,transcrib]'s note3 ,table ( ,cont5ts add$ by ,transcrib]4 ,,cont5ts ,rhy?ms & ,geologic ,"t #cci ,! ,photography ( ,s\nd ,waves #ced ,! ,psy*ology ( ,r$ #cfe ,*apt]s on ! ,/>s #cgf ,colonies & ! ,"m ,c\ntry 7,,iii7 #cij ,causes ( ,deg5]ation 9 ,bl9d ,fi%es #cig ,! ,evolution & ,pres5t ,/atus ( ! ,automobile #djf ,sci5tific ,results ( ! ,norwegian ,pol> ,exp$ition1 #ahic-ahif #dbj ,discussion & ,correspond5ce #dcf ,sci5tific ,lit]ature #dci ,! ,progress ( ,sci5ce #ddb ,,! ,,popul> ,,sci5ce ,,mon?ly ,,edit$ ,,by ,j4 ,,mcke5 ,,cattell ,,vol4 ,,lvii ,,may ,,to ,,octob]1 #aijj ,,new ,,york ,,& ,,london ,,mcclure1 ,,phillips ,,& ,,company #aijj ,,copyright1 #aijj1 ,,by ,,mcclure1 ,,phillips ,,& ,,company4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pr(essor ,r4 ,s4 ,,woodw>d1 ,,presid5t ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,association ,,= ,,! ,,advancem5t ,,( ,,sci5ce4 ,,! ,,popul> ,,sci5ce ,,mon?ly4 ,,augu/1 #aijj4 ,,rhy?ms ,,& ,,geologic ,,"t4,a ,,by ,g4 ,k4 ,,gilb]t1 ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,geological ,,survey4 ,a ,read to ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 at ,new ,york1 ,june #bf1 #aijj1 z ! address ( ! retir+ ,presid5t4 ,cu/om dictates t 9 comply+ ) ! rule ( ! association ,i %all address y on "s subject ( a sci5tific "*4 ,b be=e do+ s ,i may be p]mitt$ to pay my p]sonal tribute to ! honor$ & *]i%$ lead] ( ^: loss we are s ke5ly s5sible on ?is occasion4 ,8 k9dly p]sonality1 ! *>m :i* 8 e>ne/ness & s9c]ity gave to 8 conv]sation1 ! range ( 8 accompli%m5t1 are invit+ !mes2 b x is p]haps m fitt+ t ,i t\* ?is ev5+ on 8 "* z a repres5tative presid5t ( ?is body4 ,! association holds a peculi> position among our sci5tific organizations ( national or cont95tal ext5t4 ,in/ead ( n>r[+ its meet+s by limitations ( subject matt] or memb]%ip1 x cultivates ! entire field ( rese>* & invites ! int]e/ & cop]ation ( all4 ,x is ?us n only ! integrat+ body = pr(essional inve/igators1 b ! bond ( union betwe5 ^! & ! great gr\p ( cultur$ m5 & wom5--! gr\p f ^: ranks ! pr(essional guild is recruit$1 ?r\gh :om ! sci5tific _s is *iefly propagat$1 & ?r\gh ^: int]e/ sci5tific rese>* receives its f9ancial support4 ,its aims & =m ( organization recognize1 :at pure sci5ce does n always itself recognize1 t pure sci5ce is fundam5tally ! creature & s]vant ( ! mat]ial ne$s ( mank9d1 & x ?us /&s = :at might be call$ ! human side ( sci5ce4 ,edw>d ,orton1 ?r\gh\t 8 c>e] z tea*] & inve/igator1 0 conspicu\s = 8 att5tion to ! human side ( sci5ce4 ,8 mo/ ab/ract "w 0 consci\sly = ! b5efit ( ! community1 & he ev] s\ght opportunity to make its results directly available4 ,9 promot+ ! int]e/s ( ! p ( 8 adopt$ ,/ate he incid5tally accompli%$ mu* = a l>g] community by help+ x to an appreciation ( ! ess5tial b5efic5ce ( ! sci5tific /udy ( nature & man4 ,z an individual he 0 a dilig5t & successful labor] 9 ! field :i* ! association cultivates1 & :5 ! association select$ him z its /&>d-be>] x made *oice ( "o :o 0 peculi>ly its repres5tative4 ,! subject to :i* ,i %all invite y\r att5tion ?is ev5+ is by no means novel1 b might bett] be call$ p]5nial or recurr5t2 = ! problem ( our e>?'s age seems to be> repeat$ solution )\t loss ( vigor or pre/ige4 ,x has be5 a m>k$ favorite1 moreov]1 ) presid5ts & vice-presid5ts1 retir+ or o!rwise1 :5 call$ ^u to address assemblies ^: fields ( sci5tific int]e/ are some:at div]se--= ! reason1 ,i imag9e1 t :ile ! speciali/ claims ! problem z 8 peculi> !me ( /udy1 he feels t o!r d5iz5s ( ! planet 9 "q may n lack int]e/ 9 ! e>ly lore ( _! e/ate4 ,! difficulty ( ! problem inh]es 9 ! fact t x n only transc5ds direct obs]vation1 b dem&s ! extrapolation or ext5sion ( famili> physical laws & processes f> beyond ! ord9>y range ( qualify+ conditions4 ,f :atev] side x is approa*$1 ! way mu/ be pav$ by po/ulates1 & ! result+ views are s discrepant t imp>tial onlook]s h come to be suspici\s ( ^! conv5i5t & invit+ /epp+ /ones4 ,t va9 expectation may n be ar\s$1 ,i admit at ! outset t ,i h n solv$ ! problem & %all submit to y no e/imates4 ,my imm$iate int]e/ is 9 ! prelim9>y "q ( ! available me?ods ( approa*1 & x leads to ! consid]ation ( ! ways1 or ! classes ( ways1 9 :i* ! measurem5t ( "t has be5 accompli%$ or attempt$4 ,( ! artificial devices employ$ 9 practical horology !re are two s v5]able t _! orig9s are lo/ 9 ! obscurity ( leg5d>y my?4 ,^! are ! clepsydra & ! tap]4 ,9 ! clepsydra advantage is tak5 ( ! approximately uni=m rate at :i* wat] escapes ?r\gh a small orifice1 & "t is measur$ by gag+ ! loss ( wat] f a dis*>g+ vessel or ! ga9 9 a receiv+ vessel4 ,! h\r-glass is "o ( its late/ =ms1 9 :i* s& takes ! place ( wat]4 ,! tap] dep5ds = its value z a timepiece on ! approximate uni=mity ( combu/ion :5 ! area ( fuel expos$ to ! air is def9itely regulat$4 ,x survives *iefly 9 ! pray] /ick & safety fuse1 b ! graduat$ c&le is p]haps /ill us$ to regulate mona/ic vigils4 ,! p5dulum1 a comp>atively mod]n inv5tion1 excell+ ! clepsydra & tap] 9 precision1 has altoge!r supplant$ !m z ! s]vant ( civilization4 ,its accuracy results f ! rem>kable prop]ty t ! p]iod 9 :i* x completes an oscillation is almo/ exactly ! same1 :atev] ! arc ?r\gh :i* x sw+s4 ,x regulates ! movem5ts n only ( our clocks1 wat*es & *ronomet]s1 b ( b>ographs1 !rmographs & a great v>iety ( o!r ma*9es = record+ ev5ts & *anges 9 _! prop] ord] & relation 9 respect to "t4 ,i mu/ m5tion also a special app>atus inv5t$ by a/ronom]s & call$ a *ronograph4 ,x consi/s ord9>ily ( a revolv+ drum ab\t :i* a pap] is wrapp$ & aga9/ :i* re/s a p54 ,z ! drum turns ! p5 draws a l9e on ! pap]4 ,?r\gh an electric circuit ! p5 is br\ght "u ! influ5ce ( a p5dulum 9 su* a way t at ! middle ( ea* sw+ ( ! p5dulum ! p5 is deflect$1 mak+ a m>k at "r angles to ! /raight l9e4 ,! s]ies ( m>ks ?us drawn con/itutes a "t scale4 ,! electric arrangem5ts are s made t ! p5 w also be di/urb$ 9 consequ5ce ( "s indep5d5t ev5t1 su* z ! fir+ ( a gun or ! transit ( a />2 & ! m>k caus$ by su* di/urbance1 be+ automatically platt$ on ! "t scale1 records ! "t ( ! ev5t4 ,no attempt has be5 made to *>act]ize ^! v>i\s timepieces ) fullness1 because !y are already well kn[n to mo/ ( ^? pres5t1 &1 9 fact1 ! *ief motive = giv+ !m sep>ate m5tion is t !y may s]ve z ! basis ( a classification4 ,9 ! use ( ! clepsydra & tap]1 "t is measur$ 9 t]ms ( a cont9u\s movem5t or process2 9 ! use ( ! p5dulum "t is measur$ 9 t]ms ( a movem5t :i* is p]iodically rev]s$4 ,! classification embodies ! fundam5tal di/9ction betwe5 cont9u\s motion & rhy?mic motion4 ,pass+ n[ f ! artificial to ! natural measures ( "t1 we f9d t !y are all rhy?mic4 ,x is true t ! sp9n+ ( ! e>? on its axis is 9 itself a cont9u\s motion1 b x w\ld yield no "t measure if ! e>? 7 alone 9 space1 & s soon z ! motion is consid]$ 9 relation to "s o!r cele/ial body x becomes rhy?mic4 ,z view$ f1 or comp>$ )1 a fix$ />1 ! p]iod ( its rhy?m is ! sid]eal day2 comp>$ ) ! sun1 x is ! sol> day1 ne>ly f\r m9utes long]2 & comp>$ ) ! moon1 x is ! lun> day1 /ill long] by #di m9utes4 ,z ! sun supplies ! en]gy = mo/ ( ! physical & all ! vital processes ( ! e>?'s surface1 ! rhy?m ( ! sol> day is impress$ 9 multitud9\s ways on man & 8 environm5t1 & he makes x 8 prim>y or /&>d unit ( "t4 ,he has arbitr>ily divid$ x into h\rs1 m9utes & seconds1 & 9 t]ms ( ^! units he says t ! l5g? ( ! sid]eal day is a little m ?an #bc h\rs1 #ef m9utes & #d seconds1 & ! av]age l5g? ( ! lun> day is a little less ?an #bd h\rs & #di m9utes4 ,! lun> day f9ds expression 9 ! tides & is ( mom5t to m>itime folk1 b ! sid]eal is kn[n only to a/ronom]s4 ,next 9 ! s]ies ( our natural "t units is ! mon?1 or ! rhy?mic p]iod ( ! moon reg>d$ z a lum9>y4 ,by our savage ance/ors1 :o cr$it$ ! moon ) p[]s ( great importance to !mselves1 mu* use 0 made ( ?is unit1 b z progress 9 k has %[n t ! influ5ce ( ! satellite _h be5 va/ly ov]rat$1 less & less att5tion has be5 paid to ! return+ cresc5t1 & x is only 9 ecclesia/ic cal5d>s t ! *ronology ( civilization n[ recognizes ! natural mon?4 ,its %ad[ survives1 )\t ! sub/ance1 9 ! cal5d> mon?2 & ! week possibly repres5ts an e>ly attempt to subdivide x4 ,9 pass+ to our ?ird natural unit1 ! ye>1 we aga9 enc\nt] sol> influ5ce1 & f9d ! rhy?m ( ! e>?'s orbit e*o$ & ree*o$ 9 innum]able physical & vital vibrations4 ,z ! attitude ( ! e>?'s axis incl9es "o hemisph]e t[>d ! sun = "p ( ! ye> & ! o!r hemisph]e = ! rema9d]1 ! :ole complex drama ( climate is annually enact$1 & ! sequ5ce ( man's activities is made to assume an annual rhy?m4 ,! ye> is second only to ! day z a t]re/rial unit ( duration2 & z ! day is man's /&>d = ! m9ute division ( "t1 s ! ye> is 8 /&>d = l>g] divisions1 & ! decade1 ! c5tury & ! mill5ium are its multiples4 ,b ! rhy?ms ( day & night1 ( summ] & w9t]1 are n ! only tides 9 ! affairs ( m54 ,at bir? we are small1 weak & dep5d5t1 we gr[ l>g] & /rong]1 we become mature & indep5d5t1 & !n by reproduc+ our k9d we complete ! cycle1 :i* beg9s aga9 ) our *ildr54 ,! cycle ( human life is ! g5]ation1 a "t unit ( some:at indef9ite l5g? & v>y+ 9 phase f family to family1 b hold+ a place1 nev]!less1 9 human *ronology4 ,/ill less def9ite is ! rhy?m ( h]$it>y rul]%ip1 progress+ f vigor ?r\gh luxury to deg5]acy1 & clos+ its cycle 9 usurpation2 yet x makes an epo* 9 ! life ( a nation or empire1 & s ! dyna/y is "o ( ! units ( ! hi/orian4 ,! g5]ation & ! dyna/y are ( wan+ importance 9 human *ronology1 & !y c claim no connection ) ! problem ( geologic "t2 b "h aga9 ,i h turn$ aside = a mom5t 9 ord] to illu/rate a pr9ciple ( classification4 ,! daily rhy?m ( wak+ & sleep+1 ( activity & re/1 does n orig9ate ) man1 b is impos$ on him by ! rhy?m ( light & d>kness1 & t 9 turn spr+s f ! turn+ ( ! e>? 9 relation to ! %9+ sun4 ,! ye>ly rhy?m ( s[+ & h>ve/+1 ( ! fan & ! furnace1 does n orig9ate ) man1 b is impos$ on him by ! rhy?m ( ! seasons1 & t 9 turn spr+s f c]ta9 motions ( ! e>? 9 relation to ! gl[+ sun4 ,b ! rhy?m ( ! g5]ation & ! rhy?m ( ! dyna/y h orig9 9 ! nature ( man himself4 ,! rhy?ms ( human *ronology may ?us be gr\p$ accord+ to s\rce 9 two classes1 ! impos$ & ! orig9al2 & ! same di/9ction holds = o!r rhy?ms4 ,! lun> day is an orig9al rhy?m ( ! e>? z se5 f ! moon2 ! gr\nd swell is an orig9al rhy?m ( ! ocean2 b ! tide is an impos$ rhy?m ( ! ocean1 be+ d]iv$ f ! lun> day4 ,! sw+ ( ! p5dulum is an orig9al rhy?m1 b ! regul> excursion ( ! *ronograph p51 be+ caus$ by ! sw+ ( ! p5dulum1 is an impos$ rhy?m4 ,9 giv+ brief consid]ation to ea* ( ! m important ways by :i* ! problem ( ! e>?'s age has be5 approa*$1 ,i %all m5tion fir/ ^? :i* foll[ ! action ( "s cont9u\s process1 & aft]w>d ^? :i* dep5d on ! recognition ( rhy?ms4 ,! e>lie/ computations ( geologic "t1 z well z ! majority ( all su* computations1 h foll[$ ! l9e ( ! mo/ famili> & fundam5tal ( geologic processes4 ,all ?r\gh ! ages ! ra9s1 ! riv]s & ! waves h be5 eat+ away ! l&1 & ! product ( _! gnaw+ has be5 receiv$ by ! sea & spread out 9 lay]s ( s$im5t4 ,^! lay]s h be5 h>d5$ into rocky /rata1 & f "t to "t portions h be5 uprais$ & made "p ( ! l&4 ,! record !y conta9 makes ! *ief "p ( geologic hi/ory1 & ! gr\ps into :i* !y are divid$ correspond to ! ages & p]iods ( t hi/ory4 ,9 ord] to make use ( ^! old s$im5ts z measures ( "t x is necess>y to "k ei!r _! ?ickness or _! volume1 & also ! rate at :i* !y 7 laid d[n4 ,z ! actual process ( s$im5tation is conceal$ f view1 advantage is tak5 ( ! fact t ! :ole quantity deposit$ 9 a ye> is exactly equall$ by ! :ole quantity wa%$ f ! l& 9 ! same "t1 & measurem5ts & e/imates are made ( ! am\nts br\ght to ! sea by riv]s & torn f ! cliffs ( ! %ore by waves4 ,aft] an e/imate has be5 obta9$ ( ! total annual s$im5tation at ! pres5t "t1 x is necess>y to assume ei!r t ! av]age rate 9 pa/ ages has be5 ! same or t x has diff]$ 9 "s def9ite way4 ,at ?is po9t ! c\rse ( proc$ure divides4 ,! comput] may consid] ! aggregate am\nt ( ! s$im5t>y rocks1 irrespective ( _! subdivisions1 or he may consid] ! ?icknesses ( ! v>i\s gr\ps z exhibit$ 9 diff]5t localities4 ,if he views ! rocks collectively1 z a total to be divid$ by ! annual increm5t1 8 e/imate ( ! total is f\nd$ prim>ily on direct measurem5ts made at _m places on ! cont95ts1 b to ! result ( su* measurem5ts he mu/ add a po/ulat$ am\nt = ! rocks conceal$ by ! ocean1 & ano!r po/ulat$ am\nt = ! mat]ial :i* has be5 erod$ f ! l& & deposit$ 9 ! sea m ?an once4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 he views ea* gr\p ( rocks by itself1 & takes acc\nt ( its ?ickness at "s locality :]e x is well display$1 he mu/ acquire 9 "s way def9ite conceptions ( ! rates at :i* its compon5t lay]s ( s&1 clay & limy mud 7 accumulat$1 or else he mu/ po/ulate t its av]age rate ( accretion bore "s def9ite ratio to ! pres5t av]age rate ( s$im5tation = ! :ole ocean4 ,?is c\rse is1 on ! :ole1 m difficult ?an ! o!r1 b x has yield$ c]ta9 prelim9>y factors 9 :i* consid]able confid5ce is felt4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! absolute rate ( rock build+ 9 ea* locality1 x is believ$ t a gr\p ( /rata :i* exhibits great ?ickness 9 _m places mu/ repres5t m "t ?an a gr\p ( simil> /rata :i* is ev]y:]e ?91 & t clays & m>ls1 settl+ 9 quiet wat]s1 are likely to repres5t1 foot = foot1 great] am\nts ( "t ?an ! co>s] s$im5ts ga!r$ by /rong curr5ts2 & /udy+ ! =mations ) reg>d to bo? ?ickness & texture1 geologi/s h made out :at are call$ "t ratios--s]ies ( numb]s express+ ! relative l5g?s ( ! diff]5t ages1 p]iods & epo*s4 ,su* e/imates ( ratios1 :5 made by diff]5t p]sons1 are f\nd to v>y mu* less ?an d ! e/imates ( absolute "t1 & !y w s]ve an excell5t purpose :5ev] a satisfactory det]m9ation %all h be5 made ( ! duration ( any "o p]iod4 ,reade has v>i$ ! s$im5t>y me?od by re/rict+ att5tion to ! lime/ones1 :i* h ! peculi>ity t _! mat]ial is c>ri$ f ! l& 9 solution2 & x is a po9t 9 favor ( ?is proc$ure t ! dissolv$ burd5s ( riv]s are m easily measur$ ?an _! burd5s ( clay & s&4 ,an indep5d5t sy/em ( "t ratios has be5 f\nd$ on ! pr9ciple ( ! evolution ( life4 ,n all =mations are equally suppli$ ) fossils1 b "s ( !m conta9 volum9\s records ( contempor>y life2 & :5 acc\nt is tak5 ( ! am\nt ( *ange f ea* full record to ! next1 ! /eps ( ! s]ies are f\nd to be ( unequal magnitude4 ,?\gh !re is no me?od ( precisely measur+ ! /eps1 ev5 9 a comp>ative way1 x has yet be5 f\nd possible to make approximate e/imates1 & ^! 9 ! ma9 l5d support to ! "t ratios f\nd$ on s$im5tation4 ,!y br+ aid also at a po9t :]e ! s$im5t>y data are weak1 = ! e>lie/ =mations are h>d to classify & measure4 ,x is true t ^! same =mations are almo/ b>r5 ( fossils1 b biologic inf]5ce does n !re=e /op4 ,! olde/ kn[n fauna1 ! ,eocambrian1 does n repres5t ! beg9n+s ( life1 b a well-advanc$ /age1 *>act]iz$ by developm5t along _m div]g5t l9es2 & by comp>+ ,eocambrian life ) exi/+ life ! paleontologi/ is able to make an e/imate ( ! relative progress 9 evolution be=e & aft] ! ,eocambrian epo*4 ,! only absolute blank left by ! "t ratios p]ta9s to an azoic age :i* may h int]v5$ betwe5 ! developm5t ( a habitable e>? cru/ & ! actual beg9n+ ( life4 ,erosion & deposition h be5 us$ also1 9 a v>iety ( ways1 to compute ! l5g? ( v rec5t geologic epo*s4 ,?us1 f ! accumulation ( s& 9 bea*es ,&rews e/imat$ ! age ( ,lake ,mi*igan1 & ,upham ! age ( ! glacial lake ,agassiz2 & f ! erosion ( ! ,niag>a gorge ! age ( ! riv] fl[+ ?r\gh x has be5 e/imat$4 ,b :ile ^! discussions h yield$ conceptions ( ! nature ( geologic "t1 & h s]v$ to illu/rate ! extreme complexity ( ! conditions :i* affect its measurem5t1 !y h accompli%$ little t[>d ! det]m9ation ( ! l5g? ( a geologic p]iod2 = !y h p]ta9$ only to a small fraction ( :at geologi/s call a p]iod1 & t fraction 0 ( a some:at abnormal "*4 ,:olly indep5d5t av5ues ( approa* are op5$ by ! /udy ( processes p]ta9+ to ! e>? z a planet1 & ) ^! ! "n ( ,kelv9 is prom95tly associat$4 ,z ! rotation ( ! e>? causes ! tides1 & z ! tides exp5d en]gy1 ! tides mu/ act z a brake1 *eck+ ! spe$ ( rotation4 ,!re=e ! e>? has 9 ! pa/ spun fa/] ?an n[1 & its rate ( sp9n+ at any remote po9t ( "t may be comput$4 ,assum+ t ! :ole globe is solid & rigid1 & t ! geologic record c\ld n beg9 until t condition _h be5 atta9$1 !re c\ld n h be5 great *eck+ ( rotation s9ce consolidation4 ,= if !re _h be51 x w\ld h result$ 9 ! ga!r+ ( ! oceans ab\t ! poles & ! b>+ ( ! l& ne> ! equator1 a condition v diff]5t f :at actually obta9s4 ,?is l9e ( reason+ yields an obscure out] limit to ! age ( ! e>?4 ,on ! assumption t ! globe lacks some?+ ( p]fect rigidity1 ,g4 ,h4 ,d>w9 has trac$ back ! hi/ory ( ! e>? & ! moon to an epo* :5 ! two bodies 7 unit$1 _! sep>ation hav+ be5 foll[$ by ! gradual enl>gem5t ( ! moon's orbit & ! gradual ret>dation ( ! e>?'s rotation2 & ?is l9e ( inquiry has also yield$ an obscure out] limit to ! antiquity ( ! e>? z a habitable globe4 ,"o ( ! mo/ elaborate ( all ! computations />ts ) ! assumption t at an initial epo*1 :5 ! out] "p ( ! e>? 0 consolidat$ f a liquid condition1 ! :ole body ( ! planet _h approximately ! same temp]ature2 & t z ! surface aft]w>d cool$ by outw>d radiation !re 0 a fl[ ( heat to ! surface by conduction f bel[4 ,! rate ( ?is fl[ has dim9i%$ f t epo* to ! pres5t "t accord+ to a def9ite law1 & ! pres5t rate1 be+ kn[n f obs]vation1 af=ds a measure ( ! age ( ! cru/4 ,! /r5g? ( ?is computation lies 9 its def9it5ess & ! simplicity ( its data2 its weakness 9 ! fact t x po/ulates a k ( c]ta9 prop]ties ( rock--namely1 its fusibility1 conductivity & viscosity--:5 subject$ to pressures & temp]atures f> great] ?an h ev] be5 inve/igat$ exp]im5tally4 ,a p>allel l9e ( discussion p]ta9s to ! sun4 ,great z is ! quantity ( heat :i* t inc&esc5t globe yields to ! e>?1 x is b a m9ute fraction ( ! :ole am\nt ) :i* x cont9ually p>ts1 = its radiation is equal 9 all directions1 & ! e>? is b a speck 9 ! sol> sky4 ,on ! assumption t ?is imm5se loss ( heat is accompani$ by a correspond+ loss ( volume1 ! sun is %r9k+ at a def9ite rate1 & a computation bas$ on ?is rate has told h[ _m millions ( ye>s ago ! sun's diamet] %\ld h be5 equal to ! pres5t diamet] ( ! e>?'s orbit4 ,manife/ly ! e>? c n h be5 ready = habitation be=e ! passage ( t epo*1 & s ! computation yields a sup]ior limit to ! ext5t ( geologic "t4 ,be=e pass+ to ! next division ( ! subject--! computations bas$ on rhy?ms--a few words may be giv5 to ! results :i* h be5 obta9$ f ! /udy ( cont9u\s processes4 ,realiz+ t y\r pati5ce may h be5 /ra9$ by ! kaleidoscopic "* ( ! rapid review :i* has seem$ unavoidable1 ,i %all sp>e y ! recitation ( num]ical details & m]ely /ate 9 g5]al t]ms t ! geologi/s1 or ^? :o h reason$ f ! rocks & fossils1 h d$uc$ values = ! e>?'s age v mu* l>g] ?an h be5 obta9$ by ! physici/s1 or ^? :o h reason$ f e>? cool+1 sun cool+ & tidal friction4 ,9 ord] to express _! results 9 millions ( ye>s ! geologi/s mu/ employ f ?ree to five digits1 :ile ! physici/s ne$ b "o or two4 ,:5 ^! enorm\s discrepancies 7 fir/ realiz$ x 0 se5 t s]i\s errors mu/ exi/ 9 "s ( ! obs]vational data or else 9 "s ( ! !ories employ$2 & geologi/s und]took ) zeal ! revision ( _! computations1 mak+ z e>ne/ an ef=t = reconciliation z _h be5 made a g5]ation e>li] to adju/ ! elem5ts ( ! ,hebrew cosmogony to ! facts ( geology4 ,b aft] r$iscuss+ ! measurem5ts & readju/+ ! assumptions s z to r$uce ! "t e/imates 9 e reasonable way--& p]haps 9 "s t 7 n s reasonable--!y 7 /ill unable to compress ! *apt]s ( geologic hi/ory betwe5 ! n>r[ cov]s ( physical limitation2 & !re ! matt] re/s = ! pres5t4 ,! rocks :i* 7 =m$ z s$im5ts %[ _m traces ( rhy?m4 ,"s are compos$ ( lay]s1 ?9 z pap]1 :i* alt]nate 9 color1 s t :5 brok5 across !y exhibit delicate b&+4 ,9 ! "t ( _! mak+ !re 0 a p]iodic *ange 9 ! "* ( ! mud t settl$ f ! wat]4 ,o!rs are b&$ on a l>g] scale2 & !re are also b&+s ( texture :]e ! color is uni=m4 ,_m =mations are divid$ into sep>ate /rata1 z ?\gh ! process ( accretion _h be5 p]iodically int]rupt$4 ,s]ies ( h>d /rata are (t5 sep>at$ by films or ?9 lay]s ( s(t] mat]ial4 ,/rata ( two k9ds are sometimes se5 to alt]nate ?r\gh _m repetitions4 ,bor+s 9 ! delta ( ! ,mississippi %[ soils & rema9s ( trees at _m levels1 alt]nat+ ) riv] silts4 ,! rock s]ies 9 :i* coal occurs are monoton\s repetitions ( %ale & s&/one4 ,belgian geologi/s h be5 s impress$ by ! recurr5ce ( %ort sequ5ces ( /rata t !y h bas$ an elaborate sy/em ( rock notation ^u x4 ,pass+ to /ill great] units1 ! l>ge aggregates ( /rata sometimes call$ sy/ems %[ 9 _m cases a regul> sequ5ce1 :i* ,newb]ry call$ a 8circle ( deposition40 ,:5 complete1 x comprises a s&/one or conglom]ate1 at base1 !n %ale1 lime/one1 %ale & s&/one4 ,?is sequ5ce is expla9$ z ! result ( ! gradual encroa*m5t1 or transgression1 z x is call$1 ( ! sea ov] ! l& & its subsequ5t recession4 ,9 c]ta9 bogs ( ,sc&9avia deep accumulations ( peat are trav]s$ horizontally by lay]s includ+ tree /umps 9 su* way z to indicate t ! gr\nd has be5 alt]nately cov]$ by =e/ & boggy moss4 ,! broad glaci]s ( ! ,ice age grew alt]nately small] & l>g]--or else 7 repeat$ly dissipat$ & re=m$--& _! f9al wan+ 0 *>act]iz$ by a s]ies ( halts or p>tial readvances1 record$ 9 conc5tric belts ( ice-br\ght drift4 ,( ^! belts1 call$ mora9es ( recession1 ,taylor enum]ates sev5te5 9 a s+le sy/em4 ,9 explanation ( ^! & o!r repetitive s]ies incorporat$ 9 ! /ructure ( ! e>?'s cru/1 a v>iety ( rhy?mic causes h be5 adduc$2 & m5tion w be made ( ! m important1 beg9n+ ) ^? :i* h ! "* ( orig9al rhy?ms4 ,a riv] fl[+ ?r\gh its delta clogs its *annel ) s$im5t1 & f "t to "t %ifts its c\rse to a new l9e1 rea*+ ! sea by a new m\?4 ,su* *anges int]rupt & v>y s$im5tation 9 neighbor+ p>ts ( ! sea4 ,/orms ( ra9 make floods1 & ea* flood may cause a sep>ate /ratum ( s$im5t4 ,/orms ( w9d give de/ructive =ce to ! waves t beat ! %ore1 & ea* /orm may cause ! deposit ( an individual lay] ( s$im5t4 ,v>y+ w9ds may drive curr5ts ?is way & t1 caus+ alt]nations 9 s$im5tation4 ,to expla9 ! =e/ b$s buri$ 9 ! ,mississippi silts x has be5 sugge/$ t ! s(t deposits ( ! delta f "t to "t settl$ & spread out "u _! own weight4 ,v>i\s alt]nations ( /rata1 & especially ^? ( ! coal measures1 h be5 ascrib$ to successive local subsid5ces ( ! e>?'s cru/1 caus$ by ! addition ( loads ( deposit4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ also t l& und]go+ erosion may rise up f "t to "t because reliev$ ( load1 & ! "* ( s$im5t might be *ang$ by su* ris+4 ,subt]ranean =ces1 ( :atev] orig91 seem+ly slumb] :ile /ra9s are accumulat+1 & !n become sudd5ly manife/ 9 dislocations & eruptions1 & su* cata/rophes affect s$im5tation4 ,a m g5]al rhy?m has be5 ascrib$ to ! tidal ret>dation ( rotation & ! result+ *ange ( ! e>?'s =m4 ,if ! body ( ! e>? has a r high rigidity1 we %\ld expect t x w\ld = a "t resi/ ! t5d5cy to become m ne>ly sph]ical1 :ile ! wat] ( ! ocean w\ld accommodate itself to ! *ang+ conditions ( equilibrium by seek+ ! high] latitudes4 ,ev5tually1 h[ev]1 ! solid e>? w\ld yield to ! /ra9 & its figure become adju/$ to ! sl[] rotation1 & !n ! mobile wat] w\ld return4 ,?us w\ld be caus$ p]iodic transgressions by ! sea1 occurr+ alt]nately 9 high & l[ latitudes4 ,ano!r g5]al rhy?m has be5 rec5tly sugge/$ by ,*amb]l9 9 connection ) ! hypo!sis t secul> v>iations ( climate are *iefly due to v>iations ( ! quantity ( c>bon dioxide 9 ! atmosph]e4,b ,! sy/em ( int]dep5d5t factors he works out is too complex = pres5tation at ?is "t1 & ,i mu/ cont5t myself ) say+ t 8 explanation ( ! mora9es ( recession involves ! int]action ( a peculi> atmosph]ic condition ) a condition ( glaciation1 ea* condition t5d+ to aggravate ! o!r1 until ! cumulative results br\ght ab\t a reaction & ! climatic p5dulum swung 9 ! opposite direction4 ,) ea* successive oscillation ! mom5tum 0 less1 & an equilibrium 0 f9ally rea*$4 ,b ,an attempt to frame a work+ hypo!sis ( ! cause ( glacial p]iods on an atmosph]ic basis4 ,j\rn4 ,geol41 ,vol4 ,,vii41 #ahii4 ,few ( ^! orig9al rhy?ms h be5 us$ 9 computations ( geologic "t1 & x is n believ$ t !y h any positive value = t purpose4 ,nev]!less1 acc\nt mu/ be tak5 ( !m1 because !y compete ) impos$ rhy?ms = ! explanation ( _m ph5om5a1 & ! impos$ rhy?ms1 :]ev] e/abli%$1 yield e/imates ( "t4 ,! tidal p]iod1 or ! half ( ! lun> day1 is ! %orte/ impos$ rhy?m appeal$ to 9 ! explanation ( ! features ( s$im5tation4 ,x is q conceivable t ! bottom ( a quiet bay may receive at ea* tide a ?9 deposit ( mud :i* c\ld be di/+ui%$ 9 ! result+ rock z a pap]y lay] or lam9a4 ,if "o c\ld 9 "s way id5tify a rock ?us =m$1 he might le>n h[ _m half-days its mak+ requir$ by c\nt+ its lam91 j z ! ye>s ( a tree's age are le>n$ by c\nt+ its r+s ( gr[?4 ,! next impos$ rhy?m ( geologic importance is ! ye>4 ,!re are riv]s1 l ! ,nile1 hav+ b "o notable flood 9 ea* ye>1 & s deposit+ annual lay]s ( s$im5t on _! alluvial pla9s & on ! sea b$s ne> _! m\?s4 ,:]e oceanic curr5ts are annually rev]s$ by monsoons1 s$im5tation may be regul>ly v>i$1 or int]rupt$1 once a ye>4 ,/reams f a glaci] cease to run 9 w9t]1 & ?is annual int]ruption may give a def9ite /ructure to result+ deposits4 ,x is !re=e probable t "s ( ! lam9 or /rata ( rocks repres5t ye>s1 b ! circum/ances are r>ely su* t ! inve/igator c b> out ! possibility t "p ( ! m>k+s or sep>ations 7 caus$ by orig9al rhy?ms ( unkn[n p]iod4 ,! numb] ( rhy?ms exi/+ 9 ! sol> sy/em is v l>ge1 b !re are only two1 9 addition to ! two j m5tion$1 :i* seem compet5t to write !mselves 9 a legible way 9 ! geologic record4 ,^! are ! rhy?ms ( precession & ecc5tricity4 ,because ! e>?'s orbit is n q circul> & ! sun's position is a little out ( ! c5t]1 or ecc5tric1 ! two hemisph]es into :i* ! e>? is divid$ by ! equator d n receive _! heat 9 ! same way4 ,! nor!rn summ]1 or ! p]iod dur+ :i* ! nor!rn hemisph]e is incl9$ t[>d ! sun1 occurs :5 ! e>? is f>!/ f ! sun1 & ! nor!rn w9t] occurs :5 ! e>? is ne>e/ to ! sun1 or 9 t "p ( ! orbit call$ p]ihelion4 ,^! relations are exactly rev]s$ = ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,! g5]al effect ( ?is is t ! s\!rn summ] is hott] ?an ! nor!rn1 & ! s\!rn w9t] is cold] ?an ! nor!rn4 ,9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! planet !re is m contra/ betwe5 summ] & w9t] ?an 9 ! nor!rn4 ,! sun s5ds to ea* half ! same total quantity ( heat 9 ! c\rse ( a ye>1 b ! diff]5ce 9 di/ribution makes ! climates diff]5t4 ,! physics ( ! atmosph]e is s intricate a subject t meteorologi/s are n fully agre$ z to ! !oretic consequ5ces ( ^! diff]5ces ( sol> heat+1 b x is g5]ally believ$ t !y are important1 involv+ diff]5ces 9 ! =ce ( ! w9ds1 9 ! velocity & c\rse ( ocean curr5ts1 9 vegetation1 & 9 ! ext5t ( glaci]s4 ,n[1 ! po9t ( int]e/ 9 ! pres5t connection is t ! a/ronomic relations :i* occasion ^! peculi>ities are n con/ant1 b und]go a sl[ p]iodic *ange4 ,! relation ( ! seasons to ! orbit is gradually %ift+1 s t ea* season 9 turn co9cides ) ! p]ihelion2 & ! climatic peculi>ities ( ! two hemisph]es1 s f> z !y dep5d on planet>y motions1 are p]iodically rev]s$4 ,! "t 9 :i* ! cycle ( *ange is complet$1 or ! p]iod ( ! rhy?m1 is n always ! same1 b av]ages #ba1jjj ye>s4 ,x is commonly call$ ! precessional p]iod4,c ,c ,/rictly speak+1 #ba1jjj ye>s is ! p]iod ( ! precession ( ! equ9oxes z ref]r$ to p]ihelion2 b ! p]ihelion is itself 9 motion4 ,z ref]r$ to a fix$ /> ! precession ( ! equ9oxes has an av]age p]iod ( ab\t #be1gjj ye>s4 ,assum+ t ! climates ( _m p>ts ( ! e>? are subject to a secul> cycle1 ) contra/$ phases e #aj1ejj ye>s1 we %\ld expect to f9d records ( ! cycle 9 ! s$im5ts4 ,a moi/ climate w\ld t5d to lea* ! calc>e\s matt] f ! rock1 leav+ an e>?y soil beh9d1 & 9 a succe$+ dri] climate ! soil w\ld be c>ri$ away2 & ?us ! adjac5t ocean w\ld receive fir/ calc>e\s & !n e>?y s$im5ts4 ,! increase ( glaci]s 9 "o hemisph]e w\ld n only modify adjac5t s$im5ts directly1 b1 by add+ matt] on t side1 w\ld make a small diff]5ce 9 ! position ( ! e>?'s c5t] ( gravity4 ,! ocean w\ld move some:at t[>d ! weight$ hemisph]e1 encroa*+ on "s coa/s & draw+ d[n on o!rs2 & ev5 a small *ange ( t sort w\ld modify ! conditions ( erosion & deposition to an appreciable ext5t 9 _m localities4 ,blytt ascrib$ to ?is a/ronomic cause ! alt]nations ( bog & =e/ 9 ,sc&9avia1 z well z o!r s$im5t>y rhy?ms obs]v$ 9 ,europe2 & x has seem$ to me compet5t to acc\nt = c]ta9 alt]nations ( /rata 9 ! ,cretace\s =mations ( ,colorado4 ,croll us$ x to expla9 int]glacial epo*s1 & ,taylor has rec5tly appli$ x to ! mora9es ( recession4 ,! rema9+ a/ronomic rhy?m ( geologic import is ! v>iation ( ecc5tricity4 ,at ! pres5t "t our greate/ di/ance f ! sun exce$s our lea/ di/ance by its ?irtie? "p1 b ! diff]5ce is n usually s small z ?is4 ,x may increase to ! sev5? "p ( ! :ole di/ance1 & x may fall to z]o4 ,betwe5 ^! limits x fluctuates 9 a some:at irregul> way1 9 :i* ! prop]ty ( p]iodicity is n conspicu\s4 ,! effect ( its fluctuation is insep>able f ! precessional effect1 & is relat$ to x z a modify+ condition4 ,:5 ! ecc5tricity is l>ge ! precessional rhy?m is emphasiz$2 :5 x is small ! precessional effect is weak4 ,! v>iation ( ecc5tricity is connect$ ) ! mo/ celebrat$ ( all attempts to det]m9e a limit$ portion ( geologic "t4 ,9 ! elaboration ( ! !ory ( ! ,ice age :i* be>s 8 "n1 ,croll correlat$ two important epo*s ( glaciation ) epo*s ( high ecc5tricity comput$ to h occurr$ ab\t #ajj1jjj & #baj1jjj ye>s ago4 ,z ! analysis ( ! glacial hi/ory progresses1 ^! correlations w ev5tually be e/abli%$ or disprov$1 & %\ld !y be e/abli%$ x is possible t simil> correlations may be made betwe5 ev5ts f> m remote4 ,! /udies ( ^! sev]al rhy?ms1 :ile !y h l$ to ! computation ( v>i\s epo*s & /ages ( geologic "t1 h n yet furni%$ an e/imate ei!r ( ! entire age ( ! e>? or ( any l>ge "p ( x4 ,nev]!less1 ,i believe t !y may pr(itably be foll[$ ) t end 9 view4 ,! sy/em ( rock lay]s1 great & small1 con/itut+ ! record ( s$im5tation1 may be comp>$ to ! scroll ( a *ronograph4 ,! geologic scroll be>s _m sep>ate l9es1 "o = ea* di/rict :]e rocks are well display$1 b ^! are n indep5d5t1 = !y are label$ by fossils1 & by means ( ^! labels c be arrang$ 9 prop] relation4 ,9 ea* "t l9e are little jogs--*anges 9 k9d ( rock or breaks 9 cont9uity--& ^! jogs record contempor>y ev5ts4 ,a new m\nta9 0 uplift$1 p]haps1 on ! neighbor+ cont95t1 or an old uplift receiv$ a new impulse4 ,?r\gh :at ,davis calls /ream piracy a riv] ga9$ or lo/ ! dra9age ( a tract ( c\ntry4 ,escap+ lava ?rew a dam across ! c\rse ( a /ream1 or "s ,krakatoa /rew$ a%es ov] ! l& & gave ! riv]s a new mat]ial to "w on4 ,! jogs may be fa9t or /rong1 _m or few1 & = long di/ances ! l9es may run smoo? & /raight2 b s long z ! jogs are irregul> !y give no clue to "t4 ,"h & !re1 h[ev]1 ! ev5 l9e w betray a regul>ly recurr+ ind5tation or undulation1 reflect+ a rhy?m & possibly significant ( a remote p5dulum ^: rate ( vibration is kn[n4 ,if x c be trac$ to su* a p5dulum !re w result a det]m9ation ( ! rate at :i* ! *ronograph scroll mov$ :5 t "p ( ! record 0 made2 & a mod]ate numb] ( su* det]m9ations1 if well di/ribut$1 w conv]t ! :ole scroll into a def9ite "t scale4 ,9 o!r words1 if a suffici5t numb] ( ! rhy?ms embodi$ 9 /rata c be id5tifi$ ) p>ticul> impos$ rhy?ms1 ! rates ( s$im5tation "u diff]5t circum/ances & at diff]5t times w become kn[n1 & ev5tually s _m p>ts ( geologic "t w h become subject to direct calculation t ! int]vals c be rationally bridg$ ov] by ! aid ( "t ratios4 ,= ?is purpose !re is only "o ( ! impos$ rhy?ms ( practical value1 namely1 ! precessional2 b t "o is1 9 my judgm5t1 ( high value4 ,! tidal rhy?m c n be expect$ to *>act]ize any ?ick =mation4 ,! annual is liable to confusion ) a v>iety ( orig9al rhy?ms1 especially ^? connect$ ) /orms4 ,! rhy?m ( ecc5tricity1 be+ !oretically express$ only z an acc5tuation ( ! precessional1 c n ord9>ily be di/+ui%$ f x4 ,b none ( ^! qualifications apply to ! precessional4 ,x is n liable to confusion ) ! tidal & annual because its p]iod is s mu* long]1 be+ m ?an #b1jjj times t ( ! annual4 ,x has an em95tly practical & conv5i5t magnitude1 9 t its physical manife/ation is well above ! microscopic plane1 & yet n s l>ge z to prev5t ! frequ5t br++ ( sev]al examples into a s+le view4 ,x is also practically regul> 9 p]iod1 r>ely deviat+ f ! av]age l5g? by m ?an ! t5? "p4 ,f ! great] numb] ( orig9al rhy?ms x is di/+ui%$1 j z f ! annual & tidal1 by magnitude4 ,! practical geologi/ w\ld nev] confuse ! deposit occasion$ by a s+le /orm1 = example1 ) ! s$im5ts accumulat$ dur+ an a/ronomic cycle ( #bj1jjj ye>s4 ,b !re are o!r orig9al rhy?ms1 kn[n or surmis$1 :i* might h magnitudes ( ! same g5]al ord]1 & to discrim9ate ! precessional f ^! x is necess>y to employ o!r *>act]s4 ,su* *>act]s are f\nd 9 its regul>ity or ev5ness ( p]iod1 & 9 its practical p]petuity4 ,! div]sion ( ! m\? ( a great riv] su* z ! ,hoang ,ho or ! ,mississippi might recur only aft] long int]vals2 b f :at we "k ( ! behavior ( small] /reams we may be sure t su* ev5ts w\ld be v irregul> 9 "t z well z 9 o!r ways4 ,! int]vals betwe5 volcanic eruptions at a p>ticul> v5t or 9 a p>ticul> di/rict may at times am\nt to ?\s&s ( ye>s1 b _! irregul>ity is a *>act]i/ic feature4 ,! same is true ( ! recurr5t uplifts by :i* m\nta9s gr[1 s f> z we may judge !m by ! relat$ ph5om5a ( e>?quakes2 & ! same category w\ld seem to hold also ! !oretically recurr5t collapse ( ! globe "u ! /ra9s aris+ f ! sl[+ ( rotation4 ,! c>bon-dioxide rhy?m1 kn[n z yet only 9 ! field ( hypo!sis1 is hypo!tically a runn+-d[n oscillation1 l ! less5+ sway ( ! cradle :5 ! pu% is no long] giv54 ,b ! precessional motion pulses /eadily on ?r\gh ! ages1 l ! sw+ ( a frictionless p5dulum4 ,its ?rob may or may n be caught by ! geologic process :i* obta9s 9 a p>ticul> prov9ce & 9 a p>ticul> era1 b :5ev] ! conditions are favorable & ! connection is made1 ! record %\ld reflect ! p]si/5ce & ! regul>ity ( ! incit+ rhy?m4 ,! se>* ( ! rocks = records ( ! ticks ( ! precessional clock is an out-(-door "w4 ,pursu$ z a closet /udy x c\ld h no satisfactory outcome1 because ! pr9t$ descriptions ( rock sequ5ces are n suffici5tly complete = ! purpose2 & ! closet /udy ( geology is peculi>ly expos$ to ! p]ils ( hobby-rid+4 ,a /ud5t ( ! "t problem _c be sure ( a p]si/5t1 equable s$im5t>y rhy?m )\t direct obs]vation ( ! *>act]s ( ! repeat$ lay]s4 ,he ne$s to avail himself ( e opportunity to /udy ! s]ies 9 its horizontal ext5t1 & he %\ld view ! local problem ( orig9al v]sus impos$ rhy?m ) ! aid ( all ! light :i* ! field evid5ce c ca/ on ! conditions ( s$im5tation4 ,nei!r d ,i ?9k ( rhy?m seek+ z a pursuit to absorb ! :ole "t & en]gy ( an individual & be foll[$ /eadily to a conclusion2 b hope r t x may receive ! incid5tal & occasional att5tion ( _m ( my colleagues ( ! hamm]1 z o!r err&s lead !m among cliffs ( b$d$ rocks4 ,if my sugge/ion %\ld succe$ 9 add+ a work+ hypo!sis or po9t ( view to ! equipm5t ( field geologi/s1 ,i %\ld feel t ! se>* _h be5 begun 9 ! mo/ promis+ & advantage\s mann]4 ,= n only w\ld ! subject ( rhy?ms & _! int]pretations be advanc$ by reactions f multif>i\s individual exp]i5ces1 b ! /imulus ( ano!r hypo!sis w\ld lead to ! discov]y ( unexpect$ mean+s 9 /ratigraphic detail4 ,x is "o ( ! =tunate qualities ( sci5tific rese>* t its incid5tal & unanticipat$ results are n infrequ5tly ( equal or ev5 great] value ?an ^? directly s\ght4 ,inde$1 if x 7 n s1 !re w\ld be no utilit>ian h>ve/ f ! cultivation ( ! field ( pure sci5ce4 ,9 advocat+ ! adoption ( a new po9t ( view f :i* to pe] into ! my/]i\s pa/1 ,i w\ld n be und]/ood to advise ! ab&onm5t ( old /&-po9ts1 b r to emulate ! surveyor1 :o makes measurem5t to inaccessible po9ts by means ( be>+s f diff]5t sides4 ,e indep5d5t be>+ on ! e>?'s beg9n+ is a *eck on o!r be>+s1 & x is ?r\gh ! /udy ( discrepancies t we are to discov] ! refractions by :i* our l9es ( sight are w>p$ & twi/$4 ,! ?ree pr9cipal l9es we h n[ project$ into ! abyss ( "t miss "o ano!r altoge!r1 s t !re is no po9t ( int]section4 ,if any "o ( !m is /raight1 bo? ! o!rs are hopelessly crook$4 ,if we w\ld succe$ we %\ld n only take new be>+s f ea* discov]$ po9t ( vantage1 b /rive 9 e way to discov] ! s\rces ( error 9 ! be>+s we h already attempt$4 ,,! ,,photography ,,( ,,s\nd ,,waves4 ,,by ,,pr(essor ,r4 ,w4 ,,wood1 ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,wiscons94 ,any "o :o has /ood ne> a l>ge naval gun dur+ its dis*>ge1 w1 ,i ?9k1 be prep>$ to admit t ! s\nd ( ! explosion affects n only ! e>s1 b ! :ole body z well1 :i* exp]i5ces some?+ n unlike a sudd5 bl[4 ,?is bl[1 or concussion1 z x is g5]ally t]m$1 is m]ely ! impact ( ! wave ( compress$ air1 spread+ out 9 all directions ar\nd ! gun4 ,9 ! case ( ord9>y s\nds1 ! compression ( ! air 9 ! wave is s slight t only ! delicate auditory n]ves respond to ! impact1 h5ce we naturally conclude t s\nds are p]ceiv$ only by ! e>4 ,:5 deal+ ) s\nds ( v great int5sity1 ?is notion mu/ be some:at modifi$1 = !y c]ta9ly c be felt z well z he>d4 ,9 "s extreme cases1 9 fact1 ! s5sation ( feel+ may be /rong] ?an t ( he>+1 z 9 ! case ( :i* ,i %all speak pres5tly4 ,is x also possible t we c p]ceive s\nd ?r\gh ! m$ium ( any o!r s5se organ1 say ! eye8 #8,to see a noise' c]ta9ly s\nds l an absurdity2 yet "u c]ta9 conditions1 s\nd waves 9 air c be made z di/9ctly visible z ! ripples on a pond surr\nd+ ! spla% ( a /one4 ,t !y are n se5 "u ord9>y conditions does n ju/ify u 9 assum+ !m to be invisible4 ,we all "k t ! curr5ts ( hot air ris+ f a /ove1 :ile n usually conspicu\s1 c be made visible by prop]ly regulat+ ! illum9ation1 z by look+ along ! surface ( ! /ove t[>ds a w9d[4 ,! hot air is visible because 9 its optical prop]ties x is diff]5t f ! cold air surr\nd+ x4 ,! rays ( light1 pass+ ?r\gh ! unequally heat$ portions ( ! air1 are b5t 9 diff]5t directions1 caus+ a di/ortion ( objects se5 ?r\gh ! heat$ curr5ts4 ,:at we see1 /rictly speak+1 is n ! hot air itself1 b a wav]+ & swimm+ ( ! objects se5 ?r\gh x4 ,yet ,i ?9k we are ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t ! eye p]ceives ! hot air4 ,n[ s\nd waves 9 air1 :i* are m]ely regions :]e ! air is some:at compress$1 diff] 9 _! optical prop]ties f ! uncompress$ portions1 j z ! hot air diff]s f ! cold4 ,z ! pictures illu/rat+ ?is article te/ify1 !y may be se5 & photograph$ "u prop] conditions ( illum9ation z readily z solid objects4 ,we mu/ rememb]1 9 ! fir/ place1 t a s\nd wave travels ) a velocity some?+ great] ?an a ?\s& feet a second1 r less ?an ! spe$ ( a mod]n rifle ball1 yet t5 times fa/] ?an ! fa/e/ express tra94 ,! wave1 ev5 if x 7 /ation>y1 c\ld be se5 only by adju/+ ! illum9ation ) f> great] c>e ?an 0 necess>y 9 ! case ( ! hot air1 & we consequ5tly c easily und]/& :y we nev] see ! waves "u ord9>y conditions4 ,:ile x is true t laboratory appliances are g5]ally requir$ to r5d] !m visible1 ,i %\ld l at ! outset to cite an example to %[ t 9 ! case ( v l\d s\nds occurr+ 9 ! op5 air ! wave c be p]ceiv$ by ! eye1 )\t ! aid ( any app>atus :atev]4 ,i w quote f an article by ,pr(4 ,c4 ,v4 ,boys1 :i* appe>$ 9 #8,nature1' ,june #bd1 #ahig4 ,mr4 ,boys fir/ cites ! foll[+ lett] f ,mr4 ,e4 ,j4 ,ryves3 8,on ,tuesday1 ,april #f?1 ,i _h occasion1 :ile c>ry+ out "s exp]im5ts ) explosives1 to detonate "o hundr$ p\nds ( a nitro-comp\nd4 ,! explosive 0 plac$ on ! gr\nd 9 ! c5t] ( a slight depression1 & 9 ord] to view ! effect1 ,i /ation$ myself1 at a di/ance ( ab\t ?ree hundr$ y>ds1 on ! side ( a neighbor+-hill4 ,! detonation 0 complete1 & a hole 0 made 9 ! gr\nd five feet deep & sev5 feet 9 diamet]4 ,a mo/ int]e/+ obs]vation 0 made dur+ ! exp]im5t4 ,! sun 0 %9+ brightly1 & at ! mom5t ( detonation ! %ad[ ( ! s\nd wave 0 mo/ di/9ctly se5 leav+ ! area ( di/urbance4 ,i he>d ! explosion z ! %ad[ pass$ me1 & ,i c\ld foll[ x di/9ctly 9 its c\rse d[n ! valley = at lea/ half a mile2 x 0 s pla9ly visible t ,i believe x w\ld photograph well ) a suitable %utt]40 ,pr(essor ,boys at once made prep>ations = photograph+ ! ph5om5on at ! fir/ opportunity4 ,on ,may #ai? ! exp]im5t 0 made4 ,"o hundr$ & tw5ty p\nds ( a nitro-comp\nd 7 explod$1 & an attempt made to photograph ! s\nd %ad[1 bo? ) ! cam]a & ! k9ematograph1 ! latt] in/rum5t design$ & op]at$ by ,mr4 ,paul4 ,writ+ ( ! exp]im5t1 ,pr(essor ,boys says3 8,on ! day on :i* ,i 0 pres5t1 ab\t "o hundr$ & tw5ty p\nds ( a nitro-comp\nd 7 detonat$1 & t5 p\nds ( black p[d] 7 add$ to make suffici5t smoke to %[ on ! plate4 ,z ! gr[? ( ! smoke cl\d is f> less rapid ?an ! expansion ( ! s\nd %ad[1 no confusion c\ld result f ?is4 ,at ! "t ( ! explosion my :ole att5tion 0 conc5trat$ ^u ! cam]a1 & = ! mom5t ,i _h =gott5 to look = ! #8,ryves r+1' z ,i ?9k x might be call$2 b x 0 s conspicu\s t x =c$ itself ^u my att5tion4 ,i felt1 r ?an he>d1 ! explosion at ! mom5t t x pass$4 ,we /ation$ ourselves z ne> z prud5ce w\ld all[1 at a di/ance ( "o hundr$ & tw5ty y>ds1 s t only ab\t "o ?ird ( a second elaps$ betwe5 ! detonation & ! passage ( ! %ad[4 ,! actual appe>ance ( ! r+ 0 t ( a /rong1 black1 circul> l9e1 op5+ out ) t]rific spe$ f ! po9t ( explosion z a c5t]4 ,x 0 impossible to judge ( ! ?ickness ( ! %ad[2 x may h be5 ?ree feet1 or x may h be5 m at fir/1 & h gradually become less 9 ?ickness1 or possibly 9 dep? ( %ade40 ,un=tunately1 ,pr(essor ,boys's app>atus did n "w satisfactorily1 b a mo/ int]e/+ s]ies ( pictures 0 secur$ by ! k9ematograph4 ,?is in/rum5t _h be5 con/ruct$ especially = tak+ pictures at a v high rate ( spe$1 viz41 eighty exposures a second1 or f\r times ! usual numb]4 ,! s\nd wave appe>s 9 ! fir/ doz5 pictures z a hazy r+ ( light1 op5+ out f ! c5t] ( explosion4 ,! r+1 ?\gh n v conspicu\s :5 ! pictures are view$ s+ly1 becomes a /rik+ object :5 !y are project$ 9 rapid succession on ! scre54 ,we see ! ru% ( smoke along ! gr\nd to ! box 9 :i* ! explosion is conf9$ 7! smoke ( ! quick fuse72 !n comes ! bur/ ( ! explosion ) su* />tl+ reality t we involunt>ily jump4 ,! image ( ! s\nd wave flies out 9 ! =m ( a :ite r+1 & is gone 9 a mom5t2 & !re rema9 only ! roll+ cl\ds ( smoke4 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve ! developm5t ( ! explosion by runn+ ! ma*9e q sl[ly1 & by ?us magnify+ "t to foll[ ! *anges :i* ord9>ily occur 9 su* rapid succession t ! eye is unable to p]ceive !m4 ,( ?is s]ies ( pictures1 ,pr(essor ,boys says3 8,! k9ematograph fails to %[ any black r+2 & ?is is n surpris+1 z ) ! exposure ( ab\t "o "o hundr$? ( a second ! %ad[ w\ld h to be at lea/ elev5 feet ?ick 9 ord] t "s "p %\ld rema9 obscur$ dur+ ! :ole exposure4 ,z a fact1 !re is cle>ly se5 a circul> light %ad+1 :i* does--s f> z "o c judge f ! suppos$ rate ( work+ & ! kn[n di/ances--exp& at ab\t ! same rate z ! obs]v$ %ad[1 b x is light] ?an ! gr\nd & %ad$1 in/ead ( be+ d>k & %>p1 z se5 by ! eye40 ,illu/ration3 ,,k9etoscope ,,film ,,( ,,explosion4 ,s mu* = ! visibility ( s\nd "u ord9>y conditions4 ,9 ! laboratory1 by means ( an optical contrivance due to ! ,g]man physici/ ,toepl]1 we c secure a means ( illum9ation s s5sitive t ! w>m air ris+ f a p]son's h& appe>s l d5se black smoke4 ,moreov]1 s9ce we are work+ on a small scale1 we c use ! electric sp>k z ! s\rce ( light1 & disp5se ) ! photographic %utt]4 ,?is is a great advantage1 = ! "t ( ! exposure is1 "u ^! conditions1 only ab\t "o fifty-?\s&? ( a second1 dur+ :i* "t ! s\nd wave w move sc>cely a qu>t] ( an in*4 ,dur+ ! pa/ ye> ,i h made a v complete s]ies ( photographs ( s\nd waves1 :i* illu/rate 9 a mo/ beautiful mann] ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( wave motion4 ,x is n practicable to give "h a full description ( ! app>atus us$1 b a brief outl9e may make ! me?od intelligible4 ,! s\nd photograph$ 9 ea* case is ! crack ( an electric sp>k1 :i* is illum9at$ & photograph$ by ! light ( a second sp>k1 occurr+ a brief in/ant lat]4 ,9 front ( a l>ge l5s 7a telescope objective1 = example7 two brass balls are m\nt$1 betwe5 :i* ! #8s\nd sp>k1' z ,i %all call x1 passes4 ,! in/ant ! sp>k jumps across ! gap1 a sph]ical wave ( cond5s$ air />ts out1 :i*1 :5 x rea*es our e>1 gives ! s5sation ( a snap4 ,! object is to photograph ?is wave be=e x gets beyond ! limits ( ! l5s4 ,! cam]a is m\nt$ 9 front ( ! l5s & focuss$ on ! brass balls1 :i* appe> 9 l9e 9 ! picture1 s t ! s\nd sp>k is always hidd5 by ! front "o4 ,! sp>k1 on jump+ betwe5 ! balls1 *>ges a ,leyd5 j>1 :i* in/antly dis*>ges itself betwe5 two wires plac$ beh9d ! l5s1 produc+ ! illum9at+ sp>k4 ,?is second sp>k c be made to lag beh9d ! fir/ j long en\gh to cat* ! s\nd wave :5 x is b a few in*es 9 diamet]1 not)/&+ ! fact t ! sph]ical wave is exp&+ at ! rate ( elev5 hundr$ feet a second4 ,! photographs %[ 9 e case ! circle ( ! l5s fill$ up ) ! light ( ! illum9at+ sp>k1 ! brass balls 79 l9e7 & ! rods t support !m1 & ! s\nd wave1 :i* appe>s 9 ! simple/ case z a circle ( light & %ade surr\nd+ ! balls4 ,by plac+ an ob/acle 9 ! way ( ! wave we get ! reflect$ wave or e*o1 & we %all see t ! =m ( ?is e*o may be v complicat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,s\nd ,,wave ,,reflect$ ,,f ,a ,,plane ,,surface4 ,x w be well at ! outset to rem9d ! read] ( ! close analogy betwe5 s\nd & light4 ,a burn+ c&le gives out sph]ical light waves1 j z ! snapp+ sp>ks give out s\nd waves4 ,! =m ( ! reflect$ light wave w be id5tical ) t ( a s\nd wave reflect$ "u simil> conditions4 ,z we c n see ! light waves !mselves1 we c only det]m9e _! =m by calculation1 & x is int]e/+ to see t ! =ms photograph$ are id5tical 9 e case ) ! calculat$ ones4 ,! object 9 view 0 to secure ac\/ical illu/rations ( z _m ( ! ph5om5a connect$ ) light z possible4 ,we w beg9 ) ! v simple/ case ( all3 ! reflection ( a sph]ical s\nd wave f a flat surface1 correspond+ to ! reflection ( light f a plane mirror4 ,x c be %[n by geometry t ! reflect$ wave or e*o w be a portion ( a sph]e1 ! c5t] ( :i* lies z f> bel[ ! reflect+ surface z ! po9t at :i* ! s\nd orig9ates is above x4 ,9 ! case ( light1 ?is po9t con/itutes ! image 9 ! mirror4 ,ref]r+ to ! photograph1 we see ! reflect$ wave 9 ?ree successive positions1 ! int]val betwe5 ! s\nd sp>k & ! illum9at+ sp>k hav+ be5 progressively increas$4 ,! brass balls are %[n at ,a1 & b5ea? !m ! flat plate ,b1 :i* acts z a reflector4 ,9 ! fir/ picture ! s\nd wave ,c appe>s z a circle ( light & %ade1 & has j int]sect$ ! plate4 ,! e*o appe>s at ,d4 ,9 ! next two pictures ! orig9al wave has pass$ out ( ! field1 & !re rema9s only ! e*o4 ,x may1 p]haps1 be n out ( place to rem9d ! read] ( ! relation betwe5 rays ( light & ! wave surface4 ,:at we t]m light rays h no real exi/5ce1 ! ray be+ m]ely ! pa? trav]s$ by a small portion ( consecutive wave surfaces4 ,s9ce ! wave surface always moves 9 a direction p]p5dicul> to itself1 ! rays are always normal to x4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! above case ( a sph]ical wave div]g+ f a po9t1 ! rays radiate 9 all directions f ! po9t2 ! same is true 9 ! case ( ! e*o1 ! rays radiat+ f ! image po9t bel[ ! reflect+ surface4 ,9 all subsequ5t cases ! read] c1 if int]e/$ 9 trac+ ! analogy betwe5 s\nd & light1 draw l9es p]p5dicul> to ! reflect$ wave surfaces repres5t+ ! sy/em ( reflect$ waves4 ,we w n[ consid] a second case ( reflection4 ,we "k t if a lamp is plac$ 9 ! focus ( a concave mirror1 ! rays1 in/ead ( div]g+ 9 all directions1 issue f ! mirror 9 a n>r[ beam4 ,! headlight ( a locomotive & ! naval se>*light are examples ( ! practical use made ( ?is prop]ty4 ,if ! curvature ( ! mirror is p>abolical1 ! rays leav+ x are p>allel2 consequ5tly mirrors ( ?is =m are employ$ r ?an sph]ical ones4 ,b :at has ! mirror done to ! wave surface :i* is obvi\sly sph]ical :5 x leaves ! lamp1 & :at is its =m aft] reflection8 ,! wave surface1 ,i h said1 is always p]p5dicul> to ! rays2 consequ5tly 9 cases :]e we h p>allel rays we %\ld expect ! wave to be flat or plane4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,sph]ical ,,s\nd ,,wave4 ,exam9e ! second photograph1 :i* %[s a sph]ical1 s\nd wave />t+ at ! focus ( a p>abolic mirror4 ,! e*o appe>s z a /raight l9e1 in/ead ( a circle z 9 ! previ\s case1 :i* %[s u t ! wave surface is flat4 ,if n[ our mirror is a portion ( a sph]e in/ead ( a p>aboloid1 our reflect$ wave is n flat1 & ! reflect$ rays are n all p>allel1 ! dep>ture f p>allelism increas+ z we consid] rays reflect$ f po9ts f>!r & f>!r away f ! c5t] ( ! mirror4 ,a photograph illu/rat+ ! reflection ( s\nd "u ^! conditions is next %[n1 ! e*o wave be+ %ap$ l a flat-bottom$ sauc]4 ,z ! sauc] moves upw>d ! curv$ sides conv]ge to a focus at ! edge ( ! flat bottom1 disappe>+ = ! mom5t 7z is %[n 9 ! f\r? picture ( ! s]ies71 & !n reappe>+ on ! "u side aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! focus1 ! sauc] turn+ inside out4 ,if1 in/ead ( hav+ a hemisph]e1 z 9 ! la/ case1 we h a complete sph]ical mirror1 %utt+ ! wave up inside a holl[ ball1 we get exce$+ly curi\s =ms2 = ! wave c n get out1 & is b\nc$ back & =?1 becom+ m & m complicat$ at ea* reflection4 ,?is is illu/rat$ 9 our next photograph1 ! mirror be+ a broad /rip ( metal b5t into a circle4,d ,intricate z ^! wave surfaces are1 !y h all be5 v]ifi$ by geometrical con/ructions1 z ,i %all pres5tly %[4 ,d ,cyl9drical mirrors h be5 us$ in/ead ( sph]ical1 = obvi\s reasons4 ,a sectional view ( ! reflect$ wave is ! same 9 ?is case z :5 produc$ by a sph]ical surface4 ,ano!r v int]e/+ case ( reflection is t occurr+ inside an elliptical mirror4 ,:5 light div]ges f "o ( ! two foci ( su* a mirror1 all ! rays are br\ght accurately to ! o!r focus4 ,if rays ( light come to a focus f all directions1 x is evid5t t ! wave surface mu/ be a sph]e1 :i*1 in/ead ( exp&+1 is collaps+4 ,?is is v beautifully %[n 9 ! photographs4 ,! s\nd wave />ts 9 "o focus & ! reflect$ wave1 ( sph]ical =m also1 %r9ks to a po9t at ! o!r focus4 7,see fig4 #e47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,a ,,wave ,,reflect$ ,,f ,a ,,portion ,,( ,a ,,sph]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,a ,,wave ,,f ,a ,,cyl9drical ,,mirror4 ,9 ! next s]ies ! wave />ts outside ( ! field ( ! l5s1 & ent]s a hemisph]ical mirror4 ,we "k t a concave mirror has ! p[] ( br++ light to a focus at a po9t situat$ half-way betwe5 ! surface ( ! mirror & its c5t] ( curvature4 ,if ! light comes f a v di/ant po9t1 & ! mirror is p>abolic 9 =m1 ! rays are br\ght accurately to a focus2 :i* means t ! reflect$ wave is a conv]g+ sph]e1--a condition ! opposite ( t 9 :i* sph]ical waves />t 9 ! focus ( su* a mirror4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! mirror is sph]ical1 only a portion ( ! light comes to a focus4 ,on exam9+ ! pictures we see t ! reflect$ wave has a =m resembl+ a volcanic cone ) a b[l-%ap$ crat]4 ,see ! ?ird & f\r? pictures ( ! s]ies4 ,! b[l ( ! crat] %r9ks to a po9t half-way betwe5 ! surface ( ! mirror & its c5t] ( curvature1 & repres5ts t portion ( ! light :i* comes to a focus1 :ile ! sides ( ! cone run 9 "u ! collaps+ b[l1 & ev5tually cross4 7,no4 #f ( ! s]ies47 ,f n[ on ! portion :i* has come to a focus div]ges1 unit+ ) ! sides ( ! cone1 ! :ole pass+ out ( ! mirror 9 ! =m ( a horse%oe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,a ,,wave ,,f ,,an ,,elliptical ,,mirror4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,a ,,wave ,,/>t+ ,,outside ,,! ,,field ,,( ,,! ,,l5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,a ,,case ,,( ,,refraction4 ,we w n[ consid] a case ( refraction1 & %[ ! sl[] velocity ( ! s\nd wave 9 c>bonic acid4 ,a n>r[ glass tank1 cov]$ ) an exce$+ly ?9 film ( collodion1 0 fill$ ) ! heavy gas & plac$ "u ! brass balls4 ,:5 ! s\nd wave /rikes ! collodion surface1 x breaks up into two compon5ts1 "o reflect$ back into ! air1 ! o!r transmitt$ d[n ?r\gh ! c>bonic acid4 ,an exam9ation ( ! s]ies %[s t ! reflect$ wave 9 air has mov$ f>!r f ! collodion film ?an ! transmitt$ wave1 :i*1 z a matt] ( fact1 has be5 flatt5$ out into a hyp]boloid4 ,exactly ! same ?+ happ5s :5 light /rikes a block ( glass4 ,we h rays reflect$ f ! surface1 & rays transmitt$ ?r\gh ! block1 ! waves :i* give rise to ! latt] mov+ sl[] ?an ! ones 9 air4 ,a complete discussion ( all ( ! cases t h be5 /udi$ 9 ?is way w\ld probably prove we>isome to ! g5]al read]4 ,prisms & l5ses ( collodion fill$ ) c>bonic acid & hydrog5 gas h be5 made1 & _! action on ! wave surface photograph$4 ,diffraction1 or ! b5d+ ( ! waves ar\nd ob/acles1 & ! v complicat$ effects :5 ! waves are reflect$ f corrugat$ surfaces1 are also well %[n4 ,i %all1 h[ev]1 omit fur!r m5tion ( !m & speak ( b "o o!r case1 possibly ! mo/ beautiful ( all4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,a ,,musical ,,tone4 ,9 all ! cases t we h consid]$1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t we h be5 deal+ ) a s+le wave--a pulse1 z x is call$4 ,musical tones are caus$ by tra9s ( waves1 ! pit* ( ! note correspond+ to ! di/ance betwe5 ! waves1 or to ! rate at :i* ! sep>ate pulses beat ^u ! drum ( ! e>4 ,= /udy+ ! *anges produc$ by reflection1 wave tra9s w\ld h be5 useless1 ow+ to ! confusion :i* w\ld h result$ f ! sup]position ( ! diff]5t waves4 ,moreov]1 x is d\btful :e!r an ord9>y musical tone c\ld be photograph$ 9 ?is way2 = ! di/ance betwe5 ! waves1 ev5 9 ! %rille/ tones1 is f\r or five in*es1 & ! abrupt *ange 9 d5sity1 necess>y = ! p]ception ( ! wave1 is n pres5t4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 to create a wave tra9 or musical tone :i* c be photograph$4 ,! read] may p]haps h notic$ t on a v /ill night1 :5 walk+ beside a picket f5ce or 9 front ( a high flight ( /eps1 ! s\nds ( 8 foot/eps are e*o$ f ! pal+s z metallic squeaks4 ,ea* picket1 z ! s+le wave caus$ by ! footfall sweeps along ! f5ce1 reflects a little wave2 consequ5tly a tra9 ( waves falls on ! e>1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! waves correspond+ to ! di/ance betwe5 ! pickets4 ,! clos] toge!r ! pickets1 ! %rill] ! squeak4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! waves 9 su* a tra9 is twice ! di/ance betwe5 ! pal+s1 s9ce !y are n /ruck simultane\sly by ! foot/ep wave1 b 9 succession4 ,?is ph5om5on1 ( ! creation ( a musical tone by ! reflection ( a noise1 0 reproduc$ by reflect+ ! crack ( ! sp>k f a little flight ( /eps4 ,9 ! fir/ picture ! wave is se5 half way betwe5 its orig9 & ! reflect+ surface4 ,9 ! second x has /ruck ! top /air1 :i* is giv+ (f its e*o1 ! fir/ wave ( our artificially con/ruct$ musical tone4 ,9 ! ?ird we f9d ! orig9al wave at ! six? /ep1 ) a well-develop$ tra9 ( five waves ris+ f ! flight4 ,! foll[+ ?ree pictures %[ ! fur!r developm5t ( ! wave tra94 ,! height ( ea* /ep 0 ab\t a qu>t] ( an in*2 consequ5tly ! di/ance betwe5 ! waves 0 half an in*4 ,?is w\ld correspond to a note ab\t ?ree octaves above ! highe/ ev] us$ 9 music4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #i4 ,,! ,,reflection ,,inside ,,! ,,holl[ ,,sph]e4 ,:ile exp]im5t+ ) ! complete circul> mirror1 :i*1 x w be rememb]$1 gave ! mo/ complicat$ =ms1 x occurr$ to me t a v vivid idea ( h[ ^! curi\s wave surfaces are produc$ c\ld be obta9$ by prep>+ a complete s]ies 9 prop] ord] on a k9etoscope film1 & !n project+ !m 9 succession on ! scre54 ,! exp]im5tal difficulties 71 h[ev]1 too great to make x seem wor? :ile to attempt to obta9 a s]ies ( pictures ( ! actual waves1 x be+ v difficult to accurately regulate ! "t int]val betwe5 ! two sp>ks4 ,! easi] me?od ( mak+ a l>ge numb] ( geometrical con/ructions1 & !n photograph+ !m 9 succession on ! film1 0 accord+ly adopt$4 ,?ree complete sets ( draw+s1 to ! numb] ( ab\t "o hundr$ ea*1 7 prep>$ = ?ree sep>ate cases ( reflection2--viz43 ! entrance ( a plane wave into a hemisph]ical mirror1 ! passage ( a sph]ical wave out f ! focus ( a hemisph]ical mirror1 & ! multiple reflection ( a sph]ical wave inside ( a complete sph]ical mirror4 ,special me?ods 7 devis$ = simplify+ ! con/ructions1 & mu* less labor 0 requir$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! diagrams ?an "o w\ld suppose4 ,! results fully ju/ifi$ ! labor1 ! evolutions ( ! waves be+ %[n 9 a mo/ /rik+ mann]4 ,^! films ,i exhibit$ be=e ! ,royal ,society 9 ,febru>y la/1 & a m complete description ( ! mann] ( prep>+ !m may be f\nd 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,society4 ,a portion ( "o ( ^! s]ies is reproduc$1 ab\t "o 9 f\r or five ( ! sep>ate diagrams be+ giv54 ,! s]ies runs f left to "r 9 horizontal r[s4 ,:5 project$ on ! scre51 ! sph]ical wave is se5 gradually to exp& f ! focus po9t1 l a swell+ soap bubble2 x /rikes ! surface1 & ! b[l-%ap$ e*o b\nces (f & foll[s ! unreflect$ portion across ! field2 ^! two portions are !n reflect$ 9 turn1 & ! curi\sly loop$ wave flies back & =? across ! mirror1 *ang+ cont9u\sly all ! "t1 & becom+ m complicat$ at ea* reflection4 ,^! diagrams %\ld be comp>$ ) ! photographs %[n 9 ! f\r? s]ies4 ,"o mu/ n suppose t ^! beautiful =ms exi/ only 9 ! laboratory4 ,e "t we speak1 sph]ical waves b\nce (f ! floor1 ceil+ & walls ( ! room1 :ile 9 any ord9>y b[l or bas9 ! curi\s crat]-%ap$ e*oes are =m$4 ,glance once m at ! wave surfaces produc$ )9 a holl[ sph]e1 & try to imag9e ! complexity ( ! a]ial vibrations caus$ by a fly buzz+ ar\nd 9 an empty wat]-c>affe6 ,! photographs enable u to realize :at is go+ on ar\nd u all ! "t--?is our p]ceptions are =tunately too dull to p]ceive4 ,life w\ld be a nightm>e if we 7 oblig$ to see ! myriads ( fly+ s\nd waves b\nd+ & reb\nd+ ab\t u 9 e direction1 & comb9+ into grotesque & ev]-*ang+ =ms4 ,x is j z well1 on ! :ole1 t ! light ( ! electric sp>k & ! delicate optical device ( ,toepl] are necess>y to br+ !m into view4 ,,! ,,psy*ology ,,( ,,r$4 ,,by ,,havelock ,,ellis4 ,among all colors1 ! mo/ poignantly emotional tone und\bt$ly belongs to r$4 ,! anci5t obs]vation conc]n+ ! resemblance ( sc>let to ! notes ( a trumpet has (t5 be5 repeat$1 ?\gh x 0 probably unkn[n to ! "y ,japanese lady :o1 on he>+ a boy s+ 9 a f9e contralto voice1 exclaim$3 8,t boy's voice is r$40 ,on ! "o h&1 r$ is ! color t idiots mo/ easily le>n to recognize2 on ! o!r h&1 ,kir*h(f1 ! *emi/1 call$ x ! mo/ ari/ocratic ( colors2 ,p\*et1 ! zologi/1 0 incl9$ to ?9k t x 0 a color ap>t1 n to be p>allel$ ) any o!r *romatic s5sation1 & recall$ t ! ret9al pigm5t is r$2 ,laycock1 ! physician1 confess$ t he pref]r$ ! gorge\s r$ t9ts ( an autumn sunset to ei!r musical s\nds or gu/atory flavors4 ,arti/s m cauti\s ?an m5 ( sci5ce 9 express+ su* a pref]5ce--kn[+ t a color possesses its special virtue 9 relation to o!r colors1 & t all are ( inf9ite v>iety--yet easily reveal1 "o may (t5 note1 a pr$ilection = r$ by introduc+ x into sc5es :]e x is n naturally obvi\s1 :e!r we turn to a great l&scape pa9t] l ,con/able or to a great figure pa9t] l ,rub5s1 :o1 ) ! developm5t ( 8 g5ius1 display$ ev5 great] d>+ 9 ! introduction ( r$ pigm5ts into 8 "w4 ,9 all p>ts ( ! _w r$ is symbolical ( joy\s emotion4 ,(t51 ei!r alone or 9 association ) yell[1 occasionally ) gre51 x is ! =tunate or sacr$ color4 ,9 l&s s f> ap>t z ,france & ,madagasc> sc>let g>m5ts 7 at "o "t ! exclusive privilege ( ! royal family4 ,a great _m diff]5t colors are symbolical ( m\rn+ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w2 :ite1 gray1 yell[1 br[n1 blue1 violet1 black c be s us$1 b1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 r$ nev]4 ,ev]y:]e we f9d1 aga91 t r$ pigm5ts & dyes1 & especially r$ o*re1 are app>5tly ! fir/ to be us$ at ! beg9n+ ( civilization1 & t !y usually cont9ue to be pref]r$ ev5 aft] o!r colors are introduc$4 ,!re is inde$ "o qu>t] ( ! globe :]e ! alli$ color ( yell[1 :i* (t5 else:]e is ! favorite aft] r$1 may be said to come fir/4 ,9 a region ( :i* ! ,malay p59sula is ! c5t] & :i* includes a l>ge "p ( ,*9a1 ,burmah & ! l[] coa/ ( ,india1 yell[ is ! sacr$ & pref]r$ color1 b ?is is ! only l>ge di/rict :i* pres5ts u ) any exception to ! g5]al rule1 among ei!r high] or l[] races1 & s9ce yell[ falls into ! same gr\p z r$1 & belongs to a neighbor+ "p ( ! spectrum1 ev5 ?is ph5om5on c sc>cely be said to cla% s]i\sly ) ! g5]al uni=mity4,e ,e ,a fur!r p>tial exception is furni%$ by ! t5d5cy to pref] gre5 :i* may be f\nd 9 c]ta9 c\ntries1 n[ or =m]ly ,mahomm$an1 su* z ,nor? ,africa & to a l>ge ext5t ,spa91 :i* h an arid & m or less des]t climate4 ,if we turn to ,au/ralia1 :i!r ! an?ropologi/ (t5 turns 9 ord] to explore "s ( ! mo/ primitive & undi/urb$ data ( e>ly human culture /ill available = /udy1 we f9d ! pref]5ce = r$ v well m>k$4 ,9 times ( rejoic+ ! tribes at ,port ,mackay1 ,curr rem>k$1 pa9t !mselves r$2 9 times ( m\rn+1 :ite4 ,9 describ+ ! pa9t+s & rock c>v+s ( ! ,au/ralians1 ,ma!ws /ates t r$1 :ite1 black & occasionally yell[ pigm5ts 7 us$1 precisely ! f\r pigm5ts :i* ,k>l von d5 ,/e95 f\nd 9 use 9 ,c5tral ,brazil4 ,pr(4 ,baldw9 ,sp5c] & ,mr4 ,gill51 9 _! valuable "w on ! natives ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 h po9t$ out ! significance & importance ( r$ o*re4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ & *>act]i/ic features1 !y say1 ( ,c5tral ,au/ralians' implem5ts & weapons is ! coat+ ( r$ o*re ) :i* ! native cov]s ev]y?+ except 8 spe> & spe>-?r[]4 ,! hair is greas$ & r$-o*r$1 & r$ o*re is ! mo/ /rik+ feature 9 decoration g5]ally4 ,= ages pa/ ! ,au/ralian native has be5 accu/om$ to rub ?is sub/ance regul>ly ov] 8 mo/ sacr$ objects1 & !n ov] ord9>y objects4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no ne$ to g s f> afield 9 ord] to illu/rate ! primitive use ( r$ o*re4 ,our own ,european ance/ors foll[$ exactly ! same me?ods1 & ! ,g]man woman ( e>ly ages us$ r$ & yell[ o*re to adorn h] face & body1 :ile ! f9ds ( ! ice age at ,s*uss5quelle1 describ$ by ,fraas1 includ$ a brilliant r$ pa/e 7oxide ( iron ) re9de] fat7 evid5tly int5d$ = purposes ( adornm5t4 ,moreov]1 ! e>ly arti/s ( classic times _h precisely ! same pr$ilections 9 color z ! aborig9al ,au/ralian arti/s4 ,r$1 :ite1 black & yell[ are ! dom9ant colors 9 ! ,iliad1 & ,pl9y m5tions t ! mo/ anci5t pictures 7 pa9t$ 9 v>i\s r$s1 :ile at a lat] date r$ & yell[ pr$om9at$4 ,he also m5tions t yell[ 0 ! favorite color ( wom5 = g>m5ts1 & 0 specially us$ at m>riages1 :ile r$ be+ a sacr$ color & apt to provoke joy1 0 us$ at popul> fe/ivals1 9 ! =m ( m9ium & c9nab>1 to sme> ! /atues ( ,jupit]4 ,?is well-nigh univ]sal recognition ( ! peculi>ly int5se emotional tone ( r$ is reflect$ 9 language4 ,! color words ( civiliz$ & unciviliz$ peoples h be5 inve/igat$ ) int]e/+ & on ! :ole rem>kably h>moni\s results4 ,x is only necess>y "h to ref] to !m briefly 9 s f> z !y are relat$ to our pres5t subject4 ,x seems t 9 e c\ntry ! words = ! colors at ! r$ end ( ! spectrum are ( e>li] appe>ance1 m def9ite & m num]\s1 ?an = ^? at ! violet end4 ,on ! ,nig] x appe>s t !re are only ?ree color words1 r$1 :ite & black1 & ev]y?+ t is n :ite or black is call$ r$4 ,! c>eful inve/igation ( ! natives ( ,torres ,/raits & ,new ,gu9ea by ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,r4 ,riv]s1 ( ! ,cambridge ,an?ropological ,exp$ition1 has %[n t at ,murray ,isl&1 ,mabuiag & ,kiwai !re 7 def9ite names = r$1 less def9ite = yell[1 /ill less s = gre51 :ile any def9ite "n = blue c\ld n be f\nd4 ,9 ?is way z we pass f ! colors ( long wave-l5g? t[>ds ^? ( %ort wave-l5g? we f9d ! color nom5clature becom+ regul>ly less def9ite4 ,9 ,kiwai & ,murray ,isl& ! same ^w 0 appli$ to blue & black1 & at ,mabuiag !re 0 a ^w 7= sea-color7 :i* c\ld be appli$ ei!r to blue or gre51 :ile ,au/ralian natives f ,fitzroy ,riv] seem$ limit$ to words = r$1 :ite & black4 ,9 a neighbor+ region ( ,nor!rn ,que5sl& ,dr4 ,walt] ,ro? has rea*$ almo/ id5tical results1 ! tribes hav+ di/9ct names = r$ & yell[1 z appli$ to o*re1 :ile blue is conf\nd$ 9 nom5clature ) black4 ,9 ,brazil1 aga91 :ile all tribes use sep>ate words = r$1 yell[1 :ite & black1 only "o _h a ^w = blue & gre54 ,ev5 s /hetic a p z ! ,japanese h no g5]al words = ei!r blue or gre51 & apply ! same color ^w to a gre5 tree & ! uncl\d$ sky4 ,"h aga9 we may trace simil> ph5om5a 9 ,europe2 ! same great] primitiv5ess1 precision & copi\sness ( ! color vocabul>y at ! long wave end ( ! spectrum are f\nd among ,europeans z well z among ! l[e/ savages4 ,! vagu5ess ( ! ,greek color vocabul>y1 especially at ! violet end ( ! spectrum1 has l$ to mu* controv]sy4 ,lat9 0 especially ri* 9 synonyms = r$ & yell[1 v poor 9 synonyms = gre5 & blue4 ,! ,lat9 tongue _h ev5 to borr[ a ^w = blue f ,teutonic spee*2 ca]uleus orig9ally meant d>k4 ,ev5 9 ! second c5tury ,a4 ,d4 ,aulus ,gellius1 :o knew sev5 synonyms = r$ & yell[1 sc>cely m5tions gre5 & blue4 ,magnus has po9t$ out t a pref]5ce = ! colors at ! violet end ( ! spectrum co9cid$ ) ! spread ( ,*ri/ianity1 to :i* we owe x1 he believes1 t yell[ ceas$ to be popul> & 0 treat$ ) opprobrium4,f ,mod]n ,engli% be>s witness t our ance/ors1 l ! ,hom]ic poets1 resembl$ ! ,au/ralian aborig9es 9 id5tify+ ! color ( ! %ort wave end ( ! spectrum ) entire abs5ce ( color1 = #8blue' & #8black' appe> to be etymologically ! same ^w4 ,f ,9 ?is connection ,i may m5tion t ! pref]5ce = gre51 :i*1 z ,i h %[n else:]e 78,! ,color ,s5se 9 ,lit]ature10 ,contempor>y ,review1 ,may1 #ahif71 develop$ 9 ,engli% lit]ature ) ! rise ( ,puritanism 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,at ?is po9t we come across an int]e/+ & once w>mly debat$ "q4 ,x 0 ma9ta9$ "s tw5ty ye>s ago by writ]s :o _h be5 impress$ by ! defectiv5ess ( ! color vocabul>y at ! %ort wave-l5g? end ( ! spectrum1 t primitive man g5]ally1 & e>ly ,hell5ic man 9 p>ticul>1 7 ins5sitive to ! colors at t end ( ! spectrum1 & unable to di/+ui% !m4 ,on inve/igation ( individuals belong+ to savage races x appe>$1 h[ev]1 t no m>k$ inf]iority 9 color discrim9ation c\ld be demon/rat$4 ,h5ce x became cle> t ! vague & defective vocabul>y = blue & gre5 mu/ be due to "s o!r cause ?an vague & defective p]ception1 & t s5sation & nom5clature 7 n suffici5tly p>allel to enable u to argue f "o to ! o!r4 ,t1 9 ! ma91 is a conclusion :i* /ill holds good4 ,9 all p>ts ( ! _w x has be5 f\nd t color discrim9ation1 ev5 among/ ! l[e/ savages1 is f> m accurate ?an color nom5clature4 ,?us ( an ,african ,bantu tribe1 ! ,mang'anja1 ,miss ,w]n] /ates t !y c discrim9ate all v>ieties ( blue 9 beads1 b call !m all black4 ,! sky is black2 s is any gre51 br[n or grey article1 ?\gh a v bright grey c\nts z :ite4 ,violet or purple is black4 ,yell[ is ei!r r$ or :ite4 ,a ^w suppos$ sometimes to mean gre5 really means raw1 unripe or ev5 wet4 ,?us ! ,mang'anja only h ?ree colors--black1 :ite & r$4 ,9 q a diff]5t region1 ! ,zulus1 m advanc$ 9 color nom5clature1 h n only black1 :ite & r$1 b a ^w :i* may mean ei!r gre5 or blue1 & ano!r :i* means yell[1 buff or grey1 or "s %ade ( br[n4 ,at ! same "t x n[ appe>s t ! e>li] sci5tific writ]s on ?is subject 7 n entirely wrong 9 /at+ t among savages !re is "s actual failure ( p]ception at ! %ort wave end ( ! spectrum1 al?\gh !y 7 wrong 9 argu+ t x 0 necess>ily involv$ 9 ! defects ( color vocabul>y1 & 9 imag9+ t x c\ld be z ext5sive z t hypo!sis dem&$4 ,x n[ appe>s t ! conclusions rea*$ by ,hugo ,magnus ( ,breslau1 z express$ 9 #ahhc 9 8 /udy #8,ueb] ,e?nologis*e ,unt]su*ung5 des ,f>b5s9nes1' fairly answ] to ! facts4 ,9 l>ge measure rely+ on ! exam9ation ( #cjj ,*uk*is made by ,almqui/ dur+ ! ,nord5skiold ,exp$ition1 ,magnus conclud$ t al?\gh ! color vision ( ! unciviliz$ has ! same range f r$ to violet z t ( ! civiliz$ & all ! colors c usually be sep>ately di/+ui%$1 !re is sometimes a c]ta9 dullness1 a dim9i%$ en]gy ( s5sation1 z reg>ds gre5 & blue1 ! %ort] & m refrangible waves ( ! spectrum1 :ile ! colors at ! o!r end are p]ceiv$ ) mu* great] vividness4 ,/eph5son1 m rec5tly1 among ov] "o ?\s& ,*9ese1 exam9$ at v>i\s places1 f\nd only "o case ( color bl9dness1 b a frequ5t t5d5cy to confuse gre5 & blue & also blue & purple1 :ile ,dr4 ,adele ,fielde1 ( ,swat[1 ,*9a1 among #a1bjj ,*9ese ( bo? sexes exam9$ by ,?omson's wool te/1 f\nd t m ?an half mix$ up gre5 & blue1 & _m ev5 seem$ to be q bl9d to violet4 ,erne/ ,krause also has argu$ t primitive man 0 mo/ s5sitive to ! r$ end ( ! spectrum1 h5ce sett+ ab\t to obta9 r$ pigm5ts & acquir+ def9ite names = !m1 an explanation :i* is accept$ by ,k>l von d5 ,/e95 to acc\nt = ! ph5om5a among ! ,c5tral ,brazilians4 ,! rec5t inve/igations ( ,riv]s at ,torres ,/raits h confirm$ ! conclusions ( ,magnus4 ,he f\nd t1 correspond+ to ! defect ( color t]m9ology1 ?\gh to a mu* less degree1 !re appe>$ to be an actual defect ( vision = colors ( %ort wave-l5g?2 9 te/+ ) color$ wools no mi/ake 0 ev] made ) r$s1 b blues & gre5s 7 con/antly confus$1 z 7 blue & violet4 ,x may ev5 be argu$ t ! same defect exi/s to a m9or degree n only among ! peoples ( ,ea/]n ,asia ^: /hetic s5se is highly develop$1 b among civiliz$ ,europeans :5 any k9d ( color bl9dness is altoge!r exclud$4 ,?is 0 not$ long s9ce by ,holmgr51 :o rem>k$ t "s p]sons1 ?\gh able to di/+ui% betwe5 blue & gre5 wools :5 plac$ toge!r1 7 liable to call ! blue wool gre51 & ! gre5 blue1 :5 !y saw !m sep>ately4 ,magnus also %[$ t su* an inability is apt to appe> at a v e>ly /age 9 "s p]sons :5 ! illum9ation is dim9i%$1 al?\gh ! p]ception ( r$ & yell[ rema9s p]fectly di/9ct4 ,he fur!r %[$ t blue & gre5 at c]ta9 di/ances are (t5 mu* m difficult to recognize ?an r$4 ,mo/ p probably are consci\s ( difficulty 9 di/+ui%+ blue & gre5 pigm5ts ) dim9i%$ light & f9d t blue easily passes into black4 ,violet also appe>s = _m p to be m]ely a v>iety ( blue2 ! ^w itself1 we may note1 is rec5t 9 our language1 & plays a v small "p 9 our poetic lit]ature1 & 9 fact ! color itself1 if we rigidly exclude purple1 is extremely r>e 9 nature4 ,x is a notewor?y fact 9 ?is connection t 9 normal p]sons ! color s5se may be easily educat$2 ?is is n m]ely a fact ( daily obs]vation1 b has be5 exactly demon/rat$ by ,fr1 :o by means ( 8 *romoptoscopic boxes1 conta9+ v dilute color$ solutions1 f\nd t ) practice x 0 possible to recognize solutions :i* _h previ\sly seem$ uncolor$4 ,x is also notewor?y t 9 ! a*romatopsia ( ! hy/]ical1 z ,*>cot %[$ & z ,p>im& has s9ce confirm$1 ! ord] 9 :i* ! colors usually disappe> is violet1 gre51 blue1 r$2 sometimes ! p>adoxical fact is f\nd t r$ w give a lum9\s s5sation 9 a contract$ visual field :5 ev5 :ite gives no lum9\s s5sation4 ,?is p]si/5ce ( r$ vision 9 ! hy/]ical is only "o in/ance ( a pr$ilection = r$ :i* has (t5 be5 not$ z v m>k$ among ! hy/]ical4 ,r$ also ex]t$ a great fasc9ation ov] ! victims ( ! m$ival hy/]ical epidemics ( t>antism 9 ,italy1 :ile ! victims ( ! ,g]man m$ival epidemic ( ,/4 ,vitus's dance imag9$ t !y 7 imm]s$ 9 a /ream ( blood :i* compell$ !m to leap up4 ,x may be not$ t r$ & p]haps yell[ h be5 /at$ to be ! only colors visible 9 dreams2 ?is is possibly due to ! blood-vessels4 ,su* an explanation is probable ) reg>d to ! v>i\s subjective visual s5sations :i* con/itute an aura 9 epilepsy1 among :i*1 z ,g[]s notes1 r$ & r$di% yell[ are mo/ frequ5tly f\nd4 ,fr has fur!r not$ t 9 v>i\s emotional /ates some:at resembl+ epilepsy1 & ev5 9 my/ic exaltation1 r$ may be subjectively se54 ,simro? has gone s f> z to argue t n only is r$ fundam5tal 9 human color psy*ology1 b t 9 liv+ organisms g5]ally1 ev5 z a pigm5t1 r$ is ! mo/ primitive ( colors1 t s9ce ! alg at ! greate/ sea-dep?s are r$ x is possible t protoplasm at fir/ only respond$ to rays ( long wave-l5g?1 & t ) increas$ metabolism colors became diff]5tiat$1 foll[+ ! ord] 9 ! spectrum4 ,if x is really ! case t 9 ! evolution ( ! race famili>ity ) ! r$ end ( ! spectrum has be5 e>li] & m p]fectly acquir$ ?an ) ! violet end1 & t r$ & yell[ made a m pr(\nd impression on primitive man ?an gre5 & blue1 we %\ld expect to f9d ?is evolution reflect$ 9 ! developm5t ( ! individual1 & t ! *ild w\ld e>li] acquire a s5sitiv5ess = r$ & orange & yell[ ?an = gre5 & blue & violet4 ,?is seems actually to be ! case4 ,! /udy ( ! color s5se 9 *ildr5 is1 inde$1 ev5 m difficult ?an 9 savages2 & _m inve/igators h probably succumb$ to ! fallacies involv$ 9 ?is /udy4 ,d\btless we may ?us acc\nt = "s discrepancies 9 ! attempts to asc]ta9 ! facts ( color p]ception & color pref]5ce 9 *ildr51 :ile d\btless also !re are individual diff]5ces :i* disc\nt ! value ( exp]im5ts made on only a s+le *ild4 ,a few c>eful & elaborate inve/igations1 h[ev]1 especially t ( ,g>b9i on #fjj ,nor? ,italian *ildr5 ( v>i\s ages1 h ?r[n mu* light on ! matt]4 ,!re is fairly g5]al agreem5t t r$ is ! fir/ color t attracts "y *ildr5 & :i* !y recognize4 ,t is ! result record$ by ,uffelmann 9 ,g]many1 :ile ,prey] f\nd yell[ & r$ at ! head2 ,b9et 9 ,france conclud$ t r$ comes fir/2 ,wolfe 9 ,am]ica rea*$ ! same result1 & ,luckey not$ t 8 own *ildr5 seem$ to enjoy r$1 orange & yell[ v mu* e>li] ?an !y c\ld p]ceive blue1 :i* seem$ to come la/4 ,baldw91 inde$1 f\nd 9 ! case ( 8 own *ild t blue seem$ m attractive ?an r$2 8 me?ods h1 h[ev]1 be5 criticis$1 & 8 exp]im5ts fail$ to include yell[4 ,mrs4 ,moore f\nd t h] baby1 betwe5 ! sixte5? & =ty-fif? weeks1 ne>ly always pref]r$ a yell[ ball to a r$ ball2 ?is 0 d\btless n a matt] ( color1 b ( brightness1 = !re is no reason to suppose *romatic p]ception at s e>ly an age4 ,r$1 orange & yell[1 x may be add$1 are p]ceiv$ by a slightly l[] illum9ation ?an gre51 blue & violet1 ! la/ be+ ! mo/ difficult ( all to p]ceive1 s t x is n surpris+ t ! colors at ! violet end %\ld be inconspicu\s to "y infants4 ,g>b9i1 ^: exp]im5ts are wor? not+ 9 m detail1 f\nd t ! ord] ( p]ception is r$1 gre51 yell[1 orange1 blue & violet1 & z he exp]im5t$ ) a l>ge numb] ( *ildr5 & us$ me?ods :i* s compet5t a judge z ,b9et reg>ds z approa*+ p]fection1 8 results may be consid]$ a fair approa* to ! tru?4 ,he f\nd t = ! fir/ few days aft] bir? ! infant %uns ! light2 !n1 ab\t ! f\rte5? day1 he ceases to be photophobic & beg9s to enjoy ! light1 z is %[n by 8 be+ quiet$ :5 br\ght into a bright light & cry+ :5 tak5 f x2 ?is may sometimes beg9 ev5 ab\t ! fif? day4 ,betwe5 ! fif? week & ! eighte5? mon? *ildr5 %[ signs ( di/+ui%+ :ite1 black & grey objects4 ,x is n until aft] ! eighte5? mon? t _! *romatic p]ception beg9s1 any pref]5ce = r$ & yell[ objects at an e>li] age be+ due m]ely to _! great] lum9osity4 ,g>b9i consid]s t x is ! c5t] ( ! ret9a1 or ! portion mo/ s5sitive to r$ & yell[1 :i* is mo/ ex]cis$ 9 "y infants4 ,betwe5 ! second & ?ird ye>s *ildr51 bo? boys & girls1 7 f\nd to be mo/ successful 9 ! recognition ( r$1 !n ( gre51 b !y v (t5 confus$ orange ) r$1 & mix$ up yell[1 blue1 violet & gre52 he ?9ks !y t5d to confuse a color ) ! prec$+ color 9 spectral ord]4 ,"u ! age ( ?ree *ildr5 may be said to be color-bl9d1 & !y are liable to confuse rosy t9ts ) gre54 ,betwe5 ! ages ( ?ree & five !y are able to di/+ui% r$ 9 any gradation1 gre5 ne>ly always1 ) an occasional confusion ) r$1 :ile yell[ is sometimes confus$ ) orange1 orange sometimes replac$ by rose1 blue (t5 n recogniz$ 9 its gradations1 & violet (t5 select$ 9 place ( blue4 ,at ?is age1 also 7z 9 hy/]ical an/hesia ( ! ret9a71 blue seems d>k or black4 ,9 ! fif? & six? ye>s r$1 gre5 & yell[ are always correctly *os52 orange gradations are n always recogniz$1 & blue & violet come la/1 be+ sometimes confus$4 ,9 ! six? ye> *ildr5 are p]fect+ _! k ( orange1 blue & violet & complet+ _! k ( color designations4 ,g>b9i has rea*$ ! important result t color p]ceptions & v]bal expression ( ! p]ceptions foll[ exactly p>allel pa?s1 s t 9 /udy+ v]bal expression we are really /udy+ p]ception1 ) ! important di/9ction t ! expression comes mu* lat] ?an ! p]ception4,g ,^! inve/igations ( ,g>b9i are v significant1 & !re c be little d\bt t ! evolution ( ! *ild's color s5se repeats t ( ! race4 ,g ,g>b9i1 8,evoluzione del s5so cromatico nella infanzia10 ,ar*ivio p] l',antropologia1 #ahid4 ,i4 ,9 deal+ ) ! color p]ceptions ( savages & *ildr5 we are1 ( c\rse1 to "s ext5t deal+ m or less unconsci\sly ) _! color pref]5ces4 ,!re is "s int]e/ f our pres5t po9t ( view 9 consid]+ ! consci\s color pref]5ces ( "y & adult civiliz$ p]sons4 ,r$1 z we h se51 is ! color t fasc9ates our att5tion e>lie/1 t we see & recognize mo/ vividly2 x rema9s ! color t attracts our att5tion mo/ readily & t gives u ! greate/ emotional %ock4 ,x by no means necess>ily foll[s t x is ! mo/ pleasurable color4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 su* evid5ce z is available %[s t v (t5 x is n4 ,!re seems reason to ?9k t aft] ! fir/ e>ly p]ception ( r$1 & e>ly pleasure 9 x1 yell[ or orange is frequ5tly ! favorite color1 ! pref]5ce (t5 la/+ dur+ sev]al ye>s ( *ildhood2 ,prey]'s *ild lik$ & discrim9at$ yell[ be/1 & ,miss ,%9n 0 incl9$ to ?9k t x 0 ! favorite color ( h] niece1 :o 9 ! tw5ty-eigh? mon? %[$ a special fondness = daffodils & = a yell[ dress4 ,b>nes f\nd t 9 *ildr5 ! love ( yell[ dim9i%es ) age4 ,b9et's *ild 0 specially preoccupi$ ) orange4 ,a>s 9 an elaborate & frequ5tly v>i$ inve/igation into ! color pref]5ces ( eight *ildr5 7f\r ( ea* sex71 betwe5 f\r & sev5 ye>s ( age1 f\nd t ) ! boys ! ord] ( pref]5ce 0 blue & yell[ 7bo? equal71 !n r$1 la/ly gre52 :ile ) ! girls ! ord] 0 gre51 blue1 r$ & yell[2 9 comb9ations ( two colors x 0 f\nd t comb9ations ( blue come fir/1 !n ( yell[1 !n gre51 la/ly r$4 ,x 0 f\nd 7z ,j4 ,cohn has f\nd among adults & cultivat$ p7 t ! deepe/ & mo/ saturat$ color 0 mo/ pleas+2 & also t ! love ( novelty & ( v>iety 0 an important factor4 ,x w be obs]v$ t at ?is age gre5 0 ! girls' favorite color & t lea/ lik$ by ! boys1 ^: favorite color1 9 comb9ation1 0 blue2 ! numb] ( individuals 01 h[ev]1 small4 ,?is 0 9 ,g]many4 ,9 ,am]ica1 among #a1jjj *ildr51 probably some:at old] on ! av]age 7?\gh ,i h n details ( ! inquiry71 ,mr4 ,e>l ,b>nes f\nd1 l ,dr4 ,a>s1 t m boys ?an girls select$ blue1 :ile ! girls pref]r$ r$ m frequ5tly ?an ! boys2 ,b>nes consid]s t ) gr[+ ye>s !re is a gr[+ t5d5cy to select r$2 z is well kn[n1 girls are m precoci\s ?an boys4 ,among #ajj /ud5ts at ,columbia ,univ]sity1 ! ord] ( pref]5ce 0 f\nd to be blue 7#cd p] c5t71 r$ 7#bb4g p] c5t71 & !n at a m consid]able di/ance violet1 yell[1 gre54 ,x is notewor?y t among #ajj wom5 /ud5ts at ,wellesley ,college ! ord] ( pref]5ce 0 n v diff]5t1 be+ blue 7#ch p] c5t71 r$ 7#ah p] c5t71 yell[1 gre51 violet2 9 a lat] inve/igation ! ord] rema9$ ! same1 !re be+ only "s increase 9 ! pref]5ce = r$2 x 0 consid]$ t association acc\nt$ = ! pref]5ce = blue1 :ile m consci\s z well z m emotional elem5ts ent]$ into ! pref]5ce = r$4 ,by f> ! mo/ ext5sive inve/igation ( color pref]5ce 0 t c>ri$ on at ,*icago by ,pr(essor ,ja/r[ on #d1ejj p]sons1 mo/ly adults1 ( bo? sexes & v>i\s nationalities4,h ,blue 0 f\nd to be ! favorite color1 less ?an half z _m p]sons pref]r+ r$2 ( e ?irty m5 t5 vot$ = blue & ?ree = r$1 :ile ( e ?irty wom5 five vot$ = r$ & f\r = blue4 ,! m5 also lik$ violet & on ! :ole conf9$ _! *oice to b few colors1 ! wom5 also lik$ p9k1 gre5 7v seldom *os5 by m57 & yell[1 & %[$ a t5d5cy to *oose light & da9ty %ades4 ,!re 0 on ! :ole a decid$ pref]5ce = d>k %ades2 ! lea/ favorite colors 7 yell[ & orange4 ,x is evid5t t1 z we %\ld expect1 )9 ! elem5t>y field ( popul> /hetics1 wom5 %[ a m tra9$ feel+ = color ?an m54 ,h ,j4 ,ja/r[1 8,! ,popul> /hetics ( ,color10 ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 #ahig4 ,x is n q easy to cord9ate ! v>i\s ph5om5a ( color pr$ilection4 ,c>eful & ext5d$ obs]vations are /ill requir$4 ,x seems to me1 h[ev]1 t ! facts1 z at pres5t asc]ta9$1 d sugge/ a c]ta9 ord] & h>mony 9 ! ph5om5a4 ,x is difficult n to believe t !re really is1 bo? among _m unciviliz$ peoples & also _m *ildr5 at an e>ly age1 ev5 to a slight ext5t among civiliz$ adults1 a relative inability1 by no means usually absolute1 to recognize & di/+ui% ! tones ( color at ! m refrangible end ( ! spectrum4 ,! e>lie/ writ]s on ! subject 7 wrong :5 !y suppos$ t color nom5clature at all accurately correspond$ to color p]ception1 & x is well recogniz$ t !re are no peoples :o are :olly unable to di/+ui% betwe5 gre5 & blue & black4 ,b z ,g>b9i has cle>ly %[n1 !re really is a p>allelism betwe5 color nom5clature & color recognition1 & ,g>b9i's wide inve/igation has confirm$ ! exp]im5ts ( ,prey] on a s+le *ild by %[+ t !re is a c]ta9 hesitancy & unc]ta9ty 9 recogniz+ ! colors at ! m refrangible end ( ! spectrum1 long aft] *ildr5 are famili> ) ! less refrangible end4 ,9 ! same way ! important inve/igations ( ,riv]s h confirm$ ! e>li] obs]vations ( ,magnus & ,almqui/ 9 %[+ t savages 9 _m cases exhibit a c]ta9 difficulty 9 recogniz+ & di/+ui%+ blue & gre51 su* z !y nev] exp]i5ce ) r$ & yell[4 ,! vagu5ess ( color nom5clature z reg>ds blue & gre5 ?us indicates1 ?\gh grossly exagg]at+1 a real psy*ological fact1 & 9 ?is way we h an explanation ( ! curi\s fact t 9 widely sep>at$ p>ts ( ! _w 7at ,torres ,/raits1 among ! ,e/honians at ,rome1 etc47 z civilization progress$ x 0 f\nd necess>y to borr[ a ^w = blue f o!r languages4 ,!re is almo/ complete h>mony among a numb] ( obs]v]s1 n[ v consid]able1 9 _m c\ntries1 %[+ t ! colors *ildr5 fir/ take notice ( & recognize are r$ & yell[1 mo/ obs]v]s putt+ r$ fir/4 ,!re is no true pr$ilection = ^! colors at ?is e>ly age because ! o!r colors d n yet seem to h be5 p]ceiv$4 ,at fir/1 d\btless1 all colors appe> to ! infant z light or d>k1 :ite or black4 ,t ?is is s is indicat$ by ! exp]i5ce ( ,dr4 ,george ,h>ley1 :o at "o p]iod ( 8 life1 9 ord] to cure an injury to ! ret9a caus$ by ov]work at ! microscope1 resolutely sp5t n9e mon?s 9 absolutely total & un9t]rupt$ d>kness4 ,:5 he em]g$ he f\nd t1 l an infant1 he 0 unable to appreciate di/ance by ! eye1 :ile he _h also lo/ ! p[] ( recogniz+ colors2 = ! fir/ mon? all light colors appe>$ to him p]fectly :ite & all d>k colors p]fectly black4 ,he fails to /ate ! ord] 9 :i* ! colors reappe>$ to him4 ,x is well recogniz$1 h[ev]1 t eyes long unexpos$ to light become color-bl9d = all colors except r$4 ,prey]'s *ild 9 ! f\r? ye> 0 surpris$ t 9 ! twilight h] bright blue /ock+s look$ grey1 :ile = "s "t long] %e always call$ d>k gre5 black4 ,by ! six? ye> all colors are se5 & kn[n ) fair correctness4 ,among "y *ildr5 at ?is age1 s f> z ! evid5ce yet goes1 r$ is r>ely ! pref]r$ color1 ?is be+ m (t5 yell[1 gre5 or blue4 ,!re is d\btless room "h = a great am\nt ( individual diff]5ce1 b on ! :ole x appe>s t *ildr5 pref] ^? colors :i* !y h mo/ rec5tly le>nt to recognize1 ! colors :i* h all ! *>m ( novelty & newly-won possession4 ,x is probable1 too1 t 7z ,groos has also sugge/$7 ! /imulation ( r$ is too pa9fully /rong 9 ?is /age ( ! developm5t ( ! color s5se to be altoge!r pleasurable1 9 ! same way t or*e/ral music is (t5 only a di/urb+ noise to *ildr54 ,"o may note 9 ?is connection t hyp]/hesia to color is ne>ly always an undue s5sibility to r$ & v r>ely to any o!r color4 ,! case has be5 record$ ( a highly neurotic (fic] :o1 = m ?an ?irty ye>s1 0 intol]ant ( r$-color$ objects4 ,! dazzl+ produc$ by sc>let uni=ms1 especially 9 bright sun%9e1 s]i\sly int]f]$ ) ! p]=mance ( 8 duties1 & 9 private life r$ p>asols1 %awls1 etc41 produc$ simil> effects2 he 0 (t5 ov]come 9 ! /reets by gidd9ess1 sometimes almo/ be=e he realiz$ t he 0 look+ at a r$ object4 ,_m ye>s ago ,laycock ref]r$ to ! case ( a lady :o c\ld n be> to look at any?+ r$1 & ,elli/on also _h a lady pati5t to :om r$ 0 v obnoxi\s1 & :o1 :5 put into a room ) r$ curta9s1 drank sev5 qu>ts ( fluid a day4 ,i am n aw>e t any su* hyp]/hesia exi/s 9 ! case ( o!r colors4 ,x is also notewor?y t ! morbid affection 9 :i* color is se5 :5 x does n exi/ is mo/ usually a condition 9 :i* r$ is se5 7ery?ropsia71 yell[ be+ ! color mo/ frequ5tly se5 aft] r$ 7a condition call$ xan?opsia72 ! o!r colors are v r>ely se51 & ,hilb]t1 9 8 monograph on ! pa?ology ( ! color s5se1 consid]s t ?is is due to ! fact t r$ & yell[ make ! mo/ int5se effect on ! s5sorium1 :i* ?us becomes liable n only to direct b to reflect$ irritation1 9 ! abs5ce ( any ext]nal color /imulus4 ,!re are o!r facts :i* %[ t ( all colors r$ is t :i* acts z ! mo/ p[]ful /imulus on ! organism4 ,mn/]b]g1 9 "s int]e/+ exp]im5ts :i* he made to illu/rate ! motor p[] ( visual impressions z measur$ by _! arre/+ action on ! eye-muscles1 f\nd t r$ & yell[ h consid]ably m motor p[] 9 /imulat+ ! eye ?an ! o!r colors4 ,x may be add$ also t1 z ,quantz has f\nd1 we ov]e/imate ! magnitude ( colors ( ! less refrangible "p ( ! spectrum & und]e/imate ! o!rs4 ,aft] pub]ty blue seems /ill to ma9ta9 its position1 b r$ has n[ come m to ! front1 :ile yell[ has def9itely rec$$2 al?\gh s favorite a color 9 classic antiquity1 x is r>ely ! pref]r$ color among ourselves4 ,j4 ,cohn 9 ,g]many f\nd t among a doz5 /ud5ts x 0 nev] 9 any degree ( saturation ! pref]r$ color1 :ile at ,cornell ,major f\nd t all ! subjects inve/igat$ consid]$ yell[ & orange ei!r unpleasant or among ! lea/ pleasant colors4 ,:ile blue seems to be ! color mo/ usually pref]r$ by m51 r$ is m commonly pref]r$ by wom51 :o also %[ a m m>k$ pr$ilection = its complem5t>y gre54 ,:e!r ! fem99e love ( r$ %[s a f9e judgm5t we c\ld bett] decide if we knew among :at classes ( ! population r$ lov]s & blue lov]s respectively pr$om9ate2 x may be not$1 h[ev]1 t ! necessities ( dress give ! mo/ ord9>y woman an acqua9tance ) ! elem5t>y /hetics ( color :i* ! av]age man has no occasion to acquire4 ,9 any case x might h be5 anticipat$ t1 ev5 ?\gh ! typically #8cold' color %\ld appeal mo/ /rongly to m51 ! mo/ emotional ( colors %\ld appeal mo/ /rongly to wom54 ,,*apt]s ,,on ,,! ,,/>s4 ,,by ,,pr(essor ,,simon ,,newcomb1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,,con/ellations ,,& ,,/> ,,names4 ,9 anci5t times ! practice 0 adopt$ ( imag9+ ! figures ( h]oes & animals to be s outl9$ 9 ! heav5s z to include 9 ea* figure a l>ge gr\p ( ! bright] />s4 ,9 a few cases "s vague resemblance may be trac$ betwe5 ! configurations ( ! />s & ! features ( ! object !y are suppos$ to repres5t2 9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 ! arrangem5t seems q arbitr>y4 ,"o animal or man c\ld be fitt$ 9 z well z ano!r4 ,!re is no hi/oric record or trace z to ! "t :5 ! con/ellations 7 mapp$ out1 or ( ! process by :i* ! outl9es 7 trac$4 ,! names ( h]oes1 su* z ,p]seus1 ,cepheus1 ,h]cules1 etc41 int]m+l$ ) ! names ( goddesses1 %[ t ! con/ellations 7 probably mapp$ out dur+ ! h]oic age4 ,no maps are extant %[+ exactly h[ ea* figure 0 plac$ 9 ! con/ellation2 b 9 ! catalogue ( />s giv5 by ,ptolemy 9 8 #8,almage/1' ! positions ( p>ticul> />s on ! suppos$ body ( ! h]o1 goddess or animal are designat$ ) su* precision z he _h at comm&1 9 "s fairly precise position ( ! figure4 ,= example1 ,aldeb>an is said to h =m$ ! eye ( ! ,bull4 ,two o!r />s m>k$ ! "r & left %\ld]s ( ,orion1 & a small clu/] m>k$ ! position ( 8 head4 ,a r[ ( ?ree />s 9 a horizontal l9e %[$ 8 belt1 ?ree />s 9 a v]tical l9e bel[ !m 8 sword4 ,9 ?is way ! position ( ! figure c be reproduc$ ) a fair degree ( c]ta9ty4 ,9 ! well-kn[n con/ellation ,ursa ,major1 ! ,great ,be>1 famili>ly kn[n z ! ,dipp]1 ?ree />s =m ! tail ( ! animal1 & f\r o!rs a "p ( 8 body4 ,?is =mation is n unnatural1 yet ! figure ( a dipp] fits ! />s mu* bett] ?an t ( a be>4 ,9 ,cassiopeia1 :i* is on ! opposite side ( ! pole f ! ,dipp]1 ! bright] />s may easily be imag9$ to =m a *air 9 :i* a lady may be seat$ )\t fur!r difficulty4 ,z a g5]al rule1 h[ev]1 ! resemblances ( ! />s to ! figure are s vague t ! latt] might be int]*ang$ to any ext5t )\t detract+ f _! appropriat5ess4 ,9 any case1 x 0 impossible s to arrange ! figures t !y %\ld cov] ! entire heav5s2 blank spaces 7 inevitably left 9 :i* />s might be f\nd4 ,9 ord] to include e /> 9 "s con/ellation1 ! figures h be5 ne>ly ignor$ by mod]n a/ronom]s1 & ! heav5s h be5 divid$ up1 by some:at irregul> l9es1 into pat*es1 ea* ( :i* conta9s ! entire figure z recogniz$ by anci5t a/ronom]s4 ,b all are n agre$ z to ! exact outl9es ( ^! ext5d$ con/ellations1 &1 accord+ly1 a /> is sometimes plac$ 9 "o con/ellation by "o a/ronom] & 9 ano!r con/ellation by ano!r a/ronom]4 ,! confusion ?us aris+ is especially great 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 :]e x has be5 int5sifi$ by ! subdivision ( "o ( ! old con/ellations4 ,! anci5t con/ellation ,argo cov]$ s l>ge a region ( ! heav5s1 & includ$ s _m conspicu\s />s1 t x 0 divid$ into f\r1 repres5t+ v>i\s p>ts ( a %ip--! sail1 ! poop1 ! pr[ & ! hull4 ,dr4 ,g\ld1 :ile director ( ! ,cordoba ,obs]vatory1 dur+ ! ye>s #ahgj to #ahhj1 con/ruct$ ! #8,uranometria ,arg5t9a1' 9 :i* all ! />s visible to ! nak$ eye m ?an #aj degrees s\? ( ! cele/ial equator 7 catalogu$ & mapp$4 ,he made a revision ( ! b\nd>ies ( ea* con/ellation 9 su* a way z to introduce great] regul>ity4 ,! rule g5]ally foll[$ 0 t ! b\nd>ies %\ld1 s f> z possible1 run 9 ei!r an ea/ & we/ or a nor? & s\? direction on ! cele/ial sph]e4 ,!y 7 s drawn t ! smalle/ possible *ange %\ld be made 9 ! notation ( ! conspicu\s />s2 t is1 ! rule 0 t1 if possible1 ea* bright /> %\ld be 9 ! same con/ellation z be=e4 ,! "q :e!r ?is new division %all replace ! anci5t "o is "o on :i* no cons5sus ( view has yet be5 rea*$ by a/ronom]s4 ,simplicity is und\bt$ly introduc$ by ,g\ld's arrangem5t2 yet1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 ow+ to precession1 ! l9es on ! sph]e :i* n[ run nor? & s\? or ea/ & we/ w no long] d s1 b w deviate almo/ to any ext5t4 ,! only advantage !n kept w be t ! b\nd+ l9es w g5]ally be arcs ( great circles4 ,:5 ! heav5s began to be c>efully /udi$1 two or ?ree c5turies ago1 new con/ellations 7 introduc$ by ,hevelius & o!r a/ronom]s to fill ! vacant spaces left by ! anci5t ones ( ,ptolemy4 ,to "s ( ^!1 r fanta/ic names 7 giv52 ! ,bull ( ,poniat[ski1 = example4 ,"s ( ^! new additions h be5 reta9$ to ! pres5t "t1 b 9 o!r cases ! space occupi$ by ! propos$ new con/ellation 0 fill$ up by ext5d+ ! b\nd>ies ( ! old] ones4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! a/ronomical _w1 by common cons5t1 recognizes eighty-n9e con/ellations 9 ! entire heav5s4 ,9 ?is enum]ation ,argo is n c\nt$1 b its f\r subdivisions are tak5 z sep>ate con/ellations4 ,,names ,,( ,,! ,,/>s4 ,a glance at ! heav5s w make x evid5t t ! problem ( designat+ a /> 9 su* a way z to di/+ui% x f all its neighbors mu/ be a difficult "o4 ,if su* be ! case ) ! comp>atively small numb] ( />s visible to ! nak$ eye1 h[ mu/ x be ) ! va/ numb] t c be se5 only ) ! telescope8 ,9 ! case ( ! great mass ( telescopic />s we h no me?od ( designation except by ! position ( ! /> & its magnitude2 b ) ! bright] />s1 &1 inde$1 ) all t h be5 catalogu$1 o!r means ( id5tification are available4 ,x is b natural to give a special "n to a conspicu\s />4 ,t ?is 0 done 9 v e>ly antiquity we "k by ! allusion to ,arcturus 9 ! ,book ( ,job4 ,at lea/ two su* names1 ,ca/or & ,pollux1 h come d[n to u f classical antiquity1 b mo/ ( ! special names giv5 to ! />s 9 mod]n times are corruptions ( c]ta9 ,arabic designations4 ,z an example we may m5tion ,aldeb>an1 a corruption ( ,al ,dab>an--,! ,foll[]4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a t5d5cy to replace ^! special names by a designation ( ! />s on a sy/em devis$ by ,bay] e>ly 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,?is sy/em ( nam+ />s is q analog\s to our sy/em ( designat+ p]sons by a family "n & a ,*ri/ian "n4 ,! family "n ( a /> is t ( ! con/ellation to :i* x belongs4 ,! ,*ri/ian "n is a lett] ( ! ,greek or ,roman alphabet1 or a numb]4 ,z a numb] ( m5 9 diff]5t families may h ! same ,*ri/ian "n1 s ! ,greek lett] or numb] may be giv5 to a /> 9 any numb] ( con/ellations )\t confusion4 ,! "w ( ,bay] 0 publi%$ "u ! title ( #8,uranometria1' ( :i* ! fir/ edition appe>$ 9 #afja4 ,?is "w consi/s ma9ly ( maps ( ! />s4 ,9 m>k+ ! />s ) lett]s on ! map1 ! rule foll[$ seems to h be5 to give ! bright] />s ! e>li] lett]s 9 ! alphabet4 ,7 ?is sy/em foll[$ absolutely1 ! bright] />s %\ld always be call$ 2 ! next 9 ord] 1 etc4 ,b ?is is n always ! case4 ,?us 9 ! con/ellation ,gem9i1 ! bright] /> is ,pollux1 :i* is m>k$ 1 :ile is ! second brighte/4 ,:at sy/em1 if any1 ,bay] adopt$ 9 detail has be5 a subject ( discussion1 b does n appe> to h be5 satisfactorily made out4 ,q likely ,bay] himself did n attempt accurate obs]vations on ! brightness ( ! />s1 b foll[$ ! indications giv5 by ,ptolemy or ! ,arabian a/ronom]s4 ,z ! numb] ( />s to be nam$ 9 sev]al con/ellations exce$s ! numb] ( lett]s 9 ! ,greek alphabet1 ,bay] _h rec\rse1 aft] ! ,greek alphabet 0 exhau/$1 to lett]s ( ! ,roman alphabet4 ,9 ?is case ! lett] ,a 0 us$ z a capital1 9 ord]1 d\btless1 t x %\ld n be conf\nd$ ) ! ,greek 4 ,9 o!r cases small] italics are us$4 ,9 sev]al catalogues s9ce ,bay]1 new italic lett]s h be5 add$ by v>i\s a/ronom]s4 ,sometimes ^! h met ) g5]al acceptance1 & sometimes n4 ,flam/e$ 0 ! fir/ ,a/ronom] ,royal 9 ,engl&1 & obs]v$ at ,gre5wi* f #afff to #agae4 ,among 8 pr9cipal works is a catalogue ( />s 9 :i* ! positions are giv5 ) great] accuracy ?an _h be5 atta9$ by 8 pr$ecessors4 ,he slightly alt]$ ! ,bay] sy/em by introduc+ numb]s in/ead ( ,greek lett]s4 ,?is _h ! advantage t !re 0 no limit to ! numb] ( />s :i* c\ld be designat$ 9 ea* con/ellation4 ,he assign$ numb]s to all ! bright] />s 9 ! ord] ( _! "r asc5sion1 irrespective ( ! lett]s us$ by ,bay]4 ,^! numb]s are ext5sively us$ to ! pres5t day1 & w d\btless cont9ue to be ! pr9cipal designations ( ! />s to :i* !y ref]4 ,x is v common 9 our mod]n catalogues to give bo? ! ,bay] lett] & ! ,flam/e$ numb] 9 ! case ( ,bay] />s4 ,! catalogues by ,flam/e$ d n include q all ! />s visible to ! nak$ eye1 b v>i\s uranometries h be5 publi%$ :i* 7 int5d$ to include all su* />s4 ,9 su* cases ! designations n[ us$ frequ5tly correspond to ! numb]s giv5 9 ! uranometries ( ,bode1 ,argel&] & ,heis4 ,9 rec5t times ^! uranometries h be5 supplem5t$ by c5suses ( ! />s1 :i* are int5d$ to include all ! />s to ! n9? or t5? magnitude4 ,i %all speak ( ^! 9 ! next section2 at pres5t x w suffice to say t />s are v g5]ally designat$ by _! place 9 su* a c5sus4 ,!re is /ill "h & !re "s confusion bo? z to ! b\nd>ies ( ! con/ellations & z to ! names ( a few ( ! />s 9 !m4 ,i h already rem>k$ t1 9 draw+ ! imag9>y b\nd>ies on a /> map1 z repres5t+ ! cele/ial sph]e1 diff]5t a/ronom]s h plac$ ! l9es diff]5tly4 ,"o ( ! regions 9 :i* ?is is especially true is 9 ! neighborhood ( ! nor? pole1 :]e "s a/ronom]s place />s 9 ! con/ellation ,cepheus :i* o!rs place 9 ,ursa ,m9or4 ,h5ce 9 ! ,bay] sy/em ! same /> may h diff]5t names 9 diff]5t catalogues4 ,aga91 9 ext5d+ ! names or numb]s1 "s a/ronom]s use names :i* o!rs d n reg>d z au?oritative4 ,! remapp+ ( ! s\!rn con/ellation by ,dr4 ,g\ld *ang$ ! b\nd>ies ( mo/ ( ! s\!rn con/ellations 9 a way already m5tion$4 ,i h spok5 ( ! subdivision ( ! great con/ellation ,argus into f\r sep>ate ones4 ,bay] hav+ assign$ to ! pr9cipal />s 9 ?is con/ellation ! ,greek lett]s 1 1 1 etc41 ! g5]al practice among a/ronom]s s9ce ! subdivision has be5 to cont9ue ! designation ( ! />s ?us m>k$ z belong+ to ! con/ellation ,argo4 ,?us1 = example1 we h ,argus1 :i* aft] ! subdivision belong$ to ! con/ellation ,c>9a4 ,! v>iable /> ,argus also belongs to ! con/ellation ,c>9a4 ,b 9 ! case ( />s n m>k$ by ,bay]1 ! names 7 assign$ accord+ to ! subdivid$ con/ellations1 ,vela1 ,c>9a1 etc4 ,confus+ ?\gh ?is proce$+ may appe> to be1 x is n productive ( s]i\s tr\ble4 ,! ma9 po9t is t ! same /> %\ld always h ! same "n 9 successive catalogues4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 x has rec5tly become q common to ignore ! con/ellation ,argus altoge!r & use only ! names ( its subdivisions4 ,! read] mu/ !re=e be on 8 gu>d aga9/ any mi/ake aris+ 9 ?is way 9 ! /udy ( a/ronomical lit]ature4 ,9 /> catalogues ! position ( a /> 9 ! heav5s is sometimes giv5 9 connection ) its "n4 ,9 ?is case ! confusion aris+ f ! same /> hav+ diff]5t names may be avoid$1 s9ce a /> c always be id5tifi$ by its "r asc5sion & decl9ation4 ,! fact is t1 s f> z m]e id5tification is conc]n$1 no?+ b ! /atem5t ( a />'s position is really necess>y4 ,un=tunately1 ! position con/antly *anges ?r\gh ! precession ( ! equ9oxes1 s t ?is designation ( a /> is a v>iable quantity4 ,h5ce ! special names :i* we h describ$ are ! mo/ conv5i5t to use 9 ! case ( well-kn[n />s4 ,9 o!r cases a /> is designat$ by its numb] 9 "s well-kn[n catalogue4 ,b ev5 "h diff]5t a/ronom]s *oose diff]5t catalogues1 s t !re are /ill diff]5t designations = ! same />4 ,! case is "o 9 :i* action ( uni=mity ( practice is unatta9able4 ,,catalogu+ ,,& ,,numb]+ ,,! ,,/>s4 ,a catalogue or li/ ( />s is a "w giv+ = ea* /> li/$ its magnitude & its position on ! cele/ial sph]e1 ) su* o!r p>ticul>s z may be necess>y to atta9 ! object ( ! catalogue4 ,if ! latt] includes only ! m conspicu\s />s1 x is common to add ! "n ( ea* /> t has "o2 if none is recogniz$1 ! con/ellation to :i* ! /> belongs is frequ5tly giv54 ,! position ( a /> on ! cele/ial sph]e is def9$ by its "r asc5sion & decl9ation4 ,^! correspond to ! longitude & latitude ( places on ! e>?1 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,imag9e a plane pass+ ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! e>? & co9cid+ ) its equator1 to ext5d out s z to int]sect ! cele/ial sph]e4 ,! l9e ( int]section w be a great circle ( ! cele/ial sph]e1 call$ ! cele/ial equator4 ,! axis ( ! e>?1 be+ also indef9itely ext5d$ 9 bo? ! nor? & ! s\? directions1 w meet ! cele/ial sph]es 9 two opposite po9ts1 kn[n z ! nor? & s\? cele/ial poles4 ,! equator w !n be a great circle #ij f ea* pole4 ,!n z m]idians are drawn f pole to pole on ! e>?1 cutt+ ! equator at diff]5t po9ts1 s imag9>y m]idians are conceiv$ z drawn f pole to pole on ! cele/ial sph]e4 ,correspond+ to p>allels ( latitude on ! e>? we h p>allels ( decl9ation on ! cele/ial sph]e4 ,^! are p>allel to ! equator1 & become small] & small] z we approa* ei!r pole4 ,! correspond5ce ( ! t]re/rial & cele/ial circles is ?is3 ,to latitude on ! e>?'s surface corresponds decl9ation 9 ! heav5s4 ,to longitude on ! e>? corresponds "r asc5sion 9 ! heav5s4 ,a little /udy ( ^! facts w %[ t ! z5i? ( any po9t on ! e>?'s surface is always 9 a decl9ation equal to ! latitude ( ! place4 ,= example1 = an obs]v] 9 ,philadelphia1 9 #dj latitude1 ! p>allel ( #dj nor? decl9ation w always pass ?r\gh 8 z5i?1 & a /> ( t decl9ation w1 9 ! c\rse ( its diurnal motion1 also pass ?r\gh 8 z5i?4 ,s also to an obs]v] on ! equator ! cele/ial sph]e always spans ! visible cele/ial hemisph]e ?r\gh ! ea/ & we/ po9ts4 ,9 ! case ( ! "r asc5sion1 ! relation betwe5 ! t]re/rial & cele/ial sph]es is n con/ant1 because ( ! diurnal motion1 :i* keeps ! t]re/rial m]idians 9 con/ant revolution relative to ! cele/ial m]idians4 ,all[+ = ?is motion1 h[ev]1 ! sy/em is ! same4 ,z we h on ! e>?'s surface a prime m]idian pass+ f pole to pole ?r\gh ! ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory1 s 9 ! heav5s a prime m]idian passes f "o cele/ial pole to ! o!r ?r\gh ! v]nal equ9ox4 ,!n to def9e ! "r asc5sion ( any /> we imag9e a great circle pass+ f pole to pole ?r\gh ! />1 z we imag9e "o to pass f pole to pole ?r\gh a city on ! e>? ( :i* we wi% to designate ! longitude4 ,! actual angle :i* ?is m]idian makes ) ! prime m]idian is ! "r asc5sion ( ! /> z x is ! longitude ( ! place on ! e>?'s surface4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a diff]5ce 9 ! unit ( angul> measurem5t commonly us$ = "r asc5sions 9 ! heav5s & longitude on ! e>?4 ,9 a/ronomical practice1 "r asc5sion is v g5]ally express$ by h\rs1 tw5ty-f\r ( :i* make a complete circle1 correspond+ to ! app>5t revolution ( ! cele/ial sph]e 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! reason ( ?is is t a/ronom]s det]m9e "r asc5sion by ! "t %[n by a clock s regulat$ z to read #j hrs41 #j m941 #j sec4 :5 ! v]nal equ9ox crosses ! m]idian4 ,! h\r h& ( ?is clock makes a revolution ?r\gh tw5ty-f\r h\rs dur+ ! "t t ! e>? makes "o revolution on its axis1 & ?us returns to #j hrs41 #j m941 #j sec4 :5 ! v]nal equ9ox aga9 crosses ! m]idian4 ,a clock ?us regulat$ is said to %[ sid]eal "t4 ,!n ! "r asc5sion ( any /> is equal to ! sid]eal "t at :i* x crosses ! m]idian ( any po9t on ! e>?'s surface4 ,"r asc5sion ?us designat$ 9 "t may be *ang$ to degrees & m9utes by multiply+ by #ae4 ,?us1 "o h\r is equal to #ae2 "o m9ute ( "t is equal to #ae ( arc1 & "o second ( "t to #a ( arc4 ,x may be rem>k$ t 9 a/ronomical practice t]re/rial longitudes are also express$ 9 "t1 ! longitude ( a place be+ designat$ by ! numb] ( h\rs x may be ea/ or we/ ( ,gre5wi*4 ,?us1 ,wa%+ton is said to be #e;h4 #hm4 #aes4 we/ ( ,gre5wi*4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n important = our pres5t purpose4 ,! fir/ a/ronom] :o attempt$ to make a catalogue ( all ! kn[n />s is suppos$ to be ,hipp>*us1 :o fl\ri%$ ab\t #aej ,b4,c4 ,!re is an unv]ifi$ tradition to ! effect t he und]took ?is "w 9 consequ5ce ( ! appe>ance ( a new /> 9 ! heav5s1 & a desire to leave on record1 = ! use ( po/]ity1 su* in=mation respect+ ! heav5s 9 8 "t t any *anges :i* might take place 9 !m c\ld be detect$4 ,?is catalogue has n come d[n to u--at lea/ n 9 its orig9al =m4 ,ptolemy1 ! celebrat$ au?or ( ! #8,almage/1' fl\ri%$ ,a4,d4 #aej4 ,8 great "w conta9s ! e>lie/ catalogue ( />s :i* we h4 ,!re seems to be a c]ta9 probability t ?is catalogue ei!r may be t ( ,hipp>*us adopt$ by ,ptolemy un*ang$1 or may be l>gely d]iv$ f ,hipp>*us4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is little m ?an a surmise1 due to ! fact t ,ptolemy does n seem to h be5 a great obs]v]1 b bas$ 8 !ories v l>gely on ! obs]vations ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,! actual numb] ( />s :i* x conta9s is #a1jcj4 ,! positions ( ^! are giv5 9 longitude & latitude1 & are also describ$ by _! places 9 ! figure ( ! con/ellation to :i* ea* may belong4 ,n unfrequ5tly ! longitude or latitude is a degree or m 9 error1 %[+ t ! in/rum5ts ) :i* ! position 0 det]m9$ 7 ( r r\gh con/ruction4 ,s f> z ! writ] is aw>e1 no attempt to make a new catalogue ( ! />s is f\nd until ! t5? c5tury4 ,!n arose ! ,p]sian a/ronom]1 ,abd-,al-,rahman ,al-,sufi1 commonly kn[n z ,al-,sufi1 :o 0 born ,a4,d4 #ijc & liv$ until #ihf4 ,no?+ is kn[n ( 8 life except t he 0 a man celebrat$ = 8 le>n+1 especially 9 a/ronomy4 ,8 only "w on ! latt] subject :i* has come d[n to u is a description ( ! fix$ />s1 :i* 0 translat$ f ! ,arabic by ,s*jell]up & publi%$ 9 #ahgd by ! ,/4 ,pet]sburg ,academy ( ,sci5ce4 ,?is "w is bas$ ma9ly on ! catalogue ( ,ptolemy1 all ! />s ( :i* he claim$ to h c>efully exam9$4 ,b he did n add any new />s to ,ptolemy's li/1 nor1 x w\ld seem1 did he attempt to r$et]m9e _! positions4 ,he simply us$ ! longitudes & latitudes ( ,ptolemy1 ! =m] be+ increas$ by #ab #db on acc\nt ( ! precession dur+ ! int]val betwe5 8 "t & t to :i* ,ptolemy's catalogue 0 r$uc$4 ,! translator says ( 8 "w t x gives a description ( ! />ry heav5s at ! "t ( ! au?or & is wor?y ( ! highe/ confid5ce4 ,! ma9 body ( ! "w consi/s ( a detail$ description ( ea* con/ellation1 m5tion+ ! positions & appe>ances ( ! />s :i* x conta9s4 ,"h we f9d ! ,arabic names ( ! />s1 :i* 7 n1 h[ev]1 us$ z prop] names1 b seem r to h be5 ,arabic words repres5t+ "s real or suppos$ peculi>ity ( ! sep>ate />s1 or arbitr>ily appli$ to !m4 ,f\r c5turies lat] arose ! celebrat$ ,ulugh ,beigh1 gr&son ( ,tam]lane1 :o reign$ at ,sam>c& 9 ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,bailey says ( him3 8,ulugh ,beigh 0 n only a w>like & p[]ful mon>*1 b also an em95t promot] ( ! sci5ces & ( le>n$ m54 ,dur+ 8 fa!r's lifetime he _h attract$ to 8 capital all ! mo/ celebrat$ a/ronom]s f diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w2 he erect$ !re an imm5se college & obs]vatory1 9 :i* above a hundr$ p]sons 7 con/antly occupi$ 9 ! pursuits ( sci5ce1 & caus$ in/rum5ts to be con/ruct$ ( a bett] =m & great] dim5sions ?an any t _h hi!rto be5 us$ = mak+ a/ronomical obs]vations40 ,8 fate 0 "o :i* s enlight5$ a promot] ( le>n+ little des]v$2 he 0 assass9at$ by ! ord] ( 8 own son1 :o desir$ to succe$ him on 8 ?rone2 & 9 ord] to make 8 position ! m secure1 also put 8 only bro!r to dea?4 ,a catalogue ( ! />s be>s ! "n ( ?is mon>*2 he is suppos$ to h made _m or mo/ ( ! obs]vations on :i* x is f\nd$4 ,po/]ity w be likely to suppose t a sov]eign us$ ! eyes ( o!rs m ?an 8 own 9 mak+ ! obs]vations4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 8 catalogue seems to h be5 ! fir/ 9 :i* ! positions ( ! />s giv5 by ,ptolemy 7 c>efully revis$4 ,he f\nd t !re 7 tw5ty-sev5 ( ,ptolemy's />s too f> s\? to be visible at ,sam>c&1 & t eight o!rs1 al?\gh dilig5tly look$ aft]1 c\ld n be discov]$4 ,x is curi\s t1 l ,al-,sufi1 he does n seem to h add$ any new />s to ,ptolemy's li/4 ,next 9 ! ord] ( "t comes ! "w ( ,bay]1 ^: me?od ( nam+ ! />s has already be5 describ$4 ,! ma9 feature ( ?is "w consi/s ( maps ( all ! con/ellations4 ,previ\s to 8 "t1 cele/ial globes1 made especially = ! use ( ! navigator1 took ! place ( maps ( ! />s4 ,! fir/ edition ( ?is book 0 publi%$ 9 #afjc1 & is di/+ui%$ by ! fact t a li/ ( />s 9 ea* con/ellation is pr9t$ on ! backs ( ! maps4 ,bay] did n conf9e himself to ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 b ext5d$ 8 li/ ov] ! :ole cele/ial sph]e1 f ! nor? to ! s\? pole4 ,! catalogue ( ! celebrat$ ,ty*o ,brahe1 prep>$ t[>d ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ?\gh ( great hi/oric value1 is ( no special int]e/ to ! g5]al read] at ! pres5t "t4 ,a supplem5t to x1 cont9u+ its li/ ( />s to ! s\? pole1 0 publi%$ by ,halley1 :o made ! necess>y obs]vations dur+ a j\rney to ,/4 ,hel5a 9 #afgg4 ,! catalogue ( ,hevelius1 publi%$ 9 #afij1 (f]s no feature ( special int]e/1 except ! addition ( sev]al new con/ellations :i* he plac$ betwe5 ^? already kn[n4 ,hav+ ! aid ( ! telescope1 he 0 able to include 9 8 catalogue />s :i* _h be5 invisible to 8 pr$ecessors4 ,mod]n catalogues ( ! />s may be divid$ into two classes3 ,^? :i* include only />s ( a special class1 or />s ( :i* ! obs]v] s\ght to det]m9e ! position or magnitude ) all atta9able precision2 & catalogues int5d$ to include all ! />s 9 any giv5 region ( ! heav5s1 d[n to "s fix$ ord] ( magnitude4 ,x may appe> rem>kable t no attempt ( ! latt] sort 0 s]i\sly made until m ?an two c5turies aft] ! telescope _h be5 po9t$ at ! heav5s by ,galileo4 ,a reason = ! abs5ce ( su* an attempt w be se5 9 ! va/ numb] ( />s %[n by ! telescope1 ! difficulty ( /opp+ at any giv5 po9t1 & ! seem+ impossibility ( assign+ positions to hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( />s4 ,! latt] difficulty 0 ov]come by ! improv$ me?ods ( obs]vation devis$ 9 mod]n times4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! pres5t c5tury ! celebrat$ ,argel&] comm5c$ ! "w ( actually catalogu+ all ! />s ( ! nor!rn cele/ial hemisph]e to magnitude #i4 ,?is "w 0 t]m$ a ,dur*mu/]ung ( ! nor!rn heav5s1 a t]m :i* has be5 introduc$ into a/ronomy g5]ally to designate a catalogue 9 :i* all ! />s d[n to a c]ta9 magnitude are suppos$ to be mu/]$1 z if a c5sus ( !m 7 tak54 ,! "w fills ?ree qu>to volumes & conta9s m ?an #caj1jjj />s1 ( ea* ( :i* ! magnitude & ! "r asc5sion & decl9ation are giv54 ,?is "w 0 ext5d$ by ,s*nfeld1 ,argel&]'s assi/ant & successor1 to #bb ( s\? decl9ation4 ,9 ! latitudes 9 :i* mo/ ( ! great obs]vatories ( ! _w are situat$1 t "p ( ! cele/ial sph]e )9 #dj or #ej ( ! s\? pole always rema9s bel[ ! horizon4 ,ar\nd ?is invisible region a belt ( some:at indef9ite bread?1 #aj or m1 c be only imp]fectly obs]v$1 ow+ to ! ne>ness ( ! />s to ! horizon1 & ! brevity ( ! p]iod betwe5 _! ris+ & sett+4 ,up to ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! few obs]vatories situat$ 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e 7 too ill-end[$ to p]mit ( _! und]tak+ a complete c5sus ( ?is invisible region4 ,! fir/ consid]able "w emanat+ f ! ,cordoba ,obs]vatory1 "u ,g\ld1 0 a catalogue ( all ! />s f ! s\? pole to #aj ( nor? decl9ation :i* c\ld be se5 ) ! nak$ eye4 ,ano!r "w1 :i* 0 n issu$ until aft] ,dr4 ,g\ld's dea?1 0 devot$ to photographs ( s\!rn clu/]s ( />s4 ,! "w ( ! ,cordoba ,obs]vatory1 ) :i* we are m especially conc]n$ 9 ! pres5t connection1 consi/s ( a #8,dur*mu/]ung' ( ! s\!rn heav5s1 comm5c+ at #bb ( s\? decl9ation1 :]e ,s*nfeld's "w end$1 & cont9u$ to ! s\? pole4 ,?is "w is /ill incomplete1 b two volumes h be5 publi%$ by ,?ome1 ext5d+ to #da ( s\? decl9ation4 ,x is expect$ t ! ?ird is approa*+ completion4 ,?is catalogue is1 9 "o po9t at lea/1 m complete ?an t ( ,argel&] & ,s*nfeld1 z x conta9s all ! />s d[n to ! t5? magnitude4 ,! two volumes give ! positions & magnitudes ( no less ?an #cdj1jjj />s1 & !re=e m ?an ! catalogue ( ,argel&] gives = ! entire nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,if ! rema9+ "p ( ! heav5s1 f #db to ! s\? pole1 is equally ri*1 x w conta9 ne>ly half a million />s1 & ! entire "w w comprise m ?an #hjj1jjj />s4 ,! ,royal ,obs]vatory ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 "u ! able & en]getic direction ( ,dr4 ,david ,gill1 has und]tak5 a "w ( ! same k9d1 :i* is rem>kable = be+ bas$ on photography4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is "w is ( great int]e/4 ,9 #ahhb ,gill secur$ ! aid ( photograph]s at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope to take pictures ( ! brilliant comet ( t ye>1 ) a l>ge cam]a4 ,on develop+ ! pictures ! rem>kable discov]y 0 made t n only all ! />s visible to ! nak$ eye1 b telescopic />s d[n to ! n9? or t5? magnitude 7 also f\nd on ! negatives4 ,?is rem>kable result sugge/$ to ,gill t "h 0 a new & simple me?od ( catalogu+ ! />s4 ,x 0 only necess>y to photograph ! heav5s & !n measure ! positions ( ! />s on ! glass negatives1 :i* c\ld be done ) mu* great] ease & c]ta9ty ?an measures c\ld be made on ! positions ( ! actual />s1 :i* 7 9 con/ant app>5t motion4 ,z soon z ! necess>y arrangem5ts c\ld be made & ! app>atus put into successful op]ation1 ,gill proce$$ to ! "w ( photograph+ ! entire s\!rn heav5s f #ah ( s\? decl9ation to ! cele/ial pole4 ,! results ( ?is "w are f\nd 9 ! #8,cape ,photographic ,dur*mu/]ung1' a "w 9 ?ree qu>to volumes1 9 :i* ! a/ronom]s ( all future "t w f9d a p]man5t record ( ! s\!rn heav5s t[>ds ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! actual "w ( tak+ ! photographs ext5d$ f #ahhg to #ahia4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 f> f be+ ! mo/ difficult "p ( ! ent]prise4 ,! mo/ ardu\s task ( measur+ ! positions ( a half-million ( />s on ! negatives1 includ+ ! det]m9+ ( ! magnitude ( ea*1 0 und]tak5 by ,pr(essor ,j4 ,c4 ,kapetyn1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,gron+51 ,holl&1 & br\ght to a successful completion 9 ! ye> #ahii4 ,:at ! "w gives is1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! magnitude & approximate position ( e /> photograph$4 ,! det]m9+ ( ! magnitude ( a /> is an important & delicate "q4 ,!re is no difficulty 9 det]m9+1 f ! diamet] ( ! image ( ! /> z se5 9 ! microscope1 :at its photographic magnitude 0 at ! "t ( ! exposure1 z comp>$ ) o!r />s on ! same plate4 ,b c we rely ^u simil> photographic magnitudes on a plate correspond+ to simil> brightnesses ( ! />s8 ,9 ! op9ion ( ,gill & ,kapetyn we _c4 ,! transp>5cy ( ! air v>ies f night to night1 & on a v cle> night ! same /> w give a /rong] image ?an x w :5 ! air is ?ick4 ,besides1 slightly diff]5t in/rum5ts 7 us$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! "w4 ,= ^! reasons a scale ( magnitude 0 det]m9$ on ea* plate by comp>+ ! photographic int5sity ( ! images ( a numb] ( />s ) ! magnitudes z obs]v$ ) ! eye by v>i\s obs]v]s4 ,?us on ea* plate ! magnitude 0 r$uc$ to a visual scale4 ,x does n foll[ f ?is t ! magnitudes are visual1 & n photographic4 ,x is /ill true t a blue /> w give a mu* /rong] photographic image ?an a r$ /> ( equal visual brightness4 ,9 a g5]al way1 x may be said t ! catalogue includes all ! />s to v ne>ly ! t5? magnitude1 & on mo/ ( ! plates />s ( #aj4e 7 includ$4 ,9 fact1 n[ & !n is f\nd a /> ( ! elev5? magnitude4 ,a feature ( ! "w :i* adds greatly to its value is a c>eful & exhau/ive comp>ison ( its results ) previ\s catalogues ( ! />s4 ,:5 a /> is f\nd 9 any o!r catalogue ! latt] is indicat$4 ,mo/ int]e/+ is a complete li/ ( catalogu$ />s :i* ought to be on ! photographic negatives1 b 7 n f\nd !re4 ,e su* case 0 inexhau/ibly inve/igat$4 ,sometimes ! /> 0 v>iable1 sometimes x 0 s r$ 9 color t x fail$ to impress itself on ! plate1 sometimes !re 7 errors 9 ! catalogue4 ,! great ent]prise ( mak+ a photographic map ( ! heav5s n[ be+ c>ri$ on z an int]national ent]prise1 hav+ its headqu>t]s at ,p>is1 is yet wid] 9 its scope ?an ! works we h j describ$4 ,"o po9t ( diff]5ce is t x is int5d$ to include all ! />s1 h[ev] fa9t1 t admit ( be+ photograph$ ) ! in/rum5ts 9 use4 ,! latt] are con/ruct$ on a uni=m plan1 ! ap]ture ( ea* be+ #cd c5timetres1 or #ac4d in*es1 & ! focal l5g? #cdc cm4 ,two sets ( plates are tak51 "o to include all ! />s t ! in/rum5t w photograph ne> poles1 & ! o!r only to take 9 ^? to ! elev5? magnitude4 ,( ! latt] x is int5d$ to prep>e a catalogue4 ,"s portions ( ! ,g]man & ,engli% catalogues h already be5 publi%$1 & _! results w be made use ( 9 ! c\rse ( ! pres5t "w4 ,,numb]+ ,,! ,,/>s4 ,closely connect$ ) ! "w ( catalogu+ ! />s is t ( enum]at+ !m4 ,9 view ( :at may possibly be associat$ ) any "o />--planets ) intellectual be+s inhabit+ !m--! "q h[ _m />s !re are 9 ! heav5s is "o ( p]5nial int]e/4 ,b beyond ! g5]al /atem5t we h already made1 ?is "q does n admit ( ev5 an approximate answ]4 ,! "q :i* we %\ld be able to answ] is ?is3 ,h[ _m />s are !re ( ea* easily visible magnitude8 ,h[ _m ( ! fir/ magnitude1 ( ! second1 ( ! ?ird1 & s on to ! smalle/ t h be5 measur$8 ,ev5 9 ?is =m we _c answ] ! "q 9 a way :i* is at ! same "t precise & satisfactory4 ,"o magnitude m]ges into ano!r by ins5sible gradations1 s t no two obs]v]s w agree z to :]e ! l9e %\ld be drawn betwe5 !m4 ,! difficulty is enhanc$ by ! mod]n sy/em--v necess>y1 x is true--( reg>d+ magnitude z a cont9u\sly v>y+ quantity & e/imat+ x ) all possible precision4 ,9 adju/+ ! new sy/em to ! old "o1 x may be assum$ t an av]age /> ( any giv5 magnitude on ! old sy/em w\ld be designat$ by ! correspond+ numb] on ! new sy/em4 ,= example1 an av]age /> ( ! f\r? magnitude w\ld be call$ #d4j2 "o ( ! fif?1 #e4j1 etc4 ,!n ! brighte/ />s1 :i* =m]ly 7 call$ ( ! f\r? magnitude1 w\ld n[ be1 if ! e/imate 7 c>ri$ to hundr$?s1 #c4ej1 :ile ! fa9te/ w\ld be #d4ej4 ,:at 7 =m]ly call$ />s ( ! fif? magnitude w\ld range f #d4ej to #e4ej1 & s on4 ,b we h meet ) a difficulty :5 we come to ! six? magnitude4 ,on ! mod]n sy/em1 magnitude #f4j repres5ts ! fa9te/ /> visible to ! nak$ eye2 b ! />s =m]ly includ$ 9 ?is class w\ld1 on ! av]age1 be some:at bright] ?an ?is1 because none c\ld be catalogu$ except ^? s visible4 ,! mo/ complete enum]ation ( ! lucid />s by magnitudes has be5 made by ,pick]+ 7#8,annals ( ! ,h>v>d ,obs]vatory1' ,vol4 ,,xiv74 ,! />s 7 classifi$ by half magnitudes1 call+ ,m4 ,m4 ,mag4 #b4j all f #a4ge to #b4be #b4e all f #b4be to #b4ge etc41 etc4 ,= ! nor!rn />s ,pick]+ us$ ! ,h>v>d ,photometry2 = ! s\!rn1 ,g\ld's #8,uranometria ,arg5t9a4' ,a zone f ! equator to #cj s\? decl9ation is common to bo?2 = ?is zone ,i use ,g\ld4 ,! numb] ( ea* class 9 ! entire sky1 nor? & s\? ( ! cele/ial equator1 is z foll[s3 ,nor!rn ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e4 ,hemisph]e4 ,pick]+4 ,g\ld4 ,total4 #a #i #ad #bc #b4j #ag #ae #cb #b4e #ag #bd #da #c4j #cg #da #gh #c4e #fa #gd #ace #d4j #aad #abf #bdj #d4e #bbh #bcd #dfb #e4j #dej #dbf #hgf #e4e #ghg #fha #a1dfh #f4j #ghi #a1ahi #a1igh ----- ----- ----- ,sum4 #b1eji #b1hbd #e1ccc ,x w\ld seem f ?is t ! numb] ( lucid />s 9 ! s\!rn cele/ial hemisph]e is #cae great] ?an 9 ! nor!rn4 ,b ?is arises :olly f a seem+ly great] numb] ( />s ( magnitude #f4 ,9 ! zone #j to #cj ,s41 ,pick]+ has #bad />s ( ?is class few] ?an ,g\ld4 ,h5ce x is n likely t !re is any really great] ri*ness ( ! s\!rn sky4 ,! total numb] ( lucid />s is ?us f\nd to be #e1ccc4 ,b x is n likely t />s ( magnitudes #f4a & #f4b %\ld be includ$ 9 ?is class1 ?\gh ?is is done 9 ! above table4 ,f a c>eful /udy & comp>ison ( ! same data f ,pick]+ & ,g\ld1 ,s*iap>elli enum]at$ ! />s to magnitude #f4j4 ,he f\nd3 ,nor? pole to #cj ,s4 #c1aac />s4 #cj ,s4 to s\? pole #a1aij />s4 ----- ,total lucid />s #d1cjc ,= mo/ purposes a classification by entire magnitudes is m in/ructive ?an "o by half magnitudes4 ,f ! ?ird magnitude d[nw>d we may assume t #dj p] c5t4 ( ! />s ( ea* half magnitude belong to ! magnitude next above1 & #fj p] c5t4 to t next bel[4 ,we ?us f9d t ( ,total4 ,mag4 #j & #a !re are #ba />s #ba ,mag4 #b !re are #eb />s #gc ,mag4 #c !re are #aeg />s #bcj ,mag4 #d !re are #ejf />s #gcf ,mag4 #e !re are #a1gdj />s #b1dgf ,mag4 #f !re are #e1aga />s #g1fdg ,"h x is to be rem>k$ t "u magnitude #f are includ$ _m o!r ?an ! lucid />s1 namely1 all d[n to magnitude #f4d4 ,! la/ column gives ! entire numb] ( />s d[n to ea* ord] ( magnitude4 ,x w be rem>k$ t ! numb] ( />s ( ea* ord] is r m ?an ?ree times t ( ! ord] next high]4 ,h[ f> does ?is law ext5d8 ,argel&]'s #8,dur*mu/]ung1' :i* is suppos$ to include all />s to magnitude #i4e1 gives #cae1jci />s = ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 f :i* x w\ld be inf]r$ t ! :ole sky conta9s #fcj1jjj />s to ! n9? magnitude4 ,comp>+ ?is ) ! numb] #g1fdg ( />s to ! magnitude #f4e1 we see t x is =ty-fold1 s t x w\ld require a ratio ( ab\t #c4e f ea* magnitude to ! next l[]4 ,b x is n[ f\nd t ,argel&]'s li/ conta9s1 9 ! great] "p ( ! heav5s1 all ! />s to ! t5? magnitude4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,?ome's ,cordoba #8,dur*mu/]ung' gives #cdj1chj />s betwe5 ! p>allels -#bb & -#db4 ,?is is #j4adgbe ( ! :ole sky1 s t1 on ,?ome's scale ( magnitude1 !re are ab\t #b1caa1jjj />s to ! t5? magnitude 9 ! sky4 ,?is is m ?an ?ree times ! ,argel&] numb] to ! n9? magnitude4 ,x w\ld1 !re=e1 seem t ! ratio ( numb] = ea* magnitude mu/ exce$ #c1 ev5 up to ! t5?4 ,if a ratio ( only #c ext5ds f\r /eps f>!r1 ! :ole numb] ( />s 9 ! sky d[n to magnitude #ad4e inclusive mu/ approa* #bjj millions4 ,until ! int]national photographic *>t ( ! sky is subject$ to a detail$ exam9ation1 x is impossible to make an e/imation ) any approa* to c]ta9ty4 ,,colonies ,,& ,,! ,,"m ,,c\ntry 7,,iii74 ,,by ,,james ,,colli]4 ,! relations betwe5 a great /ate & its subject peoples w v>y accord+ to ! /atus ( ^!1 z ! relations betwe5 fa!r & son diff] accord+ z ! latt] is self-support+ or /ill "u tutelage4 ,roman prov9ces "u ! empire 7 class$ z imp]ial :5 !y 7 directly controll$ by ! ,emp]or1 or s5atorial :5 !y 7 gov]n$ by ! ,s5ate & possess$ a simulacrum ( self-gov]nm5t4 ,! dual /atus 9 ?is "m c\ntry ( ne>ly ! :ole _w =e%ad[s all subsequ5t relation%ips betwe5 a "m c\ntry & its dep5d5cies4 ,spa9 & ,portugal gov]n$ _! colonies imp]ially1 appo9t+ all (fic]s1 imm$iately or ?r\gh _! repres5tative m$iately enact+ all laws1 & leav+ almo/ z little fre$om to _! own c\ntrym5 z to ! d[n-trodd5 indig5es4 ,m humanely1 inde$1 b 9 spite ( conc$$ ,fr5* citiz5%ip & !oretical equality1 ! ,fr5* h rul$ _! scatt]$ dep5d5cies ) z little ( ! reality ( public life4 ,! ,dut* colonies are simil>ly controll$4 ,! ,briti% ,empire pres5ts a v>iegat$ picture :]e e color is bl5d$ & e =m ( policy kn[n among m5 is display$4 ,f x alone an ,ari/otle might del9eate ! metaphysics ( gov]nm5t or a ,sp5c] con/ruct its physics4 ,9 ,egypt & ,crete1 ) practical possession1 imp]ial ,engl& is vassal to ! ,sultan1 & %e n[ holds ! conqu]$ ,s\dan jo9tly ) ,egypt1 b ackn[l$ges no suz]a9ty4 ,%e is h]self suz]a9 ( ! two ,s\? ,african ,bo] republics & reg5t ( ,zanzib>4 ,9 h] magnific5t dep5d5cy ( ,india1 #fib sov]eignties & *ief%ips =m a #8protect$' girdle ar\nd h] own possessions1 or int]lace or approa* !m4 ,betwe5 ^! b5efic5t despotisms & ! free /ates ( ,au/ralia1 ,s\? ,africa or ,nor? ,am]ica !re seems to be e possible v>iety ( m+l$ absolutism & self-gov]nm5t4 ,c]ta9 t]ritories are gov]n$ by *>t]$ companies2 "o 7,rhodesia7 by a *>t]$ company "u ! control ( ! ,cr[n4 ,?ree native t]ritories are gov]n$ by (fic]s "u ! ,high ,commission] ( ,s\? ,africa2 f\r o!rs by ! (fic]s ( ,cape ,colony4 ,! /atus ( ,cr[n colonies adm9i/]$ m or less directly by ! ,imp]ial ,gov]nm5t is almo/ z v>i\s4 ,"o colony may be dep5d5t on ano!r1 z ,natal 0 = ye>s on ,cape ,colony4 ,o!rs exhibit 9 an asc5d+ scale ! acquisition ( ! attributes ( self-gov]nm5t4 ,! gov]nor rules at fir/ alone despotically1 !n ) an executive c\ncil1 next ) a nom9at$ legislative c\ncil1 fur!r ) ! latt] p>tly elect$1 & f9ally ) x :olly elective4 ,at ^! successive /ages ! colony is 9 a decreas+ degree "u ! control ( ! ,imp]ial ,gov]nm5t1 & a scale might be drawn %[+ gr\ps ( colonies indef9itely arre/$ at "o or ano!r ( !m4 ,only colonies de/9$ = complete fre$om victori\sly pass ?r\gh !m all & em]ge into full political manhood4 ,! duration ( _! infancy & y\? is det]m9$ by int]nal & ext]nal circum/ances3 7#a7 ,:5 a colony is sy/ematically f\nd$ & quickly peopl$ x may rapidly trav]se ! p]iod ( dep5d5ce1 & 7l ,new ,zeal& or ,s\? ,au/ralia7 be grant$ responsible gov]nm5t 9 ab\t fifte5 ye>s4 7#b7 ,convict colonies1 l ,tasmania & ,new ,s\? ,wales1 may h fifty or sixty ye>s ( pupilage4 7#c7 ,a colony ( ret>d$ gr[?1 l ,we/ ,au/ralia1 may be ne>ly z long a m9or4 7#d7 ,colonies t h long to /ruggle ) an ov]:elm+ mass ( indig5es1 l ,cape ,colony1 may take half a c5tury to rip51 & ev5 !n1 l ,natal1 may reta9 traces ( ! e>li] /ate4 7#e7 ,:5 ! "m c\ntry is h]self despotically gov]n$1 z ,engl& 0 "u ! ,/u>ts1 ! ,commonweal? & ! e>ly ,hanov]ians1 colonies t possess e attribute qualify+ !m = fre$om1 l _m ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican colonies1 may be =cibly reta9$ 9 p>tial dep5d5ce4 7#f7 ,! ,new ,engl& colonies1 free f ! />t1 7 connect$ ) ,brita9 by a %ad[y tie ( nom9al allegiance1 tight5$ at times into real subjection4 ,la/ly1 a colony may rev]t1 l ,jamaica1 aft] ye>s ( ,p>liam5t>y in/itutions1 to ! dep5d5t position ( a ,cr[n colony4 ,s v>i\s & s intricate1 s weak "h1 s /rong !re1 & )al s m>vel\sly compact$1 is ! network ( relations =m+ ! anatomy ( ! wond]ful new type ( social organism con/itut$ by a "m c\ntry1 its free & its subject colonies1 its protect$ /ates & its dep5d5cies4 ,! bra9 sometimes inhibits natural movem5ts & en=ces injuri\s actions1 z a morbid consci5ce (t5 prescribes irksome duties & =bids innoc5t pleasures4 ,fa!rs h misdirect$ ! c>e] ( _! sons1 & ! unwisdom ( mo!rs 7,lady ,a%ton1 9 #8,! ,bride ( ,lamm]moor1' is a tragic1 b f> f a r>e example7 has de/roy$ ! happ9ess ( _! daught]s4 ,s gov]nm5ts inevitably h9d] & blund]1 worry colonies by vexati\s int]f]5ces or goad !m into insurrection4 ,= m ?an ?irty ye>s ,bi%op ,fonseca1 ! presid5t ( ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,indies1 lay l an incubus on ! ,spani% colonies 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,8 ma9 object seem$ to be to ?r[ imp$im5ts 9 ! way ( ! great discov]]s & rul]s--,columbus & ,cortez4 ,:5 ,cortez plann$ ! conque/ ( ,mexico he exp]i5c$ protract$ opposition f ,fonseca1 :o 8disc\rag$ recruits1 /opp$ supplies & seque/]$ ! prop]ty0 ,cortez s5t to ,spa94 ,! conqu]or bitt]ly compla9$ t he 8_h f\nd x h>d] to cont5d aga9/ 8 own c\ntrym5 ?an aga9/ ! ,aztecs40 ,! /ory ( ,spa9's ,s\? ,am]ican colonies is "o ( inju/ice1 oppression & d[nright robb]y4 ,! natives naturally suff]$ mo/4 ,!y 7 condemn$ to =c$ labor 9 ! m9es "u circum/ances ( extreme b>b>ity1 9 ord] t l>ge sums ( money might be s5t annually to ,spa94 ,?is insatiable dem& neutraliz$ all ! ef=ts ( ! be/-int5tion$ vic]oys & r5d]$ all attempts at good gov]nm5t nugatory4 ,! ,indians _h fur!r to submit to gr9d+ oppression by ! local (ficials & to ! exactions & tyranny ( ! prie/s4 ,! ,spani% coloni/s _h _! own grievances4 ,articles ( comm]ce 7 exclud$1 or _h _! prices height5$ by ! monopoly ( ! ,cadiz m]*ants4 ,!y 7 oppress$ by ! milit>y despotism ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,! political developm5t ( ! colonies 0 made impossible by ! cont9u$ use ( !m = ! purposes ( ! "m c\ntry4 ,:at ,spa9 0 = ?ree c5turies1 t 0 %e till ! o!r day 9 h] few rema9+ colonies4 ,"l ,brassey writes ( ,cuba3 8,! casual visitor c n fail to be impress$ ) ! evid5ces ( ineffici5t adm9i/ration4 ,! fiscal policy is int5sely exclusive4 ,! taxation is heavy1 & ! gov]nm5t absolutely despotic4 ,! police ma9ta9 a sy/em ( intol]able espionage4 ,e sal>i$ s]vant ( ! local gov]nm5t is a ,spani>d1 :o reg>ds ,cuba z a vassal /ate1 ov] :i* ,spa9 has unlimit$ rights1 )\t reciprocal duties or obligations4 ,! sy/em has already sev]$ all h] noble settlem5ts 9 ,s\? ,am]ica f ! "m c\ntry4 ,9 "t x mu/ involve ! loss ( ,cuba40 ,if x 7 ! case t ! g5esis & gr[? ( ! myriad buds =m$ r\nd a prolific hydroid 7 accel]at$ by magnetic %oots 7s to speak7 f ! p>5t zophyte1 & #8p]sons' 7 ?us diff]5tiat$1 we %\ld h a true analogue to a k9d ( action ex]cis$ by ! "m c\ntry on its colonies4 ,= x long supplies !m ) ! great] "p ( _! bra9 p[]1 gov]n+ =ce1 culture1 sci5ce & exp]i5ce ( all sorts1 & :5 ^! h done _! "w a new political1 intellectual & moral c5t] is creat$1 :i* is h5ce=? self-subsi/5t2 ! colony has receiv$ a s\l1 a m9d1 a he>t4 ,fir/1 ! gov]nor is usually s5t out by ! metropolis4 ,( six hundr$ & sev5ty-two rul]s ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 f its conque/ to its indep5d5ce1 only eighte5 7 ,am]icans4 ,9 ,fr5* & ,dut* colonies !re are possibly no exceptions4 ,_m ( ! *>t] & propriet>y colonies ( ,nor? ,am]ica elect$ _! own gov]nors1 & ! insurrection>y gov]nor ( a ,cr[n colony1 ,new ,york1 0 popul>ly elect$4 ,! lieut5ant-gov]nors ( ! prov9ces ( ! ,canadian ,dom9ion are locally appo9t$4 ,) ^! & "o or two o!r exceptions1 ! gov]nor may be consid]$ z symboliz+ 79 s f> z he has ! capacity7 ! entire civilization ( ! "m c\ntry4 ,he br+s mu* or little to ! colony he comes to gov]n4 ,sometimes1 z 9 ! case ( ,sir ,george ,gray1 he br+s intellectual sup]iority1 & he may ?us /imulate its lit]>y developm5t1 b t is r>e4 ,he (t5] imp>ts an aroma ( g5tility t is mu* appreciat$ by a c]ta9 class4 ,he may be ( practical utility by apply+ ! exp]i5ce ( a milit>y eng9e]1 z did ,sir ,william ,j]vois4 ,he may h _h l>ge colonial exp]i5ce1 l ,sir ,h]cules ,rob9son1 & use t to solve ! intricate political problems ( 8 colony4 ,if he is a collector1 l ,sir ,george ,gray1 he may enri* x by beque/s ( libr>ies & museums4 ,if he possesses lit]>y gifts & has pass$ ?r\gh an ev5tful "t1 he may enri* colonial hi/ory by dictat+ 8 biography1 l "o colonial gov]nor1 or writ+ 8 rem9isc5ces1 l s _m4 ,& la/ly1 aft] return+ to ! "m-l&1 he may cont9ue to wat* ov] ! int]e/s ( ! colony or colonies he rul$2 he may become presid5t or memb] ( ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,indies1 l ?ree vic]oys ( ,p]u1 or ,p>liam5t>y "u-secret>y = ! colonies1 l ,sir ,james ,f]gusson1 or ev5 8 =m] colony's ag5t-g5]al1 l ,sir ,w4 ,rob9son4 ,9 ,cr[n colonies ! *ief legal & adm9i/rative (ficials are imp]ial appo9tees1 & are only sup]s$$ by local m9i/]s :5 ! colony is grant$ responsible gov]nm5t4 ,9 a unique case1 t ( ,que5sl&1 aft] a con/itution _h be5 conc$$1 ! fir/ gov]nor took out ) him ! fir/ premi]2 & he too 0 aft]w>ds able to safegu>d its int]e/s z p]man5t "u-secret>y 9 ,london4 ,! ,greek metropolis sometimes s5t prie/s to its colonies1 & bi%ops are long appo9t$ by ! "m *ur*4 ,dur+ ! ?ree c5turies ( ,p]uvian dep5d5ce fully "o 9 sev5 bi%ops--"o hundr$ & five aga9/ sev5 hundr$ & six--7 native ,am]icans4 ,canada seems to h at l5g? arriv$ at complete indep5d5ce & appo9ts ,canadians4 ,9 ,au/ralasia & ,s\? ,africa ! metropolitans & mo/ ( ! suffragans are /ill nom9at$ 9 ,engl&2 a dean may be transf]r$ f "o colony to ano!r z a bi%op2 or a small & poor diocese may elect "o ( its incumb5ts4 ,local jeal\sies & possibly ! abs5ce ( a comm&+ _s comb9e ) ! desire to h ! be/ ! home *ur* c af=d to give or ! colonial *ur* procure to dictate ! extrane\s selection4 ,! /ream ( ecclesia/ical culture fl[s likewise ?r\gh ! immigration or importation ( m9i/]s ( all d5om9ations4 ,x means1 among ,ca?olics z among ,prote/ants1 ! p]iodical addition to ! spiritual weal? ( ! colonies ( an am\nt ( tal5t & high "* :i* !y w\ld h be5 sl[ to acquire by natural gr[?4 ,univ]sity or collegiate pr(essors are = q z long appo9t$ by a committee ( selection 9 ! "m c\ntry4 ,su* m5--"s ( !m brilliant1 labori\s1 en?usia/ic--are a real acquisition to communities imm]s$ 9 mat]ial pursuits & cut (f f ! movem5t ( sci5ce 9 ,europe1 & _! position is des]v$ly high & well remun]at$4 ,doctors1 lawy]s1 arti/s1 tea*]s1 exp]ts 9 _m dep>tm5ts1 place ! colonies 9 ! same position relatively to less-favor$ communities1 z ! sons ( a squire relatively to ! sons ( an artisan4 ,9 ?is respect1 z 9 mo/ o!rs1 a colony foll[s ! example ( ! "m c\ntry4 ,! introduction ( lit]ature1 ! sci5ces & ! arts into ! "m-l& 0 to a l>ge ext5t at all /ages 9 its hi/ory ! "w ( ali5s4 ,x is s /ill2 ! names ( ,buns51 ,ros51 ,max ,mll]1 ,gold/ck]1 ,aufre*t1 & a score ( o!rs1 are pro(s t m5 z well z ?+s t are #8made 9 ,g]many' are /ill import$ into ,engl&4 ,to desc5d to ! me*anical arts1 8! ranks ( skill$ workm5 9 ,am]ica 7 & are r5ew$ f ! m f]tile soil ( ,europe02 ev5 ! workm5 9 ! ,portl& /one-qu>ries are import$ f ,engl&4 ,! second mode 9 :i* =eign culture 0 introduc$ into ! "m-l& 9 common ) all o!rs--visits made abroad = disciple%ip or in/ruction--has all along be51 & is n[ increas+ly1 ma9ta9$4 ,colonial /ud5ts g to ,europe to be tra9$ 9 m$ic9e & law4 ,exp]ts g to become acqua9t$ ) advances 9 sci5ce & m$ic9e1 or ) rec5t improvem5ts 9 me*anical processes4 ,! weal?i] coloni/s :o sp5d occasional seasons 9 ,europe br+ back new 7or antiquat$7 social or political notions1 & ,am]icans :o ?us try to import into ! ,unit$ ,/ates an ari/ocratic /yle ( liv+ h to be ridicul$ out ( x4 ,! ?ird me?od by :i* an infusion ( =eign civilization may pass into ano!r community is by books1 works ( pla/ic art1 music1 tools1 implem5ts & in/rum5ts1 & into ?is va/ inh]itance ( ! "m c\ntry ! daught] colonies h ent]$4 ,!y p>ticipate 9 ! advances made by o!r c\ntries z well4 ,! ,canadian colonies owe only less to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?an to ,engl&1 & ,am]ican railway c>s1 agricultural implem5ts & h\sehold ut5sils are 9 use 9 ,au/ralasia4 ,9 ,new ,zeal& a ,fr5* ,masonic lodge has /ruck root4 ,! new colonial c5t]s ?us =m$ react on ! fa!r-l&1 z we may conceive ! daught] buds to react on ! p>5t hydroid4 ,! discov]y ( ! ,new ,_w & ! successive entrance ( ! five great m>itime p[]s ^u a long & fi]ce rivalry = its possession trans=m$ ! politics ( ,europe4 ,great w>s 7 und]tak5 solely ) ?is object4 ,! political c5t] ( gravity 0 %ift$ f ! ,m$it]ranean to ! ,atlantic4 ,new indu/rial int]e/s 7 creat$4 ,insul> & /agnant p[]s1 isolat$ ,cont95tal p[]s1 receiv$ a fre% lease ( life1 &1 along ) w>like ,cont95tal p[]s1 7 exp&$ to ! measure ( ! globe4 ,new sympa?ies 7 g5]at$4 ,wid] horizons 7 op5$ out4 ,! he>t & bra9 ( all 7 9 a mann] enl>g$4 ,! policy ( ! "m c\ntry is ev5 n[ be+ modifi$ by its colonies4 8,! p>am\nt object 9 legislat+ = colonies %\ld be ! welf>e ( ! p>5t /ate10 frankly av[s ! law (fic] ( ! ,dut* ,ea/ ,india ,company at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 9 #aggi4 ,! ,a%burton ,treaty & ! ,oregon ,agreem5t 7 ent]$ into z if ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 alone int]e/$ 9 _! provisions4 ,treaties are n[ conclud$ 9 ! int]e/s ( ! colonies4 ,treaties are #8d5\nc$' 9 ord] to all[ !m fre$om to tax =eign commodities4 ,!y are repres5t$ by commission]s1 on an equal foot+ ) ^? ( ,brita91 at conf]5ces prep>atory to ! conclusion ( treaties1 & colonial conf]5ces are summon$ 9 ord] t ! g5]al views ( ! colonies may be asc]ta9$4 ,!re is a m direct reaction1 resembl+ ! adoption by an admir+ fa!r ( ! s5tim5ts & op9ions ( a son :o is ris+ 9 ! _w4 ,! ,greek cities t _h plant$ colonies imitat$ ! republican in/itutions ( ^! & depos$ _! k+s4 8,! ,am]ican coloni/s10 says ,bancr(t1 8f\nd$ _! in/itutions on popul> fre$om & #8set an example to ! nations4' ,already ! 444 ,anglo-,saxon emigrants 7 ! hope ( ! _w40 ,! filial free colonies ( ,brita9 are ex]t+ an influ5ce on ! dome/ic policy ( ! fa!r-l&4 ,an ag$ colonial rul] us$ to console himself = exclusion f ! ,engli% ,p>liam5t by *]i%+ ! belief t ideas & measures ( 8 _h pass$ into ! public life ( ,engl&4 ,mu* ( ?is is m]e halluc9ation2 "s ( x is reality4 ,! te/imony ( a sagaci\s & exp]i5c$ /atesman on ?is subject is decisive3 8,to ! influ5ce ( ! ,am]ican ,union mu/ be add$ t ( ! ,briti% colonies4 ,! success ( popul> self-gov]nm5t 9 ^! ?riv+ communities is react+ on political op9ion at home ) a =ce t no /atesman neglects1 & t is e day increas+4 ,!re is ev5 a dang] t ! influ5ce may g too f>4 ,!y are solv+ "s ( our problems1 b n "u our conditions1 & n 9 pres5ce ( ! same difficulties4 ,/ill1 ! effect ( colonial prosp]ity--a prosp]ity alike ( admirable a*ievem5t & b\ndless promise--is irresi/ible4 ,x imp>ts a fre$om1 an ela/icity1 an expansiv5ess1 to ,engli% political notions1 & gives our p a confid5ce 9 free in/itutions & popul> gov]nm5t1 :i* !y w\ld nev] h drawn f ! mo/ eloqu5t assumptions ( speculative sy/em-mong]s1 nor f any o!r s\rce :atev]1 save practical exp]i5ce c>efully obs]v$ & rationally int]pret$40,i ,i ,morley1 #8,/udies 9 ,lit]ature1' pp4 #abf-g4 ,! ,new ,zeal& sy/em ( local gov]nm5t is a model :i* ,great ,brita91 at "o "t fam\s 9 t l9e1 has n be5 a%am$ to imitate2 ! ,engli% c\nty c\ncils h be5 mold$ on ^? ( h] colony4 ,f ! same colony ! "m c\ntry borr[$ h] ,fir/ ,(f5d]s' act4 ,! re/riction ( electors to ! ex]cise ( a s+le vote--unimportant except+ 9 pr9ciple 9 popul\s ,engl&1 b important 9 "y c\ntries :]e prop]ty is widely held--0 p]sev]+ly propos$1 & at l5g? c>ri$1 by ! ari/ocratic lead] ( ! democratic p>ty 9 ,new ,zeal&1 :5ce x is spread+ to ! adjac5t colonies2 x has be5 = "s ye>s adopt$ by ! ,briti% ,lib]als z an article 9 _! programme1 & x is also a plank 9 ! ,european sociali/ plat=m4 ,! g5]al adhesion to an eight h\rs' day 9 ! ,au/ralasian colonies is hav+ an effect 9 ,engl& & is probably ! measure to :i* ,mr4 ,morley ref]s z likely to be dang]\s2 8 opposition to x co/ him 8 seat at ,newca/le4 ,! adoption ( female suffrage 9 two ( ^! colonies & ! c]ta9ty ( its adoption 9 o!rs are habitually cit$ by ! advocates ( ! cause 9 ,engl& z an argum5t = its adoption 9 ,engl&4 ,! nationalization ( ! l& has be5 a popul> notion 9 ^! same colonies ev] s9ce ,h5ry ,george's fam\s book 0 publi%$1 & ! l>ge ext5t ( private l&s b\ght back by ! gov]nm5ts ( ,new ,zeal& & ,que5sl& has /r5g!n$ ! h&s ( ! l&-nationaliz]s 9 ,europe4 ,! advanc$ gov]nm5t socialism ( mo/ ( ^! colonies1 made inevitable by ! lack ( private capital1 & its app>5t success1 furni% sociali/s ( ! ,g]man type ) weapons & enc\rage !m to prophesy #8! dawn ( a revolution>y epo*4' ,! spiritual reaction ( ! colonies on ! "m-l& is mu* less consid]able1 yet is n nil4 ,"o or two in/ances /& out prom95tly4 ,jona?an ,edw>ds is "o ( ! giants ( ,briti% z well z ( ,am]ican !ology1 & 8 treatise on ! fre$om ( ! w has c\nt$ = z mu* z ,butl]'s ,analogy 9 ! developm5t ( ,engli% !ological ?\ght4 ,sam ,slick has be5 ! fa!r or fo/]-fa!r ( ! port5t\s ov]gr[? ( humor by :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates balances ! dev\r+ activity ( its public & ! ov]/ra9 ( its private life1 b he has be5 practically inop]ative on ! v diff]5t quality ( ,engli% humor4 ,f ,s\? ,africa h come influ5ces ( a /]n] sort4 8,:o c\ld h =ese510 asks ,mr4 ,/ead1 8t ! new1 & 9 _m respects ! mo/ di/9ctive1 note ( ! lit]ature ( ! la/ decade ( ! n9ete5? c5tury w\ld be s\nd$ by a little *it ( a girl re>$ 9 ! solemn /illness ( ! ,k>oo1 9 ! solitude ( ! ,african bu%8 ,! ,cape has inde$ done yeoman's s]vice to ! ,engli%-speak+ _w4 ,to t pivot ( ! empire we owe our mo/ pron\nc$ types ( ! imp]ial man & ! emancipat$ woman0--,cecil ,rhodes & ,olive ,s*re9]4 ,,causes ,,( ,,deg5]ation ,,9 ,,bl9d ,,fi%es4 ,,by ,,pr(essor ,,c>l ,h4 ,,eig5mann1 ,,indiana ,,univ]sity4 ,x may n[ be pr(itable to take up ! causes lead+ to ! small degree ( deg5]ation f\nd 9 ,*ologa/]1 ! deg5]ations ( ! eye 9 ,amblyopsis1 ,typhli*?ys & ,trogli*?ys to a m]e ve/ige1 toge!r ) ! total disappe>ance ( "s ( ! accessory /ructures ( ! eye1 z ! muscles4 ,9 ! outset ( ?is consid]ation we mu/ gu>d aga9/ ! almo/ univ]sal supposition t animals dep5d+ on _! eyes = food are or h be5 coloniz+ caves1 or t ! bl9d =ms are ! results ( cata/rophes t h happ5$ to ey$ =ms dep5d+ on _! eyesight = _! exi/5ce4 ,?is idea1 s preval5t1 vitiates ne>ly ev]y?+ t has be5 writt5 on ! deg5]ation ( ! eyes ( cave animals4 ,ano!r ^w ( w>n+ ought p]haps to be add$4 ,! process ( deg5]ation f\nd 9 ! ,amblyopsid ne$ n necess>ily be expect$ to be id5tical ) ! deg5]ation ( ! same organs 9 ano!r gr\p ( animals1 &1 h[ev] mu* ! conditions 9 "o gr\p may illum9ate ! conditions 9 ano!r1 cross-c\ntry conclusions mu/ be gu>d$ aga9/4 ,! deg5]ation ( organs ontog5etically & phylog5etically has receiv$ a v>iety ( explanations3 #a4 ,! organ dim9i%es ) disuse 7ontog5etic deg5]ation--,lam>ck1 ,r\x1 ,pack>d71 & ! effect ( ?is disuse appe>s to "s ext5t 9 ! next g5]ation 7phylog5etic deg5]ation--,lam>ck1 ,r\x1 ,pack>d1 ,kohl74 #b4 ,?r\gh a condition ( panmixia ! g5]al av]age ma9ta9$ by selection is r$uc$ to ! bir? mean 9 "o g5]ation 7ontog5etic--,romanes1 ,lanke/]1 ,lloyd ,morgan1 ,weismann7 to ! greate/ possible deg5]ation 9 succe$+ g5]ations 7phylog5etic--,weismann71 or b little bel[ ! bir? av]age ( ! fir/ g5]ation 7,weismann's lat] view1 ,romanes1 ,morgan1 ,lanke/]74 #c4 ,?r\gh natural selection 7rev]s$71 ! /ruggle ( p]sons1 ! organ may be caus$ to deg5]ate ei!r 7,a7 by ! migration ( p]sons ) highly develop$ eyes f ! colony liv+ 9 ! d>k 7,lanke/]71 or 7,b7 ?r\gh economy ( weight & nutrim5t or liability to injury 7phylog5etic purely--,d>w91 ,romanes74 #d4 ,?r\gh ! /ruggle ( p>ts = room or = food an unus$ organ 9 ! individual may be cr[d$ 7ontog5etic--,r\x74 ,?is may lead to ! developm5t ( ! us$ organ z aga9/ ! disus$ ?r\gh a comp5sation ( gr[? 7,goe!1 ,sa9t-,hilaire1 ,r\x72 ?is ontog5etic result becomes phylog5etic ?r\gh transmission ( ! acquir$ "* 7,r\x71 or is 9 its v nature phylobla/ic 7,kohl74 #e4 ,?r\gh ! /ruggle betwe5 soma & g]m to produce ! maximum ( effici5cy ( ! =m] ) ! m9imum exp5diture to ! latt] 7ontog5etic & phylog5etic--,l5d5feld74 #f4 ,?r\gh g]m9al selection1 ! /ruggle ( ! repres5tatives ( organs 9 ! g]m 7ontog5etic & phylog5etic--,weismann74 ,! idea ( ontog5etic deg5]ation is intimately b\nd up ) ! idea ( phylog5etic deg5]ation4 ,logically we ought to consid] fir/ ! causes ( individual deg5]ation1 & !n ! processes or causes t l$ to ! transmission ( ?is4 ,practically x is impossible to d s1 because _m ( ! explanations are g5]al4 ,only ,no4 #d ( ! above may be tak5 9 ! ontog5etic s5se purely1 ?\gh x 0 c]ta9ly also meant to expla9 phylog5etic deg5]ation4 ,9 _m ( ! explanations ( p>ticul> cases ( deg5]ation m ?an "o ( ! above pr9ciples are invok$1 ?\gh only "o 0 meant to be us$4 ,9 mo/ cases1 h[ev]1 ! discussions ( deg5]ation h be5 9 g5]al t]ms1 )\t direct be>+ on any specific in/ance ( deg5]ation 9 all its details4 ,x mu/ be evid5t t su* discussions c only by accid5t lead to "r results4 ,by ! ,lam>ckian ontog5etic deg5]ation is consid]$ ! result ( lack ( use & consequ5t dim9i%$ blood supply4 ,! results ( ! dim9ution caus$ by ! lack ( use dur+ "o g5]ation are transmitt$ 9 "s degree to ! next g5]ation1 :i* ?us />ts at a l[] level4 ,a cont9uation ( ! same conditions leads f9ally to ! great r$uction & ultimate disappe>ance ( an organ4 ,no "o1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 has succe$$ 9 acc\nt+ = ! deg5]ation ( ! eye by means ( ?is view4 ,pack>d's,j explanations are evid5tly a mixture ( ,lam>ckism & ,d>w9ism4 ,j ,am]ican ,naturali/1 ,septemb]1 #ahid1 vol4 xxviii1 p4 #gbg4 ,pack>d says3 8,:5 a numb]1 few or _m1 ( normal-see+ animals ent] a totally d>k cave or /ream1 "s may become bl9d soon] ?an o!rs10 "s hav+ ! eye slightly modifi$ by disuse1 :ile o!rs may h 9 addition physical or functional defects1 especially 9 ! optic n]ves & ganglia4 8,! result ( ! union ( su* individuals & adaptation to _! ,/ygian life w\ld be broods ( "y1 "s ) vision unimpair$1 o!rs ) a t5d5cy to bl9dness1 :ile 9 o!rs !re w\ld be notic$ ! fir/ /eps 9 deg5]ation ( n]v\s p[] & n]v\s tissue40 ,pack>d evid5tly _h inv]tebrates 9 m9d4 ,he cle>ly admits ! cessation ( selection or panmixia 9 t ^? born ) defects may bre$ ) ! o!rs4 ,he supposes t ! bl9d fauna may h aris5 9 b few or sev]al g5]ations1 a supposition t may be applicable to inv]tebrates1 b c]ta9ly is n to v]tebrates4 ,at fir/ ^? becom+ s modifi$ t !y c d )\t ! use ( _! eyes w\ld greatly prepond]ate ov] ^? #8cong5itally bl9d4' 8,s all ! :ile ! process ( adaptation 0 go+ on1 ! ant5n & o!r tactile organs increas+ 9 l5g? & 9 ! delicacy ( /ructures1 :ile ! eyes 7 mean:ile dim9i%+ 9 /r5g? ( vision & _! n]v\s =ce giv+ out1 aft] a few g5]ations--p]haps only two or ?ree--! numb] ( cong5itally bl9d w\ld increase1 & ev5tually !y w\ld1 9 _! turn1 prepond]ate 9 numb]s40 ,pack>d seems "h to admit ! pr9ciple ( deg5]ation z ! result ( comp5sation ( gr[?1 ! n]v\s =ce ( ! eye giv+ out ) ! increase ( ! tactile & olfactory organs4 ,x is some:at d\btful 9 :at s5se ! t]m #8cong5itally bl9d' is us$1 b x probably means born bl9d z ! result ( transmitt$ disuse1 r ?an bl9d z ! result ( =tuit\s v>iation4 ,! effects ( disuse are ?us suppos$1 ?r\gh _! transmission1 to h giv5 rise to g5]ations ( bl9d animals4 ,! cont9u$ deg5]ation is n discuss$4 ,romanes ma9ta9$ t ! beg9n+ ( deg5]ation 0 due to cessation ( selection1 & cont9u$ deg5]ation to ! rev]sal ( selection & f9al fail+ ( ! p[] ( h]$ity4 ,selection he suppos$ to be rev]s$ because ! organ no long] ( use 8is absorb+ nutrim5t1 caus+ weight1 occupy+ space & s on1 uselessly4 ,h5ce1 ev5 if x be n also a s\rce ( actual dang]1 economy ( gr[? w det]m9e a rev]sal ( selection aga9/ an organ :i* is n[ n only useless1 b delet]i\s40 ,?is process w cont9ue until ! organ becomes rudim5t>y & f9ally disappe>s4 ,r\x,k attempt$ *iefly to expla9 deg5]ation 9 ! individual4 ,deg5]ation is look$ ^u z ! result ( a /ruggle among ! p>ts = 7a7 room & 7b7 food4 ,)\t d\bt+ t bo? ^! pr9ciples are active ag5ts 9 deg5]ation1 x may be s]i\sly d\bt$ :e!r !y are effective 9 ! deg5]ation ( ! eyes 9 "q4 ,c]ta9ly !re c be no "q ( a /ruggle = room1 = ! position & room =m]ly occupi$ by ! eye is n[ fill$ ) fat1 :i* c n h be5 op]ative aga9/ ! eye4 ,! pres5ce ( ?is l>ge fat mass 9 ! =m] location ( ! eye1 ! l>ge res]ve fat mass 9 ! body1 ! uni=mly good condition ( ! fi% & ! l[ vitality1 :i* enables !m to live = mon?s )\t visible food1 all argue aga9/ ! possibility t ! /ruggle = food betwe5 p>ts 0 an active ag5t 9 ! deg5]ation ( ! eyes4 ,k ,gesammelte ,abh&lung51 #ahie4 ,kohl,l consid]s t 8,d] ,grund und direkt] od] indirekt] ,anlass zum ,e9tret5 d] ,entwickelung%emmung i/ ,li*tmangel40 ,! me?od ( op]ation ( ! lack ( light he conceiv$ to be z foll[s3 ,l ,rudim5tre ,wirbel?i]aug51 #ahic4 ,o!r organs 7 develop$ to comp5sate = ! disuse ( ! eye2 & z ! developm5tal =ce 0 us$ 9 ! =mation ( ^! organs1 ea* succe$+ g5]ation develop$ its eye less4 ,! deg5]ation is ?us expla9$ z ! result ( a /ruggle ( p>ts1 al?\gh ?is t]m is n[h]e us$1 act+ ?r\gh ! pr9ciple ( comp5sation4 ,! same objections may be (f]$ to ?is explanation ( ,kohl z to all 8 !oretical discussions--!y are bas$ on ! assumption ( conditions & processes t h no exi/5ce4 ,! high developm5t ( #8comp5sat+' organs is n prim>ily ! result ( ! loss ( ! eye1 b ! high developm5t ( ! =m] organs p]mitt$ ! disuse & lat] deg5]ation ( ! latt]4 ,8 :ole process is a phylog5etic "o1 )\t a prec$+ ontog5etic "o1 ?\gh on ?is po9t he does n seem to be v cle> himself1 = on "o page we are told t deg5]ation leads to ret>dation1 & on ano!r t deg5]ation is a consequ5ce ( ret>dation4 ,l$5feld,m endeavors to apply ,r\x's ,kampf d] ,!ile1 ) rev]s$ selection1 to expla9 ! conclusions rea*$ by ,kohl on ! processes & causes ( deg5]ation4 ,! /ruggle is repres5t$ z tak+ place betwe5 ! g]m & soma1 ! =m] endeavor+ to keep ! latt] at ! l[e/ effici5t po9t z weapon = ! g]m4 ,if a s]ies ( individuals get into ! d>k ! organs ( vision are ( no advantage & rev]s$ selection w br+ ab\t _! deg5]ation4 ,! sav+ 9 ontog5y appe>s fir/ z a ret>dation & !n z a cessation ( developm5t4 ,m ,zologis*] ,c5tralblatt1 #ahif4 ,weismann,n m rec5tly accepts ! view ( ,romanes1 ,morgan & ,lanke/] on ! inadequacy ( panmixia to expla9 ! :ole ph5om5a ( deg5]ation1 & 9 8 #8,g]m9al ,selection' rejects ! idea ( rev]s$ selection1 & sugge/s a new explanation = :at ,romanes attribut$ to ! failure ( h]$ity & ! ,lam>ckians to transmission ( ! effects ( disuse4 ,! /ruggle ( ! p>ts ( ,r\x has be5 cr[d$ by him back to ! repres5tatives ( ^! p>ts 9 ! g]m4 ,n ,! ,moni/1 #ahif1 pp4 #bej-bgd4 8,! ph5om5a obs]v$ 9 ! /unt+1 or deg5]ation1 ( p>ts r5d]$ useless 444 %[ di/9ctly t ord9>y selection1 :i* op]ates by ! removal ( entire p]sons--p]sonal selection1 z ,i pref] to call x--c n be ! only cause ( deg5]ation1 = 9 mo/ cases ( deg5]ation x c n be assum$ t slight individual vacillations 9 ! size ( ! organ 9 "q h possess$ selective value4 ,on ! contr>y1 we see su* retrogressions effect$ app>5tly 9 ! %ape ( a cont9u\s evolution>y process det]m9$ by int]nal causes1 9 ! case ( :i* !re c be no "q :atev] ( selection ( p]sons or ( a survival ( ! fitte/--t is1 ( individuals ) ! smalle/ rudim5ts4 ,! gradual dim9ution cont9u+ = ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( ye>s & culm9at+ 9 its f9al & absolute effacem5t0 c only be accompli%$ by g]m9al selection4 ,g]m9al selection z appli$ to deg5]ation is ! =mal explanation ( ,romanes' failure ( h]$ity ?r\gh ! /ruggle ( p>ts = food4 8,p[]ful det]m9ants w absorb nutrim5t m rapidly ?an weak] det]m9ants4 ,! latt]1 accord+ly1 w gr[ m sl[ly & w produce weak] det]m9ants ?an ! =m]40 ,if an organ is r5d]$ useless1 ! size ( ?is organ is no long] an elem5t 9 p]sonal selection4 ,?is alone w\ld result 9 a slight deg5]ation4 ,m9us v>iations are1 h[ev]1 suppos$ to re/ 8on ! weak] det]m9ants ( ! g]m1 su* z absorb nutrim5t less p[]fully ?an ! re/4 ,?is w enable ! /rong] det]m9ants to deprive !m ev5 ( ! full quantum ( food correspond+ to _! weak5$ capacity ( assimilation1 & _! desc5dants w be weak5$ /ill m4 ,inasmu*1 n[1 z no we$+ out ( ! weak] det]m9ants ( ! h9d leg or eye by p]sonal selection takes place on our hypo!sis1 inevitably ! av]age /r5g? ( ?is det]m9ant mu/ sl[ly b con/antly dim9i%--t is1 ! h9d leg or eye mu/ gr[ small] & small] until x f9ally disappe>s altoge!r4444 ,panmixia is ! indisp5sable precondition ( ! :ole process2 =1 ow+ to ! fact t p]sons ) weak det]m9ants are j z capable ( life z ^? ) /rong1 444 solely by ?is means is a fur!r weak5+ effect$ 9 ! foll[+ g5]ations40 ,?is !ory presupposes ! complex /ructure ( ! g]m plasm =mulat$ by ,weismann & reject$ by v>i\s p]sons = v>i\s reasons4 ,b grant+ ,weismann ! necess>y /ructure ( ! g]m plasm1 c g]m9al selection accompli% :at is claim$ = x8 ,i ?9k n4 ,grant+ t v>iations occur ab\t a mean1 w\ld n all ! effects claim$ = m9us v>iations be c\nt]act$ by positive v>iations8 ,eye det]m9ants1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( _! /r5g?1 secure m ?an _! fair %>e ( food1 & !reby produce eyes t are z f> above ! mean z ! o!rs are bel[1 & leave desc5d5t det]m9ants t are /ill /rong] ?an _! ance/ry w\ld balance ! effect produc$ by weak-eye det]m9ants4 ,x is evid5t t a l>ge1 really extravagant developm5t ( ! eye 9 su* a fi% z ,*ologa/] w\ld n effect ! removal ( ! individual by p]sonal selection2 /ill less s 9 ,amblyopsis1 :i* n only lives 9 comp>ative abundance1 b has liv$ = tw5ty mon?s 9 conf9em5t )\t visible food1 & 9 :i* ! eye is m9ute4 ,x seems t all ! admitt$ objections to deg5]ation by panmixia apply ) equal =ce to g]m9al selection4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w\ld be *ang$ 7 ! effect ( disuse admitt$ to affect ! det]m9ants1 & ?is x seems ,weismann has unconsci\sly admitt$4 ,s f> we h consid]$ g]m9al selection 9 ! ab/ract only4 ,all its suppositions are f\nd to be b a h\se ( c>ds :5 ! actual conditions ( deg5]ation are consid]$4 ,we f9d t deg5]ation is n a horizontal process affect+ all ! p>ts ( an organ alike1 z ,weismann presupposes1 n ev5 a process 9 ! rev]se ord] ( phyletic developm5t1 b ! m vital1 mo/ work$ p>ts deg5]ate fir/ ) disuse & panmixia2 ! passive /ructures rema9 longe/4 ,! rate ( deg5]ation is proportional to ! pa/ activity ( ! p>ts1 & ! /atem5t t 8passively function+ p>ts--t is1 p>ts :i* are n alt]able dur+ ! individual life by function--by ! same laws also deg5]ate :5 !y become useless0 f9ds no basis 9 fact1 & is an example ( ! inexact utt]ances abundant 9 ! discussion ( deg5]ation on :i* x is entirely unsafe to build l(ty !oretical /ructures4 ,z "o example ( ! unequal deg5]ation we ne$ only call att5tion to ! scl]al c>tilages & ! re/ ( ! eye ( ,trogli*?ys ros4 ,all are agre$ t natural selection alone is insuffici5t to expla9 all1 if any1 ( ! processes ( deg5]ation4 ,all ei!r consci\sly or n admit ! pr9ciple ( panmixia1 & all are n[ agre$ t ?is process alone c n produce ext5sive deg5]ation4 ,all are agre$ t ! important po9t is deg5]ation beyond ! po9t rea*$ by panmixia1 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! deg5]at+ process1 :atev] x may be1 9 ! g]m1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! break+ ( ! p[] ( h]$ity4 ,x is 9 ! explanation ( ! latt] t important diff]5ces ( op9ion exi/4 ,weismann attempts to expla9 ! deg5]ation beyond ! po9t :i* panmixia c rea* by a process :i* n only is insuffici5t1 ev5 if all 8 premises are grant$1 to produce ! desir$ result )\t ! help ( use transmission1 b has z its result a horizontal deg5]ation :i* has no exi/5ce 9 fact4 ,romanes suppos$ deg5]ation1 beyond ! po9t :i* may be rea*$ by panmixia1 to be ! result ( p]sonal selection & ! failure ( ! h]$it>y =ce4 ,! =m] is n applicable to ! species 9 "q1 & is d5i$ by su* an ard5t ,d>w9i/ z ,weismann to be applicable at all 9 acc\nt+ = deg5]ation4 ,moreov]1 ! process z expla9$ by ,romanes w\ld result 9 a horizontal deg5]ation :i* has no exi/5ce 9 fact4 ,! second assumption1 ! failure ( h]$it>y =ce1 is n di/+ui%able1 z ,morgan has po9t$ out1 f ! effect ( use transmission4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #a-f4--,photographs ( ! upp] halves ( ! heads ( specim5s ( ne>ly ! same l5g? "u ! same magnification1 to %[ ! gradual decrease ( ! eye4 ,! dott$ l9e leads to ! eye 9 all cases4 ,,fig4 #a4--,zygonectes notatus4 ,,fig4 #b4--;,*ologa/] papillif]us4 ,,fig4 #c4--;,*ologa/] ,agassizii4 ,,fig4 #d4--;,amblyopsis spelu4 ,,fig4 #e4--,trogli*?ys ros4 ,,fig4 #f4--,typhli*?ys subt]raneus4 ,! /ruggle ( p>ts 9 ! organism has n affect$ ! eye ?r\gh ! lack ( room1 s9ce ! space =m]ly occupi$ by ! eye is n[ fill$ by fat & n by an actively function+ organ4 ,x is n affect$ by ! /ruggle = food1 = /or$ food occupies ! =m] eye space4 ,x c\ld only be affect$ by ! m active selection ( specific p>ts ( food by "s actively function+ organ4 ,x is possible t ?is has 9 fact affect$ ! deg5]ation ( ! eye4 ,! !ory expla9s deg5]ation 9 ! individual1 & implies t ! effect 9 ! individual %\ld be transmitt$ to ! next g5]ation4 ,?is second "p seems b ! explanation ( ! work+s ( ! ,lam>ckian factor4 ,! ,lam>ckian view--t ?r\gh disuse ! organ is dim9i%$ dur+ ! life ( ! individual1 9 "p1 at lea/1 on acc\nt ( ! dim9ution ( ! am\nt ( blood go+ to a re/+ organ1 & t ?is effect is transmitt$ to succe$+ g5]ations--n only w\ld !oretically acc\nt = unlimit$ progressive deg5]ation1 b is ! only view s f> exam9$ t does n on ! face ( x pres5t s]i\s objections4 ,is ?is !ory applicable 9 detail to ! conditions f\nd 9 ! ,amblyopsid8 ,be=e go+ fur!r1 objections may aga9 be rais$ aga9/ ! univ]sal assumption t ! cessation ( use & ! consequ5t panmixia 0 a sudd5 process4 ,?is assumes t ! caves 7 peopl$ by a cata/rophe4 ,b x is absolutely c]ta9 t ! caves 7 n s peopl$1 t ! cessation ( use 0 gradual1 & ! cessation ( selection mu/ also h be5 a gradual process4 ,!re mu/ h be5 ev]-wid5+ b\nds )9 :i* ! v>iation ( ! eye w\ld n subject ! possessor to elim9ation4 ,*ologa/] is 9 a /age ( panmixia z f> z ! eye is conc]n$4 ,x is true ! eye is /ill functional1 b t ! fi% c d )\t its use is evid5t by its g5]al habit & by ! fact t x sometimes lives 9 caves4 ,! pres5t conditions h app>5tly exi/$ = c\ntless g5]ations--z long z ! pres5t habits h exi/$--& yet ! eye /ill ma9ta9s a high] degree ( /ructure ?an rev]se selection1 if op]ative1 w\ld lead u to expect1 & a l[] ?an ! bir? mean ( fi%es dep5d+ on _! eyes1 ! condition t ! /ate ( panmixia alone w\ld lead u to expect4 ,!re is a /ay+ quality ab\t ! eye ) ! deg5]ation1 & ?is c only be expla9$ by ! degree ( use to :i* ! eye is subject$4 ,! results 9 ,*ologa/] are due to panmixia & ! limit$ degree ( use to :i* ! eye is put4 ,*ologa/] ,agassizii %[s ! rapid dim9ution ) total disuse4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! conditions betwe5 ,*ologa/] & ,amblyopsis1 ,typhli*?ys & ,trogli*?ys1 is t 9 ! =m] ! eyes are /ill 9 use1 except :5 liv+ 9 caves2 9 ! latt] !y h n be5 9 a position to be us$ = hundr$s ( g5]ations4 ,! transition betwe5 conditions ( possible use & absolute disuse may h be5 rapid ) ea* individual aft] p]man5tly ent]+ a cave4 ,panmixia1 z reg>ds ! m9ute eye1 cont9u$4 ,rev]s$ selection1 = economy1 c n h affect$ ! eye = reasons already /at$4 ,! m]e loss ( ! =ce ( h]$ity1 unless ?is 0 caus$ by disuse1 or ! process ( g]m9al selection1 c n h br\ght ab\t ! conditions1 because "s p>ts h be5 affect$ m ?an o!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--;,head ( a v "y ,amblyopsis be=e all ! yolk is absorb$4 ,consid]+ ! p>ts mo/ affect$ & ! p>ts lea/ affect$1 ! degree ( use is ! only cause capable ( expla9+ ! conditions4 ,^? p>ts mo/ active dur+ use are ! ones r$uc$ mo/--viz41 ! muscles1 ! ret9a1 optic n]ve & dioptric appliances1 ! l5s & vitre\s p>ts4 ,^? organs occupy+ a m passive position1 e4 g41 ! scl]al c>tilages1 h be5 mu* less affect$4 ,! l5s is "o ( ! late/ organs affect$1 n at all dur+ use1 possibly because dur+ use x w\ld cont9u\sly be 9 use4 ,x disappe>s mo/ rapidly aft] ! beg9n+ ( absolute disuse bo? ontog5etically & phylog5etically4 ,all indications po9t to use & disuse z ! effective ag5ts 9 mold+ ! eye4 ,! process1 h[ev]1 does n give results ) ma!matical precision4 ,9 ,typhli*?ys subt]raneus ! pigm5t$ lay] is affect$ diff]5tly f t ( ,amblyopsis4 ,! v>iable developm5t ( ! eye muscles 9 diff]5t species w\ld (f] ano!r objection if we did n "k ( ! v>iable condition ( ^! /ructures 9 diff]5t individuals4 ,*ilton has object$ to ! application ( ! ,lam>ckian factor to expla9 deg5]ation1 on acc\nt ( ! v>iable effects ( deg5]ation 9 v>i\s inv]tebrates4 ,b su* diff]5ces 9 ! reaction are /ill less expla9able by any ( ! o!r !ories4 ,,! ,,evolution ,,& ,,pres5t ,,/atus ,,( ,,! ,,automobile4 ,,by ,,william ,,baxt]1 ,,jr4 ,9 ?is clos+ ye> ( a c5tury :i* is m>k$ by unp>allel$ advances 9 sci5ce & its applications to ! indu/rial arts1 we are v mu* incl9$ to take x = grant$ t none ( ! inv5tions t are reg>d$ by u z indicative ( ! highe/ ord] ( progressive t5d5cy1 c\ld by any possibility h be5 ?\ght ( by our =efa!rs2 & z ! automobile is look$ ^u z an ultra-progressive idea1 no "o :o has n inve/igat$ ! subject w\ld believe = a mom5t t its conception c\ld ant$ate ! pres5t g5]ation1 mu* less ! pres5t c5tury4 ,! records1 h[ev]1 %[ t ! subject engross$ ! att5tion ( inv5tive m9ds _m hundr$s ( ye>s ago4 ,9 fact1 z f> back z ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury a ,franciscan monk nam$ ,rog] ,bacon prophesi$ t1 ! day w\ld come :5 boats & c>riages w\ld be propell$ by ma*9]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,cugnot',s ,,/eam ,,gun ,,c>riage1 ,,made ,,9 #agfc4 ,! fir/ au!ntic record ( a self-propell$ c>riage dates back to ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! inv5tor 0 ,johann ,hau/a*1 ( ,nuremburg4 ,! device is describ$ z a *>iot propell$ by ! =ce ( spr+s1 & x is said t x atta9$ a spe$ ( two ?\s& paces p] h\r1 ab\t "o mile & a qu>t]4 ,spr+s h be5 tri$ by _m inv5tors s9ce t "t1 b always )\t success f ! simple fact t ! am\nt ( en]gy t c be /or$ 9 a spr+ is practically insignificant4 ,9 #agfc a ,fr5*man by ! "n ( ,cugnot devis$ a vehicle t 0 propell$ by /eam1 & a few ye>s aft] ! date ( 8 fir/ exp]im5t1 con/ruct$ = ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t a gun c>riage :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,z w be se51 ! design 0 ( ! tricycle type1 & x 0 int5d$ to m\nt ! gun betwe5 ! re> :eels4 ,! boil]1 :i* resembles a huge kettle1 hung ov] ! front end & 0 app>5tly devoid ( a smoke /ack4 ,motion 0 imp>t$ to ! front :eel by means ( a rat*et4 ,al?\gh ?is inv5tion is v crude1 x mu/ be reg>d$ z m]itori\s if we consid] t x 0 made be=e ! /eam eng9e _h be5 develop$ 9 a successful =m = /ation>y purposes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,sym+ton',s ,,/eam ,,coa*1 ,,made ,,9 #aghd4 ,! next ef=t to solve ! problem 0 made by ,w4 ,sym+ton 9 ! ye> #aghd1 ! c>riage devis$ by him be+ illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,?is coa*1 al?\gh pret5ti\s 9 appe>ance1 0 crude me*anically1 b x actually ran4 ,! s]vice1 h[ev]1 0 n :at c\ld be call$ satisfactory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,,trevi?ick',s ,,/eam ,,c>riage1 ,,made ,,9 #ahjc4 ,9 #ahjc1 ,ri*>d ,trevi?ick br\ght out ! c>riage %[n 9 ,fig4 #c1 :i* c\ld run1 b 0 arti/ically a failure4 ,moreov]1 ! ma*9]y 0 su* z w\ld soon give out1 ev5 if well design$1 on acc\nt ( its expos$ position4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,,/eam ,,coa*1 ,,made ,,by ,,james ,,& ,,&]son1 ,,ab\t #ahaj4 ,betwe5 #ahje & #ahcj1 q a numb] ( /eam vehicles 7 inv5t$ & put into practical op]ation4 ,fig4 #d %[s a v elaborate coa* ( ?is p]iod1 :i* 0 inv5t$ by ,w4 ,h4 ,james1 & con/ruct$ ) ! assi/ance ( ,sir ,james ,&]son1 ,b>t4 ,! ma*9]y us$ 9 ?is design consi/$ ( two p[]ful /eam eng9es1 "o be+ connect$ ) ea* "o ( ! h9d :eels 9 a mann] simil> to t employ$ 9 locomotives at ! pres5t "t4 ,! :eels 7 n fa/ ^u ! axle1 h5ce !y c\ld revolve at diff]5t velocities 9 r\nd+ curves4 ,9 ?is respect ?is inv5tion embodi$ "o ( ! features commonly us$ by automobiles ( ! late/ design4 ,two boil]s 7 provid$1 "o = ea* eng9e1 & ! record says t ) "o boil] ! spe$ 0 six to sev5 miles p] h\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,,/eam ,,omnibus1 ,,made ,,by ,,hancock4 ,fig4 #e %[s an omnibus inv5t$ by ,hancock4 ,?is vehicle ran on a regul> r\te1 c>ry+ pass5g]s f ,p5tonville to ,f9sbury ,squ>e1 ,london4 ,fig4 #f %[s a c>riage inv5t$ by ,bur/all & ,hiel1 :i* attract$ a great deal ( att5tion4 ,x 0 probably ! mo/ complete & p]fect me*anically ( any inv5tion t _h be5 made up to t "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,,bur/all ,,& ,,hiel',s ,,/eam ,,c>riage1 ,,made ,,prior ,,to #ahbe4 ,fig4 #g %[s a c>riage inv5t$ by ,squire & ,mac]oni1 :o _h be5 = a long "t 9 ! s]vice ( ,goldswor? ,gurney1 "o ( ! mo/ not$ exp]im5t]s ( 8 day 9 /eam propulsion4 ,a numb] ( c>riages 7 made by ^! work]s1 on designs simil> to ,fig4 #g1 & x is said t !y ran at a high rate ( spe$1 probably t5 miles p] h\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,,/eam ,,c>riage1 ,,made ,,by ,,squire ,,& ,,mac]oni4 ,fig4 #h illu/rates an inv5tion t is int]e/+ f ! fact t x 0 to be op]at$ by compress$ air1 & p]haps 0 ! fir/ ef=t to utilize ?is =m ( /or$ en]gy = ! propulsion ( vehicles4 ,x 0 n a success1 b its failure 0 due to ! fact t ! inv5tor labor$ "u ! delusion t ! laws ( nature c\ld be circumv5t$ by skillfully contriv$ me*anical devices s z to obta9 some?+ f no?+4 ,! body ( ! c>riage 0 us$ z a res]voir = ! compress$ air1 & )9 ! :eels 7 plac$ a numb] ( pumps1 ! %ort b>s project+ f ! p]iph]ies be+ ! ends ( ! plung]s4 ,! expectation 0 t z ! :eels revolv$1 ! plung]s w\ld be depress$1 & ?us air w\ld be pump$ into ! res]voirs & ?is air w\ld op]ate ! eng9e t propell$ ! vehicle2 h5ce ! app>atus w\ld supply its own p[]1 & realize p]petual motion4 ,if ?is attempt to controv]t ! laws ( nature _h n be5 reli$ ^u1 bett] results might h be5 obta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,,compress$ ,,air ,,wagon1 ,,made ,,ab\t #ahaj4 ,! highly ornam5tal coa* %[n 9 ,fig4 #i 0 inv5t$ by ,dr4 ,*ur* ab\t #ahcb4 ,9 addition to be+ ornam5tal1 x 0 ( massive con/ruction & l>ge capacity1 be+ able to accommodate fifty pass5g]s4 ,its op]ation is said to h be5 v satisfactory1 a high rate ( spe$ be+ atta9$ & all grades on ord9>y roads be+ easily m\nt$4 ,! inv5tor swamp$ himself 9 endeavor+ to compete ) railroads4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,,side ,,view ,,( ,,dr4 ,,*ur*',s ,,/eam ,,coa*1 ,,made ,,9 #ahcb4 ,p]haps ! mo/ p]fect ( all ! e>ly automobiles 0 ! "o devis$ by ,scott ,russell1 ! celebrat$ design] ( ! ,great ,ea/]n4 ,?is c>riage is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj4 ,x 0 op]at$ successfully1 & 0 able to m\nt ! /eepe/ hills & to atta9 a high rate ( spe$1 b z coal 0 us$ = fuel & ! eng9es 7 ( l>ge capacity1 x is probable t ! smoke1 exhau/ /eam & noise ( ! ma*9]y 7 decid$ly objectionable features4 ,a l9e ( ^! coa*es 0 put 9 commission 9 ,glasg[ 9 #ahdf1 ea* "o hav+ a seat+ capacity ( tw5ty-six1 six inside & tw5ty on ! top4 ,aft] sev]al mon?s ( successful op]ation1 ! l9e 0 )drawn on acc\nt ( ! opposition ( ! au?orities & ( ! g5]al public4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i;,a4 ,,dr4 ,,*ur*',s ,,/eam ,,coa* ,,on ,,! ,,road4 ,^! few examples ( ! e>ly attempts to solve ! problem ( me*anical propulsion ( vehicles are suffici5t to %[ t ! automobile is n entirely a creation ( ! progressive m9d ( ! latt] "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 b t x engross$ ! att5tion ( inv5tors m ?an "o hundr$ & ?irty ye>s ago4 ,! success atta9$ by ! work]s 9 ?is field at diff]5t p]iods 0 directly 9 proportion to ! degree to :i* ! =m ( p[] us$ _h be5 p]fect$ at ! "t4 ,! fir/ inv5tors atta9$ b slight success1 ow+ to ! fact t1 9 _! "t1 ! /eam eng9e 0 9 a crude =m1 b z ! con/ruction ( ! latt] improv$1 s did t ( ! vehicles op]at$ by x4 ,be=e ! days ( /eam1 ! p[] ( w9d mills 0 utiliz$ to propel vehicles1 & ) su* success t 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies w9d-propell$ wagons or #8,*>volants1' z !y 7 call$1 7 v num]\s ^u ! flat pla9s ( ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,,scott ,,russell',s ,,/eam ,,c>riage1 ,,made ,,9 #ahde4 ,f #ahde up to ! e>ly n9eties1 a p]iod ( ne>ly half a c5tury1 v little 0 done 9 ! way ( develop+ ! automobile4 ,f "t to "t inv5tors 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w devot$ !mselves to ! subject1 b !y 7 g5]ally look$ ^u z vision>y cranks1 & _! "w attract$ little att5tion4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod !re 0 an almo/ univ]sal prejudice aga9/ ! use ( any k9d ( me*anical p[] ^u ! /reets or public highways1 & x is ev5 possible t if dur+ ^! ye>s any "o _h inv5t$ a horseless c>riage1 p]fect 9 e way1 he w\ld h fail$ to obta9 prop] recognition4 ,prejudice aga9/ me*anically-propell$ vehicles has gradually worn away1 probably because ( ! introduction ( cable & trolley c>s1 & at ! pres5t "t ! majority ( p desire to see ! sub/itution ( me*anical = animal p[]4 ,z a result ( ?is *ange 9 public op9ion1 self-propell$ vehicles are accept$ z entirely satisfactory1 :i* a few ye>s ago w\ld h be5 reg>d$ z failures4 ,not)/&+ ?is tol]ant feel+1 h[ev]1 x is v d\btful :e!r ! cumb]some coa*es ( ! e>ly "p ( ! c5tury w\ld be receiv$ ) favor at ! pres5t "t :5 ta/e & requirem5ts are entirely diff]5t4 ,:at is n[ desir$ is a light1 fa/-runn+ & attractive vehicle1 :i* c\ld n be con/ruct$ along ! l9es foll[$ by ! inv5tors ( =m] days4 ,! automobile ( to-day is a f> m p]fect device ?an its pr$ecessors1 al?\gh x c n be said to h rea*$ a /ate ( p]fection4 ,z motive p[]1 /eam1 gasol9e & electricity are us$4 ,:i* ( ! ?ree is ! be/1 tak+ all ?+s into consid]ation1 x w\ld be difficult to say1 z ea* "o has its defects z well z its advantages1 & ! evid5t sup]iority ( ea* "o 9 a c]ta9 direction is (fset by defici5cies 9 o!r directions4 ,9 e civiliz$ c\ntry1 :]e ! me*anic arts are f> en\gh advanc$1 automobiles are n[ be+ manufactur$1 b ,france is ! c\ntry :]e mod]n developm5t fir/ began1 & up to ! pres5t "t x has ma9ta9$ its lead+ position1 al?\gh 9 quality ( product1 o!r nations1 if n on a p> ) x1 are c]ta9ly n v f> beh9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,,s]pollet ,,c>riage1 ,a ,,mod]n ,,/eam ,,automobile ,,( ,,fr5* ,,design4 ,! p]fection to :i* ! /eam automobile has be5 develop$ 9 ^! latt] days is due ma9ly to ! ef=ts ( ,l4 ,s]pollet1 a di/+ui%$ ,fr5* eng9e]4 ,o!r highly successful /eam c>riages are n[ manufactur$ 9 ,engl& & 9 ?is c\ntry1 z well z 9 sev]al ,european nations1 b ,s]pollet 0 ! fir/ to br+ =? a successful fa/-runn+ & attractive vehicle1 & ! o!rs h pr(it$ by 8 "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,,side ,,view ,,( ,,s]pollet ,,c>riage1 ,,%[+ ,,location ,,( ,,eng9e1 ,,boil]1 ,,cond5s]1 ,,etc4 ,"o ( ! _m designs ( ,s]pollet c>riages is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aa2 ,fig4 #ab %[s m fully ! arrangem5t & location ( ! ma*9]y4 ,! eng9e us$ 9 ^! vehicles is made ) f\r cyl9d]s ( ! s+le action type2 t is1 !y take /eam at "o end only4 ,by us+ ?is con/ruction1 :ile ! numb] ( cyl9d]s is increas$1 ! o!r p>ts are greatly simplifi$1 z ! pi/on rods1 cros%eads & guides c be disp5s$ )4 ,9 addition1 ! :ole eng9e c be made v compact4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,,%[+ ,,details ,,( ,,! ,,boil] ,,( ,,! ,,s]pollet ,,c>riage4 ,! boil] is ( ! fla% type2 t is1 x c>ries no wat] ord9>ily1 b :5 ! eng9e is 9 op]ation1 a pump injects into ! boil] at ea* /roke ( ! eng9e z mu* wat] z may be requir$ to g5]ate ! /eam necess>y to propel ! vehicle2 ! in/ant ! wat] ent]s ! boil] x is conv]t$ into /eam4 ,z ! am\nt ( /eam is proportional to ! am\nt ( wat]1 x c be se5 t by regulat+ ! wat] supply1 ! p[] ( ! eng9e & !reby ! spe$ ( ! c>riage1 c be controll$4 ,?is is ! me?od actually employ$ to control ! spe$4 ,9 />t+1 a h&le is mov$ :i* connects ! eng9e1 ! boil] & ! pump 9 ! prop] relation2 & :ile "u way ! velocity is v>i$ by ! manipulation ( a lev] :i* controls ! am\nt ( wat] inject$ into ! boil]4 ,! fuel us$ is k]os5e1 :i* is vaporiz$ & !n f$ into a prop]ly con/ruct$ burn]4 ,! am\nt ( oil suppli$ to ! burn] is regulat$ by ! same lev] t regulates ! supply ( wat]1 s t bo? are increas$ or r$uc$ 9 ! prop] proportion4 ,! boil] is con/ruct$ ( a numb] ( /eel tubes1 :i* are ab\t two & a half in*es 9 diamet]1 & f ?ree eigh?s to half an in* ?ick4 ,^! tubes are press$ into ! =m %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac1 ! d>k l9e 9 ! section m>k$ ,a repres5t+ ! int]ior space4 ,a numb] ( tubes collaps$ 9 ?is =m & b5t into ! %ape ,b1 are assembl$ z %[n at ,c4 ,! numb] ( tubes dep5ds ^u ! capacity ( ! boil]4 ,z ! tubes are v ?ick1 !y c1 )\t any dang] ( bur/+1 be heat$ to s high a temp]ature t ! wat] inject$ into !m is at once turn$ into /eam4 ,9 ,fig4 #ab x w be se5 t ! eng9e is locat$ "u ! body ( ! c>riage betwe5 ! two axles1 & t motion is imp>t$ to ! h9d :eels by means ( *a9s & sprocket :eels4 ,! boil] is locat$ at ! back ( ! vehicle1 ! l[] "p project+ "s di/ance bel[ ! re> axle4 ,a small smoke /ack at ! re> ( ! body all[s ! gases ( combu/ion to escape4 ,betwe5 ! front :eels1 a compact cond5s] is locat$1 & into ?is ! /eam f ! eng9e is exhau/$4 ,! cond5s] s]ves two purposes2 x recov]s a portion ( ! wat] t w\ld o!rwise escape into ! air1 & ?us increases ! di/ance ! c>riage c run )\t a new supply1 & at ! same "t x less5s ! noise produc$ by ! exhau/1 & also ! volume ( /eam escap+ into ! atmosph]e1 :i* 9 cold or ra9y wea!r becomes pla9ly visible4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,,an ,,am]ican ,,/eam ,,c>riage ,,( #aijj4 ,al?\gh we h be5 r sl[ 9 ?is c\ntry 9 tak+ up ! automobile1 inv5tors & manufactur]s are n[ work+ at a pace t w soon make up = lo/ "t4 ,we already h a numb] ( designs ( /eam c>riages ^: op]ation is highly cr$itable4 ,fig4 #ad illu/rates "o ( ^!4 ,! design ( ! eng9e1 boil] & o!r me*anism c be well und]/ood f ,fig4 #ae1 9 :i* a portion ( ! body is remov$ to expose ! int]nal p>ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,,sectional ,,view ,,( ,,fig4 #ad1 ,,%[+ ,,location ,,( ,,eng9e1 ,,boil] ,,& ,,o!r ,,details4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae;,a4 ,,plan ,,( ,,/eam ,,c>riage ,,%[n ,,9 ,,figs4 #ad ,,& #ae4 ,! boil] is a v compact =m ( ! upright type1 su* z is us$ 9 fire eng9es4 ,x is ab\t f\rte5 in*es 9 diamet] & tw5ty in*es high4 ,to increase its /r5g?1 x is surr\nd$ ) two lay]s ( piano wire4 ,! eng9e is ( ! locomotive type1 consi/+ ( two cyl9d]s1 ! pi/ons ( :i* are connect$ ) cranks on ! end ( ! %aft1 ^! cranks be+ set at "r angles1 s z to prev5t cat*+ ! eng9e on ! dead c5t]4 ,! direction ( rotation is rev]s$ by means ( ! ord9>y l9k motion4 ,! fuel us$ is gasol9e1 :i* is c>ri$ 9 ! cyl9drical tank locat$ "u ! front ( ! c>riage4 ,! gasol9e is vaporiz$ & !n1 mix$ ) a prop] proportion ( air1 passes to a burn] plac$ "u ! boil]4 ,! am\nt ( /eam g5]at$ is regulat$ by ! am\nt ( gasol9e suppli$ to ! burn]1 & ?is supply 9 turn is regulat$ by ! pressure ( ! /eam1 s t ! action is entirely automatic4 ,! cyl9d] ,h is a res]voir ( compress$ air1 connect$ ) tank ,i1 s t ! gasol9e is "u pressure1 & !re=e is =c$ ?r\gh ! pipe to ! burn] "u ! boil]4 ,betwe5 ! burn] & ! tank !re is a valve controll$ by ! /eam pressure1 be+ op5$ :5 ! pressure is l[ & clos$ :5 x is high4 ,:5 ! pressure rea*es a c]ta9 po9t ! valve is clos$ entirely1 s t ev5 if ! c>riage is runn+ v sl[ly1 x is n possible to run ! pressure above ! fix$ limit4 ,! exhau/ passes f ! eng9e cyl9d]s into a muffl]1 f :i* x escapes into ! pipe ,k4 ,?is pipe projects d[nw>d into an op5+ ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! wat] tank1 & ! draught produc$ !reby draws ! gases ( combu/ion ?r\gh f ! top ( ! boil] to ! "u side ( ! c>riage body1 :]e !y escape into ! atmosph]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,,eng9e ,,( ,,c>riage ,,%[n ,,9 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,directly 9 front ( ! exhau/ muffl] is se5 ! wat] gauge1 :i* is 9 su* a position z to be outside ( ! c>riage body1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ad4 ,a mirror is plac$ at ! front ( ! vehicle1 & by look+ into ?is ! wat] gauge c be se54 ,fig4 #ad also %[s cle>ly ! position ( ! op]at+ lev]s at ! side ( ! c>riage4 ,! actual con/ruction ( ! eng9e is bett] %[n 9 ,fig4 #af1 9 :i* ,a ,a are ! cyl9d]s1 ,b is ! /eam *e/ & ,g ,g are ! valve rods4 ,! pi/on rods connect ) ! cros%eads ,c4 ,! connect+ rods ,d transmit motion f ! latt] to ! cranks ,e1 & ?us rotate ! %aft ,s4 ,! l9k motions1 by means ( :i* ! direction ( rotation is rev]s$1 are at ,i ,i1 & are op]at$ by ! lev] ,g1 :i* is m\nt$ ^u ! %aft ,f ,f4 ,?is %aft is directly connect$ ) ! />t+ lev]4 ,! boil] fe$ pump is locat$ at ,m4 ,! motion ( ! eng9e is transmitt$ to ! re> axle ( ! c>riage by means ( a *a9 t runs ov] ! sprocket :eel ,l locat$ betwe5 ! ecc5trics ,k ,k4 ,9 ,fig4 #ae1 ?is :eel is locat$ at ,d1 & ! *a9 ,f connects x ) ! axle sprocket ,e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,,am]ican ,,/eam ,,automobile ,,( #aijj4 ,fig4 #ag %[s ano!r ,am]ican /eam c>riage4 ,9 ?is vehicle ! runn+ ge> is a complete truck1 ^u :i* ! c>riage body is support$4 ,! appe>ance ( ! truck ) ! body remov$ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ah4 ,! boil] is ( ! tubul> type & ! d\ble cyl9d] eng9e is secur$ to its side4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> ! con/ruction diff]s f t ( ! previ\sly describ$ c>riage1 = 9 t ! eng9e is atta*$ to ! cross-fram+ ( ! body ( ! vehicle4 ,al?\gh ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! me*anism ( ^! two c>riages is v simil>1 !re are _m diff]5ces 9 ! details ( _! con/ruction4 ,9 bo?1 v]tical tubul> boil]s are us$1 & ! /eam is g5]at$ by ! use ( gasol9e1 :i* is burn$ 9 ! vaporiz$ /ate 9 specially con/ruct$ burn]s4 ,! eng9e 9 bo? cases is ( ! v]tical d\ble cyl9d] type1 & motion is transmitt$ to ! h9d axle by means ( sprocket :eels & a *a92 b "h ! simil>ity ends2 ! m9or details1 :i* x is n necess>y to ref] to 9 ?is connection1 are ) few exceptions v diff]5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,a c>eful exam9ation ( ,figs4 #aa1 #ad & #ag w %[ t f an arti/ic po9t ( view ^! examples ( /eam c>riages are satisfactory4 ,9 reg>d to _! op]ation x c be said t !y h suffici5t p[] to run up ! /eepe/ grades enc\nt]$ on ord9>y roads at a fair rate ( spe$1 :ile on level gr\nd _! velocity is m ?an en\gh to satisfy ! av]age rid]4 ,! dang] ( explosion is s remote t x ne$ n be consid]$4 ,! ,s]pollet boil] is practically inexplosive1 :ile ^? us$ 9 ! ,am]ican vehicles are s con/ruct$ t !y c )/& a pressure f> great] ?an any !y c be subject$ to 9 practice4 ,x might be expect$ t ! motion ( ! ma*9]y w\ld produce an unpleasant vibration1 b on acc\nt ( ! lightness ( ! mov+ p>ts & c>eful balanc+1 ?is effect is mu* r$uc$4 ,! use ( gasol9e z fuel1 9 connection ) automatic burn]s1 elim9ates ! smoke & a%es incid5t to ! use ( coal1 & 9 addition r$uces ! labor ( h&l+ ! vehicle1 z no att5tion ne$ be giv5 to ! me*anism o!r ?an to see t ! wat] 9 ! boil] is ma9ta9$ at ! prop] level4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,s]pollet c>riages1 n ev5 ?is po9t ne$ be look$ aft]1 z ! fe$ ( ! boil] is p]fectly automatic4 ,,sci5tific ,,results ,,( ,,! ,,norwegian ,,pol> ,,exp$ition1 #ahic-ahif4,o ,,by ,,g5]al ,a4 ,w4 ,,greely1 ,u4 ,s4 ,,army4 ,o ,! ,norwegian ,nor? ,pol> ,exp$ition1 #ahic-ahif4 ,sci5tific ,results edit$ by ,fridtj( ,nans54 ,vol4 ,i4 ,longmans1 ,gre5 ,co4 ,n4 ,y41 #aijj4 #a-af1 #c pl4 #a-adg1 #c pl4 #a-bf1 #b pl4 #a-ec pl4 #a-acg1 #cf pl4 ,few ,arctic exp$itions h done s mu* to increase ! _w's k z to ! physical condition ( l>ge areas ( ! nor? pol> zone z has t ( ! ,fram1 initiat$ & comm&$ by ,dr4 ,fridtj( ,nans54 ,! exp$ition 0 unique 9 _m respects4 ,! ,fram 0 a dep>ture f ! accept$ models ( ,arctic %ips2 ! r\te foll[$ 0 "o un9dors$ by any ,arctic au?ority4 ,! %ip 0 de/9$ to drift unprec$5t$ di/ances1 beset by ! enorm\s ice-pack ( ! ,arctic ocean4 ,! comm&] himself 0 n only to atta9 ! highe/ nor?1 b 0 to make a mo/ haz>d\s j\rney1 :i* 0 to h a successful & unexpect$ issue p>tly ?r\gh ! aid ( ano!r pol> exp$ition ^: location & exi/5ce 7 unkn[n to ! exp$ition>y =ces ( ! ,fram4 ,electricity made ! ,arctic %ip a gl[ ( light1 a phonograph br\ght well-kn[n voices to *e] _! h\rs ( leisure4 ,inde$1 e device t 0 deem$ ( value 0 utiliz$4 ,! ext5t ( ! ,arctic ocean trav]s$ by ! ,fram is indicat$ by ! simple fact t %e pass$ ov] #abj degrees ( longitude above ! eightie? p>allel ( nor? latitude1 a di/ance ( "o-?ird ar\nd ! _w on t p>allel4 ,nans5 & ,johans51 9 an attempt to rea* ! ,pole1 left ! ,fram ,m>* #ad1 #ahie1 9 ab\t #hd ,n41 #ajj ,e41 b aft] an unev5tful j\rney ) dogs1 !y 7 oblig$ to turn back on ,april #g1 #ahie1 9 latitude #hf #ad ,n4 ,!y aim$ to rea* ,spitzb]g5 & aft] mon?s ( we>y ef=t & v>y+ =tunes1 ^! two h>dy m5 l&$ on ! ea/ coa/ ( ! ,franz ,josef ar*ipelago4 ,com+ w9t] =bade fur!r progress1 s !y con/ruct$ a hut & subsi/$ on l& & sea game t 0 =tunately abundant4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahif1 turn+ s\?w>d1 !y attempt$ to rea* by ! kyak ! ea/ coa/ ( ,spitzb]g51 hop+ to be pick$ up by ,norwegian :al]s :o frequ5t ^? wat]s4 ,=tunately = !m1 !y met 9 ,april1 #ahif1 ,jackson1 ! comm&] ( ! ,jackson-,h>mswor? exp$ition1 ne> ,cape ,flora4 ,mean:ile ! ,fram1 cont9u+ its we/]ly drift1 9 :i* x pass$ ! mo/ nor!rly po9t rea*$ by ,p>ry 9 boats 9 #ahbg1 em]g$ f ! ice-floe ( ! ,arctic ocean 9 ! late summ] ( #ahif & rea*$ ,norway on ,augu/ #bj1 ab\t t5 days lat] ?an ,nans5's own arrival ) ! ,engli% exp$ition f ,franz ,josef ,l&4 ,! ,fram return$ ) its frame un9jur$ & its exp$ition>y =ce 9 heal?1 aft] hav+ cov]$ 9 its voyage across ! unkn[n ,pol> sea an enorm\s area1 e/imat$ at fifty ?\s& squ>e miles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dr4 ,,fridtj( ,,nans54 ,! mo/ important discov]y 0 ! oceanic dep? ( ! ,arctic ,sea1 :]e = hundr$s ( miles ?is unkn[n ocean disclos$ a dep? ( ov] two miles4 ,naturally ! abs5ce ( l& limit$ ! phases ( ! sci5tific "w ( ! exp$ition>y =ce1 :i* devot$ itself to record+ ! ph5om5a ( ! air & ! sea4 ,nans5 9 8 sep>ate j\rney utiliz$ 8 brief opportunities 9 ,franz ,josef ,l& s successfully t 8 contributions to ! geology ( t region are ( no small importance4 ,! _w has look$ =w>d ) a degree ( impati5ce to ! publication ( ! sci5tific results ( ?is exp$ition1 & n[ is favor$ ) ! fir/ volume1 a beautiful qu>to ( "s #dgi pages1 ) #df f9e plates4 ,x consi/s ( a s]ies ( memoirs on ! build+ ( ! %ip1 on ! birds ( ! air1 on ! cru/acean =ms ( sea life & a geological /udy ( ! s\!rn "p ( ! ar*ipelago ( ,franz ,josef ,l&4 ,x is a /rik+ tribute to ,engli%-speak+ sci5ti/s t ! "w w appe> 9 ,engli% text only4 ,al?\gh pr9t$ 9 ,*ri/iana1 su* has be5 ! vigilance ( ! editors t typographical errors are comp>atively few4 ,! acc\nt by ,col9 ,ar*] ( ! con/ruction ( ! ,fram is n )\t int]e/1 9 view ( ! fact t ?is vessel 0 built on novel l9es calculat$ to cause ! ice to meet a slop+ surface1 s t1 press+ d[n "u ! bilge1 x w\ld cause ! vessel to rise & ?us insure its immunity f de/ruction4 ,ar*] says3 8,9 ord] to utilize ?is pr9ciple1 x 0 decid$ to dep>t entirely f ! usual deep-bilg$ =m ( section & to adopt a %ape :i* w\ld af=d ! ice no po9t ( attack normal to ! %ip's side1 b w\ld1 z ! horizontal pressure increas$1 =ce ! attack+ floes to divide "u ! %ip's bottom1 lift+ h] z describ$ above4444 ,plane or concave surfaces 7 avoid$ z mu* z possible by giv+ h] r\nd & full l9es4 ,?is1 :ile increas+ ! p[] to resi/ pressure f outside1 also _h ! advantage ( mak+ x easy = ! ice to glide along ! bottom 9 any direction40 ,z great l5g? is an elem5t ( weakness1 ! ,fram's l5g? 0 cut d[n z mu* z possible1 ) a t5d5cy to make its =m circul> or oval4 ,v>i\s exp$i5ts 7 adopt$ to r$uce ! dead weight ( ! %ip by a judici\s arrangem5t ( mat]ials4 ,:ile economiz+ weight1 ! c>go-c>ry+ capacity ( ! %ip c\ld n be too mu* r$uc$1 & ! great /r5g? ( ! %ip mu/ be pres]v$4 ,inasmu* z ! broadside ( ! %ip1 bo? /ructurally & f its %ape1 is its weake/ "p1 x 0 necess>y to adopt extraord9>y measures to /r5g!n x4 ,?is 0 done l>gely by add+ /ays ( yell[ p9e plac$ ne>ly at "r angles to ! %ip's sides1 & securely fa/5$ ) wood5 knees4 ,^! 7 supplem5t$ ) upright /an*ions ti$ by iron /raps4 ,:ile exp]i5c$ :al]s /rongly advocat$ ! squ>e rig1 ,ar*] decid$ to ignore _! advice & rigg$ ! ,fram z a =e-&-aft ?ree-ma/$ s*oon]1 :i* /yle ( rig prov$1 "u ! circum/ances1 to be mo/ suitable4 ,! slight increase 9 leakage is believ$ by ,ar*] to be due 9 "p to ! draw+ ( ! oakum out ( ! seams & 9 "p to ! expansion & contraction ( ! timb]s4 ,:ile ! ,fram 0 n subject$ to su* trem5d\s ice convulsions z h be5 _m o!r ,arctic %ips1 yet h] exp]i5ces 7 v sev]e & may be consid]$ to prove t ! design & sy/em ( con/ruction adopt$ 7 ! mo/ effici5t possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fram4 ,! mo/ ext5sive1 if n ! mo/ important1 ( ! treatises t =m ?is volume1 relate to regions & inve/igations ) :i* ! voyage ( ! ,fram 7 only incid5tally connect$4 ,ref]5ce is _h to ! pap]s on ! geological =mations ( ,cape ,flora1 ,franz ,josef ,l&1 by ,pr(essors ,nans51 ,pompeckj & ,na?or/4 ,dr4 ,nans5 mo/ cordially ackn[l$ges 8 great indebt$ness to ,mr4 ,jackson & ,dr4 ,reg9ald ,koettlitz1 respectively ! lead] & geologi/ ( ! ,jackson-,h>mswor? exp$ition to ,franz ,josef ,l&1 #ahid-ahif4 ,! latt] ( ^! g5tlem51 9 a _s ( broad sci5tific g5]osity1 accord$ ,dr4 ,nans5 full & equal access to 8 discov]ies1 cov]+ ?ree ye>s' "w on ,nor?brook ,isl&1 among fossils & geological conditions ( special int]e/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,%[+ ,,regions ,,trav]s$4 ,nans5 conf9es himself to a brief geological sket* ( ,cape ,flora & its neighborhood2 ,pompeckj treats fully ! ,jurassic fauna1 :ile ,na?or/ briefly discusses ! fossil plants4 ,nans5 says3 8,?r\gh ,jackson's k9dness & ,koettlitz's valuable assi/ance1 ,i 0 enabl$ to make a collection ( fossils & rocks f ! ,jurassic deposits ( ?is locality40 87,koettlitz7 took me to places :]e1 be=e my arrival1 he _h already f\nd fossils1 or _h obs]v$ any?+ ( importance4 ,_h x n be5 = him ,i %\ld c]ta9ly n h be5 able to d :at little ,i did dur+ ! few days at my disposal4 ,i agree ) ,koettlitz on all ess5tial po9ts1 & h no?+ new ( importance to add to :at he has already said40 ,z ,nans5 else:]e rem>ks1 ! memoirs ( ,pompeckj & ,na?or/ supplem5t ! pap]s ( ,koettlitz1 ,newton & ,teall1 :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society1 #ahig1 pp4 #dgg-eai1 & #ahih1 pp4 #fbj-fea4 ,pompeckj describes fully ! v>i\s fossils1 illu/rates !m ) weal? ( detail1 discusses _! /ratigraphical relations1 & outl9es ! paleographical hi/ory ( ,franz ,josef ,l&4 ,( ! tw5ty-six species collect$ by ,nans5 no less ?an sev5te5 are new z comp>$ ) ! ,jackson-,h>mswor? collection1 :i* conta9s five species lack+ to ,nans54 ,!re are repres5tatives ( s+le species only ( e*9od]ms1 v]mes & ga/ropods1 ! sc>city ( ! la/ nam$ be+ g5]ally *>act]i/ic ( ! ,jurassic fauna ( ! arctic regions1 :e!r 9 ,sib]ia1 ,gre5l&1 or ,arctic ,am]ica4 ,on ! o!r h&1 at ,cape ,flora ! cephalopods & ! lamellibran*s pr$om9ate v l>gely4 ,?is fact makes mo/ notable ! abs5ce ( ! lamellibran* g5us ,aucella1 ) all o!r =ms t are especially *>act]i/ic ( ! high] ,jura4 ,! foll[+ new species h be5 det]m9$ by ,pompeckj3 ,pseudomonotis ,jacksoni1 an ornam5t$ %ell ( a rem>kably l>ge ,aviculid =m4 ,macrocephalites ,koettlitzi1 a %ell ) a v n>r[ umbilicus & almo/ completely encircl+ :orls4 ,cadoc]as ,nans5i1 an ammonite %[+ a flat disc-l gr[?1 ) mod]ately ?ick :orls ( :i* cross-sections are ne>ly elliptical4 ,ano!r ammonite may possibly be a v>iety ( ,c4 ,nans5i1 b ,pompeckj consid]s t x is a sep>ate species ow+ to its wid] umbilicus1 less pron\nc$ involution & some:at asymmetrical lobe-l9e4 ,pompeckj's outl9e ( ! paleontographical hi/ory ( ,franz ,josef ,l& is wor?y ( c>eful consid]ation by all int]e/$ 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( sci5ce1 al?\gh _m may diff] f "s ( ! conclusions rea*$ by him4 ,comm5t+ on ! /ratigraphical /udies ( ,pr(4 ,e4 ,t4 ,newton1 ,pompeckj /ates t 8 own inve/igations compel him to diff] mat]ially f ! inf]5ces drawn & !ories advanc$ by t sci5ti/4 ,pompeckj says3 8,! occurr5ce ( ^! ?ree g5]a ( ,ammonites proves t ! m>9e fauna ( ,cape ,flora conta9 repres5tatives ( ! ,callovian4 ,m rec5t m>9e horizons h c]ta9ly n be5 =m$ at ,cape ,flora1 z f> z ,i c judge f ! collection ( fossils be=e me4444 ,! ,ox=dian & all ! m rec5t ,jurassic horizons d n occur z m>9e deposits at ,cape ,flora40 ,he f9ds species p]ta9+ to ! ,l[] ,bajocian1 ,l[]1 ,middle & ,upp] ,callovian horizons4 ,x is mo/ int]e/+ to note t only "o o!r "p ( ! arctic regions1 ,pr9ce ,patrick ,isl&1 ,p>ry ,ar*ipelago1 has produc$ fossils1 describ$ by ,haughton z ,lias1 t are c]ta9ly old] ?an ! ,callovian4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 recogniz$ z possible t ,lundgre5's fossils f ,ea/ ,gre5l& may =m ano!r exception4 ,pompeckj po9ts out t :ile ! ,bajocian fauna ( ,cape ,flora is )\t analogy 9 ! arctic regions1 x nev]!less pres5ts di/9ct aff9ities to ! ,c5tral ,european ,jura1 & especially resembles ! ,russian ,callovian4 ,moreov]1 ?is ,jurassic collection f ,cape ,flora is ( special importance 9 outl9+ ! geographic di/ribution ( t sy/em4 ,pompeckj adds3 8,h5ce ! exi/5ce ( a ,bajocian sea 9 ! nor? ( ! ,eurasian ,jura cont95t is prov$ beyond all d\bt4444 ,z e>ly z ! ,bajocian p]iod1 !re exi/$ a ,%etl& ,/raits1 :i* sep>at$ ! ,eurasian cont95t1 exi/+ ?r\gh ! ,lias p]iod until ! end ( ! ,ba?onian1 f ! ne>ctic ,jura cont95t40 ,! comm5ts relative to ! transition ( ,nova ,zembla1 ,spitzb]g51 ,franz ,josef ,l&1 & possibly ,alaska1 f l& to sea & sea to l&1 are ( m>k$ int]e/1 indicat+ z !y d t l>ge areas ( pol> regions 7 expos$ 9 ! mesozoic p]iod to repeat$ & v consid]able oscillations ( ! sea level4 ,! m int]e/+ ( ! ,jurassic fossils1 f\nd at ,cape ,flora1 are %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration4 ,cadoc]a ,nans5i 7n4 sp471 #a1 #b1 #c1 #e1 #f4 ,cadoc]as1 sp4 ex4 aff4 ,cad4 ,nans5i 7n4 sp471 #d4 ,cadoc]as ,t*efk9i1 d',orb1 #g4 ,cadoc]as1 sp4 indet41 #h4 ,qu5/$oc]as v]tumnum1 ,s9tz[1 #i4 ,cadoc]as ,fre>si1 d',orb1 #aj4 ,macrocephalites1 #aa4 ,macrocephalites ,koettlitzi1 n4 sp41 #ab4 ,! collections ( fossil plants1 made by ,nans5 9 ,franz ,josef ,l& ?r\gh ! c\rtesy ( ! ,jackson-,h>mswor? exp$ition1 are ( sci5tific value z indicat+ ! fossil ,jurassic flora ( ,franz ,josef ,l& z comp>$ ) t ( ,spitzb]g54 ,^! collections fill 9 a n inconsid]able gap 9 ! ,arctic regions1 & ,na?or/'s inve/igations s]ve to confirm ! op9ions & /atem5ts made by ,pr(essor ,he]1 ^: five volumes ( ,flora ,fossilis ,arctica con/itute a monum5tal "w4 ,z is well kn[n1 rese>* has e/abli%$ ! fact t at "o "t ,spitzb]g5 0 cov]$ ) a luxuriant mioc5e vegetation--cypresses1 bir*es1 sequoi1 oaks & planes4 ,x moreov] appe>s t ?is gr[? 0 co9cid5t ) ! p]iod :5 ,spitzb]g51 ,gre5l&1 ,franz ,josef ,l& & ,nova ,zembla exp]i5c$ a cont95tal climate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,jurassic ,,fossils ,,f\nd ,,at ,,cape ,,flora4 ,z fossil collections accumulate1 "o appreciates m & m ! ma/]ly mann] 9 :i* ,he] summ$ up ! results ( pol> exploration z reg>ds ,arctic vegetable paleontology4 ,he 0 ! fir/ to pres5t to ! _w a cle> idea ( ! vegetation ( ! ,cretace\s l&1 sc>cely kn[n to sci5ce until elucidat$ by him4 ,x develop$ t 9 ,he]'s "t1 among ! fossil plants f\nd 9 ,spitzb]g5 alone 7 #g g9kos1 #h p9es1 a %ort bamboo1 #g popl>s1 #c maples & a fossil /rawb]ry4 ,dr4 ,nans5 0 =tunate 9 secur+ ! co-op]ation ( ,pr(4 ,a4 ,g4 ,na?or/ 9 ! exam9ation ( ! fossil plants collect$ 9 ,franz ,josef ,l&1 z he has devot$ mu* "t to ! flora1 pres5t & pa/1 ( v>i\s portions ( ! ,arctic regions1 especially ,spitzb]g5 & ,k+ ,*>les ,l&4 ,na?or/ _h ! advantage ( ! notes ( ,newton1 ,j4 ,h4 ,/eele & ,r4 ,curtis on ! fossils ( ,franz ,josef ,l&1 publi%$ 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,geological ,sci5ce1 ,london1 vols4 #ec-ed1 #ahig-ahih4 ,mo/ un=tunately1 ! fossils 7 v fragm5t>y1 ! leaves 9 !mselves small & (t5 indi/+ui%able 9 color f ! rock1 s t _! exam9ation 0 made almo/ entirely "u ! magnify+ l5s4 ,:ile ! organic sub/ance ( ! plants 0 sometimes /ill to be se5 9 a s(t1 br[ni% v>iety ( rock1 yet ! h>d] yell[i% v>ieties (f]$ only impressions1 or cavities1 _! organic sub/ance hav+ entirely disappe>$4 ,9 cross fractures !re 7 sometimes cavities :i* 7 complete transv]se sections ( conif]\s leaves4 ,!re 7 tw5ty-n9e species1 ( :i* ! entire numb] are conif]\s except "o fungus1 "o f]n1 two palms & "o unc]ta94 ,na?or/ says3 8,! plant-be>+ /rata ( ,franz ,josef ,l&1 :i* are yet kn[n to u1 all belong1 ) ! exception ( ^? f ,cook's ,rock & ,cape ,/eph51 ! age ( :i* is /ill unc]ta91 to ! upp] ,jurassic1 or ! transition b$s to ! cretace\s1 :ile z yet no t]ti>y /rata h be5 discov]$40 ,9 geological age1 :ile ! ,franz ,josef flora resembles mo/ ! previ\sly kn[n ,jurassic floras ( ,sib]ia & ,spitzb]g51 yet ,na?or/ consid]s ! geological age diff]5t1 & naturally places x betwe5 ! two1 x be+ evid5tly y\ng] ?an t ( ,sib]ia4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ,doctor ,koettlitz f\nd 9 an isolat$ basalt nunatak 7rock or hill protrud+ f a glaci]7 fossil plants simil> to ^? f\nd by himself & ,nans5 on ! nor? side ( ,cape ,flora4 ,^! nunatak plants1 :i* ,koettlitz believ$ to be 9 situ1 are id5tifi$ by ,na?or/ z ,upp] ,jurassic1 & came f an elevation v>i\sly e/imat$ z f six hundr$ to sev5 hundr$ & fifty feet above ! sea4 ,nans5 agrees ) ,koettlitz 9 believ+ t tree-trunks f\nd by !m1 *>r$ into *>coal or p>tly silicifi$1 *iefly belong$ to conif]s gr[+ on ! soil ov] :i* basalt fl[s 7 dis*>g$ dur+ ! ,upp] ,jurassic or ,l[] ,cretace\s age1 & t !y h be5 *>r$ by a fl[+ mass ( lava t ov]:elm$ !m4 ,^! fossil plants tell ! /ory ( trem5d\s physical *anges :i* h produc$ v important modifications 9 climatic conditions 9 ! ,arctic regions4 ,! *anges 9 ! types ( vegetable life are app>5tly z ext5sive 9 high z 9 l[ latitudes4 ,! l[] cretace\s flora is almo/ tropical1 z is %[n by ! pr$om9at+ =ms ( ?is vegetation4 ,c>bonif]\s =mations obta9 ext5sively 9 ! ,arctic regions1 z !y occur 9 ! ,p>ry ,ar*ipelago1 ,spitzb]g5 & 9 ,sib]ia4 ,dur+ ! c>bonif]\s age !re 0 a great ext5t ( l& ne> ! ,nor? ,pole closely resembl+ t ( ! temp]ate latitude ( ! same p]iod1 z is %[n by ! small numb] ( fossil plants t are peculi> to ! ,arctic regions4 ,9 ! t]ti>y p]iod mioc5e flora fl\ri%$ 9 ,spitzb]g51 :]e ev5 ! lime1 ! junip] & popl>s h be5 f\nd ne> latitude #gi ,n4 ,!n also ?rove sequoias1 :i* closely resemble trees gr[+ 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! mioc5e flora gives evid5ce ( a v great contra/ betwe5 ! climatic conditions at t epo* betwe5 ,europe & ! ,arctic regions4 ,! cretace\s flora ?r[s important light on ! *anges ( climate 9 ! ,arctic regions1 &1 z has be5 po9t$ out1 ! tropical =ms pr$om9ate 9 ! vegetation ( ! ,l[] ,cretace\s flora4 ,he]'s pr$iction t ! plants f\nd on ! we/ coa/ ( ,spitzb]g5 w\ld also be f\nd on ! ,ea/ ,gre5l& coa/ has be5 fully v]ifi$4 ,mioc5e plants h be5 f\nd f ,spitzb]g5 we/w>d ?r\gh ,icel& & ,gre5l& to ,banks ,l& & 9 ! ,p>ry ,ar*ipelago1 & x is int]e/+ to note t m ?an "o f\r? ( ! ,arctic plants are common to ! mioc5e ( ,europe2 9 ,gre5l& & on ,mc,kenzie ! p]c5tage is ne>ly "o half4 ,9 all probability1 ! pap] :i* is ( ! highe/ popul> int]e/ is ! acc\nt ( ! birds by ,rob]t ,collet & ,dr4 ,nans54 ,! full notes reg>d+ ,arctic birds te/ify fully to ! fact t ! obs]v]s _h 9 view ! pr9cipal po9ts ( orni?ological importance4 ,^! comprise n only a m]e record ( ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( c]ta9 species1 b also additional obs]vations reg>d+ !m 9 _! ,arctic habitat4 ,c]ta9ly ! reproa* c n be br\ght aga9/ ! exp$ition ( ! ,fram1 :i* has obta9$ 9 ! case ( _m ,arctic exp$itions1 t x has add$ no?+ to orni?ological ,arctic data4 ,! acc\nt ( ! birds1 prep>$ by ,mr4 ,rob]t ,collet1 has be5 compil$ f ! v>i\s j\rnals ( ! exp$ition>y =ce1 supplem5t$ by v]bal comm5ts ( ,nans54 ,! memoir conta9s su* specific data z enable /ud5ts to det]m9e n only ! g5]al "* ( ! avifauna z "o moves nor?w>d 9 ! ,sib]ian ocean1 b also ! arrival & dep>ture ( ! migrants & ! pres5ce ( /raggl]s4 ,among ! birds ( special int]e/ :i* 7 obs]v$ are ! gray plov]1 ! gray phal>ope1 ! sab9e gull & ! cuneate or ,ross's gull4 ,"o ( ! greate/ au?orities on ,arctic birds1 ,pr(4 ,alfr$ ,newton1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 has well said t 9 consid]ation ( ! avifauna ( any c\ntry its peculi>ities c be det]m9$ only by dismiss+ accid5tal /raggl]s f ! discussion4 ,9 elucidat+ ! great "q ( geographical di/ribution1 "o mu/ conf9e himself to ei!r ! birds t bre$ !re91 or to ^? species :i* regul>ly frequ5t x = a consid]able portion ( ! ye>4 ,consid]+ ! enorm\s area cov]$ by ! ,fram exp$ition & its great div]sity ( physical conditions ( sea & l&1 x 0 impossible to treat "u a s+le head+ ! birds obs]v$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pseudalibrotus ,,nans5i1 ,g4 ,o4 ,,s>s4 ,mr4 ,collet has1 !re=e1 be5 wise 9 divid+ 8 notes into f\r sections1 cov]+ ! ,asiatic coa/1 ! ,sib]ian ocean1 ! sl$ge j\rney to ,franz ,josef ,l&1 & ! ,arctic ,ocean to ! nor? ( ,franz ,josef ,l& & ,spitzb]g54 ,b = ?is division1 confusion w\ld h result$ f comb9+ birds ( regions s widely ext5d$ 9 longitude & latitude4 ,! notes %[ conclusively :at might h be5 anticipat$1 t ! avifauna ( ! ,sib]ian ,sea1 & especially t portion ( ! ,arctic ,ocean to ! nor? ( ,franz ,josef ,l& & ,spitzb]g51 is /rictly limit$4 ,includ+ ! species obs]v$ dur+ ! entire voyage1 !re are only ?irty-?ree record$4 ,only tw5ty-"o species p]ta9 to ! ,arctic ,ocean1 :e!r z regul> migrants or /raggl]s1 aft] exclud+ ! twelve species :i* 7 obs]v$ ne> ! ,asiatic coa/4 ,! pres5ce on ! %ores ( ! ,sib]ian ,sea ( "s ( ^! twelve1 h[ev]1 is ( orni?ological int]e/4 ,!re may be specially m5tion$ ! gray goose 7,ans] segetum71 long-tail$ duck 7,h>elda glacialis71 silv] gull 7,l>us arg5tatus71 sn[y owl 7,nyctea sc&iaca71 gray plov] 7,squat>ola helvetica7 & ! r$-neck$ phal>ope 7,phal>opus hyp]bore\s74 ,conf9+ ourselves to birds obs]v$ to ! nor? ( #ha #cj1 att5tion is call$ to ! abundant avifauna ( ! we/]n z comp>$ ) ! ea/]n hemisph]e4 ,9 ,k5n$y ,*annel1 ,gr9nell ,l&1 !re h be5 record$ no less ?an ?irty-two species aga9/ tw5ty-"o not$ by ! ,fram 9 ?is voyage1 includ+ ^? se5 9 ,franz ,josef ,l&4 ,?is is n surpris+1 h[ev]1 :5 x is consid]$ t ! drift ( ! ,fram 0 across a deep ocean ( l>ge ext5t1 :i* is cov]$ p]petually by an unbrok5 ice-pack1 unreliev$ by any view ( l& until ! nor? coa/ ( ,spitzb]g5 0 se54 ,omitt+ ! birds obs]v$ 9 ,franz ,josef ,l&1 ! paucity ( species frequ5t+ ! great we/]n ,arctic ,ocean is ev5 m app>5t4 ,! /rik+ dissimil>ity ( ! f\r regions trav]s$ by ! ,fram is pla9ly evid5t f ! bird-life record$4 ,:ile !re 7 obs]v$ n9e species 9 ! ,sib]ian ,sea1 fifte5 9 ! ,franz ,josef ,ar*ipelago1 eighte5 9 ! ,arctic ,ocean & tw5ty-?ree on ! ,asiatic coa/1 yet only five 7 common to all f\r regions1 viz43 ! dovekie1 ! glauc\s gull1 ! ivory gull1 ! kittiwake & ! sn[-bird4 ,! ,sib]ian ,sea pres5t$ a mo/ limit$ avifauna1 z 9 addition to ! five common species1 !re 7 record$ 9 ! fir/ summ] 9 ! ice only ! little auk1 ! fulm>1 ! roseate gull & a small skua4 ,! entire abs5ce ( l& or %ore birds t frequ5t ,arctic isl&s1 omitt+ a s+le /raggl+ sn[-bird1 indicates cle>ly t ! ,sib]ian ,sea ext5ds f> nor?w>d unbrok5 by any l& area4 ,! eighte5 species ( birds t 7 f\nd 9 ! ,arctic ,ocean1 f> to ! nor?1 naturally dem& special comm5t4 ,! six foll[+ species are d\btless /raggl]s3 ! r+$ plov] 7,aegialitis hiaticula71 #hb #ei ,n41 ! mo/ nor!rly %ore-bird ( ,spitzb]g51 ,nord5skiold hav+ obs]v$ x on ,sev5 isl&s1 #hj #de ,n42 ! eid] duck 7,somat]ia mollissima71 #hb #ee ,n41 ne> ,spitzb]g52 ! arctic t]n 7,/]na macrura71 #hd #cb ,n42 ! puff9 7,frat]cula arctica glacialis71 #hc #aa ,n41 ne> ,spitzb]g52 ! black-back$ gull 7,l>us m>9us71 #hd #ce ,n4 #ge ,e41 & ! ,sab9e gull 7,xema ,sab9i71 #hc ,n41 ne> ,spitzb]g54 ,( o!r species1 ! roseate gull 7,rhodo/e?ia rosea71 #hd #da ,n41 disappe>$ z ! ,fram drift$ we/ f ! longitude ( ,franz ,josef ,l&1 to be replac$ z ,spitzb]g5 0 ne>$ by a wad] 7,crymophilus fulic>ius71 #hc #ja ,n42 =k$-tail$ skuas 7,/]cor>ius pomatorh9us71 #hb #eg ,n41 & ,bru5ni*'s guillemot 7,uria lomvia71 #hc #aa ,n4 ,! glauc\s gull 7,l>us glaucus71 #hd #dh ,n41 & long-tail$ skua 7,/]cor>ius longicaudus71 #hd #dg ,n41 al?\gh se5 bo? summ]s1 7 q infrequ5t4 ,^! data indicate abs5ce ( l& at any ne> di/ance to ! nor?1 & disclose ! int]e/+ fact t only ! six foll[+ species1 includ+ ! sn[-bird :o is m probably a /raggl]1 c be class$ z regul> summ] migrants to ! va/ ice-fields :i* cov] ! ,arctic ,ocean to ! nor? ( ,spitzb]g5 & ,franz ,josef ,l&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rhodo/e?ia ,,rosea 7,,magg71 #ahbd4 ,,"y ,,9 ,,fir/ ,,plumage4 ,! little auk 7,alle alle71 #hd #dh ,n41 0 visible almo/ daily ne> ! #hc;d p>allel 9 great numb]s dur+ ! summ] season1 :]ev] !re 7 num]\s wat] *annels ne> ! ,fram4 ,( #dj birds kill$ at "o "t1 only t5 7 females4 ,! dovekie 7,cepphus m&ti71 #hd #cb ,n41 ) ! little auk1 0 ! mo/ num]\s ( all birds 9 v high latitudes1 & ne>ly #aej 7 %ot = ! table4 ,out ( #dj specim5s only #ad 7 males4 ,! dovekie came e>ly1 ,may #ac1 #ahif4 ,! ivory gull 7,pagophila eburnea7 is also pres5t ! entire summ]4 ,x 0 ! fir/ visitor 9 #ahie1 :5 on ,may #ad x 0 se5 9 #hd #ch ,n41 & :at is ( special int]e/1 0 fly+ f ! nor?-nor!a/4 ,! sn[ bunt+ 7,plectroph5ax nivalis71 al?\gh a l&-bird1 0 se5 bo? summ]s at some:at infrequ5t int]vals1 z f> z #hd #de ,n4 ,!y f$ on refuse ne> ! %ips1 b 7 also se5 ne> wat]-holes1 & appe>$ to be fe$+ on cru/aceans4 ,two ( ?ree specim5s 7 males4 ,! fir/ specim5 9 #ahie visit$ ! ,fram on ,may #bb 9 #hd #dj ,n41 & !n flew t[>ds ! nor?4 ,9 #ahif x appe>$ on ,april #be1 ! fir/ bird ( ! ye>1 9 #hd #ag ,n4 ,! kittiwake 7,rissa tridactyla7 0 mu* less num]\s ?an ! ivory gull4 ,x 0 se5 9 #hb #ed ,n4 ,!y f$1 z a rule1 on cru/aceans1 al?\gh 9 "o bird 7 f\nd p>ts ( a ,gadus saida ab\t #gj mm4 9 l5g?4 ,a ,gadus ab\t #abj mm4 9 l5g? 0 obs]v$ on ,july #af1 #ahie1 9 #hd #db ,n41 ! mo/ nor!rly po9t at :i* any fi% has be5 f\nd4 ,! fulm> 7,fulm>us glacialis7 came e>ly 9 #ahie1 on ,may #ac1 & 9 #ahif on ,may #bb4 ,?is bold1 voraci\s bird f$ on cru/aceans usually1 & ow+ to its villa9\s smell 0 utiliz$ pr9cipally z food = dogs4 ,! la/ bird ( #ahie1 a fulm>1 0 se5 on ,septemb] #ad1 :5 ! ,fram 0 9 #he #je ,n41 #gi ,e4 ,?is is ! mo/ nor!rn latitude 9 :i* any bird has ev] be5 obs]v$4 ,! fulm>s & ivory gulls 7 v bold & noisy1 ! latt] be+ specially objectionable4 ,ivory gulls 7 se5 at ! w9t] hut 9 ,franz ,josef ,l& until ,octob]1 :5 all wat] _h long be5 froz5 ov]1 & appe>$ aga9 z e>ly z ,m>* #ab1 #ahif4 ,! fir/ roseate gulls 7 "y birds obs]v$ ,augu/ #c1 #ahid1 9 #ha #je ,n41 #abj ,e41 ab\t #ejj kilometres f ! ne>e/ l&4 ,a long & int]e/+ description is giv5 ( ^! gulls 9 v>i\s /ages4 ,"o ( ! beautiful plates1 :i* is imp]fectly reproduc$1 %[s ! plumage ( a v "y gull ab\t a mon? old4 ,_! food consi/s exclusively ( small fi% & cru/aceans1 ( ! latt] ! ,hym5odora glacialis pr$om9at+4 ,l>ge numb]s ( ^! beautiful gulls 7 se5 9 #ahie to ! nor!a/ ( ,franz ,josef ,l&1 :i* po9ts to _! bre$+ 9 t locality4 ,"o 0 se5 by ,nans5 on ,july #aa1 #ahie1 9 #hb #jh ,n41 fly+ f ! nor!a/4 ,! v full memoir on ,cru/acea is by ,dr4 ,g4 ,o4 ,s>s1 well kn[n z "o ( ! editorial committee ( ! sci5tific "w ( ! ,norwegian ,nor? ,atlantic ,exp$ition4 ,z ! great] numb] ( m>9e v]tebrate animals collect$ by ! ,norwegian ,nor? ,pol> ,exp$ition belong to ! ,cru/acea1 ?is memoir cov]s ! great] "p ( ! m>9e collection4 ,! ,copepoda are pr$om9ant1 especially ^? belong+ to ! ,calanoid gr\p1 hav+ be5 tak5 at ne>ly e haul along ! :ole r\te ( ! ,fram4 ,! zological equipm5t ( ! ,fram 0 bas$ un=tunately on ! supposition t ! ,sib]ian bas9 0 %all[1 s t ! enorm\s oceanic dep?s :i* 7 f\nd 7 only inadequately explor$ by an extemporiz$ s\nd+ app>atus4 ,:ile ! results ( ! dr$g+ op]ations indicate t !re 0 v little animal life at ! bottom ( ! ocean1 on ! o!r h&1 x appe>s t ! entire surface ( ! sea1 :i* consi/$ usually ( small tempor>y op5+s 9 ! ice-pack1 0 cov]$ ) abundant life ?r\gh\t ! entire ye> ev5 to ! mo/ nor!rn latitudes4 ,includ+ surface & deep-sea specim5s1 !re 7 tak5 on ,octob] #ab1 #ahie1 no less ?an elev5 species 9 latitude #he #ac ,n41 longitude #gi ,e4 ,on ,june #bh1 #ahie1 9 #hd #cb ,n41 #gf ,e41 !re 7 tak5 f ! surface by t[ net 9 a l>ge wat]-*annel f\rte5 species4 ,?is indicates abundant m>9e life 9 ! sea imm$iately ne> ! ,nor? ,pole4 ,! pelagic animals1 !re=e1 7 n f\nd at ! sea surface alone1 b 7 also drawn f consid]able dep?s4 ,_m specim5s 7 obta9$ f /rata at lea/ #bej metres bel[ ! surface1 & 9 a numb] ( in/ances f dep?s rang+ betwe5 #ejj & #a1jjj metres4 ,x is to be add$ t ! imp]fect developm5t ( ! visual organs ( ! peculi> amphipod1 ,cycloc>is ,guilelmi1 ,*evreux1 po9ts to abyssal habits1 z simil> conditions d 9 ! cases ( o!r pelagic animals4 ,9 g5]al pelagic fauna 9 ! ,pol> ,sea resembles t ( ! nor!rn ,atlantic bas91 ! great] numb] ( species be+ common to bo?4 ,:ile sev]al h]et(ore unkn[n =ms collect$ by ?is exp$ition may be peculi> to ! pol> bas91 yet x is n improbable t ^! =ms also occur 9 ! ,nor? ,atlantic4 ,?is appe>s probable1 s9ce ! we/]n "p ( ! ,fram's r\te lies on ! bord] ( ! two bas9s1 :]e ! fauna does n diff] ess5tially f t 9 ! ea/]n "p4 ,:ile ! pelagic fauna ( ! ,pol> ,sea1 ev5 9 ! l[e/ dep?s1 resembles t ( ! ,atlantic bas91 ! great sal9ity ( its wat] cle>ly indicates t x comes f ! ,nor? ,atlantic1 & x is !re=e m ?an probable t ! migration ( pelagic animals to ! ,nor? ,pol> ,sea is also f ! we/4 ,inde$1 ,doctor ,s>s is ( ! op9ion t ! great] "p ( ! pelagic life ( ! nor?-pol> bas9 comes by ! und]ly+ ea/]ly curr5t f ! ,nor? ,atlantic4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is evid5t t ! we/]ly-fl[+ surface curr5t ( ! ,sib]ian ,sea is ( vital importance z a means ( supply+ n\ri%m5t to ! m>9e animals ( ! we/]n ,arctic ,ocean4 ,?is food supply1 microscopic alg *iefly ,diatomeae1 :ile v abundant on ! surface ( ! ,sib]ian ,sea1 dim9i%es gradually t[>ds ! we/4 8,inde$10 says ,s>s1 8)\t su* a con/ant conveyance ( n\ri%+ matt]1 !re c\ld be no su* ri* animal life 9 ! ,pol> ,sea40 ,a v rem>kable fact 0 ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 pelagic ,copepoda1 :i* hi!rto _h only be5 obs]v$ 9 s\!rn wat]s1 & a ,calanoid ( ! g5us ,hemicalanus ,claus1 previ\sly kn[n only f ! ,m$it]ranean & tropical p>ts ( ! ,atlantic & ,pacific oceans4 ,two species ( ! g5us ,oncoea1 :i* accord p]fectly ) species 9 ! ,bay ( ,naples1 7 f\nd 9 great abundance nor? ( ! ,new ,sib]ian ,isl&s4 ,ano!r copepod1 ( ! g5us ,lubbockia ,claus1 h]et(ore only kn[n 9 ! ,m$it]ranean & tropical oceans1 0 f\nd 9 ! same locality1 ) :i* 0 a small p]fectly hyal9e copepod ( ! v rem>kable g5us ,mormonilla1 ( :i* h]et(ore only two species h be5 record$1 bo? 9 ! tropical ,pacific & s\? ( ! equator4 ,p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable =ms are ^? m5tion$ by ,doctor ,s>s1 :5 he says3 8,! v close & app>5tly g5etic relation%ip betwe5 ! two pol> species ( ! amphipod\s g5us ,pseudalibrotos & ^? occurr+ 9 ! ,caspian ,sea1 is ano!r rem>kable in/ance :i* seems fully to corroborate ! correctness ( ! assumption ( geologi/s z to a direct connexion 9 old5 times betwe5 ?is isolat$ bas9 & ! ,nor? ,pol> ,sea40 ,bo? species1 tak5 ne> #he ,n41 are reg>d$ z ! primitive types f :i* ! ,caspian =ms are desc5d$4 ,! m rem>kable ( ! ,arctic =ms1 ,p4 ,nans5i1 is reproduc$ on page #dcj4 ,to conclude1 ?is volume is a mo/ valuable contribution to ! sci5tific lit]ature ( ! ,arctic regions4 ,x has b "o m>k$ objection1 its publication 9 su* beautiful =m & high price z necess>ily places ?is s]ies beyond ! means ( _m sci5tific /ud5ts4 ,,discussion ,,& ,,correspond5ce4 ,,legislation ,,aga9/ ,,m$ical ,,discov]y4,p ,p ,an op5 lett] f ,presid5t ,eliot ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity to ! ,*airman ( ! ,s5ate ,committee on ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia4 ,,de> ,,sir3 ,i obs]ve t a new bill on ! subject ( vivisection has be5 introduc$ into ! ,s5ate1 ,bill ,no4 #cd4 ,?is bill is a slight improvem5t on its pr$ecessor1 b x is /ill v objectionable4 ,i beg leave to /ate v briefly ! objection to all su* legislation4 #a4 ,to int]f]e ) or ret>d ! progress ( m$ical discov]y is an inhuman ?+4 ,)9 fifte5 ye>s m$ical rese>* has made rapid progress1 almo/ exclusively ?r\gh ! use ( ! l[] animals1 & :at su* rese>* has done = ! diagnosis & treatm5t ( diph!ria x c probably d 9 "t = tub]culosis1 erysipelis1 c]ebro-sp9al m5+itis & canc]1 to "n only f\r horrible sc\rges ( mank9d :i* are kn[n to be ( g]m orig94 #b4 ,! human race makes use ( animals )\t ! smalle/ compunctions z articles ( food & z labor]s4 ,x kills !m1 conf9es !m1 gelds !m & int]f]es 9 all mann] ( ways ) _! natural lives4 ,! lib]ty we take ) ! animal creation 9 us+ utt]ly insignificant numb]s ( !m = sci5tific rese>*es is inf9itesimal comp>$ ) ! o!r lib]ties we take ) animals1 & x is t use ( animals f :i* ! human race has mo/ to hope4 #c4 ,! few m$ical inve/igators c n1 probably1 be sup]vis$ or inspect$ or controll$ by any ( ! ord9>y processes ( ,gov]nm5t sup]vision4 ,nei!r c !y prop]ly be lic5s$1 because !re is no compet5t sup]vis+ or lic5s+ body4 ,! ,gov]nm5t may prop]ly lic5se a plumb]1 because x c provide ! prop] exam9ation bo>ds = plumb]s2 x c prop]ly lic5se "y m5 to practice m$ic9e1 because x c provide ! prop] exam9ation bo>ds = t pr(ession1 & ^! bo>ds c te/ify to ! fitness ( c&idates2 b ! ,gov]nm5t _c provide any bo>d ( (ficials compet5t to te/ify to ! fitness ( ! m$ical inve/igator4 #d4 ,! advocates ( anti-vivisection laws consid] !mselves m humane & m]ciful ?an ! oppon5ts ( su* laws4 ,to my ?9k+ ^! un?9k+ advocates are really cruel to _! own race4 ,h[ _m cats or gu9ea pigs w\ld y or ,i sacrifice to save ! life ( our *ild or to w9 a *ance ( sav+ ! life ( our *ild8 ,! diph!ria-antitox9 has already sav$ ! lives ( _m ?\s&s ( human be+s1 yet x is produc$ ?r\gh a mod]ate am\nt ( inconv5i5ce & suff]+ inflict$ on horses & ?r\gh ! sacrifice ( a mod]ate numb] ( gu9ea pigs4 ,:o are ! m]ciful p--! few physicians :o sup]9t5d ! mak+ ( ! antitox9 & make sure ( its quality1 or ! p :o cry out aga9/ ! infliction ( any suff]+ on animals on behalf ( mank9d8 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 possible to legislate aga9/ an improp] use ( vivisection4 ,= in/ance1 x %\ld n be all[$ 9 second>y s*ools or be=e college classes = purposes ( demon/ration only2 b any attempt to int]f]e ) ! necess>y processes ( m$ical inve/igation is1 9 my judgm5t1 9 ! highe/ degree inexp$i5t1 & is fundam5tally inhuman4 ,y\rs v truly1 ,c4 ,w4 ,,eliot4 ,,hon4 ,,james ,,mcmillan4 ,,! ,,high] ,,education ,,= ,,color$ ,,y\?4 ,pr(4 ,%al]'s article 9 ! ,june numb] ( ! ,,popul> ,,sci5ce ,,mon?ly 0 9 _m ways s5sible & timely1 b x seems to ! writ] t 9 common ) _m o!r p he is mislead+ 9 8 rem>ks ab\t high] education = ! negro4 ,"o w\ld ?9k f ! great outcry aga9/ ! high] education = "y p ( ! color$ race1 t sc>cely any o!r k9d ( education 0 be+ giv5 !m4 ,on all sides we he> ! famili> refra93 8,! high] education = ! negro has be5 a failure40 ,n[ success is a relative t]m4 ,if a m]e h&ful ( color$ college graduates1 9 a few ye>s1 ought to h settl$ ! race problem1 & induc$ _! :ite fell[-citiz5s to treat ^! graduates & all memb]s ( _! race fairly1 !n x has be5 a failure4 ,b if ! high] education %\ld simply give add$ p[] ( m9d1 enl>ge ! m5tal grasp & capacity = usefulness1 lift up1 socially1 morally1 religi\sly & f9ancially1 n only its disciples1 b also ?\s&s :o h be5 induc$ to look upw>d by ! =ce ( _! example1 !n ! high] education = color$ y\? has be5 a trem5d\s success4 ,is n ! latt] ! fair te/8 ,( c\rse ! high] education ( ! few has n elim9at$ crime4 ,x has n done t = ! :ite race4 ,! writ] is a color$ man & a college graduate4 ,he c n see t ! high] education has any diff]5t effect on ! color$ y\? f :at x has on ! :ite4 ,if !re be any diff]5ce x is ?is3 ,x raises ! color$ y\? f a l[] social level1 z a rule1 & places him on a social plane1 relatively1 among 8 own p1 high] ?an x does 9 ! case ( ! :ite y\?4 ,! high] tra9+1 !re=e1 %\ld be m valuable to ! color$ y\?4 ,9 a rec5t address be=e a graduat+ class at ,h[>d ,univ]sity1 ! ,hon4 ,w4 ,t4 ,h>ris1 ,commission] ( ,education1 submitt$ /ati/ics :i* %[$ t ! proportionate numb] ( second>y & high] /ud5ts to ! :ole numb] ( *ildr5 att5d+ s*ool 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h increas$ f #b4bb p] c5t 9 #ahgi to #e4ja p] c5t 9 #ahig1 ne>ly two & a half times2 :ile ! proportion ( color$ /ud5ts 9 second>y s*ools & colleges _h increas$ v little inde$1 f #a p] c5t to only #a4af p] c5t4 ,b ! /ory is n yet half told4 ,accord+ to ! report ( ! ,commission] ( ,education1 #ahig-ih1 ,vol4 #b1 page #b1jig1 ! total numb] ( /ud5ts tak+ ! high] education 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z a :ole1 0 #add1dgg1 be+ #a1ihj to ea* million ( ! total population4 ,! same report1 page #b1dhj1 gives ! total numb] ( color$ /ud5ts pursu+ collegiate c\rses 9 ^! mu* discuss$ color$ colleges z #b1dib4 ,?is is only #caj to ! million ( color$ population1 :]eas ! :ole ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z %[n above1 _h #a1ihj to ! million1 ne>ly six & a half times z _m 9 proportion to population4 ,?is does n look z if ! entire color$ population 7 rapidly /amp$+ to ! high] education1 or z if ! labor supply 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates 7 fall+ (f f ?is cause4 ,?is is an age ( high] education = ! masses4 ,! increase 9 ! numb] ( /ud5ts tak+ ! second>y & high] education 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s has be5 ph5om5al--unprec$5t$4 ,is ! p]son ( color s mu* sup]ior to ! :ite t he does n ne$ s mu* educational tra9+8 ,i ?9k n4 ,9 view ( ! hi/ory & pres5t condition ( ?is race1 !re is an obvi\s necessity = a l>ge numb] ( educat$ & tra9$ tea*]s1 m9i/]s1 physicians1 lawy]s & ph>maci/s2 & 9 view ( ! fact t ?is race has only "o fif? ( its quota pursu+ /udies above ! elem5t>y grades1 :at fair m9d w n say t !re is great ne$ ( m ( ! second>y & high] education = color$ y\?1 in/ead ( less ( x8 ,accord+ to ! report above cit$1 #afa academies & colleges = color$ y\? 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates report$4 ,! total numb] enroll$ 0 #db1cbh1 ( :i* #b1dib 7 report$ 9 collegiate grades1 #ac1ffi 9 second>y grades & #bf1afg 9 elem5t>y grades4 ,ev5 9 ^! color$ colleges less ?an #f p] c5t ( ! /ud5ts are pursu+ collegiate c\rses4 ,( ^!1 p]haps n m ?an #b p] c5t are pursu+ a college c\rse equal to t (f]$ at ,h[>d4 ,ne>ly two ?irds ( ! total enrollm5t 9 ^! color$ colleges are receiv+ elem5t>y in/ruction 9 ! ?ree ,r's4 ,classifi$ by c\rses ( /udy1 #a1gaa--bag 9 a million--7 tak+ ! classical c\rse2 #a1bjj--aej 9 a million--! sci5tific2 #d1ddi--eee to ! million--! normal c\rse 9 prep>ation = tea*+2 #a1bhe--afj 9 a million--pr(essional c\rses2 #i1gbd ! ,engli% c\rse1 & #bdd ! bus9ess c\rse4 ,9 ea* ( ^! c\rses ! color$ race has only ab\t "o fif? or "o six? ( its quota4 ,is !re any?+ 9 ^! figures to al>m ! nation8 ,ab\t "o ?ird ( ! total numb] ( /ud5ts 9 ^! #afa color$ s*ools & colleges are tak+ indu/rial tra9+4 ,:5 we consid] ! great dem& = educat$ color$ m9i/]s1 tea*]s & physicians1 & ! quick rew>d = ability 9 ^! l9es1 on ! "o h&1 & ! exclusiv5ess ( "s trade-unions 9 %utt+ out color$ workm51 on ! o!r1 ! wond] is t "o ?ird ( ! total numb] ( color$ y\? 9 ^! s*ools h *os5 ! indu/rial c\rse4 ,= x is by no means c]ta9 t !y w be all[$ to "w at _! trades aft] !y h le>n$ !m4 ,! numb] ( color$ /ud5ts :o h _h ev5 a smatt]+ ( ! high] education has be5 %[n to be ridicul\sly small1 & ! total numb] ( color$ graduates ) ! college degree prop] does n at ! mo/ lib]al e/imate exce$ "o ?\s&4 ,_m ( !m are dead4 ,( ! numb] n[ liv+1 almo/ e "o c be locat$ 9 "s useful & uplift+ employm5t z m9i/]s1 tea*]s1 physicians1 lawy]s1 bus9ess m51 or z wives presid+ ov] happy1 prosp]\s1 cultur$ homes :i* :ite p]sons seldom ent] except on bus9ess4 ,our critics seem to "k no?+ ( ^! homes1 :i*1 z a rule1 are own$ by _! occupants4 ,= ! mo/ "p ^! homes are scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! ,s\?1 & are c5t]s ( culture & ref9em5t t elevate ! moral & social /atus ( ! entire community4 ,to deprive ! y\? ( ! color$ race ( ! high] education is to deprive !m ( all ! nobl] inc5tives to /udy1 to sacrifice1 to /ruggle to get an education4 ,e ?\ghtful p]son kn[s t ^! inc5tives are necess>y = ! :ite race2 !y are equally necess>y = ! color$ race4 ,nei!r ! :ite y\? nor ! color$1 9 l>ge numb]s1 w toil & /ruggle & apply himself to get an education1 unless he sees t education br+s p[] & a bett] liv+ to its possessors4 ,! color$ race1 l e o!r "p ( our population1 ne$s all k9ds ( education4 ,x is a %e] fallacy & a griev\s wrong to !m to hold all ( !m d[n to ! rudim5ts ( an education1 ) indu/rial tra9+4 ,all c n pr(it by ! indu/rial tra9+ any m ?an all c pr(it by ! high] tra9+4 ,!re is no conflict betwe5 ! advocates ( indu/rial tra9+ & ! high] education4 ,bo? are "r4 ,bo? are good 9 _! respective sph]es4 ,at any rate1 x is n necess>y to disp>age ! magnific5t a*ievem5ts ( color$ p]sons :o h receiv$ ! high] tra9+ to make an argum5t 9 favor ( tra9+ all ( !m 9 ! manual trades1 or to ju/ify _! elim9ation f politics4 ,,&rew ,f4 ,,hilg]1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,sci5tific ,,lit]ature4 ,,geology4 ,9 accordance ) ! g5]al results ( ,mr4 ,g4 ,k4 ,gilb]t's inve/igation ( rec5t e>? movem5ts 9 ! ,great ,lakes region--t ! :ole di/rict is be+ lift$ on "o side or depress$ on ! o!r1 s t its plane is bodily cant$ t[>d ! s\?-s\?we/1 & t ! rate ( *ange is su* t ! two ends ( a l9e "o hundr$ miles long1 runn+ 9 a s\?-s\?we/ direction1 are relatively displac$ f\r t5?s ( a foot 9 "o hundr$ ye>s--c]ta9 g5]al consequ5ces ensue4 ,! wat]s ( ea* lake are gradually ris+ on ! s\!rn & we/]n %ores1 or fall+ on ! nor!rn & ea/]n %ores1 or bo?4 ,?is *ange is n directly obvi\s1 because mask$ by tempor>y *anges due to inequalities ( ra9fall & evaporation & v>i\s o!r causes1 b x affects ! mean height ( ! lake surface4 ,9 ,lake ,ont>io ! wat] is advanc+ on all %ores1 ! rate at any place be+ proportional to its di/ance f ! isobase ?r\gh ! outlet4 ,at ,hamilton & ,port ,dalh\sie x am\nts to six in*es 9 a c5tury4 ,! wat] also advances on all %ores ( ,lake ,erie1 mo/ rapidly at ,tol$o & ,s&usky1 :]e ! *ange is eight or n9e in*es a c5tury4 ,all ab\t ,lake ,huron ! wat] is fall+1 mo/ rapidly at ! nor? & nor!a/2 at ,mack9ac ! rate is six in*es1 & at ! m\? ( ,fr5* ,riv] t5 in*es a c5tury4 ,on ,lake ,sup]ior ! isobase ( ! outlet cuts ! %ore at ! int]national b\nd>y2 ! wat] is advanc+ on ! ,am]ican %ore1 & s9k+ on ! ,canadian4 ,at ,dulu? ! advance is six in*es1 & at ,huron ,bay ! recession is five in*es a c5tury4 ,! %ores ( ,lake ,mi*igan are divid$ by ! ,port ,huron isobase4 ,nor? ( ,oconto & ,mani/ee ! wat] is fall+2 s\? ( ^! places x is ris+1 ! rate at ,milwaukee be+ five or six in*es a c5tury1 & at ,*icago n9e or t5 in*es4 ,ev5tually1 unless a dam is erect$ to prev5t x1 ,lake ,mi*igan w aga9 ov]fl[ to ! ,ill9ois ,riv]1 its dis*>ge occupy+ ! *annel c>v$ by ! outlet ( a ,plei/oc5e glacial lake4 ,! summit 9 t *annel is n[ ab\t eight feet above ! mean level ( ! lake1 & ! "t be=e x w be ov]topp$ may be comput$4 ,= ! mean lake /age su* dis*>ge w beg9 9 ab\t "o ?\s& ye>s1 & aft] fifte5 hundr$ ye>s !re w be no int]ruption4 ,9 ab\t two ?\s& ye>s ! ,ill9ois ,riv] & ! ,niag>a w c>ry equal portions ( ! surplus wat] ( ! ,great ,lakes4 ,9 tw5ty-five hundr$ ye>s ! dis*>ge ( ! ,niag>a w be int]mitt5t1 fail+ at l[ /ages ( ! lake1 & 9 ?irty-five hundr$ ye>s !re w be no ,niag>a4 ,! bas9 ( ,lake ,erie w !n be tribut>y to ,lake ,huron1 ! curr5t be+ rev]s$ 9 ! ,detroit & ,/4 ,clair *annels4 ,,geography4 ,relat+ to ! ,royal ,geographical ,society ! /ory ( 8 exploration ( ! ,bolivian ,&es1 ,sir ,m>t9 ,conway spoke ( 8 j\rney by way ( ! ,arequipa ,railroad1 ,p]u1 to ,lake ,titicaca4 ,t rem>kable %eet ( wat] is f\rte5 times ! size ( ! ,lake ( ,g5eva & twelve ?\s& feet above ! sea1 & might be reg>d$ z ! remnant ( a f> great] inl& sea1 n[ %runk away4 ,driv+ f ,*ililaya1 he rea*$ ! sn[y m\nta9 call$ ! ,cordill]a ,real--! backbone ( ,bolivia--:i* he _h come especially to visit1 & 9 ! region ( :i* he sp5t f\r mon?s4 ,to ! ea/ ! m\nta9s fell v rapidly to a l[ hill c\ntry & ! f]tile valleys t s5d _! wat]s to ! riv] ,b5i4 ,on ! o!r side lay a high plateau1 at a uni=m altitude ( f twelve ?\s& to ?irte5 ?\s& feet1 f :i* ! tops ( l[ rocky hills "h & !re em]g$4 ,?is plateau _h obvi\sly be5 at "o "t subm]g$2 evid5ce 0 pl5tiful t 9 anci5t times ! glaci]s envelop$ a l>ge "p ( ! slopes t l$ d[n to x f ! ma9 ,cordill]as & rea*$ d[n _m miles f>!r ?an n[4 ,9 ! imm5se pile ( dbris left by ! glaci]s deep valleys 7 aft]w>d cut by ! action ( wat]1 & into ^! valleys ! glaci]s ( a second p]iod ( advance protrud$ _! sn\ts1 deposit+ mora9es t c\ld /ill be trac$ 9 situ z mu* z f\r or five miles bel[ ! pres5t limit ( ! ice4 ,contr>y to ! app>5tly g5]al impression t ! peaks ( ! ,cordill]as 7 volcanic1 ! au?or _h n be5 able to f9d any trace ( volcanic action along ! axis ( ! range4 ,! ,cordill]a ,real _h be5 elevat$ by a great e>? movem5t1 & ! he>t ( ! range consi/$ ( granites1 s*i/s & simil> rocks4 ,! :ole range might be describ$ z highly m9]aliz$4 ,gold 0 f\nd at sev]al po9ts1 b ! *ief aurif]\s valleys 7 ^? on ! ea/ side ( ! range4 ,j bel[ ! sn[y mass ( ,cacaaca on ! we/ 0 a really enorm\s ve9 ( t92 & antimony1 cobalt & plat9um h be5 f\nd 9 diff]5t p>ts4 ,! great copp] deposits 7 n 9 ?is range1 b f>!r we/4 ,! flora ( ! high regions ( ! ,cordill]a ,real 0 app>5tly sp>se1 b is probably m abundant 9 ! ra9y season4 ,bird life 0 m prolific & birds 7 num]\s1 at suitable places1 up to an altitude ( sev5te5 ?\s& feet above ! sea4 ,,zoology4 ,! mo/ rec5t elem5t>y text-book 9 zology is f ! press ( ,! ,macmillan ,co4 ,pr(essor & ,mrs4 ,*>les ,b4 ,dav5port are ! jo9t au?ors4 ,x is recogniz$ n[-a-days t :at ! g5]al high s*ool or elem5t>y /ud5t 9 zology ne$s is n pr(essional tra9+ 9 t subject1 b r an opportunity to view ! field s t he may h z wide an acqua9tance z may be ( ! =ms ( animals & ( _! do+s4 ,?is he ne$s t he may h an int]e/ 9 ! ?+s ( nature & t he may be a m intellig5t memb] ( society 9 ! ?+s p]ta9+ to 8 welf>e z affect$ by animals4 ,! book is !re=e an attempt to re/ore ! old natural hi/ory 9 a new] g>b4 ,! text is divid$ into tw5ty-"o *apt]s4 ,! fir/ ( ^! deals ) #8,! ,gras%opp] & its ,allies1' foll[$ by o!rs ^u ! butt]fly1 beetle1 fly1 spid]1 etc41 simil>ly treat$4 ,ea* *apt] has "o or two #8keys'--t is1 arrangem5ts :]eby ! families ( animals may be det]m9$4 ,! book is ri*ly illu/rat$ by means ( half-tone & l9e reproduction2 a numb] ( photographs are f life1 & "o ( ^! is a fla%-light photograph ( a slug & an e>?worm crawl+ ^u a pavem5t at night6 ,outl9es = simple laboratory "w & a li/ ( books deal+ ) ! classification & habits ( ,am]ican animals are to be f\nd 9 an app5dix4 ,_m good ?+s might be said ( ?is contribution to zological text-books4 ,?is ought to be said1 t x w be a book :i* w be ( value to any p]son :o1 :ile ^u 8 holiday trip1 wi%es to le>n ab\t ! animals he may come across4 ,,orni?ology4 ,mr4 ,*apman is equally at home ) cam]a or p54 ,9 #8,bird ,/udies ) a ,cam]a1 ) ,introductory ,*apt]s on ! ,outfit & ,me?ods ( ! ,bird ,photograph]1' he gives u "s ( 8 _m exp]i5ces f ,c5tral ,p>k to ! swamps ( ,florida & ! b>e rocks ( ! ,gulf ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce4 ,! fir/ two *apt]s are devot$ to a brief discussion ( ! outfit & me?ods ( ! bird photograph]1 & ^! any "o ?9k+ ( tak+ up ?is bran* ( art w d well to read c>efully4 ,mr4 ,*apman consid]s t a #de plate is ! size be/ adapt$ = g5]al purposes1 & notes t :ile a l5s ) %ort focus may s]ve = photograph+ ne/s & eggs1 = ! birds !mselves a rapid l5s ) focus ( f\rte5 to eighte5 in*es %\ld be us$4 ,! re/ ( ! book is = ! g5]al read]1 & conta9s _m facts ( int]e/ conc]n+ ! haunts1 habits1 & home life ( a numb] ( birds f ! well-kn[n sp>r[ to ! unfamili> pelican1 ! acc\nts ( ! ,bird ,rock & ,pelican ,isl& be+ ! mo/ int]e/+4 ,"s ( ! illu/rations are a little disappo9t+1 & emphasize ! difficulties ( photograph+ wild birds1 b !re is ample comp5sation = ^! 9 ! excell5ce ( o!rs1 p>ticul>ly ^? devot$ to ,p]c1 ,bonav5ture & ,bird ,rock4 ,?is is equally true ( birds & sc5]y1 ! views ( ,p]c ,rock be+ ! f9e/ t h fall5 "u our notice4 ,mr4 ,*apman's e/imate ( ! fea!r$ population ( ,great ,bird ,rock1 :i* he puts at #d1jjj1 is by f> ! smalle/ yet made1 & probably has ! s\nde/ basis1 & %[s a sad dim9ution f ! ho/s ( fifty ye>s ago4 99 99 99 99 99 #8,bird ,homes1' by ,a4 ,radclyffe ,dugmore1 seems well adapt$ = its /at$ purpose ( /imulat+ ! love ( birds1 help+ ! ord9>y unsci5tific p]son to get "s clos] glimpses ( !m1 & aid+ 9 ! /udy ( _! wond]fully adapt$ ne/s & beautiful eggs4 ,fur!rmore1 x w probably create a /rong desire 9 ! read] to become a photograph] ( birds & _! ne/s4 ,to fur!r ^! aims we h a fir/ "p conta9+ half-a-doz5 *apt]s devot$ among o!r ?+s to birds' ne/s & eggs1 photograph+ ne/s & "y birds & ! approximate dates :5 birds beg9 to ne/1 ?is be+ adapt$ to ! vic9ity ( ,new ,york4 ,foll[+ ?is is ! bulk ( ! volume1 conta9+ brief descriptions ( ! birds1 _! ne/s1 ne/+ places & eggs1 & "h ! au?or has confess$ly borr[$ f ,b5dire1 ,davie & o!r well-kn[n au?orities1 al?\gh "o might wi% t ,mr4 ,dugmore _h introduc$ m ( 8 own obs]vations1 s9ce ^? giv5 incid5tally 9 ! fir/ "p are v int]e/+2 :]e he indulges 9 !ory he is less successful4 ,9 place ( ! usual me?od ( /udy+ ! ne/ f ! bird1 we h t ( /udy+ ! bird f ! ne/1 & = ?is purpose ! ne/s are gr\p$ 9 classes1 a *apt] be+ devot$ to ea* class2 ?us we h ne/s op51 on ! gr\nd 9 op5 fields1 m>%es & g5]ally op5 c\ntry2 op5 ne/s 9 trees2 ne/s 9 bridges1 build+s1 walls1 etc4 ,by ?is plan any "o f9d+ a ne/ c1 ) a little c>e & obs]vation1 id5tify ! bird t made x4 ,! illu/rations1 l>gely ( ne/s & eggs1 are a notewor?y feature ( ! book1 al?\gh ! ?ree-color process :i* succe$$ s admirably 9 ,dr4 ,holl&'s ,butt]fly ,book1 is "h z equally di/9ct a failure1 ! lea/ bad ( ! color$ plates be+ t %[+ ! ne/ ( ! yell[-brea/$ *at1 ! wor/ t ( ! ne/ ( ! ,baltimore oriole4 ,^? 9 black & :ite1 h[ev]1 m]it ! highe/ praise1 & ?is includes ! small] cuts introduc$ z decorative features 9 ! fir/ portion ( ! book4 ,x w\ld seem difficult 9 a half-tone to improve on ! plate ( "y cre/$ flycat*]s = cle>ness ( detail1 :ile among o!rs t des]ve special m5tion = arti/ic effect is ! wood ?ru% on ne/1 & ! ne/s ( ! *e/nut-sid$1 yell[1 blue-w+$ & worm-eat+ w>bl]s4 ,! g5]al #8get-up' ( ! book is excell5t1 & ! pr9t+ ( ! plates sep>ately p]mits ! use ( a deadfac$ pap] = ! text1 :i* is pleasant to ! eye4 ,,! ,,progress ,,( ,,sci5ce4 ,we are able to publi% 9 ! pres5t issue ( ! ,,mon?ly ! address giv5 by ,mr4 ,g4 ,k4 ,gilb]t z retir+ presid5t ( ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce4 ,! problem t he discusses is "o ( ! mo/ press+ = sci5tific work]s1 :ile at ! same "t x is ( int]e/ to ev]yone1 & ! address is at once an important contribution to ! subject & an exposition t all c und]/&4 ,! ma!matical physici/s f9d t z an abode fitt$ = life ! e>? c n be all[$ a hi/ory indef9itely long--n long] p]haps ?an #bj1jjj1jjj ye>s--:ile ! geologi/s ) equally /rong argum5ts claim a mu* great] antiquity4 ,! biologi/s are also conc]n$1 ow+ to ! "t tak5 up by ! processes ( evolution1 & _! facts & int]e/s range !m ) ! geologi/s r ?an ) ! physici/s4 ,! man n v]s$ 9 sci5ce w\ld also pref] to assign a long hi/ory to ! e>?1 = :ile he may be ready to let ! #8dead pa/ bury its dead1' he looks =w>d ev5 to ! di/ant future1 & ! %ort] ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! e>? ! less ! "t x w cont9ue to be habitable4 ,we h ?us a "q 9 ! solution ( :i* all ! sci5ces are conc]n$1 & "o possess+ a dramatic int]e/ t appeals to ev]yone4 ,! unity ( sci5ce is well illu/rat$ by su* a problem4 ,x 0 ! subject ( ! address ( ! retir+ presid5t ( ! ,association1 a geologi/2 x might be tak5 z ! subject = ! address ( ! newly elect$ presid5t1 a biologi/ & /ud5t ( ! processes ( evolution2 & x is "o to :i* ! presid5t ( ! meet+1 a ma!matical physici/1 has giv5 special att5tion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,dr4 ,rob]t ,simpson ,woodw>d1 :o presid$ ov] ! ,new ,york meet+ ( ! ,association1 is pr(essor ( me*anics & ma!matical physics & dean ( ! ,faculty ( ,pure ,sci5ce 9 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,he 0 born at ,ro*e/]1 ,oakl& ,c\nty1 ,mi*igan1 ,july #ba1 #ahdi1 & sp5t 8 e>ly life on a f>m ) ! exception ( ab\t two ye>s ( exp]i5ce 9 m]cantile & manufactur+ pursuits4 ,he 0 prep>$ = college at ! ,ro*e/] ,academy1 ent]$ ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan 9 #ahfh1 & 0 graduat$ 9 #ahgb ) ! degree ( ,c4 ,e4 ,tw5ty ye>s lat] ! same in/itution conf]r$ ^u him ! degree ( ,ph4 ,d4 ,:ile yet an und]graduate he ent]$ ! ,u4 ,s4 ,lake ,survey1 & imm$iately aft] graduation he 0 appo9t$ assi/ant eng9e] 9 t s]vice4 ,he 0 employ$ 9 ! a/ronomical & geodetic "w ( ! ,lake ,survey until its completion 9 #ahhb4 ,he !n accept$ ! position ( assi/ant a/ronom] to ! ,u4 ,s4 ,transit ( ,v5us ,commission & accompani$ ! exp$ition ( ,pr(4 ,asaph ,hall1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n41 to ,san ,antonio1 ,tex41 to obs]ve ! transit ( ,decemb]1 #ahhb4 ,he rema9$ ) ! ,transit ( ,v5us ,commission until #ahhd1 :5 he resign$ 9 ord] to take ! position ( a/ronom] 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey4 ,aft] f\r ye>s ( s]vice 9 ?is bureau he resign$ to accept ! position ( assi/ant 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,coa/ & ,geodetic ,survey4 ,?is he held until #ahic1 :5 he retir$ f ! public s]vice & accept$ ! call ( ,columbia ,univ]sity to ! *air ( me*anics4 ,9 #ahie1 & aga9 9 #aijj1 he 0 elect$ to ! dean%ip ( ! graduate faculty ( pure sci5ce 9 t in/itution4 ,pr(essor ,woodw>d has publi%$ _m pap]s on subjects 9 a/ronomy1 geodesy1 ma!matics & me*anics4 ,he edit$1 & contribut$ sev]al *apt]s to ! f9al report ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,lake ,survey1 a volume ( ab\t "o ?\s& qu>to pages devot$ *iefly to a discussion ( ! geodetic "w ( ! ,survey done dur+ ! =ty ye>s ( its exi/5ce4 ,he is ! au?or ( sev]al ( ! ,bullet9s ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 & ( a memoir on ! ,ic$ ,b> & ,long ,tape ,base ,app>atus ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,coa/ & ,geodetic ,survey4 ,^! =ms ( app>atus1 devis$ & p]fect$ by him1 involve _m novel features & secure a mu* high] precision at a mu* small] co/ ?an app>atus previ\sly us$4 ,he prep>$ = ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution a volume entitl$ #8,geographical ,tables1' be+ a manual = a/ronom]s1 geograph]s1 eng9e]s & c>tograph]s1 publi%$ 9 #ahid4 ,sev]al ( 8 mo/ important ma!matical pap]s relate to geophysics1 especially ^? be>+ on ! secul> cool+ & cubical contraction ( ! e>?1 on ! =m & position ( ! sea surface1 & on ! pr(\ndly difficult problem pres5t$ by ! rec5tly discov]$ ph5om5on ( ! v>iation ( t]re/rial latitudes4 ,al?\gh mo/ ( 8 publications are necess>ily ( a highly te*nical "*1 8 semi-popul> addresses & reviews h be5 widely read & appreciat$4 ,pr(essor ,woodw>d 0 an associate editor ( ! #8,annals ( ,ma!matics' f #ahhi to #ahii & has be5 an associate editor ( #8,sci5ce' s9ce #ahid4 ,he has tak5 an active "p 9 ! "w ( ! sci5tific societies ) :i* he is connect$1 & 9 addition to ! (ficial positions he holds 9 ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 he has be5 honor$ by election to ! presid5cy ( ! ,am]ican ,ma!matical ,society & to ! presid5cy ( ! ,new ,york ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,pr(essor ,woodw>d repres5ts ! highe/ type ( ! man ( sci5ce4 ,em95t = 8 orig9al contributions to sci5ce1 a tea*] ( great intellectual & moral influ5ce1 an adm9i/rator ) unfail+ tact & un]r+ judgm5t1 he conf]s an honor on ! ,association :i* has elect$ him to its highe/ (fice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,presid5t ,l[ welcom$ ! ,am]ican ,association to ,new ,york & to ,columbia ,univ]sity 9 an address :i* rec\nt$ ! increas$ recognition giv5 to sci5ce by ! city s9ce ! ,association met !re ?irte5 ye>s ago & ! great progress ( sci5ce itself4 ,he conclud$ ) ! foll[+ words3 8,i am especially glad to welcome y because y are an ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce4 ,t1 aft] all1 is :at ought to make y feel at home 9 ! atmosph]e ( ?is univ]sity2 = a univ]sity t does n assi/ ! advancem5t ( sci5ce has h>dly a "r to call itself by t great "n4 ,i he>d ,phillips ,brooks say1 9 a s]mon t ,i he>d him prea* 9 ,bo/on :5 ?is ,association met !re tw5ty ye>s ago1 t y c get no idea ( et]nity1 by add+ c5tury to c5tury or by pil+ on ^u on2 b t1 if y w rememb] h[ little y knew :5 y sat at y\r "m's knee to le>n ! alphabet1 & h[ ) e acquisition ( k :i* has m>k$ ! int]v5+ ye>s y h come to feel1 n h[ mu* m y "k1 b h[ mu* m !re is to be kn[n1 all c get "s idea ( h[ long et]nity c be1 because all c und]/& t !re nev] c be "t en\gh to enable any "o to le>n all t !re is to "k4 ,!re is s mu* to be kn[n1 t ev5 ! great advances ( ! la/ g5]ation d n make u feel t ev]y?+ is discov]$1 b !y appeal to new aspirations & awak5 r5ew$ en]gy 9 ord] to make fre% discov]ies 9 a region t teems ) s mu* t is wor?y ( k4 ,i congratulate y ^u y\r success1 & ,i bid y welcome to ,columbia40 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 reply1 ! presid5t ( ! ,association1 ,pr(essor ,woodw>d1 said3 8,b surpris+ & gratify+ z h be5 ! a*ievem5ts ( sci5ce 9 our day1 _! mo/ important indication to u is t !re is indef9ite room = improvem5t & advancem5t4 ,:ile we h witness$ ! e/abli%m5t ( ! two wide/ g5]alizations ( sci5ce1 ! doctr9e ( en]gy & ! doctr9e ( evolution1 we h also witness$ ! accumulation ( an appall+ aggregate ( unrelat$ facts4 ,! prop] int]pretation ( ^! mu/ lead to simplification & unification1 & !nce on to additional g5]alizations4 ,an almo/ inevitable result ( ! rapid developm5ts ( ! pa/ ?ree decades especially is t mu* t goes by ! "n ( sci5ce is q unsci5tific4 ,! elem5t>y tea*+ & ! popul> exposition ( sci5ce h fall51 unluckily1 into ! keep+ l>gely ( ^? :o c n rise above ! level ( a purely lit]>y view ( ph5om5a4 ,_m ( ! b>e facts ( sci5ce are s f> /rang] ?an fiction t ! g5]al public has become some:at ov]-cr$ul\s1 & untra9$ m9ds fall an easy prey to ! tricks ( ! magaz9e romanc] or to ! s*emes ( ! p]petual motion promot]4 ,along ) ! gr[? ( real sci5ce !re has gone on also a gr[? ( pseudo-sci5ce4 ,x is s mu* easi] to accept s5sational ?an to int]pret s\nd sci5tific lit]ature1 s mu* easi] to acquire ! =m ?an x is to possess ! sub/ance ( ?\ght t ! delud$ en?usia/ & ! design+ *>latan are n infrequ5tly mi/ak5 by ! expectant public = true m5 ( sci5ce4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 pl5ty ( "w be=e u2 & :ile our pr9cipal bus9ess is ! direct advancem5t ( sci5ce1 an important1 ?\gh less agreeable duty1 at times1 is ! elim9ation ( error & ! exposure ( fraud40 99 99 99 99 99 ,! meet+ ( ! ,association 9 ,new ,york 0 ( m ?an usual importance4 ,n only did ! n9e sections ( ! ,association hold _! daily sessions1 b !re 7 also fifte5 special sci5tific societies meet+ simultane\sly at ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,m5 ( sci5ce came toge!r f all p>ts ( ! c\ntry to pres5t ! results ( ! ye>'s rese>*1 to ga9 pr(it & pleasure f association ) o!r work]s1 & to return to _! homes ) increas$ k & r5ew$ int]e/4 ,x is obvi\sly impossible to give "h an acc\nt ( ! hundr$s ( sci5tific pap]s pres5t$1 or ev5 to report ^u ! g5]al proce$+s ( ! ,association4 ,two ( ! m important actions may1 h[ev]1 be m5tion$4 ,x 0 decid$ to s5d #8,sci5ce1' our weekly j\rnal ( g5]al sci5ce1 to all memb]s ( ! ,association )\t *>ge1 & a section devot$ to physiology & exp]im5tal m$ic9e 0 e/abli%$4 ,x 0 ?\ght t ! receipt ( a j\rnal su* z #8,sci5ce' w\ld increase ! memb]%ip ( ! ,association & lead to a great] int]e/ 9 its "w1 z ev5 ^? :o are unable to att5d ! meet+s w h]eaft] h a def9ite return = memb]%ip4 ,! ,association w be greatly /r5g!n$ by giv+ recognition to ! great gr\p ( sci5ces--physiology1 exp]im5tal psy*ology1 anatomy1 embryology1 hi/ology1 morphology1 pa?ology1 bact]iology & _! applications--:i* h develop$ ) su* rem>kable activity )9 ! pa/ few ye>s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is n possible to report on ! sci5tific "w ( ! meet+ 9 "p ow+ to its magnitude--! pap]s w\ld fill ! volumes ( ?is j\rnal = sev]al ye>s to come4 ,x is also true t ea* pap] tak5 s+ly is likely to be ( int]e/ only to ! special /ud5t4 ,specialization 9 sci5ce is absolutely necess>y = its advance1 b ! t]m9ology requir$ = exactness & economy makes ! "w 9 ea* dep>tm5t sc>cely intelligible to ^? n imm$iately conc]n$1 :ile ! great detail necess>y 9 c>eful rese>* seems almo/ trivial until we realize t x is ^u su* special "w t ! g5]al pr9ciples & ! applications ( sci5ce dep5d4 ,we all "k t our ways ( ?\ght & habits ( life are *iefly bas$ on ! results ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,?is has n be5 ! result ( a sudd5 revelation1 b ( a cont9ual gr[?1 sc>cely p]ceptible until view$ f a di/ance4 ,! importance ( curr5t political ev5ts is magnifi$ by ! common int]e/ !y excite1 :]eas 9 art1 lit]ature & sci5ce "t is requir$ be=e ?+s c be se5 9 _! "r p]spective4 ,we c1 h[ev]1 take ! reports ( ! ?ree committees ( ! ,association to :i* small grants 7 made = rese>* & use ^! z examples ( ! sci5tific "w describ$ at ! meet+4 ,^! committees 7 on #8,an?ropometry1' on #8,! ,quantitative ,/udy ( ,v>iation' & on #8,! ,cave ,fauna ( ,nor? ,am]ica4' 99 99 99 99 99 ,! committee on an?ropometry is und]tak+ to make measurem5ts ( ! physical & m5tal traits ( memb]s ( ! ,association1 & to enc\rage su* "w else:]e4 ,at ! pres5t "t !re exi/s b little exact k ( h[ p diff] f ea* o!r & ( ! causes & results ( su* diff]5ces4 ,mu* has be5 writt5 reg>d+ m5 ( g5ius1 crim9als & o!r classes1 b )\t an adequate f\ndation ( fact4 ,! memb]s ( a sci5tific society are a fairly homog5e\s class1 reg>d+ ^: h]$ity1 education & a*ievem5ts correct in=mation c be secur$4 ,! measurem5ts made at ! ,new ,york meet+1 det]m9+ su* traits z size ( head1 /r5g?1 eyesight1 quickness ( p]ception1 memory1 etc41 w supply ! /&>d type = sci5tific m5 & _! v>iations f ?is type4 ,:5 o!r classes ( ! community h be5 measur$1 comp>isons c be made & we %all "k :e!r sci5tific m5 are m v>iable ?an o!rs1 h l>g] heads1 bett] memory & ! l4 ,"w ( ?is "* has be5 c>ri$ on at ,columbia ,univ]sity = "s ye>s4 ,! fre%m51 bo? ! m5 ( ,columbia ,college & ! wom5 ( ,b>n>d ,college1 are measur$ & te/$ ) c>e1 equal att5tion be+ paid to m5tal & physical traits4 ,!n ! measurem5ts are repeat$ at ! end ( ! s5ior ye>4 ,an?ropometric "w has also be5 done 9 ,great ,brita9 "u ! auspices ( ,dr4 ,galton & ,pr(essor ,pe>son1 & we may p]haps hope t ! "t w come :5 we %all h z exact k ab\t human diff]5ces z we n[ h ab\t diff]5t k9ds ( butt]flies4 99 99 99 99 99 ,al?\gh geologi/s & botani/s h def9$ hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( species1 !y h n z a matt] ( fact until v rec5tly attempt$ to secure exact measurem5ts ( diff]5ces1 & ! committee ( ! ,association on #8,! ,quantitative ,/udy ( ,v>iation1' ( :i* ,pr(4 ,*as4 ,b4 ,dav5port is ! record]1 aims to enc\rage su* "w4 ,x is n[ ov] =ty ye>s s9ce ! facts & argum5ts pres5t$ 9 ,d>w9's #8,orig9 ( ,species' pav$ ! way = g5]al acceptance ( ! doctr9e ( evolution4 ,b ! objection is h>dly less valid to-day ?an x 0 !n t ! evid5ce = evolution is almo/ :olly indirect4 ,ov] & ov] aga9 naturali/s h be5 *all5g$ to cite "o case :]e a species 9 nature has *ang$ )9 hi/oric times & repeat$ly !y h tak5 refuge 9 ! plea t ! hi/oric p]iod is too %ort = a noticeable *ange to h tak5 place4 ,?is plea c be accept$1 h[ev]1 only s long z we h no exact way ( measur+ race *ange4 ,:5 we c express quantitatively ! condition ( a community to-day1 we may hope to be able to say :e!r any *ange has occurr$ aft] five1 t51 or a hundr$ ye>s4 ,! committee ( ! ,association has especially conc]n$ itself ) a piece ( "w :i* may be consid]$ typical4 ,9 ! headwat]s ( ! ,t5nessee ,riv] !re lives a univalor mollusc :i* is f\nd n[h]e else 9 ! _w & :i* belongs to a family ( molluscs t 0 e>ly sep>at$ f its m>9e cog5]s z a fluviatile species4 ,?is g5us1 ,io1 v>ies greatly 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,t5nessee bas94 ,9 "s places x is smoo?2 9 o!rs1 sp9y2 9 o!rs1 long drawn out4 ,"u a grant ( ! ,association1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,adams1 ( ,bloom+ton1 ,ill41 visit$ ?is region2 travell$ d[n "o ( ! tribut>ies 9 a boat1 collect+ samples f e community ( ,ios2 & w5t by tra9 up a second riv] collect+ at e /opp+ place4 ,! results ( ?is trip 71 9 a ^w1 t 9 pass+ f ! m\? to ! headwat]s ( ! two p>allel tribut>ies ! %ells v>y 9 p>allel fa%ion & %[ a uni=m1 cont9u\s *ange f ! sp9y1 elongat$ condition *>act]i/ic ( ! m\?s ( ! riv]s to ! smoo?1 m globose condition *>act]i/ic ( ! headwat]s4 ,! additional grant by ! ,association ( "o hundr$ doll>s w assi/ ,mr4 ,adams 9 mak+ fur!r quantitative /udies on v>iation 9 ! g5us ,io4 99 99 99 99 99 ,h>dly any fact has excit$ m int]e/ among evolutioni/s ?an ! bl9dness ( cave animals2 & v>i\s !ories h be5 advanc$ to expla9 ! fact4 ,x is kn[n t ! bl9d condition is due to a deg5]ation ( =m]ly functional eyes4 ,! difficulty has be5 to und]/& :at advantage is ga9$ by los+ ! eyes ev5 9 a locality :]e eyes are ( no use4 ,x has be5 affirm$ t #8,nature is economical' & w n exp5d en]gy 9 build+ an unnecess>y organ4 ,weismann has sugge/$ t ! only reason :y we h eyes at all is because ,natural ,selection is con/antly we$+ out poor eyes4 ,)draw ! necessity = good eyes1 & poor eyes & good eyes w h an equal *ance ( surviv+4 ,accord+ to a ?ird !ory1 ! functional activity ( any organ is ess5tial to its ma9t5ance4 ,j z ! unus$ arm )]s s ! unus$ eye deg5]ates4 ,( c\rse all ^! !ories assume t ! ance/ors ( ! bl9d species--= in/ance1 ( ! bl9d fi%es--_h orig9ally no inh]5t t5d5cy to bl9dness or deg5]ation ( ! eyes4 ,?is assumption has1 h[ev]1 be5 rec5tly combatt$ by ,pr(essor ,eig5mann1 :o has %[n t al?\gh _m k9ds ( fi% are accid5tally swept into caves1 only "o k9d has become bl9d2 ( ?is k9d ! ne>e/ allies :i* live 9 op5 /reams %un ! light1 live 9 crevices & "u /ones1 & h less p]fect eyes ?an o!r fi%es4 ,"s ( ! allies ( su* light-%unn+ fi%es h made _! way into caves1 & h !re work$ out _! t5d5cy to a r$uction ( eyes4 ,t has be5 ! hi/ory ( eyeless fi%es4 ,to cont9ue ! rese>*es ( ,pr(essor ,eig5mann1 s auspici\sly begun1 ! ,association la/ ye> grant$ "o hundr$ doll>s to a committee on ! cave v]tebrates ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,) ! aid ( ! grant ,dr4 ,eig5mann has dur+ ! pa/ ye> p5etrat$ into num]\s caves & obta9$ mu* additional mat]ial = 8 rese>*es4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,am]ican ,association w meet next ye> at ,d5v]1 beg9n+ on ,augu/ #bf?4 ,! newly elect$ (fic]s are3 ,presid5t4 ,pr(4 ,*>les ,s$gwick ,m9ot1 ,h>v>d ,m$ical ,s*ool4 ,vice-,presid5ts4 ,ma!matics & ,a/ronomy3 ,pr(4 ,james ,mc,mahon1 ,cornell ,univ]sity4 ,physics3 ,pr(4 ,d4 ,d4 ,brace1 ,univ]sity ( ,nebraska4 ,*emi/ry3 ,pr(4 ,john ,h4 ,long1 ,nor?we/]n ,univ]sity4 ,me*anical ,sci5ce & ,eng9e]+3 ,pr(4 ,h4 ,s4 ,jacoby1 ,cornell ,univ]sity4 ,geology & ,geography3 ,pr(4 ,c4 ,r4 ,van ,hise1 ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons94 ,zology3 ,presid5t ,d4 ,s4 ,jordan1 ,lel& ,/an=d ,jr4 ,univ]sity4 ,botany3 ,b4 ,t4 ,gall[ay1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,an?ropology3 ,j4 ,w4 ,fewkes1 ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,economic ,sci5ce & ,/ati/ics3 ,john ,hyde1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,p]man5t ,secret>y4 ,l4 ,o4 ,h[>d1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,g5]al ,secret>y4 ,pr(4 ,william ,hallock1 ,columbia ,univ]sity1 ,new ,york4 ,secret>y ( ! ,c\ncil4 ,d4 ,t4 ,mc,dougal1 ,new ,york ,botanical ,g>d5s4 ,secret>ies ( ! ,sections4 ,ma!matics & ,a/ronomy3 ,pr(4 ,h4 ,c4 ,"l1 ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity4 ,physics3 ,j4 ,o4 ,re$1 ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan4 ,*emi/ry3 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,mc,pherson1 ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity4 ,me*anical ,sci5ce & ,eng9e]+3 ,william ,h4 ,jacques1 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,geology & ,geography3 ,dr4 ,r4 ,a4 ,f4 ,p5rose1 ,pi]ce1 ,ariz4 ,zology3 ,pr(4 ,h4 ,b4 ,w>d1 ,univ]sity ( ,nebraska4 ,botany3 ,a4 ,s4 ,hit*cock1 ,manhattan1 ,kan4 ,an?ropology3 ,g4 ,g4 ,mc,curdy1 ,yale ,univ]sity4 ,economic ,sci5ce & ,/ati/ics3 ,miss ,c4 ,a4 ,b5neson1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,treasur]4 ,pr(4 ,r4 ,s4 ,woodw>d1 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,national ,educational ,association1 :i* held its annual session at ,*>le/on dur+ ! week beg9n+ on ,july #i?1 is ! lead+ repres5tative ( ! _m educational associations ( ! c\ntry4 ,its memb]%ip includes ! able/ tea*]s ( education 9 colleges & ! mo/ successful s*ool sup]9t5d5ts & tea*]s4 ,its meet+s give occasion = discussions ( matt]s ( educational !ory & practice 9 _m ways comp>able to ! discussions 9 sci5tific societies4 ,! program ( ! pres5t meet+ %[s t l ! sci5tific associations1 ! ,national ,educational ,association has become diff]5tiat$ into a numb] ( practically isolat$ sections ) diff]+ int]e/s4 ,!re are sep>ate dep>tm5ts ( ,k9d]g>t5 ,education1 ,manual ,tra9+1 ,*ild ,/udy1 ,normal ,s*ools1 ,libr>ies1 etc4 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,sup]9t5d5ce n[ has a special meet+ at a diff]5t "t & place4 ,!re are also g5]al sessions1 & ^! h n become m]e =mal bus9ess meet+s4 ,! lead+ topic = discussion ?is ye> seems to h be5 ! propos$ ,national ,univ]sity at ,wa%+ton4 ,! mo/ obvi\sly important s]vice :i* ! ,association has r5d]$ to educational endeavor has be5 its elaboration 7?r\gh effici5t committees7 & publication ( reports on ,second>y ,education1 ,elem5t>y ,education1 ,rural ,s*ools & ,college ,entrance ,requirem5ts4 ,^! reports repres5t if n demon/rable facts1 at lea/ ! well-consid]$ op9ion ( compet5t judges & !y h _h a highly b5eficial influ5ce4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,gre51 ( ,new>k1 w preside ov] next ye>'s meet+4 ,! decision 9 reg>d to ! place has be5 left to ! executive committee1 ! claims ( ,detroit1 ,c9c9nati & ,tacoma hav+ be5 especially urg$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! op5+ ( a summ] s*ool at ,columbia ,univ]sity & ! att5dance at ,h>v>d ,univ]sity ( a l>ge proportion ( all ! s*ool tea*]s ( ,cuba are important /eps t[>ds increas+ ! usefulness ( our in/itutions = high] education4 ,! gr\nds1 build+s & equipm5t ( ,columbia ,univ]sity h co/ 9 ! neighborhood ( #aj1jjj1jjj1 & to let ^! lie idle & ru/+ = ne>ly "o-?ird ( ! ye> is evid5tly wa/eful4 ,b x is n only a "q ( ! mo/ economical adm9i/ration ( ^! tru/ funds t is at issue4 ,! tea*]s ( ! c\ntry1 p]haps #ejj1jjj 9 numb]1 h _h j en\gh education to pr(it p>ticul>ly by att5dance at a univ]sity4 ,!y are engag$ at _! "w dur+ ?ree-f\r?s ( ! ye>1 b _! summ]s c be sp5t 9 no m pleasant & useful way ?an by att5d+ a univ]sity summ] s*ool4 ,x w\ld be good bus9ess policy = s*ool bo>ds to s5d _! tea*]s to ! summ] s*ools1 except t ! b5efit might n be reap$ locally1 z ea* tea*] w\ld soon des]ve a bett] position ?an he n[ has4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n only = tea*]s t univ]sity sessions dur+ ! summ] are ne$$4 ,! long vacation is l>gely a tradition f ! "t :5 boys 7 mo/ usefully occupi$ on ! f>m dur+ ! summ]4 ,x is d\btful :e!r /ud5ts n[ come back to college 9 ! autumn 9 an improv$ physical or moral condition4 ,!y might sp5d _! "t to advantage1 b are n likely to d s at ! ord9>y summ] resort4 ,x is admitt$ by ev]yone t "y m5 are too old :5 !y leave college & ! pr(essional s*ools4 ,re=ms are ne$$ 9 v>i\s directions1 b an obvi\s "o is n to take f\r ye>s = ?ree ye>s' "w4 ,?\gh univ]sity pr(essors1 :o = ! g5]al good ne$ fre$om f r\t9e tea*+ = o!r "w1 %\ld be all[$ leave ( abs5ce = a "p ( ! ye>1 x does n foll[ t !y %\ld all be away at ! same "t4 ,x seems probable t ! example set by ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago1 :i* holds f\r sessions ext5d+ ?r\gh ! ye>1 w be foll[$ by all our univ]sities4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ?ird ,int]national ,conf]5ce on a ,catalogue ( ,sci5tific ,lit]ature 0 held 9 ,london on ,june #ab? & #ac?4 ,x w be rememb]$ by ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ! organization ( sci5ce t a conf]5ce on ?is subject 0 call$ by ! ,royal ,society 9 #ahif at :i* x 0 propos$ to und]take by int]national cop]ation a catalogue ( contributions to sci5ce4 ,c]ta9 details 7 arrang$ & o!rs 7 left to a committee ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,"u ! auspices ( ?is committee s*$ules ( classification 7 drawn up & e/imates ( ! co/ secur$4 ,a second conf]5ce 0 held 9 #ahih1 & aft] v>i\s *anges 9 ! plans = ! catalogue x 0 at ! rec5t ,conf]5ce def9itely decid$ to proce$ ) its publication4 ,x is e/imat$ t ! co/ w be cov]$ by ! sale ( ?ree hundr$ sets1 & diff]5t gov]nm5ts or national ag5cies h made !mselves responsible = a c]ta9 numb] ( sets1 ,g]many & ,great ,brita9 = example1 subscrib+ = =ty-five sets1 ea* co/+ #ag4 ,! ,catalogue w be publi%$ 9 sev5te5 volumes devot$ to z _m sci5ces1 & w be bo? an au?or's & a subject index4 ,! collection ( mat]ial is to comm5ce f ,janu>y #a1 #aija4 ,:ile all sci5tific m5 welcome improvem5ts 9 catalogu+ sci5tific lit]ature1 ! arrangem5ts propos$ by ! ,royal ,society & by ! diff]5t conf]5ces h met ) "s criticism4 ,! s]i\s mi/ake has be5 made ( entirely ignor+ ! catalogues & bibliographies already exi/+ = mo/ ( ! sci5ces1 & x is n c]ta9 t ! elaborate & exp5sive ma*9]y propos$ w be z useful z "s plan w\ld h be5 = unify+ ! exi/+ ag5cies4 ,/ill 9 ! end !re mu/ be "s int]national & uni=m me?od = catalogu+ sci5tific lit]ature1 & x is to be hop$ t our ,gov]nm5t w d its %>e t[>d support+ ! pres5t und]tak+4 ,transcrib]s' ,notes ,punctuation1 hyph5ation1 & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ?is book2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4 ,simple typographical errors 7 correct$2 occasional unbalanc$ quotation m>ks reta9$4 ,ambigu\s hyph5s at ! ends ( l9es 7 reta9$4 ,page #cdb3 8mill5ium0 0 pr9t$ t way4 ,page #cff3 8to sme> ! /atues ( ,jupit]0 0 mispr9t$ z 8/atutes04 ,page #chg3 8we h meet ) a difficulty0 0 pr9t$ t way4 ,page #chg3 8cm40 orig9ally 0 pr9t$ z 8c4 m40