,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,two ,,oceans4 7#a7 ,arial ,ocean4 7#b7 ,greate/ height atta9$ by ,messrs4 ,glai%] & ,coxwell1 be+ #cf1ifj feet1 or sev5 miles above ! sea level4 7#c7 ,arial ,alps1 or /ratum ( cl\ds #ae1jjj feet 9 dep?4 7#d7 ,highe/ bird-region4 ,,wea!r ,,w>n+s ,,= ,,wat*]s ,,by ,,! 8,,cl]k0 ,,himself4 ,,) ,,concise ,,tables ,,= ,,calculat+ ,,heights 8,! actuat+ =ce ( e w9d t bl[s2 ( e mighty curr5t t /reams ?r\gh ocean dep?s2 ! motive cause ( e p>ticle ( vap\r 9 ! air1 ( e mi/ & cl\d & ra9drop1 is ,,sol> ,,radiation40--,george ,w>+ton4 ,,london ,,h\l/on ,,& ,,sons ,,pat]no/] ,,squ>e1 ,e4,c4 #ahgg ,! "r ( translation is res]v$4 ,ent]$ at ,/ation]s' ,hall4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,works ,,( ,,ref]5ce4 ,,b\tan ,,et ,d',,almeida4 ,c\rs ,elmntaire de ,physique4 ,,bu*an1 ,a4 ,introductory ,text-book ( ,meteorology4 ,w4 ,blackwood & ,sons1 #ahga4 ,,caz91 ,,a*ille4 ,la ,*aleur4 ,ha*ette & ,co41 #ahfh4 ,,crampton1 ,,rev4 ,,jos41 ,m4,a4 ,! ,?ree ,heav5s4 ,w4 ,hunt & ,co41 #ahgf4 ,,*amb]s' ,encyclopdia4 ,w4 & ,b4 ,*amb]s1 #ahge4 ,,drew1 ,,john4 ,practical ,meteorology4 ,van ,voor/1 #ahgj4 ,,fitzroy1 ,,! ,,late ,,admiral4 ,wea!r ,book & ,b>omet] ,manual4 ,,flamm>ion1 ,,camille4 ,l',atmosph]e4 ,,guillem9 ,,am$,e4 ,les ,=ces de la ,nature4 ,,glai%]1 ,j41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,hygrometrical ,tables4 ,taylor & ,francis1 #ahfi4 ,,h>tley1 ,w4 ,n4 ,air & its ,relations to ,life4 ,longmans1 #ahge4 ,,h]s*el1 ,,sir ,,john ,f4 ,w4 ,meteorology1 f ,ency4 ,brit4 ,a4 & ,c4 ,black1 #ahfj4 ,,kaemtz1 ,l4 ,f4 ,complete ,c\rse ( ,meteorology4 ,baillire ,london4 ,,m>t9',s ,natural ,philosophy4 ,simpk91 ,m>%all & ,co41 #ahfh4 ,,tyndall1 ,,john1 ,d4,c4,l41 c4 ,heat1 a ,mode ( ,motion4 ,fif? ,edition4 ,longmans1 #ahge4 ,,rodwell4 ,diction>y ( ,sci5ce4 ,e4 ,moxon & ,co41 #ahga4 ,,proctor4 ,sci5ce ,byways4 ,smi?1 ,eld] & ,co41 #ahge4 ,,scott1 ,r4 ,h41 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,in/ructions 9 ! ,use ( ,meteorological ,in/rum5ts1 #ahge4 ,,w>+ton1 ,,george4 ,ph5om5a ( ,radiation4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,act9omet] #aj ?rioscope #af ,altitude tables #cg ,anemograph #hd ,anemomet]s1 velocity #hj ,an]oid b>omet] #ce ,atmidomet] #be ,atmosph]ic electricity #hi ,b>ograph #ch ,b>omet] precautions #dj description ( #bi con/ruction ( #bf self-record+ #cf w>n+s #dc syphon #cj :eel #cc corrections ( #bg ,beau=t's scale ( w9d =ce #gf wea!r notation #hb ,black bulb 9 vacuo #ab ,boil+-po9t !rmomet] #cf ,calorification #h ,cond5sation #de ,capacity1 correction #bg ,capill>ity1 correction #bh ,c5tigrade !rmomet] #bj ,cirro-cumulus cl\d #ef ,cirro-/ratus cl\d #ef ,cirrus cl\d #eb ,cl\ds1 =ms ( #eb am\nt ( #eg ,compass be>+s #ga ,conv]sion ( !rmomet] scales #bc ,cumulo-/ratus cl\d #ef ,cumulus cl\d #ec ,dew-po9t #dh ,electrification #hf ,electromet]s1 =ms ( #ij ,electroscope #hi ,evaporation1 measurem5t ( #bd ,fahr5heit's !rmomet] #bj ,=t9's b>omet] #bg ,freez+-po9t #bj ,fro/1 managem5t ( hygromet] 9 #ej ,gold-leaf electroscope #hi ,glass1 /orm #da ,heights1 measurem5t ( #cg ,h\rs ( obs]vation #ci ,h[>d's cl\d nom5clature #eb ,hygromet]1 ,daniell's #dg ,hygromet]1 ,mason's #dh ,hygromet] precautions #ej ,kew v]ification #db ,lightn+ #ij conductors #ia ,mean sea-level #bh ,maximum !rmomet]s #af ,meteorology1 li/ ( works on #d ,m9imum !rmomet]s #ag ,m\nta9 b>omet]s #ce ,motion #fg ,nimbus cl\ds1 =m ( #eg ,ozone1 det]m9ation ( #ia ,ozonomet] #ib ,pack+ b>omet]s #cb ,position ( b>omet]s #cc ,pyrheliomet] #i ,pressure anemomet] #gi ,psy*romet] #di ,radiation1 sol> #i ,radio-sol> !rmomet] #ac ,ra91 measurem5t ( #fj ,ra9 gauges #fb to #fg ,r>efaction #bf ,raumur's scale #bj ,regnault's hygromet] #dg ,rob9son's anemomet] #ha ,sol> radiation #i ,six's !rmomet] #ah ,/&>d b>omet] #bh ,/ev5son's !rmo-scre5 #ea ,/ratus cl\d #ee ,susp5sion ( b>omet]s #dj ,sympiesomet] #da ,temp]ature1 correction = #bg ,t]re/rial radiation #ac ,!rmographs #bc ,!rmomet] scales #bj scre5s #ej radiation #aa1 #ad /&>d #ba ,true be>+s ( w9d direction #ga ,v]ni]1 pr9ciple ( #cj sett+ ! #ca ,wea!r w>n+s #dj1 #dd1 #ec1 #ed1 #ee1 #ef1 #eg1 #eh1 #ei1 #fj1 #gc1 #gg1 #id ,wet & dry bulb hygromet] #ej ,w9d1 regi/ration ( #he gauges #gi scales #gf1 #hc vane #gh ,,preface4 ,! late ,admiral ,fitzroy ent]ta9$ ! op9ion t ! v>i\s ph5om5a :i* g to =m :at we call 8wea!r0 are 8measurable at any place1 & t hav+ ^! measurem5ts at v>i\s places ov] a giv5 area1 su* z ! ,briti% ,isles1 we ought to be able to =esee ! peculi> results z reg>ds ! direction & =ce ( air curr5ts :i* h _! di/9ctive wea!r *>act]i/ics 9 relation to temp]ature1 ra9fall1 & electrical manife/ations40 ,a conviction ( ! s\ndness ( ?is op9ion has induc$ ! writ] to make ! pres5t compilation1 9 ! hope t _m :o h hi!rto avoid$ ! subject ( meteorology & ! wea!r may f9d int]e/+ matt]1 :]e be=e all seem$ dull & te*nical4 ,any attempt at rigid ma!matical accuracy is disclaim$ at ! outset2 ! lead+ pr9ciples involv$ 9 wea!r =eca/+ & /orm prevision w1 h[ev]1 be /at$ 9 a suffici5tly def9ite mann] to dive/ ! subject ( ! my/]y 9 :i* x has hi!rto seem$ to be en%r9$1 & ?us enable ! unsci5tific read] to become wea!r-wise1 & casual obs]v]s to note wea!r ph5om5a ) "s degree ( me?od & precision4 ,on page #d w be f\nd a li/ ( works :i* h prov$ useful aids 9 mak+ ! pres5t compilation4 ,! writ] desires to ackn[l$ge 8 indebt$ness to ! v>i\s au?ors & publi%]s1 & especially to ,mr4 ,/ra*an1 = p]mission to quote f 8 able pamphlet on 8,wea!r ,=eca/s1 & ,/orm ,prevision10 & to reproduce ! valuable table on page #cg1 = ,calculat+ ,heights ( ,m\nta9s1 f ! f\r? edition ( 8 h&y 8,pocket ,meteorological ,regi/]40 ,! publication ( ,wea!r ,reports 9 ! daily j\rnals mu/ h conv9c$ ! mo/ indiff]5t t mu* great] importance is n[ atta*$ to wea!r ph5om5a ?an =m]ly2 & ?is conviction w be deep5$ :5 x is rememb]$ t a ,p>liam5t>y grant ( #aj1jjj is annually exp5d$ 9 support ( ! ,meteorological ,(fice & its sev5 fully organiz$ obs]vatories 9 ?is c\ntry1 :ile ,am]ica exp5ds no less a sum ?an #hj1jjj annually 9 ! pursuit ( wea!r wisdom2 & ! lead+ nations ( ,europe h also e/abli%$ meteorological obs]vatories 9 suitable localities4 ,! balloon asc5ts ( ,messrs4 ,glai%] & ,coxwell attract$ mu* att5tion to ! in/rum5ts us$ 9 e/imat+ atmosph]ic ph5om5a1 & awak5$ a desire to "k some?+ ( ! functions ( a b>omet]1 !rmomet]1 hygromet]1 c41 & especially ( ! classification ( ^? important wea!r-w>n]s1 cl\ds4 ,^! subjects w be f\nd duly not$ 9 _! ord]1 & e ph5om5on be+ trac$ to its s\rce1 ,sol> ,radiation1 x is hop$ t ^! pages may prove g5]ally acceptable1 & be deem$ n altoge!r unwor?y ( 8,,! ,,cl]k ,,( ,,! ,,wea!r40 ,,wea!r ,,w>n+s4 ,! two great ,=ces ( ,nature are ,gravitation & ,heat1 :i* always act 9 opposition to ea* o!r4 ,,wea!r is ! result ( ! action ( ^! =ces on matt]1 & :]e "o =m ( =ce is 9 excess ( ano!r1 *anges are produc$ :i* become app>5t to our s5ses1 or are indicat$ by suitable in/rum5ts4 ,,! ,,matt] compos+ ! e>? on :i* we live is ( ?ree k9ds--solid1 liquid1 & gase\s4 ,,! ,,=ce incessantly act+ on ^! is ! radiant heat ( ! sun4 ,,! ,,results ( ?is incessant action are3-- #a4 ,,calorification1 or ,heat+1 :i*1 besides be+ appreciable by our s5ses1 is indicat$ by ! ,,!rmomet]4 #b4 ,,evaporation1 :i* alt]s ! weight ( ! air indirectly1 by ! diffusion ( aque\s vap\r ?r\gh x4 ,?is alt]ation ( weight is indicat$ by ! ,,b>omet]1 ! accompany+ increase ( moi/ure be+ indicat$ by ! ,,hygromet]4 #c4 ,,r>efaction1 :i* alt]s ! weight ( ! air directly4 #d4 ,,cond5sation1 produc+ fog1 dew1 ra91 hail1 & sn[2 all suffici5tly app>5t :5 !y occur1 b e/imat$ accurately only by ! ,ra9 ,gauge1 or ,,pluviomet]4 #e4 ,,motion1 produc+ w9ds1 :i* we are able to appreciate 9 ! g5tle breeze & ! awful cyclone1 ! =ce & velocity ( :i* are indicat$ by ! ,,anemomet]4 #f4 ,,electrification1 produc+ lightn+1 ?und]1 magnetic ph5om5a1 & *emical *ange1 respectively indicat$ by ! ,,electromet]1 ,,magnetomet]1 & ,,ozonomet]4 ,i4--,,calorification4 ,be=e consid]+ 9 detail ^! results ( ! action ( sol> radiation on our globe1 an attempt to realize ! imm5sity ( ?is /up5d\s =ce w mat]ially aid 9 ! g5]al compreh5sion ( ! subject4 ,! e>? is a sph]e some:at less ?an #h1jjj miles 9 diamet]2 & if we assume1 ) ! gift$ au?or#a ( 8,! ,ph5om5a ( ,radiation10--8t x is ab\t #ia1cjj1jjj miles f ! sun1 & moves ar\nd x 9 a slightly elliptical orbit1 occupy+ r m ?an #cfe days2 t its %ape is globul>1 some:at flatt5$ at its two extremities2 t x rotates ^u its own axis 9 ! space ( #bd h\rs1 t axis be+ incl9$ to ! annual orbit at an angle ( #bc-a_/b--;if we fur!r assume t sol> radiation is ( su* k9d & quantity z x is1 we are enabl$ to acc\nt = ! total am\nt ( light & heat ! e>? receives1 = ! sup]ior temp]ature & illum9ation ( equatorial regions1 z comp>$ ) pol>1 ) ! gradations ( int]m$iate zones1 = ! alt]nation ( day & night1 & ! annual progression ( ! seasons4 ,footnote #a3 ,george ,w>+ton1 ,f4,c4,s4 8,! actuat+ =ce ( e w9d t bl[s2 ( e mighty curr5t t /reams ?r\gh ocean dep?s2 ! motive cause ( e p>ticle ( vap\r 9 ! air ( e mi/ & cl\d & ra9drop1 is ,,sol> ,,radiation4 8,! delicate tremor ( ! sun's surface p>ticles1 %ot hi!r ?r\gh ?irty million leagues ( f9e intangible !r1 has p[] to raise :ole oceans f _! b$s1 & p\r !m d[n aga9 ^u ! e>?4 ,we are apt to measure sol> heat m]ely by ! s5sation x produces on our sk91 & ?9k x small & weak accord+ly2 a good coal fire w heat u m4 ,b its true measure is ! "w x does4 ,judg$ by ?is /&>d1 its imm5sity is ov]p[]+4 ,to take a s+le in/ance3 ! av]age fall ( dew 9 ,engl& is ab\t five in*es annually2 = ! evaporation ( ! vap\r necess>y to produce ?is trifl+ dep? ( moi/ure1 !re is exp5d$ daily an am\nt ( heat equal to ! combu/ion ( sixty-eight tons ( coal = e squ>e mile ( surface1 or1 = ! :ole ( ,engl&1 #d1jjj1jjj tons4 ,comp>e n[ ! size ( ,engl& ) t ( ! :ole e>?--only #a_/cchh? "p2 ext5d ! calculation to ra91 z well z dew1 ! av]age fall ( :i* on ! :ole e>? is e/imat$ at five feet annually1 or twelve times great]2 & !n e/imate ! sum ( #d1jjj1jjj #c1chh #ab #afb1fbd1jjj1jjj tons1 or ab\t #c1jjj times z mu* z is annually rais$ 9 ! :ole _w2 & we h ! numb] ( tons ( coal requir$ to produce ! heat exp5d$ by ! sun m]ely 9 rais+ vap\r f ! sea to give u ra9 dur+ a s+le day40 ,illu/ration3 #a4 ,p\illet's ,pyrheliomet]4 ,scale ab\t #a_/h4 ,,sol> ,,radiation4 ,see+1 !n1 t sol> radiation plays s important a "p 9 ! production ( ! natural ph5om5a class$ "u ! head ( ,meteorology1 a description ( ! mode ( e/imat+ its am\nt w prove int]e/+1 & enable ! read] to realize ! exi/5ce ( ?is mighty p[]4 ,m4 ,p\illet devis$ = ?is purpose ! app>atus kn[n z ! ,,pyrheliomet]1 :i* regi/]s ! p[] ( p>allel sol> rays by ! am\nt ( heat imp>t$ to a disc ( a giv5 diamet] 9 a giv5 "t4 ,x consi/s ( a flat circul> vessel ( /eel ,a hav+ its outside coat$ ) lamp-black ,b4 ,a %ort /eel tube is atta*$ to ! side opposite to t cov]$ ) lamp-black1 & ! vessel is fill$ ) m]cury4 ,a regi/]+ !rmomet] ,c1 protect$ by a brass tube ,d1 is !n atta*$1 & ! :ole is inv]t$ & expos$ to ! sun1 z %[n at ,fig4 #a4 ,! purpose ( ! second disc1 ,e1 is to aid 9 s plac+ ! app>atus t x %all receive direct p>allel rays4 ,x is obvi\s t if ! %ad[ ( ! upp] disc completely cov]s ! l[] "o1 ! sun's rays mu/ be p]p5dicul> to its black5$ surface4 8,! surface on :i* ! sun's rays "h fall is kn[n2 ! quantity ( m]cury )9 ! cyl9d] is also kn[n2 h5ce we c express ! effect ( ! sun's heat ^u a giv5 area by /at+ t x is compet5t1 9 five m9utes1 to raise s mu* m]cury s _m degrees 9 temp]ature40#b ,footnote #b3 ,tyndall1 8,heat a ,mode ( ,motion40 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el also design$ an in/rum5t = obs]v+ ! heat+ p[] ( ! sun's rays 9 a giv5 "t1 to :i* ! title ,act9omet] is giv54 ,x consi/s ( a ,!rmomet] ) a long op5 scale & a l>ge cyl9drical bulb1 ?us comb9+ ! be/ conditions = extreme s5sibility4 ,an obs]vation is made by expos+ ! in/rum5t 9 ! %ade = "o m9ute & not+ ! temp]ature4 ,x is !n expos$ to ! sun's rays = "o m9ute1 & a record ( ! temp]ature made4 ,x is aga9 plac$ 9 ! %ade = "o m9ute1 & ! mean ( ! two %ade read+s be+ d$uct$ f ! sol> read+ %[s ! heat+ p[] ( ! sun's rays = "o m9ute ( "t4 ,illu/ration3 #b4 ,h]s*el's ,act9omet]4 ,scale ab\t #a_/h4 ,! /imulus imp>t$ to ! /udy ( ?is class ( ph5om5a by ! publications ( ,pr(essor ,tyndall's rese>*es on ,radiant ,heat has induc$ a dem& among ,meteorologi/s = in/rum5ts capable ( yield+ m available indications ?an ^? j describ$4 ,?is dem& has be5 mo/ effici5tly suppli$ by ! +5uity ( sci5ti/s & in/rum5t mak]s4 ,illu/ration3 #c4 ,improv$ ,sol> ,radiation ,!rmomet] 9 ,vacuo4 ,scale ab\t #a_/c4 ,! e>ly =m ( ,sol> ,radiation ,!rmomet] 0 a self-regi/]+ maximum !rmomet]1 ) black5$ bulb1 hav+ its graduat$ /em1 only1 enclos$ 9 an out] tube4 ,errors aris+ f t]re/rial radiation & ! v>iable cool+ influ5ces ( arial curr5ts are all obviat$ 9 ! improv$ & pat5t$ ,sol> ,radiation ,!rmomet] %[n at ,fig4 #c1 :i* consi/s ( a self-regi/]+ maximum !rmomet]1 hav+ its bulb & /em dull-black5$1 9 accordance ) ! sugge/ion ( ! ,rev4 ,f4 ,w4 ,/[1 & ! :ole enclos$ 9 an out] *amb] ( glass1 f :i* ! air has be5 completely exhau/$4 ,! p]fection ( ! vacuum 9 ! enclos+ *amb] is prov$ by ! production ( a pale :ite phosphoresc5t light1 ) fa9t /ratification & transv]se b&s :5 te/$ by ! sp>k f a ,ruhmkorff coil4 ,due provision is made = ?is by ! atta*m5t ( plat9um wires to ! l[] side ( ! tube1 & :5 te/$ by a syphon pressure gauge1 ! vacua h be5 prov$ to exi/ to )9 #a_/ej? ( an in* ( pressure4 ,x w ?us be se5 t ! indications are pres]v$ f errors aris+ f atmosph]ic curr5ts1 & f ! absorption ( heat by aque\s or o!r vap\rs1 ! :ole ( ! sol> heat pass+ ?r\gh ! vacuum direct to ! black5$ bulb4 ,! conta9$ m]cury exp&+1 c>ries ! record+ index to ! highe/ po9t1 & ?us is obta9$ a regi/ration ( ! maximum am\nt ( sol> radiation dur+ ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! great advantage accru+ f ! high degree ( p]fection to :i* ?is in/rum5t has be5 br\ght is1 uni=mity ( con/ruction1 :i* r5d]s ! obs]vations made at diff]5t /ations int]comp>able4 ,an enl>g$ view ( ! !rmomet] is giv5 at ,fig4 #c1 %[+ ! plat9um wire t]m9ations1 :]eby ! vacuum is te/$4 ,! ,rev4 ,f5wick ,w4 ,/[ ?us directs ! mann] 9 :i* ! sol> radiation !rmomet] %\ld be us$3-- #a4 ,place ! in/rum5t f\r feet above ! gr\nd1 9 an op5 space1 ,fig4 #d1 ) its bulb direct$ t[>ds ! ,s4,e4 ,x is necess>y t ! globul> "p ( ! ext]nal glass %\ld n be plac$ 9 contact ) or v ne> to any sub/ance1 b t ! air %\ld circulate r\nd x freely4 ,?us plac$1 its read+s w be affect$ only by direct sun%9e & by ! temp]ature ( ! air4 #b4 ,"o ( ! mo/ conv5i5t ways ( fix+ ! in/rum5t w be to all[ its /em to fit into & re/ ^u two wood5 coll>s fa/5$ across ! ends ( a n>r[ slip ( bo>d1 :i* is nail$ 9 its c5tre ^u a po/ /eadi$ by lat]al supports 7,fig4 #d74 #c4 ,! maximum temp]ature ( ! air 9 %ade %\ld be tak5 by a !rmomet] plac$ on a /& 9 an op5 situation4 ,any /& :i* ?or\ghly scre5s x f ! sun1 & exposes x to a free circulation ( air1 w d = ! purpose4 #d4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! maxima 9 sun & %ade1 ?us tak51 is a measure ( ! am\nt ( sol> radiation4 ,illu/ration3 #d4 ,sol> ,radiation ,!rmomet]1 black bulb & /em 9 vacuo1 on #d feet /&4 ,scale ab\t #a_/bj4 ,! rem>kable ph5om5on rec5tly discov]$ by ,mr4 ,crookes1 9 :i* light is app>5tly conv]t$ into motion1 has1 at ! sugge/ion ( ,mr4 ,/ra*an1 receiv$ an int]e/+ application to meteorology4 ,! arrangem5t is %[n at ,fig4 #e1 :]e a ,sol> ,radiation ,!rmomet] has a ,crookes' ,radiomet] atta*$ to x1 :i*1 9 addition to =m+ an effici5t te/ z to ! p]fection ( ! vacuum1 w1 x is hop$1 aid 9 ev5tually e/abli%+ a relation betwe5 int5sity ( radiation1 z %[n by ! !rmomet]1 & ! numb] ( revolutions ( ! radiomet]4 ,! in/rum5t has s rec5tly be5 devis$ t any positive /atem5t z to its usefulness w\ld be premature2 x may1 h[ev]1 prove a valuable auxili>y to ! sol> !rmomet]1 & ev5tually be s f> improv$ z to become a m def9ite expon5t ( sol> radiation ?an ! !rmomet]4 ,illu/ration3 #e4 ,radio-,sol> ,!rmomet]4 ,scale ab\t #a_/d4 ,,t]re/rial ,,radiation4 ,x is an e/abli%$ fact1 confirm$ by c>eful exp]im5ts1 t a mutual int]*ange ( heat is con/antly go+ on betwe5 all bodies freely expos$ to view ( ea* o!r1 ?us t5d+ to e/abli% a /ate ( equilibrium4 ,x has fur!r be5 asc]ta9$ t1 z ! mean temp]ature ( ! e>? rema9s un*ang$1 8x necess>ily foll[s t x emits by radiation f & ?r\gh ! surface ( its atmosph]e1 on an av]age1 ! exact am\nt ( heat x receives f ! sun40 ,?is process comm5ces sl[ly at sunset1 & proce$s ) great rapidity at & aft] midnight1 atta9+ its maximum effect 9 a long night1 9 p]fect calm1 "u a cl\dless sky1 result+ 9 ! cond5sation ( vap\r 9 ! =m ( dew1 or ho>-fro/1 :5 ! temp]ature ( ! surface-air is r$uc$ to ! dew-po9t4#c ,footnote #c3 ,see page #dg4 ,! ext5t to :i* heat ?us escapes by radiation "u v>y+ conditions ( sky is measur$ by a ,self-regi/]+ ,t]re/rial ,m9imum ,!rmomet]1 ! bulb ( :i* is plac$ ov] %ort grass1 & 8a !rmomet] s expos$ "u a cle> sky always m>ks sev]al degrees bel[ ! temp]ature ( ! air1 & its depression af=ds a rude measure ( ! facility = ! escape ( heat af=d$ "u ! circum/ances ( exposure40#d ,footnote #d3 ,h]s*el4 ,illu/ration3 #f4 ,t]re/rial ,radiation ,!rmomet]4 ,scale ab\t #a_/f4 ,illu/ration3 #g4 ,improv$ ,cyl9d] ,jacket ,t]re/rial ,m9imum ,!rmomet]4 ,scale ab\t #a_/ab4 ,fig4 #f %[s ! ord9>y sph]ical bulb !rmomet] employ$ = ?is purpose1 & ,fig4 #g ! improv$ ,cyl9d] ,jacket ,!rmomet]1 :i*1 by expos+ a l>g] surface ( _s to ! air1 gives an in/rum5t possess+ an am\nt ( s5sibility 9 no way inf]ior to t ( m]cury4 ,!re is a drawback to ! use ( ^! !rmomet]s enclos$ 9 out] tubes1 aris+ f moi/ure gett+ into ! out] cyl9d] or jacket1 & frequ5tly prev5t+ ! obs]v] f read+ ! !rmomet]4 ,?is has rec5tly be5 remov$ by mak+ a p]fectly gr\nd jo9t ( glass 7analog\s to a glass /opp] 9 a bottle7 z a sub/itute = ! old =m ( pack+ at ! op5 end ( ! tube1 ! o!r end be+ fus$ into contact ) ! out] cyl9d] to keep x 9 its place4 ,! intrusion & cond5sation ( moi/ure ?us becomes impossible1 :ile ! scale is protect$ f corrosion or abrasion4 ,?is 8gr\nd socket0 arrangem5t is %[n at ,fig4 #h4 ,illu/ration3 #h4 ,gr\nd ,socket ,m9imum ,!rmomet]4 ,scale ab\t #a_/d4 ,radiation f ! e>? upw>ds proce$s ) great rapidity "u a cl\dless sky1 b a pass+ cl\d1 or ! pres5ce ev5 ( invisible aque\s vap\r 9 ! air1 is suffici5t to effect a m>k$ ret>dation1 z is beautifully illu/rat$ by ,sir ,john ,leslie's ?rioscope1 %[n at ,fig4 #i1 :i* consi/s ( a v]tical glass tube1 hav+ a bore s f9e t a little col\r$ liquid is support$ 9 x by ! m]e =ce ( cohesion4 ,ea* end ( ! tube t]m9ates 9 a glass bulb conta9+ air4 ,a scale1 hav+ its z]o 9 ! middle1 is atta*$ to ! tube1 & ! bulb ,a is enclos$ 9 a highly poli%$ sph]e ( brass4 ,! upp] bulb ,b is black5$1 & plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( a highly-gilt & poli%$ metallic cup1 hav+ a movable cov] ,f4 ,^! out] metallic cov]+s protect ! bulbs f extrane\s s\rces ( heat4 ,s long z ! upp] bulb is cov]$1 ! liquid 9 ! tube /&s at z]o on ! scale1 b imm$iately on its removal radiation comm5ces1 ! air conta9$ 9 ,b contracts1 :ile ! ela/icity ( t conta9$ 9 ,a =ces ! liquid up ! tube to a height directly proportionate to ! rapidity ( ! radiation4 ,illu/ration3 #i4 ?rioscope4 ,scale ab\t #a_/g4 ,,%ade ,,temp]ature4 ,self-regi/]+ ,maximum ,!rmomet]s are made 9 two ways4 ,9 ! fir/1 ! index is a small portion ( ! m]curial column sep>at$ f x by a m9ute air bubble4 ,! noontide heat exp&s ! m]cury1 & ! subsequ5t contraction z ! temp]ature decreases affects only t portion ( ! m]cury 9 connection ) ! bulb1 leav+ ! disconnect$ portion to regi/] ! maximum temp]ature4 ,9 ! second =m ! tube is +5i\sly contract$ j outside ! bulb1 s t ! m]cury extrud$ f ! bulb by expansion _c return by ! m]e =ce ( cohesion1 b rema9s to regi/] ! highe/ temp]ature4 ,illu/ration3 #aj4 ,self-regi/]+ ,maximum ,!rmomet]4 ,scale ab\t #a_/e4 ,!re is a modification ( ?is latt] =m produc$ by ! addition ( a supplem5t>y *amb] j outside ! bulb & ov] ! column1 f :i*1 z expansion proce$s1 ! m]cury fl[s by gravitation1 b into :i* x _c return until1 z 9 ! o!r =ms1 ! in/rum5t is readju/$ = a new obs]vation1 by unhook+ ! bulb end & l[]+ x until ! m]cury fl[s into its place4 ,illu/ration3 #aa4 ,self-regi/]+ ,m9imum ,!rmomet]4 ,scale ab\t #a_/e4 ,self-regi/]+ ,m9imum ,!rmomet]s are ( two k9ds1--_s & m]curial4 ,fig4 #ab %[s "o ( ,ru!r=d's ,alcohol ,m9imum ,!rmomet]s1 :i* w be se5 to consi/ ( a bulb & tube atta*$ to a scale1 :i* latt] may be ei!r ( wood1 glass1 or metal4 ,! tube conta9s an index ( black glass4 ,illu/ration3 #ab4 ,self-regi/]+ ,m9imum ,!rmomet]4 ,scale ab\t #a_/e4 ,! ,!rmomet] is 8set0 = obs]vation by slightly rais+ ! bulb end until ! index slides to ! extreme end ( ! column ( _s4 ,x is !n susp5d$ 9 ! %ade ) ! bulb end a little l[] ?an ! o!r4 ,! contraction ( ! _s consequ5t on a fall ( temp]ature draws ! index back1 b a subsequ5t expansion does n c>ry x =w>d1 x rema9s at ! l[e/ po9t to :i* ! _s has contract$ to regi/] ! m9imum temp]ature4 ,a v useful modification ( ?is in/rum5t is made = g>d5]s & g5]al horticultural purposes1 9 :i* ! scale is ( ca/ z9c ) rais$ figures1 :i* be+ fil$ (f flu% aft] ! :ole has be5 pa9t$ ( a d>k col\r are easily legible at a little di/ance4 ,! advantage ( alcohol = ! indication ( v l[ temp]atures is t x has nev] be5 froz54#e ,footnote #e3 ,m]cury freezes at -#ci ,f4 ,fig4 #ac %[s a set ( ,maximum & ,m9imum & ,wet & ,dry ,bulb ,!rmomet]s1 ) incorrodible porcela9 scales1 susp5d$ on a mahogany scre54 ,in/rum5ts ( ?is quality are g5]ally eng9e-divid$ on ! /em1 & if1 9 addition to ?is1 !y are v]ifi$ by comp>ison ) /&>d in/rum5ts at ! ,kew ,obs]vatory1 !y may be reg>d$ z /&>ds1 & employ$ = accurate sci5tific obs]vations4 ,illu/ration3 #ac4 ,/&>d ,set ( ,in/rum5ts on ,scre54 ,scale ab\t #a_/f4 ,six's ,self-regi/]+ ,!rmomet] consi/s ( a long tubul> bulb1 unit$ to a small] tube m ?an twice its l5g?1 & b5t twice1 l a syphon1 s t ! l>g] tube is 9 ! c5tre1 :ile ! small] "o t]m9ates at ! top1 on ! "r h&1 9 a pe>-%ap$ bulb1 z %[n 9 ! cut 7,fig4 #ad74 ,?is bulb1 & ! tube 9 connection ) x1 are p>tly fill$ ) _s2 ! long c5tral bulb & its connect+ tube are completely fill$1 :ile ! l[] portion ( ! syphon is fill$ ) m]cury4 ,a /eel index1 prev5t$ f fall+ by a hair ti$ r\nd x1 to act z a spr+1 moves 9 ! _s 9 ea* ( ! side tubes4 ,! scale on ! left h& has ! z]o at ! top1 & t on ! "r at ! bottom4 ,:5 sett+ ! in/rum5t1 ! indices are br\ght into contact ) ! m]cury by pass+ a small magnet d[n ! outside ( ea* tube4 ,!n1 %\ld a rise ( temp]ature take place1 ! _s 9 ! c5tral bulb exp&s1 =c+ d[n ! m]cury 9 ! left h& tube & caus+ x to rise 9 ! "r1 & vice v]sa = a dim9ution ( temp]ature4 ,x %\ld be always us$ & c>ri$ upright1 & ! indices %\ld be drawn g5tly d[n by ! magnet into contact ) ! m]cury2 &1 :5 a read+ is tak51 ! ends ( ! indices ne>e/ ! m]cury indicate ! maximum & m9imum temp]atures :i* h be5 atta9$ dur+ ! /at$ h\rs ( obs]vation4 ,illu/ration3 #ad4 ,six's ,!rmomet]4 ,scale ab\t #a_/g4 ,six's =m ( !rmomet] has be5 ext5sively us$ = asc]ta9+ deep sea temp]atures4 ,illu/ration3 #ae4 ,deep ,sea ,maximum & ,m9imum ,regi/]+ ,!rmomet]4 ,scale ab\t #a_/e4 ,evaporation & ! me*anical action ( w9ds keep up a con/ant circulat+ motion ( ! ocean1 ! curr5ts ( :i* t5d to equalize temp]ature4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! is kn[n z ! ,gulf ,/ream1 tak+ its "n f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 out ( :i* x fl[s at a velocity sometimes ( five miles an h\r1 & 9 a wid? ( n less ?an fifty miles4 ,x has an important effect on ! climate ( ,great ,brita91 & ( all l&s subject to its influ5ce1 its temp]ature z x leaves ! ,gulf ( ,mexico be+ #he ,f41 dim9i%+ to #ge (f ! coa/ ( ,labrador1 & /ill fur!r z x ne>s nor!rn latitudes4 ,obs]vations on ! temp]ature ( ! ocean are !re=e includ$ 9 ! scope ( meteorology1 & are asc]ta9$ by ! use ( !rmomet]s ( special con/ruction 7,fig4 #ae74 ,9 ! e>li] exp]im5ts made = asc]ta9+ ! temp]ature ( ! ocean at a dep? ( #ae1jjj feet1 :]e ! pressure is equal to ?ree tons on ! squ>e in*1 x 0 f\nd t a consid]able error occurr$ 9 ! indications 9 consequ5ce ( ?is enorm\s pressure2 accord+ly ! c5tral elongat$ bulb ( ! ord9>y ,six's ,!rmomet] 7see page #ai7 is %ort5$ & enclos$ 9 an out] bulb ne>ly fill$ ) _s1 :i*1 :ile effectually reliev+ ! !rmomet] bulb f undue pressure1 all[s any *ange to be at once transmitt$ to x1 & ?us secures ! regi/ration ( ! exact temp]ature4 ,! arrangem5t possesses ! fur!r advantage ( mak+ ! in/rum5t /rong]1 m compact1 & m capable ( resi/+ su* comp>atively r\gh treatm5t z x w\ld receive on bo>d %ip4 ,! hon\r ( con/ruct+ ! fir/ !rmomet]1 :i* 0 an ,air & ,_s ,!rmomet]1 is ascrib$ to ,galileo2 x assum$ a practical %ape 9 #afbj1 at ! h&s ( ,drebel1 a ,dut* physician4 ,hailey sub/itut$ m]cury = _s 9 #afig2 ,raumur improv$ ! in/rum5t 9 #agcj1 & ,fahr5heit 9 #agdi4 ,m rec5tly ! in/rum5t has be5 p]fect$ by ! scales be+ graduat$ on ! actual /em ( ! in/rum5t4 ,= _m ye>s x 0 exclusively us$ by *emi/s & m5 ( sci5ce2 x aft]w>ds receiv$ num]\s applications 9 ! arts & manufactures2 & is n[ consid]$ an ess5tial 9 e h\sehold4 ,!rmomet]s are in/rum5ts = measur+ temp]ature by ! contraction or expansion ( fluids 9 enclos$ tubes4 ,! tubes1 :i* are ( glass1 h sph]ical1 cyl9drical1 or spiral bulbs bl[n on to "o end2 !y h also an exce$+ly f9e bore1 & :5 m]cury or _s is enclos$ 9 !m ^! fluids1 9 contract+ & exp&+ ) v>iations ( temp]ature1 indicate degrees ( heat 9 relation to two fix$ po9ts--viz41 ! freez+ & boil+ po9ts ( wat]4 ,c>e is tak5 to exclude all air be=e seal+1 s t ! upp] portion ( ! tube inside %all be a p]fect vacuum1 & ?us (f] no resi/ance to ! free expansion ( ! m]cury4 ,9 graduat+1 or divid+ ! scales1 ! po9ts at :i* ! m]cury rema9s /ation>y 9 melt+ ice & boil+ wat] are fir/ m>k$ on ! /em1 & ! int]v5+ space divid$ into z _m equal p>ts z are necess>y to con/itute ! scales ( ,fahr5heit1 ,raumur1 or ,celsius1 ! la/ be+ kn[n z ! ,c5tigrade 7hundr$ /eps7 scale1 f ! circum/ance ( ! space betwe5 ! freez+ & boil+ po9ts ( wat] be+ divid$ into "o hundr$ equal p>ts 7,fig4 #af74 ,illu/ration3 #af4 ,comp>ison ( ,!rmomet] ,scales4 ,scale ab\t #a_/e4 ,illu/ration3 #ag4 8,legible0 ,scale ,!rmomet]4 ,scale ab\t #a_/e4 ,,graduation ,,( ,,!rmomet]s4--,:5 ! fluid 7ei!r m]cury or _s7 has be5 enclos$ 9 ! h]metically seal$ tube1 x becomes necess>y1 9 ord] t its indications may be comp>able ) ^? ( o!r in/rum5ts1 t a scale hav+ at lea/ two fix$ po9ts %\ld be atta*$ to x4 ,z x has be5 f\nd t ! temp]ature ( melt+ ice or freez+ wat] is always con/ant1 ! height at :i* ! fluid re/s 9 a mixture ( ice & wat] has be5 *os5 z "o po9t f :i* to graduate ! scale4 ,x has be5 also f\nd t ) ! b>omet] at #biije ! boil+-po9t ( wat] is also con/ant1 & :5 a !rmomet] is imm]s$ 9 pure di/ill$ wat] heat$ to ebullition1 ! po9t at :i* ! m]cury rema9s immovable is1 l ! freez+-po9t1 c>efully m>k$1 ! tube is !n calibrat$ & divid$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #af4 ,! z]o ( ! scales ( ,raumur & ,c5tigrade is ! freez+-po9t ( wat]1 m>k$1 9 ea* case1 #j1 :ile ! int]v5+ space1 up to ! boil+-po9t ( wat]1 is divid$1 9 ! =m] case1 into #hj p>ts1 & 9 ! latt] to #ajj4 ,9 ! ,fahr5heit scale1 ! freez+-po9t is repres5t$ at #cb1 & ! boil+-po9t at #bab1 ! int]v5+ space be+ divid$ into #ahj1 :i* admits ( ext5sion above & bel[ ! po9ts nam$1 a good !rmomet] be+ available = temp]ature up to #fbj ,fahr4 ,! use ( ! ,raumur scale is conf9$ almo/ exclusively to ,russia & ! nor? ( ,g]many1 :ile ! ,c5tigrade scale is us$ ?r\gh\t ! re/ ( ,europe4 ,! ,fahr5heit scale is conf9$ to ,engl& & h] colonies1 & to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,illu/ration3 #ah4 ,gridiron-bulb ,!rmomet]4 ,scale ab\t #a_/e4 ,circum/ances sometimes arise 9 :i* x becomes necess>y to conv]t read+s f "o scale into ^? ( ! o!rs1 accord+ to ! foll[+ rules3-- #a4 ,to conv]t ,c5tigrade degrees into degrees ( ,fahr5heit1 multiply by #i1 divide ! product by #e1 & add #cb4 #b4 ,to conv]t ,fahr5heit degrees into degrees ( ,c5tigrade1 subtract #cb1 multiply by #e1 & divide by #i4 #c4 ,to conv]t ,raumur degrees into degrees ( ,fahr5heit1 multiply by #i1 divide by #d1 & add #cb4f #d4 ,to conv]t ,raumur degrees into degrees ( ,c5tigrade1 multiply by #e & divide by #d4g ,footnote #f3 #h ,r #ej ,f4 ,footnote #g3 #h ,r #aj ,c4 ,= ! production ( cont9u\s records1 ! ,meteorological ,committee ( ! ,royal ,society h adopt$ an in/rum5t call$ a ,!rmograph1 or self-record+ wet & dry bulb !rmomet]1 :i* is l>gely aid$ by photography4 ,! bulbs ( ! !rmomet]s are necess>ily plac$ 9 ! op5 air1 & at a suitable di/ance f any wall or o!r radiat+ surface2 ! tubes are ( suffici5t l5g? to admit ( _! be+ br\ght inside ! build+1 9 due proximity to ! record+ app>atus plac$ 9 a *amb] f :i* daylight is rigidly exclud$4 ,illu/ration3 #ai4 ,!rmograph & ,self-record+ ,hygromet]4 ,scale ab\t #a_/ah4 ,! ess5tial conditions 9 su* an app>atus are3--#a4 ,a means ( d5ot+ ! height ( ! m]curial column 9 ! /em ( a !rmomet] 9 relation to a fix$ horizontal l9e4 #b4 ,a "t scale d5ot+ ! exact mom5t at :i* ! atmosph]e rea*$ ! temp]ature indicat$ by ! m>k4 #c4 ,z ! m>ks are produc$ *emically1 & n me*anically 7z 9 ! ,anemograph71 a d>k room4 ,a description ( ! draw+ on page #bc w be/ %[ h[ v effici5tly1 ?r\gh ! +5uity ( ,mr4 ,,beckley1 ^! conditions h be5 obta9$3--,s1 wet bulb !rmomet]2 ,t1 atmosph]ic !rmomet]2 ,b1 screw = adju/+ !rmomet]s2 ,c ,c1 p>aff9 lamps or gaslights2 ,d ,d1 cond5s]s1 conc5trat+ ! light on ! mirrors ,r ,r2 ,r ,r1 mirrors reflect+ light ?r\gh air-speck 9 !rmomet]s ,v ,v2 ,e ,e1 slits ?r\gh :i* light passes f mirrors ,r ,r2 ,f ,f1 photographic l5ses1 produc+ image ( air-speck f bo? !rmomet]s on cyl9d] ,g2 ,g1 revolv+ cyl9d] or drum c>ry+ photographic pap]2 ,h1 clock1 turn+ cyl9d] ,g r\nd once 9 #dh h\rs2 ,i1 %utt] to int]cept light f\r m9utes e two h\rs2 leav+ :ite "t-l9e on develop+ lat5t image4 ,,ii4--,,evaporation4 ,sol> heat r>efies ! air by driv+ its p>ticles asund]2 x also vaporises wat] f ! surface ( riv]1 lake1 & ocean1 diffus+ ! vap\r ?r\gh ! atmosph]e4 ,great int]e/ atta*es to ! subject ( ,evaporation1 on acc\nt ( its connection ) ra9fall & wat] supply4 ,x is to be regrett$1 !re=e1 t ! results hi!rto obta9$ 9 ! endeav\r to measure its rate & quantity d n m]it mu* confid5ce z reg>ds _! applicability to ! evaporation occurr+ 9 nature1 ow+ to ! exceptional mann] 9 :i* ! obs]vations h be5 made4 ,!re is ?is unc]ta9ty ab\t evaporation1 t all ! exp]im5ts relate to t tak+ place f an expos$ wat] surface ( a1 comp>atively speak+1 inf9itesimally small area1 & c !re=e h b a v p>tial applicability to ! conditions occurr+ 9 nature4 ,!re are two ma9 reasons = ?is /atem5t4 ,fir/ly1 ! proportion ( ! surface ( ! l& on ! e>? :i* is cov]$ ) lakes & riv]s is v limit$1 & ! exp]im5ts above indicat$ ?r[ no light on ! evaporation f ! soil4 ,secondly1 ! evaporation f ! surface ( a small atmomet] erect$ on ! gr\nd1 ) comp>atively dry air all ar\nd x1 is c]ta9ly v diff]5t f t :i* w\ld take place f an equal area 9 ! c5tre ( a l>ge wat] surface1 su* z a lake4 ,x is ( c\rse easy to make exp]im5ts on ! evaporation f ! soil by means ( a balance atmomet]1 b 9 ord] t ^! %\ld possess a practical value1 ! inve/igation mu/ be ext5d$ s z to include a wide v>iety ( soils1 c41 c4 ,z reg>ds ! second po9t :i* has be5 rais$1 x is recomm5d$ by ! ,vi5na ,congress to erect atmomet]s 9 ! c5tre ( wat] surfaces2 b x is n a v easy matt] to conduct su* exp]im5ts ) accuracy1 ow+ to ! risk ( 9-spla%+ f waves4 ,illu/ration3 #bj4 ,atmidomet]4 ,scale ab\t #a_/e4 ,,bab+ton',s ,,atmidomet] measures evaporation f wat]1 ice1 or sn[1 & 9 =m resembles a hydromet]1 ) ! diff]5ce t ! /em be>s a scale graduat$ to gra9s & half gra9s1 & is surm\nt$ by a light1 %all[ copp] pan4 ,:5 9 use1 ! hydromet]-l in/rum5t is imm]s$ 9 a glass vessel hav+ a hole 9 ! cov]1 ?r\gh :i* ! /em protrudes4 ,! copp] pan is !n plac$ on ! top1 & suffici5t wat]1 ice1 or sn[ plac$ !re9 to s9k ! /em to ! z]o ( ! scale4 ,z ! evaporation proce$s1 ! /em rises2 &1 if ! "t ( comm5c+ ! exp]im5t is not$1 ! rate z well z ! am\nt ( evaporation is indicat$ 9 gra9s4 ,,iii4--,,r>efaction4 ,! diffusion ( aque\s vap\r ?r\gh ! air & ! r>efy+ influ5ce ( heat jo9tly effect an alt]ation 9 ! weight ( ! atmosph]e4 ,?is alt]ation ( weight is det]m9$ by ! ,b>omet]1 an in/rum5t inv5t$ by ,,torricelli1 9 #afdc1 & 9 s p]fect a =m t 9 its ess5tial features x has n be5 sup]s$$4 ,illu/ration3 #ba4 & #bb4 ,con/ruction ( ,b>omet]4 ,scale ab\t #a_/ah4 ,! mode ( con/ruction is illu/rat$ by ,figs4 #ba & #bb4 ,x consi/s 9 h]metically seal+ a glass tube ab\t ?ree feet long & fill+ x ) m]cury4 ,! f+] is plac$ ov] ! op5 end ( ! tube1 :i* is !n inv]t$ & plac$ 9 a ci/]n ( m]cury & ! f+] )drawn4 ,! left-h& figure %[s ! result2 ! m]cury is se5 to fall "s ?ree or f\r in*es1 leav+ an empty space at ! top ( ! tube1 :i* is call$ ! 8,torricellian vacuum40 ,! m]cury is prev5t$ f fall+ l[] ?an is %[n1 by ! ext]nal pressure ( ! atmosph]e on ! ci/]n4 ,! weight ( ?is column1 !re=e1 repres5ts ! weight or pressure ( a correspond+ column ( air _m miles 9 height2 & s close is ! relation betwe5 ! column ( m]cury & ! ext]nal air t ! height ( ! =m] *anges ) ! slighte/ v>iation 9 ! weight ( ! latt]1 & ! in/rum5t ?us becomes a measure ( ! weight ( ! air1 f :i* prop]ty its "n is d]iv$1 ! ,greek words b>os & metron signify+ respectively 8weight0 & 8measure40 ,:5 ! m]cury 9 ! b>omet] tube falls1 t 9 ! ci/]n rises 9 correspond+ proportion1 & vice v]sa1 s t !re is an ev]-v>y+ relation betwe5 ! level ( ! m]cury 9 ! tube & ! m]cury 9 ! ci/]n1 :i* affects ! accuracy ( ! read+s4 ,9 ,m4 ,=t9's ci/]n ?is difficulty is obviat$ by ! use ( a glass1 ) flexible lea!r bottom & a brass adju/+ screw1 z %[n 9 ! cut4 ,?r\gh ! top ( ! ci/]n is ins]t$ a small ivory po9t1 ! l[] end ( :i* corresponds ) ! z]o ( ! scale2 &1 to secure uni=mity1 ! level ( ! m]cury 9 ! ci/]n %\ld be adju/$ by ! screw at ea* obs]vation1 until ! ivory po9t appe>s to t\* its own reflection on ! surface4 ,! read+ is !n tak54 ,illu/ration3 #bc4 ,=t9's ,ci/]n4 ,scale ab\t #a_/f4 ,9 mak+ b>ometric obs]vations = comp>ison ) o!rs1 x is necess>y t all %\ld be r$uc$ to ! common temp]ature ( #cb ,f41 & = ?is purpose tables h be5 calculat$ :i* w be f\nd to save mu* "t4 ,tables also = r$uc+ obs]vations ( ! b>omet] to sea level1 an op]ation equally indisp5sable ) ! o!r corrections to make ! read+s int]comp>able1 h be5 publi%$ by direction ( ! ,meteorological ,committee4 ,= ! ,briti% ,isles ! mean sea-level at ,liv]pool has be5 select$ by ! ,ordnance ,survey z _! datum1 & ! height ( any /ation may be asc]ta9$ by fir/ not+ ! ne>e/ ,ordnance ,b5* ,m>k ?us 1 & pur*as+ t portion ( ! ,ordnance map :i* includes ! /ation1 ne> to :i* ! ,b5* ,m>k w be f\nd ) ! height above sea-level duly ent]$4 ,! levell+s made = railways w also furni% ! desir$ in=mation4 ,fail+ bo? ^!1 ! obs]v] %\ld select two or m ( ! /ations ne>e/ 8 locality = :i* (ficial ,meteorological ,reports are publi%$ daily 9 ! ,times & o!r j\rnals2 & tak+ obs]vations ( 8 b>omet] at #h a4m41 = a few weeks1 %\ld comp>e !m ) ! mean ( ! obs]vations at ^? /ations4 ,! comp>ison %\ld be omitt$ :5 ! b>omet] pressure is n /eady4 ,illu/ration3 #bd4 ,error ( ,capill>ity4 ,scale ab\t #a_/b4 ,illu/ration3 #be4 ,/&>d ,b>omet]4 ,scale ab\t #a_/g4 ,a ,/&>d ,b>omet] is con/ruct$ on ,,=t9',s pr9ciple1 & %\ld h its tube ab\t half an in* bore1 enclos$ 9 a brass body hav+ at its upp] end two v]tical op5+s1 9 :i* ! v]ni] works4 ,! m]cury is se5 ?r\gh ^! op5+s1 aid$ by light reflect$ f a :ite opaque glass reflector let into ! mahogany bo>d beh9d4 ,! scale is divid$ on "o side into ,engli% in*es & #bj?s1 & may h on ! o!r ,fr5* millimetres1 ! v]ni] enabl+ a read+ to be tak51 9 ea* case respectively1 ( #a_/ejj? ( an in* & #a_/aj? ( a millimetre4 ,9 mak+ ! in/rum5t1 ! m]cury is boil$ 9 ! tube1 to ensure ! complete exclusion ( air & moi/ure2 :ile ,,=t9',s pr9ciple ( ci/]n ensures a con/ant level f :5ce to take ! read+s4 ,a s5sitive !rmomet] ) scale1 eng9e-divid$ on /em1 is atta*$ to ! brass m\nt1 :i* is p]=at$ to admit ! att5uat$ bulb ( ! !rmomet] into absolute contact ) ! glass tube ( ! b>omet]1 to ensure its indicat+ ! same temp]ature z ! conta9$ m]cury4 ,! in/rum5t is susp5d$ by a r+ f a brass bracket atta*$ to a mahogany bo>d1 & ! l[] end passes ?r\gh a l>g] r+ hav+ ?ree screws = adju/+ x v]tically4 ,a 8read+0 is tak5 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--#a4 ,note ! temp]ature by ! atta*$ !rmomet]4 #b4 ,raise or l[] ! m]cury 9 ! ci/]n by turn+ ! screw und]nea? until ! reflect$ image ( ! ivory po9t on ! m]cury seems to be 9 contact ) ! ivory itself4 ,by ! mill$ head at ! side1 ! v]ni] is adju/$ until its l[] edge j t\*es ! top ( ! m]curial column1 ! scale & v]ni] !n indicate ! height ( ! b>omet] 9 in*es1 #aj?s1 #ajj?s1 & #ajjj?s4 ,high-class in/rum5ts1 su* z t "h describ$1 yield exact read+s2 b1 9 ord] to note !m accurately1 x is important t ! eye1 ! z]o edge ( ! v]ni]1 ! top ( ! m]curial column1 & ! back ( ! v]ni] %\ld be 9 ! same horizontal plane2 conditions :i* may be obta9$ aft] "s practice4 ,! accompany+ illu/ration %[s a =m ( b>omet] :i*1 ?\gh n mu* us$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 is des]v$ly popul> on ! ,cont95t z a /&>d /ation b>omet]4 ,x is call$ a ,syphon ,b>omet]1 & 0 design$ by ,gay-,lussac4 ,! op5 end ( ! tube is b5t up 9 ! =m ( a syphon1 ! %ort limb be+ f six to eight in*es long2 x is furni%$ ) metal scales & v]ni]s1 & is m\nt$ on a mahogany bo>d ) atta*$ !rmomet]4 ,^! b>omet]s require no correction = capill>ity or capacity1 ea* surface ( m]cury be+ equally depress$ by capill>y attraction1 & ! quantity ( m]cury fall+ f ! long limb occupies ! same space 9 ! %ort limb4 ,! usual correction = temp]ature mu/1 h[ev]1 be appli$4 ,a scale ( in*es1 measur$ f a z]o po9t tak5 ne> ! b5d ( ! tube1 furni%es ! means ( measur+ ! long & %ort columns4 ,! diff]5ce ( read+s is ! height ( ! b>omet]4 ,! ,,v]ni] is a movable scale = subdivid+ p>ts ( a fix$ scale1 & 0 fir/ appli$ to t purpose by its inv5tor1 ,m4 ,,pi]re ,,v]ni]1 9 #afcj4 ,9 ! b>omet] ! p>ts to be divid$ are in*es1 :i* by ! aid ( ?is inv5tion are subdivid$ into #aj?s1 #ajj?s1 & #ajjj?s4 ,fig4 #bg %[s ! scale ( a /&>d b>omet] divid$ into #a_/b-aj?s1 or #je ( an in*4 ,! ,v]ni] ,c ,d is made equal to #bd ( su* divisions1 & is divid$ into #be equal p>ts1 f :5ce x foll[s t "o division on ! scale is #a_/be? ( #je l>g] ?an "o on ! v]ni]1 s t x %[s a diff]5ce ( #jjb ( an in*4 ,! v]ni] reads #j1 or z]o1 upw>ds2 ,d1 !re=e1 indicates ! top ( ! m]curial column4 ,illu/ration3 #bf4 ,syphon ,b>omet]4 ,scale ab\t #a_/ab4 ,9 ,fig4 #bg1 z]o on ! v]ni] is exactly 9 l9e ) #bi in*es & #e_/aj?s ( ! fix$ scale2 ! read+1 !re=e1 is #biejj in*es4 ,! v]ni] l9e a falls %ort ( a division ( ! scale by #jjb-;in*2 b1 by #jjd2 c1 by #jjf2 d1 by #jjh2 & ! succe$+ l9e by #jaj4 ,if ! v]ni] be adju/$ to make a co9cide ) z on ! scale1 x w h mov$ ?r\gh #jjb-;in*2 & if #a on ! v]ni] be mov$ to co9cide ) y on ! scale1 ! space measur$ w be #jaj-;in*4 ,consequ5tly1 ! figures #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 on ! v]ni]1 measure #ajj?s1 & ! int]m$iate l9es ev5 #ajjj?s ( an in*4 ,9 ,fig4 #bh ! z]o ( ! v]ni] is betwe5 #bife & #bigj on ! scale4 ,glanc+ up ! v]ni] & scale1 ! second l9e above #c w be f\nd 9 a direct l9e ) "o on ! scale2 ?is gives #jc & #jjd to add to #bife1 s t ! actual read+ is #bifhd4 ,9 ^? in/ances :]e no l9e on ! v]ni] is f\nd precisely to co9cide ) a l9e on ! scale1 & d\bt arises z to :i* to select f two equally co9cid5t l9es1 ! rule is to take ! int]m$iate #ajjj? ( an in*4 ,illu/ration3 #bg4 & #bh4 ,! ,v]ni]4 ,= h\sehold & m>9e b>omet]s su* m9ute subdivisions ( ! scale are unnecess>y1 & ! scales ( su* in/rum5ts are !re=e divid$ only to #aj?s1 & ! v]ni]s made only to read to #ajj?s ( an in*1 :i* is effect$ by mak+ ! v]ni] #i_/aj?s or #aa_/aj?s ( an in* long1 & divid+ x into #aj equal p>ts4 ,9 8tak+ a read+0 x is important t x %\ld be done z quickly z possible1 z ! heat f ! body & ! h& is suffici5t to int]f]e ) t accuracy :i* is necess>y :]e ! int5tion is to comp>e ! read+s ) ^? made by o!r obs]v]s4 ,?is facility is soon acquir$ by a little practice4 ,illu/ration3 #bi4 ,f>m]'s ,b>omet]4 ,scale ab\t #a_/g4 ,p$im5t ,h\sehold ,b>omet]s1 ?\gh n s impos+ 9 appe>ance z ! ,:eel ,b>omet]1 yield direct read+s )\t ! int]v5tion ( ! me*anical appliances necess>y = mov+ a ne$le ov] an ext5d$ dial4 ,_! m\nt+s are = ! mo/ "p 9 oak1 walnut1 & o!r woods1 ! scales are ( ivory1 porcela91 or enamell$ glass1 & 9 _! graduation due reg>d is paid to ! relative proportions ( ci/]n & tube1 s t ! conditions ess5tial to ! production ( a ,/&>d ,b>omet] are v closely atta9$4 ,9 common ) o!r b>omet]s1 x %\ld hang 9 ! %ade 9 a v]tical position1 s t light may be se5 ?r\gh ! tube4 ,z a pur*as] w\ld receive x 9 :at is call$ a 8portable0 /ate1 x w be necess>y on fir/ susp5d+ x to take ! p9ion key1 fit x on ! squ>e-head$ p9 at ! bottom ( ! in/rum5t1 & turn g5tly to ! left till ! screw /ops4 ,! effect ( ?is is to l[] ! base ( ! ci/]n1 & all[ ! m]cury 9 ! tube to fall to its prop] level4 ,! key %\ld !n be replac$ = use 9 mov+ ! v]ni]4 ,to make ?is k9d ( ,b>omet] portable = travell+ x %\ld be unhung1 v gradually slop$ until ! m]cury is at ! top ( ! tube1 :51 ! in/rum5t be+ upside d[n1 ! base ( ! ci/]n is screw$ up by turn+ ! p9ion key g5tly to ! "r until x /ops4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to avoid concussion1 & to h ! ci/]n end always upp]mo/1 or ! in/rum5t ly+ flat4 ,fig4 #bi %[s a useful =m ( b>omet] = ! f>m]1 comb9+ z x does ?ree in/rum5ts 9 "o1 = ! !rmomet] on ! "r h& ( ! scale hav+ its bulb cov]$ ) musl9 kept moi/ by communication ) a ci/]n ( wat] enables ! two !rmomet]s to be employ$ z a ,hygromet]1 ! use ( :i* is describ$ at page #ej4 ,?is b>omet] %\ld be susp5d$ 9 a place :]e x w be expos$ z mu* z possible to ! ext]nal air1 b n 9 sun%9e4 ,illu/ration3 #cj4 ,:eel ,b>omet]4 ,scale ab\t #a_/f4 ,9 ,:eel ,b>omet]s ! v>y+ height ( a column ( m]cury is %[n by ! movem5t ( a ne$le on a divid$ circul> dial1 by adopt+ ! syphon =m ( b>omet] tube1 conceal$ beh9d ! dial & frame4 ,an iron or glass float su/a9$ by ! m]cury 9 ! op5 bran* 7,fig4 #ca7 is susp5d$ by a c\nt]balance a little light] ?an itself4 ,! axis ( ! pulley has ! ne$le atta*$ to x1 & consequ5tly moves ! ne$le ) ! rise & fall ( ! m]cury4 ,x is obvi\s1 !re=e1 t if ! atmosph]ic pressure increases ! float falls & ! ne$le turns to ! "r1 & if x dim9i%es ! ne$le turns 9 ! opposite direction4 ,! divisions on ! scale repres5t in*es1 t5?s1 & hundr$?s 9 ! rise & fall ( a column ( m]cury1 & ^! c be read ) great facility1 z "o in* occupies ! space ( six or m on ?is v op5 scale1 accord+ to size ( dial 7,fig4 #cj74 ,! word+ is arbitr>y1 & indicates ! probable wea!r t may be expect$4 ,important improvem5ts h rec5tly be5 effect$ 9 ?is =m ( h\sehold b>omet]s1 s t !y may be recomm5d$ z good wea!r indicators :]e facility ( read+ is a desid]atum4 ,illu/ration3 #ca4 ,me*anism ( ,:eel ,b>omet]4 ,scale ab\t #a_/h4 ,s9ce ! m sci5tific 8,p$im5t0 has atta9$ s high a degree ( popul>ity1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( unm]it$ obloquy has atta*$ itself to ! ,dial or ,:eel ,b>omet] inv5t$ by ,dr4 ,hooke4 ,x mu/ be conc$$ t ! /&>d =m ( p$im5t b>omet]s 9 :i* ! height ( ! m]cury is se5 at a glance is m /rictly an 8in/rum5t ( precision10 b x %\ld n be =gott51 al?\gh a delicate me*anism int]v5es betwe5 ! m]cury & ! obs]v]1 x is s arrang$ t a t5? ( an in* rise or fall causes a movem5t ( ! index ov] an in* ( space4 ,! ,an]oid ,b>omet] indicates v>iations 9 atmosph]ic pressure by ! elevation & depression ( ! sides ( an ela/ic metallic box f :i* ! air is exhau/$ & :i* is kept f complete collapse by a p[]ful spr+4 ,9 cases :]e extreme accuracy is n indisp5sable1 ! portability & s5sibility ( ?is in/rum5t recomm5d x = use by t\ri/s & fi%]m54 ,x is 8quick 9 %[+ ! v>iations ( atmosph]ic pressure40#h 8,! ,an]oid read+s may be safely dep5d$ ^u40#i 8,its movem5ts are always consi/5t40#aj 8,atmosph]ic *anges are indicat$ fir/ by ! ,an]oid40#aa ,x is especially adapt$ = det]m9+ m\nta9 altitudes1 "s be+ furni%$ ) a scale ( feet1 enabl+ ! obs]v] to read (f ! height by direct obs]vation1 & if adju/$ once a ye> by comp>ison ) a m]curial /&>d is q tru/wor?y4 ,x is fully describ$ 9 a small pamphlet entitl$ 8,! ,an]oid ,b>omet]3 ,h[ to ,buy1 & ,h[ to ,use x10 by a ,fell[ ( ! ,meteorological ,society4 ,footnote #h3 ,admiral ,fitzroy4 ,footnote #i3 ,james ,glai%]1 ,esq41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,footnote #aj3 ,james ,belville1 ,esq41 ,royal ,obs]vatory1 ,gre5wi*4 ,footnote #aa3 ,sir ,leopold ,mc,clintock4 ,illu/ration3 #cb4 ,an]oid ,b>omet]4 ,full size4 ,by a suitable arrangem5t ( clockwork1 revolv+ a cyl9d] be>+ prep>$ pap]1 ! an]oid b>omet] =ms an admirable self-record+ in/rum5t1 %[+ at a glance ! height ( ! b>omet]3 :e!r x is fall+ or ris+1 = h[ long x has be5 do+ s1 & at :at rate ! *ange is tak+ place1 :e!r at ! rate ( #a_/aj? p] h\r1 or #a_/aj? 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs--facts :i* c only be obta9$ by v frequ5t & regul> obs]vations f an ord9>y b>omet]1 b :i* are nev]!less ess5tial to a reliable 8wea!r =eca/40#ab ,footnote #ab3 ,! ,an]oid ,b>omet]3 ,h[ to ,buy & ,h[ to ,use x4 ,by a ,fell[ ( ! ,meteorological ,society4 ,po/ free = six /amps1 f any booksell] or optician4 ,! height ( m\nta9s may also be det]m9$ by ! temp]ature at :i* wat] boils1 z ?is dep5ds on ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 & accord+ to ,des*anel1 8j z we c det]m9e ! boil+-po9t ( wat] :5 ! ext]nal pressure is giv51 s if ! boil+-po9t be kn[n we c det]m9e ! ext]nal pressure10 & z ?is v>ies ) ! elevation above sea-level1 ! boil+-po9t ( wat] also v>ies4 ,^! facts induc$ ,wolla/on to attempt ! det]m9ation ( heights ( m\nta9s by an app>atus :i* he call$ ! ,b>ometric ,!rmomet]1 subsequ5tly modifi$ by ,regnault & call$ a ,hypsomet]1 b n[ m g5]ally kn[n z a ,boil+-po9t ,!rmomet]4 ,illu/ration3 #cc4 ,boil+-po9t ,!rmomet]4 ,scale ab\t #a_/c4 ,a portable =m ( boil+-po9t !rmomet] is %[n at ,fig4 #cc1 :i* is mu* us$ by ,alp9e travell]s1 & =ms a tru/wor?y *eck on ! an]oid & b>omet]4 ,,concise ,,tables ,,= ,,calculat+ ,,heights ,,by ,,means ,,( ,,b>omet] ,,or ,,an]oid1 ,,& ,,also ,,by ,,! ,,boil+-,,po9t ,,!rmomet]4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,boil+- ,b>tr4 po9t ( at l[] ,,b>omet] ,,at ,,upp] ,,/ation4--,,in*es4 ,wat] = ,/ation4 pressure 9 -------------------------------- next col4 ,94 #cj #bi #bh #bg #bf #be #bd #bc ---------------------------------------- ----------- #bacgh #ca #hei #hgc #hhi #ije #iba #ici #ieg #igg #babac #cj 4444 #hhh #ijd #ibj #icg #iee #igd #iid #bajdc #bi 4444 4444 #iai #icf #iec #iga #iiaajab #bjhfg #bh 4444 4444 4444 #ieb #igj #ihiajjiajbh #bjfhg #bg ,factor ,a4 #ihhajjgajbhajej #bjeja #bf 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 #ajbgajdhajgj #bjcji #be 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 #ajfiajib #bjaaa #bd 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 #aaae ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,boil+- ,b>tr4 po9t ( at l[] ,,b>omet] ,,at ,,upp] ,,/ation4--,,in*es4 ,wat] = ,/ation4 pressure 9 -------------------------------- next col4 ,94 #bb #ba #bj #ai #ah #ag #af #ae ---------------------------------------- ----------- #bacgh #ca #iihajbjajdcajfhajieaabdaaeeaahh #babac #cj #ajaeajchajfbajhgaaaeaaddaagfabaj #bajdc #bi #ajccajefajhaaajgaaceaafeaaihabcc #bjhfg #bh #ajeaajgeaajjaabgaaefaahgabbjabeg #bjfhg #bg #ajgcajigaabbaaejaahjabaaabdfabhc #bjeja #bf #ajicaaahaadeaagcabjcabcfabgaacji #bjcji #be #aaafaadaaafiaaihabbiabfbabiiacch #bjaaa #bd #aadjaaffaaidabbdabefabijacbgacfg #aiije #bc #aafdaaiaabbjabeaabhdacaiacehacii #aifib #bb 4444 #abahabdhabhjacadacejacijadcc #aidga #ba 4444 4444 #abghacajacdfachcadbdadfi #aibda #bj 4444 4444 4444 #acdcachjadaiadfaaejg #aijjj #ai 4444 4444 4444 4444 #adafadegaejjaedh #ahgej #ah 4444 4444 ,factor ,a4 4444 #adigaedbaeib #ahdhg #ag 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 #aehhafci #ahbaj #af 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 #afij #agibj #ae 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ -------------------------------------- ,height ,d4 9 #a1jjj additive4,latitude4 ,c4 --------------------- feet4 ,mean ,factor -----------------------------------,temp ]ature4 ,b4 #b #e #j #bg -------------------- #d #aa #aj #be #aj #jiea #f #ag #bj #bj #bj #jigc #h #bc #cj #ad #cj #jiif #aj #cj #dj #jf #dj #ajah #ab #cg #de #jj #ej #ajdj #ad #dd #ej -#je #fj #ajfb #af #eb #fj -#ac #gj #ajhd #ah #fj #gj -#bj #hj #aabg ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,rule ,i4--,if ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat] be obs]v$ at ei!r or bo? ,/ations1 f9d ! equival5t pressure 9 ! #bnd column1 & calculate ! height z = b>omet]4 ,,rule ,,ii4--,! read+s ( ! ,b>omet] be+ correct$ & r$uc$ to #cb ,f41 multiply ! diff]5ce ( pressure betwe5 ! ,/ations by factor ,a1 f\nd 9 l9e ) pressure at l[] ,/ation1 & "u t at upp] ,/ation2 multiply aga9 by factor ,b1 correspond+ to ! mean temp]ature ( ! air at ! ,/ation2 apply z _m times ,c z !re are ?\s& feet 9 ! height1 correspond+ to ! latitude2 & add ,d1 ! correction = gravity4 ,,example4--,at ! top ( ,sn[don1 lat4 #ec ,n41 an an]oid read #bfdh1 correction -#jah1 ! pressure at sea-level 0 #biia2 ! temp]ature ( ! int]m$iate air 0 #eg2 f9d ! height4 ,l[] ,/ation #biia in*es4 ,upp] #bfcj ----- #cfa ,factor ,a #icc ----- #ajhc #ajhc #cbdi ----- #ccfh 7neglect+ decimals47 ,factor ,b #a4jee ----- #afhdj ,n4,b4--,9 tak+ out ! quantities1 if accuracy #afhdj is aim$ at1 x w be necess>y to #ccfh proportion = p>ts 9 ! usual mann] ----- ) su* ,tables4 #ceec ,cor4 ,c #c #a -#c ,cor4 ,d #aj ---- ,height #cefj feet4 ,! illu/ration 7,fig4 #cc7 %[s ! in/rum5t ) ! telescopic tube drawn out = use1 & ! !rmomet] surr\nd$ by ! vap\r ( boil+ wat]4 ,! lamp is protect$ f w9d by a p]=at$ japann$ t9 case cov]$ ) wire gauze4 ,:5 ! boil] is *>g$ & ! lamp ignit$ ! m]cury asc5ds1 & ! po9t at :i* x becomes /ation>y %[s ! temp]ature1 :i* w give ! elevation 9 feet above ! sea-level on ref]5ce to ! table suppli$ by ! optician f :om ! in/rum5t is pur*as$4 ,illu/ration3 #cd4 ,b>ograph4 ,scale ab\t #a_/f4 ,a highly-ref9$ automatic arrangem5t is adopt$ at "s obs]vatories call$ a ,b>ograph1 :i*1 by ! aid ( photography1 becomes a self-record+ m]curial b>omet]4 ,x is simpl] 9 its arrangem5t ?an ! !rmograph1 & includes a clock ( sup]ior con/ruction1 caus+ a cyl9d] be>+ photographic pap] to make "o complete revolution 9 =ty-eight h\rs4 ,a d\ble comb9ation ( a*romatic l5ses br+s to a focus rays pass+ ?r\gh a slit plac$ 9 front ( ! m]curial column1 beh9d :i* is a /rong gaslight or p>aff9 lamp1 ! rays ( :i* are cond5s$ ^u ! slit by a comb9ation ( two plano-convex l5ses4 ,al?\gh a b>omet] is an in/rum5t artificially con/ruct$ by man1 x %\ld n be =gott5 t :5 once made ! column ( m]cury is plac$ 9 a passive or quiesc5t /ate 9 direct relation ) ! great =ces ( nature1 s t its indications become to "s ext5t natural ph5om5a4 ,?is is aptly illu/rat$ by :at is call$ ! 8daily fluctuation0 ( ! b>omet] :i* occurs 9 all c\ntries1 ?\gh ! h\rs & ext5t v>y ) ! latitude1 dim9i%+ z ! latitude increases1 accord+ to a def9ite law4 ,! ph5om5a does n admit ( a satisfactory explanation1 b is d\btless connect$ ) ! daily v>iations ( temp]ature & ( vap\r 9 ! air4 ,! m]cury falls naturally 7s to speak7 f n9e or t5 to betwe5 ?ree & f\r p4m42 x !n rises till betwe5 n9e & t5 p4m4 ,x falls aga9 ab\t f\r a4m41 & rises aga9 ab\t t5 a4m4 ,x is usually highe/ at n9e a4m4 & n9e p4m41 & l[e/ at ?ree a4m4 & ?ree p4m4 ,^! natural elevations & depressions ( ! m]cury %\ld be all[$ = 9 read+ ! b>omet]1 z any rise or fall 9 opposition to ! natural rise & fall possesses = t reason increas$ importance4 ,= in/ance1 f9e wea!r may be expect$ if ! m]cury rises betwe5 n9e a4m4 & ?ree p4m42 9 l mann] ra9 may be expect$ %\ld a fall take place betwe5 ?ree p4m4 & n9e p4m4 ,x w be inf]r$ f ! prec$+ facts t !re are c]ta9 h\rs bett] suit$ = 8tak+ a read+0 ?an o!rs4 ,:5 "o obs]vation only is made daily1 noon is ! be/ "t1 two obs]vations %\ld be made at n9e a4m4 & n9e p4m41 & = ?ree ! be/ h\rs are n9e a4m4 7maximum71 noon 7mean71 & ?ree p4m4 7m9imum74 ,! op9ion g5]ally ent]ta9$ t a high b>omet] is an indication ( f9e wea!r1 & a l[ "o a w>n+ ( bad wea!r1 is op5 to exception1 & an increas$ value w\ld atta* to ! indications ( ! in/rum5t 9 proportion z ! foll[+ po9ts are not$ & all[$ =3-- #a4 ,! actual height ( ! m]cury4 #b4 ,:e!r x is ris+ or fall+4 #c4 ,! rate ( rise & fall4 #d4 ,:e!r ! rise or fall has be5 long cont9u$4 ,! /ate ( ! b>omet] =etells com+ wea!r1 & :5 ! pres5t wea!r disagrees ) ! b>omet] a *ange w soon take place4 ,a fall ( half a t5?1 or m1 9 an h\r is a sure w>n+ ( a /orm1 a rapid rise is a w>n+ ( unsettl$ wea!r4 ,! b>omet] is g5]ally l[e/ ) w9d f ! ,s4,w41 & highe/ ) w9d ,n4,e41 or ) a calm4 ,n4,e4 & ,s4,w4 may be call$ ! w9d's poles1 & ! diff]5ce ( height due to direction only f "o ( ^! be>+s to ano!r am\nts to ab\t half an in*4 ,,b>omet] ,,precautions4 ,if vacuum suspect$1 cause m]cury to /rike top ( tube4 ,a cle> metallic 8click0 indicates a good vacuum4 ,a dull 8?ud0 indicates air or moi/ure4 ,9 latt] case return to optician1 b if unable ,incl9e v g5tly until ne>ly inv]t$1 :5 ,air if pres5t w asc5d 9 a bubble into ! ci/]n4 ,susp5d b>omet] 9 good light out ( sun%9e4 ,let no heat ( fire or lamp affect x4 ,let no sudd5 *anges ( temp]ature affect x4 ,x mu/ hang absolutely v]tically4 ,note temp]ature ( atta*$ !rmomet] be=e read+ b>omet]4 ,!n adju/ m]cury 9 ci/]n to t\* ivory po9t4 ,!n adju/ v]ni] & take read+ quickly4 ,asc]ta9 height above sea-level accord+ to direction4 ,! ,/orm ,glass 7,fig4 #cf7 is a glass bottle1 t5 in*es long1 conta9+ a mixture ( camphor1 nitre1 sal-ammoniac1 alcohol1 & wat]4 ,z 8temp]ature affects ! mixture mu*10 an arrangem5t has rec5tly be5 design$ 9 :i* ! /em ( a !rmomet] is imm]s$ 9 ! fluid1 z %[n at ,fig4 #cg1 ?us imp>t+ a high] value to its indications4 ,! late ,admiral ,fitzroy says-- 8,s9ce #ahbe1 we h g5]ally _h "s ( ^! glasses1 z curiosities r ?an o!rwise2 = no?+ c]ta9 c\ld be made ( _! v>iations until lately1 :5 x 0 fairly demon/rat$ t if fix$ undi/urb$ 9 free air1 n expos$ to radiation1 fire1 or sun1 b 9 ! ord9>y light ( a well-v5tilat$ room1 or1 pref]ably1 9 ! out] air1 ! *emical mixture 9 a s-call$ /orm glass v>ies 9 "* ) ! direction ( ! w9d--n its =ce40 ,! qu>t] f :i* ! w9d or /orm is bl[+ is indicat$ by ! sub/ance adh]+ m closely to ! bottom ( ! glass opposite to ! po9t :5ce ! w9d or tempe/ arises4 ,! ,sympiesomet] is an in/rum5t us$ *iefly at sea = purposes ( comp>ison ) ! m]curial & an]oid b>omet]s4 ,its indications result p>tly f ! pressure & p>tly f ! temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e2 x w\ld1 !re=e1 be m correctly nam$ a ,!rmo-,b>omet]4 ,illu/ration3 #ce4 #cf4 #cg4 ,/orm ,glass1 or ,*emical ,wea!r ,glass4 ,scale ab\t #a_/e4 ,! height ( ! atmosph]e has be5 v>i\sly e/imat$3--,by ,bravais1 f ! duration ( twilight1 at #ff to ne>ly #ajj miles2 by ,dalton1 9 #ahai1 f obs]vations ( ! auroral light1 at #ajb miles2 by ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 f simil> obs]vations 9 #ahfa1 at #hc miles2 f obs]vations ( meteors1 f #ajj to #bjj miles2 by ,liais1 9 #ahei1 f obs]vations on ! pol>isation ( ! sky1 at no less ?an #bab miles4 ,! d5sity ( ! atmosph]e dim9i%es ) di/ance f ! e>?'s surface1 9 accordance ) ! foll[+ rule3--8,at a height ( sev5 miles ! d5sity ( ! atmosph]e is r$uc$ to "o-f\r? ! d5sity at ! sea-level1 & = e additional sev5 miles1 ! r>ity ( ! air is simil>ly quadrupl$40 ,,note ,,on ,,! ,,v]ification ,,( ,,in/rum5ts ,,at ,,! ,,kew ,,obs]vatory4 ,! ,kew ,committee ( ! ,royal ,society receive1 = v]ification & comp>ison ) ! /&>d in/rum5ts ( ! ,kew ,obs]vatory1 b>omet]s1 !rmomet]s1 & o!r in/rum5ts int5d$ = meteorological obs]vation or sci5tific inve/igations4 ,any p]sons ord]+ in/rum5ts ( opticians may direct !m to be previ\sly =w>d$ to ! obs]vatory = v]ification4 ,a scale ( *>ges is issu$ by ! ,committee :i* is exclusive ( pack+ & c>riage1 or ( rail exp5ses1 :5 a special mess5g] is s5t out4 ,! ,meteorological ,(fice1 ,victoria ,/reet1 ,london1 also receives & =w>ds in/rum5ts = v]ification to ! ,kew ,obs]vatory4 ,! ,committee wi% x to be und]/ood t !y _c und]take ! v]ification ( an inf]ior class ( in/rum5ts 7su* z b>omet]s m\nt$ ^u wood5 frames1 & !rmomet]s n graduat$ on ! /em71 & t ! sup]9t5d5t ( ! obs]vatory may at 8 discretion decl9e to receive su* in/rum5ts z he may consid] unfit = sci5tific obs]vation4 ,,b>omet] ,,w>n+s4 ,may be ,expect$ ----- ,increas+ /orm ,if m]cury falls dur+ a high w9d f ,s4,w41 ,s4,s4,w41 ,w4 or ,s4 ,viol5t b %ort ,if ! fall be rapid4 ,less viol5t b ( long] ,if ! fall be sl[4 cont9uance ,a viol5t /orm f ! ,if ! m]cury falls sudd5ly :ile ! ,n4,w4 or ,n4 w9d is due ,w4 ,n4,w41 ,n41 or ,n4,e4 w9ds1 or ,if ! m]cury hav+ be5 at its usual less w9d1 or less ra91 or height1 #biie1 is /eady or ris+1 less sn[ :ile ! !rmomet] falls & ! air becomes dri]4 ,w9d & ra9 f ,s4,e41 ,s41 ,if ! m]cury falls1 :ile ! & ,s4,w4 !rmomet] rises & ! air becomes damp4 ,a viol5t /orm f ,n4,w41 ,:5 ! m]cury falls sudd5ly ) a ,n41 or ,n4,e4 ,w4 w9d4 ,sn[ ,if ! m]cury falls :5 ! !rmomet] is l[4 ,less w9d1 or a *ange to ,:5 ! m]cury rises1 aft] hav+ ,n41 or less wet be5 "s "t bel[ its av]age height4 ,/rong w9d or heavy squalls ,) ! fir/ rise ( ! m]cury f ,n4,w41 ,n41 or ,n4,e4 aft] x has be5 v l[ 7say #bi74 ,improv$ wea!r ,:5 a gradual cont9u\s rise ( ! m]cury occurs ) a fall+ !rmomet]4 ,w9ds f ,s4 or ,s4,w4 ,if ! m]cury sudd5ly ris+1 ! !rmomet] also rises4 ,heavy gales f ,n4 ,soon aft] ! fir/ rise ( ! m]cury f a v l[ po9t4 ,unsettl$ wea!r ,) a rapid rise ( ! m]cury4 ,settl$ wea!r ,) a sl[ rise ( ! m]cury4 ,v f9e wea!r ,) a cont9u$ /ead9ess ( ! m]cury ) dry air4 ,/ormy wea!r ) ra9 7or ,) a rapid & consid]able fall ( sn[7 ! m]cury4 ,?reat5+1 unsettl$ ,) an alt]nate ris+ & fall+ ( wea!r ! m]cury4 ,mu* w9d1 ra91 hail1 or ,:5 ! m]cury falls consid]ably4 ,if sn[1 ) or )\t ! !rmomet] be l[ 7= ! season7 lightn+ ! w9d w be ,n41 if high1 f ,s4 ,lightn+ only ,:5 ! m]cury is l[1 ! /orm be+ beyond ! horizon4 ,f9e wea!r ,) a rosy sky at sunset4 ,w9d & ra9 ,:5 ! sky has a sickly gre5i% hue4 ,ra9 ,:5 ! cl\ds are ( a d>k ,indian r$4 ,bad wea!r or mu* w9d ,:5 ! sky is r$ 9 ! morn+4 ,,explanatory ,,c>d4 ,,by ,,! ,,late ,,vice-,,admiral ,,fitzroy1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,,etc4 ,,wea!r ,,glasses4 ,,! ,,b>omet] ,,rises ,,! ,,b>omet] ,,falls = ,nor!rly w9d = ,s\!rly w9d 7includ+ f ,nor?-we/1 by 7includ+ f ,s\?-ea/1 by ! ! ,nor?1 to ! ,ea/w>d71 ,s\?1 to ! ,we/w>d71 = dry1 or less wet wea!r1--= = wet wea!r1--= /rong] less w9d1--or = m ?an "o w9d1--or = m ?an "o ( ( ^! *anges3-- ^! *anges3-- ,,except on a few occasions :5 ,,except on a few occasions :5 ra91 hail1 or sn[ comes f ! mod]ate w9d ) ra9 7or ,nor?w>d ) /rong w9d4 sn[7 comes f ! ,nor?w>d4 -------------------------- ,= *ange ( w9d t[>d ,= *ange ( w9d t[>d ,nor!rly directions1-- ,s\!rly directions1-- ,a ,,!rmomet] ,,falls4 ,a ,,!rmomet] ,,rises4 ,moi/ure or dampness 9 ! air 7%[n by a ,hygromet]7 increases ,,be=e ra91 fog1 or dew4 -------------------------- ,on b>omet] scales ! foll[+ ,add "o-t5? ( an in* to ! contractions may be useful3-- obs]v$ height = ea* hundr$ feet ! ,b>omet] is above ! ,,rise ,,fall half-tide level4 ,,= ,,= ,! av]age height ( ! ,b>omet]1 9 ,engl&1 at ! ,,nor? ,,s\? sea-level1 is ab\t #biid in*es2 & ! av]age temp]ature ,n4,w4--,n4--,e4 ,s4,e4--,s4--,w4 ( air is ne>ly #ej degrees 7,london latitude74 ,,dry ,,wet ,! ,!rmomet] falls ab\t ,,or ,,or "o degree = ea* ?ree hundr$ feet ( elevation f ! gr\nd1 ,,less ,,m b v>ies ) w9d4 ------ ,,w9d4 ,,w9d4 8,:5 ! w9d %ifts aga9/ ! sun1 ------ ------ ,tru/ x n1 = back x w run40 ------ ,,except ,,except ,fir/ rise aft] v l[ ,indicates a /rong] bl[4 ,,wet ,,f ,,wet ,,f ------ ,long =etold--long la/1 ,,nor?4 ,,nor?4 ,%ort notice--soon pa/4 7,9 ,s\? ,latitude read ,s\? = ,nor?47 ,,iv4--,,cond5sation4 ,dew is a deposition ( moi/ure f ! air1 result+ f ! cond5sation ( ! aque\s vap\r ( ! atmosph]e on sub/ances :i* h become cool$ by ! radiation ( _! heat4 ,?is is1 9 fact1 ! sub/ance ( ,dr4 ,wells's fam\s ,!ory ( ,dew1 enunciat$ 9 #ahad1 & :i*1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,tyndall1 8has /ood ! te/ ( all subsequ5t criticism1 & is n[ univ]sally accept$10 & by :i* all ! ph5om5a ( dew may be expla9$4 ,dr4 ,wells's exp]im5ts 7 int]e/+ & conclusive4 ,he expos$ def9ite weights 7#aj gra9s7 ( wool to ! air on cle> nights1 "o on a f\r-legg$ /ool1 ! o!r "u x1 ! upp] portion ga9$ #ad gra9s 9 weight1 ! l[] only #d gra9s4 ,on an ev5+ :5 "o portion ( wool1 protect$ by a curv$ pa/ebo>d ro(1 ga9$ only #b gra9s1 a simil> portion on ! top ( ! m9iature ro( ga9$ #af gra9s4 ,a little reflection w sugge/ ! explanation3 radiation f ! wool 0 arre/$ by ! pa/ebo>d cov]1 :ile ! portion fully expos$ to ! sky lo/ all its heat1 & ?us cond5sation ensu$4 ,dr4 ,wells speaks ) su* c&\r1 & s po9t$ly1 on ?is fact & its consequ5ces1 t 8 words may be advantage\sly quot$3 8,i _h (t51 9 ! pride ( half-k1 smil$ at ! means frequ5tly employ$ by g>d5]s to protect t5d] plants f cold1 z x appe>$ to me impossible t a ?9 mat1 or any su* flimsy sub/ance1 c\ld prev5t !m f atta9+ ! temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e1 by :i* alone ,i ?\ght !m liable to be injur$4 ,b :5 ,i _h le>n$ t bodies on ! surface ( ! e>? become dur+ a /ill & s]5e night cold] ?an ! atmosph]e1 by radiat+ _! heat to ! heav5s1 ,i p]ceiv$ imm$iately a j reason = ! practice ,i _h be=e deem$ useless40 ,famili> in/ances ( ! =mation ( dew w h be5 not$ by _m 8wat*]s20 e4 g41 brea?+ on a cold pane ( glass1 a tumbl] ( cold wat] becom+ dew-cov]$ on be+ br\ght into a w>m room1 ! outside ( a tank>d ( ic$ cl>et cup1 c4 ,:51 radiation is s free & rapid t ! temp]ature is bel[ ! freez+ po9t1 ! dew freezes z x =ms1 produc+ ho>-fro/4 ,9 our climate ! air is nev] completely dry1 nor completely saturat$ ) moi/ure1 & ! am\nt ( aque\s vap\r held 9 susp5sion is v v>iable4 ,?is fact has important be>+s on _m bran*es ( indu/ry1 z also on ! hygi5ic qualities ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! consid]ation t a c]ta9 am\nt ( moi/ure 9 ! air is necess>y to ! cont9uance ( heal? w sugge/ ! importance ( ma9ta9+ t due proportion 9 ! atmosph]e ( sick rooms1 :]e ! artificial heat s injudici\sly us$1 (t5 di/urbs ! heal?ful hygrometric condition ( ! air4 ,mr4 ,,glai%] is ( op9ion t ! m$ical pr(ession %\ld en=ce1 z f> z lies 9 _! p[]1 ! use ( ?is simple & effective in/rum5t1 :i* gives indications s important to ! com=t ( ! pati5t4 ,! am\nt ( moi/ure 9 ! air is e/imat$ by ! use ( in/rum5ts call$ ,hygromet]s1 :i* may be ?us classifi$3-- #a4 ,hygromet]s ( ,absorption4--,made ) hair1 oatbe>d1 catgut1 seawe$1 grass1 *loride ( calcium4 #b4 ,hygromet]s ( ,cond5sation4--,regnault's1 ,daniell's1 ,leslie's1 ,dyne's4 #c4 ,hygromet]s ( ,evaporation4--,mason's ,psy*romet]1 or ,wet & ,dry ,bulb ,!rmomet]s4 ,by an +5i\s application ( ! aff9ity ( ! oatbe>d = moi/ure1 ,damp ,detectors are con/ruct$ = t\ri/s1 comm]cial travell]s1 c41 to te/ moi/ure & avoid ! consequ5ces ( sleep+ 9 damp b$s4 ,!y are /rongly gilt1 & resemble 9 size & %ape a lady's wat*4 ,illu/ration3 #ch4 ,damp ,detector4 ,scale ab\t #b_/c4 ,9 ,saussaure's ,hygromet] ! frame is ( brass1 & ! scale ( ! same metal silv]$4 ,x has an atta*$ !rmomet]1 & ! indications are ! result ( ! contraction & expansion ( a prep>$ human hair1 consequ5t ^u its absorb+ or yield+ moi/ure4 ,! scale is divid$ on ! arc ( a circle1 & an index ne$le1 work+ on an enl>g$ arc1 multiples ! indications4 ,regnault's ,hygromet] 7,fig4 #ci7 consi/s ( a ?9 & highly poli%$ silv] tube or bottle1 into ! neck ( :i* is ins]t$ a delicate !rmomet]4 ,! bottle has a lat]al tubul> op5+1 to :i* is atta*$ a flexible tube ) an ivory m\?piece4 ,e!r is p\r$ into ! silv] tube 9 suffici5t quantity to cov] ! bulb ( ! !rmomet]4 ,! e!r is !n agitat$ by brea?+ ?r\gh ! flexible tube until1 by ! rapid evaporation ?us produc$1 a cond5sation ( moi/ure takes place1 readily obs]vable on ! bright poli%$ silv] surface1 & ! temp]ature indicat$ by ! !rmomet] at t mom5t is ! dew-po9t4 ,illu/ration3 #ci4 ,regnault's ,hygromet]4 ,scale ab\t #a_/aj4 ,daniell's ,hygromet]1 or ,dew-po9t ,!rmomet] 7,fig4 #dj71 consi/s ( a glass tube1 b5t twice at "r angles1 ea* extremity t]m9at+ 9 a bulb ab\t #a-a_/b in* 9 diamet]1 support$ on a brass /&1 to :i* a !rmomet] is atta*$ to indicate ! temp]ature ( ! surr\nd+ air4 ,! l[] bulb is ( black5$ glass1 to facilitate ! obs]vation ( ! dew-po9t2 x is ab\t ?ree p>ts fill$ ) pure e!r1 & conta9s a v delicate !rmomet]4 ,! upp] bulb at ! extremity ( ! %ort /em is transp>5t1 b cov]$ ) ?9 musl91 ^u :i*1 :5 an obs]vation is made1 pure e!r is sl[ly dropp$4 ,! evaporation rapidly l[]s ! temp]ature1 until a mom5t arrives at :i* dew cond5ses on ! black bulb4 ,a quick eye is necess>y to note ?is & ! temp]ature %[n by ! !rmomet] simultane\sly1 ! latt] %[+ ! degree at :i* ! atmosph]e is saturat$ ) moi/ure at ! "t ( obs]vation4 ,to avoid error1 x is usual to note ! temp]ature at :i* ! dew disappe>s1 & take ! mean ( ! two temp]atures4 ,illu/ration3 #dj4 ,daniell's ,hygromet]4 ,scale ab\t #a_/e4 ,dyne's ,hygromet]1 = %[+ ! dew-po9t by direct obs]vation1 by means ( ic$ wat] & black glass1 enables ! obs]v] to disp5se ) ! use ( e!r1 & %[s ! dew-po9t ) great di/9ctness4 ,illu/ration3 #da4 ,mason's ,hygromet]4 ,scale ab\t #a_/f4 ,! hygromet] 9 mo/ g5]al use is ! wet & dry bulb !rmomet]1 & = :i* ,mr4 ,glai%] has calculat$ an elaborate set ( tables1 a brief ab/ract ( :i* suffici5t = g5]al purposes is subjo9$4 ,= f9d+ ! ,degree ( ,humidity ( ! ,air f ,obs]vations ( a ,dry ,bulb & a ,wet ,bulb ,!rmomet]1 sometimes call$ ,mason's ,psy*romet]4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,diff]5ce ,,betwe5 ,,dry ,,bulb ,,& ,,wet ,,bulb ,,read+s4 ,,temp]ature ------------------------------------ ,,by ,,! ,,dry ,,bulb #b #d #f #h #aj #ab ,,!rmomet]4 ------------------------------------ ,,degree ,,( ,,humidity4 ---------------------------------------- --------- #cd #gi #fc #ej 444 444 444 #cf #hb #ff #ec 444 444 444 #ch #hc #fh #ef #de 444 444 #dj #hd #gj #eh #dg 444 444 #db #hd #ga #ei #di 444 444 #dd #he #gb #fj #ej 444 444 #df #hf #gc #fa #ea 444 444 #dh #hf #gc #fb #eb #dd 444 #ej #hf #gd #fc #ec #de 444 #eb #hf #gd #fd #ed #df 444 #ed #hf #gd #fd #ee #dg 444 #ef #hg #ge #fe #ef #dh 444 #eh #hg #gf #ff #eg #di 444 #fj #hh #gf #ff #eh #ej #dc #fb #hh #gg #fg #eh #ej #dd #fd #hh #gg #fg #ei #ea #de #ff #hh #gh #fh #fj #eb #de #fh #hh #gh #fh #fj #eb #df #gj #hh #gh #fi #fa #ec #dg #gb #hi #gi #fi #fa #ed #dh #gd #hi #gi #gj #fb #ee #dh #gf #hi #gi #ga #fc #ee #di #gh #hi #gi #ga #fc #ef #ej #hj #ij #hj #ga #fc #ef #ej #hb #ij #hj #gb #fd #eg #ea #hd #ij #hj #gb #fd #eg #ea #hf #ij #hj #gb #fd #eh #eb ---------------------------------------- --------- ,! total quantity ( aque\s vap\r :i* at any temp]ature c be diffus$ 9 ! air be+ repres5t$ by #ajj1 ! p]c5tage ( vap\r actually pres5t w be f\nd 9 ! table opposite ! temp]ature ( ! dry !rmomet]1 & "u ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! dry bulb & wet bulb temp]atures4 ,! degree ( humidity = int]m$iate temp]atures & diff]5ces to ^? giv5 9 ! table c be easily e/imat$4 ,?us dry bulb #ea1 wet bulb #df1 give #fi = ! degree ( humidity4 ,! in/rum5t1 z %[n at page #dh1 consi/s ( two !rmomet]s atta*$ to a support1 :i* may be ei!r slate or wood4 ,! bulb ( "o ( ! !rmomet]s has "s ?9 musl9 ti$ ov] x1 & is kept moi/ by ! capill>y action ( a ?read dipp+ into a ci/]n ( wat] plac$ und]nea?4 ,x w be obvi\s t ! am\nt ( evaporation w be 9 proportion to ! dryness ( ! air1 & t ! diff]5ces ( temp]ature indicat$ by ! two !rmomet]s w be greate/ :5 ! atmosph]e is dry1 & lea/ :5 ! air is damp4 ,illu/ration3 #db4 ,bo>d ( ,trade ,!rmomet] ,scre54 ,scale ab\t #a_/i4 ,,hygromet] ,,precautions4 ,hygromet]s %\ld be expos$ 9 ! %ade free f air-curr5ts4 ,! cov]+ ( ! wet bulb mu/ be v ?94 ,! supply ( wat] mu/ be c>efully regulat$4 ,! bulb mu/ be con/antly moi/1 yet n too wet4 ,! supply ( wat] mu/ be ample 9 dry wea!r4 ,9 damp wea!r wat] mu/ n drip f ! wet bulb4 ,wat] res]voir %\ld be z f> z possible f ! dry bulb4 ,dry bulb mu/ nev] receive moi/ure f any s\rce4 ,use di/ill$1 ra91 or s(te/ wat] procurable1 = wet bulb4 ,:5 lime deposits f use ( h>d wat] *ange musl9 & wor/$4 ,repl5i% res]voir aft]1 or long be=e1 tak+ an obs]vation4 ,well wa% musl9 & wor/$ be=e us+4 ,also wa% occasionally :ile 9 use4 ,*ange musl9 twice a mon? or accord+ to condition4 ,du/ & blacks mu/ n be all[$ to accumulate on musl94 ,:5 wet bulb is froz51 wet ) ice-cold wat] by bru%4 ,! wat] w fir/ freeze1 !n cool to air-temp]ature4 ,aft] :i* wet bulb falls a trifle l[] ?an dry "o4 ,!n temp]ature ( evaporation may be not$4 ,9 ?ick fog wet bulb reads above dry bulb4 ,9 cold calm wea!r1 wet bulb reads above dry bulb4 ,?is is ow+ to ! air be+ p]fectly saturat$4 ,cov]$ bulb _c !re=e %[ temp]ature z well z uncov]$4 ,9 su* cases bo? read+s are assum$ to be id5tical4 ,x is important t ! in/rum5t %\ld be protect$ n only f ! sun's direct rays1 f ra9 & sn[1 b also f w9d1 ! curr5ts ( :i* w\ld1 by increas+ evaporation1 cause ! wet bulb !rmomet] to indicate a temp]ature n /rictly due to ! hygrometric condition ( ! atmosph]e4 ,= ?is purpose ,!rmomet] ,scre5s are employ$4 ,illu/rations ( two =ms are %[n at ,figs4 #db & #dc2 !y %\ld be plac$ fac+ ! nor? at a di/ance ( f\r feet f ! gr\nd4 ,fig4 #db %[s ! =m adopt$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 = m>9e s]vice1 :ile ,fig4 #dc %[s ,mr4 ,/ev5son's d\ble-l\vr$ scre5 ) p]=at$ bottom1 :i* ensures free +ress & egress ( air1 ! exclusion ( sn[ & ra91 & ! direct rays ( ! sun4 ,pr(essor ,wild recomm5ds ov]lapp+ segm5ts ( %eet z9c = ! con/ruction ( ^! scre5s1 z possess+ ! advantage ov] wood ( becom+ soon] 9 !rmic equilibrium ) ! surr\nd+ air1 & ?us prev5t+ radiation4 ,/ev5son's ,scre5 %\ld be erect$ on legs f\r feet high1 & %\ld /& ov] grass on op5 gr\nd4 ,x %\ld n be "u ! %ad[ ( trees1 nor )9 tw5ty feet ( any wall4 ,illu/ration3 #dc4 ,/ev5son's ,!rmomet] ,scre54 ,scale ab\t #a_/aj4 ,,cl\ds4 ,! important (fice p]=m$ by cl\ds 9 ! economy ( nature entitles !m to ext5d$ consid]ation4 ,a cl\d may be def9$ z 8wat]-du/10 s9ce aque\s vap\r diffus$ ?r\gh ! air is invisible until ! temp]ature is suffici5tly l[]$ to produce cond5sation2 no satisfactory explanation1 h[ev]1 has yet be5 giv5 ( ! mode ( susp5sion ( ?is wat]-du/1 nor :y x rema9s susp5d$ 9 opposition to gravitation4 ,x is tol]ably c]ta9 t electricity is n )\t its influ5ce1 ?\gh ! app>5tly /ation>y "* ( "s cl\ds is deceptive1 = :ile !re may be no app>5t motion 9 ! mass ! p>ticles con/itut+ ! mass are und]go+ cont9u\s r5ewal1 :i* ju/ifies ! ass]tion ( ,espy t e cl\d is ei!r a =m+ or dissolv+ cl\d4 ,a]onauts 9 asc5d+ f ! e>? pass ?r\gh _m successive alt]nations ( cl\d-/rata & cle> air :i* owe _! exi/5ce to ! v>y+ temp]ature & degrees ( humidity ( ! atmosph]ic curr5ts s sup]pos$4 ,luke ,h[>d 9 8 ,askesian ,lectures1 #ahjb1 divides cl\ds into ?ree prim>y modifications3 cumulus1 /ratus1 & cirrus1 ) int]m$iate =ms result+ f comb9ations ( ! prim>ies1 viz41 cirro-cumulus1 cirro-/ratus1 cumulo-/ratus1 & cumulo-cirro-/ratus or nimbus4 ,?is nom5clature is n[ univ]sally adopt$4 ,illu/ration3 #dd4 ,cirrus4 ,,cirrus1 or m>e's tail cl\d1 appe>s z p>allel1 flexu\s1 or div]g+ /reaks or fibres1 p>tly /raight4 ,x is ! lighte/ & ! highe/ ( all cl\ds1 be+ seldom less ?an ?ree miles1 & (t5 t5 miles1 above ! e>?1 & %[s ! greate/ v>iety ( =m4 ,on acc\nt ( its great height x is assum$ to consi/ ( m9ute sn[flakes or cry/als ( ice1 ! refractions & reflections f :i* produce ! halos1 coron1 & mock suns & moons :i* occur *iefly 9 ?is cl\d & its d]ivatives4 ,x reta9s its v>i$ outl9es long] ?an any o!r cl\d2 at sunrise x is ! fir/ to welcome ! sun's rays1 & at sunset ! la/ to "p ) !m4 ,x is ! mo/ useful ( all cl\ds = wea!r w>n+s4 #a4 ,s]5e1 settl$ wea!r may be expect$ :5 gr\ps & ?reads ( cirri are se5 dur+ a g5tle w9d aft] sev]e wea!r4 #b4 ,a *ange to wet may be expect$ :51 aft] cont9u$ fair wea!r1 filam5ts1 or b&s ( cirri 7app>5tly /ation>y71 ) conv]g+ ends1 travel across ! sky4 #c4 ,ra9 or sn[1 & w9dy1 v>iable wea!r may be expect$ :5 cirri ) f9e tails v>y mu* 9 a few h\rs4 #d4 ,cont9u$ wet wea!r may be und\bt$ly expect$ :5 horizontal %eets ( cirri fall quickly & pass into ! cirro-/ratus4 #e4 ,a /orm ( w9d & ra9 may be expect$ )9 =ty-eight h\rs :5 f9e ?reads ( cirri seem bru%$ backw>d f ! s\?-we/4 ,illu/ration3 #de4 ,cumulus4 ,,cumulus4--,?is modification ( cl\d is mo/ frequ5tly se5 on bright summ] days1 & is appropriately call$ 8! day cl\d0 & 8! summ] cl\d40 ,x is =m$ only 9 ! daytime1 9 summ] calms1 & results f ! rise ( vap\rs f riv]s1 lakes1 & m>%es into ! cold] regions ( ! air1 ! l[] portions ( :i* are readily saturable4 ,!y are *>act]iz$ by a horizontal base1 f :i* !y rise 9 d5se conical & hemisph]ical masses rivall+ m\nta9s 9 _! magnitude4 ,_! =mation is due to ! convection ( heat f ! e>?'s surface1 :i* r5d]s ! l[] atmosph]ic /rata capable ( hold+ a l>g] am\nt ( aque\s vap\r & simultane\sly e/abli%es an upw>d curr5t1 :i* rea*+ ! cold] regions ( ! air br+s ab\t ! cond5sation ( ! aque\s vap\r into ! elegant & ev]-beautiful =ms admir$ alike 8by sa9t1 by savage1 & by sage40 ,^! beg9 z m]e specks1 :i* enl>ge until ! sky is ne>ly cov]$ 9 ! aft]noon1 & t[>ds sunset !y g5]ally disappe>1 _! tops becom+ cirri :5 ! air is dry4 #a4 ,f9e1 calm1 w>m wea!r may be expect$ :5 cumuli are ( mod]ate size & ( pleas+ =m & col\r4 #b4 ,cold1 tempe/u\s1 ra9y wea!r may be expect$ :5 cumuli cov] ! sky1 roll+ ov] ea* o!r 9 d5se1 d>k1 & abrupt masses4 #c4 ,?und] may be expect$ :5 cumuli ( hemisph]ical =m are *>act]iz$ by an extreme silv]y :it5ess4 #d4 ,ra9 may be expect$ :5 cumuli increase 9 numb] t[>ds ev5+1 s9k+ at ! same "t into ! l[] portions ( ! air4 ,illu/ration3 #df4 ,/ratus4 ,,/ratus4--,z its "n implies1 ?is is a horizontal %eet ( cl\d =m$ ne> ! e>? at night 7:5ce x has be5 call$ 8! night cl\d07 by ! cond5sation ( moi/ air f riv]s1 lakes1 & m>%es1 or damp gr\nd :i* has lo/ its day-heat by radiation1 especially 9 calm cle> ev5+s1 aft] w>m days4 ,x appe>s z a :ite mi/ ne>1 & sometimes t\*+1 ! e>?4 ,x atta9s its maximum d5sity ab\t midnight1 b is dissipat$ by ! rays ( ! morn+ sun4 ,its =mation1 wat*$ f a height ov] a l>ge city1 is highly int]e/+1 & is attribut$ by ,sir ,john ,h]s*el to ! soot susp5d$ ov] su* localities1 ea* p>ticle ( :i* acts z 8an insulat$ radiant1 collects dew on itself1 & s9ks d[n rapidly z a heavy body40 ,/ill m int]e/+ is x to obs]ve f a simil> elevation ! dissipation ( ?is cl\d :5 ! sun has atta9$ su* an altitude t its rays fall on ! upp] surface ( ! /ratus cl\d1 :i* !n heaves l ! bill[s ( ! ocean1 :ile ! :ole mass seems to rise spontane\sly f ! e>?1 & spe$ily vani%es 8into air1 into ?9 air40 #a4 ,! f9e/ & mo/ s]5e wea!r may be expect$ :5 /ratus cl\ds pres5t ! appe>ances j describ$4 ,,cirro-,,cumulus1 or 8mack]el sky10 is a well-kn[n =m ( cl\d occurr+ 9 small r\ndi% masses1 look+ l flocks ( %eep at re/1 & (t5 at great heights4 ,x is seldom se5 9 w9t]4 #a4 ,increas$ heat may be expect$ :5 cirro-cumuli appe>4 #b4 ,a /orm or ?und] may be expect$ :5 cirro-cumuli occur m+l$ ) cumulo-/ratus 9 v d5se1 r\nd1 & close masses4 #c4 ,w>m wet wea!r1 & a ?aw1 may be expect$ :5 cirro-cumuli occur 9 w9t]4 ,,cirro-,,/ratus 8appe>s to result f ! subsid5ce ( ! fibres ( cirrus to a horizontal position1 at ! same "t approa*+ lat]ally4 ,! =m & relative position :5 se5 9 ! di/ance frequ5tly give ! idea ( %oals ( fi%40 ,x is call$ 8! vane cl\d0 & 8mack]el-back$ sky40 #a4 ,ra91 sn[1 & /orm may be expect$ :5 cirro-/ratus is se5 alone or m+l$ ) cirro-cumulus1 especially if ! cirro-cumulus passes away4 #b4 ,fair wea!r may be expect$ :5 f a mixture ( cirro-/ratus & cirro-cumulus ! =m] disappe>s1 leav+ ! latt] 9 possession ( ! sky4 #c4 ,?und] & heat are g5]ally att5d$ by wav$ cirro-/ratus4 ,,cumulo-,,/ratus4--,?is =m ( cl\d results f ! m+l+ ( ! cumulus & cirro-/ratus2 x appe>s sometimes z a ?ick bank ( cl\d ) ov]hang+ masses4 ,! cl\d kn[n z 8di/9ct0 cumulo-/ratus appe>s z a cumulus surr\nd$ by small fleecy cl\ds4 #a4 ,?und] may be expect$ :5 8di/9ct0 cumulo-/ratus appe>4 #b4 ,sudd5 atmosph]ic *anges may be expect$ :5 cumulo-/ratus appe>4 ,illu/ration3 #dg4 ,nimbus4 ,,nimbus1 ,,or ,,cumulo-,,cirro-,,/ratus4--,! "n ( ?is cl\d at once sugge/s t x is produc$ by a comb9ation ( ! ?ree prim>y =ms ( cl\d4 ,! nimbus is popul>ly kn[n z 8! ra9 cl\d40 ,x is really a sy/em ( cl\ds1 hav+ its orig9 *iefly 9 ! t5d5cy ( ! cumulo-/ratus to spread1 ov]ca/ ! sky1 & settle d[n to a d5se horizontal black or grey %eet1 above :i* spreads ! cirrus1 & f bel[ :i* ra9 beg9s to fall4 #a4 ,a cessation ( ra9 may be expect$ :5 ! grey l[] portion ( nimbus beg9s to break up4 #b4 ,a ?und]/orm may be expect$ :5 ! nimbus "* ( ! cl\d is v p]fect4 #c4 ,v copi\s %[]s may be expect$ :5 ! cirri project$ f ! top ( ! ra9-cl\d are v num]\s4 ,,am\nt ,,( ,,cl\ds4--,any record ( ! proportion ( sky cov]$ by cl\d %\ld be made on a scale ( #j to #aj4 ,a cle> sky is regi/]$ #j1 & a sky :olly obscur$ z #aj1 any int]m$iate condition be+ repres5t$ by #e--g1 or o!r figures deem$ appropriate by ! obs]v]4 ,! k9d ( cl\d %\ld be not$1 z also ! direction 9 :i* x is driv5 by ! w9d1 :e!r 9 ! upp] or l[] /rata ( ! air4 ,?is op]ation may be assi/$ by an +5i\s arrangem5t1 exhibit$ by ,mr4 ,godd>d 9 #ahfb1 & call$ a 8cl\d reflector10 obta9able at any optician's4 ,obs]vations at ! ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory e/abli% ! facts t ! lea/ am\nt ( cl\d exi/s dur+ ! night1 especially 9 ,may & ,june1 & ! greate/ am\nt at midday1 & 9 w9t]2 also t f ,novemb] to ,febru>y ?ree-f\r?s ( ! heav5s are obscur$ by sun-repell+ cl\ds4 ,,height ,,( ,,cl\ds4--,great div]sity ( op9ion exi/s on ?is po9t4 ,x is ass]t$1 on ! "o h&1 t ! region ( cl\ds does n ext5d beyond five miles above sea-level1 b ,glai%] has atta9$ a height ( #cf1ifj feet1 & f !nce saw cl\ds float+ at a great height above him2 & x is consid]$ probable t cirri are (t5 t5 miles above ! e>?4 ,,velocity ,,( ,,cl\ds4--,?is is ( two k9ds3 #a/4 ,velocity ( ,propagation2 & #bnd4 ,velocity ( ,motion4 ,! fir/ occurs :5 at a giv5 altitude ! dew-po9t is sudd5ly atta9$1 :5 ! sky on "o occasion 0 cov]$ f ! ea/]n to ! we/]n horizon at ! rate ( #cjj miles p] h\r4 ,! second is dep5d5t on ! =ce ( atmosph]ic curr5ts1 :i* is mu* great] 9 ! upp] regions ( ! air ?an 9 ^? ne>] ! e>?4 ,accurate obs]vations ( ! %ad[s ( cl\ds1 borne across ! fields on a summ]'s day1 w>rant ! ass]tion t an app>5tly sl[ motion ( cl\ds is equal to eighty miles an h\r1 :ile a velocity ( #abj miles is atta9$ )\t impress+ ! obs]v] ) ! idea ( rapidity4 ,on ! subject ( cl\ds ,admiral ,fitzroy says3-- ,may be ,expect$ ----- ,f9e wea!r ,:5 cl\ds are 8s(t-look+ or delicate40 ,w9d ,:5 cl\ds are h>d-edg$ or oily-look+4 ,less w9d ,9 proportion z ! cl\ds look s(t]4 ,m w9d ,! h>d]1 m 8greasy10 roll$1 tuft$1 or ragg$ ! cl\ds look4 ,ra9 ,:5 small-inky-look+ cl\ds appe>4 ,w9d & ra9 ,:5 light scud cl\ds are se5 driv+ across heavy masses4 ,w9d only ,:5 light scud cl\ds are se5 alone4 ,*ange ( w9d ,:5 high upp] cl\ds cross ! sun1 moon1 or />s 9 a direction diff]5t f t ( ! l[] cl\ds1 or ! w9d !n felt bel[4 ,w9d ,) tawny or copp]-col\r$ cl\ds4 ,! foll[+ 8,wea!r ,w>n+s0 may be ga!r$ f ! ,,col\r ,,( ,,! ,,sky3-- ,:e!r cle> or cl\dy1 a rosy sky at sunset presages f9e wea!r2 a sickly gre5i% hue1 w9d & ra92 a r$ sky 9 ! morn+1 bad wea!r1 or mu* w9d or ra92 a grey sky 9 ! morn+1 f9e wea!r2 a high dawn 7i4 e41 :5 ! fir/ indications ( daylight are se5 above a bank ( cl\ds71 w9d2 a l[ dawn 7i4 e41 :5 ! day breaks on or ne> ! horizon71 fair wea!r4 ,light1 delicate1 quiet t9ts or col\rs1 ) s(t1 indef9ite =ms ( cl\ds1 indicate & accompany f9e wea!r2 b gaudy or unusual hues1 ) h>d1 def9itely outl9$ cl\ds1 =etell ra9 & probably /rong w9d4 ,also a bright yell[ sky at sunset presages w9d2 a pale yell[1 wet2 orange or copp]-col\r$1 w9d & ra93 & ?us1 by ! preval5ce ( r$1 yell[1 gre51 grey1 or o!r t9ts1 ! com+ wea!r may be told v ne>ly2 inde$1 if aid$ by in/rum5ts1 almo/ exactly4 ,aft] f9e1 cle> wea!r ! fir/ signs 9 a sky ( a com+ *ange are usually light /reaks1 curls1 wisps1 or mottl$ pat*es ( :ite di/ant cl\d1 :i* increase & are foll[$ by an ov]ca/+ ( murky vap\r t gr[s into cl\d9ess4 ,?is appe>ance1 m or less oily or wat]y z w9d or ra9 w prevail1 is an infallible sign4 ,usually1 ! high] & m di/ant su* cl\ds seem to be1 ! m gradual1 b g5]al1 ! com+ *ange ( wea!r w prove4 ,mi/y cl\ds1 =m+ or hang+ on heights1 %[ w9d & ra9 com+1 if !y rema91 increase1 or desc5d2 if !y rise or disp]se1 ! wea!r w improve or become f9e4 ,may be ,expect$ ----- ,f9e wea!r ,:5 ! sky is grey 9 ! morn+4 ,w9d ,) a high dawn4 ,fair wea!r ,) a l[ dawn4 ,w9d ,:5 ! sky at sunset is ( a bright yell[4 ,ra9 ,:5 ! sky at sunset is ( a pale yell[4 ,w9d & ra9 ,:5 ! sky is orange or copp] col\r4 ,f9e wea!r ,:5 ! sky has light1 delicate1 quiet t9ts & s(t1 indef9ite =ms ( cl\ds4 ,ra9 & w9d ,:5 ! sky has gaudy1 unusual hues1 ) h>d1 def9ite outl9$ cl\ds4 ,fair wea!r ,:5 sea-birds fly out e>ly & f> to seaw>d4 ,/ormy wea!r ,:5 sea-birds hang ab\t ! l&1 or fly inl&4 ,fair wea!r ,:5 dew is deposit$4 ,its =mation nev] beg9s "u an ov]ca/ sky1 or :5 !re is mu* w9d4 ,ra9 ,on :at is call$ a good he>+ day4 ,ra9 ,:5 rem>kable cle>ness ( atmosph]e1 especially ne> ! horizon1 exi/s1 di/ant objects1 objects1 su* z hills1 be+ unusually visible or well def9$4 ,,ra94 ,! atmosph]e at a giv5 temp]ature is capable ( reta9+ only a giv5 quantity ( aque\s vap\r1 invisibly diffus$ ?r\gh x1 at :i* temp]ature x is said to be saturat$4 ,%\ld ! temp]ature f any cause be l[]$1 ! aque\s vap\r at once becomes visible 9 ! =m ( ei!r cl\d1 dew1 ra91 sn[1 or hail4 ,x has already be5 %[n t1 al?\gh m>%es & riv]s1 inl& seas & lakes1 yield by evaporation wat]y vap\rs to ! air1 ! ocean is ! great s\rce ( ra91 :5ce x is lift$ 9 va/ quantities by ! sun's radiant heat1 to be subsequ5tly cond5s$ by pass+ into cool] regions1 or by contact ) cold m\nta9 peaks1 fall+ to e>? z a f]tiliz+ %[] or a deva/at+ flood4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el acc\nts = ! =mation ( ra9drops by say+3--8,9 :atev] "p ( a cl\d ! orig9al asc5sional movem5t ( ! vap\r ceases1 ! elem5t>y globules ( :i* x consi/s be+ ab&on$ to ! action ( gravity1 beg9 to fall4 ,! l>g] globules fall fa/e/1 & if 7z mu/ happ57 !y ov]take ! sl[] ones1 !y incorporate1 & ! diamet] be+ !reby increas$1 ! desc5t gr[s m rapid1 & ! enc\nt]s m frequ5t1 till at l5g? ! globule em]ges f ! l[] surface ( ! cl\d at ! #8vap\r plane' z a drop ( ra91 ! size ( ! drops dep5d+ on ! ?ickness ( ! cl\d /ratum & its d5sity40 ,ra9 is v unequally di/ribut$1 !re be+ portions ( ! torrid zone :]e x nev] falls1 "o locality 9 ,norway :]e x falls ?ree days out ( f\r1 & ano!r on ! we/]n side ( ,patagonia1 at ! base ( ! ,&es1 :]e x falls e day4 ,! quantities record$ z hav+ fall5 at "o "t 9 "s localities are simply appall+4 ,a fall ( "o in* is consid]$ a v heavy ra9 9 ,great ,brita91 & ?is fact w enable ! read] p>tially to realize ! foll[+ /up5d\s record$ falls3--,lo* ,awe1 ,scotl&1 #g in*es 9 #cj h\rs2 ,joyeuse1 ,france1 #ca in*es 9 #bb h\rs2 ,gibralt>1 #cc in*es 9 #bf h\rs2 hills above ,bombay1 #bd in*es 9 "o night2 & on ! ,khasia ,hills1 :]e ! annual ra9fall is #fjj in*es1 #cj in*es h be5 kn[n to fall on ea* ( five successive days4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,j4 ,symons1 ! able editor ( ! 8,meteorological ,magaz9e10 & indefatigable sup]9t5d5t ( #b1jjj ,ra9 ,gauges ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 has compil$ a table1 %[+ ! equival5ts ( ra9 9 in*es1 its weight p] acre1 & bulk 9 gallons1 ! foll[+ portion ( :i*1 :ile v useful to ! f>m]1 w enable ! curi\s read] to make "s int]e/+ calculations1 bas$ on ! figures quot$ above3-- ,,table ,,%[+ ,,equival5t ,,( ,,in*es ,,( ,,ra9 ,,9 ,,gallons1 ,,& ,,weight ,,p] ,,acre4 ,in*es ( ,ra9 ,tons p] ,acre ,gallons p] ,acre #ja #aj #bbfb #jb #bj #debe #jc #cj #fghg #jd #dj #ijdi #je #ej #aacab #jf #fa #acegd #jg #ga #aehcf #jh #ha #ahjih #ji #ia #bjcfa #a;94 #aja #bbfbc ,! in/rum5ts call$ ,ra9 ,gauges or ,pluviomet]s are1 z _! "n implies1 con/ruct$ to measure ! am\nt ( ra9 fall+ 9 any giv5 locality1 & ^? 9 mo/ g5]al use h ?is pr9ciple 9 common3 t ! graduat$ glass always be>s a def9ite relation to ! area ( ! receiv+ surface4 ,a v extraord9>y & hi!rto unexpla9$ fact 9 connection ) ! fall ( ra91 & :i* ju/ifies ! op9ion t its =mation is n limit$ to ! region ( visible cl\d1 is t a s]ies ( ra9 gauges plac$ at diff]5t elevations above ! soil are f\nd to collect v diff]5t quantities ( ra91 ! am\nt be+ great] at ! l[] level4 ,?us1 twelve mon?s' obs]vations by ,dr4 ,heb]d5 det]m9$ t ! am\nt ( ra9 on ! top ( ,we/m9/] ,abbey 0 only twelve in*es1 t on a h\se close by b mu* l[] eighte5 in*es1 & on ! gr\nd dur+ ! same int]val ( "t tw5ty-two in*es4 ,accord+ly1 t5 in*es is ! height at :i* meteorologi/s h agre$ ! edge ( ! ra9 gauge %\ld be plac$ f ! gr\nd4 ,! spot *os5 %\ld be p]fectly level1 & at lea/ z f> di/ant f any build+ or tree z ! build+ or tree is high1 &1 if ! gauge _c be equally expos$ to all po9ts1 a s\?-we/ aspect is pref]able4 ,x is also important t ! ra9 gauge %\ld be well support$1 9 ord] to avoid its be+ bl[n ov] by ! w9d2 &1 %\ld fro/ foll[ a fall ( ra91 ! in/rum5t %\ld be convey$ to a w>m room to ?aw be=e measur+ ! collect$ cont5ts4 ,! graduat$ glass furni%$ ) ea* in/rum5t %\ld /& q level :5 measur+ ! ra91 & ! read+ be tak5 midway betwe5 ! two app>5t surfaces ( ! wat]4 ,! be/ =m ( ra9 gauge is t 9 use 9 ! ,meteorological ,(fice4 ,illu/ration3 #dh4 ,h[>d's ,ra9 ,gauge4 ,scale ab\t #a_/e4 ,h[>d's ,ra9 ,gauge consi/s ( a v]tical glass receiv]1 or bottle1 ?r\gh ! neck ( :i* ! long t]m9al tube ( a circul> funnel1 five in*es 9 diamet]1 is ins]t$4 ,a metal coll> or tube fits ov] ! outside ( ! neck ( ! receiv]1 & aids 9 keep+ ! funnel level1 :ile ! tube ext5ds to )9 half an in* ( ! bottom1 ?us ensur+ ! ret5tion ( e drop ( ra9 :i* falls )9 ! area ( ! funnel4 ,! glass vessel furni%$ ) ! in/rum5t is graduat$ to #ajj?s ( an in*4 ,a modification ( ?is in/rum5t is made ) a glass tube at ! side graduat$ to in*es1 #aj?s1 & #ajj?s1 %[+ ! am\nt ( ra9fall by direct obs]vation1 ?us disp5s+ ) ! use ( a supplem5t>y graduat$ measure4 ,9 ,gla%i]'s ,ra9 ,gauge special provision is made1 9 two ways1 to prev5t possible loss by evaporation1 ev5 9 ! w>me/ mon?s ( ! ye>4 #a4 ,! receiv+ vessel is p>tly sunk b5ea? ! soil1 ?us keep+ ! cont5ts cool4 #b4 ,! receiv+ surface ( ! funnel1 accurately turn$ to a diamet] ( eight in*es1 t]m9ates at its l[] extremity 9 a curv$ tube1 :i*1 by always reta9+ ! la/ few drops ( ra91 prev5ts evaporation4 ,! graduat$ vessel1 9 ?is in/ance also1 is divid$ to #ajj?s ( an in*1 hav+ due reg>d to ! l>g] area1 #h 94 ( ! funnel4 ,= use 9 tropical climates1 :]e1 z has be5 %[n1 ! ra9fall is excessive1 a modification ( ?is in/rum5t is suppli$ by ! in/rum5t mak]s1 hav+ an extra l>ge receiv] & tap = draw+ (f ! collect$ ra94 ,luke ,h[>d1 9 8 8,climate ( ,london10 says3 8,x mu/ be a subject ( great satisfaction & confid5ce to ! husb&man to "k at ! beg9n+ ( a summ]1 by ! c]ta9 evid5ce ( meteorological results on record1 t ! season1 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( ?+s1 may be expect$ to be a dry & w>m "o1 or to f9d1 9 a c]ta9 p]iod ( x1 t ! av]age quantity ( ra9 to be expect$ = ! mon? has fall54 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 !re is reason1 f ! same s\rce ( in=mation1 to expect mu* ra91 ! man :o has c\rage to beg9 8 op]ations "u an unfav\rable sky1 b ) good gr\nd to conclude1 f ! /ate ( 8 in/rum5ts & 8 collat]al k1 t a fair int]val is approa*+1 may (t5 be pr(it+ by 8 obs]vations1 :ile 8 cauti\s neighb\r1 :o #8wait$ = ! wea!r to settle1' may f9d t he has let ! opportunity g by40 ,?is sup]iority1 h[ev]1 is atta9able by a v mod]ate %>e ( application to ! subject1 & by ! keep+ ( a pla9 di>y ( ! b>omet] & ra9 gauge1 ) ! hygromet] & vane "u 8 daily notice4 ,illu/ration3 #di4 ,symons's ,ra9 ,gauge4 ,scale ab\t #a_/g4 ,symons's ,ra9 ,gauge resembles ,h[>d's1 b has ! advantage ( hav+ ! glass receiv] enclos$ 9 a black or :ite japann$ metal or copp] jacket ) op5+s p]mitt+ an approximate obs]vation ( ! collect$ ra94 ,! metal jacket is also furni%$ ) /rong iron spikes1 :i* are firmly press$ into ! soil1 z %[n at ,fig4 #di1 ?us ensur+ p]fect /ead9ess by its p[] to resi/ ! w9d4 ,! graduat$ measure conta9s half an in* ( ra9 7= a #e in* circle7 divid$ into #ajj?s4 ,illu/ration3 #ej4 ,symons's ,/orm ,ra9 ,gauge4 ,scale ab\t #a_/ab4 ,mr4 ,symons has devis$ ano!r ra9 gauge ( s +5i\s & int]e/+ a "* t x ne$s only to become g5]ally kn[n among amateur meteorologi/s to be 9 univ]sal dem&4 ,by its means an obs]v] at a di/ant w9d[ may read (f ! ra9 z x falls4 ,x is %[n at ,fig4 #ej1 :]e ! usual #e-;in* funnel surm\nts a long glass tube atta*$ to a black bo>d be>+ a v op5 scale m>k+ t5?s ( an in* 9 :ite l9es2 a :ite float inside ! tube con/itutes ! index1 :i* rises z ! ra9 increases 9 quantity4 ,if1 z sometimes happ5s dur+ a ?und]/orm1 ! ra9fall is excessive1 a second tube on ! left p]mits ! measurem5t ( a second in* ( ra94 ,x w be obvi\s t if ! "t at :i* ! ra9 beg9s to fall be not$ ! rate at :i* x falls1 z well z ! quantity1 is indicat$ at sight by ?is in/rum5t4 ,illu/ration3 #ea4 ,beckley's ,pluviograph4 ,scale ab\t #a_/g4 ,crossley's ,regi/]+ ,ra9 ,gauge has a receiv+ surface ( #ajj squ>e in*es4 ,! ra9 fall+ )9 ?is area passes ?r\gh a tube to a vibrat+ bucket1 :i* sets 9 motion a tra9 ( :eels1 & ^! move ! indices on ?ree dials1 record+ ! am\nt ( ra9 9 in*es1 #aj?s1 & #ajj?s4 ,pr9t$ directions are furni%$ ) ea* in/rum5t1 & ! simplicity ( ! me*anism ensures due accuracy4 ,a te/ measure1 hold+ exactly five cubic in*es ( wat]1 s5t ) ea* gauge1 af=ds ! means ( *eck+ its read+s f "t to "t4 ,beckley's ,pluviograph possesses ! exceptional m]it ( record+ ) equal precision all ra9falls1 f a slight summ] %[] to a heavy /orm ( ra94 ,x may be plac$ 9 a hole 9 ! gr\nd1 ) ! receiv+ surface rais$ ! /&>d height ( t5 in*es above its level4 ,fig4 #ea illu/rates ! con/ruction ( ! in/rum5t4 ,illu/ration3 #eb4 #ec4 ,/utt]'s ,self-record+ ,ra9 ,gauge4 ,scale ab\t #a_/g4 ,! funnel has a receiv+ surface ( #ajj squ>e in*es1 protect$ by a lip #a-a_/d in* deep1 to reta9 ! spla%es4 ,! ra9 fl[s into a copp] receiv+ vessel on ! "r1 :i*1 float+ 9 a ci/]n ( m]cury1 s9ks & draws d[n ) x a p5cil1 :i* records ! ev5t on a :ite porcela9 cyl9d] mov$ by a clock4 ,:5 ! receiv+ vessel is full ! syphon comes into action1 rapidly draw+ (f ! :ole ( ! wat]1 ! vessel ris+ almo/ at a b\nd1 ! action be+ record$ by a v]tical l9e on ! porcela9 cyl9d]4 ,two or m cyl9d]s are suppli$ ) ea* in/rum5t2 &1 z ! p5cil m>ks are readily remov$ by a little soap & wat]1 a clean "o may be always kept at h& = ex*ange once 9 e tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! ,rev4 ,e4 ,/utt]'s ,self-record+ ,ra9 ,gauge is +5i\s1 & = a self-record+ in/rum5t is v mod]ate 9 price1 :ile x effici5tly %[s ! ra9fall = e h\r 9 ! tw5ty-f\r 7,figs4 #eb1 #ec74 ,an eight-day clock ) its upright sp9dle revolves a small funnel ) a slop+ tube1 ! end ( :i* passes successively ov] ! m\? ( ! twelve or tw5ty-f\r comp>tm5ts 9 ! rim ( ! in/rum5t2 b5ea? ea* comp>tm5t is plac$ a tube1 z %[n 9 ! sectional figure4 ,all ra9 receiv$ by ! out] funnel drips into ! small] revolv+ funnel1 & fl[s d[n ! slop+ tube1 ! end ( :i* is tim$ to take an h\r 9 pass+ ov] ea* comp>tm5t1 s t ! ra91 = example1 :i* falls betwe5 twelve & "o o'clock w be f\nd 9 ! tube m>k$ #a4 ,ea* tube c conta9 half an in* ( ra91 & any ov]fl[ falls into a vessel b5ea?1 & c be measur$2 ! tube :i* has ov]fl[n %[s ! h\r4 ,v4--,,motion4 ,w9d is air 9 motion4 ,! motion ( ! air is caus$ by inequality ( temp]ature4 ,! e>? becomes w>m$ by ! sun1 & radiates ! heat ?us acquir$ back ^u ! air1 :i*1 exp&+ & becom+ light]1 asc5ds to high] regions1 :ile cold] & d5s] curr5ts ru% 9 to occupy ! vacat$ space4 ,two po9ts are to be not$ 9 connection ) ?is ru% ( air :i* we call w9d1 viz41 its direction & velocity or =ce4 ,bo? are e/imat$ sci5tifically by in/rum5ts call$ ,anemomet]s1#ac :ile m>9]s & ! dwell]s on our coa/s h a nom5clature ( _! own by :i* to indicate v>iation 9 ! =ce ( ! w9d1 f\nd$ on ! am\nt ( sail a vessel c c>ry ) safety at ! "t4 ,9 ! matt] ( direction w9ds are class$ z con/ant1 p]iodical1 & v>iable4 ,footnote #ac3 ,anemos1 ! w9d2 metron1 measure4 ,,con/ant ,,w9ds4--,! ,trade ,w9ds4--,! viol5t contra/ betwe5 ! temp]ature ( ! equator & ! poles is well kn[n1 & f ! va/ area includ$ )9 ! tropics asc5d+ curr5ts ( r>efi$ air are incessantly ris+ & be+ z incessantly replac$ by a ru% ( cold air f ! poles to ! equator4 ,7 ! e>? /ation>y1 ?is int]*ange w\ld be ( ! simple/ k9d2 on arriv+ )9 ! influ5ce ( ! asc5d+ equatorial curr5t ! air f ! poles w\ld be c>ri$ to ! high] regions & turn+ ov] w\ld proce$ to ! poles1 &1 becom+ cold & d5se 9 trav]s+ ! high] /ratum1 w\ld desc5d & resume its c\rse ad inf9itum4 ,! revolution ( ! e>? on its axis *anges all ?is3 ! fir/ effect is t ! air at ! equator is borne along ) ! e>? at ! rate ( sev5te5 miles a m9ute f we/ to ea/1 a rate :i* dim9i%es at #fj ( latitude to "o-half t velocity1 until at ! poles x is no?+2 consequ5tly a sl[ nor? w9d fl[+ to ! equator is cont9ually pass+ ov] places possess+ a high] velocity ?an itself1 & n imm$iately acquir+ t velocity1 !re is accord+ to ! law ( ! composition ( =ces a compromise effect$ result+ 9 a nor?-ea/ w9d4 ,9 a simil> mann] ! same process 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e results 9 a s\?-ea/ w9d4 ,^! w9ds h acquir$ ! "n ( ,trade ,w9ds on acc\nt ( ! facilities af=d$ to navigation by _! con/ancy4 ,! ,nor? ,trades occur 9 ! ,atlantic betwe5 #i & #cj & 9 ! ,pacific betwe5 #i & #bf4 ,! ,s\? ,trades occur 9 ! ,atlantic betwe5 lat4 #d ,n4 & #bb ,s4 & 9 ! ,pacific betwe5 latitude #d ,n4 & #bc-a_/b ,s4 ,^! limits ext5d nor?w>d ) ! sun f ,janu>y to ,june1 & s\?w>d f ,july to ,decemb]4 ,p>allel to ! equator & ext5d+ betwe5 #b & #c on ea* side is a broad belt1 :]e ! nor? & s\? trades neutralize ea* o!r1 produc+ :at is call$ ! 8,region or ,belt ( ,calms40 ,?\gh w9d is abs5t1 ?und]/orms & heavy ra9s are ( daily occurr5ce4 ,:5 ,humboldt asc5d$ ,t5]iffe ! trade w9d 0 bl[+ at its base 9 ! usual direction1 b on arriv+ at ! summit he f\nd a /rong w9d bl[+ 9 ! opposite direction4 ,obs]vation has %[n t ?is upp] curr5t prevails nor? & s\? ( ! equator1 & t1 aft] pass+ ! limit ( ! trade w9ds1 x desc5ds to =m ! s\?-we/ w9ds ( ! nor? temp]ate zone & ! nor?-we/ w9ds ( ! s\? temp]ate zone2 ! we/+ be+ due to ! same cause z ! ea/+ 9 ! regul> trades1 viz41 ! rotation ( ! e>? on its axis4 ,^! w9ds are call$ ! ,return ,trades1 b are n equal 9 con/ancy to ! regul> trade w9ds4 ,,p]iodical ,,w9ds4--,l& & ,sea ,breezes occur on ! coa/s1 *iefly 9 tropical c\ntries1 b sometimes 9 ,great ,brita9 dur+ ! summ] mon?s :5 ! l& dur+ ! day becomes v hot1 caus+ an asc5d+ column ( air1 :i* is replac$ by a comp>atively cold] /ream fl[+ inw>ds f ! sea4 ,at sunset ! conditions are rev]s$1 ! e>? becomes rapidly cool$ by radiation1 ! sea cont9u+ comp>atively w>m1 ! air ov] x asc5ds1 & its place is suppli$ by a cold breeze1 :i* 8bl[s (f ! %ore10 z illu/rat$ by ! diagrams & ! foll[+ exp]im5t--,9 ! c5tre ( a l>ge tub ( wat] float a wat] plate conta9+ hot wat]1 imag9e ! =m] to be ! ocean & ! latt] ! heat$ l&1 r>efy+ ! air ov] x4 ,light a c&le & bl[ x out & hold x :ile /ill smok+ ov] ! cold wat]1 :5 ! smoke w be se5 to move t[>ds ! plate4 ,! rev]se ( ?is takes place if ! tub be fill$ ) hot wat] & ! wat] plate ) cold4 ,:5 ?is ph5om5on takes place on a l>ge scale1 z 9 ! case ( ! nor? trade w9ds be+ drawn f _! c\rse by ! heat$ %ores ( ,s\!rn ,asia1 ! gigantic sea breeze ?us produc$ is call$ ! s\?-we/ monsoon4 ,?is occurs f ,april to ,octob]1 :5 ! sun is nor? ( ! equator4 ,:5 ! sun is s\? ( ! equator--t is1 f ,octob] to ,april--! analogue ( ! l& breeze is produc$1 & is call$ ! nor?-ea/ monsoon4 ,,v>iable ,,w9ds4--,! "* ( ?is class ( w9ds is det]m9$ by ! physical configuration ( ! c\ntry 9 :i* !y occur4 ,"s tracts are m>k$ by luxuriant vegetation1 o!rs are b>e4 ,"h m\nta9s lift _! awful fronts & 8midway leave ! /orm10 !re an arid pla9 ext5ds itself to ! sea%ore1 or inl&1 t[>ds a *a9 ( lakes4 ,)9 ! tropics ^! purely local conditions are insuffici5t to ov]come ! =ce ( ! preval5t atmosph]ic curr5ts3 su*1 h[ev]1 is n ! case beyond ! tropical zone4 ,!re ! v>iable w9ds prevail1 = :i* space p]mits only ! m5tion ( _! names3--,! ,simoom 7f ! ,arabic samma1 hot71 peculi> to ! hot s&y des]ts ( ,africa & ,we/]n ,asia4 ,! ,sirocco bl[s ov] ! two ,sicilies z a hot w9d f ! s\?4 ,x ext5ds sometimes to ! %ores ( ! ,black & ,caspian seas1 spread+ dea? among animals & plants4 ,! ,solano prevails at c]ta9 seasons 9 ! s\? ( ,spa93 its direction is s\?-ea/4 ,! ,h>mattan is ano!r w9d ( ! same class1 peculi> to ,s5egambia & ,gu9ea4 ,! ,puna ,w9ds bl[ = f\r mon?s ov] a b>r5 tablel& call$ ! ,puna1 9 ,p]u4 ,!y are a portion ( ! s\?-ea/ trade w9ds1 :i*1 hav+ cross$ ! ,pampas1 are !reby depriv$ ( moi/ure1 & become ! mo/ p>*+ w9d 9 ! _w4 ,! ,ea/ ,w9ds1 peculi> to ! spr+ 9 ,brita91 bl[+ z !y d ?r\gh ,russia1 ov] ,europe1 are a portion ( ! great pol> curr5t1 di/9ctive ( t season ( ! ye>4 ,!y are dry & p>*+1 e "o be+ famili> ) ! unpleasant bodily s5sations att5dant on ?is mu*-abus$ & yet mo/ b5efic5t w9d4 ,! ,etesian ,w9ds are drawn f ! nor? across ! ,m$it]ranean by ! great heat ( ! ,african des]t4 ,! ,mi/ral is a /rong nor?-we/ w9d peculi> to ! s\?-ea/ ( ,france4 ,! ,pamp]o is a nor?-we/ w9d1 bl[+ 9 summ] f ! ,pampas ( ,bu5os ,ayres4 ,z long ago z ! ye> #afjj ,"l ,bacon rem>k$ t ! prepond]at+ t5d5cy ( ! w9d 0 decid$ly to ve] ) ! sun's motion1 ?us pass+ f ,n4 ?r\gh ,n4,e41 ,e41 ,s4,e41 to s\?1 !nce ?r\gh ,s4,w41 ,w4,n4,w41 to ,n42 also1 t x (t5 makes a complete circuit 9 t direction1 or m ?an "o 9 succession 7occupy+ sometimes _m days 9 s do+71 b t x r>ely backs1 & v r>ely or nev] makes a complete circuit 9 ! contr>y direction4 ,! m]it ( hav+ fir/ demon/rat$ t ?is t5d5cy is a direct consequ5ce ( ! e>?'s rotation is due to ,pr(essor ,dove1 ( ,b]l91 :o has also %[n t ! ?ree sy/ems ( atmosph]ic curr5ts j treat$ (1 viz41 ! con/ant1 p]iodical1 & v>iable w9ds1 are all am5able to ! same influ5ce4 ,z to ! mode ( obs]v+ ! w9d1 ,admiral ,fitzroy recomm5ds t a true ea/ & we/ l9e %\ld be m>k$ ab\t ! "t ( ! equ9ox1 & ! nor?1 s\?1 & o!r po9ts ( ! compass be+ add$1 to take ! be>+s ( ! w9d 9 relation to a dial s prep>$1 ! indications ( ! l[] /ratum ( cl\ds 9 conjunction ) vanes & smoke be+ pref]r$ to any o!r4 ,! direction ( ! w9d %\ld always be giv5 accord+ to true1 & n to compass be>+s4 ,two po9ts to ! we/w>d ne>ly repres5ts ! am\nt ( 8,v>iation ( ! ,compass0 = ! ,briti% ,isles1 :i* yields ! foll[+ table = ! conv]sion ( directions obs]v$ by ! compass 9 ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& to approximate true be>+s4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,compass be>+s4 ,n ,,nne ,,ne ,,ene ,e ,,ese ,,se ,,sse ,true be>+s4 ,,nnw ,n ,,nne ,,ne ,,ene ,e ,,ese ,,se ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,compass be>+s4 ,s ,,ssw ,,sw ,,wsw ,w ,,wnw ,,nw ,,nnw ,true be>+s4 ,,sse ,s ,,ssw ,,sw ,,wsw ,w ,,wnw ,,nw ---------------------------------------- ---------------- 8,"o may call a v simple diagram1 a circle divid$ by a diamet] f nor?-ea/ to s\?-we/1 ! !rmomet] compass4 ,:ile ! w9d is %ift+ f s\?-we/1 by we/1 nor?-we/1 & nor? to nor?-ea/1 ! !rmomet] is fall+1 b :ile %ift+ f nor?-ea/1 by ea/1 s\?-ea/ & s\?1 t[>ds s\? & s\?-we/1 ! !rmomet] is ris+4 ,n[ ! b>ometric column does j ! rev]se4 ,f nor?-ea/ ! b>omet] falls z ! w9d %ifts ?r\gh ! ea/ to s\?-ea/1 s\?1 & s\?-we/1 & f ! s\?-we/1 z ! w9d %ifts r\nd nor?w>d to nor?-ea/1 ! b>omet] rises--x rises to we/1 nor?-we/1 nor?1 & nor?-ea/4 8,! effect ( ! w9d ?us %ift+ r\nd :5 trac$ ^u pap] by a curve1 seems c]ta9ly wave-l to ! eye2 b ,i believe x to be simply consequ5t on ! w9d %ift+ r\nd ! compass1 & indicat+ alt]ation 9 ! b>ometric column4 8,if ! w9d rema9$ nor?-ea/1 say ?ree weeks1 !re w\ld be no wave at all--!re w\ld be almo/ a /raight l9e along a diagram 7v>y+ only a little = /r5g?74 ,! atmosph]ic l9e1 9 su* a case1 rema9s at ! same height1 & ! b>omet] rema9s at #cj in*es & 7say7 "s ?ree or f\r-t5?s1 = weeks toge!r4 ,s likewise :5 ! w9d is s\?-we/]ly a long "t1 or ne> t po9t1 ! atmosph]ic l9e rema9s l[1 t[>ds #bi in*es4 ,?us1 su* #8atmosph]ic waves' may be an optical delusion4 8,! diagram allud$ to above %[s h[ ! b>omet] & !rmomet] may be us$ 9 connection ) ea* o!r 9 =etell+ w9d1 & consequ5tly wea!r1 t is com+ on1 because z ! "o rises1 ! o!r g5]ally falls1 & if y take ! two toge!r & confront ) _! indications ! am\nt ( moi/ure 9 ! air at any "t1 y w sc>cely be mi/ak5 9 kn[+ :at k9d ( wea!r y are likely to h = ! next two or ?ree days1 :i* = ! g>d5]1 ! f>m]1 soldi]1 sailor1 & travell] mu/ be frequ5tly ( consid]able importance40#ad ,footnote #ad3 ,! late ,admiral ,fitzroy4 ,we are indebt$ to ,m4 ,buys ,ballot1 a ,dut* meteorologi/1 = an invaluable g5]alization1 ! importance ( :i* x is almo/ impossible to ov]-e/imate4 ,?is di/+ui%$ savant says3--8,x is a fact above all d\bt t ! w9d t comes is ne>ly at "r angles to ! l9e betwe5 ! places ( highe/ & l[e/ b>omet] read+s4 ,! w9d has ! place ( l[e/ b>omet] at its left h&1 & is /rong] 9 proportion z ! diff]5ce ( b>omet] read+s is great]40 ,^! facts h be5 v>i\sly /at$ by o!r writ]s2 = example3 8,/& ) y\r back to ! w9d1 & ! b>omet] w be l[] on y\r left h& ?an on y\r "r20 8,fac+ ! w9d ! c5tre ( depression be>s 9 ! "r-h& direction10 /atem5ts :i* c be v]ifi$ at any "t by a brief /udy ( ! 8,wea!r ,*>ts0 n[ publi%$ 9 ! daily j\rnals4 ,! value ( ! law consi/s 9 its connect+ ! surface w9ds ( our planet ) ! actual pressure ( ! air itself1 & x admits ( ! foll[+ tabulation3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,! w9d is ,! w9d is ,! w9d is ,! w9d is ,,nor!rly ,,s\!rly ,,ea/]ly ,,we/]ly :5 ! :5 ! :5 ! :5 ! ,,b>omet] ,,b>omet] ,,b>omet] ,,b>omet] is1 9 ! is1 9 ! is1 9 ! is1 9 ! ,n4 ,n4 ,n4 ,high4 ,n4 ,l[4 ab\t ab\t ,s4 ,l[4 ,s4 ,high4 ,s4 equal4 ,s4 equal4 ,e4 ,e4 ,e4 ,l[4 ,e4 ,high4 ab\t ab\t ,w4 ,high4 ,w4 ,l[4 ,w4 equal4 ,w4 equal4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ :i* c be v]ifi$ by ! read] f ! daily ,wea!r ,*>ts 9 ! newspap]s4 ,! above are d$uctions f ,buys ,ballot's ,law1 /ill fur!r impress$ on ! memory by tak+ f\r outl9e maps ( ! ,briti% ,isles1 ins]t+ ! names ( ,?urso1 ,p5zance1 ,y>m\?1 & ,val5tia1 ) b>omet] read+s ( ! k9d above nam$ at ea* place1 & !n draw+ a l>ge arr[ 9 r$ ink across ! c5tre ( ea* map 9 ! direction appropriate to ! read+s4 ,mr4 ,/ra*an1 9 8 able pamphlet on 8,wea!r ,=eca/s10 puts ! matt] ?us3 8,x foll[s f ,ballot's ,law t 9 ! nor!rn temp]ate zone ! w9ds w circulate ar\nd an area ( l[ atmosph]ical pressure 9 ! rev]se direction to ! movem5t ( ! h&s ( a wat*1 & t ! air w fl[ away f a region ( high pressure1 & cause an app>5t circulation ( ! w9ds ar\nd x1 9 ! direction ( wat* h&s40 ,& z ! result ( a c>eful dige/ ( data conta9$ 9 ! elev5? numb] ( meteorological pap]s1 publi%$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 he has e/abli%$ ! foll[+ valuable propositions4 ,z introductory to ! propositions1 x %\ld be /at$ t ! positions ( obs]vations 7 ! foll[+3-- ,places4 ,latitude4 ,longitude4 ,nairn #eg #bi ,n4 #d #ac ,w4 ,bre/ #dh #bh #d #bi ,w4 ,val5tia #ea #ef #aj #ai ,w4 ,y>m\? #eb #cg #a #dd ,e4 ,portru% 7or ,gre5ca/le7 #ee #ab #f #dj ,w4 ,%ields #ee #j #a #bg ,w4 ,nairn & ,bre/ are situat$ ne>ly on ! same m]idian1 ab\t #edj geographical miles ap>t4 ,val5tia & ,y>m\? are ne>ly on ! same p>allel ( latitude1 ab\t #dej miles ap>t4 ,portru% & ,%ields1 di/ant #ahj miles1 are on a p>allel :i* is ne>ly z remote f ! p>allel ( ,nairn z t ( ,val5tia & ,y>m\? is f ! "o pass+ ?r\gh ,bre/2 & ,%ields is ab\t z mu* to ! we/w>d ( ,y>m\? z ,portru% is to ! ea/w>d ( ,val5tia4 ,:5 obs]vations h n be5 obta9able = ,bre/1 ^? made at ,p5zance h be5 us$ in/ead4 ,proposition #a4--,:5ev] ! atmosph]ical pressure is great] at ,bre/ ?an at ,nairn1 :ile x is ( ! same or ne>ly ! same value at ,val5tia & ,y>m\?1 be+ gradually less f s\? to nor?1 ! w9ds ov] ! ,briti% ,isles are we/]ly4 ,proposition #b4--,:5ev] ! pressure at ,nairn is great] ?an at ,bre/1 :ile its values at ,val5tia & ,y>m\? are equal1 or ne>ly s1 ! w9ds ov] ! ,briti% ,isles are ea/]ly4 ,proposition #c4--,:5ev] ! pressure at ,val5tia is great] ?an at ,y>m\?1 :ile its values at ,bre/ & ,nairn are ne>ly equal1 ! w9ds ov] ! ,briti% ,isles are nor!rly4 ,proposition #d4--,:5ev] ! pressure at ,y>m\? exce$s t at ,val5tia1 :ile !re is equality ( pressure at ,nairn & ,bre/1 ! w9ds ( ! ,briti% ,isles are s\!rly4 ,proposition #e4--,:5ev] ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e is equal1 or ne>ly s1 at ,bre/1 ,val5tia1 ,nairn1 & ,y>m\?1 & g5]ally uni=m1 ! w9ds ov] ! ,briti% ,isles are v>iable 9 direction & light 9 =ce4 ,! data f :i* ! =ego+ propositions 7 d$uc$1 & inde$ all o!r cases calculat$ by ,mr4 ,/ra*an1 %[ 9 e well m>k$ in/ance t :5 ! atmosph]ical pressure 0 7#a7 great] 9 ! s\? ?an 9 ! nor?1 ! w9d _h we/+2 7#b7 great] 9 ! nor? ?an 9 ! s\?1 ! w9d _h ea/+2 7#c7 great] 9 ! ea/ ?an 9 ! we/1 ! w9d _h s\?+2 7#d7 great] 9 ! we/ ?an 9 ! ea/1 ! w9d _h nor?+2 7#e7 uni=mly high1 or uni=mly l[1 v>iable light w9ds 7) f9e wea!r 9 ! =m] case1 & vap\ry or wet wea!r 9 ! latt]74 ,conditions 7#a7 & 7#c7 give w9ds f ! ,s4,w4 qu>t]4 ,conditions 7#a7 & 7#d7 give w9ds f ! ,n4,w4 qu>t]4 ,conditions 7#b7 & 7#d7 give w9ds f ! ,n4,e4 qu>t]4 ,conditions 7#b7 & 7#c7 give w9ds f ! ,s4,e4 qu>t]4 ,^! pr9ciples may be employ$ to set =? ! mode ( =etell+ ! imp5d+ *ange ( w9d z reg>ds its direction & =ce2 = ! atmosph]ical pressure may *ange-- 7a7 uni=mly ov] ! :ole area ( obs]vation2 7b7 by increas+ 9 ! s\?1 or 7:i* causes a simil> /atical =ce7 by decreas+ 9 ! nor?2 7c7 by increas+ 9 ! nor?1 or 7:i* has ! same effect7 by decreas+ 9 ! s\?2 7d7 by increas+ 9 ! we/1 or 7:i* has ! same effect7 by decreas+ 9 ! ea/2 7e7 by increas+ 9 ! ea/1 or 7:i* has ! same effect7 by decreas+ 9 ! we/2 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,scale1 #j to #f4 ,pressure 9 p\nds p] squ>e foot4 ,miles p] h\r4 ,seaman's ,nom5clature4 ,scale1 #j to #ab4 ,beau=t ,scale4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #jj #jjj #b ,calm #j #je #jbe #e ,light ,air #a ,j suffici5t to make /e]age way4 ,breeze #aj #ajjaj ,light #b ,) :i* a %ip ) #a to #b knots4 #ae #bbeae ,g5tle #c all sail set w\ld g #c to #d #bj #djjbj ,mod]ate #d 9 smoo? wat]4 #e to #f #be #fbebg ,fre% #e ,royals1 c4 #cj #ijjce ,/rong #f ,9 :i* ,s+le ,reefs & ,t4,g4 ,sails4 -- -- #db -- -- ,d\ble ,reefs & ,jib1 c4 ,gale %e c\ld #ce -- #ej ,mod]ate #g #djafjjfj ,fre% #h ,triple ,reefs1 c4 #debjbe-- ,/rong #i j c>ry ,close ,reefs & ,c\rses4 #ejbejjgj ,:ole #aj ,9 :i* %e c\ld j be> close-reef$ ,ma9topsail & reef$ ,=esail4 #eecjbehj ,/orm #aa ,"u ,/orm ,/aysails or ,trysails4 #fjcfjjij ,hurricane #ab ,b>e ,poles4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,) 7a7 simil> w9d & wea!r w cont9ue4 7b7 w9ds w ve] t[>ds we/4 7c7 ea/4 7d7 nor?4 7e7 s\?4 8,! probable /r5g? ( w9d w be 9 proportion to ! rate ( increase ( /atical =ce1 or diff]5ces ( b>ometrical read+s4 ,! position ( lea/ pressure mu/ be c>efully consid]$2 z1 9 accordance ) ! law1 ! w9d w bl[ ar\nd t locality4 ,! same rem>k applies to areas ( high pressure1 :i*1 h[ev]1 v r>ely occur 9 a well-def9$ mann] ov] ! ,briti% ,isles40 ,ref]r+ to ! table on page #gf1 ! scale #j to #f 0 =m]ly us$ by meteorological obs]v]s at l& /ations1 & x 0 int5d$ to express1 :5 ! squ>e ( ! grade 0 obta9$1 ! pressure ( ! w9d z giv5 9 ! second column4 8,! velocity is an approximation z ne> z c be obta9$1 f ! values assign$ by ,neumay]1 ,/[1 ,laughton1 ,scott1 ,h>ris1 ,james1 c40#ae ,footnote #ae3 ,/ra*an's 8,portable ,meteorological ,regi/]10 #d? edition4 ,few meteorological axioms are bett] e/abli%$ ?an t :i* embodies ! fact t 8e w9d br+s its wea!r10 & ! prim>y cause ( w9d be+ ! motion ( ! air induc$ by r>efaction1 x is obvi\s t !re is a con/ant t5d5cy = ! equatorial & pol> curr5ts 9 any locality to e/abli% an equilibrium1 & ?is consid]ation is f\nd to facilitate wea!r pr$ictions = ext5d$ p]iods4 ,?us1 9 consequ5ce ( ! unusual preval5ce ( ea/ w9ds 9 ! spr+ ( #ahfb1 a wet summ] 0 pr$ict$4 ,! pr$iction 0 fully borne out by an incessant cont9uance ( s\?-we/ w9ds1 ) cl\d$ skies & ! usual accompanim5t ( deluges ( ra94 ,^! w9ds cont9u+1 ) slight int]missions only1 till ! spr+ ( ! foll[+ ye>1 less ?an ! usual numb] ( s\?-we/ w9ds 0 look$ = dur+ ! summ]2 ! result fully ju/ifi$ ! anticipation1 ! summ] ( #ahfc be+ f9e & w>m1 especially dur+ ! e>li] portion4 ,simil>ly1 )\t committ+ ! inaccuracies ( ,murphy 9 #ahch1 ! summ] ( #ahgg may be reasonably expect$ to be a dry & cool "o f ! long cont9uance ( w>m & wet mon?s 9 ! w9t] ( #ahgf-g4 ,! sci5tific rese>* & me*anical +5uity direct$ ( late ye>s to produc+ tru/wor?y e/imates ( ! direction1 pressure1 & velocity ( ! w9d1 h result$ 9 ! production ( a s]ies ( in/rum5ts1 possess+ great precision & accuracy4 ,illu/ration3 #ed4 ,w9d ,vane4 ,scale ab\t #a_/bj4 ,! direction ( ! w9d is indicat$ by vanes1 a v effici5t =m ( :i* is %[n at ,fig4 #ed1 ! velocity by revolv+ cups1 & ! pressure by ! pressure plate & by calculation f ! kn[n velocity4 ,! ,p5dulum ,anemomet] 7,fig4 #ef7 %[s 9 a simple mann] ! direction & pressure ( ! w9d4 ,! peculi>ly %ap$ vane ensures ! surface ( ! sw++ pressure plate ,b be+ always kept t[>ds ! w9d4 ,! p5dulum plate hangs1 dur+ a calm1 q v]tically1 indicat+ z]o1 & z ! pressure increases x w be rais$ ?r\gh all degrees ( elevation f #a to #ab4 ,! vane is p]=at$ ) holes l>ge en\gh to be visible at "s di/ance f ! gr\nd1 ! #e & #aj be+ specially l>g]1 s t ! angle to :i* ! pressure plate is rais$ c be quickly not$4 ,illu/ration3 #ee4 ,compass ,be>+s4 ,scale ab\t #a_/bj4 ,!re is a simple contrivance 7= ! conv5i5ce ( travell]s7 call$ a ,portable ,w9d ,vane1 or ,anemomet]1 ,x is furni%$ ) a compass & b> ne$le1 c41 & w tell ! true direction ( ! w9d to )9 a half po9t4 ,illu/ration3 #ef4 ,pre/el's ,p5dulum ,anemomet]4 ,scale ab\t #a_/ab4 ,illu/ration3 #eg4 ,l9d's ,anemomet]4 ,scale ab\t #a_/e4 ,l9d's ,anemomet] or ,w9d ,gauge ranks among ! e>lie/ =ms ( in/rum5ts design$ to e/imate ! =ce ( ! w9d4 ,x consi/s ( a glass syphon1 ! limbs ( :i* are p>allel to ea* o!r1 m\nt$ on a v]tical rod1 on :i* x freely oscillates by ! action ( ! vane :i* surm\nts x4 ,! upp] end ( "o limb ( ! syphon is b5t outw>d at "r angles to ! ma9 direction1 & ! action ( ! vane keeps ?is op5 end ( ! tube always t[>ds ! qu>t] f :5ce ! w9d bl[s4 ,betwe5 ! limbs ( ! syphon is plac$ a scale graduat$ f #j to #c 9 in*es & #aj?s1 ! z]o be+ 9 ! c5tre ( ! scale4 ,:5 ! in/rum5t is us$1 x is only necess>y to fill ! tube ) wat] to ! z]o ( ! scale1 & !n expose x to ! w9d4 ,! natural consequ5ce ( w9d act+ on ! surface ( ! wat] is to depress x 9 "o limb & raise x 9 ! o!r1 & ! sum ( ! depression & elevation is ! height ( a column ( wat] :i* ! w9d is capable ( su/a9+ at ! "t ( obs]vation4 ,sudd5 gu/s ( w9d are apt to produce a jump+ effect on ! wat] 9 ! tube1 & to dim9i% ?is ! b5d ( ! syphon is contract$4 ,a brass plate is atta*$ to ! foot ( ! in/rum5t1 be>+ ! lett]s indicat+ ! c>d9al po9ts ( ! compass1 to %[ ! direction ( ! w9d4 ,dr4 ,rob9son1 ( ,armagh1 introduc$ an in/rum5t1 9 #ahej1 :i* consi/s ( f\r hemisph]ical copp] cups atta*$ to ! arms ( a metal cross4 ,! v]tical axis ^u :i* ^! are secur$ has at its l[] extremity an endless screw plac$ 9 ge> ) a tra9 ( :eels & p9ions4 ,ea* :eel is graduat$ respectively to #a_/aj?1 #a mile1 #aj miles1 #ajj miles1 #a1jjj miles1 & ^! revolve beh9d a fix$ index1 ! read+s ( :i* are tak5 accord+ to ! indications on ! dials4 ,dr4 ,rob9son ent]ta9$ ! !ory t ! cups 7measur+ f _! c5tres7 revolv$ ) "o-?ird ( ! w9d's velocity2 & ?is !ory hav+ be5 fully support$ by exp]im5t1 due all[ance has be5 made 9 graduat+ ! :eels s t ! true velocity is obta9$ by direct obs]vation4 ,9 an improv$ =m ( ?is anemomet] ! hemisph]ical cups are reta9$1 b ! index portion ( ! in/rum5t consi/s ( two graduat$ conc5tric circles1 ! inn] "o repres5t+ five miles divid$ into #aj?s1 & ! out] "o be>+ #ajj divisions1 ea* ( :i* is equival5t to five miles4 ,at ! top ( ! dial is a fix$ index1 :i*1 z ! too!d :eel revolves1 m>ks on ! inn] circle ! miles 7up to five7 & #aj?s ( miles ! w9d has travell$1 :ile a movable index1 :i* revolves ) ! :eel1 indicates on ! out] circle ! passage ( e five miles4 ,illu/ration3 #eh4 ,improv$ ,anemomet]4 ,scale ab\t #a_/e4 ,?is in/rum5t c be made v portable by remov+ ! arms be>+ ! cups1 :5 ! :ole may be pack$ ) iron %aft 9 a case #ae #ac #d in*es4 ,x may be plac$ 9 any desir$ position by screw+ ! iron %aft suppli$ ) x into ! hole provid$ = ! purpose1 & fix+ ! app>atus on a pole or on an elevat$ /&1 if possible1 9 an op5 space expos$ to ! direct action ( ! w9d4 ,if1 :5 plac+ ! in/rum5t1 ! h&s /& at #j1 ! next read+ w1 ( c\rse1 %[ ! numb] ( miles ! w9d has trav]s$2 b1 %\ld !y /& o!rwise1 ! read+ may be not$ & d$uct$ f ! second read+1 ?us3 ,suppose ! fix$ index po9ts to #be & ! movable index to #abe1 ! read+ aft] #ab h\rs may be #bjj on ! out] circle & #cj on ! inn] circle3 ^! add$ toge!r yield #bjc4 ,by d$uct+ ! previ\s read+ #abge1 we h ! true read+--viz41 #gee miles z ! di/ance travell$ by ! w9d4 ,hav+ obta9$ ! velocity ( ! w9d 9 ?is mann] 9 miles p] h\r1 ! table on page #hc1 f ,col4 ,sir ,h5ry ,james's 8,in/ructions = ,tak+ ,meteorological ,obs]vations10 w enable ! obs]v] to calculate ! pressure 9 p\nds p] squ>e foot4 ,,wea!r ,,notation4 ,! foll[+ lett]s are us$ to d5ote ! /ate ( ! wea!r3-- b d5otes blue sky1 :e!r ) cle> or slightly hazy atmosph]e4 c cl\dy1 t is deta*$ op5+ cl\ds4 d drizzl+ ra94 f fog4 h hail4 l lightn+4 m mi/y1 or hazy s z to int]rupt ! view4 o ov]ca/1 gloomy1 dull4 p pass+ %[]s4 q squally4 r ra94 s sn[4 t ?und]4 u ugly1 ?reat5+ appe>ance ( sky4 v unusual visibility ( di/ant objects4 w wet1 t is dew4 ,a lett] repeat$ d5otes mu*1 z rr1 heavy ra92 ff1 d5se fog2 & a figure atta*$ d5otes duration 9 h\rs1 z #adr1 #ad h\rs' ra94 ,by ! comb9ation ( ^! lett]s all ! ord9>y ph5om5a ( ! wea!r may be record$ ) c]ta9ty & brevity4 ,examples4--bc1 blue sky ) less proportion ( cl\d2 cb1 m cl\dy ?an cle>2 #brrllt1 heavy ra9 = two h\rs1 ) mu* lightn+1 & "s ?und]4 ,,velocity ,,& ,,pressure ,,( ,,! ,,w9d4 ,! ,pressure v>ies z ! ,squ>e ( ! ,velocity1 or ,p ,v#b4 ,! ,squ>e ( ! ,velocity 9 ,miles p] ,h\r multipli$ by #ejj gives ! ,pressure 9 lbs4 p] squ>e ,foot1 or ,v#b #jje ,p4 ,! ,squ>e ,root ( #bjj times ! ,pressure equals ! ,velocity1 or 7#bjj ,p7 ,v4 ,! subjo9$ ,table is calculat$ f ?is data1 by ,,col4 ,,sir ,,h5ry ,,james1 ( ! ,ordnance ,survey ,(fice4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,pressure 9 lbs4 p] ,squ>e ,foot4 ,velocity 9 ,miles p] ,h\r4 ,pressure 9 lbs4 p] ,squ>e ,foot4 ,velocity 9 ,miles p] ,h\r4 ,pressure 9 lbs4 p] ,squ>e ,foot4 ,velocity 9 ,miles p] ,h\r4 ,pressure 9 lbs4 p] ,squ>e ,foot4 ,velocity 9 ,miles p] ,h\r4 ,pressure 9 lbs4 p] ,squ>e ,foot4 ,velocity 9 ,miles p] ,h\r4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ oz4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 #jjh #ajjj #fgecfgdbaggeeiehabhgegehbhcige #hiafb #jbe #agfg #gjjcgdafahjjfjjjjbijjgfaegdjjj #hiddb #jej #bejj #gbechjghahbefjdaebibegfdhedjbe #higba #jge #cjfa #gejchgbiahejfjhbgbiejgfhaadjej #ijjjj #ajj #cece #ggecicgjahgefabcgbigeggacfdjge #ijbgg #bjj #ejjj #hjjdjjjjaijjfafddcjjjggdeidajj #ijeec #cjj #fabc #hbedjfbjaibefbjdhcjbeggghadabe #ijhbi #djj #gjga #hejdabcaaiejfbddicjejghajbdaej #iaajd #ejj #gije #hgedahccaigefbhaicjgeghdbadage #iacgh #fjj #hffj #ijjdbdbfbjjjfcbdecajjghgdjdbjj #iafea #gjj #iced #ibedcjaabjbefcfcicabegijefdbbe #iaibc #hjjajjjj #iejdcehhbjejfdjcacaejgicgbdbej #ibaie #ijjajfjf #igeddaehbjgefddbjcagegifhfdbge #ibdff #ajjjaaahjajjjddgbabajjfdhjgcbjjhjjjjdcj j #ibgcf #aajjaagbfajbedebgfbabefeaibcbbehjcaadcb e #icjje #abjjabbdgajejdehbebaejfeegdcbejhjfbbdce j #icbgc #acjjabgdgajgedfcfhbagefeiedcbgehjicbdcg e #iceda #adjjacbbhaajjdfijdbbjjffccbccjjhabdjddj j #ichjh #aejjacficaabedgdcdbbbeffgjhccbehaedgddb e #idjgd #aaejdgiehbbejfgjhbccejhahecddej #idcci lbs4 #aagedhdgfbbgefgdecccgehbaehddge #idfjd #ajjadadbabjjdhihibcjjfghbccdjjhbdfbdejj #idhfh #abeaehaaabbedidigbcbefhaijcdbehbgfddebf #iecic #aejagcbjabejejjjjbcejfheefcdejhcjffdeej #ieaca #ageahgjhabgeejdigbcgefhibjcdgehccffdege #iefee #bjjbjjjjacjjejiijbdjjfibhbcejjhcfffdfjj #ieiaf #bbebabacacbeeadghbdbefifdacebehcifddfbe #ifagf #bejbbcfjacejeaifabdejgjjjjceejhdbfadfej #ifdcf #bgebcdebacgeebddjbdgegjcefcegehdefgdfge #iffie #cjjbddidadjjebiaebejjgjgajcfjjhdhebdgjj #ifiec #cbebedieadbeecchebebegajfccfbehe #adfdgbe #igbaa #cejbfdegadejecheabeejgadadcfejheddjdgej #igdfg #cgebgchfadgeedcacbegegagfccfgehegcbdgge #iggbd #djjbhbhdaejjedggbbfjjgbaaacgjjhfjbcdhjj #igigi #dbebiaedaebeeebbfbfbegbdefcgbehfcacdhbe #ihbcd #dejcjjjjaeejeefggbfejgbhjacgejhffjbdhej #ihdhh #dgecjhbbaegeefabdbfgegc #adccggehfhijdhge #ihgdb #ejjcafbbafjjefefhbgjjgcdhdchjjhgaggdijj #ihiid #ebecbdjcafbeegjjhbgbegchbdchbehgdfddibe #iibdg #eejccaffafejegdaebgejgdafachejhggdidiej #iidih #egecciaaafgeeghgibggegddihchgehhjcddige #iigdi #fjjcdfdaagjjehcjibhjjgdhcccijjhhcagejjj #ajjjjj #fbececeeagbeehgcfbhbegeaffcibehhfjj #fejcfjeeagejeiafjbhejgedihciejhhhha ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,?is is ! only table hi!rto mu* 9 use = conv]t+ velocity into pressure1 & 0 prep>$ by ,smeaton & o!rs4 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 express ! true relation1 :i* has yet to be det]m9$4 ,! ,anemograph1 or ,self-,record+ ,w9d ,gauge1 has = its object ! regi/ration ( ! velocity & direction ( ! w9d f day to day4 ,figs4 #ei & #fj %[ ! =m design$ & arrang$ by ,mr4 ,beckley1 ( ! ,kew ,obs]vatory1 :i* has be5 adopt$ by ! ,meteorological ,(fice4 ,illu/ration3 #ei4 ,anemograph4 ,scale ab\t #a_/bj4 ,portion = ext]ior ( obs]vatory4 ,x consi/s ( a set ( hemisph]ical cups & vanes1 :i* are expos$ on ! ro( ( ! h\se1 & ( ! record+ app>atus1 :i* is plac$ inside ! h\se4 ,! motion imp>t$ to ! hemisph]ical cups by ! w9d is communicat$ to ! /eel %aft ,b1 :i*1 pass+ ?r\gh ! holl[ %aft ,c1 & hav+ at its l[] end an endless screw1 works into a s]ies ( :eels 9 ! iron box ,d1 :i* r$uces ! angul> velocity #g1jjj times4 ,at ! requir$ di/ance ! motion1 hav+ em]g$ at ,e1 is connect$ ) ,f1 :]e1 by means ( bevell$ :eels1 x moves ! spiral brass regi/]+ p5cil ,c1 :i* is arrang$ s t ea* revolution records #ej miles ( velocity on ! prep>$ pap] ,h4 ,! direction ( ! w9d is indicat$ by ! arr[ ,l1 :i* is kept 9 position by ! fans ,m4 ,^! communicate1 by an endless screw & tra9 ( :eels1 ?r\gh ! %aft ,c & ! box ,d to ! record+ app>atus1 consi/+ ( a spiral brass p5cil1 :i* 9 "o revolution records v>iations ?r\gh ! c>d9al po9ts ( ! compass1 on ! same prep>$ pap] z t :i* receives ! record ( velocity4 ,illu/ration3 #fj4 ,anemograph4 ,scale ab\t #a_/bj4 ,portion = int]ior ( obs]vatory4 ,! pap] is held on ! drum by two small clips1 & may be readily *ang$1 by unclamp+ ! cross ,v1 )\t di/urb+ ! drum or any o!r "p ( ! in/rum5t4 ,illu/ration3 #fa4 ,self-record+ ,magnetomet]1 ,kew ,obs]vatory4 ,,vi4--,,electrification4 ,william ,gilb]t1 a physician ( ,col*e/]1 fir/ %[$ 9 #afjj t ! e>? z a :ole has ! prop]ties ( a magnet1 & consequ5tly t ! directive action ex]t$ by x ^u a compass ne$le repres5ts only a special case ( ! mutual action ( two magnets4 ,9 #ahde1 ,f>aday e/abli%$ ! fact t susceptibility to magnetic =ce is n1 z 0 g5]ally believ$1 conf9$ to iron1 nickel1 & a few o!r sub/ances1 b is a prop]ty ( all sub/ances4 ,accord+ to ,balf\r ,/ew>t1 auror & e>? curr5ts may be reg>d$ z second>y curr5ts result+ f *anges 9 ! e>?'s magnetism4 ,magnetic ph5om5a are includ$ "u ! g5]al t]m t]re/rial magnetic elem5ts1 & consi/ ( magnetic decl9ation1 incl9ation1 & int5sity4 ,^! are = conv5i5ce det]m9$ sep>ately2 ! fir/ by an in/rum5t call$ a ,decl9omet]1 & ! second by an ,incl9omet] or ,dipp+ ,ne$le4 ,! ,decl9omet] is also made to s]ve ! additional purpose ( measur+ ! int5sity ( ! e>?'s magnetic =ce1 :i* x effects on a pr9ciple simil> to t by :i* ! =ce ( gravity is det]m9$ by ! oscillations ( a p5dulum ( kn[n l5g? on any giv5 portion ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,! decl9omet] ne$le is made to oscillate1 & ! numb] ( oscillations 9 a giv5 "t c\nt$2 due all[ance be+ made = ! /r5g? ( ! ne$le1 x is obvi\s t ! =ce :i* re/ores ! ne$le to re/ c be e/imat$4 ,to asc]ta9 ! angle ( decl9ation1 ! z]o l9e ( ! compass c>d is made to co9cide ) ! geographical nor? & s\? l9e2 & ! angle :i* ! direction ( ! ne$le makes ) ?is l9e is !n read (f on a graduat$ circle ov] :i* ! ne$le turns4 ,! magnetic incl9ation or dip ( ! ne$le is e/imat$ by obs]v+ ! incl9ation to a horizontal plane ( a ne$le turn+ on ! v]tical plane :i* passes ?r\gh ! magnetic nor? & s\? po9ts4 ,illu/ration3 #fb4 ,fig4 #fb %[s a simple =m ( magnetic ne$le susp5d$ on a f9e /eel po9t1 :i* is support$ by a brass /&2 ! addition ( a graduat$ circle w\ld con/itute su* an arrangem5t a ,decl9omet]4 ,illu/ration3 #fc4 ,illu/ration3 #fd4 ,fig4 #fc gives ! appe>ance ( ! dipp+ ne$le1 or ,incl9omet]1 & ,fig4 #fd an arrangem5t by :i* bo? k9ds ( t]re/rial z well z local attraction may be %[n4 ,^! compon5ts ( ! e>?'s magnetism und]go n only an annual b a daily & ev5 h\rly v>iation1 app>5tly connect$ 9 "s occult mann] ) ! frequ5cy ( ! sun's spots4 ,! ne$le sometimes suff]s su* exceptional p]turbations z to sugge/ ! idea ( a magnetic /orm4 ,^! di/urbances are usually accompani$ 79 pol> regions7 by lum9\s ph5om5a call$ auror4 ,cont9u\s automatic records ( !m1 !re=e1 is ( great value1 z facilitat+ inductive rese>* :i* may lead to valuable practical results4 ,accord+ly ! ,royal ,society h adopt$ = ! ,kew & o!r obs]vatories ! =m ( ,magnetograph1 or ,self-record+ ,magnetomet]1 %[n at ,fig4 #fa1 by means ( :i* ! v>iations j ref]r$ to are regi/]$ by ! oscillations ( ?ree magnets on photographically prep>$ pap]1 /ret*$ on a drum revolv$ by clockwork4 ,"o magnet is susp5d$ 9 ! magnetic m]idian by a silk ?read1 &1 by ! aid ( a mirror atta*$1 x describes on ! cyl9d]1 mov$ by clockwork 9 ! c5tre pi]1 all ! v>iations 9 ! magnetic decl9ation4 ,! o!r two compon5ts ( ! magnetic =ce ( ! e>? are giv5 by ! o!r magnets4 ,t record+ ! v]tical v>iations re/s on two agate edges "u a glass %ade1 :ile ! horizontal compon5t magnet is susp5d$ by a d\ble silk ?read1 "u ! %ade to ! "r ( ! picture1 be+ reta9$ by ! t5sion ( ! ?read 9 a position ne>ly at "r angles to ! magnetic m]idian4 ,! clock box 9 ! c5tre cov]s ! ?ree revolv+ cyl9d]s be>+ ! s5sitive photographic pap]1 & to ea* magnet is atta*$ a semicircul> mirror1 :i* reflects ! rays f a gas jet to "o ( ! cyl9d]s1 & ?us describes by a curv$ l9e ! oscillations ( ! magnet4 ,a second semicircul> mirror is fix$ to ! pi] on :i* ! in/rum5t /&s1 & consequ5tly describes a /raight l9e1 or z]o1 f :5ce ! curves are measur$4 ,to avoid errors att5d+ sudd5 *anges ( temp]ature1 und]gr\nd vaults are always *os5 = magnetic obs]vations1 & also on acc\nt ( light be+ m easily & p]fectly exclud$4 ,,atmosph]ic ,,electricity4 ,s9ce ! p]=mance ( ,frankl9's fam\s kite exp]im5t1 by :i* he det]m9$ ! id5tity ( lightn+ ) ! electrical dis*>ge f a ma*9e1 mu* att5tion has be5 devot$1 n only to t =m ( atmosph]ic electricity :i* displays itself 9 ! ?und]-cl\d1 b to ! electric condition ( ! air 9 all /ates ( ! wea!r4 ,^! rese>*es h e/abli%$ ! fact t ! air is always 9 an electrical condition1 ev5 :5 ! sky is cle> & free f ?und]-cl\ds4 ,! in/rum5ts employ$ = asc]ta9+ ! k9d & int5sity ( atmosph]ic electricity are call$ ,electroscopes4 ,fig4 #fe %[s a modification ( ,saussure's ,electroscope1 ! basis ( :i* is a n>r[-m\!d fl9t glass bottle ) a divid$ scale to indicate ! degree ( div]g5ce ( ! gold leaves or /raws4 ,to protect ! l[] "p f ra91 x is cov]$ by a metallic %ield ab\t five in*es 9 diamet]4 ,bohn5b]g]'s ,electroscope indicates ! pres5ce & quality ( feeble electric curr5ts4 ,pelti]'s ,electromet] yields ! same result by ! deflection ( a magnetic ne$le4 ,?is latt] has be5 9 use at ,brussels = ?irty ye>s1 & at ,utre*t = tw5ty ye>s1 & is highly recomm5d$4 ,illu/ration3 #fe4 ,electroscope4 ,scale ab\t #a_/g4 ,s+]'s ,atmosph]ic ,electroscope is an effici5t =m ( ! in/rum5t 9 :i* an ord9>y gold-leaf electromet] has atta*$ to its circul> brass plate a brass rod two feet 9 l5g?1 ) a clip at its upp] extremity to receive a light$ pap] or cig> fusee4 ,! electricity ( ! air 9 imm$iate contact ) ! flame1 causes1 by induction1 electricity ( ! opposite nature to accumulate at ! upp] extremity1 :]e x is con/antly c>ri$ (f by ! convection curr5ts 9 ! flame1 leav+ ! conductor *>g$ ) ! same k9d & p[] ( electricity z t conta9$ 9 ! air at ! "t ( ! exp]im5t4 ,! pr9ciple ( ?is me?od 0 initiat$ by ,volta1 & has be5 ext5d$ & appli$ by ,sir ,william ,?omson 9 8 ,wat]-dropp+ ,collector1 :i* consi/s ( an insulat$ ci/]n f :i* wat] escapes ?r\gh a jet s f9e t x breaks into drops imm$iately aft] leav+ ! nozzle ( ! tube4 ,! result ( ?is is t 9 half a m9ute f ! />t+ ( ! /ream ! c is f\nd to be electrifi$ to ! same ext5t z ! air at ! po9t ( ! tube4 ,! scale value ( ea* in/rum5t has to be sep>ately det]m9$ by repeat$ comp>ative exp]im5ts1 & involves mu* delicacy ( manipulation4 ,x is *iefly important = ! ord9>y obs]v] to "k t ! occurr5ce ( ?und] & lightn+ %\ld be always not$ 9 ! column head$ 8,rem>ks40 ,illu/ration3 #ff4 ,lightn+ ,conductor4 ,scale ab\t #a_/aj4 ,! de/ructive effects ( lightn+ are too well kn[n to ne$ description "h2 ! means1 h[ev]1 by :i* ^! may be av]t$ dem& a brief notice4 ,lightn+ :5 dis*>g$ f a cl\d w always *oose ! bett] ( any two conductors :i* may pres5t !mselves4 ,! /one ( a *ur* /eeple & ! wood ( a %ip's ma/ are bad conductors1 b a galvaniz$ iron wire rope is ! be/ possible conductor1 & accord+ly ?is mat]ial is n[ g5]ally employ$ = ! purpose4 ,a lightn+ conductor consi/s ( ?ree p>ts3 #a1 ! rod1 :i* ext5ds beyond ! summit ( ! build+1 #b1 ! conductor1 :i* connects ! rod ) ! und]gr\nd portion1 & #c1 ! "p und]gr\nd4 ,! connection betwe5 ea* ( ^! mu/ be absolutely p]fect1 or ! conductor w be faulty4 ,! top is usually ( solid copp] tipp$ ) plat9um 7,fig4 #ff71 ! body ( galvaniz$ iron rope1 s z to adapt itself to ! inequalities ( ! build+ & yet h no %>p turns 9 x1 :ile ! "p und]gr\nd is ( solid iron rod4 ,?is latt] portion %\ld ext5d /raight und]gr\nd = two feet1 & be+ b5t at "r angles away f ! wall1 %\ld re/ 9 a horizontal dra9 #aj to #ae feet long fill$ ) *>coal1 & be aga9 b5t d[nw>ds into a well ( wat]4 ,%\ld wat] n be available1 x %\ld re/ 9 ! c5tre ( a hole #ae feet deep & #aj in*es 9 diamet]1 tightly pack$ ) *>coal1 :i*1 :ile conduct+ ! electricity f ! rod into ! e>?1 s]ves also to pres]ve ! iron f ru/+4 ,,ozone4 ,! atmosph]e1 besides hold+ ! vap\r ( wat] diffus$ ?r\gh\t its mass1 conta9s also m9ute traces ( c>bonic acid & ammonia1 & a v rem>kable sub/ance call$ ,ozone4 ,oxyg51 "o ( ! compon5t gases ( ! atmosph]e1 is capable ( exi/+ 9 two conditions2 "o 9 :i* x is comp>atively passive1 & ano!r 9 :i* x possesses exceptional *emical activity1 dep5d5t app>5tly ^u its electrical condition1 & 9 :i* /ate x possesses a peculi> smell :i* has caus$ x to be nam$ ozone4#af ,! *>act]i/ic od\r is always obs]vable ne> a p[]ful electric ma*9e :5 x is be+ work$1 ne> a batt]y us$ = ! decomposition ( wat]1 & 9 ! air aft] ! passage ( a fla% ( lightn+4 ,its pres5ce is mo/ m>k$ ne> ! sea-coa/1 & 9 localities rem>kable = _! salubrity2 & on acc\nt ( its influ5ce on heal?1 x has be5 propos$ by ,s*onbe9 & o!rs to include ozonometrical obs]vations ) ! ord9>y meteorological obs]vations4 ,footnote #af3 ,greek ozo1 ,i smell4 ,al?\gh 9 m9ute quantities x is fav\rable to heal?1 :5 exi/+ 9 undue proportion x irritates ! muc\s membrane ( ! nose & ?roat1 produc+ pa9ful sores4 ,x attacks india-rubb]1 blea*es indigo1 & oxidizes silv] & m]cury1 diff]+ 9 all ^! po9ts f ord9>y atmosph]ic oxyg54 ,! *emical en]gy x possesses 7:i* exce$s t ( ord9>y oxyg5 z mu* z ! latt] exce$s atmosph]ic air z an oxidiz+ ag5t7 af=ds ! means ( asc]ta9+ its pres5ce & quantity4 ,x lib]ates iod9e f its comb9ation ) potassium1 & free iod9e col\rs />* a deep blue4 ,s*onbe91 ! discov]] ( ozone1 f\nd t :5 /rips ( pap] previ\sly saturat$ ) />* & iodide ( potassium & dri$ 7 expos$ freely to ! air b protect$ f ra9 & ! direct action ( ! sun1 !y und]w5t a peculi> discoloration 7:5 imm]s$ 9 wat]7 aft] an exposure ( #bd h\rs4 ,a scale ( t9ts numb]$ f "o to t5 af=d$ ! means ( comp>ative obs]vation1 & ?us ! ,ozonomet] 0 con/ruct$1 & a means e/abli%$ ( regi/]+ ! am\nt ( ozone 9 ! air ( v>i\s localities f day to day4 ,s*onbe9 also obs]v$ t ! proportion ( ozone 0 l>gely augm5t$ aft] heavy falls ( sn[4 ,= ! exposure ( ! ozone pap]s1 an ozone cage is employ$1 z %[n at ,fig4 #fg4 ,illu/ration3 #fg4 ,ozone ,cage4 ,scale ab\t #a_/f4 ,ozone may be prep>$ artificially z a dis9fectant by cauti\sly mix+ )\t friction or concussion equal p>ts ( p]oxide ( manganese1 p]manganate ( pota%1 & oxalic acid4 ,= a room conta9+ #a1jjj cubic feet1 two teaspoonfuls ( ! p[d]1 plac$ 9 a di% & moi/5$ ) wat] occasionally1 w develop ! ozone & dis9fect ! surr\nd+ air )\t produc+ c\gh4 ,! mo/ important & int]e/+ s]ies ( facts1 h[ev]1 connect$ ) ozone are ^? e/abli%$ by ! rese>*es ( ,m4 ,h\zeau1 :o /ates3-- #a4 ,t c\ntry air conta9s an odor\s oxidiz+ sub/ance1 ) ! p[] ( blea*+ blue litmus1 )\t previ\sly r$d5+ x1 ( de/roy+ bad smells1 & ( blu+ iodiz$ r$ litmus4 #b4 ,t ?is sub/ance is ozone4 #c4 ,t ! am\nt ( ozone 9 ! air at diff]5t times & places is v>iable1 b ?is is at mo/ #a_/gjj1jjj ( its volume1 or #a volume ( ozone 9 #gjj1jjj ( air4 #d4 ,t ozone is f\nd mu* m frequ5tly 9 ! c\ntry ?an 9 t[ns4 #e4 ,t ozone is 9 greate/ quantity 9 spr+1 less 9 summ]1 dim9i%es 9 autumn1 & is lea/ 9 w9t]4 #f4 ,x is mo/ frequ5tly detect$ on ra9y days1 & dur+ great atmosph]ic di/urbances4 #g4 ,t atmosph]ic electricity is app>5tly ! great g5]ator ( ozone4 ,! subject is "o ( great int]e/ 9 its be>+s on heal?1 & op5s a wide field ( sci5tific rese>*1 z may be inf]r$ f ! op9ion express$ by ! ,vi5na ,congress1 :i* is t 8! exi/+ me?ods ( det]m9+ ! am\nt ( ozone 9 ! atmosph]e are insuffici5t1 & ! ,congress !re=e recomm5ds inve/igations = ! discov]y ( bett] me?ods40 ,mr4 ,l[e has publi%$ ! valuable wea!r w>n+s tabulat$ on page #id1 :i* are int]e/+ z %[+ f a giv5 numb] ( obs]vations ! value ( ea* ph5om5on3-- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,no4 ( ,foll[$ 9 obs]vations4 #bd h\rs by -------------------------- ,,dew4 ,f9e4 ,ra94 ,dew pr(use #bda #aif #dc ,dew f #a/ ,april to #cj? ,sept4 #ahe #afa #bd ,dew f #a/ ,oct4 to #cj? ,m>* #ef #cg #ai ,,cl\ds4 ,:ite /ratus 9 ! valley #bbi #bja #bh ,col\r$ cl\ds at sunset #ce #bf #i ,,sun4 ,sol> halos #bjd #acc #ga ,sun r$ & %orn ( rays #cd #ca #c ,mock suns #ce #ai #f ,sun %one ?r\gh ?9 cirro-/ratus #ac #f #g ,sun pale & sp>kl+ #ea #bg #bd ,,fro/4 ,:ite fro/ #gc #ei #ad ,,moon4 ,lun> halos #ajb #ea #ea ,mock moons #i #g #b ,lun> burr #fd #dg #ag ,moon %9+ dimly #ah #ab #f ,moon rose ( a r$ col\r #h #g #a ,,/>s4 ,fall+ />s abundant #he #fe #bj ,/>s bright #hc #fd #ai ,/>s dim #ed #cb #bb ,/>s sc9tillat$ #ad #ab #b ,,aurora4 ,aurora borealis #gf #di #bg ,,animals4 ,bats fly+ ab\t 9 ! ev5+ #fa #de #af ,toads 9 ! ev5+ #ag #ab #e ,l&rails clamor\s #ad #ac #a ,ducks & geese noisy #aj #g #c ,spid]s hang+ on webs 9 ! ev5+ #h #e #c ,fi% rise 9 ! lake #ae #i #f ,,smoke4 ,smoke ris+ p]p5dicul>ly #f #e #a ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,among ! animals ^: movem5ts give wea!r w>n+s few are m tru/wor?y ?an ! lee*4 ,! read] may v]ify ?is by plac+ "o 9 a broad glass bottle1 ti$ ov] ) p]=at$ lea!r1 or bladd]4 ,if plac$ 9 a nor!rn aspect1 ! lee* w be f\nd to behave 9 ! foll[+ mann]3-- #a4 ,on ! approa* ( f9e or fro/y wea!r1 accord+ to ! season1 x w be f\nd curl$ up at ! bottom4 #b4 ,on ! approa* ( ra91 sn[1 or w9d1 x w rise excit$ly to ! surface4 #c4 ,?und] w cause x to be mu* agitat$1 & to leave ! wat] entirely4 ,,p]iods4--,m4 ,kpp5 /ates1 z ! result ( 8 exam9ation into ! *ances ( a *ange ( wea!r1 t ! wea!r has a decid$ t5d5cy to pres]ve its "*4 ,?us1 at ,brussels1 if x has ra9$ = n9e or t5 days successively1 ! next day w be wet also 9 f\r cases out ( five2 & ! *ance ( a *ange decreases ) ! l5g? ( "t = :i* ! wea!r f :i* ! *ange is to take place has la/$4 ,9 ! case ( temp]ature = five-day p]iods1 ! same pr9ciple holds good2#ag = if a cold five-day p]iod sets 9 aft] w>m wea!r1 we c bet two to "o t ! next su* p]iod w be cold too2 b if ! cold has la/$ = two mon?s1 we c bet ne>ly eight to "o t ! fir/ five days ( ! next mon? w be cold too4 ,! *ance ( *ange is1 h[ev]1 great] = ! five-day p]iods ?an = s+le days4 ,simil> results foll[ = ! mon?s1 b "h aga9 ! *ance ( *ange %[s an increase4 ,footnote #ag3 8,rec5t ,progress 9 ,wea!r ,k10 by ,r4 ,h4 ,scott1 ,f4,r4,s4 8,if we rev]t to ! in/ance fir/ cit$1 t ( ra91 ! result is1 n t if x once beg9s to ra9 ! *ances are 9 fav\r ( its nev] ceas+2 all t is impli$ is1 t ! *ances are aga9/ its ceas+ on a def9ite day1 & t !y increase ) ! l5g? ( "t ! ra9 has la/$4 ,! problem is simil> to t ( human life3 ! *ance ( a baby "o ye> old liv+ ano!r ye> is less ?an t ( a man ( ?irty4 8,! practical mean+ ( all ?is is1 t al?\gh we "k t a comp5sat+ anomaly = all extraord9>y wea!r exi/s some:]e on ! e>?'s surface1 e4g41 ! v common case ( int5se cold 9 ,am]ica1 :ile we h a mild w9t] 9 ,brita91 !re is no reason z yet asc]ta9$ to anticipate t ?is comp5sation w occur at any giv5 place dur+ ! ye>4 ,9 o!r words1 :5 def9ite conditions ( wea!r h ?or\ghly e/abli%$ !mselves1 x is only ) great difficulty t ! c\rses ( ! atmosph]ic curr5ts are *ang$40 ,to br+ )9 ! limits ( a popul> pamphlet a notice ( ! v>i\s ph5om5a class$ "u ! head ( ,meteorology1 x has be5 necess>y to ex]cise ! utmo/ brevity4 ,brief1 h[ev]1 z ! treatm5t has be51 ref]5ce has be5 made to ! sci5ces ( ,heat1 ,light1 ,electricity1 ,magnetism1 ,gravitation1 ,a/ronomy1 ,*emi/ry1 ,geography1 & ,geology1 ?us corroborat+ ! te/imony ( ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 :o /ates t 8x c h>dly be impress$ =cibly en\gh on ! att5tion ( ! /ud5t ( nature t !re is sc>cely any natural ph5om5on :i* c be fully & completely expla9$ 9 all its circum/ances )\t a union ( sev]al--p]haps ( all--! sci5ces2 & x _c be d\bt$ t :atev] walk ( sci5ce he may det]m9e to pursue1 impossible z x is = a f9ite capacity to explore all ) any *ance ( success1 he w f9d x illum9at$ 9 proportion to ! light :i* he is enabl$ to ?r[ ^u x f surr\nd+ regions4 ,b1 indep5d5tly ( ?is advantage1 ! glimpse :i* may ?us be obta9$ ( ! h>mony ( ,creation1 ( ! unity ( its plan1 ( ! !ory ( ! mat]ial univ]se1 is "o ( ! mo/ exalt$ objects ( contemplation :i* c be pres5t$ to ! faculties ( a rational be+4 ,9 su* a g5]al survey he p]ceives t sci5ce is a :ole ^: s\rce is lo/ 9 inf9ity1 & :i* no?+ b ! imp]fection ( our nature obliges u to divide4 ,he feels 8 no?+ness 9 8 attempts to grasp x1 & he b[s ) humility & adoration be=e t ,supreme ,intellig5ce :o alone c compreh5d x1 & :o #89 ! beg9n+ saw ev]y?+ t ,he _h made1 & behold x 0 v good4'0 ,j4 ,,& ,w4 ,,rid]1 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,london4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,transcrib]'s note3 ,footnotes mov$ to end ( p>agraph4 ,all scale values 9 illu/ration captions reta9$4 ,! value may n be visually correct4 ,all fractions regul>is$ to num]ator_/d5om9ator4 ,page #c1 #8,reaumur's' *ang$ to #8,raumur's1' 8,raumur's scale0 ,page #i1 clos+ s+le quote *ang$ to d\ble quote4 ,page #ab1 full /op app5d$ to illu/ration caption1 8,scale ab\t #a_/bj40 ,page #af1 full /op app5d$ to illu/ration caption1 8#i40 ,page #ag1 semicolon *ang$ to full /op1 8444x has nev] be5 froz540 ,page #bc1 fir/ footnote *ang$ f 8#h ,r #ah ,f40 to 8#h ,r #ej ,f40 ,page #bg1 #8vice v]s' *ang$ to #8vice v]sa1' 8444proportion1 & vice v]sa14440 ,page #cj1 da% *ang$ to space1 8#biejj in*es40 ,page #cd1 #8,hook' *ang$ to #8,hooke1' 8444inv5t$ by ,dr4 ,hooke40 ,page #cg1 #8,an]iod' *ang$ to #8,an]oid1' 8444by means ( ,b>omet] or ,an]oid14440 ,page #ci1 space *ang$ to /op1 8444betwe5 n9e & t5 p4m40 ,page #db1 space ins]t$ betwe5 #8no' & #8less1' 8444at no less ?an #bab miles40 ,page #df1 illu/ration numb] add$ to caption1 8#ch4 ,damp ,detector40 ,page #ea1 comma mov$ to aft] #8wea!r1' 8,9 cold calm wea!r14440 ,page #eg1 #86' *ang$ to #81' 8cl\d reflector10 ,page #eh1 #8#b4' *ang$ to #8#bnd41' 8444& #bnd4 ,velocity ( ,motion410 ,page #gd1 degrees *ang$ to m9utes1 8#eg #bi ,n40 ,page #gi1 #8,guage' *ang$ to #8,gauge1' 8,l9d's ,anemomet] or ,w9d ,gauge4440 ,page #hc1 p[]s *ang$ f subscripts to sup]scripts1 8,v#b40 ,page #hg1 ref]5ce 9 text to ,fig4 #fe *ang$ to ,fig4 #fd1 8444& ,fig4 #fd an arrangem5t4440 ,page #id1 full /ops add$ aft] #8,,/>s' & #8,,animals4'