,transcrib]'s note3 ,table ( ,cont5ts add$ by ,transcrib]4 ,,cont5ts ,address ( ! ,presid5t ,be=e ! ,briti% ,association #efa ,! ,bubonic ,plague #egf ,gasol9e ,automobiles #eic ,"s ,sci5tific ,pr9ciples ( ,w>f>e #fje ,mod]n ,mongols #fah ,religi\s ,beliefs ( ! ,c5tral ,eskimo #fbd ,m5tal ,en]gy #fcb ,*apt]s on ! ,/>s #fch ,discussion & ,correspond5ce #ffj ,sci5tific ,lit]ature #ffb ,! ,progress ( ,sci5ce #ffd ,index #ffi ,,! ,,popul> ,,sci5ce ,,mon?ly ,,edit$ ,,by ,j4 ,mc,k,e,e,n ,,cattell ,,vol4 ,,lvii ,,may ,,to ,,octob]1 #aijj ,,new ,,york ,,& ,,london ,mc,c,l,u,r,e1 ,,phillips ,,& ,,company #aijj ,,copyright1 #aijj1 ,,by ,mc,c,l,u,r,e1 ,,phillips ,,& ,,company4 ,,! ,,popul> ,,sci5ce ,,mon?ly4 ,,octob]1 #aijj4 ,,address ,,( ,,! ,,presid5t ,,be=e ,,! ,,briti% ,,association4,a ,,by ,,sir ,,william ,,turn]1 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ed9burgh4 ,a ,giv5 at ,brad=d on ,septemb] #e1 #aijj4 ,tw5ty-sev5 ye>s ago ! ,briti% ,association met 9 ,brad=d1 n at t "t rais$ to ! dignity ( a city4 ,! meet+ 0 v successful1 & 0 att5d$ by ab\t two ?\s& p]sons--a =eca/1 let u hope1 ( :at we may expect at ! pres5t assembly4 ,a di/+ui%$ *emi/1 ,pr(4 ,a4 ,w4 ,williamson1 presid$4 ,on ?is occasion ! association has elect$ = ! presid5tial *air "o ^: att5tion has be5 giv5 to ! /udy ( an important dep>tm5t ( biological sci5ce4 ,8 claim to occupy1 h[ev] unwor?ily1 ! di/+ui%$ position 9 :i* he has be5 plac$1 re/s1 d\btless1 on ! fact t1 9 ! mid/ ( ! engross+ duties devolv+ on a tea*] 9 a great univ]sity & s*ool ( m$ic9e1 he has endeavor$ to contribute to ! sum ( k ( ! sci5ce :i* he pr(esses4 ,x is a matt] ( satisfaction to feel t ! success ( a meet+ ( ?is k9d does n re/ ^u ! %\ld]s ( ! occupant ( ! presid5tial *air1 b is due to ! em95ce & active cop]ation ( ! m5 ( sci5ce :o ei!r preside ov] or engage 9 ! "w ( ! n9e or t5 sections into :i* ! association is divid$1 & to ! en]gy & ability = organization display$ by ! local secret>ies & committees4 ,! programme prep>$ by ! g5]al & local (fic]s ( ! association %[s t no ef=ts h be5 sp>$ to provide an ample bill ( f>e1 bo? 9 its sci5tific & social aspects4 ,memb]s & associates w1 ,i feel sure1 take away f ! ,brad=d meet+ z pleasant memories z did our colleagues ( ! correspond+ ,association ,franaise1 :51 9 fri5dly collaboration at ,dov] la/ ye>1 !y te/ifi$ to ! common citiz5%ip ( ! ,univ]sal ,republic ( ,sci5ce4 ,z befits a lead+ c5t] ( indu/ry 9 ! great c\nty ( ,york1 ! applications ( sci5ce to ! indu/rial arts & to agriculture w =m subjects ( discussion 9 ! pap]s to be read at ! meet+4 ,s9ce ! association 0 at ,dov] a ye> ago1 two ( its =m] presid5ts h jo9$ ! majority4 ,! ,duke ( ,argyll presid$ at ! meet+ 9 ,glasg[ s f> back z #ahee4 ,?r\gh\t 8 long & en]getic life1 he prov$ himself to be an eloqu5t & e>ne/ speak]1 "o :o gave to ! consid]ation ( public affairs a m9d ( s+ul> indep5d5ce1 & a ?9k] & writ] 9 a wide range ( human k4 ,sir ,j4 ,wm4 ,dawson 0 presid5t at ! meet+ 9 ,birm+ham 9 #ahhf4 ,born 9 ,nova ,scotia 9 #ahbj1 he devot$ himself to ! /udy ( ! ,geology ( ,canada1 & became ! lead+ au?ority on ! subject4 ,he took also an active & influ5tial "p 9 promot+ ! spread ( sci5tific education 9 ! ,dom9ion1 & = a numb] ( ye>s he 0 ,pr9cipal & ,vice-,*ancellor ( ! ,mc,gill ,univ]sity1 ,montreal4 ,,sci5tific ,,me?od4 ,edw>d ,gibbon has told u t dilig5ce & accuracy are ! only m]its :i* an hi/orical writ] c ascribe to himself4 ,)\t d\bt !y are fundam5tal qualities necess>y = hi/orical rese>*1 b 9 ord] to be> fruit !y require to be ex]cis$ by "o ^: m5tal qualities are su* z to enable him to analyze ! data br\ght toge!r by 8 dilig5ce1 to discrim9ate betwe5 ! false & ! true1 to possess an insight into ! complex motives t det]m9e human action1 to be able to recognize ^? facts & incid5ts :i* _h ex]cis$ ei!r a prim>y or only a second>y influ5ce on ! affairs ( nations1 or on ! ?\ghts & do+s ( ! p]son ^: "* he is depict+4 ,9 sci5tific rese>*1 also1 dilig5ce & accuracy are fundam5tal qualities4 ,by _! application new facts are discov]$ & tabulat$1 _! ord] ( succession is asc]ta9$ & a wid] & m intimate k ( ! processes ( nature is acquir$4 ,b to decide on _! true significance a well-balanc$ m9d & ! ex]cise ( prolong$ ?\ght & reflection are ne$$4 ,william ,h>vey1 ! fa!r ( exact rese>* 9 physiology1 9 8 memorable "w1 #8,de ,motu ,cordis et ,sangu9is1' publi%$ m ?an two c5turies ago1 tells u ( ! great & daily dilig5ce :i* he ex]cis$ 9 ! c\rse ( 8 inve/igations1 & ! num]\s obs]vations & exp]im5ts :i* he collat$4 ,at ! same "t he ref]s repeat$ly to 8 cogitations & reflections on ! mean+ ( :at he _h obs]v$1 )\t :i* ! complicat$ movem5ts ( ! he>t c\ld n h be5 analyz$1 _! significance det]m9$ & ! circulation ( ! blood 9 a cont9u\s /ream def9itely e/abli%$4 ,e>ly 9 ! pres5t c5tury1 ,c>l ,ern/ von ,ba]1 ! fa!r ( embryological rese>*1 %[$ ! importance :i* he atta*$ to ! comb9ation ( obs]vation ) m$itation by plac+ side by side on ! title page ( 8 fam\s treatise #8,ueb] ,entwickelungsges*i*te d] ,?i]e' 7#ahbh7 ! words ,beoba*tung und ,reflexion4 ,?\gh ,i h drawn f biological sci5ce my illu/rations ( ! ne$ ( ?is comb9ation1 x mu/ n be inf]r$ t x applies exclusively to "o bran* ( sci5tific inquiry2 ! conjunction influ5ces & det]m9es progress 9 all ! sci5ces1 & :5 associat$ ) a suffici5t t\* ( imag9ation1 :5 ! p[] ( see+ is conjo9$ ) ! faculty ( =esee+1 ( project+ ! m9d into ! future1 we may expect some?+ m ?an ! discov]y ( isolat$ facts2 _! cord9ation & ! enunciation ( new pr9ciples & laws w necess>ily foll[4 ,sci5tific me?od consi/s1 !re=e1 9 close obs]vation1 frequ5tly repeat$ s z to elim9ate ! possibility ( errone\s see+2 9 exp]im5ts *eck$ & controll$ 9 e direction 9 :i* fallacies might arise2 9 cont9u\s reflection on ! appe>ances & ph5om5a obs]v$1 & 9 logically reason+ out _! mean+ & ! conclusions to be drawn f !m4 ,7 ! me?od foll[$ out 9 its integrity by all :o are engag$ 9 sci5tific inve/igations1 ! "t & labor exp5d$ 9 correct+ errors committ$ by ourselves or by o!r obs]v]s & exp]im5tali/s w\ld be sav$1 & ! volumes devot$ annually to sci5tific lit]ature w\ld be mat]ially dim9i%$ 9 size4 ,7 x appli$1 z f> z ! conditions ( life admit1 to ! conduct & managem5t ( human affairs1 we %\ld n require to be told1 :5 critical p]iods 9 our welf>e z a nation arise1 t we %all muddle ?r\gh someh[4 ,rec5t exp]i5ce has taught u t wise discretion & c>eful provision are z necess>y 9 ! direction ( public affairs z 9 ! pursuit ( sci5ce1 & 9 bo? in/ances1 :5 prop]ly ex]cis$1 !y enable u to rea* ) comp>ative c]ta9ty ! goal :i* we /rive to atta94 ,,improvem5ts ,,9 ,,means ,,( ,,obs]vation4 ,:ile c]ta9 pr9ciples ( rese>* are common to all ! sci5ces1 ea* great division requires = its inve/igation specializ$ arrangem5ts to insure its progress4 ,no?+ contributes s mu* to ! advancem5t ( k z improvem5ts 9 ! means ( obs]vation1 ei!r by ! discov]y ( new adjuncts to rese>*1 or by a fre% adaptation ( old me?ods4 ,9 ! indu/rial arts1 ! introduction ( a new k9d ( raw mat]ial1 ! recognition t a mixture or bl5d+ is (t5 m s]viceable ?an :5 ! sub/ances employ$ are uncomb9$1 ! discov]y ( new processes ( treat+ ! articles us$ 9 manufactures1 ! inv5tion ( improv$ ma*9]y1 all lead to ! expansion ( trade to ! occupation ( ! p1 & to ! developm5t ( great indu/rial c5t]s4 ,9 sci5ce1 also1 ! inv5tion & employm5t ( new & m precise in/rum5ts & appliances enable u to appreciate m cle>ly ! signification ( facts & ph5om5a :i* 7 previ\sly obscure1 & to p5etrate m deeply into ! my/]ies ( nature4 ,!y m>k fre% dep>tures 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce1 & provide a firm base ( support f :i* a cont9u\s advance may be made & fre% conceptions ( nature c be evolv$4 ,x is n my int5tion1 ev5 _h ,i possess$ ! requisite k1 to und]take s ardu\s a task z to review ! progress :i* has rec5tly be5 made 9 ! great body ( sci5ces :i* lie )9 ! doma9 ( ! ,briti% ,association4 ,z my occupation 9 life has requir$ me to give att5tion to ! sci5ce :i* deals ) ! /ructure & organization ( ! bodies ( man & animals--a sci5ce :i* ei!r includes )9 its scope or has intimate & widespread relations to comp>ative anatomy1 embryology1 morphology1 zology1 physiology & an?ropology--,i %all limit myself to ! attempt to br+ be=e y "s ( ! m important obs]vations & conclusions :i* h a be>+ on ! pres5t position ( ! subject4 ,z ?is is ! clos+ ye> ( ! c5tury x w n1 ,i ?9k1 be out ( place to ref] to ! *anges :i* a hundr$ ye>s h br\ght ab\t 9 our fundam5tal conceptions ( ! /ructure ( animals4 ,9 sci5ce1 z 9 bus9ess1 x is well f "t to "t to take /ock ( :at we h be5 do+1 s t we may realize :]e we /& & asc]ta9 ! balance to our cr$it 9 ! sci5tific l$g]4 ,s f> back z ! "t ( ! anci5t ,greeks x 0 kn[n t ! human body & ^? ( ! m highly organiz$ animals 7 n homog5e\s1 b 7 built up ( p>ts1 ! p>tes dissimil>es 7 ta anomoia m]7 ( ,ari/otle1 :i* diff]$ f ea* o!r 9 =m1 color1 texture1 consi/5cy & prop]ties4 ,^! p>ts 7 famili>ly kn[n z ! bones1 muscles1 s9ews1 blood-vessels1 gl&s1 bra91 n]ves & s on4 ,z ! c5turies roll$ on1 & z obs]v]s & obs]vations multipli$1 a m & m precise k ( ^! p>ts ?r\gh\t ! animal k+dom 0 obta9$1 & v>i\s attempts 7 made to classify animals 9 accordance ) _! =ms & /ructure4 ,dur+ ! conclud+ ye>s ( ! la/ c5tury & ! e>li] "p ( ! pres5t1 ! ,hunt]s1 ,william & ,john1 9 our c\ntry1 ! ,meckels 9 ,g]many1 ,cuvi] & ,/4 ,hilaire 9 ,france1 gave an enorm\s impetus to anatomical /udies1 & contribut$ l>gely to our k ( ! con/ruction ( ! bodies ( animals4 ,b :il/ by ^! & o!r obs]v]s ! mo/ sali5t &1 if ,i may use ! expression1 ! gross] *>act]s ( animal organization _h be5 recogniz$1 little 0 kn[n ( ! m intimate /ructure or texture ( ! p>ts4 ,s f> z c\ld be det]m9$ by ! unassi/$ vision1 & s mu* z c\ld be recogniz$ by ! use ( a simple l5s1 _h inde$ be5 asc]ta9$1 & x 0 kn[n t muscles1 n]ves & t5dons 7 compos$ ( ?reads or fib]s1 & ! blood & lymph-vessels 7 tubes1 t ! p>ts :i* we call fasci & aponeuroses 7 ?9 membranes & s on4 ,e>ly 9 ! pres5t c5tury1 ,xavi] ,bi*at1 "o ( ! mo/ brilliant m5 ( sci5ce dur+ ! ,napoleonic era 9 ,france1 publi%$ 8 #8,anatomie ,gnrale1' 9 :i* he =mulat$ important g5]al pr9ciples4 ,e animal is an assemblage ( diff]5t organs1 ea* ( :i* dis*>ges a function1 & act+ toge!r1 ea* 9 its own way1 assi/s 9 ! pres]vation ( ! :ole4 ,! organs are1 z x 71 special ma*9es situat$ 9 ! g5]al build+ :i* con/itutes ! factory or body ( ! individual4 ,b1 fur!r1 ea* organ or special ma*9e is itself =m$ ( tissues :i* possess diff]5t prop]ties4 ,"s1 z ! blood-vessels1 n]ves1 fibr\s tissues1 etc41 are g5]ally di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! animal body1 :il/ o!rs1 z bones1 muscles1 & c>tilage1 etc41 are f\nd only 9 c]ta9 def9ite localities4 ,:ile ,bi*at _h acquir$ a def9ite philosophical conception ( ! g5]al pr9ciples ( con/ruction & ( ! di/ribution ( ! tissues1 nei!r he nor 8 pupil ,bcl>d 0 9 a position to det]m9e ! ess5tial nature ( ! /ructural elem5ts4 ,! means & appliances at _! disposal & at t ( o!r obs]v]s 9 _! g5]ation 7 n suffici5tly pot5t to complete ! analysis4 ,attempts 7 made 9 ! ?ird dec5nium ( ?is c5tury to improve ! me?ods ( exam9+ m9ute objects by ! manufacture ( comp\nd l5ses1 &1 by do+ away ) *romatic & sph]ical ab]ration1 to obta91 9 addition to magnification ( ! object1 a relatively l>ge flat field ( vision ) cle>ness & %>pness ( def9ition4 ,:5 9 ,janu>y1 #ahcj1 ,joseph ,jackson ,li/] read to ! ,royal ,society 8 memoir 8,on ,"s ,prop]ties 9 ,a*romatic ,object-,glasses ,applicable to ! ,improvem5t ( ,microscopes10 he ann\nc$ ! pr9ciples on :i* comb9ations ( l5ses c\ld be arrang$1 :i* w\ld possess ^! qualities4 ,by ! skill ( our opticians1 microscopes h n[ = m ?an half a c5tury be5 con/ruct$ :i*1 9 ! h&s ( compet5t obs]v]s1 h influ5c$ & ext5d$ biological sci5ce ) results comp>able to ^? obta9$ by ! a/ronom] ?r\gh improvem5ts 9 ! telescope4 ,9 ! /udy ( ! m9ute /ructure ( plants & animals1 ! obs]v] has frequ5tly to deal ) tissues & organs1 mo/ ( :i* possess su* s(tness & delicacy ( sub/ance & outl9e t1 ev5 :5 microscopes ( ! be/ con/ruction are employ$1 ! det]m9ation ( ! intimate nature ( ! tissue1 & ! precise relation :i* "o elem5t ( an organ be>s to ! o!r con/itu5t elem5ts1 is1 9 _m in/ances1 a matt] ( difficulty4 ,h5ce additional me?ods h _h to be devis$ 9 ord] to facilitate /udy & to give precision & accuracy to our obs]vations4 ,x is difficult = "o ( ! y\ng] g5]ation ( biologi/s1 ) all ! appliances ( a well-equipp$ laboratory at 8 comm&1 ) exp]i5c$ tea*]s to direct him 9 8 "w1 & ) excell5t text-books1 9 :i* ! mod]n me?ods are describ$1 to realize ! conditions "u :i* 8 pr$ecessors work$ half a c5tury ago4 ,laboratories = m9ute biological rese>* _h n be5 con/ruct$1 ! practical tea*+ ( hi/ology & embryology _h n be5 organiz$1 exp]i5ce 9 me?ods ( "w _h n accumulat$2 ea* man 0 left to 8 individual ef=ts1 & _h to puzzle 8 way ?r\gh ! complications ( /ructure to ! be/ ( 8 p[]4 ,/a9+ & h>d5+ reag5ts 7 unkn[n4 ,! d\ble-blad$ knife inv5t$ by ,val5t91 held 9 ! h&1 0 ! only improvem5t on ! scalpel or razor = cutt+ ?91 m or less transluc5t slices suitable = microscopic exam9ation2 me*anical section-cutt]s & freez+ arrangem5ts _h n be5 devis$4 ,! tools at ! disposal ( ! microscopi/ 7 little m ?an knife1 =ceps1 scissors1 ne$les2 ) acetic acid1 glyc]9e & ,canada balsam z reag5ts4 ,b 9 ! employm5t ( ! new] me?ods ( rese>* c>e has to be tak51 m especially :5 h>d5+ & /a9+ reag5ts are us$1 to discrim9ate betwe5 appe>ances :i* are to be int]pret$ z indicat+ natural *>act]s1 & ^? :i* are only artificial productions4 ,not)/&+ ! difficulties att5dant on ! /udy ( ! m delicate tissues1 ! comp\nd a*romatic microscope provid$ anatomi/s ) an in/rum5t ( great p5etrative p[]4 ,betwe5 ! ye>s #ahcj & #ahej a numb] ( acute obs]v]s appli$ !mselves ) mu* en]gy & en?usiasm to ! exam9ation ( ! m9ute /ructure ( ! tissues & organs 9 plants & animals4 ,,cell ,,!ory4 ,x _h1 inde$1 long be5 recogniz$ t ! tissues ( plants 7 to a l>ge ext5t compos$ ( m9ute vesicul> bodies1 te*nically call$ cells 7,hooke1 ,malpighi1 ,grew74 ,9 #ahca ! discov]y 0 made by ! great botani/1 ,rob]t ,br[n1 t 9 _m families ( plants a circul> spot1 :i* he nam$ areola or nucleus1 0 pres5t 9 ea* cell2 & 9 #ahch ,m4 ,j4 ,s*leid5 publi%$ ! fact t a simil> spot or nucleus 0 a univ]sal elem5t>y organ 9 vegetables4 ,9 ! tissues ( animals also /ructures _h begun to be recogniz$ comp>able ) ! cells & nuclei ( ! vegetable tissues1 & 9 #ahci ,!odore ,s*wann ann\nc$ ! important g5]alization t !re is "o univ]sal pr9ciple ( developm5t = ! elem5t>y "p ( organisms1 h[ev] diff]5t !y may be 9 appe>ance1 & t ?is pr9ciple is ! =mation ( cells4 ,! enunciation ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciple t ! elem5t>y tissues consi/$ ( cells con/itut$ a /ep 9 ! progress ( biological sci5ce :i* w =ev] /amp ! c5tury n[ draw+ to a close ) a "* & r5[n equall+ ^? :i* x has d]iv$ f ! mo/ brilliant discov]ies 9 ! physical sci5ces4 ,x provid$ biologi/s ) ! visible anatomical units ?r\gh :i* ! ext]nal =ces op]at+ on1 & ! en]gy g5]at$ 91 liv+ matt] come into play4 ,x dispell$ =ev] ! old my/ical idea ( ! influ5ce ex]cis$ by vapors or spirits 9 liv+ organisms4 ,x suppli$ ! physiologi/ & pa?ologi/ ) ! specific /ructures ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( :i* ! functions ( organisms are dis*>g$ 9 heal? & disease4 ,x ex]t$ an enorm\s influ5ce on ! progress ( practical m$ic9e4 ,a review ( ! progress ( k ( ! cell may appropriately ent] into an address on ?is occasion4 ,,/ructure ,,( ,,cells4 ,a cell is a liv+ p>ticle1 s m9ute t x ne$s a microscope = its exam9ation2 x gr[s 9 size1 ma9ta9s itself 9 a /ate ( activity1 responds to ! action ( /imuli1 reproduces its k9d & 9 ! c\rse ( "t x deg5]ates & dies4 ,let u glance at ! /ructure ( a cell to det]m9e its con/itu5t p>ts & ! rle :i* ea* plays 9 ! function to be dis*>g$4 ,! orig9al conception ( a cell1 bas$ ^u ! /udy ( ! vegetable tissues1 0 a m9ute vesicle inclos$ by a def9ite wall1 :i* ex]cis$ *emical or metabolic *anges on ! surr\nd+ mat]ial & secret$ into ! vesicle its *>act]i/ic cont5ts4 ,a simil> conception 0 at fir/ also ent]ta9$ reg>d+ ! cells ( animal tissues2 b z obs]vations multipli$1 x 0 se5 t num]\s elem5t>y p>ticles1 :i* 7 obvi\sly 9 _! nature cells1 did n possess an inclos+ envelope4 ,a wall ceas$ to h a prim>y value z a con/itu5t "p ( a cell1 ! necess>y vesicul> "* ( :i* !re=e c\ld no long] be ent]ta9$4 ,! o!r con/itu5t p>ts ( a cell are ! cell plasm1 :i* =ms ! body ( ! cell1 & ! nucleus emb$d$ 9 its sub/ance4 ,not)/&+ ! v m9ute size ( ! nucleus1 :i* ev5 9 ! l>ge/ cells is n m ?an "o-five-hundr$? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & usually is consid]ably small]1 its almo/ con/ant =m1 its well-def9$ %>p outl9e & its p[] ( resi/+ ! action ( /rong reag5ts :5 appli$ to ! cell1 h f ! p]iod ( its discov]y by ,rob]t ,br[n caus$ hi/ologi/s to be/[ on x mu* att5tion4 ,its /ructure & *emical composition2 its mode ( orig92 ! "p :i* x plays 9 ! =mation ( new cells1 & its function 9 nutrition & secretion h be5 inve/igat$4 ,:5 exam9$ "u favorable conditions 9 its passive or re/+ /ate1 ! nucleus is se5 to be b\nd$ by a membrane :i* sep>ates x f ! cell plasm & gives x ! *>act]i/ic %>p cont\r4 ,x conta9s an app>5tly /ructureless nucle> sub/ance1 nucleoplasm or en*ylema1 9 :i* are emb$d$ "o or m extremely m9ute p>ticles call$ nucleoli1 along ) a network ( exce$+ly f9e ?reads or fib]s1 :i* 9 ! active liv+ cell play an ess5tial "p 9 ! production ( new nuclei )9 ! cell4 ,9 its *emical composition ! nucle> sub/ance consi/s ( album9\s pla/9 & globul92 & ( a special mat]ial nam$ nucle91 ri* 9 phosphorus & ) an acid reaction4 ,! delicate network )9 ! nucleus consi/s app>5tly ( ! nucle91 a sub/ance :i* /a9s ) c>m9e & o!r dyes1 a prop]ty :i* enables ! *anges1 :i* take place 9 ! network 9 ! production ( "y cells1 to be m readily se5 & foll[$ out by ! obs]v]4 ,! mode ( orig9 ( ! nucleus & ! "p :i* x plays 9 ! production ( new cells h be5 ! subject ( mu* discussion4 ,s*leid51 ^: obs]vations1 publi%$ 9 #ahch1 7 made on ! cells ( plants1 believ$ t )9 ! cell a nucleolus fir/ appe>$1 & t ar\nd x molecules aggregat$ to =m ! nucleus4 ,s*wann aga91 ^: obs]vations 7 mo/ly made on ! cells ( animals1 consid]$ t an amorph\s mat]ial exi/$ 9 organiz$ bodies1 :i* he call$ cytobla/ema4 ,x =m$ ! cont5ts ( cells1 or x might be situat$ free or ext]nal to !m4 ,he figuratively comp>$ x to a "m liquor 9 :i* cry/als are =m$4 ,ei!r 9 ! cytobla/ema )9 ! cells or 9 t situat$ ext]nal to !m1 ! aggregation ( molecules ar\nd a nucleolus to =m a nucleus might occur1 &1 :5 once ! nucleus _h be5 =m$1 9 its turn x w\ld s]ve z a c5t] ( aggregation ( additional molecules f :i* a new cell w\ld be produc$4 ,he reg>d$1 !re=e1 ! =mation ( nuclei & cells z possible 9 two ways--"o )9 prexi/+ cells 7endog5\s cell-=mation71 ! o!r 9 a free bla/ema ly+ ext]nal to cells 7free cell-=mation74 ,9 animals1 he says1 ! endog5\s me?od is r>e1 & ! cu/om>y orig9 is 9 an ext]nal bla/ema4 ,bo? ,s*leid5 & ,s*wann consid]$ t aft] ! cell 0 =m$ ! nucleus _h no p]man5t influ5ce on ! life ( ! cell1 & usually disappe>$4 ,"u ! tea*+ pr9cipally ( ,h5le1 ! fam\s ,pr(essor ( ,anatomy 9 ,gtt+51 ! conception ( ! free =mation ( nuclei & cells 9 a m or less fluid bla/ema1 by an aggregation ( elem5t>y granules & molecules1 obta9$ s mu* cr$5ce1 especially among/ ^? :o 7 engag$ 9 ! /udy ( pa?ological processes1 t ! orig9 ( cells )9 prexi/+ cells 0 to a l>ge ext5t lo/ sight (4 ,t a p>5t cell 0 requisite = ! production ( new cells seem$ to _m inve/igators to be no long] ne$$4 ,)\t d\bt ?is conception ( free cell-=mation contribut$ 9 no small degree to ! belief1 ent]ta9$ by v>i\s obs]v]s1 t ! simple/ plants & animals might arise1 )\t prexi/+ p>5ts1 9 organic fluids de/itute ( life1 by a process ( spontane\s g5]ation2 a belief :i* prevail$ 9 _m m9ds almo/ to ! pres5t day4 ,if1 z has be5 /at$1 ! doctr9e ( abiog5esis _c be exp]im5tally refut$1 on ! o!r h& x has n be5 exp]im5tally prov$4 ,! burd5 ( pro( lies ) ^? :o hold ! doctr9e1 & ! evid5ce t we possess is all ! o!r way4 ,,multiplication ,,( ,,cells4 ,al?\gh von ,mohl1 ! botani/1 seems to h be5 ! fir/ to recognize 7#ahce7 9 plants a multiplication ( cells by division1 x 0 n until att5tion 0 giv5 to ! /udy ( ! egg 9 v>i\s animals & to ! *anges :i* take place 9 x1 att5dant on f]tilization1 t 9 ! c\rse ( "t a mu* m correct conception ( ! orig9 ( ! nucleus & ( ! "p :i* x plays 9 ! =mation ( new cells 0 obta9$4 ,be=e ,s*wann _h publi%$ 8 classical memoir 9 #ahci1 von ,ba] & o!r obs]v]s _h recogniz$ )9 ! animal ovum ! g]m9al vesicle1 :i* obvi\sly bore to ! ovum ! relation ( a nucleus to a cell4 ,z ! me?ods ( obs]vation improv$1 x 0 recogniz$ t1 )9 ! develop+ egg1 two vesicles appe>$ :]e "o only _h previ\sly exi/$1 to be foll[$ by f\r vesicles1 !n eight1 & s on 9 multiple progression until ! ovum conta9$ a multitude ( vesicles1 ea* ( :i* possess$ a nucleus4 ,! vesicles 7 obvi\sly cells :i* _h aris5 )9 ! orig9al g]m-cell or ovum4 ,^! *anges 7 sy/ematically describ$ by ,m>t9 ,b>ry s long ago z #ahci & #ahdj 9 two memoirs communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 & ! appe>ance produc$1 on acc\nt ( ! irregul>ities ( ! surface occasion$ by ! production ( new vesicles1 0 nam$ by him ! mulb]ry-l /ructure4 ,he fur!r po9t$ out t ! vesicles arrang$ !mselves z a lay] )9 ! envelope ( ! egg or zona pellucida1 & t ! :ole embryo 0 compos$ ( cells fill$ ) ! f\ndations ( o!r cells4 ,he recogniz$ t ! new cells 7 d]iv$ f ! g]m9al vesicle or nucleus ( ! ovum1 ! cont5ts ( :i* ent]$ into ! =mation ( ! fir/ two cells1 ea* ( :i* _h its nucleus1 :i* 9 its turn resolv$ itself into o!r cells1 & by a repetition ( ! process into a great] numb]4 ,! endog5\s orig9 ( new cells )9 a prexi/+ cell & ! process :i* we n[ t]m ! segm5tation ( ! yolk 7 successfully demon/rat$4 ,9 a ?ird memoir1 publi%$ 9 #ahda1 ,b>ry def9itely /at$ t "y cells orig9at$ ?r\gh division ( ! nucleus ( ! p>5t cell1 in/ead ( aris+1 z a product ( cry/allization1 9 ! fluid cytobla/ema ( ! p>5t cell or 9 a bla/ema situat$ ext]nal to ! cell4 ,9 a memoir publi%$ 9 #ahdb1 ,john ,goodsir advocat$ ! view t ! nucleus is ! reproductive organ ( ! cell1 & t f x1 z f a g]m9al spot1 new cells 7 =m$4 ,9 a pap]1 publi%$ ?ree ye>s lat]1 on nutritive c5t]s1 he describ$ cells1 ! nuclei ( :i* 7 ! p]man5t s\rce ( successive broods ( "y cells1 :i* f "t to "t occupi$ ! cavity ( ! p>5t cell4 ,he ext5d$ also 8 obs]vations on ! endog5\s =mation ( cells to ! c>tilage cells 9 ! process ( inflammation & to o!r tissues und]go+ pa?ological *anges4 ,corroborative obs]vations on endog5\s =mation 7 also giv5 by 8 bro!r1 ,h>ry ,goodsir1 9 #ahde4 ,^! obs]vations on ! "p :i* ! nucleus plays by cleavage 9 ! =mation ( "y cells by endog5\s developm5t f a p>5t c5t]--t an organic cont9uity exi/$ betwe5 a "m cell & its desc5dants ?r\gh ! nucleus--con/itut$ a great /ep 9 advance ( ! views ent]ta9$ by ,s*leid5 & ,s*wann1 & %[$ t ,b>ry & ! ,goodsirs _h a deep] insight into ! nature & functions ( cells ?an 0 possess$ by mo/ ( _! contempor>ies1 & are ( ! highe/ importance :5 view$ 9 ! light ( rec5t obs]vations4 ,9 #ahda ,rob]t ,remak publi%$ an acc\nt ( ! pres5ce ( two nuclei 9 ! blood corpuscles ( ! *ick & ! pig1 :i* he reg>d$ z evid5ce ( ! production ( new corpuscles by division ( ! nucleus )9 a p>5t cell2 b x 0 n until "s ye>s aft]w>ds 7#ahej to #ahee7 t he record$ additional obs]vations & recogniz$ t division ( ! nucleus 0 ! />t+-po9t = ! multiplication ( cells 9 ! ovum & 9 ! tissues g5]ally4 ,remak's view 0 t ! process ( cell division began ) ! cleavage ( ! nucleolus1 foll[$ by t ( ! nucleus1 & t aga9 by cleavage ( ! body ( ! cell & its membrane4 ,kllik] _h previ\sly1 9 #ahdc1 describ$ ! multiplication ( nuclei 9 ! ova ( p>asitic worms1 & drew ! inf]5ce t 9 ! =mation ( "y cells )9 ! egg ! nucleus und]w5t cleavage1 & t ea* ( its divisions ent]$ into ! =mation ( a new cell4 ,by ^! obs]vations1 & by o!rs subsequ5tly made1 x became obvi\s t ! multiplication ( animal cells1 ei!r by division ( ! nucleus )9 ! cell1 or by ! budd+ (f ( a "p ( ! protoplasm ( ! cell1 0 to be reg>d$ z a widely spread & probably a univ]sal process1 & t ea* new cell arose f a p>5t cell4 ,pa?ological obs]v]s 71 h[ev]1 = ! mo/ "p incl9$ to consid] free cell-=mation 9 a bla/ema or exudation by an aggregation ( molecules1 9 accordance ) ! views ( ,h5le1 z a common ph5om5on4 ,?is proposition 0 attack$ ) great en]gy by ,vir*[ 9 a s]ies ( memoirs publi%$ 9 8 #8,ar*iv1' comm5c+ 9 ,vol4 #a1 #ahdg1 & f9ally receiv$ its dea?-bl[ 9 8 publi%$ lectures on ,cellul> ,pa?ology1 #aheh4 ,he ma9ta9$ t 9 pa?ological /ructures !re 0 no in/ance ( cell developm5t de novo2 :]e a cell exi/$1 !re "o mu/ h be5 be=e4 ,cell-=mation 0 a cont9u\s developm5t by desc5t1 :i* he =mulat$ 9 ! expression omnis cellula e cellul4 ,,k>yok9esis4 ,:ile ! desc5t ( cells f prexi/+ cells by division ( ! nucleus dur+ ! developm5t ( ! egg1 9 ! embryos ( plants & animals1 & 9 adult vegetable & animal tissues1 bo? 9 heal?y & diseas$ conditions1 _h n[ become g5]ally recogniz$1 ! me*anism ( ! process by :i* ! cleavage ( ! nucleus took place 0 = a long "t unkn[n4 ,! discov]y _h to be def]r$ until ! optician _h be5 able to con/ruct l5ses ( a high] p5etrative p[]1 & ! microscopi/ _h le>n$ ! use ( color+ ag5ts capable ( dye+ ! f9e/ elem5ts ( ! tissues4 ,!re 0 reason to believe t 9 "s cases a direct cleavage ( ! nucleus1 to be foll[$ by a correspond+ division ( ! cell into two p>ts1 did occur4 ,9 ! p]iod betwe5 #ahgj & #ahhj obs]vations 7 made by ,s*neid]1 ,/rasburg]1 ,bts*li1 ,fol1 van ,b5$5 & ,flemm+1 :i* %[$ t ! division ( ! nucleus & ! cell 0 due to a s]ies ( v rem>kable *anges1 n[ kn[n z indirect nucle> & cell division1 or k>yok9esis4 ,! *anges )9 ! nucleus are ( s complex a "* t x is impossible to foll[ !m 9 detail )\t ! use ( appropriate illu/rations4 ,i %all h to cont5t myself1 !re=e1 ) an elem5t>y sket* ( ! process4 ,i h previ\sly /at$ t ! nucleus 9 its passive or re/+ /age conta9s a v delicate network ( ?reads or fib]s4 ,! fir/ /age 9 ! process ( nucle> division consi/s 9 ! ?reads arrang+ !mselves 9 loops & =m+ a compact coil )9 ! nucleus4 ,! coil !n becomes loos]1 ! loops ( ?reads %ort5 & ?ick51 & some:at lat] ea* loop$ ?read splits longitud9ally into two portions4 ,z ! ?reads /a9 :5 color+ ag5ts are appli$ to !m1 !y are call$ *romat9 fib]s1 & ! loose coil is ! *romosome 7,waldey]74 ,z ! process cont9ues1 ! inve/+ membrane ( ! nucleus disappe>s1 & ! loops ( ?reads arrange !mselves )9 ! nucleus s t ! clos$ ends ( ! loops are direct$ to a common c5t]1 f :i* ! loops radiate outw>ds & produce a />like figure 7a/]74 ,at ! same "t clu/]s ( extremely delicate l9es appe> bo? 9 ! nucleoplasm & 9 ! body ( ! cell1 nam$ ! a*romatic figure1 :i* has a sp9dle-l =m ) two opposite poles1 & /a9s mu* m feebly ?an ! *romatic fib]s4 ,! loops ( ! *romatic /> !n arrange !mselves 9 ! equatorial plane ( ! sp9dle1 & b5d+ r\nd turn _! clos$ ends t[>ds ! p]iph]y ( ! nucleus & ! cell4 ,! next /age m>ks an important /ep 9 ! process ( division ( ! nucleus4 ,! two longitud9al portions1 into :i* ea* loop$ ?read _h previ\sly split1 n[ sep>ate f ea* o!r1 & :il/ "o "p migrates to "o pole ( ! sp9dle1 ! o!r moves to ! opposite pole1 & ! free ends ( ea* loop are direct$ t[>d its equator 7metak9esis74 ,by ?is division ( ! *romat9 fib]s1 & _! sep>ation f ea* o!r to opposite poles ( ! sp9dle1 two />like *romat9 figures are produc$ 7dya/]74 ,ea* gr\p ( fib]s ?ick5s1 %ort5s1 becomes surr\nd$ by a membrane1 & =ms a new or daught] nucleus 7dispirem74 ,two nuclei !re=e h aris5 )9 ! cell by ! division ( t :i* _h previ\sly exi/$1 & ! expression =mulat$ by ,flemm+--omnis nucleus e nucleo--is ju/ifi$4 ,:il/ ?is /age is 9 c\rse ( be+ complet$1 ! body ( ! cell becomes con/rict$ 9 ! equatorial plane ( ! sp9dle1 &1 z ! con/riction deep5s1 x sep>ates into two p>ts1 ea* conta9+ a daught] nucleus1 s t two nucleat$ cells h aris5 out ( a prexi/+ cell4 ,a repetition ( ! process 9 ea* ( ^! cells leads to ! =mation ( o!r cells1 &1 al?\gh modifications 9 details are f\nd 9 diff]5t species ( plants & animals1 ! multiplication ( cells 9 ! egg & 9 ! tissues g5]ally on simil> l9es is n[ a ?or\ghly e/abli%$ fact 9 biological sci5ce4 ,9 ! /udy ( k>yok9esis1 importance has be5 atta*$ to ! numb] ( *romosomes 9 ! nucleus ( ! cell4 ,flemm+ _h se5 9 ! ,salam&] tw5ty-f\r *romosome fib]s1 :i* seems to be a con/ant numb] 9 ! cells ( epi!lium & connective tissues4 ,9 o!r cells1 aga91 especially 9 ! ova ( c]ta9 animals1 ! numb] is small]1 & f\rte51 twelve1 f\r & ev5 two only h be5 describ$4 ,! !ory =mulat$ by ,bov]i t ! numb] ( *romosomes is con/ant = ea* species1 & t 9 ! k>yok9etic figures correspond+ numb]s are f\nd 9 homolog\s cells1 seems to be n improbable4 ,9 ! prec$+ description ,i h incid5tally ref]r$ to ! appe>ance 9 ! prolif]at+ cell ( an a*romatic sp9dle-l figure4 ,al?\gh ?is 0 recogniz$ by ,fol 9 #ahgc1 x is only dur+ ! la/ t5 or twelve ye>s t att5tion has be5 paid to its m m9ute arrangem5ts & possible signification 9 cell-division4 ,! pole at ea* end ( ! sp9dle lies 9 ! cell plasm :i* surr\nds ! nucleus4 ,9 ! c5t] ( ea* pole is a some:at opaque spot 7c5tral body7 surr\nd$ by a cle> space1 :i*1 along ) ! spot1 con/itutes ! c5trosome ( ! sph]e ( attraction4 ,f ea* c5trosome extremely delicate l9es may be se5 to radiate 9 two directions4 ,"o set ext5ds t[>ds ! pole at ! opposite end ( ! sp9dle1 &1 meet+ or com+ into close proximity ) radiations f x1 con/itutes ! body ( ! sp9dle1 :i*1 l a p]=at$ mantle1 =ms an imp]fect envelope ar\nd ! nucleus dur+ ! process ( division4 ,! o!r set ( radiations is call$ ! pol> & ext5ds 9 ! region ( ! pole t[>ds ! p]iph]y ( ! cell4 ,! "q has be5 mu* discuss$ :e!r any con/itu5t "p ( ! a*romatic figure1 or ! entire figure1 exi/s 9 ! cell z a p]man5t /ructure 9 its re/+ phase2 or if x is only pres5t dur+ ! process ( k>yok9esis4 ,dur+ ! developm5t ( ! egg ! =mation ( "y cells1 by division ( ! segm5tation nucleus1 is s rapid & cont9u\s t ! a*romatic figure1 ) ! c5trosome 9 ! pole ( ! sp9dle1 is a readily recognizable object 9 ea* cell4 ,! pol> & sp9dle-l radiations are 9 evid5ce dur+ k>yok9esis1 & h app>5tly a tempor>y endurance & function4 ,on ! o!r h&1 van ,b5$5 & ,bov]i 7 ( op9ion t ! c5tral body ( ! c5trosome did n disappe> :5 ! division ( ! nucleus came to an end1 b t x rema9$ z a con/itu5t "p ( a cell ly+ 9 ! cell plasm1 ne> to ! nucleus4 ,flemm+ has se5 ! c5tral body ) its sph]e 9 leucocytes1 z well z 9 epi!lial cells & ^? ( o!r tissues4 ,subsequ5tly ,heid5ha9 & o!r hi/ologi/s h record$ simil> obs]vations4 ,x w\ld seem1 !re=e1 z if !re 7 reason to reg>d ! c5trosome1 l ! nucleus1 z a p]man5t con/itu5t ( a cell4 ,?is view1 h[ev]1 is n univ]sally ent]ta9$4 ,if n always capable ( demon/ration 9 ! re/+ /age ( a cell1 x is d\btless to be reg>d$ z pot5tially pres5t1 & ready to assume1 along ) ! radiations1 a *>act]i/ic appe>ance :5 ! process ( nucle> division is ab\t to beg94 ,"o c sc>cely reg>d ! pres5ce ( s rem>kable an appe>ance z ! a*romatic figure )\t associat+ ) x an important function 9 ! economy ( ! cell4 ,z f ! c5trosome at ! pole ( ! sp9dle bo? sets ( radiations div]ge1 x is n unlikely t x acts z a c5t] or sph]e ( en]gy & attraction4 ,by "s obs]v]s ! radiations are reg>d$ z sub/antive fibrill> /ructures1 ela/ic or ev5 contractile 9 _! prop]ties4 ,o!rs1 aga91 look ^u !m z morphological expressions ( *emical & dynamical en]gy 9 ! protoplasm ( ! cell body4 ,on ei!r !ory we may assume t !y indicate an influ5ce1 emanat+1 x may be1 f ! c5trosome & capable ( be+ ex]cis$ bo? on ! cell plasm & on ! nucleus conta9$ 9 x4 ,on ! contractile !ory1 ! radiations :i* =m ! body ( ! sp9dle1 ei!r by actual traction ( ! suppos$ fibrill or by _! pressure on ! nucleus :i* !y surr\nd1 might impel dur+ k>yok9esis ! divid+ *romosome elem5ts t[>d ! poles ( ! sp9dle1 to =m !re ! daught] nuclei4 ,on ! dynamical !ory1 ! *emical & physical en]gy 9 ! c5trosome might influ5ce ! cell plasm & ! nucleus & attract ! *romosome elem5ts ( ! nucleus to ! poles ( ! sp9dle4 ,! radiat$ appe>ance w\ld !re=e be consequ5t & att5dant on ! physico-*emical activity ( ! c5trosome4 ,"o or o!r ( ^! !ories may also be appli$ to ! int]pretation ( ! significance ( ! pol> radiations4 ,,cell ,,plasm4 ,9 ! cells ( plants1 9 addition to ! cell wall1 ! cell body & ! cell juice require to be exam9$4 ,! mat]ial ( ! cell body1 or ! cell cont5ts1 0 nam$ by von ,mohl 7#ahdf7 protoplasm1 & consi/$ ( a colorless t5aci\s sub/ance :i* p>tly l9$ ! cell wall 7primordial utricle7 & p>tly trav]s$ ! int]ior ( ! cell z delicate ?reads inclos+ spaces 7vacuoles7 9 :i* ! cell juice 0 conta9$4 ,9 ! protoplasm ! nucleus 0 emb$d$4 ,ngeli1 ab\t ! same "t1 _h also recogniz$ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! protoplasm & ! o!r cont5ts ( vegetable cells1 & _h notic$ its nitrog5\s composition4 ,?\gh ! analogy ) a clos$ bladd] or vesicle c\ld no long] be su/a9$ 9 ! animal tissues1 ! "n #8cell' cont9u$ to be reta9$ = descriptive purposes1 & ! body ( ! cell 0 spok5 ( z a m or less s(t sub/ance inclos+ a nucleus 7,leydig74 ,9 #ahfa ,max ,s*ultze adopt$ = ! sub/ance =m+ ! body ( ! animal cell ! t]m #8protoplasm4' ,he def9$ a cell to be a p>ticle ( protoplasm 9 ! sub/ance ( :i* a nucleus 0 situat$4 ,he reg>d$ ! protoplasm1 z inde$ _h previ\sly be5 po9t$ out by ! botani/ ,ung]1 z ess5tially ! same z ! contractile s>code :i* con/itutes ! body & pseudopodia ( ! ,amba & o!r ,rhizopoda4 ,z ! t]m #8protoplasm1' z well z t ( #8bioplasm' employ$ by ,lionel ,beale 9 a some:at simil> ?\gh n precisely id5tical s5se1 involves c]ta9 !oretical views ( ! orig9 & function ( ! body ( ! cell1 x w\ld be bett] to apply to x ! m purely descriptive t]m #8cytoplasm' or #8cell plasm4' ,s*ultze def9$ protoplasm z a homog5e\s1 glassy1 t5aci\s mat]ial1 ( a jelly-l or some:at firm] consi/5cy1 9 :i* num]\s m9ute granules 7 emb$d$4 ,he reg>d$ x z ! "p ( ! cell especially end[$ ) vital en]gy1 :il/ ! exact function ( ! nucleus c\ld n be def9$4 ,bas$ ^u ?is conception ( ! jelly-l "* ( protoplasm1 ! idea = a "t prevail$ t a /ructureless1 dimly granul>1 jelly or slime de/itute ( organization1 possess$ great physiological activity1 & 0 ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* ! ph5om5a ( life 7 display$4 ,m accurate conceptions ( ! nature ( ! cell plasm soon began to be ent]ta9$4 ,brcke recogniz$ t ! body ( ! cell 0 n simple1 b _h a complex organization4 ,hemm+ obs]v$ t ! cell plasm conta9$ extremely delicate ?reads1 :i* frequ5tly =m$ a network1 ! int]spaces ( :i* 7 occupi$ by a m homog5e\s sub/ance4 ,:]e ! ?reads cross$ ea* o!r1 granul> p>ticles 7milkrosom57 7 situat$4 ,bts*li consid]$ t he c\ld recognize 9 ! cell plasm a honeycomb-l appe>ance1 z if x consi/$ ( excessively m9ute *amb]s 9 :i* a homog5e\s m or less fluid mat]ial 0 conta9$4 ,! pol> & sp9dle-l radiations visible dur+ ! process ( k>yok9esis1 :i* h already be5 ref]r$ to1 & ! pres5ce ( ! c5trosome1 possibly ev5 dur+ ! re/+ /age ( ! cell1 furni%$ additional illu/rations ( diff]5tiation )9 ! cell plasm4 ,9 _m cells !re appe>s also to be a diff]5ce 9 ! "* ( ! cell plasm :i* imm$iately surr\nds ! nucleus & t :i* lies at & ne> ! p]iph]y ( ! cell4 ,! p]iph]al "p 7ektoplasma7 is m compact & gives a def9ite outl9e to ! cell1 al?\gh n necess>ily diff]5tiat+ into a cell membrane4 ,! inn] "p 7endoplasma7 is s(t] & is di/+ui%$ by a m di/9ct granul> appe>ance & by conta9+ ! products specially =m$ 9 ea* p>ticul> k9d ( cell dur+ ! nutritive process4 ,by ! rese>*es ( num]\s inve/igators on ! int]nal organization ( cells 9 plants & animals1 a l>ge body ( evid5ce has n[ be5 accumulat$1 :i* %[s t bo? ! nucleus & ! cell plasm consi/ ( some?+ m ?an a homog5e\s1 m or less viscid1 slimy mat]ial4 ,recognizable objects 9 ! =m ( granules1 ?reads1 or fib]s c be di/+ui%$ 9 ea*4 ,! cell plasm & ! nucleus respectively are !re=e n ( ! same con/itution ?r\gh\t1 b possess polymorphic *>act]s1 ! /udy ( :i* 9 heal? & ! *anges produc$ by disease w = _m ye>s to come =m important matt]s = inve/igation4 7,to be conclud$47 ,,! ,,bubonic ,,plague4 ,,by ,,fr$]ick ,g4 ,,novy1 ,,sc4,d41 ,m4,d41 ,,junior ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,hygi5e ,,& ,,physiological ,,*emi/ry ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,mi*igan4 ,! prov9ce ( ,yunnan 9 ,*9a adjo9s ,fr5* ,tonk9 & ,briti% ,burmah4 ,x is ( int]e/ to ! /ud5t ( epidemiology because f ?is m\nta9\s & difficultly accessible region !re has issu$ b rec5tly a disease :i* has be5 consid]$ z practically ext9ct4 ,frightful z h be5 ! ravages ( ! pe/ 9 ! middle ages1 x is notewor?y t dur+ ! pa/ hundr$ ye>s1 ) ! exception ( two slight outbreaks 7,noja 9 ,italy 9 #ahae1 & ,vetlianka 9 ,russia 9 #ahgh71 ! disease has be5 unkn[n 9 ,europe4 ,dur+ ?is "t ! pe/ has n be5 ext9ct1 b has exi/$ to a great] or less ext5t 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,asia & 9 ,africa4 ,f\r & possibly five ( ^! endemic foci are kn[n to-day4 ,! prov9ce ( ,yunnan is "o ( ^! regions4 ,! m\nta9\s di/rict ( ,gurhwal1 ly+ along ! s\!rn slope ( ! ,himalayas1 is ano!r c5t] :]e ! pe/ has cont9u$ to prevail4 ,! rec5t travels ( ,ko* 9 ea/]n ,africa h br\ght to light a ?ird region ab\t ,lake ,victoria1 9 ! ,briti% prov9ce ( ,ug&a1 & ! ,g]man ,kisiba1 :]e ! plague has exi/$ f "t immemorial1 cut (f z x 7 f ! out] _w4 ,only la/ ye> ,sakh>(f call$ att5tion to a f\r? focus 9 nor!a/]n ,*9a1 & x is q likely t a fif? focus exi/s 9 ,arabia4 ,^! regions are ( great importance 9 s f> z ! exi/5ce ( p]man5t endemic foci %$s n a little light ^u ! developm5t & spread ( ^? great epidemics :i*1 l great tidal waves1 h 9 ! pa/ swept ov] :ole c\ntries & ev5 cont95ts4 ,x is n kn[n :5 or f :5ce ! pe/ 0 fir/ introduc$ into ,yunnan4 ,unque/ionably1 x has exi/$ 9 ! extreme we/]n p>ts ( ! prov9ce = _m decades4 ,ev5tually ! disease spread ?r\gh\t ! prov9ce1 & frightful ravages are kn[n to h occurr$ 9 #ahga-gc4 ,repeat$ visitations ( ?is dread disease h taught ! natives ( ,yunnan1 z well z ^? ( ,gurhwal & ( ,ug&a1 to des]t _! villages z soon z an unusual mortality is f\nd to prevail among ! rats4 ,9 spite ( ! frequ5t recurr5ce ( ! plague1 x did n spread to neighbor+ prov9ces1 l>gely because ( ! fact t little or no communication exi/s betwe5 ,yunnan & ! adjo9+ ,*9ese /ates4 ,rec5tly1 h[ev]1 ! plague did succe$ 9 cross+ ! fronti]1 &1 9 s do+1 x has giv5 rise to an epidemic :i*1 z w be pres5tly se51 has already made an un5viable record & has a future t no "o c =etell4 ,! way 9 :i* ! disease spread f ,yunnan has be5 q cle>ly e/abli%$4 ,along ! ,tonk9 fronti]1 ?r\gh\t ! prov9ces ( ,quan-si & ,yunnan1 ! ,*9ese ma9ta9 a l>ge numb] ( milit>y po/s4 ,mule supply-tra9s = ^! po/s pass$ f prov9ce to prov9ce ov] ! difficult m\nta9 pa?s4 ,! mule-driv]s 7 natives ( ,yunnan4 ,9 #ahib ! plague exi/$ 9 ,yunnan1 & x 0 9 ! summ] ( #ahic t ! disease appe>$ at ,long-,*e\ 9 ,quansi among ! ,yunnan mule-driv]s4 ,^! driv]s arriv+ at ! po/ ( ,li5g-,*5g1 aft] "o ( _! j\rneys f ,yunnan1 repair$ to ! city ( ,long-,*e\1 ab\t t5 miles di/ant4 ,dur+ _! soj\rn 9 ?is city ! mulete]s develop$ ! fir/ kn[n cases ( ! plague4 ,f ^! m5 ! disease spread ?r\gh\t ! city & to ! neighbor+ po/s & villages4 ,f ,long-,*e\ ! plague desc5d$ ! ,canton ,riv] & rea*$ ,nan+-,phu4 ,f !nce x foll[$ ov]l& to ! seaport ,pakhoi1 "s hundr$ & fifty miles di/ant4 ,a few mon?s lat]1 9 ,febru>y1 #ahid1 x rea*$ ,canton1 ei!r by desc5d+ ! riv] f ,nan+-,phu or by boat f ,pakhoi4 ,t ! plague at ,canton1 9 #ahid1 _h n lo/ any ( its old-"t de/ructiv5ess is se5 9 ! fact t x is e/imat$ to h caus$ n less ?an "o hundr$ ?\s& dea?s 9 ,canton 9 ! %ort space ( two mon?s4 ,f ,canton ! plague spread to ,hong ,kong 9 ,april1 #ahid4 ,x 0 dur+ ! exi/5ce ( ?is epidemic t ! fir/ bact]iological /udies ( ! disease 7 made & result$ 9 ! discov]y ( ! plague bacillus4 ,9 ! fall ( #ahid1 ! disease di$ out 9 ,hong ,kong1 b x reappe>$ 9 #ahie & #ahif4 ,consid]+ ! fact t ,hong ,kong is "o ( ! mo/ important m>itime c5t]s1 x is n surpris+ to f9d t 9 ! spr+ ( #ahif ! plague 0 c>ri$ by %ipp+ to ! ,isl& ( ,=mosa4 ,x is q c]ta9 t ab\t ! same "t ! plague 0 c>ri$ f ,hong ,kong to ,bombay4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! exi/5ce ( ?is disease 0 recogniz$ 9 ,bombay 9 ,septemb]1 #ahif1 by ,doctor ,viegas4 ,previ\s to ?is date1 ! mortality 9 ,bombay 0 abnormally high1 und\bt$ly due to ! v unsanit>y condition ( ! ov]cr[d$ city4 ,! exi/5ce ( fam9e 9 ,india1 toge!r ) ! fil?y1 ov]cr[d$ condition ( ! population1 enabl$ ! plague to ga9 a firm foo?old 9 a relatively %ort "t4 ,inde$1 !re c be no d\bt b t ! disease 0 well e/abli%$ at ! "t x 0 fir/ recogniz$4 ,x is no wond]1 !n1 t 9 spite ( ! mo/ /r+5t precautions1 x spread l wildfire1 s t 9 a %ort "t ! weekly dea?s f ! plague rose to ne>ly #b1jjj4 ,9 ! face ( su* a rel5tless enemy1 x is b natural t a l>ge proportion ( ! population %\ld seek safety 9 flight4 ,x is believ$ t fully #cjj1jjj p left ,bombay %ortly aft] ! plague develop$4 ,!re c be no d\bt b t ^! refugees1 directly or indirectly1 c>ri$ ! disease to ! neighbor+ villages1 & ?us contribut$ to ! enorm\s dissem9ation ( ! pe/ ?r\gh\t ,we/]n ,india4 ,9 ! ,presid5cy ( ,bombay !re 7 report$1 9 less ?an ?ree ye>s1 m ?an #bbj1jjj cases1 ) m ?an #afd1jjj dea?s4 ,:5 x is fur!rmore recogniz$ t ! natives conceal$ ! exi/5ce ( ! disease z mu* z possible1 x w be evid5t t ^! figures reveal a p>tial b1 nev]!less1 a grim tru?4 ,) ,bombay & ! surr\nd+ c\ntry ?us s]i\sly infect$1 x became m]ely a "q ( "t :5 ! disease w\ld be c>ri$ to o!r ports & c\ntries1 by vessels & by ov]l& r\tes4 ,9 spite ( ! sanit>y p]fection :i* we may flatt] ourselves on hav+ atta9$ 9 rec5t ye>s1 x is nev]!less a fact t ! disease is sl[ly b /eadily &1 z x 71 /eal?ily invad+ port aft] port4 ,t ! sanit>y me?ods1 h[ev]1 are n at fault is se5 9 ! fact t :5 an e>ly & prompt recognition occurr$1 ! disease has be5 held 9 *eck4 ,! insidi\s spread ( ! disease is r due to ! enorm\s developm5t ( comm]ce & to ! rapid means ( communication ) di/ant c\ntries4 ,f ,bombay ! plague has spread to ports on ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 on ! ,r$ ,sea1 & has rea*$ ,alex&ria4 ,ad51 ,dj$dah1 ,port ,said1 ,cairo1 h all _h outbreaks ( ! disease4 ,beirut & ,smyrna h ea* develop$ /raggl+ cases4 ,isolat$ cases h be5 met ) 9 ,london1 at ,/4 ,pet]sburg & 9 ,vi5na4 ,h[ev]1 only ?ree appreciable outbreaks h z yet occurr$ on ,european soil4 ,! fir/ 0 t at ,oporto 9 ,portugal1 :]e "o hundr$ & sixty cases1 ) fifty-five dea?s1 h develop$ up to ! pres5t "t4 ,! second outbreak occurr$ at ,kolobovka1 a village ne> ,a/rakhan4 ,( ! tw5ty-f\r cases t develop$ !re 9 ,july & ,augu/1 #ahii1 tw5ty-?ree di$4 ,! la/ outbreak is t at ,glasg[1 :]e ! disease made its appe>ance b a few weeks ago4 ,9 addition to foll[+ ! great int]national highway ( ,suez1 ! disease has insidi\sly spread to ! c\ntries ( ,ea/ ,africa4 ,mauritius & ,madagasc>1 ) ! adjo9+ ma9l& ( ,mozambique & ,lor5zo ,m>quez1 h become m or less infect$1 &1 if reports are to be cr$it$1 x has also appe>$ 9 "o ( ! ,bo] t[ns & also on ! ,ivory ,coa/ 9 ,we/]n ,africa4 ,la/ fall ! disease rea*$ ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,x app>5tly 0 fir/ recogniz$ at ,santos1 9 ,brazil1 dur+ ,octob]1 al?\gh e>ly 9 ,septemb]1 accord+ to reports1 a peculi> disease1 caus+ swell+ ( ! gl&s & dea? )9 =ty-eight h\rs1 0 report$ at ,asunion1 ! capital ( ,p>aguay4 ,at ! pres5t "t ,rio ,janeiro is infect$4 ,! sanit>y condition ( ^! ,s\? ,am]ican cities is f> f be+ ! be/1 &1 consequ5tly1 !re is b little hope t ! disease w be eradicat$ or ev5 held 9 *eck4 ,) ,s\? ,am]ica m or less ?or\ghly infect$1 x is evid5t t ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z well z ,europe1 are n[ ?reat5$ f all sides4 ,! gravity ( ! situation is se5 9 ! fact t already la/ ,novemb] two cases ( ! plague 7 f\nd 9 ,new ,york h>bor abo>d a c(fee %ip f ,santos4 ,sev]al cases h also develop$ on %ips b\nd f ! latt] city = ,m$it]ranean ports4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates is ?reat5$ n m]ely f ! ,ea/ ,atlantic & ,s\? ,atlantic1 b also f ! ,pacific4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! dang] to our ,pacific ports is great]1 ow+ to ! direct communication ) ! ,ori5t4 ,x has be5 already indicat$ t ,hong ,kong has cont9u$ to be infect$ ev] s9ce #ahid4 ,on sev]al occasions x disappe>$ dur+ ! w9t] mon?s1 only to reappe> 9 spr+4 ,) ! m or less con/ant preval5ce ( ! plague at ?is great seaport1 x necess>ily w lead directly or indirectly to a dissem9ation ( ! disease along ! entire ,pacific4 ,already x has prevail$ at ,amoy1 & has ev5 ext5d$ to o!r ,*9ese ports z f> z ,niu-,*wang4 ,= sev]al ye>s x has already p]si/$ on ! isl& ( ,=mosa4 ,japan 0 invad$ la/ fall at ,kobe & at ,osaka1 & al?\gh x disappe>$ dur+ ! w9t]1 yet only a few weeks ago x has reappe>$ at ! latt] city4 ,sidney 9 ,au/ralia1 & ,n\mea 9 ,new ,cal$onia1 are also infect$ at ! pres5t "t4 ,manila1 ,honolulu & ,san ,francisco h successively become infect$4 ,9 all ^! places ! disease1 ) b v few exceptions1 has attack$ ! native or ,ori5tal population4 ,! ext9ction ( ! plague 9 ! ,hawaiian ,isl&s s9ce ! end ( ,m>* is a spl5did demon/ration ( :at en]getic1 vigor\s measures c accompli%4 ,! pres5ce ( ! plague s9ce ,m>* #h 9 ,*9at[n1 9 ,san ,francisco1 is readily recogniz$ z a mo/ s]i\s condition1 especially aft] ! c\rts h grant$ an injunction re/ra9+ ! heal? (fic]s f c>ry+ out ! necess>y vigor\s prev5tive measures4 ,a few words %\ld be giv5 "h to ! ov]l& dissem9ation ( ! disease4 ,europe is n m]ely ?reat5$ by infect$ %ips :i* may come f ,*9a1 ,india1 ,ea/]n ,africa or ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! ov]l& r\tes f ,*9a & ,india are fully z grave a s\rce ( dang]4 ,inde$1 z w be pres5tly %[n1 ^! are ! r\tes along :i* ! great epidemics ( *ol]a & plague h always travel$ 9 ! pa/4 ,"o ( ^! great c>avan r\tes leads f ,lahore 9 ,punjab ?r\gh ,afghani/an into ! ,russian prov9ce ( ,turke/an1 :]e x meets ! ,trans-,caspian railway4 ,?is railway beg9s at ,sam>c& 9 ,turke/an1 & passes ?r\gh ,bokh>a1 ,m]v1 ,askabad & ends at ,uzun ,ada on ! ,caspian ,sea opposite ,baku4 ,e>ly 9 #ahii an outbreak ( ! plague occurr$ ne> ,sam>c&1 und\bt$ly br\ght up f ,india4 ,! precautions tak5 to prev5t ! spread 7 entirely successful1 & al?\gh no acc\nts h be5 (ficially publi%$ z to ! means employ$1 nev]!less x w be se5 t ! radical proc$ure employ$ by ,loris ,melik(f "s tw5ty ye>s ago 0 aga9 resort$ to4 ,inasmu* z ! entire village 0 said to be afflict$ x 0 surr\nd$ by troops1 & no "o 0 all[$ to ent] or leave4 ,! village & all t x conta9$ 0 de/roy$ by fire4 ,) ?is r\te op5 cont9ually x is evid5t t fre% importation mu/ be expect$ soon] or lat]4 ,app>5tly a new plague focus1 indep5d5t ( t 9 ,yunnan & ,hong ,kong1 has be5 rec5tly discov]$ 9 ,man*uria4 ,! plague seems to h exi/$ 9 ?is prov9ce = m ?an t5 ye>s "u ! "n ( ,t>abagan plague1 & is believ$ to be spread by a rod5t1 ! ,arctomis cobuc1 :i* is subject to a hemorrhagic pneumonia4 ,! pres5ce ( su* an indep5d5t endemic focus 9 ,man*uria indicates ! possibility ( ! spread ( ! disease by c>avan to ,lake ,baikal1 & !nce by ! ,sib]ian railroad to ,russia4 ,inde$1 ! epidemic ( pneumonic type :i* began ,july1 #ahii1 at ,kolobovka1 9 ,a/rakhan1 :ile x may h be5 import$ f ,p]sia1 might also owe its orig9 to ! ,mongolian focus4 ,russia1 h[ev]1 is n ! only c\ntry endang]$ by ! ov]l& transmission ( ! disease4 ,!re are comm]cial highways :i* lead f ,nor?we/]n ,india ?r\gh ,balu*i/an & ,p]sia to ! ,caucasus1 & ?r\gh ,turkey to ,con/ant9ople4 ,grave dang] ?reat5s f ?is s\rce1 & m especially f ! cities along ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,two important cities "h are already infect$1 namely1 ,bu%ire1 9 ,p]sia1 & ,bassorah on ! ,tigris1 9 ,turkey4 ,x w\ld appe> z if ,turkey & ,p]sia w\ld escape ) difficulty f a visitation ( ?is dread disease4 ,su*1 !n1 is ! geographical di/ribution ( ! pres5t outbreak ( ! plague4 ,?is1 an app>5tly ext9ct disease1 has sudd5ly reappe>$ & giv5 evid5ce ( its p[] to spread dea? & desolation4 ,=tunately1 h[ev]1 mod]n sanit>y precautions are q able to re/rict its progress1 provid$ !y be appli$ at ! prop] "t & place4 ,fil? & ov]cr[d+1 protract$ w>s & fam9e1 h be5 ! p[]ful allies ( ! plague 9 ! pa/4 ,?r\gh _! aid ?is disease has made a deep impression ^u ! pages ( hi/ory4 ,x may n be out ( place1 !re=e1 to turn f ! pres5t outbreak ( ! disease & trace its grewsome pa/4 ,9 anci5t writ+s ref]5ces are f\nd :i* w\ld seem to indicate ! exi/5ce ( ! plague at a v e>ly date4 ,! ,bible conta9s sev]al su* ref]5ces 7,deut]onomy1 ,*apt] #bh1 p>agraph #bg4 ,samuel ,i1 ,*apt] #e1 p>agraphs #f1 #i74 ,! latt] especially deals ) ! plague :i* attack$ ! ,phili/9es aft] !y took ! ark4 ,! rle ( rats 9 ! dissem9ation ( ! disease is1 z "s believe1 app>5tly ref]r$ to 9 ! trespass (f]+ ( 8five gold5 em]ods & five gold5 mice40 ,! return ( ! ark1 toge!r ) ?is trespass (f]+1 br\ght also ! plague1 8because !y _h look$ into ! ark ( ! ,"l1 ev5 he smote ( ! p fifty ?\s& & ?reescore & t5 m540 ,p\ss9's pa9t+ ( ?is ,phili/9e plague1 exhibit$ 9 ! ,l\vre1 %[s sev]al dead rats on ! /reets4 ,x is evid5t t ! susceptibility ( ! rat to ! plague _h be5 notic$ ev5 at ?is e>ly date4 ,! plague ( boils visit$ ^u ! ,egyptians z relat$ 9 ,exodus 7,*apt] #i1 p>agraphs #i & #aj7 has also be5 tak5 to indicate ! pe/ ( today1 b nei!r ( ^! scriptural ref]5ces c be said to be suffici5tly def9ite4 ,! ,attic plague1 :i* ravag$ ! ,peloponnesus #dcj ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 has be5 accurately describ$ by an eye-witness1 ! hi/orian ,?ucydides4 ,8 n>ration may be consid]$ ! e>lie/ exact record ( an epidemic4 ,l all ! great epidemics ( subsequ5t ages1 x 0 u%]$ 9 by ! ov]cr[d+1 ! mis]y & ! fam9e consequ5t ^u prolong$ w>s4 ,! combu/ible mat]ial 0 !re1 & all t necess>y 0 ! sp>k to beg9 ! "w ( dea? & deva/ation4 ,x is notewor?y t ! orig9 ( ! pe/ 0 trac$ by ,?ucydides to ,egypt or ,e?iopia1 f :5ce x spread gradually ov]l& to ,asia ,m9or & !nce by boat to ,a!ns4 ,! nature ( ?is fir/ great hi/oric epidemic is & w rema9 unc]ta94 ,!re are ^? :o consid] ! ,attic pe/il5ce z "o ( bubonic plague1 b ! fact t 9 ! v c>eful description ( ! disease no m5tion is made ( buboes & ! /atem5t t dea? occurr$ f ! sev5? to ! n9? day w\ld indicate t ! disease 0 some?+ else4 ,buboes are *>act]i/ic1 x is true1 ( ! plague1 b x %\ld be rememb]$ t outbreaks ( ! pneumonic =m1 ) little or no gl&ul> enl>gem5t are n uncommon4 ,dea?1 h[ev]1 9 ! case ( plague is v common on ! second or ?ird day1 & is less liable to occur 9 m protract$ cases4 ,^! facts lead to ! commonly accept$ belief t ! ,attic pe/ 0 n ! bubonic plague4 ,x may h be5 typhus fev]1 possibly smallpox4 ,! great pe/il5ce :i* deva/at$ ,rome & its dep5d5cies 9 #aff1 ,anno ,dom9i1 is kn[n z ! plague ( ,anton9us or ( ,gal54 ,?is prolong$ epidemic 0 br\ght to ,rome by ! return+ legions f ,seleucia4 ,x 0 n *>act]iz$ by buboes1 & x is v probable t x 0 l>gely smallpox4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! plague ( ,sa9t ,cyprian1 :i* prevail$ f #bea to #bff ,anno ,dom9i1 may h be5 p>tly bubonic 9 nature1 s9ce1 x prevail$ dur+ ! fall & w9t] mon?s & ceas$ dur+ ! hot summ]4 ,! disease 0 said to be communicat$ by means ( clo?+ & by ! look4 ,x spread f ,e?iopia to ,egypt & !nce ?r\gh ! kn[n _w4 ,al?\gh ! above e>ly epidemics _c be id5tifi$ ) ! bubonic plague1 !re is nev]!less excell5t evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is disease 9 remote antiquity4 ,! fir/ und\bt$ te/imony on ?is po9t is t furni%$ by ,rufus ( ,ephesus1 :o liv$ 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! writ+s ( ?is au?or are no long] extant1 b !y are quot$ by ,oribasius1 ! physician & fri5d ( ,julian ! ,apo/ate1 :o liv$ 9 ! f\r? c5tury4 ,! writ+s ( ,oribasius 7 discov]$ 9 ! ,vatican ,libr>y & 7 publi%$ e>ly 9 ?is c5tury by ,c>d9al ,mai4 ,9 ! =ty-f\r? 8,book ( ,oribasius0 occurs ! extract tak5 f ,rufus ( ,ephesus1 f :i* x appe>s t 8! s-call$ pe/il5tial buboes are all fatal & h a v acute c\rse1 especially :5 obs]v$ 9 ,libya1 ,egypt & 9 ,syria4 ,dionysius m5tions x4 ,dioscorides & ,posidonius h describ$ x at l5g? 9 _! treatise ^u ! plague :i* prevail$ dur+ _! "t 9 ,libya40 ,! description :i* !n foll[s ( ! buboes & ( ! disease is an exact c\nt]p>t ( ! pres5t plague4 ,! writ+s ( ! au?ors quot$ by ,rufus are no long] extant1 b "o ?+ is c]ta91 & t is t ! ,dionysius ref]r$ to liv$ n lat] ?an #cjj ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,! o!r two physicians liv$ 9 ,alex&ria contemporane\s ) ! bir? ( ,*ri/4 ,x may1 !re=e1 be consid]$ z an e/abli%$ fact t ! plague exi/$ 9 ,egypt1 ,libya & ,syria z e>ly z #cjj ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,?is is ( especial int]e/ 9 view ( ! rec5t discov]y by ,ko* ( an endemic plague focus 9 ,briti% ,ug&a & ,g]man ,kisiba1 at ! headwat]s ( ! ,nile4 ,:e!r x ev] invad$ ,european t]ritory prior to ! six? c5tury is unkn[n4 ,! great plague ( ,ju/9ian :i* broke out 9 #edb1 ,anno ,dom9i1 appe>$ fir/ 9 ,egypt1 & f !nce x spread ea/ & we/ ?r\gh\t ! kn[n _w & p]si/$ = m ?an a half c5tury4 ,s unkn[n 0 ! plague 9 ,europe at t "t t ! physicians ( ,con/ant9ople consid]$ x a new disease4 ,procopius1 :o 0 an eye-witness ( ! plague at ,con/ant9ople1 /ates t ! daily mortality 9 t city 0 at times ov] #aj1jjj4 ,! p&emic ( ,ju/9ian result$ 9 ! di/ribution ( ! plague = ! fir/ "t ?r\gh\t ! l5g? & bread? ( kn[n ,europe4 ,f t "t on ! e>ly *ronicl]s make repeat$ m5tion ( deva/at+ plagues consequ5t ^u ! mis]ies ( w> & fam9e4 ,! descriptions ( ^! pe/il5ces are1 z a rule1 insuffici5t to id5tify !m ) ! bubonic plague4 ,typhus1 scurvy1 smallpox & o!r diseases und\bt$ly alt]nat$ 9 ! "w ( de/ruction4 ,( ! scores ( epidemics ?us record$ dur+ ! eight c5turies foll[+ ?is fir/ visitation few1 inde$1 c be id5tifi$ to a c]ta9ty ) ! bubonic plague1 & yet !re c be no d\bt b t ?is disease occupi$ no second rank dur+ ! dre>y d>kness ( ! middle ages4 ,?is era 9 hi/ory may be said to h be5 u%]$ 9 by ! ,ju/9ian plague1 & x 0 clos$ by an ev5 m disa/r\s outbreak ( ?is same disease4 ,all ! ravages & slaught] consequ5t ^u ! great hi/oric battles1 :5 tak5 toge!r1 pale into insignificance on comp>ison ) t dread visitation ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ! #8black dea?'4 ,x is notewor?y t ?is great hi/oric epidemic did n orig9ate 9 ,egypt1 z did _m ( its pr$ecessors4 ,)\t exception ! contemporane\s writ]s ascribe its orig9 to ,ca?ay1 or ! ,*9a ( today4 ,?is fact is ( int]e/ :5 x is borne 9 m9d t at ! pres5t "t we "k ( ! exi/5ce ( two endemic foci 9 ,*9a1 besides t ( ,gurhwal 9 ,india1 ( ,b5i ,*eir 9 ,arabia & ( ,ug&a & ,kisiba 9 ,africa4 ,:atev] may h be5 its s\rce1 ! fact is t x advanc$ f ! ,ori5t along ! ?ree pr9cipal r\tes ( travel4 ,"o ( ^! l$ f ! ,p]sian ,gulf ?r\gh ,bassorah & ,bagdad along ! ,euphrates1 across ,arabia to ,egypt & ,nor!rn ,africa4 ,ano!r r\te pass$ f ,india ?r\gh ,afghani/an1 & skirt+ ! s\!rn bord]s ( ! ,caspian & ,black ,seas1 ev5tually rea*$ ,asia ,m9or4 ,a ?ird r\te f ,turke/an & ,*9a l$ ar\nd ! nor!rn %ore ( ! ,caspian ,sea to ,crimea1 & !nce to ,con/ant9ople4 ,x 0 along ^! sev]al r\tes t ! plague advanc$ & spread ov] mo/ ( ,we/]n ,asia & ,nor!rn ,africa4 ,! ,european black dea?1 h[ev]1 c be trac$ ) accuracy to ! ,crimean p59sula4 ,gaffa1 a t[n 9 ,crimea1 n[ kn[n z ,!odosia1 _h be5 f\nd$ & =tifi$ by ! ,g5oese4 ,x1 z well z o!r cities along ! ,black ,sea1 0 l>gely populat$ by ,italians4 ,"o ( ^!1 ,gabriel de ,mussis1 a lawy] 9 ,gaffa1 has left a fai?ful acc\nt ( 8 exp]i5ce & %>e 9 ! introduction ( ! plague into ,europe4 ,9 #acdf 9 ! ,ori5t numb]less ,t>t>s & ,s>ac5s 7 attack$ ) an unkn[n disease & sudd5 dea?4 ,9 ! city ( ,tanais1 ?r\gh "s excess1 a racial /ruggle ensu$ betwe5 ! ,t>t>s & ! ,italian m]*ants4 ,! latt] ev5tually escap$ & took refuge 9 ,gaffa1 :i* 9 "t 0 besieg$ by ! ,t>t>s4 ,dur+ ! siege1 :i* la/$ ?ree ye>s1 ! ,t>t> hordes 7 attack$ by ! plague1 :i* daily c>ri$ (f _m ?\s&s4 ,! besieg]s1 despair+ ( r$uc+ ! city by direct attack1 attempt$ to d s 9 ano!r way4 ,by means ( _! eng9es ( w> !y project$ ! dead bodies into ! beleagu]$ city1 :i*1 z a result1 soon became infect$4 ,! ,*ri/ian def5d]s took to _! %ips1 & ab&on+ ,gaffa1 sail$ we/w>d1 t\*+ at ,con/ant9ople1 ,greece1 ,italy & ,france4 ,:]ev] ! infect$ vessels t\*$ !y left ! plague4 ,con/ant9ople ?us became infect$ e>ly 9 #acdg4 ,dur+ ! summ] ,greece1 ,s>d9ia1 ,corsica & p>ts ( ! ,italian coa/ develop$ ! disease4 ,9 ! fall x rea*$ ,m>seilles4 ,! foll[+ ye> x spread inl& into ,italy1 ,france1 ,spa91 & ev5 into ,engl&4 ,9 ano!r ye> or two x spread ov] ,g]many1 ,russia1 & cross$ to ! ,sc&9avian p59sula4 ,)9 f\r ye>s x _h complet$ ! circuit ( ,europe1 spread+ untold dea? & mis]y4 ,no great] cata/rophe has be5 record$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,! rapidity ) :i* ! disease spread among ! fugitives f ,gaffa1 & 9 ! cities visit$ by _! %ips1 is despair+ly n>rat$ by ,de ,mussis1 :o1 return+ 9 "o ( ! %ips to ,g5oa1 says3 8,aft] l&+ we ent]$ our homes4 ,inasmu* z a grave disease _h befall5 u1 & ( ! ?\s&s t j\rney$ ) u sc>cely t5 rema9$1 ! relatives1 fri5ds & neighbors ha/5$ to greet u4 ,woe to u :o br\ght ) u ! d>ts ( dea?1 :o scatt]$ ! deadly poison ?r\gh ! brea? ( our words40 ,accord+ to ?is writ] #dj1jjj di$ 9 ,g5oa1 leav+ sc>cely a sev5? ( ! orig9al population4 ,v5ice 0 said to h lo/ #ajj1jjj1 ,naples #fj1jjj1 ,si5na #gj1jjj1 ,flor5ce #ajj1jjj4 ,all told1 ,italy lo/ half ( its population4 ,( ! contemporane\s writ]s none has pr9t$ ! horrors ( ! plague m vividly ?an does ,boccaccio 9 8 introduction to ! #8,decam]on4' 8,:at magnific5t dwell+s1 :at notable palaces 7 !n depopulat$ to ! la/ p]son6 ,:at families ext9ct6 ,:at ri*es & va/ possessions left1 & no kn[n heir to inh]it6 ,:at numb]s ( bo? sexes 9 ! prime & vigor ( y\?1 :om 9 ! morn+ ei!r ,gal51 ,hippocrates1 or sculapius himself b w\ld h decl>$ 9 p]fect heal?1 aft] d9+ ) _! fri5ds "h h supp$ ) _! dep>t$ fri5ds 9 ! o!r _w60 ,f ,m>seilles ! plague spread ?r\gh ,prov5ce ) disa/r\s results4 ,9 "s mona/]ies n ev5 a s+le survivor 0 left4 ,9 "o ( ^! ,petr>*'s bro!r buri$ ?irty-f\r ( 8 companions4 ,at ,avignon1 ! seat ( ! ,pope1 #a1hjj dea?s occurr$ 9 ?ree days4 ,9 ,p>is m ?an fifty ?\s& di$ ( ! plague4 ,9 ,engl& ! black dea? appe>$ 9 ,augu/1 #acdh1 & cont9u$ till ! autumn ( #acdi1 :5 x disappe>$4 ,london1 :i* at t "t probably _h a population ( #de1jjj1 _h a mortality ( ab\t #bj1jjj4 ,no exact /atem5t c be made ( ! relative mortality 9 ,engl&1 al?\gh _m und\bt$ly extravagant guesses are record$ by contemporane\s writ]s4 ,x is e/imat$ t ! population ( ,europe previ\s to ! outbreak ( ! black dea? 0 ab\t "o hundr$ & five millions4 ,"o qu>t] ( ! population1 or ab\t tw5ty-five millions1 are said to h di$ ( ! plague4 ,?is may be b a m]e e/imate1 x may be grossly inaccurate1 b x nev]!less indicates ! deadly "* ( ! pe/il5ce4 ,accord+ to a report made to ,pope ,clem5t ,,vi1 ! total mortality = ! kn[n _w 0 plac$ at =ty-?ree millions4 ,"o-half ! population ( ,italy succumb$4 ,! ,ord] ( ,m9orites 9 ,italy lo/ #cjj1jjj memb]s4 ,! ,ord] ( ,capu*9s 9 ,g]many lo/ #abf1jjj memb]s1 :ile ! total ( dea?s 9 ,g]many 0 plac$ at #a1bjj1jjj4 ,! invasion ( ,europe by ! black dea? 0 sudd5 & rapid4 ,! se$s ( ! disease1 once plant$ on ,european soil1 p]si/$1 z might be expect$1 = no little "t4 ,al?\gh ! great epidemic 0 said to h la/$ till #acfj1 x mu/ n be inf]r$ t x !n ceas$ altoge!r4 ,div]se localities reta9$ ! infection1 &1 z a result1 new outbreaks1 ?\gh to a less ext5t1 cont9u$ to outcrop dur+ ! foll[+ ye>s4 ,f t "t on e decade or two witness$ m or less pron\nc$ outbreaks ( ! disease 9 ,france1 ,engl& & ,italy4 ,! *ronicl]s ( ^? local outbreaks dur+ ! latt] half ( ! f\rte5? & dur+ ! entire fifte5? c5tury did n always make x cle> t ! pe/il5ce describ$ 0 ! real plague4 ,x 0 b natural to include typhus & o!r diseases "u ! dread$ t]m ( pe/4 ,nev]!less1 ! frequ5cy ( ^! outbreaks indicates ! p]si/5ce & ! wide dissem9ation ( ! plague dur+ ^? ye>s4 ,dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury ! plague app>5tly began to %[ a decrease 9 its frequ5cy1 al?\gh dur+ ?is p]iod1 z be=e1 o!r epidemic diseases 7 mi/ak5 = x4 ,g]many1 ,holl&1 c]ta9 cities 9 ,france1 & especially 9 ,italy 7 sc\rg$ by ! plague dur+ ?is c5tury4 ,! notewor?y outbreak 9 ,italy 9 #aege-gg 0 due to fre% importation f ! ,ori5t4 ,! disease spread ?r\gh\t ,italy1 & ! deva/ation x caus$ 0 n inf]ior to t ( ! great plague two c5turies be=e4 ,= example1 9 #aegf 9 ,v5ice #gj1jjj di$ ( ! disease4 ,dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury ! plague ass]t$ itself ) great sev]ity4 ,foll[+ a fam9e1 x prevail$ 9 ,russia 9 #afja-afjc1 & "s idea ( its de/ructiv5ess may be ga9$ :5 x is /at$ t 9 ,mosc[ alone #abg1jjj lives 7 tak54 ,dur+ ! foll[+ decade ev5 great] epidemics prevail$ 9 ,we/]n ,europe4 ,france & ,engl& 7 invad$1 & 9 ,switz]l& x ev5 p5etrat$ to ! highe/ ,alps4 ,basel 9 #afji-afaa _h #d1jjj dea?s1 :ile ,london 9 #afjc yield$ #cc1jjj4 ,! t]rible epidemic :i* ravag$ ,nor!rn ,italy 9 #afbi-afca des]ves m ?an a pass+ notice4 ,dur+ ^? ye>s m ?an a million di$ ( ! disease4 ,sc>cely a t[n 9 ,nor!rn ,italy escap$4 ,! city :i*1 p]haps1 suff]$ ! mo/ 0 ,milan1 :]e1 9 #afcj1 ! dea?s f all diseases are said to h am\nt$ to #ahf1jjj4 ,! ,milan outbreak has be5 graphically describ$ by ,manzoni1 9 8 celebrat$ #8,i ,promessi ,sposi4' ,unrecogniz$1 ! disease ent]$ ,milan 9 ,octob]1 #afbi4 ,! mild cases :i* 7 met ) dur+ ! w9t] mon?s lull$ ! fe>s ( ! p & enc\rag$ ! mass ( physicians to d5y ! exi/5ce ( ! plague4 ,b 9 ,april ! disease began to ass]t itself 9 t]rible e>ne/4 ,! fr5zi$ populace1 bl9d to ! contagi\sness ( ! disease1 7 possess$ ) ! /range halluc9ation t obta9$ dur+ =m] plague epidemics 9 o!r ,italian cities1 t ! pe/ spread because ( poison scatt]$ ab\t by evil-m9d$ p]sons4 ,suspici\s /rang]s 71 z a result1 /on$ 9 ! /reets1 imprison$ & ev5 put to dea? by legal process because ( su* fanatical beliefs4 ,to (fset ! gr[+ pe/il5ce1 ! p dem&$ ( ! ,ar*bi%op t a solemn religi\s procession be held1 & t ! holy relics ( ,sa9t ,*>les be expos$4 ,at fir/ ?is 0 refus$1 b ev5tually x 0 grant$4 ,! procession be>+ ! sa9tly body 0 solemnly held on ! #aa? ( ,june4 ,! fanatical security :i* ^! devotions eng5d]$ 0 rudely %att]$ :51 a few days lat]1 ! disease bur/ =? ) r5ew$ activity among all classes 9 all p>ts ( ! city4 ,nev]!less1 z ,manzoni obs]ves1 ! fai? 0 su* t none recogniz$ t ! procession itself 0 directly ! cause ( ! new outbur/ ( ! disease by facilitat+ ! spread ( ! contagion4 ,aga9 ! belief ass]t$ itself t ! #8untori1' or poison]s1 mix$ ) ! cr[d & ) _! ungu5ts & p[d]s _h infect$ z _m z possible4 ,f t day ! fury ( ! contagion cont9u$ to gr[ to su* an ext5t t sc>cely a h\se rema9$ exempt f ! disease4 ,! numb] ( pati5ts 9 ! pe/h\se rose f #b1jjj to #ab1jjj1 & lat] rea*$ #ag1jjj4 ,! daily mortality rose f #ejj to #a1bjj1 !n #a1ejj1 & is ev5 said to h rea*$ #c1ejj4 ,milan1 be=e ! epidemic1 0 said to h _h a population ( f #bjj1jjj to #bej1jjj4 ,! loss by dea? has be5 v>i\sly e/imat$ at f #adj1jjj to #ahf1jjj4 ,all ^! dea?s 7 n due to ! plague4 ,?us1 l>ge numb]s ( *ildr5 di$ z a result ( />vation consequ5t ^u ! dea? ( _! p>5ts f ! plague4 ,! horrors att5dant ^u su* a dreadful visitation c well be imag9$4 ,sc>city ( help 9 remov+ ! dead & 9 tak+ c>e ( ! sick made itself felt1 to say no?+ ( ! lack ( food4 ,enorm\s tr5*es1 "o aft] ano!r1 7 fill$ ) ! bodies ( ! victims1 c>ri$ ?i!r by ! h>d5$ monatti1 ! c\nt]p>t ( ! ,flor5t9e bec*9i1 s well portray$ by ,"l ,lytton 9 8 #8,ri5zi4' ,^! be>]s ( ! sick & dead 7 naturally recruit$ f ! l[e/ crim9al classes1 & x c1 !re=e1 cause b little wond] t an epidemic ( ! wor/ ( crimes 0 associat$ ) t ( ! plague4 ,9 #afef ,italy 0 aga9 invad$ by ! plague1 & on t occasion ,g5oa lo/ #fe1jjj ( its population by dea?4 ,ab\t ! same "t t]rible epidemics ( ! disease ravag$ ,russia1 ,turkey & ,hung>y4 ,london1 9 #affe1 suff]$ dreadfully f ! plague4 ,! disease appe>s to h be5 import$ f ,holl&1 :]e x 0 kn[n to h exi/$ = "s "t4 ,! progress ( ! disease 9 ,london has be5 vividly portray$ by ,defoe 9 ! #8,j\rnal ( ! ,plague ,ye>' & 9 ! #8,due ,prep>ations = ! ,plague4' ,x is suppos$ t ! pe/ _h be5 import$ 9 bales ( goods f ,smyrna into ,holl& 9 #affc4 ,f !nce x cross$ ov] to ,london1 :]e ! fir/ dea?s 7 report$ ab\t ! fir/ ( ,decemb] 9 #affd4 ,t[>d ! end ( t mon? ano!r dea? occurr$ 9 ! same h\se1 b dur+ ! foll[+ six weeks no new case develop$4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ,febru>y1 h[ev]1 a p]son di$ ( ! plague 9 ano!r h\se4 ,f t "t only occasional cases ( plague 7 report$1 al?\gh ! weekly mortality 0 rapidly ris+ & 0 greatly 9 excess ( ! usual rate4 ,?us1 :ile ! ord9>y weekly mortality rang$ f two hundr$ & =ty to ?ree hundr$1 ?is 0 gradually increas$1 s t 9 ! ?ird week 9 ,janu>y x _h ris5 to f\r hundr$ & sev5ty-f\r4 ,aft] a slight remission1 ! mortality aga9 rose1 s t e>ly 9 ,may plague cases 7 report$ m frequ5tly4 ,x soon became evid5t t ! plague1 z 9 ,milan 9 #afcj1 _h sl[ly b surely ga9$ a firm foo?old4 ,! increas$ mortality 0 und\bt$ly due to unsuspect$ plague cases ( ei!r ! pneumonic or ! septicemic type4 ,dur+ ,may1 & especially dur+ ! hot wea!r 9 ,june1 ! disease cont9u$ to spread4 ,at ! same "t1 ! panic-/rick5 p began to leave ! city 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,9 ,july ! condition 0 truly deplorable4 ,to quote ,defoe3 8,london might well be said to be all 9 te>s2 ! m\rn]s did n g ab\t ! /reets1 inde$1 = nobody put on black or made a =mal dress ( m\rn+ = _! ne>e/ fri5ds2 b ! voice ( m\rn+ 0 truly he>d 9 ! /reets4 ,! %rieks ( wom5 & *ildr5 at ! w9d[s & doors ( _! h\ses1 :]e _! de>e/ relations 7 p]haps dy+1 or j dead1 7 s frequ5t to be he>d z we pass$ 9 ! /reets1 t x 0 en\gh to pi]ce ! /\te/ he>t 9 ! _w to he> !m4 ,te>s & lam5tations 7 se5 almo/ 9 e h\se1 especially 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! visitation2 = t[>d ! latt] end m5's he>ts 7 h>d5$1 & dea? 0 s always be=e _! eyes1 t !y did n s mu* conc]n !mselves = ! loss ( _! fri5ds1 expect+ t !mselves %\ld be summon$ ! next h\r40 ,london at ?is "t _h a population ( ne>ly half a million4 ,! dea?s f ! plague dur+ #affe1 z report$ 9 ! bills ( mortality1 are #fh1eif4 ,by f> ! l>g] numb] ( ^! occurr$ 9 ,augu/1 ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,! weekly mortality f ! disease rose f a few cases 9 ,may to ov] #g1jjj p] week 9 ,septemb]4 ,x may1 inde$1 be close to ! tru? :5 ,defoe /ates t #c1jjj 7 said to h be5 buri$ 9 "o night4 ,! great plague ( ,london 9 #affe 0 by no means ! only visitation ( t k9d4 ,f ! "t ( ! black dea? 9 #acdh1 ,london _h a cont9u\s record ( plague infection4 ,on an av]age x _h an epidemic ( plague e fifte5 ye>s4 ,"s ( ^! 7 fully z sev]e z t ( #affe4 ,?us1 9 #afjc1 ) a population ( #bej1jjj1 !re 7 ov] #cc1jjj report$ dea?s f ! plague4 ,9 #afbe1 #da1jjj di$ ( pe/ out ( a population ( #cbj1jjj4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable facts 9 connection ) ! great plague is ?is--t x 0 ! la/ 9 ,engl&4 ,! great fire ( #afff is suppos$ to h ext+ui%$ ! plague1 b ?is _c be said to be true4 ,! disease cont9u$ to a slight ext5t 9 #afff & isolat$ cases 7 report$ z late z #afgi1 b aft] t date x disappe>$ completely & f t "t until ?is ye> ,engl& has be5 absolutely free f ! plague4 ,! sudd5 ext9ction ( ! plague 9 ,engl& aft] x _h become dome/icat$1 s to speak1 = ne>ly ?ree c5turies1 is inde$ difficult to expla94 ,creighton sees an inhibit+ influ5ce 9 ! gr[? ( ! practice ( burial 9 c(f9s4 ,b ! abs5ce ( fam9e1 toge!r ) ! cessation ( dome/ic w>s & /rife & ! abeyance ( want & mis]y1 _h n a little effect4 ,z w pres5tly be se51 ! ext9ction ( ! plague 9 ,engl& 0 no m rem>kable ?an its disappe>ance f ,we/]n ,europe4 ,! hi/ory ( plague 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury does n close ) ! ,london epidemic4 ,f #afge-afhd ! disease ravag$ ,nor!rn ,africa1 ,turkey1 & f !nce invad$ ,au/ria & ev5 rea*$ ,s\!rn ,g]many4 ,! ,vi5na outbreak ( #afgi c be said to h be5 no less t]rible ?an t ( ,milan or ( ,london4 ,! dea?s f ! plague 9 ,vi5na 9 t ye> h be5 v>i\sly e/imat$ at f #gj1jjj to d\ble t numb]4 ,f ,vi5na ! plague rea*$ ,prague1 :]e 9 #ahfa x is said to h caus$ no less ?an #hc1jjj dea?s4 ,x is n to be wond]$ at t a nation sc\rg$ by ?irty ye>s ( rel5tless w>f>e1 by religi\s p]secution & f9ally tri$ ?us sev]ely by ! plague %\ld inscribe ^u ! eque/rian /atue ( _! patron sa9t ! he>t-r5d+ appeal1 #8,"l1 grant t we d n p]i%4' ,! close ( ! sev5te5? c5tury saw ! disappe>ance ( ! plague f ,we/]n ,europe4 ,9 ,ea/]n ,europe1 h[ev]1 ! disease cont9u$ to exi/ ev5 dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,nev]!less1 a *ange _h tak5 place = ! bett]1 & z ! ye>s w5t on ! retrogression ( ! plague became m & m di/9ct4 ,dur+ ! fir/ two decades ( ! eighte5? c5tury ! plague 0 widely di/ribut$ 9 ,ea/]n ,europe4 ,x 0 pres5t especially 9 ,con/ant9ople & 9 ! ,danubian prov9ces4 ,f ! latt] x ext5d$ to ,russia 7,ukra9e71 & f !nce to ,pol&4 ,! disa/r\s invasion ( ,russia by ,*>les ,,xii4 ( ,sw$51 end+ 9 8 defeat at ,poltawa 9 #agji1 l$ to its fur!r dissem9ation to ,silesia1 ,ea/]n ,prussia1 ! ,baltic prov9ces & seaports1 & ev5 to ,sc&9avia4 ,x 0 dur+ ?is epidemic t ,dantzic1 9 #agji1 lo/ #cc1jjj1 & ,/ockholm #dj1jjj by ! plague4 ,dur+ ! ye>s #agji & #agaj ! plague mortality 9 ! ,baltic prov9ces exce$$ #cjj1jjj4 ,?ree ye>s lat]1 9 #agac1 ! plague spread up ! ,danube & rea*$ ,vi5na1 ,prague & ev5 ,bav>ia4 ,dur+ ^! two decades ,we/]n ,europe 0 entirely free f ! dread disease4 ,9 #agbj ! disease sudd5ly develop$ 9 ,m>seilles & ext5d$ f !nce to neighbor+ t[ns & ! c\ntry di/ricts ( ,prov5ce4 ,t]rible z 0 ?is visitation x is ( int]e/1 inasmu* z x 0 ! la/ occurr5ce ( ! plague on ,fr5* soil1 & ! la/ 9 ,we/]n ,europe until ! rec5t outbreak 9 ,portugal4 ,! plague 0 said to h be5 import$ into ,m>seilles by a m]*ant vessel1 ! #8,gr& ,sa9t ,anto9e'1 f ,syria4 ,on its way to ,m>seilles sev]al dea?s occurr$ on %ipbo>d1 b ! cause 0 ov]look$4 ,on ! #be? ( ,may1 #agbj1 two days aft] ! arrival ( ! vessel1 ano!r dea? occurr$ among ! crew4 ,! disease 0 /ill n believ$ to be ! plague1 & al?\gh qu>ant9e 0 in/itut$1 new cases appe>$ among ! crew & ! dock labor]s employ$ 9 unload+ ! vessel1 & x 0 n until ! disease rea*$ ! city t its true nature 0 recogniz$4 ,! g]ms ( ! disease _h !n be5 scatt]$ broadca/4 ,unsanit>y a city z ,m>seilles is to-day1 x mu/ h be5 va/ly m s 9 #agbj4 ,! result ( ! addition ( plague g]ms to ! want1 mis]y & fil?y condition 0 at once evid5t4 ,dur+ ,augu/ ! mortality av]ag$ f\r & ev5 five hundr$ p] day4 ,9 ,septemb] ! daily mortality rose to #a1jjj4 ,s great 0 ! t]ror ( ! populace t x became impossible to secure be>]s ( ! dead1 to obta9 nurses & att5dants4 ,! dead 7 left 9 heaps ^u ! /reets1 s t x became necess>y to transf] to ! city #gjj galley slaves1 :o 7 requir$ to remove ! bodies4 ,^! same galley slaves 7 ev5 press$ into s]vice z nurses4 ,! diseas$ 7 ab&on$ by fri5ds & relatives1 & "u su* conditions x ne$ n be wond]$ at t !y receiv$ little or no att5tion f o!rs4 ,food & wat] 7 d5i$ to ! un=tunates1 & :5 food 0 adm9i/]$ to ! pe/h\ses x 0 ?r[n into ! w9d[s by ma*9]y4 ,! disease cont9u$ 9 ,m>seilles until ,decemb]1 #agba1 b isolat$ cases p]si/$ until ,april1 #agbb4 ,dur+ ! fifte5 mon?s ( its duration x c>ri$ (f #dj1jjj ( ! population4 ,accord+ to ,defoe1 !re di$ ( ! plague 9 ,m>seilles & )9 a league ( its walls #fj1jjj4 ,f ,m>seilles ! plague rea*$ ,aix1 & 9 ! w9t] ( #agbj & #agba x c>ri$ (f #ah1jjj ( its p4 ,x also rea*$ ,arles1 :]e1 9 #agba1 out ( a population ( #bc1jjj1 #aj1jjj di$ 7=ty-five p] c5t74 ,! same ye>1 9 ,t\lon1 :i* _h a population ( #bf1jjj1 ! plague attack$ #bj1jjj ( ! population1 & ( ^! #ac1jjj1 or ab\t "o-half ( ! orig9al population1 di$4 ,! c\ntry di/ricts ab\t ,m>seilles 7 likewise invad$4 ,out ( a population ( #bdh1jjj1 !re di$ ( ! plague #hh1jjj1 or fully ?irty-five p] c5t4 ,x is evid5t f ?is description t ! plague ( #agbj 0 9 n[ise inf]ior to t ( #acdh4 ,=tunately1 ! disease did n spread beyond ,prov5ce4 ,x is notewor?y t 9 _m in/ances1 9 ,m>seilles1 p seclud$ !mselves 9 _! h\ses1 avoid+ all communication ) ! out] _w1 & 9 ?is way escap$4 ,simil> isolation ( cloi/]s1 insane asylums1 likewise result$ 9 fre$om f ! disease :i* /alk$ s freely ?r\gh\t ! /rick5 city4 ,x 0 exp]i5ce ( ?is k9d 9 isolation ( ! heal?y :i* l$ ,defoe to write 8 #8,due ,prep>ations = ! ,plague4' ,t[>d ! middle ( ! c5tury ! plague reass]t$ itself 9 ! ,danubian prov9ces1 ! con/ant battlegr\nd betwe5 ! ,turks & ,russians & ,au/rians4 ,9 #agch x n only prevail$ 9 ,russia b also invad$ ,hung>y4 ,( m importance ?an ?is occurr5ce is ! outbreak ( ! plague 9 #agdc 9 ,sicily4 ,! la/ epidemic ( plague _h occurr$ 9 ,mess9a 9 #afbd4 ,aft] a lapse ( "o hundr$ & tw5ty ye>s1 x reappe>$ ) t]rible results4 ,9 ,mess9a1 z 9 ,m>seilles & 9 ,london1 ! fir/ cases 7 n recogniz$ z plague cases &1 z a result1 ! infection spread until1 l a v]itable explosion1 ! disease develop$ all ov] ! city4 ,! plague1 ) its att5dant mis]y ( lack ( food1 & ev5 ( wat]1 0 9 va9 combat$ by religi\s processions4 ,! plague corpses 7 9 heaps 9 ! /reets1 z 9 ,m>seilles1 & cremation 0 resort$ to 9 ord] to effect _! removal4 ,t ye> #cj1jjj di$ ( plague 9 ! city ( ,mess9a4 ,) ! exception ( a slight epidemic at ,noja 9 #ahae1 ?is outbreak 9 ,mess9a 9 #agdc 0 ! la/ "o to appe> 9 ,italy4 ,9 #agee1 ! plague 0 introduc$ into ,transylvania by an ,arm5ian m]*ant f ! ,black ,sea4 ,be=e x 0 ext+ui%$1 #d1cjj dea?s 7 record$4 ,next to t ( ,m>seilles & ( ,mess9a1 ! mo/ notewor?y outbreak ( plague 0 t :i* occurr$ 9 #agga 9 ,mosc[4 ,! disease 0 introduc$ by troops return+ f ! ,danubian prov9ces4 ,z s (t5 has be5 ! hi/ory ( plague1 ! fir/ cases 7 n recogniz$1 & ! exi/5ce ( pe/ 0 d5i$4 ,:5 ! plague 0 demon/rat$ to be pres5t1 x is said by ,haes] t ?ree-f\r?s ( ! populace des]t$ ! city4 ,! disease began e>ly 9 ,m>* & increas$ dur+ ! e>ly summ] mon?s4 ,9 ,augu/ ov] #g1jjj dea?s result$1 :ile 9 ,septemb] ! records %[ t #ba1jjj di$4 ,9 ,octob] ! plague decreas$1 b /ill #ag1jjj dea?s atte/$ to its fe>ful p[]4 ,e>ly 9 ,janu>y x became ext9ct1 aft] a duration ( t5 mon?s1 & aft] hav+ caus$ ! dea? ( m ?an #eb1jjj p4 ,t[>d ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 at ! "t ( ! ,napoleonic invasion ( ,egypt & ,syria1 ! ,fr5* armies came into contact ) ! plague4 ,bonap>te's visit to ! pe/-/rick5 soldi]s at ,jaffa has be5 p]petuat$ 9 ! hi/oric canvas :i* is to be se5 at ,v]sailles4 ,dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury ! plague ravag$ ,nor!rn ,africa on div]se occasions4 ,con/ant9ople 0 invad$ 9 #ahjb1 #ahjc1 #ahjh4 ,x 0 also pres5t to a slight ext5t 9 ! ,caucasus & 9 ,a/rakhan4 ,a notable plague epidemic appe>$ 9 ,egypt 9 #ahab1 & soon spread ?r\gh ,turkey & ,s\!rn ,russia4 ,con/ant9ople & ,odessa 7 sev]ely sc\rg$4 ,9 ,odessa out ( a population ( #bh1jjj !re di$ #ab1jjj4 ,x is a notewor?y fact t ! ,napoleonic w>s1 ) all _! incid5t h>d%ips & mis]y1 did n develop or spread ! plague 9 ,europe4 ,! outbreaks ( ! disease 7 limit$ dur+ ?is p]iod to ,africa & to ,turkey1 ,bosnia1 ,r\mania1 ,dalmatia & to ,s\!rn ,russia4 ,two exceptions1 h[ev]1 are to be not$4 ,9 #ahab ! ,isl& ( ,malta 0 infect$ & m ?an #f1jjj ( its p yield$ to ! disease4 ,! epidemic ( #ahae at ,noja1 9 ,apulia1 0 ! fir/ recurr5ce ( ! plague on ,italian soil s9ce #agdc1 & ?us f> x has be5 ! la/4 ,! ,balkan ,p59sula & ,s\!rn ,russia 7 visit$ f "t to "t by ! plague up to ab\t #ahda4 ,= ne>ly =ty ye>s ,europe 0 :olly free f ! disease1 :i*1 h[ev]1 cont9u$ its exi/5ce 9 ,nor!rn ,africa1 9 ,mesopotamia & 9 ,india4 ,! ,russo-,turki% w> ( #ahgh br\ght ! ,russian troops into contact ) ! disease 9 ! ,caucasus1 & ! epidemic at ,vetlianka on ! l[] ,volga 0 unque/ionably introduc$ by su* return+ soldi]s4 ,su*1 !n1 has be5 ! hi/ory ( ! bubonic plague4 ,no o!r epidemic disease c be trac$ au!ntically z f> back z ! #8,black ,dea?4' ,! *>act]i/ic symptoms1 ! rapid dea?1 ! excessive mortality are all features :i* h be5 not$ ?r\gh m ?an tw5ty c5turies4 ,! plague bacillus discov]$ 9 #ahid by ,y]s91 judg$ by its effect1 is nei!r m nor less virul5t ?an its e>ly prog5itors4 ,x has (t5 di$ out 9 a giv5 locality or c\ntry1 x has ev5 be5 =c$ back to its orig9al ance/ral home1 b /ill ! same type1 ! same species has p]petuat$ itself un*ang$4 ,if ! plague on its pres5t _w-wide j\rney does n cause su* t]rible outbreaks z x has 9 ! pa/1 x w be n because ! g]m has be5 alt]$ by "t1 b because man has *ang$ 9 s f> z he has sl[ly le>n$ & pr(it$ by ! lessons ( previ\s epidemics4 ,,gasol9e ,,automobiles4 ,,by ,,william ,,baxt]1 ,,jr4 ,to und]/& ! op]ation ( a gasol9e vehicle x is necess>y to be some:at famili> ) ! pr9ciple on :i* gasol9e motors act4 ,briefly /at$1 x is z foll[s3 ,! gasol9e is conv]t$ into a vapor1 & 9 ?is /ate is mix$ ) a suffici5t am\nt ( air to cause x to ignite :5 heat$ to a prop] temp]ature4 ,?is mixture ( air & vapor is admitt$ into a cyl9d] 9 :i* a pi/on moves freely1 ?is "p be+ sub/antially ! same z 9 a /eam eng9e4 ,by means ( an electric sp>k or a hot tube1 ! mixture is ignit$1 burn+ s viol5tly z to exp& ! products ( ! combu/ion ) su* rapidity z virtually to become an explosion4 ,! =ce ( ?is explosion pu%es ! pi/on to ! fur!r end ( ! cyl9d]1 & by means ( a connect+ rod & a crank ?is movem5t imp>ts a rot>y motion to a %aft4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,gasol9e ,,motor4 ,! entire op]ation is made p]fectly cle> by ! aid ( ,fig4 #a1 :i* is a simple diagram ( a s+le cyl9d] motor4 ,! *amb] ,r conta9s ! gasol9e4 ,air ent]s ?is *amb] ?r\gh tube b1 z indicat$ by ! arr[1 & passes out betwe5 ! plate c & ! surface ( ! gasol9e4 ,! float d keeps ! plate c 9 ! prop] position reg>dless ( ! am\nt ( liquid 9 ! res]voir4 ,! heat$ gases exhau/$ f ! cyl9d] pass ?r\gh ! pipe r1 & ?us heat ! gasol9e s t x vaporizes freely & ! air pass+ "u c becomes *>g$ ) ! necess>y proportion ( vapor4 ,! mix$ air & vapor ent] a valve *amb] ,s1 f :i* ! fl[ into pipe e is regulat$ by ! movem5t ( h&le a4 ,9 ?is *amb] !re is ano!r valve1 op]at$ by an indep5d5t h&le1 & by means ( ?is m air c be admitt$ into ! mixture :5 desir$4 ,?r\gh ! pipe e & ! valve f ! vapor ent]s *amb] ,q1 :i* connects ) ! top ( ! cyl9d]4 ,suppose ! %aft ,g is rotat+1 !n ! pi/on w be drawn d[n f ! position 9 :i* x is %[n & ?us a vacuum w t5d to =m 9 *amb] ,q4 ,?is action w cause ! valve f to op5 & ! mixture ( air & vapor w fl[ into ,q until ! pi/on rea*es its l[e/ position & beg9s to asc5d4 ,at ?is in/ant ! valve f w close1 & !n ! upw>d movem5t ( ! pi/on w compress ! mixture 9 ! *amb] ,q4 ,:5 ! pi/on rea*es ! upp] position1 aft] complet+ ! d[n & up /rokes1 ! lev] l & ! contact po9t p w come toge!r1 & an electric curr5t develop$ 9 ! induction coil ,m w pass ?r\gh ! wires j & k & produce a sp>k at i betwe5 ! ends ( ! metallic t]m9als pass+ ?r\gh ! plug ( insulat+ mat]ial1 :i* is %[n 9 d>k %ad+4 ,?is sp>k w cause ! mix$ air & vapor to ignite1 produc+ an explosion t w =ce ! pi/on d[n = ! second "t4 ,on ! second upw>d movem5t ( ! pi/on ! gases produc$ by ! combu/ion ( ! vapor w be =c$ out ?r\gh ! valve h into ! *amb] ,t & ! pipe r4 ,! valve h & ! lev] l are op]at$ by cams m\nt$ on ! %aft m1 & !y are s set t ! sp>k at i occurs :5 ! *amb] ,q is full ( ! explosive mixture & ! pi/on is at ! top ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! valve op5s :5 ! pi/on beg9s to move upw>d aft] ! explosion has =c$ x to ! bottom position4 ,z w be se51 ! pi/on mu/ move d[n to draw 9 a supply ( ! explosive mixture2 x !n moves upw>d to compress x1 & on ! second d[n /roke x is pu%$ by ! =ce ( ! explosion4 ,f ?is action x c be cle>ly realiz$ t ! p[] develop$ by ! motor comes f ! =ce ex]t$ by explosions at e alt]nate revolution ( ! %aft4 ,on t acc\nt ! cams t move ! valve h & ! lev] l are plac$ on a sep>ate %aft1 :i* is ge>$ to ! ma9 %aft 9 ! ratio ( two to "o2 t is1 ! :eel ,k is twice ! diamet] ( ! :eel ,j4 ,z ! =ce ( ! pi/on acts on ! %aft only once 9 e two revolutions x is necess>y to provide a heavy fly :eel ,o1 :i* w /ore up en\gh mom5tum to cont9ue ! rotation ( ! motor ?r\gh ! ineffective revolution4 ,be=e ! motor c put =? an ef=t x is necess>y = ! pi/on to move d[nw>d s z to draw 9 a supply ( explosive gases & !n to move up s z to compress !m & produce an explosion2 !re=e1 ! motor w n />t ( its own accord1 b mu/ be set 9 motion4 ,9 ! act ( />t+ ! :eel ,o is turn$ by h&4 ,! combu/ion ( ! gasol9e vapor )9 ! *amb] ,q & ! upp] end ( ! cyl9d] develops a l>ge am\nt ( heat1 & unless means are provid$ = dissipat+ x ! temp]ature w soon rise to a po9t t w int]f]e ) ! prop] action ( ! motor4 ,two ways are employ$ to c>ry (f ! heat4 ,"o is by surr\nd+ ! cyl9d] ) a wat] jacket1 z %[n 9 ! diagram at ,,nn2 & ! o!r is to provide ! ext]ior ( ! cyl9d] ) num]\s ?9 ribs s z to increase ! surface expos$ to ! air & ?us increase ! radiation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,petroleum ,,_s ,,motor4 ,! electric sp>k is a v effective ignit] = ! explosive mixture1 &1 by prop]ly sett+ cam n ! explosion c be made to take place j at ! position ( ! pi/on t may be f\nd ! mo/ desirable2 b ! po9ts at i are liable to get out ( ord]1 & ! batt]y t actuates ! induction coil ,m & ! coil itself c become a s\rce ( m or less tr\ble1 & on t acc\nt ! ignit+ is effect$ 9 "s motors by means ( a hot tube4 ,:5 ?is is us$ ! cam n1 ! lev] l & ! electrical p>ts ( ! app>atus are n requir$4 ,9 _! /ead a tube is plac$ on ! upp] side ( ! *amb] ,q & ?is tube is ma9ta9$ at a r$ heat by means ( a flame imp++ aga9/ its out] surface4 ,:5 ! explosive mixture is compress$ x rises 9 ! int]ior ( ! hot tube1 & :5 x rea*es ! portion t is hot en\gh to produce combu/ion an explosion takes place4 ,by _m eng9e]s ?is arrangem5t is reg>d$ z sup]ior to ! electric sp>k on acc\nt ( its simplicity4 ,gasol9e motors are made ) "o1 two or m cyl9d]s1 b 9 ea* cyl9d] ! action t takes place is t describ$ above4 ,! actual con/ruction ( a motor is n s simple z might be assum$ f ! appe>ance ( ,fig4 #a2 _m details are requir$ :i* are n "h %[n4 ,a m p]fect idea ( ! actual con/ruction ( a gasol9e motor c be _h f ,fig4 #b1 :i* is a work+ draw+ ( a rec5t ,european inv5tion4 ,9 ?is design x w be notic$ t ! cyl9d] is cool$ by radiation into ! surr\nd+ air1 ! ext]ior surface be+ increas$ by num]\s circul> ribs & also by ext5d+ a holl[ trunk f ! upp] side ( ! pi/on1 s z n only to increase ! radiat+ surface1 b also to all[ ! hot air to escape f ! *amb] ,t 9 :i* ! crank discs revolve4 ,9 ?is draw+ ,e is ! explosion *amb]1 correspond+ to ,q 9 ,fig4 #a1 & ! valve s is ! c\nt]p>t ( f1 :ile s' corresponds to ! valve h4 ,! upp] pipe t is ! pipe e ( ,fig4 #a & ! l[] pipe t' is ! pipe r ( ! same figure4 ,al?\gh ! crank discs1 connect+ rods & o!r details are diff]5t 9 %ape1 x w readily be se5 t _! relation to ea* o!r is ! same4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,,rev]s+ ,,me*anism4 ,s9ce a gasol9e motor _c />t ( its own accord1 x is necess>y 9 vehicles 9 :i* !y are us$ s to arrange ! driv+ ge> t ! motor may be kept 9 motion all ! "t & always 9 ! same direction1 h5ce1 to rev]se ! direction ( ! c>riage1 rev]s+ me*anism1 indep5d5t ( ! motor1 mu/ be provid$4 ,! mo/ simple me*anism = a gasol9e vehicle employ+ spur ge>+ exclusively is %[n 9 diagrammatic =m 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,9 ?is figure ,a repres5ts ! cyl9d] ( ! motor1 ,b ! crank disc *amb] & ,m ! vaporiz+ receptacle1 :i* is g5]ally call$ ! c>burator4 ,! p9ion ,c1 on ! end ( ! motor %aft1 me%es into a ge> ,d :i* is m\nt$ ^u a sleeve ,e :i* revolves freely r\nd %aft ,g4 ,?is sleeve has its ends =m$ s z to engage ) ! ge>s m\nt$ ^u %aft ,g1 & by means ( a lev]1 :i* is n %[n1 b :i* works 9 groove a1 ! clut* ei!r s or ss c be ?r[n into engagem5t ) its correspond+ ge>4 ,if s is ?r[n into ge>1 z %[n 9 ! draw+1 ! :eel ,f w turn ,h & ! p9ion ,i w rotate ! ge> ,j :i* is m\nt$ ^u ! axle ( ! c>riage4 ,if ! clut* ss is ?r[n into engagem5t1 ! ge> ,g w turn ,k & ?is :eel w turn l2 b1 z c be cle>ly se51 ! direction 9 :i* l w revolve w be opposite to its motion :5 driv5 ?r\gh ,f & ,h1 !re=e1 if :5 ,f drives ! c>riage runs =w>d1 :5 ,g drives x w run backw>d1 & :5 ,e is mov$ to ! c5tral position1 s t nei!r s nor ss engages ) _! respective ge>s1 ! vehicle w /& /ill1 b ! motor w cont9ue to revolve4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,,plan ,,& ,,elevation ,,( ,,und]b]g ,,motor ,,voiturette4 ,?is diagrammatic arrangem5t is m simple ?an ! ge>+ actually us$ & is n z complete 9 action z _m ( ! devices1 z x only provides means :]eby ! direction ( rotation ( ! axle may be *ang$1 :ile 9 _m c>riages ! ge>+ also v>ies ! ratio betwe5 ! spe$ ( ! motor & ! driv+ :eels4 ,x is also q common to comb9e 9 ! tra9 ( ge>+ spur ge>s & sprocket :eels1 & 9 "s in/ances ev5 belts4 ,fig4 #d illu/rates a ,fr5* gasol9e automobile made by ,und]b]g1 ( ,nantes4 ,! fir/ figure is a side view1 & ! second is a plan ( ! truck & driv+ me*anism4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,,*]ri] ,,two-,,spe$ ,,ge>4 ,! motor1 :i* is ( ! s+le cyl9d] type1 cool$ by radiation into ! air1 is locat$ at ,n4 ,! p9ion on ! end ( ! motor %aft engages ) ! :eel on ! end ( %aft ,a4 ,?is %aft c>ries f\r ge>s1 :i* c be mov$ by means ( lev] ,c1 s z to engage ) correspond+ ge>s on %aft ,b1 ?us provid+ f\r diff]5t spe$s4 ,! motion ( ,b is transmitt$ to ! re> axle by means ( a belt t runs ov] ! pulleys p & ,p1 ! latt] be+ c>ri$ by a diff]5tial ge>1 s z to run ! two driv+ :eels at prop] velocities4 ,! circul> ribs surr\nd+ ! motor cyl9d] are well %[n 9 ! figure1 9 :i* ! c>burator ( ,c is also se54 ,! h\s+ = ! motor is op5 at ! sides s z to give air curr5ts free access4 ,9 ,fig4 #d ! spe$ *ang+ ge>s are %[n1 ! rev]s+ tra9 be+ omitt$2 b if x 7 also drawn 91 ! diagram w\ld be f> m elaborate ?an ,fig4 #c4 ,ano!r =m ( v>iable spe$ ge> is %[n 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,?is provides = two spe$s4 ,! l>ge :eel ,e is on ! c>riage axle1 & x is driv5 ei!r by a p9ion ,f1 or by ,j4 ,^u ! %aft ,o !re are two friction clut*es ,c ,d1 & :5 ,c acts ! p9ion ,f drives ,e1 & :5 ,d acts ! p9ion ,g drives ,h1 :i* 9 turn drives ,i1 & ?is :eel is m\nt$ on ! same %aft z ,j4 ,"s ( ! be/-kn[n mak]s ( gasol9e vehicles d n employ v>iable ge>s & dep5d = *anges 9 ! spe$ :olly ^u v>iation 9 ! velocity ( ! motor4 ,! ,de ,dion c>riages are made 9 ?is way1 ! ge>+ be+ sub/antially z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,,panh>d ,,levassor ,,vehicle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,,motor ,,( ,,vehicle4 ,fig4 #f %[s a gasol9e vehicle made by ,panh>d ,levassor1 :o are p]haps ! be/ kn[n ,fr5* manufactur]s ( automobiles1 z _! vehicles h be5 ! w9n]s 9 all ! notable races held )9 ! pa/ few ye>s4 ,! motor !y use is %[n 9 ,fig4 #g1 &1 z c be readily se51 is ( ! two-cyl9d] type1 cool$ by a wat] jacket1 j z 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,! explosion is produc$ by means ( a hot tube1 z expla9$ 9 connection ) ! la/-nam$ figure4 ,?is motor is plac$ "u ! body ( ! vehicle1 & is connect$ ) ! re> axle by means ( a tra9 ( ge>+ :i* t]m9ates 9 sprocket :eels & *a9s t connect ) driv+ :eels1 ea* "o be+ op]at$ by a sep>ate *a94 ,9 ,fig4 #f ! sprocket :eel & *a9 are well def9$1 & =w>d ( ^! c be se5 ! outl9e ( ! cas+ enclos+ ! ge>+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,,g5]al ,,view ,,( ,,r5ault ,,voiturette4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,truck4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,,v>iable ,,spe$ ,,ge>4 ,fig4 #h %[s ano!r ,european design1 9 :i* a v>iable-spe$ ge> is us$4 ,! plan ( ! truck1 %[+ ! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! me*anism1 is pres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #i1 & ! details ( ! v>iable-spe$ ge> are %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj4 ,! motor is locat$ at ,a1 & ?r\gh a friction clut* ,b1 & ! v>iable spe$ ge> ,c1 x rotates ! %aft ,h1 :i* runs l5g?wise ( ! vehicle4 ,motion is imp>t$ to ! h9d axle by means ( bevel ge>s conta9$ )9 ! cas+ ,d4 ,! l>ge bevel ge> on ! axle is ( ! diff]5tial type1 s z to drive ! :eels ,r ,r at ! prop] velocities4 ,:5 a high spe$ is desir$1 ! v>iable spe$ ge>1 ,fig4 #aj1 is set s t %aft ,m drives ,n direct1 ! clut* at ,e be+ mov$ s z to int]lock4 ,n is ! end ( %aft ,h1 s t ) ?is connection ! bevel p9ion1 :i* me%es into ! axle ge> at ,d1 revolves at ! same velocity z ! motor %aft4 ,by mov+ ! h&le ,v1 ,fig4 #i1 to ! "r1 an int]m$iate spe$ is obta9$1 & by mov+ x to ! left1 ! c>riage is run at ! l[e/ velocity4 ,:5 ! h&le ,v is turn$ to ! "r1 ! ends ,m & ,n1 :i* =m ! clut* ,e1 ,fig4 #aj1 are sep>at$1 & at ! same "t ! l[] %aft ,h is mov$ t[>d ,m1 s z to cause ge> #a to me% into ge> #b1 & also #c into #g4 ,by ?is means ! end ,n ( ! axle-driv+ %aft is rotat$ ?r\gh ! tra9 ( ge>s #a1 #b1 #c & #g4 ,if ! h&le ,v is turn$ to ! left1 ! %aft ,i is mov$ t[>d ,m1 s z to cause ge> #a to me% into ge> #d1 & ge> #f into #h1 ! latt] be+ secur$ to end ,n ( ! axle-driv+ %aft4 ,! spe$s obta9$ by ^! *anges are 9 ! ratio ( ne>ly #a1 #b & #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,,plan ,,( ,,! ,t,,rgan-,,foy ,,voiturette4 ,fig4 #aa %[s ! plan ( a light ,fr5* c>riage1 :i* is equipp$ ) a d\ble cyl9d] motor1 set 9 a horizontal position above ! front axle1 & arrang$ to imp>t motion to ! h9d axle by means ( belts4 ,! motor1 :i* is locat$ at ,a1 turns a v]tical %aft1 & ?is1 ?r\gh spur ge>s1 rotates a horizontal fly :eel1 ,b4 ,two pulleys are m\nt$ ^u ! motor %aft1 & f ^! belts run to tight & loose pulleys on a c\nt]%aft1 ,s4 ,f ! latt] ! re> axle is driv5 ?r\gh two sets ( spur ge>+1 :i* give two diff]5t spe$s4 ,by means ( ! belts1 two o!r spe$s are obta9$1 ?us giv+1 9 all1 f\r diff]5t velocities4 ,to /op & />t1 ! belts are %ift$ f ! tight to ! loose pulleys by a belt-%ift]1 f4 ,at h1 a muffl+ *amb] is locat$1 into :i* ! motor exhau/s1 s z to r$uce ! noise4 ,! elevation & plan ( "o ( ! celebrat$ ,fr5* rac+-ma*9es1 ! ,valle c>1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ,! motor ( ?is ma*9e is ( sixte5 horse-p[] capacity1 has f\r cyl9d]s1 & is connect$ s z to imp>t motion to ! h9d axle by means ( a s+le wide belt1 :i* is m>k$ ,g 9 bo? ! l9e draw+s4 ,! driv+-pulley on ! motor %aft is locat$ at ,h1 & ! axle pulley at ,h'4 ,)9 ! latt] !re is a tra9 ( ge>s = rev]s+ ! direction ( rotation ( ! axle1 & also = obta9+ ! diff]5tial velocities ( ! two driv+ :eels4 ,!re is no me*anism = v>iable spe$1 ?is be+ obta9$ :olly by *anges 9 ! velocity ( ! motor4 ,! motor spe$ c be made to v>y ?r\gh a wide range by us+ f\r cyl9d]s1 ) :i* x is possible to r$uce ! velocity s l[ t x w\ld be likely to br+ ! ma*9e to a /&/ill if provid$ ) "o1 or ev5 two1 cyl9d]s4 ,! *ange 9 ! motor velocity is obta9$ 9 "p by ! action ( a gov]nor locat$ 9 a *amb] at ,a1 & 9 "p by ! action ( ! electric ignition device :i* is arrang$ s t ! "t :5 ! sp>k is produc$ c be v>i$4 ,! re> axle is s held t x c be mov$ ?r\gh a %ort di/ance1 horizontally1 by manipulat+ ! lev] ,d1 & 9 ?is way ! belt ,g c be made tight or loose1 ?us af=d+ ano!r means = v>y+ ! spe$4 ,a brake is provid$ :i* presses aga9/ ! inn] side ( ! axle pulley1 ,h4 ,?is brake is us$ ord9>ily1 b 9 ! case ( an em]g5cy ano!r brake c be op]at$ :i* presses aga9/ ! outside ( ! :eel 9 ! space betwe5 ! two sides ( ! belt4 ,x is claim$ = ?is vehicle t by ! elim9ation ( me*anical spe$-*ang+ devices1 a great deal ( weight is sav$1 & t ?is is m ?an en\gh to comp5sate = ! extra weight ( ! motor1 aris+ f ! use ( f\r cyl9d]s4 ,9 mo/ gasol9e c>riages x is necess>y to provide a sl[-spe$ ge> = hill-climb+1 z ! motor _c put =? a suffici5t ef=t to asc5d a /eep grade at ! normal velocity4 ,) ?is rac+-ma*9e su* a ge> is n requir$ ow+ to ! enorm\s p[] ( ! motor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,,elevation ,,& ,,plan ,,( ,,vallee ,,c>4 ,!re are q a numb] ( gasol9e automobiles manufactur$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 &1 z 9 ! case ( ! /eam & ! electric c>riages1 !y comp>e mo/ favorably ) ! be/ ,european products1 9 s f> z ! arti/ic effect is conc]n$4 ,t su* is ! case c be realiz$ at once by an exam9ation ( ,figs4 #ac & #ad4 ,we regret our inability to illu/rate ! me*anism ( ^! vehicles1 b ! tru? is1 t ! manufactur]s appe> to be unwill+ to make public ! details ( _! designs4 ,9 ! phaeton %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac1 a s+le-cyl9d] motor is us$1 & x is s arrang$ t x c run at diff]5t velocities1 s t no v>iable spe$ me*anism is requir$1 except a s+le tra9 ( ge>s1 :i* is ?r[n into action :5 runn+ uphill4 ,! motor itself c be run at any velocity f #bjj to #hjj revolutions p] m9ute1 ?us giv+ a spe$ v>iation ( f\r to "o4 ,a c>riage ( ?is make compet$ 9 ! la/ int]national automobile race f ,p>is to ,lyons1 ,france1 & al?\gh x fail$ to come 9 fir/1 x made a rem>kable %[+1 :i* might h be5 consid]ably improv$ if x _h n be5 = an accid5t :i* compell$ x to retire f ! conte/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,,w9ton ,,phaeton4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,,oakman ,,vehicle4 ,! vehicle %[n 9 ,fig4 #ad is ( small size & light con/ruction1 al?\gh amply /rong = ! purpose = :i* x is int5d$4 ,! p[] ( ! motor1 :i* is locat$ "u ! seat1 is transmitt$ ?r\gh friction :eels4 ,9 look+ at ! illu/ration x w be notic$ t ! h9d :eels h a circul> rim atta*$ to ! inn] side1 & ( a diamet] some:at small] ?an ! :eel itself4 ,two small friction :eels are plac$ s t ei!r "o may be press$ aga9/ ! inn] surface ( ?is rim4 ,! %ape ( ! rim1 z well z t ( ! small :eels1 is su* t !y hug ea* o!r firmly1 s t ! rim is c>ri$ ar\nd 9 a direction :i* corresponds ) ! direction ( rotation ( ! friction :eel4 ,9 op]at+ ! c>riage ! motor is set 9 motion1 & !n "o or ! o!r ( ! two friction :eels is press$ aga9/ ! rim on ! driv+ :eel1 accord+ to :e!r x is desir$ to run =w>d or backw>d4 ,:ile ?is arrangem5t might n op]ate ) entire success if appli$ to a heavy vehicle1 x appe>s to be all t c\ld be desir$ = a light c>riage4 ,?ree-:eel vehicles h be5 us$1 b !re is a diff]5ce ( op9ion z to _! value1 z ! con/ruction has disadvantages z well z advantages4 ,x is evid5t t su* a vehicle c be /e]$ ) great] ease ?an "o runn+ on f\r :eels1 b on c\ntry roads1 :]e ! wagon :eels roll d[n a smoo? surface1 & leave ! space betwe5 9 a r\gh condition1 x is equally evid5t t ! ?ird :eel1 9 pass+ ov] ?is unev5 surface1 w\ld jolt ! vehicle to a consid]able ext5t4 ,on a smoo? pavem5t ! ?ree-:eel vehicle w run fully z well z ! f\r-:eel2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 on su* a pavem5t ! latt] c be /e]$ ) z little ef=t z ! =m]1 s t ! "q ( sup]iority ( design is "o t probably dep5ds ^u individual ta/e4 ,f ! descriptions ( automobiles giv5 9 ?is & ! two prec$+ articles1 x w be se5 t al?\gh _m ( !m are us$1 especially 9 ,france1 !y are n entirely free f objectionable features4 ,! electrical vehicles are provid$ ) ! mo/ simple & durable ma*9]y1 &1 be+ noiseless1 odorless & free f smoke1 are all t c\ld be desir$ 9 s f> z _! op]ation is conc]n$2 b !y are heavy & c only be us$ 9 places :]e ! batt]ies c be re*>g$4 ,! /eam vehicles are light1 h simple me*anism & c run any:]e2 b !y exhau/ /eam into ! air1 :i* is cle>ly visible 9 cold or wet wea!r1 & ! heat f ! eng9e & boil] is an objection1 at lea/ 9 summ] "t4 ,! gasol9e vehicles run well1 b are noisy1 & ! odor ( ! gasol9e is disagreeable z well4 ,,"s ,,sci5tific ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,w>f>e4 ,,by ,,william ,j4 ,,roe4 ,z 9 box+1 f5c+1 sab] & bayonet ex]cises1 !re are comp>atively few po/ures1 gu>ds1 ?ru/s & /rokes1 s 9 w>f>e1 :e!r ! numb]s be l>ge or small1 ! arms mo/ mod]n or anci5t1 !re are j a few pr9ciples to ^: /eady adh]5ce & skilful manipulation all success is due4 ,9 ord] t ^! may become app>5t )\t irksome /udy ( milit>y details1 let u imag9e a comm& ( say a ?\s& m51 fairly well drill$1 ( good ord9>y intellig5ce & engag$ 9 a cause wor?y ( be+ f\ght =4 ,we h be5 9 camp = "s "t1 b an ord] has n[ come to jo9 ! ma9 army4 ,?is is a long di/ance (f1 ! railway communications h be5 brok51 & ! int]v5+ c\ntry1 ?\gh possess$ ( good roads1 is m or less 9 ! h&s ( ! enemy4 ,our sc\ts h kept u in=m$ z to ! condition ( ! c\ntry = sev]al miles ar\nd2 our fir/ day's m>* is1 !re=e1 n hamp]$ ) any especial dread ( surprise4 ,we move quickly & at ease4 ,safe z ev]y?+ appe>s to be1 ! comm&] relaxes none ( ! ne$ful precautions2 at lea/ fifty m51 "u comm& ( an exp]i5c$ (fic]1 are s5t q f> to ! front1 ! di/ance v>y+ ) ! nature ( ! c\ntry--! f>!r1 ! m brok5 x may be4 ,! be/ roads are foll[$2 ! m5 are all[$ to m>* at ease1 ?\gh always pres]v+-_! company organization1 :ile ! (fic]s are always m or less on ! al]t4 ,!re is a small re> gu>d1 b x is ^u ! advance t ! ma9 responsibility falls4 ,( ! fifty ?r[n =w>d1 ab\t half w rema9 toge!r2 ! re/ are scatt]$2 "s f> to ! front along ! highway2 o!rs on ei!r side ( ! r\te1 rid+ up ! hills on ei!r h&1 mak+ sure t no deep gorge1 d5se gr[? ( =e/ or ?icket1 nor ev5 a field ( gra9 conceals an enemy4 ,x is ^u ! al]tness ( ^? v$ettes on front & flanks t ! safety ( ! =ce 9 great measure dep5ds4 ,hi/ory records _m relaxations ( ?is pr9ciple ( precaution1 & = lack ( x sudd5 ambu%es & deplorable disa/]s4 ,x 0 ?us1 9 spite ( ,wa%+ton's repeat$ w>n+s1 t ,braddock fell into a cunn+ ambuscade1 & ?us 7n to multiply examples7 t ,cu/] & 8 comm& 7 massacr$ to a man among ! high ,rockies4 ,on ! annex$ map ! m5 may be locat$ at #8,a' m>*+ f #8,d' 9 ! direction ( ! village1 #8,f'4 ,! advance is at #8,b'1 ! re> gu>d at #8,c'4 ,! comm&] rides ) ! ma9 column1 ne> ! front4 ,! black dots1 ) p5nons1 indicate ! g5]al position ( ! v$ettes at ?is po9t1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 !y are cont9ually advanc+4 ,! comm&] has not$ on 8 map a foot pa?1 beg9n+ at #8,d'1 lead+ ov] ! rugg$ hills4 ,by tak+ ?is pa? a consid]able di/ance c\ld be sav$2 b x is q impracticable = ! wagons1 & ! troops1 !re=e1 cont9ue along ! high road4 ,! valley is g5tly undulat+1 ) a gradual slope f ! l[ hills t[>ds ! /ream4 ,illu/ration ,! project+ hills ne> ! head ( ! column =m an especially dang]\s po9t4 ,:at easi] ?an = an enemy to plant batt]ies "h on ei!r side ( ! road4 ,a sudd51 heavy fire w\ld ?r[ a neglig5t =ce at once into disord]2 a situation to be tak5 in/ant advantage ( by a vigor\s adv]s>y2 a *>ge ( horse conceal$ beh9d ! hill at #8,o'1 & no?+ might be left except flight1 ) great loss ( life1 & surr5d] ) loss--if n ( honor1 at lea/ ( reputation z a safe lead]4 ,happily1 we %all avoid bo? alt]natives4 ,our sc\ts h explor$ mo/ ?or\ghly e possible vantage gr\nd4 ,!y h n be5 cont5t ) any m]e glances2 _! in/ructions are to take no?+ = grant$4 ,t field1 m>k$ #8,g'1 looks innoc5t en\gh1 b ! tall1 ?ick rye or corn may cov] a skilfully plac$ batt]y4 ,! plot m>k$ #8,m' may be simply a v9ey>d2 b x does no h>m to inquire4 ,! inhabitants ( ! c\ntry are fri5dly1 &1 !re=e1 ! *ances are n favorable to ?is sort ( surprise2 b 9 w> x is (t5 n ! likely1 b ! unexpect$ t happ5s2 ! comm&] :o kn[s 8 bus9ess gu>ds aga9/ ! remote possibility4 ,?\gh we h imag9$ a =ce ( a ?\s&1 x mu/ n be lo/ sight ( t ! same k9d ( precautions %\ld be employ$ = v mu* l>g] numb]s2 inde$1 y ne$ only alt] ! scale ( ! map1 imag9e additional roads1 a railway l9e or two1 increase to ?\s&s1 if necess>y1 ! fifty ( our vangu>d1 & ! result is b an application ( ! v fir/ pr9ciple ( w>f>e3 ,et]nal vigilance is ! price ( safety z well z ( lib]ty4 ,! troops h be5 9 camp = "s "t2 _! condition is excell5t = a long m>*4 ,z ! corn & rye are n yet ga!r$1 ! "t is e>ly summ]4 ,! roads are 9 prime condition4 ,!y set out by sunrise & halt$ = p]haps two h\rs at noon4 ,x is by ?us sp>+ 8 troops dur+ ! heat ( ! day t ! colonel w h a body ( m5 fre% en\gh at nightfall to m>*1 if necess>y1 all night4 ,b no su* urg5cy exi/s2 x is ne>+ sunset1 & prep>ations are n[ be+ made to encamp4 ,by 8 map ! colonel has in=m$ himself 9 ! matt] ( di/ances1 & has decid$ t !y %all pit* _! t5ts some:]e 9 ! vic9ity ( ! village 7#8,f'74 ,! sc\ts report an eligible location = camp at #8,s'1 & ?is is f9ally *os54 ,x has sev]al advantages1 be+ comp>atively level1 & yet ^u high gr\nd1 & has 9 close proximity sev]al wells ( good wat]4 ,! tra9 conta9+ provisions & ammunition is p>k$ 9 ! safe/ locality1 ! horses picket$1 & ! guns--p]haps two or ?ree field pieces & ma*9e guns--plac$ :]e !y c be mo/ easily h&l$4 ,by all means1 give ! m5 z good a supp] z ! neighborhood af=ds4 ,x w be wise n to encroa* ^u ! rations1 b r draw supplies f ! village2 !re are1 no d\bt1 purveyors ( "o sort or ano!r to be f\nd ready en\gh to supply u1 ! m s t !y w be amply paid4 ,refre%$ by _! supp] ! m5 are ready to turn 9 at tattoo2 by ! "t #8taps' h s\nd$ mo/ are s\ndly sleep+4 ,b "s are awake2 if do+ _! full duty1 wid] awake ?an ev] !y are likely to be 9 times ( peace4 ,! same att5tion to ! bodily com=t ( 8 m5 :i* impell$ ! colonel to give !m a long re/ at midday & a com=table meal1 applies ) increas$ =ce to ^? detail$ e>ly 9 ! morn+ = ! night's gu>d2 dur+ ! m>* ^! h be5 sp>$ z f> z possible1 ev5 be+ all[$ a lift n[ & !n 9 an ambulance4 ,su* privileges are n grant$ by a comm&] :o kn[s 8 craft z a concession to ! laz9ess1 b r z a prep>ation = ! effectiv5ess ( 8 m54 ,?is is a pr9ciple ( action1 & may apply to bus9ess z well z w>1 t ! /rong head nev] )holds reasonable & prop] indulg5ce2 ! bett]1 x may be said1 to en=ce at ne$ful times reasonable & prop] ex]tions4 ,z soon z ! camp is e/abli%$ ! gu>ds are po/$4 ,if great precautions 7 ne$$ dur+ ! day1 mu* m are !y by night4 ,if fifty 7 suffici5t on ! m>* we ne$ a hundr$ dur+ ! h\rs ( d>kness4 ,9 ! case ( a l>ge army an elaborate sy/em ( night gu>ds is necess>y3 ,fir/1 #8advanc$ gu>ds'1 occupy+ /rong positions at "s di/ance f ! ma9 body2 beyond ^! are ! picket gu>ds2 fur!r /ill t[>ds ! front :at are call$ #8gr& gu>ds'1 f :i* are ?r[n =w>d ! outpo/s1 to :i* ! l9e ( s5t9els is directly atta*$4 ,9 case ( al>m1 ! s5t9els fall back ^u ! outpo/s2 ^! ^u ! gr& gu>ds2 !y1 9 turn1 if necess>y1 ^u ! pickets2 ! necessities ( ! case & ! /r5g? ( ! enemy's demon/ration det]m9+ ! movem5ts ( ! def5se1 ev5 p]haps to ! #8long roll' & r\s+ ( ! entire army4 ,9 our case1 no su* elaborate sy/em is possible2 we cont5t ourselves ) outpo/s & ! l9e ( s5t9els1 all t w be ne$$1 if vigilant1 to gu>d aga9/ surprise4 ,! colonel1 att5d$ by ! (fic] 9 comm& ( ! gu>d1 w select ! sites = outpo/s4 ,^!1 five 9 numb]1 are m>k$ by />s ^u ! map4 ,! direction f :i* an attack is mo/ probable is f ! ridge 7#8,r'1 #8,r'74 ,! m5 are usually on ! s5t9el l9e = two h\rs at a "t1 ) opportunity = f\r h\rs' sleep2 t is1 ) %ifts1 or1 z !y are call$1 #8reliefs' ( ?ree p>ties1 two h\rs on & f\r (f4 ,?is is n1 h[ev]1 inv>iable1 x be+ sometimes wis] to relieve ! m5 (t5] or n s (t51 ?is be+ regulat$ by circum/ances--! /ate ( wea!r1 di/ance ( po/s ap>t1 fatigue ( ! m51 etc41 etc4 ,! s5t9els w be po/$ on cle> nights g5]ally ^u high gr\nd2 9 bad or foggy wea!r ! foot ( ! slope is pref]able4 ,! (fic] w see t no ob/acle prev5ts ! s5t9el f retreat+ ^u 8 outpo/ if attack$4 ,! m5 w be direct$ to take advantage ( any cov] t (f]s1 always to keep 9 easy t\* ) "o ano!r & wat*ful1 nev] to raise a false al>m1 b quickly & decid$ly a real "o1 & :ile n fail+ to discov] ! mean+ ( any?+ unusual 9 _! front1 nev] to expose !mselves f m]e bravado4 ,:at measures %all be tak5 9 case ( an attack 9 =ce mu/1 ( c\rse1 dep5d entirely ^u circum/ances4 ,a night attack1 int5d$ m]ely z an annoyance1 or #8feel]'1 or at mo/ to /amp$e "s ( ! cattle1 or to ga!r in=mation z to /r5g?1 res\rces1 etc41 is q a diff]5t affair f "o plann$ = ! purpose ( complete victory1 ei!r ! de/ruction1 disp]sal or capture ( ! comm&4 ,a m]e night =ay is g5]ally execut$ by comp>atively few4 ,! oppos+ *ief may be desir\s ( gett+ in=mation conc]n+ ! =ce t 8 sc\ts h report$ is advanc+ d[n ! valley4 ,a little exp$ition l ours sometimes s]ves z a disguise = a mom5t\s /rategical movem5t4 ,! *ief det]m9es to f9d out all he c z to our purpose4 ,he has f\nd u vigilant by day2 he resolves to try :at ! night may disclose4 ,?is sort ( surprise is apt to produce bett] results ?an ! project ( "s da%+ subalt]n1 anxi\s = ! bauble reputation4 ,= su* an attack an h\r ne> midnight is usually select$1 t ! in=mation may be ga!r$ or ! mis*ief done & a retreat effect$ "u cov] ( d>kness4 ,a d>k1 wet1 blu/]+1 or--if ! "t be w9t]--an especially cold night is *os54 ,! degree ( success to be atta9$ dep5ds naturally ^u ! elem5t ( surprise4 ,unless ?is be complete ! attack+ p>ty w f9d _! attempt usually q futile4 ,! o!r sort ( attack--t :i* has = its object ! capture ( ! position--is usually plann$ to take place dur+ ! extreme d>kness j prec$+ daybreak4 ,! enemy has p]haps crawl$ on h&s & knees up ! slopes t[>ds ! l9e ( s5t9els4 ,! van ( ?is =ce is compos$ entirely ( pick$ m51 (fic]$ by ! coole/ heads4 ,signals are agre$ ^u1 exact times = action arrang$1 & ev]y?+ calculat$ to a nicety to insure t sudd5ness :i* is ! v s\l ( success4 ,x is 9 ! plann+ ( su* an exp$ition t true qualities ( g5]al%ip are %[n4 ,x is ! fa%ion r to decry ! milit>y m]its ( ,wa%+ton2 yet ,i "k ( few ev5ts 9 hi/ory t %[ m sagacity ?an ! swift cross+ ( ! w9try ,delaw>e & ! surprise ( ,tr5ton4 ,x 0 sagaci\s *iefly = ! accurate compreh5sion ( ! probabilities4 ,wa%+ton knew ! convivial habits ( ,rahl's ,hessians1 especially at ,*ri/mas-tide2 he reckon$ ^u f9d+ !m 9 ! mid/ ( c>\sals1 & ! result prov$ ! value ( 8 =e?\ght4 ,"u ord9>y circum/ances1 on ! m>*1 to qu>t] a comm& inside f\r walls is nev] advisable4 ,! m5 are n z readily "u ! eye ( _! (fic]s2 9 case ( surprise !y _c be call$ into ! ranks z quickly2 discipl9e ins5sibly relaxes1 & ! ma*9e 7= an arm$ =ce ought to be t1 h[ev] intellig5t its units7 fails to respond in/antane\sly to ! ^w ( ! *ief4 ,9 case ( a s]i\s attack1 h[ev]1 ! village may s]ve a mo/ important purpose4 ,%\ld ! h\ses be sub/antial ones ( /one or brick1 ea* may become a mo/ effici5t1 if tempor>y =tification4 ,"o consid]ation :i* might h prev5t$ its occupation has n[ no long] any weight4 ,ap>t f any natural feel+ ( good w = our fell[ citiz5s1 h[ unwise x w\ld be to unnecess>ily exasp]ate !m4 ,b n[ 9 ! face ( ! enemy1 x w be surpris+ if any s\l is *url en\gh to grudge a patriotic hospitality4 ,mo/ ( ! d5iz5s w1 inde$1 make ha/e to hide _! preci\s p]sons 9 ! cell>1 b w seldom grumble at ! necessity4 ,) ! utmo/ cel]ity ! baggage & horses are mov$ to ! mo/ %elt]$ spot2 ! guns1 "u /rong gu>ds1 po/$ :]e !y may be be/ utiliz$2 "s ( ! m51 previ\sly detail$ = j su* an em]g5cy1 are engag$ 9 ?r[+ up e>?works1 pil+ logs1 /ones1 any?+ t c be utiliz$ = b>ricades4 ,! (fic] *>g$ ) t duty1 if possible a skill$ eng9e]1 goes quickly f place to place1 hurri$ly indicat+ ! l9es ( def5se2 ^! connect+ ! sev]al build+s 9 su* a mann] z to enclose ! entire comm& )9 l9es ( q =midable intr5*m5ts4 ,all ?is "t ! troops1 hav+ tak5 possession ( ! h\ses1 h p\r$ an un9t]rupt$ fire ^u ! assailants1 oblig+ !m to retire1 or at lea/ giv+ ! digg]s--or sapp]s1 z !y are call$--"t to complete _! labor ( def5se4 ,surr\nd$ by a =ce suffici5tly l>ge to make resi/ance 9 ! field q hopeless1 we are at lea/ 9 position to protract ! /ruggle1 & "o capable ( def5se1 except aga9/ an assault 9 ov]:elm+ numb]s1 or aga9/ heavy artill]y4 ,! latt] !y are n provid$ )1 or ! measures we are tak+ might all g 9 ! end = no?+4 ,sev]al assaults are attempt$ dur+ ! day1 b are easily repuls$ ) no small loss4 ,! enemy at la/ )draws1 & we n[ see t he is busy ?r[+ up intr5*m5ts4 ,mean:ile1 we h n be5 idle4 ,to facilitate communication1 & to enable u to conc5trate our =ces "u cov]1 passageways h be5 con/ruct$ betwe5 ! v>i\s build+s1 inn] p>titions prev5t+ free access f room to room )9 ! h\ses h be5 brok5 ?r\gh1 & ! dbris1 toge!r ) b$s brok5 up1 mattresses & #8any old ?+' capable ( argu+ ) a bullet1 pil$ 9 ! w9d[ embrasures1 leav+ loopholes "h & !re1 z occasion (f]s1 :ile gall]ies may be con/ruct$ ) loopholes 9 ! floor to fire d[nw>ds4 ,illu/ration3 #b ,"o ( ! mo/ important matt]s to be att5d$ to is ! secur+ ( z _m good positions z possible1 f :i* fire may be conc5trat$ ^u expos$ po9ts4 ,9 a regul> siege ! po9ts ( attack select$ w always be ^? mo/ expos$1 on acc\nt ( _! project+ beyond ! l9e ( def5se4 ,9 ! case ( a village l ?is resi/+ an attempt at capture ! pr9ciples are id5tical2 x w c]ta9ly be ! po9ts t project t w be dang] spots & :i* w !re=e require especial att5tion4 ,illu/ration3 #c ,y obs]ve on ! enl>g$ map ( ! village t !re are d\ble l9es betwe5 ! out] build+s2 ^! are ! improvis$ intr5*m5ts4 ,notice t !y h n be5 con/ruct$ flu% ) ! face ( ! out] walls 9 any in/ance2 b always consid]ably retir$4 ,! object ( ?is arrangem5t is m effectually to def5d ! b>ricades4 ,9 ! annex$ sket* 7,no4 #c7 #8,a' & #8,b' repres5t ! two adjac5t build+s & ! l9es #8,,cd' ! brea/work4 ,9 ! build+s are w9d[s--#8,e' & #8,f'--f :i* a heavy fire c be conc5trat$ ^u ! assailants1 z may be se5 f ! direction ( ! arr[ heads4 ,on ! out] l9e are sev]al project+1 &1 !re=e1 especially expos$ po9ts2 su* z ^? at #8,a'1 #8,b' & #8,c'4 ,! arr[ heads %[ ! direction ( protective fire4 ,z additional protection1 x might be wise to hold ! two build+s 7#8,h'1 #8,h'7 outside ! village4 ,if n held1 !y ought1 if possible to be de/roy$1 z also ^? m>k$ #8,,jj'1 n includ$ 9 ! def5sive l9es1 z !y (f] excell5t cov] = ! enemy4 ,! utmo/ c>e %\ld be tak5 to provide a safe magaz9e = ! ammunition & to cov] well ! place select$ = a hospital4 ,! wagons & horses w\ld be be/ protect$ 9 ! space m>k$ #8,,lll'4 ,%\ld our def5se prove too ob/9ate = direct assault1 x may be t ! enemy w con/ruct regul> intr5*m5ts f :i* to dig a tr5* deep en\gh to protect1 & l>ge en\gh to hold a body ( troops1 ?us enabl+ !m to approa* suffici5tly ne> to assail "s weak po9t1 )\t too great risk4 ,! mod]n repeat+ rifle1 dang]\s at a ?\s& y>ds1 & fatal at a hundr$1 has giv5 ! def5se s great prepond]ance t x requires quick "w inde$ to capture a /ronghold4 ,obs]ve ! brok5 l9es #8,,( & #8,,pf'2 ^! %[ ! direction ( possible tr5*es dug by ! enemy4 ,b #8,,(' w\ld be rak$ by ! fire f ! outly+ h\se1 #8,h'2 ! o!r is1 !re=e1 ! only feasible mode ( approa*4 ,! pr9ciple ( def5se1 %[n by ! direction ( ! arr[ heads 9 ! case ( ! beleagu]$ village1 is applicable to all conditions :]e ramp>ts are us$4 ,suppose ! comm& ^: =tunes we h foll[$ _h be5 attack$ :ile on ! m>* at ! po9t #8,a' on ,map #a4 ,! oppos+ =ce 0 manife/ly too /rong = resi/ance 9 ! field2 !y retreat to ! rocky em95ce #8,k' & !re proce$ to =tify ! position4 ,a glance at ,diagram #d w %[ :at !y w try at lea/ to accompli%4 ,9 milit>y language t %ad$ portion ( ! "w to be con/ruct$ is call$ a ba/ion2 x consi/s ( two faces 7#8,,ax' & #8,,ay'71 & ! two flanks 7#8,,jy' & #8,,hx'74 ,! faces ( ?is ba/ion are def5d$ 7z ! arr[ heads indicate7 by ! flanks ( adjac5t ba/ions2 t is1 ! face #8,,ay' is swept by a rak+ fire f #8,,ze'1 & ! face #8,,ax' f #8,,fg'4 ,reciprocally1 #8,,hx' rakes ! face #8,,bg'1 & #8,,jy' ! face #8,,ed'1 & s on r\nd ! intr5*m5t4 ,illu/ration3 #d ,all t has be5 said z to protect+ ! ammunition & /ores w apply to ?is "w z x did to ! village4 ,if a spr+ ( wat] c be includ$1 z at #8,o'1 ?is w be f\nd ( incalculable advantage4 ,( all =ms ( def5sive ramp>ts ! /raight l9e is ! wor/2 if "t does n p]mit a "w ) ba/ions1 h[ev] irregul>1 an enclosure %ap$ some:at l a /> is s]viceable 7%[n 9 ,diagram #f1 ,figs4 #8,a'1 #8,b' & #8,c'74 ,%\ld an enclos$ "w be impracticable1 ! l9e %\ld h its ends 7or #8flanks'7 /rongly gu>d$1 & be brok5 up1 z 9 ,diagram #e #8,d' into %ort /raight l9es ne>ly at "r angles1 to s]ve = mutual support4 ,?is pr9ciple ( mutual support1 h[ev] a*iev$1 is call$ t ( #8def5sive relations'1 & is capable ( adaptation to all k9ds ( def5sive works1 :e!r ( a few m5 beleagu]$ 9 an improvis$ =tification1 a consid]able numb] 9 a sci5tifically con/ruct$ "w--p]man5t or field =tification--a =tress ) an entire army beh9d its ramp>ts1 or a cordon ( =ts surr\nd+ a great city4 ,illu/ration3 #e1 #f ,! gr\nd plan ( ! "w hav+ be5 decid$ ^u & /ak$ out ! m5 />t 9 ) pick & %ovel1 digg+1 if possible1 a dit*1 & ?r[+ ! mat]ial into ! %ape ( ! %ad$ portion ( ,diagram #g4 ,! dit*1 outside ! =t1 indicat$ by ! figure #8,,fghj' s]ves ! tw(old purpose ( gett+ mat]ial = ! p>apet #8,,abcdef'1 & = emb>rass+ an enemy 9 any attempt at assault4 ,to fur!r emb>rass him e sort ( ob/acle t may be at h& %\ld be put to use--trees1 butts turn$ our way1 b\ghs int]lac+2 /akes driv5 deep into ! soil close toge!r2 b>b$ wires w\nd 9 & out2 9 %ort1 e exp$i5t t may delay 8 advance & keep him z long z possible expos$ to our mo/ effective fire4 ,illu/ration3 #g ,! draw+ 7#g7 0 made ) no attempt at exactness ( proportion1 & simply to %[ ! ess5tials2 ! slope #8,,ef' is made z /eep z ! nature ( ! soil w p]mit2 #8,,de' slopes en\gh to enable a soldi] /&+ ^u #8,,bc' to fire ^u an enemy entangl$ among ! ob/acles at #8,j'1 b nev] en\gh to weak5 ! mass ( e>? at & ne> #8,d'4 ,obs]ve h[ common-s5sible all ^! arrangem5ts are2 n "o too _m or too few2 j ! ?+s t a practical man1 if he c\ld ?9k z he felt1 w\ld d if sudd5ly call$ to comm& ) an enemy advanc+ ^u him4 ,un=tunately1 p]haps1 = ! purposes ( a patriotic & peaceful p1 m5 are incl9$1 ev5 ?\gh brave z c\rage itself1 to get n]v\s or n]veless 9 ! imm$iate pres5ce ( dang]4 ,?is is ! reason1 r ?an = any especial erudition involv$ 9 w>'s art1 t we ne$ tra9$ soldi]s--m5 tra9$ to ?9k me*anically & to act automatically amid ! upro> ( battle4 ,illu/ration3 #h ,we h c>efully1 if briefly1 consid]$ ! requirem5ts ( ! fir/ maxim ( /rategy--,,caution--! ne$ ( x1 & ! practical me?ods ( secur+ x2 & also ( ! second maxim--,,def5sive ,,relations--_! necessity1 & h[ to secure !m4 ,x n[ rema9s to consid] ! mean+ ( t phrase1 #8turn+ a position'1 or #8flank+' an enemy1 z to :i* ( late we read s mu* 9 ! daily press4 ,! map 7m>k$ #h7 gives an idea ( a section ( c\ntry :]e two arm$ bodies meet "u conditions t p]mit "o flank to be completely gu>d$ f attack2 ^! are ! left flank ( ! =ce #8,a'1 & ! "r flank ( #8,b'4 ,bo? re/ ^u a lake or broad riv]4 ,a /eep precipice or deep morass1 z at #8,h'1 w\ld s]ve z well4 ,suppose our =ce has advanc$ f ! direction #8,c'1 ! enemy d[n ! road f #8,e' to #8,g'4 ,soon !y =m oppos$ l9es fac+ ea* o!r1 ! res]ve some:at to ! re> & %elt]$ by "s inequality ( gr\nd1 ! #8?9 blue l9e'1 almo/1 b n q1 t\*+ elb[s1 /ret*$ along ! cre/ ( ! ridge 9 front1 tak+ advantage ( e *ance to protect !mselves--trees1 /one walls1 dit*es2 kneel+1 crawl+1 ly+ face d[n1 eyes along ! rifle b>rel1 f+] on trigg]1 ke5 & murd]\s1 b prud5t1 & p>simoni\s ( life4 ,! solid =mations1 su* z w5t out ( vogue ) old-"t weapons1 w\ld melt away be=e ma*9e guns & ,krag-,jrg5s5s l fro/ be=e an ,augu/ sun4 ,x seems z if all *ivalry _h dep>t$2 x has b *ang$ its ways4 ,! object ( #8flank+' a position is to s manage z to turn t att5uat$ l9e into a mass ( m5 ^u :i* to let loose ) dire effect ei!r ! quick-fir+ guns or ! %>p edges ( our horsem5's sab]s4 ,notice ^? long1 b5t1 black l9es1 b5d+ l fi% hooks4 ,! arr[ heads indicate ! direction ( a flank+ attack2 f #8,f'1 ?r\gh ! woods1 up ! rav9e1 to fall ^u ! expos$ end ( ! enemy's front at #8,k'4 ,su* w\ld be our mo/ feasible me?od ( flank+2 ! foe might1 h[ev]1 h anticipat$ u1 ei!r by provid+ a bloody hospitality some:]e 9 t rav9e1 or by a flank movem5t ( 8 own1 z ! b5t black l9e %[s1 ar\nd ! woods1 to fall ^u our "r flank at #8,f'4 ,su* an op]ation1 if successful = !m1 w\ld be utt]ly disa/r\s to u4 ,surpris$ by a sudd5 & unexpect$ attack ^u ! weake/ po9t & unable to *ange front 9 "t1 m5 lose he>t1 =get discipl9e1 huddle 9 masses1 confus$ & disorganiz$1 or fly l %eep1 9 ei!r case food = fire>ms1 glutton\s ( su* occasions4 ,x requires sometimes b a v small =ce ^u a flank to produce great results2 ! appe>ance ^u ! field1 ev5 at a di/ance1 ( ,joseph ,e4 ,john/on's corps at ! fir/ ,bull ,run 0 suffici5t to demoralize ! :ole ,union army1 & at ! battle ( ,arcola1 ,bonap>te completely flank$ ! ,au/rians ) a few fl\ri%es ( 8 trumpets4 ,s we h = a ?ird maxim ( w> ! necessity ( ,,protect$ ,,flanks4 ,if we "k or ?9k t a ,john/on lurks on ei!r h&1 we ought to be sure ( our ,patt]sons2 if we appreh5d an unfri5dly visit f a ,blu*]1 we %\ld see to x t our ,gr\*y is tru/wor?y4 ,let u n[ broad5 our view ( op]ations1 t we may see h[ ! pr9ciples e/abli%$ = a limit$ numb] ( m5 on ! m>*1 9 ! field1 or beh9d =tifications1 may apply ^u a l>g] scale4 ,to ?is end a brief /udy ( ! map 7#i7 w %[ f\r contigu\s c\ntries--#8,a'1 v popul\s1 p[]ful & weal?y1 hav+ a navy capable ( control ( ! high seas1 & a l>ge & effici5t army2 #8,c' repres5ts a c\ntry ev5 m popul\s1 b n aggressive1 #8,d' an insignificant p[]1 :ile #8,b' is a c\ntry consid]able 9 ext5t1 b l>gely m\nta9\s1 & sp>sely inhabit$ by a rude b w>like p4 ,a cause ( w> comes up betwe5 #8,a' & #8,b'4 ,9 anci5t times ! rud] nation w\ld h be5 ! aggressor1 tempt$ by ! weal? & invit$ by ! en]vat$ populace ( ! l>g] civilization4 ,n[ ! conditions are likely to be rev]s$4 ,h[ev]1 w> beg9s2 ! =ces ( #8,a' move ha/ily t[>ds ! fronti]1 :ile 8 fleet blockades #8,b's' solit>y seaport at ! po9t #8,e'4 ,! maxim ( ,,caution n[ naturally exp&s2 in/ead ( in=mation cull$ by a few d>+ rid]s f a n>r[ circuit1 x %\ld be made to embrace ! wide/ area ( c\ntry & ! utmo/ latitude ( in=mation--! condition ( ! enemy z to armam5t1 res\rces1 position ( =ces1 possible disaffection among ! p--ev]y?+4 ,9 w> no item comes amiss4 ,! weal?i] c\ntry w "h h a manife/ advantage2 x c af=d to hire spies1 & c ev5 7z ,engl& did dur+ ! ,revolution7 pur*ase ! treason ( "s disaffect$ *ief4 ,caution = ! less] c\ntry w--if good g5]al%ip prevails--take ! %ape ( occupy+ & /r5g!n+ ! natural /rategic positions4 ,^! are no?+ b flanks ( a ba/ion on a l>ge scale4 ,^u ! map r\nd black dots repres5t /rategic positions along ! fronti]4 ,!y are po9ts susceptible ( ?or\gh =tification :i* control ! sev]al passes 9 ! m\nta9 range betwe5 ! two nations2 also heads ( valleys1 :]e sev]al meet1 & f :i* attacks c\ld be made at w 9 a numb] ( directions4 ,?is entire fronti]1 :i* may be hundr$s ( miles broad1 is m\nta9\s1 capable ( be+ =tifi$ at c\ntless po9ts1 & hav+ natural #8def5sive relations' ne$+ only ! art ( w>craft to r5d] !m almo/ impregnable4 ,mod]n murd]\s arms l5d _! s]vices m readily to def5se ?an to (f5se4 ,x is ev5 possible t ! c\ntry #8,b'1 w>n$ 9 due season ( ! purposes ( h] p[]ful rival1 may h plott$ out ea* rod ( gr\nd among ^? m\nta9 passes1 & t artill]y s]vice1 once a matt] ( gunn]y1 has n[ become a matt] ( ma!matics4 ,illu/ration3 #i ,we n[ come to ! f\r? maxim ( w>2 x is t ( effici5t ,,supply4 ,an army1 z ! say+ is1 moves on its belly4 ,an invad+ =ce mu/ ord9>ily provide = all its ne$s f "s safe place 9 ! re>1 call$ a #8base ( op]ations'2 x mu/ also provide t ! l9e ( transit ( its provisions & ammunition to ! front %all n be liable to int]f]5ce4 ,assum+ t at #8,f' is a /rongly =tifi$ city1 ! railway l9e or ! adjac5t riv]s w\ld furni% #8,a' ) a practical base2 8 l9e ( advance w\ld be 9 ! direction #8,,fg'1 call$ ! #8l9e ( op]ations'2 #8,g'1 a =tifi$ pass1 ! proximate1 & #8,j'1 ! capital ( #8,b'1 ! ultimate objective po9t ( ! campaign4 ,b x w be not$ ) :at facility a det]m9$ enemy c\ld fall ^u #8,a's' communications f ! po9t #8,h'1 :i* w\ld also be ! case 7 ! advance made f #8,k' t[>ds #8,l'4 ,( c\rse1 9 ! end1 ! l>g] res\rces w prevail2 b x may be t #8,a'1 baffl$ & exasp]at$ by a /ubborn resi/ance1 & f9d+ t #8,b' is be+ suppli$ ?r\gh ! neutral & insignificant c\ntry #8,d'1 may f9ally conclude1 89 ! int]e/s ( a high] civilization10 to violate _! t]ritory1 seize ! port #8,m'1 & ?us1 by a f>-rea*+ & bold flank movem5t1 ga9 entrance into #8,b's' c\ntry4 ,su* devices are n unkn[n 9 ! hi/ory ( w>4 ,su* a c\rse w\ld be a di/9ct violation ( ! #8law ( nations'2 b !re w\ld be apologies & ample indemnity to #8,d'1 ) :i*1 d\btless1 %e w\ld be satisfi$4 ,9 imag9+ su* a campaign no acc\nt has be5 tak5 ( ! attitude ( ! c\ntry #8,c'1 or ( t ( any =eign nation4 ,9 w> ^! ?+s mu/ be reckon$ )4 ,neutral nations are always liable1 h[ev] dispos$ to ma9ta9 neutrality1 to be t\*$ at "s s5sitive po9t by "o or ! o!r ( ! cont5d+ p>ties4 ,,mod]n ,,mongols4 ,,by ,f4 ,l4 ,,oswald1 ,m4,d41 ,a4,m4 ,! political supremacy ( ! ,caucasian race 0 suppos$ to h be5 decid$ by ! fall ( ,c>?age1 m ?an two ?\s& ye>s ago1 b 0 ?rice aft]w>ds imp]il$ by an enc\nt] ) a rival ( long-unsuspect$ res\rces4 ,! ,scy?ians ( ,/rabo 7 probably n ,t>t>s1 b ,slavs 7#8,s>matians'71 or1 l _! allies1 ! ,get1 ,slavs1 m+l$ ) ,teutons4 ,p>?ia1 too1 _h a semi-,aryan population2 b ! campaign ( ,attila gave ! *ampions ( ,europe a *ance to measure _! /r5g? ) t ( a new foe1 z %ifty z ! ,semites1 & ( f> great] /ay+-p[]4 ,8 ,huns 7 und\bt$ly ,mongols1 & came s ne> ov]p[]+ ! inh]itors ( ,roman /rategy t at "o "t ! fate ( we/]n civilization hung ^u ! issue ( a s+le battle4 ,! we/]n coalition triumph$1 yet its victory on ! pla9s ( ,*alons 7,octob]1 #dea71 0 due to ! num]ical inf]iority ( _! enemies z mu* z to ! pr$om9ance ( _! own skill or valor4 ,! v retreat ( ! vanqui%$ *ief e/abli%$ 8 claim to ! pre/ige ( a sup]lative tactician4 ,aga91 9 #adjb1 only ! accid5tal qu>rel ( two ,mongol conqu]ors sav$ ,europe f ! fate ( its ravag$ bord]s4 ,sultan ,bajazet _h vanqui%$ all 8 we/]n foes1 & ! union ( 8 =ces ) ^? ( ,tam]lane w\ld und\bt$ly h seal$ ! doom ( ! ,m$it]ranean coa/ l&s1 if n all ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,a hundr$ ye>s lat] ! g5]als ( ,solyman ,,ii4 came v ne> retriev+ ! neglect$ *ance4 ,!y vanqui%$ ,au/rian1 ,hung>ian & ,italian armies1 & 9 #aefj defeat$ ! comb9$ armadas ( ! ,*ri/ian sea-p[] at ,port ,j]beh--s completely1 inde$1 t ! allies 7 eag] to make peace by betray+ ea* o!r4 ,& x w\ld be a great mi/ake to ascribe ^! victories to a m]e triumph ( brute /r5g?4 ,t same ,solyman1 ) all 8 fanaticism1 0 a patron ( e secul> sci5ce1 & at a "t :5 we/]n pr9ces _h to sign _! names by proxy1 ,mohamm$ ,bab] ,khan1 ! conqu]or ( ,india1 wrote essays 9 f\r diff]5t languages & publi%$ memoirs ab\nd+ ) %rewd comm5ts on social & e?ical que/ions & problems ( political economy4 ,he 0 a poet1 too1 & lib]al en\gh to compose a dirge 9 memory ( a pr9ce :om he _h sla9 9 s+le combat4 ,e?nologically1 !re is1 !re=e1 no?+ abnormal 9 ! outbur/ ( intellectual vigor t has lift$ ,japan to ! front rank ( civiliz$ nations4 ,x is m]ely a revival1 analog\s to ! dambreak ( p5t-up en]gies t foll[$ ! collapse ( m$ival despotism4 ,in/ead ( hav+ to "w out _! salvation by t5tative ef=ts1 ! ,japanese1 x is true1 _h ! advantage ( ready-made patt]ns1 b t diff]5ce has p]haps be5 m ?an (fset by a*ievem5ts affect+ ! re=ms ( f\r c5turies 9 z _m decades1 & by modifications :i*1 9 m ?an "o in/ance1 h improv$ ^u ,caucasian models4 8,! organization ( ! ,japanese transport sy/em10 says a press dispat* f ,taku1 80 a revelation to we/]n /aff (fic]s2 bodies ( troops1 ) _! equipm5ts ( /ores & camp+ outfit1 7 l&$ )\t a hit*1 9 quick succession1 & mov$ to ! front )\t a mom5t's loss ( "t4 ,no delay1 no confusion1 no blockades ( :>f-boats & baggage c>ts2 ev]y?+ work$ 9 smoo? grooves & 9 evid5t con=mity ) a pre>rang$ & (t-rehe>s$ plan40 ,& 9 #ahig1 aft] ! affront ( ! ,russian int]v5tion1 ! victori\s isl&]s1 compell$ to =feit half ! rew>ds ( _! valor1 proce$$ to make ! v be/ ( ! o!r half1 & _! provok$ diplomats manag$ to pres]ve _! dignity1 z well z _! complete pres5ce ( m9d4 ,! ,japanese police en=ces law & ord] )\t wag+ ,blue-,law w>s aga9/ h>mless amusem5ts2 !re are no associations = ! prosecution ( ba?+ y\ng/]s1 no anti-conc]t crusades1 no suppression ( outdoor sports on ! day :5 n9ety-n9e ( a hundr$ wage-e>n]s f9d _! only *ance = leisure4 ,! #8,yankees ( ! ,ori5t' h a code ( honor )\t duellos1 trade syndicates )\t #8tru/s'1 giant cities & ghetto suburbs )\t an>*i/s4 ,_! labor riots are settl$ by a dispassionate c\rt ( appeal4 ,_! s*ools1 ,pr(essor ,arnold in=ms u1 are hamp]$ by #8fads' & exp]im5t committees1 b n by bo>ds ( bigot tru/ees4 ,9 spite ( ,buddhi/ conv5ticles1 ! em]g5ce ( ! educat$ classes f ! %ad[s ( religi\s feudalism is a complete emancipation4 ,! ,japanese #8,c\ncil ( ,f9ance' has adopt$ ,am]ican cu/om-h\se me?ods & ,belgian sy/ems ( grad$ taxation4 ,!re is1 inde$1 a good deal ( eclecticism 9 ! suppos$ surr5d] ( indig5\s in/itutions2 =eign me?ods h be5 adopt$ only on ! evid5ce ( _! effici5cy1 & always ) a view to mak+ !m subs]vi5t to national purposes4 ,! key to ! di/9ctive *>act]i/ics ( ! ,nor? ,mongols c be f\nd 9 ,sir ,edw9 ,r&all's def9ition ( #8,p]sev]ance comb9$ ) %ift9ess4' ,! ,asiatic ,yankees c turn1 dodge & deviate :ile keep+ a pre-det]m9$ aim /eadily 9 view1 & x is by no means improbable t ,mongol influ5ces h impress$ simil> peculi>ities on ! "* ( ! nor!a/]n ,slavs4 ,muscovy 0 a ,t>t> ,khanate = a numb] ( c5turies1 & ,russian diplomats1 s9ce ! days ( ,cz>9a ,ka!r9e1 h accommodat$ !mselves to em]g+ circum/ances by crawl+ or /rutt+1 )\t ev] los+ sight ( ! road to ,con/ant9ople4 ,9 ! %aggy ,a9os ( ,yesso 7probably ! orig9al home ( our #8,%etl&' ponies71 t p]sev]ance takes ! =m ( muli% /ubbornness4 ,!y /r5u\sly object to =eign imports & /ick to _! %eepsk9 cloaks l ,scot* ,highl&]s to _! kilts1 b 9 /ress ( fam9e seem n[ to take an int]e/ 9 ! h>poon-guns ( _! ,russian neighbors1 & n[ & !n sell specim5s ( _! poodle-fac$ y\ng/]s to ! ag5ts ( a transpacific museum4 ,japan /ill produces a?letes1 z well z unrival$ acrobats1 p>tly1 no d\bt1 on acc\nt ( brac+ climatic influ5ces1 b p>tly1 also1 ( a vice-resi/+ wor%ip ( physical pr[ess4 ,ab\t sixty ye>s ago ! slums ( ! l>ge seaport t[ns 7 expurgat$ by a national revolt aga9/ ! spread ( ! opium habit1 & ! consequ5t re=m movem5t appe>s to h kept /ep ) ! ,sw$i% crusade aga9/ ! spread ( ! alcohol curse4 ,*9a may be =c$ into ! ar5a ( reg5]ation1 b ?us f> seems to view ! collapse ( h] r+-wall only z a bless+ 9 a r effective disguise4 ,! policy ( non-int]c\rse1 inde$1 _h ! sanction ( a physical necessity 9 ! op9ion ( z %rewd a /atesman z ! vizi] ( ! great ,kooblai ,khan1 :o conqu]$ rebels f ,mant*ooria to ,siam1 b recogniz$ ! hopelessness ( ord9>y measures = protect+ ! peaceful toil]s ( ! ea/]n prov9ces aga9/ ! pr$atory hordes ( ! nor?we/4 ,a /&>d army ( home-gu>ds1 he argu$1 w\ld h to be compos$ ei!r ( natives :o c\ld n fight1 or ( =eign auxili>ies :o might revolt2 s1 all ?+s consid]$1 x 0 deem$ be/ to b> a foe t c\ld n be beat54 ,/rategically1 ! plan succe$$1 /one walls be+ !n s inexpugnable to spe>-arm$ besieg]s t ! proprietors ( a /one-built robb] ca/le c\ld defy ! wra? ( ! public = a s]ies ( g5]ations4 ,! ,t>t> m>aud]s 7 kept at bay1 b s 7 trad+ c>avans & travel+ philosoph]s2 ! disadvantages ( all ob/acles to free competition began to ass]t !mselves4 ,! nation1 z x 71 sick5$ 9 a m>asmus ( intellectual inbre$+4 ,protect$ incompet5ce propagat$ its species2 monopolies fl\ri%$4 ,! survival ( ! fitte/ no long] favor$ ! brave2 c[>ds & weakl+s c\ld f9d refuge "u ! telamonian %ield ( ! big wall4 ,)9 ! la/ hundr$ ye>s t process ( deg5]ation has be5 ha/5$ by two incid5tal afflictions--spr+ floods & summ] dr\ghts4 ,! rapid increase ( population has driv5 home-seek]s into ! highl&s ( ! f> we/1 & ! de/ruction ( l&-protect+ =e/s av5g$ itself 9 ! usual mann]4 ,e heavy sn[fall 9 ! m\nta9s became a m5ace to ! settl]s ( ! l[l&s2 a sudd5 ?aw 0 always apt to turn brooks into riv]s & riv]s into rag+ seas4 ,! summ]s1 at ! same "t1 became w>m] & dri]4 ,fam9es1 su* z only ,india _h se5 be=e1 cr[d$ ! cities ) refugees4 ,*>itable in/itutions 7 manag$ by ag5ts ( a pat]nal gov]nm5t1 & paup]s 7 r>ely suff]$ to p]i% 9 wayside dit*es1 b hundr$s ( ?\s&s 7 huddl$ toge!r 9 p>i% suburbs & f$ on m9imum rations ( ! *eape/ available food4 ,x 0 !n t ! masses 7 =c$ to apo/atize f ! dietetic t5ets ( ,buddhism2 ab/95ce f animal food became impossible2 sanit>y scruples _h to be disreg>d$2 :ole settlem5ts ( fam9e victims 7 compell$ to subsi/ exclusively on (fal4 ,millions ( me*anics _h to fight to /ruggle = exi/5ce by r$uc+ _! wants4 ,! prices ( food _h d\bl$1 & 9 ord] to pay ! co/ ( "o daily meal all luxuries _h to be rel9qui%$4 ,sleep & oblivion ( mis]y became ! only alt]natives ( hopeless toil1 & ^? :o c\ld save a few taels yield$ to ! temptation ( supplem5t+ ^? bless+s by means ( *emical anodynes4 ,opium-smok+ became a national vice4 ,! #8opium w>' did n rivet ! yoke ( t curse4 ,x m]ely cl9*$ ! grip ( a ,briti% trad+ company4 ,! ,*9ese gov]nm5t _h attempt$ to cancel _! fran*ise1 b only ) a view to div]t+ its pr(its into ! pockets ( _! own speculators4 ,! total suppression ( ! traffic w\ld h be5 n only difficult1 b practically impossible4 ,we might z well try to prohibit tobacco 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,yet ! results ( ^! cop]at+ factors ( deg5]acy h /opp$ %ort ( ! extremes t might h be5 expect$ 9 a l& ( e>?-despis]s4 ,buddhism 9 its or?odox ,*9ese =m is radically pessimi/ic4 ,x inculcates a belief 9 ! wor?lessness ( all t]re/rial bless+s1 & consid]s life a disease1 ) no cure b dea?4 ,& n dea? by suicide1 ei!r2 ! victims ( mis]y mu/ dra9 life's cup to ! dregs1 to cure ! v love ( exi/5ce1 & ?us prev5t ! risk ( re-bir?4 ,! value ( heal? & weal? is ?us depreciat$ 9 a mann] t might t5d to aggravate ! recklessness ( life-we>9ess2 yet ! ,s\? ,mongol is cons]vative1 ev5 9 8 vices4 ,an inali5able in/9ct ( ?rift makes him %r9k f s5seless excesses4 ,tav]n brawls are less frequ5t 9 ,canton ?an 9 ,ed9burgh2 ! top]s ( ! ,fl[]y ,k+dom get less effloresc5t ?an ours1 _! love-craz$ swa9s less extravagant4 ,absolute imbecility1 z a consequ5ce ( poison habits1 is a r>e ph5om5on 9 ,mongoldom2 n9e out ( t5 sots rema9 self-support+2 ! h]itage ( indu/rial habits is h>dly ev] lo/ altoge!r4 ,nor %\ld we =get to di/+ui% ! primitive ru/ics ( ! inl& prov9ces f ! vice-worn population ( ! coa/ pla9s4 ,deg5]ation has n left its m>ks f> above tide-wat]1 & has h>dly begun to affect ! natives ( ! highl&s1 ! ,yunan hunt+ tribes1 = in/ance1 :o1 ?\gh ,s\? ,mongols1 h r5\nc$ ! t5ets ( ,buddha & adopt$ ^? ( militant ,mohamm$4 ,_! *iefta9s welcom$ w> = its own sake1 :ile ! l[l& conscripts 7 9 ! pr$icam5t ( des]t dwell]s1 caught 9 ! flood ( a sudd5 cl\dbur/4 ,?\s&s at fir/ succumb$ almo/ )\t a /ruggle2 ! levies drill$ to oppose ! ,japanese invasion /ood to be slaught]$ l %eep1 be+1 moreov]1 morally h&icapp$ by a misgiv+ t ! w> ) ! *ampions ( ! nor? _h be5 wantonly provok$4 ,discipl9e has begun to break ! spell ( t apa?y1 b ! desp]ate valor t surpris$ ! vet]ans ( ! allies at ,taku & ,yangtsun _h a v diff]5t significance4 ,fury suppli$ ! defects ( milit>y tra9+2 ! li/less life-r5\nc]s _h at la/ be5 goad$ into a fr5zy ( nationali/ic res5tm5t4 ,x 0 ! same delirium ( retributive wra? t ralli$ a million ,fr5*m5 ar\nd ! /&>ds ( ! invad$ ,republic1 & hurl$ a horde ( ,russian volunte]s into ! bullet-/orm ( ,borod9o4 #8,a unit$ nation ( fifte5 millions is n v9cible'1 wrote ,jean ,jacques ,r\sseau1 9 reply to an appeal ( ! ,poli% patriots4 ,s\? ,mongols 7 suppos$ to be h>dly wor? an exp$ition ( ,caucasian regul>s1 b ev5 a _w coalition might f9d use = intr5*m5ts if ! v5detta rage ( a w> = national exi/5ce %\ld ar\se a l& ( #che1jjj1jjj inhabitants4 ,:e!r t /orm w purify ! social atmosph]e ( ! va/ empire or subside into ! calm ( exhau/ion1 is a diff]5t "q4 ,x w\ld ev5 be premature to accept ! appe>ance ( a few able lead]s z a propiti\s om5 ( reg5]ation4 ,9 a l& t5 times ! size ( ,france ! crisis ( a fe>ful p]il w always evolve a ,c>not1 a ,danton & a ,dum\riez1 if n a /orm-compell+ ,bonap>te4 ,! days ( ! ,we/ ,mongol ,empire1 ! dom9ion ( ! turban$ ,turk1 are und\bt$ly numb]$1 b n z a result ( national decrepitude4 ,! successor ( ,sultan ,bajazet w succumb1 n z a #8sick man'1 b z a cripple2 an invalid worn out 9 a fight aga9/ hopeless odds4 ,)9 ! la/ hundr$ ye>s ! /ad?old]s ( ! ,prophet _h to def5d _! ?rone aga9/ ,russian1 ,au/rian1 ,greek1 ,fr5* & ,briti% attacks1 & m ?an once aga9/ a ,we/-,european alliance1 back$ by ,african & ,asiatic insurg5ts4 ,)9 t p]iod #c1jjj1jjj ,mongol ,mussulmans h p]i%$ on ! battlefield1 a million = e g5]ation ( an impov]i%$ & n specially reproductive race4 ,_! empire w collapse1 b its def5d]s are /ill ! h>die/ soldi]s ( ,europe1 ! mo/ unconqu]able by h>d%ips1 w\nds & hung]4 ,! burd5-c>ri]s ( ,con/ant9ople are /ill ! /\te/ m5 ( our latt]-day _w4 ,we might z well impea* ! deg5]acy ( ! ,circassian highl&]s1 :o resi/$ ! p[] ( ! ,russian mon>*y = sixty-five ye>s1 & 9 _! la/ /ronghold /ood at bay ) drawn hunt+ knives--aft] blunt+ _! sabres & exhau/+ a /ock ( ammunition pur*as$ by ! sacrifice ( _! h]ds & h>ve/s4 ,= ^! h]oic m\nta9e]s1 too1 7 ,mongols1 k9sm5 ( ! m>tial ,turkomans & *ivalr\s ,magy>s4 ,! ,turanian race--a synonym ( ! ,pan-,mongolians--comprises z _m diff]5t types z ! ,aryans & ,semites tak5 toge!r4 ,9 #ahfc "s tw5ty clans ( ! vanqui%$ highl&]s left ! ,caucasus en masse to settle 9 ! m\nta9s ( ! ,turki% prov9ce ( ,adrianople4 ,!y w %>e ! fate ( _! protectors1 & may soon be oblig$ to foll[ _! flight across ! ,hellespont4 ,b ! f9al expulsion ( ! ,we/ ,mongols w1 aft] all1 mean only t ! ,caucasians h recov]$ lo/ gr\nd1 & fre$ at lea/ ,europe f an intrusive tribe ( _! mo/ p]si/5t & mo/ =midable rivals4 ,,religi\s ,,beliefs ,,( ,,! ,,c5tral ,,eskimo4,b ,,by ,,pr(essor ,,franz ,,boas4 ,b ,a description ( ! religi\s beliefs ( ! ,c5tral ,eskimo1 bas$ ^u obs]vations made by ! writ]1 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,six? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt embodies obs]vations :i* ,capt4 ,james ,s4 ,mut*1 ( ,pet]head1 ,scotl&1 foll[+ a sugge/ion ( ! writ]1 _h ! k9dness to make4 ,! mat]ial = ?is /udy 0 collect$ by ,capt4 ,mut* dur+ a long-cont9u$ /ay 9 ,cumb]l& ,s\nd4 ,! ,eskimo :o inhabit ! coa/s ( ,arctic ,am]ica subsi/ ma9ly by ! *ase ( sea-mammals1 su* z seals ( v>i\s k9ds1 walruses & :ales4 ,:5ev] ?is s\rce ( supply is curtail$1 want & fam9e set 94 ,! huts are cold & d>k--= heat & light are obta9$ by burn+ ! blubb] ( seals & :ales--& soon ! p succumb to hung] & to ! t]rors ( ! rigor\s climate4 ,= ?is reason ! native does ev]y?+ 9 8 p[] to ga9 ! good-w ( ! sea-mammals & to insure success 9 hunt+4 ,all 8 ?\ghts are b5t ^u treat+ !m 9 su* a mann] t !y may all[ !mselves to be caught4 ,on ?is acc\nt !y =m "o ( ! ma9 subjects ( 8 religi\s beliefs & cu/oms4 ,!y play a mo/ important "p 9 8 my?ology1 & a well-nigh endless s]ies ( obs]vances regulates _! treatm5t4 ,! my?ological explanation ( all ! prevail+ cu/oms 9 reg>d to sea-mammals is conta9$ 9 a tale :i* describes _! orig93 8,a girl nam$ ,avilayuk refus$ all h] suitors1 & = ?is reason %e 0 also call$ #8,%e :o does n want to m>ry4' ,!re 0 a /one ne> ! village :]e %e liv$4 ,x 0 speckl$ :ite & r$4 ,! /one trans=m$ itself into a dog & took ! girl to wife4 8,%e _h _m *ildr51 "s ( :om became ! ance/ors ( v>i\s fabul\s tribes4 ,! *ildr5 made a great deal ( noise1 :i* annoy$ ,avilayuk's fa!r1 s t he f9ally took !m across ! wat] to a small isl&4 ,e day ! dog swam across to ! old man's hut to get meat = 8 family4 ,8 wife hung ar\nd 8 neck a pair ( boots t 7 fa/5$ to a /r+4 ,! old man fill$ ! boots ) meat1 & ! dog took !m back to ! isl&4 8,"o day1 :ile ! dog 0 gone = meat1 a man came to ! isl& 9 8 kayak,c & call$ ! "y woman4 #8,take y\r bag & come ) me1' he %\t$4 ,he _h ! appe>ance ( a good-look+1 tall man1 & ! woman 0 well pleas$ ) him4 ,%e took h] bag1 w5t d[n to ! kayak1 & ! man paddl$ away ) h]4 ,aft] !y _h gone "s di/ance1 !y came to a cake ( float+ ice4 ,! man /epp$ out ( ! kayak on to ! ice4 ,!n %e notic$ t he 0 q a small man1 & t he appe>$ l>ge only because he _h be5 sitt+ on a high seat4 ,!n %e began to cry1 :ile he laugh$ & said1 #8,oh1 y h se5 my seat1 h y8' ,accord+ to ano!r v]sion1 he wore sn[-goggles made ( walrus-ivory1 & he said1 #8,d y see my sn[-goggles8' & !n laugh$ at h] because %e began to cry4 ,!n he w5t back into 8 kayak1 & !y proce$$ on _! j\rney4 ,c ,! "o-man hunt+ canoe ( ! ,eskimo4 8,f9ally !y came to a place :]e !re 7 _m p & _m huts4 ,he po9t$ out to h] a c]ta9 hut made ( ! sk9s ( ye>l+ seals1 & told h] t x 0 81 & t %e 0 to g !re4 ,!y l&$4 ,! woman w5t up to ! hut1 :ile he att5d$ to 8 kayak4 ,soon he jo9$ h] 9 ! hut1 & /aid ) h] = ?ree or f\r days be=e go+ out seal+ aga94 ,h] new husb& 0 a petrel4 8,mean:ile h] fa!r _h left ! dog1 h] =m] husb&1 at 8 h\se1 & _h gone to look = h] on ! isl&4 ,:5 he did n f9d h]1 he return$ home1 & told ! dog to wait = him1 z he 0 go+ 9 se>* ( 8 daught]4 ,he set out 9 a l>ge boat1 travel$ ab\t = a long "t1 & visit$ _m a place be=e he succe$$ 9 f9d+ h]4 ,f9ally he came to ! place :]e %e liv$4 ,he saw _m huts1 &1 )\t leav+ 8 boat1 he %\t$ & call$ 8 daught] to return home ) him4 ,%e came d[n f h] hut1 & w5t abo>d h] fa!r's boat1 :]e he hid h] among "s sk9s4 8,!y _h n be5 gone long :5 !y saw a man 9 a kayak foll[+ !m4 ,x 0 h] new husb&4 ,soon he ov]took !m1 & :5 he came alongside he ask$ ! "y woman to %[ h] h&1 z he 0 v anxi\s to see at lea/ "p ( h] body1 b %e did n move4 ,!n he ask$ h] to %[ h] mitt51 b %e did n respond to 8 reque/4 ,9 va9 he tri$ 9 _m ways to induce h] to %[ h]self2 %e kept 9 hid+4 ,!n he began to cry1 re/+ 8 head on 8 arms1 t 7 cross$ 9 front ( ! manhole ( ! kayak4 ,avilayuk's fa!r paddl$ on z fa/ z he c\ld1 & ! man fell f> beh9d4 ,x 0 calm at t "t & !y cont9u$ on _! way home4 ,aft] "s "t !y saw some?+ com+ f beh9d t[>d _! boat4 ,!y c\ld n cle>ly disc]n x4 ,sometimes x look$ l a man 9 a kayak4 ,sometimes x look$ l a petrel4 ,x flew up & d[n1 !n skimm$ ov] ! wat]1 & f9ally came up to _! boat & w5t r\nd & r\nd x sev]al times & !n disappe>$ aga94 ,sudd5ly ripples came up1 ! wat]s began to rise1 & aft] a %ort "t a gale 0 rag+4 ,! boat 0 q a di/ance away f %ore4 ,! old man became afraid le/ !y might be dr[n$2 &1 fe>+ ! rev5ge ( 8 daught]'s husb&1 he ?rew h] into ! wat]4 ,%e held on to ! gunwale2 !n ! fa!r took 8 hat*et & *opp$ (f ! fir/ jo9ts ( h] f+]s4 ,:5 !y fell into ! wat] !y 7 trans=m$ into :ales1 ! nails becom+ ! :alebone4 ,/ill %e clung to ! boat2 aga9 he took 8 hat*et & *opp$ (f ! second jo9ts ( h] f+]s4 ,!y became trans=m$ into gr\nd seals4 ,/ill %e clung to ! boat2 !n he *opp$ (f ! la/ jo9ts ( h] f+]s1 :i* became trans=m$ into seals4 ,n[ %e clung on to ! boat ) ! /umps ( h] h&s1 & h] fa!r took 8 /e]+-o> & knock$ out h] left eye4 ,%e fell backw>d into ! wat] & he paddl$ a%ore4 8,!n he fill$ ) /ones ! boots 9 :i* ! dog 0 accu/om$ to c>ry meat to 8 family1 & only cov]$ ! top ) meat4 ,! dog />t$ to swim across1 b :5 he 0 halfway ! heavy /ones dragg$ him d[n4 ,he began to s9k & 0 dr[n$4 ,a great noise 0 he>d :ile he 0 dr[n+4 ,! fa!r took d[n 8 t5t & w5t d[n to ! bea* at ! "t ( l[ wat]4 ,!re he lay d[n & cov]$ himself ) ! t5t4 ,! flood tide rose & cov]$ him1 & :5 ! wat]s rec$$ he _h disappe>$40 ,?is woman1 ! "m ( ! sea-mammals1 may be consid]$ ! pr9cipal deity ( ! ,c5tral ,eskimo4 ,%e has supreme sway ov] ! de/9ies ( mank9d1 & almo/ all ! obs]vances ( ^! tribes are = ! purpose ( reta9+ h] good-w or ( propitiat+ h] if %e has be5 (f5d$4 ,among ! ea/]n tribes ( ?is region %e is call$ ,s$na1 :ile ! tribes we/ ( ,hudson ,bay call h] ,nuliayuk4 ,%e is believ$ to live 9 a l[] _w1 9 a h\se built ( /one & :ale-ribs4 ,9 accordance ) ! my?1 %e is said to h b "o eye4 ,%e _c walk1 b slides along1 "o leg b5t "u1 ! o!r /ret*$ =w>d4 ,h] fa!r lives ) h] 9 ?is h\se1 & lies cov]$ up ) 8 t5t4 ,! dog wat*es ! entrance1 be+ /ation$ on ! floor ( ! h\se4 ,! s\ls ( seals1 gr\nd seals & :ales are believ$ to proce$ f h] h\se4 ,aft] "o ( ^! animals has be5 kill$ its s\l /ays ) ! body = ?ree days4 ,!n x goes back to ,s$na's abode1 to be s5t =? aga9 by h]4 ,if1 dur+ ! ?ree days t ! s\l /ays ) ! body1 any taboo or prescrib$ cu/om is violat$1 ! violation becomes atta*$ to ! animal's s\l4 ,al?\gh ! latt] /rives to free itself ( ^! atta*m5ts1 :i* give x pa91 x is unable to d s1 & takes !m d[n to ,s$na4 ,! atta*m5ts1 9 "s mann] t is n expla9$1 make h] h&s sore1 & %e puni%es ! p :o are ! cause ( h] pa9s by s5d+ to !m sickness1 bad wea!r & />vation4 ,! object ( ! innum]able taboos t are 9 =ce aft] ! kill+ ( ^! sea animals is !re=e to keep _! s\ls free f atta*m5ts t w\ld hurt _! s\ls z well z ,s$na4 ,! s\ls ( ! sea animals are end[$ ) great] p[]s ?an ^? ( ord9>y human be+s4 ,!y c see ! effect ( ! contact ) a corpse1 :i* causes objects t\*$ by x to appe> ( a d>k color2 & !y c see ! effect ( fl[+ blood1 f :i* a vapor rises t surr\nds ! ble$+ p]son & is communicat$ to e "o & e ?+ t comes 9 contact ) su* a p]son4 ,?is vapor & ! d>k color ( dea? are exce$+ly unpleasant to ! s\ls ( ! sea animals1 t w n come ne> a hunt] ?us affect$4 ,! hunt] mu/ !re=e avoid contact ) p :o h t\*$ a body1 or ) su* z are ble$+4 ,if any "o :o has t\*$ a body or :o is ble$+ %\ld all[ o!rs to come 9 contact ) him he w\ld cause !m to become di/a/eful to ! seals & !re=e also to ,s$na4 ,= ?is reason ! cu/om dem&s t e p]son mu/ at once ann\nce if he has t\*$ a body or if he is ble$+4 ,if he does n d s1 he w br+ ill luck to all ! hunt]s4 ,^! ideas h giv5 rise to ! belief t x is necess>y to ann\nce ! transgression ( any taboo4 ,! transgressor ( a cu/om is di/a/eful to ,s$na & to ! animals1 & ^? :o abide ) him w become equally di/a/eful ?r\gh contact ) him4 ,= ?is reason x has come to be an act requir$ by cu/om & morals to confess any & e transgression ( a taboo1 9 ord] to protect ! community f ! evil influ5ces ( contact ) ! evil-do]4 ,! descriptions ( ,eskimo life giv5 by _m obs]v]s conta9 records ( />vation :i*1 accord+ to ! belief ( ! natives1 0 br\ght ab\t by "s "o transgress+ a law & n ann\nc+ :at he _h done4 ,i presume ?is importance ( ! confession ( a transgression ) a view to w>n+ o!rs to keep at a di/ance f ! transgressor has gradually l$ to ! idea t a transgression1 or we might say a s91 c be aton$ = by confession4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable religi\s beliefs ( ! ,c5tral ,eskimo4 ,!re are innum]able tales ( />vation br\ght ab\t by ! transgression ( a taboo4 ,9 va9 ! hunt]s try to supply _! families ) food2 gales & drift+ sn[ make _! endeavors fruitless4 ,f9ally ! help ( ! angakok,d is invok$1 & he discov]s t ! cause ( ! mis=tune ( ! p is due to ! transgression ( a taboo4 ,!n ! guilty "o is se>*$ =4 ,if he confesses1 all is well1 ! wea!r mod]ates1 & ! seals w all[ !mselves to be caught2 b if he ob/9ately ma9ta9s 8 innoc5ce1 8 dea? alone w soo! ! wra? ( ! (f5d$ deity4 ,d ,! m$ic9e-man or %aman ( ! ,eskimo4 ,:ile ?us ! reason appe>s cle> :y ! taboos are rigor\sly en=c$ by public op9ion1 ! orig9 ( ! taboos !mselves is q obscure4 ,x is =bidd51 aft] ! dea? ( a sea mammal or aft] ! dea? ( a p]son1 to scrape ! fro/ f ! w9d[1 to %ake ! b$s1 or to di/urb ! %rubs "u ! b$1 to remove oil-dripp+s f "u ! lamp1 to scrape hair f sk9s1 to cut sn[ = ! purpose ( melt+ x1 to "w on iron1 wood1 /one1 or ivory4 ,wom5 are1 fur!rmore1 =bidd5 to comb _! hair1 to wa% _! faces & to dry _! boots & /ock+s4 ,a numb] ( cu/oms1 h[ev]1 may be expla9$ by ! endeavors ( ! natives to keep ! sea mammals free f contam9at+ influ5ces4 ,all ! clo?+ ( a dead p]son1 m p>ticul>ly ! t5t 9 :i* he di$1 mu/ be disc>d$2 = if a hunt] %\ld we> clo?+ made ( sk9s t _h be5 9 contact ) ! deceas$1 ^! w\ld appe> d>k & ! seal w\ld avoid him4 ,nei!r w\ld a seal all[ itself to be tak5 into a hut d>k5$ by a dead body1 & all ^? :o ent]$ su* a hut w\ld appe> d>k to x & w\ld be avoid$4 ,:ile x is cu/om>y = a successful hunt] to invite all ! m5 ( ! village to eat ( ! seal t he has caught1 !y mu/ n take any ( ! seal meat out ( ! hut1 because x might come 9 contact ) p]sons :o are "u taboo1 & ?us ! hunt] might incur ! displeasure ( ! seal & ( ,s$na4 ,x is v rem>kable t ! walrus is n includ$ 9 ?is s]ies ( regulations4 ,x is explicitly /at$ t ! walrus1 ! :ite :ale & ! n>:al are n subject to ^! laws1 :i* affect only ! sea animals t orig9at$ f ,s$na's f+]s4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a s]ies ( laws t =bid contact betwe5 walrus1 seal & c>ib\4 ,x is n q cle> 9 :at my?ical concept ^! cu/oms orig9ate4 ,!re is a tradition reg>d+ ! orig9 ( walrus & c>ib\ :i* is made to acc\nt = a dislike betwe5 ^! two animals4 ,a woman creat$ bo? ^! animals f p>ts ( h] clo?+4 ,%e gave ! walrus antl]s & ! c>ib\ tusks4 ,:5 man began to hunt !m1 ! walrus upset ! boats ) 8 antl]s & ! c>ib\ kill$ ! hunt] ) 8 tusks4 ,!re=e ! woman call$ bo? animals back & took ! tusks f ! c>ib\ & gave !m to ! walrus4 ,%e took ! antl]s1 kick$ ! c>ib\'s =ehead flat & put ! antl]s on to x4 ,ev] s9ce t "t1 x is said1 walrus & c>ib\ avoid ea* o!r1 & ! p mu/ n br+ _! meat into contact4 ,!y are n all[$ to eat c>ib\ & walrus meat on ! same day except aft] *ang+ _! clo?+4 ,! w9t] clo?+ :i* is made ( c>ib\-sk9 mu/ be entirely complet$ be=e ! m5 w g to hunt walrus4 ,z soon z ! fir/ walrus has be5 kill$1 a mess5g] goes f village to village & ann\nces ! news4 ,all "w on c>ib\-sk9s mu/ cease imm$iately4 ,:5 ! c>ib\-hunt+ season beg9s1 all ! w9t] clo?+1 & ! t5t t has be5 9 use dur+ ! walrus-hunt+ season1 are buri$1 & n us$ aga9 until ! foll[+ walrus-hunt+ season4 ,no walrus hide1 or ?ongs made ( su* hide1 mu/ be tak5 inl&1 :]e is ! abode ( ! c>ib\4 ,simil> laws1 al?\gh n q s /r+5t1 hold good 9 reg>d to contact betwe5 seal & walrus4 ,! natives always *ange _! clo?+ or /rip nak$ be=e eat+ seal dur+ ! walrus season4 ,! s\l ( ! salmon is consid]$ to be v p[]ful4 ,salmon mu/ n be cook$ 9 a pot t has be5 us$ = boil+ o!r k9ds ( meat4 ,x is always cook$ at "s di/ance f ! hut4 ,boots t 7 us$ :ile hunt+ walrus mu/ n be worn :5 fi%+ salmon1 & no "w on boot-legs is all[$ until ! fir/ salmon has be5 caught & plac$ on a boot-leg4 ,! fact t ^! taboos are n re/rict$ to c>ib\ & walrus sugge/s t ! my?ical explanation giv5 above does n acc\nt = ! orig9 ( ^! cu/oms1 b mu/ be consid]$ z a lat] ef=t to expla9 _! exi/5ce4 ,! transgressions ( taboos d n affect ! s\ls ( game alone4 ,x has already be5 /at$ t ! sea mammals see _! effect ^u man also1 :o appe>s to !m ( a d>k color1 or surr\nd$ by a vapor :i* is invisible to ord9>y man4 ,?is means1 ( c\rse1 t ! transgression also affects ! s\l ( ! evil-do]4 ,x becomes atta*$ to x & makes him sick4 ,! %aman is able to see1 by ! help ( 8 gu>dian _s1 ^! atta*m5ts1 & is able to free ! s\l f !m4 ,if ?is is n done ! p]son mu/ die4 ,9 _m cases ! transgressions become atta*$ also to p]sons :o come 9 contact ) ! evil-do]4 ,?is is especially true ( *ildr51 to ^: s\ls ! s9s ( _! p>5ts1 & p>ticul>ly ( _! mo!rs1 become readily atta*$4 ,!re=e :5 a *ild is sick ! %aman1 fir/ ( all1 asks its "m if %e has transgress$ any taboos4 ,! atta*m5t seems to h a diff]5t appe>ance1 accord+ to ! taboo t has be5 violat$4 ,a black atta*m5t is due to remov+ oil-dripp+s f "u ! lamp4 ,z soon z ! "m ackn[l$ges ! transgression ( a taboo1 ! atta*m5t leaves ! *ild's s\l & ! *ild recov]s4 ,! s\ls ( ! deceas$ /ay ) ! body = ?ree days4 ,if a taboo is violat$ dur+ ?is "t ! transgression becomes atta*$ to ! s\l ( ! deceas$4 ,! weight ( ! transgression causes ! s\l pa91 & x roams ab\t ! village1 endeavor+ to free itself ( its burd54 ,x seeks to h>m ! p :o1 by _! disob$i5ce to cu/om1 are caus+ its suff]+s4 ,x causes heavy sn[s to fall & br+s sickness & dea?4 ,su* a s\l is call$ a tupilak4 ,t[>d ! middle ( autumn x hov]s ar\nd ! doors ( ! huts4 ,:5 a %aman discov]s ! tupilak he advises ! p1 :o assemble1 & prep>e to free x ( its burd54 ,all ! %amans g 9 se>* ( x1 ea* a knife 9 h&4 ,z soon z !y f9d x1 !y /ab x ) _! knives1 & ?us cut (f ! transgressions4 ,!n ! tupilak becomes a s\l aga94 ,! knives ) :i* x 0 /abb$ are se5 by ! p to be cov]$ ) blood4 ,! ,c5tral ,eskimo believe t man has two s\ls4 ,"o ( ^! /ays ) ! body1 & may ent] tempor>ily ! body ( a *ild :i* is giv5 ! "n ( ! dep>t$4 ,! o!r s\l goes to "o ( ! l&s ( ! s\ls4 ,( ^! !re are sev]al4 ,!re are ?ree heav5s1 "o above ano!r1 ( :i* ! highe/ is ! brighte/ & be/4 ,^? :o die by viol5ce g to ! l[e/ heav54 ,^? :o die by disease g to ,s$na's h\se fir/1 :]e !y /ay = a ye>4 ,s$na re/ores _! s\ls to full heal? & !n %e s5ds !m up to ! second heav54 ,^? :o die by dr[n+ g to ! ?ird heav54 ,p :o commit suicide g to a place 9 :i* x is always d>k & :]e !y g ab\t ) _! tongues loll+4 ,wom5 :o h _h premature bir?s g to ,s$na's abode & /ay 9 ! l[e/ _w4 ,! o!r s\l /ays ) ! body4 ,:5 a *ild has be5 nam$ aft] ! deceas$1 ! s\l ent]s its body & rema9s !re = ab\t f\r mon?s4 ,x is believ$ t its pres5ce /r5g!ns ! *ild's s\l1 :i* is v light & apt to escape f ! body4 ,aft] leav+ ! body ( ! infant1 ! s\l ( ! dep>t$ /ays ne>by1 9 ord] to re-ent] its body 9 case ( ne$4 ,:5 a ye> has elaps$ s9ce ! dea? ( ! p]son1 8 s\l leaves ! grave tempor>ily & goes hunt+1 b returns frequ5tly to ! grave4 ,:5 ! body has entirely decay$ x may rema9 away = a long "t4 ,evid5tly ! ,eskimo also believe 9 ! transmigration ( s\ls4 ,!re is "o tradition 9 :i* x is told h[ ! s\l ( a woman pass$ ?r\gh ! bodies ( a great _m animals1 until f9ally x 0 born aga9 z an infant4 ,9 ano!r /ory x is told h[ a hunt] caught a fox 9 a trap & recogniz$ 9 x ! s\l ( 8 dep>t$ "m4 ,9 /ill ano!r tale ! s\l ( a woman1 aft] h] dea?1 ent]$ ! body ( a huge pol> be> 9 ord] to av5ge wrongs done to h] dur+ h] lifetime4 ,almo/ ! sole object ( ! religi\s c]emonies ( ! ,eskimo is to appease ! wra? ( ,s$na1 ( ! s\ls ( animals1 or ( ! s\ls ( ! dead1 t h be5 (f5d$ by ! transgressions ( taboos4 ,?is is accompli%$ by ! help ( ! gu>dian spirits ( ! angakut4 ,! mo/ important c]emony ( ! ,eskimo is celebrat$ 9 ! fall4 ,at ?is "t ( ! ye> ! angakut1 by ! help ( _! gu>dian spirits1 visit ,s$na & induce h] to visit ! village1 & !y endeavor to free h] ( ! transgressions t became atta*$ to h] dur+ ! prec$+ ye>4 ,"o angakok ?r[s h] ) 8 h>poon1 ano!r "o /abs h]1 & by ?is means !y cut (f all ! transgressions4 ,! c]emony is p]=m$ 9 a d>k5$ sn[-h\se4 ,aft] ! c]emony ! lamps are light$ aga9 & ! p see ! h>poon & ! knife t 7 us$ 9 ! c]emony cov]$ ) blood4 ,if ! angakut %\ld fail to free ,s$na f ! transgressions1 bad wea!r & hung] w\ld prevail dur+ ! ensu+ w9t]4 ,on ! foll[+ day ,s$na s5ds h] s]vant1 :o is call$ ,kaileteta1 to visit ! tribe4 ,%e is repres5t$ by a man dress$ 9 a woman's co/ume & we>+ a mask made ( seal-sk94 ,on ?is day ! p we> atta*$ to _! hoods pieces ( sk9 ( t animal ( :i* _! fir/ clo?+ 0 made aft] !y 7 born4 ,x seems t ! sk9s ( c]ta9 animals are us$ = ?is purpose1 ea* mon? hav+ "o animal ( its own4 ,x is said t if !y %\ld n we> ! sk9 ( ! prop] animal1 ,s$na w\ld be (f5d$ & w\ld puni% !m4 ,! angakut also cure sick p]sons & make good wea!r ) ! help ( _! gu>dian spirits4 ,!y discov] transgressions ( taboos & o!r causes ( ill luck4 ,"o ( ! mo/ curi\s me?ods ( div9ation appli$ by ! angakut is t ( #8head-lift+4' ,a ?ong is plac$ ar\nd ! head ( a p]son :o lies d[n next to ! pati5t4 ,! ?ong is atta*$ to ! end ( a /ick :i* is held 9 h& by ! angakok4 ,!n ! latt] asks que/ions z to ! nature & outcome ( ! disease1 :i* are suppos$ to be answ]$ by ! s\l ( a dead p]son1 :i* makes x impossible = ! head to be lift$ if ! answ] is affirmative1 :ile ! head is rais$ easily if ! answ] is negative4 ,z soon z ! s\l ( ! dep>t$ leaves1 ! head c be mov$ )\t difficulty4 ,amulets are ext5sively us$ z a protection aga9/ evil influ5ces & to secure good luck4 ,pregnant wom5 we> ! tee? ( wolves on ! backs ( _! %irts4 ,^! same tee? are fa/5$ to ! edge ( ! infant's hood4 ,! /r+ :i* passes "u ! l>ge hood ( ! woman :o c>ries h] *ild on h] back is fa/5$ at "o end to a be>'s too?1 :i* s]ves to /r5g!n ! *ild's s\l4 ,:5 ! *ild beg9s to walk ab\t1 ?is /r+ & ! be>'s too? are atta*$ to its %irt & worn z amulets4 ,pyrites1 :5 ?r[n ^u a _s1 are believ$ to drive x away4 ,z comp>$ ) ! beliefs ( ! ,gre5l&]s1 ! beliefs ( ! ,c5tral ,eskimo are *>act]iz$ by ! great importance ( ! ,s$na my? & ! entire abs5ce ( ! belief 9 a p[]ful _s call$ ,ton>ssuk1 :i* seems to h be5 "o ( ! pr9cipal features ( ,gre5l& beliefs4 ,!re is an evid5t t5d5cy among ! ,c5tral ,eskimo to affiliate all cu/oms & beliefs ) ! my? ( ! orig9 ( sea animals4 ,?is t5d5cy seems to h be5 "o ( ! pr9cipal causes t mold$ ! cu/oms & beliefs ( ! p into ! =m 9 :i* !y appe> at ! pres5t "t4 ,,m5tal ,,en]gy4,e ,,by ,,edw>d ,,atk9son4 ,e ,pres5t$ be=e ! ,new ,york meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce4 ,accord+ to ! common conception1 political economy is held to deal ) mat]ial =ces only2 ) l&1 labor & capital2 ) ! production1 di/ribution & consumption ( ! mat]ials ( human exi/5ce4 ,^! are food1 clo?+ & %elt]4 ,x1 !re=e1 be>s ! aspect ( a purely mat]ial /udy ( mat]ial =ces4 ,yet no m purely metaphysical sci5ce exi/s1 & !re c be1 9 my view ( ! subject1 no m ideal conceptions ?an ^? :i* are d]iv$ f ! /udy ( ^! purely mat]ial =ces4 ,_m ( ! errors commonly pres5t$ "u ! "n ( ! #8claims ( labor' h aris5 f ! limit$ & p>tial conception ( ! function ( economic sci5ce4 ,we h become accu/om$ to deal ) ! s-call$ mat]ial =ces ( nature & ) ! physical "w & labor ( man "u ! g5]al t]m ( #8,en]gy'4 ,:at man does by 8 own labor or physical en]gy is to conv]t ! products ( l& & sea1 ( m9e & =e/1 into new =ms f :i* he d]ives %elt]1 food & clo?+4 ,9 a mat]ial s5se all t any "o c get 9 or out ( life1 be he ri* or poor1 is :at we call our bo>d & clo?+4 ,su* be+ ! fact1 :at a man consumes is 8 co/ to ! community2 :at he sp5ds yields to o!rs ! means ( buy+ ! supplies = _! own wants2 _! consumption is !n _! co/ to ! community4 ,! physical =ces ( nature are limit$4 ,! e>? is end[$ ) a fix$ quantity ( mat]ials t we call gase\s1 liquid & solid4 ,x receives a c]ta9 am\nt ( heat f ! sun :i*1 = all practical purposes1 may be consid]$ a fix$ quantity ( en]gy1 ev5 if 9 eons x may be exhau/$4 ,! physical en]gy ( man is devot$ to ! trans=mation ( ^! physical =ces "u ! law ( cons]vation2 he c nei!r add to nor dim9i% ! quantity4 ,he c trans=m solid into gas & gas into liquid4 ,he c1 accord+ to common spee*1 consume "s ( ^! products1 b 8 consumption is only ano!r trans=mation4 ,8 own body is b "o ( ! =ms ( physical en]gy on ! way t[>d ano!r =m4 ,^! elem5ts ( nature1 =m]ly limit$ to e>?1 air & wat]1 are n[ li/$ "u _m titles ( :at are call$ elem5ts2 ,i believe ov] sixty t h n yet be5 diff]5tiat$1 b all may yet be resolv$ into a unit ( =ce4 ,y w obs]ve t 9 our ari?metic we h t5 num]als :i* c be divid$ into fractions4 ,9 our music we deal ) sev5 notes & _! v>iants4 ,9 our alphabet we h tw5ty-six lett]s4 ,^! factors correspond 9 "s measure to :at we call elem5ts 9 nature4 ,!re is a limit to ! numb] ( comb9ations t c be made ( ! num]als & _! fractions1 to ! notes ( music & _! v>iants1 & ( ! lett]s ( ! alphabet2 b 9 ea* case ?is limit is s remote z to be negligible1 l ! exhau/ion ( ! heat ( ! sun4 ,may we n deal ) ! elem5ts ( nature 9 ! same way8 ,c any "o prescribe a limit to _! conv]sion & reconv]sion to ! use ( mank9d8 ,is x n 9 ^! processes ( conv]sion t we d]ive our subsi/5ce8 ,we make no?+4 ,all t we c d is to move some?+4 ,we move ! soil & we move ! se$2 nature gives ! h>ve/4 ,we direct ! curr5ts ( fall+ wat]1 ( heat & ( /eam2 nature imp>ts ! =ce or en]gy to :i* man has only giv5 a new direction4 ,we are n[ imp>t+ new directions to ! =ce t we call electricity1 & to :at we call cold4 ,:at is ! =ce f :i* we d]ive ?is p[] ( trans=m+ physical en]gy8 ,may we n call x m5tal en]gy8 ,is n m5tal en]gy ! factor 9 mank9d by :i* he is diff]5tiat$ f ! bea/8 ,does n man only accumulate exp]i5ce1 & is !re any limit to ! p[] ( m9d ov] matt]8 ,if ^! po9ts are well tak51 m5tal en]gy is ! f\r? & p>am\nt factor 9 provid+ = mat]ial exi/5ce1 & ! sci5ce ( political economy1 :i* deals ) l&1 labor & capital1 becomes a purely metaphysical sci5ce :5 we admit ! =ce ( m5tal en]gy into ! comb9ation4 ,we deal1 z ,i h said1 ) sixty elem5ts1 s-call$1 m or less1 b ! unity ( nature is ! mo/ important fact ev] prov$ by sci5ce2 ! correlation ( all =ms ( physical en]gy lead+ logically f ! idea ( manifold =ces or gods to ! unity ( creation1 necess>ily end+ 9 ! conception ( unity ( a creator1 or ! "o ,god4 ,?is mod]n developm5t ( m5tal sci5ce is b ! ,hebrew concept ( ! creation 9 a new =m4 ,! ,hebrew race 0 ! fir/ "o ( ! hi/oric races ) :om ! unity ( creation & ! unity ( ! creator became an article ( fai?4 ,i d\bt n t x 0 9 t concept & ! p[] d]iv$ f x t ! ,hebrew intellect ass]t$ its prem95ce 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,accord+ to t concept1 to man is giv5 8dom9ion ov] ! fi% ( ! sea & ov] ! f[l ( ! air & ov] e liv+ ?+ t move? ^u ! e>?40 ,by :at =ce does man hold dom9ion unless x is ?r\gh 8 m5tal en]gy & 8 capacity to accumulate exp]i5ce8 ,all ! indu/rial arts are ant$at$ by ! indu/ries ( animals4 ,! tailor f9ds 8 prototype 9 ! tailor bird2 ! mason 9 ! wasp2 ! f>m] 9 ! agricultural ant2 ! bridge-build] 9 ! spid]2 ! weav] 9 ! weav] bird2 ! creator ( wat] p[] 9 ! beav]1 & s on4 ,yet no o!r animal except man has develop$ or ext5d$ any ( ^! arts4 ,no o!r animal except man has le>n$ to make & use fire & n to run away f x4 ,if1 !n1 man by 8 p[] ( m5tal en]gy conv]ts ! orig9al & crude =ces ) :i* ! e>? is end[$ into new =ms1 & by giv+ !m new direction increases 8 p[] ( production ( ! means ( 8 own subsi/5ce & enjoym5t ( life1 does x n foll[ t creation is a cont9u\s procession 9 :i* man is a factor8 8,!re is a div9ity t %apes our ends1 r\gh hew !m z we may40 ,! ideal ( #8an hone/ ,god ! noble/ concept ( man' becomes ! conv]se ( an hone/ man ! noble/ "w ( ,god--hone/ 9 a broad s5se 9 8 deal+s ) ! =ces ( nature2 true to 8 function4 ,!re is a pa9ful side to /ati/ical & economic /udy4 ,! p5alty ( be+ able to read :at is writt5 betwe5 ! l9es & ! columns ( ! figures is ! conclusion t aft] we h all done ! be/ "w t ! pres5t conditions ( sci5ce w p]mit1 ! entire product b>ely suffices to keep mank9d 9 exi/5ce2 8 fix$ capital1 s-call$1 is at ! m]cy bo? ( "t & ( ! inv5tor :o sub/itutes bett] me?ods :i* at less co/ ( ef=t or labor yield m abundance to ! community z a :ole4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 no matt] h[ h>d ! /ruggle = exi/5ce may be1 we f9d ! promise ( future abundance ev5 9 ! insuffici5t product :i* has be5 d]iv$ f ! application ( sci5ce & inv5tion up to date4 ,witness ! relative progress ( ! la/ c5tury z comp>$ ) all ! previ\s c5turies2 !n attempt to conceive :at w be ! condition ( humanity a c5tury h5ce1 kn[+1 z we d1 t ! applications ( sci5ce ?r\gh m5tal en]gy n[ proce$ 9 geometric progression1 rev]s+ ! dogma ( ,mal?us & lead+ to ! concept ( production unlimit$1 consumption limit$4 ,if x be true t !re is no conceivable limit to ! p[] ( m9d ov] matt] or to ! numb] ( conv]sions ( =ce t c be develop$1 provid+ 9 increas+ measure = ! wants ( ! human body1 x foll[s t paup]ism is due to pov]ty ( m5tal en]gy1 n ( mat]ial res\rces4 ,! next /ep 9 ! developm5t ( ?is !ory may be pres5t$ 9 ?is =m3 ,no man is paid by ! measure 9 "t or physical ef=t1 = ! "w or labor t he p]=ms4 ,no man c claim paym5t 9 money or 9 k9d on ! gr\nd t he has done a day's "w ( a great] or less numb] ( h\rs4 ,9 all civiliz$ c\ntries we are memb]s "o ( ano!r2 ri* or poor2 :e!r we "w ) our h&s or our heads1 or bo? comb9$4 ,mat]ial exi/5ce is support$ by conv]sion ( "o =m ( physical en]gy into ano!r4 ,social en]gy is ma9ta9$ by ! ex*ange ( "o =m ( s]vice = ano!r4 ,! measure ( comp5sation is n ! numb] ( h\rs ( labor put into ! product or s]vice4 ,! /&>d by :i* s]vices are measur$ is :at ! buy] is sav$ f do+1 n :at ! sell] does4 ,ea* ( u might possibly be able to h\se1 clo! & fe$ ourselves if we 7 ca/ ^u an isl& possess+ suffici5t natural res\rces4 ,if a hundr$ p]sons repres5t+ all ! classes 9 society 7 wreck$ ^u su* an isl&1 ea* adult or ea* p]son above t5 ye>s old w\ld probably f9d a way to h\se1 fe$ & clo! himself4 ,:y d we n h\se1 fe$ & clo! ourselves1 & :y w\ld n ! hundr$ repres5tatives ( diff]5t classes wreck$ on an isl& ea* d 8 own "p ( ! "w = himself only8 ,simply = ! reason t m5 are ei!r end[$ f bir? ) diff]5t aptitudes1 or diff]5t aptitudes are develop$ 9 _! environm5t4 ,ea* "o f9ds out t by delegat+ to ano!r c]ta9 k9ds ( "w he saves 8 own "t & en]gy4 ,ea* "o f9ds out :at he c d = ! next man1 :ile ! next man f9ds out :at he c d = him4 ,!re is 9 e transaction ( life an unconsci\s c]ebration or e/imate ( ! s]vices r5d]$ to u1 sav+ ea* ( u m5tal or manual en]gy1 :5ev] we buy any product or s]vice f ano!r4 ,t unconsci\s c]ebration affects ! m9ds or habits or acts ( bo? p>ties 9 e pur*ase & sale4 ,!re may be errors 9 reg>d to ! s]vice itself4 ,! ignorant man w buy quack m$ic9es t he _h bett] let alone1 b :at he pays "u ! false impression ( b5efit to himself is 8 measure ( :at he hopes to save2 :ile ! quack m$ic9e v5d]1 tak+ advantage ( ! ignorance ( o!rs1 fil*es f !m ! means ( subsi/5ce1 ev5 ( weal?1 "u ! pretext ( s]vice4 ,z "t goes on1 h[ev]1 false measures ( s]vice are elim9at$ ) increas+ intellig5ce1 & true b5efits con/itute m & m ! va/ proportion ( ! ex*anges4 ,! same ignorance :i* leads ! masses ( ! p ( e c\ntry to submit to milit>y dictation1 ev5 9 a bad cause1 also leads to ! w>s ( t>iffs among nations by :i* prejudice & animosity are kept up4 ,! false conception t 9 int]national comm]ce :at "o nation ga9s ano!r mu/ lose1 is promot$ by ! advocates ( protection1 _m ( :om v hone/ly believe t ?r\gh ! exclusion ( =eign goods dome/ic indu/ry may be promot$1 :olly ignor+ ! fact t arts & indu/ries are develop$ by intellig5ce & n by legislation4 ,! advocates ( b\nties & ( special legislation also ignore ! fact t 9 ?is c\ntry1 :]e m5tal en]gy is m ne>ly free 9 its action ?an 9 any o!r1 manufactures & ! me*anic arts develop 9 due proportion accord+ to ! age & ! natural res\rces ( ! t]ritory or /ate1 n9e-t5?s or m ( ! occupations :i* are li/$ "u ^! titles be+ free 9 ! nature ( ?+s f any possibility ( =eign competition ?r\gh ! import ( a product ( l k9d4 ,!re may be no?+ new 9 ?is essay1 b until my own obs]vation _h l$ me to ! conclusion t l&1 labor & capital 7 alike in]t & incapable )\t ! cord9at+ p[] ( m5tal en]gy1 ! d\bt cont9u$ to exi/ 9 my m9d :i* is (t5 express$ ab\t ! possibility ( economic sci5ce hav+ any real exi/5ce or "r to ! title4 ,also1 until my own obs]vation l$ me to ! conclusion t ! co/ ( a man to ! community is :at he consumes1 & n :at he secures 9 ! way ( income1 ! correlation ( weal? & welf>e _h n be5 satisfactorily reconcil$4 ,i ?9k t a v l>ge "p ( :at is writt5 "u ! title ( political economy w\ld be greatly modifi$1 & p]haps nev] h be5 writt51 _h ^! concepts be5 d]iv$ by ! writ]s f exp]i5ce1 z !y h be5 9 my own obs]vation4 ,i h n mu* pati5ce ) ab/ract or priori !ories1 my own me?od be+ "o ( obs]vation1 !n ref]r+ to ! v>i\s au?orities 9 ord] to f9d out :e!r my obs]vations or _! ab/ract !ories h be5 %all[ & sup]ficial4 ,aga91 ,i f9d 9 ! ideal ( ! cont9u\s miracle ( creation 9 :i* man is a factor ! solution ( _m intellectual difficulties4 ,9 ! face ( su* a p]ception ( ! me?ods ( ! univ]se1 ! l>g] "p ( ! dogmas t h be5 put =? "u ! "n ( religion take _! place ) mu* ( ! hi/oric rubbi% :i* passes "u ! "n ( hi/ory4 ,:5 x becomes pla9 t e man has 8 place 9 ! progress ( cont9u\s creation1 & is a factor 9 x2 t no?+ is con/ant b *ange2 t !re is no su* ?+ z fix$ capital2 all ! d\bts & fe>s reg>d+ ! future ( humanity vani% 9 ! light ( sure progress4 ,:at great] /imulus c !re be ?an = e man ea* 9 8 own way r5d]+ s]vice = s]vice1 8 objective po9t be+ only ! welf>e ( himself & 8 family1 :5 he atta9s ! conviction t by s mu* z 8 m5tal en]gy adds to ! sum ( ! utilities by :i* mank9d lives1 s may t "p :i* he consumes & :i* repres5ts 8 co/ to ! community be fully ju/ifi$1 ev5 ?\gh x is e>n$ ) m app>5t ease & less physical ex]tion ?an are call$ = f 8 poor] neighbors4 ,incomplete z 8 /udies 71 ,i h always f\nd 9 ! #8,h>monies' ( ,fr$]ic ,ba/iat ! greate/ enc\ragem5t & ! greate/ inc5tive to ! "w :i* ,i h und]tak5 "u ! "n ( political economy1 lead+ m & m to ! conviction t w> & w>f>e1 :atev] influ5ce !y may h _h 9 develop+ progress 9 ! pa/1 are n[ due to ignorance & gre$2 ! w> ( t>iffs due to selfi%ness & /upidity2 & ! conte/ ( labor & capital due to ! errors ( ! ignorant workman & ! ignorant capitali/ alike4 ,all int]e/s are h>moni\s4 ,! evolution ( sci5ce & inv5tion w surely br+ !m toge!r on ! l9es ( righte\sness1 peace & mat]ial abundance4 ,?is essay has be5 cond5s$ f a lecture prep>$ & giv5 be=e a ,cl]gym5's ,club "s mon?s ago4 ,9 x ,i tri$ to %[ ! necess>y connection ( religion & life z develop$ by economic /udy1 ! law ( mutual s]vice be+ ! rule by :i* comm]ce lives & moves & has its be+4 ,?is lecture has s9ce be5 read to sev]al clubs ( v diff]5t types ( m51 & f ! great int]e/ excit$ ,i am l$ to ?9k !re is some?+ 9 x fit = ! /ud5t ( facts & figures to say4 ,i may1 !re=e1 v5ture to repeat ! /atem5t ( two pr9ciples :i* are pres5t$ 9 ?is treatise1 :i* ,i ?9k h be5 seldom if ev] fully develop$ 9 any ( ! /&>d works ^u political economy4 ,to my own m9d ^! are basic pr9ciples :i* :5 appli$ may pr(\ndly modify _m ( ! concepts ( /ud5ts ( economic sci5ce4 ,i jo9 9 ! view t ! family is ! unit ( society1 ! home ! c5t]4 ,! end ( all production is consumption4 ,no?+ is con/ant b *ange1 & !re is no su* ?+ z fix$ mat]ial capital ( any long duration 9 ! progress ( "t4 ,! two pr9ciples :i* ,i h endeavor$ to en=ce are z foll[s3 ,fir/4 ,! co/ ( ea* p]son or head ( ! family is :at he & 8 imm$iate dep5d5ts consume4 ,8 income1 :e!r measur$ 9 t]ms ( money or 9 products1 is1 !re=e1 no measure ( 8 co/2 :at he di/ributes 9 paym5t = s]vice r5d]$ be+ exp5d$ by ^? :o receive x 9 procur+ ! commodities :i* con/itute _! co/ to ! community4 ,second4 ,no p]son :o is occupi$ or is 9 ! employm5t or s]vice ( o!rs is paid = :at he does4 ,8 "w may occupy long h\rs & may be appli$ to ardu\s manual labor1 or x may be done 9 a %ort numb] ( h\rs p] day1 ) b little physical ef=t4 ,nei!r ! h\rs nor ! ef=t con/itute any measure on :i* paym5t c be bas$4 ,! measure ( paym5t is fix$ by ! measure ( ! "w sav$ to him :o makes ! paym5t1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly e/imat$4 ,^! two precepts or pr9ciples1 c\pl$ ) ! !ory t !re is no conceivable limit to ! p[] ( m9d ov] matt]1 or to ! numb] ( trans=mations ( physical en]gy to :i* direction may be giv5 9 ! mat]ial support ( humanity1 br+ ! visions ( ! ,utopians )9 ! scope ( a law ( progress 9 mat]ial welf>e to :i* no limit c be put 9 "t or space4 ,,*apt]s ,,on ,,! ,,/>s4 ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,simon ,,newcomb1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,,v>iable ,,/>s4 ,x is a curi\s fact t ! anci5t a/ronom]s1 not)/&+ ! c>e ) :i* !y obs]v$ ! heav5s1 nev] notic$ t any ( ! />s *ang$ 9 brightness4 ,! e>lie/ record ( su* an obs]vation dates f #aeif1 :5 ! p]iodical disappe>ance ( ,omicron ,ceti 0 notic$4 ,aft] ?is1 ne>ly two c5turies elaps$ be=e ano!r case ( v>iability 9 a /> 0 record$4 ,dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ,argel&] s sy/ematiz$ ! /udy ( v>iable />s z to make x a new bran* ( a/ronomy4 ,9 rec5t ye>s x has become ( capital int]e/ & importance ?r\gh ! application ( ! spectroscope4 ,/ud5ts :o are int]e/$ 9 ! subject w f9d ! mo/ complete in=mation atta9able 9 ! catalogues ( v>iable />s1 publi%$ f "t to "t by ,*&l] 9 ! #8,a/ronomical ,j\rnal4' ,8 ?ird catalogue1 :i* appe>$ 9 #ahif1 comprises m ?an #cjj />s ^: v>iability has be5 well e/abli%$1 :ile !re is always a long li/ ( #8suspect$ v>iables'--^: cases are /ill to be tri$4 ,! numb] to be includ$ 9 ! e/abli%$ li/ is cont9ually increas+ at su* a rate t x is impossible to /ate x ) any approximation to exactness4 ,! possibility ( su* a /atem5t has be5 yet fur!r curtail$ by ! rec5t discov]y at ! ,h>v>d ,obs]vatory t c]ta9 clu/]s ( />s conta9 an extraord9>y proportion ( v>iables4 ,altoge!r at ! "t ( ! late/ publication1 #eji su* />s 7 f\nd 9 tw5ty-?ree clu/]s4 ,! total numb] ( ^! objects 9 clu/]s1 !re=e1 exce$s ! numb] kn[n 9 ! re/ ( ! sky4 ,!y w be describ$ m fully 9 a subsequ5t *apt]4 ,= ! pres5t we are oblig$ to leave ?is ri* field out ( consid]ation & conf9e our /udy to ! isolat$ v>iable />s :i* are f\nd 9 e region ( ! heav5s4 ,v>iable />s are ( sev]al classes1 :i*1 h[ev]1 run into ea* o!r by gradations s slight t a %>p sep>ation _c always be made betwe5 !m4 ,yet !re are di/+ui%+ features1 ea* ( :i* m>ks s consid]able a numb] ( ^! />s z to %[ "s radical diff]5ce 9 ! causes on :i* ! v>iations dep5d4 ,we h fir/ to di/+ui% ! two great classes ( irregul> & p]iodic />s4 ,! irregul> ones increase & dim9i% 9 s fitful a way t no law ( _! *ange c be laid d[n4 ,to ?is class belong ! s-call$ #8new />s'1 :i*1 at v>i\s p]iods 9 hi/ory1 h blaz$ out 9 ! heav5s1 & !n 9 a few weeks or mon?s h aga9 fad$ away4 ,x is a rem>kable fact t no /> ( ! latt] class has ev] be5 kn[n to blaze out m ?an once4 ,?is fact di/+ui%es new />s f o!r irregul>ly v>iable ones4 ,p]iodic />s are ^? :i* g ?r\gh a regul> cycle ( *anges 9 a def9ite int]val ( "t1 s t1 aft] a c]ta9 numb] ( days1 sometimes ( h\rs1 ! /> returns to ! same brightness4 ,b ev5 9 ! case ( p]iodic />s1 x is f\nd t ! p]iod is m or less v>iable1 &1 9 special cases1 ! am\nt ( ! v>iation is su* t x _c always be said :e!r we %\ld call a /> p]iodic or irregul>4 ,! p]iodic />s %[ wide diff]5ces1 bo? 9 ! l5g? ( ! p]iod & 9 ! "* ( ! *anges !y und]go4 ,9 mo/ cases !y rapidly increase 9 brightness dur+ a few days or weeks1 & !n sl[ly fade away1 to g ?r\gh ! same *anges aga9 at ! end ( ! p]iod4 ,9 o!r cases !y blaze up or fade out1 f "t to "t1 l ! revolv+ light ( a ligh?\se4 ,"s />s are di/+ui%$ m especially by _! maximum1 or p]iod ( greate/ brightness1 :ile o!rs are m %>ply m>k$ by m9ima1 or p]iods ( lea/ brightness4 ,9 "s cases !re are two unequal m9ima 9 ! c\rse ( a p]iod4 ,*&l]'s ?ird catalogue ( v>iable />s gives ! p]iods ( #bhj ( ^! objects1 :i* seem to h be5 fairly well made out4 ,a classification ( ^! p]iods1 z to _! l5g?1 w be int]e/+4 ,!re are1 ( p]iods3 ,less ?an #ej days #fc ,/>s4 ,betwe5 #ej & #ajj days #f 0 0 #ajj 0 #aej 0 #i 0 0 #aej 0 #bjj 0 #ah 0 0 #bjj 0 #bej 0 #bi 0 0 #bej 0 #cjj 0 #dj 0 0 #cjj 0 #cej 0 #dd 0 0 #cej 0 #djj 0 #dd 0 0 #djj 0 #dej 0 #ah 0 0 #dej 0 #ejj 0 #f 0 0 #ejj 0 #eej 0 #a 0 0 #eej 0 #fjj 0 #a 0 0 #fjj 0 #fej 0 #a 0 ,x w be se5 f ?is t1 leav+ out ! cases ( v %ort p]iod1 ! great] numb] ( ! p]iods fall betwe5 #cjj & #djj days4 ,f ?is value ! numb] falls (f 9 bo? directions4 ,only ?ree p]iods exce$ #ejj days1 & ( ^! ! longe/ is #faj days4 ,we inf] f ?is t !re is some?+ 9 ! con/itution ( ^! />s1 or 9 ! causes on :i* _! v>iation dep5ds1 :i* limits ! p]iod4 ,?is limitation e/abli%es a well-m>k$ di/9ction betwe5 ! p]iodic />s & ! irregul> v>iables to be h]eaft] describ$4 ,return+ to ! upp] end ( ! scale1 ! contra/ betwe5 ! great numb] ( />s less ?an fifty days1 & ! small numb] betwe5 fifty & "o hundr$1 seems to %[ t we h "h a %>p l9e ( di/9ction betwe5 />s ( long & ^? ( %ort p]iod4 ,b1 :5 we exam9e ! matt] 9 detail1 ! /ati/ics ( ! p]iods d n enable u to draw any su* l9e4 ,ab\t eight p]iods are less ?an "o day1 & ! numb] ( ?is class kn[n to u is cont9ually increas+4 ,ab\t =ty are betwe5 "o & t5 days1 & f ?is po9t upw>ds !y are scatt]$ ) a fair approa* to equality up to a p]iod ( "o hundr$ days4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a possible di/9ction1 :i* we %all develop pres5tly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,*ange ,,9 ,a ,,v>iable ,,/>4 ,! law ( *ange 9 a v>iable /> is repres5t$ to ! eye by a curve 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,we draw a /raight horizontal l9e ,a ,x to repres5t ! "t4 ,a s]ies ( equidi/ant po9ts1 a1 b1 c1 d1 etc41 on ?is w repres5t mom5ts ( "t4 ,"o ( ! spaces1 a1 b1 c1 etc41 may repres5t an h\r1 a day1 or a mon?1 accord+ to ! rapidity ( *ange4 ,we take a to repres5t ! initial mom5t1 & erect an ord9ate aa'1 ( su* l5g? z to repres5t ! brightness ( ! /> on "s conv5i5t scale at ?is mom5t4 ,at ! second mom5t1 b1 :i* may be an h\r or a day lat]1 we erect ano!r ord9ate bb'1 repres5t+ ! brightness at ?is mom5t4 ,we cont9ue ?is process z long z may be requir$4 ,!n we draw a curve1 repres5t$ by ! dott$ l9e1 ?r\gh ! ends ( all ! ord9ates4 ,9 ! case ( a p]iodic /> x is only necess>y to draw ! curve ?r\gh a s+le p]iod1 s9ce its cont9uation w be a repetition ( its =m = any "o p]iod4 ,we readily see t if a /> does n v>y1 all ! ord9ates w be ( equal l5g?1 & ! curve w be a horizontal /raight l9e4 ,moreov]1 ! curve w take ?is =m ?r\gh any portion ( "t dur+ :i* ! light ( ! /> is con/ant4 ,!re are ?ree ( ! p]iodic />s pla9ly visible to ! nak$ eye at maximum1 ( :i* ! v>iations are s wide t !y may easily be notic$ by any "o :o looks = !m at ! "r times1 & kn[s h[ to f9d ! />s4 ,^! />s are3 ,omicron ,ceti1 call$ also ,mira ,ceti4 ,beta ,p]sei1 or ,algol4 ,beta ,lyr4 ,x happ5s t ea* ( ^! />s exemplifies a c]ta9 type or law ( v>iations4 ,omicron ,ceti4 ,on ,augu/ #ac1 #aeif1 ,david ,fabricius notic$ a /> 9 ! con/ellation ,cetus1 :i* 0 n f\nd 9 any catalogue4 ,bay]1 9 8 #8,uranometria'1 ( :i* ! fir/ edition 0 publi%$ 9 #afja1 m>k$ ! /> ,omicron1 b said no?+ ab\t ! fact t x 0 visible only at c]ta9 times4 ,fabricius obs]v$ ! /> f "t to "t1 until #afji1 b he does n appe> to h fully & accurately recogniz$ its p]iodicity4 ,b s extraord9>y an object c\ld n fail to comm& ! att5tion ( a/ronom]s1 & ! fact 0 soon e/abli%$ t ! /> appe>$ at int]vals ( ab\t elev5 mon?s1 gradually fad+ out ( sight aft] a few weeks ( visibility4 ,obs]vations ( m or less accuracy hav+ be5 made = m ?an two c5turies1 ! foll[+ facts respect+ x h be5 br\ght to light3 ,its v>iations are some:at irregul>4 ,sometimes1 :5 at its brighte/1 x rises ne>ly or q to ! second magnitude4 ,?is 0 ! case 9 ,octob]1 #ahih1 :5 x 0 ab\t z bright z ,alpha ,ceti4 ,at o!r times its maximum brightness sc>cely exce$s ! fif? magnitude4 ,no law has yet be5 discov]$ by :i* x c be pr$ict$ :e!r x %all atta9 "o degree ( brightness or ano!r at maximum4 ,its m9ima are also v>iable4 ,sometimes x s9ks only to ! eigh? magnitude2 at o!r times to ! n9? or l[]4 ,9 ei!r case x is invisible to ! nak$ eye4 ,z ) o!r />s ( ?is k9d1 x bright5s up m rapidly ?an x fades away4 ,x takes a few weeks f ! "t x becomes visible to rea* its greate/ brightness1 :atev] t may be4 ,x g5]ally reta9s ?is brightness = two or ?ree weeks1 !n fades away1 gradually at fir/1 aft]w>d m rapidly4 ,! :ole "t ( visibility w1 !re=e1 be two or ?ree mon?s4 ,( c\rse1 x c be se5 ) a telescope at any "t4 ,! p]iod also is v>iable 9 a some:at irregul> way4 ,if we calculate :5 ! /> ought to be at its greate/ brightness on ! supposition t ! int]vals betwe5 ! maxima ought to be equal1 we %all f9d t sometimes ! maximum w be ?irty or =ty days e>ly1 & at o!r times ?irty or =ty days late4 ,^! e>ly or late maxima foll[ ea* o!r ye> aft] ye>1 ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( regul>ity z reg>ds ! progression1 ?\gh no def9able law c be laid d[n to gov]n !m4 ,?us1 dur+ ! p]iod f #aghb to #ahjj x 0 f ?irte5 to tw5ty-f\r days late4 ,9 #ahab x 0 ?irty-n9e days late4 ,f #ahde to #ahef x 0 on ! av]age ab\t a mon? too e>ly4 ,sev]al rec5t maxima1 notably ^? f #ahie to #ahih1 aga9 occurr$ late4 ,=mul h be5 con/ruct$ to %[ ^! *anges1 b !re is no c]ta9ty t !y express ! actual law ( ! case4 ,inde$1 ! probability seems to be t !re is no inv>iable law t we c discov] to gov]n x4 ,argel&] fix$ ! l5g? ( ! p]iod at #cca4i days4 ,m rec5tly1 ,*&l] fix$ x at #cca4f days4 ,x w\ld seem1 !re=e1 to h be5 some:at %ort] 9 rec5t times4 ,x 0 at its maximum t[>d ! end ( ,octob]1 #ahih4 ,we may1 !re=e1 expect t future maxima w occur 9 ,july1 #aija2 ,june1 #aijb2 ,may1 #aijc2 ,april1 #aijd1 & s on1 ab\t a mon? e>li] ea* ye>4 ,dur+ ! few ye>s foll[+ #aijc ! maxima w probably n be visible1 ow+ to ! /> be+ ne> conjunction ) ! sun at ! times ( _! occurr5ce4 ,! mo/ plausible view seems to be t *anges ( a p]iodic "*1 involv+ ! eruption ( heat$ matt] f ! int]ior1 ( ! body to its surface1 foll[$ by ! cool+ ( ?is matt] by radiation1 are go+ on 9 ! />4 ,! /> ,algol1 or ,beta ,p]sei1 z x is commonly call$ 9 a/ronomical language1 may1 9 nor!rn latitudes1 be se5 on almo/ any night ( ! ye>4 ,9 ! e>ly summ] we %\ld probably see x only aft] midnight1 9 ! nor!a/4 ,9 late w9t] x w\ld be se5 9 ! nor?we/4 ,f ,augu/ until ,janu>y "o c f9d x at "s "t 9 ! ev5+ by becom+ acqua9t$ ) ! con/ellations4 ,x is ne>ly ( ! second magnitude4 ,"o might look at x a score ( times )\t see+ t x v>i$ 9 brilliancy4 ,b at c]ta9 /at$ int]vals1 some:at less ?an ?ree days1 x fades away to ne>ly ! f\r? magnitude = a few h\rs1 & !n sl[ly recov]s its light4 ,?is fact 0 fir/ discov]$ by ,goodrick 9 #aghc1 s9ce :i* "t ! v>iations h be5 c>efully foll[$4 ,! law ( v>iation ?us def9$ is express$ by a curve ( ! foll[+ =m3 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,law ,,( ,,v>iation ,,( ,a ,,/> ,,( ,,! ,,algol ,,type4 ,! idea t :at we see 9 ! /> is a p>tial eclipse caus$ by a d>k body revolv+ r\nd x1 0 naturally sugge/$ ev5 to ! e>lie/ obs]v]s4 ,b x 0 impossible to te/ ?is !ory until rec5t times4 ,c>eful obs]vation %[$ *anges 9 ! p]iod betwe5 ! eclipses1 :i*1 al?\gh n conclusive aga9/ ! !ory1 might h seem$ to make x some:at unlikely4 ,! application ( ! spectroscope to ! det]m9ation ( radial motions1 enabl$ ,vogel1 ( ,potsdam1 9 #ahhi1 to set ! "q at re/4 ,8 me?od ( reason+ & proce$+ 0 ?is3 ,if ! fad+ out :i* we see is really due to an eclipse by a d>k body1 t body mu/ be ne>ly or q z l>ge z ! /> itself1 else x c\ld n cut (f s mu* ( its light4 ,9 ?is case1 x is probably ne>ly z massive z ! /> itself1 & !re=e w\ld affect ! motion ( ! />4 ,bo? bodies w\ld1 9 fact1 revolve ar\nd _! common c5t] ( gravity4 ,!re=e1 :5 aft] ! d>k body has pass$ 9 front ( ! />1 x has made "o-f\r? ( a revolution1 :i* w\ld require ab\t sev5te5 h\rs1 ! /> w\ld be mov+ t[>ds u4 ,aga91 sev5te5 h\rs be=e ! eclipse1 x ought to be mov+ away f u4 ,! measurem5t ( six photographs ( ! spectrum1 ( :i* f\r 7 tak5 be=e ! eclipses & two aft]w>d1 gives ! foll[+ results3 ,be=e eclipses3 ,velocity f ! sun equals #ci km4 p] second4 ,aft] eclipses3 ,velocity t[>d ! sun equals #dg km4 p] second4 ,^! results %[ t ! hypo!sis 9 "q is a true "o1 & af=d$ ! fir/ conclusive evid5ce ( a d>k body revolv+ ar\nd a di/ant />4 ,a /udy ( ! law ( dim9ution & recov]y ( ! light dur+ ! eclipse1 comb9$ ) ! prec$+ motions1 enabl$ ,vogel to make an approximate e/imate ( ! size ( ! orbit & ( ! two bodies4 ,! /> itself is some:at m ?an a million ( miles 9 diamet]2 ! d>k companion a little less4 ,! latt] is ab\t ! size ( our sun4 ,_! di/ance ap>t is some:at m ?an ?ree millions ( miles2 ! respective masses are ab\t "o-half & "o-f\r? t ( ! sun4 ,^! results1 ?\gh num]ically r unc]ta91 are probably ne> en\gh to ! tru? to %[ u :at an int]e/+ sy/em we "h h to deal )4 ,we c say ) entire c]ta9ty t ! size & mass ( ! d>k body exce$ ^? ( any planet ( our sy/em1 ev5 ,jupit]1 sev]al hundr$ fold4 ,! p]iod ( ! /> is also subject to v>iations ( a some:at s+ul> "*4 ,^! h be5 attribut$ by ,*&l] to a motion ( ! :ole sy/em ar\nd a ?ird body1 itself invisible4 ,?is !ory is1 h[ev]1 /ill to be prov$4 ,q likely ! planet :i* causes ! eclipse is n ! only "o :i* revolves ar\nd ?is />4 ,! latt] may be ! c5t] ( a sy/em l our sol> sy/em1 & ! o!r planets may1 by _! action1 cause *anges 9 ! motion ( ! body t produces ! eclipses4 ,! mo/ s+ul> feature ( ! *ange is t x seems to h tak5 place q rapidly1 ab\t #ahdj4 ,! motion 0 ne>ly uni=m up to ne> ?is date2 !n x *ang$1 & aga9 rema9$ ne>ly uni=m until #ahij4 ,s9ce !n no available obs]vations h be5 publi%$4 ,x is f\nd t sev]al o!r />s v>y 9 ! same way z ,algol2 t is to say1 !y are inv>iable 9 brightness dur+ ! great] "p ( ! "t1 b fade away = a few days at regul> int]vals4 ,?is is a k9d ( v>iation :i* x is mo/ difficult to discov]1 because x w be ov]look$ unless ! obs]v] happ5s to notice ! /> dur+ ! "t :5 an eclipse is 9 progress1 & is ?or\ghly aw>e ( its previ\s brightness4 ,"o might obs]ve a /> ( ?is k9d v accurately a score ( times1 )\t hitt+ ^u a mom5t :5 ! p>tial eclipse 0 9 progress4 ,on ! pr9ciple t l effects are due to l causes1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+ t 9 ! cases ( all />s ( ?is type1 ! eclipses are caus$ by ! revolution ( a d>k body1 n[ call$ #8,algol v>iables1' r\nd ! pr9cipal />4 ,a feature ( all ! ,algol v>iables is ! %ortness ( ! p]iods4 ,! longe/ p]iod is less ?an five days1 :ile ?ree are less ?an "o day4 ,?is is a result t we might expect f ! nature ( ! case4 ,! ne>] a d>k planet is to ! />1 ! m likely x w be to hide its light f an obs]v] at a great di/ance4 ,if1 = example1 ! planet ,jupit] 7 ne>ly z l>ge z ! sun1 ! *ances w\ld be hundr$s to "o aga9/ ! plane ( ! orbit be+ s ne>ly 9 ! l9e ( a di/ant obs]v] t ! latt] w\ld ev] see an eclipse ( ! sun by ! planet4 ,b if ! planet 7 close to ! sun1 ! *ances might increase to "o 9 t51 & yet f>!r to almo/ any ext5t1 accord+ to ! ne>ness ( ! two bodies4 ,/ill1 we _c set any def9ite limit to ! p]iod ( />s ( ?is type2 all we c say is t1 z ! p]iod we seek = increases1 ! numb] ( />s v>y+ 9 t p]iod mu/ dim9i%4 ,?is foll[s n only f ! reason j giv51 b f ! fact t ! long] ! int]val t sep>ates ! p>tial eclipses ( a /> ( ! ,algol type1 ! less likely !y are to be detect$4 ,,/>s ,,( ,,! ,,beta ,,lyr ,,type4 ,! /> ,beta ,lyr %[s v>iations q diff]5t 9 _! nature f ^? ( ,algol1 yet hav+ a c]ta9 analogy to !m4 ,anyone :o looks at ! con/ellation ,lyr a few nights 9 succession & comp>es ,beta ) ,gamma1 a /> ( ne>ly ! same brightness 9 its neighborhood1 w see t :ile on "s ev5+s ! />s are ( equal brightness1 on o!rs ,beta w be fa9t] by p]haps an entire magnitude4 ,a c>eful exam9ation ( ^! v>iations %[s u a v rem>kable feature4 ,on a prelim9>y /udy1 ! p]iod w seem to be six & "o-half days4 ,b1 comp>+ ! alt]nate m9ima1 we %all f9d !m unequal4 ,h5ce ! actual p]iod is ?irte5 days4 ,9 ?is p]iod !re are two unequal m9ima1 sep>at$ by equal maxima4 ,t is to say1 ! p>tial eclipses at int]vals ( six & "o-half days are n equal4 ,at ! alt]nate m9ima ! /> is half z bright aga9 z at ! int]m$iate m9ima4 ,x is impossible to expla9 su* a *ange z ?is m]ely by ! int]position ( a d>k body1 & ?is = two reasons4 ,in/ead ( rema9+ inv>iable betwe5 ! m9ima1 ! v>iation is cont9u\s dur+ ! :ole p]iod1 l ! ris+ & fall+ ( a tide4 ,moreev]1 ! inequality ( ! alt]nat+ m9ima is aga9/ ! !ory4 ,pick]+1 h[ev]1 f\nd f ! d\bl+ ( ! spectral l9es t !re 7 two />s revolv+ r\nd ea* o!r4 ,!n ,pr(4 ,g4 ,w4 ,my]s1 ( ,indiana1 work$ out a v elaborate ma!matical !ory to expla9 ! v>iations1 :i* is n less rem>kable = its +5uity ?an = ! curi\s nature ( ! sy/em x br+s to light4 ,8 conclusions are ^!3 ,beta ,lyr consi/s ( two bodies1 gase\s 9 _! nature1 :i* revolve r\nd ea* o!r1 s ne> z to be almo/ t\*+4 ,!y are ( unequal size4 ,bo? are self-lum9\s4 ,by _! mutual attraction !y are drawn out into ellipsoids4 ,! small] body is some:at d>k] ?an ! o!r4 ,:5 we see ! two bodies lat]ally1 !y are at _! brighte/4 ,z !y revolve1 h[ev]1 we see !m m & m end on1 & ?us ! light dim9i%es4 ,at a c]ta9 po9t "o beg9s to cov] ! o!r & hide its light4 ,?us ! comb9$ light cont9ues to dim9i% until ! two bodies move across our l9e ( sight4 ,!n we h a m9imum4 ,at "o m9imum1 h[ev]1 ! small] & d>k] ( ! two bodies is project$ ^u ! bright] "o1 & ?us dim9i%es its light4 ,at ! o!r m9imum1 x is hid+ beh9d ! o!r1 & !re=e we see ! light ( ! l>g] "o alone4 ,?is !ory receives additional confirmation f ! fact1 %[n by ! spectroscope1 t ^! />s are ei!r :olly gase\s1 or at lea/ h self-lum9\s atmosph]es4 ,"s ( ,pr(essor ,my]s's conclusions respect+ ! magnitudes are summ>iz$ z foll[s3 ,! l>g] body is ab\t #j4d z bright z ! small]4 ,! flatt5+ ( ! ellipsoidal masses is ab\t #j4ag4 ,! di/ance ( c5t]s is ab\t #a-g_/h ! semi-major axis ( ! l>g] />1 or ab\t #ej1jjj1jjj kilomet]s 7say #cj1jjj1jjj miles74 ,! mass ( ! l>g] body is ab\t twice t ( ! small]1 & #i times ! mass ( ! sun4 ,! mean d5sity ( ! sy/em is a little less ?an t ( air4,f ,f #8,a/rophysical ,j\rnal'1 ,vol4 ,,vii1 ,janu>y1 #ahih4 ,x %\ld be rem>k$ t ^! numb]s re/ on spectroscopic results1 :i* ne$ fur!r confirmation4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 liable to be *ang$ by subsequ5t inve/igation4 ,:at is mo/ rem>kable is t we h "h to deal ) a case to :i* we h no analogy 9 our sol> sy/em1 & :i* we %\ld nev] h suspect$1 _h x n be5 = obs]vations ( ?is />4 ,! gap betwe5 ! v>iable />s ( ! ,algol type & ^? ( ! ,beta ,lyr type is1 at ! pres5t "t1 be+ fill$ by new discov]ies 9 su* a way z to make a %>p di/9ction ( ! two classes difficult4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ! ,algol type prop] t ! p>tial eclipses are due to ! int]position ( a d>k planet revolv+ r\nd ! bright />4 ,b suppose t we h two ne>ly equal />s1 ,a & ,b1 revolv+ r\nd _! common c5t] ( gravity 9 a plane pass+ ne> our sy/em4 ,!n1 ,a w eclipse ,b1 &1 half a revolution lat]1 ,b w eclipse ,a1 & s on 9 alt]nation4 ,b1 :5 ! />s are equal1 we may h no way ( decid+ :i* is be+ eclips$1 & ?us we %all h a /> ( ! ,algol type1 s f> z ! law ( v>iation is conc]n$1 yet1 z a matt] ( fact1 belong+ r to ! ,beta ,lyr type4 ,if ! velocity 9 ! l9e ( sight c\ld be measur$1 ! "q w\ld be settl$ at once4 ,b only ! brighte/ />s c1 s f>1 be ?us measur$1 s t ! spectroscope _c help u 9 ! majority ( cases4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ case ( ?is k9d yet br\ght to light is t ( ,tau ,cygni4 ,! v>iability ( ?is />1 ord9>ily ( ! f\r? magnitude1 0 discov]$ by ,*&l] 9 ,decemb]1 #ahhf4 ,! m9ima occurr$ at int]vals ( ?ree days4 ,b 9 ! foll[+ summ] he f\nd an app>5t p]iod ( #a d4 #ab h41 ! alt]nate m9ima be+ invisible because !y occurr$ dur+ daylight1 or :5 ! /> 0 bel[ ! horizon4 ,) ?is p]iod ! times ( m9ima dur+ ! summ] ( #ahhh 7 pr$ict$4 ,x 0 !n f\nd t ! times ( ! alt]nate m9ima1 :i*1 z we h j said1 7 ! only ones visible dur+ any "o season1 did n correspond to ! pr$iction4 ,! p]iod seem$ to h greatly *ang$4 ,aft]w>d1 x seem$ to return to its old value4 ,aft] puzzl+ *anges ( ?is sort1 ! tangle 0 at l5g? unravel$ by ,dunr1 ( ,lund1 :o %[$ t ! alt]nate p]iods 7 unequal4 ,! int]vals betwe5 m9ima 7 "o day n9e h\rs1 "o day fifte5 h\rs1 "o day n9e h\rs1 "o day fifte5 h\rs1 & s on1 indef9itely4 ,?is law once e/abli%$1 ! cause ( ! anomaly became evid5t4 ,two bright />s revolve r\nd _! common c5t] ( gravity 9 a p]iod ( ne>ly ?ree days4 ,ea* eclipses ! o!r 9 alt]nation4 ,! orbit is ecc5tric1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 "o-half ( x is describ$ 9 a less "t ?an ! o!r half4 ,if we c\ld di/+ui% ! two />s by telescopic vision1 & note _! relative positions at ! f\r c>d9al po9ts ( _! orbit1 we %\ld see ! pair alt]nately s+le & d\ble1 z %[n 9 ! foll[+ diagrams3 ,a ,b ,position 7#a71 />s at p]ic5t] 99 99 ,int]val1 #af h\rs4 ,position 7#b71 ,a eclipses ,b 99 ,int]val1 #bj h\rs4 ,b ,a ,position 7#c71 />s at apoc5t] 99 99 ,int]val1 #bj h\rs4 ,position 7#d71 ,b eclipses 99 ,int]val1 #af h\rs4 ,position 7#a7 is repeat$ 99 99 ,u ,pegasi is a /> :i* prov$ z p]plex+ z ,tau ,cygni4 ,x 0 fir/ suppos$ to be ( ! ,algol type1 ) a p]iod ( ab\t two days4 ,!n x 0 f\nd t a numb] ( m9ima occurr$ dur+ ?is p]iod1 & t ! actual int]val betwe5 !m 0 only a few h\rs4 ,! great difficulty 9 ! case arises f ! m9ut5ess ( ! v>iation1 :i* is b little m ?an half a magnitude betwe5 ! extremes4 ,! obs]vations ( ,w5dell1 at ! ,h>v>d ,obs]vatory1 ) ! pol>iz+ photomet]1 enabl$ ,pick]+ to rea* a conclusion :i*1 ?\gh x may /ill be op5 to "s d\bt1 seems to be ! mo/ likely yet atta9able4 ,! /> is ( ! ,beta ,lyr type2 its complete p]iod is #h h\rs #ei m9utes #da seconds1 or #ai seconds less ?an n9e h\rs2 dur+ ?is p]iod x passes ?r\gh two equal maxima1 ea* ( magnitude #i4c1 & two unequal m9ima #i4gf & #i4i1 alt]nately4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,,light ,,curve ,,( ,u ,,pegasi1 ,,( ,,! ,,beta ,,lyr ,,type1 ,,f ,,obs]vations ,,by ,,w5dell ,,at ,,! ,,h>v>d ,,obs]vatory4 ,,magnitude ,,at ,,maximum1 #i4cb2 ,,at ,,pr9cipal ,,m9imum1 #i4ij2 ,,at ,,second>y ,,m9imum1 #i4gf4 ,,p]iod1 #i ,,h\rs4 ,! diff]5ce ( ^! m9ima1 #jm4 #ad1 is less ?an ! errors :i* really ord9>ily affect measures ( a />'s magnitude ) ! be/ photomet]s4 ,"s skepticism has1 !re=e1 be5 felt z to ! reality ( ! diff]5ce :i*1 if x does n exi/1 w\ld r$uce ! p]iodic "t bel[ f\r & "o-half h\rs1 ! %orte/ yet kn[n4 ,b ,pick]+ ma9ta9s t1 9 obs]vations ( ?is k9d ^u a s+le />1 ! precision is su* t ! reality ( ! diff]5ce1 small ?\gh x be1 is beyond reasonable d\bt4 ,tak+ ,pick]+'s law ( *ange z a basis1 ,my]s has repres5t$ ! light-curve ( ,u ,pegasi on a !ory simil> to t :i* he con/ruct$ = ,beta ,lyr4 ,8 conclusion is t1 9 ! pres5t case1 ! two bodies :i* =m ! visible /> are 9 actual contact4 ,a rem>kable hi/oric feature ( ! case is t ,po9c> has rec5tly inve/igat$1 by purely ma!matical me?ods1 ! possible =ms ( revolv+ fluid masses 9 a condition ( equilibrium1 br++ out a numb] ( su* =ms previ\sly unkn[n4 ,"o ( ^!1 :i* he calls ! apiodal =m1 consi/s ( two bodies jo9$ into "o1 & x is ?is :i* ,my]s f9ds = ,u ,pegasi4 ,q simil> to ^! two cases is t ( ,zeta ,h]culis4 ,?is />1 ord9>ily ( ! sev5? magnitude1 0 f\nd1 at ,potsdam1 9 #ahid1 to dim9i% by ab\t "o magnitude4 ,repeat$ obs]vations else:]e indicate a p]iod ( v ne>ly f\r days4 ,actually x is n[ f\nd to be only t5 m9utes less ?an f\r days4 ,! result 0 t dur+ any "o season ( obs]vation ! m9ima occur at ne>ly ! same h\r e night or day4 ,to an obs]v] situat$ 9 su* longitude t !y occur dur+ ! day1 !y w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be invisible4 ,cont9u$ obs]vations !n %[$ a second>y m9imum1 occurr+ ab\t half-way betwe5 ! pr9cipal m9ima hi!rto obs]v$4 ,x 0 !n f\nd t ^! second>y m9ima really occur betwe5 "o & two h\rs e>li] ?an ! mid-mom5t1 s t ! "o int]val w\ld be betwe5 =ty-six & =ty-sev5 h\rs & ! o!r betwe5 =ty-n9e & fifty4 ,! "t :i* x takes ! /> to lose its light & rega9 x aga9 is ab\t t5 h\rs4 ,m rec5t obs]vations1 h[ev]1 d n %[ ?is inequality1 s t !re is probably a rapid motion ( ! p]ic5t] ( ! orbit4 ,x w be se5 t ?is /> comb9es ! ,algol & ,beta ,lyr types4 ,x is an ,algol /> 9 t its light rema9s con/ant betwe5 ! eclipses4 ,x is ( ! ,beta ,lyr type 9 ! alt]nate m9ima be+ unequal4 ,f a c>eful /udy1 ,selig] & ,h>twig d]iv$ ! foll[+ p>ticul>s respect+ ?is sy/em3 ,diamet] ( pr9cipal />1 #ae1jjj1jjj kilomet]s4 ,diamet] ( small] />1 #ab1jjj1jjj kilomet]s4 ,mass ( ! l>g] />1 #agb times sun's mass4 ,mass ( ! small] />1 #id times sun's mass4 ,di/ance ( c5t]s1 #de1jjj1jjj kilomet]s4 ,"t ( revolution1 #c;d4 #bc;h4 #dim4 #cb4gs4 ,x mu/ be add$ t ! data = ^! extraord9>y numb]s are r sl5d] & p>tly hypo!tical4 ,beta ,lyr is always ( ! same brightness at ! same h\r ( its p]iod1 & ,algol has always ! same magnitude at m9imum4 ,x is true t ! l5g? ( ! p]iod v>ies sl[ly 9 ! case ( ^! />s4 ,b ?is may arise f ! action ( o!r invisible bodies revolv+ ar\nd ! visible />s4 ,?is g5]al uni=mity is 9 accord ) ! !ory :i* attributes ! app>5t v>iations to ! v>i\s aspects 9 :i* we see "o & ! same sy/em ( revolv+ />s4 ,ano!r v>iable /> %[+ "s unique features is ,eta ,aquil4 ,:at gives x special int]e/ is t spectroscopic obs]vations ( its radial motion %[ x to h a d>k body revolv+ r\nd x 9 a v ecc5tric orbit1 & 9 ! same "t z ! p]iod ( v>iation4 ,x might !re=e be suppos$ t we h "h a /> ( ! ,algol or ,beta ,lyr type4 ,b su* is n ! case4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! law ( v>iation to sugge/ an eclips+ ( ! bright />1 nor does x seem t ! v>iations c readily be repres5t$ by ! v>y+ aspects ( any revolv+ sy/em4 ,! orbit ( ?is /> has be5 exhau/ively inve/igat$ by ,wright f ,campbell's obs]vations ( ! radial motion4 ,! laws ( *ange 9 ! sy/em are %[n by ! curves bel[1 :i* are reproduc$1 9 great "p1 f ,wright's pap] 9 ! #8,a/rophysical ,j\rnal4' ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,,light-,,curve ,,& ,,radial ,,velocity ,,( ,,eta ,,aquil4 ,! l[] curve is ! light-curve ( ! /> dur+ a p]iod ( #g4afg days4 ,/>t+ f a maximum ( #c4e mag41 x s9ks1 9 ! c\rse ( #e days1 to a m9imum ( #d4gm4 ,x 0 f\nd by ,s*wab t ! dim9ution is n progressive1 b t a second>y maximum ( #c4hm4 is rea*$ at ! end ( ! second day4 ,aft] rea*+ ! pr9cipal m9imum x rises rapidly to ! pr9cipal maximum 9 #b days4 ,! upp] curve %[s ! radial velocity ( ! /> dur+ ! p]iod ( v>iation4 ,x w be se5 t ! epo* ( greate/ negative velocity1 :i* ref]r$ to ! c5t] ( mass ( ! sy/em1 is #af4b km4 p] second1 occurs at ! "t ( maximum brightness4 ,! greate/ positive velocity1 #bc4i km41 occurs dur+ ! six? day ( ! p]iod j aft] ! "t ( m9imum brightness4 ,f9ally1 ! mom5ts ( inf]ior & sup]ior conjunction ( ! d>k body ) ! bright "o are nei!r ( !m an epo* ( m9imum brightness1 :i* takes place half-way betwe5 ! two4 ,! mo/ plausible conclusion we c draw is t ! light ( ! /> is affect$ by ! action ( ! d>k body dur+ its revolution4 ,b h[ ! *ange may be produc$ we _c yet say4 ,,classification ,,( ,,v>iable ,,/>s4 ,a classification ( v>iable />s1 bas$ on ! p]iod ( v>iation & ! law ( *ange1 0 propos$ by ,pick]+4 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 seem t a h>d & fa/ l9e c yet be drawn betwe5 diff]5t types & classes ( ^! bodies1 "o type runn+ into ano!r1 z we h f\nd 9 ! case ( ! ,algol & ,beta ,lyr types4 ,yet ! discov]y ( ! cause ( ! v>iation 9 ^! types makes x likely t a division into two great classes1 dep5d5t on ! cause ( v>iation1 is possible4 ,we %\ld !n h3 7#a7 ,/>s1 or sy/ems1 con/itut+ to vision a s+le />1 ( :i* ! app>5t v>iability arises f ! rotation ( ! sy/em z a :ole1 or f ! revolution ( its compon5ts ar\nd ea* o!r4 7#b7 ,/>s ( :i* ! *anges arise f o!r & z yet unkn[n causes4 ,! ma9 feature ( ! />s ( ! fir/ class is t we are "u no necessity ( suppos+ any actual *ange 9 ! am\nt ( light :i* !y emit4 ,_! app>5t v>iations are purely ! effect ( p]spective1 aris+ f ! v>i\s aspects :i* !y pres5t to u dur+ _! revolution r\nd ea* o!r4 ,if we c\ld *ange our po9t ( view s t ! plane ( ! orbit ( ,algol's planet no long] pass$ ne> our sy/em1 ,algol w\ld no long] be a v>iable />4 ,"u ! same circum/ances ! app>5t v>iations 9 a /> ( ! ,beta ,lyr type w\ld cease to be noticeable1 if !y did n disappe> entirely4 ,! />s ( ?is class are also di/+ui%$ by ! uni=mity & regul>ity ) :i* !y g ?r\gh _! cycle ( *ange4 ,! />s ( ! o!r class1 :i* we may call ! ,omicron ,ceti type1 are diff]5t n only 9 respect to ! l5g? ( ! p]iod1 b 9 ! "* ( ! v>iation4 ,!re are c]ta9 g5]al laws ( v>iation & irregul>ities ( brightness :i* />s ( ?is class g ?r\gh4 ,/>t+ f ! "t ( ! m9imum1 ! increase ( light is at fir/ v sl[4 ,x gr[s m & m rapid z ! maximum is approa*$1 9 :i* "t !re may be z great an increase 9 two or ?ree days z !re =m]ly 0 9 a mon?4 ,! dim9ution ( light is g5]ally sl[] ?an ! increase4 ,! magnitude at correspond+ times 9 diff]5t p]iods may be v diff]5t4 ,?us1 z we h already rem>k$1 ,omicron ,ceti is t5 times z bright at "s maxima z x is at o!rs4 ,! p]iods also1 s f> z !y h be5 made out1 v>y m widely ?an ^? ( />s ( ! o!r type4 ,! idea has sometimes be5 ent]ta9$ t ^! v>iations ( light are due to a revolution ( ! /> on its axis4 ,a v little consid]ation w1 h[ev]1 %[ t ?is explanation _c be valid4 ,h[ev] bright a /> might be on "o side1 or h[ev] d>k on ! o!r1 any "o region ( its surface w\ld be visible to u half ! "t & a *ange ( brightness f diff]5t degrees ( brilliancy on diff]5t sides w\ld be gradual & regul>4 ,x is n impossible t ! v>iability may be 9 "s way connect$ ) ! action ( a body revolv+ r\nd ! />4 ,?is seems to be ! case ) ,eta ,aquil4 ,! radial motion ( ?is object %[s ! exi/5ce ( a d>k body revolv+ r\nd x 9 ! same p]iod z t ( ! />'s v>iation4 ,f :at has be5 said1 x w be se5 t1 al?\gh a %>p l9e _c be drawn1 !re seems to be "s di/9ction betwe5 ! />s ( %ort & long p]iods4 ,! numb] ( />s :i* h be5 kn[n to belong to ! fir/ class is q small1 only ab\t fifte51 all told4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are /ill left "s />s hav+ a p]iod less ?an t5 days1 :i* are o!rwise n di/+ui%able f ! ,omicron ,ceti type4 ,x seems q likely t ! v>iations 9 ! p]iods ( ^! />s are1 9 "s way1 connect$ ) ! revolution ( bright or d>k bodies r\nd !m4 ,!y also v>y m widely ?an ^? ( />s ( ! o!r two types4 ,?is might easily happ5 9 ! case ( />s really v>iable ?r\gh a cycle ( *anges go+ on 9 consequ5ce ( ! action ( int]ior causes4 ,! p]iodic />s ( %ort p]iod1 :i* h n be5 recogniz$ z ( ! ,algol or ,beta ,lyr type1 =m an int]e/+ subject ( /udy4 ,al?\gh ! sep>ation betwe5 !m & ! />s ( long p]iod is n %>p1 x seems likely to h "s elem5t ( reality 9 x4 ,b no conclusions on ! subject c be rea*$ until ! light-curves ( a l>ge numb] ( !m are c>efully drawn2 & ?is requires an am\nt ( pati5t & accurate obs]vation :i* _c be c>ri$ out = ye>s to come4 ,,suspect$ ,,v>iations ,,9 ,,! ,,color ,,( ,,/>s4 ,! "q :e!r c]ta9 />s v>y 9 color )\t mat]ially *ang+ _! brightness has sometimes be5 rais$4 ,?is 0 at "o "t suppos$ to be ! case ) "o ( ! />s ( ,ursa ,major4 ,?is suspect$ v>iation has n1 h[ev]1 be5 confirm$1 & x does n seem likely t any su* *anges take place 9 ! color ( />s n o!rwise v>iable4 ,,possible ,,secul> ,,v>iations ,,9 ,,! ,,brilliancy ,,( ,,/>s4 ,all ! v>iations we h hi!rto consid]$ take place ) su* rapidity t !y c be obs]v$ by comp>isons embrac+ b a %ort int]val ( "t--a few days or mon?s at ! outside4 ,a some:at diff]5t "q ( great importance is /ill left op54 ,may n individual />s be subject to a secul> v>iation ( brilliancy1 mean+ by ?is t]m a *ange :i* w\ld n be s5sible 9 ! c\rse ( only "o g5]ation ( m51 b admitt+ ( be+ br\ght out by a comp>ison ( ! brightness ( ! />s at widely di/ant epo*s8 ,is x c]ta9 t1 9 ! case ( />s :i* we d n recognize z v>iable1 no *ange has tak5 place s9ce ! "t ( ,hipp>*us & ,ptolemy8 ,?is "q has be5 inve/igat$ by ,c4 ,s4 ,pi]ce & o!rs4 ,! conclusion rea*$ is t no real evid5ce ( any *ange c be ga!r$4 ,! discrepancies are no great] ?an might arise f errors ( e/imates4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 an analog\s "q :i* is ( great int]e/ & has be5 mu* discuss$ 9 rec5t times4 ,9 sev]al anci5t writ+s ! color ( ,sirius is describ$ z r$4 ,?is fact w\ld1 at fir/ sight1 appe> to af=d v /rong evid5ce t1 )9 hi/oric times1 ! color ( ! brighte/ /> 9 ! heav5s has actually *ang$ f r$ to a blui% :ite4 ,two rec5t writ]s h exam9$ ! evid5ce on ?is subject mo/ exhau/ively & rea*$ opposite conclusions4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 ,dr4 ,t4 ,j4 ,j4 ,see1 :o collat$ a great numb] ( cases 9 :i* ,sirius 0 m5tion$ by anci5t writ]s z r$ or fi]y1 & ?us conclud$ t ! evid5ce 0 9 favor ( a r$ color 9 =m] times4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds1 ,s*iap>elli exam9$ ! evid5ce ) equal c>e & ?or\ghness & rea*$ an opposite conclusion1 %[+ t ! t]ms us$ by ! anci5t au?ors1 :i* might h indicat$ r$ness ( color1 7 susceptible ( o!r int]pretations2 !y might mean fi]y1 blaz+1 etc41 z well z r$ 9 color1 & 7 !re=e probably sugge/$ by ! extraord9>y brightness ( ,sirius & ! /rang5ess ) :i* x tw9kl$ :5 ne> ! horizon4 ,9 ?is position a /> n only tw9kles1 b *anges its color rapidly4 ,?is *ange is n s5sible 9 ! case ( a fa9t />1 b if "o wat*es ,sirius :5 on ! horizon1 x w be se5 t x n only *anges 9 appe>ance1 b seems to blaze =? 9 diff]5t colors4 ,x seems to ! writ] t ?is conclusion ( ,s*iap>elli is ! m likely ( ! two4 ,f :at we "k ( ! con/itution ( ! />s1 a *ange 9 ! color ( "o ( ^! bodies 9 s %ort a p]iod ( "t z t embrac$ by hi/ory is s improbable z to require mu* /rong] pro(s ?an any t c be adduc$ f anci5t writ]s4 ,9 addition to ! possible vagu5ess or errors ( ! orig9al writ]s1 we h to be> 9 m9d ! possible mi/akes or mis9t]pretations ( ! copyi/s :o reproduc$ ! manuscripts4 ,,! ,,p>allaxes ,,( ,,! ,,/>s4 ,x ne$s only ! mo/ elem5t>y conceptions ( space1 direction & motion to see t1 z ! e>? makes its va/ sw+ f "o extremity ( its orbit to ! o!r1 ! />s1 be+ fix$1 mu/ h an app>5t sw+ 9 ! opposite direction4 ,! seem+ abs5ce ( su* a sw+ 0 9 all ages be=e our own "o ( ! great /umbl+ blocks ( a/ronomy4 ,x 0 ! base on :i* ,ptolemy erect$ 8 pro( t ! e>? 0 immovable 9 ! c5t] ( ! cele/ial sph]e4 ,x 0 felt by ,cop]nicus to be a great difficulty 9 ! reception ( 8 sy/em4 ,x l$ ,ty*o ,brahe to sugge/ a grotesque comb9ation ( ! ,ptolemaic & ,cop]nican sy/ems1 9 :i* ! e>? 0 ! c5t] ( motion1 r\nd :i* ! sun revolv$1 c>ry+ ! planets ) x4 ,) e improvem5t 9 _! in/rum5ts1 a/ronom]s s\ght to detect ! annual sw+ ( ! />s4 ,ea* "t t increas$ accuracy 9 obs]vations fail$ to %[ x1 ! difficulty 9 ! way ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em 0 height5$4 ,h[ deep ! feel+ on ! subject is %[n by ! en?usia/ic title1 ,cop]nicus ,triumphans1 giv5 by ,horreb[ to ! pap] 9 :i*1 f obs]vations by ,roem]1 he claim$ to h detect$ ! sw+4 ,b1 alas1 critical exam9ation %[$ t ! suppos$ inequality 0 produc$ by ! v>y+ effect ( ! w>m? ( ! day & ! cold ( ! night ^u ! rate ( ! clock us$ by ! obs]v]1 & n by ! motion ( ! e>?4 ,hooke1 a contempor>y ( ,newton1 publi%$ an attempt to det]m9e ! p>allax ( ! />s1 "u ! title ( 8,an ,attempt to ,prove ! ,motion ( ! ,e>?10 b 8 "w 0 z great a failure z t ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,_h x n be5 t ! pro(s ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em _h accumulat$ until !y became irresi/ible1 ^! repeat$ attempts might h l$ m5 to ?9k t p]haps1 aft] all1 ,ptolemy & ! anci5ts 7 someh[ 9 ! "r4 ,! difficulty 0 magnifi$ by ! philosophic views ( ! p]iod4 ,x 0 suppos$ t ,nature mu/ economize 9 ! use ( space z a f>m] w\ld 9 ! use ( valuable l&4 ,! anci5t a/ronom]s correctly plac$ ! sph]e ( ! />s outside t ( ! planets1 b did n suppose x f> outside4 ,t ,nature w\ld squ&] h] res\rces by leav+ a vacant space hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( times ! ext5t ( ! sol> sy/em 0 suppos$ contr>y to all probability4 ,! actual inf9ity ( space2 ! consid]ation t "o _h only to enl>ge 8 conceptions a little to see spaces a ?\s& times ! size ( ! sol> sy/em look z insignificant z ! region ( a few y>ds r\nd a gra9 ( s&1 does n seem to h occurr$ to anyone4 ,consid]ations drawn f photometry 7 also lo/ sight (1 because t art 0 /ill undevelop$4 ,kepl] saw t ! sun might well be ( ! nature ( a />2 9 fact1 t ! />s 7 probably suns4 ,_h he & 8 contempor>ies kn[n t ! light ( ! sun 0 m ?an t5 ?\s& million times t ( a bright />1 !y w\ld h se5 t x mu/ be plac$ at "o hundr$ ?\s& times its pres5t di/ance to %9e z a bright />4 ,if1 !n1 ! />s are z bright z ! sun1 !y mu/ be "o hundr$ ?\s& times z f> away1 & _! annual p>allax w\ld !n h be5 too small = detection ) ! in/rum5ts ( ! "t4 ,su* consid]ations z ?is w\ld h remov$ ! real difficulty4 ,! ef=ts to discov] /ell> p>allax 71 ( c\rse1 /ill cont9u$4 ,bradley1 ab\t #agdj1 made obs]vations on ,draconis1 :i* pass$ ! m]idian ne> 8 z5i?1 ) an in/rum5t ( an accuracy be=e unequall$4 ,he ?us detect$ an annual sw+ ( #bj on ea* side ( ! mean4 ,b ?is sw+ did n h ! "r phase to be due to ! motion ( ! e>?2 ! /> appe>$ at "o or ! o!r extremity ( its sw+ :5 x %\ld h be5 at ! middle po9t1 & vice v]sa4 ,:at he saw 0 really ! effect ( ab]ration1 dep5d+ on ! ratio ( ! velocity ( ! e>? 9 its orbit to ! velocity ( light4 ,x prov$ ! motion ( ! e>?1 b 9 a diff]5t way f :at 0 expect$4 ,all t ,bradley c\ld prove 0 t ! di/ances ( ! />s mu/ be hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( times t ( ! sun4 ,an introductory rem>k on ! use ( ! ^w p>allax may preface a /atem5t ( ! results ( rese>*es n[ to be consid]$4 ,9 a g5]al way1 ! *ange ( app>5t direction ( an object aris+ f a *ange 9 ! position ( an obs]v] is t]m$ p>allax4 ,m especially1 ! p>allax ( a /> is ! diff]5ce ( its direction z se5 f ! sun & f t po9t ( ! e>?'s orbit f :i* ! app>5t direction w be *ang$ by ! greate/ am\nt4 ,x is equal to ! angle subt5d$ by ! radius ( ! e>?'s orbit1 z se5 f ! />4 ,! simple/ conception ( an arc ( "o second is rea*$ by ?9k+ ( x z ! angle subt5d$ by a %ort l9e at a di/ance ( two hundr$ & six ?\s& times its l5g?4 ,to say t a /> has a p>allax ( #a w\ld !re=e be ! same ?+ z say+ t x 0 at a di/ance ( a little m ?an two hundr$ ?\s& times t ( ! e>? f ! sun4 ,a p>allax ( "o-half a second implies a di/ance twice z great2 "o ( "o-?ird1 ?ree times z great4 ,a p>allax ( #jbj implies a di/ance ( m ?an a million times t ( our unit ( measure4 ,! fir/ conclusive result z to ! extreme m9ut5ess ( ! p>allax ( ! bright] />s 0 rea*$ by ,/ruve1 at ,dorpat1 ab\t #ahcj4 ,9 ! high latitude ( ,dorpat ! "r asc5sion ( a /> c be det]m9$ ) great precision1 n only at ! mom5t ( its transit ov] ! m]idian1 b also at transit ov] ! m]idian bel[ ! pole1 :i* occurs twelve h\rs lat]4 ,he1 !re=e1 select$ a l>ge gr\p ( />s :i* c\ld be obs]v$ twice daily 9 ?is way at c]ta9 times ( ! ye>1 & made cont9u\s obs]vations on !m ?r\gh ! ye>4 ,x 0 n possible1 by ?is me?od1 to c]ta9ly detect ! p>allax ( any "o />4 ,:at 0 aim$ at 0 to det]m9e ! limit ( ! av]age p>allax ( all ! />s ?us obs]v$4 ,! conclusion rea*$ 0 t ?is limit c\ld n exce$ "o-t5? ( a second & t ! av]age di/ance ( ! gr\p c\ld n1 !re=e1 be mu* less ?an two million times ! di/ance ( ! sun2 if1 p]*ance1 "s />s 7 ne>] ?an ?is1 o!rs 7 m di/ant4 ,by a s+ul> co9cid5ce1 success 9 detect+ /ell> p>allax 0 rea*$ by ?ree indep5d5t inve/igators almo/ at ! same "t1 obs]v+ ?ree diff]5t />s4 ,to ,bessel is commonly assign$ ! cr$it ( hav+ fir/ actually det]m9$ ! p>allax ( a /> ) su* c]ta9ty z to place ! result beyond "q4 ,! /> hav+ ! mo/ rapid prop] motion on ! cele/ial sph]e1 s f> z kn[n to ,bessel1 0 #fa ,cygni1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 only ( ! fif? magnitude4 ,?is rapid motion indicat$ t x 0 probably among ! />s ne>e/ to u1 mu* ne>]1 9 fact1 ?an ! fa9t />s by :i* x is surr\nd$4 ,aft] sev]al futile attempts1 he und]took a s]ies ( measurem5ts ) a heliomet]1 ! be/ 9 8 p[] to make1 9 ,augu/1 #ahcg1 & cont9u$ !m until ,octob]1 #ahch4 ,! object 0 to det]m9e1 night aft] night1 ! position ( #fa ,cygni1 relative to c]ta9 small />s 9 its neighborhood4 ,!n he & 8 assi/ant1 ,slut]1 made a second s]ies1 :i* 0 cont9u$ until #ahdj4 ,all ^! obs]vations %[$ conclusively t ! /> _h a p>allax ( ab\t #j4ce4 ,:ile ,bessel 0 mak+ ^! obs]vations1 ,/ruve1 at ,dorpat1 made a simil> attempt ^u ,alpha ,lyr4 ,?is />1 9 ! high nor!rn latitude ( ,dorpat1 c\ld be accurately obs]v$ ?r\gh\t almo/ ! entire ye>4 ,x is "o ( ! brighte/ />s ne> ! ,pole & has a s5sible prop] motion4 ,!re 01 !re=e1 reason to believe x among ! ne>e/ ( ! />s4 ,! obs]vations ( ,/ruve ext5d$ f #ahce to ,augu/1 #ahch1 & 71 !re=e1 almo/ simultane\s ) ! obs]vations made by ,bessel on #fa ,cygni4 ,he conclud$ t ! p>allax ( ,alpha ,lyr 0 ab\t "o-f\r? ( a second4 ,subsequ5t inve/igations h1 h[ev]1 made x probable t ?is result 0 ab\t d\ble ! true value ( ! p>allax4 ,! ?ird successful attempt 0 made by ,h5d]son1 ( ,engl&1 a/ronom] at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,he f\nd f m]idian obs]vations t ! /> ,alpha ,c5tauri _h a p>allax ( ab\t #a4 ,?is is a d\ble /> ( ! fir/ magnitude1 :i*1 be+ only #cj f ! s\? cele/ial pole1 nev] rises 9 our latitudes4 ,its ne>ness to u 0 indicat$ n only by its magnitude1 b also by its consid]able prop] motion4 ,al?\gh subsequ5t inve/igation has %[n ! p>allax ( ?is body to be less ?an t f\nd by ,h5d]son1 x is1 up to ! "t ( writ+1 ! ne>e/ /> ^: di/ance has be5 asc]ta9$4 ,! extreme difficulty ( detect+ movem5ts s slight z ^? we h describ$1 :5 !y take six mon?s to g ?r\gh _! phases1 w be obvi\s to ! read]4 ,he w\ld be /ill m impress$ ) x :51 look+ ?r\gh a p[]ful telescope at any />1 he sees h[ x flick]s 9 consequ5ce ( ! cont9ual motions go+ on 9 ! air ?r\gh :i* x is se5 & h[ difficult x mu/ be to fix any po9t ( ref]5ce f :i* to measure ! *ange ( direction4 ,! latt] is ! capital difficulty 9 measur+ ! p>allax4 ,h[ %all we "k t a /> has *ang$ its direction by a fraction ( a second 9 ! c\rse ( six mon?s8 ,!re mu/ be = ?is purpose "s /&>d direction f :i* we c measure4 ,! mo/ c]ta9 ( ^! /&>d directions is t ( ! e>?'s axis ( rotation4 ,x is true t ?is direction v>ies 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye>1 b ! am\nt ( ! v>iation is kn[n ) great precision1 s t x c be prop]ly all[$ = 9 ! r$uction ( ! obs]vations4 ,! angle betwe5 ! direction ( a /> & t ( ! e>?'s axis1 ! latt] direction be+ repres5t$ by ! cele/ial pole1 c be measur$ ) our m]idian in/rum5ts4 ,x is1 9 fact1 ! nor? pol> di/ance ( ! />1 or ! complem5t ( its decl9ation4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! a/ronom] c\ld measure ! decl9ation ( a /> ) great precision ?r\gh\t ! entire ye>1 he w\ld be able to det]m9e its p>allax by a comp>ison ( ! measures4 ,b x is f\nd impossible 9 practice to make measures ( s long an arc ) ! necess>y precision4 ,! unc]ta9 & *ang+ effect ( ! v>y+ seasons & diff]5t temp]atures ( day & night ^u ! air & ! in/rum5t almo/ masks ! p>allax4 ,aft] sev]al attempts ) ! f9e/ in/rum5ts1 h&l$ ) ! utmo/ skill1 to det]m9e /ell> p>allax f ! decl9ations ( ! />s1 ! me?od has be5 practically ab&on$4 ,! me?od n[ practic$ is t ( relative p>allax4 ,by ?is me?od ! /&>d direction is t ( a small /> app>5tly alongside "o ^: p>allax is to be measur$1 b1 presumably1 s mu* f>!r away t x may be reg>d$ z hav+ no p>allax4 ,9 ?is assumption lies ! weak po9t ( ! me?od4 ,c we be sure t ! small] />s are really )\t appreciable p>allax8 ,until rec5t times x 0 g5]ally suppos$ t ! magnitude ( ! />s af=d$ ! be/ index to _! relative di/ances4 ,if ! />s 7 ( ! same intr9sic brilliancy1 ! am\nt ( light receiv$ f !m w\ld1 z already po9t$ out1 h be5 inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance4 ,al?\gh !re 0 no reason to suppose t any su* equality really exi/$1 x w\ld /ill rema9 true t1 9 ! g5]al av]age1 ! bright] />s mu/ be ne>] to u ?an ! fa9t] ones4 ,b :5 ! prop] motions ( />s came to be inve/igat$1 x 0 f\nd t ! am\nt ( ?is motion af=d$ a bett] index to ! di/ance ?an ! magnitude did4 ,! div]sity ( actual or l9e> motion is n s wide z t ( absolute brilliancy4 ,/>s h1 !re=e1 9 rec5t times1 be5 select$ = p>allax v l>gely on acc\nt ( _! prop] motion1 )\t respect to _! brightness4 ,x is n[ consid]$ q safe to assume t ! small />s )\t prop] motion are s f> away t _! p>allax is ins5sible4 ,ev] s9ce ! "t ( ,bessel ! exp]i5ce ( practical a/ronom]s has t5d$ t[>d ! conclusion t ! be/ in/rum5t = delicate measurem5ts l ^! is ! heliomet]4 ,?is is an equatorial telescope ( :i* ! object glass is divid$ along a diamet] into two semicircles1 :i* c slide along ea* o!r4 ,ea* half ( ! object glass =ms a sep>ate image ( any /> at :i* ! telescope may be po9t$4 ,by slid+ ! two halves along ea* o!r1 ! images c be br\ght toge!r or sep>at$ to any ext5t4 ,if !re are two />s 9 proximity1 ! image ( "o /> made by "o-half ( ! glass c be br\ght into co9cid5ce ) t ( ! o!r /> made by ! o!r half4 ,! slid+ ( ! two halves to br+ ab\t ?is co9cid5ce af=ds a scale ( measurem5t = ! angul> di/ance ( ! two />s4 ,! mo/ notewor?y =w>d /eps 9 improv+ ! heliomet] are due to ! celebrat$ in/rum5t-mak]s ( ,hamburg1 ! ,messrs4 ,repsold1 aid$ by ! sugge/ions ( ,dr4 ,david ,gill1 a/ronom] at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,! latt]1 9 connection ) 8 coadjutor1 ,elk91 made an equally important /ep 9 ! art ( manag+ ! in/rum5t & h5ce 9 det]m9+ ! p>allax ( />s4 ,! be/ results yet atta9$ are ^? ( ^! two obs]v]s & ( ,pet]1 ( ,g]many4 ,yet m rec5tly1 ,kapteyn1 ( ,holl&1 has appli$ :at has seem$ to be ! unpromis+ me?od ( diff]5ces ( "r asc5sion obs]v$ ) a m]idian circle4 ,?is me?od has also be5 appli$ by ,fl9t1 at ,madison1 ,wis4 ,?r\gh ! skill ( ^! obs]v]s1 z well z t ( ,brnn[ & ,ball1 9 apply+ ! equatorial telescope to ! same purposes1 ! p>allax ( ne>ly #ajj />s has be5 measur$ ) "s approa* to precision4 ,a rival me?od to t ( ! heliomet] has be5 discov]$ 9 ! photographic telescope4 ,! plan ( ?is in/rum5t1 & its application to su* purposes z ?is1 are extremely simple4 ,we po9t a telescope at a /> & set ! clock-"w go+1 s t ! telescope %all rema9 po9t$ z exactly z possible 9 ! direction ( ! />4 ,we place a s5sitiz$ plate 9 ! focus & leave x long en\gh to =m an image bo? ( ! p>ticul> /> 9 view & ( all ! />s ar\nd x4 ,! plate be+ develop$1 we h a p]man5t record ( ! relative positions ( ! />s :i* c be measur$ ) a suitable in/rum5t at ! obs]v]'s leisure4 ,! advantage ( ! me?od consi/s 9 ! great numb] ( />s :i* may be exam9$ = p>allax1 & 9 ! rapidity ) :i* ! "w c be done4 ,! e>lie/ photographs :i* h be5 utiliz$ 9 ?is way are ^? made by ,ru!rfurd 9 ,new ,york dur+ ! ye>s #ahfj to #ahge4 ,! plates tak5 by him h be5 measur$ & discuss$ pr9cipally by ,rees & ,jacoby1 ( ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,be=e _! "w 0 done1 h[ev]1 ,prit*>d1 ( ,ox=d1 appli$ ! me?od & publi%$ results 9 ! case ( a numb] ( />s4 ,"o ( ! press+ wants ( a/ronomy at ! pres5t "t is a p>allactic survey ( ! heav5s = ! purpose ( discov]+ all ! />s ^: p>allax exce$s "s def9able limit1 say #ja4 ,su* a survey is possible by photography1 & by t only4 ,a comm5cem5t1 :i* may s]ve z an example ( "o way ( conduct+ ! survey1 has be5 made by ,kapteyn on photographic negatives tak5 by ,donn] at ,hels+=s4 ,^! plates cov] a squ>e 9 ! ,milky ,way ab\t two degrees on ! side1 ext5d+ f #ce #ej 9 decl9ation to #cf #ej1 & f #bj;h4 #am4 9 ,r4 ,a4 to #bj;h4 #ajm4 #bds4 ,?ree plates 7 us$1 on ea* ( :i* ! image ( ea* /> is =m$ twelve times4 ,?ree ( ! twelve impressions 7 made at ! epo* ( maximum p>allactic displacem5t1 six at ! m9imum six mon?s lat]1 & ?ree at ! foll[+ maximum4 ,! p>allaxes f\nd on ! plates c only be relative to ! g5]al mean ( all ! o!r />s1 & mu/ !re=e be negative z (t5 z positive4 ,! foll[+ positive p>allaxes1 am\nt+ to #ja1 came out ) "s consi/5cy f ! measures3 ,/>1 ,b4 ,d41 #cigb ,mag4 #h4f ,r4,a4 #bj;h41 #bm4 #js4 ,dec4 #ce4e ,p>4 #j4aa ,/>1 ,b4 ,d41 #chhc ,mag4 #g4a ,r4,a4 #bj;h41 #bm4 #cs4 ,dec4 #cf4a ,p>4 #j4ah ,/>1 ,b4 ,d41 #djjc ,mag4 #i4b ,r4,a4 #bj;h41 #dm4 #ehs4 ,dec4 #ce4d ,p>4 #j4aj ,/>1 ,b4 ,d41 #ciei ,mag4 #g4j ,r4,a4 #bj;h41 #im4 #ads4 ,dec4 #cf4c ,p>4 #j4aj ,aga9/ ^! are to be set negative p>allaxes ( -#j4ji1 -#j4jh & sev]al a little small]1 :i* are c]ta9ly unreal4 ,! presumption 9 favor ( ! actuality ( "o or m ( ! above positive values1 :i* is creat$ by _! excess ov] ! negative values1 is (fset by ! foll[+ consid]ations3 ,! area ( ! entire sky is m ?an #dj1jjj squ>e degrees1 or #aj1jjj times ! area cov]$ by ! ,hels+=s plates4 ,we _c well suppose t !re are #a1jjj />s 9 ! sky ) a p>allax ( #j4aj1 or m )\t violat+ all ! probabilities ( ! case4 ,! probabilities ( ! case are !re=e aga9/ ev5 "o /> ) su* a p>allax be+ f\nd on ! plates4 ,yet ! cases ( ^! f\r />s are wor?y ( fur!r exam9ation1 if any ( !m are f\nd to h a s5sible prop] motion4 ,on an entirely diff]5t plan is a survey j conclud$ by ,*ase ) ! ,yale heliomet]4 ,x includes su* />s hav+ an annual prop] motion ( #j4je or m z _h n already be5 measur$ = p>allax4 ,! results1 9 /ati/ical =m1 are ^!3 #b />s h p>allaxes betwe5 #i4bj & #j4be4 #f />s h p>allaxes betwe5 #j4ae & #j4bj4 #aa />s h p>allaxes betwe5 #j4aj & #j4ae4 #bd />s h p>allaxes betwe5 #j4je & #j4aj4 #cd />s h p>allaxes betwe5 #j4jj & #j4je4 #h />s h p>allaxes betwe5 -#j4je & #j4jj4 #e />s h p>allaxes betwe5 -#j4aj & -#j4je4 #b />s h p>allaxes betwe5 -#j4ae & -#j4aj4 -- #ib1 total numb] ( />s4 ,x w be und]/ood t ! negative p>allaxes f\nd = fifte5 ( ^! />s are ! result ( errors ( obs]vation4 ,assum+ t an equal numb] ( ! small] positive values are due to ! same cause1 & subtract+ ^! ?irty />s f ! total numb]1 we %all h sixty-two />s left ( :i* ! p>allax is real & g5]ally am\nts to #j4je1 m or less4 ,! two values approximat+ to #j4be seem op5 to little d\bt4 ,we might say ! same ( ! six next 9 ! li/4 ,! fir/ two belong to ! />s #ed ,piscium & ,weisse1 #ag;h41 #cbb4 ,,discussion ,,& ,,correspond5ce4 ,,! ,,meet+s ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,association4 ,! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce has a memb]%ip rang+ f #a1ijj to #b1jjj4 ,( ?is numb] probably at no "o "t 0 !re an aggregate ( #cjj p]sons pres5t at ! rec5t annual meet+ 9 ,new ,york4 ,:5 ! ,association meets 9 an ,ea/]n city ! att5dance is g5]ally twice if n ?ree times z l>ge z :5 x conv5es 9 ! ,we/4 ,s little 0 made ( ! rec5t meet+1 locally or (ficially1 t an intellig5t resid5t ( ! city rem>k$3 8,:y1 ,i int5d$ to h att5d$ "s ( ! meet+s1 b see+ no ref]5ce 9 ! daily pap]s1 x entirely escap$ my m9d40 ,( ! #b1jjj memb]s1 ab\t #hjj are fell[s2 ! #a1bjj & m regi/]$ z memb]s are1 presumably1 p]sons devot+ little or no "t to indep5d5t rese>* along sci5tific l9es1 b p]sons :o :ile n actively s engag$ are m ?an ord9>ily int]e/$ 9 ! discussion ( sci5tific topics4 ,^! h 9 ! pa/ paid dues & att5d$ ! meet+s ( ! ,association ) m or less regul>ity4 ,x is a "q 9 ! m9ds ( "s ( ! #a1bjj if _! att5dance at ! meet+s is desir$4 ,_! memb]%ip1 s f> z x relates to ! five doll>s initiation fee & ?ree doll>s dues1 is )\t "q acceptable1 & to p]sons read+ pap]s 9 ! v>i\s sections _! pres5ce is pref]able to empty seats1 b 9 view ( ! fact t dur+ rec5t ye>s ! managem5t ( ! ,association has elim9at$1 s f> z possible1 ! popul> features ( ! g5]al programme1 ! "q is reasonably ask$3 8,does ! managem5t desire ! att5dance ( ! #a1bjj1 or is _! f9ancial support all t is desir$80 ,x 0 /at$ "s ye>s ago t ! purpose ( ! ,association 0 to furni% n only an occasion = sci5ti/s to pres5t orig9al pap]s1 b also to int]e/ ! public by hold+ ! meet+s annually 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry2 b if att5dance is n secur$ 7by prep>ation & publication ( int]e/+ features ( a programme7 no great int]e/ w be awak5$ by a meet+ held 9 any "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,i %\ld l to sugge/ ! foll[+ ways ( increas+ ! int]e/ ( ! meet+s3 ,! g5]al daily sessions might be made occasions ( r>e int]e/ by ! introduction ( prom95t m5 ( sci5ce :o w\ld make at lea/ brief rem>ks4 ,?is w\ld make x possible = ^? :o h limit$ "t to become famili> ) ! faces ( ^? :om !y w\ld l to "k1 & ! little #8sample' ( sci5tific ?\ght ?r[n out w\ld d\btless awak5 desire = m4 ,x w be object$ t ! meet+s ( ! c\ncil imm$iately prec$+ ! g5]al session prev5t hold+ an (ficial meet+ at t h\r4 ,! public & ! #a1bjj w\ld c>e little :e!r ! session 7 (ficial or un(ficial s x 7 int]e/+ & in/ructive4 ,! (fic]s ( ! sev]al sections c\ld easily secure di/+ui%$ repres5tatives ( _! respective sci5ces to give brief addresses foll[$ by discussion1 & ?us ! morn+ h\r w\ld prove an attraction to citiz5s & o!rs :o might be unable to att5d ! sessions foll[+4 ,aga91 citiz5s1 :]e ! meet+s are held1 w\ld be pleas$ to provide excursions to po9ts ( local int]e/ & ext5d social c\rtesies1 if !y 7 giv5 9 return ! m5tal food 9 dige/ible =m1 ) :i* ! ,association is s amply suppli$4 ,x rema9s ) ! managem5t to decide :e!r att5dance %all be re/rict$ to ! few actively engag$ 9 sci5tific pursuits1 or :e!r x %all include ! #a1bjj & m :o w\ld be glad to avail !mselves ( ! b5efits ( a programme suit$ to av]age s*ol>%ip & intellectual capacity4 ,!re is no bett] m$ium = discussion ( ! above views ?an ?r\gh ! widely read pages ( ,,! ,,popul> ,,sci5ce ,,mon?ly4 ,m4 ,e4 ,d4 ,,tr[bridge4 ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,! que/ions br\ght up by our correspond5t h be5 c>efully consid]$ by all ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce4 ,:5 ! ,association 0 f\nd$ fifty ye>s ago !re 0 no division into sections2 ! pap]s & discussions 7 intelligible & int]e/+ to all memb]s4 ,at t "t !re 7 b few memb]s1 ! sci5tific life ( ! c\ntry 0 small1 & x 0 a privilege = a city to ent]ta9 ! ,association4 ,b fifty ye>s h br\ght *anges 9 _m directions4 ,specialization 9 sci5ce has become ess5tial = its fur!r progress1 & x has be5 necess>y to divide ! ,association into num]\s sections & to f\nd special societies4 ,hospitality c n[ only be provid$ at great exp5se1 & ,ea/]n cities no long] reg>d x z a privilege to ent]ta9 ! num]\s societies t ga!r )9 _! hotels4 ,! newspap]s d n reg>d a meet+ ( ! ,association z an important ev5t & w n devote space to x4 ,! ,association mu/ d ! be/ x c to adapt itself to exi/+ conditions4 ,! rec5t meet+ 9 ,new ,york _h p]haps ! l>ge/ att5dance ( sci5tific m5 ( any 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,association ) ! exception ( ! anniv]s>y meet+ two ye>s ago1 b ,new ,york ,city1 especially 9 ! mon? ( ,june1 is n a desirable place = social functions4 ,x is n reasonable = a memb] int]e/$ 9 sci5ce z an amateur to expect to pur*ase = ?ree doll>s a week's ent]ta9m5t4 ,8 dues secure r$uc$ railway & hotel rates2 he c meet 8 fri5ds & become acqua9t$ ) sci5tific m52 he c always f9d on ! programme pap]s t are ( int]e/2 he receives ! annual volume ( #8,proce$+s' & ! weekly j\rnal1 #8,sci5ce1' ! co/ ( :i* is five doll>s p] ye>4 ,b ap>t f ^! direct returns1 he is surely repaid = memb]%ip by kn[+ t he is "o ( ^? :o are unit$ = ! advancem5t ( sci5ce 9 ,am]ica4--,,editor1 ,,popul> ,,sci5ce ,,mon?ly4 ,,! ,,color ,,r$4 ,,to ,,! ,,editor ,,( ,,! ,,popul> ,,sci5ce ,,mon?ly3 ,mr4 ,havelock ,ellis1 9 y\r ,augu/ numb]1 9 #8,! ,psy*ology ( ,r$1' says1 #8,a great _m diff]5t colors are symbolical ( m\rn+ 444 b s f> z ,i am aw>e1 r$ nev]4' ,! foll[+ may possibly be ( int]e/ 9 ?is connection3 8,our ,engli% ,pl9y1 ,b>?olomew ,glantville1 :o says aft] ,isydorus1 #8,re$ clo!s b5 lay$ ^u de$ m5 9 remembrance ( !yr h>dynes & boldnes1 :yle !y 7 9 !yr bl\dde4' ,on :i* 8 comm5tator1 ,batman1 rem>ks3 #8,x app]e? 9 ! "t ( ! ,saxons t ! mann] ov] _! dead 0 a r$ cloa?1 z we n[ use black4 ,! r$ ( valiauncie1 & t 0 ov] k+s1 lords1 knights & valyaunt s\ldi]s2 :ite ov] cle>gie m51 9 tok5 ( _! pr(ession & hone/ life1 & ov] virg9s & matrons4'0--7,dr4 ,furness's ,v>iorum4 ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice1 p4 #ef47 ,,*as4 ,e4 ,,dana4 ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,,sci5tific ,,lit]ature4 ,,m5tal ,,automatism4 ,a rec5t "w by ,pr(4 ,?4 ,fl\rnoy1 entitl$ #8,des ,indes la ,plante ,m>s1',g conta9s an acc\nt ( a rem>kable case ( m5tal automatism1 or sub-consci\s p]sonality4 ,! subject is a "y woman ( ab\t ?irty ye>s1 app>5tly 9 good heal?1 b always ( a n]v\s & imag9ative type4 ,%e develop$ t5d5cies t[>ds lapses ( consci\sness1 halluc9ations & automatic actions2 & ^! develop$ lat]1 "u ! inspiration ( spirituali/ic sances1 into a s]ies ( cycles1 or automatic dramas1 9 :i* ! m$ium speaks or writes & acts "u ! influ5ce ( sev]al div]se subord9ate p]sonalities4 ,9 "o ( ^! cycles--:i*1 x mu/ be und]/ood1 are cont9u$ f "o sitt+ to ano!r1 al?\gh 9 h] int]m$iate normal life %e kn[s no?+ ( :at %e has said or done 9 ! trance--%e becomes ,m>ie ,anto9ette1 & is said to act ! "p ) unusual dramatic skill4 ,9 ano!r & f> m elaborate cycle ! sc5e is transf]r$ to ! planet ,m>s1 & ! h\ses1 sc5]y1 plants & animals1 peoples1 cu/oms & go+s-on ( ! planet are describ$2 sket*es are made1 & reproduc$ 9 ! volume1 ( ^! extra-mundane appe>ances4 ,/ill m rem>kable is ! appe>ance ( ! ,m>tian language1 :i* 9 successive sances ! subject he>s1 speaks1 sees be=e h] 9 space1 &1 9 ! end1 ev5 writes4 ,f ! my/]y ( ,m>s we are tak5 to ! equally my/]i\s ,h9du cycle2 "h ! m$ium becomes an ,indian pr9cess ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 reveals h] hi/ory & t ( h] associates 9 ! ,ori5tal life1 tells ( h]self z ,sim&9i2 ( ,sivr\ka1 h] pr9ce1 :o reign$ ov] ,kan>a & built 9 #adja ! =tress ( ,ts*&raguiri4 ,wond]ful to relate1 ^! names are n fictiti\s1 b are m5tion$ by "o ,de ,m>ls 9 a volume publi%$ 9 #ahbh2 ! au?or1 h[ev]1 does n enjoy a high reputation z a hi/orian4 ,:5 occasional utt]ances ( ! ,h9du pr9cess are tak5 d[n1 !y are f\nd 9 "p to h close resemblance to ,sanskrit words2 :ile 9 h] normal condition ! m$ium is z ignorant ( ,sanskrit z %e is ( any language except ,fr5*1 & is entirely ignorant ( bo? ,de ,m>ls & ! p ( ,india five hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,surely ?is is a tale1 bri/l+ ) my/]y & improbability1 :i*1 if told c>elessly or ) a purpose1 we %\ld dismiss z a willful inv5tion6 ,m4 ,fl\rnoy has be5 unusually successful 9 reveal+ ! />t+ po9ts ( ! sev]al automatisms & ( connect+ !m ) intelligible developm5ts ( ! m$ium's m5tal life2 & ! manife/ations1 ?\gh !y rema9 z rem>kable examples ( unconsci\s memory & elaboration ( ideas1 n[h]e transc5d ^! limitations4 ,! sket*es ( ,m>tian sc5]y are cle>ly ,japanesque or vaguely ,ori5tal2 ! ,m>tian language is pron\nc$ an #8infantile' production1 & is cle>ly model$ aft] ! ,fr5*1 ! *>act]s be+ ! result ( an attempt to make !m z oddly diff]5t f our own z possible2 ! ,sanskrit goes no f>!r ?an :at "o c\ld get f a slight acqua9tance ) a ,sanskrit gramm>2 & :ile !re is a copy ( ,de ,m>ls 9 ! ,g5eva ,libr>y 7:]e ! m$ium lives71 no connection c be e/abli%$ betwe5 ei!r ,de ,m>ls or ! gramm> & ! subject ( ?is /udy4 ,mo/ ( ?is k ( ^! rem>kable sub-consci\s /ates w\ld h be5 impossible 7 x n = #8_s control' ( "o ,leopold1 :o1 9 accordance ) ! doctr9e ( re9c>nation :i* p]meates ! sev]al cycles1 0 9 8 life ! fam\s ,caglio/ro4 ,by suitable sugge/ion1 ,leopold c be induc$ to make ! entranc$ subject speak1 write1 draw1 or int]pret h] /range messages f o!r worlds2 & :]e ,leopold says #8nay' all progress is /opp$4 ,?is case has _m analogies ) o!r cases t h be5 record$1 b goes beyond mo/ ( !m 9 ! complexity & biz>re "* ( ! unconsci\s elaborations & 9 ! feats ( memory & creative imag9ation :i* x entails4 ,^! accompli%m5ts1 x %\ld be well und]/ood1 nev] appe>$ sudd5ly or fully develop$1 b only aft] a consid]able p]iod ( sublim9al prep>ation1 & !n only hesitat+ly1 & little by little1 j z is ! case ) ! acquisitions ( normal consci\sness2 & all ^! acquisitions be> unmi/akable m>ks ( belong+ to ! same p]son4 ,! special value ( ?is acc\nt ?us lies 9 ! accuracy ( ! description & ! success ) :i* ! acc\nt has be5 made ?or\ghly intelligible & significant4 ,g ,! book has j be5 publi%$ by ! ,h>p]s 9 an ,engli% v]sion1 "u ! title #8,%e ,liv$ 9 ,m>s4' ,,! ,,mosquitoes ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,dr4 ,l4 ,o4 ,h[>d1 ! entomologi/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 has j publi%$ a bullet9 entitl$1 8,notes on ! ,mosquitoes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates3 ,giv+ "s ,acc\nt ( _! ,/ructure & ,biology1 ) ,rem>ks on ,rem$ies40 ,! au?or has1 = "s ye>s1 be5 int]e/$ 9 ! g5]al subject ( ! biology ( mosquitoes & ( rem$ies to be us$ aga9/ !m1 & has br\ght toge!r 9 ?is bullet9 all ! publi%$ & unpubli%$ notes :i* he has be5 collect+ dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,! bullet9 conta9s synoptic tables ( all ,nor? ,am]ican mosquitoes1 prep>$ by ,mr4 ,d4 ,w4 ,coquillett1 & gives detail$ facts reg>d+ ! geographical di/ribution ( ! diff]5t species m5tion$4 ,all ! five ,nor? ,am]ican g5]a are illu/rat$ & full1 illu/rat$ acc\nts are giv5 ( ! life hi/ory ( ! two pr9cipal g5]a1 ,culex & ,anopheles1 z /udi$ 9 ,culex pung5s & ,anopheles quadrimaculatus4 ,! au?or calls special att5tion to ! two g5]a ( l>ge mosquitoes1 ,psorophora & ,meg>h9us1 & urges ! importance ( ! /udy ( ^! two g5]a1 especially by physicians 9 ! ,s\?1 9 reg>d to _! possible relation to ! spread ( mal>ia4 ,consid]able space is giv5 to ! subject ( rem$ies1 ! pr9cipal ones consid]$ be+ k]os5e on bre$+ pools1 ! introduction ( fi% 9 fi%less ponds1 ! artificial agitation ( wat] & g5]al community "w4 ,x is cle>ly %[n n only t ! mosquito may be1 9 _m localities1 readily done away ) at comp>atively slight exp5se1 b t by c>eful "w _m mal>i\s localities may be made heal?y4 ,! subject ( mosquitoes & mal>ia is n discuss$ 9 ! bullet91 :i* conta9s simply ref]5ces to available pap]s on ?is subject1 l ! article by ,dr4 ,patrick ,manson1 publi%$ 9 ,,! ,,popul> ,,sci5ce ,,mon?ly = ,july1 ! aim ( ! au?or be+ to br+ toge!r all available facts ab\t ! mosquitoes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ord] to assi/ physicians :o are /udy+ ! mal>ial relation f ! po9t ( view ( local conditions4 ,,! ,,progress ,,( ,,sci5ce4 ,! ,briti%1 ,fr5* & ,g]man ,associations = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce h held _! annual meet+s 9 ! c\rse ( ! pa/ mon?4 ,9 ea* ( ^! c\ntries & 9 mo/ o!r ,european c\ntries1 z well z 9 ,am]ica1 !re are migratory sci5tific congresses ( ! same g5]al "*4 ,z ^! h gr[n up some:at indep5d5tly1 !y evid5tly meet a common ne$4 ,sci5ce _c be advanc$ by a man work+ indep5d5tly & 9 isolation4 ,! pr9t+ press 0 ess5tial to ! beg9n+s ( mod]n sci5ce1 :ile at ! same "t x 0 usual = ! sci5tific /ud5t to travel f place to place t he might le>n & tea*4 ,!n 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 z ! cultivation ( sci5ce became m g5]al1 royal academies 7 f\nd$4 ,! ,royal ,society 0 e/abli%$ at ,london 9 #affj "u ! patronage ( ,*>les ,,ii41 ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces at ,p>is 9 #afff "u ,l\is ,,xiv41 ! ,royal ,academy at ,b]l9 9 #agjj "u ,fr$]ick ,i41 ! ,imp]ial ,academy at ,/4 ,pet]sburg 9 #agbd "u ,pet] ! ,great1 & 9 o!r cities simil> academies 7 f\nd$ "u simil> auspices4 ,!n 9 ! fir/ half ( ! pres5t c5tury1 z sci5ce cont9u$ to gr[1 ! m democratic organizations = ! advancem5t ( sci5ce 7 e/abli%$4 ,! ,society ( ,g]man ,sci5tific ,m5 & ,physicians 0 =m$1 *iefly ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( ,humboldt1 9 #ahbb2 ! ,swiss ,association 9 #ahbi1 & ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahca4 ,our own ,association 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahdg1 b 0 !n ! int]gr[? ( a society dat+ f #ahdj4 ,^! associations are significant ( ! spread ( sci5ce among all ! p4 ,sci5ce is no long] ! conc]n ( a few m5 "u royal patronage1 b ! two great movem5ts ( ! pres5t c5tury--! gr[? ( democracy & ! gr[? ( sci5ce--h unit$ = _! common good4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,briti% ,association held its annual meet+ at ,brad=d1 beg9n+ on ,septemb] #e1 "u ! presid5cy ( ,sir ,william ,turn]1 pr(essor ( anatomy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh4 ,we are able to publi%1 f a copy receiv$ 9 advance ( its deliv]y1 8 presid5tial address1 :i* traces ! gr[? dur+ ! pres5t c5tury ( k reg>d+ fundam5tal biological problems4 ,! addresses ( ! presid5ts be=e ! sections are usually writt5 9 a way t c be readily und]/ood by ^? :o are n speciali/s1 & are consequ5tly ( great] int]e/ to a g5]al audi5ce ?an "s ( ! correspond+ addresses be=e ! ,am]ican ,association4 ,! addresses at ,brad=d 73 ,be=e ! section ( ma!matical & physical sci5ce ,dr4 ,joseph ,l>mor discuss$ rec5t developm5ts ( physics ) special ref]5ce to ! ext5t to :i* explanation c be r$uc$ purely to description2 be=e ! section ( *emi/ry ,pr(4 ,h4 ,w4 ,p]k9 argu$ t radical *anges %\ld be made 9 ! me?ods ( tea*+ inorganic *emi/ry2 be=e ! section ( geology ,pr(4 ,w4 ,j4 ,sollas spoke ( ! developm5t ( ! e>?1 includ+ ! diff]5t critical p]iods 9 its hi/ory2 be=e ! section ( zology ,dr4 ,r4 ,h4 ,traquair *ose z 8 subject ! be>+ ( fossil fi%es on ! doctr9e ( desc5t2 be=e ! section ( geography ,sir ,george ,rob]tson consid]$ c]ta9 geographical aspects ( ! ,briti% ,empire & ! *anges br\ght ab\t by improv$ means ( int]communication2 be=e ! section ( economic sci5ce & /ati/ics ,major ,p4 ,g4 ,craigie spoke ( ! use ( /ati/ics 9 agriculture2 be=e ! section ( me*anical sci5ce ,sir ,alex&] ,b9nie trac$ ! hi/orical developm5t ( sci5ce2 be=e ! section ( an?ropology ,pr(4 ,john ,rhys dealt ) ! e?nology ( ! ,briti% ,isles1 ) special ref]5ce to language & folk-lore2 be=e ! section ( botany ,pr(4 ,sidney ,h4 ,v9es review$ ! developm5t ( botany dur+ ! pres5t c5tury4 ,9 addition to ^! addresses1 ev5+ disc\rses 7 giv5 by ,pr(4 ,francis ,got* on #8,animal ,electricity1' & by ,pr(4 ,w4 ,/r\d on #8,range ,f9d]s4' ,! usual lecture to work+m5 0 giv5 by ,pr(4 ,sylve/] ,p4 ,?ompson1 8 subject be+ #8,electricity 9 ! ,indu/ries4' 99 99 99 99 99 ,brad=d is situat$ 9 ! coal regions1 & is an indu/rial c5t] devot$ especially to ! manufacture ( textiles4 ,m att5tion 0 paid to local int]e/s ?an is usual at ! meet+s ( ! ,am]ican ,association4 ,an exhibit 0 arrang$ to %[ ! developm5t ( ! elaborate fabrics f ! unwa%$ fleeces1 & ano!r consi/+ ( a collection ( c>bonif]\s fossils f\nd 9 ! neighborhood4 ,a jo9t discussion 0 arrang$ betwe5 ! sections ( zology & botany on ! conditions :i* exi/$ dur+ ! gr[? ( ! =e/s :i* suppli$ mat]ial = ! coal1 & !re 7 a numb] ( pap]s devot$ to ! coal measures & ! fossils :i* !y conta94 ,ano!r subject connect$ ) ! place ( meet+ 0 ! report ( ! committee on ! und]gr\nd wat] sy/em 9 ! c>bonif]\s lime/one4 ,by ! use ( *emicals ! c\rse ( ! und]gr\nd wat]s has be5 trac$1 includ+ _! p]colation ?r\gh rock fissures1 & excursions 7 made to ! site ( ! exp]im5ts4 ,! local indu/ries receiv$ treatm5t f sev]al sides4 ,among o!r discussions ( m ?an usual int]e/ 0 t on #8,ions' be=e ! physical section & on #8,:at is a ,metal8' be=e ! *emical section4 ,features ( popul> int]e/ 7 acc\nts ( adv5tures 9 ,asia1 ,africa & ! ,ant>ctic regions1 by ,capta9 ,deasy1 ,capta9 ,george & ,mr4 ,bor*grev9ck1 respectively1 & ,major ,ross's pap] on #8,mal>ia & ,mosquitoes4' 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,fr5* ,association met at ,p>is 9 ! mon? ( ,augu/1 ) ! num]\s o!r congresses4 ,g5]al ,seb]t1 9 8 presid5tial address1 review$ ! progress ( ! me*anical indu/ries dur+ ! c5tury & devot$ ! la/ ?ird ( 8 "t to a discussion ( int]national bibliography1 b )\t m5tion+ ! ,int]national ,catalogue :i* n[ seems to be an accompli%$ fact4 ,! secret>y ( ! ,association1 9 8 review ( ! ye>1 devot$ special att5tion to ! jo9t meet+s ( ! ,briti% & ,fr5* associations la/ summ] at ,dov] & ,calais4 ,! treasur] 0 able to make a report t ! treasur]s ( o!r national associations w envy4 ,! capital is ov] #bej1jjj1 & ! income f all s\rces ab\t #ag1jjj1 ( :i* ab\t #c1jjj 0 aw>d$ = ! prosecution ( rese>* & to defray ! co/ ( publication ( sci5tific monographs4 ,! national association = ! advancem5t ( sci5ce ( ,g]many--! #8,gesells*aft deuts*] ,natur=s*] und ,a]zte'--held its annual meet+ at ,aa*5 t[>d ! middle ( ,septemb]4 ,an acc\nt ( ! proce$+s has n yet rea*$ u1 b ! congresses are always l>gely att5d$ & ! comb9ation ( addresses ( g5]al int]e/1 ( special pap]s be=e ! num]\s sections & ( social functions1 is p]haps m effective ?an 9 any o!r society4 ,x also appe>s to be a consid]able advantage = m$ical m5 & sci5tific m5 to meet toge!r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:ile f ! sci5tific po9t ( view ! pres5t c5tury has be5 notable = ! developm5t ( national associations = ! advancem5t ( sci5ce1 its latt] decades h witness$ a gr[? ( int]national sci5tific meet+s :i* may be expect$ to become dom9ant 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,!re are at lea/ "o hundr$ congresses1 hav+ m or less ref]5ce to sci5ce1 meet+ at ,p>is dur+ ! pres5t summ]4 ,p]haps ! mo/ notewor?y ( ^!1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! organization ( sci5ce1 is ! ,int]national ,association ( ,academies1 :i* 0 e/abli%$ la/ ye> at a conf]5ce held at ,wiesbad54 ,9 ?is ,association eighte5 ( ! great academies ( ! _w1 includ+ our own ,national ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 h be5 unit$ to promote ! int]e/s ( sci5ce4 ,lit]ature is also includ$--( ! eighte5 academies1 twelve include 9 _! scope bo? sci5ce & lit]ature1 f\r are devot$ to sci5ce only & two to lit]ature only4 ,x is plann$ to h a g5]al meet+ e ?ree ye>s1 to :i* ea* academy w s5d z _m delegates z x reg>ds z desirable1 ?\gh ea* academy w h b "o vote4 ,9 ! int]val betwe5 ! g5]al meet+s1 ! bus9ess ( ! ,association is to be direct$ by a committee1 on :i* ea* academy is repres5t$4 ,! object ( ! ,association is to plan & promote sci5tific "w ( int]national int]e/ :i* may be propos$ by "o ( ! con/itu5t academies1 & g5]ally to promote sci5tific relations betwe5 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,! ,royal ,society has propos$ ! measurem5t1 by int]national cop]ation1 ( an ext5d$ arc ( ! m]idian 9 ! int]ior ( ,africa4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,int]national ,congress ( ,physics m>k$ an advance ow+ to ! fact t x met = ! fir/ "t ?is ye>1 & x appe>s t ! proce$+s 7 ( unusual int]e/4 ,?is 0 9 a l>ge measure due to ! arrangem5ts ( ! ,fr5* ,physical ,society1 :i* did n simply make up a programme f a mass ( het]og5e\s rese>*es1 b secur$ "s eighty reports on ! pres5t condition ( physical sci5ce4 ,^! 7 prep>$ by _m ( ! lead+ physici/s ( ! _w & :5 publi%$--z !y are ab\t to be 9 ?ree volumes--w set =? ! condition ( ! sci5ce ) complet5ess & au?ority4 ,!re 7 9 all sev5 sections4 ,9 ! fir/1 :i* 0 conc]n$ ) measurem5t1 9 addition to num]\s reports sev]al propositions 7 br\ght =w>d 9 reg>d to units1 :i*1 be+ int]national 9 "*1 are specially fitt$ = discussion at su* a congress4 ,z ! memb]s1 h[ev]1 7 n 9 mo/ cases delegates f gov]nm5ts & sci5tific bodies1 no def9ite action 0 tak51 ?\gh "s recomm5dations 7 made4 ,! decimalization ( "t 0 n recomm5d$1 nor 0 ! proposal to give a "n to units ( velocity & accel]ation4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 decid$ t ! #8,b>rie' be adopt$ z ! unit ( pressure4 ,! o!r sections 7 = me*anical physics1 = optics1 = electricity1 = magneto-optics & radio-activity1 = cosmical physics & = biological physics4 ,among ! reports & pap]s ( comm&+ int]e/ only two c be m5tion$--! introductory address by ,m4 ,po9c>1 discuss+ ! relations betwe5 exp]im5tal & ma!matical physics1 & "o by ,"l ,kelv9 on ! waves produc$ 9 an ela/ic solid trav]s$ by a body act+ on x by attraction or repulsion1 9 :i*1 f a /rictly ma!matical po9t ( view1 he advanc$ ! hypo!sis ( a movable atom surr\nd$ by an immovable e!r4 ,9 addition to v>i\s receptions1 a session 0 held at ! ,sorbonne1 :]e ,messrs4 ,becqu]el & ,curie gave demon/rations ) radio-active sub/ances1 & "o at ! ,ecole ,polyte*nique1 :]e ,presid5t ,cornu %[$ app>atus :i* _h be5 us$ 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! velocity ( light4 ,at ! close ( ! congress ! =eign secret>ies plac$ a cr[n on ! tomb ( ,fresnel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:ile a physical congress 0 meet+ at ,p>is ?is ye> = ! fir/ "t1 ! ,geological ,congress1 :i* 0 "o ( ! fir/ int]national congresses to be organiz$1 held its eigh? session1 beg9n+ on ,augu/ #af4 ,am]ica1 9 spite ( ! numb] & importance ( ! inv5tions x has giv5 to ! _w1 has n z yet done its %>e = ! advancem5t ( physical sci5ce1 b 9 geology x occupies a =emo/ place4 ,x 0 natural1 !re=e1 t :ile ,am]ican physici/s 7 sc>cely repres5t$ on ! programme ( ! ,physical ,congress1 !y occupi$ a prom95t place on ! programme ( geological pap]s4 ,among ! ?ree hundr$ memb]s pres5t1 ! repres5tation f ,am]ica includ$ ,messrs4 ,/ev5son1 ,hague1 ,osborn1 ,w>d1 ,willis1 ,:ite1 ,cross1 ,scott1 ,todd1 ,kunz1 ,*oquette1 ,adams1 ,ma!w & ,rice1 & !y pres5t$ a numb] ( ! m important pap]s4 ,m4 ,k>p9sky1 ! retir+ presid5t1 gave ! op5+ address1 :i* 0 foll[$ by an address ( welcome by ,m4 ,gaudry1 ! presid5t ( ! congress4 ,a geological congress c (f] special attractions 9 ! way ( excursions1 & ^! 7 admirably arrang$ on ! pres5t occasion--bo? ! %ort] excursions to ! classic horizons 9 ! neighborhood ( ,p>is & ! m ext5d$ ones t foll[$ ! close ( ! meet+4 ,! guide = ! tw5ty long excursions & num]\s %ort] trips1 prep>$ by ! lead+ ,fr5* geologi/s1 0 an elaborately illu/rat$ volume repres5t+ ! pres5t condition ( our k ( ,fr5* geology4 ,! n9? geological congress w be held at ,vi5na ?ree ye>s h5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,int]national ,congress ( ,ma!matics met = ! second "t at ,p>is1 ?\gh !re _h be5 a prelim9>y meet+ on ! occasion ( ! ,*icago ,exposition4 ,!re 7 ab\t two hundr$ & tw5ty-five ma!maticians 9 att5dance1 includ+ sev5te5 f ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,m4 ,po9c> presid$1 & ! vice-presid5ts1 "s ( :om 7 n pres5t1 7 ,messrs4 ,czub]1 ,gordon1 ,gre5hill1 ,l9delf1 ,l9demann1 ,mittag-,leffl]1 ,moore1 ,tikhom&ritzky1 ,volt]ra1 ,zeu!n & ,geis]4 ,! sections & _! presid+ (fic]s 7 z foll[s3 7#a7 ,ari?metic & ,algebra3 ,hilb]t2 7#b7 ,analysis3 ,pa9lev2 7#c7 ,geometry3 ,d>b\x2 7#d7 ,me*anics & ,ma!matical ,physics3 ,l>mor2 7#e7 ,bibliography & ,hi/ory3 ,pr9ce ,rol& ,bonap>te2 7#f7 ,tea*+ & ,me?ods3 ,cantor4 ,valuable pap]s 7 pres5t$ by ,m4 ,cantor on works & me?ods conc]n$ ) ! hi/ory ( ma!matics1 by ,pr(essor ,hilb]t on ! future problems ( ma!matics & by ,pr(essor ,mittag-,leffl] on an episode 9 ! life ( ,wei]/rass1 b ! programme appe>s to h be5 n v full nor p>ticul>ly int]e/+4 ,"t 0 f\nd = a half-day's discussion ( a univ]sal language1 b n to c>ry into effect ! plans begun at ,zuri* ?ree ye>s ago = a ma!matical bibliography4 ,! next congress w meet f\r ye>s h5ce 9 ,g]many1 probably at ,bad5-,bad54 99 99 99 99 99 ,! untimely dea? ( ,james ,edw>d ,keel]1 director ( ! ,lick ,obs]vatory1 is a s]i\s bl[ to a/ronomy & to sci5ce4 ,born at ,la ,salle1 ,ill41 =ty-?ree ye>s ago1 he 0 educat$ at ! ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity & 9 ,g]many4 ,:5 only tw5ty-"o ye>s old he obs]v$ ! sol> eclipse ( #ahgh1 & drew up an excell5t report4 ,?ree ye>s lat] he 0 a memb] ( ! exp$ition to ,mt4 ,:itney "u ,pr(essor ,langley1 ^: assi/ant he _h become at ! ,allegh5y ,obs]vatory1 & ^: bolometric inve/igations owe mu* to him4 ,he became a/ronom] at ! ,lick ,obs]vatory :ile x 0 9 c\rse ( erection1 & 9 #ahia he succe$$ ,pr(essor ,langley z director ( ! ,allegh5y ,obs]vatory4 ,he 0 call$ to ! director%ip ( ! great ,lick ,obs]vatory 9 #ahih4 ,keel]'s "w 9 a/rophysics1 includ+ 8 photographs ( ! spectra ( ! r$ />s & 8 spectroscopic pro( ( ! meteoric con/itution ( ,saturn's r+s1 demon/rat$ :at he c\ld accompli% at a small obs]vatory unfavorably situat$4 ,at ,mt4 ,hamilton he 0 able 9 ! c\rse ( only two ye>s to organize ?or\ghly ! "w ( ! ,obs]vatory1 & to adapt ! ,crossley reflector = 8 purpose1 tak+ photographs ( ! nebul t h nev] be5 equall$4 ,8 discov]y t mo/ nebul h a spiral /ructure is ( fundam5tal importance4 ,x is n easy to ov]e/imate :at might h be5 accompli%$ by ,keel] 9 ! next tw5ty or ?irty ye>s1 bo? by 8 own rese>*es & by 8 r>e executive ability1 = x mu/ be rememb]$ t 8 g5ius z an inve/igator 0 rival$ by p]sonal qualities :i* made 8 associates & acqua9tances 8 fri5ds4 99 99 99 99 99 ,h5ry ,sidgwick1 late ,knightbridge pr(essor ( moral philosophy at ,cambridge1 di$ on ,augu/ #bh1 at ! age ( sixty-two ye>s4 ,!re are usually n _m ev5ts to record 9 ! life ( a univ]sity pr(essor1 b ,sidgwick _h an opportunity to prove 8 "* :5 he resign$ a fell[%ip 9 ,tr9ity ,college because hold+ x impli$ ! acceptance ( c]ta9 !ological dogmas4 ,lib]aliz+ influ5ces1 h[ev]1 7 at "w1 ( :i* he himself 0 an important "p1 & he 0 lat] elect$ honor>y fell[ ( ! same college1 & 9 #ahhc became pr(essor ( moral philosophy 9 ! ,univ]sity4 ,sidgwick publi%$ ?ree l>ge works--#8,me?ods ( ,e?ics' 7#ahgd71 #8,pr9ciples ( ,political ,economy' 7#ahhc7 & #8,elem5ts ( ,politics' 7#ahia7--;9 addition to a great numb] ( sep>ate articles4 ,all ^! works1 especially ! #8,e?ics1' %[ an intellect to a r>e degree bo? subtle & sci5tific4 ,!re 0 a di/9ction & a p]sonal quality 9 :at he wrote t made ea* book or essay a "w ( art1 z well z a contribution to k4 ,^? :o knew ,pr(essor ,sidgwick--& ! writ] ( ! pres5t note reg>ds x z "o ( ! =tunate circum/ances ( 8 life t he 0 = sev]al ye>s a /ud5t "u him--realize t ! qualities ( ! man 7 ev5 m r>e ?an ^? ( ! au?or4 ,8 hesitat+ utt]ance1 always end+ 9 exactly ! "r ^w1 b repres5t$ ! caution & correctness ( 8 ?\ght4 ,subtlety1 s9c]ity1 k9dl9ess & humor 7 z happily comb9$ 9 8 daily conv]sation z 9 8 writ+s4 ,x is said t he 0 nev] #8entrapp$ into answ]+ a "q by yes or no1' b 8 de$s & 8 influ5ce 7 positive )\t qualification or limitation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,fri$ri* ,wilhelm ,nietzs*e1 :o di$ on almo/ ! same day z ,sidgwick1 0 also a writ] on e?ics & once a univ]sity pr(essor1 b ! life & writ+s ( ! two m5 pres5t a /range contra/4 ,:]e ,sidgwick's t\* 0 light z an angel's1 ,nietzs*e trampl$ l a bull2 ! "o 0 ! embodim5t ( reason1 caution1 consid]ation & k9dl9ess1 ! o!r repres5t$ p>adox1 recklessness1 viol5ce & brute =ce4 ,/ill ,nietzs*e des]ves m5tion "h1 z 8 e?ical views1 bas$ on ! ,d>w9ian !ory ( ! survival ( ! fit1 are n unlikely to be urg$ h]eaft] by san] m51 & to become an integral "p ( e?ics :5 e?ics becomes a sci5ce4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 aft] resign+ 8 pr(essor%ip at ,zuri*1 & ev5 :ile writ+ 8 rem>kable books1 ,nietzs*e suff]$ f bra9 disease1 & dur+ ! pa/ elev5 ye>s 8 reason 0 completely lo/4 ,,index4 ,,names ,,( ,,contributors ,,are ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,small ,,capitals4 ,academies1 ,int]national ,association (1 #fff4 ,academy1 ,national1 ,retir+ ,presid5t (1 #bai2 ,"w ( !1 #bai4 ,adirondacks1 ,birds ( !1 ,,george ,,*ahoon1 #dj4 ,agassiz's ,inve/igations on ,coral ,isl&s1 #ajc4 ,agriculture1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t (1 ,appropriations =1 #cce4 ,air1 ,liquid1 #ajb4 ,air-,%ip1 ,c\nt ,zeppel9's1 #eei4 ,alum9um1 ,h[ x is ,made1 #ajd4 ,am]ican ,association1 #bbj2 ,presid5t ( !1 #ccb2 ,new ,york ,meet+ (1 #ccb2 ,address ( ! ,retir+ ,presid5t1 #ddb2 ,presid5t ( ,new ,york ,meet+1 #ddb2 ,proce$+s1 #ddc2 ,(fic]s1 #ddf2 ,meet+s ( !1 ,m4 ,e4 ,d4 ,,tr[bridge1 #ffj4 ,animals ,help+ ,"o ,ano!r1 #ajg4 ,an?ropology1 #bag1 #dde4 ,an?ropometry1 #dde4 ,appropriations = ! ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 #cce4 ,argyll1 ,duke (1 ,dea? 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