 ,greek1 because x is diffus$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole _w 7,epp4 lii4 #a72 al?\gh ! lat] use1 z mean+ or?odox1 9 di/9ction to s*ismatical or h]etical1 has already begun2 e4g4 9 ! ,muratorian ,fragm5t1 9 :i* ! writ] speaks ( h]etical writ+ :i* _c be receiv$ into ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*2 = wormwood is n suitable = mix+ ) honey 7,tregelles1 pp4 #bj1 #dg2 ,we/cott ,on ! ,canon1 ,app5dix ,c1 p4 #ejj72c & ! *apt] 9 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria on ! priority ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* to all h]etical assemblies 7,/rom4 ,,vii4 xvii74 ,! f\r ,gospels & ! ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul 7 ! ,*ri/ian writ+s be/ kn[n dur+ ! fir/ c5tury aft] ! ,asc5sion1 & univ]sally ackn[l$g$ z ( b9d+ au?ority#d2 & x 0 common to speak ( !m z ! ,gospel & ! ,apo/le1 mu* 9 ! same way z ! ,jews spoke ( ! ,law & ! ,prophets4 ,b :5 a ?ird collection ( ,*ri/ian docum5ts became widely kn[n ano!r collective t]m 0 requir$ by :i* to di/+ui% x f ! collections already famili>1 & ! feature 9 ^! sev5 ,epi/les :i* seems to h /ruck ! recipi5ts ( !m mo/ is ! abs5ce ( an address to any local ,*ur*4 ,h5ce !y receiv$ ! "n ( ,ca?olic1 or ,g5]al1 or ,univ]sal ,epi/les4 ,! "n 0 all ! m natural because ( ! numb] sev51 :i* emphasiz$ ! contra/ betwe5 ^! & ! ,paul9e ,epi/les4 ,/4 ,paul _h writt5 to sev5 p>ticul> ,*ur*es--,!ssalonica1 ,cor9?1 ,rome1 ,galatia1 ,philippi1 ,coloss1 & ,ephesus2 & "h 7 sev5 ,epi/les )\t any address to a p>ticul> ,*ur*2 !re=e !y might fitly be call$ ,g5]al ,epi/les4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria uses ?is t]m ( ! lett] address$ to ! ,g5tile ,*ri/ians 9 ,antio* & ,syria & ,cilicia 7,acts xv4 #bc7 by ! ,apo/les1 9 ! s-call$ ,c\ncil ( ,j]usalem 7,/rom4 ,,iv4 xv472 & ,orig5 uses x ( ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas 7,con4 ,celsum ,i4 lxiii471 :i* is address$ simply to sons & daught]s1 i4e4 to ,*ri/ians g5]ally4 ,t ?is mean+ 0 well und]/ood1 ev5 aft] ! mislead+ title ,canonical ,epi/les _h become usual 9 ! ,we/1 is %[n by ! int]e/+ ,prologue to ^! ,epi/les writt5 by ! ,v5]able ,b$e1 c4 ,a4,d4 #gab4e ,?is prologue is head$1 ,"h beg9s ! ,prologue to ! sev5 ,canonical ,epi/les1 & x op5s ?us3 ,james1 ,pet]1 ,john1 & ,jude publi%$ sev5 ,epi/les1 to :i* ecclesia/ical cu/om gives ! "n ( ,ca?olic1 i4e4 univ]sal4 ,! "n is n /rictly accurate1 except+ 9 ! cases ( #a ,john1 #b ,pet]1 & ,jude4 ,x is admissible 9 a qualifi$ s5se ( #a ,pet] & ,james2 b x is altoge!r inappropriate to #b & #c ,john1 :i* are address$1 n to ! ,*ur* at l>ge1 nor to a gr\p ( local ,*ur*es1 b to individuals4 ,b inasmu* z ! common title ( ^! lett]s 0 n ! ,epi/les to ! ,elect ,lady & to ,gaius1 z 9 ! case ( ! lett]s to ,philemon1 ,titus1 & ,timo?y1 b simply ! ,second & ,?ird ( ,john1 !y 7 reg>d$ z )\t address1 & class$ ) ! ,ca?olic ,epi/les4 ,& ( c\rse x 0 natural to put !m into ! same gr\p ) ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,john1 al?\gh ! "n ( ! gr\p did n suit !m4 ,at :at date ?is arrangem5t 0 made is n c]ta92 b !re is reason = believ+ t ^! sev5 ,epi/les 7 already reg>d$ z "o collection 9 ! ?ird c5tury1 :5 ,pamphilus1 ! fri5d ( ,eusebius1 0 mak+ 8 fam\s libr>y at ,cs>ea4 ,eu?alius 7c4 ,a4,d4 #dej7 publi%$ an edition ( !m1 9 mak+ :i* he _h collat$ ! accurate copies 9 ?is libr>y2 & x is probable t he f\nd ! gr\p+ already exi/+ 9 ^? copies1 & did n make x = himself4 ,moreov]1 x is probable t ! copies at ,cs>ea 7 made by ,pamphilus himself2 = ! summ>y ( ! cont5ts ( ! ,acts publi%$ "u ! "n ( ,eu?alius is a m]e copy ( ! summ>y giv5 by ,pamphilus1 & x became ! usual practice to place ! ,ca?olic ,epi/les imm$iately aft] ! ,acts4 ,if1 !n1 ,eu?alius got ! summ>y ( ! ,acts f ,pamphilus1 he probably got ! arrangem5t f him also1 viz4 ! putt+ ( ^! sev5 ,epi/les into "o gr\p1 & plac+ !m next to ! ,acts4#f ,! ord] :i* makes ! ,ca?olic ,epi/les foll[ imm$iately aft] ! ,acts is v anci5t1 & x is a matt] = regret t ! influ5ce ( ,j]ome1 act+ ?r\gh ! ,vulgate1 has univ]sally di/urb$ x 9 all ,we/]n ,*ur*es4 ,! connexion betwe5 ^! two portions 7! ,acts & ! ,ca?olic ,epi/les71 comm5d$ by its intr9sic appropriat5ess1 is pres]v$ 9 a l>ge proportion ( ,greek ,,mss4 ( all ages1 & corresponds to m>k$ aff9ities ( textual hi/ory4#g ,x is ! ord] foll[$ by ,cyril ( ,j]usalem1 ,a?anasius1 ,john ( ,damascus1 ! ,c\ncil ( ,laodicea1 & also by ,cassian4 ,x has be5 re/or$ by ,tis*5dorf1 ,tregelles1 & ,we/cott & ,hort2 b x is n to be expect$ t ev5 _! p[]ful au?ority w avail to re-e/abli% ! anci5t arrangem5t4 ,! ord] ( ! books 9 ! gr\p ( ! ,ca?olic ,epi/les is n q con/ant2 b almo/ always ,james /&s fir/4 ,9 a v few au?orities ,pet] /&s fir/1 an arrangem5t naturally pref]r$ 9 ! ,we/1 b n adopt$ ev5 !re1 because ! au?ority ( ! orig9al ord] 0 too /rong4 ,a s*olia/ on ! ,epi/le ( ,james /ates t ?is ,epi/le has be5 plac$ be=e #a ,pet]1 because x is m ca?olic ?an t ( ,pet]1 by :i* he seems to mean t :]eas #a ,pet] is address$ to ! elect :o are soj\rn]s ( ! ,disp]sion 9 c]ta9 specifi$ di/ricts1 ! ,epi/le ( ,james is address$ to ! twelve tribes :i* are ( ! ,disp]sion1 )\t any limitation4 ,! ,v5]able ,b$e1 9 ! ,prologue to ! ,ca?olic ,epi/les quot$ above 7p4 #f71 /ates t ,james is plac$ fir/1 because he und]took to rule ! ,*ur* ( ,j]usalem1 :i* 0 ! f\nt & s\rce ( t evangelic prea*+ :i* has spread ?r\gh\t ! _w2 or else because he s5t 8 ,epi/le to ! twelve tribes ( ,israel1 :o 7 ! fir/ to believe4 ,& ,b$e calls att5tion to ! fact t ,/4 ,paul himself adopts ?is ord] :5 he speaks ( ,james1 & ,cephas1 & ,john1 !y :o 7 reput$ to be pill>s 7,gal4 ii4 #i74 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 t ! ord] ,james1 ,pet]1 ,john 0 meant to repres5t a belief z to ! *ronological prec$5ce ( ,james to ,pet]1 & ,pet] to ,john2 ,jude be+ plac$ la/ because ( its comp>ative insignificance1 & because x 0 n at fir/ univ]sally admitt$4 ,! ,syriac ,v]sion1 :i* admits only ,james1 #a ,pet]1 & #a ,john1 has ! ?ree 9 ?is ord]2 & if ! arrangem5t _h its orig9 9 rev]5ce = ! fir/ ,bi%op ( ,j]usalem1 x is /range t mo/ ( ! ,syriac copies %\ld h a head+ to ! effect t ^! ?ree ,epi/les ( ,james1 ,pet]1 & ,john are by ! ?ree :o witness$ ! ,transfiguration4 ,^? :o made & ^? :o accept$ ?is comm5t c]ta9ly _h no idea ( rev]5c+ ! fir/ ,bi%op ( ,j]usalem1 = x implies t ! ,epi/le ( ,james is by ! son ( ,zeb$ee & bro!r ( ,john1 :o 0 put to dea? by ,h]od4 ,b x is probable t ?is head+ is a m]e blund]+ conjecture4 ,if p]sons :o believ$ ! ,epi/le to be writt5 by ,james ! bro!r ( ,john _h fix$ ! ord]1 !y w\ld h fix$ x ?us--,pet]1 ,james1 ,john1 z 9 ,matt4 xvii4 #a2 ,m>k v4 #cg2 ix4 #b2 xiii4 #c2 xiv4 #cc2 comp4 ,matt4 xxvi4 #cg2 or ,pet]1 ,john1 ,james1 z 9 ,luke viii4 #ea2 ix4 #bh2 ,acts i4 #ac4 ,b ! =m] arrangem5t w\ld be m reasonable ?an ! latt]1 see+ t ,john wrote s long aft] ! o!r two4 ,! traditional ord] h>monizes ) two facts :i* 7 wor? m>k+--7#a7 t two ( ! ?ree 7 ,apo/les1 & mu/ !re=e be plac$ toge!r2 7#b7 t ,john wrote la/1 & mu/ !re=e be plac$ la/2 b :e!r or no ! wi% to m>k ^! facts det]m9$ ! ord]1 we h n suffici5t k to enable u to decide4 ,h[ enorm\s w\ld h be5 ! loss _h ! ,ca?olic ,epi/les be5 exclud$ f ! canon ( ! ,new ,te/am5t x is n difficult to see4 ,:ole phases ( ,*ri/ian ?\ght w\ld h be5 miss+4 ,! ,acts & ! ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul w\ld h told u ( _! exi/5ce1 b w\ld n h %[n to u :at !y 74 ,we %\ld h kn[n t !re 7 s]i\s diff]5ces ( op9ion ev5 among ! ,apo/les !mselves1 b we %\ld h _h a v imp]fect k z to _! nature & reconciliation4 ,we might h guess$ t ^? :o _h be5 ) ,jesus ( ,naz>e? ?r\gh\t ,8 m9i/ry w\ld n prea* ,*ri/ 9 ! same way z ,/4 ,paul1 :o _h nev] se5 ,him until aft] ! ,asc5sion1 b we %\ld n h be5 sure ( ?is2 /ill less c\ld we h se5 9 :at ! diff]5ce w\ld h consi/$2 & we %\ld h kn[n v little inde$ ( ! di/9ctive m>ks ( ! ?ree great tea*]s :o 7 reput$ to be pill>s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,above all1 we %\ld h kn[n sadly little ( ! ,"m ,*ur* ( ,j]usalem1 & ( ! tea*+ ( ^? _m e>ly ,*ri/ians :o1 :ile he>tily embrac+ ! ,gospel ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 believ$ t !y 7 b\nd to hold fa/ n only to ! morality1 b to ! discipl9e ( ,moses4 ,?us 9 _m p>ticul>s we %\ld h be5 left to conjecture z to h[ ! cont9uity 9 ! ,div9e ,revelation 0 ma9ta9$2 h[ ! ,gospel n m]ely sup]s$$1 b fulfill$1 & glorifi$1 & grew out ( ! ,law4 ,all ?is has to a l>ge ext5t be5 made pla9 to u by ! provid5ce ( ,god 9 giv+ to u & pres]v+ = u 9 ! ,*ur* ! sev5 ,ca?olic ,epi/les4 ,we see ,/4 ,james & ,/4 ,jude pres5t+ to u t ,judaic =m ( ,*ri/ianity :i* 0 really ! complem5t1 al?\gh :5 exagg]at$ x became ! opposite1 ( ! tea*+ ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,we see ,/4 ,pet] m$iat+ betwe5 ! two1 & prep>+ ! way = a bett] compreh5sion ( bo?4 ,& !n ,/4 ,john lifts u up into a high] & cle>] atmosph]e1 9 :i* ! controv]sy betwe5 ,jew & ,g5tile has fad$ away into ! dim di/ance1 & ! only opposition :i* rema9s wor?y ( a ,*ri/ian's consid]ation is t betwe5 light & d>kness1 tru? & falsehood1 love & hate1 ,god & ! _w1 ,*ri/ & ,anti*ri/1 life & dea?4 #a ,canonical 771 f canon 71 connect$ ) 1 a re$ or cane1 measur+-rod or rul]71 is us$ 9 bo? a passive & an active s5se4 ,a canonical book is prim>ily "o :i* has be5 measur$ & te/$1 & second>ily t :i* is itself a measure or /&>d4 ,j z a cane1 cut to ! l5g? ( a y>d-measure1 !nce=? becomes a y>d-measure itself1 s ! ,scriptures 7 fir/ ( all te/$ z to _! au?ority1 & !n became a /&>d = te/+ all o!r tea*+2 i4e4 !y became canonical4 #b ,comp4 ,ignatius1 ,magn4 ,x42 ,ir5u1 ,hr4 ,i4 x4 #a1 #b2 ,,iii4 iv4 #b2 ,v4 xx4 #a2 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,/rom4 ,,vi41 sub-f9em2 ,t]tullian1 ,apol4 i41 xxxvii42 ,adv4 ,judos1 vii41 xii41 etc41 etc4 #c ,x has be5 rem>k$ t ?is play ^u words 7fel & mel71 :i* _c be reproduc$ 9 ,engli%1 is an argum5t aga9/ ! !ory ( a ,greek orig9al4 #d ,9 ! ,codex ,s9aiticus & "s o!r au?orities ! ,paul9e ,epi/les are plac$ imm$iately aft] ! ,gospels1 an arrangem5t :i* probably _h its orig9 9 ! fact t = _m e>ly ,*ri/ians ^! two gr\ps con/itut$ _! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,among v]sions ! ,memphitic & ! ,!baic h ?is ord]4 #e ,x is omitt$ by ,giles & o!r editors1 b is giv5 by ,cave1 9 8 ,hi/oria ,lit]>ia 7,i41 p4 #dge71 :o says t x comes f an anci5t ,,ms4 9 ! ,libr>y ( ,gonville & ,caius ,college1 ,cambridge4 #f ,we/cott ,on ! ,canon1 pp4 #cfb1 #dag1 #crd ,ed4 #g ,we/cott & ,hort1 ,,ii41 p4 #cba2 ,scriv5]1 ,introduction to ! ,criticism ( ! ,n4,t4 pp4 #gj1 #gd1 #crd ,ed4 ,,! ,,epi/le ,,( ,,/4 ,,james4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,au!nticity ,,( ,,! ,,epi/le ,,( ,,/4 ,,james4 ,james1 a s]vant ( ,god & ( ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4--,,jas4 i4 #a4 ,! "q ( ! au!nticity ( ?is ,epi/le resolves itself into two p>ts--,is ! ,epi/le ! g5u9e product ( a writ] ( ! ,apo/olic age8 if s1 :i* ( ! p]sons ( ! ,apo/olic age :o bore ! "n ( ,james is ! au?or ( x8 ,9 answ]+ ! =m] ( ^! two que/ions x is important to put x 9 ! prop] way4 ,we h done a good deal t[>ds ! solution ( a problem :5 we h le>n$ to /ate x correctly2 & ! way 9 :i* we ought to approa* ! problem ( ! g5u95ess ( ?is & o!r books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t is n1 ,:y %\ld we believe t ^! writ+s are :at !y pr(ess to be8 b1 ,:y %\ld we refuse to believe ?is8 ,h we any suffici5t reason = rev]s+ ! decision ( ! f\r? & fif? c5turies1 :i* possess$ f> m evid5ce on ! "q ?an has come d[n to u8 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t t decision 0 n giv5 me*anically or )\t consid]ation ( d\bts & difficulties2 nor 0 x impos$ by au?ority1 until indep5d5t ,*ur*es & s*ol>s _h arriv$ at pretty mu* ! same conclusion4 ,& ! decision1 z soon z x 0 pron\nc$1 0 unanim\sly accept$ 9 bo? ,ea/ & ,we/--a fact :i* 0 ample gu>antee t ! decision 0 univ]sally recogniz$ z correct2 = !re 0 no c5tral au?ority ( suffici5t influ5ce to =ce a suspect$ decision ^u mi/ru/ful ,*ur*es4 ,eusebius1 x is true1 classes mo/ ( ! ,ca?olic ,epi/les among ! disput$ 77 books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 )\t1 h[ev]1 affirm+ t he %>$ ! d\bts :i* exi/$ 9 "s qu>t]s respect+ !m4 ,?is fact1 :i* is sometimes r ha/ily tak5 z tell+ altoge!r aga9/ ! writ+s :i* he m>ks z disput$1 really tells bo? ways4 ,on ! "o h&1 x %[s t d\bts _h exi/$ respect+ "s ( ! canonical books2 & ^! d\bts mu/ h _h "s reason 7:e!r valid or n7 = exi/+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! fact t ! au?ority ( ^! books 0 sometimes disput$ 9 ! ?ird c5tury %[s t ! v]dict =mally giv5 & ratifi$ at ! ,c\ncil ( ,laodicea 7c4 #cfd7h 0 giv5 aft] due exam9ation ( ! adv]se evid5ce1 & ) a conviction t ! d\bts :i* _h be5 rais$ 7 n ju/ifi$2 & ! univ]sal welcome :i* 0 accord$ to ! v]dict ?r\gh\t ,*ri/5dom %[s t ! d\bts :i* _h be5 rais$ _h ceas$ to exi/4 ,if1 !n1 on ! "o h& we rememb] t misgiv+s once exi/$1 & argue t ^! misgiv+s mu/ h _h "s basis1 on ! o!r we mu/ rememb] t ^! misgiv+s 7 entirely ab&on$1 & t !re mu/ h be5 reason = ab&on+ !m4 ,:at reason1 !n1 h we = di/urb+ ! v]dict ( ! f\r? c5tury1 & reviv+ misgiv+s long ago put to re/8 ,( c\rse ^? :o gave t v]dict & ^? :o ratifi$ x 7 fallible p]sons1 & no memb] ( ! ,engli% ,*ur*1 at any rate1 w\ld argue t ! "q is clos$ & may n be reop5$4 ,b ! po9t to be insi/$ ^u is t ! onus prob&i re/s ) ^? :o assail or suspect ^! books1 r ?an ) ^? :o accept !m4 ,x is n ! books t ought1 on dem&1 aga9 & aga9 to be plac$ on _! trial1 b ! pleas ( ^? :o w\ld once m br+ !m into c\rt t ought to be sift$4 ,^! objectors des]ve a he>+2 b :ile !y receive x1 we h full "r to /& by ! decision ( ! f\r? c5tury1 & refuse to "p )1 or ev5 s]i\sly to suspect1 any ( ! preci\s inh]itance :i* has be5 h&$ d[n to u4 ,x may be confid5tly ass]t$ t ?us f> no /rong case has be5 made out aga9/ any ( ! five disput$ ,epi/les1 except+ #b ,pet]2 & ) reg>d to t x is /ill true to affirm t ! ,petr9e au?or%ip rema9s1 on ! :ole1 a reasonable work+ hypo!sis4 ,d n let u =get :at ! epi!t disput$1 appli$ to ^! & "o or two#i o!r books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 really means4 ,x does n mean t at ! beg9n+ ( ! f\r? c5tury ,eusebius f\nd t ^! writ+s 7 univ]sally reg>d$ ) suspicion2 t is a gross exagg]ation ( ! import ( ! t]m4 ,r x means t ^! books 7 n univ]sally accept$2 t al?\gh !y 71 z a rule1 reg>d$ z canonical1 & z "p ( ! cont5ts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 7 71 yet 9 "s qu>t]s _! au?ority 0 d\bt$ or d5i$4 ,& ! reasons = ^! d\bts 7 naturally n 9 all cases ! same4 ,) reg>d to #b ,pet]1 ! d\bt mu/ h be5 z to its g5u95ess & au!nticity4 ,x claim$ to be writt5 by ,simon ,pet]1 an ,apo/le ( ,jesus ,*ri/ & a witness ( ! ,transfiguration 7#b ,pet] i4 #a1 #ah72 b ! obscurity ( its orig9 & o!r circum/ances 7 aga9/ x4 ,) reg>d to ,james1 ,jude1 & #b & #c ,john ! d\bt 0 r z to _! ,apo/olicity4 ,!y did n claim to be writt5 by ,apo/les4 ,!re 0 no reason = d\bt+ ! antiquity or ! g5u95ess ( ^! f\r books2 b grant+ t !y 7 writt5 by ! p]sons ^: "n !y bore1 7 ^! p]sons ,apo/les8 ,& if !y 7 n1 :at 0 ! au?ority ( _! writ+s8 ,! d\bts ) reg>d to ! ,revelation & to ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews 7 9 "p ( ! same "*4 ,7 !y 9 ! full s5se ( ! t]m ,apo/olic1 z hav+ be5 writt5 by ,apo/les1 or at lea/ "u ! guidance ( ,apo/les8 ,eusebius says expressly t all ^! disput$ books 7 nev]!less well kn[n to mo/ p4#aj ,& x is manife/ t ! d\bts :i* ,eusebius records 7 ceas+ to exi/4 ,only 9 "s cases does he indicate1 & t )\t op5 /atem5t1 t he himself 0 at all incl9$ to sympa?ize ) !m4 ,& ,a?anasius1 writ+ a v %ort "t aft]w>ds 7,a4,d4 #cbf71 makes no di/9ction betwe5 ackn[l$g$ & disput$ books1 b places all sev5 ( ! ,ca?olic ,epi/les1 z ( equal au?ority1 imm$iately aft] ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les4#aa ,cyril ( ,j]usalem1 9 8 ,cate*etical ,lectures1 writt5 be=e 8 episcopate1 c4 ,a4,d4 #cdi1 does ! same 7,lect4 ,,iv4 x4 #cf74 ,"s fifte5 ye>s lat] we h ! ,c\ncil ( ,laodicea1 & ne> ! end ( ! c5tury ! ,c\ncil ( ,hippo1 & ! ?ird ,c\ncil ( ,c>?age1 giv+ =mal ratification to ^! g5]ally receiv$ views2 aft] :i* all que/ion+ = _m c5turies ceas$4 ,s t :ile ! classification into ackn[l$g$ & disput$ writ+s proves t ea* book 0 c>efully scrut9iz$1 & 9 v>i\s qu>t]s indep5d5tly1 be=e x 0 admitt$ to ! canon1 ! cessation ( ?is di/9ction proves t ! result ( all ?is scrut9y 0 t ! sporadic d\bts & hesitations respect+ c]ta9 ( ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 7 f9ally put to re/4 ,& x mu/ n be suppos$ t ! process 0 "o ( g5]al amne/y4 ,:ile "s books t _h "h & !re be5 exclud$ 7 f9ally accept$1 "s t _h "h & !re be5 includ$ 9 ! canon1 su* z ! ,epi/les ( ,clem5t & ( ,b>nabas & ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas1 7 f9ally reject$4 ,! *>ge ( uncritical or indiscrim9ate admission _c be sub/antiat$4 ,! facts are q ! o!r way4 ,:5 we conf9e our att5tion to ! ,epi/le ( ,james 9 p>ticul>1 we f9d t if ! d\bts :i* 7 "h & !re felt respect+ x 9 ! ?ird c5tury are intelligible1 ! univ]sal acceptance :i* x met ) 9 ! f\r? & foll[+ c5turies is well f\nd$4 ,! d\bts 7 provok$ by two facts--7#a7 ! ,epi/le _h rema9$ = "s "t unkn[n to a good _m ,*ur*es2 7#b7 :5 x became g5]ally kn[n x rema9$ unc]ta9 :at ! au?ority ( ! writ] 01 especially :e!r he 0 an ,apo/le or n4 ,x is possible also t ^! misgiv+s 7 9 "s cases emphasiz$ by ! fur!r fact t !re is a m>k$ abs5ce ( doctr9al tea*+4 ,9 ?is ,epi/le ! articles ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? are sc>cely t\*$ ^u at all4 ,:e!r ! app>5t inconsi/5cy ) ! tea*+ ( ,/4 ,paul respect+ ! relation betwe5 fai? & works1 ( :i* s mu* has be5 made s9ce ,lu!r's "t1 0 discov]$ or n by ^? :o 7 incl9$ to dispute ! au?ority ( ?is ,epi/le1 may be d\bt$4 ,b ( c\rse1 if any inconsi/5cy 0 believ$ to exi/1 t also w\ld tell aga9/ ! g5]al reception ( ! lett] z canonical4 ,t ! ,epi/le %\ld at fir/ rema9 v little kn[n1 especially 9 ! ,we/ & among ! ,g5tile congregations1 is exactly :at we %\ld expect f ! "* ( ! lett] & ! circum/ances ( its publication4 ,x is address$ by a ,jew to ,jews1 by "o :o nev] mov$ f ! ,*ur* ov] :i* he presid$ at ,j]usalem to ^? humble & obscure ,*ri/ians outside ,pale/9e :o1 by _! consci5ti\s ret5tion ( ! ,law side by side ) ! ,gospel1 cut !mselves (f m & m f free int]c\rse ) o!r ,*ri/ians1 :e!r ,g5tile conv]ts or m lib]ally-m9d$ ,jews4 ,a lett] :i* 9 ! fir/ in/ance 0 to be read 9 ,*ri/ian synagogues 7,james ii4 #b7 might easily rema9 a long "t )\t becom+ kn[n to ,*ur*es :i* f ! outset _h adopt$ ! pr9ciples laid d[n 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/le to ! ,galatians4 ,! con/ant j\rneys ( ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles caus$ 8 lett]s to become well kn[n ?r\gh\t ! ,*ur*es at a v e>ly date4 ,b ! fir/ ,bi%op ( ! ,"m ,*ur* ( ,j]usalem _h no su* advantages4 ,great z 0 8 influ5ce 9 8 own sph]e1 ) a rank equal to t ( an ,apo/le1 yet he 0 n well kn[n outside t sph]e1 & he himself seems nev] to h travell$ beyond x1 or ev5 to h left ! c5tre ( x4 ,) outsid]s1 :o simply knew t he 0 n "o ( ! ,twelve1 8 influ5ce w\ld n be great2 & a lett] emanat+ f him1 ev5 if kn[n to exi/1 w\ld n be eag]ly inquir$ aft] or c>efully circulat$4 ,g5tile prejudice aga9/ ,jewi% ,*ri/ians w\ld /ill fur!r contribute to keep 9 ! backgr\nd a lett] :i* 0 specially address$ to ,jewi% ,*ri/ians1 & 0 also itself di/9ctly ,jewi% 9 tone4 ,nor w\ld ! exclusive class ( believ]s to :om ! lett] 0 s5t c>e to make x kn[n to ^? ,*ri/ians f :om !y habitually kept alo(4 ,?us ! prejudices ( bo? sides contribut$ to prev5t ! ,epi/le f circulat+ outside ! some:at n>r[ circle to :i* x 0 9 ! fir/ in/ance address$2 & !re is !re=e no?+ surpris+ 9 its be+ unkn[n to ,ir5u1 ,hippolytus1 ,t]tullian1 ,cyprian1 & ! au?or ( ! ,muratorian ,canon4 ,!re is no sign t ^! writ]s reject$ x2 !y _h nev] he>d ( x4#ab ,& yet ! ,epi/le did become kn[n at a v e>ly date1 at any rate to "s outsid]s1 ev5 9 ! ,we/4 ,x 0 almo/ c]ta9ly kn[n to ,clem5t ( ,rome1 ^: ,epi/le to ! ,*ur* ( ,cor9? 7writt5 c4 ,a4,d4 #ig7 conta9s sev]al passages1 :i* seem to be rem9isc5ces ( ,/4 ,james4 ,& al?\gh n "o ( !m c be reli$ ^u z prov+ t ,clem5t knew our ,epi/le1 yet :5 !y are all put toge!r !y make a cumulative argum5t ( v great /r5g?4#ac ,s cauti\s & critical a writ] z ,bi%op ,lightfoot does n hesitate to ass]t1 9 a note on ,clem5t1 *ap4 xii41 ,! in/ance ( ,rahab 0 d\btless sugge/$ by ,heb4 xi4 #ca2 ,james ii4 #be2 = bo? ^! ,epi/les 7 kn[n to ,/4 ,clem5t1 & are quot$ else:]e4 ,& ! ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,james 0 c]ta9ly kn[n to ,h]mas1 a y\ng] contempor>y ( ,clem5t1 & au?or ( ! ,%eph]d1 :i* 0 writt5 9 ! fir/ half1 & possibly 9 ! fir/ qu>t]1 ( ! second c5tury4#ad ,orig51 9 ! works ( :i* we h ! ,greek orig9al1 quotes x once z ! ,epi/le curr5t z t ( ,james 7 --,9 ,johan4 xix4 #f71 & once 7,9 ,psal4 xxx47 )\t any expression ( d\bt2 & 9 ! inaccurate ,lat9 translations ( o!rs ( 8 works !re are sev]al di/9ct quotations f ! ,epi/le4 ,s t x w\ld seem to h rea*$ ,alex&ria j z ,clem5t1 ,orig5's in/ructor & pr$ecessor1 left ! city dur+ ! p]secution "u ,septimius ,sev]us 7c4 ,a4,d4 #bjb74ae ,b ! conclusive fact 9 ! ext]nal evid5ce respect+ ! ,epi/le is t x is conta9$ 9 ! ,pe%itto4 ,?is anci5t ,syriac ,v]sion 0 made 9 ! second c5tury1 9 ! c\ntry 9 :i* ! lett] ( ,james w\ld be be/ kn[n2 & al?\gh ! fram]s ( ?is translation omitt$ #b ,pet]1 #b & #c ,john1 & ,jude1 !y admitt$ ,james )\t scruple4 ,?us ! e>lie/ evid5ce = ?is ,epi/le1 z = t to ! ,hebrews1 is *iefly ,ea/]n2 :ile t = ,jude1 z = #b & #c ,john1 is *iefly ,we/]n4 ,& ! evid5ce ( ! ,pe%itto is n weak5$ by ! fact1 if x be a fact1 t !re 0 a /ill e>li] ,syrian canon :i* conta9$ none ( ! ,ca?olic ,epi/les4 ,!re is no c]ta9 allusion to !m or quotation f !m 9 ! ,homilies ( ,aphrahat or ,aphraates 7c4 ,a4,d4 #cce72 & 9 ! ,doctr9e ( ,addai 7,a4,d4 #bej-cjj7 ! cl]gy ( ,edessa are direct$ to read ! ,law & ! ,prophets1 ! ,gospel1 ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les1 & ! ,acts1 no o!r canonical book be+ m5tion$4 ,9 all ,*ur*es ! numb] ( ,*ri/ian writ+s read publicly 9 ! liturgy 0 at fir/ small1 & 9 no case 7 ! ,ca?olic ,epi/les ! fir/ to be us$ = ?is purpose4 ,! int]nal evid5ce1 z we %all see :5 we come to exam9e x m closely1 is ev5 m /rong ?an ! ext]nal4 ,! "* ( ! lett] exactly h>monizes ) ! "* ( ,james ! fir/ ,bi%op ( ,j]usalem1 & ) ! kn[n circum/ances ( ^? to :om ! lett] is address$1 & ?is 9 a way t no lit]>y =g] ( t age c\ld h rea*$4 ,& !re is no suffici5t motive = a =g]y1 = ! lett] is s+ul>ly want+ 9 doctr9al /atem5ts4 ,! suppos$ opposition to ,/4 ,paul w n hold2 a writ] :o wi%$ to oppose ,/4 ,paul w\ld h made 8 opposition mu* m cle>4 ,& a =g] :o wi%$ to get ! au?ority ( ,/4 ,james :]e) to c\nt]act ,/4 ,paul's tea*+ w\ld h made u aw>e t x 0 ei!r an ,apo/le1 ! son ( ,zeb$ee or ! son ( ,alphu1 or else ! bro!r ( ! ,"l1 :o 0 address+ u1 & w\ld n h left x op5 = u to suppose t ! ,epi/le 0 f ! p5 ( "s unkn[n ,james1 :o _h no au?ority at all equal to t ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,& let any "o comp>e ?is ,epi/le ) ^? ( ,clem5t ( ,rome1 & ( ,b>nabas1 & ( ,ignatius1 & m>k its enorm\s sup]iority4 ,if x 7 ! "w ( a =g]1 :at a p]plex+ fact ?is sup]iority w\ld be6 ,if x be ! "w ei!r ( an ,apo/le or ( "o :o _h ,apo/olic rank1 ev]y?+ is expla9$4 ,lu!r's fam\s criticism on ! ,epi/le1 t x is a v]itable ,epi/le ( /raw1 is amaz+1 & is to be expla9$ by ! fact t x contradicts 8 c>icature ( ,/4 ,paul's doctr9e ( ju/ification by fai?4 ,!re is no opposition betwe5 ,/4 ,james & ,/4 ,paul1 & !re is sometimes no real opposition betwe5 ,/4 ,james & ,lu!r 7see p4 #adg74 ,& :5 ,lu!r gives z 8 op9ion t our ,epi/le 0 n ! writ+ ( any ,apo/le we c agree ) him1 ?\gh n 9 ! s5se 9 :i* he means x2 = he />ts f ! errone\s supposition t ! lett] be>s ! "n ( ! son ( ,zeb$ee4 ,we mu/ also be> 9 m9d 8 own explanation ( :at is ,apo/olic & :at is n4 ,x has a purely subjective mean+4 ,x does n mean :at 0 writt5 or n writt5 by an ,apo/le or ! equal ( an ,apo/le4 ,apo/olic means t :i*1 9 ,lu!r's op9ion1 an ,apo/le ought to tea*1 & all t fails to satisfy ?is condition is n ,apo/olic4 ,!re9 all true holy books agree1 t !y prea* & urge ,*ri/4 ,t too is ! "r t\*/one :]eby to te/ all books--:e!r !y urge ,*ri/ or n2 = all ,scripture te/ifies ( ,*ri/ 7,rom4 iii4 #ba74444 ,t :i* does n tea* ,*ri/ is /ill %ort ( ,apo/olic1 ev5 if x 7 ! tea*+ ( ,/4 ,pet] or ,/4 ,paul4 ,aga91 t :i* prea*es ,*ri/1 t 7 ,apo/olic1 ev5 if ,judas1 ,annas1 ,pilate1 & ,h]od prea*$ x4 ,! ,lu!ran ,*ur* has n foll[$ him 9 ?is pr9ciple1 :i* places ! au?ority ( any book ( ,scripture at ! m]cy ( ! likes & dislikes ( ! individual read]2 & x has re/or$ ! ,epi/les to ! ,hebrews & ( ,james & ,jude to _! prop] places 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 in/ead ( leav+ !m 9 ! k9d ( app5dix to :i* ,lu!r _h bani%$ !m & ! ,revelation4 ,moreov]1 ! passage conta9+ ! /atem5t ab\t ! v]itable ,epi/le ( /raw#af is n[ omitt$ f ! preface to 8 translation4 ,& ) reg>d to ?is v po9t1 8 =m] fri5d & lat] oppon5t ,&rew ,rudolph ,bod5/e91 ( ,k>l/adt1 p]t95tly ask$1 ,if y all[ ! ,jews to /amp books ) au?ority by receiv+ !m1 :y d y refuse to grant z mu* p[] to ! ,*ur*es ( ,*ri/1 s9ce ! ,*ur* is n less ?an ! ,synagogue8 ,we h at lea/ z mu* reason to tru/ ! ,c\ncils ( ,laodicea1 ,hippo1 & ,c>?age1 :i* =mally def9$ ! limits ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 z we h to tru/ ! unkn[n ,jewi% influ5ces :i* fix$ ^? ( ! ,old4 ,& :5 we exam9e = ourselves ! evid5ce :i* is /ill extant1 & :i* has greatly dim9i%$ 9 ! c\rse ( fifte5 hundr$ ye>s1 we feel t bo? on ext]nal & int]nal gr\nds ! decision ( ! f\r? c5tury respect+ ! g5u95ess ( ! ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,james1 z a v]itable product ( ! ,apo/olic age & z wor?y ( a place 9 ! canon ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 is fully ju/ifi$4 #h ,! date s frequ5tly giv51 ,a4,d4 #cfc1 _c be sub/antiat$1 & on ! :ole is n probable4 ,see ,hefele1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* ,c\ncils1 ,,ii4 vi4 #ic4 #i ,! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews & ! ,apocalypse4 #aj ' 7,h4 ,e4 ,,iii4 xxv4 #c71 :]e 1 z usual1 indicates famili> k4 ,eusebius is a desultory writ]1 & "o has to ga!r 8 views f /atem5ts scatt]$ ov] *aps4 iii41 xxiv41 & xxv41 "s ( :i* are n v precise4 ,! foll[+ table seems to repres5t 8 op9ion3-- ,f\r ,gospels1 ,acts1 f\rte5 ,epi/les ,univ]sally ackn[l$g$ ( ,paul 7,hebrews 871 7 7 #a ,john1 #a ,pet]1 ,,canonical ,,books ,apocalypse 7874 7 7 ,z to au!nticity--#b ,pet]4 ,disput$ 7 7 ,z to ,apo/olicity--,james1 ,jude1 #b & #c ,john4 ,z to au!nticity--,acts ( ,paul1 ,%eph]d1 ,apocalypse ( ,pet]4 ,or?odox1 b ( no au?ority1 ,z to ,apo/olicity--,epi/le ( because defective ,b>nabas1 ,doctr9es ( ! ,apo/les1 ,gospel accord+ to ,,uncanonical ,hebrews1 ,apocalypse 7874 ,h]etical ,gospels ( ,pet]1 ,?omas1 ,mat?ias1 ,acts ( ,&rew1 ,john1 etc41 etc4 #aa ,epi/4 ,fe/4 xxxix4 ,! passage is giv5 9 full by ,we/cott ,on ! ,canon1 ,app5dix ,d41 xiv4 ,! ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory ( ,eusebius _c h be5 complet$ lat] ?an ,a4,d4 #cbe1 b ! e>li] books 7 probably writt5 ab\t ,a4,d4 #cac1 soon aft] ! ,edict ( ,milan4 ,see ,bi%op ,lightfoot1 ,dict4 ( ,*ris4 ,biog41 ,i41 p4 #cbb4 #ab ,h>nack1 ,das ,neue ,te/am5t um das ,jahr #bjj 7,freiburg ,i4 ,b41 #ahhi71 p4 #gi4 #ac ,comp>e ,clem5t x4 #a ) ,james ii4 #bc4 xi4 #b i4 #h2 iv4 #h4 xii4 #a ii4 #be4 xvii4 #f iv4 #ad4 xxx4 #b iv4 #f4 xxxi4 #b ii4 #ba4 xlvi4 #e iv4 #a4 xlix4 #e x4 #bj4 #ad ,salmon1 ,introduction to ! ,n4,t41 pp4 #eb1 #ehb-ia1 #d? ,ed4 7,murray1 #ahhi72 ,zahn1 ,ges*i*te des ,neute/am5tli*5 ,kanons 7,erlang51 #ahhi71 p4 #ifb4 #ae ,if ,zahn is "r 9 ?9k+ t ,clem5t knew1 & p]haps comm5t$ on1 ! ,epi/le ( ,james1 x may h become kn[n 9 ,alex&ria some:at e>li]4 ,a few passages 9 ,clem5t h possible rem9isc5ces ( ,james2 e4g4 9 ,/rom4 ,,ii4 v4 he says ( ,abraham t he is f\nd to h be5 expressly call$ ! fri5d ( ,god 7,james ii4 #bc72 & 9 ,/rom4 ,,vi4 xviii41 9 connexion ) lov+ "o's neighb\r 7! ( ,james ii4 #h71 he speaks ( be+ 7,zahn1 ,ges*i*te des ,neute/am5tli*5 ,kanons1 ,i41 pp4 #cbb1 #cbc--;,erlang51 #ahhh74 ,! ,hypotyposeis1 9 :i* ,clem5t p]haps treat$ ( ! ,ca?olic ,epi/les1 7 writt5 aft] he left ,alex&ria 7,ibid41 p4 #bi74 #af ,or1 m lit]ally1 a "r /rawy ,epi/le--e9e re*te /roh]n ,epi/el4444 ,d5n sie do* ke9e evangelis*e ,art an si* hat 7,lu!r's ,w]ke1 ed4 ,gu/av ,pfiz]1 ,frankfurt1 #ahdj1 p4 #adab2 see also pp4 #adbc1 #adbd1 & ,we/cott ,on ! ,canon1 #crd ed41 pp4 #ddh-ed74 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,au?or ,,( ,,! ,,epi/le3 ,,james ,,! ,,bro!r ,,( ,,! ,,"l4 ,james1 a s]vant ( ,god & ( ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4--,,jas4 i4 #a ,we h /ill to consid] ! second half ( ! "q z to ! au!nticity ( ?is lett]4 ,grant+ t x is a g5u9e ,epi/le ( ,james1 & a writ+ ( ! ,apo/olic age1 to :i* ( ! p]sons 9 t age :o are kn[n to u z be>+ ! "n ( ,james is x to be attribut$8 ,! cons5sus ( op9ion on ?is po9t1 ?\gh n s great z t respect+ ! g5u95ess ( ! lett]1 is n[ v consid]able1 & seems to be increas+4 ,! "n ,james is ! ,engli% =m ( ! ,hebrew "n ,yacoob 7,jacob71 :i* 9 ,greek became 1 9 ,lat9 ,jacbus1 & 9 ,engli% ,james1 a =m :i* griev\sly blurs ! hi/ory ( ! "n4 ,f hav+ be5 ! "n ( ! patri>* ,jacob1 ! prog5itor ( ! ,jewi% race1 x became "o ( ! commone/ ( prop] names among ! ,jews2 & 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t we f9d sev]al p]sons be>+ ?is "n among ! foll[]s ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,x w\ld be possible to make z _m z six2 b ^! mu/ c]ta9ly be r$uc$ to f\r1 & probably to ?ree4 ,^! six are-- #a4 ,james ! ,apo/le1 ! son ( ,zeb$ee & bro!r ( ,john ! ,apo/le 7,matt4 iv4 #ba2 x4 #b2 xvii4 #e2 ,m>k x4 #ce2 xiii4 #c2 ,luke ix4 #ed2 ,acts xii4 #b74 #b4 ,james ! ,apo/le1 ! son ( ,alphu 7,matt4 x4 #c2 ,m>k iii4 #ah2 ,luke vi4 #ae2 ,acts i4 #ac74 #c4 ,james ! ,little1 ! son ( ,m>y ! wife ( ,clpas 7,john xix4 #be71 :o _h "o o!r son1 nam$ ,joses 7,matt4 xxvii4 #ef2 ,m>k xv4 #dj74 #d4 ,james ! bro!r ( ! ,"l 7,gal4 i4 #ai71 a relation%ip :i* he %>es ) ,joses1 ,simon1 & ,judas 7,matt4 xiii4 #ee2 ,m>k vi4 #c7 & "s unnam$ si/]s4 #e4 ,james ! ov]se] ( ! ,*ur* ( ,j]usalem 7,acts xii4 #ag2 xv4 #ac2 xxi4 #ah2 #a ,cor4 xv4 #g2 ,gal4 ii4 #i1 #ab74 #f4 ,james ! bro!r ( ! ,jude :o wrote ! ,epi/le 7,jude i4 #a74 ,besides :i*1 we h an unkn[n ,james1 :o 0 fa!r ( ! ,apo/le ,judas1 n ,isc>iot 7,luke v4 #af72 b we d n "k t ?is ,james ev] became a disciple4 ,( ^! six we may safely id5tify ! la/ ?ree z be+ "o & ! same p]son2 & we may probably id5tify ,james ! ,apo/le1 ! son ( ,alphu1 ) ,james ! ,little1 ! son ( ,m>y & ,clopas2 9 :i* case we may conjecture t ! epi!t ( ! ,little 7 7 0 giv5 him to di/+ui% him f ! o!r ,apo/le ,james1 ! son ( ,zeb$ee4 ,clopas 7n ,cleophas1 z 9 ! ,a4,v47 may be "o ,greek =m ( ! ,aramaic "n ,*alpai1 ( :i* ,alphu may be ano!r ,greek =m2 s t ! fa!r ( ?is ,james may h be5 kn[n bo? z ,clopas & z ,alphu4 ,b ?is is by no means c]ta94 ,9 ! anci5t ,syriac ,v]sion we d n f9d bo? ,alphu & ,clopas repres5t$ by ,*alpai2 b we f9d ,alphu r5d]$ ,*alpai1 :ile ,clopas reappe>s z ,kleopha4 ,& ! same usage is f\nd 9 ! ,j]usalem ,syriac4 ,we h ?us r$uc$ ! six to f\r or ?ree2 & x is sometimes propos$ to r$uce ! ?ree to two1 by id5tify+ ,james ! ,"l's bro!r ) ,james ! son ( ,alphu4 ,b ?is id5tification is att5d$ by difficulties s s]i\s z to seem to be q fatal2 & x w\ld probably nev] h be5 made b = ! wi% to %[ t bro!r ( ! ,"l does n mean bro!r 9 ! lit]al s5se1 b may mean c\s94 ,= ! id5tification dep5ds ^u mak+ ,m>y ! wife ( ,clopas 7& "m ( ,james ! son ( ,alphu7 id5tical ) ! si/] ( ,m>y ! "m ( ! ,"l1 9 ! mu*-discuss$ passage ,john xix4 #be2 s t ,jesus & ,james w\ld be fir/ c\s9s1 be+ sons respectively ( two si/]s1 ea* ( :om 0 call$ ,m>y4#ag ,! difficulties "u :i* ?is !ory lab\rs are ma9ly ^!3-- #a4 ,x dep5ds on an id5tification ( ,clopas ) ,alphu1 :i* is unc]ta91 ?\gh n improbable4 #b4 ,x dep5ds on a fur!r id5tification ( ,*ri/'s "m's si/] ) ,m>y ! wife ( ,clopas 9 ,john xix4 #be1 :i* is bo? unc]ta9 & highly improbable4 ,9 t v]se we almo/ c]ta9ly h f\r wom51 & n ?ree1 contra/$ ) ! f\r soldi]s j m5tion$ 7vv4 #bc1 #bd71 & arrang$ 9 two pairs3 ,8 "m1 & ,8 "m's si/]2 ,m>y ! wife ( ,clopas1 & ,m>y ,magdal5e4 #c4 ,x assumes t two si/]s 7 bo? call$ ,m>y4 #d4 ,no in/ance 9 ,greek lit]ature has be5 f\nd 9 :i* bro!r 77 means c\s94 ,! ,greek language has a ^w to express c\s9 771 :i* occurs ,col4 iv4 #aj2 & x is to be not$ t ! anci5t tradition pres]v$ by ,hegesippus 7c4 ,a4,d4 #agj7 di/+ui%es ,james ! fir/ ov]se] ( ! ,*ur* ( ,j]usalem z ! bro!r ( ! ,"l 7,eus4 ,h4 ,e4 ,,ii4 xxiii4 #a71 & 8 successor ,symeon z ! c\s9 ( ! ,"l 7,,iv4 xxii4 #d74 ,c\ld ,hegesippus h writt5 ?us if ,james 7 really a c\s98 ,if a vague t]m su* z k9sman 77 0 want$1 t also might h be5 us$1 z 9 ,luke i4 #cf1 #eh2 ii4 #dd4 #e4 ,9 none ( ! f\r li/s ( ! ,apo/les is !re any h9t t any ( !m are ! bre?r5 ( ! ,"l2 & 9 ,acts i4 #ac1 #ad1 & #a ,cor4 ix4 #e1 ! bre?r5 ( ! ,"l are expressly di/+ui%$ f ! ,apo/les4 ,moreov]1 ! traditions ( ! age subsequ5t to ! ,new ,te/am5t sometimes make ,james ! ,"l's bro!r "o ( ! ,sev5ty1 b nev] "o ( ! ,twelve1 a fact :i* c be expla9$ only on ! hypo!sis t x 0 notori\s t he 0 n "o ( ! ,twelve4 ,! rev]5ce = ?is ,james & = ! title ( ,apo/le 0 su* t tradition w\ld eag]ly h giv5 him ! title _h !re be5 any op5+ = do+ s4 #f4 ,! bre?r5 ( ! ,"l appe> 9 ! ,gospels almo/ always ) ! "m ( ! ,"l 7,matt4 xii4 #df2 ,m>k iii4 #cb2 ,luke viii4 #ai2 ,john ii4 #ab72 nev] ) ,m>y ! wife ( ,clopas2 & popul> k ( !m connects !m ) ,*ri/'s "m1 & n ) any o!r ,m>y 7,m>k vi4 #c2 ,matt4 xiii4 #ee74 ,my bre?r51 9 ,matt4 xxviii4 #aj1 & ,john xx4 #ag1 does n mean ,*ri/'s e>?ly relations1 b ! *ildr5 ( ,my ,fa!r & y\r ,fa!r4 #g4 ,b ! /ronge/ objection ( all is ,/4 ,john's express /atem5t 7vii4 #e7 t ev5 ,8 bre?r5 did n believe on ,him2 a /atem5t :i* he c\ld n h made if "o ( ! bre?r5 7,james71 & possibly two o!rs 7,simon & ,judas71 7 already ,apo/les4 ,! id5tification ( ,james ! son ( ,alphu ) ,james ! ,"l's bro!r mu/ !re=e be ab&on$1 & we rema9 ) ?ree disciples be>+ ! "n ( ,james f :i* to select ! writ] ( ?is ,epi/le--! son ( ,zeb$ee1 ! son ( ,alphu1 & ! bro!r ( ! ,"l4 ,! fa!r ( ,judas1 n ,isc>iot1 ne$ n be consid]$1 = we d n ev5 "k t he ev] became a believ]4 ,9 our ignorance ( ! life1 & ?\ght1 & language ( ! son ( ,zeb$ee & ! son ( ,alphu1 we _c say t !re is any?+ 9 ! ,epi/le itself :i* =bids u to attribute x to ei!r ( !m2 b !re is no?+ 9 x :i* leads u to d s4 ,& !re are two consid]ations :i*1 :5 comb9$1 are /rongly aga9/ ,apo/olic au?or%ip4 ,! writ] does n claim to be an ,apo/le2 & ! hesitation z to ! reception ( ! ,epi/le 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* w\ld be extraord9>y if ! lett] 7 reput$ to be ( ,apo/olic au?or%ip4 ,:5 we take ei!r ( ^! ,apo/les sep>ately we become involv$ 9 fur!r difficulties4 ,x is n probable t any ,apo/olic lit]ature exi/$ 9 ! lifetime ( ,james ! son ( ,zeb$ee1 :o 0 m>tyr$1 "u ,h]od ,agrippa ,i41 i4e4 n lat] ?an ! spr+ ( ,a4,d4 #dd1 :5 ,h]od ,agrippa di$4 ,t any ,apo/le wrote an encyclical lett] z e>ly z ,a4,d4 #db or #dc is s improbable t we ought to h /rong evid5ce be=e adopt+ x1 & ! only evid5ce wor? consid]+ is t furni%$ by ! ,pe%itto4 ,! e>lie/ ,,mss4 ( ?is anci5t ,syriac ,v]sion1 :i* date f ! fif? to ! eigh? c5tury1 call x an ,epi/le ( ,james ! ,apo/le2 b evid5ce :i* _c be trac$ high] ?an ! fif? c5tury respect+ an improbable occurr5ce alleg$ to h tak5 place 9 ! fir/ c5tury is n wor? v mu*4 ,moreov]1 ! scribes :o put ?is head+ & subscription to ! ,epi/le may h meant no m ?an t x 0 by a p]son ( ,apo/olic rank1 or !y may h %>$ ! common ,we/]n error ( id5tify+ ! bro!r ( ! ,"l ) ! son ( ,alphu4 ,editors ( ! ,syriac ,v]sion 9 a mu* lat] age c]ta9ly d attribute ! ,epi/le to ! son ( ,zeb$ee1 = !y /ate t ! ?ree ,ca?olic ,epi/les admitt$ to t v]sion--,james1 #a ,pet]1 & #a ,john--are by ! ?ree ,apo/les :o witness$ ! ,transfiguration4 ,! /atem5t seems to be a blund]+ mis9t]pretation ( ! e>li] title1 :i* assign$ x to ,james ! ,apo/le4 ,& if we attribute ! lett] to ! son ( ,alphu we get rid ( "o difficulty1 only to fall into ano!r2 we are no long] compell$ to give ! ,epi/le s improbably e>ly a date z ,a4,d4 #dc1 b we are left absolutely )\t any evid5ce to connect x ) ! son ( ,alphu1 unless we id5tify ?is ,apo/le ) ! bro!r ( ! ,"l1 an id5tification :i* has already be5 %[n to be unt5able4#ah ,!re=e1 )\t fur!r hesitation1 we may assign ! ,epi/le to "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ & impressive figures 9 ! ,apo/olic age1 ,james ! ,j1 ! bro!r ( ! ,"l1 & ! fir/ ov]se] ( ! ,"m ,*ur* ( ,j]usalem4 ,:e!r ,james 0 ! bro!r ( ! ,"l z be+ ! son ( ,joseph by a =m] m>riage1 or z be+ ! son ( ,joseph & ,m>y born aft] ! bir? ( ,jesus1 ne$ n be argu$ 9 detail4 ,all t specially conc]ns u1 = a "r und]/&+ ( ! ,epi/le1 is to rememb] t x 0 writt5 by "o :o1 al?\gh = "s "t n a believ] 9 ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus1 01 ?r\gh 8 ne> relation%ip1 con/antly 9 ,8 society1 witness+ ,8 acts & he>+ ,8 words4 ,?is mu*1 h[ev]1 %\ld be not$1 t !re is no?+ 9 ,scripture to w>n u f und]/&+ t ,joseph & ,m>y _h o!r *ildr51 & t fir/born 9 ,luke ii4 #g1 & till 9 ,matt4 i4 #be1 appe> to imply t !y _h2 a supposition confirm$ by contempor>y belief 7,m>k vi4 #c2 ,matt4 xiii4 #ee71 & by ! con/ant att5dance ( ^! bre?r5 on ! "m ( ! ,"l 7,matt4 xii4 #df2 ,m>k iii4 #cb2 ,luke viii4 #ai2 ,john ii4 #ab72 t1 on ! o!r h&1 ! !ory :i* gives ,joseph *ildr5 old] ?an ,jesus deprives ,him ( ,8 rights z ! heir ( ,joseph & ( ! h\se ( ,david2 seems to be ( apocryphal orig9 7,gospel accord+ to ,pet]1 or ,book ( ,james72 & l ,j]ome's !ory ( c\s9%ip1 appe>s to h be5 inv5t$ 9 ! int]e/s ( ascetic views & ( priori convictions z to ! p]petual virg9ity ( ! ,bless$ ,virg94 ,! imm5se cons5sus ( belief 9 ! p]petual virg9ity does n beg9 until long aft] all hi/orical evid5ce 0 lo/4 ,t]tullian appe>s to assume z a matt] ( c\rse t ! ,"l's bre?r5 are ! *ildr5 ( ,joseph & ,m>y1 z if 9 8 day no "o _h any o!r view 7,adv4 ,m>c41 ,,iv4 xix42 ,de ,c>ne ,*ri/i1 vii474#ai ,accord+ to ei!r view1 ,james 0 ! son ( ,joseph1 & almo/ c]ta9ly 0 br\ght up ) 8 ,div9e ,bro!r 9 ! humble home at ,naz>e?4 ,8 fa!r1 z ,/4 ,mat!w tells u 7i4 #ai7 0 a j or righte\s man1 l ! p>5ts ( ! ,bapti/ 7,luke i4 #f71 & ?is 0 ! title by :i* ,james 0 kn[n dur+ 8 lifetime1 & by :i* he is /ill con/antly kn[n4 ,he is ,james ! ,j 7 74 ,! epi!t z us$ 9 ,scripture ( 8 fa!r & o!rs 7,matt4 i4 #ai2 xxiii4 #ce2 ,luke i4 #f2 ii4 #be2 xxiii4 #ej2 ,acts x4 #bj2 #b ,pet] ii4 #g71 & 9 hi/ory ( him1 mu/ n be und]/ood z imply+ precisely :at ! ,a!nians meant :5 !y /yl$ ,ari/eides ! ,j1 or :at we mean by be+ j n[4 ,to a ,jew ! ^w impli$ n m]ely be+ imp>tial & upright1 b also hav+ a /udi$ & ev5 scrupul\s rev]5ce = ev]y?+ prescrib$ by ! ,law4 ,! ,sabba?1 ! synagogue wor%ip1 ! fea/s & fa/s1 purification1 ti!s1 all ! moral & c]emonial ord9ances ( ! ,law ( ! ,"l--^! 7 ! ?+s on :i* ! j man be/[$ a lov+ c>e1 & 9 :i* he pref]r$ to d m ?an 0 requir$1 r ?an ! b>e m9imum insi/$ on by ! ,rabbis4 ,x 0 9 a home ( :i* righte\sness ( ?is k9d 0 ! *>act]i/ic t ,/4 ,james 0 re>$1 & 9 :i* he became imbu$ ) t rev]5t love = ! ,law :i* makes him1 ev5 m ?an ,/4 ,paul1 to be ! ideal ,hebrew ( ,hebrews4 ,= him ,*ri/ came n to de/roy1 b to fulfil4 ,*ri/ianity turns ! ,law ( ,moses into a royal law 7ii4 #h71 b x does n abrogate x4 ,! ,judaism :i* _h be5 8 moral & spiritual atmosph]e dur+ 8 y\? & e>ly manhood rema9$ ) him aft] he _h le>n$ to see t !re 0 no antagonism betwe5 ! ,law & ! ,gospel4 ,x w\ld be "p ( 8 /rict ,jewi% tra9+ t he %\ld pay ! prescrib$ visits to ,j]usalem at ! fea/s 7,john vii4 #aj72 & he w\ld !re become famili> ) ! magnific5t liturgy ( ! ,temple1 & w\ld lay ! f\ndation = t love ( public & private pray] )9 its prec9cts :i* 0 "o ( 8 be/-kn[n *>act]i/ics 9 aft]-life4 ,a love ( pray]1 & a pr(\nd belief 9 its efficacy1 appe> aga9 & aga9 9 ! pages ( 8 ,epi/le 7i4 #e2 iv4 #b1 #c1 #h2 v4 #ac-ah74 ,x 0 out ( a /rong p]sonal exp]i5ce t ! man :o knelt 9 pray] until 8 knees became h>d l a camel's decl>$ t ! supplication ( a righte\s man availe? mu* 9 its work+4 ,/rict ,judaism has ev] a t5d5cy to n>r[ness1 & we f9d ?is t5d5cy 9 ! bre?r5 ( ! ,"l1 9 _! attitude bo? t[>ds _! ,bro!r1 & also t[>ds ,g5tile conv]ts aft] !y _h accept$ ,him 7,gal4 ii4 #ab74 ,( ! long p]iod ( sil5ce dur+ :i* ,jesus 0 prep>+ ,himself = ,8 m9i/ry we "k no?+4 ,b imm$iately aft] ,8 fir/ miracle1 :i* !y probably witness$1 !y w5t d[n ) ,him1 & ,8 "m1 & ,8 disciples to ,cap]naum 7,john ii4 #ab71 & v possibly accompani$ ,him to ,j]usalem = ! ,passov]4 ,!y w\ld be almo/ c]ta9 to g ?i!r to keep ! fea/4 ,x 0 !re t _m believ$ on ,8 ,"n1 behold+ ,8 signs :i* ,he did4 ,b ,jesus did n tru/ ,himself unto !m1 = t ,he knew all m54 ,he knew t :5 ! imm$iate effect ( ,8 miracles _h pass$ (f ! fai? ( ^! sudd5 conv]ts w\ld n endure4 ,& ?is seems to h be5 ! case ) ,8 bre?r54 ,!y 7 at fir/ attract$ by ,8 orig9ality1 & p[]1 & hol9ess1 !n p]plex$ by me?ods :i* !y c\ld n und]/& 7,john vii4 #c1 #d71 !n incl9$ to reg>d ,him z a dream] & a fanatic 7,m>k iii4 #ba71 & f9ally decid$ aga9/ ,him 7,john vii4 #e74 ,l _m o!rs among ,8 foll[]s1 !y 7 q unable to reconcile ,8 position ) ! traditional views respect+ ! ,messiah2 & in/ead ( revis+ ^! views1 z be+ possibly faulty1 !y held fa/ to !m1 & reject$ ,him4 ,x 0 n m]ely 9 ref]5ce to ! p ( ,naz>e?1 :o _h tri$ to kill ,him 7,luke iv4 #bi71 b to ^? :o 7 /ill clos] to ,him by ties ( blood & home1 t ,he utt]$ ! sad compla9t1 ,a prophet is n )\t hon\r1 save 9 8 own c\ntry1 & among 8 own k91 & 9 8 own h\se 7,m>k vi4 #d74 ,! fact t our ,"l committ$ ,8 "m to ! keep+ ( ,/4 ,john h>monizes ) ! supposition t at ! "t ( ! ,crucifixion ,8 bre?r5 7 /ill unbeliev]s4 ,! ,resurrection w\ld be likely to op5 _! eyes & dispel _! d\bts 7,acts i4 #ad72 & a special revelation ( ! ris5 ,"l seems to h be5 grant$ to ,/4 ,james 7#a ,cor4 xv4 #g71 z to ,/4 ,paul2 9 bo? cases because beh9d ! ext]nal opposition to ,*ri/ !re 0 e>ne/ fai? & devotion1 :i* at once f\nd its object1 z soon z ! ob/ruct+ d>kness 0 remov$4 ,aft] 8 conv]sion1 ,/4 ,james spe$ily took ! fir/ place among ! believ]s :o con/itut$ ! orig9al ,*ur* ( ,j]usalem4 ,he takes ! lead1 ev5 :5 ! *ief ( ! ,apo/les are pres5t4 ,x is to him t ,/4 ,pet] reports himself1 :5 he is miracul\sly fre$ f prison 7,acts xii4 #ag74 ,x is he :o presides at ! s-call$ ,c\ncil ( ,j]usalem 7xv4 #ac2 see esp4 v]4 #ai74 ,& x is to him t ,/4 ,paul specially turns on 8 la/ visit to ,j]usalem1 to report 8 success among ! ,g5tiles 7xxi4 #ag74 ,/4 ,paul places him be=e ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,john 9 m5tion+ ^? :o 7 reput$ to be pill>s ( ! ,*ur* 7,gal4 ii4 #i71 & /ates t on 8 fir/ visit to ,j]usalem aft] 8 own conv]sion he /ay$ fifte5 days ) ,pet]1 b saw no o!r ( ! ,apo/les1 except+ ,james1 ! ,"l's bro!r 7,gal4 i4 #ah1 #ai72 a passage ( disput$ mean+1 b :i*1 if x does n imply t ,james 0 9 "s s5se an ,apo/le1 at lea/ sugge/s t he 0 a p]son ( equal importance4 7,comp4 ,acts ix4 #bf-cj47 ,moreov]1 we f9d t at ,antio* ,/4 ,pet] himself all[$ 8 attitude t[>ds ! ,g5tiles to be *ang$ 9 def]5ce to ! repres5tations ( c]ta9 t came f ,james1 :o _h possibly misund]/ood or misus$ _! commission2 b ! n>r[ness already allud$ to may h made ,/4 ,james himself unable to move z rapidly z ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul 9 adopt+ a g5]\s c\rse ) ,g5tile conv]ts4 ,unless !re is a ref]5ce to ,/4 ,james 9 ,heb4 xiii4 #g1 z among ^? :o _h once _h ! lead ov] y1 b are n[ no long] alive to speak ! ^w1 we mu/ g outside ! ,new ,te/am5t = fur!r notices ( him4 ,!y are to be f\nd *iefly 9 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,hegesippus1 & ,josephus4 ,clem5t 7,hypotyp4 ,,vi4 ap4 ,eus4 ,h4 ,e4 ,,ii4 i4 #c7 records a tradition t ,pet]1 ,james1 & ,john1 aft] ! ,asc5sion ( ! ,savi\r1 al?\gh !y _h be5 pref]r$ by ! ,"l1 did n cont5d = di/9ction1 b t ,james ! ,j became ,bi%op ( ,j]usalem4 ,& aga9 7,hypotyp4 ,,vii471 ,to ,james ! ,j1 ,john1 & ,pet]1 ! ,"l1 aft] ! ,resurrection1 imp>t$ ! gift ( k 7 72 ^! imp>t$ x to ! re/ ( ! ,apo/les1 & ! re/ ( ! ,apo/les to ! ,sev5ty1 ( :om ,b>nabas 0 "o4 ,n[1 !re h be5 two ,jameses--"o ! ,j1 :o 0 ?r[n f ! gable ( ! ,temple1 & beat5 to dea? by a full] ) a club1 & ano!r :o 0 behead$4#bj ,! n>rative ( ,hegesippus is also pres]v$ = u by ,eusebius 7,h4 ,e4 ,,ii4 xxiii4 #d-ah74 ,x is manife/ly leg5d>y1 & possibly comes f ! ,ess5e ,ebionites1 :o appe> to h be5 fond ( religi\s romances4 ,x is sometimes accept$ z hi/orical1 z by ,clem5t 9 ! passage j quot$2 b its int]nal improbabilities & its div]g5cies f ,josephus condemn x4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 conta9 "s hi/orical t\*es1 especially 9 ! g5]al sket* ( ,/4 ,james2 j z ! leg5ds ab\t our own ,k+ ,alfr$1 al?\gh untru/wor?y z to facts1 nev]!less convey a true idea ( ! sa9tly & s*ol>ly k+4 ,x runs ?us3 ,!re succe$s to ! *>ge ( ! ,*ur*1 ,james1 ! bro!r ( ! ,"l1 9 conjunction ) ! ,apo/les1 ! "o :o has be5 nam$ ,j by all1 f ! "t ( our ,"l to our own "t1 = !re 7 _m call$ ,james4#ba ,n[1 he 0 holy f 8 "m's womb4 ,he drank nei!r w9e nor /rong dr9k2 nor did he eat animal food4 ,no razor ev] came ^u 8 head2 he ano9t$ n himself ) oil2 & he did n indulge 9 ba?+4 ,to him alone 0 x lawful to g into ! ,holy ,place#bb2 = he wore no wool1 b l954 ,& he w\ld g into ! ,temple alone1 & w\ld be f\nd !re kneel+ on 8 knees & ask+ =giv5ess = ! p1 s t 8 knees became dry & h>d z a camel's1 because he 0 always on 8 knees wor%ipp+ ,god & ask+ =giv5ess = ! p4 ,on acc\nt1 !re=e1 ( 8 exce$+ ju/ness1 he 0 call$ ,j & ,oblias1 :i* is 9 ,greek 'bulw>k ( ! p' & 'ju/ness1' z ! prophets %[ conc]n+ him4 ,"s1 !n1 ( ! sev5 sects among ! p1 :i* h be5 m5tion$ be=e by me 9 ! ,memoirs1 ask$ him1 ,:at is ! ,door ( ,jesus8 ,& he said t ,he 0 ! ,savi\r4 ,f :i* "s believ$ ,jesus is ! ,*ri/4 ,b ! sects a=esaid did n believe1 ei!r 9 ! ,resurrection or 9 ,"o com+ to recomp5se to ea* man accord+ to 8 works4 ,b z _m z believ$ did s ?r\gh ,james4 ,:5 _m1 !re=e1 ev5 ( ! rul]s 7 believ+1 !re 0 a tumult ( ! ,jews & scribes & ,ph>isees1 :o said1 ,x looks z if all ! p w\ld be expect+ ,jesus z ! ,*ri/4 ,!y came toge!r1 !re=e1 & said to ,james1 ,we pray !e1 re/ra9 ! p1 = x has be5 l$ a/ray aft] ,jesus1 z ?\gh ,he 7 ! ,*ri/4 ,we pray !e to p]suade all t come to ! day ( ! ,passov] conc]n+ ,jesus2 = to !e we all give he$4 ,= we be> witness to !e1 & s d all ! p1 t ?\ art j1 & accepte/ n ! p]son ( any4 ,d ?\1 !re=e1 p]suade ! multitude n to be l$ a/ray conc]n+ ,jesus2 = all ! p & all ( u give he$ to !e4 ,/&1 !re=e1 ^u ! gable ( ! ,temple1 t ?\ maye/ be visible to ^? bel[1 & t ?y words may be readily he>d by all ! p4 ,= on acc\nt ( ! ,passov] !re h come toge!r all ! tribes1 ) ! ,g5tiles also4 ,!re=e ! a=esaid scribes & ,ph>isees plac$ ,james ^u ! gable ( ! ,temple1 & cri$ to him & said1 ,o j "o1 to :om we ought all to give he$1 see+ t ! p is be+ l$ a/ray aft] ,jesus1 :o 0 crucifi$1 tell u :at is ! ,door ( ,jesus4 ,& he answ]$ ) a l\d voice1 ,:y ask ye me conc]n+ ,jesus ! ,son ( man8 ,ev5 ,he sitte? 9 heav51 at ! "r ( ! ,mighty ,p[]1 & ,he is to come on ! cl\ds ( heav54 ,& :5 _m 7 conv9c$1 & gave glory on ! witness ( ,james1 & said1 ,hosannah to ! ,son ( ,david1 !n aga9 ! same scribes & ,ph>isees said unto "o ano!r1 ,we h done ill 9 furni%+ su* witness to ,jesus4 ,b let u g up1 & ca/ him d[n1 t !y may be t]rifi$1 & n believe him4 ,& !y cri$ out1 say+1 ,oh6 oh6 ev5 ! ,j has be5 l$ a/ray4 ,& !y fulfill$ ! ,scripture1 :i* is writt5 9 ,isaiah1 ,let u take away ! ,j ,"o1 = he is tr\blesome to u2 !re=e %all !y eat ! fruit ( _! de$s4 ,s !y w5t up1 & ca/ d[n ! ,j1 & said to "o ano!r1 ,let u /one ,james ! ,j4 ,& !y began to /one him1 see+ t he 0 n dead f ! fall1 b turn+ r\nd1 knelt1 & said1 ,i pray ,!e1 ,"l ,god & ,fa!r1 =give !m1 = !y "k n :at !y d4 ,b :il/ !y 7 ?us /on+ him1 "o ( ! prie/s ( ! sons ( ,re*ab1 son ( ,re*abim1#bc to :om ,j]emiah ! prophet be>s te/imony1 cri$1 say+1 ,/op6 :at are ye do+8 ,! ,j ,"o is pray+ = y4 ,& "o ( !m1 "o ( ! full]s1 took ! club ) :i* clo!s are press$1 & br\ght x d[n on ! head ( ! ,j ,"o4 ,& 9 ?is way he bore witness4 ,& !y buri$ him on ! spot by ! ,temple1 & 8 monum5t /ill rema9s by ! ,temple4 ,?is man has become a true witness1 to bo? ,jews & ,g5tiles1 t ,jesus is ! ,*ri/4 ,& /raightway ,vespasian lays siege to !m4 ,t is1 ,hegesippus reg>ds ! attack ( ! ,romans z a spe$y judgm5t on ! ,jews = ! murd] ( ,james ! ,j1 & consequ5tly places x ,a4,d4 #fi4 ,?is is probably sev]al ye>s too late4 ,josephus places x ,a4,d4 #fb or #fc4 ,8 acc\nt is z foll[s3-- ,n[1 ! y\ng] ,ananus1 :om we /at$ to h succe$$ to ! high-prie/hood1 0 precipitate 9 temp] & exce$+ly audaci\s1 & he foll[$ ! sect ( ! ,sadducees1 :o are v h>% 9 judg+ (f5d]s1 beyond all o!r ,jews1 z we h already %[n4 ,ananus1 !re=e1 z be+ a p]son ( ?is "*1 & ?9k+ t he _h a suitable opportunity1 ?r\gh ,fe/us be+ dead1 & ,alb9us /ill on 8 j\rney 7to ,juda71 assembles a ,sanh$r9 ( judges2 & he br\ght be=e x ! bro!r ( ,jesus :o 0 call$ ,*ri/ 78 "n 0 ,james7 & "s o!rs1 & deliv]$ !m to be /on$1 on a *>ge ( be+ transgressors ( ! law4 ,b z _m z seem$ to be mo/ equitable among ^? 9 ! city1 & scrupul\s z to all t conc]n$ ! laws1 7 griev\sly affect$ by ?is2 & !y s5d to ! k+ ,h]od ,agrippa ,,ii41 secretly pray+ him to ord] ,ananus to act 9 su* a way no m2 = t n ev5 8 fir/ action 0 lawfully done4 ,& "s ( !m g to meet ,alb9us on 8 j\rney f ,alex&ria1 & in=m him t ,ananus _h no au?ority to assemble a ,sanh$r9 )\t 8 leave4 ,& ,alb9us1 be+ conv9c$ by :at !y said1 wrote 9 ang] to ,ananus1 ?reat5+ to puni% him = ?is4 ,& = ?is reason ,k+ ,agrippa took away ! high-prie/hood f him aft] he _h be5 9 (fice ?ree mon?s1 & conf]r$ x ^u ,jesus ! son ( ,damnu 7,ant4 ,,xx4 ix4 #a74 ,?is acc\nt by ,josephus conta9s no improbabilities1 & %\ld be pref]r$ to t ( ,hegesippus4 ,x has be5 suspect$ ( ,*ri/ian int]polation1 because ( ! ref]5ce to ,jesus ,*ri/1 :om ,josephus p]si/5tly ignores 9 8 writ+s4 ,b a ,*ri/ian :o took ! tr\ble to g>ble ! n>rative at all w\ld probably h done s to m purpose1 bo? z reg>ds ,jesus & ,james4 ,9 any case ,hegesippus & ,josephus agree 9 confirm+ ! impression produc$ by ! ,new ,te/am5t1 t ,james ! ,j 0 a p]son held 9 ! greate/ respect by all 9 ,j]usalem1 :e!r ,jews or ,*ri/ians1 & "o :o ex]cis$ great influ5ce 9 ! ,ea/ ov] ! :ole ,jewi% race4 ,we %all f9d t ?is fact h>monizes well ) ! ph5om5a ( ! ,epi/le1 & x leads directly to ! next "q :i* calls ^u u = discussion4 #ag ,! suppos$ relation%ip may be exhibit$ ?us3-- ----------------------- ,m>y ,joseph4 ,m>y ,clopas or ,alphu4 ------------------------------------- ,,jesus ,,*ri/4 ,james ! ,apo/le4 ,joseph4 ,simon ,judas 7,apo/le874 7,apo/le874 #ah ,x seems to be "r to take ?is opportunity ( prev5t+ a "n ( great au?ority f be+ any long] quot$ z fav\r+ ! id5tification4 ,dr4 ,dll+]1 9 8 ,*ri/5?um und ,kir*e 9 d] ,zeit d] ,grundlegung 7#ahfj71 translat$ by ,h4 ,n4 ,ox5ham z ,! ,fir/ ,age ( ,*ri/ianity & ! ,*ur*1 advocat$ ! id5tification 7*ap4 iii474 ,! v5]able au?or told ! pres5t writ]1 9 ,june1 #ahgg1 t he 0 conv9c$ t 8 e>li] op9ion on ?is subject 0 entirely errone\s1 & t ! ,apo/le ,james ( ,alphu 0 a diff]5t p]son f ,james ,bi%op ( ,j]usalem & bro!r ( ! ,"l4 ,he add$ t ! ,ea/]n ,*ur* _h always di/+ui%$ ! two1 & t _! id5tification 9 ! ,we/ 0 due to ! influ5ce ( ,j]ome4 ,! evid5ce ( ,m>tyrologies & ,cal5d>s is wor? not+ z indicat+ ! tradition on ! subject4 ,! ,hi]onymian ,m>tyrology & o!r e>ly ,roman ,m>tyrologies commemorate ,james ( ,alphu ,june #bbnd1 & ,james ! ,"l's bro!r ,decemb] #bg?2 ! ,ambrosian ,liturgy1 ,james ( ,alphu ,decemb] #cj?1 & ! ,"l's bro!r ,may #a/2 ! ,byzant9e ,cal5d>1 ,james ( ,alphu ,octob] #i?1 & ! ,"l's bro!r ,octob] #bcrd2 ! ,egyptian & ,e?iopic ,cal5d>s1 ,james ( ,alphu ,octob] #bnd1 & ! ,"l's bro!r ,octob] #bcrd4 #ai ,al=d1 ,f>r>1 ,mey]1 ,s*aff1 ,/i]1 ,weiss1 ,wiesel]1 ,w9]1 & o!rs support ?is view4 ,see also ,mc,clellan's note on ,matt4 xiii4 #ee1 & ,plumptre's ,introduction to ,/4 ,james4 ,bi%op ,lightfoot cont5ds = ! ,epiphanian !ory4 #bj ,comp4 ,/rom4 ,,vi4 viii41 :]e ,clem5t speaks ( ,james1 ,pet]1 ,john1 ,paul 7note ! ord]7 z possess+ ! true gnosis1 & kn[+ all ?+s4 #ba ,hegesippus evid5tly di/+ui%es ,james ! bro!r ( ! ,"l f any ( ! ,twelve4 #bb ,x is incr$ible t he %\ld be all[$ ! privileges ( ! high prie/4 #bc ,:at is ! mean+ ( ?is tautology8 ,& c\ld a ,re*abite1 :o 0 n a ,jew1 become a prie/8 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,p]sons ,,address$ ,,9 ,,! ,,epi/le2 ,,! ,,jews ,,( ,,! ,,disp]sion4 ,james1 a s]vant ( ,god & ( ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 to ! twelve tribes :i* are ( ! ,disp]sion1 greet+4--,,james i4 #a4 ,^! words appe> to be bo? simple & pla94 ,at fir/ sight !re w\ld seem to be n mu* room = any s]i\s diff]5ce ( op9ion z to _! mean+4 ,! writ] ( ! lett] writes z a s]vant ( ,god & ( ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 i4e4 z a ,*ri/ian1 to ! twelve tribes :i* are ( ! ,disp]sion1 i4e4 to ! ,jews :o are liv+ away f ,pale/9e4 ,almo/ ! only po9t :i* seems to be op5 to d\bt is :e!r he addresses himself to all ,jews1 believ+ & unbeliev+1 or1 z "o might presume f 8 proclaim+ himself at ! outset to be a ,*ri/ian1 only to ^? ( 8 fell[-c\ntrym5 :o1 l himself1 h become s]vants ( ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,& ?is is a "q :i* _c be det]m9$ )\t a c>eful exam9ation ( ! cont5ts ( ! ,epi/le4 ,& yet !re has be5 v great diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ! p]sons :om ,/4 ,james _h 9 8 m9d :5 he wrote ^! words4 ,!re is n only ! triplet ( op9ions :i* easily gr[ out ( ! "q j indicat$1 viz4 t ! lett] is address$ to believ+ ,jews only1 to unbeliev+ ,jews only1 & to bo?3 !re are also ! views ( ^? :o hold t x is address$ to ,jewi% & ,g5tile ,*ri/ians reg>d$ sep>ately1 or to ! same reg>d$ z "o body1 or to ,jewi% ,*ri/ians prim>ily1 ) ref]5ces to ,g5tile ,*ri/ians & unconv]t$ ,jews1 or f9ally to ,g5tile ,*ri/ians prim>ily1 see+ t !y1 s9ce ! rejection ( ,jesus by ! ,jews1 are ! true sons ( ,abraham & ! rightful inh]itors ( ! privileges ( ! twelve tribes4 ,9 su* a ,babel ( int]pretations x w cle> ! gr\nd some:at if we adopt once m#bd z a guid+ pr9ciple ! common-s5se canon ( int]pretation laid d[n by ,hook] 7,eccles4 ,pol4 ,v4 lix4 #b71 t :]e a lit]al con/ruction w /&1 ! f>!/ f ! lett] is commonly ! wor/4 ,a lit]al con/ruction ( ! expression ! twelve tribes ( ! ,disp]sion w n only /&1 b make excell5t s5se4 ,_h ,/4 ,james meant to address all ,*ri/ians1 reg>d$ 9 _! position z exiles f _! heav5ly home1 he w\ld h f\nd "s mu* pla9] way ( express+ himself4 ,!re is no?+ improbable1 b some?+ q ! rev]se1 9 ! supposition t ! fir/ ov]se] ( ! ,*ur* ( ,j]usalem1 :o1 z we h se51 0 a ,hebrew ( ,hebrews1 wrote a lett] to ^? ( 8 fell[-c\ntrym5 :o 7 f> remov$ f p]sonal int]c\rse ) him4 ,s devot$ a ,jew1 s dev\t a ,*ri/ian1 z we "k him to h be51 c\ld n b take ! mo/ int5se int]e/ 9 all :o 7 ( ,jewi% blood1 :]ev] !y might dwell1 especially su* z _h le>n$ to believe 9 ,*ri/1 above all :5 he knew t !y 7 suff]+ f habitual oppression & ill-treatm5t4 ,we may )\t hesitation decide t :5 ,/4 ,james says ! twelve tribes :i* are ( ! ,disp]sion he means ,jews away f _! home 9 ,pale/9e1 & n ,*ri/ians away f _! home 9 heav54 ,= :at possible po9t w\ld ! ,disp]sion 7 7 h 9 su* a metaphor8 ,sep>ation f ! heav5ly home might be spok5 ( z bani%m5t1 or exile1 or homelessness1 b n z disp]sion4 ,ev5 if we conf9$ ourselves to ! op5+ words1 we might safely adopt ?is conclusion1 b we %all f9d t !re are num]\s features 9 ! lett] itself :i* abundantly confirm x4 ,x is q out ( place to quote su* passages z ! seal+ ( ! hundr$ & =ty & f\r ?\s& 444 out ( e tribe ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel 7,rev4 vii4 #d-h71 or ! city ) twelve gates1 444 & names writt5 !reon1 :i* are ! names ( ! twelve tribes ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel 7,rev4 xxi4 #ab74 ,^! occur 9 a book :i* is symbolical f ! fir/ *apt] to ! la/1 & !re=e we "k t ! lit]al con/ruction _c /&4 ,! "q ?r\gh\t is n :e!r a giv5 passage is to be tak5 lit]ally or symbolically1 b :at ! passage 9 "q symbolizes4 ,nor1 aga91 c ,/4 ,pet]'s decl>ation t ye are an elect race1 a royal prie/hood1 a holy nation1 a p = ,god's own possession 7#a ,pet4 ii4 #i71 be consid]$ z at all p>allel4 ,!re ! comb9ation ( expressions pla9ly %[s t ! language is figurative2 & !re is no real analogy betwe5 an impassion$ exhortation1 modell$ on ! addresses ( ! ,hebrew prophets1 & ! matt]-(-fact op5+ words ( a lett]4 ,! words h ! cle> r+ ( nationality1 & !re is no?+ :atev] add$ to !m to turn ! simple note into ! complex s\nd ( a d\btful metaphor4 ,z ,davidson ju/ly rem>ks1 ,! use ( ! phrase twelve tribes is inexplicable if ! writ] int5d$ all believ]s )\t di/9ction4 ,! au?or makes no allusion to ,g5tile conv]ts1 nor to ! relation betwe5 ,jew & ,g5tile incorporat$ into "o spiritual body4 ,let u look at "s ( ! features :i* *>act]ize ! ,epi/le itself1 & see :e!r !y be> out ! view :i* is "h advocat$1 t ! p]sons address$ are ,israelites 9 ! national s5se1 & n z hav+ be5 admitt$ into ! spiritual ,israel ( ,god 7,gal4 vi4 #af74 7#a7 ,! writ] speaks ( ,abraham z our fa!r1 )\t a h9t t ?is is to be und]/ood 9 any b ! lit]al s5se4 ,0 n ,abraham our fa!r ju/ifi$ by works1 9 t he (f]$ up ,isaac 8 son ^u ! alt>8 7ii4 #ba74 ,/4 ,paul1 :5 he speaks ( ,abraham z ! fa!r ( all !m t believe1 cle>ly indicates ?is 7,rom4 iv4 #aa74 7#b7 ,! writ] speaks ( 8 read]s z wor%ipp+ 9 a synagogue 7ii4 #b71 :i* may possibly mean t1 j z ,/4 ,james & ! ,apo/les cont9u$ to att5d ! ,temple s]vices aft] ! ,asc5sion1 s _! read]s are suppos$ to att5d ! synagogue s]vices aft] _! conv]sion4 ,b at lea/ x %[s t ! writ]1 9 speak+ ( ! public wor%ip ( ^? :om he addresses1 naturally uses a ^w 77 :i* _h !n1 & cont9ues to h1 specially ,jewi% associations1 r ?an "o 77 :i* f ! fir/ beg9n+s ( ,*ri/ianity 0 promot$ f its old political sph]e to indicate ! congregations1 & ev5 ! v be+1 ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 7#c7 ,he assumes t 8 read]s are famili> n only ) ! life ( ,abraham 7ii4 #ba1 #bc71 b ( ,rahab 7#be71 ! prophets 7v4 #aj71 ,job 7#aa71 & ,elijah 7#ag74 ,^! frequ5t appeals to ! details ( ! ,old ,te/am5t w\ld be q out ( place 9 a lett] address$ to ,g5tile conv]ts4 7#d7 ,god is spok5 ( "u ! specially ,hebrew title ( ! ,"l ( ,sabao? 7v4 #d72 & ! frequ5t recurr5ce ( ! ,"l ?r\gh\t ! ,epi/le 7i4 #g2 iii4 #i2 iv4 #aj1 #ae2 v4 #aj1 #aa1 #ae7 looks l ! language ( "o :o wi%$ to recall ! "n ,jehovah to 8 read]s4 7#e7 ,9 disc\nt5anc+ swe>+ 7v4 #ab7 ,jewi% =ms ( oa?s are tak5 z illu/rations4 7#f7 ,! vices :i* are condemn$ are su* z 7 z common among ! ,jews z among ! ,g5tiles--reckless language1 ra% swe>+1 oppression ( ! poor1 covet\sness4 ,!re is little or no?+ said ab\t ! gross immorality :i* 0 r>e among ! ,jews1 b 0 almo/ a matt] ( c\rse among ! ,g5tiles4 ,/4 ,james d5\nces faults into :i* ,jewi% conv]ts w\ld be likely en\gh to lapse2 he says no?+ ab\t ! vices respect+ :i* hea!n conv]ts1 su* z ^? at ,cor9?1 are con/antly w>n$ by ,/4 ,paul4 7#g7 ,b :at is p]haps ! mo/ decisive feature ( all is t he assumes ?r\gh\t t = ^? :om he addresses ! ,mosaic ,law is a b9d+ & f9al au?ority4 ,if ye h respect ( p]sons1 ye commit s91 be+ convict$ by ! law z transgressors4 444 ,if ?\ do/ n commit adult]y1 b kille/1 ?\ art become a transgressor ( ! law 7ii4 #i-aa74 ,he t speake? aga9/ a bro!r1 or judge? 8 bro!r1 speake? aga9/ ! law1 & judge? ! law 7iv4 #aa74 ,sc>cely any ( ^! sev5 po9ts1 tak5 s+ly1 w\ld be at all decisive2 b :5 we sum !m up toge!r1 rememb]+ 9 h[ %ort a lett] !y occur1 & :5 we add !m to ! v pla9 & simple language ( ! address1 we h an argum5t :i* w c>ry conviction to mo/ p]sons :o h no preconceiv$ !ory ( _! own to def5d4 ,& to ?is positive evid5ce d]iv$ f ! pres5ce ( s mu* mat]ial t indicates ,jewi% circles z ! de/9$ recipi5ts ( ! lett]1 we mu/ add ! /rongly confirmatory negative evid5ce d]iv$ f ! abs5ce ( any?+ :i* specially po9ts ei!r to ,g5tile conv]ts or unconv]t$ hea!n4 ,we may !re=e read ! lett] z hav+ be5 writt5 by "o :o _h be5 born & educat$ 9 a ?or\ghly ,jewi% atmosph]e1 :o _h accept$ ! ,gospel1 n z cancell+ ! ,law1 b z rais+ x to a high] p[]2 & we may read x also z address$ to m5 :o1 l ! writ]1 are by bir? & education ,jews1 &1 l him1 h ackn[l$g$ ,jesus z _! ,"l & ! ,*ri/4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 writ] & read]s lies 9 ?is1 t he is 9 ,pale/9e1 & !y n2 t he appe>s to be 9 a position ( au?ority1 :]eas !y seem = ! mo/ "p to be a humble & suff]+ folk4 ,all :i* fits 9 admirably ) ! hypo!sis t we h be=e u an ,epi/le writt5 by ! au/]e & ,judaic-m9d$ ,james ! ,j1 writt5 f ,j]usalem1 to com=t & w>n ^? ,jewi% ,*ri/ians :o lay remote f 8 p]sonal influ5ce4 ,t x is ,jewi% ,*ri/ians1 & n unbeliev+ ,jews1 or ,jews :e!r believ+ or n1 :o are address$1 is n op5 to s]i\s d\bt4 ,!re is n only ! fact t ,/4 ,james at ! outset proclaims himself to be a ,*ri/ian 7i4 #a71 b also ! /atem5t t ! weal?y oppressors ( 8 poor read]s blaspheme ! hon\rable ,"n by :i* ye are call$1 or m lit]ally :i* 0 call$ ^u y1 viz4 ! ,"n ( ,*ri/4 ,aga91 ! fam\s p>agraph ab\t fai? & works assumes t ! fai? ( ! read]s & ! fai? ( ! writ] is id5tical 7ii4 #g1 #ad-bj74 ,once m1 he expressly claims !m z believ]s :5 he writes1 ,my bre?r51 hold n ! fai? ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! ,"l ( glory1 ) respect ( p]sons 7ii4 #a74 ,& if m be requir$1 we h x 9 ! conclud+ exhortations3 ,be pati5t1 !re=e1 bre?r51 until ! com+ ( ! ,"l4444 ,/abli% y\r he>ts3 = ! com+ ( ! ,"l is at h& 7v4 #g1 #h74 ,:e!r or no !re are passages :i* glance aside at unbeliev+ ,jews1 & p]haps ev5 "s :i* are directly address$ to !m1 _c be decid$ ) s mu* c]ta9ty2 b ! balance ( probability appe>s to be on ! affirmative side 9 bo? cases4 ,!re probably are places 9 :i* ,/4 ,james is ?9k+ ( unbeliev+ ,israelites1 & "o or m passages 9 :i* he turns aside & /]nly rebukes !m1 mu* 9 ! same way z ! ,old ,te/am5t prophets sometimes turn aside to upbraid ,tyre & ,sidon & ! hea!n g5]ally4 ,d n ! ri* oppress y1 & !mselves drag y be=e ! judgm5t-seats8 7ii4 #f71 seems to ref] to ri* unconv]t$ ,jews prosecut+ _! poor ,*ri/ian bre?r5 be=e ! synagogue c\rts1 j z ,/4 ,paul did :5 he 0 ,saul ! p]secutor 7,acts ix4 #b74 ,& ,d n !y blaspheme ! hon\rable ,"n by :i* ye are call$8 c sc>cely be said ( ,*ri/ians4 ,if ! blasphem]s 7 ,*ri/ians !y w\ld be said r to blaspheme ! hon\rable ,"n by :i* !y !mselves 7 call$4 ,!re w\ld lie ! enormity--t ! "n ( ,jesus ,*ri/ _h be5 call$ ^u !m1 & yet !y blasphem$ x4 ,& :5 we come to look at ! matt] 9 detail we %all f9d reason = believ+ t ! /]n words at ! beg9n+ ( *apt] v4 are address$ to unbeliev+ ,jews4 ,!re is n "o ^w ( ,*ri/ian1 or ev5 moral1 exhortation 9 x2 x consi/s entirely ( accusation & ?reat5+1 & 9 ?is respect is 9 m>k$ contra/ to ! equally /]n words at ! beg9n+ ( *apt] iv41 :i* are address$ to worldly & godless ,*ri/ians4 ,to suppose t ! ri* oppressors s (t5 allud$ to 9 ! ,epi/le are hea!n1 z ,hilg5feld does1 confuses ! :ole picture1 & br+s no comp5sat+ advantage4 ,! hea!n among :om ! ,jews ( ! ,disp]sion dwelt 9 ,syria1 ,egypt1 ,rome1 & else:]e1 7 ( c\rse1 "s ( !m ri*1 & "s ( !m poor4 ,b weal?y ,pagans 7 n m apt to p]secute ,jews1 :e!r ,*ri/ians or n1 ?an ! ne$y ,pagan populace4 ,if !re 0 any diff]5ce betwe5 hea!n ri* & poor 9 ?is matt]1 x 0 ! fanatical & plund]-seek+ mob1 r ?an ! contemptu\s & easy-go+ ri*1 :o 7 likely to beg9 a p]secution ( ! ,jews1 j z 9 ,russia or ,g]many at ! pres5t "t4 ,& ,/4 ,james w\ld n be likely to talk ( ! ,"l ( ,sabao? 7v4 #d7 9 address+ weal?y ,pagans4 ,b ! social antagonism s (t5 allud$ to 9 ! ,epi/le1 :5 int]pret$ to mean an antagonism betwe5 ,jew & ,jew1 corresponds to a /ate ( society :i* is kn[n to h exi/$ 9 ,pale/9e & ! neighb\r+ c\ntries dur+ ! half-c5tury :i* prec$$ ! ,jewi% w> ( ,a4,d4 #ff-gj4 7,comp4 ,matt4 xi4 #e2 xix4 #bc1 #bd2 ,luke i4 #ec2 vi4 #bj1 #bd2 xvi4 #ai1 #bj47 ,dur+ t p]iod ! weal?y ,jews alli$ !mselves ) ! ,romans1 9 ord] m securely to oppress _! poor] fell[-c\ntrym54 ,& see+ t ! ,gospel 9 ! fir/ in/ance spread *iefly among ! poor1 ?is social antagonism betwe5 ri* & poor ,jews frequ5tly became an antagonism betwe5 unbeliev+ & believ+ ,jews4 ,/4 ,james1 well aw>e ( ?is /ate ( ?+s1 f p]sonal exp]i5ce 9 ,juda1 & he>+ simil> ?+s ( ! ,jews ( ! ,disp]sion 9 ,syria1 reasonably supposes t ?is unnatural tyranny ( ,jew ov] ,jew prevails else:]e also1 & addresses all ! twelve tribes :i* are ( ! ,diaspora on ! subject4#be ,9 any case 8 opportunities ( kn[+ a v great deal respect+ ,jews 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w 7 l>ge4 ,jews f all regions 7 con/antly visit+ ,j]usalem4 ,b ! k :i* he mu/ h _h respect+ ! condition ( ?+s 9 ,pale/9e & ,syria w\ld be q suffici5t to expla9 :at is said 9 ?is ,epi/le respect+ ! tyranny ( ! ri* ov] ! poor4 ,! ,diaspora1#bf or ,disp]sion ( ! ,jews ?r\gh\t ! inhabit$ _w1 _h be5 br\ght ab\t 9 v>i\s ways1 & _h cont9u$ ?r\gh _m c5turies4 ,! two *ief causes 7 =cible deportation & volunt>y emigration4 ,x 0 a common policy ( ,ori5tal conqu]ors to transport :ole populations1 9 ord] m completely to subjugate !m2 & h5ce ! ,assyrian & ,babylonian conqu]ors ( ,israel c>ri$ away great multitudes ( ,jews to ! ,ea/1 s5d+ ,ea/]n populations to take _! place4 ,pompey on a mu* small] scale transport$ ,jewi% captives to ! ,we/1 c>ry+ hundr$s ( ,jews to ,rome4 ,b di/urbances 9 ,pale/9e1 & opportunities ( trade else:]e1 induc$ l>ge multitudes ( ,jews to emigrate ( _! own accord1 especially to ! neighb\r+ c\ntries ( ,egypt & ,syria2 & ! great comm]cial c5tres 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ,alex&ria1 ,antio*1 ,ephesus1 ,miletus1 ,p]gamus1 ,cyprus1 & ,rhodes conta9$ l>ge numb]s ( ,jews4 ,:ile ,pale/9e 0 ! battle-field ( =eign armies1 & :ile newly f\nd$ t[ns 7 try+ to attract population by (f]+ privileges to settl]s1 ?\s&s ( ,jews pref]r$ ! advantages ( a secure home 9 exile to ! risks :i* att5d$ resid5ce 9 _! native c\ntry4 ,at ! "t :5 ?is ,epi/le 0 writt5 ?ree *ief divisions ( ! ,disp]sion 7 recogniz$--! ,babylonian1 :i* rank$ z ! fir/1 ! ,syrian1 & ! ,egyptian4 ,b ! ,diaspora 0 by no means conf9$ to ^! ?ree c5tres4 ,ab\t two hundr$ ye>s be=e ?is "t ! compos] ( "o ( ! s-call$ ,sibyll9e ,oracles c\ld address ! ,jewi% nation1 & say1 ,b e l& is full ( !e1--aye & e ocean4#bg ,& !re is abundance ( evid5ce1 bo? 9 ! ,bible & outside x1 especially 9 ,josephus & ,philo1 t su* language does n g beyond ! limits ( ju/ifiable hyp]bole4 ,! li/ ( peoples repres5t$ at ,j]usalem on ! ,day ( ,p5teco/1 f e nation "u heav51 tells "o a great deal 7,acts ii4 #e-aa4 ,comp4 xv4 #ba1 & #a ,macc4 xv4 #ae-bd74 ,_m passages f ,josephus might be quot$ 7,ant4 ,,xi4 v4 #b2 ,,xiv4 vii4 #b2 ,bell4 ,jud4 ,,ii4 xvi4 #d2 ,,vii4 iii4 #c71 z /at+ 9 g5]al t]ms ! same fact4 ,b p]haps no orig9al au?ority gives u m in=mation ?an ,philo1 9 8 fam\s treatise ,on ! ,embassy to ! ,emp]or ,caius1 :i* w5t to ,rome 7c4 ,a4,d4 #dj7 to obta9 ! revocation ( a decree requir+ ! ,jews to pay div9e homage to ! ,emp]or's /atue4 ,9 t treatise we read t ,j]usalem is ! metropolis1 n ( ! s+le c\ntry ( ,juda1 b ( mo/ c\ntries1 because ( ! colonies :i* %e has s5t out1 z opportunity (f]$1 into ! neighb\r+ l&s ( ,egypt1 ,phnicia1 ,syria1 & ,clesyria1 & ! m di/ant l&s ( ,pamphylia & ,cilicia1 mo/ ( ,asia1 z f> z ,bi?ynia & ! utmo/ corn]s ( ,pontus2 likewise unto ,europe1 ,!ssaly1 ,botia1 ,mac$onia1 tolia1 ,attica1 ,argos1 ,cor9?1 ) ! mo/ p>ts & be/ p>ts ( ,greece4 ,& n only are ! cont95ts full ( ,jewi% colonies1 b also ! mo/ notable ( ! isl&s--,euba1 ,cyprus1 ,crete--to say no?+ ( ! l&s beyond ! ,euphrates4 ,= all1 except+ a small "p ( ,babylon & ^? satrapies :i* conta9 ! excell5t l& ar\nd x1 conta9 ,jewi% inhabitants4 ,s t if my c\ntry 7 to obta9 a %>e 9 ?y clem5cy x w\ld n be "o city t w\ld be b5efit$1 b t5 ?\s& o!rs1 situat$ 9 e "p ( ! inhabit$ _w--,europe1 ,asia1 ,libya1 cont95tal & insul>1 m>itime & inl& 7,de ,legat4 ad ,caium xxxvi41 ,gel541 pp4 #ajca-cb74 ,x 0 !re=e an enorm\s circle ( read]s t ,/4 ,james address$ :5 he wrote to ! twelve tribes :i* are ( ! ,disp]sion1 al?\gh x seems to h be5 a long "t be=e 8 lett] became kn[n to ! mo/ important ( ! divisions ( ! ,diaspora1 viz4 ! ,jewi% settlem5t 9 ,egypt1 :i* _h its *ief c5tre 9 ,alex&ria4 ,we may reasonably suppose t x 0 ! ,syrian division :i* he _h *iefly 9 view 9 writ+1 & x 0 to !m1 no d\bt1 t ! lett] 9 ! fir/ in/ance 0 s5t4 ,x is ( ?is division t ,josephus writes t1 widely disp]s$ z ! ,jewi% race is ov] ! :ole ( ! inhabit$ _w1 x is mo/ l>gely m+l$ ) ,syria on acc\nt ( its proximity1 & especially 9 ,antio*1 :]e ! k+s s9ce ,antio*us _h af=d$ !m undi/urb$ tranquillity & equal privileges ) ! hea!n2 s t !y multipli$ exce$+ly1 & made _m proselytes 7,bell4 ,jud4 ,,vii4 iii4 #c74 ,! enorm\s significance ( ! ,disp]sion z a prep>ation = ,*ri/ianity mu/ n be ov]look$4 ,x %[$ to bo? ,jew & ,g5tile alike t ! b>ri]s :i* _h h$g$ 9 & isolat$ ! h]mit nation _h brok5 d[n1 & t :at _h ceas$ to be ?us isolat$ _h *ang$ its "*4 ,a k+dom _h become a religion4 ,:at h5ce=? di/+ui%$ ! ,jews 9 ! eyes ( all ! _w 0 n _! c\ntry or _! gov]nm5t1 b _! cre$1 & ?r\gh ?is !y ex]cis$ ^u ^? among :om !y 7 scatt]$ an influ5ce :i* _h be5 impossible "u ! old conditions ( exclusiv5ess4 ,!y !mselves also 7 =c$ to und]/& _! own religion bett]4 ,:5 ! keep+ ( ! lett] ( ! ,law became an impossibility1 !y 7 compell$ to p5etrate into its _s2 & :at !y exhibit$ to ! hea!n 0 n a m]e code ( burd5some rites & c]emonies1 b a moral life & a wor%ip 9 _s & tru?4 ,! univ]sality ( ! s]vices ( ! synagogue taught ! ,jew t ,god's wor%ip 0 n conf9$ to ,j]usalem1 & _! simplicity attract$ proselytes :o might h turn$ away f ! complex & bloody liturgies ( ! ,temple4 ,ev5 9 matt]s ( detail ! s]vices 9 ! synagogue prep>$ ! way = ! s]vices ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,! regul> lessons--read f two divisions ( ,scripture1 ! antiphonal s++1 ! turn+ t[>ds ! ea/1 ! g5]al ,am5 ( ! :ole congregation1 ! obs]vance ( ! ?ird1 six?1 & n9? h\rs z h\rs ( pray]1 & ( "o day 9 sev5 z specially holy--all ^! ?+s1 toge!r ) "s o!rs :i* h s9ce become obsolete1 meet u 9 ! synagogue wor%ip1 z ,/4 ,james knew x1 & 9 ! liturgies ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 :i* he & ! ,apo/les & _! successors help$ to frame4 ,?us ju/ice once m became m]cy1 & a puni%m5t 0 turn$ into a bless+4 ,! captivity ( ! ,jew became ! fre$om ( bo? ,jew & ,g5tile1 & ! scatt]+ ( ,israel 0 ! ga!r+ 9 ( all nations unto ,god4 ,he ha? scatt]$ abroad2 ,he ha? giv5 to ! poor3 ,8 righte\sness abide? = ev] 7,ps4 cxii4 #i2 #b ,cor4 ix4 #i74 #bd ,see ,! ,pa/oral ,epi/les 9 ?is s]ies1 pp4 #bhe-f4 #be ,see ,salmon1 ,introduction to ! ,n4,t41 p4 #ejb1 #d? ed4 7,murray1 #ahhi72 ,r5an1 ,l',ante*ri/1 p4 xii42 ,ewald1 ,hi/ory ( ,israel1 vol4 vii41 p4 #dea1 ,eng4 ,tr4 7,longmans1 #ahhe72 ,weiss1 ,introduction to ! ,n4,t41 vol4 ii41 pp4 #ajb-c 7,hodd] & ,/\ghton1 #ahhh74 #bf ,see ! imm5se am\nt ( in=mation collect$ 9 ,s*r]1 ,! ,jewi% ,p 9 ! ,"t ( ,*ri/1 div4 ii41 vol4 ii41 pp4 #bai-cbg2 also ,we/cott's article ,disp]sion1 9 ,smi?'s ,dict4 ( ,bible2 ,h]zog & ,plitt1 ,real-,encykl41 vol4 vii41 pp4 #bjc-h2 & esp4 ,philo1 ,legat4 ad ,caium4 #bg 4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,?is ,,epi/le ,,to ,,! ,,writ+s ,,( ,,/4 ,,paul ,,& ,,( ,,/4 ,,pet]4 ,,! ,,date ,,( ,,! ,,epi/le4 ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,joy ,,9 ,,temptation4 ,c\nt x all joy1 my bre?r51 :5 ye fall into manifold temptations1 kn[+ t ! pro( ( y\r fai? worke? pati5ce4 ,& let pati5ce h its p]fect "w1 t ye may be p]fect & entire1 lack+ 9 no?+4--,,james i4 #b-d4 ,?is passage at once raises ! "q ( ! relation ( ?is ,epi/le to o!r writ+s 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,did ! writ] ( x "k any ( ! writ+s ( ,/4 ,paul or ( ,/4 ,pet]8 ,x is cont5d$ 9 "s qu>t]s t ! simil>ity ( ?\ght & expression 9 sev]al passages is s great z to prove su* k1 & x is argu$ t su* k tells aga9/ ! g5u95ess ( ! ,epi/le4 ,9 any case ! "q ( ! date ( ! ,epi/le is involv$ 9 its relation to ^! o!r docum5ts2 x 0 writt5 aft] !m1 if x c be e/abli%$ t ! au?or ( x 0 acqua9t$ ) !m4 ,) ,dr4 ,salmon#bh we may dismiss ! co9cid5ces :i* h be5 po9t$ out by ,davidson & o!rs betwe5 expressions 9 ?is ,epi/le & ! ,epi/les to ! ,!ssalonians1 ,cor9?ians1 & ,philippians4 ,"s critics seem to =get t a l>ge numb] ( words & phrases 7 "p ( ! common language1 n m]ely ( ,jews & e>ly ,*ri/ians1 b ( ^? :o 7 9 ! habit ( mix+ mu* ) su* p]sons4 ,we c no m argue f su* phrases z be n deceiv$ 7#a ,cor4 vi4 #i2 xv4 #cc2 ,gal4 vi4 #g1 & ,james i4 #af71 b "s "o w say 7#a ,cor4 xv4 #ce1 & ,james ii4 #ah71 a transgressor ( ! law 7,rom4 ii4 #be1 #bg1 & ,james ii4 #aa71 fruit ( righte\sness 7,phil4 i4 #aa1 & ,james iii4 #ah71 or f su* words z entire 7#a ,!ss4 v4 #bc1 & ,james i4 #d71 transgressor us$ absolutely 7,gal4 ii4 #ah1 & ,james ii4 #i71 & ! l1 t :5 !y occur 9 two writ+s ! au?or ( "o mu/ h read ! o!r1 ?an we c argue f su* phrases z natural selection1 survival ( ! fitte/1 & ! l t ! writ] :o uses !m has read ! works ( ,d>w94 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( /]eotyp$ phraseology is "p ( ! intellectual atmosph]e ( ea* g5]ation1 & ! writ]s 9 ea* g5]ation make common use ( x4 ,9 su* cases ev5 /rik+ id5tity ( expressions may prove no?+ z to ! dep5d5ce ( "o au?or ^u ano!r4 ,! obligation is n ( "o writ] to ano!r1 b ( bo? to a common & indef9ite s\rce4 ,9 o!r words1 bo? writ]s q naturally make use ( language :i* is curr5t 9 ! circles 9 :i* !y live4#bi ,"s ( ! co9cid5ces betwe5 ! ,epi/le ( ,james & ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans are ( a "* to raise ! "q :e!r !y c satisfactorily be expla9$ by consid]ations ( ?is k9d1 & "o ( ^! m rem>kable co9cid5ces occurs 9 ! passage be=e u4 ,/4 ,james writes1 ,kn[+ t ! pro( ( y\r fai? worke? pati5ce4 ,/4 ,paul writes1 ,kn[+ t tribulation worke? pati5ce2 & pati5ce1 probation 7,rom4 v4 #c74 ,9 ?is same *apt] we h ano!r in/ance4 ,/4 ,james says1 ,be ye do]s ( ! ^w1 & n he>]s only 7i4 #bb74 ,/4 ,paul says1 ,n ! he>]s ( a law are j be=e ,god1 b ! do]s ( a law %all be ju/ifi$ 7,rom4 #ac74 ,!re is yet a ?ird su* p>allel4 ,/4 ,james asks1 ,:5ce come fight+s8 ,come !y n h5ce1 ev5 ( y\r pleasures :i* w> 9 y\r memb]s8 7iv4 #a74 ,/4 ,paul lam5ts1 ,i see a diff]5t law 9 my memb]s1 w>r+ aga9/ ! law ( my m9d 7,rom4 vii4 #bc74cj ,! effect ( ?is evid5ce w be diff]5t ^u diff]5t m9ds4 ,b x may reasonably be d\bt$ :e!r ^! passages1 ev5 :5 summ$ up toge!r1 are /rong] ?an _m o!r /range co9cid5ces 9 lit]ature1 :i* are kn[n to be accid5tal4 ,! second in/ance1 tak5 by itself1 is ( little weight2 = ! contra/ betwe5 he>]s & do]s is "o ( ! mo/ hackney$ commonplaces ( rhetoric4 ,b assum+ t a prim facie case has be5 e/abli%$1 & t "o ( ! two writ]s has se5 ! ,epi/le ( ! o!r1 no difficulty is creat$1 :i*ev] we assume to h writt5 fir/4 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,romans 0 writt5 9 ,a4,d4 #eh1 & might easily h become kn[n to ,/4 ,james be=e ,a4,d4 #fb4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,james may be plac$ any:]e betwe5 ,a4,d4 #de & #fb1 & 9 t case might easily h become kn[n to ,/4 ,paul be=e ,a4,d4 #eh4 ,& ( ! two alt]natives1 ?is latt] is p]haps ! m probable4 ,we %all f9d o!r reasons = plac+ ! ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,james e>li] ?an ,a4,d4 #eh2 & we may reasonably suppose t _h he read ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans1 he w\ld h express$ 8 mean+ respect+ ju/ification some:at diff]5tly4 ,_h he wi%$ 7z "s errone\sly suppose7 to oppose & correct ! tea*+ ( ,/4 ,paul1 he w\ld h done s mu* m unmi/akably4 ,& z he is really q 9 h>mony ) ,/4 ,paul on ! "q1 he w\ld1 if he _h read him1 h avoid$ words :i* look l a contradiction ( ,/4 ,paul's words4 ,x rema9s to exam9e ! relations betwe5 our ,epi/le & ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,pet]4 ,"h1 aga91 "o ( ! co9cid5ces occurs 9 ! passage be=e u4 ,/4 ,james writes1 ,c\nt x all joy1 :5 ye ent] into manifold temptations2 kn[+ t ! pro( ( y\r fai? worke? pati5ce2 & ,/4 ,pet] writes1 ,ye greatly rejoice1 ?\gh n[ = a little :ile1 if ne$ be1 ye h be5 put to grief 9 manifold temptations1 t ! pro( ( y\r fai? 444 might be f\nd 7#a ,pet] i4 #f1 #g74 ,"h !re is ! ?\ght ( rejoic+ 9 trials common to bo? passages1 & ! expressions = manifold temptations & pro( ( y\r pati5ce are id5tical 9 ! two places4 ,?is is rem>kable1 especially :5 tak5 ) o!r co9cid5ces4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! fact t "s ( ! language is common to all ?ree ,epi/les 7,james1 ,pet]1 & ,romans7 sugge/s ! possibility t we h "h "o ( ! fai?ful say+s ( primitive ,*ri/ianity1 r ?an "o or two writ]s rememb]+ ! writ+s ( a pr$ecessor4 ,9 ?ree places ,/4 ,james & ,/4 ,pet] bo? quote ! same passages f ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,9 i4 #aj1 #aa ,/4 ,james has1 ,z ! fl[] ( ! grass he %all pass away4 ,= ! sun arise? ) ! scor*+ w9d1 & )]e? ! grass2 & ! fl[] !re( falle?1 :]e ! words 9 italics are f ,isaiah xl4 #f-h4 ,/4 ,pet] 7i4 #bd7 quotes ! words ( ,isaiah mu* m completely & consecutively1 & 9 _! orig9al s5se2 he does n m]ely make a free use ( portions ( !m4 ,aga91 9 iv4 #f ,/4 ,james quotes f ,prov4 iii4 #cd1 ,god resi/e? ! pr\d1 b give? grace to ! humble4 ,9 v4 #e ,/4 ,pet] quotes exactly ! same words4 ,la/ly1 9 v4 #bj ,/4 ,james quotes f ,prov4 x4 #ab ! expression cov]e? s9s4 ,9 iv4 #h ,/4 ,pet] quotes a ^w m ( ! orig9al1 love cov]e? s9s4 ,& x w be obs]v$ t bo? ,/4 ,james & ,/4 ,pet] *ange cov]e? all s9s into cov]e? a multitude ( s9s4 ,once m we mu/ be cont5t to give a v]dict ( ,n prov54 ,!re is a c]ta9 am\nt ( probability1 b no?+ t am\nts to pro(1 t "o ( ^! writ]s _h se5 ! o!r's ,epi/le4 ,let u1 h[ev]1 assume t e*oes ( "o ,epi/le are f\nd 9 ! o!r2 !n1 :i*ev] lett] we put fir/1 we h no *ronological difficulty4 ,! probable dates ( dea? are1 = ,/4 ,james ,a4,d4 #fb1 = ,/4 ,pet] ,a4,d4 #fd-fh4 ,ei!r ,epi/le may be plac$ 9 ! six or sev5 ye>s imm$iately prec$+ ,a4,d4 #fb1 & "o ( ! mo/ rec5t critics#ca places #a ,pet] 9 ! middle ( ! ye> ,a4,d4 #ej1 & ! ,epi/le ( ,james any "t aft] t date4 ,b !re are good reasons = believ+ t #a ,pet] conta9s ref]5ces to ! p]secution "u ,n]o1 t fi]y trial 7iv4 #ab7 9 :i* ! m]e be+ a ,*ri/ian w\ld lead to p5al consequ5ces 7iv4 #af71 & 9 :i*1 = consci5ce' sake1 m5 w\ld h to endure griefs1 suff]+ wrongfully 7ii4 #ai71 !reby be+ p>tak]s ( ,*ri/'s suff]+s 7iv4 #ac74 ,9 :i* case #a ,pet] _c be plac$ e>li] ?an ,a4,d4 #fd1 & ! ,epi/le ( ,james mu/ be ! e>li] ( ! two4 ,& x seems to be *iefly ^? :o w\ld make our ,epi/le a =g]y ( ! second c5tury 7,brckn]1 ,holtzmann7 :o consid] t x is ,james t e*oes #a ,pet]1 r ?an #a ,pet] t reproduces ,james4 ,!re is a p[]ful cons5sus ( op9ion#cb t if !re is any influ5ce ( "o writ] ^u ! o!r1 x is ,/4 ,james :o influ5ces ,/4 ,pet]1 & n ! o!r way4 ,we mu/ n place ! ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,james 9 or close aft] ,a4,d4 #ej4 ,! crisis respect+ ! treatm5t ( ,g5tile conv]ts 0 !n at its height 7,acts xv472 & x w\ld be extraord9>y if a lett] writt5 9 ! mid/ ( ! crisis1 & by ! p]son :o took ! lead+ "p 9 deal+ ) x1 %\ld conta9 no allusion to x4 ,! ,epi/le mu/ be plac$ ei!r be=e 7,a4,d4 #de-di7 or "s "t aft] 7,a4,d4 #ec-fb7 ! s-call$ ,c\ncil ( ,j]usalem4 ,!re is reason = believ+ t ! controv]sy ab\t compell+ ,g5tiles to obs]ve ! ,mosaic ,law1 al?\gh %>p & critical1 0 n v la/+4 ,! modus viv5di decre$ by ! ,apo/les 0 on ! :ole loyally accept$1 & !re=e a lett] writt5 a few ye>s aft] x 0 promulgat$ w\ld n ( necessity take any notice ( x4 ,inde$1 to h reviv$ ! "q aga9 might h be5 impolitic1 z imply+ ei!r t !re 0 /ill "s d\bt on ! po9t1 or t ! ,apo/olic decision _h prov$ futile4 ,9 decid+ betwe5 ! two p]iods 7,a4,d4 #de-di & #ec-fb7 = ! date ( ! ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,james1 we h n mu* to guide u if we adopt ! view t x is indep5d5t ( ! writ+s ( ,/4 ,pet] & ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,!re is pl5ty 9 ! lett] to lead u to suppose t x 0 writt5 be=e ! w> 7,a4,d4 #ff-gj7 :i* put an end to ! tyranny ( ! weal?y ,sadducees ov] _! poor] bre?r51 be=e controv]sies betwe5 ,jewi% & ,g5tile ,*ri/ians su* z we f9d at ,cor9? _h aris5 or become *ronic1 & be=e doctr9al controv]sies _h sprung up 9 ! ,*ur*2 also t x 0 writt5 at a "t :5 ! com+ ( ,*ri/ to judgm5t 0 /ill reg>d$ z ne> at h& 7v4 #h71 & by "s "o :o c\ld recollect ! words ( ,*ri/ indep5d5tly ( ! ,gospels1 & :o !re=e mu/ h /ood 9 close relation%ip to ,him4 ,all ?is po9ts to its hav+ be5 writt5 )9 ! lifetime ( ,james ! ,"l's bro!r1 & by su* a p]son z he 02 b x does n seem to be decisive z to ! diff]5ce betwe5 c4 ,a4,d4 #di & c4 ,a4,d4 #ei4 ,we mu/ be cont5t to leave ?is undecid$4 ,b x is wor? :ile po9t+ out t if we place x e>li] ?an ,a4,d4 #eb we make x ! e>lie/ book 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! ,fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,!ssalonians 0 writt5 late 9 ,a4,d4 #eb or e>ly 9 #ec2 & except+ our ,epi/le1 & p]haps #a ,pet]1 !re is no o!r writ+ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t t c reasonably be plac$ at s e>ly a date z #eb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,c\nt x all joy1 my bre?r51 :5 ye fall into manifold temptations4 ,my bre?r51 ) or )\t ! epi!t belov$1 is ! regul> =m ( address ?r\gh\t ! ,epi/le 7#af1 #ai2 ii4 #a1 #e1 #ad2 iii4 #a1 #aj1 #ab2 v4 #ab71 9 "o or two places ! my be+ omitt$ 7iv4 #aa2 v4 #g1 #i1 #ai74 ,! frequ5cy ( ?is bro!rly address seems to indicate h[ /rongly ! writ] feels1 & wi%es 8 read]s to feel1 ! ties ( race & ( fai? :i* b9d !m toge!r4 ,9 ,c\nt x all joy1 i4e4 ,consid] x z no?+ b matt] = rejoic+1#cc we miss a l+ui/ic t\* :i* is evid5t 9 ! ,greek1 b _c well be pres]v$ 9 ,engli%4 ,9 say+ joy 77 ,/4 ,james is app>5tly c>ry+ on ! idea j />t$ 9 ! address1 greet+ 771 i4e4 wi%+ joy4 ,i wi% y joy2 & y mu/ acc\nt z pure joy all ! tr\bles into :i* y may fall4 ,?is c>ry+ on a ^w or ?\ght f "o s5t5ce into ! next is *>act]i/ic ( ,/4 ,james1 & rem9ds u some:at ( ! /yle ( ,/4 ,john4 ,?us ,! pro( ( y\r fai? worke? pati5ce4 ,& let pati5ce h its p]fect "w 7i4 #c1 #d74 ,lack+ 9 no?+4 ,b if any ( y lacke? wisdom 7#d1 #e74 ,no?+ d\bt+3 = he t d\bte? is l ! surge ( ! sea 7#f74 ,! lu/1 :5 x ha? conceiv$1 be>e? s92 & ! s91 :5 x is full gr[n1 br+e? =? dea? 7#ae74 ,sl[ to wra?3 = ! wra? ( man worke? n ! righte\sness ( ,god 7#ai1 #bj74 ,?is man's religion is va94 ,pure religion & undefil$ be=e our ,god & ,fa!r is ?is 7#bf1 #bg74 ,9 _m ?+s we all /umble4 ,if any man /umble? n 9 ^w 7iii4 #b74 ,behold1 h[ mu* wood is k9dl$ by h[ small a fire6 ,& ! tongue is a fire 7iii4 #e1 #f74 ,ye h n1 because ye ask n4 ,ye ask1 & receive n 7iv4 #b1 #c74 ,y\r gold & y\r silv] are ru/$2 & _! ru/ %all be = a te/imony aga9/ y 7v4 #c74 ,we call !m bless$ :i* endur$3 ye h he>d ( ! endurance ( ,job 7v4 #aa74 ,x is j possible t all joy 7 7 is meant exactly to balance manifold temptations 7 74 ,great div]sity ( tr\bles is to be consid]$ z 9 reality e k9d ( joy4 ,nev]!less1 ! tr\bles are n to be ( our own mak+ or seek+4 ,x is n :5 we inflict suff]+ on ourselves1 b :5 we fall into x1 & !re=e may reg>d x z plac$ 9 our way by ,god1 t we are to look ^u x z a s\rce ( joy r ?an ( sorr[4 ,! ^w = fall into 77 implies n only t :at "o falls into is unwelcome1 b also t x is uns\ght & unexpect$4 ,moreov]1 x implies t ?is un=ese5 mis=tune is l>ge en\gh to encircle or ov]:elm "o4 ,x indicates a s]i\s calamity4 ,! ^w = temptations 9 ?is passage is ! same z is us$ 9 ! six? petition ( ! ,"l's ,pray]2 b ! ^w is n us$ 9 ! same s5se 9 bo? places4 ,9 ! ,"l's ,pray] all k9ds ( temptation are includ$1 & especially ! int]nal solicitations ( ! devil1 z is %[n by ! next petition3 ,lead u n into temptation1 b deliv] u f ! tempt]4 ,9 ! passage be=e u int]nal temptations1 if n actually exclud$1 are c]ta9ly q 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,:at ,/4 ,james has pr9cipally 9 8 m9d are ext]nal trials1 su* z pov]ty ( intellect 7v]4 #e71 or ( sub/ance 7v]4 #i71 or p]secution 7ii4 #f1 #g71 & ! l2 ^? worldly tr\bles :i* te/ our fai?1 loyalty1 & ob$i5ce1 & tempt u to ab&on our tru/ 9 ,god1 & to cease to /rive to please ,him4 ,! trials by :i* ,satan 0 all[$ to tempt ,job are ! k9d ( temptations to be und]/ood "h4#cd ,!y are mat]ial = spiritual joy1 because 7#a7 !y are opportunities = practis+ virtue1 :i* _c be le>n$ )\t practice1 nor practis$ )\t opportunities2 7#b7 !y tea* u t we h "h no abid+ city1 = a _w 9 :i* su* ?+s are possible _c be a la/+ home2 7#c7 !y make u m ,*ri/like2 7#d7 we h ! assurance ( ,div9e support1 & t no m w ev] be laid ^u u ?an we1 rely+ ^u t support1 c be>2 7#e7 we h ! assurance ( abundant comp5sation "h & h]eaft]4 ,/4 ,james "h is only e*o+ ! tea*+ ( 8 ,bro!r3 ,bless$ are ye :5 m5 %all reproa* y1 & p]secute y1 & say all mann] ( evil aga9/ y falsely1 = ,my sake4 ,rejoice1 & be exce$+ glad2 = great is y\r rew>d 9 heav5 7,matt4 v4 #aa1 #ab74 ,9 ! fir/ days aft] ,p5teco/ he _h se5 ! ,apo/les act+ 9 ! v _s :i* he "h enjo9s1 & he _h himself v probably tak5 "p 9 do+ s1 rejoic+ t !y 7 c\nt$ wor?y to suff] di%on\r = ! ,"n 7,acts v4 #da4 ,comp4 iv4 #bc-cj74 ,& z we h already se5 9 comp>+ ! p>allel passages1 ,/4 ,pet] 7#a ,pet] #a1 #f7 & ,/4 ,paul 7,rom4 v4 #c7 tea* ! same doctr9e ( rejoic+ 9 tribulation4 ,z ,/4 ,augu/9e long ago po9t$ out1 9 8 lett] to ,ana/asius 7,ep4 cxlv4 #g1 #h71 & ,hook] also 7,eccl4 ,pol4 ,v4 xlviii4 #ac71 !re is no inconsi/5cy 9 tea*+ su* doctr9e1 & yet pray+1 ,lead u n into temptation4 ,n only is !re no s9 9 %r9k+ f bo? ext]nal trials & int]nal temptations1 or 9 desir+ to be fre$ f su* ?+s2 b su* is ! weakness ( ! human w1 t x is only reasonable humility to pray to ,god n to all[ u to be subject$ to sev]e trials4 ,nev]!less1 :5 ,god1 9 ,8 wisdom1 has p]mitt$ su* ?+s to come ^u u1 ! "r c\rse is1 n to be ca/ d[n & sorr[ful1 z ?\gh some?+ q intol]able _h ov]tak5 u1 b to rejoice t ,god has ?\ght u capable ( endur+ some?+ = ,8 sake1 & has giv5 u ! opportunity ( /r5g!n+ our pati5ce & our tru/ 9 ,him4 ,?is doctr9e ( joy 9 suff]+1 :i* at fir/ sight seems to be almo/ sup]human1 is %[n by exp]i5ce to be less h>d ?an ! app>5tly m human doctr9e ( resignation & =titude4 ,! ef=t to be resign$1 & to suff] )\t compla9+1 is n a v inspirit+ ef=t4 ,its t5d5cy is t[>ds depression4 ,x does n lift u out ( ourselves or above our tribulations4 ,on ! contr>y1 x leads r to self-contemplation & a brood+ ov] mis]ies4 ,betwe5 m]e resignation & ?ankful joy !re is all ! diff]5ce t !re is betwe5 m]e ob$i5ce & affectionate tru/4 ,! "o is submission2 ! o!r is love4 ,x is 9 ! long run easi] to rejoice 9 tribulation1 & be ?ankful = x1 ?an to be m]ely resign$ & submit pati5tly4 ,& !re=e ?is h>d say+ is really a m]ciful "o1 = x tea*es u to endure trials 9 ! _s t w make u feel !m lea/4 ,x is n only a good ?+ to s+ praises unto our ,god2 x is also a joyful & pleasant ?+ to be ?ankful 7,ps4 cxlvii4 #a74 ,& "h x may be notic$ t ,/4 ,james is no ,cynic or ,/oic4 ,he does n tell u t we are to anticipate mis=tune1 & cut ourselves (f f all ^? ?+s ! loss ( :i* might involve suff]+2 or t we are to trample on our feel+s1 & act z if we _h none1 treat+ suff]+s z if !y 7 non-exi/5t1 or z if !y 9 no way affect$ u4 ,he does n tea* u t z ,*ri/ians we live 9 an atmosph]e 9 :i* excruciat+ pa91 :e!r ( body or m9d1 is a matt] ( pure indiff]5ce1 & t su* emotions z fe> or grief "u ! influ5ce ( adv]sity1 & hope or joy "u ! influ5ce ( prosp]ity1 are utt]ly unwor?y & contemptible4 ,!re is n a h9t ( any?+ ( ! k9d4 ,he po9ts out to u t temptations1 & especially ext]nal trials1 are really bless+s1 if we use !m aright2 & he tea*es u to meet !m 9 t conviction4 ,& x is manife/ t ! _s 9 :i* to welcome a bless+ is ! _s ( joy & ?ankfulness4 ,/4 ,james does n bid u accept ?is doctr9e ( joy 9 tribulation ^u 8 p]sonal au?ority4 ,x is no philosoph]'s ipse dixit4 ,he appeals to 8 read]s' own exp]i5ce3 ,kn[+ t ! pro( ( y\r fai? worke? pati5ce4 ,kn[+ 771 i4e4 9 t ye are cont9ually f9d+ out & gett+ to "k4 ,! v]b & ! t5se indicate progressive & cont9u\s k1 z by ! exp]i5ce ( daily life2 & ?is tea*es u t prov+ & te/+ n only br+s to light1 b br+s into exi/5ce1 pati5ce4 ,?is pati5ce 771 ?is abid+ firm "u attack or pressure1 mu/ be all[$ full scope to regulate all our conduct2 & !n we %all see :y trials are a matt] = joy r ?an sorr[1 :5 we f9d ourselves mov+ onw>ds t[>ds1 n ! b>r5ness ( ,/oical self-suffici5cy 771 b ! fulness ( ,div9e p]fection4 ,t ye may be p]fect & entire1#ce lack+ 9 no?+1 is p]haps "o ( ! _m rem9isc5ces ( ,*ri/'s words :i* we %all f9d 9 ?is lett] ( ! ,"l's bro!r4 ,ye !re=e %all be p]fect1 z y\r heav5ly ,fa!r is p]fect 7,matt4 v4 #dh74 #bh ,introduction to ! ,n4,t41 pp4 #eji-aj1 #d? ,ed4 #bi ,x is q possible t bo? ,/4 ,paul & ,/4 ,james d]ive ! phrase a transgressor ( ! law f ! rem>kable addition to ! canonical ,gospels :i* is f\nd 9 ,codex ,d 7,beza7 aft] ,luke vi4 #d3 ,! same day ,he beheld a c]ta9 man work+ on ! ,sabba?1 & said to him1 ,man1 if ?\ kn[e/ :at ?\ art do+1 bless$ art ?\2 b if ?\ kn[e/ n ?\ art accurs$ & a transgressor ( ! law4 ,note t 9 ,rom4 ii41 :]e ! phrase occurs twice 7vv4 #be1 #bg71 ! address ,o man also occurs twice4 ,comp4 ,gal4 ii4 #ah1 & see ,a4 ,res*1 ,agrapha2 ,auss]canonis*e ,evangeli5fragm5te 7,leipzig1 #ahhi71 pp4 #cf1 #ahi-ib4 #cj ,9 ord] to d ju/ice to ^! co9cid5ces "o mu/ look at !m 9 ! orig9al ,greek2 b to ^? :o _c read ,greek ! accuracy ( ! ,revis$ ,v]sion gives a v fair idea ( ! am\nt ( simil>ity4 #a4 7,james i4 #c73 1 7,rom4 v4 #c74 #b4 7,james i4 #bb73 1 ' 7,rom4 ii4 #ac74 #c4 7,james iv4 #a73 7,rom vii4 #bc74 #ca ,b4 ,weiss1 ,introduction to ! ,n4,t41 vol4 ii41 pp4 #ajf1 #aej 7,hodd] & ,/\ghton1 #ahhh74 #cb ,beys*lag's revision ( ,mey]'s ,brie des ,jacobus 7,gtt+51 #ahhh71 p4 #bb4 #cc ,?is r5d]+ has be5 que/ion$2 b x is ju/ifi$ by su* expressions z 1 ,i w tell no?+ b :at is true 7,hom4 ,od4 xi4 #ejg74 ,see ,pa/oral ,epi/les 9 ?is s]ies1 p4 #cib4 #cd ,see ,f4 ,d4 ,maurice1 ,unity ( ! ,n4,t4 7,p>k]1 #ahed71 p4 #cah4 #ce ,on ! /r5g? ( ! ^w = entire 771 :i* occurs n[h]e else 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 except+ #a ,!ss4 v4 #bc1 x has be5 ass]t$ t ! writ] ( ?is ,epi/le mu/ h se5 t passage4 ,! adjective is us$ 9 ! ,septuag9t ( :ole1 unhewn /ones1 saxis in=mibus et impolitis 7,deut4 xxvii4 #f71 & 9 ,josephus ( entire animals us$ = sacrifice 7,ant4 ,,iii4 ix4 #b74 ,x is fairly common 9 ,plato & ,ari/otle4 ,! sub/antive occurs 9 ,acts iii4 #af1 ( ! p]fect s\ndness giv5 to ! impot5t man1 & 9 ! ,septuag9t 7,isa4 i4 #f71 ( ! s\ndness :i* 0 :olly want+ 9 ,israel4 ,if ,/4 ,james did n get 8 k ( ! ^w simply f 8 k ( ! ,greek language1 :i* is manife/ly v complete1 he probably d]iv$ x f ! ,septuag9t4 ,x is absurd to base an argum5t z to acqua9tance ) #a ,!ssalonians on s common a ^w4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,?is ,,epi/le ,,to ,,! ,,books ,,( ,,ecclesia/icus ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,wisdom ,,( ,,solomon4 ,,! ,,value ,,( ,,! ,,apocrypha1 ,,& ,,! ,,mis*ief ,,( ,,neglect+ ,,x4 ,b if any ( y lacke? wisdom1 let him ask ( ,god1 :o give? to all lib]ally1 & upbraide? n2 & x %all be giv5 him4 ,b let him ask 9 fai?1 no?+ d\bt+3 = he t d\bte? is l ! surge ( ! sea driv5 by ! w9d & toss$4 ,= let n t man ?9k t he %all receive any?+ ( ! ,"l2 a d\ble-m9d$ man1 un/able 9 all 8 ways4--,,/4 ,,james i4 #e-h4 ,! previ\s section l$ u to ! "q z to ! relation ( ?is ,epi/le to c]ta9 ,*ri/ian writ+s1 & 9 p>ticul> to ! ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,paul to ! ,romans1 & to ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,pet]4 ,! pres5t section1 comb9$ ) ! prec$+ "o1 raises a simil> "q--! relation ( our ,epi/le to c]ta9 ,jewi% writ+s1 & especially ! ,books ( ,ecclesia/icus & ! ,wisdom ( ,solomon4 ,! two sets ( que/ions are n p>allel4 ,9 ! =m] case1 ev5 if we c\ld det]m9e t ! writ] ( "o ,epi/le _h c]ta9ly se5 ! ,epi/le ( ! o!r1 we %\ld /ill be unc]ta9 z to :i* _h writt5 fir/4 ,"h1 if ! simil>ity is f\nd to be too great to be acc\nt$ = by common influ5ces act+ ^u bo? writ]s1 & we are compell$ to suppose t "o has made use ( ! writ+ ( ! o!r1 !re _c be any d\bt z to ! side on :i* ! obligation lies4 ,! ,book ( ,ecclesia/icus c]ta9ly1 & ! ,book ( ,wisdom possibly1 _h come into circulation long be=e ,/4 ,james 0 born4 ,& if1 ) "s ( ! late/ writ]s#cf on ! subject1 we place ! ,book ( ,wisdom z late z ,a4,d4 #dj1 x nev]!less 0 writt5 9 pl5ty ( "t = ,/4 ,james to h become acqua9t$ ) x be=e he wrote 8 ,epi/le4 ,al?\gh "s d\bts h be5 express$ on ! subject1 ! numb] ( simil>ities1 bo? ( ?\ght & expression1 betwe5 ! ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,james & ,ecclesia/icus is too great to be reasonably acc\nt$ = )\t ! supposition t ,/4 ,james 0 n only acqua9t$ ) ! book1 b fond ( its cont5ts4 ,& x is to be rememb]$1 9 =m+ an op9ion on ! subject1 t !re is no?+ intr9sically improbable 9 ! supposition t ,/4 ,james _h read ,ecclesia/icus4 ,inde$1 ! improbability w\ld r be ! o!r way4 ,ev5 if !re 7 no co9cid5ces ( ideas & language betwe5 our ,epi/le & ,ecclesia/icus1 we "k en\gh ab\t ,/4 ,james & ab\t ! circulation ( ,ecclesia/icus to say t he 0 likely to become acqua9t$ ) x4 ,z ,dr4 ,salmon rem>ks on ! use ( ! ,apocrypha g5]ally1 ,! books we "k z ,apocrypha are ne>ly all e>li] ?an ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s1 :o c\ld n well h be5 ignorant ( !m2 & !re=e co9cid5ces betwe5 ! =m] & ! latt] are n likely to h be5 ! result ( m]e accid5t4#cg ,b x w be wor? :ile to quote a decid$ expression ( op9ion1 on ea* side ( ! "q imm$iately be=e u1 f ! writ+s ( s*ol>s :o are c]ta9ly well qualifi$ to give a decid$ op9ion4 ,on ! "o h&1 ,b]nh>d ,weiss says1 ,x has be5 incorrectly held by mo/ t ! au?or adh]es v closely to ,jesus ,sira*4444 ,b x mu/ be di/9ctly d5i$ t !re is any:]e an e*o ( ! ,book ( ,wisdom4#ch ,on ! o!r h&1 ,dr4 ,ed]%eim1 aft] po9t+ out ! p>allel betwe5 ,ecclus4 xii4 #aj1 #aa1 & ,james v4 #c1 concludes1 ,9 view ( all ?is x _c be d\bt$ t bo? ! simile & ! expression ( x 9 ! ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,james 7 d]iv$ f ,ecclesia/icus4 ,& !n he gives "s m co9cid5ces betwe5 ! two writ+s1 & sums up ?us3 ,b if ! result is to prove beyond d\bt ! famili>ity ( ,/4 ,james ) a book :i* at ! "t 0 evid5tly 9 wide circulation1 x exhibits ) ev5 great] cle>ness ! imm5se spiritual diff]5ce betwe5 ! /&po9t occupi$ 9 ,ecclesia/icus & t 9 ! ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,james4#ci ,& ,ar*deacon ,f>r> quotes ) approval an e/imate t ,/4 ,james alludes m or less directly to ! ,book ( ! ,wisdom ( ,solomon at lea/ five times1 b to ! ,book ( ,ecclesia/icus m ?an fifte5 times4444 ,! fact is ! m /rik+ because 9 o!r respects ,/4 ,james %[s no sympa?y ) ,alex&rian speculations4 ,!re is n 9 him ! fa9te/ t+e ( ,philonian philosophy2 on ! contr>y1 he belongs 9 a m>k$ degree to ! s*ool ( ,j]usalem4 ,he is a ?or\gh ,hebrais]1 a typical ,judai/4 ,all 8 ?\ghts & phrases move normally 9 ! ,pale/9ian sph]e4 ,?is is a curi\s & almo/ unnotic$ ph5om5on4 ,! sapi5tial lit]ature ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 0 ! lea/ specifically ,israelite4 ,x 0 ! direct precursor ( ,alex&rian morals4 ,x deals ) mank9d1 & n ) ! ,jew4 ,yet ,/4 ,james1 :o %[s s mu* p>tiality = ?is lit]ature1 is ( all ! writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ! lea/ ,alex&rian1 & ! mo/ ,judaic4#dj ,let u endeav\r to =m an op9ion = ourselves2 & ! only way 9 :i* to d ?is ) ?or\ghness is to place side by side1 9 ! orig9al ,greek1 ! passages 9 :i* !re seems to be co9cid5ce betwe5 ! two writ]s4 ,want ( space prev5ts ?is f be+ done "h4 ,b "s ( ! mo/ /rik+ co9cid5ces %all be plac$ 9 p>allel columns1 & :]e ! co9cid5ce is inadequately repres5t$ by ! ,engli% ,v]sion ! ,greek %all be giv5 also4 ,o!r co9cid5ces1 :i* are n drawn out 9 full1 w be add$1 to enable /ud5ts :o c>e to exam9e ! evid5ce m 9 detail to d s )\t mu* tr\ble4 ,two ,bibles1 or1 /ill bett]1 a ,septuag9t & a ,greek ,te/am5t1 w s]ve ! purpose ( p>allel columns4 ,x w be f\nd t by f> ! great] numb] ( co9cid5ces occur 9 ! fir/ *apt]1 a fact :i* sugge/s ! conjecture t ,/4 ,james _h be5 read+ ,ecclesia/icus %ortly be=e he began to write4 ,9 ! middle ( ! ,epi/le !re is v little t /rongly recalls ! son ( ,sira*4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] !re are "o or two /rik+ p>allels2 b by f> ! l>g] proportion is 9 ! fir/ *apt]4 ,,ecclesia/icus4 ,,/4 ,,james4 #a4 ,a pati5t man w be> = a ,c\nt x all joy1 my bre?r51 "t1 & aft]w>d joy %all :5 ye fall into manifold spr+ up unto him 7i4 #bc74 temptations 771 kn[+ t ! pro( 7 7 ,my son1 if ?\ come to s]ve ! ( y\r fai? worke? pati5ce4 ,"l1 prep>e ?y s\l = ,& let pati5ce h h] p]fect temptation 774 ,set ?y "w1 t ye may be p]fect he>t aright1 & con/antly & entire1 lack+ 9 no?+ endure4444 ,:atsoev] is br\ght 7i4 #b-d74 ^u !e take *e]fully1 & be pati5t :5 ?\ art *ang$ to a ,bless$ is ! man t endure? l[ e/ate4 ,= gold is tri$ temptation 772 77 9 ! fire1 & = :5 he ha? be5 approv$ acceptable m5 9 ! furnace ( 7 71 he %all adv]sity 7ii4 #a-e74 receive ! cr[n ( life 7i4 #ab74 #b4 ,if ?\ desire wisdom ,b if any ( y lacke? 771 keep ! comm&m5ts1 wisdom 771 let him ask & ! ,"l %all give h] unto ( ,god1 :o give? to all m5 !e 7i4 #bf74 lib]ally1 & upbraide? n 7 72 & x %all ,i desir$ wisdom 77 op5ly be giv5 him 7i4 #e74 9 my pray]4444 ,! ,"l ha? giv5 me a tongue = my rew>d 7li4 #ac1 #bb74 ,?y desire = wisdom 77 %all be giv5 !e 7vi4 #cg4 ,comp4 xliii4 #cc74 ,a fool w give little1 & w upbraid 77 mu* 7xx4 #ae74 ,aft] ?\ ha/ giv51 upbraid 77 n 7xli4 #bb4 ,comp4 xviii4 #ah74 #c4 ,di/ru/ n ! fe> ( ! ,b let him ask 9 fai?1 ,"l2 & come n unto ,him ) a no?+ d\bt+3 = he t d\ble he>t 7i4 #bh74 d\bte? is l ! surge ( ! sea driv5 by ! w9d & ,woe be to fe>ful he>ts1 & fa9t toss$4 ,= let n t man h&s1 & ! s9n] t goe? ?9k t he %all receive two ways 7ii4 #ab74 any?+ ( ! ,"l2 a d\ble-m9d$ man1 un/able 9 all ,be n fa9t-he>t$ :5 ?\ 8 ways 7i4 #f-h4 ,comp4 iv4 #h74 make/ ?y pray] 7vii4 #aj4 ,comp4 xxxiii4 #b2 xxxv4 #af1 #ag74 #d4 ,exalt n ?yself1 le/ ?\ ,b let ! bro!r ( l[ fall1 & br+ di%on\r ^u ?y degree glory 9 8 high e/ate2 s\l 7i4 #cj74 & ! ri* 9 t he is made l[ 7i4 #i1 #aj74 ,! great] ?\ art1 ! m humble ?yself1 & ?\ %alt f9d fav\r be=e ! ,"l 7iii4 #ah4 ,comp4 xxxi4 #a-i74 #e4 ,say n ?\1 ,x is ?r\gh ! ,let no man say1 :5 he is ,"l t ,i fell away3 = ?\ tempt$1 ,i am tempt$ ( ,god3 oughte/ n to d ! ?+s t = ,god _c be tempt$ ,he hate?4 ,say n ?\1 ,he ha? ) evil1 & ,he ,himself caus$ me to err3 = ,he ha? no tempte? no man 7i4 #ac74 ne$ ( ! s9ful man 7xv4 #aa1 #ab74 #f4 ,be swift 9 ?y li/5+ ,let e man be swift to he> 7 72 & 7 71 sl[ ) pati5ce give answ] 7v4 #aa74 to speak1 sl[ to wra? 7i4 #ai74 #g4 ,?\ %alt be to him z "o t ,he is l unto a man behold+ ha? wip$ a mirror 771 8 natural face 9 a mirror 7 & %alt "k t x is n 74444 ,y\r gold & y\r ru/$ 77 = ev] silv] are ru/$ 772 7xii4 #aa74 & _! ru/ 77 %all be a te/imony aga9/ y ,l z bronze ru/e? 771 7i4 #bc2 v4 #c74 s is 8 wick$ness 7xii4 #aj74 ,lose money ?r\gh a bro!r & a fri5d1 & let x n ru/ 77 "u ! /one unto loss 7xxix4 #aj74 #h4 ,he t looke? 9 ,he t looke? into 7 7 ?r\gh h] 7 7 ! p]fect w9d[s1 i4e4 ! w9d[s ( law 7i4 #be74 wisdom 7xiv4 #bc74 ,a fool peepe? 9 77 at ! door 7xxi4 #bc74 #i4 ,a prey ( lions are wild asses ,b ye h di%on\r$ ! poor 9 ! wild]ness2 s ! fodd] ( man 7 74 ,d n ! ! ri* are ! poor 7 ri* 7 7 oppress y1 3 xiii4 #ai4 ,comp4 & !mselves drag y be=e ! xiii4 #c1 #ag1 #ah74 judgm5t-seats8 7ii4 #f74 ,x w be obs]v$ t ( ^! n9e examples all come out ( ! fir/ two *apt]s ( ,/4 ,james1 & six are f ! fir/ two *apt]s ( ,ecclesia/icus4 ,?is fact is wor? consid]+ 9 e/imat+ ! probabilities ( ,/4 ,james be+ "u ! influ5ce ( ?is e>li] & popul> book4 ,ow+ to rec5t read+1 or "s o!r cause1 he seems to h be5 specially famili> ) ! op5+ *apt]s ( ,ecclesia/icus4 ,probably mo/ p]sons :o /udy ^! co9cid5ces w be ( ! op9ion t ,b]nh>d ,weiss is ne$lessly cauti\s & sceptical :5 he refuses to ass5t to ! common op9ion t 9 "s portions ( ! ,epi/le ,/4 ,james closely foll[s ! ,wisdom ( ,jesus1 ! son ( ,sira*4 ,! /ronge/ co9cid5ce is ! sev5? 9 ! table4 ,! ^w = to ru/ 77 occurs n[h]e else ei!r 9 ! ,septuag9t or 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & ! passages 9 ,ecclesia/icus & ,/4 ,james are ! only ,biblical passages 9 :i* ! figure ( ru/ z affect+ unus$ silv] & gold occurs 7,ed]%eim74 ,! fif? in/ance is also v /rik+4 ,let u n[ look at "s ( ! co9cid5ces betwe5 ! ,book ( ! ,wisdom ( ,solomon & ! ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,james4 ,,wisdom4 ,,/4 ,,james4 #a4 ,! hope ( ! ungodly is l ,he t d\bte? is l ! surge ?i/le-d[n c>ri$ away by ! ( ! sea driv5 by ! w9d & w9d2 l a ?9 fro? t is toss$4444 ,z ! fl[] ( ! driv5 away by ! bla/1 & l grass he %all pass away4444 ,s smoke is disp]s$ by ! w9d also %all ! ri* man fade away 7v4 #ad4 ,comp4 9 77 9 8 ways ii4 #h74 7i4 #f1 #aj1 #aa74 #b4 ,9 et]nity x we>e? a cr[n ,:5 he ha? be5 approv$ he %all & triumphe? 7iv4 #b74 receive ! cr[n ( life1 :i* ! ,"l promis$ to !m t love ,him 7i4 #ab74 #c4 ,! alt]ations ( ! sol/ices ,) :om c be no v>iation1 & ! *ange ( seasons 7 nei!r %ad[ ( turn+ 7' 3 vii4 #ah74 3 i4 #ag74 #d4 ,let u oppress ,ye h di%on\r$ ! poor man4 77 ! poor ,d n ! ri* oppress righte\s man4444 ,let u exam9e 77 y1 & him ) despitefulness & torture !mselves drag y be=e ! 7ii4 #aj1 #ai74 judgm5t-seats8 7ii4 #f74 #e4 ,= ! l[e/ is p>donable by ,= judgm5t is )\t m]cy to m]cy2 b mighty m5 %all be him t ha? %[$ no m]cy3 mightily *a/is$ 7vi4 #f74 m]cy glorie? aga9/ judgm5t 7ii4 #ac74 #f4 ,:at ha? pride pr(it$ u8 or ,g to n[1 ye t say1 ,to-day or :at good ha? ri*es ) our to-morr[ we w g into ?is vaunt+ 77 br\ght u8 city1 & sp5d a ye> !re1 & ,all ^? ?+s are pass$ away trade & get ga93 :]eas ye "k l a %ad[1 & z a po/ t n :at %all be on ! morr[4 ha/$ by1 etc4 etc42 ev5 s we1 ,:at is y\r life8 ,= ye are a z soon z we 7 born1 came to an vap\r1 t appe>e? = a little end 7v4 #h-ad74 "t1 & !n vani%e? away4444 ,b n[ ye glory 9 y\r vaunt+s 773 all su* glory+ is evil 7iv4 #ac-af74 #g4 ,let u lie 9 wait = ! ,ye h condemn$ 771 righte\s 7 74444 ,let ye h kill$ ! righte\s "o u condemn him 77 7 72 he do? n resi/ ) a %ameful dea? 7ii4 #ab1 #bj74 y 7v4 #f74 ,x w at once be p]ceiv$ t ^! p>allels are nei!r s num]\s nor s conv9c+ z ^? :i* h be5 po9t$ out betwe5 ,ecclesia/icus & ! ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,james2 b !y are suffici5t to make a prim facie case ( consid]able probability1 :atev] date we assign to ! ,book ( ,wisdom4 ,?is probability is /r5g!n$ by ! fact t ?is book1 ) ! re/ ( ! ,apocrypha or deut]o-canonical writ+s1 con/itut$ to a l>ge ext5t ! religi\s lit]ature ( ! ,jews ( ! ,disp]sion2 & !re=e 9 writ+ to su* ,jews ,/4 ,james w\ld be likely to make consci\s allusions to writ+s ) :i* 8 he>]s w\ld be sure to be famili>2 a consid]ation :i* /r5g!ns ! case z reg>ds ! co9cid5ces ) ,ecclesia/icus1 z well z reg>ds ^? ) ! ,wisdom ( ,solomon4 ,ev5 if ! probability z to ! ,alex&rian orig9 ( ,wisdom 7 a c]ta9ty1 & if ! conjectural date ,a4,d4 #dj 7 e/abli%$1 !re w\ld be no?+ surpris+ 9 its becom+ well kn[n 9 ,j]usalem )9 tw5ty ye>s ( its production4 ,x is1 !re=e1 f> too /rong an ass]tion :5 ,weiss decl>es t x mu/ be di/9ctly d5i$ t !re is any:]e 9 ! ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,james an e*o ( ! ,book ( ,wisdom4 ,all t "o c safely say is t ! evid5ce = 8 acqua9tance ) ! book does n approa* to pro(4 ,b ! use ( ^! two books ( ! ,apocrypha by writ]s 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t does n dep5d ^u ! "q :e!r ,/4 ,james makes use ( !m or n4 ,if ?is 7 ! place to d x1 x might be %[n t o!r co9cid5ces1 bo? ( language & ?\ght1 f> too num]\s & too /rong to be all ( !m accid5tal1 occur 9 ! writ+s ( ,/4 ,pet]1 ,/4 ,paul1 & ,/4 ,john4#da ,su* ?+s also occur outside ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 ! ,epi/les ( ,clem5t & ( ,b>nabas2 :ile ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria frequ5tly quotes ,ecclesia/icus ) ! introductory =mula1 ,! ,scripture sai?4 ,^! facts g a long way t[>ds prov+ t ! neglect ( ! ,apocrypha :i* is s preval5t among ourselves is a ?+ :i* _c be def5d$1 ei!r by an appeal to ,scripture or by ! practice ( ! primitive ,*ur*2 = bo? ! "o & ! o!r %[ a great respect = ^! deut]o-canonical writ+s4 ,t ! ,new ,lection>y omits a good deal ( :at us$ to be read publicly 9 *ur* is n a ?+ to be lam5t$4 ,we gladly sacrifice portions ( ! ,apocrypha 9 ord] to obta9 m ( ,ezekiel & ,revelation4 ,x is ! neglect ( !m 9 private read+ t is s mu* to be deplor$4 ,passages :i* are too grotesque & too unspiritual to be edify+ :5 read to a mix$ congregation are nev]!less full ( in/ruction1 & ?r[ mo/ valuable light bo? on ! ,old & on ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! ,apocryphal writ+s1 in/ead ( be+ a wor?less int]polation betwe5 ! ,old ,te/am5t & ! ,new1 l a block ( paltry build+s disfigur+ two noble edifices1 are among our be/ means ( und]/&+ h[ ! ,old ,te/am5t l$ up to ! ,new1 & prep>$ ! way = x4 ,!y %[ u ! ,jewi% m9d "u ! comb9$ influ5ces ( ,jewi% ,scriptures1 ,g5tile culture1 & new phases ( political life1 & be+ gradually br\ght into ! condition 9 :i* x ei!r fi]cely oppos$ or ard5tly accept$ ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/ & ,8 ,apo/les4 ,a huge *asm yawns betwe5 ,judaism z we leave x at ! close ( ! ,old ,te/am5t canon1 & z we f9d x at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,gospel hi/ory2 & we h no bett] mat]ial ) :i* to bridge ! *asm ?an ! writ+s ( ! ,apocrypha4 ,?is is well br\ght out1 n only 9 ! comm5t>y on ! ,apocrypha already quot$ m ?an once1 b also 9 a valuable review ( ! comm5t>y f :i* "s ( :at foll[s is tak54#db ,! neglect ( ! ,apocrypha has n be5 by any means entirely accid5tal4 ,x is p>tly ! result ( a delib]ate prote/ aga9/ ! action ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t 9 plac+ ^! books on a level ) ! books ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury we f9d ! le>n$ ,john ,lightfoot writ+1 ,?us sweetly & ne>ly %\ld ! two ,te/am5ts jo9 toge!r1 & ?us ,div9ely %\ld !y kiss ea* o!r1 b t ! wret*$ ,apocrypha do? ?ru/ 9 betwe54 ,& ! fact t _m p are n[ unable to recognize or appreciate an allusion to ! ,apocrypha is by no means ! mo/ s]i\s result ( ?is common neglect ( its cont5ts4 ,appreciation ( ! ,bible 9 g5]al1 & especially ( ^? books 9 :i* ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts come mo/ 9 contact1 is mat]ially dim9i%$ 9 consequ5ce4 ,! ,apocrypha is n a b>ri]1 b a bridge2 x does n sep>ate1 b unite ! two ,cov5ants4 ,:at ?\ghtful read] c pass f ! ,old to ! ,new ,te/am5t )\t feel+ t he has ent]$ ano!r _w8 ,he is /ill 9 ,pale/9e1 /ill among ! ,jews2 b h[ diff]5t f ! ,pale/9e & ! ,judaism ( ,ezra1 & ,nehemiah1 & ,mala*i6 ,he f9ds m5tion ( p]sons1 & sects1 & s*ools ( :i* he c f9d no trace 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,he comes ^u beliefs & op9ions = :i* ! e>li] canon does n ev5 furni% a clue4 ,he discov]s in/itutions long settl$1 & dom9at+ ! religi\s life ( ! p1 ( :i* ! ,old ,te/am5t supplies n ev5 ! "n4 ,he f9ds popul> ideas1 religi\s t]ms & phrases 9 curr5t use :olly unlike ^? ( anci5t psalmi/s & prophets4 ,& !re is no lit]ature t c expla9 all ^! *anges to him ei!r s surely or s fully z ! ,apocrypha4 ,x supplies in/ances ( ! e>ly use ( ,new ,te/am5t words1 ( old words 9 new s5ses4 ,x ?r[s light ^u ! gr[? ( ! popul> conception ( ! ,messiah4 ,x illum9ates /ill m ! developm5t ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,logos4 ,above all1 x helps u to see some?+ ( ! evolution ( t /range religi\s sy/em :i* became ! raw mat]ial out ( :i* ! special doctr9es ( ,ph>isees1 ,sadducees1 & ,ess5es 7 =m$1 & :i* _h a p[]ful influ5ce ^u ,*ri/ianity itself4 ,! neglect ( ! ,apocrypha has be5 greatly increas$ by ! widespread practice ( publi%+ ,bibles )\t x1 & ev5 ( /rik+ out f ! m>g9s ( ^! mutilat$ ,bibles all ref]5ces to x4 ,& ?is mis*ief has lately be5 augm5t$ by ! fact t ! ,revis$ ,v]sion omits x4 ,yet no portion ( ! ,bible 0 9 great] ne$ ( revision4 ,! orig9al texts us$ by ! translators ( #afaa 7 v bad2 & p]haps 9 no "p ( ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion are utt]ly faulty translations m abundant4 ,a comp>ison ( ! quotations giv5 above ) ! text ( ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion ( ,wisdom & ,ecclesia/icus w %[ t consid]able *anges h be5 made 9 ord] to br+ ! quotations into h>mony ) ! true read+s ( ! ,greek text1 & ?us give a fair comp>ison ) ! words ( ,/4 ,james4 ,books :i* ! writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t f\nd wor?y ( /udy1 & f :i* !y d]iv$ "s ( _! ?\ghts & language1 ought n to be lightly disreg>d$ by ourselves4 ,we _c disreg>d !m )\t loss2 & x is ! duty ( e read] ( ! ,bible to see t 8 appreh5sion ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts is n h9d]$ ?r\gh 8 ignorance ( ^? writ+s :i* int]pret ! process ( transition f ! "o to ! o!r4 ,neglect ( ! helps to und]/&+ ,8 ,^w :i* ,god has plac$ easily )9 our rea* may endang] our possession ( t wisdom :i* ,/4 ,james "h assures u w be giv5 to e "o :o asks = x 9 fai?4 ,a discussion ( t heav5ly wisdom1 & ( ! efficacy ( pray] (f]$ 9 fai?1 w be f\nd 9 ! expositions ( lat] passages 9 ! ,epi/le4#dc #cf ,grtz1 ,noack1 ,plumptre1 ,f4 ,w4 ,f>r]4 #cg ,! ,speak]'s ,comm5t>y1 ,apocrypha1 vol4 i41 p4 xli4 7,murray1 #ahhh74 #ch ,introduction to ! ,n4,t41 vol4 ii41 pp4 #aad1 #aae 7,hodd] & ,/\ghton1 #ahhh74 #ci ,! ,speak]'s ,comm5t>y1 ,apocrypha1 vol4 ii41 pp4 #bb1 #bc 7,murray #ahhh74 #dj ,! ,e>ly ,days ( ,*ri/ianity1 vol4 i41 pp4 #eag-ah4 ,dr4 ,salmon leaves ! "q undecid$ 7,introduction to ,n4,t41 p4 #eaa74 #da ,see ,dr4 ,salmon's ,g5]al ,introduction to ! ,apocrypha 9 ! ,speak]'s ,comm5t>y1 vol4 i41 pp4 xli41 xlii4 #db ,ed9burgh ,review1 ,no4 #cde1 ,janu>y1 #ahhi1 pp4 #eh-ie4 #dc ,see on iii4 #ac-ah1 & on v4 #ac-ah4 ,9 connexion ) ?is subject ! ,inaugural ,lecture ( ,pr(essor ,m>goli\?1 on ,! ,place ( ,ecclesia/icus 9 ,semitic ,lit]ature 7,cl>5don ,press1 #ahij71 & 8 def5ce ( ! position !re ma9ta9$ 9 ! pages ( ! ,expositor1 %\ld be /udi$4 ,x is possible t f ! language ( ,ecclesia/icus we may be able to demon/rate t ! late date assign$ by rec5t critics to c]ta9 books 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t is q unt5able = ! language ( !m is c5turies old] ?an t ( ,ecclesia/icus4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,exaltation ,,( ,,! ,,l[ly1 ,,& ,,! ,,fad+ ,,away ,,( ,,! ,,ri*4 ,,! ,,metaphors ,,( ,,/4 ,,james ,,& ,,! ,,p>ables ,,( ,,*ri/4 ,b let ! bro!r ( l[ degree glory 9 8 high e/ate3 & ! ri* 9 t he is made l[3 because z ! fl[] ( ! grass he %all pass away4 ,= ! sun arise?1 ) ! scor*+ w9d1 & )]e? ! grass2 & ! fl[] !re( falle?1 & ! grace ( ! fa%ion ( x p]i%e?3 s also %all ! ri* man fade away 9 8 go+s4--,,/4 ,,james i4 #i-aa4 ,9 ?is section ,/4 ,james returns to :at is ! ma9 ?\ght ( ! fir/ *apt]1 & "o ( ! ma9 ?\ghts ( ! :ole ,epi/le1 viz4 ! bless$ness ( endur+ temptations1 & especially su* temptations z are caus$ by ext]nal trials & adv]sity4 ,he adds ano!r ?\ght :i* may help to console & /r5g!n ! oppress$ ,*ri/ian4 ,! ,revis]s h q rightly re/or$ ! ,b 77 at ! beg9n+ ( ?is section4 ,!re seems to be absolutely no au?ority = its omission2 & we may conjecture t ! e>li] ,engli% translators ignor$ x1 because x seem$ to !m to be sup]flu\s1 or ev5 di/urb+4 ,! ,rhemi% ,v]sion1 made f ! ,vulgate 7,glorietur autem71 is ! only ,engli% ,v]sion :i* pres]ves x2 & ,lu!r 7,e9 ,brud] ab]7 pres]ves x also4 ,! =ce ( ! conjunction is to connect ! advice giv5 9 ?is section ) ! items ( advice already giv54 ,!y =m a connect$ s]ies4 ,c\nt x all joy1 :5 ye fall into manifold temptations4444 ,b 77 let pati5ce h its p]fect "w4 444 ,b 77 if any lacke? wisdom1 let him ask ( ,god4444 ,b 77 let him ask 9 fai?4444 ,b 77 let ! bro!r ( l[ degree glory 9 8 high e/ate3 & ! ri* 9 t he is made l[4 ,! mean+ ( ?is la/ item 9 ! s]ies is by no means cle>4 ,v>i\s int]pretations h be5 sugge/$1 & x is difficult or ev5 impossible to arrive at a conclusive decision z to :i* ( !m is ! "r "o4 ,b we may cle> ! gr\nd by sett+ aside all explanations :i* w\ld make ! bro!r ( l[ degree 7 7 to mean ! ,*ri/ian :o is l[ly 9 he>t 7,matt4 xi4 #bi71 & ! ri* 7 7 ! ,*ri/ian :o is ri* 9 fai? 7ii4 #e7 & 9 good works 7#a ,tim4 vi4 #ah74 ,bo? words are to be und]/ood lit]ally4 ,! l[ly man is ! man ( humble position1 oppress$ by pov]ty1 & p]haps by unscrupul\s neighb\rs 7ii4 #c71 & ! ri* man1 "h1 z else:]e 9 ?is ,epi/le1 is ! man ( weal? :o v (t5 oppresses ! poor] bre?r5 7i4 #aa2 ii4 #f2 v4 #a74 ,:at1 !n1 is ! mean+ ( ! high e/ate 77 9 :i* ! bro!r ( l[ degree is to glory1 & ( ! be+ made l[ 771 9 :i* ! ri* man is to d ! same8 ,at fir/ sight "o is dispos$ to say t ! "o is ! heav5ly bir?right1 & ! o!r ! ,div9e humiliation1 9 :i* e "o %>es :o becomes a memb] ( ,*ri/2 9 fact1 t !y are ! same ?+ look$ at f diff]5t po9ts ( view2 = :at to ! ,*ri/ian is promotion1 to ! _w seems degradation4 ,if ?is 7 correct1 !n we %\ld h an anti!sis analog\s to t :i* is drawn out by ,/4 ,paul1 :5 he says1 ,he t 0 call$ 9 ! ,"l1 be+ a bond-s]vant1 is ! ,"l's freeman3 likewise he t 0 call$1 be+ free1 is ,*ri/'s bond-s]vant 7#a ,cor4 vii4 #bb74 ,b on fur!r consid]ation ?is attractive explanation is f\nd n to suit ! context4 ,:at analogy is !re betwe5 ! humiliation 9 :i* e ,*ri/ian glories 9 ,*ri/ & ! )]+ ( h]bage "u a scor*+ w9d8 ,ev5 if we c\ld all[ t ?is metaphor ref]s to ! fugitive "* ( e>?ly possessions1 :at has t to d ) ,*ri/ian humiliation1 :i* does n dep5d ^u ei!r ! pres5ce or ! abs5ce ( weal?8 ,moreov]1 ,/4 ,james says no?+ ab\t ! fugitiv5ess ( ri*es3 x is ! ri* man himself1 & n 8 weal?1 t is said to pass away1 & to fade away 9 8 go+s4 ,twice ov] ,/4 ,james decl>es ?is to be ! de/9y ( ! ri* man2 & ! word+ is su* z to %[ t :5 ! writ] says t ! ri* man %all fade away 9 8 go+s he means ! man1 & n 8 ri*es4 ,8 go+s1 or j\rneys1 v likely ref]s to 8 go+ into ?is city to sp5d a ye> !re1 & trade1 & get ga9 7iv4 #ac72 i4e4 he wa/es himself away 9 ! pursuit ( weal?4 ,b :at c\ld be ! mean+ ( weal? fad+ away 9 its j\rneys8 ,evid5tly1 we mu/ n transf] :at is said ( ! ri* man himself to 8 possessions4 ,x is a baseless assumption to suppose t ! ri* man "h spok5 ( is a ,*ri/ian at all4 ,! bro!r ( l[ degree is contra/$1 n ) ! bro!r :o is ri*1 b ) ! ri* man1 ^: mis]able de/9y %[s t he is n a bro!r1 i4e4 n a believ]4 ,! latt] is ! weal?y ,jew :o rejects ,*ri/4 ,?r\gh\t ?is ,epi/le 7ii4 #f1 #g2 v4 #a-f7 ri* is a t]m ( reproa*4 ,?is is :at is meant by ! ,ebionite tone ( ! ,epi/le2 = pov]ty is ! condition :i* ,ebionism delights to hon\r4 ,9 ?is ,/4 ,james seems to be reproduc+ ! ?\ghts bo? ( ,jesus ,*ri/ & ( ,jesus ! son ( ,sira*4 ,woe unto y t are ri*6 = ye h receiv$ y\r consolation4 ,woe unto y1 ye t are full n[6 = ye %all hung] 7,luke vi4 #be1 #bf4 ,comp4 ,matt4 xix4 #bc-be74 ,! ri* man ha? done wrong1 & is v wro? besides3 ! poor man is wrong$1 & he mu/ intreat also4444 ,an abom9ation to ! pr\d is l[l9ess2 s ! poor are abom9ation to ! ri* 7,ecclus4 xiii4 #c1 #bj74 ,b :5 we h arriv$ at ! conclusion t ! be+ made l[ does n ref] to ! humiliation ( ! ,*ri/ian1 & t ! ri* man "h ?reat5$ ) a mis]able end is n a believ]1 a new difficulty arises4 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ! weal?y unbeliev] be+ told to glory 9 ! degradation :i* is to prove s calamit\s to him8 ,9 ord] to avoid ?is difficulty v>i\s exp$i5ts h be5 sugge/$4 ,"s propose a r viol5t *ange ( mood--f ! imp]ative to ! indicative4 ,no v]b is express$1 & x is said t in/ead ( repeat+ let him glory f ! previ\s clause1 we may supply he glories1 z a /atem5t ( fact r ?an an exhortation4 ,! s5t5ce w !n run1 ,b let ! bro!r ( l[ degree glory 9 8 high e/ate2 b 77 ! ri* glorie? 9 8 be+ made l[2 i4e4 he glories 9 :at degrades him & ought to inspire him ) %ame & grief4 ,o!rs propose a /ill m viol5t *ange1 viz4 ( v]b2 !y w\ld keep ! imp]ative1 b supply a ^w ( opposite mean+3 s let ! ri* man be a%am$ ( 8 be+ made l[4 ,nei!r ( ^! exp$i5ts seems to be necess>y1 or inde$ to be a fair treatm5t ( ! text4#dd ,x is q possible to make good s5se ( ! exhortation1 )\t any viol5t *ange ei!r ( mood or ( v]b4 ,9 ! exhortation to ! ri* man ,/4 ,james speaks 9 sev]e irony3 ,let ! bro!r ( l[ degree glory 9 8 high e/ate2 & ! ri* man--:at is he to glory 98--let him glory 9 ! only ?+ ^u :i* he c c\nt ) c]ta9ty1 viz4 8 be+ br\ght l[2 because z ! fl[] ( ! grass he %all pass away4 ,su* irony is n uncommon 9 ,scripture4 ,our bless$ ,"l ,himself makes use ( x sometimes1 z :5 ,he says ( ! hypocrites t !y h _! rew>d1 & h x 9 full 73 ,matt4 vi4 #b1 #e1 #af74 ,:e!r or no ?is int]pretation be accept$--& no int]pretation ( ?is passage has z yet be5 sugge/$ :i* is free f difficulty--x mu/ be cle>ly borne 9 m9d t no explanation c be correct :i* does n pres]ve ! connexion betwe5 ! humiliation ( ! ri* man & 8 pass+ away z ! fl[] ( ! grass4 ,?is fad+ away is 8 humiliation1 is ! ?+ 9 :i* he is to glory1 if he glories 9 any?+ at all4 ,! inexorable because mu/ n be ignor$ or expla9$ away by mak+ ! weal? ( ! ri* man %rivel up1 :5 ,/4 ,james twice ov] says t x is ! ri* man himself :o fades away4 ,! metaphor "h us$ ( ! ri* man is common en\gh 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,man come? =? l a fl[]1 & is cut d[n 7 ,,lxx471 says ,job1 9 8 compla9t 7xiv4 #b72 &1 ,z = man1 8 days are z grass2 z a fl[] ( ! field1 s he fl\ri%e?4 ,= ! w9d passe? ov] x1 & x is gone2 & ! place !re( %all "k x no m1 says ! ,psalmi/ 7ciii4 #ae1 #af74 ,b else:]e1 ) a clos] simil>ity to ! pres5t passage1 we h ?is transitory "* specially attribut$ to ! ungodly1 :o %all soon be cut d[n l ! grass1 & )] z ! gre5 h]b 7,ps4 xxxvii4 #b74 ,none ( ^! passages1 h[ev]1 are s cle>ly 9 ,/4 ,james's m9d z ! words ( ,isaiah3 ,all fle% is grass1 & all ! goodl9ess !re( is z ! fl[] ( ! field3 ! grass )]e?1 ! fl[] fade?2 because ! brea? ( ! ,"l bl[e? ^u x3 surely ! p is grass4 ,! grass )]e?1 ! fl[] fade?2 b ! ^w ( our ,god %all /& = ev] 7,isa4 xl4 #f1 #g74 ,"h ! words ( ,/4 ,james are almo/ id5tical ) ^? ( ! ,septuag9t 7 444 1 72 &1 z has be5 already po9t$ out 7p4 #ei71 ?is is "o ( ! quotations :i* our ,epi/le has 9 common ) t ( ,/4 ,pet] 7#a ,pet] i4 #bd74 ,grass ?r\gh\t is a compreh5sive t]m = h]bage1 & ! fl[] ( grass does n mean ! bloom or blossom ( grass 9 ! n>r[] s5se1 b ! wild fl[]s1 specially abundant & brilliant 9 ! ,holy ,l&1 :i* gr[ among ! grass4 ,?us1 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 :at are fir/ call$ ! lilies 7 7 ( ! field are imm$iately aft]w>ds call$ ! grass 7 7 ( ! field 7,matt4 vi4 #bh1 #cj74 ,! scor*+ w9d 7 7 is "o ( ! features 9 ! ,epi/le :i* h>monize well ) ! fact t ! writ] 0 an inhabitant ( ,pale/9e4 ,x is ! furnace-l bla/ f ! arid wild]ness to ! ea/ ( ! ,jordan4 ,yea1 behold1 be+ plant$1 %all x prosp]8 %all x n utt]ly )] :5 ! ea/ w9d t\*e? x8 ,x %all )] 9 ! b$s :]e x grew 7,ezek4 xvii4 #aj74 ,god prep>$ a sultry ea/ w9d2 & ! sun beat ^u ! head ( ,jonah1 t he fa9t$ 7,jonah iv4 #h74 ,! fig-tree1 olives1 & v9e 7iii4 #ab7 are ! *ief fruit-trees ( ,pale/9e2 & ! e>ly & latt] ra9 7v4 #g7 po9ts /ill m cle>ly to ! same di/rict4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ ) ju/ice t :]eas ,/4 ,paul = ! mo/ "p draws 8 metaphors f ! sc5es ( human activity--build+1 husb&ry1 a?letic conte/s1 & w>f>e--,/4 ,james pref]s to take 8 metaphors f ! sc5es ( nature4 ,9 ?is *apt] we h ! surge ( ! sea 7v]4 #f7 & ! fl[] ( ! grass 7v]4 #aj74 ,9 ! ?ird *apt] we h ! r\gh w9ds driv+ ! %ips1 ! wood k9dl$ by a small fire1 ! :eel ( nature1 e k9d ( bea/s & birds1 ( creep+ ?+s1 & ?+s 9 ! sea1 ! f\nta9 s5d+ =? sweet wat]1 ! fig-tree & v9e 7vv4 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #aa1 #ab74 ,9 ! f\r? *apt] human life is a vap\r1 t appe>e? = a little "t1 & !n vani%e? away 7v]4 #ad74 ,& 9 ! la/ *apt]1 besides ! mo? & ! ru/1 we h ! fruit ( ! e>?1 & ! e>ly & latt] ra9 7vv4 #b1 #c1 #g1 #ah74 ,^! in/ances are c]ta9ly v num]\s1 :5 ! brevity ( ! ,epi/le is consid]$4 ,! love ( nature :i* brea!s ?r\gh !m 0 no d\bt le>n$ & *]i%$ 9 ! village home at ,naz>e?1 & x =ms ano!r l9k betwe5 ,/4 ,james & 8 ,div9e ,bro!r4 ,ne>ly e "o ( ! natural ph5om5a to :i* ,/4 ,james directs att5tion 9 ?is lett] are us$ by ,*ri/ also 9 ,8 tea*+4 ,! surg+ ( ! sea 7,luke xxi4 #be71 ! fl[]s ( ! field 7,matt4 vi4 #bh71 ! burn+ ( wood 7,john xv4 #f71 ! birds ( ! air 7,matt4 vi4 #bf2 viii4 #bj2 xiii4 #d1 #cb71 ! f\nta9 ( sweet wat] 7,john iv4 #aj-ad2 vii4 #ch71 ! fig-tree 7,matt4 vii4 #af2 xxi4 #ai2 xxiv4 #cb71 ! v9e 7,john xv4 #a-e71 ! mo? 7,matt4 vi4 #ai71 ! ru/ 7,matt4 vi4 #ai71 & ! ra9 7,matt4 v4 #de2 vii4 #be74 ,9 "s cases ! use made by ,/4 ,james ( ^! natural objects is v simil> to t made by our ,"l1 & x may well be t :at he writes is a rem9isc5ce ( :at he _h he>d ye>s be=e f ,*ri/'s lips2 b 9 o!r cases ! use is q diff]5t1 & mu/ be assign$ to ! love ( nature1 & ! recognition ( its fitness = tea*+ spiritual tru?s1 :i* is common to ! ,"l & ,8 bro!r4 ,?us1 :5 ,/4 ,james asks1 ,c a fig-tree1 my bre?r51 yield olives1 or a v9e figs8 we seem to h an e*o ( ! "q 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 ,d m5 ga!r grapes ( ?orns1 or figs ( ?i/les8 ,& :5 ,/4 ,james tells ! ri* oppressors t _! g>m5ts are mo?-eat52 _! gold & _! silv] are ru/$1 is he n rememb]+ ,*ri/'s *>ge1 ,lay n up = y\rselves treasures ^u ! e>?1 :]e mo? & ru/ d consume1 & :]e ?ieves break ?r\gh & /eal8 ,b 9 mo/ ( ! o!r cases !re is little or no resemblance betwe5 ! similes ( ,*ri/ & ! figurative use ( ! same natural ph5om5a made by ,/4 ,james4 ,?us1 :ile ,jesus uses ! fl[]s ( ! field to illu/rate ,god's c>e = e object 9 ! univ]se1 & ! sup]iority ( ! glory :i* ,he be/[s ov] t ) :i* man adorns himself1 ,/4 ,james tea*es !reby ! transitory "* ( ! glory :i* comes ( ri*es2 & :ile ,*ri/ po9ts to ! ra9 z illu/rat+ ,god's b\nty to good & bad alike1 ,/4 ,james takes x z an illu/ration ( ,8 goodness 9 answ] to pati5t & tru/+ pray]4 ,x is manife/ t 9 ?is matt] ,/4 ,james is p>tly foll[+ a great example1 b p>tly also foll[+ ! b5t ( 8 own m9d4 ,! fir/1 )\t ! second1 w\ld h>dly h giv5 u s _m examples ( ?is k9d ( tea*+ 9 s small a space4 ,/4 ,john _h equal opportunities ) ,/4 ,james ( le>n+ ?is me?od ( tea*+ f ,*ri/1 & yet !re are sc>cely any examples ( x 9 8 ,epi/les4 ,possibly 8 opportunities 7 ev5 great] ?an ^? ( ,/4 ,james2 = al?\gh he 0 at mo/ ! c\s9 ( ! ,"l1 :]eas ,/4 ,james 0 ,8 bro!r1 yet he 0 pres5t dur+ ! :ole ( ,*ri/'s m9i/ry1 :]eas ,/4 ,james 0 n conv]t$ until aft] ! ,resurrection4 ,b !re is ?is great diff]5ce betwe5 ,*ri/'s tea*+ f nature & t ( ,/4 ,james3 ,/4 ,james recognizes 9 ! ord] & beauty ( ! univ]se a revelation ( ,div9e tru?1 & makes use ( ! facts ( ! ext]nal _w to tea* spiritual lessons2 ! inc>nate ,^w1 9 draw+ spiritual lessons f ! ext]nal _w1 c\ld exp\nd ! mean+ ( a univ]se :i* ,he ,himself _h made4 ,9 ! "o case x is a disciple ( nature :o imp>ts to u ! lore :i* he himself has le>n$2 9 ! o!r x is ! ,ma/] ( nature1 :o po9ts out to u ! mean+ ( ,8 own _w1 & int]prets to u ! voices ( ! w9ds & ! waves1 :i* obey ,him4 #dd #a ,tim4 iv4 #c1 :]e comm&+ is und]/ood f =bidd+1 is n /rictly p>allel3 =bidd+ to m>ry1 & comm&+ to ab/a9 f meats4 ,! context is su* z to prev5t any misund]/&+ ( ! loosely word$ s5t5ce4 ,see ,m\lton's ,w9]1 p4 #ggg2 also ,b$e1 :o rightly rem>ks1 ,subauditur a sup]iore v]sa1 glorietur4 ,quod p] irrisionem qu ,grce ironia vocatur1 dictum esse con/at 444 ut humiliatus 9 t]num p]eat cum purpurato illo divite qui ,laz>um despexit eg5tem4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,s\rce ,,( ,,temptations ,,& ,,! ,,reality ,,( ,,s94 ,,! ,,difficulties ,,( ,,! ,,det]m9i/4 ,bless$ is ! man t endure? temptation3 = :5 he ha? be5 approv$1 he %all receive ! cr[n ( life1 :i* ! ,"l promis$ to !m t love ,him4 ,let no man say :5 he is tempt$1 ,i am tempt$ ( ,god3 = ,god _c be tempt$ ) evil1 & ,he ,himself tempte? no man3 b ea* man is tempt$ :5 he is drawn away by 8 own lu/ & entic$4 ,!n ! lu/1 :5 x ha? conceiv$1 be>e? s93 & ! s91 :5 x is full-gr[n1 br+e? =? dea?4 ,be n deceiv$1 my belov$ bre?r54 ,e good gift & e p]fect boon is f above1 com+ d[n f ! ,fa!r ( lights1 ) :om c be no v>iation1 nei!r %ad[ t is ca/ by turn+4 ,( ,8 own w ,he br\ght u =? by ! ^w ( tru?1 t we %\ld be a k9d ( fir/-fruits ( ,8 creatures4--,,/4 ,,james i4 #ab-ah4 ,aft] ! slight digression respect+ ! %ort-liv$ glory ( ! ri* man1 ,/4 ,james returns once m to ! subject ) :i* ! lett] op5s--! bless+ ( trials & temptations z opportunities ( pati5ce1 & ! bless$ness ( ! man :o endures !m1 & ?us e>ns ! cr[n ( life1 :i* ! ,"l has promis$ to !m t love ,him4 ,^! la/ words are v int]e/+ z be+ a record ( "s utt]ance ( ,*ri/'s n pres]v$ 9 ! ,gospels1 ( :i* we h p]haps o!r traces else:]e 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t 7#a ,pet4 v4 #d2 ,rev4 ii4 #aj2 #b ,tim4 iv4 #h74de ,!y imply a pr9ciple :i* qualifies :at goes be=e1 & leads on to :at foll[s4 ,! m]e endurance ( temptations & afflictions w n w9 ! promis$ cr[n1 unless temptations are )/ood1 & afflictions endur$ 9 ! "r _s4 ,! pr\d self-reliance & self-repression ( ! ,/oic has no?+ m]itori\s ab\t x4 ,^! trials mu/ be met 9 a _s ( lov+ tru/ 9 ! ,god :o s5ds or all[s !m4 ,x is only ^? :o love & tru/ ,god :o h ! "r to expect any?+ f ,8 b\nty4 ,?is ,/4 ,james cont9ually insi/s on4 ,let n ! d\ble-m9d$ man1 ) 8 affections & loyalty divid$ betwe5 ,god & ,mammon1 ?9k t he %all receive any?+ ( ! ,"l 7i4 #g74 ,god has *os5 ! poor :o are ri* 9 fai? to be heirs ( ! k+dom :i* ,he promis$ to !m t love ,him 7ii4 #e74 ,& ?is love ( ,god is q incompatible ) love ( ! _w4 ,:osoev] !re=e w\ld be a fri5d ( ! _w make? himself an enemy ( ,god 7iv4 #d74 ,x is ! lov+ )/&+ ( temptation1 !n1 t w9s ! cr[n ( life3 ! m]e be+ tempt$ t5ds r to dea?4 ,lu/1 :5 x ha? conceiv$1 be>e? s93 & ! s91 :5 x is full-gr[n1 br+e? =? dea?4 ,) ^! facts be=e him1 ! lov+ ,*ri/ian w nev] say1 :5 temptations come1 t !y come f ,god4 ,x _c be ,god's w to s$uce him f ! pa? ( life to ! pa? ( dea?4 ,! exi/5ce ( temptations is no j gr\nd ( compla9t aga9/ ,god4 ,su* compla9ts are an attempt to %ift ! blame f himself to 8 ,creator4 ,! temptations proce$1 n f ,god1 b f ! man's own evil nature2 a nature :i* ,god creat$ /a9less1 b :i* man ( 8 own free w has debas$4 ,to tempt is to try to lead a/ray2 & "o has only to und]/& ! ^w 9 its true s5se to see h[ impossible x is t ,god %\ld become a tempt]4 ,by a simple b tell+ opposition ( words ,/4 ,james indicates :]e ! blame lies4 ,god ,himself tempte? no man 7 72 b ea* man is tempt$ :5 by 8 own lu/ he is drawn away & entic$ 7 74 ,x is 8 own evil desire :i* plays ! "p ( ! temptress1 draw+ him out f 8 place ( safety by ! enticem5t ( s9ful pleasure4#df ,s t ! fault is 9 a s5se d\bly 84 ,! desire :i* tempts proce$s f 8 own evil nature1 & ! w :i* cons5ts to ! temptress is 8 own4 ,?r\gh\t ! passage ,/4 ,james repres5ts ! evil desire z play+ ! "p ( ,potiph>'s wife4 ,! man :o )/&s su* temptation is w9n+ ! promis$ cr[n ( life2 ! man :o yields has = ! (fspr+ ( 8 error dea?4 ,! "o result is 9 accordance ) ,god's w1 z is prov$ by ,8 promis+ & be/[+ ! cr[n2 ! o!r is n1 b is ! natural & kn[n consequ5ce ( ! man's own act4 ,at ! pres5t "t !re is a vehem5t ef=t be+ made 9 "s qu>t]s to %ift ! blame ( man's wrong-do+1 if n on to ,god 7& ,he is commonly left out ( ! acc\nt1 z unkn[n or non-exi/+71 at any rate on to ^? natural laws :i* det]m9e ph5om5a4 ,we are ask$ to believe t su* ideas z moral fre$om & responsibility are m]e *imras1 & t ! fir/ ?+ :i* a reasonable p]son has to d1 9 rais+ himself to a high] level1 is to get rid ( !m4 ,he is to conv9ce himself t "* & conduct are ! necess>ily evolv$ result ( inh]it$ end[m5ts1 develop$ 9 c]ta9 circum/ances1 ov] nei!r ( :i* ! man has any control4 ,he did n select ! qualities ( body & m9d :i* he receiv$ f 8 p>5ts1 & he did n make ! circum/ances 9 :i* he has _h to live s9ce 8 bir?4 ,he c\ld no m help act+ z he did on any giv5 occasion ?an he c\ld help ! size ( 8 he>t or ! col\r ( 8 bra94 ,he is no m responsible = ! acts :i* he produces ?an a tree is responsible = its leaves4 ,& ( all s5seless delusions & s5seless wa/es ( p[]1 ^? :i* are involv$ 9 ! feel+ ( remorse are ! wor/4 ,9 remorse we wr+ our h&s ov] de$s :i* we c\ld n possibly h avoid$ do+1 & reproa* ourselves = emitt+ :at we c\ld n by any possibility h done4 ,e?iopians might z reasonably blame !mselves = _! black sk9s1 or be consci5ce-/rick5 = n hav+ gold5 hair1 z any human be+ feel remorse = :at he has done or left undone 9 ! pa/4 ,:atev] folly a man may h committ$1 he eclipses x all by ! folly ( self-reproa*4 ,positivism w inde$ h work$ m>vels :5 x has driv5 remorse out ( ! _w2 & until x has succe$$ 9 do+ s1 x w rema9 confront$ by an unansw]able pro(--z univ]sal z ! humanity :i* x pr(esses to wor%ip--t its moral sy/em is bas$ ^u a falsehood4 ,:e!r or no we admit ! belief 9 a ,god1 ! fact ( self-reproa* 9 e human he>t rema9s to be acc\nt$ =4 ,& x is a fact ( ! mo/ enorm\s proportions4 ,?9k ( ! ye>s ( m5tal agony & moral torture :i* c\ntless numb]s ( ! human race h endur$ s9ce man became a liv+ s\l1 because m5 h inv>iably reproa*$ !mselves ) ! folly & wick$ness :i* !y h committ$4 ,?9k ( ! exquisite suff]+ :i* remorse has inflict$ on e human be+ :o has rea*$ ye>s ( reflexion4 ,?9k ( ! untold mis]y :i* ! misde$s ( m5 h inflict$ ^u ^? :o love & w\ld fa9 respect !m4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r all o!r =ms ( human suff]+1 :e!r m5tal or bodily1 are m ?an z a drop 9 ! ocean1 comp>$ ) ! agonies :i* h be5 endur$ ?r\gh ! gnaw+ pangs ( remorse = p]sonal misconduct1 & ( %ame & grief = ! misconduct ( fri5ds & relations4 ,& if ! ,det]m9i/ is "r1 all ?is m5tal torture1 ) its myriad /abs & /+s ?r\gh c5turies ( c5turies1 is bas$ on a mon/r\s delusion4 ,^! bitt] reproa*]s ( !mselves & ( ^? de>e/ to !m might h be5 sp>$ x all1 if only !y _h kn[n t n "o ( ! acts ?us blam$ & lam5t$ 9 te>s ( blood c\ld h be5 avoid$4 ,c]ta9ly ! ,positivi/1 :o %uts ,god out f 8 consid]ation1 has a difficult problem to solve1 :5 he is ask$ h[ he acc\nts = a delusion s va/1 s univ]sal1 & s horrible 9 its consequ5ces2 & we d n wond] t he %\ld exhau/ all ! p[]s ( rhetoric & invective 9 ! attempt to exorcize x4 ,b 8 difficulty is z no?+ comp>$ ) ! difficulties ( a ?9k] :o endeav\rs to comb9e ,det]m9ism ) ,!ism1 & ev5 ) ,*ri/ianity4 ,:at sort ( a ,god c ,he be :o has all[$1 :o has ev5 orda9$1 t e human he>t %\ld be wrung ) ?is ne$less1 s5seless agony8 ,has any savage1 any inquisitor1 ev] devis$ torture s diabolical8 ,& :at k9d ( a ,savi\r & ,r$eem] c ,he be :o has come f heav51 & return$ ?i!r aga91 )\t say+ "o ^w to free m5 f _! bl9d1 self-inflict$ agonies2 :o1 on ! contr>y1 has said _m ?+s to confirm !m 9 _! delusions8 ,:5ce came moral evil & ! pangs ( remorse1 if !re is no su* ?+ z free w8 ,!y mu/ h be5 =e-orda9$ & creat$ by ,god4 ,! ,!i/ has no escape f t4 ,if ,god made man free1 & man by misus+ 8 fre$om br\ght s9 into ! _w1 & remorse z a puni%m5t = s91 !n we h "s explanation ( ! my/]y ( evil4 ,god nei!r will$ x nor creat$ x2 x 0 ! (fspr+ ( a free & rebelli\s w4 ,b if man 0 nev] free1 & !re is no su* ?+ z s91 !n ! madman gnaw+ 8 own limbs 9 8 fr5zy is a reasonable be+ & a joy\s sight1 comp>$ ) ! man :o gnaws 8 own he>t 9 remorse = ! de$s :i* ! inexorable laws ( 8 own nature compell$ him1 & /ill compel him1 to commit4 ,is !re1 or is !re n1 su* a ?+ z s98 ,t is ! "q :i* lies at ! bottom ( ! error aga9/ :i* ,/4 ,james w>ns 8 read]s1 & ( ! doctr9es :i* are advocat$ at ! pres5t "t by ,positivi/s & all :o d5y ! reality ( human fre$om & responsibility4 ,to say t :5 we are tempt$ we are tempt$ by ,god1 or t ! ,p[] :i* br\ght u into exi/5ce has giv5 u no fre$om to refuse ! evil & to *oose ! good1 is to say t s9 is a figm5t ( ! human m9d1 & t a consci\s revolt ( ! human m9d aga9/ ! p[] ( hol9ess is impossible4 ,on su* a "q ! appeal to human language1 ( :i* ,ari/otle is s fond1 seems to be em95tly suitable2 & ! v]dict :i* x gives is ov]:elm+4 ,!re is probably no language1 !re is c]ta9ly no civiliz$ language1 :i* has no ^w to express ! idea ( s94 ,if s9 is an illusion1 h[ came ! :ole human race to believe 9 x1 & to frame a ^w to express x8#dg ,c we po9t to any o!r ^w 9 univ]sal1 or ev5 v g5]al use1 :i* nev]!less repres5ts a m]e *imra1 believ$ 9 z real1 b actually non-exi/5t8 ,& let u rememb] t ?is is no case 9 :i* self-int]e/1 :i* s fatally w>ps our judgm5t1 c h l$ ! :ole human race a/ray4 ,self-int]e/ w\ld lead u entirely 9 ! opposite direction4 ,!re is no human be+ :o w\ld n en?usia/ically welcome ! belief t :at seem to him to be griev\s s9s are no m a matt] ( reproa* to him ?an ! beat+s ( 8 he>t or ! w9k+s ( 8 eyes4 ,sometimes ! consci5ce-/rick5 (f5d]1 9 8 ef=ts to excuse 8 acts be=e ! judgm5t-seat ( 8 high] self1 tries to believe ?is4 ,sometimes ! ,det]m9i/ philosoph] endeav\rs to prove to him t he ought to believe x4 ,b ! /]n facts ( 8 own nature & ! bitt] outcome ( all human exp]i5ce are too /rong = su* attempts4 ,9 spite ( all speci\s excuses1 & all plausible /atem5ts ( philosophic difficulties1 8 consci5ce & 8 consci\sness compel him to confess1 ,x 0 my own lu/ t entic$ me1 & my own w t cons5t$4 ,h[ s]i\s ,/4 ,james consid]s ! error ( attempt+ to make ,god responsible = our temptations is %[n bo? by ! e>ne/ & affectionate ins]tion ( ,be n deceiv$1#dh my belov$ bre?r51 & also by ! pa9s :i* he takes to disprove ! error4 ,aft] hav+ %[n ! true s\rce ( temptation1 & expla9$ ! way 9 :i* s9 & dea? are g5]at$1 he po9ts out h[ incr$ible x is on o!r gr\nds t ,god %\ld become a tempt]4 ,h[ c ! ,s\rce ( e good gift & e p]fect boon#di be also a s\rce ( temptations to s98 ,h[ c ! ,fa!r ( lights be "o :o w\ld lead away ,8 creatures into d>kness8 ,if :at we "k ( human nature ought to tell u :5ce temptations to s9 are likely to come1 :at we "k ( ,god's nature & ( ,8 deal+s ) mank9d ought to tell u :5ce su* ?+s are n likely to come4 ,& ,he is f> above ^? heav5ly lum9>ies ( :i* ,he is ! ,au?or4 ,!y are n always bright1 & are !re=e v imp]fect symbols ( ,8 hol9ess4 ,9 _! revolutions !y are sometimes ov]%ad[$4 ,! moon is n always at ! full1 ! sun is sometimes eclips$1 & ! />s suff] *anges 9 l mann]4 ,9 ,him !re is no *ange1 no loss ( light1 no encroa*m5t ( %ad[4 ,!re is nev] a "t at :i* "o c\ld say t ?r\gh mom5t>y dim9ution 9 hol9ess x _h become possible = ,him to become a tempt]4 ,nor are ! brightness & b5efic5ce :i* p]vade ! mat]ial univ]se ! *ief pro(s ( ,god's goodness & ( ! impossibility ( temptations to s9 proce$+ f ,him4 ,x 0 ( ,8 own w t ,he rescu$ mank9d f ! /ate ( dea? into :i* _! rebelli\s wills _h br\ght !m1 & by a new revelation ( ,himself 9 ! ,^w ( tru?1 i4e4 ! ,gospel1 br\ght !m =? aga91 born anew z ,*ri/ians1 to be1 l ! fir/-born "u ! ,law1 a k9d ( fir/-fruits ( ,8 creatures4#ej ,:51 !re=e1 we sum up all ! kn[n facts ( ! case1 !re is only "o conclusion at :i* we c ju/ly arrive4 ,!re is ! nature ( ,god1 s f> z x is kn[n to u1 utt]ly oppos$ to evil4 ,!re is ! nature ( man1 z x has be5 debas$ by himself1 con/antly br++ =? evil4 ,!re is ,god's goodness1 z manife/$ 9 ! creation ( ! univ]se & 9 ! reg5]ation ( man4 ,x is a hopeless case to try to bani% remorse by mak+ ,god responsible = man's temptations & s94 ,!re is only "o way ( gett+ rid ( remorse1 & t is to confess s9--to confess its reality1 to confess x to ,god1 & if ne$ be to man4 ,no man ev] yet succe$$ 9 ju/ify+ himself by lay+ ! blame ( 8 s9s on ,god4 ,b he may d s by lay+ ! s9s !mselves ^u ! ,lamb ( ,god1 :o take? away ! s9s ( ! _w1 & by wa%+ 8 /a9$ robes1 & mak+ !m :ite 9 ! blood ( ! ,lamb4 ,t done1 remorse w h no p[] ov] him2 & in/ead ( fruitlessly accus+ ,god1 & seek+ va9 sub/itutes = ! s]vice ( ,god1 he w humbly give ,him glory1 & s]ve ,him day & night 9 ,8 temple 7,jo%ua vii4 #ai2 ,rev4 vii4 #ae74 ,,note4--,! difficult expression 7 7 r5d]$ 9 ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion %ad[ ( turn+1 & 9 ! ,revis$ %ad[ t is ca/ by turn+1 has receiv$ a great v>iety ( translations & explanations4 ,! ,old ,lat91 modicum obumbrationis1 l ! ,greek comm5tators1 makes %ade1 trace1 small am\nt4 ,x is d\btful :e!r ! r>e comp\nd ev] acquir$ ?is mean+2 b ! op9ion ( ,greeks on ?is po9t is ( great weight1 & c]ta9ly ?is mean+ makes good s5se4 ,! ,vulgate1 vicissitud9is obumbratio1 is z difficult z ! ,greek2 & ,augu/9e's mom5ti obumbratio comes f ! false read+ 4 ,%ad[ ca/ by turn+ does n seem to be v helpful1 :e!r we int]pret turn+ to mean ! revolutions ( ! sun or ( ! e>?1 or ! *anges ( nature g5]ally4 ,p]haps ! g5itive is ! g5itive ( quality1 %ad[ ( *ange = *ang+ %ad[2 s ,/i] & ,!il1 we*selnde ,bes*attung1 & ,/olz abwe*selnde ,v]dunkelung4 ,comp4 7i4 #be71 &1 see ! ,expositor1 ,sept4 #ahhi1 pp4 #bbh-cj4 #de ,9 ! ,acta ,philippi1 ,apocal4 ,apocr41 ed4 ,tis*5dorf1 p4 #adg1 we h1 ,bless$ is he :o ha? 8 raim5t :ite2 = he x is :o receive? ! cr[n ( joy4 ,see ,a4 ,res*1 ,agrapha2 ,auss]canonis*e ,evangeli5fragm5te 7,leipzig1 #ahhi71 p4 #bed4 #df ,! punctuation & ord] ( words 9 bo? ,a4,v4 & ,r4,v4 seem to be faulty3 entic$1 q z mu* z drawn away1 belongs to by 8 own lu/4 ,moreov]1 ! metaphor is n s$uction f ! "r road1 b allur+ out ( security into dang]4 #dg ,see ,r4 ,h4 ,hutton on ,! ,s]vice ( ,man1 9 ! ,contempor>y ,review1 ,april1 #ahhg1 p4 #dib4 #dh ,or1 l$ a/ray 774 ,! ^w implies fundam5tal dep>ture f ! tru? 7v4 #ai2 ,john vii4 #dg2 #a ,john i4 #h2 ii4 #bf2 iii4 #g2 ,rev4 xviii4 #bc74 #di ,! words =m an hexamet] 9 ! orig9al1 :i* may be ei!r accid5tal or a quotation3 7,e gift t is good1 & e boon t is p]fect74 #ej ,see ,f4 ,d4 ,maurice1 ,unity ( ! ,n4,t4 7,p>k]1 #ahed71 pp4 #cbj-bc4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,delusion ,,( ,,he>+ ,,)\t ,,do+4 ,,! ,,mirror ,,( ,,god',s ,,^w4 ,b be ye do]s ( ! ^w1 & n he>]s only1 delud+ y\r own selves4 ,= if any "o is a he>] ( ! ^w1 & n a do]1 he is l unto a man behold+ 8 natural face 9 a mirror3 = he beholde? himself1 & goe? away1 & /raightway =gette? :at mann] ( man he 04 ,b he t looke? into ! p]fect law1 ! law ( lib]ty1 & s cont9ue?1 be+ n a he>] t =gette?1 b a do] t worke?1 ?is man %all be bless$ 9 8 do+4--,,/4 ,,james i4 #bb-be4 ,"h we rea* :at on ! :ole seems to be ! ma9 ?\ght ( ! ,epi/le--! all-importance ( ,*ri/ian activity & s]vice4 ,! ess5tial ?+1 )\t :i* o!r ?+s1 h[ev] good 9 !mselves1 become insignificant or wor?less1 or ev5 mis*iev\s1 is conduct4 ,ev]y?+ else1 if n accompani$ by practice1 by avoid+ evil & do+ good1 is va94 ,9 ,bi%op ,butl]'s words1 religion does n consi/ 9 ! k & belief ev5 ( fundam5tal tru?1 b r 9 our be+ br\ght to a c]ta9 temp] & behavi\r2 or z ,/4 ,john puts x /ill m simply1 only he :o doe? righte\sness is righte\s4 ,suff]+ injuries1 pov]ty1 & temptations1 he>+ ! ,^w1 tea*+ ! ,^w1 fai?1 wisdom 7i4 #b1 #i1 #ab1 #ai2 ii4 #ad-bf2 iii4 #g-ac71 are all ( !m excell5t2 b if !y are n accompani$ by a holy life1 a life ( pray] & g5tle words & good de$s1 !y are valueless4 ,!re are two or ?ree o!r lead+ ?\ghts1 b !y are all ( !m subord9at$ to ?is ma9 ?\ght ( ! necessity = ,*ri/ian conduct z well z ,*ri/ian belief & wisdom4 ,"o ( ^! second>y ?\ghts has already be5 notic$ m ?an once--! bless$ness ( endur+ temptations & o!r trials2 x is specially prom95t 9 ! fir/ & la/ *apt]s 7i4 #b-d1 #ab2 v4 #g-aa74 ,ano!r ( ! second>y topics :i* h a prom95t place 9 ! lett] is ! p]il ( mu* speak+4 ,x introduces & closes ! section :i* lies imm$iately be=e u 7i4 #ai1 #bf71 & x is dwelt ^u at l5g? 9 ! ?ird *apt]4 ,yet a ?ird topic :i* _c fail to attract ! att5tion ( ! read] is ! pref]5ce giv5 to ! poor ov] ! ri* z reg>ds _! spiritual opportunities1 & ! /]n w>n+s address$ to all ^? ^: weal? leads !m to become tyrannical4 ,?is subject is specially prom95t 9 ! fir/1 second1 & la/ *apt]s 7i4 #aj1 #aa2 ii4 #a-g2 v4 #a-f74 ,b all ^! matt]s are look$ at f ! po9t ( view ( ,*ri/ian conduct & s]vice4 ,!y are n 9 any "o case ! idea :i* b9ds toge!r ! :ole ,epi/le1 b !y lead up to x & emphasize x4 ,if we 7 to s+le out "o v]se z 9 a special way summ+ up ! tea*+ ( ! :ole lett]1 we c\ld h>dly f9d "o m suitable = ! purpose ?an ! fir/ ( ! f\r :i* /& at ! head ( ! pres5t *apt]3 ,be ye do]s ( ! ^w1 & n he>]s only1 delud+ y\r own selves4 ,x w be wor? :ile to exam9e ?is simple & mo/ practical exhortation some:at 9 detail4 ,x is "o ( ! _m say+s 9 ! ,epi/le :i* irresi/ibly rem9d u ( ! tea*+ ( ,jesus ,*ri/2 n z be+ a quotation f any ( ,8 record$ disc\rses1 b z be+ an indep5d5t reproduction ( ! sub/ance ( ,8 conv]sation by "o :o 0 q famili> ) x1 b 0 n famili> ) ! writt5 ,gospels4 ,_h ! writ] ( ?is lett] be5 well acqua9t$ ) any ( ! f\r ,gospels1 he c\ld h>dly h escap$ be+ influ5c$ by !m1 & ! e*oes ( ,*ri/'s tea*+ :i* we f9d 9 its pages w\ld h be5 m closely 9 accordance ) ! reports ( ,8 words :i* !y conta94 ,?is feature ( ! ,epi/le h>monizes well ) its be+ writt5 by ! ,"l's bro!r1 :o mu/ h be5 v famili> ) ! ,"l's tea*+1 & :o wrote be=e ,a4,d4 #fb1 i4e4 at a "t :5 p]haps n "o ( our ,gospels 0 writt51 & :5 c]ta9ly none ( !m c h _h a v wide circulation4 ,m w be said ^u ?is po9t h]eaft] 7p4 #cjh73 = ! pres5t x suffices to po9t out ! resemblance betwe5 ?is w>n+ aga9/ ! delusion ( ?9k+ t he>+ )\t do+ is ( any avail1 & ! w>n+ :i* closes ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt3 ,e "o :i* he>e? ^! words ( ,m9e1 & doe? !m1 %all be lik5$ unto a wise man1 :i* built 8 h\se ^u ! rock4444 ,& e "o t he>e? ^! words ( ,m9e1 & doe? !m n1 %all be lik5$ unto a fooli% man1 :i* built 8 h\se ^u ! s&3 & ! ra9 desc5d$1 & ! floods came1 & ! w9ds blew1 & smote ^u t h\se2 & x fell3 & great 0 ! fall !re( 7,matt4 vii4 #bd-bg74 ,be ye do]s ( ! ,^w4 ,bo? v]b & t5se are rem>kable 773 ,become do]s ( ! ,^w4 ,true ,*ri/ian practice is a ?+ ( gr[?2 x is a process1 & a process :i* has already begun1 & is cont9ually go+ on4 ,we may comp>e1 ,become ye !re=e wise z s]p5ts1 & h>mless z doves 7,matt4 x4 #af72 ,!re=e become ye also ready 7xxiv4 #dd72 & ,become n fai?less1 b believ+ 7,john xx4 #bg2 :]e see ,we/cott's note74 ,become do]s ( ! ,^w is m expressive ?an ,be do]s ( ! ,^w1 & a good deal m expressive ?an ,d ! ,^w4 ,a do] ( ! ,^w 7 7 is su* by pr(ession & practice2 ! phrase expresses a habit4 ,b "o :o m]ely incid5tally p]=ms :at is prescrib$ may be said to d ! ,^w4 ,by ! ,^w is meant :at j be=e has be5 call$ ! implant$ ,^w & ! ,^w ( tru? 7w4 #ba1 #ah71 & :at 9 ?is passage is also call$ ! p]fect law1 ! law ( lib]ty 7v]4 #be71 i4e4 ! ,gospel4 ,! p>able ( ! ,s[] illu/rates 9 detail ! mean+ ( becom+ an habitual do] ( ! implant$ ,^w4 ,& n he>]s only4 ,! ord] ( ! words 9 ! ,greek is a little d\btful1 ! au?orities be+ v mu* divid$2 b ! balance is 9 fav\r ( tak+ only closely ) he>]s 7 r ?an 72 ,be n su* z are m]e he>]s & no?+ m4 ,! ^w = he>] occurs n[h]e else 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 except+ 9 ! s+ul>ly simil> passage 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans1 :i* is "o ( ! passages t give support to ! !ory t ei!r ,/4 ,paul _h se5 ?is ,epi/le1 or ,/4 ,james _h se5 ,/4 ,paul's3 ,n ! he>]s 77 ( a law are j be=e ,god1 b ! do]s ( a law %all be ju/ifi$1 7,rom4 ii4 #ac2 see above1 p4 #eg74 ,! v]b 77 does n occur 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t2 b ano!r cognate sub/antive 771 mean+ a place ( he>+1 is f\nd 9 ! ,acts 7xxv4 #bc74 ,9 classical ,greek ?is gr\p ( words indicates att5tive li/5+1 especially 9 ! case ( ^? :o att5d ! lectures ( philosoph]s & ! addresses ( public speak]s4 ,x is ?us us$ frequ5tly 9 ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 ,?ucydides1 & ,plut>*4 ,x is some:at too ha/ily conclud$ t !re is no?+ ( ?is k9d includ$ ei!r 9 ?is passage or 9 ,rom4 ii4 #ac4 ,possibly t is ! v ?+ to :i* bo? ,/4 ,james & ,/4 ,paul allude4 ,/4 ,james1 9 ! address :i* he made to ! s-call$ ,c\ncil ( ,j]usalem1 says1 ,moses f g5]ations ( old ha? 9 e city !m t prea* him1 be+ read 9 ! synagogues e ,sabba? 7,acts xv4 #ba74 ,! ,jews came ) great punctili\sness to ^! weekly ga!r+s1 & li/5$ ) mu* att5tion to ! public read+ & exposition ( ! ,law2 & too _m ( !m ?\ght t ) t ! *ief "p ( _! duty 0 p]=m$4 ,?is habitual public te/imony ( respect = ! ,mosaic ,law & ! traditional int]pretations ( x1 & ?is zeal to acquire a k ( its cont5ts & an insight into its mean+1 0 ! ma9 portion ( :at 0 requir$ ( !m4 ,?is1 ,/4 ,james tells !m1 is mis]ably insuffici5t1 :e!r :at !y he> be ! ,law or ! ,gospel1 ! ,law ) or )\t ! illum9ation ( ! life ( ,*ri/4 ,be+ swift to he> 7v]4 #ai7 & to und]/& is well1 b ap>t f works x is b>r54 ,x is ! habitual practice 9 /riv+ to d :at is he>d & und]/ood t is ( value4 ,n a he>] t =gette?1 b a do] t worke? is bless$1 & bless$ 9 8 do+4 ,to suppose t m]e he>+ br+s a bless+ is delud+ y\r own selves4 ,b$e rightly quotes ,rev4 i4 #c 9 illu/ration3 ,bless$ are !y t he> ! words ( ! prophecy1 & keep ! ?+s :i* are writt5 !re94 ,! ^w "h us$ = delud+ 77 is f\nd n[h]e else 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 except+ 9 "o passage 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,colossians 7ii4 #d71 9 :i* ,/4 ,paul w>ns !m aga9/ all[+ any "o to delude !m ) p]suasiv5ess ( spee*4 ,b ! ^w is fairly common bo? 9 ord9>y ,greek & 9 ! ,septuag9t4 ,its mean+ is to mislead ) fallaci\s reason+1 & ! sub/antive 77 is ! ,ari/otelian t]m = a fallacy4 ,! ^w does n necess>ily imply t ! fallaci\s reason+ is kn[n to be fallaci\s by ^? :o employ x4 ,to express t we %\ld r h ! ^w :i* is us$ 9 #b ,pet] i4 #af to *>act]ize cunn+ly devis$ fables 7 74 ,"h we are to und]/& t ! victims ( ! delusion d n1 al?\gh !y might1 see ! wor?lessness ( ! reasons ^u :i* _! self-cont5tm5t is bas$4 ,x is precisely 9 ?is t ! dang] ( _! position lies4 ,self-deceit is ! mo/ subtle & fatal deceit4 ,! m]e k ( ! law d]iv$ f _! att5tive li/5+ to x does b increase _! evil case1 if !y d n practise x4 ,to him t kn[e? to d good1 & doe? x n1 to him x is s9 7iv4 #ag74 ,! ,jews h a say+ t ! man :o he>s )\t practis+ is l a husb&man :o pl\ghs & s[s1 b nev] reaps4 ,su* an illu/ration1 be+ tak5 f natural ph5om5a1 w\ld be q 9 h>mony ) ! mann] ( ,/4 ,james2 b he en=ces 8 mean+ by employ+ a f> m /rik+ illu/ration4 ,he :o is a he>] & n a do] is l unto a man behold+ 8 natural face 9 a mirror4 ,almo/ all ! words 9 ?is s5t5ce are wor?y ( sep>ate att5tion4 ,is l unto a man 7 74 ,/4 ,james uses ! m def9ite ^w1 :i* usually excludes wom51 & sometimes boys also4 ,he does n say1 is l unto a p]son 771 :i* w\ld h includ$ bo? sexes & all ages4 ,a some:at qua9t explanation has be5 sugge/$ by ,paes1 & adopt$ z probable else:]e2 viz4 t m51 z a rule1 give only a pass+ look to !mselves 9 ! glass2 :]eas x is a fem99e weakness to be fond ( att5tive obs]vations4 ,b x is fatal to ?is sugge/ion t ! ^w "h us$ = behold+ 77 means to fix "o's m9d ^u1 & consid] att5tively4 ,x is ! ^w us$ 9 ,consid] ! rav5s1 & ,consid] ! lilies 7,luke xii4 #bd1 #bg74 ,moreov]1 ! ,greeks sometimes d :at we v frequ5tly d 9 speak+ ( ! human race2 !y employ ! male sex z repres5tative ( bo?4 ,?is usage is f\nd 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t2 e4g4 ,! que5 ( ! ,s\? %all rise up 9 ! judgm5t ) ! m5 7 7 ( ?is g5]ation1 & %all condemn !m4444 ,! m5 77 ( ,n9eveh %all /& up 9 ! judgm5t ) ?is g5]ation1 & %all condemn x 7,luke xi4 #ca1 #cb74 ,"h x is impossible t ! wom5 are n includ$4 ,& ?is use ( man 77 9 ! s5se ( human be+ is specially common 9 ,/4 ,james4 ,we h x f\r times 9 ?is *apt] 7vv4 #h1 #ab1 #bj1 #bc71 & aga9 9 ! second 7v]4 #b7 & ?ird 7v]4 #b74 ,?is man1 !n1 att5tively /udies 8 natural face 9 a mirror4 ,! words = 8 natural face lit]ally mean ! face ( 8 bir? 7 71 i4e4 ! features ) :i* he 0 born2 & ! mirror w\ld be a piece ( poli%$ metal1 :i*1 h[ev] excell5t1 w\ld n reflect ! features ) ! cle>ness & fidelity ( a mod]n look+-glass4 ,h5ce ! necessity = att5tive obs]vation1 ! result ( :i* is t ! man recognizes 8 own face beyond all "q4 ,b :at foll[s8 ,he beheld himself1 & he has gone away1 & he /raightway =got :at mann] ( man he 04 ,! p]fect t5se betwe5 two aori/s gives a lively simplicity to ! n>ration 7 444 444 74 ,?is is repres5t$ z a common case1 ?\gh n an inv>iable "o4 ,mo/ ( u "k our own features suffici5tly well to recognize !m 9 a good repres5tation ( !m1 b d n c>ry 9 our m9ds a v accurate image ( !m4 ,b :at has all ?is to d ) be+ he>]s1 & n do]s1 ( ! ,^w8 ,! spok5 or writt5 ,^w ( ,god is ! mirror4 ,:5 we he> x prea*$1 or /udy x = ourselves1 we c f9d ! reflexion ( ourselves 9 x1 our temptations & weaknesses1 our fail+s & s9s1 ! influ5ces ( ,god's ,_s ^u u1 & ! impress ( ,8 grace4 ,x is "h t we notice "o m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 ! inspiration ( ! sacr$ writ]s & ! inspiration ( ! poet & ! dramati/4 ,! latt] %[ u o!r p to ! life2 ,scripture %[s u ourselves4 ,our mirror is a bless$ book1 ,:]e out f ea* illum9$ page ,we see "o glori\s image look1 ,all eyes to dazzle & engage1 ,! ,son ( ,god2 & t inde$ ,we see ,him z ,he is we "k1 ,s9ce 9 ! same bright glass we read ,! v life ( ?+s bel[4 ,eye ( ,god's ,^w1 :]e'er we turn ,ev] ^u u6 ?y ke5 gaze ,c all ! dep?s ( s9 disc]n1 ,unravel e bosom's maze4 ,:o t has felt ?y glance ( dread ,?rill ?r\gh 8 he>t's remote/ cells1 ,ab\t 8 pa?1 ab\t 8 b$1 ,c d\bt :at ,_s 9 !e dwells8#ea ,keble's metaphor is some:at m elaborate ?an ,/4 ,james's4 ,he repres5ts ! ,bible z a mirror1 out ( :i* ! reflect$ image ( ! ,son ( ,god looks ^u u & reads our inmo/ selves4 ,/4 ,james supposes t 9 ! mirror we see ourselves reflect$4 ,b ! ?\ght is ! same1 t ?r\gh he>+ or read+ ,god's ,^w our k ( our *>act]s is quick5$4 ,b does ?is quick5$ k la/8 does x lead to action1 or influ5ce our conduct8 ,too (t5 we leave ! *ur* or our /udy1 & ! impression produc$ by ! recognition ( ! features ( our own case is oblit]at$4 ,we /raightway =get :at mann] ( m5 we are1 & ! insight :i* has be5 grant$ to u into our own true selves is j "o m wa/$ exp]i5ce4 ,b ?is ne$ n be s1 & 9 "s cases a v diff]5t result may be notic$4 ,in/ead ( m]ely look+ att5tively = a %ort "t1 he may /oop d[n & pore ov] x4 ,in/ead ( =?) go+ away1 he may cont9ue 9 ! /udy ( x4 ,& in/ead ( /raightway =gett+1 he may prove a m9dful do] t worke?4 ,?us ! ?ree p>ts ( ! two pictures are made exactly to balance4 ,! ^w = look+ into is an int]e/+ "o 774 ,x indicates b5d+ =w>d to exam9e e>ne/ly4 ,x is us$ ( ,pet] look+ into ! sepul*re 7,luke xxiv4 #ab1 a v]se ( d\btful g5u95ess72 & ( ,m>y ,magdal5e do+ ! same 7,john xx4 #aa72 & ( ! angels desir+ to look into heav5ly my/]ies 7#a ,pet] i4 #ab74 ,he :o does ?is recognizes ,god's ,^w z be+ ! p]fect law1 ! law ( lib]ty4 ,! two ?+s are ! same4 ,x is :5 ! law is se5 to be p]fect t x is f\nd to be ! law ( lib]ty4 ,s long z ! law is n se5 9 ! beauty ( its p]fection1 x is n lov$1 & m5 ei!r disobey x or obey x by con/ra9t & unwill+ly4 ,x is !n a law ( bondage4 ,b :5 its p]fection is recogniz$ m5 long to con=m to x2 & !y obey1 n because !y mu/1 b because !y *oose4 ,to d :at "o likes is fre$om1 & !y l to obey4 ,x is 9 ?is way t ! moral law ( ! ,gospel becomes ! law ( lib]ty1 n by impos+ few] obligations ?an ! moral law ( ! ,jew or ( ! ,g5tile1 b by infus+ into ! he>ts ( ^? :o welcome x a disposition & a desire to obey4 ,*ri/ian lib]ty is nev] lic5ce4 ,x is n ! relaxation ( ne$ful re/ra9ts1 b ! spontane\s acceptance ( !m z excell5t 9 !mselves & b5eficial to ^? :o obs]ve !m4 ,x is ! diff]5ce betwe5 a code impos$ by ano!r1 & a con/itution volunt>ily adopt$4 ,to be made to "w = "o :om "o fe>s is slav]y & mis]y2 to *oose to "w = "o :om "o loves is fre$om & happ9ess4 ,! ,gospel has n aboli%$ ! moral law2 x has suppli$ a new & adequate motive = fulfill+ x4 ,be+ n a he>] t =gette?4 ,lit]ally1 hav+ become n a he>] ( =getfulness 7 72 i4e4 hav+ by practice come to be a he>]1 :o is *>act]iz$1 n by =getfulness ( :at he he>s1 b by att5tive p]=mance ( x4#eb ,! unusual ^w =getfulness occurs n[h]e else 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 nor 9 classical ,greek2 b x is f\nd 9 ,ecclesia/icus 7xi4 #bg71 ,! affliction ( an h\r cause? =getfulness ( pleasure2 & ?is adds a trifle to ! evid5ce t ,/4 ,james 0 acqua9t$ ) t book 7see above1 p4 #ga74 ,a he>] ( =getfulness exactly balances1 bo? 9 =m & 9 ?\ght1 a do] ( "w2 & ?is is well br\ght out by ! ,revis]s1 :o turn bo? g5itives by a relative clause3 a he>] t =gette?1 & a do] t worke?4 ,! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion is mu* less happy3 a =getful he>]1 b a do] ( ! "w4 ,!re is no article 9 ! ,greek1 & ! translation ( "o g5itive by an adjective1 & ( ! o!r by a g5itive1 is un=tunate4 ,a do] ( "w 7 71 or a do] t worke?1 is an expression t emphasizes j :at ,/4 ,james wi%es to emphasize1 viz4 ! necessity ( actively practis+ :at is att5tively he>d4 ,a do] w\ld h suffic$1 b a do] t worke? makes ! idea ( habitual action /ill m prom95t4 ,?is man %all be bless$ 9 8 do+ 7 74 ,once m we h a ^w :i* is f\nd n[h]e else 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 b occurs 9 ,ecclesia/icus 7xix4 #bj71 & ) mu* ! same mean+ z "h3 ,all wisdom is fe> ( ! ,"l2 & 9 all wisdom !re is do+ ( ! law 7 74 ,! correspond5ce betwe5 ! mean+ ( ,/4 ,james & ! mean+ ( ! son ( ,sira* is v close4 ,m]e k )\t p]=mance is ( little wor?3 x is 9 ! do+ t a bless+ c be f\nd4 ,! dang] aga9/ :i* ,/4 ,james w>ns ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ians ( ! ,disp]sion is z press+ n[ z x 0 :5 he wrote4 ,nev] 0 !re a "t :5 int]e/ 9 ! ,scriptures 0 m ke5 or m widely spread1 especially among ! educat$ classes2 & nev] 0 !re a "t :5 great] facilities = gratify+ ?is int]e/ ab\nd$4 ,comm5t>ies1 expositions1 criticisms1 introductions1 helps ( all k9ds1 exegetical1 homiletic1 hi/orical1 & textual1 suitable bo? = le>n$ & unle>n$ /ud5ts1 multiply ye> by ye>4 ,b x is mu* to be fe>$ t ) _m ( u ! int]e/ 9 ! sacr$ writ+s :i* is ?us r\s$ & fo/]$ rema9s to a v l>ge ext5t a lit]>y int]e/4 ,we are mu* m eag] to "k all ab\t ,god's ,^w ?an f x to le>n ,8 w respect+ ourselves1 t we may d x2 to prove t a book is g5u9e ?an to practise :at x enjo9s4 ,we /udy ,lives ( ,*ri/1 b we d n foll[ ! life ( ,*ri/4 ,we pay ,him ! empty homage ( an intellectual int]e/ 9 ,8 words & works1 b we d n ! ?+s :i* ,he says4 ,we ?rong & press ,him 9 our curiosity1 b we obta9 no bless+1 because 9 all our he>+ & le>n+ !re is no true wisdom1 no fe> ( ! ,"l1 & no do+ ( ,8 ,^w4 #ea ,! ,*ri/ian ,ye>1 ,/4 ,b>?olomew's ,day4 #eb ,?is *>act]iz+ g5itive is n exactly a ,hebraism1 l *ildr5 ( wra?1 son ( p]dition1 son ( light1 & ! l2 b ! use ( ! g5itive 9 place ( an adjective is m common 9 ,ori5tal languages1 & !re=e 9 ,greek :i* is "u ,ori5tal influ5ces4 ,see p4 #abb4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,*ri/ology ,,( ,,/4 ,,james4 ,,! ,,practical ,,unbelief ,,involv$ ,,9 ,,%[+ ,a ,,worldly ,,respect ,,( ,,p]sons ,,9 ,,public ,,wor%ip4 ,my bre?r51 hold n ! fai? ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! ,"l ( glory1 ) respect ( p]sons4 ,= if !re come into y\r synagogue a man ) a gold r+1 9 f9e clo?+1 & !re come 9 also a poor man 9 vile clo?+2 & ye h reg>d to him t we>e? ! f9e clo?+1 & say1 ,sit ?\ "h 9 a good place2 & ye say to ! poor man1 ,/& ?\ !re1 or sit "u my foot/ool2 are ye n divid$ 9 y\r own m9d1 & become judges ) evil ?\ghts8--,,/4 ,,james ii4 #a-d4 ,z has be5 /at$ already1 9 a previ\s *apt] 7p4 #bc71 "o ( ,lu!r's ma9 objections to ?is ,epi/le is t x does n prea* & urge ,*ri/4 ,x tea*es ,*ri/ian p1 & yet does n once notice ! ,passion1 ! ,resurrection1 ! ,_s ( ,*ri/4 ,! writ] names ,*ri/ a few times2 b he tea*es no?+ ( ,him1 b speaks ( g5]al fai? 9 ,god4 ,?is indictm5t has be5 m fully drawn out by a mod]n writ]4 ,! au?or's /&-po9t is ,jewi% r ?an ,*ri/ian4 ,! ideas are ca/ 9 a ,jewi% m\ld4 ,! v "n ( ,*ri/ occurs b twice 7i4 #a2 ii4 #a71 & ,8 atonem5t is sc>cely t\*$4 ,we see little m ?an ! ?re%old ( ! new sy/em4 ,x is ! tea*+ ( a ,*ri/ian ,jew1 r ?an ( "o :o _h rea*$ a true appreh5sion ( ! ess5ce ( ,*ri/'s religion4 ,! doctr9al developm5t is imp]fect4 ,x is only necess>y to read ! entire ,epi/le to p]ceive ! tru? ( ^! rem>ks4 ,9 w>n+ 8 read]s aga9/ transgression ( ! law by p>tiality to individuals1 ! au?or adduces ,jewi% r ?an ,*ri/ian motives 7ii4 #h-ac74 ,! great] "p ( ! ?ird *apt]1 respect+ ! gov]nm5t ( ! tongue1 is ( ! same "*1 9 :i* ,*ri/'s example is n once allud$ to1 ! illu/rations be+ tak5 f objects 9 nature4 ,! w>n+ aga9/ un*>itable judgm5t does n ref] to ,*ri/1 or to ,god1 :o puts ,8 ,_s 9 ! he>ts ( believ]s1 b to ! law 7iv4 #aj-ab74 ,he :o judges 8 neighb\r judges ! law4 ,! exhortation to feel & act "u con/ant remembrance ( ! dep5d5ce ( our life on ,god belongs to ! same category 7iv4 #ac-ag74 ,he t kn[s good )\t do+ x is e>ne/ly admoni%$ to practise virtue & to avoid self-security1 )\t ref]5ce to motives connect$ ) r$emption4 ,job & ! ,prophets are quot$ z examples ( pati5ce1 n ,*ri/2 & ! efficacy ( pray] is prov$ by ! in/ance ( ,elias1 )\t allusion to ! ,r$eem]'s promise 7v4 #ag74 ,! ,epi/le is w\nd up aft] ! same ,jewi% fa%ion1 ?\gh ! opportunity ( m5tion+ ,*ri/1 :o gave ,himself a ,sacrifice = s91 pres5t$ itself naturally4#ec ,all ?is may be admitt$1 )\t at all cons5t+ to ! conclusion :i* is drawn f x4 ,sev]al o!r consid]ations mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt be=e we c =m a satisfactory op9ion respect+ ! :ole case4 ,few ?+s are m mislead+1 9 ! int]pretation ( ,scripture1 ?an ! insi/+ ^u "o set ( facts & texts1 & pass+ ov] all t is to be f\nd on ! o!r side4 ,9 ?is mann] ! mo/ opposite views may be equally prov$ f ,scripture4 ,univ]salism & ! es*atology ( ,calv91 ,pelagianism & ,fatalism1 ,papalism & ,presbyt]ianism4 ,fir/1 bo? logically & *ronologically ! tea*+ ( ,/4 ,james prec$es t ( ,/4 ,paul & ( ,/4 ,john4 ,to call x retrograde :5 comp>$ ) ei!r ( !m is to call a *ild retrograde :5 comp>$ ) a man4 ,/4 ,paul _h to fe$ 8 conv]ts ) milk be=e he f$ !m ) meat1 & ! :ole ( ! congregations address$ by ,/4 ,james 9 ?is lett] mu/ h be5 at a comp>atively e>ly /age ( developm5t4 ,9 "s respects ev5 ! ,"m ,*ur* ( ,j]usalem1 f :i* 8 lett] 0 writt51 did n get beyond ^! e>ly /ages4 ,be=e x _h done s ! c5tre ( ,*ri/5dom _h mov$ f ,j]usalem to ,antio*2 & to ,j]usalem x nev] return$4 ,x 0 useless to build a /ructure ( doctr9e be=e a f\ndation ( morality _h be5 laid4 ,adv5t mu/ come be=e ,*ri/mas1 & ,l5t be=e ,ea/]4 ,! manifold significance ( ! great tru?s ( ! ,inc>nation & ! ,resurrection w\ld n be well appreciat$ by ^? :o 7 neglect+ "s ( ! pla9e/ pr9ciples ( ! moral law2 & to appeal to ! sanctions :i* e ,jew f 8 *ildhood _h be5 accu/om$ to reg>d z f9al 0 probably 9 ! long-run m conv9c+ ?an to rem9d ^! conv]ts ( ! additional sanctions :i* !y _h admitt$ :5 !y ent]$ ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,moreov]1 !re are passages 9 ! ,epi/le :i* seem to %[ t ,/4 ,james at times looks aside to address ,jews :o are n ,*ri/ians at all1 & x may be t ev5 :5 ,he addresses ,*ri/ian conv]ts he delib]ately pref]s argum5ts :i* w\ld weigh ) ,jew & ,*ri/ian alike to ^? :i* w\ld appeal to ! latt] only4 ,l ,/4 ,paul himself1 he 0 will+ to become to ! ,jews a ,jew1 t he might w9 ! ,jews4 ,besides :i*1 we mu/ all[ some?+ = ! bias ( 8 own m9d4 ,to 8 dea? he rema9$ 9 _m respects1 n only a sa9tly %eph]d ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 b also a ,hebrew ( ,hebrews4 ,he is ! la/ ,jewi% prophet z well z ! fir/ ,*ri/ian bi%op1 a ,hebrew ,rabbi inside ! ,*ur*2 & ev5 if ! condition ( 8 read]s _h n made x desirable to lay mu* /ress ^u ! ,law & ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! associations ( a lifetime w\ld h l$ him frequ5tly to ^? old s\rces ( tru? & morality1 all ! m s z no au?oritative ,*ri/ian lit]ature 0 z yet 9 exi/5ce4 ,x 0 "p ( 8 mission to help 9 creat+ su* a lit]ature4 ,he sets "o ( ! fir/1 x may be ! v fir/1 ( ! my/ic /ones1 :i*1 al?\gh app>5tly ?r[n toge!r )\t ord] or connexion1 =m s h>moni\s & s complete a :ole2 & alike 9 ! solidity ( its mat]ial & 9 ! simplicity ( its =m ?is ,epi/le is well fitt$ to be "o ( ! fir/ /ones 9 su* a build+4 ,b x is easy to g away ) an exagg]at$ view ( ! s-call$ defici5cies ( ?is lett] z reg>ds di/9ctly ,*ri/ian tea*+4 ,! passage be=e u is a /rong piece ( evid5ce1 & ev5 if x /ood alone x w\ld c>ry u a long way4 ,moreov]1 ! /r5g? ( x is n mu* affect$ by ! ambiguity ( con/ruction :i* confronts u 9 ! orig9al4 ,x is impossible to say ) absolute c]ta9ty h[ ! g5itive ( glory 7 7 ought to be tak52 b ! ,revis]s are possibly "r3 ,hold n ! fai? ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 7! ,"l7 ( glory1 ) respect ( p]sons4#ed ,nor does x mu* matt] :e!r we take ! ,greek negative 7 444 7 z an imp]ative1 ,d n g on hold+2 or z an int]rogative :i* expects a negative reply1 ,d ye hold8 ,9 any case we h ! ,div9ity ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 & ! fact ( ,8 be+ an object ( fai? to ,*ri/ians1 plac$ be=e u 9 cle> language4 ,no m]e ,jew1 & no ,ebionite :o believ$ t ,jesus 0 a m]e man1 c\ld h writt5 ?us4 ,& ! words ) :i* ! ,epi/le op5s are sc>cely less m>k$3 ,james1 ( ,god & ( ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ a bond-s]vant4 ,9 bo? passages ! title ,"l1 :i* 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t means ,jehovah1 is giv5 to ,jesus ,*ri/1 & 9 ! op5+ words ,god & ! ,"l ,jesus are plac$ side by side z equal4 ,moreov]1 ,/4 ,james1 :o might h claim$ hon\r z ! bro!r ( ! ,"l1 pref]s to /yle himself ,8 bond-s]vant4 ,he has kn[n ,*ri/ aft] ! fle%1 few m closely & intimately1 & he kn[s f exp]i5ce h[ little su* k avails3 h5ce=? kn[s he ,him s no m4 ,he :o does ! w ( ,god is ! true bro!r ( ! ,"l1 & x is ?is k9d ( relation%ip to ,*ri/ t he wi%es to secure = 8 read]s4 ,nor d ^! two passages1 9 :i* ,jesus ,*ri/ is m5tion$ by "n1 /& alone4 ,!re is ! "q1 ,d n !y blaspheme ! hon\rable ,"n by :i* ye 7 call$8 ,! hon\rable ,"n1 :i* _h be5 call$ ^u !m1 is t ( ,*ri/1 & if x c be blasphem$ x is a ,div9e ,"n 7ii4 #g74 ,! ,second ,adv5t ( ,*ri/1 ! com+ ( ! ,"l1 is a ?+ = :i* ,*ri/ians are to wait pati5tly & long+ly 7v4 #g-i71 & ! (fice :i* ,he w !n dis*>ge is t ( ! ,div9e ,judge ( all mank9d4 ,! com+ ( ! ,"l is at h&4 ,murmur n1 bre?r51 "o aga9/ ano!r1 t ye be n judg$3 behold1 ! ,judge /&e? be=e ! doors 7v4 #h1 #i74 ,nor h we yet exhau/$ ! passages :i* 9 ?is s+ul>ly practical & undoctr9al ,epi/le po9t cle>ly to ! c5tral doctr9e ( ! ,div9ity ( ,*ri/ & ,8 et]nal relation to ,8 ,*ur*4 ,is any among y sick8 ,let him call = ! eld]s ( ! ,*ur*2 & let !m pray ov] him1 ano9t+ him ) oil 9 ! ,"n ( ! ,"l3 & ! pray] ( fai? %all save him t is sick1 & ! ,"l %all raise him up 7v4 #ad1 #ae74 ,z 9 ! case ( ! man heal$ at ! ,beautiful ,gate ( ! ,temple 7,acts iii4 #f1 #af7 x is 9 ! ,"n ( ,jesus ,*ri/ ( ,naz>e?1 444 :om ,god rais$ f ! dead1 ev5 9 ?is ,"n1 t ! sick man is to be re/or$4 ,& "s int]pret]s 7,dorn] & ,von ,sod57 ?9k t ,*ri/ is includ$1 or ev5 exclusively int5d$1 9 ,"o is ! ,lawgiv] & ! ,judge 7iv4 #ab4 ,comp4 v4 #i74 ,?us ,liddon3 ,especially notewor?y is 8 ass]tion t ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! ,judge ( m51 is n ! delegat$ repres5tative ( an abs5t ,maje/y1 b is ,himself ! ,legislator en=c+ ,8 own laws4 ,! ,lawgiv]1 he says1 is ,"o ,be+ ) ! ,judge :o c save & c de/roy2 ! ,son ( man1 com+ 9 ! cl\ds ( heav51 has enact$ ! law :i* ,he ?us adm9i/]s4#ee ,b )\t tak+ into acc\nt expressions ( :i* ! int]pretation is op5 to d\bt1 !re is q en\gh to %[ u t ! ,div9ity ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 ,8 r$eem+ dea?1 ,8 abid+ p[]1 & ,8 return to judgm5t are ! basis ( ! moral tea*+ ( ,/4 ,james1 & are nev] long abs5t f 8 ?\ghts4 ,expressions1 "s ( :i* no m]e ,jew or ,ebionite c\ld h us$1 & o!rs :i* no su* imp]fect believ] w\ld h be5 likely to use1 ab\nd 9 ?is %ort ,epi/le1 9 spite ( its simple & practical "*4#ef ,my bre?r51 hold n ! fai? ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! ,"l ( glory1 ) respect ( p]sons4 ,^! words op5 a new section ( ! lett]1 z ! r5ew$ address indicates2 & al?\gh ! ,epi/le is n a set treatise1 capable ( analysis1 b a lett]1 9 :i* ! subjects to be treat$ are loosely /rung toge!r 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y occur to ! writ]1 yet ! connexion betwe5 ! two v diff]5t subjects ( ?is section & ! prec$+ "o c be trac$4 ,! previ\s section tea*es t mu* he>+ is bett] ?an mu* talk+1 & t mu* he>+ is wor?less )\t correspond+ conduct4 ,?is section d5\nces undue respect ( p]sons1 & especially ( weal?y p]sons dur+ public wor%ip4 ,! connect+ ?\ghts are religi\s wor%ip & ! treatm5t ( ! poor4 ,! conduct :i* is true devotion is practical b5evol5ce1 moral purity1 & unworldl9ess4 ,?is conclusion sugge/s a new subject1 worldly respect ( p]sons 9 public wor%ip4 ,t is ! v rev]se ( pure devotion4 ,to pr(ess "o's belief 9 ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! ,"l ( glory1 & at ! same "t %[ "o's belief 9 ! maje/y ( m]e money1 is griev\sly incongru\s4 ,/4 ,james is n mak+ any attack on diff]5ces ( rank1 or ass]t+ t no man is to be hon\r$ above ano!r4 ,he is po9t+ out t rev]5ce = ! weal?y is no "p ( ,*ri/ianity1 & t su* rev]5ce is peculi>ly out ( place 9 ! h\se ( ,god1 especially :5 x br+s ) x a correspond+ disreg>d ( ! poor4 ,if !re come into y\r synagogue4 ,?is is "o ( sev]al improvem5ts :i* ! ,revis]s h introduc$ into ?is passage4 ,! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion has assembly1 :i* obscures ! fact t ! lett] is writt5 9 ^? v e>ly days ( ! ,*ur* 9 :i* ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ians /ill att5d$ ! wor%ip ( ! ,temple & ! synagogue1 or if !y _h a sep>ate place ( wor%ip1 spoke ( x "u ! old famili> "n4 ,! latt] is probably :at is meant "h4 ,/4 ,james1 9 writ+ to ,*ri/ians1 w\ld h>dly speak ( a ,jewi% place ( wor%ip z y\r synagogue1 nor w\ld he h rebuk$ ,*ri/ians = ! way 9 :i* diff]5t p]sons 7 treat$ 9 a synagogue ( ! ,jews4 ,! supposition t ! article 7 7 indicates t ! "o synagogue ( ! entire ,jewi% ,*ri/ian ,disp]sion is meant1 i4e4 _! religi\s community symbolically describ$ by ! "n ( ! ,jewi% place ( wor%ip1 is q unf\nd$1 & aga9/ ! :ole context4 ,a typical incid5t--p]haps some?+ :i* _h actually be5 witness$ by ,/4 ,james1 or _h be5 report$ to him--is made ! vehicle ( a g5]al pr9ciple 7comp4 i4 #aa74 ,t ! ref]5ce is to judicial c\rts (t5 held 9 synagogues is also q gratuit\s1 & de/roys ! contra/ betwe5 pure religion & worldly respect ( p]sons 9 public wor%ip4 ,ano!r improvem5t introduc$ by ! ,revis]s is a uni=m translation ( ! ^w 77 caprici\sly r5d]$ app>el1 raim5t1 & clo?+4 ,only "o ^w is us$ 9 ! ,greek1 & x is mislead+ to use ?ree diff]5t words 9 ,engli%4 ,by a qua9t misuse ( ! v passage be=e u1 ! translators ( #afaa def5d _! want ( precision 9 su* matt]s1 & av[ t 9 _m cases precision 0 delib]ately sacrific$ to v>iety & to a wi% to hon\r z _m ,engli% words z possible by giv+ !m a place 9 ! ,bible6 ,9 ord9>y copies ( ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion ! ,address to ,k+ ,james is commonly giv51 ! f> m in/ructive ,address to ! ,read] nev]4 ,ne> ! close ( x ! translators say z foll[s3-- ,ano!r ?+ we ?9k good to admoni% !e ( 7g5tle ,read]7 t we h n ti$ ourselves to an uni=mity ( phras+1 or to an id5tity ( words1 z "s p]adv5ture w\ld wi% we _h done1 because !y obs]ve1 t "s le>n$ m5 "s :]e1 h be5 z exact z !y c\ld t way4 ,truly1 t we might n v>y f ! s5se ( t :i* we _h translat$ be=e1 if ! ^w signifi$ ! same ?+ 9 bo? places 7= !re be "s words t be n ( ! same s5se e :]e7 we 7 especially c>eful1 & made a consci5ce1 accord+ to our duty4 ,b1 t we %\ld express ! same notion 9 ! same p>ticul> ^w2 z = example1 if we translate ! ,hebrew or ,greek ^w once by ,purpose1 nev] to call x ,int5t2 if "o :]e ,j\rney+1 nev] ,travell+2 if "o :]e ,?9k1 nev] ,suppose2 if "o :]e ,pa91 nev] ,a*e2 if "o :]e ,joy1 nev] ,gladness1 etc4 ,?us to m9ce ! matt]1 we ?\ght to sav\r m ( curiosity ?an wisdom1 & t r x w\ld bre$ scorn 9 ! ,a!i/1 ?an br+ pr(it to ! godly ,read]4 ,= is ! k+dom ( ,god become words or syllables8 :y %\ld we be 9 bondage to !m if we may be free1 use "o precisely1 :5 we may use ano!r no less fit1 z commodi\sly8 ,a godly ,fa!r 9 ! primitive "t %ew$ himself greatly mov$1 t "o ( new-fangl5ess call$ ?\gh ! diff]5ce be little or none 7,niceph4 ,call4 viii4 #db72 & ano!r reporte?1 t he 0 mu* abus$ = turn+ ,cucurbita 7to :i* read+ ! p _h be5 us$7 into ,h$]a 7,j]ome 9 iv4 ,jon4 ,see ,s4 ,augu/9e1 ,epi/4 #ga74 ,n[ if ?is happ5 9 bett] times1 & ^u s small occasions1 we might ju/ly fe> h>d c5sure1 if g5]ally we %\ld make v]bal & unnecess>y *ang+s4 ,we might also be *>g$ 7by sc(f]s7 ) "s unequal deal+ t[>ds a great numb] ( good ,engli% words4 ,= z x is writt5 ( a c]ta9 great ,philosoph]1 t he %\ld say1 t ^? logs 7 happy t 7 made images to be wor%ipp$2 = _! fell[s1 z good z !y1 lay = blocks beh9d ! fire3 s if we %\ld say1 z x 71 unto c]ta9 words1 ,/& up high]1 h a place 9 ! ,bible always1 & to o!rs ( a l quality1 ,get ye h5ce1 be bani%$ = ev]1 we might be tax$ p]adv5ture ) ,s4 ,james 8 words1 namely1 ,to be p>tial 9 our selves & judges ( evil ?\ghts4#eg ,9 ! passage be=e u ! repetition ( "o & ! same ^w = clo?+ is possibly n accid5tal4 ,! repetition acc5tuates ! fact t su* a ?+ z clo?+ is all[$ to be ! measure ( a man's m]it4 ,! ri* man is nei!r ! bett] nor ! worse = 8 f9e clo!s1 ! poor man nei!r ! bett] nor ! worse = 8 %abby clo!s4 ,! error lies 9 suppos+ t su* di/9ctions h any?+ to d ) religion1 or ought to be recogniz$ 9 public wor%ip2 & /ill m 9 suppos+ t any "o1 :e!r ri* or poor1 may at su* a "t be treat$ ) contumely4 ,are ye n divid$ 9 y\r own m9d1 & become judges ) evil ?\ghts8 ,"h1 z 9 ! fir/ v]se1 !re is a d\bt :e!r ! s5t5ce is an int]rogation or n4 ,9 ! =m] case ! mean+ is ! same1 :i*ev] way we take x2 = a "q :i* implies a negative answ] 7 int]rogative7 is equival5t to a prohibition4 ,9 ! pres5t case ! mean+ w be affect$ if we consid] ! s5t5ce to be a /atem5t ( fact1 & ! numb] ( translations :i* h be5 sugge/$ is v l>ge4 ,9 bo? cases we may safely foll[ ! ,vulgate & all ,engli% v]sions 9 mak+ ! fir/ v]se a prohibition1 & ! f\r? a "q4 ,are ye n divid$ 9 y\r own m9d8 ,or m lit]ally1 ,did ye n d\bt 9 y\rselves8 i4e4 on ! typical occasion m5tion$4 ,at ! outset ,/4 ,james says1 ,hold n ! fai? ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ ) respect ( p]sons4 ,b ! conduct describ$ respect+ ! treatm5t ( ! gold-r+$ man & ! squalidly clo!d man %[s t !y d h respect ( p]sons 9 _! religion1 & t %[s t g5u9e fai? 9 ,*ri/ is want+4 ,su* behavi\r proves t !y d\bt 9 !mselves4 ,!y are n s+le-he>t$ believ]s 9 ! ,"l ,jesus1 b d\ble-m9d$ d\bt]s 7i4 #f1 #g71 try+ to make ! be/ ( bo? worlds1 & to s]ve ,god & ,mammon4 ,! ^w r5d]$ d\bt 77 may mean di/+ui%3 ,d ye n make di/9ctions among y\rselves8 ,x is s tak5 by ,r5an 7,l',ant*ri/1 p4 #di7 & o!rs4 ,?is makes s5se1 b x is r obvi\s s5se2 = ( c\rse to give a ri* man a good place1 & a poor man a bad "o1 is mak+ di/9ctions4 ,x seems bett] to adh]e to ! mean+ :i* ! ^w c]ta9ly has 9 ! prec$+ *apt] 7i4 #f71 z well z else:]e 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t 7,matt4 xxi4 #ba2 ,m>k xi4 #bc2 ,acts x4 #bj2 ,rom4 iv4 #bj2 xiv4 #bc71 & und]/& x z ref]r+ to ! want ( fai? 9 ,*ri/ & 9 ,8 tea*+ :i* 0 display$ 9 a worldly pref]5ce = ! ri* ov] ! poor1 ev5 9 ^? s]vices 9 :i* ,8 words 7 to be taught & ,8 p]son ador$4 ,judges ) evil ?\ghts is an improvem5t on ! m lit]al b mislead+ judges ( evil ?\ghts 7 74 ,! mean+ ( ! g5itive case is t ! evil ?\ghts *>act]ize ! judges1 z 9 su* common phrases z m5 ( evil habits1 judges ( rem>kable sev]ity 7see above on he>]s ( =getfulness1 p4 #ajh74 ,! ^w = ?\ghts is "o :i* 9 itself sugge/s evil1 ev5 )\t any epi!t4 ,x is ! ^w us$ ( ! reason+s ( ! ,ph>isees1 :5 !y tax$ our ,"l ) blasphemy = =giv+ s9s 7,luke v4 #bb4 ,comp4 xxiv4 #ch74 ,/4 ,paul uses x ( ^? :o are va9 9 _! reason+s 7,rom4 i4 #ba2 #a ,cor4 iii4 #bj71 & c\ples ) x murmur+s 7,phil4 ii4 #ad7 z cong5ial company4 ,^? m5 :o1 ev5 :ile engag$ 9 ! public wor%ip ( ,god1 set !mselves up z judges to hon\r ! ri* & condemn ! poor1 7 n hold+ ! fai? ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 b 7 full ( evil d\bts1 que/ion+s1 & di/ru/4 #ec ,davidson1 ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ! ,n4,t4 vol4 i4 pp4 #cbg1 #cbh1 #bnd ed4 7,longmans1 #ahhb74 #ed ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a good deal to be said = ,b5gel's sugge/ion1 t is 9 apposition ) 4 4 1 i4e4 ! fai? ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 7:o is7 ! ,glory4 ,comp4 ,luke ii4 #cb2 ,eph4 i4 #g2 #a ,pet] iv4 #ad2 #b ,pet] i4 #ag2 ,col4 i4 #bg2 ,john i4 #ad4 ,see ,j4 ,b4 ,mayor's note 9 ! ,expositor1 ,sept41 #ahhi1 pp4 #bbe-bh4 #ee ,bampton ,lectures1 ,lect4 ,,vi1 p4 #dcc 7,riv+tons1 #ahfg74 #ef ,among ^! %\ld be includ$ ! phrases :i* ,/4 ,james uses to indicate ! ,gospel revelation3 ! ,^w ( tru? 7i4 #ah72 ! implant$ ,^w 7i4 #ba72 ! p]fect law1 ! law ( lib]ty 7i4 #be72 ! royal law 7ii4 #h74 #eg ,f ! ,exact ,repr9t ,page = ,page ( ! ,a4,v4 publi%$ 9 ! ,ye> ,,mdcxi4 7,ox=d1 #ahcc74 ,see also ,tr5* ,on ! ,a4,v4 ( ! ,n4,t41 pp4 #hc-aja1 & ,lightfoot ,on a ,fre% ,revision ( ! ,n4,t41 pp4 #cc-ei1 = "s excell5t rem>ks on ! h>m done by mak+ diff]5ces 9 ! ,engli% :]e !re is no diff]5ce 9 ! ,greek4 ,9 ! pres5t passage1 besides ! ?reefold translation ( 1 !re is a d\ble translation ( 7goodly app>el & gay clo?+71 & also ( 7come & come 974 ,9 #a ,john ii4 #bd we h ! same ^w 77 translat$ 9 ?ree diff]5t ways 7abide1 rema91 cont9ue7 9 ! same v]se1 entirely de/roy+ ! effect ( ,/4 ,john's impressive repetition4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,iniquity ,,( ,,respect+ ,,! ,,ri* ,,& ,,despis+ ,,! ,,poor4 ,,! ,,solid>ity ,,( ,,! ,,div9e ,,law4 ,he>k51 my belov$ bre?r52 did n ,god *oose !m t are poor z to ! _w to be ri* 9 fai?1 & heirs ( ! k+dom :i* ,he promis$ to !m t love ,him8 ,b ye h di%on\r$ ! poor man4 ,d n ! ri* oppress y1 & !mselves drag y be=e ! judgm5t-seats8 ,d n !y blaspheme ! hon\rable ,"n by ! :i* ye are call$8 ,h[beit if ye fulfil ! royal law1 accord+ to ! ,scripture1 ,?\ %alt love ?y neighb\r z ?yself1 ye d well3 b if ye h respect ( p]sons1 ye commit s91 be+ convict$ by ! law z transgressors4 ,= :osoev] %all keep ! :ole law1 & yet /umble 9 "o po9t1 he is become guilty ( all4--,,/4 ,,james ii4 #e-aj4 ,/4 ,james is v>i$ 9 8 /yle4 ,sometimes he writes %ort1 maxim-l s5t5ces1 :i* rem9d u ( ! ,book ( ,prov]bs2 sometimes1 z 9 ! passage be=e u1 he is z argum5tative z ,/4 ,paul4 ,hav+ condemn$ worldly respect ( p]sons z practical infidelity1 he proce$s to prove ! ju/ice ( ?is e/imate2 & he does s ) reg>d to bo? items ( ! acc\nt3 ^! respect]s ( p]sons are utt]ly wrong1 bo? 9 _! treatm5t ( ! poor & 9 _! treatm5t ( ! ri*4 ,! =m] is ! worse ( ! two2 = x is 9 flat contradiction ( ! ,div9e decree1 & is an attempt to rev]se x4 ,god has said "o ?+ ab\t ! poor man's e/ate1 & ^! "t-s]v]s1 publicly 9 ! h\se ( ,god1 say ano!r4 ,he>k51 my belov$ bre?r54 ,he invites _! att5tion to an affectionate & conclusive /atem5t ( ! case4 ,did n ,god *oose !m t are poor z to ! _w to be ri* 9 fai?1 & heirs ( ! k+dom8 ,b ye h di%on\r$ ! poor man4 ,by ! humble life :i*1 by ,div9e decree1 ,god's ,son l$ ^u ! e>?1 by ! social position ( ! m5 :om ,he *ose z ,8 ,apo/les & fir/ disciples1 by bless+s promis$ to ! poor & to ! fri5ds ( ! poor1 bo? "u ! ,law & "u ! ,gospel1 ,god has decl>$ ,8 special approbation ( ! poor man's e/ate4 ,b ye 7 1 ) great emphasis on ! pron\n7 h di%on\r$ ! poor man4 ,) ,haman-l impiety ye w\ld disgrace ! man :om ! ,k+ delights to hon\r4 ,let u n misund]/& ,/4 ,james4 ,he does n say or imply t ! poor man is promis$ salvation on acc\nt ( 8 pov]ty1 or t 8 pov]ty is 9 any way m]itori\s4 ,t is n ! case1 any m ?an t ! weal? ( ! ri* is a s94 ,b s f> z ,god has decl>$ any pref]5ce1 x is = ! poor1 r ?an = ! ri*4 ,! poor man has few] temptations1 & he is m likely to live accord+ to ,god's w1 & to w9 ! bless+s t are 9 /ore = ^? :o love ,him4 ,8 dep5d5ce ^u ,god = ! means ( life is p]petually br\ght home to him1 & he is sp>$ ! p]il ( tru/+ 9 ri*es1 :i* is s t]rible a sn>e to ! weal?y4 ,he has great] opportunities ( ! virtues :i* make man ,*ri/like1 & few] occasions ( fall+ into ^? s9s :i* sep>ate him mo/ fatally f ,*ri/4 ,b opportunities are n virtues1 & pov]ty is n salvation4 ,nev]!less1 to a ,*ri/ian a poor man is an object ( rev]5ce1 r ?an ( contempt4 ,b ! error ( ! worldly ,*ri/ians :om ,/4 ,james is "h rebuk+ does n end ) di%on\r+ ! poor :om ,god has hon\r$2 !y also pay special respect to ! ri*4 ,h ! ri*1 z a class1 %[n t !y des]ve any?+ ( ! k9d8 ,v mu* ! rev]se1 z exp]i5ce is con/antly prov+4 ,d n ! ri* oppress y1 & !mselves drag y be=e ! judgm5t-seats8 ,d n !y blaspheme ! hon\rable ,"n by ! :i* ye are call$8 ,unless we consid] ! synagogue m5tion$ above to be a ,jewi% "o1 9 :i* ,*ri/ians /ill wor%ip1 z 9 ! ,temple at ,j]usalem1 ! gold-r+$ wor%ipp] is to be und]/ood z a ,*ri/ian2 & reasons h be5 giv5 above 7p4 #aah7 = believ+ t ! synagogue is a ,*ri/ian place ( wor%ip4 ,b 9 any case ! ri* oppressors "h spok5 ( are n to be ?\ght ( z exclusively or pr9cipally ,*ri/ian4 ,!y are ! weal?y z a class1 :e!r conv]ts to ,*ri/ianity or n2 & app>5tly1 z 9 *ap4 v4 #a-f1 x is ! weal?y unbeliev+ ,jews :o are pr9cipally 9 ! writ]'s m9d4 ,/4 ,james is ?9k+ ( ! ri* ,sadducees1 :o at ?is p]iod 7,a4,d4 #ce-fe7 7 among ! wor/ oppressors ( ! poor] ,jews1 & ( c\rse 7 specially bitt] aga9/ ^? :o _h become adh]5ts ( ! ,way1 & :o seem$ to !m to be r5egades f ! fai? ( _! =efa!rs4 ,x 0 precisely to ?is k9d ( oppression t ,/4 ,paul devot$ himself ) fanatical zeal previ\s to 8 conv]sion 7,acts ix4 #a1 #b2 #a ,tim4 i4 #ac2 #a ,cor4 xv4 #i2 ,phil4 iii4 #f74 ,! judgm5t-seats be=e :i* ^! weal?y ,jews drag _! poor] bre?r5 may be ei!r hea!n or ,jewi% c\rts 7comp4 #a ,cor4 vi4 #b1 #d71 b are probably ! ,jewi% c\rts frequ5tly held 9 ! synagogues4 ,! ,roman gov]nm5t all[$ ! ,jews v consid]able p[]s ( jurisdiction ov] _! own p1 n only 9 purely ecclesia/ical matt]s1 b 9 civil matt]s z well4 ,! ,mosaic ,law p5etrat$ into almo/ all ! relations ( life1 & :]e x 0 conc]n$ x 0 intol]able to a ,jew to be tri$ by hea!n law4 ,consequ5tly ! ,romans f\nd t _! control ov] ! ,jews 0 m secure1 & less provocative ( rebellion1 :5 ! ,jews 7 p]mitt$ to reta9 a l>ge measure ( self-gov]nm5t4 ,?is appli$ n only to ,pale/9e1 b to all places 9 :i* !re 7 l>ge settlem5ts ( ,jews4 ,ev5 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t we f9d ample evid5ce ( ?is4 ,! high prie/ grants ,saul lett]s to ,damascus1 unto ! synagogues1 to arre/ all :o _h become conv]ts to ! ,way 7,acts ix4 #b74 ,& ,/4 ,paul be=e ,h]od ,agrippa ,,ii4 decl>es t1 9 8 fury aga9/ conv]ts to ,*ri/ianity1 he p]secut$ !m ev5 unto =eign cities 7,acts xxvi4 #aa74 ,mo/1 if n all1 ( ! five occasions on :i* he himself receiv$ ( ! ,jews =ty /ripes save "o 7#b ,cor4 xi4 #bd7 mu/ h be5 dur+ 8 travels outside ,pale/9e4 ,! proconsul ,gallio told ! ,jews ( ,cor9?1 n only t !y might1 b t !y mu/1 take _! *>ges aga9/ ,paul1 = break+ ,jewi% law1 to a ,jewi% tribunal2 & :5 !y o/5tati\sly beat ,so/h5es be=e 8 own tribunal1 = "s ,jewi% (f5ce1 he ab/a9$ f int]f]+4 ,x is likely en\gh t prov9cial gov]nors1 p>tly f policy1 p>tly f indiff]5ce1 all[$ ,jewi% (ficials to ex]cise m p[] ?an !y legally possess$2 b !y possess$ q en\gh to enable !m to h&le sev]ely ^? :o contrav5$ ! lett] or ! traditional int]pretation ( ! ,mosaic ,law4 ,t ! dragg+ be=e ! judgm5t-seats ref]s to br++ ,*ri/ians be=e ,roman magi/rates1 9 a "t ( p]secution1 is a gratuit\s hypo!sis :i* does n fit ! context4 ,x 0 ! mob1 r ?an ! ri*1 t 9 ! e>li] p]secutions act$ 9 ?is way4 ,! ri* 7 contemptu\sly indiff]5t4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no evid5ce "h t ! lett] 0 writt5 dur+ ! p]secution "u ,domitian or "u ,trajan4 ,nev]!less1 _! ,*ri/ianity1 r ?an _! debt1 0 probably ! reason :y ^! poor ,jewi% ,*ri/ians 7 prosecut$ 9 ! synagogue c\rts by ! weal?y ,jews4 ,s f> f ?is passage be+ evid5ce t ! ,epi/le 0 writt5 at a "t long aft] ! dea? ( ,/4 ,james1 x is1 z ,r5an has c>efully %[n1 almo/ a pro( t x 0 writt5 dur+ 8 lifetime4 ,z reg>ds ! relations betwe5 ri* & poor1 ! ,epi/le ( ,james is a p]fect picture ( ! ,ebionim at ,j]usalem 9 ! ye>s :i* prec$$ ! revolt4 ,! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem introduc$ s complete a *ange into ! situation ( ,judaism & ( ,*ri/ianity1 t x is easy to di/+ui% a writ+ subsequ5t to ! cata/rophe ( ! ye> #gj f a writ+ contempor>y ) ! ?ird ,temple4 ,pictures evid5tly ref]r+ to ! int]nal conte/s betwe5 ! diff]5t classes 9 ,j]usalem society1 su* z t :i* is pres5t$ to u 9 ! ,epi/le ( ,james1 are inconceivable aft] ! revolt ( ! ye> #ff1 :i* put an end to ! reign ( ! ,sadducees4#eh ,^! 7 ! times :5 wom5 b\ght ! prie/hood = _! husb&s f ,h]od ,agrippa ,,ii41 & w5t to see !m (ficiate1 ov] c>pets spread f _! own door to ! ,temple2 :5 weal?y prie/s 7 too fa/idi\s to kill ! victims = sacrifice )\t fir/ putt+ on silk gloves2 :5 _! kit*5s 7 furni%$ ) e appliance = luxuri\s liv+1 & _! tables ) e delicacy2 & :51 support$ by ! ,romans1 to :om !y truckl$1 !y made w> ^u ! poor prie/s1 :o 7 support$ by ! p4 ,l ,hophni & ,ph9ehas1 !y s5t out _! s]vants to collect :at !y claim$ z (f]+s1 & if paym5t 0 refus$ ! s]vants took :at !y claim$ by =ce4 ,facts l ^! help u to und]/& ! /rong language us$ "h by ,/4 ,james1 & ! /ill /]n] words at ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? *apt]4 ,9 su* a /ate ( society ! m]e possession ( weal? c]ta9ly e/abli%$ no claims ^u ! rev]5ce ( a ,*ri/ian congregation2 & ! fawn+ ^u ri* p1 degrad+ & un*ri/ian at all times1 w\ld seem to ,/4 ,james to be specially p]il\s & di/ress+ !n4 ,d n !y blaspheme ! hon\rable ,"n by :i* ye are call$8 ,! la/ clause lit]ally means :i* 0 call$ ^u y 7 ' 72 & we ne$ n d\bt t ! ref]5ce is to ! ,"n ( ,*ri/ :i* 0 invok$ ^u !m at _! baptism2 quod invocatum e/ sup] vos1 z ! ,vulgate has x4 ,! same expression is f\nd 9 ! ,septuag9t ( ^? :o are call$ by ,god's ,"n 7#b ,*ron4 vii4 #ad2 ,j]4 xiv4 #i2 xv4 #af2 ,amos ix4 #ab74 ,"s h sugge/$ t ! "n "h indicat$ is t ( poor1 or ( bre?r51 or ( ,*ri/ian2 b none ( ^! is at all probable4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r ! la/ 0 already 9 common use2 & blaspheme w\ld be a v /rong expression to use ( any ( !m2 :]eas bo? x & hon\rable are q 9 keep+ if ! "n be t ( ,*ri/4 ,! ^w r5d]$ hon\rable 77 _c be adequately translat$4 ,x is ! same z t :i* is r5d]$ good :5 we read ( ! ,good ,%eph]d 7,john x4 #aa74 ,x sugge/s :at is beautiful1 noble1 & good1 z oppos$ to :at is f\l1 mean1 & wick$2 & su* is ! ,"n ( ,*ri/1 :i* is call$ 9 a special s5se ! ,"n 7,acts v4 #da2 #c ,john #g4 ,comp4 ,ignatius1 ,eph4 iii41 vii42 ,philad4 x42 ,clem4 ,rom4 ii41 xiii474 ,t ! blasphem]s are n ,*ri/ians is %[n by ! clause :i* 0 call$ ^u y4 ,_h ,*ri/ians be5 int5d$1 ,/4 ,james w\ld h writt5 ,d n !y blaspheme ! hon\rable ,"n :i* 0 call$ ^u !m8 ,t !y blasphem$ ! ,"n 9 :i* !y 7 baptiz$ w\ld h be5 su* an aggravation ( _! (f5ce t he w\ld n h fail$ to indicate x4 ,^! blasphem]s 7 no d\bt ,jews2 & ,/4 ,james has 9 8 m9d ! ana!mas aga9/ ,jesus ,*ri/ :i* 7 frequ5t utt]ances among ! ,jews1 bo? 9 ! synagogues & 9 conv]sation4 ,/4 ,paul alludes to ^! :5 he says1 ,no man speak+ 9 ! ,_s ( ,god sai?1 ,jesus is ana!ma2 & ,ju/9 ,m>tyr writes1 ,t :i* is said 9 ! ,law1 ,curs$ is e "o t hange? on a tree1 confirms our hope :i* is hung ^u ! crucifi$ ,*ri/1 n z if ,god 7 curs+ t crucifi$ ,"o1 b because ,god =etold t :i* w\ld be done by all ( y 7,jews7 & ^? l y4444 ,& y may see ) y\r eyes ?is v ?+ com+ to pass2 = 9 y\r synagogues y curse all ^? :o f ,him h become ,*ri/ians 7,trypho1 xcvi474 ,! text1 ,curs$ is e "o t hange? on a tree1 0 a fav\rite "o ) ! ,jews 9 _! controv]sies ) ,*ri/ians1 z ,/4 ,james w\ld "k well 7see ,gal4 iii4 #ac72 & all ?is t5ds to %[ t he ref]s to lit]al blasphemy by ^w ( m\?1 & n to ! virtual blasphemy :i* is involv$ 9 conduct t di%on\rs ,*ri/4 ,8 argum5t1 !re=e1 am\nts to ?is1 t ! practice ( hon\r+ ! ri* = _! ri*es is 7q indep5d5tly ( any di%on\r done to ! poor7 d\bly repreh5sible4 ,x involves ! meanness ( flatt]+ _! own oppressors1 & ! wick$ness ( rev]5c+ ^? :o blaspheme ,*ri/4 ,x is a s]vile surr5d] ( _! own rights1 & base disloyalty to _! ,"l4 ,b p]haps 7! argum5t cont9ues7 "s w def5d ?is respect paid to ! ri* z be+ no disloyalty to ,*ri/1 b1 on ! contr>y1 simple fulfilm5t ( ! royal law1 ,?\ %alt love ?y neighb\r z ?yself4 ,be x s1 t ! ri* z a class are unwor?y ( respect & hon\r1 yet nev]!less !y are our neighb\rs1 & no misconduct on _! side c cancel ! obligation on our side to treat !m z we %\ld wi% to be treat$ ourselves4 ,we ourselves l to be respect$ & hon\r$1 & !re=e we pay respect & hon\r to !m4 ,to ^? :o argue ?us ! reply is easy4 ,c]ta9ly1 if t is y\r motive1 ye d well4 ,b :y d y love y\r neighb\r z y\rselves if he *ances to be ri*1 & treat him l a dog if he *ances to be poor8 ,h[ev] excell5t y\r reasons = hon\r+ ! weal?y may be1 y /ill d n free y\rselves f ! blame ( %[+ an un*ri/ian respect ( p]sons1 & !re=e ( committ+ s91 be+ convict$ by ! law z transgressors4 ,! law ( lov+ "o's neighb\r z oneself is a royal law1 n z hav+ emanat$ f ,god or f ,*ri/ z ,k+1 /ill less z be+ a law :i* b9ds ev5 k+s1 or :i* makes k+s ( ^? :o obs]ve x4 ,x is a royal law1 z be+ sov]eign ov] o!r laws1 inasmu* z x is "o ( ^? two on :i* hang all ! ,law & ! ,prophets 7,matt4 xxii4 #dj74 ,inde$1 ei!r ( ! two may be int]pret$ s z to cov] ! :ole duty ( man4 ,?us ,/4 ,paul says ( ?is royal law1 ,! :ole law is fulfill$ 9 "o ^w1 ev5 9 ?is1 ,?\ %alt love ?y neighb\r z ?yself 7,gal4 v4 #ad74 ,& ,/4 ,john tea*es ! same tru? 9 a diff]5t way1 :5 he decl>es t he t love? n 8 bro!r :om he ha? se5 _c love ,god :om he ha? n se5 7#a ,john iv4 #bj74 ,! expression royal law occurs n[h]e else1 ei!r 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t or 9 ! ,septuag9t1 b x is f\nd 9 a dialogue entitl$ ,m9os 7p4 #cag71 :i* is sometimes wrongly attribut$ to ,plato4 ,x is "o :i* might readily occur to any "o z a "n = a supreme moral pr9ciple4 ,:osoev] %all keep ! :ole law1 & yet /umble 9 "o po9t1 he is become guilty ( all4#ei ,! law is ! expression ( "o & ! same pr9ciple--love2 & ( "o & ! same w--! w ( ,god4 ,!re=e he :o delib]ately (f5ds aga9/ any "o ( its enactm5ts1 h[ev] dilig5tly he may keep all ! re/1 is guilty ( (f5d+ aga9/ ! :ole4 ,8 guid+ pr9ciple is n love1 b selfi%ness--n ,god's w1 b 8 own4 ,he keeps n9e t5?s ( ! law because he likes to d s1 & he breaks "o t5? because he likes to d s4 ,! fact ( 8 wilful disob$i5ce proves t 8 ob$i5ce is n ! fruit ( love or loyalty1 b ( self-seek+4 ,if we ask :at 8 "* is1 ! answ] mu/ be1 ,he is a lawbreak]4 ,^! respect]s ( p]sons claim$ to be obs]v]s ( ! law1 because !y treat$ _! ri* neighb\rs z !y w\ld h lik$ to be treat$ !mselves4 ,/4 ,james %[s !m t1 on ! contr>y1 !y are transgressors ( ! law1 because !y pick & *oose z to :at neighb\rs %all be treat$ ?us k9dly4 ,!y keep ! law :5 x is conv5i5t to keep x1 & break x :5 x is inconv5i5t to keep x4 ,su* keep+ ( ! law is 9 its ess5ce1 n ob$i5ce1 b disob$i5ce4 ,he :o foll[s hone/y only because hone/y is ! be/ policy is n an hone/ man1 & he :o obeys ! law only because ob$i5ce suits him is n an ob$i5t man4 ,!re is no s]v+ ,god ) res]vations4 ,h[ev] small ! res]vation may be1 x vitiates all ! re/4 ,9 ord] to fulfil ! law 7a r>e expression1 f\nd only "h & 9 ,rom4 ii4 #bg71 we mu/ keep x all r\nd1 indep5d5tly ( our own likes & dislikes4 ,/4 ,james is n "h c\nt5anc+ ! sev]ity ( ,draco1 t small crimes des]ve dea?1 & t !re is no worse puni%m5t = great crimes2 nor yet ! p>adox ( ! ,/oics1 t ! !ft ( a p5ny is z bad z p>ricide1 because 9 ei!r case ! pa? ( virtue is left1 & "o is dr[n$ z surely 9 sev5 feet ( wat] z 9 sev5ty fa?oms4 ,he is n cont5d+ t all s9s are equal1 & t to break "o ( ,god's comm&s is z bad z to break !m all4 ,:at he ma9ta9s is t no "o c claim to be a fulfill] ( ! law 9 virtue ( 8 ext5sive ob$i5ce s long z !re is any portion ( ! law :i* he wilfully disobeys4 ,:y does he disobey 9 ?is8 ,because x pleases him to d s4 ,!n he w\ld disobey 9 ! re/ if x pleas$ him to d s4 ,! motive ( 8 conduct is n submission1 b self-w4 ,he is 9 "* a transgressor ( ! law4 ,bo? defects are common en\gh /ill1 & are likely to rema9 s4 ,pay+ respect to p]sons1 dignities1 & positions is a frequ5t =m ( meanness1 especially 9 ! mann] "h condemn$1 ( c\rt+ ! ri* & slight+ ! poor4 ,x is a ,*ri/ian duty to respect ! rank or ! (fice ( ^? :om ,god has plac$ 9 a position sup]ior to ourselves1 & x is also a ,*ri/ian duty to rev]5ce ^? :o by ,god's grace are lead+ lives ( virtue & hol9ess2 b x is un*ri/ian p>tiality to hon\r a man m]ely = 8 weal?1 or to di%on\r him m]ely = 8 pov]ty4 ,& secondly1 we are all ( u prone to plead1 bo? be=e ! _w & our own consci5ces1 ! p>ticul>s 9 :i* we d n (f5d z a set-(f aga9/ ^? 9 :i* we d4 ,to detect ourselves ?us balanc+ a transgression "h1 aga9/ _m obs]vances !re1 ought at once to />tle u into ! conviction t ! :ole pr9ciple ( our lives mu/ be faulty4 ,our aim is1 n to love ,god1 or to obey ,him1 b to get to heav51 or at lea/ to escape hell1 on ! *eape/ t]ms4 #eh ,l',ante*ri/1 pp4 xi4-xiii41 #di-ed4 #ei ,?is text caus$ ,/4 ,augu/9e mu* p]plexity4 ,he s5t a long discussion ( x to ,j]ome1 ask+ = 8 op9ion4 ,augu/9e's solution is t ! :ole law hangs on ! love ( ,god1 & t e transgression is a brea* ( love 7,ep4 ,,clxvii4 iv4 #af74 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,fai? ,,& ,,works3 ,,?ree ,,views ,,( ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,/4 ,,james ,,to ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,/4 ,,paul4 ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,lu!r ,,to ,,bo?4 ,:at do? x pr(it1 my bre?r51 if a man say he ha? fai?1 b h n works8 c t fai? save him8 ,if a bro!r or si/] be nak$1 & 9 lack ( daily food1 & "o ( y say unto !m1 ,g 9 peace1 be ye w>m$ & fill$2 & yet ye give !m n ! ?+s ne$ful to ! body2 :at do? x pr(it8 ,ev5 s fai?1 if x h n works1 is dead 9 itself4 ,yea1 a man w say1 ,?\ ha/ fai?1 & ,i h works3 %[ me ?y fai? ap>t f ?y works1 & ,i by my works w %[ !e my fai?4 ,?\ believe/ t ,god is ,"o2 ?\ doe/ well3 ! devils also believe1 & %udd]4 ,b wilt ?\ "k1 ,o va9 man1 t fai? ap>t f works is b>r58 ,0 n ,abraham our fa!r ju/ifi$ by works1 9 t he (f]$ up ,isaac 8 son ^u ! alt>8 ,?\ see/ t fai? wr\ght ) 8 works1 & by works 0 fai? made p]fect2 & ! ,scripture 0 fulfill$ :i* sai?1 ,& ,abraham believ$ ,god1 & x 0 reckon$ unto him = righte\sness2 & he 0 call$ ! fri5d ( ,god4 ,ye see t by works a man is ju/ifi$1 & n only by fai?4 ,& 9 l mann] 0 n also ,rahab ! h>lot ju/ifi$ by works1 9 t %e receiv$ ! mess5g]s1 & s5t !m out ano!r way8 ,= z ! body ap>t f ! _s is dead1 ev5 s fai? ap>t f works is dead4--,,/4 ,,james ii4 #ad-bf4 ,?is fam\s passage has be5 quot$ 9 full1 because "o ne$s to h ! :ole ( x be=e "o 9 ord] to appreciate ! value ( ! argum5ts us$ on ?is side & on t z to its relation to ! tea*+ ( ,/4 ,paul on ! connexion betwe5 fai? & works2 = :i* purpose m]e extracts w n d2 & also because consid]able *anges1 "s ( !m important1 h be5 made ?r\gh\t ! passage by ! ,revis]s1 & ^! w influ5ce ! impression d]iv$ f read+ ! passage z a :ole4 ,x might be ?\ght t "h1 at any rate1 we h got1 9 ?is s+ul>ly practical & undogmatic ,epi/le1 a p>agraph :i* is1 bo? 9 int5tion & 9 effect1 di/9ctly doctr9al4 ,x seems at fir/ sight to be a c>eful exposition ( ,/4 ,james's views z to ! nature & value ( fai? & its relation to conduct4 ,b a little att5tion w prove to u t ?r\gh\t ! passage ,/4 ,james is z practical 9 8 aim z 9 any "p ( ! lett]1 & t :atev] doctr9al tea*+ !re may be 9 ! passage is !re because ! practical purpose ( ! writ] c\ld n be fulfill$ )\t involv+ doctr9e1 & n at all because ! writ]'s object is to exp\nd or def5d an article ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,he has ag5da r ?an cr$5da 9 8 m9d4 ,an or?odox cre$ is assum$ ?r\gh\t4 ,:at ne$s to be produc$ is n "r belief1 b "r action4 ,9 ?is affectionate pa/oral ,/4 ,james passes 9 review ! defects :i* he kn[s to exi/ 9 8 read]s4 ,!y h _! good po9ts1 b ^! are sadly m>r$ by correspond+ defici5cies4 ,!y are swift to he>1 b also swift to speak & sl[ to act4 ,!y believe 9 ,jesus ,*ri/2 b !y di%on\r ,him by di%on\r+ ,8 poor1 :ile !y pr(ess to keep ! law ( *>ity by hon\r+ ! ri*4 ,!y are or?odox 9 a ,mono!i/ic cre$2 b !y re/ cont5t ) t1 & _! or?odoxy is z b>r5 z a dead tree4 ,x is ) ?is la/ defect t ,/4 ,james is deal+ 9 ! passage be=e u4 ,& z s (t5 7i4 #ab1 #ai2 ii4 #a2 iii4 #a1 #ac2 iv4 #a1 #ac2 v4 #a1 #g1 #ac71 he cle>ly /ates 8 ma9 po9t fir/1 & !n proce$s to en=ce & elucidate x4 ,:at do? x pr(it1 my bre?r51 if a man say he ha? fai?1 b h n works8 ,c t fai? save him8 ,t fai? is lit]ally ! fai?1 or 8 fai?2 viz4 su* fai? z he pr(esses1 a fai? t produces no?+4 ,!re is no emphasis on say4 ,/4 ,james is n ins9uat+ t ! man says he has fai?1 :5 he really has none4 ,if t 7 ! case1 x w\ld be ne$less to ask1 ,c 8 fai? save him8 ,! "q !n w\ld be1 ,c 8 pr(ession ( fai? save him8 ,b ,/4 ,james n[h]e ?r[s d\bt on ! tru? ( ! unpr(itable believ]'s pr(essions1 or on ! possibility ( believ+ mu* & do+ no?+4 ,:y1 !n1 does he put 9 ! say8 ,:y n write1 ,if a man h fai?8 ,p]haps 9 ord] to indicate t 9 su* cases ! man's own /atem5t is all ! evid5ce !re is t he has fai?4 ,9 ! case ( o!r ,*ri/ians _! works prove !m to be believ]s2 b :]e !re are no works y c only h ! man's ^w = x t he believes4 ,! case is p>allel to t sket*$ by our bless$ ,"l1 :i* ,/4 ,james may h 9 8 m9d4 ,n e "o t sai? unto ,me1 ,"l1 ,"l1 %all ent] into ! k+dom ( heav52 b he t doe? ! w ( ,my ,fa!r :i* is 9 heav54 ,_m w say to ,me 9 t day1 ,"l1 ,"l1 did we n prophesy by ,?y ,"n1 & by ,?y ,"n ca/ out devils1 & by ,?y ,"n d _m mighty works8 ,& !n w ,i pr(ess unto !m1 ,i nev] knew y2 dep>t f ,me1 ye t "w iniquity 7,matt4 vii4 #ba-bc74 ,9 ?is case x is manife/ t ! pr(ession ( fai? is n m]e empty hypocrisy2 x is n a say+ ( ,"l1 ,"l1 to "o :o is n believ$ to be ! ,"l4 ,x is a fai? t c remove m\nta9s1 b divorc$ f ! love :i* makes x acceptable4 ,! two1 :i* ,god ha? jo9$ toge!r1 h by man's self-w be5 put asund]4 ,! relation1 !re=e1 ( ! tea*+ ( ,/4 ,james to t ( ,8 ,div9e ,bro!r is cle>3 ! two are 9 p]fect h>mony4 ,:at is its relation to ! tea*+ ( ,/4 ,paul8 ,omitt+ m9or diff]5ces1 !re are 9 ! ma9 ?ree answ]s to ?is "q3 7#a7 ,! writ] ( ?is ,epi/le is delib]ately contradict+ & correct+ ! tea*+ ( ,/4 ,paul4 7#b7 ,/4 ,james is correct+ preval5t misund]/&+s1 or is anticipat+ probable misund]/&+s1 ( ! tea*+ ( ,/4 ,paul4 7#c7 ,/4 ,james writes )\t ref]5ce to1 & possibly )\t k (1 ! precise tea*+ ( ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles respect+ ! relation betwe5 fai? & works4 7#a7 ,^? :o hold ! fir/ ( ^! ?ree views naturally ma9ta9 t ! ,epi/le is n g5u9e1 b ! production ( "s "o ( a lat] age ?an ,/4 ,james1 :o wi%$ to h ! great au?ority ( 8 "n to cov] an attack ^u ! tea*+ ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,?us ,f4 ,c4 ,baur ma9ta9s t ! doctr9e ( ?is ,epi/le mu/ be consid]$ z int5d$ to correct t ( ,paul4 ,?is1 :i* is tak5 f ! second edition ( 8 "w on ! ,life & ,"w ( ,/4 ,paul1 publi%$ aft] 8 dea? 9 #ahfj1 by 8 pupil ,zell]1 may be tak5 z 8 matur$ op9ion4 ,9 8 hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* ( ! ,fir/ ,?ree ,c5turies1 publi%$ 9 #ahec1 he expresses himself a little less positively3 ,x is impossible to d5y t ! ,epi/le ( ,james presupposes ! ,paul9e doctr9e ( ju/ification4 ,& if ?is be s1 its t5d5cy is di/9ctly anti-,paul9e1 ?\gh x may n be aim$ directly aga9/ ! ,apo/le himself4 ,! ,epi/le cont5ds aga9/ a "o-sid$ conception ( ! ,paul9e doctr9e1 :i* 0 dang]\s to practical ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 bo? works alike ,baur cont5ds t ! ,epi/le ( ,james _c be g5u9e1 b is ! product ( "s unkn[n writ] 9 ! second c5tury4 ,! op9ions t our ,epi/le is direct$ aga9/ ! tea*+ ( ,/4 ,paul1 & t x is n g5u9e1 naturally g toge!r4 ,x is aga9/ all probability t ,/4 ,james1 :o _h support$ ,/4 ,paul 9 ! crisis at ,j]usalem 9 ,a4,d4 #ej 7,acts xv471 & :o _h giv5 to him & ,b>nabas ! "r h& ( fell[%ip 7,gal4 ii4 #i71 %\ld attack ,/4 ,paul's own tea*+4 ,b to d5y ! au!nticity ( ! ,epi/le1 & place x 9 a lat] age1 does n really avoid ! difficulty ( ! suppos$ attack on ,/4 ,paul1 & x br+s ) x o!r difficulties ( a no less s]i\s "*4 ,9 any case ! lett] is address$ to ,jewi% ,*ri/ians 7i4 #a72 & :at ne$ 0 !re to put !m on _! gu>d aga9/ ! tea*+ ( a man :om !y reg>d$ ) pr(\nd di/ru/1 & ^: claim to be an ,apo/le !y d5i$8 ,x w\ld be z reasonable to w>n ,presbyt]ians aga9/ ! doctr9e ( ! ,infallibility ( ! ,pope4 ,besides all :i*1 z ,r5an has %[n1 ! lett] sket*es a /ate ( ?+s :i* w\ld be inconceivable aft] ! outbreak ( ! w> :i* end$ 9 ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem2 i4e4 x _c be plac$ lat] ?an ,a4,d4 #ff4 ,dr4 ,salmon ju/ly obs]ves1 ,to a disciple ( ,baur !re is no m disappo9t+ docum5t ?an ?is ,epi/le ( ,james4 ,"h1 if any:]e 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 he might expect to f9d evid5ce ( anti-,paul9e ranc\r4 ,!re is :at looks l flat contradiction betwe5 ?is ,epi/le & ! tea*+ ( ,/4 ,paul4444 ,b t opposition to ,paul :i*1 on a sup]ficial glance1 we are dispos$ to ascribe to ! ,epi/le ( ,james1 disappe>s on a clos] exam9ation4 ,i po/pone = ! mom5t ! "q :e!r we c suppose t ,james int5d$ to contradict ,paul2 b :e!r he int5d$ x or n1 he has n really done s2 he has d5i$ no?+ t ,paul has ass]t$1 & ass]t$ no?+ t a disciple ( ,paul w\ld c>e to d5y4 ,on comp>+ ! language ( ,james ) t ( ,paul1 all ! di/9ctive expressions ( ! latt] are f\nd to be abs5t f ! =m]4 ,/4 ,paul's !sis is t a man is ju/ifi$ n by works ( ! law1 b by ! fai? ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,james speaks only ( works )\t any m5tion ( ! law1 & ( fai? )\t any m5tion ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! example ( fai? :i* he consid]s be+ m]ely ! belief t !re is "o ,god4 ,9 o!r words1 ,james is writ+ n 9 ! int]e/s ( ,judaism1 b ( morality4 ,paul taught t fai? 9 ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 able to ju/ify a man uncircumcis$ & unobs]vant ( ! ,mosaic ord9ances4444 ,= ?is ,paul9e tea*+ ,james n only has no ^w ( contradiction1 b he gives no sign ( ev] hav+ he>d ( ! controv]sy :i*1 accord+ to ,baur1 =m$ ! mo/ /rik+ feature 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*4444 ,:atev] emb>rassm5t ! app>5t disagreem5t betwe5 ! ,apo/les has caus$ to or?odox !ologians is z no?+ 9 comp>ison ) ! emb>rassm5t caus$ to a disciple ( ,baur by _! fundam5tal agreem5t4#fj ,we may1 !re=e1 safely ab&on a !ory :i* involves ?ree su* difficulties4 ,x assigns a date to ! ,epi/le utt]ly incompatible ) its cont5ts4 ,x makes ! writ] w>n ,jewi% ,*ri/ians aga9/ tea*+ :i* !y1 ( all ,*ri/ians1 7 lea/ likely to f9d attractive4 ,& aft] all1 ! w>n+ is futile2 = ! writ]'s own tea*+ is fundam5tally ! same z t :i* x is suppos$ to oppose & correct4 ,besides all :i*1 we may say ) ,reuss t ?is ,tb+5 criticism is m]e baseless +5uity4 ,x ov]looks ! unique orig9ality ( ! ,epi/le2 & to ascribe to ! writ] ( x any ult]ior motives at all is simply a useless display ( acut5ess4#fa 7#b7 ,?is la/ rem>k w n pr$ispose u to reg>d ) fav\r ! second hypo!sis m5tion$ above--t 9 ?is passage ,/4 ,james is correct+ preval5t misund]/&+s1 or is anticipat+ probable misund]/&+s1 ( ! tea*+ ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,!re is no trace ( any su* int5tion1 or ( any anxiety on ! subject4 ,! purpose ( ! passage is n doctr9al at all1 b1 l ! re/ ( ! ,epi/le1 em95tly practical4 ,! writ]'s object ?r\gh\t is to inculcate ! necessity ( "r conduct4 ,read9ess 9 he>+ ! ,^w ( ,god is all v well1 & correctness ( belief 9 ,god is all v well2 b )\t read9ess to d :at pleases ,him x is z useless z a dead v9e4 ,:e!r ,/4 ,james rememb]$ ! words1 ,we reckon t a man is ju/ifi$ by fai? ap>t f ! works ( ! law 7,rom4 iii4 #bh71 mu/ rema9 d\btful2 =1 z has be5 po9t$ out 9 a previ\s exposition 7p4 #eg71 !re is "s reason = believ+ t he _h se5 ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans4 ,b !re is no reason = believ+ t he 0 acqua9t$ ) ! p>allel /atem5t 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians1 ,we be+ ,jews by nature1 & n s9n]s ( ! ,g5tiles1 yet kn[+ t a man is n ju/ifi$ by ! works ( ! law1 save ?r\gh fai? 9 ,jesus ,*ri/1 ev5 we believe on ,jesus ,*ri/1 t we might be ju/ifi$ by fai? 9 ,*ri/1 & n by ! works ( ! law2 because by ! works ( ! law %all no fle% be ju/ifi$ 7ii4 #ae1 #af74 ,( "o ?+1 h[ev]1 we may feel confid5t1 t1 _h ,/4 ,james be5 int5d+ to give ! true mean+ ( ei!r or bo? ( ^! /atem5ts by ,/4 ,paul1 9 ord] to correct or obviate misund]/&+1 he w\ld n h word$ 8 exposition 9 su* a way t x w\ld be possible = a ha/y read] to suppose t he 0 contradict+ ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles in/ead ( m]ely expla9+ him4 ,he takes no pa9s to %[ t :ile ,/4 ,paul speaks ( works ( ! law1 i4e4 c]emonial obs]vances1 he himself is speak+ ( good works g5]ally1 :i* ,/4 ,paul no less ?an himself reg>d$ z a necess>y accompanim5t & outcome ( liv+ fai?4 ,moreov]1 0 !re any likelihood t ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ians w\ld ?us mis9t]pret ,/4 ,paul8 ,among ,g5tile ,*ri/ians !re 0 dang] ( ?is1 because !y misund]/ood ! mean+ ( ! ,*ri/ian lib]ty :i* he s en?usia/ically prea*$4 ,b ) ,jewi% conv]ts ! dang] 0 t !y w\ld refuse to li/5 to ,/4 ,paul 9 any?+1 n t !y w\ld be 9 su* a hurry to accept 8 tea*+ t !y w\ld g away ) a wrong impression z to :at he really meant4 ,& precisely t doctr9e ( ,/4 ,paul :i* 0 s liable to be misund]/ood ,/4 ,james proclaims z cle>ly z ,/4 ,paul does 9 ?is v ,epi/le4 ,he also decl>es1 m ?an once1 t ! ,gospel is ! law ( lib]ty 7i4 #be2 ii4 #ab74 ,_h ,/4 ,james be5 writ+ to ,g5tiles1 !re might h be5 "s reason = 8 putt+ 8 read]s on _! gu>d aga9/ mis9t]pret+ ,/4 ,paul's mann] ( prea*+ ! ,gospel3 9 writ+ to ! twelve tribes :i* are ( ! ,disp]sion !re 0 little or no reason = s do+4 7#c7 ,we fall back1 !re=e1 ^u ! f> m probable view t 9 ?is passage ,/4 ,james is m]ely foll[+ ! c\rse ( 8 own argum5t1 )\t ?9k+ ( ,/4 ,paul's tea*+ respect+ ! relation betwe5 fai? & works4 ,h[ mu* ( ,/4 ,paul's tea*+ he knew dep5ds ^u ! date assign$ to ?is ,epi/le1 :e!r be=e ,a4,d4 #ej or aft] ,a4,d4 #fj4 ,at ! lat] date ,/4 ,james mu/ h kn[n a good deal1 bo? f ,/4 ,paul himself1 & also f ! _m ,jews ( ! ,disp]sion1 :o _h he>d ! prea*+ ( ! ,apo/le 9 8 mission>y j\rneys1 _h se5 "s ( 8 lett]s1 & br\ght bo? good & evil reports ( 8 "w to ! ,*ur* at ,j]usalem4 ,ea* ye>1 at ! ,passov] & o!r fe/ivals1 ,james w\ld receive multitudes ( su* visitors4 ,b x does n foll[ t because he knew a good deal ab\t ,/4 ,paul's fav\rite topics1 & 8 mann] ( pres5t+ ! fai? to 8 he>]s1 !re=e he has 8 tea*+ 9 8 m9d 9 writ+ to ,jewi% conv]ts4 ,! passage be=e u is ?or\ghly intelligible1 if x is treat$ on its own m]its )\t any ref]5ce to ,paul9e doctr9e2 & n only s1 b we may say t x becomes m intelligible :5 s treat$4 ,at ! op5+ ( ! ,epi/le ,/4 ,james insi/s on ! necessity ( fai?3 kn[+ t ! pro( ( y\r fai? worke? pati5ce 7v]4 #c72 & ,let him ask 9 fai?1 no?+ d\bt+ 7v]4 #f74 ,!n he passes on to insi/ ^u ! necessity ( practice3 ,be ye do]s ( ! ,^w1 & n he>]s only1 delud+ y\r own selves 7v]4 #bb72 & ,be+ n a he>] t =gette?1 b a do] t worke? 7v]4 #be74 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! second *apt] he does exactly ! same4 ,he fir/ assumes t z a matt] ( c\rse 8 he>]s h fai? 7v]4 #a71 & !n goes on to %[ h[ ?is mu/ be accompani$ by ! practice ( *>ity & m]cy t[>ds all1 & especially t[>ds ! poor 7vv4 #b-ac74 ,! passage be=e u is precisely on ! same l9es4 ,x is assum$ t 8 read]s pr(ess to h fai? 7vv4 #ad1 #ai72 & ,/4 ,james does n dispute ! tru? ( ?is pr(ession4 ,b he ma9ta9s t unless ?is fai? is productive ( a correspond+ practice1 its exi/5ce is n prov$1 & its utility is disprov$4 ,x is z b>r5 z a )]$ tree1 & z lifeless z a corpse4 ,?ree times ov] he ass]ts1 ) simple emphasis1 t fai? ap>t f practice is dead 7vv4 #ag1 #bj1 #bf74 ,all :i* t5ds to %[ t ! pres5t p>agraph comes q naturally 9 ! c\rse ( ! exhortation1 )\t any ult]ior motive be+ assum$ to expla9 x4 ,x is 9 close h>mony ) :at prec$es1 & ?or\ghly 9 keep+ ) ! practical aim ( ! :ole lett]4 ,we see h[ easily x might h be5 writt5 by any "o :o 0 9 e>ne/ ab\t religion & morality1 )\t hav+ he>d a ^w ab\t ,/4 ,paul's tea*+ respect+ fai? 9 ,*ri/ & works ( ! law4 ,x has be5 already po9t$ out t a lett] address$ by a ,jewi% ,*ri/ian to ,jewi% ,*ri/ians w\ld n be v likely to take acc\nt ( ,/4 ,paul's doctr9e1 :e!r rightly or wrongly und]/ood4 ,x has also be5 %[n t ,/4 ,james1 z is natural 9 su* a lett]1 makes frequ5t appeals to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & also has num]\s co9cid5ces ) portions ( t n[ mu*-neglect$ ,jewi% lit]ature :i* =ms a connect+-l9k betwe5 ! ,old & ! ,new1 especially ) ! ,books ( ,wisdom & ,ecclesia/icus4 ,x 0 9 ! p]iod 9 :i* t lit]ature 0 produc$ t discussions z to ! value ( fai? 9 ,god1 z di/9ct f ! fe> ( ,god1 & 9 p>ticul> z to ! fai? ( ,abraham1 ! fri5d ( ,god1 began to be common among ! ,jews1 especially 9 ! ,rabb9ical s*ools4 ,we f9d evid5ce ( ?is 9 ! ,apocrypha itself4 ,abraham 0 a great fa!r ( _m p1 444 & :5 he 0 prov$ he 0 f\nd fai?ful 7,ecclus4 xliv4 #ai1 #bj74 ,0 n ,abraham f\nd fai?ful 9 temptation1 & x 0 imput$ unto him = righte\sness8 7#a ,macc4 ii4 #eb71 :]e ! int]rogative =m ( s5t5ce may h sugge/$ ! int]rogation ( ,/4 ,james4 ,x w be obs]v$ t 9 ^! passages we h ! adjective fai?ful 772 n yet ! sub/antive fai? 774 ,b 9 ! composite & lat] "w :i* 9 our ,bibles be>s ! "n ( ! ,second ,book ( ,esdras we h fai? frequ5tly spok5 (4 ,! way ( tru? %all be hidd51 & ! l& %all be b>r5 ( fai? 7v4 #a74 ,z = fai?1 x %all fl\ri%1 corruption %all be ov]come1 & ! tru?1 :i* ha? be5 s long )\t fruit1 %all be decl>$ 7vi4 #bh74 ,tru? %all /&1 & fai? %all wax /rong 7vii4 #cd74 ,& 9 two rem>kable passages fai? is spok5 ( 9 connexion ) works4 ,& e "o t %all be sav$1 & %all be able to escape by 8 works1 & by fai?1 :]eby ye h believ$1 %all be pres]v$ f ! said p]ils1 & %all see ,my salvation 7ix4 #g1 #h74 ,^! are !y t h works & fai? t[>ds ! ,mo/ ,mighty 7xiii4 #bc74 ,) ,philo fai? & ! fai? ( ,abraham are common topics4 ,he calls x ! que5 ( ! virtues1 & ! possessor ( x w br+ a faultless & mo/ fair sacrifice to ,god4 ,abraham's fai? is n easy to imitate1 s h>d is x to tru/ 9 ! unse5 ,god r ?an 9 ! visible creation2 :]eas he )\t wav]+ believ$ t ! ?+s :i* 7 n pres5t 7 already pres5t1 because ( ,8 mo/ sure fai? 9 ,him :o promis$4#fb ,o!r in/ances might be quot$ f ,jewi% lit]ature2 b ^! suffice to %[ t ! nature ( fai?1 & ! special m]it ( ,abraham's fai?1 7 subjects (t5 discuss$ among ,jews1 & 7 likely to be famili> to ^? :om ,/4 ,james addresses4 ,?is be+ s1 x becomes probable t :at he has 9 8 m9d is n ,paul9e doctr9e1 or any p]v]sion ( x1 b "s ,ph>isaic t5et respect+ ^! ?+s4 ,! view t fai? is =mal or?odoxy--! belief 9 "o ,god--& t correctness ( belief suffices = ! salvation ( a son ( ,abraham1 seems to be ! k9d ( error aga9/ :i* ,/4 ,james is cont5d+4 ,ab\t fai? 9 ,*ri/ or 9 ,8 ,resurrection !re is n a ^w4 ,x is ! cold ,mono!ism :i* ! self-satisfi$ ,ph>isee has br\ght ) him into ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 & :i* he supposes w r5d] *>ity & good works sup]flu\s1 t ,/4 ,james is condemn+4#fc ,s f> f ?is be+ a contradiction to ,/4 ,paul1 x is ! v doctr9e :i* he taught1 & almo/ 9 ! same =m ( words4 ,:at do? x pr(it 7 71 my bre?r51 asks ,/4 ,james1 if a man say he ha? fai?1 b h n works8 ,if ,i h all fai?1 s z to remove m\nta9s1 b h n love1 ,i am no?+1 says ,/4 ,paul4 ,& if ,i be/[ all my goods to fe$ ! poor1 & if ,i give my body to be burn$1 b h n love1 x pr(ite? me no?+ 7 74 ,/4 ,paul & ,/4 ,james are ?us f\nd to be agre$4 ,x rema9s to be %[n t 9 spite ( 8 own /atem5ts to ! contr>y1 ,lu!r 0 z fully agre$ ) ! latt] z ) ! =m]4 ,:5 he writes ab\t ,/4 ,james1 ,lu!r's prejudices lead him to disp>age a =m ( tea*+ :i* he has n be5 at ! pa9s to compreh5d4 ,b :5 he exp\nds ,/4 ,paul he does s 9 words :i* w\ld s]ve excell5tly z an exposition ( ! tea*+ ( ,/4 ,james4 ,9 8 preface to ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans he writes ?us3 ,b fai? is a ,div9e "w 9 u1 t *anges u & begets u anew ( ,god 7,john i4 #ac72 & kills ! old man1 makes ( u q o!r m5 9 he>t1 c\rage1 m9d1 & /r5g?1 & br+s ! ,holy ,_s ) x4 ,oh1 x is a liv+1 active1 en]getic1 mighty ?+1 ?is fai?1 s t x is impossible t x %\ld n "w :at is good )\t int]mission4 ,x does n ev5 ask :e!r good works are to be done1 b be=e "o asks x has done !m1 & is ev] do+4 ,b he :o does n d su* works is a man )\t fai?1 is fumbl+ & look+ ab\t him = fai? & good works1 & kn[s nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r1 yet *att]s & babbles _m words ab\t bo?4 ,fai? is a liv+1 delib]ate confid5ce 9 ! grace ( ,god1 s sure t x w\ld die a ?\s& times = its tru/4 ,& su* confid5ce & exp]i5ce ( ,div9e grace make a man m]ry1 bold1 & joyful t[>ds ,god & all creatures2 all :i* ! ,holy ,_s does 9 fai?4 ,h5ce ! man )\t compulsion becomes will+ & joyful to d good to e "o1 to s]ve e "o1 to endure ev]y?+1 = ! love & praise ( ,god1 :o has %[n him su* grace4 ,!re=e x is impossible to sev] works f fai?2 yea1 z impossible z to sev] burn+ & %9+ f fire4#fd #fj ,introduction to ! ,n4,t41 #d? ed4 7,murray1 #ahhi71 pp4 #ejd1 #ejf1 a "w :i* may be mo/ he>tily comm5d$ to e /ud5t ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 #fa ,hi/ory ( ! ,sacr$ ,scriptures ( ! ,n4,t41 translat$ by ,e4 ,l4 ,h\ghton 7,ed9burgh3 ,t4 & ,t4 ,cl>k1 #ahhd71 p4 #adc4 #fb ,see ! passages quot$ by ,hat*1 ,essays 9 ,biblical ,greek1 pp4 #he-hg 7,ox=d1 #ahhi74 #fc ,?is k9d ( error is allud$ to by ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 9 8 ,dialogue ) ! ,jew ,trypho3 ,bless$ is ! man to :om ! ,"l w n impute s92 t is1 :o receives remission ( 8 s9s f ,god z hav+ rep5t$ ( 8 s9s2 b n z ye deceive y\rselves1 & "s o!r 7,jews7 :o resemble y 9 ?is1 :o say t ev5 if !y are s9n]s1 b atta9 to a k ( ,god1 ! ,"l w n impute s9 to !m 7cxli41 p4 #cgj1 ,d74 #fd ,w]ke1 ed4 ,gu/av ,pfiz]1 ,frankfurt am ,ma91 #ahdj1 p4 #adae4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,fai? ,,( ,,! ,,demons2 ,,! ,,fai? ,,( ,,abraham2 ,,& ,,! ,,fai? ,,( ,,rahab ,,! ,,h>lot4 ,?\ believe/ t ,god is ,"o2 ?\ doe/ well3 ! devils also believe1 & %udd]4 ,0 n ,abraham our fa!r ju/ifi$ by works1 9 t he (f]$ up ,isaac 8 son ^u ! alt>8 ,& 9 l mann] 0 n also ,rahab ! h>lot ju/ifi$ by works1 9 t %e receiv$ ! mess5g]s1 & s5t !m out ano!r way8--,,/4 ,,james ii4 #ai1 #ba1 #be4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] sev]al po9ts ( great int]e/ 7 pass$ ov]1 9 ord] n to obscure ! ma9 issue z to ! relation ( ?is passage to ! tea*+ ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,"s ( ^! may n[ be usefully consid]$4 ,?r\gh\t ?is volume1 z 9 ! companion volume on ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les & o!r volumes = :i* ! pres5t writ] is 9 no way responsible1 ! ,revis$ ,v]sion has be5 tak5 z ! basis ( ! expositions4 ,!re may be reasonable diff]5ce ( op9ion z to its sup]iority to ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion = public read+ 9 ! s]vices ( ! ,*ur*1 b few unprejudic$ p]sons w\ld d5y its sup]iority = purposes ( private /udy & bo? private & public exposition4 ,its sup]iority lies n s mu* 9 happy treatm5t ( difficult texts1 z 9 ! correction ( a great _m small errors ( translation1 & above all 9 ! sub/itution ( a great _m true or probable read+s = o!rs t are false or improbable4 ,& :ile !re are n a few cases 9 :i* !re is pl5ty ( room = d\bt :e!r ! *ange1 ev5 if cle>ly a ga9 9 accuracy1 0 wor? mak+1 !re are also "s 9 :i* ! un9itiat$ /ud5t wond]s :y no *ange 0 made4 ,! passage be=e u conta9s a rem>kable in/ance4 ,:y has ! ^w devils be5 reta9$ z ! r5d]+ ( 1 :ile demons is relegat$ to ! m>g98 ,!re are two ,greek words1 v diff]5t f "o ano!r 9 orig9 & hi/ory1 :i* are us$ bo? 9 ! ,septuag9t & 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t to express ! unse5 & spiritual p[]s ( evil4 ,^! are & 1 or 9 "o place 7,matt4 xlii4 #ca2 n ,m>k v4 #ab1 or ,luke vii4 #bi1 or ,rev4 xvi4 #ad & xviii4 #b74 ,! ,scriptural usage ( ^! two words is q di/9ct & v m>k$4 ,except+ :]e x is us$ z an adjective 7,john vi4 #gj2 #a ,tim4 iii4 #aa2 #b ,tim4 iii4 #c2 ,titus ii4 #c71 is "o ( ! names ( ,satan1 ! great enemy ( ,god & ( m51 & ! pr9ce ( ! spirits ( evil4 ,x is s us$ 9 ! ,books ( ,job & ( ,ze*>iah1 z well z 9 ,wisdom ii4 #bd1 & also ?r\gh\t ! ,new ,te/am5t1 viz4 9 ! ,gospels & ,acts1 ! ,ca?olic & ,paul9e ,epi/les1 & ! ,apocalypse4 ,x is1 9 fact1 a prop] "n1 & is appli$ to "o p]son only4 ,x commonly1 b n inv>iably 7#a ,*ron4 xxi4 #a2 ,ps4 cviii4 cix4 #e7 has ! def9ite article4 ,! ^w 1 on ! o!r h&1 is us$ ( ^? evil spirits :o are ! mess5g]s & m9i/]s ( ,satan4 ,x is ?us us$ 9 ,isaiah1 ! ,psalms1 ,tobit1 ,b>u*1 & ?r\gh\t ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,x is us$ also ( ! false gods ( ! hea!n1 :i* 7 believ$ to be evil spirits1 or at lea/ ! productions ( evil spirits1 :o are ! inspir]s ( idolatry2 :]eas ,satan is nev] id5tifi$ ) any hea!n div9ity4 ,^? :o wor%ip false gods are said to wor%ip demons1 b nev] to wor%ip ! devil4 ,nei!r 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t nor 9 ! ,new are ! two words ev] int]*ang$4 ,satan is nev] spok5 ( z a or 1 & 8 m9i/]s are nev] call$ 4 ,is x n a calamity t ?is v m>k$ di/9ction %\ld be oblit]at$ 9 ! ,engli% ,v]sion by translat+ bo? ,greek words by ! ^w devil1 especially :5 !re is ano!r ^w :i*1 z ! m>g9 admits1 might h be5 us$ = "o ( !m8 ,! ,revis]s h done imm5se s]vice by di/+ui%+ betwe5 ,hades1 ! abode ( dep>t$ spirits ( m51 & ,hell or ,geh5na1 ! place ( puni%m5t 7iii4 #f74 ,:y did !y reject a simil> opportunity by refus+ to di/+ui% ! devil f ! demons ov] :om he reigns8 ,?is is "o ( ! sugge/ions ( ! ,am]ican ,committee :i* might h be5 foll[$ ) great advantage & 7s f> z "o sees7 no loss4 ,/4 ,james has j be5 po9t+ out ! advantage :i* ! ,*ri/ian :o has works to %[ has ov] "o :o has only fai?4 ,! "o c prove t he possesses bo?2 ! o!r _c prove t he possesses ei!r4 ,! works ( ! "o are evid5ce t ! fai? is !re also1 j z leaves & fruit are evid5ce t a tree is alive4 ,b ! o!r1 :o possesses only fai?1 _c prove t he possesses ev5 t4 ,he says t he believes1 & we may believe 8 /atem5t2 b if any "o d\bts or d5ies ! tru? ( 8 pr(ession ( fai? he is helpless4 ,j z a leafless & fruitless tree may be alive2 b :o is to be sure ( ?is8 ,we mu/ note1 h[ev]1 t 9 ?is case ! /atem5t is n d\bt$4 ,?\ ha/ fai?1 & ,i h works2 ! possibility ( possess+ fai? )\t works is n disput$4 ,& aga91 ,?\ believe/ t ,god is ,"o2 ! or?odox "* ( ! man's cre$ is n call$ 9 "q4 ,?is %[s t !re is no emphasis on say 9 ! op5+ v]se1 ,if a man say he ha? fai?1 b h n works2 z if su* a pr(ession 7 incr$ible 7see p4 #acg74 ,& ?is rema9s equally true if1 ) "s ( ! be/ editors1 we turn ! /atem5t ( ! man's fai? into a "q1 ,do/ ?\ believe t ,god is ,"o8 ,= ,?\ doe/ well %[s t ! man's or?odoxy is n que/ion$4 ,! object ( ,/4 ,james is n to prove t ! man is a hypocrite1 & t 8 pr(essions are false2 b t1 on 8 own %[+1 he is 9 a mis]able condition4 ,he may plume himself ^u ! correctness ( 8 ,!ism2 b z f> z t goes1 he is no bett] ?an ! demons1 to :om ?is article ( fai? is a s\rce1 n ( joy & /r5g?1 b ( horror4 ,x is mo/ improbable t1 if he _h be5 allud+ to ! tea*+ ( ,/4 ,paul1 ,/4 ,james w\ld h select$ ! ,unity ( ! ,godhead z ! article ( fai? held by ! b>r5 ,*ri/ian4 ,he w\ld h tak5 fai? 9 ,*ri/ z 8 example4 ,b 9 writ+ to ,jewi% ,*ri/ians1 )\t any su* allusion1 ! selection is v natural4 ,! ,mono!ism ( 8 cre$1 9 contra/ ) ! fooli% gods _m1 & lords _m1 ( ! hea!n1 0 to ! ,jew a matt] ( religi\s & national pride4 ,he glori$ 9 8 intellectual & spiritual sup]iority to ^? :o c\ld believe 9 a plurality ( deities4 ,& !re 0 no?+ 9 ,*ri/ianity to make him ?9k less highly ( ?is supreme article ( fai?4 ,h5ce1 :5 ,/4 ,james desires to give an example ( ! fai? on :i* a ,jewi% ,*ri/ian1 :o _h sunk into a dead =malism1 w\ld be mo/ likely to rely1 he selects ?is article1 common to bo? ! ,jewi% & ! ,*ri/ian cre$1 ,i believe t ,god is ,"o4 ,?\ doe/ well is ! calm reply2 & !n foll[s ! s>ca/ic addition1 ,! demons also believe--& %udd]4 ,is ,/4 ,james "h allud+ to ! belief m5tion$ above1 t ! gods ( ! hea!n are demons8 ,!y1 ( all evil spirits1 might be suppos$ to "k mo/ ab\t ! ,unity ( ,god1 & to h mo/ to fe> 9 ref]5ce to x4 ,!y sacrific$ unto demons1 :i* 7 no ,god1 we read 9 ,deut]onomy 7xxxii4 #ag74 ,& aga91 9 ! ,psalms1 ,!y sacrific$ _! sons & _! daught]s unto demons 7cvi4 #cg4 ,comp4 xcvi4 #e74 ,9 ^! passages ! ,greek ^w repres5ts ! ,elilim or ,%$im1 ! non5ities :o 7 all[$ to usurp ! place ( ,jehovah4#fe ,& ,/4 ,paul affirms1 ,t ! ?+s :i* ! ,g5tiles sacrifice1 !y sacrifice to demons1 & n to ,god 7#a ,cor4 x4 #bj74 ,x is q possible1 !re=e1 t ,/4 ,james is ?9k+ ( demons z objects ( idolatr\s wor%ip1 or at any rate z s$uc+ p into su* wor%ip1 :5 he speaks ( ! demons' belief 9 ! ,unity ( ,god4 ,b a sugge/ion :i* ,b$e makes1 & :i* sev]al mod]n comm5tators h foll[$1 is well wor? consid]+4 ,/4 ,james may be ?9k+ ( ! demons :i* possess$ human be+s1 r ?an ^? :i* receiv$ or promot$ idolatr\s wor%ip4 ,b$e rem9ds u ( ! _m demons :o w5t out at ,*ri/'s comm&1 cry+ out t ,he 0 ! ,son ( ,god1 & especially ( ! man ) ! legion among ! ,gad>5es1 :o express$ n only belief1 b horror3 ,:at h ,i to d ) ,!e1 ,jesus1 ,son ( ! mo/ high ,god8 ,i adjure ,!e by ,god1 t ,?\ torm5t me n4 ,)\t fall+ into ! error ( suppos+ t demons c mean demoniacs1 we may imag9e h[ readily "o :o _h witness$ su* sc5es z ^? record$ 9 ! ,gospels might attribute to ! demons ! expressions ( horror :i* he _h he>d 9 ! words & se5 on ! faces ( ^? :om demons possess$4 ,su* expressions 7 ! usual effect ( be+ confront$ by ! ,div9e pres5ce & p[] ( ,*ri/1 & 7 evid5ce bo? ( a belief 9 ,god & ( a dread ( ,him4 ,/4 ,james1 :o 0 !n liv+ ) ! ,"m ( ! ,"l1 & sometimes foll[$ ,8 ,div9e ,bro!r 9 ,8 w&]+s1 w\ld be almo/ c]ta9 to h be5 a witness ( "s ( ^! heal+s ( demoniacs4 ,& x is wor? not+ t ! ^w :i* 9 ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion is r5d]$ tremble1 & 9 ! ,revis$ %udd] 771 expresses physical horror1 especially z x affects ! hair2 & 9 itself x implies a body1 & w\ld be an inappropriate ^w to use ( ! fe> felt by a purely spiritual be+4 ,x occurs n[h]e else 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t2 b 9 ! ,septuag9t we f9d x us$ 9 ! ,book ( ,job3 ,!n a _s pass$ be=e my face2 ! hair ( my fle% /ood up 7iv4 #ae74 ,x is a /rong] ^w ?an ei!r fe> or tremble1 & /rictly speak+ c be us$ only ( m5 & o!r animals4 ,?is horror1 !n1 express$ by ! demons ?r\gh ! bodies ( ^? :om !y possess1 is evid5ce en\gh ( fai?4 ,c fai? su* z t save any "o8 ,is x n obvi\s t a fai? :i* produces1 n works ( love1 b ! /ronge/ expressions ( fe>1 is n a fai? on :i* any "o c rely = 8 salvation8 ,& yet ! fai? ( ^? :o refuse to d good works1 because !y hold t _! fai? is suffici5t to save !m1 is no bett] ?an ! fai? ( ! demons4 ,inde$1 9 "s respects x is worse4 ,= ! s9c]ity ( ! demons' fai? _c be d\bt$2 _! t]ror is pro( ( x3 :]eas ! =mal ,*ri/ian has no?+ b cold pr(essions to (f]4 ,moreov]1 ! demons are "u no self-delusion2 !y "k _! own t]rible condition4 ,= ! =mali/ :o accepts ,*ri/ian tru? & neglects ,*ri/ian practice !re is a dreadful awak5+ 9 /ore4 ,!re w come a "t :5 believe & %udd] w be true also ( him4 ,b1 be=e x is too late1 wille/ ?\ to get to "k1 ,o va9 man1 t fai? ap>t f works is b>r58 ,wilt ?\ "k does n d ju/ice to ! full mean+ ( ! ,greek 7 74 ,! mean+ is n1 ,i w\ld h y "k1 b1 ,d y wi% to h acquir$ ! k8 ,y pr(ess to "k ,god & to believe 9 ,him2 d y desire to "k :at fai? 9 ,him really means8 ,o va9 man is lit]ally1 ,o empty man1 i4e4 empty-head$1 empty-h&$1 & empty-he>t$4 ,empty-head$1 9 be+ s delud$ z to suppose t a dead fai? c save2 empty-h&$1 9 be+ devoid ( true spiritual ri*es2 empty-he>t$1 9 hav+ no real love ei!r = ,god or man4 ,! epi!t seems to be ! equival5t ( ,raca1 ! t]m ( contempt quot$ by our ,"l z ! expression ( t angry _s :i* is ak9 to murd] 7,matt4 v4 #bb74 ,! use ( x by ,/4 ,james may be tak5 z an indication t ! primitive ,*ur* saw t ! comm&s 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt are n rules to be obey$ lit]ally1 b illu/rations ( pr9ciples4 ,! s9 lies n s mu* 9 ! precise t]m ( reproa* :i* is employ$ z 9 ! _s & temp] :i* are felt & display$ 9 ! employm5t ( x4 ,! *ange f dead 7,a4,v47 to b>r5 7,r4,v47 is n a *ange ( translation1 b ( read+ 7 to 71 ! latt] t]m mean+ workless1 idle1 unproductive 7,matt4 xx4 #c1 #f2 #a ,tim4 v4 #ac2 ,titus i4 #ab2 #b ,pet] i4 #h74 ,ari/otle 7,nic4 ,e?41 ,i4 vii4 #aa7 asks :e!r x is likely t e memb] ( a man's body %\ld h a function or "w 77 to p]=m1 & t man z a :ole %\ld be functionless 774 ,w\ld nature h produc$ su* a va9 contradiction8 ,we %\ld reproduce ! _s ( ,/4 ,james's po9t$ int]rogation if we r5d]$ t fai? )\t fruits is fruitless4 ,9 contra/ ) ?is b>r5 fai?1 :i* makes a man's spiritual condition no bett] ?an t ( ! demons1 ,/4 ,james places two conspicu\s in/ances ( liv+ & fruitful fai?--,abraham & ,rahab4 ,! case ( ,abraham our fa!r w\ld be ! fir/ t w\ld occur to e ,jew4 ,z ! passages 9 ! ,apocrypha 7,wisdom x4 #e2 ,ecclus4 xliv4 #bj2 #a ,macc4 ii4 #eb7 prove1 ,abraham's fai? 0 a subject ( frequ5t discussion among ! ,jews1 & ?is fact is q en\gh to acc\nt = its m5tion by ,/4 ,james1 ,/4 ,paul 7,rom4 iv4 #c2 ,gal4 iii4 #f71 & ! writ] ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews 7xi4 #ag71 )\t suppos+ t any "o ( !m _h se5 ! writ+s ( ! o!rs4 ,c]ta9ly !re is no pro( t ! writ] ( ?is ,epi/le is ! borr[]1 if !re is borr[+ on ei!r side4 ,x is urg$ t betwe5 ! au?ors ( ?is ,epi/le & t to ! ,hebrews !re mu/ be dep5d5ce on "o side or ! o!r1 because ea* selects n only ,abraham1 b ,rahab1 z an example ( fai?2 & ,rahab is s /range an example t x is unlikely t two writ]s w\ld h select$ x indep5d5tly4 ,!re is =ce 9 ! argum5t1 b less ?an at fir/ sight appe>s4 ,! pres5ce ( ,rahab's "n 9 ! g5ealogy ( ! ,*ri/ 7,matt4 i4 #e71 9 :i* s few wom5 are m5tion$1 mu/ h giv5 ?\ghtful p]sons food = reflexion4 ,:y 0 su* a woman s+l$ out = su* di/9ction8 ,! answ] to ?is "q _c be giv5 ) c]ta9ty4 ,b :atev] caus$ h] to be m5tion$ 9 ! g5ealogy may also h caus$ h] to be m5tion$ by ,/4 ,james & ! writ] ( ,hebrews2 or ! fact ( h] be+ 9 ! g5ealogy may h sugge/$ h] to ! au?ors ( ^! two ,epi/les4 ,?is latt] alt]native does n necess>ily imply t ^! two writ]s 7 acqua9t$ ) ! writt5 ,gospel ( ,/4 ,mat!w1 :i* 0 p]haps n 9 exi/5ce :5 !y wrote4 ,! g5ealogy1 at any rate1 0 9 exi/5ce1 = ,/4 ,mat!w no d\bt copi$ x f (ficial or family regi/]s4 ,assum+1 h[ev]1 t x is n a m]e co9cid5ce t bo? writ]s use ,abraham & ,rahab z examples ( fruitful fai?1 x is altoge!r arbitr>y to decide t ! writ] ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews wrote fir/4 ,! probabilities are ! o!r way4 ,_h ,/4 ,james kn[n t ,epi/le1 he w\ld h made m use ( x4 ,! two examples are 9 _m respects v diff]5t4 ,_! resemblance consi/s 9 ?is1 t 9 bo? cases fai? f\nd expression 9 action1 & ?is action 0 ! s\rce ( ! believ]'s deliv]ance4 ,! case ( ,abraham1 :i* ,/4 ,paul uses to prove ! wor?lessness ( works ( ! law 9 comp>ison ) a liv+ fai?1 is us$ by ,/4 ,james to prove ! wor?lessness ( a dead fai? 9 comp>ison ) works ( love :i* are evid5ce t !re is a liv+ fai? beh9d !m4 ,b x %\ld be notic$ t a diff]5t episode 9 ,abraham's life is tak5 9 ea* ,epi/le1 & ?is is a fur!r reason = believ+ t nei!r writ] ref]s to ! o!r4 ,/4 ,paul appeals to ,abraham's fai? 9 believ+ t he %\ld h a son :5 he 0 a hundr$1 & ,s>ah n9ety ye>s ( age 7,rom4 iv4 #ai74 ,/4 ,james appeals to ,abraham's fai? 9 (f]+ up ,isaac1 :5 !re seem$ to be no possibility ( ! ,div9e promise be+ fulfill$ if ,isaac 0 sla94 ,! latt] requir$ m fai? ?an ! =m]1 & 0 mu* m di/9ctly an act ( fai?2 a "w1 or s]ies ( works1 t w\ld nev] h be5 accompli%$ if !re _h n be5 a v vigor\s fai? to inspire & support ! do]4 ,! result 7 7 0 t ,abraham 0 ju/ifi$1 i4e4 he 0 acc\nt$ righte\s1 & ! rew>d ( 8 fai? 0 ) /ill great] solemnity & fulness ?an on ! fir/ occasion 7,g54 xv4 #d-f7 promis$ to him3 ,by ,myself h ,i sworn1 sai? ! ,"l1 because ?\ ha/ done ?is ?+1 & ha/ n )held ?y son1 ?9e only son2 t 9 bless+ ,i w bless !e1 & 9 multiply+ ,i w multiply ?y se$ z ! />s ( heav51 & z ! s& :i* is ^u ! sea-%ore2 & ?y se$ %all possess ! gate ( 8 enemies2 & 9 ?y se$ %all all ! nations ( ! e>? be bless$2 because ?\ ha/ obey$ ,my voice 7,g54 xxii4 #af-ah74 ,) ! expression 0 ju/ifi$ z a result ( works 7 71 :i* is us$ bo? ( ,abraham & ( ,rahab1 %\ld be comp>$ our ,"l's say+1 ,by ?y words ?\ %alt be ju/ifi$1 & by ?y words ?\ %alt be condemn$ 7,matt4 xii4 #cg71 :i* are ( exactly ! same =m2 lit]ally1 ,z a result ( ?y words ?\ %alt be acc\nt$ righte\s1 & z a result ( ?y words ?\ %alt be condemn$ 7 1 72 t is1 x is f ! consid]ation ( ! words 9 ! "o case1 & ( ! works 9 ! o!r1 t ! s5t5ce ( approval proce$s2 !y are ! s\rce ( ! ju/ification4 ,( c\rse f ! po9t ( view tak5 by ,/4 ,james words are works2 good words spok5 = ! love ( ,god are q z mu* fruits ( fai? & evid5ce ( fai? z good de$s4 ,x is n impossible t 8 phrase is an e*o ( expressions :i* he _h he>d us$ by ,*ri/4 ,t ! words r5d]$ (f]$ up ,isaac 8 son ^u ! alt> really mean ?is1 & n m]ely br\ght ,isaac 8 son z a victim up to ! alt>1 is cle> f o!r passages :]e ! same phrase 7 7 occurs4 ,noah (f]+ burnt (f]+s on ! alt> 7,g54 viii4 #bj7 & ,*ri/ (f]+ our s9s on ! tree 7#a ,pet4 ii4 #bd7 might be int]pret$ ei!r way1 al?\gh ! br++ up to ! alt> & to ! tree does n seem s natural z ! (f]+ on !m4 ,b a passage 9 ,leviticus ab\t ! (f]+s ( ! lep] is q decisive3 ,aft]w>d he %all kill ! burnt (f]+3 & ! prie/ %all (f] ! burnt (f]+ & ! meal (f]+ ^u ! alt> 7xiv4 #ai1 #bj74 ,x w\ld be v unnatural to speak ( br++ ! victim up to ! alt> aft] x _h be5 sla94 7,comp4 ,b>u* i4 #aj2 #a ,macc4 iv4 #ec47 ,! ,vulgate1 ,lu!r1 ,beza1 & all ,engli% v]sions agre$ 9 ?is translation2 & x is n a matt] ( small importance1 n a m]e nicety ( r5d]+4 ,9 all complet5ess1 bo? ( w & de$1 ,abraham _h actually surr5d]$ & (f]$ up to ,god 8 only son1 :5 he laid him b\nd ^u ! alt>1 & took ! knife to slay him--to slay t son ( :om ,god _h promis$1 ,9 ,isaac %all ?y se$ be call$4 ,!n 0 ! ,scripture fulfill$2 i4e4 :at _h be5 spok5 & p>tly fulfill$ be=e 7,g54 xv4 #f7 receiv$ a m complete & a high] fulfilm5t4 ,great] fai? ha? no man ?an ?is1 t a man gives back ,8 own promises unto ,god4 ,! real b incomplete fai? ( believ+ t ag$ p>5ts c\ld become ! prog5itors ( c\ntless ?\s&s _h be5 accept$ & rew>d$4 ,mu* m1 !re=e1 0 ! p]fect fai? ( (f]+ to ,god ! "o hope ( po/]ity accept$ & rew>d$4 ,?is la/ 0 a "w 9 :i* 8 fai? co-op]at$1 & :i* prov$ ! complete developm5t ( 8 fai?2 by x 0 fai? made p]fect4 ,he 0 call$ ! ,fri5d ( ,god4 ,abraham 0 s call$ 9 ,jewi% tradition2 & to ?is day ?is is 8 "n among 8 desc5dants ! ,arabs1 :o mu* m commonly speak ( him z ! ,fri5d 7,el ,khalil71 or ! ,fri5d ( ,god 7,el ,khalil ,allah71 ?an by ! "n ,abraham4 ,n[h]e 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t does he receive ?is "n1 al?\gh our ,v]sions1 bo? ,au?oriz$ & ,revis$1 w\ld lead u to suppose t he is s call$4 ,! ^w is f\nd nei!r 9 ! ,hebrew nor 9 exi/+ copies ( ! ,septuag9t4 ,9 #b ,*ron4 xx4 #g1 ,abraham ,?y fri5d %\ld be ,abraham ,?y belov$2 & 9 ,isaiah xli4 #h1 ,abraham ,my fri5d %\ld be ,abraham :om ,i lov$4 ,9 bo? passages1 h[ev]1 ! ,vulgate has ! r5d]+ amicus1 & "s copies ( ! ,septuag9t _h ! read+ fri5d 9 #b ,*ron4 xx4 #g1 :ile ,symma*us _h x 9 ,isa4 xli4 #h 7,see ,field's ,hexapla1 ,i41 p4 #gdd2 ,,ii41 p4 #eac74 ,clem5t ( ,rome 7x41 xvii47 probably d]iv$ ?is "n = ,abraham f ,/4 ,james4 ,b ev5 if ,abraham is n[h]e /yl$ ! ,fri5d ( ,god1 he is abundantly describ$ z be+ su*4 ,god talks ) him z a man talks ) 8 fri5d1 & asks1 ,%all ,i hide f ,abraham t :i* ,i d8 7,g54 xviii4 #ag72 :i* is ! v tok5 ( fri5d%ip po9t$ out by ,*ri/4 ,no long] d ,i call y s]vants2 = ! s]vant kn[e? n :at 8 "l doe?3 b ,i h call$ y fri5ds2 = all ?+s t ,i he>d f ,my ,fa!r ,i h made kn[n unto y 7,john xv4 #ae74 ,x is wor?y ( note t ,/4 ,james seems to intimate t ! ^w is n 9 ! sacr$ writ+s4 ,! words1 ,& ,abraham believ$ ,god1 & x 0 reckon$ unto him = righte\sness1 are introduc$ ) ! =mula1 ,! ,scripture 0 fulfill$ :i* sai?4 ,( ! title ,fri5d ( ,god x is simply said he 0 call$1 )\t /at+ by :om4#ff ,9 l mann] 0 n also ,rahab ! h>lot ju/ifi$ by works8 ,x is because ( ! simil>ity ( h] case to ,abraham's1 bo? ( !m be+ a contra/ to ! =mal ,*ri/ian & ! demons1 t ,rahab is introduc$4 ,9 h] case also fai? l$ to action1 & ! action _h its result 9 ! salvation ( ! ag5t4 ,if !re _h be5 fai? )\t action1 if %e _h m]ely believ$ ! spies )\t do+ any?+ 9 consequ5ce ( h] belief1 %e w\ld h p]i%$4 ,%e 0 glorifi$ 9 ,jewi% tradition1 p]haps z be+ a typical =]unn] ( proselytes f ! ,g5tile _w2 & x may be t ?is acc\nts = h] be+ m5tion$ 9 ! g5ealogy ( ! ,messiah1 & consequ5tly by ,/4 ,james & ! writ] ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews4 ,! ,talmud m5tions a q untru/wor?y tradition t %e m>ri$ ,jo%ua1 & became ! ance/ress ( eight p]sons :o 7 bo? prie/s & prophets1 & also ( ,huldah ! prophetess4 ,/4 ,mat!w gives ,salmon ! son ( ,naasson z h] husb&2 he may h be5 "o ( ! spies4 ,b ! contra/ betwe5 ,abraham & ,rahab is almo/ z m>k$ z ! simil>ity4 ,he is ! fri5d ( ,god1 & %e is ( a vile hea!n nation & a h>lot4 ,8 great act ( fai? is manife/$ t[>ds ,god1 h]s t[>ds m54 ,8 is ! cr[n+ act ( 8 spiritual developm5t2 h]s is ! fir/ sign ( a fai? j beg9n+ to exi/4 ,he is ! ag$ sa9t1 :ile %e is b>ely a cate*um54 ,b accord+ to h] light1 :i* 0 t ( a v faulty moral /&>d1 %e did :at %e c\ld1 & x 0 accept$4 ,^! contra/s h _! place 9 ! argum5t1 z well z ! simil>ities4 ,! read]s ( ! ,epi/le might ?9k1 ,h]oic acts are all v suitable = ,abraham2 b we are n ,abrahams1 & mu/ be cont5t ) %>+ 8 fai? 9 ! true ,god2 we _c & ne$ n imitate 8 acts4 ,b1 ,/4 ,james replies 7& he writes 1 n 71 !re is ,rahab1 ,rahab ! hea!n1 ,rahab ! h>lot2 at lea/ y c imitate h]4 ,& = ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ians ( t day h] example 0 v mu* 9 po9t4 ,%e welcom$ & believ$ ! mess5g]s1 :om h] c\ntrym5 p]secut$1 & w\ld h sla94 ,%e sep>at$ h]self f h] unbeliev+ & ho/ile p1 & w5t ov] to an unpopul> & despis$ cause4 ,%e sav$ ! prea*]s ( an unwelcome message = ! fulfilm5t ( ! ,div9e mission ) :i* !y _h be5 entru/$4 ,sub/itute ! ,apo/les = ! spies1 & all ?is is true ( ! believ+ ,jews ( t age4 ,& z if to sugge/ ?is lesson1 ,/4 ,james speaks n ( "y m51 z ,jo%ua vi4 #bc1 nor ( spies1 z ,hebrews xi4 #ca1 b ( mess5g]s1 a t]m :i* is z applicable to ^? :o 7 s5t by ,jesus ,*ri/ z to ^? :o 7 s5t by ,jo%ua4 ,plut>*1 :o 0 a "y man at ! "t :5 ?is ,epi/le 0 writt51 has ! foll[+ /ory ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 9 8 ,apo!gms ( ,k+s & ,g5]als3 ,! "y ,alex&] 0 n at all pleas$ ) ! successes ( 8 fa!r1 ,philip ( ,mac$on4 ,my fa!r w leave me no?+1 he said4 ,! "y nobles :o 7 br\ght up ) him repli$1 ,he is ga9+ all ?is = y4 ,almo/ 9 ! words ( ,/4 ,james1 ?\gh ) a v diff]5t mean+1 he answ]$1 ,:at does x pr(it 7 271 if ,i possess mu* & d no?+8 ,! future conqu]or scorn$ to h ev]y?+ done = him4 ,9 q ano!r _s ! ,*ri/ian mu/ rememb] t if he is to conqu] he mu/ n suppose t 8 heav5ly ,fa!r1 :o has done s mu* = him1 has left him no?+ to d4 ,!re is ! fate ( ! b>r5 fig-tree z a p]petual w>n+ to ^? :o are royal 9 _! pr(essions ( fai?1 & paup]s 9 good works4 #fe ,dll+]1 ,! ,g5tile & ! ,jew1 ,,ii41 pp4 #chd1 #chf1 ,eng4 ,tr41 ,heid5?um und ,jud5?um1 pp4 #hbe1 #hbg4 #ff ,! foll[+ /ory is giv5 by ,mahometan comm5tators on ! passage1 ,god took ,abraham = ,8 fri5d1 :i* occurs 9 ! f\r? *apt] ( ! ,koran1 entitl$ ,nessa1 or ,wom53 ,abraham 0 ! fa!r ( ! poor1 & 9 a fam9e he empti$ 8 gran>ies to fe$ !m4 ,!n he s5t to "o ( 8 fri5ds1 :o 0 a great "l 9 ,egypt1 = corn4 ,b ! fri5d said1 ,we also are 9 dang] ( fam9e4 ,! corn is n want$ = ,abraham1 b = 8 poor4 ,i mu/ keep x = our own poor4 ,& ! mess5g]s return$ ) empty sacks4 ,z !y ne>$ home !y fe>$ be+ mock$ = _! failure2 s !y fill$ _! sacks ) s&1 & came 9 well lad54 ,9 private !y told ,abraham ( 8 fri5d's refusal1 & ,abraham at once retir$ to pray4 ,mean:ile ,s>ah op5$ "o ( ! sacks1 & f\nd excell5t fl\r 9 x1 & ) ?is began to bake bread = ! poor4 ,:5 ,abraham return$ f pray] he ask$ ,s>ah :5ce %e obta9$ ! fl\r4 ,f t :i* y\r fri5d 9 ,egypt has s5t1 %e repli$4 ,say r f t :i* ! true ,fri5d has s5t1 t is ,god2 = x is ,he :o nev] fails u 9 our ne$4 ,at ! mom5t :5 ,abraham call$ ,god 8 ,fri5d ,god took ,abraham also to be ,8 fri5d4 7,see ! notes 9 ,sale's ,koran2 ,d',h]belot's ,biblio?que ,ori5tale1 ,mae/ri*t1 #aggf1 p4 #ac2 ,bi%op ,?irlwall's ,lett]s to a ,fri5d1 ,b5tley1 #ahhb1 pp4 #fc1 #fd74 ,eusebius 7,prp4 ,evan4 ,,ix4 xix41 p4 #dbj7 quotes ,alex&] ,polyhi/or 7c4 ,b4,c4 #hj7 z /at+ t ,molon 7,josephus1 ,contra ,apionem1 ,,ii4 xiv47 int]pret$ ! "n ,abraham z mean+ ! ,fa!r's ,fri5d 7 71 probably ?r\gh a misspell+ ( ! "n4 7,see ,lightfoot's note on ,clem4 ,rom4 x47 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,heavy ,,responsibilities ,,( ,,tea*]s4 ,,! ,,p[]s ,,& ,,prop5sities ,,( ,,! ,,tongue4 ,,! ,,self-,,defilem5t ,,( ,,! ,,reckless ,,talk]4 ,be n _m tea*]s1 my bre?r51 kn[+ t we %all receive heavi] judgm5t4 ,= 9 _m ?+s we all /umble4 ,if any /umble n 9 ^w1 ! same is a p]fect man1 able to bridle ! :ole body also4 ,n[ if we put ! horses' bridles into _! m\?s1 t !y may obey u1 we turn ab\t _! :ole body also4 ,behold1 ! %ips also1 ?\gh !y are s great1 & are driv5 by r\gh w9ds1 are yet turn$ ab\t by a v small rudd]1 :i!r ! impulse ( ! /e]sman wille?4 ,s ! tongue also is a little memb]1 & boa/e? great ?+s4 ,behold1 h[ mu* wood is k9dl$ by h[ small a fire6 ,& ! tongue is a fire3 ! _w ( iniquity among our memb]s is ! tongue1 :i* defile? ! :ole body1 & sette? on fire ! :eel ( nature1 & is set on fire by hell4 ,= e k9d ( bea/s & birds1 ( creep+ ?+s & ?+s 9 ! sea1 is tam$1 & ha? be5 tam$ by mank9d3 b ! tongue c no man tame2 x is a re/less evil1 x is full ( deadly poison4--,,/4 ,,james iii4 #a-h4 ,f ! idle fai? 7 7 ,/4 ,james goes on to speak ( ! idle ^w 7 74 ,! *ange f ! subject ( fai? & works to t ( ! temptations & s9s ( spee* is n s abrupt & arbitr>y z at fir/ sight appe>s4 ,! ne$ ( w>n+ 8 read]s aga9/ s9s ( ! tongue has be5 9 8 m9d f ! fir/4 ,twice 9 ! fir/ *apt] x comes to ! surface4 ,let e man be swift to he>1 sl[ to speak1 sl[ to wra? 7v]4 #ai71 z if be+ sl[ to he> & swift to speak 7 mu* ! same z be+ swift to wra?4 ,& aga91 ,if any man ?9ke? himself to be religi\s1 :ile he bridle? n 8 tongue1 b deceive? 8 he>t1 ?is man's religion is va9 7v]4 #bf74 ,& n[ ! subject ( b>r5 fai? causes him to return to ! w>n+ once m4 ,= x is precisely ^? :o neglect good works t are giv5 to talk mu* ab\t ! excell5ce ( _! fai?1 & are always ready to in/ruct & lecture o!rs4 ,t controv]sies ab\t fai? & works sugge/$ to him ?is section ab\t (f5ces ( ! tongue1 is a gratuit\s hypo!sis4 ,/4 ,james %[s no k ( any su* controv]sies4 ,z already po9t$ out1 ! purpose ( ! prec$+ section 7ii4 #ad-bf7 is n controv]sial or doctr9al1 b purely practical1 l ! re/ ( ! ,epi/le4 ,! p>agraph be=e u is ( ! same "*2 x is aga9/ ^? :o sub/itute words = works4 ,/4 ,james is entirely ( ,c>lyle's op9ion t 9 ! majority ( cases1 if spee* is silv]n1 sil5ce is gold52 b he does n write tw5ty volumes to prove ! tru? ( ?is doctr9e4 ,9 noble uprightness1 he values only ! /rict practice ( concrete duties1 & hates talk 7,reuss72 & :ile q admitt+ t tea*]s are necess>y1 & t "s are call$ to und]take ?is (fice1 he tells all ^? :o desire to und]take x t :at !y h to be> 9 m9d is its p]ils & responsibilities4 ,& x is obvi\s t true tea*]s mu/ always be a m9ority4 ,!re is some?+ s]i\sly wrong :5 ! majority 9 ! community1 or ev5 a l>ge numb]1 are press+ =w>d to tea* ! re/4 ,be n _m tea*]s1 my bre?r52 or1 if we are to d full ju/ice to ! compact fulness ( ! orig9al1 ,d n _m ( y become tea*]s4 ,/4 ,james is n prote/+ aga9/ a usurpation ( ! m9i/]ial (fice2 to suppose ?is is to give f> too specific a mean+ to 8 simple language4 ,! context po9ts to no su* s9 z t ( ,korah & 8 company1 b simply to ! folly ( incurr+ ne$less dang] & temptation4 ,9 ! ,jewi% synagogues any "o :o 0 dispos$ to d s might come =w>d to tea*1 & ,/4 ,james writes at a "t :5 ! same fre$om prevail$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian congregations4 ,ea* _h a psalm1 _h a tea*+1 _h a revelation1 _h a tongue1 _h an int]pretation4444 ,all c\ld prophesy "o by "o1 t all might le>n & all be com=t$ 7#a ,cor4 xiv4 #bf1 #ca74 ,b 9 bo? cases ! fre$om l$ to s]i\s disord]s4 ,! desire to be call$ ( m5 ,rabbi1 ,rabbi1 told among ,jews & ,*ri/ians alike1 & _m 7 eag] to exp\nd :o _h /ill ! v elem5ts ( true religion to le>n4 ,x is aga9/ ?is g5]al desire to be prom95t z in/ructors bo? 9 private & 9 public t ,/4 ,james is "h w>n+ 8 read]s4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* already has its m9i/]s di/9ct f ! laity1 to :om ! laity are to apply = spiritual help 7v4 #ad72 b x is n an invasion ( _! (fice by ! laity to :i* ,/4 ,james ref]s1 :5 he says1 ,d n _m ( y become tea*]s4 ,^! ,jewi% ,*ri/ians ( ! ,disp]sion 7 l ^? at ,rome to :om ,/4 ,paul writes2 ea* ( !m 0 confid5t t 8 k ( ,god & ! ,law made him compet5t to become a guide ( ! bl9d1 a light ( !m t are 9 d>kness1 a corrector ( ! fooli%1 a tea*] ( babes1 hav+ 9 ! ,law ! =m ( k & ( ! tru? 7,rom4 ii4 #ag ff474 ,b 9 tea*+ o!rs !y =got to tea* !mselves2 !y fail$ to see t to prea* ! law )\t be+ a do] ( ! law 0 to cause ,god's "n to be blasphem$ among ! ,g5tiles2 & t to possess fai? & d no?+ b talk 0 b to increase _! own condemnation2 = x 0 to place !mselves among ^? :o are condemn$ by ,*ri/ because !y say & d n 7,matt4 xxiii4 #c74 ,! phrase to receive judgm5t 7 7 is 9 =m a neutral "o3 ! judgm5t may conceivably be a fav\rable "o1 b 9 usage x implies t ! judgm5t is adv]se 7,m>k xii4 #dj2 ,luke xx4 #dg2 ,rom4 xiii4 #b74 ,ev5 )\t ! v]b receive ?is ^w judgm5t 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t g5]ally has ! mean+ ( a condemnatory s5t5ce 7,rom4 ii4 #b1 #c2 iii4 #h2 v4 #af2 #a ,cor4 xi4 #bi2 ,gal4 v4 #aj2 #a ,tim4 iii4 #f2 v4 #ab2 #a ,pet4 iv4 #ag2 #b ,pet4 ii4 #c2 ,jude #d2 ,rev4 xvii4 #a2 xviii4 #bj74 ,& !re is no reason to d\bt t su* is ! mean+ "h2 ! context requires x4 ,! fact t ,/4 ,james ) affectionate humility & p]suasiv5ess includes himself 9 ! judgm5t--we %all receive--by no means proves t ! ^w is "h us$ 9 a neutral s5se4 ,9 ?is he is l ,/4 ,john1 :o breaks ! logical fl[ ( a s5t5ce 9 a simil> mann]1 r ?an seem n to include himself3 ,if any man s91 we h an ,advocate 7#a ,john ii4 #a72 he is z mu* 9 ne$ ( ! ,advocate z o!rs4 ,s also "h1 ,/4 ,james1 z be+ a tea*]1 %>es 9 ! heavi] condemnation ( tea*]s4 ,x 0 ! conviction t ! ^w is n neutral1 b condemnatory1 :i* produc$ ! r5d]+ 9 ! ,vulgate1 kn[+ t ye receive great] condemnation 7sci5tes quoniam majus judicium sumitis71 x be+ ?\ght t ,/4 ,james ought n to be includ$ 9 su* a judgm5t4 ,b ?is is to miss ! po9t ( ! passage4 ,/4 ,james says t 9 _m ?+s we /umble--e "o ( u4 ,he uses ! /rong =m ( ! adjective 7 = 71 & places x la/ ) great emphasis4 ,e "o ( u s9s1 & !re=e !re is condemnation 9 /ore = e "o ( u4 ,b ^? ( u :o are tea*]s w receive a heavi] s5t5ce ?an ^? ( u :o are n su*2 = our obligations to live up to ! law :i* we "k1 & pr(ess1 & urge ^u o!rs1 are f> great]4 ,heavie/ ( all w be ! condemnation ( ^? :o1 )\t be+ call$ or qualifi$1 ?r\gh fanaticism1 or an it* = notoriety1 or a craze = controv]sy1 or a love ( fault-f9d+1 pu% !mselves =w>d to disp5se in/ruction & c5sure4 ,!y are among ! fools :o ru% 9 :]e angels fe> to tread1 & !reby incur responsibilities :i* !y ne$ n1 & ought n1 to h incurr$1 because !y d n possess ! qualifications = meet+ !m & dis*>g+ !m4 ,! argum5t is simple & pla93 ,"s ( u mu/ tea*4 ,all ( u frequ5tly fall4 ,tea*]s :o fall are m sev]ely judg$ ?an o!rs4 ,!re=e d n _m ( y become tea*]s4 ,9 :at sph]e is x t we mo/ frequ5tly fall8 ,precisely 9 t sph]e 9 :i* ! activity ( tea*]s specially lies--9 spee*4 ,if any /umble? n 9 ^w1 ! same is a p]fect man4 ,/4 ,james is n ?9k+ m]ely ( ! tea*] :o nev] makes a mi/ake1 b ( ! man :o nev] s9s ) ! tongue4 ,!re is an obvi\s1 b by no means exclusive1 ref]5ce to tea*]s1 & t is all4 ,to e "o ( u1 :atev] our sph]e 9 life1 ! say+ comes home t "o :o (f5ds n 9 ^w is inde$ a p]fect man4 ,by p]fect 77 he means "o :o has atta9$ full spiritual & moral developm5t1 :o is p]fect & entire1 lack+ 9 no?+ 7i4 #d74 ,he is no long] a babe1 b an adult2 no long] a le>n]1 b an adept4 ,he is a full & complete man1 ) p]fect comm& ( all ! faculties ( s\l & body4 ,he has ! full use ( !m1 & complete control ov] !m4 ,! man :o c bridle ! mo/ rebelli\s "p ( 8 nature1 & keep x 9 faultless subjection1 c bridle also ! :ole4 ,?is use ( p]fect1 z oppos$ to :at is immature & incomplete1 is ! commone/ use ( ! ^w 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,b sometimes x is a religi\s or philosophical t]m1 borr[$ f hea!n my/]ies or hea!n philosophy4 ,9 su* cases x signifies ! initiat$1 z di/9ct f novices4 ,su* a metaphor 0 v applicable to ! ,gospel1 & ,/4 ,paul sometimes employs x 7#a ,cor4 ii4 #f2 ,col4 i4 #bh72 b x may be d\bt$ :e!r any su* ?\ght is 9 ,/4 ,james's m9d "h1 al?\gh su* a metaphor w\ld h suit$ ! subject4 ,he :o nev] /umbles 9 ^w c be no novice1 b mu/ be fully initiat$ 9 ,*ri/ian discipl9e4 ,b ! simpl] int]pretation is bett]4 ,he :o c s*ool ! tongue c s*ool ! h&s & ! feet1 ! he>t & ! bra91 9 fact ! :ole body1 ! :ole ( 8 nature1 & is !re=e a p]fect man4 ,9 8 *>act]i/ic mann]1 ,/4 ,james turns to natural objects = illu/rations to en=ce 8 po9t4 ,n[ if we put ! horses' bridles into _! m\?s1 t !y may obey u1 we turn ab\t _! :ole body4 ,! *anges made "h by ! ,revis]s are *anges caus$ by a v necess>y correction ( ! ,greek text 7 in/ead ( 1 :i* ,/4 ,james n[h]e else uses1 or 1 :i* "h has v little evid5ce 9 its fav\r72 = ! text has be5 corrupt$ 9 ord] to simplify a r difficult & d\btful con/ruction4 ,! uncorrupt$ text may be tak5 9 two ways4 ,ei!r1 ,b if we put ! horses' bridles into _! m\?s1 t !y may obey u1 & s turn ab\t _! :ole body--7mu* m ought we to d s to ourselves72 ?is obvi\s conclusion be+ n /at$1 b left = u to supply at ! end ( an unf9i%$ s5t5ce4 ,or1 z ! ,revis]s take x1 :i* is simpl]1 & leaves no?+ to be und]/ood4 ,a man :o c gov]n 8 tongue c gov]n 8 :ole nature1 j z a bridle controls1 n m]ely ! horse's m\?1 b ! :ole animal4 ,?is fir/ metaphor is sugge/$ by ! writ]'s own language4 ,he has j spok5 ( ! p]fect man bridl+ 8 :ole body1 z be=e he spoke ( ! impossibility ( true religion 9 "o :o does n bridle 8 tongue 7i4 #bf72 & ?is naturally sugge/s ! illu/ration ( ! horses4 ,! argum5t is =tiori f ! horse to ! man1 & /ill m f ! %ip to ! man1 s t ! :ole =ms a climax1 ! po9t ?r\gh\t be+ ! same1 viz4 ! smallness ( ! "p to be controll$ 9 ord] to h control ov] ! :ole4 ,& 9 ord] to br+ out ! fact t ! %ips are a /rong] illu/ration ?an ! horses1 we %\ld translate1 ,behold1 ev5 ! %ips1 ?\gh !y are s great1 etc41 r ?an ,behold1 ! %ips also1 ?\gh !y are s great4 ,fir/ ! /atem5t ( ! case 7v]4 #b71 !n ! illu/ration f ! horses 7v]4 #c71 !n ev5 ! %ips 7v]4 #d71 & f9ally ! application1 s ! tongue also 7v]4 #e74 ,?us all runs smoo?ly4 ,if1 z is c]ta9ly ! case1 we are able to gov]n irrational creatures ) a small bit1 h[ mu* m ourselves ?r\gh ! tongue2 = j z he :o has lo/ 8 hold ( ! re9s has lo/ control ov] ! horse1 s he :o has lo/ 8 hold on 8 tongue has lo/ control ov] himself4 ,! case ( ! %ip is /ill /rong]4 ,x is n only devoid ( reason1 b devoid ( life4 ,x _c be taught ob$i5ce4 ,x (f]s a dead resi/ance1 :i* is all ! great] because ( its mu* great] size1 & because x is driv5 by r\gh w9ds2 yet its :ole mass c be turn$ ab\t by :oev] has control ( ! little rudd]1 to lose comm& ( :i* is to lose comm& ( all4 ,h[ mu* m1 !re=e1 may we keep comm& ov] ourselves by hav+ comm& ov] our tongues6 ,!re is no?+ m 9 ! metaphor ?an ?is4 ,we may1 if we please1 g on ) ,b$e1 & turn ! :ole into a p>able1 & make ! sea mean human life1 & ! w9ds mean temptations1 & s on2 b we mu/ bew>e ( suppos+ t any?+ ( t k9d 0 9 ! m9d ( ,/4 ,james1 or belongs to ! explanation ( ! passage4 ,su* symbolism is read into ! text1 n extract$ f x4 ,x is legitimate z a means ( edify+1 b x is n int]pretation4 ,! expression r\gh w9ds 7 7 is peculi>1 r\gh mean+ h>d or h>%1 especially to ! t\*1 & h5ce ( :at is intractable or disagreeable 9 o!r ways 7#a ,sam4 xxv4 #c2 ,matt4 xxv4 #bd2 ,john vi4 #fj2 ,acts xxvi4 #ad2 ,jude #ae74 ,p]haps 9 only "o o!r passage 9 ,greek lit]ature1 previ\s to ?is ,epi/le1 is x us$ z an epi!t ( w9d1 viz4 9 ,prov4 xxvii4 #af1 a passage 9 :i* ! ,septuag9t diff]s widely f ! ,hebrew & f our v]sions4 ,/4 ,james1 :o seems to h be5 specially fond ( ! sapi5tial books ( ,scripture1 may h d]iv$ ?is expression f ! ,prov]bs4 ,s ! tongue also is a little memb]1 & boa/e? great ?+s4 ,! tongue1 l ! bit & ! rudd]1 is only a v small "p ( ! :ole1 & yet1 l !m1 x c d great ?+s4 ,/4 ,james says1 boa/e? great ?+s1 r ?an doe? great ?+s1 n 9 ord] to ins9uate t ! tongue boa/s ( :at x _c or does n d1 :i* w\ld spoil ! argum5t1 b 9 ord] to prep>e ! way = ! *ange 9 ! po9t ( ! argum5t4 ,hi!rto ! po9t has be5 ! imm5se influ5ce :i* ! small organ ( spee* has ov] our :ole be+1 & ! consequ5t ne$ ( controll+ x :5 we want to control ourselves4 ,we mu/ take c>e to beg9 ! control 9 ! "r place4 ,?is po9t be+ e/abli%$1 ! argum5t takes a some:at diff]5t turn1 & ! necessity ( curb+ ! tongue is %[n1 n f its great p[]1 b f its inh]5t malignity4 ,x c be made to dis*>ge good (fices1 b its natural b5t is t[>ds evil4 ,if left un*eck$1 x is c]ta9 to d incalculable mis*ief4 ,! expression boa/e? great ?+s m>ks ! transition f ! "o po9t to ! o!r1 & 9 a measure comb9es !m bo?4 ,!re are great ?+s done2 t %[s ! tongue's p[]4 ,& x boa/s ab\t !m2 t %[s its bad "*4#fg ,?is second po9t1 l ! fir/1 is en=c$ by two illu/rations tak5 f ! _w ( nature4 ,! fir/ 0 illu/rat$ by ! p[] ( bits & rudd]s2 ! second is illu/rat$ by ! capacity = mis*ief 9 fire & 9 v5om\s bea/s4 ,behold1 :at a fire k9dles :at a wood6 is ! lit]al r5d]+ ( ! ,greek1 :]e :at a fire evid5tly means h[ small a fire1 :ile :at a wood means h[ l>ge a wood4 ,! travell]'s camp-fire is en\gh to set a :ole =e/ 9 flames1 & ! camp-fire 0 k9dl$ by a few sp>ks4 ,fire1 x is sometimes truly said1 is a good s]vant1 b a bad ma/]1 & precisely ! same may ) equal tru? be said ( ! tongue4 ,s long z x is kept "u control x does excell5t s]vice2 b directly x c run on un*eck$1 & lead in/ead ( obey+1 x beg9s to d untold mis*ief4 ,we sometimes speak ( m5 ^: p5s run away ) !m2 b a f> common] case is t ( p]sons ^: tongues run away ) !m1 ^: untam$ & unbridl$ tongues say ?+s :i* are nei!r s]i\sly ?\ght nor 7ev5 at ! mom5t7 s]i\sly meant4 ,! habit ( say+ great ?+s & us+ /rong language is a condition ( con/ant p]il1 :i* w inevitably lead ! speak] into evil4 ,x is a reckless h&l+ ( highly dang]\s mat]ial4 ,x is play+ ) fire4 ,yes1 ! tongue is a fire4 ,! _w ( iniquity among our memb]s is ! tongue1 :i* defile? ! :ole body4 ,! "r punctuation ( ?is s5t5ce _c be det]m9$ ) c]ta9ty1 & o!r possible arrangem5ts w be f\nd 9 ! m>g9 ( ! ,revis$ ,v]sion2 b on ! :ole ?is seems to be ! be/4 ,! "o ?+ t is c]ta9 is t ! s ( ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion--s is ! tongue among our memb]s--is n g5u9e2 if x 71 x w\ld settle ! con/ruction & ! punctuation 9 fav\r ( :at is at lea/ ! second be/ arrangem5t3 ,! tongue is a fire1 t _w ( iniquity3 ! tongue is among our memb]s t :i* defile? ! :ole body4 ,! mean+ ( ! _w ( iniquity has be5 a good deal discuss$1 b is n really d\btful4 ,! ord9>y colloquial signification is ! "r "o4 ,! tongue is a b\ndless /ore ( mis*ief1 an inexhau/ible s\rce ( evil1 a univ]se ( iniquity2 univ]sitas iniquitatis1 z ! ,vulgate r5d]s x4 ,x conta9s )9 itself ! elem5ts ( all unrighte\sness2 x is *>g$ ) endless possibilities ( s94 ,?is use ( _w 77 seems n to occur 9 classical ,greek2 b x is f\nd 9 ! ,septuag9t ( ! ,prov]bs1 & aga9 9 a passage :]e ! ,greek diff]s widely f ! ,hebrew 7see above1 p4 #agb74 ,:at is /ill m rem>kable1 x occurs imm$iately aft] ! m5tion ( s9s ( spee*3 ,an evil man li/5e? to ! tongue ( ! wick$2 b a righte\s man give? no he$ to false lips4 ,! fai?ful man has ! :ole _w ( weal?2 b ! fai?less n ev5 a p5ny 7xvii4 #d74 ,is ! tongue4 ,! ^w = is mu/ be obs]v$ 7n 1 nor 1 b 74 ,its lit]al mean+ is con/itutes itself1 & x occurs aga9 9 iv4 #d1 :]e ! ,revis]s rightly translate x make? himself3 ,:osoev] w\ld be a fri5d ( ! _w make? himself an enemy ( ,god4 ,! tongue 0 n creat$ by ,god to be a p]man5t s\rce ( all k9ds ( evil2 l ! re/ ( creation1 x 0 made v good1 ! be/ memb] t we h4 ,x is by its own undiscipl9$ & lawless c>e] t x makes itself ! _w ( iniquity1 t x con/itutes itself among our memb]s z t :i* defile? our :ole body4 ,?is helps to expla9 :at ,/4 ,james means by unspott$ 77 or undefil$ 7i4 #bg74 ,he :o does n bridle 8 tongue is n really religi\s4 ,pure religion consi/s 9 keep+ 9 *eck t :i* defile? 7 7 our :ole body4 ,& ! tongue defiles u 9 ?ree ways2--by sugge/+ s9 to ourselves & o!rs2 by committ+ s91 z 9 all cases ( ly+ & blasphemy2 & by excus+ or def5d+ s94 ,x is a palm>y in/ance ( ! pr9ciple t ! be/ :5 p]v]t$ becomes ! wor/--corruptio optimi fit pessima4 ,x sette? on fire ! :eel ( nature1 & is set on fire by hell4 ,we mu/ be cont5t to leave ! precise mean+ ( ! words r5d]$ ! :eel ( nature 7 7 undet]m9$4 ,! g5]al mean+ is evid5t en\gh1 b we _c be sure :at image ,/4 ,james _h 9 8 m9d :5 he wrote ! words4 ,! "o sub/antive is obvi\sly a metaphor1 & ! o!r is vague 9 mean+ 7z ! latt] occurs i4 #bc1 ! two passages %\ld be comp>$ 9 exp\nd+72 b :at ! exact idea to be convey$ by ! comb9ation is1 rema9s a matt] = conjecture4 ,& ! conjectures are num]\s1 ( :i* "o mu/ suffice4 ,! tongue is a c5tre f :i* mis*ief radiates2 t is ! ma9 ?\ght4 ,a :eel t has caught fire at ! axle is at la/ :olly consum$1 z ! fire spreads ?r\gh ! spokes to ! circumf]5ce4 ,s also 9 society4 ,passions k9dl$ by unscrupul\s language spread ?r\gh v>i\s *annels & classes1 till ! :ole cycle ( human life is 9 flames4 ,reckless language fir/ ( all defiles ! :ole nature ( ! man :o employs x1 & !n works de/ruction f> & wide ?r\gh ! va/ ma*9]y ( society4 ,& to ?is !re are no limits2 s long z !re is mat]ial1 ! fire w cont9ue to burn4 ,h[ did ! fire beg98 ,h[ does ! tongue1 :i* 0 creat$ = f> o!r purposes1 acquire ?is deadly prop5sity8 ,/4 ,james leaves u 9 no d\bt ^u t po9t4 ,x is an inspiration ( ! evil "o4 ,! enemy1 :o /eals away ! good se$1 & s[s we$s among ! :eat1 turns ! imm5se p[]s ( ! tongue to de/ruction4 ,! old s]p5t imbues x ) 8 own poison4 ,he imp>ts to x 8 own diabolical ag5cy4 ,he is p]petually sett+ x on fire 7pres5t p>ticiple7 f hell4 ,! second metaphor by :i* ! malignant prop5sity ( ! tongue is illu/rat$ is pla9 en\gh4 ,x is an untamable1 v5om\s bea/4 ,x comb9es ! f]ocity ( ! tig] & ! mock]y ( ! ape ) ! subtlety & v5om ( ! s]p5t4 ,x c be *eck$1 c be discipl9$1 c be taught to d good & useful ?+s2 b x c nev] be tam$1 & mu/ nev] be tru/$4 ,if c>e & wat*fulness are laid aside1 its evil nature w bur/ out aga91 & ! results w be calamit\s4 ,!re are _m o!r passages 9 ,scripture :i* conta9 w>n+s ab\t s9s ( ! tongue3 see especially ,prov]bs xvi4 #bg1 #bh2 ,ecclus4 v4 #ac1 #ad1 & xxviii4 #i-bc1 f :i* ,/4 ,james may h drawn "s ( 8 ?\ghts4 ,b :at is peculi> to 8 /atem5t ( ! matt] is ?is1 t ! reckless tongue defiles ! :ole nature ( ! man :o owns x4 ,o!r writ]s tell u ( ! mis*ief :i* ! f\l-m\!d man does to o!rs1 & ( ! puni%m5t :i* w "o day fall ^u himself4 ,/4 ,james does n lose sight ( t side ( ! matt]1 b ! special po9t ( 8 /]n w>n+ is ! insi/+ ^u ! fact t unbridl$ spee* is a pollution to ! man t employs x4 ,e faculty ( m9d or body ) :i* he has be5 end[$ is contam9at$ by ! subtle poison :i* is all[$ to proce$ f 8 lips4 ,x is a special application ( ! pr9ciple laid d[n by ,*ri/1 :i* 0 at fir/ a p]plexity ev5 to ! ,twelve1 ,! ?+s :i* proce$ out ( ! man are ^? t defile ! man 7,m>k vii4 #ae1 #bj1 #bc74 ,! emphasis ) :i* ,*ri/ taught ?is ought to be notic$4 ,on purpose to insi/ ^u x1 ,he call$ to ,him ! multitude aga91 & said unto !m1 ,he> ye all ( y1 & und]/&3 !re is no?+ f )\t ! man1 t go+ into him c defile him2 b ! ?+s :i* proce$ out ( ! man are ^? t defile ! man4 ,& ,he repeats ?is pr9ciple a second & a ?ird "t to ,8 disciples privately4 ,are ye s )\t und]/&+ also8444 ,t :i* proce$e? out ( ! man1 t defile? ! man4444 ,all ^! ?+s proce$ f )91 & defile ! man4 ,if ev5 an unspok5 ?\ght c defile1 :5 x has n yet proce$$ f>!r ?an ! he>t1 mu* great] w be ! pollution if ! evil ?+ is all[$ to come to ! bir? by pass+ ! b>ri] ( ! lips4 ,?is fl[ ( evil f u means no?+ less ?an ?is1 t we h made ourselves a *annel ?r\gh :i* inf]nal ag5cies pass into ! _w4 ,is x possible = su* a *annel to escape defilem5t8 #fg ,!re is a /ory t ,amasis1 ,k+ ( ,egypt1 s5t a sacrifice to ,bias ! sage1 ask+ him to s5d back ! be/ "p & ! wor/2 & ,bias s5t back ! tongue4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,! ,,moral ,,contradictions ,,9 ,,! ,,reckless ,,talk]4 ,!re) bless we ! ,"l & ,fa!r2 & !re) curse we m51 :i* are made aft] ! lik5ess ( ,god3 out ( ! same m\? come? =? bless+ & curs+4 ,my bre?r51 ^! ?+s ought n s to be4 ,do? ! f\nta9 s5d =? f ! same op5+ sweet wat] & bitt]8 ,c a fig-tree1 my bre?r51 yield olives1 or a v9e figs8 nei!r c salt wat] yield sweet4--,,/4 ,,james iii4 #i-ab4 ,9 ^! conclud+ s5t5ces ( ! p>agraph respect+ s9s ( ! tongue ,/4 ,james does two ?+s--he %[s ! moral *aos to :i* ! ,*ri/ian :o fails to control 8 tongue is r$uc$1 & he !reby %[s su* a man h[ va9 x is = him to hope t ! wor%ip :i* he (f]s to ,almighty ,god c be pure & acceptable4 ,he has made himself ! *annel ( helli% influ5ces4 ,he _c at pleasure make himself ! *annel ( heav5ly influ5ces1 or become ! (f]] ( holy sacrifices4 ,! fires ( ,p5teco/ w n re/ :]e ! fires ( ,geh5na are work+1 nor c "o :o has become ! m9i/] ( ,satan at ! same "t be a m9i/] to (f] praise to ,god4 ,:5 ^? :o w\ld h excus$ !mselves = _! lack ( good works plead$ ! correctness ( _! fai?1 ,/4 ,james told !m t su* fai? 0 b>r5 & dead1 & incapable ( sav+ !m f condemnation4 ,simil>ly1 ! man :o ?9ks himself to be religi\s1 & does n bridle 8 tongue1 0 told t 8 religion is va9 7i4 #bf74 ,& 9 ! passage be=e u ,/4 ,james expla9s h[ t is4 ,8 religion or religi\s wor%ip 77 is a mock]y & a contradiction4 ,! (f]+ is ta9t$2 x comes f a pollut$ alt> & a pollut$ prie/4 ,a man :o curses 8 fell[ m51 & !n blesses ,god1 is l "o :o pr(esses ! pr(\nde/ respect = 8 sov]eign1 :ile he insults ! royal family1 ?r[s mud at ! royal portraits1 & o/5tati\sly disreg>ds ! royal wi%es4 ,x is fur!r pro( ( ! evil "* ( ! tongue t x is capable ( l5d+ itself to su* *aotic activity4 ,!re) bless we ! ,"l & ,fa!r1 i4e4 ,god 9 ,8 might & 9 ,8 love2 & !re) curse we m51 :i* are made aft] ! lik5ess ( ,god4 ,! hea!n fable tells u ! app>5t contradiction ( be+ able to bl[ bo? hot & cold ) ! same brea?2 & ! son ( ,sira* po9ts out t if ?\ bl[ ! sp>k1 x %all burn2 if ?\ spit ^u x1 x %all be qu5*$2 & bo? ^! come out ( ?y m\? 7,ecclus4 xxviii4 #ab74 ,/4 ,james1 :o may h _h ?is passage 9 8 m9d1 %[s u t !re is a real & a moral contradiction :i* goes f> beyond ei!r ( ^!3 ,out ( ! same m\? come? =? bless+ & curs+4 ,well may he add1 ) affectionate e>ne/ness1 ,my bre?r51 ^! ?+s ought n s to be4 ,assur$ly !y ought n2 & yet h[ common ! contradiction has be51 & /ill is1 among ^? :o seem to be1 & :o ?9k !mselves to be1 religi\s p6 ,!re is p]haps no p>ticul> 9 :i* p]sons pr(ess+ to h a desire to s]ve ,god are m ready to invade ,8 pr]ogatives ?an 9 v5tur+ to d5\nce ^? :o diff] f !mselves1 & are suppos$ to be !re=e "u ! ban ( ,heav54 ,!y h a zeal = ,god1 b n accord+ to k4 ,= be+ ignorant ( ,god's righte\sness1 & seek+ to e/abli% _! own1 !y d n subject !mselves to ! righte\sness ( ,god 7,rom4 x4 #b1 #c74 ,h5ce !y ra%ly & intemp]ately curse :om ! ,"l ha? n curs$1 & defy :om ! ,"l ha? n defi$ 7,num4 xxiii4 #h74 ,!re are /ill _m :o believe t n only 9 ! psalms & hymns 9 :i* !y bless ! ,"l1 b also 9 ! s]mons & pamphlets 9 :i* !y fulm9ate aga9/ _! fell[-,*ri/ians1 !y are (f]+ s]vice to ,god 7,john xvi4 #b74 ,!re are _m que/ions :i* h to be c>efully consid]$ & answ]$ be=e a ,*ri/ian m\?1 :i* has be5 consecrat$ to ! praise ( our ,"l & ,fa!r1 ought to v5ture to utt] d5unciations aga9/ o!rs :o wor%ip ! same ,god & are also ,8 (fspr+ & ,8 image4 ,is x q c]ta9 t ! suppos$ evil is some?+ :i* ,god abhors2 t ^? :om we w\ld d5\nce are responsible = x2 t d5unciation ( !m w d any good2 t ?is is ! prop] "t = su* d5unciation2 t we are ! prop] p]sons to utt] x8 ,ab\t e "o ( ^! que/ions ! mo/ fatal mi/akes are con/antly be+ made4 ,! s++ ( ,te ,deums aft] massacres & dragonnades is p]haps no long] possible2 b alt]nations betwe5 religi\s s]vices & religi\s prosecutions1 betwe5 writ+ pi\s books & publi%+ exasp]at+ articles1 are by no means ext9ct4 ,= "o case 9 :i* h>m has be5 done because no "o has come =w>d to d5\nce a wrongdo]1 !re are t5 cases 9 :i* h>m has be5 done because "s "o has be5 indiscreetly1 or inopportunely1 or un*>itably1 or unju/ly d5\nc$4 ,praise is n seasonable 77 9 ! m\? ( a s9n] 7,ecclus4 xv4 #i72 & :atev] may h be5 ! writ]'s mean+ 9 ! difficult passage 9 :i* x occurs1 we may give x a mean+ t w br+ x into h>mony ) :at ,/4 ,james says "h4 ,! praise ( ,god is n seasonable 9 ! m\? ( "o :o is ev] s9n+ 9 revil+ ,god's *ildr54 ,! illu/rations ( ! f\nta9 & ! fig-tree are among ! t\*es :i*1 if !y d n indicate "o :o is famili> ) ,pale/9e1 at any rate agree well ) ! fact t ! writ] ( ?is ,epi/le 0 su*4 ,spr+s ta9t$ ) salt or ) sulphur are n r>e1 & x is /at$ t mo/ ( ^? on ! ea/]n slope ( ! hill-c\ntry ( ,juda are bracki%4 ,! fig-tree1 ! v9e1 & ! olive 7 abundant ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\ntry2 & ,/4 ,james1 if he look$ out ( w9d[ z he 0 writ+1 w\ld be likely en\gh to see all ?ree4 ,x is n improbable t 9 "o or m ( ! illu/rations he is foll[+ "s anci5t say+ or prov]b4 ,?us1 ,arrian1 ! pupil ( ,epictetus1 writ+ less ?an a c5tury lat]1 asks1 ,h[ c a v9e gr[1 n v9ewise1 b olivewise1 or an olive1 on ! o!r h&1 n olivewise1 b v9ewise8 ,x is impossible1 inconceivable4 ,x is possible t our ,"l ,himself1 :5 ,he us$ a simil> illu/ration 9 connexion ) ! wor/ ( all s9s ( ! tongue1 0 adapt+ a prov]b already 9 use4 ,9 speak+ ( ! blasphemy aga9/ ! ,_s ,he says1 ,ei!r make ! tree good1 & its fruit good2 or make ! tree corrupt1 & its fruit corrupt3 = ! tree is kn[n by its fruit4 ,ye (fspr+ ( vip]s1 h[ c ye1 be+ evil1 speak good ?+s8 = out ( ! abundance ( ! he>t ! m\? speake?4 ,! good man out ( 8 good treasure br+e? =? good ?+s2 & ! evil man out ( 8 evil treasure br+e? =? evil ?+s4 ,& ,i say unto y1 ,t e idle ^w t m5 %all speak1 !y %all give acc\nt !re( 9 ! day ( judgm5t 7,matt4 xii4 #cc-cf74 ,& previ\sly1 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 :]e ,he is speak+ ( de$s r ?an ( words1 ,by _! fruits ye %all "k !m4 ,d m5 ga!r grapes ( ?orns1 or figs ( ?i/les8 ,ev5 s e good tree br+e? =? good fruit1 b ! corrupt tree br+e? =? evil fruit4 ,a good tree _c br+ =? evil fruit1 nei!r c a corrupt tree br+ =? good fruit 7,matt4 vii4 #af-ah74 ,c x be ! case t :ile physical contradictions are n p]mitt$ 9 ! l[] classes ( unconsci\s objects1 moral contradictions ( a v mon/r\s k9d are all[$ 9 ! highe/ ( all e>?ly creatures8 ,! d\ble-m9d$ man1 :o prays & d\bts1 receives no?+ f ! ,"l1 because 8 petition is only 9 =m a pray]2 x lacks ! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( pray]1 :i* is fai?4 ,b ! d\ble-tongu$ man1 :o blesses ,god & curses m51 :at does he receive8 ,j z ! d\ble-m9d$ man is judg$ by 8 d\bts1 & n by 8 =ms ( pray]1 s ! d\ble-tongu$ man is judg$ by 8 curses1 & n by 8 =ms ( praise4 ,9 ea* case "o or ! o!r ( ! two contradictories is n real4 ,if !re is pray]1 !re are no d\bts2 & if !re are d\bts1 !re is no pray]--no pray] t w avail ) ,god4 ,s also 9 ! o!r case3 if ,god is s9c]ely & he>tily bless$1 !re w be no curs+ ( ,8 *ildr52 & if !re is su* curs+1 ,god _c acceptably be bless$2 ! v words ( praise1 com+ f su* lips1 w be an (f5ce to ,him4 ,b x may be urg$1 our ,"l ,himself has set u an example ( /rong d5unciation 9 ! woes :i* ,he pron\nc$ ^u ! scribes & ,ph>isees2 & aga91 ,/4 ,paul curs$ ,hym5u & ,alex&] 7#a ,tim4 i4 #bj71 ! ince/u\s p]son at ,cor9? 7#a ,cor4 v4 #e71 & ,elymas ! sorc]] 7,acts xiii4 #aj74 ,mo/ true4 ,b fir/ly1 ^! curses 7 utt]$ by ^? :o c\ld n err 9 su* ?+s4 ,*ri/ knew :at 0 9 man1 & c\ld read ! he>ts ( all2 & ! fact t ,/4 ,paul's curses 7 sup]naturally fulfill$ proves t he 0 act+ "u ,div9e guidance 9 :at he said4 ,& secondly1 ^! /]n utt]ances _h _! s\rce 9 love2 n1 z human curses commonly h1 9 hate4 ,x 0 9 ord] t ^? on :om !y 7 pron\nc$ might be w>n$1 & s*ool$ to bett] ?+s1 t !y 7 utt]$2 & we "k t 9 ! case ( ! s9n] at ,cor9? ! sev]e rem$y _h ?is effect2 ! curse 0 really a bless+4 ,:5 we h infallible guidance1 & :5 we are able by sup]natural results to prove t we possess x1 x w be "t en\gh to beg9 to deal 9 curses4 ,& let u rememb] ! proportion :i* su* ?+s be> to ! re/ ( ,*ri/'s words & ( ,/4 ,paul's words1 s f> z !y h be5 pres]v$ = u4 ,*ri/ wr\ght numb]less miracles ( m]cy3 besides ^? :i* are record$ 9 detail1 we are frequ5tly told t ,he heal$ _m t 7 sick ) div]s diseases1 & ca/ out _m devils 7,m>k i4 #cd72 t ,he _h heal$ _m 7iii4 #aj72 t :]esoev] ,he ent]$1 into villages1 or into cities1 or into ! c\ntry1 !y laid ! sick 9 ! m>ket-places1 & bes\ght ,him t !y might t\* if x 7 b ! bord] ( ,8 g>m5t2 & z _m z t\*$ ,him 7 made :ole 7vi4 #ef72 & s =? 7,john xxi4 #be74 ,b ,he wr\ght only "o miracle ( judgm5t1 & t 0 ^u a tree1 :i* c\ld tea* ! necess>y lesson )\t feel+ ! puni%m5t 7,m>k xi4 #ab-bc74 ,all ?is applies ) mu* =ce to ^? :o believe !mselves to be call$ ^u to d5\nce & curse all su* z seem to !m to be enemies ( ,god & ,8 tru?3 b ) h[ mu* m =ce to ^? :o 9 mom5ts ( ang] & irritation deal 9 execrations on _! own acc\nt1 & curse a fell[-,*ri/ian1 n because he seems to !m to h (f5d$ ,god1 b because he has (f5d$ !mselves6 ,t su* p]sons %\ld suppose t _! pollut$ m\?s c (f] acceptable praises to ! ,"l & ,fa!r1 is inde$ a moral contradiction ( ! mo/ />tl+ k9d4 ,& are su* cases r>e8 ,is x s uncommon a ?+ = a man to att5d *ur* regul>ly1 & jo9 ) app>5t devotion 9 ! s]vices1 & yet ?9k little ( ! griev\s words :i* he all[s himself to utt] :5 8 temp] is sev]ely tri$8 ,h[ amaz$ & (f5d$ he w\ld be if he 7 invit$ to eat at a table :i* _h be5 us$ = "s disgu/+ purpose1 & _h nev] s9ce be5 cleans$6 ,& yet he does n hesitate to defile 8 :ole body ) 8 unbridl$ tongue1 & !n (f] praise to ,god f ?is pollut$ s\rce6 ,nor is ?is ! only contradiction 9 :i* su* a "o is involv$4 ,h[ /range t ! be+ :o is "l & ma/] ( all ! animal creation %\ld be unable to gov]n himself6 ,h[ /range t man's *ief m>k ( sup]iority ov] ! brutes %\ld be ! p[] ( spee*1 & t he %\ld use ?is p[] 9 su* a way z to make x ! in/rum5t ( 8 own degradation1 until he becomes l[] ?an ! brutes6 ,!y1 :e!r tam$ or untam$1 unconsci\sly decl>e ! glory ( ,god2 :ile he1 ) 8 noble p[]s ( consci\sly & loyally prais+ ,him1 by 8 untam$ tongue reviles ^? :o are made aft] ! image ( ,god1 & ?us turns 8 own praises into blasphemies4 ,?us does man's rebellion rev]se ! ord] ( nature & fru/rate ! w ( ,god4 ,! writ] ( ?is ,epi/le has be5 accus$ ( exagg]ation4 ,x has be5 urg$ t 9 ?is /rongly word$ p>agraph he himself is guilty ( t un*a/5$ language :i* he is s eag] to condemn2 t ! case is ov]-/at$1 & t ! highly col\r$ picture is a c>icature4 ,is !re any ?\ghtful p]son ( l>ge exp]i5ce t c hone/ly ass5t to ?is v]dict8 ,:o has n se5 :at mis*ief may be done by a s+le utt]ance ( mock]y1 or enmity1 or bravado2 :at confusion is wr\ght by exagg]ation1 innu5do1 & falsehood2 :at suff]+ is inflict$ by sl&]\s sugge/ions & /atem5ts2 :at c>e]s ( s9 h be5 begun by impure /ories & fil?y je/s8 ,all ^! effects may foll[1 be x rememb]$1 f a s+le utt]ance 9 ea* case1 may spread to multitudes1 may la/ = ye>s4 ,"o reckless ^w may blight a :ole life4 ,_m h fall5 by ! edge ( ! sword1 b n s _m z h fall5 by ! tongue 7,ecclus4 xxviii4 #ah74 ,& !re are p]sons :o habitually p\r =? su* ?+s1 :o nev] pass a day )\t utt]+ :at is unk9d1 or false1 or impure4 ,:5 we look ar\nd u1 & see ! moral ru9 :i* 9 e class ( society c be trac$ to reckless language--lives embitt]$1 & blight$1 & brutaliz$ by words spok5 & he>d--c we wond] at ! sev]e words ( ,/4 ,james1 ^: exp]i5ce 0 n v diff]5t f our own8 ,viol5t & un*>itable language _h become "o ( ! besett+ s9s ( ! ,jews1 & no d\bt ,jewi% ,*ri/ians 7 by no means free f x4 ,curse ! :isp]] & ! d\ble-tongu$1 says ! son ( ,sira*1 = su* h de/roy$ _m t 7 at peace 7,ecclus4 xxviii4 #ac74 ,to :i* ! ,syriac ,v]sion adds a clause n giv5 9 ! ,greek1 nor 9 our ,bibles3 ,also ! ?ird tongue1 let x be curs$2 = x has laid l[ _m corpses4 ,?is expression1 ?ird tongue1 seems to h come into use among ! ,jews 9 ! p]iod betwe5 ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t4 ,x means a sl&]\s tongue1 & x is call$ ?ird because x is fatal to ?ree sets ( p--to ! p]son :o utt]s ! sl&]1 to ^? :o li/5 to x1 & to ^? ab\t :om x is utt]$4 ,a ?ird tongue ha? toss$ _m to & fro1 & driv5 !m f nation to nation2 & /rong cities ha? x pull$ d[n1 & h\ses ( great m5 ha? x ov]?r[n 7,ecclus4 xxviii4 #ad72 :]e n only ! ,syriac1 b ! ,greek1 has ! int]e/+ expression ?ird tongue1 a fact obscur$ 9 our v]sion4 ,! ?ird tongue is z common & z de/ructive n[ z :5 ! son ( ,sira* d5\nc$ x1 or ,/4 ,james wrote aga9/ x ) /ill great] au?ority2 & we all ( u c d a great deal to *eck ! mis*ief1 n m]ely by tak+ c>e t we keep our own tongues f orig9at+ evil1 b by refus+ to repeat1 or if possible ev5 to li/5 to1 :at ! ?ird tongue says4 ,our unwill+ness to he> may be a disc\ragem5t to ! speak]1 & our refusal to repeat w at lea/ less5 ! evil ( 8 tale4 ,we %all h sav$ ourselves f becom+ l9ks 9 ! *a9 ( de/ruction4 ,!re is "o k9d ( s9ful language to :i* ! sev]e say+s ( ,/4 ,james specially apply1 al?\gh ! context seems to %[ t x 0 n specially 9 8 m9d--impure language4 ,! f\l tongue is inde$ a _w ( iniquity1 :i* defile? ! :ole body1 & sette? on fire ! :eel ( nature1 & is set on fire by hell4 ,9 no o!r case is ! self-pollution ( ! speak] s manife/1 or ! injury to ! li/5] s probable1 s all b inevitable4 ,f\l /ories & impure je/s & innu5does1 ev5 m cle>ly ?an oa?s & curses1 bef\l ! s\ls ( ^? :o utt] !m1 :ile !y lead ! he>]s into s94 ,su* ?+s rob all :o are conc]n$ 9 !m1 ei!r z speak]s or li/5]s1 ( two ?+s :i* are ! *ief safegu>ds ( virtue--! fe> ( ,god1 & ! fe> ( s94 ,!y create an atmosph]e 9 :i* m5 s9 ) a light he>t1 because ! grosse/ s9s are made to look n only attractive & easy1 b amus+4 ,:at c be made to seem laughable is suppos$ to be n v s]i\s4 ,!re is no m devili% act t a human be+ c p]=m ?an t ( induc+ o!rs to believe t :at is morally hide\s & deadly is pleasant to ! eye & good = food4 ,& ?is devil's "w is sometimes done m]ely to raise a laugh1 m]ely = some?+ to say4 ,does any "o s]i\sly ma9ta9 t ! language ( ,/4 ,james is at all too /rong = su* ?+s z ^!8 ,we h>dly ne$ 8 au?ority = ! belief t a fil?y tongue pollutes a man's :ole be+1 & owes its inspiration to ! evil "o4 ,x is ( angry1 ill-temp]$1 unk9d words t we d n believe ?is s readily4 ,words t are n false or calumni\s1 n runn+ out into blasphemies & curses1 & c]ta9ly n ta9t$ ) any?+ l impurity1 d n always /rike u z be+ z h>mful z !y really are1 n only to o!rs1 :om !y irritate or sadd51 b to ourselves1 :o all[ our *>act]s to be d>k5$ by !m4 ,! capti\s ^w1 t makes ev]y?+ a subject = blame2 ! discont5t$ ^w1 t w\ld %[ t ! speak] is always be+ ill-treat$2 ! bit+ ^w1 t is meant to inflict pa92 ! sull5 ^w1 t ?r[s a gloom ov] all :o he> x2 ! provok+ ^w1 t seeks to /ir up /rife--( all ^! we are mo/ ( u apt to ?9k too lightly1 & ne$ ! /]n w>n+s ( ,/4 ,james to rem9d u ( _! true nature & ( _! c]ta9 consequ5ces4 ,z reg>ds o!rs1 su* ?+s w\nd t5d] he>ts1 add ne$lessly & enorm\sly to ! unhapp9ess ( mank9d1 turn sweet affections s\r1 /ifle good impulses1 create & fo/] bad feel+s1 embitt] 9 its smalle/ details ! :ole r\nd ( daily life4 ,z reg>ds ourselves1 indulg5ce 9 su* language weak5s & w>ps our *>act]s1 blunts our sympa?ies1 dead5s our love = man1 & !re=e our love = ,god4 ,9 p>ticul> x makes pray] ei!r impossible or half useless4 ,:e!r we "k x or n1 ! pray] t comes f a he>t indulg+ 9 evil temp] is h>dly a pray] at all4 ,we _c really be face to face ) ,god2 we _c really approa* ,god z a ,fa!r2 we _c really feel l *ildr5 kneel+ at ,8 feet2 we _c really be simply affectionate & tru?ful 9 :at we say to ,him1 if irritation1 discont5t1 or gloom1 or ang]1 is busy at our brea/s4 ,an undiscipl9$ temp] %uts out ! face ( ,god f u4 ,we may see ,8 holy ,law1 b we _c see ,himself4 ,we may ?9k ( ,him z our ,creator1 our ,judge1 our ,rul]1 b we _c ?9k ( ,him z our ,fa!r1 nor approa* ,him ) love4#fh ,salt wat] _c yield sweet4 ,x 0 once plead$ on behalf ( a man :o _h be5 criticiz$ & condemn$ z unsatisfactory1 t he 0 a good man1 all b 8 temp]4 ,all b 8 temp]6 0 ! n unreasonable reply2 z if temp] 7 n n9e t5?s ( religion4 ,if any man /umble? n 9 ^w1 ! same is a p]fect man4 #fh ,s]mons prea*$ 9 ,rugby ,s*ool ,*apel1 by ! ,rev4 ,fr$]ick ,temple1 ,d4,d4 7,macmillan1 #ahfg71 pp4 #cbd1 #cbe4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,wisdom ,,t ,,is ,,f ,,bel[4 ,:o is wise & und]/&+ among y8 let him %[ by 8 good life 8 works 9 meekness ( wisdom4 ,b if ye h bitt] jeal\sy & faction 9 y\r he>t1 glory n1 & lie n aga9/ ! tru?4 ,?is wisdom is n a wisdom t come? d[n f above1 b is e>?ly1 s5sual1 devili%4 ,= :]e jeal\sy & faction are1 !re is confusion & e vile de$4--,,/4 ,,james iii4 #ac-af4 ,?is section1 :i* aga9 looks at fir/ sight l an abrupt transition to ano!r subject1 is f\nd1 ^u clos] exam9ation1 to gr[ q naturally out ( ! prec$+ "o4 ,/4 ,james has j be5 w>n+ 8 read]s aga9/ ! lu/ ( tea*+ & talk+4 ,n _m ( !m are to become tea*]s1 = ! dang] ( transgress+ ) ! tongue1 :i* is great 9 all ( u1 is 9 !m at a maximum1 because tea*]s mu/ talk4 ,moreov]1 ^? :o tea* h great] responsibilities ?an ^? :o d n2 = by pr(ess+ to in/ruct o!rs !y deprive !mselves ( ! plea ( ignorance1 & !y are b\nd to in/ruct by example ( good de$s1 z well z by precept ( good words4 ,f ?is subject he q naturally passes on to speak ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! wisdom f above & ! wisdom f bel[2 & ! connexion is tw(old4 ,x is ^? :o possess only ! latt] wisdom1 & are pr\d ( _! mis]able possession1 :o are s eag] to make !mselves ( importance by giv+ in/ruction2 & x is ! fatal love ( talk1 ab\t :i* he has j be5 speak+ s sev]ely1 t is "o ( ! *ief symptoms ( ! wisdom t is f bel[4 ,?is p>agraph is1 9 fact1 simply a cont9uation ( ! uncompromis+ attack ^u %am religion :i* is ! ma9 !me ?r\gh\t a l>ge portion ( ! ,epi/le4 ,/4 ,james fir/ %[s h[ useless x is to be an eag] he>] ( ! ^w1 )\t also be+ a do] ( x4 ,next he exposes ! inconsi/5cy ( lov+ "o's neighb\r z oneself if he *ances to be ri*1 & neglect+ or ev5 insult+ him if he is poor4 ,f t he passes on to prove ! b>r5ness ( an or?odoxy :i* is n manife/$ 9 good de$s1 & ! p]il ( try+ to make words a sub/itute = works4 ,& ?us ! pres5t section is rea*$4 ,?r\gh\t ! diff]5t sections x is ! empty religi\sness :i* endeav\rs to avoid ! practice ( ,*ri/ian virtue1 on ! plea ( possess+ zeal1 or fai?1 or k1 t is m]cilessly expos$ & condemn$4 ,de$1 de$s1 de$s1 is ! cry ( ,/4 ,james2 ^! ought ye to h done1 & n to h left ! o!r undone4 ,)\t ,*ri/ian practice1 all ! o!r good ?+s :i* !y possess$ or pr(ess$ 7 sav\rless salt4 ,:o is wise & und]/&+ among y8 7 74 ,! same two words meet u 9 ! que/ion+s ( ,job 7xxviii4 #ab73 ,:]e %all wisdom 77 be f\nd8 & :]e is ! place ( und]/&+ 778#fi ,( all ! words :i* signify "s k9d ( intellectual end[m5t1 e4g4 prud5ce 771 k 7 or 71 & und]/&+ 7 or 71 wisdom 77 always ranks z highe/4 ,x indicates1 z ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria def9es x 7,/rom4 ,i4 v471 ! und]/&+ ( ?+s human & ,div9e1 & _! causes4 ,x is ! ^w :i* expresses ! typical wisdom ( ,solomon 7,matt4 xii4 #db2 ,luke xi4 #ca71 ! inspiration ( ,/4 ,/eph5 7,acts vi4 #aj71 & ! ,div9e wisdom ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 7,matt4 xiii4 #ed2 ,m>k vi4 #b2 & comp4 ,luke xi4 #di ) ,matt4 xxiii4 #cd74 ,x is also employ$ 9 ! heav5ly doxologies :i* ascribe wisdom to ! ,lamb & to ,god 7,rev4 v4 #ab2 vii4 #ab74 ,/4 ,james1 !re=e1 q naturally employs x to d5ote t excell5t gift = :i* ,*ri/ians are to pray ) full confid5ce t x w be grant$ to !m 7i4 #e1 #f71 & :i* manife/s its heav5ly "* by a v>iety ( good fruits 7iii4 #ag74 ,:e!r we are to und]/& any v m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 ! two adjectives 7wise & und]/&+7 us$ 9 ! op5+ "q1 is a matt] ( little mom5t4 ,! "q tak5 z a :ole am\nts to ?is3 ,:o among y pr(esses to h sup]ior k1 spiritual or practical8 ,! ma9 ?+ is n ! precise scope ( ! "q1 b ( ! answ]4 ,let e "o :o claims to h a sup]iority :i* entitles him to tea* o!rs prove 8 sup]iority by 8 good life4 ,once m x is a call = de$s1 & n words--= conduct1 & n pr(essions4 ,& ,/4 ,james expresses ?is 9 a specially /rong way4 ,he might h said simply1 ,let him by 8 conduct %[ 8 wisdom1 j z he said above1 ,i by my works w %[ !e my fai?4 ,b he says1 ,let him %[ by 8 good life 8 works 9 meekness ( wisdom4 ,?us ! necessity = practice & conduct1 z di/9ct f m]e k1 is en=c$ twice ov]2 & besides t1 ! p>ticul> "* ( ! conduct1 ! atmosph]e 9 :i* x is to be exhibit$1 is also indicat$4 ,x is to be done 9 meekness ( wisdom4 ,!re are two *>act]i/ics "h specifi$ :i* we %all f9d are giv5 z ! infallible signs ( ! heav5ly wisdom2 & _! opposites z signs ( ! o!r4 ,! heav5ly wisdom is fruitful ( good de$s1 & inspires ^? :o possess x ) g5tl5ess4 ,! o!r wisdom is productive ( no?+ really valuable1 & inspires ^? :o possess x ) cont5ti\sness4 ,! _s ( /rife1 & ! _s ( meekness2 ^? are ! two prop]ties :i* *iefly di/+ui% ! wisdom t comes f heav5 f ! wisdom t comes f hell4 ,?is te/ is a v practical "o1 & we c apply x to ourselves z well z to o!rs4 ,h[ d we be> ourselves 9 argum5t & 9 controv]sy8 ,are we s]5e ab\t ! result1 9 full confid5ce t tru? & "r %\ld prevail8 ,are we desir\s t tru? %\ld prevail1 ev5 if t %\ld involve our be+ prov$ to be 9 ! wrong8 ,are we meek & g5tle t[>ds ^? :o diff] f u8 or are we apt to lose our temp]s1 & become heat$ aga9/ our oppon5ts8 ,if ! la/ is ! case we h reason to d\bt :e!r our wisdom is ( ! be/ sort4 ,he :o loses 8 temp] 9 argum5t has begun to c>e m ab\t himself1 & less ab\t ! tru?4 ,he has become l ! _m w\ld-be tea*]s rebuk$ by ,/4 ,james2 sl[ to he>1 & swift to speak2 unwill+ to le>n1 & eag] to dogmatize2 mu* less ready to "k ! tru? ?an to be able to say some?+1 :e!r true or false4 ,! words by 8 good life 7 7 are a *ange made by ! ,revis]s = o!r reasons ?an ! two :i* commonly weigh$ ) !m4 ,z already /at$ 7p4 #aej71 _! mo/ valuable corrections are ^? :i* h be5 produc$ by ! correction ( ! corrupt ,greek text us$ by previ\s translators4 ,_m m are corrections ( mi/ranslations ( ! correct ,greek text4 ,! pres5t *ange ( good conv]sation into good life comes "u nei!r ( ^! two heads4 ,x has be5 necessitat$ by a *ange :i* has tak5 place 9 ! ,engli% language dur+ ! la/ two or ?ree c5turies4 ,words are con/antly *ang+ _! mean+4 ,conv]sation is "o ( _m ,engli% words :i* h drift$ f _! old signification2 & x is "o ( sev]al :i* h und]gone *ange s9ce ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion 0 publi%$1 & 9 spite ( ! enorm\s influ5ce ex]cis$ by t v]sion4 ,= !re c be no d\bt t our ,bible has reta9$ words 9 use :i* w\ld o!rwise h be5 dropp$1 & has kept words to _! old mean+ :i* w\ld o!rwise h und]gone a *ange4 ,?is latt] influ5ce1 h[ev]1 fails to make itself felt :]e ! *ang$ mean+ /ill makes s5se2 & t is ! case ) ! passages 9 :i* conv]sation 7z a r5d]+ ( 7 occurs 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,conv]sation 0 =m]ly a ^w ( mu* wid] mean+1 & its gradual re/riction to int]c\rse by ^w ( m\? is un=tunate4 ,=m]ly x cov]$ ! :ole ( a man's walk 9 life 7,leb5sw&el71 8 go+ out & com+ 91 8 behavi\r or conduct4 ,:]ev] he turn$ himself ab\t & liv$1 !re he _h 8 conv]sation 7conv]satio1 f conv]s>i1 ! exact equival5t ( 1 f 74 ,x 0 exactly ! ^w t 0 requir$ by ! translators ( ! ,greek ,te/am5t4 ,9 ! ,septuag9t x does n occur until ! ,apocrypha 7,tobit iv4 #ad74 ,b x causes s]i\s misund]/&+ to re/rict ! mean+ ( all ! passages 9 :i* ! ^w occurs to conv]sation 9 ! mod]n s5se1 z if speak+ 7 ! only ?+ includ$2 & ! ,revis]s h done v rightly 9 remov+ ?is s\rce ( misund]/&+2 b !y h be5 unable to f9d any "o expression :i* w\ld s]ve ! purpose1 & h5ce h be5 compell$ to v>y ! translation4 ,sometimes !y give mann] ( life 7,gal4 i4 #ac2 ,eph4 iv4 #bb2 #a ,tim4 iv4 #ab2 #a ,pet] i4 #ah2 iii4 #af72 once mann] ( liv+ 7#a ,pet] i4 #ae72 ?ree times behavi\r 7#a ,pet] ii4 #ab2 iii4 #a1 #b72 ?ree times life 7,heb4 xiii4 #g2 #b ,pet] ii4 #g2 & "h72 & once liv+ 7#b ,pet] iii4 #aa74 ,^! diff]5t translations are wor? collect+ toge!r1 inasmu* z !y give a good idea ( ! scope ( conv]sation 9 ! old s5se1#gj :i* really repres5ts ! ^w us$ by ,/4 ,james4 ,t conv]sation1 ) ! mod]n associations :i* inevitably cl+ to x n[1 %\ld be us$ 9 ! passage be=e u1 is s+ul>ly un=tunate4 ,x n only misrepres5ts1 b x almo/ rev]ses ! mean+ ( ! writ]4 ,s f> f tell+ a man to %[ 8 wisdom by :at he says 9 8 int]c\rse ) o!rs1 ,/4 ,james r exhorts him to %[ x by say+ z little z possible1 & do+ a great deal4 ,let him %[ out ( a noble life ! conduct ( a wise man 9 ! g5tle _s :i* befits su*4 ,9 mod]n language1 let him 9 ! fulle/ s5se be a ,*ri/ian g5tleman4 ,9 meekness ( wisdom4 ,on ?is ,/4 ,james lays great /ress4 ,he has already told 8 read]s to receive ) meekness ! implant$ ^w 7i4 #ba71 & :at implies ! same ?+1 al?\gh ! ^w is n us$1 to be swift to he>1 sl[ to speak1 sl[ to wra? 7i4 #ai74 ,& 9 ! passage be=e u he insi/s ) urg5t repetition ^u ! peaceable & g5tle disposition ( ^? :o possess ! wisdom f above 7vv4 #ag1 #ah74 ,! ,*ri/ian grace ( meekness is a good deal m ?an ! r second-rate virtue :i* ,ari/otle makes to be ! mean betwe5 passionat5ess & impassionat5ess1 & to consi/ 9 a due regulation ( "o's angry feel+s 7,e?4 ,nic4 ,,iv4 v474 ,x includes submissiv5ess t[>ds ,god1 z well z g5tl5ess t[>ds m52 & x exhibits itself 9 a special way 9 giv+ & receiv+ in/ruction1 & 9 adm9i/]+ & accept+ rebuke4 ,x 01 !re=e1 j ! grace :i* ! _m w\ld-be tea*]s1 ) _! l\d pr(essions ( correct fai? & sup]ior k1 specially ne$$ to acquire4 ,! ,jew1 ) 8 national contempt = all :o 7 n ( ! /ock ( ,israel1 0 always prone to self-ass]tion1 & ^! ,*ri/ian ,jews ( ! ,disp]sion _h /ill to le>n ! _s ( _! own psalms4 ,! meek w ,he guide 9 judgm5t2 & ! meek w ,he tea* ,8 way 7xxv4 #i74 ,! meek %all inh]it ! l&1 & %all delight !mselves 9 ! abundance ( peace 7xxxvii4 #aa74 ,! ,"l upholde? ! meek 7cxlvii4 #f74 ,he %all beautify ! meek ) salvation 7cxlix4 #d74 ,9 all ^! passages ! ,septuag9t has ! adjective 77 ( ! sub/antive us$ by ,/4 ,james 774 ,b if1 in/ead ( ?is meekness1 ye h bitt] jeal\sy & faction 9 y\r he>t1 glory n1 & lie n aga9/ ! tru?4 ,) a g5tle sev]ity ,/4 ,james /ates z a m]e supposition :at he probably knew to be a fact4 ,!re 0 pl5ty ( bitt] zeal\sness & p>ty _s among !m2 & f ?is fact !y c\ld draw _! own conclusions4 ,x 0 an evil f :i* ! ,jews greatly suff]$2 & a few ye>s lat] x ha/5$1 if x did n cause1 ! ov]?r[ ( ,j]usalem4 ,?is jeal\sy or zeal 77 itself became a p>ty "n 9 ! fanatical sect ( ! ,zealots4 ,x 0 an evil f :i* ! primitive ,*ur* greatly suff]$1 z passages 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t & 9 ! sub-,apo/olic writ]s prove2 & c we say t x has ev] become ext9ct8 ,! same conclusion mu/ be drawn n[ z !n4 ,jeal\sy or zeal may be a good or a bad ?+ accord+ to ! motive :i* inspires x4 ,god ,himself is call$ a jeal\s ,god1 & is said to be clad ) zeal z a cloak 7,isa4 lix4 #ag71 & to take to ,him jeal\sy = complete arm\r 7,wisdom v4 #ag74 ,to ,*ri/ ,8 disciples appli$ ! words1 ,! zeal ( ,?9e h\se %all eat me up 7,john ii4 #ag74 ,b m (t5 ! ^w has a bad signification4 ,x indicates zeal n accord+ to k 7,rom4 x4 #b71 z :5 ! high prie/ & ,sadducees arre/$ ! ,apo/les 7,acts v4 #ag71 or :5 ,saul p]secut$ ! ,*ur* 7,phil4 iii4 #f74 ,x is c\pl$ ) /rife 7,rom4 xiii4 #ac71 & is c\nt$ among ! works ( ! fle% 7,gal4 v4 #bj74 ,to make x q pla9 t x is to be und]/ood 9 a bad s5se "h1 ,/4 ,james adds ! epi!t bitt] to x1 & p]haps !reby recalls :at he has j said ab\t a m\? t utt]s bo? curses & bless+s be+ z mon/r\s z a f\nta9 sp\t+ =? bo? bitt] wat] & sweet4 ,moreov]1 he c\ples x ) faction 771 a ^w :i* orig9ally meant work+ = hire1 & especially weav+ = hire 7,isa4 xxxviii4 #ab71 & !nce any ignoble pursuit1 especially political canvass+1 intrigue1 or facti\sness 7,ari/4 ,pol4 ,v4 ii4 #f2 iii4 #i2 ,rom4 ii4 #h2 ,phil4 i4 #af2 ii4 #c74 ,?is also ,/4 ,paul classes among ! works ( ! fle% 7,gal4 v4 #bj74 ,:at ,/4 ,james seems to ref] to 9 ^! two words is bitt] religi\s animosity2 a hatr$ ( error 7or :at is suppos$ to be su*71 manife/+ itself1 n 9 lov+ attempts to w9 ov] ^? :o are at fault1 b 9 bitt] ?\ghts1 & words1 & p>ty comb9ations4 ,glory n1 & lie n aga9/ ! tru?4 ,to glory ) _! tongues ( _! sup]ior wisdom1 :ile !y *]i%$ jeal\sy & faction 9 _! he>ts1 0 a manife/ lie1 a contradiction ( :at !y mu/ "k to be ! tru?4 ,9 _! fanatical zeal = ! tru? !y 7 really ly+ aga9/ ! tru?1 & ru9+ ! cause :i* !y pr(ess$ to s]ve4 ,( h[ _m a controv]siali/ w\ld t be true2 & n only ( ^? :o h ent]$ ! li/s aga9/ h]esy & infidelity1 b ( ^? :o are prea*+ a crusade aga9/ vice6 ,! :ole ,*ri/ianity ( _m a devotee consi/s only1 we may say1 9 a bitt] contempt = ! s9s ( s9n]s1 9 a pr\d & loveless cont5tion ) :at x calls ! wick$ _w 7,/i]74 ,?is wisdom is n a wisdom t come? d[n f above1 b is e>?ly1 s5sual1 devili%4 ,! wisdom :i* is exhibit$ 9 su* a ?or\ghly un*ri/ian disposition is ( no heav5ly orig94 ,x may be a pro( ( intellectual advantages ( "s k9d1 b x is n su* z ^? :o lack x ne$ pray = 7i4 #e71 nor su* z ,god be/[s lib]ally on all :o ask 9 fai?4 ,& !n1 hav+ /at$ :at x is n1 ,/4 ,james tells 9 ?ree words1 :i* =m a climax1 :at ! wisdom on :i* !y plume !mselves1 9 its nature1 & sph]e1 & orig91 really is4 ,x belongs to ?is _w1 & has no connexion ) heav5ly ?+s4 ,its activity is 9 ! l[] "p ( man's nature1 8 passions & 8 human intellig5ce1 b x nev] t\*es 8 _s4 ,& 9 its orig9 & mann] ( work+ x is demoniacal4 ,n ! g5tl5ess ( ,god's ,holy ,_s1 b ! fi]ce recklessness ( ,satan's emiss>ies1 inspires x4 ,j z !re is a fai? :i* a man may %>e ) demons 7ii4 #ai71 & a tongue :i* is set on fire by hell 7iii4 #f71 s !re is a wisdom :i* is demoniacal 9 its s\rce & 9 its activity4 ,! second ( ! ?ree t]ms ( condemnation us$ by ,/4 ,james 77 _c be adequately r5d]$ 9 ,engli%1 = psy*ic or psy*ical w\ld convey ei!r no mean+ or a wrong "o4 ,x does n occur 9 ! ,septuag9t1 b is f\nd six times 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t--f\r times 9 ! ,fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians 7ii4 #ad2 xv4 #dd1 #df71 :]e mo/ ,engli% v]sions h natural2 once 9 ,jude 7#ai71 :]e ,tyndale1 ,cranm]1 & ! ,g5evan h fle%ly1 ! ,rhemi%1 ! ,au?oriz$1 & ! ,revis$ s5sual2 & once "h1 :]e ,g5evan1 ,rhemi%1 ,au?oriz$1 & ,revis$ all give s5sual1 ! la/ plac+ natural or animal 9 ! m>g94#ga ,:5 man's nature is divid$ into body & s\l1 or fle% & _s1 e "o und]/&s t ! body or fle% indicates ! l[] & mat]ial "p1 ! s\l or _s ! high] & immat]ial "p4 ,b :5 a ?reefold division is made1 into body1 s\l1 & _s1 we are apt to all[ ! m simple & m famili> division to di/urb our ideas4 ,s\l is all[$ to keep its old mean+1 & to be und]/ood z mu* m alli$ ) _s ?an ) body or fle%4 ,?is causes s]i\s misund]/&+4 ,:5 ! s\l is di/+ui%$1 n only f ! fle%1 b f ! _s1 x repres5ts a "p ( our nature :i* is mu* m closely connect$ ) ! =m] ?an ) ! latt]4 ,! natural or s5sual man1 ?\gh high] ?an ! c>nal man1 :o is ! slave ( 8 animal passions1 is f> bel[ ! spiritual man1 :o is rul$ by ! highe/ portion ( 8 nature1 :i* is "u ! guidance ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,! natural man does n so> above ! ?+s ( ?is _w4 ,8 inspirations are n heav5ly4 ,( ! e>? he is1 & ( ! e>? he speake?4 ,! wisdom f above is heav5ly1 spiritual1 ,div9e2 ! wisdom f bel[ is e>?ly1 s5sual1 devili%4 ,does ?is seem to be an exagg]ation8 ,/4 ,james is ready to ju/ify 8 /rong language4 ,= :]e jeal\sy & faction are1 !re is confusion & e vile de$4 ,& :o are ! au?ors ( confusion & vile de$s8 ,are !y to be f\nd 9 heav51 or 9 hell8 ,is confusion1 or ord]1 ! m>k ( ,god's "w8 ,if "o wi%$ to sum up succ9ctly ! mann] 9 :i* ! activity ( demons specially exhibits itself1 c\ld "o d s bett] ?an by say+ confusion & e vile de$8 ,god is n a ,god ( confusion1 b ( peace1 says ,/4 ,paul1 us+ ! v ^w t we h "h 7#a ,cor4 xiv4 #cc72 & e "o he>tily ass5ts to ! doctr9e4 ,! reason & consci5ce ( e man tell him t disord] _c 9 orig9 be ,div9e2 x is "p ( t ru9 :i* ,satanic influ5ces h be5 all[$ to make 9 a univ]se :i* 0 creat$ v good4 ,jeal\sy & faction mean an>*y2 & an>*y means a moral *aos 9 :i* e vile de$ f9ds an opportunity4 ,we "k1 !re=e1 :at to ?9k ( ! sup]ior wisdom :i* is claim$ by ^? 9 ^: he>ts jeal\sy & faction reign supreme4 ,x may h a "r to ! "n ( wisdom1 j z a correct belief ab\t ! nature ( ,god may h a "r to ! "n ( fai?1 ev5 :5 x rema9s b>r51 & !re=e p[]less to save4 ,b an inspiration :i* prompts m5 to envy & intrigue1 because1 :5 _m are ru%+ to occupy ! po/ ( tea*]1 o!rs f9d a he>+ m readily ?an !mselves1 is ! inspiration ( ,ca9 & ( ,korah1 r ?an ( ,moses or ( ,daniel4 ,! pr(ess$ desire to (f] s]vice to ,god is really only a crav+ to obta9 advancem5t = self4 ,self-seek+ ( ?is k9d is always ru9\s4 ,x bo? betrays & aggravates ! rott5ness t lurks )94 ,x 0 imm$iately aft] !re _h be5 a cont5tion among ! ,apo/les1 :i* ( !m 0 acc\nt$ to be greate/ 7,luke xxii4 #bd71 t !y all =sook ,him & fl$4 ,,note4--,a portion ( ,dr4 ,newman's description ( a g5tleman w s]ve to illu/rate :at has be5 said above4 ,x occurs 9 8 ,disc\rses address$ to ! ,ca?olics ( ,dubl94 ,x is almo/ a def9ition ( a g5tleman to say t he is "o :o nev] inflicts pa94 ,he is ma9ly occupi$ 9 m]ely remov+ ! ob/acles :i* h9d] ! free & unemb>rass$ action ( ^? ab\t him1 & he concurs ) _! movem5ts r ?an takes ! initiative himself4 ,he c>efully avoids :atev] may cause a j> or a jolt 9 ! m9ds ( ^? ) :om he is ca/--all cla%+ ( op9ion1 or collision ( feel+1 all re/ra9t1 or suspicion1 or gloom1 or res5tm5t2 8 great conc]n be+ to make e "o at _! ease & at home4 ,he has 8 eyes on all 8 company2 he is t5d] t[>ds ! ba%ful1 g5tle t[>ds ! di/ant1 & m]ciful t[>ds ! absurd4 ,he gu>ds aga9/ unseasonable allusions1 or topics :i* may irritate4 ,he has no e>s = sl&] or gossip1 is scrupul\s 9 imput+ motives to ^? :o int]f]e ) him1 & int]prets ev]y?+ = ! be/4 #fi ,comp4 also ,deut4 i4 #ac1 & iv4 #f1 :]e we h ! same comb9ation4 #gj ,t conv]sation %\ld also h be5 us$ z a r5d]+ ( 7,phil4 iii4 #bj2 comp4 i4 #bg7 & 7,heb4 xiii4 #e7 is v un=tunate4 #ga ,purvey has bea/ly 9 all six places1 :i* is a translation ( ! animalis ( ! ,vulgate3 e>?ly1 bea/ly1 fi5dly is 8 triplet4 ,see p4 #dec4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,wisdom ,,t ,,is ,,f ,,above4 ,b ! wisdom t is f above is fir/ pure1 !n peaceable1 g5tle1 easy to be entreat$1 full ( m]cy & good fruits1 )\t v>iance1 )\t hypocrisy4 ,& ! fruit ( righte\sness is s[n 9 peace = !m t make peace4--,,/4 ,,james iii4 #ag1 #ah4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( 8 ,epi/le ,/4 ,james exhorts ^? ( 8 read]s :o feel _! lack ( wisdom to pray = x4 ,x is "o ( ^? good & p]fect gifts f above1 :i* come d[n f ! ,fa!r ( lights1 :o give? to all lib]ally1 & upbraide? n 7i4 #e1 #ag74 ,he n[1 aft] hav+ sket*$ its opposite1 /ates1 9 a few cle>1 pregnant words1 :at ! *>act]i/ics ( ?is heav5ly gift ( wisdom are4 ,9 bo? passages he probably _h 9 8 m9d1 & wi%$ to sugge/ to ! m9ds ( 8 read]s1 well-kn[n utt]ances on ! same subject 9 ! ,books ( ,prov]bs1 ,ecclesia/icus1 & ,wisdom4 ,my son1 if ?\ cry aft] disc]nm5t1 & lift up ?y voice = und]/&+2 if ?\ seek h] z silv]1 & se>* = h] z = hid treasures2 !n %alt ?\ und]/& ! fe> ( ! ,"l1 & f9d ! k ( ,god4 ,= ! ,"l give? wisdom2 out ( ,8 m\? come? k & und]/&+ 7,prov4 ii4 #c-f74 ,aga91 ! magnific5t ,praise ( ,wisdom 9 ! tw5ty-f\r? *apt] ( ,ecclesia/icus1 9 :i* ,wisdom is made to tell h] own glories1 op5s ?us3 ,i came =? f ! m\? ( ! ,mo/ ,high1 & cov]$ ! e>? l a cl\d2 & x cont9ues1 ,!n ! ,creator ( all ?+s gave me a comm&m5t1 & ,he t creat$ me caus$ my tab]nacle to re/1 & said1 ,let ?y dwell+ be 9 ,jacob1 & ?9e inh]itance 9 ,israel4 ,be=e "t 01 f ! beg9n+1 ,he creat$ me1 & until times cease ,i %all 9 n[ise fail 7vv4 #c1 #h1 #i74 ,& 9 ! simil> passage 9 ! ,book ( ,wisdom1 9 :i* ! praise ( ,wisdom is put into ! m\? ( ,solomon1 he says1 ,wisdom1 :i* is ! work] ( all ?+s1 taught me4444 ,%e is ! brea? ( ! p[] ( ,god1 & a pure emanation f ! glory ( ! ,almighty3 !re=e do? no defil$ ?+ fall into h]4 ,= %e is ! effulg5ce 73 ,heb4 i4 #c7 ( ! ev]la/+ light1 ! unspott$ mirror ( ! p[] ( ,god1 & ! image ( ,8 goodness4 ,& be+ "o1 %e c d all ?+s2 & rema9+ 9 h]self1 %e make? all ?+s new2 & 9 all g5]ations ent]+ into holy s\ls1 %e make? !m fri5ds ( ,god1 & prophets4 ,= ,god love? no?+ b him t dwelle? ) wisdom 7vii4 #bb1 #be-bh74 ,?ree ?\ghts are conspicu\s 9 ^! passages4 ,wisdom orig9ates ) ,god4 ,x is consequ5tly pure & glori\s4 ,god be/[s x ^u ,8 p4 ,^! ?\ghts reappe> 9 ,/4 ,james1 & to !m he adds ano!r1 :i* sc>cely appe>s 9 ! e>li] writ]s4 ,wisdom is peaceable1 g5tle1 easy to be entreat$1 full ( m]cy1 & good fruits4 ,9 ,prov]bs we d inde$ read t all h] pa?s are peace 7iii4 #ag72 b ! ?\ght is n foll[$ up4 ,x does n seem to occur to ! son ( ,sira*2 & n "o ( ! tw5ty-"o epi!ts :i* ! writ] ( ,wisdom piles up 9 praise ( ?is heav5ly gift 7vii4 #bb1 #bc7 t\*es ^u its peaceable & placable nature4 ,x 0 left to ! ,gospel to tea*1 bo? by ! example ( ,*ri/ & by ! words ( ,8 ,apo/les1 h[ inevitably ! ,div9e wisdom produces1 9 ^? :o possess x1 g5tl5ess1 self-repression1 & peace4 ,b ! wisdom t is f above is fir/ pure1 !n peaceable1 g5tle1 easy to be entreat$4 ,! fir/ & ! !n may be s]i\sly misund]/ood4 ,/4 ,james does n mean t ! heav5ly wisdom _c be peaceable & g5tle until all its surr\nd+s h be5 made pure f ev]y?+ t w\ld oppose or contradict x2 9 o!r words1 t ! wise & und]/&+ ,*ri/ian w fir/ free himself f ! society ( all :om he believes to be 9 error1 & !n1 b n till !n1 w he be peaceable & g5tle4 ,t is1 s long z folly & falsehood rema91 !y mu/ be d5\nc$1 & made ei!r to recant or to retire2 = only :5 !y h disappe>$ w wisdom %[ itself easy to be entreat$4 ,purity1 i4e4 fre$om f all t w\ld dim ! brightness ( tru?1 mu/ prec$e peace1 & !re c be no peace until x is obta9$4 ,?is int]pretation contradicts ! context1 & makes ,/4 ,james tea* ! opposite ( :at he says v pla9ly 9 ! s5t5ces :i* prec$e1 & 9 ^? :i* foll[1 ! words :i* we are consid]+4 ,x tries to enli/ him on ! side ( p>tisan%ip & p]secution1 at ! v mom5t :5 he is plead+ mo/ e>ne/ly aga9/ !m4 ,he is /at+ a logical1 & n a *ronological ord]1 :5 he decl>es t true wisdom is fir/ pure1 !n peaceable4 ,9 its inmo/ be+ x is pure2 among its v v>i\s ext]nal manife/ations are ! six or sev5 b5efic5t qualities :i* foll[ ! !n4 ,if !re 7 no "o to be g5tle to1 no "o com+ to entreat1 no "o ne$+ m]cy1 ! wisdom f above w\ld /ill be pure2 !re=e ?is quality comes fir/4 ,:5 ! au?or ( ! ,book ( ,wisdom says t wisdom is a pure emanation f ! glory ( ,god3 !re=e c no defil$ ?+ fall into h] 7vii4 #be71 he is ?9k+ ( a pure /ream1 into :i* no f\l dit* is able to empty its pollut+ cont5ts1 or ( a pure ray ( light1 :i* does n admit ( mixture ) any?+ t w\ld col\r or d>k5 x4 ,he does n use ! ^w = pure :i* we h "h 771 b "o :i* signifies unmix$1 & h5ce unsulli$ 771 & :i* occurs ,phil4 i4 #aj & #b ,pet4 iii4 #a4 ,! ^w us$ "h by ,/4 ,james is ak9 to holy 771 & prim>ily signifies :at is associat$ ) religi\s awe 771 & h5ce hall[$1 especially by sacrifice4 ,f ?is x became n>r[$ 9 mean+ to :at is free f ! pollution ( un*a/ity or blood%$4 ,z a ,biblical ^w x sometimes has ?is n>r[ mean+2 b g5]ally x implies fre$om f all /a9 ( s91 & !re=e is n f> remov$ 9 mean+ f holy4 ,b x is wor? not+ t :]eas ,*ri/ & good m5 are spok5 ( z bo? pure & holy1 yet ,god is call$ holy1 b nev] pure4 ,div9e hol9ess _c be assail$ by any pollut+ influ5ce4 ,human hol9ess1 ev5 t ( ,*ri/1 c be s assail$1 & 9 resi/+ ! assault x rema9s pure4 ,9 ! passage be=e u pure mu/ c]ta9ly n be limit$ to mean simply *a/e4 ,! ^w s5sual1 appli$ to ! wisdom f bel[1 does n mean un*a/e1 b liv+ :olly 9 ! _w ( s5se2 & ! purity ( ! heav5ly wisdom does n consi/ m]ely 9 victory ov] temptations ( ! fle%1 b 9 fre$om f worldly & l[ motives4 ,its aim is t tru? %\ld become kn[n & prevail1 & x condesc5ds to no ignoble arts 9 prosecut+ ?is aim4 ,contradiction does n ruffle x1 & ho/ility does n provoke x to retaliate1 because its motives are ?or\ghly dis9t]e/$ & pure4 ,?us1 its peaceable & placable qualities fl[ out ( its purity4 ,x is fir/ pure1 !n peaceable4 ,x is because ! man :o is inspir$ ) x has no ult]ior selfi% ends to s]ve t he is g5tle1 sympa!tic1 & consid]ate t[>ds ^? :o oppose him4 ,he /rives1 n = victory ov] 8 oppon5ts1 b = tru? bo? = himself & = !m2 & he kn[s :at x co/s to arrive at tru?4 ,we h a noble illu/ration ( ?is temp] 9 "s ( ! op5+ passages ( ,/4 ,augu/9e's treatise aga9/ ! s-call$ ,fundam5tal ,lett] ( ,mani*u4 ,he beg9s ?us3-- ,my pray] to ! "o true ,god ,almighty1 ( :om1 & ?r\gh :om1 & 9 :om are all ?+s1 has be5 & is1 t 9 refut+ & disprov+ ! h]esy ( y ,mani*ans1 to :i* y adh]e p]*ance m ?r\gh ?\ghtlessness ?an evil int5t1 ,he w\ld give me a m9d compos$ & tranquil1 & aim+ r at y\r am5dm5t ?an y\r discomfiture4444 ,x has be5 our bus9ess1 !re=e1 to pref] & *oose ! bett] "p1 t we might h an opportunity = y\r am5dm5t1 n 9 cont5tion1 & /rife1 & p]secutions1 b 9 g5tle consolation1 affectionate exhortation1 & quiet discussion2 z x is writt51 ,! ,"l's s]vant mu/ n /rive1 b be g5tle t[>ds all1 tea*able1 =be>+1 9 meekness correct+ !m t oppose !mselves4444 ,let ^? rage aga9/ y :o "k n ) :at toil tru? is f\nd1 & h[ difficult x is to avoid errors4444 ,let ^? rage aga9/ y :o "k n ) h[ great difficulty ! eye ( ! inn] man is made :ole1 s t x c behold its ,sun4444 ,let ^? rage aga9/ y :o "k n ) :at sighs & groans x is made possible1 9 h[ev] small a degree1 to compreh5d ,god4 ,f9ally1 let ^? rage aga9/ y :o h nev] be5 deceiv$ by su* an error z t :]eby !y see y deceiv$4444 ,let nei!r ( u say t he has already f\nd ! tru?4 ,let u seek x z if x 7 unkn[n to u bo?4 ,= x c be s\ght = ) zeal & unanimity only if !re be no ra% assumption t x has be5 f\nd & is kn[n4 ,& to ! same effect1 al?\gh 9 a diff]5t key1 a critical writ] ( our own day has rem>k$ t by an intellect :i* is habitually fill$ ) ! wisdom :i* is f heav51 9 all its l5g? & bread?1 'objections' aga9/ religion are p]ceiv$ at once to proce$ f imp]fect appreh5sion4 ,su* an intellect _c rage aga9/ ^? :o give words to su* objections4 ,x sees t ! objectors d b intimate ! p>tial "* ( _! own k4#gb ,x w be obs]v$ t :ile ! writ] j quot$ speaks ab\t ! intellect1 ,/4 ,james speaks ab\t ! he>t4 ,! diff]5ce is n accid5tal1 & x is significant ( a diff]5ce 9 ! po9t ( view4 ,! mod]n view ( wisdom is t x is a matt] :i* ma9ly consi/s 9 ! /r5g!n+ & enri*m5t ( ! intellectual p[]s4 ,increase ( capacity = acquir+ & reta9+ k2 increase 9 ! possession ( k3 ?is is :at is meant by gr[? 9 wisdom4 ,& by k is meant acqua9tance ) ! nature & hi/ory ( man1 & ) ! nature & hi/ory ( ! univ]se4 ,all ?is is ! sph]e ( ! intellect r ?an ( ! he>t4 ,! purification & developm5t ( ! moral p[]s1 if n absolutely exclud$ f ! scope ( wisdom1 is commonly left 9 ! backgr\nd & almo/ out ( sight4 ,:at ,/4 ,james says "h is fully admitt$3 ! highe/ wisdom keeps a man f ! bitt]ness ( p>ty _s4 ,b :y8 ,because 8 sup]ior intellig5ce & in=mation tell him t ! opposition ( ^? :o diss5t f him is ! result ( ignorance1 :i* requires1 n insult & abuse1 b in/ruction4 ,/4 ,james does n diss5t f ?is view1 b he adds to x4 ,!re are fur!r & high] reasons :y ! truly wise man does n rail at o!rs1 or try to br[beat & sil5ce !m4 ,because1 :ile he abhors folly1 he loves ! fool1 & w\ld w9 him ov] f 8 fooli% ways2 because he desires n only to imp>t k1 b to increase virtue2 & because he kn[s t /rife means confusion1 & t g5tl5ess is ! p>5t ( peace4 ,*ri/ians are *>g$ to be wise z s]p5ts1 b h>mless z doves4 ,! ,scriptural view ( wisdom does n contradict ! mod]n "o1 b x is tak5 f ! o!r side4 ,9 x ! education ( ! moral & spiritual p[]s is ! ma9 ?+1 :ile intellectual advancem5t is 9 ! backgr\nd or out ( sight4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/ or 8 ,apo/les t is ho/ile to intellectual progress2 b nei!r by ,8 example1 nor by ! directions :i* ,8 disciples receiv$ or deliv]$1 d we f9d t culture 0 reg>d$ z "p (1 or necess>y to1 or ev5 a v desirable companion =1 ! ,gospel4 ,nei!r ,*ri/ nor any "o ( ,8 imm$iate foll[]s came =w>d z a great promot] ( intellectual pursuits4 ,:y is ?is8 ,x w\ld p]haps be a s\nd & suffici5t answ] to say1 t valuable z su* "w w\ld h be51 !re 0 mu* m s]i\s & important "w to be done4 ,to conv]t m5 f s9 to righte\sness 0 f> m urg5t ?an to improve _! m9ds4 ,b !re is m to be said ?an ?is4 ,t p]v]se g5]ation _h to turn1 & become z little *ildr51 be=e x c\ld ent] into ! k+dom ( heav54 ,to develop a man's intellectual p[]s is n always ! be/ way to make him humble himself z a little *ild4 ,increase ( k may make a ,newton feel l a *ild pick+ up pebbles on ! %ore ( tru?1 b x is apt to make ! natural man less *ildlike4 ,b = no "o1 :e!r cate*um51 or conv]t1 or mature ,*ri/ian1 c ! cultivation ( 8 intellect be z press+ a duty z ! cultivation ( 8 he>t4 ,to speak ) ! tongues ( m5 & ( angels1 & to "k all my/]ies & all k1 is z no?+ 9 comp>ison ) love4 ,& x is 9 "s measure possible to see :y ?is is s4 ,man's moral nature c]ta9ly suff]$1 & ru9\sly suff]$1 at ! ,fall4 ,x is n s c]ta9 t 8 intellectual nature suff]$ also4 ,if x did suff]1 x suff]$ ?r\gh ! moral nature1 because depravation ( ! he>t deprav$ ! bra94 ,9 nei!r case w\ld !re be any necessity = ! ,gospel to pay special att5tion to ! reg5]ation ( ! intellect4 ,if man's intellect 0 unsca!d by 8 fall f innoc5ce1 x c\ld cont9ue its natural developm5t1 & g on f /r5g? to /r5g? t[>ds p]fection4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! loss ( innoc5ce has entail$ a loss ( m5tal capacity1 !n ! w\nd inflict$ on ! intellectual nature ?r\gh ! moral nature mu/ be heal$ 9 ! same way4 ,fir/ purify ! he>t & reg5]ate ! w1 & !n ! recov]y ( ! intellect w foll[ 9 due c\rse4#gc ,x is easy to rea* ! intellect ?r\gh ! he>t1 & ?is is :at ! wisdom t is f above aims at do+4 ,if we beg9 ) ! intellect1 we %all v likely end !re2 & 9 t case ! man is n rais$ f 8 degradation1 b equipp$ ) additional p[]s ( mis*ief4 ,into a s\l t devise? evil1 wisdom w n ent]1 nor yet dwell 9 a body t is sunk 9 s9 7,wisdom i4 #d74 ,full ( m]cy & good fruits4 ,! wisdom f above is n only peaceable1 reasonable1 & conciliatory1 :5 "u provocation or criticism1 x is also eag] to take ! initiative 9 do+ all ! good 9 its p[] to ^? :om x c rea* or influ5ce4 ,?us x goes h& 9 h& ) t pure & undefil$ religion :i* visits ! fa!rless & wid[s 9 _! affliction 7i4 #bg74 ,j z ,/4 ,james has no sympa?y ) a fai? :i* does n clo! ! nak$ & fe$ ! hungry1 & (f] ( its be/ to ,god 7ii4 #ae1 #af1 #ba71 nor ) a tongue :i* blesses ,god & curses m5 7ii4 #i71 s he has no belief 9 ! heav5ly "* ( a wisdom :i* holds itself alo( 9 calm sup]iority to all cavil & compla9t1 ) a condesc5d+ air ( passionless imp>tiality4 ,! intellectual mis]1 :o gloats ov] ! treasures ( 8 own accumulat$ k1 & smiles ) l(ty indiff]5ce ^u ! criticisms & squabbles ( ! imp]fectly in/ruct$1 has no %>e 9 ! wisdom t is f above4 ,he is peaceful & mod]ate1 n out ( love & sympa?y1 b because 8 "t is too preci\s to be wa/$ 9 b>r5 controv]sy1 & because he is too pr\d to place himself on a level ) ^? :o w\ld dispute ) him4 ,no selfi% arrogance ( ?is k9d has any place 9 ! "* ( ! truly wise4 ,8 wisdom n only enlight5s 8 intellect1 b w>ms 8 he>t & /r5g!ns 8 w4 ,he believes t ! wise man alone is k+1 & t ! wise man alone is happy1 yet n because he has ! cr[n ( k & abundance ( intellectual enjoym5t1 b because he fulfils ! royal law1 ,?\ %alt love ?y neighb\r z ?yself 7ii4 #h71 & because happ9ess is to be f\nd 9 promot+ ! happ9ess ( o!rs4 ,)\t v>iance1 )\t hypocrisy4 ,^! are ! la/ two ( ! goodly qualities :i* ,/4 ,james gives z m>ks ( ! heav5ly wisdom4 ,simil>ity 9 s\nd1 :i* _c well be pres]v$ 9 ,engli%1 has evid5tly _h some?+ to d ) _! selection 71 74 ,! fir/ ( ! two has p]plex$ translators1 & ! ,engli% v]sions give u consid]able *oice3 )\t v>iance1 )\t wrangl+1 )\t p>tiality1 )\t d\btfulness1 )\t judg+4 ,purvey has = ! two epi!ts deem+ )\t feign+1 foll[+ ! ,sixt9e edition ( ! ,vulgate1 :i* has judicans s9e simulatione1 in/ead ( non judicans1 s9e simulatione4 ,! ^w occurs n[h]e else ei!r 9 ! ,old or 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t2 b x is cognate ) a ^w :i* ,/4 ,james uses twice at ! beg9n+ ( ?is ,epi/le 73 i4 #f71 & :i* is !re r5d]$ d\bt+ or wav]+4 ,( ! v>i\s possible mean+s ( ! ^w be=e u we may !re=e pref] )\t d\btfulness4 ,! wisdom f above is unwav]+1 /eadfa/1 s+le-m9d$4 ,?us ,ignatius *>ges ! ,magnesians 7xv47 to possess an unv5tur+ _s 7 71 & tells ! ,trallians 7i47 t he has le>n$ t !y h a m9d unblameable & unwav]+ 9 pati5ce 7 74 ,& ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria 7,pd4 ,,ii4 iii41 p4 #aij7 speaks ( unwav]+ fai? 7 71 & a few l9es f>!r on he rem9ds 8 read]s1 9 words t suit our pres5t subject1 t wisdom is n b\ght ) e>?ly co91 nor is sold 9 ! m>ket1 b 9 heav54 ,if he _h said t wisdom is n sold 9 ! m>ket1 b giv5 f heav51 he w\ld h made ! contra/ bo? m po9t$ & m true4 ,! fruit ( righte\sness is s[n 9 peace = !m t make peace4 ,! ,greek may mean ei!r = !m t make peace1 or by !m t make peace2 & we ne$ n attempt to decide4 ,9 ei!r case x is ! peacemak]s :o s[ ! se$ ^: fruit is righte\sness1 & ! peacemak]s :o reap ?is fruit4 ,! :ole process beg9s1 progresses1 & ends 9 peace4 ,x is evid5t t ! heav5ly wisdom is pre-em95tly a practical wisdom4 ,x is n purely or ma9ly intellectual2 x is n speculative2 x is n lo/ 9 contemplation4 ,its object is to increase hol9ess r ?an k1 & happ9ess r ?an in=mation4 ,its atmosph]e is n controv]sy & debate1 b g5tl5ess & peace4 ,x is full1 n ( sublime !ories or d>+ hypo!ses1 b ( m]cy & good fruits4 ,x c be confid5t )\t wrangl+1 & res]v$ )\t hypocrisy4 ,x is ! tw9 si/] ( t heav5ly love :i* envie? n1 vaunte? n itself1 seeke? n its own1 is n provok$1 take? no acc\nt ( evil4 #gb ,m>k ,pattison1 ,essays3 ,life ( ,bi%op ,w>burton1 vol4 ii41 pp4 #afc1 #afd 7,ox=d3 #ahhi74 #gc ,see ,jellett's ,?\ghts on ! ,*ri/ian ,life1 p4 #di 7,dubl93 #ahhd74 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,/4 ,,james ,,& ,,plato ,,on ,,lu/s ,,z ,,! ,,causes ,,( ,,/rife2 ,,_! ,,effect ,,on ,,pray]4 ,:5ce come w>s1 & :5ce come fight+s among y8 come !y n h5ce1 ev5 ( y\r pleasures :i* w> 9 y\r memb]s8 ,ye lu/1 & h n3 ye kill & covet1 & _c obta93 ye fight & w>2 ye h n1 because ye ask n4 ,ye ask1 & receive n1 because ye ask amiss1 t ye may sp5d x 9 y\r pleasures4--,,/4 ,,james iv4 #a-ac4 ,! *ange f ! close ( ! ?ird *apt] to ! beg9n+ ( ! f\r? is />tl+4 ,/4 ,james has j be5 sket*+ ) mu* beauty ! excell5ces ( ! heav5ly wisdom1 & especially its m>k$ *>act]i/ic ( always t5d+ to produce an atmosph]e ( peace1 9 :i* ! se$ t produces ! fruit ( righte\sness w gr[ & fl\ri%4 ,g5tl5ess1 good-w1 m]cy1 righte\sness1 peace--^! =m ! ma9 features ( 8 sket*4 ,& !n he abruptly turns ^u 8 read]s ) ! "q1 ,:5ce come w>s1 & :5ce come sight+s among y8 ,! sudd5 transition f ! subject ( peace to ! opposite is delib]ate4 ,its object is to />tle & awak5 ! consci5ces ( ^? :o are address$4 ,! wisdom f bel[ produces bitt] jeal\sy & faction2 ! wisdom f above produces g5tl5ess & peace4 ,!n h[ is to be expla9$ ! orig9 ( ! w>s & fight+s :i* prevail among ! twelve tribes ( ! ,disp]sion8 ,t ought to set !m ?9k+4 ,^! ?+s mu/ be trac$ to causes :i* are e>?ly or demoniacal r ?an heav5ly2 & if s1 ^? :o are guilty ( !m1 in/ead ( cont5d+ = ! (fice ( tea*+ o!rs1 ought to be s]i\sly consid]+ h[ to correct !mselves4 ,"h1 aga91 !re is ! /range/ contradiction betwe5 _! pr(essions & _! practice4 ,clem5t ( ,rome seems to h ?is passage 9 8 m9d :5 he writes 7c4 ,a4,d4 #ig7 to ! ,*ur* ( ,cor9?1 ,:]e=e are !re /rifes & wra?s1 & factions & divisions1 & w> among y8 7xlvi474 ,w>s 77 & fight+s 77 are n to be und]/ood lit]ally4 ,:5 ! text is appli$ to int]national w>f>e betwe5 ,*ri/ian /ates 9 mod]n times1 or to any case ( civil w>1 x may be s int]pret$ )\t do+ viol5ce to its _s2 b t is n ! orig9al mean+ ( ! words4 ,!re 0 no civil w> among ! ,jews at ?is "t1 /ill less among ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ians4 ,/4 ,james is ref]r+ to private qu>rels & law-suits1 social rivalries & factions1 & religi\s controv]sies4 ,! subject-matt] ( ^! disputes & cont5tions is n indicat$1 because t is n :at is d5\nc$4 ,x is n = hav+ diff]5ces ab\t ?is or t1 :e!r rights ( prop]ty1 or po/s ( hon\r1 or ecclesia/ical que/ions1 t ,/4 ,james rebukes !m1 b = ! rancor\s1 gre$y1 & worldly _s 9 :i* _! disputes are conduct$4 ,evid5tly ! lu/ ( possession is among ! ?+s :i* produce ! cont5tions4 ,jewi% appetite = weal? is at "w among !m4 ,x 0 /at$ 9 a =m] *apt] 7p4 #dh7 t1 !re are places 9 ?is ,epi/le 9 :i* ,/4 ,james seems to g beyond ! precise circle ( read]s address$ 9 ! op5+ words1 & to glance at ! :ole ,jewi% nation1 :e!r outside ,pale/9e or n1 & :e!r ,*ri/ian or n4 ,^! m compreh5sive addresses are m frequ5t 9 ! second half ( ! ,epi/le ?an 9 ! fir/1 & "o is incl9$ to believe t ! passage be=e u is "o ( !m4 ,9 t case we may believe t ! bitt] cont5tions :i* divid$ ,ph>isees1 ,sadducees1 ,h]odians1 ,ess5es1 ,zealots1 & ,sam>itans f "o ano!r are includ$ 9 ! w>s & fight+s1 z well z ! qu>rels :i* disgrac$ ,*ri/ian ,jews4 ,9 any case we see t ! ,jews :o _h ent]$ ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* _h br\ght ) !m t cont5ti\s _s :i* 0 "o ( _! national *>act]i/ics4 ,j z ,/4 ,paul has to cont5d ) ,greek love ( faction 9 8 conv]ts at ,cor9?1 s ,/4 ,james has to cont5d ) a simil> ,jewi% fail+ among ! conv]ts f ,judaism4 ,& x w\ld seem z if he hop$ ?r\gh ^! conv]ts to rea* _m ( ^? :o 7 n yet conv]t$4 ,:at he wrote to ,*ri/ian synagogues w\ld possibly be he>d ( & not$ 9 synagogues :i* 7 n ,*ri/ian4 ,at any rate ?is ,epi/le conta9s ample evid5ce t ! griev\s sc&als :i* amaze u 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! ,apo/olic ,*ur*es ( ,cor9?1 ,galatia1 & ,ephesus 7 n peculi> to conv]ts f hea!nism3 among ! ,*ri/ians ( ! circumcision1 :o _h _h ! advantage ( life-long k ( ,god & ( ,8 law1 !re 7 evils z s]i\s1 & sometimes v simil> 9 k9d4 ,! notion t ! ,*ur* ( ! ,apo/olic age 0 9 a condition ( ideal p]fection is a beautiful b baseless dream4#gd ,:5ce w>s1 & :5ce fight+s among y8 come !y n h5ce1 ev5 ( y\r pleasures :i* w> 9 y\r memb]s8 ,by a common transposition1 ,/4 ,james1 9 answ]+ 8 own "q1 puts ! pleasures :i* excite & gratify ! lu/s in/ead ( ! lu/s !mselves1 9 mu* ! same way z we use dr9k = intemp]ance1 & gold = av>ice4 ,^! lu/s = pleasures h _! qu>t]s or camp 9 ! memb]s ( ! body1 i4e4 9 ! s5sual "p ( man's nature4 ,b !y are !re1 n to re/1 b to make w>1 to g aft]1 & seize1 & take = a prey t :i* has r\s$ !m f _! quietude & set !m 9 motion4 ,!re ! picture1 z drawn by ,/4 ,james1 ends4 ,/4 ,paul c>ries x a /age f>!r1 & speaks ( ! diff]5t law 9 my memb]s1 w>r+ aga9/ ! law ( my m9d 7,rom4 vii4 #bc74 ,/4 ,pet] does ! same1 :5 he besee*es 8 read]s1 z soj\rn]s & pilgrims1 to ab/a9 f fle%ly lu/s1 :i* w> aga9/ ! s\l 7#a ,pet] ii4 #aa72 & "s comm5tators w\ld supply ei!r aga9/ ! m9d or aga9/ ! s\l "h4 ,b !re is no ne$ to supply any?+1 & if "o did supply any?+ ! w>s & sight+s among y w\ld r lead u to und]/& t ! lu/s 9 ea* "o's memb]s make w> aga9/ ev]y?+ :i* int]f]es ) _! gratification1 & su* w\ld be ! possessions & desires ( o!r p4 ,?is completion ( ,/4 ,james's picture agrees well also ) :at foll[s3 ,ye lu/1 & h n3 ye kill & covet1 & _c obta94 ,b x is be/ to leave ! metaphor j :]e he leaves x1 )\t add+ any?+4 ,& ! fact t he does n add aga9/ ! m9d or aga9/ ! s\l is "s slight indication t he _h n se5 ei!r ! passage 9 ,romans or 9 ! ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,pet]4 7,see above1 p4 #eg47 ,9 ! ,phd ( ,plato 7#ff1 #fg7 !re is a beautiful passage1 :i* pres5ts "s /rik+ co9cid5ces ) ! words ( ,/4 ,james4 ,w>s1 & factions1 & sight+s h no o!r s\rce ?an ! body & its lu/s4 ,= x is = ! gett+ ( weal? t all our w>s arise1 & we are compell$ to get weal? because ( our body1 to ^: s]vice we are slaves2 & 9 consequ5ce we h no leisure = philosophy1 because ( all ^! ?+s4 ,& ! wor/ ( all is t if we get any leisure f x1 & turn to "s "q1 9 ! mid/ ( our inquiries ! body is ev]y:]e com+ 91 introduc+ turmoil & confusion1 & bewild]+ u1 s t by x we are prev5t$ f see+ ! tru?4 ,b inde$ x has be5 prov$ to u t if we are ev] to h pure k ( any?+ we mu/ get rid ( ! body1 & ) ! s\l by itself mu/ behold ?+s by !mselves4 ,!n1 x w\ld seem1 we %all obta9 ! wisdom :i* we desire1 & ( :i* we say t we are lov]s2 :5 we are dead1 z ! argum5t %[s1 b 9 ?is life n4 ,= if x be impossible :ile we are 9 ! body to h pure k ( any?+1 !n ( two ?+s "o--ei!r k is n to be obta9$ at all1 or aft] we are dead2 = !n ! s\l w be by itself1 ap>t f ! body1 b be=e t n4 ,& 9 ?is life1 x w\ld seem1 we %all make ! ne>e/ approa* to k if we h no communication or fell[%ip :atev] ) ! body1 beyond :at necessity compels1 & are n fill$ ) its nature1 b rema9 pure f its ta9t1 until ,god ,himself %all set u free4 ,& 9 ?is way %all we be pure1 be+ deliv]$ f ! fooli%ness ( ! body1 & %all be ) o!r l s\ls1 & %all "k ( ourselves all t is cle> & cl\dless1 & t is p]haps all "o ) ! tru?4 ,plato & ,/4 ,james are entirely agre$ 9 hold+ t w>s & fight+s are caus$ by ! lu/s t h _! seat 9 ! body1 & t ?is condition ( fight+s )\t1 & lu/s )91 is q incompatible ) ! possession ( heav5ly wisdom4 ,b !re ! agreem5t betwe5 !m ceases4 ,! conclusion :i* ,plato arrives at is t ! philosoph] mu/1 s f> z is possible1 neglect & excommunicate 8 body1 z an intol]able s\rce ( corruption1 ye>n+ = ! "t :5 dea? %all set him free f ! burd5 ( wait+ ^u ?is ob/acle betwe5 8 s\l & ! tru?4 ,plato has no idea t ! body may be sanctifi$ "h & glorifi$ h]eaft]2 he reg>ds x simply z a necess>y evil1 :i* may be m9imiz$ by wat*fulness1 b :i* c 9 no way be turn$ into a bless+4 ,! bless+ w come :5 ! body is annihilat$ by dea?4 ,/4 ,james1 on ! contr>y1 exhorts u to cut ourselves (f1 n f ! body1 b f fri5d%ip ) ! _w4 ,if we resi/ ! evil "o1 :o tempts u ?r\gh our f]oci\s lu/s1 he w flee f u4 ,god w give u ! grace we ne$1 if we pray = t r ?an = pleasures4 ,he w draw nigh to u if we draw nigh to ,him2 & if we purify our he>ts ,he w make ,8 ,_s to dwell 9 !m4 ,ev5 9 ?is life ! wisdom t is f above is atta9able1 & :]e t has f\nd a home factions & fight+s cease4 ,:5 ! passions cease to w>1 ^? :o h hi!rto be5 sway$ by _! passions w cease to w> also4 ,b ^? :om ,/4 ,james addresses are z yet v f> f ?is bless$ condition4 ,ye lu/1 & h n3 ye kill & covet1 & _c obta93 ye fight & w>4 ,9 %ort1 %>p1 tell+ s5t5ces he puts =? ! items ( 8 indictm5t2 b x is n easy to punctuate !m satisfactorily1 nor to decide :e!r ye kill is to be und]/ood lit]ally or n4 ,9 none ( ! ,engli% v]sions does ! punctuation seem to br+ out a logical sequ5ce ( clauses4 ,! foll[+ arrangem5t is sugge/$ = consid]ation3 ,ye lu/1 & h n2 ye kill4 ,& ye covet1 & _c obta92 ye fight & w>4 ,9 ?is way we obta9 two s5t5ces ( simil> mean+1 :i* exactly balance "o ano!r4 ,ye lu/1 & h n1 corresponds )1 ,ye covet1 & _c obta91 & ye kill ) ye fight & w>2 & 9 ea* s5t5ce ! la/ clause is ! consequ5ce ( :at prec$es4 ,ye lu/1 & h n2 !re=e ye kill4 ,ye covet1 & _c obta92 !re=e ye fight & w>4 ,?is gr\p+ ( ! clauses yields good s5se1 & does no viol5ce to ! ,greek4 ,ye lu/1 & h n2 !re=e ye kill4 ,is kill to be und]/ood lit]ally8 ,t murd]1 prompt$ by av>ice & passion1 0 common among ! ,*ri/ian ,jews ( ! ,disp]sion1 is q incr$ible4 ,t mon/r\s sc&als occurr$ 9 ! ,apo/olic age1 especially among ,g5tile conv]ts1 :o suppos$ t ! fre$om ( ! ,gospel meant lax morality1 is unque/ionable2 b t ^! sc&als ev] took ! =m ( indiff]5ce to human life we h no evid5ce4 ,& x is specially improbable t murd] w\ld be frequ5t among ^? :o1 be=e !y became ,*ri/ians1 _h be5 ob$i5t to ! ,mosaic ,law4 ,/4 ,james may h a s+le case 9 8 m9d1 l t ( ! ince/u\s m>riage at ,cor9?2 b 9 t case he w\ld probably h express$ himself diff]5tly4 ,or aga91 z 0 sugge/$ above1 he may 9 ?is section be address+ ! :ole ,jewi% race1 & n m]ely ^? :o _h become conv]ts to ,*ri/ianity2 & 9 t case he may be ref]r+ to ! brig&age & assass9ation :i* a comb9ation ( causes1 social1 political1 & religi\s1 _h r5d]$ common among ! ,jews1 especially 9 ,pale/9e1 at ?is "t4 ,( ?is evil we h pl5ty ( evid5ce bo? 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t & 9 ,josephus4 ,b>abbas & ! two robb]s :o 7 crucifi$ ) ,*ri/ are in/ances 9 ! ,gospels4 ,& ) !m we may put ! p>able ( ! man :o fell among robb]s1 & 0 left half-dead betwe5 ,j]usalem & ,j]i*o2 = no d\bt ! p>able1 l all ,*ri/'s p>ables1 is f\nd$ on fact1 & is no m]e imag9>y picture4 ,9 ! ,acts we h ,!udas ) 8 f\r hundr$ foll[]s 7,b4,c4 #d71 ,judas ( ,galilee 7,a4,d4 #f71 & ! ,egyptian ) 8 f\r ?\s& ,assass9s1 or ,sic>ii 7,a4,d4 #eh72 to :om we may add ! =ty :o conspir$ to assass9ate ,/4 ,paul 7v4 #cf1 #cg2 xxi4 #ch2 xxiii4 #ab-ba74 ,& ,josephus tells u ( ano!r ,!udas1 :o 0 captur$ & put to dea? ) _m ( 8 foll[]s by ! ,roman ,procurator ,cuspius ,fadus 7c4 ,a4,d4 #de72 & he also /ates t ab\t fifty ye>s e>li]1 "u ,v>us1 !re 7 endless disord]s 9 ,juda1 s$ition & robb]y be+ almo/ *ronic4 ,! brig&s inflict$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( damage on ! ,romans1 b ! murd]s :i* !y committ$ 7 on _! fell[-c\ntrym5 ! ,jews 7,ant4 ,,xvii4 x4 #d1 #h2 ,,xx4 v4 i74#ge ,9 ei!r ( ^! ways1 !re=e1 ! lit]al int]pretation ( a kill makes good s5se2 & we are n ju/ifi$ 9 say+1 ) ,calv91 t kill 9 no way suits ! context4 ,calv91 ) ,erasmus1 ,beza1 ,hornejus1 & o!rs1 adopts ! viol5t exp$i5t ( correct+ ! ,greek f kill 77 to envy 771 a read+ = :i* n a s+le ,,ms41 v]sion1 or ,fa!r c be quot$4 ,x is accept$1 h[ev]1 by ,tyndale & ,cranm] & 9 ! ,g5evan ,bible1 all ( :i* h1 ,ye envy & h indignation1 & _c obta94 ,wiclif & ! ,rhemi% ( c\rse hold to ! occiditis ( ! ,vulgate1 ! "o ) slay1 & ! o!r ) kill4 ,b al?\gh ! lit]al int]pretation yields good s5se1 x is p]haps n ! be/ int]pretation4 ,x 0 po9t$ out above t ye kill balances ye fight & w>1 & t w>s & fight+s evid5tly are n to be und]/ood lit]ally1 z ! context %[s4 ,if !n1 ye fight & w> means ye qu>rel1 & dispute1 & intrigue1 & g to law ) "o ano!r1 ought n ye kill to be expla9$ 9 a simil> way8 ,*ri/ _h said1 ,ye h he>d t x 0 said by !m ( old "t1 ,?\ %alt n kill2 & :osoev] %all kill %all be 9 dang] ( ! judgm5t3 b ,i say unto y1 ,t e "o :o is angry ) 8 bro!r %all be 9 dang] ( ! judgm5t 7,matt4 v4 #ba1 #bb74 ,& ,/4 ,john tells u t e "o :o hate? 8 bro!r is a murd]] 7#a ,john iii4 #ae74 ,e "o :o hate? 7 7 is an uncompromis+ expression1 & x cov]s all t ,/4 ,james says "h4 ,j z ! *]i%$ lu/ful ?\ght is adult]y 9 ! he>t 7,matt4 v4 #bh71 s *]i%$ hatr$ is murd] 9 ! he>t4 ,b !re is an explanation1 half lit]al & half metaphorical1 :i* is well wor? consid]+4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out h[ frequ5tly ,/4 ,james seems to h portions ( ! ,book ( ,ecclesia/icus 9 8 m9d4 ,we read !re t ! bread ( ! ne$y is ! life ( ! poor3 he t defraude? him !re( is a man ( blood4 ,he t take? away 8 neighb\r's liv+ slaye? him 772 & he t defraude? ! lab\r] ( 8 hire is a blood-%$d] 7xxxiv4 #ba1 #bb74 ,if ,/4 ,james 0 famili> ) ^! words1 & /ill m if he c\ld c\nt on 8 read]s also be+ famili> ) !m1 might he n mean1 ,ye lu/1 & h n2 & !n1 to gratify y\r desire1 y deprive ! poor ( 8 liv+8 ,ev5 ,deut4 xxiv4 #f might suffice to give rise to su* a /rong me?od ( expression3 ,no man %all take ! mill or ! upp] mill/one to pl$ge3 = he take? a man's life to pl$ge4 ,?r\gh\t ?is section ! language us$ is /rong1 z if ! writ] felt v /rongly ab\t ! evils :i* he condemns4 ,:ile ye lu/1 & h n1 & !reupon take a man's livelihood f him1 w\ld ref] specially to possessions1 ,ye covet 7or envy7 & _c obta91 & !reupon fight & w>1 might ref] specially to hon\rs1 po/s1 & p>ty advantages4 ,! ^w r5d]$ covet 77 is t :i* describes ! ?+ :i* love nev] does3 ,love envie? n 7#a ,cor4 xiii4 #d74 ,:5 ,/4 ,james 0 speak+ ( ! wisdom f bel[ 7iii4 #ad-af7 ! k9d ( qu>rels :i* he _h *iefly 9 view 7 p>ty controv]sies1 z 0 natural aft] treat+ j be=e ( s9s ( ! tongue4 ,"h ! w>s & fight+s are n s mu* ab\t matt]s ( controv]sy z ^? ?+s :i* m9i/] to a man's pleasures1 8 av>ice1 8 s5suality1 & 8 ambition4 ,h[ is x t !y h n all t !y want8 ,h[ is t !re is any ne$ to despoil o!rs1 or to cont5d fi]cely ) !m = possession8 ,ye h n1 because ye ask n4 ,ye ask1 & receive n1 because ye ask amiss4 ,t is ! secret ( ^! gnaw+ wants & lawless crav+s4 ,!y d n try to supply _! ne$s 9 a way t w\ld cause loss to no "o1 viz4 by pray] to ,god2 !y pref] to employ viol5ce & craft aga9/ "o ano!r4 ,or if !y d pray = ! supply ( _! e>?ly ne$s1 !y obta9 no?+1 because !y pray ) evil int5t4 ,to pray )\t ! _s ( pray] is to c\rt failure4 ,t ,god's w may be done1 & ,8 ,"n glorifi$1 is ! prop] end ( all pray]4 ,to pray simply t our wi%es may be satisfi$ is n a pray] to :i* fulfilm5t has be5 promis$2 /ill less c ?is be ! case :5 our wi%es are = ! glorification ( our lu/s4 ,pray] = advance 9 hol9ess we may be sure is 9 accordance ) ,god's w4 ,ab\t pray] = e>?ly advantages we _c be sure2 b we may pray = ?+s s f> z !y are to ,8 glory & = our own spiritual welf>e4 ,pray] = e>?ly goods1 :i* are to be us$ z in/rum5ts1 n ( ,8 pleasure1 b ( ours1 we may be sure is n 9 accordance ) ,8 w4 ,to su* a pray] we ne$ expect no answ]1 or an answ] :i* at ! same "t is a judgm5t2 = ! fulfilm5t ( an unrighte\s pray] is sometimes its mo/ fitt+ puni%m5t4 ,/4 ,james is n blam+ 8 read]s = ask+ ,god to give !m worldly prosp]ity4 ,ab\t ! lawfulness ( pray+ = temporal bless+s1 :e!r = ourselves or = o!rs1 !re is no "q4 ,/4 ,john prays t ,gaius 9 all ?+s may prosp] & be 9 heal?1 ev5 z 8 s\l prosp]e? 7#c ,john #b71 & ,/4 ,james pla9ly implies t :5 "o has temporal ne$s "o ought to br+ !m be=e ,god 9 pray]1 only ) a "r purpose & 9 a "r _s4 ,9 ! next *apt] he specially recomm5ds pray] = ! recov]y ( ! sick4 ,! ask+ amiss consi/s n 9 ask+ = temporal ?+s1 b 9 seek+ !m = a wrong purpose1 viz4 t !y may be squ&]$ 9 a life ( self-indulg5ce4 ,! "r purpose is to enable u to s]ve ,god bett]4 ,temporal necessities are (t5 a h9drance to good s]vice1 & !n x is "r to ask ,god to relieve !m4 ,b 9 all su* ?+s ! rule laid d[n by ,*ri/ is ! safe "o1 ,seek ye fir/ ! k+dom ( ,god1 & ,8 righte\sness2 & all ^! ?+s %all be add$ unto y4 ,a life consecrat$ to ! s]vice ( ,god is ! be/ pray] = temporal bless+s4 ,pray] t is (f]$ 9 a grasp+ _s is l t ( ! b&it = ! success ( 8 raids4 #gd ,see ! volume on ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les 9 ?is s]ies1 pp4 #bfd1 #bfe4 #ge ,if is tak5 ) :at foll[s1 x is be/ to r5d] ,ye act z ,assass9s & ,zealots1 ref]r+ bo? words to ! fanatics :o a little lat] kill$ ,james himself1 & 7 ! ha/5]s ( ! d[nfall ( ,j]usalem4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,! ,,s$uctions ,,( ,,! ,,_w1 ,,& ,,! ,,jeal\sy ,,( ,,! ,,div9e ,,love4 ,ye adult]esses1 "k ye n t ! fri5d%ip ( ! _w is enmity ) ,god8 ,:osoev]1 !re=e1 w\ld be a fri5d ( ! _w make? himself an enemy ( ,god4 ,or ?9k ye t ! ,scripture speake? 9 va98 ,do? ! ,_s :i* ,he made to dwell 9 u long unto envy+8 ,b he give? m grace4 ,:]e=e ! ,scripture sai?1 ,god resi/e? ! pr\d1 b give? grace to ! humble4--,,/4 ,,james iv4 #d-f4 ,! ,revis]s are c]ta9ly "r 9 reject+1 )\t ev5 m5tion 9 ! m>g91 ! read+1 ,ye adult]]s & adult]esses4 ,! difficulty ( ! revis$ read+ pleads /rongly 9 its fav\r1 & ! evid5ce ( ,,mss4 & v]sions is absolutely decisive4 ,! int]polation ( ! mascul9e 0 d\btless made by ^? :o suppos$ t ! t]m ( reproa* 0 to be und]/ood lit]ally1 & :o ?\ght x inexplicable t ,/4 ,james %\ld conf9e 8 rebuke to female (f5d]s4 ,b ! context %[s t ! t]m is n to be und]/ood lit]ally4 ,x is n a special k9d ( s5suality1 b gre$ & worldl9ess g5]ally1 t ! writ] is condemn+4 ,x is "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! lett] t be+ address$ to ,jewi%1 & n ,g5tile conv]ts1 & occasionally to ,jews :e!r ,*ri/ians or n1 x says v little ab\t ! s9s ( ! fle%2 & adult]esses "h is no exception4 ,! ^w is us$ 9 its common ,old ,te/am5t s5se ( spiritual adult]y--unfai?fulness to ,jehovah reg>d$ z ! ,husb& ( ,8 p4 ,!y t are f> f ,!e %all p]i%3 ,?\ ha/ de/roy$ all !m t g a-:or+ f ,!e 7,ps4 lxxiii4 #bg74 ,?us w ,i make ?y lewdness to cease f !e1 & ?y :or$om br\ght f ! l& ( ,egypt 7,ezek4 xxiii4 #bg74 ,plead ) y\r "m1 plead2 = %e is n ,my wife1 nei!r am ,i h] ,husb& 7,hos4 ii4 #b74 ,! fifty-sev5? *apt] ( ,isaiah conta9s a t]rible work+ out ( ?is simile2 & inde$ ! ,old ,te/am5t is full ( x4 ,our ,"l is probably reproduc+ x :5 he speaks ( ! ,jews ( ,8 own "t z an adult]\s & s9ful g5]ation 7,matt4 xii4 #ci2 xvi4 #d2 ,m>k viii4 #ch74 ,& we f9d x aga9 9 ! ,apocalypse 7ii4 #bb74 ,b :y does ,/4 ,james use ! fem99e8 ,_h he accus$ 8 read]s ( adult]y1 or call$ !m an adult]\s g5]ation1 ! mean+ w\ld h be5 cle> en\gh4 ,:at is ! exact mean+ ( ,ye adult]esses8 ,/4 ,james wi%es to br+ home to ^? :om he is address+ t n only ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* z a :ole1 or ! *os5 p z a :ole1 is esp\s$ to ,god1 b t ea* individual s\l /&s to ,him 9 ! relation ( a wife to h] husb&4 ,x is n m]ely ! case t !y belong to a g5]ation :i* 9 ! ma9 has be5 guilty ( unfai?fulness1 & t 9 ?is guilt !y %>e2 b ea* ( !m1 tak5 "o by "o1 has 9 8 or h] own p]son committ$ ?is s9 aga9/ ! ,div9e ,sp\se4 ,! sex ( ! p]son does n affect ! relation%ip3 any s\l t has be5 w$d$ to ,god1 & has !n transf]r$ its affection & allegiance to o!r be+s1 is an unfai?ful wife4 ,/4 ,james1 ) *>act]i/ic simplicity1 directness1 & =ce1 indicates ?is fact by ! /]n address1 ,ye adult]esses4 ,"k ye n t ! fri5d%ip ( ! _w is enmity ) ,god8 ,he implies t !y might "k ?is1 & t !y c sc>cely help do+ s2 x is s obvi\s t to love ,8 oppon5t is to be unfai?ful & ho/ile to ,him4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! section ,/4 ,james _h ask$ :5ce came ! mis]able condition 9 :i* 8 read]s 7 f\nd2 & he repli$ t x came f _! own desires1 :i* !y tri$ to gratify by intrigue & viol5ce1 in/ead ( resort+ to pray]2 or else f ! c>nal aims by :i* !y turn$ _! pray]s into s94 ,"h he puts ! same fact 9 a some:at diff]5t way4 ,?is vehem5t pursuit ( _! own pleasures1 9 ^w1 & de$1 & ev5 9 pray]--:at is x b a des]tion ( ,god = ,mammon1 a sacrifice ( ! love ( ,god to ! fri5d%ip 7su* z x is7 ( ! _w8 ,x is a base yield+ to s$uctions :i* ought to h no attractiv5ess1 = !y involve ! unfai?fulness ( a wife & ! treason ( a subject4 ,!re c be no true & loyal affection = ,god :ile "s o!r ?an ,god is lov$1 & n lov$ = ,8 sake4 ,if a woman %all put away h] husb&1 & m>ry ano!r1 %e committe? adult]y 7,m>k xi4 #ab72 & if a s\l %all put away its ,god1 & m>ry ano!r1 x committe? adult]y4 ,a wife :o cultivates fri5d%ip ) "o :o is try+ to s$uce h] becomes ! enemy ( h] husb&2 & e ,*ri/ian & ,jew ought to "k t ! fri5d%ip ( ! _w is enmity ) ,god4 ,/4 ,john tells u 7& ! words are probably n 81 b ,*ri/'s7 t ,god lov$ ! _w 7,john iii4 #af74 ,he also *>ges u n to love ! _w 7#a ,john ii4 #ae74 ,& "h ,/4 ,james tells u t to be fri5ds ) ! _w is to be ! enemy ( ,god4 ,x is obvi\s t ! _w :i* ,god loves is n id5tical ) ! _w :i* we are told n to love4 ,_w 77 is a t]m :i* has v>i\s mean+s 9 ,scripture1 & we %all g s]i\sly a/ray if we d n c>efully di/+ui% !m4 ,sometimes x means ! :ole univ]se 9 its ord] & beauty2 z :5 ,/4 ,paul says1 ,= ! invisible ?+s ( ,him s9ce ! creation ( ! _w are cle>ly se51 be+ p]ceiv$ ?r\gh ! ?+s t are made 7,rom4 i4 #bj74 ,sometimes x means ?is planet1 ! e>?2 z :5 ! evil "o %[$ to ,jesus all ! k+doms ( ! _w1 & ! glory ( !m 7,matt4 iv4 #h74 ,aga91 x means ! inhabitants ( ! e>?2 z :5 ,*ri/ is said to take away ! s9 ( ! _w 7,john i4 #b2 #a ,john iv4 #ad74 ,la/ly1 x means ^? :o are ali5at$ f ,god--unbeliev]s1 fai?less ,jews & ,*ri/ians1 & especially ! great hea!n organization ( ,rome 7,john viii4 #bc2 xii4 #ca74 ,?us a ^w :i* orig9ally signifi$ ! natural ord] & beauty ( creation comes to signify ! unnatural disord] & hide\sness ( creatures :o h rebell$ aga9/ _! ,creator4 ,! _w :i* ! ,fa!r loves is ! :ole race ( mank9d1 ,8 creatures & ,8 *ildr54 ,! _w :i* we are n to love is t :i* prev5ts u f lov+ ,him 9 return1 ,8 rival & ,8 enemy4 ,x is f ?is _w t ! truly religi\s man keeps himself unspott$ 7i4 #be74 ,s9ful m51 ) _! s9ful lu/s1 keep+ up a settl$ attitude ( disloyalty & ho/ility to ,god1 & h&+ ?is on z a liv+ tradition1 is :at ,/4 ,paul1 & ,/4 ,james1 & ,/4 ,john mean by ! _w4 ,?is _w has ! devil = its rul] 7,john xiv4 #cj74 ,x lies :olly 9 ! p[] ( ! evil "o 7#a ,john v4 #ai74 ,x _c hate ,*ri/'s enemies1 = ! v reason t x hates ,him 7,john vii4 #g74 ,& = ! same reason x hates all ^? :om ,he has *os5 out ( its mid/ 7xv4 #ah1 #ai74 ,j z !re is a ,_s ( ,god1 :i* leads u into all ! tru?1 s !re is a _s ( ! _w1 :i* leads to j ! opposite 7#a ,cor4 ii4 #ab74 ,?is _w1 ) its lu/s1 is pass+ away 7#a ,john ii4 #ag71 & its v sorr[ worke? dea? 7#b ,cor4 vii4 #aj74 ,! _w is human nature1 sacrific+ ! spiritual to ! mat]ial1 ! future to ! pres5t1 ! unse5 & ! et]nal to t :i* t\*es ! s5ses & :i* p]i%es ) "t4 ,! _w is a mighty flood ( ?\ghts1 feel+s1 pr9ciples ( action1 conv5tional prejudices1 dislikes1 atta*m5ts1 :i* h be5 ga!r+ ar\nd human life = ages1 impregnat+ x1 impell+ x1 m\ld+ x1 degrad+ x4 ,( ! millions ( millions ( human be+s :o h liv$1 ne>ly e "o probably has contribut$ some?+1 8 own little addition1 to ! great tradition ( mat]ializ$ life :i* ,/4 ,james calls ! _w4 ,e "o1 too1 mu/ h receiv$ some?+ f x4 ,accord+ to 8 circum/ances ! same man acts ^u ! _w1 or 9 turn is act$ on by x4 ,& ! _w at diff]5t times we>s diff]5t =ms4 ,sometimes x is a solid compact mass1 an organization ( pron\nc$ ungodl9ess4 ,sometimes x is a subtle1 ?91 h>dly suspect$ influ5ce1 a p[] altoge!r airy & impalpable1 :i* yet does mo/ p[]fully p5etrate1 in=m1 & %ape human life4#gf ,!re is no s9 9 a passionate love ( ! ord]$ beauty & h>mony ( ! univ]se1 z exhibit$ ei!r 9 ?is planet or 9 ! c\ntless bodies :i* p ! imm5sity ( space2 no s9 9 devot+ ! en]gies ( a lifetime to f9d+ out all t c be kn[n ab\t ! laws & conditions ( nature 9 all its complex manife/ations4 ,sci5ce is no =bidd5 gr\nd to ,god's s]vants1 = all tru? is ,god's tru?1 & to le>n x is a revelation ( ,himself4 ,if only x be /udi$ z ,8 creature1 x may be admir$ & lov$ )\t any disloyalty to ,him4 ,/ill less is !re any s9 9 ! en?usiasm ( humanity1 9 a passionate zeal = ! amelioration ( ! :ole human race4 ,a consum+ love = "o's fell[-m5 is s f> f involv+ enmity to ,god t x is impossible to h any g5u9e love ( ,god )\t x4 ,he t love? n 8 bro!r :om he ha? se5 _c love ,god :om he ha? n se5 7#a ,john iv4 #bj74 ,! love ( ! _w :i* ,/4 ,james condemns is a passion :i* m ?an any?+ else r5d]s a love ( mank9d impossible4 ,its temp] is selfi%ness1 & ! pr9ciple ( its action is ! conviction t e human be+ is actuat$ by purely selfi% motives4 ,x has no belief 9 motives ( :i* x has no exp]i5ce ei!r 9 itself or 9 ^? among :om x habitually moves4 ,next to a cultivation ( ! love ( ,god1 a cultivation ( ! love ( man is ! be/ rem$y = ! deadly p>alysis ( ! he>t :i* is ! inevitable consequ5ce ( *oos+ to be a fri5d ( ! _w4 ,?is *oice is a v important elem5t 9 ! matt]4 ,x is lo/ 9 ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion1 b is rightly re/or$ by ! ,revis]s4 ,:osoev]1 !re=e1 w\ld be 7 7 a fri5d ( ! _w make? himself 77 an enemy ( ,god4 ,x is useless = him to plead t he has no wi% to be ho/ile to ,god4 ,he has ( 8 own free w adopt$ a condition ( life :i* ( necessity involves ho/ility to ,him4 ,& he has full opportunity ( kn[+ ?is2 = al?\gh ! _w may try to deceive him by confus+ ! issue1 ,god does n4 ,! _w may assure him t !re is no ne$ ( any *oice3 he has no ne$ to ab&on ,god2 x is q easy to s]ve ,god1 & yet rema9 on excell5t t]ms ) ! _w4 ,b ,god decl>es t ! *oice mu/ be made1 & t x is absolute & exclusive4 ,& n[1 ,israel1 :at do? ! ,"l ?y ,god require ( !e1 b to fe> ! ,"l ?y ,god1 to walk 9 all ,8 ways1 & to love ,him1 & to s]ve ! ,"l ?y ,god ) all ?y he>t & ) all ?y s\l1 to keep ! comm&m5ts ( ! ,"l1 & ,8 /atutes1 :i* ,i comm& !e ?is day = ?y good8 7,deut4 x4 #ab1 #ac2 comp4 vi4 #e & xxx4 #f74 ,! next two v]ses are a passage ( kn[n difficulty1 ! mo/ difficult 9 ?is ,epi/le1 & "o ( ! mo/ difficult 9 ! :ole ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,9 ! int5sity ( 8 dete/ation ( ! evil aga9/ :i* he is inveigh+1 ,/4 ,james has us$ cond5s$ expressions :i* c be und]/ood 9 a v>iety ( ways1 & x is sc>cely possible to decide :i* ( ! ?ree or f\r possible mean+s is ! "o int5d$4 ,b ! "q has be5 obscur$ by ! sugge/ion ( explanations :i* are n t5able4 ,! *oice lies betwe5 ^? :i* are giv5 9 ! m>g9 ( ! ,revis$ ,v]sion & ! "o be=e u 9 ! text2 = we may safely disc>d all ^? :i* dep5d ^u ! read+ dwelle? 9 u 771 & we mu/ /& by ! read+ made to dwell 9 u 774 ,! que/ions :i* _c be answ]$ ) c]ta9ty are ^!3 #a4 ,are two ,scriptures quot$1 or only "o8 & if two are quot$1 :]e is ! fir/ ( !m to be f\nd8 #b4 ,:o is x t longe? or lu/e?8 is x ,god1 or ! ,holy ,_s1 or our own human _s8 #c4 ,:at is x t is long$ = by ,god or ! ,_s8 ,let u take ^! ?ree que/ions 9 ord]4 #a4 ,! words :i* foll[ ,?9k ye t ! ,scripture speake? 9 va98 d n occur 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 al?\gh ! s5se ( !m may be f\nd piecemeal 9 a v>iety ( passages4 ,!re=e1 ei!r ! words are n a quotation at all1 or !y are f "s book no long] extant1 or !y are a cond5sation ( sev]al utt]ances 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4#gg ,! fir/ ( ^! suppositions seems to be ! be/1 b nei!r ( ! o!rs c be set aside z improbable4 ,we may p>aphrase1 !re=e1 ! fir/ "p ( ! passage ?us3-- ,ye unfai?ful sp\ses ( ,jehovah6 "k ye n t to be fri5dly ) ! _w is to be at enmity ) ,him8 ,or d ye ?9k t :at ! ,scripture says ab\t fai?lessness to ,god is idly spok58 ,b z reg>ds ?is fir/ "q we mu/ be cont5t to rema9 9 great unc]ta9ty4 #b4 ,:o is x t longe? or lu/e? 778 ,to decide :e!r longe? or lu/e? is ! "r translation w help u to decide ?is second po9t1 & x w also help u to decide :e!r ! s5t5ce is int]rogative or n4 ,is ?is ^w ( desir+ us$ "h 9 ! good s5se ( long+ or ye>n+1 or 9 ! bad s5se ( lu/+8 ,! ^w occurs frequ5tly 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & 9 e "o ( ^! passages x is us$ 9 a good s5se 7,rom4 i4 #aa2 #b ,cor4 v4 #b2 ix4 #ad2 ,phil4 i4 #h2 ii4 #bf2 #a ,!ss4 iii4 #aj2 #b ,tim4 i4 #d2 #a ,pet] ii4 #b74 ,nor is ?is ! :ole case4 ,sub/antives & adjectives :i* are closely cognate ) x are fairly common1 & ^! are all us$ 9 a good s5se 7,rom4 xv4 #bc2 #b ,cor4 vii4 #g2 vii4 #aa2 ,phil4 iv4 #a74 ,we may !re=e set aside ! int]pretations ( ! s5t5ce :i* require ! r5d]+ lu/e?1 :e!r ! /atem5t t man's _s lu/e? envi\sly1 or ! "q1 ,do? ! ,div9e ,_s 9 u lu/ envi\sly8 ,! ^w "h expresses ! mighty & affectionate long+ ( ! ,div9e love4 ,& x is ! ,_s :i* ,god made to dwell 9 u :i* longe? ov] u ) a jeal\s long+4 ,if we make ! s5t5ce mean t ,god longe?1 !n we are compell$ to take ! ,_s :i* ,he made to dwell 9 u z t = :i* ,he longs2 ,god has a jeal\s long+ = ,8 own ,_s implant$ 9 u4 ,b ?is does n yield v good s5se2 we decide1 !re=e1 = ! r5d]+1 ,ev5 unto jeal\sy do? ! ,_s :i* ,he made to dwell 9 u ye>n ov] u4 ,ev5 unto jeal\sy2 ^! words /& fir/1 ) great emphasis4 ,no fri5d%ip ) ! _w or any ali5 object c be tol]at$4 #c4 ,! ?ird "q has be5 solv$ by ! answ] to ! second4 ,t :i* is ye>n$ = by ! ,_s implant$ 9 u is ourselves4 ,! mean+ is n t ,god longs = man's _s 7! human _s w\ld h>dly be spok5 ( z t :i* ,god made to dwell 9 u71 or t ,he longs = ! ,holy ,_s 9 u 7a mean+ :i* w\ld be v h>d to expla971 b t ,8 ,holy ,_s ye>ns = u ) a jeal\s ye>n+4 ,god is a jeal\s ,god1 & ! ,div9e love is a jeal\s love2 x brooks no rival4 ,& :5 ,8 ,_s takes up its abode 9 u x _c re/ until x possesses u :olly1 to ! exclusion ( all ali5 affections4 ,at "o ( ! conf]5ces betwe5 ! ,nor!rn & ! ,s\!rn ,/ates ( ,am]ica dur+ ! w> ( #ahfa-ahff ! repres5tatives ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates /at$ :at cession ( t]ritory !y 7 prep>$ to make1 provid$ t ! indep5d5ce ( ! portion t 0 n c$$ to ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t 0 secur$4 ,m & m attractive (f]s 7 made1 ! portions to be c$$ be+ increas$1 & ^? to be reta9$ 9 a /ate ( indep5d5ce be+ proportionately dim9i%$4 ,all ! (f]s 7 met by a /eadfa/ refusal4 ,at la/ ,presid5t ,l9coln plac$ 8 h& on ! map s z to cov] all ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 & 9 ^! emphatic words deliv]$ 8 ultimatum3 ,g5tlem51 ?is ,gov]nm5t mu/ h ! :ole4 ,! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 at an end if any "p1 h[ev] small1 0 all[$ to become indep5d5t ( ! re/4 ,x 0 a vital pr9ciple1 :i* did n admit ( exceptions or degrees4 ,x mu/ be kept 9 its entirety1 or x 0 n kept at all4 ,j su* is ! claim :i* ,god1 by ! work+ ( ,8 ,_s1 makes ^u ourselves4 ,he _c %>e u ) ! _w1 h[ev] mu* we may (f] to ,him1 & h[ev] little to ,8 rival4 ,if a rival is admitt$ at all1 our relation to ,him is violat$ & we h become unfai?ful4 ,8 gov]nm5t mu/ h ! :ole4 ,d ^! t]ms seem to be h>%8 ,!y are n really s1 = ! m we surr5d]1 ! m ,he be/[s4 ,we give up ! _w1 & t appe>s to u to be a great sacrifice4 ,b ,he give? m grace4 ,ev5 9 ?is _w ,he gives f> m ?an we give up1 & adds a cr[n ( life 9 ! _w to come 7i4 #ab74 ,v]ily ,i say unto y1 ,!re is no man t ha? left h\se1 or bre?r51 or si/]s1 or "m1 or fa!r1 or *ildr51 or l&s1 = ,my sake1 & = ! ,gospel's sake1 b he %all receive a hundr$fold n[ 9 ?is "t1 h\ses1 & bre?r51 & si/]s1 & mo!rs1 & *ildr51 & l&s1 ) p]secutions2 & 9 ! _w to come et]nal life 7,m>k x4 #bi1 #cj74 ,god resi/e? ! pr\d1 b give? grace to ! humble4 ,^? :o p]si/ 9 mak+ fri5ds ) ! _w1 9 seek+ its advantages1 9 adopt+ its /&>ds1 9 accept+ its praise1 ,god resi/s4 ,by *oos+ to ?r[ 9 _! lot ) ,8 enemy !y h made !mselves ,8 enemies1 & ,he _c b )/& !m4 ,b to ^? :o humbly submit _! wills to ,81 :o give up ! _w1 ) its gifts & its promises1 & are will+ to be despis$ by x 9 ord] to keep !mselves unspott$ f x1 ,he gives grace--grace to cl+ clos] to ,him1 9 spite ( ! attractions ( ! _w2 a gift :i*1 unlike ! gifts ( ! _w1 nev] loses its sav\r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,0 ,/4 ,james acqua9t$ ) ! ,magnificat8 ,may n he1 ! ,"l's bro!r1 h sometimes he>d ! ,"m ( ! ,"l recite x8 ,! passage be=e u is almo/ l an e*o ( "s ( its words3 ,8 m]cy is unto g5]ations & g5]ations ( !m t fe> ,him4 ,he ha? %[$ /r5g? ) ,8 arm2 ,he ha? scatt]$ ! pr\d 9 ! imag9ation ( _! he>t4 ,he ha? put d[n pr9ces f _! ?rones1 & ha? exalt$ !m ( l[ degree4 ,! hungry ,he ha? fill$ ) good ?+s2 & ! ri* ,he ha? s5t empty away4 ,at any rate ! ,magnificat & ,/4 ,james tea* ! same lesson z ! ,book ( ,prov]bs & ,/4 ,pet]1 :o1 l ,/4 ,james1 quotes x 7#a ,pet] v4 #e71 t ,god resi/s & puts d[n ^? :o *oose to unite !mselves ) ! _w 9 pref]5ce to ,him1 & gives m & m graces & bless+s to all :o by fai? 9 ,him & ,8 ,*ri/ h ov]come ! _w4 ,x is only by fai? t we c ov]come4 ,a conviction t ! ?+s :i* are se5 are ! mo/ important & press+1 if n ! only realities1 is sure to betray u into a /ate ( captivity 9 :i* ! p[] to "w = ,god1 & ev5 ! desire to s]ve ,him1 w become less & less4 ,we h will$ to place ourselves "u ! _w's spell1 & su* influ5ce z we possess tells n = ,god1 b aga9/ ,him4 ,b a belief t ! *ief & noble/ realities are unse5 enables a man to pres]ve an attitude ( indep5d5ce & indiff]5ce t[>ds ?+s :i*1 ev5 if !y are sub/antial advantages1 belong to ?is _w only4 ,he kn[s h[ insignificant all t ?is life has to (f] is1 comp>$ ) ! immeasurable joys & woes ( ! life to come1 & he _c be guilty ( ! folly ( sacrific+ a c]ta9 & et]nal future to a brief & unc]ta9 pres5t4 ,! ,god 9 :om he believes is f> m to him ?an ! _w :i* he sees & feels4 ,?is is ! victory :i* ha? ov]come ! _w1 ev5 8 fai?4 #gf ,liddon1 ,ea/] ,s]mons1 vol4 ii41 pp4 #ef1 #eg 7,riv+tons1 #ahhe74 #gg ,comp4 #a ,cor4 ii4 #i2 ix4 #aj2 ,eph4 v4 #ad1 9 all :i* places we h quotations ! s\rce ( :i* _c be det]m9$4 ,simil> ph5om5a are frequ5t 9 patri/ic lit]ature4 ,see ,a4 ,res*'s ,agrapha2 ,auss]canonis*e ,evangeli5fragm5te 9 ,texte und ,unt]su*ung5 z4 ,ges*4 d4 ,alt*r4 ,lit4 7,leipzig1 #ahhi71 p4 #bef4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,! ,,p[] ,,( ,,satan ,,& ,,its ,,limits4 ,,humility ,,! ,,f\ndation ,,( ,,p5it5ce ,,& ,,( ,,hol9ess4 ,be subject !re=e unto ,god2 b resi/ ! devil1 & he w flee f y4 ,draw nigh to ,god1 & ,he w draw nigh to y4 ,cleanse y\r h&s1 ye s9n]s2 & purify y\r he>ts1 ye d\ble-m9d$4 ,be afflict$1 & m\rn1 & weep3 let y\r laught] be turn$ to m\rn+1 & y\r joy to heav9ess4 ,humble y\rselves 9 ! sight ( ! ,"l1 & ,he %all exalt y4--,,/4 ,,james iv4 #g-aj4 ,submission to ,god is ! beg9n+1 middle1 & end ( ! prodigal's return f disa/r\s famili>ity ) ! _w to ! security ( ! ,fa!r's home4 ,a read9ess to submit to :atev] ,he may impose is ! fir/ /ep 9 ! conv]sion1 j z unwill+ness to surr5d] "o's own w is ! fir/ /ep t[>ds revolt & des]tion4 ,i am no m wor?y to be call$ ,?y son3 make me z "o ( ,?y hir$ s]vants4 ,z soon z ! resolve to make ?is act ( submission is =m$1 ! turn+-po9t betwe5 fri5d%ip ) ! _w & fidelity to ,god has be5 pass$4 ,! homew>d pa? is n an easy "o1 b x is c]ta91 & ^? :o unfl9*+ly take x are sure ( a welcome at ! end ( x4 ,! prodigal 0 t5d]ly receiv$ back by 8 (f5d$ fa!r1 & ^! adult]\s s\ls w be admitt$ to _! old privileges aga91 if !y w b return4 ,god has giv5 !m no bill ( divorcem5t to put !m away = ev] 7,isa4 l4 #a74 ,if a man put away 8 wife1 & %e g f him & become ano!r man's1 %all he return unto h] aga98 ,%all n t l& be greatly pollut$8 ,b ?\ ha/ play$ ! h>lot ) _m lov]s2 yet return aga9 to ,me1 sai? ! ,"l 7,j]4 iii4 #a74 ,an am\nt ( m]cy & =giv5ess :i* _c be %[n by an e>?ly husb& to 8 unfai?ful wife is readily promis$ by ,god4 ,b ! return mu/ be a complete "o4 ,!re mu/ be e gu>antee t ! p5it5t is 9 e>ne/ & has utt]ly brok5 ) ! pa/4 ,& ,/4 ,james ) affectionate /]nness po9ts out ! necess>y /eps t[>ds reconciliation4 ,he w n be guilty ( ! crime ( ^? :o h heal$ ! hurt ( ! daught] ( ,my p lightly1 say+1 ,peace1 peace2 :5 !re is no peace 7,j]4 viii4 #aa74 ,! results ( intimacy ) ! _w _c be undone 9 a day1 & !re is pa9ful "w to be done be=e ! old relation%ip c be re/or$ betwe5 ! s\l & its ,god4 ,among ! mo/ griev\s consequ5ces ( yield+ to ! _w & its ways are ! weak5+ ( ! w & ! l[]+ ( ! moral tone4 ,!y come gradually1 b surely2 & !y act & react ^u "o ano!r4 ,! habitual %irk+ ( ! /]n] duties ( life1 & ! liv+ 9 an atmosph]e ( self-indulg5ce1 en]vate ! w2 & ! consci\s adoption ( a /&>d ( life :i* is n approv$ by consci5ce is 9 itself a l[]+ ( tone4 ,& ?is is "o ( ! ess5tial elem5ts ( worldl9ess4 ,! pleas t ,i c't help x1 & t ev]ybody does x1 are among ! mo/ common excuses urg$ by ^? ^: citiz5%ip is n 9 heav5 7,phil4 iii4 #bj7 b 9 t commonweal? ( :i* ,satan is ! presid+ p[]4 ,!y l to believe t temptations are irresi/ible1 & t !re is no obligation to rise above ! /&>d ( morality :i* ^? ab\t !m pr(ess to accept4 ,su* m5 delib]ately surr5d] to :at !y "k to be evil1 & place :at !y ?9k to be exp$i5t above :at !y "k to be "r1 =gett+ t ev5 ! worldl+s :o set !m ?is l[ /&>d1 & op5ly def5d x1 v (t5 d n really approve x1 b despise :ile !y applaud ! man t con=ms to x4 ,/4 ,james ent]s an e>ne/ & simple prote/ aga9/ ! weak plea t temptations are irresi/ible4 ,to ma9ta9 t is to ass]t t ! evil "o has m w & p[] to de/roy mank9d ?an ,god has to save !m4 ,! tru? is exactly ! o!r way4 ,god n only all[s to ,satan no p[] to co]ce a man into s91 b ,he ,himself is ev] ready to aid :5 ,he is fai?fully pray$ to d s4 ,e ,*ri/ian is end[$ ) suffici5t p[] to )/& ,satan1 if only ! w to )/& is pres5t1 because he has ! p[] to summon ,god to 8 assi/ance4 ,resi/ ! devil1 & he w flee f y2 t is "o side ( ! bless$ tru?2 & ! o!r is its correlative3 ,draw nigh to ,god1 & ,he w draw nigh to y4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ,/4 ,james1 q z mu* z ,/4 ,pet]1 or ,/4 ,paul1 or ,/4 ,john1 speaks ( ! *ief p[] ( evil z a p]son4 ,! passage is n intelligible on any o!r int]pretation2 = !re is a manife/ & tell+ anti!sis betwe5 ! devil :o yields to opposition1 & ! ,god :o responds to invitation4 ,x is a contra/ betwe5 two p]sonal ag5cies4 ,:e!r ,/4 ,james 0 aw>e ( ! tea*+ ( ! ,apo/les on ?is po9t is n ( great mom5t2 8 own tea*+ is cle> en\gh4 ,z a ,jew he _h be5 br\ght up 9 ! belief t !re are evil spiritual be+s ( :om ,satan is ! *ief1 & s9ce he became a ,*ri/ian he _h nev] be5 requir$ to revise ?is belief4 ,he 0 probably well aw>e ( ! tea*+ ( ,jesus ,*ri/ z to ! real s\rce ( temptations4 ,he may h he>d ,*ri/'s own int]pretation ( ! birds 9 ! p>able ( ! ,s[]3 ,& :5 !y h he>d1 /raightway come? ,satan1 & take? away ! ^w :i* ha? be5 s[n 9 !m 7,m>k iv4 #ae74 ,he probably _h he>d ( ,*ri/'s decl>ation to ,/4 ,pet]1 ,simon1 ,simon1 behold1 ,satan ask$ to h y1 t he might sift y z :eat3 b ,i made supplication = !e1 t ?y fai? fail n 7,luke xxii4 #ca71 :]e we h a contra/ simil> to ?is1 an inf]nal p]son on "o side1 & a ,div9e ,p]son on ! o!r1 ( ! man assail$ by temptation4 ,h[ easy to h int]pret$ ! birds 9 ! p>able z ! imp]sonal solicitations ( a deprav$ nature1 ! he>]s' own evil t5d5cies2 & p]haps if we _h n possess$ ,*ri/'s own explanation we %\ld s h expla9$ ! birds by ! wayside4 ,b ,*ri/ seems to h made use ( ?is1 ! que5 ( all ! p>ables 7,m>k iv4 #ac71 9 ord] to tea* t a p]sonal enemy !re is1 :o is ev] on ! wat* to deprive u ( :at w save our s\ls4 ,& ! w>n+ to ,/4 ,pet] might easily h be5 giv5 9 a =m t w\ld n h impli$ a p]sonal tempt]4 ,nor d ^! two /rik+ passages /& alone 9 our ,"l's tea*+4 ,h[ unnecess>y to speak ( ! woman :o 0 b[$ toge!r1 & c\ld 9 n[ise lift up h]self1 z "o :om ,satan _h b\nd1 unless ,he desir$ to sanction & en=ce ?is belief 7,luke xiv4 #aa1 #af74 ,& :y speak ( hav+ beheld ,satan fall z lightn+ f heav5 7,luke x4 #ah71 unless ,he _h ?is desire8 ,:5 ! ,jews said t ,he ca/ out devils by ! aid ( ! pr9ce ( ! devils1 x w\ld h be5 a mu* m complete contradiction to h repli$ t no su* p]son exi/$1 ?an to argue t ,satan 0 n likely to fight aga9/ 8 own int]e/s4 ,if ! belief 9 p]sonal p[]s ( evil is a sup]/ition1 ,jesus ,*ri/ _h ample opportunities ( correct+ x2 & ,he n only /eadfa/ly ab/a9$ f do+ s1 b 9 v m>k$ ways1 bo? by ,8 acts & by ,8 tea*+1 ,he did a great deal to enc\rage & inculcate ! belief4 ,he %[$ no sympa?y ) ! scepticism ( ! ,sadducees ab\t su* ?+s4 ,he argu$ conv9c+ly aga9/ !m z reg>ds ! doctr9e ( ! resurrection & a future life1 & ,he gave full sanction to ! belief 9 angels & spirits1 bo? good & bad4 ,!re is no ne$ to lay mu* /ress ^u ! disput$ mean+ ( ! la/ petition 9 ! ,"l's ,pray]2 ! evid5ce is q ample )\t t4 ,yet ^? :o are conv9c$ t ,lead u n into temptation1 b deliv] u f ! evil1 mu/ mean1 ,lead u n into temptation1 b deliv] u f ! tempt]1 h a v important piece ( evid5ce to add to all ! re/4 ,is a gross sup]/ition embodi$ 9 ! v word+ ( ! model pray]8 ,9 ! volume 9 ?is s]ies :i* treats ( ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les is a passage on ?is subject respect+ :i* a v fri5dly critic has said t he _c q see ! =ce ( x4#gh ,z ! argum5t is ( value1 x may be wor? :ile to /ate x "h m cle>ly4 ,! /atem5t criticiz$ is ! conclud+ s5t5ce ( ! foll[+ passage3 ,x has be5 said t if !re 7 no ,god we %\ld h to inv5t "o2 & ) almo/ equal tru? we might say t if !re 7 no devil we %\ld h to inv5t "o4 ,)\t a belief 9 ,god bad m5 w\ld h little to induce !m to conqu] _! evil passions2 )\t a belief 9 a devil good m5 w\ld h little hope ( ev] be+ able to d s4#gi ,! mean+ ( ! la/ /atem5t is ?is1 t if good m5 7 compell$ to believe t all ! devili% sugge/ions :i* rise up 9 _! m9ds come f !mselves alone1 !y might well be 9 despair ( ev] gett+ ! bett] ( !mselves or ( cur+ a nature capable ( produc+ su* (fspr+4 ,b :5 !y "k t a p[]1 n !mselves1 :i* makes = wick$ness is ! s\rce ( ^! diabolical temptations1 !n !y c h confid5ce t _! own nature is n s hopelessly corrupt b t1 ) ! help ( ! ,p[]1 n !mselves1 t makes = righte\sness !y w be able to ga9 ! victory4 ,! plea t ! devil is irresi/ible1 & t !re=e to yield to temptation is inevitable1 is only ano!r =m ( ! fallacy1 aga9/ :i* ,/4 ,james has already prote/$1 ( try+ to %ift ! responsibility ( temptation f oneself to ,god 7i4 #ac-ae74 ,x is ! old fallacy c>ri$ a /age f>!r4 ,! =m] plea has ref]5ce to ! temptation2 ! pres5t "o has ref]5ce to ! fall4 ,z reg>ds bo? ! facts are conclusive4 ,we (t5 provoke our own temptations2 we always c resi/ !m if we 9 fai? draw nigh to ,god = protection4 ,to ?is end ! ,son ( man 0 manife/$1 t ,he might de/roy ! works ( ! devil 7#a ,john iii4 #h74 ,& ! ,son ( ,god pres]ve? e *ild ( ,god1 & ! evil "o t\*e? him n 7#a ,john v4 #ah74 ,b ! man himself mu/ cons5t & co-op]ate1 = ,god saves no man aga9/ 8 w4 ,return unto ,me1 & ,i w return unto y1 is ! pr9ciple ( ! ,old ,cov5ant 7,ze*4 i4 #c72 & ,draw nigh to ,god1 & ,he w draw nigh to y1 is ! pr9ciple ( ! ,new4 ,! conv]se ( ?is is true also1 & x is a fact ( equal solemnity & ( great awfulness4 ,resi/ ,god1 & ,he w dep>t f y4 ,draw nigh to ! devil1 & he w draw nigh to y4 ,if we p]si/ 9 )/&+ ,god's grace1 ,he w at la/ leave u to ourselves4 ,8 ,_s w n always /rive ) u2 b at la/ ,he ,himself h>d5s ! he>t :i* we h clos$ aga9/ him1 = ,he all[s ?+s to take _! c\rse1 & ! he>t :i* refuses to be s(t5$ by ! dew ( ,8 grace mu/ become h>d] & h>d]4 ,& ! m we place ourselves 9 ! devil's way1 by expos+ ourselves to ne$less temptations1 ! m dilig5tly he w seek u & abide ) u4 ,^? :o volunt>ily take up _! abode 9 ! t5ts ( ungodl9ess h surr5d]$ all claim to be kept unspott$ f ! _w4 ,!y h lo/ _! "r to jo9 9 ! cry1 ,:y /&e/ ,?\ af> (f1 ,o ,"l8 :y hide/ ,?\ ,?yself 9 times ( tr\ble8 ,b ! h&s :i* "o raises 9 pray] to ,god mu/ be cleans$ by )hold+ !m f all evil practices1 & f all grasp+ aft] ! contam9at+ gifts ( ! _w2 & ! he>t mu/ be purifi$ by ! qu5*+ ( unholy desires & ! cultivation ( a godly _s4 ,9 ?is ,/4 ,james is b repeat+ ! pr9ciples laid d[n by ! ,psalmi/3 ,:o %all asc5d into ! hill ( ! ,"l8 & :o %all /& 9 ,8 holy place8 ,he t ha? clean h&s & a pure he>t 7,ps4 xxiv4 #c1 #d74 ,& 9 simil> language we f9d ,clem5t ( ,rome exhort+ ! ,cor9?ians1 ,let u !re=e approa* ,him 9 hol9ess ( s\l1 lift+ up pure & undefil$ h&s unto ,him 7xxix474 ,9 all ^! in/ances ! ext]nal in/rum5ts ( human conduct are m5tion$ along ) ! int]nal s\rce ( x4 ,/4 ,james is n address+ two classes ( p :5 he says1 ,cleanse y\r h&s1 ye s9n]s2 & purify y\r he>ts1 ye d\ble-m9d$4 ,e "o ^: h&s h wr\ght unrighte\sness is a s9n] :o ne$s ?is cleans+2 & e "o :o attempts to draw nigh to ,god1 )\t at ! same "t surr5d]+ all unholy desires1 is a d\ble-m9d$ man :o ne$s ?is purification4 ,! halt+ betwe5 two op9ions1 betwe5 ,god & ,mammon1 & betwe5 ,*ri/ & ! _w1 is fatal to true conv]sion & efficaci\s pray]4 ,:at is necess>y1 !re=e1 = ^! s9n]s ( d\ble m9d1 is outw>d am5dm5t ( life & inw>d purification ( ! desires4 ,! s9n] t goe? two ways mu/ ) a s+le eye direct 8 pa? along ! n>r[ way4 ,:oso walke? uprightly %all be deliv]$2 b he t walke? p]v]sely 9 two ways %all fall at once 7,prov4 xxviii4 #ah74 ,! :ole exhortation is 9 _s v simil> to ! second half ( ! second *apt] ( ,ecclesia/icus4 ,note especially ! conclud+ v]ses3 ,!y t fe> ! ,"l w prep>e _! he>ts & humble _! s\ls 9 ,8 sight1 say+1 ,we w fall into ! h&s ( ! ,"l1 & n into ! h&s ( m52 = z ,8 maje/y is1 s is ,8 m]cy4 ,!re mu/ be no light heal+1 or treatm5t ( ! griev\s s9s ( ! pa/ z ( no mom5t4 ,!re mu/ be g5u9e sorr[ = ! unfai?fulness :i* has sep>at$ !m s long f _! ,god1 & = ! pride :i* has betray$ !m into rebellion aga9/ ,him4 ,be afflict$1 & m\rn1 & weep4 ,! fir/ v]b ref]s to ! inw>d feel+ ( wret*$ness1 ! o!r two to ! outw>d expression ( x4 ,^! two are f\nd 9 comb9ation 9 sev]al passages1 bo? 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t & 9 ! ,new 7#b ,sam4 xix4 #b2 ,neh4 viii4 #i2 ,m>k xvi4 #aj2 ,luke vi4 #be2 ,rev4 xviii4 #ae1 #ai74 ,! feel+s ( satisfaction & self-suffici5cy 9 :i* ^! fri5ds ( ! _w h hi!rto indulg$1 & ! gl[+ complac5cy :i* has be5 manife/ 9 _! demean\r1 h be5 q out ( place1 & mu/ be ex*ang$ = feel+s & manife/ations ( grief4 ,_! worldly m]rim5t also mu/ be ab&on$2 ^? :o h cut !mselves (f f ,god h no true spr+ ( joy4 ,let y\r laught] be turn$ to m\rn+1 & y\r joy to heav9ess4 ,! la/ ^w 771 :i* occurs n[h]e else 9 ,scripture1 ref]s prim>ily to ! deject$ look :i* accompanies heav9ess ( he>t4 ,! writ] ( ! ,book ( ,wisdom uses ! adjective 77 to express ! gloomy phantoms ) unsmil+ faces :i* he supposes to h appe>$ to ! ,egyptians dur+ ! plague ( d>kness 7xvii4 #d74 ,! t]m admirably expresses ! opposite ( boi/]\s ligh!>t$ness4 ,/4 ,james ends z he began1 ) submission to ! ,almighty4 ,he began 8 exhortation z to ! "r me?od ( conv]sion ) ,be subject unto ,god4 ,he ends ) ,humble y\rselves 9 ! sight ( ! ,"l1 & ,he w exalt y4 ,! root ( _! worldl9ess & _! grasp+ at weal? & hon\r is pride & self-w1 & ! cure = t is self-abasem5t & self-surr5d]4 ,if x is ,god's w t !y %\ld occupy a l[ly place 9 society1 let !m humbly accept _! lot1 & n try to *ange x by viol5ce or fraud4 ,if !y w b rememb] _! own transgressions aga9/ ! ,"l1 !y w admit t ! humble/ place is n too humble = _! m]its2 & x is ! humble :om ,god delights to hon\r4 ,"h1 aga91 ,/4 ,james is reproduc+ ! tea*+ ( 8 ,div9e ,bro!r3 ,e "o t exalte? himself %all be humbl$2 & he t humble? himself %all be exalt$ 7,luke xiv4 #aa2 ,matt4 xxiii4 #ab74 ,& ! ,old ,te/am5t tea*es ! same lesson4 ,! humble p]son ,he %all save1 says ,eliphaz ! ,temanite 7,job xxii4 #bi72 & ! ,psalmi/ gives u bo? sides ( ! ,div9e law ( comp5sation3 ,?\ wilt save ! afflict$ p2 b ! haughty eyes ,?\ wilt br+ d[n 7xviii4 #bg74 ,humble y\rselves2 ,he t humble? himself4 ,ev]y?+ dep5ds on t4 ,x mu/ be self-abasem5t4 ,!re is no?+ m]itori\s 9 *anc+ to be 9 a humble position1 /ill less 9 be+ =c$ to desc5d to "o4 ,x is ! volunt>y acceptance1 or ! *oice1 ( a l[ly place t is pleas+ to ,god4 ,we mu/ *oose x z kn[+ t we des]ve no?+ bett]1 & z wi%+ t o!rs %\ld be promot$ r ?an ourselves4 ,& ?is mu/ be done 9 ! sight ( ! ,"l2 n 9 self-consci\sness1 to to be se5 ( m51 :i* is ! pride t apes humility1 b 9 ! consci\sness ( ! ineffable pres5ce ( ,god4 ,t is ! s\rce ( all true self-abasem5t & humility4 ,to realize t we are 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,all-holy & ,all-pure1 9 ^: sight ! />s are n clean1 & :o *>ges ev5 ! angels ) folly1 is to feel t all diff]5ces ( m]it betwe5 man & man h fad$ away 9 ! immeasurable abyss :i* sep>ates our own insignificance & pollution f ! maje/y ( ,8 hol9ess4 ,n[ m9e eye see? ,!e4 ,:]e=e ,i abhor myself1 & rep5t 9 du/ & a%es1 is ! language ( ,job 7xlii4 #e1 #f74 ,& x 0 ! same feel+ :i* wrung f ,/4 ,pet]1 z he fell d[n at ,jesus' knees1 ! agoniz+ cry1 ,dep>t f me1 = ,i am a s9ful man1 ,o ,"l 7,luke v4 #h74 ,h5ce x is t ! mo/ sa9tly p]sons are always ! mo/ humble2 = !y realize mo/ p]fectly ! hol9ess ( ,god & ! ceaselessness ( ,8 pres5ce1 & are !re=e be/ able to appreciate ! contra/ betwe5 _! own mis]able imp]fections & ,8 unapproa*able purity4 ,! language :i* !y at times use ab\t !mselves is sometimes suspect$ ( unreality & exagg]ation1 if n ( d[nright hypocrisy2 b x is ! natural expression ( ! feel+s ( "o :o kn[s a great deal ab\t ! diff]5ce betwe5 a creature :o is habitually fall+ into s9 & ,"o :o1 9 hol9ess1 z 9 wisdom & p[]1 is absolute & inf9ite p]fection4 ,humility is ?us ! beg9n+ & end ( all true religion4 ,! s9n] :o turns to ,god mu/ be humble2 & ?is is ! humility :i* ,/4 ,james is urg+4 ,& ! sa9t1 z he approa*es ne>] to ,god1 w be humble2 = he kn[s :at ! approa* has co/ him1 & h[ v f> (f he /ill rema9s4 ,& ,he w exalt y4 ,?is is ! result1 n ! motive4 ,to /rive to be humble 9 ord] to be exalt$ w\ld be to poison ! virtue at its s\rce4 ,j z ! consci\s pursuit ( happ9ess is fatal to its atta9m5t1 s also ! consci\s aim at ,div9e promotion4 ,! way to be happy is n to ?9k ab\t "o's own happ9ess1 b to sacrifice x to t ( o!rs2 & ! way to be exalt$ by ,god is n to ?9k ( "o's own advancem5t1 b to devote oneself to ! advancem5t ( o!rs4 ,! exaltation is sure to come1 if only humility is atta9$2 an exaltation ( :i* !re is a =eta/e ev5 9 ?is life1 b ! full fruition ( :i* lies 9 ^? unkn[n glories :i* await ! humble ,*ri/ian 9 ! _w to come4 ,,note4--,x may be t 9 ! phrase ,resi/ ! devil we h an e*o ( ano!r unrecord$ utt]ance ( ,*ri/1 ( :i* we h possible traces also 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,/& aga9/ ! wiles ( ! devil 7,eph4 vi4 #aa71 & ,/4 ,pet]'s ,:om )/&1 /eadfa/ 9 y\r fai? 7#a ,pet] v4 #i74 ,comp4 ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas1 ,m&4 ,,xii4 v4 #b2 iv4 #g2 ,te/am5t ( ! ,twelve ,patri>*s1 ,neph4 viii41 :]e ,james iv4 #g 7or its s\rce7 w\ld seem to be quot$4 #gh ,sunday ,s*ool ,*ronicle1 ,m>* #ae?1 #ahhi2 also ! ,durham ,*ronicle1 ,jan4 #ca/1 #ahij4 #gi ,expositor's ,bible3 ,pa/oral ,epi/les 7,hodd] & ,/\ghton1 #ahhh71 p4 #hj4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,self-,,assurance ,,& ,,invasion ,,( ,,div9e ,,pr]ogatives ,,involv$ ,,9 ,,! ,,love ,,( ,,c5sur+ ,,o!rs4 ,speak n "o aga9/ ano!r1 bre?r54 ,he t speake? aga9/ a bro!r1 or judge? 8 bro!r1 speake? aga9/ ! law1 & judge? ! law3 b if ?\ judge/ ! law1 ?\ art n a do] ( ! law1 b a judge4 ,"o only is ! ,lawgiv] & ,judge1 ev5 ,he :o is able to save & to de/roy3 b :o art ?\ t judge/ ?y neighb\r8--,,/4 ,,james iv4 #aa1 #ab4 ,f s9s :i* are ! result ( a want ( love to ,god ,/4 ,james passes on1 & abruptly1 to "s :i* are ! result ( a want ( love = "o's neighb\r4 ,b 9 ?us pass+ on he is really return+ to 8 ma9 subject1 = ! c5tral portion ( ! ,epi/le is *iefly tak5 up ) "o's duty t[>ds "o's neighb\r4 ,& ( ?is duty he aga9 s+les out = special notice ! necessity = putt+ a bridle on "o's tongue 7i4 #bf2 iii4 #a-ab74 ,"s h suppos$ t he is address+ a new class ( read]s2 b ! mu* g5tl] address1 bre?r51 z comp>$ ) ye adult]esses 7v]4 #d71 ye s9n]s1 ye d\ble-m9d$ 7v]4 #h71 does n at all compel u to suppose t4 ,aft] a p>agraph ( exceptional /]nness1 he returns to 8 usual mann] ( address+ 8 read]s 7i4 #b1 #af1 #ai2 ii4 #a1 #e1 #ad2 iii4 #a1 #aj1 #ab2 v4 #g1 #i1 #aj1 #ab1 #ai71 & ) all ! m fitness because ! address bre?r5 is 9 itself an indirect repro( = unbro!rly conduct4 ,x implies :at ,moses express$ :5 he said1 ,sirs1 ye are bre?r52 :y d ye wrong "o to ano!r8 7,acts vii4 #bf74 ,speak n aga9/ "o ano!r1 bre?r54 ,! context %[s :at k9d ( adv]se speak+ is meant4 ,x is n s mu* abusive or calumni\s language t is condemn$1 z ! love ( f9d+ fault4 ,! c5sori\s temp] is utt]ly un*ri/ian4 ,x means t we h be5 pay+ an am\nt ( att5tion to ! conduct ( o!rs :i* w\ld h be5 bett] be/[$ ^u our own4 ,x means also t we h be5 pay+ ?is att5tion1 n 9 ord] to help1 b 9 ord] to criticize1 & criticize unfav\rably4 ,x %[s1 moreov]1 t we h a v inadequate e/imate ( our own frailty & %ortcom+s4 ,if we knew h[ wor?y ( blame we ourselves are1 we %\ld be mu* less ready to deal out blame to o!rs4 ,b ov] & above all ?is1 c5sori\sness is an invasion ( ! ,div9e pr]ogatives4 ,x is n m]ely a transgression ( ! royal law ( love1 b a sett+ oneself above ! law1 z if x 7 a mi/ake1 or did n apply to oneself4 ,x is a climb+ up on to t judgm5t-seat on :i* ,god alone has ! "r to sit1 & a publi%+ ( judgm5ts ^u o!rs :i* ,he alone has ! "r to pron\nce4 ,?is is ! aspect ( x on :i* ,/4 ,james lays mo/ /ress4 ,he t speake? aga9/ a bro!r1 or judge? a bro!r1 speake? aga9/ ! law & judge? ! law4 ,/4 ,james is probably n ref]r+ to ,*ri/'s comm& 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 ,judge n1 t ye be n judg$4 ,= ) :at judgm5t ye judge1 ye %all be judg$ 7,matt4 vii4 #a1 #b74 ,x is a law ( f> wid] scope t is 9 8 m9d1 ! same z t ( :i* he has already spok51 ! p]fect law1 ! law ( lib]ty 7i4 #be72 ! royal law1 accord+ to ! ,scripture1 ,?\ %alt love ?y neighb\r z ?yself 7ii4 #h74 ,no "o :o kn[s ?is law1 & has at all grasp$ its mean+ & scope1 c suppose t obs]vance ( x is compatible ) habitual criticism ( ! conduct ( o!rs1 & frequ5t utt]ance ( unfav\rable judgm5ts respect+ !m4 ,no man1 h[ev] will+ he may be to h 8 conduct laid op5 to criticism1 is fond ( be+ con/antly subject$ to x4 ,/ill less c any "o be fond ( be+ made ! object ( slight+ & condemnatory rem>ks4 ,e man's p]sonal exp]i5ce has taught him t2 & if he loves 8 neighb\r z himself1 he w take c>e to inflict on him z little pa9 ( ?is k9d z possible4 ,if1 ) full k ( ! royal law ( *>ity1 & ) full exp]i5ce ( ! vexation :i* adv]se criticism causes1 he /ill p]si/s 9 fram+ & express+ unfri5dly op9ions respect+ o!r p1 !n he is sett+ himself up z sup]ior1 n only to ^? :om he presumes to judge1 b to ! law itself4 ,he is1 by 8 conduct1 condemn+ ! law ( love z a bad law1 or at lea/ z s defective t a sup]ior p]son l himself may )\t scruple disreg>d x4 ,9 judg+ & condemn+ 8 bro!r he is judg+ & condemn+ ! law2 & he :o condemns a law assumes t he is 9 possession ( "s high] pr9ciple by :i* he te/s x & f9ds x want+4 ,:at is ! high] pr9ciple by :i* ! c5sori\s p]son ju/ifies 8 contempt = ! law ( love8 ,he has no?+ to %[ u b 8 own arrogance & self-confid5ce4 ,he kn[s :at ! duty ( o!r p]sons is1 & h[ signally !y fall %ort ( x4 ,to talk ( hop+ all ?+s1 & endur+ all ?+s1 & ( tak+ n acc\nt ( evil1 may be all v well !oretically ( an ideal /ate ( society2 b 9 ! v f> f ideal _w 9 :i* we h to live x is necess>y to keep "o's eye op5 to ! conduct ( o!r p1 & to keep !m up to ! m>k by lett+ !m & _! acqua9tances "k :at we ?9k ( !m4 ,x is no use m9c+ matt]s or be+ mealy-m\!d2 :]ev] abuses are f\nd1 or ev5 suspect$1 !y mu/ be d5\nc$4 ,& if o!r p]sons neglect _! duty 9 ?is p>ticul>1 ! c5sori\s man is n go+ to %>e su* responsibility4 ,?is is ! k9d ( reason+ by :i* flagrant violations ( ! law ( love are frequ5tly ju/ifi$4 ,& su* reason+1 z ,/4 ,james pla9ly %[s1 am\nts really to ?is1 t ^? :o employ x "k bett] ?an ! ,div9e ,lawgiv] ! pr9ciples by :i* human society ought to be gov]n$4 ,he has cle>ly promulgat$ a law2 & !y asc5d ,8 judgm5t-seat1 & intimate t v s]i\s exceptions & modifications are necess>y2 inde$1 t 9 "s cases ! law mu/ be entirely sup]s$$4 ,!y1 at any rate1 are n b\nd by x4 ,?is pron5ess to judge & condemn o!rs is fur!r pro( ( t want ( humility ab\t :i* s mu* 0 said 9 ! previ\s section4 ,pride1 ! mo/ subtle ( s9s1 has v _m =ms1 & "o ( !m is ! love ( f9d+ fault2 t is1 ! love ( assum+ an attitude ( sup]iority1 n only t[>ds o!r p]sons1 b t[>ds ! law ( *>ity & ,him :o is ! ,au?or ( x4 ,to a truly humble man ?is is impossible4 ,he is accu/om$ to contra/ ! outcome ( 8 own life ) ! requirem5ts ( ,god's law1 & to "k h[ awful is ! gulf :i* sep>ates ! "o f ! o!r4 ,he kn[s too mu* aga9/ himself to take delight 9 c5sur+ ! faults ( o!rs4 ,c5sori\sness is a sure sign t he :o is addict$ to x is ignorant ( ! imm5sity ( 8 own %ortcom+s4 ,no man :o habitually consid]s 8 own transgressions w be eag] to be sev]e ^u ! transgressions ( o!rs1 or to usurp functions :i* require full au?ority & p]fect k = _! equitable & adequate p]=mance4 ,c5sori\sness br+s yet ano!r evil 9 its tra94 ,indulg5ce 9 ! habit ( pry+ into ! acts & motives ( o!rs leaves u little "t & less lik+ = se>*+ c>efully into our own acts & motives4 ,! two ?+s act & react ^u "o ano!r by a natural law4 ,! m s]i\sly & frequ5tly we exam9e ourselves1 ! less prone we %all be to criticize o!rs2 & ! m p]t9aci\sly we busy ourselves ab\t ! suppos$ %ortcom+s & del9qu5cies ( our neighb\rs1 ! less we are likely to inve/igate & realize our own griev\s s9s4 ,all ! m w ?is be ! case if we are 9 ! habit ( giv+ utt]ance to ! un*>itable judgm5ts :i* we love to frame4 ,he :o con/antly expresses 8 dete/ation ( evil by d5\nc+ ! evil do+s ( 8 bre?r5 is n ! man mo/ likely to express 8 dete/ation ( x by ! hol9ess ( 8 own life2 & ! man ^: :ole life is a prote/ aga9/ s9 is n ! man mo/ giv5 to prote/+ aga9/ s9n]s4 ,to be con/antly speculat+1 to be frequ5tly decid+1 to be ready to make kn[n our decisions1 z to :e!r ?is man is awak5$ or n1 :e!r he is conv]t$ or n1 :e!r he is a ,ca?olic or n1 :e!r he is a s\nd ,*ur*man or n--:at is ?is b to climb up into ! ,:ite ,?rone1 & ) human ignorance & prejudice anticipate ! judgm5ts ( ,div9e ,omnisci5ce & ,ju/ice1 z to :o are on ! "r h&1 & :o on ! left8 ,"o only is ,lawgiv] & ,judge1 ev5 ,he :o is able to save & to de/roy4 ,!re is "o & only "o ,s\rce ( all law & au?ority1 & t ,s\rce is ,god ,himself4 ,jesus ,*ri/ affirm$ ! same doctr9e :5 ,he cons5t$ to plead1 z a prison] *>g$ ) _m crimes1 be=e ! judgm5t-seat ( ,8 own creature1 ,pontius ,pilate4 ,?\ w\lde/ h no p[] aga9/ ,me1 except x 7 giv5 !e f above 7,john xix4 #aa74 ,x 0 ,*ri/'s la/ ^w to ! ,roman ,procurator1 a decl>ation ( ! supremacy ( ,god 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 & a prote/ aga9/ ! claim ins9uat$ 9 ,i h p[] to release ,!e1 & ,i h p[] to crucify ,!e1 to be possess$ ( an au?ority t 0 irresponsible4 ,jesus decl>$ t ,pilate's p[] ov] ,himself 0 ! result ( a ,div9e commission2 = ! possession & ex]cise ( all au?ority is ! gift ( ,god1 & c h no o!r orig94 ,& ?is sole ,f\nt ( au?ority1 ?is "o only ,lawgiv] & ,judge1 has no ne$ ( assessors4 ,:ile ,he delegates "s portions ( ,8 p[] to human repres5tatives1 ,he requires no man1 ,he all[s no man1 to %>e 8 judgm5t-seat1 or to cancel or modify ,8 laws4 ,x is "o ( ^? cases 9 :i* ! possession ( p[] is pro( ( ! possession ( "r4 ,he :o is able to save & to de/roy1 :o has ! p[] to execute s5t5ces respect+ ! weal & woe ( immortal s\ls1 has ! "r to pron\nce su* s5t5ces4 ,man has no "r to frame & utt] su* judgm5ts1 because he has no p[] to put !m into execution2 & ! practice ( utt]+ !m is a p]petual usurpation ( ,div9e pr]ogatives4 ,x is an approa* to t s9 :i* br\ght ab\t ! fall ( ! angels4 ,is n ! s9 ( a c5sori\s temp] 9 a v real s5se diabolical8 ,x is ,satan's special delight to be ! accus] ( ! bre?r5 7,rev4 xii4 #aj74 ,8 names1 ,satan 7adv]s>y7 & devil 7 malici\s accus]71 be> witness to ?is *>act]i/ic1 :i* is br\ght prom95tly =w>d 9 ! op5+ *apt]s ( ! ,book ( ,job4#hj ,x is ( ! ess5ce ( c5sori\sness t its activity is display$ ) a s9i/] motive4 ,! *>ges are commonly utt]$1 n to ! p]son :o is blam$1 b to o!rs1 :o w !reby be prejudic$ aga9/ him2 or if !y are made to ! man's own face1 x is ) ! object ( inflict+ pa91 r ?an ) ! hope ( !reby induc+ him to am5d4 ,x is no speak+ tru? 9 love 7,eph4 iv4 #ae71 b reckless or malevol5t speak+ evil1 )\t mu* c>+ :e!r x be true or false4 ,x is a poison+ ( ! wells out ( :i* respect & affection = our fell[-m5 fl[4 ,?us ! presumption :i* grasps at functions t belong to ,god alone leads to a fall & a c\rse ( action :i* is inde$ ,satanical4 ,"o only is ! ,lawgiv] & ! ,judge1 ev5 ,he :o is able to save & to de/roy4 ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul tea* ! same doctr9e 9 ^? ,epi/les :i* 7z has be5 already po9t$ out7 x is possible t ! writ] ( ?is ,epi/le may h se54 ,be subject to e ord9ance ( man = ! ,"l's sake3 :e!r x be to ! k+1 z supreme 7i4e4 to ! ,roman ,emp]or72 or unto gov]nors1 z s5t by him 7#a ,pet] ii4 #ac74 ,h[ev] mu* ( human orig9ation 7 7 !re may be ab\t civil gov]nm5t1 yet its sanctions are ,div9e4 ,& ,/4 ,paul affirms t its real orig9 is ,div9e also3 ,!re is no p[] b ( ,god2 & ! p[]s t be are orda9$ ( ,god 7,rom4 xiii4 #a74 ,! ultimate sanction ( ev5 ,pilate's misus$ jurisdiction 0 f above2 & x 0 to inhabitants ( ,rome1 appall$ by ! frantic atrocities ( ,n]o1 t ,/4 ,paul decl>$ t ! au?ority ( _! ,emp]or exi/$ by ! ord9ance ( ,god4 ,if to resi/ ?is delegat$ au?ority be a s]i\s matt]1 h[ mu* m to attempt to anticipate or to contradict ! judgm5ts ( ,him f :om x spr+s6 ,b :o art ?\1 t judge/ ?y neighb\r8 ,/4 ,james concludes ?is brief section aga9/ ! s9 ( c5sori\sness by a tell+ argum5tum ad hom9em4 ,grant$ t !re are grave evils 9 "s ( ! bre?r5 among :om & ) :om y live2 grant$ t x is q necess>y t ^! evils %\ld be notic$ & condemn$2 are y precisely ! p]sons t are be/ qualifi$ to d x8 ,putt+ aside ! "q ( au?ority1 :at are y\r p]sonal qualifications = ! (fice ( a c5sor & a judge8 ,is !re t blamelessness ( life1 t gravity ( behavi\r1 t purity ( motive1 t sev]e control ( tongue1 t fre$om f contam9ation f ! _w1 t ov]fl[+ *>ity :i* m>ks ! man ( pure religion8 ,to su* a man f9d+ fault ) 8 bre?r5 is real pa92 & !re=e to be fond ( f9d+ fault is /rong evid5ce t ^! necess>y qualities are n possess$4 ,lea/ ( all is su* a "o fond ( disclos+ to o!rs ! s9s :i* he has discov]$ 9 an err+ bro!r4 ,inde$1 !re is sc>cely a bett] way ( detect+ our own secret faults ?an t ( notic+ :at blemi%es we are mo/ prone to suspect & d5\nce 9 ! lives ( our neighb\rs4 ,x is (t5 our own p]sonal acqua9tance ) iniquity t makes u suppose t o!rs mu/ be l ourselves4 ,x is our own meanness1 di%one/y1 pride1 or impurity t we see reflect$ on :at is p]haps only ! surface ( a life ^: secret spr+s & motives lie 9 a sph]e q beyond our grovell+ compreh5sion4 ,"h1 aga91 ,/4 ,james is q 9 h>mony ) ,/4 ,paul1 :o asks ! same "q3 ,:o art ?\ t judge/ ! s]vant ( ano!r8 to 8 own "l he /&e? or falle?4444 ,b ?\1 :y do/ ?\ judge ?y bro!r8 or ?\ aga91 :y do/ ?\ set at n\ght ?y bro!r8 = we %all all /& be=e ! judgm5t-seat ( ,god8 7,rom4 xiv4 #d1 #aj74 99 99 99 99 99 ,b are n ,/4 ,james & ,/4 ,paul requir+ ( u :at is impossible8 ,is x n beyond our p[] to avoid =m+ judgm5ts ab\t our bre?r58 ,c]ta9ly ?is is beyond our p[]1 & we are n requir$ to d any?+ s unreasonable z to attempt to avoid su* inevitable judgm5ts4 ,:5ev] ! conduct ( o!rs comes "u our notice we necess>ily =m "s k9d ( an op9ion ( x1 & x is out ( ^! op9ions & judgm5ts1 ( :i* we =m _m 9 ! c\rse ( a day1 t our own *>act]s are to a l>ge ext5t sl[ly built up2 = ! way 9 :i* we reg>d ! conduct ( o!rs has a great influ5ce ^u our own conduct4 ,b x is n ?is necess>y judg+ t is condemn$4 ,:at is condemn$ is ! inquisitorial exam9ation ( our neighb\rs' views & actions1 und]tak5 )\t au?ority & )\t love4 ,su* judg+ is s9i/] 9 its purpose1 & is disappo9t$ if x c f9d no?+ to blame4 ,x is eag]1 r ?an unwill+1 to ?9k evil1 its prejudices be+ aga9/1 r ?an 9 fav\r (1 ^? :om x criticizes4 ,to discov] "s griev\s =m ( wrong-do+ is n a sorr[1 b a delight4 ,b :at bo? ,/4 ,james & ,/4 ,paul condemn1 ev5 m ?an ! habit ( =m+ ^! unfav\rable judgm5ts ab\t our neighb\rs1 is ! giv+ effect to !m4 ,speak n "o aga9/ ano!r4 ,:y do/ ?\ set at n\ght ?y bro!r8 ,?is at any rate we all c avoid4 ,h[ev] difficult1 or impossible1 x may be to avoid =m+ unfav\rable op9ions ( o!r p1 we c at any rate ab/a9 f publi%+ su* op9ions to ! _w4 ,! temp] :i* delights 9 communicat+ suspicions & criticisms is ev5 m fatal ?an ! habit ( =m+ & *]i%+ !m2 x is ! diff]5ce betwe5 a disease :i* is infecti\s1 & "o :i* is n4 ,! bitt]ness & mis]y :i* are caus$ by ! love ( evil speak+ is incalculable4 ,x is "o enorm\s item 9 t tragic sum ( human suff]+ :i* is entirely prev5table4 ,mu* ( human suff]+ is inevitable & incurable2 x may be comp5sat$ or consol$1 b x c be nei!r escap$ nor rem$i$4 ,!re is mu*1 h[ev]1 t ne$ nev] be incurr$ at all1 t is utt]ly wanton & gratuit\s4 ,& ?is pa!tic burd5 ( utt]ly ne$less mis]y 9 great measure consi/s ( t :i* we he$lessly or malici\sly inflict ^u "o ano!r by mak+ kn[n1 ) q inadequate reason1 our k or suspicion ( ! misconduct ( o!r p4 ,exp]i5ce seems to d little t[>ds cur+ u ( ?is fault4 ,ov] & ov] aga9 we h discov]$1 aft] hav+ communicat$ suspicions1 t !y are baseless4 ,ov] & ov] aga9 we h f\nd out t to disclose :at we "k to ! discr$it ( a neighb\r does m h>m ?an good4 ,& n infrequ5tly we h ourselves _h abundant reason to wi% t we _h nev] spok52 = curses are n ! only k9d ( evil speak+ t is wont to come home to roo/4 ,& yet1 ea* "t t ! temptation occurs aga91 we p]suade ourselves t x is our duty to speak out1 to put o!rs on _! gu>d1 to d5\nce an unque/ionable abuse1 & s =?4 ,& =?) we set ! :isp] 9 motion1 or we write a lett] to ! pap]s1 & ! suppos$ del9qu5t is %[n up4 ,an hone/ answ] to ! que/ions1 ,%\ld ,i say ?is ( him if he 7 pres5t8 ,:y d ,i n speak to him ab\t x1 in/ead ( to o!rs8 ,am ,i sorry or glad to make ?is kn[n8 w\ld at once make u pause1 & p]haps ab/a94 ,!y w\ld lead u to see t we are n und]tak+ a pa9ful duty1 b ne$lessly indulg+ an un*ri/ian c5sori\sness1 & !reby inflict+ ne$less pa94 ,x is n giv5 to _m ( u to d a great deal t[>ds mak+ o!r p]sons holi]2 b x is )9 ! p[] ( all ( u to d a v great deal t[>ds mak+ o!rs happi]2 & "o ( ! simple/ me?ods ( dim9i%+ ! mis]ies & increas+ ! joys ( society is to ma9ta9 a firm control ov] our temp]s & our tongues1 & to obs]ve to ! utmo/ ,/4 ,james's pregnant rule1 ,speak n "o aga9/ ano!r1 bre?r54 #hj ,dr4 ,hat* ?9ks t 9 bo? ! ,septuag9t & ! ,new ,te/am5t 1 :5 us$ z a prop] "n1 has ! g5]al connotation ( enmity1 & )\t imply+ accusation1 :e!r true or false4 ,z an adjective x has its usual mean+ ( sl&]\s 7#a ,tim4 iii4 #aa2 #b ,tim4 iii4 #c2 ,titus ii4 #c7 7,biblical ,greek pp4 #df1 #dg74 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,self-,,assurance ,,& ,,invasion ,,( ,,div9e ,,pr]ogatives ,,involv$ ,,9 ,,presum+ ,,^u ,,our ,,future4 ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,probabilism4 ,g to n[1 ye t say1 ,to-day or to-morr[ we w g into ?is city1 & sp5d a ye> !re1 & trade1 & get ga93 :]eas ye "k n :at %all be on ! morr[4 ,:at is y\r life8 ,= ye are a vap\r1 t appe>e? = a little "t1 & !n vani%e? away4 ,= t ye ought to say1 ,if ! ,"l w1 we %all bo? live1 & d ?is or t4 ,b n[ ye glory 9 y\r vaunt+s3 all su* glory+ is evil4 ,to him !re=e t kn[e? to d good1 & doe? x n1 to him x is s94--,,/4 ,,james iv4 #ac-ag4 ,worldl9ess & want ( humility are ! two k9dr$ subjects :i* =m ! gr\ndwork ( ?is portion ( ! ,epi/le4 ,?is f\r? *apt] falls into ?ree ma9 divisions1 ( :i* ! ?ird & la/ is be=e u2 & ^! two subjects und]lie all ?ree4 ,9 ! fir/ ! arrogant grasp+ aft] ! pleasures1 hon\rs1 & ri*es ( ! _w1 9 pref]5ce to ! love ( ,god1 is condemn$4 ,9 ! second ! arrogant judg+ ( o!rs 9 defiance ( ! ,div9e law ( *>ity is =bidd54 ,9 ! ?ird arrogant tru/ 9 ! security ( human und]tak+s1 )\t consid]ation ( ,god's w1 is d5\nc$4 ,! transition f ! false confid5ce :i* leads m5 to judge o!rs ) a light he>t1 to ! false confid5ce :i* leads m5 to acc\nt ! future z _! own1 is easily made2 & ?us once m1 :ile we seem to be abruptly pass+ to a fre% topic1 we are really mov+ q naturally f "o bran* ( ! ma9 subject to ano!r4 ,! assurance :i* f9ds pl5ty ( "t = c5sur+ o!rs1 b little or none = c5sur+ self1 is closely ak9 to ! assurance :i* c\nts on hav+ pl5ty ( "t = all its s*emes1 )\t ?\ght ( dea? or ( ! ,div9e decrees4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! subject be=e u--presumptu\s security z to future und]tak+s4 ,! future is ,god's1 n ours1 j z to judge mank9d belongs to ,him1 & n to u4 ,!re=e to ?9k & speak ( ! future z if we _h ! p[] to control x is z presumptu\s z to ?9k & speak ( our fell[-m5 z if we _h ! p[] to judge !m4 ,9 bo? cases we assume a k & an au?ority :i* we d n possess4 ,g to n[ 7 7 is a vigor\s =m ( address1 :i* occurs n[h]e 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 except+ "h & at ! beg9n+ ( ! next section4 ,al?\gh orig9ally an imp]ative s+ul>1 x has become s completely an adv]b t x c be us$1 z "h1 :5 a numb] ( p]sons are address$4 ,x s]ves to attract att5tion4 ,^? :o ?9k t !y c acquit !mselves ( ! *>ge ( c5sori\sness h yet ano!r =m ( presumptu\s confid5ce to consid]4 ,! p>able ( ! ,ri* ,fool1 :o said to 8 s\l1 ,s\l1 ?\ ha/ mu* good laid up = _m ye>s2 take ?9e ease1 eat1 dr9k1 & be m]ry 7,luke xii4 #ai71 %\ld be comp>$ ) ?is exhortation4 ,& x is rem>kable t x 0 j aft] our ,"l _h refus$ to be made a judge ov] two cont5d+ bro!rs t ,he spoke ! p>able ( ! ,ri* ,fool4 ,!re is no special emphasis on ye t say1 z if ! mean+ 71 ye :o n only h ^! presumptu\s ?\ghts1 b d>e to utt] !m4 ,9 ! previ\s section giv+ utt]ance to unfav\rable judgm5ts ab\t "o's neighb\rs is evid5tly worse ?an m]ely ?9k+ !m1 & is a great aggravation ( ! s92 b "h ?9k+ & say+ are mu* ! same4 ,! presumptu\s p look f> ahead1 ?9k e /ep 9 ! plan q secure1 & speak accord+ly4 ,to-day & to-morr[ are q safe4 ,! j\rney to ! propos$ city is q safe4 ,t !y w sp5d a ye> !re is reg>d$ z c]ta91 & t !y w be able to sp5d x z !y please1 viz4 9 trad+4 ,la/ly1 !y h no d\bts z to ! success ( ! :ole ent]prise2 !y w get ga94 ,all ?is is ?\ght ( & spok5 ( z be+ entirely )9 _! own control4 ,!y h only to decide on do+ x1 & ! :ole w be done4 ,t !re is a ,provid5ce :i* ne$s to be consid]$ is entirely left out ( sight4 ,t n ev5 _! own lives c be c\nt$ on = a s+le day is a fact t is equally ignor$4 ,x 0 long ago rem>k$ t ,all m5 are mortal is a proposition :i* ea* man believes to be true ( e "o except+ himself4 ,n t any "o s]i\sly believes t he himself w be exempt f dea?2 b ea* "o ( u habitually ?9ks & acts z if 9 8 case dea? 7 su* an indef9ite di/ance (f t practically !re is no ne$ to take acc\nt ( x--at any rate at pres5t4 ,! "y & ! /rong r>ely ?9k ( dea? z a subject t calls = s]i\s att5tion4 ,^? :o are pa/ ! prime ( life /ill ?9k t !y h _m ye>s ( life 9 /ore4 ,& ev5 ^? :o h receiv$ ! solemn w>n+ :i* is involv$ 9 rea*+ man's allott$ ?reescore & t5 ye>s rememb] ) satisfaction t _m p]sons h rea*$ f\rscore & t5 or m1 & t !re=e !re is good reason = believ+ t !y !mselves h a consid]able portion ( life /ill 9 front ( !m4 ,p]haps ! man ( n9ety f9ds himself sometimes ?9k+1 if n talk+ to o!rs1 ( :at he means to d1 n only to-morr[1 b next ye>4 ,su* habits ( ?\ght & language are v common1 & a man has to be c>efully on ! wat* aga9/ himself1 9 ord] to avoid !m4 ,!y are entirely oppos$ to ! _s ( bo? ! ,old & ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & 9 ! mo/ lit]al s5se ( ! t]m may be /igmatiz$ z godless4 ,! security :i* ignores ! w ( ,god 9 its calculations1 & ?9ks & acts z an indep5d5t p[]1 is godless4 ,dep5d5ce ^u ,god is ! c5tre bo? ( ,judaism & ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,a /ory ( ! ,rabb9i/s br+s ?is out z cle>ly on ! ,jewi% side z ! p>able ( ! ,ri* ,fool does on ! ,*ri/ian4 ,at 8 son's circumcision a ,jewi% fa!r set w9e t 0 sev5 ye>s old be=e 8 gue/s1 ) ! rem>k t ) ?is w9e he w\ld cont9ue = a long "t to celebrate ! bir? ( 8 son4 ,! same night ! ,angel ( ,dea? meets ! ,rabbi ,simeon1 :o acco/s him & asks him1 ,:y art ?\ ?us w&]+ ab\t8 ,because1 said ! angel1 ,i slay ^? :o say1 ,we w d ?is or t1 & ?9k n h[ soon dea? may come ^u !m4 ,! man :o said t he w\ld cont9ue = a long "t to dr9k t w9e %all die 9 ?irty days4 ,x is 9 ?is way t ! c>eless ease ( fools %all de/roy !m 7,prov4 i4 #cb74 ,& h5ce ! w>n+1 ,boa/ n ?yself ( to-morr[2 = ?\ kn[e/ n :at a day may br+ =? 7,prov4 xxvii4 #a74 ,! man :o makes plans = ! future )\t tak+ acc\nt ( ,provid5ce is n f> remov$ f ! fool1 :o says 9 8 he>t1 ,!re is no ,god 7,ps4 xiv4 #a2 liii4 #a74 ,set n ?y he>t ^u ?y goods2 & say n1 ,i h en\gh = my life4 ,foll[ n ?9e own m9d & ?y /r5g?1 to walk 9 ! ways ( ?y he>t2 & say n1 ,:o %all control me8 = ! ,"l w surely av5ge ?y pride 7,ecclus4 v4 #a-c74 ,!re is t waxe? ri* by 8 w>9ess & p9*+1 & ?is is ! portion ( 8 rew>d4 ,:]eas he sai?1 ,i h f\nd re/1 & n[ w eat cont9ually ( my good2 & yet he kn[e? n :at "t %all come ^u him1 & t he mu/ leave ^? ?+s to o!rs1 & die 7,ecclus4 xi4 #ah1 #ai74 ,! ,cyr5aics & _! m ref9$ foll[]s ! ,epicureans />t$ f ! same premises1 viz4 ! utt] unc]ta9ty ( ! future1 & ! inability ( man to control x1 b drew f !m a v diff]5t conclusion4 ,dep5d5ce ^u ,god 0 "o ( ! la/ doctr9es likely to be inculcat$ by ^? :o cont5d$ t !re is no su* ?+ z ,provid5ce1 = ! gods d n conc]n !mselves ) ! affairs ( m54 ,true wisdom1 !y said1 w consi/ 9 ! skilful1 calm1 & delib]ate appropriation ( su* pleasure z our circum/ances af=d mom5t by mom5t1 unruffl$ by passion1 prejudice1 or sup]/ition4 ,! pres5t alone is ours1 & we mu/ resolutely make ! mo/ ( x1 )\t remorse = a pa/ :i* we c nev] alt]1 & )\t disquietude ab\t a future :i* we _c det]m9e1 & may nev] possess4 ,?is is n v pr(\nd z philosophy1 = 9 ! we> & te> ( life x c nei!r =tify nor console2 & z a sub/itute = religion x is /ill less satisfy+4 ,! :ole diff]5ce :i* sep>ates ,paganism f ,*ri/ianity lies betwe5 two su* /anzas z ^!2-- ,quid sit futurum cras1 fuge qur]e2 et ,quem ,=s di]um cunque dabit1 lucro ,appone1 nec dulces amores ,sp]ne pu] neque tu *oreas2 &-- ,lead1 k9dly ,light1 amid ?' encircl+ gloom1 ,lead ,?\ me on3 ,! night is d>k1 & ,i am f> f home2 ,lead ,?\ me on4 ,keep ,?\ my feet2 ,i d n ask to see ,! di/ant sc5e2 "o /ep en\gh = me4#ha ,we w g into ?is city1 & sp5d a ye> !re1 & trade1 & get ga94 ,! frequ5t conjunctions sep>ate ! diff]5t items ( ! plan1 :i* are rehe>s$ ?us "o by "o ) manife/ satisfaction4 ,! speak]s gloat ov] ! diff]5t /eps ( ! programme :i* !y h arrang$ = !mselves4 ,/4 ,james selects trad+ & gett+ ga9 z ! end ( ! suppos$ s*eme1 p>tly 9 ord] to %[ t ! aims ( ^! presumptu\s s*em]s are utt]ly worldly1 & p>tly because a re/less activity 9 comm]cial ent]prise 0 a common feature among ! ,jews ( ! ,disp]sion4 ,su* pursuits are n condemn$2 b !y are liable to become too absorb+1 especially :5 n pursu$ 9 a ,god-fe>+ way2 & x is ?is :i* ,/4 ,james d5\nces4 ,:]eas ye "k n :at %all be on ! morr[4 ,:at is y\r life8 ,= ye are a vap\r1 t appe>e? = a little "t1 & !n vani%e? away4 ,x is n easy to det]m9e ! orig9al ,greek text ) c]ta9ty1 b ab\t ! g5]al s5se !re is no d\bt4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 t we ought to read1 ,:]eas ye "k n z to ! morr[ ( :at k9d y\r life w be3 = ye are a vap\r1 etc4 ,9 any case ,:]eas ye "k n repres5ts words :i* lit]ally mean1 ,s9ce ye are p ( su* nature z n to "k 7 74 ,z human be+s1 ^: life is s full ( *anges & surprises1 x is impossible = !m to "k :at vicissitudes ! next day w br+4 ,! real unc]ta9ty ( life is 9 m>k$ contra/ to _! unreal security4 ,:at is y\r life8 ,( :at k9d is x8 ,:at is its nature 778 ,b$e rem>ks t ,/4 ,james does n ask1 ,:at is our life8 ,he says1 ,:at is y\r life8 ,x is ! value ( ! life ( ! godless t is 9 "q1 n t ( ! godly4 ,^? :o1 by _! =getfulness ( ! ,unse51 _! desire = mat]ial advantages1 & _! fri5dl9ess ) ! _w1 h made !mselves enemies ( ,god--:at is _! life wor?8 ,su* p]sons are a vap\r1 t appe>e? = a little "t1 & !n vani%e? away4 ,b x may be d\bt$ :e!r ,/4 ,james is "h speak+ ( ! empt9ess ( an ungodly life4 ,he is address+ godless p]sons1 & 9 rebuk+ !m rem9ds !m h[ un/able & fleet+ life is1 n m]ely to !m1 b to all m54 ,x is ! same ?\ght z we f9d 9 ,job's compla9t1 ,z ! cl\d is consum$ & vani%e? away1 s he t goe? d[n to ! grave %all come up no m 7vii4 #i72 & we %all see t 9 ! next two sections 7v4 #a-f1 #g-aa7 !re are co9cid5ces ) ! ,book ( ,job 7see pp4 #bha1 #bia74 ,b x is p]haps ! ,book ( ,wisdom t is specially 9 ! writ]'s m9d3 ,our life %all pass away z ! trace ( a cl\d1 & %all be disp]s$ z a mi/1 t is driv5 away ) ! beams ( ! sun1 & ov]come ) ! heat !re( 7ii4 #d74 ,= ! hope ( ! ungodly is l du/ t is bl[n away ) ! w9d2 l a ?9 fro? t is driv5 away ) ! /orm2 l z ! smoke :i* is disp]s$ "h & !re ) a tempe/1 & passe? away z ! remembrance ( a gue/ t t>rie? b a day 7v4 #ad74 ,& if ^! passages are ! s\rce ( ,/4 ,james's metaphor1 ,b$e's int]pretation becomes m probable2 = 9 bo? ( !m x is ! life ( ! ungodly t is lik5$ to ev]y?+ t is unsub/antial & transitory4#hb ,= t ye ought to say1 ,if ! ,"l w1 we %all bo? live1 & d ?is or t4 ,we mu/ bew>e ( und]/&+ ^! words 9 su* a way z to lose ! _s ( !m4 ,x is "o ( _m passages ( ,scripture :i* are (t5 tak5 accord+ to ! lett]1 :5 ! lett] is ( little or no importance4 ,z 9 s mu* ( ! tea*+ 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 we h a pr9ciple giv5 9 ! =m ( a rule4 ,rules are giv5 t !y may be obs]v$ lit]ally4 ,pr9ciples are giv5 t !y may be appli$ intellig5tly & obs]v$ accord+ to _! _s4 ,we d n obey ,*ri/ :5 we all[ ! ?ief :o has tak5 our upp] g>m5t to h our "u "o also2 nor d we obey ,/4 ,james :5 we say1 ,if ! ,"l w1 or ,please ,god1 ( e future ev5t1 & make a pl5tiful use ( ,d4,v4 9 all our correspond5ce4 ,nor is x en\gh to say t ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u ! _s 9 :i* ! second g>m5t is surr5d]$1 & 9 :i* ! ,please ,god is utt]$1 or ! ,d4,v4 writt54 ,x is q possible to keep ,*ri/'s precept )\t ev] surr5d]+ ! second g>m5t at all2 & inde$ we ought n to surr5d] x4 ,& x is q possible to keep ,8 bro!r's precept )\t ev] writ+ ,d4,v4 or say+ ,please ,god1 ! habitual use ( :i* w\ld be almo/ c]ta9 to g5]ate =malism & cant 9 ourselves1 & w\ld be q c]ta9 to provoke ne$less criticism & irrev]5t ridicule4 ,/4 ,james means t we %\ld habitually feel t mom5t by mom5t we are absolutely dep5d5t ^u ,god1 n only = ! way 9 :i* our lives are h5ce=? to be sp5t1 b = _! be+ prolong$ at all4 ,at any in/ant we may be call$ ^u to surr5d]1 n only all ! mat]ials ( enjoym5t :i* ,he has be/[$ ^u u1 b life itself1 :i* is equally ,8 gift2 & :5ev] ,he does s call ^u u we %all h nei!r ! "r nor ! p[] to resi/4 ,%all ,he n d :at ,he w ) ,8 own8 ,! ,"l gave2 & ! ,"l may take away4 ,bless$ be ! "n ( ! ,"l4 ,! man :o is ?or\ghly impress$ ) ! fact ( 8 utt] dep5d5ce ^u ,god = life & all ?+s is sure to express ?is 9 8 be>+1 8 tone1 & 8 mann] ( speak+ ab\t ! future1 ev5 al?\gh su* phrases z ,please ,god & ,if ! ,"l w nev] come f 8 lips or 8 p54 ,inde$1 ! m complete 8 realization ( ?is tru? is1 ! less likely w he be to be con/antly express+ x 9 a =mula4 ,x is ! habitual sett+ ( 8 ?\ghts1 & does n ne$ to be /at$ any m ?an ! conditions ( "t & space4 ,on r>e occasions x may be well to rem9d o!rs ( ?is tru? by giv+ expression to x 9 words2 b 9 mo/ cases x w be wise/ to reta9 x z an un=gott5 b unexpress$ premise 9 ! m9d4 ,b x is = ea* "o ( u to take c>e t x is n =gott54 ,only ^? :o h x con/antly 9 _! he>ts c safely absolve !mselves f ! obligation ( obey+ ! words ( ,/4 ,james lit]ally4 ,b n[ ye glory 9 y\r vaunt+s3 all su* glory+ is evil4 ,! c>nal self-confid5ce ) :i* p s]5ely talk ab\t :at !y mean to d next ye>1 or _m ye>s h5ce1 is only "p ( a g5]al _s ( arrogance & worldl9ess :i* p]vades _! :ole life & conduct2 x is "o ( ! results ( ! ?or\ghly vitiat$ moral atmosph]e :i* !y h *os5 = !mselves1 & to ! noxi\sness ( :i* !y are con/antly contribut+4 ,! ^w "h r5d]$ vaunt+1 & 9 #a ,john ii4 #af va+lory1 771 indicates insol5t & empty assurance2 & "h ! assurance lies 9 presumptu\s tru/ 9 ! /ability ( oneself & "o's surr\nd+s4 ,pret5ti\s o/5tation is ! radical signification ( ! ^w1 & 9 ,classical ,greek x is ! pret5ti\sness :i* is mo/ prom95t1 9 ,hell5i/ic ,greek ! o/5tation4 ,!re is manife/ o/5tation 9 speak+ confid5tly ab\t "o's future2 & see+ h[ transitory ev]y?+ human is1 ! o/5tation is empty & pret5ti\s4 ,to be guilty ( su* vaunt+ is s]i\s en\gh2 b ^! fell[-c\ntrym5 ( ,/4 ,james1 ) _! m9ds absorb$ 9 mat]ial int]e/s1 glori$ 9 _! godless view ( life4 ,! simple "* ( 8 comm5t makes its sev]ity all ! m impressive3 all su* glory+ is evil4 ,he uses ! v ^w :i* is commonly us$ to express ! evil "o 7 71 & !reby indicates ! "* & s\rce ( su* glory+4 ,9 conclud+ ?is section ( 8 lett]1 ,/4 ,james br+s ! conduct :i* he has be5 condemn+ )9 ! sweep ( a v compreh5sive pr9ciple3 ,to him1 !re=e1 t kn[e? to d good1 & doe? x n1 to him x is s94 ,no ,jew1 :e!r ,*ri/ian or n1 c\ld plead ignorance z an excuse = 8 transgressions 9 ?is matt]4 ,e human be+ has exp]i5c$ ! unc]ta9ty ( ! future & ! transitor9ess ( human life2 & e ,jew 0 well in/ruct$ 9 ! tru? t man & all 8 surr\nd+s are absolutely dep5d5t ^u ! ,div9e w4 ,moreov]1 ^? :om ,/4 ,james is address+ prid$ !mselves on _! spiritual k 7i4 #ai72 !y 7 pr(ess$ he>]s ( ,god's ,^w 7i4 #bb1 #bc71 & 7 anxi\s to become tea*]s ( o!rs 7iii4 #a74 ,!irs is ! case ( s]vants :o knew _! ma/]'s w1 & neglect$ to d x 7,luke xii4 #dg74 ,!y !mselves decl>$1 ,we see2 & ! rejo9d] is1 ,y\r s9 rema9e? 7,john ix4 #da74 ,!y knew1 long be=e ,/4 ,james in/ruct$ !m on ! subject1 :at 0 seemly = human be+s liv+ z creatures 9 dep5d5ce ^u _! ,creator2 & !y neglect$ to d :at is seemly4 ,to !m ?is neglect is s94 ,! passage is v commonly und]/ood z apply+ to all s9s ( omission2 & no d\bt x is v capable ( su* application1 b x does n foll[ t ,/4 ,james 0 ?9k+ ( m ?an ! p>ticul> case be=e him4 ,! words may be int]pret$ 9 ?ree diff]5t degrees ( compreh5siv5ess1 & ,/4 ,james may h meant "o1 or two1 or all ?ree ( !m4 #a4 ,! relation 9 :i* a creature ought to /& to ! ,creator is "o ( humility & entire dep5d5ce2 & he :o kn[s t he is a creature1 & adopts an attitude ( self-confid5ce & indep5d5ce1 s9s4 #b4 ,9 all cases ( transgression k ( :at is "r aggravates ! s91 :i* is !n a s9 aga9/ light4 ,if ,i _h n come & spok5 unto !m1 !y _h n _h s93 b n[ !y h no excuse = _! s9 7,john xv4 #bb74 #c4 ,?is applies n only to transgressions1 b to omissions4 ,k ( :at is evil creates an obligation to avoid x1 & k ( :at is good con/itutes an obligation to p]=m x4 ,! latt] tru? is n s readily admitt$ z ! =m]4 ,ev]yone recognizes t an opportunity ( do+ evil is n a ?+ ab\t :i* any *oice is all[able4 ,we are n p]mitt$ to use ! opportunity or n1 j z we please2 we mu/ on no acc\nt make use ( x4 ,b n a few p]sons imag9e t an opportunity ( do+ good is a ?+ ab\t :i* !y h full "r ( *oice2 t !y may avail !mselves ( ! opportunity or n1 j z !y please2 :]eas !re is no m fre$om 9 ! "o case ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,we are b\nd to make use ( ! opportunity ( do+ good4 ,to him t kn[e? to d good1 & doe? x n1 to him x is s94 ,"s ( ^? :o ?9k t ,/4 ,james knew ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans see "h an allusion to ! pr9ciple :i* ,/4 ,paul !re lies d[n3 ,:atsoev] is n ( fai? is s9 7xiv4 #bc74 ,= reasons already /at$ 7p4 #eg71 x mu/ rema9 d\btful :e!r ,/4 ,james _h k ( t ,epi/le2 & ev5 if he _h1 we c\ld n by any means be sure t he _h x 9 8 m9d :5 he wrote ! words be=e u4 ,b 8 words & ,/4 ,paul's1 :5 comb9$1 give u a complete /atem5t ( a great moral pr9ciple respect+ ! possession or non-possession ( k z to :at is "r & wrong 9 any giv5 case4 ,s long z we h no k t a giv5 act is "r1 i4e4 s long z we are 9 d\bt z to :e!r x is all[able or n1 x is s9 to d x4 ,z soon z we h k t a giv5 act is "r x is s9 to leave x undone4 ,?is pr9ciple cuts at ! root ( t un:olesome gr[? :i* 9 moral !ology is kn[n z ! doctr9e ( ,probabilism1 & :i* has work$ untold mis*ief1 especially 9 ! ,roman ,*ur*1 9 :i* its *ief support]s are to be f\nd4 ,?is doctr9e tea*es t 9 all cases 9 :i* !re is d\bt z to :e!r a giv5 act is all[able or n ! less safe c\rse may be foll[$1 ev5 :5 ! balance ( probability is aga9/ its be+ all[able1 if only !re are gr\nds = believ+ t x is all[able4 ,& "s support]s ( ?is doctr9e g s f> z to ma9ta9 t ! am\nt ( probability ne$ n be v great4 ,s long z x is n c]ta9 t ! act 9 "q is =bidd5 x may be p]mitt$4 ,! object ( :i* tea*+ is n t :i* ought to be ! object ( all moral tea*+1 viz4 to save be+s ) immortal s\ls f mak+ s]i\s mi/akes ( conduct1 b to enable be+s ) /rong desires & passions to gratify !m )\t scruple4 ,! moral law is n s mu* expla9$ z expla9$ away4 ,! v titles ( "s ( ! treatises 9 :i* ! doctr9e ( ,probabilism is advocat$ indicate _! t5d5cy1 e4g4 ,! ,art ( ,p]petual ,enjoym5t4#hc ,to all su* special plead+1 & mak+ ! ,^w ( ,god ( none effect by human glosses1 ! simple pr9ciples laid d[n by ,/4 ,paul & ,/4 ,james are ! be/ antidote3 ,:atsoev] is n ( fai? is s92 & ,to him t kn[e? to d good1 & doe? x n1 to him x is s94 #ha ,horace1 ,odes ,i4 ix4 #ac4 ,j4 ,h4 ,newman1 ,v]ses on ,v>i\s ,occasions1 ,! ,pill> ( ! ,cl\d1 ,june #af?1 #ahcc4 #hb ,9 comm5t+ on ,wisdom ii4 #d1 ,f>r> quotes ,gregory ,nazianz53 ,we are a flitt+ dream1 a phantom t _c be grasp$1 ! scud ( a pass+ breeze1 a %ip t leaves no trace on ! sea1 du/1 vap\r1 morn+ dew1 a fl[] t n[ blossoms1 & n[ is done away 7,speak]'s ,comm5t>y1 ,apocrypha1 ,i41 p4 #dca74 #hc ,ars ,semp] ,gaud5di1 by ,alphonso de ,s>asa1 a ,flemi% !ologian ( ,spani% extraction1 #agda4 ,= ! fulle/ acc\nt ( ! hi/ory ( ,probabilism see ! great "w by ,dll+] & ,reus*1 ,ges*i*te d] ,moral/reitigkeit5 9 d] ,rmis*-ka?olis*5 ,kir*e 7,nrdl+51 #ahhi74 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,! ,,follies ,,& ,,iniquities ,,( ,,! ,,ri*2 ,,_! ,,mis]able ,,end4 ,g to n[1 ye ri*1 weep & h[l = y\r mis]ies t are com+ ^u y4 ,y\r ri*es are corrupt$1 & y\r g>m5ts are mo?-eat54 ,y\r gold & y\r silv] are ru/$2 & _! ru/ %all be = a te/imony aga9/ y1 & %all eat y\r fle% z fire4 ,ye h laid up y\r treasure 9 ! la/ days4 ,behold1 ! hire ( ! lab\r]s :o m[$ y\r fields1 :i* is ( y kept back by fraud1 crie? out3 & ! cries ( !m t reap$ h ent]$ into ! e>s ( ! ,"l ( ,sabao?4 ,ye h liv$ delicately on ! e>?1 & tak5 y\r pleasure2 ye h n\ri%$ y\r he>ts 9 a day ( slaught]4 ,ye h condemn$1 ye h kill$ ! righte\s "o2 he do? n resi/ y4--,,/4 ,,james v4 #a-f4 ,"h1 if any:]e 9 ! ,epi/le1 ! writ] glances aside f ! believ+ ,jews ( ! ,disp]sion1 to :om ! lett] z a :ole is address$1 & 9 a bur/ ( righte\s indignation :i* rem9ds u ( passages 9 ! old ,hebrew ,prophets1 d5\nces memb]s ( ! twelve tribes :o n ev5 9 "n are ,*ri/ians4 ,9 ! prec$+ section su* a transition is 9 prep>ation4 ,:5 he is condemn+ ! godless presumption ( ^? seek]s aft] weal? :o d>$1 )\t ?\ght ( _! own frailty & ( ,god's absolute control ov] _! lives & =tunes1 to ?9k & speak confid5tly ( _! s*emes = future ga9s1 he seems to be ?9k+ almo/ z mu* ( unbeliev+ ,jews z ( ^? :o h accept$ ! ,gospel4 ,"h he appe>s = ! mom5t to h left ! latt] entirely out ( sight1 & to be address+ ^? weal?y ,jews :o n only cont9u$ ! policy & %>$ ! guilt ( ! oppon5ts & murd]]s ( ,*ri/1 b by sc&al\s tyranny & inju/ice oppress$ _! poor bre?r51 _m ( :om 7 probably ,*ri/ians4 ,! sev]ity ( ! condemnation is n ! only or ! ma9 reason = ?9k+ t ! p>agraph is address$ to unconv]t$ ,jews4 ,! fir/ t5 v]ses ( *apt] iv4 are v sev]e2 & !re also1 z "h1 ! affectionate =m ( address1 bre?r51 s frequ5t else:]e 9 ! ,epi/le1 is want+2 b !re is no d\bt t ^? t5 v]ses1 l ! p>agraphs :i* imm$iately prec$e & foll[ !m1 are address$ to ,*ri/ians4 ,:at is s exceptional 9 ! passage n[ "u consid]ation is ! entire abs5ce ( any exhortation to rep5tance1 or ( any indication t !re is /ill hope ( be+ reconcil$ to ! (f5d$ ,jehovah4 ,!y are to weep & h[l1 n 9 p5it5ce1 b 9 despair4 ,! end is at h&2 ! day ( reckon+ is approa*+2 & x is a fe>ful acc\nt :i* awaits !m4 ,9 ?is respect !re is a v m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 ?is p>agraph & ! "o :i* foll[s x4 ,9 bo? ! ne>ness ( ! ,day ( ,judgm5t is ! motive2 b ?is ne>ness is to ! ri* a t]ror1 to ! bre?r5 a com=t4 ,?is diff]5ce w\ld be v difficult to expla9 if bo? p>agraphs 7 address$ to believ+ ,jews4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,epi/le !re are /ra9s :i* s\nd l e*oes f ! ,prophets ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ) :om ,/4 ,james has mu* 9 common2 b ! passage be=e u is specially 9 _! _s4 ,x w\ld n surprise u to meet ) x 9 ,isaiah or ,j]emiah4 ,"o or two simil> passages are wor? comp>+3 ,woe to !e t spoile/1 & ?\ wa/ n spoil$2 & deale/ trea*]\sly1 & !y dealt n trea*]\sly ) !e6 ,:5 ?\ ha/ ceas$ to spoil1 ?\ %alt be spoil$2 & :5 ?\ ha/ made an end to deal trea*]\sly1 !y %all deal trea*]\sly ) !e 7,isa4 xxxiii4 #a74 ,woe to him t gette? an evil ga9 = 8 h\se1 t he may set 8 ne/ on high1 t he may be deliv]$ f ! h& ( evil6 ,?\ ha/ consult$ %ame to ?y h\se1 by cutt+ (f _m peoples1 & ha/ s9n$ aga9/ ?y s\l4 ,= ! /one %all cry out ( ! wall1 & ! beam out ( ! timb] %all answ] x 7,hab4 ii4 #i74 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ! passage :i* mo/ resembles x is our ,"l's d5unciation ( ! scribes & ,ph>isees 7,matt4 xxiii4 #ac-cf74 ,g to n[1 ye ri*1 weep & h[l = y\r mis]ies t are com+ ^u y4 ,we h ! same comb9ation ( words 9 ,isaiah3 ,9 _! /reets !y gird !mselves ) sackclo?3 on _! h\setops1 & 9 _! broad places1 e "o h[le?1 weep+ abundantly 7xv4 #c74 ,& 9 an e>li] *apt] we h a /ill clos] p>allel to ! _s ( ?is v]se3 ,h[l ye2 = ! day ( ! ,"l is at h& 7xiii4 #f74 ,! mis]ies to :i* ,/4 ,james alludes are ^? :i* %all befall !m at ! com+ ( ! ,"l 7v]4 #h74 ,x is ! imp5d+ judgm5t ( ! tyrann\s ri* t is prim>ily 9 8 m9d4 ,he may also h =ese5 some?+ ( ! horrors ( ! ,jewi% w> & ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 & 9 accordance ) ,*ri/'s prophecy may h consid]$ ^! calamities typical ( ! judgm5t1 or "p & p>cel ( x4 ,9 ! ,jewi% w> ! weal?y classes suff]$ t]ribly4 ,aga9/ !m1 z hav+ be5 fri5dly to ! ,romans1 & hav+ employ$ ,roman influ5ce 9 oppress+ _! own c\ntrym51 ! fury ( ! fanatical p>ty ( ! ,zealots 0 specially direct$2 & al?\gh ! bl[ fell fir/ & heavie/ ^u ! ,jews 9 ,j]usalem & ,juda1 yet x 0 felt by all ,jews ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,!y imag9$ !mselves to be ri*2 !y 7 really mo/ poor & mo/ mis]able4 ,s sure is ! doom t is com+ ^u !m1 t 9 prophetical /yle ,/4 ,james beg9s to speak ( x z already "h2 l a se]1 he has x all be=e 8 eyes4 ,y\r ri*es are corrupt$1 & y\r g>m5ts are mo?-eat54 ,y\r gold & y\r silv] are ru/$4 ,we h "h ?ree k9ds ( possessions indicat$4 ,fir/1 /ores ( v>i\s k9ds ( goods4 ,^! are corrupt$2 !y h become rott5 & wor?less4 ,secondly1 ri* g>m5ts1 :i* 9 ! ,ea/ are (t5 a v consid]able portion ( a weal?y man's possessions4 ,!y h be5 /or$ up s jeal\sly & selfi%ly t insects h prey$ ^u !m & ru9$ !m4 ,& ?irdly1 preci\s metals4 ,^! h become t>ni%$ & ru/$1 ?r\gh n hav+ be5 put to any rational use4 ,ev]y:]e _! av>ice has be5 n only s91 b folly4 ,x has fail$ ( its s9ful object4 ,! unrighte\s ho>d+ has t5d$ n to weal?1 b to ru94 ,& ?us ! ru/ ( _! treasures becomes a te/imony aga9/ !m4 ,9 ! ru9 ( _! prop]ty _! own ru9 is portray$2 & j z corruption1 & ! mo?s1 & ! ru/ consume _! goods1 s %all ! fire ( ,god's judgm5t consume ! own]s & abus]s ( !m4 ,!y h res]v$ all ?is /ore = _! selfi% enjoym5t1 b ,god has res]v$ !m = ,8 righte\s ang]4 ,ye laid up y\r treasure 9 ! la/ days4 ,!re 0 ! mon/r\s folly ( x4 ,! end ( all ?+s 0 close at h&2 ! la/ days _h already begun2 & ^! besott$ grasp]s aft] weal? 7 /ill heap+ up treasures :i* !y w\ld nev] h any opportunity ( us+4 ,! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion spoils ?is by a small1 b r s]i\s1 mi/ranslation4 ,x has1 ,ye h heap$ up treasure toge!r = ! la/ days1 in/ead ( 9 ! la/ days 7 74 ,! case is precisely t :i* ,*ri/ =etold3 ,z 7 ! days ( ,noah1 s %all be ! com+ ( ! ,son ( man4 ,= z 9 ^? days :i* 7 be=e ! flood !y 7 eat+ & dr9k+1 m>ry+ & giv+ 9 m>riage1 until ! day t ,noah ent]$ into ! ark1 & !y knew n until ! flood came1 & took !m all away2 s %all be ! com+ ( ! ,son ( man 7,matt4 xxiv4 #cg-ci74 ,likewise ev5 z x came to pass 9 ! days ( ,lot2 !y ate1 !y drank1 !y b\ght1 !y sold1 !y plant$1 !y build$2 b 9 ! day t ,lot w5t out f ,sodom x ra9$ fire & brim/one f heav51 & de/roy$ !m all3 aft] ! same mann] %all x be 9 ! day t ! ,son ( man is reveal$ 7,luke xvii4 #bh-cj74 ,t ! la/ days mean ! days imm$iately prec$+ ! ,second ,adv5t c sc>cely be d\bt$4 ,! context r5d]s ?is v probable1 & ! exhortation 9 ! next section r5d]s x practically c]ta94 ,be ye also pati5t2 /abli% y\r he>ts3 = ! com+ ( ! ,"l is at h&4 ,murmur n1 bre?r51 "o aga9/ ano!r1 t ye be n judg$3 behold1 ! ,judge /&e? be=e ! doors4 ,t ! fir/ ,*ri/ians believ$ t ,jesus ,*ri/ w\ld return 9 glory dur+ ! lifetime ( _m :o 7 !n liv+1 w h>dly be disput$ by any "o :o is acqua9t$ ) ! lit]ature ( ! ,apo/olic age & ( ! p]iod imm$iately foll[+4 ,nor1 p]haps1 w _m at ! pres5t "t c>e to dispute t ?is errone\s op9ion 0 %>$1 = a "t at any rate1 ev5 by ,apo/les4 ,ye are gu>d$ ?r\gh fai? unto a salvation ready to be reveal$ 9 ! la/ "t1 says ,/4 ,pet] 7#a ,pet] i4 #e74 ,we t are alive1 t are left unto ! com+ ( ! ,"l1 %all 9 n[ise prec$e !m t are fall5 asleep 7#a ,!ss4 iv4 #ae2 cf4 #a ,cor4 xv4 #ea72 & aga91 writ+ "s ye>s lat]1 ,9 ! la/ days griev\s times %all come1 ab\t :i* ,timo?y is to be on 8 gu>d1 says ,/4 ,paul 7#b ,tim4 iii4 #a74 ,& mu* ne>] to ! close ( ! ,apo/olic age we h ,/4 ,john tell+ 8 little *ildr5 t x is ! la/ h\r 7#a ,john ii4 #ah74 ,"s tw5ty or ?irty ye>s lat] ,/4 ,ignatius writes to ! ,ephesians1 ,^! are ! la/ times4 ,h5ce=? let u be rev]5t2 let u fe> ! longsuff]+ ( ,god1 le/ x turn into a judgm5t aga9/ u4 ,= ei!r let u fe> ! wra? :i* is to come1 or let u love ! grace :i* n[ is 7xi474 ,only v gradually did ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* atta9 to some?+ l a true p]spective z to ! duration ( ,*ri/'s k+dom ^u e>?4 ,only v gradually did ev5 ! ,apo/les obta9 a cle> vision z to ! nature ( ! k+dom :i* _! ,"l _h f\nd$ & left 9 _! *>ge1 = !m to occupy until ,he came4 ,p5teco/ did n at once give !m p]fect insight into ! import ( _! own commission4 ,mu* /ill rema9$ to be le>n$1 sl[ly1 by exp]i5ce4 ,& if ?is 0 ! case ) ,apo/les1 we ne$ n wond] t x 0 s ) ,james1 ! ,"l's bro!r4 ,x is rem>kable t ,*ri/'s solemn w>n+ aga9/ speculat+ z to ! "t ( ,8 return seems to h made only p>tial impression ^u ! disciples4 ,( t day or t h\r kn[e? no "o1 n ev5 ! angels 9 heav51 nei!r ! ,son1 b ! ,fa!r4 ,take ye he$1 wat* & pray3 = ye "k n :5 ! "t is 7,m>k xiii4 #cb1 #cc74 ,b x is our ga9 t !y 7 all[$ = a "t to hold a belief t ! ,"l w\ld return v spe$ily4 ,! ,epi/les & ,gospels 7 writt5 by m5 "u ! influ5ce ( t belief1 & su* influ5ce is a v consid]able gu>antee = ! hone/y ( ! writ]s4 ,x 0 because ! ri* :om ,/4 ,james "h d5\nces _h no su* belief 9 a spe$y judgm5t1 inde$ _h v little ?\ght ( a judgm5t at all1 t !y 7 guilty ( su* folly & iniquity4 ,hav+ indicat$ _! folly 9 amass+ weal? :i* 0 no bless+ to !mselves or o!rs1 b simply det]iorat$ by be+ ho>d$1 ,/4 ,james passes on to po9t out _! iniquity4 ,& fir/ ( all he m5tions ! gross inju/ice :i* is frequ5tly inflict$ by ^! weal?y employ]s ( lab\r ^u ^? :o "w = !m4 ,! paym5t ( ! wages :i* h be5 e>n$ is ei!r unfairly delay$ or n paid at all4 ,behold1 ! hire ( ! lab\r]s :o m[$ y\r fields1 :i* is ( y kept back by fraud1 crie? out4 ,sev]al passages 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t appe> to be 9 ! writ]'s m9d4 ,?\ %alt n oppress an hir$ s]vant t is poor & ne$y1 :e!r he be ( ?y bre?r51 or ( ?y /rang]s t are 9 ?y l& )9 ?y gates3 9 8 day ?\ %alt give him 8 hire1 nei!r %all ! sun g d[n ^u x2 = he is poor1 & sette? 8 he>t ^u x3 le/ he cry aga9/ !e unto ! ,"l1 & x be s9 unto !e 7,deut4 xxiv4 #ad1 #ae2 cf4 #ag1 & ,lev4 xix4 #ac74 ,& ,i w come ne> y to judgm5t2 & ,i w be a swift witness aga9/ 444 ^? t oppress ! hirel+ 9 8 wages1 ! wid[ & ! fa!rless1 & t turn away ! /rang] f 8 "r1 & fe> n ,me1 sai? ! ,"l 7,mal4 iii4 #e2 cf4 ,j]4 xxii4 #ac74 ,p]haps also1 ,_! cry came up unto ,god by reason ( ! bondage 7,exod4 ii4 #bc72 & ,! voice ( ?y bro!r's blood crie? unto me f ! gr\nd 7,g54 iv4 #aj74 ,! frequ5cy ) :i* ! subject is m5tion$#hd seems to %[ t ! evil :i* ,/4 ,james "h d5\nces _h long be5 a common s9 among ! ,jews4 ,tobit1 9 8 *>ge to 8 son1 says1 ,:at is hateful to !e d n ?\ to o!rs4 ,let n ! wages ( any man1 :i* ha? wr\ght = !e1 t>ry ) !e 7abide ) !e all night71 b give him x out ( h& 7,tobit iv4 #ad74 ,& 9 ,ecclesia/icus1 :i* ,/4 ,james seems s (t5 to h 9 8 ?\ghts1 we read1 ,! bread ( ! ne$y is ! life ( ! poor3 he t defraude? him !re( 7 7 is a man ( blood4 ,he t take? away 8 neighb\r's liv+ slaye? him2 & he t defraude? ! lab\r] ( 8 hire 7 7#he is a blood-%$d] 7,ecclus4 xxxiv4 #ba1 #bb74 ,b none ( ^! passages det]m9e = u a po9t ( "s int]e/ 9 ! con/ruction us$ by ,/4 ,james4 ,! words translat$ ( y1 9 ( y kept back by fraud1 lit]ally mean f y 7' 1 n ' 74 ,two explanations are sugge/$3 #a4 ,! fraudul5t action proce$s f !m1 & h5ce f becomes ne>ly equival5t to by2 & ! use ( f 771 r ?an by 771 is all ! m natural because ! ^w = kept back by fraud has ! =m] preposition comp\nd$ ) x4 #b4 ,f y1 be+ plac$ betwe5 kept back by fraud & crie? out 7 ' 71 may g ) ei!r1 & x w be bett] to take x ) crie? out3 ,! hire kept back by fraud crie? out f y4 ,! wrongfully deta9$ wages are ) ! ri* employ]s1 & !re=e x is f ! place :]e !y are deta9$ t _! cry goes up to heav54 ,! passage quot$ above f ,exodus ii4 #bc slightly fav\rs ?is view1 = !re ! ,septuag9t has1 ,_! cry came up unto ,god f _! lab\rs 7 72 b ! passages are n really p>allel4 ,! ^w us$ = fields 77 is wor? not+4 ,x implies ext5sive l&s1 & !re=e adds po9t to ! reproa*4 ,! m5 :o own su* l>ge prop]ties are n "u ! temptations to fraud :i* beset ! ne$y1 & x is sc&al\s t ^? :o c s well af=d to pay :at is due %\ld refuse4 ,moreov]1 ! lab\r ( m[+ & reap+ su* fields mu/ be great1 & !re=e ! lab\r]s h well e>n$ _! wage4 ,! words into ! e>s ( ! ,"l ( ,sabao? probably come f ,isaiah 7v4 #i71 & p]haps ,/4 ,james 0 l$ to !m by ! ?\ght t ^! ext5sive fields are ! result ( fraud or viol5ce2 = ! v]se :i* prec$es ! words 9 ,isaiah runs ?us3 ,woe unto !m t jo9 h\se to h\se1 t lay field to field1 till !re be no room1 & ye be made to dwell alone 9 ! mid/ ( ! l&6 ,no o!r ,new ,te/am5t writ] uses ! expression ! ,"l ( ,sabao?1 al?\gh ,/4 ,paul once quotes x f ,isaiah 7,rom4 ix4 #bi74 ,b$e may be "r 9 ?9k+ t its po9t "h is t ! ri* fancy t ! poor h no protector2 :]eas ! ,"l ( ho/s he>s _! cry4 ,& !re is possibly ano!r po9t 9 m[]s & reap]s be+ select$ z ! repres5tatives ( all hir$ lab\r]s4 ,calv9 sugge/s t x is specially iniquit\s t ^? ^: toil supplies u ) food %\ld !mselves be r$uc$ to />vation2 & to ?is x has be5 add$ t ! h>d-he>t$ness ( ! grasp+ employ]s is inde$ conspicu\s :5 n ev5 ! joy ( ! h>ve/ moves !m to pay ! poor :o "w = !m _! h>dly e>n$ wage4 ,! second feature 9 ! iniquity ( ! ri* is ! voluptu\s & prodigal life :i* !y lead !mselves1 at ! v "t t !y inflict su* h>d%ips ^u ! poor4 ,ye liv$ delicately on ! e>?1 & took y\r pleasure2 ye n\ri%$ y\r he>ts 9 a day ( slaught]4 ,! aori/s %\ld p]haps be translat$ z aori/s ?r\gh\t ^! v]ses3 ,ye laid up y\r treasure1 444 ye liv$ delicately1 etc4 r ?an1 ,ye h laid up1 ye h liv$1 etc4 ,! po9t ( view is t ( ! ,day ( ,judgm5t1 :5 ^! weal?y s9n]s are confront$ by ! enormities :i* !y committ$ dur+ _! lives4 ,b x is a case 9 :i* x is q p]missible to r5d] ! ,greek aori/ by ! ,engli% p]fect4 ,on ! e>? may ei!r mean dur+ y\r lifetime1 or may be 9 contra/ to ent]$ into ! e>s ( ! ,"l ( ,sabao?4 ,all ! :ile t ! cry aga9/ _! iniquity 0 asc5d+ to heav51 z an accumulat+ *>ge t w\ld at la/ ov]:elm !m1 !y 7 liv+ 9 luxury on e>?1 ?9k+ no?+ ( ! wra? to come4 ,x 0 ! conv]se ( ! old ,epicurean doctr9e1 s graphically describ$ by ! ,laureate 9 ,! ,lotus-eat]s4 ,!re x is ! gods :o lie beside _! nect> 9 ceaseless enjoym5t1 c>eless ( mank9d1 :o s5d up useless lam5tations1 :i* provoke no m ?an a smile among ! neglectful deities4 ,"h x is ! m5 :o revel 9 b\ndless luxury1 c>eless ( ! righte\s ,god1 ^: v5geance !y provoke by p]si/5t neglect ( ,8 comm&s4 ,! mean+ ( 9 a day ( slaught] is n easily det]m9$4 ,! z--z 9 a day ( slaught]--mu/ c]ta9ly be omitt$4 ,x 0 ins]t$ to make m evid5t "o ( ! possible int]pretations ( day ( slaught]4 ,ye fatt5$ y\r he>t ) p]petual banquet+1 z if life 7 made up ( kill+ & eat+4 ,& 9 t day did ! ,"l1 ! ,"l ( ho/s1 call to weep+ & to m\rn+1 & baldness1 & to gird+ ) sackclo?3 & behold1 joy & gladness1 slay+ ox5 & kill+ %eep1 eat+ fle% & dr9k+ w9e3 let u eat & dr9k1 = to-morr[ we die 7,isaiah xxii4 #ab1 #ac74 ,if ?is be ! idea :i* is express$ by ! words 9 "q1 !n ! mean+ w\ld be1 ,ye f>$ sumptu\sly e day4 ,b x is possible t 9 a day ( slaught] "h balances 9 ! la/ days j above4 ,z ! folly ( heap+ up treasure 0 augm5t$ by ! fact t x 0 done :5 ! end ( all ?+s 0 at h&1 s ! iniquity ( voluptu\s liv+ 0 augm5t$ by ! fact t _! own de/ruction 0 at h&4 ,9 ?is case ! weal?y own]s1 l /all$ ox51 7 unconsci\sly fatt5+ !mselves = ! slaught]4 ,in/ead ( sacrific+ !mselves to ,god's love & m]cy1 !y _h sacrific$ & dev\r$ _! poor bre?r54 ,!y _h f$ !mselves1 & n ! flock2 & unwitt+ly !y 7 prep>+ !mselves z a sacrifice to ,god's wra?4 ,= a sacrifice1 ei!r will+ly or unwill+ly1 e "o mu/ be4 ,did any ( ^? :om ,/4 ,james "h condemns rememb] 8 words :51 a few ye>s lat]1 ?\s&s ( ! ,jews ( ! ,disp]sion 7 once m ga!r$ toge!r at ,j]usalem = ! sacrifice ( ! ,passov]1 & !re became unwill+ sacrifices to ,god's sl[ b sure v5geance8 ,z already po9t$ out1 x 0 ! weal?y among !m :o specially suff]$4 ,_! prosp]ity & _! fri5d%ip ) ! ,romans provok$ ! envy & enmity ( ! fanatical ,zealots1 & !y p]i%$ 9 a day ( slaught]4 ,josephus tells u t x 0 all "o :e!r ! ri*] ,jews /ay$ 9 ! city dur+ ! siege or tri$ to escape to ! ,romans2 = !y 7 equally de/roy$ 9 ei!r case4 ,e su* p]son 0 put to dea?1 on ! pretext t he 0 prep>+ to des]t1 b 9 reality t ! plund]]s might get 8 possessions4 ,p :o 7 evid5tly half-/>v$ 7 left unmole/$1 :5 !y decl>$ t !y _h no?+2 b ^? ^: bodies %[$ no signs ( privation 7 tortur$ to make !m reveal ! treasures :i* !y 7 suppos$ to h conceal$ 7,bell4 ,jud4 ,v4 x4 #b74 ,ye condemn$1 ye kill$ ! righte\s "o2 he do? n resi/ y4 ,does ?is ref] to ! condemnation & dea? ( ,jesus ,*ri/8 ,?is int]pretation has f\nd advocates 9 all ages--,cassiodorus1 ,b$e1 cum5ius1 ,grotius1 ,b5gel1 ,lange1 & o!r mod]n comm5tators2 & x is c]ta9ly attractive4 ,/4 ,pet]1 address+ ! ,jews 9 ,solomon's ,por*1 says1 ,b ye d5i$ ! ,holy & ,righte\s ,"o1 & ask$ = a murd]] to be grant$ unto y1 & kill$ ! ,pr9ce ( ,life 7,acts iii4 #ad1 #ae74 ,/4 ,/eph51 9 8 spee* be=e ! ,sanh$r91 asks1 ,:i* ( ! prophets did n y\r fa!rs p]secute8 & !y kill$ !m :i* %[$ be=e ( ! com+ ( ! ,righte\s ,"o2 ( :om ye h n[ become betray]s & murd]]s 7,acts vii4 #eb2 cf4 xxii4 #ad1 & #a ,pet4 iii4 #ah74 ,x is c]ta9ly no objection to ?is int]pretation t ,/4 ,james uses ! aori/--ye condemn$1 ye kill$4 ,t t5se might fitt+ly be us$ ei!r ( a c\rse ( action 9 ! pa/1 z 9 ! aori/s imm$iately prec$+1 or ( a s+le action1 z ( ,abraham's (f]+ ,isaac 7ii4 #ba74 ,nor is x any objection t 9 ,he do? n resi/ y ,/4 ,james *anges to ! pres5t t5se4 ,9 any case ! *ange f pa/ to pres5t has to be expla9$1 & x is z easy to expla9 x ( ! pres5t long-suff]+ ( ,*ri/1 or ( ,8 ab&on+ !m to _! wick$ness1 z ( ! habitual meekness ( ! righte\s man4 ,nor1 aga91 is x any objection t ! ,jews address$ 9 ?is ,epi/le c\ld n rightly be *>g$ ) ! condemnation & dea? ( ,*ri/1 = tw5ty or ?irty ye>s _h elaps$ s9ce t ev5t4 ,x is by no means improbable t among ! ,jews !n liv+ !re 7 _m :o _h cri$ ,crucify ,him on ,good ,friday2 & ev5 if !re 7 n1 ! words ( ,/4 ,james are q ju/ifiable4 ,! ,crucifixion 0 9 a v real s5se ! act ( ! :ole nation1 f> m s ?an 0 ! murd] ( ,za*>ias ! son ( ,jehoiada1 & yet ,jesus says to ! ,jews respect+ ,za*>ias1 :om ye slew betwe5 ! sanctu>y & ! alt>4 ,if at ! pres5t day ! ,engli% might be told t !y condemn$ & kill$ ,*>les ,i41 & ! ,fr5* be told t !y condemn$ & kill$ ,l\is ,,xvi41 mu* m might ! ,jews 9 ! middle ( ! fir/ c5tury be said to h condemn$ & kill$ ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,b nev]!less1 ?is attractive & t5able int]pretation is probably n ! "r "o2 ! context is aga9/ x4 ,x is ! evil t is inh]5t 9 class tyranniz+ ov] class t is condemn$1 ! ri* oppress+ ! poor1 & ! godless p]secut+ ! godly4 ,! righte\s "o is "h n an individual1 b ! repres5tative ( a class4 ,! iniquit\s viol5ce :i* slew ,jesus ,*ri/ & ,8 m>tyrs1 ,james ! son ( ,zeb$ee & ,/eph51 illu/rates :at ,/4 ,james says "h1 j z 8 own m>tyrdom does2 b x does n foll[ f ?is t he is allud+ to any "o ( ^! ev5ts 9 p>ticul>4 ,! ,book ( ,wisdom seems once m to be 9 ! writ]'s m9d3 ,let u oppress ! poor righte\s man2 let u n sp>e ! wid[1 nor rev]5ce ! anci5t grey hairs ( ! ag$4444 ,let u lie 9 wait = ! righte\s2 because he is n = our turn1 & he is clean contr>y to our do+s3 he upbraide? u ) our (f5d+ ! law1 & objecte? to our infamy ! transgress+s ( our education4444 ,he is griev\s to u ev5 to behold3 = 8 life is n l o!r m5's2 8 ways are ( ano!r fa%ion4444 ,let u exam9e him ) despitefulness & torture1 t we may "k 8 meekness1 & prove 8 pati5ce4 ,let u condemn him ) a %ameful dea?2 = by 8 own say+ he %all be respect$ 7ii4 #aj-bj74 99 99 99 99 99 ,julius ,cs> on "o occasion /at$ 8 f9ancial position by confess+ t he ne$$ half a million ( money 9 ord] to be wor? no?+4 ,! spiritual condition ( _m prosp]\s m5 might be express$ 9 a simil> way4 ,cs> nev] all[$ lack ( funds to /& betwe5 him & 8 political aims2 :5 he _h no?+ he borr[$ at enorm\s int]e/4 ,s also ) u4 ,9 pursu+ our worldly aims we s9k deep] & deep] 9 spiritual ru91 & accumulate debts = an et]nal bankruptcy4 ,ri*es are n a :it less p]il\s to ! s\l n[ ?an !y 7 9 ! fir/ c5tury1 & yet h[ few among ! weal?y really believe t !y are p]il\s at all4 ,! wisdom ( our =efa!rs has plac$ 9 ! ,litany a petition :i* e well-to-d p]son %\ld say ) 8 :ole he>t3 ,9 all "t ( our weal?1 ,good ,"l1 deliv] u4 #hd ,9 addition to ! passages quot$ 9 ! text see ,job vii4 #a1 #b2 ix4 #bd2 xii4 #e1 #f2 xxiv4 #a-ab2 xxxi4 #ch1 #ci4 #he ,x is unc]ta9 :e!r ! ^w :i* ,/4 ,james uses is or 4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,pati5ce ,,9 ,,wait+4 ,,! ,,endurance ,,( ,,job4 ,,! ,,significance ,,( ,,! ,,m5tion ,,( ,,job ,,by ,,/4 ,,james4 ,be pati5t !re=e1 bre?r51 until ! com+ ( ! ,"l4 ,behold1 ! husb&man waite? = ! preci\s fruit ( ! e>?1 be+ pati5t ov] x1 until x receive ! e>ly & latt] ra94 ,be ye also pati5t2 /abli% y\r he>ts3 = ! com+ ( ! ,"l is at h&4 ,murmur n1 bre?r51 "o aga9/ ano!r1 t ye be n judg$2 behold1 ! ,judge /&e? be=e ! doors4 ,take1 bre?r51 = an example ( suff]+ & ( pati5ce1 ! prophets :o spake 9 ! ,"n ( ! ,"l4 ,behold1 we call !m bless$ :i* endur$3 ye h he>d ( ! endurance ( ,job1 & h se5 ! end ( ! ,"l1 h[ t ! ,"l is full ( pity1 & m]ciful4--,,/4 ,,james v4 #g-aa4 ,be pati5t1 !re=e1 bre?r54 ,! /orm ( indignation is pa/1 & f ?is po9t to ! end ( ! ,epi/le ,/4 ,james writes 9 tones ( t5d]ness & affection4 ,9 ! p>agraph be=e u he1 z x 71 r\nds (f 8 lett]1 br++ x back to ! po9t f :i* he />t$2 s t :at foll[s 7vv4 #ab-bj7 is ( ! nature ( a po/script or app5dix4 ,he began 8 lett] ) ! exhortation1 ,c\nt x all joy1 my bre?r51 :5 ye fall into manifold trials2 kn[+ t ! pro( ( y\r fai? worke? pati5ce4 ,& let pati5ce h its p]fect "w1 t ye may be p]fect & entire1 lack+ 9 no?+ 7i4 #b-d74 ,he draws to a close ) ! *>ge1 ,be pati5t !re=e1 bre?r51 until ! com+ ( ! ,"l4 ,! !re=e %[s t ?is sympa!tic exhortation ( ! bre?r5 is closely connect$ ) ! /]n d5unciation ( ! ri* 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph4 ,! connexion is obvi\s4 ,^! bre?r5 are 9 ! ma9 id5tical ) ! righte\s poor :o are s cruelly oppress$ by ! ri*2 & ,/4 ,james (f]s !m consolation ma9ly on two gr\nds3 ,fir/1 _! suff]+s w n la/ = ev]2 on ! contr>y1 ! end ( !m is ne> at h&4 ,secondly1 ! end ( !m w br+ n only relief1 b rew>d4 ,z has be5 already po9t$ out 7p4 #bgi71 ,/4 ,james evid5tly %>$ ! belief1 :i* prevail$ 9 ! ,apo/olic age1 t ,jesus ,*ri/ w\ld v spe$ily return 9 glory to puni% ! wick$ & rew>d ! righte\s4 ,?is belief1 z ,ne&] obs]ves1 0 v natural3 ,*ri/ ,himself _h n *os5 to give any in=mation respect+ ! "t ( 8 com+4 ,nay1 ,he _h expressly said t ! ,fa!r _h res]v$ ! decision to ,himself alone 7,m>k xiii4 #cb72 t ev5 ! ,son c\ld det]m9e no?+ respect+ x4 ,b /ill1 ! long+ desire ( ! ,apo/olic ,*ur* 0 direct$ ) eag] ha/e to ! appe>+ ( ! ,"l4 ,! :ole ,*ri/ian p]iod seem$ only z ! transition-po9t to ! et]nal1 & ?us z some?+ t mu/ soon be pass$4 ,z ! travell]1 behold+ f af> ! object ( all 8 w&]+s1 ov]looks ! w9d+s ( ! int]v5+ way1 & believes himself already ne> 8 goal1 s x seem$ to !m1 z _! eye 0 fix$ on t consummation ( ! :ole c\rse ( ev5ts on e>?4 ,?us1 by a /range b unp]ceiv$ incongruity1 ,/4 ,james makes ! unconsci\s impati5ce ( primitive ,*ri/ianity a basis = 8 exhortation to consci\s pati5ce4 ,e>ly ,*ri/ians1 9 _! eag]ness = ! return ( _! ,"l1 impati5tly believ$ t ,8 return 0 imm95t2 & ,/4 ,james uses ?is belief z an argum5t = pati5t wait+ & pati5t endurance4 ,x is only = a %ort "t t !y w h to wait & endure1 & !n ! ri* rew>d w be reap$4 ,pl\gh+ & h>r[+ are toilsome & pa9ful1 b !y h to be gone ?r\gh1 & !n1 aft] no intol]able wait+1 ! h>ve/ comes4 ,above1 :5 ,/4 ,james 0 rebuk+ 8 read]s = _! presumptu\s confid5ce respect+ _! future plans1 he rem9d$ !m ( ! %ortness ( life4 ,:at is y\r life8 ,= ye are a vap\r1 t appe>e? = a little "t1 & !n vani%e? away 7iv4 #ad74 ,"h ! %ortness ( ! int]val betwe5 ! pres5t mom5t & ! end ( all ?+s is urg$ z a reason bo? = circumspection & = pati5ce4 ,9 bo? cases1 ) 8 *>act]i/ic fondness = illu/rations drawn f nature1 he employs physical ph5om5a to en=ce 8 lesson4 ,9 ! "o case life is a vap\r1 n sub/antial at any "t1 & soon disp]s$2#hf 9 ! o!r case life is ! "w & ! wait+ :i* mu/ prec$e ! h>ve/4 ,! key-note ( ! :ole passage is pati5ce1 :i* 9 "o =m or ano!r occurs six times 9 five v]ses ,9 ! orig9al two diff]5t words are us$--"o 7 & 7 f\r times 9 ! fir/ f\r v]ses2 & ! o!r 7 & 7 twice 9 ! la/ v]se1 :]e we c]ta9ly ne$ ! endurance ( ,job r ?an ! pati5ce ( ,job1 9 ord] to pres]ve ! transition f ! "o ^w to ! o!r4 ,take1 bre?r51 = an example ( suff]+ & ( pati5ce 77 ! prophets :o spake 9 ! ,"n ( ! ,"l4 ,behold1 we call !m bless$ :i* endur$ 7 73 ye h he>d ( ! endurance 77 ( ,job4 ,x 0 p]haps because ! pati5ce ( ,job has become a prov]bial =mula t ! ,revis]s bani%$ endurance to ! m>g91 in/ead ( plac+ x 9 ! text4#hg ,! two words are n infrequ5tly f\nd toge!r 7#b ,cor4 vi4 #d-f2 ,col4 i4 #aa2 #b ,tim4 iii4 #aj2 ,clem5t ( ,rome1 lviii42 ,ignatius1 ,ephes4 iii474 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two is1 on ! :ole1 ?is1 t ! fir/ is ! long-suff]+ :i* does n retaliate ^u oppressive p]sons1 ! second ! endurance :i* does n succumb "u oppressive ?+s4 ,! p]secut$ prophets exhibit$ ! "o2 ! afflict$ ,job exhibit$ ! o!r4 ,! oppress$ & poor ,*ri/ians :om ,/4 ,james addresses are able to practise bo? ^! =ms ( pati5ce1 :i* ,*ryso/om extols z ! que5 ( ! virtues4 ,!re is a rem>kable div]sity ( read+s 9 ! illu/ration ab\t ! husb&man's wait+4 ,"s au?orities make him wait = ! e>ly & latt] ra91 o!rs = ! e>ly & latt] fruit4 ,! be/ witnesses leave ! sub/antive to be und]/ood1 & ?is is d\btless ! orig9al read+2 x acc\nts = ! o!r two4 ,"s copyi/s ?\ght t ra9 0 to be und]/ood1 & !re=e ins]t$ x2 :ile o!rs = a simil> reason ins]t$ fruit4 ,no d\bt x is ra9 t is int5d$1 9 accordance ) sev]al passages 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t 7,deut4 xi4 #ad2 ,j]4 v4 #bd2 ,joel ii4 #bc2 ,ze*4 x4 #a74 ,! ra9s ( autumn & ( spr+ are meant1 n morn+ ra9 & ev5+ ra9 z ,lu!r r5d]s x 9 8 v]sion2 & no moral or spiritual facts are symboliz$ by ^! natural ph5om5a1 su* z ! p5it5tial te>s ( y\? & ( old age1 :i* w\ld n fit ! context4 ,! po9t ( ! simile lies 9 ! pati5t wait+1 n 9 t :i* is wait$ =4 ,murmur n1 bre?r51 "o aga9/ ano!r4 ,! lit]al mean+ ( ! ,greek is ,groan n2 t is1 ,grumble n4 ,e>li] ,engli% v]sions h ,grudge n2 & grudge once _h ! mean+ ( murmur1 z 9 ,!y w run "h & !re = meat1 & grudge if !y be n satisfi$ 7,ps4 lix4 #ae74 ,x is altoge!r a mi/ake to suppose t "o aga9/ ano!r includes ! weal?y oppressors spok5 ( 9 ! prec$+ section4 ,x is ! common exp]i5ce ( e "o t m5 :o are irritat$ & exasp]at$ by try+ p]sons or circum/ances are liable to v5t _! vexation on ^? :o are 9 no way responsible = :at tries !m4 ,/4 ,james is well aw>e ( ?is dang]1 & puts 8 read]s on _! gu>d aga9/ x4 ,be long-suff]+1 he says1 & d n retaliate on ^? :o maltreat y2 & d n let ! sm>t ( y\r tr\bles betray y into impati5ce t[>ds "o ano!r4 ,he :o is to judge y\r oppressors w judge y also1 & ,he is close at h&4 ,we c h>dly d\bt t ,*ri/'s say+1 ,judge n1 t ye be n judg$ 7,matt4 vii4 #a71 is 9 8 m9d4 ,! way to light5 "o's burd5 is n to groan ov] x1 /ill less to murmur aga9/ ^? :o are 9 ! same case1 b to try to console & help !m4 ,be> ye "o ano!r's burd5s1 & s fulfil ! law ( ,*ri/4 ,x is a good ?+ to take z an example ( pati5ce ! prophets & o!rs among ,god's suff]+ sa9ts2 b x is a /ill bett] ?+ to give su* an example ourselves4 ,by ! prophets ,/4 ,james no d\bt means ! prophets ( ! ,old ,te/am5t--,elijah1 ,j]emiah1 & o!rs4 ,x is n likely t he includes any ( ! p]secut$ disciples ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 su* z ,james ! son ( ,zeb$ee1 & ,/eph54 ,"h aga9 we seem to h an e*o ( ,*ri/'s words3 ,bless$ are ye :5 m5 %all reproa* y1 & p]secute y 7comp4 ,we call !m bless$ :i* endur$73 = s p]secut$ !y ! prophets :i* 7 be=e y 7,matt4 v4 #aa1 #ab74 ,x is ! ceaseless reproa* aga9/ ! ,jews t !y boa/$ t !irs 7 ! prophets1 & yet 7 ! p]secutors ( ! prophets4 ,! *ildr5 ( ,israel 444 h sla9 ,?y prophets ) ! sword1 says ,elijah 7#a ,k+s xix4 #aj1 #ad74 ,t ,i may av5ge ! blood ( ,my s]vants ! prophets1 says ,god to ,eli%a 7#b ,k+s ix4 #g74 ,!y slew ,?y prophets :i* te/ifi$ aga9/ !m to turn !m aga9 to ,!e1 says ,nehemiah1 9 8 pray] 7,neh4 ix4 #bf74 ,y\r own sword ha? dev\r$ y\r prophets1 l a de/roy+ lion1 is ! accusation ( ,j]emiah 7ii4 #cj74 ,o ,j]usalem1 ,j]usalem1 :i* kille? ! prophets1 & /one? !m t are s5t unto h]6 is ! lam5tation ( ,*ri/ 7,matt4 xxiii4 #cg74 ,& ,/eph51 j be=e he 0 himself add$ to ! numb] ( ! sla91 asks1 ,:i* ( ! prophets did n y\r fa!rs p]secute8 & !y kill$ !m :i* %[$ be=e ( ! com+ ( ! ,righte\s ,"o 7,acts vii4 #eb74 ,c]ta9ly ^? :o try to d ,god's "w 9 ! _w h no lack ( examples ( pati5t suff]+ = su* "w4 ,! reasonable "q w\ld seem to be1 n1 ,:y %\ld ,i be made to suff] = endeav\r+ to d good8 b1 ,:y %\ld ,i n be made to suff]8 ,see+ :at o!rs h _h to endure1 :y %\ld ,i be sp>$8 ,ye h he>d ( ! endurance ( ,job4 ,x is possible t ?is ref]s specially to ! read+ ( ! ,book ( ,job 9 public s]vice2 b !re is no ne$ to re/rict ! he>+ to su* occasions4 ,we ne$ n d\bt t ! endurance ( ,job 0 a famili> topic among ! ,jews long be=e ?is ,epi/le 0 writt51 & indep5d5tly ( ! book be+ read 9 ! synagogues4 ,yet1 9 spite ( ?is famili>ity1 ! passage be=e u is ! only ref]5ce 9 ! :ole ( ! ,new ,te/am5t to ! /ory ( ,job1 & !re is only "o quotation f ! ,book3 ,he take? ! wise 9 _! own craft9ess 7,job v4 #ac7 is quot$ by ,/4 ,paul 7#a ,cor4 iii4 #ai74 ,!re are sev]al loose quotations f x 9 ! ,epi/le ( ,clem5t ( ,rome 7xvii41 xx41 xxvi41 xxxix41 lvi472 & ! rem>kable ins]tion 9 ! ,vulgate ,v]sion ( ,tobit ii4 #ab-ae is wor?y ( quotation3 ,?is trial ! ,"l !re=e p]mitt$ to happ5 to him1 t an example might be giv5 to po/]ity ( 8 pati5ce1 z also ( holy ,job4 ,= :]eas he _h always fe>$ ,god f 8 infancy1 & kept ,8 comm&m5ts1 he rep9$ n aga9/ ,god because ! evil ( bl9dness _h befall5 him1 b cont9u$ immovable 9 ! fe> ( ,god1 giv+ ?anks to ,god all ! days ( 8 life4 ,= z ! k+s#hh insult$ ov] holy ,job1 s 8 relations & k9sm5 mock$ at 8 life1 say+1 ,:]e is ?y hope1 = :i* ?\ gave/ alms1 & buri$e/ ! dead8 ,b ,tobias rebuk$ !m1 say+1 ,speak n s2 = we are ! *ildr5 ( sa9ts1 & look = t life :i* ,god w give to !m t nev] *ange _! fai? f ,him4 ,ye h he>d ( ! endurance ( ,job1 & h se5 ! end ( ! ,"l1 h[ t ! ,"l is full ( pity1 & m]ciful4 ,a well-support$1 b1 on ! :ole1 less probable read+1 gives u ! imp]ative1 see ! end ( ! ,"l1 in/ead ( ! indicative1 ye h se5 71 in/ead ( 74 ,if x be correct1 x may be tak5 ei!r ) :at prec$es or ) :at foll[s3 ei!r1 ,ye h he>d ( ! endurance ( ,job3 see also ! end ( ! ,"l1 h[ t ! ,"l is full ( pity1 & m]ciful2 or1 ,ye h he>d ( ! endurance ( ,job & ! end ( ! ,"l3 see t ! ,"l is full ( pity1 & m]ciful4 ,b a m important "q ?an ei!r ! read+ or ! division ( ! clauses is ! mean+ ( ! expression ! end ( ! ,"l4 ,b$e foll[s ,augu/9e 9 und]/&+ x ( ! dea? ( ,*ri/1 :i* no d\bt _m ( ! read]s ( ! ,epi/le _h witness$--,exitum quoque ,dom9i 9 cruce quem longanimit] suscepit1 ad/antes ipsi vidi/is3 & 9 ?is int]pretation ,b$e is foll[$ by ,wet/e91 ,lange1 & "s o!r mod]n writ]s4 ,x _c be consid]$ z probable4 ,/4 ,james w\ld h>dly c\ple ! endurance ( ,job ) ! dea? ( ,*ri/ 9 ?is abrupt way2 & ! words :i* foll[--t ! ,"l is full ( pity1 & m]ciful--d n fit on to ?is int]pretation4 ,! end ( ! ,"l mu* m probably means ! end to :i* ! ,"l br\ght ! suff]+s ( ,job4 ,x may h special ref]5ce to ! conclud+ portion ( ! ,book ( ,job1 9 :i* ,jehovah is repres5t$ z br++ ! argum5t to a close3 ,!n ! ,"l answ]$ ,job out ( ! :irlw9d1 & said1 ,:o is ?is t d>k5e? c\nsel by words )\t k8 etc41 etc4 7xxxviii4-xlii474 ,?is appe>ance ( ,jehovah to end ! trials ( ,job w\ld !n be analog\s to ! appe>ance ( ,*ri/ to end ! trials ( ! p]secut$ ,*ri/ians2 & x is possible t ! comb9ation ye h he>d 444 & h se5 0 sugge/$ by ! la/ words ( ,job3 ,i h he>d ( ,!e by ! he>+ ( ! e>2 b n[ m9e eye see? ,!e4 ,:]e=e ,i abhor myself1 & rep5t 9 du/ & a%es 7xlii4 #e1 #f74 ,/i] rem>ks t ! m5tion ( ,job 9 ,ezekiel 7xiv4 #ad1 #af1 #bj71 & "h by ,/4 ,james1 %[s u t ! man ,job actually liv$1 l ,noah1 ,daniel1 & all ! prophets2 t ! n>rative ( 8 life is n a didactic poem1 b a real hi/ory4 ,b is t a necess>y conclusion8 ,let u leave on "o side ! "q :e!r or no !re really 0 su* a p]son z ,job1 :o exp]i5c$ :at is record$ 9 ! book :i* be>s 8 "n1 & let u consid] :e!r ! m5tion ( him by ,ezekiel & by ,/4 ,james proves t !re 0 su* a p]son4 ,x proves no?+ ( ! sort4 ,x %[s no m ?an ?is1 t ! /ory ( ,job 0 well kn[n1 & 0 employ$ = moral & spiritual in/ruction4 ,let u suppose t ! ,book ( ,job is a p>able1 l t ( ,dives & ,laz>us4 ,w\ld ! fact t its cont5ts are n hi/orical prev5t ,ezekiel or ,/4 ,james f speak+ ( ,job z a well-kn[n p]son ( exempl>y life8 ,!re w\ld be no?+ unnatural 9 c\pl+ toge!r ,dives1 :o is probably an imag9>y p]son1 & ! ri* "y man1 :o is c]ta9ly a real p]son1 z examples ( m5 to :om great weal? has prov$ disa/r\s1 nor1 aga91 9 speak+ ( ,laz>us & ! p5it5t ?ief z in/ances ( s\ls t _h pass$ f great e>?ly suff]+ to ! re/ ( ,p>adise4 ,su* comb9ations w\ld n commit ! writ] or speak] :o made use ( !m to ! belief t ,dives & ,laz>us 7 hi/orical p]sons4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld ! fact t an inspir$ writ] c\ples ,job ) ,noah & ,daniel commit u to ! belief t ,job is a real p]son8 ,he may h be5 s1 j z ,laz>us may h be5 s1 b ! m5tion ( him by ,ezekiel & by ,/4 ,james does n prove t he 04 ,we "k too little ab\t ! effects ( inspiration to be ju/ifi$ 9 say+ dogmatically t an inspir$ writ] w\ld nev] speak ( an unhi/orical p]son z an example to be imitat$4 ,is ! m]*ant :o sold all t he _h 9 ord] to buy "o pe>l ( great price an hi/orical p]son8 & is he n put be=e u z an example to be imitat$8 ,x is q possible t ! /ory ( ,job is 9 ! ma9 a n>rative ( facts1 & n an inspir$ fiction2 b ! m5tion ( him by ,ezekiel & by ,/4 ,james is no pro( ( x4 ,x is nei!r fair nor prud5t to cite ei!r ( !m z witnesses to ! hi/orical "* ( ! ,book ( ,job4 ,x is n fair1 because we are ignorant ( _! op9ion on ! subject1 & are also ignorant z to :e!r _! op9ion on ! subject w\ld be "u ! direct inspiration ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,& x is n prud5t1 because x may be demon/rat$ h]eaft] t ! /ory ( ,job is n hi/orical2 & !n we %all h pl$g$ ! te/imony ( inspir$ p]sons to ! tru? ( a n>rative :i* is1 aft] all1 fictiti\s4 ,if ,/4 ,paul may cite ,jannes & ,jambres z in/ances ( malignant opposition to ! tru?1 )\t compell+ u to believe t ^? names are hi/orical1#hi ,/4 ,james may quote ,job z an example ( pati5t endurance1 )\t oblig+ u to believe t ,job is an hi/orical p]sonage4 ,9 ea* case ! hi/orical "* ( ! illu/rations mu/ be decid$ on o!r gr\nds ?an ! fact t !y are employ$ by writ]s :o 7 inspir$4#ij ,que/ions ( ?is k9d are among ! _m sph]es 9 :i* we ne$ t virtue on :i* ,/4 ,james "h insi/s ) su* simple e>ne/ness--pati5ce4 ,:5 c]ta9ty has n be5 atta9$1 & p]haps is n atta9able1 let u le>n to wait pati5tly 9 unc]ta9ty4 ,0 !re ev] su* a p]son z ,job8 ,:o wrote ! ,book ( ,job8 ,:at is its date8 ,does inspiration produce infallibility8 & if s1 :at are ! limits to su* infallibility8 ,!re are m5 to :om unc]ta9ty on su* que/ions z ^! seems intol]able4 ,!y _c le>n to lab\r & to wait2 !y _c "w pati5tly1 & wait pati5tly1 until a complete solution is f\nd4 ,& h5ce !y hurry to a def9ite conclusion1 support x by evid5ce t is n relevant1 & affirm t x is demon/rat$ by :at is p]haps relevant1 b is f> %ort ( pro(4 ,intellectual probation is "p ( our moral probation 9 ?is life1 & x is a discipl9e mu* ne$$ 9 an age ( great m5tal activity4 ,impati5ce ( ! intellect is a common blemi%1 & x is disa/r\s bo? to him :o all[s himself to be conqu]$ by x & to ! cause ( tru?4 ,he does good s]vice bo? to himself & to o!rs1 :o cultivates a dread ( jump+ to unprov$ conclusions1 & :o 9 speak+ & writ+ wat*fully di/+ui%es :at is c]ta9 f :at is only probable1 & :at is probable f :at is only n kn[n to be untrue4 ,! great example ( pati5ce is n giv5 by ,/4 ,james1 al?\gh we c read x into 8 words4 ,9 a s5se n meant by him !re is ! ,husb&man1 :o waite? = ! preci\s fruit ( ! e>?1 until x receive ! e>ly & ! latt] ra94 ,!re is t preci\s h>ve/ ( human s\ls :i* mu/ receive & welcome ! dew ( ,god's grace be=e x is ready = ,8 g>n]4 ,on "s x has nev] yet fall52 on "s x has fall51 b z yet 9 va92 & mean:ile ! ,husb&man waite?1 be+ pati5t ov] x1 until x receive ! "o ?+ ne$ful4 ,?r\gh long1 long c5turies ,he has be5 wait+1 & ,he cont9ues s do+4 ,/4 ,augu/9e tells u :y4 ,god is pati5t1 because ,he is et]nal 7pati5s quia t]nus74 ,he :o is f ev]la/+ to ev]la/+ c af=d to wait4 ,he waits pati5tly = u1 g5]ation aft] g5]ation4 ,c we n wait = ,him "o h\r8 ,let u pati5tly abide until ! end ( ! ,"l comes1 ! end :i* ,he has prep>$ = u1 & t[>ds :i* all ?+s "u ,8 guid+ h& are work+4 ,:5 we h se5 x we %all once m see t ! ,"l is full ( pity1 & m]ciful4#ia #hf ,z already po9t$ out1 ?is metaphor is p]haps a rem9isc5ce ( ! ,book ( ,job1 to :i* ,/4 ,james alludes 9 ! passage be=e u4 ,he 0 evid5tly fond ( ! sapi5tial writ+s1 to :i* ,job is ak94 ,my days are swift] ?an a weav]'s %uttle1 & are sp5t )\t hope4 ,z ! cl\d is consum$ & vani%e? away1 s he t goe? d[n to ,%eol %all come up no m 7,job vii4 #f1 #i74 ,see footnote #hd4 #hg ,! ,rhemi% ,v]sion di/+ui%es ! words--be pati5t & pati5ce = ! "o1 suff] & suff]ance = ! o!r1 ! ,vulgate hav+ pati5tia & suff]5tia4 #hh ,reges4 ,s ,job's fri5ds are "h call$1 because !y 7 pr9ces 9 _! respective t]ritories4 ,note 9 ! ,d\ay ,v]sion1 f :i* ! translation ( ! passage is tak54 #hi ,see ,! ,pa/oral ,epi/les1 9 ?is s]ies1 pp4 #cgi-hd 7,hodd] & ,/\ghton1 #ahhh74 #ij ,t ! ,book ( ,job is n pure hi/ory is pla9 f 7#a7 ! dialogue betwe5 ,jehovah & ,satan1 & ! addresses ascrib$ to ! ,almighty 9 ! body ( ! poem2 7#b7 ! dramatic "* ( ,job's calamities1 man & nature alt]nately inflict+ bl[s at him1 & 9 ea* case j "o mess5g] escap+2 7#c7 ! dramatic "* ( 8 comp5sation1 8 goods be+ exactly d\bl$1 & 8 family be+ made exactly :at x 0 be=e2 7#d7 ! elaboration ( ! dialogue betwe5 ,job & 8 fri5ds4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is n likely t x is pure inv5tion4 ,we h no evid5ce ( lit]>y p[] equal to su* inv5tion at ! e>ly date to :i* ! ,book ( ,job mu/ be assign$1 viz4 be=e ! ,return f ! ,captivity2 & ! writ]'s object w\ld be bett] atta9$ if he took an hi/orical p]son1 ?an if he inv5t$ "o1 z 8 c5tre4 #ia ,! ^w = full ( pity 77 0 possibly co9$ by ,/4 ,james himself2 x occurs n[h]e else4 ,x might be r5d]$ l>ge-he>t$4 ,a few inf]ior ,,mss4 h 1 a ^w :i* is f\nd 9 ecclesia/ical & ,byzant9e writ]s4 ,! simpl] occurs #a ,pet4 iii4 #h2 ,eph4 iv4 #cb2 & 9 ! ,pray] ( ,manasses2 1 1 1 4 ,! unique looks l a comb9ation ( & 4 ,comp4 ,joel ii4 #ac2 ,jonah iv4 #b4 ,! ^w = m]ciful occurs ,luke vi4 #cf 7comp4 ,col4 iii4 #ab7 & frequ5tly 9 ! ,septuag9t2 e4g4 ,ecclus4 ii4 #aa2 4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,! ,,prohibition ,,( ,,swe>+4 ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,! ,,language ,,( ,,/4 ,,james ,,to ,,record$ ,,say+s ,,( ,,*ri/4 ,b above all ?+s1 my bre?r51 swe> n1 nei!r by ! heav51 nor by ! e>?1 nor by any o!r oa?3 b let y\r yea be yea1 & y\r nay1 nay2 t ye fall n "u judgm5t4--,,/4 ,,james v4 #ab4 ,! ma9 portion ( ! ,epi/le is already conclud$4 ,/4 ,james has work$ ?r\gh 8 *ief topics back to ! po9t f :i* he />t$1 viz4 ! bless$ness ( /eadfa/ & pati5t endurance ( trials & temptations4 ,b "o or two o!r subjects occur to him1 & he reop5s 8 lett] to add !m by way ( a f>ewell ^w ( c\nsel4 ,"o ( ! lead+ ?\ghts 9 ! lett] has be5 w>n+ aga9/ s9s ( ! tongue 7i4 #ai1 #bf2 iii4 #a-ab2 iv4 #aa1 #ac2 v4 #i74 ,he has spok5 aga9/ talkativ5ess1 unre/ra9$ speak+1 love ( correct+ o!rs1 rail+1 curs+1 boa/+1 murmur+4 ,"o griev\s =m ( s9ful spee* he has n m5tion$ p>ticul>ly2 & ab\t ?is he adds a /rong ^w ( w>n+ 9 ?is po/script to ! ,epi/le3 ,above all ?+s1 my bre?r51 swe> n4 ,two que/ions are rais$ by ?is rem>kable prohibition--fir/1 ! exact mean+ ( x1 especially :e!r x =bids swe>+ = any purpose :atev]2 & secondly1 its relation to ! almo/ id5tical prohibition utt]$ by ,*ri/ 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt 7,matt4 v4 #ce1 #cf74 ,x w be obvi\s t :atev] ?is relation may be1 ! mean+ ( our ,"l's injunction det]m9es ! mean+ ( ,/4 ,james 9 8 injunction4 ,x is h>dly wor? argu+ t he did n mean ei!r m or less ?an ,*ri/ meant4 ,i4 ,! imm$iate context ( ! prohibition is wor? not+ 9 ea* case2 x seems to ?r[ light ^u ! scope ( ! prohibition4 ,jesus ,*ri/1 aft] say+ ,swe> n at all2 nei!r by ! heav51 444 nor by ! e>?4444 ,b let y\r spee* be1 ,yea1 yea2 ,nay1 nay1 goes on to =bid retaliation ( injuries1 & to enjo9 love t[>ds enemies4 ,/4 ,james enjo9s long-suff]+ t[>ds enemies1 !nce goes on to =bid swe>+1 & !n aga9 returns to ! subject ( h[ to behave "u affliction & ill-treatm5t3 ,is any among y suff]+8 let him pray4 ,pray]1 n curs+ & swe>+1 is ! "r me?od ( f9d+ relief4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 "s reason = ?9k+ t bo? 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt & "h ! prohibition ( swe>+ has special ref]5ce to giv+ v5t to "o's feel+s 9 oa?s :5 "o is exasp]at$ by injury or adv]sity4 ,no k9d ( oa? is all[able = any su* purpose4 ,b x is q cle> t ?is is n ! :ole mean+ ( ! injunction 9 ei!r place4 ,b let y\r spee* be1 ,yea1 yea2 ,nay1 nay2 &1 ,b let y\r yea be yea1 & y\r nay1 nay1 manife/ly ref]s to /r5g!n+ affirmations & negations by add+ to !m ! sanction ( an oa?4 ,!re 0 an old say+1 n[ unhappily q grotesque 9 its incongruity ) facts1 t an ,engli%man's ^w is z good z 8 bond4 ,:at ,*ri/ & ,/4 ,james say is t a ,*ri/ian's ^w %\ld be z good z 8 oa?4 ,!re ought to be no ne$ ( oa?s4 ,any?+ ov] & above simple affirm+ or d5y+ come? ( ! evil "o4 ,x is because ,satan1 ! fa!r ( lies1 has introduc$ falsehood into ! _w t oa?s h come into use4 ,among ,*ri/ians !re %\ld be no untru?fulness1 & !re=e no oa?s4 ,! use ( oa?s is an index ( ! pres5ce ( evil2 x is a symptom ( ! preval5ce ( falsehood4 ,b ! use ( oa?s is n only a sign ( ! exi/5ce ( mis*ief1 x is also apt to be productive ( mis*ief4 ,x is apt to produce a belief t !re are two k9ds ( tru?1 "o ( :i* x is a s]i\s ?+ to violate1 viz4 :5 y are on y\r oa?2 b ! o!r ( :i* x is a h>mless1 or at lea/ a v5ial ?+ to violate1 viz4 :5 falsehood is only falsehood1 & n p]jury4 ,& ?is1 bo? among ,jews & among ,*ri/ians1 produces ! fur!r mis*iev\s ref9em5t t "s oa?s are m b9d+ ?an o!rs1 & t only :5 ! mo/ /r+5t =m ( oa? is employ$ is !re any real obligation to speak ! tru?4 ,h[ disa/r\s all su* di/9ctions are to ! int]e/s ( tru?1 abundant exp]i5ce has te/ifi$3 = a common result is ?is2--t p believe t !y are free to lie z mu* z !y please1 s long z ! lie is n support$ by ! p>ticul> k9d ( oa? :i* !y consid] to be b9d+4 ,?us mu*1 !n1 is evid5t1 t bo? our ,"l & ,/4 ,james =bid ! use ( oa?s 7#a7 z an expression ( feel+1 7#b7 z a confirmation ( ord9>y /atem5ts2 = ! prohibitions pla9ly mean z mu* z ?is1 & we "k f o!r s\rces t ^! two abuses 7 disa/r\sly common among bo? ,jews & ,g5tiles at t "t4 ,t conv]ts to ,*ri/ianity 7 exempt f su* vices is mo/ improbable2 & h5ce ! ne$ t ,/4 ,james %\ld write z he does on ! subject4 ,b ! ma9 "q is :e!r ! prohibition is absolute2 :e!r our ,"l & ,/4 ,james =bid ! use ( oa?s = any purpose :atev]2 & x mu/ be admitt$ t ! fir/ impression :i* we d]ive f _! words is t !y d4 ,?is view is upheld by n a few ,*ri/ians z ! "r int]pretation ( bo? passages4 ,*ri/ says1 ,swe> n at all 7 74444 ,b let y\r spee* be1 ,yea1 yea2 ,nay1 nay4 ,/4 ,james says1 ,swe> n1 nei!r by ! heav51 nor by ! e>?1 nor by any o!r oa? 7 73 b let y\r yea be yea1 & y\r nay1 nay4 ,9 bo? cases we h an unqualifi$ prohibition ( :at is to be avoid$1 foll[$ by a pla9 comm& z to :at is to be done4 ,b fur!r inve/igation does n confirm ! view :i* is d]iv$ f a fir/ impression z to ! mean+ ( ! words4 ,aga9/ x we h1 fir/1 ! fact t ! ,mosaic ,law n only all[$1 b enjo9$ ! tak+ ( an oa? 9 c]ta9 circum/ances2 & ,*ri/ w\ld h>dly h abrogat$ ! law1 & ,/4 ,james w\ld h>dly h contradict$ x1 )\t giv+ "s explanation ( s unusual a c\rse2 secondly1 ! indisputable practice ( ! e>ly ,*ur*1 ( ,/4 ,paul1 & ( our ,"l ,himself4 ,9 ,deut]onomy we read1 ,?\ %alt fe> ! ,"l ?y ,god2 & ,him %alt ?\ s]ve1 & %alt swe> by ,8 ,"n 7vi4 #ac72 &1 to ,him %alt ?\ cleave1 & by ,8 ,"n %alt ?\ swe> 7x4 #bj74 ,! ,psalmi/ says1 ,! k+ %all rejoice 9 ,god2 e "o t swe>e? by ,him %all glory3 b ! m\? ( !m t speak lies %all be /opp$ 7lxiii4 #aa74 ,isaiah says1 ,he t swe>e? 9 ! e>? %all swe> by ! ,god ( tru? 7lxv4 #af72 & /ill m /rongly ,j]emiah3 ,?\ %alt swe>1 ,z ! ,"l live?1 9 tru?1 9 judgm5t1 & 9 righte\sness 7iv4 #b72 &1 ,if !y w dilig5tly le>n ! ways ( ,my p1 to swe> by ,my ,"n1 ,z ! ,"l live?2 ev5 z !y taught ,my p to swe> by ,baal2 !n %all !y be built up 9 ! mid/ ( ,my p 7xii4 #af4 ,comp4 xxiii4 #g1 #h74 ,an absolute prohibition ( all swe>+ w\ld h be5 s surpris+ly at v>iance ) ^! passages ( ,scripture t x is difficult to believe t x w\ld h be5 made )\t any allusion to !m4 ,ev5 ! ,ess5es1 :o 7 v /rict ab\t swe>+1 & consid]$ x to be worse ?an p]jury 7= a man is condemn$ already :o _c be believ$ except ^u 8 oa?71 impos$ t]rific oa?s 7 7 ^u ^? :o wi%$ to ent] _! community1 be=e admitt+ !m 7,josephus1 ,bell4 ,jud4 ,,ii4 viii4 #f1 #g2 ,ant4 ,,xv4 x4 #d72 & we c h>dly suppose t ,/4 ,james means to take up a m extreme position ?an t ( ! ,ess5es4 ,b ev5 if we suppose t he does mean ?is we h /ill to expla9 ! practice ( ^? :o 7 well aw>e ( ,*ri/'s comm& respect+ swe>+1 & c]ta9ly _h no int5tion ( delib]ately violat+ x4 ,if ! fir/ ,*ri/ians 7 will+ on c]ta9 occasions to take c]ta9 oa?s1 x mu/ h be5 because !y 7 fully p]suad$ t ,jesus ,*ri/ _h n =bidd5 !m to d s4 ,:5 call$ ^u by hea!n magi/rates to take an oa?1 ! di/9ction :i* !y drew 0 n betwe5 swe>+ & n swe>+1 b betwe5 tak+ oa?s t committ$ !m to idolatry & oa?s :i* did no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,! latt] oa?s !y 7 will+ to take4 ,?us ,t]tullian says t !y w\ld n swe> by ! g5ii ( ! emp]ors1 because ^! 7 suppos$ to be demons2 b by ! safety ( ! emp]ors !y 7 will+ to swe> 7,apol4 xxxii474 ,orig5 writes to mu* ! same effect 7,con4 ,celsum1 viii41 lxv474 ,! oa? by ! g5ius1 or num51 or =tune 77 ( ! emp]or 0 recogniz$ z a =mula = abjur+ ,*ri/ianity4 ,?us ! proconsul presses ,polyc>p aga9 & aga93 ,swe> by ! g5ius ( ,cs>2 swe> ! oa?1 & ,i w release !e 7,m>t4 ,pol4 ix41 x472 & ! fe> ( be+ betray$ into an act ( idolatry 0 "o ( ! ma9 reasons :y ! e>ly ,*ri/ians dislik$ tak+ oa?s4 ,b !re 0 also ! feel+ t = ,*ri/ians oa?s ought to be q unnecess>y4 ,?us ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria says t ! true ,*ri/ian ought to ma9ta9 a life calculat$ to inspire su* confid5ce 9 ^? )\t t an oa? w\ld n ev5 be dem&$ ( him4 ,& ( c\rse1 :5 he swe>s1 he swe>s truly2 b he is n apt to swe>1 & r>ely has rec\rse to an oa?4 ,& 8 speak+ ! tru? on oa? arises f 8 h>mony ) ! tru? 7,/rom4 vii41 viii474 ,pelagius ma9ta9$ t all swe>+ 0 =bidd52 b ,augu/9e cont5ds1 on ! au?ority ( ,scripture1 t oa?s are n unlawful1 al?\gh he w\ld h !m avoid$ z mu* z possible 7,ep4 clvii4 ,comp4 ,epp4 cxxv41 cxxvi474 ,b !re is n only ! evid5ce z to h[ ! primitive ,*ur* und]/ood ! words ( ,*ri/ & ( ,/4 ,james2 !re is also ! practice ( ,/4 ,paul1 :o frequ5tly calls ,god to witness t he is speak+ ! tru? 7#b ,cor4 i4 #bc2 xi4 #ca2 xii4 #ai2 ,gal4 i4 #bj2 ,phil4 i4 #h71 or uses o!r /rong assev]ations :i* are c]ta9ly m ?an pla9 ,yea & ,nay 7,rom4 ix4 i42 #a ,cor4 xv4 #ca2 #b ,cor4 i4 #ah2 xi4 #aj74 ,augu/9e quotes ,/4 ,paul 9 def5ce ( swe>+1 b adds t ,/4 ,paul's swe>+1 :5 !re 0 weighty reason = x1 is no pro( t we may swe> :5ev] we ?9k prop] to d s4 ,& 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews ! fact t m5 swe> 9 ord] to settle disputes is m5tion$ )\t any intimation t ! practice is utt]ly wrong4 ,on ! contr>y1 we are told t ,god has condesc5d$ to d ! same1 9 ord] to give u all ! assurance 9 ,8 p[] 7vi4 #af-ah74 ,la/ly1 we h ! conv9c+ fact t ,jesus ,*ri/ all[$ ,himself to be put ^u ,8 oa?4 ,aft] hav+ kept sil5ce = a long "t1 ,he 0 adjur$ by ! ,high ,prie/ to answ]2 & !n ,he answ]$ at once4 ,! full mean+ ( ! ,high ,prie/'s words are1 ,i exact an oa? ( ,!e 7 7 by ! ,liv+ ,god 7,matt4 xxvi4 #fc1 #fd74 ,_h ?is be5 an unlawful ?+ = ! ,high ,prie/ to d1 our ,"l w\ld h kept sil5ce all ! m1 or w\ld h answ]$ "u prote/4 ,,ii4 ,x rema9s to consid] ! relation ( ! prohibition ( swe>+ 9 ?is ,epi/le to ! almo/ id5tical prohibition 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4 ,is ,/4 ,james quot+ ,*ri/'s words8 & if s1 :5ce did he d]ive 8 k ( !m8 ,no "o :o comp>es ! two passages w believe t ! simil>ity betwe5 !m is accid5tal4 ,ev5 if su* an hypo!sis c\ld reasonably be ent]ta9$1 x w\ld be %att]$ by ! numb] ( o!r co9cid5ces :i* exi/ betwe5 passages 9 ?is ,epi/le & ! record$ words ( ,*ri/4 ,9 ?is in/ance we h ! l>ge/ am\nt ( co9cid5ce2 & !re=e ! discussion ( ?is po9t has be5 res]v$ until ?is passage 0 rea*$1 al?\gh num]\s o!r cases ( co9cid5ce h already occurr$4 ,! rem>k is sometimes made t !re are m quotations ( ,*ri/'s words 9 ! ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,james ?an 9 all ! ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul1 or ?an 9 all ! o!r books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t o!r ?an ! ,gospels4 ,x w\ld be bett] to ^w ! rem>k some:at diff]5tly1 & say t !re are m co9cid5ces :i* _c be =tuit\s betwe5 ?is ,epi/le & ! record$ words ( ,*ri/ ?an 9 all ! ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul2 or t !re is f> m evid5ce ( ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/'s disc\rses ^u ! language ( ,/4 ,james ?an !re is ( any su* influ5ce ^u ! language ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,/4 ,paul tells u mu* ab\t ,*ri/ & ,8 "w1 b he v r>ely reproduces any ( ,8 say+s4 ,) ,/4 ,james x is exactly ! opposite2 he says v little inde$ ab\t ,*ri/1 b1 )\t quot+ !m z su*1 he frequ5tly reproduces ,8 words4 ,x w be f\nd t ! l>ge/ numb] ( ^! co9cid5ces are betwe5 ,/4 ,james & say+s t are record$ by ,/4 ,mat!w1 especially 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4 ,b ?is does n w>rant u 9 ass]t+ t ,/4 ,james mu/ h se5 ,/4 ,mat!w's ,gospel or any o!r writt5 ,gospels4 ,! co9cid5ces1 z w be se51 are n ( a "* to %[ ?is4 ,moreov]1 x is extremely d\btful :e!r any ( ! ,gospels 7 writt5 s e>ly z ,a4,d4 #fb1 ! late/ date :i* c be giv5 to our ,epi/le2 & if any e>li] date be assign$ to x1 ! improbability ( ! writ]'s hav+ se5 a writt5 ,gospel becomes all ! great]4 ,! resemblances betwe5 ! words ( ,/4 ,james & ! record$ words ( ,*ri/ are su* z w\ld naturally arise if he _h himself he>d ,*ri/'s tea*+1 & 0 consci\sly or unconsci\sly reproduc+ :at he rememb]$ ( x1 r ?an su* z w\ld be f\nd if he _h _h a writt5 docum5t to quote f4 ,if ?is be s1 we h a /rong confirmation ( ! view adopt$ at ! outset1 t ?is ,epi/le is ! "w ( ! ,"l's bro!r1 :o _h p]sonal exp]i5ce ( ,*ri/'s conv]sation1 & 0 indep5d5t ( bo? ! oral & ! writt5 tradition ( ,8 tea*+4 ,x w be wor? :ile to tabulate ! pr9cipal co9cid5ces1 s t ! read] may be able to judge = himself z to _! significance4 ,!y suffice to %[ h[ full ! m9d ( ,/4 ,james mu/ h be5 ( ! tea*+ ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 & !y lead to ! highly probable conjecture t 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,epi/le we h rem9isc5ces ( ,*ri/'s words ( :i* we h no record 9 ! ,gospels4#ib ,x is n likely t ,/4 ,james has rememb]$ & reproduc$ only ^? say+s ( :i* !re is some?+ record$ by ! ,evangeli/s4 ,,/4 ,,mat!w4 ,,/4 ,,james4 #a4 ,bless$ are !y t h ,c\nt x all joy1 my bre?r51 be5 p]secut$ = righte\sness' :5 ye fall into manifold sake3 = !irs is ! temptations2 kn[+ t ! k+dom ( heav54 ,bless$ pro( ( y\r fai? worke? are ye :5 m5 %all reproa* pati5ce 7i4 #b1 #c74 y1 & p]secute y1 & say all mann] ( evil aga9/ y ,take1 bre?r51 = an example falsely1 = ,my sake4 ,rejoice ( suff]+ & ( pati5ce1 & be exce$+ glad3 = ! prophets :o spake 9 ! great is y\r rew>d 9 heav53 "n ( ! ,"l4 ,behold1 we = s p]secut$ !y ! prophets call !m bless$ :i* endur$ :i* 7 be=e y 7v4 #aj1 #aa74 7v4 #aj-ab74 #b4 ,ye !re=e %all be p]fect1 ,& let pati5ce h its z y\r heav5ly ,fa!r is p]fect "w1 t ye may be p]fect 7v4 #dh74 p]fect & entire1 lack+ 9 no?+ 7i4 #d74 #c4 ,ask1 & x %all be giv5 ,b if any ( y lacke? y2 seek1 & ye %all f9d2 wisdom1 let him ask ( ,god1 knock1 & x %all be op5$ :o give? to all lib]ally & unto y3 = e "o t upbraide? n2 & x %all be aske? receive? 7vii4 #g1 #h74 giv5 him 7i4 #e74 #d4 ,bless$ are ! poor 9 ,let ! bro!r ( l[ degree _s3 = !irs is ! k+dom glory 9 8 high e/ate 7i4 #i74 ( heav5 7v4 #c4 ,comp4 ,luke vi4 #bj74 ,did n ,god *oose !m t are poor z to ! _w to be ri* 9 fai?1 & heirs ( ! k+dom8 7ii4 #e74 #e4 ,n e "o t sai? ,be ye do]s ( ! ^w1 & unto ,me1 ,"l1 ,"l1 %all n he>]s only1 delud+ y\r ent] into ! k+dom ( own selves4 ,= if any "o is heav52 b he t doe? ! a he>] ( ! ^w1 & n w ( ,my ,fa!r :i* is 9 a do]1 he is l unto a man heav54444 ,& e "o behold+ 8 natural face 9 a t he>e? ^! words ( mirror 7i4 #bb1 #bc74 ,m9e1 & doe? !m n1 %all be lik5$ unto a fooli% man1 :i* built 8 h\se ^u ! s& 7vii4 #ba1 #bf74 #f4 ,bless$ are ! m]ciful3 ,s speak ye1 & s d1 z = !y %all obta9 m]cy 7v4 #g74 m5 t are to be judg$ by a law ( lib]ty4 ,= judgm5t ,if ye =give n m5 _! is )\t m]cy to him t trespasses1 nei!r w y\r ha? %[$ no m]cy3 m]cy ,fa!r =give y\r trespasses glorie? aga9/ judgm5t 7ii4 7vi4 #ae74 #ab1 #ac74 ,) :at judgm5t ye judge1 ye %all be judg$ 7vii4 #b74 #g4 ,d m5 ga!r grapes ( ,c a fig-tree1 my bre?r51 ?orns1 or figs ( ?i/les8 yield olives1 or a v9e figs8 7vii4 #af74 7iii4 #ab74 #h4 ,no man c s]ve two ,"k ye n t ! fri5d%ip ma/]s3 = ei!r he w hate ( ! _w is enmity ! "o1 & love ! o!r2 or ) ,god8 ,:osoev]1 !re=e else he w hold to "o1 & w\ld be a fri5d ( ! despise ! o!r4 ,ye _c _w make? himself an enemy s]ve ,god & ,mammon 7vi4 #bd74 ( ,god 7iv4 #d74 #i4 ,:osoev] %all humble ,humble y\rselves 9 ! himself %all be exalt$ 7xxiii4 sight ( ! ,"l1 & ,he %all #ab74 exalt y 7iv4 #aj74 #aj4 ,be n !re=e anxi\s ,:]eas ye "k n :at = ! morr[ 7vi4 #cd74 %all be on ! morr[ 7iv4 #ad74 #aa4 ,lay n up = y\rselves ,y\r ri*es are corrupt$1 treasures ^u ! e>?1 :]e & y\r g>m5ts are mo?-eat54 mo? & ru/ do? consume ,y\r gold & y\r 7vi4 #ai74 silv] are ru/$ 7v4 #b1 #c74 #ab4 ,swe> n at all2 nei!r ,b above all ?+s1 my by ! heav51 = x is ! ?rone bre?r51 swe> n1 nei!r by ( ,god2 nor by ! e>?1 = ! heav51 nor by ! e>?1 x is ! foot/ool ( ,8 feet2 nor by any o!r oa?4 nor by ,j]usalem1 = x is ! city ( ! great ,k+4 ,nei!r %alt ?\ swe> by ?y head1 = ?\ can/ n make "o hair :ite or black4 ,b let ,b let y\r yea be yea1 & y\r spee*1 be ,yea1 yea2 ,nay1 y\r nay1 nay2 t ye fall n nay3 & :atsoev] is m "u judgm5t 7v4 #ab74 ?an ^! is ( ! evil "o 7v4 #cd-cg74 ,^! twelve p>allels are by no means exhau/ive1 b !y are among ! mo/ /rik+4 ,! foll[+ are wor?y ( consid]ation1 al?\gh ^? :i* h be5 quot$ above are m ?an suffici5t = our purpose3-- ,/4 ,mat!w i4 #ai ,/4 ,james v4 #ai i4 #bj v4 #bb ii4 #h vii4 #ab ii4 #aj1 #aa v4 #bg iii4 #ag1 #ah v4 #i iv4 #c vii4 #h ,let u n[ consid] "s co9cid5ces betwe5 ! language ( ,/4 ,james & our ,"l's words z record$ by ! o!r ?ree ,evangeli/s4 ,,/4 ,,m>k4 ,,/4 ,,james4 #ac4 ,:osoev] %all say unto ,if any ( y lacke? wisdom1 ?is m\nta91 ,be ?\ tak5 let him ask ( ,god1 :o give? up & ca/ into ! sea2 & to all lib]ally & upbraide? %all n d\bt 77 9 n4 ,b let him ask 9 fai?1 8 he>t1 b %all believe t no?+ d\bt+ 773 :at he sai? come? to pass2 = he t d\bte? etc4 7i4 he %all h x 7xi4 #bc74 #e1 #f74 #ad4 ,!y %all deliv] y up ,d n ! ri* oppress y1 to c\ncils2 & 9 synagogues & !mselves drag y be=e %all ye be beat5 7xiii4 #i74 ! judgm5t-seats8 7ii4 #f74 #ae4 ,"k ye t he is nigh1 ,behold1 ! ,judge /&e? ev5 at ! doors 7xiii4 #bi2 be=e ! doors 7v4 #i74 ,matt4 xxiv4 #cc74 ,,/4 ,,luke4 ,,/4 ,,james4 #af4 ,woe unto y1 ye t ,let y\r laught] be turn$ laugh n[6 = ye %all m\rn to m\rn+1 & y\r joy to & weep 7vi4 #be74 heav9ess 7iv4 #i74 #ag4 ,woe unto y t are ,g to n[1 ye ri*1 weep ri* = ye h receiv$ y\r & h[l = y\r mis]ies t consolation 7vi4 #bd74 are com+ ^u y 7v4 #a74 ,,/4 ,,john4 ,,/4 ,,james4 #ah4 ,if ye "k ^! ?+s1 ,be+ n a he>] t =gette?1 bless$ are ye if ye d !m b a do] t worke?1 7xiii4 #ag74 ?is man %all be bless$ 9 8 do+ 7i4 #be74 #ai4 ,if ye 7 ( ! _w1 ,"k ye n t ! fri5d%ip ! _w w\ld love its own3 ( ! _w is enmity b because ye are n ( ! ) ,god8 ,:osoev] !re=e _w1 444 !re=e ! _w w\ld be a fri5d ( ! hate? y 7xv4 #ai4 ,comp4 _w make? himself an enemy xvii4 #ad74 ( ,god 7iv4 #d74 ,x w be obs]v$ t ^! rem9isc5ces ( ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/ are all ( "o k9d4 ,!y are all ( !m conc]n$ ) ! morality ( ! ,gospel1 ) ,*ri/ian conduct & ,*ri/ian life4 ,n "o ( !m is doctr9al1 or gives in/ruction z to ! ,*ri/ian cre$4 ,?is1 aga91 is :at we might expect if ! bro!r ( ! ,"l is ! writ] ( ! ,epi/le4 ,at ! "t :5 he li/5$ to 8 ,div9e ,bro!r's tea*+ he did n believe on ,him4 ,! doctr9al "p ( ,8 disc\rses 0 precisely t "p :i* did n impress him2 x seem$ to him z ! wild fancies ( an en?usia/ 7,m>k iii4 #ba74 ,b ! moral tea*+ ( ,jesus impress$ _m ( ^? :o reject$ ,8 claims to be ! ,messiah1 & x is ?is elem5t :i* ,/4 ,james rememb]s4 ,be=e conclud+1 let u return to ! moral precept conta9$ 9 ! v]se :i* we h be5 consid]+3 ,above all ?+s1 my bre?r51 swe> n4 ,! prohibition has n ceas$ to be necess>y1 z our daily exp]i5ce proves4 ,! vice ( pr(ane swe>+ 7& all swe>+ ab\t ord9>y matt]s is pr(ane7 is a /range "o4 ,:]e is ! pleasure ( x8 ,:]e1 be=e x becomes a fa%ion or a habit1 is ! temptation to x8 ,:]e1 9 any case1 is ! s5se ( x8 ,!re is pleasure 9 gluttony1 9 drunk5ness1 9 lu/1 9 pride1 9 av>ice1 9 rev5ge4 ,b :]e is ! pleasure 9 an oa?8 ,! s5suali/1 ! hypocrite1 ! mis]1 & ! murd]] c at lea/ plead /rong temptation1 c at lea/ urge t !y get some?+1 h[ev] pitiful1 9 ex*ange = et]nal loss4 ,b :at c ! blasphem] plead8 :at does he get 9 ex*ange = 8 s\l8 ,9 times ( /rong excitem5t x is no d\bt a relief to ! feel+s to use /rong language2 b :at is ga9$ by mak+ ! /rong language trebly culpable by add+ blasphemy to x8 ,besides :i*1 !re is ! sadly common case ( ^? :o use blasphem\s words :5 !re is no temptation to give v5t to /rong feel+ 9 /rong language1 :o habitually swe> 9 cold blood4 ,let no "o deceive himself ) ! paltry excuse t he _c help x1 or t !re is no h>m 9 x4 ,a resolution to d some?+ disagreeable e "t an oa? escap$ "o's lips w\ld soon br+ ab\t a cure4 ,& let ^? :o pr(ess to ?9k t !re is no h>m 9 idle swe>+ ask !mselves :e!r !y expect to repeat t plea :5 !y give an acc\nt = e idle ^w at ! day ( judgm5t 7,matt4 xii4 #cf74 #ib ,see ,salmon's ,introduction to ! ,n4,t41 pp4 #bba1 #ejj1 #d? ed41 #ahhi4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,wor%ip ,,! ,,be/ ,,outlet ,,& ,,rem$y ,,= ,,excitem5t4 ,,! ,,connexion ,,betwe5 ,,wor%ip ,,& ,,conduct4 ,is any among y suff]+8 let him pray4 ,is any *e]ful8 let him s+ praise4--,,/4 ,,james v4 #ac4 ,! subject ( ?is v]se 0 probably sugge/$ by t ( ! prec$+ "o4 ,oa?s are n a "r way ( express+ "o's feel+s1 h[ev] /rong !y may be1 & ( :atev] k9d !y may be4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no ne$ to /ifle su* feel+s1 or to pret5d to ! _w t we h no emotions4 ,9 ?is respect1 z 9 _m o!rs1 ,*ri/ianity has no sympa?y ) ! precepts ( ,/oicism or ,cynicism4 ,x is n only innoc5t1 b prud5t1 to seek an outlet = excit$ feel+s2 ! "r & wrong ( ! matt] lie 9 ! k9d ( outlet :i* we all[ ourselves4 ,language ( "s k9d1 & 9 mo/ cases articulate language1 is ! natural in/rum5t = express+ & giv+ v5t to our feel+s4 ,b we ne$ "s /rong safegu>d1 or ! consequ5ces ( freely giv+ expression to our emotions 9 spee* w be calamit\s4 ,?is safegu>d is cle>ly indicat$ by ! rules "h laid d[n by ,/4 ,james4 ,let ! expression ( /rongly excit$ feel+s be an act ( wor%ip2 !n we %all h an outlet = !m :i* is n likely to involve u 9 h>mful results4 ,by ! v act 9 :i* we exhibit our emotions we protect ourselves f ! evil :i* !y might produce4 ,! v mode ( express+ !m mod]ates !m1 & s]ves z an antidote to _! capacity = evil4 ,pray] & praise1 or 79 "o ^w7 wor%ip1 accord+ to ,/4 ,james1 is ! ,*ri/ian rem$y = allay+ or c>ry+ (f ! fev] ( ! m9d4 ,9 all cases 9 :i* ! m9d is greatly agitat$1 :e!r pa9fully or pleasantly1 :e!r by sorr[1 ang]1 regret1 or by joy1 pleasure1 hope1--! wise ?+ to d is to take refuge 9 an act ( wor%ip4 ,m5tal excitem5t is nei!r "r nor wrong1 any m ?an physical hung] or ?ir/4 ,ev]y?+ dep5ds on ! me?od ( express+ ! "o or gratify+ ! o!r4 ,x w be easy 9 bo? cases to indulge a legitimate crav+ 9 su* a way z to turn a natural & heal?y symptom into a disease4 ,nei!r a heat$ m9d nor a heat$ body c )\t dang] be kept heat$1 or treat$ z if !y 7 at _! normal temp]ature4 ,! advice ( ,/4 ,james is t 9 all cases 9 :i* our m9ds are agitat$ by /rong emotion we %\ld turn to ,him :o gave u m9ds capable ( feel+ su* emotion2 we %\ld cease to make ourselves our own c5tre1 & turn our ?\ghts f ! causes ( our excitem5t to ,him :o is ! unmov$ ,cause ( all movem5t & re/4 ,we ne$ n tie ourselves to ! di/ribution ( pray] & praise express$ 9 ! text4 ,x is ! mo/ natural & mo/ g5]ally useful di/ribution2 b x is n ! only "o1 & p]haps x is n ! highe/4 ,! precept w hold good ) equal tru? if we transpose ! two conclusions3 ,is any among y suff]+8 let him s+ praise4 ,is any *e]ful8 let him pray4 ,9 ev]y?+ give ?anks1 says ,/4 ,paul2 :i* involves our frequ5tly giv+ ?anks 9 suff]+4 ,?is 0 :at ,job1 to :om ,/4 ,james has j direct$ 8 read]s1 did 9 8 tr\ble4 ,he fell ^u ! gr\nd & wor%ipp$3 & he said1 ,nak$ came ,i out ( my "m's womb1 & nak$ %all ,i return ?i!r3 ! ,"l gave1 & ! ,"l ha? tak5 away2 bless$ be ! "n ( ! ,"l 7i4 #bj1 #ba74 ,& ! ,psalmi/ tea*es mu* ! same lesson z ,/4 ,paul3 ,i w bless ! ,"l at all times2 ,8 praise %all cont9ually be 9 my m\? 7xxxiv4 #a74 ,b if praise is z suitable z pray] = suff]+1 pray] is z suitable z praise = *e]fulness4 ,he :o is *e]ful has inde$ great reason to bless & praise ,god4 ,he has a priceless gift1 :i* is a bless+ to himself & to all ar\nd him1 a gift :i* makes life bright] to ! :ole circle 9 :i* he moves4 ,we mo/ ( u take f> too little pa9s to cultivate x1 to reta9 x :5 x has be5 grant$ to u1 to rega9 x :5 we h lo/ x or ?r[n x away4 ,yet *e]fulness has its dang]s4 ,! light-he>t$ are apt to be light-head$1 & to be free f c>e leads to be+ free f c>efulness4 ,! *e]ful may easily lose sobriety1 & be f\nd (f _! gu>d4 ,! rem$y is pray]4 ,pray] /eadies )\t dimm+ ! bright flame ( *e]fulness2 & j z ?anksgiv+ sweet5s sorr[1 s supplication sanctifies joy4 ,is any suff]+8 let him s+ praise4 ,is any *e]ful8 let him pray4 ,b !re is ano!r advantage 9 mak+ religi\s wor%ip1 :e!r public or private1 ! outlet = our emotions4 ,x secures a real connexion betwe5 wor%ip & life4 ,mission>ies tell u t ?is is a frequ5t difficulty 9 _! "w4 ,x is a h>d en\gh ?+ to w9 conv]ts f hea!nism2 b x is p]haps /ill h>d] to tea* ! newly conv]t$ t ! wor%ip ( ,god has any be>+ :atev] ^u _! conduct4 ,?is idea is q /range to !m1 & utt]ly ali5 to _! :ole mode ( ?\ght4 ,!y h nev] be5 taught any?+ ( ! k9d be=e4 ,!y h be5 accu/om$ to reg>d ! wor%ip ( ! gods z a s]ies ( acts :i* mu/ be religi\sly p]=m$ 9 ord] to w9 ! fav\r ( ! deities1 or at lea/ to av]t _! wra?4 ,b x has nev] occurr$ to !m1 nor h _! prie/s impress$ ^u !m1 t _! lives mu/ be 9 accordance ) _! wor%ip1 or t ! "o has any connexion ) ! o!r1 any m ?an ! col\r ( _! clo!s ) ! am\nt t !y eat & dr9k4 ,f ?is x foll[s t :5 ! idolat] has be5 induc$ to sub/itute ! wor%ip ( ,god = ! wor%ip ( idols1 !re /ill rema9s an imm5se am\nt to be done4 ,! conv]t has /ill to be taught t !re c no long] be ?is divorce ( religion f conduct1 b t pray] & praise mu/ g h& 9 h& ) "w & life4 ,conv]ts f hea!nism are by no means ! only p]sons :o are 9 ne$ ( ?is lesson4 ,we all ( u require to be rem9d$ ( x4 ,all ( u are apt to draw f> too /rong a l9e ( di/9ction betwe5 ,*ur* & home1 betwe5 ,sunday & week-day1 betwe5 ! "t t we sp5d on our knees & t :i* we sp5d 9 "w & recreation4 ,n1 alas6 t we are too scrupul\s ab\t all[+ worldly ?\ghts to invade sacr$ times & places1 b t we are v jeal\s ab\t all[+ ?\ghts ( ,god & ( ,8 s]vice to m+le ) our bus9ess & our pleasures1 or at lea/ take no pa9s to br+ ab\t & keep up any su* m+l+4 ,our wor%ip is (t5 pr(an$ by be+ %>$ ) ! _w2 our "w is r>ely consecrat$ by be+ %>$ ) ,god4 ,:at ,/4 ,james recomm5ds "h is a rem$y = ?is4 ,!re c be no wall ( p>tition betwe5 conduct & religion if our feel+s ( joy & sorr[1 ( elation & despond5cy1 ( hope & fe>1 ( love & dislike1 are daily & h\rly f9d+ expression 9 praise & pray]4 ,our emotions w ?us become in/rum5ts = mov+ u t[>ds ,god4 ,s mu* ( life is fill$ ) ei!r vexation or pleasure1 t "o :o has le>n$ to c>ry out ! directions "h giv5 ( turn+ suff]+ into pray]1 & *e]fulness into praise1 w h gone a long way t[>ds realiz+ ! ,apo/olic comm&1 ,pray )\t ceas+4 ,z ,calv9 well obs]ves1 ,/4 ,james means t !re is no "t 9 :i* ,god does n invite u to ,himself4 ,= afflictions ought to /imulate u to pray2 prosp]ity supplies u ) an occasion to praise ,god4 ,b su* is ! p]v]s5ess ( m51 t !y _c rejoice )\t =gett+ ,god1 & :5 afflict$ !y are di%e>t5$ & driv5 to despair4 ,we ought1 !n1 to keep )9 due b\nds1 s t ! joy :i* usually makes u =get ,god may induce u to set =? ! goodness ( ,god1 & t our sorr[ may tea* u to pray4 ,! ^w us$ by ,/4 ,james = to s+ praise 77 is wor?y ( notice4 ,x is ! s\rce ( ! ^w psalm4 ,orig9ally x meant simply to t\*1 especially to make to vibrate by t\*+2 :5ce x came to be us$ ( play+ on /r+$ in/rum5ts4 ,next x came to mean to s+ to ! h>p2 & f9ally to s+1 :e!r ) or )\t a /r+$ accompanim5t4 ,?is is its signification 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t 7,rom4 xv4 #i2 #a ,cor4 xiv4 #ae2 ,eph4 v4 #ai72--to s+ praise to ,god4 ,/4 ,james1 !re=e1 reg>ds music z a natural & reasonable mode ( express+ joy\s feel+s2 & few w c>e to dispute t x is s2 & x is evid5t t he is ?9k+ *iefly1 if n exclusively1 ( ! joy\s ,*ri/ian s++ by himself1 r ?an ( 8 jo9+ 9 psalms & hymns 9 ! public wor%ip ( ! congregation4 ,a portion ( ,hook]'s noble v9dication ( music z a "p ( religi\s wor%ip may "h ) advantage be quot$4 ,t\*+ musical h>mony1 :e!r by in/rum5t or by voice1 x be+ b ( high & l[ 9 s\nds a due proportionable disposition1 su*1 not)/&+1 is ! =ce !re(1 & s pleas+ effects x ha? 9 t v "p ( man :i* is mo/ div9e1 t "s h be5 !reby induc$ to ?9k t ! s\l itself1 by nature1 is or ha? 9 x h>mony4 ,a ?+ :i* delighte? all ages & beseeme? all /ates2 a ?+ z seasonable 9 grief z 9 joy2 z dec5t be+ add$ unto actions ( greate/ weight & solemnity1 z be+ us$ :5 m5 mo/ seque/] !mselves f action4 ,! reason h]e( is an admirable facility :i* music ha? to express & repres5t to ! m9d1 m inw>dly ?an any o!r s5sible mean1 ! v /&+1 ris+1 & fall+1 ! v /eps & inflexions e way1 ! turns & v>ieties ( all passions :]eunto ! m9d is subject2 yea1 s to imitate !m t :e!r x resemble unto u ! same /ate :]e9 our m9ds already are1 or a clean contr>y1 we are n m cont5t$ly by ! "o confirm$1 ?an *ang$ & l$ away by ! o!r4444 ,s t al?\gh we lay altoge!r aside ! consid]ation ( ditty or matt]1 ! v h>mony ( s\nds be+ fram$ 9 due sort1 & c>ri$ f ! e> to ! spiritual faculties ( our s\ls1 is by a native puissance & efficacy greatly available to br+ to a p]fect temp] :atsoev] is !re tr\bl$1 apt z well to quick5 ! spirits z to allay t :i* is too eag]1 sov]eign aga9/ melan*oly & despair1 =cible to draw =? te>s ( devotion if ! m9d be su* z c yield !m1 able bo? to move & to mod]ate all affections4 ,! ,prophet ,david hav+ !re=e s+ul> k1 n 9 poetry alone1 b 9 music also1 judg$ !m bo? to be ?+s mo/ necess>y = ! h\se ( ,god1 left beh9d him to t purpose a numb] ( ,div9ely indit$ poems1 & 0 f>!r ! au?or ( add+ unto poetry melody bo? vocal & in/rum5tal1 = ! rais+ up ( m5's he>ts1 & ! sweet5+ ( _! affections t[>ds ,god4 ,9 :i* consid]ations ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/ do? likewise at ?is pres5t day reta9 x z an ornam5t to ,god's s]vice1 & an help to our own devotion4 ,!y :i*1 "u pret5ce ( ! ,law c]emonial abrogat$1 require ! abrogation ( in/rum5tal music1 approv+ nev]!less ! use ( vocal melody to rema91 mu/ %[ "s reason :]e=e ! "o %\ld be ?\ght a legal c]emony1 & n ! o!r 7,eccles4 ,pol41 ,v4 xxxviii4 #a1 #b74 ,x h>dly ne$s to be /at$ t x is n necess>y to be able to s+ 9 ord] to obs]ve ?is precept ( ,/4 ,james4 ,! s++ & mak+ melody ) our he>ts to ! ,"l ( :i* ,/4 ,paul writes to ! ,ephesians 7v4 #ai7 is all t is necess>y2 giv+ ?anks always = all ?+s 9 ! "n ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ to ,god1 ev5 ! ,fa!r4 ,! lift+ up ( ! he>t is en\gh1 )\t ! lift+ up ( ! voice2 & if ! voice be lift$ up also1 x is ( little acc\nt1 ei!r to ! s\l or to ,god1 :e!r its tones be musical1 always provid$ t he :o ?us (f]s praise is alone1 & n 9 ! congregation4 ,^? :o h no music 9 _! voices1 & yet p]si/ 9 jo9+ al\d 9 ! s++ ( public s]vice1 are want+ 9 *>ity4 ,9 ord] to gratify !mselves1 !y di/urb ! devotions ( o!rs4 ,& t pr9ciple applies to _m o!r ?+s 9 public wor%ip1 especially to details ( ritual o!r ?an ^? :i* are g5]ally obs]v$4 ,!re w\ld be mu* less difficulty ab\t su* ?+s if ea* memb] ( ! congregation 7 to ask1 ,by do+ ?is1 or by refus+ to d x1 am ,i likely to di/ract my neighb\rs 9 _! wor%ip8 ,ought n ! answ] to t "q to be conclusive z reg>ds turn+ or n turn+ to ! ,ea/ at ! cre$1 b[+ or n b[+ ! head at ! ,gloria ,patri1 & ! l8 ,we come to *ur* to be calm$1 sob]$1 soo!d1 n to be frett$ & vex$4 ,let u take c>e t our own behavi\r is su* z n to irritate o!rs4 ,by our self-w we may be creat+ or augm5t+ m5tal excitem5t1 :i*1 z ,/4 ,james tells u1 wor%ip1 :e!r public or private1 ought to cure4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,! ,,eld]s ,,( ,,! ,,*ur*4 ,,! ,,ano9t+ ,,( ,,! ,,sick ,,& ,,extreme ,,unction4 ,is any among y sick8 let him call = ! eld]s ( ! ,*ur*2 & let !m pray ov] him1 ano9t+ him ) oil 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l3 & ! pray] ( fai? %all save him t is sick1 & ! ,"l %all raise him up2 & if he h committ$ s9s1 x %all be =giv5 him4--,,/4 ,,james v4 #ad-ae4 ,two subjects /& out prom95tly 9 ?is int]e/+ passage--! eld]s ( ! ,*ur*1 & ! ano9t+ ( ! sick4 ,! connexion ( ! passage ) :at imm$iately prec$es is close & obvi\s4 ,aft] *>g+ 8 read]s 9 g5]al t]ms to resort to pray] :5 !y are 9 tr\ble1 ,/4 ,james takes a p>ticul> & v common in/ance ( tr\ble1 viz4 bodily sickness1 & gives m detail$ directions z to ! way 9 :i* ! man 9 tr\ble is to make use ( ! relief & rem$y ( pray]4 ,he is n to be cont5t ) giv+ expression to 8 ne$ 9 private pray] to ,god2 he is to call = ! eld]s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,i4 ,! fir/ ?+ to be not$ 9 connexion ) ?is s5d+ = ! eld]s ( ! congregation by ! sick man is1 t 9 ?is ,epi/le1 :i* is "o ( ! v e>lie/ among ! ,*ri/ian writ+s :i* h come d[n to u1 we already f9d a di/9ction made betwe5 cl]gy & laity4 ,?is di/9ction runs ?r\gh ! :ole ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,we f9d x 9 ! e>lie/ writ+ ( all1 ! ,fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,!ssalonians1 9 :i* ! ,*ri/ians ( ,!ssalonica are exhort$ to "k !m t lab\r among y1 & are ov] y 9 ! ,"l1 & admoni% y2 & to e/eem !m exce$+ highly 9 love = _! "w's sake 7v4 #ab1 #ac74 ,& "h ,/4 ,james assumes z a matt] ( c\rse1 t e congregation has eld]s1 t is a con/itut$ ecclesia/ical gov]nm5t4 ,comp>e ) ^! ! precept 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 ,obey !m t h ! rule ov] y1 & submit to !m3 = !y wat* 9 behalf ( y\r s\ls1 z !y t %all give acc\nt 7xiii4 #ag72 & ! frequ5t directions 9 ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les 7#a ,tim4 iii4 #a-ac2 iv4 #f1 #ac1 #ad2 v4 #ag1 #ai1 #bb2 ,tit4 i4 #e-i2 ii4 #ae2 #b ,tim4 i4 #f1 #ad2 ii4 #b2 iv4 #e74 ,:at ! precise functions ( ! cl]gy 7 is n told u ) mu* detail or precision2 b x is q cle>1 f ! passage be=e u1 & ^? :i* h be5 quot$ above1 t :atev] ! functions 71 !y 7 spiritual r ?an secul>1 & 7 duties :i* a select m9ority _h to ex]cise 9 ref]5ce to ! re/2 !y 7 n su* z any "o might ex]cise t[>ds any "o4 ,9 ! pres5t case ! sick p]son is n to s5d = any memb]s ( ! congregation1 b = c]ta9 :o hold a def9ite1 & app>5tly an (ficial position4 ,if any ,*ri/ians c\ld dis*>ge ! function 9 "q1 ,/4 ,james w\ld n h giv5 ! sick p]son ! tr\ble ( summon+ ! eld]s r ?an ^? p :o *anc$ to be ne> at h&4 ,& x is q cle> t n all ,*ri/ians are ov] all o!r ,*ri/ians 9 ! ,"l2 t n all are to rule1 & all to obey & submit2 !re=e n all h ! same au?ority to admoni% o!rs1 or to wat* 9 behalf ( _! s\ls1 z !y t %all give acc\nt4#ic ,! reason :y ! eld]s are to be summon$ is /at$ 9 diff]5t ways by diff]5t writ]s1 b ) a l>ge am\nt ( sub/antial agreem5t4 ,z be+ ^? 9 :om ! p[] & grace ( ! ,holy ,_s m p>ticul>ly appe>$1 says ,calv94 ,because :5 !y pray x is n mu* less ?an if ! :ole ,*ur* pray$1 says ,b5gel4 ,/4 ,james1 says ,ne&]1 reg>ds ! presbyt]s 9 ! light ( organs ( ! ,*ur*1 act+ 9 its "n2 &1 ,z ! presbyt]s act$ 9 ! "n ( ! :ole ,*ur*1 & ea* "o z a memb] ( ! body felt t he ne$$ its sympa?y & int]cession1 & might c\nt ^u x2 individuals %\ld !re=e1 9 cases ( sickness1 s5d = ! presbyt]s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,^! 7 to (f] pray] on _! behalf4 ,! int]cession :i* ,/4 ,james recomm5ds1 says ,/i]1 is int]cession = ! sick on ! "p ( ! repres5tatives ( ! ,*ur*1 444 n m]ely ! int]cession ( fri5ds or bre?r5 z su*1 b 9 ! "n ( ! :ole community1 "o ( ^: memb]s is suff]+4 ,x is altoge!r beside ! m>k to sugge/ t ! eld]s 7 summon$ z p ( ! greate/ exp]i5ce1 :o p]haps also 7 specially skill$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,( t !re is n only no h9t1 b ! context excludes ! idea4 ,if t 7 9 ! writ]'s m9d1 :y does he n say at once1 ,let him call = ! physicians8 ,if ! heal+ art is to be ?\ght ( at all 9 connexion ) ! passage1 ! case is "o 9 :i* m$ic9e has already done all t x c1 or 9 :i* x c d no?+ at all4 ,/4 ,james w\ld d\btless approve ! advice giv5 by ! son ( ,sira*3 ,my son1 9 ?y sickness be n neglig5t2 b pray unto ! ,"l1 & ,he w make !e :ole 7,ecclus4 xxxviii4 #i74 ,?is exactly agrees ) ! precept1 ,is any among y suff]+8 let him pray4 ,!n give place to ! physician1 = ! ,"l ha? creat$ him3 let him n g f !e1 = ?\ ha/ ne$ ( him4 ,!re is a "t :5 9 _! h&s !re is good success 7#ab1 #ac74 ,to ?is !re is no equival5t 9 ,/4 ,james2 b he says no?+ t is inconsi/5t ) x4 ,!n1 aft] ! physician has done 8 "p1 & p]haps 9 va91 w\ld come ! summon+ ( ! eld]s to (f] pray]4 ,b x is simpl] to suppose t ! physician's "p is left out ( ! acc\nt altoge!r4 ,,ii4 ,! second po9t ( int]e/ is ! ano9t+ ( ! sick p]son by ! eld]s4 ,t :at is said "h af=ds no ,scriptural au?ority = ! ,roman rite ( ,extreme ,unction1 is "o ( ! commonplaces ( criticism4 ,"o s+le fact is q conclusive4 ,! object ( ! unction prescrib$ by ,/4 ,james is ! recov]y ( ! sick p]son2 :]eas ,extreme ,unction1 z its "n implies1 is nev] adm9i/]$ until ! sick p]son's recov]y is consid]$ to be almo/ or q hopeless1 & dea? imm95t2 ! possibility ( bodily heal+ is n entirely exclud$1 b x is n ! ma9 purpose ( ! rite4 ,! only o!r passage 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 :i* ! unction ( ! sick is m5tion$ is equally at v>iance ) ! ,roman rite4 ,we are told by ,/4 ,m>k t ! ,twelve1 :5 s5t out by ,*ri/ two & two1 ano9t$ ) oil _m t 7 sick1 & heal$ !m 7vi4 #ac74 ,"h also recov]y1 & n prep>ation = dea?1 0 ! purpose ( ! ano9t+1 :i* ! ,apo/les seem to h practis$ on _! own responsibility1 = x is n m5tion$ 9 ! *>ge :i* ,*ri/ gave !m :5 ,he s5t !m out 7#g-aa74 ,b !re is ?is am\nt ( connexion betwe5 ^! two passages ( ,scripture & ! ,roman sacram5t ( ,extreme ,unction1 viz4 t ! latt] grew out ( ecclesia/ical practices :i* 7 bas$ ^u ^! passages4 ,z 9 n a few o!r in/ances1 developm5t has br\ght ab\t a /ate ( ?+s :i* is inconsi/5t ) ! orig9al />t+-po9t4 ,b 9 ord] to und]/& ! developm5t we mu/ und]/& ! />t+-po9t1 & t requires u to f9d an answ] to ! "q1 ,:at purpose 0 ! oil int5d$ to s]ve8 ,0 x purely symbolical8 & if s1 ( :at8 ,0 x m]ely = ! refre%m5t ( ! sick p]son1 giv+ relief to p>*$ sk9 & /iff5$ limbs8 ,0 x m$ic9al1 ) a view to a p]man5t cure by natural means8 ,0 x ! *annel or in/rum5t ( a sup]natural cure8 ,0 x an aid to ! sick p]son's fai?8 ,"o or bo? ( ! la/ two sugge/ions may be accept$ z ! mo/ probable solution4 ,& ! reason :y oil 0 select$ z a *annel ( ,div9e p[] & an aid to fai? 01 t x 0 believ$ to h heal+ prop]ties4 ,x is easi] to believe :5 visible means are us$ ?an :5 no?+ is visible1 & x is /ill easi] to believe :5 ! visible means appe> to be likely to contribute to ! desir$ effect4 ,*ri/ twice us$ spittle 9 cur+ bl9dness1 probably because spittle 0 believ$ to be b5eficial to ! eyesight4 ,& t oil 0 suppos$ to be efficaci\s z m$ic9e is pla9 f num]\s passages bo? 9 & outside ( ,holy ,scripture4 ,f ! sole ( ! foot ev5 unto ! head !re is no s\ndness 9 x2 b w\nds1 & bruises1 & fe/]+ sores3 !y h n be5 clos$1 nor b\nd up1 nei!r mollifi$ ) oil 7,isa4 i4 #f74 ,! ,good ,sam>itan p\r$ w9e & oil into ! w\nds ( ! man :o fell among robb]s 7,luke x4 #cd74 ,a mixture ( oil & w9e 0 us$ = ! malady :i* attack$ ! army ( lius ,gallus1 & 0 appli$ bo? ext]nally & int]nally 7,dion ,cass4 ,,liii4 #bi2 ,/rabo ,,xvi41 p4 #ghj74 ,8 physicians caus$ ,h]od ! ,great to be ba!d 9 a vessel full ( oil :5 he 0 suppos$ to be at dea?'s door 7,josephus1 ,ant4 ,,xvii4 vi4 #e74 ,celsus recomm5ds rubb+ ) oil 9 ! case ( fev]s & "s o!r ailm5ts 7,de ,m$4 ,,ii4 #ad1 #ag2 ,,iii4 #f1 #i1 #ai1 #bb2 ,,iv4 #b74id ,b x is obvi\s t ,/4 ,james does n recomm5d ! oil m]ely z m$ic9e1 = he does n say t ! oil %all cure ! sick p]son1 nor yet t ! oil ) pray] %all d s2 b t ! pray] ( fai? %all save him t is sick1 )\t m5tion+ ! oil at all4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he says t ! ano9t+ is to be done by ! eld]s 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l4 ,if ! ano9t+ 7 m]ely m$ic9al1 x might h be5 p]=m$ by any "o1 )\t wait+ = ! eld]s4 ,& x c h>dly be suppos$ t oil 0 believ$ to be a rem$y = all diseases4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x seems to be too mu* to say t ! ano9t+ _h no?+ to d ) bodily heal+ at all1 & 0 simply a means ( grace = ! sick4 ,?us ,dll+] says1 ,?is is no gift ( heal+1 = t 0 n conf9$ to ! presbyt]s2 & = t ,*ri/ prescrib$ n unction1 b lay+ on ( h&s4 ,_h he meant t1 ,/4 ,james w\ld h bidd5 or advis$ ! sick to s5d = "o :o possess$ ?is gift1 :e!r presbyt] or layman4444 ,:at 0 to be convey$ by ?is m$ium 01 !re=e1 only sometimes recov]y or relief1 always consolation1 revival ( confid5ce & =giv5ess ( s9s1 on condition1 ( c\rse1 ( fai? & rep5tance 7,fir/ ,age ( ! ,*ur*1 p4 #bce1 ,ox5ham's translation1 #bnd ed43 ,all51 #ahfg74 ,b al?\gh ! gift ( heal+ 0 n conf9$ to ! eld]s1 yet 9 c]ta9 cases !y may h ex]cis$ x2 & al?\gh ,*ri/ prescrib$ ! lay+ on ( h&s 7,m>k xvi4 #ah71 yet ! ,apo/les sometimes heal$ by ano9t+ ) oil 7,m>k vi4 #ac74 ,& t %all save him t is sick 7 7 means %all cure him1 is cle> bo? f ! context1 & also f ! use ( ! same ^w else:]e4 ,daught]1 be ( good *e]2 ?y fai? ha? sav$ !e1 to ! woman ) ! issue ( blood 7,matt4 ix4 #bb74 ,jairus prays1 ,come & lay ,?y h&s on h]1 t %e may be sav$ 7,m>k v4 #bc74 ,! disciples say ( ,laz>us1 ,"l1 if he is fall5 asleep1 he w be sav$ 7,john xi4 #ab74 ,& ! ,"l %all raise him up makes ?is int]pretation /ill m c]ta94 ,! same expression is us$ ( ,simon's wife's "m 7,m>k i4 #ca74 ,! ,"l is ,*ri/1 n ! ,fa!r1 bo? "h & 9 ! ,"n ( ! ,"l4 ,?us ,/4 ,pet] says to neas1 ,jesus ,*ri/ heale? !e 7,acts ix4 #cd4 ,comp4 iii4 #f1 #af2 v4 #aj74 ,t ,/4 ,james makes ! promise ( recov]y )\t any re/riction may at fir/ sight appe> to be surpris+2 b 9 ?is he is only foll[+ ! example ( our ,"l1 :o makes simil> promises1 & leaves x to ! ?\ght & exp]i5ce ( ,*ri/ians to f9d out ! limitations to !m4 ,/4 ,james is only apply+ to a p>ticul> case :at ,*ri/ promis$ 9 g5]al t]ms4 ,all ?+s1 :atsoev] ye pray & ask =1 believe t ye h receiv$ !m1 & ye %all h !m 7,m>k xi4 #bd4 ,comp4 ,matt4 xvii4 #bj74 ,if ye %all ask ,me any?+ 9 ,my ,"n1 ,i w d x 7,john xiv4 #ad74 ,if ye %all ask any?+ ( ! ,fa!r1 ,he w give x y 9 ,my ,"n 7,john xvi4 #bc74 ,! words 9 ,my ,"n po9t to ! limitation2 !y d n1 ( c\rse1 ref] to ! use ( ! =mula ?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/ our ,"l1 b to ! ex]cise ( ! _s ( ,*ri/3 ,n ,my w1 b ,?9e be done4 ,! union ( our w ) ! w ( ,god is ! v fir/ condition ( successful pray]4 ,! ,apo/les !mselves _h no indiscrim9ate p[] ( heal+4 ,/4 ,paul did n heal ,epaphroditus1 mu* z he ye>n$ = 8 recov]y 7,phil4 ii4 #bg74 ,he left ,trophimus at ,miletus sick 7#b ,tim4 iv4 #bj74 ,he did n cure 8 own ?orn 9 ! fle% 7#b ,cor4 xii4 #g-i74 ,h[1 !n1 c we suppose t ,/4 ,james cr$it$ ! eld]s ( e congregation ) an unre/rict$ p[] ( heal+8 ,he leaves x to ! common s5se & ,*ri/ian submission ( 8 read]s to und]/& t ! eld]s h no p[] to cancel ! s5t5ce ( dea? pron\nc$ on ! :ole human race4 ,to pray t any "o %\ld be exempt f ?is s5t5ce w\ld be n fai?1 b presumption4 ,( ! employm5t ( ! rite "h prescrib$ by ,/4 ,james we h v little evid5ce 9 ! e>ly ages ( ! ,*ur*4 ,t]tullian m5tions a cure by ano9t+1 b x is n q a case 9 po9t4 ,! ,emp]or ,septimius ,sev]us believ$ t he _h be5 cur$ f an illness ?r\gh oil adm9i/]$ by a ,*ri/ian nam$ ,proculus ,torpacion1 /ew>d ( ,evodias1 & 9 gratitude = x he ma9ta9$ him 9 ! palace = ! re/ ( 8 life 7,ad4 ,scap4 iv474 ,orig51 9 ! second ,homily on ,leviticus 7iv471 quotes ! passage f ,/4 ,james1 & seems to und]/& ! sickness to be t ( s94 ,he int]polates ?us3 ,let him call = ! eld]s ( ! ,*ur*1 & let !m lay _! h&s on him1 ano9t+ him ) oil1 etc4 ,?is p]haps tells u h[ ! rite 0 adm9i/]$ 9 ,alex&ria 9 8 "t2 or x may mean t ,orig5 und]/ood ! pray ov] him 7' 7 ( ,/4 ,james to signify imposition ( h&s4 ,) him1 !n1 ! =giv5ess ( s9s is ! heal+4 ,a c5tury & a half lat] ,*ryso/om takes a fur!r /ep1 & employs ! passage to %[ t prie/s h ! p[] ( absolution4 ,= n only at ! "t :5 !y reg5]ate u1 b aft]w>ds also1 !y h au?ority to =give s9s4 ,& !n he quotes ,james v4 #ad1 #ae 7,de ,sac]d4 ,,iii4 #f74 ,x is evid5t t ?is is q ali5 to ! passage4 ,! sickness & ! s9s are pla9ly di/+ui%$ by ,/4 ,james1 & no?+ is said ab\t absolution by ! eld]s1 :o pray = 8 recov]y1 & 7no d\bt7 = 8 =giv5ess4 ,:5 we rea* ! six? c5tury ! evid5ce = ! cu/om ( ano9t+ ! sick ) holy oil becomes abundant4 ,at fir/ any "o ) a reputation = sanctity might bless ! oil--n only laym51 b wom54 ,b 9 ! ,we/ ! rule gradually spread f ,rome t ! sacr$ oil = ! sick mu/ be made by ! bi%op4 ,9 ! ,ea/ ?is has nev] be5 obs]v$4 ,!odore ( ,t>sus1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 says t accord+ to ! ,greeks x is lawful = presbyt]s to make ! *rism = ! sick4 ,& ?is rule cont9ues to ?is day4 ,"o prie/ suffices2 b x is desirable to get sev51 if possible4 ,b ! *ief /ep 9 ! developm5t is tak5 :5 n only ! bless+ ( ! oil1 b ! adm9i/]+ ( x to ! sick1 is res]v$ to ! cl]gy4 ,9 ,b$e's "t ?is re/riction 0 n yet made1 z is cle> f 8 comm5ts on ! passage1 al?\gh ev5 !n x 0 cu/om>y = prie/s to adm9i/] ! unction4 ,b by ! t5? c5tury ?is re/riction _h probably become g5]al4 ,x became connect$ ) ! communion ( ! sick1 :i* ( c\rse requir$ a prie/1 & !n ) ! ,viaticum1 or communion ( ! dy+2 b ev5 !n ! unction seems to h prec$$ ! la/ communion4 ,! "n ,extreme ,unction 7unctio extrema71 z a te*nical ecclesia/ical t]m1 is n old] ?an ! twelf? c5tury4 ,o!r t]ms are ,la/ ,oil 7ultimum oleum7 & ,sacram5t ( ! ,dep>t+ 7sacram5tum exeuntium74 ,b :5 we h rea*$ ^! phrases we are v f> inde$ f ! ord9ance prescrib$ by ,/4 ,james1 & f t :i* 0 practis$ by ! ,apo/les4 ,j]emy ,taylor1 9 ! d$ication ( ! ,holy ,dy+1 says fairly en\gh1 ,! fa!rs ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t fir/ disput$1 & aft] _! mann] at la/ agre$1 t ,extreme ,unction 0 in/itut$ by ,*ri/2 b aft]w>ds be+ admoni%$ by "o ( _! !ologues t ! ,apo/les m9i/]$ unction to infirm p be=e !y 7 prie/s1 = fe> t x %\ld be ?\ght t ?is unction might be adm9i/]$ by him t 0 no prie/1 !y blott$ out ! ^w 'in/itut$1' & put 9 its /ead 'ins9uat$' ?is sacram5t1 & t x 0 publi%$ by ,/4 ,james4 ,s x is 9 _! doctr9e2 & yet 9 _! ana!matisms !y curse all !m t %all d5y x to h be5 in/itut$ by ,*ri/4 ,i %all lay no prejudice aga9/ x1 b add ?is only1 t !re be+ b two places ( ,scripture pret5d$ = ?is c]emony1 "s *ief m5 ( _! own side h proclaim$ ^! two invalid z to ! in/itution ( x2 & he m5tions 9 p>ticul> ,su>ez & ,cajetan4 ,b he /ates m ?an he c "k :5 he decl>es ( ,extreme ,unction t s9ce x is us$ :5 ! man is above half dead1 :5 he c ex]cise no act ( und]/&+1 x mu/ ne$s be no?+4 ,^? :o receive ! rite are n always unconsci\s2 & is x c]ta9 t an unconsci\s p]son c ex]cise no act ( ! und]/&+1 or t pray] = "o :o c ex]cise no act ( ! und]/&+ mu/ ne$s be no?+8 ,) simil> want ( caution ,/i] speaks ( ! sup]/ition :i* s5ds = ! m9i/] to 'pray ov] ! sick1' :5 ^! h sc>ce any consci\sness left4 ,:e!r or no ,extreme ,unction is an edify+ c]emony is a "q wor?y ( argum5t1 & no?+ is "h urg$ on ei!r side2 b we are go+ beyond our k if we ass]t t x c h no effect on ! dy+ man2 & we are unduly limit+ ! p[] ( pray] if we affirm t to pray = "o :o has lo/ consci\sness is a useless sup]/ition4 ,all t is cont5d$ = "h is1 t ! ,roman rite is some?+ v diff]5t f t :i* is ord]$ by ,/4 ,james4#ie ,& if he h committ$ s9s1 x %all be =giv5 him4 ,we ought p]haps r to translate1 ,ev5 if he h committ$ s9s1 x %all be =giv5 him4 7,! ,greek is n or 1 b 1 = :i* comp4 ,john viii4 #ad2 x4 #ch2 xi4 #be74 ,! mean+ w\ld seem to be1 ev5 if 8 sickness has be5 produc$ by 8 s9s1 8 s9 %all be =giv51 & 8 sickness cur$4 ,x is possible1 b unnatural1 to jo9 ! fir/ clause ( ?is s5t5ce ) ! prec$+ "o3 ! ,"l %all raise him up1 ev5 if he h committ$ s9s4 ,9 t case ,x %all be =giv5 him =ms a v awkw>d indep5d5t s5t5ce1 )\t conjunction4 ,! ord9>y arrangem5t ( ! clauses is mu* bett]3 ev5 if ! malady is ! effect ( ! man's own wrong-do+1 ! pray] (f]$ by fai?--8 fai?1 & t ( ! eld]s--%all /ill prevail4 ,/4 ,paul tells ! ,cor9?ians t _! misconduct respect+ ! ,"l's ,supp] _h caus$ mu* sickness among !m1 & n a few dea?s 7#a ,cor4 xi4 #cj72 & su* direct puni%m5ts ( s9 7 n conf9$ to ! ,cor9?ian ,*ur* nor to ! ,apo/olic age4 ,!y /ill occur 9 abundance1 & ^? :o exp]i5ce !m h ! assurance ( ,scripture t if !y rep5t & pray 9 fai? _! s9s w c]ta9ly be =giv51 & _! puni%m5t possibly remov$4 #ic ,! "q ( ! ,orig9 ( ! ,*ri/ian ,m9i/ry has be5 discuss$ 9 ano!r volume ( ?is s]ies4 ,see ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les1 pp4 #ajd-aag 7,hodd] & ,/\ghton1 #ahhh74 #id ,= additional evid5ce see ,j4 ,c4 ,wolf1 ,cur ,philol4 et ,crit4 ,v41 pp4 #gi-ha2 ,lightfoot1 ,hor ,hebr4 ,,ii41 pp4 #cjd1 #ddd1 on ,matt4 vi4 #ag & ,m>k vi4 #ac2 ,launoi1 ,de ,sacram5to ,unctionis ,infirmorum1 ,i41 p4 #ddd4 #ie ,see lett]s 9 ! ,gu>dian ( ,m>4 #ab1 #ai1 ,apr4 #i1 #af1 #bc1 ,may #g1 #ahij2 pp4 #ddg1 #dha1 #eid1 #fcc1 #fhb1 #gfc4 ,9 ! ,visitation ( ! ,sick 9 ! ,fir/ ,pray] ,book ( ,edw>d ,,vi4 !re is provision = ! old] rite3 ,if ! sicke p]son desyre to be annoynt$1 !n %all ! prie/ annoynte him ^u ! =ehead or brea/ only1 mak+ ! signe ( ! crosse1 say+ ?us1 ,z ) ?is visible oyle ?y body outw>dly is annoynt$3 s our heav5ly fa!r almyghtye ,god graunt ( 8 inf9ite goodnesse1 t ?y s\le inw>dly may be annoynt$ ) ! holy go/1 :o is ! spirite ( al /r5g?1 com=te1 reliefe1 & gladnesse4 ,& v\*safe = 8 great m]cy 7yf x be 8 bless$ w7 to re/ore unto !e ?y bodely hel? & /r5g?1 to s]ve him1 etc4 ,read]s ( ! ,confessions w rememb] h[ ,/4 ,augu/9e on "o occasion ask$ 8 fri5ds to pray t he might be fre$ f great pa91 & =?) f\nd relief4 ,i h nei!r =gott5 nor w be sil5t ab\t ! sev]ity ( ,?y sc\rge1 & ! m>vell\s spe$ ( ,?y m]cy4 ,?\ did/ !n torture me ) too?a*e 7he says else:]e t ?is 0 s griev\s t he c\ld le>n no?+ fre%1 b c\ld only ?9k ( :at he already knew71 & :5 ! pa9 became s sev]e t ,i 0 unable to speak ! ?\ght rose 9 my he>t to urge all my fri5ds :o 7 pres5t to pray = me to ,!e1 ! ,god ( all heal?4 ,& ,i wrote ?is on a wax5 tablet1 & gave x to !m to read4 ,pres5tly1 z ) suppliant desire we b[$ our knees1 t great pa9 fl$ away4 ,b :at pa98 & h[ did x flee8 ,i confess1 my ,"l & my ,god1 t x fright5$ me2 = f my e>lie/ days ,i _h exp]i5c$ no?+ l x 7,,ix4 iv4 #ab74 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,,! ,,public ,,& ,,private ,,confession ,,( ,,s9s4 ,,! ,,lawfulness ,,( ,,pray]s ,,= ,,ra94 ,confess !re=e y\r s9s "o to ano!r1 & pray "o = ano!r1 t ye may be heal$4 ,! supplication ( a righte\s man availe? mu* 9 its work+4 ,elijah 0 a man ( l passions ) u1 & he pray$ f]v5tly t x might n ra92 & x ra9$ n on ! e>? = ?ree ye>s & six mon?s4 ,& he pray$ aga92 & ! heav5 gave ra91 & ! e>? br\ght =? h] fruit4--,,/4 ,,james v4 #af-ah4 ,! connexion ( ?is passage ) ! prec$+ "o is v close4 ,?is is evid5t ev5 9 ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion2 b x is made /ill m manife/ by ! ,revis]s1 :o h re/or$ ! connect+ !re=e to ! text ^u ov]:elm+ au?ority4 ,/4 ,james is pass+ f ! p>ticul> case ( ! sick p]son to some?+ m g5]al1 viz4 mutual confession ( s9s4 ,if we draw out 8 ?\ght 9 full1 x w be some?+ ( ?is k9d3 ,ev5 if ! sick p]son be suff]+ ! consequ5ces ( 8 s9s1 nev]!less ! fai? & pray]s ( ! eld]s1 comb9$ ) 8 own1 %all prevail = 8 =giv5ess & heal+4 ,( c\rse he mu/ confess & bewail 8 s9s3 if he does n admit !m & rep5t ( !m1 he c hope = no?+4 ,!re=e y ought all ( y habitually to confess y\r s9s to "o ano!r1 & to int]c$e = "o ano!r1 9 ord] t :5 sickness comes ^u y1 y may ! m readily be heal$4 ,x is n q c]ta9 t ! ^w r5d]$ ye may be heal$ 77 ought to be limit$ to bodily heal+2 b ! context seems to imply t ! cure ( bodily disord]s is /ill 9 ! m9d ( ,/4 ,james4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ) v>i\s comm5tators1 we take x to mean t y\r s\ls may be heal$1 !n !re is no ne$ to supply any su* ?\ght z :5 sickness comes ^u y4 ,x might surprise u to f9d t ! practice ( auricul> confession to a prie/ is d$uc$ f ! precept1 ,confess y\r s9s "o to ano!r1 if we _h n ! previ\s exp]i5ce ( f9d+ ! rite ( ,extreme ,unction d$uc$ f ! precept respect+ ! ano9t+ ( ! sick4 ,b "h also ,cajetan has ! cr$it ( admitt+ t no ,scriptural au?ority = ! ,roman practice c be f\nd 9 ! words ( ,/4 ,james4 ,! all-important to "o ano!r 77 is q fatal to ! int]pretation ( confession to a prie/4 ,if ! confession ( a layman to a prie/ is meant1 !n ! confession ( a prie/ to a layman is equally meant3 ! words1 :e!r 9 ! ,greek or 9 ! ,engli%1 _c be o!rwise und]/ood4 ,b ! injunction is evid5tly q g5]al1 & ! di/9ction betwe5 cl]gy & laity does n ent] into x at all3 ea* ,*ri/ian1 :e!r eld] or layman1 is to confess to o!r ,*ri/ians1 :e!r eld]s or laym51 ei!r to "o or to _m1 z ! case may be4 ,:5 ! sick p]son j spok5 ( confess$ 8 s9s1 he confess$ !m to ! eld]s ( ! ,*ur*1 because !y 7 pres5t2 !y did n come to receive 8 confession1 b to pray = him & to ano9t him4 ,he s5t = !m1 n because he wi%$ to confess to !m1 b because he 0 sick4 ,ev5 if he _h _h no?+ to confess to !m--a case evid5tly contemplat$ by ,/4 ,james z n only possible1 b common--he w\ld /ill h s5t = !m4 ,s f> f its be+ among _! functions z eld]s to he> ! sick man's confession1 ,/4 ,james seems r to imply t he ought to h made x previ\sly to o!rs4 ,if ,*ri/ians habitually confess _! s9s to "o ano!r1 !re w be no special confession requir$ :5 any ( !m falls ill4 ,b grant+ t ?is int]pretation ( 8 brief directions is n q c]ta91 x is q c]ta9 t :at he comm5ds is ! confession ( any ,*ri/ian to any ,*ri/ian1 & n ! confession ( laity to presbyt]s4 ,ab\t t he says no?+1 ei!r "o way or ! o!r1 = x is n 9 8 m9d4 ,he nei!r sanctions nor =bids x1 b he gives a direction :i* %[s t z reg>ds ! duty ( confession to man1 ! normal condition ( ?+s is = any ,*ri/ian to confess to any ,*ri/ian4 ,! important po9t is t ! s9n] %\ld n keep 8 guilty secret lock$ up 9 8 own bosom2 to :om he %\ld tell x is left to 8 own discretion4 ,z ,t]tullian says1 9 8 treatise ,on ,p5ance1 ,confession ( s9s light5s z mu* z concealm5t 7dissimulatio7 aggravates !m4 ,= confession is prompt$ by ! desire to make am5ds2 concealm5t is prompt$ by contumacy 7viii474 ,simil>ly ,orig51 on ,psalm xxxvii43 ,see1 !re=e1 :at ! ,div9e ,scripture tea*es u1 t we mu/ n conceal s9 )9 u4 ,= j z1 x may be1 p :o h undige/$ food deta9$ inside !m1 or are o!rwise griev\sly oppress$ int]nally1 if !y vomit1 obta9 relief1 s !y also :o h s9n$1 if !y conceal & reta9 ! s91 are oppress$ inw>dly4 ,b if ! s9n] becomes 8 own accus]1 accuses himself & confesses1 he at ! same "t vomits out bo? ! s9 & ! :ole cause ( 8 malady 7,homil4 ,,ii4 #f74 ,9 mu* ! same /ra9 ,*ryso/om writes1 ,s91 if x is confess$1 becomes less2 b if x is n confess$1 worse2 = if ! s9n] adds %amelessness & ob/9acy to 8 s91 he w nev] /op4 ,h[1 inde$1 w su* a "o be at all able to gu>d himself f fall+ aga9 into ! same s9s1 if 9 ! e>li] case he 0 n consci\s t he s9n$4444 ,let u n m]ely call ourselves s9n]s1 b let u make a reckon+ ( our s9s1 c\nt+ !m accord+ to _! k9d1 "o by "o4444 ,if ?\ art ( ! p]suasion t ?\ art a s9n]1 ?is is n able s mu* to humble ?y s\l z ! v catalogue ( ?y s9s exam9$ into accord+ to _! k9d 7,homil4 xxx4 9 ,ep4 ad ,hebr47 ,all ^! writ]s h ?is ma9 po9t 9 common1 t a s9n] :o does n confess :at he has done amiss is likely to become c>eless & h>d5$4 ,& ! pr9ciple is at lea/ z old z ! ,book ( ,prov]bs3 ,he t cov]e? 8 transgressions %all n prosp]3 b :oso confesse? & =sake? !m %all obta9 m]cy 7xxviii4 #ac74 ,b1 z ! context cle>ly %[s 9 ea* case1 !y are ea* ( !m writ+ ( a diff]5t k9d ( confession4 ,! confession 7exomologesis7 :i* ,t]tullian s urg5tly recomm5ds is public confession be=e ! congregation2 t :i* ,orig5 advises is private confession to an individual1 p>ticul>ly ) a view to decid+ :e!r public confession is exp$i5t4 ,:at ,*ryso/om pref]s1 bo? "h & else:]e 9 8 writ+s1 is secret confession to ,god3 ,i say n to !e1 ,make a p>ade ( ?yself2 nor yet1 ,accuse ?yself 9 ! pres5ce ( ! o!rs4444 ,be=e ,god confess ^! ?+s2 be=e ! ,judge ev] confess ?y s9s1 pray+1 if n ) ! tongue1 at any rate ) ! he>t1 & 9 ?is way ask = m]cy4 ,all :i* is 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple laid d[n by ,/4 ,john1 ,if we confess our s9s--our s9s 9 detail1 n ! m]e fact t we h s9n$--,he is fai?ful & righte\s to =give u our s9s1 & to cleanse u f all unrighte\sness 7#a ,john i4 #i74 ,bell>m9e has ! c\rage to claim n only ,/4 ,james1 b ,/4 ,john1 z tea*+ confession to a prie/ 7,de ,pnit4 ,,iii4 iv472 b x is manife/ t ,/4 ,john is speak+ ( confession to ,god1 )\t ei!r approv+ or condemn+ confession to man1 & t ,/4 ,james is speak+ ( ! latt]1 )\t say+ any?+ ab\t ! =m]4 ,b j z ,/4 ,james leaves to ! p5it5t's discretion ! "q to :om he %all confess1 :e!r to cl]gy or laity1 s also he leaves x to 8 discretion :e!r he %all confess to "o or to _m1 & :e!r 9 private or 9 public4#if ,9 ! second1 ?ird1 & f\r? c5turies public confession 0 commonly "p ( public p5ance4 ,& ! object ( x is well /at$ by ,hook]3 ,(f5d]s 9 secret 7 p]suad$ t if ! ,*ur* did direct !m 9 ! (fices ( _! p5it5cy1 & assi/ !m ) public pray]1 !y %\ld m easily obta9 t !y s\ght ?an by tru/+ :olly to _! own endeav\rs4 ,! primitive view1 he holds1 0 ?is3 ,public confession !y ?\ght necess>y by way ( discipl9e1 n private confession z 9 ! nature ( a sacram5t 7,eccl4 ,pol41 ,,vi4 iv4 #b1 #f74 ,b exp]i5ce soon %[$ t indiscrim9ate public confession ( griev\s s9s 0 v mis*iev\s4 ,!re=e 9 ! ,ea/1 & 7if ,sozom5 is correct7 at ,rome also1 p5it5ti>y presbyt]s 7 appo9t$ to decide = p5it5ts :e!r _! s9s mu/ be confess$ to ! congregation or n4 ,?us1 :at ,orig5 advises ea* p5it5t to d = himself1 viz4 seek a wise advis] respect+ ! exp$i5cy ( public confession & p5ance1 0 =mally done = e "o4 ,b 9 ,a4,d4 #cia1 ,nect>ius1 ! pr$ecessor ( ,*ryso/om 9 ! see ( ,con/ant9ople1 0 p]suad$ to aboli% ! (fice1 app>5tly because a p5it5ti>y presbyt] _h sanction$ public confession 9 a case :i* caus$ great sc&al2 b nei!r ,socrates 7,v4 xix47 nor ,sozom5 7,,vii4 xvi47 makes ?is po9t v cle>4 ,! consequ5ce ( ! abolition 0 t ea* p]son 0 left to 8 own discretion1 & public p5ance fell into disuse4 ,b public confession _h o!r disadvantages4 ,private enmity made use ( ^! confessions to annoy1 & ev5 to prosecute ! p5it5t4 ,moreov]1 ! cl]gy sometimes proclaim$ to ! congregation :at _h be5 told !m 9 confid5ce2 t is1 !y made public confession on behalf ( ! s9n] )\t 8 cons5t4 ,:]eupon ,leo ! ,great1 9 a lett] to ! ,bi%ops ( ,apulia & ,campania1 ,m>* #f?1 ,a4,d4 #dei1 sanction$ ! practice ( private confession 7,ep4 clxviii4 cxxxvi474 ,?us1 9 ! ,we/1 z previ\sly 9 ! ,ea/1 a sev]e bl[ 0 giv5 to ! practice ( public confession & p5ance4 ,b x is probable t ! orig91 or at lea/ ! *ief enc\ragem5t1 ( ! practice ( auricul> confession is r to be look$ = 9 mona/icism4 ,(f5ces aga9/ ! rule ( ! ,ord] _h to be confess$ be=e ! :ole community2 & x 0 assum$ t ! only o!r grave (f5ces likely to happ5 9 ! mona/ic life w\ld be ^? ( ?\ght4 ,^! _h to be confess$ 9 private to ! abbat4 ,! influ5ces ( mona/icism 7 by no means b\nd$ by ! mona/]y walls2 & x is probable t ! rule ( private confession by ! bre?r5 to ! abbat _h mu* to d ) ! cu/om ( private confession by ! laity to ! prie/4 ,b x is c>efully to be not$ t = a consid]able p]iod ! *ief consid]ations are ! p5it5t's admission ( 8 s9s & ! fix+ ( ! p5ance4 ,only gradually does ! fur!r idea ( ! absolution ( ! p5it5t by ! body or ! individual t he>s ! confession come 92 & at la/ x becomes ! ma9 idea4 ,confession once a ye> to a prie/ 0 made compulsory by ! ,lat]an ,c\ncil 9 #abae2 b v>i\s local synods _h made simil> regulations at e>li] p]iods2 e4g4 ! ,c\ncil ( ,t\l\se 9 #aabi1 & ( ,lige 9 #gaj4ig ,b :5 we h rea*$ ^! regulations we h once m advanc$ v f> inde$ beyond :at is prescrib$ by ,/4 ,james 9 ?is ,epi/le4 ,!re _c be mu* d\bt :at is ! ma9 idea ) ,/4 ,james3 ,confess !re=e y\r s9s "o to ano!r1 & pray "o = ano!r1 t ye may be heal$4 ,! supplication ( a righte\s man availe? mu* 9 its work+4 ,elijah 444 pray$ f]v5tly4444 ,& he pray$ aga91 etc4 ,x is 9 ord] t we may induce o!rs to pray = u t we are to confess our s9s to !m2 & ?is is ! great motive :i* und]lies ! public confession ( ! primitive ,*ur*4 ,z ,hook] well expresses x1 ,! greate/ ?+ :i* made m5 =w>d & will+ ^u _! knees to confess :atev] !y _h committ$ aga9/ ,god 444 0 _! f]v5t desire to be help$ & assi/$ ) ! pray]s ( ,god's sa9ts4 ,& ! mean+ ( ^! pray]s is /rik+ly express$ by ,t]tullian1 :o ?us addresses ! p5it5t 9 ne$ ( su* int]cession3 ,:]e "o & two meet1 !re is a ,*ur*2 & a ,*ur* is ,*ri/4 ,!re=e1 :5 ?\ do/ /ret* =? ?y h&s to ! knees ( ?y bre?r51 x is ,*ri/ t ?\ t\*e/1 ,*ri/ on :om ?\ prevaile/4 ,j s1 :5 !y %$ te>s ov] !e1 x is ,*ri/ :o feels compassion1 ,*ri/ :o is entreat+ ! ,fa!r4 ,readily do? ,he ev] grant t :i* ! ,son reque/s 7,de ,pnit4 x474 ,to unburd5 8 own he>t 0 "o b5efit ( ! p5it5t's confession2 to obta9 ! int]cession ( o!rs = 8 =giv5ess & recov]y 0 ano!r2 & ! latt] 0 ! *ief reason = confess+ to man2 confession to ,god might effect ! o!r4 ,! primitive =ms ( absolution1 :5 confession 0 made to a prie/1 7 precatory r ?an decl>atory4 ,may ! ,"l absolve !e 7,dom9us absolvat7 0 *ang$ 9 ! ,we/ to ,i absolve !e1 9 ! twelf? c5tury4 ,f ! ,s>um ,(fice ! latt] =mula pass$ into ! ,fir/ ,pray] ,book ( ,edw>d ,,vi41 9 ! ,visitation ( ! ,sick1 & has rema9$ !re un*ang$2 b 9 #aeeb ! conclud+ words ( ! prec$+ rubric1 & ! same =me ( absolucion %albe us$ 9 all pryvate confessions1 7 omitt$4#ih ,9 ! ,greek ,*ur* ! =m ( absolution aft] private confession is precatory3-- ,o my spiritual *ild1 :o do/ confess to my humility1 ,i1 a humble s9n]1 h no p[] on e>? to remit s9s4 ,?is ,god alone c d4 ,yet by reason ( t ,div9e *>ge :i* 0 committ$ to ! ,apo/les aft] ! resurrection ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 9 ! words1 ,^: soev] s9s ye =give1 etc41 & by t enc\rag$1 we say1 ,:atsoev] ?\ ha/ confess$ to my mo/ l[ly humility1 & :atsoev] ?\ ha/ omitt$ to confess1 ei!r ?r\gh ignorance or any =getfulness1 may ,god =give !e1 bo? 9 ?is _w & 9 t :i* is to come4 ,& ?is is foll[$ by a pray] v simil> to ! absolution3 ,god 444 =give !e1 by ! m9i/ry ( me a s9n]1 all ?y s9s1 bo? 9 ?is _w & 9 t :i* is to come1 & pres5t !e blameless at ,8 dread tribunal4 ,g 9 peace1 & ?9k no m ( ! faults :i* ?\ ha/ confess$4 ,! we say holds fa/ to ! doctr9e t x is to ! ,*ur* z a :ole1 & n to ,pet] or any individual m9i/]1 t ! words1 ,^: soev] s9s ye =give1 !y are =giv5 unto !m 7,john xx4 #bc71 7 spok54 ,! supplication ( a righte\s man availe? mu* 9 its work+4 ,! effectual e>ne/ pray] ( ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion _c be ju/ifi$3 ei!r effectual or e>ne/ mu/ be /ruck out1 z !re is only "o ^w 77 9 ! orig9al2 moreov]1 ! ^w = pray] is n ! same z be=e 71 n 74 ,b x may be d\bt$ :e!r e>ne/ is n bett] ?an 9 its work+4 ,p]haps 9 its e>ne/ness w\ld be bett] ?an ei!r3 ,great is ! /r5g? ( a righte\s man's supplication1 9 its e>ne/ness4 ,! example by :i* ,/4 ,james proves ! efficacy ( a righte\s man's pray] is int]e/+ & important 9 two respects3-- #a4 ,x is ! only evid5ce t we h t ! great dr\ght 9 ! "t ( ,ahab 0 pray$ = by ,elijah1 & x is ! only direct evid5ce t he pray$ = ! ra9 :i* put an end to x4 ,we are told t ,elijah prophesi$ ! dr\ght 7#a ,k+s xvii4 #a7 & ! ra9 7#a ,k+s xviii4 #da72 & t be=e ! ra9 he put himself 9 an attitude ( pray]1 ) 8 face betwe5 8 knees 7v]4 #db72 b t he pray$1 & = ! ra9 :i* he _h =etold1 is n /at$4 ,:e!r ! /atem5t made by ,/4 ,james is an inf]5ce f ^! /atem5ts1 or bas$ on indep5d5t tradition1 mu/ rema9 unc]ta94 ,we read 9 ,ecclesia/icus ( ,elijah t by ! ^w ( ! ,"l he %ut up 7held back7 ! heav5 7xlviii4 #c72 b t seems to ref] to prophecy r ?an to pray]4 ,! diff]5ce1 if !re be any1 betwe5 ! duration ( ! dr\ght z /at$ "h & by ,/4 ,luke 7iv4 #be71 & z /at$ 9 ! ,book ( ! ,k+s1 w n be a /umbl+-block to any :o recognize t inspiration does n necess>ily make a man infallible 9 *ronology4 ,?ree & a half ye>s 7 #db mon?s #a1bfj days7 0 ! traditional duration ( times ( great calamity 7,dan4 vii4 #be2 xii4 #g2 ,rev4 xi4 #b1 #c2 xii4 #f1 #ad2 xiii4 #e74 #b4 ,?is passage supplies u ) ,biblical au?ority = pray]s = *anges ( wea!r1 & ! l2 = ! conduct ( ,elijah is evid5tly put be=e u = our imitation4 ,/4 ,james c>efully gu>ds aga9/ ! objection t ,elijah 0 a man gift$ ) miracul\s p[]s1 & !re=e no guide = ord9>y p1 by ass]t+ t he 0 a man ( l nature 77 ) ourselves4 ,& let u conc$e1 = ! sake ( argum5t1 t ,/4 ,james may h be5 mi/ak5 9 believ+ t ,elijah pray$ = ! dr\ght & = ! ra92 yet /ill ! fact rema9s t an inspir$ ,new ,te/am5t writ] puts be=e u1 = our enc\ragem5t 9 pray]1 a case 9 :i* pray]s = *anges ( wea!r 7 made & answ]$4 ,& he c]ta9ly exhorts u to pray = ! recov]y ( ! sick1 :i* is an analog\s case4 ,?is k9d ( pray] seems to require special consid]ation4 ,is x1 !n1 accord+ to ! ,div9e w t :5 we are individually suff]+ f ! regul>ity ( ! c\rse ( nature--suff]+1 = in/ance1 f ! want ( ra91 or ! sup]abundance ( x--we %\ld ask ,god to int]f]e ) t regul>ity8 ,t 9 su* circum/ances we %\ld pray = submission to ! ,div9e w1 & = su* wisdom z %all lead to compliance ) x 9 ! future1 is a matt] ( c\rse1 & results inevitably f ! relation betwe5 ! spiritual ,fa!r & ! spiritual *ild4 ,b ought we to g f>!r ?an ?is8 ,ought we to pray1 expect+ t our pray] w be effectual1 t ,god may int]f]e ) ! fix$ sequ5ces ( nature8 ,let u try to realize :at w\ld foll[ if we (f]$ su* pray] & prevail$4 ,9 a _w-wide ,*ur* ea* believ] w\ld con/itute himself a judge ( :at 0 be/ = himself & 8 neighb\r1 & ?us ! ord] ( ! _w w\ld be at ! m]cy ev]y:]e ( individual caprice & ignorance4 ,irregul>ity w\ld accord+ly take ! place ( inv>iabl5ess4 ,no man c\ld possibly =etell :at w\ld be on ! morr[4 ,! sci5ti/ w\ld f9d all 8 rese>*es = rule & law baffl$2 ! agriculturi/ w\ld f9d all 8 calculations upset2 nature1 aga91 z 9 ! days ( ignorance1 w\ld become ! ma/] ( man2 l an eagle transfix$ by an arr[ w+$ by "o ( its own fea!rs1 man w\ld h %ackl$ himself ) ! *a9s ( 8 anci5t s]vitude by ! lic5ti\s employm5t ( 8 own fre$om1 & w\ld h r$uc$ ! cosmos ( :i* ,god made him ! ma/] to a *aos :i* ov]:elm$ him by its unexpect$ bl[s 7! ,bi%op ( ,man*e/]1 ,septemb] #d?1 #ahhg1 9 ,man*e/] ,ca!dral1 dur+ a meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association74 ,! picture :i* is "h drawn sket*es = u ! consequ5ces ( all[+ ea* individual to h control ov] ! =ces ( nature4 ,x is incr$ible t ,god c\ld be induc$ to all[ su* control to individuals2 b does x foll[ f ?is t ,he nev] li/5s to pray]s respect+ ,8 direction ( ! =ces ( nature1 & t consequ5tly all su* pray]s are presumptu\s8 ,! conclusion does n seem to foll[ f ! premises4 ,! valid conclusion w\ld r be ?is3 ,no "o ought to pray to ,god to give him absolute control ( ! =ces ( nature4 ,! pray]1 ,"l1 9 ,?y control ( ! =ces ( nature h m]cy ^u me & my fell[ m51 is a pray] ( a v diff]5t "*4 ,! objection to pray]s = ra91 or = ! cessation ( ra91 & ! l1 is bas$ on ! supposition t we !reby ask ,god to int]f]e ) ! regul>ity ( ! c\rse ( nature4 ,yet x is admitt$ t to pray = submission to ! ,div9e w1 & = su* wisdom z %all lead to compliance ) x 9 ! future1 is a matt] ( c\rse1 & results inevitably f ! relation betwe5 ! spiritual ,fa!r & ! spiritual *ild4 ,b is !re no regul>ity ab\t ! ?+s ?us admitt$ to be fit objects ( pray]8 ,are human "* & human intellect n subject to law8 ,:5 we pray = a submissive _s & = wisdom1 are we n ask+ ,god to int]f]e ) t regul>ity :i* gov]ns ! developm5t ( "* & ( intellig5ce8 ,ei!r ! pray] is to obta9 m submission & m wisdom ?an we %\ld o!rwise get1 or x is n4 ,if x is to obta9 x1 !n ! regul>ity :i* w\ld o!rwise h prevail$ is int]rupt$4 ,if our pray] is n to obta9 = u m submission & m wisdom ?an we %\ld h obta9$ if we _h n pray$1 !n ! pray] is futile4 ,x w p]haps be urg$ t ! two cases are n /rictly p>allel4 ,!y are n2 b = ! purposes ( ?is argum5t !y are suffici5tly p>allel4 ,x is ma9ta9$ t we h no "r to pray = ra91 because we !reby propose to int]f]e ) ! regul>ity ( natural processes2 yet x is all[$ t we may pray = wisdom4 ,to get wisdom by pray] is q z mu* an int]f]5ce ) ! regul>ity ( natural processes z to get ra9 by pray]4 ,!re=e1 ei!r we ought to pray = nei!r1 or we h ! "r to pray = bo?4 ,& s f> z ! two cases are n p>allel1 x seems to be m reasonable to pray = ra9 ?an to pray = submissiv5ess & wisdom4 ,god has giv5 our wills ! awful p[] ( be+ able to resi/ ,8 w4 ,are we to suppose t ,he ex]cises less control ov] matt]1 :i* _c resi/ ,him1 ?an ov] human wills1 :i* ,he all[s to d s2 or t ,he w help u or n help u to become bett] & wis]1 accord+ z we ask ,him or d n ask ,him = su* help1 & yet w nev] make any *ange z to giv+ or )hold+ mat]ial bless+s1 h[ev] mu*1 or h[ev] little1 we may ask ,him to d ?is8 ,! objection is sometimes /at$ 9 a slightly diff]5t =m4 ,god has arrang$ ! mat]ial univ]se accord+ to ,8 inf9ite wisdom2 x is presumptu\s to pray t ,he w make any *ange 9 x4 ,! answ] to :i* is1 t if t argum5t is valid aga9/ pray+ = ra91 x is valid aga9/ all pray] :atev]4 ,if ,i impugn inf9ite wisdom :5 ,i pray = a *ange 9 ! wea!r1 d ,i n equally impugn x1 :5 ,i pray = a *ange 9 ! life or "* ( myself or ( my fri5ds8 ,god kn[s )\t our ask+ :at wea!r is be/ = u2 & ,he kn[s equally )\t our ask+ :at spiritual graces are be/ = u4 ,does n ! p>allel difficulty po9t to a p>allel solution8 ,:at "r h we to assume t 9 ei!r case effectual pray] int]f]es ) ! regul>ity :i* seems to *>act]ize ,div9e action8 ,may x n be ,god's w t ! pray] ( fai? %\ld be a =ce t c influ5ce o!r =ces1 :e!r mat]ial or spiritual1 & t its influ5ce %\ld be accord+ to law 7:e!r natural or sup]natural7 q z mu* z ! influ5ce ( o!r =ces8 ,a man :o puts up a lightn+-conductor br+s d[n ! electric curr5t :5 x might o!rwise h rema9$ above1 & br+s x d[n 9 "o place r ?an ano!r2 yet no "o w\ld say t he int]f]es ) ! regul>ity ( ! c\rse ( nature4 ,is !re any?+ 9 religion or sci5ce to =bid u f ?9k+ ( pray] z work+ 9 an analog\s mann]--accord+ to a law too subtle = u to compreh5d & analyse1 b accord+ to a law none ! less8 ,9 ! va/ network ( =ces 9 :i* an all-wise ,god has con/ruct$ ! univ]se a ,*ri/ian w believe t "o =ce :i* availe? mu*1 bo? 9 ! mat]ial & 9 ! spiritual _w1 is ! e>ne/ pray] ( ! righte\s4 ,x is bett] = u t we %\ld be able to influ5ce by our pray]s ,god's direction ( ev5ts ?an t we %\ld be unable to d s2 !re=e a m]ciful ,fa!r has plac$ ?is p[] )9 our rea*4#ii #if ,9 ! ,dict4 ( ,*r4 ,biogr41 ,i41 p4 #fae1 ,t]tullian's acc\nt ( public confession is giv5 at "s l5g?1 & !n ! "q is ask$1 ,is n ?is1 cle>ly1 ! exomologesis :i* ,/4 ,james enjo9s8 ,to ?is "o replies t ,/4 ,james enjo9s confession1 b says no?+ ab\t publicity4 #ig ,! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t ana!matizes any "o :o d5ies t sacram5tal confession 0 in/itut$ ( ,div9e "r1 or t x is necess>y to salvation1 or :o says t ! mann] ( confess+ secretly to a prie/ alone1 :i* ! ,*ur* has ev] obs]v$ f ! beg9n+1 & do? obs]ve1 is ali5 f ! in/itution & comm& ( ,*ri/1 & is a human inv5tion 7,canon ,,vi4 ii4 #afe74 #ih ,moreov]1 %all absolve hym aft] ?is =me 0 *ang$ to %all absolve hym aft] ?ys sorte1 z if all[+ ano!r =m 9 ! ,visitation ( ! ,sick4 #ii ,dean ,plumptre has po9t$ out an int]e/+ co9cid5ce betwe5 ?is m5tion ( ,elijah & ! acc\nt giv5 by ,josephus ( ,caligula's mad attempt to set up 8 /atue 9 ! ,temple4 ,p4 ,petronius ,turpilianus _h be5 appo9t$ ,gov]nor ( ,syria 9 ! room ( ,vitellius1 & 0 commission$ to erect ! /atue2 b he 0 mu* impress$ by ! e>ne/ness ( ! ,jews 9 oppos+ ! propos$ outrage1 & promis$ l>ge multitudes ( !m at ,tib]ias t he w\ld d all 9 8 p[] to induce ,caligula to desi/4 ,x 0 a ye> ( great dr\ght1 no ra9 fall+ ev5 :5 ! sky 0 ov]ca/2 b on ?is day1 al?\gh !re _h be5 no previ\s signs ( x1 abundance ( ra9 fell directly ,petronius _h f9i%$ 8 spee* to ! ,jews4 ,josephus speaks ( ?is z ,god %[+ ,8 pres5ce 77 to ,petronius1 & says t ,petronius recogniz$ x z a ,div9e manife/ation 77 ( ,god's c>e ( ! ,jews4 ,dr4 ,plumptre says t ! p--,*ri/ians1 we may believe1 z well z ,jews--_h be5 pray+ = ra91 & t ,petronius reg>d$ ! ra9 p>tly z an answ] to ! pray]s ( ! p2 :i* may h be5 s1 b x is n s /at$ by ,josephus4 ,accord+ to ! date :i*1 on indep5d5t gr\nds1 has "h be5 assign$ to ,/4 ,james's ,epi/le1 ! ev5t ref]r$ to mu/ h happ5$ b a few mon?s be=e1 or b a few mon?s aft] x4 ,if be=e1 he may well h _h x 9 8 ?\ghts2 if aft]1 x may well h be5 9 "p ! effect ( 8 tea*+4 ,dr4 ,plumptre ?9ks t ! ,epi/le 0 writt5 betwe5 ,a4,d4 #dd & #ea4 ,! ev5ts record$ by ,josephus took place ,a4,d4 #ci4 ,caligula 0 assass9at$ ,janu>y #bd?1 ,a4,d4 #da4 ,! co9cid5ce1 !re=e1 breaks d[n ^u exam9ation4 7#a7 ,! unexpect$ ra9 is repres5t$1 n z an answ] to pray]1 b z a sign ( ,god's approval ( ! decision ( ,petronius4 7#b7 ,ev5 if we place ! ,epi/le z e>ly z ,a4,d4 #de1 x 0 writt5 six ye>s aft] ! sudd5 ra9 at ,tib]ias2 & ,/4 ,james did n ne$ t occurr5ce 7( :i* he _h possibly nev] he>d7 9 ord] to be rem9d$ ( ! dr\ght & ! ra9 prophesi$ by ,elijah4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,conv]t+ ,,s9n]s2 ,,its ,,conditions ,,& ,,rew>ds4 ,my bre?r51 if any among y d err f ! tru?1 & "o conv]t him1 let him "k1 t he :i* conv]te? a s9n] f ! error ( 8 way %all save a s\l f dea?1 & %all cov] a multitude ( s9s4--,,/4 ,,james v4 #ai1 #bj4 ,/4 ,james has j be5 speak+ ( ! case ( a man :o is sick1 & ne$s ! pray]s ( o!rs = 8 heal+1 bo? 9 body & s\l2 = x may be t ! sick man has s9s to be rep5t$ ( z well z ailm5ts to be cur$4 ,?is leads naturally en\gh to ! common case ( ^? :o1 :e!r sick 9 body or n1 feel _! consci5ces burd5$ by s94 ,!y are to make kn[n _! tr\ble to "o or m ( ! bre?r51 9 ord] t efficaci\s pray]s may be (f]$ to ,god on _! behalf4 ,b ^! cases d n by any means cov] ! :ole gr\nd4 ,besides ^? :o feel & make kn[n _! bodily sickness1 & ^? :o feel & make kn[n _! spiritual sickness1 9 ord] t _! fell[ ,*ri/ians may pray to ,god = _! heal+1 !re is ! common case ( ^? :o ei!r d n feel1 or if !y feel d n confess1 t _! s\ls are sick unto dea?4 ,!re are _m :o h left ! pa? ( life1 & are go+ /eadily1 & p]haps rapidly1 to de/ruction1 :o are ignorant ( _! pite\s condition2 & !re are o!rs :o are aw>e ( _! p]il1 b are ei!r too h>d5$ to desire any s]i\s *ange1 or too pr\d to own _! condition to o!rs & ask _! help t[>ds recov]y4 ,are su* unhappy p]sons to be left to !mselves1 & all[$ to g on _! way to p]dition1 = want ( ! aid :i* !y are too ins5sate or to haughty to ask8 ,c]ta9ly n1 says ! writ] ( ?is ,epi/le4 ,! reclaim+ ( su* s9n]s is "o ( ! noble/ tasks :i* a ,*ri/ian c und]take2 & ! successful accompli%m5t ( x is fraught ) incalculable bless+s1 ! ?\ght ( :i* ought to move u to und]take su* "w4 ,to save "o immortal s\l f et]nal dea? is wor? ! lab\r ( a lifetime4 ,if to lead "o s\l a/ray is to %>e ! devil's "w & incur guilt to :i* a viol5t dea? w\ld be pref]able 7,matt4 xviii4 #f2 ,m>k ix4 #db2 ,luke xvii4 #b71 to lead "o s\l back f dea? is to %>e ,*ri/'s "w 7#b ,cor4 vi4 #a7 by blott+ out f ,god's sight ! s9s :i* cry = puni%m5t4 ,we %all obta9 a cle>] view ( ! mean+ ( ,/4 ,james 9 ^! conclud+ v]ses ( 8 ,epi/le if we beg9 ) ! la/ words ( ! passage1 & f !m "w back to :at prec$es4 ,%all cov] a multitude ( s9s4 ,^: s9s8 ,n ! s9s ( him :o conv]ts ! err+ bro!r4 ,?is view1 :i* is p]haps ! "o :i* mo/ readily occurs to ^? :o m]ely li/5 to ! passage z x is read 9 *ur*1 b h nev] /udi$ x1 may safely be reject$1 al?\gh x has ! sanction ( ,erasmus & to "s ext5t also ( ! ,v5]able ,b$e4 ,!re are two reasons1 ea* ( :i* w\ld suffice to condemn ?is explanation1 & :i* tak5 toge!r are almo/ unansw]able4 7#a7 ,n[h]e else 9 ,scripture d we f9d any su* doctr9e1 t a man may cov] 8 own s9s by induc+ ano!r s9n] to rep5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is "o ( ! t]rible possibilities :i* att5d ! "w ( ! m9i/ry t a man may prea* successfully to o!rs1 & yet himself be a ca/away 7#a ,cor4 ix4 #bg71 & may move _m he>ts1 :ile 8 own rema9s z h>d z ! ne!r mill/one4 ,x is altoge!r mislead+ to quote ,matt4 vi4 #ad 9 connexion ) ?is passage4 ,!re ,*ri/ says1 ,if ye =give m5 _! trespasses1 y\r heav5ly ,fa!r w also =give y4 ,:at has t to d ) conv]t+ s9n]s f _! s9s8 ,is ,=give1 t ye may be =giv51 ev5 p>allel to ,conv]t1 t ye may be =giv58 ,x is v f> inde$ f be+ equival5t to x4 ,! exact p>allel w\ld be1 ,conv]t1 t ye may be conv]t$2 & :]e 9 ei!r ! ,old or ! ,new ,te/am5t d we f9d any su* tea*+ z t8 ,:at we d f9d is ! conv]se ( x3 ,be conv]t$1 t ye may conv]t4 ,ca/ out fir/ ! beam out ( ?9e own eye2 & !n %alt ?\ see cle>ly to ca/ out ! mote out ( ?y bro!r's eye 7,matt4 vii4 #e74 ,& ?is br+s u to ! o!r reason :y ?is int]pretation ought to be set aside4 7#b7 ,we _c suppose t ,/4 ,james w\ld contemplate1 n m]ely z a possible case1 b z ! normal condition ( ?+s1 t a ,*ri/ian w\ld und]take ! task ( conv]t+ o!rs :ile 8 own consci5ce 0 burd5$ ) a multitude ( s9s4 ,he no d\bt assum$1 & meant 8 read]s to assume1 t be=e tak+ ?is v glori\s1 b also v difficult "w ^u !mselves1 ,*ri/ians w\ld at lea/ h rep5t$ ( _! own s9s1 & ?us h won ! assurance t !y 7 cov]$ & =giv54 ,z we h se51 ,/4 ,james %[s an intimate p]sonal k ( ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/1 & especially ( t portion ( x :i* is conta9$ 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4 ,x is difficult to believe t any "o :o 0 acqua9t$ ) ! fundam5tal pr9ciple involv$ 9 ! say+ j quot$1 ab\t ! mote & ! beam1 w\ld end 8 exhortations to ! ,*ur* ) a decl>ation :i*1 accord+ to ! view ( ,erasmus & o!rs1 w\ld mean t x is precisely ^? :o h a beam 9 _! own eye :o %\ld endeav\r to conv]t s9n]s f ! error ( _! ways1 = 9 ?is way !y may get ! beam remov$1 or at lea/ ov]look$4 ,x is ! s9s ( ! conv]t$ s9n] t are cov]$ :5 a bro!r has _h ! happ9ess ( conv]t+ him4 ,! say+ cov] s9s is a prov]bial "o1 & seems to h be5 common among ! ,jews4 ,/4 ,pet] also makes use ( x 7#a ,pet] iv4 #h72 & ?is is "o ( ! po9ts :i* make "s p]sons ?9k t ! writ] ( ?is ,epi/le _h se5 t ( ,/4 ,pet]1 & o!rs t ,/4 ,pet] _h se5 ?is "o 7see above1 p4 #ei74 ,! s\rce ( ! say+ appe>s to be ,prov4 x4 #ab1 ,hatr$ /irre? up /rifes3 b love cov]e? all transgressions4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 by no means c]ta9 t ,/4 ,james is consci\sly quot+ ?is say+1 al?\gh 8 evid5t fondness = ! sapi5tial books ( ,scripture w\ld incl9e u to ?9k t he is do+ s4 ,b ! ,septuag9t ( ! passage 9 ,prov]bs has a diff]5t read+3 ,fri5d%ip %all cov] ^? :o love n /rife4 ,a simil> expression to ! "o be=e u occurs twice 9 ! ,psalms3 ,?\ ha/ =giv5 ! iniquity ( ,?y p2 ,?\ ha/ cov]$ all _! s9 7lxxxv4 #b73 ,bless$ is he ^: transgression is =giv51 ^: s9 is cov]$ 7xxxii4 #a74 ,! fact t ! phrase occurs s frequ5tly r5d]s x impossible = u to det]m9e ! precise passage :i* sugge/$ ! use ( ! words 9 ?is place4 7,see note at ! end ( ?is *apt]47 ,! /atem5t t ! conv]t$ s9n] _h a multitude ( s9s :i* are cov]$ by 8 return+ f ! error ( 8 way %[s u pla9ly :at is meant by ! error ( 8 way & by 8 err+ or be+ l$ a/ray#ajj f ! tru?4 ,/4 ,james is evid5tly n ?9k+ ( purely dogmatic error1 ab\t :i* 8 ,epi/le is almo/1 if n entirely1 sil5t4 ,x is conviction z express$ 9 conduct ) :i* he deals ?r\gh\t4 ,z we h se5 aga9 & aga91 ! evils :i* he d5\nces are ^? ( a s9ful life3 ) ! evils ( erratic speculation he does n deal at all4 ,q 9 h>mony1 !re=e1 ) ! practical "* ( ! ,epi/le1 we f9d t ) him to err f ! tru? means ! apo/asy t is involv$ 9 a life ( s94 ,( ,8 own w ,god br\ght u =? by ! ^w ( tru?1 t we %\ld be a k9d ( fir/fruits ( ,8 creatures 7i4 #ah72 & ^? :o all[ !mselves to be s$uc$ into s9ful c\rses di%on\r _! ,div9e p>5tage & des]t _! ,fa!r's home4 ,to recov] su* f ! pa? ( de/ruction is ! bless$ "w to :i* ,/4 ,james wi%es to incite & enc\rage 8 read]s4 ,x is important to recognize ! fact t x is ! lives ( notori\s s9n]s1 & n ! views ( ^? :o diff] f u1 t we are urg$ to correct4 ,! latt] int]pretation is n an uncommon "o4 ,! expression err f ! tru? seems at fir/ sight to c\nt5ance x2 & to _m ( u ! "w ( w9n+ ov] o!rs to accept our religi\s op9ions is mu* m cong5ial employm5t ?an t ( endeav\r+ to reclaim ! pr(ligate4 ,b ! duty to :i* ,/4 ,james "h exhorts u is "o ( univ]sal obligation4 ,x is "o :i* e ,*ri/ian mu/ recognize1 & accord+ to 8 opportunities p]=m2 & x is "o :i* e "o1 h[ev] ignorant1 simple1 & insignificant he may be1 is able 9 "s measure to fulfil4 ,b comp>atively few ( u are qualifi$ to deal ) ! errone\s op9ions ( o!rs4 ,n infrequ5tly ^? :i* we ?9k to be errone\s are ne>] ! tru? ?an ^? :i* we hold ourselves4 ,ev5 :]e ?is is n ! case1 ! errors may be mu* less hurtful ?an we suppose1 because1 ) happy inconsi/5cy1 m5 all[ ! goodness ( _! he>ts to direct _! conduct1 r ?an ! erratic convictions ( _! heads4 ,& aga91 our ef=ts to *ange ! errone\s op9ions ( o!rs may d m h>m ?an good1 = x is mu* m easy to unsettle ?an to e/abli%4 ,we may take away a plank1 )\t be+ able to supply an ark2 & an inadequate or ev5 faulty pr9ciple is bett] ?an no pr9ciple at all4 ,! man :o endeav\rs to act up to errone\s convictions is 9 a mu* heal?i] /ate ?an ! man :o has lo/ all convictions :atev]4 ,& ?is is ! dang] :i* always lies be=e u :5 we attempt to w9 o!rs ov] f s9c]e & /eadfa/ beliefs :i* seem to u to be untrue4 ,we may succe$ 9 %ak+ ^! beliefs2 b x by no means foll[s t we %all be equally successful 9 giv+ !m bett] beliefs 9 ex*ange = !m4 ,we may accompli% no m ?an ! mis]able result ( hav+ conv9c$ !m t 9 religion ev]y?+ is unc]ta94 ,( c\rse !re are times :5 x is our duty to d :at we c to br+ o!rs ov] to op9ions :i* we are p]suad$ are mu* s\nd] & saf] ?an ^? :i* !y at pres5t hold2 b su* times are v mu* less frequ5t ?an _m ( u are incl9$ to believe4 ,x is obvi\sly our duty to und]take ?is difficult task :5 o!r p consult u z to _! religi\s convictions2 b ! m]e fact t we "k :at _! convictions are1 & t we hold !m to be p]il\sly uns\nd1 does n e/abli% a "r on our "p to attempt to *ange !m4 ,& z reg>ds ! passage be=e u1 x is q cle>1 bo? f ! context & f ! t5\r ( ! :ole ,epi/le1 t ! r>e occasions on :i* we are "u ! obligation ( endeav\r+ to conv]t o!rs to our own ways ( ?9k+ are n ! occasions to :i* ,/4 ,james ref]s 9 ^! conclud+ s5t5ces ( 8 lett]4 ,! duty ( reclaim+ ! lo/ gr[s out ( ! condition ( bro!rhood :i* is assum$ all ?r\gh ! ,epi/le z be+ ! relation :i* exi/s betwe5 ^? :o are address$4 ,?is is manife/ly ! case "h4 ,my bre?r51 if any among y d err f ! tru?4 ,if x be "r to clo! & fe$ ! nak$ & hungry bro!r1 to pray = ! sick bro!r1 & = ^? :o confess _! faults to u1 mu* m mu/ x be "r to d all t is possible to br+ back f ! way ( dea? ^? :o are walk+ 9 x1 to conv]t !m1 turn !m "r r\nd1 & induce !m to g 9 ! opposite direction4 ,to believe 9 ,god1 to believe t we are ,8 *ildr51 & yet to act z if ! bodies & s\ls ( o!rs1 :o are equally ,8 *ildr51 are 9 no degree 9 our keep+1 & t _! condition is no conc]n ( ours--?is is inde$ to h t fai? :i*1 be+ ap>t f works1 is dead4 ,h[ is ! conv]sion ( ! err+ bro!r to be effect$8 ,/4 ,james gives no explicit directions1 b leaves all matt]s ( detail to ! discretion ( ! work]4 ,yet he does n leave u altoge!r )\t guidance z to :at are ! be/ me?ods4 ,"o ( ^! is intimat$ by :at imm$iately prec$es1 & ! o!r by ! g5]al import ( ! lett]4 ,^! two efficaci\s means = ! conv]sion ( s9n]s are1 n rebuke or remon/rance1 n exhortation or advice1 n ang] or contempt1 b--pray] & good example4 ,x is by pray] t ! sick may be re/or$ to heal?2 x is by pray] t s9n]s :o confess _! s9s may be heal$2 & x is by pray] t s9n]s1 :o z yet w n confess & rep5t1 may be won ov] to d s4 ,& "h ! appropriat5ess ( ! example ( ,elijah becomes evid5t4 ,elijah 0 a prophet1 & he knew t :5 he pray$ = dr\ght & = ra9 he 0 pray+ = :at 0 9 accordance ) ! w ( ,god2 & x is su* pray]s t are sure ( fulfilm5t4 ,we are n prophets1 & :5 we pray = *anges ( wea!r we _c be sure t :at we ask is 9 accordance ) ,god's w4 ,all t we c d is to submit humbly to ,8 w1 & to beg t1 s f> z !y are 9 h>mony ) x1 our desires may be grant$4 ,b :5 we pray = ! conv]sion ( s9n]s we are 9 ! same position z ,elijah4 ,we "k f ! outset t we are pray+ = some?+ :i* x is ,8 w to grant1 if only ! rebelli\s wills ( imp5it5t s9n]s d n prove insup]able3 = ,he =ces no "o to be conv]t$2 ,he w h volunt>y s]vice1 or none at all4 ,:51 !re=e1 we ask ,him = ! assi/ance ( ,8 ,holy ,_s 9 br++ back s9n]s f ! error ( _! ways1 we may h ! greate/ confid5ce t we are desir+ t :i* ,he w\ld h u desire1 & are unit+ our wills to ,84 ,?is1 !n1 is "o great in/rum5t = ! conv]sion ( our err+ bre?r5--! pray] ( fai?1 :i* c remove m\nta9s ( s9 out ( ,god's sight1 by br++ ! s9n]1 :o has pil$ !m up dur+ ye>s ( s9n+1 to confess1 & rep5t1 & be =giv54 ,! case ( ,/4 ,monica1 pray+ = ! conv]sion ( h] s9ful & h]etical son ,augu/9e1 w occur to _m z a beautiful illu/ration ( ! pr9ciple "h indicat$4 ,he himself tells u ( x 9 8 immortal ,confessions 7,,iii4 xi41 xii4 #bj1 #ba72 h[ t = ye>s1 especially f 8 n9ete5? to 8 tw5ty-eigh? ye>1 he w5t on s$uc$ & s$uc+1 deceiv$ & deceiv+1 9 v>i\s lu/s2 & h[ 8 "m cont9u$ to pray = him4 ,& h] pray]s ent]$ into ,?y pres5ce2 & yet ,?\ did/ leave me to wall[ deep] & deep] 9 t d>kness4 ,!n %e w5t to a c]ta9 bi%op1 & entreat$ him to reason ) h] son2 b he decl9$1 say+ t ! "t = t _h n yet come4 ,leave him alone = a "t2 only pray to ,god = him4 ,b %e 0 n satisfi$1 & cont9u$ to implore him ) te>s t he w\ld g & see ,augu/9e1 & try to move him4 ,at :i* he some:at lo/ pati5ce1 & s5t h] away1 say+1 ,g1 leave me1 & a bless+ g ) !e3 x is impossible t ! son ( su* te>s %\ld p]i%4 ,:i* answ]1 z %e (t5 told h] son aft]w>ds1 %e accept$ z if x 7 a voice f heav52 & all ,*ri/5dom kn[s h[ h] pray] 0 he>d4 ,he himself attribut$ all t 0 good 9 him to 8 "m's te>s & pray]s4 ,! o!r great in/rum5t 9 accompli%+ ?is bless$ "w is a good example4 ,a holy life is ! be/ s]mon1 ! mo/ effectual remon/rance1 ! /ronge/ inc5tive1 ! mo/ p[]ful plea4 ,)\t x words are ( little avail2 ) x words are sc>cely necess>y4 ,?is is ! in/rum5t :i* ,/4 ,james ?r\gh\t ?is ,epi/le comm5ds4 ,n words1 b works2 n pr(essions1 b de$s2 n fair spee*es1 b k9d acts 7i4 #ai1 #bb1 #bg2 ii4 #a1 #ae1 #af1 #bf2 iii4 #ac2 iv4 #ag74 ,no?+ t we c say w ev] make su* impression ^u o!rs z :at we d & :at we are4 ,eloqu5ce1 reason+1 incisiv5ess1 pa?os1 p]suasiv5ess1 all h _! uses1 & may be ( real s]vice 9 ! "w ( w9n+ back s9n]s f ! error ( _! ways1 b !y are z no?+ comp>$ ) hol9ess4 ,x is :5 deep calls to deep1 :5 life calls to life1 :5 ! life ( manife/ devotion at once %ames & attracts ! life ( flagrant s91 t spirits are mov$1 t ! loa?+ = vice & ! long+ = virtue are excit$4 ,! man ^: own habitual conduct mo/ (t5 makes o!r m5 a%am$ ( !mselves is ! man :o n only has ! be/ ( all qualifications = w9n+ s\ls to ,god1 b is actually accompli%+ ?is "w1 ev5 :5 he is n consci\sly attempt+ x4 ,& su* a "o1 :5 he does attempt x1 w h a l>ge measure ( ! requisite wisdom4 ,! e>ne/ness ( 8 own life w h giv5 him a k ( 8 own he>t1 & t is ! be/ ( all keys to a k ( ! he>ts ( o!rs4 ,!re is some?+ fatally wrong ab\t u if we h no /rong desire to br+ back s9n]s to ,god4 ,we _c be ,*ri/'s disciples )\t hav+ x4 ,! man :o w\ld g to heav5 alone is already (f ! road ?i!r4 ,! man ^: "o consum+ ?\ght is to save 8 own s\l has n yet f\nd out ! be/ means ( sav+ x4 ,! sure/ road to p]sonal happ9ess is to devote oneself to promot+ ! happ9ess ( o!rs1 & ! be/ way to secure "o's own salvation is to devote oneself to ! ,div9e "w ( help+ =w>d ! salvation ( o!rs4 ,let ! fe> ( giv+ sc&al to o!rs keep u f s92 let ! hope ( be+ a help to o!rs enc\rage u 9 well-do+2 & let our pray]s be m = o!rs ?an = ourselves4 ,z ,calv9 says1 on ?is passage1 ,we mu/ take he$ le/ s\ls p]i% ?r\gh our slo? ^: salvation ,god puts 9 a mann] 9 our h&s4 ,n t we c be/[ salvation on !m1 b t ,god by our m9i/ry deliv]s & saves ^? :o seem o!rwise to be nigh de/ruction4 ,:at is ! rew>d :i* ,/4 ,james holds out to u to induce u to und]take ! "w ( conv]t+ a s9n]8 ,he (f]s no?+2 he promises no?+4 ,! "w itself is its own rew>d4 ,to w9 back an err+ bro!r is a ?+ s bless$1 s glori\s1 s ri* 9 incalculable results1 t to h be5 enabl$ to accompli% x is rew>d en\gh--is a prize suffici5t to induce any true he>t$ ,*ri/ian to "w = x4 ,x is no less ?an ! sav+ ( a s\l f dea?2 & :o c e/imate :at t means8 ,x is ! cov]+ ( a multitude ( s9s4 ,!re is no ne$ to make ?is la/ phrase include ! s9s :i* ! man w\ld o!rwise h committ$ _h he n be5 conv]t$4 ,s9s n committ$ _c be cov]$4 ,x is q true t by conv]sion a man is sav$ f s9s into :i* he w\ld c]ta9ly h fall52 & ?is is a v happy result1 b x is n ! result po9t$ out by ,/4 ,james4 ,! s9s :i* h be5 committ$ dur+ ! daily walk t[>ds de/ruction are :at he has 9 8 m9d2 & !y are n "o or two "h & !re1 b a multitude4 ,to aid a bro!r to get rid ( ^! by confession & rep5tance is an end t amply repays all ! tr\ble t we c take 9 atta9+ to x4 ,b ! numb] ( r5egades is s enorm\s2 ! multitude ( imp5it5t s9n]s is s ov]:elm+3 h[ is x possible to conv]t !m8 ,/4 ,james says no?+ ab\t conv]t+ multitudes2 he speaks only ( conv]t+ "o4 ,if any 7 7 among y d err f ! tru?1 & "o conv]t him4 ,to br+ ov] "o s\l f et]nal dea? to et]nal life may be )9 ! p[] ( any "o e>ne/ ,*ri/ian4 ,is ea* "o ( u mak+ ! attempt8 ,are we mak+ our lives z b5efic5t1 z sympa!tic1 z unselfi% z our opportunities admit (8 ,d we give a g5]\s1 or ev5 a mod]ate %>e ( enc\ragem5t to ! num]\s ag5cies :i* are at "w to less5 ! temptations & increase ! means ( grace = ^? :o are liv+ 9 s91 & to help & enc\rage ^? :o1 9 h[ev] feeble a way1 are mak+ a fight aga9/ x8 ,"k ye1#aja t he :i* conv]te? a s9n] f ! error ( 8 way %all save a s\l f dea?1 & %all cov] a multitude ( s9s4 ,) ^! words ,/4 ,james abruptly takes leave ( ^? :om he addresses4 ,! lett] has no =mal conclusion2 n because x is unf9i%$1 or because ! conclusion has be5 lo/1 b because ,/4 ,james wi%es by means ( a sudd5 close to leave 8 la/ words r++ 9 ! he>ts ( 8 read]s4 ,9 ?is respect ! ,epi/le rem9ds u ( ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,john4 ,gu>d y\rselves f ! idols is ! only f>ewell :i* ! la/ ( ! ,apo/les has = 8 little *ildr52 & a v summ>y /atem5t ( :at ! conv]sion ( "o s9n] means is ! f>ewell ( ,/4 ,james to 8 bre?r54 ,9 bo? cases x is ! abruptness ( emphasis1 z if ! writ] said1 ,if all else t ,i h writt5 be =gott51 at lea/ rememb] ?is4 ,h[ beautiful to f9d "o noble s\l1 & ent] into frequ5t communion ) x6 h[ happy to be ! means ( pres]v+ x f defilem5t6 b mo/ bless$ ( all to be in/rum5tal 9 rescu+ x f degradation & de/ruction6 ,i say unto y1 ,t !re %all be joy 9 heav5 ov] "o s9n] t rep5te?1 m ?an ov] n9ety & n9e righte\s p]sons1 :i* ne$ no rep5tance4 ,,note4--,x is by no means impossible t 9 ! phrase cov] a multitude ( s9s nei!r ,/4 ,james is quot+ ,/4 ,pet]1 nor ,/4 ,pet] ,/4 ,james1 nor ei!r ( !m quot+ ,psalms or ,prov]bs1 b t ea* ( !m is reproduc+ a say+ ( ,*ri/'s :i* is n record$ 9 ! ,gospels4 ,! phrase occurs 9 bo? ,clem5t ( ,rome 7,,xlv47 & ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria 7,/rom4 ,i4 xxvii42 ,,ii4 xv42 ,,iv4 xviii42 ,quis ,div4 ,salv4 xxxviii471 9 all :i* places x may be a quotation f #a ,pet] iv4 #h4 ,b 9 "o place 7,pdag4 ,,iii4 xii47 he seems to give x z a say+ ( our ,"l's1 = he c\ples x ) a say+ :i* is c]ta9ly ,8 7,luke xx4 #be74 ,clem5t's word+ is z foll[s3 ,love1 ,he sai?1 cov]e? a multitude ( s9s2 & respect+ citiz5%ip1 ,r5d] to ,cs> ! ?+s t are ,cs>'s1 & to ,god ! ?+s t are ,god's2 :]e "o & ! same ,he sai? 77 cov]s bo? say+s4 ,9 ! ,didascalia 7,,ii4 iii47 ! say+ is explicitly attribut$ to ,*ri/3 ,because ! ,"l sai?1 ,love cov]e? a multitude ( s9s4 ,see ,res*1 ,agrapha2 ,auss]canonis*e ,evangeli5fragm5te 7,leipzig1 #ahhi71 pp4 #bdh1 #bdi4 #ajj 4 ,?is aori/ passive may h a middle signification1 b x is simpl] to all[ x to be passive3 ! man has be5 l$ a/ray by evil influ5ces1 & he is l$ back by good influ5ces4 ,x matt]s n :e!r we reg>d him z l$ a/ray by s9 7,b5gel71 or ,satan1 or wick$ companions4 #aja ,?is is probably ! true read+4 ,,! ,,g5]al ,,epi/le ,,( ,,/4 ,,jude4 ,,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,,! ,,au!nticity ,,( ,,! ,,epi/le ,,( ,,/4 ,,jude4 ,judas1 a s]vant ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 & bro!r ( ,james1 to !m t are call$1 belov$ 9 ,god ! ,fa!r1 & kept = ,jesus ,*ri/3 m]cy unto y & peace & love be multipli$4--,,/4 ,,jude #a1 #b4 ,precisely z 9 ! case ( ! ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,james1 ! "q z to ! au!nticity ( ?is lett] resolves itself into two p>ts3 ,is ! ,epi/le ! v]itable product ( a writ] ( ! ,apo/olic age8 ,if x is1 :i* ( ! p]sons ( t age :o bore ! "n ( ,judas is ! au?or ( x8 ,bo? ( ^! que/ions c be answ]$ ) a v consid]able am\nt ( c]ta9ty4 ,let u rememb] ! "r way ( putt+ ! fir/ ( ^! two que/ions4 ,n1 ,:y %\ld we believe t ?is ,epi/le 0 writt5 by an ,apo/le or a contempor>y ( ! ,apo/les8 b1 ,:y %\ld we refuse to believe ?is8 ,:at reason h we = reject+ ! v]dict ( ecclesia/ics & !ologians ( ! f\r? & fif? c5turies1 :o 7 well aw>e ( ! d\bts :i* _h be5 rais$ respect+ ! au?ority ( ! ,epi/le1 & aft] full & prolong$ consid]ation decid$ t x possess$ full canonical au?ority4 ,n only 7 !y 9 possession ( evid5ce :i* is no long] available1 & :i* r5d]$ x probable t _! decision w\ld be correct2 b ! univ]sal acceptance ( _! decision 9 all ! ,*ur*es proves t _! decision 0 admitt$ to be correct by ^? :o _h ample means ( te/+ its s\ndness4 ,! ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,jude1 l t ( ,/4 ,james1 is reckon$ by ,eusebius z "o ( ! six or sev5 disput$ 77 books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 :i* fact1 :ile x proves t misgiv+s _h exi/$ 9 "s qu>t]s respect+ ! au?ority ( ! lett]1 at ! same "t proves t x 0 n admitt$ into ! canon by an ov]sight4 ,! difficulties respect+ x 7 well kn[n1 & 7 consid]$ to be by no means fatal to its o!rwise /rong claim to be accept$ 7see above1 pp4 #ae-ah74 ,& ! difficulties respect+ ! two ,epi/les 7 simil> 9 k9d4 #a4 ,_m ,*ur*es rema9$ = a consid]able "t )\t any k ( "o or o!r ( ! two ,epi/les2 b :]eas x 0 9 ! ,we/ t ! ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,james 0 lea/ kn[n1 x 0 ,ea/]n ,*ur*es t rema9$ longe/ )\t k ( t ( ,/4 ,jude4 #b4 ,ev5 :5 ! ,epi/le did become kn[n x rema9$ d\btful :e!r ! writ] 0 a p]son ( au?ority4 ,he 0 possibly n an ,apo/le1 & if he 0 n su*1 :at 7 8 claims to be he>d8 #c4 ,to ^! two difficulties1 :i* 7 common to bo? ,epi/les1 mu/ be add$ ano!r :i* 0 peculi> to t ( ,/4 ,jude4 ,x may be /at$ 9 ,j]ome's words4 ,because 9 x ,jude d]ives a te/imony f ! ,book ( ,eno*1 :i* is apocryphal1 x is reject$ by "s#ajb 7,catal4 ,scr4 ,eccl4 iv474 ,z we %all see h]eaft]1 x probably makes use ( yet ano!r apocryphal book2 & x 0 n unreasonably d\bt$ :e!r an ,apo/olic writ] w\ld compromise himself by ! use ( su* lit]ature4 ,if he 7 inspir$1 he w\ld "k x to be apocryphal1 & w\ld ab/a9 f quot+ x2 & if he did n "k its apocryphal "*1 h[ c\ld he be inspir$1 or 8 words be ( any au?ority8 ,t s brief a lett] %\ld rema9 = a consid]able "t q unkn[n to "s ,*ur*es1 is n at all surpris+4 ,its evid5t ,jewi% tone w\ld r5d] x less attractive to ,g5tile ,*ri/ians4 ,its mak+ no claim to ,apo/olic au?ority rais$ a d\bt :e!r x _h any au?ority :atev]1 & ?is d\bt 0 increas$ by ! fact t x quotes apocryphal writ+s4 ,consequ5tly ^? ,*ri/ians :o knew ! ,epi/le w\ld n always be ready to promote its circulation4 ,ev5 if we 7 compell$ to inf] t sil5ce respect+ x implies ignorance ( its exi/5ce1 su* ignorance w\ld 9 mo/ cases be v intelligible3 b ?is p]il\s inf]5ce f sil5ce 9 "s cases c be %[n to be incorrect4 ,hippolytus may possibly h rema9$ ignorant ( x2 b if1 z ,bi%op ,lightfoot sugge/s1#ajc he is ! au?or ( ! suppos$ ,greek orig9al ( ! ,muratorian ,canon1 he te/ifies /rongly 7note ! sane7 to ! g5]al reception ( ! ,epi/le4 ,?is holds good1 h[ev] we may deal ) ! ambigu\s 9 ca?olica1 :i* may possibly mean 9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 or be a mi/ake = 9 ca?olicis1 among ! ,ca?olic ,epi/les4 ,cyprian1 :o nev] quotes ! ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,jude1 mu/ h kn[n ( x f ! celebrat$ passage 9 ! ma/] ,t]tullian1 ^: works he 0 always read+4 ,& x is q incr$ible t ,*ryso/om1 :o 9 all 8 volum9\s writ+s does n *ance to quote x ev5 once1 0 n famili> ) its cont5ts4 ,! brevity ( ! ,epi/le is suffici5t to expla9 a great deal ( ! sil5ce respect+ x4 ,! mo/ s]i\s item 9 ! ext]nal evid5ce aga9/ ! ,epi/le is its abs5ce f ! ,pe%itto1 or anci5t ,syriac ,v]sion4 ,! consid]ations already m5tion$ g a long way t[>ds expla9+ ?is abs5ce1 & x is a great deal m ?an c\nt]balanc$ by ! /rong ext]nal evid5ce 9 its fav\r4 ,?is is surpris+ly /rong1 especially :5 comp>$ ) t 9 fav\r ( ! ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,james4 ,9 bo? cases ! tr\bles :i* ov]:elm$ ! ,*ur* ( ,j]usalem & ,jewi% ,*ri/ianity 9 ! reign ( ,hadrian int]f]$ ) ! circulation ( ! lett]s2 b x is ! %ort] lett] & ! lett] ( ! less-kn[n writ] :i* 7s f> z extant te/imony goes7 seems 9 ! fir/ in/ance to h obta9$ ! wid] circulation & recognition4 ,! ,muratorian ,canon1 z we h se51 conta9s x2 s also does ! old ,lat9 ,v]sion4 ,t]tullian 7,de ,cult4 ,fem4 ,i4 iii47 vehem5tly cont5ds t ! ,book ( ,eno* ought to be accept$ z canonical1 & he cl5*es 8 argum5t ) ! fact t x is quot$ by ! ,apo/le ,jude4 ,?is appeal w\ld h seem$ dang]\s r ?an conclusive1 if 9 ,nor? ,africa !re _h be5 any s]i\s misgiv+s ab\t ! au?ority ( ,jude's ,epi/le4 ,t]tullian evid5tly ent]ta9$ no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,9 a simil> _s ,augu/9e asks1 ,:at ( ,eno*1 ! sev5? f ,adam8 ,does n ! canonical ,epi/le ( ! ,apo/le ,jude decl>e t he prophesi$8 7,de ,civ4 ,dei1 xviii4 #ch74 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria quotes x z ,scripture 7,pd4 ,,iii4 viii41 & ,/rom4 ,,iii4 ii471 & comm5t$ ^u x 9 8 ,hypotyposeis 7,eus4 ,h4 ,e4 ,,vi4 xiv4 #a71 ( :i* we probably /ill possess "s translations into ,lat9 made "u ! direction ( ,cassiodorus4 ,orig51 al?\gh he 0 aw>e t x 0 n univ]sally receiv$1 = 9 "o place he uses ! cauti\s expression1 ,if any receive ! ,epi/le ( ,jude1 yet accept$ x ?or\ghly himself1 z ! frequ5t citations ( x 9 8 works %[4 ,9 "o passage he speaks ( x z an ,epi/le ( b few l9es1 yet full ( ! /rong words ( heav5ly grace 7,comm4 on ,matt4 xiii4 #ee74 ,a?anasius places x 9 8 li/ ( ! canonical ,scriptures )\t any m>k ( d\bt4 ,& ,didymus1 head ( ! ,cate*etical ,s*ool at ,alex&ria1 & in/ructor ( ,j]ome & ,ruf9us1 condemns ! opposition :i* "s (f]$ to ! ,epi/le on acc\nt ( ! /atem5t respect+ ! body ( ,moses 7v]4 #i71 j z ,j]ome virtually condemns ^? :o oppos$ x because ( ! quotation f ! ,book ( ,eno*4 ,?is evid5ce1 x w be obs]v$1 is mo/ly ,we/]n4 ,! blank z reg>ds ! ,ea/ is to "s ext5t fill$ by ! lett] ( ! ,synod at ,antio* aga9/ ,paul ( ,samasota1 ,a4,d4 #bfi4 ,portions ( ?is lett] h be5 pres]v$ by ,eusebius1 & ,mal*ion1 ! presbyt] :o *iefly compos$ x1 seems to h _h ! ,epi/le ( ,jude 9 8 m9d :5 he wrote4 ,?is is *iefly evid5t 9 ! tone ( ! lett]2 b "h & !re ! word+ approa*es t ( ,/4 ,jude2 e4g4 d5y+ 8 ,god & ,"l rem9ds u ( d5y+ our only ,ma/] & ,"l 7,jude #d72 & n gu>d+ ! fai? :i* he once held may be sugge/$ by cont5d e>ne/ly = ! fai? :i* 0 once = all deliv]$ unto ! sa9ts 7,jude #c74 ,! quotations f ,jude 9 ,ephrem ,syrus 7c4 ,a4,d4 #cjh-gc7 are some:at discr$it$1 = !y occur only 9 ! ,greek translations ( 8 works1 "s ( :i*1 h[ev]1 7 made 9 8 lifetime2 b ! quotations may be ins]tions made by translators4 ,t s %ort a lett] %\ld h s mu* te/imony 9 its fav\r is rem>kable2 & al?\gh x may be a slight exagg]ation to say1 ) ,zahn1 t ab\t ,a4,d4 #bjj x 0 accept$ 9 ! ,*ur* ( all l&s r\nd ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea 7,ges*4 d4 ,neute/4 ,kanons1 ,i41 p4 #cba71 yet ev5 ,h>nack admits t ?is is n mu* 9 excess ( ! tru?4 ,! only abatem5t :i* he sugge/s is t ! misgiv+s to :i* ,orig5 on "o s+le occasion be>s witness1 %[ t ! ,epi/le 0 n ev]y:]e 9 ! ,ea/ "p ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ,scriptures 7,das ,n4,t4 um d4 ,jahr #bjj1 p4 #gi74 ,we may take x1 !re=e1 z suffici5tly prov$ t ?is lett] 0 writt5 by "o :o belong$ to ! ,apo/olic age4 ,_h x be5 a =g]y ( ! second c5tury1 x w\ld n h f\nd ?is g5]al acceptance4 ,moreov]1 a =g] w\ld h *os5 "s p]son ( great] fame & great] au?ority z ! suppos$ writ] ( ! ,epi/le1 or w\ld at lea/ h made ,jude an ,apo/le2 & above all1 he w\ld h betray$ "s motive = ! =g]y4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! lett] to indicate any su* motive4 ,r5an accepts ! ,epi/le z a g5u9e relic ( ! ,apo/olic age1 & inde$ places x z e>ly z ,a4,d4 #ed2 yet 8 view ( x w\ld lead o!r p to reg>d x z a =g]y1 = x supplies a /rong motive4 ,r5an consid]s x to be an attack on ,/4 ,paul4 ,! ,clem5t9e lit]ature %[s u h[ a h]etic ( ! second c5tury c make a cov]t attack on ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles2 & if we c\ld believe t ! writ] ( ?is ,epi/le _h ,/4 ,paul 9 8 m9d :5 he d5\nc$ ^? :o 9 _! dream+s defile ! fle%1 & set at n\ght dom9ion1 & rail at dignities1 we %\ld be ready en\gh to believe t he 0 n really ,judas1 bro!r ( ,james1 b "o :o did n d>e to say op5ly 9 ! ,*ur* ! accusations :i* he tri$ to ins9uate4 ,b no critic has accept$ ?is /range !ory ( ,r5an's1 & x is h>dly wor? :ile ask+1 ,:y 0 n ,/4 ,pet] or ,/4 ,john tak5 z ! au?ority :]e) to c\nt]act ! influ5ce ( ,/4 ,paul8 ,( :at weight w\ld ! words ( ! unkn[n ,jude be 9 comp>ison ) 88 ,r5an's lit]>y acut5ess recognizes 9 ?is ,epi/le a v]itable product ( ! fir/ c5tury3 8 prejudices respect+ anti-,paul9e t5d5cies among ! ,apo/olic writ]s lead him amaz+ly a/ray z to ! mean+ ( its cont5ts4 ,x rema9s to consid] ! second "p ( ! "q respect+ ! au!nticity ( ?is ,epi/le4 ,we are ju/ifi$ 9 believ+ t x is a writ+ ( ! ,apo/olic age1 by a p]son be>+ ! "n ( ,judas or ,jude4 ,b to :i* ( ! p]sons :o bore t "n 9 ! fir/ age ( ! ,*ur* is ! lett] to be assign$8 ,only two p]sons h to be consid]$--7#a7 ,judas n ,isc>iot1 :o seems also to h be5 call$ ,lebbu or ,?addu1 = 9 ! li/s ( ! ,apo/les ,?addu or ,lebbu 7! read+s are confus$7 /&s 9 ,mat!w x4 & ,m>k iii4 z ! equival5t ( ,judas ! son ( ,james 9 ,luke vi4 & ,acts i42 & 7#b7 ,judas "o ( ! f\r bre?r5 ( ! ,"l2 ! names ( ! o!r ?ree be+ ,james1 ,joseph or ,joses1 & ,simon 7,matt4 xiii4 #ee2 ,m>k vi4 #c74 ,^! two are sometimes id5tifi$1 b ! id5tification is highly que/ionable1 al?\gh ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion enc\rages u to make x by giv+ to ,judas ( ,james ! improbable mean+1 ,judas ! bro!r ( ,james1 in/ead ( ! usual mean+1 ,judas ! son ( ,james4#ajd ,9 o!r words1 ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion assumes t ! writ] ( ?is ,epi/le is ! ,apo/le ,judas n ,isc>iot2 ! writ] calls himself bro!r ( ,james1 & ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion makes ?is ,apo/le to be ! bro!r ( ,james4 ,we h se5 already t bo? ,t]tullian & ,augu/9e speak ( ! writ] ( ?is ,epi/le z an ,apo/le4 ,s also does ,orig51 b only 9 two passages1 ( :i* ! ,greek orig9al is want+ 7,de ,pr9cipiis1 ,,iii4 ii4 #a2 ,comm4 on ,romans v4 #ac1 vol4 iv41 #edi74 ,9 no passage ( ! ,greek works1 & 9 no o!r passage ( ! ,lat9 translations1 does he call ,jude an ,apo/le2 s t ! addition ( ,apo/le 9 ^! two places may be an ins]tion ( 8 n v accurate translator ,ruf9us4 ,b ev5 if ! au?ority ( ,orig5 is to be add$ to t ( ,t]tullian & ,augu/9e1 ! op9ion t ! au?or ( ?is lett] 0 an ,apo/le is n probable4 ,_h he be5 su*1 x w\ld h be5 natural to m5tion ! fact z a claim on ! att5tion ( 8 read]s1 in/ead ( m]ely cont5t+ himself ) nam+ 8 relation%ip to 8 mu* m di/+ui%$ bro!r ,james4 ,x is n to ! po9t to urge t ,/4 ,paul does n always call himself an ,apo/le 9 8 ,epi/les4 ,he 0 a well-kn[n p]son1 especially aft] 8 f\r great ,epi/les _h be5 publi%$1 9 all ( :i* he /yles himself an ,apo/le4 ,9 ! two to ! ,!ssalonians he does n1 probably because he !re associates ,silvanus & ,timo?y ) himself 7b see #a ,!ss4 ii4 #f74 ,/4 ,jude 0 comp>atively unkn[n1 hav+ writt5 no?+ else1 & hav+ probably travell$ little4 ,! *>ge1 ,rememb] ye ! words :i* h be5 spok5 be=e by ! ,apo/les ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ 7v]4 #ag71 al?\gh x does n necess>ily imply t ! writ] himself is n "o ( ^! ,apo/les1 yet w\ld be m suitable to "o :o did n possess ,apo/olic rank4 ,& :5 we ask :at ,james is meant1 :5 he /yles himself bro!r ( ,james1 ! answ] _c be d\btful2 x is ,james ! bro!r ( ! ,"l1 "o ( ! ?ree ,pill>s ( ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 fir/ ov]se] ( ! ,*ur* ( ,j]usalem1 & au?or ( ! ,epi/le :i* be>s 8 "n4 ,! ,epi/le ( ,jude is evid5tly by a ,jewi% ,*ri/ian1 :o1 :ile writ+ to all t h be5 call$ to ! fai?1 evid5tly has ,jewi% ,*ri/ians *iefly 9 8 m9d4 ,to su* a writ] x 0 well wor? :ile to m5tion t he 0 bro!r ( t ,james :o 0 s rev]$ by all 8 fell[ c\ntrym54 ,reasons h be5 giv5 already = believ+ t ?is ,james 0 n an ,apo/le 7pp4 #bg-bi71 & ^! w confirm u 9 ! op9ion t 8 bro!r ,jude 0 n su*4 ,! "q ( _! relation%ip to ,jesus ,*ri/ has also be5 discuss$ 7pp4 #ca1 #cb71 & ne$ n be reop5$ "h4 ,if x be argu$ t1 _h ,/4 ,jude be5 ! bro!r ( ! ,"l1 he w\ld h m5tion$ ! fact1 we may securely answ] t he w\ld n h done s4 ,z ! au?or ( ! ,adumbrationes c5turies ago rem>k$1 religi\s feel+ w\ld det] him1 z x did 8 bro!r ,james1 9 8 ,epi/le1 f m5tion+ ?is4 ,! ,asc5sion _h alt]$ all ,*ri/'s human relation%ips1 & ,8 bre?r5 w\ld %r9k f claim+ k9%ip aft] ! fle% ) ,8 glorifi$ body4 ,?is conjecture is support$ by facts4 ,n[h]e 9 primitive ,*ri/ian lit]ature is any au?ority claim$ on ! basis ( ne>ness ( k9 to ! ,r$eem]4 ,he ,himself _h taught ,*ri/ians t ! l[lie/ among !m might rise above ! close/ ( su* e>?ly ties 7,luke xi4 #bg1 #bh72 to be spiritually ! s]vant ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 mu* m ?an be+ ,8 actual bro!r4#aje ,we may suppose t ,jude1 l ! re/ ( 8 bre?r5 7,john vii4 #e71 did n at fir/ believe 9 ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus1 b 0 conv]t$ by ! conv9c+ ev5t ( ! ,resurrection 7,acts i4 #ad74 ,we "k t he 0 m>ri$1 n m]ely f ! g5]al /atem5t made by ,/4 ,paul respect+ ! bre?r5 ( ! ,"l 7#a ,cor4 ix4 #e71 b f ! int]e/+ /ory told by ,hegesippus1 & pres]v$ by ,eusebius 7,h4 ,e4 ,,iii4 xx4 #a-h71 t two gr&sons ( ,jude 7 tak5 be=e ,domitian z be+ ( ! royal family ( ,david1 & !re=e dang]\s to 8 rule4 ,=1 says ,hegesippus1 he 0 afraid ( ! appe>ance ( ! ,*ri/1 z ,h]od 04 ,9 answ] to 8 que/ions1 !y /at$ t !y 7 inde$ ( ! family ( ,david1 b 7 poor & humble p]sons1 :o support$ !mselves by _! own lab\r2 9 pro( ( :i* !y %[$ _! horny h&s4 ,:5 fur!r que/ion$ respect+ ! ,*ri/ & ,8 k+dom1 !y said t x 0 n e>?ly1 b heav5ly1 & w\ld arise at ! end ( ! _w1 :5 ,he came to judge ! liv+ & ! dead4 ,:]eupon ,domitian contemptu\sly dismiss$ !m z too simple to be dang]\s1 & ord]$ t ! p]secution ( ! desc5dants ( ,david %\ld cease4 ,^! two m5 7 aft]w>ds hon\r$ 9 ! ,*ur*es1 bo? z confessors & z be+ ne> ( k9 to ! ,"l4 ,a fragm5t ( ,philip ( ,side 7c4 ,a4,d4 #dbe7 lately discov]$ says t ,hegesippus gave ! names ( ^! two m5 z ,zoc] & ,james 7,texte und ,unt]su*ung51 ,v4 #b1 p4 #afi74 ,?is n>rative implies t bo? ,/4 ,jude & ! fa!r ( ^! gr&sons 7 already dead1 & ?is gives u a t]m9us respect+ ! date ( ! ,epi/le4 ,/4 ,jude 0 almo/ c]ta9ly dead :5 ,domitian came to ! ?rone1 9 ,a4,d4 #ha1 & !re=e ?is lett] 0 writt5 be=e t date4 ,:e!r1 z ,hilg5feld & o!rs w\ld h u believe1 ! ,epi/le is aim$ at ,gno/ic errors :i* did n arise until ! second c5tury1 w be consid]$ h]eaft]1 :5 ! nature ( ! evils d5\nc$ by ,/4 ,jude is discuss$2 b ! evid5ce :i* has be5 exam9$ ?us f> entirely agrees ) ! supposition t ! lett] 0 writt5 dur+ ! ,apo/olic age4 ,x is n impossible t 9 call+ himself bro!r ( ,james ,/4 ,jude is ?9k+ ( 8 bro!r's ,epi/le1 & wi%es 8 read]s to consid] t ! pres5t lett] is to be tak5 9 conjunction ) t ( ,/4 ,james4 ,bo? lett]s are ,pale/9ian 9 orig9 & ,jewi% 9 tone2 & !y are almo/ entirely practical 9 _! aim1 deal+ ) grave errors 9 conduct4 ,^? :i* are d5\nc$ by ,/4 ,jude are ( a gross] k9d ?an ^? d5\nc$ by ,/4 ,james1 b !y resemble ! latt] 9 be+ errors ( behavi\r r ?an ( cre$4 ,!y are to a l>ge ext5t ! outcome ( p]nici\s pr9ciples2 b x is ! vici\s lives ( ^! ungodly m5 t are condemn$ m ?an _! errone\s beliefs4 ,/4 ,jude1 !re=e1 may be appeal+ n only to 8 bro!r's position & au?ority z a recomm5dation = himself1 b also to 8 bro!r's ,epi/le1 :i* _m ( 8 read]s w\ld "k & respect4 ,! attempts :i* h be5 made to f9d a locality = ,/4 ,jude's read]s altoge!r fail4 ,pale/9e1 ,asia ,m9or1 ,alex&ria h all be5 sugge/$2 b ! lett] does n (f] suffici5t mat]ial = ! =mation ( a reasonable op9ion4 ,to !m t are call$1 belov$ 9 ,god ! ,fa!r1 & kept = ,jesus ,*ri/1 is a =mula :i* embraces all ,*ri/ians1 :e!r ,jews or ,g5tiles1 & :e!r inside or outside ,pale/9e4 ,! topics introduc$ are su* z w\ld *iefly int]e/ ,jewi% ,*ri/ians1 & x is probable t ! writ] has ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ians ( ,pale/9e & ! adjo9+ c\ntries *iefly 9 8 m9d2 b we h no "r to limit ! natural mean+ ( ! =mal address :i* he himself has adopt$4 ,all ,*ri/ians1 )\t limitation1 are ! objects ( ,/4 ,jude's solicitude4 #ajb ,a pl]isque rejicitur4 ,possibly ?is means is reject$ by v _m2 x c]ta9ly ought n to be r5d]$ is reject$ by mo/4 ,mo/ is ! classical mean+ ( pl]ique2 b 9 ,tacitus x means no m ?an v _m 7,hi/4 iv4 #hd1 etc471 & 9 ,j]ome & 8 contempor>ies x ne$ mean no m ?an "s4 ,?us 9 ,j]ome's lett] to ,d>damus 7,ep4 cxxix47 we h licet pl]ique eam vel ,b>nab vel ,clem5tis arbitr5tur 7( ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews71 :]e pl]ique ! ( ,eusebius & ,orig5 7,h4 ,e4 ,,vi4 xx4 #c2 xxv4 #ad74 #ajc ,see ! ,academy ( ,septemb] #ba/1 #ahhi1 :]e he %[s h[ mu* ( ! ,fragm5t c be turn$ q lit]ally into ,greek v]se1 & sugge/s t ! 1 ,odes ref]r+ to all ! ,scriptures1 m5tion$ among ! works ( ,hippolytus ^: titles are inscrib$ on 8 *air 7see ,kraus1 ,real4 ,encykl4 d] ,*ris4 ,alt]?m]1 ,i41 pp4 #ffa-fd71 ref]s to metrical compositions on ! cont5ts ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts4 ,! ,fragm5t says respect+ ?is ,epi/le1 ,epi/ola sane ,iude et sup]scrictio 7sic7 ,iohannis duas 9 ca?olica hab5tur1 :]e sup]scrictio is a cl]ical error = sup]scripti1 ! ,john m5tion$ above4 #ajd ,! ,g5evan ,v]sion introduc$ ?is r5d]+4 ,previ\s v]sions ei!r leave ! mean+ d\btful1 ,judas ( ,james1 z ,wiclif1 or translate ,james' sonne1 z ,tyndale & ,cranm]4 ,lu!r also is = son4 #aje ,^! words are quot$ f a comm5t>y :i* ! writ] ( ?is volume wrote 9 #ahgi = ,messrs4 ,cassell1 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ,comm5t>y = ,engli% ,read]s1 edit$ by ,bi%op ,ellicott 7p4 #eje71 ( :i*1 ?r\gh ! c\rtesy ( ! publi%]s1 he is all[$ to make use = ! pres5t "w4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi4 ,,! ,,purpose ,,( ,,! ,,epi/le4--,,! ,,fai? ,,once ,,= ,,all ,,deliv]$ ,,& ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,*ri/ian ,,doctr9e ,belov$1 :ile ,i 0 giv+ all dilig5ce to write unto y ( our common salvation1 ,i 0 con/ra9$ to write unto y exhort+ y to cont5d e>ne/ly = ! fai? :i* 0 once = all deliv]$ unto ! sa9ts4--,,/4 ,,jude #c4 ,! ,greek ( ! op5+ s5t5ce ( ?is passage1 9 :i* ,/4 ,jude expla9s 8 reason = writ+ ?is ,epi/le1 is ambigu\s4 ,! words ( our common salvation 7 7 may g ei!r ) :at prec$es or ) :at foll[s4 ,b !re is little d\bt t bo? ! ,au?oriz$ & ! ,revis$ ,v]sions are "r 9 tak+ !m ) :at prec$es4 ,! true connexion is1 n1 ,:ile ,i 0 giv+ all dilig5ce to write unto y1 ,i 0 con/ra9$ to write unto y ( our common salvation1 b1 ,:ile ,i 0 giv+ all dilig5ce to write unto y ( our common salvation1 ,i 0 con/ra9$ to write unto y exhort+ y to cont5d e>ne/ly = ! fai?4 ,?is ,epi/le c sc>cely be call$ a lett] ab\t our common salvation4 ,! mean+ is t ,/4 ,jude _h int5d$ to write su* a lett]1 b ! crisis creat$ by ! entrance ( ^! ungodly m5 into ! ,*ur* con/ra9$ him to write a lett] ( a diff]5t k9d1 viz4 ! "o :i* lies be=e u4 ,t he _h already begun to write a lett] respect+ our common salvation1 & t we h "h to lam5t ! loss ( ano!r ,epi/le besides ! lo/ ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul & ,/4 ,john 7#a ,cor4 v4 #i2 #c ,john #i71 is nei!r /at$ nor impli$4#ajf ,/4 ,jude _h be5 ?9k+ v e>ne/ly ab\t writ+ a m g5]al & compreh5sive ,epi/le1 :5 he realiz$ t ! pres5ce ( a v s]i\s evil requir$ imm$iate action1 & accord+ly he writes at once to po9t out ! exi/+ p]il1 & to d5\nce ^? :o are ! au?ors ( x4 ,x is ! duty ( all ,*ri/ians to be on _! gu>d1 & to be unfl9*+ 9 _! def5ce ( ! tru? :i* has be5 committ$ to !m to pres]ve & *]i%4 ,! fai? :i* 0 once = all deliv]$ unto ! sa9ts4 ,?is does n mean1 :i* 0 deliv]$ by ,god to ! ,apo/les1 b :i* 0 deliv]$ by ! ,apo/les to ! ,*ur*4 ,! sa9ts "h1 z s (t5 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t 7,acts ix4 #ac1 #cb1 #da2 xxvi4 #aj2 ,rom4 viii4 #bg2 xiii4 #ac2 xv4 #be1 #bf1 #ca2 etc41 etc471 means all ,*ri/ians4 ,if ! :ole nation ( ! ,jews 0 a holy p 7 71 a peculi> treasure unto ,jehovah f among all peoples 7,exod4 xix4 #e71 by reason ( _! special election by ,him 7,deut4 vii4 #f2 xiv4 #b1 #ba72 if !y 7 sa9ts ( ! ,mo/ ,high 7,dan4 vii4 #ah1 #bb1 #be71 mu* m might ?is be said ( ,*ri/ians1 :o _h inh]it$ all ! spiritual privileges ( ! ,jews1 & _h receiv$ o!rs 9 abundance1 f> exce$+ any t ! ,jews _h ev] possess$4 ,*ri/ians also1 9 a /ill high] s5se1 7 an elect race1 a royal prie/hood1 a holy nation1 a p = ,god's own possession 7#a ,pet] ii4 #i74 ,! ,*ri/ians ( ,cor9?1 ,ephesus1 & ,coloss1 9 spite ( ! enorm\s evils :i* !y practis$ or sanction$1 or at lea/ tol]at$1 are /ill call$ sa9ts4 ,!y are holy1 n z be+ p]sons ( holy life1 b z be+ devot$ to ,god4 ,( c\rse su* p]sons ought to be holy 9 conduct1 b to call !m sa9ts does n ass]t t !y are s4 ,! "n ass]ts ! fact ( be+ set ap>t by ,god = ,himself1 & implies :at ought to be ! result ( su* sep>ation4 ,?us ! ma9 idea ( ! t]m is consecration4 ,b ?\gh x does n ass]t moral qualifications z a fact 9 ! p]sons s designat$1 x implies !m z a duty4#ajg ,to ea* individual ,*ri/ian1 !re=e1 ! "n is at once an hon\r1 an exhortation1 & a reproa*4 ,x tells ( 8 high call+1 x exhorts him to live up to x1 & x rem9ds him ( 8 griev\s %ortcom+s4 ,! fai? once = all deliv]$ unto ! sa9ts 7 73 bo? ! adv]b1 once = all1 & ! aori/ p>ticiple1 deliv]$1 are wor?y ( special notice4 ,! fai? does n mean any set =mula ( articles ( belief1 nor ! int]nal reception ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 b ! sub/ance ( x2 x is equival5t to :at ,/4 ,paul & ! ,evangeli/s call ! ,gospel1 viz4 t body ( tru? :i* br+s salvation to ! s\l t receives x4 ,?is ,fai?1 or ?is ,gospel1 has be5 once = all deliv]$ to ,*ri/ians4 ,no o!r w be giv51 = !re is no o!r4 ,:atev] may be deliv]$ by any "o 9 future _c be a gospel at all4 ,! "o true ,gospel is complete & f9al1 & admits ( no successors & no supplem5ts 7,gal4 i4 #f-i74 ,! fai? :i* 0 once = all deliv]$ unto ! sa9ts4 ,does ?is exclude all possibility ( a developm5t ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e8 ,t dep5ds ^u :at "o means by developm5t4 ,! expression has be5 int]pret$ to mean t ! increase & expansion ( ! ,*ri/ian cre$ & ritual1 & ! v>iations :i* h att5d$ ! process 9 ! case ( individual writ]s & ,*ur*es1 are ! necess>y att5dants on any philosophy or polity :i* takes possession ( ! intellect & he>t1 & has _h any wide or ext5d$ dom9ion2 t f ! nature ( ! human m9d1 "t is necess>y = ! full compreh5sion & p]fection ( great ideas2 & t ! highe/ & mo/ wond]ful tru?s1 ?\gh communicat$ to ! _w once = all by inspir$ tea*]s1 c\ld n be compreh5d$ all at once by ! recipi5ts1 b1 z receiv$ & transmitt$ by m9ds n inspir$ & ?r\gh m$ia :i* 7 human1 h requir$ only ! long] "t & deep] ?\ght = _! full elucidation4#ajh ,if ! ambigu\s expression & p]fection be omitt$1 "o may readily all[ t developm5t ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e 9 ?is s5se has tak5 place4 ,to say t "t is ne$$ = ! full compreh5sion ( ! great tru?s :i* 7 communicat$ to ! ,*ur* once = all by ! ,apo/les is "o ?+2 to say t "t is ne$$ = ! p]fection ( ^? tru?s may or may n be q ano!r4 ,& ! mann] 9 :i* ! subject is treat$ 9 ! fam\s ,essay f :i* ! passage j quot$ is tak5 %[s t :at is meant by ! p]fect+ ( ! tru?s is a v diff]5t ?+ f ! full compreh5sion ( _! orig9al cont5ts2 x means mak+ additions to ! orig9al cont5ts 9 ord] to rem$y suppos$ defici5cies4 ,9 ?is s5se x may be confid5tly ass]t$1 & z loyal ,*ri/ians we are b\nd to ass]t1 t !re is no su* ?+ z developm5t ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e4 ,if !re be su* a ?+1 !n we _c /op %ort ) ^? developm5ts :i* c 9 "s measure be call$ ,*ri/ian4 ,! au?or himself rem9ds u t no "o has p[] ov] ! issues ( 8 pr9ciples2 we _c manage our argum5t1 & h z mu* ( x z we please1 & no m 7p4 #bi74 ,if ! fai? once = all deliv]$ to ! sa9ts 0 defective1 & ne$$ to be supplem5t$ by subsequ5t additions1 :y may n ,*ri/ianity itself be1 z "s h ma9ta9$1 only a phase 9 ! developm5t ( religion1 :i* 9 process ( "t is to be sup]s$$ by some?+ :olly un*ri/ian8 ,! transition is easily made f ! position ( ! ,essay on ! ,developm5t ( ,*ri/ian ,doctr9e to t ( ,*ann+1 t x makes me smile to he> immortality claim$ = ,ca?olicism or ,prote/antism1 or = any pa/ int]pretations ( ,*ri/ianity3 z if ! human s\l _h exhau/$ itself 9 its infant ef=ts2 z if ! m5 ( "o or a few g5]ations c\ld b9d ! en]gy ( human ?\ght & affection = ev]2#aji & !nce to ! position ( ,/rauss1 :o1 9 8 late/ & mo/ dre>y "w1 on ,! ,old & ! ,new ,fai?1 asks ! "q1 ,are we /ill ,*ri/ians8 & answ]s x emphatically 9 ! negative4 ,! *ief doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity are to him *ildi% or repulsive beliefs1 :i* ?\ghtful m5 h long s9ce left beh9d4 ,we may /ill 9 "s s5se be religi\s2 b ,*ri/ianity has done its "w1 & is rightly be+ dismiss$ f ! /age4#aaj ,?is is ! advanc$ ?9k+ ( :i* ,/4 ,john writes 9 8 ,second ,epi/le3 ,ev]yone t goe? onw>d 7 71 & abide? n 9 ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/1 ha? n ,god 7v]4 #i74 ,!re is an advance :i* involves des]tion ( fir/ pr9ciples2 & su* an advance is n progress1 b apo/asy4 ,b does ! developm5t ( doctr9e1 9 ! s5se cont5d$ = by ! au?or ( ! celebrat$ ,essay1 mean mak+ actual additions to ! fai? once = all deliv]$1 z di/9ct f arriv+ at a bett] compreh5sion ( ! cont5ts & logical consequ5ces ( ! orig9al deposit8 ,?is "q mu/ be answ]$ 9 ! affirmative1 = v>i\s reasons4 ,! :ole purpose ( ! ,essay1 & ! actual expressions us$ 9 x1 require ?is mean+2 & t ?is is ! obvi\s mean+ has be5 assum$ by ,roman ,ca?olic z well z ,prote/ant critics1 & 7s f> z ! pres5t writ] is aw>e7 ?is int]pretation has nev] be5 res5t$ z illegitimate by ! au?or4 ,! :ole argum5t is admitt$ly an hypo!sis to acc\nt = a difficulty1 an exp$i5t to enable u to solve :at has n[ become a necess>y & an anxi\s problem 7pp4 #bg1 #bh71 viz4 ! enorm\s diff]5ce betwe5 ! sum total ( ,roman ,ca?olic doctr9es & ^? :i* c be f\nd 9 ! ,*ri/ian docum5ts ( ! fir/ two or ?ree c5turies4 ,! ,essay is believ$ by its au?or to furni% a solution ( su* a numb] ( ! reput$ corruptions ( ,rome z might =m a fair gr\nd = tru/+ h] :]e ! inve/igation _h n be5 pursu$ 7p4 #bi74 ,& t ! fai? once = all deliv]$ is reg>d$ z 9 ne$ ( supplem5ts & additions seems to be impli$ 9 su* language z ! foll[+3 ,9 :atev] s5se ! ne$ & its supply are a pro( ( design 9 ! visible creation1 9 ! same d ! gaps1 if ! ^w may be us$1 :i* occur 9 ! /ructure ( ! orig9al cre$ ( ! ,*ur*1 make x probable t ^? developm5ts1 :i* gr[ out ( ! tru?s :i* lie ar\nd !m1 7 int5d$ to complete x 7pp4 #aja1 #ajb74 ,x is ! bus9ess ( succe$+ ages ( ! ,*ur* to keep :at 0 exact1 & supply :at 0 defici5t 7p4 #ced74 ,! au?or ( ! ,essay on ! ,developm5t ( ,*ri/ian ,doctr9e /ates 9 ano!r ( 8 works t :5 he 0 admitt$ to ! ,*ur* ( ,rome he embrac$ volumes conta9+ ! writ+s ( ! ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs1 cry+ out t n[ !y 7 really 8 own4 ,! action & exclamation 7 ?or\ghly inconsi/5t ) ! position ma9ta9$ ?r\gh\t ! ,essay1 & s9ce !n adopt$ by numb]s ( ,roman controv]siali/s4 ,he ought r to h cle>$ 8 %elves ( ! works ( ! ,fa!rs1 & to h consign$ !m to ! lumb]-room1 ) ! rem>k1 ,n[ ,i ne$ nev] look at y any m4 ,z ,bi%op ,cornelius ,mussus 7,musso7 said long ago1 ,= my "p1 to speak q frankly1 ,i w\ld give m cr$5ce to a s+le ,pope ?an to a ?\s& ,augu/9es1 ,j]omes1 & ,gregorys 7,9 ,epi/4 ad ,rom4 xiv41 p4 #fjf1 ,v5et41 #aehh1 quot$ 9 ,h>dwick's edition ( ,ar*] ,butl]'s ,lett]s on ,romanism1 p4 #cid74 ,x is ! late/ & mo/ mod]n works on ,roman !ology1 especially ^? :i* exp\nd ! utt]ances ( ! mo/ rec5t ,popes1 t des]ve to be /udi$1 if ! !ory ( ! developm5t be correct4 ,accord+ to t !ory1 ! tea*+ ( ! primitive ,*ur* 0 c]ta9ly immature & defective1 & possibly ev5 errone\s4 ,9 ord] to f9d out :at primitive writ]s meant1 or ought to h meant1 we mu/ look to ! late/ developm5ts4 ,!y are ! crit]ia by :i* to te/ ! tea*+ ( ! e>ly ,*ur*2 x is beg9n+ at ! wrong end to te/ ! developm5ts by ,*ri/ian antiquity4 ,9 =m] times ,romani/s 7 at great pa9s to %[ t traces ( _! peculi> t5ets c\ld be f\nd 9 ! writ]s ( ! fir/ few c5turies2 & 9 n a few cases ! works ( ^! primitive writ]s 7 int]polat$1 9 ord] to make out a fair case4 ,criticism has expos$ ^! =g]ies1 & x has be5 demon/rat$ t ! e>ly ,*ri/ian tea*]s 7 ignorant ( :ole tracts ( ,roman doctr9e & practice4 ,roman controv]sy has !re=e entirely %ift$ its gr\nd4 ,x n[ freely admits t ^! ?+s 7 unkn[n to ,ir5u1 ,cyprian1 ,*ryso/om1 ,a?anasius1 & ,augu/9e2 b = ! simple reason t1 :5 !y wrote1 ^! ?+s _h n yet be5 reveal$4 ,! ,*ur* 0 /ill ignorant t ! ,bless$ ,virg9 0 conceiv$ )\t s91 0 tak5 bodily to heav5 aft] h] dea?1 & ought to be invok$ 9 pray]2 x 0 /ill ignorant ( ! doctr9e ( purgatory1 ( indulg5ces1 & ( ! necessity ( be+ 9 communion ) ! ,*ur* ( ,rome4 ,x w n d to say t ,*ri/ & ,8 ,apo/les plant$ ! g]ms ( ^! ?+s1 & t = c5turies ! g]ms did n exp& & fructify1 & !re=e rema9$ unnotic$4 ,=1 fir/1 h[ c !re be a g]m ( an hi/orical fact1 su* z ! suppos$ removal ( ! ,virg9's body to heav51 :i* is mo/ happily nam$ an assumption8 ,secondly1 n[ t ! fruit has appe>$1 we ought to be able to trace x back to ! g]m :i* = s long 0 ignor$4 ,& ?irdly1 if ! g]ms 7 really deposit$ by ,*ri/ & ,8 ,apo/les1 !y w\ld h develop$ 9 a some:at simil> mann] 9 all p>ts ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,diff]5t surr\nd+s w acc\nt = "s v>iety ( developm5t1 b n = absolute diff]5ce 9 k9d4 ,! g]m respect+ communion ) ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 if !re 0 "o1 develop$ 9 ! ,ea/1 :]e all g]ms 7 9 ! fir/ in/ance plant$1 into ! doctr9e t no su* communion 0 necess>y4#aaa ,!re=e1 f ! ,roman po9t ( view1 x is necess>y to ma9ta9 t ! developm5t ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e involves1 n m]ely ! bett] compreh5sion ( ! cont5ts ( doctr9es1 & ! expansion ( se$s & g]ms ( tru?1 b ! admission ( actual supplem5ts & additions1 d]iv$ f new revelations ( fre% items ( tru?4 ,z ! ,jesuit ,fa!r ,h>p] said1 9 8 reply to ,dr4 ,pusey's ,eir5icon1 ,*ri/ grew 9 wisdom daily4 ,s does ! ,*ur*1 n 9 m]e appe>ance1 b ( tru?4 ,h] cre$1 !re=e1 c nev] %r9k back to ! dim5sions ( ! pa/1 b mu/ ev] enl>ge ) ! onw>d future4 ,h5ce ! necessity = ! doctr9e ( ,infallibility4 ,= ,roman developm5ts are n ! only ones4 ,! ,ea/]n ,*ur*es h !irs2 ,prote/ant ,*ur*es h !irs2 & outside ^! !re are o!r developm5ts1 bo? non-,*ri/ian & anti-,*ri/ian4 ,unless !re is "s au?ority :i* c say1 ,our developm5ts are ,div9ely inspir$ & necess>y1 :ile all o!rs are sup]flu\s or wrong1 ! doctr9e ( ,developm5t may be us$ ) z mu* =ce aga9/ ,rome z = h]4 ,consequ5tly1 we f9d ! au?or ( ! ,essay us+ ! !ory ( ,developm5t z an argum5t = t ( ! ,infallibility4 ,if ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 z orig9ally taught1 admits ( true & important developm5ts1 444 ?is is a /rong antec$5t argum5t 9 fav\r ( a provision 9 ! ,disp5sation = putt+ a seal ( au?ority ^u ^? developm5ts4444 ,if c]ta9 l>ge developm5ts ( x are true1 !y mu/ surely be accr$it$ z true 7pp4 #aag-ai74 ,?is is fur!r pro( t :at is contemplat$ 9 ?is !ory is n m]e logical d$uctions f reveal$ tru?2 = logical d$uctions v9dicate !mselves by an appeal to ! reason1 & ne$ no sanction f an infallible au?ority4 ,developm5ts are inde$ said to foll[ by way ( logical sequ5ce1 b ?is t]m is made to receive an enl>g$ mean+4 ,x w include any progress ( ! m9d f "o judgm5t to ano!r1 z1 = in/ance1 by way ( moral fitness1 :i* may n admit ( analysis into premiss & conclusion 7p4 #cig74 ,?us ! deification ( ,/4 ,m>y is a logical sequ5ce ( our ,"l's ,div9ity4 ,! vot>ies ( ,m>y d n exce$ ! true fai?1 unless ! blasphem]s ( h] ,son came up to x4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,rome is n idolatr\s1 unless ,arianism is or?odoxy 7p4 #djf74 ,! foll[+ criticism1 !re=e1 does n seem to be unju/3 ,h[ev] ! !ory may be modifi$ by ! subsequ5t additional supposition ( infallible guidance1 x is q evid5t t1 consid]$ 9 itself1 its int]nal _s & scope 7especially z illu/rat$ by its alleg$ ,roman in/ances7 are no?+ %ort ( ?is1 t ev]y?+ :i* c]ta9 good m5 9 ! ,*ur*1 or m5 assum$ to be su*1 c by reason+ or feel+ collect f a reveal$ tru? is1 by ! m]e fact ( its recognition i4e4 by ! suppos$ infallible guide1 admissible & au?oritative4#aab ,?is is inde$ a wide door to op5 = ! reception ( additions to ! fai?6 ,t ,/4 ,jude lays mu* /ress on ! fact t ! sum total ( ! ,gospel1 & n m]ely ! elem5t>y portions ( x1 h be5 once = all committ$ to ! ,*ur*1 is %[n1 n only by ! prom95ce :i* he gives to ! ?\ght "h1 b by 8 repetition ( x a few l9es lat]1 :5 he beg9s ! ma9 portion ( 8 ,epi/le3 ,i desire to put y 9 remembrance1 ?\gh ye "k all ?+s once = all 7v]4 #e74 ,any tea*+ ( new doctr9es is n only unnecess>y1 x is also utt]ly inadmissible4 ,& e ,*ri/ian has 8 responsibilities 9 ?is matt]4 ,he is to cont5d e>ne/ly 771 ) all ! en]gy & wat*fulness ( an a?lete 9 ! ar5a1 = ! pres]vation ( ?is sacr$ deposit1 le/ x be lo/ or corrupt$4 ,& ! mann] 9 :i* ?is e>ne/ conte/ is to be ma9ta9$ is n left d\btful2 n ) ! sword1 z ,beza rightly rem>ks1 nor ) intemp]ate d5unciation or indiscrim9ate sev]ity1 b ) ! mighty influ5ce ( a holy life1 built ^u ! f\ndation ( our mo/ holy fai? 7vv4 #bj-bc74 ,x is 9 ?is way t lawful developm5t ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e is secur$2 n by additions to :at 0 once = all deliv]$1 b by a deep] & wid] compreh5sion ( its inexhau/ible cont5ts4 ,if any man wille? to d ,8 w1 he %all "k ( ! doctr9e4 ,,note4--,9 connexion ) ! subject treat$ above1 *apt] ix4 ( ,r4 ,h4 ,hutton's sket* ( ,c>d9al ,newman 7,me?u5 ,co41 #ahia7 may be pr(itably read4 #ajf ,?is is an assumption ( ,de ,wette1 :o 9 ?is foll[$ ,%]lock1 & 0 foll[$ by ,brckn]4 ,x is wor? not+ t ! ,vulgate "h is z ambigu\s z ! orig9al ,greek3 ,omnem solicitud9em faci5s scrib5di vobis de communi ve/ra salute necesse habui scrib]e vobis1 etc4 #ajg ,lightfoot1 ,philippians1 note on i4 #a4 #ajh ,j4 ,h4 ,newman1 ,an ,essay on ! ,developm5t ( ,*ri/ian ,doctr9e 7,london1 ,toovey1 #ahde71 p4 #bg4 #aji ,lett] on ,ca?olicism3 ,complete ,works 7,r\tl$ge1 #ahhd71 p4 #cdf4 #aaj ,d] alte und d] neue ,glaube 7,leipzig1 #ahgb71 pp4 #ac-ia3 see especially pp4 #ij1 #ia4 #aaa ,see ,dr4 ,salmon's admirable "w on ,! ,infallibility ( ! ,*ur* 7,murray1 #ahhh71 pp4 #cc-da4 #aab ,ar*] ,butl]'s ,lett]s on ,romanism1 ,revis$ by ,rev4 ,*>les ,h>dwick 7,macmillan1 #aheh71 p4 #ia4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxii4 ,,! ,,p]sons ,,d5\nc$ ,,9 ,,! ,,epi/le4 ,,its ,,relation ,,to #b ,,pet]4 ,= !re are c]ta9 m5 crept 9 privily1 ev5 !y :o 7 ( old set =? unto ?is condemnation1 ungodly m51 turn+ ! grace ( our ,god into lascivi\sness1 & d5y+ our only ,ma/] & ,"l1 ,jesus ,*ri/4--,,/4 ,,jude #d4 ,we h "h ! occasion ( ! lett] /at$ v pla9ly4 ,/4 ,jude 0 m$itat+ a lett] on a m g5]al subject1 :5 ! grave p]il creat$ by ! anti-,*ri/ian behavi\r ( ! p]sons condemn$ 9 ! text con/ra9$ him to write at once on ?is m urg5t topic4 ,an insidi\s invasion ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* has tak5 place by ^? :o h no "r to a place )9 x1 & :o endang] its peace & purity2 & he d>e n keep sil5ce4 ,! /rong mu/ be exhort$ to )/& ! evil2 ! weak mu/ be rescu$ f x4 ,^! invad]s are 9 "o respect l ^? :o are condemn$ 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians1 9 ano!r respect are v unlike !m4 ,!y are false bre?r5 privily br\ght 91 :o came 9 privily 7ii4 #d72 b !y h come 91 n to spy out our lib]ty :i* we h 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus1 t !y might br+ u into bondage1 b to turn ! grace ( our ,god into lascivi\sness4 ,! tr\bl]s ( ! ,galatian ,*ur* 7 endeav\r+ to contract ,*ri/ian lib]ty1 :]eas ^! ungodly m5 7 /ra9+ x to ! utt]mo/4 ,bo? end$ 9 de/roy+ x4 ,! "o turn$ ! fre$om ) :i* ,*ri/ set u free into an intol]able yoke ( ,jewi% bondage2 ! o!r turn$ x into ! pollut+ an>*y ( hea!n1 or worse ?an hea!n1 lic5ce4 ,h[ utt]ly ali5 ^! latt] are f ,*ri/ianity1 or ev5 f ,judaism1 is indicat$ by ,/4 ,jude's po9t$ introduction ( ! pron\n our 9 two clauses 9 ?is v]se3 turn+ ! grace ( our ,god into lascivi\sness1 & d5y+ our only ,ma/] & ,"l1 ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,jehovah is our ,god1 n !irs2 !y are )\t ,god 9 ! _w4 ,& ,*ri/ is our only ,ma/] & ,"l1 b n !irs2 !y h d5i$ & reject$ ,him1 *oos+ to walk aft] _! own lu/s 7v]4 #af71 r ?an to walk ev5 z ,he walk$ 7#a ,john ii4 #f74 ,!y h repudiat$ ,8 easy yoke1 t !y may foll[ _! own be/ial desires4 ,:o are ^! ungodly m58 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria 7,/rom4 ,,iii4 ii4 sub f947 ?9ks t ,/4 ,jude is speak+ prophetically ( ! abom9able doctr9es ( ! ,gno/ic tea*] ,c>pocrates4 ,"s mod]n writ]s adopt ?is view1 ) ! omission ( ! ^w prophetically1 & ?us obta9 an argum5t aga9/ ! g5u95ess ( ! ,epi/le4 ,if ! writ] knew ! tea*+ ( ,c>pocrates1 he _c h be5 ,jude ! bro!r ( ,james & ! bro!r ( ! ,"l4 ,! date ( ,c>pocrates is too unc]ta9 to make ?is a p]fectly conclusive argum5t1 ev5 if we admit ! assumption t ! writ] ( ?is ,epi/le is allud+ to 8 tea*+2 = he is sometimes plac$ be=e ,c]9?us1 :o 0 contempor>y ) ,/4 ,john4 ,b x may be all[$ z probably correct t ,/4 ,jude 0 dead be=e ,c>pocrates 0 kn[n z a tea*] ( ,ant9omian ,gno/icism4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no?+ :atev] to %[ t x is to 8 tea*+ t ,/4 ,jude is allud+4 ,he says no?+ :atev] ab\t ! tea*+ ( ^! ungodly m51 :o p]haps 7 n tea*]s at all2 /ill less does he indicate t !y belong$ to ^? ,gno/ics :o1 f ! ,ori5tal doctr9e ( ! absolutely evil "* ( matt] & ev]y?+ mat]ial1 drew ! practical conclusion t man's mat]ial body may be made to und]go e k9d ( exp]i5ce1 no matt] h[ %ameless1 9 ord] t ! s\l may ga9 k2 t ! s\l is by enlight5m5t too pure1 & ! body by nature too impure1 to be capable ( pollution2 t fil? _c be defil$2 & t pure gold rema9s pure1 h[ev] (t5 x may be plung$ 9 fil?9ess4 ,no su* doctr9e is h9t$ at by ,/4 ,jude4 ,dorn]1 !re=e1 goes beyond :at is writt5 :5 he says t ! p]sons :om ,jude opposes are n m]ely su* z h practically sw]v$ f ! "r way2 !y are also tea*]s ( error 7,doctr9e ( ! ,p]son ( ,*ri/1 ,intr41 p4 #gb1 ,eng4 ,tr43 ,t4 & ,t4 ,cl>k1 #ahfa74 ,x is m reasonable1 ) ,de ,wette1 ,brckn]1 ,mey]1 ,khl1 ,reuss1 ,f>r>1 ,salmon1 & o!rs to reg>d ^! ungodly m5 z j :at ,/4 ,jude describes !m1 & no m2 lib]t9es1 :o ought nev] to h be5 admitt$ into ! ,*ur* at all2 :o ma9ta9$ t ,*ri/ians 7 free to live lives ( gross s5suality2 & :o1 :5 rebuk$ by ! eld]s or o!r (fic]s ( ! ,*ur* = _! misconduct1 n only refus$ to submit1 b revil$ ^? :o 7 set ov] !m4 ,!y 7 tea*]s ( error1 b by _! bad example1 n by sy/ematic prea*+4 ,!y scre5$ _! immoral conduct by blasphem\s assumptions1 because !y assum$ t hav+ be5 call$ = fre$om1 !y might use _! fre$om = an occasion to ! fle% 7,gal4 v4 #ac71 n because !y assum$ t !y ought to disobey ! comm&m5ts ( ! ,creator ( ! mat]ial univ]se4 ,& = ! same reason !y may be call$ lib]t9es on pr9ciple4 ,:5 ,/4 ,jude says t !y d5i$ our only ,ma/]#aac & ,"l1 ,jesus ,*ri/1 he means t !y d5i$ ,him by _! lives4 ,x is altoge!r unreasonable to read into ?is simple phrase1 :i* is suffici5tly expla9$ by ! context1 a dogmatic d5ial ( ! ,inc>nation4 ,t ! g]ms ( ,ant9omian ,gno/icism are "h indicat$ may be true en\gh2 b !y h n yet develop$ into a body ( doctr9e4 ,/ill less h ^? :o are ta9t$ by ^! g]ms develop$ into an h]etical sect4#aad ,x is ) ! v]se be=e u t ! m>k$ resemblance betwe5 ! ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,jude & ! c5tral portion ( ! ,second ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,pet] beg9s2 & x cont9ues d[n to v]4 #ah4 ,9 ?is %ort lett] ( tw5ty-five v]ses1 only ! fir/ ?ree & la/ sev5 v]ses1 i4e4 ab\t a ?ird ( ! :ole1 h no intimate relations ) #b ,pet]4 ,! la/ ^w has n yet be5 spok5 ^u ?is p]plex+ subject4 ,! pres5t writ] confesses t he rema9s /ill unc]ta9 z to ! true relation betwe5 ! two1 & t he has incl9$ sometimes to ! "o1 & sometimes to ! o!r ( ! two rival hypo!ses4 ,?us mu* ( :at he wrote on ! subject m ?an t5 ye>s ago may be repeat$ n[3-- ,! simil>ity1 bo? 9 sub/ance & word+1 is s great t only two alt]natives are possible--ei!r "o has borr[$ f ! o!r1 or bo? h borr[$ f a common s\rce4 ,! second alt]native is r>ely1 if ev]1 advocat$2 x does n expla9 ! facts v satisfactorily1 & critics are agre$ 9 reject+ x4 ,b "h agreem5t ends4 ,on ! fur!r "q1 z to :i* writ] is prior1 !re is v great div]sity ( op9ion4 ,"o ?+1 !re=e1 is c]ta91 t :i*ev] writ] has borr[$1 he is no ord9>y borr[]4 ,he kn[s h[ to assimilate =eign mat]ial s z to make x ?or\ghly 8 own4 ,he rema9s orig9al1 ev5 :ile he appropriates ! words & ?\ghts ( ano!r4 ,he controls !m1 n !y him4 ,7 ?is n s1 !re w\ld be little d\bt ab\t ! matt]4 ,9 any ord9>y case ( appropriation1 if bo? ! orig9al & copy are =?com+1 critics d n d\bt long z to :i* is ! orig9al4 ,x is :5 ! copy itself is a ma/]piece1 z 9 ! case ( ,holbe9's ,madonna1 t criticism is baffl$4 ,su* w\ld seem to be ! case "h2 & ! pres5t writ] is free to confess 8 own unc]ta9ty4#aae ,o!r p]sons are able to write ) mu* m confid5ce4 ,dean ,mansel says1 ,"s em95t mod]n critics h attempt$1 on ! v prec>i\s evid5ce ( /yle1 to assign ! priority 9 "t ( writ+ to ,/4 ,jude2 b !re are two circum/ances :i* appe> to me to prove mo/ conclusively t ,/4 ,jude's ,epi/le 0 writt5 aft] t ( ,/4 ,pet]1 & ) express ref]5ce to x4 ,! fir/ is1 t ! evils :i* ,/4 ,pet] speaks ( z p>tly future ,/4 ,jude describes z n[ pres5t4 ,! "o says1 ',!re %all be false tea*]s among y' 7#b ,pet] ii4 #a2 ! future t5se be+ cont9u$ ?r\gh ! two foll[+ v]ses72 ! o!r says1 ',!re are c]ta9 m5 crept 9 unaw>es4' ,! o!r circum/ance is /ill m to ! po9t4 ,/4 ,pet]1 9 8 ,second ,epi/le1 has ! rem>kable words1 ',kn[+ ?is fir/1 t 9 ! la/ days mock]s 77 %all come ) mock]y1 walk+ aft] _! own lu/s' 7iii4 #c74 ,/4 ,jude has ! same passage1 repeat$ almo/ ^w = ^w1 b expressly introduc$ z a citation ( ,apo/olic language3 ',b ye1 belov$1 rememb] ye ! words :i* h be5 spok5 be=e by ! ,apo/les ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/2 h[ t !y said to y1 ,9 ! la/ "t !re %all be mock]s 771 walk+ aft] _! own ungodly lu/s' 7vv4 #ag1 #ah74 ,! use ( ! plural numb] 7 7 may be expla9$ by suppos+ t ! writ] may also h int5d$ to allude to passages simil> 9 import1 ?\gh diff]5tly express$1 9 ! writ+s ( ,/4 ,paul 7su* z #a ,tim4 iv4 #a1 #b2 #b ,tim4 iii4 #a71 b ! v]bal co9cid5ce c h>dly be satisfactorily expla9$1 unless we suppose t ,/4 ,jude _h pr9cipally 9 8 ?\ghts1 & 0 actually cit+ ! language ( ,/4 ,pet] 7,! ,gno/ic ,h]esies ( ! ,fir/ & ,second ,c5turies1 ,murray1 #ahge1 pp4 #fi1 #gj74 ,h5g/5b]g puts =w>d ! same argum5ts1 & consid]s ! second to be decisive z to ! priority ( #b ,pet]4 ,n less confid5t is ,ar*deacon ,f>r> t exactly ! opposite hypo!sis is ! "r "o4 ,aft] c>eful consid]ation & comp>ison ( ! two docum5ts x seems to my own m9d impossible to d\bt ! italics are ,dr4 ,f>r>'s t ,jude 0 ! e>li] ( ! two writ]s4444 ,i mu/ confess my inability to see h[ any "o :o approa*es ! inquiry ) no ready-made !ories c fail to come to ! conclusion t ! priority 9 ?is in/ance belongs to ,/4 ,jude4 ,x w\ld h be5 impossible = su* a burn+ & )]+ bla/ ( defiance & invective z 8 brief lett] to h be5 compos$ on pr9ciples ( modification & addition4 ,all ! m>ks :i* indicate ! reflective treatm5t ( an exi/+ docum5t are to be se5 9 ! ,second ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,pet]4 ,9 e in/ance ( v>iation we see ! reasons :i* influ5c$ ! lat] writ]4444 ,! notion t ,/4 ,jude endeav\r$ to 'improve ^u' ,/4 ,pet] is1 ,i say1 a lit]>y impossibility2 & if 9 "s in/ances ! phrases ( ,/4 ,jude seem m anti!tical & /rik+1 & 8 description cle>]1 ,i h suffici5tly acc\nt$ = ! inf]iority--if x be inf]iority--( ,/4 ,pet] by ! supposition t he 0 a man ( m re/ra9$ temp]am5t2 t he wrote "u ! influ5ce ( rem9isc5ces & impressions2 & t he 0 w>n+ aga9/ =ms ( evil ) :i* he _h n come into s p]sonal a contact 7,! ,e>ly ,days ( ,*ri/ianity1 ,cassell & ,co41 #ahhb1 i41 pp4 #aif-bjc74 ,! ma9 argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ! view t ! ,second ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,pet] 0 us$ by ,/4 ,jude1 besides ^? /at$ by ,dean ,mansel1 are ! foll[+3-- 7#a7 ,if #b ,pet] is g5u9e1 x is m probable t ,/4 ,jude %\ld borr[ f ,/4 ,pet] ?an t ! *ief ( ! ,apo/les %\ld borr[ f "o :o 0 n an ,apo/le at all4 ,if #b ,pet] is n g5u9e1 x is improbable t ! =g] w\ld borr[ f a writ+ :i* f ! fir/ 0 reg>d$ ) suspicion1 because x quot$ apocryphal lit]ature4 7#b7 ,/4 ,jude tells u 7v]4 #c7 t he wrote "u pressure to meet a grave em]g5cy1 & !re=e he w\ld be m likely to make l>ge use ( suitable mat]ial ready to 8 h&1 ?an "o :o 0 "u no su* necessity4 ,! ma9 argum5ts on ! o!r side are ^!3-- 7#a7 ,x is m probable t ! *ief portion ( a %ort lett] %\ld be us$ aga9 ) a great deal ( additional matt]1 ?an t "o section only ( a mu* long] lett] %\ld be us$ aga9 ) v little additional matt]4 7#b7 ,x is m probable t ! writ] ( #b ,pet] %\ld omit :at seem$ to be difficult or likely to give (f5ce1 ?an t ,/4 ,jude %\ld ins]t su* ?+s2 e4g4 cl\ds )\t wat] 7,jude #ab7 is a contradiction 9 t]ms1 & !re=e is naturally correct$ to wells )\t wat] 7#b ,pet4 ii4 #ag72 ! p>ticul> way 9 :i* ! angels fell 7,jude #f71 ! allusion to c]ta9 ,levitical pollutions 7v]4 #bc71 & ! citations f apocryphal books 7vv4 #i1 #ad1 #ae7 are ei!r entirely omitt$ by ! writ] ( #b ,pet]1 or put 9 a way mu* less likely to seem (f5sive 7ii4 #d1 #aa74 ,& ,jude #i has be5 s ton$ d[n by ! writ] ( #b ,pet] t )\t ,/4 ,jude's /atem5t respect+ ,mi*ael & ! devil we %\ld sc>cely und]/& #b ,pet] ii4 #aa4 ,besides ^! po9ts1 !re are two argum5ts :i* are us$ on bo? sides ( ! "q3-- 7i7 ,!re are c]ta9 elem5ts 9 ,/4 ,jude's ,epi/le ( :i* ! writ] ( #b ,pet] w\ld probably h made use1 _h he se5 !m2 e4g4 ! ironical play ^u ! ^w kept 9 ! angels :i* kept n 7 7 _! own pr9cipality4444 ,he ha? kept 77 9 ev]la/+ bonds2 ! tell+ anti!sis 9 v]4 #aj1 t :at ^! s9n]s d n "k1 & _c "k1 !y abuse by gross irrev]5ce2 & :at !y "k1 & _c help kn[+1 !y abuse by gross lic5ti\sness2 & ! metaphor ( w&]+ />s 7v]4 #ac71 :i* w\ld fit ! false tea*]s1 :o lead o!rs a/ray1 9 #b ,pet]1 mu* bett] ?an ! ungodly m51 :o are n lead]s at all1 9 ,jude4 ,z ! writ] ( #b ,pet] makes no use ( ^! po9ts1 ! inf]5ce is t he _h nev] se5 !m4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 !re are c]ta9 elem5ts 9 #b ,pet] ( :i* ,/4 ,jude w\ld probably h made use1 _h he se5 !m2 e4g4 ! de/ruction ( ! _w ( ! ungodly by ! ,flood2 ! eyes full ( an adult]ess2 & ! explanation ( ! great swell+ words z promis+ !m lib]ty1 :i* w\ld exactly h suit$ ,/4 ,jude's purpose 9 condemn+ ^? :o turn$ lib]ty into lic5se4 ,z ,/4 ,jude makes no use ( ^! po9ts1 ! inf]5ce is t he _h n se5 !m4 7ii7 ,/4 ,jude1 z w be %[n pres5tly1 gr\ps ne>ly ev]y?+ 9 ?rees4 ,x is sc>cely an exagg]ation to say t :]ev] he c make a ?reefold arrangem5t he does s4 ,is ?is artificial gr\p+ a m>k ( orig9ality or n8 ,"s w\ld urge t x is ! writ] :o is us+ up ano!r's mat]ial :o w\ld be likely to add ?is fanciful arrangem5t1 & t1 !re=e1 ,/4 ,jude is ! borr[]4 ,o!rs w\ld urge t su* triplets w\ld be j ! ?+s to be ov]look$ or disreg>d$ by ! borr[]1 & t1 !re=e1 ,/4 ,jude is ! orig9al4 ,ab\t ! exi/5ce ( ! triplets 9 ,jude1 & _! abs5ce 9 #b ,pet]1 !re c be no "q1 :atev] view we may hold z to _! significance4 ,!y beg9 9 ! v fir/ v]se ( our ,epi/le1 & cont9ue to ! la/ v]se1 al?\gh ^? at ! close ( ! lett] are lo/ 9 ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion1 ow+ to ! fact t ! translators us$ a faulty ,greek text4 ,x w be wor? :ile to run ?r\gh !m4 7#a7 ,judas1 a s]vant 444 & bro!r4 7#b7 ,to !m t are call$1 belov$1 444 & kept4 7#c7 ,m]cy unto y & peace & love4 7#d7 ,ungodly m51 turn+1 444 & d5y+4 7#e7 ,israelites1 angels1 cities ( ! pla94 7#f7 ,defile1 444 set at n\ght1 444 & rail4 7#g7 ,ca91 ,balaam1 ,korah4 7#h7 ,^! are4444 ,^! are4444 ,^! are4444 7#i7 ,!y :o make sep>ations1 s5sual1 hav+ n ! ,_s4 7#aj7 ,build+ up y\rselves1 444 pray+1 444 look+ = ! m]cy1 7#aa7 ,on "s h m]cy2 444 & "s save2 444 & on "s h m]cy ) fe>4 7#ab7 ,be=e all "t1 & n[1 & = ev]more4 ,be=e p>t+ ) ?is v]se x w be well to put read]s on _! gu>d aga9/ a mis9t]pretation ( ! phrase1 ,!y :o 7 ( old set =? unto ?is condemnation2 a mis9t]pretation all ! m likely to be made by ^? :o use ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion1 :i* has1 ,:o 7 be=e ( old orda9$ to ?is condemnation4 ,! text is a fav\rite "o ) ,calv9i/s2 b :5 rightly translat$ & und]/ood1 x gives no support to extreme pr$e/9>ian !ories4 ,:5 lit]ally r5d]$ x runs1 ,:o h be5 ( old writt5 d[n be=eh& = ?is s5t5ce2 or possibly1 ,:o h be5 writt5 up be=eh&2 = ! metaphor may be borr[$ f ! cu/om ( po/+ up ! names ( ^? :o _h to appe> be=e ! c\rt = trial4 ,be ?is z x may1 ( old 77 _c ref] to ! et]nal c\nsel & decree ( ,almighty ,god1 b to some?+ 9 human hi/ory1 some?+ remote f ,/4 ,jude's own day1 b 9 "t1 & n 9 et]nity4 ,p]haps "s ( ! w>n+s & d5unciations 9 ! prophets ( ! ,old ,te/am5t or 9 ! ,book ( ,eno* are 9 8 m9d4 ,condemnation is a ju/ifiable r5d]+ ( ! ,greek ^w 771 because x is manife/ f ! context t ! s5t5ce or judgm5t int5d$ is "o ( condemnation1 & n ( acquittal2 b ?is ^w :5 c\pl$ ) orda9$ is likely to be griev\sly misund]/ood4 ,orda9$ to condemnation sugge/s ) fatal facility pr$e/9$ to damnation--a doctr9e :i* has p]haps be5 a m fruitful cause ( ! rejection ( ,*ri/ianity ?an all ! doctr9es includ$ 9 ! cre$s4 ,probably 9 all ages ( ! ,*ur* !re h be5 m5 su* z ,/4 ,jude "h describes--nom9al memb]s ( ! ,*ur* :o are no?+ b a sc&al to x1 & pr(ess+ ,*ri/ians ^: :ole life is "o flagrant d5ial ( ,*ri/4 ,su* p]sons c]ta9ly tr\ble ,*ri/5dom n[4 ,by _! luxury & lic5ti\sness !y set an evil example & create a pe/il5tial moral atmosph]e4 ,!y practise no self-control1 & sne] at self-d5ial 9 o!rs4 ,!y reject all ,*ri/ian discipl9e1 & mock at ^? :o endeav\r to ma9ta9 x4 ,& sometimes !y are n at once recogniz$ 9 _! true "*4 ,!y are plausible & amus+1 obvi\sly n /rict1 b n obvi\sly sc&al\s 9 _! mann] ( life4 ,x is !n t su* m5 become specially dang]\s4 ,su* may h be5 ! case 9 ! ,*ur*es :i* ,/4 ,jude has 9 m9d4 ,!re=e he /rips (f all ?is speci\s disguise1 & describes ^! pr(ligate sc(f]s accord+ to _! true *>act]s4 ,moreov]1 we mu/ rememb] t !re 7 "s1 & p]haps _m1 :o1 l ,simon ,magus 7,acts viii4 #ac71 accept$ baptism )\t any real appreciation ( ! mean+ ( ,*ri/ianity1 & :o rema9$ ei!r ,jews or hea!n at he>t1 long aft] !y _h enroll$ !mselves z ,*ri/ians4 ,:]e dang]\s mat]ial ( ?is k9d ab\nd$1 x 0 necess>y to put ! fai?ful on _! gu>d ab\t ! dang]2 & h5ce ! /r5g? & vehem5ce ( ,/4 ,jude's language4 ,a %>p1 cle> /atem5t ( ! evil 0 necess>y to put ! weak & ! unw>y on _! gu>d aga9/ a p]il to :i* !y might easily succumb1 be=e !y 7 fully aw>e ( its exi/5ce4 ,we all ( u ne$ su* w>n+s /ill1 n m]ely to =m a tru] e/imate ( ! nature & t5d5cy ( c]ta9 =ms ( evil1 & ?us keep on our gu>d aga9/ c\rt+ ne$less temptation1 b also to pres]ve u f becom+ 9 our own p]sons1 ?r\gh manife/ self-indulg5ce & c>elessness ( life1 a sn>e & a /umbl+-block to our bre?r54 ,,note4--,on ! "q z to :i* ( ! two ,epi/les is prior1 ! op9ion ( s*ol>s has be5 greatly divid$2 b a comp>ison ( ! foll[+ li/s w %[ t among m rec5t critics ! decision is commonly 9 fav\r ( ! priority ( our ,epi/le3-- ,= ! priority ( #b ,pet]3 ,bau]1 ,beausobre1 ,b5son1 ,bloomfield1 ,dahl1 ,dietle91 ,dodwell1 ,e/ius1 ,fronmll]1 ,hnle91 ,h5g/5b]g1 ,heyd5rei*1 ,h(mann1 ,lange1 ,l5fant1 ,lumby1 ,lu?>t1 ,lu!r1 ,mansel1 ,mi*aelis1 ,mill1 cum5ius1 ,pott1 ,s*aff1 ,s*mid1 ,s*(f1 ,s*ulze1 ,seml]1 ,/e9fass1 ,/i]1 ,/olz1 ,/orr1 ,?i]s*1 ,wet/e91 ,wolf1 ,wordswor?1 ,za*>i1 & o!rs4 ,= ! priority ( ,/4 ,jude3 ,al=d1 ,angus1 ,arnaud1 ,bleek1 ,brckn]1 ,caff91 ,cr$n]1 ,davidson1 ,de ,wette1 ,ei*horn1 ,ewald1 ,f4 ,w4 ,f>r>1 ,gu]ike1 ,hat*1 ,h]d]1 ,hilg5feld1 ,hug1 ,hu!r1 ,khl1 ,kurz1 ,may]h(f1 ,ne&]1 ,plumptre1 ,reuss1 ,salmon1 ,s*5kel1 ,sieff]t1 ,?orold1 ,weiss1 ,wies+]1 & o!rs4 ,plumptre makes ! rem>kable sugge/ion t ,/4 ,jude may h writt5 bo? lett]s4 ,he fir/ wrote 8 own ,epi/le1 !n 0 s5t ) x to ,/4 ,pet] by ,/4 ,james1 & f9ally act$ z ,/4 ,pet]'s amanu5sis 9 writ+ #b ,pet] 7,cambridge ,bible = ,s*ools1 ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,jude1 #ahgi1 pp4 #gi1 #hj1 #hh1 #hi74 ,on ?is po9t also ,dr4 ,dll+] *ang$ 8 m9d 7see p4 #ca74 ,9 ,! ,fir/ ,age ( ! ,*ur* 7pp4 #ic1 #ajh1 ,eng4 ,tr41 #bnd ed47 he ma9ta9$ ! priority ( #b ,pet]4 ,june #bbnd1 #ahgi1 he wrote to me1 ,its priority to ! ,epi/le ( ,jude ,i _c believe 7kann i* g> ni*t glaub574 #aac ,! ins]tion ( ! ^w ,god into ! au?orities foll[$ 9 ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion is "o ( ! few in/ances 9 :i* x is possible t ! ,greek text ( ! ,n4,t4 has be5 corrupt$ 9 ! int]e/s ( or?odoxy4 #aad ,see ! au?or's ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,john 9 ! ,cambridge ,greek ,te/am5t1 pp4 xx-xxix & #afj-afb4 #aae ,n4,t4 ,comm5t>y = ,engli% ,read]s1 edit$ by ,bi%op ,ellicott 7,cassell & ,co4 #ahgi71 iii41 p4 #ejf4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii4 ,,d\btful ,,read+s ,,& ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,v]bal ,,inspiration4 ,,?ree ,,palm>y ,,in/ances ,,( ,,div9e ,,v5geance ,,^u ,,griev\s ,,s94 ,n[ ,i desire to put y 9 remembrance1 ?\gh ye "k all ?+s once = all1 h[ t ! ,"l1 hav+ sav$ a p out ( ! l& ( ,egypt1 aft]w>ds de/roy$ !m t believ$ n4 ,& angels :i* kept n _! own pr9cipality1 b left _! prop] habitation1 ,he ha? kept 9 ev]la/+ bonds "u d>kness unto ! judgm5t ( ! great day4 ,ev5 z ,sodom & ,gomorrah1 & ! cities ab\t !m1 hav+ 9 l mann] ) ^! giv5 !mselves ov] to =nication1 & gone aft] /range fle%1 are set =? z an example1 suff]+ ! puni%m5t ( et]nal fire4--,,/4 ,,jude #e-g4 ,) ^! ?ree v]ses ! ma9 portion ( ! ,epi/le beg9s1 ! fir/ ?ree v]ses be+ introductory4 ,^! put be=e u ?ree in/ances ( ,div9e v5geance ^u ^? :o 7 guilty ( griev\s s9--! unbeliev+ ,israelites 9 ! wild]ness1 ! impure angels1 & ! inhabitants ( ! cities ( ! pla92 & 9 ! ?ree v]ses :i* foll[ 7#h-aj7 ,/4 ,jude po9ts out ! simil>ity betwe5 ! (f5ces ( ^! wick$ p]sons & ! (f5ces ( ! lib]t9es :o are provok+ ,god to execute simil> v5geance ^u !m4 ,x is q possible t we h "h ! explanation ( ! words1 ,:o 7 ( old set =? unto ?is condemnation 7v]4 #d74 ,! doom ( ^! impi\s pr(ligates has long s9ce be5 writt5 9 ! doom ( ^? :o s9n$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,! ,greek text ( ! op5+ v]se exhibits a great v>iety ( read+s1 & "o may suspect ) ,we/cott & ,hort t !re has be5 "s primitive error1 & t none ( ! exi/+ read+s are correct4 ,( ! po9ts 9 :i* !y diff] f "o ano!r ?ree require notice3-- 7#a7 ,9 ! words1 ,! ,"l1 hav+ sav$ a p out ( ! l& ( ,egypt1 ! au?orities v>y betwe5 ! ,"l 7) or )\t ! article71 ,god1 & ,jesus4 ,?is la/ is f> ! be/ atte/$ 7,,ab1 ! be/ cursives1 ! ,vulgate1 bo? ,egyptian ,v]sions1 bo? ,e?iopic1 ! m>g9 ( ! ,arm5ian1 & sev]al ,fa!rs72 b ! int]nal evid5ce aga9/ x is imm5se4 ,n[h]e else 9 ,scripture is ,jesus said to be ! ,au?or ( any?+ :i* took place be=e ! ,inc>nation4 ,_h ,/4 ,jude writt5 ,*ri/1 we might h comp>$ ! rock 0 ,*ri/ 7#a ,cor4 x4 #d74 ,b ! g5]al adoption ( ! read+ ,jesus %[s h[ completely 9 ,*ri/ian ?\ght & language ! ,man ,jesus _h become id5tifi$ ) ! ,et]nal ,son4 ,if ,"l be correct 71 )\t ! article71 x %\ld be und]/ood z mean+ ,jehovah2 & !re=e ,god1 ?\gh n likely to be "r z ! read+1 is "r z an int]pretation4 ,9 ! ,lat9 translation ( ! ,hypotyposeis ( ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria we h ^! two read+s comb9$1 ,dom9us ,deus1 & ! ,greek ( ,didymus has ,"l ,jesus comb9$4 ,possibly all ?ree read+s are ins]tions1 & %\ld be omitt$1 ! true text be+ simply1 ,he :o sav$ a p out ( ! l& ( ,egypt 7 74#aaf 7#b7 ,9 ! words1 ,?\gh ye "k all ?+s once = all1 "s au?orities1 :i* 7 foll[$ by ! translators ( #afaa1 h ?is = all ?+s1 :ile "o au?ority makes all to be mascul9e in/ead ( neut] 7 = 74 ,?is la/ may be correct1 = ! f9al lett] ( ! mascul9e might easily be lo/ 7especially 9 front ( 72 & 9 t case ! mean+ w\ld be1 ?\gh ye all "k x1 i4e41 "k :at ,i am go+ to po9t out4 ,!re is a simil> confusion ( read+ 9 #a ,john ii4 #bj1 :]e = ,ye "k all ?+s 7 7 we %\ld p]haps read1 ,ye all "k 7 74 ,b "h ! mascul9e has too little support to be adopt$4 7#c7 ,! ,s9aitic ,,ms4 transposes ! once or once = all 77 f "k to sav$1 & makes x answ] to ! aft]w>ds1 or ! second "t 7 7 :i* foll[s4 ,9 ?is x is support$ by ! ,arm5ian ,v]sion & a s+le cursive ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4#aag ,if x 7 adopt$1 ! s5t5ce w\ld run ?us3 ,n[ ,i desire to put y 9 remembrance1 ?\gh ye "k all ?+s1 h[ t ! ,"l1 hav+ once sav$ a p out ( ! l& ( ,egypt1 aft]w>ds de/roy$ !m t believ$ n4 ,! correspond5ce betwe5 once & aft]w>ds--hav+ a s+le "t sav$1 444 ! second "t ,he de/roy$--is at fir/ sight attractive2 b x is precisely ?is sup]ficial attractiv5ess :i* has caus$ ! corruption ( ! text4 ,a rec5t writ] pleads = its adoption1 b 8 reasons are n conv9c+4#aah ,! ext]nal evid5ce aga9/ ! propos$ transposition is enorm\s2 & !re is no /rong int]nal evid5ce aga9/ ! be/-atte/$ text 7z !re is aga9/ ! read+ ,jesus7 to turn ! scale4 ,?\gh ye "k all ?is once = all makes excell5t s5se2 & s also does ,he :o sav$ a p out ( ,egypt1 ! second "t 7viz4 9 ! wild]ness7 de/roy$ !m t believ$ n4 ,?is collection ( v>i\s read+s1 out ( :i* x is impossible to select ! true text ) any?+ l c]ta9ty1 is wor? rememb]+ 9 consid]+ ! !ory ( v]bal inspiration4 ,if e ^w t ,/4 ,jude wrote 0 sup]naturally dictat$1 :y has n e ^w be5 sup]naturally pres]v$8 ,x is manife/ t ,god has n1 ei!r miracul\sly or 9 any o!r way1 secur$ t ! exact words writt5 by ,/4 ,jude %\ld come d[n to u )\t alt]ation4 ,! alt]ations are s anci5t1 s widely diffus$1 & s num]\s1 t we are unable to decide :at ,/4 ,jude's exact words 74 ,we are n ev5 c]ta9 t among ! num]\s v>iations we h got 8 exact words4 ,?is is n a common case4 ,! usual problem1 :5 v>i\s read+s occur1 is to select ! "r read+ out ( sev]al t h be5 h&$ d[n to u1 !re be+ no reason to d\bt t "o ( !m is ! orig9al read+ ( ! autograph4 ,b !re are a few passages1 & ?is is "o ( !m1 :]e "o may reasonably d\bt :e!r ! orig9al read+ has n be5 altoge!r lo/ 7,acts vii4 #df2 xiii4 #cb comp4 ,heb4 xi4 #d2 xix4 #dj2 xxvi4 #bh2 ,rom4 xv4 #cb2 #a ,cor4 xii4 #b2 ,col4 ii4 #ah1 #bc2 ,heb4 iv4 #b2 x4 #a2 #a ,tim4 vi4 #g2 #b ,tim4 i4 #ac2 #b ,pet] iii4 #aj1 #ab2 ,jude #bb1 #bc74 ,?is result might easily be produc$ ?r\gh an error 9 ! e>lie/ copies made f ! orig9al docum5t1 or ?r\gh a slip made by ! amanu5sis :o wrote ! orig9al docum5t4 ,!re are m9ds to :i* ?is supposition is v repugnant2 & !re are writ]s :o assure u t 9 ,biblical criticism conjectural em5dation mu/ nev] be resort$ to1 ev5 9 passages ( ackn[l$g$ difficulty1 or t conjectural criticism is entirely bani%$ f ! field4 ,b if ! :ole ( an ,apo/olic ,epi/le may h be5 lo/ 7#a ,cor4 v4 #i2 #c ,john #i71 :y may n a ^w or two ( an extant ,epi/le h be5 lo/8 ,& is x q natural t !re %\ld sometimes be a d\bt z to :i* ( sev]al exi/+ read+s is ! orig9al1 & yet q inconceivable t !re %\ld ev] be a d\bt z to :e!r any ( !m is orig9al8 ,9 ei!r case we are left 9 unc]ta9ty z to ! precise words :i* are inspir$2 & we are ?us confront$ ) ! p]plex+ result t ! ,almighty has specially guid$ a writ] to use c]ta9 words & phrases1 to ! exclusion ( all o!rs1 & yet f v e>ly times has1 9 n a few cases1 all[$ ,*ri/ians to be 9 d\bt z to :at ^! exact words & phrases are4 ,h we any "r to assume t !re 0 ?is special ,div9e c>e to produce a p>ticul> word+1 :5 x is q manife/ t !re has n be5 special ,div9e c>e to pres]ve a p>ticul> word+8 ,! !ory ( v]bal inspiration imports unnecess>y & insup]able difficulties into ! already suffici5tly difficult problem z to ! prop]ties ( inspir$ writ+s4 ,x ma9ta9s t ! l9e c nev] rationally be drawn betwe5 ! ?\ghts & words ( ,scripture2 :i* means t ! only inspir$ ,^w ( ,god is ! orig9al ,hebrew & ,greek word+ :i* 0 us$ by ! au?ors ( ! diff]5t books 9 ! ,bible4 ,consequ5tly all :o _c read ^! are cut (f f ! inspir$ ,^w2 = ! inspir$ ?\ghts are1 accord+ to ?is !ory1 insep>ably b\nd up ) ! orig9al =m ( words4 ,b if x is ! ?\ght1 & n ! word+1 t is inspir$1 !n ! inspir$ ?\ght may be z adequately express$ 9 ,engli% or ,g]man z 9 ,hebrew or ,greek4 ,x is ! inspir$ ?\ght1 no matt] 9 :at language express$1 :i* comes home to ! he>ts & consci5ces ( m51 & conv9ces !m t :at is ?us br\ght to !m by a human in/rum5t is inde$ 9 its orig9 & 9 its p[] ,div9e4 ,nev] man ?us spake 0 said1 n ( ! *oice language t 0 us$1 b ( ! mean+ :i* ! language convey$4 ,9 ! passage be=e u !re are sev]al po9ts :i* call = att5tion1 mo/ ( :i* are indep5d5t ( ! diff]5ces ( read+4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r ! p>ticiple 77 is rightly r5d]$ ?\gh ye "k all ?+s once = all4 ,x makes good1 & p]haps bett] s5se to und]/& x 9 ! equally possible signification ( because ye "k all ?+s once = all4 ,_! be+ already 9 full possession ( a k ( ,old ,te/am5t hi/ory is ! reason :y ,/4 ,jude ne$ d no m ?an rem9d !m ( "o or two p>ticul>s :i* ?r[ a t]rible light ^u ! position ( ^? ^: conduct is be+ discuss$4 ,t once "h does n mean =m]ly1 z ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion takes x1 ?\gh ye once knew ?is1 is manife/ to e "o :o kn[s ! mean+ ( ! p>ticiple & adv]b "h us$ 7 74 ,nor is !re mu* d\bt t bo? "h & 9 v]4 #c x does mean once = all4 ,?is ,greek adv]b1 l its ,lat9 equival5t semel1 is sometimes us$ ( :at is s done z to be ( p]petual validity & nev] ne$ repetition4 ,x is twice s us$ 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews3 ,= z t\*+ ^? :o 7 once enlight5$ & ta/$ ( ! heav5ly gift 7vi4 #d72 i4e4 once = all enlight5$1 s t no second enlight5m5t is possible4 ,& aga91 ,because ! wor%ipp]s1 hav+ be5 once cleans$1 w\ld h _h no m consci5ce ( s9s 7x4 #b74 ,s also 9 #a ,pet]3 ,because ,*ri/ also di$ = s9s once 7iii4 #ah74 ,! mean+ is simil> 9 bo? ! passages "h 7vv4 #c & #e74 ,! ,gospel 0 once = all deliv]$ by ! ,apo/les to ! ,*ur*2 = !re c be no second ,gospel4 ,& ?is ,gospel ,*ri/ians receive & "k once = all4 ,d\bt has be5 rais$ z to ! ev5t or ev5ts to :i* ,/4 ,jude ref]s 9 ! words aft]w>d de/roy$ !m t believ$ n4 ,h(mann1 ,s*ott1 & o!rs1 adopt+ ! be/-atte/$ read+1 ,jesus1 hav+ sav$ a p out ( ! l& ( ,egypt1 aft]w>d de/roy$ !m t believ$ n1 int]pret ! latt] clause ( ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem or ( ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,jewi% nation4 ,x is felt t ?is makes a v unnatural contra/ ) ! deliv]ance ( ,israel f ,ph>aoh by ! h& ( ,moses1 & !re=e sav$ a p out ( ! l& ( ,egypt has to be int]pret$ to mean ! r$emption f ! bondage-h\se ( ! ,law & ( s9 wr\ght 9 ,israel & = ,israel by ,*ri/'s act ( salvation 7,s*ott1 ,erlang51 #ahfc1 p4 #bbe74 ,?is is v =c$ & improbable4 ,let u hold by ,hook]'s mo/ infallible rule 9 expositions ( sacr$ ,scripture1 t :]e a lit]al con/ruction w /&1 ! f>!/ f ! lett] is commonly ! wor/ 7,eccl4 ,pol4 ,v4 lix4 #b74 ,! lit]al con/ruction ( sav$ a p out ( ! l& ( ,egypt w c]ta9ly /& "h1 & ! words mu/ be und]/ood ( ! passage ( ! ,r$ ,sea & all t accompani$ t ev5t4 ,?is is ! clause ( :i* ! mean+ is pla91 & x mu/ be ! int]pret] ( ! clause ( :i* ! mean+ is less pla93 to "w backw>ds f ! latt] is s+ul>ly unreasonable4 ,! sav+ be+ und]/ood ( ! deliv]ance ( ! ,israelites f ! tyranny ( ,ph>aoh1 ! de/roy+ is mo/ naturally und]/ood ( ! ov]?r[ ( ^! same ,israelites 9 ! wild]ness2 n ( any "o cata/rophe1 su* z foll[$ ! matt] ( ,korah 7,num4 xvi4 #di7 or ( ,baal-peor 7xxv471 b ( ! gradual de/ruction1 dur+ ! =ty ye>s ( w&]+1 ( ! rebelli\s & unbeliev+1 ^: c>cases fell 9 ! wild]ness4 ,& to :om sw>e ,he t !y %\ld n ent] into ,8 re/1 b to !m t 7 disob$i5t8 ,& we see t !y 7 n able to ent] 9 because ( unbelief 7,heb4 iii4 #ag-ai74 ,x is q unnecess>y to add to ?is1 ) ,fronmll]1 ! ,babyloni% captivity1 z if aft]w>d or ! second "t 7 7 ref]r$ to two de/ructions4 ,x ref]s to two ,div9e acts--"o ( m]cy1 & a second ( judgm5t4 ,& angels :i* kept n _! own pr9cipality1 b left _! prop] habitation1 ,he ha? kept 9 ev]la/+ bonds4 ,?is is ,/4 ,jude's second in/ance ( ,god's v5geance ^u gross s91 & ?is & ! next are common to bo? ,epi/les4 ,= ! de/ruction ( ! unbeliev+ ,israelites #b ,pet] has ! ,deluge4 ,! ,revis$ ,v]sion has sev]al improvem5ts "h4 ,x sub/itutes pr9cipality = fir/ e/ate1 9 h>mony ) o!r passages1 :]e ! same ^w occurs 7,rom4 viii4 #ch2 ,eph4 iii4 #aj2 vi4 #ab2 ,col4 i4 #af2 ii4 #aj1 #ae71 & ins]ts own--_! own pr9cipality 7 72 !reby m>k+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 own & prop]--_! prop] habitation 7 74 ,above all1 x pres]ves ,/4 ,jude's irony 9 ! d\ble use ( ! ^w kept 773 angels :i* kept n _! own pr9cipality4444 ,he ha? kept 9 ev]la/+ bonds2 :i* is de/roy$ 9 ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion by ! sub/itution ( res]v$ = ! second kept4 ,! alt]ation ( *a9s into bonds is ( less mom5t2 b x is wor? :ile m>k+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 two ,greek words 7 & 71 bo? ( :i* are frequ5t 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & ( :i* ! =m] is always us$ 9 a lit]al s5se 7,m>k v4 #c1 #d2 ,luke viii4 #bi2 ,acts xii4 #f1 #g2 etc471 & ! o!r sometimes lit]ally 7,luke viii4 #bi2 ,acts xvi4 #bf2 xxiii4 #bi2 etc471 & sometimes metaphorically 7,m>k vii4 #ce2 ,luke xiii4 #af2 ,philem4 #ac74 ,x is ! latt] :i* is us$ "h4 ,x may be reg>d$ z c]ta9 t ?is passage does n ref] to ! orig9al rebellion ( ! angels1 & _! fall f be+ heav5ly p[]s to be+ spirits ( evil & ( d>kness4 ,nor is x a direct ref]5ce to ! ,rabb9ic int]pretation ( ! sons ( ,god saw ! daught]s ( m5 t !y 7 fair2 & !y took !m wives ( all t !y *ose 7,g54 vi4 #b1 :]e ! be/ texts ( ! ,septuag9t h angels ( ,god = sons ( ,god74 ,mu* m probably x is a ref]5ce to a topic :i* is v prom95t 9 ! ,book ( ,eno*1 :i*1 h[ev]1 9 ?is p>ticul> is bas$ ^u ! common int]pretation ( ! passage 9 ,g5esis4 ,a discussion ( ?is mo/ int]e/+ & p]plex+ writ+ is res]v$ = a lat] *apt]4 ,at pres5t x suffices to say t ! "w is a composite "o1 writt5 at diff]5t times & by diff]5t au?ors1 & t ! allusions to x "h1 & ! quotation f x 9 vv4 #ad & #ae1 are f ! fir/ portion ( ! ,book ( ,eno* 7*apt]s i4-xxxvi471 :i*1 toge!r ) ! la/ portion 7*apt]s lxxii4-cv471 may safely be consid]$ z ! orig9al writ+1 & und\bt$ly pre-,*ri/ian4 ,:e!r any ( ! book 0 compos$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian era is d\btful1 & t any ( x 0 writt5 by a ,*ri/ian is v d\btful inde$4 ,h(mann1 ,philippi1 & ,weisse h n succe$$ 9 p]suad+ _m p t ! :ole "w is ( ,*ri/ian orig94 ,! portion ( :i* ,/4 ,jude makes use may1 ) a good deal ( probability1 be assign$ to ! latt] "p ( ! second c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,a sket* ( ! section respect+ ! s9 ( ! angels w ?r[ mu* light on ! passage be=e u4 ,a portion ( x _h long be5 kn[n ?r\gh two consid]able extracts1 :i* ! ,byzant9e writ] ,georgius ,syncellus 7c4 ,a4,d4 #hjj7 makes f x 9 8 ,*ronographia 7pp4 #bj-bc & #dj-db1 ,d9dorf's ed41 ,bonn1 #ahbi74 ,! quotation 9 our ,epi/le & ^? made by ,syncellus con/itut$ all t 0 kn[n ( ! ,book ( ,eno* 9 ,europe until #aggc1 :5 ! ,engli% travell] ,bruce br\ght home ?ree ,,mss4 ( an ,e?iopic v]sion ( ! :ole :i* 0 /ill extant 9 ! ,abyss9ian ,*ur*4 ,! section ab\t ! s9 ( ! angels & _! puni%m5t 7vii4-xxxvi47 beg9s v abruptly aft] a %ort introduction 7i4-vi471 9 :i* ,eno* blesses ! righte\s1 & /ates t he receiv$ a revelation f ! angels 9 heav54 ,& x came to pass1 :5 ! sons ( m5 _h multipli$1 t daught]s 7 born to !m1 v beautiful4 ,& ! angels1 ! sons ( heav51 desir$ !m1 & 7 l$ a/ray aft] !m1 & said to "o ano!r1 ,let u *oose = ourselves wives ( ! daught]s ( ! m5 ( ! e>?4 ,two hundr$ ( !m !n made a conspiracy1 & w5t d[n to ! e>?1 & begat an (fspr+ ( giants4 ,!y imp>t$ a k ( sorc]y & _m baneful arts2 & ! corruption ?us diffus$1 & ! voracity & viol5ce ( _! (fspr+1 produc$ ! evils :i* prec$$ ! ,deluge4 ,!n ! s9ful angels are s5t5c$ by ! ,almighty1 & ,eno* is commission$ to make ! s5t5ce kn[n to !m4 ,!n ! ,"l said to me1 ,eno*1 scribe ( righte\sness1 g tell ! wat*]s ( heav51 :o h des]t$ ! l(ty sky1 & _! holy ev]la/+ /ation1 :o h be5 pollut$ ) wom51 444 t on e>? !y %all nev] obta9 peace & remission ( s94 ,! fall5 angels p]suade ,eno* to int]c$e = !m2 b 8 int]cession is n he>d1 & he is told to repeat ! s5t5ce :i* has be5 pron\nc$ ^u !m4 ,! foll[+ p>ticul>s ( _! puni%m5t are ( int]e/4 ,azzl 7comp4 ,lev4 xvi4 #bf1 ,r4,v471 "o ( ! r+lead]s1 is to be b\nd h& & foot1 ?r[n into a pit 9 ! wild]ness1 & cov]$ ) d>kness2 !re he is to rema91 ) 8 face cov]$1 till ! great day ( judgm5t1 :5 he is to be ca/ into ! fire4 ,! o!rs1 aft] !y h se5 _! (fspr+ kill "o ano!r 9 mutual slaught]1 are to be b\nd = sev5ty g5]ations und]nea? ! e>?1 till ! day ( _! judgm5t1 :5 !y %all be ?r[n into ! l[e/ dep?s ( ! fire1 & be %ut up = ev] 7x4 #f-i1 #ae1 #af74 ,judgm5t has be5 pass$ ^u y3 y\r pray] %all n be grant$ y4 ,f h5ce=? nev] %all y asc5d to heav54 ,he ha? said t on ! e>? ,he w b9d y1 z long z ! _w endures 7xiv4 #b74 ,& ,eno* is aft]w>ds %[n _! puni%m5t 9 a vision4 ,^! are ^? ( ! />s :i* h transgress$ ! comm&m5t ( ! mo/ high ,god1 & are "h b\nd1 until ! inf9ite numb] ( ! days ( _! crimes be complet$4444 ,:y art ?\ al>m$ & amaz$ at ?is t]rific place1 at ! sight ( ?is place ( suff]+8 ,?is is ! prison ( ! angels2 & "h are !y kept = ev] 7xxi4 #c1 #f74 ,x is specially wor?y ( rem>k t x is 9 ^! old] portions ( ! ,book ( ,eno* t we meet = ! fir/ "t 9 ,jewi% lit]ature ) ! di/9ct conception ( a g5]al judgm5t4 ,! idea is v frequ5t1 & is express$ 9 a great v>iety ( ways4 ,?us1 :at ,/4 ,jude calls ! ,judgm5t ( ! ,great ,day 7 71 a phrase :i* occurs n[h]e else 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 is call$ 9 ! ,book ( ,eno* ! ,great ,day ( ,judgm5t 7x4 #i71 ! ,day ( ! ,great ,judgm5t 7xciii4 #h2 xcvii4 #ae2 civ4 #c71 ! ,day ( ! ,great ,tr\ble 7xcix4 #e71 ! ,great ,day 7xvi4 #b72 ! ,great ,judgm5t 7xxii4 #e71 ! ,g5]al ,judgm5t 7xxii4 #i74aai ,/4 ,jude ( c\rse ne$ n h d]iv$ ?is idea f ! ,book ( ,eno*2 b ! fact t x is s v frequ5t !re1 especially 9 connexion ) ! s9 ( ! impure angels1 may h influ5c$ him 9 writ+ ! passage be=e u4 ,at any rate all ^! num]\s details w n leave u 9 mu* d\bt z to ! orig9 ( ,/4 ,jude's /atem5t1 angels :i* kept n _! own pr9cipality1 b left _! prop] habitation1 he ha? kept 9 ev]la/+ bonds "u d>kness unto ! judgm5t ( ! great day4 ,x comes ei!r directly f ! ,book ( ,eno*1 or f a s\rce ( :i* bo? ! writ] ( ! book & ,/4 ,jude make use4 ,x 0 9 l mann] ) ^! angels t ! inhabitants ( ,sodom & ,gomorrah s9n$1 go+ a/ray aft] unlawful & unnatural indulg5ces2 & 9 l mann] ) ^! angels1 !y also are set =? z an example1 suff]+ ! puni%m5t ( et]nal fire4 ,! mean+ is n q cle>1 b app>5tly x is ?is1 t ! s9ful angels are 9 prison await+ ! day ( judgm5t1 :5 !y w be ca/ into ! lake ( fire2 & t ! de/ruction ( ! cities ( ! pla9 by fire1 & _! p]petual subm]sion1 are an example ( ! et]nal fire 9 :i* ! angels w be subm]g$4 ,p]haps !re is also ! idea t "u ! ,dead ,sea volcanic fires are burn+4 ,x is q possible to take ( et]nal fire aft] example in/ead ( aft] puni%m5t2 & ?is r5d]+ makes ! /atem5t m 9 accordance ) ! actual facts3 are set =? z an example ( et]nal fire1 suff]+ puni%m5t4 ,b ! two la/ words come 9 r awkw>dly at ! end ( ! s5t5ce1 & mo/ comm5tators decide aga9/ ?is con/ruction 7comp4 #c ,macc4 ii4 #e74 ,! ?ree cases exhibit1 n a climax1 b great div]sity1 z reg>ds p]sons1 s91 & puni%m5t4 ,we h bo? ,jews & ,g5tiles1 & betwe5 !m be+s sup]ior to bo?4 ,! ,israelites by unbelief reject$ _! promis$ home1 & p]i%$ sl[ly 9 ! wild]ness4 ,! angels left _! prop] home1 s9n$ grossly1 & are 9 bani%m5t & 9 prison1 await+ /ill worse puni%m5t4 ,! m5 ( ,sodom & ,gomorrah s9n$ grossly 9 _! home1 & bo? !y & x 7 sudd5ly1 horribly1 & irrevocably de/roy$4 ,?is great div]sity gives po9t to ! moral4 ,no matt] :o may be ! s9n]s1 or :at ! circum/ances ( ! s91 outrage\s (f5ces1 su* z impurity & rebellion1 are c]ta9 ( ,div9e *a/isem5t4 ,if fall5 angels are evil spirits actively compass+ ! ru9 ( s\ls1 h[ c fall5 angels be kept 9 ev]la/+ bonds unto ! judgm5t ( ! great day8 ,m ?an "o answ] might be giv5 to ?is "q1 b ! res]ve ( ,scripture on ! subject seems to w>n u f unpr(itable speculation4 ,ev5 )\t ,scripture ! reality ( spiritual p[]s ( evil may be inf]r$ f _! effects4 ,scripture seems to tell u t "s ( ^! p[]s are p]sonal1 & "s n1 t "s are m free ?an o!rs1 & t all %all be defeat$ at la/4 ,t is en\gh = our com=t1 w>n+1 & assurance4 ,x consoles u to "k t mu* ( ! evil )9 u is no "p ( ourselves1 b comes f )\t4 ,x makes u w>y to "k t su* p[]s are cont5d+ aga9/ u4 ,x gives u confid5ce to "k t ev5 ,satan & 8 ho/s c be ov]come by ^? :o resi/ /eadfa/ 9 ! fai?4#abj #aaf ,w4 ,h4 po9t out t might easily be corrupt$ into 1 or into 4 7vol4 ii41 p4 #ajf4 ,see also ,scriv5]1 #crd ed41 p4 #fef74 #aag ,! ,lat9 translation ( ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria has ! same read+3 ,quoniam ,dom9us ,deus semel populum de t]ra gypti lib]ans de9ceps eos1 qui non cr$id]unt1 p]didit4 #aah ,w4 ,s4 ,wood1 ,problems 9 ! ,n4,t4 7,riv+tons1 #ahij71 pp4 #afa-afd4 #aai ,/anton1 ,! ,jewi% & ! ,*ri/ian ,messiah 7,t4 & ,t4 ,cl>k1 #ahhf71 pp4 #aci1 #adj4 ,he seems1 h[ev]1 to be mi/ak5 9 say+ t ! ,judge is n ! ,messiah1 b ,jehovah4 ,z 9 ,scripture1 bo? are repres5t$ z judg+4 ,!n ! ,"l ( ! spirits made to sit ^u ! ?rone ( ,8 glory ! ,elect ,"o1 :o %all judge all ! works ( ! holy4444 ,& :5 ,he %all lift up ,8 c\nt5ance to judge _! secret way 9 ! ^w ( ! ,"n ( ! ,"l ( spirits1 etc4 7lx4 #aj-aa4 ,comp4 ,john v4 #bb74 #abj ,on ! fall ( ! angels see ,hook]1 ,eccl4 ,pol4 ,i4 iv4 #c1 & ,v4 ,app5dix i4 #bh4 ,= a mod]n & poetical r5d]+ ( :at is /at$ 9 ,g54 vi4 #a1 #b1 see ,byron1 ,heav5 & ,e>?3 a ,my/]y4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv4 ,,rail+ ,,at ,,dignities4 ,,! ,,assumption ,,( ,,moses4 ,,/4 ,,jude',s ,,use ,,( ,,apocryphal ,,lit]ature4 ,yet 9 l mann] ^! also 9 _! dream+s defile ! fle%1 & set at n\ght dom9ion1 & rail at dignities4 ,b ,mi*ael ! ar*angel1 :5 cont5d+ ) ! devil he disput$ ab\t ! body ( ,moses1 dur/ n br+ aga9/ him a rail+ judgm5t1#aba b said1 ,! ,"l rebuke !e4 ,b ^! rail at :atsoev] ?+s !y "k n3 & :at !y und]/& naturally1 l ! creatures )\t reason1 9 ^! ?+s are !y de/roy$4 ,woe unto !m6 = !y w5t 9 ! way ( ,ca91 & ran riot\sly 9 ! error ( ,balaam = hire1 & p]i%$ 9 ! ga9say+ ( ,korah4--,,/4 ,,jude #h-ab4 ,/4 ,jude hav+ giv5 ?ree t]rible examples ( ! puni%m5t ( gross s9 9 ,jews1 ,g5tiles1 & angels1 proce$s to apply ^! in/ances to ! lib]t9es :o 9 8 own day1 by _! sc&al\s conduct z ,*ri/ians1 7 provok+ ,god to puni% !m 9 l mann]2 & ! ?reefold description ( _! conduct "h giv5 seems to ref] to ! ?ree in/ances j giv51 :i* are n[ tak5 9 rev]se ord]4 ,l ! p ( ,sodom & ,gomorrah1 ^! ungodly lib]t9es defile ! fle%2 l ! angels :i* kept n _! own pr9cipality1 !y set at n\ght dom9ion2 & l ! unbeliev+ & rebelli\s ,israelites 9 ! wild]ness1 !y rail at dignities4 ,9 all ?ree p>ticul>s !y %[ !mselves z dream]s 774 ,!y are l m5 :o say & d mon/r\s ?+s 9 _! sleep4 ,!y are dead5$ to all s5se ( dec5cy & duty1 dream+1 ly+ d[n1 lov+ to slumb] 7,isa4 lvi4 #aj1 :]e ! same ^w t we h "h is us$ 9 ! ,,lxx474 ,!y are sunk 9 ! torpor ( s9 7,rom4 xiii4 #aa74 ,! ,revis]s h done rightly 9 omitt+ ! epi!t fil?y1 9 add+ ! ^w also1 & 9 sub/itut+ 9 _! dream+s = dream]s4 ,! p>ticiple repres5t$ by 9 _! dream+s does n belong to defile ! fle% exclusively1 b to ! o!r two clauses z well2 s t fil?y is n ev5 correct z an int]pretation3 x is q unju/ifiable z a r5d]+4 ,!re is no reason = suspect+ t c]ta9 ,levitical pollutions are indicat$4 ,see+ t 9 _! dream+s !y set at n\ght dom9ion1 & rail at dignities1 dream+ mu/ n be und]/ood ( actual sleep4 ,moreov]1 ,/4 ,jude does n say defile _! fle%1 b defile ! fle% 7 71 :i* includes m ?an _! own bodies4 ,he p]haps means t !y pollute human nature1 or ev5 ! :ole animal _w4 ,l ! m5 ( ,sodom1 ^! pr(ligates defile ! fle%4 ,l ! angels :o sold _! bir?right = base indulg5ces1 !y set at n\ght dom9ion4 ,b x is by no means easy to det]m9e :at ?is dom9ion or lord%ip 77 signifies4 ,calv9 & o!rs int]pret ?is & dignities or glories 77 ( ! civil p[]3 ,!re is a contra/ to be notic$1 :5 he says t !y defil$ or pollut$ ! fle%1 t is1 t !y degrad$ :at 0 less excell5t1 & t yet !y despis$ z disgraceful :at is deem$ especially excell5t among mank9d4 ,x appe>s f ! second clause t !y 7 s$iti\s m51 :o s\ght an>*y1 t1 be+ loos$ f ! fe> ( ! laws1 !y might s9 m freely4 ,b ^! two ?+s are ne>ly always connect$1 t !y :o ab&on !mselves to iniquity d also wi% to aboli% all ord]4 ,?\gh1 inde$1 _! *ief object is to be free f e yoke1 x yet appe>s f ! words ( ,jude t !y 7 wont to speak insol5tly & reproa*fully ( magi/rates1 l ! fanatics ( ! pres5t day1 :o n only grumble because !y are re/ra9$ by ! au?ority ( magi/rates1 b furi\sly declaim aga9/ all gov]nm5t1 & say t ! p[] ( ! sword is pr(ane & oppos$ to godl9ess2 9 %ort1 !y sup]cili\sly reject f ! ,*ur* ( ,god all k+s & all magi/rates4 ',dignities1' or 'glories1' are ord]s or ranks em95t 9 p[] or hon\r 7,calv9's ,comm5t>ies on ! ,ca?olic ,epi/les1 ,eng4 ,tr41 ,ed9burgh1 #ahee1 p4 #dch74 ,b if e>?ly rul]s ( any k9d are meant by dom9ion & dignities1 x is m probable t ,/4 ,jude is ?9k+ ( ecclesia/ical (fic]s2 9 :i* case ! mean+ w\ld be t ^! lib]t9es set ,*ur* discipl9e at defiance1 & revil$ ! presbyt]s or bi%ops :o rebuk$ !m = _! evil conduct4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 m probable t at lea/ dom9ion1 if n dignities1 ref]s to unse5 & sup]natural p[]s4 ,we mu/ look backw>ds to v]4 #d1 & =w>ds to v]4 #aj1 = a key to ! int]pretation4 ,^! pr(ligates turn ! grace ( ,god into lascivi\sness1 & ?us defile ! fle%2 & !y d5y our only ,ma/] & ,"l1 ,jesus ,*ri/1 & ?us set at n\ght lord%ip4 ,aga91 :at !y und]/& naturally1 l ! creatures )\t reason1 9 ^! ?+s are !y de/roy$1 i4e4 !y ru9 !mselves1 body & s\l1 by _! c>nal indulg5ces2 :ile !y rail at :atsoev] ?+s !y "k n1 i4e4 !y speak ) flippant irrev]5ce respect+ ! invisible _w1 revil+ angels1 & p]haps mock+ at ,satan4 ,we may1 !re=e1 ) "s hesitation1 b ) a fair am\nt ( reason1 int]pret dom9ion1 or lord%ip1 ( ,*ri/ or ( ,god1 & dignities1 or glories1 ( angels1 rememb]+ t ei!r or bo? ( ^! may include ,*ri/'s m9i/]s & mess5g]s on e>?4 ,"o ( ! ways 9 :i* ^! ungodly m5 d5i$ ,*ri/ 9 _! lives 0 by _! contemptu\s disreg>d ( ! tea*+ ( ,8 ,apo/les4#abb ,x is q possible t 9 ?is p>ticul> also ,/4 ,jude is "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,book ( ,eno*4 ,9 x we read1 ,ye fulfil n ! comm&m5ts ( ! ,"l2 b ye transgress & calumniate greatness 7vi4 #d72 & aga91 ,all :o utt] ) _! m\?s unbecom+ language aga9/ ,god1 & speak h>% ?+s ( ,8 glory1 "h !y %all be collect$ 7xxvi4 #b72 & aga91 ,my eyes beheld all ! s9n]s1 :o d5i$ ! ,"l ( glory 7xli4 #a74 ,& ) ?is la/ expression %\ld be comp>$1 ,! spl5d\r ( ! ,godhead %all illum9ate !m 7i4 #h74 ,b ( c\rse x does n foll[ t because ,/4 ,jude p>tly reproduces ! language ( ?is writ]1 !re=e he uses x ) precisely ! same mean+4 ,b ,mi*ael ! ar*angel1 :5 cont5d+ ) ! devil he disput$ ab\t ! body ( ,moses1 dur/ n br+ aga9/ him a rail+ judgm5t1 b said1 ,! ,"l rebuke !e4 ,! mean+ ( ?is illu/ration is obvi\s4 ,! pr(ane lib]t9es all[ !mselves to speak ( dignities 9 a way :i* ev5 an ar*angel did n v5ture to adopt 9 rebuk+ ,satan4 ,x is a v /rong argum5t =tiori4 ,consequ5tly1 ! fact t x 0 an evil angel aga9/ :om ,mi*ael did n d>e to rail by no means proves t x 0 evil angels aga9/ :i* ! lib]t9es did d>e to rail4 ,r ! contr>y may be inf]r$4 ,!y use language ( good angels :i* ,mi*ael w\ld n use ( a bad "o4 ,t dignities1 or glories1 may include ! fall5 angels or evil spirits is p]haps possible2 t x ref]s to !m exclusively is v improbable4 ,! ^w itself is aga9/ ?is2 = glories is c]ta9ly a /range "n to give to devils4 ,b a m int]e/+ "q lies be=e u z to ! s\rce f :i* ,/4 ,jude d]iv$ ! /ory ab\t ,mi*ael ! ar*angel cont5d+ ) ! devil ab\t ! body ( ,moses4 ,x is z unreasonable to suppose t he receiv$ a special revelation on ! subject z to suppose t ,/4 ,paul receiv$ a special revelation respect+ ! names ( ! ,egyptian magicians 7see on #b ,tim4 iii4 #h 9 ?is s]ies1 ,pa/oral ,epi/les1 pp4 #cgi-hc74 ,/4 ,jude ref]s to ! incid5t z some?+ q famili> to 8 read]s2 & ?is c\ld h>dly h be5 ! case if x _h be5 specially reveal$ to himself4 ,l>dn] supposes t ! ref]5ce is to ,ze*4 ii4 #a1 #b4 ,b1 except+ t ! words1 ,! ,"l rebuke !e1 ,o ,satan1 occur !re1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two incid5ts is imm5se4 ,nei!r ,mi*ael nor ! body ( ,moses is m5tion$ 9 ,ze*>iah4 ,! cause ( ,satan's ho/ility is ! consecration ( ,jo%ua ! high prie/4 ,& x is ! ,"l1 & n ! angel1 :o rebukes ! evil "o4 ,^! diff]5ces are conclusive2 !y leave j ! features :i* ne$ explanation /ill unexpla9$4 ,we may safely decide t ,/4 ,jude is n allud+ to any?+ conta9$ 9 ! ,bible4 ,m probably he is ref]r+ to "s well-kn[n ,jewi% /ory respect+ ! dea? & burial ( ,moses--9 o!r words1 to apocryphal lit]ature4 ,s ,moses ! s]vant ( ! ,"l di$ !re 9 ! l& ( ,moab1 accord+ to ! ^w ( ! ,"l4 ,& ,he buri$ him 9 ! valley 9 ! l& ( ,moab ov] aga9/ ,be?-peor3 b no man kn[e? ( 8 sepul*re unto ?is day 7,deut4 xxxiv4 #e1 #f74 ,^! words excit$ ! curiosity ( ! ,jews2 & z hi/ory told !m no?+ beyond ! /atem5t 9 ,deut]onomy1 !y fell back ^u imag9ation z a sub/itute1 & ! my/]i\s words ( ,scripture became a c5tre r\nd :i* a s]ies ( leg5ds 9 process ( "t clu/]$4 ,! ,t>gum ( ,jona?an on ! passage says t ! grave ( ,moses 0 entru/$ to ! c>e ( ,mi*ael ! ar*angel4 ,! ,midra% on ! same /ates t ,sammael1 *ief ( ! evil spirits1 0 impati5t = ! dea? ( ,moses4 ,& he said1 ,:5 w ! long$-= mom5t come :5 ,mi*ael %all weep & ,i %all laugh8 ,& at la/ ! "t came :5 ,mi*ael came to ,sammael & said3 ,ah6 curs$ "o6 %all ,i weep :ile ?\ laughe/8 & he made answ] 9 ! words ( ,micah 7vii4 #h71 ,rejoice n aga9/ me1 ,o m9e enemy3 :5 ,i fall1 ,i %all arise2 :5 ,i sit 9 d>kness1 ! ,"l %all be a light unto me4 ,! ,midra% also conta9s ano!r leg5d1 9 :i* ! s9 ( ! impure angels is m5tion$ 9 connexion ) ! dea? ( ,moses4 ,! s\l ( ,moses prays t x may n be tak5 f ! body3 ,"l ( ! _w1 ! angels ,asa & ,asael lu/$ aft] daught]s ( m52 b ,moses1 f ! day t ,?\ appe>$/ unto him 9 ! bu%1 l$ a life ( p]petual cont95ce2 ! plea be+ t f s pure a body ! s\l ne$ n dep>t4 ,bo? ,gabriel & ,mi*ael %r9k f br++ ! s\l1 & ,sammael fail$ to obta9 x4 ,& ,moses pray$1 ,"l ( ! _w1 give n my s\l ov] to ! angel ( dea?4 ,& !re came a voice f heav51 ,fe> n1 ,moses2 ,i w provide = ?y burial4 ,& ,moses /ood up & sanctifi$ himself z d ! ,s]aphim1 & ! ,mo/ ,high came d[n f heav51 & ! ?ree *ief angels ) ,him4 ,mi*ael prep>$ ! bi]1 & ,gabriel spread out ! w9d+-%eet4444 ,& ! ,mo/ ,high kiss$ him1 & ?r\gh t kiss took 8 s\l to ,himself 7,plumptre 9 loco74 ,^! leg5ds br+ u a little ne>] to ! illu/ration us$ by ,/4 ,jude1 = !y br+ ,mi*ael & ! evil _s into connexion ) :at is relat$ respect+ ! dea? & burial ( ,moses4 ,b ! conte/ betwe5 ,mi*ael & ,satan respect+ ! body is n !re4 ,orig5 tells u t ?is comes f an apocryphal book call$ ,! ,assumption or ,! ,asc5sion 7 or 7 ( ,moses3 ,9 ,g5esis ! s]p5t is describ$ z hav+ s$uc$ ,eve1 reg>d+ :om1 9 ,! ,assumption ( ,moses 7a little treatise ( :i* ! ,apo/le ,jude makes m5tion 9 8 ,epi/le71 ! ar*angel ,mi*ael1 :5 disput+ ) ! devil reg>d+ ! body ( ,moses1 says t ! s]p5t1 be+ inspir$ by ! devil1 0 ! cause ( ! transgression ( ,adam & ,eve 7,de ,pr9cip4 ,,iii4 ii4 sub init474 ,! book 0 fairly well kn[n 9 ! e>ly ,*ur*4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria quotes x 7,/rom4 ,,vi4 xv4 sub f9472 & 9 ! ,lat9 translation ( ! ,hypotyposeis 8 note on ,jude #i is ,hic confirmat ,assumptionem ,moysis4 ,didymus ( ,alex&ria says ! same z ,orig5 ab\t ,/4 ,jude's use ( x1 & c5sures ^? :o made ?is an objection to ! ,epi/le ( ,jude 7,9 ,epi/4 ,jud en>ratio 9 ,gall&i ,biblio?4 ,patr4 ,,vi4 #cjg74 ,evodius1 ,bi%op ( ,uzala1 "o ( ,augu/9e's e>ly fri5ds 7,confess4 ,,ix4 viii4 #ag2 xii4 #ca71 9 writ+ to him1 speaks ( x z ! ,my/]ies 7,secreta7 ( ,moses1 & calls x a writ+ devoid ( au?ority 7,aug4 ,ep4 clviii4 #f74 ,x 0 kn[n 9 ! second half ( ! fif? c5tury to ,gelasius ( ,cyzicus1 & 9 ! second half ( ! eigh? to ,nicephorus ( ,con/ant9ople1 :o1 9 8 ,/i*ometria ,sacrorum ,librorum1 tells u t x 0 ab\t z long z ! ,apocalypse ( ,/4 ,john4 ,b f t "t we he> no m ( x until #ahfa1 :5 ,c]iani publi%$ ab\t a ?ird ( x f a palimpse/ 9 ! ,ambrosian ,libr>y at ,milan 7,monum5ta ,sacra et ,pr(4 ,i4 i41 p4 #ee74 ,?is fragm5t conta9s ! passage quot$ by ,gelasius1 b mo/ tantaliz+ly comes to an end be=e ! dea? ( ,moses1 s t we are /ill )\t ! passage ab\t ! conte/ betwe5 ,mi*ael & ! devil respect+ 8 body4 ,nev]!less1 we h no reason = d\bt+ ! /atem5ts ( ,orig5 & ( ,didymus t ! book conta9$ ?is incid5t1 & t ?is is ! s\rce ( ! illu/ration us$ by ,/4 ,jude4 ,su* evid5ce z we h confirms ! /atem5ts1 & !re is no evid5ce on ! o!r side4 ,we "k t !re 7 leg5ds connect+ ,mi*ael & ! evil "o ) ! dea? ( ,moses4 ,we "k t ,! ,assumption ( ,moses conta9$ simil> mat]ial4 ,above all1 we "k t ! incid5t m5tion$ by ,/4 ,jude is n 9 ! canonical ,scriptures1 & !re=e mu/ h come f "s apocryphal s\rce1 & t else:]e 9 8 ,epi/le ,/4 ,jude makes use ( apocryphal lit]ature4 ,we are n1 !re=e1 creat+ a difficulty by adopt+ ! all b c]ta9 conclusion t ?is apocryphal "w is ! s\rce f :i* ,/4 ,jude draws4 ,ev5 if we reject ?is highly probable conclusion1 ! difficulty1 su* z x is1 w /ill rema94 ,t ,! ,assumption ( ,moses 0 writt5 be=e our ,epi/le is almo/ univ]sally admitt$4 ,philippi is almo/ alone 9 ?9k+ t its au?or 0 a ,*ri/ian1 & t he borr[$ f ,/4 ,jude4 ,ewald1 ,dillmann1 ,drummond1 ,s*r]1 & ,wiesl] place x betwe5 ,b4,c4 #d 7! ye> ( ! w> ( ,qu9tilius ,v>us1 to :i* x almo/ c]ta9ly ref]s7 & ,a4,d4 #f4 ,hilg5feld1 ,m]x1 ,fritzs*e1 & ,lucius place x at diff]5t po9ts betwe5 ,a4,d4 #dd & #gj4 ,b ! e>li] date is ! m probable4 ,! l>ge fragm5t 9 ,lat9 :i* we n[ possess 0 evid5tly made f a ,greek docum5t1 & ,hilg5feld has attempt$ to re/ore ! ,greek f ! ,lat94 ,b ?is ,greek docum5t may itself h be5 a translation f ! ,aramaic4 ,9 ei!r case ,/4 ,jude w\ld be able to read x4#abc ,t any true tradition on ! subject %\ld h be5 h&$ d[n orally ?r\gh fifte5 c5turies1 )\t leav+ ! slighte/ trace 9 a s+le passage 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 is utt]ly improbable4 ,?is hypo!sis1 & ! /ill m viol5t supposition ( a special revelation made to ,/4 ,jude1 are devices prompt$ by a rev]5t _s1 b ?or\ghly uncritical & unt5able1 to avoid ! unwelcome conclusion t an inspir$ writ] has quot$ leg5d>y mat]ial4 ,h we any "r to assume t inspiration raises a writ] to ! intellectual position ( a critical hi/orian1 ) p[] to discrim9ate betwe5 leg5d & fact8 ,/4 ,jude probably believ$ ! /ory ab\t ! dispute betwe5 ,mi*ael & ,satan to be true2 b ev5 if he knew x to be a my?1 he might nev]!less readily use x z an illu/rative argum5t1 see+ t x 0 s famili> to 8 read]s4 ,if an inspir$ writ] 7 liv+ n[1 w\ld x be q incr$ible t he %\ld make use ( ,dante's ,purgatory1 or ,%akespe>e's ,k+ ,le>8 ,inspiration c]ta9ly does n pres]ve ^? :o possess x f imp]fect gramm>1 & we _c be c]ta9 t x pres]ves !m f o!r imp]fections :i* h no?+ to d ) ! tru? t saves s\ls4 ,besides :i*1 x may be m]ely our prejudices :i* lead u to reg>d ! use ( leg5d>y mat]ial z an imp]fection4 ,let u rev]5tly exam9e ! features :i* inspir$ writ+s actually pres5t to u1 n ha/ily det]m9e be=eh& :at prop]ties !y ought to possess4 ,we n unnaturally fancy t :5 ! ,holy ,_s inspires a p]son to write = ! spiritual in/ruction ( m5 ?r\gh\t all ages1 ,he also pres]ves him f mak+ mi/akes z to ! au!nticity ( writ+s ( :i* he makes use1 or at lea/ w\ld pres]ve him f mislead+ o!rs on su* po9ts2 b x does n foll[ t ?is natural expectation ( ours corresponds ) ! actual mann] ( ! ,_s's work+4 ,we foll[ a v unsafe me?od if we beg9 by decid+ 9 :at way x seems to u mo/ fitt+ t ,god %\ld guide ,8 ,*ur*1 & !n try to wre/ facts into con=mity ) our preconceptions4#abd #aba ,dr4 ,field1 9 8 mo/ valuable ,otium ,novic5se 7iii41 pp4 #aed1 #aee71 argues /rongly 9 fav\r ( translat+ 1 br+ aga9/ him an accusation ( blasphemy2 & he quotes v>i\s passages to %[ t may mean to br+ an accusation aga9/4 ,b none ( !m h a g5itive aft] ! 1 & ! "q /ill rema9s :e!r ! g5itive is descriptive & may be treat$ z an adjective1 or expresses ! subject-matt] ( ! 4 ,t ! =m] is "r seems to be %[n by ! context 7 9 vv4 #h & #aj72 ! lib]t9es d to high] be+s :at an ar*angel did n d>e to d to ,satan2 & also by ! p>allel 9 #b ,pet] ii4 #aa 7 74 ,& on :at gr\nds w\ld ,mi*ael n d>e to *>ge ,satan ) blasphemy8 ,t he did n d>e to rail at him is intelligible4 #abb ,! v>iety ( int]pretation z reg>ds ^! two expressions is rem>kable4 ,"s1 z ,beza1 ,calv91 ,erasmus1 & ,grotius1 int]pret bo? dom9ion & dignities ( civil magi/rates2 o!rs1 z ,hammond1 include ecclesia/ical rul]s2 o!rs1 z ,lumby1 int]pret bo? ( ,apo/les & eld]s1 & ?r\gh !m ,*ri/2 o!rs1 z ,rits*1 apply dom9ion to ,god or ,*ri/1 & dignities to good angels4 ,wies+] & ,hu!r apply dom9ion to ,god or ,*ri/1 & dignities to bad angels4 ,al=d1 ,b5gel1 ,brckn]1 & ,de ,wette expla9 bo? ( good angels2 :ile ,s*ott app>5tly expla9s bo? ( bad angels4 cum5ius is n q alone 9 sugge/+ t dignities may mean ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t2 ,plumptre w\ld make ! ^w include bo? good & bad angels4 #abc ,! ,lat9 fragm5t has be5 sev]al times publi%$ s9ce ,c]iani made x kn[n 9 #ahfa2 by ,hilg5feld 9 #ahff & #ahgf2 by ,volkm> 9 #ahfg2 ,s*midt & ,m]x 9 #ahfh2 & by ,fritzs*e 9 #ahga4 ,a v full summ>y ( lit]ature on ! subject is giv5 9 ,s*r]1 ,! ,jewi% ,p 9 ! ,"t ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 7,t4 & ,t4 ,cl>k1 #ahhf71 ,div4 ,,ii41 vol4 iii41 pp4 #hj-hc4 ,see also ,h]zog1 ,plitt1 & ,hauck 7,real-,encykl41 vol4 xii4 pp4 #ceb1 #cec74 #abd ,salmon1 ,introduction to ! ,n4,t41 #d? ed41 ,murray 7#ahhi71 p4 #ebh4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxv4 ,,! ,,description ,,correspond+ ,,to ,,ca93 ,,! ,,lib]t9es ,,at ,,! ,,love-,,fea/s4 ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,eno*4 ,^! are !y :o are hidd5 rocks 9 y\r ,love-fea/s :5 !y fea/ ) y1 %eph]ds t )\t fe> fe$ !mselves1 cl\ds )\t wat]1 c>ri$ along by w9ds2 autumn trees )\t fruit1 twice dead1 pluck$ up by ! roots2 wild waves ( ! sea1 foam+ out _! own %ame2 w&]+ />s1 = :om ! blackness ( d>kness ha? be5 res]v$ = ev]4 ,b to ^! also ,eno*1 ! sev5? f ,adam1 prophesi$1 say+1 ,behold1 ! ,"l came ) t5 ?\s&s ( ,8 holy ones1 to execute judgm5t ^u all1 & to convict all ! ungodly ( all _! works ( ungodl9ess :i* !y h ungodly wr\ght1 & ( all ! h>d ?+s :i* ungodly s9n]s h spok5 aga9/ ,him4--,,/4 ,,jude #ab-ae4 ,/4 ,jude leaves (f comp>+ ! lib]t9es ) o!r s9n]s--,ca9 & ! ,sodomites1 ,balaam & ! impure angels1 ,korah & ! unbeliev+ ,israelites--& beg9s an indep5d5t description ( !m4 ,nev]!less1 !re is reason = believ+ t he has ,ca91 ,balaam1 & ,korah 9 8 m9d 9 fram+ ?is new acc\nt ( !m4 ,! description falls into ?ree p>ts1 ( :i* ?is is ! fir/4 ,ea* ( ! ?ree p>ts beg9s 9 ! same way3 ,^! are 7 74 ,& ea* is balanc$ by some?+ said on ! o!r side1 :i* is introduc$ ) a ,b 774 ,9 ! case be=e u ! ,b introduces a w>n+ giv5 prophetically to ^! lib]t9es by ,eno* 7vv4 #ad1 #ae74 ,9 ! second case ,/4 ,jude quotes a w>n+ giv5 prophetically to 8 read]s by ! ,apo/les 7vv4 #ag1 #ah74 ,9 ! ?ird he exhorts 8 read]s himself 7vv4 #bj-bc74 ,?is ?reefold division has be5 r g5]ally ignor$4 ,x is q oblit]at$ 9 ! ,revis$ ,v]sion by ! division ( ! p>agraphs1 & also by ! sub/itution ( an ,& = ! fir/ ,b3 ,& to ^! also ,eno* prophesi$4 ,! ,vulgate is "r ) autem 9 all ?ree places1 foll[$ by ,wiclif ) ,=so! 9 all ?ree places4 ,lu!r is n only "r 9 8 r5d]+ ( ! conjunction ) ab] 9 all ?ree places1 b also 9 8 division ( ! p>agraphs4 ,b s9ce ,wiclif all ,engli% v]sions h obscur$ ?is ?reefold description ( ! ungodly ) ! ?ree correspond+ w>n+s or exhortations4#abe ,^! are !y :o are hidd5 rocks 9 y\r love-fea/s :5 !y fea/ ) y4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is & ! p>allel passage 9 #b ,pet] is ( special int]e/ "h2 = x looks z if :i*ev] writ] us$ ! "w ( ! o!r rememb]$ ! s\nd r ?an ! s5se4 ,we h "h 444 2 b 9 #b ,pet] ii4 #ac 444 7) z a v>i\s read+1 probably tak5 f ?is passage74 ,x is possible t !re may be no diff]5ce ( mean+ betwe5 & 4 ,! =m]1 :i* is ,/4 ,jude's ^w1 almo/ inv>iably means rocks1 b 9 an ,orphic poem ( ! f\r? c5tury means spots4 ,! latt]1 :i* is us$ 9 #b ,pet] ii4 #ac & ,eph4 v4 #bg1 g5]ally means spots1 b sometimes means rocks4 ,s t spots may be ! "r r5d]+ 9 bo? ,epi/les1 & rocks may be "r 9 bo?4 ,m probably1 h[ev]1 we %\ld und]/& spots 9 #b ,pet]1 & rocks "h4 ,! ,revis$ ,v]sion ins]ts hidd5 z an epi!t--hidd5 rocks 9 y\r love-fea/s--:i* is h>dly ju/ifiable1 because ! ^w seems to mean reefs ov] :i* ! sea da%es1 z di/9ct f rocks :i* are :olly cov]$ 7s 9 ! ,an?ologia ,palat9a1 ii4 #cij2 & 9 a fragm5t ( ,sophocles ! ^w has ! epi!t l(ty1 ' 1 & l(ty hidd5 rocks w\ld be almo/ a contradiction 9 t]ms74 ,moreov]1 hidd5 does n seem to be "r ev5 z an int]pretation2 = ^! pr(ligates 7 n at all hidd52 !y 7 utt]ly notori\s & sc&al\s4 ,!y made no secret ( _! misconduct1 b glori$ 9 x & def5d$ x4 ,yet ?is fact does n make ! "n rocks1 or reefs1 inappropriate4 ,a reef may be a v dang]\s ?+1 al?\gh x is always visible4 ,x may be impossible to avoid go+ ne> x2 & proximity to su* ?+s is always p]il\s4 ,s also ) ^! ungodly m53 ,/4 ,jude's read]s c\ld n :olly avoid !m1 ei!r 9 society or 9 ! public s]vices ( ! ,*ur*1 b _! pres5ce di/urb$ & pollut$ bo?4 ,! :ole purpose ( ! love-fea/s 0 wreck$ by ^! m54 ,l ,ca91 !y turn$ ! ord9ances ( religion into selfi%ness & s94 ,we _c d\bt t :5 ,/4 ,jude wrote ! eu*>i/ 0 /ill "p ( ! agape or love-fea/1 z :5 ,/4 ,paul wrote to ! ,cor9?ians 7,a4,d4 #eg1 #eh74 ,x 0 /ill ! ,"l's ,supp] n m]ely 9 "n1 b 9 fact 7#a ,cor4 xi4 #ag-cd2 ,acts xx4 #g-aa74 ,x is almo/ c]ta9 t :5 ,ignatius wrote 8 ,epi/les 7c4 ,a4,d4 #aab7 ! eu*>i/ 0 /ill unit$ ) ! love-fea/4 ,he writes to ! ,*ur* ( ,smyrna1 ,x is n lawful )\t ! bi%op ei!r to baptize or to hold a love-fea/ 7viii474 ,?is mu/ ref] to ! two sacram5ts1 ! adm9i/ration ( :i* are ! *ief functions ( ! prie/ly (fice4 ,ignatius _c h meant t a love-fea/ ap>t f ! eu*>i/ might n be held )\t ! bi%op4 ,:5 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr wrote 8 ,fir/ ,apology 7c4 ,a4,d4 #adj7 x is evid5t t ! two _h be5 sep>at$2 8 description ( ! eu*>i/ 7lxv4-lxvii47 implies t no love-fea/ accompani$ x 7see ,lightfoot1 ,/4 ,ignatius & ,/4 ,polyc>p1 ,i41 pp4 #eb1 #chg2 ,,ii41 p4 #cab3 ,macmillan1 #ahhe74 ,we may reg>d x1 !re=e1 z c]ta9 t ev5 if ?is ,epi/le be plac$ late 9 ! fir/ c5tury1 ,/4 ,jude is "h ref]r+ to a /ate ( ?+s v simil> to t :i* ,/4 ,paul rebukes 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,cor9?2 ! love-fea/ accompani$ by ! eu*>i/ 0 pr(an$ by ! %ameless indulg5ce ( ^! lib]t9es4 ,! love-fea/ symboliz$ ! bro!rhood ( ,*ri/ians4 ,x 0 a simple meal1 9 :i* all met z equals1 & ! ri* suppli$ ! necessities ( ! poor4 ,any?+ l excess 0 peculi>ly out ( place1 & x 0 ! duty ( ! ri* to see t ! poor] memb]s ( ! congregation 7 satisfi$4 ,b x w\ld seem z if ^! pr(ligates 7#a7 br\ght ) !m luxuri\s food1 ?us de/roy+ ! ,*ri/ian simplicity ( ! meal2 & 7#b7 br\ght ?is1 n = ! b5efit ( all1 b = _! own private enjoym5t1 ?us de/roy+ ! idea ( ,*ri/ian bro!rhood & equality4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! ^w us$ = fea/+ ) y 77 :i* necess>ily implies revelry or excess1 b 9 ?is connexion x implies c5sure4 ,to turn ! love-fea/ into a banquet 0 wrong1 h[ev] innoc5t a banquet might be 9 itself4 ,we might translate ! ^w :5 !y fea/ toge!r1 in/ead ( :5 !y fea/ ) y2 & ?is w\ld imply t at ! love-fea/ !y kept to !mselves1 & did n mix ) _! poor] bre?r54 ,?is makes good s5se2 b if ?is translation is adopt$1 we mu/ bew>e ( int]pret+ x to mean t ^! lib]t9es _h become s*ismatics1 & _h set up a love-fea/ ( _! own4 ,!y c\ld n be rocks 9 y\r love-fea/s if !y did n att5d ! love-fea/s4 ,!re are two o!r unc]ta9ties 9 ^! op5+ clauses--"o ( con/ruction1 & "o ( translation4 7#a7 ,ought we to take )\t fe> ) :at prec$es1 or ) :at foll[s--:5 !y fea/ ) y )\t fe>1 or t fe$ !mselves )\t fe>8 ,z 9 v]4 #g1 ) reg>d to ( et]nal fire1 we are unable to decide ) c]ta9ty4 ,bo? con/ructions make excell5t s5se1 & no?+ c be urg$ z be+ /rongly 9 fav\r ( ei!r4 ,engli% v]sions are divid$4 ,! ,rhemi% has fea/+ toge!r )\t fe>4 ,purvey1 ! ,au?oriz$1 & ! ,revis$ take )\t fe> ) fe$+ !mselves4 ,tyndale1 ,cranm]1 & ! ,g5evan aim at be+ z ambigu\s z ! ,greek2 !y place ) out fe>e betwe5 ! two clauses ) a comma on ea* side ( x4 7#b7 ,does fe$+ !mselves mean t !y f$ !mselves in/ead ( fe$+ ! flock8 7,ezek4 xxxiv4 #b1 #h2 ,isa4 lvi4 #aa74 ,if s1 ! ,revis]s give ! "r int]pretation ) %eph]ds t )\t fe> fe$ !mselves2 b ?is is int]pretation r ?an translation4 ,or does x mean t !y f$ !mselves1 in/ead ( wait+ to be f$ by ! %eph]ds8 ,if s1 x is q mislead+ to call !m %eph]ds4 ,z we h se5 already 7p4 #cij71 !re is no reason = ?9k+ t ^! pr(ligates set up z tea*]s or pa/ors4 ,we %all be saf] if we r5d] ! ,greek p>ticiple 7 7 by a p>ticiple3 pa/ur+ !mselves1 or %eph]d+ !mselves4 ,lucif]1 z ,dr4 ,salmon po9ts out1 r5d]s x semetipsos reg5tes1 :i* %[s t he und]/ood x 9 ! latt] s5se4 ,yet ?is second view does n imply any?+ s*ismatical 9 _! conduct1 b m]ely t !y 7 selfi% & disord]ly4 ,!y kept _! own good food1 & consum$ x among !mselves at ! love-fea/1 in/ead ( ?r[+ x into ! common /ore1 & all[+ x to be di/ribut$ to all by ! eld]s4 ,) full recognition ( ! fact t !re is mu* to be said = o!r views1 ! foll[+ r5d]+ may be accept$ z on ! :ole pref]able3 ,^! are !y :o are rocks 9 y\r love-fea/s1 fea/+ toge!r )\t fe>1 pa/ur+ _! own selves4 ,9 :at foll[s ,/4 ,jude piles metaphor on metaphor & epi!t on epi!t1 9 ! ef=t to express 8 indignation & abhorr5ce4 ,b we _c say t no d\bt also 9 ! comp>isons :i* he employs he has an eye to ! orig9al int5tion ( ! love-fea/4 ,x is some:at =c$ to say t ! love-fea/ 0 to h ! bless+ ( ! ra9 f heav52 x 0 meant to be a cause ( mu* fruit 9 ! :ole ,*ri/ian community4 ,b assum+ t wat]less cl\ds & fruitless trees may be made to ref] to ! love-fea/s1 :at are we to make ( wild waves & w&]+ />s 9 t connexion8 ,x is bett] to reg>d ! subject ( ! love-fea/s z end$1 & to take ! similes :i* foll[ z q indep5d5t4 ,^! m5 are o/5tati\s1 b !y d no good4 ,x 0 p]haps expect$ t _! admission to ! ,*ur* w\ld be a great ga9 to ,*ri/5dom2 b !y are z disappo9t+ z cl\ds t are c>ri$ pa/ 77 by w9ds )\t giv+ any ra92 & 9 ! ,ea/ t is "o ( ! mo/ griev\s among common disappo9tm5ts4 ,h[ ! fram]s ( ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion came to p]petrate su* a contradiction 9 t]ms z trees ^: fruit )]e?1 )\t fruit1 x is n easy to see4 ,no e>li] ,engli% v]sion is guilty ( x2 nor ! ,vulgate 7arbores autumnales1 infructuos72 nor ,beza1 ) :om ,calv9 agrees 7arbores em>cid1 infrugif]72 nor ,lu!r 7kahle unfru*tb>e ,bume74 ,! ,greek 7 7 means lit]ally autumn-)]+ trees2 i4e4 j at ! "t :5 fruit is expect$ !y )] & are )\t fruit4 ,! p>able ( ! b>r5 fig-tree 7,luke xiii4 #f-i7 is p]haps 9 ,/4 ,jude's m9d4 ,! epi!ts =m a natural climax--)]+ 9 autumn1 fruitless1 twice dead1 root$ up4 ,^! pr(ligates 7 twice dead1 because !y _h return$ aft] baptism to ! dea? ( s93 ! end ( su* m5 is t !y %all be root$ out at ! la/ 7,ps4 xxx4 #bh2 lii4 #e2 ,prov4 ii4 #bb74 ,:5 he calls !m wild waves ( ! sea1 foam+ out _! own %ames1 ,/4 ,jude is p]haps ?9k+ ( ! words ( ,isaiah3 ,! wick$ are l ! tr\bl$ sea2 = x _c re/1 & its wat]s ca/ up mire & dirt 7lvii4 #bj74 ,b ! word+ ( ! ,septuag9t is utt]ly diff]5t f t :i* we h "h2 x is ! ?\ght t is simil>4 ,:at are we to und]/& by w&]+ />s8 ,n planets1 nor comets1 nei!r ( :i* ei!r seem to w&] :ile "o looks at !m1 or d w&]1 9 ,/4 ,jude's s5se1 z a matt] ( fact4 ,bo? h _! orbits1 to :i* !y keep ) su* regul>ity t _! movem5ts c be accurately pr$ict$2 s t !y are symbols r ( ,*ri/ian lives ?an ( ! c\rse ( ! ungodly4 ,mu* m probably ,/4 ,jude means fall+ />s1 or %oot+ />s1 :i* seem to leave _! place 9 ! heav5s1 :]e !y are beautiful & useful1 & to w&] away into ! d>kness1 to ! confusion & dismay ( ^? :o obs]ve !m4 ,?us und]/ood1 ! simile =ms a natural transition to ! prophecy ( ,eno* :i* foll[s4 ,/4 ,jude's ?\ghts h once m gone back to ! fall5 angels 9 ! ,book ( ,eno*4 ,angels1 l />s1 h a pa? to keep1 & ^? :o keep x n are puni%$4 ,i saw ! w9ds :i* cause ! orb ( ! sun & ( all ! />s to set4444 ,i saw ! pa? ( ! angels4444 ,i p]ceiv$ a place :i* _h nei!r ! firmam5t ( heav5 above x1 nor ! solid gr\nd und]nea? x2 nei!r 0 !re wat] above x1 nor any?+ on w+2 b ! spot 0 desolate4 ,& !re ,i saw sev5 />s1 l great blaz+ m\nta9s1 & l spirits entreat+ me4 ,!n ! angel ,eno*'s guide said1 ,?is place1 until ! consummation ( heav5 & e>?1 w be ! prison ( ! />s & ! ho/ ( heav54 ,! />s :i* roll ov] fire are ^? :i* transgress$ ! comm&m5t ( ,god 7xviii4 #f1 #g1 #ac-af74 ,9 ano!r t]rible place he sees />s b\nd toge!r1 & is told t ^! are ! />s :i* h transgress$1 & t ?is is ! prison ( ! angels1 9 :i* !y are kept = ev] 7xxi4 #b1 #c1 #e1 #f74 ,^! extracts make x highly probable t :5 ,/4 ,jude comp>es ! ungodly to w&]+ />s1 = :om ! blackness ( d>kness ha? be5 res]v$ = ev]1 he is ?9k+ once m ( ! angels :i* left _! prop] habitation1 :o are kept 9 ev]la/+ bonds "u d>kness unto ! judgm5t ( ! great day 7v]4 #f74 ,aft] ?is return to ! ideas conta9$ 9 ! ,book ( ,eno*1 ! quotation ( ! prophecy comes q naturally2 & all ! m s because1 z ,ir5u indicates1 ,eno* =ms a spl5did contra/ to ! fall5 angels3 !y lo/ _! heav5ly habitation by displeas+ ,god1 :]eas he 0 tak5 up to heav5 = pleas+ ,him4 ,8 words %[ t he 0 acqua9t$ ) ! ,book ( ,eno*1 & accept$ x z tru/wor?y3 ,b ,eno* also )\t circumcision1 by pleas+ ,god1 al?\gh he 0 a man1 dis*>g$ ! (fice ( ambassador to angels1 & 0 translat$1 & is pres]v$ ev5 until n[ z a witness ( ! j judgm5t ( ,god3 :ile angels by transgression fell to e>? = judgm5t2 b a man by pleas+ ,him 0 translat$ = salvation 7,hr4 ,,iv4 xvi4 #b74 ,hav+ comp>$ ! pr(ligates to ! />s1 or angels1 :o fell f heav5 to e>?1 ,/4 ,jude passes on readily to quote ! w>n+ ( "o :o 0 tak5 up f e>? to heav54 ,& ! way 9 :i* ! prophecy is introduc$ makes u /ill m cle> z to ! s\rce f :i* ,/4 ,jude d]iv$ x3 ,eno*1 ! sev5? f ,adam1 prophesi$4 ,n[h]e 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & n[h]e else 9 ! ,new1 is ,eno* said to be ! sev5? f ,adam4 ,b he is call$ ! sev5? 9 ! ,book ( ,eno*1 :]e he is made to say1 ,i h be5 born ! sev5? 9 ! fir/ week 7xcii4 #d71 al?\gh 9 ord] to make sev5 bo? ,adam & ,eno* h to be c\nt$ 7xxxvii4 #a74 ,! numb] sev5 is possibly symbolical1 indicat+ p]fection4 ,?us ,dr4 ,we/cott takes ,eno* to be a type ( p]fect$ humanity 7,dict4 ( ! ,bible74 ,yet x is also possible t he is call$ ! sev5? 9 ! ,book ( ,eno*1 & consequ5tly by ,/4 ,jude1 9 ord] to m>k ! extreme antiquity ( ! prophecy1 or to di/+ui% him f o!r p]sons ( ! same "n 7,g54 xxv4 #d2 xlvi4 #i74 ,b a c>eful comp>ison ( ! passage 9 "q1 z quot$ by ,/4 ,jude1 & z x /&s 9 ! translation ( ! ,book ( ,eno*1 is ! *ief means ( det]m9+ ! s\rce ( ! quotation4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 _c be made satisfactorily until we c place ! ,greek1 ( :i* ! ,e?iopic v]sion ( ! ,book ( ,eno* is a translation1 side by side ) ,/4 ,jude's ,greek4 ,,eno*4 ,,/4 ,,jude ,behold1 ,he come? ) t5 ,behold1 ! ,"l came ) t5 ?\s&s ( ,8 holy ones1 to ?\s&s ( 8 holy ones to execute judgm5t ^u !m1 execute judgm5t ^u all1 & to de/roy ! ungodly & to convict all ! ungodly & reprove all ! c>nal or1 ( _! works ( ungodl9ess & w de/roy & convict :i* !y h ungodly wr\ght1 ! ungodly ) all fle%1 & ( all ! h>d ?+s :i* = ev]y?+ :i* ! ungodly s9n]s h spok5 s9n]s & ! ungodly h aga9/ ,him 7vv4 #ad1 #ae74 done & committ$ aga9/ ,him 7*ap4 ii474 ,x w be obs]v$ t !re is no?+ 9 ! ,book ( ,eno* to correspond ) ! say+ ab\t ! h>d ?+s :i* s9n]s h spok5 aga9/ ,god4 ,?is 9 itself is almo/ conclusive aga9/ ! hypo!sis1 :i* on o!r gr\nds is n v probable1 t "s lat] writ] copi$ ! prophecy z giv5 by ,/4 ,jude1 & ins]t$ x into ! ,book ( ,eno*4 ,if s1 :y did he n copy x exactly8 ,:y did he n only slightly v>y ! word+1 b omit a r important clause8 ,! passage is v %ort1 & a writ] :o 0 anxi\s to make ,/4 ,jude agree ) ! reput$ prophecy w\ld be likely to make ! agreem5t exact4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ,/4 ,jude is quot+ loosely f memory1 or f a ,greek or ,aramaic orig9al1 ( :i* ! text v>i$ some:at f ! ,e?iopic translation :i* has come d[n to u1 ev]y?+ is expla9$4 ,he w\ld be t5aci\s ( ! clause ab\t h>d ?+s spok5 aga9/ ,god1 z a w>n+ to ^? :o set at n\ght dom9ion & rail at dignities4 ,x is ( c\rse possible t bo? ! au?or ( ?is book & ,/4 ,jude indep5d5tly make use ( a traditional say+ attribut$ to ,eno*4 ,b see+ t ! "w 0 9 exi/5ce :5 ,/4 ,jude wrote1 0 probably well kn[n to 8 read]s1 & conta9s mo/ ( ! passage :i* he quotes2 & see+ t else:]e 9 8 ,epi/le he seems to ref] to o!r p>ts ( ! book1 f> ! m reasonable view is t he quotes directly f x4 ,! case !re=e is p>allel to t ( ! ref]5ce to ,! ,assumption ( ,moses 9 v]4 #i4 ,/4 ,jude probably believ$ ! prophecy to be a g5u9e prophecy ( ,eno*1 & ! writ+ 9 :i* x occurs to be a g5u9e revelation respect+ ! visible & invisible _w2 b ev5 if he knew its apocryphal "*1 its apposit5ess to ! subject ( :i* he is s full might easily lead him to quote x to p]sons :o w\ld be famili> ) x4 ,we h no "r to prejudge ! "q ( fitness1 & say t inspiration w\ld c]ta9ly pres]ve its in/rum5ts f witt+ly or unwitt+ly mak+ use ( a fictiti\s apocalypse4 ,our bus9ess1 z rev]5t & !re=e hone/ /ud5ts1 is to asc]ta9 :e!r ?is writ] does d]ive "s ( 8 mat]ial f ! docum5t :i*1 aft] ! lapse ( s _m c5turies1 0 giv5 back to u ab\t a hundr$ & tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,if on critical gr\nds we f9d ourselves compell$ to believe t ?is docum5t is ! s\rce f :i* ,/4 ,jude draws1 !n let u bew>e ( sett+ our own preconceptions above ! wisdom ( ,god1 :o 9 ?is case1 z 9 _m m1 has be5 pleas$ to employ an unexpect$ in/rum5t1 & has made a human fiction ! means ( proclaim+ a ,div9e tru?4 ,x rema9s to give "s fur!r acc\nt ( ! int5sely int]e/+ writ+ :i* ,/4 ,jude appe>s to h us$4 ,! ,books ( ,daniel1 ,ezekiel1 & ,ze*>iah gave to ! ,jews a love ( visions1 revelations1 & prophecies :i* at times 0 almo/ insatiable2 &1 :5 ! gift ( prophecy came to an end1 ! ?ree c5turies betwe5 ,mala*i & ! ,bapti/1 dur+ :i* x seem$ z if ,jehovah _h dep>t$ f ,8 p1 & answ]$ no m1 nei!r by dreams nor by prophets1 appe>$ dre>y & intol]able4 ,:at _h be5 writt5 by ,moses & ! ,prophets did n satisfy4 ,fre% revelations 7 desir$2 & ! reality be+ abs5t1 fiction attempt$ to /op ! gap4 ,su* writ+s z ! ,book ( ,eno*1 ,assumption ( ,moses1 ,te/am5t ( ,moses1 ,eldad & ,modad1 ,apocalypse ( ,elijah1 etc41 etc41 7 ! result4 ,?is desire = prophecies & revelations pass$ ov] f ,judaism into ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 & 0 quick5$ r ?an satisfi$ by ! ,revelation ( ,/4 ,john4 ,dur+ ! fir/ two c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era su* lit]ature cont9u$ to be produc$ by ,jews & ,*ri/ians alike2 & specim5s ( x /ill survive 9 ! ,apocalypse ( ,b>u* & ! ,f\r? ,book ( ,ezra on ! ,jewi% side1 & ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas on ! ,*ri/ian2 ! ,te/am5ts ( ! ,twelve ,patri>*s be+ app>5tly a ,jewi% orig9al ) ,*ri/ian int]polations4 ,b 9 mo/ cases only ! titles survive1 & :]e ! revelation or prophecy is attribut$ to an ,old ,te/am5t "* we are unable to decide :e!r ! fiction 0 ( ,jewi% or ( ,*ri/ian orig94 ,x is /range t su* a writ+ z ! ,book ( ,eno* %\ld h be5 all[$ to disappe> entirely f ! ,we/ aft] ! f\r? c5tury1 & f ! ,ea/ aft] ! eigh?4 ,! quotations 9 ! ,*ronographia ( ,georgius ,syncellus1 "s portions ( :i* are n f\nd 9 ! recov]$ ,e?iopic ,v]sion1 are ! la/ traces t we h ( x until e>ly 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :5 x 0 rum\r$ t x 0 extant 9 ,abyss9ia1 & late 9 ! eighte5?1 :5 x 0 f\nd !re4 ,! revelations :i* x pr(esses to make respect+ judgm5t1 heav51 & hell might h be5 expect$ to make x a special fav\rite ) ,*ri/ians f ! f\r? to ! t5? c5tury1 dur+ :i* p]iod "o ( ! commone/ topics ( speculation 0 ! end ( ! _w4 ,moreov]1 !re 0 ! passage 9 ,jude1 ) ! notices 9 ,b>nabas1 ,ir5u1 ,t]tullian1 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,orig51 ,j]ome1 & o!rs1 to keep ! book f be+ =gott54 ,b x 0 g5]ally believ$ t ! end ( ! _w w\ld be h]ald$ by two great signs--! d[nfall ( ,rome1 & ! com+ ( ,anti*ri/4 ,ab\t ^! ! ,book ( ,eno* conta9s no h9t1 & ! abs5ce ( su* mat]ial may h caus$ x to pass out ( k4 ,engli%m5 h ! hon\r ( giv+ x back to ,europe4 ,james ,bruce br\ght ! ,e?iopic translation f ,abyss9ia 9 #aggc1 & ,ar*bi%op ,laur5ce publi%$ an ,engli% translation ( x 9 #ahba1 & an ,e?iopic text 9 #ahch4 ,s9ce !n ! s*ol>s :o h edit$ x or comm5t$ on x h be5 almo/ exclusively ,g]mans4#abf ,x is g5]ally ackn[l$g$ t ! book is a composite "o4 ,probably ! orig9al writ] incorporat$ old] mat]ials1 & 8 "w has probably be5 int]polat$ by lat] h&s4 ,:e!r any ( ^! suppos$ int]polations are ,*ri/ian is /ill debat$2 & ! "q sc>cely admits ( a decid$ answ]4 ,on ! "o h&1 !re are expressions :i* w\ld come mu* m naturally f a ,*ri/ian ?an f a ,jew2 on ! o!r1 x is difficult to see :y a ,*ri/ian %\ld ins]t any?+ at all1 if he did n ins]t :at might tea* o!rs ,*ri/ian tru?4 ,messianic passages ab\nd2 & 9 !m ! ,messiah is call$1 aga9 & aga91 ! ,son ( man & ! ,elect ,"o2 twice ,he is call$ ! ,ano9t$ 7xlvii4 #aa2 li4 #d71 twice ! ,righte\s ,"o 7xxxviii4 #b2 lii4 #f2 :]e ,laur5ce translates o!rwise72 once ,he is ! ,son ( ! (fspr+ ( ! "m ( ! liv+1 i4e4 ,son ( ! son ( ,eve 7lxi4 #aj72 & once ! ,"l speaks ( ,him z ,my ,son 7civ4 #b74 ,?is ,messiah is ! ,judge ( m5 & angels1 by ! appo9tm5t ( ,jehovah4 ,9 ^? days w ! e>? give back t :i* has be5 entru/$ to x1 & ,%eol w give back t :i* has be5 entru/$ to x1 :i* x has receiv$1 & de/ruction 7,abaddon7 w give back :at x owes4444 ,& 9 ^? days w ! ,elect ,"o sit ^u ,8 ?rone1 & all secrets ( wisdom w come =? f ! ?\ghts ( ,8 m\?2 = ! ,"l ( spirits ha? giv5 x to ,him1 & ha? glorifi$ ,him 7l4 #a1 #c74 ,!n ! ,"l ( spirits made to sit ^u ! ?rone ( ,8 glory ! ,elect ,"o1 :o w judge all ! works ( ! holy 7lx4 #aj1 #aa2 lxviii4 #ci74 ,b ?is ,messiah is n mu* m ?an a highly exalt$ angel4 ,he is n ! ,^w2 he is n ,god4 ,t ?is ,son ( man has already liv$ ^u ! e>? is n indicat$4 ,( ! "n ,jesus1 ! ,crucifixion1 ! ,resurrection1 or ! ,asc5sion1 !re is n a trace4 ,!re is no h9t ( baptism1 or ( ! eu*>i/1 or ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,9 a ^w1 ev]y?+ di/9ctly ,*ri/ian is abs5t1 ev5 f t section 7xxxvii4-lxxi47 :i* makes ! ne>e/ approa*es to ,*ri/ian language1 & :i* is probably a lat] ins]tion4 ,x is difficult to see :at object a ,*ri/ian c\ld h 9 writ+ j ?is & no m4 ,! fact t s _m ( ! angels h ,hebrew names fav\rs ! view t ! orig9al 0 9 ,hebrew or ,aramaic1 ( :i* ! ,greek1 f :i* ! ,e?iopic v]sion is tak51 0 only a translation4 ,if s1 ?is also is 9 fav\r ( ,jewi%1 r ?an ( ,*ri/ian orig94 ,^? :o c %\ld read ! :ole book 9 ,laur5ce's translation1 or /ill bett] 9 ,dillmann's4 ,b ! m accurately translat$ portions giv5 9 ,we/cott & 9 ,/anton w give "s idea ( ! :ole4 ,! latt] h be5 us$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,! book is manife/ly ! "w ( a man ( ! mo/ e>ne/ convictions1 "o :o believes 9 ,god1 & fe>s ,him1 & is appall$ at ! practical infidelity & utt] godlessness :i* he f9ds ar\nd him4 ,on two ?+s he is ev] insi/+3 7#a7 t ,god's rule ext5ds ev]y:]e1 ov] angels & m51 no less ?an ov] w9ds & />s2 7#b7 t ?is rule is a moral "o1 = ,he abundantly rew>ds righte\sness1 & fe>fully puni%es s94 ,no?+1 !re=e1 c\ld well be m 9 h>mony ) ! _s & purpose ( ,/4 ,jude1 & x ought n to p]plex u t he makes use ( su* a book4 ,b 9 any case x may reassure u to rememb] t1 9 spite ( its be+ quot$ 9 ,scripture1 ! ,*ur* has nev] be5 all[$ to admit x z ,scripture4 ,! m9d ( ,*ri/5dom has nev] wav]$ z to ! real "* ( ! ,book ( ,eno*4 ,x is "o ( ! _m ecc5tricities ( ,t]tullian t he upholds its au?ority2 b 8 special plead+ has misl$ no "o else 7,de ,cultu ,fem4 ,i4 iii474 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr app>5tly knew x 7,apol4 ,,ii4 v471 b !re is no?+ to %[ t he accept$ x z a g5u9e revelation4 ,orig5 7,contra ,cels4 ,v4 liv43 comp4 ,9 ,num]4 ,homil4 xxviii4 #b2 ,9 ,joannem1 tom4 vi41 cap4 xxv43 ,de la ,rue1 ii4 #chd2 iv4 #adb7 di/9ctly m>ks x z uncanonical & ( d\btful value2 ,augu/9e 7,de ,civ4 ,dei1 ,,xv4 xxiii4 #d7 & ,j]ome 7,de ,vir4 ,illu/r4 iv47 reject x z apocryphal2 & soon aft] _! "t x seems to h disappe>$ f ,we/]n ,*ri/5dom4 ,z already /at$1 x is unc]ta9 :e!r ,/4 ,jude 0 mi/ak5 z to ! true nature ( ! book3 x is q c]ta9 t ! ,*ur* has be5 pres]v$ f be+ s4 ,,note4--,= a collection ( p>allels betwe5 ! ,book ( ,eno* & #b ,pet] & ,jude see ! ,new ,te/am5t ,comm5t>y = ,engli% ,read]s1 edit$ by ,bi%op ,ellicott1 vol4 iii41 pp4 #eah1 #eai 7,cassells1 #ahgi74 #abe ,purvey has ,b4444 ,&4444 ,b4444 ,tyndale1 ,cov]dale1 ,cramm]1 & ! ,g5evan ,v]sion 7foll[+ ! read+ ( ,a7 omit ! conjunction altoge!r 9 ! fir/ place4 ,x is ! ,rhemi% ,v]sion :i* fir/ introduces ,& into ! fir/ place2 yet "o might h expect$ t x1 be+ made direct f ! ,vulgate1 w\ld h be5 correct 9 ?is p>ticul>4 #abf ,h(mann1 ,gfrr]1 ,ltzelb]g]1 ,lcke1 ,ewald1 ,k/l91 ,hilg5feld1 ,weisse1 ,volkm>1 ,geig]1 ,lang51 ,sieff]t1 ,philippi1 ,gebh>dt1 ,wiesel]1 & o!rs1 especially ,h(fmann & ,dillmann1 :o h publi%$ complete translations ) notes & explanations4 ,dillmann's "w 7,leipzig1 #ahec7 is /ill ! /&>d "w on ! subject1 b is out ( pr9t4 ,s*odde publi%$ an ,engli% translation ) notes at ,&ov]1 #ahhb2 & ! ,engli% read] w f9d mu* in=mation 9 ! articles by ,we/cott 9 ! ,dict4 ( ! ,bible & by ,lipsius 9 ! ,dict4 ( ,*r4 ,biography2 also 9 ,we/cott's ,introduction to ! ,gospels1 pp4 #gc1 #ii-aji1 #g? ed42 9 ,s*r]'s ,! ,jewi% ,p 9 ! ,"t ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 ,div4 ,,ii41 vol4 iii41 pp4 #ed-gc2 9 ,/anton's ,! ,jewi% & ! ,*ri/ian ,messiah 7,t4 & ,t4 ,cl>k1 #ahhf71 pp4 #dd-fd1 #hh-ie1 #aci1 #adj1 #agj-ge1 #caa-ae1 #ccb-ce1 #cdg2 & 9 ,drummond's ,! ,jewi% ,messiah1 #ahgg1 pp4 #ag-gc4 ,murray's ,eno* ,re/itutus 7,riv+ton1 #ahcf7 does n seem to be ( mu* value4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvi4 ,,! ,,description ,,correspond+ ,,to ,,balaam3 ,,impi\s ,,discont5t ,,& ,,gre$ ,,( ,,! ,,lib]t9es4 ,,! ,,apo/olic ,,w>n+ ,,respect+ ,,!m4 ,^! are murmur]s1 compla9]s1 walk+ aft] _! lu/s 7& _! m\? speake? great swell+ words71 %[+ respect ( p]sons = ! sake ( advantage4 ,b ye1 belov$1 rememb] ye ! words :i* h be5 spok5 be=e by ! ,apo/les ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/2 h[ t !y said to y1 ,9 ! la/ "t !re %all be mock]s1 walk+ aft] _! own ungodly lu/s4--,,/4 ,,jude #af-ah4 ,^! words =m ! second "p ( ! ?reefold description ( ! lib]t9es2 & j z ! fir/ "p 0 balanc$ by a prophetic w>n+ quot$ f ! ,book ( ,eno*1 s ?is "p is balanc$ by a quotation ( ! prophetic w>n+ giv5 by ! ,apo/les1 to ! effect t p]sons l ^! ungodly m5 w\ld c]ta9ly arise4 ,?is second division m cle>ly corresponds to ! case ( ,balaam m5tion$ 9 v]4 #aa ?an ! fir/ division ( ! description corresponds to ! case ( ,ca94 ,?is w appe> :5 we come to exam9e ! details4 ,^! are murmur]s4 ,= ! second "t ,/4 ,jude po9ts to ! intrud]s :o are di/urb+ ! ,*ur*1 & %[s 8 read]s ano!r gr\p ( *>act]i/ics by :i* ^! dang]\s p]sons1 :o disgrace ! "n ( ,*ri/ian1 may be kn[n4 ,?is second gr\p hangs on closely to :at imm$iately prec$es4 ,x seems to h be5 sugge/$ by ! la/ words ( ! prophecy quot$ f ,eno*1 ! h>d ?+s :i* ungodly s9n]s h spok5 aga9/ ,him4 ,! way 9 :i* ! lib]t9es spoke h>d ?+s aga9/ ,god 0 by murmur+ aga9/ ,8 decrees & compla9+ ( ! disp5sations ( ,8 ,provid5ce4 ,?is is ! exact mean+ ( ! ^w :i* is r5d]$ compla9]s 771 & :i* occurs n[h]e else 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t2 f9d+ fault ) _! lot1 i4e4 discont5t$ ) ! condition ( life :i* ,god _h assign$ to !m1 & n only blam+ ,him = ?is1 b = ! moral re/rictions :i* ,he _h impos$ ^u !m & ^u all mank9d4 ,m5 :o walk aft] _! lu/s1 & %ape _! c\rse 9 accordance ) ^! 7 71 _c be cont5t$1 = ! means ( gratify+ ! lu/s are n always pres5t1 & ! lu/s !mselves are insatiable3 ev5 :5 gratification is possible1 x is only tempor>y2 ! unruly desires are c]ta9 to revive & clam\r once m = satisfaction4 ,?is 0 notably ! case ) ,balaam1 ^: grasp+ cupidity *af$ aga9/ ! re/ra9ts :i* prev5t$ x f be+ gratifi$4 ,z ,bi%op ,butl] says ( him1 ,he want$ to d :at he knew to be v wick$1 & contr>y to ! express comm& ( ,god2 he _h inw>d *ecks & re/ra9ts1 :i* he c\ld n entirely get ov]2 he !re=e ca/s ab\t = ways to reconcile ?is wick$ness ) 8 duty1 7,s]mon vii474 ,f a some:at diff]5t po9t ( view ,j4 ,h4 ,newman says mu* ! same ?+ ( him3 ,balaam w\ld h giv5 ! _w to h got rid ( 8 duties2 & ! "q 01 h[ to d s )\t viol5ce 7,pla9 ,s]mons1 ,riv+tons1 #ahfh1 vol4 iv41 p4 #bh74 ,isaac ,williams1 :o has a s]mon on ! same subject1 puts ! matt] 9 yet ano!r way4 ,balaam knew :at 0 holy & good1 & x may be t he lov$ x also1 b he lov$ ri*es m3 8 k 0 ) ,god2 8 w 0 ) ,satan4444 ,he wi%$ to proce$ toge!r ) ,god & ,mammon--,god on 8 lips1 & ,mammon 9 8 he>t 7,! ,*>act]s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ,riv+tons1 #ahfi1 pp4 #abh1 #acj74 ,! way 9 :i* ! lib]t9es seem to h set ab\t ! impossible task ( gett+ rid ( _! duties & reconcil+ ! s]vice ( ,god ) ! s]vice ( ,satan appe>s to h be5 t ( r\ndly decl>+ t ,*ri/ian lib]ty includ$ fre$om to gratify "o's desires3 if x did n d s1 x 0 an empty delusion4 ,9 ?is way !y turn$ ! grace ( ,god into lascivi\sness 7v]4 #d71 & _! m\? spoke great swell+ words4 ,9 ! p>allel passage 9 #b ,pet] an explanation ( ?is k9d is giv5 ( ! great swell+ words4 ,by means ( !m ^! evil m5 entic$ o!rs 9 ! lu/s ( ! fle% by lascivi\sness1 444 promis+ !m lib]ty 7#b ,pet] ii4 #ah1 #ai74 ,accord+ to !m1 x 0 ! magnific5t privilege ( ,*ri/ians to be fre$ f righte\sness & become ! slaves ( s94 ,ir5u attributes doctr9e ( ?is k9d to ,simon ,magus & 8 foll[]s1 :o1 z be+ free1 live z !y please2 = m5 are sav$ ?r\gh ,8 grace1 & n ?r\gh _! own righte\s acts4 ,= righte\s actions are n su* 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 b accid5tally 7,hr4 ,i4 xxiii4 #c74 ,%[+ respect ( p]sons = ! sake ( advantage4 ,?is1 aga91 is exactly :at ,balaam did4 ,he _h reg>d to ,balak & ! pr9ces :om he s5t z ambassadors2 & he did ?is because he hop$ to ga9 ! l>ge rew>d :i* !y 7 told to promise him if he w\ld b ex]cise 8 prophetic p[] 9 solemnly curs+ ,israel4 ,9 l mann] ^! blatant pr(ligates1 :o 7 l\d 9 _! compla9ts aga9/ ! treatm5t :i* !y receiv$ f ,provid5ce1 & equally l\d 9 prote/+ t ! ,gospel all[$ !m & o!rs ! lic5ce :i* !y desir$1 nev]!less became mean flatt]]s & p>asites :5 !re 0 any *ance ( gett+ any?+ f p]sons ( weal? & di/9ction4 ,?is app>5tly incongru\s comb9ation ( arrogant self-ass]tion ) grovell+ sycophancy is common en\gh 9 m5 )\t pr9ciple1 z ,calv9 rem>ks4 ,:5 !re is no "o to *eck _! insol5ce1 or :5 !re is no?+ :i* /&s 9 _! way1 _! pride is intol]able1 s t !y imp]i\sly arrogate ev]y?+ to !mselves2 b !y meanly flatt] ^? :om !y fe>1 & f :om !y expect "s advantage4 ,:ile !y refuse submission :]e x is due1 !y give x :]e x is n due4 ,!y rebelli\sly reject ! pla9 comm&s ( ,god1 & yet s]vilely cr+e to ! hum\rs & caprices ( _! fell[-m54 ,b ye1 belov$1 rememb] ye ! words :i* h be5 spok5 be=e by ! ,apo/les ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,! ,revis]s h done well to re/ore ! ye--,b ye1 belov$--:i* 0 9 all ,engli% v]sions previ\s to t ( #afaa1 j z 9 v]4 #bj4 ,9 bo? cases ! pron\n is emphatic1 & places ! p]sons address$ 9 m>k$ contra/ to ! ungodly m5 aga9/ :om !y are be+ w>n$4 ,:atev] !y may d1 d n y be deceiv$ by _! arrogant language & "t-s]v+ conduct1 = ^! are ! sc(f+ s5suali/s aga9/ :om y h already be5 w>n$ be=eh& by ! ,apo/les4 ,_! behavi\r is amaz+1 b x ought n to take y by surprise4 ,/4 ,jude evid5tly takes = grant$ t ! ,apo/olic w>n+ :i* he quotes is well kn[n to 8 read]s4 ,su* an appeal to ! au?ority ( ! ,apo/les w\ld c]ta9ly be m natural 9 "o :o 0 himself n an ,apo/le1 b x mu/ n be reg>d$ z q decisive1 z if ,/4 ,jude _h writt5 h[ t !y said to u4 ,o!r reasons1 h[ev]1 support ! impression :i* ?is passage conveys1 t ! writ] is n an ,apo/le 7see pp4 #cgb1 #cgc74 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is no?+ 9 ^! words to w>rant ! conclusion t ! writ] reg>ds ! ,apo/les z p]sons :o liv$ long ago1 or :o gave ?is w>n+ long ago4 ,all t is impli$ is t be=e ^! ungodly m5 crept 9 privily into ! ,*ur*1 ,apo/les _h =etold t su* p]sons w\ld arise4 ,9 ! la/ "t is n ,/4 ,jude's expression1 b !irs2 & by x ! ,apo/les c]ta9ly did n mean an age remote f _! own3 ! la/ "t _h already begun :5 !y wrote 7see on #b ,tim4 iii4 #a1 #b1 9 ,! ,pa/oral ,epi/les1 9 ?is s]ies1 pp4 #cgg1 #cgh2 & comp4 #a ,john ii4 #ah2 ,heb4 i4 #b2 #a ,pet] i4 #bj74 ,h[ t !y said to y may mean h[ t !y us$ to say to y 7 71 & may ref] to oral tea*+2 b we _c be at all c]ta9 ( ?is4 ,/ill less c we be c]ta9 t1 if writt5 w>n+s are includ$ or specially meant1 ! ref]5ce is to #b ,pet] iii4 #c3 kn[+ ?is fir/1 t 9 ! la/ days mock]s %all come ) mock]y1 walk+ aft] _! own lu/s4 ,bo? passages may h a common s\rce1 or t 9 #b ,pet] may be modell$ ^u ?is "o4 ,! ^w = mock]s is ! same 9 bo? 771 & x is a v unusual ^w1 n us$ by pr(ane writ]s1 nor any:]e else 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t2 9 ! ,septuag9t x occurs only once 7,isa4 iii4 #d71 & !re app>5tly 9 ! s5se ( *ildi% p]sons4 ,! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion un=tunately obscures ?is close connexion betwe5 ! word+ ( #b ,pet] iii4 #c1 & t ( ?is passage1 by hav+ sc(f]s 9 ! "o1 & mock]s 9 ! o!r4 ,! p>ticul> 9 :i* ! two passages really diff] mu/ n pass )\t notice4 ,/4 ,jude writes1 walk+ aft] _! own ungodly lu/s1 or1 m lit]ally1 _! own lu/s ( ungodl9esses 7 74 ,mo/ probably ! g5itive "h is descriptive1 z 9 ,james i4 #bd & ii4 #d2 & !re=e ! sub/itution ( ! adjective ungodly = x 9 ! ,engli% v]sions is ju/ifiable4 ,b x is possible t lu/s ( ungodl9esses means t !y lu/$ aft] impieties1 & !re=e ! r5d]+ giv5 9 ! m>g9 ( ! ,revis$ ,v]sion %\ld n be left unhe$$4 ,wiclif1 ,purvey1 & ! ,rhemi% "h diff] f o!r ,engli% v]sions1 be+ made f lat] texts ( ! ,vulgate1 :i* read1 secundum desid]ia sua ambulantes 9 impietatibus or 9 impietate1 :]eas ! bett] text has impietatum4 ,h[ev] we translate ! g5itive case1 we may reg>d ! ^w z an e*o ( ! prophecy quot$ f ! ,book ( ,eno*1 9 :i* ungodly or ungodl9ess occurs ) p]si/5t it]ation 7v]4 #ae74 ,! fact t ?is expression 7 7 occurs "h1 b n 9 ! p>allel v]se 9 #b ,pet]1 is an indication ( a mu* m important diff]5ce betwe5 ! two passages4 ,9 spite ( ! great simil>ity ( word+1 ! mean+ is v diff]5t4 ,! mock]s 9 ea* case mock at totally diff]5t ?+s4 ,9 #b ,pet] we are expressly told t !y sc(f$ at ! belief t ,*ri/ 0 com+ to judge ! _w4 ,:at has become ( ! promise ( ,8 com+8 ,ev]y?+ goes on j z x has done = g5]ations4 ,!re is n a h9t ( any su* notion "h2 on ! contr>y1 x is impli$ t ^! lib]t9es mock$ at ,god's deal+s ) !mselves1 & at ! belief t ! ,gospel did n give !m full lib]ty to gratify _! s5sual desires4 ,!y 7 among ^? ( :om x is writt5 t fools make a mock at s9 7,prov4 xiv4 #i74 ,by sc(f+ at ?+s sacr$1 & ridicul+ ! notion t !re is any h>m 9 lic5ti\sness1 or any?+ e/imable 9 hol9ess1 !y creat$ a moral atmosph]e 9 :i* m5 s9n$ ) a light he>t1 because s9 0 made to look z if x 7 a matt] ( no mom5t1 a ?+ to be indulg$ 9 )\t anxiety or remorse4 ,x w\ld be m reasonable & less repreh5sible to make a mock at c>nage or pe/il5ce1 & tea* m5 to g ) a light he>t into a desolat+ w> or plague-/rick5 neighb\rhood4 ,9 su* cases exp]i5ce ( ! manife/ horrors w\ld soon cure ! light-he>t$ness4 ,b ! horrible nature ( s9 is n s manife/1 & ) reg>d to t exp]i5ce tea*es its lesson m sl[ly4 ,x is l a poison+ ( ! blood r ?an a w\nd 9 ! fle%1 & may h done incalculable mis*ief be=e any s]i\s pa9 is felt1 or any grave al>m excit$4 ,h5ce x is q easy = _m to walk aft] _! own ungodly lu/s1 & at ! same "t mock at s9 & its consequ5ces4 ,& !n ! conv]se ( ! prov]b becomes true1 & s9 mocks at ! fools t mock$ at x--a mean+ :i* ! ,hebrew may v well h4 ,9 ! m>g9 ( ! ,revis$ ,v]sion we read1 ,guilt mocke? at ! fooli%4 ,z ,delilah mock$ at ,samson1 s does s9 mock at ^? :o h be5 tak5 captive by x4 ,!re is no folly equal to ! foolh>d9ess ( ^? :o make light1 ei!r to !mselves or to o!rs1 ( ! deadly "* ( any =m ( s94 ,!y !reby save ! tempt] all tr\ble1 & d 8 "w !mselves4 ,8 own iniquities %all take ! wick$1 & he %all be hold5 ) ! cords ( 8 s94 ,he %all die = lack ( in/ruction2 & 9 ! greatness ( 8 folly he %all g a/ray 7,prov4 v4 #bb1 #bc74 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvii4 ,,! ,,description ,,correspond+ ,,to ,,korah3 ,,mak+ ,,sep>ations4 ,,exhortation ,,to ,,! ,,fai?ful ,,to ,,build ,,up ,,!mselves1 ,,& ,,!n ,,rescue ,,o!rs4 ,^! are !y :o make sep>ations s5sual1 hav+ n ! ,_s4 ,b ye1 belov$1 build+ up y\rselves on y\r mo/ holy fai?1 pray+ 9 ! ,holy ,_s1 keep y\rselves 9 ! love ( ,god1 look+ = ! m]cy ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ unto et]nal life4 ,& on "s h m]cy1 :o are 9 d\bt2 & "s save1 snat*+ !m out ( ! fire2 & on "s h m]cy ) fe>2 hat+ ev5 ! g>m5t spott$ by ! fle%4--,,/4 ,,jude #ai-bc4 ,= ! ?ird & la/ "t ,/4 ,jude po9ts 8 f+] at ! ungodly intrud]s :o are work+ su* mis*ief 9 ! ,*ur*1 & gives ano!r triplet ( *>act]i/ics by :i* !y may be recogniz$4 ,^! are !y :o make sep>ations4 ,?is is ! fir/ po9t2 l ,korah & 8 company1 ^! m5 are sep>ati/s 7 74 ,!y d n actually make a s*ism f ! ,*ur*1 = !y frequ5t ! love-fea/s & pr(ess memb]%ip2 b !y create a faction )9 x4 ,ev5 9 ! public s]vices ( ! ,*ur* !y keep alo( f ! poor] memb]s ( ! congregation4 ,at ! love-fea/s !y fe$ !mselves on ! good ?+s :i* !y br+ ) !m1 in/ead ( h&+ !m ov] to ! m9i/]s to be di/ribut$ among all4 ,& 9 society !y c>e only = p]sons ( rank & weal?1 out ( :om !y hope to ga9 some?+4 ,wor/ ( all1 !y claim to be specially enlight5$ memb]s ( ! ,*ur*1 hav+ a m compreh5sive k ( ! nature ( ,*ri/ian lib]ty1 :ile !y are turn+ ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ian life upside d[n4 ,h5ce1 al?\gh !y are n actual s*ismatics1 :o h gone out ( ! ,*ur* & set up a communion ( _! own1 _! t5d5cies are 9 t direction4 ,!y are1 9 %ort1 mu* ! same k9d ( p z ^? aga9/ :om ,/4 ,paul w>ns 8 read]s 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans3 ,n[ ,i besee* y1 bre?r51 m>k !m :i* are caus+ ! divisions & occasions ( /umbl+1 contr>y to ! doctr9e :i* ye le>n$3 & turn away f !m4 ,= !y t are su* s]ve n our ,"l ,*ri/1 b _! own belly2 & by _! smoo? & fair spee* !y beguile ! he>ts ( ! innoc5t 7xvi4 #ag1 #ah74 ,& aga9 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,philippians3 ,= _m walk ( :om ,i told y (t51 & n[ tell y ev5 weep+1 t !y are ! enemies ( ! cross ( ,*ri/3 ^: end is p]dition1 ^: god is ! belly1 & ^: glory is 9 _! %ame1 :o m9d e>?ly ?+s 7iii4 #ah1 #ai74 ,a p>allel to ne>ly e clause 9 ^! two descriptions might be f\nd 9 ! acc\nt ( ! lib]t9es giv5 by ,/4 ,jude4 ,inde$1 ! words 9 :i* ,bi%op ,lightfoot sums up ,/4 ,paul's description might be adopt$ v]batim z a summ>y ( ! description 9 our ,epi/le3 ,!y are describ$ z creat+ divisions & (f5ces1 z hold+ plausible language1 z pr(ess+ to be wise beyond o!rs1 & yet n innoc5t 9 _! wisdom4 ,!y are ,ant9omians1 :o refuse to con=m to ! ,cross1 & live a life ( self-indulg5ce4 ,! unfett]$ lib]ty ( :i* !y boa/1 ?us p]v]t$1 becomes _! deepe/ degradation 7,philippians1 ,notes on iii4 #ah1 #ai74 ,hook]1 9 8 s]mons on ?is passage1 al?\gh he adopts ! translation ( ,tyndale1 cont9u$ by ,cranm] & ! ,g5evan ,v]sion1 ,^! are mak]s ( sects1 yet 9 8 exposition foll[s ! corrupt read+ :i* misl$ ! translators ( #afaa1 ,^! be !y :o sep>ate !mselves 7 71 !mselves be+ abs5t f almo/ all ! anci5t ,,mss4 & v]sions4 ,he says1 ,/4 ,jude1 to express ! mann] ( _! dep>ture :i* by apo/asy fell away f ! fai? ( ,*ri/1 sai?1 ',!y sep>at$ !mselves2' not+ !reby t x 0 n con/ra9t ( o!rs :i* =c$ !m to dep>t2 x 0 n infirmity & weakness 9 !mselves1 x 0 n fe> ( p]secution to come ^u !m1 :]eat _! he>ts did fail2 x 0 n grief ( torm5ts1 :]e( !y _h ta/$1 & 7 n able any long] to endure !m4 ,no1 !y volunt>ily did sep>ate !mselves1 ) a fully settl$ & altoge!r det]m9$ purpose nev] to "n ! ,"l ,jesus any m1 nor to h any fell[%ip ) ,8 sa9ts1 b to b5d all _! c\nsel & all _! /r5g? to raze out _! memorial f among/ !m 7,s]m4 v4 #aa74 ,"h !re is a d\ble error 9 ! quotation f ,/4 ,jude1 & !re=e consid]able error 9 ! exposition ( 8 mean+4 ,/4 ,jude does n say t ^! lib]t9es sep>ated1 b t !y are ^? :o are sep>at+1 i4e4 are habitually mak+ sep>ations or diff]5ces4 ,he uses ! pres5t p>ticiple1 n ! aori/ or p]fect4 ,&1 z already notic$1 he says no?+ ab\t sep>at+ !mselves4 ,s f> f imply+ t !y _h a settl$ & det]m9$ purpose nev] to "n ! ,"l ,jesus any m1 nor to h any fell[%ip ) ,8 sa9ts1 ,he %[s t ^! m5 _h crept into ! ,*ur*1 & evid5tly int5d$ to rema9 !re1 att5d+ ! love-fea/s & pollut+ !m1 :ile !y put =w>d ! fre$om :]e) ,*ri/ _h made !m free z a plea = _! own lic5ti\sness2 ?us turn+ ! grace ( ,god into lascivi\sness1 & by _! conduct d5y+ ! ,*ri/ 9 :om !y pr(ess$ to believe4 ,?us1 ?\gh !y did n =mally leave ! ,*ur* z h]etics1 s*ismatics1 or apo/ates1 yet !y _h ! h]etical & s*ismatical temp]1 & 7 apo/ates 9 _! mann] ( life4 ,z ,hook] says else:]e1 ,_m ?+s exclude f ! k+dom ( ,god1 al?\gh f ! ,*ur* !y sep>ate n 7,eccl4 ,pol4 ,v4 lxviii4 #f74 ,^! m5 _h left ! way ( salvation to walk aft] _! own lu/s1 b !y _h n sep>at$ f ! ,*ur*1 into :i* !y _h surreptiti\sly obta9$ admission4 ,s5sual 774 ,?is ^w has be5 already discuss$ 9 a previ\s *apt]1 9 ! exposition ( ! passage :]e x occurs 9 ! ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,james 7iii4 #ae3 see pp4 #bjj1 #bja74 ,s5sual p]sons are ^? :o live 9 ! _w ( s5se1 & are rul$ by human feel+ & human reason4 ,!y /& n v mu* above ! c>nal1 & ) !m are oppos$ to ! spiritual4 ,9 ! triplet1 c>nalis1 animalis1 spiritalis1 ! second t]m is f> m closely alli$ ) ! fir/ ?an ) ! ?ird4 ,x is possible t ! lib]t9es1 9 _! trave/y ( ! fre$om conf]r$ by ! ,gospel1 made a special claim to be spiritual p]sons1 :o 7 above ! re/ra9ts ( ! moral law4 ,!y may h held t to _! exalt$ natures ! ?+s ( s5se 7 morally indiff]5t1 & might be indulg$ 9 )\t fe> ( loss or contam9ation2 :ile !y sc(f$ at ^? ,*ri/ians :o 7 on _! gu>d aga9/ su* ?+s1 & call$ su* ,*ri/ians psy*ical or s5su\s1 because !y 7 c>eful ab\t ! ?+s ( s5se4 ,/4 ,jude tells !m t x is !y :o are s5su\s1 & n spiritual at all4 ,n hav+ ! ,_s4 ,! ,revis]s ma9ta9 ?is r5d]+1 :i* does n appe> 9 ,engli% v]sions until ! influ5ce ( ,beza & ! ,g5evan ,v]sion made itself felt4 ,calv9 seems to adopt x2 b ,lu!r c]ta9ly does n 7die da ke95 ,gei/ hab574 ,x mu/ be suppos$ t ! argum5ts 9 fav\r ( x are v /rong1 see+ t ! alt]native translation is n all[$ a place 9 ! m>g9 ( ei!r ,au?oriz$ or ,revis$ ,v]sion1 nor is recomm5d$ by ! ,am]ican ,committee4 ,nev]!less1 ! po9ts 9 its fav\r are well wor? consid]+4 ,?is alt]native translation is1 ,hav+ no _s 7,tyndale1 ,cranm]71 i4e4 no spiritual nature4 ,n hav+ _s is ,wiclif's r5d]+4 ,?is agrees v well ) ! context4 ,/4 ,jude has j /igmatiz$ ! lib]t9es z s5su\s1 or psy*ical4 ,( ! ?ree elem5ts 9 man's nature1 body1 s\l1 & _s1 !y are rul$ by ! two l[]1 :ile ! ?ird1 :i* ought to be supreme1 is p]si/5tly ignor$4 ,!y _h all[$ ! spiritual "p ( _! be+ to become s bemir$ ) self-indulg5ce & self-suffici5cy1 to be s mu* "u ! dom9ion ( human emotion & reason1 t x 0 utt]ly inop]ative & practically non-exi/5t4 ,_! p[] ( spiritual insight into ?+s heav5ly1 ( lay+ hold ( ! invisible _w1 & ( ent]+ into communion ) ,god1 0 gone4 ,! ,holy ,_s 0 n only abs5t1 b ,8 seat 0 ov]turn$ & de/roy$4 ,! facts t _s has nei!r article nor epi!t 9 ! ,greek1 & t ! negative is subjective1 & n objective 7 71 are 9 fav\r ( man's _s be+ meant1 & ( ?is clause be+ an explanation ( :at prec$es4 ,^! m5 are s5su\s because !y h lo/ all spiritual p[]4 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be und]/ood t ! abs5ce ( article & epi!t is any b>ri] to ! r5d]+1 ,hav+ n ! ,_s4 ,phil4 ii4 #a is pro( ( t 7comp4 ,eph4 ii4 #bb2 vi4 #ah2 ,col4 i4 #h74 ,nev]!less1 su* cases are comp>atively r>e4 ,! usual expression = ! ,?ird ,p]son ( ! ,holy ,tr9ity is ei!r ! ,_s1 or ,holy ,_s1 or ! ,holy ,_s1 or ! ,_s ( ,god1 or ( ! ,"l1 or ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 or ( tru?1 or ( life1 etc4 ,!re=e1 :5 we f9d _s )\t ei!r article1 epi!t1 or di/+ui%+ g5itive1 ! probabilities are t ! _s ( man1 & n ! ,_s ( ,god1 is int5d$4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! ?ree indep5d5t descriptions ( ! lib]t9es1 beg9n+ ) ! words1 ,^! are1 become %ort] z !y g on4 ,! fir/ is two long v]ses 7#ab1 #ac72 ! second is "o long v]se 7#af72 ! ?ird is "o v %ort v]se4 ,x is z if ! writ] 7 disgu/$ ) ! unpalatable subject :i* necessity _h compell$ him to take 9 h& 7v]4 #c71 & 7 hurry+ ?r\gh x to ! m pleas+ duty ( exhort+ ^? fai?ful ,*ri/ians = ^: sake he has und]tak5 ?is pa9ful task4 ,b ye1 belov$1 build+ up y\rselves on y\r mo/ holy fai?1 pray+ 9 ! ,holy ,_s1 keep y\rselves 9 ! love ( ,god1 look+ = ! m]cy ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ unto et]nal life4 ,z 9 v]4 #ag1 ! ,b ye1 belov$ 7 1 7 makes an emphatic contra/ betwe5 ^? :om ,/4 ,jude addresses & ! s5su\s & unspiritual m5 ( :om he has be5 speak+4 ,he exhorts 8 read]s to endeav\r to keep !mselves 9 fav\r ) ,god by cultivat+ fai?1 pray]1 & hope2 & 9 ?is exhortation ! ma9 purpose ( ! lett]1 z set =? 9 v]4 #c1 is fulfill$4 ,! triplet ( p>ticiples 7----7 mu/ n be lo/ sight (1 al?\gh ! fact t ! ma9 v]b 77 comes 9 ! middle ( !m1 in/ead ( at ! end1 some:at obscures ! triple con/ruction4 ,! expression build+ up 77 is 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t nev] us$ ( actual build+1 b always 9 ! metaphorical s5se ( believ]s be+ unit$ toge!r s z to =m a temple4 ,9 ?is temple ,*ri/ is sometimes reg>d$ z ! f\ndation 7#a ,cor4 iii4 #aa71 sometimes z t :i* b9ds ! /ructure toge!r 7,eph4 ii4 #bj2 ,col4 ii4 #g74 ,! notion ( build+ up comes f ! preposition 771 "o /one be+ plac$ ^u ano!r1 s t upw>d progress is made4 ,! fai? "h is probably ! f\ndation on :i* ! /ructure is to re/2 b x w\ld be possible to translate ) y\r mo/ holy fai?1 in/ead ( on y\r mo/ holy fai?2 & 9 t case ! dative w\ld1 z 9 ,col4 ii4 #g1 express ! cem5t r ?an ! f\ndation4 ,9 any case ! fai? is n ! int]nal grace or virtue ( fai?1 b1 z bo? ! p>ticiple & ! adjective %[1 ! fai? :i* 0 once = all deliv]$ unto ! sa9ts 7v]4 #c74 ,x is y\r fai?1 because x has be5 ?us deliv]$ to y2 & x is mo/ holy1 9 m>k$ contra/ to ! vile & %ifty doctr9es :i* ! lib]t9es pr(ess & uphold4 ,pray+ 9 ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,?is is ! be/ arrangem5t ( ! words1 al?\gh ! ,greek all[s u to take 9 ! ,holy ,gho/ ) ! previ\s clause1 a r clumsy division ( ! words1 :i* is sanction$ by ,lu!r1 ,beza1 & ! ,rhemi% ,v]sion3 build+ y\rselves ^u our 7sic7 mo/ holy fai?1 9 ! ,holy ,gho/1 pray+4 ,! expression pray+ 9 ! ,holy ,gho/ occurs n[h]e else2 b t is no reason :y ,/4 ,jude %\ld n h us$ x "h4 ,x means t we are to pray 9 ! p[] & wisdom ( ! ,_s4 ,9 ord] t we may pray1 & pray aright1 ,he mu/ move our he>ts & direct our petitions4 ,keep y\rselves 9 ! love ( ,god4 ,n our love ( ,god is meant1 b ,8 love ( u4 ,?is is r5d]$ probable bo? by :at imm$iately foll[s--= ! love ( ,god %\ld h a mean+ simil> to t ( ! m]cy ( ,jesus ,*ri/--& also by ! op5+ address1 belov$ 9 ,god 7v]4 #a71 :i* ,/4 ,jude p]haps has 9 8 m9d2 = ! :ole ( ! v]se be=e u is closely connect$ ) ! fir/ v]se ( ! ,epi/le4 ,god's love is ! region 9 :i* all ,*ri/ians %\ld /rive to abide1 & x is by fai? & pray] t ?is abode is secur$4 ,to be consci\s ( be+ belov$ by ,god is "o ( ! greate/ protections t ! believ] c possess4 ,look+ = ! m]cy ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ unto et]nal life4 ,t m]cy :i* ,he w %[ to all fai?ful ,*ri/ians :5 ,he returns z ,judge at ! la/ day4 ,we may comp>e look+ = & e>ne/ly desir+ ! com+ ( ! day ( ,god 7#b ,pet] iii4 #ab74 ,bo? 9 ?is life & 9 et]nity x is m]cy t we ne$ & crave4 ,! ,psalms are full ( ?is ?\ght1 z a ref]5ce to ! num]\s passages 9 :i* ! ^w m]cy occurs w reveal3 see especially ,ps4 cxxx4 ,& 9 connexion ) ?is ! concise /atem5t respect+ ! relations ( ! ,p]sons ( ! ,bless$ ,tr9ity to believ]s mu/ n be ov]look$4 ,by pray] 9 ! p[] ( ! ,holy ,_s we are kept 9 ! love ( ! ,fa!r ?r\gh ! m]cy ( ! ,son4 ,unto et]nal life4 ,x is n a matt] ( mu* mom5t :e!r we take ^! words ) keep y\rselves1 or ) look+1 or ) m]cy4 ,! fir/ seems to be ! be/ arrangem5t1 keep y\rselves 444 unto et]nal life2 b 9 any case ! et]nal life is rea*$ ?r\gh ! m]cy ( ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,) a simil> ?\ght ! au?or ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews 7ix4 #bh7 writes ( ,*ri/'s ,second ,adv5t z an adv5t unto salvation 7 74 ,! ,div9e purpose ( bo? ,adv5ts is m]cy1 & n judgm5t2 b see+ t bo? ,adv5ts are met by "s :o refuse to believe & rep5t1 judgm5t is inevitable4 ,& on "s h m]cy1 :o are 9 d\bt2 & "s save1 snat*+ out ( ! fire2 & on "s h m]cy ) fe>4 ,9 h>dly any o!r passage1 p]haps1 does ! ,revis$ ,v]sion diff] 9 s _m p>ticul>s f ! ,au?oriz$4 ,! ma9 *anges are ! result ( *anges 9 ! ,greek text1 :i* "h is 9 s corrupt a /ate t ! orig9al _c be re/or$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,! read+s adopt$ by ! ,revis]s h ! advantage ( giv+ u ano!r triple division1 :i* ,/4 ,jude is v likely to h made4 ,?is triple division is pres]v$ 9 ! ,vulgate1 & !re=e 9 ,wiclif & ! ,rhemi% ,v]sion4 ,our o!r translators1 ) ,lu!r & ,beza1 n f9d+ x 9 ! inf]ior ,greek ,,mss4 :i* !y us$1 ( c\rse d n give x4#abg ,) "o possible exception1 ! text adopt$ by ! ,revis]s seems to be ! be/ t c be fram$ ) our pres5t evid5ce4 ,x is d\btful :e!r we ought n to sub/itute convict 77 = ! fir/ h m]cy 774 ,?is read+ has v p[]ful support 7,,ac1 ! be/ cursives1 ,vulgate1 ,memphitic1 ,arm5ian1 & ,e?iopic71 & is adopt$ by _m critics4 ,b x may possibly be an e>ly correction ( a /ill e>li] corruption1 & n a re/oration ( ! orig9al read+4 ,?is is "o ( ^? passages ab\t :i* we mu/ be cont5t to rema9 9 d\bt z to :at ! au?or actually wrote 7see above on v]4 #e1 p4 #djd74 ,9 any case ! writ] is giv+ directions z to h[ to deal ) two or ?ree diff]5t classes ( p]sons1 :o are 9 dang] ( be+ s$uc$ by ! lib]t9es2 & possibly ! lib]t9es !mselves are includ$4 ,we w assume t ?ree classes are nam$4 ,9 ! fir/ we are confront$ ) an unc]ta9ty ( translation4 ,! p>ticiple r5d]$ :o are 9 d\bt 77 may also mean :ile !y cont5d ) y4 ,:i* mean+ we pref] w dep5d p>tly ^u ! read+ :i* we adopt = ! imp]ative :i* gov]ns ! accusative4 ,on "s h m]cy1 :5 !y are 9 d\bt1 makes v h>moni\s s5se2 = e>ne/ d\bt]s1 :o are unable to make up _! m9ds = or aga9/ ! tru?1 are to be treat$ ) great t5d]ness4 ,aga91 ,& "s convict1 :5 !y cont5d ) y1 makes v h>moni\s s5se2 = x is ^? :o are dispos$ to be cont5ti\s t ne$ to be refut$ & conv9c$ ( _! error4 ,x is 9 fav\r ( ! latt] v]sion ( ! comm& t ! v]bs r5d]$ convict & cont5d occur1 & 9 ! same s5se1 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! ,epi/le 7vv4 #i1 #ae74 ,9 ei!r case t :i* is d\bt$ or cont5d$ ab\t is ! fai? once = all deliv]$ unto ! sa9ts1 on :i* believ]s are to build !mselves up4 ,! second class are su* z c /ill be rescu$1 b by /rong measures4 ,no h9t1 h[ev]1 is giv5 z to _! *>act]i/ics2 we are m]ely told t !re are "s :o require to be tak5 ) decision1 & p]haps ev5 ) viol5ce1 out ( _! p]il\s surr\nd+s1 9 ord] t !y may be sav$ f de/ruction4 ,we may p]haps ?9k ( ^? :o1 )\t be+ 9 d\bt or incl9$ to dispute ab\t ! fai?1 are be+ c>ri$ away into lic5ti\sness by int]c\rse ) ! lib]t9es4 ,! fire out ( :i* !y are to be snat*$ is n ! p5al fire ( ! judgm5t to come1 b ! /ate ( p]dition 9 :i* !y are n[ liv+4 ,we seem to h "h1 z 9 v]4 #i1 a rem9isc5ce ( ,ze*>iah iii4 #a1 :]e we read1 ,is n ?is a br& pluck$ out ( ! fire8 ,9 ,amos iv4 #aa we h ! same figure1 & ! context !re agrees ) ! sugge/ion j made z to ! k9d ( p]son indicat$ by ,/4 ,jude3 ,i h ov]?r[n "s among y1 z :5 ,god ov]?rew ,sodom & ,gomorrah1 & ye 7 z a br& pluck$ out ( ! burn+4 ,!re are "s :o ne$ to be rescu$ 9 ! way t ! angels rescu$ ,lot1 ) urg5cy & con/ra9t 7,g54 xix4 #af1 #ag72 & x is specially 9 ref]5ce to temptations su* z ,lot _h gone into t su* urg5cy is ne$$4 ,! ?ird class is "o :i* mu/ be treat$ ) great circumspection3 & on "s h m]cy ) fe>2 hat+ ev5 ! g>m5t spott$ by ! fle%4 ,?is does n mean1 z ,lu!r supposes1 t we mu/ let !m sev]ely alone1 & h no?+ to d ) !m1 b t 9 deal+ ) evil s insidi\s & s infecti\s1 we mu/ take c>e t we are n contam9at$ ourselves4 ,x is q possible to approa* evil ) good int5tions1 & !n1 ?r\gh want ( prop] humility & caution1 end 9 f9d+ x fatally attractive4 ,we mu/ c>efully pres]ve abhorr5ce = all t is associat$ ) pollution4 ,9 ! defil$ g>m5t 7comp4 ,james iii4 #f1 :]e ! same ^w is us$7 ,/4 ,jude appe>s once m to h ,ze*>iah iii4 #a-c 9 8 m9d2 b ! ,greek ( ! ,,lxx4 is !re q diff]5t 7 1 in/ead ( 74 ,! g>m5t "h m5tion$ is ! *iton1 or %irt1 :i* came 9 contact ) ! body1 & w\ld itself be r5d]$ unclean if ! body 7 unclean4 ,x !re=e s]ves well z a symbol = t :i* has become p]il\s ?r\gh be+ closely connect$ ) evil4 ,b :ile ! evil & t :i* has be5 contam9at$ by x are to be hat$1 compassion is to be %[n to ^? :o h fall5 victims to x4 ,to be %[n1 n m]ely felt1 z is manife/ f ! ^w :i* ,/4 ,jude uses 71 n 74 ,! passages 9 :i* ?is v]b 7or its m common =m 7 else:]e occurs 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t prove t x means to h m]cy on1 to succ\r & br+ help to1 & n m]ely to feel pity = )\t do+ any?+ to relieve ! p]son piti$ 7,matt4 ix4 #bg2 xv4 #bb2 xvii4 #ae2 xviii4 #cc2 xx4 #cj2 ,m>k x4 #dg2 ,luke xvi4 #bd2 xvii4 #ac2 xviii4 #ch2 ,phil4 ii4 #bg74 ,x is specially us$ ( ,god's %[+ m]cy to ^? :o d n des]ve x 7,rom4 ix4 #ae1 #af1 #ah2 xi4 #cb2 #a ,cor4 vii4 #be2 #b ,cor4 iv4 #a2 #a ,tim4 i4 #ac1 #af2 #a ,pet] ii4 #aj71 & !re=e fitly expresses ! sympa?y :i* ought to be manife/$ by ! fai?ful t[>ds ! fall54 ,b 9 "s cases ?is sympa?y mu/ be manife/$ 9 fe>4 ,x is by act+ 9 ! _s ( godly fe> t love ( ! s9n] c be comb9$ ) hatr$ ( ! s94 ,)\t x sympa?y ) ! s9n] is too likely to turn into sympa?y ) ! s94 ,to put x o!rwise3 ,all our ef=ts = ! re=mation ( o!rs mu/ be begun & cont9u$ ) self-re=mation2 & !re=e ,/4 ,jude insi/s on ! necessity = spiritual progress & pray]1 be=e advis+ z to ! treatm5t ( ! fall54 ,x is :ile we are e>ne/ly dete/+ & cont5d+ aga9/ a p>ticul> s9 9 ourselves t we c mo/ safely & effectually deal ) t s9 9 o!rs4 ,f9ally1 x mu/ be not$ z specially rem>kable t ,/4 ,jude1 aft] all ! /rong language :i* he has us$ 9 describ+ ! wick$ness ( ^? :o are corrupt+ ! ,*ri/ian community1 does n1 9 ?is advice z to ! diff]5t me?ods :i* are to be us$ 9 deal+ ) ^? :o are go+ or h gone a/ray1 recomm5d d5unciation4 ,n t d5unciation is always wrong2 9 "s cases x may be necess>y4 ,b d5unciation by itself commonly does m h>m ?an good2 :ile o!r me?ods1 :i* mu/ be add$ 9 ord] to make d5unciation effectual1 are (t5 q z efficaci\s :5 no d5unciation has be5 employ$4 ,x is q possible to manife/ "o's abhorr5ce ( ! g>m5t spott$ ) ! fle%1 )\t public or private abuse ( ^? :o are ! au?ors ( ! defilem5t4 #abg ,nev]!less1 ,we/cott & ,hort reject ! triple division1 & adopt ! text ( ,b1 :i* involves ! incongruity t ! fir/ mu/ be tak5 z a relative1 & ! fir/ z indicative4 ,"s primitive error evid5tly affects ! passage 7ii41 p4 #ajg74 ,x is difficult to believe t _! text is "r4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxviii4 ,,! ,,f9al ,,doxology3 ,,praise ,,to ,,god1 ,,! ,,protector ,,( ,,8 ,,s]vants4 ,n[ unto ,him t is able to gu>d y f /umbl+1 & to set y be=e ! pres5ce ( ,8 glory )\t blemi% 9 exce$+ joy1 to ! only ,god our ,savi\r1 ?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/ our ,"l1 be glory1 maje/y1 dom9ion & p[]1 be=e all "t1 & n[1 & = ev]more4 ,am54--,,/4 ,,jude #bd1 #be4 ,f 8 sev]e & sombre w>n+s & exhortations ,/4 ,jude turns 9 joy\s & exult+ confid5ce to ,him :o alone c make !m effectual4 ,he has spok5 ) /]nness & horror ( great wick$ness :i* has be5 manife/$ bo? 9 ! pa/ & 9 ! pres5t1 & ( ,god's t]rible judgm5ts ^u x4 ,he has exhort$ 8 read]s to bew>e ( x1 & n to let _! abhorr5ce ( x gr[ less :5 !y are engag$ 9 ! m]ciful "w ( rescu+ o!rs f x4 ,n[1 9 conclusion1 he (f]s a f]v5t tribute ( praise to ,him :o is a ,god ( love z well z ( ju/ice1 & :o is z able & ready to protect ^? :o cl+ to ,him & s]ve ,him z to puni% ^? :o murmur & rebel aga9/ ,him4 ,! doxologies at ! end ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans & at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,fir/ ,epi/le to ,timo?y %\ld be comp>$ ) ?is "o4 ,! =m] is ne>e/ to x 9 =m2 & x is f ! doxology 9 ,romans t ! epi!t wise1 :i* ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion wrongly ins]ts bo? "h & 9 #a ,tim4 i4 #ag1 probably comes4 ,doxologies1 modell$ on ^? 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 became ela/ic 9 "s respects1 & /]eotyp$ 9 o!rs4 ,! =mula to ! only wise ,god 0 a common "o1 & h5ce scribes ins]t$ ! epi!t1 p]haps almo/ me*anically1 9 places :]e x 0 n f\nd 9 ! orig9al4 ,x is q possible t ,/4 ,jude knew ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans1 & 8 doxology1 especially 9 its op5+ words1 may be a consci\s or unconsci\s imitation ( x2 = ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans 0 writt5 "s ye>s be=e ! e>lie/ date t c ) any probability be assign$ to ?is ,epi/le4 ,to gu>d y f /umbl+2 :i* 9 two respects is m ?an to keep y f fall+4 ,fir/ly1 gu>d pres]ves ! idea ( protection aga9/ p]ils1 bo? manife/ & secret1 m decid$ly ?an keep2 & secondly1 "o may h _m /umbles )\t any falls1 & !re=e to be pres]v$ f ev5 /umbl+ implies a l>g] measure ( c>e on ! "p ( ! protector4 ,b ev5 to gu>d y f /umbl+ does n q d ju/ice to ! ,greek 7 71 nor is x easy to d s4 ,gu>d y s t y are exempt f /umbl+ & nev] trip or make a false /ep is ! full mean+ ( ! expression4 ,! v]b :i* is "h negativ$ is us$ by ,/4 ,james 7ii4 #aj73 ,:osoev] %all keep ! :ole law1 & yet /umble 77 9 "o po9t1 he is become guilty ( all4 ,! ,vulgate lets g ! metaphor ( /umbl+1 & translates simply to pres]ve y )\t s9 7cons]v>e s9e peccato74 ,t :i* is impossible ) m5 is possible ) ,god1 & ! ,div9e grace c protect ,*ri/ians aga9/ _! own frailty4 ,*ri/ says ( ,8 %eep t !y %all assur$ly nev] p]i%1 & t no "o1 :e!r p[]s ( evil or human s$uc]s1 c snat* !m out ( ,8 h& 7,john x4 #bh74 ,_! wills are free1 & !y may w to leave ,him2 b if !y det]m9e to abide ) ,him !y w be safe4 ,& to set y be=e ! pres5ce ( ,8 glory )\t blemi%4 ,?is is ! bless$ result ( ,8 protect+ !m f /umbl+4 ,! revis$ translation1 )\t blemi% 771 at fir/ sight looks l a ne$less & vexati\s *ange f ! faultless ( ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion1 & a clumsy "o1 because x gives two ,engli% words = "o ,greek ^w4 ,b ! *ange is a real improvem5t1 = ! ,greek ^w is a sacrificial t]m1 :i* faultless is n4 ,x is frequ5tly us$ ( victims1 :i* mu/ be )\t blemi%1 9 ord] to be suitable = (f]+s4 ,x is n common 9 classical ,greek1 b frequ5t 9 ! ,,lxx4 7,exod4 xxix4 #a2 ,lev4 i4 #c1 #aj2 xxii4 #ba-bd2 ,num4 vi4 #ad2 xix4 #b74 ,9 #a ,macc4 iv4 #db x is us$ ( ! prie/s1 & s also 9 ,philo 7,de ,m]c4 ,m]4 i42 ,de ,agric4 xxix43 see ,lightfoot on 3 ,clem4 ,rom4 xli474 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t x is us$ sometimes ( ! s9lessness ( ,*ri/ 7,heb4 ix4 #ad2 #a ,pet] i4 #ai71 sometimes ( ! ideal p]fection ( ,*ri/ians 7,eph4 i4 #d2 v4 #bg2 ,phil4 ii4 #ae74 ,9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,colossians ,/4 ,paul has almo/ ! same idea z ,/4 ,jude--to pres5t y holy & )\t blemi% & unreprovable be=e ,him 7i4 #bb72 & aga9 9 ! ,fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,!ssalonians--to ! end ,he may /abli% y\r he>ts unblameable 9 hol9ess be=e our ,god & ,fa!r1 at ! com+ ( our ,"l ,jesus ) all ,8 sa9ts 7iii4 #ac74 ,be=e ! pres5ce ( ,8 glory ref]s to ! glory ( ,god :i* %all be reveal$ at ! la/ day4 ,9 exce$+ joy is a fur!r consequ5ce f ! second po9t1 z ! second f ! fir/4 ,to be protect$ aga9/ /umbl+ leads to be+ pres5t$ )\t blemi% be=e ! judgm5t-seat1 & ?is is an occasion ( int5se delight4 ,z ,/4 ,pet] puts x1 ,inasmu* z ye are p>tak]s ( ,*ri/'s suff]+s1 rejoice2 t at ! revelation ( ,8 glory also ye may rejoice ) exce$+ joy 7#a ,pet] iv4 #ac74 ,to ! only ,god our ,savi\r4 ,/4 ,paul1 l ,/4 ,jude1 speaks ( ,god ! ,fa!r z our ,savi\r4 ,he is an ,apo/le ( ,*ri/ ,jesus accord+ to ! comm&m5t ( ,god our ,savi\r 7#a ,tim4 i4 #a71 & he says t int]cession & ?anksgiv+ = o!rs is good & acceptable 9 ! sight ( ,god our ,savi\r 7ii4 #c74 ,/ill m fully he says t ,god our ,savi\r 444 sav$ u 444 ?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/ our ,savi\r 7,titus iii4 #d-f3 comp4 i4 #c2 ii4 #aj74 ,! "w ( ! ,son is ! "w ( ! ,fa!r2 & s 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t we h ,jehovah spok5 ( z ! ,savi\r & ,r$eem] ( ,8 p 7,ps4 cvi4 #ba2 ,isa4 xli4 #ae1 #ba2 xlix4 #bf2 lx4 #af74 ,& ?is is ! mean+ ( ! clause :i* textual criticism has re/or$ to u 9 ?is passage4 ,god is our ,savi\r ?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/ our ,"l4 ,"s take ^! words ) :at foll[s4 ,to ! only ,god be glory1 maje/y1 dom9ion & p[]1 ?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/ our ,"l2 :i* makes excell5t s5se1 & is 9 h>mony ) ! doxology 9 #a ,pet] iv4 #aa1 t 9 all ?+s ,god may be glorifi$ ?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,x is no /rong objection to ?is to urge t 9 t case ,/4 ,jude w\ld h rev]s$ ! ord] ( ! clauses 7 74 ,9 ! doxology at ! end ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans 7:i* ,/4 ,jude may h 9 8 m9d7 ?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/ prec$es be ! glory1 & yet _c easily be tak5 ) any?+ else 7omitt+ z a probable corruption74 ,! comb9ation glory & dom9ion occurs 9 o!r doxologies 7#a ,pet] iv4 #aa2 ,rev4 i4 #f2 v4 #ac72 maje/y & p[] d n occur 9 any4 ,maje/y 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t is f\nd 9 ,hebrews i4 #c & viii4 #a only2 b x occurs 9 ! ,,lxx4 & 9 ,clem5t ( ,rome 7xvi4 #a74 ,! doxology 9 #a ,*ron4 xxix4 #aa is specially wor?y ( notice4 ,! ^w seems to h be5 us$ almo/ exclusively ( ! maje/y ( ,god1 & ! f\r words toge!r sum up ! ,div9e glory & omnipot5ce4 ,x is a little rem>kable t 9 ?is case ,/4 ,jude ab&ons 8 fav\rite triplets1 & gives f\r attributes r ?an ?ree4 ,b he returns 9 a /ill m rem>kable way to 8 fav\rite arrangem5t 9 ! conclud+ words4 ,be=e all "t1 & n[1 & = ev]more4 ,?us1 9 a v compreh5sive phrase1 et]nity is describ$4 ,?r\gh\t all "t1 & ?r\gh\t ! ages :i* prec$e & foll[ x1 ^! attributes belong to ,god4 ,evil m5 9 _! dream+s may set at n\ght dom9ion & rail at glories1 & _! m\? may speak great swell+ words ab\t _! own sup]ior k & great] lib]ty1 & may mock & sc(f at ^? :o w n foll[ !m 9 walk+ aft] _! own ungodly lu/s4 ,nev]!less1 ages be=e !y 7 born1 & ages aft] !y %all h vani%$ f ! _w :i* !y are tr\bl+ by _! pres5ce1 glory1 maje/y1 dom9ion1 & p[] belong to ,him :o saves u1 & w\ld save ev5 !m1 ?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/ our ,"l4 ,!y belong to ,him4 ,?is seems to be ! mean+ r ?an t !y are ascrib$ to ,him4 ,no v]b is giv5 9 ! ,greek2 nei!r is1 z 9 #a ,pet] iv4 #aa 7 71 nor be 771 :i* 9 mo/ doxologies may be und]/ood4 ,to ,him be glory be=e all "t is sc>cely s5se1 = our wi%es _c influ5ce ! pa/4 ,to ,him belongs glory be=e all "t is ! /atem5t ( a simple fact4 ,x is ^? :o "k _! own frailty & liability to s92 :o "k ! manifold temptations :i* surr\nd !m1 & ! t]rible attractiv5ess :i* _m ( !m c pres5t2 :o "k f pa/ exp]i5ce :at frequ5t & griev\s falls are possible2 t c be/ und]/& ! /atem5t ( fact :i* ?is doxology conta9s1 & ! significance ( x4 ,he :o c gu>d su* creatures z we are f /umbl+1 9 su* a _w z ?is1 mu/ be ! only ,god2 mu/ be ,he :o 01 & is1 & is to come2 mu/ possess ?r\gh\t all "t & all et]nity ! highe/ p[]s & glories :i* ! he>t ( man c conceive4 ,! wond]s ( ! mat]ial univ]se impress u 9 our m solemn mom5ts ) feel+s ( awe1 & rev]5ce1 & love = ,him :o is ! ,au?or ( !m all4 ,h[ mu* m %\ld ! wond]s ( ! k+dom ( heav5 d s6 ,out ( s9ful man to make a sa9t is m ?an to make a _w out ( no?+2 & to keep s9ful m5 f /umbl+ is m ?an to keep ! />s 9 _! c\rses4 ,!re is a free & rebelli\s w to be won & reta9$ 9 ! "o case1 :]eas !re is no?+ b absolute & unresi/+ ob$i5ce 9 ! o!r4 ,! diff]5ce is t :i* is s beautifully express$ 9 ! #ajcrd & #ajd? ,psalms4 ,9 ! latt] ( ^! two exquisite songs ( praise & ?anksgiv+ ,jehovah is prais$ z ! ,creator & ,regulator ( ! _w1 9 ! =m] z ! ,p>don] & ,pres]v] ( ,8 s]vants4 ,9 ! "o case bless+ & praise is (f]$ to ! ,"l-- ,:o laid ! f\ndations ( ! e>?1 ,t x %\ld n be mov$ = ev]4 ,?\ cov]$/ x ) ! deep z ) a ve/ure2 ,! wat]s /ood above ! m\nta9s4 ,!y w5t up by ! m\nta9s1 ,!y w5t d[n by ! valleys1 ,unto ! place :i* ,?\ had/ f\nd$ = !m4 ,?\ ha/ set a b\nd t !y may n pass ov]2 ,t !y turn n aga9 to cov] ! e>?4 ,o ,"l1 h[ manifold are ,?y works6 ,9 wisdom ha/ ,?\ made !m all3 ,! e>? is full ( ,?y ri*es4 ,let ! glory ( ! ,"l endure = ev]2 ,let ! ,"l rejoice 9 ,8 works3 ,:o looke? on ! e>?1 & x tremble?2 ,he t\*e? ! m\nta9s1 & !y smoke4 ,ps4 civ4 #e1 #f1 #h1 #i1 #bd1 #ca1 #cb4 ,b 9 ! o!r song ! ,"l is prais$1 n s mu* 9 relation to ! glori\s univ]se :i* ,he creates & controls1 b 9 relation to ! spirits ( m51 :om ,he re/ores1 & ( angels1 :om ,he reta9s1 to will+ ob$i5ce & s]vice4 ,bless ! ,"l1 ,o my s\l1 ,& =get n all ,8 b5efits3 ,:o =give? all ?9e iniquities2 ,:o heale? all ?y diseases2 ,:o r$eeme? ?y life f de/ruction2 ,:o cr[ne? !e ) lov+k9dness & t5d] m]cies4 ,he ha? n dealt ) u aft] our s9s1 ,nor rew>d$ u aft] our iniquities4 ,= z ! heav5 is high above ! e>?1 ,s great is ,8 m]cy t[>d !m t fe> ,him4 ,z f> z ! ea/ is f ! we/1 ,s f> ha? ,he remov$ our transgressions f u4 ,bless ! ,"l1 ye angels ( ,82 ,ye mighty 9 /r5g?1 t fulfil ,8 ^w1 ,he>k5+ unto ! voice ( ,8 ^w1 ,bless ! ,"l1 all ye ,8 ho/s2 ,ye m9i/]s ( ,81 t d ,8 pleasure4 ,ps4 ciii4 #b1 #c1 #d1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #bj1 #ba4 ,x is q 9 h>mony ) su* a /ra9 z ?is t ! joy\s doxology ) :i* ,/4 ,jude's /]n lett] sudd5ly ends is writt54 ,its clauses l5d !mselves to t p>allelism :i* di/+ui%es ,hebrew poetry1 & !y h n only ! _s1 b ! =m1 ( a conclud+ /rophe ( praise4 ,n[ unto ,him t is able to gu>d y f /umbl+1 ,& to set y be=e ! pres5ce ( ,8 glory )\t blemi% 9 exce$+ joy1 ,to ! only ,god our ,savi\r1 ,?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/ our ,"l1 ,glory1 maje/y1 dom9ion & p[]1 ,be=e all "t1 & n[1 & = ev]more4 ,am54 ,,note4--,! ,am5 at ! end ( ?is ,epi/le1 z at ! end ( ,romans & #b ,pet]1 :i* l ?is close ) a doxology1 seems to be g5u9e 7comp4 #a ,pet] iv4 ,,ii2 v4 ,,ii72 b t at ! end ( #b ,pet] is some:at d\btful4 ,9 all o!r books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 except+ ,galatians1 ! f9al ,am5 is probably spuri\s4 ,,index4 ,abraham1 ! ,fri5d ( ,god1 #afj1 #afb4 ,absolution1 ,=ms (1 #cdb4 ,academy1 #cfg4 ,address to ! ,read]1 ,translators'1 #aai4 ,adult]y1 ,spiritual1 #bbg4 ,adv5ts ( ,*ri/1 #bgh1 #deh4 'lius ,gallus1 #cbh4 ,agape1 #dbh4 ,alb9us1 #dj4 ,alex&] ! ,great1 #afc4 ,al=d1 #cb1 #cii1 #dah4 ,alphu1 #bg4 ,amasis1 #agc4 ,am51 #dgj4 ,am]ican civil w>1 #bce4 ,ananus1 #dj4 ,angels1 ,s9ful1 #djh4 ,ano9t+ ! sick1 #cbf4 ,antio*1 ,synod at1 #cfi4 ,aphraates1 #bb4 ,apocrypha1 #gf1 #ade1 #aef1 #bjd1 #dbd4 ,apo/olic1 ,lu!r's view (1 #bc4 ,ari/otle1 #fg1 #ajc1 #aef1 #aig4 ,arrian1 #ahb4 ,assumption ( ,moses1 #dbb4 ,assumption ( ! ,virg91 #chd4 ,a?anasius1 #g1 #af1 #cfi4 ,augu/9e1 #fe1 #ih1 #acb1 #bjg1 #bif1 #cjj1 #cjg1 #ccd1 #ceh1 #cfi1 #dda4 ,auricul> confession1 #ccf1 #cdj4 ,au!nticity ( ! ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,james1 #ad2 ( ,/4 ,jude1 #cfe4 ,azazel1 #daa4 ,b>nabas1 ,epi/le (1 #ah1 #bc1 #gf4 ,baur1 ,f4 ,c41 #ach1 #adj4 ,b$e1 #f1 #h1 #hd1 #ajc1 #aec1 #agb1 #bfg1 #bfh1 #bhb1 #bhe1 #bif1 #cca1 #cea4 ,bell>m9e1 #cci4 ,b5gel1 #aae1 #bhe1 #cbe1 #dah4 ,beys*lag1 #fj4 ,beza1 #aei1 #bbb1 #chg1 #dah1 #dcb1 #ded1 #deg4 ,bias ! sage1 #agc4 ,bod5/e91 #bd4 ,briti% ,association1 #cdf4 ,bro!r ( ! ,"l1 #bh1 #ca1 #cgd4 ,bruce1 #daj4 ,brckn]1 #fj1 #cgh1 #cij1 #dah4 ,build+ up1 #def4 ,butl]1 ,ar*]1 #chc1 #chf4 ,butl]1 ,bi%op1 #ii1 #ddc4 ,cs>1 ,julius1 #bhg4 ,cajetan1 #ccb1 #ccf4 ,cal5d>s1 #ca4 ,caligula1 #cdi4 ,calv91 #bbb1 #bhc1 #cai1 #cbe1 #cfj1 #dag1 #dcb4 ,canonical1 #b4 ,canonical ,books1 #ag4 ,canonical ,epi/les1 #a1 #f4 ,c>lyle1 #aff4 ,c>pocrates1 #chi4 ,cassian1 #g4 ,cassiodorus1 #b1 #bhe1 #cfi4 ,ca?olic1 #c4 ,ca?olic ,epi/les1 #a1 #aj4 ,cave1 #f4 ,celsus1 #cbh4 ,c5sur+1 ,love (1 #bea4 ,c]iani1 #dbb4 ,*ann+1 #cha4 ,*ri/'s say+s 9 ,/4 ,james' ,epi/le1 #ajj1 #cji4 ,*ri/ology ( ,/4 ,james1 #aaa4 ,*ryso/om1 #bib1 #cca1 #cch1 #cfh4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 #e1 #ba1 #cf1 #gf1 #bac1 #cjg1 #cfb1 #cfi1 #dbb4 ,clem5t ( ,rome1 #ah1 #bj1 #bc1 #afj1 #bae1 #bde1 #bib1 #bie4 ,cl]gy & laity1 #cbd4 ,clopas1 #bf1 #bg4 ,confession ( s9s1 #ccf4 ,confessions ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 #ccc4 ,conjectural em5dation1 #dje4 ,conv]sation1 #aie4 ,conv]t+ s9n]s1 #cea1 #ceg4 ,c\ncil ( ,hippo1 #ag4 ---- ( ,j]usalem1 #ce1 #fa4 ---- ( ,laodicea1 #ad1 #ag1 #bd4 ---- ( ,lige1 #cda4 ---- ( ,tr5t1 #cda4 ,cov]+ s9s1 #cea4 ,cynics1 #ff1 #cae4 ,cyprian1 #cfh4 ,cyr5aics1 #bfe4 ,cyril ( ,j]usalem1 #g1 #ag4 ,date ( ,/4 ,james' ,epi/le1 #fa4 ---- ( ,/4 ,jude's ,epi/le1 #cga1 #cge1 #chi4 ---- ( ! ,book ( ,wisdom1 #fi1 #ge4 ,davidson1 #de1 #ee1 #aab4 ,day ( slaught]1 #bhd4 ,defilem5t by ! tongue1 #agg4 ,demons1 #aej4 ,d5unciation1 #aha4 ,descriptive ,g5itive1 #ih1 #ajh1 #abb1 #ddg4 ,de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 #abh1 #bgf1 #djg4 ,det]m9ism1 #ic1 #ie4 ,developm5t ( doctr9e1 #chj4 ,devil1 ,p]sonality ( !1 #aej1 #bdj4 ,de ,wette1 #cgh4 ,didymus ( ,alex&ria1 #cfi1 #dbb4 ,dillmann1 #dch1 #ddj4 ,diognetus1 #d4 ,disp]sion1 ,jews ( !1 #ej1 #ec1 #adc4 ,disput$ books1 #b1 #ae1 #cff4 ,dll+]1 #cj1 #ca1 #aec1 #bgc1 #cbh1 #djj4 ,domitian1 #cbd4 ,dorn]1 #aaf1 #cij4 ,d\ay ,v]sion1 #bie4 ,d\ble-m9d$ness1 #bde4 ,d\btful read+s1 #bha1 #cfa1 #cia1 #djb4 ,d\btful r5d]+s1 #abb1 #agd1 #bab1 #bac1 #dbh1 #dcj1 #ddg4 ,doxologies1 #dff4 ,drummond1 #dbc1 #dci4 ,ebionism ( ,/4 ,james1 #hc4 ,ecclesia/icus1 #fi1 #gc1 #aji1 #bha4 ,ed9burgh ,review1 #gg4 ,eld]s ( ! ,*ur*1 #cbc4 ,elijah's pray]s1 #cdd4 ,eno*1 ,book (1 #dji1 #dcc1 #dcg1 #ddg4 ,en?usiasm ( humanity1 #bca4 ,ephrem ,syrus1 #cgj4 ,epicureans1 #bfe1 #bhc4 ,erasmus1 #bbb1 #cea1 #cec1 #dah4 ,ess5es1 #cjf4 ,eu*>i/ & ,love-fea/1 #dbi4 ,eusebius1 #b1 #ad1 #ag1 #afb4 ,eu?alius1 #f4 ,evil-speak+1 #bei4 ,expositor1 #ih1 #aae4 ,extreme ,unction1 #cbf4 ,fai? & works1 #acg1 #adc4 ,fai? ( ,abraham1 #aef4 ,fai? ( ! demons1 #aea4 ,fai? ( ,rahab1 #afa4 ,f>r>1 ,f4 ,w41 #cb1 #gj1 #cic1 #cii4 ,fault-f9d+1 ,love (1 #bea4 ,field1 #dae4 ,fir/ ,pray]-,book ( ,edw>d ,,vi41 #ccc1 #cdb4 ,free-w1 #ic4 ,fri5d ( ,god1 #afj1 #afb4 ,fronmll]1 #cii1 #djh4 ,gelasius ( ,cyzicus1 #dbb4 ,g5]al ,epi/les1 #e4 ,g5evan ,v]sion1 #cgb1 #bjj1 #ded4 ,g5itive1 ,*>act]iz+1 #ih1 #ajh1 #abb1 #ddg4 ,g5tleman def9$1 #bjb4 ,georgius ,syncellus1 #daj1 #dch4 ,gno/icism1 #chi4 ,greek ,*ur*1 ,=ms ( absolution 91 #cdc4 ,gregory ,nazianz51 #bfh4 ,gu>dian1 #ccc4 ,h>nack1 #bj1 #cgj4 ,h>p]1 ,jesuit1 #che4 ,hat*1 #adf1 #bef1 #cii4 ,he>+ )\t do+1 #aja4 ,hefele1 #ad4 ,hegesippus1 #bh1 #cf1 #ci1 #cgd4 ,h]mas1 #ah1 #bj1 #bdi4 ,h]od ! ,great1 #cbh4 ,hexamet] 9 ,/4 ,james' ,epi/le1 #if4 ,hilg5feld1 #di1 #cge1 #cii1 #dbc4 ,hippolytus1 #bj1 #cfg4 ,h(fmann1 #dch4 ,h(mann1 #cii1 #djg1 #daj1 #dch4 ,holzmann1 #fj4 ,hook]1 #dc1 #fe1 #cbj1 #cci1 #djg1 #deb1 #dec4 ,hornejus1 #bbb4 ,hutton1 #ie1 #chg4 ,ignatius1 #c1 #acj1 #bab1 #bgi1 #dbi4 ,inspiration1 #bih1 #cdd1 #dje1 #dbd4 ,int]cession1 #cbe1 #cdb4 ,ir5u1 #bj1 #dcd1 #dch1 #ddd4 ,james1 ,! "n1 #be4 ,james ( ,alphu1 #bg4 ,james ! ,j1 #ca1 #cf1 #da1 #dg4 ,jeal\sy1 #aih4 ,jeal\sy1 ,div9e1 #bcd4 ,jellett1 #baa4 ,j]emy ,taylor1 #ccb4 ,j]ome1 #g1 #ca1 #cff1 #cfi4 ,j]usalem1 ,de/ruction (1 #abh1 #bgf1 #djg4 ,job1 ,"* ( ! ,book (1 #big1 #bii4 ---- ,co9cid5ces ) ! ,book (1 #bfg1 #bha1 #bia4 ,john1 ,co9cid5ces ) ! ,gospel (1 #cac4 ,josephus1 #cf1 #ci1 #ec1 #bba1 #bhe1 #cdi4 ,joy 9 temptation1 #fc4 ,judas n ,isc>iot1 #cgb4 ---- ( ,james1 #cgb1 #cgf4 ,judgm5t1 ,day (1 #dab4 ,julius ,cs>1 #bhg4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 #d1 #acj1 #adf1 #dbi1 #dda4 ,keble1 #aja4 ,lange1 #bhe1 #bif1 #cii4 ,laodicea1 ,c\ncil (1 #g1 #ad1 #ag1 #bd4 ,l>dn]1 #dbj4 ,la/ days1 ,mean+ ( !1 #bgh4 ,lat]an ,c\ncil1 #cda4 ,lection>y1 ,new1 #gf4 ,leo ! ,great1 #cdj4 ,liddon1 #aaf1 #bcj4 ,light heal+1 #bde4 ,lightfoot1 ,bi%op1 #bj1 #cb1 #abj1 #cfg1 #cgi1 #dbi1 #dea4 ---- ,john1 #gg1 #cbh4 ,l9coln1 ,presid5t1 #bce4 ,love-fea/1 #dbh1 #dca4 ,lucif] ( ,cagli>i1 #dca4 ,luke1 ,co9cid5ces ) ! ,gospel (1 #cac4 ,lu!r1 #bc1 #adg1 #aei1 #bic1 #dbg1 #ded1 #deg4 ,mak+ sep>ations1 #dej4 ,magnificat1 #bcf4 ,mal*ion1 #cgj4 ,man*e/]1 ,bi%op (1 #cde4 ,mansel1 #cib4 ,m>goli\?1 #gi4 ,m>k1 ,co9cid5ces ) ! ,gospel (1 #cab4 ,m>tyrologies1 #ca4 ,mat!w1 ,co9cid5ces ) ! ,gospel (1 #caj4 ,mayor1 ,j4 ,b41 #aae4 ,messianic ideas 9 ! ,book ( ,eno*1 #dci4 ,metaphors ( ,/4 ,james1 #hf1 #hh4 ,mey]1 #cb1 #cij4 ,midra%1 #dbj4 ,mock+ at s91 #ahh1 #ddh4 ,monica1 #ceh4 ,moorh\se1 ,bi%op1 on pray]s = ra91 #cde4 ,moses1 ,assumption (1 #dbb4 ,muratorian ,canon1 #bj1 #cfg4 ,mussus1 #chc4 ,nature1 ,love (1 #hf1 #bca4 ,ne&]1 #bij1 #cbe4 ,nect>ius1 #cdj4 ,newman1 ,j4 ,h41 #bjb1 #bff1 #chj1 #chc1 #ddc4 ,nicephorus1 #dbb4 cum5ius1 #bhe1 #cii1 #dah4 ,oil1 ,use (1 = ! sick1 #cbg1 #cca4 ,orig51 #e1 #ba1 #cjg1 #ccj1 #ccg1 #cfi1 #cgb1 #dda4 ,paes1 #aje4 ,pamphilus1 #f1 #g4 ,pati5ce1 ,greek words =1 #bia4 ---- 9 criticism1 #bii4 ---- 9 wait+1 #bhi4 ,pattison1 ,m>k1 #bjh4 ,pelagius1 #cjg4 ,p5it5ti>y presbyt]s1 #cdj4 ,pe%itto1 #ba1 #cj1 #cfh4 ,pet]1 ,co9cid5ces ) ! ,epi/le (1 #eh1 #he1 #bag1 #bef1 #cec4 ,petronius1 #cdi4 ,philip ( ,side1 #cbe4 ,philo1 #eb1 #ade4 ,plato1 #fg1 #ajc1 #bah4 ,plumptre1 #cb1 #cdi1 #cii4 ,plut>*1 #afb4 ,polyc>p1 #cjg4 ,positivism1 #ib1 #id4 ,pray] = *ange ( wea!r1 #cdd4 ,pr$e/9ation1 #cig4 ,presumption ab\t ! future1 #bfb4 ,probabilism1 #bgc4 ,proculus ,torpacion1 #ccj4 ,public confession ( s9s1 #cci4 ,punctuation1 #ia1 #agd1 #bbj1 #bif1 #ccd1 #cgg4 ,purvey1 #bjj1 #bab1 #ddg4 ,rabbi ,simeon1 #bfd4 ,rahab1 #bj4 ,reality ( s91 #ib4 ,remorse & free-w1 #ic4 ,r5an1 #abb1 #abh1 #cga4 ,res*1 #ef1 #ij1 #bcc1 #cfb4 ,respect ( p]sons1 #aai1 #acd1 #ddd4 ,reuss1 #ada1 #aff1 #cij1 #cii4 ,revis]s1 ,improvem5ts made by !1 #eg1 #hj1 #aji1 #aad1 #aah1 #aai1 #acf1 #aea1 #agj1 #age1 #aif1 #bbf1 #bca1 #cce1 #dji1 #dde1 #deh1 #dfe4 ,rhemi% ,v]sion1 #hj1 #bjj1 #bib1 #dbg1 #dcj1 #ddg1 #deg4 ,roman gov]nm5t 9 ,pale/9e1 #abg4 ,romans1 ,co9cid5ces ) ! ,epi/le to !1 #eg1 #ajj1 #bgb4 ,royal law1 #aca4 ,salmon1 #ba1 #ej1 #ee1 #fi1 #ga1 #aci1 #che1 #dbe1 #dca4 ,s>asa1 #bgc4 ,s>um ,(fice1 #cdb4 ,satan1 ,p]sonality (1 #aej1 #bdj4 ,s*aff1 #cb1 #cii4 ,s*ott1 #djg1 #dah4 ,s*r]1 #ej1 #dbc1 #dbd1 #dci4 ,s5sual1 ,mean+ (1 9 ,n4,t41 #bjj1 #dec4 ,septimius ,sev]us1 #ba1 #ccj4 ,sic>ii1 #bba4 ,%ad[ ( turn+1 #ih4 ,%am religion1 #ahj1 #aib4 ,sibyll9e oracles1 #ea4 ,s9aiticus1 ,codex1 #e1 #djc4 ,slaught]1 ,day (1 #bhd4 ,socrates1 #cdj4 ,solid>ity ( ! ,div9e ,law1 #acb4 ,sozom51 #cdj4 ,/anton1 #dab1 #dci4 ,/>s1 ,w&]+1 #dcb4 ,/i]1 #cb1 #aii1 #big1 #cbe1 #ccc1 #cii4 ,/oicism1 #ff1 #acc1 #cae4 ,/rauss1 #cha4 ,/yle ( ,/4 ,james1 #fb1 #abd4 ,su>ez1 #cbb4 ,submission & p5it5ce1 #bch1 #bdf4 ,swe>+1 #cjb2 :5 lawful1 #cjf4 ,synagogue1 ,*ri/ian1 #ai1 #aah1 #abf4 ,syriac ,v]sion1 #h1 #ba1 #bf1 #cj1 #ahg1 #cfh4 ,talkativ5ess1 ,p]ils (1 #ahf4 ,taylor1 ,j]emy1 #ccb4 ,tea*]s1 responsibilities (1 #afg4 ,temp]1 #aij4 ,temple1 ,f41 #ahi4 ,temptation1 ,joy 91 #fc4 ---- ,s\rce (1 #ij4 ---- n irresi/ible1 #bdj1 #bdc4 ,t]tullian1 #cjg1 #ccj1 #ccg1 #cdb1 #cfh1 #dda4 ,te/am5t ( ! ,twelve ,patri>*s1 #bdi1 #dcg4 ,!odore ( ,t>sus1 #cca4 ,tis*5dorf1 #g4 ,tobit1 #bha1 #bie4 ,tongue1 ,defilem5t by !1 #agg4 ---- ,! ?ird1 #ahg4 ,t\l\se1 ,c\ncil (1 #cda4 ,tregelles1 #g4 ,tr5*1 #abj4 ,tr5t1 ,c\ncil (1 #cda4 ,triplets 9 ,/4 ,jude's ,epi/le1 #cif4 ,tyndale1 #bjj1 #bbb4 ,unction1 ,extreme1 #cbf4 ,unrecord$ say+s ( ,*ri/1 #ef1 #hi1 #bdi1 #cfb4 ,v]bal inspiration1 #dje4 ,viaticum1 #ccb4 ,virg9ity1 ,p]petual1 ( ,m>y1 #ca4 ,vulgate1 ,ins]tion 9 !1 #e4 ,w&]+ />s1 #dcb4 ,weiss1 #cb1 #gj1 #gf1 #cii4 ,we/cott1 #d1 #g1 #ag1 #bd1 #dcd1 #dci1 #deh4 ,wet/e91 #bif1 #cii4 ,wiclif1 #dbg1 #ddg1 #deh4 ,wies+]1 #cii1 #dah4 ,wiesel]1 #cb4 ,williams1 ,isaac1 #ddd4 ,wisdom1 ,book (1 #fi1 #gd1 #bhg4 ,wisdom f above1 #bje4 ,wisdom f bel[1 #aid4 ,_w1 ,mean+ (1 9 ,/4 ,james1 #bbi4 ,wor%ip & conduct1 #cag4 ---- & emotion1 #cae4 ---- & music1 #cbj4 ,zahn1 #ba1 #gj1 #cgj4 ,zealots1 #aih1 #bba1 #bgg1 #bhe4 ,pr9t$ by ,hazell1 ,watson ,v9ey1 ,ld41 ,london & ,aylesbury4 ,,by ,,! ,,same ,,au?or4 ,six? ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 price #gs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,pa/oral ,,epi/les4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,alfr$ ,,plumm]1 ,d4,d41 ,ma/] ( ,univ]sity ,college1 ,durham4 ,dr4 ,plumm]'s "n is a gu>antee = s5sible1 s*ol>ly "w1 & 8 ',pa/oral ,epi/les' q ma9ta9s its reputation4444 ,x is an admirable example ( :at popul> !ology ought to be--presum+ a some:at high level ( education & int]e/ 9 its read]s1 & built ?r\gh\t ^u s\nd erudition & s5sible1 dev\t1 & well-discipl9$ reflection4--,saturday ,review4 ,aft] a %ort /atem5t ( ! gr\nds = believ+ 9 ! ,paul9e au?or%ip ( ^! ,epi/les1 ! writ] takes "s ( ! *ief p>agraphs ( ! text1 expla9s _! mean+1 draws out _! hi/orical significance1 & concludes ) a practical application to mod]n times ( ! tru?s conta9$ 9 ! p>agraph4 ,! treatm5t is ?r\gh\t s*ol>like1 lucid1 ?\ghtful4--,gu>dian4 ,! value ( ! expositions 9 !mselves is mu* enhanc$ by ! mode 9 :i* !y are br\ght to be> on beliefs & practices ( ! pres5t age4--,lit]>y ,*ur*man4 ,full ( life & vig\r4444 ,no difficulty 9 ! ,epi/les is evad$1 r are tr\blesome passages attack$ ) ke5] reli%4 ,dr4 ,plumm] has sp>$ no pa9s on 8 task1 & has produc$ :at is practically ! be/ comm5t>y we h on ^! important ,epi/les4--,briti% ,weekly4 ,?is volume pres]ves ! reputation ( its pr$ecessors = be+ ( high arti/ic m]it1 9 ! vividness ) :i* x clo!s doctr9es & precepts1 exi/+ 9 ab/ract =ms 9 ! ,epi/les1 ) ! concrete realities ( daily ne$s1 br+s !m to *ange ! metaphor into full h>mony ) ! symphonies ( a holy life4--,rock4 ,! introductory *apt] on ! 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,,s]ies4 ,ecclesia/es4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,samuel ,,cox1 ,d4,d4 ,/4 ,james & ,/4 ,jude4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,a4 ,,plumm]1 ,d4,d4 ,prov]bs4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,r4 ,f4 ,,horton1 ,d4,d4 ,leviticus4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,s4 ,h4 ,,kellogg1 ,d4,d4 ,! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,john4 ,by ,pr(4 ,m4 ,,dods1 ,d4,d4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les4 ,by ,pr(4 ,,/okes1 ,d4,d4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,,fif? ,,s]ies4 ,! ,psalms4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,a4 ,,macl>51 ,d4,d4 ,vol4 ,i4 #a & #b ,!ssalonians4 ,by ,pr(4 ,,james ,,d5ney1 ,d4,d4 ,! ,book ( ,job4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,r4 ,a4 ,,watson1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,d4 ,ephesians4 ,by ,pr(4 ,g4 ,g4 ,,f9dlay1 ,b4,a41 ,d4,d4 ,! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,john4 ,by ,pr(4 ,m4 ,,dods1 ,d4,d4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les4 ,by ,pr(4 ,,/okes1 ,d4,d4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,six? ,,s]ies4 #a ,k+s4 ,by ! ,v ,rev4 ,f4 ,w4 ,,f>r>1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,philippians4 ,by ,pr9cipal ,,ra9y1 ,d4,d4 ,ezra1 ,nehemiah1 ,e/h]4 ,by ,pr(4 ,w4 ,f4 ,,ad5ey1 ,m4,a4 ,jo%ua4 ,by ,pr(4 ,w4 ,g4 ,,blaikie1 ,d4,d4 ,! ,psalms4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,a4 ,,macl>51 ,d4,d4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,! ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,pet]4 ,by ,pr(4 ,,rawson ,,lumby1 ,d4,d4 ,,sev5? ,,s]ies4 #b ,k+s4 ,by ! ,v ,rev4 ,f4 ,w4 ,,f>r>1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,romans4 ,by ! ,"r ,rev4 ,h4 ,c4 ,g4 ,,m\le1 ,d4,d4 ,! ,books ( ,*ronicles4 ,by ,pr(4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,b5nett1 ,d4,d41 ,d4,lit4 #b ,cor9?ians4 ,by ,pr(4 ,,james ,,d5ney1 ,d4,d4 ,numb]s4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,r4 ,a4 ,,watson1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,d4 ,! ,psalms4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,a4 ,,macl>51 ,d4,d4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,,eigh? ,,s]ies4 ,daniel4 ,by ! ,v ,rev4 ,f4 ,w4 ,,f>r>1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,! ,book ( ,j]emiah4 ,by ,pr(4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,b5nett1 ,d4,d41 ,d4,lit4 ,deut]onomy4 ,by ,pr(4 ,,&rew ,,h>p]1 ,b4,d4 ,! ,song ( ,solomon & ,lam5tations4 ,by ,pr(4 ,w4 ,f4 ,,ad5ey1 ,m4,a4 ,ezekiel4 ,by ,pr(4 ,,john ,,sk9n]1 ,m4,a4 ,! ,books ( ! ,twelve ,prophets4 ,by ,pr(4 ,g4 ,a4 ,,smi?1 ,d4,d4 ,two ,vols ,,little ,,books ,,on ,,religion4 ,edit$ by ,rev4 ,w4 ,,rob]tson ,,nicoll1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d4 ,clo? ,elegant1 #as4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,*ri/ & ! ,future ,life4 ,by ,r4 ,w4 ,,dale1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,! ,sev5 ,words f ! ,cross4 ,by ,rev4 ,w4 ,,rob]tson ,,nicoll1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d4 ,! ,visions ( a ,prophet4 ,/udies 9 ,ze*>iah4 ,by ,rev4 ,pr(essor ,,m>cus ,,dods1 ,d4,d4 ,! ,f\r ,temp]am5ts4 ,by ,rev4 ,,alex&] ,,:yte1 ,d4,d4 ,! ,upp] ,room4 ,by ,rev4 ,,john ,,watson1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,d4 7,ian ,macl>574 ,! ,unity & ,symmetry ( ! ,bible4 ,by ,rev4 ,pr(essor ,,monro ,,gibson1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,d4 ,gospel ,que/ions & ,answ]s4 ,by ,rev4 ,,james ,,d5ney1 ,d4,d4 ,:y be a ,*ri/ian8 ,by ,rev4 ,pr(essor ,,m>cus ,,dods1 ,d4,d4 ,f\r ,psalms4 ,by ,rev4 ,pr(essor ,g4 ,a4 ,,smi?1 ,d4,d4 ,! ,holy ,fa!r & ! ,liv+ ,*ri/4 ,by ,rev4 ,,pet] ,,taylor ,,=sy?1 ,d4,d41 ,cambridge4 ,*ri/ian ,p]fection4 ,by ! same ,au?or4 ,f ,/r5g? to ,/r5g?4 ,by ,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,j[ett1 ,m4,a41 ( ,c>r's ,lane ,*apel1 ,birm+ham4 ,re/or$ ,innoc5ce4 ,by ,rev4 ,r4 ,j4 ,,campbell1 ,b4,a41 ,brighton4 ,aids to ,belief4 ,by ! ,"r ,rev4 ,g4 ,a4 ,,*adwick1 ,d4,d41 ,"l ,bi%op ( ,d]ry4 ,! ,pr9t ( ! ,nails4 ,by ,t4 ,h4 ,,d>l[1 ,m4,a4 ,! ,f\r ,gospels4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,r4 ,h4 ,,fi%]1 ,b4,d4 ,! ,sev5 ,deadly ,s9s4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,james ,,/alk]1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,d4 ,,london3 ,,hodd] ,,/\ghton4 ,,outl9es ,,( ,a ,,philosophy ,,( ,,religion4 ,bas$ on ,psy*ology & ,hi/ory4 ,by ,,augu/e ,,sabati]1 ,dean ( ! ,faculty ( ,prote/ant ,!ology1 ,p>is4 ,au?oris$ ,translation by ,rev4 ,t4 ,a4 ,,se$4 ,cr[n #hvo clo?1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,?is is a /rik+ book4--,lit]ature4 ,x conta9s matt]s ( surpass+ int]e/4 ,! volume is an attractive "o1 & ! translation well accompli%$4--,! ,expository ,times4 ,seldom h we read any book ) s mu* m5tal satisfaction & moral delight4--,me?odi/ ,times4 ,x is a fasc9at+ book4 ,x quiv]s ) ! int5se emotion ( a f9e _s :o has liv$ ?r\gh ! exp]i5ce embodi$ 9 ! book4--,! ,ab]de5 ,free ,press4 ,,! ,,provid5tial ,,ord] ,,( ,,! ,,_w4 ,by ,,alex&] ,,balma9 ,,bruce1 ,d4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,apologetics & ,new ,te/am5t ,exegesis 9 ! ,free ,*ur* ,college1 ,glasg[4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,! lectures are excell5t lit]ature1 & w add to ! reputation he already enjoys z a s*ol> & !ologian4--,scotsman4 ,we c cordially ?ank ,pr(essor ,bruce = :at des]ves to be call$ a noble book4--,glasg[ ,h]ald4 ,x is able 9 ?\ght & cle> 9 exposition2 x %[s a wide grasp ( ! subject1 & a consid]able acqua9tance ) all ! v>ieties ( philosophical speculation !reupon2 x is tol]ant1 & its e/imates ( curr5t ?\ght are g5]ally sugge/ive4--,times4 ,,! ,,m9i/ry ,,( ,,! ,,holy ,,gho/4 ,by ,rev4 ,,john ,,morgan1 ,view=? ,free ,*ur*1 ,ed9burgh4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #es4 ,a mo/ int]e/+ "w4444 ,_m e>ne/ ,*ri/ians w f9d 9 ^! pages ! reflection ( _! own spiritual difficulties & anxieties4--,record4 ,a volume ( good s\nd practical disc\rses4--,me?odi/ ,times4 ,,london3 ,,hodd] ,,/\ghton4 ,,works ,,by ,,! ,,"r ,,rev4 ,,h&ley ,c4 ,g4 ,,m\le1 ,d4,d41 ,,"l ,,bi%op ,,( ,,durham4 ,tw5ty-fir/ ,?\s&4 ,fcap #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,outl9es ,,( ,,*ri/ian ,,doctr9e4 ,"o ( ! ,volumes ( ! ,,!ological ,,educator4 ,mr4 ,m\le has attempt$ a v difficult task1 & has at lea/ succe$$ 9 cond5s+ an imm5se mass ( in=mation into a small compass4 ,x is p]haps sup]flu\s to say t 8 "w is *>act]is$ by great rev]5ce f ! fir/ page to ! la/4 ,at e po9t ! read] feels t he is read+ a /atem5t ( a !ology :i* is ! life ( ! writ]4 ,9 ! m /rictly !ological "p ! summ>y is1 z a rule1 arrang$ & express$ excell5tly4--,gu>dian4 ,,dr4 ,,m\le',s ,,comm5t>ies ,,on ,,/4 ,,paul',s ,,epi/les4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,romans4 ,9 ! ,,expositor',s ,,bible4 ,we d n hesitate to place x 9 ! v front ( ! little gr\p ( volumes :i* are ! be/ examples ( ?is c>efully edit$ "w4 ,x w\ld be pleasant to l+] ^u ?is comm5t>y1 ^u ! cle>ness ) :i* ! great evangelical doctr9es ( ! ,epi/le are expla9$ & en=c$1 ^u ! e>ne/ness ( its p]sonal appeal1 & ! *>m :i* (t5 m>ks its language2 b ! judici\s /ud5t ( ! ,new ,te/am5t w obta9 ! book = himself4--,record4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #es4 ,ephesian ,/udies4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #es4 ,philippian ,/udies4 ,lessons 9 ,fai? & ,love f ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les to ! ,philippians4 ,dr4 ,m\le c>efully translates & p>aphrases ea* section ( ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/le to ! ,philippians1 & draws out ! p]man5t lessons ( fai? & love :i* x conta9s2 he has made a wise *oice ( ! book ( ! ,bible on :i* to comm5t1 & has treat$ x ) wisdom & rev]5ce4444 ,x is a book to be pond]$ ov] 9 m$itation1 & we ?9k t ^? :o s use x w f9d !mselves repaid4--,gu>dian4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #es4 ,colossian ,/udies4 ,lessons 9 ,fai? & ,hol9ess f ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les to ! ,colossians & ,philemon4 ,dr4 ,m\le has n only giv5 to u a fai?ful & s*ol>ly translation ( ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les1 b he has mo/ c>efully br\ght out ! full tea*+ ( fai? & love 9 a s]ies ( beautiful m$itations altoge!r devotional4 ,?is is an invaluable addition to our devotional comm5t>ies ( ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les1 & we tru/ t ! le>n$ au?or may be l$ to cont9ue 8 /udies yet fur!r 9 ?is gr& field ( practical m$itation1 :i* n only enlight5s ! human m9d1 b mu/ deep5 & quick5 ! spiritual life )9 u4 ,! book is a m>vel ( *eapness4--,*ur* ,bells4 ,,london3 ,,hodd] ,,/\ghton4