,illu/ration ,am]ica's ,great ,m5 & ,_! ,de$s4 ,am]ican ,inv5tions & ,inv5tors ,by ,william ,a4 ,m[ry1 ,a4,m41 ,ph4,d4 & ,ar?ur ,may ,m[ry1 ,a4,m4 ,au?ors ( ,fir/ ,/eps 9 ! ,hi/ory ( our ,c\ntry1 & ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = ,s*ools4 ,illu/ration ,silv]1 ,burdett & ,company ,new ,york ,bo/on ,*icago ,,= ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,am]ican ,,hi/ory ,,fir/ ,,/eps ,,9 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,our ,,c\ntry4 ,by ,,william ,a4 ,,m[ry1 ,a4,m41 ,,ph4,d41 & ,,ar?ur ,,may ,,m[ry1 ,a4,m4 ,pp4 #cbj1 pr(usely illu/rat$4 ,! n>rative ( our c\ntry z told 9 ! /ories ( #ci great ,am]icans4 ,introductory price1 #fj c5ts4 ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates1 = ,s*ools4 ,by ,,william ,a4 ,,m[ry1 ,a4,m41 ,,ph4,d41 & ,,ar?ur ,,may ,,m[ry1 ,a4,m4 ,pp4 #dff1 highly illu/rat$4 ,accurate 9 /atem5t1 cle> & graphic 9 /yle1 patriotic & unp>tisan 9 _s4 ,introductory price1 #a4jj4 ,,hi/orical ,,geography ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,by ,,t[ns5d ,,macc\n1 ,a4,m4 ,pp4 #dh1 #dc color$ maps ) text4 ,introductory price1 #ij c5ts4 ,,hi/orical ,,*>ts ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,by ,,t[ns5d ,,macc\n1 ,a4,m4 #bj *>ts1 #chx#dj in*es1 conta9+ #bf progressive maps1 9 high colors1 = s*ool & lecture-room use4 ,introductory price1 ) support]1 #ae4jj4 ,bo? ! ,hi/orical ,geography & ! ,hi/orical ,*>ts portray ! appe>ance ( ! map ( our c\ntry aft] ea* ( its *anges until ! pres5t4 ,copyright1 #aijj ,,by ,,silv]1 ,,burdett ,,& ,,company ,,preface4 ,a s*ool hi/ory %\ld set =? su* facts1 & 9 su* an ord]1 z to %[ ! progress ( civilization4 ,! great lessons ( hi/ory are f\nd 9 t l9e ( ev5ts 9 ! pa/ :i* exhibits ! progress ( mank9d--! uplift ( humanity4 ,! record ( no o!r c\ntry c pres5t a m />tl+ array ( =w>d movem5ts & upw>d t5d5cies ?an t ( our own l&1 & 9 no "o direction does ?is upw>d movem5t appe> q s cle>ly z 9 ! l9e ( inv5tions4 ,man's ef=ts are1 fir/1 to ov]come nature4 ,food1 %elt]1 & clo?+ are 8 prim>y wants4 ,aft] ^! are suppli$1 he rises to high] realms ( ?\ght & action4 ,!n he n\ri%es 8 intellect1 ex]cises 8 s5sibilities1 & provides nutrim5t = 8 s\l1 t x1 also1 may gr[4 ,9 ?is book ! above logical ord] is foll[$4 ,x is pa9fully evid5t t _m s*ool*ildr5 dislike ! /udy ( hi/ory4 ,! au?ors ( ?is book believe t ?is ne$ n be4 ,x is cle> t ! /udy %\ld be und]tak5 at an e>li] age ?an is usually ! case 9 our public s*ools4 ,x is n necess>y1 & (t5times n desirable1 t ! books ( hi/ory %\ld be /udi$ z text-books4 ,frequ5tly !y %\ld be us$ z read+ books4 ,su* use is m likely to develop 9 ! m9ds ( ! y\ng] *ildr5 a love = hi/ory4 ,?is book1 :ile adapt$ to old] p]sons1 has be5 prep>$ ) special ref]5ce to ! ne$s & capacities ( *ildr5 f t5 to twelve ye>s ( age4 ,x is comm5d$ to tea*]s & p>5ts ) full confid5ce t !y w f9d x useful1 & t ! *ildr5 w be bo? int]e/$ & pr(it$ by its p]usal4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,heat4 ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,fire1 #aa ,,ii4 ,,indian ,,homes1 #ag ,,iii4 ,,colonial ,,homes1 #bd ,,iv4 ,,*imneys1 #ca ,v4 ,,fuel1 #cg ,,vi4 ,,coal1 #dd ,,vii4 ,,mat*es1 #ea ,,light4 ,i4 ,,tor*es1 #fa ,,ii4 ,,c&les1 #fg ,,iii4 ,,:ale ,,oil1 #gb ,,iv4 ,,k]os5e1 #gg ,v4 ,,illum9at+ ,,gas1 #ha ,,vi4 ,,electric ,,light+1 #he ,,vii4 ,,ligh?\ses1 #ij ,,food4 ,i4 ,,uncultivat$ ,,foods1 #ii ,,ii4 ,,cultivat$ ,,foods1 #ajd ,,iii4 ,,implem5ts ,,= ,,plant+1 #aaa ,,iv4 ,,implem5ts ,,= ,,h>ve/+1 #aag ,v4 ,,soil1 #abd ,,vi4 ,a ,,mod]n ,,d9n]1 #aca ,,clo?+4 ,i4 ,,colonial ,,conditions1 #adc ,,ii4 ,,! ,,cotton ,,g91 #adh ,,iii4 ,,cotton1 #aec ,,iv4 ,,wool1 #aeh ,v4 ,,lea!r1 #afd ,,vi4 ,,ne$les1 #agb ,,vii4 ,,! ,,/eam ,,eng9e1 #agh ,,travel4 ,i4 ,,by ,,l&1 #ahg ,,ii4 ,,by ,,wat]1 #aid ,,iii4 ,,/agecoa*es1 #bjj ,,iv4 ,,/eamboats1 #bjg ,v4 ,,canals1 #bae ,,vi4 ,,railroads1 #bbc ,,vii4 ,,mod]n ,,wat] ,,travel1 #bbi ,,viii4 ,,mod]n ,,l& ,,travel1 #bce ,,lett]s4 ,i4 ,,language1 #bdg ,,ii4 ,,! ,,pr9t+ ,,press1 #beb ,,iii4 ,,! ,,po/al ,,sy/em1 #beh ,,iv4 ,,signal+1 #bfe ,v4 ,,! ,,telegraph1 #bgj ,,vi4 ,,! ,,atlantic ,,cable1 #bgh ,,vii4 ,,! ,,telephone1 #bhf ,,viii4 ,,conclusion1 #bib ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,frontispiece ,,page ,c\nt ,rum=d #i ,a ,new ,engl& ,kit*5 ,"o ,hundr$ ,ye>s ,ago #aj ,a ,tra9 ,leav+ ! ,/ation #aa ,a ,ve/al ,virg9 #ad ,iroquois ,long ,h\se #bj ,indian ,me?od ( ,broil+ #bb ,ply+ ! ,axe #be ,a ,colonial ,fireplace #bg ,haul+ 9 a ,backlog #bi ,cook+ 9 a ,colonial ,kit*5 #cj ,a ,frankl9 ,/ove #cd ,9 a ,coal ,m9e #db ,blacksmi? at ,8 ,=ge #dh ,?omas ,c>ry+ ,fire #eb ,t9d] ,box1 ,fl9t1 & ,mat*es #ec ,?omas ,a4 ,edison #ei ,m9ot ,l$ge ,light1 ,massa*usetts ,bay #fj ,indians ,travel+ at ,night #fb ,anci5t ,lamps #fe ,frankl9 ,mak+ ,c&les #fi ,read+ by ,c&lelight #gj ,:ale ,fi%+ #gc ,oil ,wells #gi ,a ,gasomet] #hc ,edison's ,h]oic ,act #hf ,grace ,d>l+ #id ,cyrus ,h4 ,mc,cormick #ig ,cutt+ ,sug> ,cane 9 ! ,hawaiian ,isl&s #ih ,indians ,hunt+ ,game #ajb ,! ,corn ,dance #ajd ,capta9 ,john ,smi? #ajf ,an ,anci5t ,pl[ #aji ,m[+ ) ,scy!s #aah ,a ,reap] & ,b9d] #abj ,! ,mc,cormick ,reap] #aba ,?re%+ ) ,flail #abc ,coloni/s 9 a ,%allop #abd ,an ,irrigat+ ,tr5* #abh ,a ,rice ,field #abi ,a ,d9n] ,p>ty #aca ,load+ ,fi% at ,gl\ce/] #acd ,a ,cattle ,tra9 #acf ,dry+ ,c(fee 9 ,java #aci ,eli ,:itney #ada ,a ,quilt+ ,bee 9 ! ,old5 ,"t #adb ,tailor & ,cobbl] #ade ,flax ,:eel #adf ,an ,old-,fa%ion$ ,loom #adg ,a ,cotton ,field #adi ,a ,cotton ,pod #aej ,! ,cotton ,g9 #aea ,presid5t ,jackson & ,mr4 ,slat] #aef ,! ,int]ior ( a ,mod]n ,cotton ,mill #aeg ,%eep-,%e>+ #afb ,dr4 ,:itman ,/>t+ on ,8 ,j\rney #afh ,sew+ by ,h& #agc ,an ,old ,w9dmill #agh ,a ,corliss ,eng9e #aha ,rob]t ,fulton #ahe ,an ,ocean ,/eam] #ahf ,a ,man & ,8 ,wife ,travel+ on ,horseback #aia ,! ,bay-,pa? #aic ,pilgrim ,exiles #aie ,a ,bir*-,b>k ,canoe #aig ,old-,/yle ,cala%es #bjb ,an ,old-,fa%ion$ ,/agecoa* #bjd ,munroe ,tav]n1 ,lex+ton1 ,mass4 #bje ,fit*'s ,/eamboat #bji ,collision ( ! ,cl]mont & ! ,sloop #bag ,! ,erie ,canal #bba ,old-,/yle ,railroad ,tra9 #bbg ,a ,riv] ,tunnel #bcd ,a ,pullman ,sleep] #bcg ,brooklyn ,bridge #bci ,! ,bo/on ,subway #bdb ,electric ,c>1 ,new ,york ,city #bdc ,samuel ,f4 ,b4 ,morse #bde ,mod]n ,pr9t+ ,presses #bdf ,anci5t ,implem5ts ( ,writ+ #bdi ,an ,anci5t ,scribe #bea ,a ,frankl9 ,press #bee ,po/age ,/amps #bfa ,assort+ ,mail on ! ,tra9 #bfb ,signal+ by ,beacon ,fires #bff ,electric ,wires #bgj ,morse ,he>s ( ,8 ,success #bgd ,lay+ an ,ocean ,cable #bhb ,! ,great ,ea/]n #bhc ,a ,telephone #bhg ,alex&] ,bell ,us+ a ,long-,di/ance ,telephone #bhh ,illu/ration3 ,,c\nt ,,rum=d4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,new ,,engl& ,,kit*5 ,,"o ,,hundr$ ,,ye>s ,,ago4 ,,am]ican ,,inv5tions ,,& ,,inv5tors4 ,,section ,i4--,,heat ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,fire4 ,all abo>d6 cries ! conductor1 & sl[ly ! long tra9 draws out ( ! ,san ,francisco /ation on its way to ,*icago & ! ,atlantic coa/4 ,?ree sleep]s1 two *air coa*es1 pass5g]1 baggage1 & mail c>s1 load$ ) travel]s1 trunks1 & p\*es ( lett]s & pap]s2 we are famili> ) ! sight ( ^! heavy c>s & ! puff+ eng9e :i* draws !m4 ,b :at makes ! tra9 move8 ,:at p[] is great en\gh to d ?is8 ,x is ! p[] ( /eam1 & /eam is made f wat] by means ( fire4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,tra9 ,,leav+ ,,! ,,/ation4 ,n[ ! long j\rney across ! cont95t is ov]1 & we are /&+ on ! dock 9 ,new ,york ,city4 ,"h we see ! /eamboat ,puritan1 ?rong$ ) pass5g]s1 ready to /eam away f ! :>f on its regul> night trip to ,fall ,riv]4 ,= h\rs1 p]haps1 we h be5 wat*+ ! long%orem5 z !y h ru%$ back & =?1 load+ ! great vessel ) freight = ,new ,engl&4 ,a few m9utes lat]1 z we see ! maje/ic /eam]1 hundr$s ( feet long--l>g] ?an mo/ city bus9ess build+s--sl[ly1 b gracefully mov+ away f ! dock1 we say to ourselves1 ,c x be t /eam1 caus$ by fire1 has p[] en\gh to make ! /eamboat move ?r\gh ! wat] l ?is8 ,:ile we wat* ! /eam] glide ar\nd ,ca/le ,g>d5 into ,ea/ ,riv]1 ev5+ beg9s to come on2 we mu/ ha/5 upt[n4 ,z we pass along ,broadway1 lights fla% out 9 ! d>kness & our ?\ghts are aga9 turn$ to fire & /eam4 ,we h he>d t ! s\rce ( ! electric light is 9 ! dynamo1 & t /eam p[] is us$ to turn t great ma*9e4 ,! enorm\s eng9e1 ! mammo? boat1 ! brilliant light--all ne$ ! p[] ( /eam1 & no?+ b fire w produce ?is /eam4 ,:at1 !n1 is fire8 & is its only use t ( *ang+ quiet1 liquid wat] into p[]ful /eam8 ,let u see4 ,did y notice t ma*9e %op :i* we pass$ :5 we 7 9 ,clevel& a few days ago8 ,did y see ^? furnaces ) ! huge volumes ( flame bur/+ out ( ! op5 doors8 ,y "k t great heat is necess>y to make tools & o!r implem5ts ( iron1 & all ! in/rum5ts ( ev]yday life t are =m$ out ( metals4 ,our p5s & ne$les1 our hoes & rakes1 our horse%oes1 our /oves & furnaces1 our regi/]s & ! iron ( our desks--all dep5d ^u heat = _! production4 ,fire c d mu* = u4 ,to *ange wat] into /eam is b "o ( its p[]s4 ,fire & heat are beh9d mo/ ( ! op]ations ( mod]n life4 ,z we op5 ! door ( ! h\se we are met by a curr5t ( w>m air ru%+ out into ! *illy ev5+4 ,x is ! la/ ( ,octob]1 & 9 ! middle ( ! day w9d[s & doors h be5 left wide op5 to let 9 all ! light & w>m? ( ! bright sun%9e4 ,b x is ev5+ n[1 & ! sun has long s9ce sunk bel[ ! horizon2 x no long] gives u any ( its heat4 ,all night ! air w gr[ cold] & cold]1 & 7 we unprotect$ by clo?+ we %\ld suff] f ! *ill atmosph]e4 ,ev5 cov]+s are n suffici5t to keep ! heat ( our bodies f pass+ (f into ! air1 j z ! w>m air ru%$ out ?r\gh ! op5 hall door4 ,x has be5 f\nd necess>y to w>m ! air 9 our h\ses s t ! bodily heat1 :i* we ne$ to su/a9 life1 may n s easily be lo/4 ,! heat :i* ! sun furni%es u is call$ natural heat2 t :i* is produc$ by ! skill ( man is call$ artificial heat4 ,?is artificial heat is us$ = a f\r? purpose also4 ,z we h se51 x makes /eam = ! locomotive1 ! /eamboat1 & o!r eng9es2 x is necess>y 9 ! manufacture ( tools & v>i\s ut5sils out ( iron & o!r metals2 & x w>ms our h\ses & s*ools1 our (fices & /ores4 ,x is also us$ ev]y:]e & by ev]ybody 9 cook+4 ,_h we no fires or artificial heat ( "s sort we %\ld h to eat our meat & fi% raw2 we c\ld only mix our meal & fl\r ) cold wat]1 :i* w\ld n be palatable to mo/ ( u2 our vegetables1 uncook$1 w\ld fail to satisfy u2 & _m ( u w\ld f9d ourselves limit$ to fruits & nuts1 :i* w\ld be h>dly suffici5t to keep u 9 good heal?1 to say ! lea/4 ,h y ev] ?\ght t m5 or human be+s are v mu* l o!r animals8 ,h y ev] tri$ to f9d out ! important diff]5ces betwe5 man & :at are call$ ! l[] animals8 ,"o ( ^! diff]5ces comes "r 9 ! l9e ( our pres5t ?\ght4 ,dogs are fond ( meat1 & s are mo/ p2 b dogs d n ne$ to h _! meat cook$ z we d4 ,horses :9ny = _! oats at night & morn+2 b !y w\ld n c>e = our favorite breakfa/ di% ( cook$ oatmeal4 ,be>s are p>tly protect$ f ! cold by _! ?ick1 %aggy cov]+s ( fur2 b ev5 9 v cold regions !y h no w>m fire ar\nd :i* to ga!r4 ,man is ! only fire-mak+ animal1 & to ?is fact he owes mu* ( 8 p[]4 ,if we read ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 & especially ! /ory ( ! e>li] life ( ! diff]5t nations & peoples1 we %all f9d t fire 0 consid]$ by !m all to be "o ( ! greate/ bless+s belong+ to man4 ,!y ?\ght t ! gods :om !y wor%ipp$ also treasur$ fire4 ,! ,romans (f]$ sacrifices to ,ve/a1 ! goddess ( ! fireplace1 & x 0 ! duty ( ! ve/al virg9s to keep a fire always burn+ on h] alt>4 ,among ! ,greeks ! he>? or fireplace itself 0 an object ( wor%ip4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,ve/al ,,virg94 ,^! e>ly peoples reg>d$ ! bless+ ( fire z s great t !y believ$ x mu/ h orig9ally belong$ to ! gods alone4 ,_m ( !m _h traditions t ! gods did n p]mit m5 9 ! e>lie/ ages to h any k or use ( fire4 ,my?s or /ories h be5 f\nd among ! p ( ,au/ralia1 ,asia1 ,europe1 & ,am]ica1 tell+ h[ fire _h be5 /ol5 f ! gods & br\ght d[n to m54 ,! be/ ( ^! /ories is t ( ! ,greek1 ,prome!us1 ^: "n means =e?\ght4 ,?is anci5t my?ical h]o 0 suppos$ to h be5 ! great fri5d & b5efactor ( mank9d4 ,b ( all 8 gifts to m5 ! mo/ valuable 0 ! gift ( fire4 ,accord+ to ! old my?1 ,prome!us w5t up into ,olympus1 ! ,greek heav51 & 0 welcom$ by ! gods4 ,:ile !re he exam9$ ! fire ( ! gods & ?\ght :at a bless+ x w\ld be to mank9d4 ,act+ "u ! advice ( ,a!ne1 ! goddess ( wisdom1 he /ole "s fire f ! sun god1 conceal$ x 9 a holl[ re$1 & br\ght x back ) him to e>?4 ,9 e>ly times !re 7 no mat*es1 & if a fire w5t out x 0 n easy to k9dle x aga94 ,probably ! p wond]$ h[ ! fire 0 made = ! fir/ "t4 ,!y knew t x mu/ h be5 obta9$ someh[1 f some:]e2 & out ( ?is grew ! /ory ( ,prome!us among ! ,greeks1 & ( ! o!r fire /eal]s1 ! h]oes ( o!r peoples 9 all p>ts ( ! globe4 ,b all ^! /ories ( ! fire ( ! gods & ! way 9 :i* human be+s 7 able to get hold ( ?is priceless bless+ we n[ "k to be only my?s4 ,/ud5ts ( e>ly hi/ory are agre$ t all m51 ev]y:]e1 & at all times1 h _h ! k & ! use ( fire4 ,great diff]5ces exi/ betwe5 civiliz$ & unciviliz$ p2 ! savages ( int]ior ,africa seem almo/ to belong to a diff]5t species ( be+ f ! cultur$ p ( ,europe & ,am]ica2 b all are able to w>m !mselves & to cook _! food by means ( burn+ fuel4 ,civiliz$ man has bett] arrangem5ts = k9dl+ 8 fire1 bett] means ( obta9+ m good f x1 & bett] ways = avoid+ ! smoke & o!r unpleasant features ?an has unciviliz$ man4 ,a savage w\ld n und]/& ! mod]n *imney nor a kit*5 range4 ,he w\ld be utt]ly at a loss to compreh5d our modes ( heat+ by ! hot-air furnace or ! coils ( /eam pipes4 ,! =e/ provides him ) all ! wood t he ne$s = 8 fire1 & he has little or no k ( coal or oil or gas4 ,?us y & ,i are f> 9 advance ( ! poor1 half clad1 half w>m$ savage2 we are also 9 f> m com=table circum/ances ?an 7 our ance/ors :o came f ,europe to ,am]ica two or ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,9 all ! ages ( ! pa/ until )9 a few hundr$ ye>s little advance _h be5 made 9 ! me?ods ( obta9+ artificial heat4 ,b s9ce ,columbus set sail f ,spa91 s9ce ,john ,cabot fir/ saw ! %ores ( ?is cont95t1 s9ce ,john ,smi? made fri5ds ) ! ,indians 9 ,virg9ia1 & ,william ,brad=d guid$ ! lives ( ! ,pilgrims at ,plym\?1 discov]ies & inv5tions h *ang$ mo/ ( our habits & cu/oms z well z our surr\nd+s4 ,! me?ods ( heat+ our h\ses & cook+ our food h alt]$ greatly1 & we _c fail to be int]e/$ 9 comp>+ ! simple wood fires ( long ago ) ! complex ways 9 :i* heat is n[ ev5ly di/ribut$ :]ev] x is want$4 ,= a little :ile1 !n1 let u turn our ?\ghts to ! primitive =ms ( heat+ & cook+ :i* 7 common ?ree c5turies ago1 & see 9 :at ways ! mod]n sy/ems ( provid+ artificial heat h be5 develop$4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,indian ,,homes4 ,our homes & _! surr\nd+s are s famili> to u t x is h>d = u to realize t our c\ntry 0 n always z x is n[4 ,let u ?9k ab\t x4 ,h y se5 any *anges ne> :]e y live s9ce y c rememb]8 ,h any new h\ses be5 built8 ,d y "k ( any old build+s t h be5 torn d[n 9 ord] t l>g] or bett] ones might take _! places8 ,h y wat*$ m5 mak+ a new /reet or road1 or1 p]haps1 work+ ^u an old road to make x bett]8 ,if y h1 !n y c ?9k back to a "t :5 "s h\se t y c see to-day 0 n !re2 a "t :5 !re 7 n s _m roads nor su* good /reets z n[4 ,c y ?9k back /ill fur!r to a "t :5 ! h\se 9 :i* y live _h n be5 built8 :5 ! /reet 9 front ( y\r h\se _h n be5 made8 ,c y imag9e a "t1 /ill fur!r back1 :5 none ( ! h\ses 9 y\r city or village 7 /&+8 :5 !re 7 no /reets at all )9 sight ( ! place :]e y live8 ,!n x w n be s v h>d to ?9k ( ! "t1 f\r hundr$ ye>s ago1 :5 !re 7 no h\ses ( wood1 brick1 or /one1 su* z we n[ see1 any:]e 9 ?is c\ntry2 :5 !re 0 n a c>riage road nor a /reet ( any k9d 9 ! :ole ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,we w try to imag9e h[ ?is c\ntry look$ be=e any :ite p liv$ 9 x1 & be=e ! cities & t[ns & villages & f>ms & ran*es1 t are s famili> to u1 _h be5 begun4 ,f\r hundr$ ye>s ago ,john ,cabot sail$ across ! ,atlantic ,ocean & saw ?is c\ntry = ! fir/ "t4 ,z 8 little vessel mov$ along ! coa/1 he look$ ^u bays & m\?s ( riv]s :i* 7 v mu* z !y are to-day4 ,! p59sulas1 ! capes1 & ! isl&s 7 9 ! same places t !y n[ are4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1 almo/ entirely cov]$ ) woods4 ,"h & !re 7 fields ( grass1 ?r\gh :i* blue /reams 7 fl[+2 b ! l>g] "p ( :at is n[ ,new ,engl& & ! o!r ,atlantic ,/ates 0 cov]$ ) ?ick =e/s4 ,! trees 7 l>ge & close toge!r2 _! bran*es _h nev] be5 cut (f1 & grew close to ! gr\nd4 ,%rubs & bu%es fill$ all ! space t 0 left betwe5 ! l>g] trees1 & made x almo/ impossible = any "o to pass ?r\gh4 ,wild animals _h made pa?s = !mselves1 b if p _h attempt$ to use ^! pa?s !y w\ld h be5 oblig$ to get d[n on _! h&s & knees & crawl ?r\gh !m4 ,! riv]s & ! small] /reams ( wat] 7 ! be/ roads 9 ^? days2 = unless !y 7 %all[ or fl[$ too swiftly d[n ! rapids1 boats c\ld q easily be pu%$ up /ream z well z be c>ri$ d[n by ! curr5t4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 cov]$ ) =e/s1 7 !re only wild animals8 ,7 !re no human be+s3 no m51 nor wom51 nor *ildr58 ,no :ite m5 liv$ 9 ,new ,engl&2 ! city ( ,new ,york _h n ev5 be5 ?\ght (2 ,baltimore & ,savannah 7 impassable =e/s2 & ! great ,we/ 0 only a hunt+ gr\nd4 ,b ! r$ m5 or ,am]ican ,indians did live 9 ?is c\ntry & 7 its only own]s4 ,! ,indians did n live 9 _m room$ h\ses ( wood or brick or /one2 !y nev] built roads or /reets2 nor did !y ride 9 c>riages4 ,if !y wi%$ to g f "o place to ano!r !y us$ canoes on ! riv]s z f> z !y c\ld2 if !y wi%$ to cross ! l& f "o /ream to ano!r !y made a foot pa?1 call$ a trail4 ,sometimes a trail 0 broad en\gh to p]mit a canoe to be c>ri$4 ,?us ! ,indians c\ld travel long di/ances )\t gr[+ tir$ f mu* walk+4 ,! ,indians mu/ h _h dwell+ places to protect !m f ! cold & ! /orms :i* 7 z common !n z n[4 ,_m tribes ( ,indians 7 9 ! habit ( mov+ frequ5tly f place to place1 & = ?is reason _! homes 7 n built = p]man5t use1 b 7 made ( mat]ials t c\ld be quickly put toge!r4 ,! ,indians t liv$ 9 ,canada & ,new ,engl& 7 m rov+ ?an ^? ( ,new ,york2 !re=e _! h\ses 7 v simple4 ,!y 7 long & n>r[1 ) r\nd$ ro(s1 & cov]$ on ! tops & sides ) matt+ t c\ld be readily remov$4 ,! ,iroquois1 dwell+ s\? ( ,lake ,ont>io1 7 a little m civiliz$ ?an _! neighbors1 & built m p]man5t h\ses4 ,_! dwell+s 7 v long1 f "o to two hundr$ feet 9 l5g?1 & usually ab\t ?irty feet wide4 ,! frames 7 made ( long /icks or poles1 set firmly 9 ! gr\nd2 o!r poles =m$ ! ro(1 ) two slop+ sides1 ov] :i* 7 laid l>ge /rips ( elm b>k4 ,^! h\ses _h a door at ea* end1 ) no w9d[s1 & light ent]$ only ?r\gh ! doors & ! l>ge op5+s 9 ! ro(4 ,! op5+s 7 made at frequ5t int]vals to all[ ! escape ( ! smoke f ! fires directly b5ea?4 ,al?\gh ! ,indian dwell+s v>i$ greatly among ! diff]5t tribes1 9 none ( !m did a family live by itself ,usually tw5ty or m families dwelt toge!r 9 ea* ( ! ,iroquois long h\ses4 ,a build+ plann$ = tw5ty families _h t5 /alls or op5 closets z !y might be call$1 arrang$ along ea* side4 ,an op5 passageway ran ! entire l5g? ( ! h\se f door to door1 9 :i* 7 built five fires at equal di/ances4 ,ea* fire belong$ to ! f\r families ^: /alls--two on ea* side--op5$ directly t[>d x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,iroquois ,,long ,,h\se4 ,n[ let u imag9e ourselves 9 "o ( ^! long h\ses1 & let u try to see j h[ ev]y?+ look$4 ,let u suppose t x is a little aft] sunset on a cold1 /ormy w9t] ev5+4 ,we are glad to get "u any cov]+ 9 ord] to be some:at protect$ f ! bit+ w9d & ! /++ sleet4 ,we h be5 welcom$ by ! ,indians1 h be5 made ! gue/s ( "o ( ! families1 & h be5 giv5 some?+ to eat4 ,supp] ov]1 we are able to look ab\t u & to ?9k :e!r we %\ld consid] ourselves cosy & com=table if ?is 7 our own home4 ,! fir/ ?+ t we obs]ve is ! fire1 z x snaps & hisses4 ,h[ w>m x is1 & h[ good x feels z we toa/ our cold h&s & feet be=e x6 ,b someh[ we beg9 to wi% t we 7 back beside our own /ove4 ,!n our eyes w\ld n a*e f ! smoke4 ,:y does x n g out at ! top8 ,x tries to1 b ! w9d bl[s x back into ! h\se s t1 at times1 x fills e corn]1 bl9d+ our eyes1 /ifl+ our brea?1 & cov]+ u ) c9d]s f head to foot4 ,b z we sit1 ,turk fa%ion1 squatt$ be=e ! fire1 we notice t we are be+ sl[ly cov]$ up by some?+ else ?an c9d]s4 ,al?\gh all ! smoke does n g out at ! op5+1 x seems z if almo/ all ! sn[ did come 94 ,at times x falls g5tly1 sl[ly sift+ into e fold 9 our clo?+1 into our eyes & e>s1 & gradually cov]+ ev]y?+ ) its mantle ( :ite4 ,at o!r times a /rong gu/ ( w9d sweeps d[n into ! room1 almo/ putt+ out ! fire1 & *ill+ u ?r\gh & ?r\gh 9 spite ( ! ro>+ blaze4 ,n[ cold %iv]s beg9 to run d[n our backs4 ,besides1 our limbs are gr[+ tir$ f sitt+ s long 9 ! unusual position4 ,s we ?9k t we w try a *ange1 & we decide to lie d[n at full l5g? ) our faces to ! fire4 ,x is n easy to move into ! new position1 because our neighbors are cr[d$ s close to u2 b we f9ally succe$4 ,9 a v few m9utes our feet beg9 to a*e ) ! cold & our faces seem burn+ up ) ! heat4 ,%all we *ange aga91 & = a "t let our heads get cool :ile we w>m our feet8 ,we _c keep ?is up all night1 b we w\ld ne$ to d s if we tri$ to be really com=table4 ,9 ?is way ! ,indians liv$4 ,!y _h no b$s1 no sep>ate *amb]s1 no kit*51 d9+ room1 nor p>lor4 ,9 ?is "o room1 if x c be call$ a room1 all ! families ate & slept4 ,ar\nd ^! fires !y sp5t _! "t :ile 9 ! h\se4 ,"h !y lay /ret*$ out = sleep1 ) sk9s ( animals "u !m z a slight protection f ! damp gr\nd4 ,!y did n sp5d mu* "t 9 *ang+ _! clo!s1 = !y practically wore ! same night & day4 ,!y really ne$$ only ! ro( to cov] !m & ! fire to w>m !m4 ,?\gh ! fire w>m$ !m unev5ly1 ?\gh ! smoke 0 uncom=table1 ?\gh ! cold1 ! sn[1 & ! ra9 came 9 at ! op5+ & all ar\nd ! sides ( ! h\se1 yet ! ,indians _h a cov]+1 !y _h a fire1 & !y 7 to a great degree cont5t$ & happy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,indian ,,me?od ,,( ,,broil+4 ,!y 7 us$ to ?is life2 !y knew no o!r4 ,ev5 aft] ! :ite m5 came & ! ,indians _h se5 !m 9 _! h\ses1 !y _h no desire to *ange _! mode ( liv+4 ,ugh6 grunt$ an old r$sk91 z he /udi$ ! :ite man's ways2--ugh6 ,injun make a little fire & set close to him2 :ite man make a big fire & set way (f4 ,! ,indians ne$$ food z well z cov]+4 ,_! cook+ mu/ h be5 q diff]5t f t :i* is done on a l>ge mod]n kit*5 range4 ,!y _h no dome/ic animals except ! dog2 no c[s nor pigs1 no h5s nor turkeys4 ,!y 7 compell$ to hunt wild animals if !y want$ meat4 ,?is meat !y usually broil$2 n on a broil] or a toa/]1 b ^u slats or /rips ( wood plac$ above ! fire4 ,fi% 0 cook$ 9 ! same way4 ,sometimes !y boil$ ! meat4 ,= ?is !y usually _h wood5 di%es1 :i* c\ld n be put ov] ! fire4 ,^! 7 fill$ ) wat]1 into :i* r$ hot /ones 7 plac$4 ,:5 ! wat] _h be5 heat$ ! food 0 put 9 x to be cook$4 ,we %\ld n[ h "s idea ( ! mann] ( life among ! ,indians4 ,we h le>n$ a little ab\t _! h\ses & _! habits2 we h se5 h[ !y made _! fires & did _! cook+2 we h he>d ab\t _! trails & _! canoes1 & ! way 9 :i* !y travel$ f place to place4 ,?us liv$ ! ,am]ican ,indians or r$ m5 ?ree or f\r hundr$ ye>s ago1 & ?us !y w\ld probably be liv+ to-day if ,columbus or "s "o else _h n discov]$ ,am]ica2 if ! ,engli%1 ! ,fr5*1 & ! ,spani>ds _h n come across ! ocean2 if f>ms & villages1 t[ns & cities _h n sprung up all ov] ! c\ntry2 if ! :ite m5 _h n tak5 mu* ( ! l& ov] :i* ! ,indians _h roam$ = c5turies2 & if ! ,indians _h n le>n$ mu* f ! :ite m5 :i* has greatly *ang$ _! conditions4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,colonial ,,homes4 ,! ,indians1 seat$ 9 _! long community h\ses ar\nd _! wood fires1 rang+ ov] _! hunt+ gr\nd seek+ fre% meat1 or /eal?ily creep+ ?r\gh ! =e/ hop+ to surprise "s human enemy1 at la/ f\nd t !y c\ld no long] h ?is entire cont95t to !mselves4 ,m ?an f\r hundr$ ye>s ago ,europeans discov]$ ! ,new ,_w & began to explore x4 ,m ?an ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago ! ,spani>ds conqu]$ ! ,indians 9 ,mexico & made a settlem5t 9 ,florida4 ,ne>ly ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago ! ,fr5* began to build homes 9 ,canada1 ! ,dut* 9 ,new ,york1 & ! ,engli% 9 ,virg9ia & ,new ,engl&4 ,^! :ite m51 ) _! wives & *ildr51 cross$ ! ,atlantic ,ocean 9 ! small vessels ( ^? days1 & built villages & cle>$ ! l& = f>ms4 ,_! settlem5ts 7 g5]ally ne> ! seacoa/ or ! great riv]s4 ,! pione]s 7 ?us ne>] "o ano!r1 & c\ld ! m readily ha/5 to ea* o!r's assi/ance 9 case ( ne$4 ,! newcom]s 7 n alike 9 appe>ance or habits4 ,! ,fr5* _h diff]5t cu/oms f ! ,spani>ds4 ,!y n only spoke a diff]5t language1 b !y wore diff]5t k9ds ( clo!s1 till$ ! soil 9 a diff]5t way1 & liv$ 9 h\ses ( diff]5t /yles4 ,! ,dut* 7 q unlike ! ,engli%4 ,!n1 aga91 ! life ( ! ,engli% 9 ,virg9ia 0 diff]5t f life 9 ,new ,engl&3 9 ! =m] colony "s ( ! settl]s 7 weal?y1 own$ l>ge plantations1 & liv$ at long di/ances f "o ano!r2 9 ! latt] ! coloni/s _h m ne>ly equal possessions1 occupi$ small] f>ms1 & liv$ close toge!r4 ,al?\gh ! coloni/s ?us _h diff]+ habits & cu/oms1 9 _m respects !y 7 mu* alike4 ,!y _h come to a c\ntry :]e ev]y?+ 0 new4 ,no mills nor factories 7 run by ! /reams2 no %ops made clo?+ or f>m+ tools2 no /ores sold furniture or groc]ies4 ,ev]y?+ t ! coloni/s ne$$ mu/ be ei!r br\ght across ! ocean or r\ghly made by !mselves4 ,( c\rse only ! ri* c\ld af=d ! exp5se ( br++ heavy articles ?ree ?\s& miles 9 sail+ vessels2 !re=e a l>ge "p ( :at ! coloni/s wore or ate or us$ = furniture or build+s 0 rude & ( home manufacture4 ,a description ( ! mode ( life 9 "o section ( ! c\ntry w give some?+ ( an idea ( h[ ! coloni/s liv$ 9 o!r sections4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ply+ ,,! ,,axe4 ,almo/ ! fir/ ?+ t 0 necess>y = ! coloni/ to d1 z soon z he _h det]m9$ :]e he 0 to live1 0 to build 8 h\se2 he began at once to fell ! trees4 ,! axe 0 "o ( ! mo/ important ( 8 possessions & he soon le>n$ to use x ) great skill4 ,if he ne$$ 8 h\se imm$iately he usually built x ( r\gh1 unsplit logs1 fill+ ! spaces ) clay & cov]+ ! ro( ) ?at*4 ,!re is a /ory told ( a log h\se :i* 0 built 9 ! e>ly "p ( "o w9t]4 ,! trees 7 cut :5 _! trunks 7 froz51 & 7 laid 9 prop] position to =m ! sides ( ! cab94 ,! /one *imney 0 built1 & ! h\se 0 ready4 ,day aft] day ! great fireplace s5t out its heat into ! s+le room1 until ! sap 9 ! logs 0 melt$ & little %oots ) t5d] leaves began to =m1 :i* 9 "t1 at ! ends ( ! logs ne>e/ ! fire1 grew into long twigs4 ,! logs _h rema9$ froz5 on ! outside1 b _h ?aw$ )9--a pleasant sugge/ion ( ! *e] & com=t f\nd 9 a well w>m$ h\se4 ,if ! newcom] _h neighbors :o c\ld %elt] 8 family = a "t1 he w\ld split ! logs & make a h\se some:at tight] & bett] protect$ f cold & /orm4 ,aft] a "t lumb] mills 7 built & ! logs 7 saw$ into planks & bo>ds4 ,_m ( ! e>lie/ ,new ,engl& h\ses conta9$ b "o room ) an attic4 ,! h\se 0 ent]$ directly f out-(-doors1 & 0 light$ by w9d[s set ) v small panes ( glass or oil$ pap]4 ,9 "o corn] 0 ! /aircase1 :i* sometimes 0 m]ely a ladd] or p]haps a few cleats nail$ on ! framework4 ,! furniture 0 meagre & mo/ ( x rudely made4 ,c we see any improvem5t 9 ?is r\gh cottage ov] ! ,indian long h\se8 ,x 0 m p]man5t2 x 0 tight] & w>m]2 x 0 ! abode ( "o family2 x 0 a real home4 ,9 ano!r respect ! com=t ( ! log cab9 0 greatly increas$3 x _h an enclos$ fireplace & a *imney4 ,"s ye>s ago fireplaces 7 seldom se5 9 our dwell+s4 ,9 _m ( ! old h\ses1 9 :i* ! fireplaces 7 z old z ! h\ses !mselves1 !y 7 nev] us$ & 7 ei!r bo>d$ up or c>efully scre5$ f view4 ,b m rec5tly !y h come into use aga91 & n[ seldom is a well arrang$ h\se built )\t "o or m op5 fireplaces4 ,we are !n--mo/ ( u--acqua9t$ ) ?is small op5+ 9 ! side or ! corn] ( ! room1 9 :i* small logs ( wood burn ^u ! &irons or a b$ ( coals ^u ! grate4 ,h[ev]1 ?is mod]n grate or he>? is v unlike ! huge fireplace ( "o & two c5turies ago4 ,9 ! h\ses 9 :i* y\r great-gr&mo!r & h] "m & gr&mo!r & great-gr&mo!r liv$ ! fireplace 0 n conf9$ to a corn] ( ! room1 nor did x burn /icks fifte5 or eighte5 in*es long4 ,9 ! olde/ h\se n[ /&+ 9 ,rhode ,isl& ! fireplace 0 ne>ly t5 feet long & ab\t f\r feet 9 dep?4 ,its back & sides 7 ( /one1 ne>ly two feet ?ick1 & ! *imney1 ?irte5 feet by six1 did n beg9 to n>r[1 z x w5t upw>d1 until x rea*$ ! ro(4 ,?is fireplace made an excell5t play-h\se :5 ! fire 0 out1 & *ildr5 f\nd great delight 9 wat*+ ! />s f _! seat 9 ! *imney corn]4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,colonial ,,fireplace4 ,at fir/ ?is op5 fireplace1 ) ! fire burn+ 9 ! c5tre1 0 ! only means = cook+ :i* our ance/ors possess$4 ,:5 !y 7 able to build l>g] h\ses1 ) two1 f\r1 or eight rooms1 ev5 two /ories high1 !y /ill _h ! great he>?s2 n "o alone1 b "o 9 ea* ( ! pr9cipal rooms1 & sometimes 9 ! *amb]s4 ,z "t w5t on1 /one or brick ov5s 7 built by ! side ( ! fireplaces1 & frequ5tly t9 or ,dut* ov5s 7 br\ght across ! ocean & us$ 9 case ( ne$4 ,let u look into "o ( ^! old h\ses on a ,saturday1 or bak+ day1 & notice "s ( ! pleasures & inconv5i5ces ( cook+ 9 old5 "t4 ,:5 ,"m ,br[n rises at half pa/ f\r 9 ! morn+ %e dresses quickly1 = ! coals1 :i* _h be5 c>efully cov]$ up1 h giv5 out little heat dur+ ! bitt]1 cold night4 ,be=e %e c wa% h] h&s & face %e mu/ />t up ! fire1 = all ! wat] 9 ! h\se is froz54 ,%e c>efully rakes (f ! a%es f ! coals :i* are /ill alive1 deftly lays on !m a few %av+s & pieces ( b>k1 &1 :5 !y beg9 to burn brightly1 piles ^u !m small & !n l>g] /icks ( wood4 ,n[ ,fa!r ,br[n & ,john1 ! hir$ man1 :o h come 9 f do+ ! *ores1 lift on to ! fire "o ( ! six foot logs1 ?ree or f\r feet 9 circumf]5ce1 :i* h be5 previ\sly br\ght 94 ,!n ,"m ,br[n calls ! *ildr54 ,ru?1 ! elde/1 is already ne>ly dress$2 ,mehitable1 j 9 h] te5s1 is soon ready2 :ile ,polly1 ! baby1 ne>ly eight ye>s old1 f9ds x h>d "w to crawl out f betwe5 ! %eets4 ,! boys are ev5 h>d] to r\se1 = "m has to call ,na?aniel1 ag$ elev51 ?ree times be=e he appe>s1 & ,joseph1 two ye>s y\ng]1 is sl[] /ill4 ,we w n /op to notice ! breakfa/1 :i* is eat51 & ! di%es wa%$1 long be=e ! sun rises4 ,n[ ! outside door op5s & 9 comes ! old :ite horse1 haul+ a great backlog4 ,john unhit*es ! *a9 & rolls ! log ^u ! fire4 ,?is done1 ! horse goes out at ! door opposite ! "o he ent]$4 ,fa!r ,br[n br+s 9 sev]al armfuls ( bru% & heavi] /icks1 & ?r[s !m d[n ne> ! fireplace4 ,z ?is is bak+ day1 ! ov5 mu/ be made ready ,! great brick ov51 "o side ( :i* makes also "o side ( ! fireplace1 is fill$ ) ! bru% & light wood1 :i* is soon burn+ briskly4 ,= an h\r ! fire is kept up1 new wood be+ ?r[n 9 :5 necess>y2 !n x is all[$ to g out4 ,mean:ile ,"m ,br[n & ,ru? are busy--mix+ & roll+1 sift+ rye & ,indian meal1 /irr+ up eggs1 & add+ milk & butt]4 ,by ! "t ! ov5 is heat$ ! cooks are ready to use x2 & ,mehitable rakes out ! coals & a%es ) a long /ick1 %ap$ l a %eph]d's crook4 ,illu/ration3 ,,haul+ ,,9 ,a ,,backlog4 ,fir/ ! pans ( rye 'n' ,injun bread are laid 9 ! ov51 away back at ! f>!r end4 ,!n ! p&[dy or great apple pudd+ & ! ,injun pudd+ are plac$ 9 front ( ! bread4 ,:ile ! bread & ! pudd+s are bak+1 two t9 ov5s are br\ght 9 & prep>$ = use4 ,^! ,dut* ov5s are m]e %eets ( metal curv$ ar\nd into m ?an half a circle1 ) ! op5+ plac$ t[>d ! fire4 ,a long iron rod runs ?r\gh f side to side ( ! ov5 on :i* ! meat = roa/ is to be spitt$4 ,"m ,br[n removes "o ( ! spits & ?ru/s x ?r\gh a piece ( beef1 & 9 ! same way spits a fat turkey on ! o!r4 ,"h is "w = little ,polly1 ^u :om re/s ! task ( frequ5tly turn+ ! spit s t ! meat is ev5ly roa/$4 ,lat] 9 ! day1 :5 ! bread is bak$1 ! ov5 is heat$ aga9 & fill$ ) pies--apple1 m9ce1 squa%1 & pumpk94 ,by ! "t ^! are bak$ ! day is done4 ,! coals on ! he>? are cov]$ ) a%es & ! tir$ cooks gladly retire = ! night4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cook+ ,,9 ,a ,,colonial ,,kit*54 ,on o!r days meat is boil$ 9 pots t are hung f ! crane1 a long1 sw++1 iron rod :i* rea*es directly ov] ! fire or may be turn$ out into ! room4 ,^u ! he>? potatoes are bak$1 corn is roa/$1 & o!r primitive =ms ( cook+ are us$4 ,we h made a long /ep f ! ,indian's op5 fire & 8 simple cook+ to ! brick & t9 ov5s & ! metal pots & kettles ( our ance/ors2 b is x n a long] /ep to ! coal1 oil1 & gas ranges ( to-day8 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,*imneys4 ,rememb]+ our exp]i5ce 9 ! ,indian long h\se--! discom=t ( ! smoke & ! op5+ 9 ! ro(--we %all und]/& ano!r great improvem5t 9 ! coloni/'s h\se4 ,ev5 ! log cab9 _h its *imney4 ,! ris+ column ( hot air f ! fire1 c>ry+ ! smoke ) x1 is conf9$ betwe5 walls ( /one or brick1 & ! room is fairly free f smoke4 ,:y did n ! ,indian build a *imney8 ,! tempor>y nature ( 8 dwell+ may h be5 a p>tial reason2 b ! r$ man's lack ( civilization 0 d\btless ! mo/ effective cause4 ,ev5 _m s-call$ civiliz$ nations built _! h\ses )\t *imneys1 & 9 fact ?is conv5i5ce is b a few c5turies old4 ,! anci5t ,greeks are prais$ = _! high civilization1 & yet !y 7 little bett] (f ?an ! savage ,indians ( ! ,new ,_w 9 ! me?ods ( heat+ _! h\ses4 ,nei!r ! ,greeks nor ! ,romans _h *imneys = _! dwell+s4 ,x is true t ,greece & ,italy are w>m] c\ntries ?an ,engl& or mo/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & doors & w9d[s c\ld be left op5 ) less discom=t ?an ) u4 ,mu* ( ! smoke might ?us escape1 b en\gh d\btless rema9$ to be unpleasant4 ,! ,greeks refra9$ f c>v+ ! rooms 9 :i* fires 7 built1 = !y realiz$ t su* ornam5tation w\ld soon be discolor$ by soot4 ,aft] ,greece _h be5 conqu]$ by ! ,romans & ,rome _h be5 ov]?r[n by ! ,g]manic tribes1 mu* ( ! anci5t civilization 0 lo/ & ! ,d>k ,ages foll[$4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ! p ?r\gh\t ,europe made _! fires 9 holes 9 ! c5tre ( ! room1 "u an op5+ 9 ! ro(--j z we h se5 t ! ,indians did4 ,:5 ! family w5t to b$ at night !y cov]$ ! hole 9 ! ro( ) a bo>d & also ?rew a%es ov] ! coals1 to prev5t ! wood5 h\se f cat*+ fire :ile !y slept4 ,x 0 ! cu/om 9 e t[n1 = _m c5turies1 to r+ ! curfew or cov]-fire bell ea* night1 w>n+ ! inhabitants to cov] _! fires1 put out _! lights1 & g to b$4 ,! fir/ *imneys 7 probably built 9 ,nor!rn ,italy ab\t sev5 hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,! /ory is told t ! ,"l ( ,padua w5t to ,rome 9 #acfh & f\nd no *imney 9 8 hotel4 ,! ,romans /ill held to ! cu/om ( k9dl+ _! fires 9 op5+s 9 ! gr\nd 9 ! middle ( ! room4 ,! ,"l ( ,padua1 long+ = ! com=ts to :i* he 0 accu/om$1 s5t to ,padua = c>p5t]s & masons1 & _h !m build two *imneys l ^? at home4 ,on ! top ( ^! he _h 8 coat ( arms affix$4 ,gradually *imneys came into use ?r\gh\t ,europe1 & :5 ! coloni/s came to ,am]ica !y built !m z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,z we h se51 ! fireplaces 7 mammo?1 & ! *imneys !re=e 7 also ( great size2 & = ?is reason1 al?\gh ! discom=t f ! smoke 0 less ?an 9 ! ,indian long h\ses1 x 0 n :olly avoid$4 ,= c5turies1 h[ev]1 p _h be5 us$ to ! smoke1 :i* occasionally p\r$ back into ! room in/ead ( go+ up ! *imney1 & x did n occur to !m1 any m ?an to ! r$ m51 t x c\ld be avoid$4 ,n until a ,new ,engl& boy1 :o 0 !n liv+ 9 ,engl&1 began to /udy into ! cause ( smok+ *imneys 0 any relief obta9$4 ,b5jam9 ,?ompson 0 born 9 ,woburn1 ,massa*usetts1 & _h j come to manhood :5 ! ,am]ican ,revolution broke out4 ,p>tly ow+ to c]ta9 family connections1 he took ! side ( ,k+ ,george ,,iii41 & w5t to ,engl&4 ,aft] ! w> 0 ov] he w5t to ,bav>ia1 ent]$ ! s]vice ( ! k+1 & became 8 *amb]la94 ,he rose ?r\gh v>i\s positions until he became m9i/] ( w>1 & 0 made ,c\nt ,rum=d4 ,he rema9$ 9 ,bav>ia a few ye>s1 !n liv$ = a "t 9 ,engl&1 & sp5t 8 la/ days 9 ,p>is4 ,bo? 9 ,bav>ia & 9 ,engl&1 ,c\nt ,rum=d devot$ himself to sci5ce & ! improvem5t ( ! conditions ( 8 fell[ m54 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k ! /eps t he took & ! good t he did1 b we c "h notice only "s ( 8 improvem5ts 9 ! me?ods ( heat+ h\ses4 ,z a sci5ti/ he 0 ask$ to cure smok+ *imneys1 & he succe$$ s well t he once said he _h cur$ m ?an five hundr$ 9 ,london alone4 ,he f\nd out ! simple fact t smoke w readily g up a *imney1 unless !re is some?+ to /op x4 ,all t 0 necess>y 0 to discov] ! tr\ble & remove x4 ,9 ne>ly all ( ! five hundr$ *imneys no?+ m 0 ne$$ ?an to make ! l[] "p ( ! *imney & ! fireplace ( ! "r =m & size4 ,"o firm ( build]s 0 kept con/antly employ$ c>ry+ out 8 sugge/ions4 ,n only did he cure ! *imneys1 b he also prev5t$ ! wa/e ( mu* heat4 ,9 accordance ) 8 directions ! squ>e fireplace 0 *ang$ s t ! sides made a great] angle ) ! back & w\ld !re=e reflect m heat into ! room4 ,he also made ! space ab\t ! fire small]1 ?us r5d]+ ! air hott] & !re=e m ready to ru% up ! *imney1 c>ry+ m ( ! smoke ) x4 ,c\nt ,rum=d's ideas h be5 g5]ally foll[$ s9ce 8 day1 & n[ fireplaces seldom give out smoke into ! room :ile !y furni% m heat4 ,c\nt ,rum=d next took up ! problem ( improv+ /oves4 ,be=e we consid] 8 improvem5ts1 h[ev]1 we mu/ note some?+ ab\t ! fir/ /oves4 ,ano!r ,massa*usetts boy1 born ne>ly half a c5tury be=e ,b5jam9 ,?ompson1 also became a sci5ti/1 inv5tor1 & discov]]4 ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 0 a travel] & 9 _m o!r respects 0 l ,c\nt ,rum=d4 ,b he *ose to g ) ! colonies :5 !y revolt$ f ,great ,brita91 & he gave all 8 s]vices to 8 fell[ c\ntrym54 ,a few ye>s be=e ! bir? ( ,?ompson1 ,frankl9 made an inv5tion :i* 0 ! fir/ improv$ me?od ( heat+ rooms4 ,!re _h be5 s-call$ ,g]man /oves be=e 8 day1 b !y 7 n mu* us$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,frankl9 ,,/ove4 ,x 0 9 #agdb t ,frankl91 :ile 9 ,philadelphia1 devis$ ! ,frankl9 /ove or ,p5nsylvania fireplace4 ,x consi/$ ( iron sides1 back & top1 & 0 entirely op5 9 front4 ,a flue 0 arrang$ 9 ! back :i* connect$ ) ! *imney to c>ry (f ! smoke4 ,?is movable fireplace 0 design$ to burn wood1 comp>atively small logs be+ us$4 ,x _h _m advantages ov] ! /one fireplace4 ,x 0 set up ne>] ! middle ( ! room1 ?us s5d+ heat out 9 all directions & w>m+ ! entire room4 ,x sav$ mu* ( ! heat :i* _h previ\sly pass$ directly up ! *imney & be5 lo/4 ,9 ! ,p5nsylvania fireplace ?is heat w>m$ ! iron on ! top ( ! /ove & at ! back1 z well z ! flue itself1 all ( :i* w>m$ ! air 9 ! room4 ,sav+ ! heat sav$ wood also4 ,frankl9 himself said3 ,my common room1 ,i "k1 is made twice z w>m z x us$ to be1 ) a qu>t] ( ! wood ,i =m]ly consum$ !re4 ,frankl9 0 (f]$ a pat5t = 8 device by ! gov]nor ( ,p5nsylvania1 b he decl9$ x4 ,he decl>$ t inasmu* z we enjoy great advantages f ! inv5tions ( o!rs1 we %\ld be glad ( an opportunity to s]ve o!rs by any inv5tion ( ours4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 ! p did n obta9 f 8 g5]osity all ! advantages t ,frankl9 expect$1 = a ,london iron manufactur] made "s slight *anges 9 ! patt]n1 n improv+ ! /ove 9 ! lea/1 & obta9$ a pat5t4 ,f ! sale ( ^! /oves he made :at 0 call$ a small =tune4 ,frankl9's fireplace 0 b ! fir/ 9 a long s]ies ( inv5tions t h br\ght to u ! /ove ( to-day4 ,! great m]it 9 8 "w 0 ! idea ( giv+ up ! /one fireplace = "o ( iron4 ,*anges 9 ! =m & %ape ( ! /ove h foll[$ z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,no special cr$it is due to any "o else1 unless x be to ,c\nt ,rum=d1 :o1 aft] cur+ ! *imneys1 made a cook /ove ) an ov54 ,!n1 = ! fir/ "t s9ce m5 knew h[ to cook ov] a fire1 cook+ c\ld be c>ri$ on & ! cook be protect$ f ! direct heat ( ! fire4 ,?us we come to ! mod]n h\se ) its mod]n /oves4 ,no long] h we b "o me?od ( heat+ a dwell+4 ,sometimes a /ove is set up 9 ea* ( ! rooms4 ,sometimes a l>g] /ove is plac$ 9 ! cell>1 & ?is furnace heats air t is c>ri$ by l>ge pipes or flues to ! rooms1 :]e ! heat$ air comes out ?r\gh regi/]s4 ,sometimes a furnace 9 ! cell> heats wat]1 & hot wat] or /eam is s5t ?r\gh small pipes1 & pass+ ?r\gh coils or radiators gives out heat4 ,besides1 ! cook+ range is f\nd 9 mo/ kit*5s4 ,all ^! sy/ems ( heat+ h\ses exi/ in/ead ( ! old-fa%ion$ fireplace4 ,ev5 :5 ! mod]n grate is built1 x is usual to f9d a regi/] or /eam coil on ! opposite side ( ! room1 because ! op5 fire is apt to w>m "o side ( ! room only4 ,x is pleasant1 h[ev]1 to look into a blaz+ fire1 & we are sometimes almo/ will+ to h ! heat unev5ly di/ribut$ if only we c wat* ! flames4 ,"s =m ( ! /ove1 h[ev]1 is our ma9 dep5d5ce1 & its v>i\s developm5ts h be5 due1 g5]ally1 to ! desire ( be+ fre$ f ! discom=ts ( ! old "t me?ods4 ,p]haps also ! gr[+ sc>city ( wood & ! discov]y ( coal h _h "s effect ^u ! developm5t ( ! /ove2 b t we mu/ leave to ano!r *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,fuel4 ,:at d y burn 9 ! /oves 9 y\r h\ses8 0 ask$ ( a class ( s*ool*ildr5 9 a small ,p5nsylvania t[n4 ,h&s w5t up 9 e direction2 "o said k]os5e oil2 two o!rs %\t$ gas2 a few repli$ wood2 mo/ ( ! class answ]$ coal4 ,!n ! tea*] made fur!r inquiries to le>n :y ^! diff]5t sub/ances 7 us$4 ,! ?ree :o answ]$ gas & oil agre$ t coal 0 burn$ 9 o!r /oves 9 _! h\ses1 b t oil & gas /oves 7 us$ also because !y 7 s conv5i5t4 ,:5 ! "q 0 ask$ :y coal 0 us$1 in/antly ! answ] 0 giv5 t coal 0 ! be/ ?+ to burn2 ev]ybody burn$ x4 ,n[ ?is 0 n q true1 b ,miss ,turn]1 ! tea*]1 in/ead ( imm$iately correct+ ! error1 turn$ to ! pupils :o _h answ]$ wood1 & inquir$ :y !y us$ wood4 ,"o said1 ,we hav5't any coal2 ano!r ?\ght t x 0 because wood k9dl$ m easily ?an coal2 a ?ird 0 sure t he 0 "r--,we don't h to buy wood2 coal co/s money4 ,n[ ?is boy _h ! correct idea4 ,he liv$ 9 ! c\ntry1 ?\gh ne> ! t[n4 ,8 fa!r own$ a l>ge f>m1 a "p ( :i* 0 /ill =e/ l&2 he c\ld cut 8 own wood1 & !re=e did n buy coal4 ,aft] a few m que/ions ! tea*] discov]$ t all ^? :o burn$ wood liv$ "s little di/ance f t[n4 ,!n %e turn$ to ! class aga9 & ask$ !m if !y c\ld n[ tell :y ! t[n families us$ coal in/ead ( wood4 ,"o said1 ,we d n own =e/s4 ,ano!r ?\ght t x 0 because !re 7 n trees en\gh4 ,a ?ird %ook 8 h& wildly & %\t$1 ,coal is *eap] ?an wood6 ,a %y little girl v5tur$ to sugge/1 ,because coal is bett] ?an wood2 x la/s long]4 ,y h ea* ( y giv5 a good reason1 ,miss ,turn] answ]$4 ,coal is *eap] ?an wood "h 9 ! t[n because wood is gr[+ m & m sc>ce4 ,_m ( y\r p>5ts pref] coal because ) x ! fire ne$s less att5tion4 ,b ! coal deal]s *>ge m to c>ry coal out into ! c\ntry1 & ^? :o /ill own =e/s f9d x *eap] to burn _! own wood4 ,:at sort ( replies w\ld ,i h receiv$ if ,i _h ask$ ! same que/ions ( *ildr5 9 ,p5nsylvania ,colony1 or 9 any ( ! colonies1 "o hundr$ & fifty or two hundr$ ye>s ago8 ,! *ildr5 _h /udi$ hi/ory some:at4 ,!y knew ! /ory ( ,columbus & 8 discov]ies2 !y _h read ( ! ,pilgrims & ! ,puritans2 !y c\ld h answ]$ que/ions conc]n+ ,john ,smi? & ,h5ry ,hudson2 & !y 7 especially famili> ) ,william ,p5n & ! ,quak]s1 ) ,george ,wa%+ton & ,braddock's defeat4 ,b n "o ( !m rememb]$ t he _h ev] be5 told any?+ ab\t ! fires ( ! coloni/s4 ,!re 0 a pause = a "t2 !n "o boy ask$1 ,didn't !y burn j :at we burn8 ,aft] ano!r pause ! %y little girl ask$1 ,didn't !y h m =e/s !n ?an n[8 ,be=e ! tea*] c\ld reply1 a boy said1 ,p]haps !y did n h any coal4 ,! *ildr5 _h ?us ?\ght x out = !mselves1 & !y 7 "r4 ,miss ,turn] !n told !m t x 0 _m ye>s aft] ! "t ( ,columbus or ,hudson or ,p5n be=e coal m9es 7 discov]$ 9 ?is c\ntry or coal us$4 ,%e add$ t almo/ all ! c\ntry1 f ,ma9e to ,georgia & we/w>d across ! ,alleghany ,m\nta9s1 0 cov]$ ) ?ick =e/s :5 ! coloni/s cross$ ! ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,:at d y suppose our ance/ors ?\ght ( ^! =e/s8 ,7 !y glad to see !m1 or did !y wi% t !y cov]$ less gr\nd8 ask$ ! tea*]4 ,mo/ ( ! *ildr5 answ]$ t ! =e/s mu/ h be5 ( great value to ! coloni/s2 !y w\ld n h to pay any?+ = fuel4 ,c y raise vegetables or gra9 9 ! woods8 0 ,miss ,turn]'s next "q4 ,!n ! pupils began to see t ! =e/s 7 h9drances z well z helps4 ,! tea*] told !m t !y gave ! coloni/s m wood ?an 0 ne$$ = fires & = lumb]4 ,%e add$ t e acre ( gr\nd t !y wi%$ to plant ) ,indian corn or rye1 ) potatoes or squa%es1 mu/ fir/ be fre$ f ! trees4 ,be=e ! l& c\ld be pl[$ x mu/ be cle>$4 ,if1 !n1 ! trees furni%$ m wood ?an c\ld be us$1 x 0 natural = ! f>m] to burn ! trees & /umps 9 ! fields4 ,if !re _h be5 b few settl]s & if !y _h be5 widely scatt]$ ov] a l>ge t]ritory1 no h>m w\ld h result$4 ,b ! coloni/s came ov] by ! ?\s&s & _h l>ge families ( *ildr54 ,by ! "t ! c\ntry _h be5 settl$ a hundr$ ye>s1 great gaps _h be5 made 9 ! =e/s4 ,a few ( ! mo/ =esight$ ( ! coloni/s began to ?9k ab\t ! future & to wond] :at !y w\ld d = fuel if ! wood %\ld give out4 ,9 fact1 trees began to be sc>ce 9 ! neighborhood ( ! l>g] t[ns1 & firewood z well z lumb] became exp5sive4 ,suppose t all ! =e/s 9 ?is c\ntry _h be5 de/roy$1 ! class 0 ask$1 :at w\ld ! p h done = fuel8 ,us$ coal1 repli$ a boy f a back seat4 ,yes1 said ,miss ,turn]1 if !re 7 any coal1 & if ! coloni/s knew :]e to f9d x & h[ to use x4 ,b :at is ?is coal & :]e does x come f8 ,we owe all our k ( ! orig9 ( coal to ! geologi/s1 :o h made a c>eful /udy ( ! surface ( ! e>?1 cont9u$ ,miss ,turn]4 ,!y tell u t !re 0 a "t :5 human be+s did n live on ! e>?2 :5 n ev5 animals t ne$ to brea! ! air c\ld exi/4 ,! atmosph]e :i* surr\nd$ ! e>? 9 ^? days 0 diff]5t f ! air :i* we brea!4 ,we ne$ ! oxyg5 t is 9 our air to su/a9 life2 poor v5tilation 9 our rooms or halls soon r5d]s !m uncom=table & (t5 causes our heads to a*e4 ,! reason = ?is is ! pres5ce 9 ! air ( too l>ge a quantity ( a gas call$ c>bonic acid gas2 an extra am\nt ( x makes ! air unfit to brea!1 b a c]ta9 am\nt is necess>y to su/a9 plant life4 ,9 ! coal-=m+ or c>bonif]\s age ! atmosph]e ar\nd ! e>? conta9$ less oxyg5 ?an at pres5t & great quantities ( c>bonic acid gas4 ,= ?is reason1 z ,i h said1 animals did n exi/1 b plants--l>ge %rubs1 great f]ns1 & huge trees--liv$ & grew vigor\sly4 ,if we h ev] se5 ?ick woods we ne$ only imag9e all ! bu%es & trees ( ! =e/ to be ( enorm\s size 9 ord] to h "s idea ( ! vegetable gr[? ( ! c>bonif]\s age4 ,! e>? 0 prep>+ va/ quantities ( fuel to be ready1 ?\s&s ( ye>s lat]1 = ! millions ( m5 t 7 to come4 ,! gr[? ( ! =e/s 0 b "o /ep 9 ! prep>ation ( coal4 ,! second /ep 0 ! subm]g+ ( ! =e/s1 cov]+ !m ) wat] z if at ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,!n ! /reams br\ght gravel1 s&1 & mud into ?is ocean1 & ^! 7 h>d5$ into clay & s&/one by ! pressure ( ! wat]1 p]haps aid$ by ! heat ( ! e>? itself4 ,! trees & f]ns 7 b5t d[n & press$ toge!r & driv5 into ! mo/ compact condition possible4 ,b aga9 e>?quakes came & ! wat] disappe>$4 ,! lay] ( clay & s&/one 0 cov]$ ) soil :i* became dry en\gh to produce o!r =e/s1 gr[+ z rank z ! fir/4 ,^! 7 aga9 ov]:elm$ & cov]$ fir/ ) wat]1 !n ) rocks & soil1 only to be lift$ aga9 = ano!r gr[?4 ,?is process 0 repeat$ 9 "s cases _m times1 z we c see ) a little /udy4 ,"h ,miss ,turn] /opp$ & said3 ,next ,saturday1 if x is pleasant1 we w h our annual spr+ picnic4 ,we w g to a new place ?is "t4 ,we w try ,h[l&'s ,grove1 & !n 9 ! aft]noon we w g d[n into ! ,jeff]son m9e & see :at x is l4 ,we h n "t to read ab\t ! picnic1 nor ( ! int]e/ t ! class %[$ be=e ! appo9t$ ,saturday1 z well z all ! =5oon ( t day4 ,nor c we tell h[ ! *ildr5 w5t d[n ! %aft ( ! m9e1 & h[ !y 7 at fir/ s quiet t h>dly a ^w 0 said4 ,! tea*] %[$ !m a lay] ( coal 9 ! m9e :i* 0 ab\t ?ree feet ?ick4 ,j above x 0 a rock :i* 0 diff]5t f ! coal4 ,?is !y 7 told 0 s&/one1 ! h>d5$ s& :i* _h be5 heap$ ^u ! =e/s s _m ?\s& ye>s be=e4 ,!n bel[ ! coal 0 ano!r rock :i* 0 entirely unlike ei!r ! coal or ! s&/one4 ,?is 0 ! seat-/one1 ! rock made out ( ! soil 9 :i* ! =e/ _h gr[n4 ,!n bel[ ?is !y f\nd ?ree m lay]s1 s&/one1 coal1 & seat-/one1 & s on until ! bottom ( ! m9e 0 rea*$4 ,by ?is "t ! *ildr5 7 ready to ask que/ions4 ,oh1 ,miss ,turn]1 :at is ?is curi\s-look+ ?+ 9 ?is "p ( ! seat-/one8 ask$ "o ( ! boys4 ,miss ,turn] repli$3 ,t is a fossil4 ,x is "p ( a root ( a tree1 & has reta9$ its %ape & appe>ance all ^! ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,9 ,a ,,coal ,,m9e4 ,"o ( ! m9]s :o _h be5 li/5+ to ! conv]sation said3 ,if y w /ep ?is way1 madam1 ,i c %[ y ! :ole ( a tree-trunk 9 ! coal4 ,! *ildr5 eag]ly cr[d$ ar\nd z ! m9] %[$ ! fossiliz$ trunk ( a tree /ill /&+ j z x grew1 ) its roots 9 ! seat-/one & its top 9 ! s&/one above ! coal--= "h ! lay] ( coal 0 sev]al feet 9 ?ickness4 ,a few m9utes aft]w>d1 z ! *ildr5 7 look+ c>efully at ! sides ( ! m9e to see if !y c\ld f9d m fossils1 ! %y little girl said quietly to ! tea*]3 ,i ?9k t ,i h f\nd some?+1 ,miss ,turn]2 won't y please see8 ,%e l$ ! way to a trunk :i* %[$ ! v>i\s /ages 9 ! process ( *ange4 ,"o end 0 /ill almo/ l wood1 ! middle "p 0 a v s(t br[n coal1 :ile ! o!r end 0 true coal4 ,t helps u to und]/& m ab\t ! way 9 :i* ! =e/s 7 *ang$ to coal1 said ,miss ,turn]4 ,n[ "h is "o m pro( t coal 0 =m$ out ( wood4 ,! tea*] pick$ up a piece ( coal & broke x ) a hamm]4 ,!n %e %[$ on ! new surface "s pat*es ( a black sub/ance4 ,does n t look l *>coal8 %e ask$4 ,y "k t *>coal is wood p>tly burn$4 ,?us ! class le>n$ h[ nature1 ages & ages ago1 began to prep>e = ! use ( man a fuel :i* seems inexhau/ible1 is sup]ior to wood 9 _m respects1 & is freely di/ribut$ 9 v>i\s portions ( ! _w4 ,?is coal1 :i* has tak5 ! place ( wood to a great ext5t 9 furni%+ heat = our h\ses & /ores1 is f\nd 9 l>ge quantities 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b 0 n m9$ or us$ "h until ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,coal4 ,! use ( coal = heat+ purposes is s famili> to e "o n[adays t probably few h ev] ?\ght ab\t ! "t :5 x 0 unkn[n4 ,coal 0 z pl5tiful ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago z x is n[4 ,lay]s & b$s ( ! fuel exi/$ j "u ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 & 9 _m places cropp$ out ?r\gh x4 ,b ! /ones 7 m]ely black rocks1 & ! idea t rocks w\ld burn 0 too absurd to occur to any "o4 ,we may well wond] h[ x 0 fir/ discov]$ t coal w\ld burn4 ,pr(essor ,gre5e sugge/s a possible explanation ( ?is discov]y4 ,!re is 9 coal a h>d1 yell[1 brassy m9]al :i* flies 9 ! fire & n infrequ5tly />tles ! circle t has ga!r$ ar\nd its *e]ful blaze4 ,:5 expos$ to damp air ?is m9]al und]goes *emical *ange1 & dur+ ! process heat is giv5 out1 sometimes 9 suffici5t quantities to set ! coal alight4 ,9 ?is way x occasionally happ5s t seams ( coal1 :5 !y lie ne> ! surface1 take fire ( _! own accord4 ,"o day a savage on a /roll 0 />tl$ by f9d+ ! gr\nd w>m b5ea? 8 feet1 & by see+ smoke & sulphur\s vapors issu+ f x4 ,he laid x fir/ to a sup]natural cause2 b curiosity gett+ ! bett] ( sup]/ition1 he scrap$ away ! e>? to f9d :5ce ! reek came4 ,!n he saw a b$ ( black /one1 loose blocks ( :i* he _h already notic$ ly+ ab\t2 p>ts ( ?is /one 7 sm\ld]+1 & z soon z air 0 admitt$ bur/ into a blaze4 ,:e!r coal 0 ?us discov]$ or n1 its fir/ discov]y mu/ h occurr$ e>ly 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,m ?an tw5ty c5turies ago ! ,greek s*ol>1 ,!ophra/us1 wrote ( ! coals :i* 7 us$ by blacksmi?s4 ,!re are indications t coal 0 m9$ 9 ,engl& be=e t c\ntry 0 conqu]$ by ! ,romans4 ,b n until ! twelf? c5tury 0 en\gh ( ! m9]al m9$ 9 ,newca/le1 ! great coal region ( ,engl&1 to w>rant its be+ c>ri$ to ,london4 ,z ?is coal 0 br\ght 9 vessels to ! metropolis x receiv$ ! "n ( sea-coal1 & x 0 ?us call$ = sev]al c5turies4 ,h[ /range x is t opposition always arises to e new ?+6 ,p are always to be f\nd :o ?9k t any?+ ) :i* !y are n famili> _c be good4 ,s x 0 9 ,london4 ,a cry began to arise t ! use ( coal 0 injuri\s to heal?4 ,! coal 0 s(t or bitum9\s1 & burn$ ) consid]able flame & a d5se smoke4 ,?is 0 be=e ! common use ( *imneys1 & !re=e ! air 9 ! rooms :]e x 0 burn$ became fill$ ) an unpleasant odor4 ,! belief 0 g5]al t ! use ( coal r5d]$ ! air unfit to brea!1 & ,p>liam5t 0 reque/$ to put a /op to x4 ,k+ ,edw>d ,i4 issu$ a proclamation =bidd+ any b blacksmi?s to burn sea-coals1 & direct+ t build+s f :i* coal-smoke 0 se5 to come %\ld be torn d[n4 ,?\gh ! law 0 repeal$ "u a lat] k+1 coal 0 b little us$ = h\sehold purposes until ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,mo/ ( ! coal b$s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are situat$ at "s di/ance f ! ocean2 !re=e ! fir/ coloni/s1 settl+ along ! coa/1 7 = a long "t ignorant ( _! exi/5ce4 ,! fir/ :ite man to discov] coal 0 ,fa!r ,h5nep91 :o m ?an two hundr$ ye>s ago1 :ile explor+ ! ,mississippi ,riv]1 f\nd x 9 ,ill9ois4 ,! fir/ m9es work$ 7 ! ,ri*mond fields 9 ,virg9ia1 :]e coal 0 tak5 out a c5tury & a half ago4 ,!re is a tradition t a boy left home "o morn+ to g fi%+4 ,aft] try+ 8 luck = a "t he f\nd t 8 bait 0 gone4 ,accord+ly he began to hunt = crawfi%1 & :ile se>*+ /umbl$ ov] "s black /ones :i* attract$ 8 att5tion4 ,he _h f\nd ! outcrop ( a coal b$1 & on 8 return he made kn[n 8 discov]y4 ,a ri* ve9 ( coal 0 soon disclos$1 & m9+ on a small scale 0 begun4 ,we mu/ rememb] t ?is /ory is only tradition & may n be true4 ,we might wond]1 p]haps1 h[ ! boy knew t ! /ones 7 any diff]5t f o!r rocks except 9 be+ black4 ,! way 9 :i* a twelve-foot ve9 0 discov]$ 9 ,p5nsylvania is told 9 ,=e/ & ,/ream1 & is probably q true4 ,elias ,blank1 liv+ 9 ,we/]n ,p5nsylvania 9 ! latt] "p ( ! la/ c5tury1 0 call$ to 8 door "o night & f\nd !re ,lewis ,:etzell1 a fam\s ,indian fight]1 & ,jona?an ,gates1 commonly call$ ,long ,arms4 ,fri5d ,lewis1 said ,mr4 ,blank1 :]e h !e & our fri5d be51 & :]e b\nd8 ,i want to get out ( "h at once1 said ,:etzell1 & ,long ,arms is ( ! same op9ion4 ,?is c\ntry's bewit*$1 & ,long ,arms & ,i are ne>ly sc>$ to dea?4 ,fri5d ,lewis1 !e mu/ n tell su* /ories to me1 said old ,elias4 ,!e kn[s ,i am ?y fri5d1 & ,i h sav$ !e :5 a price 0 on ?y head4 ,i "k ?\ art a man ( c\rage1 & fri5d ,jona?an ,gates1 :om "s call ',long ,arms1' fe>s no?+ on e>?1 & ,i'm fe>ful no?+ any:]e else2 & yet ?\ telle/ me t he & !e are sc>$ ev5 almo/ to dea?4 ,%ame on !e s to decl>e be=e ?y fri5d1 :o loves ye bo? z he 7 ?y fa!r6 ,no1 no1 ,elias1 said ,:etzell1 dropp+ into ! ,quak] spee*4 ,i tell !e no lie4 ,we are sc>$4 ,ye/]day aft]noon we 7 9 hid+ ab\t a mile f ,dunk>d ,creek1 & 9 ! ev5+ we built a fire "u ! bank v c>efully2 & we got "s black rocks to prop up a little kettle1 & put !m beside ! fire r ?an 9 x2 & ! black rocks took fire & burn$ fi]cely1 ) a fil?y smoke & a bright light2 & ,long ,arms said ! devil w\ld come if we /ay$2 & we grabb$ ! kettle & p\r$ out ! wat]1 & made our way "h1 leav+ ! black rocks to burn4 ,elias ,blank 0 mu* int]e/$4 ,he did n tell ,:etzell :at ! black rocks 71 b he f\nd out exactly :]e ! m5 _h made _! fire1 & ! next day hunt$ up ! camp+-gr\nd1 f\nd ! black rocks 9 "o ( ! riv]-hills1 & op5$ a coal bank4 ,?us1 a little "h & a little !re1 coal 0 discov]$ & us$4 ,at fir/ x 0 m+l$ ) wood1 & !n burn$ alone on ! he>?4 ,?is coal 0 easily k9dl$1 = x 0 bitum9\s or s(t2 x 0 n necess>y to provide an extra draft1 or to sp5d mu* m "t 9 light+ x ?an _h be5 cu/om>y ) wood4 ,n _m ye>s pass$1 h[ev]1 be=e a v>iety ( coal 0 f\nd t 0 h>d & w\ld n k9dle easily4 ,accord+ly x 0 ?r[n aside z useless4 ,?is 0 an?racite coal1 & x is n[ g5]ally pref]r$ to ! bitum9\s because ( ?is v quality4 ,be+ h>d1 x does n burn away s rapidly2 besides1 x ne$s less att5tion & gives out mu* less smoke4 ,j be=e ! ,revolution1 ,obadiah ,gore1 a blacksmi? 9 ! ,wyom+ valley 9 ,p5nsylvania1 tri$ h>d coal 9 8 =ge4 ,at fir/1 ev5 ) 8 great bell[s1 he 0 unable to make x burn4 ,he cont9u$ ! exp]im5t1 h[ev]1 & aft] a "t ! lumps began to yield & flames d>t$ f !m4 ,he ?us discov]$ t pieces ( an?racite coal c\ld be k9dl$ & burn$ if !re 0 a /rong curr5t ( air1 z he said1 s5t ?r\gh !m by ! bell[s2 )\t t ,i c\ld d no?+ ) !m4 ,mr4 ,gore ?us us$ an?racite coal 9 8 =ge1 b ev5 he did n burn x at home4 ,n until ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury 0 h>d coal us$ = dome/ic purposes4 ,oliv] ,evans 9 #ahjc successfully burn$ x 9 a grate4 ,_m ye>s pass$1 h[ev]1 be=e h>d coal came into common use4 ,a few p pur*as$ an?racite coal1 b !y c\ld n burn x2 !y us$ x j z !y _h be5 accu/om$ to use s(t coal4 ,aft] t1 great difficulty 0 exp]i5c$ 9 p]suad+ any "o to try ! new coal4 ,ni*olas ,all5 9 ,p5nsylvania discov]$ an?racite coal & got out sev]al wagonloads ( x4 ,he tri$ 9 va9 to sell x4 ,no1 said ! p1 we h tri$ t once1 & we d n propose to be *eat$ aga94 ,mr4 ,all5 became disc\rag$ & sold 8 int]e/ to 8 p>tn]1 ,colonel ,%oemak]1 :o took ! coal to ,philadelphia4 ,"h he prais$ x s highly t at la/ a few p b\ght a little = trial4 ,!y cont9ually pun*$ ! coal & /irr$ up ! fire1 b !y did n succe$ 9 mak+ x burn4 ,!y became enrag$ ) ,colonel ,%oemak]1 & procur$ a w>rant = 8 arre/ z a common impo/or4 ,! colonel he>d ( ! w>rant1 quietly left ! city1 & drove ?irty miles out ( 8 r\te 9 ord] to avoid ! (fic]4 ,=tunately a firm ( iron factors :o _h pur*as$ "s ( ! coal succe$$ 9 mak+ x burn4 ,!y ann\nc$ ! fact 9 ! ,philadelphia newspap]s1 & o!r iron-work]s tri$ ! coal4 ,soon all ! furnaces 7 us+ x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,blacksmi? ,,at ,,8 ,,=ge4 ,bo? an?racite & bitum9\s coal are freely m9$ 9 v>i\s sections ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!re is coal en\gh und]gr\nd to la/ = _m c5turies4 ,x us$ to be said t ,engl& 0 ! great coal-m9+ c\ntry1 = h] coal fields are ne>ly z ext5sive z ^? ( all ! re/ ( ,europe4 ,b ! ,unit$ ,/ates has a supply ( coal t w app>5tly be h>dly dim9i%$ :5 t ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s is entirely us$4 ,! s+le ,/ate ( ,p5nsylvania has a great] /ore ( coal ?an all ,europe1 & h] "p is less ?an "o-t5? ( ! /ock ( coal 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,ev5 if ! =e/s ( ! entire c\ntry %\ld be de/roy$1 we %\ld n want = fuel4 ,b let u rememb] t n only w\ld ! loss ( our =e/s deprive u ( wood = o!r purposes ?an m]ely to keep u w>m1 b x w\ld also cause great injury to ! f>m+ int]e/s ( ! c\ntry4 ,if we w\ld h good crops we mu/ h prop] ra9falls2 )\t =e/s ! ra9 w\ld d great] & great] injury & less & less good4 ,we ought to d all 9 our p[] to help pres]ve our =e/s1 & z f> z we c to increase ! numb] ( trees4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,mat*es4 ,?omas6 ,?omas6 ,! fire is out6 ,get "r up & g ov] to neighbor ,wallace's & borr[ "s fire4 ,x 0 a cold morn+1 eight degrees bel[ z]o1 & ,mr4 ,wallace liv$ ?ree-qu>t]s ( a mile away4 ,! sun w\ld n rise = two h\rs2 b1 :5 "m call$1 ! boys in/antly obey$4 ,?omas hurri$ly dress$1 snat*$ a %ovel :i* 0 /&+ by ! he>?1 & ha/ily %utt+ ! outside door1 ran z fa/ z he c\ld to ! ne>e/ neighbor's4 ,( c\rse he hurri$1 = 0 n "m all dress$ & n a bit ( fire 9 ! h\se8 ,! fire mu/ h di$ d[n too mu* ! ev5+ be=e2 & al?\gh ! coals _h be5 c>efully cov]$ ) a%es be=e fa!r & "m w5t to b$1 "m c\ld n f9d a t9y sp>k any:]e "u ! a%es 9 ! morn+4 ,?omas kept up 8 run until he 0 tir$1 & !n fell into a brisk walk4 ,:5 he rea*$ neighbor ,wallace's1 he 0 glad to w>m 8 numb$ f+]s ov] ! rag+ fire 9 ! fireplace4 ,b he knew t he mu/ n /op long1 s he /at$ 8 err&1 & ,mrs4 ,wallace plac$ "s live coals on 8 %ovel & ?or\ghly cov]$ !m ) a%es4 ,?omas re/$ a mom5t long] & !n ha/5$ home2 = if ^? coals %\ld be out :5 he rea*$ ! h\se he w\ld h to make ! trip ov] aga94 ,?is disa/] did n befall him1 h[ev]1 & soon 8 "m _h plac$ ! coals on ! he>? & _h laid ^u !m a few %av+s4 ,^! k9dl$ at once2 small /icks 7 soon ablaze1 & 9 a v %ort "t ! fire 0 burn+ z vigor\sly z ! neighbor's _h be54 ,illu/ration3 ,,?omas ,,c>ry+ ,,fire4 ,! boys ( two c5turies ago fully realiz$ :at x meant to h ! fire g out4 ,p]haps ! ne>e/ neighbors 7 n always s f> di/ant1 b x 0 no pleasant task to be s5t = coals any di/ance on a w9t] morn+4 ,if1 h[ev]1 no neighbors 7 ne> & coals c\ld n be borr[$1 h[ "u circum/ances l ^! c\ld a new fire be k9dl$8 ,if we want$ a fire n[adays we might say1 ,/rike a light1 because we %\ld obta9 ! light by /rik+ a mat*2 b1 be=e mat*es 7 inv5t$1 ! expression us$ w\ld probably h be51 ,rub a light4 ,an e>ly me?od ( produc+ a light1 & f ?is a fire1 0 by rubb+ two /icks toge!r4 ,if ?is process be cont9u$ long en\gh ! wood w become heat$ & sp>ks w fly (f4 ,!n1 9 ord] to />t ! fire1 x is only necess>y to cat* "o ( ^! sp>ks ^u some?+ t w burn easily4 ,?is me?od 0 us$ ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1 & is /ill common among ! savages 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! globe4 ,?is seems simple en\gh1 b if y try x y w f9d t x is no easy task4 ,x requires consid]able muscul> p[] to rub a light f two /icks ( wood1 & almo/ any o!r process is pref]able4 ,! mo/ important ?+ 9 ?is me?od ( k9dl+ a fire is ! rapidity ) :i* ! /icks are rubb$ toge!r4 ,"s "o ( ! savages m ke5 ?an ! o!rs conceiv$ ! idea t he c\ld save labor & at ! same "t increase ! rapidity ) :i* ! /ick mov$4 ,he took 8 b[ & twi/$ ! cord once ar\nd a /ick4 ,!n he plac$ "o end on a piece ( wood1 & by mov+ ! b[ back & =? twi/$ ! /ick ) great rapidity4 ,soon ! %av+s :i* he _h plac$ at ! po9t ( contact 7 ablaze4 ,little by little ?is drill 0 improv$1 & n[ among "s ( ! ,am]ican ,indians x furni%es a comp>atively easy way ( k9dl+ a fire4 ,illu/ration3 ,,t9d] ,,box1 ,,fl9t1 ,,& ,,mat*es4 ,mo/ *ildr5 h se5 a sp>k caus$ by ! %oe ( a horse /rik+ a /one 9 ! road4 ,sometimes if "o /one /rikes ano!r a sp>k is produc$4 ,all ?is 0 p]ceiv$ ev5 9 ! e>lie/ times1 & ! be/ sub/ances to be us$ became well kn[n4 ,! /one call$ fl9t 0 f\nd to be ! be/ = "o ( ! two sub/ances1 & /eel is usually pref]r$ = ! o!r4 ,:5 /eel & fl9t /rike ea* o!r1 if a sp>k falls ^u "s vegetable matt] a fire is soon k9dl$4 ,p]haps ! mo/ common sub/ance us$ to cat* ! sp>k 0 t\*wood1 a s(t1 decay$ wood c>efully brok5 into small fragm5ts4 ,aft] a "t1 9 place ( ! t\*wood1 t9d] 0 us$1 :i* 0 made by scor*+ old l95 h&k]*iefs4 ,lat] ! t9d] box 0 inv5t$1 9 :i* a /eel :eel 0 spun l a top ^u a piece ( fl9t set 9 t9d]4 ,aft] ! discov]y ( gunp[d]1 fl9t & /eel 7 us$ 9 guns4 ,a hamm] ( fl9t /ruck an anvil ( /eel1 & ! sp>k produc$ fell into a pan ( gunp[d]1 caus+ ! fla% :i* fir$ ! gun4 ,be=e ! ,am]ican ,revolution1 & ev5 into ! pres5t c5tury1 ! process ( k9dl+ a fire 0 n a simple "o4 ,! mo/ frequ5t means employ$1 z has be5 se51 0 ! borr[+ ( coals f a neighbor4 ,less (t51 rec\rse 0 _h to ! long & difficult process ( rubb+ a sp>k f two pieces ( wood4 ,sometimes1 among ! well-to-d1 ! t9d] box 0 us$2 b x 0 seldom satisfactory4 ,= ^! reasons ! fire 0 always mo/ c>efully wat*$2 e precaution 0 tak5 to prev5t x f go+ out4 ,seldom c\ld ! h\se be left by ! :ole family = any l5g? ( "t1 & all because ( ! lack ( a mat*4 ,mat*es are a result ( ! /udy ( *emi/ry4 ,dur+ ! ,d>k ,ages a few s*ol>s 7 int]e/$ 9 :at !y call$ al*emy2 b !y sp5t mo/ ( _! "t & ?\ght 9 try+ to discov] two ?+s--h[ to *ange iron into gold1 & h[ to keep !mselves et]nally "y4 ,ab\t two hundr$ ye>s ago ^! two fooli% desires came to be consid]$ unpractical1 & s9ce !n *emi/s h be5 con/antly seek+ to discov] ways ( b5efit+ mank9d4 ,= _m ye>s /ud5ts 9 diff]5t c\ntries tri$ to f9d c]ta9 *emicals t c\ld be s comb9$ z to r5d] ! t9d] box unnecess>y4 ,sev]al ( ^! attempts to make a light seem$ successful1 b mo/ ( !m 7 dang]\s & all 7 exp5sive4 ,an acc\nt ( "o ( ^! trials may be ( int]e/4 ,ab\t sev5ty ye>s ago a "y man nam$ ,lauria1 9 ,lyons1 ,france1 wat*$ 8 pr(essor p\nd "s sulphur & *lorate ( pota% toge!r4 ,! result+ fla% & %>p crack set him ?9k+1 & he w5t home & began to exp]im5t4 ,he _h a few /icks ( p9e wood :i* _h be5 p>tly dipp$ 9 sulphur1 & a few glass tubes1 & he obta9$ m sulphur & "s *lorate4 ,he tri$ melt+ & mix+1 only to meet ) _m accid5ts4 ,f9ally he dipp$ ! end ( "o ( ! /icks into sulphur & !n into ! *lorate4 ,he obs]v$ t "s ( ! *lorate rema9$ on ! /ick4 ,!n he rubb$ ?is prep>$ end on ! wall :]e !re happ5$ to be a little phosphorus2 ! /ick imm$iately blaz$4 ,he _h discov]$ = himself ! pr9ciple ( ! mat*2 all he ne$$ besides 0 some?+ :i* w\ld make ! *lorate always /ick to ! sulphur$ wood4 ,h[ev]1 ?is mat* 0 n satisfactory & 0 nev] manufactur$ = sale4 ,phosphorus 0 dang]\s1 & x 0 n safe to h x spread ^u a wall or any o!r surface4 ,! fir/ mat*es ( practical use 7 made 9 #ahcc1 & 7 inv5t$ by six diff]5t m5 9 six diff]5t c\ntries4 ,^! 7 ! orig9al ,lucif] mat*es1 :i* did n require ! use ( phosphorus4 ,!y 7 made ( ?9 /icks ( wood p>tly cov]$ ) sulphur4 ,! ends ( ^! /icks 7 !n dipp$ into a comp\nd ( *lorate ( pota%1 sulphite ( antimony1 & gum4 ,:5 us$ ^! mat*es 7 drawn ?r\gh a b5t piece ( s&pap]4 ,!y 7 co/ly1 frequ5tly sell+ = a c5t apiece4 ,a few ye>s lat] a fam\s *emi/ discov]$ ! r$ =m ( phosphorus1 :i* is n dang]\s to h&le4 ,s9ce t "t mo/ mat*es h conta9$ ?is sub/ance 9 ! mixture1 al?\gh dur+ ! la/ half c5tury hundr$s ( diff]5t comb9ations h be5 inv5t$4 ,to-day h>dly any article is manufactur$ t is s common & inexp5sive z ! mat*4 ,)\t x we %\ld feel almo/ lo/1 & surely x w\ld seem to u t ! ,d>k ,ages _h return$4 ,we are told t ! inhabitants ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates use on an av]age m ?an a ?\s& mat*es a ye> ea*4 ,!re are m ?an =ty manufactories 9 ?is c\ntry1 mo/ ( !m be+ 9 ,cali=nia1 ,connecticut1 ,new ,york1 & ,p5nsylvania1 yet ! entire bus9ess is pr9cipally controll$ by "o great company4 ,dur+ ! la/ two hundr$ ye>s *imneys h be5 improv$1 /oves h be5 inv5t$ & develop$1 coal has be5 discov]$1 & mat*es h come into univ]sal use4 ,! log cab9s ( our ance/ors h be5 replac$ by ! well-built h\ses ( to-day4 ,! mammo? fireplaces1 s5d+ mu* heat up ! *imney & mu* smoke into ! room1 h giv5 way to ! /oves & furnaces t r5d] life com=table4 ,no long] is x necess>y to freeze our backs :ile roa/+ our faces4 ,cranes1 pot-hooks & trammels1 & ,dut* ov5s are *iefly to be se5 9 museums1 & ! kit*5 range saves ! cook mu* ne$less labor4 ,n[adays we seldom f9d ! fires out on a w9t]'s morn+ & ! wat] froz5 9 ! pit*]4 ,in/ead ( ha/5+ ?r\gh ! cold & ! sn[ to a neighbor to borr[ fire1 we simply /rike a mat*4 ,we all ( u live 9 com=t t w\ld h seem$ luxury to ! weal?ie/ families two c5turies ago4 ,c we look =w>d to ! *anges t may come 9 ! future 9 ! me?ods ( heat+ our h\ses & cook+ our food8 ,already railroad c>s are be+ heat$ by /eam f ! eng9es & electric c>s are heat$ by electricity4 ,already oil /oves & gas /oves h come into common use & are f\nd to possess _m advantages3 ,no a%es ne$ removal2 ! fire may be />t$ )\t delay2 ! room is less heat$ ?an ) a coal fire2 & ! blaze may be turn$ out :5 no long] ne$$4 ,already 9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry natural gas is l$ by pipes directly f ! wells into h\ses = cook+ & = heat+ purposes4 ,already exp]im5ts 9 heat+ h\ses & cook+ food by means ( electricity are common & to "s ext5t successful4 ,x w\ld seem t ! inv5tions & improvem5ts ( ! next hundr$ ye>s may r5d] ! homes z mu* m com=table ?an ^? ( to-day z ours surpass ^? ( our ance/ors4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?omas ,a4 ,,edison4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m9ot',s ,,l$ge ,,light1 ,,massa*usetts ,,bay4 ,,section ,,ii4--,,light4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,tor*es4 ,wood & coal1 gas & oil1 electricity ev51 aid u 9 our dem& = w>m h\ses4 ,9 w9t] we %\ld suff] greatly 7 x n = our fireplaces1 our /oves1 & our furnaces4 ,! sun !n %9es b a %ort "t e day1 & s5ds u little heat4 ,9 summ] ! great orb ( day rema9s _m h\rs 9 ! heav5s1 & w>ms u ?r\gh & ?r\gh4 ,we h little desire !n = artificial heat2 natural heat is sometimes m ?an suffici5t4 ,! sun %9es ov] all ! _w4 ,8 go+ =? is f ! end ( ! heav51 & 8 circuit unto ! ends ( x3 & !re is no?+ hid f ! heat !re(4 ,! sun does mu* m = u ?an s5d u its heat-rays3 all day long we rejoice 9 ! bright sun%9e4 ,b at night1 :5 ! sun has set1 we ask = artificial light4 ,h[ %all we get x8 ,h[ did our ance/ors obta9 x8 ,we h 9 our day ! electric light2 we c use illum9at+ gas2 k]os5e is easily obta9$2 if necess>y1 we c resort to c&les4 ,yet !re 0 a "t :5 ! electric light _h n be5 discov]$4 ,e>li] /ill1 gas _h n be5 made & k]os5e 0 n kn[n4 ,inde$1 long1 long ago ev5 c&les _h n be5 se5 by m54 ,:at did ! p d = light on a d>k night 9 ^? times8 ,aft] ! sun _h set & night _h settl$ d[n ^u !m1 :at c\ld !y d dur+ ! long w9t] ev5+s )\t "s me?od ( light+ up ! d>kness8 ,illu/ration3 ,,indians ,,travel+ ,,at ,,night4 ,z we look$ to ! ,am]ican ,indians = ! simple/ & rude/ me?ods ( obta9+ heat1 s we c also le>n some?+ f !m ( ! primitive modes ( light+4 ,mu* ( ! "t ! r$ m5 f\nd suffici5t light = all _! wants 9 ! wood fire4 ,!y ne$$ no c&les to read by1 = !y _h no books nor pap]s4 ,!y c>$ = no lamp to dress by2 !y s\ght no illum9ation = halls or *ur*es or !atres4 ,:at little ne$ !y _h = artificial light 0 practically satisfi$ by t :i* came f ! blaz+ logs4 ,if1 h[ev]1 on any special occasion !y wi%$ to light up _! long h\ses m brightly1 ! ,indians us$ pit*-p9e knots4 ,9 case !y 7 travel+ by night & did n c>e to proce$ /eal?ily or secretly1 ^! fagots ( pit* p9e gave !m all ! light !y want$4 ,! light f ^! /icks 0 dim2 x flick]$ s z to hurt ! eyes2 m smoke 0 giv5 out ?an light2 b ! savage 0 fully cont5t4 ,long be=e ! r$ m5 7 kn[n1 h[ev]1 ! burn+ fagot 0 us$ by ! p ( ,europe & ,asia to less5 ! d>kness ( ! night4 ,an int]e/+ /ory is told ( ,hannibal :5 he 0 lead+ ! ,c>?ag9ian army aga9/ ,rome4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 j\rney he m>*$ 8 :ole =ce into a valley :i* 0 entirely surr\nd$ by high m\nta9s v difficult to cross4 ,fabius1 8 ,roman oppon5t1 plac$ 8 own army 9 ! pass & enclos$ ,hannibal 9 ! valley4 ,hannibal 0 app>5tly caught 9 a trap1 b he 0 a %rewd comm&]1 & he quickly devis$ a trick to make ,fabius )draw 8 legions4 ,e>ly 9 ! day he s5t out a l>ge detail f 8 army to ga!r fagots4 ,:at 0 he ab\t to d ) su* great quantities ( p9e knots8 ,9 ! aft]noon1 by ,hannibal's ord]s1 ^! fagots 7 b\nd to ! horns ( ox5 :i* _h be5 driv5 along dur+ ! m>* = food = ! army4 ,at nightfall ! fagots 7 light$ & ! ox5 7 driv5 directly up ! /eep side ( "o ( ! m\nta9s4 ,fabius naturally suppos$ t ! lights mov+ up ! m\nta9-side mu/ be c>ri$ by soldi]s1 & he ?\ght t ,hannibal & all 8 army 7 try+ to escape 9 t direction4 ,accord+ly he quickly )drew 8 troops f ! pass 9 ord] to attack ! enemy :5 !y came d[n ! opposite side ( ! m\nta94 ,hannibal !n quietly m>*$ 8 army ?r\gh ! pass1 meet+ ) no opposition4 ,long1 long c5turies be=e ,hannibal ! tor* 0 kn[n4 ,9 t /range /ory ( ,gideon & 8 ?ree hundr$ m5 :o ov]came ! ,midianites1 ! tor* or lamp 0 "o ( ! weapons us$4 ,! va/ ho/ ( ! ,midianites1 fe>+ no ho/ile attack1 0 spread ov] a great valley4 ,gideon plac$ 8 little b& ( m5 on ! hills ar\nd ! enemy's camp1 ea* man at a consid]able di/ance f ! next1 s t !y made a l9e ne>ly surr\nd+ ! entire valley4 ,e man _h a trumpet 9 "o h&1 & a lamp or tor* cov]$ by an upturn$ pit*] 9 ! o!r4 ,?is arrangem5t ( ! lamp & ! pit*] all[$ a little light to be ?r[n ^u ! gr\nd directly b5ea?4 ,! m5 c\ld ?us avoid /epp+ ^u dry /icks & mak+ a noise :i* might al>m ! gu>ds ar\nd ! camp ( ! ,midianites4 ,at ! same "t ! light 0 conceal$ f ! eyes ( _! enemies4 ,:5 all 0 ready a %\t 0 rais$1 ,! sword ( ! ,"l & ( ,gideon6 & ! pit*]s 7 ?r[n ) a great cra% ^u ! gr\nd4 ,! sudd5 noise ( voices & ( ! break+ pit*]s awoke ! ,midianites f a deep sleep2 ! trumpets & ! %\ts turn$ _! eyes to ! hills4 ,all along ! l9e ( ! ?ree hundr$ m5 spread out 9 a circle ar\nd !m blaz$ ! ?ree hundr$ tor*es4 ,z x 0 ! cu/om 9 ^? days to h a tor* or a lamp indicate ! headqu>t]s ( a g5]al1 ! ,midianites 9 _! sudd5 t]ror naturally ?\ght t an imm5se army 0 surr\nd+ !m4 ,!y imag9$ t ,gideon _h hir$ va/ =ces f ,egypt & else:]e1 = !y suppos$ t ea* ( ! sev]al hundr$ tor*es indicat$ a g5]al ) all 8 foll[]s4 ,_! only ?\ght1 !re=e1 0 to flee z quickly z possible4 ,!y ran aga9/ ea* o!r1 &1 unable 9 ! d>kness to di/+ui% fri5d f foe1 !y kill$ _! own m54 ,! entire army ( "o hundr$ & ?irty-five ?\s& m5 p]i%$4 ,x is n c]ta9 :e!r ! lights :i* 7 cov]$ by ! pit*]s came f lamps or tor*es4 ,gideon liv$ ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago1 & at t "t bo? tor*es & lamps 7 us$4 ,he 0 a g5]al ( ! ,israelites1 & !y c]ta9ly _h lamps :5 9 ,egypt _m ye>s be=e ! "t ( ,gideon4 ,lamps 7 also us$ by ! ,greeks & ! ,romans4 ,! lamp ( ^! anci5t times 0 m]ely a small vessel l a mod]n cup or b[l1 usually hav+ a h&le4 ,?is 0 fill$ ) oil1 g5]ally olive1 or sometimes only ) grease4 ,9 ?is cup 0 plac$ a small piece ( clo? hang+ ov] ! side1 :i* :5 light$ s]v$ z a wick4 ,x 0 ! simple/ arrangem5t possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,,anci5t ,,lamps4 ,! pit*-p9e knot & ! cup ( grease h be5 m or less us$ s9ce ^! e>ly times4 ,:5 our ance/ors came to ?is c\ntry _! h\ses 7 g5]ally light$ by c&les4 ,9 _m cases1 h[ev]1 ! light f ! fireplace 0 all t 0 us$ except on r>e occasions4 ,! settl]s :o gradually mov$ we/w>d to take up new l&s reta9$ ne>ly all ! inconv5i5t me?ods ( ! e>li] coloni/s4 ,9 ! new] settlem5ts ( ! ,ohio & ,mississippi valleys & on ! great ,we/]n pla9s ! logs on ! he>? 7 frequ5tly ! only means = light+ ! h\se dur+ ! ev5+s4 ,on ,knob ,creek1 9 ! new ,/ate ( ,k5tucky1 a little s*ool 0 kept ne>ly eighty-five ye>s ago4 ,among ! pupils 0 a small boy n sev5 ye>s ( age4 ,"o ( 8 s*oolmates aft]w>d said ( him t he 0 an unusually bright boy at s*ool1 & made spl5did progress 9 8 /udies4 ,he w\ld get spice-wood bru%es1 hack !m up on a log1 & burn two or ?ree toge!r = ! purpose ( giv+ light by :i* he might pursue 8 /udies4 ,x does n surprise u to le>n t ?is boy :o ?us 9 8 e>lie/ ye>s %[$ su* eag]ness to le>n z to utilize ! light ( ! kit*5 fire 0 ,abraham ,l9coln1 aft]w>d ! fam\s ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,_m m5 are n[ liv+ :o d n rememb] to h se5 9 _! boyhood days any bett] light ?an ! grease lamp4 ,"o ( ^! primitive lamps 0 easily made4 ,an old button 0 cov]$ ) clo?1 :i* 0 ti$ ) a /r+ close to ! button1 ! edges ( ! clo? hang+ free4 ,?is cov]$ button 0 plac$ ^u l>d 9 a sauc] or o!r simil> vessel1 & a light appli$4 ,! l>d ar\nd ! clo? melt$1 ! button act$ z a wick1 & a rude lamp 0 ! result4 ,! he>? fire1 ! fagot or pit*-p9e knot1 & ! pot ( grease or l>d ) a simple wick 7 ! e>lie/ me?ods ( artificial light+4 ,^!1 ?\gh /ill 9 use 9 newly settl$ communities1 gave place1 9 ! ma91 c5turies ago to ! c&le4 ,z ?is 0 ! fir/ improv$ me?od = light+ h\ses1 *ur*es1 & o!r build+s1 x %\ld next be consid]$4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,c&les4 ,nobody c tell :5 c&les 7 inv5t$4 ,c&le/icks are (t5 spok5 ( 9 ! ,bible1 b ^? d\btless held oil & burn$ a wick :i* hung ov] ! side l ! ,roman lamps ( lat] "t4 ,^! lamps appe> to h be5 us$ by ! ,romans 9 _! wor%ip1 & aft] ! ,*ri/ian religion 0 e/abli%$ at ,rome1 c&les 7 introduc$ into ! ,*ri/ian s]vice4 ,dur+ all ! c5turies s9ce t "t ! c&le has be5 us$ 9 ,ca?olic *ur*es & ca!drals4 ,! ,romans on ! second day ( ,febru>y burn$ c&les to ! goddess ,februa1 ! "m ( ,m>s1 ! ,roman god ( w>1 & ,pope ,s]gius adopt$ ! cu/om & e/abli%$ rites & c]emonies = t day 9 ! (f]+ ( c&les to ! ,virg9 ,m>y4 ,?is 0 call$ ,c&lemas day4 ,! common p suppos$ t ^! c&les w\ld fright5 away ! devil & all evil spirits n only f ! p]sons :o burn$ !m1 b f ! h\ses 9 :i* !y 7 plac$4 ,!re is an anci5t tradition ab\t ,c&lemas day :i* seems to h travel$ all ov] ,europe & f\nd its way into ?is c\ntry2 if ! wea!r is f9e on t day--,febru>y #b;d--x indicates a long w9t] & a late spr+4 ,! ,scot* /ate ! leg5d 9 ?is way3 ,if ,c&lemas day is fair & cle>1 ,!re'll be two w9t]s 9 ! ye>4 ,= sev]al c5turies pa/ c&les h be5 us$ all ov] ! _w = light+ purposes4 ,we h a v>iety ( c&les ev5 9 ^! days1 z !y are n[ made ( tall[1 /e>91 blea*$ wax1 sp]maceti1 & p>aff9e4 ,^? commonly us$ by ! e>ly coloni/s 7 dipp$ c&les1 (t5 r\ghly made at home4 ,= ! wicks a loose1 s(t1 fibr\s sub/ance 0 tak51 g5]ally cotton4 ,^! 7 hung ^u a frame & dipp$ 9 melt$ tall[1 tak5 out1 suff]$ to cool1 & dipp$ aga9 & aga9 until ! requir$ ?ickness 0 obta9$4 ,m\ld$ c&les 7 ca/ 9 a s]ies ( tubes1 ! wicks fir/ be+ adju/$ 9 ! middle ( ! tubes & melt$ tall[ p\r$ 94 ,! be/ c&les 7 made ( wax4 ,^! 7 nei!r dipp$ nor m\ld$4 ,! wicks 7 w>m$1 & melt$ wax p\r$ ov] !m until !y acquir$ ! prop] ?ickness1 !n !y 7 roll$ betwe5 flat pieces ( wet1 h>d wood4 ,x is relat$ ( ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 t :5 a "y man he receiv$ an invitation f ,gov4 ,william ,burnet1 ( ,new ,york1 to call ^u him4 ,! gov]nor 0 delight$ ) 8 conv]sation1 & 0 surpris$ to he> him quote f ,locke on ! ,und]/&+4 ,! gov]nor ask$ him at :at college he _h /udi$ ,locke4 ,:y1 sir1 said ,frankl91 x 0 my mis=tune nev] to be at any college1 or ev5 at a gramm> s*ool1 except = a ye> or two :5 ,i 0 a *ild4 ,"h ! gov]nor sprang f 8 seat1 & />+ at ,b51 cri$ out3 ,well1 & :]e did y get y\r education1 pray8 ,at home1 sir1 9 a tall[-*&l]'s %op4 ,9 a tall[-*&l]'s %op6 exclaim$ ! gov]nor4 ,yes1 sir2 my fa!r 0 a poor old tall[ *&l] ) fifte5 *ildr51 & ,i ! y\nge/ ( all4 ,8 fa!r _h1 lat]1 two o!r *ildr51 bo? girls4 ,at eight he put me to s*ool2 b f9d+ he c\ld n sp>e ! money f ! re/ ( ! *ildr5 to keep me !re1 he took me home into ! %op1 :]e ,i assi/$ him by twi/+ c&lewicks & fill+ ! m\lds all day1 & at night read by myself4 ,s ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 sp5t two ye>s ( 8 life1 betwe5 ! ages ( t5 & twelve1 9 mak+ c&les = ! good p ( ,bo/on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,frankl9 ,,mak+ ,,c&les4 ,! c&les gave b a poor light comp>$ ) ! lights :i* we h to-day4 ,! combu/ion 0 only p>tial1 & !re 0 con/ant tr\ble f ! necessity ( snuff+ ! c&le1 t is1 cutt+ (f ! burnt wick4 ,9 ^? days1 9 e well-regulat$ h\se1 on ! little c5tre-table /ood ! c&le/ick1 & by its side ^u a small tray made = ! purpose c\ld always be f\nd ! snuff]s--a s+ul> in/rum5t1 some?+ l a pair ( scissors1 ) a small semi-circul> pocket 9 :i* to hold ! snuff tak5 f ! c&le4 ,illu/ration3 ,,read+ ,,by ,,c&lelight4 ,let u imag9e an e>ly ,new ,engl& family on a w9t]'s ev5+ sitt+ be=e ! blaz+ fire ( ! op5 fireplace4 ,!y are ga!r$ ar\nd a small table ^u :i* is a solit>y c&le1 giv+ a feeble1 sickly flame4 ,by its light ! "m is sew+ & ! fa!r is read+ f ! ,bible1 ,! ,pilgrim's ,progress1 or x may be ,bacon's ,essays1 or ,locke on ! ,und]/&+4 ,! *ildr5 are li/5+ & try+ to get int]e/$ 9 :at is be+ read to !m1 :ile occasionally "o or ano!r ( !m snuffs ! little c&le4 ,by & by ! c&le burns d[n to ! socket1 & goes out4 ,! "m rises & goes to ! pantry to get ano!r1 b f9ds to h] dismay t %e has us$ h] la/ "o4 ,! family mu/ !re=e see by ! light ( ! fire or retire = ! night1 & to-morr[ ! good wife mu/ dip "s m c&les4 ,:5 ! *ildr5 g to b$ !y h no brightly burn+ lamp to light !m to _! sev]al b$rooms1 b !y climb ! ladd] to ! op51 unf9i%$ l(t ) no light except :at comes to !m f ! emb]s ^u ! he>?4 ,!n ! fa!r cov]s up ! coals ) a great body ( a%es1 hop+ to keep ! fire till morn+4 ,:at a m>k$ contra/ betwe5 ! life ( ^? p & ! cu/oms ( to-day 9 ! same c\ntry & among ! gr&*ildr5 & ! great-gr&*ildr5 ( ^? same pione] settl]s6 ,9 ! colonial days = an ev5+ s]vice ! *ur*es mu/ be light$ ) c&les4 ,occasionally y w f9d ev5 n[ 9 "s anci5t *ur* ! antique c&elabra or *&eli]4 ,sometimes 9 weal?y *ur*es ^! 7 made ( glass1 & 7 ( beautiful con/ruction4 ,9 ! old meet+-h\se ( ! fir/ ,bapti/ *ur* 9 ,provid5ce1 ,rhode ,isl&1 :i* 0 f\nd$ by ,rog] ,williams & o!rs 9 #afci1 !re is "o ( ^! anci5t glass c&elabras4 ,x is ( imm5se proportions1 hang+ f ! ceil+ by a long1 /\t *a91 & arrang$ = a l>ge numb] ( c&les4 ,x has n be5 us$ = _m ye>s1 b x is a beautiful ornam5t & a sugge/ive rem9d] ( ! me?od by :i* our ance/ors light$ _! *ur*es 9 ! e>ly times4 ,9 ^! days ( brilliant electric lights1 h[ small appe>s ! light ( ! anci5t c&les6 ,h we ga9$ 9 k & mann] ( liv+ z greatly z 9 heat+ & light+ our h\ses8 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,:ale ,,oil4 ,no "o kn[s :5 ! :ale fi%]y began4 ,eight hundr$ ye>s ago :ales 7 caught (f ! coa/ ( ,france & ,spa91 & be=e ! ,pilgrim fa!rs l&$ at ,plym\? ! :ale fi%]y _h be5 c>ri$ on to su* an ext5t on ! we/ coa/ ( ,europe t ! supply ( :ales _h begun to fail4 ,! ,am]ican :ale fi%]y began ) ! e>lie/ settl]s4 ,!y f\nd x pr(itable to cat* :ales & try out ! oil = use 9 _! lamps4 ,x has be5 said t "o ( ! argum5ts = settl+ on ,cape ,cod 0 ! pres5ce along ! coa/ ( l>ge :ales ( ! be/ k9d = oil & :alebone4 ,! fir/ :ale fi%]y 9 ,am]ica 0 c>ri$ on f ,cape ,cod1 ,nantucket1 & ,m>?a's ,v9ey>d by l>ge r[boats4 ,a company ( h>dy pione]s w\ld r[ out f ! coa/ into deep wat]1 wait = ! appe>ance ( a :ale1 /rike _! h>poons into 8 side1 & let him run4 ,sometimes x w\ld be days be=e dea? w\ld result4 ,(t5 he w\ld s9k & lat] rise & float ^u ! surface4 ,! fi%]m5 w\ld !n pull him to ! %ore & try out ! oil4 ,_m :ales ?us h>poon$ w\ld be lo/ to ^? :o _h w\nd$ !m4 ,a /ory is told t 9 ! t[n ( ,s\?ampton1 ,long ,isl&1 be=e ! ye> #afej1 ! m5 divid$ !mselves into squads to wat* night & day = :ales t might come a%ore1 & ?is became 9 a few ye>s a regul> indu/ry4 ,aft] a "t :al+ vessels 7 fitt$ up & s5t out = ! capture ( :ales4 ,^! vessels cruis$ 9 all wat]s4 ,!y coa/$ along ,gre5l& & into ! ,arctic ,ocean4 ,!y trav]s$ ! ,s\? ,seas1 & sail$ ^u ! ,pacific ?r\gh all latitudes f ,patagonia to ,b]+ ,sea4 ,great vessels--b>ks1 brigs1 & full-rigg$ %ips--mann$ ) l>ge crews ( /alw>t m51 ) supplies = a ?ree-ye>s' voyage or m1 w\ld leave home = a cruise 9 =eign wat]s aft] ^! mon/]s ( ! deep4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:ale ,,fi%+4 ,:5 ! :ale is kill$ its body is t[$ alongside ! vessel & is made fa/ by ! %ip's *a9s4 ,! fat ( ! :ale is cut into slices1 & ^! slices tak5 9 betwe5 decks4 ,?is cutt+ up--or1 z ! sailors call x1 cutt+ 9--occupies ! entire %ip's company = h\rs4 ,! fat or blubb]1 z !y call x1 is cut into small] cubical pieces1 heat$ 9 a l>ge pot1 & ! oil /ra9$ (f4 ,?is is call$ try+ out4 ,! oil is /or$ 9 casks to be convey$ home4 ,a l>ge :ale w give two or ?ree tons ( blubb]4 ,x is e/imat$ t a ton ( blubb] w yield ne>ly two hundr$ gallons ( oil4 ,sometimes a s+le :ale w produce oil & :alebone to ! value ( #c1jjj or #d1jjj4 ,x w readily be se5 t :ale fi%+ is bo? a labori\s & a dang]\s occupation4 ,! w\nd$ :ale is accu/om$ to /rike viol5tly ) its tail 9 ! endeavor to de/roy its enemies4 ,"h is a true /ory ab\t ! exp]i5ces ( "o family engag$ 9 ! :ale fi%]y4 ,long be=e ! ye> #ahjj & aft] t date = almo/ half a c5tury1 ,new ,b$=d1 ,nantucket1 ,m>?a's ,v9ey>d1 & ,prov9cet[n 9 ,massa*usetts1 ) ,w>r5 & ,bri/ol 9 ,rhode ,isl&1 engag$ v l>gely 9 ?is haz>d\s b pr(itable bus9ess4 ,9 "o ( ^! t[ns an indu/ri\s & ent]pris+ man ( m ?an ord9>y ability foll[$ ?is occupation = half a c5tury & amass$ a small =tune4 ,he _h sev]al sons4 ,:5 ! olde/ grew to manhood he v naturally foll[$ 9 ! foot/eps ( 8 fa!r4 ,he w5t to sea on a :al+ vessel & 0 lo/ dur+ 8 fir/ voyage4 ,! second son %ipp$ on a :al]4 ,9 ! ,arctic wat]s he 0 "o day pursu+ a :ale t _h already be5 w\nd$1 r[+ ) all 8 might4 ,! :ale 9 8 ang] /ruck at ! boat ) 8 huge tail1 hit ! o> ) :i* ! "y man 0 r[+1 & drove ! end ( x into 8 m\?1 break+ ! bones & cru%+ 9 ! v int]ior4 ,/ill ! "y man liv$4 ,he 0 t5d]ly c>$ = by 8 %ipmates1 & f9ally rea*$ home4 ,!n he 0 turn$ ov] to ! doctors4 ,skillful surg]y suppli$ him ) a false l[] jaw1 a gold ro( to 8 m\?1 & a false palate4 ,he liv$ _m ye>s & 0 a successful bus9ess man4 ,_h y met him on ! /reet he w\ld h talk$ ) y l any o!r man1 & y w\ld h obs]v$ no?+ unusual except ! sc>s ( two cuts on ! upp] lip4 ,! ?ird son :5 eighte5 ye>s ( age also left home on a :al+ voyage4 ,at ! end ( ?ree ye>s 8 %ip return$ ) a full c>go ( excell5t oil4 ,! heavily freight$ vessel an*or$ 9 ! bay1 & ! capta9 w5t up to ! t[n 9 a r[boat to ann\nce 8 arrival1 & to tell ! p ( ! success ( ! voyage & t all 7 well on bo>d4 ,j z ! capta9 0 leav+ = ! %ore "s "y m5 9 ! crew1 wi%+ to celebrate _! safe return1 propos$ fir+ ! %ip's swivel-gun4 ,z ! capta9 />t$ ov] ! side ( ! vessel he caution$ !m1 say+ t ! gun 0 ru/y & t x w\ld n be safe to fire x4 ,b x 0 our "y fri5d's bir?day4 ,he w\ld risk ! old gun4 ,!y ran x out on deck1 load$ x up1 & t\*$ x (f4 ,!re 0 a t]rific explosion4 ,! gun bur/ & blew (f bo? h&s ( ! "y man :o 0 celebrat+ 8 bir?day4 ,ano!r boat 0 pu%$ (f = ! %ore & c>ri$ ! w\nd$ man to 8 home4 ,no?+ c\ld save 8 h&s2 !y 7 bo? amputat$ at ! wri/s4 ,?r\gh a long life he wore wood5 h&s cov]$ ) kid gloves4 ,he 0 accu/om$ frequ5tly to m\rn t he _h n at lea/ "o ?umb4 ,if he c\ld h _h a s+le ?umb he c\ld h done _m ?+s4 ,0 x n ,em]son :o said t ! ?umb is ! symbol ( civilization8 ,man c\ld nev] h atta9$ 8 pres5t position )\t a ?umb4 ,= _m ye>s ?is man1 ?us maim$ = life1 kept a /ore & sold groc]ies & %ip supplies4 ,a visitor "o day saw him weigh out = a lady cu/om] a qu>t] ( a p\nd ( pepp]4 ,x 0 at ! noon h\r1 :5 ! cl]ks 7 all away at d9n]4 ,! cu/om] came & ask$ = a qu>t] ( a p\nd ( pepp]4 ,! /orekeep] pull$ out ! draw]1 plac$ x on ! c\nt]1 put a piece ( pap] 9 ! hopp]1 adju/$ ! scale to ! qu>t] p\nd1 slipp$ "o ( 8 wood5 f+]s ?r\gh ! h&le ( ! little t9 scoop1 & scatt]$ ! pepp] ^u ! pap] until ! full weight 0 made4 ,he !n return$ ! draw] to its place1 took (f ! hopp] & laid x ^u ! c\nt]1 pull$ out ! pap] & ! pepp]1 d\bl$ ! pap] ov] on "o side & back f ! o!r side1 d\bl$ ov] "o end & !n ! o!r1 pick$ x up betwe5 8 two wood5 h&s1 & h&$ x to ! cu/om]4 ,%e plac$ ! money on ! back ( 8 h&4 ,) ! o!r h& he pull$ op5 ! money draw] & toss$ ! money 94 ,) bo? h&s he took (f 8 hat1 pick$ up ! *ange ) 8 lips1 plac$ ! *ange ^u ! back ( 8 h&1 & pass$ x to ! lady4 ,?ree un=tunate exp]i5ces 9 "o family w\ld seem to h be5 en\gh1 s ! next son nev] w5t to sea4 ,we may n[ ask :at 0 ! object ( all ?is :ale fi%]y8 ,man _h made a new inv5tion4 ,he _h n only discov]$ ! value ( :ale oil z a mat]ial = furni%+ artificial light1 he _h also inv5t$ ! mod]n lamp4 ,9 ! c&le ! burn+ mat]ial1 :e!r tall[ or some?+ else1 is solidifi$ ar\nd ! wick4 ,! heat f ! burn+ wick melts ! tall[ & ! combu/ion gives light4 ,9 ! mod]n lamp ! simple device ( a tube or two tubes to hold ! wick is all t is ne$$ ov] & above ^? us$ 9 anci5t times4 ,t9 tubes are plac$ 9 ! top ( ! lamp & ! wicks run up ?r\gh ! tubes4 ,! lamp !n be+ fill$ ) oil1 capill>y attraction w br+ ! oil up to ! top ( ! wick4 ,! lamp :5 light$ w burn until ! supply ( oil is exhau/$4 ,! inv5tion ( ?is mod]n lamp1 ?\gh v simple1 has be5 ( great value4 ,at fir/ x 0 made ( metal--lead1 block t91 ,britannia1 brass--& f9ally ( glass4 ,lamps ( v>i\s patt]ns & diff]5t sizes became common4 ,= a long :ile v little *ange 0 made 9 ?is new mode ( obta9+ light4 ,?is me?od cont9u$ 9 common use until ab\t ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,k]os5e4 ,x 0 a long /ep f ! smoky & ill-smell+ :ale-oil lamp to ! cle> & brilliant k]os5e burn]4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! be/ illum9ation is furni%$ by gas & electricity1 b 9 ! c\ntry & to a l>ge ext5t 9 ! cities ! k]os5e lamp is /ill 9 common use1 & d\btless w rema9 s = a long "t to come4 ,?is lamp ) its rec5t important improvem5ts is ma9ly ( ,am]ican orig9 & developm5t4 ,k]os5e = light+ purposes has "s advantages ov] gas or electricity4 ,! light produc$ f x is /eady2 !re=e x is less h>mful to ! eyes ?an ! flick]+ light ( illum9at+ gas1 & ev5 bett] ?an ! electric light4 ,x is f> *eap] ?an ei!r4 ,x has a ?ird advantage1 s9ce x c be us$ 9 a h& lamp :i* c be c>ri$ f place to place4 ,a l>ge portion ( our population consid] x s valuable t !y w\ld r give up ! gaslight altoge!r1 or inde$ ! electric light1 ?an be oblig$ to lose ! k]os5e lamp4 ,k]os5e is a =m ( petroleum :i* is obta9$ f ! e>? by deep wells4 ,x is only )9 ! la/ fifty ye>s t ?is oil has be5 pump$ 9 suffici5t quantities to make x a valuable indu/ry1 ?\gh petroleum 0 obta9$ "h & !re 9 small quantities f> back 9 ! e>ly ages4 ,x seems a little s+ul> t ! p ( ,japan & ,p]sia %\ld h dug oil wells c5turies ago4 ,h]odotus1 :o wrote hi/ory five hundr$ ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 tells u ( ! spr+s ( ,zante1 "o ( ! ,ionian ,isl&s 9 ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea1 f :i* oil fl[$4 ,x is said t ^! spr+s are /ill fl[+4 ,*9a seems to h be5 ! fir/ c\ntry to draw oil f artesian wells4 ,we pr\d ,am]icans are accu/om$ to ?9k ourselves a little ahead ( all o!r p4 ,:5 an ,am]ican boy 9 ,san ,francisco1 = in/ance1 meets a ,*9ese lad1 he is q apt to look d[n ^u him & to ?9k t ?is little ,*9ese boy came f a c\ntry h>dly civiliz$ & c]ta9ly f> beh9d ! univ]sal ,yankee nation2 yet we are con/antly f9d+ traces ( a civilization 9 ,*9a mu* e>li] ?an our own4 ,! fir/ successful oil well 9 ?is c\ntry 0 made by ,col4 ,e4 ,l4 ,drake1 ne> ,titusville1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,9 #ahed ! ,p5nsylvania ,rock-,oil ,company 0 organiz$ = ! purpose ( procur+ petroleum 9 ,oil ,creek4 ,f\r ye>s lat] ?is company employ$ ,colonel ,drake to drill an artesian well4 ,on ! #bi? ( ,augu/1 #ahei1 he /ruck oil only sixty-n9e feet bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,! next day ?is well 0 f\nd to be ne>ly full ( petroleum4 ,oil is n[ f\nd 9 l>ge quantities 9 v>i\s sections ( ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,york1 ,indiana1 & ,k5tucky1 & x has rec5tly be5 discov]$ 9 ,cali=nia1 ,wyom+1 ,colorado1 & o!r portions ( our l&4 ,! l>ge/ "p ( ! oil us$ 9 comm]ce is f ,p5nsylvania4 ,at ! pres5t "t m ?an fifty million b>rels ( petroleum are produc$ annually 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates alone1 :i* is m ?an half ( ! entire product ( ! _w4 ,a s+le well has be5 kn[n to yield =ty ?\s& gallons a day1 fl[+ freely )\t ! slighte/ use ( pump+ app>atus4 ,! product ( ^! wells aft] a "t greatly dim9i%es & sometimes ceases altoge!r4 ,9 su* cases x is cu/om>y to explode torp$oes at ! bottom ( ! well4 ,?is is done by plac+ !re sev]al gallons ( nitroglyc]9e ) a fulm9at+ cap on top4 ,?is cap is explod$ by dropp+ a piece ( iron ^u x4 ,! explosion op5s ! seams & crevices ar\nd ! bottom ( ! well s z to r5ew ! fl[ ( oil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,oil ,,wells4 ,x is n[ ab\t =ty ye>s s9ce ! fir/ introduction ( k]os5e z an article ( comm]ce4 ,to-day x is 9 almo/ univ]sal use ?r\gh\t ! civiliz$ _w4 ,x gives a conv5i5t light at a mod]ate exp5se1 & has !re=e prov$ a great bless+ to mank9d4 ,meantime ! :ale fi%]y has l>gely dim9i%$2 inde$1 x w\ld seem to be almo/ de/roy$4 ,! reasons = ?is are n difficult to f9d4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! numb] ( :ales is mu* less ?an =m]ly1 s t ?is bus9ess is f> less pr(itable ?an x us$ to be4 ,9 ! second place1 ! rapid developm5t ( ! k]os5e indu/ry has s *eap5$ ! product t p _c af=d to light _! h\ses ) :ale oil1 especially z !y f9d ! k]os5e n only *eap]1 b m conv5i5t & satisfactory4 ,common :ale oil previ\s to #ahej _h be5 furni%$ at an av]age co/ ( p]haps fifty c5ts a gallon1 :ile ! sp]m oil1 :i* is ( sup]ior quality1 co/ z mu* z "o doll> a gallon4 ,! p ( ! :ole c\ntry ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s fe$ _! lamps to-day ) k]os5e at a co/ ( f eight c5ts to twelve c5ts a gallon4 ,a few p]sons h made great =tunes f ! oil wells4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x %\ld n be =gott5 t ! mod]n processes ( purify+ k]os5e c\ld n h be5 put 9 op]ation )\t ! aid ( l>ge =tunes4 ,a *eap & satisfactory light has be5 furni%$ to all ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates only by means ( ! great capital employ$ 9 its production4 ,s y see civilization is progress+1 & we are all enjoy+ m bless+s & conv5i5ces ?an our fa!rs _h4 ,9 ! e>li] times e "o _h to labor dilig5tly to secure food1 clo?+1 & %elt]4 ,z civilization advances ^! require less "t & exp5se1 & we h great] opportunities to att5d to ! developm5t ( our high] natures1 ! acquisition ( k1 ! pursuit ( sci5ce1 & ! elevation ( ! race4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,illum9at+ ,,gas4 ,?us f> our v>i\s me?ods ( artificial light+ h be5 v simple4 ,at fir/ m5 burn$ ! pit* f ! p9e1 & x produc$ a flame2 !n !y burn$ olive oil ?r\gh a wick1 & x gave =? a flame4 ,! tall[ 9 ! c&le 0 burn$ ?r\gh a wick1 & x made a light2 ! :ale oil 9 ! lamp 0 burn$ by means ( a wick1 & a light 0 ! result4 ,9 ! same way ref9$ petroleum1 :i* we call k]os5e1 0 burn$ by means ( a wick1 & t gave a /rong light4 ,^! me?ods ( light+ 7 all v simil>4 ,we come n[ to a real inv5tion4 ,:at w\ld a boy ( ! ye> #ahjj1 c\ld he return to ! e>?1 say to see y /rike a mat*1 turn a /opcock1 & light ! gas z y d to-day8 ,he has nev] se5 a mat*4 ,he is j z ignorant ( a /opcock1 & surely x w\ld be difficult = him to und]/& ! burn+ ( ! gas4 ,_m ?+s w\ld ne$ to be expla9$ to ?is boy ( a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,he mu/ be told all ab\t ! production ( illum9at+ gas1 ! /or+ ( t gas "u pressure1 ! transportation ( x to ! place :]e ! light is want$1 & ! prop] app>atus = turn+ x on1 sett+ x on fire1 & regulat+ its pressure s z to produce a /eady1 uni=m light4 ,be=e ! ye> #agjj ,dr4 ,john ,clayton1 an ,engli%man1 prep>$ gas f bitum9\s coal1 collect$ x1 & burn$ x = ! amusem5t ( 8 fri5ds4 ,an ,engli% bi%op 9 #agfg %[$ h[ gas c\ld be produc$ f coal & h[ x might be convey$ 9 tubes4 ,^! 7 ! fir/ two /eps t[>d our pres5t almo/ univ]sal illum9ation by gas3 mak+ gas & convey+ x 9 tubes4 ,! real inv5tor ( practical gas-light+ 0 ,william ,murdo*1 ( ,cornwall1 ,engl&1 :o sometime be=e ! ye> #ahjj c>ri$ pipes ?r\gh 8 h\se & (fice1 & light$ ! v>i\s rooms ) gas :i* he _h made f coal4 ,inde$1 ,murdo* did m ?an ?is3 he light$ ) 8 new gas a small /eam c>riage 9 :i* he rode to & f 8 m9es4 ,9 #ahjb he fir/ publicly exhibit$ ?is gas-light+ 9 ,ayr%ire1 ,scotl&1 & %[$ two imm5se flames f coal gas4 ,nor did he /op "h1 = 9 #ahje he succe$$ 9 light+ "s cotton mills by ! same me?od4 ,9 our c\ntry v>i\s exp]im5ts 7 made1 b )\t any practical result until #ahba1 :5 illum9at+ gas 0 successfully manufactur$ & us$ 9 ,baltimore4 ,9 #ahbg ! ,new ,york ,gaslight ,company introduc$ ?is new me?od into _m h\ses & sold ! gas to ! p = light+ purposes4 ,t 0 ov] sev5ty ye>s ago4 ,:at a *ange has be5 made )9 ^! sev5ty ye>s6 ,9 cities & l>ge t[ns almo/ e new h\se is pip$ = gas4 ,gas companies are =m$ = supply+ ?is illum9at+ product to ! inhabitants4 ,gas met]s h be5 p]fect$ :i* measure ! quantity ( gas1 s t "o pays = no m ?an he uses4 ,moreov]1 ! t[ns & cities put up /reet lights :i* burn ?is same gas 9 ! night1 mak+ x easy1 conv5i5t1 & safe to trav]se ! /reets at any h\r4 ,bitum9\s or s(t coal is us$ 9 ! manufacture ( illum9at+ gas1 z an?racite conta9s less ( ! ne$$ mat]ials4 ,gases are easily driv5 (f f bitum9\s coal :5ev] x is heat$1 if air is kept f x4 ,at ! works1 !re=e1 ! coal is plac$ 9 l>ge clos$ ov5s1 call$ retorts4 ,^! are directly ov] furnace fires1 :i* are kept vigor\sly burn+4 ,! gases pass out ( ! coal &1 ris+1 ent] a s]ies ( long pipes4 ,! coal :i* is left 9 ! retorts is call$ coke4 ,?is process is call$ di/illation4 ,_m sub/ances pass (f ) ! gas1 f :i* x mu/ be clean$4 ,t> & ammonia become liquids :5 cool$1 & are left beh9d z ! gas passes ?r\gh cold wat]4 ,! s]ies ( iron pipes 9 :i* ?is process is c>ri$ on is call$ ! cond5s]4 ,!n ! gas is c>ri$ ?r\gh ! purifi]1 9 :i* all o!r impurities are remov$4 ,:5 ?or\ghly purifi$ ! gas passes into ! gasomet]4 ,?is usually consi/s ( two r\nd iron cyl9d]s ( ne>ly ! same size1 "o inside ( ! o!r4 ,! outside cyl9d] has no ro(2 ! inside has no floor4 ,! sides ( ! inn] "o g d[n into a tr5* fill$ ) wat]4 ,its top is held up by ! gas1 :i* comes into x f ! purifi]4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,gasomet]4 ,! ro( ( ! inn] cyl9d] presses d[n heavily ^u ! gas1 pu%+ x into ! l>ge ma9 pipes1 :i* run f ! gasomet] ?r\gh ! pr9cipal /reets4 ,small] ma9s connect ) ^! & ! gas is pu%$ into ! s]vice pipes1 :i* ent] ! h\ses4 ,:5 a /opcock is op5$ 9 any h\se ! pressure ( ! gasomet] pu%es ! gas ?r\gh1 x may be1 miles ( pipes1 & out ?r\gh ! burn]1 :]e x may be light$4 ,_m h\ses h a simple electric-light+ atta*m5t1 s t by m]ely turn+ a /opcock ! gas is turn$ on & by pull+ a *a9 an electric sp>k sets ! gas on fire1 flood+ ! room ) light4 ,)9 a few ye>s illum9at+ gas has greatly dim9i%$ 9 price4 ,x co/s a little m ?an k]os5e1 b x is m conv5i5t 9 _m ways4 ,! dang] ( c>ry+ lamps f room to room is avoid$1 z well z ! disagreeable task ( fill+ !m4 ,/ill ! gas flame is less /eady ?an t ( ! k]os5e lamp1 & is !re=e less s]viceable = read+4 ,= ! poor man ! k]os5e light is a great bless+1 :ile = all :o c af=d ! extra co/ ! gaslight is a great] conv5i5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,electric ,,light+4 ,! electric light diff]s widely f all modes ( artificial light previ\sly inv5t$4 ,x is ! late/ me?od t man has discov]$ = ! production ( light4 ,9 its practical =m ?is inv5tion is q rec5t4 ,9 ,engl& ! arc light 0 produc$ 9 lecture-room exp]im5ts z e>ly z #ahjb4 ,pr(4 ,mi*ael ,f>aday1 a le>n$ ,engli%man & celebrat$ *emi/1 exp]im5t$ _m ye>s 9 electricity & magnetism 9 ! ,royal ,in/itution at ,london4 ,he cont9u$ 8 /udies & exp]im5ts 9 develop+ ! sci5ce ( electricity ?r\gh 8 :ole life1 b he di$1 an old man1 be=e a s+le electric arc 0 se5 9 ! /reets ( ,london4 ,9 anci5t times an inv5tion 0 frequ5tly ! result ( "o man's ef=ts1 b at ! pres5t "t x is (t5 q o!rwise4 ,_m m5 are n[ engag$ 9 ! developm5t ( electric light+4 ,*>les ,francis ,bru% 0 a f>m]'s boy 9 ,ohio4 ,he pu%$ himself ?r\gh ! ,clevel& ,high ,s*ool & graduat$ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan4 ,he e/abli%$ a laboratory 9 ,clevel& & turn$ 8 att5tion to ! inv5tion ( app>atus = electric light+4 ,he 0 "o ( ?ree or f\r great ,am]ican inv5tors :o successfully put into op]ation ! dynamo & furni%$ electricity = ! electrical lamp4 ,?is dynamo is a ma*9e :i* produces electric curr5ts by me*anical p[]4 ,bru%'s dynamo at ! outset 0 s p]fect & complete t = _m ye>s x has cont9u$ 9 regul> use ) b v little *ange4 ,elihu ,?omson graduat$ at ! ,c5tral ,high ,s*ool 9 ,philadelphia & taught *emi/ry 9 t s*ool4 ,he /udi$ ) great c>e ! subject ( electricity1 giv+ special att5tion to light+4 ,he organiz$ ! ,?omson-,h\/on ,electric ,company1 & has pat5t$ ne>ly two hundr$ inv5tions relat+ to electric light+ & o!r applications ( electricity4 ,he 0 also ! inv5tor ( ! sy/em ( electric weld+4 ,among ! great ,am]ican inv5tors 9 electrical sci5ce is ,?omas ,alva ,edison4 ,he 0 an ,ohio boy ^: ,scot* "m taught him to read4 ,:5 he 0 twelve ye>s old he 0 a newsboy on ! ,gr& ,trunk ,railroad4 ,"h he acquir$ ! habit ( read+4 ,he /udi$ *emi/ry & conduct$ *emical exp]im5ts on ! tra94 ,he le>n$ to set type1 & edit$ & pr9t$ a newspap] 9 ! baggage c>4 ,he 0 con/antly notic+ ! telegraph /ations along ! road1 & he soon began to /udy electricity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,edison',s ,,h]oic ,,act4 ,"o day ! little *ild ( a /ation ma/] 0 play+ on ! track j z a freight c> 0 mov+ d[n t[>d him4 ,almo/ z swift z lightn+ itself "y ,edison da%$ out1 /epp$ 9 front ( ! com+ c>1 & at ! risk ( 8 own life snat*$ ! *ild f dang]4 ,9 gratitude ! /ation ma/]1 kn[+ ! boy's int]e/ 9 ! telegraph1 taught him h[ to use a ma*9e4 ,aft] t he acquir$ great skill 9 ?is art & op]at$ 9 _m sections ( ! c\ntry1 p]fect+ himself 9 ! subject4 ,= ov] tw5ty ye>s he has _h a l>ge e/abli%m5t1 ) an imm5se work%op & _m me*anics1 at ,m5lo ,p>k1 ,n4 ,j41 :]e he has devot$ 8 :ole att5tion to inv5t+4 ,he has p]fect$ 8 sy/em ( duplex telegraphy & inv5t$ ! c>bon telephone-transmitt]1 ! phonograph1 ! plat9um burn]1 & ! c>bon burn] = ! inc&esc5t light4 ,he has pat5t$ v _m inv5tions1 & 8 sy/em ( electric light+ = h\ses is n[ 9 g5]al use4 ,edison's :ole life is an int]e/+ /udy = "y p4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! two me?ods ( light+ by electricity are ! arc light & ! inc&esc5t light4 ,! arc light is us$ = light+ l>ge build+s l *ur*es1 halls1 & railway /ations1 & = light+ ! /reets ( a city4 ,! inc&esc5t light1 or ! gl[-lamp z x is call$ 9 ,engl&1 is 9 g5]al use = light+ dwell+ h\ses4 ,?is lamp consi/s ( a glass bulb f :i* air has be5 exclud$ s t x is almo/ a p]fect vacuum & 9 :i* is ins]t$ a loop$ filam5t ( c>bon4 ,! electricity is made to pass ?r\gh ?is c>bon wire1 :i* is !reby heat$ to a :ite heat & ?us furni%es ! light4 ,be+ 9 a vacuum1 ! c>bon is b slightly burn$4 ,x !re=e c be subject$ to ?is heat = a long "t )\t break+ or we>+ out4 ,at fir/ ,edison us$ a plat9um wire 9 ! little electric lamp4 ,he want$ some?+ bett]4 ,he ne$$ "s =m ( bamboo or o!r vegetable fibre4 ,he s5t a man to explore ,*9a & ,japan = bamboo4 ,he s5t ano!r1 :o travel$ tw5ty-?ree hundr$ miles up ! ,amazon ,riv] & f9ally rea*$ ! ,pacific coa/1 se>*+ = bamboo4 ,he s5t a ?ird to ,ceylon to sp5d ye>s 9 a simil> se>*4 ,eighty v>ieties ( bamboo & ?ree ?\s& specim5s ( o!r vegetable fibre 7 br\ght him4 ,he te/$ !m all2 ?ree or f\r 7 f\nd suitable4 ,?is sy/em ( inc&esc5t lights has be5 rapidly ext5d$ )9 a few ye>s4 ,!re are millions ( ^! lights n[ 9 use 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,!y are us$ n only = light+ ! rooms ( hotels & private h\ses1 b also = light+ /eam%ips1 railway tra9s1 & /reet c>s1 & = ne>ly all indoor illum9ation4 ,?is light is n z *eap z k]os5e or gaslight1 b x is s conv5i5t & s simple1 requir+ no daily c>e1 t x is rapidly com+ into use 9 all t[ns & cities4 ,among its advantages may be nam$ ! f\r foll[+ po9ts4 ,mat*es are n ne$$ 9 mak+ a light4 ,?us ! dang] f accid5tal fires1 :i* h s frequ5tly occurr$ f ! c>eless use ( mat*es1 is avoid$4 ,v little heat results f an electric light1 :ile f k]os5e lamps & gaslight mu* heat is produc$4 ,9 w>m wea!r ?is fre$om f heat is agreeable4 ,! burn+ lamp & ! gas jet make ! air ( ! room impure & unfit = brea?+4 ,?is is n true ( ! electric light4 ,9 ! use ( k]os5e & ( illum9at+ gas !re is frequ5tly dang] ( explosion4 ,n s ) ! electric light4 ,x w be se5 t we are ?us us+ to-day = light+ purposes occasionally ! c&le1 q l>gely ! k]os5e lamp1 & to a great ext5t 9 t[ns & cities ! gaslight1 & be/ ( all--! cleane/1 ! neate/1 giv+ ! brighte/ light1 requir+ ! lea/ att5tion f ! consum]1 & manife/+ ! highe/ developm5t ( man's inv5tive g5ius ?us f>--! electric light4 ,"h at pres5t man's inv5tion 9 ?is direction has /opp$4 ,:at ! next /ep w be1 no "o c tell4 ,sl[ly ?r\gh ! ages man has be5 develop+4 ,gradually he has gr[n 9 m5tal p[] & advanc$ morally & spiritually4 ,x is v cle> t al?\gh he is an animal & has ! nature & desires ( an animal1 he has high m5tal capacity & is end[$ ) a spiritual nature1 a s\l4 ,at ! v beg9n+ ( creation we are told1 ,god said1 ,let !re be light3 & !re 0 light4 ,h[ & :5ce x came we _c tell4 ,x w\ld almo/ seem t man 9 8 ef=t to create light has kept /ep ) 8 own developm5t4 ,! fir/ light 0 produc$ f ! simple/ sub/ances1 solids3 wood on ! he>?1 ! pit*-p9e knot1 & ! c&le4 ,!n foll[$ light produc$ f liquids3 olive oil1 :ale oil1 ref9$ petroleum4 ,aft]w>d ! inv5tive g5ius ( man extract$ f coal an invisible gas :i* w\ld burn & give a bright1 cle> light4 ,ris+ high] & high]1 man so>s above all solids1 liquids1 & gases1 & ) a sudd5 b\nd leaps almo/ out ( ! realm ( matt] & produces ! electric light1 :i* is m]ely a =m ( motion4 ,h[ cle>ly ! progress ( man1 8 elevation1 8 civilization1 8 increas$ conv5i5ces & luxuries ( life are made to appe> 9 ?is /udy ( 8 me?ods ( obta9+ artificial light6 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,ligh?\ses4 ,we h se5 t artificial light is ne$$ at night n only 9 h\ses1 *ur*es1 & public halls1 b also 9 ! /reets ( l>ge t[ns & cities = ! b5efit ( ^? :o h occasion to travel aft] d>k4 ,/ill fur!r1 x has be5 f\nd necess>y to light ! %ores ( ! great sea1 s t vessels may n run ^u ! rocks 9 ! d>kness & be /ove to pieces4 ,! build+ ( ligh?\ses has *iefly develop$ dur+ ! pres5t c5tury1 al?\gh a few ligh?\ses 7 kn[n to ! anci5ts4 ,! full hi/ory ( ligh?\ses1 if we c\ld trace x1 w\ld be v int]e/+4 ,if y 7 ask$ :]e ! fir/ ligh?\se 0 built y w\ld be q likely to guess "r ! fir/ "t1 because y "k t ! fir/ %ips & ! fir/ sailors 7 ar\nd ! ea/]n "p ( ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea4 ,y w\ld c]ta9ly say some:]e along ! ea/]n coa/ ( t sea4 ,n[ z a matt] ( fact !re 0 a ligh?\se on ! isl& ( ,ph>os1 j 9 front ( ! city ( ,alex&ria1 :i* 0 built ov] ?ree hundr$ ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,?is 0 "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ t[]s ( antiquity2 9 fact1 x is class$ among ! ,sev5 ,wond]s ( ! ,_w4 ,x is q likely1 h[ev]1 t ?is 0 n ! fir/ ligh?\se4 ,probably !re 7 t[]s on ! ,d>danelles1 ! ,sea ( ,m>mora1 & ! ,bosphorus :i* may h prec$$ ! ,ph>os ( ,alex&ria4 ,! ,romans built ligh?\ses at ,o/ia1 ,rav5na1 ,puteoli1 & o!r ports4 ,all ^! anci5t ligh?\ses 7 t[]s on ! top ( :i* wood 0 burn$ at night1 & ! blaze ( ! burn+ wood furni%$ ! light :i* 0 to guide ! m>9]4 ,two or ?ree c5turies ago _m ligh?\ses 7 built along ! %ores ( ,france & ,engl&4 ,! fir/ ligh?\se on ! coa/ ( our c\ntry 0 ,bo/on ,light1 at ! entrance to ,bo/on h>bor1 :i* 0 erect$ 9 ! ye> #agaf4 ,ev] s9ce ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t has be5 e/abli%$1 mu* att5tion has be5 paid to our sy/em ( ligh?\ses4 ,9 #aheb a ligh?\se bo>d 0 e/abli%$ )9 ! dep>tm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,treasury4 ,great skill & eng9e]+ ability are ne$$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ligh?\ses4 ,our c\ntry has long ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 & lake coa/s to be protect$1 besides num]\s riv]s ext5d+ ov] ?\s&s ( miles4 ,all along ^! coa/s & riv]s our gov]nm5t has e/abli%$ & ma9ta9s ligh?\ses4 ,we h ne>ly a ?\s& lights on ! ,atlantic coa/1 ne>ly two hundr$ ^u ! ,pacific1 & sev]al hundr$ along ! %ores ( ! ,nor!rn ,lakes4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates has also _m fog signals & almo/ innum]able buoys4 ,great sums ( money are necess>y to build ^! ligh?\ses1 _m ( :i* are n[ ( iron4 ,twelve ( our mo/ fam\s ligh?\ses h co/ a total sum ( upw>d ( #c1jjj1jjj = _! con/ruction4 ,ea* ye> witnesses a /eady improvem5t 9 ! me?od ( con/ruction & ( light+ ?is multitude ( ligh?\ses4 ,at fir/1 fires burn+ at ! tops ( ligh?\ses 7 ! only signals & guides at night4 ,!n came ! use ( oil 9 lamps1 ) reflectors con/ruct$ = ! purpose4 ,at fir/ 9 ?is c\ntry fi% oil 0 us$1 & aft] t sp]m oil4 ,)9 ! la/ t5 ye>s ref9$ petroleum has be5 almo/ univ]sally adopt$ = ligh?\ses 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,at pres5t ab\t a million gallons are us$ 9 a ye>4 ,we h only a few electric lights1 ?\gh two are n[ 9 use on ! ,atlantic coa/ & two or ?ree ^u ! lakes4 ,9 late ye>s comm]ce has be5 rapidly ext5d$4 ,! m]*ant m>9e ( ! nations has gr[n to gigantic proportions4 ,! am\nt ( travel n only coa/wise b across ! ocean = pleasure & pr(it has become enorm\s4 ,! nations are com+ clos] toge!r & becom+ bett] acqua9t$ ) ea* o!r4 ,all ?is promotes civilization1 & w ere long1 x is to be hop$1 op]ate to prev5t int]national w>s4 ,engl& has _m fam\s ligh?\ses4 ,great ,brita9 is an isl& & h] coa/ %[s a cont9u\s s]ies ( ind5tations4 ,p]haps ! mo/ fam\s ( h] ligh?\ses is ! ,eddy/one ,light1 a few miles (f f ,plym\?4 ,if y w look on y\r map ( ,great ,brita9 y w f9d t ! c\nty ( ,nor?umb]l& is ! extreme nor!rn end ( ,engl&1 bord]+ on ! ,nor? ,sea & adjo9+ ! s\!a/ corn] ( ,scotl&4 ,(f t coa/ y w see a little gr\p ( isl&s call$ ! ,f>ne ,isl&s4 ,at l[ tide !re are tw5ty-five ( !m4 ,on "o ( ^! little isl&s1 e>ly 9 ! pres5t c5tury1 /ood ! ,long/one ,ligh?\se4 ,x 0 a solit>y place1 & sometimes weeks w\ld pass )\t any communication ) ! ma9l&4 ,! keep] ( ?is light 0 ,william ,d>l+1 a man ( intellig5ce1 :o gave a fair education to ea* ( 8 l>ge family ( *ildr54 ,"o ( ^! 0 a daught] ^: "n 0 ,grace4 ,?9k :at ! y\? ( an intellig5t girl w\ld be on "o ( ! ,f>ne ,isl&s4 ,!y are extremely desolate1 are cov]$ ) rocks1 & h v little vegetation & v little animal life except sea f[l4 ,?r\gh ! *annels betwe5 ^! isl&s ! sea ru%es ) great =ce1 & _m a brave %ip has gone d[n1 da%$ to pieces ^u ! rocks4 ,9 #ahch a l>ge /eam] nam$ ! ,=f>%ire /ruck ^! rocks & 0 brok5 9 two )9 sight ( ,long/one ,ligh?\se4 ,?is /eam] _h on bo>d m ?an =ty pass5g]s & tw5ty (fic]s & crew4 ,?ree p]sons only 7 9 ! ligh?\se--,mr4 ,d>l+1 8 wife1 & ,grace4 ,! /orm 0 furi\s1 ! sea 0 runn+ high1 & ?r\gh ! mi/1 ) ! aid ( 8 glass1 ,mr4 ,d>l+ c\ld make out ! figures ( ! suff]]s :o 7 /ill cl++ to ! brok5 vessel4 ,! ligh?\se-keep] %rank f attempt+ _! rescue1 b ,grace insi/$ t !y mu/ make ! ef=t to save !m f c]ta9 dea?4 ,ev5 ! laun*+ ( ! boat 0 extremely haz>d\s4 ,! old ligh?\se-keep] ?\ght x impossible1 b he c\ld n resi/ ! plead+s ( 8 daught]4 ,! "m help$ to laun* ! boat2 ! fa!r & daught] ent]$ x & ea* took an o>4 ,x 0 a t]rible und]tak+ to r[ ! frail boat1 & x requir$ n only great muscul> p[] b ! mo/ det]m9$ c\rage4 ,! rescu]s succe$$ 9 rea*+ ! rocks1 b f\nd great difficulty 9 /eady+ ! boat to prev5t x f be+ de/roy$ on ! %>p ridges4 ,!re 7 n9e p]sons cl++ to ! brok5 vessel4 ,^! n9e 7 all rescu$4 ,by trem5d\s en]gy1 great skill1 & almo/ sup]human ef=ts !y 7 r[$ back to ! ligh?\se 9 safety4 ,?is h]oic de$ ( a "y woman sc>cely tw5ty-?ree ye>s ( age 0 h]ald$ abroad until %e became well kn[n all ov] ,europe1 & ! lonely ligh?\se 0 soon ! c5tre ( attraction to ?\s&s ( curi\s & sympa?iz+ p]sons4 ,! ,humane ,society s5t h] a mo/ flatt]+ vote ( ?anks1 & a public subscription 0 rais$ am\nt+ to ab\t ?irty-five hundr$ doll>s4 ,te/imonials ( all k9ds 7 %[]$ ^u h]1 :i* produc$ 9 h] m9d only a s5se ( wond] & grateful pleasure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,grace ,,d>l+4 ,?is brief outl9e ( ,grace ,d>l+ is "h giv5 because h] h]oism s]v$ to call ! att5tion ( ! _w to ! importance ( ligh?\ses & ! isolat$ life ( ! keep]s & _! families4 ,y w f9d a picturesque acc\nt ( ! life ( ,grace ,d>l+ 9 ! fir/ volume ( ,*amb]s's ,miscellany4 ,?is /ory does n /& alone 9 ligh?\se annals1 b aga9 & aga9 has x be5 mat*$ 9 lat] times & 9 our own c\ntry4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fam\s ligh?\se h]o9es 9 ,am]ica 0 ,miss ,ida ,lewis1 ^: fa!r kept ! ,lime/one ,ligh?\se at ! entrance to ! h>bor ( ,newport1 ,r4 ,i4 ,?is ligh?\se-keep]'s daught] v e>ly 9 life became skill$ 9 r[+ & swimm+4 ,"o day1 :5 %e 0 eighte5 ye>s ( age1 f\r "y m5 7 upset 9 a boat 9 ! h>bor4 ,ida quickly laun*$ h] own skiff1 pu%$ (f1 rescu$ !m1 & br\ght !m safely to %ore4 ,at ano!r "t ?ree drunk5 soldi]s _h /ove a hole 9 _! boat n f> f ! ligh?\se4 ,two swam a%ore & ,ida rea*$ _! boat 9 season to save ! ?ird4 ,two ye>s aft]w>d a %eep 0 be+ driv5 d[n ! :>f :5 ! animal plung$ into ! wat]4 ,?ree m5 runn+ along ! %ore 9 pursuit f\nd a boat & pu%$ out aft] ! %eep4 ,a heavy s\'we/] 0 bl[+ & ! boat 0 c>ri$ away into deep wat]4 ,ida ,lewis1 9 spite ( ! high w9d1 r[$ out 9 h] little skiff & br\ght !m safely a%ore4 ,"o w9t] a "y scapegrace /ole a sailboat f ! :>f & put out to sea4 ,ab\t midnight ! gale drove ! boat ^u ! ,lime/one rocks a mile f ! light1 b ! boy clung to ! ma/ all night4 ,9 ! morn+ ,ida ,lewis f\nd him1 z %e said1 %ak+ & ,god-bless+ me & pray+ to be set on %ore4 ,by ^! & o!r in/ances 9 :i* ,miss ,lewis rescu$ ^? 9 dang] %e became fam\s1 & h] praises 7 h]ald$ 9 ! newspap]s & spok5 at _m firesides4 ,! citiz5s ( ,newport pres5t$ h] ) a boat z a tok5 ( _! admiration ( h] brav]y4 ,^! fam\s in/ances & _m m t c\ld be add$ to !m w\ld seem to indicate t life 9 a ligh?\se1 ) ! m9d con/antly runn+ out to ! sea1 becom+ famili> ) ! /orms t rise1 & obs]v+ ! da% ( ! waves & ! ro> ( ! w9d--life inur$ to h>d%ip1 b %ut up )9 ! safe keep+ ( ! solid walls ( ! little t[] high above ! rag+ waves--x w\ld seem t su* a life is calculat$ to give c\rage1 /r5g?1 & =titude1 & to endue ! he>t ) a h]oic =getfulness ( self4 ,h[ important is ! position ( a ligh?\se-keep]6 ,_m lives are 9 8 h&s1 & on 8 fidelity dep5ds ! safety ( millions ( doll>s ( prop]ty4 ,boats & %ips ( all k9ds1 /eam]s great & small1 sail away f "o %ore ( ! va/ sea to ! opposite %ore1 or along ! coa/1 all 9 comp>ative safety because ( ! v>i\s beacon lights4 ,inde$1 is n ! ligh?\se itself a great lesson 9 morals8 ,e "o ( u--e "o ( ! sev5ty million p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has a "p 9 ! ligh?\se4 ,x is we1 ! p1 :o are furni%+ ! gov]nm5t ) its res\rces1 & x is ! great gov]nm5t ( our c\ntry t builds ! ligh?\ses to w>n m>9]s ( dang]4 ,! mod]n ligh?\se is ! symbol ( b5evol5ce4 ,x c>ries ) x ! lesson ( lov+ ?y neighbor z ?yself4 ,?is is ! lesson ( ! ligh?\se to ! p ( ! l&1 ?\gh its s]vice is p]=m$ = ! p ( ! sea4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cyrus ,h4 ,mc,c,o,r,m,i,c,k4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cutt+ ,,sug> ,,cane ,,9 ,,! ,,hawaiian ,,isl&s4 ,,section ,,iii4--,,food4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,uncultivat$ ,,foods4 ,heat & light--ea* is necess>y = our bodily com=t & well-be+4 ,we h se5 t mu* "t & ?\ght h be5 sp5t dur+ ! pa/ ?ree hundr$ ye>s 9 provid+ ! mo/ satisfactory me?ods = heat+ & light+ our h\ses4 ,we h f\nd t wood & coal 9 our fireplaces1 /oves1 & furnaces h giv5 u ! be/ heat4 ,we h le>n$ t k]os5e & gas made f coal are ! mo/ common s\rces ( light4 ,ev5 electricity1 ! late/ means = produc+ light & heat1 usually ne$s ! p[] ( /eam = its developm5t2 & heat is necess>y to produce /eam4 ,we h a common "n = ! wood1 ! coal1 ! gas1 & ! oil1 f ! burn+ ( :i* heat & light result2 ?is "n is fuel4 ,ano!r =m ( fuel is ev5 m necess>y ?an coal & wood4 ,9 ! w9t] we w>m our rooms s t we may n suff] f ! cold2 b ! /ove does n w>m u :5 out ( doors4 ,!n we put on our heavy w9t] wraps1 b ^! give u no w>m?3 !y m]ely keep 9 ! heat ( ! body or keep out ! cold bla/s ( ! w9d4 ,we all "k t ! body is w>m ( itself2 t !re is some?+ )9 u t produces heat1 l a fire4 ,:5 our f+]s become *ill$ by ! fro/y air we may w>m !m ) our brea?4 ,! temp]ature ( a room may be sev5ty degrees or less1 b if we place ! bulb ( a !rmomet] b5ea? ! tongue we %all f9d t ! m]cury rises to n9ety-eight degrees4 ,! fire 9 ! body & ! fire 9 ! /ove act v mu* alike4 ,if ! draughts ( ! /ove are clos$ tight & no air is admitt$1 ! fire dies d[n & goes out4 ,if ! air :i* ent]s ! body is f\l1 ! fire feels ! effect & our heal? is injur$4 ,if ! lungs are fill$ ) wat] or any?+ else :i* keeps out ! air1 ! fire goes out & life is lo/4 ,! fuel :i* we call food is j z necess>y = ! fire 9 our body z is wood or coal = ! fire 9 ! /ove4 ,?ree times a day or (t5] we take ?is food-fuel into our bodies2 ?us we keep ! fire /eadily burn+ :i* makes u w>m & keeps u alive4 ,on ! o!r h&1 fuel = ! body mu/ be v diff]5t f fuel = a /ove4 ,9 ! /ove heat alone is want$2 !re=e "o =m ( fuel is en\gh4 ,9 ! body bones mu/ be enl>g$ & /r5g!n$1 muscles mu/ be develop$1 fat mu/ be provid$ 9 suffici5t quantities1 & bra9-matt] mu/ be produc$4 ,!re=e ! food-fuel mu/ provide n only heat b also ! diff]5t mat]ials ( :i* ! body is made4 ,"o k9d ( food is necess>y = ! bones1 ano!r = ! blood1 ano!r = ! fle%1 & ano!r = ! n]ves4 ,?us :ile 9 /udy+ common fuel we h only to le>n ab\t wood1 ei!r 9 ! =m ( trees or press$ into ! =m ( coal1 9 /udy+ food-fuel we f9d t ! k9ds are almo/ numb]less4 ,meat & vegetables1 fi% & fruit1 roots & nuts1 9 _! inf9ite v>ieties1 are all includ$ 9 ! ^w food4 ,we are told t all matt] belongs to "o ( ?ree k+doms--! animal1 ! vegetable1 & ! m9]al k+doms4 ,f two ( ^! ?ree divisions we obta9 mo/ ( our food4 ,food may be divid$ into two classes !n--animal food & vegetable food4 ,9 animal food we h ! meat ( wild animals & ( dome/ic animals4 ,9 e>ly days1 :5 ! numb] ( p 0 small1 ! supply ( wild animals 0 l>ge4 ,a great "p ( ! food 9 ^? days 0 obta9$ by hunt+ & fi%+4 ,to-day mo/ ( ! meat comes f dome/ic animals1 s t ! keep+ ( h]ds & flocks is "o ( ! great indu/ries ( ! "t4 ,fi% are /ill important 9 our li/s ( foods1 b ! fle% ( wild animals is less & less us$ = meat4 ,?ree hundr$ ye>s ago ! ,indians _h ?is c\ntry to !mselves4 ,!y 7 few 9 numb] & 7 scatt]$ ov] a va/ t]ritory4 ,! =e/s ab\nd$ 9 wild game & ! lakes & riv]s 7 fill$ ) fi%4 ,love ( hunt+ & fi%+ held ! fir/ place 9 ! pleasures ( ! r$ man4 ,! hunt+ gr\nds ext5d$ f> & wide 9 e direction4 ,ea* tribe _h its own hunt+ & fi%+ gr\nds1 & x 0 consid]$ an act ( w> = any tribe ( ,indians to encroa* ^u ! t]ritory ( o!r tribes4 ,su* places z !y *ose = _! abode1 says ,hubb>d's ,hi/ory1 7 usually at ! falls ( great riv]s1 or ne> ! seaside1 :]e 0 any conv5i5ce = cat*+ su* fi% z e summ] & w9t] us$ to come up ! coa/4 ,at su* times !y us$1 l good fell[s1 to make all common1 & !n ^? :o _h ent]ta9$ _! neighbors at ! seaside expect$ ! l k9dness f !m aga9 up high] 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! k9ds ( wild animals t ! ,indians hunt$ 7 v num]\s4 ,"o man describes ! appe>ance ( an ,indian's room ( sk9s4 ,he says3 ,!re !y %[$ me _m hides & horns1 bo? bea/s ( *ase ( ! /9k+ foot--su* z roes1 foxes1 jackals1 wolves1 wildcats1 raccoons1 porcup9es1 skunks1 muskrats1 squirrels1 & sables--& bea/s ( *ase ( ! sweet foot--buck1 r$ de]1 re9de]1 moose1 be>1 beav]1 ott]1 h>e1 & m>t94 ,capta9 ,john ,smi? tells ( ! f[l t ! r$ m5 hunt$4 ,he m5tions eagles1 hawks1 cranes1 geese1 ducks1 %eldrakes1 teal1 gulls1 & turkeys4 ,illu/ration3 ,,indians ,,hunt+ ,,game4 ,! v>iety ( fi% caught by ! ,indians 0 also v l>ge4 ,high] up at ! falls ( ! great riv]s !y us$ to take salmon1 %ad1 & alewives1 t us$ 9 great quantities1 m ?an c>tloads1 9 ! spr+1 to pass up into ! fre%-wat] ponds & lakes4 ,9 ,m>*1 ,april1 ,may1 & half ,june1 says ,john ,smi?1 "h is cod 9 abundance2 9 ,may1 ,june1 ,july1 & ,augu/1 mullet & /urgeon2 h]r+1 if any desire !m2 ,i h tak5 _m4 ,aga9 he writes ( :ales1 grampuses1 hake1 haddock1 mack]el1 %>ks1 cunn]s1 bass1 p]*1 eels1 crabs1 lob/]s1 mussels1 & oy/]s4 ,we may also divide vegetable food into two classes--t :i* nature provides )\t ! aid ( man1 or wild vegetables1 & t :i* requires cultivation1 or cultivat$ vegetables4 ,_m =ms ( nuts1 b]ries & fruits1 & "s =ms ( common gr\nd vegetables gr[ wild4 ,! r$ m5 f\nd ^! 9 great abundance4 ,john ,smi? f\nd 9 ,new ,engl& currants1 mulb]ries1 gooseb]ries1 plums1 walnuts1 *e/nuts1 & /rawb]ries1 besides o!r fruits ( :i* he did n "k ! names4 ,he made a j\rney up ! ,potomac ,riv]1 & report$ t ! hills yield$ no less pl5ty & v>iety ( fruit ?an ! riv] furni%$ abundance ( fi%4 ,smi? also describ$ acorns ^: b>k 0 :ite & sweeti%2 he add$ t ^! acorns1 :5 boil$1 af=d$ a sweet oil t ! r$ m5 kept 9 g\rds to ano9t _! heads & jo9ts4 ,! ,indians also ate ! fruit ( ?is acorn1 made into bread4 ,!re 7 plums ( ?ree k9ds & *]ries4 ,smi? discov]$ also a great abundance ( v9es t climb ! tops ( ! highe/ trees 9 "s places4 ,:]e !y are n ov]%ad[$ f ! sun1 !y are cov]$ ) fruit1 ?\gh nev] prun$ nor manur$4 ,hunt+ & fi%+ are c>ri$ on 9 mu* ! same way to-day z !y 7 c5turies ago4 ,! gun has tak5 ! place ( ! b[ & arr[1 & fi%+ implem5ts h be5 some:at improv$4 ,b to capture & kill is n[1 z =m]ly1 all t is ne$$ to obta9 ?is =m ( food1 if ! wild animals !mselves c be f\nd4 ,wild vegetables may be ga!r$ to-day 9 j ! way t our ance/ors ga!r$ !m1 ?\gh !y are n f\nd 9 s great quantities because ( ! increase ( cultivation4 ,9 /udy+ ! *anges 9 ! modes ( liv+ t h occurr$ 9 ?is c\ntry dur+ ! la/ ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 we f9d t almo/ all ! improvem5ts 9 ! production ( food h be5 9 ! plant+1 cultivat+1 & h>ve/+ ( food1 & ! br++ x to m>ket4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,cultivat$ ,,foods4 ,hunt+ & fi%+ did n furni% ei!r suffici5t or satisfactory food = ! ,indians4 ,a portion ( _! "t 0 sp5t 9 cultivat+ c]ta9 products ( ! soil4 ,black ,hawk1 a fam\s ,indian *ief1 writes3 ,:5 we return$ to our village 9 ! spr+ f our hunt+ gr\nds we w\ld op5 ! ca*es & take out corn & o!r provisions :i* _h be5 put up 9 ! fall1 & !n comm5ce repair+ our lodges4 ,z soon z ?is is accompli%$ we repair ! f5ces ar\nd our fields & clean !m (f ready = plant+ corn4 ,?is "w is done by our wom54 ,! m51 dur+ ?is "t1 are fea/+ on dri$ v5ison1 be>'s meat1 wild f[l & corn4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,corn ,,dance4 ,our wom5 plant ! corn1 & z soon z !y get done we make a fea/ & dance ! corn dance4 ,at ?is fea/ our "y braves select ! "y woman !y wi% to h = a wife4 ,:5 ?is is ov] we fea/ aga9 & h our national dance4 ,:5 our national dance is ov]1 our corn-fields ho$1 & e we$ dug up1 & our corn ab\t knee high1 all our "y m5 w\ld />t 9 a direction t[>d sund[n to hunt de] & buffalo1 & ! rema9d] ( our p />t to fi%4 ,e "o leaves ! village & rema9s away ab\t =ty days4 ,!y !n return1 ! hunt+ p>ty br++ 9 dri$ buffalo & de] meat1 ! o!rs dri$ fi%4 ,?is is a happy season ( ! ye>2 hav+ pl5ty ( provision1 su* z beans1 squa%es1 & o!r produce1 ) our dri$ meat & fi%1 we cont9ue to make fea/s & visit ea* o!r until our corn is ripe4 ,:5 ! corn is fit = use ano!r great c]emony takes place1 ) fea/+ & return+ ?anks to ! ,great ,_s = giv+ u corn4 ,we cont9ue our sport & fea/+ until ! corn is all secur$4 ,we !n prep>e to leave our village = our hunt+ gr\nds4 ,?us we see t ! mo/ important crop among ! ,indians 0 maize or ,indian corn4 ,?is gra9 is specially suit$ to ! climate & soil ( a l>ge portion ( ! c\ntry2 x 0 :olly unkn[n to ! ,europeans :o fir/ came to ,am]ica4 ,john ,smi? 9 ,virg9ia & ,rog] ,williams 9 ,new ,engl& 7 mu* int]e/$ 9 ! ,indian corn4 ,x is f _! writ+s t we le>n h[ ! r$ m5 cultivat$ & us$ ?is /range product ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,z corn 0 ! ,indians' ma9 dep5d5ce1 !y ate x at all times & 9 v>i\s ways4 ,!y roa/$ ! gre5 e>s 9 ! a%es2 sometimes !y cut ! k]nels f ! cob & boil$ !m ) beans1 mak+ a k9d ( succota%4 ,meal 0 made by p\nd+ ! k]nels 9 a wood5 mort>2 if ! corn 0 old x 0 soak$ ov] night & p\nd$ 9 ! morn+4 ,?is meal also 0 cook$ 9 diff]5t ways4 ,sometimes x 0 wrapp$ 9 corn husks & boil$2 at o!r times x 0 mix$ ) wat] & made into cakes1 :i* 7 bak$ 9 ! a%es ( ! fire4 ,(t5 a pudd+ 0 made f ! meal1 9 :i* blackb]ries 7 plac$4 ,:5 ! ,indians travell$1 !y 7 accu/om$ to c>ry en\gh ( ?is meal to la/ sev]al days1 ei!r 9 a small basket or a holl[ lea!rn girdle4 ,su* 0 life among ! ,indians4 ,usually food 0 pl5ty & fea/+ 0 common1 b at times food 0 sc>ce & fa/+ 0 necess>y4 ,if ! ,indian _h suffici5t = to-day1 he c>$ little = to-morr[4 ,if ! corn crop fail$ or if ! hunt+ exp$ition turn$ out badly1 ! r$ man accept$ x z a necess>y evil & made no compla9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,capta9 ,,john ,,smi?4 7,f ! hi/ory ( ,virg9ia1 by ,capta9 ,john ,smi?47 ,! fir/ ,engli%m5 to le>n ( ! foods t c\ld be obta9$ 9 ! ,new ,_w 7 two capta9s s5t out by ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh to explore ! ,atlantic coa/ ( ,am]ica4 ,!y return$ full ( en?usiasm = ! f]tile soil & ! delightful climate ( ,virg9ia4 ,!y prais$ also ! k9dness ( ! ,indians1 :o provid$ !m ) ! be/ ( food--de]1 h>es1 fi%1 walnuts1 melons1 cucumb]s1 peas1 & corn4 ,app>5tly !re 0 an abundance ( food 9 ! ,new ,_w--fle%1 fi%1 fruits1 nuts1 vegetables1 & gra94 ,! sailors 7 n f>m]s1 h[ev]2 nor 7 ! coloni/s :o came ov] ! next ye>4 ,!y _h no k ( ! labor necess>y to till ! soil & raise ! food1 & aft] a ye> on ,roanoke ,isl& !y return$ to ,engl&4 ,tw5ty ye>s lat] ! coloni/s at ,jame/[n 7 no m ready to labor at f>m+ ?an ^? at ,roanoke _h be54 ,numb]s di$ f hung] dur+ ! fir/ summ]1 b ! lead]1 ,john ,smi?1 0 able1 f 8 own /r5g? ( "*1 to hold survivors to ! "w until a fair abundance ( corn _h be5 obta9$4 ,mean:ile ,smi? manag$ to buy or borr[ provisions f ! ,indians4 ,! settl]s at ,plym\? arriv$ 9 e>ly w9t] & f\nd a climate mu* cold] ?an t ( ,engl& or ,holl&4 ,!y c\ld n hope to h>ve/ a crop be=e ! next autumn1 & !y also 7 dep5d5t ^u ! r$ m5 = _m mon?s4 ,soon aft] ! ,mayfl[] arriv$ 9 ,prov9cet[n h>bor an exp$ition 0 s5t out to se>* = ! be/ spot to build a village4 ,!y foll[$ ! tracks ( ,indians1 b c\ld n f9d !m nor _! dwell+s4 ,! fir/ sign ( human life 0 a piece ( cle> gr\nd :i* _h be5 plant$ "s ye>s be=e4 ,go+ a little f>!r !y f\nd a field 9 :i* ! /ubble 0 new1 %[+ t ! gr\nd _h be5 rec5tly cultivat$4 ,f9ally !y came ^u heaps ( s& newly paddl$ ) _! h&s4 ,l$ by curiosity ! ,pilgrims digg$ 9 ^! places & f\nd sev]al baskets fill$ ) corn4 ,?is gra9 seem$ to ! ,pilgrims a v goodly sight1 ?\gh !y _h nev] se5 corn be=e4 ,!y c>ri$ ! gra9 back to ! %ip1 & :5 ! ,indians :o own$ ! corn 7 f\nd1 ! ,pilgrims gladly paid !m its full value4 ,:5 spr+ came ! coloni/s at ,plym\? began mak+ prep>ations = plant+4 ,an ,indian1 nam$ ,squanto1 :o _h previ\sly be5 c>ri$ to ,engl& & _h le>n$ to speak "s ,engli%1 %[$ himself v fri5dly4 ,he taught !m h[ to prep>e ! fi% :i* mu/ be put 9 e hill = a f]tiliz]4 ,he direct$ ! plant+ & cultivat+ ( ! fields4 ,z a result !y _h a good increase4 ,!y 7 n s successful 9 o!r ways1 = _! b>ley crop 0 v light & _! peas dri$ up ) ! sun4 ,a curi\s /ory is f\nd 9 "s old records4 ,! dogs 9 a ,plym\? colony t[n caus$ ! f>m]s great tr\ble by digg+ up ! alewives :i* !y 7 accu/om$ to place 9 ! hills4 ,!re=e a law 0 pass$ t requir$ ! own] ( e dog ei!r to keep him securely ti$ = =ty days aft] ! fields 7 prep>$1 or to tie a =epaw to 8 head s t x w\ld be impossible = ! dog to dig 9 ! newly prep>$ hill4 ,two ye>s lat] ! ,pilgrims are said to h _h ne>ly sixty acres ( gr\nd well plant$ ) corn1 & _m g>d5s fill$ ) fruits & vegetables4 ,h[ev]1 ! crop 0 light1 ma9ly because ! coloni/s _h be5 too weak1 f lack ( food1 prop]ly to att5d to x4 ,a fam9e w\ld h foll[$ = ! ?ird "t _h n a vessel arriv$ f ,engl&1 9 ,augu/1 br++ provisions suffici5t = ! w9t]4 ,= sev]al ye>s ! ,pilgrims 7 compell$ to live p>tly ^u wild game & fi%4 ,"o summ] _! ma9 support 0 obta9$ by ! use ( ! only boat t rema9$1 ) :i* !y caught l>ge quantities ( bass4 ,!y also obta9$ clams :5 !y c\ld n get fi%1 us$ gr\nd-nuts 9 place ( bread1 & caught _m wild f[l 9 ! creeks & m>%es4 ,! coloni/s _h no milk1 butt]1 nor *eese = ! fir/ ?ree ye>s 9 ,plym\?4 ,!re 7 no dome/ic animals 9 ,new ,engl& until1 9 ! spr+ ( #afbc1 a vessel arriv$ br++ ! fir/ c[s4 ,9 "t beef & veal 7 add$ to ! li/ ( foods1 & soon o!r dome/ic animals 7 br\ght ov]4 ,by ! middle ( ! f\r? summ] ! village ( ,new ,plym\? 0 report$ to h ne>ly two hundr$ inhabitants1 ) "s cattle & goats1 & _m sw9e & p\ltry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,anci5t ,,pl[4 ,! tools us$ by ! e>ly coloni/s 71 l _! h\ses & furniture1 ( ! rude/ manufacture4 ,agriculture1 su* z exi/s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to-day1 0 entirely unkn[n two c5turies ago4 ,! pl[ 0 little us$ & ! few pl[s among ! coloni/s 7 inconv5i5t1 heavy tools4 ,! important plant+ & cultivat+ implem5t us$ by ! f>m]s 0 ! hoe4 ,! village or plantation blacksmi? made ! tools = ! f>m]s1 & !y 7 rudely =m$ & %ap$4 ,9 h>ve/ "t ! hoe 0 aga9 call$ into use1 z well z ! r\ghly con/ruct$ scy!s & prun+hooks4 ,! muscle-develop+ flail sep>at$ ! gra9 f ! /raw1 & ! mill] gr\nd x into meal1 or fl\r1 tak+ toll = 8 pay--t is1 a fix$ fraction ( ! product4 ,h[ ! sy/em ( agriculture has *ang$ dur+ ^! two c5turies1 or r dur+ ! la/ c5tury1 = few ( ! improvem5ts are yet a hundr$ ye>s old6 ,z 9 ! me?ods ( produc+ heat & light1 inv5tions h done wond]s 9 provid+ u ) a great] am\nt & a l>g] v>iety ( food at a r$uc$ co/4 ,=m]ly all f>m-"w 0 done by ! use ( great muscul> p[]4 ,only a /rong man c wield ! hoe = h\rs at a "t4 ,to walk beh9d a pl[1 guid+ ! horse & hold+ ! pl[ 9 place1 is no light task4 ,to sw+ a scy! f e>ly morn+ until late 9 ! day sev]ely taxes ! /r5g?4 ,to ?re% gra9 ^u ! b>n floor ) a flail day aft] day ne$s mu* physical endurance4 ,! labor ( _m m5 0 requir$ to manage ev5 a comp>atively small f>m4 ,to-day all ^! conditions are *ang$4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! mo/ desirable f>m-h& is ! man ) ! cunn+ bra9 :o c get ! mo/ "w out ( a ma*9e )\t break+ x4 ,! f>m labor] f9ds himself advanc$ to ! ranks ( skill$ labor4 ,! man :o pl[s uses 8 muscle only 9 guid+ ! ma*9e4 ,! man :o op]ates ! h>r[ has half a doz5 lev]s to light5 8 labor4 ,! s[] walks leisurely beh9d a drill & works brakes4 ,! reap] ne$s a quick bra9 & a quick h&--n necess>ily a /rong arm nor a p[]ful back4 ,! ?re%]s are m]ely assi/ants to a ma*9e4 ,! m5 :o heave ! :eat into ! b9s only press buttons4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,implem5ts ,,= ,,plant+4 ,george 0 det]m9$ to be a f>m]4 ,he 0 b twelve ye>s ( age1 yet he felt sure t he knew 8 own m9d4 ,he said to himself & to 8 fri5ds t life out ( doors1 life on a f>m1 0 ! be/ & heal?ie/ k9d ( life4 ,he decl>$ t to raise ! food ( ! _w 0 ! mo/ important s]vice t man c\ld d = 8 fell[-be+s4 ,! boy liv$ 9 a city4 ,he _h always liv$ 9 a city & _h nev] se5 a f>m4 ,he _h nev] be5 away f home4 ,8 home 0 a flat1 or ap>tm5t1 occupy+ a portion ( "o floor ( a t5-/ory block4 ,8 k ( life 0 limit$ entirely to city life4 ,he _h be5 to ! p>k2 he _h se5 !re trees & %rubb]y1 grass & fl[]s4 ,yet he _h nev] visit$ ! p>k alone2 he _h nev] se5 any ( ! "w ne$$ 9 c>+ = ! trees & fl[]s4 ,he knew absolutely no?+ ab\t g>d5+ or f>m+2 he c\ld n tell ! diff]5ce betwe5 a hoe & a rake2 he w\ld n be able to answ] ! simple/ que/ions ab\t f>m life4 ,yet ,george _h decid$ to be a f>m]1 & he _h made up 8 m9d to /udy ! subject ( f>m+ at once4 ,he propos$ to ask ,uncle ,b5 all sorts ( que/ions e *ance he c\ld get4 ,he int5d$ to obta9 books f ! libr>y t w\ld tell him :at he ne$$ to "k4 ,oh1 c\ld he only g into ! c\ntry1 try = himself life ^u a f>m1 & see ) 8 own eyes :at a f>m] _h to d6 ,s ,george w5t to "w4 ,he did n neglect 8 s*ool duties1 b c>efully prep>$ 8 daily lessons4 ,:5 ^! 7 done he 0 ready to /udy agriculture4 ,he did n "k :]e to beg9 ) books1 s he ask$ que/ions4 ,uncle ,b51 he said "o ev5+ z ! family 0 ga!r$ ar\nd ! libr>y lamp1 h[ does x happ5 t a f>m] sometimes raises tomatoes & sometimes potatoes8 ,:at does he d if he wants "o r ?an ! o!r8 ,well1 ,george1 0 ! laugh+ reply1 ,i ?9k t y h mu* to le>n be=e y make a successful f>m]4 ,don't y "k t if he wants potatoes he plants potatoes8 ,:y1 ,i suppose s1 said ,george4 ,!n if he desires apples1 does he plant apples8 ,h>dly1 said 8 uncle4 ,se$s w\ld be bett] ?an entire apples4 ,george 0 />t$ & = ! re/ ( ! ev5+ he ask$ no m que/ions1 8 :ole att5tion be+ turn$ to ! l>ge encyclop$ia on 8 knee4 ,:5 next he pli$ 8 uncle ) que/ions x 0 evid5t t he _h already le>n$ some?+4 ,:5 a f>m] plants a potato1 he puts x 9 a hole & cov]s x up4 ,i h read t he pl[s ! gr\nd fir/4 ,:at does he d t =8 ,= two reasons1 ,i suppose1 repli$ ,uncle ,b54 ,! roots & spr\ts gr[ bett] 9 a soil t has be5 s(t5$4 ,:5 ! gr\nd is unpl[$1 x is bak$ h>d4 ,besides1 pl[+ turns ! soil ov]1 br+s new dirt to ! top1 & g5]ally mixes x all toge!r4 ,oh1 yes6 said ,george4 ,!n ,i mu/ le>n ab\t pl[+ fir/4 ,george obta9$ z good a k ( pl[s & tillage z 0 possible f books4 ,9 ord] fully to und]/& ! subject1 x w\ld be necess>y to see ! pl[s & use !m4 ,b t c\ld n come yet4 ,! books told him t ! e>lie/ & simple/ way to till ! soil 0 ) a spade4 ,f !m ,george le>n$1 :at mo/ boys & girls "k1 :at a spade 01 & t a spade 0 all t 0 absolutely ne$$ to s(t5 ! soil & prep>e x = plant+4 ,to spade a piece ( gr\nd is sl[ "w2 x is also h>d "w4 ,c\ld n "s me?od be devis$ s t ! spad+ or till+ c\ld be done by horses or ox58 ,?is l$ to ! inv5tion ( ! pl[4 ,?is 0 made ?\s&s ( ye>s ago4 ,! kooloo pl[1 /ill 9 use 9 ,india1 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ & 0 v rude4 ,x 0 made entirely ( wood1 ! %>p "p ( ! pl[ be+ l a ?orn 9 %ape1 b v ?ick & /rong4 ,z ! c5turies w5t on1 iron began to be us$2 & e>ly 9 ! hi/ory ( iron x 0 appli$ to pl[s4 ,!y 7 /ill made ( wood1 b iron plates 7 plac$ ov] ! wood1 :]e ! in/rum5t tore into ! gr\nd4 ,lat] ! pl[ itself 0 made ( iron1 leav+ ! h&les /ill =m$ ( wood4 ,?is iron pl[ w\ld sometimes become cov]$ ) soil & s be almo/ useless4 ,?is 0 correct$ by ! use ( /eel %>es in/ead ( iron4 ,?is br\ght ,george to ! mod]n pl[4 ,george 0 n cont5t ) simply obta9+ an idea ab\t pl[s2 he wi%$ to "k all t he c\ld ab\t !m4 ,he obta9$ books t gave complete acc\nts ( ! v>ieties ( pl[s1 ! ways 9 :i* !y 7 us$1 & ! "w :i* !y %\ld d4 ,he le>n$ t a pl[ %\ld be fitt$ to its task4 ,x %\ld be z light z possible1 easily drawn1 & x %\ld run ) ev5 /ead9ess1 at a uni=m dep?4 ,x %\ld n only turn ! soil ov]1 b %\ld ?or\ghly p[d] x & bury ! we$s4 ,to 8 great surprise ,george also le>n$ t "s ( ! mod]n pl[s 7 z mu* sup]ior to ! ord9>y pl[ z t 0 to ! spade4 ,! sulky pl[ is easi] = ! horses ?an ! common pl[2 x makes furr[s ( diff]5t dep?s2 & x has a seat = ! f>m]4 ,sometimes sev]al pl[%>es are plac$ side by side & drawn by a l>ge numb] ( horses4 ,?is is call$ a gang pl[4 ,/eam & w9d & wat] & ev5 electricity are com+ into use to furni% p[] = pl[s1 9 place ( ! animal p[] ( horses4 ,well1 ,uncle ,b51 said ,george "o ev5+1 n[ ,i und]/& some?+ ab\t pl[+ & tillage4 ,! next ?+ a f>m] does 9 ! spr+ is to plant 8 potatoes & corn1 is x n8 ,yes1 0 ! reply4 ,well1 !n1 said ,george1 t w n take me long to le>n4 ,all !re is to d is to dig a hole1 put 9 ! potato1 & cov] x ) e>?4 ,i am afraid t y w f9d t ! job is n q s simple z t4 ,has ! f>m] no?+ to plant b potatoes8 ask$ ! uncle4 ,yes1 said ! boy4 ,corn & turnips & oats & :eat & pumpk9s & lots ( o!r ?+s4 ,w\ld y plant a k]nel ( corn 9 j ! same way t y w\ld a potato8 ,no1 ,i suppose n1 0 ! reply4 ,& d y ?9k t e f>m] does all 8 plant+ by h&8 ,does he n h tools to help him8 ,?us ,george 0 />t$ on a new l9e ( ?\ght4 ,he read ( ! s[]1 z he sl[ly walks ! l5g? ( ! field1 ?r[+ ! gra9 "r & left4 ,ev5 ?is "w is bett] & m quickly done by ma*9]y4 ,! h& s[] is a little ma*9e :i* ! f>m] /raps to 8 %\ld]s4 ,! hopp] ( ! s[] is fill$ ) gra9 &1 z ! h&le is turn$1 ! gra9 is scatt]$ broadca/ to z great a di/ance z possible4 ,m sav+ ( labor /ill is ! horse s[]1 :i* is simply ! h& s[] on a l>g] scale4 ,sometimes ! se$ is ins]t$ 9 ! gr\nd by means ( gra9 drills1 :i* deposit ! gra9 m ev5ly & at ! same "t cov] x ) e>?4 ,aft] le>n+ h[ to s[ se$1 ,george began to inquire into ! subject ( plant+4 ,_m ma*9es h be5 inv5t$ = ?is purpose :i* save mu* labor4 ,! mo/ important are ! corn plant] & ! potato plant]4 ,ma*9es = plant+ o!r vegetables are mu* l ^!4 ,! h& corn plant]1 :i* is us$ on small f>ms1 is c>ri$ 9 ! h& ( ! f>m]4 ,at ea* place :]e he wi%es a hill ( corn he /rikes into ! gr\nd ! plant]1 :i* leaves ! k]nels at ! prop] dep? & cov]s !m ) soil4 ,! horse corn plant] is a =m ( gra9 drill1 :i* does ! same "w z ! h& plant]4 ,! potato plant] is a simple ma*9e1 ?\gh x does a v>iety ( "w4 ,x cuts ! potatoes into slices & drops !m ?r\gh a tube into a furr[ :i* ! pl[-l "p ( ! plant] makes4 ,! slices are dropp$ at regul> spaces & are cov]$ ) dirt by ! ma*9e itself4 ,9 o!r words1 ! f>m] puts potatoes 9 ! hopp] & drives ! ma*9e ! l5g? ( ! field4 ,! plant] does ! re/ ( ! "w1 sav+ ! f>m] ! labor ( slic+ ! potatoes1 digg+ ! hole1 dropp+ ! vegetable & cov]+ x ) e>?4 ,all ?is & mu* m ,george le>n$ dur+ ! next two weeks4 ,!n he %[$ t he 0 ready = a new subject by ask+ 8 uncle :at ! f>m] did betwe5 se$time & h>ve/4 ,i suppose1 said ! boy1 t mo/ f>m]s get _! plant+ done almo/ be=e summ] beg9s4 ,!n x mu/ be "s "t be=e !y beg9 to h>ve/ ! gra9 & dig ! potatoes4 ,:at d !y d all summ]8 ,i ?9k1 repli$ 8 uncle1 t y w h to g into ! c\ntry & see "s ?+s = y\rself4 ,z ! s*ool t]m is ne>ly f9i%$1 ,i believe t y mu/ visit a good f>m] & sp5d ! summ] & autumn ) him4 ,!n y w "k some?+ ( a real f>m]'s life & "w4 ,b to answ] y\r "q by ask+ ano!r1 ,did y ev] he> ( we$s8 ,aft] t ,george ask$ few que/ions4 ,he began to ?9k t he 0 %[+ too mu* ignorance4 ,f t ev5+ until ! end ( ,june he _h no ?\ghts b ( ! f>m4 ,he read b little & wait$ to /udy 8 subject at close h&4 ,b he did discov] t a f>m]'s life is n too easy 9 ! summ]4 ,he le>n$ t ! gr\nd mu/ be kept free f we$s & cont9ually loos5$4 ,he f\nd t ! f>m] uses 8 hoe 9 deadly ho/ility to ! we$s2 t he makes 8 horse d a "p ( ! "w ( hoe+2 t ! h>r[ & ! cultivator keep ! soil loose betwe5 ! r[s4 ,:5 ! summ] came1 ,george felt t he _h "s k ( tillage1 ( s[+ & plant+1 & ( we$+2 ?is 0 book k4 ,n[ he hop$ to get into ! inside & le>n some?+ ( ! f>m]'s me?ods ( h>ve/+4 ,!n1 he ?\ght1 ,i c be a f>m]4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,implem5ts ,,= ,,h>ve/+4 ,george awoke ! fir/ morn+ at ! f>m to he> ! roo/]s cr[+1 ! c[s moo+1 ! %eep bleat+1 & ! m5 *e]ily :i/l+ z !y hurri$ ab\t ! *ores4 ,no ?\ght ( turn+ ov] = ano!r nap ent]$ 8 head1 b 9 quick "t he 0 dress$ & ready = ! morn+ meal4 ,breakfa/ ov]1 ,george ha/5$ out ( doors & 0 soon eag]ly wat*+ ,tom1 :o _h be5 direct$ to cut ! grass ar\nd ! edges ( "o ( ! fields :i* _h be5 previ\sly m[$4 ,"h = ! fir/ "t he saw a scy! & le>n$ its use4 ,= a :ile ,george wat*$ ,tom's /eady sw+ ( ! scy! z he sl[ly cut a swa? ! l5g? ( ! field4 ,!n he ha/5$ to ano!r field :]e ! m[+ ma*9e 0 /eadily mov+ across ! lot4 ,:at an improvem5t6 ,:at a sav+ ( labor6 ,h[ easily ^? knives mov$ ?r\gh ! grass1 lay+ e spire l[ z soon z x 0 t\*$6 ,h[ mu* m ev5 ! cut1 ?\gh ,tom 0 skill$ ) ! scy!6 ,! horses drew ! ma*9e ) ease & ! driv] _h a com=table seat4 ,h[ev]1 x 0 pla9 t he mu/ keep 8 head cle> & 8 eyes op51 to prop]ly att5d to e "p ( ! in/rum5t4 ,:5 noon came ,george 0 tir$ & heat$1 & he gladly rema9$ 9 ! h\se aft] d9n]4 ,"h he f\nd 8 favorite encyclop$ia & 0 soon hunt+ up ! hi/ory ( ! inv5tion ( ! m[]4 ,he 0 surpris$ to le>n h[ %ort a "t x _h be5 9 use4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( hi/ory ! crook$ sickle & ! /raight] scy! _h be5 almo/ ! only tools us$ = cutt+ grass & gra94 ,n until ab\t ! middle ( ! pres5t c5tury _h practical m[+ ma*9es come into use4 ,b n[1 except on v small or rocky f>ms1 ! horse m[] is an absolute necessity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m[+ ,,) ,,scy!s4 ,! next day ,george aga9 visit$ ! fields to see ! next /ep 9 ! process ( mak+ hay4 ,fir/ he f\nd ,tom1 ) a =k1 turn+ ov] ! grass :i* he _h m[$ ! day be=e4 ,!n he w5t to ! o!r field1 :]e he saw ! same "w be+ done by a ma*9e4 ,! m[] _h left ! grass 9 heaps s t ! sun c\ld rea* only ! surface4 ,x is necess>y t hay %\ld be ?or\ghly dri$ z quickly z possible4 ,across ! field & back aga9 w5t ! hay t$d]1 its =ks pick+ up ! grass & toss+ x 9 e direction4 ,"o horse only 0 ne$$1 & ! driv] 0 a boy4 ,! ?ird day ,george 0 aga9 9 ! field4 ,once m ! grass 0 turn$4 ,!n 9 ! late aft]noon x 0 prep>$ = ! b>n4 ,tom c\ld only use ! small h& rake1 = 8 "w 0 close to ! f5ce2 he 0 simply clean+ up :at ! ma*9es _h fail$ to rea*4 ,b 9 ! field :]e ,george _h wat*$ ! m[] & ! t$d]1 ma*9]y & horse p[] 7 aga9 9 use4 ,a horse w5t back & =?1 draw+ a horse rake beh9d him4 ,n[ & !n1 at regul> int]vals1 up came ! rake1 a pile ( hay 0 left1 & on w5t ! horse4 ,!n a hay sweep pass$ along at "r angles to ! rake & soon ! hay 0 9 piles4 ,z ! field 0 v smoo? & free f /ones1 a hay load] 0 us$ to place ! hay ^u ! wagon4 ,a boy drove ! horses1 two m5 laid ! load1 & soon ! wagon 0 />t$ = ! b>n4 ,! old-fa%ion$1 sl[1 h>d "w ( lift+ ! hay by ! =kful into ! b>n 0 no long] necess>y4 ,hay =ks1 run by horse p[]1 grappl$ ! hay1 & lift$ ! load4 ,convey]s c>ri$ ! hay to ! "r po9t & dropp$ x 9 ! m[4 ,su* 0 ! "w done dur+ ! fir/ ?ree days t ,george sp5t on ! f>m4 ,he saw ! old-fa%ion$ h& "w & ! mod]n use ( labor-sav+ ma*9]y4 ,!n he /udi$ 8 books4 ,9 !m he f\nd t ! h& labor ( cutt+1 dry+1 & h\s+ ! hay us$ to co/ ab\t five doll>s a ton1 & t n[1 ) ! be/ ( mod]n ma*9es1 x ne$ co/ n m ?an "o doll> a ton4 ,?is ma*9]y is ( great value to ! f>m] & also to ^? :o buy ! hay2 = ! f>m] c sell 8 hay at a l[] price1 s9ce x co/s him less to make x4 ,?is 0 ! la/ ( ! hay+4 ,= sev]al weeks ,george wat*$ ! hoes & ! h>r[s1 z !y kept ! g>d5s & fields 9 good condition4 ,!n came h>ve/-"t4 ,potatoes 7 fir/ 9 ,george's ?\ghts1 & :5 he le>n$ t !y 7 to be dug on ! morr[ he 0 ?or\ghly ar\s$4 ,b he met ) a sore disappo9tm5t4 ,! potatoes 7 n dug by ma*9]y4 ,! common hoe or ! specially %ap$ potato hoe 7 ! only tools4 ,!n ! back-a*+ "w ( pick+ up potatoes add$ to 8 disgu/1 & he decl>$ t he nev] w\ld raise _m potatoes4 ,he le>n$ t pl[s sometimes help ! hoes1 b t potato-digg+ ma*9es h nev] come into g5]al use1 ?\gh good ones h be5 inv5t$4 ,at la/ gra9 h>ve/-"t came4 ,?is 0 ! "t to :i* ,george _h long look$ =w>d4 ,n[ he c\ld see ! :eat cut & ?re%$4 ,?is he 0 sure 0 ! be/ "w ( ! f>m]4 ,b :5 he saw ,tom take ! %ort1 crook$ sickle1 cut "s gra9 ) t1 ga!r x 9 8 arms1 & tie a cord ar\nd x1 he c\ld sc>cely control himself4 ,is t ! way gra9 is h>ve/$8 he said4 ,!n :5 he saw ! gra9 laid on ! b>n floor & /ruck rapidly by flails 9 ! h&s ( two m51 he decl>$1 ,if t is :at ! f>m] has to d to get a little gra91 !n ,i d n want to be a f>m]4 ,well1 said ,mr4 ,mill]1 t is j :at all f>m]s _h to d until )9 fifty ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,reap] ,,& ,,b9d]4 ,b ,george soon saw a diff]5t me?od4 ,?is fir/ h&-"w _h be5 m]ely to h>ve/ a small am\nt ( e>ly gra92 a few days lat] ! ma*9es 7 br\ght out4 ,n[ ,george 0 happy4 ,at la/ he saw a reap+ ma*9e & a comb9$ reap] & b9d]4 ,?is int]e/$ him ! mo/4 ,he wat*$ ! ma*9e z ! horses drew x along ! edge ( ! /&+ gra94 ,he saw ! gra9 cut & laid ^u a plat=m1 c>ri$ up into ! ma*9e1 tak5 by two arms call$ pack]s1 ga!r$ by !m into bundles1 b\nd by cords & ?r[n to ! gr\nd4 ,:at m c\ld be ask$ ( any ma*9e8 ,& yet !re is a new type ( h>ve/] t has be5 us$ 9 ,san ,joaqu9 valley1 ,cali=nia4 ,x cuts a sw>? fifty-two feet 9 wid?4 ,x n only cuts ! gra9 b x ?re%es x z well4 ,x makes ! sacks & fills !m z x travels ov] ! field4 ,x is said to cut an area ( a hundr$ acres a day1 & at ! same "t ?re% ! gra9 & fill fifte5 hundr$ sacks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,mc,c,o,r,m,i,c,k ,,reap]4 ,lat] 9 ! autumn came ! ?re%]4 ,t belong+ to ,f>m] ,mill] 0 run by horse p[]4 ,two horses /ood ^u a plat=m1 con/antly /epp+ =w>d b n mov+ f _! position4 ,in/ead ! plat=m mov$ backw>d & ?is turn$ ! ma*9]y4 ,! m5 plac$ ! gra9 /alks 9 ! hopp] & ! ?re%$ gra9 came out ( ! ma*9e1 fl[+ into sacks1 :i* :5 fill$ 7 ti$ by ! m5 & set aside ready = ! m>ket4 ,! reap] & ! ?re%] seem$ to ,george ! greate/ ( inv5tions4 ,he obta9$ a book on inv5tions1 & = _m days he 0 buri$ 9 x4 ,he read ( ! ,engli%man1 ,h5ry ,ogle1 ^: reap]1 made 9 #ahbb1 ar\s$ ! ang] ( ! work+ p1 :o ?reat5$ to kill ! manufactur]s if !y cont9u$ to make ! ma*9es2 ( ,patrick ,bell's inv5tion1 :i*1 ?\gh successful1 0 =gott5 = tw5ty or ?irty ye>s2 ( ,cyrus ,h4 ,mc,cormick1 ! ,am]ican1 ^: reap] fir/ obta9$ a la/+ success4 ,mo/ ( all he 0 int]e/$ 9 ! acc\nt ( ! fir/ trial ( reap]s 9 ,engl&1 at ! "t ( ! _w's fair 9 #ahea4 ,:at a joke x 0 = ! ,london ,times to poke fun at ! ,mc,cormick ma*9e1 z x 0 exhibit$ 9 ! ,cry/al ,palace6 ,h[ ! great newspap] did wi% t x _h kept quiet :5 a few days lat] x 0 compell$ to report ! complete success ( ! ridicul$ reap]6 ,! trial took place 9 ,essex1 ab\t =ty-five miles f ,london4 ,two hundr$ f>m]s 7 pres5t1 ready to laugh at failure or to accept any successful ma*9e4 ,! :eat 0 n ripe2 ! crop 0 heavy2 & ! day 0 ra9y4 ,! ,hussey reap] 0 fir/ tri$ b 0 soon clogg$ by ! gre51 wet gra94 ,! judges propos$ to discont9ue ! trial1 z ! conditions 7 s unfavorable4 ,b ! ag5t ( ! ,mc,cormick reap] prote/$4 ,8 ma*9e w\ld "w "u any conditions2 he wi%$ t ! g5tlem5 :o _h tak5 ! pa9s to come to ! trial %\ld h a *ance to see ! ,mc,cormick4 ,accord+ly x 0 br\ght =w>d &1 9 spite ( ev]y?+1 x w5t /eadily =w>d1 cutt+ all be=e x4 ,success 0 evid5t1 & ! ,engli% f>m]s gave ?ree he>ty *e]s = ! ,am]ican reap+-ma*9e4 ,ano!r trial1 at :i* ! reap] 0 tim$1 %[$ t x c\ld cut tw5ty acres a day ) ease4 ,ev5 ! labor+ m5 realiz$ t ! ma*9e w\ld come at once into use2 "o1 :o 0 among ! int]e/$ spectators1 took ! sickle1 :i* he happ5$ to h ) him1 & broke x 9 two across 8 knee2 he said t he w\ld no long] ne$ t4 ,f\r ye>s lat] a trial took place 9 ,france also4 ,"h ?ree ,am]ican1 two ,engli%1 & two ,fr5* ma*9es 7 te/$4 ,mc,cormick's reap] easily came out ahead1 ) ! o!r ,am]ican ma*9es close beh9d4 ,at ! same "t f\r ?re%+ ma*9es 7 te/$4 ,six m5 ) _! flails1 work+ z h>d z !y c\ld1 obta9$ fifty-f\r qu>ts ( :eat 9 half an h\r2 ! ,am]ican ?re%] gave out six hundr$ & sev5ty-?ree qu>ts 9 ! same "t6 ,illu/ration3 ,,?re%+ ,,) ,,flail4 ,we h sp5t mu* "t on f>m+ ma*9]y4 ,we mu/ n[ leave ,george to a fur!r /udy ( f>m life & f>m "w4 ,s f> he has only exam9$ tools & ma*9]y4 ,he has le>n$ f exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 t a mod]n f>m] has mu* m ?an ?is to le>n1 & mu* "w to d t _c be done by ma*9]y4 ,he realizes t mu* /udy is ne$$ to make a successful f>m]4 ,he f9ds t ne>ly e ,/ate 9 ! ,union has "o or m agricultural colleges1 & t ! ,unit$ ,/ates does its %>e 9 giv+ aid & in=mation to f>m]s4 ,he /ill desires to be a f>m]1 b he is glad t x is a mod]n f>m] t he mu/ be4 ,he goes back to s*ool1 eag] to prep>e himself to ent] ! be/ agricultural college t he c f9d1 9 ord] t he may be ready = intellig5t f>m+ z soon z opportunity comes4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,soil4 ,a little boat 0 sail+ along ! nor? %ore ( ,massa*usetts bay4 ,x 0 a %allop belong+ to ! fi%+ hamlet ( ,cape ,ann4 ,9 x 7 ,gov4 ,rog] ,conant & a few ( 8 fri5ds4 ,aft] a sail ( a doz5 miles ! boat 0 turn$ to ! we/w>d & ent]$ a h>bor4 ,on x w5t until x rea*$ a po9t ( l& :i* sep>at$ two little riv]s4 ,^u ?is p59sula1 :i* ! ,indians call$ ,naumkeag1 ,conant l&$4 ,he walk$ across f "o /ream to ! o!r2 he c>efully exam9$ ! trees1 ! we$s1 ! grass1 & ! rema9s ( an ,indian cornfield4 ,!n he sail$ back to ! cape4 ,illu/ration3 ,,coloni/s ,,9 ,a ,,%allop4 ,a few weeks lat] ,gov]nor ,conant & f\rte5 companions mov$ f ,cape ,ann to ,naumkeag1 n[ ,salem4 ,= ?ree ye>s ! hamlet on ! cape _h be5 /ruggl+ = life4 ,! coloni/s _h at la/ become di%e>t5$ & _h ab&on$ ! settlem5t4 ,b :at bett] =tune c\ld !y expect at ,naumkeag8 ,conant's /udy ( ! little p59sula _h taught him t "h 0 a f]tile soil f :i* he c\ld raise food en\gh = ! coloni/s4 ,cape ,ann _h n prov$ f]tile4 ,x 0 a /]n & rock-b\nd coa/4 ,! entire cape seem$ to be "o va/ l$ge ( granite rock1 & only "h & !re c\ld gra9 & vegetables be gr[n4 ,! settlem5t ( ,salem 0 f\r ye>s e>li] ?an t ( ,bo/on1 & b six ye>s aft] ! ,pilgrims arriv$ 9 ,plym\?4 ,?us e>ly 9 ! hi/ory ( ! colonies 0 x f\nd necess>y to seek f]tile soils = settlem5ts4 ,z ^! grew & ! numb] ( ! coloni/s increas$1 ! ne$ ( m l& & bett] soil became app>5t4 ,t5 ye>s aft] ,conant w5t to ,naumkeag1 ! population ( ?ree entire t[ns ne> ,bo/on mov$1 ?r\gh woods1 ov] hills & valleys1 & across /reams1 to ! f]tile valley ( ! ,connecticut ,riv]4 ,f>ms spread out 9 e direction until1 be=e ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ne>ly all ( s\!rn ,new ,engl& 0 dott$ ) !m4 ,! ,fr5* & ,indian ,w> came1 & at its close ! valley ( ! ,ohio ,riv] 0 plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ! ,engli%4 ,!n foll[$ ! ,am]ican ,revolution1 & ! ,nor?we/ ,t]ritory became a "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,new ,engl& f>m]s _h become cr[d$ by ?is "t1 & _m 7 eag] = m l&4 ,a new migration foll[$4 ,f>m]s f ,new ,engl&1 ,new ,york1 & ,p5nsylvania began to j\rney we/w>d & to settle ! ,nor?we/ ,t]ritory4 ,ohio soon _h suffici5t population to be made a ,/ate4 ,indiana & ,ill9ois foll[$1 !n ,mi*igan & ,wiscons94 ,mean:ile ! ,unit$ ,/ates pur*as$ ! great prov9ce ( ,l\isiana1 & ,i[a1 ,m9nesota1 & ,nebraska 7 settl$ by ! ,ea/]n f>m]s & o!rs :o _h come across ! ocean f ,europe4 ,nev] 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w _h !re be5 su* a rapid settlem5t ( new l&s4 ,x has cont9u$ ev5 up to ! pres5t "t4 ,a few ye>s ago ! new t]ritory ( ,oklahoma 0 op5$ to f>m]s1 & its gr[? has be5 rem>kable4 ,! pr9cipal reason = ?is rapid settlem5t ( ,we/]n l& may be f\nd 9 ! excell5t "* ( ! soil4 ,= ages x _h la9 uncultivat$1 wait+ = ! com+ ( ! :ite man4 ,unlike ! rocky portions ( ,new ,engl&1 ! gr\nd seldom conta9s a l>ge /one4 ,unlike ! hills & valleys ( ! coa/ ,/ates1 ! int]ior t]ritory is prairie l&1 level z f> z ! eye c see4 ,"h ! gang pl[s c be run2 "h ! m[+ ma*9es & ! mammo? h>ve/]s c be us$ to great advantage4 ,?us grew ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ! ,s\? ! we/w>d movem5t 0 n s rapid4 ,! conditions ( agriculture 7 diff]5t4 ,! climate ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a 0 unlike t ( ,massa*usetts2 ! cold ( ,new ,york 0 unkn[n 9 ,georgia4 ,9 ,new ,engl& small f>ms 7 ! rule2 on ^! ! "w 0 done by ! own]1 ) ! aid ( 8 sons or p]haps a hir$ man or two4 ,9 ,virg9ia l>ge plantations 7 common2 "h ! proprietor liv$ at 8 ease & ! l& 0 cultivat$ by slaves4 ,9 ,connecticut ! crops rais$ 7 us$ = ! mo/ "p by ! f>m]'s family or sold 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood4 ,9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a ! products ( ! plantations 7 export$ 9 great quantities4 ,9 "t1 h[ev]1 ^! ,s\!rn p became dissatisfi$ ) _! e>ly t]ritory1 z _! ,nor!rn bro!rs _h be51 & gradually new ,/ates 7 =m$ to ! we/w>d4 ,k5tucky & ,t5nessee 7 foll[$ by ,l\isiana2 ,alabama & ,mississippi 7 =m$ on "o side ( ! great riv]1 b a few ye>s be=e ,miss\ri & ,arkansas 7 on ! o!r4 ,/ate aft] ,/ate 0 admitt$ to ! ,union z soon z a suffici5t numb] ( p _h flock$ into !m1 & ! numb] ( ,t]ritories 0 /eadily dim9i%+4 ,at ! f>!r end ( ! cont95t1 ! ,oregon c\ntry1 sav$ to u by ! h]oism ( ,dr4 ,m>cus ,:itman1 add$ a l>ge t]ritory ( extremely f]tile soil4 ,s\? ( ,oregon ! great ,/ate ( ,cali=nia 0 add$ to ! ,union1 z a result ( ,m>%all's discov]y ( gold at ,sutt]'s ,=t4 ,yet ,cali=nia to-day is a ,/ate = ! f>m] z well z ! m9]4 ,?us f9ally1 ! ,atlantic coa/1 ! region ( ! ,great ,lakes1 ! ,ohio valley1 ! ,gulf ,/ates1 ! valley ( ! ,fa!r ( ,wat]s1 & ! ,pacific slope--9 fact1 almo/ all sections ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates--7 well peopl$ by f>m]s1 draw+ f ! ri* virg9 soil imm5se crops ( food1 m ?an suffici5t = our own p4 ,b we 7 n satisfi$4 ,9 ! v he>t ( ! c\ntry1 betwe5 ,kansas1 ,nebraska1 & ! ,dakotas on ! ea/1 & ,cali=nia1 ,oregon1 & ,wa%+ton on ! we/1 lay a great region :i* _h no attractions = ! f>m]4 ,let him prop]ly pl[ & cultivate ! soil1 let him add to x soil-food or f]tiliz]s z mu* z he pleases1 let ! spr+ & ! summ] come1 & let ! hot sun add its "p to *ange ! se$ into gr[+ gra9--9 spite ( all ! f>m]'s ef=ts no crop c\ld be obta9$4 ,! gra9 dri$ up almo/ z soon z plant$4 ,!re 0 no wat]4 ,= mon? aft] mon? no ra9 fell ^u ?is region4 ,x 0 call$ ! ,great ,am]ican ,des]t4 ,! fir/ attempt to make ?is des]t soil yield a suitable return = ! labor ( ! f>m] 0 made at ,salt ,lake ,city4 ,fifty ye>s ago a b& ( e>ne/ m5 brav$ cold & fam9e1 & ! ev5 m deadly ,indians1 cross$ ! great region we/ ( ! ,mississippi ,riv]1 & made a settlem5t 9 ! v mid/ ( ! des]t c\ntry4 ,to-day ! des]t ( ,utah blooms l a g>d52 ! soil is f]tile & yields l>ge returns to ! indu/ri\s inhabitants4 ,:at has made ! *ange8 ,no?+ b wat]4 ,if ! heav5s refuse to s5d ra9 to moi/5 ! p>*$ gr\nd1 _c ! ne$$ wat] be obta9$ 9 "s o!r way8 ,! pione] settl]s ( ,salt ,lake l$ ! way 9 tea*+ mank9d t ! gr\nd may be irrigat$ by human means4 ,wat] may be c>ri$ to ! fields :]e1 fl[+ along ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 x soaks 9 until x rea*es ! roots ( ! crops4 ,! wat] may be pump$ out ( ! gr\nd or x may be br\ght f ! m\nta9s 9 tr5*es or pipes4 ,?is me?od ( help+ nature by provid+ wat] :]e ra9 is sc>ce is call$ irrigation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,irrigat+ ,,tr5*4 ,9 ! same way _m o!r sections ( ! great ,we/ h be5 reclaim$4 ,s\!rn ,cali=nia1 =m]ly fit only = ! rais+ ( va/ h]ds ( cattle1 is n[ ! great or*>d ( ! c\ntry4 ,l>ge portions ( ,new ,mexico & ,arizona n[ add to ! g5]al /ock ( food4 ,irrigation bids fair to be ( va/ b5efit to ! c\ntry z1 little by little1 b>r5 l&s are r5d]$ f]tile4 ,at pres5t ! pr9cipal gra9 region ( our c\ntry is ! great ,nor?we/1 ! twelve ,/ates we/ ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,! pr9cipal gra9 is corn1 & two-?irds ( ! entire crop ( ?is c\ntry is gr[n 9 ! sev5 ,/ates ( ,ohio1 ,indiana1 ,ill9ois1 ,i[a1 ,nebraska1 ,kansas1 & ,miss\ri4 ,! bann] corn ,/ate is ,i[a4 ,! :eat crop is m valuable to ! _w ?an ! corn4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates raises "o-qu>t] ( all ! :eat gr[n 9 ! _w1 & ! great ,nor?we/ produces two-?irds ( t4 ,:eat c be pr(itably rais$ 9 a cool] climate ?an is suitable = corn2 !re=e ! five ,nor!rn ,/ates ,mi*igan1 ,wiscons91 ,m9nesota1 ,nor? & ,s\? ,dakota add _! quota to ! :eat gr[n 9 ! sev5 great corn ,/ates4 ,m9nesota leads 9 ! production ( :eat4 ,n all ! :eat comes f ?is region1 h[ev]1 = two ,pacific ,/ates1 ,cali=nia & ,oregon1 produce "o-eigh? ( ! entire crop ( our c\ntry1 & ,p5nsylvania gives a l>ge %>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,rice ,,field4 ,i[a leads 9 ! production ( oats z well z ( corn2 m ?an two-?irds ( ! oat crop comes f ! ,nor?we/4 ,new ,york & ,p5nsylvania add _! quota1 ab\t "o-eigh? ( ! total crop4 ,! ,nor?we/ ?us provides two-?irds ( ! gra91 on mu* less ?an "o-half ( ! cultivat$ l& ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?\gh gra9 is ! great agricultural product1 x is n ! only crop t we raise 9 l>ge quantities4 ,t5 ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates furni% ea* ye> m ?an sixty ?\s& tons ( rice1 a l>ge portion ( :i* comes f ,l\isiana & ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates is j beg9n+ to take rank z a sug>-produc+ c\ntry4 ,we n[ raise ab\t "o-eigh? ( ! sug> t we use ea* ye>4 ,at pres5t mo/ ( ! sug> comes f sug> cane1 :i* is gr[n ma9ly 9 ,l\isiana2 b ! c5tral ,/ates & ,cali=nia h rec5tly begun ! manufacture ( sug> f beets1 & beet-gr[+ is becom+ an important indu/ry4 ,! rec5t annexation ( isl&s 9 ! ,we/ ,indies & ! ,pacific ,ocean greatly increases our sug> production4 ,two o!r crops :i* are obta9$ f ! soil mu/ n be =gott51 al?\gh !y are nei!r ( !m foods4 ,! ,gulf ,/ates furni% n9e-elev5?s ( all ! cotton rais$ 9 ! _w1 & ! ,/ates nor? ( !m produce a l>ge portion ( ! _w's tobacco4 ,k5tucky leads 9 ! production ( ! latt] /aple1 rais+ ea* ye> ne>ly "o-half ( ! tobacco gr[n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,gra91 cotton1 tobacco1 rice1 & sug> are ! ma9 products ( ! soil 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,ea* ( ^! is produc$ 9 its own special region1 dep5d+ ^u ! "* ( ! soil & ! climate4 ,! value ( our agricultural exports is rapidly increas+1 & ! _w is look+ m & m to ! ,unit$ ,/ates to furni% a l>ge "p ( ! food necess>y = all mank9d4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,a ,,mod]n ,,d9n]4 ,george ,baxt] & 8 wife return$ to ,new ,york1 aft] a w9t] sp5t 9 ,cali=nia j a week be=e ,mrs4 ,baxt]'s si/] & h] husb& 7 prep>+ to />t = a second summ] 9 ,europe4 ,a ?ird si/]1 ,alice ,smi?1 decid$ to give ! travel]s a small d9n]1 to :i* only ! family %\ld be invit$4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,d9n] ,,p>ty4 ,:5 ! ev5+ arriv$1 elev5 memb]s ( ! ,atwood family ga!r$ ab\t ! table 9 ,mr4 ,smi?'s capaci\s d9+ room1 ! seat ( honor be+ giv5 to ! "m1 ,mrs4 ,atwood4 ,besides ! ?ree m>ri$ c\ples1 ,frank & ,alice ,smi?1 ,alb]t & ,m>y ,fremont1 & ,george & ,lucy ,baxt]1 !re 7 ! f\r unm>ri$ *ildr54 ,james1 ! olde/ son1 0 a bank] 9 ! city2 ,walt]1 next y\ng] ?an ,lucy1 0 a /ud5t fitt+ = ,columbia ,univ]sity2 ,fr$ & ,mabel 7 /ill class$ z s*ool *ildr54 ,aft] ! trim wait] _h br\ght on ! s\p1 ! mom5t's quiet 0 brok5 by ,george ,baxt]1 :o said to ! ho/ess3 ,h[ good to get back to ,new ,york once m1 if only to get a s\p t "o c eat )\t burn+ ! m\? ) ! %>p condim5ts4 ,y h no season+ at all 9 ! s\p1 h y1 ,alice8 ,oh1 yes1 repli$ ! ho/ess1 x is a v simple s\p1 b !re is ! usual pepp] & salt4 ,:at h y be5 9 ! habit ( hav+8 ,i am sure t ,i c\ld tell :at we did n h 9 "s ( our ,mexican s\ps mu* easi] ?an :at we did h4 ,i %\ld ?9k t !re mu/ h be5 bo? k9ds ( pepp]1 g+]1 g>lic1 mu/>d1 hors]adi%1 ,worce/]%ire sauce1 & ev]y?+ else4 ,i _c und]/& :y p liv+ 9 ! tropics want to season _! food ) su* hot /uff4 ,:at d y mean by two k9ds ( pepp]1 bro!r ,george8 ask$ ,mabel4 ,cay5ne pepp] & black pepp]1 0 ! reply4 ,oh1 yes1 ,i "k6 said ,fr$4 ,cay5ne pepp] comes f ,cay5ne 9 ,fr5* ,guiana4 ,b :]e d we get black pepp]8 ,ne>ly all ( x comes f ,sumatra1 said ,m>y4 ,d y "k :]e ,sumatra is1 ,mabel8 ,sumatra is "o ( ! l>ge isl&s s\? & s\!a/ ( ,asia1 :i* are call$ ! ,ea/ ,indies1 repli$ ! s*oolgirl4 ,! conv]sation _h n[ become g5]al1 & ,mr4 ,smi? call$ att5tion to ! di/ance t ^! condim5ts travel 9 rea*+ u4 ,sumatra is almo/ exactly on ! opposite side ( ! e>? f u1 said he4 ,fr$1 h[ w\ld ! black pepp] be br\ght to ,new ,york f ,sumatra8 ,across ! ,indian ,ocean & ! ,r$ ,sea1 ?r\gh ! ,suez ,canal & ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea1 ,i suppose4 ,b ,i d n "k :e!r x w\ld !n come /raight across ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 or fir/ g to ,engl&4 ,usually1 said ,mr4 ,smi?1 x w\ld g to ,engl& fir/4 ,alice1 broke 9 ,mabel1 :at else is 9 ! s\p beside pepp]8 ,oh1 ,i "k1 salt4 ,is salt also br\ght half-way r\nd ! _w8 ,i "k :]e salt comes f1 said ,fr$2 up ,/ate4 ,x is dug out ( ! gr\nd ne> ,syracuse4 ,t is "r1 ,fr$1 said ,james4 ,b ,new ,york ,/ate does n supply all ! salt us$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,= ye>s _m %ips & b>ks h come ye>ly into ,gl\ce/] h>bor f ,sicily1 br++ salt = ! fi%+-s*oon]s4 ,/eam]s ev5 are be+ us$ to br+ salt f ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea1 9 ord] t ! ,gl\ce/] fi%]m5 may s5d salt fi% all ov] our c\ntry4 ,we mu/ n =get1 said ,mrs4 ,smi?1 t !re is rice 9 our s\p also4 ,t comes f ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,j !n ! plates 7 remov$ & ! fi% 0 br\ght on4 ,?is is a r>ity1 said ! ho/ess4 ,c y tell u :at x is1 ,james8 ,i ?9k s4 ,x is halibut1 is x n8 ,:y d y call x a r>ity8 ask$ ,m>y4 ,?is halibut came f ! ,gr& ,banks1 said ,mrs4 ,smi?4 ,i d n und]/& h[ !y get x "h s fre%4 ,james1 :o seem$ to be q famili> ) ! ,gl\ce/] fi%]ies1 said3 ,! fi%]m5 br\ght _! load ( halibut to ! ,gl\ce/] :>ves la/ night & imm$iately load$ x ^u ! ,bo/on /eam]4 ,?ree o'clock 9 ! morn+ 0 its "t = sail+1 & at six x 0 be+ unload$ 9 ,bo/on4 ,! six-h\r tra9s br\ght "s ( x to ,new ,york 9 "t = our d9n]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,load+ ,,fi% ,,at ,,gl\ce/]4 ,/eam]s & railroad tra9s seem necess>y = our d9n]1 d !y n8 said ,alb]t4 ,b ?is fi% sauce conta9s only articles f ne>] home1 ,i am sure4 ,d n be too c]ta9 ( t1 said ,mr4 ,smi?4 ,alice1 :at is !re 9 ?is sauce8 ,fir/1 !re are eggs4 ,^? came f our ,long ,isl& f>m1 ( c\rse1 said h] husb&4 ,!n !re is olive oil4 ,t comes f ,italy1 said ,mr4 ,smi?4 ,t is n a home product4 ,! olives t y are eat+ are1 ( c\rse1 f ,italy also4 ,i d\bt t1 said ,george4 ,i 0 j ab\t to rem>k t ^! olives _h come f ,cali=nia4 ,i c easily detect ! ta/e4 ,yes1 ! ho/ess add$4 ,^! olives ,i b\ght j to see if ,george & ,lucy w\ld notice t !y 7 n our usual que5 olives4 ,!y are said to h come f ,pomona4 ,t is a great olive c5t]1 said ,george4 ,:at else is !re 9 ! sauce1 ,alice8 ask$ h] husb&4 ,pepp] & salt1 v9eg>---- ,cid] v9eg>1 ,i suppose1 broke 9 ,mrs4 ,baxt]4 ,h[ mu* nic] apple v9eg> is ?an grape v9eg>6 ,mo/ ( ! v9eg> t we _h 9 ,cali=nia 0 made f w9e4 ,t ,/ate is becom+ a great grape-produc+ region4 ,b d y "k1 ,frank1 :]e ! apples 7 gr[n8 ,no1 said ,mr4 ,smi?1 b probably !y 7 rais$ ei!r 9 ,v]mont or ,new ,hamp%ire4 ,la/ ye> ! ,new ,york apple or*>ds gave b a poor yield1 :ile ^? ( ,new ,engl& did mu* bett]4 ,probably ?is season w prove an (f ye> = ,v]mont apples1 b we %all h all t we c use 9 our own ,/ate4 ,a little lemon ends ! li/1 said ! ho/ess4 ,lemons f ,sicily1 ,i suppose1 rem>k$ ,mr4 ,baxt]4 ,h y tri$ ! ,cali=nia lemons yet8 ,yes1 said ,mr4 ,smi?4 ,we c sometimes get v f9e lemons f ,cali=nia1 b n always4 ,if ! gr[]s ( lemons 7 m p>ticul> ab\t ! quality ( ! fruit t !y s5d out1 !re w\ld be a bett] trade 9 ,cali=nia lemons4 ,:ile ?is conv]sation 0 go+ on1 ! fi% 0 remov$ & a roa/ ( beef 0 plac$ on ! table1 & ) x ! vegetables4 ,! diff]5t memb]s ( ! family _h become q int]e/$ 9 ! discussion by ?is "t1 & x 0 cont9u$ z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,?is is a good piece ( beef1 rem>k$ ,james ,atwood4 ,:at are we go+ to d = meat :5 ! natural increase 9 ! am\nt ( l& devot$ to cultivation uses up all ! graz+ regions8 ,y ne$ n fret ab\t t1 said ,mr4 ,baxt]2 t w n come 9 y\r day4 ,y ought to take a trip ?r\gh ,texas1 ,new ,mexico1 & ,arizona1 ?r\gh ,wyom+ & ,montana1 or o!r sections ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 region1 & y w\ld n fe> = our cattle-rais+ int]e/s4 ,"h1 aga91 ! railroads are important1 said ,mr4 ,fremont4 ,:at numb]s ( long freight tra9s daily come ea/1 load$ ) cattle = ,new ,york & ,bo/on1 & ev5 = ,great ,brita9 & ! ,cont95t4 ,! ,european consumption ( our cattle is ( great & rapidly gr[+ importance4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,cattle ,,tra94 ,^! new potatoes came f ! ,b]mudas1 rem>k$ ! ho/4 ,& ! peas f ,m>yl&1 add$ ! ho/ess4 ,d y n ?9k t ^! are rem>kably fre% aft] hav+ be5 br\ght s f>8 ,h[ ab\t ! lettuce8 ask$ ,james4 ,t mu/ h come f "s gre5h\se4 ,)\t d\bt1 ?\gh ,i did n inquire1 repli$ ,mrs4 ,smi?4 ,n will+ to leave any?+ out ( ! conv]sation1 ,mabel "h inquir$ ab\t ! mac>oni & tomatoes4 ,! mac>oni comes f ,italy1 repli$ h] si/] ,m>y4 ,mu* ( x is %ipp$ f ,g5oa1 ! city :i* claims to h be5 ! bir?place ( ,columbus4 ,y w\ld f9d x int]e/+1 ,mabel1 to read ab\t ! production & prep>ation ( mac>oni4 ,! tomatoes 7 cann$ on our f>m la/ autumn1 said ,mrs4 ,smi?4 ,we ?9k !m mu* sup]ior to any t we c buy4 ,aft] ?is ! conv]sation turn$ ^u ! bread4 ,!re 7 two k9ds1 :ite & br[n4 ,"o ( ! ladies rem>k$ t %e nev] ate :ite bread2 bread f :ole :eat fl\r 0 s mu* m :olesome4 ,ano!r said t graham bread 0 good en\gh = h]4 ,!y talk$ ab\t ! :ite fl\r1 made 9 ,m9neapolis1 f ,dakota :eat4 ,!y spoke ( ! ,indian meal made f corn gr[n 9 ,i[a4 ,!y wond]$ :y s little rye 0 us$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 s9ce x is ! /aple gra9 9 ,russia4 ,!y !n inquir$ conc]n+ ! o!r sub/ances us$ 9 mak+ ! two k9ds ( bread4 ,:]e does ! butt] come f8 ask$ ,mrs4 ,fremont4 ,?is p>ticul> box is m>k$ f ,delaw>e ,c\nty1 ,new ,york1 repli$ ! ho/ess4 ,mo/ ( ! cream]ies t s5d butt] to ,new ,york ,city are locat$ at "s di/ance f ! railroads4 ,! f>ms ne>] ! railroads s5d all _! milk to ! city4 ,b ! f>m]s t are too remote pr(itably to s5d 9 ! milk make ! cream into butt] & *eese4 ,!y !n fe$ ! butt]milk to ! pigs4 ,t is a new ?\ght to me1 said ,james4 ,s x seems t "s products are made only :]e !re are no railroads4 ,or :]e !re is no great city )9 a few hundr$ miles1 add$ ,walt]4 ,i suppose !re is molasses 9 ?is br[n bread1 said ,lucy ,baxt]4 ,molasses comes f ,porto ,rico1 said ,mabel1 :o 0 /udy+ ! ,we/ ,indies j at ?is "t 9 h] geography lessons at s*ool4 ,"s ( x1 said h] olde/ si/]4 ,b mo/ ( ! sug> comes f ,cuba4 ,b n all1 said ,james4 ,?is sug> has be5 travel+ = ne>ly two weeks to rea* ,new ,york4 ,fir/ a sea voyage ( m ?an two ?\s& miles1 & !n a railroad j\rney ( m ?an ?ree ?\s& miles1 & yet ! section :]e x grew is a "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x mu/ h come f ,honolulu !n1 said ,walt]4 ,i wond] :e!r ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s1 be+ n[ a "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 w int]f]e ) ! rais+ ( sug> cane 9 our ,s\!rn ,/ates8 ,v little probably1 b n[ t ! ,unit$ ,/ates possesses ,hawaii & ,porto ,rico1 x w sc>cely be necess>y = u to import any sug> & molasses1 said ,fr$4 ,:5 ! dess]t & fruit 7 br\ght on1 new subjects = conv]sation 7 f\nd4 ,:at d y call ?is pudd+1 ,alice8 ask$ h] husb&4 ,x is a pea*-tapioca pudd+1 0 ! reply4 ,! pea*es are f ,delaw>e2 cann$1 ( c\rse4 ,"h1 aga91 ! ,we/ ,indies are repres5t$1 said ,james2 ! tapioca came f ,hayti4 ,& ! ,ea/ ,indies also1 add$ ,walt]1 = ,i ta/e nutmeg1 :i* comes f ! ,molucca ,isl&s4 ,^! isl&s furni% su* an am\nt ( spice t !y are commonly call$ ! ,spice ,isl&s4 ,! discussion ( foods cont9u$ ?r\gh\t ! d9n]4 ,! oranges1 almo/ ! la/ ( ! season1 _h be5 br\ght f ,cali=nia4 ,florida oranges 7 sc>ce t ye>4 ,! bananas 7 f ,mexico & almo/ a luxury4 ,! w> ) ,spa9 _h de/roy$ trade ) ,cuba1 f :i* isl& ! great bulk ( bananas _h usually come4 ,among ! nuts 7 almonds t _h be5 import$ f ,italy1 filb]ts t _h be5 s5t across ! ocean f ,engl&1 & walnuts t _h come f ,cali=nia4 ,f9ally ! c(fee 0 f ! isl& ( ,java4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dry+ ,,c(fee ,,9 ,,java4 ,be=e ! d9n] p>ty broke up1 ,mr4 ,smi? review$ ! facts :i* _h be5 le>n$ 9 ! conv]sation4 ,he especially call$ att5tion to ! small numb] ( articles t are n pr(itably rais$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,we %\ld miss our c(fee v mu*1 he said1 if our c\ntry 7 blockad$ at any "t4 ,! loss ( ! banana w\ld be ! loss ( a luxury4 ,_h we no mac>oni or tapioca we %\ld /ill h en\gh to eat4 ,p]haps our ta/e w\ld become m natural 7 we depriv$ ( pepp]4 ,no o!r ( ! foods on ?is table %\ld we be entirely depriv$ (1 ev5 7 we sep>at$ :olly f ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,cali=nia c\ld furni% u ) olives1 lemons1 & almonds1 z well z ,italy does4 ,we ne$ n g to ,engl& = filb]ts1 & ev5 if we _h n ( late obta9$ new colonies1 we c\ld produce 9 "t all ! sug> we ne$$ to supply ! entire c\ntry4 ,no o!r nation 9 ! _w is s well prep>$ to furni% its own food4 ,illu/ration3 ,,eli ,,:itney4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,quilt+ ,,bee ,,9 ,,! ,,old5 ,,"t4 ,,section ,,iv4--,,clo?+4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,colonial ,,conditions4 ,y all "k t ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica 0 =m$ out ( ?irte5 ,engli% colonies scatt]$ along ! ,atlantic coa/4 ,virg9ia 0 ! fir/ ( ^! colonies to be f\nd$1 dat+ f #afjg4 ,massa*usetts 0 settl$ 9 #afbj1 ,new ,york 9 #afbc1 & s on until ! la/ ( ! ?irte51 ,georgia1 0 e/abli%$ 9 #agcc4 ,f ! "t ( ^! settlem5ts until ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce 9 #aggf1 ^! colonies 7 subject to ,great ,brita9 & "u h] rule & control4 ,! indep5d5ce ( ^! ,am]ican colonies 0 a great loss to ! ,briti% gov]nm5t1 b x creat$ a new nation ( ! same race :i*1 toge!r ) ! "m c\ntry1 to-day holds ! de/9y ( ! _w 9 its h&s4 ,great ,brita9 = c5turies has be5 l>gely a manufactur+ c\ntry4 ,x 0 ! policy ( ! ,briti% gov]nm5t to control s f> z possible manufactures & comm]ce = all h] prov9ces & colonies4 ,h5ce dur+ our colonial p]iod ! home gov]nm5t took e possible measure to prev5t ! introduction ( manufactures into ! colonies4 ,we 7 dep5d5t ^u ! "m c\ntry = cotton & wool5 goods1 cutl]y1 iron w>e1 &1 inde$1 almo/ ev]y?+ t c\ld be pr(itably manufactur$ 9 ,engl& & %ipp$ to ?is c\ntry4 ,ev5 aft] we _h secur$ out indep5d5ce1 ! /ricte/ c>e 0 tak5 by ! (ficials ( ,engl& t draw+s & models ( ma*9]y %\ld n be br\ght to ,am]ica4 ,z late z #ahaf an ,am]ican manufactur] ( cotton clo? visit$ ,engl&4 ,al?\gh he c>ri$ lett]s ( introduction :i* caus$ him to be treat$ ) great c\rtesy & att5tion1 he 0 refus$ p]mission to ent] any ( ! cotton mills4 ,! manufactur]s suspect$ 8 purpose1 :i* 0 to le>n ! con/ruction ( ! d\ble spe$]4 ,nev]!less he p]si/$1 & "o day1 )\t p]mission & 9 spite ( ! sign ,positively no ,admittance1 he ent]$ ! c>d+-room1 accompani$ by a skill$ me*anic4 ,!y proce$$ z rapidly z possible to exam9e ! ma*9e1 :i* 0 9 full op]ation1 b 7 soon ord]$ out by ! ov]se]4 ,!y _h1 h[ev]1 se5 en\gh ( its con/ruction to enable !m to make "o4 ,aft] _! return to ?is c\ntry !y made a ma*9e & set x up 9 ! g5tleman's cotton mill 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york4 ,! news ( its successful op]ation rea*$ ,engl& & ar\s$ a jeal\s feel+ among manufactur]s4 ,9 _! ang] !y plann$ a wick$ s*eme to de/roy ! life ( ! ,am]ican manufactur]4 ,a box conta9+ an inf]nal ma*9e 0 s5t z freight on a packet %ip b\nd = ,new ,york4 ,=tunately1 :5 ! crew 0 dis*>g+ ! c>go1 ! box slipp$ f ! c> hook & fell ) a cra% ^u ! :>f4 ,?is caus$ x to explode1 b )\t injury to any "o4 ,9 colonial times ! condition ( society 0 su* z to make x almo/ impossible = ! p to engage to any great ext5t 9 manufactures4 ,! c\ntry 0 new & ! pr9cipal bus9ess mu/ be agriculture4 ,aft] com=table %elt] = ! families _h be5 provid$1 e ex]tion mu/ be put =? to secure food4 ,clo? c\ld only be obta9$ f ! "m c\ntry4 ,cotton & l95 clo? 7 import$ = %irts & %eets1 wool5 goods = clo?+1 a few silks = w$d+ dresses n[ & !n1 & lea!r = ! %oes ( all ! p4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tailor ,,& ,,cobbl]4 ,9 ! e>ly times ! tailor1 ) 8 goose & 8 %e>s1 pli$ 8 trade f h\se to h\se1 /ay+ ) ea* family long en\gh to make up ! clo!s necess>y = ! season4 ,9 l mann] ! %oemak] travel$ ab\t ! c\ntry1 ) 8 kit ^u 8 back1 /opp+ ) ea* h\sehold to make ! %oes ne$$ = ! fa!r1 "m1 & *ildr54 ,^! 7 ! pione] days1 b1 be=e we became a nation1 ! h\ses ( ! p _h greatly improv$ 9 /yle ( ar*itecture & 9 com=t4 ,consid]able weal? _h be5 secur$ by _m1 & b little pov]ty 0 f\nd any:]e4 ,! me*anic arts 7 beg9n+ to improve1 & manufactur+1 aft] a long & t$i\s wait+1 0 gradually mak+ progress4 ,at an e>ly date sawmills _h be5 e/abli%$ ^u ! /reams1 us+ ! wat] z motive p[]4 ,gri/mills _h sprung up = gr9d+ ! gra9 rais$ by e f>m]4 ,! sp9n+ :eel & ! h& loom _h f\nd _! place sl[ly b /eadily 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,x is difficult to compreh5d ! great diff]5ces betwe5 ! indu/ries ( ^? e>ly days & ! me?ods ( do+ bus9ess among u to-day4 ,n[ almo/ ev]y?+ seems to be done by ma*9]y1 & ! division ( labor has be5 c>ri$ to su* an ext5t t ea* labor] seems only an assi/ant to a ma*9e4 ,y press ! button1 ! ma*9e does ! re/4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( our c\ntry1 x 0 cu/om>y = ! diff]5t memb]s ( a family to d almo/ ev]y?+ t ! necessities or com=t ( ! h\sehold requir$4 ,ev]y:]e ! f>m] rais$ %eep1 %e>$ !m1 c>d$ ! wool1 spun x & wove x1 all ?is be+ done ^u ! home f>m4 ,a well-to-d f>m] w\ld produce all ! wool5 clo? ne$$ = clo?+ = himself & 8 family4 ,illu/ration3 ,,flax ,,:eel4 ,! %eep graz$ ^u ! hills & _! wool 0 clipp$ 9 ! spr+ ( ! ye>4 ,?is wool 0 sc\r$1 c>d$1 spun by ! family 9 ! f>mh\se1 & !n wov5 into clo? = ! w9t]'s we>4 ,all ?is 0 done )9 ! walls ( ! h\se1 & ! clo? 0 made up into clo?+ = ! diff]5t memb]s ( ! family by ! it9]ant tailor4 ,:at a contra/ f ! pres5t sy/em1 :i* raises wool ^u our ,we/]n hills & prairies1 makes x into clo? 9 ! l>ge factories1 & fa%ions x into tr\s]s1 ve/s1 & coats 9 ! great :olesale clo?+ e/abli%m5ts4 ,9 "s sections ( ! c\ntry ! f>m]s rais$ flax1 & f x made ! pure/ :ite l95 clo?4 ,! writ] ( ?is *apt] has 9 8 possession a beautiful piece ( :ite l951 wov5 ^u ! f>m :]e he 0 born1 f ?read :i* 0 spun f flax rais$ ^u ! same f>m4 ,! flax :eel & ! loom 7 also made by ! fa!r ( ! family4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,old-,,fa%ion$ ,,loom4 ,if y c\ld look into t old kit*5 :at a sight y w\ld see6 ,h[ qua9t x w\ld appe> to ea* "o ( y6 ,! kit*5 makes an ell to ! ma9 h\se4 ,?is ell 0 an old h\se1 built m ?an a c5tury & a half ago1 & mov$ up to ! new h\se = a kit*54 ,9 "o corn] /&s ! l>ge sp9n+ :eel2 ne> x is ! small] flax :eel2 9 ano!r corn] /&s ! great wood5 loom ) its huge beam = ! w>p & its %uttle :i* mu/ be ?r[n back & =? by h&4 ,no c>pet1 n ev5 an oil-clo?1 is ^u ! floor1 :i* is cov]$ ) pure :ite s&4 ,x w\ld seem v /range to u if we 7 oblig$ to live surr\nd$ by ^! primitive conditions4 ,h[ mu* /rang] w\ld x appe> to ^? :o liv$ at t day if !y c\ld witness ! improvem5ts ( our "t6 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,cotton ,,g94 ,9 ! quiet times t foll[$ ! ,fr5* & ,indian ,w>1 two ye>s aft] ! ,treaty ( #agfc1 ,eli ,:itney 0 born 9 ,worce/] ,c\nty 9 ,massa*usetts4 ,dur+ ! ,revolution>y ,w> he 0 busy mak+ nails by h&1 ! only way 9 :i* nails 7 made 9 ^? days4 ,he e>n$ money en\gh by ?is indu/ry & by tea*+ s*ool to pay 8 way ?r\gh college4 ,b x 0 a sl[ process1 & he 0 ne>ly tw5ty-sev5 ye>s ( age :5 he 0 graduat$ at ,yale4 ,imm$iately ^u 8 graduation he w5t to ,georgia1--a long di/ance f home 9 ^? days1--hav+ made an engagem5t to become a private tutor 9 a weal?y family ( t ,/ate4 ,on 8 arrival he f\nd t ! man :o _h engag$ 8 s]vices1 unm9dful ( ! contract1 _h fill$ ! position ) ano!r tutor4 ,! wid[ ( ! fam\s ,g54 ,na?aniel ,gre5e _h a beautiful home at ,mulb]ry ,grove1 on ! ,savannah ,riv]4 ,mrs4 ,gre5e invit$ "y ,:itney to make h] h\se 8 home :ile he /udi$ law4 ,%e soon p]ceiv$ t he _h great inv5tive g5ius4 ,he devis$ sev]al articles ( conv5i5ce :i* ,mrs4 ,gre5e mu* appreciat$4 ,at t "t ! entire cotton crop ( ?is c\ntry might h be5 produc$ ^u a s+le field ( two hundr$ acres4 ,cotton !n comm&$ a v high price1 because ( ! labor ( sep>at+ ! cotton fibre f ! se$4 ,! cotton clung to ! se$ ) su* t5acity t "o man c\ld sep>ate ! se$ f only f\r or five p\nds ( cotton 9 a day4 ,at t rate x w\ld take him ?ree mon?s to make up a bale ( cle> cotton4 ,already inv5tions 9 ma*9]y = ! mak+ ( cotton clo? _h made ! production ( cotton a necessity4 ,"s means mu/ be provid$ = a m rapid sep>ation ( cotton f ! se$ 9 ord] to make manufactur+ pr(itable4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,cotton ,,field4 ,"o day1 "o ( ,mrs4 ,gre5e's fri5ds 0 regrett+1 9 conv]sation ) h]1 t !re c\ld be no pr(it 9 ! cultivation ( cotton4 ,mrs4 ,gre5e _h great fai? 9 ! inv5tive p[]s ( "y ,:itney1 & %e sugge/$ t he be ask$ to make a ma*9e :i* w\ld sep>ate ! se$ skillfully & rapidly1 =1 said %e1 ,eli ,:itney c make any?+4 ,:5 ! workm5 9 ! deep m9es ( ,engl& ne$$ a safety lamp to %ield !m f ! explosions ( ! damp1 !y appli$ to ! great *emi/1 ,sir ,humphrey ,davy1 & he inv5t$ "o4 ,s1 ^! cotton rais]s appeal$ to ,mr4 ,:itney to inv5t = !m a cotton eng9e or g94 ,he knew no?+ ab\t ei!r raw cotton or cotton se$4 ,c\ld he be expect$ to inv5t a ma*9e t w\ld sep>ate ! cotton se$ :i* he _h nev] se5 f ! raw cotton :i* also he _h nev] se58 ,b ,:itney 0 an inv5tor4 ,trifles mu/ n /& 9 8 way4 ,he secur$ samples ( ! cotton & ! se$2 ev5 ?is 0 n an easy ?+ to d1 = x 0 n ! "r season ( ! ye>4 ,he began to "w out 8 idea ( ! cotton g91 b met ) _m ob/acles4 ,!re 7 no wire manufactories 9 ! ,s\? & he c\ld n obta9 wire ev5 9 ,savannah4 ,!re=e he _h to make 8 wire himself4 ,/ill fur!r1 he 0 oblig$ to manufacture 8 own iron tools4 ,/ep by /ep he ov]came all ob/acles1 until he _h a ma*9e t he ?\ght w\ld answ] ! purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,cotton ,,ball4 ,accord+ly1 "o day1 he ent]$ ! room :]e ,mrs4 ,gre5e 0 conv]s+ ) fri5ds & exclaim$1 ,! victory is m9e6 ,all ! gue/s1 z well z ! ho/ess1 w5t ) ! inv5tor to exam9e ! ma*9e4 ,he set ! model 9 motion4 ,x consi/$ ( a cyl9d] f\r feet 9 l5g? & five in*es 9 diamet]4 ,^u ?is 0 a s]ies ( circul> saws half an in* ap>t & project+ two in*es above ! surface ( ! revolv+ cyl9d]4 ,! saws pass$ ?r\gh n>r[ slits betwe5 b>s2 ^! b>s might be call$ ! ribs ( ! hopp]4 ,at once ! saw tee? caught ! cotton :i* _h be5 plac$ 9 ! hopp] & c>ri$ x ov] betwe5 ! b>s4 ,! se$ 0 left beh9d1 z x 0 too l>ge to pass ?r\gh4 ,! saws revolv$ smoo?ly & ! cotton 0 ?or\ghly sep>at$ f ! se$4 ,b aft] a few m9utes ! saws became clogg$ ) ! cotton & ! :eels /opp$4 ,poor ,:itney 0 9 despair4 ,victory 0 n yet 84 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,cotton ,,g94 ,mrs4 ,gre5e came to ! rescue4 ,h] h\sewifely in/9cts saw ! difficulty at once & ! rem$y z well4 ,"h's :at y want6 %e exclaim$4 ,%e took a clo!s bru% hang+ ne> by & held x firmly aga9/ ! tee? ( ! saws4 ,! cyl9d] began aga9 to revolve1 = ! saws 7 quickly clean$ ( ! l9t1 :i* no long] clogg$ ! tee?4 ,madam1 said ! grateful ,:itney1 y h p]fect$ my inv5tion4 ,! inv5tor add$ a second1 l>g] cyl9d]1 ne> ! fir/4 ,on ?is he plac$ a set ( /iff bru%es4 ,z ! two cyl9d]s revolv$1 ! bru%es fre$ ! saw tee? f ! cotton & left x 9 ! receiv+ pan4 ,?us ! cotton g9 0 inv5t$ by ! ,yankee s*oolma/]1 ,eli ,:itney4 ,?\gh improv$ 9 its workman%ip & con/ruction1 x is /ill 9 use :]ev] cotton is rais$4 ,"o man ) a ,:itney cotton g9 c clean a ?\s& p\nds ( cotton 9 place ( ! five p\nds =m]ly clean$ by h&4 ,:5 a safety lamp 0 ne$$1 ,davy inv5t$ x4 ,:5 fa/] wat] travel 0 dem&$1 ,fulton con/ruct$ ! /eamboat4 ,:5 ! _w ne$$ va/ :eat fields1 ,mc,cormick devis$ 8 reap]4 ,:5 ! "t _h come = ! telegraph1 ,morse /udi$ x out4 ,9 ! fullness ( "t1 ,bell1 ,edison1 & o!rs inv5t$ ! telephone4 ,:5 a cotton g9 0 ne$$1 ,eli ,:itney made x4 ,"h aga9 ! law holds t necessity is ! "m ( inv5tion4 ,:5 a great inv5tion is made1 ev]ybody wants ! b5efit ( x1 & p seem to ?9k t ! inv5tor has no rights :i* !y are b\nd to respect4 ,:itney secur$ a pat5t ^u 8 ma*9e1 b1 unm9dful ( t1 a great _m p]sons began to make cotton g9s4 ,he 0 imm$iately involv$ 9 num]\s legal conte/s4 ,be=e he secur$ a s+le v]dict 9 8 favor he _h sixty lawsuits p5d+4 ,aft] _m delays he f9ally secur$ ! paym5t ( #ej1jjj :i* ! ,legislature ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a _h vot$ him4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a all[$ him a p]c5tage on all cotton g9s us$ 9 t ,/ate = five ye>s4 ,t5nessee promis$ to d ! same1 b did n keep h] promise4 ,mr4 ,:itney /ruggl$ along1 ye> aft] ye>1 until he 0 conv9c$ t he %\ld nev] receive a j return = 8 inv5tion4 ,see+ no way to ga9 a compet5ce f ! cotton g9 he det]m9$ to cont9ue ! conte/ no long]1 remov$ to ,new ,hav5 & turn$ 8 att5tion to ! mak+ ( fire>ms4 ,"h he ev5tually ga9$ a =tune4 ,he made su* improvem5ts 9 ! manufacture ( fire>ms z to lay 8 c\ntry "u p]man5t obligation to him = greatly increas+ ! means ( national def5se4 ,rob]t ,fulton once said3 ,arkwright1 ,watt1 & ,:itney 7 ! ?ree m5 t did ! mo/ = mank9d ( any ( _! contempor>ies4 ,macaulay said3 ,:at ,pet] ! ,great did to make ,russia dom9ant1 ,eli ,:itney's inv5tion ( ! cotton g9 has m ?an equal$ 9 its relation to ! p[] & progress ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,cotton4 ,almo/ exactly 9 ! c5t] ( ,engl& is ! ,c\nty ( ,d]by4 ,a few miles nor? ( ! city ( ,d]by1 on a small riv] call$ ,d]w5t1 a bran* ( ! ,tr5t1 is ! little t[n ( ,belp]4 ,?is t[n 0 not$ = its e>ly manufacture ( cotton & silk goods4 ,"h1 ab\t ! "t ( ! ,am]ican ,revolution1 ,ri*>d ,arkwright & ,j$$iah ,/rutt 7 successfully engag$ 9 cotton sp9n+4 ,9 ?is t[n1 9 #agfc1 0 born ,samuel ,slat]4 ,z ! lad grew up1 8 fa!r1 a well-to-d f>m]1 s5t him to s*ool :]e he receiv$ ! advantages ( a good ,engli% education4 ,8 s*ool days1 h[ev]1 end$ :5 he 0 f\rte5 ye>s ( age4 ,he 0 greatly int]e/$ 9 ma*9]y4 ,! hum ( ! sp9n+ frame 0 music to 8 e>s4 ,!re=e1 he 0 appr5tic$ to ,mr4 ,/rutt to le>n ! bus9ess ( cotton sp9n+1 & ga9$ a ?or\gh ma/]y ( ! process ( c>d+ & sp9n+ cotton1 & ev5 :ile an appr5tice he made _m improvem5ts 9 ma*9]y4 ,at ! close ( ! ,revolution>y ,w>1 ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 adopt$ & ,george ,wa%+ton became ,presid5t4 ,we h already se5 t ,engl& did n p]mit h] ,am]ican colonies to engage to any great ext5t 9 manufactur+4 ,b n[1 ! v fir/ ,congress "u ,wa%+ton pass$ an act to enc\rage manufactures1 & "o or two ( ! ,/ates (f]$ b\nties = ! introduction ( cotton ma*9]y4 ,"y ,slat]1 n[ ab\t tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age1 det]m9$ to emigrate to ,am]ica4 ,s9ce ! laws ( ,engl& did n p]mit him to take draw+s or models ) him1 he _h to tru/ entirely to 8 memory to con/ruct new ma*9]y :5 he %\ld arrive 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,he l&$ 9 ,new ,york 9 ,novemb]1 #aghi1 & soon aft] wrote to ,moses ,br[n1 a weal?y m]*ant ( ,provid5ce1 ,rhode ,isl&1 tell+ him :at he c\ld d & ask+ 8 help4 ,mr4 ,br[n imm$iately repli$3 ,if ?\ can/ d ?is ?+1 ,i invite !e to come to ,rhode ,isl& & h ! cr$it ( introduc+ cotton manufactures into ,am]ica4 ,s x happ5$ t on ! #ba/ ( ,decemb]1 #agij1 ,samuel ,slat]1 repres5t+ ! bus9ess firm ( ,almy1 ,br[n & ,slat]1 set up at ,pawtucket ?ree eighte5-in* c>d+ ma*9es1 ) ! necess>y draw+ heads1 rov+ cases1 w9d]s1 & sp9n+ frames1 ) sev5ty-two sp9dles4 ,"h1 9 an old full+ mill1 & by wat] p[]1 0 />t$ ma*9]y = ! mak+ ( cotton y>n4 ,mr4 ,slat] _h be5 oblig$ to prep>e all ! plans ( ?is ma*9]y1 & ei!r to con/ruct x ) 8 own h&s or to tea* o!rs h[ to d x4 ,f ! fir/ ! ent]prise 0 successful4 ,an excell5t quality ( y>n 0 manufactur$1 q equal to ! be/ quality !n made 9 ,engl&4 ,no attempts 7 made to use wat] p[] 9 weav+ ! y>n into clo?4 ,?is 0 /ill done by h& looms 9 ! f>mh\ses ( ! c\ntry4 ,a second cotton factory 0 />t$ 9 ! ye> #ahjj1 & )9 t5 ye>s f t date !re 7 _m ( !m 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! l&4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,slat] came to ,am]ica1 he left at 8 fa!r's h\se 9 ,belp] a little bro!r4 ,9 #ahje ?is bro!r1 n[ gr[n to manhood1 came to ,am]ica1 & w5t to ,pawtucket to f9d 8 bro!r ,samuel4 ,"h he f\nd ,mr4 ,wilk9son1 a bro!r-9-law ( ,mr4 ,slat]4 ,mr4 ,wilk9son took him to 8 bro!r's h\se & said3 ,i h br\ght "o ( y\r c\ntrym5 to see y2 c y f9d any?+ = him to d8 ,mr4 ,slat] ask$ f :at "p ( ,engl& he came4 ,he repli$3 ,d]by%ire4 ,:at "p ( ,d]by%ire8 said ,mr4 ,slat]4 ,i came f ! t[n ( ,belp]1 said ,john4 ,belp]1 ! t[n ( ,belp]8 ,well1 t is :]e ,i came f4 ,:at may ,i call y\r "n8 ,john ,slat]4 ,! boy _h *ang$ s mu* t 8 old] bro!r did n "k him4 ,! int]view 0 a delightful "o to bo?2 x 0 l ! meet+ ( ,joseph & ,b5jam94 ,que/ions & answ]s flew rapidly4 ,is my "m yet alive8 ,h[ are my bro!rs & si/]s8 ,h[ is my old ma/]1 ,mr4 ,/rutt8 ,is ! old s*oolma/] ,jackson liv+8 ,! next ye> ! two bro!rs built a cotton mill 9 ,smi?field1 ,rhode ,isl&1 & 9 #ahjh a l>ge /one mill 0 erect$ at ,black/one1 ,massa*usetts4 ,s ! bus9ess cont9u$ to increase4 ,! p[] loom 0 inv5t$1 & soon ! manufacture ( cotton clo? became "o ( ! lead+ int]e/s ( ,new ,engl&4 ,! mills ( ,l[ell became fam\s4 ,man*e/]1 9 ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,lawr5ce & ,fall ,riv]1 9 ,massa*usetts1 7 soon dott$ ) great mills turn+ out clo? ( all v>ieties by ! million y>ds4 ,! falls ^u ! riv]s ( ,new ,engl& 7 utiliz$1 by means ( ! wat] :eel1 to furni% p[] = mov+ all ! ma*9]y us$ 9 ! mak+ ( cotton goods4 ,! song ( ! pick]1 ! hum ( ! sp9n+ frame1 & ! :ack1 :ack ( ! loom are n[ he>d 9 a ?\s& mills 9 v>i\s p>ts ( our c\ntry4 ,mr4 ,slat] 0 visit$ at "o "t by ,&rew ,jackson :ile he 0 ,presid5t4 ,x is relat$ t ! foll[+ conv]sation took place betwe5 !m3 ,i und]/&1 said ! ,presid5t1 t y h taught u h[ to sp9 s z to rival ,great ,brita9 & t x is y :o h set all ^! ?\s&s ( sp9dles at "w1 :i* ,i h be5 s delight$ to see1 & :i* are mak+ s _m p happy by giv+ !m employm5t4 ,yes sir1 said ,mr4 ,slat]1 ,i suppose t ,i gave out ! ,psalm1 & !y h be5 s++ ! tune ev] s9ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,presid5t ,,jackson ,,& ,,mr4 ,,slat]4 ,samuel ,slat] di$ 9 #ahce1 leav+ a l>ge =tune to 8 family4 ,john ,slat] di$ a few ye>s aft] ! dea? ( 8 bro!r4 ,x 0 8 son1 ,john ,f4 ,slat]1 :o 9 #ahhb plac$ #a1jjj1jjj 9 ! h&s ( a bo>d ( tru/ees1 ! int]e/ ( :i* 0 to be us$ = ! education ( ! fre$m5 ( ! ,s\? & _! desc5dants4 ,! great ,rhode ,isl& orator1 ,tri/am ,burgess1 said 9 ,congress on "o occasion3 ,if manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts are a b5efit & a bless+ to ! ,union1 ! "n ( ,slat] mu/ ev] be held 9 grateful remembrance by ! ,am]ican p4 ,x w\ld be next to impossible to give any adequate acc\nt ( ! improvem5ts :i* h be5 made 9 ,am]ican ma*9]y = ! manufacture ( cotton clo?4 ,beg9n+ ) ! cotton g9 & ! introduction ( ! c>d+ ma*9e & ! sp9n+ frame by ,slat]1 we %\ld h to record ! great success ( ! d\ble spe$]1 ! mod]n draw+-frame1 ! ,crompton & ! ,:it9 looms1 & especially ! r+ travel] sp9n+ frame & ! self-op]at+ cotton mule4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,int]ior ,,( ,a ,,mod]n ,,cotton ,,mill4 ,9 #agia1 #bjj1jjj p\nds ( cotton 7 export$1 v little be+ us$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 #ahia1 ! cotton produc$ 9 ,am]ica rea*$ m ?an #c1ejj1jjj1jjj p\nds4 ,?is cotton is n[ gr[n 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates ^u m ?an #bj1jjj1jjj acres ( gr\nd4 ,! mills ( ,am]ica to-day are us+ m ?an #b1jjj1jjj bales ( cotton p] ye>4 ,9 #agic1 ,samuel ,slat] />t$ sev5ty-two sp9dles to sp9 cotton2 9 #ahic1 !re 7 #ae1jjj1jjj sp9dles4 ,to su* great proportions has ?is indu/ry gr[n f ! small beg9n+s ( ,samuel ,slat]'s bold attempt to br+ ov] f ,engl& 9 8 memory ! ma*9]y necess>y to its manufacture4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,wool4 ,z civilization has advanc$1 ! clo?+ ( man has improv$4 ,to-day a great v>iety ( mat]ial is necess>y to make up ! prop] w>drobe = civiliz$ man4 ,our clo?+ is ne>ly all fabricat$--t is1 manufactur$ f ! raw mat]ial into :at we call fabrics4 ,we h cotton1 wool51 silk1 & l95 fabrics4 ,! two pr9cipal articles us$ = our clo?+1 h[ev]1 are wool & cotton4 ,cotton & l95 are m l>gely us$ 9 w>m wea!r & 9 w>m climates1 :ile wool5 has come into g5]al use = we> 9 cold] climates & 9 cold] seasons4 ,! mak+ ( wool5 clo? is "o ( ! olde/ indu/ries4 ,9 ! e>ly ages ! co>se wool ( ! %eep 0 spun into long ?reads1 !n wov5 & made into rude g>m5ts = ! clo?+ ( man4 ,! dye+ ( ^! clo?s1 by :i* brilliant colors 7 produc$1 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ ( ! f9e arts4 ,_m c5turies ago ! ,egyptians1 ! ,p]sians1 ! ,greeks1 & ! ,romans made %awls & robes ( beautiful texture & brilliant colors4 ,!y also made mats1 rugs1 t5t clo?s1 curta9s1 & tape/ry hang+s4 ,dur+ ! la/ f\r hundr$ ye>s /eady progress has be5 made 9 ! con/ruction ( wool5 fabrics4 ,long ago ,engl& became fam\s = ! manufacture ( wor/$ goods1 c>pets1 & broadclo?s4 ,ma*9]y = mak+ wool5 clo? 0 introduc$ into ,engl& dur+ ! latt] half ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,! sp9n+ j5ny came into use a little aft] #agej1 & ! p[] loom 0 inv5t$ ne> ! close ( ! c5tury4 ,no ma*9]y = mak+ wool5 clo?1 except by h& sp9n+ & h& weav+1 0 introduc$ into our c\ntry until ab\t ! ye> #ahjj4 ,h[ d y suppose our =efa!rs & =emo!rs manag$ to make ! clo? ne$$ be=e ! introduction ( ma*9]y & ! build+ ( factories8 ,a s+le incid5t may expla9 h[ x 0 done4 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,eliphalet ,nott 0 presid5t ( ,union ,college1 ,s*5ectady1 ,new ,york1 = m ?an sixty ye>s4 ,he 0 born 9 ,connecticut j be=e ! ,am]ican ,revolution4 ,8 fa!r 0 v poor1 b a consci5ti\s1 godly man4 ,he liv$ on a f>m f\r miles f ! village & ! *ur*4 ,dur+ ! e>ly boyhood ( ,eliphalet 8 fa!r _h no horse1 & 9 bad wea!r1 :5 ! family c\ld n walk to *ur*1 !y 7 drawn ov] ! r\gh & hilly roads ( t long f\r miles by _! only c[4 ,yet !y 7 always at *ur*4 ,"o w9t]1 ,mr4 ,nott's ov]coat _h become s %abby t ,mrs4 ,nott told h] husb& x 0 n fit to be worn to *ur* any long]4 ,he _h no money to buy a new "o4 ,%\ld he /ay away f div9e s]vice8 ,n he6 ,to ?is proposition nei!r he nor 8 wife w\ld ass5t4 ,soon1 h[ev]1 ! good woman devis$ a plan to free !m f ! difficulty4 ,%e sugge/$ to h] husb& t !y %\ld %e> _! only cosset lamb1 & t ! fleece w\ld furni% wool en\gh = a new ov]coat4 ,:at6 said ! old man1 %e> ! cosset 9 ,janu>y8 ,x w freeze4 ,ah1 no1 x w n1 said ! wife1 ,i w see to t2 ! lamb %all n suff]4 ,%e %e>$ ! cosset & !n wrapp$ x 9 a blanket ( burlaps1 well sew$ on1 :i* kept x w>m until its wool _h gr[n aga94 ,?is fleece ,mrs4 ,nott c>d$1 spun1 & wove into clo?1 :i* %e cut & made into a g>m5t = h] husb&1 & he wore x to *ur* on ! foll[+ ,sabba?4 ,! fir/ attempt to manufacture wool5 clo? o!r ?an by h& 0 made at ,newburyport1 ,massa*usetts1 by two ,engli%m51 ,ar?ur & ,john ,s*olfield4 ,!y _h le>n$ ! bus9ess 9 ,engl&1 & n[ put 9 op]ation ! fir/ c>d+ ma*9e = wool made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,^u ?is !y made ! fir/ sp9n+ rolls turn$ out by ma*9]y4 ,! same ye> !y built a factory1 ?ree /ories high & "o hundr$ feet long1 9 ! ,byfield di/rict1 at ,newburyport4 ,! two bro!rs c>ri$ on ! factory = a company ( g5tlem5 :o 7 ! /ockhold]s4 ,ar?ur 0 ov]se] ( ! c>d+2 ,john 0 9 *>ge ( ! weav+ room4 ,?is application ( ma*9]y to ! mak+ ( wool5 clo? creat$ mu* int]e/ 9 ! c\ntry1 & wool 0 br\ght f long di/ances4 ,p visit$ ! factory f f> & ne>4 ,^! visitors became s num]\s t an admission fee ( t5 c5ts 0 *>g$4 ,dur+ ! fir/ w9t] aft] ! factory 0 op5$ sleigh+ p>ties came f all ! neighbor+ t[ns4 ,"s ye>s ago an old lady1 n9ety ye>s ( age1 wrote1 9 ,rem9isc5ces ( a ,nonag5>ian1 t %e _h se5 r[ aft] r[ ( sleighs pass ov] ,crane-neck ,hill1 enliv5+ ! bright cold days by ! joy\s tones ( _! m]ry bells4 ,%e describes ! impression made ^u h] own m9d ! fir/ "t %e visit$ ! factory3 ,nev] %all ,i =get ! awe ) :i* ,i ent]$ :at !n appe>$ ! va/ & impos+ edifice4 ,! l>ge drums t c>ri$ ! b&s on ! l[] floor1 c\pl$ ) ! novel noise & hum1 increas$ ?is awe1 b :5 ,i rea*$ ! second floor :]e pick+1 c>d+1 sp9n+1 & weav+ 7 9 process1 my amazem5t became complete4 ,! ma*9]y1 ) ! exception ( ! looms1 0 driv5 by wat] p[]4 ,! weav+ 0 by h&4 ,mo/ ( ! op]atives 7 males1 a few "y girls be+ employ$ 9 splic+ rolls4 ,aft] ?is ,john ,s*olfield e/abli%$ a factory 9 ,montville1 ,connecticut4 ,subsequ5tly ,ar?ur ,s*olfield remov$ to ,pittsfield1 ,massa*usetts1 :]e he pass$ ! rema9d] ( 8 life1 & n only c>ri$ on ! wool5 manufacture himself1 b also built c>d+ ma*9es & set !m up = o!rs to op]ate4 ,)9 ! next twelve ye>s sev]al wool5 factories _h be5 built 9 ,massa*usetts1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,rhode ,isl&1 & ,new ,york4 ,! new indu/ry _h become s firmly e/abli%$ t :5 ,presid5t ,madison 0 inaugurat$1 ,m>* #d1 #ahji1 he wore a suit ( black broadclo? ( ,am]ican manufacture4 ,b ,wa%+ton ,irv+ tells u t ,wa%+ton1 our fir/ presid5t1 0 inaugurat$ tw5ty ye>s e>li]1 dress$ 9 a suit ( d>k-br[n clo? ( ,am]ican manufacture4 ,f "t to "t ! wool5 indu/ry has be5 protect$ by v>i\s t>iff bills pass$ by ,congress4 ,?is indu/ry to-day is ( gigantic proportions4 ,! wool5 factories 9 our c\ntry are n[ us+ ab\t five hundr$ million p\nds ( wool p] ye>4 ,m ?an half ( ?is is rais$ 9 our own c\ntry1 & ne>ly all ( ! clo? produc$ is reta9$ 9 ! c\ntry = home consumption4 ,let u see n[ if we c und]/& h[ wool5 clo? is made4 ,! fa!r ( ,dr4 ,nott _h 9 ^? e>ly days a s+le %eep4 ,"s f>m]s w\ld h half a doz51 o!rs tw5ty-five or fifty4 ,n[ times are *ang$4 ,we h b few %eep 9 ! old] settl$ c\ntry along ! ,atlantic coa/4 ,^? :o raise wool to-day are apt to make x _! sole bus9ess1 do+ no?+ else4 ,mo/ ( ! %eep ( ?is c\ntry are rais$ ^u ! great pla9s & 9 ! great valleys ( ! ,we/]n c\ntry4 ,_m flocks ( %eep1 numb]+ f five hundr$ to sev]al ?\s&1 may be se5 9 ,texas1 ,new ,mexico1 ,utah1 & ,wyom+4 ,!re are to-day 9 ,texas m ?an ?ree million %eep2 ab\t an equal numb] 9 ,wyom+2 ne>ly z _m 9 ,new ,mexico1 ,oregon1 ,cali=nia1 & ,ohio4 ,we h 9 our c\ntry at ! pres5t "t m ?an =ty million %eep4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%eep-,,%e>+4 ,let u visit "o ( ^! %eep ran*es4 ,x is 9 ! spr+ ( ! ye>4 ,! w>m wea!r has come4 ,! %eep h _h _! ?ick fleeces to keep !m w>m ?r\gh ! cold w9t]4 ,9 ! summ] ^! ?ick1 %aggy coats w\ld be z burd5some to !m z a w9t] ov]coat w\ld be to u4 ,! ran*m5 r\nd up ! flock1 & tak+ !m "o by "o1 cut (f ) a huge pair ( %e>s ! long wool4 ,! wool is sold to ! deal]s1 & s5t away to ! m>ket4 ,x f9ds its way to ! wool5 mill4 ,x is sort$1 wa%$1 & sc\r$4 ,x is !n c>d$4 ,! c>ds /raight5 out ! long fibres ( wool s t !y may be readily spun4 ,! mule or ! sp9n+ j5ny sp9s x into y>n1 twi/+ ?is y>n l a rope or ?read s t x w be /rong & w hold toge!r4 ,a "p ( ! y>n is !n arrang$ ^u a great beam = ! w>p4 ,! w>p is ! ?reads t run l5g?wise ( ! clo?4 ,! re/ ( x is w\nd ^u little bobb9s to be put into %uttles4 ,! %uttle is ?r[n back & =? across ! w>p1 ?us weav+ 9 ! fill+4 ,?is is done by means ( :at is call$ a h>ness4 ,?is h>ness holds up ! alt]nate ?reads ( ! w>p & presses d[n ! o!r ?reads1 s t :5 ! %uttle is ?r[n ?r\gh x c>ries ! ?read ( ! fill+ "u & ov]2 t is1 "u "o-half ( ! w>p ?reads & ov] ! o!r half4 ,aft] ! clo? is wov51 x is put ?r\gh ! full+ mill1 :i* beats x up ?ick & firm4 ,aft] ?is come ! v>i\s processes ( f9i%+3 %e>+ ! surface s z to leave x smoo?2 bru%+ x s z to set ! nap all "o way & give x a smoo?1 ev51 glossy appe>ance4 ,! quality ( ! clo? dep5ds ^u ! quality ( ! wool us$1 ! quality ( ! ma*9]y :i* makes ! clo?1 & ! skill ( ! workm54 ,a great deal ( exp]i5ce is necess>y 9 mak+ fir/-class goods4 ,we are n[ us+ ! v be/ ma*9]y 9 ! _w 9 ! manufacture ( our wool5 goods4 ,possibly 9 ! mak+ ( broadclo? & a few v>ieties ( ! bett] class ( goods we may n yet be q up to ! old] manufactories ( ,europe1 b 9 cassim]es1 wor/$ goods1 blankets & c>pets we are already able to compete ) ! products ( ! ,old ,_w4 ,al?\gh ! price ( labor 9 ,european c\ntries is less ?an 9 ,am]ica1 our workm5 d m "w 9 a day & our ma*9]y is ( su* improv$ patt]ns t we are g5]ally able to compete 9 price4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,lea!r4 ,9 ! colonial days1 z we h se51 ! travel+ %oemak] 0 abroad 9 ! l&4 ,he 0 accu/om$ to travel ?r\gh 8 section ( ! c\ntry ) a kit ( tools & bits ( lea!r on 8 back4 ,he 0 famili>ly call$ ,crisp91 f ! patron sa9t ( 8 craft1 & (ttimes prov$ a "* mu* appreciat$ by ! f>m]s & _! families4 ,sometimes ^! travel+ me*anics 7 quiet1 sil5t m51 do+ _! "w & go+ on int5t only on obta9+ _! liv+2 b sometimes !y 7 jolly1 social p1 faceti\s1 ev5 witty4 ,good morn9'1 neighbor ,heyday1 said a ,crisp9 to a f>m]4 ,i hope y & ! madam & ! *ild]s are all v well1 ! day4 ,eh1 purty fair4 ,! woman is ail9' "s4 ,%e wants build9' up1 build9' up4 ,well1 well1 said ,crisp91 ! ,"l has laid ,8 h& ( bless+ heavily ^u ye1 s ,he has t4 ,:at is ! mean9' ( t spee*8 said ! f>m]4 ,eh1 sorry is x = ! jok] :5 he has to expla9 8 own joke4 ,hasn't ,he fill$ y\r quiv] full ( *ild]s8 & isn't t ! greate/ bless+ ! ,almighty c be/[ on man t is a s9n]8 ,b ,i h only six *ild]s4 ,yes1 yes1 ,i see1 b ! elde/ c\nts less ye>s ?an ! clock tell h\rs2 & ,i wi% ye _h a doz5 in/ead ( half z _m4 ,are ye giv9' 'em all good heal?y und]/&9'8 ,well1 !m t's old en\gh goes to s*ool1 if t's :at y mean8 ,well1 !re x is aga94 ,a man has to int]pret 8 own wit4 ,i mean1 h !y all good soles on :i* to keep _! bodies heal?y8 ,! good ,"l gives 'em ! s\ls & _! p>5ts are responsible only = ! bodies4 ,blund]9' aga9 x is t ,i am4 ,i mean are ye'r %oes all 9 a good1 heal?y condition1 s t ! brats w n take cold & be c>ri$ (f by a /\t1 lung fev]1 t ! doctors call newmony8 ,well1 !y've worn no %oes all summ] except :at ! ,"l gave 'em1 & t's ! sk9 ( _! feet4 ,well1 n[1 x's a full twelvemon? s9ce ,i 0 ar\nd "h a=e1 & d ye want me to make up _! w9t] %oes = 'em8 ,s ! conv]sation w5t on until !y _h /ruck a b>ga91 t ! ,crisp9 %\ld bo>d ) ! f>m] & make up ! %oes = himself & ! *ildr51 ! f>m] pay+ = ! lea!r & s mu* by ! week = ! man's "w4 ,! %oemak] !n made a /rong pair ( c[hide boots = ! fa!r ( ! family2 a pair ( kid %oes = ! good wife2 two pairs ( calfsk9 %oes = ! two girls2 two pairs ( +ra9 boots = ! old] boys2 & two pairs ( kid %oes = ! y\ng] boys4 ,! silv] j+l$ 9 ! pocket ( ! ,crisp9 :5 8 task 0 complet$1 & he travel$ onw>d to ! next f>m4 ,he _h appropriat$ to himself a c]ta9 section ( villages & c\ntry1 & he w\ld treat ! matt] z a s]i\s misdemeanor %\ld any o!r ,crisp9 trespass ^u 8 t]ritory4 ,! ,crisp9s ( ^? days 7 hone/ & fai?ful 9 _! "w4 ,sl[ !y 71--t _c be d5i$4 ,ev5 z late z ! e>ly half ( ?is c5tury a good %oemak] has be5 kn[n to labor f morn+ till night ?r\gh ! six days ( ! week on "o pair ( f9e1 sew$1 calfsk9 boots1 & ! entire price :i* ! cu/om] paid = !m 0 #e1 :i* includ$ bo? labor & mat]ial4 ,:at a contra/ f ! anci5t me?od ! pres5t sy/em furni%es6 ,n long s9ce a w$d+ 0 to occur 9 ,salem1 ,massa*usetts4 ,a telegram 0 s5t at t5 o'clock 9 ! morn+ to ,lynn1 ord]+ a pair ( ladies' slipp]s made f :ite kid1 to be worn at ! c]emony t aft]noon4 ,! %oes 7 cut out & made up complete & =w>d$ to ,salem by ! two o'clock tra94 ,miss ,s>ah ,e4 ,wiltse 9 h] /ories = *ildr5 tells h[ little ,alice 0 dr9k+ h] cup ( milk "o night :5 %e ask$ h] fa!r to tell h] a /ory ab\t ! good c[1 = h] ?ird f+]4 ,%e said3 ,! c[ does ?ree ?+s = me n[4 ,"h is milk = my ?umb1 butt] = ! po9t]1 *eese = ,mr4 ,tallman1 & n[ my ?ird f+]1 ,mr4 ,feebleman1 wants some?+4 ,:at c ! c[ give me = my ?ird f+]8 ,h] fa!r !n told h] ! /ory ( a k+ 9 ! long1 long ago1--,i ?9k x mu/ h be5 9 ! pre-hi/oric times1--a k+ :o put into "o pile ! ?+s :i* he knew1 & into ano!r pile ! ?+s :i* he did n "k4 ,n[ ! pile :i* ?is fooli% k+ did n "k 0 a great deal l>g] ?an ! pile ( ?+s :i* he did "k4 ,nei!r he nor 8 p knew mu* ab\t mak+ h\ses or di%es or ev5 clo!s = !mselves4 ,!y w5t b>efoot$ & b>ehead$ all ! "t4 ,"o day ! k+'s horse fell dead & he 0 oblig$ to walk a long di/ance4 ,! %>p /ones cut 8 feet1 & ! bri>s & brambles prick$ !m & tore !m4 ,!n ! k+ told 8 p to put d[n a c>pet = him to walk on4 ,s !y all w5t to "w to make co>se c>pets = ! k+ to walk ^u4 ,!y _h h>d "w to make c>pets en\gh to lay d[n 9 advance ( ! k+1 day aft] day1 z he travel$ across ! c\ntry4 ,at l5g? "o ( 8 s]vants w5t away by himself & work$ all night4 ,! next morn+ he came & knelt be=e ! k+ & said3 ,sire1 ,i h a c>pet = ! :ole e>?1 ?\gh none b ! k+ may walk ^u x4 ,^u ?is c>pet ?\ can/ climb m\nta9s & ?y feet be n bruis$2 ?\ can/ w&] 9 ! valleys & ?y feet nev] be torn by brambles2 ?\ can/ tread ! burn+ des]t & ?y feet rema9 unscor*$4 ,!n ! k+ said3 ,br+ me t priceless c>pet & half my k+dom %all be ?9e4 ,! s]vant br\ght to ! k+ a pair ( %oes :i* he _h made 9 ! night4 ,?is 0 a new c>pet = ! k+2 & s ?is 0 ! f\r? good ?+ :i* ! c[ gave to ,alice2 ! milk %e put d[n = ! ?umb1 ! butt] = ! fir/ f+]1 ! *eese = ! middle f+]1 & n[ %e put lea!r = ! ?ird f+]4 ,:at great *anges h tak5 place 9 ! process ( mak+ boots & %oes s9ce ?is witty s]vant made ! c>pet = ! k+'s feet6 ,let u trace briefly ! hi/ory ( lea!r & ! evolution ( a pair ( %oes4 ,9 ! e>ly colonial days ! sk9s ( animals 7 widely us$ = clo?+4 ,caps 7 made = ! m5 & boys f be> sk9s1 wolf sk9s1 & ! sk9s ( ! catam\nt4 ,ov]coats ) sleeves & hoods 7 made ( sk9s ( wild animals prop]ly dress$1 ) ! hair on4 ,moccas9s = w9t] s]vice 7 f ! same mat]ial4 ,bucksk9 bree*es ) fr+$ edges 7 9 common use4 ,^! co/umes 9 ! newly settl$ regions ( our ,we/]n c\ntry cont9u$ until fifty or sixty ye>s ago4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dr4 ,,:itman ,,/>t+ ,,on ,,8 ,,j\rney4 ,9 ! w9t] ( #ahdb-dc ,dr4 ,m>cus ,:itman made 8 memorable j\rney f ,oregon across ! c\ntry to ! ,/ates4 ,on a lat] occasion he describ$ ! dress :i* he wore on t rem>kable horseback ride4 ,he said3 ,i wore bucksk9 bree*es1 fur moccas9s1 a blue duffle coat1 a buffalo ov]coat ) hood1 & a be>sk9 cap4 ,r a fanta/ic g>b = a mission>y1 wasn't x8 ,inv5tions & ma*9]y h done mu* to improve ! processes ( tann+ lea!r4 ,tann+ itself is a curi\s process4 ,x *anges raw hides into a condition 9 :i* ! sk9s are useful 9 ! arts & manufactures4 ,?is process r5d]s ! sk9s ne>ly imp]vi\s to wat]1 & makes !m s t\gh t !y c )/& ! ravages ( "t & rema9 firm & /rong ev5 = c5turies4 ,x is said t specim5s ( lea!r h be5 discov]$ 9 ,*9a :i* are surely ?ree ?\s& ye>s old4 ,!y _h be5 tann$ by ! process :i* is call$ alum tannage4 ,:5 ,columbus discov]$ ,am]ica he f\nd1 9 possession ( ! ,indians1 sk9s t _h be5 tann$4 ,_! process ( tann+1 too1 0 practically ! alum me?od4 ,sir ,edw9 ,arnold f\nd a pair ( slipp]s 9 a s>cophagus 9 ,india1 & no?+ else 0 pres5t except a small heap ( du/4 ,9 ! huts ( ! ,rock ,dwell]s 9 ,arizona tann$ lea!r has be5 f\nd4 ,9 anci5t ,babylon !y _h a process ( tann+1 & ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s ago ! ,russians & ,hung>ians 7 skill$ 9 ! art4 ,! anci5t ,romans knew h[ to tan lea!r ) oil1 alum1 & b>k4 ,mo/ ( ! e>ly tann+1 h[ev]1 0 )\t b>k4 ,! process 0 accompli%$ ) oil1 clay1 s\r milk1 & smoke4 ,lat]1 nutgalls & leaves began to be us$4 ,oak b>k is ! pr9cipal mat]ial n[ employ$ ?r\gh\t ! _w 9 tann+4 ,besides ! oak b>k1 ! b>ks ( hemlock1 p9e1 bir*1 & will[ are utiliz$4 ,:5 ! texture ( ! sk9 has be5 s *ang$ by ?is tann+ process z to become t\gh & durable1 !n ! "n lea!r is giv5 to x4 ,9 ! days ( ! ,crisp9s six mon?s 0 z %ort a "t z ! tann] ?\ght ne$ful = ! prop] cur+ ( ! hides4 ,! process 0 crude1 long1 & labori\s2 b ! lea!r1 ah6 ! lea!r--x 0 /rong & w\ld we> l iron4 ,ev5 ! *ildr5 did n ne$ copp] toes4 ,to-day ! me?ods h *ang$ greatly2 9 no way m noticeably ?an 9 ! %ort] "t requir$4 ,! mod]n process mu/ be consid]$ an improvem5t1 ev5 ?\gh ! lea!r is n z /rong z =m]ly4 ,! sk9s ( mo/ animals may be us$ to make lea!r ,! dome/ic animals1 c[s1 calves1 & %eep1 are fir/ call$ ^u to give _! sk9s = lea!r4 ,glaz$ kid is made f goat sk9s4 ,kang>oo lea!r is mu* us$ = %oes4 ,consid]able use is made ( alligator lea!r = sat*els & bags & ev5 = %oes4 ,sk9s ( liz>ds1 snakes1 & seals are us$2 walrus hides are tann$1 & ! lea!r us$ = poli%+ knives & tools4 ,pat5t lea!r is made pr9cipally ( c[hide1 horsehide1 & calfsk94 ,horsehide lea!r is v t\gh & durable1 b is too ela/ic = "s purposes4 ,h>ness lea!r is made f /e] & c[ hides4 ,russia lea!r1 =m]ly made only 9 ,russia1 has be5 a favorite mat]ial = ! *oice/ k9ds ( pocketbooks & sat*els4 ,bookb9d]s pref] x = b9d+ _! mo/ co/ly volumes4 ,m>%all ,jewell 0 a ,new ,hamp%ire boy4 ,he le>n$ ! trade ( tann+ & work$ at x ) 8 fa!r4 ,:ile yet a "y man1 he remov$ to ,h>t=d1 ,connecticut4 ,!re1 at fir/ ) 8 fa!r & aft]w>d alone1 he c>ri$ on a l>ge bus9ess 9 manufactur+ lea!r belt+4 ,he 0 ?ree times gov]nor ( ! ,/ate4 ,! ye> aft] leav+ ! gov]nor's *air he 0 appo9t$ ,m9i/] to ,russia4 ,:ile 9 t c\ntry1 ?r\gh 8 intimate k ( ! me?ods ( tann+1 he discov]$ ! secret ( ! ,russian process4 ,x _h nev] be5 kn[n be=e 9 our c\ntry4 ,"u 8 direction x 0 introduc$ "h1 & )9 ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s x has come into v ext5sive use4 ,! process is q simple4 ,x is ?us describ$3 ,/eep ! lea!r 9 a solution ( fifty p\nds ea* ( oak & hemlock b>k & suma*1 "o p\nd ( will[ b>k & n9e hundr$ gallons ( wat]2 heat by /eam1 & imm]se ! lea!r till /ruck ?r\gh1 & :ile ! mat]ial is /ill damp sme> on ! out] side a solution ( oil ( bir* b>k dissolv$ 9 a little alcohol & e!r4 ,?is imp>ts to ! lea!r its odor & its pliability4 ,a boot or %oe consi/s pr9cipally ( two p>ts3 ! sole1 made ( ?ick1 t\gh1 /rong lea!r1 & ! upp]s1 made ( a s(t]1 m pliable lea!r4 ,by ! old process ! boot or ! %oe 0 made ?r\gh\t by a s+le p]son4 ,by ! mod]n process1 "o p]son cuts out ! %oe1 ano!r b9ds x1 & a ?ird puts x ^u ! la/2 /ill ano!r manages ! ma*9e :i* sews ! sole & ! upp] toge!r1 a diff]5t p]son trims ! edges1 "s "o else att5ds to ! next process 9 ! division ( labor1 until1 x may be1 a doz5 p]sons h done some?+ to ! mak+ ( "o %oe4 ,! mod]n improv$ ma*9es = sew+ on ! soles ( %oes are wond]ful in/rum5ts4 ,^u "o ma*9e a good workman w sew eight hundr$ pairs ( wom5's %oes 9 t5 h\rs4 ,a great "p ( ! boots & %oes worn by ! p ( ?is c\ntry are made ) ?is improv$ ma*9]y 9 l>ge e/abli%m5ts 9 ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia1 ,baltimore1 & o!r l>ge cities1 & p>ticul>ly 9 sev]al t[ns 9 ,massa*usetts1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 & ,ma9e4 ,! mo/ important seat ( ?is manufacture is ,lynn1 ,massa*usetts1 b great quantities ( %oes are made 9 ,brockton1 ,hav]hill1 ,mil=d1 ,m>blehead1 ,danv]s1 & ,worce/] 9 ,massa*usetts1 ,portl&1 ,auburn1 & ,augu/a 9 ,ma9e1 & ,dov] & ,f>m+ton1 9 ,new ,hamp%ire4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,ne$les4 ,9 ! e>li] times :at 0 ! mantle t cov]$ ! human p]son8 ,h[ 0 x made8 ,h[ 0 x held toge!r8 ,) :at 0 ! sew+ !re(8 ,:5 0 ?read fir/ us$ = ! seam8 ,h[ e>ly 9 human hi/ory 0 ! eye made = ! ne$le8 ,f ! beg9n+ ( hi/ory we f9d ref]5ces to sew+1 ev5 e>li] ?an to weav+4 ,we might naturally suppose t lea!r 0 sew$ be=e clo?1 & t /\t lea!rn ?ongs s]v$ = ?read4 ,! lea!r /r+ = ?read & ! awl = ! ne$le mu/ h be5 9 use long1 long ago4 ,! /\t moccas91 ! wolfsk9 cap1 ! bucksk9 bree*es 7 sew$ by pun*+ holes & labori\sly pull+ a lea!r /r+ ?r\gh !m4 ,by & by1 h[ev]1 "s skillful inv5tor produc$ ! ne$le4 ,p]haps ! fir/ ne$les 7 made ( bone or ivory4 ,!n metal 0 us$4 ,:at a great inv5tion 0 ! eye ( ! ne$le6 ,no "o kn[s :o 0 ! inv5tor1 b we h reason to bless ! unkn[n p]sonage :o fir/ devis$ ?is +5i\s arrangem5t4 ,w\ld y n l to see ! ne$les t 7 9 use hundr$s ( ye>s ago8 ,!y 7 n l ! f9ely f9i%$ ne$les ( to-day4 ,crude & co>se 7 !y1 & only adapt$ to ! crude & co>se sew+ :i* c\ld !n be p]=m$4 ,to-day ! ne$le-woman is (t5 an arti/4 ,embroid]y is done ) ! ne$le4 ,! pla9 seam1 ! hem1 ! ga!r1 ! back /it*1 are simply s _m =ms ( ! "w ( an arti/4 ,c5tury aft] c5tury our ne$le-mak]s h be5 improv+ 9 ! manufacture ( ?is simple b effective little ma*9e4 ,9 ! complicat$ civilization ( ! pres5t "t we h an almo/ inf9ite v>iety ( ne$les3 ! ord9>y sew+ ne$le = ! mak+ ( g>m5ts2 small] ne$les = lace "w1 ! hemm+ ( delicate h&k]*iefs & ! seam ( f9e silk goods2 & co>se & heavy ne$les = c>pet sew+1 bagg+1 & lea!r "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sew+ ,,by ,,h&4 ,all ?is relates to sew+ by h&1 ) a s+le ne$le & "o ?read4 ,x is /it* by /i*1 fir/ "o1 !n ano!r2 x is l ! brook1--x goes on =ev]4 ,x is l ! clock t repeats its tick tock1 tick tock by ! h\r1 by ! day1 by ! week1 by ! ye>4 ,p]haps _m seam/resses w\ld n recognize ! duty ( bless+ ! man :o inv5t$ ! ne$le4 ,! poet ,hood has told ?is side ( ! /ory 9 8 fam\s poem1 ,! ,song ( ! ,%irt4 ,) f+]s we>y & worn4 ,) eyelids heavy & r$1 ,a woman sits 9 unwomanly rags1 ,ply+ h] ne$le & ?read-- ,/it*6 ,/it*6 ,/it*6 ,9 pov]ty1 hung]1 & dirt4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"w6 ,"w6 ,"w6 ,:ile ! cock is cr[+ alo(6 ,& "w--"w--"w1 ,till ! />s %9e ?r\gh ! ro(6 99 99 99 99 99 ,b& & gusset & seam1 ,seam & gusset & b&1 ,till ! he>t is sick1 ,& ! bra9 b5umb$ ,z well z ! we>y h&4 ,inde$1 ! "t _h come long ago :5 "s +5i\s device 0 ne$$ by :i* ! seam/ress c\ld sew ) less we> & te> ( n]ve & muscle4 ,ef=ts 7 made 9 ,engl& = ma*9e sew+ ne>ly "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago1 b !y 7 n successful4 ,a sew+ ma*9e 0 inv5t$ by ,?omas ,sa9t ab\t "o hundr$ ye>s ago :i* _h "s ( ! features ( ! sew+ ma*9e ( to-day4 ,x 0 left1 h[ev]1 = ,am]ican inv5tors to produce ma*9es t w\ld d ! "w easily & successfully2 ! ma*9es !mselves _h su* simplicity & 7 s nicely adapt$ t !y 7 n likely to get out ( repair b w\ld rema9 s]viceable dur+ a long p]iod ( ye>s4 ,sew+ ma*9es 9 l>ge numb]s 7 inv5t$ dur+ ! p]iod f #ahcj to #ahfj4 ,z e>ly z #ahah a sew+ ma*9e 0 inv5t$ by ,rev4 ,john ,adams ,dodge1 ( ,v]mont4 ,he us$ a ne$le po9t$ at ea* end ) ! eye 9 ! middle4 ,?is ma*9e w\ld make a good back/it* & sew a seam /raight =w>d4 ,x 0 n pat5t$ & did n get into use to any consid]able ext5t4 ,9 #ahcb ,walt] ,hunt1 ( ,new ,york1 br\ght out a ma*9e :i* us$ two ?reads1 "o be+ c>ri$ by a %uttle & ! o!r by a curv$ ne$le ) ! eye 9 ! po9t4 ,?is ma*9e also 0 n pat5t$4 ,t5 ye>s lat]1 ,j4 ,j4 ,gre5\gh pat5t$ a ma*9e = sew+ lea!r & o!r heavy mat]ial1 b ?is also did n acquire any ext5d$ use4 ,ab\t ! same "t ,george ,h4 ,corliss inv5t$ a /rong1 heavy ma*9e = sew+ lea!r1 us+ two ne$les ) ! eyes ne> ! po9ts2 ?is ma*9e 0 evid5tly an improvem5t on previ\s attempts4 ,mr4 ,corliss soon turn$ 8 att5tion to improvem5ts ( ! /eam eng9e & did n cont9ue 8 ef=ts to p]fect 8 sew+ ma*9e4 ,h5ce x 0 t ! fir/ really successful sew+ ma*9e 0 t ( ,elias ,h[e1 pat5t$ 9 #ahdf4 ,! fir/ =m ( ,h[e's ma*9e 0 f> f satisfactory1 b x 0 an improvem5t on all previ\s ma*9es4 ,h[e c\ld n induce ! p to appreciate ! value ( 8 inv5tion1 & he w5t to ,engl& & !re secur$ pat5ts4 ,b 9 ,engl& also he became disc\rag$1 & sold out 8 rights = t c\ntry & return$ home4 ,meantime o!rs _h pirat$ 8 inv5tion & 7 mak+ 8 ma*9es & plac+ !m ^u ! m>ket4 ,h[e imm$iately ass]t$ 8 rights &1 aft] a s]ies ( suits 9 c\rt1 he succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ !m1 s t f9ally 8 ma*9e came into ext5d$ use & its inv5tor reap$ a l>ge pecuni>y rew>d f 8 g5ius & skill4 ,improvem5ts n[ came =w>d rapidly4 ,pat5ts 7 soon issu$ to ,all5 ,b4 ,wilson ( ,pittsfield1 ,massa*usetts1 ,isaac ,m4 ,s+] ( ,new ,york1 & ,william ,o4 ,grov] ( ,bo/on4 ,lat]1 ! ,we$1 ! ,flor5ce1 ! ,wilcox ,gibbs1 ! ,rem+ton1 ,dome/ic1 ,am]ican1 ,h\sehold1 & _m o!rs 7 add$ to ! li/ ( successful ma*9es4 ,x is unnecess>y to describe ! diff]5ce 9 ^! ma*9es & ! v>i\s ways 9 :i* ! /it* is made4 ,"s ( !m make ! lock /it*1 o!rs ! d\ble loop /it*1 & /ill o!rs ! s+le *a9 /it*4 ,! be/ ma*9es make also a special buttonhole /it* & h p>ticul> devices by :i* !y ga!r & ruffle1 tuck1 hem1 b9d1 & :atev] else is requir$ to be done ) ?read4 ,"o ma*9e or ano!r c be us$ = almo/ any k9d ( sew+4 ,) !m we sew %oes & boots1 heavy wool5 goods l beav]1 sev]al ?icknesses ( duck1 or1 on ! o!r h&1 ! v f9e/ & nice/ musl94 ,sew+ ma*9es are us$ 9 ! mak+ ( gloves1 pocketbooks1 travel+ bags1 & o!r articles ( ?is "*4 ,special ma*9es sew seams on wat] hose1 lea!r buckets1 bootlegs1 & o!r articles :i* require ! seam to be made 9 a circle4 ,no o!r c\ntry has s _m factories or su* l>ge ones = mak+ sew+ ma*9es z ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! e/abli%m5ts :i* manufacture sew+ ma*9es h a comb9$ capital ( m ?an tw5ty million doll>s1 & ! value ( _! annual product aggregates ab\t fifte5 million doll>s4 ,mean:ile ! price ( sew+ ma*9es has dim9i%$ s t !y are n[ sold = less ?an "o-half1 & sometimes z l[ z "o-f\r?1 ( ! orig9al price4 ,9 #ahcj a ,fr5*man1 ,b>?lemy ,?immoni]1 con/ruct$ ( wood eighty ma*9es :i* made a *a9 /it* ( great /r5g?4 ,^! 7 us$ = mak+ clo?+ = ! ,fr5* army4 ,labor]s 7 s inc5s$ at ?is inv5tion1 :i* !y ?\ght 0 contr>y to _! int]e/s1 t !y rais$ a riot & de/roy$ all ( ! ma*9es4 ,a few ye>s lat] ?is inv5tor made o!r ma*9es con/ruct$ ( metal1 & ^! 7 also de/roy$ by a mob4 ,_m times x has happ5$ t labor]s h suppos$ t !y w\ld be great los]s f ! inv5tion ( labor-sav+ ma*9es4 ,in/ead ( ?is prov+ to be true1 x w\ld seem t labor]s are b5efit$ by ! inv5tions4 ,!re is mu* evid5ce %[+ t :ile inv5tions greatly dim9i% ! am\nt ( labor necess>y to accompli% a c]ta9 result1 on ! o!r h& !y op5 up new l9es ( indu/ry :i* fully comp5sate labor]s = ! loss :i* w\ld o!rwise fall ^u !m4 ,x is to be not$ also t1 9 our c\ntry at lea/1 ! wages ( labor]s h increas$ 9 ! p]iod dur+ :i* labor-sav+ ma*9es h be5 inv5t$4 ,! mod]n sew+ ma*9e is an ine/imable bless+ to a family4 ,9 =m] days1 ! "m ( half a doz5 *ildr5 w\ld be oblig$ to ply ! ne$le night aft] night until ! small h\rs 9 ord] to keep h] little ones prop]ly clad4 ,n[1 ) ! little iron ma*9e /&+ ^u its small table on "o side ( ! room1 ! good "m c make up ! necess>y g>m5ts = h] *ildr5 9 quick "t1 leav+ h] f> m h\rs = sleep1 recreation1 & social life ?an w\ld be possible "u ! old me?od4 ,_m a "o c n[ call d[n bless+s n only ^u ! man :o inv5t$ sleep1 b ^u ! man :o inv5t$ ! sew+ ma*9e :i* gives "o "t to sleep4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,/eam ,,eng9e4 ,at ! v summit ( a m\nta9 ne> ,pasad5a1 ,cali=nia1 /&s a huge w9dmill1 :i* may be se5 = _m miles 9 all directions4 ,"h ! w9d bl[s almo/ con/antly1 & ! great arms ( ! w9dmill are employ$ to lift wat] f a well 9 ! valley bel[ to irrigate ! orange groves on ! hillsides4 ,?us ! w9d has be5 h>ness$ by man to s]ve 8 purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,old ,,w9dmill4 ,nature has n only furni%$ w9d = a motive =ce1 b x has also provid$ man ) wat] p[]4 ,! wat] :eel1 ) its accompany+ dam across ! /ream1 has be5 9 g5]al use f ! "t ( ! e>lie/ settlem5ts4 ,! weight ( ! wat] turn$ a :eel1 ?us develop+ a =ce :i* 0 employ$ = saw+ lumb] or gr9d+ gra94 ,:5 cotton & wool5 manufactories 7 fir/ introduc$1 wat] p[] 0 almo/ univ]sally us$4 ,aft] w9d & wat] came /eam4 ,a v simple /eam eng9e 0 devis$ by ,h]o m ?an two ?\s& ye>s ago1 b x 0 ( little practical value & 0 soon =gott54 ,n until ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury 0 a ma*9e inv5t$ :i* c\ld successfully produce motion by /eam4 ,?is eng9e1 made by an ,engli%man nam$ ,newcom51 0 v wa/eful & 0 us$ only to pump wat] f m9es4 ,less ?an "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago a "y ,scot*man nam$ ,james ,watt set himself to ! task ( improv+ ! ,newcom5 eng9e & ( mak+ a /eam eng9e t w\ld furni% p[] = diff]5t purposes4 ,he devot$ 8 :ole ?\ght to 8 "w1 & aft] tw5ty ye>s ( /udy he succe$$4 ,! ,watt /eam eng9e is ! basis ( all eng9es to-day4 ,james ,watt did n discov] /eam p[]1 b he made ! /eam eng9e ( real value4 ,_m ( ! fir/ eng9es us$ 9 ?is c\ntry = manufactur+ purposes 7 made by ,b\lton & ,watt 9 ,birm+ham4 ,! fir/ /eam eng9es made 9 ,am]ica 7 r\gh & crude1 b ! improvem5t 9 _! con/ruction 0 rapid4 ,at ! pres5t "t eng9es ( ! f9e/ con/ruction1 ) ! late/ improvem5ts & adapt$ to all k9ds ( "w1 are made 9 _m e/abli%m5ts all ov] our l&4 ,eng9es are made = m>9e purposes--/eamboats1 ya*ts1 & w>-vessels1--/ation>y eng9es = all sorts ( manufactures1 & locomotives = ! railroads4 ,p]haps ! greate/ improvem5ts 9 ! manufacture ( /eam eng9es h be5 ! result ( ! tal5t & g5ius ( ,george ,h4 ,corliss4 ,9 #ahbe1 :5 ,george 0 only eight ye>s ( age1 8 fa!r mov$ to ,gre5wi*1 ,new ,york1 :]e ! boy grew up to manhood4 ,"h he w5t to s*ool1 0 cl]k 9 a c\ntry /ore1 & 0 employ$ 9 ! fir/ cotton factory built 9 t ,/ate4 ,little did ! p ( t c\ntry village ?9k t ?is quiet boy _h 9 him su* wond]ful me*anical g5ius z he aft]w>d display$4 ,8 fa!r's h\se 0 situat$ ne> ! bank ( a small /ream :i* 0 mu* swoll5 e spr+time by ! fre%ets f ! melt+ sn[s above4 ,a bridge :i* spann$ ?is /ream 0 c>ri$ away "o ye> by ! fre%ets4 ,"y ,corliss1 !n tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age1 propos$ to build a cantilev] bridge4 ,ev]ybody said t ! s*eme 0 impossible2 he c\ld n d x1 x w\ld be a failure4 ,nev]!less he succe$$1 & ! bridge 0 built4 ,x prov$ entirely successful4 ,x )/ood ! fre%ets & 0 9 s]vice1 sc>cely ne$+ repairs1 = _m ye>s4 ,he w5t to ,provid5ce :5 he 0 tw5ty-sev5 ye>s ( age1 & be=e he 0 ?irty he _h e/abli%$ himself z ! head ( ! firm ( ,corliss1 ,night+ale & ,company1 = ! manufacture ( /eam eng9es4 ,he 0 b a little ov] ?irty ye>s old :5 he pat5t$ 8 great improvem5ts1 appli$ to ! /eam eng9e4 ,^! improvem5ts 7 su* z to produce uni=mity ( motion & to prev5t ! loss ( /eam4 ,by connect+ ! valve ) an +5i\s cut-(f1 :i* he inv5t$1 he made ! eng9e "w ) su* uni=mity t1 if all b "o ( a hundr$ looms 9 a factory 7 sudd5ly /opp$1 t "o w\ld g on work+ at ! same rate ( spe$ z be=e4 ,! improvem5ts :i* ,mr4 ,corliss effect$ at once revolutioniz$ ! con/ruction ( ! /eam eng9e4 ,he imm$iately began ! erection ( imm5se build+s = 8 ma*9e %ops1 :]e n[ are employ$ m ?an a ?\s& m54 ,9 #ahef ! ,corliss ,/eam ,eng9e ,company 0 incorporat$1 & ,mr4 ,corliss1 pur*as+ ! int]e/ ( 8 p>tn]s1 soon own$ all ! /ock ( ?is company & 0 bo? presid5t & treasur]4 ,dur+ a long p]iod ( m ?an =ty ye>s ,mr4 ,corliss1 :o 0 a l>ge-he>t$1 b5evol5t man int]e/$ 9 public affairs relat+ to city1 ,/ate1 & nation1 devot$ himself ) great indu/ry to ! developm5t ( 8 inv5tions4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,corliss ,,eng9e4 ,p]haps ! mo/ conspicu\s "w :i* m ?an any?+ else c>ri$ 8 "n to all ! nations ( ! e>? 0 ! con/ruction ( ! great eng9e :i* furni%$ ! motive p[] = all ! ma*9]y 9 op]ation 9 ,ma*9]y ,hall1 at ! ,c5t5nial ,exhibition 9 ,philadelphia 9 #ahgf4 ,( ?is eng9e ,m4 ,b>?oldi1 9 8 report to ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t1 said3 ,x belong$ to ! category ( works ( art by ! g5]al beauty ( its effect & its p]fect balance to ! eye4 ,pr(essor ,rad+]1 ( ! ,polyte*nic ,s*ool 9 ,vi5na1 pron\nc$ ! eng9e "o ( ! greate/ works ( ! day4 ,?is eng9e /ood 9 ! c5t] ( ,ma*9]y ,hall ^u a plat=m #ef feet 9 diamet]4 ,! two work+ beams 7 #dj feet above ! plat=m1 & 7 se5 f all p>ts ( ! build+1 be+ ! mo/ conspicu\s objects 9 ! hall4 ,! fly-:eel 0 #cj feet 9 diamet] ) a face ( #bd in*es4 ,?is eng9e c>ri$ eight ma9 l9es ( %aft+1 ea* l9e be+ #fej feet 9 l5g?1 & ! l>g] "p ( ?is %aft+ 0 spe$$ to #abj revolutions a m9ute1 :ile "o l9e1 us$ pr9cipally = wood-work+ ma*9es1 made #bdj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,! eng9e weigh$ #g1jjj tons1 & its p[] 0 equival5t to #a1djj horse-p[]4 ,! entire co/1 ab\t #bjj1jjj1 0 borne by ,mr4 ,corliss4 ,! eng9e is n[ 9 active s]vice1 furni%+ ! motive p[] = ! entire works ( ! ,pullman ,c> ,company4 ,dur+ ! lat] ye>s ( ,mr4 ,corliss's life he devot$ mu* "t & ?\ght to inv5t+ improv$ pumps to be us$ 9 connection ) city wat]works1 = =c+ wat] to high] levels4 ,he made = ! city ( ,provid5ce a rot>y pump = high s]vice :i* work$ automatically1 keep+ ! pipes 9 ! upp] sections ( ! city full at all times :e!r mu* or little wat] 0 us$4 ,?is +5i\s pump 0 visit$ by me*anics f all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,only a few ye>s be=e 8 dea? ,mr4 ,corliss built ano!r pump1 an acc\nt ( :i* 0 publi%$ "s ye>s ago4 ,?is acc\nt includ$ ! foll[+ incid5t3 ,i w5t d[n to ,pettaconsett1 ! o!r day1 to see ! f\ndations ( ! build+ t ,mr4 ,corliss is putt+ up !re = ! new pump+ eng9e :i* he has engag$ to put 9 = ?is city4 ,i f\nd t1 9 digg+ = ! f\ndations1 !y came ^u a deep b$ ( quicks&4 ,mr4 ,corliss1 ev] f]tile 9 exp$i5ts to ov]come ob/acles1 in/ead ( driv+ d[n wood5 piles1 sunk 9 ?is quicks& great quantities ( l>ge cobble/ones4 ,^! 7 driv5 d[n into ! s& ) trem5d\s =ce by a huge iron ball weigh+ f\r ?\s& p\nds4 ,i said3 ',mr4 ,corliss1 :y did n y drive wood5 piles on :i* to build y\r f\ndation8' ',don't y see1' said he1 't ! piles h no discretion1 & t ! cobble/ones h8' ',i don't ?9k ,i und]/& y1 ,mr4 ,corliss1' 0 my reply4 ',if y drive a pile1' said he1 'x goes :]e y drive x1 & n[h]e else2 b a cobble/one w seek ! s(te/ place & g :]e x is mo/ ne$$4 ,x !re=e has discretion1 & bett] answ]s ! purpose4' ,i w5t away mus+ t ! wood5 'piles' & ! 'cobble/ones' repres5t two classes ( boys4 ',! piles1' said ,mr4 ,corliss1 'h no discretion1 & g only :]e !y are driv54' ,i ?9k ,i h se5 boys :o repres5t$ ?is quality4 ',b ! cobble/ones g :]e !y are ! mo/ ne$$4' ,:5 boys fit !mselves to g :]e !y are ! mo/ ne$$1 !y w be pretty likely to meet ) tol]ably good success 9 life4 ,! great s]vice ,mr4 ,corliss has r5d]$ to ! _w ?r\gh 8 inv5tions is %[n by ! aw>ds made to him f ! highe/ sci5tific au?orities4 ,at ! ,p>is ,exposition 7#ahfg7 he receiv$ ! highe/ competitive prize 9 competition ) m ?an a hundr$ eng9es4 ,a great ,engli% eng9e]1 "o ( ! ,briti% commission]s at ! ,exposition1 said3 ,! ,am]ican eng9e ( ,mr4 ,corliss ev]y:]e tells ( wise =e?\ght1 judici\s proportion1 s\nd execution1 & exquisite contrivance4 ,! ,am]ican ,academy ( ,arts & ,sci5ces 9 #ahgj aw>d$ to ,mr4 ,corliss ! ,rum=d ,m$al4 ,?is m$al 0 pres5t$ by ,dr4 ,asa ,gray1 :o said3 ,no inv5tion s9ce ,watt's "t has s enhanc$ ! effici5cy ( ! /eam eng9e z ?is4 ,at ! ,vi5na ,exhibition 9 #ahgc ,mr4 ,corliss s5t nei!r eng9e nor ma*9]y1 nor _h he any "o !re to repres5t him2 b ! gr& diploma ( honor 0 aw>d$ to him4 ,?is 0 done because =eign build]s _h s5t _! eng9es1 :i* !y !mselves claim$ 7 built on 8 sy/em1 & !y _h plac$ 8 "n on _! productions4 ,! /eam eng9e to-day is ( va/ly great] importance ?an x has ev] be5 be=e1 especially 9 its use = furni%+ ! motive p[] = cotton & wool5 factories1 & = all k9ds ( manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts4 ,:at %\ld we d to-day )\t ! /eam eng9e8 ,long be=e ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury ,erasmus ,d>w9 sang z foll[s3 ,soon %all ?y arm1 unconqu]$ /eam6 af> ,drag ! sl[ b>ge1 or drive ! rapid c>4 ,all ?is has long be5 fulfill$4 ,h[ long w x be be=e 8 next two l9es w also prove a reality8 ,or on wide-wav+ w+s exp&$ be> ,! fly+ *>iot ?r\gh ! field ( air4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rob]t ,,fulton4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,ocean ,,/eam]4 ,i c>ry ! weal? & ! "l ( e>?1 ! ?\ghts ( 8 godlike m9d2 ,! w9d lags aft] my go+ =?1 ! lightn+ is left beh9d4 ,,section ,v4--,,travel4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,by ,,l&4 ,well1 ,*>les1 h[ d y purpose to g to ! city to-day8 ,! pap] ?is morn+ conta9s "s news t ought to int]e/ y4 ,!re 0 a wa%\t at ,turk's ,bridge la/ ev5+1 & x w be sev]al h\rs yet be=e tra9s c run4 ,?is "q 0 ask$ by ,mrs4 ,b>l[1 "o morn+ dur+ ! great /reet-c> /rike :5 ! motorm5 & conductors _h refus$ to run c>s until _! dem&s 7 grant$4 ,i see b "o way left op5 = me1 repli$ h] husb&4 ,! roads mu/ be v muddy1 & ,i _c g on my bicycle4 ,i suppose t ,i %all be compell$ to walk4 ,t 0 ! orig9al mode ( travel+1 & ,i imag9e t 9 ?is case ( necessity ,i c try x aga94 ,i am n us$ to s long a walk1 b ,i see no o!r way4 ,9 "o respect ,i am bett] (f ?an my ance/ors 71 = ,i h good level side-walks1 mo/ ( !m pav$1 in/ead ( r\gh pa?s1 p>tly trodd5 d[n4 ,i w />t to walk1 anyway4 ,mr4 ,b>l[ did n own a horse1 & c\ld n drive to ! city4 ,he did n feel able to hire a public c>riage1 z1 s9ce ! /reet-c> /rike began1 s _m desir$ to ride t ! driv]s *>g$ v high prices4 ,b he felt t he mu/ att5d to 8 bus9ess 9 ! city t day1 & imm$iately aft] breakfa/ he />t$ on 8 five-mile walk4 ,he 0 v tir$ be=e he rea*$ ! (fice1 & ! walk home 9 ! aft]noon we>i$ him /ill m4 ,he 0 !re=e greatly pleas$ ! next morn+ to f9d t ! /rike 0 ov]1 ! railroad bridge repair$1 ! muddy roads ne>ly dry1 & a *oice op5 to him to travel ei!r by /eam c>s1 electric /reet c>s1 or bicycle4 ,mr4 ,b>l[ le>n$ an int]e/+ lesson by ?is "o day's exp]i5ce4 ,he obta9$ some?+ ( an idea ( ! life ( 8 ance/ors1 :o 7 compell$ to walk :5ev] !y _h bus9ess to transact4 ,he realiz$ m ?an ev] be=e :at improvem5ts _h be5 made 9 ! la/ ?ree c5turies 9 ! means = travel4 ,8 ?\ghts 7 turn$ directly to ^! *anges1 & = sev]al weeks he /udi$ hi/ories & sci5tific works to le>n ! ways 9 :i* ^! improvem5ts came ab\t4 ,let u note "s ( ! results ( 8 /udy4 ,ne>ly ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago1 ,capta9 ,newport1 ) a few small vessels1 sail$ up ! ,james ,riv]1 9 ,virg9ia4 ,aft] "s weeks ! fleet return$ to ,engl&1 leav+ ab\t "o hundr$ m51 ! coloni/s ( ,jame/[n1 ! fir/ p]man5t ,engli% settlem5t 9 ,am]ica4 ,"h 0 a little village1 ) ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 ?\s&s ( miles wide1 sep>at+ ! coloni/s f all _! fri5ds & acqua9tances4 ,! great =e/ :i* cov]$ ! entire ,atlantic coa/ conta9$ n[ ?is cle>+ on ! banks ( ! ,james ,riv]4 ,nor? ( ! settlem5t d5se woods ext5d$ 9 e direction2 no :ite m5 liv$ ne>] ?an ! ,fr5* colonies ( ,quebec & ,nova ,scotia4 ,to ! s\? also spread ! =e/2 ! ne>e/ ,european settlem5t 0 ! ,spani% colony ( ,sa9t ,augu/9e4 ,we/w>d = hundr$s & ?\s&s ( miles ! almo/ un9habit$ wild]ness ext5d$ to ! ,pacific ,ocean1 ! v exi/5ce ( :i* 0 sc>cely suspect$ by :ite m54 ,?us 0 ! ,jame/[n colony almo/ entirely %ut (f f ! _w ( civilization1 a feeble b& ( ,europeans surr\nd$ by savage r$ m54 ,:at int]e/ _h ^! coloni/s 9 travel8 ,toss$ on ! ocean z !y _h be5 = _m weeks1 worn ) seasickness & lack ( n\ri%+ food1 few _h any desire to see m ( ! _w4 ,besides1 if !y _h wi%$ to travel1 :]e c\ld !y h gone8 ,roads ?r\gh ! =e/s 7 unkn[n2 riv]s 7 spann$ by no bridges2 swamps & m>%es ext5d$ 9 e direction4 ,! mo/ remote h\ses 7 at easy walk+ di/ance4 ,! little *ur* 0 n f> ev5 f ! la/ h\se 9 ! village4 ,if ne$ = firewood or lumb] l$ any "o into ! =e/1 he mu/ g afoot4 ,if any necessity arose = communication ) ! ,indians1 ! j\rney mu/ be made on foot4 ,?us we see t 9 ! e>ly days ( ,virg9ia :at travel !re 0 by l& 0 limit$ to walk+4 ,?irte5 ye>s aft] ! build+ ( ,jame/[n a second ,engli% colony 0 plant$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,ano!r b& ( a hundr$ p]sons began a settlem5t at ,plym\? 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,! colony ( ,virg9ia _h become well e/abli%$ by ?is "t1 yet x c\ld be ( b little help to ,plym\?4 ,_m hundr$ miles di/ant1 x seem$ h>dly ne>] ?an old ,engl& itself4 ,! ,pilgrims at ,plym\? liv$ by !mselves1 z _h ! ,virg9ia coloni/s1 & = "s ye>s :at travel !y _h 0 also on foot4 ,"t pass$ on 9 bo? colonies4 ,new settl]s came ov] ! ocean to ,virg9ia1 & o!r villages 7 built at "s di/ance f ,jame/[n4 ,?us arose reasons = j\rneys--desire to see fri5ds 9 o!r villages--necessities ( trade or comm]ce betwe5 ! settlem5ts4 ,at fir/1 ( c\rse1 z travel by foot )9 a village 0 common1 s j\rneys betwe5 villages 7 made 9 ! same way4 ,an easi] means ( communication 0 provid$ :5 horses 7 br\ght ov] f ,engl&4 ,^! came 9 small numb]s at fir/2 !re 7 b six horses 9 ,virg9ia :5 ! settl]s _h be5 !re n9e ye>s4 ,?\s&s ( ye>s ago wild horses rang$ 9 great numb]s ov] ! :ole cont95t ( ,am]ica4 ,b1 = "s reason or o!r1 ^! _h all p]i%$1 & :5 ,columbus discov]$ ! new _w ! r$ m5 7 :olly unacqua9t$ ) ^! animals or _! use4 ,!re=e1 :5 ! :ite settl]s 9 ,am]ica desir$ horses !y f\nd x necess>y to br+ !m 9 vessels f ,europe4 ,to ! fir/ & mo/ common mode ( travel1 by foot1 0 ?us add$ ! second me?od1 namely1 on horseback4 ,9 ! old _w ?is use ( horses _h exi/$ = ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,9 fact1 ?ree hundr$ & f\r hundr$ ye>s ago1 at ! "t ( ! discov]y & settlem5t ( ,am]ica1 x 0 almo/ ! univ]sal means = l& travel4 ,x 0 natural !n t x %\ld be ! fir/ =m tak5 up 9 ,am]ica4 ,besides1 ! mak+ ( a bridle pa? ?r\gh ! woods1 t is1 a pa? wide en\gh = a man on horseback1 0 a comp>atively simple matt]4 ,to build a c>riage road w\ld h be5 a mu* m difficult task4 ,9 ,new ,engl&1 z well z 9 ,virg9ia1 ! population rapidly increas$4 ,! ,plym\? coloni/s began to build o!r villages4 ,a new colony 0 f\nd$ on ! coa/ ( ,massa*usetts ,bay1 b ?irty miles f ,plym\?4 ,"h 7 e/abli%$ ! t[ns ( ,salem1 ,*>le/[n1 ,roxbury1 ,dor*e/]1 ,newt[n1 & ,bo/on4 ,o!r t[ns 7 soon built & cle>+s 7 made 9 e direction4 ,travel by horseback became common among ^? :o c\ld af=d to keep horses4 ,^? :o 7 too poor mu/ /ill travel on foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,man ,,& ,,8 ,,wife ,,travel+ ,,on ,,horseback4 ,mo/ ( ! travel+ 0 done by m54 ,we read t ,que5 ,elizabe? 0 an accompli%$ horsewoman2 b z a rule few wom5 7 accu/om$ to hold ! re9s1 & few side-saddles 7 9 use4 ,! horses ( ^? days 7 v /rong4 ,!y 7 tra9$ to c>ry heavy burd5s on _! backs r ?an to draw load$ wagons4 ,!y frequ5tly c>ri$ m ?an "o p]son2 x 0 n unusual to see a man rid+ horseback1 & beh9d him 8 wife1 sitt+ sideways & hold+ on to h] husb& to keep f slipp+ (f4 ,= h] com=t a pillion 0 us$1 :i* 0 a pad or cu%ion fa/5$ to ! saddle4 ,n only 0 ,massa*usetts ,bay rapidly settl$1 b villages 7 built fifty & ev5 a hundr$ miles f ,bo/on4 ,provid5ce1 ,newport1 & ,portsm\? 7 f\nd$1 =m+ ! colony ( ,rhode ,isl& & ,provid5ce ,plantations4 ,h>t=d1 ,we!rsfield1 & ,w9dsor 7 e/abli%$ on ! ,connecticut4 ,dov] & ,portsm\? 9 ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,new ,hav5 & ,saybrook 9 ,connecticut 7 built1 & ! village ( ,agawam1 n[ ,spr+field1 0 f\nd$4 ,all ( ^! new settlem5ts ne$$ "s connection ) ,bo/on1 or ! ,old ,bay ,colony z x 0 call$4 ,! roads 7 m]e pa?s1 h[ev]1 & ov] !m c>riages c\ld n h pass$1 if !re _h be5 any4 ,9 a /ory writt5 by ,j4 ,g4 ,holl&1 call$ ,bay-,pa?1 he describ$ life 9 ,agawam m ?an two & a half c5turies ago1 & 8 description ( ! roads & travel 9 ^? days is well wor? read+4 ,! pr9cipal communication ) ! ,ea/]n settlem5t 0 by a pa? m>k$ by trees a portion ( ! di/ance1 & by slight cle>+s ( bru% & ?icket = ! rema9d]4 ,no /ream 0 bridg$1 no hill grad$1 & no m>% dra9$4 ,! pa? l$ ?r\gh woods :i* bore ! m>ks ( c5turies1 & along ! banks ( /reams t ! se9e _h nev] dragg$4 ,! pa? 0 kn[n z '! ,bay-,pa?1' or ! pa? to ! bay4 ,x 0 wond]ful :at a p[]ful int]e/ 0 atta*$ to ! ,bay-,pa?4 ,x 0 ! *annel ?r\gh :i* laws 7 communicat$1 ?r\gh :i* fl[$ news f di/ant fri5ds1 & ?r\gh :i* came long1 lov+ lett]s & messages4 ,t r\gh ?read ( soil1 *opp$ by ! blades ( a hundr$ /reams1 0 a bond t radiat$ at ea* t]m9us into a ?\s& fib]s ( love & int]e/ & hope & memory4 ,! ,bay-,pa? 0 *>m$ gr\nd--a preci\s passage--& dur+ ! spr+1 ! summ]1 & ! e>ly autumn h>dly a settl] at ,agawam w5t out ( doors or *ang$ 8 position 9 ! fields1 or look$ up f 8 labor1 or re/$ 8 o>s ^u ! bosom ( ! riv]1 )\t turn+ 8 eyes to ! po9t at :i* t pa? op5$ f ! br[ ( ! wood$ hill ^u ! ,ea/4 ,& :5 "s worn & we>i$ man came 9 sight ^u 8 half-/>v$ horse1 or two or ?ree p$e/rians1 b5d+ b5ea? _! packs & sw++ _! /urdy /aves1 7 se5 approa*+1 ! village 0 a/ir f "o end to ! o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,bay-,,pa?4 ,! ,bay-,pa? became bett] m>k$ f ye> to ye> z settlem5ts began to /r+ !mselves ^u x z ^u a ?read4 ,e ye> ! foot/eps ( ^? :o trod x hurri$ m & m until1 at la/1 :eels began to be he>d ^u x--heavy c>ts creak+ ) m]*&ise4 ,a c5tury pass$ away & ! wild]ness _h retir$4 ,!re 0 a con/ant roll along ! ,bay-,pa?4 ,! f9e/ ( ! :eat & ! fatte/ ( ! flocks & h]ds 7 transport$ to ! ,bay1 ^: "y comm]ce _h already begun to :it5 ! coa/4 ,! dreamy ye>s pass$ by1 & !n came ! furi\s /agecoa*1 travel+ night & day--spla%+ ! mud1 bru%+ up ! du/1 da%+ up to inns1 & curv+ m sl[ly up to po/-(fices4 ,! j\rney 0 r$uc$ to a day4 ,& !n--miracle ( miracles--came ! railway & ! locomotive4 ,! j\rney ( a day is r$uc$ to ?ree h\rs4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,by ,,wat]4 ,:5 ! ,virg9ia coloni/s rea*$ ! %ores ( ,am]ica1 !y sail$ up ! ,james ,riv] until !y f\nd a p59sula ext5d+ into ! riv] & !re !y built ,jame/[n4 ,:5 ! ,pilgrims complet$ _! explorations ( ! %ores ( ,cape ,cod ,bay1 !y *ose ! h>bor ( ,plym\? z ! be/ situation = _! colony4 ,"l ,baltimore e/abli%$ ! ,m>yl& colony at ,/4 ,m>y's on an arm ( ! ,*esapeake ,bay4 ,! ,dut* f\nd$ ,new ,am/]dam on ! isl& ( ,manhattan1 at ! m\? ( ! ,hudson ,riv]4 ,! fir/ settlem5ts 9 ea* ( ! colonies 7 made on ! %ores ( ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 or b a few miles up l>ge riv]s4 ,:y8 ,! coloni/s _h come to ?is new _w 9 ,european vessels :i* c\ld only br+ !m to ! %ore4 ,"h !y *ose ! mo/ conv5i5t place & built _! t[n4 ,?us ^! settl]s 7 9 ! v beg9n+ famili> ) travel by wat]4 ,b :at a poor1 inconv5i5t means ( travel x 06 ,! ,jame/[n coloni/s1 "o hundr$ & five 9 numb]1 7 toss$ ^u ! /ormy ocean = m ?an f\r mon?s1 endur+ all ! h>d%ips ( a sev]e w9t] 9 vessels t to-day w\ld seldom v5ture ^u ! ocean1 ev5 9 coa/wise trade4 ,comp>e ! two mon?s & m ( life on ! ,mayfl[]1 :]e ! pass5g]s 7 cr[d$ into ! close/ qu>t]s1 ) ! %ort six or sev5 days' trip to or f ,engl& to-day on ! ocean /eam]s1 :]e travel]s f9d com=ts & conv5i5ces almo/ great] ?an ^? !y are accu/om$ to at home4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pilgrim ,,exiles4 ,al?\gh ! emigrants suff]$ greatly 9 ^! voyages across ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 ! day ( ! return ( ! vessels to ,engl& 0 a sad "o4 ,:5 ! la/ glimpse ( ! rec$+ %ip _h vani%$1 ! homesick wat*]s realiz$ z nev] be=e _! isolation--_! sep>ation f ev]ybody & ev]y?+ 9 :i* !y 7 int]e/$4 ,until vessels %\ld aga9 arrive f across ! ocean !y w\ld be ?r[n entirely ^u _! own res\rces4 ,! settl]s 7 ?us v dep5d5t ^u ! %ips t cross$ ! ,atlantic s infrequ5tly & ) su* difficulty4 ,soon aft] ! settlem5t1 h[ev]1 "s ( ! colonies began to build vessels ( _! own4 ,! =e/s provid$ lumb] 9 great quantity & ( ! be/ quality4 ,! fir/ vessel to be built by ! ,massa*usetts ,bay ,colony 0 laun*$ at ,m$=d ! next ye> aft] ! settlem5t ( ,bo/on4 ,?is small vessel 0 own$ by ,gov]nor ,w9?rop & 0 appropriately call$ ! ,bless+ ( ! ,bay4 ,! same ye> a ,dut* %ip1 tw5ty times z l>ge1 0 con/ruct$ at ,new ,am/]dam4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! colonial %ipbuild+ 0 conf9$ to ,new ,engl&1 ! ,bless+ ( ! ,bay be+ b a lead] 9 a long l9e4 ,)9 two ye>s a %ip z l>ge z ! ,mayfl[] 0 built at ,bo/on1 & ano!r twice z l>ge at ,salem4 ,)9 ?irty-five ye>s ,bo/on _h "o hundr$ & ?irty sail on ! sea4 ,new ,york built few] b l>g] %ips4 ,philadelphia 0 a lead+ %ipbuild+ t[n1 & _m vessels 7 con/ruct$ 9 ! ,c>ol9as4 ,! activity ( ! coloni/s 9 ?us provid+ means = travel by wat] 0 n limit$ to ocean %ipbuild+4 ,! riv]s1 ! inl& roads1 already prep>$ by nature1 7 us$ f ! v beg9n+4 ,z ! settlem5ts grew1 bo? 9 population & 9 numb]s1 travel betwe5 !m became m & m necess>y1 & ! riv]s & /reams came m & m into use4 ,! settl]s 7 wise en\gh to foll[ ! example ( ! ,indians & to make !mselves at once famili> ) canoes & small boats ( e description4 ,! e>lie/ =m ( wat] travel 01 p]haps1 ! raft4 ,x 0 usually made ( float+ logs or bundles ( bru% ti$ toge!r4 ,to-day1 ev51 rafts ( s+le logs1 m]ely po9t$ at ! ends1 are f\nd 9 ,au/ralia1 z well z rafts ( re$s4 ,on ! coa/ ( ,p]u rafts sev5ty feet long & tw5ty feet broad are common1--l>ge en\gh to use sails z well z paddles4 ,! next /ep 0 to use ! s+le log1 made holl[ by gradually burn+ x out or by sl[ly *ipp+ away pieces ) "s %>p implem5t4 ,on ! ,atlantic coa/ ! mo/ common =m ( canoe 0 ! dug\t1 made f ! c$> log2 & s+ul>ly en\gh ! same tree 0 mo/ frequ5tly us$ on ! %ores ( ! ,pacific ,ocean1 especially ne> ,puget ,s\nd4 ,^! ,we/]n boats 7 frequ5tly ( great size1 "s on ! ,alaskan coa/ be+ n9ety feet 9 l5g? & propell$ by =ty paddles4 ,! ,indians _h f\nd ^! dug\ts v s]viceable1 & z ! ,european coloni/s began to travel ov] ! same riv]s & /reams !y patt]n$ _! riv] craft aft] ^? ( ! r$ m54 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,bir*-,,b>k ,,canoe4 ,! light] =m ( ! canoe 0 pref]r$1 :]e s]viceable1 to ! dug\t4 ,?is 0 made ( a light b /rong framework cov]$ by b>k or sk9s4 ,t us$ by ! ,esquimaux 0 ( sealsk9 /ret*$ ov] :alebone4 ,b ! m common =m 0 ! ,indian bir*-b>k canoe1 :i* rapidly became v popul> among ! colonial hunt]s & trapp]s4 ,no bett] description ( ! bir* canoe c be f\nd ?an t :i* ! *ildr5's poet1 ,longfell[1 gives 9 ,hiawa?a4 ',give me ( y\r b>k1 ,o ,bir* ,tree6 ,( y\r yell[ b>k1 ,o ,bir* ,tree6 ,gr[+ by ! ru%+ riv]1 ,tall & /ately 9 ! valley6 ,i a light canoe w build me1 ,build a swift ,*eemaun = sail+1 ,t %all float ^u ! riv]1 ,l a yell[ leaf 9 ,autumn1 ,l a yell[ wat]-lily6 ',lay aside y\r cloak1 ,o ,bir* ,tree6 ,lay aside y\r :ite-sk9 wrapp]1 ,= ! ,summ]-"t is com+1 ,& ! sun is w>m 9 heav51 ,& y ne$ no :ite-sk9 wrapp]6' ,) 8 knife ! tree he girdl$2 ,j b5ea? its l[e/ bran*es1 ,j above ! roots1 he cut x1 ,till ! sap came ooz+ outw>d2 ,d[n ! trunk1 f top to bottom1 ,%e] he cleft ! b>k asund]1 ,) a wood5 w$ge he rais$ x1 ,/ripp$ x f ! trunk unbrok54 ',give me ( y\r b\ghs1 ,o ,c$>6 ,( y\r /rong & pliant bran*es1 ,my canoe to make m /eady1 ,make m /rong & firm b5ea? me6' ,d[n he hew$ ! b\ghs ( c$>1 ,%ap$ !m /raightway to a framework1 ,l two b[s he =m$ & %ap$ !m1 ,l two b5d$ b[s toge!r4 ',give me ( y\r roots1 ,o ,tam>ack6 ,( y\r fibr\s roots1 ,o ,l>* ,tree6 ,my canoe to b9d toge!r1 ,s to b9d ! ends toge!r ,t ! wat] may n ent]1 ,t ! riv] may n wet me6' ,f ! e>? he tore ! fibres1 ,tore ! r\gh roots ( ! ,l>* ,tree1 ,closely sew$ ! b>k toge!r1 ,b\nd x closely to ! framework4 ',give me ( y\r balm1 ,o ,fir ,tree4 ,( y\r balsam & y\r res91 ,s to close ! seams toge!r ,t ! wat] may n ent]1 ,t ! riv] may n wet me6' ,& he took ! te>s ( balsam1 ,took ! res9 ( ! fir tree1 ,sme>$ !re) ea* seam & fissure1 ,made ea* crevice safe f wat]4 ,?us ! ,bir* ,canoe 0 build$ ,9 ! valley1 by ! riv]1 ,9 ! bosom ( ! =e/2 ,& ! =e/'s life 0 9 x1 ,all its my/]y & its magic1 ,all ! lightness ( ! bir* tree1 ,all ! t\ghness ( ! c$>1 ,all ! ,l>*'s supple s9ews2 ,& x float$ on ! riv] ,l a yell[ leaf 9 ,autumn1 ,l a yell[ wat]-lily4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,/agecoa*es4 ,bo? by l& & by wat] ! me?ods ( travel among ! e>ly coloni/s 7 extremely rude4 ,f ! e>ly days ( ! settlem5ts until ! ,indep5d5ce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! improvem5t 0 v sl[4 ,dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury practically all ( ! long-di/ance travel+ 0 by wat]4 ,s*oon]s made regul> trips f ,new ,engl& to ,virg9ia1 & small] sloops or packets ran to ,new ,york f ! diff]5t t[ns to ! ea/w>d4 ,^! vessels 7 dep5d5t1 ( c\rse1 ^u ! w9d1 & ! l5g? ( ! j\rney v>i$ greatly4 ,p]haps a packet might sail f ,new ,hav5 to ,new ,york 9 two days1 b calms or contr>y w9ds might delay ! trip1 & make x a week 9 go+ f port to port4 ,on l&1 h[ev]1 ! facilities = travel sl[ly b surely improv$4 ,an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! rud5ess & h>d%ips ( ,new ,engl& l& j\rneys is furni%$ by ! j\rnal ( ,s>ah ,knight1 :o w5t f ,bo/on to ,new ,york on horseback ne>ly two hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,! roads 7 op5+s 9 ! =e/1 made by cutt+ d[n trees1 & 7 (t5 block$ by fall5 trunks4 ,! /reams t mu/ be cross$ caus$ ! mo/ tr\ble4 ,we came1 %e wrote1 to a riv] :i* !y g5]ally ride ?ro'2 b ,i d>e n v5ture2 s ! po/ got a ladd & cannoo to c>ry me to t'o!r side1 & he rid ?ro' & l$ my hors4 ,! cannoo 0 v small & %all[1 s t :5 we 7 9 %e seem$ ready to take 9 wat]1 :i* greatly t]rifi$ mee & caus$ mee to be v circumspect1 sitt+ ) my h&s fa/ on ea* side1 my eyes /$y1 n d>+ s mu* z to lodg my tongue a hair's bread? m on "o side ( my m\? ?an t'o!r1 nor s mu* z ?9k on ,lott's wife1 = a wry ?\ght w\ld h ov]sett our :]ey4 ,= a woman to und]take su* a j\rney 0 v unusual1 & aft] h] return %e wrote ) a diamond on ! glass ( a w9d[ ^! l9es3 ,?r\gh _m toils & _m frights1 ,i h return$1 poor ,s>ah ,knights4 ,ov] great rocks & _m /ones ,god has pres]v$ f fractur$ bones4 ,ab\t ! "t t ?is long j\rney 0 made1 c>riages began to come into use4 ,! mo/ common ( ^! 7 ! l>ge coa*1 ! cala%1 & a light]1 two-:eel$ vehicle1 ) a cala% top1 simil> to a *aise4 ,b ^! c>riages 7 = a "t only us$ )9 ! t[ns !mselves1 :]e ! l>ge numb] ( h\ses requir$ ! build+ ( bett] roads & /reets4 ,comp>atively few p]sons c\ld af=d to own private c>riages1 & _! use 0 !re=e n g5]al = _m ye>s4 ,be=e ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 c>riages became m common4 ,broad] & bett] roads _h be5 built1 & long] j\rneys c\ld be made4 ,z e>ly z #agbe1 c>riages _h be5 driv5 f ! ,connecticut ,riv] to ,bo/on1 & ov]l& travel began to be m cu/om>y4 ,! fir/ roads t c\ld be call$ suitable = c>riage travel 7 = ! mo/ "p toll roads4 ,in/ead ( be+ made by ! t[ns or c\nties1 or by ! colonies1 !y 7 built by corporations4 ,^! companies 7 grant$ ! privilege ( *>g+ toll f e travel] ov] _! roads = ! purpose ( pay+ a pr(it to ! memb]s ( ! company1 z well z to keep ! roads 9 repair4 ,9 ! same way corporations built bridges1 *>g+ a small toll ^u e "o :o cross$ !m4 ,?us travel 0 improv$1 "t 0 sav$1 & less discom=t 0 caus$ ! travel]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,old-,,/yle ,,cala%es4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury public c>riages began to come into use4 ,previ\sly if any "o wi%$ to travel by l&1 he f\nd x necess>y to own or hire horses4 ,if he made a voyage by sea1 he c\ld pay 8 f>e on "s vessel t made ! trip he wi%$ to take4 ,?is means ( public transportation1 ?is c>ry+ a p]son or 8 goods = pay1 _h be5 limit$1 h[ev]1 to wat] travel4 ,!re 7 no regul> conveyances runn+ f t[n to t[n by l& :i* w\ld c>ry pass5g]s or freight4 ,! t[n ( ,plym\? _h be5 settl$ ne>ly a hundr$ ye>s be=e ! fir/ l9e ( /agecoa*es 9 any "p ( ! c\ntry 0 put 9 op]ation4 ,?is /age wagon ran betwe5 ,bo/on & ,bri/ol f]ry1 :]e x connect$ ) ! packet l9e to ,newport & ,new ,york4 ,?ree ye>s lat] a /age l9e began to run f ,bo/on to ,newport1 mak+ "o trip ea* way e week4 ,! driv] adv]tis$ to c>ry bundles ( goods1 m]*&ise1 books1 m51 wom51 & *ildr54 ,travel 0 sl[1 mu* sl[] ?an seems possible to-day4 ,! roads 7 /ill v poor1 9 fact sc>cely fit to be call$ roads4 ,little by little new /age l9es 7 e/abli%$1 ne>ly always 9 connection ) "s packet l9e4 ,up to ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 opportunities to travel by /age 7 few & ! "t requir$ great4 ,?ree weeks 7 ne$$ to make ! trip f ,bo/on to ,philadelphia1 ev5 "u ! mo/ favorable conditions4 ,less ?an ?ree ye>s be=e ! battle ( ,lex+ton1 ! fir/ /age 0 run betwe5 ,new ,york & ,bo/on4 ,! fir/ trip 0 begun on ,monday1 ,july #ac?1 & ! j\rney's end 0 n rea*$ until ,saturday1 ,july #be?4 ,?irte5 days 7 ?us requir$ = a trip :i* may n[ be made 9 five or six h\rs4 ,z ! am\nt ( travel increas$ new l9es 7 =m$1 ! roads 7 improv$1 & /ages 7 run m frequ5tly & m rapidly4 ,sixty ye>s aft] ! fir/ trip 0 made betwe5 ,new ,york & ,bo/on ! "t _h be5 cut d[n f ?irte5 days to "o day & five h\rs2 m ?an a hundr$ l9es ( coa*es 7 !n regul>ly runn+ out ( ,bo/on4 ,9 spite1 h[ev]1 ( e improvem5t1 travel by /age a hundr$ ye>s ago 0 no simple or pleasant matt]4 ,pr(essor ,mc,master says3 ,! /agecoa* 0 little bett] ?an a huge cov]$ box m\nt$ on spr+s4 ,x _h nei!r glass w9d[s nor door nor /eps nor clos$ sides4 ,! ro( 0 upheld by eight po/s :i* rose f ! body ( ! vehicle1 & ! body 0 commonly brea/-high4 ,f ! top 7 hung curta9s ( lea!r1 to be drawn up :5 ! day 0 f9e & let d[n & button$ :5 ra9y or cold4 ,)9 7 f\r seats4 ,)\t 0 ! baggage4 ,:5 ! baggage _h all be5 weigh$ & /rapp$ on ! coa*1 :5 ! horses _h be5 atta*$1 ! elev5 pass5g]s 7 summon$1 &1 clamb]+ to _! seats ?r\gh ! front ( ! /age1 sat d[n ) _! faces t[>d ! driv]'s seat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,old-,,fa%ion$ ,,/agecoa*4 ,! coa* w\ld set out f ! inn ) ! horses on a gallop1 :i* w\ld cont9ue until a /eep hill 0 rea*$4 ,!n w\ld foll[ ! sl[ pac+ up ! hill1 ! gallop d[n aga91 ! dragg+ ?r\gh a /ret* ( muddy road1 ! c>eful =d+ ( a riv]1 ! wat]+ ( ! horses e few miles1 & ! rapid gallop up to ! next inn4 ,"h ! mail p\*es w\ld be tak5 out & 91 p]haps a *ange ( coa*es made or m frequ5tly ( horses only1 a delay = a little gossip1 & ! /age w\ld be (f aga94 ,?is 0 all v exhil>at+ & agreeable 9 pleasant1 w>m wea!r1 b h[ fatigu+ 9 ! cold & sn[s ( w9t]1 & ev5 dur+ a *illy summ] /orm4 ,^! public conveyances 7 us$ only :5 necess>y4 ,private c>riages 7 mu* pref]r$ to ! /agecoa*1 z be+ a m com=table z well z a saf] mode ( travel4 ,! /ory is told ( "o "y lady :o 0 visit+ ne> ,bo/on1 eighty ye>s ago4 ,%e 0 v anxi\s to return to h] home1 b h] fa!r 0 unable to come = h]4 ,h] "m wrote3 ,y\r papa w\ld n tru/ y\r life 9 ! /age4 ,x is a v unsafe & improp] conveyance = "y ladies4 ,_m h be5 ! accid5ts1 _m ! cripples made by accid5ts 9 ^! vehicles4 ,z soon z y\r papa c1 y may be sure he w g or s5d = y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,munroe ,,tav]n1 ,,lex+ton1 ,,mass4 7,,built ,,9 #afie47 ,:e!r ! travel] w5t by /age or 9 8 private c>riage1 x 0 necess>y to /op at ! inns4 ,! tav]ns _h a great deal to d ) mak+ j\rneys pleasant or disagreeable4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ! ,new ,engl& inns 7 kept by lead+ m51 & 9 mo/ cases ! innkeep] 0 requir$ to obta9 recomm5dations f ! selectm5 ( ! t[n be=e he c\ld get a lic5se or a p]mission to e/abli% & keep ! tav]n4 ,ev5 ! small] ,new ,engl& villages boa/$ ( inns t comp>$ favorably ) ! hotels ( ! l>ge t[ns4 ,a ,fr5*man1 travel+ ?r\gh ! ,unit$ ,/ates e>ly 9 ?is c5tury1 wrote 9 highe/ praise ( ! inns ( ,new ,engl&1 ^: w9d[s 7 )\t %utt]s1 & ^: doors _h nei!r locks nor keys1 & yet :]e no h>m ev] came to ! travel]4 ,he admir$ ! great room1 ) its l[ ceil+ & neatly s&$ floor2 its bright pewt] di%es & /\t-back$1 slat-bottom$ *airs rang$ along its walls2 its long table2 & its huge fireplace1 ) ! b5*es on ei!r side4 ,he _h less praise = ! inns ( ! re/ ( ! c\ntry4 ,! build+s 7 poor1 ! f>e 0 co>se1 & ! b$s 7 bad4 ,! ro(s leak$1 ! w9d[s 7 sometimes m]e op5+s 9 ! wall2 ! b$d+ 0 unclean & extremely un9vit+4 ,if a travel] 7 compell$ to /op at ! ,s\!rn inns1 he f\nd 8 j\rney f> f agreeable4 ,=tunately = him ! ,s\!rn plant] 0 ! mo/ hospitable ( p]sons4 ,at 8 home /rang]s 7 he>tily welcome & nobly ent]ta9$4 ,"s bade _! slaves ask 9 any travel] t might be se5 pass+ by4 ,"s kept s]vants on ! wat* to give notice ( e approa*+ horseman or ( ! di/ant rumble ( a com+ coa* & f\r4 ,on ! plantation ! travel] 0 always treat$ z a mo/ intimate fri5d1 & 9 ! *e]y com=t ( ! mansion he =got1 = ! "t be+1 ! trials & h>d%ips ( travel by l&4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,/eamboats4 ,! idea ( paym5t = transportation is v old4 ,?\s&s ( ye>s ago we read ( vessels sail+ ^u ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea prep>$ to transport p]sons or freight = sums ( money4 ,:]e ?is idea orig9at$ is n kn[n1 b x may h occurr$ to a savage = ! fir/ "t 9 "s su* way z ! foll[+3 ,a hunt] liv$ on ! banks ( a riv] 9 ,asia4 ,"o day he %ot a duck :i* fell to ! gr\nd on ! opposite %ore4 ,! hunt] ne$$ ! bird1 = he 0 hungry1 b h[ 0 he to obta9 x8 ,! riv] 0 v deep at ?is po9t1 & he c\ld n swim4 ,he knew t !re 0 a %all[ place five miles up ! /ream1 :]e he might =d ! riv]1 & ano!r =d five miles bel[4 ,b to cross by ei!r ( ^! w\ld require a j\rney ( t5 miles to ! bird & t5 miles back1 j to get across a n>r[ riv]4 ,he rememb]$ t a big log lay ^u a s&-b> 9 ! riv] n f> f :]e he 04 ,he took a pole1 pri$ (f ! log & roll$ x into ! wat]4 ,!n seat+ himself on x he pol$ himself across1 obta9$ ! duck1 & soon rea*$ 8 home aga94 ,"h 0 ! fir/ wat] travel4 ,a few days lat] he he>d a cry f ov] ! riv]4 ,look+ up1 he saw a man :o desir$ to cross4 ,! /rang] call$ to him to get 8 log & take him ov]1 z he _h c>ri$ himself4 ,! hunt] saw t ! /rang] _h a de] on 8 %\ld]4 ,he 0 hungry1 & !re=e call$ out3 ,give me ! h9d leg & half ! lo9 ( y\r de] = my labor1 & ,i w br+ y safely ov]4 ,! /rang] promptly agre$1 & ! hunt] pol$ across ! riv]4 ,9 "s su* way d\btless 0 ! fir/ paym5t made = transportation1 & ! idea soon became common t x 0 j & prop] to *>ge a f>e = c>ry+ freight & pass5g]s4 ,:at p[]s h we f\nd us$ 9 transportation up to a hundr$ ye>s ago8 ,fir/ !re 0 human p[]1 ei!r walk+ or ply+ o>s or paddles4 ,?is en]gy is limit$2 walk+ is necess>ily a sl[ process1 & r[+ is seldom a rapid mode ( travel4 ,!n came horse p[]1 us$ fir/ to c>ry travel]s or goods & lat] to draw c>riages & wagons1 convey+ pass5g]s & freight4 ,horse p[] is sup]ior to human p[] bo? 9 spe$ & 9 endurance1 b x also has its limits & (t5 fails at important times4 ,!n use 0 made ( ! w9d1 :i*1 bl[+ aga9/ /ret*es ( canvas1 propell$ vessels4 ,"h 0 no human p[] to become we>i$2 no horse p[] to fail at ! wrong "t4 ,vessels ne$ n /op at night 9 ord] to sleep1 nor ev5 at noon 9 ord] to take d9n]4 ,b ! w9d is fickle2 x does n always bl[2 x frequ5tly bl[s f ! wrong direction2 x (t5 bl[s too mu*4 ,human p[]1 horse p[]1 w9d p[]1 ea* 0 insuffici5t or unsatisfactory1 & ! "t 0 ripe = "s p[] /rong] & less fickle to produce m rapid transportation4 ,:5 ! necessity ( a new p[] became great1 ! ne$$ en]gy & a way to use x 7 soon f\nd4 ,ne> ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury a numb] ( m51 unacqua9t$ ) ea* o!r's ideas1 began to exp]im5t ) /eam z a means = propell+ vessels4 ,:y _h !y n begun e>li]8 ,= two reasons4 ,! dem& = quick] wat] travel _h b j comm5c$1 & ! fact t /eam c\ld practically be us$ z a motive p[] 0 only beg9n+ to be und]/ood4 ,x s happ5$ t ,james ,watt's /eam eng9e 0 p]fect$ j z ! treaty ( peace ) ,great ,brita9 ackn[l$g$ ! indep5d5ce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,n[ ,am]ican inv5tors 7 able to make use ( ! /eam eng9e to aid travel & transportation4 ,at once !y began "w4 ,samuel ,morey built a /eamboat on ! upp] ,connecticut ,riv]2 ,james ,rumsey exp]im5t$ on ! ,potomac2 ,john ,fit* on ! ,delaw>e1 & ,william ,long/reet on ! ,savannah2 ,oliv] ,evans 0 at "w 9 ,philadelphia1 & ,john ,/ev5s on ! ,hudson4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fit*',s ,,/eamboat4 ,"o ( ^! boats us$ ! /eam eng9e to move o>s2 ano!r pump$ wat] 9 at ! b[ & =c$ x out aga9 at ! /]n2 a ?ird _h a :eel 9 ! /]n2 & a f\r? _h a paddle :eel on ea* side4 ,"s ( ! vessels us$ upright1 & "s horizontal eng9es4 ,mo/ ( ^! inv5tors succe$$ 9 runn+ _! boats aga9/ ! tide or ! curr5t ( riv]s1 & prov$ t /eam c\ld be ?us us$4 ,ea* may be said to h inv5t$ a /eamboat4 ,b ^! m5 7 all )\t means2 !y did n succe$ 9 awak5+ ! int]e/ ( weal?y m52 & ! public c>$ little ab\t su* inv5tions4 ,!re=e ea* ( ^! /eamboats 0 giv5 up 9 turn & soon =gott52 ! eighte5? c5tury pass$ away1 & no practical result _h appe>$4 ,x is natural to h m int]e/ 9 ! acc\nt ( an inv5tion :i* prov$ ( practical value ?an 9 ! /ories ( ev5 successful attempts :i* 7 giv5 up almo/ z soon z made4 ,rob]t ,fulton 0 born 9 ,p5nsylvania j z ,watt began 8 /udy ( ! /eam eng9e4 ,almo/ z soon z ,watt _h complet$ 8 improvem5ts on ! eng9e1 ,fulton came ( age1 & w5t to ,engl& to /udy pa9t+ ) ,b5jam9 ,we/1 ! fam\s ,am]ican arti/4 ,9 ! mid/ ( 8 art /udies he became int]e/$ 9 me*anical pursuits4 ,he attract$ ! att5tion ( "s ,engli% sci5ti/s1 &1 by _! enc\ragem5t1 he ab&on$ pa9t+ & devot$ himself to inv5t+4 ,b :o kn[s h[ mu* assi/ance 8 skill 9 draw+ may h be5 to him 9 8 prep>ations ( plans & models8 ,joel ,b>l[1 a not$ ,am]ican poet1 0 !n liv+ 9 ,france1 & ^u 8 invitation ,fulton sp5t sev]al ye>s 9 8 home 9 ,p>is4 ,"h he devot$ 8 "t to boats1 z he _h already done 9 ,london4 ,8 s*emes 7 ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,he plann$ div+ boats1 /eamboats1 & canal boats1 & 0 p>ticul>ly int]e/$ 9 a boat :i* he call$ a m>9e torp$o4 ,?is boat he plann$ to be us$ to injure vessels 9 naval w>f>e4 ,= a "t he neglect$ ! /eamboat1 & b5t e en]gy to p]suade ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t to adopt ! torp$o4 ,aft]w>d he urg$ 8 m>9e boats ^u ! ,engli% & ,am]ican gov]nm5ts1 b 9 va94 ,he did n realize ! enorm\sly great] future value ( ! /eamboat4 ,9 "t1 h[ev]1 ,fulton f9i%$ 8 plans1 & a /eamboat 0 built = him ^u ! riv] ,se9e4 ,! next /ep 0 to enli/ ! cop]ation ( "s "o ) p[] & means by prov+ t ! inv5tion 0 valuable4 ,fulton accord+ly s\ght to br+ ! boat to ! att5tion ( ! ,fr5* ,emp]or4 ,he succe$$ 9 awak5+ ,napoleon's int]e/4 ,x 0 j at ! "t t ! emp]or 0 plann+ to take 8 great army across ! ,*annel to attack ,engl&4 ,he saw t /eamboats1 if ( practical value1 w\ld be s]viceable to him 9 ^! plans4 ,accord+ly he direct$ a sci5tific committee to att5d a public trial ( ! boat4 ,a day 0 set = ! exam9ation4 ,fulton _h work$ /eadily = weeks1 seek+ to make e "p z p]fect z possible4 ,! night be=e ! appo9t$ day1 ,fulton retir$ = re/1 b sleep w\ld n come to 8 eyes4 ,8 ?\ghts 7 s completely fix$ ^u 8 inv5tion & :at ! next day meant to him t he c\ld n control !m4 ,n until morn+ began to dawn did he cat* a nap1 & !n only to be imm$iately awak5$ by a knock at 8 door4 ,a mess5g] _h come to tell him t 8 boat 0 at ! bottom ( ! riv]4 ,! iron ma*9]y _h prov$ too heavy = ! little sixte5-foot boat1 & _h brok5 ?r\gh4 ,fulton's hopes 7 at an end4 ,be=e he c\ld build ano!r boat & make ano!r eng9e ! opportunity w\ld be pa/4 ,8 disappo9tm5t 0 int5se4 ,h[ev]1 he did n despair1 b 0 soon ready to try aga94 ,d\btless ! failure 0 a bless+ 9 disguise4 ,! boat 0 probably too small to make a successful trip4 ,! next "t he w\ld h a l>g] vessel4 ,in/ead ( aga9 try+ to ar\se ,fr5* int]e/1 he decid$ to make ! next exp]im5t at home4 ,rob]t ,r4 ,liv+/on1 our m9i/] to ,france1 :o toge!r ) ,james ,monroe pur*as$ = ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! great prov9ce ( ,l\isiana1 _h long be5 int]e/$ 9 ! possibilities ( /eam navigation4 ,he ent]$ into ,fulton's plans & assi/$ him 9 e way4 ,soon aft] ! disa/] on ! ,se9e bo? m5 return$ to ,am]ica1 & ! next six mon?s 7 sp5t 9 build+ a boat & 9 putt+ into x a /eam eng9e :i* !y _h especially ord]$ 9 ,birm+ham1 ,engl&4 ,a grant _h be5 obta9$ f ! ,new ,york legislature :i* gave !m ! exclusive "r to run /eam vessels on any ( ! wat]s ( ! ,/ate4 ,! new boat 0 a hundr$ & ?irty feet 9 l5g?1 or eight times z long z t lo/ 9 ! ,se9e4 ,x 0 call$ ! ,cl]mont1 aft] ! c\ntry home ( ,liv+/on4 ,x 0 a side-paddle /eamboat1 ) :eels fifte5 feet 9 diamet] & f\r feet wide4 ,! trial trip 0 ann\nc$ = ,augu/ #g?1 #ahjg1 & at "o o'clock 9 ! aft]noon ! ,cl]mont /ood at ! :>f 9 ,new ,york ready = ! j\rney4 ,0 ! trial to succe$ or fail8 ,to succe$1 ! ,cl]mont mu/ /eam up ! ,hudson ,riv] at a spe$ (1 at lea/1 f\r miles an h\r4 ,! trip propos$ 0 f ,new ,york to ,albany1 a di/ance ( "o hundr$ & fifty miles1 & return4 ,?is trip 0 regul>ly made by sail+ packets1 & ! av]age "t 0 f\r days4 ,c\ld ! ,cl]mont rea* ,albany 9 ?irty-sev5 h\rs1 or a day & a half8 ,un=tunately1 a nor? w9d 0 bl[+1 :i* w\ld greatly decrease ! spe$4 ,fulton & ,liv+/on 7 confid5t t x c\ld be done4 ,! /eamboat left ! :>f & sl[ly sail$ up ! riv]4 ,soon ! faults natural to a new inv5tion began to %[ !mselves4 ,! rudd] did n "w z x ought2 ! :eels 7 unprotect$ by a cov]+2 ! vessel sank too f> 9 ! wat]4 ,b ! trial1 9 spite ( all ! odds aga9/ x1 0 successful4 ,! "o hundr$ & fifty miles 7 made 9 ?irty-two h\rs1 ) five h\rs to sp>e f ! limit set4 ,if we subtract ! "t sp5t 9 /ops1 b tw5ty-eight & a half h\rs 7 us$1 mak+ an av]age ( m ?an five miles an h\r4 ,! fir/ long /eamboat trip _h be5 accompli%$4 ,! indiff]5ce ( ! public at once *ang$ to en?usiasm4 ,fulton 0 imm$iately urg$ to make regul> trips1 &1 al?\gh ! ,cl]mont ne$$ _m improvem5ts1 he cons5t$4 ,! next w9t]1 h[ev]1 ! boat 0 remov$ f ! riv] = repairs2 b 9 ! spr+ regul> trips 7 resum$1 & ! /eamboat became a new & p]man5t means ( transportation4 ,!re 0 abundant opportunity to improve ! /eamboat & develop its use4 ,at fir/ ,fulton's ,cl]mont alone /eam$ up & d[n ! ,hudson ,riv]4 ,soon1 h[ev]1 o!r /eamboats 7 built to run 9 opposition to ! sail+ packets4 ,/eam]s began to ply on ,lake ,*ampla9 & on ! ,delaw>e ,riv]4 ,?ree ye>s aft] ! fir/ voyage ( ! ,cl]mont1 a /eamboat 0 mak+ ?ree trips a week f ,new ,york to ,new ,brunswick1 ,new ,j]sey2 "h ! travel] took /age = ,bord5t[n on ! ,delaw>e ,riv]1 :5ce ano!r boat c>ri$ him to ,philadelphia4 ,two ye>s lat] /eam f]ryboats ran betwe5 ,new ,york & ! ,j]sey %ore4 ,! fir/ riv] /eamboat 0 laun*$ at ,pittsburg1 & 0 s5t d[n ! ,ohio & ! ,mississippi to ,new ,orleans 9 #ahaa4 ,?ree ye>s lat] ! tna /eam$ f ,pittsburg to ,new ,orleans1 & back to ,l\isville4 ,! same ye> a /eamboat 0 built on ! ,lakes to run f ,buffalo to ,detroit1 & a company 0 organiz$ to />t a /eam%ip l9e f ,new ,york to ,*>le/on4 ,five ye>s aft]w>d ! /eam%ip ,savannah1 us+ bo? /eam & sails1 cross$ ! ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,%e made b sl[ "t1 & ! great space requir$ to hold ! fuel left little room = freight4 ,ye> by ye>1 h[ev]1 improvem5ts 7 made on ! vessels & quick] "t 0 ! result4 ,f9ally1 an?racite coal came into g5]al use1 & ?irty ye>s aft] ! trial trip ( ! ,cl]mont1 ! /eam]s ,sirius & ! ,great ,we/]n began regul> trips betwe5 ,liv]pool & ,new ,york4 ,! day ( /eam navigation _h come1 & f t "t on ! vexati\s delays due to fickle w9ds no long] ne$ be a cause ( tr\ble4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,canals4 ,n9ety ye>s ago1 two bro!rs1 ,james & ,john1 f\nd x necess>y to make ! long j\rney f _! home 9 ,new ,york ,city to ,k5tucky4 ,!y _h frequ5tly travel$ ?r\gh ! c\ntry1 & 7 famili> ) /ages & packets4 ,?is "t !y propos$ to make _! fir/ trip on ! /eamboat1 s9ce ! ,cl]mont 0 aga9 mak+ its regul> runs4 ,x 0 adv]tis$ to leave ,new ,york at "o o'clock on ,w$nesday4 ,! bro!rs felt no ne$ ( ha/e 9 _! prep>ations = ! j\rney1 & x 0 ne>ly two o'clock be=e !y came 9 sight ( ! :>f4 ,j !n ,john made ! rem>k t !y 7 v fooli% to arrive s e>ly4 ,we %all h to wait an h\r or two1 he said2 ! boat won't be ready to />t be=e ?ree o'clock at ! e>lie/4 ,i am n s sure1 0 ! reply4 ,p]haps ! /eamboat w n be z late z ! packets4 ,:5 !y rea*$ ! :>f1 no /eamboat 0 !re4 ,f> up ! riv] !y saw1 sl[ly mov+ (f 9 ! di/ance1 a vessel1 :i* !y knew mu/ be ! ,cl]mont1 f ! l9e ( smoke t lay beh9d x4 ,imm$iately !y began to inquire :at x meant & 7 told1 ,oh6 t is "o ( ,fulton's notions4 ,he has giv5 /rict ord]s t ! boat %all always leave ! :>f exactly on adv]tis$ "t4 ,?is 0 a novelty almo/ z great z ! /eamboat itself4 ,sail+ vessels _h be5 dep5d5t ^u ! w9d1 & /ages ^u ! conditions ( ! roads & ! wea!r2 nei!r made any pret5ce ( runn+ ^u s*$ule "t4 ,fulton's idea ( punctuality 0 new & caus$ mu* grumbl+ = a "t2 b ) ! com+ ( ! railroads x became an absolute necessity4 ,:at 7 ! two m5 to d8 ,b two ?+s c\ld be done4 ,!y might take passage on a packet1 or wait = ! next trip ( ! ,cl]mont4 ,!y decid$ to wait1 z !y 7 anxi\s to try ! /eamboat2 !y _h _h en\gh exp]i5ce ) ! sl[ sail+ vessels1 & _! poor accommodations4 ,!y did n p]mit !mselves to be late a second "t4 ,9 fact1 ! clocks _h h>dly /ruck twelve :5 !y /epp$ abo>d ! ,cl]mont4 ,! h\r be=e ! dep>ture ( ! boat 0 sp5t 9 exam9+ x f /em to /]n4 ,! orig9al ,cl]mont _h be5 greatly improv$4 ,! :eels 7 n[ prop]ly protect$2 a rudd]1 specially adapt$ to ! boat & ! riv]1 _h be5 con/ruct$4 ,mo/ noticeable 7 ! accommodations = ! pass5g]s1 :i* 7 almo/ elegant :5 comp>$ ) ! poor qu>t]s ( ! packets4 ,9 fact ! ,cl]mont _h become a float+ palace1 gay ) ornam5tal pa9t+1 gild+1 & poli%$ woods4 ,at "o o'clock %>p ! boat quietly left ! :>f4 ,! w9d 0 bl[+ fre%ly d[n ! riv] & ! tide 0 go+ out4 ,a packet />t$ at ! same mom5t f a neighbor+ pi]4 ,! /eamboat at once turn$ its pr[ up ! /ream1 b ! packet head$ = ! ,j]sey %ore1 z x c\ld sail aga9/ ! w9d only by mak+ long tacks4 ,?is greatly increas$ ! di/ance x _h to travel1 & be=e sunset ! ,cl]mont _h left ! packet _m miles beh9d4 ,! next morn+ ev]y?+ 0 /ill go+ smoo?ly :5 ! two pass5g]s saw a little way ahead ano!r packet1 :i* _h left ,new ,york be=e ! /eamboat4 ,?is sloop 0 mak+ tacks l ^? !y _h wat*$ ! previ\s aft]noon1 & ! ,cl]mont 0 rapidly ga9+ on x4 ,sudd5ly ,john exclaim$1 ,:at are !y do+8 ,are !y try+ to run u d[n8 ,x 0 evid5t t ! packet 0 com+ /raight = ! /eamboat2 b ! capta9 ( ! ,cl]mont %ut (f /eam at once & ! packet pass$ its b[ )\t do+ h>m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,collision ,,( ,,! ,,cl]mont ,,& ,,! ,,sloop4 ,soon a sloop 0 met com+ d[n ! riv]4 ,aga9 came ! exclamation f ,john1 ,!y are surely try+ to run into u6 ,he _h h>dly spok5 :5 ! cra% came2 ! packet /ruck ! :eel box1 tore x op51 & !n1 slid+ along ! side ( ! /eamboat1 pass$ away d[n ! riv]4 ,on inquiry ,john asc]ta9$ t ?is 0 m]ely an illu/ration ( ! envy ( ! own]s ( packets1 :o fe>$ t !y w\ld lose all _! bus9ess4 ,no s]i\s damage 0 done1 h[ev]1 & ! /eamboat proce$$ on its way4 ,! ,cl]mont arriv$ at ,albany at sev5 o'clock ,?ursday ev5+ & ! bro!rs sp5t ! night at an inn4 ,! next morn+1 aft] an e>ly breakfa/1 a /age 0 tak5 :i* 9 a few h\rs c>ri$ !m to ,s*5ectady4 ,?is "p ( ! j\rney 0 quickly made1 z ! road 0 "o ( ! be/ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,on rea*+ ,s*5ectady ! travel]s le>n$ t !y mu/ wait till ! next noon to take a boat up ! ,mohawk ,riv]4 ,! h\rs sl[ly dragg$ along1 ano!r night 0 sp5t at an inn1 & ab\t ?ree o'clock ! next aft]noon ! sl[ trip up ! ,mohawk began4 ,two days lat] !y rea*$ ,utica1 & ano!r /age took !m1 ! next day1 to ,rome4 ,f ?is village two days' sail c>ri$ !m across ! ,oneida ,lake1 & d[n ! ,oswego ,riv] to ,oswego on ! banks ( ,lake ,ont>io4 ,aft] a delay ( ?irty-six h\rs a lake packet 0 f\nd ready = !m1 :i* 9 "t arriv$ at ,lewi/on at ! m\? ( ! ,niag>a ,riv]1 & s on !y w5t1 by l& to ,buffalo1 by wat] to ,erie1 by l& aga9 to "o ( ! bran*es ( ! ,alleghany ,riv]1 & d[n ?is to ,pittsburg4 ,f ,pittsburg "o ( ! flat-bottom$ ,we/]n riv] boats1 borne along by ! curr5t1 convey$ !m to ,l\isville1 at ! ,falls ( ! ,ohio4 ,?us 0 made1 9 sev]al weeks1 a trip f ,new ,york to ,l\isville1 :i* to-day requires sc>cely m ?an tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,t5 times _h *anges be5 made 9 ! conveyances us$4 ,a /eamboat1 riv] r[boats1 lake packets1 ,we/]n flatboats & /ages1 7 all ne$$1 & nights & days ev5 7 sp5t at inns4 ,sl[ & cumbr\s 0 travel 9 ^? days & v exp5sive4 ,!re 0 little travel+ = pleasure1 & only ! mo/ important bus9ess 0 wor? ! h>d%ips & discom=ts ( su* travel4 ,if x 0 co/ly = pass5g]s to travel1 x 0 ev5 m exp5sive to c>ry freight4 ,enorm\s *>ges 7 plac$ ^u all transportation ( goods4 ,new & bett] roads 7 be+ built 9 all directions1 b ^! did little to r$uce ! co/ ( transport+ goods4 ,! *eape/ r\tes cont9u$ to be by ! riv]s1 z ! exp5se ( build+ good roads & keep+ !m 9 repair add$ to freight *>ges4 ,! *>ges = freight transportation 7 s great t x prev5t$ entirely ! mov+ ( _m goods4 ,! p 9 ,p5nsylvania desir$ ! salt :i* 0 obta9$ 9 ,new ,york1 b x co/ #b4ej a bu%el to c>ry salt ?ree hundr$ miles4 ,citiz5s ( ,philadelphia w\ld h pur*as$ fl\r :i* 0 rais$ ab\t ! s\rces ( ! ,susquehanna ,riv] _h x n co/ #a4ej a b>rel to c>ry x to ,philadelphia4 ,hundr$s ( families 7 weekly mov+ we/w>d into ! new c\ntry across ! ,alleghany ,m\nta9s2 !y c\ld n af=d to take _! h\sehold goods ) !m4 ,! freight *>ges f ,new ,york to ,buffalo 7 #abj a ton2 f ,philadelphia to ,pittsburg1 #abe4 ,some?+ new 9 ! l9e ( transportation 0 ne$$2 "s way by :i* freight c\ld be c>ri$ at less exp5se4 ,private companies 7 build+ new toll roads--b ^! did n accompli% ! purpose4 ,diff]5t ,/ates exp5d$ money 9 improv+ ! highways1 & /ill ! exp5se ( transportation 0 enorm\s4 ,! national ,gov]nm5t also took "p 9 ! "w & con/ruct$ a highway f ,cumb]l&1 ,m>yl&1 to ,:eel+1 on ! ,ohio ,riv]--b ?is 0 m]ely a s+le road ov] ! m\nta9s1 & freight *>ges 7 z high z ev]4 ,:at c\ld be done8 ,( c\rse ! roads ev]y:]e mu/ be improv$ & new ones built--all ( :i* w\ld take _m ye>s4 ,b 0 !re n "s way to avoid c>ry+ s mu* freight 9 wagons drawn by horses8 ,:]ev] !re 7 riv]s ^! c\ld be us$4 ,0 x possible to make riv]s1 or at lea/ to make wat]-ways1 ^u :i* boats might be us$8 ,! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates began to talk ( canals1 & soon en?usiasm = canal build+ became univ]sal4 ,:at is a canal8 ,x is a tr5* cut 9 ! gr\nd1 fill$ ) wat] deep en\gh = a well-lad5 boat1 & wide en\gh = boats to pass ea* o!r4 ,on "o bank is a pa?1 call$ ! t[pa?1 ^u :i* horses or mules travel1 pull+ a canal boat beh9d !m by means ( a long rope4 ,9 mo/ canals x is f\nd necess>y to lift ! boats ov] high] l& or up to a high] level4 ,?is is done by locks1 :i* are built :]e ! two levels ( ! canal come toge!r4 ,^! locks are %ut (f f ea* "p ( ! canal by gates4 ,:5 ! l[] gates are %ut & ! upp] gates op51 wat] is let into ! lock f ! upp] canal until on a level ) x4 ,!n a canal boat f ! upp] canal ent]s ! lock4 ,! upp] gates are clos$1 ! l[] gates op5$1 & ! wat] runs out ( ! lock4 ,! boat1 rema9+ on top ( ! wat]1 s9ks to ! l[] level & is ready to proce$ on its c\rse4 ,9 travel+ ! o!r way ! process is turn$ ab\t4 ,! boat ent]s ! lock & rises ) ! wat] :i* is let 9 f above until x is on ! upp] level4 ,canals1 ) _! locks1 are simple & easily built4 ,! exp5se lies ma9ly 9 digg+ ! tr5*4 ,:5 ! canal is once f9i%$ ! co/ ( runn+ is v slight1 & freight c be c>ri$ mu* m *eaply ?an ov] roads1 or ev5 by ! natural riv]s4 ,canal travel is v sl[1 h[ev]1 z ! boat is drawn by a horse at a sl[ walk4 ,!re=e a canal is us$1 = ! mo/ "p1 to c>ry freight1 especially freight n v p]i%able4 ,g>d5 vegetables1 fruit1 & meats1 = example1 are n c>ri$ on canals to any great di/ance2 on ! o!r h&1 ! l5g? ( "t us$ 9 convey+ salt1 or fl\r1 or h\sehold goods1 is n ( s mu* importance4 ,plans = canals sprang up all at once ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,! ,middlesex canal 9 ,massa*usetts & ! ,black/one canal betwe5 ,provid5ce & ,worce/] 7 among ! fir/ built4 ,! ,delaw>e & ,hudson canal 9 ,new ,york1 & ! ,*esapeake & ,delaw>e 9 ,m>yl& 7 ( e>ly importance4 ,9 "t ne>ly e ,atlantic ,/ate _h "o or m canals z aids to transportation4 ,_m ( !m 7 ( additional importance because !y connect$ neighbor+ bays1 & c\ld furni% opportunities = wat] travel1 ev5 :5 ! h>bors might be blockad$ 9 "t ( w>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,erie ,,canal4 ,! greate/ & by f> ! mo/ important is ! ,erie canal1 :i* connects ,buffalo on ,lake ,erie ) ,albany on ! ,hudson ,riv]4 ,?is canal 0 due to ! en]gy & p]si/5ce ( ,gov]nor ,de ,witt ,cl9ton1 :o dug ! fir/ %ovelful ( e>? 9 #ahag1 & made ! fir/ trip ov] ! complet$ canal 9 #ahbe4 ,!re 0 great opposition to build+ ?is canal at ! exp5se ( ! ,/ate1 & ! nickname ( ,cl9ton's ,big ,dit* 0 frequ5tly appli$ to x4 ,gov]nor ,cl9ton 0 wis]1 h[ev]1 ?an 8 oppon5ts4 ,e c5t sp5t on ?is canal1 :i* is #cfc miles long1 #dj feet wide1 & #d feet deep1 0 wisely sp5t4 ,on ! day t x 0 f9i%$ ! great prosp]ity ( ,new ,york ,city began4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! trade & comm]ce betwe5 ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/ 0 c>ri$ ov] ! ,erie canal1 because x furni%$ ! *eape/ r\te4 ,freight *>ges betwe5 ,buffalo & ,albany fell at once to less ?an "o-qu>t] _! =m] rates1 & cont9u$ to decrease until !y became less ?an #aj a ton4 ,?us f> _h travel & transportation improv$4 ,f walk+1 horseback rid+1 & r[boats1 sl[ *anges _h l$ to /ages1 packets1 /eamboats1 & canals4 ,f ! simple ,indian trail1 l ! ,bay ,pa?1 _h gr[n up ! great highways1 l ! ,national ,road4 ,f sl[ & difficult j\rneys betwe5 neighbor+ t[ns1 travel+ _h become easy f ,ma9e to ,florida1 & f ! ,atlantic ,ocean to ! ,mississippi ,riv]4 ,0 !re any *ance = fur!r improvem5t8 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,railroads4 ,up to ?is "t progress _h be5 m m>k$ ^u ! wat] ?an ^u ! l&4 ,on ! l& travel]s 7 /ill limit$ to human p[] & horse p[]4 ,on ! wat]1 h[ev]1 n only human p[] & w9d 7 us$1 b also horse p[] & ev5 /eam p[]4 ,! /eamboat 0 ?\ght to be ! mo/ rapid means ( transit possible4 ,no en]gy 0 kn[n great] ?an t ( /eam2 !re=e no new s\rce ( p[] 0 expect$4 ,if /eam c\ld aid wat] navigation1 c\ld x n be us$ 9 l& travel8 ,?is "q 0 ev] pres5t 9 ! m9ds ( inv5tors1 me*anics1 & travel]s on bo? sides ( ! ocean4 ,little by little an answ] 0 obta9$1 & ! field ( /eam 0 enl>g$4 ,ev5 be=e ,fulton's trial trip1 ! fir/ /ep 9 ! direction ( ! railroad 0 tak51 ?\gh /eam _h no?+ to d ) ?is fir/ practical exp]im5t4 ,! city ( ,bo/on 0 built ^u ?ree hills1 two ( :i* h n[ be5 almo/ entirely mov$ away4 ,^u ! ?ird1 call$ ,beacon ,hill1 0 built ! ,/ate ,h\se4 ,e>ly 9 ?is c5tury ! top ( ?is hill 0 l[]$ by c>ry+ away ! gravel4 ,= ?is purpose a tramway 0 built4 ,?is consi/$ ( two sets ( rails or tracks f ! top to ! bottom ( ! hill1 ^u :i* c>s 7 us$4 ,! full c> on "o track ran d[n ( its own weight1 pull+ up ! empty c> on ! o!r track4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ use ( rails 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! fir/ p]man5t tramway 0 built 9 ,p5nsylvania4 ,?omas ,leif] own$ a /one qu>ry ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( a mile f ! ne>e/ :>f on ! ,delaw>e ,riv]4 ,he desir$ to c>ry 8 /one to tide wat] m easily ?an by ! ord9>y me?ods4 ,accord+ly he built a tramway f ! qu>ry to ! :>f1 & plac$ ^u ! tracks an ord9>y wagon4 ,to ?is he atta*$ horses & _h :at we %\ld call a horse c>4 ,! rails made a smoo? road ov] :i* 8 horses c\ld draw five tons z easily z "o ton ov] ! common roads4 ,?is tram 0 us$ regul>ly = eighte5 ye>s4 ,"o-half ( ! /eam railroad _h n[ be5 inv5t$4 ,! tramway 0 ! railroad--n[ /eam mu/ be appli$4 ,t 0 all4 ,b t 0 n s easy z x w\ld seem n[4 ,ye> aft] ye> pass$ & no "o attempt$ x4 ,d\btless _m p]sons felt c]ta9 t ! /eam railroads 7 com+ "s "t & t !y w\ld be ( value1 j z to-day _m p expect t travel ?r\gh ! air is com+ "s "t4 ,at ! same "t !re 7 _m :o did n believe t /eam c\ld be us$ = l& travel at all2 :ile o!rs did n c>e to h x come = fe> t travel w\ld be made too spe$y4 ,"o ( ! lead+ ,engli% magaz9es took occasion to express its op9ion conc]n+ a propos$ railway3 ,:at c be m absurd & ridicul\s ?an ! prospect held out ( locomotives travel+ twice z fa/ z /age coa*es6 ,we %\ld z soon expect ! p ( ,woolwi* to suff] !mselves to be fir$ (f ^u "o ( ,congreve's rockets z tru/ !mselves to ! m]cy ( a ma*9e go+ at su* a rate4 ,we tru/ t ,p>liam5t w1 9 all railways x may sanction1 limit ! spe$ to eight or n9e miles an h\r1 :i* is z great z c be v5tur$ on ) safety4 ,:at w\ld ?is writ] say to ! safety ( ! tra9s ( to-day1 z !y make =ty fifty1 sixty1 & ev5 sev5ty miles an h\r8 ,_m ( ! inv5tions :i* h done ! mo/ = mank9d h be5 made by ,am]icans1 b we owe ! locomotive to an ,engli%man4 ,george ,/eph5son f e>ly boyhood devot$ himself to ! /udy ( eng9es & ma*9]y4 ,:5 b ?irte5 ye>s ( age he assi/$ 8 fa!r 9 ! c>e ( an eng9e at a coal m9e ne> ,newca/le4 ,work+ by day z an eng9eman1 & /udy+ by night 9 a night s*ool1 he prep>$ himself = 8 future "w4 ,he won ! confid5ce ( 8 employ]s1 especially t ( ,"l ,rav5swor?1 :o suppli$ him ) funds to build a travel+ eng9e to run on ! rails ( ! tramroad betwe5 ! m9es & ! %ipp+ port1 n9e miles di/ant4 ,july #be?1 #ahad1 ,/eph5son made a successful trip ) 8 locomotive1 ,my ,"l1 :i* pull$ ! coal c>s at ! rate ( f\r miles an h\r4 ,/eph5son felt t ?is locomotive 0 b a beg9n+4 ,he told 8 fri5ds t !re 0 no limit to ! spe$ ( su* an eng9e1 if ! works c\ld be made to /&4 ,he 0 /ill pursu+ 8 /udies & exp]im5ts :5 he 0 appo9t$ eng9e] ( a propos$ railroad betwe5 ,/ockton & ,d>l+ton4 ,! directors ( ! road _h plann$ to pull _! c>s by horses1 b !y 7 won ov] by ,/eph5son to agree to try an eng9e4 ,elev5 ye>s aft] ! trial trip ( 8 fir/ eng9e1 ,/eph5son 0 ready to exhibit a locomotive ^u a railroad jo9+ two t[ns = ! purpose ( transport+ pass5g]s & freight4 ,a %ort "t be=e ! trial trip1 ,/eph5son made a pr$iction conc]n+ ! future ( 8 inv5tion4 ,i v5ture to tell y1 he said1 t ,i ?9k t y w live to see ! day :5 railways w sup]s$e almo/ all o!r me?ods ( conveyance 9 ?is c\ntry--:5 mail coa*es w g by railway1 & railroads w become ! great highways = ! k+ & all 8 subjects4 ,! "t is com+ :5 x w be *eap] = a work+ man to travel on a railway ?an to walk on foot4 ,i "k t !re are great & almo/ insurm\ntable difficulties to be enc\nt]$1 b :at ,i h said w come to pass z sure z y n[ he> me4 ,! ,/ockton & ,d>l+ton ,railway 0 ?ree ye>s 9 process ( con/ruction1 & ! day ( its op5+1 ,septemb] #bg?1 #ahbe1 0 an important "o 9 ! hi/ory ( travel4 ,imag9e t fir/ tra9 load--! locomotive1 guid$ by ,/eph5son himself1 six freight c>s1 a c> c>ry+ di/+ui%$ gue/s1 tw5ty-"o coal c>s cramm$ ) pass5g]s1 & six m freight c>s all load$4 ,ahead ( ! tra91 or procession1 z x might be call$1 rode a man on horseback1 c>ry+ a flag be>+ ! motto1 ,! private risk is ! public b5efit4 ,:5 ! tra9 />t$1 cr[ds ( p ran along by its side1 = a "t easily keep+ up ) x4 ,f9ally1 h[ev]1 ,/eph5son call$ to ! horseman to get out ( ! way &1 putt+ on /eam1 drove ! eng9e at ! rate ( fifte5 miles an h\r4 ,! future ( ! locomotive 0 assur$4 ,am]icans 7 ready = new me?ods ( travel+4 ,?ree ye>s aft] ! op5+ ( ! fir/ pass5g] /eam-railway 9 ,engl&1 ! ,baltimore & ,ohio ,railroad began to con/ruct a l9e f ,baltimore we/w>d1 & 9 two ye>s f\rte5 miles 7 op5$ to travel4 ,= a ye>1 h[ev]1 horses 7 us$ z motive p[]2 9 #ahca1 ! road adv]tis$ = locomotives4 ,mean:ile an eng9e1 call$ ! ,/ombridge ,lion1 0 br\ght ov] f ,engl&1 9 #ahbi1 & us$ on a l9e built by ! ,delaw>e & ,hudson ,canal ,company4 ,x 0 f\nd to be too heavy & 0 ab&on$4 ,! second locomotive us$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 ,! ,be/ ,fri5d ( ,*>le/on1 0 built 9 ,new ,york ,city1 & 0 run on ! ,s\? ,c>ol9a ,railroad4 ,illu/ration3 ,,old-,,/yle ,,railroad ,,tra94 ,! locomotive & ! railroad _h come1 su* z !y 74 ,! locomotive _h its boil] & its smoke/ack1 its cyl9d]s & driv+ :eels2 b x _h no cab = ! eng9e] & ! fireman1 & no brake to /op ! tra94 ,! t5d] 0 b a flat c>1 c>ry+ fuel & wat]4 ,! c>s 7 m]ely /agecoa*es made to run on rails1 & 9 no way 7 ! pass5g]s protect$ f ! smoke & c9d]s ( ! burn+ wood4 ,yet ?is poor1 inconv5i5t railroad 0 a great advance 9 itself1 & x =etold great] advances 9 ! days to come4 ,9 #ahce1 five ye>s aft] ! op5+ ( ! fir/ /eam railroad 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !re 7 tw5ty-?ree roads & ov] a ?\s& miles ( track4 ,aft] #ahce1 an av]age ( ne>ly f\r hundr$ miles 0 built ye>ly until #ahdh4 ,f t "t until ! beg9n+ ( ! ,civil ,w>1 railroad con/ruction proce$$ ) great rapidity1 ne>ly two ?\s& miles ( railroad be+ built ea* ye>4 ,9 #ahdi1 a cont9u\s l9e ( railroad 0 complet$ betwe5 ,new ,york & ,bo/on4 ,two ye>s lat] two di/9ct l9es 7 f9i%$1 connect+ ,new ,york & ,buffalo4 ,at ! end ( ano!r two ye>s1 ?r\gh connection 0 _h betwe5 ,new ,york & ,*icago4 ,at ! same "t railroads 7 be+ built 9 all sections ea/ ( ! ,mississippi ,riv]4 ,aft] peace 0 re/or$ 9 #ahfe1 came a great p]iod ( railroad build+4 ,dur+ t5 ye>s ! numb] ( miles ( railroad m ?an d\bl$1 ne>ly f\r ?\s& miles be+ built ea* ye>4 ,?is 0 ! p]iod :5 ! cont9u\s l9es1 :i* _h already rea*$ ! ,miss\ri ,riv]1 7 cont9u$ across ! cont95t4 ,aft] five ye>s ( labor ! ,union ,pacific ,railroad1 />t+ at ,omaha1 ,nebraska1 met at ,ogd51 ,utah1 ! ,c5tral ,pacific1 :i* _h be5 built f ,sacram5to1 ,cali=nia4 ,may #aj?1 #ahfi1 ! la/ spike 0 driv5 & ! ,pacific coa/ 0 b\nd to ! ,atlantic by b&s ( /eel4 ,s9ce ! completion ( ! ,union & ,c5tral ,pacific railroads1 f\r o!r ?r\gh l9es h be5 con/ruct$ across ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 )9 ! t]ritory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & "o 9 ,canada4 ,x is n[ possible to g f ocean to ocean 9 less ?an five days1 & to h su* a *oice ( r\tes t nei!r ! cold ( w9t] nor ! heat ( summ] ne$ be tr\blesome4 ,at la/ ! limit ( rapid travel+ seems to h be5 rea*$4 ,walk+ & horseback rid+ are indulg$ 9 only = pleasure & heal?2 /agecoa*es are us$ only = %ort l9es :]e ! railroad has n yet come2 b all ! long-di/ance travel+ is n[ done beh9d ! locomotive4 ,j\rneys ( weeks h become trips ( a few days1 days h be5 less5$ to h\rs1 & ! c\ntry has become knit toge!r by rapid transit4 ,is !re a *ance = fur!r improvem5t8 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,mod]n ,,wat] ,,travel4 ,james ,gre5leaf arriv$ 9 ,dulu?1 "o bright ,june day1 f\r hundr$ & five ye>s aft] ! discov]y ( ,am]ica4 ,= ne>ly =ty ye>s he _h be5 a mission>y among ! ,indians ( ! ,briti% ,nor?we/1 b he _h f9ally be5 p]suad$ to take a well-e>n$ re/4 ,leav+ 8 little settlem5t ( r$ m51 & tak+ a canoe1 he _h paddl$ up /ream1 c>ri$ 8 canoe ov] a portage1 & paddl$ d[n a riv] until he rea*$ ,lake ,sup]ior1 :]e a small sailboat _h tak5 him to ! fl\ri%+ city at ! we/]n end ( ! lake4 ,at ! hotel he f\nd1 z he expect$1 8 nephew1 ,h5ry ,t[ne4 ,mr4 ,t[ne 0 a comm]cial travel]1 always on ! road1 z he w\ld say1 = a l>ge furniture e/abli%m5t 9 ,new ,york4 ,9 a lett] to 8 uncle he _h /at$ t bus9ess w\ld call him to ,m9nesota at j t "t1 & t he w\ld make ! j\rney ) 8 uncle f ,dulu? to ,new ,york4 ,! next day ! two m5 />t$4 ,! nephew _h made all ! necess>y arrangem5ts1 hav+ pur*as$ tickets & engag$ /at]ooms on ! l9e ( /eamboats t connect ,dulu? ) ,buffalo4 ,! fir/ sight ( ! /eamboat caus$ ,mr4 ,gre5leaf to exclaim at its size4 ,x is n mu* l ! /eamboat t ,i took on ! ,hudson 9 ! spr+ ( #ahef1 he said4 ,i imag9e1 h[ev]1 t ,i %all see great] diff]5ces ?an ?is1 ! fur!r ,i g4 ,z ! two m5 made a t\r ?r\gh ! /eamboat1 ! old] gave expression to 8 ?\ghts 9 _m ways4 ,we did n h ! saloon 9 ^? old days1 :5 ,i did my travel+4 ,:5ev] we did n c>e to rema9 on ! op5 deck !re 0 no p>lor to :i* we c\ld g4 ,no or*e/ra help$ to :ile away our h\rs4 ,no piano or organ add$ ! *>m ( music to our j\rney4 ,b y _h a /ate room to :i* y c\ld retire1 repli$ 8 companion1 z !y came to ! rooms numb]$ #bdj & #bdb1 :i* numb]s 7 on ! keys t !y _h obta9$ at ! purs]'s4 ,yes1 said 8 uncle1 a t9y room1 six feet by six1 ) n>r[ little b]?s1 & two small /ools4 ,i c assure y t x 0 no?+ l ^! com=table sleep+ rooms1 brilliantly light$1 ) regulation b$s1 conv5i5t toilet arrangem5ts1 & c>pet$ floors4 ,h[ev]1 ,i d n imag9e t ! ma*9]y w let me sleep any bett] n[ ?an !n4 ,! next morn+1 z ! travel]s w5t d[n to breakfa/1 ! y\ng] man ask$1 ,well1 uncle1 h[ did y sleep8 ,nev] bett]1 0 ! reply4 ,i tell y1 ,h5ry1 ,i want to look at ! ma*9]y1 aft] breakfa/4 ,x mu/ be some:at unlike ! eng9e ( my day1 or ! boat1 l>ge ?\gh x is1 w\ld h m ( a j>4 ,:5 ! two m5 /ood above ! mammo? eng9e & not$ ! smoo? work+ p>ts1 ! regul> & ev5 motion ( ! great pi/on rods 9 & out ( ! cyl9d]s1 ! quietness & g5tl5ess ) :i* ea* movem5t took place1 ! uncle said3 ,m improvem5ts h be5 made on ! eng9e ( =ty ye>s ago ?an _h !n be5 made on t ( ! ,cl]mont4 ,& we us$ to ?9k t ! /eamboats ( our day 7 z mu* sup]ior to ,fulton's boat z 8 0 ahead ( ,fit*'s /eam-mov$ paddles4 ,we _c take note ( all ! novel s5sations t came to ! old mission>y1 nor c we pause to relate _m ( ! conv]sations betwe5 ! two m54 ,we c record a few only ( ! great] *anges :i* 7 discuss$ z !y cont9u$ _! j\rney1 & m5tion "s ( ! comm5ts call$ =? by ! sc5es ?r\gh :i* ,mr4 ,gre5leaf 0 pass+4 ,on ! aft]noon ( ! second day ! /eamboat pass$ ?r\gh ! locks ( ! canal at ,sault ,/e4 ,m>ie4 ,uncle1 rem>k$ ! drumm]1 h[ does ?is canal comp>e ) ! ,delaw>e & ,hudson canal1 ) :i* y 7 famili>8 ,h[ c !y be comp>$8 repli$ 8 uncle4 ,t 0 a long tr5*1 h>dly m ?an a scrat* on ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,?is is broad & deep1 ?\gh n long4 ,yes1 said ,mr4 ,t[ne1 b !re is no new pr9ciple "h4 ,?is canal is some:at wid] & deep]2 its locks & gates are some:at l>g]4 ,/ill x is only a canal4 ,b we c\ld n make su* a hole 9 our day4 ,we c\ld n af=d to hire m5 en\gh to dig x2 x mu/ h requir$ _m ye>s to make ?is excavation4 ,oh2 ?is canal 0 n made z l>ge z ?is :5 x 0 fir/ built4 ,x has be5 enl>g$ s9ce4 ,b y "k t we d n d all our digg+ n[ by h&4 ,/eam %ovels d ! "w = u4 ,t gives u a great advantage ov] ! day labor] ) 8 pick & %ovel4 ,:at /rikes me z mo/ noticeable1 said ,mr4 ,gre5leaf1 is ! numb] ( vessels wait+ on bo? sides ( ! lock4 ,:at causes su* a cr[d to-day1 p>ticul>ly8 ,?is is no unusual numb]1 repli$ ,mr4 ,t[ne4 ,y d n realize :at a traffic !re is on ! great lakes4 ,x is /at$ t ! tonnage pass+ ?r\gh ?is canal is great] ?an t ?r\gh any o!r /rait on ! face ( ! globe4 ,?is gr[? is v rec5t & v rapid4 ,b :at causes ! traffic & :]e are all ! vessels go+8 ask$ ! mission>y4 ,! great bulk ( ! freight1 answ]$ ! y\ng] man1 is gra9 f ! ,nor?we/1 & iron1 copp]1 coal1 & lumb]1 n[ be+ obta9$ 9 va/ quantities s\? ( ,lake ,sup]ior4 ,s long z ! /eamboats c c>ry freight m *eaply ?an ! /eam c>s1 gra9 & ores w take ?is r\te4 ,sometime we %all h canals l>ge en\gh = ocean /eam]s1 :i* w connect ! great lakes ) ! ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,!n we c load our freight at ,*icago or ,dulu? & n *ange x until x is unload$ at "s ,engli% or ,european port4 ,! next day1 z ! /eamboat 0 ly+ at ! :>f at ,detroit1 conv]sation 0 turn$ to ! great f]ryboats ply+ across ! riv]4 ,i notice great *anges 9 ! /eam f]ries1 s9ce la/ ,i cross$ ! ,nor? ,riv] at ,new ,york1 rem>k$ ,mr4 ,gre5leaf4 ,yes1 0 ! reply1 b y see only improvem5ts4 ,! f]ryboats are l>g] & y might almo/ say clumsi]2 t is all4 ,i d n ?9k s1 return$ ! mission>y4 ,!re mu/ be "s new inv5tion to enable entire tra9s1 ) c>s fill$ ) pass5g]s1 to be c>ri$ across su* a riv] z ?is4 ,( c\rse1 said 8 nephew1 ! boat mu/ be /rong & l>ge4 ,h[ev]1 ! f]ry docks h be5 improv$4 ,n[1 :5 ! boat is fa/5$1 ! :>f c be rais$ & l[]$1 until x is exactly on ! level ( ! boat4 ,!n n only pass5g]s1 b wagons & /eam c>s c pass f "o to ! o!r almo/ )\t k ( ! *ange4 ,h[ f> h ^! c>s come t ,i see on ! f]ry8 ,t1 said ! drumm]1 is "o ( ! ?r\gh tra9s f ,montreal to ,*icago4 ,! f]ryboat next beyond1 go+ ! o!r way1 be>s a tra9 conta9+ c>s b\nd = ,new ,york & ,bo/on4 ,well1 well6 ,?is is conv5i5t1 said ! mission>y4 ,! pass5g]s are sav$ mu* tr\ble by n be+ requir$ to ga!r up all _! travel+ bundles1 leave ! c>s = ! boat1 & ! boat = a new set ( c>s4 ,we %\ld h ?\ght ?is a great ga91 =ty ye>s ago4 ,b d y realize :at an inconv5i5ce ?is f]ry causes8 ,mu* "t is wa/$1 n only because ( ! sl[ movem5t ( ! boats1 b also f ! necess>y delays 9 emb>k+ & disemb>k+ ! c>s4 ,yes1 ,i suppose s4 ,b :at w\ld y d8 ,"h is ! riv] & x is too wide = a bridge4 ,oh1 no6 repli$ ,mr4 ,t[ne4 ,! bridge c\ld be built1 b x w\ld be exp5sive & w\ld n pay4 ,b :at d y ?9k ( a tunnel8 ,a tunnel8 ,:at d y mean8 said ! o!r man1 ) a t\* ( surprise 9 8 voice = ! fir/ "t4 ,a tunnel8 ,:]e8 ,n "u ! riv]8 ,yes1 answ]$ 8 nephew1 a tunnel "u ! riv]4 ,!re is "o1 a few miles nor?1 at ,port ,huron4 ,!re ! tra91 in/ead ( be+ delay$ h\rs by ! f]ry1 passes at almo/ full spe$ directly "u ! riv]1 proce$+ on its way z ?\gh ! riv] 7 n !re4 ,is n t some?+ new8 ask$ ,mr4 ,gre5leaf4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,riv] ,,tunnel4 ,yes4 ,x 0 op5$ only a half-doz5 ye>s ago4 ,x is said to be ! greate/ riv] tunnel 9 ! _w4 ,x is a little ov] a mile long & is fifte5 feet bel[ ! b$ ( ! ,/4 ,clair ,riv]4 ,half a mile ( x is directly "u ! wat]1 yet no "o pass+ ?r\gh x w\ld realize t x 0 diff]5t f any "o ( ! hundr$s ( tunnels ?r\gh :i* ! railroads ( ?is c\ntry pass4 ,x is b a natural foll[+ out ( su* tunnels z ! five-mile tunnel "u ! ,hoosac ,m\nta9s 9 ,massa*usetts1 or ! ?ree-qu>t]-mile tunnels 9 ,j]sey ,city1 or ! score ( tunnels on ! l9e ( ! ,s\!rn ,railway ov] ! ,blue ,ridge 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,x is a great tunnel to-day1 ( c\rse1 b :5 ! ,nor? ,riv] tunnel is f9i%$1 f ,new ,york to ,j]sey ,city1 ?is w be ( little acc\nt 9 comp>ison4 ,detroit 0 soon left1 ,lake ,erie 0 rea*$1 & night came on4 ,! next morn+ ! /eamboat rea*$ its j\rney's end at ,buffalo4 ,our fri5ds ha/5$ across ! city & 7 soon seat$ 9 a sleep]1 on ! tra9 = ,new ,york4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,mod]n ,,l& ,,travel4 ,soon aft] ! tra9 _h />t$ f ! ,buffalo /ation conv]sation began betwe5 ,mr4 ,gre5leaf & 8 nephew4 ,! /eam is ! same z 9 my day1 rem>k$ ! =m]2 ! /eam pu%es ! pi/on 9 j ! same way2 !re is no *ange 9 ?is direction4 ,b all else is new4 ,yes1 said ! drumm]1 y mu/ see great *anges2 tell me "s ( !m4 ,v well1 0 ! reply4 ,! mo/ noticeable ?+ ab\t a railroad tra9 us$ to be ! j]k+ motion4 ,we seem$ to be go+ 'bump-i-ty-bump' all ! "t2 & />t+ & /opp+ a tra9 w\ld (t5 ?r[ u (f our feet4 ,v>i\s improvem5ts1 said ,mr4 ,t[ne1 h help$ to produce ?is easy-rid+ motion4 ,! roadb$s are laid ) mu* great] c>e--long exp]i5ce & num]\s exp]im5ts h provid$ u ) ! be/ rails2 b m especially ! abs5ce ( j> is due to /eel spr+s1 & also to ! breaks & c\pl]s4 ,:5 "o c> 0 atta*$ to ano!r by two bolts ?ru/ ?r\gh a r+1 no?+ 0 firm1 z ! bolts w\ld slide =w>d & back ) e motion ( ! c>4 ,! new automatic c\pl]s hold ! two c>s m firmly toge!r4 ,aga91 ! old h& brakes h be5 replac$ by ! automatic air brake4 ,yes1 ,i h he>d ( t1 b ,i d n und]/& x4 ,c y expla9 x to me8 ,i ?9k s4 ,george ,we/+h\se1 ,jr41 ab\t ?irty ye>s ago1 took out a pat5t = ! air brake4 ,?is alone has be5 en\gh to make him fam\s1 al?\gh he has twelve hundr$ pat5ts issu$ 9 8 "n4 ,! ,we/+h\se air brake is n[ almo/ univ]sally us$4 ,"s ( ! surplus /eam 9 ! locomotive pumps air into tanks 9 ! c>s1 :i* air presses ^u a pi/on1 t moves a rod aga9/ ! brakes4 ,?us ! brakes c be held aga9/ ! :eels ) great =ce at ! w ( ! eng9e]4 ,well1 ! next ?+ t ,i notice1 said ! mission>y1 is ! improv$ com=t ( ! pass5g]s4 ,! c9d]s fill$ ! c>s 9 ! old days2 ! air )9 0 always bad2 ! c&les gave m smoke ?an light2 & 9 w9t]1 ! /oves at ! end ( ! c>s gave no heat 9 ! c5t]4 ,yes1 all t is *ang$1 repli$ ! y\ng] man4 ,sp>k arre/]s keep out ! c9d]s2 ! ov]head v5tilators give u good air2 bright light1 almo/ l t ( day1 surr\nds u 9 ! ev5+2 &1 :5 want$1 ! eng9e supplies /eam 9 pipes runn+ ! entire l5g? ( ! c>1 :i* gives ev5 & ample heat4 ,?is c> is wid] ?an ours us$ to be1 is x n8 qu]i$ ,mr4 ,gre5leaf4 ,yes1 0 ! reply4 ,:5 ! fir/ ,pullman sleep+ c>1 ! ',pione]1' 0 run on ! ,*icago & ,alton ,railroad1 x 0 wid] & high] ?an ! ord9>y coa*es4 ,sev]al bridges _h to be rais$ to all[ ! c> to pass "u2 & all ! /ation plat=ms 7 alt]$ to p]mit x to pass4 ,s9ce !n1 z ,pullmans & ,wagn]s h come into use on s _m roads1 _m *anges 9 bridges h be5 f\nd necess>y1 & /ation plat=ms h almo/ univ]sally be5 cut d[n to ! gr\nd4 ,did ,i und]/& y to say t ?is is a sleep]8 ask$ ,mr4 ,gre5leaf4 ,our sleep+ c>s1 few & f> betwe5 z !y 71 _h b]?s or bunks ?ree ti]s high1 fitt$ 9 on ea* side ( ! c>1 mak+ x useless except to sleep 94 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,pullman ,,sleep]4 ,t 0 ! great feature ( ,mr4 ,pullman's inv5tion1 0 ! reply4 ,he saw t few railroad companies w\ld c>e to g to ! exp5se ( runn+ c>s :i* c\ld only be us$ = sleep+ purposes4 ,he 0 famili> ) ! 'old-fa%ion$1 /uffy c>s1 :]e m5 sat 9 /iff-back$ seats & doz$ & yawn$ & wait$ = morn+4 ,by putt+ p to sleep ?is wide-awake man made a =tune4' ,y are sitt+ on ! b$ n[4 ,b "h comes ! port] to make up ! b]?s next to u4 ,! lady wi%es to put h] little boy to sleep4 ,) mu* int]e/ ,mr4 ,gre5leaf wat*$ ! port] make a sleep+ room out ( a sitt+ room4 ,9 a trice ! cu%ions 9 ! seats & backs 7 twi/$ ab\t & laid f seat to seat1 mak+ a b$4 ,) a jump1 ! port] /ood on ! arm ( ! seat1 & turn$ a knob 9 ! ro(4 ,d[n came ano!r b$1 a few feet above ! fir/4 ,f ?is 0 pull$ a triangul> bo>d :i* 0 plac$ betwe5 ! b$s & ! next seats4 ,%eets1 blankets1 & pill[s1 :i* _h be5 %ut up 9 ! ro(1 7 soon prop]ly spread out1 & two good b$s 7 ! result4 ,curta9s 7 f\nd above ! upp] b$1 :i*1 hung ^u poles1 %ut ! b$s (f f ! c> aisle4 ,beh9d ^! ! "m undress$ h] *ild & put him to b$4 ,j at ?is mom5t a man w5t ?r\gh ! c> cry+ ,fir/ call = d9n]4 ,mr4 ,t[ne imm$iately jump$ to 8 feet & said1 ,let u g & get good seats4 ,y h =gott5 y\r hat1 ,h5ry1 said 8 uncle4 ,i don't ne$ x4 ,come1 hurry1 said ,h5ry4 ,p]plex$1 ! old man foll[$ 8 nephew ?r\gh ?ree c>s to ! d9+ c>1 :]e !y 7 soon seat$ at a little table1 9 front ( a l>ge w9d[1 f :i* ev]y?+ !y pass$ c\ld be se54 ,x is n necess>y to describe ! d9+ room1 = x 0 m]ely a well-furni%$ re/aurant4 ,! m5 ord]$ :at !y desir$1 & settl$ back to wait until _! d9n] 0 br\ght on4 ,h[ is x1 ,h5ry1 t we did n feel ! w9d z we pass$ f c> to c>8 ,y hurri$ me s fa/ t ,i did n h "t to notice4 ,don't y see1 said ! drumm]1 h[ atta*+ a d9+ c> to a tra9 requir$ ano!r *ange also8 ,!re us$ to be a rule ( e railroad company =bidd+ ! pass5g]s to g f c> to c> :ile ! tra9 0 9 motion4 ,:5 ! company put on ! 'd9]1' x invit$ ! p to break its own rule4 ,s ve/ibule c>s came next4 ,side doors are built on ! c> plat=ms & ) ^! clos$ ! regul> c> doors c be left op54 ,?us "o c walk ! entire l5g? ( ! tra91 ?r\gh sleep]1 p>lor c>1 d9+ c>1 smok+ saloon1 libr>y1 ba? room1 b>b] %op1 & writ+ room1 )\t once go+ out ( doors4 ,?is is a mod]n ve/ibule tra94 ,"o m int]e/+ discussion took place ! next morn+ z !y 7 ne>+ ,new ,york ,city4 ,tell me some?+ ab\t mod]n bridges1 said ,mr4 ,gre5leaf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,brooklyn ,,bridge4 ,oh6 ,i am afraid t is too long a /ory to tell dur+ ! "t t we h left4 ,!re seems to be no limit to ! eng9e]+ skill ( to-day4 ,! _w-fam\s /ructures are be+ surpass$ e little :ile by new ones4 ,to-morr[ y mu/ see ! ,brooklyn ,bridge4 ,we h suppos$ t ?is great susp5sion bridge ) its sixte5 hundr$ feet f t[] to t[] 0 ab\t ! limit4 ,b ! cantilev] bridge ov] ! ,=? 9 ,scotl& has a span m ?an a hundr$ feet long] ?an ! ,ea/ ,riv] bridge4 ,:5 ! ,nor? ,riv] bridge is built to ,j]sey ,city1 ) its propos$ span ( ?ree ?\s& feet1 ^! o!r great bridges w be small 9 comp>ison4 ,our bridges are mo/ly ( /eel r ?an wood n[adays1 he cont9u$4 ,s9ce ! ,portage viaduct on ! ,erie road1 :i* 0 eight hundr$ feet long & two hundr$ & ?irty feet above ! riv]1 & conta9$ a million & a half feet ( lumb]1 0 :olly burn$ 9 #ahge1 wood5 bridges h usually be5 b tempor>y affairs4 ,9 ^! days ( frequ5t tra9s1 ! eng9e]'s skill is ne$$ on ! %ort] bridges z well z on ^! enorm\s /ructures4 ,iron t[]s 7 put 9 place ( /one t[]s1 & iron beams 9 place ( wood5 ones1 at ! ,niag>a ,susp5sion ,bridge1 )\t int]f]+ ) ! tra9s4 ,i read ! o!r day h[ a new iron bridge took ! place ( an old wood5 "o4 ,x 0 built across ! riv] by ! side ( ! railroad track2 dur+ ! night1 :5 !re 0 less travel ?an dur+ ! daytime1 ! old bridge 0 mov$ (f1 ! new "o took its place1 & 9 a few m9utes tra9s 7 runn+ ov] x4 ,:atev] eng9e]+ "w is ne$$ n[adays1 "s "o w soon be f\nd prep>$ to provide x4 ,at la/ ! tra9 ent]$ ! long cut & s]ies ( tunnels1 :i* f9ally br\ght x to ! ,gr& ,c5tral /ation on ,=ty-,second ,/reet1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,hurri$ along by ! cr[d1 ! ag$ sightse] h>dly _h an opportunity to make a rem>k ab\t ! imm5sity & gr&eur ( ! brick /ation4 ,b ?is /ation is poor & f> beh9d ! times1 said ,mr4 ,t[ne4 ,y %\ld see "s ( ! m mod]n ones t h rec5tly be5 erect$1 or wait = ! new ,new ,york /ation1 :i* mu/ soon be built4 ,b let u ha/52 ,i want to get home4 ,! "y drumm]1 accu/om$ to travel ( all k9ds1 famili> ) cr[ds1 & wont to make 8 way any:]e1 did n realize t 8 companion 0 hav+ difficulty 9 keep+ up ) him z he ha/5$ along ! /reet4 ,receiv+ no answ] to a "q t he ask$1 he glanc$ ar\nd to f9d t 8 uncle 0 n ) him4 ,inw>dly accus+ himself ( remissness 9 =gett+ 8 companion's lack ( exp]i5ce1 he turn$ & rapidly retrac$ 8 /eps4 ,he f\nd 8 uncle /&+ on a corn]1 n d>+ to cross ! /reet2 to ! relief ( ! latt]1 he decid$ to take a horse c> across t[n4 ,leav+ ! c> at ,six? ,av5ue1 ! two m5 climb$ ! /airs to ! elevat$ road4 ,!y _h h>dly pur*as$ _! tickets :5 a tra9 drew up at ! little /ation & a m9ute aft]w>d !y 7 (f = ,h>lem4 ,! horse-c> ride1 foll[$ by t on ! elevat$ road1 />t$ a discussion conc]n+ /reet-c> traffic4 ,! horse c> 0 rememb]$ by ! old mission>y1 :o rem>k$ t x came be=e ! /eam railroad4 ,mr4 ,t[ne repli$1 ,yes4 ,b its day is ne>ly ov]4 ,new ,york ,city does n seem to h fully outgr[n ?is sl[ /reet travel1 b else:]e m rapid transit is ! rule4 ,new ,york is com+ to x1 h[ev]4 ,! elevat$ roads _c c>ry all ! travel--! horse c>s are too sl[--! size ( ! city dem&s some?+ m ?an we n[ h4 ,:at d y expect w be done8 ask$ ,mr4 ,gre5leaf4 ,we %all h to build a tunnel1 an und]gr\nd railway1 a subway4 ,( c\rse our roads mu/ be ei!r above gr\nd1 on ! gr\nd level1 or bel[ gr\nd4 ,! elevat$ roads h %[n !mselves to be unpleasant & annoy+4 ,x is n agreeable to look into ! upp]-/ory w9d[s ( dwell+s1 nor d p enjoy liv+ on /reets :]e ! elevat$ road runs4 ,rapid transit is impossible 9 ! /reet1 :]e cross /reets cont9ually delay ! c>s1 & :]e wagons & c>riages ( all sorts are regul>ly pass+4 ,! subway is ! be/ me?od1 ! only dec5t way left op54 ,w\ld n su* a tunnel be d>k & damp1 dirty & unheal?y 9 e s5se8 ask$ 8 uncle4 ,oh6 no1 0 ! reply4 ,bo/on has rec5tly complet$ a subway1 some?+ l a mile & a half long1 ) two bran*es1 :i* has prov$ its great advantages4 ,%elt]$ 9 w9t]1 cool 9 summ]1 nev] block$ by teams nor int]f]$ ) by sn[ or ice1 brilliantly light$1 ) air :olesome & dry1 & less liable to accid5ts ?an any o!r device yet te/$1 ! ,bo/on ,subway is a great success4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,bo/on ,,subway4 ,did y say t !re 0 no smoke8 aga9 ask$ ,mr4 ,gre5leaf4 ,no smoke at all4 ,! c>s are run by electricity1 & c9d]s are !re=e entirely abs5t4 ,are electric c>s com+ into g5]al use8 0 ! next "q4 ,yes2 ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 repli$ ,mr4 ,t[ne4 ,new ,york ev5 n[ has its electric roads up t[n4 ,horse c>s h be5 replac$ by electric c>s 9 almo/ e city4 ,cable c>s are us$ 9 "s places1 b ! electric is pref]r$4 ,! la/ few ye>s h se5 a wond]ful developm5t 9 electricity 9 e way1 b 9 no respect great] ?an 9 ! increase ( electric railways4 ,= %ort] l9es !y are compet+ ) ! /eam c>s1 & seem to be w9n+ ! day4 ,"s /eam roads are equipp+ _! l9es = electric s]vice1 & report successful results s f> z tri$4 ,:e!r ! electric c> w :olly replace ! /eam c>1 "t only w tell4 ,:at a relief x mu/ be to ride 9 a /reet c> & n be oblig$ to pity ! poor horses z !y tug & /ra9 to pull ! heavy loads6 add$ ! old mission>y4 ,y "k1 ,i suppose1 repli$ ! drumm]1 t n only f ! /reet c>s1 b 9 o!r ways ! horse is be+ retir$4 ,! bicycle has supplant$ ! horse & buggy = use 9 ?\s&s ( families1 besides be+ :]e horses c\ld nev] be af=d$4 ,& n[ we h automobiles1 or horseless c>riages1 run by gasol9e1 naph?a1 or electric motors4 ,^! are exp5sive1 & comp>atively few c yet af=d !m = private use4 ,!y are be+ us$ to a consid]able ext5t 9 l>ge cities1 especially "h 9 ,new ,york1 = public s]vice or = ! deliv]y ( goods f our l>ge /ores4 ,b ! exp5ses w gradually less51 & p]haps ! day :5 ! horse is to re/ has begun4 ,illu/ration3 ,,electric ,,c>1 ,,new ,,york ,,city4 ,all ?is is wond]ful1 rem>k$ 8 uncle4 ,we may walk /ill1 if we wi%4 ,we may ride a horse or drive a c>riage4 ,we may take ! /agecoa*1 or a private coa*1 or tally-ho4 ,we may j\rney across ! cont95t 9 palace /eam c>s4 ,we may ride ?r\gh a city on horse c>s1 or cable c>s1 or electric c>s4 ,we may travel on elevat$ tracks or und]gr\nd4 ,we may p$al our bicycles or ride 9 horseless c>riages4 ,we f9d good c>riage roads1 & excell5t roadb$s = our railroads4 ,bridges & tunnels c>ry u ov] & "u riv]s1 across rav9es & ?r\gh m\nta9s4 ,on ! wat]1 ! canoe & ! r[boat1 ! sail+ vessel & ! /eam%ip1 are at our disposal4 ,naph?a laun*es & electric ya*ts glide across ! wat]4 ,h>bors are dr$g$1 ligh?\ses are erect$1 breakwat]s are con/ruct$1 & canals are built1 all = ! use ( travel]s & comm]ce4 ,! la/ ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury =m an era 9 travel ( :i* ! _w nev] dream$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,samuel ,f4 ,b4 ,,morse4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mod]n ,,pr9t+ ,,presses4 ,,section ,,vi4--,,lett]s4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,language4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 a dog & a boy1 or1 r1 :at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! brute creation & mank9d8 ,x is z natural = a dog to ?9k z = a boy2 he sees & he>s & t\*es1 smells & ta/es z well z does ! boy2 he rememb]s &1 9 a c]ta9 way1 he may be said to reason2 he loves & hates & fe>s2 he is pleas$ & fright5$2 is rev5geful2 has 8 likes & dislikes1 8 ta/es & prejudices2 inde$1 a dog1 or a horse1 or an elephant has _m po9ts ( resemblance to a boy or a man4 ,b !re are ess5tial po9ts ( diff]5ce4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important diff]5ces is t man has ! p[] ( spee* :i* is n possess$ by ! brute creation4 ,?is p[] ( spee* is a great boon to mank9d1 "o held 9 common by all peoples 9 all ages4 ,talk+ or conv]sation sugge/s at lea/ two p]sons1 ! speak] & ! he>]1 & involves ! use ( ! vocal organs on ! "p ( ! talk] & ! e>1 ! in/rum5t ( he>+1 on ! "p ( ! li/5]4 ,?is p[] ( communicat+ ?\ght1 z has be5 said1 is univ]sal ) ! human race4 ,9 *ildhood "o le>ns ! language ( 8 p>5ts & ( ! p :]e he lives4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 ,great ,brita91 ,canada1 & ,au/ralia1 mo/ ( ! p speak ! ,engli% language2 9 ,france1 ! ,fr5* tongue2 9 ,russia1 ! ,russian2 9 ,g]many1 ! ,g]man2 9 ,turkey1 ! ,arabic2 & s on4 ,?is common spee* =ms a great bond ( unity betwe5 all p ( ! same race1 & by means ( x we communicate our ideas "o to ano!r4 ,!re is ano!r language diff]+ widely f ! gift ( spee*1 yet q z important = ! welf>e ( ! human race4 ,b>b>\s & savage tribes are dep5d5t ^u spee* alone1 b 9 civiliz$ c\ntries ! p h acquir$ ano!r art1 t ( writ+1 or ( us+ a writt5 language4 ,9 spee* arbitr>y s\nds repres5t ideas4 ,9 writ+ arbitr>y symbols or *>act]s1 call$ lett]s & words1 are us$4 ,!y are obs]v$ by ! eye & n by ! e>4 ,?is writt5 language is z ext5d$1 z %>p1 z def9ite1 z full & complete1 z is ! language ( spee*4 ,moreov]1 x has a great advantage ov] spee*4 ,words c be spok5 only to a p]son imm$iately pres5t1 b words c be writt5 & convey$ to "o :o is abs5t4 ,no matt] h[ f> ap>t two p]sons are1 ea* c communicate 8 ideas to ! o!r j z well z if !y 7 ne>4 ,?is writt5 language has /ill great] usefulness4 ,by means ( x wise m5 ( all c\ntries :o h _h great ?\ghts1 ?\ghts ( value to ! :ole human race1 h be5 enabl$ to put ^? ?\ghts into a p]man5t =m4 ,?us !y h be5 pres]v$ & h&$ d[n f g5]ation to g5]ation1 s t we inh]it to-day ! weal? ( all ! ages4 ,we c make ourselves famili> ) ! great ?\ghts utt]$ by ,jesus1 by ,socrates1 ,ari/otle1 ,%akespe>e1 ,milton1 ,burke1 ,patrick ,h5ry1 ,daniel ,web/]1 ,em]son1 ,longfell[1 & c\ntless o!rs1 s t !y become our own prop]ty4 ,moreov]1 :5 ! eye ga!rs up ^! gr& tru?s f ! pr9t$ page1 !y are n absorb$1 !y /ill rema9 !re4 ,!y may be us$ & transmitt$ aga9 & aga9 9 ! same book & ^u ! same page1 ev5 to future g5]ations4 ,on "o occasion ,k+ ,solomon said3 ,( mak+ _m books !re is no end1 & mu* /udy is a we>9ess ( ! fle%4 ,! second "p ( ?is s5t5ce is c]ta9ly v true1 b t is n say+ any?+ aga9/ /udy1 = any?+ t is wor? do+ is a cause ( we>9ess4 ,:5 we get we>y ! be/ ?+ is to get ?or\ghly re/$1 & aft] t to "w until we become we>y aga94 ,x does n injure a /rong1 well p]son to get heal?ily tir$2 on ! contr>y1 ! we>9ess :i* comes f normal ex]cise ( ! h&s or ! bra9 is bett] ?an inactive ease4 ,illu/ration3 ,,anci5t ,,implem5ts ,,( ,,writ+4 ,:at did ,solomon mean :5 he made ?is sage rem>k1 ,( mak+ _m books !re is no end8 ,"u :at circum/ances 0 ! rem>k made8 ,we may n be able to answ] ! la/ "q lit]ally1 b we may be p]mitt$ to imag9e ! circum/ances4 ,let u suppose t ! ,que5 ( ,%eba _h made h] fam\s visit to ,j]usalem4 ,%e _h he>d 9 h] own c\ntry ( ! acts & ! wisdom ( ,solomon1 & _h come to ! k+dom ( ,israel to see1 ) h] own eyes1 if ^! reports 7 true4 ,%e he>d 8 wisdom f 8 own lips1 = he told h] all h] que/ions4 ,!n ! ,que5 ( ,%eba _h said to ,solomon3 ,x 0 a true report :i* ,i he>d 9 m9e own l& ( ?9e acts1 & ( ?y wisdom3 h[beit1 ,i believ$ n _! words1 until ,i came1 & m9e eyes _h se5 x3 &1 behold1 ! "o half ( ! greatness ( ?y wisdom 0 n told me2 = ?\ exce$e/ ! fame t ,i he>d4 ,happy are ?y m51 & happy are ^! ?y s]vants1 :i* /& cont9ually be=e !e1 & he> ?y wisdom4 ,bless$ be ! ,"l ?y ,god1 :i* delight$ 9 !e to set !e on 8 ?rone1 to be k+ = ! ,"l ?y ,god4 ,! ,que5 _h gone home1 & e>ly "o morn+ ,solomon _h ris5 f 8 c\* & gone up to ! flat ro( ( 8 h\se on ,m\nt ,zion j z ! sun 0 ris+4 ,!re 9 8 m$itations he ?\ght to himself t ! ,que5 ( ,%eba _h paid him great honor & t he ought 9 c\rtesy to s5d h] a suitable pres5t4 ,:at %\ld x be8 ,he 0 impress$ ) ! idea t he w\ld s5d h] a copy ( ! sacr$ books !n 9 ! keep+ ( ! high prie/4 ,:at pres5t c\ld be m appropriate1 m honorable to him1 m welcome to h]1 or m acceptable to ,jehovah1 ! ,god ( 8 p ,israel8 ,if he s5t h] a copy ( ^! books x surely ought to be a p]fect copy4 ,books 7 n pr9t$ 9 ^? days2 !y 7 writt5 ) ! p51 or r ) ! /ylus4 ,solomon call$ a s]vant & said to him1 ,s5d = ! *ief ( ! scribes4 ,br+ him "h4 ,he came1 & ! k+ direct$ him to select only ^? scribes t c\ld d p]fect "w1 & to set !m at ! task ( mak+ ! f9e/ possible copy ( ! books ( ,moses & ! o!r sacr$ books4 ,mon? aft] mon? w5t by1 until f9ally ! "w 0 f9i%$ & ! scribes 7 u%]$ into ! royal pres5ce1 be>+ 9 _! arms ! product ( _! long-cont9u$ labor4 ,roll aft] roll ( ! f9e/ p>*m5t 0 submitt$ to ,solomon = inspection4 ,ea* sk9 began ) an illum9at$ lett]1 & ! :ole "w 0 done 9 ! highe/ /yle ( ! art4 ,well pleas$ 0 ,solomon :5 ^! rolls 7 all prop]ly pack$1 secur$ f ra91 plac$ ^u ! backs ( camels1 & ! c>avan1 ) a milit>y escort1 _h set out = ! di/ant l& ( ,%eba4 ,!n aga9 9 ! gray ( ! morn+ ,solomon 0 at 8 m$itations ^u ! h\setop4 ,aga9 he call$ a mess5g] :o %\ld summon to 8 pres5ce ! *ief ( ! scribes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,anci5t ,,scribe4 ,:at 0 ! co/ ( mak+ ! copy ( our sacr$ writ+s = ! ,que5 ( ,%eba8 ,h[ _m %ekels h be5 paid to ! scribes = _! "w8 ,:5 ! *ief scribe _h f\nd out he report$ x to ! k+4 ,is x inde$ s mu*8 said ! k+2 & :5 he _h ?\ght h[ _m mon?s x _h tak5 = t l>ge numb] ( scribes to make a s+le copy ( ! sacr$ books1 !n he exclaim$3 ,( mak+ _m books !re is no end4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,pr9t+ ,,press4 ,! times h *ang$ s9ce ,k+ ,solomon's day4 ,! art ( pr9t+ has be5 discov]$4 ,n[ x w\ld be possible to make n m]ely "o copy b ?\s&s ( copies1 n only ( ! sacr$ books ( ! ,jews 9 ! "t ( ,solomon1 b ( ! entire ,bible z we h x to-day4 ,n 9 ! mon?s requir$ by ! ,jewi% scribes1 b 9 a s+le mon?1 ?\s&s ( copies ( ! :ole ,bible c\ld be pr9t$ f ! type set 9 a s+le e/abli%m5t 9 ,bo/on1 ,new ,york1 or ,philadelphia4 ,surely1 be=e ! art ( pr9t+ "o might truly say1 ,( mak+ books !re is no end4 ,b to-day our mod]n press s5ds out its volumes by millions1 s t no long] is !re any tru? 9 ?is app>5tly wise /atem5t ( ,solomon4 ,x 0 true 9 8 day1 b times h *ang$4 ,two visitors 7 w5d+ _! way ?r\gh ,ma*9]y ,hall at ! ,c5t5nial ,exhibition 9 ,philadelphia 9 #ahgf4 ,clatt]1 clatt]1 clatt]--clatt]1 clatt]1 clatt]--jigg]1 jigg]1 jigg]--jigg]1 jigg]1 jigg]4 ,:at 0 t great ma*9e t !y 7 approa*+8 ,x 0 ! ,walt] press1 inv5t$ 9 ,london = ! ,london ,times1--,! ,?und]]4 ,well1 well6 ! press does ?und]1 lit]ally1 does x n8 ,x 0 pr9t+ t day's issue ( ! ,new ,york ,times1 & !re 7 com+ f t press ab\t twelve ?\s& copies ( ! d\ble-size %eet 9 an h\r4 ,well might x make a racket if x accompli%$ su* a "w z t4 ,aft] ! visitors 7 done admir+ x !y pass$ on1 & a little beyond came sudd5ly ^u ano!r pr9t+ press :i* 0 do+ its "w 9 comp>ative sil5ce4 ,be=e !m /ood a d\ble ,hoe p]fect+ press1 pr9t+ ! ,philadelphia ,times1 turn+ (f ?irty ?\s& copies p] h\r4 ,^! came out f ! ma*9e1 fold$ ready = ! wrapp]s or = ! newsboy to take ^u 8 arm & run out into ! /reet to sell6 ,s m>vel\s 0 ! "w ( ! ,am]ican press4 ,! orig9al inv5tion 0 surpris+1 b ! progress t has be5 made 9 mak+ type1 sett+ x1 electrotyp+ & ink+1 & mak+ pap]1 z well z 9 ! presswork1 is beyond ! p[] ( description4 ,!re are vague1 indef9ite /ories ( pr9t+ by ! ,*9ese a ?\s& ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,! ,greeks & ,romans made metal /amps ) *>act]s engrav$ 9 relief4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 until ab\t ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury t movable types 7 made ) :i* books c\ld be pr9t$4 ,! p]iod betwe5 #adej & #aejj witness$ a rapid advance ( civilization 9 ,europe4 ,x 0 m>k$ by a great revival ( classical le>n+ & art1 & ann\nc$ ! dawn ( mod]n civilization4 ,at t "t ,europe began to come out into ! light ( reason1 le>n+1 & bo? civil & religi\s lib]ty4 ,! m>9]'s compass _h be5 inv5t$2 gunp[d] _h be5 discov]$2 & n[ ! art ( pr9t+ came into use4 ,x w\ld seem t no "o man inv5t$ ?is art 9 ! way t ,/eph5son inv5t$ ! locomotive & ,:itney ! cotton g94 ,x grew up1 "o man do+ a little1 & ano!r some?+ m1 until ! sy/em 0 br\ght to its pres5t wond]ful effici5cy4 ,x has be5 said t ,co/] ( ,ha>lem1 ,holl&1 inv5t$ wood5 types ab\t #adbh & metal types a little lat]4 ,ab\t #addj ,john ,fau/ did a little pr9t+1 & o!rs also h claim$ ! inv5tion4 ,john ,gut5b]g is ! only claimant :o is kn[n to h receiv$ honor dur+ 8 life "t z ! true inv5tor4 ,! evid5ce w\ld seem to %[ t he 0 engag$ 9 8 secret process be=e ! ye> #addj4 ,he c]ta9ly _h a pr9t+ (fice 9 #addh at ,m5tz4 ,ab\t ?is "t ,fau/ came into possession ( ?is pr9t+ (fice & manag$ x until 8 dea?4 ,among ! e>lie/ books pr9t$ 71 ,lett]s ( ,indulg5ce1 two editions ( ! ,bible1 & a ,lat9 diction>y4 ,john ,bask]ville1 an ,engli%man1 devot$ 8 life & =tune to ! improvem5t ( pr9t+4 ,he 0 born 9 #agjf & di$ 9 #agge4 ,he publi%$ an edition ( ,v]gil 9 royal qu>to1 :i* 0 !n & is /ill consid]$ a wond]ful specim5 ( beautiful pr9t+4 ,8 ,engli% ,bible1 ,book ( ,common ,pray]1 & editions ( v>i\s classics are /ill admir$ & greatly s\ght4 ,a ,bask]ville classic is difficult to f9d 9 ^! days & x comm&s a high price2 :5 "o is f\nd x %[s great skill1 judgm5t1 & ta/e4 ,bask]ville made types mu* sup]ior 9 di/9ctness & elegance to any t _h previ\sly be5 us$4 ,he improv$ greatly ! l9es ( ! lett]s1 _! /yle & appe>ance1 mak+ !m z arti/ic z possible4 ,to ?is end he plann$ 9 detail ! /yle ( all type :i* he us$4 ,he exp]im5t$ also 9 ! manufacture ( ink to get t :i* _h ! mo/ p]man5t color4 ,he sup]9t5d$ ! manufacture ( ! pap] he us$ 9 ord] to obta9 a f9i%$ surface be/ adapt$ to receive ! impressions ( ! type4 ,pr9t+ 9 ,am]ica dur+ ! colonial days 0 subject to mu* difficulty4 ,! fir/ pr9t+ press 9 our c\ntry 0 set up at ,cambridge 9 ! h\se ( ! presid5t ( ,h>v>d ,college1 ,rev4 ,h5ry ,dun/]1 9 #afci4 ,eliot's ,bible 9 ! ,indian language 0 pr9t$ ^u ?is press betwe5 #affj & #affc4 ,?is same pr9t+ e/abli%m5t is /ill 9 exi/5ce & has be5 kn[n = _m ye>s z ! ,univ]sity ,press4 ,! fir/ ,bible pr9t$ 9 ,am]ica 9 any ,european language 0 a ,g]man ,bible issu$ 9 #agdc by ,*ri/oph] ,s[] 9 ,g]mant[n1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,?is 0 a wond]ful "w = ^? e>ly days4 ,x 0 a l>ge qu>to ,bible1 consi/+ ( #a1bhd pages1 & x took f\r ye>s to complete ! pr9t+ ( x4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,frankl9 ,,press4 ,h[ qua9t ! e>ly pr9t+ press w\ld appe> to u ( to-day6 ,x 0 us$ ) v little *ange = "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s4 ,! =ms ( type 7 plac$ ^u wood or /one b$s surr\nd$ by frames call$ c(f9s1 mov$ 9 & out by h& ) great labor1 & aft] ea* impression ! plat5 :i* _h press$ ! pap] d[n ^u ! type _h to be screw$ up aga9 ) a b>4 ,! presses :i* ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 us$ 7 made ) wood5 framework ( ! simple/ possible con/ruction4 ,iron frames 7 fir/ us$ 9 ,engl& j "o hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,frankl91 9 8 ,autobiography1 tells ! /ory ( 8 attempt to set up a pr9t+ e/abli%m5t 9 ,philadelphia4 ,at fir/ he f\nd x difficult to obta9 any "w1 b f9ally he 0 giv5 ! job ( pr9t+ =ty %eets ( a ,hi/ory ( ! ,fri5ds4 ,! price (f]$ 0 l[1 b ,frankl9 & 8 p>tn]1 ,m]$i?1 decid$ to accept x z a beg9n+4 ,frankl9 set up ! type = a %eet ea* day1 :ile ,m]$i? work$ x (f at ! press ! next day4 ,! type _h to be di/ribut$ e ev5+ 9 ord] t x might be ready = ! next day's composition4 ,!re=e x 0 (t5 late at night be=e ,frankl9 f9i%$ 8 day's task1 p]haps elev5 o'clock or ev5 lat]4 ,o!r little jobs came 9 to delay ! pr9t]s1 b ,frankl9 0 det]m9$ to d a %eet a day ( ! hi/ory4 ,"o night1 j z 8 "w 0 done1 "o ( ! =ms 0 accid5tally brok51 & two pages r$uc$ to pi4 ,frankl91 late z x 01 di/ribut$ ! pi & compos$ ! =m aga9 be=e go+ to b$4 ,su* indu/ry & p]sev]ance 7 sure to br+ success 9 ! end4 ,?\gh1 9 ! clubs & m>kets1 e "o 0 say+ t ! e/abli%m5t mu/ fail1 s9ce ! two o!r pr9t]s 9 t[n _h b>ely en\gh to d1 yet ,dr4 ,baird 0 ne>] "r2 he us$ to say3 ,! indu/ry ( t ,frankl9 is sup]ior to any ,i ev] saw ( ! k9d2 ,i see him at "w :5 ,i g home f ! club1 & he is at "w aga9 be=e 8 neighbors are out ( b$4 ,to-day we h a great v>iety ( pr9t+ presses :i* embody bo? sci5ce & art 9 skillful fa%ion4 ,^! range f ! smalle/ size ( h& presses1 ?r\gh numb]less grades1 v>y+ 9 size1 /r5g?1 p[]1 rapidity1 & ease ( runn+1 to ! mod]n newspap] press & fold] & ! wond]ful color pr9t+ press4 ,"o ( ! newspap] presses w pr9t at "o impression1 f a s+le set ( /]eotype plates1 pap]s ( f\r1 six1 eight1 t51 twelve1 f\rte51 or sixte5 pages1 at ! rate ( twelve ?\s& p] h\r1 all cut at ! top1 pa/$1 & fold$1 ) ! supplem5t ins]t$ at its prop] place4 ,) duplicate sets ( plates1 x w pr9t sets ( f\r1 six1 or eight page pap]s at ! rate ( tw5ty-f\r ?\s& p] h\r4 ,let u look = a mom5t at ! me?od ( ink+ ! type4 ,until a comp>atively rec5t date ! ink+ 0 all done by h&1 by means ( an ink+ pad4 ,! ink is n[ spread ov] ! type ) almo/ p]fect regul>ity by means ( flexible roll]s4 ,great improvem5ts h be5 made 9 typesett+4 ,sev]al late inv5tions l>gely take ! place ( ! old-fa%ion$ sett+ by h&4 ,"o ( ^! :i* is mu* us$ 9 newspap] "w1 & to "s ext5t ^u books & magaz9es1 is call$ ! l9otype4 ,by press+ ! key ( ! prop] lett] ^u a keybo>d arrang$ some?+ l a typewrit]1 ! lett] is pu%$ d[n1 & :5 a l9e ( lett]s & words has be5 complet$1 & ! words prop]ly spac$1 ?is matrix is press$ d[n ^u ! melt$ type metal4 ,! l9e is already /]eotyp$ = use4 ,! rec5t processes ( /]eotyp+ & electrotyp+ h add$ greatly to ! *eapness1 accuracy1 & beauty ( pr9t+4 ,ne>ly all books =m]ly pr9t$ f movable type are n[ ei!r /]eotyp$ or electrotyp$1 s t edition aft] edition may be pr9t$ f ! same plates4 ,! art ( pr9t+ has be5 call$ ! ,div9e ,art4 ,x is ! art pres]vative ( all arts4 ,to a l>ge ext5t all civilization dep5ds ^u ! art ( pr9t+4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,po/al ,,sy/em4 ,we h already se5 t lett]s may be writt5 & s5t by mail to di/ant c\ntries or cities4 ,to s5d a lett] to any place 9 our own c\ntry w co/ u b two c5ts2 to any c\ntry 9 ,europe1 b five c5ts4 ,inde$1 we may s5d a lett] to any "o ( ! c\ntries )9 ! po/al league1--& ?is includes mo/ ( ! c\ntries ( ,asia & ,s\? ,am]ica1 "s p>ts ( ,africa & _m isl&s ( ! sea1--= ! same simple po/age ( five c5ts4 ,b ! "t 0 :5 no?+ ( ! k9d c\ld h be5 done4 ,9 ! long ago !re 0 no po/-(fice sy/em 9 any c\ntry2 no mails1 regul> or irregul>1 7 s5t f "o place to ano!r4 ,! mod]n po/al sy/em evid5tly grew out ( ! practice among k+s ( s5d+ c\ri]s to c>ry messages f "o to ano!r4 ,9 ! e>ly times "s p[]ful rul]s organiz$ a /aff ( gov]nm5t c\ri]s4 ,aft] a "t x came ab\t t ^! gov]nm5t c\ri]s began to c>ry lett]s f private individuals ( high rank to _! fri5ds4 ,s1 9 ! process ( "t1 ?is grew into a p]man5t sy/em2 t is1 ! gov]nm5t c\ri]s 7 accu/om$ to c>ry private correspond5ce z well z ! missives ( ! k+4 ,?is transmission ( lett]s by special c\ri]s s5t out by ! k+ dates back to v e>ly times4 ,explorations 9 ,egypt h br\ght to light specim5s ( ^! lett]s dat+ back to a p]iod ( two ?\s& & ev5 ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,^u :at d y suppose ^? lett]s1 s5t s long ago & pres]v$ to ! pres5t "t1 7 writt58 ,!y c\ld n h be5 writt5 ^u pap]1 = pap] 0 n kn[n 9 ^? days1 & c\ld n h be5 pres]v$ ?r\gh s _m ages2 nei!r 7 !y writt5 ^u p>*m5t or ^u ! sk9s ( animals4 ,^! lett]s :i* h /ood ! te/ ( "t = tw5ty or tw5ty-five c5turies 7 writt5 ^u tablets ( clay or ( /one4 ,! developm5t ( ! mod]n po/al sy/em seems to h be5 begun 9 ,great ,brita94 ,"s ( ! acc\nt books ( ! k+s ( ,engl& :o liv$ ab\t six hundr$ ye>s ago h be5 pres]v$ to ! pres5t "t4 ,9 ^! are f\nd records ( lett]-c>ry+ on regul> l9es & at /at$ int]vals4 ,f ?is beg9n+ ! ,engli% po/al sy/em increas$ 9 effici5cy & importance2 :5 ! coloni/s came to ,am]ica !y e>ly made arrangem5ts = ! c>ry+ ( lett]s4 ,! records ( ! ,g5]al ,c\rt ( ,massa*usetts %[ t 9 #afci x 0 enact$ t notice be giv5 ,ri*>d ,fairbanks t 8 h\se 9 ,bo/on is to be ! place appo9t$ = all lett]s :i* are br\ght f beyond ! seas or are to be s5t ?i!r to be left ) him1 & he is to c>e = !m1 t !y are to be deliv]$ or s5t accord+ to ! directions2 he is all[$ = e lett] a p5ny1 & mu/ answ] all mi/akes f 8 own neglect ( ?is k9d4 ,9 #afeg ! colonial law ( ,virg9ia requir$ t e plant] 0 to provide a mess5g] to convey ! dispat*es z !y arriv$1 to ! next plantation & s on1 pay+ & =feit+ a hog%ead ( tobacco = default4 ,9 #afgb x 0 agre$ betwe5 "s ( ! colonies along ! coa/ t a po/ be s5t once a mon? f ,new ,york to ,bo/on4 ,h[ %\ld we be able to-day to transact bus9ess "u su* conditions8 ,n[ we h _m mails a day betwe5 ^! two cities4 ,gradually ! po/al sy/em 0 ext5d$1 & 9 #agcj1 ,colonel ,spotswood ( ,virg9ia 0 made ,po/ma/]-,g5]al ( ! colonies by ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t4 ,9 #agec1 ,dr4 ,frankl9 0 made ,po/ma/]-,g5]al4 ,frankl9 0 v effici5t 9 ?is (fice2 he visit$ ne>ly all ( ! (fices 9 ! c\ntry 9 p]son1 & introduc$ _m improvem5ts4 ,9 #aggd1 by 8 loyalty to ! colonies1 ,frankl9 incurr$ ! enmity ( ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t & 0 dismiss$ f ! (fice4 ,! next ye>1 h[ev]1 he 0 appo9t$ ,po/ma/]-,g5]al by ! ,cont95tal ,congress4 ,9 #agib1 regul> rates ( lett] po/age 7 fix$ by ,congress1 bas$ on ! di/ance to be s5t4 ,! writ] rememb]s t :5 he 0 a boy he receiv$ a lett] f 8 "m fifte5 miles away = :i* he _h to pay six c5ts po/age4 ,at ano!r "t a lett] 0 receiv$ f 8 si/] :o 0 a little ov] ?irty miles away1 = :i* he _h to pay eight c5ts2 & :5 a s*oolmate :o liv$ m ?an sixty miles di/ant s5t him a lett]1 he _h to pay ! po/ma/] t5 c5ts 9 ord] to get x4 ,^! lett]s 7 writt5 on co>se1 heavy pap] ) quill p5s4 ,! lett] 0 fold$1 & ! fold ( "o side 0 tuck$ into ! fold ( ! o!r side s z to leave b "o ?ickness ( pap] outside ( t fold4 ,! lett] 0 seal$ by a waf] or by seal+ wax dropp$ ^u ! pap] :]e ! two edges came toge!r1 & /amp$ ) a seal4 ,on ! opposite side ! lett] 0 prop]ly address$4 ,!re 7 no envelopes 9 ^? days4 ,see :at *anges h tak5 place )9 ! memory ( p]sons /ill liv+4 ,to-day we write a lett]1 fold x1 ins]t x 9 an envelope1 & place on x a two-c5t /amp2 ! c>ri] comes to ! h\se1 puts ! lett] 9 8 p\*1 c>ries x to ! po/ (fice1 & x is s5t to ,cali=nia or any ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,mexico or ,canada1 & deliv]$ to ! p]son to :om x is address$4 ,po/age /amps 7 n us$ on mail matt] by gov]nm5t direction until ! ye> #ahdj1 & x 0 n until #ahdg t ! ,gov]nm5t issu$ ! fir/ /amps = g5]al use4 ,prior to t1 h[ev]1 individual po/ma/]s1 on _! own responsibility1 _h pr9t$ & sold po/age /amps4 ,)9 a few ye>s _! use became q g5]al 9 _m c\ntries4 ,illu/ration3 ,,po/age ,,/amps4 ,ab\t ! ye> #ahej1 x 0 notic$ t /amps ( diff]5t colors & design 7 receiv$ 9 ! mails f v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w4 ,!n ! idea ( collect+ /amps came into vogue4 ,aft] a "t *ildr5 & "y p g5]ally began to collect & to /udy /amps4 ,e m9ute v>iation ( pap]1 ) /yle ( pr9t+1 gum1 wat] m>k1 & o!r diff]5ces 0 consid]$ z mak+ a diff]5t issue1 & 9 "s cases z _m z fifty di/9ct /yles ( a s+le /amp h be5 collect$4 ,an extra fee ( t5 c5ts secures ! imm$iate special deliv]y by mess5g] ( any lett] ?us s5t4 ,m]*&ise p>cels c be s5t z well z lett]s & pap]s4 ,!re is a money ord] sy/em & at ! pres5t "t a great deal ( ?\ght is put ^u ! "q ( po/-(fice sav+s banks1 :i* h already be5 successfully e/abli%$ 9 ,great ,brita9 & o!r c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,by ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,congress has p[] to e/abli% po/-(fices & po/-roads4 ,be=e roads 7 common betwe5 "o ,/ate & ano!r1 ! mail 0 c>ri$ on horseback4 ,lat]1 mail wagons 7 us$ to convey ! mails f "o (fice to ano!r4 ,z /agecoa*es multipli$ !y 7 us$ z mail wagons1 ! ,gov]nm5t pay+ ! /age company a sum ( money = c>ry+ ! mail p\*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,assort+ ,,mail ,,on ,,! ,,tra94 ,! g5]al introduction ( railroads modifi$ ?is sy/em ( mail c>riage4 ,almo/ e railroad has become a po/al road1 ! mail be+ c>ri$ ^u its tra9s4 ,mo/ ( ! tra9s ^u ! ma9 l9es ( railroads h ea* a po/al c> fitt$ up ) ! prop] conv5i5ces = receiv+ & deliv]+ ! mail at ! v>i\s /ations & sort+ x :ile ! tra9 is mov+4 ,suppose a mail p\* to be receiv$ at ,new ,hav52 be=e rea*+ ,bridgeport its cont5ts are sort$2 all t is to g to ,bridgeport is put into a sep>ate p\* & dropp$ (f at t place2 t :i* is to g to ,gre5wi* is put into ano!r p\* & left !re1 & s on4 ,! mail ( ,new ,york ,city is put into v>i\s p\*es accord+ to its de/9ation4 ,! mail matt] = ! sub-(fices1 l ,/ation ,a & ,/ation ,b1 is put into sep>ate p\*es & s5t f ! railroad /ation on #db;d ,/reet directly to ^! (fices1 :ile t = ! c5tral (fice is s sort$ t !re is no delay 9 s5d+ x out aft] its arrival at ! (fice4 ,! lett]s = lock boxes are plac$ toge!r by sections1 :ile ^? = c>ri]s are put up 9 divisions s z to be deliv]$ at once to ! sev]al c>ri]s4 ,meantime mail matt] :i* is to g beyond ,new ,york is put into prop] p\*es s t "o c be dropp$ (f at ,tr5ton1 ano!r at ,philadelphia1 & s on4 ,x w readily be se5 t va/ improvem5ts h be5 made 9 po/al arrangem5ts4 ,! condition ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates po/al sy/em has be5 greatly improv$ ea* ye>4 ,x seems almo/ m>vel\s t ! mail s]vice is s reliable & t ! transmission ( mail matt] is s exp$iti\s & satisfactory4 ,if mail matt] %\ld happ5 to be lo/1 :i* is v r>ely ! case1 ! facilities = f9d+ x are sometimes q surpris+1 z ! foll[+ incid5t w %[4 ,a "y lady 9 ,i[a s5t by mail a piece ( cro*et$ edg+ to h] c\s9 9 ,dor*e/]1 :i* is a "p ( ,bo/on1 ,massa*usetts4 ,! cont5ts slipp$ out some:]e & ! wrapp] 0 deliv]$ to its prop] address1 b )\t ! edg+4 ,a lett] _h already be5 receiv$ 9 :i* ! s5d+ ( ! article 0 m5tion$1 s t ! receiv] knew f :om ! wrapp] came4 ,%e notifi$ ! sub-po/ma/] 9 *>ge ( ! ,dor*e/] (fice1 & he began ! sy/em ( trac+ by means ( blanks prep>$ = t purpose4 ,he wrote out ! description ( ! article & ! facts ( ! case1 & s5t ^! blanks to ! po/ma/] at ,bo/on4 ,! ,bo/on po/ma/] =w>d$ !m to ,*icago2 f ,*icago ! blanks 7 s5t to ! sev]al (fices we/ ( ,*icago until !y rea*$ ! po9t ( dep>ture1 9 ,i[a4 ,no trace 0 f\nd to answ] ! description1 & ! blanks came back to ,*icago4 ,!y 7 !n s5t ea/w>d4 ,at ,clevel& ! miss+ article 0 f\nd & =w>d$ to ! po/ma/] at ,*icago1 :5ce ! blanks _h la/ be5 s5t out4 ,! ,*icago po/ma/] =w>d$ ! same to ,bo/on ) ! miss+ article2 f ,bo/on ! description & ! m]*&ise 7 s5t to ,dor*e/]4 ,meantime ! family _h mov$ to ,salem1 & ! ,dor*e/] po/ma/] =w>d$ !m to ,salem4 ,! receiv] secur$ ! miss+ article & receipt$ = ! same1 :ile ! description ) its v>i\s entries ( travel1 f ,dor*e/] to ,bo/on1 f ,bo/on to ,*icago1 f ,*icago to ! v>i\s (fices 9 ,i[a1 !n back to ,*icago1 !nce to ! diff]5t (fices z f> z ,clevel&1 & !n f ,clevel& to ,*icago1 ,bo/on1 ,dor*e/]1 & ,salem1 furni%$ a docum5t ( consid]able int]e/4 ,9 #agij !re 7 #gj po/ (fices & #a1hge miles ( po/ roads4 ,t ye> ! numb] ( lett]s & pap]s deliv]$ did n exce$ #b1jjj1jjj4 ,9 #ahij1 "o hundr$ ye>s aft]w>d1 !re 7 m ?an #fe1jjj po/ (fices & m ?an #cj1jjj mail r\tes4 ,dur+ t ye> m ?an #aj1jjj1jjj1jjj pieces ( mail matt] 7 h&l$4 ,! receipts & exp5ditures ( ! po/-(fice dep>tm5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates am\nt annually to ab\t #ge1jjj1jjj4 ,?is rsum ( ! po/al s]vice pla9ly %[s ! en]gy1 ent]prise1 & intellig5ce ( our p1 ! success atta9$ by our ,gov]nm5t1 & ! trem5d\s gr[? & developm5t ( our c\ntry4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,signal+4 ,! transmission ( lett]s f "o po9t to ano!r always requires "t4 ,ev5 :5 a lett] is dropp$ into ! po/ (fice x w n g until ! next regul> mail4 ,x 0 long ago se5 t occasions frequ5tly arose :5 x 0 necess>y to s5d messages quickly4 ,?is 0 especially important 9 times ( w>1 :5 ea* army desir$ to "k imm$iately ! movem5ts ( ! enemy4 ,?is necessity l$ to v>i\s devices = transmitt+ messages in/antane\sly4 ,any =m ( signal+ w\ld be satisfactory if ! signals 7 visible to ! eye ( ! di/ant obs]v]4 ,! e>lie/ me?od ( signal+ 0 ! use ( ! beacon fire or ! s5d+ ( messages by light4 ,9 ! e>ly colonial p]iod 9 ?is c\ntry1 dur+ ! anxi\s times ( ,indian ho/ilities1 beacon poles 7 "h & !re set up & f !m l>ge kettles 7 susp5d$ :i* held combu/ible matt]4 ,! burn+ ( ?is mat]ial convey$ ! intellig5ce t dang] 0 at h&4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ beacon poles 0 erect$ on ,beacon ,hill1 9 ,bo/on1 ab\t #afcd4 ,a wat*man 0 con/antly at ! place to give ! signal on ! approa* ( dang]4 ,t beacon pole 0 a tall ma/1 firmly support$1 ab\t sev5ty feet 9 height4 ,tree nails 7 driv5 into x to enable ! wat*man to asc5d1 & ne> its top an iron crane project$ :i* support$ an iron skeleton frame4 ,9 ?is frame 0 plac$ a b>rel ( t> to be fir$ :5 ! occasion requir$ ! signal4 ,?is beacon 0 m ?an two hundr$ feet above ! sea level1 & ! light ( x1 !re=e1 c\ld be se5 = a great di/ance inl&4 ,_m ( ! e>ly settlem5ts 9 ,new ,engl& 7 made ^u ! tops ( hills 9 ord] t ! p might ! m quickly & easily see ! approa* ( ,indians & signal ! news to o!r settlem5ts by bonfires4 ,illu/ration3 ,,signal+ ,,by ,,beacon ,,fires4 ,a second me?od ( signal+ 0 by ! use ( ! semaphore4 ,?is 0 inv5t$ by ,claude ,*appe & 0 adopt$ by ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t 9 #agid4 ,x consi/s ( an upright po/1 :i* supports a horizontal b> or arm1 :i* c be put at v>i\s angles4 ,9 ord] to c>ry out ?is sy/em ( signal+1 /ations mu/ previ\sly be agre$ ^u & signal (fic]s con/antly on duty4 ,if ! intellig5ce 0 to be convey$ to a consid]able di/ance int]m$iate /ations mu/ be _h4 ,! second /ation receiv$ ! signal f ! fir/ & transmitt$ x to ! ?ird1 & s on4 ,?is prov$ to be a v difficult op]ation & 0 nev] ext5sively us$4 ,a ?ird & successful =m ( signal+ 0 by ! motion ( flags4 ,dur+ our ,civil ,w> ! army made mu* use ( milit>y signals4 ,! sy/em 0 devis$ by ,major ,my] & 0 cont9u$ ?r\gh ! w>1 n only 9 ! army b on naval vessels4 ,:5 ! /ations 7 less ?an five miles ap>t signal+ 0 consid]$ to be at v %ort range4 ,messages h be5 s5t t5 miles by means ( a pocket h&k]*ief atta*$ to a twelve-foot rod4 ,) ! regul> flags & /affs us$ by ! signal corps dur+ ! w>1 signals 7 (t5 read tw5ty-five miles away1 & x is said t s+le words h be5 read at a di/ance ( =ty miles4 ,9 ! e>ly spr+ ( #ahfc ,g5]al ,peck 0 9 comm& ( ! ,union =ces at ,suffolk1 ,virg9ia4 ,he _h "u him ab\t t5 ?\s& m5 & _h ?or\ghly =tifi$ ! place by a connect$ sy/em ( =ts1 r$\bts1 & brea/-works4 ,8 outmo/ signal /ation 0 plac$ on an elevat$ plateau across ! ,nansemond ,riv]4 ,?is /ation 0 made by saw+ (f ! top ( a tall p9e tree & plac+ !reon a small plat=m surr\nd$ by a rail+4 ,! signal (fic] w\ld tie 8 horse at ! foot ( ! tree & m\nt to ! plat=m by a rope ladd]4 ,e>ly "o morn+ 9 ,m>*1 ?is signal (fic] sudd5ly obs]v$ ! head ( a column ( troops em]g+ f ! woods 9 ! re>4 ,?is 0 ! advance gu>d ( two ,conf$]ate corps "u ,g5]al ,long/reet4 ,in/antly he caught up 8 signal flag & z quickly z possible signal$ to ! t[n ! approa* ( ! enemy4 ,pick+ up 8 signal book he hurri$ d[n ! ladd]1 m\nt$ 8 horse & gallop$ away4 ,be=e he c\ld rea* 8 saddle1 h[ev]1 ! ,conf$]ates 7 )9 rifle range & fir$ at him4 ,!y did n succe$ 9 hitt+ him & he escap$ safely to 8 fri5ds4 ,! signal _h be5 se5 & 0 quickly repeat$ to all p>ts ( ! =tifi$ t[n4 ,! drums in/antly beat ! long roll &1 )9 five m9utes f ! "t 8 signal 0 giv51 & be=e ,g5]al ,long/reet c\ld sw+ out 8 light batt]y & op5 fire1 ! entire ,f$]al =ce 0 "u arms & ! artill]y 9 ! ne>e/ batt]y _h op5$ a rak+ fire4 ,! briskness ( ?is fire f ! ,f$]al batt]y soon oblig$ ,long/reet to )draw 8 =ces to ! cov] ( ! woods4 ,_h x n be5 = ! promptness ( ! signal (fic] x is possible t ! t[n might h be5 captur$4 ,a notable use ( ?is sy/em ( army signals occurr$ 9 ! campaign ( ,g5]al ,miles aga9/ ! ,apa*es 9 ,new ,mexico & ,arizona 9 #ahhf4 ,he e/abli%$ a sy/em ( ?irte5 signal /ations 9 t c\ntry1 ov] :i*1 dur+ a p]iod ( f\r mon?s1 m ?an eighte5 hundr$ messages 7 s5t4 ,! savages 7 surpris$ & conf\nd$ by ! way intellig5ce ( _! movem5ts became kn[n hundr$s ( miles di/ant4 ,z e>ly z #ahfa ,moses ,g4 ,f>m] introduc$ a successful me?od ( signal+ :i* aft]w>d 0 employ$ by ! (fic]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,coa/ ,survey on ,lake ,sup]ior4 ,?is sy/em 0 by means ( mirrors :i* 7 able to reflect ! sunlight betwe5 /ations n9ety miles ap>t4 ,?is me?od is call$ ! heliographic sy/em4 ,! ,fr5* h us$ x among ! isl&s ( ! ,indian ,ocean :]e ! /ations are on m\nta9 peaks sometimes #ace miles ap>t4 ,ev5 ?is long-range signal+ has be5 surpass$ by our own ,signal ,corps1 :i* has succe$$ 9 s5d+ messages by our me?od f ,m\nt ,uncompahgre 9 ,colorado to ,m\nt ,ell5 9 ,utah1 a di/ance ( #ahc miles4 ,dur+ ! siege ( ,p>is1 messages by ! use ( ! calcium light1 conc5trat$ & direct$ by l5ses1 7 s5t f "o po9t to ano!r4 ,a v unique =m ( signal+ 0 employ$ by ,new ,york ,/ate at ! op5+ ( ! ,erie ,canal1 9 #ahbe4 ,! cannon1 :i* _h be5 captur$ by ,commodore ,p]ry at ! "t ( 8 fam\s victory on ,lake ,erie1 7 plac$ at int]vals along ! l9e ( ! canal4 ,:5 ! fir/ canal boat />t$ f ,buffalo1 ! fir/ cannon 0 fir$4 ,:5 ! s\nd 0 he>d at ! second cannon1 t 0 dis*>g$2 & s on1 ! entire l5g? ( ! canal4 ,two h\rs aft] ! />t at ,buffalo ! news _h rea*$ ,new ,york4 ,all ^! v>i\s me?ods ( communication at long range h prov$ m or less objectionable & unsatisfactory4 ,x 0 natural1 !re=e1 t z soon z x 0 kn[n t electricity c\ld be conduct$ by wires f "o place to ano!r1 exp]im5ts %\ld be begun 9 ! hope ( f9d+ "s possible means ( convey+ intellig5ce by x4 ,p]haps ! e>lie/ sugge/ion 0 9 a lett] publi%$ 9 ,! ,scots ,magaz9e1 ( ,febru>y1 #agec4 ,! lett] 0 sign$ ,c4 ,m41 :i* probably meant ,*>les ,morrison1 a "y ,scot* surgeon4 ,he propos$ to use z _m insulat$ conductors z !re 7 lett]s 9 ! alphabet4 ,ea* wire 0 to repres5t "o lett] only1 & ! message w\ld be s5t by *>g+ ! sev]al wires 9 succession s t ! op]ator 9 receiv+ x w\ld be oblig$ to notice ! ord] ( movem5t among ! wires4 ,f t simple beg9n+ inv5tors proce$$ to sugge/ fir/ "o ?+ & !n ano!r1 b !y f\nd s _m difficulties t x seem$ impossible to ov]come !m all4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,telegraph4 ,illu/ration3 ,,electric ,,wires4 ,on ! second day ( ,april1 #ahgb1 9 ! city ( ,new ,york1 ! life ( a b5efactor ( 8 race1 an ag$ man :o _h se5 m ?an f\rscore ye>s ( m+l$ trial & triumph1 0 end$4 ,t man 0 ,pr(4 ,samuel ,f9ley ,breese ,morse1 ! inv5tor ( ! electric telegraph4 ,8 "n is z widely kn[n ! _w ov] z t ( ,wa%+ton1 or ,cs>1 or ,ari/otle4 ,8 long life _h be5 extremely *eck]$4 ,he _h pass$ ?r\gh tr\bles1 trials1 anxieties1 disappo9tm5ts1 b]eavem5ts2 he _h be5 subject to p]secutions1 losses1 pov]ty1 toil1 disc\ragem5ts2 he _h met ) successes1 ga9s1 weal?1 luxury1 honors1 fame2 & f9ally ! homage ( republics1 k+doms1 empires _h be5 laid at 8 feet4 ,he 0 nev] ca/ d[n1 nev] unduly elat$4 ,he bore all 8 pov]ty & disappo9tm5ts & wore all 8 honors & weal? ) ! grace ( a ,*ri/ian & ! calmness ( a philosoph]4 ,pr(essor ,morse 0 born at ! foot ( ,bre$'s ,hill 9 ,*>le/[n1 ,massa*usetts1 ,april #bg?1 #agia4 ,he 0 ! olde/ ( ?ree bro!rs4 ,8 fa!r 0 a v di/+ui%$ man 9 8 day2 = m ?an ?irty ye>s ! pa/or ( a *ur* 9 ,*>le/[n1 a not$ prea*]1 a good hi/orian1 ! au?or ( _m books1 &1 p>ticul>ly1 ! fa!r ( ! sci5ce ( geography 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,pr(essor ,morse inh]it$ f bo? 8 fa!r & 8 "m ^? traits ( "* :i* enabl$ him to succe$ 9 8 great life "w1 9 spite ( disc\ragem5ts1 ob/acles1 & opposition4 ,8 ance/ors 7 all not$ = _! intellig5ce1 en]gy1 orig9al ?9k+1 p]sev]ance1 & integrity4 ,h[ we w\ld l to /ep into ! little s*oolroom & see ,samuel at 8 fir/ s*ool4 ,he 0 f\r ye>s ( age4 ,8 tea*] 0 kn[n z ,old ,ma'am ,r&1 an invalid :o c\ld n leave h] *air4 ,%e gov]n$ ! uneasy little ur*9s ) a long rattan t w\ld rea* across ! small room :]e %e kept h] s*ool4 ,at sev5 ye>s ( age ,samuel 0 s5t to ,&ov] to a prep>atory s*ool1 kept by ,mr4 ,fo/]2 "h he fitt$ = ,phillips ,academy &1 9 t fam\s in/itution1 "u ! direction ( ,m>k ,newman1 he prep>$ = ,yale ,college1 :]e he 0 graduat$ 9 #ahaj4 ,:ile 9 college he 0 "u ! in/ruction ( ,j]emiah ,day 9 natural philosophy & paid great att5tion to ! subject ( electricity1 gett+ ev]y?+ t 0 kn[n ab\t x at t "t4 ,pr(essor ,day said3 ,morse 0 (t5 pres5t 9 my laboratory dur+ my prep>atory arrangem5ts & exp]im5ts1 & ?us 0 made acqua9t$ ) !m4 ,on leav+ college ,morse _h a burn+ ambition to be a portrait pa9t]4 ,he put himself "u ! in/ruction ( ,wa%+ton ,all/on1 & w5t ) him to ,engl& to pursue 8 favorite /udy4 ,is x n a little s+ul> t ,morse1 :o inv5t$ ! telegraph1 0 a /ud5t "u ,all/on1 & t ,rob]t ,fulton1 :o inv5t$ ! ,am]ican /eamboat1 0 a /ud5t "u ,we/1 ano!r fam\s ,am]ican pa9t]8 ,"o day ,mr4 ,all/on introduc$ "y ,morse to ,b5jam9 ,we/1 ^: fame at t "t 0 z wide z ! _w ( art4 ,we/ 0 9 8 /udio pa9t+ 8 ,*ri/ ,reject$4 ,aft] a "t he began a critical exam9ation ( ,mr4 ,morse's h&s & at l5g? said3 ,let me tie y ) ?is cord1 & take t place :ile ,i pa9t ! h&s ( our ,savi\r4 ,morse ( c\rse compli$2 ,we/ f9i%$ 8 "w &1 releas+ him1 said1 ,y may say n[1 if y please1 y _h a h& 9 ?is picture4 ,morse _h _m int]e/+ exp]i5ces 9 ,engl& dur+ 8 f\r ye>s' /udy "u ,all/on4 ,he return$ to ,am]ica 9 #ahae1 & f t "t = ab\t fifte5 ye>s devot$ himself to pa9t+ & inv5t+4 ,he 0 = "s "t pr(essor ( ! f9e arts 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ! ,city ( ,new ,york1 & dur+ all ^! ye>s he paid mu* att5tion to ! /udy ( electricity4 ,aft] ?ree ye>s sp5t 9 ,europe1 he return$ 9 #ahcb on ! packet %ip ,sully4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! voyage1 "o day at ! d9n] table1 ! conv]sation turn$ to ! subject ( electro-magnetism4 ,pr(essor ,morse rem>k$3 ,if ! pres5ce ( electricity c be made visible 9 any "p ( ! circuit1 ,i see no reason :y intellig5ce may n be transmitt$ by electricity4 ,8 m9d c\ld ?9k ( no?+ else2 ?is "o idea _h tak5 complete possession ( 8 s\l2 all t he _h le>n$ 9 =m] ye>s1 8 exp]im5ts ) ,pr(essor ,day at ,yale ,college1 & 8 lat] /udies1 7 all reviv$ & drawn ^u = ways & means to accompli% ! ?+ he _h 9 m9d4 ,he )drew f ! table & w5t ^u deck4 ,he 0 9 mid-ocean1 ! sky ev]y:]e above him1 ! sea ev]y:]e bel[ him4 ,z ! lightn+ comes out ( ! ea/ & %9es unto ! we/1 s swift & s f> 0 t in/rum5t to "w :i* 0 tak+ %ape 9 8 m9d4 ,he c\ld n fail1 = pati5ce1 p]sev]ance1 & hope 7 h]$it>y traits 9 8 "*4 ,he 0 j at ! maturity ( manhood1 =ty-"o ye>s ( age2 f t "t ?is "o idea absorb$ 8 m9d4 ,all 8 p[]s 7 conc5trat$ ^u ?is "o subject1 ! electric telegraph4 ,n[ began a s]ies ( exp]i5ces su* z probably no o!r man ev] pass$ ?r\gh4 ,sc>cely did any "o ev] suff] s mu*1 endure s mu*1 fail s _m times to accompli% 8 d>l+ object1 z did ,morse4 ,he complet$ 8 inv5tion2 he p]fect$ x4 ,he devis$ 8 alphabet consi/+ ( long & %ort m>ks & dots2 he obta9$ a pat5t = x2 b he _h n ! money to put ! inv5tion 9 op]ation4 ,ye>s ( tr\ble & ev5 abject pov]ty foll[$4 ,he 0 s r$uc$ at "o "t t he 0 )\t food = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,he appli$ to ,congress aga9 & aga9 = a grant to enable him to build & put 9 op]ation a trial l9e betwe5 ,baltimore & ,wa%+ton4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! #d? ( ,m>*1 #ahdc1 z ,pr(essor ,morse came d[n to breakfa/1 at 8 hotel 9 ,wa%+ton1 a "y lady met him & said3 ,i h come to congratulate y1 sir4 ,= :at1 my de> fri5d8 ask$ ! pr(essor4 ,on ! passage ( y\r bill4 ,t bill 0 = ! appropriation by ,congress ( #cj1jjj = ! purpose ( con/ruct+ a l9e ( electric-magnetic telegraph "u ! direction ( ,pr(essor ,morse4 ,! bill _h pass$ ! ,h\se "s days be=e4 ,x _h be5 favorably report$ to ! ,s5ate1 b !re 7 a hundr$ & =ty bills be=e x ^u ! cal5d> :i* 7 to be tak5 up 9 _! regul> ord]4 ,pr(essor ,morse _h rema9$ 9 ! ,s5ate *amb] till late 9 ! ev5+4 ,8 fri5ds in=m$ him t x 0 impossible = ! bill to be rea*$1 z ! ,s5ate 0 to adj\rn at midnight4 ,he _h1 !re=e1 retir$ to 8 hotel ?or\ghly disc\rag$4 ,imag9e !n1 if y c1 8 surprise & 8 joy :5 ,miss ,ellswor? ! daught] ( 8 fri5d1 ,hon4 ,h4 ,l4 ,ellswor?1 ( ,connecticut1 ! commission] ( pat5ts1 told him t 9 ! clos+ mom5ts ( ! session ! bill _h pass$ )\t a division4 ,illu/ration3 ,,morse ,,he>s ,,( ,,8 ,,success4 ,he _h inv5t$ ! record+ electric telegraph elev5 ye>s be=e on bo>d ! packet %ip ,sully1 ^u 8 return voyage f ,europe4 ,he _h sp5t elev5 ye>s 9 p]fect+ 8 plans1 & 9 /riv+ to secure ! means = plac+ ?is great inv5tion be=e ! ,am]ican p4 ,dur+ ?is "t he _h conv]t$ all 8 prop]ty into money & us$ all t money 9 pu%+ ! ent]prise4 ,8 only hope n[ 0 ! bill be=e ,congress4 ,t bill _h pass$6 ,) /ream+ eyes ,pr(essor ,morse ?ank$ ,miss ,ellswor? = h] joy\s ann\ncem5t1 & promis$ h] t %e %\ld dictate ! fir/ message :i* %\ld be s5t ov] ! wires4 ,& s x came to pass t on ! #bd? ( ,may1 #ahdd1 ^! words furni%$ by ,miss ,ellswor? 7 telegraph$ by ,pr(essor ,morse f ! ,capitol at ,wa%+ton1 to 8 fri5d & assi/ant1 ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,vail1 at ,baltimore1 & imm$iately repeat$ back aga93 ,:at ha? ,god wr\ght6 ,well may we believe t ! inv5tor spoke f ! he>t :5 he said ye>s lat]3 ,no words c\ld h be5 select$ m expressive ( ! disposition ( my own m9d at t "t1 to ascribe all ! honor to ,him to :om x truly belongs4 ,a s+ul> circum/ance br\ght ?is inv5tion to ! att5tion ( ! p ( ! :ole c\ntry z h>dly any?+ else c\ld h done4 ,! ,national ,democratic conv5tion 0 9 session at ,baltimore4 ,!y _h unanim\sly nom9at$ ,james ,k4 ,polk = ! ,presid5cy4 ,!y !n nom9at$ ,silas ,wright z _! c&idate = ,vice-,presid5t4 ,?is in=mation 0 imm$iately telegraph$ by ,mr4 ,vail to ,pr(essor ,morse & at once communicat$ by him to ,mr4 ,wright1 !n 9 ! ,s5ate *amb]4 ,a few m9utes lat] ! conv5tion 0 a/oni%$ by receiv+ a telegram f ,mr4 ,wright1 decl9+ ! nom9ation4 ,! memb]s 7 incr$ul\s & decl>$ t x 0 a trick ( ,mr4 ,wright's enemies4 ,!y vot$ to s5d a committee to ,wa%+ton to int]view ,mr4 ,wright1 & adj\rn$ until ! next morn+4 ,on ! return ( ?is committee ! tru? ( ! message 0 corroborat$1 & ?us ?is new telegraph1 j complet$1 ) a l9e j op5 = public patronage1 0 adv]tis$ ?r\gh ! delegates ( ?is national conv5tion to ! p ( e ,/ate 9 ! ,union4 ,a/oni%m5t 0 ! s5sation ( ! h\r4 ,! "w bord]$ ^u ! miracul\s4 ,ord9>ily ! motto is true t ,to see is to believe1 b ?is result /agg]$ ev]ybody4 ,al?\gh ! inv5tion 0 complete & n[ 9 practical op]ation1 yet ,pr(essor ,morse's trials 7 n ov]4 ,he receiv$ ! congratulations ( 8 fri5ds1 b he 0 also br\ght to ! notice ( 8 enemies4 ,let u pass ov] ^! trials & give att5tion to ! m pleasant duty ( consid]+ 8 triumphs4 ,! telegraph rapidly came into g5]al use betwe5 ! great cities ( ! c\ntry4 ,nor 0 its use conf9$ to ,am]ica2 almo/ imm$iately x 0 successfully introduc$ into ! v>i\s c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,9 #ahed1 ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates decid$ unanim\sly 9 favor ( ,pr(essor ,morse on all po9ts involv+ 8 "r to ! claim ( hav+ be5 ! orig9al inv5tor ( ! electro-magnetic telegraph4 ,9 #ahdf1 ,yale ,college conf]r$ ^u him ! degree ( ,doctor ( ,laws 7,,ll4,d474 ,he 0 made a memb] ( v>i\s le>n$ societies 9 ,france1 ,belgium1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,he receiv$ a diamond decoration f ! ,sultan ( ,turkey1 a gold snuff box conta9+ ! ,prussian gold m$al = sci5tific m]it1 ! great gold m$al ( ,arts & ,sci5ce f ,wrtemb]g1 & ! great gold m$al ( ,sci5ce & ,art f ! ,emp]or ( ,au/ria4 ,o!r honors 7 conf]r$ ^u him by ,d5m>k1 ,spa91 ,portugal1 ,italy1 & ,great ,brita94 ,at ! in/ance ( ,napoleon ,,iii41 ,emp]or ( ! ,fr5*1 repres5tatives f v>i\s c\ntries met 9 ,p>is 9 #aheh & decid$ ^u a collective te/imonial to ,pr(essor ,morse1 & ! result ( _! delib]ations 0 a vote ( #djj1jjj francs4 ,no inv5tion 9 anci5t or mod]n times has wr\ght su* a revolution--a revolution 9 all bus9ess1 9 comm]ce1 trade1 manufactur+ & ! me*anic arts1 9 politics1 gov]nm5t1 & 9 religi\s affairs4 ,x is n giv5 to mortal man to compreh5d ! greatness1 to duly appreciate ! gr&eur1 or to measure ! utility ( ?is rem>kable inv5tion4 ,ov] ! m\nta9s1 ?r\gh ! valleys1 "u ! seas flies ! electric curr5t1 convey+ all-important items ( news f place to place1 f c\ntry to c\ntry1 f cont95t to cont95t4 ,?is electric *a9 f ,ea/ to ,we/ ,m ?an m]e metal1 m ?an mammon c1 ,b9ds u toge!r--k9sm51 9 ! be/2 ,bre?r5 z "o2 & look+ f> beyond ,! _w 9 an electric union ble/4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,atlantic ,,cable4 ,! gr[? ( ! telegraph 0 v mu* l t ( ! railroad4 ,9 #ahdd1 ! fir/ l9e 0 op5$1 z we h se51 betwe5 ,baltimore & ,wa%+ton1 a di/ance ( =ty miles4 ,)9 a few ye>s l9es 7 ext5d$ to ! pr9cipal cities ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 #ahdg1 ! ,morse telegraph 0 introduc$ into ,g]many & rapidly spread ov] ! entire cont95t ( ,europe4 ,= ! mo/ "p ! wires 7 plac$ by ! side ( ! railroad tracks1--:]ev] ! railroad p5etrat$ ! telegraph w5t also4 ,be=e _m ye>s _h pass$ "t 0 9 a s5se oblit]at$4 ,:atev] happ5$ 9 ,new ,york might be imm$iately kn[n 9 ,*icago4 ,incid5ts t took place 9 ,new ,orleans might be n>rat$ 9 ,bo/on almo/ z soon z !y occurr$4 ,london & ,rome1 ,madrid & ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 7 unit$ by ! lightn+ rapidity ( ! telegraphic curr5t4 ,mean:ile ,london & ,new ,york 7 z f> ap>t z ev]4 ,news c\ld be convey$ betwe5 ! two hemisph]es only by ! comp>atively sl[-mov+ /eam]s4 ,! next /ep 9 ! developm5t ( communication mu/ be ! connect+ ( ,europe ) ,am]ica by a telegraph wire4 ,! ye> be=e ! passage ( ! act by :i* ,congress provid$ ,pr(essor ,morse ) ! means = complet+ ! fir/ telegraph l9e1 he _h /ret*$ a wire "u ! wat] f ,ca/le ,g>d51 ,new ,york ,city1 to ,gov]nor's ,isl& 9 ! h>bor4 ,he _h ?us prov$ t telegraph messages c\ld be s5t "u wat]4 ,t5 ye>s lat] a subm>9e telegraph 0 con/ruct$1 connect+ ,engl& ) ! cont95t ( ,europe4 ,o!r %ort subm>9e cables 7 laid & successfully op]at$4 ,to und]take1 h[ev]1 to lay a cable f ,europe to ,am]ica1 ?\s&s ( miles long & hundr$s ( fa?oms bel[ ! surface ( ! ocean1 0 an entirely diff]5t matt]4 ,a few en?usia/ic m51 among !m ,pr(essor ,morse1 believ$ t x c\ld be done1 b ! majority ( p view$ x z an impossibility4 ,0 !re any o!r way to connect ! two worlds by an electric wire8 ,might x n be possible to build a telegraph l9e f ,europe1 />t+ f "s po9t 9 ,russia1 across ,nor!rn ,asia1 to ! ,behr+ ,/raits8 ,might n a comp>atively %ort cable be laid to ,russian ,am]ica 7= ,alaska _h n !n be5 sold to ! ,unit$ ,/ates71 :i* c\ld connect ) a telegraph l9e to be erect$ across ! cont95t to ,new ,york ,city8 ,?9k ( ! magnitude ( ?is proposition6 ,9 place ( lay+ a subm>9e cable across ! ,atlantic ,ocean x 0 propos$ to trav]se ! entire circuit ( ! e>?1 except ! ,atlantic1 by a telegraph l9e4 ,x 0 propos$ to con/ruct across ! wilds ( ,sib]ia1 :]e no railroad _h be5 built1 a telegraph l9e ?\s&s ( miles 9 l5g?2 &1 besides lay+ a cable1 to build ano!r l9e ( great l5g? f ! ,aleutian ,isl&s to ! ,pacific coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & !nce across ! ,rockies1 :]e at t "t !re 0 no railroad4 ,! und]tak+ 0 a great "o1 b a company 0 =m$ = ! purpose ( erect+ a ,russian-,am]ican telegraph4 ,exp]i5c$ m5 7 select$ f ,engli% & ,am]ican telegraph]s & s5t to ,sib]ia to pu% ! "w4 ,! prospects ( success = ! great ent]prise 7 favorable :5 ! news arriv$ t ! long-talk$-( ,atlantic cable 0 at la/ laid & 9 complete work+ ord]4 ,! ,russian-,am]ican telegraph c\ld n hope to compete ) ! cable1 & ! project 0 ab&on$4 ,to ,cyrus ,w4 ,field belongs ! honor ( pu%+ =w>d to successful completion ! ,atlantic cable4 ,at ! e>ly age ( fifte5 ,cyrus left ! p>sonage at ,/ockbridge1 ,connecticut1 ! home ( 8 fa!r1 ,rev4 ,david ,dudley ,field1 = ,new ,york4 ,on arriv+ 9 ! city he obta9$ employm5t z an err& boy 9 ! dry-goods e/abli%m5t ( ,a4 ,t4 ,/ew>t4 ,?ree ye>s lat]1 :5 he decid$ to give up 8 place z cl]k 9 ! /ore1 ! proprietor %[$ 8 appreciation ( ! boy's m]its by urg+ him to rema91 mak+ him a lib]al (f] if he w\ld d s4 ,he decid$ to make a *ange1 h[ev]1 & 0 soon engag$ ) a bro!r 9 ,lee1 ,massa*usetts4 ,:5 "y ,field 0 tw5ty ye>s ( age he w5t into bus9ess = himself1 & = ! next ?irte5 ye>s 0 kn[n z "o ( ,new ,york's successful m]*ants4 ,he !n retir$ f active bus9ess1 b f\nd x a difficult task to d no?+4 ,aft] a long voyage to ,s\? ,am]ica1 he return$ to ,new ,york1 :]e he gladly welcom$ ! opportunity t !n came to busy himself4 ,! ,newf\ndl& ,electric ,telegraph ,company _h be5 engag$ = a ye> 9 ! "w ( erect+ a l9e on t isl&1 prep>atory to connect+ x ) ! ma9l& by a cable4 ,! company 0 compell$ to /op "w1 h[ev]1 = lack ( ! necess>y means to cont9ue4 ,! lead+ memb] ( ! company1 ,fr$]ick ,n4 ,gisborne1 appeal$ to ,mr4 ,field = mat]ial assi/ance4 ,aft] sev]al int]views1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* he became deeply int]e/$ 9 ! s*eme1 ,mr4 ,field came to ! conclusion n only t ! plan ( connect+ ,newf\ndl& ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 feasible1 b also t ,newf\ndl& 0 ! be/ />t+ po9t = a cable to ,irel&4 ,) *>act]i/ic en]gy ,mr4 ,field w5t at once to "w4 ,he =m$ a new company & obta9$ ext5sive privileges f ! gov]nm5ts ( ,newf\ndl&1 ,pr9ce ,edw>ds ,isl&1 & ! ,/ate ( ,ma9e4 ,_m mon?s 7 sp5t 9 erect+ ! l& telegraph across ,newf\ndl&1 ov] wild m>% & wa/e moor1 rocks1 hills1 & =e/s4 ,a cable1 obta9$ 9 ,engl&1 0 unsuccessfully laid across ! ,gulf ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce 9 #ahee4 ,! next ye> a second attempt 0 successful4 ,! prelim9>y "w 0 n[ complet$4 ,m means & m influ5ce 7 ne$$4 ,mr4 ,field organiz$ 9 ,london ! ,atlantic ,telegraph ,company1 & %[$ 8 own fai? by p]sonally subscrib+ = "o-qu>t] ( ! /ock4 ,! gov]nm5ts ( ,great ,brita9 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates lib]ally aid$ ! new company & furni%$ %ips = lay+ d[n ! cable4 ,on ! #g? ( ,augu/1 #aheg1 ! ,niag>a & ! ,agamemnon sail$ f ,irel&1 ea* c>ry+ #a1bej miles ( cable4 ,! ,niag>a began pay+ out h] l9e & all w5t well = ?ree days4 ,at n9e o'clock on ! ev5+ ( ! t5?1 h[ev]1 ! cable ceas$ work+4 ,?ree h\rs lat] ! electric curr5t return$1 to ! int5se relief ( all2 b be=e morn+ came ! cry1 ,/op h]6 back h]6 ! cable has p>t$6 ,) flags at half-ma/ ! %ips return$ to ,irel&4 ,half a million doll>s _h be5 lo/ already4 ,di%e>t5$1 b n disc\rag$1 ! company vot$ to increase its capital & try aga9 ! next ye>4 ,?is "t ! two /eam]s sail$ directly to mid-ocean1 splic$ ! two p>ts ( ! cable1 & sail$ away f ea* o!r1 ! ,agamemnon = ,irel& & ! ,niag>a = ,newf\ndl&4 ,on ! #ag? ( ,augu/ ! extremities ( ! cable 7 connect$ ) ! in/rum5ts & ! "w 0 done4 ,9 ! space ( ?irty-five m9utes !re 0 fla%$ "u ! ocean ! message3 ,europe & ,am]ica are unit$ by telegraph4 ,glory to ,god 9 ! highe/2 on e>? peace2 good w t[>d m54 ,illu/ration3 ,,lay+ ,,an ,,ocean ,,cable4 ,messages & replies f ! ,que5 to ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & f ! mayor ( ,london to ! mayor ( ,new ,york foll[$4 ,! ,am]ican p 7 wild ) en?usiasm2 !y decl>$ ! ,atlantic cable to be ! greate/ a*ievem5t ( ! age1 & !y heap$ b\ndless praise ^u ! head ( ! p]si/5t & c\rage\s ,field4 ,eighte5 days aft]w>d1 ! signals became un9telligible & ! fir/ ,atlantic cable ceas$ to "w4 ,0 all ! "t & money s f> sp5t ?r[n away8 ,no6 = ?is fir/ exp]im5t pav$ ! way = ano!r & successful attempt4 ,x is said also t "o message1 s5t dur+ ^! few days1 sav$ ! comm]cial _w no less a sum ?an two hundr$ & fifty ?\s& doll>s4 ,= ! "t be+1 h[ev]1 ! project ( an ,atlantic cable 0 all[$ to rema9 quiet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,great ,,ea/]n4 ,mr4 ,field 0 f9ancially ru9$4 ,! ,civil ,w> 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates occupi$ ! ?\ghts ( all = sev]al ye>s4 ,b 9 "t ! company 0 ready to try aga94 ,a newly prep>$ cable 0 made1 ! tw5ty-?ree hundr$ miles ( :i* weigh$ m ?an f\r ?\s& tons4 ,! l>ge/ vessel 9 ! _w1 ! ,great ,ea/]n1 0 employ$ to c>ry & lay x4 ,on ,july #bc;d1 #ahfe1 ! /eam] />t$ f ,irel& & cont9u$ on its we/w>d c\rse until ,augu/ #b;d2 !n ! cable p>t$1 m ?an a ?\s& miles f ! />t+ po9t4 ,n9e days 7 sp5t 9 attempts to grapple = ! cable1 b all 9 va94 ,! next ye> ! ,great ,ea/]n aga9 set sail1 ) a new cable & ) suffici5t wire to complete ! cable ( ! previ\s ye>1 if possible4 ,9 f\rte5 days ! /eam] ent]$ ! h>bor 9 ,newf\ndl&4 ,two mon?s lat] ! same /eam] aga9 rea*$ ,newf\ndl&1 hav+ captur$ ! miss+ end ( ! o!r wire1 !reby complet+ two cables f ,europe to ,am]ica4 ,july #bg?1 #ahff1 0 a joy\s day 9 ! life ( ,cyrus ,w4 ,field4 ,= ?irte5 ye>s he _h ?\ght ( little else b ! subm>9e cable4 ,failure aft] failure _h n disc\rag$ him2 loss ( prop]ty only /imulat$ him to fur!r ef=ts4 ,n[ success _h come4 ,! new cable 0 m sub/antial ?an ! o!r ( eight ye>s be=e4 ,t _h fail$1 b ?is w\ld succe$4 ,x did succe$4 ,f t day to ?is telegraphic communication betwe5 ,europe & ,am]ica has be5 con/ant4 ,subm>9e cables are n[ 9 ext5sive op]ation 9 all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,m ?an half a doz5 cross ! ,atlantic1 & l9es h be5 con/ruct$ f ,engl& to ,india1 f ,india to ,au/ralia1 & f ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ,mexico & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,at ! pres5t "t !re are p]haps two hundr$ cables belong+ to companies1 & ab\t five hundr$ belong+ to gov]nm5t sy/ems4 ,^! cables1 all told1 cov] a di/ance ( ne>ly a hundr$ ?\s& miles4 ,a rec5t incid5t is told t %[s some?+ ( ! greatness ( ! telegraph4 ,9 ,june1 #ahig1 a great celebration took place 9 ,london1 9 honor ( ! sixty ye>s t ,que5 ,victoria _h be5 ^u ! ,briti% ?rone4 ,! ,que5 rode 9 a procession ?r\gh /reets pack$ ) millions ( p4 ,j z %e left ! palace %e press$ an electric button4 ,in/antly ?is message 0 s5t to h] colonies all ov] ! _w3 ,f my he>t ,i ?ank my belov$ p4 ,may ,god bless !m4 ,victoria1 ,r4 ,i4 ,to =ty diff]5t po9ts 9 h] empire sp$ ! electric message4 ,9 sixte5 m9utes a reply came f ,ottawa 9 ,canada2 !n "o by "o answ]s came 9 f m remote prov9ces2 until1 be=e ! ,que5 rea*$ ,london ,bridge1 ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 ! ,gold ,coa/ ( ,africa1 & ! great cont95t ( ,au/ralia _h s5t responses to h] message4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,telephone4 ,:5 ! telegraph 0 inv5t$1 ye>s ago1 x seem$ little less ?an a miracle t a message c\ld be dictat$ 9 "o city & receiv$ almo/ in/antane\sly 9 ano!r city f> di/ant f ! s5d]4 ,sci5ti/s1 h[ev]1 began at once on ! inv5tion ( some?+ m wond]ful4 ,! telegraph lacks 9 "o respect4 ,by x messages mu/ be s5t exactly z dictat$ & _c be correct$ until ! reply is receiv$4 ,9 a s5se1 s5d+ & receiv+ messages by telegraph is a =m ( conv]sation1 b a conv]sation at arm's-l5g?4 ,to c>ry on a real conv]sation at long di/ances w\ld be a great advance4 ,an in/rum5t prep>$ = ?is purpose w\ld be call$ a telephone4 ,9 #ahge ,alex&] ,graham ,bell inv5t$ ! fir/ successful electric telephone4 ,?is 0 exhibit$ at ,salem1 ,massa*usetts1 & at ,philadelphia at ! ,c5t5nial ,exhibition1 & a pat5t = x 0 obta9$4 ,! app>atus ( ,bell's telephone is v simple1 & practically consi/s ( f\r p>ts3 ! batt]y1 ! wire :i* runs f ! speak] to ! he>]1 a diaphragm aga9/ :i* ! vibrations ( ! air produc$ by ! voice ( ! speak] /rike1 & ano!r diaphragm at ! o!r end ( ! wire :i* reproduces simil> vibrations & s5ds !m to ! e> ( ! li/5]4 ,eli%a ,gray ( ,bo/on made a simil> inv5tion & appli$ = a pat5t two h\rs aft] ,bell's application 0 fil$4 ,! inv5tion ( ,mr4 ,bell has prov$ a decid$ success4 ,all telephonic op]ations1 s9ce ?is inv5tion1 h be5 bas$ ^u ! in/rum5t :i* he pat5t$ 9 #ahgf4 ,mr4 ,bell 0 ! son ( a di/+ui%$ ,scot* educator1 ,alex&] ,melville ,bell4 ,! fa!r is not$ = ! inv5tion ( a new me?od = improv+ imp$im5ts 9 spee*4 ,?is sy/em ( in/ruction is call$ ,bell's ,visible ,spee*4 ,x is us$ ) great success 9 tea*+ deaf-mutes to speak4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,telephone4 ,8 son ,alex&] 0 born 9 ,ed9burgh 9 #ahdg & 0 educat$ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh4 ,he remov$ to ,london :5 he 0 tw5ty ye>s ( age & 0 = a "t 9 ! ,univ]sity !re4 ,?ree ye>s lat] he w5t to ,canada ) 8 fa!r1 & at ! age ( tw5ty-five took up 8 resid5ce 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & became pr(essor ( vocal physiology 9 ,bo/on ,univ]sity4 ,he _h be5 9 ?is c\ntry b ?ree ye>s :5 he made 8 great inv5tion1 & its complete success gave him imm5se weal?4 ,lat] he inv5t$ ! photophone1 9 :i* a vibratory beam ( light is sub/itut$ = a wire 9 convey+ spee*4 ,?is in/rum5t has attract$ mu* att5tion b has n prov$ ( practical use4 ,pr(essor ,bell is a memb] ( v>i\s le>n$ societies & has publi%$ _m sci5tific pap]s4 ,8 pres5t home is 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,)9 t5 ye>s ! art ( telephon+ has rapidly develop$4 ,?is has /imulat$ inv5tions & br\ght into use a va/ numb] ( special contrivances = local & long-di/ance transmission4 ,! pr9cipal inv5tors ( ^! new contrivances are ,bell1 ,b]l9]1 ,edison1 ,hughes1 ,dolbe>1 ,gray1 ,blake1 & ,peirce4 ,ne>ly all ( ! telephone bus9ess ( our c\ntry is c>ri$ on "u lic5ses f ! ,am]ican ,bell ,telephone ,company4 ,! telephone l9es at pres5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld aggregate a di/ance ( m ?an six hundr$ ?\s& miles1 & !re are m ?an half a million in/rum5ts 9 our c\ntry alone4 ,! longe/ telephone l9e ext5ds f ,portl&1 ,ma9e1 via ,bo/on1 ,new ,york1 & ,*icago1 to ,milwaukee1 a di/ance ( m ?an ?irte5 hundr$ miles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,alex&] ,,bell ,,us+ ,a ,,long-,,di/ance ,,telephone4 ,let u consid] = a mom5t ! wond]s ( ?is m>vel\s inv5tion1 z comp>$ ) ano!r no less m>vel\s 9 its way4 ,9 #ahfg ,anson ,burl+ame 0 appo9t$ by ! ,*9ese ,gov]nm5t special envoy to ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! great ,european gov]nm5ts1 ) p[] to frame treaties ( fri5d%ip ) ^? nations4 ,?is 0 an honor nev] be=e conf]r$ on a =eign]4 ,mr4 ,burl+ame accept$ ! appo9tm5t &1 at ! head ( a l>ge mission ( di/+ui%$ ,*9ese (ficials1 arriv$ 9 ?is c\ntry e>ly 9 #ahfh1 negotiat$ ) our ,gov]nm5t ! ,burl+ame ,treaty1 proce$$ ! same ye> to ,engl&1 !nce to ,france1 ! next ye> to ,d5m>k1 ,sw$51 ,holl&1 & ,prussia1 & f9ally rea*$ ,russia e>ly 9 #ahgj4 ,he di$ 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburg aft] a few days' illness1 on ! #bc;d ( ,febru>y4 ,n[ see :at ! telegraph did4 ,8 dea? occurr$ ab\t half-pa/ n9e 9 ! morn+4 ,z soon z possible ! fact 0 telegraph$ to our m9i/] 9 ,p>is4 ,he =w>d$ ! news to our m9i/] 9 ,london2 by him x 0 cabl$ across ! ,atlantic1 transmitt$ f ! cable to ,wa%+ton & deliv]$ to ,na?aniel ,p4 ,banks1 a memb] ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives f ,massa*usetts4 ,g5]al ,banks read ! dispat* to ! ,h\se1 & deliv]$ (fh& an ext5d$ eulogy ^u ! di/+ui%$ son ( ,massa*usetts4 ,t spee* ( ,g5]al ,banks 0 writt5 out1 s5t to ! telegraph (fice1 transmitt$ by ! electric curr5t to ! v>i\s cities ( ! c\ntry1 put into type1 pr9t$ 9 ! ev5+ newspap]s1 & ! writ] ( ?is *apt] read x at f\r o'clock 9 ! aft]noon ( ! same day t ,mr4 ,burl+ame di$4 ,?is 0 done z e>ly z #ahgj4 ,b :at is t comp>$ to ! great] wond]s ( ! telephone8 ,t a man c talk into ! little in/rum5t1 & 8 voice be he>d & recogniz$1 & 8 words und]/ood1 by 8 fri5d 9 a city five hundr$ or "o ?\s& miles away1 is inde$ a miracle4 ,consid] = a mom5t :at is done by means ( ! swit*bo>d 9 ! c5tral telephone (fice ( a great city4 ,e "o ( ! ?\s&s ( subscrib]s has 8 own in/rum5t = transmitt+ & receiv+ messages4 ,"o ( ^! subscrib]s r+s a bell 9 8 h\se or 8 bus9ess (fice :i* r+s ano!r bell at ! c5tral /ation2 ! att5dant inquires ,hello6 :at numb]8 & receives a reply1 f\r1 naught1 eight1 ,tremont4 ,! att5dant by a simple swit*1 turn$ by a t\* ( ! h&1 makes ! connection & r+s ! bell ( t subscrib] ^: numb] is #djh ,tremont4 ,numb] #djh ,tremont /eps to ! in/rum5t & 9 a quiet voice says ,hello6 :o is x8 ,?us ^! two p]sons are plac$ 9 direct communication1 & c talk ) ea* o!r1 back & =?1 z long z !y please4 ,?is conv]sation is c>ri$ on betwe5 two diff]5t sections ( ! city :]e ^! two m5 live1 b ! same conv]sation may ) equal ease be c>ri$ on betwe5 ,bo/on & ,new ,york1 betwe5 ,bo/on & ,wa%+ton1 or betwe5 ,new ,york & ,*icago4 ,?us "t & di/ance are annihilat$ & ! :ole _w /&s1 z x 71 face to face4 ,b ! m>vel does n end "h4 ,! above conv]sation is c>ri$ on by means ( a cont9u\s wire :i* runs f "o place to ! o!r4 ,if !re are p>allel wires1 /range to say1 ! vibrations c>ri$ on 9 ! "o wire are liable to create1 by induction1 simil> vibrations 9 ! p>allel wire4 ,"h is an illu/ration3 ,ne>ly tw5ty ye>s ago1 soon aft] ! inv5tion came into use1 ?ree g5tlem5 9 ,provid5ce1 ,rhode ,isl&1 put up a private l9e betwe5 _! ?ree h\ses1 mak+ a circuit4 ,^u ?is l9e !y c>ri$ on exp]im5ts & made a numb] ( important discov]ies4 ,! ev5+ 0 ! "t :5 !y pr9cipally us$ _! private telephone l9e4 ,on a c]ta9 ,tuesday ev5+ ^! ?ree g5tlem51 conv]s+ "o ) ano!r1 sudd5ly f\nd !mselves li/5+ to /ra9s ( music4 ,all ?ree ( !m he>d ! same ?+3 ! s\nd ( a cornet & ( "o or two o!r musical in/rum5ts2 !n s++ & a soprano voice4 ,!y wrote d[n ! names ( ! pieces t 7 sung & ! tunes t 7 play$ ^u ! in/rum5ts4 ,!y _h no k ( ! s\rce ( ^! s\nds4 ,! next day1 & = days foll[+1 ^! g5tlem5 w5t ab\t ! city inquir+ ( _! fri5ds ev]y:]e if !y knew ( a conc]t on t ,tuesday night :]e su* pieces 7 sung & su* tunes 7 play$4 ,nobody _h any k ( ! affair4 ,at l5g? "o ( ! g5tlem5 publi%$ an article 9 ! ,provid5ce ,j\rnal1 describ+ :at he _h he>d ?r\gh 8 telephone wire on t ,tuesday ev5+1 giv+ ! date1 & ask+ any "o :o c\ld in=m him :at ! conc]t 0 & :]e x 01 to give him ! desir$ in=mation4 ,!n x transpir$ t ?is conc]t 0 a telephonic exp]im5t4 ,! p]=m]s 7 at ,s>atoga1 ,new ,york1 & !y 7 connect$ by a telephone wire ) fri5ds 9 ,new ,york ,city4 ,! exp]im5t _h pla9ly demon/rat$ t ! s\nds made 9 s++ & 9 play+ num]\s in/rum5ts c\ld be cle>ly und]/ood1 by means ( ! telephone1 f ,s>atoga to ,new ,york ,city4 ,b x prov$ m ?an ?is4 ,! vibrations 9 t telephone wire betwe5 ,s>atoga & ,new ,york induc$ ! same vibrations 9 ! p>allel wire ( ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company4 ,^! vibrations 7 cont9u$ ?r\gh ,new ,york ,city to ,provid5ce & onw>d4 ,! private telephone l9e ( ^! g5tlem5 0 p>allel to ! wire ( ! ,we/]n ,union ,company :i* _h be5 ?us affect$1 & ^! vibrations 7 pick$ (f f ! telegraph wire & convey$ by ?is p>allel telephone wire to ! receiv]s at ^! ?ree h\ses4 ,:at w be ! next wond]ful inv5tion8 ,! telegraph transmits y\r ?\ghts & deliv]s !m 9 writ+2 ! telephone transmits y\r ?\ghts & deliv]s !m to ! e> by s\nds4 ,"s day1 p]haps1 y may /ep into a cab9et 9 ,bo/on & h y\r photograph tak5 9 ,new ,york ,city by aid ( an electric wire1 ! telephote4 ,j z ! telephone transmits ! s\nds1 ! telephote may transmit ! light & give n only light & %ade1 b ! colors ( ! sol> spectrum4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,conclusion4 ,we h n[ consid]$ six gr\ps ( topics connect$ ) ! gr[? & developm5t ( our c\ntry4 ,we h look$ into ! h\ses ( ! ,indians & ( ! settl]s 9 ! colonial times1 & into ! l>g] & m elaborate homes ( to-day4 ,we h consid]$ improv$ means ( heat+ & bett] me?ods ( light+4 ,we h notic$ improvem5ts 9 ma*9]y = plant+1 cultivat+1 & h>ve/+ ! products ( ! soil4 ,we h se5 ! great advance t has be5 made 9 ! manufacture ( our clo?+1 ?r\gh improv$ cotton & wool5 ma*9]y & ! sew+ ma*9e4 ,we h travel$ by l& & by wat]1 at home & abroad1 on foot1 on horseback1 9 /agecoa*es1 by canals1 /eamboats1 & railroads4 ,f9ally we h read & ?\ght & /udi$ ab\t language1 ! pr9t+ press1 our po/al sy/em1 ! telegraph & ! telephone4 ,we h se5 our c\ntry :5 x 0 :olly ea/ ( ! ,mississippi ,riv]1 :]eas n[ x is ext5d$ ev5 to ! great we/]n ocean4 ,a c5tury ago our t]ritory embrac$ ab\t eight hundr$ ?\s& squ>e miles2 n[ x is ne>ly five times z great1 ) l>ge areas ( rec5tly acquir$ ,spani% isl&s to be add$ to t4 ,! population ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #agij 0 less ?an f\r millions2 a hundr$ ye>s lat] x 0 sixty-?ree millions4 ,x is n[ probably betwe5 sev5ty & sev5ty-five millions4 ,our exports !n 7 ab\t fifty million doll>s 9 value2 ?is ye> !y are m ?an "o ?\s& millions4 ,a c5tury s9ce1 we import$ into ?is c\ntry goods to ! value ( ab\t sev5ty million doll>s4 ,?is 0 l>gely 9 excess ( our exports4 ,to-day our exports are ( f> great] value ?an our imports4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( our national gov]nm5t we 7 almo/ altoge!r engag$ 9 ! pursuits ( agriculture4 ,n[ our p are l>gely mass$ 9 cities & l>ge t[ns1 :ile our me*anical & manufactur+ int]e/s are ( imm5se proportions4 ,a hundr$ ye>s ago ! p speak+ ! sev5 pr9cipal languages ( ,europe numb]$ ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty millions4 ,to-day !y numb] ab\t f\r hundr$ millions4 ,! pres5t numb] is !re=e almo/ ?ree times t ( a c5tury ago4 ,at t "t ! ,engli%-speak+ p rank$ fif? among ! sev51 & numb]$ b tw5ty millions4 ,to-day !y lead ! li/1 & numb] "o hundr$ & tw5ty millions2 !re are six times z _m p to-day us+ ! ,engli% language z !re 7 a c5tury ago4 ,! inhabitants ( our c\ntry outnumb] all o!r ,engli%-speak+ p 9 ! :ole _w4 ,our c\ntry occupies1 all ?+s consid]$1 ! be/ portion ( ! _w4 ,?is includes ! ,atlantic slope1 ! great ,mississippi bas91 & ! ,pacific slope1 & our :ole t]ritory1 except our new colonial possessions1 lies )9 ! nor? temp]ate zone4 ,we !re=e h a great v>iety ( soil & climate2 ! soil is ! mo/ f]tile & ! climate ! mo/ salubri\s ( ! :ole e>?4 ,we h an almo/ inf9ite v>iety ( productions & our p are engag$ 9 ! entire r\nd ( human indu/ries4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates has made va/ /rides 9 indu/ry1 9 weal?1 9 intellig5ce1 & 9 ! com=ts ( life4 ,civilization has rapidly advanc$ dur+ ! :ole ( ?is c5tury4 ,if ! great conte/ ( ! future is to be betwe5 ! ,anglo-,saxon race & ! re/ ( ! _w1 surely ?is great republic mu/ h ! lead+ position 9 t conte/4 ,! ,am]ican p to-day =m a nation ( read]s4 ,9 newspap]s1 magaz9es1 & books ( all sorts & ^u e subject ! ,am]ican press is prolific4 ,we h a sy/em ( public s*ools well e/abli%$ 9 e ,/ate & e ,t]ritory ( our ,union1 & support$ by taxation1 & v g5]ally ! *ildr5 are oblig$ by compulsory laws to att5d s*ool4 ,we are liv+ 9 an age ( great activity & rapid advancem5t4 ,! "y p ( our republic :o are att5d+ s*ool to-day are to be congratulat$ ^u _! good =tune2 & x becomes !m to magnify _! opportunities1 to appreciate _! advantages1 & to be especially loyal to _! c\ntry1 its gov]nm5t1 & its in/itutions4 ,,index4 tna1 #bac ,air brakes1 #bcf ,,all51 ,,ni*olas1 #dh ,,all/on1 ,,wa%+ton1 #bgb ,anci5t writ+1 #bdi ,arc light1 #hg ,,arnold1 ,,edw91 #afi ,atlantic ,telegraph ,co41 #bha ,automobile1 #bdc ,axe1 #be ,baltimore & ,ohio ,railroad1 #bbf ,,bask]ville1 ,,john1 #bed ,bay-,pa?1 #aib ,,bell1 ,,alex&] ,,graham1 #bhf ,bicycle1 #bdc ,b9d]1 #abj ,black/one canal1 #bba ,,b\lton & ,,watt1 #agi ,brooklyn bridge1 #bci ,,bru%1 ,,*>les ,,francis1 #he ,,burl+ame1 ,,anson1 #bhh ,cable1 ,atlantic1 #bgh ,cable c>s1 #bdb ,cables1 subm>9e1 #bhd ,,cabot1 ,,john1 #ah ,cala%es1 #bja ,canals1 #bae ,c&elabra1 #ga ,c&les1 #fg ,canoe1 #aig ,c>ry+ fire1 #eb ,c5tral ,pacific ,railroad1 #bbh ,,*appe1 ,,claude1 #bff ,*esapeake & ,delaw>e ,canal1 #bba ,*icago & ,alton ,railroad1 #bcf ,*imneys1 #ca ,,clayton1 ,,john1 #ha ,cl]mont1 #bab1 #bae ,cl9ton's big dit*1 #bba ,coal1 #dd2 an?racite1 #dg2 bitum9\s1 #dg2 sea1 #de ,c(fee1 #aci ,colonial conditions1 #adc ,colonial cook+1 #bi1 #cj ,colonial homes1 #bd ,,conant1 ,,rog]1 #abd ,cook+1 colonial1 #bi1 #cj ,,corliss1 ,,george ,h41 #age1 #agi ,corn1 ,indian1 #aje ,cotton1 #aej1 #aec ,cotton g91 #adh-aea ,,d>l+1 ,,grace1 #ib-id ,delaw>e & ,hudson canal1 #bba ,d9n]1 a mod]n1 #aca ,,dodge1 ,,john ,,adams1 #agd ,,drake1 ,e4 ,l41 #gh ,dug\t1 #aig ,,dun/]1 ,,rev4 ,,h5ry1 #bed ,dut* ov5s1 #bg ,dynamo1 #he ,,edison1 ,,?omas ,a41 #hf ,electric c>s1 #bdb ,electric light+1 #he ,electrotyp+1 #beg ,eliot's ,indian ,bible1 #bed ,,ellswor?1 ,,miss1 #bgd ,erie canal1 #bba ,,evans1 ,,oliv]1 #bji ,,fabius1 #fc ,,fairbanks1 ,,ri*>d1 #bei ,,f>aday1 ,,mi*ael1 #he ,,f>m]1 ,,moses ,g41 #bfh ,,fau/1 ,,john1 #bec ,,field1 ,,cyrus ,w41 #bhj ,fire1 #ad ,fire1 c>ry+1 #eb ,fireplace1 ,p5nsylvania1 #cd ,fireplaces1 #bf ,fi%+1 :ale1 #gc ,,fit*1 ,,john1 #bji ,flail1 #aji1 #abj1 #abc ,flax1 #adg ,fl9t1 #ec ,foods1 uncultivat$1 #ii ,=k1 #aah ,,frankl91 ,,b5jam91 #cd1 #fh ,frankl9 press1 #bee ,frankl9 /ove1 #cd ,freight1 co/ ( transportation1 #bah ,fuel1 #cg ,,fulton1 ,,rob]t1 #baj1 #bgb ,furnaces1 #cf ,gang pl[1 #aad ,gas1 illum9at+1 #ha ,gasomet]1 #hc ,,gideon1 #fc ,g91 cotton1 #adh-aea ,,gore1 ,,obadiah1 #dh ,,gre5e1 ,,na?aniel1 #adh ,,gre5\gh1 ,j4 ,j41 #age ,gri/ mills1 #ade ,,grov]1 ,,william ,o41 #age ,,gut5b]g1 ,,john1 #bed ,,hannibal1 #fc ,h>ve/+1 implem5ts =1 #aag ,heat1 #aa ,,h5nep91 ,,fa!r1 #df ,hoe1 #aji ,hoe p]fect+ press1 #bec ,homes1 colonial1 #bd ,homes1 ,indian1 #ag ,,hood1 ,,?omas1 #agc ,horseback1 #aia ,,h[e1 ,,elias1 #age ,,hunt1 ,,walt]1 #age ,illum9at+ gas1 #ha ,implem5ts = h>ve/+1 #aag2 = plant+1 #aaa ,inc&esc5t light1 #hg ,indian ,bible1 ,eliot's1 #bed ,indian corn1 #aje ,indian homes1 #ag ,inns1 #bje ,iroquois1 #ai ,irrigation1 #abg1 #abh ,,jackson1 ,,&rew1 #aef ,,jewel1 ,,m>%all1 #agj ,k]os5e1 #gg ,kit*51 a ,new ,engl&1 #aj ,,knight1 ,,s>ah1 #bjj ,lamp1 mod]n1 #gf ,lamps1 anci5t1 #fe ,language1 #bdg ,lea!r1 #afd ,,leif]1 ,,?omas1 #bbd ,lett]s1 #bdg ,,lewis1 ,,ida1 #id ,light1 arc1 #hg ,ligh?\ses1 #ij ,light+1 electric1 #he ,l9otype1 #beg ,,liv+/on1 ,,rob]t ,r41 #bab ,log cab91 #bf ,,long/reet1 ,,william1 #bji ,loom1 #adg ,"l ( ,padua1 #cb ,mail c>1 #bfb ,mat*es1 #ea ,,mccormick1 ,,cyrus ,h41 #abb ,m5lo ,p>k1 #hg ,message1 fir/1 across ! ,atlantic1 #bhb ,middlesex canal1 #bba ,,miles1 ,,g5]al1 9 ,new ,mexico1 #bfh ,mod]n l& travel1 #bce2 wat] travel1 #bbi ,money ord]s1 #bfa ,,morey1 ,,samuel1 #bji ,,morse1 ,,samuel ,f4 ,b41 #bgj2 8 titles & honors1 #bgf ,m[]1 #aag ,,murdo*1 ,,william1 #hb ,,my]1 ,,major1 #bff ,ne$les1 #agb ,,nott1 ,,eliphalet1 #aei ,,ogle1 ,,h5ry1 #abb ,oil wells1 #gi ,ov5s1 ,dut*1 #bg ,padua1 ,"l (1 #cb ,,peck1 ,,g5]al1 at ,suffolk1 #bfg ,pepp]1 #acb ,p9e knots1 #fb ,plant]1 #aae ,plant+1 implem5ts =1 #aaa ,pl[1 #aji1 #aab ,pl[1 sulky1 #aad ,po/age /amps1 #bfa ,po/al sy/em1 #beh ,po/ma/]-g5]al1 #bfj ,p[] ( spee*1 #bdg ,pr9t+ press1 ,frankl91 #bee2 mod]n1 #bdf ,,prome!us1 #ae ,prun+ hook1 #aji ,pullman sleep]1 #bcg ,que5 ( ,%eba1 #bdi ,railroad tra91 old-/yle1 #bbg ,railroads1 #bbc ,rake1 #aah ,,raleigh1 ,,walt]1 #ajf ,,r&1 ,,old ,,ma',,am1 #bga ,range1 #cf ,reap]1 #abj ,,rum=d1 ,,c\nt1 #cc-ce ,,rumsey1 ,,james1 #bji ,,s*olfield1 ,,ar?ur1 #afj ,,s*olfield1 ,,john1 #afj ,scots ,magaz9e1 #bfi ,scribe1 anci5t1 #bea ,scy!1 #aji1 #aag ,sea coal1 #de ,sew+ ma*9es1 #age ,,%oemak]1 ,,colonel1 #dh ,signal /ation1 ,suffolk1 #bfg ,signal+1 #bfe ,,s+]1 ,,isaac ,m41 #age ,,slat]1 ,,john ,f41 #aef ,,slat]1 ,,samuel1 #aec ,soil1 #abd ,,solomon1 #bdi ,s[]1 #aad ,,s[]1 ,,*ri/oph]1 #bee ,special deliv]y1 #bfa ,,spotswood1 ,,colonel1 #bfj ,,squanto1 #ajh ,/agecoa*es1 #bjj ,/eamboats1 #bjg ,/eam eng9e1 #agh ,,/eph5son1 ,,george1 #bbe ,/]eotyp+1 #beg ,,/ev5s1 ,,john1 #bji ,/ockton & ,d>l+ton ,railway1 #bbf ,/oves1 #cf ,subway1 ,bo/on1 #bdb ,sulky pl[1 #aad ,sully1 packet %ip1 #bgb ,susp5sion bridge1 ,niag>a1 #bdj ,tav]ns1 #bjf ,telegraph1 #bgj ,telephone1 #bhf ,telephone incid5t1 #bij ,,?immoni]1 ,,b>?,,lemy1 #agf ,,?ompson1 ,,b5jam91 #cc ,,?ompson1 ,,elihu1 #hf ,?re%]1 #aba ,?re%+1 #abc ,t9d] box1 #ec ,tor*es1 #fa ,travel by horseback1 #aia2 by l&1 #ahg2 by wat]1 #aid ,uncultivat$ foods1 #ii ,union ,pacific ,railroad1 #bbh ,unit$ ,/ates po/ (fices1 #bfd ,univ]sity press1 #bee ,ve/al ,virg91 #ad ,victoria ,jubilee1 #bhd ,v9eg>1 #ace ,walt] press1 #beb ,,watt1 ,,james1 #agi ,wells1 oil1 #gi ,,we/1 ,,b5jam91 #bgb ,,we/+h\se1 ,,george1 ,,jr41 #bcf ,:ale fi%+1 #gc ,:ale oil1 #gb ,,:itman1 ,,m>cus1 #afh ,,:itney1 ,,eli1 #adi ,,wilson1 ,,all5 ,b41 #age ,wool1 #aeh ,,! ,,arnold ,,prim] ,by ,,s>ah ,,l\ise ,,arnold1 ,sup]visor ( ,s*ools1 ,bo/on2 jo9t au?or ( ,/epp+ ,/ones to ,lit]ature4 ,clo?1 #abh pages4 ,arti/ically illu/rat$4 ,introductory price1 #cj;c4 ,illu/ration ,di/+ui%+ ,features3 7#a7 ,! au?or's exp]i5ce & /&+4 7#b7 ,! book is made = *ildr54 7#c7 ,x is naturally develop$--n ma*9e-made4 7#d7 ,! vocabul>y is simple1 natural1 typical4 7#e7 ,phonics are treat$ 9 prop] relations4 7#f7 ,attractive illu/rations1 9 h>mony ) text4 7#g7 ,x is a workable ,prim]1 9 city & c\ntry1 nor? & s\?1 ea/ & we/4 ,?\ghtfully con/ruct$ 9 e detail1 me*anical z well z p$agogical1 ,,! ,,arnold ,,prim] repres5ts ! highe/ a*ievem5t 9 ! conception & execution ( prim>y s*ool text-books4 ,x is ! exemplification ( pron\nc$ progress 9 education4 ,,= ,,detail$ ,,in=mation ,,address ,,! ,,ne>e/ ,,(fice ,,( ,silv]1 ,burdett ,company ,,new ,,york ,,bo/on ,,*icago ,,philadelphia ,,atlanta ,,san ,,francisco ,hi/oric ,pilgrimages 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,,by ,,edw9 ,m4 ,,bacon4 ,?is is ! vivid /ory ( e>ly ,new ,engl&1 told :ile /&+ ^u ! v spots :]e ! /irr+ ,colonial drama 0 enact$4 ,! fam\s places :]e ! ,puritans & ,pilgrims plant$ _! fir/ homes1 ! anci5t build+s1 & ! monum5ts to ! wise & dauntless f\nd]s ( ! great ,commonweal? are visit$1 &1 :ile 9 ! atmosph]e ( ! associations1 ! ?rill+ n>rative ( ! pa/ is rec\nt$4 ,! connect+ ?read is ! summ] pilgrimage :i* a ?\ghtful "y fell[ f a we/]n college makes to ! c\ntry ( 8 ance/ors4 ,he is accompani$ by 8 fa!r's fri5d1 :o talks ent]ta9+ly ab\t ! memorable facts :i* ! hall[$ soil sugge/s4 ,! boy's e>ne/ curiosity /&s = ! int]e/ :i* "s millions ( o!rs feel 9 ! same ev5ts & p]sonalities & %r9es4 ,( all ! books :i* describe t c\ntry & set =? ! significance ( ! de$s done !re1--f ! l&+ ( ! ,pilgrims to ! fir/ bl[ ( ! ,revolution1--?is new volume comb9es1 p]haps1 ! mo/ t is ( int]e/ to lov]s ( ,yankee-l&4 ,x is accurate4 ,x ab\nds 9 facts hi!rto unpubli%$4 ,x gives snat*es f e>ly di>ies & docum5ts4 ,disput$ /ories are sift$ until ! fabul\s elem5ts are cut out4 ,! /yle is graphic f />t to f9i%--ev5 /ati/ics are made picturesque4 #dge ,pages1 #aca ,illu/rations4 ,uncut edges4 ,retail price1 #a4ej4 7,= introductory price ( ,s*ool ,edition s5d = ,circul>47 ,= ,s*ool ,libr>ies & ,read+ ,circles1 ?is book appeals to a deep & con/ant ta/e4 ,= ,supplem5t>y ,read+ 9 ! high] grades x is a m9e ( int]e/ & delightful in/ructiv5ess4 ',hi/oric ,pilgrimages' abundantly ju/ifies its d\ble purpose ( s]v+ bo? ! /ud5t's ne$s ( a graphic summ>y ( ! hi/ory ( ,massa*usetts ,bay1 & ! /rang]-visitor's ne$ ( a prep>ation =1 & a pleasant keepsake (1 8 j\rney+s4--,bo/on ,j\rnal4 ,silv]1 ,burdett & ,company1 ,publi%]s1 ,bo/on4 ,new ,york4 ,*icago4 ,/epp+ ,/ones to ,lit]ature4 ,a ,unique ,s]ies ( ,eight ,s*ool ,read]s ^u an entirely ,new ,plan1 ,brilliantly ,illu/rat$ ) ,ma/]pieces & ,orig9al ,draw+s4 ,by ,,s>ah ,,l\ise ,,arnold1 ,sup]visor ( ,s*ools1 ,bo/on1 ,mass41 & ,,*>les ,b4 ,,gilb]t1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,s*ools1 ,new>k1 ,n4 ,j4 ,illu/ration ,?is s]ies m>ks a new era 9 ,s*ool ,read]s4 ,x comb9es ) ! necess>y te*nique ( read+1 a real c\rse 9 lit]ature4 ,x has ! s9c]e lit]>y atmosph]e4 ,! e>ly volumes create ! beg9n+s ( a lit]>y judgm5t4 ,! advanc$ volumes compreh5d ! :ole range ( ! _w's be/ writ+4 ,! pupil1 at ! end ( ! c\rse1 kn[s :at lit]ature means4 ,9 ?is a*ievem5t ^! ,read]s /& absolutely alone4 ,!y ju/ify ! foll[+ delib]ate *>act]izations3 ,!y are ! mo/ int]e/+ ,read]s ev] publi%$4 ,!y surpass all o!r ,read]s 9 wise te*nique4 ,!y are sup]lative 9 /imulat+ ?\ght & creat+ ta/e4 ,!y are unequal$ 9 attractiv5ess ( illu/ration4 ,!y give a bett] idea ( ! _w's great lit]ature1 & m ( x1 ?an c be f\nd any:]e else 9 ! same space4 ,a ,m>k ( ,_! ,acceptability4 ,9 _! fir/ ye> !y 7 adopt$ by ,bo/on1 ,new ,york1 ,brooklyn1 ,philadelphia1 ,*icago1 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,baltimore1 ,atlanta2 by ov] a ?\s& small] t[ns2 by hundr$s ( c\nties2 & by ! ,/ate ( ,virg9ia4 ,patriotism 9 ,^! ,read]s4 ,! entire s]ies is peculi>ly ri* 9 selections & pictures closely connect$ ) ,am]ican hi/ory & ,am]ican greatness1 well fitt$ to /imulate love ( c\ntry 9 ! pupil4 ,! ,read] = ,sev5? ,grades1 is di/9ctively & :olly ,am]ican1 & its tales1 poems1 hi/orical extracts1 & illu/rations are alive ) a pr\d patriotism4 ,s5d = ,descriptive ,circul>4 ,silv]1 ,burdett & ,company1 ,publi%]s1 ,new ,york4 ,bo/on4 ,*icago4 ,ari?metic 9 ! ,public ,s*ools ,,! ,,normal ,,c\rse ,,9 ,,numb]4 ,by ,,john ,w4 ,,cook1 ,presid5t ( ,nor!rn ,ill9ois ,/ate ,normal ,s*ool1 & ,,miss ,n4 ,,cropsey1 ,assi/ant ,sup]9t5d5t ,city ,s*ools1 ,indianapolis1 ,indiana4 ,a ,c\rse :i* has des]v$ its wide acceptance4 ,x has be5 *>act]iz$ by a lead+ educator z ,correct 9 !ory1 precise 9 def9ition1 logical 9 sequ5ce1 & excell5t 9 its problems4 ,! ,new ,elem5t>y ,ari?metic4 7,) or )\t answ]s47 ,= ! #c;d1 #d? & #e? grades ( s*ool "w4 #caf pp4 #ej;c4 ,prem95tly practical 9 ! concrete nature ( its problems & ! exactness ( _! gradation4 ,x happily comb9es ! oral & ! writt51 & its simplicity makes ! fir/ /eps 9 numb] a delight to ! pupils4 ,abridg$ ,elem5t>y ,ari?metic4 ,= #c;d & #d? ye> "w4 #bbi pp4 #ch;c4 ,id5tical ) ! above save = ! omission ( ,fractions1 ,comp\nd ,numb]s1 ,p]c5tage1 ,int]e/1 etc4 ,! ,new ,advanc$ ,ari?metic4 7,) or )\t answ]s47 #dje pp4 #fe;c4 ,! ,new ,advanc$1 reta9+ & acc5t+ all ! sup]iorities ( ! o!r edition1 has add$ elem5t>y process 9 ,algebra & ,geometry :i* bridge to high] ma!matics4 ,answ]s to ! ,new ,advanc$ ,ari?metic 7sep>ate7 #cf;c4 ,key to ! ,new ,advanc$ ,ari?metic4 ,= ,tea*]s only4 ,fir/ ,/eps 9 ,ari?metic4 ,by ,,ella ,m4 ,,pi]ce1 ,sup]visor ( ,prim>y ,grades1 ,public ,s*ools1 ,provid5ce1 ,r4 ,i4 #afj pp4 #cf;c4 ,= ! second s*ool ye>4 ,accords closely ) ! me?ods ( ! ,normal ,c\rse 9 ,numb]1 & is a prep>ation = ,! ,new ,elem5t>y ,ari?metic4 ,9 all numb]s to #bj4 ,easy ,problems 9 ! ,pr9ciples ( ,ari?metic4 ,by ,,elizabe? ,t4 ,,mills4 #afh pp4 #a4jj4 ,furni%es tea*]s ) a complete & c>efully grad$ set ( int]e/+ supplem5t>y problems4 ,valuable = auxili>y s]vice4 ,practical ,te/s 9 ,comm]cial & ,high] ,ari?metic4 ,by ,,erne/ ,l4 ,,?ur/on1 ,c4 ,e41 ,head ( ,dep>tm5t ( ,bus9ess ,ari?metic 9 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ,bus9ess ,high ,s*ool4 #fh pp4 #db;c4 ,special prep>ation = ! daily dem&s ( bus9ess is ! aim ( ?is valuable little book2 supplem5t>y to ! regul> c\rse 9 ari?metic bo? 9 public & bus9ess high s*ools4 ,our text-books cov] all ! /eps ( education f ! ,k9d]g>t5 to ! ,univ]sity4 ,our ,educational ,catalogue is mail$ free ^u application4 ,silv]1 ,burdett ,company ,bo/on 4 ,new ,york 4 ,*icago ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,m9or typographical errors h be5 correct$ )\t note4 ,punctuation & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant =m 0 f\nd 9 ?is book2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4 ,ambigu\s hyph5s at ! ends ( l9es 7 reta9$4 ,mid-p>agraph illu/rations h be5 mov$ betwe5 p>agraphs & "s illu/rations h be5 mov$ clos] to ! text t ref]5ces !m4 ,italiciz$ words are surr\nd$ by und]l9e *>act]s1 l ?is4 ,words 9 bold *>act]s are surr\nd$ by equal signs1 l ?is4 ,duplicat$ section head+s h be5 omitt$4 ,pp4 #agf & #bih3 ,m>?lemy ,?imoni] *ang$ to ,b>?lemy ,timmoni]4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------