,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,?is e-text is a translation ( ,augu/ ,bebel's 8,die ,frau und d] ,sozialismus04 ,table column head+s t h be5 suppli$ by ! transcrib] are enclos$ 9 squ>e brackets4 ,bold text is d5ot$ by tilde1 italic text by und]scores1 & gesp]rt 7spac$-out text7 by p\nd signs4 ,,woman ,,& ,,socialism ,,by ,,augu/ ,,bebel ,jubilee ,decor3 #ej? ,edition ,,au?oriz$ ,,translation ,,by ,,meta ,l4 ,,/]n 7,,hebe7 ,,sociali/ ,,lit]ature ,,co4 #ae ,spruce ,/reet1 ,new ,york #aiaj ,copyright1 #aiaj by ! ,,sociali/ ,,lit]ature ,,company ,new ,york ,pr9t]'s ,logo ,! ,co-,op]ative ,press1 #ae ,spruce ,/41 ,new ,york ,,cont5ts ,page ,introduction #c ,,woman ,,9 ,,! ,,pa/4 ,*apt] ,i4--,! ,position ( ,woman 9 ,primeval ,society #i #a4 ,*ief ,epo*s ( ,primeval ,hi/ory #i #b4 ,family ,=ms #ad #c4 ,! ,matri>*ate #bj ,*apt] ,,ii4--,conflict betwe5 ,matri>*ate & ,patri>*ate #bh #a4 ,rise ( ! ,patri>*ate #bh #b4 ,traces ( ! ,matri>*ate 9 ,greek ,my?s & ,dramas #cd #c4 ,legitimate ,wives & ,c\rtesans 9 ,a!ns #cg #d4 ,remnants ( ! ,matri>*ate 9 ! ,cu/oms ( ,v>i\s ,nations #dd #e4 ,rise ( ! ,/ate--,dissolution ( ! ,g5s 9 ,rome #ej ,*apt] ,,iii4--,*ri/ianity #ef ,*apt] ,,iv4--,woman 9 ! ,m$iaeval ,age #fc #a4 ,! ,position ( ,wom5 among ! ,g]mans #fc #b4 ,feudalism & ! ,"r ( ! ,fir/ ,night #ff #c4 ,! ,rise ( ,cities--,mona/ic ,affairs--,pro/itution #fi #d4 ,knigh?ood & ! ,v5]ation ( ,wom5 #ge ,*apt] ,v4--,! ,re=mation #gh #a4 ,lu!r #gh #b4 ,results ( ! ,re=mation--,! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w> #hc ,*apt] ,,vi4--,! ,eighte5? ,c5tury #hh #a4 ,c\rt ,life 9 ,g]many #hh #b4 ,comm]cialism & ! ,new ,m>riage ,laws #ij #c4 ,! ,fr5* ,revolution & ! ,rise ( ,indu/ry #ic ,,woman ,,at ,,! ,,pres5t ,,day4 ,*apt] ,,vii4--,woman z a ,sex ,be+ #if #a4 ,! ,sexual ,impulse #if #b4 ,celibacy & ! ,frequ5cy ( ,suicide #ajj ,*apt] ,,viii4--,mod]n ,m>riage #ajd #a4 ,m>riage z a ,pr(ession #ajd #b4 ,decl9e ( ! ,bir?rate #ajf #c4 ,m]c5>y ,m>riage & ! ,matrimonial ,m>ket #aaj ,*apt] ,,ix4--,disruption ( ! ,family #aaf #a4 ,increase ( ,divorce #aaf #b4 ,b\rgeois & ,prolet>ian ,m>riage #abd ,*apt] ,x4--,m>riage z a ,means ( ,support #acb #a4 ,decl9e ( ! ,m>riage ,rate #acb #b4 ,infanticide & ,abortion #ace #c4 ,education = ,m>riage #adj #d4 ,! ,mis]y ( ,pres5t ,day ,m>riages #adg ,*apt] ,,xi4--,! ,*ances ( ,matrimony #aec #a4 ,! ,num]ical ,proportion ( ! ,sexes #aec #b4 ,ob/acles to ,m>riage--,! ,excess ( ,wom5 #afd ,*apt] ,,xii4--,pro/itution a ,necess>y ,social ,in/itution ( ,b\rgeois ,society #agd #a4 ,pro/itution & ,society #agd #b4 ,pro/itution & ! ,/ate #agh #c4 ,! ,:ite ,slave ,trade #ahh #d4 ,! ,increase ( ,pro/itution--,illegitimate ,mo!rhood #aic #e4 ,crimes ,aga9/ ,morality & ,sexual ,diseases #bjd ,*apt] ,,xiii4--,woman 9 ,indu/ry #bji #a4 ,developm5t & ,ext5sion ( ,female ,labor #bji #b4 ,factory ,"w ( ,m>ri$ ,wom5--,sweat%op ,labor & ,dang]\s ,occupations #bbb ,*apt] ,,xiv4--,! ,/ruggle ( ,wom5 = ,education #bcc #a4 ,! ,revolution 9 ,dome/ic ,life #bcc #b4 ,! ,intellectual ,abilities ( ,wom5 #bci #c4 ,diff]5ces 9 ,physical & ,m5tal ,qualities ( ,man & ,woman #bde #d4 ,d>w9ism & ! ,condition ( ,society #bec #e4 ,woman & ! ,le>n$ ,pr(essions #beh ,*apt] ,,xv4--,! ,legal ,/atus ( ,wom5 #bgb #a4 ,! ,/ruggle = ,equality ,be=e ! ,law #bgb #b4 ,! ,/ruggle = ,political ,equality #bhj ,,! ,,/ate ,,& ,,society4 ,*apt] ,,xvi4--,! ,class-,/ate & ! ,mod]n ,prolet>iat #cjg #a4 ,our ,public ,life #cjg #b4 ,aggravation ( ,social ,extremes #cae ,*apt] ,,xvii4--,! ,process ( ,conc5tration 9 ,capitali/ic ,indu/ry #cai #a4 ,! ,displacem5t ( ,agriculture by ,indu/ry #cai #b4 ,increas+ ,paup]ization--,prepond]ance ( ,l>ge ,indu/rial ,e/abli%m5ts #cbc #c4 ,conc5tration ( ,weal? #ccc ,*apt] ,,xviii4--,crisis & ,competition #cch #a4 ,causes & ,effects ( ! ,crises #cch #b4 ,int]m$iate ,trade & ! ,increas$ ,co/ ( ,liv+ #cdc ,*apt] ,,xix4--,! ,revolution 9 ,agriculture #cdg #a4 ,transatlantic ,competition & ,des]tion ( ! ,c\ntry #cdg #b4 ,peasants & ,great ,l&[n]s #cdi #c4 ,! ,contra/ ,betwe5 ,city & ,c\ntry #ceh ,,! ,,socialization ,,( ,,society4 ,*apt] ,,xx4--,! ,social ,revolution #cfc #a4 ,! ,trans=mation ( ,society #cfc #b4 ,expropriation ( ! ,expropriators #cff ,*apt] ,,xxi4--,fundam5tal ,laws ( ,sociali/ic ,society #cgj #a4 ,duty to ,"w ( ,all ,able-bodi$ ,p]sons #cgj #b4 ,h>mony ( ,int]e/s #cge #c4 ,organization ( ,labor #chj #d4 ,! ,gr[? ( ! ,productivity ( ,labor #chc #e4 ,removal ( ! ,contra/ betwe5 ,m5tal & ,manual ,"w #cib #f4 ,increase ( ,consumption #cif #g4 ,equal ,duty to ,"w = ,all #cii #h4 ,abolition ( ,trade--,trans=mation ( ,traffic #dje ,*apt] ,,xxii4--,socialism & ,agriculture #djg #a4 ,abolition ( ! ,private ,own]%ip ( ,l& #djg #b4 ,! ,amelioration ( ,l& #dji #c4 ,*ang$ ,me?ods ( ,f>m+ #dad #d4 ,agriculture on a ,l>ge & ,small ,scale--,electric ,appliances #dae #e4 ,v9e-,culture ( ! ,future #dbd #f4 ,measures to ,prev5t ,exhau/ion ( ! ,soil #dbg #g4 ,removal ( ! ,contra/ betwe5 ,city & ,c\ntry #dca ,*apt] ,,xxiii4--,abolition ( ! ,/ate #dcd ,*apt] ,,xxiv4--,! ,future ( ,religion #dcg ,*apt] ,,xxv4--,! ,sociali/ ,sy/em ( ,education #ddj ,*apt] ,,xxvi4--,lit]ature & ,art 9 ,sociali/ic ,society #dea ,*apt] ,,xxvii4--,free ,developm5t ( ,individuality #dee #a4 ,fre$om f ,c>e #dee #b4 ,*anges 9 ! ,me?ods ( ,nutrition #deg #c4 ,! ,communi/ic ,kit*5 #dfa #d4 ,trans=mation ( ,dome/ic ,life #dfc ,*apt] ,,xxviii4--,woman 9 ! ,future #dff ,*apt] ,,xxix4--,int]nationality #dgc ,*apt] ,,xxx4--,! ,"q ( ,population & ,socialism #dgh #a4 ,fe> ( ,ov]-,population #dgh #b4 ,production ( ,ov]-,population #dha #c4 ,pov]ty & ,fecundity #dhd #d4 ,lack ( ,human ,be+s & ,abundance ( ,food #dhg #e4 ,social ,conditions & ,reproductive ,ability #did ,conclusion #ejj ,introduction4 ,we are liv+ 9 an age ( great social trans=mations t are /eadily progress+4 ,9 all /rata ( society we p]ceive an unsettl$ /ate ( m9d & an increas+ re/lessness1 d5ot+ a m>k$ t5d5cy t[>d pr(\nd & radical *anges4 ,_m que/ions h aris5 & are be+ discuss$ ) gr[+ int]e/ 9 ev] wid5+ circles4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important ( ^! que/ions & "o t is con/antly com+ into great] prom95ce1 is ! woman "q4 ,! woman "q deals ) ! position t woman %\ld hold 9 our social organism1 & seeks to det]m9e h[ %e c be/ develop h] p[]s & h] abilities1 9 ord] to become a useful memb] ( human society1 end[$ ) equal rights & s]v+ society accord+ to h] be/ capacity4 ,f our po9t ( view ?is "q co9cides ) t o!r "q3 ,9 :at mann] %\ld society be organiz$ to aboli% oppression1 exploitation1 mis]y & ne$1 & to br+ ab\t ! physical & m5tal welf>e ( individuals & ( society z a :ole8 ,to u !n1 ! woman "q is only "o phase ( ! g5]al social "q t at pres5t occupies all intellig5t m9ds2 its f9al solution c only be atta9$ by remov+ social extremes & ! evils :i* are a result ( su* extremes4 ,nev]!less1 ! woman "q dem&s our special consid]ation4 ,:at ! position ( woman has be5 9 anci5t society1 :at h] position is to-day & :at x w be 9 ! com+ social ord]1 are que/ions t deeply conc]n at lea/ "o half ( humanity4 ,inde$1 9 ,europe !y conc]n a majority ( organiz$ society1 because wom5 con/itute a majority ( ! population4 ,moreov]1 ! prevail+ conceptions conc]n+ ! developm5t ( woman's social position dur+ successive /ages ( hi/ory are s faulty1 t enlight5m5t on ?is subject has become a necessity4 ,ignorance conc]n+ ! position ( woman1 *iefly acc\nts = ! prejudice t ! woman's movem5t has to cont5d ) among all classes ( p1 by no means lea/ among ! wom5 !mselves4 ,_m ev5 v5ture to ass]t t !re is no woman "q at all1 s9ce woman's position has always be5 ! same & w rema9 ! same 9 ! future1 because nature has de/9$ h] to be a wife & a "m & to conf9e h] activities to ! home4 ,ev]y?+ t is beyond ! f\r n>r[ walls ( h] home & is n closely connect$ ) h] dome/ic duties1 is n suppos$ to conc]n h]4 ,9 ! woman "q !n we f9d two cont5d+ p>ties1 j z 9 ! labor "q1 :i* relates to ! position ( ! work+man 9 human society4 ,^? :o wi% to ma9ta9 ev]y?+ z x is1 are quick to relegate woman to h] s-call$ 8natural pr(ession10 believ+ t !y h !reby settl$ ! :ole matt]4 ,!y d n recognize t millions ( wom5 are n plac$ 9 a position enabl+ !m to fulfill _! natural function ( wifehood & mo!rhood1 ow+ to reasons t we %all discuss at l5g? lat] on4 ,!y fur!rmore d n recognize t to millions ( o!r wom5 _! 8natural pr(ession0 is a failure1 because to !m m>riage has become a yoke & a condition ( slav]y1 & !y are oblig$ to drag on _! lives 9 mis]y & despair4 ,b ^! wiseacres are no m conc]n$ by ^! facts ?an by ! fact t 9 v>i\s trades & pr(essions millions ( wom5 are exploit$ f> beyond _! /r5g?1 & mu/ slave away _! lives = a meagre subsi/5ce4 ,!y rema9 deaf & bl9d to ^! disagreeable tru?s1 z !y rema9 deaf & bl9d to ! mis]y ( ! prolet>iat1 consol+ !mselves & o!rs by ! false ass]tion t x has always be5 ?us & w always cont9ue to be s4 ,t woman is entitl$1 z well z man1 to enjoy all ! a*ievem5ts ( civilization1 to light5 h] burd5s1 to improve h] condition1 & to develop all h] physical & m5tal qualities1 !y refuse to admit4 ,:51 fur!rmore1 told t woman--to enjoy full physical & m5tal fre$om--%\ld also be economically indep5d5t1 %\ld no long] dep5d = subsi/5ce ^u ! good w & favor ( ! o!r sex1 ! limit ( _! pati5ce w be rea*$4 ,indignantly !y w p\r =? a bitt] endictm5t ( ! 8madness ( ! age0 & its 8crazy attempts at emancipation40 ,^! are ! old ladies ( bo? sexes :o _c ov]come ! n>r[ circle ( _! prejudices4 ,!y are ! human owls t dwell :]ev] d>kness prevails1 & cry out 9 t]ror :5ev] a ray ( light is ca/ into _! agreeable gloom4 ,o!rs d n rema9 q z bl9d to ! eloqu5t facts4 ,!y confess t at no "t woman's position has be5 s unsatisfactory 9 comp>ison to g5]al social progress1 z x is at pres5t4 ,!y recognize t x is necess>y to inve/igate h[ ! condition ( ! self-support+ woman c be improv$2 b 9 ! case ( m>ri$ wom5 !y believe ! social problem to be solv$4 ,!y favor ! admission ( unm>ri$ wom5 only into a limit$ numb] ( trades & pr(essions4 ,o!rs aga9 are m advanc$ & insi/ t competition betwe5 ! sexes %\ld n be limit$ to ! inf]ior trades & pr(essions1 b %\ld be ext5d$ to all high] bran*es ( le>n+ & ! arts & sci5ces z well4 ,!y dem& equal educational opportunities & t wom5 %\ld be admitt$ to all in/itutions ( le>n+1 includ+ ! univ]sities4 ,!y also favor ! appo9tm5t ( wom5 to gov]nm5t positions1 po9t+ out ! results already a*iev$ by wom5 9 su* positions1 especially 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,a few are ev5 com+ =w>d to dem& equal political rights = wom54 ,woman1 !y argue1 is a human be+ & a memb] ( organiz$ society z well z man1 & ! v fact t m5 h until n[ fram$ & adm9i/]$ ! laws to suit _! own purposes & to hold woman 9 subjugation1 proves ! necessity ( woman's p>ticipation 9 public affairs4 ,x is notewor?y t all ^! v>i\s endeavors d n g beyond ! scope ( ! pres5t social ord]4 ,! "q is n prop\nd$ :e!r any ( ^! propos$ re=ms w accompli% a decisive & ess5tial improvem5t 9 ! condition ( wom54 ,accord+ to ! conceptions ( b\rgeois1 or capitali/ic society1 ! civic equality ( m5 & wom5 is deem$ an ultimate solution ( ! woman "q4 ,p are ei!r unconsci\s ( ! fact1 or deceive !mselves 9 reg>d to x1 t ! admission ( wom5 to trades & indu/ries is already practically accompli%$ & is be+ /rongly favor$ by ! rul+ classes 9 _! own int]e/4 ,b "u prevail+ conditions woman's invasion ( indu/ry has ! detrim5tal effect ( increas+ competition on ! labor m>ket1 & ! result is a r$uction 9 wages = bo? male & female work]s4 ,x is cle> !n1 t ?is _c be a satisfactory solution4 ,m5 :o favor ^! endeavors ( wom5 )9 ! scope ( pres5t society1 z well z ! b\rgeois wom5 :o are active 9 ! movem5t1 consid] complete civic equality ( wom5 ! ultimate goal4 ,^! m5 & wom5 !n diff] radically f ^? :o1 9 _! n>r[-m9d$ness1 oppose ! movem5t4 ,!y diff] radically f ^? m5 :o are actuat$ by petty motives ( selfi%ness & fe> ( competition1 & !re=e try to prev5t wom5 f obta9+ high] education & f ga9+ admission to ! bett] paid pr(essions4 ,b !re is no diff]5ce ( class betwe5 !m1 su* z exi/s betwe5 ! work] & ! capitali/4 ,if ! b\rgeois suffragi/s w\ld a*ieve _! aim & w\ld br+ ab\t equal rights = m5 & wom51 !y w\ld /ill fail to aboli% t sex slav]y :i* m>riage1 9 its pres5t =m1 is to c\ntless numb]s ( wom52 !y w\ld fail to aboli% pro/itution2 !y w\ld fail to aboli% ! economic dep5d5ce ( wives4 ,to ! great majority ( wom5 x also rema9s a matt] ( indiff]5ce :e!r a few ?\s& memb]s ( _! sex1 belong+ to ! m favor$ classes ( society1 obta9 high] le>n+ & ent] "s le>n$ pr(ession1 or hold a public (fice4 ,! g5]al condition ( ! sex z a :ole is n alt]$ !reby4 ,! female sex z su* has a d\ble yoke to be>4 ,fir/ly1 wom5 suff] z a result ( _! social dep5d5ce ^u m51 & ! inf]ior position allot$ to !m 9 society2 =mal equality be=e ! law alleviates ?is condition1 b does n rem$y x4 ,secondly1 wom5 suff] z a result ( _! economic dep5d5ce1 :i* is ! lot ( wom5 9 g5]al1 & especially ( ! prolet>ian wom51 z x is ( ! prolet>ian m54 ,we see1 !n1 t all wom51 reg>dless ( _! social position1 repres5t t sex :i* dur+ ! evolution ( society has be5 oppress$ & wrong$ by ! o!r sex1 & !re=e x is to ! common int]e/ ( all wom5 to remove _! disabilities by *ang+ ! laws & in/itutions ( ! pres5t /ate & social ord]4 ,b a great majority ( wom5 is fur!rmore deeply & p]sonally conc]n$ 9 a complete reorganization ( ! pres5t /ate & social ord] :i* has = its purpose ! abolition ( wage-slav]y1 :i* at pres5t weighs mo/ heavily ^u ! wom5 ( ! prolet>iat1 z also ! abolition ( sex-slav]y1 :i* is closely connect$ ) our indu/rial conditions & our sy/em ( private own]%ip4 ,! wom5 :o are active 9 ! b\rgeois suffrage movem5t1 d n recognize ! necessity ( s complete a trans=mation4 ,influ5c$ by _! privileg$ social position1 !y consid] ! m radical aims ( ! prolet>ian woman's movem5t dang]\s doctr9es t mu/ be oppos$4 ,! class antagonism t exi/s betwe5 ! capitali/ & work+ class & t is increas+ ) ! gr[? ( indu/rial problems1 also cle>ly manife/s itself !n )9 ! woman's movem5t4 ,/ill ^! si/]-wom51 ?\gh antagoni/ic to ea* o!r on class l9es1 h a great _m m po9ts 9 common ?an ! m5 engag$ 9 ! class /ruggle1 & ?\gh !y m>* 9 sep>ate armies !y may /rike a unit$ bl[4 ,?is is true 9 reg>d to all endeavors p]ta9+ to equal rights ( woman "u ! pres5t social ord]2 t is1 h] "r to ent] any trade or pr(ession adapt$ to h] /r5g? & ability1 & h] "r to civic & political equality4 ,^! are1 z we %all see1 v important & v f>-rea*+ aims4 ,besides /riv+ = ^! aims1 x is 9 ! p>ticul> int]e/ ( prolet>ian wom5 to "w h& 9 h& ) prolet>ian m5 = su* measures & in/itutions t t5d to protect ! work+ woman f physical & m5tal deg5]ation1 & to pres]ve h] heal? & /r5g? = a normal fulfillm5t ( h] mat]nal functions4 ,fur!rmore1 x is ! duty ( ! prolet>ian woman to jo9 ! m5 ( h] class 9 ! /ruggle = a ?or\gh-go+ trans=mation ( society1 to br+ ab\t an ord] t by its social in/itutions w enable bo? sexes to enjoy complete economic & intellectual indep5d5ce4 ,our goal !n is1 n only to a*ieve equality ( m5 & wom5 "u ! pres5t social ord]1 :i* con/itutes ! sole aim ( ! b\rgeois woman's movem5t1 b to g f> beyond ?is1 & to remove all b>ri]s t make "o human be+ dep5d5t ^u ano!r1 :i* includes ! dep5d5ce ( "o sex ^u ! o!r4 ,?is solution ( ! woman "q is id5tical ) ! solution ( ! social "q4 ,!y :o seek a complete solution ( ! woman "q mu/1 !re=e1 jo9 h&s ) ^? :o h inscrib$ ^u _! bann] ! solution ( ! social "q 9 ! int]e/ ( all mank9d--! ,sociali/s4 ,! ,sociali/ ,p>ty is ! only "o t has made ! full equality ( wom51 _! lib]ation f e =m ( dep5d5ce & oppression1 an integral "p ( its program2 n = reasons ( propag&a1 b f necessity4 ,= !re c be no lib]ation ( mank9d )\t social indep5d5ce & equality ( ! sexes4 ,all ,sociali/s w probably agree ) ! fundam5tal pr9ciples h]e9 express$4 ,b ! same _c be said 9 reg>d to ! mann] 9 :i* we picture ! realization ( our ultimate aims1 t is1 9 reg>d to ! p>ticul> =m t in/itutions %\ld take to br+ ab\t t desir$ indep5d5ce & equality = all4 ,z soon z we =sake ! firm f\ndation ( reality1 & beg9 to depict ! future1 !re is a wide field = speculation4 ,a diff]5ce ( op9ion imm$iately arises z to :at is probable or improbable4 ,:atev]1 !re=e1 is /at$ 9 ?is book conc]n+ future probabilities1 mu/ be reg>d$ z ! p]sonal op9ion ( ! au?or1 & ev5tual attacks mu/ be direct$ aga9/ 8 p]son1 because he assumes full responsibility = 8 /atem5ts4 ,attacks1 t are hone/ly meant & are objective 9 "*1 w be welcome2 ^? t di/ort ! cont5ts ( ?is book or are f\nd$ ^u an untru?ful int]pretation ( _! mean+1 w be ignor$4 ,x rema9s to be said1 t 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s all conclusions %\ld be drawn :i* become necess>y = u to draw1 z a result ( our inve/igation ( facts4 ,to be unprejudic$ is ! fir/ requirem5t = a recognition ( ! tru?1 & only by express+ )\t res]ve t :i* is & t :i* is to be1 c we atta9 our ends4 ,woman 9 ! ,pa/4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,! ,position ( ,woman 9 ,primeval ,society4 #a4--;,*ief ,epo*s ( ,primeval ,hi/ory4 ,x is ! common lot ( woman & work] to be oppress$4 ,! =ms ( oppression h diff]$ 9 successive ages & 9 v>i\s c\ntries1 b ! oppression itself rema9$4 ,dur+ ! c\rse ( hi/oric developm5t ! oppress$ ones h frequ5tly recogniz$ _! oppression1 & ?is recognition has l$ to an amelioration ( _! condition2 b x rema9$ = our day to recognize ! fundam5tal causes ( ?is oppression1 bo? 9 reg>d to ! woman & 9 reg>d to ! work]4 ,x 0 necess>y to und]/& ! true nature ( society & ! laws gov]n+ social evolution1 be=e an effective movem5t c\ld develop = ! purpose ( aboli%+ conditions t _h come to be reg>d$ z unju/4 ,b ! ext5t & pr(\ndness ( su* a movem5t dep5d ^u ! am\nt ( insight prevail+ among ^? /rata ( society affect$ by ! unju/ conditions1 z also ^u ! fre$om ( action possess$ by !m4 ,9 bo? respects woman1 ow+ to cu/om1 education & lack ( fre$om1 is less advanc$ ?an ! work]4 ,moreov]1 conditions t h prevail$ = g5]ations f9ally become a habit1 & h]$ity z well z education make !m appe> 8natural0 to bo? p>ties conc]n$4 ,t expla9s :y wom5 accept _! inf]ior position z a matt] ( c\rse1 & d n recognize t x is an unwor?y "o1 & t !y %\ld /rive to obta9 equal rights ) m51 & to become equally qualifi$ memb]s ( society4 ,b :atev] simil>ities exi/ betwe5 ! position ( woman & t ( ! work+man1 woman has "o prec$5ce ov] ! work+man4 ,%e is ! fir/ human be+ :i* came into s]vitude4 ,wom5 7 slaves be=e m54 ,all social dep5d5ce & oppression is root$ 9 ! economic dep5d5ce ( ! oppress$ ^u ! oppressor4 ,woman--s we are taught by ! hi/ory ( human developm5t--has be5 9 ?is position s9ce an e>ly /age4 ,our und]/&+ ( ?is developm5t is comp>atively rec5t4 ,j z ! my? ( ! creation ( ! _w1 z taught by ! ,bible1 c\ld n be ma9ta9$ 9 face ( innum]able & indisputable facts f\nd$ ^u mod]n1 sci5tific inve/igation1 x also became impossible to ma9ta9 ! my? ( ! creation & developm5t ( man4 ,n all phases ( ! hi/ory ( evolution h z yet be5 elucidat$4 ,diff]5ce ( op9ion /ill exi/s among sci5ti/s 9 reg>d to "o or ano!r ( ! natural ph5om5a & _! relation to ea* o!r2 b1 on ! :ole1 cle>ness & a g5]al cons5sion ( op9ion prevails4 ,x is c]ta9 t man has n made 8 appe>ance ^u ! e>? z a civiliz$ be+--z ! ,bible ass]ts ( ! fir/ human pair--b t 9 ! long c\rse ( ages he gradually evolv$ f a m]e animal condition1 & t he pass$ ?r\gh v>i\s /ages dur+ :i* 8 social relations z well z ! relations betwe5 man & woman exp]i5c$ _m trans=mations4 ,! conv5i5t ass]tion t is resort$ to daily by ignorant or di%one/ p1 bo? 9 reg>d to ! relation betwe5 man & woman z also 9 reg>d to ! relation betwe5 ! ri* & ! poor--! ass]tion t x has always be5 ?us & w always cont9ue to be s--is utt]ly false1 sup]ficial & contr>y to ! tru? 9 e respect4 ,a cursory description ( ! relations ( ! sexes s9ce primeval days is ( special importance = ! purpose ( ?is book4 ,= x seeks to prove t1 if 9 ! pa/ progress ( human developm5t1 ^! relations h be5 trans=m$ z a result ( ! *ang+ me?ods ( production & di/ribution1 x is obvi\s t a fur!r *ange 9 ! me?ods ( production & di/ribution mu/ aga9 lead to a new trans=mation 9 ! relation ( ! sexes4 ,no?+ is et]nal1 ei!r 9 nature or 9 human life2 *ange is ! only et]nal factor4 ,z f> z we c look backw>d along ! l9e ( human evolution1 we see ! horde#a repres5t+ ! fir/ human community4 ,only :5 ! horde increas$ 9 numb]s to su* an ext5t t x became difficult to obta9 ! necess>y means ( subsi/5ce1 :i* orig9ally consi/$ ( roots1 se$s & fruit1 a disb&+ ( ! memb]s result$1 & new dwell+ places 7 s\ght =4 ,we h no writt5 records ( ?is almo/ animal-l /age1 b /udies ( ! v>i\s /ages ( civilization among ext9ct & liv+ savages prove t su* a /age has at "o "t exi/$4 ,man has n /epp$ into life z a highly civiliz$ be+1 ^u a comm& f ! ,creator1 b has pass$ ?r\gh a long1 inf9itely sl[ process ( evolution1 & 9 ! ups & d[ns ( wav]+ p]iods ( developm5t1 & 9 a con/ant process ( diff]5tiation1 9 all climes & 9 all qu>t]s ( ! globe1 has pass$ ?r\gh _m /ages until f9ally climb+ ! height ( 8 pres5t civilization4 ,& :ile 9 "s p>ts ( ! globe great nations repres5t ! mo/ advanc$ /age ( civilization1 we f9d o!r peoples 9 v>i\s places repres5t+ v>i$ /ages ( developm5t4 ,^! pres5t to u a vivid picture ( our own pa/1 & po9t out to u along :i* roads humanity has travel$ 9 its long c\rse ( evolution4 ,if we %all at "s "t succe$ 9 e/abli%+ g5]al & def9ite aspects accord+ to :i* sociological inve/igations %all be conduct$1 an abundance ( facts w result1 de/9$ to ca/ a new light ^u ! relations ( m5 9 ! pa/ & ! pres5t4 ,ev5ts w !n seem compreh5sible & natural1 t at pres5t are q beyond our compreh5sion1 & t sup]ficial critics frequ5tly condemn z irrational1 sometimes ev5 z immoral4 ,sci5tific rese>*es1 comm5c$ by ,back(51 & s9ce cont9u$ by a consid]able numb] ( le>n$ m5 z ,taylor1 ,mac,lennon1 ,lubbock & o!rs1 h gradually lift$ ! veil f ! e>lie/ hi/ory ( our race4 ,^! inve/igations 7 elaborat$ by ,morgan's able book1 & to ?is aga9 ,fr$]ick ,engels has add$ a numb] ( hi/oric facts1 economic & political 9 "*4 ,rec5tly ^! rese>*es h be5 p>tly confirm$ & p>tly correct$ by ,cun[4#b ,! cle> & vivid descriptions giv5 by ,fr$]ick ,engels 9 8 spl5did "w1 t is f\nd$ ^u ,morgan's inve/igations1 h ca/ a flood ( light ^u _m factors 9 ! hi/ories ( peoples repres5t+ v>i\s /ages ( developm5t2 factors t until t "t _h seem$ irrational & incompreh5sible4 ,!y h enabl$ u to obta9 an insight into ! gradual upbuild+ ( ! social /ructure4 ,z a result ( su* insight we p]ceive t our =m] conceptions 9 reg>d to m>riage1 family & /ate1 h be5 f\nd$ ^u utt]ly false premises4 ,b :atev] has be5 prov5 conc]n+ m>riage1 family & /ate1 is equally true 9 reg>d to ! position ( woman1 :i*1 9 ! v>i\s /ages ( social developm5t1 has diff]$ radically f :at is suppos$ to be woman's 8et]nal0 position4 ,morgan divides ! hi/ory ( mank9d--& ?is division is also adopt$ by ,engels--into ?ree *ief epo*s3 savag]y1 b>b>ism & civilization4 ,ea* ( ! two e>li] p]iods he subdivides into a l[]1 a m$ium & a high] /age1 because ^! /ages diff] 9 reg>d to fundam5tal improvem5ts 9 ! me?od ( obta9+ ! means ( subsi/5ce4 ,^? *anges :i* occur f "t to "t 9 ! social sy/ems ( nations z a result ( improv$ me?ods ( production1 ,morgan consid]s "o ( ! *ief *>act]i/ics 9 ! progress ( civilization1 :i* is q 9 keep+ ) ! mat]iali/ic conception ( hi/ory z laid d[n by ,k>l ,m>x & ,fr$]ick ,engels4 ,?us ! l[e/ /age 9 ! p]iod ( savag]y repres5ts ! *ildhood ( mank9d4 ,dur+ ?is /age m5 /ill 7 tree-dwell]s1 & fruit & roots con/itut$ _! *ief n\ri%m5t2 b ev5 !n articulat$ language began to take =m4 ,! m$ium /age ( savag]y beg9s ) ! consumption ( small animals su* z fi%1 crabs1 etc41 = food1 & ) ! discov]y ( fire4 ,m5 beg9 to manufacture weapons1 clubs & spe>s made ( wood & /one1 & ?is means ! inception ( ! hunt & probably also ( w> among neighbor+ hordes1 :o cont5d$ ) "o ano!r = ! s\rces ( n\ri%m5t & ! mo/ desirable dwell+ places & hunt+ gr\nds4 ,at ?is /age also cannibalism appe>s1 :i* is /ill met ) among "s tribes 9 ,africa1 ,au/ralia & ,polynesia4 ,! high] /age ( savag]y is *>act]iz$ by ! inv5tion ( ! b[ & arr[2 ! inv5tion ( ! art ( weav+2 ! mak+ ( mats & baskets f ba/ & re$s1 & ! manufacture ( /one implem5ts4 ,z ! beg9n+ ( ! l[e/ /age ( b>b>ism1 ,morgan d5otes ! inv5tion ( pott]y4 ,man le>ns ! dome/ication ( wild animals ) ! resultant production ( meat & milk1 & !reby obta9s ! use ( hides1 horns & furs = ! mo/ v>i$ purposes4 ,h& 9 h& ) ! dome/ication ( animals1 agriculture beg9s to develop4 ,9 ! we/]n "p ( ! _w corn is cultivat$2 9 ! ea/]n "p1 almo/ all k9ds ( gra91 ) ! exception ( corn1 is gr[n4 ,dur+ ! m$ium /age ( b>b>ism we f9d an increas+ dome/ication ( useful animals 9 ! ,ea/1 & 9 ! ,we/ we f9d an improv$ cultivation ( n\ri%+ plants ) ! aid ( artificial irrigation4 ,! use ( /ones & sun-dri$ bricks = build+ purposes is also orig9at$ at ?is "t4 ,dome/ication & bre$+ favor ! =mation ( h]ds & flocks & lead to a pa/oral life1 & ! necessity ( produc+ l>g] quantities ( n\ri%m5t = bo? m5 & animals leads to increas$ agriculture4 ,! result is a m s$5t>y mode ( life ) an accompany+ increase 9 provisions & great] div]sity ( same1 & gradually cannibalism disappe>s4 ,! high] /age ( b>b>ism has be5 rea*$ ) ! smelt+ ( iron ore & ! inv5tion ( alphabetical writ+4 ,! inv5tion ( ! iron pl\gh gives a new impetus to agriculture2 ! iron axe & spade & hoe make x easi] to cle> ! =e/ & to cultivate ! soil4 ,) ! =g+ ( iron a numb] ( new activities set 91 giv+ life a diff]5t %ape4 ,iron tools simplify ! build+ ( h\ses1 %ips & wagons4 ,! malleation ( metals fur!rmore leads to me*anical art1 to an improvem5t 9 ! manufacture ( arms1 & to ! build+ ( wall$ cities4 ,ar*itecture is develop$1 & my?ology1 poetry & hi/ory are cons]v$ & dissem9at$ by means ( alphabetical writ+4 ,! ,ori5tal c\ntries & ^? situat$ ab\t ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea--,egypt1 ,greece & ,italy--are ! ones 9 :i* ?is mode ( life 0 especially develop$1 & "h ! f\ndation 0 laid to lat] social trans=mations t h _h a decisive influ5ce ^u ! developm5t ( civilization 9 ,europe &1 9 fact1 9 all ! c\ntries ( ! globe4 #a 8,! !ory ( natural rights & ! doctr9e ( ! social contract1 :i* places an isolat$ human be+ at ! beg9n+s ( human developm5t1 is an inv5tion utt]ly =eign to reality1 & is !re=e wor?less = ! !oretical analysis ( human in/itutions z x is = a k ( hi/ory4 ,man %\ld1 on ! contr>y1 be class$ ) greg>i\s animals2 t is1 ) ^? species ^: individuals are comb9$ into p]man5t gr\ps40--7,edw4 ,mey]3 8,! ,orig9 ( ! ,/ate1 9 ,its ,relation to ,tribal & ,national ,association40 #aijg47 #b ,back(5's book 0 publi%$ 9 #ahfa4 ,x 0 entitl$1 8,! ,matri>*ate2 ,/udies ( ! ,gynocratic ,cu/oms ( ! ,old ,_w 9 ,_! ,religi\s & ,legal ,aspects40 ,publi%]s1 ,krais ,h(fmann1 ,/uttg>t4 ,morgan's fundam5tal "w1 8,anci5t ,society1 or ,rese>*es 9 ! ,l9es ( ,human ,progress f ,savag]y ,?r\gh ,b>b>ism to ,civilization10 0 publi%$ 9 #ahgg by ,h5ry ,holt ,co4 8,! ,orig9 ( ! ,family10 by ,fr$]ick ,engels1 f\nd$ ^u ,morgan's inve/igations1 0 publi%$ by ,j4 ,h4 ,w4 ,dietz1 ,/uttg>t1 z 0 also 8,relation%ip ,organizations ( ! ,au/ralian ,negro2 a ,contribution to ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,family10 by ,h5ry ,cun[1 :i* appe>$ 9 #ahid4 #b4--;,family ,=ms4 ,! p]iods ( savag]y & b>b>ism 7 *>act]iz$ by s+ul> social & sex relations1 t diff] consid]ably f ^? ( lat] times4 ,back(5 & ,morgan h ?or\ghly inve/igat$ ^! relations4 ,back(5 c>ri$ on 8 inve/igations by a pr(\nd /udy ( anci5t writ+s1 ) ! purpose ( ga9+ an und]/&+ ( v>i\s ph5om5a pres5t$ 9 my?ology & anci5t hi/ory1 t impress u /rangely & yet %[ simil>ity ) facts & occurr5ces ( lat] days1 ev5 d[n to ! pres5t "t4 ,morgan c>ri$ on 8 inve/igations by sp5d+ decades ( 8 life among ! ,iroquois ,indians 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 :]eby he made new & unexpect$ obs]vations ( ! modes ( family life & sy/em ( relation%ip prevail+ among !m1 & ^! obs]vations s]v$ z a basis to place simil> obs]vations1 made else:]e1 9 ! prop] light4 ,back(5 & ,morgan discov]$1 indep5d5tly f "o ano!r1 t 9 primeval society ! relations ( ! sexes diff]$ va/ly f ^? preval5t dur+ hi/oric times & among mod]n1 civiliz$ nations4 ,morgan discov]$1 fur!rmore1 z a result ( 8 long soj\rn among ! ,iroquois ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 & 8 comp>ative /udies to :i* ^! obs]vations l$ him1 t all exi/+ primitive peoples h family relations & sy/ems ( relation%ip t diff] m>k$ly f our own1 b :i* mu/ h prevail$ g5]ally among all peoples at a remote p]iod ( civilization4 ,at ! "t :5 ,morgan liv$ among ! ,iroquois1 he f\nd t among !m exi/$ a monogam\s m>riage1 easily dissolv$ by ei!r side1 t]m$ by him ! 8pair+ family40 ,b he also f\nd t ! t]ms ( relation%ip z fa!r1 "m1 son1 daught]1 bro!r1 si/]1 al?\gh !re c\ld be no d\bt 9 our m9ds z to :om su* t]ms %\ld apply1 7 n us$ 9 _! ord9>y s5se4 ,! ,iroquois addresses z sons & daught]s n only 8 own *ildr51 b also ^? ( all 8 bro!rs1 & ^!--8 bro!rs' *ildr5--call him fa!r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,iroquois woman does n only call h] own *ildr5 sons & daught]s1 b also ^? ( all h] si/]s1 & aga9 all h] si/]s' *ildr5 call h] "m4 ,b ! *ildr5 ( h] bro!rs %e calls nephews & nieces1 & ^! call h] aunt4 ,*ildr5 ( bro!rs call "o ano!r bro!rs & si/]s1 & s d *ildr5 ( si/]s4 ,b ! *ildr5 ( a woman & h] bro!r call ea* o!r c\s9s4 ,! curi\s fact !n pres5ts itself t ! t]ms ( relation%ip are n det]m9$ by ! actual degrees ( relation%ip1 b ! sex ( ! relative4 ,?is sy/em ( k9%ip is n only fully accept$ by all ,am]ican ,indians z well z by ! aborig9es ( ,india1 ! ,dravidian tribes ( ,deckan & ! ,gaura tribes ( ,h9do/an1 b simil> sy/ems mu/ h exi/$ ev]y:]e prim>ily1 z has be5 prov5 by inve/igations t 7 und]tak5 s9ce ^? ( ,back(54 ,:5 ^! e/abli%$ facts %all be tak5 z a basis = fur!r inve/igations among liv+ savage or b>b>ic tribes1 simil> to ! inve/igations made by ,back(5 among v>i\s peoples ( ! anci5t _w1 by ,morgan among ! ,iroquois & by ,cun[ among ! ,au/ralian ,negroes1 x w be %[n t social & sex relations con/itut$ ! f\ndation = ! developm5t ( all nations ( ! _w4 ,morgan's inve/igations h reveal$ /ill o!r int]e/+ facts4 ,:ile ! 8pair+ family0 ( ! ,iroquois is 9 contradiction to ! t]ms ( relation%ip employ$ by !m1 x 0 %[n t 9 ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s 7,hawaii7 !re exi/$ up to ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury a family =m :i* actually correspond$ to t sy/em ( k9%ip t among ! ,iroquois exi/$ only 9 "n4 ,b ! ,hawaiian sy/em ( k9%ip aga9 did n agree ) ! family =m prevail+ !re at ! "t1 b po9t$ to ano!r =m ( ! family1 /ill m remote1 & no long] 9 exi/5ce4 ,!re all ! *ildr5 ( bro!rs & si/]s1 )\t exception1 7 reg>d$ z bro!rs & si/]s1 & 7 consid]$ ! common *ildr51 n only ( _! "m's & h] si/]s' or _! fa!r's & 8 bro!rs'1 b ( all ! bro!rs & si/]s ( bo? _! p>5ts4 ,! ,hawaiian sy/em ( k9%ip !n correspond$ to a degree ( developm5t t 0 /ill l[] ?an ! prevail+ family =m4 ,we are ?us confront$ by ! peculi> fact1 t 9 ,hawaii z among ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 two diff]5t sy/ems ( k9%ip 7 employ$ t no long] correspond$ to exi/+ conditions1 b _h be5 sup]s$$ by a high] =m4 ,morgan expresses himself on ?is ph5om5on 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 8,! family is ! active elem5t2 x is nev] /ation>y1 b progresses f a l[] to a high] =m 9 ! same measure 9 :i* society develops f a l[] to a high] /age4 ,b ! sy/ems ( k9%ip are passive4 ,only 9 long int]vals !y regi/] ! progress made by ! family 9 c\rse ( "t1 & only !n are !y radically *ang$ :5 ! family has done s40 ,! preval5t conception t ! pres5t family =m has exi/$ s9ce times immemorial & mu/ cont9ue to exi/ le/ our entire civilization be endang]$--a conception t is vehem5tly def5d$ by ! uphold]s ( ?+s z !y are--has be5 prov5 faulty & unt5able by ! rese>*es ( ^! sci5ti/s4 ,! /udy ( primeval hi/ory leaves no d\bt z to ! entirely diff]5t relation ( ! sexes at an e>ly p]iod ( human developm5t f _! pres5t relation1 & :5 view$ 9 ! light ( our pres5t-day conceptions1 !y seem a mon/rosity1 a mire ( immorality4 ,b z ea* /age 9 social developm5t has its own me?ods ( production1 ?us ea* /age also has its own code ( morals1 :i* is only a reflection ( its social conditions4 ,morals are det]m9$ by cu/om1 & cu/oms correspond to ! inn]mo/ nature1 t is1 to ! social necessities ( any giv5 p]iod4 ,morgan arrives at ! conclusion t 9 ! l[e/ /age ( savag]y unre/rict$ sexual int]c\rse exi/$ )9 ! tribe1 s t all ! wom5 belong$ to all ! m5 & all ! m5 belong$ to all ! wom52 t is1 a condition ( promiscuity4 ,all m5 practice polygamy1 & all wom5 practice poly&ry2 !re is a common own]%ip ( wives & husb&s z also a common own]%ip ( ! *ildr54 ,/rabo relates 7#ff ,b4 ,c47 t among ! ,arabs bro!rs h sexual int]c\rse ) _! si/]s & sons ) _! mo!rs4 ,ince/ 0 orig9ally a requirem5t to make x possible = human be+s to multiply4 ,?is explanation mu/ especially be resort$ to if we accept ! biblical /ory ( ! orig9 ( man4 ,! ,bible conta9s a contradiction 9 reg>d to ?is delicate subject4 ,x relates t ,ca91 hav+ kill$ 8 bro!r ,abel1 fl$ f ! pres5ce ( ! ,"l & liv$ 9 ! l& ( ,nod4 ,!re ,ca9 knew 8 wife & %e conceiv$ & bore a son unto him4 ,b :5ce came 8 wife8 ,ca9's p>5ts 7 ! fir/ man & woman4 ,accord+ to ! ,hebrew tradition1 two si/]s 7 born to ,ca9 & ,abel1 ) :om !y begot *ildr54 ,! ,*ri/ian translators ( ! ,bible appe> to h suppress$ ?is unpleasant fact4 ,t promiscuity prevail$ 9 a prehi/oric /age1 t ! primeval horde 0 *>act]iz$ by unre/rict$ sexual int]c\rse1 is also %[n 9 ! ,indian my? t ,brama w$d$ 8 own daught] ,s>ava/i4 ,! same my? is met ) among ! ,egyptians & 9 ! ,norse 8,edda40 ,! ,egyptian god ,ammon 0 ! husb& ( 8 "m & boa/$ ( ! fact1 & ,od91 accord+ to ! 8,edda0 0 ! husb& ( 8 own daught] ,frigga4#c ,dr4 ,adolf ,ba/ian relates3 8,9 ,swaganw>a ! daught]s ( ! ,rajah enjoy$ ! privilege ( freely *oos+ _! husb&s4 ,f\r bro!rs :o settl$ 9 ,kapilapur made ,priya1 ! elde/ ( _! five si/]s1 que5 "m & m>ri$ ! o!rs40#d ,morgan assumes t f ! /ate ( g5]al promiscuity1 a high] =m ( sexual relation gradually develop$1 ! consangu9e family4 ,"h ! m>riage gr\ps are arrang$ by g5]ations2 all ! gr&fa!rs & gr&mo!rs )9 a c]ta9 family are mutually husb&s & wives2 _! *ildr5 con/itute ano!r cycle ( husb&s & wives1 & aga9 ! *ildr5 ( ^! :5 !y h atta9$ ! prop] age4 ,9 diff]5tiation !n f ! promiscuity prevail+ at ! l[e/ /age1 we "h f9d "o g5]ation exclud$ f sexual int]c\rse ) ano!r g5]ation4 ,b bro!rs & si/]s & c\s9s ( ! fir/1 second & m remote grades are all bro!rs & si/]s & also husb&s & wives4 ,?is family =m corresponds to ! sy/em ( k9%ip t dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! la/ c5tury /ill exi/$ 9 ,hawaii 9 "n b no long] 9 fact4 ,accord+ to ! ,am]ican & ,indian sy/em ( k9%ip1 bro!r & si/] c nev] be fa!r & "m to ! same *ild1 b accord+ to ! ,hawaiian sy/em !y may4 ,! consangu9e family also prevail$ at ! "t ( ,h]odotus among ! ,massagetes4 ,( ^! he wrote3 8,e man m>ries a woman b all are p]mitt$ to h int]c\rse ) h]40#e ,simil> conditions ,back(5 proves to h exi/$ among ! ,lycians1 ,etruscans1 ,cretans1 ,a!nians1 ,lesbians & ,egyptians4 ,accord+ to ,morgan1 ! consangu9e family is succe$$ by a ?ird1 high] =m ( family relations1 :i* he calls ! 8,punaluan family0--8punaluan0 mean+ 8de> companion40 ,morgan's conception t ! consangu9e family1 f\nd$ ^u ! =mation ( m>riage classes accord+ to g5]ations1 :i* prec$$ ! ,punaluan family1 0 ! orig9al =m ( family life1 is oppos$ by ,cun[ 9 8 book ref]r$ to above4 ,cun[ does n consid] ! consangu9e family ! mo/ primitive =m ( sexual int]c\rse discov]$1 b deems x an int]m$i>y /age lead+ to ! true g5tile organization1 9 :i* /age ! g5]ic classification 9 /rata ( diff]5t ages belong+ to ! s-call$ consangu9e family1 runs p>allel = a :ile ) ! g5tile ord]4#f ,cun[ says1 fur!rmore3 ,! class division--e man & e woman be>+ ! "n ( _! class & _! totem--does n prev5t sexual int]c\rse among relations on collat]al l9es1 b x does prev5t x among relations ( prec$+ & succe$+ l9es1 p>5ts & *ildr51 aunts & nephews1 uncles & nieces4 ,t]ms z uncle1 aunt1 etc41 d5ote entire gr\ps4 ,cun[ furni%es pro( 9 reg>d to ! po9ts 9 :i* he diff]s f ,morgan4 ,b ?\gh he diff]s f ,morgan 9 _m respects1 he cle>ly def5ds him aga9/ ! attacks ( ,we/]m>ck & o!rs4 ,he says3 8,al?\gh "s ( ,morgan's !ories may be prov5 to be incorrect1 & o!rs p>tly s1 to him /ill is due ! cr$it ( hav+ be5 ! fir/ to discov] ! id5tity exi/+ betwe5 ! totem-gr\ps ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians & ! g5tile organizations ( ! ,romans4 ,he1 fur!rmore1 0 ! fir/ to %[ t our pres5t family =m & sy/em ( relation%ip is ! outcome ( a l5g?y process ( evolution4 ,we1 !re=e1 are indebt$ to him = hav+ made fur!r rese>* possible1 = hav+ laid ! f\ndation ^u :i* we may cont9ue to build40 ,9 ! introduction to 8 book he also /ates explicitly t 8 "w is p>tly a supplem5t to ,morgan's book on anci5t society4 ,we/]m>ck & ,/>cke1 to :om ,dr4 ,ziegl] especially ref]s1 w h to accept ! fact t ! orig9 & evolution ( ! family are n 9 keep+ ) _! b\rgeois prejudices4 ,cun['s refutations %\ld enlight5 ! mo/ fanatical oppon5ts ( ,morgan z to ! value ( _! opposition4 #c ,dr4 ,ziegl]1 pr(essor ( zoology at ! univ]sity ( ,freiburg1 ridicules ! idea ( atta*+ any hi/orical importance to my?s4 ,?is conception only proves ! bias$ judgm5t ( ! sci5ti/4 ,! my?s conta9 a pr(\nd mean+1 = !y h sprung f ! s\l ( ! p & are f\nd$ ^u anci5t cu/oms & traditions t h gradually disappe>$ b cont9ue to survive 9 ! my?s glorifi$ by ! halo ( religion4 ,if facts are met ) t expla9 ! my?1 !re is good gr\nd = atta*+ hi/orical importance to ! same4 #d ,dr4 ,adolf ,ba/ian1 8,travels 9 ,s+apore1 ,batavia1 ,manila & ,japan40 #e ,back(53 8,! ,matri>*ate40 #f ,9 ! g5tile ord] ea* g5s has its totem1 z liz>d1 opossum1 emu1 wolf1 be>1 etc41 f :i* ! g5s d]ives its "n4 ,! totem animal is held sacr$1 & memb]s ( ! g5s may n kill x or eat its fle%4 ,! significance ( ! totem 0 simil> to t ( ! patron sa9t among ! m$ieval guilds4 #c4--,! ,matri>*ate4 ,accord+ to ,morgan1 ! ,punaluan family beg9s ) ! exclusion ( bro!rs & si/]s on ! "m's side4 ,:]ev] a woman has sev]al husb&s1 x becomes impossible to det]m9e pat]nity4 ,pat]nity becomes a m]e fiction4 ,ev5 at pres5t1 ) ! in/itution ( monogam\s m>riage1 pat]nity--z ,goe! said 9 8 8,appr5tice%ip10 8dep5ds ^u good fai?40 ,b if pat]nity is dubi\s 9 monogam\s m>riage ev51 x is surely beyond ! possibility ( det]m9ation :]e poly&ry prevails4 ,only desc5t f ! "m c be %[n cle>ly & und5iably2 !re=e1 *ildr51 dur+ ! t]m ( ! matri>*ate1 7 t]m$ 8spurii10 se$4 ,z all social trans=mations are consummat$ inf9itely sl[ ^u a l[ /age ( developm5t1 ?us also ! transition f ! consangu9e family to ! ,punaluan family mu/ h ext5d$ ?r\gh a great l5g? ( "t1 & _m retrogressions mu/ und\bt$ly h occurr$ t c\ld /ill be p]ceiv$ 9 lat] days4 ,! imm$iate1 ext]nal cause = ! developm5t ( ! ,punaluan family may h ! necessity ( divid+ ! greatly increas$ gr\p = ! purpose ( f9d+ new soil = agricultural purposes & = ! graz+ ( h]ds4 ,b x is also probable t ) increas+ developm5t1 p gradually came to und]/& ! h>mfulness & ! impropriety ( sexual int]c\rse betwe5 bro!r & si/] & close relatives1 & t ?is recognition l$ to a diff]5t arrangem5t ( m>riage relations4 ,t ?is 0 ! case is %[n by a pretty leg5d t1 z ,cun[ tells u1 0 relat$ to ,gason among ! ,diey]is1 a tribe ( ,s\!rn ,au/ralia4 ,?is leg5d describes ! orig9 ( ! 8,murdu10 ! g5tile organization1 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 8,aft] ! creation fa!rs1 mo!rs1 bro!rs1 si/]s & o!r closely relat$ p]sons m>ri$ indiscrim9ately among !mselves1 until ! evil consequ5ces ( su* m>riages 7 cle>ly se54 ,!reupon ! lead]s held a c\ncil to consid] :at c\ld be done1 & f9ally !y begg$ ,muramura1 ! great _s1 to bid !m :at to d4 ,muramura bade !m divide ! tribe into _m bran*es & to "n ^! aft] animals & inanimate objects to di/+ui% !m f "o ano!r2 = in/ance1 ,m\se1 ,emu1 ,lizz>d1 ,ra91 etc4 ,! memb]s ( ea* gr\p %\ld n be p]mitt$ to m>ry among !mselves1 b %\ld *oose _! mates f ano!r gr\p4 ,?us ! son ( an ,emu %\ld n m>ry ! daught] ( an ,emu1 b he might m>ry ! daught] ( a ,m\se1 a ,liz>d1 a ,ra91 or any o!r family40 ,?is tradition is m plausible ?an ! biblical "o1 & %[s ! orig9 ( g5tile organization 9 ! simple/ mann]4 ,paul ,laf>gue %[$ 9 an article publi%$ 9 ! ,g]man p]iodical1 8,neue ,zeit10 t names l ,adam & ,eva did n orig9ally d5ote individual p]sons1 b 7 ! names ( g5tes 9 :i* ! ,jews 7 con/itut$ 9 prehi/oric days4 ,by 8 argum5tation ,laf>gue elucidates a numb] ( o!rwise obscure & contradictory po9ts 9 ! fir/ book ( ,moses4 ,9 ! same p]iodical ,m4 ,be] calls att5tion to ! fact t among ! ,jews a sup]/ition /ill prevails accord+ to :i* a man's "m & 8 fiancee mu/ n h ! same "n1 le/ mis=tune1 disease & dea? be br\ght ^u ! family4 ,?is is a fur!r pro( ( ! correctness ( ,laf>gue's conception4 ,g5tile organization prohibit$ m>riage betwe5 p]sons belong+ to ! same g5s4 ,accord+ to ! g5tile conception1 !n1 ! fact t a man's "m & 8 fiancee _h ! same "n1 prov$ _! belong+ to ! same g5s4 ,( c\rse1 pres5t-day ,jews are ignorant ( ! connection exi/+ betwe5 _! sup]/ition & ! anci5t g5tile organization :i* prohibit$ su* m>riages4 ,^! prohibitory laws _h ! purpose ( avoid+ ! evils result+ f close int]m>riage1 & ?\gh g5tile organization among ! ,jews has gone out ( exi/5ce ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1 we /ill see traces ( ! anci5t tradition pres]v$4 ,e>ly exp]i5ces 9 ! bre$+ ( animals may h l$ to a recognition ( ! dang]s ( inbre$+4 ,h[ f> su* exp]i5ces _h be5 develop$ may be se5 f ! fir/ book ( ,moses1 *apt] #cj1 #cb /anza1 :]e x is told h[ ,jacob *eat$ 8 fa!r-9-law ,laban by provid+ = ! bir? ( spott$ lambs & goats t 7 to be 81 accord+ to ,laban's promise4 ,?us anci5t ,israelites 7 apply+ ,d>w9's !ories 9 practice long be=e ,d>w9's "t4 ,s9ce we are discuss+ conditions t exi/$ among ! anci5t ,jews1 x w be well to quote a few fur!r facts :i* prove t 9 antiquity mat]nal law actually prevail$ among !m4 ,al?\gh 9 ! fir/ book ( ,moses1 #c1 #af1 is writt5 9 reg>d to woman3 8,& ?y desire %all be to ?y husb& & he %all rule ov] !e10 9 ! fir/ book ( ,moses1 #b1 #bd1 we f9d ! l9es3 8,!re=e %all a man leave 8 fa!r & 8 "m & %all cleave unto 8 wife & !y %all be "o fle%40 ,! same word+ is repeat$ 9 ,mat!w1 #ai1 #e2 ,m>k1 #aj1 #g1 & 9 ! epi/le to ! ,ephesians1 #e1 #ca4 ,?is comm& !n is root$ 9 mat]nal law1 = :i* int]pret]s ( ! ,bible _h no explanation &1 !re=e1 pres5t$ x incorrectly4 ,mat]nal law is likewise %[n to h exi/$ 9 ! f\r? book ( ,moses1 #cb1 #da4 ,!re x is said t ,jair _h a fa!r ( ! tribe ( ,juda1 b 8 "m came f ! tribe ( ,manasseh1 & ,jair is explicitly call$ ! son ( ,manasseh & became heir to t tribe4 ,9 ,nehemiah1 #g1 #fc1 we f9d /ill ano!r example ( mat]nal law among ! anci5t ,jews4 ,!re ! *ildr5 ( a prie/ :o m>ri$ "o ( ! daught]s ( ,b>zillai1 a ,jewi% clan1 are call$ ! *ildr5 ( ,b>zillai4 ,!y are1 accord+ly1 n call$ by _! fa!r's b by _! "m's "n4 ,9 ! ,punaluan family1 accord+ to ,morgan1 "o or m s]ies ( si/]s ( "o family gr\p m>ri$ "o or m s]ies ( bro!rs ( ano!r family gr\p4 ,a numb] ( si/]s or c\s9s ( ! fir/1 second & m remote degrees 7 ! common wives ( _! common husb&s1 :o 7 n p]mitt$ to be _! bro!rs4 ,a numb] ( bro!rs or c\s9s ( v>i\s degrees 7 ! common husb&s ( _! common wives1 :o 7 n p]mitt$ to be _! si/]s4 ,z inbre$+ 0 !reby prohibit$1 ?is new =m ( m>riage 0 favorable to high] & m rapid developm5t1 & gave ^? tribes t _h adopt$ ?is family =m an advantage ov] ^? :o ma9ta9$ ! old =m ( sex relations4 ,! foll[+ sy/em ( k9%ip result$ f ! ,punaluan family3 ,! *ildr5 ( my "m's si/]s are h] *ildr51 & ! *ildr5 ( my fa!r's bro!rs are 8 *ildr51 & all are my bro!rs & si/]s4 ,b ! *ildr5 ( my "m's bro!rs are h] nephews & nieces & ! *ildr5 ( my fa!r's si/]s are 8 nephews & nieces1 & all are my c\s9s4 ,! husb&s ( my "m's si/]s are /ill h] husb&s & ! wives ( my fa!r's bro!rs are /ill 8 wives1 b ! si/]s ( my fa!r & ! bro!rs ( my "m are exclud$ f ! family gr\p1 & _! *ildr5 are my c\s9s4#g ,) increas+ civilization sexual int]c\rse among bro!rs & si/]s is put "u ! ban1 & ?is is gradually ext5d$ to all collat]al relatives on ! "m's side4 ,a new consangu9e family1 ! g5s1 is evolv$ t orig9ally consi/s ( natural & remote si/]s & _! *ildr51 toge!r ) _! natural or remote bro!rs on ! "m's side4 ,! g5s has a common ance/ress to :om ! gr\ps ( female g5]ations trace _! desc5t4 ,! m5 d n belong to ! g5s ( _! wives1 b to ! g5s ( _! si/]s4 ,b ! *ildr5 ( ^! m5 belong to ! g5s ( _! mo!rs1 because desc5t is trac$ f ! "m4 ,! "m is consid]$ ! head ( ! family4 ,?us ! matri>*ate 0 evolv$ t = a long "t con/itut$ ! f\ndation ( family relations & inh]itance4 ,:ile ! mat]nal law prevail$1 wom5 _h a voice & vote 9 ! c\ncils ( ! g5s1 !y help$ to elect ! sa*ems & lead]s & to depose !m4 ,:5 ,hannibal =m$ an alliance ) ! ,gauls aga9/ ! ,romans1 he decid$ t 9 case disputes %\ld arise among ! allies1 ! ,gallic matrons %\ld be intru/$ ) ! mission ( arbitrat+2 s great 0 8 confid5ce 9 _! imp>tiality4 ,( ! ,lycians :o recogniz$ mat]nal law ,h]odotus tells u3 8,_! cu/oms are p>tly ,cretan & p>tly ,c>ian4 ,b !y h "o cu/om t di/+ui%es !m f all o!r nations 9 ! _w4 ,if y ask a ,lycian :o he is1 he w tell y 8 "n1 8 "m's "n1 & s on 9 ! l9e ( female desc5t4 ,moreov]1 :5 a free woman m>ries a slave1 h] *ildr5 rema9 free citiz5s4 ,b if a man m>ries a =eign woman or takes unto himself a concub9e1 8 *ildr5 are depriv$ ( all civic rights1 ev5 ?\gh he be ! mo/ em95t man 9 ! /ate40 ,at t "t 8matrimonium0 0 spok5 ( in/ead ( 8patrimonium10 8mat] familias0 0 said in/ead ( 8pat] familias10 & "o's native c\ntry 0 ref]r$ to z ! mo!rl&4 ,j z ! e>li] family =ms1 ! g5s 0 f\nd$ on ! common own]%ip ( prop]ty1 t is1 x 0 a communi/ic =m ( society4 ,woman 0 ! lead] & rul] 9 ?is k9%ip organization & 0 highly respect$1 h] op9ion c\nt+ = mu* 9 ! h\sehold z well z 9 ! affairs ( ! tribe4 ,%e is peacemak] & judge1 & dis*>ges ! duties ( religi\s wor%ip z prie/ess4 ,! frequ5t appe>ance ( que5s & wom5 rul]s 9 antiquity1 & ! p[] wield$ by !m ev5 :5 _! sons 7 ! actual rul]s1 :i* 0 ! case 9 ,egypt1 = in/ance1 0 an outcome ( ! matri>*ate4 ,dur+ t p]iod my?ological *>act]s are *iefly fem99e1 z se5 f ! goddesses ,a/>te1 ,demet]1 ,c]es1 ,latona1 ,isis1 ,frigga1 ,freya1 ,g]da1 & _m o!rs4 ,woman is invuln]able2 matricide is deem$ ! mo/ dreadful crime t calls ^u all m5 = v5geance4 ,x is ! common duty ( all ! m5 ( ! tribe1 to av5ge an injury inflict$ ^u any memb] ( _! k9%ip by a memb] ( any o!r tribe4 ,def5se ( ! wom5 incites ! m5 to highe/ brav]y4 ,?us ! influ5ce ( ! matri>*ate 0 p]ceiv$ 9 all social relations ( ! anci5t peoples1 among ! ,babylonians1 ! ,egyptians1 ! ,assyrians1 ! ,greeks be=e ! h]oic age1 ! ,italic tribes be=e ! f\nd+ ( ,rome1 ! ,scy?ians1 ! ,gauls1 ! ,ib]ians1 ! ,cantabrians1 ! ,g]mans1 & o!rs4 ,at t "t woman held a position 9 society z %e has nev] held s9ce4 ,tacitus says 9 8 8,g]mania03 8,! ,g]mans believe t )9 e woman dwells some?+ holy & prophetic2 !re=e !y honor woman's op9ion & foll[ h] advice40 ,diodorus1 :o liv$ at ! "t ( ,cs>1 0 q indignant ov] ! position ( wom5 9 ,egypt4 ,he _h he>d t 9 ,egypt n sons b daught]s support$ _! ag$ p>5ts4 ,he !re=e spoke disp>ag+ly ( ! h5-peck$ m5 at ! ,nile1 :o grant$ rights & privileges to ! weak] sex t seem$ outrage\s to a ,greek or a ,roman4 ,"u mat]nal law comp>atively peaceful conditions prevail$4 ,social relations 7 simple & n>r[ & ! mode ( life 0 a primitive "o4 ,! v>i\s tribes kept alo( f "o ano!r & respect$ ea* o!r's doma94 ,if "o tribe 0 attack$ by ano!r ! m5 took up arms = def5se & 7 ably support$ by ! wom54 ,accord+ to ,h]odotus1 ! wom5 ( ! ,scy?ians took "p 9 battles2 virg9s--s he claims--7 n p]mitt$ to m>ry until !y _h sla9 an enemy4 ,tak5 all 9 all1 ! physical & m5tal diff]5ces betwe5 man & woman 7 n ne>ly z great 9 primeval days z !y are at pres5t4 ,among almo/ all savage & b>b>ian tribes1 ! diff]5ces 9 ! size & weight ( bra9s tak5 f male & female individuals1 are small] ?an among civiliz$ nations4 ,also ! wom5 ( ^! tribes are n inf]ior to ! m5 9 physical /r5g? & skill4 ,pro( ( ?is is furni%$ n only by ! writ]s ( antiquity 9 reg>d to peoples liv+ "u mat]nal law1 b also by ! ,amazon regim5ts ( ! ,a%antis & ! ,k+ ( ,dahome 9 ,we/]n ,africa1 t excel 9 f]ocity & c\rage4 ,:at ,tacitus relates 9 reg>d to ! wom5 ( ! anci5t ,g]mans1 & ,cs>'s op9ion ( ! wom5 ( ! ,ib]ians & ! ,scots1 furni% additional pro(4 ,columbus 0 attack$ ne> ,santa ,cruz by a troop ( ,indians 9 a small sloop 9 :i* ! wom5 f\ght z bravely z ! m54 ,?is conception is fur!rmore confirm$ by ,havelock ,ellis3 8,among ! ,&ombies on ! ,congo1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,h4 ,h4 ,john/one1 ! wom51 ?\gh work+ v h>d z c>ri]s & z labor]s 9 g5]al1 lead an entirely happy exi/5ce2 !y are (t5 /rong] ?an ! m5 & m f9ely develop$1 "s ( !m1 he tells u1 hav+ really spl5did figures4 ,& ,p>ke1 speak+ ( ! ,manyuema ( ! ,arruwimi 9 ! same region1 says t !y are f9e animals & ! wom5 v h&some2 !y c>ry loads z heavy z ^? ( ! m5 & d x q z well4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica aga9 an ,indian *ief said to ,he>ne3 ,wom5 7 made = labor2 "o ( !m c c>ry or haul z mu* z two m5 c d4 ,s*ellong1 :o has c>efully /udi$ ! ,papuans 9 ! ,g]man protectorate ( ,new ,gu9ea f ! an?ropological po9t ( view1 consid]s t ! wom5 are m /rongly built ?an ! m54 ,9 ,c5tral ,au/ralia aga91 ! m5 occasionally beat ! wom5 ?r\gh jeal\sy1 b on su* occasions x is by no means r>e = ! woman1 s+le-h&$1 to beat ! man sev]ely4 ,at ,cuba1 ! wom5 f\ght beside ! m5 & enjoy$ great indep5d5ce4 ,among "s races ( ,india1 ! ,pueblos ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ! ,patagonians1 ! wom5 are z l>ge z ! m54 ,s among ! ,afghans1 ) :om ! wom5 9 c]ta9 tribes enjoy a consid]able am\nt ( p[]4 ,ev5 among ! ,arabs & ,druses x has be5 not$ t ! wom5 are ne>ly z l>ge z ! m54 ,& among ,russians ! sexes are m alike ?an among ! ,engli% or ,fr5*40#h ,9 ! g5s wom5 sometimes rul$ ) sev]ity1 & woe to ! man :o 0 too lazy or too clumsy to contribute 8 %>e to ! common su/5ance4 ,he 0 ca/ out & 0 oblig$ ei!r to return to 8 own g5s1 :]e he 0 n likely to be receiv$ k9dly1 or to ga9 admission into ano!r g5s :]e he 0 judg$ less h>%ly4 ,t ?is =m ( matrimony has be5 ma9ta9$ by ! natives ( ,c5tral ,africa to ?is v day 0 exp]i5c$ by ,liv+/one1 to 8 great surprise1 z relat$ by him 9 8 book1 8,mission>y ,travels & ,rese>*es 9 ,s\!rn ,africa40 ,at ! ,zambesi he enc\nt]$ ! ,balonda1 a /rong & h&some ,negro tribe1 engag$ 9 agricultural pursuits1 & 0 soon able to confirm ! reports made to him by ,portugiese1 :i* he _h at fir/ decl9$ to believe1 t ! wom5 held a sup]ior position among !m4 ,!y are memb]s ( ! tribal c\ncil4 ,:5 a "y man m>ries1 he mu/ migrate f 8 village into ! "o 9 :i* 8 wife resides4 ,he mu/ at ! same "t pl$ge himself to provide 8 "m-9-law ) k9dl+ wood = lifetime4 ,! woman1 9 turn1 mu/ provide h] husb&'s food4 ,al?\gh m9or qu>rels betwe5 man & wife occasionally occurr$1 ,liv+/one f\nd t ! m5 did n rebel aga9/ female supremacy4 ,b he f\nd1 on ! o!r h&1 t :5 m5 _h insult$ _! wives1 !y 7 sev]ely puni%$--by _! /oma*s4 ,! man--s ,liv+/one relates--comes home to eat1 b is s5t f "o woman to ano!r & is n giv5 any?+4 ,tir$ & hungry1 he f9ally climbs ^u a tree 9 ! mo/ popul\s "p ( ! village & exclaims1 ) a woe-begone voice3 8,h>k1 h>k6 ,i ?\ght ,i _h m>ri$ wom51 b !y are wit*es6 ,i am a ba*elor2 ,i h n a s+le wife6 ,is t j & fair to a "l l myself860 #g ,fr$]ick ,engels3 8,orig9 ( ! ,family40 #h ,havelock ,ellis3 8,man & ,woman40 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,conflict betwe5 ,matri>*ate & ,patri>*ate4 #a4--,rise ( ! ,patri>*ate4 ,) ! increase 9 population a numb] ( si/] g5tes arose t aga9 br\ght =? sev]al daught] g5tes4 ,! "m g5s 0 di/+ui%$ f ^! z ! phratry4 ,a numb] ( phratries con/itut$ ! tribe4 ,s /rong 0 ?is social organization t x /ill con/itut$ ! unit ( milit>y organization 9 ! /ates ( antiquity1 :5 ! old g5tile con/itution _h already be5 ab&on$4 ,! tribe 0 subdivid$ into sev]al bran*es1 all hav+ a common con/itution & 9 ea* ( :i* ! old g5s c\ld be recogniz$4 ,b z ! g5tile con/itution prohibit$ int]m>riage among remote relatives ev5 on ! "m's side1 x und]m9$ its own exi/5ce4 ,a social & economic developm5t made ! relation ( ! v>i\s g5tes to "o ano!r m & m complicat$1 ! int]dict ( m>riage betwe5 c]ta9 gr\ps became unt5able & ceas$ to be obs]v$4 ,:ile production ( ! necessities ( life 0 at its l[e/ /age ( developm5t1 & de/9$ to satisfy only ! simple/ dem&s1 ! activities ( m5 & wom5 7 ess5tially ! same4 ,b ) increas+ division ( labor !re result$ n only a div]sity ( occupations1 b a div]sity ( possessions z well4 ,fi%+1 hunt+1 cattle-bre$+ & agriculture1 & ! manufacture ( tools & implem5ts1 necessitat$ special k1 & ^! became ! special prov9ce ( ! m54 ,man took ! lead along ^! l9es ( developm5t & accord+ly became ma/] & own] ( ^! new s\rces ( weal?4 ,increas+ population & ! desire = an ext5sive own]%ip ( l& = agricultural & pa/oral purposes1 l$ to /ruggles & battles ov] ! possession ( su* l&2 x also l$ to a dem& = labor-p[]4 ,an increase 9 labor-p[] meant great] weal? 9 produce & flock4 ,to procure su* labor-p[] ! rape ( wom5 0 at fir/ resort$ to1 & !n ! enslavem5t ( vanqui%$ m51 :o _h =m]ly be5 kill$4 ,?us two new elem5ts 7 introduc$ into ! old g5tile con/itution t 7 incompatible ) its v nature4 ,/ill ano!r factor came into play4 ,! division ( labor & ! gr[+ dem& = tools1 implem5ts1 weapons1 etc41 l$ to a developm5t ( h&icraft along di/9ct l9es ap>t f agriculture4 ,a special class ( craftsm5 arose1 ^: int]e/s 9 reg>d to ! own]%ip & inh]itance ( prop]ty div]g$ consid]ably f ^? ( ! agricultural class4 ,z long z desc5t 0 trac$ f female l9eage1 memb]s ( ! g5s became heirs to _! deceas$ relatives on ! "m's side4 ,all prop]ty rema9$ )9 ! g5s4 ,"u ! *ang$ conditions ! fa!r _h become own] ( flocks & slaves1 weapons & produce1 b be+ a memb] ( 8 "m's g5s he c\ld n w 8 prop]ty to 8 *ildr51 b _h to leave same to 8 bro!rs & si/]s or to 8 si/]s' *ildr54 ,8 own *ildr5 7 dis9h]it$4 ,a /rong desire = *ang+ ?is /ate ( affairs !re=e began to manife/ itself1 & x 0 *ang$ accord+ly4 ,polygamy & poly&ry gave way to ! pair+ family4 ,a c]ta9 man liv$ ) a c]ta9 woman1 & ! *ildr5 born f ?is relation 7 _! *ildr54 ,^! pair+ families develop$ gradually1 be+ hamp]$ by ! m>riage int]dicts ( ! g5tile con/itution1 b favor$ by ! above enum]at$ economic causes4 ,! old h\sehold communities 7 n 9 keep+ ) ! idea ( private prop]ty4 ,class & occupation became det]m9+ factors 9 ! *oice ( a place ( resid5ce4 ,an increas$ production ( commodities gave rise to comm]ce among neighbor+ & m widely sep>at$ nations & necessitat$ ! developm5t ( f9ance4 ,man 0 ! "o to conduct & control ?is developm5t4 ,8 private int]e/s1 !re=e1 7 no long] h>moni\s to ! old g5tile organization2 on ! contr>y1 !y 7 frequ5tly diametrically oppos$ to x4 ,!re=e ?is organization became ( less & less importance1 & f9ally all t rema9$ ( ! g5s 0 ! conduct+ ( a numb] ( religi\s rites )9 ! family gr\p4 ,! economic significance 0 lo/ & ! f9al dissolution ( ! g5tile con/itution only rema9$ a "q ( "t4 ,) ! break+ up ( ! old g5tile organization ! p[] & influ5ce ( woman rapidly decl9$4 ,! matri>*ate disappe>$ & ! patri>*ate took its place4 ,man1 be+ an own] ( private prop]ty1 _h an int]e/ 9 hav+ legitimate *ildr5 to :om he c\ld w 8 prop]ty1 & he1 !re=e1 =c$ ^u woman ! prohibition ( int]c\rse ) o!r m54 ,b = himself he res]v$ ! "r ( ma9ta9+ z _m concub9es z 8 means w\ld p]mit beside 8 legitimate wife or wives1 & _! (fspr+ 7 reg>d$ z legitimate *ildr54 ,! ,bible furni%es important evid5ce on ?is subject 9 two in/ances4 ,9 ! fir/ book ( ,moses1 #af1 #a & #b1 x says3 8,s>ai1 ,abram's wife1 bore him no *ildr52 & %e _h an h&maid1 an ,egyptian1 ^: "n 0 ,hag>4 ,& ,s>ai said unto ,abram3 ,behold n[1 ! ,"l ha? re/ra9$ me f be>+2 ,i pray !e1 g 9 unto my maid2 x may be t ,i may obta9 *ildr5 by h]4 ,& ,abram he>k5$ to ! voice ( ,s>ai40 ,! second notewor?y evid5ce is f\nd 9 ! fir/ book ( ,moses1 #cj1 #a2 x reads z foll[s3 8,& :5 ,ra*el saw t %e bore ,jacob no *ildr51 ,ra*el envi$ h] si/]1 & said unto ,jacob3 ,give me *ildr5 or else ,i die4 ,& ,jacob's ang] 0 k9dl$ aga9/ ,ra*el & he said3 ,am ,i 9 ,god's /ead :o has )held f !e ! fruit ( ! womb8 ,& %e said3 ,behold my maid1 ,billah1 g 9 unto h]2 & %e %all be> ^u my knees t ,i may also h *ildr5 by h]4 ,& %e gave him ,billah1 h] h&maid1 to wife1 & ,jacob w5t 9 unto h]40 ,?us ,jacob 0 n only m>ri$ to two si/]s1 ! daught]s ( ,laban1 b bo? also gave him _! h&maids to wives1 a cu/om t 0 n immoral accord+ to ! moral conceptions ( ! "t4 ,8 two *ief wives he _h m>ri$ by pur*ase1 hav+ s]v$ _! fa!r ,laban sev5 ye>s = ea* ( !m4 ,at t "t x 0 ! g5]al cu/om among ! ,jews to pur*ase wives1 b besides !y c>ri$ on a widespread robb]y ( wom5 f nations conqu]$ by !m4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ! ,b5jamites robb$ ! daught]s ( ,%iloh4 ,! captur$ woman became a slave1 a concub9e4 ,b %e c\ld be rais$ to ! position ( a legitimate wife1 ^u fulfillm5t ( ! foll[+ comm&3 ,%e _h to cut h] hair & nails & ex*ange ! g>m5ts 9 :i* %e 0 captur$ ) o!rs giv5 to h] by h] captors4 ,!reupon %e _h to m\rn = h] fa!r & "m dur+ an entire mon?1 h] m\rn+ be+ de/9$ to signify t h] p 7 dead to h]4 ,^! regulations hav+ be5 compli$ )1 %e c\ld ent] into w$lock4 ,! greate/ numb] ( wom5 7 own$ by ,k+ ,solomon1 :o1 accord+ to ! fir/ book ( ,k+s1 *apt] #aa1 _h no less ?an #gjj wives & #cjj concub9es4 ,z soon z ! patri>*ate1 t is1 pat]nal desc5t1 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! g5tile organization ( ! ,jews1 ! daught]s 7 exclud$ f inh]itance4 ,lat] ?is rule 0 modifi$ 9 cases :5 a fa!r left no sons4 ,?is is %[n 9 ! f\r? book ( ,moses1 #bg1 #b-h4 ,!re x is told t :5 ,zelophehad di$ )\t leav+ sons1 8 daught]s compla9$ bitt]ly t !y %\ld be exclud$ f _! fa!r's inh]itance t 0 to pass to ! tribe ( ,joseph4 ,moses decides t 9 ?is case ! daught]s %\ld be heirs to _! fa!r4 ,b :51 accord+ to an old cu/om1 !y decide to *oose husb&s f ano!r tribe1 ! tribe ( ,joseph compla9 t !reby !y are los+ an h]itage4 ,!reupon ,moses decides t ! heiresses may *oose freely1 b t !y mu/ make _! *oice f among ! m5 9 _! fa!r's tribe4 ,s x 0 9 behalf ( prop]ty t ! old m>riage laws 7 annull$4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 9 ! days ( ! old ,te/am5t1 i4 e41 9 hi/orical times1 ! patri>*al sy/em 0 preval5t among ! ,jews1 & ! clan & tribal organization 7 f\nd$ on desc5t 9 ! male l9e1 z 0 ! case ) ! ,romans4 ,accord+ to ?is sy/em ! daught]s 7 exclud$ f inh]itance4 ,?us we read 9 ! fir/ book ( ,moses1 #ca1 #ad & #ae1 ! compla9t ( ,lea & ,ra*el1 daught]s ( ,laban3 8,is !re yet any portion or inh]itance = u 9 our fa!r's h\se8 ,are we n c\nt$ ( him /rang]s8 ,= he ha? sold u & ha? q dev\r$ also our money40 ,among ! anci5t ,jews1 z among all o!r nations :]e ! matri>*ate 0 succe$$ by ! patri>*ate1 wom5 7 utt]ly devoid ( rights4 ,m>riage 0 a pur*ase ( ! woman4 ,absolute *a/ity 0 dem&$ ( h]2 b n s ( ! man1 :o moreov] 0 entitl$ to h sev]al wives4 ,if ! man _h cause to believe t ! woman _h lo/ h] virg9ity prior to m>riage1 he 0 n only entitl$ to ca/ h] (f1 %e might also be /on$ to dea?4 ,! same puni%m5t 0 met$ out to ! adult]ess2 b ! man 0 subject$ to ! same puni%m5t only !n :5 he committ$ adult]y ) a ,jewi% matron4 ,accord+ to ! fir/ book ( ,moses1 #bd1 #a-d1 a man 0 entitl$ to ca/ (f a woman he _h j m>ri$ if %e f\nd no favor 9 8 eyes1 ev5 ?\gh 8 displeasure be only a :im4 ,!n he might write h] a bill ( divorcem5t1 give x 9 h] h& & s5d h] out ( 8 h\se4 ,a fur!r pro( ( ! degrad$ position ( woman among ! ,jews may be ga!r$ f ! fact t to ?is day wom5 att5d s]vices 9 ! synagogue 9 a space sep>at$ f ! m51 & are n includ$ 9 ! pray]4#i ,accord+ to ! ,jewi% conception1 woman is n a memb] ( ! congregation2 9 religion & politics %e is a m]e ciph]4 ,:5 t5 m5 are assembl$ !y may hold s]vices1 b wom5 are n p]mitt$ to d s1 no matt] h[ _m ( !m are assembl$4 ,9 ,a!ns1 ,solon decre$ t a wid[ %\ld m>ry h] ne>e/ relation on h] fa!r's side1 ev5 if bo? belong to ! same g5s1 al?\gh su* m>riages 7 =bidd5 by an e>li] law4 ,solon likewise decre$ t a p]son hold+ prop]ty ne$ n w x to 8 g5s b might1 9 case he 7 *ildless1 w x to :omsoev] he pleas$4 ,we see1 !n1 t man1 in/ead ( rul+ 8 prop]ty1 is be+ rul$ by x4 ,) ! e/abli%$ rule ( private prop]ty ! subjugation ( woman by man 0 accompli%$4 ,z a result ( ?is subjugation1 woman came to be reg>d$ z an inf]ior be+ & to be despis$4 ,! matri>*ate impli$ communism & equality ( all4 ,! rise ( ! patri>*ate impli$ ! rule ( private prop]ty & ! subjugation & enslavem5t ( woman4 ,! cons]vative ,ari/ophanes recogniz$ ?is tru? 9 8 com$y1 8,! ,popul> ,assembly ( ,wom510 = he has ! wom5 introduce communism z soon z !y h ga9$ control ( ! /ate1 & !n proce$s to c>icature communism grossly 9 ord] to discr$it ! wom54 ,x is difficult to %[ h[ ! details ( ?is great trans=mation 7 accompli%$4 ,?is fir/ great revolution t took place 9 human society 0 n accompli%$ simultane\sly among all ! civiliz$ nations ( antiquity1 & has probably n develop$ ev]y:]e along ! same l9es4 ,among ! tribes ( ,greece1 ! new ord] ( ?+s atta9$ validity prim>ily 9 ,a!ns4 ,fr$]ick ,engels holds ! op9ion t ?is great trans=mation 0 br\ght ab\t peaceably1 & t1 all prelim9>y conditions mak+ su* a *ange desirable be+ giv51 a m]e vote on ! matt] 9 ! g5tes suffic$ to put ! patri>*al sy/em 9 place ( ! matri>*al sy/em4 ,back(51 on ! o!r h&1 believes--8 op9ion f\nd$ on anci5t writ]s--t ! wom5 vehem5tly oppos$ ?is social trans=mation4 ,he consid]s _m my?s ( ! ,amazon k+doms t are met ) 9 ! hi/ories ( ,ori5tal c\ntries1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica & ,*9a1 pro(s ( ! /ruggle & opposition ( wom5 aga9/ ! new ord]4 ,) ! rise ( male supremacy ! wom5 7 depriv$ ( _! =m] position 9 ! community4 ,!y 7 exclud$ f ! c\ncil & lo/ _! det]m9+ influ5ce4 ,m5 compell$ wom5 to be fai?ful 9 m>riage )\t recogniz+ a simil> duty on _! "p4 ,:5 a woman is fai?less1 %e commits ! wor/ deception to :i* a citiz5 ( ! new ord] c fall a victim2 %e br+s ano!r man's *ildr5 into 8 h\se to become ! heirs ( 8 prop]ty4 ,t is :y among all ! anci5t peoples adult]y1 :5 committ$ by a woman1 0 puni%able by dea? or slav]y4 #i ,9 ! olde/ qu>t] ( ,prague is an old synagogue1 built dur+ ! six? c5tury1 ! olde/ synagogue 9 ,g]many4 ,^u desc5d+ ab\t sev5 /eps into ! dusky *amb]1 ! visitor beholds a r[ ( small loop-holes on ! opposite wall lead+ into an utt]ly d>k room4 ,^u inquiry we are told by ! guide t ?is is ! woman's room1 :]e ! wom5 att5d$ s]vices4 ,mod]n synagogues are less gloomy1 b ! sep>ation ( m5 & wom5 is /ill ma9ta9$4 #b4--,traces ( ! ,matri>*ate 9 ,greek ,my?s & ,dramas4 ,al?\gh ! wom5 7 ?us depriv$ ( _! =m] influ5tial position1 ! cu/oms connect$ ) ! anci5t cults cont9u$ to dom9ate ! m9ds = c5turies2 only _! deep] mean+ 0 gradually lo/1 & x rema9$ = ! pres5t "t to inve/igate !m4 ,?us x 0 cu/om>y 9 ,greece t wom5 appeal$ = advice & help to ! goddesses only4 ,! annual celebration ( ! ,!smophoria cle>ly d]iv$ its orig9 f matri>*al times4 ,ev5 9 lat] days ,greek wom5 /ill celebrat$ ?is fe/ival 9 honor ( ,demet]1 :i* la/$ = five days1 & 9 :i* no man 0 all[$ to p>ticipate4 ,a fe/ival ( ! same "* 0 held annually 9 ,rome 9 honor ( ,c]es4 ,demet] & ,c]es 7 ! goddesses ( fecundity4 ,9 ,g]many1 simil> fe/ivals 7 obs]v$ up to ! ,*ri/ian middle ages4 ,^! 7 consecrat$ to ,frigga1 ! anci5t ,g]man goddess ( fecundity1 & "h also m5 7 exclud$ f p>ticipation4 ,9 ,a!ns1 ! matri>*ate _h to make way to ! patri>*ate at an e>ly p]iod1 b app>5tly n )\t /rong opposition on ! "p ( ! wom54 ,! trag$y ( ! trans=mation is pa!tically pres5t$ 9 ! 8,eum5ides0 by ,aes*ylus4 ,! foll[+ is a synopsis ( ! /ory3 ,agamemnon1 ,k+ ( ,myc5ae1 husb& ( ,klytaemne/ra1 on 8 exp$ition to ,troy1 sacrifices 8 daught] ,iphig5eia1 9 ob$i5ce to a comm& ( ! oracle4 ,! "m is enrag$ ov] ! sacrifice ( h] *ild t1 9 accordance ) natural law1 does n belong to h] husb&1 & dur+ ,agamemnon's abs5ce %e accepts ,aeghi/us z h] husb&1 !reby n committ+ any objectionable act accord+ to ! anci5t laws4 ,:5 ,agamemnon returns to ,myc5ae1 aft] an abs5ce ( _m ye>s1 he is murd]$ by ,aeghi/us1 :om ,klytaemne/ra has incit$ to ?is de$4 ,ore/es1 son ( ,agamemnon & ,klytaemne/ra1 ^u a comm& f ,apollo & ,m9]va1 av5ges 8 fa!r's dea? by kill+ 8 "m & ,aeghi/us4 ,! ,eum5ides1 repres5t+ ! old mat]nal law1 prosecute ,ore/es = ! murd] ( 8 "m4 ,apollo & ,m9]va--! latt]1 accord+ to ! my?1 n hav+ be5 born by a "m1 s9ce %e sprang f ! head ( ,zeus 9 full armor--def5d ,ore/es1 = !y repres5t ! new pat]nal law4 ,! case is br\ght be=e ! areopagus & ! foll[+ dialogue ensues 9 :i* ! two conflict+ views are express$3 ,eum5ides3 ,! prophet 7,apollo7 bade !e !n become a matricide8 ,ore/es3 ,aye2 & ,i nev] yet my de/9y regrett$4 ,eum5ides3 ,:5 judgm5t w be giv5 ?\ wilt n speak ?us4 ,ore/es3 ,p]haps4 ,b f 8 grave my fa!r w s5d aid4 ,eum5ides3 ,:at hope/ f ! dead ?\1 :o ha/ kill$ ?y "m8 ,ore/es3 ,%e _h be5 guilty ( a d\ble1 bloody crime4 ,eum5ides3 ,h[ s8 ,expla9 unto ! judges :at y mean4 ,ore/es3 ,%e kill$ h] husb& & %e !reby kill$ my fa!r4 ,eum5ides3 ,h] crime %e expiat$ n[1 b y /ill live4 ,ore/es3 ,:y did y fail to prosecute h] :ile %e liv$8 ,eum5ides3 ,%e 0 no blood relation to ! man %e kill$4 ,ore/es3 ,b ,i1 s y ass]t1 am ( my "m's blood4 ,eum5ides3 ,did %e1 ?\ bloody "o1 n be> !e 'nea? h] he>t8 ,w\ld/ ?\ ?y "m's sacr$ blood d5y8 ,! ,eum5ides accord+ly d n recognize ! "r ( ! fa!r & husb&4 ,!y proclaim mat]nal law4 ,t ,klytaemne/ra caus$ ! murd] ( h] husb& seems unimportant to !m1 = he 0 a /rang] to h]4 ,b !y dem& puni%m5t ( ! matricide1 = by kill+ 8 "m1 ,ore/es committ$ ! mo/ unp>donable crime t c\ld be committ$ "u ! dom9ance ( ! g5tile organization4 ,apollo1 on ! o!r h&1 holds ! opposite po9t ( view4 ,^u a comm& f ,zeus he has induc$ ,ore/es to murd] 8 own "m to av5ge ! patricide1 & be=e ! judges he ?us def5ds ! de$3 ,!n say ,i1 li/5 ye unto my ^w ( ju/ice3 ,! "m is n procreatrix to h] *ild2 ,%e only ! awak5$ life do? keep & be>4 ,! fa!r is ! procreator2 %e b keeps ,! =feit = h] fri5d1 unless a god de/roy x ,i w submit a pro( t _c be d5i$4 ,= "o c h a fa!r1 yet no "m h4 ,m9]va1 daught] ( ! great ,olympian ,zeus1 ,)9 ! d>kness ( a "m's womb ne'er re/$1 ,& yet no goddess e'er gave bir? to fair] (fspr+4 ,accord+ to ,apollo1 !n1 procreation gives ! fa!r a sup]ior "r1 :ile ! view t _h prevail$ until !n proclaim$ ! "m1 :o gives life to ! *ild by h] own blood1 ! *ild's sole possessor1 & deem$ ! *ild's fa!r a m]e /rang] to h]4 ,!re=e1 ! ,eum5ides reply to ! views ( ,apollo3 ,?\ ov]?r[e/ =ces ( remote/ days4444 ,?\1 ! "y god1 w\ld/ u1 ! anci5t ones1 de?rone4 ,! judges prep>e to pron\nce _! v]dict2 half ( !m favor ! old law & ! o!r half favor ! new1 giv+ an equal numb] ( votes to bo? sides4 ,!re ,m9]va seizes a ballot f ! alt> & ca/+ x into ! urn %e exclaims3 ,m9e is ! "r to utt] f9al judgm5t "h1 ,& = ,ore/es ,i ca/ 9 ! urn ?is /one2 ,= unto me no "m 0 :o gave me bir?1 ,!re=e ) all my he>t all manly ?+s ,i praise ,except+ m>riage4 ,= ,i am my fa!r's q4 ,less crim9al ,i deem ! murd] ( ?is woman1 ,because h] husb& %e has kill$1 ! home's ma9ta9]4 ,?\gh ev5 be ! vote1 ,ore/es is victori\s4 ,ano!r my? depicts ! fall ( ! matri>*ate 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,dur+ ! rule ( ,cecrops1 a d\ble miracle occurr$4 ,simultane\sly an olive-tree sprang f ! e>? at "o place1 & a well at ano!r4 ,! fright5$ k+ s5t a mess5g] to ,delphi to "q ! oracle conc]n+ ! mean+ ( ^! miracles4 ,! reply 03 ,! olive-tree repres5ts ,m9]va1 ! wat] repres5ts ,neptune1 & ! citiz5s may decide aft] :om ( ! two deities !y *oose to "n _! city4 ,cecrops summon$ ! popul> assembly1 9 :i* bo? m5 & wom5 7 entitl$ to vote4 ,! m5 vot$ = ,neptune1 & ! wom5 = ,m9]va1 & s9ce ! wom5 _h a majority ( "o vote1 ,m9]va 0 victori\s4 ,!reupon ,neptune became infuriat$ & let ! sea flood ! l&s ( ! ,a!nians4 ,to appease ! fury ( ! god1 ! ,a!nians !n inflict$ ?reefold puni%m5t ^u _! wom54 ,!y 7 to be disfran*is$1 _! *ildr5 7 no long] to be> _! "m's "n1 & !y !mselves %\ld no long] be call$ ,a!nians4#aj ,?us ! new ord] 0 e/abli%$4 ,! fa!r became ! head ( ! family4 ,! patri>*ate conqu]$ ! matri>*ate4 #aj ,back(53 8,! ,matri>*ate40 #c4--,legitimate ,wives & ,c\rtesans 9 ,a!ns4 ,j z ! transition f ! matri>*ate to ! patri>*ate 0 accompli%$ 9 ,a!ns1 x 0 accompli%$ else:]e z soon z a simil> degree ( developm5t _h be5 atta9$4 ,woman 0 re/rict$ to h] home & isolat$ 9 special rooms1 kn[n z 8gynacontis10 9 :i* %e dwelt4 ,%e ev5 0 exclud$ f social int]c\rse ) ! m5 :o visit$ ! h\se2 9 fact1 ?is 0 ! special object ( h] isolation4 ,9 ! ,odyssee we f9d ?is *ange 9 cu/oms express$4 ,?us ,telema*us =bids 8 "m to be pres5t among h] suitors1 & utt]s ?is comm&3 ,b g n[ to ! home1 & att5d to ?y h\sehold affairs2 ,to ! sp9n+ :eel & ! loom1 & bid ?y maids be assidu\s ,at ! task t to !m 7 allott$4 ,to speak is ! privilege ( m51 ,& m9e is especially ?is privilege1 = ,i am ! "l ( ! h\se6#aa ,?is 0 ! prevail+ conception 9 ,greece at ! "t4 ,ev5 wid[s 7 subject$ to ! rul]%ip ( _! ne>e/ male relatives1 & 7 n ev5 free to *oose a husb&4 ,we>y ( ! long wait+ impos$ ^u !m by ! clev] ,p5elope1 ! suitors s5d to ,telema*us _! spokesman1 ,antonioos1 :o ?us voices _! dem&3 ,see n[1 ! suitors in=m !e t ?\ 9 ?y he>t maye/ "k x ,& t all ! ,a*ans may ( ! fact be in=m$4 ,s5d ?y "m h5ce1 & comm& h] to take z h] husb& ,:om %e *ooses to take1 & :om h] fa!r selects4#ab ,at ?is p]iod woman's fre$om has come to an end4 ,:5 %e leaves ! h\se %e mu/ veil h] face--n to wak5 ! desires ( "s o!r man4 ,9 ! ,ori5tal c\ntries :]e sexual passions are /rong]1 z a result ( ! hot climate1 ?is me?od ( isolation is /ill c>ri$ to ! extreme4 ,among ! anci5ts1 ,a!ns s]v$ z a patt]n ( ! new ord]4 ,! woman %>es ! man's b$1 b n 8 table4 ,%e does n address him by 8 "n1 b calls him ma/]2 %e is 8 s]vant4 ,%e 0 n all[$ to appe> 9 public any:]e1 & :5 walk+ ^u ! /reets 0 always veil$ & pla9ly dress$4 ,:5 %e committ$ adult]y %e 01 accord+ to ,solon's law1 condemn$ to pay = h] s9 ei!r ) h] life1 or ) h] lib]ty4 ,h] husb& 0 entitl$ to sell h] z a slave4 ,! position ( ,greek wom5 ( ^? days is p[]fully express$ 9 ,m$ea's lam5tation3 8,( all creatures t h s\l & life ,we wom5 are inde$ ! v poore/4 ,by our d[]y we're oblig$ to pur*ase ,a husb&--& :at !n is f> worse /ill1 ,h5ce=w>d our body is 8 own4 ,great is ! dang]2 w 8 nature be ,evil or good8 ,divorce is to ! woman ,a deep disgrace4 ,yet %e may n say nay ,unto ! man :o 0 betro!d to h]4 ,& :5 %e comes to l&s ) unkn[n cu/oms1 ,%e has to le>n--= no "o tea*es h]-- ,to und]/& ! nature ( h] husb&4 ,& :5 we h succe$$ 9 all ?is1 ,& our lov$ "o gladly ) u dwells1 ,!n our lot is fair4 ,b o!rwise ,i'd r f> be dead4--,n s ! man4 ,if 9 8 home he is n satisfi$1 ,he f9ds outside ! home :at pleases him1 ,) fri5ds & ) companions ( 8 age2 ,b we mu/ always seek to please b "o4 ,!y say t we 9 peace & safety dwell1 ,:ile !y mu/ g =? to ! battlefield4 ,mi/ak5 ?\ght6 ,i r ?rice w\ld fight1 ,?an only once give bir? unto a *ild60 ,v diff]5t 0 ! man's lot4 ,:ile ! man compell$ ! woman to ab/a9 absolutely f relations ) o!r m51 = ! purpose ( insur+ ! legitimacy ( 8 heirs1 he 0 n incl9$ to ab/a9 f relations ) o!r wom54 ,c\rtesan%ip develop$4 ,wom5 not$ = _! beauty & intellect1 usually =eign]s1 pref]r$ a free life 9 ! mo/ intimate association ) m5 to ! slav]y ( m>riage4 ,nor 0 _! life deem$ a loa?some "o4 ,! "n & ! fame ( ^! c\rtesans :o associat$ ) ! =emo/ m5 ( ,greece & took "p 9 _! intellectual discussions & 9 _! banquets1 h come d[n to u ?r\gh hi/ory1 :ile ! names ( ! legitimate wives are lo/ & =gott54 ,"o ( ^! 0 ,aspasia1 ! fri5d ( ! fam\s ,p]icles1 :o lat] made h] 8 wife4 ,phryne _h intimate relations ) ,hyp]ides1 & s]v$ ,praxiteles1 "o ( ! =emo/ sculptors ( ,greece1 z a model = 8 /atue ( ,v5us4 ,danae 0 ! mi/ress ( ,epicure1 ,ar*anassa 0 ,plato's4 ,lais ( ,coryn?1 ,gne?anea & o!rs 7 equally fam\s c\rtesans4 ,e "o ( ! fam\s ,greeks _h int]c\rse ) ^! c\rtesans4 ,x 0 "p & p>cel ( _! life4 ,! great orator ,demo/h5es 9 8 oration aga9/ ,nea]a ?us *>act]iz$ ! sexual relations ( ,a!nian m53 8,we m>ry wom5 to h legitimate *ildr5 & to h fai?ful gu>dians ( our homes1 we ma9ta9 concub9es = our daily s]vice & com=t1 & c\rtesans = ! enjoym5t ( love40 ,! wife 0 only de/9$ to be> (fspr+ &1 l a fai?ful dog1 to gu>d h] ma/]'s h\se4 ,b ! ma/] himself liv$ to suit 8 pleasure4 ,9 _m cases x is s /ill4 ,to satisfy ! dem& = m]c5>y wom51 especially among ! y\ng] m51 pro/itution develop$1 an in/itution t _h n be5 kn[n dur+ ! dom9ance ( ! matri>*ate4 ,pro/itution diff]s f free sexual int]c\rse by ! fact t ! woman yields h] body 9 return = mat]ial ga91 be x to "o man or to a numb] ( m54 ,pro/itution exi/s :]ev] a woman makes ! sell+ ( h] *>ms a trade4 ,solon1 :o =mulat$ ! new laws = ,a!ns & is fam$ z ! f\nd] ( ^! laws1 introduc$ ! public bro!l1 ! 8deikt]ion40 ,he decre$ t ! price %\ld be ! same to all visitors4 ,accord+ to ,philemon ?is 0 "o obolus1 ab\t #f c5ts 9 ,am]ican money4 ,! 8deikt]ion0 0 a place ( absolute safety1 l ! temples 9 ,greece & ,rome & ! ,*ri/ian *ur*es 9 ! middle ages4 ,x 0 "u ! imm$iate protection ( ! public au?orities4 ,until ab\t #aej ,b4 ,c4 ! temple 9 ,j]usalem 0 ! g5]al rally+-po9t ( ! pro/itutes4 ,= ! boon be/[$ ^u ,a!nian m5 by 8 f\nd+ ( ! 8deikt]ion10 "o ( ,solon's contempor>ies ?us s+s 8 praise3 8,solon1 be prais$6 ,= ?\ did/ pur*ase public wom5 = ! welf>e ( ! city1 to pres]ve ! morals ( ! city t is full ( /rong1 "y m51 :o1 )\t ?y wise in/itution1 w\ld indulge 9 ! annoy+ pursuit ( ! bett] class wom540 ,we w see t 9 our own day exactly ! same argum5ts are be+ advanc$ to ju/ify ! exi/5ce ( pro/itution & its ma9t5ance z an in/itution sanction$ by ! /ate4 ,?us ! /ate laws approv$ ( de$s committ$ by m5 z be+ _! natural "r1 :ile ! same de$s 7 br&$ z crim9al & despicable :5 committ$ by wom54 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t ev5 to-day !re are a great _m m5 :o pref] ! company ( a pretty (f5dress to ! company ( _! wife & :o1 nev]!less1 enjoy ! reputation ( be+ 8pill>s ( society0 & gu>dians ( ^? sacr$ in/itutions1 ! family & ! home4 ,to be sure1 ! ,greek wom5 frequ5tly seem to h tak5 v5geance ^u _! husb&s = _! oppression4 ,if pro/itution is ! complem5t ( monogamic m>riage on ! "o h&1 adult]y ( wives & cuckoldom ( husb&s are its complem5ts on ! o!r4 ,among ! ,greek dramati/s1 ,euripides seems to h be5 ! mo/ pron\nc$ woman-hat]1 s9ce 9 8 dramas he pref]ably holds up ! wom5 to ridicule & scorn4 ,:at accusations he hurls at !m c be/ be se5 f a passage 9 8,! ,!smophoria0 by ,ari/ophanes1#ac :]e a ,greek woman assails him 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,) :at calumny do? he 7,euripides7 n vilify u wom58 ,:5 e'er ha? sil5t be5 ! sl&]]'s tongue8 ,:]e !re's an audi5ce1 trag$y & *orus1 ,we are describ$ z man-mad traitoresses1 ,fond ( ! cup1 deceitful1 talkative4 ,we're :olly bad1 to m5 a tribulation4 ,!re=e1 :5 f ! play our husb&s come1#ad ,!y look di/ru/fully at u & se>* ab\t ,if some:]e n a lov] is conceal$1 ,& h5ce=? we no long] are p]mitt$ ,to d :at h>mlessly we did be=e4 ,su* wick$ ?+s he tells ! m5 ab\t u1 ,t :5 a woman only makes a g>l&1 ,!y ?9k %e is 9 love2 or :5 at home ,%e works ab\t & dropp+ some?+1 breaks x1 ,! husb& promptly asks3 8,= :om ?is brok5 glass8 ,q evid5tly = ! gue/ f ,cor9?40 ,x is n surpris+ t ! eloqu5t ,greek woman ?us s]ves ! defam] ( h] sex4 ,b ,euripides c\ld h>dly h made su* accusations nor w\ld !y h f\nd belief among ! m51 _h x n be5 well kn[n t !y 7 ju/ifi$4 ,judg+ by ! f9al s5t5ces ( ! above quot$ h>angue x seems t ! cu/om1 well kn[n 9 ,g]many & o!r c\ntries1 :]eby ! ma/] ( ! h\se honors 8 gue/ by plac+ 8 own wife or daught] at ! gue/'s disposal1 did n prevail 9 ,greece4 ,( ?is cu/om1 t 0 /ill obs]v$ 9 ,holl& 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 ,murn] says3 8,x is ! cu/om 9 ! ,ne!rl&s t :osoev] ha? a de> gue/1 unto him he give? 8 wife 9 good fai?40#ae ,! increas+ class /ruggle 9 ! ,greek /ates & ! deplorable conditions t exi/$ 9 _m ( ^! small communities l$ ,plato to an inve/igation ( ! be/ con/itution ( ! /ate & its in/itutions4 ,9 8 8,/ate10 t he conceives z an ideal "o1 he dem&s t among ! highe/ class ( citiz5s1 ! gu>dians1 wom5 %\ld hold a position ( absolute equality4 ,l ! m51 !y %\ld take "p 9 milit>y ex]cises & %\ld p]=m all civic duties1 only %\ld ! light] tasks be allot$ to !m on acc\nt ( ! weakness ( _! sex4 ,he holds t ! natural abilities are ! same ) bo? sexes1 t woman is only weak] ?an man4 ,he fur!r dem&s t ! wom5 %\ld belong to all ! m5 9 common z %\ld also ! *ildr51 s t no fa!r might "k 8 *ild nor a *ild its fa!r4#af ,! views ( ,ari/oteles are m 9 keep+ ) ! b\rgeois conceptions4 ,accord+ to 8 8,politics10 e woman %\ld h ! "r ( freely *oos+ h] husb&4 ,%e %\ld be subs]vi5t to him1 yet %e %\ld h ! privilege ( giv+ him good advice4 ,?ucydides expresses a view t meets ) ! approval ( all ,phili/9es4 ,he says3 8,to t wife is due ! highe/ praise ( :om "o speaks nei!r well nor ill outside ( h] home40 ,:ile su* views prevail$ wom5 7 b\nd to s9k l[] & l[] 9 ! e/eem ( m54 ,a fe> ( excess ( population ev5 l$ m5 to avoid intimate int]c\rse ) wom54 ,an unnatural satisfaction ( sexual desires 0 ! result4 ,! ,greek /ates consi/$ ma9ly ( cities hav+ v limit$ l&$ prop]ty1 & x !re=e 0 impossible to ma9ta9 ! population at _! accu/om$ n\ri%m5t beyond a giv5 numb]4 ,?is fe> ( excess ( population caus$ ,ari/otle to advice ! m5 to %un _! wives & to indulge 9 sodomy in/ead4 ,be=e him ,socrates _h already extoll$ sodomy z a m>k ( sup]ior culture4 ,f9ally ! =emo/ m5 ( ,greece indulg$ 9 ?is unnatural passion4 ,! e/eem ( woman sank to its l[e/ level4 ,bawdy h\ses conta9+ male pro/itutes 7 ma9ta9$1 beside ^? conta9+ female pro/itutes4 ,x 0 9 su* a social atmosph]e t ,?ucydides c\ld say ( woman t %e 0 worse ?an ! sea rag+ 9 /orm1 worse ?an ! fire's fi]ce gl[ & ! m\nta9 torr5t's ru%+ /ream4 8,if x is a god :o inv5t$ woman1 :oev] he be1 let him "k t he is ! nef>i\s orig9ator ( ! greate/ evil40 ,:ile ! m5 ( ,greece practic$ sodomy1 ! wom5 drift$ into ! opposite extreme1 indulg+ 9 ! love ( _! own sex4 ,?is 0 especially ! case among ! inhabitants ( ! isl& ( ,lesbos1 :]e=e ?is ab]ration 0 call$ ,lesbian love & is /ill call$ s1 s9ce x is by no means ext9ct b cont9ues to exi/ among u4 ,! *ief repres5tative ( ?is 8love0 0 ! celebrat$ poetess ,sapho1 8! ,lesbian night+gale10 :o liv$ ab\t #fjj ,b4 ,c4 ,h] passion is f]v5tly express$ 9 h] ,ode to ,v5us3 8,?\ :o rule/ all1 ^u fl[]s en?ron$1 ,daught] ( ,zeus born ( foam1 o ?\ artful "o1 ,h>k to my call6 ,n 9 angui% & bitt] suff]+1 ,o goddess1 ,let me p]i%6--0 ,/ill m passionate is ! s5suality express$ 9 ! ode to ! beautiful ,a?is4 ,:ile 9 ,a!ns & o!r ,greek /ates ! patri>*al sy/em prevail$1 9 ,sp>ta1 ,a!ns' greate/ rival1 we /ill f9d ! matri>*ate1 a condition :i* _h become entirely =eign to mo/ ,greeks4 ,tradition has x t "o day a ,greek ask$ a ,sp>tan h[ ! crime ( adult]y 0 puni%$ 9 ,sp>ta2 :]eupon ! ,sp>tan repli$3 8,/rang]1 !re are no adult]]s 9 our mid/40 8,b if !re %\ld be "o80 quo? ! /rang]4 8,!n10 said ! ,sp>tan mock+ly1 88 p5alty w\ld be to give an ox1 s tall t he c\ld /ret* 8 neck across ! ,taygetus & dr9k f ! ,eurotas40 ,^u ! a/oni%$ qu]y ( ! /rang] h[ an ox c\ld be s tall1 ! ,sp>tan laugh+ly repli$3 8,h[ c !re be an adult]] 9 ,sp>ta860 ,! dignifi$ self-consci\sness ( ! ,sp>tan wom5 f9ds expression 9 ! reply giv5 to a /rang] by ! wife ( ,leonidas4 ,! /rang] said to h]3 8,y ,lac$emonian wom5 are ! only ones :o rule ov] m540 ,to ?is %e repli$3 8,& we are ! only wom5 :o br+ =? m540 ,! fre$om enjoy$ by wom5 dur+ ! matri>*ate height5$ _! beauty & increas$ _! pride1 _! dignity & _! self-reliance4 ,!re is a uni=mity ( op9ion among anci5t writ]s t ^! attributes 7 highly develop$ 9 wom5 dur+ ! matri>*al p]iod4 ,! condition ( s]vitude t foll[$ naturally _h a det]iorat+ influ5ce4 ,! *ange is manife/$ ev5 9 ! diff]5ce ( dress t m>ks ! two p]iods4 ,! dress ( ! ,doric woman hung loosely f h] %\ld]s1 leav+ h] arms & ! l[] "p ( h] legs uncov]$4 ,x is ! dress worn by ,diana z %e is repres5t$ 9 our museums1 a free & d>+ figure4 ,b ! ,ionic dress cov]s ! figure completely & re/ra9s ! motions4 ,! mann] 9 :i* wom5 dress 0 & is to ?is day a pro( ( _! dep5d5ce & a cause ( _! helplessness to a f> great] ext5t ?an is g5]ally assum$4 ,! /yle ( dress worn by wom5 to ?is day makes !m clumsy & gives !m a feel+ ( weakness t is express$ 9 _! c>riage & _! "*4 ,! ,sp>tan cu/om ( p]mitt+ girls to g ab\t nak$ until maturity--a cu/om t 0 made possible by ! climate ( ! c\ntry--_h ! effect1 s an anci5t writ] tells u1 ( tea*+ !m simplicity ( ta/e & reg>d = ! c>e ( _! bodies4 ,accord+ to ! views ( ! "t1 ?is cu/om did n %ock ! s5se ( dec5cy or ar\se physical passions4 ,! girls also took "p 9 all physical ex]cises j l ! boys4 ,?us a /rong1 self-respect+ race 0 re>$1 consci\s ( _! wor?1 z is %[n 9 ! reply giv5 to ! /rang] by ! wife ( ,leonidas4 #aa ,hom]'s 8,odyssee40 #ab ,hom]'s 8,odyssee40 #ac 8,com$ies by ,ari/ophanes40 #ad ,! !atre1 to :i* ,greek wom5 7 n admitt$4 #ae 8,g]man ,hi/ory ( ,mann]s & ,civilization10 by ,johann ,s*]r4 ,sud]mann deals ) ! same subject 9 8 drama1 8,honor40 #af ,plato3 8,! ,/ate40 #d4--,remnants ( ! ,matri>*ate 9 ! ,cu/oms ( ,v>i\s ,nations4 ,c]ta9 cu/oms are closely l9k$ ) ! vani%$ matri>*ate t mod]n writ]s h errone\sly t]m$ 8pro/itution40 ,9 ,babylon1 = in/ance1 x 0 a religi\s duty = "y girls ^u rea*+ maturity to g to ! temple ( ,mylitta & !re yield to "s man1 mak+ a sacrifice ( _! virg9ity4 ,simil> cu/oms 7 obs]v$ 9 ! ,s]apis ( ,memphis1 9 honor ( ! goddess ,anaitis 9 ,arm5ia1 9 ,tyrus & ,sydon 9 honor ( ,a/>te or ,v5us4 ,! ,egyptian fe/ivals ( ,isis 7 accompani$ by ! same religi\s rites4 ,?is sacrifice ( virg9ity 0 deem$ an atonem5t to ! goddess = ! exclusiv5ess ( surr5d] to "o man 9 m>riage4 8,= woman is n end[$ ) all ! beauties nature has be/[$ ^u h]1 to fade 9 ! arms ( a s+le man4 ,! law ( sub/ance condemns all re/rictions1 hates all fett]s1 & consid]s exclusiv5ess a crime aga9/ its div9ity40#ag ,! cont9u$ good w ( ! goddess mu/ be pur*as$ by ?is sacrifice ( virg9ity to a /rang]4 ,9 con=mity ) ?is conception ! ,libyan maid5s e>n$ _! d[]y by _! surr5d]4 ,accord+ to ! matri>*ate !y enjoy$ sexual lib]ty be=e m>riage1 & ! m51 f> f tak+ (f5se at ?is pursuit1 9 *oos+ a wife gave pref]5ce to ! girl :o _h be5 mo/ desir$4 ,! same condition exi/$ among ! ,?racians at ! "t ( ,h]odotus4 8,!y d n gu>d ! maid5s1 b give !m complete fre$om to h relations ) :omev] !y *oose4 ,b ! m>ri$ wom5 are closely gu>d$4 ,!y buy !m f _! p>5ts = a l>ge portion40 ,! ,hi]odules 9 ! temple ( ,v5us 9 ,coryn? 7 f> fam$4 ,!re m ?an a ?\s& girls 7 assembl$1 con/itut+ ! *ief attraction = ,greek m54 ,( ! daught] ( ,k+ ,*eops ( ,egypt ! leg5d relates1 t %e _h a pyramid built f ! proce$s obta9$ by ! ab&onm5t ( h] *>ms4 ,we /ill f9d simil> conditions 9 exi/5ce 9 ! ,m>quesas ,isl&s1 9 ! ,philipp9es & ,polynesia1 &1 accord+ to ,waitz1 among v>i\s ,african tribes4 ,ano!r cu/om1 :i* 0 ma9ta9$ on ! ,bale>ic ,isl&s up to rec5t times & t express$ ! "r ( all m5 to e woman1 0 t 9 ! bridal night all ! m5 relat$ to ! bride1 7 admitt$ to h] successively 9 accordance ) _! ages4 ,! groom came la/4 ,among o!r peoples ?is cu/om has be5 *ang$ to t effect1 t "o man repres5t+ ! o!rs1 ! high prie/ or *iefta9 ( ! tribe1 ex]cises ?is privilege ) ! bride4 ,! ,claim>s 9 ,malab> engage putam>es 7prie/s7 to defl\r _! wives4 ,x is ! duty ( ! *ief prie/ 7namburi7 to r5d] ?is s]vice to ! k+ 7zamor97 ^u 8 m>riage1 & ! k+ pays = x ) fifty pieces ( gold4#ah ,9 ,india & on v>i\s isl&s ( ! ,pacific ei!r ! prie/s or ! tribal *iefs 7k+s7 p]=m ?is (fice4#ai ,x is ! same 9 ,s5egambia1 :]e ! tribal *ief practices ! defloration ( virg9s z "o ( 8 (ficial duties & receives pres5ts 9 return4 ,among o!r peoples ! defloration ( ! virg9--sometimes ev5 ( female babies--is accompli%$ by idols con/ruct$ = ?is purpose4 ,we may assume t ! 8jus primae noctis0 7"r ( ! fir/ night71 :i* 0 9 practice 9 ,europe until f> into ! middle ages1 d]iv$ its orig9 f ! same tradition4 ,! l&lord1 consid]+ himself ma/] ov] 8 s]fs1 practic$ ! "r ( ! tribal *ief t _h come d[n to him4 ,we w return to ?is subject lat] on4 ,remnants ( ! matri>*ate are also se5 9 a peculi> cu/om ( ,s\? ,am]ican tribes1 t has likewise be5 met ) among ! ,basques1 a p t h pres]v$ _m anci5t cu/oms & practices4 ,"h ! fa!r takes to 8 b$1 in/ead ( ! "m1 aft] ! bir? ( a *ild1 feigns be+ 9 labor-pa91 & lets ! woman c>e = him4 ,! cu/om designates t ! fa!r recognizes ! newly born *ild z 8 own4 ,! same cu/om is said to exi/ among sev]al tribes ( m\nta9e]s 9 ,*9a1 & x exi/$ until a rec5t date 9 ,corsica4 ,9 ! records ( ,g]man colonies submitt$ to p>liam5t 7dur+ its session #aijd-je7 !re is a report ( ! ,s\?-,we/-,african region t conta9s ! foll[+ passage3 8,! tribal *ief 9 a ,h]]o village _c decide ^u ! slighte/ matt] )\t ! advice ( 8 c\ncil1 & n only ! m5 b g5]ally ! wom5 also give _! advice40 ,9 ! report ( ! ,m>%all ,isl&s x says3 8,rul]%ip ov] all ! isl&s ( ! ,m>%all gr\ps 0 nev] conc5trat$ ^u a s+le *ief4444 b z !re is no female memb] ( ?is class 7,! ,irody7 liv+1 & ! *ild inh]its nobility & /ation f ! "m only1 ,! ,irodies w become ext9ct ) ! dea? ( _! *iefs40 ,! mann] ( expression & description us$ by ! in=mants %[s h[ utt]ly =eign ! conditions !y describe are to !m & t !y fail to und]/& !m4#bj ,dr4 ,h5ry ,weislocky1 :o = _m ye>s liv$ among ! ,gypsies ( ,transylvania & f9ally 0 adopt$ into "o ( _! tribes1 reports1#ba t two ( ! f\r tribes 9 ^: mid/ he liv$1 ! ,a%ani & ! ,i%ale1 obs]v$ mat]nal law4 ,if ! migratory ,gipsy m>ries1 he ent]s ! clan ( 8 wife1 & to h] belong all ! furni%+s ( ! ,gipsy h\sehold4 ,:atev] weal? %e has belongs to h] & to h] clan1 ! man is a /rang]4 ,9 accordance ) mat]nal law ! *ildr5 also rema9 9 _! "m's clan4 ,ev5 9 mod]n ,g]many remnants ( ! matri>*ate survive4 ,! 8,we/deuts*e ,runds*au0 7publi%$ 9 ,we/phalia7 reports 9 ! issue ( ,june #aj1 #aijb1 t 9 ! p>i% ( ,halt]n ! laws ( inh]itance 7 /ill subject to ! old mat]nal law ( ! g5tes4 ,! *ildr5 inh]it f _! "m4 ,until n[ all attempts at re=m+ ?is antiquat$ cu/om _h fail$4 ,h[ little ! pres5t family =m & monogamic m>riage c be reg>d$ z et]nal or exce$+ly anci5t1 c fur!rmore be ga!r$ f ! wide-spread exi/5ce ( m>riage by pur*ase1 m>riage by rape1 polygamy & poly&ry4 ,9 ,greece1 too1 woman became an article ( pur*ase4 ,z soon z %e ent]$ ! h\se ( h] "l & ma/] %e ceas$ to exi/ = h] family4 ,?is 0 symbolically express$ by burn+ be=e h] husb&'s h\se ! gaily decorat$ c>riage t _h br\ght h] !re4 ,among ! ,o/iaks 9 ,sib]ia ! fa!r /ill sells 8 daught] & b>ga9s ) ! envoys ( ! groom ov] ! sum t is to be paid4 ,among sev]al ,african tribes ! cu/om /ill exi/s--z 9 ,jacob's day--t a man woo+ a maid5 ent]s ! s]vice ( 8 prospective "m-9-law4 ,m>riage by pur*ase /ill exi/s 9 our v mid/1 9 fact1 9 b\rgeois society x is m g5]ally e/abli%$ ?an at any o!r "t4 ,! money m>riages1 s preval5t among our prop]ti$ classes1 are no?+ m ?an m>riage by pur*ase4 ,z a symbol ( ! pur*ase :]eby ! woman becomes ! man's prop]ty1 ! bridal gift1 :i* x is cu/om>y = ! man to give 8 fiancee1 may also be reg>d$4 ,beside m>riage by pur*ase we f9d m>riage by rape4 ,robb]y ( wom5 0 practic$ n only by ! anci5t ,jews1 b practically by all nations ( antiquity4 ,! be/-kn[n hi/orical example is ! rape ( ! ,sab9es1 by ! ,romans4 ,robb]y ( wom5 became ! cu/om q naturally :]ev] wom5 7 sc>ce or :]e polygamy exi/$1 z ev]y:]e 9 ! ,ori5t4 ,!re especially ?is cu/om 0 wide-spread dur+ ! duration ( ! ,arabian realm f ! sev5? to ! twelf? c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,9 a symbolical way m>riage by rape is /ill practis$ among ! ,araucanians 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ,*ile4 ,:ile ! w\ld-be bridegroom's fri5ds b>ga9 ) ! girl's fa!r1 ! man himself sl9ks ab\t ! h\se & tries to cat* ! girl4 ,z soon z he has grasp$ h] he lifts h] on 8 horse & c>ries h] away t[>d ! =e/4 ,!reupon m51 wom5 & *ildr5 set up a l\d clamor & try to prev5t ! flight4 ,b z soon z ! man has succe$$ 9 rea*+ ! %elt] ( ! =e/ ! woman is consid]$ 8 wife4 ,?is is ! case ev5 if ! robb]y 0 p]petrat$ aga9/ ! p>5ts' w4 ,simil> cu/oms are met ) among ,au/ralian tribes4 ,among civiliz$ nations ! cu/om ( w$d+ j\rneys /ill s]ves z a rem9d] ( ! anci5t rape ( wom52 ! bride is abduct$ f h] pat]nal he>?4 ,9 ! same way ! ex*ange ( w$d+ r+s is a symbol ( ! old submissiv5ess ( woman & h] be+ *a9$ to ! man4 ,?is cu/om orig9at$ 9 ,rome4 ,! bride receiv$ an iron r+ f h] husb& to signify t %e 0 *a9$ to him4 ,lat] on ?is r+ 0 made ( gold1 & mu* lat] /ill ! ex*ange ( r+s 0 introduc$ to signify ! mutual bond4 ,polygamy has exi/$ & /ill exi/s among ! ,ori5tals2 b ow+ to ! limit$ numb] ( wom5 t are at a man's disposal1 & ow+ to ! exp5se ( _! ma9t5ance1 x is at pres5t practis$ only by ! privileg$ & prop]ti$ classes4 ,! c\nt]-"p ( polygamy is poly&ry4 ,?is is f\nd especially among ! m\nta9e]s ( ,?ibet1 ! ,g>ras liv+ at ! b\nd>y ( ,india & ,*9a1 ! ,baigas 9 ,godwana1 ! ,nairs 9 ! s\!rnmo/ "p ( ,india1 & also among ! ,eskimos & ,aleuts4 ,desc5t is det]m9$ on ! "m's side--z mu/ ne$s be ! case--& ! *ildr5 belong to h]4 ,! woman's husb&s usually are bro!rs4 ,if an olde/ bro!r m>ries1 ! o!r bro!rs !reby become husb&s to 8 wife4 ,b %e has ! "r to take o!r husb&s beside ^!4 ,! m5 also are entitl$ to sev]al wives4 ,f :at conditions poly&ry sprang is z yet unexpla9$4 ,z ! tribes practis+ poly&ry )\t exception live ei!r 9 m\nta9\s regions ( a high altitude or 9 ! frigid zone1 poly&ry may p]haps be expla9$ by a ph5om5on t ,t>n[sky has po9t$ out4#bb ,t>n[sky 0 told by reliable travel]s t a l5g?y soj\rn on high altitudes greatly dim9i%es sexual desire1 :i* reawak5s ) r5ew$ vigor ^u desc5d+4 ,?is dim9ution ( sexual desire1 s ,t>n[sky believes1 might expla9 ! sl[ increase 9 population 9 m\nta9\s regions1 & by becom+ h]$it>y might be "o ( ! symptoms ( deg5]ation lead+ to p]v]sity4 ,cont9u\s liv+ 9 high altitudes or 9 frigid zones might 9 ! same mann] signify t poly&ry did n make extraord9>y dem&s on wom54 ,wom5 !mselves are influ5c$ accord+ly by _! nature1 s9ce among ,eskimo girls m5/ruation1 z a rule1 does n set 9 until ! n9ete5? ye>1 :ile 9 ! torrid zone x sets 9 ) ! n9? or t5? ye>1 & 9 ! temp]ate zone betwe5 ! f\rte5? & sixte5? ye>4 ,x is g5]ally kn[n t hot c\ntries h a /imulat+ effect ^u sexual desire2 t is :y polygamy is especially preval5t 9 hot c\ntries4 ,9 ! same way cold l&s1 & high altitudes hav+ a simil> climate1 may h a re/rictive influ5ce4 ,x is also a matt] ( exp]i5ce t conception is less frequ5t :5 a woman has cohabitation ) sev]al m54 ,! increase 9 population is1 !re=e1 weak :]e poly&ry exi/s1 & is adapt$ to ! difficulty ( obta9+ food 9 cold climes & high altitudes4 ,?is goes to %[ t ev5 9 reg>d to ?is /range cu/om ( poly&ry1 ! relations ( ! sexes are 9 ! la/ in/ance det]m9$ by ! me?ods ( production4 ,x /ill rema9s to be inve/igat$ :e!r ! frequ5t kill+ ( female infants is practis$ among ! tribes liv+ 9 m\nta9\s regions or 9 ! frigid zone1 z has be5 report$ ( ,mongolian tribes liv+ 9 ! m\nta9\s regions ( ,*9a4 #ag ,back(53 8,! ,matri>*ate40 #ah ,k4 ,kautsky3 8,orig9 ( ,m>riage & ! ,family40 ,kosmos1 #ahhc4 #ai ,mantagazza3 8,love 9 ,human ,society40 #bj ,simil> conditions are /ill met ) 9 ,cam]un & 9 o!r p>ts ( ,we/]n ,africa4 ,a ,g]man naval surgeon :o /udi$ ! l& & p f 8 own obs]vations s5ds u ! foll[+ in=mation3 8,among a great _m tribes ! "r ( inh]itance is f\nd$ on mat]nity4 ,pat]nity is a matt] ( indiff]5ce1 only *ildr5 ( ! same "m consid] "o ano!r bro!rs & si/]s4 ,a man does n w 8 prop]ty to 8 own *ildr51 b to 8 si/]s' *ildr51 8 nephews & nieces1 :o c be %[n to be 8 ne>e/ blood relations4 ,a *ief ( ! ,way tribe expla9$ to me 9 brok5 ,engli%3 #8,my si/] & ,i surely are blood relations1 = we are *ildr5 ( ! same "m4 ,my si/] aga9 surely is ! blood relation ( h] son4 ,s h] son is my heir1 & :5 ,i die he w be k+ ( my t[n4' #8,& y\r fa!r8' ,i ask$4 #8,i d n "k :at t is1 my fa!r1' he repli$4 ,:5 ,i !n w5t on to ask him :e!r he _h no *ildr5 ( 8 own1 he 0 convuls$ ) laught] & repli$ t ) !m n m5 b only wom5 _h *ildr54 ,i c assure y10 our in=mant goes on to say1 8t ev5 ! heir ( ,k+ ,bell 9 ,cam]un is n 8 son1 b 8 nephew4 ,! *ildr5 ( ,bell1 _m ( :om are be+ tra9$ 9 ,g]man cities1 are b ! *ildr5 ( 8 wives1 :ile _! fa!rs are unkn[n4 ,"o ( !m ,i might lay claim to myself40--,h[ are ! p :o d5y ! exi/5ce ( mat]nal law impress$ by ?is description ( pres5t-day conditions86 ,our in=mant is a ke5 obs]v] :o goes to ! bottom ( ?+s4 ,b few :o live among ^! savages d s4 ,!re=e we are giv5 su* false descriptions ( ! alleg$ 8immorality0 ( ! natives4 #ba ,h4 v4 ,weislocky3 8,sket*es ( ! ,life ( ! ,transylvanian ,gypsies40 #bb ,t>n[sky3 8,pa?ological ,ph5om5a ( ,sexual ,desire40 #e4--,rise ( ! ,/ate4--,dissolution ( ! ,g5s 9 ,rome4 ,aft] ! dissolution ( ! matri>*al g5s1 ! patri>*al g5s took its place ) consid]ably dim9i%$ functions4 ,! *ief function ( ! patri>*al g5s 0 ! /rict obs]vation ( common religi\s & fun]al rites & mutual aid & protection4 ,x entail$ ! "r1 & sometimes ! duty1 to m>ry )9 ! g5s2 ! latt] be+ ! case especially 9 reg>d to ri* heiresses & orphans4 ,! g5s also controll$ all ! rema9+ common prop]ty4 ,) ! rise ( private prop]ty & ! "r ( inh]itance connect$ ) x1 class di/9ctions & class antagonism came into exi/5ce4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t ! prop]ti$ memb]s made common cause aga9/ ! prop]tyless ones4 ,! =m] s\ght to ga9 control ( ! adm9i/rative positions & to make !m h]$it>y4 ,f9ance _h become a necessity & entail$ conditions ( indebt$ness t _h previ\sly be5 unkn[n4 ,/ruggles aga9/ ext]nal enemies1 int]nal conflicts ( int]e/1 & ! v>i$ int]e/s & relations creat$ by agriculture1 indu/ry & trade1 necessitat$ a complicat$ sy/em ( laws & ! =mation ( public bodies de/9$ to keep ! social ma*9e 9 ord]ly motion & to settle disputes4 ,! same 0 true conc]n+ ! relations ( ma/]s & slaves1 debtors & cr$itors4 ,?us a p[] 0 ne$$ to control all ^! relations1 to conduct1 regulate1 arbitrate1 protect & puni%4 ,! /ate came into exi/5ce z a necess>y product ( ! new social ord] bas$ on conflict+ int]e/s4 ,its direction naturally 0 assum$ by ^? :o _h ! greate/ int]e/ 9 its f\nd+ & :o1 ?anks to _! social p[]1 7 mo/ influ5tial3 ! prop]ti$ classes4 ,?us ari/ocracy ( weal? & democracy oppos$ "o ano!r1 ev5 :]e complete equality ( political rights 0 ma9ta9$4 ,dur+ ! old matri>*al sy/em no writt5 law exi/$4 ,conditions 7 simple & cu/om 0 hall[$4 ,9 ! new1 f> m complicat$ ord]1 writt5 law became "o ( ! urg5t necessities & special (ficials 7 ne$$ = its adm9i/ration4 ,b z ! legal relations became m & m complicat$1 a special class ( p]sons arose1 devot$ exclusively to ! /udy ( law & hav+ a special int]e/ 9 /ill fur!r complicat+ !m4 ,! juri/s1 ! lawy]s1 came into exi/5ce1 & ow+ to ! importance ( ! law to ! body social1 !y soon became "o ( ! mo/ influ5tial e/ates4 ,! new civic jurisprud5ce 9 ! c\rse ( "t f\nd its mo/ classic expression 9 ! ,roman /ate1 t expla9s ! influ5ce ex]t$ by ,roman law d[n to ! pres5t "t4 ,we see !n t ! /ate organization is ! natural outcome ( a society divid$ into a great v>iety ( occupations & hav+ v>i$1 frequ5tly oppos+ & cont5d+1 int]e/s4 ,an inevitable result 0 oppression ( ! weak] memb]s4 ,?is tru? 0 recogniz$ by ! ,nabataeans1 an ,arabian tribe1 :o1 accord+ to ,diodorus1 issu$ ! comm& nei!r to s[ nor to plant1 to dr9k no w9e1 & to build no h\ses1 b to live 9 t5ts1 = if !y did all ^! ?+s !y might be compell$ to obey by a sup]ior p[] 7! /ate74 ,among ! ,re*abites1 ! desc5dants ( ! fa!r-9-law ( ,moses1 we f9d simil> decrees4#bc ,9 fact1 ,mosaic law is fram$ 9 a mann] de/9$ to prev5t ! ,jews f develop+ beyond ! /age ( an agricultural society1 because _! lawmak]s fe>$ t x might br+ ab\t ! d[nfall ( _! democratic1 communi/ic organization4 ,= ! same reasons ! 8holy l&0 0 select$ 9 a t]ritory t 0 b\nd$ on ! "o side by a m\nta9 range :i* 0 difficult ( access1 ! ,libanon1 & on ! o!r1 especially 9 ! ,ea/ & ,s\?1 by b>r5 l&s & a des]t1 mak+ isolation possible4 ,= ! same reasons1 moreov]1 ! ,jews 7 kept at a di/ance f ! sea1 :i* is favorable to comm]ce1 colonization & ! acquirem5t ( weal?4 ,= ! same reasons !re 7 /rict laws =bidd+ m+l+ & int]m>riage ) o!r nations2 & ! poor laws1 ! agr>ian laws1 ! ye> ( jubilee1 all 7 in/itutions de/9$ to prev5t ! acquirem5t ( great =tunes by individuals4 ,! ,jews 7 to be prev5t$ f becom+ a /ate-=m+ nation4 ,t is :y ! old g5tile con/itution f\nd$ on tribal organization 0 ma9ta9$ by !m until _! dissolution1 & has left its traces among !m ev5 to-day4 ,app>5tly ! ,lat9 tribes :o p>ticipat$ 9 ! f\ndation ( ,rome _h already sup]s$$ ! matri>*al developm5t4 ,z previ\sly /at$1 !y robb$ ! wom5 :o 7 want+ among !m f ! tribe ( ! ,sab9es & call$ !mselves ,quirites aft] ^!4 ,at a mu* lat] date ! ,roman citiz5s 9 ! popul> assembly 7 /ill address$ z ,quirites4 8,populus ,romanus0 designat$ ! free population ( ,rome g5]ally2 b 8populus ,romanus quiritium0 designat$ ,roman citiz5%ip by desc5t4 ,! ,roman g5s 0 patri>*al2 ! *ildr5 inh]it$ f _! natural p>5t4 ,9 case !re 7 no *ildr5 ! prop]ty fell to relatives on ! man's side1 & if ^! 7 want+1 x fell to ! g5s4 ,by m>riage ! woman lo/ all rights ( inh]itance to h] fa!r's prop]ty & t ( h] fa!r's bro!rs4 ,%e )drew f h] g5s1 & ?us nei!r %e nor h] *ildr5 c\ld inh]it f h] fa!r or 8 bro!rs4 ,o!rwise ! h]$it>y portion w\ld h be5 lo/ to ! pat]nal g5s4 ,! division into g5tes & phratries = c5turies rema9$ ! f\ndation ( milit>y organization & ! enactm5t ( civic rights4 ,b ) ! decay ( ! patri>*al g5tes & ! decl9e ( _! significance1 conditions became m favorable to ,roman wom54 ,!y n only obta9$ ! "r ( inh]itance1 !y also obta9$ ! "r to control _! own =tunes2 !y accord+ly held a f> m favorable position ?an _! ,greek si/]s4 ,?is fre] position gradually won by !m1 gave ! eld] ,cato--born #bcd ,b4 ,c4--cause = ! foll[+ compla9t3 8,if ! head ( ea* family1 foll[+ ! example ( 8 ance/ors1 w\ld seek to ma9ta9 8 wife 9 prop] submissiv5ess1 ! entire sex w\ld n give s mu* tr\ble publicly40 ,:5 a few tribunes 9 ! ye> #aie ,b4 ,c41 mov$ to repeal a law enact$ previ\sly1 = ! purpose ( re/rict+ ! luxury ( wom5 9 dress & p]sonal adornm5t1 he /orm$3 8,if ea* ( u _h ma9ta9$ 8 manly au?ority ) 8 own wife1 we w\ld h less bo!r "h ) all ! wom54 ,our p[] t has be5 %att]$ 9 ! home1 n[ is be+ brok5 & trampl$ ^u 9 ! =um too by ! unrul9ess ( wom51 & because we are incapable ( resi/+ !m individually1 we fe> !m all toge!r4 ,our ance/ors decid$ t wom5 %\ld n ev5 att5d to _! private affairs )\t ! control ( a gu>dian1 t !y %\ld be subject to _! fa!rs1 bro!rs1 husb&s4 ,b we submit to x t !y take possession ( ! republic & int]f]e ) ! popul> assembly4 ,if y give free reign to ! imp]i\s natures ( ^! unruly creatures1 d n imag9e t !y w recognize any limits ( _! tyranny4 ,! tru? is t !y desire fre$om1 nay1 dissolut5ess1 9 all ?+s1 & :5 !y h begun to be our equals1 !y w soon be our sup]iors40 ,at ! "t ,cato deliv]$ ?is spee* ! fa!r 0 gu>dian to 8 daught] dur+ 8 lifetime1 ev5 :5 %e 0 m>ri$1 unless he appo9t$ ano!r gu>dian4 ,:5 ! fa!r di$ ! ne>e/ male relative assum$ ! gu>dian%ip4 ,! gu>dian _h ! "r to transf] ?is gu>dian%ip to :omev] & :5ev] he pleas$4 ,orig9ally !n ! ,roman woman _h no w ( h] own be=e ! law4 ,! =ms ( m>riage c]emonies 7 v>i$ & und]w5t _m *anges 9 ! c\rse ( ! c5turies4 ,! mo/ c]emoni\s m>riage c]emony 0 p]=m$ by ! high prie/ 9 ! pres5ce ( at lea/ t5 witnesses1 :]eupon ! bridal pair ate a cake made ( fl\r1 salt & wat] z a symbol ( _! union4 ,?is c]emony has a /rong resemblance to ! eat+ ( ! sacram5tal waf] at ! celebration ( ! ,"l's ,supp]4 ,a second =m ( m>riage 0 m]ely by tak+ possession4 ,if a woman _h liv$ ) h] *os5 husb& "u ! same ro( = "o ye>1 ) ! cons5t ( h] fa!r or gu>dian1 ! m>riage 0 legaliz$4 ,a ?ird =m 0 a sort ( mutual pur*ase4 ,! man & woman ex*ang$ "s co9s & promis$ to be husb& & wife4 ,at ! "t ( ,cic]o#bd free divorce to bo? p>tn]s 9 ! m>riage contract 0 already e/abli%$1 & x 0 ev5 d5i$ t an ann\ncem5t ( ! divorce 0 necess>y4 ,b ! 8lex ,julia de adult]iis0 prescrib$ t a divorce mu/ be solemnly ann\nc$4 ,?is law 0 caus$ by ! frequ5t occurr5ce t wom51 hav+ committ$ adult]y & !n hav+ be5 call$ to acc\nt1 claim$ to h divorc$ _! husb&s4 ,ju/9ian 7,! ,*ri/ian7#be prohibit$ divorce1 except :5 bo? p>ties wi%$ to ent] a mona/]y4 ,b 8 successor1 ,ju/9ian ,,ii41 f\nd x necess>y to introduce x aga94 ,z ,rome grew 9 weal? & p[]1 vice & lic5ti\sness ( ! wor/ k9d replac$ ! moral au/]ity ( its e>ly days4 ,rome became ! c5t] f :i* lewdness1 debau*]y & s5sual f9esse spread ov] ! entire civiliz$ _w ( t p]iod4 ,especially dur+ ! "t ( ! emp]ors1 & frequ5tly enc\rag$ by ! emp]ors !mselves1 ! debau*]y assum$ =ms t c\ld only h be5 inspir$ by insanity4 ,m5 & wom5 vi$ ) ea* o!r 9 immorality4 ,! numb] ( public bro!ls increas$ rapidly1 & besides ! 8,greek love0 7sodomy7 0 practis$ m & m by ! m54 ,at "o "t ! numb] ( male pro/itutes 9 ,rome 0 great] ?an ! numb] ( female pro/itutes4 ,! c\rtesans appe>$ 9 great pomp1 surr\nd$ by _! admir]s1 on ! /reets & ! prom5ade1 9 ! circus & !at]1 sometimes recl9+ on c\*es c>ri$ by ,negroes1 hold+ a mirror 9 _! h&1 deck$ ) jewels1 p>tly nude1 fann$ by slaves1 surr\nd$ by a sw>m ( boys1 eunu*s & flute-play]s1 ) grotesque dw>fs br++ up ! re>4 ,^! debau*]ies assum$ su* dim5sions 9 ! ,roman empire1 t !y ?reat5$ its v exi/5ce4 ,! bad example set by m51 0 foll[$ by wom54 ,!re 7 wom51 s ,s5eca#bf reports1 :o did n c\nt ye>s by ! consuls1 z 0 cu/om>y1 b by ! numb] ( _! husb&s4 ,adult]y 0 g5]al1 & 9 ord] to escape ! sev]e p5alties atta*$ to x1 wom5 _h !mselves regi/]$ z pro/itutes4 ,ev5 "s ( ! mo/ ari/ocratic ladies ( ,rome 7 among ^!4 ,besides ^! debau*]ies1 civil w>s & ! sy/em ( ! latifundia caus$ su* a m>k$ decl9e ( ! m>riage & bir?-rate1 t ! numb] ( ,roman citiz5s & patricians 0 greatly dim9i%$4 ,9 ! ye> #af ,b4 ,c4 ,augu/us enact$ ! s-call$ ,julian law2#bg t plac$ a p5alty ^u ! unm>ri$ /ate ( ,roman citiz5s & patricians1 & rew>d$ !m = hav+ *ildr54 ,:oev] _h *ildr5 0 deem$ ( high] /ation ?an *ildless or unm>ri$ p]sons4 ,unm>ri$ p]sons c\ld n inh]it prop]ty f anyone except _! ne>e/ relatives4 ,p :o _h no *ildr5 c\ld only claim half ( an inh]itance1 ! o!r half 0 turn$ ov] to ! /ate4 ,wom5 :o _h be5 convict$ ( adult]y1 7 compell$ to give a "p ( _! d[]y to _! deceiv$ husb&s4 ,?is provision caus$ "s m5 to m>ry ) a desire = adult]y on ! "p ( _! wives4 ,t caus$ ,plut>* to rem>k3 8,romans d n m>ry to h heirs1 b to become heirs40 ,lat] on ! ,julian law 0 /ill increas$ 9 sev]ity4 ,tib]ius issu$ an edict t no woman ^: gr&fa!r1 fa!r or husb& _h be5 or 0 a ,roman knight1 might pro/itute h]self4 ,m>ri$ wom51 :o _h _! names ent]$ 9 ! li/s ( pro/itutes1 %\ld be bani%$ f ,italy4 ,= ! m51 ( c\rse1 no su* puni%m5ts exi/$4 ,z ,juv5al reports1 husb&-murd] by poison 0 a frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ,rome ( 8 day4 #bc 8,mosaic ,law10 by ,john ,david ,mi*aelis4 #bd ,born #ajf ,b4 ,c4 #be ,f #ebg to #efe ,a4 ,d4 #bf ,s5eca liv$ f #b to #fe ,a4 ,d4 #bg ,augu/us1 ! adopt$ son ( ,caes>1 0 by adoption a memb] ( ! ,g5s ,julia1 f :i* ! ,julian law d]iv$ its "n4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,*ri/ianity4 ,:ile 9 ! ,roman empire ! m>riage & bir?rate 7 p]mitt$ to decl9e m & m1 ! ,jews ma9ta9$ f> diff]5t cu/oms4 ,! ,jewess 0 n entitl$ to *oose h] own husb&2 he 0 *os5 = h] by h] fa!r4 ,b %e reg>d$ m>riage z a duty :i* %e fai?fully p]=m$4 ,! ,talmud advises3 8,:5 ?y daught] has atta9$ maturity1 set "o ( ?y slaves free & betro? h] to him40 ,! ,jews likewise fai?fully obey$ ! comm&m5t ( _! ,god3 8,be fruitful & multiply40 ,accord+ly ! ,jews h /eadily increas$ 9 spite ( p]secution & oppression2 !y are /aun* oppon5ts ( ,mal?usianism4 ,tacitus said ( !m3 8,!y firmly hold toge!r & readily assi/ "o ano!r1 b are ho/ile & full ( hatr$ aga9/ all o!rs4 ,!y nev] eat or sleep ) enemies1 & ?\gh v mu* incl9$ to s5sual passion1 !y refra9 f pair+ ) =eign wom54 ,yet !y are eag] to increase _! tribe4 ,to de/roy _! (fspr+ is a s9 to !m2 & ! s\ls ( ^? :o h be5 kill$ 9 battle or execut$1 !y consid] immortal4 ,!re=e !y comb9e love = propagation ) a contempt = dea?40 ,b ,tacitus hat$ & despis$ ! ,jews because !y1 reg>dless ( _! pat]nal cre$1 eag]ly accumulat$ weal?4 ,he calls !m 8! meane/ p10 8an ugly nation40 ,"u ,roman rule1 ! ,jews became m & m closely l9k$ ) "o ano!r1 & dur+ ! long "t ( suff]+ !y 7 doom$ to endure f ?is "t on ?r\gh ! entire middle ages1 t intimate family life develop$ among !m1 :i* /ill is reg>d$ z a sort ( model by b\rgeois society4 ,9 ,roman society mean:ile1 t process ( decay & dissolution took place t br\ght ! empire to an end4 ,! debau*]y bord]+ on madness 0 oppos$ by ! opposite extreme1 rigor\s self-d5ial4 ,asceticism n[ assum$ religi\s =ms1 z ! debau*]ies _h previ\sly done4 ,ecc5tric fanaticism made propag&a = x4 ,! b\ndless luxury & extravagance ( ! rul+ classes 0 9 /rik+ contra/ ) ! want & mis]y ( ! millions & millions ( p :o 7 br\ght to ,italy into s]vitude by ! conqu]+ ,romans f all ! c\ntries ( ! _w kn[n at t "t4 ,among ^! !re also 7 ev] s _m wom51 torn f _! homes1 _! p>5ts1 _! husb&s & *ildr51 :o 7 mo/ deeply afflict$ by _! mis=tune & long$ = lib]ation4 ,_m ,roman wom5 :o 7 ?or\ghly disgu/$ by :at 0 go+ on ab\t !m1 7 9 a simil> m5tal /ate4 ,any *ange 9 _! position seem$ desirable4 ,a pr(\nd long+ = *ange1 = r$emption1 manife/$ itself 9 wide circles1 & ! ,r$eem] seem$ to approa*4 ,! conque/ ( ! ,jewi% realm & ,j]usalem by ! ,romans1 result$ 9 ! de/ruction ( national indep5d5ce1 & br\ght =? ideali/s among ! ascetics ( t c\ntry :o pr$ict$ ! com+ ( a new k+dom ) fre$om & happ9ess = all4 ,*ri/ came & ,*ri/ianity develop$4 ,x p]sonifi$ opposition aga9/ ! bea/ly mat]ialism t prevail$ among ! ri* & mighty ones 9 ! ,roman empire2 x repres5t$ rebellion aga9/ ! oppression & disda9 ( ! masses4 ,b s9ce x sprang f ,judaism t knew woman only z an oppress$ be+1 & s9ce x 0 bias$ by ! biblical conception t %e is ! s\rce ( all evil1 x prea*$ ! disda9 ( woman2 x prea*$ ab/95ce & de/ruction ( ! fle%1 t 0 s9n+ s mu* at ! "t1 & ) ambigu\s expressions po9t$ to a com+ k+dom--conceiv$ by "s z a cele/ial1 by o!rs z an e>?ly k+dom--t w\ld br+ univ]sal peace & ju/ice4 ,9 ! mire ( ! ,roman realm1 ! se$s ( ^! doctr9es 7 plant$ 9 f]tile soil4 ,woman1 hop+ = lib]ation & r$emption f h] position l all ! o!r un=tunates1 gladly & eag]ly embrac$ ! new fai?4 ,until ?is day no great & important movem5t has tak5 place 9 all ! _w 9 :i* wom5 did n figure z h]o9es & m>tyrs4 ,!y :o praise ,*ri/ianity z a great a*ievem5t ( civilization1 %\ld n =get t to woman x ow$ _m ( its victories4 ,h] eag]ness to make conv]ts play$ an important "p bo? 9 ! ,roman empire & among ! b>b>ian peoples ( ! middle ages4 ,?r\gh h] ef=ts ^? 9 p[] (t5 7 conv]t$4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 x 0 ,*lotilde :o induc$ ,*lodwig1 ,k+ ( ! ,franks1 to embrace ,*ri/ianity4 ,x 0 ,b]?a1 ,que5 ( ,k5t1 & ,gisela1 ,que5 ( ,hung>y1 :o introduc$ ,*ri/ianity 9 _! c\ntries4 ,! conv]sion ( _m prom95t m5 0 due to ! influ5ce ( wom54 ,b ,*ri/ianity rew>d$ woman poorly4 ,its doctr9es conta9 ! same disda9 ( woman t is met ) 9 all ! religions ( ! ,ori5t4 ,x comm&s h] to be an ob$i5t s]vant to man1 & ev5 to-day wom5 mu/ promise ob$i5ce to _! husb&s be=e ! m>riage alt>4 ,let u he> h[ ! ,bible & ,*ri/ianity speak ( woman & m>riage4 ,! t5 comm&m5ts ( ! old te/am5t are address$ exclusively to ! man4 ,9 ! n9? comm&m5t ! woman is m5tion$ toge!r ) ! dome/ic s]vants & dome/ic animals4 ,! man is w>n$ n to covet 8 neighbor's wife1 nor 8 man-s]vant1 nor 8 maid-s]vant1 nor 8 ox1 nor 8 ass1 nor any?+ t is 8 neighbor's4 ,woman !n is an object1 a piece ( prop]ty1 t man %\ld n desire if 9 someone else's possession4 ,jesus1 :o belong$ to a sect t ma9ta9$ rigor\s asceticism & practis$ volunt>y emasculation1 :5 ask$ by 8 disciples :e!r x 7 well to m>ry1 repli$3 ,all m5 _c receive ?is say+ save !y to :om x is giv54 ,= !re are "s eunu*s1 :i* 7 s born f _! "m's womb2 & !re are "s eunu*s :i* 7 made eunu*s ( m52 & !re be eunu*s :i* h made !mselves eunu*s = ! k+dom ( heav5's sake4 ,accord+ to ?is1 !n1 emasculation is agreeable to ,god1 & r5unciation ( love & m>riage is a wor?y de$4 ,/4 ,paul1 :o may be call$ ! f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity ev5 m s ?an ,jesus himself1 ,/4 ,paul1 :o remov$ ?is cre$ f ! n>r[ ,jewi% sect>ianism & gave x its int]national "*1 writes to ! ,coryn?ians3 ,n[ conc]n+ ! ?+s :]e( ye wrote unto me3 x is good = a man n to t\* a woman4 ,nev]!less1 to avoid =nication1 let e man h 8 own wife & let e woman h h] own husb&4 8,matrimony is a degrad$ /ation2 to m>ry is good1 n to m>ry is bett]40 8,walk 9 ! _s & resi/ ! temptations ( ! fle%40 8,! fle% conspires aga9/ ! _s & ! _s conspires aga9/ ! fle%40 ,!y1 :om ,*ri/ has won1 h crucifi$ _! fle% ) all its passions & desires4------ ,he 0 true to 8 own views & refra9$ f m>riage4 ,?is hatr$ ( fle% is ! hatr$ ( woman1 b also ! fe> ( woman1 :o is repres5t$ z man's s$uc]4 ,9 ?is _s ! apo/les & fa!rs ( ! *ur* prea*$2 9 ?is same _s ! *ur* us$ its influ5ce dur+ ! entire middle ages1 by e/abli%+ mona/]ies & introduc+ celibacy ( prie/s1 & x is /ill us+ its influ5ce 9 ! same direction4 ,accord+ to ,*ri/ianity woman is impure4 ,%e is ! s$uc] :o br\ght s9 into ! _w & wr\ght man's de/ruction4 ,!re=e ! apo/les & fa!rs ( ! *ur* reg>d$ m>riage z a necess>y evil1 z pro/itution is reg>d$ at pres5t4 ,t]tullian exclaims3 8,woman1 y ought to g ab\t clad 9 m\rn+ & rags1 y\r eyes fill$ ) te>s ( remorse1 to make u =get t y h be5 mank9d's de/ruction4 ,woman1 y are ! gate to hell60 ,&3 8,celibacy mu/ be *ose1 ev5 ?\gh ! human race %\ld p]i%40 ,hi]onymus says3 8,matrimony is always a vice1 all t c be done is to excuse x & to sanctify x2 !re=e x 0 made a religi\s sacram5t40 ,orig9es decl>es3 8,matrimony is impure & unholy2 a means ( s5sual passion40 ,to escape ! temptation he emasculat$ himself4 ,augu/9 tea*es3 8,! m>ri$ p w %9e 9 heav5 l radiant />s1 :ile _! p>5ts 7_! procreators7 w be l d>k />s40 ,eusebius & ,hi]onymus are agre$ t ! tea*+ ( ! ,bible3 8,be fruitful & multiply10 is no long] suit$ to ! times1 & does n conc]n ,*ri/ians4 ,hundr$s ( simil> say+s by ! mo/ influ5tial tea*]s ( ! *ur* might be quot$1 to prove t !y all taught 9 ! same _s4 ,by _! cont9u\s tea*+ & prea*+ !y h dissem9at$ ^? unnatural views ab\t ev]y?+ p]ta9+ to sex & ! sex relation1 :i* aft] all is a law ( nature1 & ! fulfillm5t ( :i* is "o ( ! mo/ important duties 9 ! plan ( life4 ,mod]n society is /ill suff]+ f ! effects ( ^! doctr9es1 & is b sl[ly recov]+ f !m4 ,/4 ,pet] exclaims ) en]gy3 8,wives1 obey y\r husb&s60 ,/4 ,paul writes to ! ,ephesians3 8,! husb& is ! head ( ! wife1 z ,*ri/ also is ! head ( ! *ur*40 ,& to ! ,cor9?ians3 8,! man is ! image & glory ( ,god2 b woman is ! glory ( ! man40 ,accord+ to ?is any fool ( a man may deem himself bett] ?an ! mo/ excell5t woman1 & z a matt] ( fact x has be5 s 9 practice until ?is day4 ,aga9/ ! high] education ( wom5 ,/4 ,paul also raises 8 voice4 ,9 ! fir/ ,epi/le to ,timo?y #b1 #aa1 etc41 he says3 8,let a woman le>n 9 quietness ) all subjection4 ,b ,i p]mit n a woman to tea*1 nor to h dom9ion ov] a man1 b to be 9 quietness02 & 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians1 #ad1 #cd & #ce3 8,let ! wom5 keep sil5ce 9 ! *ur*es2 = x is n p]mitt$ unto !m to speak4 ,b let !m be 9 subjection z also sai? ! law4 ,& if !y w\ld le>n any?+ let !m ask _! own husb&s at home2 = x is %ameful = a woman to speak 9 ! *ur*40 ,/4 ,?omas ( ,aqu9o 7#abbg to #abgd7 says3 8,woman is a rapidly gr[+ we$1 an imp]fect be+4 ,h] body atta9s maturity m rapidly only because x is ( less value1 & nature is engag$ less 9 h] mak+4 ,wom5 are born to be et]nally ma9ta9$ "u ! yoke ( _! lords & ma/]s1 end[$ by nature ) sup]iority 9 e respect1 & !re=e de/9$ to rule40 ,su* doctr9es are n *>act]i/ic ( ,*ri/ianity only4 ,z ,*ri/ianity is a mixture ( ,judaism & ,greek philosophy1 & z bo? are root$ 9 ! m anci5t civilizations ( ,india1 ,babylon & ,egypt1 ! inf]ior position allot$ to woman by ,*ri/ianity 0 common to all ! civiliz$ nations ( antiquity aft] ! pass+ ( ! matri>*ate4 ,9 ! ,indian book ( laws ( ,manu we f9d ! foll[+3 8,! cause ( di%onor is woman2 ! cause ( ho/ility is woman2 ! cause ( worldly ?+s is woman2 !re=e woman %\ld be %unn$40 ,beside ! degradation ( woman1 ! fe> ( woman is repeat$ly naively express$4 ,?us x is fur!r /at$ 9 ,manu3 8,wom5 are ev] incl9$ by nature to s$uce m52 !re=e a man %\ld nev]1 ev5 9 ! company ( 8 close/ female relative1 sit 9 a lonely spot40 ,! ,indian conception1 ! old te/am5t1 & ! ,*ri/ian conception1 all unite 9 decl>+ woman ! s$uc]4 ,e condition ( oppression entails ! degradation ( ! oppress$4 ,! oppression ( woman has be5 ma9ta9$ until ?is day2 b among ! ,ori5tal peoples1 ^: social developm5t has be5 ret>d$1 x has be5 ma9ta9$ m rigor\sly ?an among ! ,*ri/ian nations4 ,yet ! factor t made = improvem5t 9 ! position ( wom5 among ,*ri/ian nations 0 n ,*ri/ianity itself1 b ! civilization ( ! ,we/]n c\ntries atta9$ 9 ! /ruggles aga9/ ! ,*ri/ian conception4 ,*ri/ianity is n ! cause t woman's position is sup]ior to-day to :at x _h be5 at ! "t ( ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,only reluctantly has x be5 compell$ to ab&on its true attitude t[>d woman4 ,!y :o are en?usia/ic ov] ! 8r$eem+ mission ( ,*ri/ianity10 ( c\rse1 hold a diff]5t view4 ,!y claim t ,*ri/ianity has lib]at$ woman f h] =m] degrad$ position1 & !y base ?is claim especially ^u ! cult ( ! ,holy ,virg91 :i* !y consid] a tok5 ( respect = woman4 ,! ,ca?olic ,*ur* :i* ma9ta9s ?is cult1 might h>dly %>e ?is op9ion4 ,! above-quot$ say+s ( ! sa9ts & ! fa!rs ( ! *ur* :i* c\ld easily be multipli$1 all express ho/ility to woman & m>riage4 ,! ,c\ncil at ,macon dur+ ! six? c5tury1 :i* indulg$ 9 s]i\s discussion z to :e!r woman _h a s\l1 & f9ally decid$ 9 h] favor by a majority ( "o1 also disproves ! claim t ,*ri/ianity 0 favorable to wom54 ,! introduction ( celibacy ( prie/s by ,gregory ,,vii1#bh ! purpose ( :i* 0 to create a p[] by hav+ an unm>ri$ prie/hood t w\ld n be )drawn f ! s]vice ( ! *ur* by any family int]e/s1 0 made possible only by t fundam5tal view ( ! *ur*1 t all desires ( ! fle% are s9ful4 ,_m re=m]s1 especially ,calv9 & ! ,scot* m9i/]s1 h rav$ s vehem5tly aga9/ ! 8lu/ ( ! fle%10 t !y left no d\bt 9 reg>d to ! ho/ile attitude ( ,*ri/ianity t[>d wom54#bi ,by introduc+ ! cult ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 ) wise calculation1 m]ely put ?is cult 9 place ( ! cult ( ! anci5t goddesses1 t exi/$ among all ! peoples :o 7 conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity at t "t4 ,m>y replac$ ,cybel1 ,mylitta1 ,aphrodite & ,v5us among ! ,s\!rn nations1 & ,freia1 ,frigga & o!rs among ! ,g]man tribes4 ,%e 0 only end[$ ) a ,*ri/ian1 spiritual idealism4 #bh ,among o!rs ! p>i% prie/s ( ! ,diocese ( ,may5ce ?us prote/$ aga9/ ?is ord9ance3 8,y bi%ops & abbots possess great ri*es1 elegant hunt+ outfits & enjoy royal banquets2 we poor1 simple prie/s h b a wife = our com=t4 ,ab/95ce may be a virtue1 b x is =soo? sev]e & h>d40--,yves ,guyot1 8,les ,?ories sociales du ,*ri/ianisme40 #bi ,a great _m in/ances 9 evid5ce ( ?is are furni%$ by ,buckle 9 8 8,hi/ory ( ,civilization 9 ,engl&40 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,woman 9 ! ,m$iaeval ,age4 #a4--,! ,position ( ,wom5 among ! ,g]mans4 ,! robu/1 physically heal?y1 co>se b unsophi/icat$ peoples t dur+ ! fir/ c5turies aft] ,*ri/ came f ! ,nor? & ,ea/1 flood+ l mighty ocean waves ! en]vat$ ,roman empire 9 :i* ,*ri/ianity _h gradually come into p[]1 vehem5tly resi/$ ! ascetic tea*+s ( ! ,*ri/ian prea*]s1 :o 7 oblig$ to make all[ances = ^! heal?y natures4 ,! ,romans 7 surpris$ to f9d t ! cu/oms ( ^! peoples diff]$ consid]ably f _! own4 ,tacitus takes note ( ?is fact 9 reg>d to ! ,g]mans1 ( :om he ?us expresses 8 approval3 8,_! m>riage laws are sev]e & none ( _! cu/oms are m laudable ?an ?is "o1 = !y are practically ! only b>b>ians :o cont5t !mselves ) "o wife4 ,among ?is num]\s p "o r>ely he>s ( adult]y1 & :5 x does occur1 x is promptly puni%$1 ! m5 !mselves be+ p]mitt$ to inflict ! puni%m5t4 ,nak$1 h] hair clipp$1 ?us ! man drives ! adult]ess out ( ! village be=e ! eyes ( h] relatives1 = a s9 aga9/ virtue is n condon$4 ,!re nobody laughs ov] vice & to s$uce & be+ s$uc$ are n consid]$ a sign ( good bre$+4 ,! y\?s m>ry late2 !re=e !y ma9ta9 _! /r5g?4 ,! maid5s1 too1 are n m>ri$ (f ha/ily1 & !y are ( ! same /ature z ! m51 & pres5t ! same heal?ful gl[ ( y\?4 ,( equal age1 equally /rong1 !y w$1 & ! /r5g? ( ! p>5ts is transmitt$ to ! *ildr540 ,evid5tly ,tacitus depict$ ! matrimonial relations ( ! anci5t ,g]mans 9 a some:at too rosy hue1 to set !m be=e ! ,romans z an example4 ,!y inde$ sev]ely puni%$ ! woman :o committ$ adult]y1 b ! puni%m5t 0 n inflict$ ^u ! man :o committ$ adult]y4 ,at ! "t ( ,tacitus1 ! g5s /ill fl\ri%$ among ! ,g]mans4 ,tacitus1 be+ accu/om$ to ! m advanc$ ,roman conditions t made ! old g5tile organization & its f\ndations seem /range & incompreh5sible to him1 wond]+ly relates t among ! ,g]mans a "m's bro!r reg>ds 8 nephew z a son1 & t "s consid]$ ! bond ( blood relation betwe5 an uncle on ! "m's side & 8 nephew z be+ ev5 m sacr$ ?an ! bond betwe5 fa!r & son4 ,= ?is reason1 s he fur!rmore relates1 :5 ho/ages 7 ask$ =1 x 0 consid]$ a /rong] security :5 a man gave 8 si/]'s son in/ead ( 8 own4 ,^u ?is subject ,engels rem>ks3 8,:5 ! memb] ( a g5s gave 8 own son z a ho/age & he 0 sacrific$ by a brea* ( ! agreem5t1 x 0 ! fa!r's own conc]n4 ,b if 8 si/]'s son _h be5 sacrific$ a sacr$ g5tile "r _h be5 violat$4 ,! ne>e/ g5tile relation by duty b\nd to protect ! boy or y\?1 _h caus$ 8 dea?4 ,he %\ld ei!r n h pl$g$ him1 or %\ld h kept 8 agreem5t40#cj ,engels %[s t 9 o!r respects among ! ,g]mans at ! "t ( ,tacitus1 ! matri>*ate _h already be5 replac$ by ! patri>*ate4 ,! *ildr5 inh]it$ f _! fa!r4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( *ildr51 bro!rs & uncles on bo? ! fa!r's & "m's side 7 ! lawful heirs4 ,t ! "m's bro!r 0 admitt$ to a %>e 9 ! inh]itance1 al?\gh inh]itance 0 det]m9$ by desc5t on ! fa!r's side1 c be expla9$ by ! fact t ! old law _h b rec5tly disappe>$4 ,memories ( ! old law also caus$ t pr(\nd respect ( ! ,g]man = ! female sex1 :i* s greatly surpris$ ,tacitus4 ,he also obs]v$ t ! c\rage ( ! m5 0 k9dl$ to ! utmo/ by ! wom54 ,! ?\ght ( see+ _! wom5 l$ into captivity & s]vitude 0 mo/ t]rible to ! anci5t ,g]mans & impell$ !m to ! utmo/ resi/ance4 ,b ! wom5 also 7 animat$ by a _s t greatly impress$ ! ,romans4 ,:5 ,m>ius w\ld n p]mit ! captur$ ,teuton wom5 to become prie/esses ( ,ve/a 7! goddess ( virg9 *a/ity7 !y committ$ suicide4 ,at ! "t ( ,tacitus ! ,g]mans possess$ fix$ abodes4 ,!re 0 an annual division ( ! soil1 :i* 0 det]m9$ by lot1 & ! wood1 ! /reams & ! pa/ure-gr\nd 7 consid]$ common prop]ty4 ,_! mode ( life 0 extremely simple2 _! weal? consi/$ ma9ly ( cattle2 co>se wool5 cloaks or ! hides ( animals con/itut$ _! clo?+4 ,wom5 & "s m5 ( rank wore l95 "u-g>m5ts4 ,metal tools & weapons 7 manufactur$ only by ^? tribes :o liv$ 9 too remote p>ts = ! importation ( ,roman products ( indu/ry4 ,9 m9or matt]s decisions 7 r5d]$ by ! c\ncil ( *iefs2 9 m important matt]s by ! popul> assembly4 ,orig9ally ! *iefs 7 elect$1 ?\gh usually f "o p>ticul> family4 ,b ! transition to ! patri>*al sy/em favor$ ! h]$ity ( ! position1 & f9ally l$ to ! =mation ( a h]$it>y nobility t lat] on develop$ into k+%ip4 ,z 9 ,greece & ,rome1 ! ,g]man g5s p]i%$ by ! rise ( private prop]ty1 ! developm5t ( indu/ry & comm]ce1 & int]m>riage ) memb]s ( =eign tribes & nations4 ,! g5s 0 replac$ by ! m>k community1 a democratic organization ( free peasants t con/itut$ a firm bulw>k aga9/ ! encroa*m5ts ( *ur* & nobility = _m c5turies1 & did n q disappe> ev5 !n :5 ! feudal /ate _h come into p[] & ! free peasants _h be5 =c$ into a condition ( s]vitude4 ,! m>k community 0 repres5t$ by ! heads ( ! families4 ,wives1 daught]s & daught]s-9-law 7 exclud$ f ! c\ncil4 ,! times _h pass$ 9 :i* wom5 conduct$ ! affairs ( ! tribe--an incid5t :i* greatly amaz$ ,tacitus1 & :i* he describes ) rem>ks ( scorn4 ,9 ! fif? c5tury ! ,salic law repeal$ ! "r ( inh]itance ( wom5 to patrimonial e/ates4 ,e male memb] ( ! m>k community 0 entitl$1 ^u m>riage1 to %>e 9 ! common soil4 ,usually gr&p>5ts1 p>5ts & *ildr5 liv$ "u "o ro( 9 a h\sehold community1 & s x frequ5tly occurr$ t = ! purpose ( obta9+ an additional %>e1 a son :o _h n yet atta9$ ! m>riageable age 0 jo9$ 9 w$lock ) "s maid5 ( m>riageable age by proxy1 ! fa!r act+ z husb& 9 place ( ! son4#ca ,newly m>ri$ c\ples 7 giv5 a c>tload ( bea*wood & wood to build a log cab94 ,^u ! bir? ( a daught]1 p>5ts also receiv$ "o c>tload ( wood2 ^u ! bir? ( a son !y receiv$ two4 ,! female sex accord+ly 0 consid]$ wor? only half z mu* z ! male sex4 ,! m>riage c]emony 0 simple4 ,religi\s rites 7 unkn[n4 ,a mutual agreem5t 0 suffici5t1 & z soon z ! c\ple _h ent]$ ! nuptial b$1 ! m>riage 0 contract$4 ,only 9 ! n9? c5tury t cu/om arose accord+ to :i* a religi\s c]emony 0 necess>y to legalize a m>riage1 & z late z ! sixte5? c5tury1 m>riage 0 made a sacram5t ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* by a decision ( ! c\ncil ( ,tr5t4 #cj ,engels3 8,orig9 ( ! ,family40 #ca ,! same cu/om 0 met ) 9 ,russia dur+ ! rule ( ,mir4 #b4--;,feudalism & ! ,"r ( ! ,fir/ ,night4 ,) ! rise ( ! feudal /ate ! position ( a great _m common]s became consid]ably worse4 ,! victori\s lead]s ( ! army abus$ _! p[] by tak+ possession ( l>ge tracts ( l&4 ,!y consid]$ !mselves entitl$ to ! common prop]ty1 & did n hesitate to di/ribute x among _! foll[]s1 slaves1 s]fs or fre$ m51 ei!r = tempor>y use or ) ! "r ( inh]itance4 ,!reby !y creat$ = !mselves a c\rt & milit>y nobility1 devot$ to !m 9 all ?+s4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( a l>ge realm ( ! ,franks de/roy$ ! la/ traces ( g5tile organization4 ,! c\ncil ( ! *iefs 0 replac$ by ! lead]s ( ! army & ! newly creat$ nobility4 ,gradually ! great mass ( ! common]s 7 driv5 into a condition ( exhau/ion & paup]ism1 z a result ( ! cont9u\s w>s ( conque/ & ! disputes ( _! rul]s1 = :i* !y _h to be> ! heavie/ burd5s4 ,!y c\ld no long] s]ve 9 ! militia4 ,9 _! place ! lords & noblem5 recruit$ vassals1 & ! peasants plac$ !mselves & _! possessions "u ! protection ( a worldly or spiritual "l--= ! *ur* _h succe$$ 9 becom+ a great p[] )9 a few c5turies--9 return = :i* !y paid r5t & taxes4 ,?us ! free f>ms 7 trans=m$ into leas$ prop]ty1 & z "t w5t by new duties 7 con/antly impos$4 ,hav+ once come into ?is dep5d5t position1 x 0 n long be=e ! peasants 7 depriv$ ( _! p]sonal lib]ty z well4 ,bondage & s]fdom exp&$ m & m4 ,! feudal "l held almo/ unre/rict$ sway ov] 8 s]fs4 ,8 0 ! "r to compel any man :o _h atta9$ ! eighte5? & any girl :o _h atta9$ ! f\rte5? ye>1 to become m>ri$4 ,he c\ld prescribe to bo? m5 & wom5 :om !y 7 to m>ry1 ev5 9 ! case ( wid[s & wid[]s4 ,z "l ( 8 subjects1 he consid]$ himself entitl$ to sexual int]c\rse ) 8 female s]fs1 & 8 p[] 0 express$ 9 ! 8jus primae noctis0 7! "r ( ! fir/ night74 ,?is "r might also be practic$ by 8 repres5tative 7major domo7 unless ! "r 7 waiv$ ^u paym5t ( a tax4 ,! t]ms 8b$-tribute10 8virg9's tribute10 etc41 betray ! nature ( ^! taxes4 ,x has frequ5tly be5 d5i$ t ?is "r ( ! fir/ night exi/$4 ,! k ( its exi/5ce is uncom=table to "s p1 because x 0 /ill practic$ at a "t t !y l to repres5t z a model = virtu\sness & piety4 ,we h already %[n t ?is "r ( ! fir/ night 0 a cu/om :i* _h its orig9 9 ! "t ( ! matri>*ate4 ,:5 ! old g5tile organization disappe>$1 ! cu/om ( surr5d]+ ! bride 9 ! bridal night to ! memb]s ( h] k9%ip 0 /ill ma9ta9$4 ,b 9 ! c\rse ( "t ! "r 0 re/rict$ & f9ally practic$ only by ! *ief or prie/4 ,x 0 transf]r$ ^u ! feudal "l z a result ( 8 p[] ov] ! p :o liv$ ^u ! l& own$ by him1 & he might practice ?is "r if he s *ose1 or waive x 9 return = a paym5t 9 k9d or 9 money4 ,h[ real 0 ?is "r ( ! fir/ night may be se5 by ! foll[+ passage f a tale by ,jacob ,grimm3 8,! groom %all invite ! manag] ( ! e/ate to ! w$d+ & he %all also invite ! manag]'s wife4 ,! manag] %all br+ a c>tload ( wood to ! w$d+1 & 8 wife %all br+ a qu>t] ( a roa/$ pig4 ,:5 ! w$d+ is ov]1 ! groom %all let ! manag] lie ) 8 wife = ! fir/ night1 or he %all r$eem h] ) five %ill+s & six p5ce40 ,sug5heim#cb holds ! op9ion t ! "r ( ! fir/ night 0 giv5 to ! feudal "l because 8 s]fs1 9 ord] to m>ry1 ne$$ 8 cons5t4 ,9 ,barn ?is practice l$ to ! cu/om t all fir/-born *ildr5 ( m>riages 9 :i* ! 8jus primae noctis0 _h be5 practic$1 7 reg>d$ z ( free e/ate4 ,lat] on ?is "r 0 g5]ally r$eemable by ! paym5t ( a tax4 ,accord+ to ,sug5heim1 ! bi%ops ( ,ami5s /ubbornly ma9ta9$ ?is tax until ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,9 ,scotl& ! "r ( ! fir/ night 0 decl>$ r$eemable by paym5t ( a tax by ,k+ ,malcolm ,,iii at ! close ( ! elev5? c5tury4 ,9 ,g]many x exi/$ mu* long]4 ,accord+ to ! records ( ! ,swabian mona/]y ,adelb]g ( ! ye> #adif1 ! s]fs liv+ 9 ! community ( ,bo]tl+51 c\ld r$eem ! "r if ! groom gave a bag ( salt & ! bride gave #a lb #g %ill+s 9 a di% 8l>ge en\gh t %e might sit 9 x40 ,9 o!r localities ! brides might r$eem x by giv+ ! feudal "l s mu* butt] or *eese 8z 0 ! size ( _! seat40 ,else:]e !y _h to give a da9ty lea!r *air 89 :i* !y j fitt$40 ,accord+ to a description ( ! ,bav>ian judge ( ! c\rt ( appeals1 ,mr4 ,wel%1 a tax = r$eem+ ! jus primae noctis /ill exi/$ 9 ,bav>ia 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,engels fur!rmore reports t among ! ,scots & ,wel% ! jus primae noctis 0 ma9ta9$ ?ru\t ! middle age1 b s9ce "h ! g5tile organization cont9u$ to exi/1 x 0 n ! feudal "l or 8 repres5tative :o practic$ ?is "r1 b ! *iefta9 ( ! clan1 & by him x 0 practic$ z repres5tative ( all ! husb&s unless a tribute 0 paid4 ,s !re c be no d\bt z to ! exi/5ce ( ! "r ( ! fir/ night1 n only 9 m$ieval days1 b ev5 d[n to mod]n times1 & t x held a place 9 ! feudal code ( laws4 ,9 ,pol& noblem5 arrogat$ ! "r to defl\r any maid5 :o *anc$ to please !m1 & if someone prote/$ aga9/ ?is usage1 !y condemn$ him to receive "o hundr$ bl[s ) a cane4 ,l&-lords & _! employees /ill consid] ! sacrifice ( virg9al honor to _! lu/ a matt] ( c\rse1 n only 9 ,g]many1 b 9 ! entire s\!rn & s\? ea/]n portion ( ,europe1 z is ass]t$ by ^? :o are acqua9t$ ) ! l& & ! p4 ,dur+ feudalism x 0 9 ! int]e/ ( ! feudal "l t 8 s]fs %\ld become m>ri$1 = ! *ildr5 became 8 s]fs also1 add+ to ! numb] ( 8 work]s & increas+ 8 income4 ,!re=e bo? worldly & spiritual ma/]s enc\rag$ m>riage among _! subjects4 ,! "q assum$ a diff]5t aspect ?o z f> z ! *ur* 0 conc]n$1 :5 an unm>ri$ p]son 0 likely to w 8 prop]ty to ! *ur*4 ,b ?is only appli$ to free m5 ( l[ e/ate1 ^: conditions grew /eadily worse z a result ( ! conditions describ$ h]e91 & :o gave ov] _! possessions to ! *ur* to seek protection & peace )9 ! walls ( ! mona/]ies4 ,o!rs aga9 plac$ !mselves "u ! protection ( ! *ur* by pay+ a tax or by r5d]+ s]vices4 ,b 9 ?is way ! fate !y _h s\ght to escape frequ5tly befell _! desc5dants2 !y gradually came into bondage or 7 made novices = ! mona/]ies4 #cb ,hi/ory ( ! abolition ( s]fdom 9 ,europe until ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 #c4--,! ,rise ( ,cities4--,mona/ic ,affairs4--,pro/itution4 ,! cities :i* _h begun to fl\ri% ) ! elev5? c5tury1 favor$ ! increase ( population 9 _! own int]e/ by facilitat+ resid5ce & m>riage4 ,!y became places ( refuge to ! rural population seek+ to escape unbe>able oppression1 & to fugitive s]fs4 ,b at a lat] day ^! conditions *ang$ aga94 ,z soon z ! cities _h obta9$ p[]1 & a class ( me*anics 9 com=table circum/ances _h come into exi/5ce1 a feel+ ( ho/ility manife/$ itself aga9/ new-com]s :o tri$ to settle d[n z me*anics1 s9ce !y 7 reg>d$ z undesirable competitors4 ,b>ri]s 7 erect$ aga9/ ! new-com]s2 heavy taxes 7 levi$ ^u !m if !y w\ld obta9 ! "r ( resid5ce & become qualifi$ z ma/]-workm54 ,trades 7 limit$ to a c]ta9 numb] ( ma/]-workm5 & _! j\rneym51 !reby =c+ ?\s&s into a condition ( s]vitude1 celibacy & vagabondage4 ,:5 dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury ! cities began to decl9e1--ow+ to conditions t w be discuss$ lat] on1--x 0 q 9 keep+ ) ! n>r[ views ( ! "t t resid5ce & ! "r to indep5d5tly practice a trade 7 made /ill m difficult4 ,! tyranny ( ! feudal lords con/antly increas$1 until _m ( _! subjects pref]r$ to ab&on _! mis]able lives = ! fre] life ( begg>1 tramp or robb]1 ! latt] be+ favor$ by ! l>ge =e/s & ! poor condition ( ! highways1 or1 mak+ ! mo/ ( ! num]\s w>f>es ( ! "t1 !y became m]c5>y soldi]s1 sell+ _! s]vices :]ev] ! pay 0 highe/ & ! booty mo/ promis+4 ,male & female rabble flood$ ! c\ntry1 becom+ a public nuisance4 ,! *ur* help$ to increase ! g5]al depravity4 ,! =c$ celibacy ( ! cl]gy alone l$ to sexual debau*]y1 & ?is 0 /ill height5$ by ! con/ant association ) ,italy & ,rome4 ,rome 0 n only ! capital ( ,*ri/ianity1 be+ ! resid5ce ( ! popes1 x 0 also1 true to its traditions "u ! hea!n emp]ors1 a new ,babel1 ! ,european high-s*ool ( immorality1 & ! papal c\rt 0 its mo/ di/+ui%$ c5t]4 ,! ,roman empire at its dissolution _h left to ,*ri/ian ,europe all its vices4 ,^! 7 cultivat$ 9 ,rome & f !re p5etrat$ into ,g]many1 favor$ by association ( ! cl]gy ) ,rome4 ,! num]\s cl]gy1 consi/+ to a great ext5t ( m5 ^: sexual desires 7 increas$ to ! utmo/ by a lazy & luxuri\s life1 & :om en=c$ celibacy drove to illegitimate or unnatural satisfaction ( _! desires1 transmitt$ ?is immorality to all /rata ( society4 ,! cl]gy became a pe/il5tial dang] to ! virtue ( wom5 9 cities & villages4 ,mona/]ies & nunn]ies1--& !re 7 c\ntless numb]s ( !m1--frequ5tly diff]$ f public bro!ls only inasmu* z life )9 !m 0 /ill m lic5ti\s & dissolute4 ,crimes1 especially infanticide1 7 frequ5tly committ$ !re ) impunity1 because only ^? 7 p]mitt$ to pass judgm5t :o 7 m (t5 ?an n connect$ ) ! crimes4 ,sometimes peasants tri$ to protect _! wives & daught]s f be+ s$uc$ by cl]gym51 by refus+ to accept z pa/or any "o :o w\ld n cons5t to keep+ a concub9e4 ,?is circum/ance l$ a bi%op ( ,con/ance to impose a concub9e tax ^u ! cl]gy ( 8 diocese4 ,su* conditions expla9 ! hi/orically au!nticat$ fact1 t dur+ ! m$ival age describ$ by "o writ] ( romance z a pi\s & virtu\s age1 = in/ance 9 #adad1 at ! c\ncil ( ,con/ance1 no less ?an #aejj pro/itutes 7 pres5t4 ,b ^! conditions by no means made _! appe>ance only at ! decl9e ( ! middle age4 ,!y appe>$ at an e>ly date & gave cause = con/ant compla9ts & ord9ances4 ,?us ,*>lemagne issu$ an ord9ance 9 ! ye> #hjb1 9 :i* x says3 8! nunn]ies %all be closely gu>d$4 ,! nuns %all n roam ab\t b %all be c>efully wat*$1 nei!r %all !y live 9 discord & qu>rels ) "o ano!r1 & "u no circum/ances %all !y disobey _! mo!rs sup]ior4 ,:]e !y h mona/ic rules !y %all absolutely abide by !m4 ,!y %all n be giv5 to covet\sness1 drunk5ness & pro/itution1 b %all lead a j & temp]ate life4 ,nei!r %all any man ent] _! conv5t except to att5d mass1 & !n he %all imm$iately dep>t aga940 ,ano!r ord9ance ( ! ye> #hfi decl>$3 8if prie/s keep sev]al wives or %$ ! blood ( ,*ri/ians or hea!ns1 or break ! canonical law1 !y %all be dive/$ ( _! prie/hood because !y are worse ?an ! laity40 ,! fact t 9 ^? days ! prie/s 7 =bidd5 to h sev]al wives1 %[s t 9 ! n9? c5tury polygamy 0 n r>e4 ,inde$ !re 7 no laws =bidd+ x4 ,ev5 lat]1 at ! "t ( ! m9nes+]s1 dur+ ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies1 x 0 n consid]$ objectionable to h sev]al wives4 ,9 a poem by ,albre*t ( ,johansdorf 9 ! collection 8,love-songs' ,spr+time10 we f9d ! foll[+ /anza3#cc ,p>ticul>ly detrim5tal to ! moral condition ( ! age 7 ! crusades1 t kept t5s ( ?\s&s ( m5 away f _! homes = ye>s1 & l$ !m to become acqua9t$ ) cu/oms 9 ! ,ea/]n ,roman empire t _h until !n be5 unkn[n 9 ,we/]n ,europe4 ,! position ( wom5 became especially unfavorable1 n only z a result ( ! _m h9drances to m>riage & p]man5t resid5ce1 b also because _! numb]s by f> exce$$ ! male population4 ,! *ief cause ( ?is 0 ! num]\s w>s & ! fact t comm]cial travel+ 9 ^? days 0 a dang]\s und]tak+4 ,moreov] ! dea? rate among m5 0 high] ?an among wom51 z a result ( _! intemp]ate liv+1 :i* 0 especially manife/$ dur+ ! plague t frequ5tly ravag$ ! population 9 ! middle age4 ,?us !re 7 #cb plague ye>s 9 ! p]iod f #acbf to #adjj2 #da f #adjj to #aejj1 & #cj f #aejj to #afjj4cd ,ho/s ( wom5 roam$ ab\t on ! highways z musicians1 danc]s1 magicians1 9 ! company ( w&]+ s*ola/ics & prie/s1 & flood$ ! m>kets & fairs4 ,!y =m$ special divisions 9 ! troops ( foot-soldi]s :]e !y 7 organiz$ 9 guilds accord+ to ! _s ( ! age1 & 7 assign$ to ! diff]5t ranks accord+ to age & beauty4 ,by sev]e p5alty !y 7 =bidd5 to yield to any man outside ( ! prescrib$ circle4 ,9 ! camp !y _h to help ! baggage-c>ri]s to ga!r 9 hay1 /raw & wood1 to fill up holes & dit*es & to clean ! camp4 ,dur+ sieges x 0 _! task to fill up ! dit*es ) bru%wood1 bran*es & tufts ( grass to facilitate ! attack2 !y help$ to place ! guns 9 position & to drag !m along :5 !y became /uck 9 ! muddy roads4#ce ,to give "s relief to ^! num]\s helpless wom51 s call$ begu9ages1 t 7 ma9ta9$ by ! municipality1 7 erect$ 9 _m cities f ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury on4 ,"h ! wom5 7 giv5 homes & 7 enc\rag$ to lead dec5t lives4 ,b nei!r _! in/itutions nor ! nunn]ies c\ld %elt] all ^? :o s\ght help & protection4 ,! h9drances to m>riage1 ! j\rneys ( noblem5 & o!r worldly & spiritual lords :o came into ! cities ) _! ho/s ( knights & att5dants1 ! "y m5 )9 ! cities &1 la/ b n lea/1 ! m>ri$ m5 :o 7 n tr\bl$ mu* by moral scruples b believ$ t v>iety 0 ! spice ( life1--all ^! creat$ a dem& = pro/itutes 9 ! m$ieval t[ns4 ,z e trade 9 ^? days 0 organiz$ into guilds & submitt$ to def9ite regulations1 s also 0 pro/itution4 ,9 all ! l>g] cities bro!ls 7 ma9ta9$ t 7 municipal1 /ate or *ur* prop]ty & ^: pr(its w5t to fill ^! respective treasuries4 ,! wom5 9 ^! h\ses _h a s5ior-mi/ress elect$ by !mselves1 ^: duty x 0 to ma9ta9 ord] & :o 0 especially *>g$ ) ! task ( see+ to x t no competitors outside ( ! guild h>m$ ! legitimate trade4 ,if su* competitors 7 caught1 !y _h to pay a legal f9e4 ,?us ! inhabitants ( a bro!l 9 ,nuremb]g compla9$ to ! magi/rate ab\t ! competition ( wom5 :o 7 n memb]s ( _! guild3 8t o!r keep]s also ma9ta9 wom5 :o g ^u ! /reets at night & h>b\r m>ri$ m5 & o!rs1 & :o ply _! trade 9 a mu* co>s] way1 & t su* 7 a disgrace & %\ld n be p]mitt$ 9 ?is praisewor?y t[n40#cf ,! bro!ls enjoy$ special protection2 brea* ( ! peace 9 _! vic9ity 0 puni%$ m sev]ely ?an else:]e4 ,?is female guild 0 also entitl$ to appe> at fe/ivals & 9 processions 9 :i* x 0 cu/om>y = all ! guilds to p>ticipate4 ,!y 7 ev5 sometimes invit$ z gue/s to pr9cely & (ficial banquets4 ,! bro!ls 7 consid]$ desirable 8= ! protection ( m>ri$ wom5 & ! honor ( virg9s40 ,?is 0 ! same argum5t :i* 0 resort$ to 9 ord] to ju/ify ! ma9t5ance ( bro!ls by ! /ate 9 ,a!ns4 ,nev]!less b>b>\s p]secutions ( ! pro/itutes 7 met )1 t came f ! same m5 ^: dem& & ^: money ma9ta9$ ! pro/itutes4 ,?us ,*>lemagne decre$ t a pro/itute %\ld be br\ght nude ^u ! m>ket place & be flogg$ !re4 ,he himself1 ! 8mo/ ,*ri/ian0 k+ & emp]or _h no less ?an six wives simultane\sly4 ,8 daught]s1 evid5tly foll[+ _! fa!r's example1 7 n models ( virtue ei!r4 ,_! mode ( life gave him _m unpleasant h\rs1 & !y br\ght sev]al illegitimate *ildr5 into 8 h\se4 ,alku91 a fri5d & advisor to ,*>lemagne1 w>n$ 8 pupils ( 8! cr[n$ doves :o fly ?ru ! ,palat9ate at night10 mean+ ! emp]or's daught]s4 ,! same communities t (ficially organiz$ & protect$ ! bro!ls & grant$ all sorts ( privileges to ! pro/itutes inflict$ ! h>de/ & mo/ cruel puni%m5ts ^u a poor =sak5 girl :o _h gone wrong4 ,! infanticide :o1 driv5 to despair1 _h kill$ h] own (fspr+ 0 subject$ to cruel dea?1 :ile no "o bo!r$ ab\t ! unscrupul\s s$uc]4 ,p]haps he sat among ! judges :o pron\nc$ ! dea? s5t5ce on ! un=tunate victim4 ,! same is possible /ill4#cg ,adult]y ( wives 0 also sev]ely puni%$2 to be put 9 ! pillory 0 ! lea/ %e might expect4 ,b adult]y ( husb&s 0 conceal$ by ! cloak ( ,*ri/ian =be>ance4 ,9 ,wu]zburg x 0 cu/om>y = ! bro!l-keep] to take an oa? be=e ! magi/rate1 pl$g+ fai? & allegiance to ! city & t he w\ld dilig5tly enli/ wom54 ,simil> oa?s 7 tak5 9 ,nuremb]g1 ,ulm1 ,leipsic1 ,cologne1 ,frank=t1 & o!rs4 ,9 ,ulm ! bro!ls 7 aboli%$ 9 #aecg2 b 9 #aeea1 ! guilds mov$ to re9/ate !m 8to avoid a worse /ate ( affairs40 ,:5 /rang]s ( note visit$ a city1 pro/itutes 7 plac$ at _! disposal at ! city's exp5se4 ,:5 ,k+ ,ladislaus ent]$ ,vi5na 9 #adeb1 ! magi/rate s5t a committee ( public pro/itutes to meet him1 clad 9 transp>ant gauze t disclos$ _! beautiful %apes4 ,emp]or ,*>les ,v1 ^u ent]+ ,antw]p1 0 also receiv$ by a committee ( nude girls1 a hi/oric sc5e t ,hans ,mak>t depict$ 9 a l>ge pa9t+ :i* is n[ on exhibition 9 ! museum at ,hamburg4 ,su* occurr5ces creat$ no sc&al 9 ^? days4 #cc ,w\ld he n be fickle ,:o w\ld *oose to h a second wife ,beside 8 virtu\s "o8 ,speak1 ,sir1 w\ld y8-- ,let x to m5 be grant$ b to wom5 n6 #cd ,dr4 ,*>les ,bue*]3 8,! ,woman ,"q 9 ,m$ival ,times40 #ce ,dr4 ,*>les ,bue*]3 8,! ,woman ,"q 9 ,m$ieval ,times40 #cf ,joh4 ,s*]r1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,g]man ,woman1 #d? ed4 ,leipsic1 #ahgi4 #cg ,leon ,ri*t] 9 8,la femme libre0 reports a case :]e a s]vant girl 0 convict$ ( infanticide by ! fa!r ( h] *ild1 a pi\s lawy]1 :o 0 a memb] ( ! c\rt4 ,aft] ! girl's conviction x became kn[n t ! lawy] himself 0 ! murd]] & t %e 0 innoc5t4 #d4--,knigh?ood & ! ,v5]ation ( ,wom54 ,phanta/ic writ]s ( romance & s*em+ p]sons h endeavor$ to depict ! m$ival age z an especially virtu\s "o1 & z "o imbu$ ) a pr(\nd v5]ation ( wom54 ,! "t ( ! m9nes+]s1 f ! twelf? to ! f\rte5? c5tury1 is dwelt ^u to furni% pro( to ?is ass]tion4 ,! poetic c\rt%ip ( ! knights1 t 0 fir/ introduc$ by ! ,moriscos 9 ,spa91 is suppos$ to prove t wom5 7 highly honor$ at t "t4 ,b let a few facts be rememb]$4 ,fir/ly1 ! knights only con/itut$ a v small portion ( ! population1 & 9 ! same way _! ladies con/itut$ a small portion ( ! wom54 ,secondly1 only a v limit$ numb] ( ! knights practic$ ?is knightly c\rt%ip2 & ?irdly1 ! true nature ( ?is cu/om has be5 consid]ably misund]/ood or di/ort$4 ,! "t :5 knigh?ood 0 9 fl[]1 0 ! age ( ! rule ( brute =ce 9 ,g]many2 x 0 ! age 9 :i* all bonds ( law & ord] 7 brok51 & ! knights practic$ extortion1 plund]+ & highway-robb]y )\t re/ra9t4 ,su* an age ( brute =ce is n "o 9 :i* mild & poetic s5tim5ts pr$om9ate4 ,on ! contr>y4 ,?is age 0 de/9$ to %att] ! respect = ! female sex t might /ill h rema9$4 ,! knights1 9 ! c\ntry z well z 9 ! t[ns1 7 mo/ly co>se1 brutal fell[s1 ^: *ief passion1 besides w>f>e & excessive dr9k+1 0 ! unre/rict$ satisfaction ( _! sexual desires4 ,! *ronicl]s ( t "t tell ( incessant acts ( viol5ce & ravi%m5t committ$ by ! nobility ( t[n & c\ntry1 :o controll$ ! municipal gov]nm5ts ?r\gh\t ! ?irte5?1 f\rte5? & into ! fifte5? c5turies4 ,because ! knights conduct$ ! c\rts 9 ! t[ns1 & ! feudal lords pass$ judgm5t 9 ! rural di/ricts1 ! injur$ p]sons r>ely obta9$ r$ress ( _! grievances4 ,x is a great exagg]ation !n to assume t _! cu/oms ( c\rt%ip caus$ ! anci5t nobility to treat wom5 ) special respect & to reg>d !m z sup]ior be+s4 ,a small m9ority ( ! knights seem to h be5 en?usia/ic ov] fem99e beauty1 b _! en?usiasm 0 by no means platonic b pursu$ v mat]ial aims4 ,ev5 t cl[n among ! romantic admir]s 8( lovely wom510 ,ulrick ( ,li*t5/e9 ( ridicul\s memory1 0 a platonic lov] only s long z he 0 compell$ to be4 ,9 ! ma91 ?is romantic wor%ip ( woman 0 no?+ b deification ( ! mi/ress at ! exp5se ( ! legitimate wife2 x 0 no?+ b c\rtesan%ip1 z x has exi/$ 9 ,greece at ! "t ( ,p]icles1 transplant$ into m$ieval ,*ri/ianity4 ,! mutual s$uction ( wives 0 frequ5tly practic$ among ! knights also1 z x is /ill practic$ 9 c]ta9 circles ( our b\rgeoisie4 ,! op5 manife/ation ( s5suality1 *>act]i/ic ( t age1 con/itut$ a frank recognition ( ! fact t ! natural desires implant$ 9 e heal?y1 adult human be+ rightfully seek satisfaction4 ,9 t respect x express$ a victory ( heal?y nature ov] ! ascetic tea*+s ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,b on ! o!r h& x mu/ aga9 be emphasiz$1 t ?is recognition came into consid]ation = ! "o sex only1 :ile ! o!r sex 0 treat$ on ! assumption t x c\ld n & d>e n h ! same impulses4 ,! slighte/ transgression by wom5 ( ! moral laws laid d[n = !m by m51 0 puni%$ ) unm]ciful sev]ity4 ,wom51 z a result ( con/ant oppression & a s+ul> education1 h become s accu/om$ to ! conception ( _! rul]s1 t !y /ill consid] ?is condition q natural4 ,7 !re n also millions ( slaves :o consid]$ slav]y a natural condition & :o w\ld nev] h lib]at$ !mselves _h n ! lib]ators sprung f ! slave own+ class8 ,:5 ,prussian peasants 7 to be emancipat$ f s]fdom1 !y petition$ ! gov]nm5t n to emancipate !m1 8= :o %\ld provide = !m :5 !y 7 ag$ or ill80 ,& d we n meet ) ! same situation 9 ! mod]n labor movem5t8 ,h[ _m work+m5 /ill p]mit _! exploit]s to influ5ce !m & lead !m at w6 ,! oppress$ ne$s "s "o to animate & inspire him1 because he lacks ! initiative = indep5d5ce4 ,x 0 ?us 9 ! pres5t day movem5t ( ! prolet>iat1 & x is ! same 9 ! /ruggle = ! emancipation ( wom54 ,ev5 ! b\rgeoisie1 t enjoy$ a relatively m favorable position 9 its /ruggle = indep5d5ce1 f\nd its lead]s & spokesm5 among ! nobility & cl]gy4 ,:atev] ! %ortcom+s ( ! middle ages may h be51 x possess$ a heal?y s5suality :i* sprang f ! /rong1 buoyant nature ( ! p1 & :i* ,*ri/ianity c\ld n suppress4 ,! hypocritical prud]y & conceal$ lascivi\sness ( our day1 t fe>s to call a spade a spade & to speak ( natural ?+s 9 a natural way1 0 =eign to t age4 ,nei!r 0 x famili> ) t piquant ambiguity to :i* we resort 9 speak+ ( :at we d>e n "n1 because to be prudi% & unnatural has become cu/om>y ) u1 & :i* is all ! m dang]\s because su* language allures1 b does n satisfy1 all[s u to surmise b does n express cle>ly4 ,our social conv]sations1 our novels & our !at]s ab\nd ) ^! piquant ambiguities1 & _! effect is manife/$4 ,?is spiritualism ( ! r\1 conceal$ by religi\s spiritualism1 has a p[]ful influ5ce4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,! ,re=mation4 #a4--,lu!r4 ,! heal?y s5suality ( ! middle ages f\nd its classic expon5t 9 ,lu!r4 ,we are "h n s mu* conc]n$ ) ! religi\s re=m]1 b ) ,lu!r1 ! man4 ,9 reg>d to all human relations1 ,lu!r's /rong1 unsophi/icat$ nature cle>ly manife/$ itself1 & caus$ him to express freely & )\t res]ve 8 desire = love & enjoym5t4 ,8 position z a =m] ,roman cl]gyman _h op5$ 8 eyes & _h taught him f exp]i5ce h[ contr>y to all ! laws ( nature 7 ! lives ( monks & nuns4 ,!re=e he r\ndly condemn$ ! celibacy ( prie/s & monks4 ,lu!r says3 8,unless specially end[$ by a r>e1 div9e grace1 a woman c no m disp5se ) a man1 ?an %e c disp5se ) food1 dr9k1 sleep & o!r natural ne$s4 ,9 ! same way a man _c d )\t a woman4 ,! cause is t ! desire to propagate ! race is z deeply implant$ by nature z ! desire = food & dr9k4 ,!re=e ,god has giv5 unto ! human body limbs1 ve9s1 circulation & all t s]ves ?is end4 ,he :o opposes ?is1 & w n let nature take h] c\rse1 :at does he d b seek to prev5t nature f be+ nature1 fire f burn+1 wat] f moi/5+1 human be+s f eat+1 dr9k+ & sleep+80 ,9 8 s]mon on m>riage1 he says3 8,j z x is n )9 my p[] n to be a man1 s x is n 9 ?y p[] to d )\t a man1 = x is n free w or advice b a natural necessity t e man mu/ h a woman & t e woman mu/ h a man40 ,b ,lu!r does n only express himself s /rongly 9 favor ( m>riage & ! necessity ( sexual relations1 he also expresses himself z oppos$ to x t ! *ur* & m>riage %\ld h any?+ 9 common4 ,he says 9 reg>d to ?is3 8,"k t m>riage is some?+ extr9sic z any o!r worldly action4 ,z ,i may eat1 dr9k1 sleep1 walk1 ride & deal ) any hea!n1 ,jew1 ,turk or h]etic1 s to "o ( ^! ,i may also become & rema9 m>ri$4 ,d n obs]ve ! laws ( fools t =bid su* m>riages4444 ,hea!ns are m5 & wom51 well & wisely creat$ by ,god1 j z well z ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul & ,/4 ,luke1 n to speak ( any false & wanton ,*ri/ian40 ,lu!r fur!rmore1 l o!r re=m]s1 oppos$ all re/rictions to m>riage1 & favor$ p]mitt+ divorcees to m>ry1 :i* 0 oppos$ by ! *ur*4 ,he says3 89 reg>d to matt]s ( m>riage & divorce among u ,i say1 let ! juri/s dispose ( !m1 & let !m be subject to worldly rule1 s9ce matrimony is a worldly1 extr9sic ?+40 ,9 accordance ) ?is view1 x 0 n until ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury t a religi\s c]emony 0 consid]$ ess5tial to a legal m>riage among ,prote/ants4 ,until !n ! s call$ consci5ce m>riage suffic$1 t is1 a m>riage f\nd$ ^u ! mutual agreem5t to reg>d "o ano!r z husb& & wife & to live 9 matrimonial relations ) "o ano!r4 ,accord+ to ,g]man law su* m>riages 7 legal4 ,lu!r ev5 w5t s f> z to adjudge to ! unsatisfi$ p>ty 9 a m>riage contract--ev5 if ! p>ty 7 ! woman--! "r to seek satisfaction outside ( m>riage1 89 ord] to d ju/ice to nature t c n be resi/$40#ch ,9 ?is matt] ,lu!r sets =? op9ions t w\ld r\se _m ( our pres5t day respectable m5 & wom51 :o always po9t to ,lu!r 9 _! pi\s zeal1 to vehem5t indignation4 ,9 8 treatise 8on m>ri$ life10 ,,ii1 #adf1 ,j5a #aebb1 he says3 8if a heal?y woman is jo9$ 9 w$lock to an impot5t man & c\ld n nor w\ld = h] honor's sake op5ly *oose ano!r1 %e %\ld speak to h] husb& ?us3 ,see1 my de> husb&1 ?\ ha/ deceiv$ me & my "y body & endang]$ my honor & salvation1 be=e ,god !re is no honor betwe5 u4 ,suff] t ,i ma9ta9 a secret m>riage ) ?y bro!r or close/ fri5d :ile ?\ rema9e/ my husb& 9 "n4 ,t ?y prop]ty may n fall heir to /rang]s2 will+ly be deceiv$ by me z y h unwill+ly deceiv$ me40 ,x %\ld be ! husb&'s duty1 ,lu!r goes on to say1 to cons5t to su* arrangem5t4 8,if he w n %e has ! "r to ab&on him & g into ano!r c\ntry & m>ry ano!r man4 ,9 ! same way if a woman w n p]=m h] conjugal duty1 ! man has ! "r to seek ano!r woman2 only he %\ld fir/ tell 8 wife40#ci ,we see1 ! op9ions set =? by ! great re=m] are v radical & ev5 immoral1 :5 view$ 9 ! light ( our age1 ab\nd+ ) prud]y & hypocrisy4 ,b ,lu!r only express$ ! popul> conceptions ( 8 age4 ,! foll[+ is told by ,jacob ,grimm3 8,if a man _c satisfy 8 w$d$ wife1 let him take h] g5tly ^u 8 back & c>ry h] to 8 neighbors4 ,!re let him set h] d[n s(tly1 )\t ang] or rud5ess b ^u mutual agreem5t1 & let him appeal to 8 neighbors to help 8 wife 9 h] ne$4 ,if !y w n or c n1 !n let him s5d h] to ! ne>e/ fair4 ,!re %all %e appe>1 becom+ly dress$ & adorn$1 we>+ a gold embroid]$ veil z a tok5 t %e may be woo$4 ,if aft] all %e returns f ! fair /ill unsatisfi$1 !n may ! devil help h]60 ,! peasant ( ! middle age prim>ily s\ght m>riage = ! purpose ( hav+ heirs1 & if he 0 unable to beget !m himself1 be+ a practical man1 he left ?is pleasure to ano!r )\t hav+ p>ticul> moral scruples ab\t x4 ,! ma9 object 0 to atta9 8 purpose4 ,we repeat3 ,man does n control 8 prop]ty1 he is controll$ by x4 ,! above quotations f ! writ+s & s]mons ( ,lu!r are ( special importance because ! views 9 reg>d to m>riage express$ 9 !m are diametrically oppos$ to ^? ma9ta9$ by ! *ur* to-day4 ,lu!r & ! o!r re=m]s w5t /ill fur!r 9 matt]s p]ta9+ to m>riage b1 x mu/ be admitt$1 = opportuni/ic reasons1 9 ord] to please su* sov]eigns ^: la/+ support & good w !y s\ght to w9 & to ma9ta94 ,! l&grave ( ,hessia1 ,philip ,i1 :o 0 9 sympa?y ) ! re=mation1 _h a legal wife1 b fell 9 love ) ano!r woman :o refus$ to yield to 8 entreaties unless he w\ld m>ry h]4 ,x 0 a delicate case4 ,to become divorc$ f 8 wife )\t good & suffici5t reason w\ld imply a great sc&al2 to be m>ri$ to two wom5 simultane\sly 0 a %ock+ occurr5ce ) a ,*ri/ian sov]eign ( ! new] era1 b\nd to create a /ill great] sc&al4 ,nev]!less amor\s ,philip *ose ! latt] alt]native4 ,x only 0 necess>y to det]m9e t ?is /ep 0 n 9 opposition to ! tea*+s ( ! ,bible1 & to obta9 ! cons5t ( ! re=m]s1 especially ,lu!r & ,melan*ton4 ,! l&grave !n op5$ negotiations ) ,butz]1 :o cons5t$ to ! plan & promis$ to w9 ,lu!r & ,melan*ton4 ,butz] expla9$ 8 view by po9t+ out t to h sev]al wives simultane\sly 0 n 9 conflict ) ! gospel1 s9ce ,paul1 :o _h m5tion$ _m :o %all n inh]it ! k+dom ( ,god1 _h said no?+ ab\t ^? :o h two wives4 ,paul _h decre$ t a bi%op & 8 s]vants %\ld n h m ?an "o wife4 ,if x _h be5 necess>y t no man %\ld h m ?an "o wife1 he w\ld h /at$ ?is & w\ld h =bidd5 polygamy4 ,lu!r & ,melan*ton decl>$ !mselves 9 accordance ) ^! views & cons5t$ to ! d\ble m>riage1 aft] ! l&grave's wife _h also giv5 h] cons5t "u ! condition 8t he %\ld p]=m 8 conjugal duty t[>d h] ev5 m ?an h]et(ore40#dj ,lu!r _h be5 previ\sly tr\bl$ by ! "q :e!r bigamy 0 p]missible :5 ask$ to give 8 cons5t to ! d\ble m>riage ( ,h5ry ,,viii ( ,engl&4 ,t c be se5 f a lett] :i* he wrote to ! ,saxon *ancellor ,br9k 9 ,janu>y #aebd4 ,9 ?is lett] he wrote t on pr9ciple he1 ,lu!r1 c\ld n object to bigamy s9ce x 0 n 9 conflict ) ! ,holy ,scripture1#da b t he consid]$ x (f5sive :5 occurr+ among ,*ri/ians1 = !re 7 "s ?+s f :i* ,*ri/ians %\ld refra9 ev5 if !y 7 n =bidd54 ,aft] ! m>riage ( ! l&grave1 :i* actually took place dur+ ,m>* #aedj1 he wrote 7,april #aj7 9 reply to a lett] ( appreciation f him3 8,i am glad t ,y\r ,grace is pleas$ by ! advice we h giv52 b we %\ld pref] to h secrecy ma9ta9$4 ,o!rwise ! co>se peasants1 seek+ to foll[ ! example set by ! l&grave1 might pres5t ! same or ev5 bett] causes1 :i* w\ld give u no end ( tr\ble40 ,melan*ton probably _h few] scruples 9 giv+ 8 cons5t to ! d\ble m>riage ( ! l&grave1 = he _h previ\sly writt5 to ,h5ry ,,viii1 t e sov]eign 0 entitl$ to introduce polygamy 9 8 realm4 ,b ! d\ble m>riage ( ! l&grave caus$ s mu* unpleasant notoriety 9 8 c\ntry1 t 9 #aeda he _h a pamphlet di/ribut$ 9 :i* polygamy 0 def5d$ on ! gr\nd t x 0 n 9 opposition to ! ,holy ,scripture4 ,b conceptions _h be5 greatly modifi$ s9ce ! n9? or twelf? c5tury :5 polygamy 0 accept$ )\t av]se criticism4 ,! d\ble m>riage ( ! l&grave ( ,hessia 0 h[ev] n ! only "o t gave (f5se to wide circles4 ,su* pr9cely d\ble m>riages 7 repeat$ bo? 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies z w be %[n4 ,:5 ,lu!r decl>$ ! satisfaction ( s5sual desire to be a law ( nature1 he only express$ :at 8 contempor>ies ?\ght & :at ! m5 claim$ z _! privilege4 ,by ! re=mation1 :i* did away ) ! celibacy ( ! cl]gy & aboli%$ ! mona/]ies 9 ! ,prote/ant c\ntries1 he gave to hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( m5 & wom5 ! possibility to seek legitimate satisfaction ( _! natural desires4 ,hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( o!rs1 ( c\rse1 rema9$ exclud$ f ?is possibility by ! exi/+ =ms ( prop]ty & ! laws f\nd$ ^u !m4 ,! re=mation 0 ! prote/ ( ! ris+ b\rgeoisie aga9/ ! con/ra9t ( feudal conditions 9 *ur*1 /ate & society4 ,?is ris+ b\rgeoisie /ruggl$ = lib]ation f ! n>r[ bonds ( ! guild1 ! c\rt & ! papal ana!ma2 x /rove = c5tralization ( ! p[]s ( ! /ate1 simplification ( ! extravagant *ur* affairs1 & ! abolition ( ! num]\s abodes ( idle p]sons1 ! mona/]ies4 ,lu!r repres5t$ ^! endeavors ( ! b\rgeoisie ^u ! religi\s field4 ,:5 he /ood = ! fre$om ( m>riage1 x 0 ! b\rgeois m>riage t 0 realiz$ only 9 our day by ! civil m>riage laws1 & ! fre$om ( migration & fre$om ( *oice 9 trade & domicile4 ,we w see to :at ext5t ! position ( woman 0 modifi$ by ^! *anges4 ,dur+ ! re=mation ?is *ange ( developm5t _h n yet be5 rea*$4 ,:ile on ! "o h& ! re=mation made m>riage possible = _m p1 on ! o!r h& free sexual int]c\rse 0 subject$ to ! mo/ bitt] p]secution4 ,:ile ! ,ca?olic cl]gy _h ma9ta9$ a c]ta9 tol]ance t[>d sexual excess1 ! ,prote/ant cl]gy1 hav+ be5 provid$ = itself1 declaim$ aga9/ x ) r$\bl$ zeal4 ,w> 0 wag$ aga9/ ! public bro!ls t 7 decl>$ to be ! devil's d5s4 ,pro/itutes 7 p]secut$ z daught]s ( ,satan1 & e woman :o _h 8fall50 0 consid]$ a p>agon ( wick$ness & 0 subject$ to rel5tless p]secution4 ,! m]ry1 life lov+ t[nsman ( ! middle ages became a bigot$1 au/]e1 sombre phili/9e1 :o liv$ mis]ly t 8 lat] day b\rgeois desc5dants might live all ! m extravagantly4 ,! honorable citiz5 ) 8 /iff cravat1 8 n>r[ intellectual horizon1 8 sev]e b hypocritical morality1 became ! prototype ( society4 ,legitimate wives :o _h n favor$ ! s5suality tol]at$ by ! ,ca?olicism ( ! middle ages1 7 g5]ally bett] pleas$ by ! ,puritan _s ( ,prote/antism4 ,b o!r causes t _h an unfavorable influ5ce on conditions 9 ,g]many g5]ally1 also influ5c$ ! position ( wom5 unfavorably4 #ch ,dr4 ,c>l ,hag5--,g]many's ,lit]>y & ,religi\s ,conditions dur+ ! ,re=mation4 #ci ,dr4 ,c>l ,hag54 #dj ,john ,janss5--,hi/ory ( ! ,g]man ,p4 #da ,?is is true & c be expla9$ f ! fact t ! ,bible _h its orig9 at a "t :5 polygamy prevail$ bo? among ! ,ea/]n & ,we/]n p2 b 9 ! sixte5? c5tury x nev]!less 0 9 direct opposition to cu/om4 #b4--,results ( ! ,re=mation4--,! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>4 ,trans=mations 9 ! conditions ( production1 ex*ange & f9ance1 t 7 br\ght ab\t especially by ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 & ! discov]y ( ! passage to ,india1 result$ 9 a great social reaction = ,g]many4 ,g]many ceas$ to be ! c5t] ( ,european comm]ce4 ,! ,g]man trades & manufactures decl9$4 ,at ! same "t ! religi\s re=mation _h de/roy$ ! political unity ( ! nation4 ,"u ! cloak ( ! re=mation1 ! ,g]man pr9ces s\ght to emancipate !mselves f imp]ial rule4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^! pr9ces oppress$ ! nobility & favor$ ! cities to s]ve _! own ends4 ,"s ( ! cities volunt>ily plac$ !mselves "u ! rule ( ! pr9ces1 driv5 to ?is /ep by conditions t 7 /eadily gr[+ worse4 ,! b\rgeoisie ^u see+ _! income ?reat5$1 tri$ to make ! re/rictions t 7 int5d$ to gu>d !m aga9/ undesirable competition m & m rigor\s1 & ! pr9ces will+ly conc$$ _! dem&s4 ,! ossification ( conditions increas$1 b ! g5]al impov]i%m5t increas$ likewise4 ,ano!r result ( ! re=mation 7 ! religi\s /ruggles & p]secutions--us$ by ! pr9ces to s]ve _! own political & economic ends--t rag$ 9 ,g]many ) "s int]ruptions = ov] a c5tury1 & f9ally end$ ) its complete exhau/ion at ! end ( ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>4 ,g]many _h become a va/ field ( corpses & ru9s4 ,entire c\ntries & prov9ces _h be5 deva/at$1 hundr$s ( cities & ?\s&s ( villages p>tly or completely de/roy$1 & _m ( !m _h be5 wip$ f ! surface ( ! e>? =ev]4 ,9 _m places ! population _h be5 r$uc$ to a ?ird1 a f\r?1 a fif?1 ev5 an eigh? or a t5? ( its orig9al numb]4 ,su* 0 ! case 9 ,nuremb]g1 & 9 ! entire ,franconian prov9ce4 ,9 ?is utmo/ ne$1 9 ord] to increase ! population 9 ! depopulat$ t[ns & villages1 ! unusual measure 0 occasionally resort$ to ( p]mitt+ "o man to h two wives4 ,m5 _h be5 decimat$ by ! w>s1 b !re 0 a sup]abundance ( wom54 ,on ! #ad? ( ,febru>y #afej1 ! ,franconian di/rict c\ncil at ,nuremb]g decre$ t 8m5 "u #fj %\ld n be admitt$ into mona/]ies02 x fur!rmore decre$ t 8^? cl]gym5 :o 7 n memb]s ( an ord] %\ld become m>ri$40 ,moreov]1 8e man %\ld be p]mitt$ to w$ two wives1 b ! m5 %\ld be frequ5tly rem9d$ & exhort$ f ! pulpits to employ good judgm5t & discretion1 t a m>ri$ man :o v5tur$ to ma9ta9 two wives %\ld n only provide well = bo? ( !m1 b %\ld also endeavor to avoid ill feel+ betwe5 !m40 ,s ev5 ! pulpits 7 employ$ to make propag&a = ! d\ble m>riage & to lay d[n rules ( conduct = ! m54 ,comm]ce & indu/ry almo/ came to a /&/ill dur+ ?is long p]iod2 9 _m in/ances !y 7 almo/ completely de/roy$ & pick$ up b v gradually4 ,a l>ge portion ( ! population _h become demoraliz$ & brutaliz$ & disaccu/om$ to all regul> "w4 ,dur+ ! w>s1 troops ( m]c5>y soldi]s _h cross$ ,g]many f "o end to ! o!r1 plund]+1 de/roy+1 ravi%+ & murd]+1 a t]ror alike to fri5d & foe4 ,aft] ! w>s c\ntless numb]s ( begg>s1 robb]s & vagabonds ma9ta9$ ! population 9 con/ant t]ror & made comm]ce & all traffic difficult or impossible4 ,to ! female sex especially x 0 a "t ( great suff]+4 ,9 ?is p]iod ( dissolut5ess ! contempt ( woman _h increas$ to ! utmo/1 & ! g5]al condition ( unemploym5t weigh$ mo/ heavily ^u h] %\ld]s4 ,l ! male vagabonds1 ?\s&s ( wom5 populat$ ! highways & =e/s & fill$ ! alms-h\ses & prisons4 ,all ^! suff]+s 7 /ill increas$ by ! =cible expulsion ( num]\s peasant families by ! gre$y nobility4 ,s9ce ! re=mation ! nobility _h become m & m subject$ to pr9cely rule1 & by hold+ c\rt & milit>y positions _! dep5d5ce on ! pr9ces _h con/antly increas$4 ,n[ !y tri$ to reimburse !mselves = ! losses su/a9$ ?r\gh ! pr9ces by robb+ ! peasants4 ,to ! pr9ces1 on ! o!r h&1 ! re=mation (f]$ ! desir$ excuse to acquire ! prop]ty ( ! *ur*1 :i* !y proce$$ to d on a l>ge scale4 ,pr9ce ,augu/ ( ,saxony1 = in/ance1 _h1 at ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 acquir$ no less ?an #cjj ecclesia/ical e/ates4#db ,8 bro!rs & c\s9s1 ! o!r ,prote/ant sov]eigns1 above all ^? ( ! ,h\se ( ,hoh5zoll]n1 did likewise4 ,! nobility foll[$ _! example by appropriat+ ! rema9+ communal prop]ty1 & by driv+ bo? free peasants & s]fs f he>? & home & tak+ possession ( _! e/ates4 ,! unsuccessful peasant revolts dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury gave !m ! desir$ pretext = su* action1 & aft] ! attempt _h once succe$$1 new pretexts 7 con/antly f\nd to cont9ue ?is =cible me?od4 ,v>i\s s*emes & di/ortions ( ju/ice 7 resort$ to1 made easy by ! ,roman law :i* _h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ,g]many 9 ! meantime1 to increase ! prop]ty ( ! nobility by =c+ ! peasants to sell !irs at l[e/ prices1 or by simply expropriat+ !m4 ,entire villages & ! f>ms ( entire di/ricts 7 usurp$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,to quote j a few examples3 ,( #ab1edc knightly peasant e/ates :i* /ill exi/$ 9 ! prov9ce ( ,meckl5burg dur+ ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>1 only #a1bac rema9$ 9 ! ye> #ahdh4 ,9 ! prov9ce ( ,pom]ania #ab1jjj f>ms 7 ab&on$ s9ce #afbh4 ,! trans=mations 9 ! me?ods ( f>m+ t took place dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury gave a fur!r impulse to ! nobility to expropriate ! peasants & to trans=m ! la/ remnants ( communal prop]ty into _! private e/ates4 ,! rotation ( crops _h be5 introduc$1 :i* provid$ = *anges 9 ! cultivation ( ! soil 9 def9ite p]iods ( "t4 ,till$ l& 0 occasionally trans=m$ into pa/ure :i* favor$ cattle-bre$+ & made x possible to dim9i% ! numb] ( work]s4 ,9 ! cities conditions 7 n mu* bett] ?an 9 ! c\ntry4 ,=m]ly wom5 _h be5 p]mitt$ to acquire ! title ( ma/]-workman & to employ j\rneym5 & appr5tices )\t any opposition f ! male craftsm54 ,!y 7 ev5 compell$ to jo9 ! guilds to =ce !m to meet ! same conditions ( competition4 ,s !re 7 indep5d5t wom5 work]s among ! l95-weav]s1 ! clo?-weav]s1 ! c>pet-weav]s & tailors4 ,!re 7 female gold-smi?s1 girdle-mak]s1 h>ness-mak]s1 etc4 ,we f9d wom5 employ$ z furri]s 9 ,frank=t & ! ,silesian cities2 z bak]s 9 ! cities along ! ,rh9e2 z girdle-mak]s & embroid]s ( coats ( arms 9 ,cologne & ,/rassburg2 z h>ness-mak]s 9 ,brem52 z clo?-%e>]s 9 ,frank=t z tann]s 9 ,nuremb]g2 z gold-smi?s 9 ,cologne4#dc ,b z ! circum/ances ( ! craftsm5 grew m & m unfavorable1 a s5tim5t ( ill w aga9/ ! female competitors arose4 ,9 ,france1 wom5 7 exclud$ f ! trades at ! close ( ! f\rte5? c5tury2 9 ,g]many1 n until ! close ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,at fir/ !y 7 =bidd5 to become ma/]-workm5--) ! exception ( wid[s--lat] on !y 7 also exclud$ f becom+ assi/ants4 ,prote/antism1 by aboli%+ ! o/5tati\s ,ca?olic cult1 _h s]i\sly injur$ or entirely de/roy$ a numb] ( arti/ic crafts1 & ^! 7 ! v crafts 9 :i* _m wom5 _h be5 employ$4 ,! confiscation & secul>ization ( *ur* prop]ty result$ 9 a decl9e ( *>itable "w1 & wid[s & orphans 7 ! ma9 suff]]s4 ,! g5]al economic decl9e t manife/$ itself dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury1 z a result ( all ! enum]at$ causes1 & la/$ ?r\gh ! sev5te5? c5tury1 caus$ ! m>riage laws to become m & m sev]e4 ,j\rneym5 & p employ$ 9 m5ial s]vice 7m5 & maid s]vants7 7 prohibit$ entirely f m>ry+1 unless !y c\ld prove t !re 0 no dang] ( _! future families becom+ a burd5 to ! community 9 :i* !y liv$4 ,m>riages contract$ 9 opposition to ! legal premises 7 puni%$ frequ5tly sev]ely1 sometimes b>b>\sly4 ,accord+ to ,bav>ian law1 = in/ance1 ! p5alties 7 imprisonm5t & public flogg+4 ,illegal m>riages1 t became m frequ5t z ! m>riage laws became m sev]e1 7 subject$ to especially viol5t p]secution4 ,all m9ds 7 rul$ by ! prevail+ fe> ( ov]-population1 & to dim9i% ! numb]s ( begg>s & vagabonds1 ! v>i\s rul]s enact$ "o law ^u ano!r1 & ea* 0 m sev]e ?an ! prec$+ "o4 #db ,john ,janss5--,hi/ory ( ! ,g]man ,p4 #dc ,dr4 ,c>l ,bue*]--,! ,woman ,"q 9 ! ,middle ,age4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,! ,eighte5? ,c5tury4 #a4--;,c\rt ,life 9 ,g]many4 ,foll[+ ! example set by ,l\is ,,xiv4 ( ,france1 mo/ ( ! pr9cely c\rts1 t 7 v num]\s 9 ,g]many 9 ^? days1 indulg$ 9 an extravagance ( outw>d display1 especially 9 ! ma9t5ance ( concub9es1 t 7 9 no relation to ! size & productiv5ess ( _! small doma9s4 ,! hi/ory ( ! c\rts ( ! eighte5? c5tury con/itutes "o ( ! uglie/ *apt]s ( hi/ory4 ,"o rul] tri$ to excel ! o!r 9 holl[ conceit1 mad extravagance & co/ly milit>y sport4 ,b x 0 especially 9 ! affairs ) _! c\rtesans t ! wilde/ excesses 7 indulg$ 94 ,x is h>d to tell :i* ( ! _m ,g]man c\rts excell$ 9 ?is extravagant mode ( liv+ t _h a corrupt+ influ5ce on public life4 ,x 0 "o to-day & ano!r to-morr[4 ,none ( ! ,g]man /ates 7 sp>$ ?is disgrace4 ,! nobility imitat$ ! sov]eigns & 9 ! capitals ! b\rgeoisie imitat$ ! nobility4 ,if ! daught] ( a b\rgeois family 0 =tunate en\gh to please "o ( ! g5tlem5 ( ! c\rt or ,8 ,s]5e ,highness himself1 9 n9ete5 cases out ( tw5ty %e consid]$ h]self highly favor$1 & ! family will+ly cons5t$ to h] becom+ a pr9cely or royal concub9e4 ,among ! families ( ! nobility ! same 0 ! case if "o ( _! daught]s f\nd favor ) ! sov]eign4 ,wide circles 7 dom9at$ by an utt] lack ( "* & mode/y4 ,x 0 wor/ ( all 9 ! two *ief cities ( ,g]many1 ,vi5na & ,b]l94 ,al?\gh dur+ a great "p ( ! c5tury ,vi5na 0 rul$ by ,m>ia ,!resa1 kn[n = h] moral au/]ity1 %e 0 p[]less aga9/ ! do+s ( ! ri*1 pr(ligate nobility & an eag]ly imitative b\rgeoisie4 ,by e/abli%+ purity commissions1 t result$ 9 an ext5sive sy/em ( espionage1 %e caus$ mu* bitt]ness & made h]self ridicul\s4 ,! results am\nt$ to no?+4 ,9 frivol\s ,vi5na dur+ ! second half ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 prov]bs 7 circulat$ l ! foll[+3 8"o %\ld love "o's neighbor l meself2 t means1 "o %\ld love "o's neighbor's wife l "o's own02 or1 8,if ! wife turns to ! "r ! husb& may turn to ! left2 if %e takes to h]self a man s]vant1 let him take a lady fri5d40 ,h[ frivol\sly m>riage & adult]y 7 view$ at t "t1 may be se5 f a lett] writt5 by ! poet ,*ri/ian von ,klei/ to 8 fri5d ,gleim 9 #agea4 ,x conta9s ! foll[+ passage3 8,i suppose y he>d ( ! adv5ture ( ! l&grave ,h5ry4 ,he has s5t 8 wife to 8 c\ntry seat & int5ds to get a sep>ation f h] because he f\nd h] ) ! ,pr9ce ( ,hol/e94 ,! m>grave w\ld h act$ m wisely if he _h kept ! affair secret in/ead ( caus+ all ,b]l9 & half ( ! _w to speak ( him4 ,besides1 "o %\ld n judge a natural occurr5ce s sev]ely1 especially "o :o is n ov] virtu\s himself4 ,disgu/ is b\nd to result 9 matrimony1 & by _! acqua9tance ) o!r amiable p]sons all m5 & wom5 are induc$ to be fai?less4 ,h[ c we be puni%$ = some?+ we h be5 =c$ to d80 ,9 #aggb ! ,briti% ambassador1 ,"l ,malmesbury1 wrote ! foll[+ 9 reg>d to conditions 9 ,b]l93 8moral depravity prevails among bo? sexes ( all classes4 ,to ?is is add$ a g5]al insuffici5cy ( means1 due p>tly to ! heavy taxes impos$ by ! k+1 & p>tly to ! love ( luxury introduc$ by 8 gr&fa!r4 ,! m5 lead a dissolute life not)/&+ _! limit$ means1 & ! wom5 are %ameless h>lots4 ,!y deliv] !mselves up to ! "o able to pay ! highe/ price2 mode/y & true love are =eign to !m40 ,! wor/ conditions exi/$ 9 ,b]l9 dur+ ! rule ( ,fr$]ick ,william ,,ii4 f #aghf to #agig4 ,he set 8 p ! wor/ possible example4 ,8 c\rt *apla91 ,zoelln]1 ev5 degrad$ himself by m>ry+ ! k+ to 8 c\rtesan1 ,julie von ,voss1 al?\gh he _h ano!r wife2 & :5 %e di$ soon aft] 9 *ildbir?1 ,zoelln] aga9 cons5t$ to m>ry ! k+ to ano!r "o ( 8 c\rtesans1 ! ,c\ntess ,sophie von ,do5h(f4 ,o!r rul]s _h set an equally bad example at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury4 ,9 ,july1 #agjf1 ,duke ,l\is ( ,wurtemb]g m>ri$1 z an additional wife1 8 c\rtesan1 ,grav5itz1 ! 8corrupt] ( ! c\ntry10 z %e is /ill call$ 9 ,wurtemb]g4 ,8 c\s91 ,duke ,leopold1 /ill excell$ him 9 pr(ligacy1 = he _h ?ree wives simultane\sly1 two ( :i* 7 si/]s4 ,( 8 ?irte5 *ildr5 he jo9$ two 9 m>riage4 ,! do+s ( ^! sov]eigns caus$ mu* comm5t among _! subjects1 b t 0 all4 ,! m>riage ( ! ,duke ( ,wurtemb]g ) ,graev5itz 0 annull$ by imp]ial int]v5tion4 ,b %e ent]$ into a mock m>riage ) a pr(ligate c\nt1 & !reupon rema9$ = tw5ty ye>s m ! duke's concub9e & ! 8corrupt] ( ! c\ntry40 #b4--;,comm]cialism & ! ,new ,m>riage ,laws4 ,! increas+ p[] ( sov]eigns & ! =mation ( l>g] /ates _h l$ to ! in/itution ( /&+ armies4 ,^! /&+ armies & ! extravagant mode ( life indulg$ 9 at mo/ ( ! c\rts1 c\ld n be ma9ta9$ )\t heavy taxation1 & to make su* taxation possible a l>ge1 taxable population 0 requir$4 ,!re=e gov]nm5ts f ! eighte5? c5tury on1 especially ^? ( ! l>g] /ates1 adopt$ measures = increas+ ! population & = height5+ ! taxability ( ! inhabitants4 ,! f\ndation = su* measures _h be5 e/abli%$ by ! social & economic trans=mations ref]r$ to above1 i4 e41 ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 ! discov]y ( ! passage to ,india1 & ! circumnavigation ( ,africa4 ,?is trans=mation fir/ manife/$ itself 9 ,we/]n ,europe1 b lat] 9 ,g]many also4 ,! newly op5$ ?or\ghf>e _h creat$ new comm]cial relations ( an ext5t undreamt ( until !n4 ,portugal1 ,spa91 ! ,ne!rl&s & ,engl& 7 ! fir/ to pr(it by ! trans=mation2 b ,france & ev5tually ,g]many also 7 b5efit$ by x4 ,( all ^! c\ntries ,g]many 0 mo/ ret>d$ 9 developm5t1 z a result ( ! num]\s religi\s w>s & its political disunity4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( a _w m>ket & ! con/ant op5+ ( new m>kets = ! products ( ,european indu/ry1 n only revolutioniz$ ! me?ods ( production1 b also revolutioniz$ ! views1 s5tim5ts & conceptions ( ! ,european nations & _! gov]nm5ts4 ,! =m] mode ( production1 de/9$ to supply only ! daily ne$s ( a giv5 c5t] & its imm$iate vic9ity1 0 sup]s$$ by manufacture on a l>ge scale1 :i* implies ! employm5t ( a l>ge numb] ( work]s & an increas$ division ( labor4 ,! m]*ants possess+ l>ge f9ancial res\rces & broadness ( p]ception1 became ! lead]s along ^! new l9es ( indu/ry t p>tly replac$ & p>tly aboli%$ ! old h&icrafts & put an end to _! guild organization4 ,!reby a p]iod _h be5 u%]$ 9 :i* made x possible = woman to resume h] indu/rial activity4 ,! textile indu/ries2 clo? manufactury & ! manufacture ( laces op5$ up to h] new fields ( activity4 ,at ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury we already f9d #ajj1jjj wom5 & #hj1jjj *ildr5 employ$ 9 ! textile & pr9t+ trades ( ,engl& & ,scotl&1 un=tunately "u conditions1 bo? 9 reg>d to wages & h\rs ( "w1 t 7 simply appall+4 ,simil> conditions prevail$ 9 ,france at ! same "t1 :]e also t5s ( ?\s&s ( wom5 7 employ$ 9 v>i\s manufactures4 ,?is economic developm5t dem&$ m p1 & z ! population _h be5 greatly dim9i%$ by ! w>s ( conque/ 9 ,europe dur+ ! sixte5?1 sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 & by ! exp$itions ( discov]y beyond ! seas1 ! m advanc$ gov]nm5ts f\nd x necess>y to facilitate m>riage & ! "r ( settl+4 ,spa91 t by its imp]iali/ic policy _h become greatly depopulat$1 0 oblig$ z e>ly z #afbc to pass a law exempt+ f taxes = a numb] ( ye>s all p]sons :o became m>ri$ betwe5 ! ages ( #ah & #be4 ,poor p]sons 7 ev5 giv5 a d[ry f public funds4 ,p>5ts :o _h six or m male *ildr5 7 entirely exempt f taxes4 ,spa9 also enc\rag$ immigration & colonization4 ,k+ ,l\is ,,xiv4 ( ,france1 :o _h decimat$ 8 p by 8 num]\s w>s1 f\nd x necess>y to c\nt]act ?is deva/ation by exempt+ f taxes = f f\r to five ye>s all taxpay]s1 :o con/itut$ a great majority ( ! population1 if !y became m>ri$ be=e ! tw5tie? or tw5ty-fir/ ye> ( age4 ,complete exemption f taxes 01 fur!rmore1 gu>ante$ to all :o _h t5 liv+ *ildr51 provid$ t none ( ^! _h become a prie/1 a monk or a nun4 ,noblem5 hav+ ! same numb] ( *ildr51 provid$ t none ( !m _h become prie/s1 monks or nuns1 receiv$ an annual p5sion ( f #a1jjj to #b1jjj livres4 ,citiz5s n subject to taxation "u ! same conditions receiv$ "o-half ( ?is am\nt4 ,m>%al ,maurice ( ,saxony ev5 advis$ ,l\is ,,xv4 n to p]mit m>riages to be contract$ = a long] p]iod ?an five ye>s4 ,9 ,prussia1 by laws enact$ 9 ! ye>s #afhh1 #agba1 #agbf & #agcf1 & by v>i\s gov]nm5t measures1 endeavors 7 made to enc\rage immigration2 especially 7 ! immigrants welcom$ :o _h be5 subject$ to religi\s p]secution 9 ,france & ,au/ria4 ,! !ories 9 reg>d to population ma9ta9$ by ,fr$]ick ! ,great 7 express$ ) brutal frankness 9 a lett] writt5 by him to ,voltaire on ! #bf? ( ,augu/ #agda4 ,he wrote3 8,i consid] m5 z a h]d ( de] 9 ! de] p>k ( "s great "l1 hav+ no o!r task b to populate ! p>k40 ,by 8 w>s he c]ta9ly made x necess>y to h 8 de] p>k repopulat$4 ,9 ,au/ria1 ,wurtemb]g & ,brunswick immigration 0 also enc\rag$ & !re1 z 9 ,prussia1 emigration 0 =bidd54 ,fur!rmore1 9 ! c\rse ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ,engl& & ,france remov$ all ob/acles to m>riage & settlem5t1 & o!r nations foll[$ _! example4 ,dur+ ?ree-f\r?s ( ! eighte5? c5tury political economi/s z well z ! gov]nm5ts consid]$ a l>ge population ! greate/ good =tune to ! /ate4 ,only at ! close ( ! eighte5? & ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury a rev]sion ( op9ion took place4 ,?is 0 due to economic crises & to w>like & revolution>y ev5ts1 t cont9u$ dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 especially 9 ,g]many & ,au/ria4 ,! age at :i* m>riage 0 p]mitt$ 0 rais$ aga91 & pro(s 7 requir$ %[+ t ! contract+ p>ties 7 assur$ ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( weal? or a secure income1 & c\ld ma9ta9 a giv5 /&>d ( liv+4 ,to ! de/itute1 m>riage 0 made impossible1 & ! municipalities 7 giv5 a great influ5ce 9 det]m9+ "u :at conditions m>riages might be contract$4 ,occasionally peasants 7 ev5 =bidd5 to build _! little homes1 or compell$ to te> !m d[n :5 !y _h be5 built )\t pr9cely p]mission4 ,only 9 ,prussia & ,saxony ! m>riage laws rema9$ comp>atively lib]al4 ,s9ce human nature w n be suppress$1 ! result ( all ^! h9drances to m>riage 01 t 9 spite ( all ! h>ass+ & p]secution1 illicit relations greatly increas$1 & t 9 "s ,g]man /ates ! numb] ( illegal *ildr5 0 almo/ z great z t ( ! legal ones4 ,su* 0 ! fruit ( a pat]nal gov]nm5t t prid$ itself on its ,*ri/ian morality4 #c4--,! ,fr5* ,revolution & ! ,rise ( ,indu/ry4 ,9 ^? days ! m>ri$ woman ( ! middle class liv$ 9 sev]e dome/ic retirem5t4 ,! numb] ( h] dome/ic duties 0 s l>ge1 t x 0 necess>y = ! consci5ti\s h\sewife to be at h] po/ f morn+ till night1 & frequ5tly %e c\ld accompli% all h] tasks only ) ! aid ( h] daught]s4 ,x 0 necess>y to p]=m n only ^? daily dome/ic tasks t are /ill p]=m$ by ! pres5t-day h\sekeep]1 b also _m o!rs f :i* mod]n woman has be5 fre$ by ! indu/rial developm5t4 ,%e _h to sp91 weave & blea*1 cut & sew all ! g>m5ts1 manufacture tall[-c&les & soap1 & brew ! be]4 ,%e 0 inde$ a p]fect ,c9d]ella & h] only relaxation 0 go+ to *ur* on ,sunday4 ,m>riages 7 contract$ only )9 ! same social circle4 ,a sev]e & ridicul\s ca/e feel+ dom9at$ all social relations4 ,! daught]s 7 educat$ 9 ! same _s & 7 ma9ta9$ 9 close dome/ic conf9em5t4 ,_! education 0 insignificant1 & _! intellectual horizon did n ext5d beyond ! commonplace dome/ic relations4 ,to ?is 0 add$ an empty sup]ficial =mality1 t 0 suppos$ to make up = ! lack ( intellect & education1 mak+ woman's life a %e] treadmill4 ,! _s ( ! re=mation _h deg5]at$ into ! wor/ k9d ( p$antry2 ! mo/ natural human desires & ! joy ( life 7 cru%$ b5ea? a mass ( app>5tly dignifi$1 b s\l-kill+ rules ( behavior4 ,empt9ess & n>r[-m9d$ness dom9at$ ! middle class1 & ! l[] classes liv$ "u a lead5 pressure & 9 wret*$ conditions4 ,!n came ! ,fr5* revolution4 ,x swept away ! old political & social ord] 9 ,france1 & also waft$ a brea? ( its _s to ,g]many1 t c\ld n long be resi/$4 ,fr5* rule especially _h a revolutioniz+ effect ^u ,g]many2 x swept away :at 0 old & decrepit or1 at lea/ ha/5$ its de/ruction4 ,?\gh /r5u\s ef=ts 7 made dur+ ! reaction>y p]iod aft] #ahae to turn ! c\rse ( developm5t backw>d1 ! new conceptions _h become too p[]ful & 7 victori\s 9 ! end4 ,guild privileges1 lack ( p]sonal fre$om1 m>ket privileges & proscription 7 gradually laid on ! %elf 9 ! m advanc$ /ates4 ,new me*anical inv5tions & improvem5ts1 especially ! inv5tion ( ! /eam eng9e1 & ! resultant *eap5+ ( commodities1 provid$ employm5t = ! masses1 includ+ also ! wom54 ,capitali/ic indu/ry 0 born4 ,factories1 railroads & /eamboats 7 built1 m9es & f\ndries1 ! manufacture ( glass & *9a1 ! textile indu/ry 9 its v>i\s bran*es1 manufacture ( tools & ma*9]y1 ! build+ trades1 etc41 rapidly develop$4 ,univ]sities & polyte*nical in/itutes provid$ ! intellectual =ces requir$ by ?is evolution4 ,! new class t _h come into exi/5ce1 ! capitali/ class1 ! b\rgeoisie1 support$ by all ^? :o favor$ progress1 insi/$ ^u ! abolition ( conditions t _h become unt5able4 ,:at _h be5 %ak5 by ! revolution f bel[ dur+ ! movem5t ( #ahdh & #ahdi1 0 f9ally aboli%$ by ! revolution f above 9 #ahff4 ,political unity1 accord+ to ! desire ( ! b\rgeoisie1 0 e/abli%$1 & ?is 0 foll[$ by ! f9al ov]?r[ ( all ! rema9+ economic & social b>ri]s4 ,fre$om ( trade1 "r ( settlem5t & emigration1 & ! repeal ( laws re/rict+ m>riage foll[$1 creat+ ^? conditions t capitalism ne$$ = its developm5t4 ,besides ! work+man1 woman 0 ! "o to pr(it *iefly by ?is new developm5t1 s9ce x op5$ up to h] new av5ues & br\ght h] great] fre$om4 ,ev5 be=e ! new ord] _h be5 introduc$ by ! trans=mations ( ! ye> #ahff1 sev]al ,g]man /ates _h remov$ a numb] ( ! old1 rigid b>ri]s1 :i* caus$ p$antic reaction>ies to pr$ict ! de/ruction ( dec5cy & morality4 ,9 #ahfc ! ,bi%op ( ,may5ce1 von ,kettel]1 lam5t$ t 8to aboli% ! exi/+ b>ri]s to m>riage meant ! de/ruction ( m>riage itself1 s9ce n[ m>ri$ c\ples 7 enabl$ to leave ea* o!r at w40 ,?is lam5t conta9s ! un9t5tional confession t 9 mod]n m>riages ! moral bonds are s weak1 t man & wife c be kept toge!r only by =ce4 ,s9ce m>riages n[ 7 contract$ mu* m frequ5tly ?an be=e ?is p]iod1 a rapid increase ( population result$4 ,?is fact1 & ! fact t ! new1 rapidly develop+ indu/rial sy/em creat$ social problems t _h n previ\sly exi/$1 caus$ ! fe> ( ov]-population to spr+ up aga91 z x did 9 =m] p]iods4 ,x w be %[n :at ?is fe> ( ov]-population am\nts to2 we w te/ its true value4 ,woman at ! ,pres5t ,day4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,woman z a ,sex ,be+4 #a4--,! ,sexual ,impulse4 ,9 pres5t-day b\rgeois society woman holds ! second place4 ,man leads2 %e foll[s4 ,! pres5t relation is diametrically opposite to t :i* prevail$ dur+ ! matri>*al p]iod4 ,! evolution f primitive communism to ! rule ( private prop]ty has prim>ily br\ght ab\t ?is trans=mation4 ,plato ?ank$ ! gods = eight favors !y _h be/[$ ^u him4 ,! fir/ 0 t he _h be5 born a free-man in/ead ( a slave1 & ! second 0 t he _h be5 born a man in/ead ( a woman4 ,a simil> ?\ght is express$ 9 ! morn+ pray] ( ! ,jews4 ,!y pray3 8,be ?\ prais$ ,god our ,"l & ,"l ( ! e>?1 :o ha/ n creat$ me a woman40 ,9 ! pray] utt]$ by ! ,jewi% wom5 ! correspond+ passage is word$3 8,:o ha/ creat$ me accord+ to ?y w40 ,! contra/ 9 ! respective positions ( ! sexes c\ld n be m =cibly express$ ?an 9 ?is utt]ance ( ,plato & ! pray] ( ! ,jews4 ,man is ! real human be+ accord+ to num]\s passages 9 ! ,bible1 & bo? ! ,engli% & ,fr5* languages furni% pro(s ( ?is conception1 s9ce ! ^w 8man0 d5otes bo? male & human be+4 ,:5 speak+ ( ! p we usually ?9k ( m5 only4 ,woman is a factor ( slight importance1 & man is h] ma/]4 ,m5 g5]ally consid] ?is /ate ( affairs q prop]1 & ! majority ( wom5 /ill accept x z a div9e ord9ance4 ,9 ?is prevail+ conception ! pres5t position ( woman is reflect$4 ,reg>dless ( ! "q :e!r woman is oppress$ z a prolet>ian1 we mu/ recognize t 9 ?is _w ( private prop]ty %e is oppress$ z a sex be+4 ,on all sides %e is hemm$ 9 by re/rictions & ob/acles unkn[n to ! man4 ,_m ?+s a man may d %e is prohibit$ f do+2 _m social rights & privileges enjoy$ by him1 are consid]$ a fault or a crime 9 h] case4 ,%e suff]s bo? socially & z a sex be+4 ,x is h>d to say 9 :i* respect %e suff]s m1 & !re=e x only seems natural t _m wom5 wi% !y _h be5 born m5 in/ead ( hav+ be5 born wom54 ,( all ! natural desires t are a "p ( human life1 beside ! desire = food 9 ord] to live1 ! sexual desire is /ronge/4 ,! impulse ( race pres]vation is ! mo/ p[]ful expression ( ! 8w to live40 ,?is impulse is deeply implant$ 9 e normally develop$ human be+1 & ^u atta9+ maturity its satisfaction is ess5tial to physical & m5tal welf>e4 ,lu!r 0 "r :5 he said3 8,he :o w\ld ?w>t ! natural impulse1 seeks to prev5t nature f be+ nature1 fire f burn+1 wat] f moi/5+1 man f eat+ & dr9k+ & sleep+40 ,^! words ought to be engrav$ above ! portals ( our *ur*es 9 :i* ! 8s9ful fle%0 is s vehem5tly d5\nc$4 ,no physician or physiologi/ c\ld m accurately express ! necessity ( satisfy+ ! human desire = love4 ,if ! human organism is to develop normally & heal?fully x is ess5tial t no portion ( ! human body %\ld be neglect$1 & t no natural impulse %\ld be d5i$ its normal satisfaction4 ,e organ %\ld p]=m ! functions :i* x has be5 de/9$ by nature to p]=m1 unless ! :ole organism is to suff]4 ,! laws ( ! physical developm5t ( man mu/ be /udi$ & obs]v$ z well z ! laws ( m5tal developm5t4 ,! m5tal activity ( a human be+ dep5ds ^u ! physiological condition ( 8 organs4 ,physical & m5tal vigor are closely l9k$4 ,an injury to "o has a detrim5tal effect ^u ! o!r4 ,! s-call$ animal in/9cts are n inf]ior to m5tal requirem5ts4 ,bo? are products ( ! same organism & are mutually int]dep5d5t4 ,?is applies to bo? man & woman4 ,h5ce x foll[s t k ( ! nature ( ! sexual organs is z necess>y z t ( all o!r organs1 & t ! same att5tion %\ld be be/[$ ^u _! c>e4 ,we ought to "k t organs & impulses implant$ 9 e human be+ con/itute a v important "p ( our exi/5ce1 t !y z a matt] ( fact pr$om9ate dur+ c]ta9 p]iods ( life1 & t !re=e !y mu/ n be objects ( secrecy1 false %ame & complete ignorance4 ,x foll[s fur!rmore t among bo? m5 & wom5 k ( ! physiology & anatomy ( ! v>i\s organs & _! functions %\ld be z widely diffus$ z any o!r bran* ( human k4 ,end[$ ) an exact k ( 8 physical nature1 man w\ld take a diff]5t view ( _m circum/ances4 ,?is k w\ld lead to ! removal ( _m evils t society at pres5t passes by sil5tly1 9 solemn awe1 b t nev]!less claim consid]ation 9 almo/ e family4 ,9 reg>d to all o!r matt]s k is consid]$ a virtue2 x is reg>d$ z ! l(tie/1 mo/ desirable human aim4 ,b we decry k p]ta9+ to ^? matt]s t are mo/ closely l9k$ ) our own 8ego0 & are at ! bottom ( all social developm5t4 ,kant says3 8,man & woman toge!r =m ! full & complete human be+2 "o sex supplem5ts ! o!r40 ,s*op5hau] says3 8,! sexual impulse is ! mo/ complete expression ( ! w to live1 x is ! conc5tration ( w02 & long be=e ^! ,buddha ?us express$ himself3 8,! sexual impulse is %>p] ?an ! prod by means ( :i* wild elephants are tam$2 x is hott] ?an flames2 x is l an arr[ driv5 into ! s\l ( man40 ,su* be+ ! int5sity ( sexual impulse1 x is n to be wond]$ at t ) bo? m5 & wom5 sexual ab/95ce frequ5tly leads to s]i\s disord]s ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 & 9 "s cases ev5 to insanity & suicide4 ,( c\rse1 n all natures manife/ an equally /rong sexual impulse4 ,x c also be re/ra9$ to a great ext5t by education & self-control1 especially by avoid+ ! /imulant ( lewd conv]sation & lit]ature1 alcoholism1 etc4 ,x is held t ! sexual impulse is weak] among wom5 ?an among m51 & t sometimes wom5 ev5 feel revulsion aga9/ sexual contact4 ,b ^! con/itute a small m9ority ^: physiological & psy*ological dispositions are peculi>ly con/itut$4 ,we may say t ! mann] 9 :i* ! natural desires ( ! sexes are express$1 bo? 9 _! organic & physical developm5t1 9 =m & 9 "*1 m>ks ! degree ( p]fection ( a human be+1 be x man or woman4 ,ea* sex has atta9$ its own highe/ developm5t4 8,among civiliz$ human be+s10 says ,kl5ke 9 8 essay on 8,woman z a ,wife10 8sexual int]c\rse is controll$ by moral pr9ciples dictat$ by common s5se4 ,b no?+ c\ld ev] fully subdue ! in/9ct ( race pres]vation1 implant$ by nature 9 bo? sexes4 ,:]ev] heal?y male or female individuals fail$ to fulfill ?is duty1 x 0 n ( _! own free w1 ?\gh !y may deceive !mselves into believ+ x1 b 0 a result ( social h9drances & re/rictions4 ,^! h9drances h imp$$ ! laws ( nature1 h /unt$ ! organs1 & h trans=m$ ! :ole organism into an atrophi$ type bo? 9 appe>ance & 9 "* & h caus$ n]v\s disord]s t br+ ab\t abnormal1 pa?ological conditions ( body & m9d4 ,! man becomes effem9ate2 ! woman becomes mascul9e 9 =m & "*1 because ! sexual contra/ has n be5 realiz$2 because su* p>ticul> human be+ rema9$ "o-sid$1 fail+ to atta9 8 own integration1 ! full height ( 8 exi/5ce40 ,dr4 ,elizabe? ,blackwell says 9 h] essay on 8,! ,moral ,education ( ! ,"y 9 ,relation to ,sex03 8,sexual impulse exi/s z an inevitable condition ( life & ! f\ndation ( society4 ,x is ! greate/ p[] 9 human nature4444 ,:ile undevelop$ x is n an object ( ! ?\ghts1 b x rema9s nev]!less ! c5tral =ce ( life4 ,?is inevitable impulse is ! natural gu>dian aga9/ all possibility ( de/ruction40#dd ,practical ,lu!r has positive advice to (f]4 ,he advises3 8,let him :o has no desire = *a/ity look ab\t him = "w & turn to matrimony2 a boy at ! late/ :5 he is tw5ty1 a girl :5 %e is fifte5 or eighte5 ye>s ( age4 ,!n !y are heal?y & skillful & tru/ to ,god to provide = !m & _! *ildr54 ,god gives !m ! *ildr5 & he w provide = !m40 ,un=tunately our social conditions make x impossible to foll[ ,lu!r's good advice1 & nei!r ! ,*ri/ian /ate nor ,*ri/ian society believes 9 tru/+ to ,god to provide = ! *ildr54 ,sci5ce1 ! views ( ! philosoph]s1 & ,lu!r's s\nd common s5se1 all are agre$ t man is entitl$ to normal satisfaction ( ^? desires t are "p & p>cel ( 8 v life4 ,if social in/itutions or prejudices make ?is impossible1 8 developm5t is hamp]$ !reby4 ,! results are well kn[n to our physicians1 & c be met ) 9 hospitals1 insane asylums1 prisons1 & 9 ?\s&s ( disrupt$ families4 ,9 a book publi%$ 9 ,leipsic we f9d ! foll[+ ?\ght express$3 8,sexual impulse is nei!r moral nor immoral2 x is simply natural l hung] & ?ir/4 ,nature kn[s no?+ ( morality40 ,b organiz$ society is v f> f recogniz+ ! tru? ( ?is s5t5ce4 #dd ,e4 ,blackwell1 8,essays 9 ,m$ical ,sociology40 ,page #agg4 ,london1 #aijf4 #b4--;,celibacy & ! ,frequ5cy ( ,suicide4 ,among physicians & physiologi/s x is g5]ally assum$ t ev5 an imp]fect m>riage is pref]able to celibacy1 & ?is assumption is sub/antiat$ by exp]i5ce4 ,x is a /rik+ fact t ! rate ( mortality is l[] among m>ri$ ?an among unm>ri$ p 7comp>+ ab\t #a1jjj m>ri$ p]sons #cj ye>s old ) #a1jjj unm>ri$ p]sons ( ! same age74 ,! diff]5ce is especially m>k$ 9 ! case ( m54 ,dur+ "s p]iods ( life ! rate ( mortality among unm>ri$ m5 is almo/ twice z great z t among m>ri$ m54 ,mortality is likewise v great among m5 :o h become wid[]s :ile /ill "y4#de ,x is fur!rmore claim$ t ! numb] ( suicides are increas$ by uns\nd sexual relations4 ,9 all c\ntries suicides are mu* m frequ5t among m5 ?an among wom54 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! ratio 9 v>i\s ,european c\ntries3 ,among #ajj1jjj ,ratio ( ,dur+ --suicides4-- female to ! ye>s4 ,male4 ,female4 male suicides4 ,g]many #ahii-aijb #cc4j #h4d #be4e ,au/ria #ahih-aija #be4d #g4j #bg4f ,switz]l& #ahif-aijc #cc4c #f4d #ai4b ,italy #ahic-aija #i4h #b4d #bd4e ,france #ahhh-ahib #ce4e #i4g #bg4c ,ne!rl&s #aija-aijb #i4c #c4j #cb4c ,engl& #ahia-aijj #ac4g #d4d #cb4a ,scotl& #ahia-aijj #i4j #c4b #ce4f ,irel& #aija #b4c #a4b #eb4b ,norway #ahia-aijj #aj4j #b4e #be4 ,sw$5 #ahia-aijj #ba4a #h4f #dj4h ,f9l& #ahia-aijj #g4h #a4h #ba4a ,european ,russia #ahhe-ahid #d4i #a4f #cb4g ,dur+ ! ye>s #ahih to #aijg we f9d ! foll[+ ratio ( suicides 9 ! ,g]man ,empire3 ,ye>4 ,total4 ,male4 ,female4 #ahih #aj1hce #h1edd #b1bia #ahii #aj1gfa #h1dfj #b1cja #aijj #aa1cic #h1ihg #b1djf #aijb #ab1ccf #i1gfe #b1ega #aijd #ab1dfh #i1gjd #b1gfd #aijg #ab1ggg #i1gec #c1jbd ,= ea* #ajj male suicides !re 7 female suicides3 ,dur+ #ahih1 #bf4h2 dur+ #ahii1 #bg4b2 dur+ #aijj1 #bf4h2 dur+ #aijd1 #bh4e2 dur+ #aijg1 #ca4 ,b dur+ ! p]iod ( life f ! fifte5? to ! ?irtie? ye>1 ! rate ( suicide is high] among wom5 ?an among m54 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! ratio betwe5 ! #ae? & #bj?1 & betwe5 ! #ba/ & #cj? ye>3 ,dur+ #ae? to #bj? ye>4 #ba/ to #cj? ye>4 ! ye>s4 ,male4 ,female4 ,male4 ,female4 ,prussia #ahif-aijj #e4c #aj4g #af4 #bj4b ,d5m>k #ahif-aijj #d4f #h4c #ab4d #ad4h ,switz]l& #ahhd-ahii #c4c #f4g #af4a #ba4 ,france #ahhg-ahia #c4e #h4b #aj4i #ad4df ,! foll[+ table %[s ! ratio ( male & female suicides 9 ,saxony betwe5 ! #ba/ & #cj? ye>3 ,m54 ,wom54 #ahed-ahfh #ad4ie #ah4fd #ahfh-ahhj #ad4ga #ah4gi #ahha-ahhh #ae4c #bb4c ,we f9d an increas$ numb] ( suicides among wid[$ & divorc$ p]sons also4 ,9 ,saxony among divorc$ m5 ! rate ( suicide is sev5 times z high1 among divorc$ wom5 ?ree times z high1 z ! av]age rate ( suicide among m5 & wom54 ,also suicide is m frequ5t among ^? wid[$ or divorc$ m5 & wom5 :o are *ildless4 ,among ! unm>ri$ wom5 :o are driv5 to suicide betwe5 ! #ba/ & #cj? ye>1 !re are _m :o h be5 betray$ 9 love or h 8gone wrong40 ,/ati/ics %[ t an increase ( illegal bir?s is g5]ally accompani$ by an increase ( female suicides4 ,! rate ( female suicides betwe5 ! #af? & #ba/ ye> is exceptionally high1 :i* also po9ts to ! conclusion t ungratifi$ sexual impulse1 love-sorr[1 secret pregnancy or ! deceit ( m5 con/itute frequ5t causes4 ,9 reg>d to ! position ( woman z a sex be+1 we f9d ! foll[+ ?\ght express$ by ,pr(essor ,krafft-,eb+#dg3 8,"o s\rce ( lunacy among wom5 t %\ld n be und]rat$1 is _! social position4 ,woman is by nature m desir\s ( love ?an man1 at lea/ 9 ! ideal s5se1 & %e has no honorable means ( gratify+ ?is desire except m>riage 7,m&sley74 ,m>riage is1 fur!rmore1 h] only means ( livelihood4 ,?r\gh c\ntless g5]ations h] "* has be5 develop$ 9 ?is direction4 ,ev5 ! little girl is "m to h] doll4 ,mod]n life ) its increas$ dem&s is con/antly dim9i%+ ! prospects ( satisfaction ?r\gh m>riage4 ,?is is especially true ( ! upp] classes :]e m>riages are contract$ less frequ5tly & lat] 9 life4 8,:ile man ow+ to 8 great] physical & intellectual =ce & 8 free social position1 readily obta9s satisfaction ( 8 sexual impulse1 or at lea/ f9ds an equival5t 9 "s life's "w t requires all 8 /r5g?1 ^! pa?s are b>r$ to ! unm>ri$ wom5 ( ! upp] classes4 ,?is leads1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 to dissatisfaction ) "o's self & ! _w & to morbid brood+4 ,= "s "t comp5sation is s\ght 9 religion1 b 9 va94 ,! religi\s fanaticism1 ) or )\t ma/urbation1 leads to a numb] ( n]v\s disord]s t frequ5tly culm9ate 9 hy/]ia or insanity4 ,?is expla9s ! fact t unm>ri$ wom5 fall victims to insanity mo/ frequ5tly betwe5 ! #be? & #ce? ye> ( life4 ,x is t p]iod :5 ! bloom ( y\? fades & hope fades ) x2 :ile among m5 insanity mo/ frequ5tly occurs betwe5 ! #ce? & #ej? ye>1 ! p]iod dur+ :i* ! /ruggle = exi/5ce makes its greate/ dem&s ^u _! /r5g?4 8,x is n a m]e co9cid5ce t ) ! decl9e 9 ! m>riage rate ! "q ( ! emancipation ( wom5 is becom+ m & m urg5t4 ,i reg>d x z a signal ( di/ress %[+ t woman's position 9 mod]n society is /eadily becom+ m unbe>able4 ,x is a j dem& t woman %\ld be giv5 an equival5t = t :i* has be5 assign$ to h] by nature & ( :i* %e is be+ depriv$ by mod]n social conditions40 ,9 speak+ ( ! effect ( ungratifi$ sexual impulse on unm>ri$ wom51 ,dr4 ,h4 ,ploss says3 8,x is a notewor?y fact1 ( int]e/ n only to ! physician b to ! an?ropologi/ z well1 t an infallible rem$y exi/s :]eby ! process ( fad+ bloom1 s manife/ 9 old maids1 _c only be arre/$1 b ! already vani%$ bloom ( y\? c ev5 be re9/at$1 p>tly at lea/1 if n 9 its entire *>m4 ,un=tunately our social conditions r>ely p]mit its application4 ,?is rem$y is a regul>1 ord]ly1 sexual int]c\rse4 ,we c (t5 obs]ve t :5 an eld]ly girl is /ill =tunate en\gh to atta9 matrimony1 a m>k$ *ange 9 h] appe>ance takes place %ortly aft] h] m>riage4 ,h] %ape obta9s its =m] r\ndness1 ! roses return to h] *eeks1 & h] eyes rega9 _! =m] brightness4 ,m>riage !n is a real f\nta9 ( y\? to ! female sex4 ,?us nature has its fix$ laws t inexorably dem& ob$i5ce1 & e unnatural mode ( life1 e attempt to adapt ! organism to conditions ( life t are n 9 keep+ ) ! laws ( nature1 inevitably leaves m>k$ traces ( deg5]ation4 ,?is is true ( bo? ! animal & ! human organism40 ,! "q n[ pres5ts itself3 ,does society fulfill ! dem&s = a rational mode ( life1 especially 9 ! woman's case8 ,if x does n1 we are confront$ by a second "q3 ,c society fulfill !m8 ,if ?is "q also mu/ be answ]$ 9 ! negative1 a ?ird "q ensues3 ,h[ c !y be fulfill$8 #de ,dr4 ,g4 ,s*napp]-,arndt3 8,social ,/ati/ics10 ,leipsic1 #aijh4 #df ,h4 ,krose1 8,causes ( ! ,frequ5cy ( ,suicide40 ,freiburg1 #aijf4 #dg ,text-book ( ,psy*iatry--,/uttg>t #ahhc4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,mod]n ,m>riage4 #a4--,m>riage z a ,pr(ession4 8,m>riage & ! family are ! f\ndations ( ! /ate4 ,:oev]1 !re=e1 attacks m>riage & ! family1 is attack+ society & ! /ate & und]m9+ bo?40 ,?us exclaim ! def5d]s ( ! pres5t ord]4 ,monogamic m>riage z has be5 suffici5tly %[n1 is ! outcome ( ! sy/em ( ga9 & prop]ty t has be5 e/abli%$ by b\rgeois society1 & !re=e und\bt$ly =ms "o ( its basic pr9ciples4 ,b :e!r x is adapt$ to natural ne$s & to a heal?y developm5t ( human society is a diff]5t "q4 ,we w %[ t ?is m>riage1 :i* dep5ds ^u ! b\rgeois sy/em ( prop]ty1 is a m or less =c$ relation1 hav+ _m disadvantages1 & frequ5tly fulfill+ its purpose only insuffici5tly or n at all4 ,we w1 fur!rmore1 %[ t x is a social in/itution :i* is & rema9s inatta9able to millions ( p]sons1 in/ead ( be+ a free union f\nd$ on love1 ! only union suit$ to nature's purposes4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill says 9 reg>d to mod]n m>riage3 8,m>riage is ! only real bondage recogniz$ by law40 ,accord+ to ,kant's conception man & woman toge!r con/itute ! p]fect human be+4 ,^u a normal union ( ! sexes ! heal?y developm5t ( mank9d dep5ds4 ,satisfaction ( ! sexual impulse is ess5tial to ! s\nd physical & m5tal developm5t ( bo? man & woman4 ,b man has gone beyond ! animal /age1 & s is n cont5t$ by ! m]e physical satisfaction ( 8 sexual impulse4 ,he requires intellectual attraction z well1 & ! exi/5ce ( a c]ta9 h>mony betwe5 himself & ! p]son ) :om he ent]s into union4 ,:]e su* intellectual h>mony fails to exi/1 ! sexual int]c\rse is purely me*anical & !reby becomes immoral4 ,m5 & wom5 ( ref9em5t dem& a mutual attraction t ext5ds beyond _! sexual relations1 & t %all h an ennobl+ effect ^u ! new be+s :i* may spr+ f _! union4#dh ,! fact t su* a /&>d ( ideals fails to exi/ 9 c\ntless pres5t-day m>riages caus$ ,v>nhag5 von ,ense to write3 8,:atev] we saw ab\t u bo? ( m>riages already contract$1 & ( m>riages ab\t to be contract$1 0 n likely to implant 9 u a good op9ion ( su* unions4 ,on ! contr>y2 ! entire in/itution :i* is suppos$ to be f\nd$ on mutual love & respect & is in/ead f\nd$ on any?+ b t1 seem$ co>se & despicable to u1 & we fully agre$ ) ,fri$ri* ,s*legel1 ^: op9ion on ?is subject we f\nd express$ 9 ! fragm5ts ( #8,a!neum'3 ,almo/ all m>riages are concub9ages2 !y are at be/ remote approa*es to ! true m>riage1 :i* %\ld be a bl5d+ ( two p]sons into "o40 ,?is is q 9 keep+ ) ! views ( ,kant4 ,! joy 9 hav+ prog5y & ! responsibility t[>d same makes ! relation ( love exi/+ betwe5 two p]sons "o ( long] duration4 ,a c\ple desir\s ( ent]+ m>riage %\ld !re=e c>efully consid] :e!r _! respective traits ( "* are suit$ to _! union4 ,! answ] to ?is grave "q ought to be unbias$4 ,b t is only possible by ! exclusion ( e o!r int]e/ t has no direct be>+ on ! purpose ( ! union1 satisfaction ( ! sexual impulse & propagation ( "o's own p]sonality by means ( propagation ( ! race1 guid$ by a c]ta9 measure ( insight t controls bl9d passion4 ,z ^! conditions fail to be obs]v$ 9 a trem5d\s numb] ( cases 9 pres5t-day society1 x is evid5t t mod]n m>riage frequ5tly fails to fulfill its true object & t we are n ju/ifi$ 9 reg>d+ x z an ideal in/itution4 ,h[ _m m>riages are contract$ on an entirely diff]5t basis ?an ! "o describ$ above _c be demon/rat$4 ,! p>ties conc]n$ l to h _! m>riage appe> diff]5t f :at x really is4 ,"h a condition ( hypocrisy pres5ts itself1 su* z no previ\s social p]iod has kn[n 9 a simil> degree4 ,! /ate1 ! political repres5tative ( society1 has no incl9ation to in/itute inve/igations t w\ld ca/ an unfavorable light ^u society4 ,! /ate itself m>ries its (ficials & s]vants accord+ to maxims t _c be measur$ by ! /&>d t %\ld con/itute ! f\ndation ( true m>riage4 #dh 8,! s5tim5ts & feel+s ) :i* husb& & wife approa* "o ano!r und\bt$ly h a decisive influ5ce ^u ! effects ( sexual int]c\rse & transmit c]ta9 traits ( "* ^u ! be+ t is com+ into exi/5ce40 ,dr4 ,elizabe? ,blackwell4 8,! ,moral ,education ( ! ,"y 9 ,relation to ,sex40--,see also ,goe!'s 8,aff9ity10 :]e he di/9ctly %[s ! effects ( ! feel+s t prompt two human be+s to intimate int]c\rse4 #b4--;,decl9e ( ! ,bir?rate4 ,m>riage1 9 ord] to realize ! purpose ( nature1 %\ld be a union f\nd$ on mutual love4 ,b ?is motive is r>ely met ) unalloy$ "u pres5t conditions4 ,to ! great majority ( wom51 m>riage is a means ( livelihood t !y mu/ obta9 at any co/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a great _m m5 reg>d m>riage f a purely comm]cial po9t ( view1 weigh+ & consid]+ its mat]ial advantages & disadvantages4 ,ev5 ^? m>riages t are n bas$ on selfi%1 sordid motives1 are frequ5tly m>r$ & brok5 up by ! h>% realities ( life4 ,only r>ely ^? hopes are realiz$ t 7 held by a man & woman prior to _! m>riage4 ,t is only natural4 ,= 9 ord] to lead a cont5t$ m>ri$ life n only mutual love & respect are requir$1 b economic security z well2 t is1 a c]ta9 measure ( ! necessities & com=ts ( life 9 ord] to satisfy ! ne$s ( man & wife & _! *ildr54 ,mat]ial c>es & ! cruel /ruggle = exi/5ce are de/ructive to m>ital cont5tm5t & happ9ess4 ,b ^! mat]ial c>es increase ) ! increas+ numb] ( (fspr+2 9 o!r words1 ! bett] m>riage fulfills its natural object1 ! great] become ^! c>es4 ,! peasant1 = in/ance1 takes pleasure 9 e new calf t 8 c[ br+s =?1 he *e]fully c\nts 8 suckl+ pigs & relates ! good news ( _! arrival to 8 neighbors4 ,b he looks somb] :5 a new baby is add$ to ! numb] ( *ildr5 t he feels able to support )\t c>e--n a l>ge numb]1 =soo?--& he looks d\bly somb] if ! newly-born babe has ! ill =tune ( be+ a girl4 ,we may say !n t bo? m>riages & bir?s are controll$ by economic conditions4 ,?is is especially evid5t 9 ,france :]e agriculture is c>ri$ on by a division ( ! l& into small lots1 ! products ( :i* are n suffici5t to support a l>ge family4 ,! fam\s1 or notori\s1 ,fr5* sy/em ( hav+ no m ?an two *ildr51 a sy/em t has develop$ into a social in/itution 9 ,france1 is ! result4 ,9 _m prov9ces ! population is accord+ly almo/ /ation>y1 :ile 9 o!rs !re has be5 a m>k$ decl9e4 ,! same results t ! me?ods ( f>m+ h produc$ 9 ! rural di/ricts1 h be5 produc$ 9 ! cities by indu/ry4 ,9 fact1 ! bir?rate is decl9+ ev5 m rapidly 9 ! cities4 ,! numb] ( bir?s is con/antly decreas+ 9 ,france1 9 spite ( ! fact t ! numb] ( m>riages is increas+4 ,?is is true n only ( ,france1 b ( ! majority ( civiliz$ c\ntries4 ,?is fact po9ts to a developm5t produc$ by our social conditions t %\ld make ! rul+ classes ?9k4 ,9 #ahha1 #icg1jeg *ildr5 7 born 9 ,france2 9 #aijf1 #hjf1hdg1 & 9 #aijg1 only #ggc1ifi4 ,9 #aijg1 #afc1jhh few] *ildr5 7 born ?an 9 #ahha4 ,x is a notewor?y fact t ! numb] ( illegitimate bir?s did n decrease4 ,!re 7 #gj1jgi ( ^! 9 #ahha2 dur+ ! p]iod f #ahha to #ahij !y atta9$ _! highe/ figure1 #ge1ged1 & 9 #aijf !re /ill 7 #gj1hff4 ,! decl9e ( ! bir?rate !n 0 conf9$ entirely to ! legitimate bir?s4 ,dur+ ! entire c5tury a decl9e ( ! bir?rate 0 noticeable4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! numb] ( bir?s = e ?\s& inhabitants ( ,france dur+ m ?an a c5tury3 #ahja-ahaj #ccb #ahaa-ahbj #caf #ahba-ahcj #cjh #ahca-ahdj #bij #ahda-ahej #bgc #ahea-ahfj #bfb #ahfa-ahgj #bfa #ahha-ahij #bci #ahia-aijj #bba #aije #bjf #aijf #bjf #aijg #aig ,?is repres5ts a decl9e ( #ace bir?s = e ?\s& inhabitants f #ahja to #aijg4 ,x is natural t ?is symptom is a cause ( mu* conc]n to ,fr5* /atesm5 & economi/s4 ,b ! problem is n conf9$ to ,france4 ,s9ce a long "t ! same ph5om5on may be obs]v$ 9 ,g]many1 especially 9 ,saxony1 :]e ! decl9e ( ! bir?rate has be5 ev5 m rapid4 ,9 ,g]many !re 7 ! foll[+ numb] ( bir?s = e ?\s& inhabitants3 #ahge #dbc #ahhj #cia #ahhe #che #ahij #cgj #ahie #cgc #aijj #cfh #aije #cdj #aijf #cda #aijg #ccb ,! majority ( ! o!r ,european c\ntries pres5t a simil> condition1 z ! foll[+ table %[s3 ,= e #a1jjj inhabitants4 ---------------------------------------- #ahga #ahha #ahia #aija to #ahhj to #ahij to #aijj to #aije #aijg ,engl& ,wales #ce4d #cb4e #bi4i #bh4a #bf4c ,scotl& #cd4i #cb4c #cj4b #bh4i #bg4 ,irel& #bf4e #bc4d #bc4 #bc4b #bc4b ,sw$5 #cj4e #bi4a #bg4b #bf4a #be4e ,italy #cf4i #cg4h #cd4i #cb4f #ca4e ,au/ria #ci4 #cg4i #cg4a #ce4h #ce4 ,hung>y #dd4c #dd4j #dj4f #cg4b #cf4 ,belgium #cb4c #cj4b #ci4 #bg4g #be4g ,switz]l& #cj4h #bh4a #bh4a #bh4a #bf4h ,ne!rl&s #cf4b #cd4b #cb4e #ca4e #cj4 ,! decl9e ( ! bir?rate !n is a g5]al "o1 & ?\gh ,france & ,irel& %[ ! l[e/ figures1 ! decl9e is mo/ rapid 9 ,engl&1 ,g]many & ,scotl&4 ,we meet ) ! same ph5om5on 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,au/ralia4 ,! fact pres5ts itself /ill m /rik+ly if we proce$ to comp>e ! numb] ( bir?s ) ! numb] ( m>ri$ wom5 betwe5 ! #ae? & #di? ye> ( age3 ,,legitimate ,,*ildr5 ,,born ,,to #a1jjj ,,m>ri$ ,,wom5 ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,fifte5? ,,& ,,=ty-,,n9? ,,ye>4 ,,decades -------------------------- #ahgf #ahhf #ahif to #ahhe to #ahie to #aije ---------------------------------------- ---- ,engl& & ,wales #bej #bei #bjc ,scotl& #bga #bee #bce ,irel& #bej #bde #bfd ,d5m>k #bdd #bce #bag ,norway #bfb #bei #bdf ,sw$5 #bdj #bca #bai ,f9l& #bei #bdf #bdd ,au/ria #bdf #bej #bdb ,hung>y #bcd #bce #baf ,switz]l& #bci #bcj #bbe ,g]man ,empire #bfh #beh #bdc ,prussia #bgc #bfe #bej ,bav>ia #bgf #bfc #bei ,saxony #bfg #bej #baf ,wurtemb]g #bhh #bei #bfb ,bad5 #bff #bdh #bea ,ne!rl&s #bic #bhf #bgb ,belgium #bfd #bcf #bac ,france #afg #aej #acb ,italy #bdh #bdi #bcb ---------------------------------------- ---- ,! above enum]at$ facts g to prove t ! bir? ( a human be+1 8,god's image10 z religi\s p]sons say1 is1 on an av]age1 e/imat$ bel[ ! value ( a newly-born dome/ic animal4 ,9 _m respects our views diff] b slightly f ^? ( b>b>ian p4 ,among ! latt]1 newly-born *ildr5 7 (t5 kill$4 ,?is fate especially befell ! girls4 ,among "s liv+ savages ! same cu/om /ill prevails4 ,we d n kill ! girls2 we are too civiliz$ = t1 b frequ5tly we treat !m z p>ias4 ,man1 be+ ! /rong]1 ev]y:]e represses woman 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 & if %e /ill p]si/s 9 ! /ruggle1 %e is (t5 p]secut$ by ! /rong] sex z an undesirable competitor4 ,m5 ( ! upp] classes are especially bitt] aga9/ female competition4 ,among work+m5 ! dem& to exclude wom5 f ! trades is voic$ only r>ely4 ,:5 a resolution =mulat+ su* a dem& 0 pres5t$ at a congress ( ,fr5* work+m5 9 #ahgf1 x 0 vot$ d[n by a l>ge majority4 ,s9ce t "t ! conviction t ! work+ woman is a fell[ be+ entitl$ to equal rights & privileges1 has gr[n among ! class-consci\s work+m5 ( all c\ntries4 ,! resolutions pass$ by int]national work+m5's congresses prove ?is4 ,! class-consci\s work+man kn[s t pres5t indu/rial conditions compel woman to ent] into competition ) man4 ,he also kn[s1 t an attempt to exclude woman f indu/ry w\ld be z futile z an attempt to =bid ! use ( ma*9]y4 ,!re=e he endeavors to in/ruct woman 9 reg>d to h] position 9 society & to enli/ h] aid 9 ! /ruggle = fre$om ( ! prolet>iat aga9/ capitalism4 #c4--,m]c5>y ,m>riage & ! ,matrimonial ,m>ket4 ,mod]n society has und\bt$ly advanc$ beyond any previ\s /age ( developm5t1 b our conceptions conc]n+ ! relation ( ! sexes has 9 _m respects rema9$ un*ang$4 ,9 #ahgf ,pr(4 ,l4 v4 ,/e9 publi%$ a book on 8,woman 9 ! ,field ( ,political ,economy10 t is n suit$ to its title1 s9ce x m]ely draws a v poetically t9t$ picture ( m>riage4 ,b ?is picture cle>ly %[s ! submissive position ( woman 9 h] relation to ! 8lion10 man4 ,/e9 writes3 8,man desires a be+ :o n only loves him b also und]/&s him4 ,he seeks "o :o is n only devot$ to him1 b ^: s(t h& smoo!s ! wr9kles on 8 =ehead2 :o br+s into 8 life peace1 calm1 ord]1 g5tle self-control1 & all ! _m little com=ts ( life to :i* he returns daily4 ,he ne$s "s "o to enhance all ^! ?+s ) ! inexpressible *>m ( womanl9ess1 imp>t+ w>m? & joy to 8 home40 ,b5ea? ?is app>5t praise ( woman lurks h] degradation & ! egotism ( man4 ,! pr(essor depicts woman z a da9ty creature1 end[$ nev]!less ) ! ne$ful k ( ari?metic to keep ! h\sehold acc\nts well balanc$1 c>ess+ l a g5tle spr+ breeze ! ma/] ( ! h\se1 ! rul+ lion1 & ) h] s(t h& smoo?+ ! wr9kles f 8 =ehead1 t p]haps h appe>$ !re f brood+ ov] 8 own /upidity4 ,! pr(essor depicts woman & m>riage su* z b>ely "o among a hundr$ actually exi/4 ,ab\t ! _m ?\s& unhappy m>riages1 ab\t ! great numb] ( wom5 to :om x is nev] giv5 to atta9 m>riage1 & ab\t ! millions ( wom5 :o mu/ slave beside _! husb&s f morn+ till night to e>n _! daily bread1 he seems to see & "k no?+ :atev]4 ,all ^! m>riages are /ripp$ ( poetry by ! h>% reality ( life1 m quickly ?an a c>eless h& /rips ! color$ du/ f a butt]fly's w+4 ,"o glance at ^? c\ntless wom5 suff]]s w\ld h greatly m>r$ ! pr(essor's poetically t9t$ picture4 ,! wom5 he obs]ves only con/itute a small m9ority1 & x is d\btful :e!r !y repres5t an advanc$ type4 ,!re is a frequ5tly quot$ say+1 t ! degree ( civilization atta9$ by a nation may be measur$ by ! position ( its wom54 ,we uphold ! ju/ice ( ?is say+4 ,b ^u apply+ ?is /&>d we f9d t our highly laud$ civilization does n am\nt to mu*4 ,9 8 book on ! 8,subjection ( ,wom50--! title %[s ! conception ( ! position ( woman held by ! au?or--,john ,/u>t ,mill says3 8,m5 h become m dome/icat$4 ,increas+ civilization has put m fett]s on man 9 reg>d to woman40 ,t is true to "s ext5t :]ev] an hone/ m>riage relation exi/s betwe5 husb& & wife4 ,b to a consid]ably l>ge m9ority x does n apply4 ,intellig5t m5 w recognize1 t x is to _! own advantage1 if wom5 are drawn out into ! _w f _! n>r[ dome/ic sph]e1 & are giv5 an opportunity to become acqua9t$ ) ! great problems ( ! day4 ,! 8fett]s0 t are !reby plac$ on him1 are n h>d to be>4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! "q arises :e!r mod]n life has n br\ght new factors into ! matrimonial relation t are m apt to de/roy m>riage ?an any previ\sly kn[n4 ,m>riage has become an object ( mat]ial calculation 9 a m>k$ degree4 ,! man :o wi%es to m>ry1 9 seek+ to obta9 a wife1 also seeks to obta9 prop]ty4 ,t 0 ! *ief reason :y daught]s1 :o 7 at fir/ exclud$ f ! "r ( inh]itance :5 ! patri>*al sy/em came into p[]1 7 at an e>ly p]iod re9/at$ to ?is "r4 ,b nev] be=e 0 ! m>riage m>ket z op5ly & cynically display$ z to-day2 nev] be=e 0 m>riage reg>d$ 9 ! same degree z a simple speculation1 a m]e f9ancial transaction4 ,at pres5t mat*-mak+ is frequ5tly c>ri$ on s %amelessly1 t ! (t5-repeat$ phrase ab\t ! 8sanctity ( m>riage0 becomes a f>ce4 ,/ill1 = ?is fact1 z = all o!rs1 an explanation c be f\nd4 ,at no previ\s "t 0 x s difficult = ! great majority ( p to accumulate a mode/ =tune1 z x is at pres5t1 & at no previ\s "t 0 ! /riv+ = a dec5t livelihood & ! enjoym5t ( life s g5]al4 ,^? :o d n atta9 ! aim !y h set = !mselves feel _! disappo9tm5t all ! m ke5ly1 because all believe to h ! same "r to enjoym5t4 ,no =mal diff]5ce ( class or ca/e exi/s4 ,ev]yone hopes to atta9 "s aim t seems atta9able 9 accordance ) 8 /ation 9 life4 ,b _m are call$ & few are *os54 ,9 ord] t "o may live 9 com=t1 tw5ty o!rs mu/ live 9 want2 & 9 ord] t "o may revel 9 luxury1 hundr$s or ?\s&s mu/ dwell 9 pov]ty4 ,b ev]yone is eag] to be "o ( ! favor$ few1 & accord+ly resorts to all means t are likely to lead him to 8 goal4 ,"o ( ! simple/ & mo/ accessible means ( atta9+ a privileg$ social position is a m]c5>y m>riage4 ,9 ?is way ! desire = money1 on ! "o side1 & ! desire = social rank & title1 on ! o!r1 obta9 mutual satisfaction among ! upp] classes ( society4 ,"h m>riage is degrad$ to a bus9ess transaction4 ,x becomes a conv5tional union t bo? sides respect outw>dly1 :ile secretly bo? all too (t5 foll[ _! own incl9ations4#di ,9 e l>ge city !re are c]ta9 places :]e ^u def9ite days memb]s ( ! upp] classes come toge!r1 *iefly = ! purpose ( mat*-mak+4 ,rightly h ^! reunions be5 call$ ! 8matrimonial m>ket02 = j z on ! /ock m>ket1 speculation & b>t] dom9ate1 & n infrequ5tly fraud & deception ent] into ! deal+s4 ,"h we f9d (fic]s ( ! army1 ov] head & e>s 9 debt1 b possess+ "s anci5t title ( nobility2 r\s1 weak5$ by a life ( debau*]y1 :o seek a wife to nurse !m & hope to m5d _! %att]$ heal? 9 m>riage2 manufactur]s1 m]*ants & bank]s1 :o are at ! v]ge ( bankruptcy1 sometimes at ! v]ge ( imprisonm5t & :o wi% to be sav$1 & public (ficials :o h prospects ( promotion1 b are 9 ne$ ( money2 "h !y come z cu/om]s & conclude ! m>riage b>ga94 ,9 ^! m>riages x frequ5tly is deem$ q immat]ial :e!r ! future wife is "y or old1 pretty or ugly1 well-built or de=m$1 educat$ or ignorant1 pi\s or frivol\s1 a ,*ri/ian or a ,jewess1 provid$ t %e has money4 ,money r$eems all faults & comp5sates = ! lack ( any?+ else4 ,accord+ to ! ,g]man law1 procur]s are sev]ely puni%$ by imprisonm5t4 ,b :5 p>5ts or gu>dians b>t] _! *ildr5 or relatives to "s unlov$ man or woman = life1 = ! sake ( weal?1 social position or "s o!r advantage1 no public prosecutor may int]f]e1 & yet a crime has be5 committ$4 ,!re are _m well-organiz$ matrimonial ag5cies1 & any numb] ( procur]s & procuresses :o are se>*+ c&idates = ! 8sacr$ w$d$ /ate40 ,^! transactions are especially pr(itable :5 p]=m$ 9 ! int]e/ ( memb]s ( ! upp] classes4 ,9 #ahgh a procuress 0 tri$ 9 ,vi5na :o _h be5 accus$ ( be+ an accomplice 9 murd]1 & 0 f9ally s5t5c$ to fifte5 ye>s' imprisonm5t4 ,among o!r ?+s ! trial reveal$ t ! =m] ,fr5* ambassador to ,vi5na1 ,c\nt ,banneville1 _h paid ?is woman #bb1jjj guild]s = procur+ a wife = him4 ,o!r memb]s ( ! ari/ocracy 7 also involv$ 9 ?is trial4 ,= ye>s ! au?orities _h p]mitt$ ?is woman to ply h] crim9al trade unmole/$4 ,9 ! capital ( ! ,g]man ,empire simil> occurr5ces 7 report$4 ,!y are met ) :]ev] !re are p]sons seek+ to contract m]c5>y m>riages4 ,dur+ ! la/ few decades ! daught]s & heiresses ( ,am]ican millionaires h become special objects ( desire to ! paup]iz$ ,european nobility4 ,^! ,am]ican wom51 on ! o!r h&1 h ex*ang$ _! millions = ! rank & title t are unkn[n 9 _! own c\ntry4 ,a numb] ( communications1 publi%$ 9 ! ,g]man press dur+ ! fall ( #ahhi1 conta9$ "s *>act]i/ic in=mation on ?is subject4 ,accord+ to ?is a ,g]man nobleman liv+ 9 ,cali=nia _h (f]$ 8 s]vices z a mat*-mak] by adv]tis+ 9 ,g]man & ,au/rian pap]s4 ,! (f]s he receiv$ 9 return cle>ly %[ ! conceptions prevail+ 9 ! circles conc]n$1 9 reg>d to ! sanctity ( m>riage & its e?ical side4 ,two ,prussian army (fic]s1 memb]s ( an anci5t nobility1 s\ght 8 s]vices1 & frankly /at$ z ! reason ( _! do+ s1 ! fact1 t toge!r !y ow$ ov] #ae1jjj doll>s4 ,9 _! lett] to ! procur] !y lit]ally wrote3 8,x is self-und]/ood t we _c pay any?+ 9 advance4 ,y w receive y\r remun]ation imm$iately aft] ! w$d+ j\rney4 ,only recomm5d ladies to u ^: families are 9 no wise objectionable4 ,we w\ld also consid] x v desirable to meet ladies :o are p>ticul>ly good-look+4 ,if requir$1 we w give y\r ag5t our photographs1 :o c also give u fur!r details1 %[ u ! ladies' photographs1 etc4 ,we reg>d ?is :ole transaction z an affair ( honor 767 & expect ! same ( y4 ,we expect an e>ly reply ?r\gh y\r ag5t on ?is side4 8,b>on v4 ,m44444444 8,b>on v4 ,w44444444 8,b]l91 ,fr$]ick ,/4 #ajg1 ,dec4 #ae1 #ahhi40 ,a "y ,g]man nobleman1 ,hans v4 ,h444444 wrote f ,london t he 7 five foot t51 ( anci5t nobility1 & employ$ 9 diplomatic s]vice4 ,he confess$ t 8 =tune _h be5 greatly dim9i%$ by unsuccessful bett+ at ! races1 & t he 0 !re=e compell$ to seek a ri* wife4 8,i am prep>$10 he wrote1 8to come to ! ,unit$ ,/ates imm$iately40 ,! ,g]man-,am]ican nobleman ass]t$ t besides a numb] ( c\nts1 b>ons1 etc41 he _h c\nt$ among 8 cu/om]s ?ree pr9ces & sixte5 dukes4 ,"s m5 :o 7 n ! pr\d possessors ( a title b>ga9$ = ,am]ican heiresses likewise4 ,an ar*itect1 ,max ,w4 f ,leipsic1 ask$ = a fiance :o mu/ be ri*1 beautiful & cultur$4 ,a "y manufactur]1 ,rob]t ,d41 f ,kehl on ! ,rh9e1 wrote t he w\ld cont5t himself ) a fiance own+ #ajj1jjj doll>s1 & promis$ 9 advance t he w\ld make h] happy4 ,b we ne$ n look f> to f9d fur!r in/ances ( ?is sort4 ,we ne$ b glance at ! matrimonial adv]tisem5ts 9 _m ( our capitali/ic pap]s to recognize !m z ! outw>d signs ( degrad+ views4 ,! pro/itute :o plies h] trade z a result ( bitt] ne$ is morally sup]ior to ^! m>riage seek]s4 ,! editor ( a ,sociali/ pap] :o %\ld v5ture to publi% su* adv]tisem5ts w\ld be expell$ f 8 p>ty4 ,! capitali/ic press does n hesitate to publi% su* adv]tisem5ts1 because !y pay4 ,b t does n prev5t ?is same press f rail+ aga9/ ! ,sociali/ic pr9ciples z be+ de/ructive ( m>riage4 ,no age has be5 m hypocritical ?an ours4 ,mo/ ( ^! newspap]s are no?+ m or less ?an matrimonial ag5cies4 ,"o might fill entire pages ) clipp+s tak5 f lead+ newspap]s on a s+le day4 ,sometimes ! int]e/+ fact is reveal$1 t ev5 m9i/]s are s\ght 9 ?is way & t m9i/]s also resort to ?is me?od to seek wives4 ,sometimes ! applicants ev5 cons5t to ov]look a moral blemi%1 provid$ t ! girl is ri*4 ,! moral degradation ( c]ta9 /rata ( society c\ld n be m vividly expos$ ?an by ?is sort ( m>riage4 #di ,= ! sake ( complet5ess we mu/ also m5tion m>riage = political reasons z contract$ 9 ! highe/ circles4 ,9 ^! m>riages ! "r is also sil5tly conc$$ to ! man to foll[ 8 own incl9ations outside ( 8 m>riage4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 rul]s consid]$ x good =m1 a sort ( royal attribute1 to h at lea/ "o mi/ress4 ,?us1 accord+ to ,%]r1 ,k+ ,fr$]ick ,william ,i4 ( ,prussia1 o!rwise not$ = 8 temp]ate life1 ma9ta9$ an intimate relation ) ! wife ( a g5]al4 ,x is well kn[n t ,k+ ,augu/ ( ,pol& & ,saxony _h almo/ #cjj illegitimate *ildr51 & t ,k+ ,victor ,emanuel ( ,italy left #cb illegitimate *ildr54 ,9 ! picturesquely situat$ little capital ( a ,g]man pr9cipality !re /ill /ood n _m ye>s ago ab\t a doz5 beautiful villas t _h be5 erect$ by ! rul] = 8 abdicat$ mi/resses4 ,"o might write volumes on ?is subject2 9 fact1 an ext5sive collection ( books exi/s t deal ma9ly ) ^! piquant occurr5ces4 ,9 view ( ^! facts x is inde$ v necess>y t sycophantical hi/orians %\ld /rive to pres5t ! v>i\s fa!rs & mo!rs ( _! c\ntries z models ( dome/ic virtue1 z fai?ful husb&s & devot$ mo!rs4 ,! augurs are n yet ext9ct1 !y fatt51 z 9 ! days ( ,rome1 ^u ! ignorance ( ! masses4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,disruption ( ! ,family4 #a4--;,increase ( ,divorce4 ,! "p play$ by *ur* & /ate 9 ?is sort ( 8sacr$ m>riage0 is n a wor?y "o4 ,! /ate (ficial or ! (ficiat+ cl]gyman ^: task x is to p]=m ! m>riage c]emony1 nev] pauses to consid] by :at me?ods ! c\ple he is ab\t to jo9 9 w$lock h be5 br\ght toge!r4 ,x may be q evid5t1 t ! two are 9 no wise mat$ ei!r 9 reg>d to _! ages or 9 reg>d to physical & m5tal qualities2 ! bride may1 = in/ance1 be tw5ty & ! groom sev5ty1 or vice v]sa2 ! bride may be beautiful & full ( vitality1 ! groom may be old1 cross & inflict$ ) infirmities1 x makes no diff]5ce to ! repres5tative ( /ate & *ur*4 ,! m>riage is consecrat$1 & ! consecration is mo/ solemn 9 "* :]e ! monet>y rew>d = ?is 8holy function0 is mo/ g5]\s4 ,b :5 su* a m>riage turns out to be an exce$+ly unhappy "o1 z c\ld h be5 =ese5 by anybody1 & frequ5tly 0 =ese5 by ! un=tunate victim itself--! woman g5]ally be+ ! victim--& :5 "o or ! o!r p>ty !n seeks sep>ation1 bo? *ur* & /ate place ! greate/ difficulties 9 _! way4 ,yet nei!r *ur* nor /ate que/ion$ 9 advance :e!r love & moral s5tim5ts1 or %ameless1 co>se egotism br\ght ab\t ! union4 ,moral revulsion is n consid]$ suffici5t cause = sep>ation2 obvi\s pro(s are dem&$1 pro(s t w degrade "o or ! o!r p>ty 9 public op9ion1 to make divorce possible4 ,t ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* does n p]mit divorce at all1 except by special p]mission f ! pope1 :i* is v h>d to obta91 makes conditions p>ticul>ly unfavorable among ! ,ca?olic population4 ,! ,g]man code ( civil law has also made divorce mu* m difficult4 ,?us divorce by mutual cons5t1 t _h be5 p]mitt$ by ,prussian law1 0 aboli%$4 ,_m divorces _h be5 grant$ "u ?is law1 "s = m s]i\s reasons t 7 conceal$ out ( reg>d = ! guilty p>ty4 ,9 ,b]l91 = in/ance1 !re 7 #e1fbc divorces f #ahhf until #ahib2 #a1djj ( ^!1 approximately #be p] c5t41 7 grant$ ^u mutual cons5t4 ,9 _m cases divorce is grant$ only !n1 :5 ! p>ty seek+ divorce does s )9 six mon?s aft] discov]y ( ! cause = divorce4 ,accord+ to ,prussian law1 ! "t limit is "o ye>4 ,take1 = example1 t a "y wife discov]s soon aft] h] m>riage1 t %e is ti$ to a man :o is no husb& to h] at all4 ,x is ask+ a great deal t %e %\ld det]m9e on divorce )9 six mon?s1 a /ep t requires a consid]able am\nt ( moral /r5g?4 ,to ju/ify ! increas$ difficulty 9 divorce1 ! foll[+ argum5t is advanc$3 8,only by mak+ divorce increas+ly difficult1 c ! advanc+ disruption ( ! family be c\nt]act$ & ! family bonds be /r5g!n$40 ,?is argum5t is a contradiction 9 itself4 ,a disrupt$ m>riage is n made be>able by =c+ husb& & wife to cont9ue liv+ toge!r 9 spite ( _! inw>d e/rangem5t & mutual av]sion4 ,a condition ( ?is sort1 ma9ta9$ by law1 is pr(\ndly immoral4 ,! result is t 9 a l>ge numb] ( cases adult]y is made a cause = divorce1 s9ce ?is cause _c be ignor$ by ! law2 nei!r ! /ate nor society are improv$ by ?is process4 ,x mu/ also be reg>d$ z a concession to ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 t 9 _m cases sep>ation takes ! place ( divorce :i* 0 =m]ly n ! case accord+ to civil law4 ,x is no long] consid]$ a cause = divorce1 :5 ?r\gh ! fault ( ! "o p>ty1 a m>riage rema9s *ildless4 ,! new ,g]man code ( civil law conta9s ! foll[+ p>agraph3 8,! religi\s duties 9 reg>d to m>riage are n t\*$ ^u 9 ! rules laid d[n 9 ?is p>agraph40 ,?is likewise is a concession to ! *ur*4 ,x is m]ely ornam5tal 9 "*1 b x is *>act]i/ic ( ! _s /ill prevail+ 9 ,g]many at ! beg9n+ ( ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,= our purposes ! admission is important1 t divorce 0 made m difficult to c\nt]act ! advanc+ disruption ( ! family4 ,human be+s !n rema9 *a9$ to "o ano!r = lifetime aga9/ _! w4 ,"o p>ty becomes a slave to ! o!r & is =c$ 9 fulfillm5t ( 8matrimonial duties10 to endure intimate embraces t p]haps seem m loa?some ?an h>% words & ill treatm5t4 ,rightly ,mantegazza says3 8,!re is no great] torture ?an to suff] ! c>esses ( an unlov$ p]son44440#ej ,is su* m>riage n worse ?an pro/itution8 ,ev5 ! pro/itute has a c]ta9 degree ( lib]ty ( )draw+ f h] abom9able trade1 & if %e is n ! inmate ( a public bro!l1 %e may refuse h]self to a man %e does n wi% = "s reason or o!r4 ,b a woman sold 9 m>riage mu/ endure ! embraces ( h] husb&1 ev5 ?\gh %e h a hundr$ reasons to hate & despise him4 ,if ! m>riage has be5 contract$ f ! outset & by mutual und]/&+1 z a m]e m>riage ( conv5i5ce1 matt]s are n q z bad4 ,mutual obligations are consid]$ & a be>able mode ( life is f\nd4 ,sc&al is avoid$1 especially out ( consid]ation = ! *ildr51 :]e su* exi/2 & yet x mu/ be said t ! *ildr5 are ! ones to suff] mo/ :5 _! p>5ts lead a cold1 indiff]5t life1 devoid ( love1 ev5 if x does n det]iorate into a life ( op5 ho/ility4 ,m frequ5tly yet an agreem5t is accompli%$ to avoid mat]ial loss4 ,usually ! husb&'s misbehavior is ! cause ( tr\ble 9 m>riage2 t may be se5 f ! divorce cases4 ,:5 a man rema9s dissatisfi$ ) 8 m>riage 8 dom9e]+ position enables him to f9d comp5sation else:]e4 ,! woman is f> less incl9$ to g a/ray1 fir/ly because physiological reasons make a transgression mu* m dang]\s 9 h] case1 & secondly because :5 %e is ! "o to break ! m>ital v[1 x is consid]$ a crime t society w n condone4 ,! woman alone--be %e wife1 wid[ or maid5--has 8fall502 ! man1 :5 he commits ! same s91 has1 at ! wor/1 behav$ ) impropriety4 ,! same action !n is judg$ by entirely diff]5t /&>ds1 accord+ to :e!r x has be5 committ$ by a man or by a woman1 & ! wom5 !mselves are (t5 mo/ bitt] & unm]ciful 9 _! condemnation ( a 8fall50 si/]4#ea ,z a rule1 wom5 w seek divorce only 9 cases ( flagrant infidelity or gross ill-treatm5t1 because !y are 9 a dep5d5t position & are oblig$ to reg>d m>riage z a means ( subsi/5ce2 also because ! social position ( a divorc$ woman is n an enviable "o4 ,%e is reg>d$ & treat$ m or less z a ciph]4 ,if 9 spite ( all ?is wom5 con/itute ! majority ( pla9tives 9 divorce cases1 ?is goes to prove :at moral tortures !y mu/ endure4 ,9 ,france1 ev5 be=e ! introduction ( ! new divorce laws1 by f> ! mo/ proce$+s = sep>ation 7 in/itut$ by wom54 ,until #ahhd a woman 9 ,france c\ld sue = divorce only 9 case h] husb& br\ght ! woman ) :om he ma9ta9$ an intimate relation into ! domicile ( 8 wife aga9/ h] w4 ,?us proce$+s = sep>ation 7 in/itut$ annually by3 ,wom54 ,m54 #ahef-ahfa #a1gbi #ahd #ahfa-ahff #b1ace #bfj #ahff-ahga #b1eia #ccj #aija-aije #b1cfh #eia ,n only 7 ! majority ( proce$+s in/itut$ by wom51 ! figures also %[ t _! numb] /eadily increas$4 ,by in=mation ga!r$ f reliable s\rces x may be se51 t else:]e also ! great] numb] ( actions = divorce & sep>ation are in/itut$ by wom51 z ! foll[+ table %[s3#eb ,,p]c5tage ,,( ,,numb] ,,( ,,pla9tives4 ,,divorces4 ,dur+ ,husb&s ! ye>s4 ,husb&s4 ,wives4 & wives4 ,au/ria #ahic-ahig #d4d #e4j #ij4f ,r\mania #ahia-ahie #cj4f #fh4i #j4e ,switz]l& #ahie-ahii #bf4d #de4d #h4b ,france #ahie-ahii #dj4j #ei4a 44 ,bad5 #ahie-ahii #cf4j #ei4a #d4i ,engl& ,wales #ahie-ahii #fj4d #ci4f 44 ,scotl& #ahih-ahii #dc4c #ef4g 44 ,,sep>ations4 ,au/ria #ahig-ahii #d4i #af4f #gh4e ,france #ahie-ahii #ae4i #hd4a 44 ,engl& ,wales #ahie-ahii #c4j #ig4j 44 ,scotl& #ahih-ahii 44 #ajj4 44 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e ! divorce /ati/ics cov] a p]iod ( =ty ye>s1 we f9d ! foll[+ ratio3 #ahfg-ahhf4 ,p4 ,c4 #ahhg-aijf4 ,p4 ,c4 #aijf4 ,p4 ,c4 ,m5 #aab1edj #cd4b #caf1adi #cc4d #bc1dee #cb4e ,wom5 #baf1agf #fe4h #fbi1dgf #ff4f #dh1fjg #fg4e ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,total #cbh1gaf #ajj #ide1fbe #ajj #gb1jfb #ajj ,! above table %[s t 9 m ?an two-?irds ( all divorce cases wom5 7 ! pla9tiffs4#ec ,9 ,italy we f9d a simil> ratio4 ,dur+ #ahhg !re 7 #a1bba divorce cases2 #eic ( ^! 7 in/itut$ by wives1 #bad by husb&s1 #dad by bo? husb&s & wives4 ,9 #aijd !re 7 #b1ajc cases2 #a1adb by wives1 #ded by husb&s1 & #ejg by bo?4 ,/ati/ics tea* u t ! majority ( divorces are s\ght by wom51 & !y fur!rmore tea* u t ! numb] ( divorces is rapidly increas+4 ,s9ce ! introduction ( ! new divorce law 9 ,france 9 #ahhd1 ! divorces h increas$ f ye> to ye>1 z foll[s3 ,ye>s #ahhd4 #ahhe4 #ahij4 #ahie4 #aijj4 #aije4 #aijf4 #aijg4 ,divorces #a1feg #d1abc #f1eeg #g1gjj #g1hbj #aj1jai #aj1egc #aj1ich ,9 ,switz]l&1 too1 ! divorce-rate is increas+4 ,f #ahhf to #ahij !re 7 #hhb divorces4 ,f #ahia to #ahie !re 7 #hih divorces2 9 #ahig1 #a1jaa2 9 #ahih1 #a1jah2 9 #ahii1 #a1jia2 9 #aije1 #a1bjf2 9 #aijf1 #a1cdc4 ,9 ,au/ria dur+ #ahii !re 7 #hef divorces & #acc sep>ations4 ,9 #aijj !re 7 #a1caj divorces & #afc sep>ations4 ,9 #aije !re 7 #a1hhe divorces & #bfb sep>ations4 ,! numb] ( divorces & sep>ations h be5 d\bl$ dur+ a decade4 ,9 ,vi5na !re 7 #adh divorces 9 #ahgj & #ahga2 !y increas$ ) ea* succe$+ ye> until 9 #ahgh & #ahgi !re 7 #cai cases4 ,vi5na be+ a ,ca?olic city1 divorces are n easily obta9$4 ,nev]!less1 a ,vi5nese judge exclaim$ dur+ ! eighties3 8,! *>ge ( brok5 m>riage v[s is z frequ5t z ! *>ge ( brok5 w9d[s40 ,! foll[+ %[s ! increas+ divorce-rate 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates3 ,ye>s #ahfg4 #ahhf4 #ahie4 #aijb4 #aijf4 ,divorces #i1icg #be1ece #dj1chg #fa1dhj #gb1jfb ,if ! numb] ( divorces 9 relation to ! population _h rema9$ ! same 9 #aije z 9 #ahgj1 ! exact numb] ( divorces 9 #aije w\ld h be5 #bd1jjj1 & n #fg1gia1 z actually 0 ! case4 ,! total numb] ( divorces f #ahfg to #ahhf 0 #cbh1gaf2 f #ahhg to #aijf1 #ide1fbe4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates h ! highe/ divorce-rate4 ,= e ?\s& m>riages !re 7 ! foll[+ numb] ( divorces3 ,9 #ahgj1 #ha2 9 #ahhj1 #ajg2 9 #ahij1 #adh2 9 #aijj1 #bjj4 ,:y is divorce m frequ5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry8 ,fir/ly1 because 9 "s ( ! /ates ! divorce laws are less rigor\s ?an 9 mo/ ( ! o!r c\ntries1 &1 secondly1 because wom5 enjoy a fre]1 m indep5d5t position ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry ( ! _w1 & are accord+ly less will+ to submit to ! tyranny ( husb&s4 ,! foll[+ %[s ! numb] ( divorces 9 ,g]many f #ahia to #aijj3 ,,key ,y3 ,ye>s ,d3 ,divorces ,y #ahia4 #ahib4 #ahic4 #ahid4 #ahie4 #ahif4 #ahig4 #ahih4 #ahii4 #aijj4 ,d #f1fgh #f1eac #f1fid #g1ejb #h1cbf #h1fja #i1jje #i1adc #i1efc #g1ibh ,we see t f #ahii to #aijj1 ! numb] ( divorces h decreas$ by #a1fce1 because on ! fir/ ( ,janu>y1 #aijj1 ! new code ( civil law w5t into effect :i* made divorce m difficult4 ,b life is /rong] ?an law4 ,aft] !re 0 a decrease 9 ! divorce-rate f #aijj to #aijb1 !re has be5 a rapid increase ev] s9ce1 z ! foll[+ table %[s3 ,ye>s #aija4 #aijb4 #aijc4 #aijd4 #aije4 #aijf4 #aijg4 ,divorces #g1ifd #i1jfi #i1icc #aj1hfh #aa1adg #ab1ahj #ab1dhi ,9 ,saxony1 too1 9 spite ( v>i\s fluctuations1 !re has be5 a /eady increase1 z may be se5 f ! foll[+ table3 ,= ea* #a1jjj ,ye>s4 ,divorces4 m>riages4 #ahcf-ahdj #cef #aba #ahdf-ahej #cie #aba #ahga-ahge #eha #abb #ahia-ahie #iba #ach #ahif-aijj #a1acj #aea #aija-aije #a1che #afh ,= ea* ?\s& m>riages 9 ,prussia !re 7 ! foll[+ numb] ( divorces3 #ahha to #ahhe1 #fg4fb2 #ahhf to #ahij1 #hj4ee2 #ahia to #ahie1 #hf4gg2 #ahif1 #aja4ig2 #aije1 #ajf2 #aijh1 #aba4 ,t is a trem5d\s increase4 ,! increase ( divorce is n a national b an int]national symptom4 ,= ea* ?\s& m>riages !re 7 ! foll[+ numb] ( divorces 93 ,at ! close #ahgf-ahhj4 #ahha-ahhe4 #ahhf-ahij4 ( ! c5tury4 ,au/ria 44 #ai4d #ai4g #ca4 ,hung>y #ca4f #cj4d #cj4e #eh4 ,r\mania #cg4c #eb4c #gc4a #ih4 ,italy #aa4h #aa4c #aj4f #ae4 ,france #cc4i #ge4i #hj4i #abi4 ,engl& ,wales #f4e #g4d #g4 #aj4f ,scotl& #ab4c #ac4 #af4g #bf4 ,irel& #j4f #j4d #a4a #a4 ,belgium #be4e #ca4i #dc4 #gb4 ,ne!rl&s 44 44 44 #gh4 ,norway #ac4i #ab4a #ai4c #cc4 ,sw$5 #bh4e #bh4f #ca4f #de4 ,f9l& #af4a #g4h #aj4j #bi4 ,switz]l& #bbj4 #bjj4 #ahh4 #aii4i ,x w\ld be a great mi/ake to draw conclusions f ^! widely div]g+ figures ab\t ! moral /atus ( ! v>i\s c\ntries enum]at$ above4 ,no "o w\ld claim1 t cause = divorce is f\r times great] among ! ,sw$i% p ?an among ! ,engli% p4 ,! laws mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation t make divorce m or less difficult z ! case may be4#ed ,! moral /atus1 t is1 ! causes mak+ divorce appe> desirable to ei!r man or woman1 are a second>y consid]ation4 ,b ! figures %[1 t ! divorce-rate is increas+ m rapidly ?an ! population2 t is increas+1 9 fact1 :ile ! m>riage-rate is decreas+4 ,we w return to ?is phase ( ! "q lat] on4 ,great diff]5ces ( age betwe5 husb& & wife play a consid]able "p 9 divorce4 ,t is %[n by ! foll[+ table ga!r$ f (ficial /ati/ics 9 ,switz]l&3 ,,numb] ,,( ,,divorces ,,= ,,ea* #a1jjj ,,m>riages ,,) ,,same ,,diff]5ce ,,( ,,age4 #ahha-ahij4 #ahia-aijj4 ,man old]2 #bf ye>s & m #bga #cbh ,man old]2 #aa to #be ye>s #ahi #aih ,man old]2 #a to #aj ye>s #aic #aha ,husb& & wife ( same age #aie #aij ,man y\ng]2 #a to #aj ye>s #bbf #bbf ,man y\ng]2 #aa to #be ye>s #cfe #dca ,man y\ng]2 #bf ye>s & m #gei #hgj ,! foll[+ /ati/ics f ,saxony dur+ #aije & #aijf1 & f ,prussia f #ahie to #aije1 %[ ! divorce-rate 9 its relation to ! v>i\s /rata ( society3 ,,annual ,,divorces ,,= ,,ea* #ajj1jjj ,,m>ri$ ,,m54 ,saxony4 ,prussia4 ,agriculture #ei #cd ,indu/ry #bbj #aeh ,comm]ce #big #bbi ,public s]vice & le>n$ pr(essions #cdf #afe ,9 ,saxony divorces 7 mo/ frequ5t among (ficials & pr(essional m54 ,9 ,prussia !y 7 mo/ frequ5t among ^? employ$ 9 comm]ce4 ,9 ,saxony ^? employ$ 9 comm]ce came second2 9 ,prussia1 (ficials & pr(essional m54 ,m5 employ$ 9 indu/ry come ?ird2 #bbj 9 ,saxony1 & #aeh 9 ,prussia4 ,^? employ$ 9 agriculture furni%$ ! l[e/ figures4 ,:5 we comp>e ! gr[+ numb] ( divorces 9 ! cities ) ^? among ! rural population1 we are l$ to ! conclusion t ! rapid developm5t ( indu/ry1 accompani$ by an increas+ in/ability ( public life1 makes ! m>riage relation m unfavorable1 & adds to ! factors t make = ! disruption ( m>riage4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! gr[+ divorce-rate %[s1 t ! numb] ( wom5 are increas+ :o resolve to ca/ (f a yoke t has become unbe>able4 #ej ,! ,physiology ( ,love4 #ea ,alex&] ,dumas correctly says 9 8,monsieur ,alphonse03 8,man has creat$ two /&>ds ( morality3 "o = himself1 & "o = woman1 "o t p]mits him to love all wom51 & ano!r t p]mits woman z a comp5sation = h] lo/ fre$om1 to be lov$ by b "o man40 ,see also ,m>gu]ite's self-accusation 9 8,fau/40 #eb ,george v4 ,may]3 8,/ati/ics & ,social ,sci5ce40 #ec ,m>riage & ,divorce4 #ahhg-aijf4 ,bureau ( ! ,c5sus1 ,bullet9 #if1 p4 #ab4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 #aijh4 #ed ,9 ,engl& divorce is a privilege enjoy$ by ! ri*4 ,! co/ ( a trial is s exorbitant1 t divorce becomes almo/ impossible to p ( mod]ate means1 especially z x necessitates a j\rney to ,london4 ,9 ! :ole c\ntry !re is only "o divorce c\rt1 :i* is situat$ 9 ,london4 #b4--;,b\rgeois & ,prolet>ian ,m>riage4 ,! corruption ( m>riage increases at ! same rate at :i* ! /ruggle = exi/5ce gr[s m sev]e1 mak+ matrimony m & m an object ( m]c5>y speculation4 ,z x is becom+ increas+ly difficult to support a family1 _m m5 *oose to refra9 f m>ry+1 & s ! declamations ab\t x be+ woman's duty to practice h] natural pr(ession ( wifehood & mo!rhood1 are j s _m mean+less phrases4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^! conditions are b\nd to fo/] illegitimate relations & to increase ! numb] ( pro/itutes2 !y also increase ! numb] ( ^? :o fall victims to an unnatural satisfaction ( ! sexual impulse4 ,among ! rul+ classes ! wife is frequ5tly degrad$1 j z %e 0 9 anci5t ,greece1 to ! m]e functions ( be>+ legitimate *ildr51 act+ z h\sekeep]1 or s]v+ z nurse to a husb& ru9$ by a life ( debau*]y4 ,= 8 amusem5t1 or to gratify 8 desire = love1 ! man ma9ta9s c\rtesans or mi/resses :o live 9 elegance & luxury4 ,o!rs :o d n h ! means ( ma9ta9+ mi/resses1 associate ) pro/itutes dur+ m>riage z be=e m>riage1 & a numb] ( wives are suffici5tly corrupt$ to consid] su* relations q prop]4#ee ,9 ! upp] & middle classes ( society ! *ief evil 9 m>riage is its m]c5>y "*4 ,b ?is evil is /ill height5$ by ! mode ( life t prevails among ^! classes4 ,t applies to ! wom5 z well z to ! m51 s9ce !y frequ5tly lead lives ( idl5ess or devote !mselves to corrupt+ occupations4 ,! society woman's spiritual n\ri%m5t usually consi/s ( ! foll[+3 ,read+ ambigu\s novels1 visit+ frivol\s plays1 enjoy+ s5su\s music1 resort+ to intoxicat+ /imulants1 & indulg+ 9 sc&al-mong]+4 ,idl5ess & ennui frequ5tly entice h] into love-intrigues1 t are s\ght m eag]ly /ill by ! m5 ( h] circles4 ,9 ! mad pursuit ( pleasure %e ru%es f "o banquet & ent]ta9m5t to ano!r1 & 9 summ] %e goes to wat]+-places & summ] resorts to re/ f ! ex]tions ( ! w9t] & to seek new amusem5t4 ,sc&als are a daily occurr5ce ) ?is mode ( life2 m5 s$uce & wom5 all[ !mselves to be s$uc$4 ,among ! l[] classes m]c5>y m>riage is practically unkn[n4 ,! work+man g5]ally m>ries = love1 b nev]!less _m h>mful & de/ructive influ5ces exi/ 9 ! prolet>ian m>riage also4 ,bless$ ) _m *ildr51 c>es & worries ensue1 & all too (t5 bitt] pov]ty prevails4 ,disease & dea? are frequ5t gue/s 9 ! prolet>ian family1 & unemploym5t height5s ! mis]y4 ,_m are ! factors t less5 ! work+man's income & frequ5tly deprive him ( t meagre income altoge!r4 ,h>d times & indu/rial crises ?r[ him out ( employm5t2 ! introduction ( new ma*9]y or ( new me?ods ( production1 makes him sup]flu\s2 w>s1 unfavorable t>iff & comm]cial treaties1 ! imposition ( new indirect taxes1 or black-li/+ by 8 employ]s z a result ( 8 political convictions1 de/roy 8 means ( subsi/5ce or gravely injure !m4 ,f "t to "t "o or ano!r ?+ occurs t entails a long] or %ort] p]iod ( unemploym5t ) its accompany+ mis]y & />vation4 ,unc]ta9ty is ! m>k ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,su* vicissitudes are productive ( ill temp] & bitt] feel+s t mo/ frequ5tly lead to outbur/s 9 dome/ic life :]e dem&s are made daily & h\rly t _c be satisfi$4 ,?is leads to qu>rels & h>% words & ev5tually to a rupture 9 ! m>riage relation4 ,frequ5tly bo? husb& & wife mu/ "w = a liv+4 ,! *ildr5 are left to !mselves or to ! c>e ( old] bro!rs & si/]s1 :o are /ill 9 ne$ ( c>e & education !mselves4 ,! noon-day meal1 usually ( ! poore/ quality1 is dev\r$ 9 utmo/ ha/e1 provid$ t ! p>5ts h "t to come home = ?is meal4 ,9 ! majority ( cases ?is is impossible1 ow+ to ! di/ances betwe5 homes & factories & to ! brevity ( ! "t all[$ = re/4 ,we>y & worn1 bo? p>5ts return at night4 ,in/ead ( a *e]ful1 pleasant home to come to1 !irs is only a small1 unsanit>y dwell+1 frequ5tly want+ 9 fre% air & light & devoid ( ! mo/ elem5t>y com=ts4 ,! sc>city ( available lodg+s ) all ! result+ evils1 is "o ( ! d>ke/ phases ( our social sy/em t leads to c\ntless vices & crimes4 ,9 spite ( all attempts at relief1 ! h\s+ problem is becom+ m s]i\s e ye> 9 all ! l>g] c5t]s ( indu/ry2 & o!r /rata ( society1 su* z pr(essional p1 cl]ks1 (ficials1 tea*]s1 small deal]s1 etc41 are affect$ by x4 ,! work+man's wife :o returns to h] 8home0 at night exhau/$ f a day's h>d labor1 mu/ beg9 "w anew4 ,%e mu/ toil 9 fev]i% ha/e to att5d to ! mo/ necess>y details ( h\sekeep+4 ,aft] ! *ildr5 h be5 put to b$1 %e /ill cont9ues to m5d & sew until f> into ! night4 ,re/ & recup]ation are unkn[n to h]4 ,! man (t5 is ignorant & ! woman /ill m s1 & ! little !y h to say to "o ano!r is quickly said4 ,! man goes to a saloon :]e he at lea/ f9ds "s ( ! com=ts t he lacks at home2 he dr9ks1 & no matt] h[ little he sp5ds1 he is sp5d+ too mu* = 8 income4 ,sometimes he falls a victim to ! vice ( gambl+1 t claims _m victims 9 ! upp] /rata ( society also1 & !n /ill loses m ?an he sp5ds on dr9k4 ,mean:ile ! woman is brood+ at home full ( grudge4 ,%e mu/ toil l a bea/ ( burd51 !re is no re/ or recreation = h]2 b ! man enjoys ! lib]ty t is 81 j because he _h ! good =tune ( hav+ be5 born a man4 ,?us discord arises4 ,if ! woman is less consci5ti\s2 if %e1 too1 seeks pleasure & div]sion :5 %e has return$ f a h>d day ( "w1 to :i* %e is surely entitl$1 h] h\sehold goes to ru9 & ! mis]y becomes great] /ill4 ,nev]!less1 we are liv+ 9 8! be/ ( worlds40 ,?us m>riage is con/antly be+ disrupt$ among ! prolet>iat also4 ,ev5 favorable p]iods ( employm5t (t5 h a detrim5tal influ5ce1 = !y involve ov]-"t "w & sometimes also "w on ,sunday1 !reby depriv+ ! work] ( ! little "t he is able to devote to 8 family4 ,(t5 ! di/ances f ! work+m5's homes to _! places ( employm5t are s great1 t !y mu/ leave at day-break1 :5 ! *ildr5 are /ill s\ndly asleep1 & d n return until late at night :5 !y are sleep+ aga94 ,?\s&s ( work+m51 especially ^? connect$ ) ! build+ trades1 rema9 away f home dur+ ! entire week & only return to _! families on ,saturday night4 ,h[ c family relations prosp] "u su* conditions86 ,at ! same "t ! numb] ( wom5 work]s is con/antly gr[+1 especially 9 ! textile indu/ries1 = ?\s&s ( sp9n+-ma*9es & p[]-looms are be+ t5d$ by wom5 & *ildr51 ^: labor is *eap4 ,"h matrimonial relations h be5 rev]s$4 ,:ile ! wife & ! *ildr5 g to ! factory1 ! unemploy$ man n infrequ5tly1 rema9s at home p]=m+ ! dome/ic duties4 8,9 a numb] ( clo? factories 9 ,*emnitz we f9d wom5 :o are employ$ !re only dur+ ! w9t] mon?s1 because _! husb&s :o are road-build]s1 masons or c>p5t]s1 e>n little or no?+ 9 w9t]4 ,dur+ ! abs5ce ( ! wom51 ! m5 att5d to ! h\sekeep+40#ef ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e capitalism has develop$ s rapidly1 t all its evils are manife/ on a mu* l>g] scale ?an 9 ! indu/rial c\ntries ( ,europe1 a *>act]i/ic "n has be5 co9$ = ?is /ate ( affairs4 ,indu/rial c5t]s :]e wom5 are ma9ly employ$ :ile m5 rema9 at home1 h be5 call$ 8%e-t[ns40#eg ,at pres5t x is g5]ally conc$$ t wom5 %\ld be admitt$ to all trades4 ,capitali/ic society 9 its mad *ase ( pr(its has long s9ce recogniz$1 t wom5 c be m pr(itably exploit$ ?an m51 s9ce !y are by nature m pliant & meek4#eh ,accord+ly ! numb] ( trades 9 :i* wom5 may f9d employm5t are increas+ ) e ye>4 ,! con/ant improvem5t ( ma*9]y1 ! simplify+ ( ! process ( labor by an increas$ division ( labor1 & ! competitive w>f>e among individual capitali/s1 z also among rival indu/rial c\ntries--all favor ! /eady increase ( woman labor4 ,! ph5om5on is common to all indu/rially advanc$ c\ntries4 ,z ! numb] ( wom5 9 indu/ry increases1 ! competition betwe5 !m & ! male work]s gr[s m sev]e4 ,! reports ( factory inspectors & /ati/ical inve/igations prove ?is4 ,! position ( wom5 is especially unfavorable 9 ^? trades 9 :i* !y pr$om9ate z1 = in/ance1 ! clo?+ trades1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ^? bran*es 9 :i* ! work]s p]=m ! "w 9 _! own home4 ,inve/igations conc]n+ ! condition ( wom5 work]s 9 ! manufacture ( und]we> & ! clo?+ trades1 7 made 9 ,g]many 9 #ahhf4 ,?is inve/igation %[$ among o!r ?+s t ! mis]able pay ^! work]s receiv$ frequ5tly drove !m to pro/itution4 ,our ,*ri/ian gov]nm5t1 ^: ,*ri/ianity is s\ght 9 va9 :]e x is really ne$ful1 b is met ) :]e x is sup]flu\s--our ,*ri/ian gov]nm5t is l our ,*ri/ian b\rgeoisie1 ^: int]e/s x s]ves4 ,?is gov]nm5t f9ds x exce$+ly difficult to decide ^u ! enactm5t ( laws :i* w\ld limit ! "w ( wom5 to a be>able degree & prohibit *ild-labor entirely4 ,?is same gov]nm5t also fails to grant a normal "w-day & suffici5t re/ on ,sundays to its own employees1 !reby h>m+ _! family relations4 ,frequ5tly m5 employ$ 9 ! mail & railroad s]vice & 9 prisons mu/ "w _m h\rs ov]time )\t receiv+ adequate remun]ation4 ,z ! r5ts are also f> too high 9 comp>ison ) ! incomes ( ! work]s1 !y mu/ cont5t !mselves ) ! poore/ qu>t]s4 ,lodg]s ( "o sex or ! o!r1 sometimes ( bo?1 are tak5 into ! work+man's home4#ei ,old & "y ( bo? sexes live toge!r 9 a small space & frequ5tly witness ! mo/ intimate relations4 ,h[ mode/y & dec5cy f>e "u su* conditions1 has be5 %[n by horrible facts4 ,! increas+ demoralization & brutalization ( ! "y t is be+ discuss$ s mu*1 is p>tly due to ^! conditions4 ,*ild-labor1 too1 has ! wor/ possible influ5ce on *ildr51 bo? physically & morally4 ,! increas+ indu/rial activity ( m>ri$ wom5 has ! mo/ detrim5tal effect dur+ pregnancy & at *ild-bir? & dur+ ! e>ly babyhood ( ! *ildr51 :5 !y dep5d ^u ! "m = n\ri%m5t4 ,dur+ pregnancy x may lead to a numb] ( diseases t are de/ructive to ! unborn *ild & h>mful to ! organism ( ! woman1 & br+ ab\t premature bir?s & /ill-bir?s4 ,:5 ! *ild has be5 born1 ! "m is compell$ to return to ! factory z soon z possible1 le/ "s "o else take h] place4 ,! inevitable result = ! poor1 little babes is neglect & improp] or insuffici5t n\ri%m5t4 ,!y are giv5 opiates to be kept quiet2 & z a fur!r result ( all ?is1 !y p]i% 9 masses or gr[ up sickly & de=m$4 ,x means race deg5]ation4 ,frequ5tly ! *ildr5 gr[ up )\t ev] hav+ exp]i5c$ real p>5tal love4 ,?us prolet>ians are born1 live & die2 & society & ! /ate m>vel at x t brutality1 immorality & crime are increas+4 ,dur+ ! sixties ( ! la/ c5tury ! cotton indu/ry 9 ,engl& almo/ came to a /&/ill1 z a result ( ! ,civil ,w> t 0 be+ wag$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,accord+ly1 ?\s&s ( work+-wom5 7 unemploy$1 & among !m physicians made ! a/\nd+ obs]vation1 t 9 spite ( ! exi/+ want1 infant mortality 0 decreas+4 ,! reason 0 t ! babies n[ 7 be+ nurs$ by _! mo!rs & m c>e 0 be/[$ on !m ?an ev] be=e4 ,dur+ ! crisis ( ! sev5ties ( ! la/ c5tury simil> obs]vations 7 made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 especially 9 ,new ,york & ,massa*usetts4 ,unemploym5t enabl$ ! wom5 to devote m "t to _! *ildr54 ,! same fact 0 not$ dur+ ! g5]al /rike 9 ,sw$5 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb] ( #aiji4 ,! mortality 9 ,/ockholm & o!r l>ge ,sw$i% cities _h n be5 z l[ = _m ye>s z dur+ ! weeks ( ?is giant /rike4 ,"o ( ! em95t m$ical au?orities ( ,/ockholm decl>$ t ! l[ rate ( mortality & ! g5]al /ate ( good heal? 0 9 close connection ) ! great /rike4 ,he po9t$ out t ! out-(-door life :i* 0 be+ l$ by ! army ( /rik]s 0 *iefly responsible = ?is satisfactory /ate ( heal?1 = no matt] h[ ext5sive ! sanit>y regulations might be1 ! air 9 ! factories & work%ops 0 always m or less detrim5tal to ! heal? ( ! work]s4 ,! same m$ical au?ority po9t$ out1 fur!rmore1 t ! prohibition ( ! sale ( intoxicat+ dr9ks dur+ ! great /rike1 also t5d$ to improve ! /ate ( heal?4 ,dome/ic indu/ry1 :i* is depict$ s allur+ly by ! romanc]s among political economi/s1 is n m favorable to ! work]s4 ,"h man & wife bo? toil f dawn to d>kness & ! *ildr5 are tra9$ z help]s f _! e>lie/ *ildhood on4 ,! entire family & p]haps "s assi/ants live toge!r 9 close/ qu>t]s among rubbi% & disagreeable odors4 ,! b$rooms are simil> to ! work%op1 usually small1 d>k spaces ) insuffici5t v5tilation1 detrim5tal to ! heal? ( ! p]sons :o are oblig$ to sleep 9 !m4 ,! /ruggle = exi/5ce t is gr[+ increas+ly difficult1 also sometimes compels m5 & wom5 to commit acts t !y w\ld loa! "u diff]5t circum/ances4 ,x 0 %[n 9 #ahgg 9 ,muni* t among ! pro/itutes ent]$ on li/s by ! police1 !re 7 no less ?an #bjc wives ( work+m5 & me*anics4 ,_m m m>ri$ wom5 are driv5 to occasional pro/itution by ne$1 )\t submitt+ to police control t deeply degrades all mode/y & human dignity4 #ee ,9 8 book on 8,! ,woman ,"q 9 ! ,middle ,ages10 t ,i h frequ5tly quot$1 ,bue*] lam5ts ! dissolution ( m>riage & ! family4 ,he condemns ! employm5t ( wom5 9 indu/ry1 & dem&s t woman %\ld return to h] 8p>ticul> sph]e10 ! only "o :]e %e creates 8real values10 ! home & ! family4 ,! aims ( ! mod]n woman movem5t appe> 8amateuri%0 to him1 & he expresses ! hope t 8a bett] way may be f\nd40 ,b he fails to po9t out a successful way4 ,f 8 b\rgeois po9t ( view x w\ld be impossible to d s4 ,! matrimonial conditions z also ! position ( wom5 9 g5]al1 are n ! result ( wilful creation4 ,!y are ! natural product ( social evolution1 & ?is social evolution is consummat$ 9 accordance ) inh]5t laws4 #ef ,te*nics & ,political ,economy4 #eg ,! foll[+ clipp+ tak5 f an ,am]ican newspap] 9 #ahic gives an adequate description ( a 8%e-t[n03 8,a s+ul>ity t is met ) 9 ! factory t[ns ( ,ma9e1 is a class ( m5 :o may rightly be call$ h\sekeep]s4 ,any "o visit+ "s ( ^! work]s' homes %ortly aft] ! noon h\r1 w f9d ! m51 we>+ an apron1 wa%+ di%es4 ,at o!r h\rs ( ! day !y may be se5 mak+ ! b$s1 dress+ ! *ildr51 scrubb+ or cook+4444 ,^! m5 d ! h\sekeep+ = ! simple reason t _! wives c e>n m 9 ! factories ?an !y1 & x is m economical = !m to rema9 at home :ile ! wom5 "w40 #eh 8,mr4 ,e41 a manufactur]1 in=ms me t he employs only wom5 at 8 p[]-looms4 ,he pref]s m>ri$ wom5 & especially ^? :o h a family at home dep5d+ ^u !m4 ,!y are mu* m att5tive & docile ?an unm>ri$ wom51 & are oblig$ to ex]t !mselves to ! utmo/ 9 ord] to e>n ! necess>y means ( subsi/5ce4 ,?us ! peculi> virtues ( woman's "* are turn$ to h] own detrim5t1 & ! g5tl5ess & dec5cy ( h] nature become a means ( h] enslavem5t40 ,f an address by ,"l ,a%ley on ! t5-h\r bill1 #ahdd4--,k>l ,m>x1 8,capital10 second edition4 #ei ,! ,prussian c5sus ( #aijj has %[n t 9 ,prussia !re are #c1dfg1chh p]sons n relat$ to ! families 9 ^: mid/ !y live4 ,9 ! entire /ate ab\t "o-qu>t] ( ^! non-relat$ memb]s ( ! h\seholds consi/$ ( /range bo>d]s & lodg]s2 9 ! rural di/ricts !y con/itut$ only "o-sev5?1 b 9 ! cities "o-?ird1 & 9 ! capital1 ,b]l91 m ?an "o-half4--,g4 v4 ,may]1 8,/ati/ics & ,social ,sci5ce40 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,m>riage z a ,means ( ,support4 #a4--;,decl9e ( ! ,m>riage ,rate4 ,:5 we consid] ! conditions enum]at$ above1 x requires no fur!r pro( to recognize t a gr[+ numb] ( p]sons d n reg>d ! w$d$ /ate z a desirable goal1 b hesitate to ent] into x4 ,?is expla9s ! ph5om5on1 t 9 mo/ civiliz$ c\ntries ! m>riage rate is /ation>y or decl9+4 ,x 0 a matt] ( old exp]i5ce1 t an increase 9 ! price ( gra9 _h a detrim5tal effect on bo? ! m>riage & bir? rates4 ,) ! gr[+ indu/rial developm5t ( any c\ntry ! m>riage & bir? rates are influ5c$ m & m by ! ups & d[ns ( ! m>ket4 ,economic crises & a l[]+ ( ! g5]al economic /&>d h a la/+ unfavorable influ5ce4 ,?is may be se5 f ! m>riage /ati/ics ( v>i\s c\ntries4 ,accord+ to ! late/ c5sus1 #ab1hcb1jdd m>riages 7 contract$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! p]iod f #ahhg to #aijf4 #ahhg #dhc1jif #ahia #efb1dab #ahib #egg1hgj #ahic #egh1fgc #ahid #eff1afa #aijb #gdf1gcc #aijc #ghf1acb #aijd #gha1ade #aije #hjd1ghg #aijf #hec1bcb ,^! figures %[ t z a result ( ! crises dur+ #ahic & #ahid1 ! m>riage rate decl9$ by #ab1eab4 ,! same ph5om5on recurs 9 #aijd1 dur+ :i* ye> ! m>riage rate decl9$ by #dihg4 ,! foll[+ table %[s m>riage /ati/ics ga!r$ 9 ,france3 #ahgc-ahgg #bii1jjj #ahgh-ahhb #bha1jjj #ahhc-ahhg #bhd1jjj #ahhh-ahib #bgi1jjj #ahic-ahig #bhh1jjj #ahih-aijb #bif1jjj #aijc-aijg #cjf1jjj ,! m>riage rate atta9$ its highe/ figure1 #cba1bch1 dur+ ! ye> #ahgc4 ,f t "t on ! m>riage rate decl9$ only to increase aga9 ) times ( prosp]ity4 ,9 ,france ! highe/ m>riage rate s9ce #ahgc 0 atta9$ 9 #aijg :5 x rea*$ #cad1ijc4 ,to "s ext5t ?is increase 0 due to a new law t w5t into effect on ,june #ba1 #aijg1 by :i* ! legal =malities requir$ 9 ord] to become m>ri$ 7 simplifi$4 ,?is increase 0 especially noticeable 9 ! poor] di/ricts4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! numb] ( m>riages contract$ = e ?\s& inhabitants 9 v>i\s ,european c\ntries3 #ahga #ahgf #ahha #ahhf #ahia #ahif #aija ,,c\ntries to to to to to to to #aijg #ahge #ahhj #ahhe #ahij #ahie #aijj #aije ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,g]man ,empire #ah4hd #ae4fh #ae4dj #ae4fh #ae4hh #ag4hc #af #af4b ,prussia #ah4hh #ae4hf #ae4ib #af4cb #af4dj #af4hf #af4b #af4d ,bav>ia #ah4ib #ad4fe #ac4fd #ac4if #ad4gf #af4ji #ae4b #ae4d ,saxony #ai4if #ag4gj #ag4fb #ah4fd #ag4eb #ah4gf #af4f #af4h ,au/ria #ah4cj #ae4eb #ae4hh #ae4dj #ae4gf #af4jd #ae4h #ae4h ,hung>y #ba4ea #ai4cj #bj4bd #ag4gb #ag4ib #af4je #ag4b #ai4f ,italy #ae4ed #ae4jf #ad4jh #ag4fd #ad4if #ad4dj #ad4h #ae4d ,switz]l& #af4jf #ad4ij #ac4hj #ad4jj #ad4gb #ae4ei #ae #ae4f ,france #af4jf #ae4af #ae4jd #ad4dh #ad4ij #ae4ad #ae4b #af ,engl& & ,wales #ag4jh #ae4cd #ae4ad #ad4gj #ae4af #af4ad #ae4f #ae4h ,scotl& #ad4ih #aa4gf #ac4gf #ah4jb #ac4fh #ad4id #ad #ad ,irel& #i4gb #i4jd #h4ff #h4ff #i4dh #i4hg #aj4d #aj4b ,belgium #ae4dd #ac4id #ac4id #ad4cd #ae4bd #af4de #af4b #af4b ,ne!rl&s #af4fd #ae4gf #ad4bh #ad4jd #ad4dh #ad4hh #ae #ae4b ,d5m>k #ae4hh #ae4ed #ae4ch #ac4id #ac4hd #ad4gi #ad4d #ae4b ,norway #ad4eh #ad4dj #ac4hb #ab4gf #ab4ib #ac4gc #ab4d #aa4h ,sw$5 #ad4jd #ac4bj #ab4hd #ab4bj #aa4de #ab4jd #aa4h #ab ,f9l& #ag4fh #ae4gb #ad4ij #ad4dj #ab4ih #ae4cd #ac #ac4f ,european ,russia excl4 ! ,vi/ula prov9ce #ai4fb #ag4fb #ah4jf #ag4id #ag4jh #ag4hj -- -- ,bulg>ia -- -- #ah4jd #ag4bd #af4jg -- -- -- ,s]via #bb4hj #bc4cb #bb4ad #ba4gf #ai4hd -- -- -- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,t ! m>riage rate rises & s9ks ) ! rise & decl9e ( national prosp]ity is mo/ /rik+ly noticeable 9 ,g]many4 ,! l>ge/ numb] ( m>riages 7#dbc1ijj71 7 contract$ 9 ,g]many 9 #ahgb1 ! ye> aft] ! close ( ! ,franco-,prussian w>4 ,f #ahgc on1 ! m>riage rate decl9$ until 9 #ahgi1 ! ye> :5 ! crisis 0 at its wor/1 x atta9$ its l[e/ figure 7#cce1acc74 ,!n x gradually increas$ aga9 until #ahij1 a ye> ( prosp]ity1 to s9k once m 9 #ahib & aga9 to increase ) ! ye>s ( return+ prosp]ity until ) ! height ( prosp]ity ! highe/ figures 7 atta9$ 7#dgf1dia 9 #aijj1 & #dga1eai 9 #ahii74 ,! next crisis br\ght ano!r decl9e4 ,9 #aijb ! numb] ( m>riages did n exce$ #deg1bjh :ile 9 #aijf & #aijg x rose up aga9 to #dih1ijj & #ejc1ifd4 ,b 9 g5]al ! /ati/ics ( mo/ c\ntries po9t to a decl9e ( ! m>riage rate4 ,! highe/ numb]s atta9$ dur+ ! sev5ties 7 atta9$ only 9 exceptional in/ances at ! close ( ! n9eties4 ,b n only ! e>n+s h a /rong influ5ce on ! m>riage rate1 ! conditions ( prop]ty h s likewise4 ,/ati/ics f ! k+dom ( ,wurtemb]g %[1 t ) ! increase ( l>ge e/ates ! numb] ( m>ri$ m5 betwe5 #be & #cj ye>s ( age decreases & ! numb] ( unm>ri$ m5 betwe5 #dj & #ej ye>s ( age increases4 ,small e/ates are favorable to ! m>riage rate1 because !y enable a great] numb] ( families to ma9ta9 a dec5t ?\gh mode/ livelihood1 :ile l>ge e/ates are1 = obvi\s reasons1 unfavorable to ! m>riage rate4 ,) ! gr[+ indu/rial developm5t ( a c\ntry1 ! numb] ( m>riages 9 urban trades & pr(essions increases4 ,! foll[+ /ati/ics f ,sw$5 dur+ ! ye>s #aija to #aijd %[ ! relation ( m>riage to occupation3 ,agriculture p] #ajjj #d4gh ,indu/ry 8 8 #g4ag ,comm]ce 8 8 #g4ge ,le>n$ pr(essions 8 8 #f4cc ,all ^! figures prove t n moral b economic causes are ! det]m9+ factors4 ,! numb] ( m>riages l ! moral /atus ( a social gr\p dep5d ^u its mat]ial f\ndation4 #b4--;,infanticide & ,abortion4 ,fe> ( pov]ty & d\bts z to :e!r x w be possible to br+ up ! *ildr5 suitable to _! /ation 9 life1 cause _m wom5 ( all classes to commit de$s t are av]se to ! laws ( nature & to ! laws ( organiz$ society z well4 ,su* de$s include ! v>i\s me?ods to prev5t conception1 & :5 ?is has occurr$ nev]!less1 artificial abortion4 ,x w\ld be a mi/ake to assume t su* me?ods are resort$ to only by frivol\s1 unscrupul\s wom54 ,!y are1 on ! contr>y1 frequ5tly resort$ to by consci5ti\s wives1 :o feel t !y mu/ limit ! numb] ( (fspr+ & r submit to ! dang]s ( abortion1 ?an to d5y !mselves to _! husb&s & !reby drive !m to ! devi\s pa?s4 ,o!r wom5 aga9 take ?is /ep to conceal a 8s910 or because !y abhor ! discom=ts ( pregnancy1 *ild-bir? & mo!rhood1 or because !y fe> t _! physical beauty w be impair$ & t !y w accord+ly seem less attractive to _! husb&s & to m5 9 g5]al4 ,^! wom5 readily obta9 m$ical & surgical aid at high prices4 ,artificial abortion seems to be practic$ m & m4 ,x 0 frequ5tly practic$ among ! anci5ts & is practic$ to-day among bo? civiliz$ nations & savages4 ,! old ,greeks practic$ x op5ly1 )\t any legal re/ra9t4 ,plato reg>d$ x z )9 ! prov9ce ( ! midwife1 & ,ari/otle p]mitt$ x to m>ri$ p :5 a pregnancy t 0 n desir$ took place4#fj ,accord+ to ,jules ,rony]1 ! wom5 ( ,rome practic$ abortion = sev]al reasons4 ,9 ! fir/ place !y wi%$ to conceal ! results ( _! illegitimate relations2 secondly !y wi%$ to indulge 9 un9t]rupt$ excesses1 & ?irdly !y s\ght to avoid ! detrim5tal effects ( pregnancy & *ild-bir? ^u _! beauty4#fa ,among ! romans a woman 0 consid]$ old :5 %e atta9$ ! ?irtie? ye>1 & ! wom5 !re=e %unn$ ev]y?+ t 0 likely to make !m age m quickly4 ,dur+ ! m$iaeval ages abortions 7 puni%able by sev]e p5alties1 9 "s in/ances ev5 by capital puni%m5t1 & a free woman :o _h practic$ x became a s]f4 ,at ! pres5t "t abortions are practic$ *iefly 9 ,turkey & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 8,! ,turks d n reg>d a foetus z be+ really alive until aft] ! fif? mon?1 & h no scruple 9 caus+ its abortion4 ,ev5 at lat] /ages1 :5 ! op]ation becomes crim9al1 x is frequ5tly practic$4 ,9 #ahgb at ,con/ant9ople1 m ?an ?ree ?\s& cases ( abortion 7 br\ght be=e ! c\rts 9 a p]iod ( t5 mon?s40#fb ,m frequ5tly yet x is practic$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 all ! l>ge cities ( ! union in/itutions exi/ :]e wom5 & girls c g to br+ ab\t premature bir?4 ,_m ,am]ican newspap]s conta9 adv]tisem5ts ( su* places4#fc ,9 "s /rata ( ,am]ican society an artificial abortion is discuss$ z op5ly z a regul> conf9em5t4 ,9 ,g]many & o!r ,european c\ntries x is reg>d$ 9 a diff]5t mann]1 & accord+ to ,g]man law bo? ! p]petrator & ! accomplice may be puni%$ by imprisonm5t4 ,abortion is (t5 foll[$ by ! wor/ results2 n infrequ5tly x results 9 dea?1 & 9 _m cases x means ! p]man5t de/ruction ( heal?4 8,dang]s f ! mo/ unfavorable pregnancy & *ild-bir? are less great ?an f artificial abortions40#fd ,/]ility is ! mo/ frequ5t result4 ,nev]!less ! practice is becom+ m frequ5t 9 ,g]many also4 ,! foll[+ numb] ( p]sons 7 convict$ ( crim9al abortion3 ,f #ahhb to #ahhf1 #hci2 f #ahig to #aija1 #aefe2 f #aijb to #aijf1 #bbcf4fe ,dur+ rec5t ye>s sev]al cases ( crim9al abortions creat$ a s5sation1 because di/+ui%$ physicians & prom95t society wom5 figur$ 9 ^! cases4 ,judg+ by ! adv]tisem5ts 9 ,g]man newspap]s1 !re also is an increase ( ^? places & in/itutions :]e m>ri$ & unm>ri$ wom5 are giv5 an opportunity to await ! results ( _! wrong-do+ 9 absolute secrecy4 ,! fe> ( a too num]\s prog5y 9 consid]ation ( ! economic /atus & ! co/ ( education has caus$ ! introduction ( prev5tive measures among entire classes & nations & has gradually develop$ into a regul> sy/em t ?reat5s to become a public calamity4 ,x is a wellkn[n fact t almo/ all /rata ( ,fr5* society abide by ! cu/om ( limit+ _! (fspr+ to two *ildr54 ,few civiliz$ c\ntries h z high a m>riage rate z ,france2 b not)/&+ ?is fact1 9 no o!r c\ntry ! bir? rate is z l[ & ! increase ( population z gradual4 ,! ,fr5* b\rgeoisie1 ! peasantry & ! work+ class1 all abide by ?is cu/om4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,g]many ! conditions among ! peasantry seem to h lead to a simil> /ate ( affairs4 ,9 a picturesque region 9 ! s\?-we/]n "p ( ,g]many1 a c]ta9 species ( tree1 :i* furni%es an +r$i5t = an abortive rem$y1 is gr[n on e f>m4 ,9 ano!r region ! peasants h long s9ce foll[$ ! cu/om ( limit+ _! (fspr+ to two *ildr52 !y d n wi% to divide up _! f>ms4 ,ano!r notewor?y fact is ! m>k$ increase 9 ! publication & sale ( lit]ature discuss+ & recomm5d+ means = optional /]ility4 ,( c\rse1 ^! books are always clo!d 9 8sci5tific0 g>b & inv>iably po9t to ! ?reat5+ dang] ( excess ( population4 ,besides ! prev5tion ( conception & artificial abortion1 crime also plays a "p4 ,9 ,france *ild exposure & infanticide h increas$ z a direct result ( ,fr5* civil law1 accord+ to :i* x is int]dict$ to inve/igate pat]nity4 ,! 8,code civil0 provides t 8,la re*]*e de la pat]nit e/ int]dite10 b 8la re*]*e de la mat]nit e/ admise40 ,?is law =bids to se>* = a *ild's fa!r b p]mits to se>* = its "m4 ,) brutal frankness x ?us proclaims inju/ice to ! un=tunate girl :o has be5 s$uc$4 ,! m5 ( ,france may1 by ! provision ( ?is law1 s$uce z _m girls & wom5 z !y please2 !y are fre$ f all responsibility & d n h to contribute any?+ to ! support ( _! illegitimate *ildr54 ,?is law 0 fram$ "u ! pretext t wom5 mu/ be det]r$ f s$uc+ m54 ,we see1 ev]y:]e x is ! poor1 feeble man1--al?\gh 8 is ! /rong sex1--:o nev] s$uces b always is s$uc$4 ,! result ( ?is p>agraph ( ! 8,code civil0 0 ! fram+ ( ano!r p>agraph :i* provides t 8,l'enfant conu p5dant le m>riage a p\r pre le m>i0 7! husb& is fa!r to e *ild conceiv$ dur+ m>riage74 ,:ile x is =bidd5 to se>* aft] a *ild's fa!r1 deceiv$ husb&s mu/ reg>d *ildr5 z _! own1 t h sprung f illicit relations _! wives may h ma9ta9$4 ,we mu/ admit t ! ,fr5* b\rgeoisie is at lea/ consi/5t4 ,until n[ all attempts to repeal ^! obnoxi\s laws h fail$4 ,on ! o!r h& ! ,fr5* b\rgeoisie seeks to atone some:at = ! cruelty ( prev5t+ wom51 :o h be5 deceiv$1 f seek+ f9ancial aid f ! fa!rs ( _! *ildr51 by e/abli%+ f\ndl+ in/itutions4 ,?us ! new-born babe is depriv$ n only ( its fa!r b ( its "m z well4 ,accord+ to ! ,fr5* conception f\ndl+s are orphans1 & ! ,fr5* b\rgeoisie ?us p]mits its illegitimate *ildr5 to be re>$ z 8*ildr5 ( ! nation0 at ! exp5se ( ! /ate4 ,a wond]ful in/itution6 ,lately ,fr5* me?ods h be5 copi$ 9 ,g]many4 ,! new ,g]man civil law conta9s provisions 9 reg>d to ! legal /atus ( illegitimate *ildr51 t are 9 contradiction to ! m humane laws t 7 9 =ce h]et(ore4 ,"o p>agraph /ates t 8an illegitimate *ild & its fa!r are n reg>d$ z be+ relat$10 :ile ,emp]or ,joseph ,,ii _h already decre$ t legitimate & illegitimate *ildr5 %\ld be equal be=e ! law4 ,ano!r p>agraph /ates t 8an illegitimate *ild is fa!rless if its "m ma9ta9$ relations ) sev]al m5 at ! "t ( conception40 ,! *ild is made to suff] = its "m's frivol\sness1 weakness or pov]ty4 ,frivol\s fa!rs are n tak5 into consid]ation by ! law4 ,! law conc]n+ illegitimate *ildr5 fur!rmore provides3 8x is ! "m's "r & duty to c>e = ! p]son ( ! illegitimate *ild4 ,! fa!r ( ! illegitimate *ild is oblig$ to provide = same until ! completion ( its sixte5? ye>1 9 accordance ) ! social /atus ( ! "m40 ,accord+ to =m] ,prussian law1 ! s$uc] 0 oblig$ to provide = ! *ild 9 accordance ) 8 own social /atus & weal?4 ,if ! woman _h be5 s$uc$ ) ! promise ( m>riage1 %e 0 entitl$ to all ! rights ( a divorc$ wife1 & 9 ^? cases ! illegitimate *ildr5 7 reg>d$ z legitimate be=e ! law4 ,^! m j & humane provisions h n[ be5 disp5s$ )4 ,! t5d5cy ( ,g]man legislation is a retrogressive "o4 ,dur+ ! p]iod f #ahca to #ahhj1 #hefh cases ( infanticide 7 tri$ be=e ! ,fr5* c\rt ( assizes4 ,?is numb] increas$ f #dga dur+ ! ye>s #ahca to #ahce to #igj dur+ ! ye>s #ahgf to #ahhj4 ,dur+ ! same p]iod #ajcb cases ( crim9al abortion 7 tri$1 #ajj ( ^! dur+ ! s+le ye> #ahhj4 ,x goes )\t say+ t only a small numb] ( ! artificial abortions actually practic$ ev] come to ! notice ( ! c\rts4 ,z a rule only su* cases are br\ght to public att5tion t result 9 sev]e illness or dea?4 ,! rural population furni%$ #ge p]c5t ( ! infanticides1 & ! urban population furni%$ #fg p]c5t ( crim9al abortions4 ,! wom5 resid+ 9 cities h m means at h& to prev5t normal *ild-bir?2 !re=e ! cases ( abortion 7 num]\s & ! cases ( infanticide relatively few4 ,9 ! rural di/ricts ! inv]se ratio prevails4 ,9 ,g]many ! foll[+ numb] ( p]sons 7 convict$ ( infanticide3 f #ahhb to #ahhf1 #hhd2 f #ahig to #aija1 #hhg2 f #aijb to #aijf1 #gde4 ,?is is ! picture pres5t$ by pres5t day society 9 reg>d to its mo/ intimate relations4 ,x diff]s consid]ably f t picture :i* is usually drawn = u by poetic vision>ies1 b x at lea/ has ! advantage ( be+ true4 ,yet ! picture is incomplete2 a few *>act]i/ic features mu/ /ill be add$4 #fj ,elie ,met*nik(f--,! ,nature ( ,man4 #fa ,jules ,rony]1 ,etudes mdicales sur l'anci5ne ,rome4 ,p>is #ahei4 #fb ,elie ,met*nik(f--,! ,nature ( ,man4 #fc ,accord+ to an (ficial inve/igation1 #bjj p]sons 7 c\nt$ 9 ,new ,york :o made a pr(ession ( artificial abortions4 #fd ,edw4 ,rei*--,hi/ory ( ,abortion & its ,dang]s4 #fe ,crim9al /ati/ics ( ! ,g]man ,empire = ! ye> #aijf4 #c4--;,education = ,m>riage4 ,all p>ties are agre$ t at ! pres5t "t ! female sex is1 on an av]age1 m5tally inf]ior to ! male sex4 ,balzac1 :o by no means 0 an admir] ( wom51 nev]!less decl>$1 8a woman :o has obta9$ ! education ( a man1 inde$ possesses ! mo/ brilliant & fruitful qualities = e/abli%+ h] own happ9ess & t ( h] husb&40 ,goe!1 :o 0 well acqua9t$ ) ! types ( m5 & wom5 ( 8 day1 utt]$ ! foll[+ %>p rem>k 9 8,! ,ye>s ( ,travell+ ( ,william ,mei/]0 7,confessions ( a fair s\l73 8s*ol>ly wom5 7 held up to ridicule1 & educat$ wom5 7 n popul> ei!r1 probably because x 0 reg>d$ z impolite to disgrace s _m ignorant m540 ,b t does n alt] ! fact t wom51 z a rule1 are m5tally inf]ior to m54 ,?is diff]5ce is b\nd to exi/1 s9ce ! m5tal /atus ( woman is b :at man1 h] ma/]1 has made x4 ,! education ( wom5 has always be5 pitifully neglect$1 ev5 m ?an ! education ( ! prolet>iat1 & ev5 at ! pres5t "t x is insuffici5t4 ,9 our age ! desire = ! ex*ange ( ideas is a gr[+ "o among all classes ( society1 & accord+ly we beg9 to recognize ! neglect$ m5tal tra9+ ( wom5 z a great mi/ake1 "o f :i* n only wom51 b m5 also mu/ suff]4 ,) m5 education is ma9ly direct$ ^u ! developm5t ( ! intellect2 x is suppos$ to %>p5 _! reason+ p[]s1 to exp& _! k & to /r5g!n _! w-p[]4 ,) wom51 especially among ! upp] classes1 education is ma9ly direct$ ^u ! developm5t ( _! s5tim5ts2 x *iefly consi/s ( atta9+ v>i\s accompli%m5ts t only t5d to height5 _! imag9ative faculty & to increase _! n]v\s irritability1 su* z music1 lit]ature1 art & poetry4 ,t is ! greate/ error 9 education t c\ld possibly be committ$4 ,x %[s t educators h all[$ !mselves to be guid$ by _! prejudices conc]n+ ! nature ( woman & h] n>r[ sph]e 9 life4 ,! developm5t ( s5tim5t & imag9ation 9 wom5 %\ld n be artificially /imulat$ :i* only increases ! t5d5cy to become n]v\s4 ,) wom51 z well z ) m51 ! m5tal faculties %\ld be develop$ & !y %\ld be acqua9t$ ) ! practical facts ( life4 ,x w\ld be ! greate/ advantage to bo? sexes if wom5 7 less s5tim5tal & m rational2 if !y display$ less n]v\sness & timidity1 & m c\rage & w-p[]2 if !y possess$ few] accompli%m5ts1 & a broad] k ( ! _w & mank9d & ! natural =ces ( life4 ,until ! pres5t "t ! spiritual life ( woman & h] s5tim5ts h be5 /imulat$ to ! utmo/1 :ile h] intellectual developm5t has be5 neglect$1 hamp]$ & repress$4 ,z a result %e lit]ally suff]s f spiritual & s5tim5tal hyp]trophy1 :i* makes h] susceptible to all sorts ( sup]/itions & miracle-frauds1 an easy victim ( religi\s & o!r sw9dles1 a will+ tool ( bigotry & reaction4 ,m5 9 _! %ort-sight$ness frequ5tly lam5t ?is fact2 b !y d no?+ to *ange x1 because ! great majority ( !m are /ill deeply entr5*$ 9 _! own prejudices4 ,z a result ( ?is false education1 wom5 g5]ally reg>d ! _w v diff]5tly f m51 & !reby ano!r great s\rce ( diff]5ces & misund]/&+s betwe5 ! sexes is e/abli%$4 ,= e man 9 pres5t day society1 p>ticipation 9 public life is "o ( ! mo/ ess5tial duties2 t _m m5 /ill fail to recognize ?is duty does n alt] ! fact4 ,b an ev] wid5+ circle ( m5 has begun to recognize t public in/itutions directly affect ! private relations ( ea* individual1 & t ! welf>e ( individuals & families dep5ds f> m ^u ! nature ( public in/itutions ?an ^u p]sonal qualities & actions4 ,!y h begun to recognize1 t ev5 supreme ef=ts on ! "p ( a s+le individual are p[]less 9 combatt+ evils t are root$ 9 social conditions1 & influ5ce 8 position accord+ly4 ,moreov] ! /ruggle = exi/5ce necessitates f> great] ex]tions to-day ?an =m]ly4 ,dem&s are made ^u a man to-day1 t require m & m ( 8 "t & /r5g?4 ,b ! ignorant1 indiff]5t woman is usually incapable ( compreh5d+ 8 duties & int]e/s4 ,we may ev5 say t ! diff]5tiation betwe5 man & woman is great] to-day ?an x 0 =m]ly1 :5 conditions 7 m petty & n>r[1 & !re=e m )9 ! range ( woman's und]/&+4 ,occupation ) public affairs to-day claims a great] numb] ( m5 ?an =m]ly4 ,?is exp&s _! ideas1 b x also e/ranges !m f _! dome/ic circle4 ,!reby ! woman feels neglect$1 & "o m s\rce ( diff]5ces has be5 creat$4 ,only 9 r>e cases d m5 succe$ 9 mak+ !mselves und]/ood by _! wives & 9 conv9c+ !m4 ,z a rule ! man holds ! op9ion t 8 aims & int]e/s d n conc]n 8 wife1 & t %e is unable to und]/& !m4 ,he does n take ! tr\ble to in/ruct h]4 8,y don't und]/& t10 is ! usual reply :5 a woman compla9s to h] husb& t he is neglect+ h]4 ,! lack ( und]/&+ on ! "p ( ! wom5 is /ill height5$ by ! lack ( common s5se on ! "p ( ! m54 ,among ! prolet>iat ! relation betwe5 husb& & wife is m favorable1 :5 bo? recognize t !y mu/ foll[ ! same pa?1 s9ce "o1 & "o only leads to a bett] future = !m & _! *ildr53 ! complete reorganization ( society t w make all m5 & wom5 free4 ,z ?is recognition spreads among ! wom5 ( ! prolet>iat1 _! w$d$ life becomes idealiz$ 9 spite ( mis]y & want4 ,= n[ bo? husb& & wife h a common aim to /rive =1 & _! common /ruggle furni%es an inexhau/ible s\rce ( inspiration 9 ex*ange ( op9ions4 ,! numb] ( prolet>ian wom5 :o h awak5$ to ?is recognition is gr[+ ) ea* ye>4 ,"h a movem5t is exp&+ t w be ( vital importance to ! future ( mank9d4 ,9 o!r m>riages ! diff]5ces ( education & conceptions1 t 7 ov]look$ 9 ! beg9n+ :ile passion 0 /ill /rong1 become m & m noticeable ) ! advanc+ ye>s4 ,b z sexual passion decreases1 x ought to be replac$ by m5tal con=mity4 ,q disreg>d+ ! fact :e!r or n a man recognizes t he has social & civic duties1 & :e!r or n he fulfills ^! duties1 8 bus9ess or pr(ession alone suffices to keep him 9 con/ant t\* ) ! outside _w1 & to create an intellectual atmosph]e ab\t him t broad5s 8 views4 ,contr>y to ! woman1 he is usually 9 a /ate ( intellectual m\lt+2 b dome/ic activities require ! woman's "t & att5tion f morn+ till night1 & be+ depriv$ ( opportunity = m5tal developm5t1 %e is apt to become dull & m5tally /unt$4 ,?is dome/ic mis]y 9 :i* ! majority ( wives 9 pres5t day society are oblig$ to live1 has be5 truly pictur$ by ,g]h>d v4 ,amyntor 9 8 book on 8,a ,comm5t>y to ! ,book ( ,life40 ,9 ! *apt] on 8,fatal ,/+s0 he says3 8,x is n ! t]rible occurr5ces t no "o is sp>$1--a husb&'s dea?1 ! moral ru9 ( a belov$ *ild1 long1 tortur+ illness1 or ! %att]+ ( a fondly n\ri%$ hope1--x is none ( ^! t und]m9e ! woman's heal? & /r5g?1 b ! little daily recurr+1 body & s\l dev\r+ c>es4 ,h[ _m millions ( good h\sewives h cook$ & scrubb$ _! love ( life away6 ,h[ _m h sacrific$ _! rosy *eeks & _! dimples 9 dome/ic s]vice1 until !y became wr9kl$1 )]$1 brok5 mummies4 ,! ev]la/+ "q3 #8:at %all ,i cook to-day1' ! ev] recurr+ necessity ( sweep+ & du/+ & scrubb+ & di%-wa%+1 is ! /eadily fall+ drop t sl[ly b surely we>s out h] body & m9d4 ,! cook+ /ove is ! place :]e acc\nts are sadly balanc$ betwe5 income & exp5se1 & :]e ! mo/ oppress+ obs]vations are made conc]n+ ! increas$ co/ ( liv+ & ! gr[+ difficulty 9 mak+ bo? ends meet4 ,^u ! flam+ alt> :]e ! pots are boil+1 y\? & fre$om f c>e1 beauty & light-he>t$ness are be+ sacrific$4 ,9 ! old cook ^: eyes are dim & ^: back is b5t ) toil1 no "o w\ld recognize ! blu%+ bride ( yore1 beautiful1 m]ry & mode/ly coquetti% 9 ! f9]y ( h] bridal g>b4--,to ! anci5ts ! he>? 0 sacr$2 beside ! he>? !y erect$ _! l>es & h\sehold-gods4 ,let u also hold ! he>? sacr$1 :]e ! consci5ti\s ,g]man h\sewife sl[ly sacrifices h] life1 to keep ! home com=table1 ! table well suppli$1 & ! family heal?y40 ,t is ! only consolation t b\rgeois society is able to (f] ^? wom5 :o sl[ly p]i% z a result ( ! pres5t ord]6 ,^? wom5 :o enjoy a fre] position z a result ( _! m favor$ social circum/ances1 usually h a n>r[1 sup]ficial education t is manife/$ 9 connection ) inh]it$1 female *>act]i/ics4 ,mo/ ( ^! wom5 are int]e/$ only 9 ext]nal appe>ances2 dress & p]sonal adornm5t are _! *ief conc]n1 & ! satisfaction ( _! deprav$ ta/es & _! unbridl$ passions1 =m _! object 9 life4 ,!y are n int]e/$ mu* 9 ! *ildr5 & _! education2 t w\ld mean too mu* tr\ble & annoyance4 ,!re=e !y will+ly turn ov] _! *ildr5 to nurses & gov]nesses & lat] on to bo>d+-s*ools4 ,at ! mo/ !y reg>d x z _! duty to make silly doll-wom5 ( _! daught]s1 & sup]ficial1 extravagant d&ies ( _! sons4 ,?is class ( "y m51 :o reg>d idl5ess & extravagance z a pr(ession1 furni%es ! s$uc]s ( ! daught]s ( ! p4 ,! conditions describ$ above h lead to a numb] ( traits ( "* peculi> to wom51 t are m fully develop$ f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,m5 seem to f9d satisfaction 9 ridicul+ ^! traits1 b !y =get t !y !mselves are to blame = !m4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ^! frequ5tly condemn$ female traits ( "*3 talkativ5ess & sc&al-mong]+2 ! incl9ation to discuss ! mo/ insignificant ?+s at ! greate/ l5g?2 ! exagg]at$ int]e/ 9 outw>d display2 ! love ( dress & coquetry2 envy & jeal\sy t[>d ! memb]s ( h] sex1 & ! t5d5cy ( be+ di%one/ & hypocritical4 ,^! traits ( "* usually manife/ !mselves ) ! female sex at an e>ly age2 !y are g5]al & only diff] 9 degree4 ,^! traits h develop$ "u ! pressure ( social conditions1 & !y h be5 fur!r develop$ by h]$ity1 example & education4 ,"o :o has be5 br\ght up unwisely is n likely to br+ up o!rs wisely4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ! orig9 & developm5t ( traits ( "* common to an entire sex or to an entire p1 we mu/ foll[ ! same me?od t mod]n sci5ti/s apply to und]/& ! orig9 & developm5t ( liv+ be+s & _! *>act]i/ics4 ,! mat]ial conditions ( life to a great ext5t impr9t ^u e liv+ be+ its traits ( "*4 ,x is compell$ to adapt itself to ^! exi/+ mat]ial conditions1 until ! adaptation becomes its nature4 ,human be+s =m no exception to t :i* holds true = all liv+ be+s ?r\gh\t nature4 ,man is n exempt f natural laws4 ,view$ physiologically1 he is m]ely ! mo/ highly develop$ animal4 ,( c\rse1 _m p]sons refuse to admit ?is4 ,?\s&s ( ye>s ago anci5t peoples1 al?\gh !y knew no?+ ( mod]n sci5ce1 held m rational views 9 reg>d to _m human problems1 ?an a great _m ( our contempor>ies1 &1 :at is m notewor?y /ill1 _! views t 7 bas$ on exp]i5ce1 7 put into practice4 ,we praise & admire ! /r5g? & beauty ( ! m5 & wom5 ( anci5t ,greece2 b we =get t x 0 n ! climate ( ?is beautiful c\ntry t _h su* a favorable influ5ce ^u ! nature & developm5t ( its population1 b ! educational maxims t 7 consi/5tly c>ri$ out by ! /ate1 & t 7 de/9$ to comb9e beauty1 /r5g? & skill ) m5tal %>pness & vigor4 ,inde$ ! m5tal developm5t ( woman 0 neglect$ ev5 !n1 b n s h] physical developm5t4#ff ,9 ,sp>ta :]e physical culture ( bo? sexes 0 mo/ ext5sively practic$1 boys & girls w5t ab\t nak$ until ! age ( pub]ty1 & toge!r !y jo9$ 9 physical ex]cises1 games & wre/l+-mat*es4 ,! display ( ! nude human body1 ! natural treatm5t ( natural ?+s1 prev5t$ ! extreme sexual irritation t is ma9ly caus$ by an artificial sep>ation ( ! sexes f *ildhood on4 ,! body ( "o sex 0 no my/]y to ! o!r4 ,no dally+ ) ambiguities c\ld arise4 ,nature 0 reg>d$ z su*4 ,ea* sex took pleasure 9 ! beauty ( ! o!r4 ,to a natural1 untrammel$ relation ( ! sexes mu/ mank9d return2 we mu/ ca/ aside ! uns\nd spirituali/ic conceptions conc]n+ human affairs & create me?ods ( education t %all br+ ab\t a physical & m5tal reg5]ation4 ,! prevail+ conceptions 9 reg>d to education1 especially ! education ( wom51 are /ill exce$+ly reaction>y4 ,t a woman %\ld possess su* qualities ( "* z /r5g?1 c\rage & det]m9ation1 is decri$ z unwomanly1 & yet no "o c d5y t by means ( su* qualities %e w be bett] enabl$ to protect h]self4 ,b h] physical developm5t is hamp]$1 j l h] m5tal developm5t4 ,?is is due 9 no small degree to ! irrational mode ( dress4 ,woman's dress n only int]f]es ) h] physical developm5t1 x frequ5tly does h] direct bodily h>m2 & yet !re are few1 ev5 among physicians1 :o d>e to oppose x4 ,fe> ( displeas+ ! pati5t causes !m to be sil5t or ev5 to flatt] h] follies4 ,! mod]n /yle ( dress prev5ts wom5 f freely ex]cis+ _! /r5g?1 hamp]s _! physical developm5t1 & creates a feel+ ( helplessness 9 !m4 ,moreov]1 woman's dress endang]s ! heal? ( h] environm5t1 = at home & on ! /reet %e is a walk+ g5]ator ( du/4 ,! physical & intellectual developm5t ( wom5 is fur!rmore sev]ely hamp]$ by a rigor\s sep>ation ( ! sexes 9 s*ool & 9 social int]c\rse1 t is q 9 accordance ) ! spirituali/ic conceptions implant$ by ,*ri/ianity1 & is /ill sadly preval5t among u4 ,! woman :o is giv5 no opportunity to develop h] abilities & tal5ts1 :o is ma9ta9$ )9 a n>r[ sph]e ( ideas1 & r>ely p]mitt$ to associate ) memb]s ( ! o!r sex1 _c rise above ! commonplace & trivial4 ,= h] ideas are c5t]$ 9 ! occurr5ces ( h] imm$iate environm5t4 ,v]bose conv]sations ov] a m]e no?+ness & ! t5d5cy to gossip are fo/]$ by ?is n>r[ life1 s9ce ! m5tal activities t reside 9 e human be+ mu/ f9d expression some:]e4 ,m5 are frequ5tly griev\sly annoy$ & driv5 to despair by ^! qualities :i* !y r\ndly condemn1 )\t paus+ to consid] t !y1 8! lords ( creation10 are *iefly to blame = !m4 ,dur+ rec5t ye>s num]\s attempts h be5 made to introduce m rational conceptions ( life2 b !y are m]ely a beg9n+1 & until n[ h be5 conf9$ to a v small portion ( society4 #ff ,plato1 9 8,! ,/ate01 dem&s t wom5 %\ld be giv5 an education simil> to m51 & ,ari/oteles 9 8,politics0 decl>es z a fundam5tal pr9ciple ( education3 8fir/ let ! body be develop$ & !n ! m9d40 #d4--,! ,mis]y ( ,pres5t ,day ,m>riages4 ,z a result ( our social & sexual relations1 woman is direct$ t[>d m>riage by e fibre ( h] exi/5ce1 & naturally m>riage con/itutes a *ief topic ( h] conv]sation & ?\ght4 ,z woman is physically weak] ?an man1 & is subject$ to him by cu/om & law1 h] tongue is h] *ief weapon to be us$ aga9/ him1 & %e naturally makes a lib]al use ( ?is weapon4 ,9 ! same way h] mu* b]at$ love ( dress & p]sonal adornm5t c be expla9$1 t leads to increas+ly ecc5tric follies ( fa%ion & (t5 causes f9ancial tr\bles & unpleasantness to fa!rs & husb&s4 ,to man1 woman has *iefly be5 an object ( enjoym5t4 ,be+ socially & economically dep5d5t1 %e mu/ reg>d m>riage z a means ( support1 & ?us becomes subs]vi5t to man1 becomes 8 prop]ty4 ,h] position is r5d]$ m unfavorable /ill by ! fact t ! numb] ( wom5 usually exce$s ! numb] ( m52 we w return to ?is phase ( ! "q lat] on4--,?is disproportion increases ! competition ( wom5 among !mselves1 all ! m s because1 = num]\s reasons1 _m m5 fail to m>ry4 ,woman is !re=e compell$ to enhance h] p]sonal *>ms1 9 ord] to compete ) ! memb]s ( h] own sex 9 ! /ruggle = ! possession ( a man4 ,:5 we consid] t ?is disproportion has exi/$ ?r\gh _m g5]ations1 x is n to be wond]$ at t ^! *>act]i/ics h gradually assum$ _! pres5t1 extreme =m4 ,we mu/ consid] moreov] t at no "t ! competition among wom5 = ! possession ( man 0 z sev]e z x is at pres5t1 ow+ to causes1 "s ( :i* h already be51 & o!rs t /ill are to be enum]at$4 ,! increas+ difficulty ( obta9+ a dec5t livelihood also directs woman m ?an ev] to m>riage z a means ( support4 ,m5 d n object to ^! conditions1 s9ce !y are favorable to !m4 ,x flatt]s _! vanity & s]ves _! int]e/ to play ! "p ( ! rul]1 & z all rul]s !y are n easily accessible to reason4 ,x is all ! m important !re=e t wom5 !mselves %\ld /rive to br+ ab\t conditions t w lib]ate !m f _! pres5t1 degrad$ position4 ,wom5 c no m rely ^u ! aid ( m51 ?an ! work]s c rely ^u ! aid ( ! b\rgeoisie4 ,:5 we fur!rmore consid] :at traits ( "* are develop$ by competition along o!r l9es1 h[1 = in/ance1 indu/rial competition leads to hatr$1 envy & calumny1 & h[ ! competitors resort to ! base/ means1 we f9d an explanation = ! fact t simil> traits ( "* h be5 develop$ 9 wom5 by _! competition = ! possession ( a man4 ,x is due to ?is p]man5t competition t wom51 z a rule1 _c get along z well ) "o ano!r z m5 c2 t ev5 intimate fri5ds are easily l$ to qu>rel :5 ! favor ( a man ent]s into consid]ation4 ,?is competition also expla9s :at may be frequ5tly obs]v$1 t :5 two wom5 meet1 ev5 ?\gh !y are utt] /rang]s to "o ano!r1 !y reg>d ea* o!r 9 a ho/ile way4 ,) a s+le glance !y h summ$ up ea* o!r's %ortcom+s 9 ! mann] & /yle ( _! clo!s1 & 9 ! looks ( ea* ! v]dict may be read3 8,i am bett] dress$ ?an y are & am bett] able to attract att5tion to myself40 ,on ! o!r h& woman is by nature m impulsive ?an man4 ,%e is less giv5 to reflection1 is m unselfi% & naive1 & is m controll$ by passion4 ,^! traits ( "* are express$ 9 _! mo/ beautiful =m by ! unselfi% self-sacrifice ) :i* %e s]ves h] *ildr5 & o!rs :o are ne> & de> to h] & c>es = !m dur+ illness4 ,b :5 ang]$1 h] impassionate nature manife/s itself 9 its uglie/ =m4 ,yet ! fact rema9s t bo? good & evil qualities are fo/]$1 hamp]$ or trans=m$1 by ! social position4 ,! same prop5sity t may be h>mful "u unfavorable circum/ances may1 "u favorable circum/ances1 become a s\rce ( happ9ess to oneself & o!rs4 ,f\ri] has ably %[n t ! same human prop5sities may1 "u diff]5t circum/ances1 lead to opposite results4#fg ,beside ! improp] m5tal education1 ! improp] or insuffici5t physical education 9 reg>d to ! purposes ( nature1 rema9s to be consid]$4 ,all physicians are agre$ t woman's education = h] pr(ession ( mo!rhood is almo/ entirely neglect$4 8,soldi]s are tra9$ 9 ! use ( _! weapons1 & me*anics 9 ! use ( _! tools4 ,e pr(ession requires prelim9>y /udy4 ,ev5 ! monk has 8 novice%ip4 ,only ! woman is n educat$ = h] s]i\s mat]nal duties04#fh ,n9e t5?s ( all maid5s :o are giv5 an opportunity to m>ry1 ent] matrimony 9 complete ignorance ( mo!rhood & its duties4 ,! unp>donable prud]y t prev5ts mo!rs f speak+ to _! gr[n daught]s ab\t ! important functions ( sex1 leaves !m 9 a /ate ( d5se/ ignorance conc]n+ _! duties to _! husb&s & to !mselves4 ,! entrance into m>riage means to mo/ wom5 entrance into an utt]ly /range _w4 ,_! conceptions ( m>riage are purely imag9ative1 drawn f novels ( d\btful value1 & are usually v =eign to reality4#fi ,ano!r s\rce ( diff]5ces may be f\nd 9 ! lack ( practical k ( h\sekeep+ t is /ill q ess5tial 9 pres5t day m>riage1 ?\gh wom5 h be5 reliev$ ( _m dome/ic activities t 7 =m]ly inevitable4 ,"s wom5 are deplorably ignorant ( h\sehold duties because !y consid] !mselves sup]ior to su* "w & reg>d x z a task = s]vants only4 ,o!rs1 daught]s ( ! prolet>iat1 are equally ignorant1 because ! /ruggle = exi/5ce compell$ !m to toil 9 ! factory f morn+ until night1 & !y f\nd no "t to prep>e = _! future pr(ession ( h\sekeep]4 ,x becomes m & m evid5t t ! tr5d ( developm5t makes individual h\sekeep+ unpractical1 & t x c be ma9ta9$ only by an irrational sacrifice ( "t & money4 ,!re is /ill ano!r cause t to _m m5 de/roys ! purpose ( m>riage3 ! physical enfeeblem5t ( wom54 ,! food we eat1 ! mann] 9 :i* we live1 ! conditions ( our "w & ! "* ( our amusem5ts1 all t5d to act m de/ructively ?an favorably ^u our physical condition4 ,rightly is our age t]m$ a n]v\s age4 ,b n]v\sness leads to physical deg5]ation4 ,anaemia & n]v\sness exi/ 9 an especially m>k$ degree among wom54 ,?is physical deg5]ation is fa/ becom+ a social calamity1 & if x w\ld cont9ue to exi/ = sev]al g5]ations m1 )\t our be+ able to procure m normal conditions ( developm5t1 x w\ld ultimately lead to race de/ruction4#gj ,! female organism requires special c>e 9 consid]ation ( its special sexual functions4 ,x requires good & suffici5t n\ri%m5t & at c]ta9 p]iods x requires re/4 ,= ! great majority ( wom5 su* c>e does n exi/1 nor c x be obta9$ "u pres5t-day conditions4 ,wom5 h s accu/om$ !mselves to self-d5ial t _m wom5 consid] x a matrimonial duty to give _! husb&s ! be/ morsels & to cont5t !mselves ) insuffici5t food4 ,x also frequ5tly happ5s t ! boys ( a family are bett] n\ri%$ ?an ! girls4 ,x is g5]ally assum$ t wom5 c cont5t !mselves ) poor] & less n\ri%m5t ?an m54 ,"y girls are !re=e (t5 a sad sight to pr(essional au?orities on hygi5e & physical culture4#ga ,a great numb] ( our "y wom5 are weak1 anaemic1 & extremely n]v\s4 ,! results are suff]+ dur+ m5/ruation & diseases ( ! sexual organs t sometimes make x dang]\s or impossible to give bir? to *ildr5 or to nurse !m4 8,if ! deg5]ation ( our wom5 cont9ues to g on 9 ! same mann] z up to ! pres5t1 x w become d\btful :e!r civiliz$ man may /ill be classifi$ ) ! mammals40#gb ,in/ead ( be+ m>ri$ to a heal?y1 *e]ful companion1 a capable "m1 a wife att5d+ to h] dome/ic duties1 ! man is burd5$ ) a sickly1 n]v\s woman :o _c endure ! slighte/ draught or ! lea/ noise & requires ! con/ant att5dance ( a physician4 ,we ne$ n dwell long] on ?is subject4 ,ev]yone kn[s ( a numb] ( su* cases among 8 own fri5ds & relatives4 ,exp]i5c$ physicians ass]t t ! majority ( m>ri$ wom51 especially 9 ! cities1 are 9 a m or less abnormal1 physical condition4 ,accord+ to ! degree ( ! ailm5t & ! *>act]s ( husb& & wife1 su* m>riages mu/ be m or less un=tunate4 ,9 accordance ) public op9ion !y entitle ! m5 to take lib]ties outside ( _! matrimonial relations1 & ! k ( ?is fact mu/ height5 ! mis]y ( ! wives4 ,sometimes ! sexual requirem5ts ( husb& & wife also diff] widely & give rise to pr(\nd di%>monies1 yet ! mu* desir$ sep>ation is n possible4 ,9 connection ) ?is1 ! tru? mu/ n be conceal$ t 9 a great _m cases ! m5 are responsible = ! sev]e physical suff]+s t befall _! wives 9 m>riage4 ,z a result ( _! pr(ligate lives1 _m m5 suff] f *ronic sexual diseases t !y frequ5tly treat lightly1 because !y d n cause !m mu* tr\ble4 ,b dur+ sexual int]c\rse ) _! wives1 ^! fall victims to sev]e abdom9al diseases t set 9 %ortly aft] m>riage & frequ5tly result 9 /]ility4 ,usually ! un=tunate woman is ignorant ( ! true cause ( ! disease t m>s h] life & de/roys ! purpose ( m>riage1 & reproa*es h]self or is reproa*$ = ! condition t h] husb& has caus$4 ,_m a bloom+ "y woman becomes a *ronic invalid aft] %e has b>ely ent]$ m>riage1--nei!r %e nor h] relatives are able to expla9 h] condition1 & ! physician mu/ ma9ta9 sil5ce4 ,rec5t inve/igations h %[n t *ildless m>riages are frequ5tly due to sexual diseases ( m52 :ile =m]ly ! lords ( creation ma9ta9$ ! conv5i5t !ory t ! woman 0 always to blame :5 _! m>riages rema9$ *ildless4#gc ,num]\s are ! causes t prev5t pres5t day m>riage f be+ :at x ought to be4 ,x is !re=e a recomm5dation ( d\btful value :5 ev5 le>n$ m5 seek to oppose ! woman movem5t by po9t+ out to woman t m>riage is _! true vocation4 ,z a result ( our social conditions m>riage has become a c>ricature =eign to its true purposes4 #fg ,a4 ,bebel--8,*>les ,f\ri]1 ,8 ,life & ,8 ,!ories40 ,/uttg>t1 #aijg4 ,j4 ,h4 ,w4 ,dietz4 #fh ,irma v4 ,troll-,boro/yani--8,! ,mission ( our ,c5tury4 ,a ,/udy ( ! ,woman ,"q40 #fi ,9 8,les ,femmes qui tu5t et les femmes qui vot5t10 ,alex&] ,dumas1 jr41 relates t an em95t ,ca?olic cl]gyman _h told him t among hundr$ ( 8 =m] female pupils :o _h become m>ri$1 at lea/ eighty came to him aft] a few mon?s _h elaps$ & told him t m>riage 0 a disappo9tm5t to !m & t !y regrett$ hav+ m>ri$4 ,t seems v plausible inde$4 ,! ,fr5* b\rgeoisie f9d x compatible ) _! consci5ce to h _! daught]s re>$ 9 conv5ts4 ,!y are influ5c$ by ! assumption t an ignorant woman is m easily guid$ ?an an enlight5$ "o4 ,conflicts & disappo9tm5ts 9 m>riage are ! inevitable result4 ,lab\laye ev5 frankly advises to ma9ta9 ! wom5 9 mod]ate ignorance1 = 8notre empire e/ dtruit si l'homme e/ reconnu40 7,our rule w be de/roy$ if man is recogniz$47 #gj ,s(t5+ ( ! bra9 has increas$ m rapidly among wom5 ?an among m54 ,among e hundr$ pati5ts admitt$ to asylums 9 ,prussia !re 7 cases ( s(t5+ ( ! bra93 ,wom5 ,m5 #ahgf-ahgi #ag4j #c4g #ahhj-ahia #ag4c #e4d #ahib-ahid #ag4g #f4h #ahie-ahig #ah4e #g4f #ahih-aija #af4b #g4e #ga ,fur!r details on ?is subject may be f\nd 9 8,! ,book ( ,wom510 by ,mrs4 ,h4 ,s4 ,adams1 ,m4 ,d41 ,/uttg>t4 #gb ,dr4 ,f4 ,b4 ,simon1 8,! ,c>e ( ! ,heal? ( ,wom540 #gc ,dr4 ,f4 ,b4 ,simon discusses ?is subject & ! analog\s subject1 :y s _m "y wom5 become ill aft] m>riage )\t be+ able to acc\nt = x1 at l5g?4 ,8 book is a gl>+ reflection ^u ! wrongdo+s & vices ( m54 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,! ,*ances ( ,matrimony4 #a4--,! ,num]ical ,proportion ( ! ,sexes4 ,! usual advice to wom5 to seek _! salvation 9 m>riage1 ?is be+ _! true pr(ession1 is ?\ghtlessly approv$ ( by ! va/ majority ( m54 ,b x seems l mock]y1 t _m ( ^? :o give su* advice & ( ^? :o applaud x1 refra9 f m>ry+ !mselves4 ,s*op5hau]1 ! philosoph]1 has only ! conception ( a phili/9e conc]n+ woman & h] position4 ,he says3 8woman is n call$ ^u to p]=m great tasks4 ,h] *>act]i/ic is n do+ b suff]+4 ,%e pays h] debt to life by ! ?roes ( *ild-bir?1 c>e ( h] *ild & submissiv5ess to h] husb&4 ,! supreme expressions ( vitality & p]ception are d5i$ h]4 ,h] life %\ld be m tranquil & insignificant ?an man's life4 ,woman is call$ ^u to be ! nurse & educator ( *ildhood because %e is *ildi% h]self2 because ?r\gh\t life %e rema9s a big *ild1 a sort ( int]m$i>y /age betwe5 *ild & man1 ! true human be+4444 ,girls %\ld be re>$ to be dome/ic & submissive4444 ,wom5 are ! mo/ ?or\ghgo+1 incurable phili/9es40 ,! "w by ,lombroso & ,f]r]o1 8,woman z a ,crim9al & ,pro/itute01 is also writt5 9 ! _s ( ,s*op5hau]4 ,we h nev] met ) an equally ext5sive sci5tific book1--x consi/s ( #eij pages1--t conta9s s little conv9c+ mat]ial 9 reg>d to ! subject x deals )4 ,! /ati/ics f :i* ! mo/ d>+ conclusions are drawn1 are v inadequate4 ,sometimes a doz5 cases h suffic$ ! au?or to =m a weighty op9ion4 ,x is a notewor?y fact t ! mat]ial conta9$ 9 ! book :i* may be reg>d$ z ! mo/ tru/wor?y has be5 furni%$ by a woman1 ,dr4 ,mrs4 ,t>n[skaya4 ,! influ5ces ( social conditions & social developm5t are almo/ entirely disreg>d$4 ,all ph5om5a are judg$ f a n>r[ physiological & psy*ological po9t ( view & mu* e?nological in=mation conc]n+ v>i\s peoples--is int]wov5 ) ! argum5tation1 )\t any attempt be+ made to inve/igate ! nature ( ?is in=mation4 ,accord+ to ! au?ors1 z accord+ to ,s*op5hau]1 woman is a big *ild1 an inc>nate li>1 weak 9 h] judgm5t1 fickle 9 love1 incapable ( any h]oic de$4 ,! inf]iority ( woman1--s !y claim1--has be5 prov5 by a great _m physical diff]5ces & *>act]i/ics4 8,woman's love is1 at ! bottom1 no?+ b a second>y "* ( mo!rhood4 ,all ! s5tim5ts ( affection t b9d a woman to a man are n d]iv$ f ! sexual impulse b f in/9cts ( devotion & submission acquir$ by adaptation40 ,b h[ ^! in/9cts 7 acquir$ ! au?ors fail to exam9e4 ,if !y did1 x w\ld imply an inve/igation ( ! social position ( woman dur+ ?\s&s ( ye>s :i* has made h] :at %e is to-day4 ,! au?ors describe ! dep5d5ce & enslavem5t ( woman among diff]5t nations & dur+ v>i\s p]iods ( civilization1 b be+ bl9d$ by a n>r[ conception ( ! ,d>w9ian !ory1 !y trace ev]y?+ to physiological causes1 & disreg>d ! social & economic causes t h _h ! /ronge/ influ5ce on woman's physiological & psy*ological developm5t4 ,among o!r ?+s ! au?ors discuss ! vanity ( woman & express ! view t among p at a l[ /age ( developm5t m5 are ! va9 sex1 :i* may be obs]v$ ev5 to-day on ! ,hebrides1 ,madagasc> & among ! tribes ab\t ! ,or9oco riv]1 z also on _m isl&s ( ! ,polynesian ,ar*ipelago & among a numb] ( ,african & ,s\? ,sea ,isl& tribes2 :ile among nations ( high /age ( developm5t1 wom5 are ! va9 sex4 ,b :y is ?is s8 ,! answ] is simple4 ,among peoples at a l[ /age ( developm5t1 matri>*al conditions prevail or h be5 ab&on$ b rec5tly4 ,"h woman's position is su* t %e is reliev$ ( ! necessity ( woo+ man4 ,! man woos h]1 & = ?is purpose he adorns himself1 he becomes va94 ,among peoples at a high] /age ( developm5t1 especially among all civiliz$ nations1 man does n woo woman1 b woman woos man4 ,x r>ely occurs t woman takes ! initiative & lit]ally (f]s h]self to a man2 mode/y =bids t4 ,b ! (f] nev]!less is made by mann] & dress1 ! luxury ( h] p]sonal adornm5t & h] coquetry4 ,su* conduct is =c$ ^u h] by ! fact t !re are m wom5 ?an m5 & by ! social necessity ( reg>d+ m>riage z a means ( support & z ! only in/itution by means ( :i* %e may satisfy h] sexual impulse & obta9 social recognition4 ,"h aga9 we f9d purely economic & social causes br++ =? qualities1 n[ 9 ! man & n[ 9 ! woman1 t we are accu/om$ to reg>d z q indep5d5t ( social & economic causes4 ,f ?is we may draw ! conclusion t :5 society has rea*$ a /ate ( developm5t 9 :i* e =m ( dep5d5ce ( "o sex ^u ! o!r w cease1 vanity & ! follies ( fa%ion w disappe> z w _m o!r vices t we deem in]adicable to-day1 because we believe !m to be inh]5t 9 human nature4 ,9 reg>d to ,s*op5hau] x mu/ be said t he1 z a philosoph]1 is z bias$ 9 8 judgm5t ( wom5 z ! majority ( our an?ropologi/s & m$ical m5 :o reg>d h] only z a sex be+1 nev] z a social be+4 ,s*op5hau] _h nev] be5 m>ri$4 ,he fail$ to contribute 8 %>e t "o m woman might fulfill ! purpose 9 life t he prescrib$ to wom54 ,?is leads u to ano!r1 no m pleasant phase ( ! "q4 ,x is g5]ally kn[n t _m wom5 rema9 unm>ri$ because !y are giv5 no opportunity to become m>ri$4 ,cu/om =bids ! woman to (f] h]self4 ,%e mu/ all[ h]self to be *os52 %e may n *oose4 ,if %e is n *os5 %e mu/ jo9 t great army ( un=tunate wom5 :o h miss$ _! purpose 9 life & :o are frequ5tly subject$ to a life ( pov]ty & want1 sometimes made m bitt] /ill by ridicule4 ,b :at causes ! num]ical disproportion ( ! sexes8 ,_m are quick to reply3 too _m girls are born4 ,! p]sons :o make ?is /atem5t are mis9=m$1 z we %all see4 ,o!rs draw ! conclusion t if wom5 are 9 ! majority 9 mo/ civiliz$ c\ntries1 polygamy ought to be p]mitt$4 ,b polygamy is n only av]se to our cu/oms1 x also entails ! degradation ( woman2 al?\gh t did n prev5t ,s*op5hau] f ass]t+ t 8to ! female sex 9 g5]al polygamy is a boon40 ,_m m5 d n m>ry because !y believe t !y are unable to support "o woman & ! *ildr5 :o are likely to be born accord+ to _! /ation 9 life4 ,only few m5 are able to support two wom51 & among ^!1 _m d h two or sev]al wives3 "o legitimate wife1 & "o or sev]al illegitimate wives4 ,^? privileg$ by weal? all[ no?+ to prev5t !m f do+ z !y *oose4 ,ev5 9 ! ori5t :]e cu/om & law h suff]$ polygamy to exi/ = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 relatively few m5 h m ?an "o wife4 ,we speak ( ! degrad+ influ5ce ( life 9 ,turki% h>ems4 ,b we ov]look ! fact t only v few m5 belong+ to ! rul+ class c af=d to ma9ta9 a h>em1 :ile ! great mass ( m5 live 9 monogamic m>riage4 ,9 ! city ( ,algi]s at ! close ( ! sixties ( ! la/ c5tury1 !re 7 among #ah1bhb m>riages no less ?an #ag1cai ) only "o wife2 !re 7 #hhh m>riages ) two wives1 & only #ge ) m ?an two4 ,9 ,con/ant9ople1 ! capital ( ! ,turki% empire1 conditions are probably q simil>4 ,among ! rural population 9 ! ori5t ! conditions favor+ monogamic m>riage are /ill m /rik+4 ,9 ! ori5t1 z ) u1 mat]ial conditions come into consid]ation t compel ! majority ( m5 to cont5t !mselves ) "o wife4#gd ,b if conditions 7 equally favorable to all m5 polygamy c\ld /ill n be g5]ally ma9ta9$ because !re are n en\gh wom54 ,"u normal conditions ! numb]s ( p]sons ( bo? sexes are almo/ equal1 :i* ev]y:]e po9ts to monogamic m>riage4 ,! foll[+ table :i* has be5 publi%$ by ,bue*] 9 ! 8,g5]al ,/ati/ic ,records10 proves ?is ass]tion4#ge ,numb] ,numb] ,entire ,numb] ( ( male ( female population wom5 = p]sons p]sons e #ajjj m5 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,europe #agj1hah1efa #agd1iad1aai #cde1gcb1fhj #a1jbd ,am]ica #da1fdc1chi #dj1edj1chf #hb1ahc1gge #igc ,asia #agg1fdh1jdd #agj1bfi1agi #cdg1iag1bbc #ieh ,au/ralia #b1aig1gii #a1hga1hba #d1jfi1fbj #heb ,africa #f1iid1jfd #f1gga1cfj #ac1gfe1dbe #ifh ---------------------------------------- --------------- #cii1cja1heg #cid1cff1hfe #gic1ffh1gbb #ihh ,! result ( ?is compilation may1 to _m p1 be a surpris+ "o4 ,) ! exception ( ,europe :]e !re are1 on an av]age1 #a1jbd female inhabitants = e #ajjj male inhabitants1 ! male population pr$om9ates4 ,ev5 if we may assume t ! in=mation is incomplete1 especially 9 reg>d to ! female sex1 & t especially 9 c\ntries ) a ,mohamm$an population ! female population surpasses ! giv5 figures1 ! fact rema9s t1 except 9 a few ,european c\ntries1 ! female population n[h]e consid]ably exce$s ! male population4 ,9 ! meantime ! imp]ial bureau ( /ati/ics 9 ,b]l9 has publi%$ a new compilation ( ! c5sus 9 ,european & non-,european c\ntries :i* includes #hhc1jjj1jjj p4 8,:5 we take into consid]ation ! c5sus1 n includ$ 9 ?is compilation1 ( ,italy1 ,bosnia & ,h]zegov9a1 ,co/a ,rica1 ,arg5t9e ,republic1 ! ,transvaal1 ,orange ,riv] ,colony1 ,cyprus1 ,=mosa & ,pescadores1 ! numb] ( enum]at$ inhabitants ( ! e>? atta9s #hhb1jjj1jjj ) a g5]al av]age ( #iia female p]sons = e #ajjj male p]sons4 ,= ! enum]at$ population ( ! e>? we may !re=e assume an almo/ equal repres5tation ( bo? sexes ) a slight prepond]ance ( ! male40#gf ,9 ,europe ! conditions are diff]5t4 ,) ! exception ( ! c\ntries ( ,s\? ,ea/]n ,europe1 ,bosnia1 ,h]zegov9a1 ,s]via1 ,bulg>ia1 ,rumania & ,greece1 ! female population pr$om9ates4 ,! proportion is lea/ unfavorable 9 ,hung>y & ,italy :]e !re are respectively #a1jji & #a1jaj female inhabitants = e #ajjj male inhabitants4 ,belgium comes next ) #ajac female = e #ajjj male inhabitants4 ,portugal & ,norway %[ ! mo/ unfavorable proportion2 next to ^! ,great ,brita9 ) #ajfc female = e #ajjj male inhabitants4 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,au/ria & ,russia lie 9 ! middle hav+ = e #ajjj male inhabitants respectively #a1jcc1 #a1jcb1 #a1jce & #a1jbi female inhabitants4#gg ,9 ,g]many dur+ ! la/ two decades ea* c5sus has %[n a m favorable proportion4 ,on ,dec4 #a1 #ahhe1 ! female population exce$$ ! male population by #ihh1cgf p]sons4 ,! c5sus ( ,dec4 #a1 #ahij1 /ill %[$ an excess ( ! female population ( #iff1hjf p]sons4 #ahie--ieg1dja2 #aijj--hib1fhd1 & accord+ to ! c5sus ( ,dec4 #a1 #aije ! excess ( ! female population _h sunk5 to #hga1iaf p]sons 7#ajbi female = e #ajjj male inhabitants74 ,! decl9e ( ?is diff]5ce may be *iefly acc\nt$ = by ! decl9e ( emigration 9 :i* ! male sex is ma9ly conc]n$4 ,?is may be cle>ly se5 f ! proportion ( ! sexes 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 into :i* ! /ream ( emigration is ma9ly direct$1 & :]e ! de>? ( wom5 is almo/ z great z ! excess ( wom5 9 ,g]many4 ,9 #aijj = e #ajjj m5 !re 7 only #iec wom54 ,?is emigration f ,g]many decreas$ f #bbj1ijb p]sons 9 #ahha to #bb1jgc p]sons 9 #aija & to #ai1hhc p]sons 9 #aijh4 ,! fact1 t m m5 ?an wom5 emigrate1 acc\nts 9 ! fir/ place !n = ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! numb]s ( p]sons ( bo? sexes4 ,italy furni%es a good example2 = !re ! male population /ill pr$om9at$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! =ties ( ! la/ c5tury1 :ile at pres5t ! female population pr$om9ates1 ow+ to ! l>ge emigration4 ,fur!rmore1 m m5 ?an wom5 meet ) accid5ts 9 agriculture1 indu/ry1 comm]ce & traffic4 ,also m m5 are tempor>ily abs5t abroad z m]*ants1 sailors1 m>9es1 etc4 ,ano!r fact t has be5 /ati/ically prov5 & t con/itutes an important factor is t wom5 on an av]age atta9 a high] age ?an m5 & t !re=e !re are m old wom5 ?an old m54 ,accord+ to ! c5sus ( #aijj ! proportion ( ! sexes accord+ to age 9 ,g]many 0 ! foll[+3 ,m ,m ,excess ,,age ,male ,female male female ( female population ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,"u #aj ye>s #f1ijd1gcb #f1hga1eii #cc1acc -- -- ,f #aj to #ae ye>s #b1ibe1iah #b1iab1egc #ac1cde -- -- 8 #ae 8 #ba 8 #c1agi1hac #c1afb1ddh #ag1cfe -- -- 8 #ba 8 #cj 8 #d1bea1bjd #d1bic1gge -- #db1ega -- 8 #cj 8 #dj 8 #c1ffi1fef #c1gca1eef -- #fa1ijj -- 8 #dj 8 #ej 8 #b1ggj1dea #b1ibc1bbh -- #aeb1ggg -- 8 #ej 8 #fj 8 #b1jec1jhe #b1cbj1bgc -- #bfg1ahh -- 8 #fj 8 #gj 8 #a1cjj1fcg #a1ede1hjh -- #bde1aga -- 8 #gj ye>s up #fha1gea #hfh1fga -- #ahf1ibj -- ---------------------------------------- ------------- #bg1gcg1bdg #bh1fbi1ica #fc1hde #ief1ebg #hib1fhd ,?is table %[s t up to ! tw5ty-fir/ ye> ! numb] ( boys exce$s ! numb] ( girls4#gh ,?is excess ( boys is due to ! fact t ev]y:]e m boys ?an girls are born4 ,! foll[+ numb] ( boys & girls1 = in/ance1 7 born 9 ! ,g]man empire3 ,dur+ ! ye> #ahgb = #ajj girls #ajf4b boys 8 8 8 #ahhd 8 #ajj 8 #ajf4b 8 8 8 8 #aijj 8 #ajj 8 #ajf4j 8 8 8 8 #aije 8 #ajj 8 #ajf4c 8 8 8 8 #aijg 8 #ajj 8 #ajf4c 8 ,b ! male sex dies y\ng] ?an ! female sex2 especially dur+ infancy m boys ?an girls die4 ,our table %[s t f ! tw5ty-fir/ ye> on ! female population exce$s ! male4 ,! foll[+ figures %[ ! dea?-rate ( male & female inhabitants 9 ,g]many3 ,dur+ ! ye>s ,male ,female #ahgb-ahge #bi4e #bf4c #ahgf-ahhj #bg4h #bd4e #ahha-ahhe #bg4c #bd4b #ahhf-ahij #be4h #bc4a #ahia-ahie #bd4f #bb4a #ahif-aijj #bb4f #bj4j #aija-aije #ba4j #ah4h #gi #gi ,hygi5ic & e?nological conditions ( ! ,g]man ,empire4 ,b]l91 #aijg--;,dur+ ! ye> #aijg = e #ajj female deceas$ !re 7 #aji4c male4 ,! table on page #aei fur!rmore %[s t at ! true m>riageable age1 betwe5 ! tw5ty-fir/ & fiftie? ye> ! female sex exce$s ! male sex by #beg1bdh p]sons 79 ! ye> #ahij by #dbb1eai7 & betwe5 ! fiftie? & sev5tie? ye> by #fii1bgi 79 ! ye> #ahij by #eff1djj74 ,9 ,g]many z 9 ,engl& ! numb] ( old wom5 increases ea* ye>4 ,a great disproportion1 t con/antly increases1 is fur!rmore met ) among wid[$ & divorc$ p]sons4 ,accord+ to ! c5sus ( #ahij & #aijj !re 7 ! foll[+ numb]s ( wid[$ p]sons 9 ,g]many3 #ahij #aijj ,m5 #ggd1ifg #hji1bch ,wom5 #b1aeg1hgj #b1ceb1iba ---------- ---------- ,m wom5 ?an m5 #a1chb1ijc #a1edc1fhc ,^! wid[$ p]sons 7 ( ! foll[+ ages3 #ahij #aijj ,m5 ,wom5 ,m5 ,wom5 #dj to #fj ye>s #bbb1bhf #hdb1ibj #bbe1aia #ijj1ceg #fj ye>s & old] #ejf1cai #a1aeh1gab #ecg1aaf #a1bii1ije ,! numb] ( divorc$ p]sons 7 dur+ #ahij1 #be1bga m5 & #di1fja wom54 ,dur+ #aijj1 #ca1bgi m5 & #fj1gch wom54 ,^! 7 ( ! foll[+ ages3 #ahij #aijj ,m5 ,wom5 ,m5 ,wom5 #dj to #fj ye>s #ac1hbe #bd1hdb #af1igf #cj1che #fj ye>s & old] #d1iag #g1bdd #e1gac #h1deb ,^! figures %[ u t wid[$ & divorc$ wom5 are exclud$ f rem>riage1 ev5 dur+ ! age be/ suit$ to m>riage4 ,= dur+ ! ye>s #ahij & #aijj !re 7 respectively #df1cfb & #df1ica wid[$ m5 up to ! =tie? ye> ( age1 :ile dur+ ! same ye>s !re 7 respectively #aef1bce & #aeb1fhi wid[$ wom54 ,!re 7 divorc$ m5 9 #ahij & #aijj respectively #feai & #heij & divorc$ wom5 #ag1eae & #ba1ija4 ,"h ! disadvantage ( divorce to ! wom5 is prov$ by figures4 ,! foll[+ %[s ! proportion ( unm>ri$ p]sons dur+ #aijj3 ,m5 ,wom5 #ae to #dj ye>s #f1gjj1ceb #e1hbd1dfd #dj to #fj ye>s #dbf1chh #ejc1djf #fj ye>s & old] #ada1daf #beb1acdhj ,among ! unm>ri$ p]sons betwe5 ! fifte5? & =tie? ye> !re are1 z above table %[s1 #hge1hhh m m5 ?an wom51 :i* appe>s to be v favorable to wom54 ,b m5 betwe5 ! fifte5? & tw5ty-fir/ ye> ( age1--at :i* age !re are #c1age1dec m5 to #c1jfd1efg wom51--are1 ) v few exceptions1 unable to m>ry4 ,! same may be said ( m5 betwe5 ! tw5ty-fir/ & tw5ty-fif? ye> ( age1 ! great majority ( :om are unable to support a family1 :ile wom5 ( ?is age are all m>riageable4 ,:5 we fur!rmore consid] ! fact t = div]se reasons a great _m m5 d n m>ry at all1--! numb] ( unm>ri$ m5 ov] #dj ye>s 7 #efg1hjd1--we f9d t ! position ( wom5 9 reg>d to m>riage is a highly unfavorable "o4 ,a great _m wom5 !n1 "u pres5t-day conditions1 are compell$ to d5y !mselves ! legitimate satisfaction ( ! sexual impulse1 :ile m5 seek & f9d satisfaction 9 pro/itution4 ,! position ( wom5 w\ld become a f> m favorable "o1 z soon z a trans=mation ( social conditions w\ld aboli% ! ob/acles t at pres5t prev5t hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( m5 f becom+ m>ri$4 ,z already m5tion$ ! disproportion 9 ! numb]s ( ! sexes is due to a great ext5t to emigration4 ,obligatory s]vice 9 ! army also drives _m "y m51 frequ5tly ! /ronge/1 to seek _! =tune abroad4 ,accord+ to (ficial reports ( ! army1 #ace1afh m5 7 convict$ ( illicit emigration1 & #ac1jee m cases 7 be+ inve/igat$4 ,^! figures include m5 up to ! =ty-fif? ye>4 ,?is illicit emigration ( m5 f ,g]many causes a consid]able loss4 ,emigration is especially l>ge 9 ! ye>s foll[+ great w>s2 t 0 se5 aft] #ahff & dur+ ! ye>s #ahga to #ahgd4 ,we fur!rmore h great losses ( life among m5 by accid5ts4 ,9 ,prussia dur+ ! p]iod f #ahhc to #aije no less ?an #big1ihc p]sons 7 kill$ by accid5ts2 ( ^! !re 71 dur+ ! "o ye> #aije1 #aa1gib m5 & #b1ibb wom54 ,f #ahhf to #aijg1 #aej1gai p]sons 7 kill$ by accid5ts 9 indu/ry1 agriculture & /ate or municipal employm5t2 only a small fraction ( ^! 7 wom54 ,ano!r consid]able portion ( p]sons employ$ 9 ^! occupations become maim$ or crippl$ = life & !re=e unable to ma9ta9 a family4 7,!re 7 #dj1gdd ( ^! f #ahhf to #aijg47 ,o!rs die "y leav+ _! families 9 ! ne$ie/ circum/ances4 ,mu* loss ( life among m5 is also connect$ ) navigation4 ,f #ahhb to #aijg1 #b1hdh sea-go+ vessels 7 sunk1 entail+ a loss ( life ( #d1iac memb]s ( ! crew1--almo/ all m51--& #a1bge pass5g]s4 ,only :5 ! highe/ valuation ( human life has be5 e/abli%$1--:i* w be ! case 9 a ,sociali/ic community1--w society be enabl$ to prev5t a great majority ( accid5ts on l& & sea4 ,at pres5t _m p]sons are kill$ or maim$ z a result ( illappli$ economy ( employ]s4 ,9 _m o!r cases accid5ts are due to excessive spe$ or ov]-fatigue ( work]s4 ,human life is *eap4 ,:5 "o work+man has be5 kill$ !re are _m o!rs to take 8 place4 ,especially 9 navigation _m prev5table accid5ts occur4 ,by ! revelations ( ,plimsoll 9 ! ,engli% p>liam5t dur+ ! sev5ties1 ! fact became g5]ally kn[n t _m own]s ( unseawor?y vessels1 impell$ by crim9al gre$1 insur$ ^! vessels at a high rate & !n s5t !m ) _! crew to almo/ c]ta9 de/ruction1 9 ord] to obta9 ! am\nt ( insurance4 ,^! are ! s-call$ dea?-%ips t are n unkn[n 9 ,g]many ei!r4 ,e ye> ! m>9e bureaus are call$ ^u to pron\nce _! v]dicts 9 connection ) a numb] ( m>9e accid5ts1 & ^? v]dicts usually %[ ! accid5ts to be due to advanc$ age or ov]load+ or improp] condition ( ! vessel or insuffici5t equipm5t1 or a numb] ( ^! causes comb9$4 ,9 ! cases ( _m sunk5 %ips ! causes ( _! s9k+ c nev] be det]m9$1 because ! disa/]s occur 9 mid-ocean & no "o survives to tell ! tale4 ,_m crimes are committ$ 9 ?is way4 ,! /ations = sav+ %ip-wreck$ p]sons e/abli%$ at ! coa/s1 are also v insuffici5t because !y are *iefly ma9ta9$ by private *>ity4 ,an organiz$ society t w reg>d x z its highe/ duty to provide equally = all its memb]s1 w succe$ 9 mak+ all ^! accid5ts ( extremely r>e occurr5ce4 ,b "u ! pres5t pr$atory sy/em1 :]e human lives are reg>d$ z m]e ciph]s & ! sole aim is to atta9 ! highe/ possible pr(it1 a human life is sometimes sacrific$ 9 ord] t a doll> may be ga9$4 #gd ,?r\gh\t ,india polygamy exi/s 9 only a mod]ate =m4 ,accord+ to ! c5sus ( #aija :i* includes all religions1 !re 7 = e #ajjj m>ri$ m51 #a1jaa m>ri$ wom54 ,accord+ to ?is ! monogamic equilibrium is n s]i\sly int]f]$ )4--,d4 v4 ,may]4 #ge ,k>l ,bue*]1 on ! di/ribution ( bo? sexes ^u ! e>?2 lecture deliv]$ on ,jan4 #f1 #ahib1 be=e ! ,geographical & ,/ati/ical ,society ( ,frank=t on ! ,ma94 ,g5]al ,/ati/ic ,records publi%$ by ,dr4 ,george v4 ,may]4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,tub+51 #ahib4 #gf ,g4 v4 ,may]--,dr4 ,g4 ,s*napp] ,arndt 9 8 book ( ,social ,/ati/ics arrives at ! same conclusion4 8,tak5 all 9 all ! proportion ( bo? sexes is approximately equal40 #gg ,accord+ to ,g4 ,s*napp] ,arndt2 f\nd$ on rec5t c5sus figures1 ar\nd ! close ( ! c5tury4 #gh ,accord+ to ! c5sus ( #ahij1 !re 0 an excess ( boys only up to ! t5? ye> ( age1 & accord+ to ! c5sus ( #ahie1 up to ! sixte5? ye>4 #hj ,/ati/ics ( ! ,g]man ,empire4 ,c5sus ( ,dec4 #a1 #aijj4 #b4--,ob/acles to ,m>riage4--,! ,excess ( ,wom54 ,!re are /ill o!r causes t make m>riage difficult or prev5t x entirely4 ,a consid]able numb] ( m5 are prev5t$ f m>ry+ by ! /ate4 ,p condemn ! en=c$ celibacy ( ! ,ca?olic cl]gy1 b !y d n m5tion ! fact t a f> great] numb] ( soldi]s are doom$ to celibacy likewise4 ,:5 an (fic] ( ! army wi%es to m>ry1 he n only requires ! cons5t ( 8 sup]iors1 he is also d5i$ ! free *oice ( a wife1 s9ce x is prescrib$ t he mu/ possess a c]ta9 am\nt ( weal?4 ,9 ,au/ria a capta9 ( ! army seek+ to m>ry1 mu/ give a security ( #cj1jjj flor9s if he is "u ?irty ye>s ( age1 #bj1jjj flor9s if he is ov] ?irty2 m9or (fic]s mu/ give a security ( #af1jjj flor9s4 ,9 all cases ! fiance ( an army (fic] mu/ h lead an immaculate life1 & h] /&>d ( liv+ mu/ be suit$ to 8 rank4 ,9 ,g]many1 (fic]s ( ! army may seek p]mission to m>ry only :5 !y c prove t !y h an additional income4 ,! requir$ size ( ?is additional income v>ies ) ! diff]5t ranks4 ,^! are /rik+ pro(s ( ! mat]iali/ic conception ( m>riage ma9ta9$ by ! /ate4 ,public op9ion 9 g5]al ma9ta9s1 t m5 %\ld n m>ry until !y h atta9$ _! tw5ty-f\r? or tw5ty-fif? ye> ( life4 ,?is op9ion is f\nd$ on ! fact t few m5 are able to support a family be=e !y h rea*$ ?is age4 ,only p]sons :o are =tunate en\gh n to be oblig$ to w9 an indep5d5t position1--p]sons ( pr9cely rank1 = in/ance1--=m an exception4 ,9 _! case we reg>d x z q prop] t a man %\ld become m>ri$ at eighte5 or n9ete51 & a maid5 at fifte5 or sixte5 ye>s ( age4 ,pr9ces come ( age :5 !y are eighte5 ye>s old1 & are consid]$ compet5t to rule ! mo/ num]\s p4 ,common mortals d n come ( age until !y are tw5ty-"o ye>s old4 ,?is diff]5ce ( op9ion 9 reg>d to ! age at :i* m>riage is desirable1 %[s t only social consid]ations are tak5 into acc\nt1 t h no be>+ ^u man z a sex be+4 ,b nature w n be fett]$ by def9ite social conditions & ! views t h sprung f ^! conditions4 ,z soon z a human be+ has atta9$ maturity1 ! sexual impulse manife/s itself ) all its vigor4 ,! adv5t ( pub]ty ) ! female sex diff]s accord+ to ! individual1 ! climate & ! mode ( life4 ,9 ! torrid zones x sets 9 z e>ly z ! n9? or t5? ye>1 & sometimes "o meets wom5 ( t age ) _! fir/ babes 9 _! arms2 b !y are fad$ :5 !y h atta9$ _! tw5ty-fif? or ?irtie? ye>4#ha ,9 ! temp]ate zones girls usually atta9 pub]ty at f\rte5 or sixte5 ye>s ( age1 9 "s cases lat] /ill4 ,! age ( pub]ty also diff]s ) girls liv+ 9 ! c\ntry f ^? liv+ 9 cities4 ,among ! heal?y1 robu/ c\ntry girls :o "w h>d1 z a rule m5/ruation sets 9 lat] ?an among our poorly n\ri%$1 effem9ate1 e!real "y ladies 9 ! cities1 :o suff] f ov]-excitem5t ( ! n]ves4 ,9 ! c\ntry pub]ty usually developes 9 ! normal way4 ,9 ! city its normal developm5t is an exception1 & n infrequ5tly x is accompani$ by v>i\s symptoms ( disease t drive physicians to despair4 ,(t5 physicians are oblig$ to say t ! only c]ta9 cure w\ld be m>riage4 ,b 9 _m cases ?is cure _c be appli$1 ow+ to ! unsurm\ntable ob/acles4 ,all ^! factors %[ :]e we mu/ seek a *ange4 ,to beg9 )1 we ne$ a complete revolution 9 our educational me?ods4 ,we ne$ a sy/em ( education t takes bo? ! physical & intellectual qualities into consid]ation4 ,fur!rmore1 we ne$ an entirely diff]5t mode ( liv+ & work+4 ,b bo? _c be br\ght ab\t except by a complete trans=mation ( social conditions4 ,our social conditions h creat$ a pr(\nd contradiction betwe5 man z a sex be+ & man z a social be+4 ,?is contradiction has nev] be5 s noticeable z 9 ! pres5t age1 & x leads to _m evils & diseases to :i* wom5 especially are subject$4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! woman's organism is f> m influ5c$ by h] sex mission ?an man's organism 7= in/ance1 ! regul> recurr5ce ( m5/ruation72 9 ! second place %e is confront$ by ! greate/ numb] ( ob/acles t prev5t h] f satisfy+ h] /ronge/ natural impulse 9 a natural way4 ,?is contradiction betwe5 natural impulse & social con/ra9t leads to anomalies1 to secret vices & excesses t are b\nd to und]m9e ev5 /rong con/itutions4 ,unnatural satisfaction is frequ5tly aid$ 9 a mo/ %ameless mann]4 ,9 ! adv]tisem5ts ( newspap]s & p]iodicals1 c]ta9 manufactures are recomm5d$ 9 a m or less veil$ mann]4 ,^! adv]tisem5ts appeal to ! weal?y classes ( society1 because ! price ( ! manufactures are s high t a p]son ( mod]ate means c\ld n buy !m4 ,besides we f9d adv]tisem5ts ( obsc5e pictures1 entire s]ies ( photographs1 & poetry & prose ( a simil> "*1 ^: v titles are int5d$ to produce s5sual excitem5t4 ,^! matt]s ought to claim ! att5tion ( ! police & public prosecutors4 ,b ^! g5tlem5 are too busy p]secut+ ,socialism1 8t w de/roy ! home & ! family10 to give _! full att5tion to su* do+s4 ,a "p ( our novels influ5ce ! s5tim5ts ( ! read+ public 9 ! same direction4 ,x is really n to be wond]$ at if sexual debau*]y1 artificially /imulat$1 gradually becomes a social disease4 ,_m wom5 ( ! weal?y classes lead an idle1 self-indulg5t life4 ,!y /imulate _! n]ves by ! mo/ extraord9>y means1 & indulge 9 a c]ta9 enjoym5t ( art t creates an exagg]at$ s5tim5tality & height5s _! n]v\s irritability4 ,all ?is increases ! s5sual passions & naturally leads to excesses4 ,among poor p sexual irritability is frequ5tly height5$ by c]ta9 k9ds ( h>d "w1 especially su* "w t compels p to lead a s$5t>y life :i* creates conge/ion ( ! blood 9 ! abdom9al organs4 ,"o ( ! mo/ dang]\s occupations 9 ?is respect is con/ant "w at ! sew+ ma*9e1 an occupation 9 :i* a great _m wom5 are employ$ at pres5t4 ,?is "w is s detrim5tal to ! heal? ( wom5 t t5 to twelve h\rs ( x daily w %att] ! /ronge/ con/itution 9 a few ye>s4 ,excessive sexual irritability is also br\ght ab\t by long h\rs ( "w 9 a high temp]ature1 = in/ance 9 sug> ref9]ies1 laundries1 pr9t+ e/abli%m5ts1 etc4 ,! same may be said ( night "w ) artificial light 9 ov]cr[d$ "w-%ops1 especially :]e memb]s ( bo? sexes "w toge!r4 ,"h aga9 we are confront$ by a numb] ( evils t cle>ly %[ ! unheal?ful & irrational "* ( pres5t-day conditions4 ,b ^! evils t are deeply root$ 9 our social conditions1 _c be remov$ by moraliz+ or by resort+ to palliative measures1 su* z social & religi\s quacks always h 9 read9ess4 ,x is necess>y to /rike ! root ( ! evil4 ,! only r$emption w be to br+ ab\t social conditions t %all enable all p]sons to obta9 a natural education1 to lead a heal?ful mode ( life & "w1 & to f9d normal satisfaction ( all natural & heal?y desires4 ,_m ob/acles d n exi/ = ! man t d exi/ = ! woman4 ,ow+ to 8 position ( rul]%ip1 8 free *oice ( a mate is 9 no wise hamp]$1 except by ! social consid]ations enum]at$ above4 ,b ! nature ( m>riage z a means ( support1 ! num]ical sup]iority ( wom51 & cu/om1--all prev5t ! woman f ass]t+ h] wi%es4 ,%e is oblig$ to wait until someone seeks h]4 ,z a rule %e gladly avails h]self ( ! fir/ opportunity ( f9d+ a husb& :o w save h] f ! social disreg>d & indiff]5ce t are ! usual portion ( t un=tunate be+1 ! old maid4 ,_m wom5 look d[n ) disda9 ^u ^? ( _! si/]s :o are possess$ ( suffici5t human dignity n to sell !mselves into ! pro/itution ( m>riage to ! fir/ man :o comes along1 b pref] to walk on life's ?orny pa? alone4 ,nev]!less ! man :o wi%es to m>ry = love has social ob/acles to consid]4 ,he mu/ ask himself3 c ,i support a wife & ! *ildr5 :o are likely to come1 )\t be+ weigh$ d[n by f9ancial c>es8 ,if ! man has an ideal conception ( m>riage1 if he is det]m9$ to let 8 *oice be influ5c$ by love only1 ?is "q becomes all ! m important4 ,at pres5t conditions ( e>n+ & prop]ty are su*1 t _m m5 mu/ answ] ?is "q 9 ! negative1 & !y accord+ly pref] to rema9 unm>ri$4 ,_m m5 d n acquire an indep5d5t position1 suit$ to _! dem&s1 until late 9 life1 & are n able to support a wife accord+ to h] /ation 9 life unless %e has a consid]able =tune ( h] own4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ ( c\rse1 t _m "y m5 h an exagg]at$ idea ( :at con/itutes liv+ accord+ to _! /ation2 b ow+ to ! false education ( _m wom5 & _! social habits1 ^! "y m5 mu/ inde$ be prep>$ t _! wives w make dem&s ^u !m t w exce$ _! means4 ,!y frequ5tly d n make ! acqua9tance ( ! good1 mode/ wom5 :o are simple 9 _! ta/es1 because !y are mode/ 9 _! mann]s also & are n met ) 9 society :]e m5 h accu/om$ !mselves to seek wives1 :ile ! wom5 !y d meet (t5 are ! k9d :o seek to fasc9ate a man by outw>d appe>ances & to deceive him 9 reg>d to _! p]sonal qualities & _! mat]ial position4 ,:5 ?is type ( woman has atta9$ an age at :i* m>riage becomes urg5t1 lures ( all sorts are resort$ to all ! m eag]ly4 ,:5 su* a woman has succe$$ 9 captur+ a man1 %e has become s accu/om$ to outw>d %[1 extravagance 9 dress & co/ly enjoym5ts t %e wi%es to ma9ta9 !m 9 h] m>ri$ life4 ,"h m5 f9d !mselves on ! v]ge ( an abyss1 & _m pref] to leave ! fl[]s t bloom at ?is abyss unpluck$4 ,!y pref] to pursue _! pa? alone & seek ent]ta9m5t & enjoym5t :ile ma9ta9+ _! fre$om4 ,deception & fraud are common practices 9 b\rgeois society4 ,x is n surpris+ t !y also play a "p 9 ! contract+ ( m>riages & entail sev]e suff]+ ( bo? p>ties4 ,/ati/ics %[ t ! educat$ & weal?y classes z a rule m>ry lat] 9 life ?an ! l[] classes4 ,accord+ to ,we/]ga>d ! av]age age ( m>riage 9 ,cop5hag5 03 among pr(essional p1 m]*ants1 manufactur]s & bank]s1 #cb4b ye>s2 among me*anics & small deal]s1 #ca4b ye>s2 among cl]ks & comm]cial employees1 #bi4g ye>s2 among wait]s & dome/ic s]vants1 #bh1 & among factory work]s1 sailors & day-labor]s1 #bg4e ye>s4 ,9 ,prussia f #ahha to #ahhf ! av]age ages at :i* m5 m>ri$ 73 m9]s1 #bg4f2 factory work]s1 #bg4g2 metal work]s1 #bh2 /one-masons1 #bh4b2 build+ trades1 #bh4f2 work]s 9 wood1 #bh4g2 ma*9i/s1 #bi2 tea*+1 #bi4a2 agriculture1 #bi4f2 railway s]vice1 #cj2 comm]ce1 #cj4i2 physicians1 cl]gym5 & (ficials1 #ca4h to #cc4d4 ,accord+ to ,ansell ! av]age age at :i* ! well-to-d & educat$ classes m>ri$ 9 ,engl& f #ahdj to #ahga1 0 #bi4ie ye>s2 b s9ce !n x has be5 rais$4 ,f #ahhj to #ahhe1 ! av]age ages at :i* m5 ( diff]5t pr(essions m>ri$1 7 z foll[s3 ye>s ,m9]s #bc4ef ,textile work]s #bc4hh ,clo?+ trades #bd4db ,me*anics #bd4he ,day-labor]s #be4jf ,cl]ks #be4ge ,m]*ants #bf4ag ,f>m]s #bh4gc ,pr(essional m5 & capitali/s #cj4gb ,^! figures %[ h[ m>riage is influ5c$ by social position4 ,! fact t ! av]age age ( m>riage 9 mo/ ,european /ates has be5 some:at l[]$ dur+ ! la/ decades1 is due to ! g5]al gr[? ( indu/rialism4 ,?is may be se5 9 ,g]many1 ,au/ria & ,sw$5 :]e ! increase ( e>ly m>riages is 9 connection ) ! gr[+ numb] ( p]sons employ$ 9 indu/ry4 ,9 old] indu/rial c\ntries1 z ,france & ,engl&1 ! av]age age ( m>riage has be5 rais$4 ,russia =ms an exception2 "h ! rise 9 ! av]age age ( m>riage is due to ! abolition ( communal prop]ty4 ,! numb] ( m5 :o are prev5t$ f m>ry+ = num]\s reasons is con/antly increas+4 ,?is applies especially to ! m5 ( ! upp] classes & ! high] pr(essions2 fir/ly because !y are m pret5ti\s1 & secondly because ^! m5 are be/ enabl$ to f9d companion%ip & pleasure outside ( m>riage4 ,conditions are especially unfavorable to wom5 9 places :]e !re are _m p5sion]s ) _! families1 & few "y m54 ,!re we f9d f tw5ty to ?irty wom5 among hundr$ :o are unable to m>ry4 ,! lack ( m5 seek+ m>riage is mo/ sev]ely felt by ^? wom51 :o h be5 accu/om$ by _! social position to require a c]ta9 /&>d ( life b :o h no d[]y4 ,?is is especially true ( ! "y girls ( ^? num]\s families t dep5d ^u a fix$ sal>y :i* leaves !m socially respectable b poor4 ,^! girls (t5 become dang]\s competitors to ! work+ girls :o e>n _! liv+ by embroid]y1 mak+ und]we>1 mak+ artificial fl[]s1 hats1 gloves1 etc42 t is1 9 all ^? trades 9 :i* ! employ]s pref] to h ! "w done 9 ! homes ( ! work]s4 ,^! ladies (t5 "w = ! l[e/ wages because !y are n oblig$ to e>n _! liv+ entirely b only wi% to add to ! family income or to e>n en\gh to pay = _! clo!s4 ,employ]s favor ! competition ( ^! ladies1 because x enables !m to r$uce ! wages ( ! poor prolet>ian work]s & to drive !m to ! utmo/ ex]tion ( _! /r5g?4 ,_m wives ( gov]nm5t (ficials1 ^: husb&s are poorly paid & _c ma9ta9 !m accord+ to _! /&>d ( liv+1 also employ _! sp>e "t 9 su* sordid competition1 :i* means increas$ exploitation among l>ge /rata ( female prolet>ians4 ,! agitation c>ri$ on by ! b\rgeois wom5's clubs to elevate wom5's "w & to ga9 admission = wom5 into ! high] pr(essions1 is especially de/9$ to improve ! position ( wom5 ( ! upp] classes4 ,9 ord] to d ?is successfully1 ^! clubs seek ! patronage ( ladies ( high rank4 ,9 ?is respect ! b\rgeois wom5 only foll[ ! example ( ! b\rgeois m51 :o also seek su* patronage & become int]e/$ 9 su* endeavors t only %[ small1 nev] l>ge results4 ,9 ?is way p wa/e a trem5d\s am\nt ( ef=t1 & deceive !mselves & o!rs 9 reg>d to ! necessity ( ?or\gh-go+ re=m4 ,9 ^! circles no d\bt is p]mitt$ to arise z to ! ju/ice & wisdom ( our pres5t /ate & social ord]4 ,! cons]vative nature ( su* endeavors prev5t clubs ( ?is k9d f be+ p]meat$ by s-call$ de/ructive t5d5cies4 ,at a conv5tion ( wom5 9 ,b]l9 dur+ ! spr+ ( #ahid1 a m9ority express$ ! ?\ght t x might be well if ! b\rgeois wom5 w\ld co-op]ate ) ! prolet>ian wom51 t is1 ! ,sociali/ wom52 b ) a majority ( ! delegates ?is sugge/ion call$ =? a /orm ( prote/4 ,b ! cons]vative t5d5cies ( ! b\rgeois wom5 w n accompli% ! lib]ation ( womank9d4 ,h[ _m wom5 are exclud$ f m>riage ow+ to ! causes previ\sly /at$1 _c be def9itely det]m9$4 ,! num]ical sup]iority ( wom5 9 ,g]many is di/ribut$ v unev5ly1 bo? 9 reg>d to ! diff]5t c\ntries & di/ricts & 9 reg>d to age4 ,! foll[+ table has be5 compil$ f ! c5sus ( #aijj 7,/ati/ic ( ! ,g]man ,empire73 ,numb] ( wom5 = e #ajjj m5 -------------------------------------- "u #ae #ae to #dj #dj to #fj ov] #fj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,b]l9 #ajab #ajdd #aaia #afei ,k+dom ( ,saxony #ajae #ajcj #aajg #acfj 8 8 ,bav>ia to ! "r ( ! ,rh9e #ajae #ajbd #ajhc #aafc 8 8 ,bav>ia to ! left ( ! ,rh9e #ihf #iig #ajgj #aaeg 8 8 ,wurtemb]g #ajae #ajda #aacd #aagi ,bad5 #ajjj #igd #ajgi #aagc ,hamburg #iii #ajca #ajch #aded ,prov9ce ( ,br&5burg #iic #ajae #ajhi #abgf 8 8 ,pom]ania #ihi #ajce #ajii #abad 8 8 ! ,rh9e #iia #ied #ajjh #aabj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,g]man ,empire #iie #ajjh #ajhg #abah ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,at ! true m>riageable age1 f #ae to #dj ye>s1 ! num]ical sup]iority ( wom5 9 ! entire ,g]man ,empire is #h = e #a1jjj m54 ,! numb] ( male inhabitants betwe5 #ae & #dj ye>s ( age is #aa1ajj1fgc2 ! numb] ( female inhabitants betwe5 #ae & #dj ye>s ( age is #aa1ahg1ggi4 ,s we h a sup]-abundance ( #hg1ajf wom54 ,9 #aijj !re 7 #aa1adf1hcc ,g]man wom5 ( *ild-be>+ age 7#ah to #de ye>s74 ,among ^! only #f1dcb1ggb 7#eg4ga p]c5t7 7 m>ri$2 #bhc1fbi 7#b4ed p]c5t7 7 wid[$2 #ca1agf 7#j4bh p]c5t7 7 divorc$1 & #d1cii1bhf 7#ci4dg p]c5t7 7 s+le4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! proportion ( ! sexes 9 o!r c\ntries3 ,9 ,numb] ( wom5 = e #ajjj m5 ! -------------------------------------- ye> "u #ae #ae to #dj #dj to #fj ov] #fj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,g]many #aijj #iie #ajjh #ajhg #abah ,au/ria #ahij #ajje #ajdf #ajgi #aacj ,hung>y #aijj #iih #ajbi #ihb #ajcc ,s]via #ahif #ifi #ieb #ibe #hjd ,italy #ahha #ifc #ajba #ajje #ihj ,switz]l& #ahhh #iii #ajei #aajc #aadh ,france #ahif #iih #ajab #ajbi #aajh ,l\xemb\rg #aijj #iib #hec #ihh #ajfc ,belgium #ahij #iib #ihd #ajah #aaag ,ne!rl&s #ahii #ihf #ajca #ajca #aade ,d5m>k #ahij #igh #ajhj #ajgc #aagi ,sw$5 #ahii #iga #ajaf #aadf #abeb ,engl& & ,wales #ahia #ajjf #ajge #ajif #abbg ,scotl& #ahia #igc #ajgc #aafe #achi ,irel& #aija #ifh #ajcg #aajc #ajcb ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica #aijj #igi #ifi #ihi #ihg ,egypt #ahig #idc #iif #idc #ajae ,japan #ahia #igh #ifb #iea #aadf ,new ,s\? ,wales #ahia #igh #hbg #fgi #ffe ,que5sl& #ahia #igf #fih #eei #faa ,tasmania #ahia #igg #hgg #hih #fcb ,new ,zeal& #ahia #igi #ibg #ffa #fed ,cape ( ,good ,hope #ahia #ihi #ajjh #ici #ajai ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,?is table %[s t 9 all c\ntries hav+ a simil> economic /ructure1 simil> conditions exi/ 9 reg>d to ! proportion ( ! sexes4 ,9 all ^! c\ntries !n a great _m wom51--ap>t f all o!r ob/acles already m5tion$1--h no prospect ( becom+ m>ri$4 ,9 ,engl& 9 #aija among #a1jjj wom5 ov] #ae ye>s only #dif4d 7 m>ri$2 9 ,scotl&1 #ddb4h2 9 ,irel&1 #cgj4i2 9 ,sw$51 #dfh4b2 9 ,norway1 #dfi4i4 ,h[ d ^! facts impress ^? p]sons :o oppose ! /ruggle ( wom5 = indep5d5ce & equal rights by relegat+ !m to m>riage & ! home8 ,x is n due to ill w on ! "p ( ! wom5 if s _m fail to m>ry4 ,b :at becomes ( ^! victims ( our social conditions8 ,t nature has be5 s9n$ aga9/ is express$ 9 ! peculi> features & traits ( "* by :i* old maids & ascetic old ba*elors are di/+ui%$ f o!r p]sons 9 all c\ntries & climates1 & goes to %[ ! /rong & h>mful influ5ce result+ f ! suppression ( natural in/9cts4 ,_m =ms ( hy/]ia among wom5 are due to ?is cause4 ,hy/]ia is also caus$ by dissatisfaction 9 m>riage1 :i* sometimes results 9 /]ility4 ,^! are ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( mod]n m>riage & its results4 ,f !m we mu/ draw ! foll[+ conclusion3 ,pres5t-day m>riage is an in/itution t is closely connect$ ) exi/+ social conditions1 ) :i* x mu/ /& & fall4 ,b ?is m>riage is 9 a /ate ( decl9e & dissolution z b\rgeois society itself4 ,:i* are ! sali5t po9ts t we h det]m9$ 9 reg>d to b\rgeois m>riage8 #a4--,! bir?-rate is decl9+ al?\gh ! population is increas+1 :i* %[s t ! economic /atus ( ! family has det]iorat$4 #b4--;,divorces are increas+ m rapidly ?an ! population is gr[+1 & 9 mo/ cases wom5 are ! ones to seek divorce1 al?\gh !y suff] mo/ 9 consequ5ce ( x1 bo? economically & socially4 ,?is %[s t ! unfavorable factors 9 m>riage are increas+1 t m>riage is 9 a /ate ( dissolution4 #c4--,! m>riage-rate is decl9+1 not)/&+ ! fact t ! population is increas+2 :i* proves t 9 ! eyes ( _m p]sons m>riage no long] accompli%es its social & moral purpose & is reg>d$ z wor?less or ( d\btful value4 #d4--;,9 almo/ all civiliz$ /ates !re is a disproportion 9 ! numb] ( ! sexes1 ! female sex pr$om9at+4 ,?is is n due to natural causes1--s9ce m boys ?an girls are born1--b to unfavorable social & political factors t are root$ 9 conditions ( /ate & society4 ,z all ^! unnatural conditions t are especially h>mful to wom5 are e/abli%$ by ! nature ( b\rgeois society & increase ) ! duration ( its exi/5ce1 ?is society proves itself incompet5t to aboli% ! evils & to lib]ate woman4 ,to accompli% ?is a diff]5t social ord] w be necess>y4 #ha ,ely ,mets*nik(f--,! ,nature ( ,man4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,pro/itution a ,necess>y ,social ,in/itution ( ,b\rgeois ,society4 #a4--,pro/itution & ,society4 ,m>riage con/itutes "o phase ( ! sex relations ( b\rgeois society2 pro/itution con/itutes ! o!r4 ,if m5 fail to f9d satisfaction 9 m>riage1 !y1 z a rule1 seek x ) pro/itution2 & ^? m5 :o = "o reason or ano!r refra9 f m>ry+1 seek satisfaction ) pro/itutes also4 ,to ^? m5 !n1 :o volunt>ily or involunt>ily lead an unm>ri$ life1 & to ^? :o d n f9d _! expectations realiz$ 9 m>riage1 opportunities = satisfaction ( ! sexual impulse are f> m favorable ?an to wom54 ,m5 h always reg>d$ x z _! 8j0 privilege to employ pro/itution4 ,b !y are rel5tless 9 condemn+ a woman :o is n a pro/itute1 :5 %e has 8fall540 ,t natural impulses are implant$ 9 wom5 z well z 9 m5 & t ^! manife/ !mselves p>ticul>ly /rongly at c]ta9 p]iods ( a woman's life1 does n alt] _! judgm5t4 ,by means ( 8 rul+ position man compels woman to suppress h] mo/ p[]ful in/9cts1 & makes *a/ity ! condition ( h] social position & ( m>riage4 ,no?+ c prove ! dep5d5t position ( woman 9 a m emphatic & revolt+ way ?an ^! va/ly diff]+ conceptions 9 reg>d to ! satisfaction ( ! same natural impulse4 ,man is especially favor$ by conditions4 ,! results ( sexual int]c\rse h be5 assign$ to ! woman by nature1 :ile man has ! enjoym5t only )\t tr\ble or responsibility4 ,?is natural advantage ( m5 ov] wom5 has fo/]$ ! unbridl$ lu/ :i* *>act]izes a great _m m54 ,b z a great _m causes prev5t or limit ! legitimate satisfaction ( ! sexual impulse ! result is its illegitimate satisfaction4 ,pro/itution ?us becomes a necess>y social in/itution ( b\rgeois society1 j z ! police1 ! /&+ army1 ! *ur* & ! capitali/ class4 ,?is is no exagg]ation2 we c prove x4 ,we h %[n h[ pro/itution 0 reg>d$ z a necess>y in/itution 9 anci5t society & h[ x 0 organiz$ by ! /ate 9 bo? ,greece & ,rome4 ,we h also %[n :at views prevail$ 9 reg>d to x dur+ ! ,*ri/ian middle ages4 ,ev5 ,/4 ,augu/9 :o 01 aft] ,paul1 ! /aun*e/ pill> ( ,*ri/ianity & ard5tly prea*$ asceticism1 c\ld n refra9 f exclaim+3 8,suppress ! public pro/itutes & ! =ce ( passion w ov]turn ev]y?+40 ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu91 :o is /ill consid]$ ! greate/ au?ority on !ology1 has express$ ! same op9ion m =cibly /ill by say+3 8,pro/itution 9 ! cities is l ! cess-pool 9 ! palace2 if y remove ! cess-pool ! palace w become an unclean & evil smell+ place40 ,! prov9cial c\ncil at ,milan 9 #affe held ! same view4 ,b let u consult "s mod]n op9ions4 ,dr4 ,f4 ,s4 ,huegel says3 8,advanc+ civilization w gradually clo! pro/itution 9 m pleas+ =ms1 b only ) ! de/ruction ( ! _w w x come to an end60#hb ,t is a bold ass]tion1 b :oev] _c ?9k beyond ! =m ( b\rgeois society1 :oev] does n admit t society w trans=m itself to atta9 heal?ful & natural conditions1 mu/ agree ) ,dr4 ,huegel4 ,m4 ,rubn]1 an au?ority on hygi5e1 pr(essor at ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l91 & director ( ! ,hygi5ic ,in/itute1 expresses a simil> op9ion4 ,he says3 8,pro/itution ( wom5 has exi/$ at all times & among all peoples4 ,x is inde/ructable because x s]ves ! sexual impulse & spr+s f human nature & because 9 _m cases ! t5d5cy to pro/itution is due to an innate vice ( "s wom54 ,j z we f9d 9 e population g5iuses beside idiots1 giants besides dw>fs1 & o!r abnormities1 s we also f9d by ! *ance ( bir? abnormities :i* mu/ lead to pro/itution40#hc ,none ( ! above-nam$ conceive ! ?\ght t a diff]5t social ord] might remove ! causes ( pro/itution1 & none seek to inve/igate ! causes4 ,"s :o take up ?is problem fa9tly recognize t un=tunate social conditions1 weigh+ heavily ^u c\ntless wom51 might be ! *ief cause :y s _m sell _! bodies4 ,b !y d n draw ! conclusion t if ?is be ! case1 x becomes necess>y to br+ ab\t diff]5t social conditions4 ,among ! few :o recognize t economic conditions =m ! *ief cause ( pro/itution is ,?4 ,bade4#hd ,he says3 8,! causes ( ! b\ndless moral degradation f :i* ! pro/itute girls em]ge are f\nd$ on social conditions4 ,!y are especially due to ! decl9e ( ! middle classes1 p>ticul>ly ! artisan class1 among :om only v few cont9ue to ply _! trade indep5d5tly40 ,bade concludes 8 obs]vations by say+3 8,mat]ial ne$ :i* has de/roy$ _m middle class families & cont9ues to de/roy !m also leads to _! moral degradation1 especially to t ( ! female sex40#he ,b pro/itution is n an in/itution ( nature t1 z ,r4 ,s*moeld] says3 8,w rema9 a con/ant companion ( humanity10#hf x is a social in/itution )\t :i* we _c conceive b\rgeois society4 ,! police physician ( ,leipsic1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,kuehn1 says3 8,pro/itution is n only a be>able1 b a necess>y evil4 ,x protects wom5 f adult]y 7:i* only m5 h a "r to commit--! au?or7 & gu>ds virtue 7( c\rse ! virtue ( wom5 because m5 are n requir$ to be virtu\s--! au?or7 aga9/ assault & de/ruction40#hg ,^! words grossly *>act]ize ! inc>nate selfi%ness ( m54 ,kuehn ma9ta9s ! correct position ( a police physician1 ^: duty x is to gu>d m5 aga9/ unpleasant diseases by ! police surveillance ( pro/itution4 ,only ! man is tak5 into consid]ation to :om celibacy is horrible & a torture1 b ! millions ( wom5 doom$ to celibacy mu/ cont5t !mselves4 ,:at is consid]$ "r 9 ! man's case1 is consid]$ wrong1 immoral & crim9al 9 ! woman's4 ,ano!r int]e/+ g5tleman is ,dr4 ,fock1 :o reg>ds pro/itution z a 8necess>y correlation ( our civilization40#hh ,he fe>s an ov]production ( human be+s if all p]sons %\ld m>ry aft] hav+ atta9$ maturity1 & !re=e consid]s x important t pro/itution %\ld be regulat$ by ! /ate4 ,he consid]s police surveillance ( pro/itution ju/ifiable1 & t ! ,/ate %\ld furni% m5 ) pro/itutes :o are free f syphilis4 ,he decl>es himself 9 favor ( close/ surveillance ( all wom5 :o c be convict$ ( lead+ a disord]ly life4 ,b c ?is surveillance be c>ri$ out1 if ladies lead+ a disord]ly life belong to ! upp] classes8 ,x is ! old /ory4 ,dr4 ,fock also recomm5ds t a tax %\ld be levi$ ^u pro/itutes & t !y %\ld be conf9$ to c]ta9 /reets4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ,*ri/ian /ate %\ld make pro/itution a s\rce ( income by /ate organization & protection ( vice 9 ! int]e/ ( m54 ,dr4 ,h5ry ,sev]us1#hi :o also favors legal recognition ( pro/itution ma9ta9s an orig9al po9t ( view4 ,he reg>ds x z a useful in/itution1 because x is a necess>y correlation ( m>riage1 & t )\t x ! free *oice 9 m>riage w\ld be impair$4 ,accord+ to him pro/itution is a sort ( safety-valve ( b\rgeois society4 ,he claims3 8,mu* ( ! pov]ty t leads to su* deplorable social conditions may be trac$ to ! fact1 t m>riages are recklessly contract$1 )\t que/ion+ h[ ! necess>y means ( livelihood might be obta9$4 ,x is 9 ! int]e/ ( ! /ate1 t su* m>riages %\ld n be contract$1 = ! *ildr5 t spr+ f !m _c be suffici5tly provid$ = by _! p>5ts1 nor d !y belong 9 ! f\ndl+ hospital1 be+ legitimate *ildr51 & ?us become a p]il to society4 ,pro/itution10 he goes on to say1 8prev5ts t ! =ce ( natural in/9ct %\ld lead to ! contract+ ( m>riages t result 9 an increase ( ^? elem5ts ( ! population :o1 ow+ to lack ( education & an un=tunate *ildhood1 developes s5tim5ts t are ho/ile to ! /ate & become enemies ( society40 ,s accord+ to ?is1 /ate regulation ( vice furni%es a protection & a rem$y aga9/ socialism--a view t may at lea/ lay claim to orig9ality4 ,s we may reit]ate our ass]tion1 pro/itution is a necess>y social in/itution ( b\rgeois society1 j z ! police1 ! /&+ army1 ! *ur* & ! capitali/ class4 #hb ,f4 ,huegel4--,hi/ory1 ,/ati/ics & ,regulation ( ,pro/itution 9 ,vi5na1 #ahfe4 #hc ,max ,rubn]--,text ,book ( ,hygi5e4 ,leipsic1 #aijg4 #hd ,?4 ,bade4 ,procur]s & public dance halls4 #he ,/ati/ics ga!r$ by ! ,b]l9 police 9 #ahga-gb conc]n+ ! p>5tage ( #b1bbd enroll$ pro/itutes %[$ ! foll[+ figures3 #a1jae equal #dg4i p] c5t4 came f ! artisan class2 #dfg equal #bb4j p] c5t4 7 daught]s ( factory labor]s2 #cje equal #ad4d p] c5t4 ( m9or (ficials2 #bbb equal #aj4d p] c5t4 ( m]*ants1 etc42 #cg equal #d4a p] c5t4 ( f>m]s1 & #bf equal #a4b p] c5t ( milit>y m54 ,) #ajb ! fa!r's pr(ession c\ld n be det]m9$4 #hf ,r4 ,s*moeld]1 ,puni%m5t ( =nication z a trade4 #hg ,j4 ,kuehn4 ,pro/itution 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury f ! /&po9t ( police sanitation4 #hh ,dr4 ,fock--,pro/itution 9 its e?ical & sanit>y aspect4 #hi ,dr4 ,h4 ,sev]us--,pro/itution & ! /ate4 #b4--,pro/itution & ! ,/ate4 ,/ate sup]vision & organization ( pro/itution does n exi/ 9 ! ,g]man empire z x does 9 ,france2 pro/itution is m]ely tol]at$4 ,disord]ly h\ses are prohibit$ by law & procur]s may be sev]ely puni%$4 ,b not)/&+ ^! laws 9 _m ,g]man cities1 among o!rs 9 ,may5ce1 ,magdeburg1 ,altona1 ,kiel1 ,nuremb]g1 ,worms1 ,freiburg1 ,leipsic1 ,reg5sburg1 ,hamburg1 ,augsburg1 ,wu]zburg1 disord]ly h\ses exi/ t are tol]at$ by ! police4#ij ,?is seems an incr$ible /ate ( affairs & its contradiction to ! laws mu/ be well kn[n to our gov]nm5t (ficials4 ,accord+ to ,g]man law1 p]sons r5t+ an ap>tm5t to a pro/itute are subject to puni%m5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! police are oblig$ to tol]ate ?\s&s ( pro/itutes & to protect !m 9 _! trade if !y submit to ! prescrib$ rules1 = in/ance1 to regul> exam9ation by a physician4 ,b if ! /ate makes concessions to pro/itutes & supports !m 9 ! ply+ ( _! trade1 x is necess>y = !m to h a resid5ce also2 9 fact1 x becomes necess>y to public heal? & ord] t _! trade %\ld be c>ri$ on 9 def9ite qu>t]s4 ,:at contradictions6 ,on ! "o h& ! /ate (ficially recognizes pro/itution2 on ! o!r h& x p]secutes & puni%es pro/itutes & procur]s4 ,moreov]1 ?is attitude ( ! /ate confirms1 t to mod]n society1 pro/itution is a sphynx ^: riddle x _c solve4 ,religion & morality condemn pro/itution1 ! laws puni% x1 & yet ! /ate tol]ates & protects x4 ,9 o!r words1 our society t prides itself on its morality1 its piety1 its civilization & culture mu/ suff] itself to be pollut$ by ! sl[ poison ( immorality & corruption4 ,/ill ano!r conclusion foll[s f ^! conditions3 ! ,*ri/ian /ate admits t m>riage is insuffici5t & t ! man is ju/ifi$ 9 seek+ illegitimate satisfaction ( ! sexual impulse4 ,! woman is tak5 into consid]ation by ?is same /ate only1 inasmu* z %e yields to ! illegitimate satisfaction ( male lu/1 t is1 becomes a pro/itute4 ,! police sup]vision & control ( enli/$ pro/itutes does n include ! m5 :o m+le ) ! pro/itutes1 :i* ought to be a matt] ( c\rse if ! m$ical surveillance 7 to be p>tly effective at lea/1 q disreg>d+ ! fact t ju/ice dem&s t ! law %\ld be equally appli$ to bo? sexes4 ,?is protection ( ! man f ! woman by ! /ate ov]turns ! nature ( conditions4 ,x appe>s z if m5 7 ! weak]1 & wom5 ! /rong] sex1 z if wom5 7 ! s$uc]1 & poor1 weak man ! s$uc$4 ,! my? ( temptation ( ,adam & ,eve 9 ,p>adise cont9ues to influ5ce our conceptions & laws & su/a9s ! ,*ri/ian assumption1 t 8woman is ! great s$uc]1 ! s\rce ( s940 ,m5 ought to be a%am$ ( ! pitiable & unwor?y "p !y are play+1 b x is pleas+ to !m to be reg>d$ z 8weak0 & z 8victims ( s$uction0 = ! m !y are protect$ ! m !y may s94 ,:]ev] m5 come toge!r 9 great numb]s1 !y d n seem to be able to enjoy !mselves )\t pro/itution4 ,t 0 se5 among o!r in/ances by ! occurr5ces at ! rifle mat* 9 ,b]l9 dur+ ! summ] ( #ahij4 ,^! occurr5ces caus$ #b1cjj wom5 to sign a petition to ! mayor ( ! ,g]man capital1 :i* read z foll[s3 8,we beg y\r honor to p]mit our quot+ :at has be5 report$ 9 reg>d to ?is fe/ival by ! press & o!r s\rces4 ,^! reports1 :i* we read ) ! greate/ indignation & disgu/1 among o!r ?+s ?us describ$ ! ent]ta9m5ts provid$ at ! fe/ival3 #8,fir/1 ,g]man ,h]old1 greate/ ,caf ,*antant ( ! _w'2 hundr$ ladies & =ty g5tlem52 besides small v>iety %[s & rifle ranges f :i* exce$+ly obtrusive wom5 mole/$ ! m52 fur!rmore free conc]ts1 :]e lightly g>b$ waitresses boldly & unre/ra9$1 ) s$uctive smiles =c$ _! att5tions alike on m5 & y\?s1 on college boys & fa!rs ( families4 ,b ! #8lady' :o 0 almo/ nude & :o invit$ !m to visit ! boo?s #8,! ,secrets ( ,hamburg1 or a ,night 9 ,/4 ,pauli1' might at lea/ h be5 remov$ by ! police4 ,b ! wor/1 some?+ t pla9 m5 & wom5 f ! prov9ces c h>dly accr$it to ! f>-fam$ capital ( ! empire1 0 ! fact t ! committee on arrangem5ts _h p]mitt$1 t in/ead ( wait]s1 "y wom5 9 great numb]s 7 engag$ z waitresses & b>-maids )\t pay4 ,we ,g]man wom51 z mo!rs1 wives & si/]s1 frequ5tly h occasion to s5d our bro!rs1 husb&s1 sons & daught]s to ,b]l9 9 s]vice ( ! fa!rl&1 & s we beg y\r honor1 tru/+ to y\r influ5ce z *ief executive ( ! national capital to inve/igate ^! occurr5ces & to prev5t a repetition ( ^! orgies1 especially at ! =?com+ celebration ( ! victory at ,s$an40 ,dur+ all l>ge fe/ivals1 includ+ ! national ones1 :5 m5 come toge!r 9 great numb]s1 simil> sc5es occur4#ia ,! ,g]man gov]nm5ts made frequ5t attempts to d away ) ! contradiction t exi/s betwe5 ! legal !ories & actual practice 9 reg>d to pro/itution4 ,!y introduc$ bills among o!r ?+s1 :i* au?oriz$ ! police to assign def9ite places ( resid5ce to ! pro/itutes4 ,x 0 admitt$ t pro/itution c\ld n be suppress$ & t x w\ld !re=e be bett] to limit x to c]ta9 places & to control x4 ,su* a law--on ?is all 7 agre$--w\ld h re9/at$ ! public bro!ls t _h be5 (ficially aboli%$ 9 ,prussia dur+ ! =ties ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,! introduction ( ^! bills caus$ great excitem5t & ar\s$ mu* prote/4 ,x 0 /at$ t ! /ate by ext5d+ protection to vice spread ! op9ion t pro/itution 0 n av]se to morality & 0 an (ficially sanction$ trade4 ,^! bills t met ) mu* opposition 9 ,p>liam5t1 h until n[1 rema9$ unsettl$4 ,b _! v introduction %[s ! pr$icam5t ( ! /ate4 ,/ate regulation & control ( vice n only create ! belief among m5 t ! /ate favors pro/itution1 x also leads !m to believe t ?is regulation protects !m f disease1 & ?is belief makes m5 m reckless & increases ! employm5t ( pro/itution4 ,public bro!ls d n dim9i% sexual diseases1 !y promote !m1 because m5 become m reckless & c>eless4 ,to :at conceptions ! (ficial protection ( bro!ls leads may be se5 f ! t]m appli$ to ! lic5s$ pro/itutes 9 ,engl&1 :o 7 call$ 8,que5's wom50 because !y _h obta9$ (ficial recognition ?r\gh a law enact$ by ! que54 ,exp]i5ce has taught1 t nei!r ! introduction ( public bro!ls "u police sup]vision nor regul> m$ical exam9ation insure safety f contagion4 ,to an inquiry f ! woman's committee ( ,vi5na = combatt+ ! /ate regulation ( vice ,dr4 ,alb]t ,eul5burg wrote z foll[s3 8,9 reg>d to ! "q ( police sup]vision ( pro/itutes ,i fully %>e1 z a matt] ( pr9ciple1 ! po9t ( view set =? 9 y\r petition1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse ,i recognize ! practical difficulty ( its imm$iate application4 ,i reg>d ?is practice :i* has be5 introduc$ 9 mo/ c\ntries z unju/1 unwor?y1 & moreov] z entirely unsuit$ to atta9 ! object /at$ ) any c]ta9 degree ( safety40 ,on ,july #bj1 #ahib1 ! ,b]l9 ,m$ical ,society decl>$ t ! re9/atem5t ( public bro!ls w\ld be undesirable1 bo? f a hygi5ic & moral po9t ( view4 ,! nature ( ^! diseases is su* t 9 _m cases x _c be recogniz$ easily1 or at once1 & to atta9 a c]ta9 degree ( safety sev]al daily exam9ations w\ld be necess>y4 ,b ?is is impossible1 ow+ to ! great numb] ( wom5 9 "q & ! l>ge exp5se x w\ld entail4 ,:]e #cj to #dj pro/itutes h to be exam9$ 9 "o h\r1 ! exam9ation is no?+ m ?an a f>ce1 & 9 ! same way "o or two weekly exam9ations are entirely insuffici5t4 ,dr4 ,blas*ko#ib says3 8,! belief1 t control ( pro/itutes furni%es protection aga9/ contagion1 un=tunately is a widespread & detrim5tal error4 ,r c x be ass]t$ t ev]yone :o associates ) a pro/itute or a frivol\s girl faces a grave dang] ea* "t40 ,! success ( ^! measures fails also because ! m5 :o c>ry ! g]ms ( disease f "o woman to ano!r rema9 entirely free f control4 ,a pro/itute :o has j be5 exam9$ & f\nd heal?y may become infect$ by a diseas$ man 9 ! v same h\r1 & be=e ! next exam9ation takes place1 or be=e %e h]self has become aw>e ( ! disease1 %e may h infect$ a numb] ( o!r visitors4 ,! control is an imag9>y "o4 ,besides ! obligatory exam9ations by male in/ead ( female physicians deeply injure ! s5se ( mode/y & help to de/roy x completely4 ,?is /atem5t is confirm$ by a great _m physicians :o p]=m su* exam9ations4#ic ,! same is admitt$ ev5 9 ! (ficial report ( ! ,b]l9 police dep>tm5t1 :]e x says x mu/ be admitt$ t (ficial enrollm5t /ill increases ! moral degradation ( ^? affect$ by x4#id ,! pro/itutes d :atev] !y c to escape ?is control4 ,ano!r evil result ( ^! measures is1 t x is made v difficult1 inde$ almo/ impossible to pro/itutes1 to return to a dec5t means ( livelihood4 ,a woman :o has fall5 into police control is lo/ to society2 z a rule %e mis]ably p]i%es aft] a few ye>s4 ,! fif? congress = combatt+ immorality1 held 9 ,g5eva1 ?us express$ itself =cibly & correctly aga9/ ! /ate regulation ( vice3 8,! obligatory m$ical exam9ation ( pro/itutes is a cruel puni%m5t to ! woman1 = 9 ^? :o are subject$ to x ! la/ remnant ( mode/y t may /ill exi/ 9 ! mo/ deprav$1 is =cibly de/roy$4 ,! /ate t seeks to regulate pro/itution by police control =gets t x owes equal protection to bo? sexes1 x degrades & demoralizes ! woman4 ,e sy/em ( (ficial regulation ( vice p]mits ( arbitr>y police rule & leads to ! infr+em5t ( p]sonal safety aga9/ arbitr>y arre/ & imprisonm5t1 aga9/ :i* ev5 ! l[e/ crim9al is gu>d$4 ,z ^! encroa*m5ts occur only at ! exp5se ( ! woman1 !y lead to an unnatural inequality betwe5 h] & ! man4 ,! woman is degrad$ to a m]e object & is no long] treat$ z a p]son4 ,%e is exclud$ f ! law40 ,h[ little police & m$ical control avail has be5 /rik+ly %[n 9 ,engl&4 ,be=e ! beg9n+ ( (ficial regulation1 9 ! ye> #ahfg1 ! numb] ( v5]eal diseases 9 ! army 71 accord+ to a milit>y report1 #ia p] #a1jjj4 ,9 #ahhf1 aft] ! regulation _h be5 9 effect = n9ete5 ye>s !y 7 #aaj p] #a1jjj4 ,9 #ahib1 six ye>s aft] ! regulation laws _h be5 repeal$ !y 7 only #gi p] #a1jjj4 ,among civilians ! cases ( syphilis 7 #aj p] #a1jjj dur+ ! ye>s #ahgi to #ahhb1 t 0 dur+ ! ye>s ( public regulation4 ,aft] ! abolition ( public regulation1 f #ahhe to #ahhi !y 7 only #h4a p] #a1jjj4 ,! pro/itutes !mselves 7 f> m affect$ by ! regulation laws ?an ! soldi]s4 ,9 #ahff !re 7 among #a1jjj pro/itutes1 #aba cases ( disease4 ,9 #ahfh aft] ! law _h be5 9 =ce = two ye>s !re 7 #bjb cases among #a1jjj4 ,aft] t ! numb] gradually decreas$1 b 9 #ahgd !re /ill 7 #af cases m p] ?\s& ?an 9 #ahff4 ,! dea? rate among pro/itutes also increas$ appall+ly dur+ ! reign ( t law4 ,:5 at ! close ( ! sixties ( ! la/ c5tury ! ,engli% gov]nm5t attempt$ to ext5d ! regulation laws to include all ,engli% cities1 a /orm ( indignation arose among ,engli% wom54 ,!y reg>d$ ! law z an insult to _! entire sex4 ,! habeas corpus1 !y claim$1 t fundam5tal law :i* gu>ante$ protection to e ,engli% citiz51 0 to be aboli%$ = wom52 e brutal police (fic] impell$ by rev5ge or o!r base motives1 w\ld be p]mitt$ to attack ! mo/ respectable woman if he suspect$ h] ( be+ a pro/itute1 :ile ! lic5ti\sness ( m5 w\ld n be int]f]$ )1 b w\ld on ! contr>y be protect$ & fo/]$ by law4 ,! fact t ,engli% wom5 "u ! lead]%ip ( ,joseph9e ,butl] *ampion$ ! mo/ degrad$ ( _! sex1 caus$ ignorant m5 to miscon/rue _! int5tions & to make insult+ rem>ks ab\t !m4 ,b reg>dless ( ^! attacks !y oppos$ ! ext5sion ( ! obnoxi\s law ) utmo/ en]gy4 ,9 newspap] articles & pamphlets argum5ts 9 favor ( x & aga9/ x 7 fully discuss$1 until its ext5sion 0 prev5t$1 & 9 #ahhf is 0 repeal$4#ie ,! ,g]man police has a simil> p[]1 & sometimes cases h be5 call$ to public att5tion 9 ,b]l91 ,leipsic1 ,cologne1 ,hannov] & _m o!r places1 %[+ t abuses or 8misund]/&+s0 easily occur ) ! ex]cise ( ?is p[]1 b n mu* is he>d among u ( an en]getic opposition to su* transgressions4#if ,9 ,norway1 bro!ls 7 prohibit$ 9 #ahhh1 & 9 ! capital1 ,*ri/iania1 ! obligatory regi/ration ( pro/itutes & ! m$ical exam9ation connect$ ) x 0 aboli%$4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #ahic1 ! same ord9ance 0 enact$ = ! entire c\ntry4 ,v correctly ,mrs4 ,guillaume-,%ack says 9 reg>d to /ate 8protection0 = m53 8,to :at purpose d we tea* our sons to respect virtue & morality if ! /ate decl>es vice to be a necess>y evil2 if "y m51 be=e !y h ev5 atta9$ intellectual maturity1 are giv5 wom5 /amp$ l commodities by ! public au?orities z play?+s ( _! passions80 ,a man inflict$ ) a sexual disease may indulge 9 unbridl$ lic5ti\sness & may infect any numb] ( ^! un=tunate be+s1 mo/ ( :om h be5 driv5 by s$uc]s or by bitt]e/ ne$ into ?is abom9able trade4 ,! law leaves him unmole/$4 ,b woe to ! poor1 diseas$ pro/itute :o does n imm$iately submit to m$ical treatm5t6 ,! g>rison t[ns1 univ]sity t[ns & sea port t[ns1 :]e _m /rong1 heal?y m5 aggregate1 are ! *ief c5t]s ( pro/itution & its dang]\s diseases1 :i* are dissem9at$ all ov] ! l& & ev]y:]e spread suff]+ & de/ruction4 ,! moral qualification ( a great numb] ( our /ud5ts is describ$ 9 ! foll[+ mann] 9 ! 8,gazette = ,combatt+ ,public ,immorality0#ig3 8,among a majority ( ! /ud5ts ! views conc]n+ moral que/ions are appall+ly base1 almo/ deprav$40 ,f ^! circles t boa/ ab\t _! 8,g]man _s0 & 8,g]man morals10 our public (ficials1 prosecutors & judges are obta9$4 ,h[ bad matt]s mu/ be1 especially among /ud5ts1 may be se5 f ! foll[+3 ,9 ! fall ( #aija1 a l>ge gr\p ( pr(essors & physicians1 among !m lead+ m5 9 _! pr(essions1 publi%$ an appeal to ,g]man /ud5ts1 9 :i* !y call$ special att5tion to ! deplorable results ( sexual debau*]y1 & also w>n$ ! "y m5 ( excessive indulg5ce 9 alcoholic dr9ks1 :i* 9 _m cases h a /imulat+ influ5ce on sexual debau*]y4 ,at la/ p are beg9n+ to recognize t ! policy ( sil5ce is a mi/ak5 "o1 & t we mu/ call a spade a spade1 if we w\ld *eck an immeasurable disa/]4 ,among o!r classes ( society also ?is w>n+ %\ld n rema9 unhe$$4 ,! ,biblical utt]ance t ! s9s ( ! fa!rs %all be visit$ ^u _! *ildr5 applies 9 its fulle/ measure to ! man afflict$ ) a sexual disease2 un=tunately also to 8 innoc5t wife4 8,apoplectic /rokes among "y m5 & wom51 =ms ( p>alysis ( ! sp9e & s(t5+ ( ! bra91 v>i\s n]v\s diseases1 weak5+ ( ! eye sight1 inflammation ( ! b[els1 /]ility & g5]al debility are frequ5tly due to no o!r cause ?an a neglect$ case ( syphilis1 t has1 = good reasons be5 kept secret4 ,z conditions are to-day ignorance & c>elessness trans=m bloom+ daught]s ( ! nation into weak & sickly creatures :o mu/ pay ) *ronic diseases = ! extravagances ( _! husb&s be=e & outside ( m>riage40#ih ,dr4 ,a4 ,blas*ko says among o!r ?+s3 8,epidemics l *ol]a1 small pox1 diph!ria & typhoid t]rify ! p1 because ! sudd5ness ( ! results are cle>ly visible to ev]ybody4 ,b syphilis is reg>d$ by society ) an appall+ indiff]5ce4 ,& yet syphilis is f> m widespread & mu* m t]rible 9 its effects ?an any ( ! above-m5tion$ diseases40#ii ,! fact t we reg>d x z 8indec5t0 to discuss su* matt]s1 acc\nts = ?is indiff]5ce4 ,ev5 ! ,g]man diet c\ld n br+ itself to provide legally = ! treatm5t ( p]sons afflict$ ) sexual diseases by means ( ! sick b5efit funds1 z 9 ! case ( o!r diseases4#ajj ,! poison ( syphilis is ! mo/ t5aci\s & ! h>de/ to eradicate ( all poisons4 ,_m ye>s aft] ! disease has be5 app>5tly cur$ ! evil results frequ5tly manife/ !mselves 9 ! wife ( ! diseas$ or 9 8 new-born *ildr51 & c\ntless sicknesses ( m>ri$ wom5 & *ildr5 are due to ! sexual diseases ( husb&s & fa!rs4 ,9 a petition address$ to ! ,g]man ,p>liam5t 9 ! fall ( #ahii by ! society 8,jug5ds*utz0 7protection ( ! "y7 x 0 /at$ t !re are ab\t #cj1jjj *ildr5 9 ,g]many :o are bl9d f bir? due to contagion f gonorrhoea1 & t among #ej p] c5t ( *ildless wom51 /]ility is due to ! same cause4#aja ,z a matt] ( fact an al>m+ly l>ge numb] ( m>riages is *ildless1 & moreov] ! numb] ( *ildless m>riages is increas+4 ,feeble-m9d$ness & idiocy among *ildr5 is also n infrequ5tly due to ! same cause1 & _m in/ances h %[n :at disa/]s c be caus$ ) vacc9ation by a s+le drop ( blood inoculat$ ) ! poison ( syphilis4 ,! great numb] ( p]sons suff]+ f a sexual disease has caus$ sev]al sugge/ions to be made = ! enactm5t ( a national law provid+ special treatm5t = p]sons s afflict$4 ,b until n[ no su* /ep 0 tak51 probably because "o fe>$ ! enormity ( ! evil t w\ld !n become manife/4 ,m$ical au?orities h g5]ally ga9$ ! conviction1 t gonorrhoea1 :i* 0 =m]ly reg>d$ z h>mless1 is "o ( ! mo/ dang]\s ( ^! diseases4 ,?is disease cont9ues to act ^u ! human sy/em ev5 aft] x has be5 app>5tly cur$4 ,z ,dr4 ,blas*ko report$ 9 a lecture 9 ,b]l9 on ! #bj? ( ,febru>y1 #ahih1 ! m$ical exam9ations ( pro/itutes reveal only "o-f\r?1 or at be/ "o-?ird ( ! actual numb] ( cases4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! ov]:elm+ly great majority ( pro/itutes are afflict$ ) ?is disease1 :ile only a small p]c5tage ( ! cases are prop]ly diagnos$4 ,( ^? 9 :om ! disease is recogniz$ x is aga9 only a small p]c5tage ) :om a p]man5t cure is effect$4 ,"h society is confront$ by an evil = :i* x has no rem$y z yet1 b :i* is an imm95t p]il to mank9d1 especially to its female half4 #ij ,paul ,kampffmey]--,pro/itution z a social class ph5om5on & ! social & political /ruggle aga9/ x4 #ia 8,:5 ! ,f>m]s' ,association conv5es 9 ! ,circus ,bu%1 or l>ge conv5tions are be+ held 9 ,b]l91 !re is a rise 9 price ( human fle%40 ,satyr--,life at ,night 9 ! ,fri$ri* ,/rasse1 ,b]l91 #aijg4 #ib ,h&book ( ,hygi5e1 publi%$ by ,?4 ,weyl1 ,m4 ,d4 ,hygi5e ( ,pro/itution & ,v5]eal ,diseases1 compil$ by ,dr4 ,a4 ,blas*ko1 ,b]l94 #ic 8,z a matt] ( fact ! sy/em ( regulation does n successfully fight ! v5]eal diseases1 nor ev5 noticeably dim9i% !m4 ,! delusive feel+ ( safety giv5 to m5 makes !m m reckless4 ,! increase 9 ! numb] ( correlation height5s ! dang] ( contagion by at lea/ z mu* z x has be5 dim9i%$ by ! removal ( a few :o 7 s]i\sly diseas$40 ,augu/ ,=el--,! ,sex ,"q1 ,muni*1 #aijg4 #id ,?ird report ( ! royal police dep>tm5t ( ,b]l9 = ! ye>s #ahha to #ahij4 #ie ,! mo/ reliable support]s ( ! wom5 7 ! ,engli% work+m54 ,9 h] fam\s publication on 8,! ,hi/ory ( a ,crusade10 ,joseph9e ,butl] says3 8,we resolv$ to appeal to ! nation4 ,9 ! fall ( #ahfi we s5t p]sonal lett]s to e memb] ( ,p>liam5t ( bo? h\ses & to _m o!r lead]s ( political & religi\s p>ties4 ,( all ! replies receiv$ only v few express$ complete agreem5t ) our po9t ( view4 ,z we obta9$ s little enc\ragem5t f ^? circles ^: int]e/ we _h hop$ to w91 we turn$ to ! work+ class population ( ! c\ntry4 ,i am consci\s ( ! fact t ! work+ class has its faults & is no less devoid ( egotism ?an o!r classes ( ! population4 ,b ,i am firmly conv9c$ t :5 ! p are appeal$ to 9 ! "n ( ju/ice !y almo/ inv>iably %[ a loyal & reliable conviction40 #if ,9 #aija x occurr$ 9 ,vi5na t a ,fr5* lady 0 abus$ by ! police ag5t1 ,ne:(]1 amid/ ! %\ts ( a mob1 0 imprison$ among pro/itutes & subject$ to a =cible m$ical exam9ation4 ,?is case l$ to five int]pellations 9 ! diet4 ,9 #aijb 9 ,hamburg & ,kiel ladies 7 arre/$ z pro/itutes & 7 treat$ ) brutality4 ,^! occurr5ces l$ to a gigantic meet+ ( prote/ 9 ,hamburg on ,septemb] #h1 t 0 att5d$ by memb]s ( all p>ties4 #ig ,augu/ #ae1 #ahic1 ,b]l94 #ih ,! detrim5tal results ( pro/itution4 ,dr4 ,osc> ,lass>1 ,b]l91 #ahib1 ,augu/ ,hirs*wald4 #ii ,treatm5t ( sexual diseases 9 sick b5efit fund in/itutions & hospitals1 ,b]l91 #ahij4 #ajj ,! ord9ance ( ! insurance laws :i* enabl$ communities to refuse ! paym5t ( sick b5efits 9 cases ( sexual diseases 0 repeal$ by a law on ,may #be1 #aijc1 t w5t into effect ,janu>y #a1 #aijd4 #aja ,exam9ations 9 asylums = ! bl9d %[$ t ! foll[+ numb] ( p]sons 7 bl9d f bir? ?r\gh infection3 ,b]l91 #ba4c2 ,vi5na1 #ca2 ,breslau1 #ce4a2 ,budape/1 #dg4i2 ,muni*1 #gc4h4--,?4 ,weyl1 ,social ,hygi5e1 ,j5a1 #aijd4 #c4--,! ,:ite ,slave ,trade4 ,z ! numb] ( m5 increases :o refra9 f m>riage1 be x by *oice or "u ! pressure ( circum/ances1 & :o seek illegitimate satisfaction ( ! sexual impulse1 ! temptations & opportunities = illegitimate satisfaction increase likewise4 ,because immoral ent]prises yield high pr(its _m unscrupul\s p]sons are engag$ 9 !m1 & resort to ! craftie/ me?ods to attract cu/om]s4 ,e requirem5t ( ! patrons accord+ to position & rank & means is tak5 into consid]ation4 ,if ! public bro!ls c\ld reveal _! secrets1 x w\ld become kn[n t _! inmates1 :o are ( l[ly bir?1 ignorant & un$ucat$1 b possess$ ( physical *>ms1 h intimate relations ) educat$ & cultur$ m5 :o occupy prom95t social positions4 ,"h !y freely come & g1 public (ficials1 milit>y m51 repres5tatives ( ! p1 judges1 ! ari/ocracy ( bir? & f9ance1 ( comm]ce & indu/ry4 ,_m ( ^! m5 are reg>d$ z uphold]s ( public morality & gu>dians ( ! sanctity ( m>riage & ! family1 & "s are lead]s ( ,*ri/ian *>itable und]tak+s & memb]s ( organizations 8to combat pro/itution40 ,9 ,b]l91 ! own] ( "o ( ^! e/abli%m5ts s]v+ immoral purposes ev5 publi%es an illu/rat$ gazette1 9 :i* ! do+s ( 8 patrons are describ$4 ,9 ?is e/abli%m5t #djj p]sons c be seat$1 & e ev5+ a fa%ionable ga!r+ assembles !re1 among !m 7s ! gazette tells u7 _m memb]s ( ! ari/ocracy4 ,frequ5tly well kn[n actresses & fam$ belles ( ! demi-monde are pres5t4 ,! m]rim5t rea*es its height :5 9 ! wee h\rs ( ! morn+ ! proprietors arrange an eel-cat*+ t\rnam5t4 ,!n ! fair patronesses squat ab\t ! tanks ) _! clo!s tuck$ up & try to cat* ! eel1 & s =?4 ,! police is well aw>e ( ^! do+s1 b c>efully refra9s f int]f]+ ) ! amusem5ts ( fa%ionable society4 ,! foll[+ circul>1 s5t by ! managem5t ( a ,b]l9 danc+ e/abli%m5t to fa%ionable m51 is ano!r %ameless =m ( p&]+4 ,x reads3 8,! und]sign$ managem5t ( ! hunt+ e/abli%m5t to :om y1 de> sir1 h be5 recomm5d$ z a passionate hunt]1 beg to call y\r att5tion to a newly-op5$ hunt+ gr\nd ) a spl5did /ock ( de] & to invite y to ! fir/ *ase on ,augu/ #bf?4 ,special circum/ances make our new hunt+ gr\nds p>ticul>ly conv5i5t & pleasant3 !y are locat$ 9 ! he>t ( ! city & ! game-laws are n en=c$40 ,our b\rgeois society is l a great masqu]ade 9 :i* all seek to deceive "o ano!r4 ,e "o we>s 8 (ficial g[n ) dignity1 :ile in(ficially he indulges 8 passions )\t re/ra9t4 ,yet1 outw>dly1 all feign dec5cy1 religi\sness & morality4 ,9 no age 0 hypocrisy z widespread z 9 ours4 ,! supply ( wom5 = immoral purposes increases fa/] ?an ! dem&4 ,unfavorable social conditions1 pov]ty1 s$uction1 & ! fact t _m wom5 are attract$ by ! outw>d glitt] ( an app>5tly free life1 help to furni% victims f all /rata ( society4 ,9 a novel by ,hans ,wa*5hus5#ajb we f9d a *>act]i/ic description ( ! conditions t prevail 9 ! ,g]man capital4 ,! au?or ?us describes ! purpose ( 8 novel3 8,my book especially tells ( ! victims ( ! female sex & _! increas+ depreciation z a result ( our unnatural social conditions1 p>tly ?r\gh _! own fault1 p>tly ?r\gh a neglect$ education & ! love ( luxury4 ,x tells ( ! surplus ( ?is sex t makes ! lives ( ^?1 :o are born & gr[ up1 m hopeless ea* day4 ,i wrote z a public prosecutor might write1 :o _h ga!r$ data f ! life ( a crim9al to det]m9e 8 guilt4 ,if a novel is suppos$ to be drawn f imag9ation1 !n ! foll[+ is n a novel1 b a fai?ful portrayal ( life40 ,9 ,b]l9 conditions are nei!r bett] nor worse ?an 9 o!r l>ge cities4 ,:e!r or?odox ,/4 ,pet]sburg or ,ca?olic ,rome1 ,*ri/ian ,b]l91 or hea!ni% ,p>is1 ,puritan ,london or frivol\s ,vi5na is m ne>ly l anci5t ,babylonia1 x is h>d to det]m9e4 ,simil> social conditions br+ =? simil> results4 8,pro/itution has its writt5 & unwritt5 laws1 its res\rces1 its v>i\s resorts f ! l[lie/1 to ! glitt]+ palace1 its c\ntless degrees f ! l[e/ to ! mo/ cultur$ & ref9$4 ,x has its special amusem5ts & its special places ( meet+1 its police1 its hospitals1 its prisons & its lit]ature40#ajc 8,we no long] celebrate ! fe/ivals ( ,osiris1 ! ,bac*analia & ! ,indian orgies 9 ! spr+ mon?1 b 9 ,p>is & o!r l>ge cities 9 ! d>kness ( night beh9d ! walls ( public & private h\ses1 orgies & ,bac*analia take place t begg> description40#ajd ,"u su* conditions ! traffic 9 wom5 assumes huge dim5sions4 ,x is c>ri$ on 9 ! mid/ ( civilization on a l>ge scale & 9 a well organiz$ mann]1 & is b r>ely detect$ by ! police4 ,an army ( male & female jobb]s1 ag5ts & transport]s c>ry on ! trade 9 z cold-blood$ a mann] z if !y 7 b>t]+ a commodity4 ,c]tificates are made out t conta9 an exact description & qualification ( ! v>i\s 8pieces0 & are h&$ to ! transport]s z a bill ( lad+ = ! cu/om]4 ,z ) all m]*&ise1 ! price v>ies accord+ to ! quality1 & ! 8goods0 are assort$ & %ipp$ f diff]5t places & c\ntries accord+ to ! ta/e & requirem5ts ( ! cu/om]s4 ,by skilful manipulations ! trad]s seek to escape ! pursuit ( ! police1 & sometimes l>ge sums are employ$ to bribe ! gu>dians ( law & ord]4 ,a numb] ( su* cases h be5 reveal$ 9 ,p>is4#aje ,to ,g]many belongs ! deplorable reputation ( be+ a m>ket = wom5 to half ! _w4 ,! rambl+ _s1 :i* is innate 9 ! ,g]man p1 also seems to affect a portion ( ! ,g]man wom51 s t !y furni% a l>g] quota to int]national pro/itution ?an ! wom5 ( o!r nations1 ) ! exception ( ,au/ria & ,hung>y4 ,g]man wom5 populate ! h>ems ( ! ,turks & ! public bro!ls 9 ! int]ior ( ,sib]ia & z f> z ,bombay1 ,s+apore1 ,san ,francisco & ,*icago4 ,9 8 book on travel 8,f ,japan1 ?r\gh ,sib]ia to ,g]many10 ! au?or1 ,w4 ,joe/1 says ! foll[+ ab\t ! ,g]man :ite-slave trade3 8,9 our moral ,g]many1 p (t5 gr[ indignant ov] ! slave trade c>ri$ on by "s negra sov]eign 9 we/]n ,africa1 or ov] conditions 9 ,cuba or ,brazil1 :ile we ought to consid] ! beam 9 our own eye4 ,9 no o!r c\ntry ( ! _w :ite slaves are b>t]$ to ! same ext5t1 f no o!r c\ntries are su* l>ge quantities ( ?is liv+ m]*&ise %ipp$ z f ,g]many & ,au/ria4 ,! c\rse tak5 by ^! girls c be cle>ly trac$4 ,f ,hamburg !y are %ipp$ to ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,bahie1 ,rio de ,janeiro2 ! great] "p are b\nd = ,montevideo & ,bu5os ,ayres1 :ile a few g ?r\gh ! ,/raits ( ! ,magellan to ,valp>aiso4 ,ano!r /ream is direct$ ov] ,engl& to ,nor? ,am]ica1 b !re competition ) ! dome/ic product is unfavorable to ! trade1 s ! girls are %ipp$ d[n ! ,mississippi to ,texas & ,mexico4 ,f ,new ,orleans ! coa/s d[n to ,panama are furni%$4 ,o!r troops ( girls are s5t across ! ,alps to ,italy & on to ,alex&ria1 ,suez1 ,bombay1 ev5 to ,hongkong & ,%anghai1 ,dut* ,india & ea/]n ,india1 especially ,japan are poor m>kets1 because ,holl& w n tol]ate :ite girls ( ?is sort 9 its colonies1 & because 9 ,japan ! native girls are f> too pretty & *eap4 ,moreov]1 ! trade mu/ reckon ) ,am]ican competition f ,san ,francisco4 ,russia is suppli$ by ea/]n ,prussia1 ,pom]ania & ,pol&4 ,! fir/ /ation is ,riga4 ,"h ! deal]s f ,/4 ,pet]sburg & ,mosc[ assort _! m]*&ise & s5d x 9 great quantities to ,ni%ny ,novgorod across ! ,ural ,m\nta9s to ,irbit & ,kre/[sky & ev5 into ! int]ior ( ,sib]ia4 ,9 ,ts*ita1 = in/ance1 ,i met a ,g]man girl :o _h be5 trad$ 9 ?is way4 ,?is trade is ?or\ghly organiz$--ag5ts & travel+ salesm5 c>ry on ! negotiations4 ,if ! =eign (fice ( ! ,g]man ,empire w\ld ask its consuls = reports on ?is trade int]e/+ tables might be compil$40 ,t ?is traffic is fl\ri%+1 has be5 repeat$ly /at$ by ,sociali/ deputies 9 ! ,g]man ,p>liam5t4 ,o!r c5t]s ( ! :ite-slave trade are ,galicia & ,hung>y1 f :]e wom5 are s5t to ,con/ant9ople & o!r ,turki% cities4 ,especially _m ,jewesses1 :o are o!rwise r>ely met ) 9 public bro!ls are b>t]$ to ! ,turks4 ,! prices = ! j\rney & o!r exp5ses are usually paid to ! ag5ts 9 advance4 ,9 ord] to deceive ! public au?orities1 fictiti\s telegrams1 t are n likely to attract att5tion1 are s5t to ! cu/om]4 ,"s ( ^! telegrams read3 8,five kegs ( ,hung>ian w9e w arrive 9 ,v>na to-morr[10 mean+ five beautiful girls2 or 8,h %ipp$ ?ree b>rels ( potatoes by ,s4 ,s4 ,m9]va40 ,?is ref]s to ?ree less beautiful girls3 8,common goods40 ,ano!r telegram reads3 8,w arrive next ,friday p] ,s4 ,s4 ,kobra2 h two bales ( f9e silk on bo>d40 #ajb 8,:at ! /reet engulfs40 ,social novel 9 #c vols41 ,b]l94 ,a4 ,h(fmann ,co4 #ajc ,dr4 ,elizabe? ,blackwell--,! ,moral ,education4 #ajd ,mantegazza--,l',am\r ,dans ,l',humanit4 #aje ,! relation ( ! police to pro/itution is an int]e/+ "o 9 m ?an "o respect4 ,9 #ahii x 0 %[n 9 a trial 9 ,b]l9 t a police commission] employ$ a pro/itute to wat* & "q a /ud5t :om he suspect$ ( be+ an an>*i/4 ,9 ,prague ! wife ( a common policeman _h h] lic5se = ma9ta9+ a disord]ly h\se revok$ because h] husb& _h ill-treat$ a prison]4 ,s ! police rew>ds its (fic]s by giv+ !m lic5ses = ! ma9t5ance ( disord]ly h\ses4 ,:at lovely conditions6 #d4--,! ,increase ( ,pro/itution4--,illegitimate ,mo!rhood4 ,x is difficult to e/imate ! numb] ( pro/itutes--impossible to det]m9e x exactly4 ,! police may approximately det]m9e ! numb] ( wom5 = :om pro/itution is ! sole or *ief s\rce ( income1 b !y c n det]m9e ! f> great] numb] ( ^? :o resort to pro/itution z a p>tial support4 ,nev]!less ! numb]s t h be5 det]m9$ are enorm\s4 ,accord+ to ,oett+5 at ! close ( ! sixties ( ! la/ c5tury ! numb] ( pro/itutes 9 ,london 0 e/imat$ to be #hj1jjj4 ,9 ,p>is on ,janu>y #a1 #aijf1 ! numb] ( enroll$ pro/itutes 0 #f1aif1 b m ?an "o-?ird ( ^! manage to evade police & m$ical control4 ,9 #ahib !re 7 ab\t #fj public bro!ls 9 ,p>is1 h>bor+ f #fjj to #gjj pro/itutes2 9 #aijj !re 7 only #db4 ,_! numb] is con/antly decreas+ 7,9 #aheb !re 7 #bag public bro!ls74 ,at ! same "t ! numb] ( private pro/itutes has greatly increas$4 ,an inve/igation1 und]tak5 by ! municipal c\ncil ( ,p>is 9 #ahhi1 e/imat$ t ! numb] ( wom5 :o sell _! bodies _h rea*$ ! enorm\s figure ( #abj1jjj4 ,! *ief ( police ( ,p>is1 ,lfr9e1 e/imates ! numb] ( enroll$ pro/itutes at #f1jjj & ! numb] ( private pro/itutes at #gj1jjj4 ,dur+ ! ye>s #ahga to #aijc ! police inhibit$ #gbe1jjj h>lots & #aej1jjj 7 imprison$4 ,dur+ ! ye> #aijf1 ! numb] ( ^? :o 7 inhibit$ am\nt$ to no less ?an #ef1aif4ajf ,! foll[+ numb]s ( pro/itutes 7 enroll$ ) ! ,b]l9 police3 ,9 #ahhf1 #cjjf2 9 #ahij1 #d1jci2 9 #ahic1 #d1ffc2 9 #ahig1 #e1jih2 9 #ahii1 #d1edd1 & 9 #aije1 #c1bhg4 ,9 #ahij six physicians 7 employ$1 :o p]=m$ exam9ations = two h\rs daily4 ,s9ce !n ! numb] ( physicians has be5 increas$ to twelve1 & s9ce sev]al ye>s a female physician has be5 employ$ to p]=m ^! exam9ations1 not)/&+ ! objections ( _m male physicians4 ,9 ,b]l91 z 9 ,p>is1 ! enroll$ pro/itutes only con/itute a small fraction ( ! entire numb]1 t au?orities on ?is subject h e/imat$ to be at lea/ #ej1jjj4 ,9 ! s+le ye> #ahij !re 7 #b1jbb waitresses 9 ! cafs ( ,b]l91 :o1 ) v few exceptions 7 giv5 to pro/itution4 ,! ye>ly increase 9 ! numb] ( h>lots inhibit$ by ! police also %[s t pro/itution 9 ,b]l9 is gr[+4 ,! numb]s ( ^? inhibit$ 73 ,9 #ahha1 #aj1hgh2 9 #ahij1 #af1fje2 9 #ahif1 #bf1gjc3 9 #ahig1 #bb1iae4 ,9 ! ye> #aijg #ag1jah h>lots 7 br\ght to trial be=e ! magi/rates1 :i* 0 ab\t #eg = ea* day ! c\rt 0 9 session4 ,h[ l>ge is ! numb] ( pro/itutes ?r\gh\t ,g]many8 ,"s claim t !re are ab\t #bjj1jjj4 ,/roehmb]g e/imates ! numb] ( enroll$ & private pro/itutes 9 ,g]many to be betwe5 #ge1jjj & #ajj1jjj4 ,9 #aijh ,kamillo ,k4 ,s*neid] attempt$ to det]m9e ! exact numb] ( enroll$ pro/itutes4 ,8 table = ! ye> #aije includes #gi cities4 8,z besides ^! !re are o!r l>ge places 9 :i* a consid]able numb] ( girls may be f\nd1 he believes #ae1jjj to be a fairly correct e/imate ( ! entire numb]4 ,) a population ( approximately #fj1fjj1jjj inhabitants t means "o enroll$ pro/itute = #d1jdj inhabitants40 ,9 ,b]l9 !re is "o pro/itute = #fjh1 9 ,breslau = #ead1 9 ,hannov] = #ebi1 9 ,kiel = #ebg1 9 ,danzig = #dhg1 9 ,cologne = #cfi1 & 9 ,brunswick = #cfc inhabitants4 ,! numb] ( enroll$ pro/itutes is con/antly decreas+4#ajg ,accord+ to v>i\s e/imates ! ratio ( ! numb] ( public controll$ pro/itutes is to ! numb] ( private pro/itutes1 z #a to #e1 or #a to #aj4 ,we are1 accord+ly deal+ ) a va/ army ( ^? to :om pro/itution is a means ( subsi/5ce1 & con=mably great is ! numb] ( victims claim$ by disease & dea?4 ,t ! great majority ( pro/itutes gr[s ?or\ghly tir$ ( _! mode ( life1 t x ev5 becomes revolt+ to !m1 is an exp]i5ce on :i* all au?orities are agre$4 ,b v few ( ^? :o h fall5 victims to pro/itution ev] f9d an opportunity to escape f x4 ,9 #ahii ! ,hamburg bran* ( ! ,briti%1 ,cont95tal & ,g5]al ,f$]ation und]took an inve/igation among pro/itutes4 ,al?\gh only few answ]$ ! que/ions put to !m1 ^! answ]s are q *>act]i/ic4 ,to ! "q 8,w\ld y cont9ue 9 ?is trade if y c\ld f9d "s o!r means ( support80 "o repli$1 8,:at c "o d :5 "o is despis$ by all p80 ,ano!r repli$1 8,i appeal$ = help f ! hospital02 a ?ird1 8,my fri5d releas$ me by pay+ my debts40 ,all suff] f ! slav]y ( _! liabilities to ! bro!l keep]s4 ,"o gave ! in=mation t %e ow$ h] l&lady #age4 ,clo!s1 und]we>1 f9]y1 ev]y?+ is furni%$ by ! keep]s at fabul\s prices2 !y are also *>g$ ! highe/ prices = food & dr9k4 ,besides1 !y mu/ pay ! keep] a daily sum = _! room4 ,?is r5t am\nts to #a4ej1 #b or #c daily4 ,"o wrote t %e 0 compell$ to pay h] procur] f #e to #f daily4 ,no keep] w p]mit a girl to dep>t unless %e has paid h] debts4 ,! /atem5ts made by ^! girls also ca/ an unfavorable light on ! actions ( ! police1 :o side m ) ! bro!l keep]s ?an ) ! helpless girls4 ,9 %ort1 we "h behold 9 ! mid/ ( ,*ri/ian civilization1 ! wor/ k9d ( slav]y4 ,9 ord] to bett] ma9ta9 ! int]e/s ( _! trade1 ! bro!l keep]s h ev5 f\nd$ a trade pap] t is int]national 9 "*4 ,! numb] ( pro/itutes increases at ! same rate at :i* ! numb] ( work+ wom5 increases1 :o f9d employm5t 9 v>i\s l9es ( trade at />vation wages4 ,pro/itution is fo/]$ by ! indu/rial crises t h become inevitable 9 b\rgeois society1 & to hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( families mean bitt] ne$ & desp]ate pov]ty4 ,a lett] s5t by ! *ief ( police1 ,bolton1 to a factory inspector on ,octob] #ca1 #ahfe1 %[s t dur+ ! crisis ( ! ,engli% cotton indu/ry caus$ by ! ,civil ,w> 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! numb] ( "y pro/itutes increas$ m ?an dur+ ! prec$+ tw5ty-five ye>s4#ajh ,b n only work+ girls fall victims to pro/itution4 ,its victims are also recruit$ f ! 8high] pr(essions40 ,lombroso & ,f]r]o quote ,mac1#aji :o says ( ,p>is3 8,! c]tificate ( a gov]ness ( a high] or l[] grade is f> less an assignm5t to a means ( support ?an to suicide1 !ft & pro/itution40 ,p>5t-,du*atelet has at "o "t compil$ /ati/ics :i* %[$ ! foll[+4 ,among #e1ahc pro/itutes !re 7 #a1dda :o 7 driv5 to pro/itution by utmo/ ne$ & mis]y4 #a1bbe 7 orphans & poor4 #hf _h become pro/itutes to support old p>5ts1 "y bro!rs & si/]s1 or _! own *ildr54 #a1dbe _h be5 des]t$ by _! lov]s2 #djd _h be5 s$uc$ by (fic]s & soldi]s & _h be5 c>ri$ (f to ,p>is4 #bhi _h be5 s]vant girls :o 7 s$uc$ by _! employ]s & subsequ5tly dis*>g$1 & #bhj _h come into ,p>is to seek employm5t4 ,mrs4 ,butl]1 ! ard5t *ampion ( ! poore/ & mo/ un=tunate ( h] sex1 says3 8,accid5tal circum/ances1 ! dea? ( a fa!r or a "m1 unemploym5t1 insuffici5t wages1 pov]ty1 false promises1 s$uction1 ! lay+ ( sn>es may h driv5 h] into h] mis=tune40 ,v in/ructive is ! in=mation giv5 by ,k>l ,s*neidt 9 a pamphlet on 8,! ,mis]y ( ,waitresses 9 ,b]l910#aaj 9 reg>d to ! causes t drive s _m ( !m to pro/itution4 ,he says t a surpris+ly l>ge numb] ( s]vant girls become waitresses1 :i* means 9 ne>ly all cases t !y become pro/itutes4 ,among ! answ]s ,s*neidt receiv$ to 8 li/ ( que/ions t he circulat$ among waitresses are ! foll[+3 8,because ,i became pregnant by my employ] & _h to support my *ild02 8because my book ( ref]5ces 0 spoil$02 8because ,i c\ld n e>n en\gh by sew+ & su* "w02 8because ,i _h be5 dis*>g$ f ! factory & c\ld n f9d o!r employm5t02 8because my fa!r di$ & !re 7 f\r y\ng] ones at home10 etc4 ,t s]vant girls1 :o h be5 s$uc$ by _! employ]s1 con/itute a l>ge quota ( ! pro/itutes is a well kn[n fact4 ,dr4 ,max ,taube#aaa makes "s v incrim9at+ /atem5ts conc]n+ ! great numb] ( s$uctions ( s]vant girls by employ]s or _! sons4 ,! upp] classes also furni% _! quota to pro/itution4 ,"h pov]ty is n ! cause1 b s$uction1 ! incl9ation to lead a frivol\s life1 ! love ( dress & enjoym5t4 ,a pamphlet on 8,fall5 ,girls & ,police ,control0#aab conta9s ! foll[+ /atem5t 9 reg>d to ! pro/itutes f ^! classes3 8,horror /rick5 _m a wor?y citiz51 m9i/]1 tea*]1 public (ficial or milit>y man le>ns t 8 daught] is secretly addict$ to pro/itution4 ,if all ^! daught]s c\ld be nam$ a social revolution w\ld h to take place1 or ! public ideas conc]n+ virtue & morality w\ld be s]i\sly impair$40 ,! high class pro/itutes1 ! sm>t set among !m1 are drawn f ^! circles4 ,a great _m actresses also ow+ to a gl>+ disp>ity betwe5 _! sal>y & ! co/ ( _! w>drobe1 are compell$ to resort to ?is vile means ( support4#aac ,! same is true ( _m o!r girls :o are employ$ z salesladies & 9 simil> positions4 ,_m employ]s are s infam\s t !y seek to ju/ify l[ wages by h9t+ at ! assi/ance f 8fri5ds40 ,seam/resses1 dressmak]s1 mill9]s1 factory work]s numb]+ _m ?\s&s are subject$ to ! same conditions4 ,employ]s & _! assi/ants1 m]*ants1 l&$ proprietors1 etc41 frequ5tly reg>d x z _! privilege to make female work]s & employees subs]vi5t to _! lu/s4 ,our pi\s cons]vatives l to po9t to ! rural conditions 9 reg>d to morality z a sort ( ideal comp>$ to ! l>ge cities & indu/rial di/ricts4 ,b :oev] is acqua9t$ ) ! conditions kn[s t !y are n ideal4 ,we f9d ?is op9ion confirm$ by a lecture deliv]$ by ! own] ( a knightly e/ate 9 ! fall ( #ahhi1 :i* newspap]s 9 ,saxony report$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 8,grimma4 ,dr4 v4 ,wae*t]1 own] ( a knightly e/ate1 at a meet+ ( ! diocese :i* 0 held "h deliv]$ a lecture on sexual immorality 9 our rural communities1 9 :i* local conditions 7 depict$ 9 no favorable light4 ,) great frankness ! lectur] admitt$ t ! employ]s !mselves1 ev5 ! m>ri$ ones1 frequ5tly ma9ta9$ intimate relations ) _! female employees1 & t ! results ( su* relations 7 ei!r aton$ = by a paym5t ( money or 7 hidd5 f ! eyes ( ! _w by a crime4 ,un=tunately x c\ld n be d5i$1 t immorality 0 introduc$ into ! rural di/ricts n only by c\ntry girls :o _h be5 employ$ 9 ! cities z wet nurses & by boys :o _h become demoraliz$ :ile s]v+ 9 ! army1 b also by educat$ m51 by manag]s ( ! l>ge e/ates & army (fic]s1 :o come into ! c\ntry dur+ manoeuvres4 ,dr4 v4 ,wae*t] claims t "h 9 ! c\ntry !re actually are few girls :o h atta9$ _! sev5te5? bir?day )\t hav+ fall540 ,! hone/ lectur] _h to pay = 8 love ( tru? by be+ socially o/racis$ by ! (f5d$ (fic]s4 ,rev]5d ,dr4 ,wagn] _h a simil> exp]i5ce :5 he v5tur$ to say "s disagreeable tru?s to ! l&$ proprietors 9 8 book on 8,morality 9 ! ,c\ntry40#aad ,! majority ( pro/itutes are driv5 into _! un=tunate trade at an age at :i* !y _c be reg>d$ z compet5t to judge _! actions4 ,among ! wom5 :o secretly pro/itut$ !mselves arre/$ 9 ,p>is f #ahgh until #ahhg1 #ab1fae equal #df4g p] c5t4 7 m9ors4 ,( ^? arre/$ f #ahhh-ahih1 #ad1jgb equal #dh4h p] c5t4 7 m9ors4 ,le ,pilleurs gives ! foll[+ resum ( ! pro/itutes ( ,p>is1 :i* is z concise z x is pa!tic3 8,defl\r$ at #af1 pro/itut$ at #ag1 afflict$ ) syphilis at #ah40aae ,among #hdf newly enroll$ pro/itutes 9 ,b]l9 9 #ahih !re 7 #bbi m9ors4 ,!re 73 #g at ! age ( #ae #ba 8 8 8 8 #af #cc 8 8 8 8 #ag #ei 8 8 8 8 #ah #di 8 8 8 8 #ai #ff 8 8 8 8 #bjaaf ,9 ,septemb]1 #ahid1 a sc&al\s affair 0 reveal$ 9 ,budape/1 :]e x became kn[n t ab\t #djj girls n m ?an fifte5 ye>s ( age _h become ! victims ( ri* lib]t9es4 ,! sons ( our 8prop]ti$ & cultur$ classes0 n infrequ5tly consid] x _! "r to s$uce ! daught]s ( ! poor & !n to =sake !m4 ,^! confid+1 inexp]i5c$ daught]s ( ! poor1 ^: lives are (t5 devoid ( all joy & :o sometimes h no fri5d or relative to protect !m1 easily fall victims to ! art ( ! s$uc]1 :o approa*es !m ) all ! temptations ( pleasure & affection4 ,bitt] disappo9tm5ts & despair & ev5tually crime are ! results4 ,among #b1jfj1igc *ildr5 born 9 ,g]many 9 #aijg #agi1agh 7 illegitimate4 ,"o c imag9e ! am\nt ( c>e & he>t-a*e t ! bir?s ( ^! illegitimate *ildr5 mean to _! mo!rs1 ev5 if "s ( !m are legally m>ri$ lat] on by ! fa!rs ( _! *ildr54 ,infanticide & ! suicide ( wom5 are 9 a great _m cases caus$ by ! mis]y & ne$ ( =sak5 wom54 ,! trials = infanticide pres5t a sombre b in/ructive picture4 ,9 ! fall ( #ahid a "y woman 0 on trial 9 ,krems1 ,au/ria4 ,eight days aft] h] conf9em5t %e _h be5 dis*>g$ f ! ly+-9 hospital 9 ,vi5na1 ) h] infant & p5niless1 & be+ desp]ate %e _h kill$ h] *ild4 ,%e 0 condemn$ to dea?4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahii ! foll[+ 0 report$ f ! prov9ce ( ,pos53 8,on ,monday la/ ! #bb-ye>-old work+ girl1 ,ka!r9e ,gorbacki1 f ,alex&]ruh1 ne> ,neu/adt 0 on trial = murd]4 ,dur+ ! ye>s #ahig & #ahih ! def5dant _h be5 employ$ by ! ,provo/ ,m]kel 9 ,neu/adt4 ,z a result ( intimate relations ) h] employ]1 %e gave bir? to a daught] 9 ,june la/4 ,! *ild 0 plac$ ) h] relatives4 ,! provo/ paid #b = ! *ild's bo>d dur+ ea* ( ! fir/ two mon?s1 b !n refus$ to meet any fur!r exp5ses4 ,z ! girl c\ld n meet ! exp5ses = ! *ild's ma9t5ance1 %e decid$ to d away ) x4 ,on a ,sunday dur+ ,septemb] la/ %e smo!r$ ! *ild ) a pill[4 ,! jury convict$ h] ( murd] 9 ! second degree & admitt$ ext5uat+ circum/ances4 ,! public prosecutor mov$ to inflict ! maximum p5alty1 five ye>s imprisonm5t4 ,! judge s5t5c$ h] to ?ree ye>s 9 prison40 ,?us ! s$uc$ & =sak5 woman1 disgrac$ & desp]ate1 is driv5 to ! utmo/1 & kills h] own (fspr+4 ,!n %e is br\ght to trial & is s5t5c$ to long p]iods ( imprisonm5t1 or ev5 to dea?4 ,b ! real unscrupul\s murd]] is all[$ to g unpuni%$4 ,p]haps %ortly aft] ! trag$y he w m>ry a girl f "s good & righte\s family1 & w become a highly honor$ & pi\s man4 ,_m a man is held 9 great e/eem :o ?us pollut$ 8 honor & 8 consci5ce4 ,if wom5 _h a voice 9 ! mak+ & adm9i/ration ( ! laws ?+s w\ld be diff]5t4 ,evid5tly _m cases ( infanticide are nev] discov]$4 ,9 ,july1 #ahii1 9 ,frank5?al on ! ,rh9e a s]vant girl 0 accus$ ( hav+ dr[n$ h] new-born1 illegitimate *ild 9 ! ,rh9e4 ,! public prosecutor ask$ all police dep>tm5ts along ! ,rh9e f ,ludwig%af5 to ! b\nd>y ( ,holl& to report :e!r )9 a def9ite "t ! body ( a *ild _h be5 wa%$ a%ore4 ,! surpris+ result ( ?is inque/ 01 t ! police dep>tm5ts )9 ! /at$ "t report$ no less ?an #ch bodies ( infants t _h be5 fi%$ f ! ,rh9e1 b ^: mo!rs _h n be5 f\nd4 ,! mo/ cruel sy/em is resort$ to1 z previ\sly /at$1 by ! ,fr5* legislation1 :i* =bids to seek ! fa!r1 b in/ead ma9ta9s f\ndl+ hospitals4 ,! law fram$ at ! conv5tion ( ,june #bh1 #agic1 reads3 8,la nation se *>ge de l'ducation physique et morale des enfants ab&onns4 ,dsormais1 ils s]ont dsigns s\s le seul nom d'orphel9s4 ,aucune autre qualification ne s]a p]mis0 7,! nation und]takes ! physical & moral education ( ab&on$ *ildr54 ,h5ce=w>d !y w be kn[n only by ! "n ( orphans4 ,no o!r designation w be p]mitt$474 ,t 0 a v conv5i5t me?od to m51 = !reby !y c\ld turn ov] _! individual obligations to ! community & 7 sp>$ f be+ publicly expos$4 ,national orphan & f\ndl+ asylums 7 erect$4 ,9 #ahcc ! numb] ( orphans & f\ndl+s am\nt$ to #acj1ide4 ,x 0 e/imat$ t e t5? *ild 0 a legitimate "o t its p>5ts wi%$ to get rid (4 ,z ^! *ildr5 7 n prop]ly c>$ =1 _! mortality 0 v great4 ,at t "t #ei p] c5t4 di$ dur+ ! fir/ ye>2 up to ! twelf? ye> #gh p] c5t4 di$2 s only #bb f #ajj *ildr5 atta9$ ! twelf? ye>4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixties ( ! la/ c5tury !re 7 #age f\ndl+ asylums2 9 #ahfa !re 7 admitt$ into ^! #db1icd enfants tr\vs 7f\ndl+s71 #bf1aef enfants ab&onns 7ab&on$ *ildr57 & #i1gaf orphans2 toge!r ?is made #gh1jff *ildr5 :o 7 ma9ta9$ at public exp5se4 ,all 9 all ! numb] ( ab&on$ *ildr5 has n decreas$ dur+ rec5t decades4 ,f\ndl+ asylums ma9ta9$ by ! /ate 7 also e/abli%$ 9 ,au/ria & ,italy4 8,ici on fait m\rir les enfants0 7"h *ildr5 are made to die72 a mon>* is said to h sugge/$ ^! words z a suitable inscription = f\ndl+ asylums4 ,9 ,au/ria ! f\ndl+ asylums are gradually disappe>+4 ,at pres5t only eight rema91 b at ! close ( ! n9eties ( ! la/ c5tury ^! /ill conta9$ ov] #i1jjj *ildr51 :ile m ?an #cj1jjj *ildr5 7 plac$ outside ( ! asylums4 ,dur+ rec5t ye>s ! numb] ( f\ndl+s has greatly decreas$1 = 9 #ahhh !re /ill 7 #dj1hfe *ildr5 :o 7 public *>ges 9 ,au/ria2 #aj1dff 7 9 asylums2 #cj1cii 7 plac$ 9 private c>e4 ,_! ma9t5ance co/ #a1hag1cgb flor9s4 ,mortality 0 n z great among ! *ildr5 plac$ 9 asylums z among ^? privately c>$ =2 ?is 0 especially s 9 ! prov9ce ( ,galicia4 ,"h1 dur+ ! ye> #ahhh #ca4be p] c5t4 di$ 9 asylums--f> m ?an 9 ! asylums ( o!r c\ntries2 b ( ^? :o 7 privately c>$ = #hd4ba p] c5t4 di$2 a :olesale but*]y4 ,x seems z if ,poli% mismanagem5t endeavor$ to kill (f ^! poor1 little creatures z quickly z possible4 ,9 ,italy #aah1eca *ildr5 7 admitt$ into asylums f #ahid to #ahif4 ,annual av]age3 #bi1fcc2 boys3 #eh1ija2 girls3 #ei1fcj2 illegitimate1 #aac1ada2 legitimate1 #e1cij 7only #e p] c5t474 ,h[ great ! mortality has be5 may be se5 f ! foll[+ table4#aag #ahij-ahib #ahic-ahif #ahig ,numb] ( *ildr5 admitt$ #ia1edi #aji1hii #bf1ffa ,di$ dur+ fir/ ye> #cd1ahf #da1chf #i1gaa ,p]c5tage #cg4c #cg4f #cf4d ,mortality ( illegitimate *ildr5 9 ,italy #be4j #bg4b #bc4d ,mortality ( legitimate *ildr5 #ah4j #ag4e #ae4i ,! record 0 brok5 by ! f\ndl+ asylum ,santa ,cosa dell',annunziata 9 ,naples1 :]e 9 #ahif ( #hec infants #hej di$4 ,9 ! ye> #aijg ! f\ndl+ asylums admitt$ #ah1hif *ildr54 ,dur+ ! ye>s #aijb to #aijf ! mortality ( ^! un=tunate little ones 0 #cg4e p] c5t2 t means t m ?an "o-?ird ( ! *ildr5 ma9ta9$ by ! /ate die dur+ ! fir/ ye>4#aah ,x is a g5]ally kn[n fact1 t ! rate ( mortality is always high] among illegitimate *ildr5 ?an among legitimate ones4 ,accord+ to ,prusian /ati/ics ! foll[+ numb] ( dea?s ( infants occurr$ = e #aj1jjj bir?s4 #ahha-ahhe #ahhf-ahij #ahia-ahie #ahif-aijj #aijd ,legitimate ,city #baa #baj #bjc #aie #agi ,c\ntry #ahf #ahg #ahg #ahe #agb ,illegitimate ,city #cih #cie #che #cgd #ccc ,c\ntry #cai #ccb #ccf #ccf #cjf 8,x is a /rik+ fact :i* cle>ly %[s ! connection betwe5 pro/itution & ! un=tunate condition ( s]vant girls & m5ials employ$ 9 ! c\ntry1 t ( #id1ggi illegitimate *ildr5 born 9 #aijf1 #ba1afd 7 ! *ildr5 ( s]vant girls & #ah1hfi 7 ! *ildr5 ( girls o!rwise employ$ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,toge!r ?is made #dj1jcc or #db p] c5t4 ,if s]vants employ$ 9 ! c\ntry & female f>m h&s are tak5 toge!r1 !y con/itute #cj p] c5t41 :ile girls indu/rially employ$ con/itute #ad p] c5t 7#ac1dfj740aai ,! diff]5ce 9 ! rate ( mortality betwe5 legitimate & illegitimate *ildr5 is especially m>k$ dur+ ! fir/ mon?1 :5 ! mortality ( illegitimate *ildr5 is on an av]age ?ree times z great z t ( legitimate *ildr54 ,lack ( c>e dur+ pregnancy & dur+ ! conf9em5t & improp] c>e ( ! *ild aft] bir? are ! simple causes ( ?is great mortality ( illegitimate *ildr54 ,ill treatm5t & neglect help to increase ! numb] ( ! victims4 ,! numb] ( /ill-born *ildr5 is great] among ! illegitimate ?an among ! legitimate also4 ,?is is probably *iefly due to attempts on ! "p ( ! "m to br+ ab\t ! dea? ( ! *ild dur+ pregnancy4 ,to ?is mu/ be add$ ! cases ( infanticide t are n f\nd out because ! murd]$ *ild is c\nt$ among ! /ill-born4 ,b]tillon claims1 t to ! #bje cases ( infanticide record$ 9 ! legal docum5ts ( ,france1 %\ld be add$ at lea/ #a1ejj alleg$ /ill-bir?s & #a1djj cases ( int5tional kill+ by />vation4#abj ,! foll[+ table %[s ! numb] ( legitimate & illegitimate *ildr5 9 v>i\s ,european c\ntries = e #ajj /ill-bir?s4 ,dur+ ! ye>s ,legitimate ,illegitimate ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,g]many #ahia-aijj #c4ae #d4be ,prussia #aijj-aijb #c4jb #d4da ,saxony #ahia-aijj #c4ca #d4bd ,bav>ia #ahia-aijj #b4ih #c4fa ,wurtemb]g #ahia-aijj #c4cj #c4dh ,bad5 #ahia-aijj #b4fb #c4ce ,au/ria #ahie-aijj #b4fd #c4hf ,switz]l& #ahig-aijc #c4dj #f4ad ,france #ahia-ahie #d4dj #g4ed ,ne!rl&s #ahia-aijj #d4ch #h4ac ,d5m>k #ahic-ahid #b4dj #c4bj ,sw$5 #ahia-ahie #b4df #c4cj ,norway #ahia-aijj #b4dg #d4jf ,f9l& #ahia-aijj #b4ed #d4dc ,italy #ahia-ahif #c4hi #e4afaba ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,! survivors rev5ge !mselves on society = ! ill-treatm5t accord$ !m by furni%+ an unusually high p]c5tage ( ! crim9als ( all grades4 #ajf ,dr4 ,lic>d de ,planzoles--,la ,fonction ,sexuelle4 ,p>is1 #aijh4 #ajg ,kamillo ,k>l ,s*neid]--,! ,pro/itute & ,society--a ,sociological & ,e?ical ,/udy1 ,leipsic1 #aijh4 #ajh ,k>l ,m>x1 ,capital4 #aji ,ibid4 #aaj ,b]l91 #ahic4 #aaa ,max ,taube1 ,m4 ,d4--,protection ( ,illegitimate ,*ildr51 ,leipsic1 #ahic1 ,veit ,co4 #aab ,b]l91 #ahhi1 ,wm4 ,iszleib4 #aac ,9 a pamphlet on 8,capital & ! ,press10 ,b]l91 #ahia1 ,dr4 ,f4 ,mehr+ relates t a tal5t$ actress 0 employ$ at a well kn[n !atre at a mon?ly sal>y ( #be1 :ile ! exp5ses = h] w>drobe am\nt$ to #bej 9 a s+le mon?4 ,! diff]5ce 0 made up by a 8fri5d40 #aad ,at ! conf]5ce ( ! purity societies on ,septemb] #bj1 #ahid1 at ! in/ance ( ,dr4 ,wagn] an inve/igation 0 decid$ ^u4 ,! results ( ?is inve/igation h be5 publi%$ 9 two volumes1 entitl$3 ,! ,sexual ,morality ( ,prote/ant ,c\ntry ,p 9 ! ,g]man ,empire1 #ahie-ahif4 #aae ,pr(4 ,s4 ,bettman--,m$ical ,sup]vision ( ,pro/itutes4 ,h&book ( ! social sci5ce ( m$ic9e1 ,j5a1 #aije4 #aaf ,ibid4 #aag ,s4 ,turcranji & ,s4 ,engel4 ,! ,f\ndl+ ,sy/em 9 ,italy4 ,qu>t]ly j\rnal ( public hygi5e1 #aijc4 #aah ,encyclop$ia ( ,social ,sci5ce2 #c;d edition1 vol4 iv41 #aiji4 ,article3 ,f\ndl+ ,asylums4 #aai ,encyclop$ia ( ,social ,sci5ce1 #aiji4 #abj ,s*napp] ,arndt4 #aba ,f4 ,pr9z+--,! ,causes ( ,/ill-,bir?s4 ,g5]al records ( /ati/ics1 #aijg4 #e4--;,crimes ,aga9/ ,morality & ,sexual ,diseases4 ,we mu/ /ill briefly dwell ^u ano!r evil t is (t5 met )4 ,an excess ( sexual enjoym5t is f> m h>mful ?an ! want ( same4 ,an organism abus$ by excesses is ev5tually de/roy$4 ,impot5ce1 /]ility1 idiocy1 feeble m9d$ness & o!r diseases result4 ,temp]ance 9 sexual int]c\rse is z necess>y z temp]ance 9 eat+ & dr9k+1 & o!r human requirem5ts4 ,b "y m5 liv+ 9 luxury seem to f9d x v difficult to be temp]ate4 ,!re=e we (t5 f9d s5ility among "y m5 ( ! upp] classes4 ,! numb] ( old & "y r\s is l>ge1 & because !y are satiat$ & dull$ by excesses1 !y require special /imulants4 ,beside ^? 9 :om love = _! own sex 7sodomy7 is innate1 !re are _m :o succumb to ?is p]v]sity ( ! ,greek age4 ,sodomy is f> m widespread ?an mo/ ( u imag9e2 ! secret docum5ts ( _m police dep>tm5ts might reveal appall+ facts4#abb ,among ! wom51 too1 ! p]v]sities ( anci5t ,greece h be5 reviv$4 ,lesbian1 or ,sapphic love is1 s ,taxel claims1 preval5t to an enorm\s degree among ! fa%ionable ladies ( ,p>is4 ,9 ,b]l9 ab\t a qu>t] ( ! pro/itutes indulge 9 ?is p]v]se passion & x is n unkn[n among ! fa%ionable wom51 ei!r4 ,ano!r unnatural satisfaction ( ! sexual desire are ! crim9al assaults ^u *ildr5 t h greatly increas$ dur+ ! la/ decades4 ,! foll[+ numb]s ( p]sons 7 convict$ ( crimes aga9/ morality 9 ,g]many3 ,9 #ahie1 #aj1bci2 9 #aije1 #ac1dcb2 9 #aijf1 #ac1eeg4 ,among ^? 7 #eh p]sons 9 #aijb & #gb 9 #aijg1 :o 7 convict$ ( crim9al assaults ^u *ildr54 ,! foll[+ numb] 0 convict$ ( =nication ) p]sons "u f\rte53 ,9 #aijb1 #d1jij2 9 #aijf1 #d1edh2 9 #aijg1 #d1cig4 ,9 ,italy ! numb] ( crimes aga9/ morality 03 #ahhg to #ahhi1 #d1eij2 #aijc1 #h1dfa2 :i* is #ai4dd p] c5t4 & #be4fg p] c5t4 = e #ajj1jjj inhabitants4 ,! same fact has be5 obs]v$ 9 ,au/ria4 ,v correctly ,h4 ,h]z says3 8,! rapid increase 9 crimes aga9/ morality dur+ ! p]iod #ahhj-ahij %[s t ! pres5t economic /ructure ) its decrease 9 ! m>riage rate & its in/ability ( employm5t is 9 no small degree ! cause ( ! l[ /&>d ( morality40#abc ,9 ,g]many memb]s ( ! le>n$ pr(essions furni% ab\t #e4f p] c5t ( ! crim9als2 b !y furni% ab\t #ac p] c5t4 ( ^? convict$ ( crim9al assaults ^u *ildr54 ,?is p]c5tage w\ld be high] /ill if memb]s ( ^? circles w\ld n h ample means to conceal _! crimes4 ,! t]rify+ revelations made by ! 8,pall ,mall ,gazette0 at ! close ( ! eighties ( ! la/ c5tury conc]n+ ! crim9al abuses ( *ildr5 9 ,engl&1 h %[n ! widespread exi/5ce ( frightful conditions4 ,conc]n+ v5]eal diseases & _! increase1 ! foll[+ table1 %[+ ! numb] ( cases treat$ 9 ,g]man hospitals1 conta9s valuable in=mation3 ,gonorrhoea ,syphilis #ahgg-ahgi #bc1cdd #fg1gej #ahhj-ahhb #bh1gjj #gi1bbj #ahhc-ahhe #cj1jch #fe1ihj #ahhf-ahhh #cb1bge #ec1ffd #ahhi-ahia #da1cha #fj1gic #ahib-ahid #ej1eda #gh1jic #ahie-ahig #ec1ehg #gd1jib #ahih-aija #hc1cgd #aja1bbe #aijb-aijd #fh1cej #gf1fgh ,if we take ! av]age annual numb] ( p]sons afflict$ we f9d t )9 a p]iod ( #be ye>s ! cases ( gonorrhoea h increas$ f #g1gha to #bb1gej & ^? ( syphilis f #bb1ehc to #be1eei4 ,! population has increas$ only by #be p] c5t4 :ile ! cases ( gonorrhoea h increas$ by #ahb p] c5t & ^? ( syphilis #ai p] c5t6 ,we h ano!r /ati/ic t does n cov] _m ye>s1 b j "o s+le day :i* %[s h[ _m pati5ts afflict$ ) v5]eal diseases 7 "u m$ical treatm5t on ,april #cj1 #aijj4 ,! ,prusian m9i/] ( public in/ruction has caus$ ?is inve/igation to be made4 ,a li/ ( que/ions 0 s5t to e physician 9 ,prussia4 ,al?\gh only #fc4e p] c5t4 ( ^! repli$1 ! inve/igation %[$ t on ,april #cj1 #aijj1 !re 7 ab\t #da1jjj p]sons 9 ,prusia afflict$ ) v5]eal diseases4 #aa1jjj 7 newly infect$ ) syphilis4 ,9 ,b]l9 alone !re 7 on ?is day #aa1fjj p]sons afflict$ ) v5]eal diseases1 among !m #c1jjj fre% cases ( syphilis4 ,= e #ajj1jjj adult inhabitants1 ! foll[+ numb] 7 "u m$ical treatm5t = v5]eal diseases4 ,m54 ,wom54 ,9 ,b]l9 #adai #deg 8 #ag cities hav+ m ?an #ajj1jjj inhabitants #iii #deg 8 #db cities hav+ #cj1jjj to #ajj1jjj #ehd #agf 8 #dg cities hav+ less ?an #cj1jjj #dej #afi 8 o!r cities & rural communities #hj #bg ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,9 ! entire ,g]man ,empire #bhb #ib ,! cities ma9ly afflict$ are ^? situat$ at h>bors1 college & g>rison t[ns & l>ge indu/rial c5t]s 7,9 ,ko5igsb]g = e #ajj1jjj inhabitants1 #b1aeb m5 & #fai wom5 are diseas$2 9 ,cologne #acji m5 & #djb wom52 9 ,frank=t #a1eje m5 & #cii wom574 ,( ,b]l9 ,dr4 ,blas*ko says3 8,9 a l>ge city l ,b]l9 annually ( #a1jjj "y m5 betwe5 #bj & #cj ye>s1 almo/ #bjj1 ab\t "o-fif?1 become diseas$ ) gonorrhoea & ab\t #bd ) syphilis4 ,b ! "t dur+ :i* "y m5 are expos$ to v5]eal infection is mu* long] ?an "o ye>4 ,= "s x is five ye>s1 = o!rs t5 ye>s & m4 ,aft] five ye>s ( unm>ri$ life !n a "y man w become diseas$ ) gonorrhoea once & twice 9 t5 ye>s4 ,aft] five ye>s e t5? "y man1 aft] eight to t5 ye>s e fif? "y man w\ld acquire syphilis4 ,9 o!r words1 ( ! m5 :o m>ry aft] _! ?irtie? ye> e "o w\ld h _h gonorrhoea twice1 & e f\r? or fif? "o w\ld be inflict$ ) syphilis4 ,^! figures h be5 compil$ by c>eful calculation1 & to u physicians :o le>n ( s _m mis=tunes t are conceal$ f ! eyes ( ! _w1 !y d n appe> exagg]at$40 ,! results ( ! rese>* ( ,april #cj1 #aijj1 are confirm$ by a c>eful /udy ( ?is problem 9 connection ) ! ,prussian army compil$ 9 #aijg by ! surgeon-major1 ,dr4 ,s*wi5+4#abd ,x 0 %[n t ! v>i\s divisions ( ! army annually %[ ab\t ! same numb] ( recruits afflict$ ) v5]eal diseases4 ,"s divisions h a p>ticul>ly l>ge numb] ( cases1 especially ! division recruit$ f ! prov9ce ( ,br&5burg4 ,b]l9 is ma9ly to blame t #b p] c5t4 ( ^! recruits are diseas$4 ,dr4 ,s*wi5+'s compilation ( ! p]c5tage ( diseas$ recruits f ! v>i\s gov]nm5t di/ricts cle>ly %[s ! ext5sion ( v5]eal diseases among civilians4 ,( #a1jjj enroll$ recruits ! foll[+ numb] 0 afflict$3 #aijc #aijd #aije ,b]l9 #dj4i #cg4b #de4b #bg cities hav+ m ?an #ajj1jjj inhabitants #ad4i #af4g #ae4h #bf cities hav+ #ej1jjj to #ajj1jjj inhabitants #aa4f #i4f #i4e #cc cities hav+ #be1jjj to #ej1jjj inhabitants #h4b #f4h #i4a ,cities hav+ less ?an #be1jjj inhabitants & rural communities #d4c #e4j #d4j ,/ate #g4f #h4a #g4h ,! greate/ numb] ( diseas$ recruits came f ,%o5eb]g1 hav+ #eh4d = e #a1jjj enroll$4 ,9 l>ge cities outside ( ,prussia1 ! foll[+ numb]s 7 record$3 ,hamburg1 #bi4h2 ,leipsic1 #bi4d2 ,dresd51 #ai2 ,*emnitz1 #ag4h2 ,muni*1 #af4d4 ,accord+ to ,g4 v4 ,may] ! increase ( v5]eal diseases = e #a1jjj inhabitants f #aijc to #aijd 03 ,prussia1 #ai4f2 ,au/ria & ,hung>y1 #fj4c2 ,france1 #bg4a2 ,italy1 #he4b2 ,engl&1 #abe2 ,belgium1 #bh4c2 ! ,ne!rl&s1 #ca4d2 ,russia1 #dj4e2 ,d5m>k1 #de4 ,! increase 9 v5]eal diseases is especially great 9 ! navy4 ,9 ! ,g]man navy f #aije to #aijf ! numb] ( cases 73 ,on %ip-bo>d abroad1 #aac4f p] ?\s&2 9 dome/ic wat]s1 #eh4h2 on l&1 #eg4h4 ,9 ! ,engli% navy !re 7 9 #aije #aba4ee cases & 9 #aijf #aba4id cases4 ,we h se5 t our social conditions h produc$ all sorts ( vices1 excesses & crimes t are con/antly increas+4 ,! :ole social organism is 9 a /ate ( unre/ by :i* ! wom5 are mo/ deeply affect$4 ,wom5 are beg9n+ to realize ?is m & m & to seek r$ress4 ,!y dem& 9 ! fir/ place economic indep5d5ce4 ,!y dem& t wom51 l m51 %\ld be admitt$ to all trades & pr(essions accord+ to _! /r5g? & ability4 ,!y especially dem& ! "r to practice le>n$ pr(essions4 ,are ^! endeavors ju/ifi$8 ,c _! aims be realiz$8 ,w !y br+ relief8 ,^! are ! que/ions we mu/ seek to answ]4 #abb ,! trials ( ,moltke1 ,lyn> & ,eul5burg h s9ce reveal$ a m revolt+ picture ?an "o c\ld suspect4 ,!y h %[n h[ widespread is ?is p]v]sity among ! high] /rata ( society1 especially among milit>y m5 & 9 c\rt circles4 #abc ,dr4 ,hugo ,h]z--,crimes & ,crim9als 9 ,au/ria1 ,tueb+51 #aijh4 #abd ,director g5]al ( ! army m$ical dep>tm5t1 ,dr4 ,*umburg1 ,! ,v5]eal ,diseases1 ,_! ,nature & ,dissem9ation4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,woman 9 ,indu/ry4 #a4--;,developm5t & ,ext5sion ( ,female ,labor4 ,! endeavor ( wom5 to e>n _! own liv+ & to atta9 p]sonal indep5d5ce is1 to "s ext5t at lea/1 reg>d$ z a j "o by b\rgeois society4 ,! b\rgeoisie requires an unhamp]$ release ( male & female labor p[] 9 ord] t indu/ry may atta9 its highe/ degree ( developm5t4 ,! p]fection ( ma*9]y & ! division ( labor1 :]eby ea* s+le function 9 ! process ( production requires less /r5g? & me*anical tra9+ ?an =m]ly1 & ! gr[+ competition1 n only betwe5 individual manufactur]s1 b also betwe5 entire manufactur+ regions1 /ates & c\ntries--causes ! labor p[] ( woman to be s\ght m & m4 ,! special causes :i* lead to an increas$ employm5t ( female labor 9 a gr[+ numb] ( trades h be5 set =? 9 a previ\s *apt]4 ,"o reason :y employ]s resort m & m to ! employm5t ( wom5 beside m51 or in/ead ( m51 is1 t wom5 are accu/om$ to require less ?an m54 ,ow+ to _! nature z sex be+s1 wom5 are oblig$ to (f] _! labor p[] *eap] ?an m54 ,!y are1 z a rule1 m subject$ to physical d]angem5ts t cause an int]ruption ( _! "w1 & ow+ to ! complication & organization ( mod]n indu/ry1 ?is may lead to an int]ruption 9 ! :ole process ( production4 ,pregnancy & *ild-bir? l5g!n su* p]iods ( int]ruption4#abe ,! employ] makes ! mo/ ( ?is fact & f9ds ample indemnification = ^! occasional int]ruptions by ! paym5t ( consid]ably l[] wages4 ,moreov] ! woman is ti$ to h] p>ticul> abode or its imm$iate environm5t4 ,%e _c *ange h] abode z m5 are enabl$ to d 9 mo/ cases4 ,female labor1 especially ! labor ( m>ri$ wom5 work]s appe>s p>ticul>ly desirable to employ]s 9 /ill ano!r way1 z may be se5 f ! quotation f 8,capital10 by ,k>l ,m>x on page #abi4 ,z a work] ! m>ri$ woman is 8f> m att5tive & docile0 ?an ! unm>ri$ "o4 ,consid]ation = h] *ildr5 compels h] to ex]t h] /r5g? to ! utmo/ 9 ord] to e>n :at is ne$ful = _! livelihood1 & %e !re=e quietly submits to mu* t ! unm>ri$ work+ woman w\ld n submit to1 f> less s ! work+ man4 ,z a rule work+ wom5 r>ely comb9e ) _! fell[ work]s to obta9 bett] work+ conditions4 ,t also enhances _! value 9 ! eyes ( ! employ]s2 sometimes !y ev5 are a good means to subdue rebelli\s male work]s4 ,wom5 moreov] are m pati5t1 !y possess great] nimbl5ess & a m develop$ ta/e1 qualities t make !m bett] suit$ to _m k9ds ( "w ?an m54 ,^! womanly virtues ! virtu\s capitali/ appreciates fully2 & s1 ) ! developm5t ( indu/ry1 ! field ( woman's "w is ext5d$ ea* ye>1 b--& ?is is ! decisive factor--)\t mat]ially improv+ h] social condition4 ,:]e female labor p[] is employ$1 x frequ5tly releases male labor p[]4 ,b ! displac$ male work]s mu/ e>n _! liv+2 s !y (f] _! labor p[] at l[] wages1 & ?is (f] aga9 depresses ! wages ( ! female work]s4 ,! depression ( wages becomes a screw set 9 motion by ! con/antly revolv+ process ( develop+ indu/ry1 & z ?is process ( revolution by labor-sav+ devices also releases female work]s1 ! supply ( 8h&s0 is increas$ /ill m4 ,new bran*es ( indu/ry c\nt]act ?is con/ant production ( surplus labor p[]1 b n suffici5tly to create bett] conditions ( labor4 ,9 ! new bran*es ( indu/ry also1 z = in/ance 9 ! electrical1 male work]s are be+ displac$ by female work]s4 ,9 ! motor factory ( ! ,g5]al ,electric ,company mo/ ( ! ma*9es are t5d$ by girls4 ,e increase 9 wages above a c]ta9 /&>d causes ! employ] to seek fur!r improvem5t ( 8 ma*9]y1 & to put ! automatic ma*9e 9 ! place ( human h&s & human bra9s4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! capitali/ic era only male work]s compet$ ) "o ano!r on ! labor m>ket4 ,n[ sex is array$ aga9/ sex1 & age aga9/ age4 ,wom5 displace m51 & wom5 9 turn are displac$ by "y p & *ildr54 ,t is ! 8moral regime0 ( mod]n indu/ry4 ,?is /ate ( affairs w\ld ev5tually become unbe>able if ! work]s1 by organization 9 _! trade unions1 w\ld n c\nt]act x ) all _! might4 ,to ! work+ woman1 too1 x is becom+ a %e] necessity to jo9 ^! indu/rial organizations1 = z an individual %e has /ill f> less p[] ( resi/ance ?an ! work+ man4 ,work+ wom5 are beg9n+ to recognize ?is necessity4 ,9 ,g]many ! foll[+ numb]s 7 organiz$3 9 #ahib1 #d1cee2 9 #ahii1 #ai1bhj2 9 #aijj1 #bb1hhd2 9 #aije1 #gd1daa2 9 #aijg1 #acf1ibi2 9 #aijh1 #ach1ddc4 ,9 #ahib wom5 con/itut$ only #a4h p] c5t4 ( all memb]s ( trade unions2 9 #aijh !y con/itut$ #g4f p] c5t4 ,accord+ to ! fif? int]national report ( ! trade union movem5t ! numb]s ( female memb]s 7 9 ,great ,brita91 #bja1gji2 9 ,france1 #hh1ijf2 9 ,au/ria1 #df1dja4 ,! endeavors ( employ]s to l5g!n ! "w day 9 ord] to extract l>g] pr(its f _! work]s is met ) little resi/ance by wom5 work]s4 ,t expla9s :y 9 ! textile indu/ry1 = in/ance1 9 :i* m ?an half ( ! work]s are wom5 ! "w day is longe/4 ,x 0 necess>y !re=e t gov]nm5t protection by limit+ ! h\rs ( "w %\ld beg9 ) ?is indu/ry4 ,wom5 be+ accu/om$ to an endless "w day by _! dome/ic activity1 submit to ! increas$ dem&s ^u _! labor p[] )\t (f]+ resi/ance4 ,,p]sons ,,employ$ ,,9 ,,ga9ful ,,occupations4 ,,key 7,c7 ,,c\ntries 7,y7 ,ye> ( ,c5sus ,g]3 ,g]man ,empire ,aus3 ,au/ria ,hun3 ,hung>y ,rus3 ,russia ,ita3 ,italy ,swi3 ,switz]l& ,fra3 ,france ,bel3 ,belgium ,net3 ,ne!rl&s ,d53 ,d5m>k ,swe3 ,sw$5 ,nor3 ,norway ,en,w3 ,engl& & ,wales ,sco3 ,scotl& ,ire3 ,irel& ,,gbi3 ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& ,,usa3 ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica#abf ,entire ,population ------------------------------------ 7,c7 7,y7 ,male ,female ,bo? ---------------------------------------- ------ ,g] #aijg #cj1dfa1ajj #ca1bei1dbi #fa1gbj1ebi ,aus #aijj #ab1heb1fic #ac1bih1jae #bf1aej1gjh ,hun #aijj #i1ehb1aeb #i1fgb1djg #ai1bed1eei ,rus #ahig #fb1dgg1cdh #fc1afb1fgc #abe1fdj1jba ,ita #aija #af1aee1acj #af1cbj1abc #cb1dge1bec ,swi #aijj #a1fbg1jbe #a1fhh1dah #c1cae1dcc ,fra #aija #ah1iaf1hhi #ai1ecc1hii #ch1dej1ghh ,bel #aijj #c1cbd1hcd #c1cfh1gad #f1fic1edh ,net #ahii #b1ebj1fjc #b1ehc1ece #e1ajd1ach ,d5 #aija #a1aic1ddh #a1bef1jib #b1ddi1edj ,swe #aijj #b1ejf1dcf #b1fcj1jje #e1acf1dda ,nor #aijj #a1jff1fic #a1aed1ghd #b1bba1dgg ,en,w #aija #ae1gbh1fac #af1gii1bcj #cb1ebg1hdc ,sco #aija #b1agc1gee #b1bih1cdh #d1dgb1ajc ,ire #aija #b1bjj1jdj #b1beh1gce #d1deh1gge ,,gbi #aija #bj1ajb1djh #ba1cef1cac #da1deh1gba ,,usa #aijj #ci1jei1bdb #cg1bdd1ade #gf1cjc1chg ---------------------------------------- ------ ,p]sons ga9fully employ$ 9 ,ga9fully employ$ p]c5tage ( population ---------------------------------------- -------------- 7,c7 7,y7 ,male ,female ,bo? ,male ,female ,bo? ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,g] #aijg #ah1eii1bcf #i1dbi1hha #bh1jib1aag #fa4a #cj4d #de4e ,aus #aijj #h1beg1bid #e1hej1aeh #ad1ajg1deb #fd4b #dd4j #ec4i ,hun #aijj #f1afb1bih #b1ffh1fig #h1hcj1iie #fd4c #bg4f #de4i ,rus #ahig #be1iie1bcg #e1bgf1aab #ca1bga1cdi #da4f #h4d #bd4i ,ita #aija #aj1iih1dfb #e1bhd1jfd #af1bgb1ebf #fh4j #cb4d #ej4a ,swi #aijj #a1jeg1ahg #dih1gfj #a1eef1egg #fe4j #bi4e #df4i ,fra #aija #ab1iaj1efe #f1hjd1eaj #ai1gae1jge #fh4b #cd4h #ea4c ,bel #aijj #b1abc1jgb #idh1bbi #c1jga1cja #fc4h #bh4a #de4i ,net #ahii #a1dig1aei #dcc1edh #a1icj1gjg #ei4d #af4h #cg4h ,d5 #aija #geb1eei #cec1ihj #a1ajf1eci #fc4a #bh4b #de4b ,swe #aijj #a1dbb1igi #eea1jba #a1igd1jjj #ef4h #ba4j #ch4d ,nor #aijj #eii1jeg #bgg1fac #hgf1fgj #ef4a #bd4j #ci4e ,en,w #aija #aj1aef1igf #d1aga1gea #ad1cbh1gbg #fd4f #bd4h #dd4a ,sco #aija #a1cia1ahh #eia1fbd #a1ihb1hab #fd4j #be4h #dd4c ,ire #aija #a1dac1idc #edi1hgd #a1ifc1hag #fd4c #bd4c #dd4j ,,gbi #aija #ab1ifb1ajg #e1cac1bdi #ah1bge1cef #fd4e #bd4i #dd4a ,,usa #aijj #bc1ief1aae #e1cbi1hjg #bi1bhe1ibb #fa4c #ad4c #ch4d ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #abf ,^! figures include #ia1bai p]sons ( ! army & navy :o 7 abs5t f ! c\ntry :ile ! c5sus 0 tak54 ,9 o!r trades1 su* z mill9]y1 manufacture ( artificial fl[]s1 etc41#abg !y r$uce _! own wages & l5g!n _! own "w day by tak+ home extra "w4 ,!y frequ5tly d n ev5 notice t !reby !y become _! own competitors & d n e>n m 9 a sixte5 h\r day ?an !y might 9 a well regulat$ t5-h\r day4 ,! table on page #bab %[s to :at ext5t female labor has gr[n among v>i\s civiliz$ nations1 bo? 9 relation to ! o!r sex & 9 relation to ! entire population4#abh ,our table %[s t ! numb] ( wom5 employ$ 9 ga9ful occupations con/itutes a consid]able p]c5tage ( ! entire population4 ,! p]c5tage is l>ge/ 9 ,au/ria1 ,france & ,italy4 ,?is may be p>tly due to ! mann] ( c5sus-tak+1 z n only ^? female p]sons are c\nt$1 ^: pr9cipal occupation is a ga9ful employm5t1 b also ^? :o p]=m incid5tal "w = wages4 ,! p]c5tage is l[e/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is also important to comp>e ! gr[? ( ! labor+ population ) =m] p]iods4 ,let u beg9 ) ,g]many3 ,ye>s ,p]sons ga9fully 9 :i* ,entire ,population employ$ c5sus ---------------------------------------- ------ 0 tak5 ,male ,female ,male ,female ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #ahhb #bb1aej1gdi #bc1jga1cfd #ac1dae1dae #e1eda1eag #ahie #be1dji1afa #bf1cfa1abc #ae1eca1hda #f1egh1cej #aijg #cj1dfa1ajj #ca1aei1dbi #ah1eii1bcf #i1dib1hha ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,p]sons ga9fully ,ye>s employ$ 9 p]c5tage ,( #ajj p]sons 9 :i* ( population ga9fully employ$ c5sus ---------------------------------------- --- 0 tak5 ,male ,female ,male ,female ---------------------------------------- ------------- #ahhb #fj4eg #bd4jb #ga4bd #bh4gf #ahie #fa4ac #bd4if #gj4be #bi4ge #aijg #fa4jf #cj4cg #ff4ba #cc4gi ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,?is table %[s fir/ly1 t ! numb] ( p]sons ga9fully employ$ increases m rapidly ?an ! population2 secondly1 t ! gr[? ( female labor /ill exce$s ?is increase2 ?irdly1 t ! male labor+ population is relatively /ation>y1 :ile ! female labor+ population %[s a relative & absolute gr[?1 & la/ly1 t female labor at an increas+ rate displaces male labor4 ,! numb] ( p]sons ga9fully employ$ has increas$ f #ahhb to #ahie by #af4f p] c5t42 ! numb] ( m51 by #ae4h p] c5t4 & #ai4ce p] c5t42 ! numb] ( wom5 by #ah4g p] c5t4 f #ahhb to #ahie1 & by #dd4dd p] c5t4 f #ahie to #aijg4 ,! increase ( ! population f #ahhb to #ahie 0 only #ai4h p] c5t41 & f #ahie to #aijg only #ai4cd p] c5t4 ,s ! entire numb] ( p]sons ga9fully employ$ has increas$2 b z ! gr[? ( ! numb] ( m5 ga9fully employ$ has approximately kept pace ) ! gr[? ( ! population1 ! numb] ( wom5 ga9fully employ$ has gr[n mo/ly4 ,?is %[s t ! /ruggle = exi/5ce requires great] ef=ts ?an =m]ly4 ,f #ahhb to #ahie & f #ahie to #aijg we f9d ! foll[+ increase 77 & decrease 77 among ! population ( ,g]many3 ,f #ahhb to #ahie ,f #ahie to #aijg ,female p]sons ga9fully employ$ #a1jje1bij #bc4fj p] c5t #b1igi1aje #ef4ei p] c5t ,male p]sons ga9fully employ$ #b1acc1egg #ae4ie p] c5t #c1jgg1chb #ai4he p] c5t ,female s]vants #ca1edc #b4df p] c5t #fd1egd #d4ia p] c5t ,male s]vants #ag1aea #dj4ce p] c5t #i1ihg #ci4ch p] c5t ,! foll[+ table %[s ! numb] ( p]sons ga9fully employ$ 9 v>i\s trades3 ,,key ,agr3 ,agriculture1 ,=e/ry ,ind3 ,indu/ry & ,m9+ ,com3 ,comm]ce & ,traffic ,lab3 ,v>i\s k9ds ( wage labor ,s]3 ,public s]vice & le>n$ pr(essions ,arm3 ,army & ,navy #ahhb #ahie #aijg ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,male ,female ,male ,female ,male ,female ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,agr #e1gja1ehg #b1ecd1iji #e1eci1ech #b1gec1aed #e1bhd1bga #d1eih1ihf ,ind #e1bfi1dhi #a1abf1igf #f1gfj1ajb #a1eba1aah #i1aeb1ccj #b1ajc1ibd ,com #a1bgb1bjh #bih1aaj #a1geh1ijc #egi1fjh #b1edf1bec #ica1cgc ,lab #bac1gdf #ahc1hcf #aih1fbf #bcc1fhe #aej1gia #cbj1ijd ,s] #cgc1eic #aae1bgb #fah1cce #agf1fdh #gii1jbe #bhh1caa ,arm #edb1bhb -- #fcj1igh -- #fea1aid -- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,! foll[+ table %[s ! increase & decrease 9 v>i\s trades3 ,,key ,agr3 ,agriculture1 ,=e/ry ,ind3 ,indu/ry & ,m9+ ,com3 ,comm]ce & ,traffic ,lab3 ,v>i\s k9ds ( wage labor ,s]3 ,public s]vice & le>n$ pr(essions ,arm3 ,army & ,navy ,tot3 ,total ,f #ahhb to #ahie ,f #ahie to #aijg ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,female ,male ,female ,male ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,agr #bah1bde #h4fj #afb1jdi #b4hj #a1hde1hcb #fg4jd #bee1bfg #d4fa ,ind #cid1adb #ce4jj #a1dij1fac #bh4cj #ehb1hjf #ch4ca #b1cib1bbh #ce4ci ,com #bha1dih #ih4dj #dhf1fie #ch4cj #cea1gfe #fj4fi #ghg1cej #dd4gf ,lab #ej1jbi #bg4bj #ae1abj #g4aj #hg1jci #cg4bb #dg1hce #bd4jh ,s] #fa1cgf #ec4be #aed1bhe #cc4be #aaa1ffc -- #ahj1fij -- ,arm -- -- #agi1aec #ci4fe -- -- #bj1baf -- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,tot #a1jje1bij #bc4fj #b1acc1egg #ae4ij #b1igi1aje -- #c1jgg1chb -- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,among ! p]sons ga9fully employ$ !re 73 ,,key ,ind3 ,indep5d5t ,emp3 ,employees ,lab3 ,labor]s1 etc41 excl4 s]vants ,tot3 ,total #ahie #aijg ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,female ,male ,female ,male ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,ind#a1jfi1jjg #bb4a #d1dje1jci #ca4ca1jeb1afe -- #d1dch1abc -- ,emp #ci1dah #j4ha #ehb1djg #d4a #aei1hhi -- #a1acj1hci -- ,lab#c1gde1dee #gg4ji #i1jga1jig #fd4ff1dbb1bbi -- #aa1dac1hib -- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,tot#d1hec1hhjajj4jj #ad1jeh1edcajj4jjg1fcd1bhcajj4jj #af1ihb1hedajj4jj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,! foll[+ %[s ! increase & decrease ( wom5 hold+ indep5d5t positions f #ahie to #aijg3 #aijg #ahie ,indu/ry 7dome/ic indu/ry7 #dgg1bij #eai1dib #db1bjb #h4aj ,comm]ce & traffic #bdf1fda #bjb1faf #dd1jbe #ba4gg ,agriculture #cbh1bcg #cdf1hif #ah1fei #i4jd ,! greate/ numb] ( female p]sons 7 employ$ 9 ! foll[+ trades3 #aijg4 #ahie4 ,agriculture #d1ehe1gdi #b1gde1hdj ,clo?+ & clean+ #hhc1ahd #gac1jba ,comm]cial l9es #ede1agg #bii1hbi ,textile indu/ry #ebh1bce #dbg1ifa ,re/aurants & cafs #cci1eee #bfa1dej ,articles ( food & luxury #bdh1ifb #adj1ccc ,metal works #gc1jci #cf1baj ,/one & pott]y #gb1bgj #ci1eee ,pap] indu/ry #fg1cbb #ci1bbb ,wood & c>v+ indu/ry #dh1jbh #cj1cdf ,! foll[+ are ! trades 9 :i* m wom5 ?an m5 are employ$ 9 ,g]many3 ,wom54 ,m54 ,agriculture #d1bag1acb #b1gcg1gfh ,textile indu/ry #dff1baj #cij1cab ,clo?+ trades #djc1hgi #cjc1bfd ,clean+ trades #he1fhd #eh1jce ,re/aurants & cafs #bff1icj #aci1jjb ,dome/ic s]vice #bgi1bjh #cf1gia ,nurs+ #abi1aig #gh1ebj ,^! figures cle>ly %[ u ! prevail+ /ate ( affairs 9 ,g]many4 ,al?\gh ! numb] ( p]sons ga9fully employ$ has increas$ m rapidly ?an ! population1 ! gr[? ( female labor /ill exce$s ?is increase4 ,! employm5t ( wom5 is rapidly gr[+ 9 all l9es ( indu/ry4 ,:ile ! male labor+ population is relatively /ation>y1 ! female labor+ population %[s a relative & absolute gr[?4 ,9 fact ! increase 9 female labor con/itutes ! *ief portion ( ! g5]al increase ( p]sons ga9fully employ$ 9 ! entire population4 ,! numb] ( female memb]s ( families support$ by m5 rank f #gj4ha p] c5t4 9 #ahie to #fc4ij p] c5t4 9 #aijg4 ,woman has become su* a p[]ful factor 9 indu/ry t ! ,phili/9e say+1 ! woman's place is 9 ! home1 seems utt]ly void & ridicul\s4 ,9 ,engl& ! foll[+ numb]s ( p]sons 7 indu/rially employ$3 ,= e #ajj p]sons ga9fully employ$ ,total ,male ,female ,male ,fem4 #ahga #aa1eic1dff #h1bgj1ahf #c1cbc1bhj -- -- #ahha #aa1ahg1efd #g1ghc1fdf #c1djc1iah #fi4ei #cj4da #ahia #ab1gea1iie #h1hhc1bed #d1jaf1bcj #fh4ji #ca4ia #aija #ad1cbh1gbg #aj1aef1igf #d1aga1gea #gj4ji #bi4ia ,)9 ?irty ye>s ! numb] ( m5 ga9fully employ$ increas$ by #a1hhf1gij p]sons #bb4h p] c5t42 ! numb] ( wom5 ga9fully employ$ increas$ by #hdh1dga #be4e p] c5t4 ,x is especially notewor?y t dur+ #ahha1 ! ye> ( a crisis1 ! numb] ( m5 emp>5t "o1 s9ce mo/ ( ! wives & daught]s ( numb] ( wom5 employ$ increas$ by #hj1fch4 ,! relative decrease ( female labor 9 #aija is only an app>5t "o1 s9ce mo/ ( ! wives & daught]s ( f>m]s are n[ c\nt$ z hav+ no pr(ession4 ,besides1 dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s ^? indu/ries h gr[n mo/ly 9 :i* male labor is *iefly employ$1 :ile ! textile indu/ry has relatively1 & s9ce #ahia1 positively decl9$4 ,p]c5tage ,female ( work]s #ahha #aija increase among ^! ,/one & pott]y indu/ry #ehb1dgd #hje1ahe #ec #e1jjf ,metal works & manufacture ( ma*9]y #hab1iae #a1bbh1ejd #eb #fa1bcc ,build+ trades #gfd1iaa #a1abh1fhj #dg #b1dhe ,textile trades #a1jid1fcf #a1aee1cig #e #ffc1bbb ,nev]!less female labor has aga9 increas$ at ! exp5se ( male labor4 ,only ! %>e 9 increase ( female labor t 0 #ab4f p] c5t4 f #ahea to #ahfa & #g4f p] c5t4 f #ahga to #ahha 0 r$uc$ to #a4h p] c5t4 f #ahia to #aija4 ,9 ! ye> #aijg ! foll[+ numb]s 7 c\nt$ 9 ! textile indu/ry3 #djg1cfj m5 #cf4f p] c5t4 & #fgi1hfc wom5 #fc4d p] c5t4 ,9 ! clo?+ trades & 9 comm]ce female labor has increas$ mu* m4 ,b x is fur!rmore se5 t old] wom5 are displac$ by y\ng] ones1 & z wom5 "u #be are mo/ly unm>ri$ & ! old] ones are mo/ly m>ri$1 or wid[$1 x is se5 t wom5 are displac$ by girls4 ,! foll[+ are trades 9 :i* m wom5 ?an m5 are employ$ 9 ,engl&3 ,wom5 ,m5 ,dome/ic s]vice #a1fij1fhf #abd1bfc ,clo?+ trades #gaa1ghf #dad1fcg ,textile trades #ffc1bbb #dib1age ,among ^! cotton #cbh1gic #aic1hcj wool & y>n #aec1caa #ajf1eih hemp & jute #ajd1ehg #de1gcb silk #bb1ehi #h1iff embroid]y #bh1ifb #i1ehg ,9 almo/ all ! bran*es wom5 receive consid]able less pay ?an m5 = ! same am\nt ( "w4 ,a rec5t inquiry %[$ t ! av]age weekly wage 9 ! textile indu/ry 0 #bh %ill+s #a p5ny = m51 & only #ae %ill+s #e p5ce = wom54#abi ,9 ! bicycle indu/ry :]e female labor has rapidly increas$ z a result ( ! introduction ( ma*9]y1 wom5 receive only f #ab to #ah %ill+s p] week1 :]e m5 receiv$ f #cj to #dj %ill+s4#acj ,! same conditions are met ) 9 ! manufacture ( pap] goods & %oes & 9 b9d]ies4 ,wom5 are paid especially l[ wages = ! manufacture ( und]we>2 #aj %ill+s p] week is consid]$ a good wage4 8,z a rule a woman e>ns half or "o-?ird ( a man's wage40#aca ,a simil> diff]5ce 9 remun]ation betwe5 m5 & wom5 is met ) 9 ! po/al s]vice & 9 tea*+4 ,only 9 ! cotton indu/ry 9 ,lanca%ire bo? sexes work+ an equal l5g? ( "t e>n$ almo/ equal wages4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates we f9d ! foll[+ developm5t ( female labor3 #ahhj #ahij #aijj ,agriculture #eid1eaj #fgh1hhd #igg1ccf ,le>n$ pr(essions #agg1bee #caa1fhg #dcj1eig ,dome/ic & p]sonal s]vice #a1aha1cjj #a1ffg1fea #b1jie1ddi ,comm]ce & transportation #fc1jeh #bbh1dba #ejc1cdg ,manufacture #fca1jcd #a1jbg1ibh #a1cab1ffh ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,total1 wom5 #b1fdg1aeg #ad4g #c1iad1ega #ag4d #e1cai1cig #ah4h 8 m5 #ad1ggd1idb #he4c #ah1hba1jij #hb4f #bc1gec1hcf #ha4b ---------------------------------------- -------------- #ag1dbb1jii #ajj #bb1gce1ffa #ajj #bi1jgc1bcc #ajj ,"h we see t ! numb] ( wom5 ga9fully employ$ has gr[n f #c1iad1ega 9 #ahij to #e1cai1cig 9 #aijj4 ,x has increas$ m rapidly ?an ! population :i* increas$ f #fb1fbb1bej p]sons 9 #ahij to #gf1cjc1chg 9 #aijj2 only by #ba p] c5t4 ,9 ! same inexorable way ! numb] ( employ$ m5 is decreas+1 s9ce !y are be+ displac$ by wom54 ,n[ = #ajj p]sons ga9fully employ$ !re are #ah4h wom51 :ile 9 #ahhj !re 7 n m ?an #ad4g p] c5t4 ,( #cab occupations !re are only #i 9 :i* no wom5 are employ$4 ,accord+ to ! c5sus ( #aijj1 we ev5 f9d among !m #e pilots1 #de eng9e]s & firem51 #ahe blacksmi?s1 #ejh ma*9i/s1 #aa well-bor]s1 #h boil]mak]s4 8,( c\rse ^! figures are n ( great sociological importance1 b !y %[ t !re are v few occupations f :i* wom5 are absolutely exclud$1 ei!r by _! natural capacity or by law40#acb ,wom5 are especially num]\s 9 ! foll[+ occupations3 ,s]vants & waitresses1 #a1bac1hbh2 dressmak+1 #cch1add2 f>m labor1 #dig1hhf2 laundresses1 #ccb1ffe2 tea*]s1 #cbg1ije2 indep5d5t f>m]s1 #cjg1ghh2 textile work]s1 #bca1deh2 h\sekeep]s1 #adg1ajc2 salesladies1 #adf1bfe2 seam/resses1 #ach1gbd2 nurses & midwives1 #ajh1fia2 unqualifi$ trades1 #ajf1iaf4 ,9 ^! #ab occupations #c1ehc1ccc #gd4a p] c5t4 ( all bread-e>n+ wom5 h be5 c\nt$4 ,besides !re are #he1jhf /5ograph]s2 #hb1icf mill9]s2 #ha1jjj cl]ks2 #gb1hif bookkeep]s1 etc41 toge!r #ai occupations1 compris+ ov] #ej1jjj wom5 #hh4h p] c5t4 ( all wom5 breadw9n]s4 ,wom5 pr$om9ate 9 ! foll[+ trades3 ,= e #ajj p]sons employ$4 ,manufacture ( und]we> ,wom5 #ii4d ,m5 #j4f ,mill9]y 8 #ih4j 8 #b4j ,dressmak+ 8 #if4h 8 #c4b ,manufacture ( coll>s 8 #gg4f 8 #bb4d ,weav+ 8 #gb4h 8 #bg4b ,manufacture ( gloves 8 #fb4f 8 #cg4d ,bookb9d+ 8 #ej4e 8 #di4e ,textile trades 8 #ej4j 8 #ej4j ,h\sekeep+ 8 #id4g 8 #e4c ,nurs+ 8 #hi4i 8 #aj4a ,laundry "w 8 #hf4h 8 #ac4b ,dome/ic s]vice 8 #ha4i 8 #ah4a ,bo>d+ 8 #hc4d 8 #af4f ,/5ograph]s 8 #gf4g 8 #bc4c ,tea*]s 8 #gc4d 8 #bf4f ,music tea*]s 8 #ef4i 8 #dc4a ,( #d1hcc1fcj wom5 employ$ 9 ga9ful occupations ag$ #af ye>s & m1 #c1adc1gab 7 s+le1 #gfi1dgg 7 m>ri$1 #heg1jje 7 wid[$1 #fc1dcf 7 divorc$4 ,! ,am]ican report says3 8,! increase 9 ! p]c5tage ( p]sons ga9fully employ$ 0 greate/ = ! m>ri$ wom51 s9ce x 0 by "o-f\r? great] 9 #aijj ?an 9 #ahij4 ,9 #ahij !re 0 only "o m>ri$ work+ woman among #bb2 9 #aijj !re 0 "o among #ah40 ,! numb] ( wid[$ & divorc$ wom5 is v great1 bo? relatively & actually4 ,9 #aijj among #b1gba1dch wid[$ wom5 #heg1jje #ca4e 7 e>n+ _! liv+1 & among divorc$ wom5 ! p]c5tage 0 /ill great]4 ,( #aad1ice1 ^! #di p] c5t4 7 e>n+ _! own liv+ 9 #ahij & #ee4c p] c5t4 9 #aijj4 ,?us m wom5 became self-support+ ea* ye>4 ,among ! #cjc occupations 9 :i* wom5 are employ$ !re are3 #gi ) less ?an #ajj wom5 #ei 8 8 8 #ajj to #ejj 8 #ca 8 8 8 #ejj to #ajjj 8 #abe 8 m 8 #ajjj 8 #fc 8 8 8 #ejjj 8 ,among #ajj p]sons f #af ye>s up we f9d ! foll[+ wage-scale3 ,m5 ,wom5 ,less ?an #g doll>s #ah ,less ?an #g doll>s #ff4c #g to #i doll>s #ae4d #g to #i doll>s #ai4f #i to #bj doll>s #fj4f #i to #ae doll>s #ac4b #bj to #be doll>s #d4h #ae to #bj doll>s #j4h ,m ?an #be doll>s #b #bj to #be doll>s #j4a ------ ------ ,av]age weekly wage #aa4af #f4ag ,we see t #fj4f p] c5t4 ( ! m5 e>n m ?an #i1 :ile only #ac4b p] c5t4 ( ! wom5 e>n m ?an #i1 & m ?an two-?irds 7#ff4c p] c5t47 e>n less ?an #g4acc ,! av]age weekly wage = m5 is #aa4af2 ! av]age weekly wage = wom5 #f4ag1 almo/ half ( ! man's wages4 ,among gov]nm5t employes ! diff]5ce is equally great4 ,among #ahe1hgd p]sons engag$ 9 civil s]vice !re 7 #agb1jec m5 #ib4f p] c5t41 & #ac1hba wom5--#g4d p] c5t4 ,9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 ! seat ( ! national adm9i/ration1 ! p]c5tage ( female labor am\nts to #bi p] c5t4 ,& yet #dg4b p] c5t4 ( ! wom5 e>n less ?an #gbj1 :ile only #af4g p] c5t4 ( ! m5 e>n less ?an #gbj4acd ,9 ,france1 accord+ to ! c5sus ( #aija1 ! labor+ population am\nt$ to #ai1gae1jge p]sons1 #ab1iaj1efe m5 & #f1hjd1eaj wom54 ,!y are di/ribut$ among v>i\s trades z foll[s3 ,m54 ,p] ,c5t4 ,wom54 ,p] ,c5t4 ,agriculture #e1eag1fag #gb #b1feh1ieb #bh ,comm]ce #a1acb1fba #fe #fhi1iii #ce ,dom'tic s]vice #bbc1hfa #bc #gia1agf #gg ,le>n$ pr(4 #bbf1efa #fg #agc1bgh #cc ,indu/ry #c1fie1bac #fc4e #b1abd1fdb #cf4e 8,! female labor+ population am\nts to "o-half ( ! male labor+ population40#ace ,z 9 all o!r c\ntries1 fewe/ wom5 are employ$ at ^? occupations t require greate/ physical /r5g? 7,9 m9+ #b4jc wom5 = #ajj m52 9 qu>ries #a4fe2 9 metallurgy1 #a4jf74 ,! greate/ numb] ( wom5 are employ$ 9 ! textile trades1 #aaf wom5 = #ajj m5--9 ! clo?+ trades1 9 laundries1 #a1bdg wom5 = #ajj m51 & 9 ! manufacture ( und]we> #c1bhf wom5 = #ajj m54#acf ,x g5]ally holds true1 z ,mme4 ,c4 ,milh& /ates1 t ! greate/ numb] ( wom5 are employ$ 9 ^? indu/ries :]e ! h\rs ( "w are p>ticul>ly long & wages p>ticul>ly l[4 8,x is a sad fact t :ile ! indu/ries1 :]e ! h\rs ( labor are %ort1 only employ a few ?\s& wom51 ^? :]e ! h\rs ( "w are long1 employs hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( !m40#acg ,9 reg>d to ! wage scale ,e4 ,levasseur says t a woman's wage r>ely am\nts to two-?irds ( a man's wage & m frequ5tly only to "o-half4#ach #abe ,a numb] ( li/s f sick-b5efit funds1 compil$ by ! factory inspector ,s*ul]1 %[$ t female memb]s 7 ill #g4ag days annually1 :ile male memb]s 7 ill only #d4gh days annually4 ,! duration ( ea* illness 0 #bd4h = female memb]s & #ba4b = male memb]s4 ,o4 ,s*w>tz1 ,! results ( ! employm5t ( m>ri$ wom5 9 factories f ! /&po9t ( public hygi5e4--,g]man qu>t]ly gazette = public hygi5e4 #abg 8,?is is especially ! case 9 ! clo?+ trade1 b also 9 o!r indu/ries su* z ! manufacture ( toys1 und]we>1 cig>ettes1 pap] goods etc40 ,r4 ,wilbr&t--,protection ( work+ wom5 & dome/ic indu/ry4--,j5a #aijf4 #abh ,encyclop$ia ( ,social ,sci5ces4--,h4 ,zahn1 ,/ati/ics ( pr(essions & trades4 #abi ,textile ,trades 9 #aijf4 ,london1 #aiji4 #acj ,e4 ,cadbury1 ,c4 ,ma!son & ,c4 ,%aun--,wom5's "w & wages4 ,london1 #aijf4 #aca ,e4 ,cadbury & ,f4 ,%aun--,sweat+4 ,london4 #aijg4 #acb ,/ati/ics ( wom5 at "w4 ,wa%+ton1 #aijh4 #acc ,e>n+s ( wage-e>n]s4 ,bullet9 #ic1 page #aa4 ,wa%+ton1 #aijh4 #acd ,executive civil s]vice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,wa%+ton1 #aijh4 #ace ,c4 ,milh&--,l'ouvrire en ,france4 ,p>is1 #aijg4 #acf ,e4 ,levasseur--,que/ions ouvrires et indu/rielles en ,france s\s la troisime rpublique4 ,p>is1 #aijg4 #acg ,c4 ,milh&--,l'ouvrire en ,france4 ,p>is1 #aijg4 #ach ,e4 ,levasseur--,que/ions ouvrires et indu/rielles en ,france s\s la troisime rpublique4 ,p>is1 #aijg4 #b4--;,factory ,"w ( ,m>ri$ ,wom54--,sweat%op ,labor & ,dang]\s ,occupations4 ,m>ri$ wom5 =m a l>ge p]c5tage ( work+ wom5 & _! numb] is /eadily increas+1 :i* means a s]i\s problem 9 reg>d to ! family life ( ! work+ class4 ,9 #ahii1 ,g]man factory inspectors 7 in/ruct$ to inve/igate ! "w ( m>ri$ wom5 & to inquire into ! causes :i* lead !m to seek employm5t4#aci ,?is inve/igation %[$ t #bbi1ccd m>ri$ wom5 7 employ$ 9 factories4 ,besides #a1jfc m>ri$ wom5 7 employ$ 9 m9+ above ! gr\nd1 z 0 %[n by ! report ( ! ,prussian m9+ au?orities4 ,9 ,bad5 ! numb] ( m>ri$ work+ wom5 increas$ f #aj1hgh 9 #ahid to #ae1jdf 9 #ahii1 :i* is #ca4bg p] c5t4 ( all adult female work]s4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! di/ribution ( m>ri$ wom5 factory labor]s among ! v>i\s trades3 ,textile indu/ry #aaa1aid ,articles ( food & luxury #ci1jhj ,/one & pott]y indu/ry #ai1dge ,clo?+ & clean+ trades #ac1aef ,pap] indu/ry #aa1jdi ,metal works #aj1gci ,wood & c>v+ indu/ry #e1fce ,polygraphic trades #d1ggj ,manufacture ( ma*9]y #d1dic ,*emical indu/ry #d1chj ,v>i\s #e1cfc ------- ,total #bbi1ccd ,besides ! textile indu/ry1 ! manufacture ( articles ( food & luxury1 especially ! manufacture ( tobacco1 gives _m m>ri$ wom5 employm5t4 ,!n comes ! pap] indu/ry1 especially employm5t 9 "w %ops = ! assort+ ( rags1 & employm5t 9 brick y>ds4 8,m>ri$ wom5 are ma9ly employ$ 9 difficult occupations 7qu>ries1 brick y>ds1 dye+ e/abli%m5ts1 manufacture ( *emicals1 sug> ref9]ies1 etc471 imply+ h>d & dirty "w1 :ile "y work+ girls "u tw5ty-"o f9d employm5t 9 porcela9 factories1 sp9n+ & weav+ mills1 pap] mills1 cig> factories1 & 9 ! clo?+ trade4 ,! wor/ k9ds ( "w1 %unn$ by o!rs1 are tak5 up by ! eld] work+ wom51 especially ! m>ri$ ones40#adj ,( ! _m replies 9 reg>d to ! causes :i* lead m>ri$ wom5 to seek "w only a few ne$ to be m5tion$4 ,9 ! di/rict ( ,potsdam ! ma9 reason giv5 = ! factory labor ( m>ri$ wom5 01 t ! e>n+s ( ! m5 7 insuffici5t4 ,9 ,b]l9 accord+ to ! reports ( two inspectors #ec4fb p] c5t4 ( ! wom5 :o help$ to support _! families /at$1 t ! e>n+s ( _! husb&s 7 insuffici5t to support !m4 ,simil> in=mation 0 giv5 by ! factory inspectors = ! di/ricts ( we/]n ,prussia1 ,frank=t on ! ,od]1 ,franconia1 ,wurtemb]g1 ,elsatia1 etc4 ,! inspector = ,magdeburg gives ! same cause = ! majority ( m>ri$ work+ wom51 b also /ates t "s m>ri$ wom5 mu/ "w because _! husb&s are dissolute & sp5d all _! e>n+s on !mselves4 ,o!rs aga91 x 0 report$1 work$ z a matt] ( habit & because !y _h n be5 tra9$ to be h\sekeep]s4 ,x may be true t ^! causes hold good 9 a m9ority ( cases2 b ! great majority ( ^! wom5 "w because !y mu/4 ,! factory inspector = ,alsace /ates z ! ma9 cause = ga9ful employm5t ( m>ri$ wom5 9 mod]n indu/ry1 ! dem& = *eap labor1 creat$ by ! means ( transportation & by unre/rict$ competition4 ,he fur!rmore /ates t manufactur]s l to employ m>ri$ wom5 because !y are m reliable & /eady4 ,! factory inspector = ,bad51 ,dr4 ,wo]i%(f]1 says3 8,! l[ wages paid to wom5 work]s is ! ma9 cause :y employ]s resort to female labor :]ev] x c be made use (4 ,ample pro( ( ?is ass]tion c be f\nd 9 ! fact1 t wages are l[e/ 9 ^? indu/ries 9 :i* ! greate/ numb] ( wom5 are employ$4 ,z female labor c be employ$ to a great ext5t 9 ^! indu/ries1 x becomes a necessity to ! work+ class families t ! wom5 %\ld seek employm5t40 ,! factory inspector = ,cobl5tz says3 8,wom5 usually are m indu/ri\s & reliable ?an "y girls4 ,"y work+ girls g5]ally h an av]sion aga9/ disagreeable & dirty "w1 :i* is accord+ly left to ! m unassum+ m>ri$ work]s4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 deal]s 9 rags frequ5tly employ m>ri$ wom540 ,t ! wages ( work+ wom5 are l[] ev]y:]e ?an ^? ( work+m51 ev5 = equal "w1 is a well kn[n fact4 ,9 ?is respect ! private employ] does n diff] f ! /ate or community4 ,wom5 employ$ 9 ! railroad & po/al s]vice receive less ?an m5 = ! same k9d ( "w4 ,9 e community wom5 tea*]s receive a l[] sal>y ?an m5 tea*]s4 ,?is may be expla9$ by ! foll[+ causes3 ,wom5 h few] ne$s & are1 above all1 m helpless2 _! e>n+s are 9 _m cases only additional to ! incomes ( fa!rs or husb&s1 ! ma9 support]s ( ! families2 ! "* ( female labor is amateuri%1 tempor>y & accid5tal2 !re is an imm5se res]ve =ce ( female work]s :i* increases _! helplessness2 !re is mu* competition f middle class wom5 9 dressmak+1 mill9]y1 fl[] & pap] goods manufactory1 etc42 wom5 are usually ti$ to _! place ( resid5ce4 ,all ^! causes make ! h\rs ( "w longe/ = wom5 unless !y are protect$ by legislation4 ,9 a report on ! wages ( factory labor]s 9 ,mannheim 9 #ahic ! late ,dr4 ,wo]i%(f] divides ! weekly wages into ?ree classes4#ada ,! l[e/ class comprises weekly wages up to #ae m>ks 7#c4ge71 ! middle class f #ae to #bd m>ks 7#c4ge to #f71 & ! high class above #bd m>ks 7#f74 ,^! wages 7 di/ribut$ among ! work]s z foll[s3 ,l[ class ,middle class ,high class ,all ! work]s #bi4h p] c5t #di4h p] c5t #bj4d p] c5t ,male 8 #bj4i 8 #ef4b 8 #bb4i 8 ,female 8 #ii4b 8 #j4g 8 #j4a 8 ,! majority ( ! work+ wom5 7 paid />vation wages1 z ! foll[+ table %[s3 ,a weekly wage ( less ?an #e m>ks 7#a4be7 0 paid to #d4fb p] c5t 8 f #e to #f 8 7#a4be to #a4ej7 8 8 8 #e4dg 8 8 8 8 #f 8 #h 8 7#a4ej 8 #b4jj7 8 8 8 #dc4if 8 8 8 8 #h 8 #aj 8 7#b4jj 8 #b4ej7 8 8 8 #bg4de 8 8 8 8 #aj 8 #ab 8 7#b4ej 8 #c4jj7 8 8 8 #ab4ch 8 8 8 8 #ab 8 #ae 8 7#c4jj 8 #c4ej7 8 8 8 #e4cj 8 8 8 m ?an #ae 8 7#c4ge7 8 8 8 #j4gd 8 8 ,an inquiry by ! dep>tm5t ( factory inspection ( ,b]l9 %[$ t ! av]age weekly wages ( work+ wom5 0 #aa4cf m>ks 7#b4hb72 #d4c p] c5t4 receiv$ less ?an #f m>ks2 #g4h p] c5t4 #f to #h m>ks2 #bg4f p] c5t4 #ab to #ae m>ks2 #aa4a p] c5t4 #ae to #bj m>ks1 & #a4a p] c5t4 #bj to #cj m>ks4 ,! majority 7#ge4g p] c5t7 e>n f #h to #ae m>ks4 ,9 ,k>lsruhe ! av]age weekly wages ( all work+ wom5 am\nts to #aj4jb m>ks4#adb ,wages are l[e/ 9 ! dome/ic indu/ries = bo? m5 & wom51 b especially = wom51 & ! h\rs ( "w are unlimit$4 ,also dome/ic indu/ry frequ5tly implies ! s-call$ sweat+ sy/em4 ,a sub-contractor di/ributes ! "w among ! work]s & receives = 8 remun]ation a consid]able am\nt ( ! wages paid by ! employ]4 ,h[ wret*$ly female labor is paid 9 ^! sweat$ trades1 may be se5 f ! foll[+ reports on conditions 9 ,b]l94 ,= m5's color$ %irts1 manufactur]s paid f #b to #b m>ks 9 #ahhi4 ,9 #ahic !y obta9$ !m = #a4bj m>k4 ,a seam/ress ( m$ium ability mu/ toil f dawn to d>kness to f9i% f #f to #h %irts daily2 h] weekly wages am\nts to f #d to #e m>ks4 ,an apronmak] e>ns #b to #e m>ks weekly1 a tiemak] #e to #f m>ks1 a skillful %irt-wai/ mak] #f m>ks1 a v skill$ work] on boys' suits #h to #i m>ks1 a work] on coats #e to #f m>ks4 ,an exp]i5c$ seam/ress on f9e m5's %irts c e>n #ab m>ks p] week if ! season is good1 & if %e works f #e o'clock 9 ! morn+ until #aj o'clock at night4 ,mill9]s :o c copy models indep5d5tly e>n #cj m>ks mon?ly2 exp]i5c$ trimm]s :o h be5 work+ at _! trade = ye>s e>n #ej to #fj m>ks p] mon? dur+ ! season4 ,! season la/s five mon?s4 ,an umbrellamak] e>ns #f to #g m>ks weekly ) a twelve-h\r day4 ,su* />vation wages drive work+ girls to pro/itution1 = ev5 ) ! mo/ mode/ requirem5ts no work+ girl c live 9 ,b]l9 = less ?an #i to #aj m>ks p] week4 ,all ^! facts %[ t ! mod]n developm5t ( indu/ry draws away wom5 m & m f ! family & ! home4 ,m>riage & ! family are be+ disrupt$1 & s f ! /&po9t ( ^! facts also x becomes absurd to relegate woman to ! home & ! family4 ,only !y c resort to ?is argum5t :o g ?r\gh life bl9dly & fail to see ! tr5d ( developm5t1 or d n wi% to see x4 ,9 _m bran*es ( indu/ry1 wom5 are employ$ exclusively2 9 a great _m !y con/itute ! majority ( work]s1 & 9 mo/ ( ! rema9+ bran*es wom5 f9d m or less employm5t4 ,! numb] ( work+ wom5 is /eadily gr[+ & new l9es ( activity are con/antly be+ op5$ to !m4 ,by ! enactm5t ( ! ,g]man factory laws ( #ahia ! "w day ( adult wom5 work]s 9 factories 0 limit$ to elev5 h\rs1 b a numb] ( exceptions 7 p]mitt$4 ,night "w = wom5 0 also prohibit$1 b "h too exceptions 7 made = factories t run day & night1 & = manufactures limit$ to c]ta9 seasons4 ,only aft] ! int]national conv5tion at ,b]n on ,septemb] #bf1 #aijf1 det]m9$ on a night's re/ ( elev5 h\rs = factory work]s1 & aft] ,sociali/s = _m ye>s en]getically dem&$ ! prohibition ( night "w = wom5 & ! e/abli%m5t ( an eight-h\r day1 ! gov]nm5t & ! b\rgeois p>ties are yield+ at la/4 ,! law ( ,decemb] #bh1 #aijh1 limits ! h\rs ( "w = wom5 to t5 h\rs daily 9 all factories :]e no less ?an t5 work]s are employ$4 ,on ,saturdays & on days prec$+ holidays ! limit is eight h\rs4 ,wom5 may n be employ$ = eight weeks prior to & aft] _! conf9em5t4 ,_! readmission dep5ds ^u a m$ical c]tificate /at+ t at lea/ six weeks h elaps$ s9ce _! conf9em5t4 ,wom5 may n be employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( coke1 nor = ! c>ry+ ( build+ mat]ials4 ,9 spite ( ! en]getic opposition ( ,sociali/s1 an am5dm5t 0 accept$ t ! controll+ (ficials may p]mit ov]time "w = #ej days annually4 ,especially notewor?y is ! clause :i* con/itutes a fir/ int]f]5ce ) ! exploitation by dome/ic indu/ry4 ,?is clause det]m9es t wom5 & m9ors may n be giv5 "w to take home on days :5 _! h\rs ( "w 9 ! factory h be5 z long z ! law p]mits4 ,reg>dless ( its imp]fections ! new law c]ta9ly means progress comp>$ to ! pres5t /ate ( affairs4 ,b wom5 are n only employ$ 9 gr[+ numb]s 9 ^? occupations t are suit$ to _! inf]ior physical /r5g?1 !y are employ$ :]ev] ! exploit]s c obta9 high] pr(its by _! labor4 ,among su* occupations are difficult & disagreeable z well z dang]\s ones4 ,^! facts gl>+ly contradict t fanta/ic conception ( woman z a weak & t5d] creature1 z describ$ by poets & writ]s ( novels4 ,facts are /ubborn ?+s1 & we are deal+ ) facts only1 s9ce !y prev5t u f draw+ false conclusions & indulg+ 9 s5tim5tal talk4 ,b ^! facts tea* u1 z has be5 previ\sly /at$1 t wom5 are employ$ 9 ! foll[+ indu/ries3 ,! textile trades1 *emical trades1 metallurgy1 pap] indu/ry1 ma*9e manufacture1 wood "w1 manufacture ( articles ( food & luxury1 & m9+ above ! gr\nd4 ,9 ,belgium wom5 ov] #ba are employ$ 9 m9+ und]gr\nd also4 ,!y are fur!rmore employ$ 9 ! wide field ( agriculture1 horticulture1 cattle-bre$+1 & ! num]\s trades connect$ ) ^! occupations1 & 9 ^? v>i\s trades :i* h long s9ce be5 _! specific realm--dressmak+1 mill9]y1 manufacture ( und]we>1 & z salesladies1 cl]ks1 tea*]s1 k9d]g>t5 tea*]s1 writ]s1 arti/s ( all k9ds1 etc4 ,t5s ( ?\s&s ( wom5 ( ! poor] middle class are employ$ 9 /ores & 9 o!r comm]cial positions1 & are !reby almo/ entirely )drawn f h\sekeep+ & f ! c>e ( _! *ildr54 ,la/ly1 "y1 & especially pretty wom51 f9d m & m employm5t z waitresses 9 re/aurants & cafs z *orus girls1 danc]s1 etc41 to ! greate/ detrim5t to _! morals4 ,!y are us$ z bait to attract pleasure-seek+ m54 ,horrible conditions exi/ 9 ^! occupations f :i* ! :ite slave trad]s draw _m ( _! victims4 ,among ! above-nam$ occupations !re are _m dang]\s ones4 ,?us dang] f ! effects ( alkal9e & sulphuric fumes exi/s to a great degree 9 ! manufacture & clean+ ( /raw hats4 ,blea*+ is dang]\s ow+ to ! inhalation ( *loral fumes4 ,!re is dang] ( poison+ 9 ! manufacture ( color$ pap]1 ! color+ ( artificial fl[]s1 ! manufacture ( meta*romatypes1 *emicals & poisons1 ! color+ ( t9 soldi]s & o!r t9 toys1 etc4 ,silv]+ ( mirrors means dea? to ! unborn *ildr5 ( pregnant work]s4 ,9 ,prussia ab\t #bb p] c5t4 ( all infants die dur+ _! fir/ ye> ( life2 b among ! babies ( work+ wom5 employ$ 9 c]ta9 dang]\s occupations we f9d1 z /at$ by ,dr4 ,hirt1 ! foll[+ appall+ dea?-rate3 mirror mak]s1 #fe p] c5t42 glass cutt]s1 #ee p] c5t42 work]s 9 lead1 #dj p] c5t4 ,9 #ahij x 0 report$ t among #gh pregnant wom5 :o _h be5 employ$ 9 ! type f\nd]ies ( ! gov]nm5t di/rict ( ,wiesbad51 only #cg _h normal conf9em5ts4 ,dr4 ,hirt ass]ts t ! foll[+ trades become especially dang]\s to wom5 dur+ ! second half ( _! pregnancy3 ! manufacture ( color$ pap] & fl[]s1 ! f9i%+ ( ,brussels laces ) :ite lead1 ! mak+ ( meta*romatypes 7transf] pictures71 ! silv]+ ( mirrors1 ! rubb] indu/ry1 & all manufactures 9 :i* ! work]s inhale poison\s gases1 su* z c>bonic acid1 c>bonic oxide1 sulphide ( hydrog51 etc4 ,! manufacture ( %oddy & phosphoric mat*es are also dang]\s occupations4 ,! report ( ! factory inspector = ,bad5 %[s1 t ! av]age annual numb] ( premature bir?s among work+ wom5 increas$ f #ajci dur+ ! ye>s #ahhb to #ahhf to #a1bdd dur+ ! ye>s #ahhg to #ahia4 ,! numb] ( bir?s t _h to be prec$$ by an op]ation 7 on an av]age #a1aah f #ahhb to #ahhf1 & #a1che f #ahhg to #ahia4 ,m s]i\s facts ( ?is sort w\ld be reveal$ if simil> inve/igations 7 made ?r\gh\t ,g]many4 ,b g5]ally ! factory inspectors 9 fram+ _! reports cont5t !mselves ) ! rem>k3 8,p>ticul> injuries to wom5 by _! employm5t 9 factories h n be5 obs]v$40 ,h[ c\ld !y obs]ve !m dur+ _! %ort visits & )\t consult+ m$ical op9ion8 ,t fur!rmore !re is great dang] to life & limb1 especially 9 ! textile trades1 ! manufacture ( explosives & "w at agricultural ma*9]y has be5 %[n4 ,moreov] a numb] ( enum]at$ trades are among ! mo/ difficult & /r5u\s1 ev5 = m52 t c be se5 by a glance at ! v incomplete li/4 ,x is v easy to say t ?is or t occupation is unsuit$ to a woman4 ,b :at c %e d if no o!r m suitable occupation is op5 to h]8 ,dr4 ,hirt#adc gives ! foll[+ li/ ( occupations 9 :i* "y girls ought n to be employ$ at all on acc\nt ( ! dang] to _! heal?3 ,manufacture ( bronze colors1 manufacture ( em]y pap]1 mak+ ( /raw hats1 glass cutt+1 li?ograph+1 comb+ flax1 pick+ horse hair1 pluck+ fu/ian1 manufacture ( t9 plate1 manufacture ( %oddy & "w at flax mills4 ,9 ! foll[+ trades "y girls %\ld be employ$ only if prop] protection 7suffici5t v5tilation1 etc47 has be5 provid$3 ,manufacture ( wall pap]1 porcela91 lead p5cils1 lead %ot1 volatile oils1 alum1 prussiate ( pota%1 bromide1 qu99e1 soda1 p>aff9e & ultram>9e 7poison\s71 color$ pap] 7poison\s7 color$ waf]s1 meta*romatypes1 phosphoric mat*es1#add ,p>is gre5 & artificial fl[]s4 ,fur!r occupations on ! li/ are ! cutt+ & assort+ ( rags1 ! assort+ & cutt+ ( tobacco leaves1 assort+ ( hair = bru%es1 clean+ 7) sulphur7 ( /raw hats1 sulphuriz+ ( ,india-rubb]1 reel+ wool & silk1 clean+ b$-fea!rs1 color+ & pr9t+ ( goods1 color+ ( t9 soldi]s1 pack+ ( tobacco leaves1 silv]+ mirrors1 & cutt+ /eel p9s & p5s4 ,x is c]ta9ly no pleasant sight to behold wom51 ev5 pregnant wom51 work+ at ! con/ruction ( railways1 toge!r ) m5 & draw+ heavily load$ c>ts1 or help+ ) ! build+ ( a h\se1 mix+ lime & s]v+ z hod-c>ri]s4 ,su* occupations /rip a woman ( all womanl9ess1 j z1 on ! o!r h&1 _m mod]n occupations deprive m5 ( _! manl9ess4 ,su* are ! results ( social exploitation & social w>f>e4 ,our corrupt$ social conditions turn ! natural ord] upside d[n4 ,x is n surpris+ t work+m5 d n reli% ?is trem5d\s increase ( female labor 9 all bran*es ( indu/ry4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! ext5sion ( ! employm5t ( wom5 9 indu/ry disrupts ! family life ( ! work+ class1 t ! break+ up ( m>riage & ! home are a natural result1 & t x leads to a t]rible increase ( immorality1 deg5]ation1 all k9ds ( disease & infant mortality4 ,accord+ to ! /ati/ics ( ! ,g]man ,empire1 infant mortality has greatly increas$ 9 ^? cities t h become c5t]s ( indu/ry4 ,z a result infant mortality is also height5$ 9 ! rural di/ricts ow+ to ! great] sc>city & increas$ co/ ( milk4 ,9 ,g]many1 infant mortality is greate/ 9 ,upp] ,palat9e1 ,upp] ,bav>ia & ,l[] ,bav>ia1 9 "s localities ( ! gov]nm5t di/ricts ( ,liegnitz & ,breslau & 9 ,*emnitz4 ,9 #aijg ( e #ajj infants ! foll[+ p]c5tage di$ dur+ ! fir/ ye> ( life3 ,/adtamh( 7,upp] ,palat9ate7 #dj4ad p] c5t42 ,p>sb]g 7,upp] ,palat9ate7 #dj4jf2 ,fri$b]g 7,upp] ,bav>ia7 #ci4bh2 ,kelheim 7,l[] ,bav>ia7 #cg4ga2 ,muni* #cg4fc2 ,glau*au 7,saxony7 #cc4dh2 ,wald5burg 7,silesia7 #cb4di2 ,*emnitz1 #cb4di2 ,rei*5ba* 7,silesia71 #cb4ah2 ,annab]g1 #ca4da1 etc4 ,9 ! majority ( l>ge manufactur+ villages conditions 7 /ill worse1 "s ( :i* _h an infant mortality ( f #dj to #ej p] c5t4 ,& yet ?is social developm5t :i* is accompani$ by su* deplorable results means progress4 ,x means progress j z fre$om ( trade1 lib]ty ( *oos+ "o's domicile1 fre$om ( m>riage1 etc41 meant progress1 :]eby capitalism 0 favor$1 b ! middle class 0 doom$4 ,! work+m5 are n incl9$ to support small trades p & me*anics 9 _! attempts aga9 to limit fre$om ( trade & ! lib]ty ( *oos+ "o's domicile & to re9/ate ! limitations ( ! guild sy/em 9 ord] to ma9ta9 indu/ry on a small scale4 ,pa/ conditions _c be reviv$2 t is equally true ( ! alt]$ me?ods ( manufacture & ! alt]$ position ( wom54 ,b t does n preclude ! necessity ( protective legislation to prev5t an unlimit$ exploitation ( female labor & ! employm5t 9 indu/ry ( *ildr5 ( s*ool age4 ,9 ?is respect ! int]e/s ( ! work+ class co9cide ) ! int]e/s ( ! /ate & ! g5]al humane int]e/s ( an advanc$ /age ( civilization4 ,t all p>ties are int]e/$ 9 su* protective measures has frequ5tly be5 %[n dur+ ! la/ decades1 = in/ance1 9 ,g]many 9 #ahic1 :5 an increase ( ! army made x necess>y to r$uce ! requir$ /&>d1 because our indu/rial sy/em _h greatly increas$ ! numb] ( "y m5 :o 7 unfit = milit>y s]vice4#ade ,our f9al aim mu/ be to remove ! disadvantages t h be5 caus$ by ! introduction ( ma*9]y1 ! improvem5t 9 ! means ( production & ! mod]n me?ods ( production1 & s to organize human labor t ! trem5d\s advantages ma*9]y gave to humanity & w cont9ue to give may be enjoy$ by all memb]s ( society4 ,x is prepo/]\s & a cry+ evil t human a*ievem5ts :i* are ! product ( social labor1 %\ld only b5efit ^? :o c acquire !m by means ( _! p[] ( weal?1 :ile ?\s&s ( indu/ri\s work+m5 & wom5 are /rick5 by t]ror & grief :5 !y le>n ( a new labor sav+ device1 :i* may mean to !m t !y h become sup]flu\s & w be ca/ out4#adf ,:at %\ld be joyfully welcom$ by all !reby becomes an object ( hatr$ to "s1 t 9 =m] decades frequ5tly l$ work+m5 to /orm factories & demoli% ! ma*9]y4 ,a simil> ho/ile s5tim5t prevails to "s ext5t at pres5t betwe5 work+ m5 & work+ wom54 ,?is s5tim5t is unnatural4 ,we mu/ !re=e seek to br+ ab\t a /ate ( society 9 :i* all w enjoy equal rights reg>dless ( sex4 ,t w be possible :5 ! means ( production become ! prop]ty ( society1 :5 labor has atta9$ its highe/ degree ( fruitfulness by employ+ all sci5tific & te*nical improvem5ts & advantages1 & :5 all :o are able to "w %all be oblig$ to p]=m a c]ta9 am\nt ( socially necess>y labor1 = :i* society 9 return w provide all ) ! necess>y means = ! developm5t ( _! abilities & ! enjoym5t ( life4 ,woman %all become a useful memb] ( human society enjoy+ full equality ) man4 ,%e %all be giv5 ! same opportunity to develop h] physical & m5tal abilities1 & by p]=m+ duties %e %all be entitl$ to rights4 ,be+ man's free & equal companion no unwor?y dem&s w be made ^u h]4 ,! pres5t developm5t ( society is t5d+ 9 ?is direction1 & ! num]\s & grave evils incid5tal to ?is developm5t necessitate ! introduction ( a new social ord]4 #aci ,employm5t ( m>ri$ wom5 9 factories4 ,compil$ f ! annual reports ( factory inspectors1 = ! ye> #ahii 9 ! ,home ,dep>tm5t4 ,b]l91 #aija4 #adj 8,9 ! c5t]s ( ! weav+ indu/ry ! p]c5tage ( m>ri$ wom5 among factory work]s rises f> above ! av]age #bf p] c5t2 = in/ance1 9 ,saxony-,alt5burg to #ef p] c5t1 & 9 ,reuss to #eh p] c5t40--,r4 ,wilbr&t1 ,! weav]s at ! pres5t "t4 ,j5a1 #aijf4 #ada ,wo]i%(f]--,! social /atus ( factory work]s 9 ,mannheim4 #adb ,m>y ,baum--,?ree classes ( wom5 wage-e>n]s 9 indu/ry & comm]ce ( ! city ,k>lsruhe4 #aijf4 #adc ,indu/rial activity ( wom54 #add ,by an int]national agreem5t betwe5 ,d5m>k1 ,g]many1 ,france1 ,italy1 ! ,ne!rl&s & ,switz]l& on ,sept4 #bf1 #aijf1 ! use ( :ite phosphorus 9 ! manufacture ( mat*es w be =bidd5 f ,janu>y #a1 #aiaa4 ,9 ,g]many ! manufacture ( ^! goods has be5 prohibit$ s9ce ,jan4 #a1 #aijg1 & s9ce ,jan4 #a1 #aijh1 !y may nei!r be sold nor o!rwise di/ribut$4 ,9 ,engl& a simil> law 0 enact$ 9 #aiji4 #ade ,! foll[+ p]c5tage ( m5 exam9$ 7 f\nd fit = milit>y s]vice3 #aijb1 #eh4e2 #aijc1 #eg4a2 #aijd1 #ef4d2 #aije1 #ef4c2 #aijf1 #ee4i2 & #aijg1 #ed4i4 ,! foll[+ p]c5tage _h to be dis*>g$ ow+ to disability aft] !y _h be5 enroll$3 f #ahha to #ahhe1 #b4jg p] c5t2 f #ahia to #ahie1 #b4cj p] c5t2 f #aija to #aije1 #b4dg p] c5t4 ,w4 ,claass5--,! decrease ( milit>y effici5cy 9 ! ,g]man ,empire4 #adf ,9 ,decemb] #ahga1 factory inspector ,a4 ,r$grave deliv]$ a lecture at ,brad=d 9 :i* he said among o!r ?+s3 8,my att5tion has rec5tly be5 call$ to ! *ang$ appe>ance 9 ! wool mills4 ,=m]ly !y 7 full ( wom5 & *ildr52 n[ ! ma*9es seem to d all ! "w4 ,^u my inquiry a manufactur] gave me ! foll[+ in=mation3 #8"u ! old sy/em ,i employ$ #fc p]sons2 aft] ! introduction ( improv$ ma*9]y ,i r$uc$ my h&s to #cc2 & rec5tly1 z a result ( fur!r great improvem5ts1 ,i 0 able to r$uce !m f #cc to #ac'40 ,)9 a few ye>s !n ! numb] ( work]s 0 r$uc$ by almo/ #hj p] c5t :ile ! same am\nt ( goods 7 produc$4--,fur!r int]e/+ in=mation on ?is subject may be f\nd 9 ,capital by ,k>l ,m>x4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,! ,/ruggle ( ,wom5 = ,education4 #a4--,! ,revolution 9 ,dome/ic ,life4 ,al?\gh ! *ange 9 ! position ( wom5 is obvi\s to all :o g ?r\gh life ) op5 eyes1 we /ill cont9ue to he> ! idle talk t ! home & ! family are woman's natural sph]e4 ,?is cry is mo/ l\dly rais$ :]ev] wom5 attempt to ent] ! le>n$ pr(essions to become tea*]s at high] in/itutions ( le>n+1 physicians1 lawy]s1 sci5ti/s1 etc4 ,! mo/ ridicul\s objections are resort$ to & def5d$ 9 ! guise ( sci5tific argum5ts4 ,9 ?is respect1 z 9 _m o!rs1 suppos$ly le>n$ m5 base _! argum5ts on sci5ce to def5d :at is mo/ ridicul\s & absurd4 ,_! ma9 objection is1 t wom5 are intellectually inf]ior to m52 t 9 ! realm ( intellectual activity !y _c atta9 any notewor?y a*ievem5ts4 ,mo/ m5 are s prejudic$ 9 reg>d to ! pr(essional abilities ( wom51 t :oev] resorts to argum5ts ( ?is sort is sure to meet ) approval4 ,z long z ! g5]al /atus ( culture & k is z l[ z at pres5t1 new ideas w always be met ) rigor\s opposition1 especially :5 x is 9 ! int]e/ ( ! rul+ classes to limit culture & k to _! own /rata4 ,!re=e new ideas are at fir/ upheld only by a small m9ority1 & ?is small gr\p is subject$ to ridicule1 sl&] & p]secution4 ,b if ! new ideas are good & rational1 if !y h sprung up z a natural consequ5ce ( exi/+ conditions1 !y w be dissem9at$1 & ! m9ority w ev5tually become ! majority4 ,x 0 ?us ) e new idea 9 ! c\rse ( human hi/ory1 & ! idea ( obta9+ woman's true & complete emancipation w meet ) ! same success4 ,7 n ! believ]s 9 ,*ri/ian fai? at "o "t a small m9ority8 ,0 ! re=mation n u%]$ 9 by a small & p]secut$ gr\p8 ,did n ! mod]n b\rgeoisie cont5d ) ov]:elm+ly p[]ful oppon5ts8 ,nev]!less !y 7 victori\s4 ,or 0 ,socialism de/roy$ 9 ,g]many by twelve ye>s ( p]secution by exceptional laws8 ,! victory ( ,socialism 0 nev] m c]ta9 ?an :5 x 0 ?\ght to be de/roy$4 ,! ass]tion t h\sekeep+ & *ild-re>+ is woman's natural sph]e is z intellig5t z ! ass]tion t !re mu/ always be k+s1 because !re h be5 k+s z long z !re has be5 a hi/ory4 ,we d n "k h[ ! fir/ k+ orig9at$1 j z we d n "k :]e ! fir/ capitali/ appe>$4 ,b we d "k t mon>*y has be5 greatly trans=m$ 9 ! c\rse ( ?\s&s ( ye>s1 t x is ! t5d5cy ( evolution to dim9i% ! p[] ( k+s m & m & t ! "t w come--& t "t is n f> di/ant--:5 k+s w be q sup]flu\s4 ,j z mon>*y1 s e in/itution ( /ate & society is subject$ to *anges & trans=mations & ultimate de/ruction4 ,9 ! hi/orical expositions ( ?is book we h se51 t ! pres5t =m ( m>riage & ! position ( woman h by no means always be5 :at !y are to-day4 ,we h se5 t bo? are ! product ( an hi/orical l9e ( developm5t t is /ill 9 progress4 ,ab\t #b1cej ye>s ago ,demo/h5es c\ld ass]t t woman _h no o!r vocation b to give bir? to legitimate *ildr5 & to fai?fully gu>d ! h\se4 ,to-day ?is conception has be5 ov]come4 ,no "o c\ld d>e to def5d ?is /&po9t to-day )\t be+ accus$ ( contempt ( wom54 ,inde$ !re are "s ev5 to-day :o secretly %>e ! view ( ! anci5t ,a!nian1 b no "o w\ld d>e to express publicly :at "o ( ! =emo/ m5 ( anci5t ,greece ass]t$ freely & op5ly z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,h]e9 lies ! progress4 ,n[1 al?\gh mod]n developm5t has und]m9$ millions ( m>riages1 x has on ! o!r h& influ5c$ ! evolution ( m>riage favorably4 ,only a few decades ago x 0 a matt] ( fact 9 e citiz5's & peasant's home1 t wom5 n only sew$1 knitt$1 wa%$1 cook$1 etc41 b t !y also bak$ ! bread1 spun & weav$1 & blea*$1 brew$ be] & manufactur$ tall[ c&les & soap4 ,runn+ wat]1 light+ & heat+ by gas--n to speak ( electricity--besides num]\s o!r mod]n h\sefurni%+s 7 unkn[n 9 ^? days4 ,antiquat$ conditions p]si/ ev5 to-day1 b !y are exceptions4 ,! majority ( wom5 are reliev$ f _m occupations t 7 inevitable =m]ly1 because _m ?+s c be made bett] & *eap] indu/rially ?an by ! individual h\sewife4 ,?us1 )9 a few decades a great revolution has tak5 place 9 our dome/ic life to :i* we pay s little he$1 only because we take x = grant$4 ,p d n notice trans=mations ev5 :5 !y take place "u _! v eyes z long z !y are n sudd5 & di/urb ! accu/om$ ord]1 b !y res5t new ideas t ?reat5 to int]f]e ) _! tread+ ( ! beat5 pa?4 ,?is revolution 9 our dome/ic life t is /ill go+ on1 has consid]ably *ang$ ! position ( woman 9 ! family 9 /ill ano!r respect4 ,our gr&mo!r c\ld n & w\ld n ?9k ( visit+ !atres1 conc]ts & places ( amusem5t ev5 on week days4 ,nor w\ld any woman 9 ! good old days h d>$ to bo!r ab\t public affairs z s _m d to-day4 ,at pres5t wom5 organize & jo9 clubs pursu+ ! mo/ v>i$1 aims1 !y f\nd newspap]s1 subscribe to !m & edit !m & hold conv5tions4 ,z work+ wom5 !y organize indu/rially & att5d ! m5's meet+s4 ,9 "s localities ( ,g]many !y ev5 possess$ ! "r to elect memb]s to c\rts ( trade1 b ( ?is "r ! reaction>y majority 9 ! diet depriv$ !m aga9 9 ! ye> ( ! ,"l1 #ahij4 ,al?\gh ^! alt]$ conditions h _! d>k sides too1 ! bright sides pr$om9ate1 & n ev5 any reaction>y w\ld wi% to aboli% !m aga94 ,! wom5 !mselves1 reg>dless ( ! cons]vative "* ( mo/ ( !m1 h no incl9ation ei!r to return to ! old1 patri>*al conditions4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 society is organiz$ along b\rgeois l9es also1 b x is n burd5$ ) old ,european prejudices & antiquat$ in/itutions1 & is !re=e mu* m incl9$ to adopt new in/itutions & ideas if !y hold promise ( advantage4 ,!re1 s9ce q "s "t1 ! position ( woman is reg>d$ diff]5tly ?an 9 ,europe4 ,among weal?y circles wom5 h be5 reliev$ n only ( bak+ & brew+1 b ( cook+ z well1 & ! "o kit*5 ( an ap>tm5t hotel replaces _m individual kit*5s4 ,our army (fic]s1 :o are no ,sociali/s or ,communi/s1 h a simil> me?od4 ,9 _! cas9os !y =m a sort ( h\sekeep+ community1 appo9t a manag]1 ^: bus9ess x is to pur*ase ! food :olesale1 & to draw up ! m5us1 & ! food is cook$ by /eam 9 ! kit*5 ( ! b>racks4 ,!y live f> m *eaply ?an !y c\ld 9 a hotel1 & _! food is at lea/ z good4 ,?\s&s ( weal?y families live 9 bo>d+ h\ses or hotels all ye> or "p ( ! ye> )\t miss+ _! dome/ic cook+4 ,!y1 on ! contr>y1 reg>d x z a great com=t to be reliev$ ( ! private kit*54 ,! g5]al av]sion ( ri* & weal?y wom5 aga9/ kit*5 "w does n seem to signify t ?is occupation is a "p ( woman's 8natural sph]e40 ,inde$1 ! fact t ri* families & l>ge hotels employ male cooks makes x appe> z if cook+ 7 man's "w4 ,let ^! facts be not$ by m5 :o _c conceive woman except surr\nd$ by pots & pans4 ,no?+ c\ld be simpl] ?an to comb9e a c5tral laundry ) a c5tral kit*5--z has already be5 done 9 all l>ge cities by weal?y private resid5ts or speculators--& to make ! in/itution g5]al4 ,) ! c5tral kit*51 c5tral heat+1 hot wat] supply1 etc41 might be connect$1 & mu* tr\blesome "w entail+ a great wa/e ( "t & ef=t w\ld be aboli%$4 ,l>ge hotels1 _m private h\ses1 hospitals1 s*ools1 b>racks & o!r public build+s h ^! & o!r mod]n improvem5ts1 z electric light1 ba?+ e/abli%m5ts1 etc4 ,! mi/ake is t only public in/itutions & weal?y p]sons pr(it by ^! improvem5ts4 ,if made accessible to all1 !y w\ld save a trem5d\s am\nt ( "t1 ef=t1 labor & exp5se1 & w\ld consid]ably height5 ! g5]al well be+4 ,9 ! summ] ( #ahij ,g]man newspap]s publi%$ reports ( progress be+ made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 reg>d to c5tral heat+ & v5tilation4 ,9 ^! reports1 among o!r ?+s1 ! foll[+ 0 /at$3 8,exp]im5ts t h rec5tly be5 made1 especially 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 to heat entire blocks or portions ( a city f "o c5trally locat$ place1 h be5 successful 9 no small degree4 ,! con/ruction has be5 s c>efully plann$ & s practically appli$1 t ! favorable results & f9ancial advantages w und\bt$ly lead to an ext5sion ( ?is sy/em4 ,rec5tly fur!r exp]im5ts h be5 made to provide n only ! heat+ b also ! v5tilation ( entire di/ricts f c5trally locat$ places40 ,_m ( ^! contemplat$ improvem5ts h s9ce be5 realiz$ & fur!r improv$4 ,n>r[-m9d$ phili/9es %rug _! %\ld]s :5 su* & simil> plans are discuss$2 & yet 9 ,g]many1 too1 we are 9 ! mid/ ( a new indu/rial revolution1 :]eby ! individual kit*5 & o!r h\sework w become z sup]flu\s z labor by manual tools became sup]flu\s by ! introduction ( mod]n ma*9]y4 ,z late z ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ev5 a ,napoleon c\ld d]ide z a crazy idea ! project ( mov+ a vessel by /eam4 ,p :o 7 consid]$ intellig5t1 reg>d$ ! plan ( build+ a railroad z an absurdity2 !y claim$ t no "o c\ld live 9 a vehicle travell+ at su* high spe$4 ,9 ! same mann] _m new ideas are dealt ) to-day4 ,if "s "o _h told our wom5 a c5tury ago t !y %\ld get _! wat] f a faucet 9 ! kit*5 in/ead ( draw+ x f ! well1 he w\ld h be5 accus$ ( seek+ to enc\rage laz9ess 9 h\sewives & s]vants4 ,b ! great te*nical revolution along all l9es is 9 full sw+4 ,no?+ c /ay its progress4 ,x is ! hi/orical mission ( b\rgeois society t has u%]$ 9 ?is revolution1 to lead x to its climax1 & ev]y:]e to br+ to light ! g]ms ( trans=mation1 :i* a society organiz$ on a new basis w m]ely ne$ to g5]alize & to make ! common prop]ty ( all4 ,! developm5t ( our social life does n t5d to lead woman back to ! home & he>?1 a /ate t fanatics on dome/icity desire1 & = :i* !y clamor z ! ,jews 9 ! des]t clamor$ = ! lo/ fle%-pots ( ,egypt4 ,x dem&s ! release ( woman f h] n>r[ sph]e ( dome/ic life1 & h] full p>ticipation 9 public life & ! missions ( civilization4 ,laveleye is "r :5 he says#adg3 8,) ! gr[? ( :at we call civilization1 ! feel+s ( piety t[>d family life decrease & its bonds become loos] & h less influ5ce on ! actions ( m54 ,?is fact is s g5]al t x may be reg>d$ z a law ( social developm5t40 ,n only has ! position ( woman 9 ! family *ang$1 b also ! position ( son & daught] 9 _! relation to ! family4 ,!y h gradually obta9$ a degree ( indep5d5ce t 0 unhe>d ( =m]ly4 ,?is is especially s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e "y p]sons are educat$ to become self-reliant & indep5d5t to a f> great] ext5t ?an 9 ,europe4 ,! d>k sides t are incid5tal to ?is =m ( developm5t also are n necess>ily connect$ ) x1 b are root$ 9 ! social conditions ( our "t4 ,b\rgeois society does n produce any new & pleas+ ph5om5a t d n h a d>k side z well4 ,z ,f\ri] already po9t$ out ) mu* p]spicacity1 all its progress is d\ble-edg$4 ,l ,laveleye1 ,dr4 ,s*aeffle also recognizes ! *ang$ nature ( ! mod]n family z a result ( social developm5t4 ,he says3#adh 8,?ru\t hi/ory we f9d ! t5d5cy ( ! family to return to its specific functions4 ,! family ab&ons "o provisionally & tempor>ily ma9ta9$ function aft] ano!r &1 inasmu* z x only fill$ out ! gaps 9 social functions1 x yields to ! indep5d5t in/itutions ( law1 ord]1 p[]1 div9e s]vice1 tea*+1 indu/ry1 etc41 z soon z su* in/itutions are develop$40 #adg ,orig9al ,prop]ty4 ,*ap4 ,,xx1 ,h\sehold ,community4 ,leipsic1 #ahgi4 #adh ,/ructure & ,life ( ! ,body ,social4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,tueb+51 #ahgh4 #b4--,! ,intellectual ,abilities ( ,wom54 ,wom5 are advanc+1 ?o at pres5t only a small m9ority /rives to advance1 & ( ^! aga9 only a few are fully consci\s ( _! aims4 ,!y n only wi% to measure _! /r5g? ) t ( m5 indu/rially & comm]cially1 !y n only wi% to hold a m indep5d5t position 9 ! family1 !y also wi% to employ _! intellectual abilities 9 high] positions & 9 public life4 ,!y are met "t & aga9 ) ! argum5t t !y are unfit by nature = intellectual occupations4 ,! "q ( ! practice ( le>n$ pr(essions only conc]ns a small numb] ( wom5 9 pres5t-day society1 b x is important z a matt] ( pr9ciple4 ,! majority ( m5 s]i\sly believe t wom5 mu/ rema9 subject$ to !m intellectually also & t !y h no "r to seek equality2 !re=e !y are vehem5tly oppos$ to ! intellectual ambitions ( wom54 ,! same m5 :o d n object to wom5 be+ employ$ 9 difficult & dang]\s occupations t ?reat5 _! womanl9ess & injure _! mat]nity1 w\ld b> !m f pr(essions t are f> less difficult & dang]\s & f> bett] suit$ to _! physical abilities4 ,9 ,g]many1 ! lively agitation = ! admission ( wom5 to univ]sities1 has call$ =? a great numb] ( oppon5ts :o especially oppose ! admission ( wom5 to ! /udy ( m$ic9e4 ,among ^! are ,po*hamm]1 ,fehl+1 ,b9d]1 ,heg>1 & o!rs4 ,j4 ,be]5ba* seeks to prove t wom5 are n qualifi$ = sci5tific /udy1 by po9t+ out t no g5ius _h z yet sprung up among wom54 ,?is argum5t is nei!r valid nor conv9c+4 ,g5iuses d n drop f ! sky2 !y mu/ h an opportunity = developm5t1 & su* opportunity wom5 h be5 lack+1 = s9ce ?\s&s ( ye>s !y h be5 oppress$ & depriv$ ( opportunity = intellectual developm5t1 & !reby _! m5tal abilities h become atrophi$4 ,a consid]able numb] ( di/+ui%$ wom5 exi/ ev5 to-day1 & if "o d5ies ! exi/5ce ( pot5tial g5iuses among !m1 t is z f> f be+ true z ! belief t !re 7 no m g5iuses among m5 ?an ^? t 7 recogniz$ z su*4 ,e c\ntry s*ooltea*] kn[s h[ _m able m9ds among 8 pupils are nev] develop$ because !y lack opportunity = developm5t4 ,inde$ we all h 9 our day met p]sons 9 :om we recogniz$ r>e ability & :o1 we felt1 w\ld h become a cr$it to ! community1 if circum/ances _h be5 m favorable to !m4 ,! numb] ( tal5ts & g5iuses among m5 is f> great] ?an c\ld be reveal$ until n[4 ,! same is true ( ! abilities ( wom5 t h = ?\s&s ( ye>s be5 f> m hamp]$1 repress$ & cramp$ ?an ^? ( m54 ,we h no /&>d :]eby we c measure ! am\nt ( intellectual /r5g? & ability among m5 & wom51 t w\ld unfold if !y c\ld develop "u natural conditions4 ,to-day x is 9 human life z 9 plant life4 ,millions ( preci\s se$s nev] a*ieve developm5t because ! gr\nd on :i* !y are ca/ is unf]tile or is already occupi$1 & ! "y plant is ?us depriv$ ( air1 light & n\ri%m5t4 ,! same laws t apply to nature apply to human life4 ,if a g>d5] or f>m] w\ld claim t a plant c\ld n be p]fect$ )\t hav+ made an attempt to p]fect x1 8 m enlight5$ neighbors w\ld consid] him a fool4 ,!y w\ld hold ! same op9ion ( him if he w\ld refuse to int]bre$ "o ( 8 female dome/ic animals ) a male ( m p]fect bre$ to obta9 m p]fect /ock4 ,!re is no peasant to-day :o is s ignorant n to recognize ! advantage ( a rational treatm5t ( 8 vegetables1 fruit1 & cattle2 :e!r 8 means all[ ! application ( advanc$ me?ods is ano!r "q4 ,only 9 reg>d to humanity ev5 educat$ p w n admit :at !y reg>d z an irrefutable law ) ! re/ ( ! organic _w4 ,yet "o ne$ n be a sci5ti/ to d]ive in/ructive obs]vations f life4 ,h[ is x t peasant *ildr5 diff] f city *ildr58 ,h[ is x t *ildr5 ( ! weal?i] classes are1 z a rule1 di/+ui%able f ! *ildr5 ( ! poor by facial & bodily traits & by m5tal qualities8 ,x is due to ! diff]5ce 9 _! conditions ( liv+ & education4 ,! "o-sid$ness ( tra9+ = a c]ta9 pr(ession leaves its p>ticul> impr9t ^u a p]son4 ,z a rule a m9i/] or a s*ool tea*] c easily be recogniz$ by 8 be>+ & ! expression ( 8 face1 z also a milit>y man1 ev5 9 pla9 clo!s4 ,a cobbl] is easily di/+ui%$ f a tailor1 a c>p5t] f a locksmi?4 ,tw9 bro!rs :o greatly resembl$ ea* o!r 9 _! y\?1 w %[ m>k$ diff]5ces 9 a m advanc$ age if _! occupations h be5 v diff]5t f "o ano!r2 if1 = in/ance1 "o is a manual labor]1 say a blacksmi?1 & ! o!r has /udi$ philosophy4 ,h]$ity on ! "o h& & adaptation on ! o!r1 are decisive factors 9 human developm5t z well z 9 ! animal k+dom1 & man1 moreov]1 is ! mo/ adaptive ( all creatures4 ,sometimes a few ye>s ( a diff]5t mode ( life & a diff]5t occupation suffice to alt] a p]son completely4 ,ext]nal *anges are nev] m cle>ly se5 ?an :5 a p]son is transplant$ f poor & n>r[ circum/ances to greatly improv$ ones4 ,8 pa/ c p]haps be disav[$ lea/ 9 8 m5tal culture4 ,:5 p h atta9$ a c]ta9 age1 !y frequ5tly h no ambition = intellectual improvem5t1 & (t5 !y d n ne$ x ei!r4 ,a p>v5u r>ely suff]s f ?is %ortcom+4 ,9 our day money is ! *ief asset1 & p b[ f> m readily be=e ! man ) a great =tune ?an be=e ! man ( k & great intellectual abilities1 especially if x is 8 ill =tune to be poor4 ,! wor%ip ( ,mammon 0 nev] great] ?an 9 our day4 ,yet we are liv+ 9 ! 8be/ ( worlds40 ,our indu/rial di/ricts furni% a /rik+ example ( ! influ5ce ( decid$ly diff]5t conditions ( life & education4 ,ev5 ext]nally1 work]s & capitali/s diff] to su* an ext5t z if !y 7 memb]s ( two diff]5t races4 ,^! diff]5ces 7 br\ght home to u 9 an almo/ />tl+ mann] at ! occasion ( a campaign meet+ dur+ ! w9t] ( #ahgg 9 an indu/rial t[n ( ,saxony4 ,! meet+1 9 :i* a discussion ) a lib]al pr(essor 0 to take place1 _h be5 s arrang$ t an equal numb] ( bo? p>ties 7 pres5t4 ,! front ( ! hall 0 occupi$ by our oppon5ts1 almo/ )\t exception heal?y1 /rong1 & "s /ately figures4 ,9 ! re> ( ! hall & on ! gall]ies 7 ! work+m5 & small trad]s1 n9e-t5?s ( !m weav]s1 mo/ly small1 n>r[-*e/$1 holl[-*eek$ figures ^: faces bore ! impr9ts ( c>e & ne$4 ,! "o gr\p repres5t$ ! well-f$ virtue & morality ( ! b\rgeois _w1 ! o!r repres5t$ ! work]--bees & bea/s ( burd5 on ^: labor ! g5tlem5 wax$ /rong4 ,if "o g5]ation 7 re>$ "u equally favorable conditions ( life ! diff]5ces w\ld be greatly decreas$ & w\ld q disappe> among _! prog5y4 ,x is usually m difficult to det]m9e ! social position among wom5 ?an among m54 ,!y easily accu/om !mselves to alt]$ conditions & readily adopt m ref9$ habits ( life4 ,_! adaptability is great] ?an t ( ! m clumsy man4 ,:at good soil1 air & light are to ! plant1 t to man are heal?ful social conditions1 :i* enable him to develop 8 physical & m5tal qualities4 ,! say+ t 8man is :at he eats0 expresses a simil> ?\ght some:at too n>r[ly4 ,n only :at a man eats1 b 8 entire /&>d ( life & 8 social environm5t advance or hamp] 8 physical & m5tal developm5t1 & influ5ce 8 feel+s1 8 ?\ghts & 8 actions favorably or unfavorably1 z ! case may be4 ,we see e day t p]sons liv+ 9 good f9ancial circum/ances g to ru9 m5tally & morally1 because outside ( ! n>r[ sph]e ( _! dome/ic & p]sonal relations1 unfavorable influ5ces1 social 9 "*1 7 br\ght to be> ^u !m & ga9$ su* control ov] !m t !y 7 driv5 into evil ways4 ,! social conditions "u :i* we live are ev5 m important ?an ! conditions ( family life4 ,b :5 ! social conditions ( developm5t w be ! same = bo? sexes1 :5 !re w be no re/riction = ei!r1 & :5 ! g5]al /ate ( society w be a heal?ful "o1 woman w rise to a height ( p]fection t we c h>dly conceive to-day1 because until n[ no su* conditions h exi/$ 9 human evolution4 ,! a*ievem5ts ( individual wom5 ju/ify our highe/ expectations1 = ^! t[] above ! mass ( _! sex j z male g5iuses t[] above ! mass ( m54 ,if we apply ! /&>d ( rul]%ip1 = in/ance1 we f9d t wom5 h %[n ev5 great] tal5t = rul+ ?an m54 ,to m5tion j a few examples3 ,!re 7 ,isabella & ,blan*e ( ,ca/ilia1 ,elizabe? ( ,hung>y1 ,ka!r9e ,s=za1 ,c\ntess ( ,milan & ,imola1 ,elizabe? ( ,engl&1 ,ka!r9e ( ,russia1 ,m>ia ,!resa1 & o!rs4 ,bas+ 8 ass]tion on ! fact t wom5 h rul$ well among all nations & 9 all p>ts ( ! globe1 ev5 ov] ! wilde/ & mo/ turbul5t hordes1 ,burba* is l$ to rem>k t accord+ to all probability wom5 w\ld be bett] qualifi$ = politics ?an m5#adi4 ,:5 9 #aija ,que5 ,victoria ( ,engl& di$1 a l>ge ,engli% newspap] made ! sugge/ion to introduce female succession exclusively 9 ,engl&1 because ! hi/ory ( ,engl& %[$ t its que5s rul$ bett] ?an its k+s4 ,_m a great man ( hi/ory w\ld %rivel consid]ably if we always knew h[ mu* 0 due to 8 own ef=ts & h[ mu* he ow$ to o!rs4 ,z "o ( ! greate/ g5iuses ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 ,g]man hi/orians reg>d ,c\nt ,mirabeau4 ,yet rese>* has reveal$ ! fact1 t he ow$ ! prep>ation ( almo/ all 8 spee*es to ! will+ assi/ance ( a few le>n$ m5 :o work$ = him secretly & ^: labor he skillfully made use (4 ,on ! o!r h&1 wom5 l ,sappho1 ,diotima1 at ! "t ( ,socrates1 ,hypatia ( ,alex&ria1 ,madame ,rol&1 ,m>y ,woll/onecraft1 ,olympe de ,g\ges1 ,madame de ,/al1 ,george ,s&1 & o!rs1 m]it our highe/ admiration4 ,_m a male /> pales beside !m4 ,! influ5ce ( wom5 z mo!rs ( great m5 is also well kn[n4 ,wom5 h accompli%$ z mu* z !y c\ld accompli% "u exce$+ly unfavorable circum/ances1 & t entitles u to great expectations = ! future4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 wom5 7 admitt$ to competition ) m5 9 v>i\s realms ( activity only dur+ ! second half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! results obta9$ are v satisfactory4 ,b ev5 %\ld we take = grant$ t wom51 z a rule1 are n z capable ( developm5t z m51 t !re are no g5iuses & philosoph]s among !m1 we are nev]!less l$ to ask :e!r ?is factor 0 consid]$ among m5 :5 !y1 accord+ to ! word+ ( ! laws1 7 giv5 complete equality ) ! g5iuses & philosoph]s4 ,! le>n$ m5 :o d5y ! intellectual ability ( wom51 are incl9$ to d ! same 9 ! case ( work+m54 ,:5 p]sons ( nobility pride !mselves on _! 8blue0 blood & _! p$igree1 !y smile & contemptu\sly %rug _! %\ld]s2 b 9 ! pres5ce ( ! man ( l[ly bir? !y consid] !mselves an ari/ocracy t h a*iev$ _! favor$ position1 n ?r\gh _! m advantage\s circum/ances1 b only by _! own peculi> tal5ts4 ,! same m51 :o are unprejudic$ 9 "o respect & h a poor op9ion ( p]sons :o are n z lib]al-m9d$ z !y1 become incr$ibly n>r[-m9d$ & fanatical :5 _! class int]e/s or p]sonal conceit are involv$4 ,m5 ( ! upp] classes judge m5 ( ! l[] classes unfavorably1 & 9 ! same way almo/ all m5 judge wom5 unfavorably4 ,! majority ( m5 reg>d wom5 only z a means to _! com=t & enjoym5t4 ,to reg>d !m z be+s end[$ ) equal rights is repugnant to _! prejudic$ m9ds4 ,woman %\ld be mode/ & submissive2 %e %\ld conf9e h] int]e/s to ! home1 & leave all o!r doma9s to ! 8lords ( creation40 ,woman %\ld *eck e ?\ght & incl9ation1 & wait pati5tly = :at h] e>?ly provid5ce1 fa!r or husb&1 may decide4 ,if %e lives up to ?is /&>d %e is prais$ = h] good s5se1 mode/y & virtue1 ev5 ?o %e may break d[n "u ! burd5 ( physical & moral suff]+4 ,b if we speak ( ! equality ( all human be+s1 x is prepo/]\s to wi% to exclude half ( humanity4 ,woman has ! same "r z man to develop h] abilities & to employ !m freely4 ,%e is a human be+ z well z man & %\ld h ! fre$om ( dispos+ ( h] own body & m9d & be h] own ma/]4 ,! *ance ( hav+ be5 born a woman1 mu/ n affect h] human rights4 ,to exclude woman f equal rights because %e has be5 born a woman & n a man--a fact ( :i* bo? man & woman are innoc5t--is z unfair1 z to make rights & privileges dep5d ^u religi\s or political op9ion2 & x is z irrational z ! belief t two p]sons are innate enemies because1 by ! *ance ( bir?1 !y belong to diff]5t races or nationalities4 ,su* views are unwor?y ( a free human be+4 ,progress ( humanity consi/s 9 remov+ :atev] keeps "o human be+1 "o class or "o sex 9 slav]y & dep5d5ce ^u ano!r4 ,no diff]5ce is ju/ifi$ except ^? diff]5ces e/abli%$ by nature to fulfill its purpose4 ,b no sex w ov]/ep ! natural limits1 because x w\ld !reby de/roy its own purpose 9 nature4 #adi ,dr4 ,havelock ,ellis4--,man & ,woman4 #c4--;,diff]5ces 9 ,physical & ,m5tal ,qualities ( ,man & ,woman4 ,"o ( ! *ief argum5ts ( ! oppon5ts ( equal rights is1 t woman has a small] bra9 ?an man & is less develop$ 9 o!r respects1 & t !re=e h] la/+ inf]iority is prov54 ,x is c]ta9 t man & woman are two human be+s ( diff]5t sex1 t ea* has diff]5t organs adapt$ to ! sexual purpose1 & t1 ow+ to ! fulfillm5t ( ! sexual function1 a numb] ( diff]5ces 9 _! physiological & psy*ological conditions exi/4 ,^! are facts t no "o c nor w d5y2 b !y d n furni% any cause = social or political inequality betwe5 man & woman4 ,humanity & society consi/ ( bo? sexes2 bo? are indisp5sable to _! ma9t5ance & developm5t4 ,ev5 ! greate/ man 0 born by a "m to :om he may owe 8 be/ qualities & abilities4 ,by :at "r1 !n1 c woman be d5i$ equality ) man8 ,accord+ to ! op9ion ( em95t au?orities1 ! mo/ m>k$ diff]5ces 9 physical & m5tal qualities betwe5 man & woman are ! foll[+3 ,9 reg>d to /ature1 ,havelock ,ellis consid]s #agj c5timet]s ! av]age height = m5 & #afj c5timet]s = wom54 ,accord+ to ,vi]ordt1 x is #agb & #afj1 & 9 nor!rn ,g]many1 accord+ to ,krause1 #agc & #afc c5timet]s4 ,! proportion ( man's /ature to woman's is z #ajj to #ic4 ,! av]age weight ( adult p]sons is #fe kilograms = m5 & #ed = wom54 ,! great] l5g? ( ! trunk 9 a woman's body is a well-kn[n diff]5ce2 yet ?is diff]5ce is n z great z has be5 g5]ally assum$1 z c>eful measurem5ts h %[n4 ,! legs ( a woman ( m$ium size are only by #ae millimet]s %ort] ?an ^? ( a man ( m$ium size1 & ,pfitzn] d\bts t ?is diff]5ce is noticeable4 8,! diff]5ces 9 ! l5g?s ( body & legs are influ5c$ by ! /ature1 & are indep5d5t ( sex40 ,b ! female arm is decid$ly %ort] ?an ! male arm 7z #ajj to #ia4e74 ,! male h& is broad] & l>g] ?an ! female h&1 & ) m5 ! r+-f+] is usually long] ?an ! index1 :ile ! opposite is ! case ) wom54 ,by ?is ! male h& becomes m ape-l1 z ! long arm also is a pi!coid 7ape-l7 *>act]i/ic4 ,9 reg>d to ! size ( ! head1 ! proportion ( ! absolute height ( male & female heads may be set d[n z #ajj to #id4 ,b ! relative sizes 79 proportion to ! size ( ! body7 are #ajj to #ajj4h4 ,s actually woman's head is some:at small]1 b 9 proportion to ! size ( h] body1 x is some:at l>g] ?an man's4 ,! bones ( woman are small]1 f9]1 & m delicate 9 =m & h a smoo!r surface1 = ! weak] muscles require less r\gh surface to fa/5 ^u4 ,! weak] muscul> developm5t is "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ *>act]i/ics ( woman4 ,ea* sep>ate muscle ( a woman's body is f9]1 s(t]1 & conta9s m wat]4 7,accord+ to v4 ,bibra ! quantity ( wat] conta9$ 9 ! muscles is #gb4e p] c5t4 ) man1 & #gd4d p] c5t4 ) woman47 ,9 reg>d to ! adipose membrane ! opposite proportion exi/s2 x is mu* m amply develop$ ) woman ?an ) man4 ,! *e/ is relatively %ort] & n>r[]4 ,o!r diff]5ces are directly connect$ ) ! sexual purpose4 ,! /atem5ts ( v>i\s au?ors 9 reg>d to relative & absolute weight ( ! inte/9es1 are v contradictory4 ,accord+ to ,vi]ordt ! proportion ( ! weight ( ! he>t to ! weight ( ! body is z #a to #bae ) m51 & z #a to #bjf ) wom54 ,accord+ to ,cl5d9n+ x is z #a to #aeh & z #a to #adi4 ,tak5 all 9 all1 we may assume t ! female inte/9es are absolutely small]1 b relatively1 9 proportion to ! weight ( ! body1 heavi] ?an ! male4 ,! blood ( wom5 %[s a l>g] p]c5tage ( wat]1 a small] quantity ( blood-globules1 & a small] quantity ( hema*rome4 ,) woman ! small] size ( ! he>t1 ! n>r[] vascul> sy/em1 & probably also ! l>g] p]c5tage ( wat] 9 ! blood1 cause a less int5se assimilation ( matt] & an inf]ior nutrition4 ,?is may also acc\nt = ! weak] jaws4 8,x may ?us be expla9$ t ev5 civiliz$ man 9 _m respects is m closely connect$ ) ! animal _w1 especially ! ape1 ?an woman1 t he possesses pi!coid traits :i* may be se5 9 ! %ape ( ! skull & ! l5g? ( ! limbs40 ,9 reg>d to ! diff]5ces ( ! skull ( bo? sexes1 let x be /at$ t1 accord+ to ,b>tels1 !re is no absolute indication :]eby we c\ld det]m9e :e!r a skull belong$ to a male or female p]son4 ,absolute comp>ison %[s t ! skulls ( m5 are l>g] 9 all dim5sions4 ,accord+ly ! weight is great]1 too1 & ! int]ior space is l>g]4 ,z a m$ium weight ( normally develop$ bra9s ( adult p]sons1 ,gross] /ates #achh grammes = ! man & #abeb grammes = ! woman4#aej ,! great majority ( male bra9s 7#cd p] c5t47 weigh betwe5 #abej & #aeej grammes1 & ! great majority ( female bra9s 7#ia p] c5t47 weigh betwe5 #aajj & #adej grammes4 ,b ^! weights are n subject to direct comp>ison s9ce woman is small] ?an man4 ,x is1 accord+ly1 necess>y to det]m9e ! weight ( ! bra9 9 proportion to ! body4 ,:5 we comp>e ! weight ( ! bra9 ) ! weight ( ! body we f9d t ) ! man !re are #ba4f grammes ( ! bra9 = e kilogram ( ! weight ( ! body1 & ) ! woman !re are #bc4f grammes4 ,?is outweigh+ is expla9$ by ! fact t woman's /ature is small]4#aea ,diff]5t results are obta9$ by a comp>ison ( equally l>ge individuals ( bo? sexes4 ,accord+ to ,m>*& ! weight ( ! female bra9 is1 )\t exception1 light] ?an t ( m5 ( ! same size4 ,b ?is me?od is z incorrect z a comp>ison ) ! size ( ! body4 ,x takes = grant$ :at rema9s to be prov53 a direct relation betwe5 ! size ( ! body & ! weight ( ! bra94 ,blakeman1 ,alice ,lee & ,k>l ,pe>son h det]m9$ on ! basis ( ,engli% data & measurem5ts1 t !re is no noticeable relative diff]5ce 9 ! weight ( ! bra9 betwe5 man & woman2 t is1 a man ( ! same age1 /ature & skull measurem5ts z ! av]age woman1 w\ld n diff] f h] 9 reg>d to ! weight ( 8 bra94#aeb ,ev5 ,m>*& po9ts out t ! small] size ( woman's bra9 may be due to ! great] f95ess ( h] n]ves4 ,gross] says3 8,inde$1 ?is has n yet be5 det]m9$ by means ( ! microscope1 & w\ld be difficult to det]m9e4 ,b we mu/ po9t to ! analogy t ! eye-ball & ! cavity ( ! e> are also some:at small] ) woman ?an ) man1 yet ^! organs are no less f9e & s]viceable4 ,ano!r1 p]haps ! *ief reason1 = ! light] weight ( ! woman's bra9 may be f\nd 9 h] weak] muscul> developm5t40#aec ,inasmu* z ! diff]5ces are root$ 9 ! nature ( sex1 !y c1 ( c\rse1 n be alt]$4 ,b to :at ext5t ^! diff]5ces 9 blood & bra9 c be *ang$ by a diff]5t mode ( life 7n\ri%m5t1 physical & m5tal culture1 occupation1 etc47 _c be def9itely det]m9$ = ! "t be+4 ,t mod]n woman diff]s f man to a great] ext5t ?an primitive woman or ! woman ( inf]ior races1 seems to be e/abli%$1 & :5 we consid] ! social developm5t ( woman's position among civiliz$ nations dur+ ! pa/ #ajjj or #aejj ye>s1 x seems only too obvi\s4 ,! foll[+ %[s ! capacity ( ! female skull accord+ to ,havelock ,ellis 7assum+ ! capacity ( ! male skull to be #ajjj73 ,negro #ihd ,hott5tot #iea ,h9du #idd ,eskimo #ica ,dut* #iac ,russian #hhd ,g]man #hch to #higaed ,*9ese #hgj ,engli% #hfj to #hfb ,p>isian1 #ai yrs4 #heh #aed ,accord+ to five diff]5t au?ors3 #hch1 #hfd1 #hgh1 #hhc1 #hig4 ,= ,prussia 7,kupf]71 #iah2 = ,bav>ia 7,rause71 #hic4 ,! conflict+ /atem5ts among ! ,g]mans %[ t ! measurem5ts h be5 tak5 among greatly diff]+ mat]ial1 bo? 9 reg>d to quality & quantity1 & t !re=e !y are n absolutely reliable4 ,b ! figures cle>ly %[ "o ?+3 t ,negroes1 ,hott5tots & ,h9du wom5 h a consid]ably l>g] capacity ( ! skull ?an ! ,g]man1 ,engli% & ,p>isian wom52 & yet ! latt] are f> m intellig5t4 ,a comp>ison ( ! bra9-weights ( well-kn[n deceas$ m5 %[s simil> contradictions & peculi>ities4 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,reclam1 ! bra9 ( ! sci5ti/ ,cuvi] weigh$ #ahcj grammes2 t ( ,byron1 #ahjg2 t ( ! fam\s ma!matician ,gauss1 #adib2 ( ! philologi/ ,h]mann1 #aceh2 ( ! ,p>isian prefect ,hausmann1 #abbf4 ,x is said t ! weight ( ,dante's bra9 also 0 bel[ ! av]age weight ( ! male bra9s4 ,havelock ,ellis gives u simil> in=mation4 ,he reports t ! bra9 ( an unkn[n p]son1 weigh$ by ,bis*(f1 _h a weight ( #bbbb grammes1 :ile ! bra9 ( ! poet ,turg5iew weigh$ only #bjab grammes2 ! ?ird l>ge/ bra9 0 t ( an imbecile2 ! bra9 ( a pla9 work+man t 0 also exam9$ by ,bis*(f1 weigh$ #acbe grammes4 ,! heavie/ female bra9s weigh$ betwe5 #agdb & #aehj grammes2 two ( ^! 7 tak5 f wom5 :o _h suff]$ f m5tal d]angem5t4 ,on ! congress ( ,g]man an?ropologi/s1 :i* 0 held 9 ,dortmund 9 ,augu/1 #aijb1 ,pr(essor ,waldey] /at$ t an exam9ation ( ! skull ( ! philosoph] ,leibnitz1 :o di$ 9 #agaf1 _h %[n t its cont5ts only measur$ #adej cubic c5timet]s1 :i* corresponds to a bra9 weight ( #acjj grammes4 ,accord+ to ,hausemann1 :o exam9$ ! bra9s ( ,momms51 ,buns5 & ,adolph v4 ,m5zel1 ,momms5's bra9 weigh$ #adbi4d grammes2 x accord+ly did n exce$ ! av]age bra9weight ( an adult man4 ,m5zel's bra9 weigh$ only #abih grammes & ,buns5's less /ill--#abie grammes1 bel[ ! av]age male bra9weight & n mu* above ! bra9weight ( a woman4 ,^? are /rik+ facts t completely ov]?r[ ! old assumption t intellectual abilities c\ld be measur$ by ! capacity ( ! skull4 ,aft] an exam9ation ( ! ,engli% data1 ,raymond ,pe>l comes to ! foll[+ conclusion3 8,!re are no pro(s ( a close relation betwe5 intellectual abilities & bra9weight40#aee ,! ,engli% an?ropologi/1 ,w4 ,duckwor?1 says3 8,!re is no pro( t a heavy bra9weight is accompani$ by great intellectual ability4 ,nei!r ! bra9weight1 nor ! capacity ( ! skull1 nor ! circumf]5ce ( ! head1 :]e !y c\ld be det]m9$1 h be5 ( any use z a measure ( intellectual abilities40#aef ,kohlbruegge1 :o has dur+ rec5t ye>s publi%$ ! results ( ! exam9ations ( human bra9s ( _m races1 says3 8,intellig5ce & bra9weight are entirely indep5d5t ( "o ano!r4 ,ev5 ! great] bra9weight ( fam\s m5 is n suffici5t pro(1 s9ce x exce$s ! g5]al m$ium weight1 b n t ( ! upp] classes to :i* ^! m5 belong$4 ,b by ^! /atem5ts ,i d n seek to d5y t bra9weight c be increas$1 especially by excessive /udy dur+ y\?1 :i* may acc\nt = ! heavi] bra9weights & ! great] skull capacity ( ! upp] classes & ( s*ol>ly p]sons1 especially :5--z is usually ! case among ! well-to-d--excessive n\ri%m5t is add$4 ,?is increase 9 weight by m5tal ov]-ex]tion has its d>k sides also1 z is well kn[n4 ,lunatics (t5 h v heavy bra9s4 ,! ma9 po9t is t x _c be prov5 t intellig5ce 7some?+ entirely diff]5t f productiv5ess7 has any relation to weight4 ,x is true ( ! ext]nal =mation also1 t until n[1 no connection c\ld be %[n betwe5 c]ta9 =ms & high] m5tal developm5t1 intellig5ce1 or g5ius40#aeg ,x is e/abli%$1 !n1 t we _c draw conclusions f ! bra9weight z to m5tal qualities1 z little z we c draw conclusions f ! size ( ! body z to physical /r5g?4 ,! l>ge mammals1 su* z elephant1 :ale1 etc41 h l>g] & heavi] bra9s2 yet 9 reg>d to proportional bra9weight !y are excell$ by mo/ birds & small mammals4 ,we h "s v small animals 7ant1 bee7 t are f> m intellig5t ?an mu* l>g] ones 7= in/ance1 %eep1 c[71 j z p ( l>ge /ature (t5 are m5tally inf]ior to p]sons ( small & insignificant appe>ance4 ,accord+ to all probability ! mass ( ! bra9 is n ! det]m9+ factor1 b its organization & ! practice & use ( its p[]s4 8,9 my op9ion10 says ,pr(essor ,l4 ,/i$a1 8! diff]5ce 9 psy*ic functions c d\btlessly be acc\nt$ = by ! f9] con/ruction ( ! gray matt]1 ! n]ve cells1 ! :ite matt]1 ! arrangem5t ( ! blood-vessels1 ! con/ruction1 =m1 size & numb] ( n]ve-cells1 & la/ b n lea/1 _! nutrition1 _! metabolic assimilation40#aeh ,if ! bra9 is to atta9 ! full developm5t ( its faculties1 x mu/ be ex]cis$ regul>ly1 & ! bra9 mu/ be prop]ly n\ri%$1 j z e o!r organ2 if ?is is left undone1 or if ! tra9+ is a faulty "o1 ! normal developm5t w be hamp]$1 ev5 crippl$4 ,"o faculty is develop$ at ! exp5se ( ano!r4 ,!re are "s an?ropologi/s1 z ,man\vri] & o!rs1 :o ev5 seek to prove t woman is morphologically m highly develop$ ?an man4 ,t is an exagg]ation4 ,duckwor? says3 8,:5 we comp>e ! two sexes1 we f9d t !re is no con/ant diff]5ce t lets "o sex appe> morphologically sup]ior to ! o!r40#aei ,havelock ,ellis only admits ( "o limitation4 ,he believes t female *>act]i/ics %[ few] v>iations ?an ! male4 ,b1 9 an anticritique1 ,k>l ,pe>son has explicitly %[n t ?is is only a pseudo-sci5tific sup]/ition4#afj ,no "o :o is acqua9t$ ) ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( woman c d5y1 t woman has be5 s9n$ aga9/4 ,if ,pr(essor ,bis*(f ass]ts t woman 0 enabl$ to develop h] bra9 & h] intellig5ce z well z man1 ?is ass]tion m]ely %[s an incr$ible degree ( ignorance ^u ! subject4 ,! description we h giv5 9 ?is book ( ! position ( woman dur+ ! c\rse ( civilization1 makes x appe> q natural1 t ?\s&s ( ye>s ( male rule h br\ght ab\t ! diff]5ce 9 ! physical & m5tal developm5t ( ! sexes4 ,our sci5ti/s ought to recognize t ! laws ( _! sci5ces apply fully to man also4 ,h]$ity & adaptation prevail ) man z ) e o!r liv+ creature4 ,b if man con/itutes no exception 9 nature1 ! law ( evolution mu/ apply to him also1 :]eby t becomes cle> :at o!rwise rema9s wrapp$ 9 d>kness1 & !n becomes an object ( sci5tific my/icism or my/ic sci5ce4 ,! bra9 =mation ( ! sexes has develop$ 9 accordance ) _! diff]5t educations4 ,inde$ dur+ a great portion ( ! pa/1 ! ^w education c\ld n be appli$ to woman at all4 ,physiologi/s are agre$ t ^? p>ts ( ! bra9 :i* influ5ce ! intellect are situat$ 9 ! =e-"p ( ! head1 :ile ^? t specially influ5ce feel+ & s5tim5t1 are situat$ 9 ! middle "p4 ,! conception ( beauty = man & woman has develop$ accord+ly4 ,accord+ to ! ,greek conception1 :i* /ill prevails1 woman is suppos$ to h a l[ =ehead1 :ile man is suppos$ to h a high & broad =ehead4 ,?is conception ( beauty1 :i* is a symptom ( h] degradation1 has be5 s impress$ ^u our wom51 t !y consid] a high =ehead unbeautiful & seek to improve ^u nature by comb+ _! hair ov] _! =ehead to make x appe> l[]4 #aej ,! foll[+ av]age weights ( male & female bra9s h be5 det]m9$ by ! foll[+ sci5ti/s3 ,male bra94 ,female bra94 ,bis*(f 7,bav>ia7 #acfb #abai ,boyd 7,engl&7 #acbe #aahc ,m>*& 7,hessia7 #acii #abdh ,retzius 7,sw$57 #achh #abeb #aea 8,m5 ( g5ius z a rule are small ( /ature ) a massy bra94 ,^! are also ! *ief *>act]i/ics ( ! *ild1 & _! g5]al facial expression z also _! temp]am5t resemble ! *ild's40--,havelock ,ellis1 ,man & ,woman4 #aeb ,j4 ,blakeman1 ,alice ,lee ,k4 ,pe>son--,a ,/udy ( ! biometric con/ants ( ,engli% ,bra9weights4 ,biometrica1 #aije4 #aec ,dr4 ,otto ,gross]--,! /ructure ( ! female body 9 8,man & ,woman40 ,/uttg>t1 #aijg4 #aee ,raymond ,pe>l--,v>iation or ,correlation 9 ,bra9weight4 ,biometrika1 vol4 ,,iv4 ,june1 #aije4 #aef ,w4 ,duckwor?--,morphology & ,an?ropology4 ,cambridge1 #aijd4 #aeg ,kohlbruegge--,inve/igations ( ! furr[s ( ! bra9 ( human races4 ,j\rnal ( ,morphology & ,an?ropology4 ,/uttg>t1 #aijh4 #aeh ,l4 ,/i$a--,! ,bra9 ( ! ,philologi/4 ,j\rnal ( ,morphology & ,an?ropology1 #aijg4 #aei ,duckwor? 7z above74 #afj ,k4 ,pe>son--,v>iation 9 ,man & ,woman 9 ,*ances ( ,dea?4 ,london1 #ahig4 #d4--;,d>w9ism & ! ,condition ( ,society4 ,x has accord+ly n be5 prov51 t wom5 are inf]ior to m5 z a result ( ! quantity ( _! bra92 yet ! pres5t intellectual /atus ( wom5 is n surpris+4 ,d>w9 is surely "r 9 say+1 t if a li/ ( ! able/ m5 on ! subjects ( poetry1 pa9t+1 sculpture1 music1 sci5ce & philosophy 7 plac$ beside a li/ ( ! able/ wom5 on ! same subjects1 ! two c\ld n comp>e ) "o ano!r4 ,b c\ld x be o!rwise8 ,x w\ld be surpris+ if x 7 n s4 ,v correctly ,dr4 ,dodel 7,zuri*7#afa says1 t x w\ld be diff]5t if = a numb] ( g5]ations m5 & wom5 w\ld be simil>ly educat$4 ,z a rule1 woman is physically weak] ?an man also1 :i* is by no means ! case among _m unciviliz$ peoples4#afb ,h[ mu* c be atta9$ by practice & tra9+ f *ildhood on1 may1 = in/ance1 be se5 ) ladies ( ! circus & female acrobats1 :o a*ieve mo/ a/\nd+ ?+s 9 reg>d to c\rage1 d>+1 skill & /r5g?4 ,z all ^! ?+s are condition$ by ! mode ( life & education1 z !y are--to use a sci5tific t]m--due to 8bre$+10 x may be assum$ z c]ta9 t ! physical & intellectual life ( man w lead to ! be/ results1 z soon z man w consci\sly & exp$i5tly influ5ce 8 developm5t4 ,z plants & animals dep5d ^u conditions ( exi/5ce1 z !y are fo/]$ by favorable & hamp]$ by unfavorable ones1 & z compulsory conditions =ce !m to *ange _! nature & "*--provid$ t _! influ5ce does n de/roy !m--?us x is also ) man4 ,! mann] 9 :i* a human be+ obta9s 8 means ( subsi/5ce n only affects 8 ext]nal appe>ance1 b also 8 feel+s1 8 ?\ghts & 8 actions4 ,if unfavorable conditions ( exi/5ce--t is1 unfavorable social conditions--are ! cause ( insuffici5t individual developm5t1 !n x foll[s t by a *ange ( 8 conditions ( exi/5ce--t is1 8 social condition--man himself w be *ang$4 ,! po9t 9 "q1 !n1 is1 s to organize social conditions t e human be+ w be giv5 an opportunity = ! untrammell$ developm5t ( 8 nature2 t ! laws ( developm5t & adaptation--call$ ,d>w9ism aft] ,d>w9--may be consci\sly & exp$i5tly appli$ to all human be+s4 ,b t w only be possible "u ,socialism4 ,z a rational be+1 capable ( judgm5t1 man mu/ s alt] 8 social conditions & ev]y?+ 9 connection ) !m1 t equally favorable conditions ( exi/5ce prevail = all4 ,e individual %all be enabl$ to develop 8 tal5ts & abilities to 8 own advantage z well z to ! advantage ( society1 b he mu/ n h ! p[] to h>m o!r individuals or society at l>ge4 ,8 own advantage & ! advantage ( all %all co9cide4 ,h>mony ( int]e/s mu/ sup]c$e ! conflict ( int]e/s t dom9ate pres5t-day society4 ,d>w9ism1 l e true sci5ce1 is an em95tly democratic sci5ce4#afc ,if "s ( its repres5tatives claim t ! opposite is true1 !y fail to recognize ! range ( _! own sci5ce4 ,its oppon5ts1 especially ! cl]gy1 :o are always quick to p]ceive any advantage or disadvantage to !mselves1 h recogniz$ ?is1 & !re=e d5\nce ,d>w9ism z be+ ,sociali/ic or a!i/ic4 ,9 ?is respect ,pr(essor ,vir*[ agrees ) 8 mo/ vehem5t oppon5ts1 = at ! congress ( ,sci5ti/s1 held 9 ,muni* 9 #ahgg1 he ass]t$ 9 opposition to ,pr(essor ,haeckel3 8,! ,d>w9ian !ory leads to ,socialism40#afd ,vir*[ tri$ to discr$it ,d>w9ism because ,haeckel dem&$1 t ! !ory ( evolution %\ld be introduc$ into ! s*ool curriculum4 ,! sugge/ion to tea* sci5ce 9 ! s*ools accord+ to ,d>w91 & ! results ( mod]n sci5tific inve/igations1 is vehem5tly oppos$ by all ^? :o wi% to ma9ta9 ! pres5t ord]4 ,! revolution>y effect ( ^! doctr9es is well kn[n2 !re=e x is deem$ wis] to propagate !m only among ! *os5 few4 ,b we cont5d t if ! ,d>w9ian !ories lead to ,socialism1 z ,vir*[ claims1 t is no argum5t aga9/ ^! !ories1 b an argum5t 9 favor ( ,socialism4 ,m5 ( sci5ce %\ld n "q :e!r ! consequ5ces ( a sci5ce lead to "o =m ( ! /ate or ano!r1 :e!r "o social condition or ano!r is ju/ifi$ by !m2 x is _! sole duty to inve/igate :e!r ! !ories are 9 accordance ) tru?1 & if !y are1 to accept !m ) all _! consequ5ces4 ,:oev] acts o!rwise1 be x = p]sonal ga9 or favor or to s]ve class or p>ty int]e/1 commits a despicable action & is no cr$it to sci5ce4 ,! repres5tatives ( corporate sci5ce1 especially at our univ]sities1 c inde$ only r>ely lay claim to indep5d5ce ( "*4 ,! fe> ( f9ancial loss1 or ! fe> ( be+ discr$it$ ) ! p[]s t be & ( be+ !reby depriv$ ( title & rank & ! opportunity ( advancem5t1 causes mo/ ( ^! repres5tatives to b[ d[n & ei!r to conceal _! conviction1 or to say publicly ! opposite ( :at !y believe & "k4 ,at a c]emony ( homage to ! rul] held at ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l9 9 #ahgj1 ,dubois-,reymond exclaim$3 8,! univ]sities are in/itutions :]e ! intellectual body-gu>ds ( ! ,hoh5zoll]n are tra9$40 ,if a ,dubois-,reymond c\ld express himself 9 ?is mann]1 we c imag9e :at conceptions 9 reg>d to ! object ( sci5ce are held by ! majority ( ! o!rs1 :o are v inf]ior to ?is em95t sci5ti/4#afe ,sci5ce is degrad$ to s]ve ! purposes ( ! rul+ p[]s4 ,x is only natural t ,pr(essor ,haeckel & 8 adh]5ts1 ,pr(essor ,o4 ,s*midt1 v4 ,hellwald & o!rs1 remon/rate en]getically aga9/ ! t]rible accusation t ,d>w9ism leads to ,socialism4 ,!y claim t ! opposite is true1 t ,d>w9ism is ari/ocratic1 s9ce x tea*es t ev]y:]e 9 nature ! m highly organiz$ & /rong] liv+ be+s suppress ! inf]ior ones2 & s9ce1 accord+ to _! conception1 ! prop]ti$ & educat$ classes con/itute ^! m highly organiz$ & /rong] liv+ be+s 9 human society1 !y consid] ! rule ( ^! classes a matt] ( c\rse1 s9ce x is ju/ifi$ by ! laws ( nature4 ,^!1 among our evolutioni/s1 are ignorant ( ! economic laws :i* dom9ate b\rgeois society4 ,o!rwise !y w\ld "k t ! bl9d rule ( ^! laws does n raise to social pre-em95ce ei!r ! be/ or ! able/ or ! mo/ compet5t1 b frequ5tly ! wor/ & ! mo/ cunn+1 :o !reby are plac$ 9 a position ( mak+ ! conditions ( life & developm5t mo/ favorable to _! prog5y1 )\t ! lea/ ef=t on _! "p4 ,"u no economic sy/em did p]sons1 possess+ good & noble human qualities1 h s little opportunity ( atta9+ & ma9ta9+ an elevat$ position1 z "u ! capitali/ic sy/em4 ,)\t fe> ( exagg]ation x may be said1 t ?is /ate ( affairs increases ) ! developm5t ( ?is sy/em4 ,lack ( consid]ation = o!rs & unscrupul\sness 9 ! *oice & application ( means to atta9 "o's end1 prove f> m effective ?an all human virtues comb9$4 ,only "o :o is ignorant ( ! nature ( ?is society or :o is s dom9at$ by b\rgeois prejudices t he _c reason prop]ly or draw correct conclusions1 c\ld reg>d a social sy/em bas$ ^u su* conditions z a society ( ! 8fitte/ & be/40 ,! /ruggle = exi/5ce is always pres5t ) all organisms4 ,x goes on )\t any k on _! "p ( ! laws & conditions t %ape x4 ,?is /ruggle = exi/5ce prevails among m5 also & among ! memb]s ( ea* social gr\p f :i* solid>ity has disappe>$1 or :]e x has n yet be5 develop$4 ,?is /ruggle = exi/5ce *anges its =m accord+ to ! v>i\s relations ( m5 to "o ano!r 9 ! c\rse ( human developm5t4 ,x assumes ! "* ( class /ruggles on an ev] high] scale4 ,b ^! /ruggles--& !reby man is di/+ui%$ f all o!r human be+s--lead to a gr[+ und]/&+ ( ! nature ( society1 & f9ally to a recognition ( ! laws :i* det]m9e its developm5t4 ,ev5tually man w b ne$ to apply ^! laws to 8 social & political in/itutions & to trans=m !m accord+ly4 ,! diff]5ce is t man may be call$ a reason+ animal1 b ! animal is n a reason+ human be+4 ,?is _m ,d>w9i/s fail to see1 ow+ to _! bias$ conceptions1 & !re=e arrive at false conclusions4#aff ,pr(essor ,haeckel & 8 adh]5ts also d5y t ,d>w9ism leads to a!ism4 ,?us1 aft] !y h done away ) ! 8creator0 by all _! sci5tific argum5ts & pro(s1 !y make desp]ate ef=ts to re-introduce him4 ,to atta9 ?is purpose a new sort ( individual 8religion0 is =m$1 t has be5 t]m$ 8high] morality10 8moral pr9ciples10 etc4 ,9 #ahhb at ! congress ( sci5ti/s 9 ,eis5a*1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,gr&-duke ( ,weim> & 8 family1 ,pr(essor ,haeckel endeavor$ n only to save religion b also to repres5t 8 ma/]1 ,d>w91 z be+ a religi\s man4 ,! attempt fail$1 z anyone c affirm :o read ! lecture & ! lett] f ,d>w9 t 0 quot$ 9 x4 ,d>w9's lett] expresses1 ?\gh 9 c>eful t]ms1 ! opposite ( :at ,pr(essor ,haeckel claim$ x to express4 ,d>w9 0 oblig$ to consid] ! piety ( 8 fell[-c\ntrym51 ! ,engli%1 !re=e he nev] d>$ to express publicly 8 true views 9 reg>d to religion4 ,b he did s privately1 z became kn[n %ortly aft] ! congress 9 ,weim>1 = he told ,dr4 ,l4 ,bue*n] t he _h n believ$ s9ce 8 =tie? ye>--s9ce #ahdi--;because he _h n be5 able to obta9 pro(s to ju/ify belief4 ,dur+ ! la/ ye>s ( 8 life ,d>w9 also support$ an a!i/ic newspap]1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 ,new ,york4 #afa ,! ,new] ,hi/ory ( ! ,creation4 #afb ,pro(s ( ?is may be f\nd 9 ! previ\sly quot$ book by ,dr4 ,havelock ,ellis4 ,he relates t among _m savage & semi-savage tribes woman is n only man's equal 9 reg>d to size & /r5g?1 b ev5 8 sup]ior4 ,ellis is agre$ ) o!rs t ! diff]5ces ( bra9 betwe5 ! sexes h increas$ ) ! developm5t ( civilization4 #afc 8,! hall ( sci5ce is ! temple ( democracy40 ,buckle--,hi/ory ( ,civilization 9 ,engl&4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 #afd ,ziegl] d5ies t ?is 0 ! s5se ( ,vir*['s rem>ks1 b 8 own report ( ,vir*['s spee* only confirms x4 ,vir*[ said3 8,n[1 j picture h[ ! !ory ( evolution is conceiv$ ev5 to-day by ! bra9 ( a ,sociali/6 7,laught]7 ,yes1 g5tlem51 t may seem amus+ to "s ( y1 b x is a v s]i\s matt]1 & ,i only hope ! !ory ( evolution may n br+ u su* horrors z simil> !ories h br\ght ab\t 9 our neighbor+ c\ntry4 ,if ?is !ory is consi/5tly foll[$ out x is v haz>d\s1 & y _c h fail$ to obs]ve t ,socialism is 9 sympa?y ) x4 ,we %\ld make ?is p]fectly cle>40--,well1 we h done :at ,vir*[ fe>$1 we h drawn ! conclusions ( ! ,d>w9ian !ories t ,d>w9 himself & _m ( 8 foll[]s ei!r fail$ to draw or drew incorrectly1 & ,vir*[ w>n$ aga9/ ! dang]s ( ^! doctr9es because he p]ceiv$ t ,socialism w\ld draw & w\ld h to draw ! conclusions t are involv$ 9 !m4 #afe ,9 ref]5ce to =m] attacks ^u him1 ,dubois ,reymond repeat$ ! s5t5ce quot$ above 9 ,febru>y1 #ahhc1 dur+ ! commemoration ( ! bir?day ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great4 #aff ,enrico ,f]ri publi%$ a book on 8,socialism & ,mod]n ,sci5ce1 ,d>w9--,sp5c]--,m>x10 9 :i* he proves1 especially 9 answ] to ,haeckel1 t ,d>w9ism & ,socialism are 9 complete h>mony & t x is a grave error on ,haeckel's "p to *>act]ize ,d>w9ism z be+ ari/ocratic4 ,we d n agree ) ,f]ri's book 9 e respect4 ,we especially d n %>e 8 po9t ( view 9 judg+ ! qualities ( wom51 :i* is1 9 ! ma91 ! po9t ( ,lombroso & ,f]r]o4 ,ellis has %[n 9 8,man & ,woman0 t an exi/+ diff]5ce 9 ! qualities ( man & woman does n imply ! inf]iority ( "o--a confirmation ( ,kant's utt]ance1 t only man & woman toge!r con/itute ! complete human be+4 ,nev]!less ,f]ri's book is a welcome "o4 #e4--,woman & ! ,le>n$ ,pr(essions4 ,wom5 are ju/ifi$ 9 ent]+ into intellectual competition ) m51 in/ead ( wait+ until x pleases ! m5 to develop _! intellectual faculties & to cle> ! pa? = !m4 ,! woman's movem5t is provid+ = ?is4 ,already wom5 h remov$ _m b>ri]s & h ent]$ ! intellectual ar5a--9 "s c\ntries ) m>k$ success4 ,! movem5t to obta9 admission to ! high] in/itutions ( le>n+ & to ! practice ( le>n$ pr(essions is1 9 accordance ) ! nature ( our conditions1 limit$ to ! circles ( b\rgeois wom54 ,! prolet>ian wom5 are n directly conc]n$ s9ce1 = ! "t be+1 ^! /udies & ! result+ positions are clos$ to !m4 ,nev]!less1 ?is movem5t & its success is an object ( g5]al int]e/4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is a matt] ( pr9ciple1 s9ce x affects ! g5]al position ( woman2 9 ! second place1 x is de/9$ to %[ :at wom5 c accompli% ev5 at pres5t1 "u conditions t are highly unfavorable to _! developm5t4 ,moreov]1 all wom5 are int]e/$1 = in/ance1 9 be+ able1 9 case ( sickness1 to be treat$ by physicians ( _! own sex1 if !y s *oose1 s9ce _m feel t !y c confide ) less res]ve 9 a woman ?an 9 a man4 ,to a great _m ( our wom5 female physicians are a bless+1 = ! fact t !y mu/ turn to male physicians 9 ! case ( diseases or ailm5ts connect$ ) _! sex functions1 frequ5tly prev5ts !m f seek+ m$ical aid 9 "t4 ,?is leads to _m tr\bles & s]i\s results1 n only to ! wom5 !mselves1 b to _! husb&s also4 ,!re is h>dly a physician :o has n _h "s exp]i5ce ) ?is retic5ce ( wom51 t may sometimes be call$ almo/ crim9al1 & _! av]sion aga9/ confess+ to _! ailm5ts4 ,t is readily und]/ood4 ,b x is inconceivable t ! m51 & especially _m physicians also1 w n recognize h[ ju/ifiable x is1 !re=e--inde$ h[ necess>y--= wom5 to /udy m$ic9e4 ,female physicians are no novel factor4 ,among mo/ ( ! anci5ts1 especially among ! anci5t ,g]mans1 wom5 practic$ ! art ( heal+4 ,!re 7 female physicians & surgeons ( note dur+ ! n9? & t5? c5turies 9 ! k+dom ( ! ,arabs1 especially 9 ,spa91 "u ! rule ( ! ,arabs 7,moors71 :]e !y /udi$ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,cordova4 ,! /udy ( wom5 at v>i\s ,italian univ]sities1 z ,bologna & ,pal]mo1 0 also due to ,moori% influ5ce4 ,:5 ! 8hea!n0 influ5ce ceas$ 9 ,italy1 ^! /udies 7 prohibit$4 ,9 #acgg ! faculty ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,bologna issu$ ! foll[+ decree3 8,z woman is ! s\rce ( s91 ! devil's tool1 ! cause ( ! expulsion f p>adise1 & ! cause ( corruption ( ! old law1 & z !re=e e conv]sation ) h] %\ld be c>efully avoid$1 we di/9ctly =bid & int]dict any "o to v5ture to introduce any woman1 no matt] h[ respectable %e may be1 into ?is college4 ,%\ld "s "o d s nev]!less1 ! rector %all puni% him sev]ely40 ,"o good result ( ! /udy ( wom5 is1 t female competition has a v /imulat+ influ5ce on ! /udi\sness ( ! male /ud5ts1 :i* has left mu* to be wi%$ =1 z has be5 affirm$ by v>i\s s\rces4 ,t alone w\ld be a great ga94 ,x w\ld fur!rmore consid]ably improve _! habits4 ,! drunk5ness1 pugnacity1 & be]-saloon habit ( our /ud5ts w\ld become greatly *eck$4 ,^? places f :i* our /atesm51 judges1 public attorneys1 police (ficials1 m9i/]s1 repres5tatives ( ! p1 etc41 are *iefly recruit$1 w\ld become m wor?y ( ! objects = :i* !y 7 f\nd$ & are be+ ma9ta9$4 ,accord+ to ! imp>tial op9ions ( ^? compet5t to judge1 su* an improvem5t is exce$+ly ne$ful4 ,! numb] ( /ates t admit wom5 to _! high-s*ools & univ]sities are rapidly increas+ s9ce a few decades4 ,none t lays claim to be+ a civiliz$ /ate c (f] cont9u$ resi/ance to ?is dem&4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates took ! lead & ,russia foll[$1 two /ates t are diametrically oppos$ to "o ano!r 9 e respect4 ,9 ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,union wom5 h be5 admitt$ to high-s*ools & univ]sities 9 all ! /ates2 9 ,utah s9ce #ahej2 9 ,i[a s9ce #ahfj2 9 ,kansas s9ce #ahff2 9 ,wiscons9 s9ce #ahfh2 9 ,m9nesota s9ce #ahfi2 9 ,cali=nia & ,miss\ri s9ce #ahgj1 & 9 ,ohio1 ,ill9ois & ,nebraska s9ce #ahga4 ,s9ce !n all ! o!r /ates foll[$4 ,q 9 accordance ) _! opportunity = /udy1 ! wom5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates h a*iev$ _! positions4 ,accord+ to ! c5sus ( #aijj !re 73 #gcii female physicians & surgeons1 #eihi writ]s1 #ajda ar*itects1 #cdje m9i/]s1 #ajaj lawy]s1 & #cbg1ije tea*]s4 ,9 ,europe1 ,switz]l& took ! lead 9 op5+ its univ]sities to wom54 ,! foll[+ %[s ! numb] ( male & female /ud5ts at ,swiss univ]sities3 ,enroll$ ,total numb] ( ,total female wom5 att5d+ /ud5ts c\rses #ahif-ahig #gfgf #aejb #bgeg #aijj-aija #heba #aijd #caef #aije-aijf #daha #cia #gbh #aijf-aijg #ecja #hed #adbi ,dur+ ! t]m #aijf to #aijg ! female /ud5ts 7 di/ribut$ z foll[s among ! v>i\s faculties3 law1 #ge2 m$ic9e1 #aaha2 philosophy1 #fdh4 ,accord+ to nationality !re 7 #agb ,swiss wom51 & #agcb =eign]s4 ,! numb] ( ,g]man wom5 /ud5ts 9 ,switz]l& has decreas$1 s9ce !y are admitt$ to ,g]man univ]sities n[1 al?\gh n )\t re/rictions4 ,dur+ ! t]m #aijf to #aijg ! numb] ( regul>ly enroll$ female /ud5ts con/itut$ ab\t #cj p] c5t4 ( all ! /ud5ts4 ,9 ,engl& wom5 are admitt$ to lecture at ! univ]sities1 b at ,ox=d & ,cambridge !y are /ill b>r$ f tak+ degrees4 ,9 ,france 9 #aije !re 7 #cc1afh /ud5ts1 among ^! #aibb wom5 7#ggd =eign]s74 ,!y 7 di/ribut$ z foll[s3 ,law1 #eg2 m$ic9e1 #chf2 sci5ces1 #bei2 lit]ature1 #hch2 miscellane\s1 #chb4 ,! foll[+ are ! c\ntries 9 :i* wom5 h be5 admitt$ to univ]sities3 ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,engl&1 ,holl&1 ,belgium1 ,d5m>k1 ,sw$51 ,norway1 ,russia1 ,g]many1 ,au/ria1 ,hung>y1 ,italy1 ,switz]l&1 ,france1 ,turkey & ,au/ralia4 ,female physicians are admitt$ to ! practice ( _! pr(ession 9 ,india1 ,abyss9ia1 ,p]sia1 ,morocco1 ,*9a1 etc4 ,especially 9 ! ,ori5tal c\ntries female physicians are con/antly ga9+ gr\nd4 ,! re/rictions t cu/om & religion place ^u wom5 9 ^! c\ntries make female physicians an especially great boon4 ,aft] long /ruggles & great ex]tions1 ,g]many1 too1 has at la/ tak5 a new c\rse1 ?\gh timidly at fir/4 ,by a decision pass$ by ! ,f$]al ,c\ncil on ,april #bd1 #ahii1 wom5 h be5 admitt$ to exam9ations = ! practice ( m$ic9e & d5ti/ry1 z well z ph>macy1 ^u ! same t]ms z m54 ,by ano!r decision ( ! ,f$]al ,c\ncil ( ,july #bh1 #aijj1 ,g]man wom5 physicians :o /udi$ abroad are admitt$ to practice 9 ,g]many1 & /udies comm5c$ abroad 7 accr$it$ to !m4 ,ev5 s9ce #ahih "s ,g]man univ]sities1 z ,heidelb]g & ,goett+51 _h op5$ _! doors to wom54 ,dur+ ! t]m #aija to #aijb1 #abgj wom5 att5d+ c\rses 7 already enum]at$ 9 ! regi/]s ( ! univ]sities4 ,9 a numb] ( ,g]man cities girls' high-s*ools & colleges 7 f\nd$2 ?us 9 ,k>lsruhe1 ,/uttg>t1 ,hannov]1 ,ko5igsb]g1 ,hamburg1 ,frank=t on ! ,ma91 ,breslau1 ,b]l91 ,s*o5eb]g1 ,mannheim1 etc4 ,b 9 ! spr+ ( #aijb1 ! s5ate ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l9 aga9 decl9$ a reque/ by female /ud5ts1 to be matriculat$ ^u pres5tation ( a c]tificate ( admission f a ,g]man college4 ,! opposition by v influ5tial circles 9 ,g]many aga9/ ! /udy ( wom5 _h n yet be5 ov]come4 ,dur+ ,m>* ( #aijb1 ! ,prussian m9i/] ( public in/ruction deliv]$ a spee* 9 ! ,prussian diet1 9 :i* he said among o!r ?+s1 t ! girls' colleges are an exp]im5t t mu/ be decl9$ by ! m9i/ry ( public in/ruction4 ,he fe>$1 s he said1 t ! diff]5ces betwe5 man & woman e/abli%$ by nature & develop$ by civilization1 w\ld be impair$ by ! /udy ( girls at colleges & univ]sities1 & t ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,g]man woman ought to be ma9ta9$ = ! welf>e ( ! ,g]man family4 ,t is q 9 keep+ ) ! old conception4 ,_m ,g]man pr(essors also cont9ue to oppose /udy = wom51 ?\gh o!rs admit t _m ( ! female /ud5ts are well1 "s ev5 excell5tly qualifi$1 to meet ! dem&s made ^u !m4 ,:at "s ( ! /ud5ts1 p]haps a majority ( !m1 ?\ght 9 reg>d to ! /udy ( wom51 may be se5 f ! foll[+ prote/ ( ! cl9ical /ud5ts at ,halle1 address$ to ! m$ical /ud5ts ( ,g]many g5]ally dur+ ,m>* ( #aijb4 ,aft] x /ates t ! prote/ has be5 caus$ by ! agitation1 c>ri$ on by ! 8,society = ,fur!r+ ! ,education ( ,wom5 9 ,b]l910 to admit wom5 to ! /udy ( m$ic9e1 x goes on to say3 8,s9ce ?is "q has be5 call$ to public att5tion1 ! cl9ical /ud5ts ( ,halle turn to ^? circles to :om ! decision is ( prime importance1 ! cl9ical /ud5ts & physicians at ,g]man univ]sities4 ,!y ei!r "k ! result+ unpleasantness f p]sonal exp]i5ce1 or c picture to :at un:olesome situations1 devoid ( all mode/y1 ?is common cl9ical in/ruction mu/ lead1 situations t are too revolt+ to be describ$4 ,! m$ical faculty ( ! univ]sity ( ,halle 0 "o ( ! fir/ to admit wom5 to ! /udy ( m$ic9e1 & ! innovation may be reg>d$ z a complete failure4 ,into ^! halls ( e>ne/ endeavor cynicism has ent]$ ) ! wom51 & sc5es frequ5tly occur t are equally obnoxi\s to in/ructors1 /ud5ts & pati5ts4 ,"h ! emancipation ( woman becomes a calamity1 conflict+ ) morality1 & %\ld be *eck$4 ,colleagues1 :o w\ld d>e1 9 ! face ( ^! facts1 to oppose our j dem&s8 ,we dem& ! exclusion ( wom5 f cl9ical in/ruction1 because exp]i5ce has taught u t a common cl9ical in/ruction ( male & female /ud5ts is incompatible ) a ?or\ghgo+ /udy ( m$ic9e1 z well z ) ! pr9ciples ( dec5cy & morality4 ,?is "q tak5 up by u is no long] a local "o4 ,already x has be5 /at$ 9 gov]nm5t circles1 t wom5 are to be def9itely admitt$ to ! /udy ( m$ic9e4 ,y all n[ are equally int]e/$ 9 our cause1 & !re=e we appeal to y3 ,express y\r op9ion on ?is "q & jo9 ) u 9 a common prote/60 ,?is prote/ is a /rik+ pro( ( ! n>r[-m9d$ness ( ! cl9ical /ud5ts & also ( _! envy1 = petty envy is at ! bottom ( mo/ ( _! moral consid]ations4 ,h[ c an in/itution t has exi/$ = ye>s 9 o!r civiliz$ c\ntries1 )\t injur+ ! morals & ! s5se ( dec5cy ( male & female /ud5ts1 be consid]$ a p]il to ,g]many8 ,! ,g]man /ud5ts are n fam$ = _! morality & ought to refra9 f a moral outbur/ t seems l a je/4#afg ,if x is n incompatible ) dec5cy & morality = female nurses to be pres5t & to r5d] assi/ance to ! physicians dur+ all k9ds ( op]ations ^u male & female pati5ts1 if x is dec5t & prop] = doz5s ( "y m5 to surr\nd1 = ! purpose ( /udy1 ! b$ ( a woman 9 ! ?roes ( *ild-bir?1 & to witness op]ations ^u female pati5ts1 !n x is ridicul\s to seek to exclude ! female /ud5ts4 ,v diff]5t f ! reasons giv5 by ! cl9ical /ud5ts ( ,halle1 0 an argum5t advanc$ aga9/ ! admission ( wom5 to ! /udy ( m$ic9e by ! late ,pr(essor ,bis*(f4 ,! reason he gave 0 ! brutality ( ! male /ud5ts1 :i* he 0 well qualifi$ to judge4 ,b1 reg>dless ( ! n>r[-m9d$ness or envy ( m51 ! "q has be5 decid$ 9 favor ( ! wom54 ,on ,augu/ #ah1 #aijh1 an edict 0 publi%$1 decree+ ! regul> enrollm5t ( female /ud5ts at ! univ]sities ( ,prussia1 :]e until !n !y _h be5 admitt$ to ! lectures4 ,! only re/riction is1 t = ! purpose ( immatriculation ,g]man wom5 require ! cons5t ( ! m9i/] 9 "o case1 & =eign]s require x 9 all cases4#afh ,! entire numb] ( wom5 /ud5ts enroll$ at ,g]man univ]sities 01 dur+ ! t]m ( #aijh-aiji1 #ajgg1 z aga9/ #cgg dur+ ! summ] ( #aijh1 & #bed 9 #aijf4 ,!y 7 di/ribut$ among ! v>i\s univ]sities z foll[s3 ,b]l91 #djj2 ,bonn1 #fi2 ,breslau1 #ej2 ,erlang51 #aa2 ,freiburg1 #fg2 ,giess51 #bc2 ,goett+51 #ga2 ,greifswald1 #e2 ,halle1 #bb2 ,heidelb]g1 #aji2 ,j5a1 #ac2 ,kiel1 #b2 ,ko5igsb]g1 #ag2 ,leipsic1 #dd2 ,m>burg1 #bg2 ,muni*1 #acd2 ,tueb+51 #f2 ,wu]zburg1 #g4 ,only ! univ]sities ( ,/rassburg1 ,ro/ock & ,mu5/] _h no female /ud5ts4 ,! entire numb] ( wom5 att5d+ c\rses 0 #aghg dur+ ! summ] ( #aijh1 & #agfg dur+ ! t]m #aijh to #aiji4 ,!y 7 di/ribut$ z foll[s3 ,b]l91 #cac2 ,/rassburg1 #bdi2 ,breslau1 #afh2 ,muni*1 #aca2 ,bonn1 #abj2 ,ko5igsb]g1 #aaf2 ,leipsic1 #ie2 ,giess51 #ic2 ,goett+51 #gc2 ,tueb+51 #fg2 ,halle1 #ed2 ,freiburg1 #ej1 & 9 all o!rs less ?an #ej4 ,( ! regul>ly enroll$ wom5 /ud5ts #c /udi$ !ology2 #ca1 law2 #ccd1 m$ic9e1 & #gji1 philosophy4 ,! admission ( wom5 to ! univ]sities necessitat$ a ?or\ghgo+ re=m ( girls' high-s*ools4 ,accord+ to ! provisions ( ,may #ca1 #ahii1 a n9e ye>s' c\rse _h be5 set d[n z ! rule = girls' high-s*ools1 :ile a t5 ye>s' c\rse 0 ! exception4 ,b developm5t necessitat$ ! regul> introduction ( a t5? class4 ,accord+ to /ati/ics !re 7 9 #aija1 #bac public high-s*ools = girls2 among ^! #ij _h a n9e ye>s' c\rse & #ed a t5 ye>s' c\rse4 ,9 ,octob]1 #aijg1 ! numb] ( s*ools hav+ a n9e ye>s' c\rse _h decreas$ f #ij to #fi1 & ! numb] ( s*ools hav+ a t5 ye>s' c\rse _h increas$ f #ed to #acb4 ,among ! private s*ools = girls1 too1 !re 71 besides #aaj ) a n9e ye>s' c\rse1 #ach ) a t5 ye>s' c\rse4 ,x only rema9$ to add ! bureaucratic seal to ?is actual developm5t1 & to pres]ve z mu* z possible ( ! 8*>act]i/ics ( ,g]man wom540 ,accord+ to ! re=m ( ,augu/ #ah1 #aijh1 girls' high s*ools %all consi/ ( t5 grades4 ,to 8complete h] education 9 reg>d to ! future life's "w ( a ,g]man woman10 x is plann$ to f\nd a lyceum ) a c\rse f "o to two ye>s4 ,9 ord] to prep>e "y girls ( ! upp] classes = academic tra9+1 colleges are be+ plann$1 :i* are to be "u ! same managem5t z ! girls' high-s*ools4 ,!reby an exp]im5t1 :i* ! bo>d ( education /ill refus$ to consid] 9 ,m>* #aijb1 is n[1 six ye>s lat]1 "u ! pressure ( economic developm5t1 be+ introduc$ by t same bo>d on a national scale4 ,let u consid] ! (ficial argum5tation6 ,x reads z foll[s3 8,! rapid developm5t ( our civilization & ! result+ *anges 9 social1 economic & educational conditions1 h br\ght ab\t t1 especially 9 ! middle & upp] classes1 _m girls rema9 unprovid$ =1 & mu* ability repos+ 9 woman1 t may be valuable to ! community1 rema9s unappli$4 ,! num]ical sup]iority ( ! female population & ! increas+ ba*elorhood ( m5 ( ! upp] classes1 compel a l>ge p]c5tage ( educat$ girls to r5\nce _! natural pr(ession ( wifehood & mo!rhood4 ,x becomes necess>y to op5 pr(essions to !m t are suit$ to _! education1 & to give !m an opportunity to e>n _! liv+1 n only by tea*+1 b also by o!r pr(essions atta9able by a univ]sity education40 ,?is almo/ reads l an extract f my book6 ,be ?is z x may1 ! high] education ( wom5 c no long] be halt$4 ,!re are female physicians 9 all civiliz$ c\ntries ( ! _w1 & ev5 9 "s t are n yet reg>d$ z civiliz$4 ,! late ,li ,hung ,*ang _h appo9t$ z 8 family physician a ,*9ese woman doctor :o practic$ at ! woman's hospital ( h] native t[n1 ,fut*ang4 ,! late ,sonia ,k[alewska1 ! not$ ma!matician1 0 pr(essor ( ma!matics at ! ,univ]sity ( ,/ockholm f #ahhi until h] dea? 9 #ahia4 ,!re are _m wom5 pr(essors 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & "s also 9 ,italy1 ,switz]l&1 ,engl& & ,france4 ,9 ,france ! fam\s ,m>ie ,curie1 :o toge!r ) h] husb& discov]$ radium & polonium1 01 aft] ! dea? ( h] husb& 9 #aijf1 appo9t$ 8 successor at ! univ]sity4 ,we see wom5 act+ z physicians1 d5ti/s1 lawy]s1 *emi/s1 physici/s1 geologi/s1 botani/s1 tea*]s at high] in/itutions ( le>n+1 etc41 & x is up to ! wom5 !mselves to prove by _! a*ievem5ts1 t !y are z compet5t to fill ! positions entru/$ to !m z m54 ,9 ,switz]l&1 dur+ ! summ] ( #ahii1 a majority ( vot]s 9 ! ,canton ( ,zuri*1 favor$ ! admission ( wom5 to ! practice ( law4 ,! decision 0 pass$ by #ba1gag aga9/ #bj1jdf votes4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates wom5 are admitt$ to ! b> 9 #cd /ates4 ,!y are also admitt$ 9 ,france1 ,holl&1 ,sw$51 ,d5m>k1 ,f9l&1 ,russia1 ,canada & ,au/ralia4 ,_m m51 especially le>n$ m51 are oppos$ to ! high] education ( wom51 because !y believe t ! sci5ces w become degrad$ if ev5 wom5 c practice !m4 ,!y reg>d sci5tific /udy z a privilege res]v$ = ! *os5 few ( ! male sex4 ,un=tunately our univ]sities1 z our entire educational sy/em1 /ill leave mu* to be wi%$ =4 ,z ! *ildr5 9 ! public s*ools are frequ5tly robb$ ( ! mo/ valuable "t to cram _! bra9s ) a lot ( ?+s t are n 9 con=mity ) reason & sci5tific k1 z !y are burd5$ ) a lot ( le>n+ t w prove useless 9 life & w r hamp] ?an help _! developm5t1 ?us x is also ) our high] in/itutions ( le>n+4 ,9 ! prep>atory s*ools ! pupils are cramm$ ) a lot ( useless /uff1 mo/ly le>n$ by rote1 t absorbs mo/ ( _! "t & /r5g?1 & 9 ! univ]sities ! same me?od is g5]ally pursu$4 ,besides good & useful ?+s1 _m t are antiquat$ & sup]flu\s cont9ue to be taught4 ,mo/ pr(essors repeat ! same lectures t]m aft] t]m ev5 d[n to ! int]sp]s$ jokes4 ,to _m ! noble pr(ession ( tea*+ becomes a m]e trade1 & x does n require mu* intellig5ce on ! "p ( ! /ud5ts to p]ceive ?is4 ,! prevail+ conceptions conc]n+ college life also prev5t ! "y p f tak+ _! /udies too s]i\sly1 & "s :o w\ld l to take !m s]i\sly are repuls$ by ! p$antic & un9t]e/+ me?ods ( _m pr(essors4 ,x is g5]ally admitt$ t /ud5ts at high-s*ools & univ]sities are becom+ less /udi\s1 a fact t has caus$ "s al>m among ! au?orities4 ,alongside ( ?is we f9d toadyism & patronage play+ an important "p at our in/itutions ( le>n+ 9 ?is age1 :i* is m>k$ by a lack ( "*4 ,to be ( good family & to h 8s\nd pr9ciples10 is reg>d$ z be+ ( great] importance ?an k & ability4 ,a patriot--t is1 "o :o has no convictions ( 8 own1 b takes 8 cue f 8 sup]iors & fawns ^u !m--is consid]$ m ?an a man ( "*1 wisdom & ability4 ,:5 exam9ations come ar\nd1 m5 ( ?is type cram = a few mon?s :at is ne$ful to atta9 ! pass+ m>k1 & :5 ! exam9ations h be5 pass$ successfully1 & !y h atta9$ an (ficial or pr(essional position1 _m ( ^! 8s*ol>s0 m]ely cont9ue to "w 9 a me*anical way4 ,yet !y are v insult$ if a man1 :o is n a 8s*ol>01 does n treat !m ) utmo/ respect & fails to reg>d !m z a sup]ior species ( human be+4 ,! majority ( our pr(essional m51 lawy]s1 judges1 physicians1 pr(essors1 public (ficials1 arti/s1 etc41 are m]ely me*anics 9 _! l9e1 & _! sole object is p]sonal ga94 ,only ! indu/ri\s man discov]s lat] on h[ mu* sup]flu\s k he assimilat$ & h[ (t5 he fail$ to le>n t :i* he requires mo/1 & !n beg9s to le>n anew4 ,dur+ ! be/ "p ( 8 life he has be5 bo!r$ ) mu* t 0 useless or h>mful2 he requires a second "p ( 8 life to ca/ :at is useless or h>mful aside & to atta9 ! heights ( ! views ( 8 "t1 & !n only c he become a useful memb] ( society4 ,_m d n surpass ! fir/ /age1 o!rs come to a /&/ill 9 ! second1 & only few h ! en]gy to /ruggle on to ! ?ird4 ,b decorum dem&s t ! m$ival tra% & sup]flu\s le>n+ %\ld be ma9ta9$1 & z wom5 h be5 until n[1 & 9 _m cases /ill are1 exclud$ f ! prep>atory in/itutions1 ?is fact furni%es a conv5i5t excuse = exclud+ !m f ! lecture halls ( ! univ]sities4 ,9 ,leipsic1 dur+ ! sev5ties1 "o ( ! mo/ not$ pr(essors ( m$ic9e made ! foll[+ frank confession to a lady3 8,a classical education is n ess5tial to an und]/&+ ( m$ic9e1 b x mu/ be made a condition ( entrance to ma9ta9 ! dignity ( sci5ce40 ,opposition aga9/ an obligatory1 classical education z be+ ess5tial to ! /udy ( m$ic9e1 is gradually manife/+ itself 9 ,g]many also4 ,! trem5d\s advance ( ! sci5ces & _! great importance to life 9 g5]al1 necessitates a sci5tific tra9+4 ,b ! classical education1 ) its special pref]5ce ( ,greek & ,lat91 consid]s sci5ce unimportant & neglects x4 ,x !re=e frequ5tly happ5s t "y /ud5ts are want+ 9 ! mo/ elem5t>y sci5tific k1 t is ( decisive importance = a /udy l m$ic9e4 ,ev5 tea*]s !mselves are beg9n+ to oppose ?is "o-sid$ me?od ( education4 ,9 o!r c\ntries1 = in/ance1 9 ,switz]l&1 ! /udy ( sci5ce has long s9ce be5 held z be+ ( prime importance1 & all :o possess suffici5t prelim9>y k 9 ! natural sci5ces & ma!matics are admitt$ to ! /udy ( m$ic9e1 ev5 )\t hav+ _h a s-call$ classical education4 ,! same is true ( ,russia1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & o!r c\ntries4 ,9 ,russia1 :]e suppression & p]secution ( ! ,jews is consid]$ "o ( ! maxims ( gov]nm5t1 an imp]ial ukase1 9 #aijg1 prescrib$ t 9 ! newly e/abli%$ s*ool ( m$ic9e = wom51 only #e p] c5t4 ( ! /ud5ts might be ( o!r ?an ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,( ^! only #c p] c5t4 might be ,jewesses1 & ! rema9+ #b p] c5t4 7 to be res]v$ = /ud5ts ( ,moslem orig94 ,?is is "o ( ! retrogressive measures :i* are daily occurr5ces 9 ,russia4 ,! ,russian gov]nm5t c]ta9ly _h no cause = su* provisions1 because !re is q a de>? ( physicians 9 t trem5d\s realm1 & because ! ,russian wom5 practition]s1 reg>dless ( _! fai? or orig91 h be5 not$ = ! mo/ unselfi% devotion 9 ! practice ( _! pr(ession4 ,dr4 ,erismann1 :o practic$ 9 ,russia = _m ye>s1 deliv]$ a lecture at ! #ed? annual conv5tion ( ! ,m$ical ,society 9 ,olt51 9 :i* he said3 8,v favorable 7 ! exp]i5ces ga!r$ dur+ ! fir/ ye>s 9 reg>d to ! activity ( ! female physicians4 ,f ! v beg9n+ !y 7 enabl$ to w9 ! confid5ce ( ! p4 ,9 ! noble competition ) _! male colleagues !y ev5 c>ri$ (f ! laurels4 ,x 0 soon obs]v$ t ! female physicians1 on an av]age1 treat$ m pati5ts annually ?an ! male physicians1 al?\gh ! latt] prov$ v effici5t & unselfi%1 likewise4 ,female pati5ts especially1 9 great numb]s1 s\ght aid ) ! wom5 doctors40#afi ,on ! o!r h&1 female competition1 s mu* fe>$ by m51 especially 9 reg>d to ! practice ( m$ic9e1 has n be5 9 evid5ce4 ,x seems t female physicians obta9 a circle ( pati5ts f _! own sex :o apply to male physicians r>ely1 or only 9 cases ( extreme necessity4 ,x has1 moreov]1 be5 obs]v$ t a great _m wom5 physicians ab&on _! pr(ession z soon z !y ent] into m>riage4 ,x seems t 9 pres5t-day society ! dome/ic duties ( m>ri$ wom5 are s num]\s1 especially :]e !re are *ildr51 t _m wom5 f9d x impossible to h two pr(essions simultane\sly4 ,a physician mu/ be con/antly prep>$1 by day & by night1 to practice h] pr(ession1 & to _m t becomes impossible4#agj ,aft] ,engl&1#aga ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,france took lead 9 employ+ wom5 z factory inspectors--an innovation t has become all ! m necess>y because1 z has be5 %[n1 ! numb] ( wom5 9 indu/ry is rapidly increas+1 & ! indu/ries employ+ wom51 *iefly or exclusively1 are increas+ likewise--a numb] ( ,g]man /ates h also foll[$ _! example4 ,bad51 ,bav>ia1 ,hessia1 ! ,k+dom ( ,saxony1 ,weim>1 ,wurtemb]g1 & o!rs h add$ wom5 assi/ants to _! factory inspectors1 & "s ( ^! h already a*iev$ mu* recognition by _! activity4 ,9 ,prussia !re are ?ree wom5 factory inspectors 9 ,b]l91 & "o ea* 9 ,duesseldorf1 ,breslau & ,wiesbad54 ,?is proves aga9 h[ ! progress ( ,prussia has be5 ret>d$ comp>$ ) o!r ,g]man /ates4 ,!re is n a s+le woman assi/ant 9 di/ricts l ,potsdam 7) #cb1bii work+ wom571 ,frank=t on ! ,od] 7) #ca1cga71 ,liegnitz 7) #ca1gih71 & o!rs1 :]e _! pres5ce is extremely ne$ful4 ,"h1 too1 x has be5 se5 t work+ wom5 confide m readily 9 memb]s ( _! own sex1 & t female factory inspectors h be5 able to obta9 mu* in=mation t 0 d5i$ to _! male colleagues4 ,"o %ortcom+ ( ?is in/itution is t ! assi/ants frequ5tly are n giv5 ! autonomy t is ne$ful 9 _! position1 & _! pay is n :at x ought to be1 ei!r4 ,! new in/itution is be+ tri$ out c>efully & hesitat+ly4#agb ,9 ,g]many ! prejudice & av]sion aga9/ employ+ wom5 9 public (fices is p>ticul>ly /rong1 because s _m retir$ milit>y m5 annually seek appo9tm5ts to all k9ds ( (fices 9 ! /ate & municipal adm9i/rations1 t !re is h>dly any room left = applicants f o!r circles4 ,:5 wom5 are employ$1 nev]!less1 _! sal>y is consid]ably l[]1 :]eby !y imm$iately appe> z be+ wor? less ?an m51 & :]eby !y also become a means to keep d[n wages & sal>ies4 ,! great v>iety ( female ability c\ld be obs]v$ especially well at ! ,_w's ,fair 9 ,*icago1 9 #ahic4 ,! spl5did woman's build+ _h be5 entirely plann$ by female ar*itects1 & ! articles display$ t _h be5 design$ & made by wom5 exclusively1 7 mu* admir$ = _! ta/y & arti/ic execution4 ,9 ! realm ( inv5tion1 too1 wom5 h a*iev$ mu* & w a*ieve /ill m4 ,an ,am]ican trade-j\rnal publi%$ a li/ ( inv5tions by wom52 among !m 73 ,an improv$ sp9n+ ma*9e2 a rot>y loom1 :i* produces ?ree times z mu* z ! usual k9d2 a *a9 elevator2 a connect+-rod = a propell]2 a fire-escape2 an app>atus = weigh+ wool1 "o ( ! mo/ delicate ma*9es t h ev] be5 inv5t$1 ( immeasurable value to ! wool indu/ry2 a fire ext+ui%]2 a process ( employ+ petroleum z a fuel = /eam-eng9es in/ead ( wood or coal2 an improv$ sp>k-cat*] = locomotives2 a signal = grade-cross+s2 a sy/em ( heat+ c>s )\t fire2 a lubricat+ felt to dim9i% friction 7on railroads72 a typewrit]2 a signal-rocket = ! navy2 a deep-sea telescope2 a sy/em = subdu+ ! noise ( ! elevat$ tra9s2 a smoke-consum]2 a ma*9e = fold+ pap] bags1 etc4 ,_m improvem5ts on sew+ ma*9es h be5 made by wom52 = in/ance1 an appliance = sew+ canvas & co>se clo?2 an app>atus = ?read+ ! ne$le :ile ! ma*9e is runn+2 an improvem5t ( ma*9es = sew+ lea!r1 etc4 ,! la/-nam$ inv5tion 0 made by a woman :o 0 a h>ness-mak] 9 ,new ,york4 ,! deep-sea telescope1 inv5t$ by ,mrs4 ,ma!r & improv$ by h] daught]1 is an inv5tion ( great importance1 s9ce x makes x possible to exam9e ! keel ( ! l>ge/ vessel )\t br++ same into a dry-dock4 ,) ! aid ( ?is telescope sunk5 wrecks may be exam9$ f %ip-bo>d1 ob/acles to navigation & torp$oes may be locat$1 & s =?4 ,a ma*9e fam$ 9 ,am]ica & ,europe = its complicat$ & +5i\s con/ruction1 is "o = ! manufacture ( pap] bags4 ,_m m51 among !m not$ me*anicians1 _h tri$ 9 va9 to con/ruct a ma*9e ( ?is sort4 ,x 0 inv5t$ by a woman1 ,miss ,maggie ,knight4 ,! same lady has s9ce inv5t$ a ma*9e = ! fold+ ( pap] bags1 :i* p]=ms ! labor ( ?irty p]sons4 ,%e p]sonally conduct$ ! con/ruction ( ?is ma*9e 9 ,amh]/1 ,massa*usetts4 #afg ,a /ati/ic compil$ by ,blas*ko gives ! foll[+ in=mation 9 reg>d to ! ext5sion ( sexual diseases among ! v>i\s occupations4 ,fir/ come ! secret pro/itutes ) #cj p] c5t2 !n ! /ud5ts ) #be p] c5t2 m]*ants ) #af1 & work+m5 ) #i p] c5t4 #afh ,9 special cases wom5 may be exclud$ f c]ta9 lectures ) ! cons5t ( ! m9i/] ( education4 #afi ,! organization ( free cl9ical treatm5t ( pati5ts 9 ! l>ge cities ( ,russia4--,g]man ,qu>t]ly ( ,public ,hygi5e4 #agj ,:at difficulties are entail$ = wom5 :o h a family & at ! same "t wi% to1 or h to1 practice a trade or pr(ession1 has be5 ably %[n 9 ! book by ,adele ,g]h>d & ,hel5 ,simon3 8,mat]nity & ,intellectual ,occupations0 7,b]l91 #aija1 ,george ,reim]74 ,x conta9s ! p]sonal exp]i5ces & op9ions ( writ]s1 arti/s1 s+]s1 actresses1 etc41 & ^! op9ions prove t society mu/ be completely reorganiz$ to give full play to ! great am\nt ( female intellig5ce t exi/s & /rives = expression1 s9ce x is 9 ! int]e/ ( society itself t x %\ld be giv5 full play4 #aga ,accord+ to ! la/ report = #aijh1 ,engl& has #af female factory inspectors1 ,miss ,a4 ,m4 ,&]son & #ae assi/ants4 #agb ,! fir/ woman factory inspector 0 appo9t$ 9 ,bav>ia 9 #ahig4 ,f !n until #aiji ! numb] ( woman factory inspectors rose to #bf4 ,f\rte5 /ates _h until !n n appo9t$ any4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,! ,legal ,/atus ( ,wom54 #a4--,! ,/ruggle = ,equality ,be=e ! ,law4 ,! social dep5d5ce ( a race1 class1 or sex1 always f9ds expression 9 ! laws & political conditions ( ! c\ntry 9 "q4 ,! laws ( a c\ntry are ! =mulat$ expression ( its rul+ int]e/s4 ,wom51 be+ ! dep5d5t & oppress$ sex1 f9d _! legal /atus mapp$ out to !m accord+ly4 ,laws are bo? negative & positive4 ,!y are negative by fail+ to take notice ( ! oppress$ 9 ! di/ribution ( rights4 ,!y are positive inasmu* z !y po9t out 8 dep5d5t position & d5ote :atev] exceptions !re may be4 ,our common law is f\nd$ on ! ,roman law1 :i* consid]s ! human be+ solely 9 8 quality z a prop]ti$ be+4 ,! old ,g]man law1 t dealt m favorably ) wom51 has ma9ta9$ its influ5ce only to a slight ext5t4 ,9 ! ,fr5* language1 z 9 ! ,engli% language1 human be+ & ! male are d5ot$ by ! same ^w1 8l'homme0--man4 ,9 ! same way1 ! ,fr5* law only recognizes ! man z a human be+1 &1 until a few decades ago1 ?is 0 true also ( ,engl&1 :]e wom5 7 ma9ta9$ 9 abject dep5d5ce4 ,x 0 ! same 9 anci5t ,rome4 ,!re 7 ,roman citiz5s & wives ( ,roman citiz5s1 b no ,roman citiz5esses4 ,9 ,g]many ! legal /atus ( wom5 has be5 some:at improv$1 inasmu* z ! great v>iety ( exi/+ laws h be5 replac$ by a uni=m law1 :]eby rights enjoy$ by wom5 "h & !re h be5 made g5]al4 ,!reby1 unm>ri$ wom5 7 admitt$ to gu>dian%ip2 wom5 7 p]mitt$ to act z witnesses1 to sign contracts1 & to c>ry on a bus9ess indep5d5tly4 ,bo? husb& & wife are entitl$ to ! common own]%ip ( ea* o!r's prop]ty1 unless ! dem&s made by ei!r p>ty may be reg>d$ z an abuse ( 8 or h] rights4 ,if !re are conflict+ op9ions betwe5 !m on ?is subject1 ! decision re/s ) ! husb&1 :o also is entitl$ to det]m9e ! place ( resid5ce4 ,if ! husb& %\ld abuse ?is "r1 ! wife is exempt f ob$i5ce4 ,! sole managem5t ( ! h\sehold re/s ) ! wife4 ,%e has ! s-call$ p[] ( ! keys1 :i* emp[]s h]1 )9 h] dome/ic sph]e1 to att5d to h] husb&'s affairs & to repres5t him4 ,! husb& is liable = 8 wife's debts4 ,b ! wife's p[] ( ! keys may be re/rict$1 or entirely aboli%$1 by h] husb&4 ,%\ld he abuse 8 p[]1 ?is limitation may be annull$ by ! c\rts4 ,! wife is oblig$ to d ! h\sework & to p]=m tasks 9 h] husb&'s bus9ess1 b only :]e su* occupations are cu/om>y1 9 accordance ) ! husb&'s /&>d ( liv+4 ,a dem& to e/abli%1 z ! rule1 sep>ate rights ( own]%ip by husb& & wife1 0 decl9$ by ! ,diet4 ,?is c only be obta9$ by means ( ! m>riage contract1 :i* is usually neglect$1 & may lead to disagreem5ts lat] on4 ,in/ead1 community ( managem5t 0 e/abli%$4 ,! husb& is !reby entitl$ to dispose ( 8 wife's prop]ty1 :ile %e is limit$ to h] d[ry4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! wife has unre/rict$ control ov] :atev] %e may e>n dur+ m>riage1 by p]sonal labor or 9 bus9ess4 ,! husb& has no "r to deprive ! wife ( h] e>n+s or h] d[ry4 ,! wife may also dem& security1 9 case %e has good reason to fe> t h] prop]ty is endang]$1 :i* %e may sometimes le>n too late4 ,%e may also ent] a compla9t to h ! common own]%ip aboli%$1 if h] husb& %\ld fail to provide = h] & h] *ildr54 ,! husb& is liable = damage result+ f mismanagem5t4 ,! wife may be griev\sly wrong$ by ! exi/+ divorce laws4 ,=1 9 case ( divorce1 ! jo9t e>n+s ( husb& & wife belong to ! husb&1 ev5 if he is ! guilty p>ty1 & if mo/ ( _! common prop]ty has be5 e>n$ by ! wife4 ,b ! woman is entitl$ to alimony1 accord+ to h] /ation1 only if x c be %[n t %e is n able to ma9ta9 h] /&>d ( liv+ by means ( h] own prop]ty or e>n+s4 ,pat]nal control has be5 replac$ by ! jo9t control ( bo? p>5ts1 b 9 case ( disagreem5t betwe5 ! p>5ts1 ! decision re/s ) ! fa!r4 ,9 case ( ! fa!r's dea?1 p>5tal control1 includ+ ! managem5t & use ( ! *ild's prop]ty1 devolves on ! "m4 ,a divorc$ woman has no "r to repres5t h] *ildr5 legally1 or to control _! prop]ty1 ev5 if ! *ildr5 h be5 aw>d$ to h]1 :ile ! fa!r cont9ues to enjoy full p>5tal rights4 ,9 ,engl&1 until #ahgj1 accord+ to ! common law1 a husb& 0 entitl$ to all ! p]sonal prop]ty ( 8 wife4 ,only real e/ate rema9$ h] prop]ty by law1 b ev5 ?is ! husb& 0 entitl$ to manage & to use4 ,! ,engli% woman 0 a m]e ciph] be=e ! law4 ,%e c\ld n sign any legal docum5t1 n ev5 a w4 ,%e 0 h] husb&'s *attel4 ,if %e committ$ any crime 9 h] husb&'s pres5ce1 he 0 held responsible = x1 s9ce %e 0 reg>d$ z a m9or4 ,9 case %e damag$ any "o's prop]ty1 ! damage 0 view$ z if done by a dome/ic animal2 h] husb& 0 answ]able = x4 ,9 #ahhh ,bi%op ,j4 ,n4 ,wood deliv]$ a lecture 9 ! *apel at ,we/m9/]1 9 :i* he said1 among o!r ?+s1 t z late z a c5tury ago ,engli% wom5 _h n be5 p]mitt$ to eat at _! husb&s' table1 nor to speak until !y 7 spok5 to4 ,z a symbol ( 8 m>ital p[]1 a :ip hung above ! b$1 t ! husb& 0 p]mitt$ to wield :5 ! wife 0 n z docile z h] "l desir$ h] to be4 ,only h] daught]s 7 oblig$ to obey h]4 ,by h] sons %e 0 reg>d$ z a s]vant4 ,by ! laws ( #ahgj1 #ahhb & #ahic1 ! woman is n only entitl$ to all ! prop]ty br\ght into m>riage by h]1 %e is also entitl$ to ev]y?+ %e may obta9 dur+ m>riage by h] e>n+s1 by inh]itance1 or by gift4 ,?is legal relation c be modifi$ only by special agreem5t betwe5 husb& & wife4 ,9 ?is respect ,engli% legislation has foll[$ ! example set by ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,by ! ,cu/ody ( ,infants' ,act1 ( #ahhf1 9 case ( ! fa!r's dea?1 p>5tal control devolves on ! "m4 ,! ,inte/ate ,e/ates ,act1 ( #ahij1 /ill gives ! man a privileg$ position4 ,bo? husb& & wife are free to dispose ( _! prop]ty by _! la/ w & te/am5t4 ,b if ! wife dies inte/ate1 all h] p]sonal prop]ty belongs to h] husb&2 :ile1 if ! husb& dies inte/ate1 8 wid[ is entitl$ to only "o-?ird ( 8 p]sonal prop]ty & income on real e/ate2 ! rema9d] belongs to 8 *ildr54 ,_m remnants ( ! old m$iaeval law rema9 9 =ce t greatly impair ! legal /atus ( m>ri$ wom54 ,z we h se51 ! divorce laws are /ill highly unfavorable to wom54 ,if a man commits adult]y1 t alone is no gr\nd = divorce = ! woman1 b only 9 connection ) cruelty1 bigamy1 rape1 etc4#agc ,! civil law is especially unfavorable to wom5 9 ,france1 & 9 all ^? c\ntries--mo/ly ,romanic c\ntries--t are /rongly influ5c$ by ! ,fr5* 8code civil10 or :]e x has be5 adopt$ 9 full1 ) "s modifications4 ,?is is ! case 9 ,belgium1 ,spa91 ,portugal1 ,italy1 ,russian ,pol&1 ! ,ne!rl&s1 & 9 mo/ ( ! cantons ( ,switz]l&4 ,!re is a say+ by ,napoleon ,i4 t is *>act]i/ic ( 8 conception ( ! position ( wom51 & t /ill holds true2 x is3 8,"o ?+ is n ,fr5*1 a woman :o may d z %e pleases40#agd ,z soon z a ,fr5* woman m>ries %e is plac$ "u ! gu>dian%ip ( h] husb&4 ,accord+ to ! ,code ,civil1 %e may n appe> 9 c\rt )\t ! cons5t ( h] husb&1 n ev5 if %e is connect$ ) a lawsuit4 ,! husb& %all protect 8 wife1 & ! wife %all obey h] husb&4 ,he controls ! prop]ty br\ght into m>riage by 8 wife2 he may sell1 r5t1 or mortgage same1 )\t be+ oblig$ to ask h] cons5t4 ,! result is1 t wom5 frequ5tly live 9 a condition ( absolute s]vitude4 ,a man may sp5d 8 wife's e>n+s on dr9k1 or on frivol\s wom52 he may gamble & run into debt1 leav+ 8 wife & *ildr5 9 want2 he is ev5 entitl$ to dem& f an employ] ! wages 8 wife has e>n$4 ,"u su* circum/ances x is n to be wond]$ at t _m wom5 pref] to desi/ f m>riage1 z 0 frequ5tly se5 9 ,france4 ,9 mo/ ,romanic c\ntries wom5 _c act z witnesses to legal docum5ts1 contracts1 wills1 etc4 ,9 ,france ?is 0 ! case until #ahig4 ,b !y are p]mitt$--by a /range inconsi/5cy--to act z witnesses at c\rt 9 all crim9al cases1 :]e _! te/imony may p]haps lead to ! execution ( a human be+4 ,9 crim9al law woman is ev]y:]e reg>d$ z man's equal1 & crimes & transgressions committ$ by h] are measur$ by ! same /&>d z ^? committ$ by man4 ,our law-mak]s seem blissfully unconsci\s ( ?is gl>+ inconsi/5cy4 ,z a wid[1 a woman may make h] w1 b 9 a great _m /ates %e is n admitt$ z a witness to a w1 yet %e may be appo9t$ z executrix4 ,9 ,italy wom5 are admitt$ z witnesses 9 civil law s9ce #ahgg4 ,! privileg$ position ( m5 is especially manife/ 9 ! divorce laws4 ,accord+ to ! 8,code ,civil10 9 ,france a man might obta9 a divorce if 8 wife committ$ adult]y2 b a woman c\ld n obta9 x1 unless h] husb& _h br\ght 8 concub9e into _! home4 ,?is article has be5 *ang$ by ! divorce law ( ,july #bg1 #ahhd1 b 9 ,fr5* crim9al law ! di/9ction has be5 ma9ta9$1 :i* is v *>act]i/ic ( ! ,fr5* law-mak]s4 ,if a woman has be5 convict$ ( adult]y %e is puni%able by imprisonm5t ( f ?ree mon?s to two ye>s4 ,b ! man is puni%able only if he has ma9ta9$ a concub9e 9 8 own h\sehold1 z p] ! =m] article ( ! 8,code ,civil40 ,if f\nd guilty1 8 only puni%m5t is a f9e ( f #ajj to #bjjj francs4 ,su* inequality be=e ! law w\ld be impossible if !re 7 wom5 9 ! p>liam5t ( ,france4 ,simil> laws are 9 =ce 9 ,belgium4 ,! p5alty = adult]y :5 committ$ by a woman is ! same z 9 ,france4 ,! man goes unpuni%$1 unless adult]y has be5 committ$ by him 9 8 & 8 wife's domicile2 9 t ev5t he may be puni%$ by imprisonm5t ( f "o mon? to "o ye>4 ,9 ,belgium ! inju/ice is n q z gl>+ z 9 ,france1 b 9 bo? c\ntries we f9d "o /&>d ( law = ! man & ano!r "o = ! woman4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ,fr5* law simil> provisions h be5 made 9 ,spa9 & ,portugal4 ,accord+ to ! civil law ( ,italy1 enact$ 9 #ahfe1 a woman _c obta9 a divorce on ! gr\nd ( adult]y1 unless h] husb& ma9ta9s 8 concub9e 9 8 own home1 or 9 a place :]e h] pres5ce appe>s z a p>ticul> insult to ! wife4 ,9 #aijg1 toge!r ) ! enactm5t ( ,june #ba1 :i* has modifi$ a numb] ( articles ( ! ,code ,civil 9 reg>d to m>riage1 bo? *amb]s f9ally adopt$ ! law ( ,july #ac1 :]eby ! wife became ! sole own] ( prop]ty e>n$ by h]1 or obta9$ by inh]itance or gift4 ,! husb& has be5 depriv$ ( 8 =m] control ov] ! p]sonal prop]ty ( 8 wife4 ,t is ! fir/ brea* 9 ,fr5* law1 & !reby ,fr5* wom5 h obta9$ ! same legal /atus t 0 obta9$ = ,engli% wom5 by ! law ( #ahgj4 ,mu* m advanc$ ?an ! 8,code ,civil0 & m advanc$ also ?an ,g]man civil law1 is ! new civil law ( ,switz]l& t 0 adopt$ on ,decemb] #aj1 #aijg1 & w come into =ce on ,janu>y #a1 #aiab4 ,until n[ ! v>i\s cantons ( ,switz]l& _h _! own laws4 ,9 ,g5eva1 ,waadt1 & ,italian ,switz]l& !y 7 p>tly f\nd$ on ! 8,code ,civil40 ,9 ,b]n & ,luc]ne !y 7 f\nd$ on ,au/rian law1 & 9 ,s*wytz1 ,uri1 ,unt]wald51 etc41 ! old common law prevail$4 ,n[ ,switz]l& is to h a uni=m code ( laws4 ,! fre$om ( ! wife & ! *ildr5 is assur$4 ,! new law provides t ! wife is entitl$ to "o-?ird ( h] husb&'s income1 ev5 if %e is only occupi$ z 8 assi/ant or h\sekeep]4 ,9 reg>d to inh]itance1 also1 ! laws are m favorable to wom5 ?an ! ,g]man laws4 ,:5 a man dies1 8 wife is n only entitl$ to "o-half ( 8 prop]ty1 b also1 toge!r ) ! man's p>5ts1 to ! lifelong use ( ! income f ! o!r half4 ,if p owe money to a man :o fails to provide = 8 wife & *ildr51 ! judge may in/ruct !m to pay ^! debts1 n to ! man himself1 b to 8 wife4 ,! law no long] =bids a divorc$ p]son to m>ry ! p]son ) :om he has committ$ adult]y4 ,! prop]ty rights ( m>ri$ p]sons are ma9ly det]m9$ by ! m>riage contract t may be drawn up by bo? be=e & dur+ m>riage4 ,illegitimate *ildr5--9 cases :]e ! "m _h be5 giv5 a promise ( m>riage--are n only entitl$ to alimony f _! fa!r1 z accord+ to ! new ,g]man law1 b !y are also entitl$ to _! fa!r's "n1 & !reby obta9 ! full rights ( legitimate *ildr54 ,sw$i% wom5 are giv5 full control ov] _! own e>n+s by a law ( ,dec4 #aa1 #ahgd4 ,9 ,d5m>k a simil> law 0 enact$ 9 #ahhj4 ,accord+ to ,dani% law no claims may be made on a woman's prop]ty = ! paym5t ( h] husb&'s debts4 ,! ,norwegian law ( #ahhh & ! ,f9ni% law ( #ahhi are q simil>4 ,! m>ri$ woman has ! same control ov] h] prop]ty z ! unm>ri$ woman2 only "s exceptions are provid$ = t are /at$ 9 ! law4 ,9 ! ,norwegian law x is cle>ly /at$1 t ! woman becomes a dep5d5t by m>riage4 8,9 ! ,sc&9avian c\ntries1 z else:]e1 ?is univ]sal movem5t to ext5d ! prop]ty rights ( wom5 orig9at$ 9 ! same way z x did 9 ,engl&3 ?r\gh ! ga9ful employm5t ( m>ri$ wom54 ,! rul+ classes 7 f> m will+ to ab&on ! patri>*al sup]iority ( ! common man ov] 8 work+ wife1 ?an t ( ! man f _! own ranks ov] 8 prop]ti$ wife40#age ,9 ! law ( ,may #bg1 #aijh1 ,dani% legislation advanc$ /ill ano!r /ep4 ,if a husb& & fa!r fails to provide = 8 family1 ! wife & *ildr5 may h ! sum1 aw>d$ to !m by ! au?orities1 advanc$ out ( ! public funds4 ,9 mo/ c\ntries ! fa!r has ! sole control ov] ! *ildr5 & ! "r to det]m9e _! education4 ,only 9 "s c\ntries ! "m is giv5 jo9t control ) ! fa!r 9 a m or less subord9ate way4 ,! old ,roman pr9ciple1 :]eby ! fa!r _h complete p[] ov] 8 *ildr51 ev]y:]e =ms ! key-note ( legislation4 ,9 ,russia m>ri$ wom5 h "s control ov] _! prop]ty1 b z bread-w9n]s !y rema9 utt]ly subs]vi5t to _! husb&s4 ,no pass--:i* is absolutely ess5tial = any *ange ( resid5ce--is ev] issu$ to a m>ri$ woman )\t h] husb&'s cons5t4 ,9 ord] to accept a position or to practice any trade or pr(ession1 %e mu/ also h h] husb&'s p]mission4 ,divorce is made s difficult1 t x c be obta9$ only 9 v r>e cases4 ,! position ( ,russian wom5 0 mu* m indep5d5t =m]ly 9 ! old peasant communities1 :i* 0 due to ! rema9+ communi/ic in/itutions or to ! rem9isc5ces ( ^! in/itutions4 ,! peasant woman 0 ! manag] ( h] own e/ate4 ,communism is ! mo/ favorable social condition = wom54 ,we h se5 ?is f our exposition ( ! matri>*al p]iod4#agf ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! wom5 h succe$$ 9 w9n+ almo/ complete equality be=e ! law2 !y h also prev5t$ ! introduction ( ,engli% & o!r laws regulat+ pro/itution4 #agc ,a4 ,*apman & ,m4 ,*apman--,! ,/atus ( ,wom5 "u ! ,engli% ,law4 ,london1 #aiji4 #agd ,l4 ,bridel--,la puissance m>itale4 ,lausanne1 #ahgi4 #age ,m>ianne ,web]--,wife & ,"m 9 ! ,evolution ( ,law4 ,tub+51 #aijg4 #agf ,! correctness ( ?is conception may be se5 f ! com$y by ,ari/ophanes1 8,! ,popul> ,assembly ( ,wom540 ,9 ?is com$y ,ari/ophanes depicts h[ ! ,a!nian /ate 0 s mismanag$ t no "o knew :at to d4 ,9 ! popul> assembly ( ! citiz5s ( ,a!ns ! prytanes submit ! "q h[ ! /ate is to be sav$4 ,a woman1 disguis$ z a man1 moves to entru/ ! gov]nm5t to ! wom51 & ?is motion is c>ri$ )\t resi/ance1 8because x 0 ! only ?+ n yet tri$ 9 ,a!ns40 ,! wom5 proce$ to /e] ! %ip ( /ate & imm$iately introduce communism4 ,( c\rse1 ,ari/ophanes ridicules ?is condition1 b ! *>act]i/ic "p ( 8 play is1 t he has ! wom5 introduce communism z ! only rational social organization f _! po9t ( view1 z soon z !y come into p[]4 ,ari/ophanes _h no idea ( h[ mu* tru? 0 9 8 je/4 #b4--,! ,/ruggle = ,political ,equality4 ,! evid5t inequality ( wom5 be=e ! law has caus$ ! m advanc$ among !m to dem& political rights1 9 ord] to atta9 _! equality by means ( legislation4 ,! same ?\ght has also l$ ! work+ class to direct _! agitation t[>d ! conque/ ( political p[]4 ,:at is "r = ! work+ class1 _c be wrong = ! wom54 ,be+ oppress$1 devoid ( rights &1 9 _m in/ances1 disreg>d$1 x is n only _! "r1 b _! duty to def5d !mselves & to adopt any me?od t appe>s good to !m1 s t !y may w9 an indep5d5t position4 ,( c\rse ^! endeavors are oppos$ by ! usual reaction>y croak+s4 ,let u see to :at ext5t ^! are ju/ifi$4 ,wom5 possess+ em95t intellectual abilities h influ5c$ politics at all times & among all peoples1 ev5 :]e !y 7 n end[$ ) ! p[] ( sov]eigns4 ,ev5 ! papal c\rt 0 n exempt f ?is4 ,if !y c\ld n ex]t any influ5ce by means ( ! rights conc$$ to !m1 !y did s by _! intellectual sup]iority1 ev5 by intrigues4 ,= _m c5turies _! influ5ce 0 p>ticul>ly /rong at ! c\rt ( ,france1 z also at ! ,spani% & ,italian c\rts4 ,at ! close ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 at ! c\rt ( ,philip ,v4 ( ,spa91 ,m>ie ( ,trmonille1 ,c\ntess ( ,bracciano & ,pr9cess ( ,urs9s1 0 ! prime-m9i/] ( ,spa9 = ?irte5 ye>s1 & dur+ ?is "t v ably conduct$ ,spani% politics4 ,z ! mi/resses ( rul]s1 _m wom5 h succe$$ 9 obta9+ a great political influ5ce2 we ne$ b m5tion ! well-kn[n names ( ,ma9t5on1 ! mi/ress ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 & ,pompad\r1 ! mi/ress ( ,l\is ,,xv4 ,! great intellectual awak5+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 t produc$ m5 l ,montesquieu1 ,voltaire1 d',allemb]t1 ,holba*1 ,helvetius1 ,la ,mettrie1 ,r\sseau1 & _m o!rs1 did n fail to affect ! wom54 ,?is great movem5t1 :i* que/ion$ ! ju/ification ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! /ate & feudal society & help$ to und]m9e !m1 may h be5 jo9$ by "s wom5 to foll[ ! fa%ion1 to satisfy _! love ( intrigue1 or = o!r unwor?y motives4 ,b a great _m wom5 7 impell$ to take "p 9 ?is movem5t by _! pr(\nd int]e/ & en?usiasm = its noble aims4 ,decades be=e ! outbreak ( ! great revolution1 :i* swept ov] ,france l a purify+ cl\d-bur/1 tore ! old ord] asund] & ca/ x d[n1 caus+ jubilation among ! mo/ advanc$ m9ds ( ! age1 wom5 _h ?rong$ into ! sci5tific & political clubs1 :]e philosophical1 sci5tific1 religi\s1 social & political problems 7 discuss$ ) unwont$ d>+1 & _h tak5 "p 9 ! discussions4 ,:5 at l5g?1 9 ,july1 #aghi1 ! /orm+ ( ! ,ba/ille u%]$ 9 ! great revolution1 wom5 ( ! upp] classes & wom5 ( ! common p p>ticipat$ actively & ex]t$ a v noticeable influ5ce bo? = & aga9/ x4 ,!y p>ticipat$ excessively 9 bo? good & evil :]ev] an opportunity pres5t$ itself4 ,! majority ( hi/orians h tak5 m notice ( ! excesses ( ! revolution ?an ( its great & noble de$s4 ,^! excesses1 by ! way1 7 only too natural1 = !y 7 ! result ( trem5d\s exasp]ation at ! unspeakable corruption1 ! exploitation1 ! imposition1 ! bas5ess & villany ( ! rul+ classes4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ^! bias$ descriptions1 ,s*ill] wrote ! l9es3 8,& wom5 !re become hy5as & mock at horror & despair40 ,& yet 9 ^? ye>s wom5 h set s _m noble examples ( h]oism1 magnanimity1 & admirable self-sacrifice1 t to write an imp>tial book on 8! wom5 9 ! great revolution10 w\ld mean ! erection ( a noble monum5t 9 _! honor4#agg ,accord+ to ,mi*elet1 wom5 ev5 7 ! van-gu>d ( ! revolution4 ,! g5]al pov]ty & want f :i* ! ,fr5* p suff]$ "u ! pr$atory & disgraceful rule ( ! ,b\rbon k+s1 especially affect$ ! wom51 z is always ! case "u simil> conditions4 ,be+ exclud$ f almo/ e dec5t means ( support1 t5s ( ?\s&s ( !m fell victims to pro/itution4 ,to ?is 0 add$ ! fam9e ( #aghi1 :i* increas$ ! suff]+ ( wom5 & *ildr5 to ! utmo/4 ,?is fam9e l$ !m to /orm ! t[n-hall 9 ,octob] & to m>* 9 masses to ,v]sailles1 ! seat ( ! c\rt4 ,x also caus$ a numb] ( !m to petition ! national assembly 8t ! equality betwe5 man & woman be re9/at$1 t "w & employm5t be op5$ to !m & t !y be giv5 positions suit$ to _! abilities40 ,z ! wom5 recogniz$ t !y ne$$ p[] to w9 _! rights1 b t !y c\ld atta9 p[] only by organiz+ & by /&+ toge!r 9 great numb]s1 !y organiz$ wom5's clubs ?r\gh\t ,france1 "s ( :i* _h a surpris+ly l>ge memb]%ip1 & also took "p 9 ! m5's meet+s4 ,:ile brilliant ,madame ,rol& pref]r$ to play a lead+ political "p among ! 8/atesm50 ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 ! ,girondi/es1 passionate & eloqu5t ,olympe de ,g\ges took ! lead]%ip ( ! wom5 ( ! p & esp\s$ _! cause ) all ! en?usiasm ( h] f]v5t temp]am5t4 ,:5 ! assembly proclaim$ 8! rights ( man0 7les droits de l'homme71 9 #agic1 %e promptly recogniz$ t !y 7 only rights ( m54 ,9 opposition to ^!1 ,olympe de ,g\ges1 toge!r ) ,rose ,lacombe & o!rs1 wrote 8,! rights ( ,wom510 9 sev5te5 articles4 ,on ! #bh ,brumaire 7,novemb] #bj1 #agic71 %e def5d$ ! rights be=e ! ,p>is ,commune1 ) argum5ts t are /ill fully ju/ifi$4 ,9 h] argum5tation ! foll[+ s5t5ce1 *>act]i/ic ( ! situation1 0 conta9$3 8,if a woman has ! "r to m\nt ! scaffold %e mu/ also h ! "r to m\nt ! plat=m40 ,h] dem&s rema9$ unfulfill$4 ,b h] ref]5ce to ! "r ( woman to m\nt a scaffold met ) bloody confirmation4 ,h] def5ce ( ! rights ( wom5 on ! "o h&1 & h] /ruggle aga9/ ! atrocities ( ! assembly on ! o!r1 made h] appe> ripe = ! scaffold to ! assembly4 ,%e 0 behead$ on ! #c;d ( ,novemb]1 ( ! same ye>4 ,five days lat] ,madame ,rol& 0 behead$1 also4 ,bo? w5t to _! dea? h]oically4 ,%ortly be=e ^! executions1 on ,octob] #ag1 #agic1 ! assembly _h %[n its attitude ( ho/ility t[>d wom5 by decid+ to suppress all ! wom5's clubs4 ,lat] on1 :5 ! wom5 cont9u$ to prote/ aga9/ ! wrong p]petrat$ aga9/ !m1 !y 7 ev5 =bidd5 to att5d ! assembly & ! public meet+s1 & 7 treat$ z rebels4 ,:5 mon>*ical ,europe m>*$ aga9/ ,france1 & ! assembly decl>$ 8! fa!rl& to be 9 dang]10 ,p>isian wom5 (f]$ to d :at 0 done tw5ty ye>s lat] by en?usia/ic ,prussian wom51 to be> arms 9 def5ce ( ! fa!rl&1 !reby hop+ to prove _! "r to equality4 ,b !y 7 oppos$ 9 ! commune by ! radical ,*aumette1 :o address$ !m ?us3 8,s9ce :5 are wom5 p]mitt$ to d5y _! sex & to make m5 ( !mselves8 ,s9ce :5 is x cu/om>y = !m to neglect ! t5d] c>e ( _! h\seholds1 to =sake ! cradles ( _! *ildr51 to come into public places1 to speak f plat=ms1 to ent] ! ranks ( ! army1 ) "o ^w1 to p]=m ^? duties :i* nature has de/9$ man to p]=m8 ,nature has said to ! man3 #8,be a man6 ,! races1 ! hunt1 agriculture1 politics1 all ex]tions are y\r privilege4' ,%e has said to ! woman3 #8,be a woman6 ,! c>e ( y\r *ildr51 ! details ( ! h\sehold1 ! sweet re/lessness ( mo!rhood1 ^! are y\r tasks4' ,fooli% wom51 :y d y seek to become m58 ,are human be+s n prop]ly divid$8 ,:at m d y ask8 ,9 ! "n ( ,nature1 rema9 :at y are1 & f> f envy+ u our /ormy lives1 make u =get !m 9 ! mid/ ( our families by lett+ our eyes re/ ^u ! lovely sight ( our *ildr51 happy 9 y\r t5d] c>e40 ,und\bt$ly ! radical ,*aumette express$ ! op9ion held by mo/ m54 ,x is g5]ally consid]$ an appropriate division ( labor t m5 def5d ! c\ntry & wom5 c>e = he>? & home4 ,= ! re/ ! oratorical effusion ( ,*aumette consi/s ( m]e phrases4 ,x is n true t man has borne ! burd5s ( agriculture4 ,f primeval days d[n to ! pres5t woman has contribut$ a l>ge %>e to agriculture4 ,! ex]tions ( ! hunt & ! races are no 8ex]tions10 b a pleasure to m51 & politics entails dang]s only = ^? :o combat curr5t op9ions1 :ile to o!rs x (f]s at lea/ z mu* pleasure z ex]tion4 ,no?+ b ! egotism ( man f9ds expression 9 ?is spee*4 ,aims simil> to ^? pursu$ by ! ,encyclop$i/s & ! great revolution 9 ,france f\nd expression 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :51 dur+ ! sev5ties & eighties ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! coloni/s won _! /ruggle = indep5d5ce f ,engl& & e/abli%$ a democratic con/itution4 ,at t "t1 ,m]cy ,ottis ,w>r5 & ! wife ( ! second presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,mrs4 ,adams1 toge!r ) a few o!r wom51 favor$ political equality4 ,x 0 due to _! influ5ce t ! ,/ate ( ,new ,j]sey be/[$ ! "r ( suffrage ^u wom51 ( :i* x depriv$ !m aga9 9 #ahjg4 ,9 ,france1 ev5 be=e ! outbreak ( ! revolution1 ,condorcet1 lat] a ,girondi/1 publi%$ a brilliantly writt5 essay 9 favor ( woman's suffrage & ! political equality ( bo? sexes4 ,inspir$ by ! great ev5ts 9 ! neighbor+ c\ntry1 x 0 brave ,m>y ,woll/onecraft1 born 9 #agei1 :o proclaim$ woman's cause at ! o!r side ( ! *annel4 ,9 #agij %e wrote a book 9 opposition to ,burke1 "o ( ! mo/ vehem5t oppon5ts ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 9 :i* %e def5d$ ! rights ( man4 ,soon aft] %e proce$$ to dem& ! rights ( man = h] own sex4 ,9 h] book1 publi%$ 9 #agib1 8,a ,v9dication ( ! ,rights ( ,wom510 %e sev]ely criticis$ h] own sex1 b dem&$ & bravely def5d$ complete equality = wom5 9 behalf ( ! common welf>e4 ,%e met ) vehem5t opposition & 0 subject$ to sev]e & unju/ attacks4 ,he>t-brok5 by bitt] inw>d /ruggles1 %e di$ 9 #agig1 misund]/ood & ridicul$ by h] contempor>ies4 ,at ! same "t1 :5 ! fir/ s]i\s endeavors to obta9 political equality = wom5 7 be+ made 9 ,france1 ,engl&1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ev5 9 ,g]many1 :i* 0 p>ticul>ly retrogressive !n1 a ,g]man writ]--,?4 ,g4 v4 ,hippel--anonym\sly publi%$ a book 9 ,b]l91 9 #agib1 on ! 8,civic ,improvem5t 9 ! ,condition ( ,wom510 9 :i* he def5d$ ! equal rights ( wom54 ,at t "t a book on ! civic improvem5t 9 ! condition ( m5 w\ld h be5 equally ju/ifi$4 ,we mu/ !re=e d\bly admire ! c\rage ( ?is man1 :o1 9 8 book1 v5tur$ to draw all ! logical conclusions f social & political sex equality & def5d$ same v ably & intellig5tly4 ,s9ce !n ! dem& = political rights ( wom5 has rema9$ dormant = a long "t2 b gradually x has be5 tak5 up aga9 by ! woman's movem5t 9 all c\ntries & has become realiz$ 9 a numb] ( /ates4 ,9 ,france ! ,/4 ,simoni/s & ,f\ri]i/s favor$ sex equality1 &1 9 #ahdh1 ! ,f\ri]i/ ,considrant mov$ 9 ! con/itutional committee ( ! ,fr5* p>liam5t to be/[ equal political rights ^u wom54 ,9 #ahea1 ,pi]re ,l]\x repeat$ ! motion 9 ! *amb]1 b likewise unsuccessfully4 ,at pres5t matt]s h an entirely diff]5t aspect4 ,! developm5t ( our social conditions & all social relations h und]gone a trem5d\s trans=mation & h at ! same "t trans=m$ ! position ( wom54 ,9 all civiliz$ /ates we f9d hundr$s ( ?\s&s & millions ( wom5 employ$ 9 ! mo/ v>i$ pr(essions1 j l m51 & e ye> ! numb] ( wom5 increases1 :o mu/ rely on _! own /r5g? & ability 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,! nature ( our social & political conditions1 !re=e1 c no long] rema9 a matt] ( indiff]5ce to wom54 ,!y mu/ be int]e/$ 9 que/ions l ! foll[+3 ,:e!r or n ! control ( dome/ic & =eign affairs favor w>2 :e!r or n ! /ate %\ld annually keep hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( heal?y m5 9 ! army & drive t5s ( ?\s&s f ! c\ntry2 :e!r or n ! necessities ( life %\ld be rais$ 9 price by taxes & duties at a "t :5 ! means ( subsi/5ce are v sc>ce to a great majority1 etc4 ,wom5 also pay direct & indirect taxes f _! prop]ty & _! e>n+s4 ,! educational sy/em is ( ! greate/ int]e/ to wom51 = ! mann] ( education is a det]m9+ factor 9 ! position ( _! sex2 x is ( special importance to mo!rs4 ,! hundr$s ( ?\s&s & millions ( wom5 employ$ 9 hundr$s ( trades & pr(essions are p]sonally & vitally conc]n$ 9 ! nature ( our social legislation4 ,laws relat+ to ! l5g? ( ! "w-day1 night-"w1 *ild labor1 wages1 safety appliances 9 factories & work%ops1 9 "o ^w1 all labor laws1 z also insurance laws1 etc41 are ( ! greate/ int]e/ to work+ wom54 ,work+m5 are only v insuffici5tly in=m$ ab\t ! conditions exi/+ 9 _m bran*es ( indu/ry 9 :i* wom5 are *iefly or exclusively employ$4 ,x is to ! int]e/ ( ! employ]s to conceal exi/+ evils t !y h caus$2 & 9 _m in/ances factory inspection does n include trades 9 :i* wom5 are exclusively employ$2 yet 9 ^! v bran*es ( indu/ry protection is mo/ ne$ful4 ,we ne$ b po9t to ! work%ops 9 our l>ge cities1 :]e seam/resses1 dressmak]s1 mill9]s1 etc41 are cr[d$ toge!r4 ,we h>dly ev] he> a compla9t f _! mid/1 & !re is no inve/igation ( _! condition4 ,wom5 z bread-w9n]s are also int]e/$ 9 ! comm]ce & cu/om-laws & 9 all civil laws4 ,!re c no long] be any d\bt1 t x is z important to wom5 z x is to m51 to influ5ce ! nature ( our conditions by means ( legislation4 ,! p>ticipation ( wom5 9 public life w\ld give x a new impetus & op5 new vi/as4 ,dem&s ( ?is sort are briefly set aside1 ) ! reply3 8,wom5 don't und]/& politics2 mo/ ( !m d n wi% to h a vote & w\ld n "k h[ to use x40 ,t is bo? true & false4 ,x is true t until n[1 9 ,g]many1 at lea/1 n v _m wom5 h dem&$ political equality4 ,! fir/ ,g]man woman to proclaim ! rights ( wom51 z e>ly z ! sixties ( ! la/ c5tury1 0 ,h$wig ,dohm4 ,rec5tly ! ,sociali/ work+ wom5 h be5 ! *ief support]s ( woman's suffrage & h und]tak5 an active agitation = ! w9n+ ( ! ballot4 ,! argum5t t wom5 h until n[ %[n only a v mod]ate int]e/ 9 politics1 does n prove any?+ at all4 ,if wom5 h fail$ to c>e ab\t politics =m]ly1 t does n signify t !y ought n to c>e ab\t !m n[4 ,! same argum5ts t are advanc$ aga9/ woman suffrage 71 dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! sixties1 advanc$ aga9/ univ]sal manhood suffrage4 ,9 #ahfc ! writ] ( ?is book himself 0 among ^? :o oppos$ x4 ,f\r ye>s lat] x made possible 8 election to ! ,diet4 ,t5s ( ?\s&s exp]i5c$ a simil> developm5t4 ,nev]!less !re /ill are _m m5 :o ei!r fail to make use ( _! political "r1 or d n "k h[ to use x4 ,yet t w\ld be no reason to deprive !m ( x4 ,dur+ ! p>liam5t>y elections usually f #be to #cj p] c5t4 ( ! vot]s fail to vote1 & among ^! are memb]s ( all classes4 ,:ile among ! #gj to #ge p] c5t4 :o d vote1 ! majority1 9 our op9ion1 vote z !y ought n to vote if !y und]/ood _! own advantage4 ,t !y d n und]/& is due to a lack ( political education4 ,b political education is n obta9$ by )hold+ political rights f ! masses4 ,x is obta9$ only by ! practice ( political rights4 ,practice alone makes p]fect4 ,! rul+ classes h always kn[n x to be 9 _! own int]e/ to keep ! great majority ( ! p 9 political dep5d5ce4 ,!re=e x has be5 ! task ( a det]m9$1 class consci\s m9ority to /ruggle = ! common good ) en]gy & en?usiasm1 & to ar\se ! masses f _! indiff]5ce & in]tia4 ,x has be5 ?us 9 all ! great movem5ts ( hi/ory1 & !re=e x ne$ n surprise or disc\rage u t x is ! same ) ! woman's movem5t4 ,! success t has be5 obta9$ s f> %[s1 t "w & sacrifice are n 9 va9 & t ! future w br+ victory4 ,z soon z wom5 %all h obta9$ equal rights ) m51 ! consci\sness ( _! duties w be awak5$ 9 !m4 ,:5 ask$ to vote !y w beg9 to "q 8:y0 & 8= :om40 ,!reby a new s\rce ( int]e/ w be e/abli%$ betwe5 man & woman t1 f> f h>m+ _! mutual relation1 w consid]ably improve x4 ,! inexp]i5c$ woman w naturally turn to ! m exp]i5c$ man4 ,!refrom an ex*ange ( ideas & mutual in/ruction w result1 a relation t until n[ has be5 v r>e betwe5 man & woman4 ,?is w give _! life a new *>m4 ,! un=tunate diff]5ces 9 education & conception betwe5 ! sexes t frequ5tly lead to disputes1 bre$ discord 9 reg>d to ! v>i\s duties ( ! man & injure ! public welf>e1 w be adju/$ m & m4 ,a cong5ial & l-m9d$ wife w support a man 9 8 endeavors1 in/ead ( h9d]+ him4 ,if o!r tasks %\ld prev5t h] f be+ active h]self1 %e w enc\rage ! man to d 8 duty4 ,%e w also be will+ to sacrifice a fraction ( ! income = a newspap] & = purposes ( agitation1 because ! newspap] w mean in/ruction & ent]ta9m5t to h]1 & because %e w und]/& t by ! sacrifices = purposes ( agitation1 a m wor?y human exi/5ce c be won = h]self1 h] husb& & h] *ildr54 ,?us ! common s]vice ( ! public welf>e1 t is closely l9k$ ) ! individual welf>e1 w elevate bo? man & woman4 ,! opposite ( t w be atta9$ :i* is claim$ by %ort-sight$ p]sons or by ! enemies ( equal rights1 & ?is relation betwe5 ! sexes w develop & become m beautiful z improv$ social conditions w lib]ate bo? man & woman f mat]ial c>e & excessive burd5s ( toil4 ,"h1 z 9 o!r cases1 practice & education w help along4 ,if ,i d n g into ! wat] ,i w nev] le>n to swim2 if ,i d n /udy & practice a =eign language1 ,i w nev] le>n to speak x4 ,t is readily und]/ood by ev]yone2 b _m fail to und]/& t ! same holds true ( ! affairs ( ! /ate & society4 ,are our wom5 less capable ?an ! inf]ior ,negro race t 0 giv5 political equality 9 ,nor? ,am]ica8 ,or %all a highly cultur$1 educat$ woman be entitl$ to few] rights ?an ! mo/ co>se & ignorant man1 only because bl9d *ance br\ght ! latt] into ! _w z a male be+8 ,has ! son a great] "r ?an ! "m f :om he has p]haps inh]it$ 8 be/ qualities & :o made him :at he is8 ,su* 8ju/ice0 is /range1 inde$4 ,moreov]1 we are no long] risk+ a leap into ! d>k & unkn[n4 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,new ,zeal&1 & ,f9l& h pav$ ! way4 ,on ! effects ( woman suffrage 9 ,wyom+1 ,ju/ice ,k+man1 f ,l>amie1 wrote to 8,! ,woman's ,j\rnal10 on ,novemb] #ab1 #ahgb1 z foll[s3 8,x is ?ree ye>s to-day t wom5 7 enfran*is$ 9 our t]ritory & 7 also giv5 ! "r to be elect$ to (fice1 z all o!r vot]s4 ,dur+ ?is "t !y h tak5 "p 9 ! elections & h be5 elect$ to v>i\s (fices2 !y h act$ z jurors & z ju/ices ( ! peace4 ,al?\gh !re probably /ill are "s among u :o oppose ! p>ticipation ( wom51 on pr9ciple1 ,i d n believe any "o c d5y t ! p>ticipation ( wom5 9 our elections has ex]t$ an educational influ5ce4 ,! elections became m quiet & ord]ly1 & at ! same "t our c\rts 7 enabl$ to puni% v>i\s k9ds ( crim9als :o _h be5 all[$ to g unpuni%$ until !n4 ,:5 ! t]ritory 0 organiz$1 = in/ance1 !re 0 h>dly a p]son :o did n c>ry a revolv] & make use ( same ^u ! slighte/ provocation4 ,i d n rememb] a s+le case :]e a p]son _h be5 convict$ ( %oot+ by a jury compos$ entirely ( m52 b1 ) two or ?ree wom5 among ! jurors1 !y always foll[$ ! in/ructions ( ! judge40 ,! prevail+ s5tim5t 9 reg>d to woman suffrage 9 ,wyom+1 tw5ty-five ye>s aft] its introduction1 0 express$ 9 a proclamation by ! legislature ( t /ate to all ! legislatures ( ! c\ntry4 ,x read3 8,:]eas1 ,wyom+ 0 ! fir/ ,/ate to adopt woman suffrage1 :i* has be5 9 op]ation s9ce #ahfi1 & 0 adopt$ 9 ! con/itution ( ! ,/ate 9 #ahij2 dur+ :i* "t wom5 h ex]cis$ ! privilege z g5]ally z m51 ) ! result t bett] c&idates h be5 elect$ = (fice1 me?ods ( election purifi$1 ! "* ( legislation improv$1 civic intellig5ce increas$1 & womanhood develop$ to a great] usefulness by political responsibility2 !re=e1 8,resolv$1 by ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 ! ,s5ate concurr+1 t1 9 view ( ^! results1 ! enfran*isem5t ( wom5 9 e ,/ate & ,t]ritory ( ! ,am]ican ,union is h]eby recomm5d$ z a measure t5d+ to ! advancem5t ( a high] & bett] social ord]40 ,x is c]ta9 t ! enfran*isem5t ( wom5 has %[n _m advantage\s results = ,wyom+1 & n "o s+le disadvantage4 ,t is ! mo/ spl5did v9dication ( its introduction4 ,! example set by ,wyom+ 0 foll[$ by o!r /ates4 ,wom5 7 giv5 full p>liam5t>y suffrage 9 ,colorado 9 #ahid1 9 ,utah 9 #ahie1 9 ,idaho 9 #ahif4 ,wom5 h municipal suffrage 9 ,kansas1 & s*ool suffrage1 tax-pay+ suffrage1 etc41 9 a numb] ( o!r /ates 9 ! ,union4 ,9 #ahii1 aft] ! innovation _h be5 9 =ce 9 ,colorado = five ye>s1 ! legislature decid$ ^u ! foll[+ resolution1 by #de aga9/ #c votes3 8,:]eas1 equal suffrage has be5 9 op]ation 9 ,colorado = five ye>s1 dur+ :i* "t wom5 h ex]cis$ ! privilege z g5]ally z m51 ) ! result t bett] c&idates h be5 select$ = (fice1 me?ods ( election h be5 purifi$1 ! "* ( legislation improv$1 civic intellig5ce increas$ & womanhood develop$ to great] usefulness by political responsibility2 !re=e1 8,resolv$1 by ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 ! ,s5ate concurr+1 t1 9 view ( ^! results1 ! enfran*isem5t ( wom5 9 e ,/ate & ,t]ritory ( ! ,am]ican ,union is h]eby recomm5d$ z a measure t5d+ to ! advancem5t ( a high] & bett] social ord]40 ,9 a numb] ( /ates ! legislatures h pass$ woman suffrage bills1 b ^! decisions 7 annull$ by ! vote ( ! p4 ,?is 0 ! case 9 ,kansas1 ,oregon1 ,nebraska1 ,indiana1 & ,oklahoma4 ,9 ,kansas & ,oklahoma ?is proce$+ has be5 twice repeat$1 & 9 ,oregon ev5 ?ree times4 ,! notewor?y fact is t ea* "t ! majorities aga9/ ! political emancipation ( wom5 became small]4#agh 8,! municipal rights obta9$ by wom5 are v v>i$1 b1 tak5 all 9 all1 d n am\nt to mu*4 ,z a matt] ( c\rse1 wom5 enjoy ! full municipal rights ( citiz5%ip 9 ^? f\r /ates 9 :i* !y h be5 giv5 national suffrage4 ,b only "o o!r /ate1 ,kansas1 has giv5 wom5 municipal suffrage1 :i* also includes s*ool & tax-pay+ suffrage & makes !m eligible to s*ool bo>ds4 ,a limit$ municipal suffrage1 f\nd$ ^u an educational qualification1 has be5 ex]cis$ by ! wom5 ( ,mi*igan s9ce #ahic4 ,l\isiana1 ,montana1 ,i[a1 & ,new ,york give wom5 ! "r to vote on municipal que/ions ( taxation4 ,! wom5 h n obta9$ z mu* influ5ce 9 ! g5]al adm9i/ration ( municipal affairs z !y h 9 reg>d to ! adm9i/ration ( s*ools4 ,!y h s*ool suffrage & are eligible to s*ool bo>ds 9 ! foll[+ /ates3 ,connecticut1 ,massa*usetts1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,v]mont1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,delaw>e1 ,ohio1 ,ill9ois1 ,wiscons91 ,m9nesota1 ,nor? & ,s\? ,dakota1 ,nebraska1 ,montana1 ,arizona1 ,oregon & ,wa%+ton4 ,9 ,k5tucky & ,oklahoma !y h s*ool suffrage1 b are n eligible to (fice2 9 ,k5tucky ! s*ool suffrage is limit$ by c]ta9 re/rictions4 ,9 ,ma9e1 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,l\isiana1 ,i[a & ,cali=nia1 wom5 are eligible to s*ool bo>ds1 b only to c]ta9 (fices40#agi ,9 ,new ,zeal&1 wom5 h _h full p>liam5t>y suffrage s9ce #ahic4 ,!y h actively p>ticipat$ 9 ! p>liam5t>y elections1 m actively ?an ! m51 b !y are n eligible to (fice4 ,only m5 may be elect$4 ,9 #ahic1 ( #aci1iae wom5 ( vot+ age no less ?an #aji1dfa regi/]$2 #ghe = ea* #ajjj2 #ij1bij--fde = ea* #ajjj--took "p 9 ! elections4 ,9 #ahif #ajh1ghc 7#fh p] c5t47 ( ! wom5 vot$2 9 #aijb1 #ach1efe2 9 #aije1 #age1jdf4 ,9 ,tasmania1 wom5 7 giv5 municipal suffrage 9 #ahhd & national suffrage 9 #aijc4 ,9 ,s\? ,au/ralia1 wom5 h _h national suffrage s9ce #ahie1 9 ,we/ ,au/ralia s9ce #aijj1 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales s9ce #aijb1 9 ,que5sl& s9ce #aije1 9 ,victoria s9ce #aijh4 ,f$]at$ ,au/ralia introduc$ p>liam5t>y woman's suffrage 9 #aijb4 ,! p>liam5t>y suffrage implies ! eligibility ( wom5 to p>liam5t1 b until n[ no woman has be5 elect$4 ,wom5 :o are ( age may vote = memb]s ( p>liam5t & be vot$ = on ! same t]ms z m54 ,! municipal adm9i/ration is less democratic4 ,! "r ( p>ticipation 9 ! adm9i/ration ( municipal affairs is connect$ ) milit>y s]vice4 ,s9ce #ahhi1 tax-pay+ wom5 are eligible to ! *>ity-bo>ds ( t[n & rural communities4 ,!y may also be elect$ z directors ( *>itable in/itutions & memb]s ( s*ool bo>ds4 ,! gr& g5]al /rike ( ,octob]1 #aije1 & ! victory ( ! ,russian revolution made possible ! re/oration ( ! con/itution 9 ,f9l&4 ,! work+ class1 by br++ pressure to be> ^u ! ,national ,diet1 succe$$ 9 obta9+ ! passage ( a law t provid$ = ! introduction ( univ]sal suffrage1 includ+ ! wom54 ,only su* p]sons 7 exclud$ :o receiv$ aid f public funds1 or :o ow$ _! p]sonal tax to ! /ate1 #ej c5ts = m5 & #be c5ts = wom54 ,9 #aijg1 #ai wom51 & 9 #aijh1 #be wom5 7 elect$ to ! p>liam5t ( ,f9l&4 ,9 ,norway1 wom5 p>ticipate 9 ! adm9i/ration ( s*ools s9ce #ahhi4 ,9 cities1 ! city c\ncils may appo9t !m to s*ool bo>ds1 & wom5 hav+ *ildr5 ( s*ool age take "p 9 ! election ( s*ool inspectors4 ,9 ! rural di/ricts all :o pay s*ool taxes1 reg>dless ( sex1 are entitl$ to take "p 9 ! s*ool meet+s ( ! communities4 ,wom5 may hold ! (fice ( s*ool inspector4 ,gradually wom5 7 giv5 a voice 9 o!r municipal matt]s also4 ,9 #aija1 municipal suffrage 0 ext5d$ to all ,norwegian wom5 :o _h atta9$ _! tw5ty-fif? ye>1 :o 7 ,norwegian citiz5s1 hav+ be5 9 ! c\ntry at lea/ five ye>s1 & :o paid taxes on an income ( at lea/ #cjj cr[ns1 9 ! rural di/ricts1 & #djj cr[ns 9 ! cities1 or ^: husb&s paid ! requir$ am\nt ( taxes4 ,wom5 answ]+ ^! requirem5ts 7 also made eligible to municipal (fices4 ,by ?is law #bjj1jjj wom5 7 enfran*is$1 #cj1jjj ( !m 9 ,*ri/iania alone4 ,dur+ ! fir/ election 9 :i* ! wom5 p>ticipat$1 #ij wom5 7 elect$ z memb]s ( t[n & city c\ncils1 & #afj z alt]nates4 ,9 ,*ri/iana1 #f wom5 c\ncillors & "o alt]nate 7 elect$4 ,on ,july #a1 #aijg1 ! ,norwegian wom5 7 giv5 p>liam5t>y suffrage1 b n ^u ! same t]ms z m54 ,p>liam5t>y suffrage 0 ext5d$ to wom5 on ! same t]ms on :i* !y _h be5 giv5 municipal suffrage2 #bej1jjj prolet>ian wom5 /ill rema9 exclud$ f political rights4 ,9 ,sw$51 unm>ri$ wom5 take "p 9 municipal elections s9ce #ahfb1 on ! same t]ms z m52 t is1 !y mu/ be ( age & mu/ pay taxes on an income ( at lea/ #adj doll>s4 ,9 #ahhg only #djjj wom5 among #fb1jjj vot$4 ,at fir/1 wom5 7 n eligible to any municipal (fice1 b 9 #ahhi a law 0 enact$ :i* decl>$ !m eligible to s*ool bo>ds & bo>ds ( *>ity4 ,9 ,febru>y1 #aiji1 ,sw$i% wom5 7 decl>$ eligible to all t[n & city c\ncils4 ,9 #aijb p>liam5t>y woman suffrage 0 reject$ by ! l[] h\se by #aad aga9/ #fd votes2 9 #aije by #aji aga9/ #hh votes4 ,9 ,d5m>k1 aft] _m ye>s ( agitation1 wom5 7 giv5 municipal suffrage 9 ,april1 #aijh1 & 7 also made eligible to municipal (fices4 ,all ^? wom5 are enfran*is$ :o h atta9$ _! tw5ty-fif? ye> & :o h an annual income ( at lea/ #bbe doll>s 9 ! cities 7less 9 rural di/ricts71 or ^: husb&s pay ! requir$ am\nt ( taxes4 ,moreov]1 s]vant girls are enfran*is$1 9 ^: case bo>d & lodg+ are add$ to ! wages !y receive4 ,dur+ ! fir/ election 9 :i* wom5 p>ticipat$1 :i* took place 9 #aiji1 sev5 wom5 7 elect$ to ! city c\ncil ( ,cop5hag54 ,9 ,icel&1 wom5 h municipal suffrage & are eligible to municipal (fices s9ce #aijg4 ,! /ruggle = woman suffrage 9 ,engl& has a consid]able hi/ory4 ,accord+ to an old law1 9 ! m$iaeval ages1 ladies ( ! manors _h ! "r ( suffrage & also ex]cis$ judicial p[]4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t !y 7 depriv$ ( ^! rights4 ,9 ! election re=m acts ( #ahcb1 ! ^w 8p]son0 _h be5 employ$1 :i* includes memb]s ( bo? sexes4 ,yet ! law 0 con/ru$ n to ref] to wom51 & !y 7 b>r$ f vot+ :]ev] !y made an attempt to d s4 ,9 ! election re=m bill ( #ahfg1 ! ^w 8p]son0 _h be5 replac$ by ! ^w 8man40 ,john ,/u>t ,mill mov$ to re9troduce ! ^w 8p]son0 in/ead ( 8man10 explicitly /at+ z ! object ( 8 motion t !reby wom5 w\ld be giv5 ! suffrage on ! same t]ms z m54 ,! motion 0 vot$ d[n by #aid aga9/ #gc votes4 ,sixte5 ye>s lat]1 9 #ahhc1 ano!r attempt 0 made 9 ! h\se ( commons to introduce woman suffrage4 ,! bill 0 reject$ by a majority ( only #af votes4 ,ano!r attempt fail$ 9 #ahhd1 :5 a mu* l>g] memb]%ip ( ! h\se vot$ d[n a suffrage bill by a majority ( #acf votes4 ,b ! m9ority 7 n disc\rag$4 ,9 #ahhf !y succe$$ 9 hav+ a bill provid+ = ! introduction ( p>liam5t>y woman suffrage pass$ 9 two read+s4 ,! dissolv+ ( p>liam5t prev5t$ a f9al decision4 ,on ,novemb] #bi1 #ahhh1 ,"l ,salisbury deliv]$ an address 9 ,ed9burgh1 9 :i* he said1 among o!r ?+s3 8,i s9c]ely hope t ! day may n be di/ant :5 wom5 w p>ticipate 9 p>liam5t>y elections & w help to det]m9e ! c\rse ( ! gov]nm5t40 ,alfr$ ,russell ,wallace1 ! well-kn[n sci5ti/ & foll[] ( ,d>w91 express$ himself ^u ! same "q 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 8,:5 m5 & wom5 %all be free to foll[ _! be/ impulses1 :5 no human be+ %all be hamp]$ by unnatural re/rictions ow+ to ! *ance ( sex1 :5 public op9ion w be controll$ by ! wise/ & be/ & w be sy/ematically impress$ ^u ! "y1 !n we w f9d t a sy/em ( human selection w manife/ itself t w result 9 a trans=m$ humanity4 ,z long z wom5 are compell$ to reg>d m>riage z a means :]eby !y may escape pov]ty & neglect1 !y are & rema9 at a disadvantage comp>$ to m54 ,!re=e ! fir/ /ep 9 ! emancipation ( wom5 is to remove all ! re/rictions :i* prev5t !m f compet+ ) m5 9 all bran*es ( indu/ry & 9 all occupations4 ,b we mu/ advance beyond ?is po9t & p]mit wom5 to ex]cise _! political rights4 ,_m ( ! re/rictions f :i* wom5 h hi!rto suff]$ w\ld h be5 sp>$ !m if !y _h _h a direct repres5tation 9 p>liam5t40 ,on ,april #bg1 #ahib1 ! second read+ ( a bill by ,sir ,a4 ,rollit 0 aga9 reject$ by #age aga9/ #aeb votes4 ,on ,febru>y #c1 #ahig1 ! h\se ( commons pass$ a suffrage bill1 b1 ow+ to v>i\s manuvres ( ! oppon5ts1 ! bill did n come up = ! ?ird read+4 ,9 #aijd ! same sc5e 0 re-enact$4 ,( ! memb]s ( p>liam5t elect$ to ! h\se ( commons 9 #aijf1 a l>ge majority _h decl>$ !mselves 9 favor ( woman suffrage prior to _! election4 ,on ,june #ba1 #aijh1 a gr& demon/ration 0 held 9 ,hyde ,p>k4 ,on ,febru>y #bh1 a bill provid+ t wom5 %\ld be giv5 p>liam5t>y suffrage on ! same t]ms z m51 _h be5 pass$ by #bga aga9/ #ib votes4#ahj ,9 reg>d to municipal adm9i/ration1 woman suffrage 9 ,great ,brita9 is con/antly exp&+4 ,9 ! p>i% c\ncils tax-pay+ wom5 h a voice & vote z well z m54 ,s9ce #ahii1 wom5 9 ,engl& h ! "r to vote = t[n1 di/rict & c\nty c\ncils4 ,9 ! rural di/ricts all proprietors & lodg]s--includ+ ! female ones--:o reside 9 ! p>i% or di/rict are entitl$ to vote4 ,all inhabitants :o are ( age may be elect$ to ! above-nam$ bodies1 reg>dless ( sex4 ,wom5 vote = memb]s ( s*ool bo>ds1 &1 s9ce #ahgj1 are eligible to same on ! same t]ms z m54 ,b 9 #aijc ! reaction>y ,engli% s*ool law has depriv$ wom5 ( ! "r ( be+ elect$ to ! s*ool bo>d 9 ! c\nty ( ,london4 ,s9ce #ahfi indep5d5t & unm>ri$ wom5 h ! "r to vote = ! privy c\ncils4 ,two laws enact$ 9 #aijg made unm>ri$ wom5 9 ,engl& & ,scotl& eligible to di/rict & c\nty c\ncils4 ,b a woman :o may be elect$ z *airman ( su* a c\ncil1 %all !reby n hold ! (fice ( ju/ice ( peace t is connect$ ) x4 ,wom5 are also eligible to p>i% c\ncils & z ov]se]s ( ! poor4 ,! fir/ woman mayor 0 elect$ 9 ,aldeburgh on ,novemb] #i1 #aijh4 ,9 #aijh !re 7 #aafb wom5 on ,engli% bo>ds ( *>ity & #fae wom5 on s*ool bo>ds4 ,9 ,irel&1 tax-pay+ wom5 h _h municipal suffrage s9ce #ahhg1 & s9ce #ahif !y may vote = memb]s ( bo>ds ( *>ity & be elect$ to same4 ,9 ! ,briti% colony ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 mo/ ( ! prov9ces h introduc$ municipal woman suffrage on simil> t]ms z 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ! ,african colonies ( ,engl&1 municipal woman suffrage has likewise be5 introduc$4 ,9 ,france ! fir/ slight progress 0 br\ght ab\t by a law enact$ on ,febru>y #bg1 #ahhj4 ,by ?is law a s*ool bo>d 0 creat$ consi/+ ( wom5 s*ool pr9cipals1 s*ool inspectors1 & inspectors ( asylums4 ,ano!r law ( ,janu>y #bc1 #ahih1 gave wom5 engag$ 9 comm]ce ! "r to vote = memb]s ( c\rts ( trade1 &1 s9ce ,novemb] #be1 #aijh1 wom5 may be elect$ z memb]s ( c\rts ( trade !mselves4 ,9 ,italy wom5 may vote = memb]s ( c\rts ( trade & be elect$ z su* s9ce #ahic4 ,!y are also eligible to bo>ds ( sup]visors ( hospitals1 orphan asylums1 f\ndl+ asylums1 & to s*ool bo>ds4 ,9 ,au/ria wom5 belong+ to ! class ( great l&[n]s may vote = memb]s ( ! ,diet & ! imp]ial c\ncil1 ei!r p]sonally or by proxy4 ,taxpay+ wom51 ov] #bd1 may vote = t[n & city c\ncillors2 m>ri$ wom5 ex]cise ! suffrage indirectly ?r\gh _! husb&s1 o!rs ?r\gh "s o!r au?oriz$ ag5t4 ,all ! wom5 belong+ to ! class ( great l&-own]s h ! "r to vote = memb]s ( ! ,diet1 b1 ) ! exception ( ,l[] ,au/ria1 !y d n ex]cise x p]sonally4 ,only 9 ! "o doma9 ref]r$ to1 ! law ( #ahif provides t ! great l&[n]s1 reg>dless ( sex1 mu/ ca/ _! vote 9 p]son4 ,wom5 may also vote = memb]s ( c\rts ( trade1 b may n be elect$ to same4 ,9 ,g]many wom5 are explicitly exclud$ f vot+ = any law-mak+ bodies4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry wom5 may vote = t[n-c\ncillors4 ,9 no city or rural community are wom5 eligible to municipal (fices4 ,9 ! cities !y are also exclud$ f ! "r to vote = any (fice4 ,! exceptions to ?is rule are "s cities 9 ! ,gr&-du*y ( ,saxony-,weim>-,eis5a*1 9 ! pr9cipalities ( ,s*w>zburg-,rudol/adt1 & ,s*w>zburg-,sond]%aus51 9 ,bav>ia1 & ! little t[n ( ,travemu5de1 9 ,lubeck4 ,9 ! ,bav>ian cities all wom5 :o are h\se-own]s1 & 9 ! cities ( ,saxony-,weim> & ,s*w>zburg1 all wom5 citiz5s are giv5 ! suffrage1 b only 9 ,travemu5de are !y p]mitt$ to ex]cise x 9 p]son4#aha ,9 mo/ ( ! rural communities :]e ! "r ( suffrage dep5ds ^u a prop]ty or tax-pay+ qualification1 wom5 are includ$ 9 ?is "r4 ,b !y mu/ vote by proxy & are n eligible to any (fice !mselves4 ,?is is ! case 9 ,prussia1 ,brunswick1 ,s*leswig-,hol/e91 ,saxony-,weim>1 ,hamburg1 & ,lubeck4 ,9 ! ,k+dom ( ,saxony a woman may ex]cise ! suffrage if %e be a l&[n] & unm>ri$4 ,:5 %e becomes m>ri$1 h] suffrage devolves ^u h] husb&4 ,9 ^? /ates 9 :i* municipal suffrage dep5ds ^u citiz5%ip1 wom5 are g5]ally exclud$4 ,?is is ! case 9 ,wurtemb]g1 9 ! ,bav>ian ,palat9ate1 9 ,bad51 ,hessia1 ,old5burg1 ,anhalt1 ,go?a1 & ,reuss4 ,9 ,saxony-,weim>-,eis5a*1 ,coburg1 ,s*w>zburg-,rudol/adt1 & ,s*w>zburg-,sond]%aus51 wom5 c become citiz5s on ! same t]ms z m51 & !y h ! suffrage1 n limit$ by any prop]ty qualification4 ,b "h1 too1 !y are prohibit$ f ex]cis+ ?is "r 9 p]son4 ,9 ^? ,prussian di/ricts :]e a limit$ =m ( woman suffrage exi/s1 ! enfran*is$ wom5 p>ticipate directly or indirectly 9 ! elections = memb]s ( ! diet9es4 ,9 ! electoral gr\ps ( great l&[n]s & ! repres5tatives ( m9+ & manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts1 ! wom5 vote = memb]s ( ! diet9es directly2 b 9 ! rural communities !y vote indirectly1 s9ce "h ! t[n c\ncil does n elect ! repres5tatives !mselves1 b only _! electors4 ,z ! local diet9es elect repres5tatives to ! prov9cial diets1 ! small numb] ( enfran*is$ wom5 are enabl$ to ex]t a v mode/ influ5ce on ! adm9i/ration ( ! prov9ces4 ,dur+ rec5t ye>s wom5 h be5 admitt$ to bo>ds ( *>ity1 & h be5 made ov]se]s ( ! poor & ( orphan asylums 9 gr[+ numb]s & ) m>k$ success4 7,bav>ia con/itutes ! only exception47 ,9 "s cities 79 ,prussia1 ,bad51 ,wurtemb]g1 ,bav>ia & ,saxony71 !y h also be5 admitt$ to s*ool bo>ds1 & 9 "o city 7,mannheim71 !y h be5 made memb]s ( a commission = ! inspection ( dwell+s4 ,insurance aga9/ sickness is ! only public in/itution 9 connection ) :i* wom5 may vote & be vot$ =4 ,!y rema9 exclud$ f vot+ = memb]s ( c\rts ( trade4 ,! above-quot$ in/ances %[ t suffrage 9 ,g]many & ,au/ria is det]m9$1 almo/ )\t exception1 n by ! p]son1 b by prop]ty4 ,politically1 human be+s are m]e ciph]s if !y h no money & no possessions4 ,nei!r intellect nor ability1 b prop]ty is ! det]m9+ factor4 ,x is v in/ructive to note ?is fact 9 reg>d to ! morality & ju/ice ( ! pres5t /ate4 ,we see t a numb] ( exceptions h already be5 made to ! !ory t wom5 are 9 ! same class ) m9ors & t ! fran*ise mu/ accord+ly be )held f !m4 ,& yet p vehem5tly oppose ! endeavor to give wom5 full political equality4 ,ev5 progressive p argue t x w\ld be dang]\s to enfran*ise wom5 because !y are cons]vative by nature & are susceptible to religi\s prejudices4 ,b ^! argum5ts are true to "s ext5t only1 s long z wom5 are ma9ta9$ 9 ignorance4 ,our object mu/ !re=e be to educate !m & to tea* !m :]e _! true int]e/ lies4 ,incid5tally x may be /at$ t ! religi\s influ5ce on elections has be5 ov]e/imat$4 ,! ultramontane agitation 0 s successful 9 ,g]many only because x wisely comb9$ ! religi\s int]e/s ) social int]e/s4 ,= a long "t ! ultramontane *apla9s vi$ ) ! ,sociali/s 9 reveal+ social det]ioration4 ,x 0 ?is t caus$ !m to become s influ5tial ) ! masses4 ,b ) ! end ( ! /ruggle betwe5 *ur* & /ate ?is influ5ce gradually decl9es4 ,! cl]gy are oblig$ to ab&on _! /ruggle aga9/ ! p[] ( ! /ate2 at ! same "t ! increas+ class diff]5ces compel !m to %[ great] consid]ation = ! ,ca?olic b\rgeoisie & ! ,ca?olic nobility & to be m retic5t 9 reg>d to social que/ions4 ,!reby !y lose _! influ5ce ^u work+m51 especially if consid]ation = ! rul+ classes compels !m to favor or to tol]ate actions & laws t are direct$ aga9/ ! int]e/s ( ! work+ class4 ,! same reasons w ev5tually also de/roy ! influ5ce ( ! cl]gy ^u wom54 ,:5 wom5 le>n 9 meet+s1 or f newspap]s1 or by p]sonal exp]i5ce1 :]e _! true int]e/s lie1 !y w emancipate !mselves f cl]ical influ5ce j z m54#ahb ,9 ,belgium1 :]e ultramontanism /ill pr$om9ates among l>ge circles ( ! population1 a numb] ( ! ,ca?olic cl]gy favor woman suffrage because !y deem x an effective weapon aga9/ ,socialism4 ,9 ,g]many1 too1 a numb] ( cons]vative memb]s ( ! ,diet h decl>$ !mselves 9 favor ( ! woman suffrage bills introduc$ by ,sociali/ memb]s & h expla9$ _! position by ass]t+ t !y consid] woman suffrage a weapon aga9/ ,socialism4 ,und\bt$ly !re is "s tru? 9 ^! op9ions1 tak+ into consid]ation ! pres5t political ignorance ( wom5 & ! /rong influ5ce ex]t$ ov] !m by ! cl]gy4 ,b /ill ?is is no reason to disfran*ise !m4 ,!re are millions ( work+m51 too1 :o vote = c&idates ( b\rgeois & religi\s p>ties aga9/ _! own class int]e/ & !reby prove _! political ignorance1 yet no "o w\ld propose to disfran*ise !m = ?is reason4 ,! )hold+ or ! rape ( ! fran*ise is n practic$ because ! ignorance ( ! masses--includ+ ! ignorance ( wom5--is fe>$2 = :at ^! masses are1 ! rul+ classes h made !m4 ,x is practic$ because ! rul+ classes fe> t ! masses w gradually become wise & pursue _! own c\rse4 ,until rec5tly ! v>i\s ,g]man /ates 7 s reaction>y t !y ev5 )held f wom5 ! "r ( political organization4 ,9 ,prussia1 ,bav>ia1 ,brunswick1 & a numb] ( o!r ,g]man /ates1 !y 7 n p]mitt$ to =m political clubs4 ,9 ,prussia !y 7 n ev5 p]mitt$ to p>ticipate 9 ent]ta9m5ts arrang$ by political clubs1 z 0 di/9ctly set d[n by ! supreme c\rt 9 #aija4 ,! rector ( ! ,b]l9 ,univ]sity ev5 w5t s f> z to =bid a woman to lecture be=e a social sci5ce club ( /ud5ts4 ,9 ! same ye> ! police au?orities ( ,brunswick =bade wom5 to take "p 9 ! proce$+s ( ! social congress ( ,evangeli/s4 ,9 #aijb ! ,prussian secret>y ( /ate condesc5d$ to give wom5 ! p]mission to att5d ! meet+s ( political clubs1 b "u ! condition t !y _h to take _! seats 9 a "p ( ! hall specially set aside = !m1 l ! ,jewi% wom5 9 _! synagogues4 ,no?+ c\ld h bett] *>act]iz$ ! pett9ess ( our conditions4 ,z late z ,febru>y1 #aijd1 ,pasad[sky solemnly decl>$ 9 ! ,diet3 8,wom5 %all keep _! h&s (f politics40 ,b ev5tually ?is /ate ( affairs became unbe>able ev5 to ! b\rgeois p>ties4 ,! new national law on assembly & organization ( ,april #ai1 #aijh1 br\ght ! only m>k$ improvem5t by e/abli%+ equal rights ( wom5 9 reg>d to political organization & public assembly4 ,! "r to vote mu/ ( c\rse be comb9$ ) ! "r to be elect$ to (fice4 ,we he> ! cry3 8,h[ ridicul\s x w\ld be to behold a woman on ! plat=m ( ! ,diet60 ,yet !re are o!r /ates :]e wom5 h asc5d$ to ! plat=ms ( p>liam5ts1 & we1 too1 h long s9ce become accu/om$ to see wom5 on plat=ms 9 _! meet+s & conv5tions4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica wom5 appe> on ! pulpit & 9 ! jury-box2 :y n on ! plat=m ( ! ,diet8 ,! fir/ woman to be elect$ to ! ,diet w "k h[ to impress ! o!r memb]s4 ,:5 ! fir/ work+m5 7 elect$ to ! ,diet !y1 too1 7 ! objects ( *eap wit1 & x 0 ass]t$ t work+m5 w\ld soon recognize ! folly ( elect+ m5 ( _! type4 ,b ! work+-class repres5tatives quickly succe$$ 9 w9n+ respect1 & at pres5t _! oppon5ts fe> t !re may be too _m ( !m4 ,frivol\s je/]s exclaim3 8,b picture a pregnant woman on ! plat=m ( ! ,diet2 h[ %ock+60 ,yet ! same g5tlem5 consid] x q prop] t pregnant wom5 %\ld be employ$ at occupations :i* %ock+ly degrade _! womanly dignity & dec5cy & und]m9e _! heal?4 ,t man is a wret*1 inde$1 :o d>es to ridicule a pregnant woman4 ,! v ?\ght t 8 "m 0 9 ! same condition be=e %e gave him bir? mu/ drive ! blood to 8 *eeks 9 %ame1 & ! o!r ?\ght1 t 8 wife's be+ 9 ! same condition may mean ! fulfillm5t ( 8 fonde/ hopes1 mu/ sil5ce him4#ahc ,! woman :o gives bir? to *ildr5 is s]v+ ! community at lea/ z well z ! man :o risks 8 life 9 def5ce ( ! c\ntry4 ,= %e gives bir? to & educates ! future soldi]s1 f> too _m ( :om mu/ sacrifice _! lives on ! battlefield4 ,moreov]1 e woman risks h] life 9 becom+ a "m4 ,all our mo!rs h fac$ dea? 9 giv+ u life1 & _m ( !m h p]i%$4 ,9 ,prussia1 = in/ance1 ! numb] ( dea?s 9 *ild-bir?--includ+ ! victims ( pu]p]al fev]--by f> exce$s ! numb] ( dea?s f typhoid4 ,dur+ #aije & #aijf #j4gc & #j4fb p] c5t4 ( typhoid pati5ts di$4 ,b among #aj1jjj wom5 #b4ac & #a4ig p] c5t4 di$ 9 *ild-bir?4 8,h[ w\ld conditions h develop$10 ,pr(essor ,h]ff rightly rem>ks1 8if m5 7 subject$ to ^! suff]+s to ! same ext5t8 ,w\ld n ! utmo/ measures be resort$ to80#ahd ,! numb] ( wom5 :o die 9 *ild-bir?1 or are left sickly z a result ( same1 is f> great] ?an ! numb] ( m5 :o die or are w\nd$ on ! battlefield4 ,f #ahaf to #ahgf1 9 ,prussia alone1 no less ?an #cba1gia wom5 fell victims ( pu]p]al fev]2 t is an annual av]age ( #ecfc4 ,9 ,engl&1 f #ahdg to #aija1 #bac1ecc wom5 di$ 9 *ild-bir?1 & /ill1 not)/&+ all hygi5ic measures1 no less ?an #djjj die annually4#ahe ,t is a f> great] numb] ?an ! numb] ( m5 kill$ 9 ! v>i\s w>s dur+ ! same "t4 ,to ?is trem5d\s numb] ( wom5 :o die 9 *ild-bir? mu/ fur!rmore be add$ ! /ill great] numb] ( ^? :o become sickly z a result ( *ild-bir? & die "y4#ahf ,?is is ano!r reason :y woman is entitl$ to full equality ) man4 ,let ^! facts be especially not$ by ^? p]sons :o advance ! milit>y s]vice ( m5 z an argum5t aga9/ ! equal rights ( wom54 ,moreov]1 our milit>y in/itutions enable a great _m m5 to escape ! p]=mance ( ?is duty4 ,all ^! sup]ficial objections to ! public activity ( wom5 w\ld be impossible if ! relation ( ! sexes 0 natural1 in/ead ( !re be+ an artificially /imulat$ antagonism betwe5 !m4 ,f _! e>ly *ildhood on ! sexes are sep>at$ 9 _! education & _! social int]c\rse4 ,x is especially ! antagonism we owe to ,*ri/ianity t keeps ! sexes ap>t & ma9ta9s "o 9 ignorance ab\t ! o!r1 :]eby free social int]c\rse1 mutual confid5ce & ! ability to supplem5t ea* o!r's traits ( "* are prev5t$4 ,"o ( ! fir/ & mo/ important tasks ( a rationally organiz$ society mu/ be to remove ?is detrim5tal discord & to re/ore ! rights ( nature4 ,we beg9 by mak+ ev5 ! little *ildr5 9 s*ool unnatural1 fir/ly1 by sep>at+ ! sexes1 & secondly1 by fail+ to in/ruct our *ildr5 z to ! sex nature ( human be+s4 ,9 e fairly good s*ool natural hi/ory is be+ taught at pres5t4 ,! *ild le>ns t birds lay eggs & hat* !m4 ,he le>ns :5 birds mate & t bo? ! male & female bird build ! ne/1 hat* ! eggs & fe$ ! "y4 ,he also le>ns t mammals br+ =? _! "y alive4 ,he he>s ( ! mat+ season & t ! male animals fight "o ano!r = possession ( ! females4 ,p]haps he ev5 le>ns h[ _m "y "o or ano!r species ( animal usually br+s =? & h[ long ! female is pregnant4 ,b pr(\nde/ secrecy is ma9ta9$ 9 reg>d to ! orig9 & developm5t ( ! human be+4 ,:5 ! *ild seeks to satisfy its natural curiosity by que/ion+ 8 p>5ts1 especially 8 "m--he r>ely v5tures to "q ! tea*]--he is told ! mo/ ridicul\s fairy tales t _c satisfy 8 ?ir/ = k & t mu/ ex]t an all ! m h>mful influ5ce :51 "s day1 he nev]!less le>ns ! true nature ( 8 orig94 ,!re are few *ildr5 :o h n le>n$ ( x by ! "t !y are twelve ye>s old4 ,9 e small t[n1 & especially 9 ! c\ntry1 ev5 v "y *ildr5 h occasion to obs]ve ! pair+ ( p\ltry & dome/ic animals at close range 9 ! y>ds1 9 ! /reets & on pa/ure4 ,!y he> t ! pair+ ( dome/ic animals & ! bir? ( ! "y is discuss$ )\t a s5se ( %ame by _! p>5ts1 _! eld] bro!rs & si/]s & ! s]vants4 ,all ?is causes ! *ild to d\bt ! tru? ( :at 8 p>5ts told him 9 reg>d to 8 own com+ into ! _w4 ,f9ally ! *ild le>ns ! tru?1 b n 9 ! mann] 9 :i* he ought to le>n x if 8 education 7 a natural & rational "o4 ,! fact t ! *ild keeps 8 k a secret leads to an e/rangem5t betwe5 him & 8 p>5ts1 especially betwe5 him & 8 "m4 ,! p>5ts h accompli%$ ! opposite ( :at !y s\ght to accompli% 9 _! ignorance & %ort-sight$ness4 ,^? :o recall _! own *ildhood & ! *ildhood ( _! playmates "k to :at ?is may lead4 ,an ,am]ican woman#ahg tells u t 9 ord] to satisfactorily answ] ! con/ant que/ions ( h] eight-ye>-old son z to 8 orig91 & because %e did n wi% to tell him fairy tales1 %e reveal$ to him ! tru? ab\t 8 bir?4 ,! *ild1 %e says1 li/5$ to h] ) utmo/ att5tion1 & f ! day ^u :i* he _h le>n$ h[ mu* suff]+ he caus$ 8 "m1 he _h treat$ h] ) unwont$ t5d]ness & respect & _h also transf]r$ ^! feel+s to o!r wom54 ,! writ] upholds ! correct view t only by means ( a natural education m5 c be l$ to treat wom5 ) m respect & self-control4 ,e unprejudic$ p]son is b\nd to agree ) h]4 ,:atev] />t+-po9t "o may *oose 9 ! criticism ( pres5t-day conditions1 "o is b\nd always to reit]ate ! foll[+3 ,a ?or\gh reorganization ( our social conditions1 & !reby a ?or\gh trans=mation 9 ! relation ( ! sexes1 is ne$ful4 ,woman1 9 ord] to atta9 h] aim m quickly1 mu/ look ab\t = allies1 & %e naturally f9ds su* allies 9 ! prolet>ian movem5t4 ,! class-consci\s prolet>iat has long s9ce comm5c$ to /orm ! =tress ( ! /ate t is f\nd$ on class rule1 :i* includes ! rule ( "o sex ov] ! o!r4 ,! =tress mu/ be surr\nd$ on all sides1 &1 by arms ( all calib]s1 x mu/ be =c$ to surr5d]4 ,! beleagu]+ army f9ds its (fic]s & suitable arms on all sides4 ,! social sci5ces1 ! natural sci5ces1 hi/orical rese>*1 p$agogics1 hygi5e & /ati/ics furni% ! movem5t ) arms & munition4 ,philosophy comes =w>d1 too1 &1 9 ,ma9la5d]'s 8,philosophy ( ,deliv]ance10 proclaims ! e>ly realization ( ! 8ideal /ate40 ,! conque/ ( ! class-/ate & its trans=mation is made easi] by diss5sion 9 ! ranks ( its def5d]s1 :o1 not)/&+ _! community ( int]e/s aga9/ ! common enemy1 fight "o ano!r 9 ! /ruggle = ! spoils4 ,! int]e/ ( "o gr\p is oppos$ to ! int]e/ ( ano!r4 ,ano!r po9t 9 our favor is ! gr[+ mut9y 9 ! ranks ( ! enemy4 ,to a great ext5t _! soldi]s are blood ( our blood & fle% ( our fle%1 b1 ow+ to ignorance1 !y1 until n[1 f\ght aga9/ u & aga9/ !mselves4 ,m & m ( ^! jo9 our ranks4 ,we are1 fur!rmore1 help$ by ! des]tion ( hone/ m5 ( intellect1 :o 7 ho/ile to u at fir/1 b ^: sup]ior k & pr(\nd insight impels !m to rise above _! n>r[ class int]e/1 to foll[ _! ideal desire = ju/ice1 & to esp\se ! cause ( ! masses t are long+ = lib]ation4 ,_m /ill fail to recognize t /ate & society are already 9 a /ate ( decay4 ,!re=e an exposition ( ?is subject also becomes necess>y4 #agg ,emma ,adl]--,fam\s ,wom5 ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,vi5na1 #aijf4 #agh ,at pres5t suffrage am5dm5ts are p5d+ 9 ,wa%+ton & ,oklahoma4 7,tr47 #agi ,cl>a ,zetk9--,woman ,suffrage4 ,b]l91 #aijg4 #ahj ,a simil> bill1 kn[n z ! 8conciliation bill10 drawn up by a committee consi/+ ( memb]s ( all p>ties1 pass$ its second read+ 9 ,july #aiaj by #bii aga9/ #ahi votes4 ,prime ,m9i/] ,asqui? prev5t$ ! ?ird read+ & f9al vote ^u ! bill dur+ t session ( ,p>liam5t4 7,tr47 #aha ,political ,manual = ,wom54 ,b]l91 #aiji4 #ahb ,t ?is dang] exi/s ! cl]gy !mselves h soon recogniz$4 ,s9ce ! woman movem5t has gr[n & develop$ ev5 9 b\rgeois circles1 ! lead]s ( ! ,ca?olic p>ty recogniz$ t !y c\ld no long] oppose x1 & !y accord+ly completely rev]s$ _! attitude4 ,) t subtlety :i* has always *>act]iz$ ! s]vants ( ! *ur*1 !y favor at pres5t :at !y oppos$ until q rec5tly4 ,!y n only favor high] education = wom51 !y also decl>e !mselves 9 favor ( unre/rict$ "r ( assembly & organization = wom54 ,"s ( ! m f>-sight$ ev5 support woman suffrage1 hop+ t ! *ur* may d]ive ! greate/ ga9 f ! introduction ( same4 ,9 ! same way ! indu/rial organization ( wom5 is support$ by ! ,ca?olic cl]gy1 ev5 ! organization ( s]vant girls4 ,b all ^! social endeavors are fo/]$1 n f an innate s5se ( ju/ice1 b to prev5t ! wom5 f flock+ to ! camp ( religi\s & political oppon5ts4 #ahc 8,half ( ! wom5 memb]s ( ,p>liam5t 9 ,f9l& are wives & mo!rs4 ,?ree ( ! ,sociali/ m>ri$ wom5 memb]s became mo!rs dur+ _! p>liam5t>y activity )\t any o!r di/urb+ results except t !y rema9$ away f ! sessions = a few weeks4 ,_! pregnant condition 0 reg>d$ z some?+ natural t 0 nei!r wond]ful nor notewor?y4 ,x may r be said t ?is factor 0 ( educational value to ! assembly4 ,9 reg>d to ! p>liam5t>y activity ( ^! wom5 memb]s x %\ld be not$ t _! p>ties elect$ !m to ! special committees also1 :i* proves t !y 7 conv9c$ ( _! ability4 ,! committee on labor :]e ! laws = work+m5's protection1 work+m5's insurance1 & ! new trade laws 7 drawn up1 consi/$ ( twelve m5 & f\r wom51 & ?ree wom5 _h be5 *os5 z alt]nates4 ,! legislative & con/itutional committees ea* _h two wom5 memb]s1 & = ea* !re 0 "o woman alt]nate1 & ! wom5 h ably ma9ta9$ _! place 9 ^! committees40--,miss ,hilda ,pa]ss951 memb] ( ! diet ( ,f9l&--8,woman ,suffrage & ! ,p>ticipation ( ,wom5 9 ! ,p>liam5t>y ,"w ( ,f9l&40--,docum5ts ( ,progress4 ,july1 #aiji4 #ahd ,pr(essor ,dr4 ,otto v4 ,h]ff--,! /ruggle aga9/ pu]p]al fev]4 ,leipsig1 #aijh4 #ahe ,w4 ,williams--,dea?s 9 ,*ild-b$4 ,london1 #aijd4 #ahf 8,= e woman :o dies 9 *ild-bir? we mu/ assume f fifte5 to tw5ty :o are m or less s]i\sly infect$ ) result+ diseases ( ! abdom9al organs & g5]al debility f :i* !y frequ5tly suff] = ! rema9d] ( _! lives40 ,dr4 ,mrs4 ,h4 ,b4 ,adams--,! ,book ( ,woman4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahid4 #ahg ,womanhood1 ,its ,sanctities & ,fidelities by ,isabella ,bee*] ,hook]4 ,new ,york1 #ahgd4 ,lee1 ,%ep>d ,dill+ham4 ,! ,/ate & ,society4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,! ,class-,/ate & ! ,mod]n ,prolet>iat4 #a4--,our ,public ,life4 ,! developm5t ( society has be5 a v rapid "o 9 all civiliz$ /ates ( ! _w dur+ rec5t decades1 & any new a*ievem5t 9 any realm ( human activity /ill ha/5s ?is developm5t4 ,!reby our social conditions h be5 put into a /ate ( unre/1 f]m5tation & dissolution1 ! l ( :i* _h nev] be5 kn[n be=e4 ,! feel+ ( security ( ! rul+ classes has be5 %ak51 & ! in/itutions are los+ _! old /ability :]eby !y might resi/ ! attacks t are made ^u !m f all sides4 ,a feel+ ( discom=t1 insecurity & dissatisfaction has tak5 possession ( all /rata ( society1 ! highe/ z well z ! l[e/4 ,! trem5d\s ex]tions made by ! rul+ classes to remove ?is unbe>able /ate ( affairs by pat*+ & m5d+ ! body social1 prove useless because !y are insuffici5t4 ,!y only increase _! s5se ( insecurity & height5 _! discom=t & unre/4 ,!y h sc>cely ins]t$ "o beam into ! dilapidat$ /ructure 9 ! =m ( "s legislation1 :5 !y discov] a doz5 o!r decay$ spots t require repairs /ill m urg5tly4 ,at ! same "t !y h con/ant qu>rels & s]i\s diff]5ces ( op9ion among !mselves4 ,a measure introduc$ by "o p>ty to appease ! gr[+ dissatisfaction ( ! masses1 is condemn$ by ! o!r p>ty z an unp>donable weakness & l5i5cy t is b\nd to /imulate a desire = /ill great] concessions4 ,t is cle>ly se5 by ! endless discussions 9 all p>liam5ts1 :]eby new laws & in/itutions are con/antly be+ introduc$ )\t atta9+ any /ate ( re/ & satisfaction4 ,among ! rul+ classes !mselves c]ta9 extreme diff]5ces exi/1 "s ( :i* are insurm\ntable1 & ^! /ill int5sify ! social conflict4 ,! gov]nm5ts--& n only ^? 9 ,g]many--sway to & fro l re$s %ak5 by ! w9d4 ,!y mu/ lean on some?+1 = !y _c exi/ )\t a support1 & s !y incl9e fir/ t[>d "o side & !n t[>d ano!r4 ,!re is h>dly a progressive /ate 9 ,europe 9 :i* ! gov]nm5t c c\nt ^u a p]man5t majority 9 p>liam5t4 ,social extremes break up ! majorities2 & ! con/ant fluctuations ( ! m>ket1 especially 9 ,g]many1 und]m9e ! la/ remnant ( confid5ce t ! rul+ classes /ill plac$ 9 !mselves4 ,to-day "o p>ty is 9 control & to-morr[ ano!r4 ,:at ! "o has con/ruct$ ) mu* difficulty is torn d[n by ! o!r4 ,! confusion increases1 ! dissatisfaction becomes m la/+1 ! /ruggles multiply & we> out m human /r5g? 9 a few mon?s ?an =m]ly 9 an equal numb] ( ye>s4 ,besides1 ! mat]ial dem&s1 9 ! =m ( v>i\s taxes1 are con/antly increas+1 & !re is no limit to ! public debts4 ,! mod]n /ate is by its v nature a class-/ate4 ,we h se5 h[ x became necess>y to protect private prop]ty & to regulate1 by means ( laws & in/itutions1 ! relations ( ! proprietors to "o ano!r & to ! non-possessors4 ,:atev] =ms ! appropriation ( prop]ty may assume 9 ! c\rse ( hi/orical developm5t1 x is e/abli%$ by ! v nature ( private prop]ty t ! greate/ proprietors are ! mo/ p[]ful p]sons 9 ! /ate & %ape x 9 accordance ) _! int]e/s4 ,x is1 fur!rmore1 e/abli%$ by ! nature ( private prop]ty t an individual c nev] obta9 en\gh ( same & employs all available means 9 ord] to increase x4 ,he !re=e endeavors s to %ape ! /ate t x may be/ enable him to atta9 8 ends4 ,!reby laws & in/itutions ( ! /ate naturally develop into class laws & class in/itutions4 ,b ! p[]s ( ! /ate1 & all :o are int]e/$ 9 ma9ta9+ ! pres5t ord]1 w\ld n be able to uphold x long aga9/ ! mass ( ^? :o are n int]e/$ 9 its ma9t5ance1 if ?is mass w\ld recognize ! true nature ( exi/+ conditions4 ,?is recognition mu/ !re=e be prev5t$ at any co/4 ,! masses mu/ be ma9ta9$ 9 ignorance conc]n+ ! nature ( exi/+ conditions4 ,!y mu/ be taught t ! pres5t ord] has always exi/$ & w always cont9ue to exi/1 t seek+ to ov]turn x1 means to rebel aga9/ ! in/itutions ( ,god himself4 ,t is :y religion is made to s]ve ?is purpose4 ,! m ignorant & sup]/iti\s ! masses are1 ! m favorable are ! circum/ances to ! rul+ classes4 ,to ma9ta9 !m 9 ignorance & sup]/ition is 9 ! int]e/ ( ! /ate2 t is1 9 ! int]e/ ( ^? classes :o reg>d ! /ate z an in/itution to protect _! class privileges4 ,^! are1 besides ! prop]ti$ class1 ! hi]>*y ( *ur* & /ate1 :o all unite 9 ! common task ( protect+ _! int]e/s4 ,b1 ) ! endeavor to w9 possessions & ) ! increas$ numb] ( possessors1 ! g5]al /atus ( civilization is rais$ to a high] level4 ,! circle ( ^? increases :o seek to p>ticipate 9 ! fruits ( progress & :o succe$ 9 s do+ to a c]ta9 degree4 ,a new class arises on a new basis4 ,x is n reg>d$ by ! rul+ class z be+ entitl$ to equal rights1 b is prep>$ to v5ture any?+ 9 ord] to atta9 equality4 ,f9ally new class /ruggles arise & ev5 viol5t revolutions1 :]eby ! new class obta9s recognition & p[]4 ,especially by esp\s+ ! cause ( ! mass ( ! oppress$ & exploit$1 x atta9s ! victory ) _! aid4 ,b z soon z ! new class has come into p[] x unites ) its =m] enemies aga9/ its =m] allies1 & aft] "s "t class /ruggles beg9 anew4 ,! new rul+ class has mean:ile impr9t$ ! entire body social ) ! "* ( its means ( subsi/5ce2 b z x c increase its p[] & its possessions only by lett+ a "p ( its a*ievem5ts fall to ! %>e ( ! class t x oppresses & exploits1 x !reby height5s ! ability & und]/&+ ( t class4 ,by s do+1 ! rul+ class furni%es ! oppress$ class ) ! weapons t %all a*ieve its own de/ruction4 ,! /ruggle ( ! masses n[ becomes direct$ aga9/ all class rule1 9 :atev] =m x may exi/4 ,?is la/ class is ! mod]n prolet>iat1 & its hi/orical mission w be n only to a*ieve its own lib]ation1 b also ! lib]ation ( all :o are oppress$1 :i* includes ! lib]ation ( woman4 ,! nature ( ! class /ate n only involves ! political oppression ( ! exploit$ classes1 x also involves t !y are made to be> ! heavie/ burd5s = ! ma9t5ance ( ! /ate4 ,t is made easy :5 ! burd5s are impos$ 9 su* a mann] t _! true "* is conceal$4 ,x is obvi\s t high direct taxes mu/ fo/] a rebelli\s _s if ! income ( ^? on :om !y are impos$ is a small "o4 ,wisdom !re=e bids ! rul+ classes to be mod]ate 9 ?is respect1 & to introduce a sy/em ( indirect taxation in/ead by plac+ a tax on ! mo/ necess>y commodities4 ,!reby ! taxes are paid = 9 ! price ( ! commodities 9 an invisible way1 & ! majority rema9 ignorant z to ! am\nt ( taxes t !y actually pay4 ,to :at ext5t ! consum] is tax$ on bread1 salt1 meat1 sug>1 c(fee1 be]1 oil1 etc41 is difficult to calculate1 & mo/ p]sons h no idea to :at ext5t !y are fleec$4 ,^! taxes weigh heavie/ on l>ge families2 !y are !re=e ! mo/ unju/ =m ( taxation imag9able4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! possess+ classes pride !mselves on ! direct taxes t !y pay1 & by ! height ( ^! taxes !y measure ! political rights t !y enjoy & t !y )hold f ! non-possess+ classes4 ,moreov]1 ! possess+ classes provide aid & assi/ance f ! /ate = !mselves by means ( ! t>iff & o!r in/itutions t am\nt to millions ( doll>s annually at ! exp5se ( ! masses4 ,! masses are fur!rmore exploit$ by ! increas$ co/ ( liv+ z a result ( capitali/ic organization & ! =mation ( tru/s2 ^! ! /ate ei!r favors by its policy or suff]s to exi/1 & 9 "s cases x ev5 supports !m by actual p>ticipation4 ,z long z ! masses c be kept 9 ignorance conc]n+ ! nature ( all ^! measures1 !y 9 no way endang] ! /ate or ! rul+ social ord]4 ,b z soon z ! exploit$ classes become consci\s ( _! exploitation--& ! gr[+ political education ( ! masses enables !m to become s--! gl>+ inju/ice ( ^! measures ar\ses bitt]ness & indignation4 ,! la/ sp>k ( confid5ce 9 a s5se ( ju/ice ( ! rul+ p[]s is de/roy$4 ,! true nature ( ! /ate t resorts to su* measures1 ! true nature ( ! society t favors !m1 become recogniz$4 ,! /ruggle = ! ultimate de/ruction ( bo? is ! result4 ,9 _! endeavor to d ju/ice to ! mo/ conflict+ int]e/s1 /ate & society organize "o in/itution ^u ano!r1 b no old "o is ?or\ghly remov$ & no new "o is ?or\ghly c>ri$ out4 ,half measures are resort$ to t fail to satisfy anyone4 ,! new requirem5ts ( civilization t h gr[n up among ! p require "s consid]ation1 if ! p[]s t be are n to risk ev]y?+4 ,to meet ^! requirem5ts ev5 insuffici5tly entails a consid]able exp5se1 all ! m s because !re are a numb] ( p>asites ev]y:]e4 ,b alongside ( ^! new in/itutions all ! old in/itutions t are av]se to ! purposes ( civilization are ma9ta9$4 ,z a result ( social extremes !y are ev5 exp&$ & become all ! m tr\blesome & oppressive1 because increas+ k & judgm5t l\dly proclaim !m to be sup]flu\s4 ,! police dep>tm5t1 ! army1 ! c\rts1 ! prisons1 all are ext5d$ & become m exp5sive2 b !reby nei!r ! outw>d nor ! inw>d security is /r5g!n$2 r ! contr>y takes place4 ,a highly unnatural condition has gradually develop$ 9 reg>d to ! int]national relations ( nations to "o ano!r4 ,^! relations increase ) ! gr[+ production ( commodities1 ) ! increas$ ex*ange ( commodities t is con/antly made easi] by improv$ me?ods ( di/ribution1 & by ! fact t economic & sci5tific a*ievem5ts are becom+ ! common prop]ty ( all nations4 ,trade & cu/oms treaties are made1 &1 ) ! aid ( int]national means1 exp5sive ?or\ghf>es are con/ruct$4 7,! ,suez ,canal1 ! ,/4 ,go?>d ,tunnel1 etc47 ,individual /ates support /eam%ip l9es t help to increase ! traffic betwe5 v>i\s c\ntries ( ! globe4 ,! ,po/al ,union 0 =m$--a m>k$ progress 9 civilization--int]national congresses are held = v>i\s practical & sci5tific purposes2 ! m5tal products ( ! sev]al nations are dissem9at$ among all ! civiliz$ nations ( ! _w by translation into _! respective languages1 & by all ^! int]national activities ! ideal ( ! bro!rhood ( man is fo/]$ & increas$4 ,b ! political & milit>y condition ( ,europe & ! re/ ( ! civiliz$ _w =ms a /rik+ contradiction to ?is developm5t4 ,j+oism & national ho/ilities are artificially fo/]$ "h & !re4 ,ev]y:]e ! rul+ classes seek to ma9ta9 ! belief t ! p are brimful ( ho/ile feel+ t[>d "o ano!r & are only wait+ = an opportunity to attack & de/roy ea* o!r4 ,! competitive /ruggle ( ! capitali/ classes ( ! v>i\s c\ntries among !mselves1 becomes int]national1 & assumes ! "* ( a /ruggle ( ! capitali/ class ( "o c\ntry aga9/ ! capitali/ class ( ano!r c\ntry4 ,?is /ruggle1 support$ by ! political bl9dness ( ! masses1 causes ! nations to vie ) "o ano!r 9 w>like prep>ations ! l ( :i* ! _w has nev] se5 be=e4 ,?is rivalry creat$ armies ( a prodigi\s size2 x creat$ tools ( murd] & de/ruction = w>f>e on l& & sea ( su* p]fection1 z c\ld be made possible only by our age ( advanc$ te*nical developm5t4 ,?is rivalry creates a developm5t ( ! means ( de/ruction t f9ally leads to self-de/ruction4 ,! ma9t5ance ( ! armies & navies necessitates an imm5se exp5se t gr[s ) e ye> & is ultimately b\nd to ru9 ! weal?ie/ nation4 ,dur+ ! ye> #aijh ,g]many alone sp5t ov] #ae million m>ks 7#c1gej1jjj7 = its army & navy1 includ+ ! exp5ses = p5sions & ! int]e/ on ! national debt z f> z same _h be5 contract$ = milit>y purposes1 & ?is sum is increas+ annually4 ,! foll[+ li/1 compil$ by ,neym>ck1 %[s ! comb9$ milit>y exp5ses ( ! ,european /ates3 #ahff4 #ahgj4 #ahhg4 #aijf4 ,army & navy #c1jjj #c1jjj #d1ejj #f1gbe ,national debts #ff1jjj #ge1jjj #aag1jjj #adh1jjj ,int]e/ #b1djj #c1jjj #e1cjj #f1jjjahh ,z %[n by ?is li/1 ,europe sp5ds #f1gbe million francs 7#a1cfb1jjj1jjj7 annually = armies & navies1 & #f1jjj million francs 7#a1bae1jjj1jjj7 int]e/ on debts t h mo/ly be5 incurr$ to s]ve w>like purposes4 ,a f9e /ate ( affairs1 inde$6 ,am]ica & ,asia h begun to foll[ ! example set by ,europe4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates sp5t #ifg1jjj1jjj 9 #ahge1 & #c1eib1bej1jjj 9 #aijg & #aijh4 ,9 ,japan ! exp5ses = army & navy1 includ+ ! p5sions1 am\nt$ to #ea1bej1jjj 9 #ahge & to #eea1jjj1jjj 9 #aijh & #aiji4 ,z a result ( ^! exp5ses objects ( education & civilization are griev\sly neglect$4 ,! exp5ses = ext]nal def5se pr$om9ate & und]m9e ! true purpose ( ! /ate4 ,! gr[+ armies comprise ! heal?ie/ & /ronge/ elem5ts ( ! nation1 & = _! education & tra9+ all physical & m5tal =ces are employ$1 z if tra9+ = :olesale murd] 7 ! mo/ important mission ( our age4 ,at ! same "t ! tools ( w>f>e & murd] are con/antly be+ improv$4 ,!y h atta9$ su* a degree ( p]fection 9 reg>d to spe$1 range1 & =ce ( de/ruction1 t !y h become a t]ror alike to fri5d & foe4 ,if ?is trem5d\s app>atus %\ld be set 9 motion--:i* w\ld imply t ! w>r+ ,european =ces w\ld take ! field ) f #af to #bj million m5--x w\ld be se5 t x has become uncontrollable & indirigible4 ,no g5]al c comm& su* masses2 no battlefield is l>ge en\gh to draw !m up2 no adm9i/ration c provide = _! ma9t5ance dur+ any l5g? ( "t4 ,9 case a battle _h tak5 place !re w\ld n be suffici5t hospitals to c>e = ! w\nd$1 & to bury ! dead w\ld become almo/ impossible4 ,if we fur!rmore take into consid]ation :at di/urbances & deva/ations w\ld be wr\ght by a ,european w> on ! field ( economics1 we may say1 )\t fe> ( exagg]ation3 ,! next w> w be ! la/ w>4 ,! numb] ( failures 9 bus9ess w\ld exce$ all previ\s records4 ,! export trade w\ld come to a /&/ill & ?\s&s ( factories w\ld accord+ly be =c$ to %ut d[n4 ,! supply ( provisions w\ld run %ort1 :]eby ! co/ ( liv+ w\ld be enorm\sly increas$4 ,x w\ld require millions ( doll>s to support ! families ^: bread-w9n]s _h gone to w>4 ,b :5ce %\ld come ! means to meet all ^! prodigi\s exp5ses8 ,at pres5t ! ,g]man empire alone sp5ds f elev5 to twelve million doll>s daily to ma9ta9 its army & navy 9 read9ess = w>4 ,! political & milit>y /atus ( ,europe has tak5 a tr5d ( developm5t t may easily end ) a cata/rophe by :i* b\rgeois society w be engulf$4 ,on ! height ( its developm5t ?is society has creat$ conditions :i* make its own exi/5ce unt5able4 ,itself ! mo/ revolution>y society t has hi!rto exi/$1 x has furni%$ ! means = its own de/ruction4 ,9 a great _m ( our municipalities a desp]ate /ate ( affairs gradually beg9s to prevail1 s9ce x becomes almo/ impossible to satisfy ! annually increas+ dem&s4 ,^! dem&s are especially heavy 9 our rapidly gr[+ l>ge cities & indu/rial c5t]s1 & mo/ ( !m _c meet ! dem&s made ^u !m 9 any o!r way ?an by rais+ ! taxes & by borr[+4 ,s*ools1 build+ ( /reets1 illum9ation1 wat]-works1 sanitation1 educational & wellf>e "w1 police & adm9i/ration entail con/antly increas+ exp5ses4 ,besides1 ! well-to-d m9ority makes v heavy dem&s on ! community4 ,high] in/itutions ( le>n+ are dem&$1 ! build+ ( museums & !atres1 ! lay+ out ( f9e resid5tial di/ricts & p>ks1 ) appropriate illum9ation1 pavem5t1 etc4 ,! majority ( ! population may object to ^! privileges1 b !y are an innate "p ( ! nature ( conditions4 ,! m9ority are 9 p[] & !y use ?is p[] to satisfy _! requirem5ts ( civilization at ! exp5se ( ! community4 ,^! increas$ requirem5ts are ju/ifi$1 too1 = !y repres5t progress4 ,_! only %ortcom+ is t !y are ma9ly enjoy$ by ! possess+ classes alone1 :ile !y ought to be = ! common enjoym5t ( all4 ,ano!r evil is t ! adm9i/rations are (t5 exp5sive )\t be+ good4 ,n infrequ5tly ! (ficials are incompet5t & lack prop] und]/&+2 :ile t[n or city c\ncillors are g5]ally s mu* engag$ ) ! c>e = _! private exi/5ce t !y are unable to make ! sacrifices t a ?or\gh p]=mance ( _! duties w\ld require4 ,(t5 public positions are us$ to fur!r private int]e/s to ! detrim5t ( ! community4 ,! tax-pay]s mu/ be> ! consequ5ces4 ,a ?or\gh & satisfactory re=m ( ^! conditions _c be atta9$ by pres5t-day society4 ,9 :atev] =m ! taxes may be levi$1 ! dissatisfaction increases4 ,9 a few decades mo/ ( ! municipalities w be unable to satisfy _! dem&s by ! pres5t =m ( taxation & adm9i/ration4 ,9 ! municipalities1 z 9 ! /ate1 ! ne$ ( a ?or\ghgo+ trans=mation becomes manife/4 ,9 fact1 ! greate/ dem&s = purposes ( civilization are made ^u !m2 !y =m ! nucleus f :i* ! social trans=mation w proce$ z soon z ! w & p[] = su* trans=mation exi/4 ,b h[ %all ?is be atta9$ :ile private int]e/s control ev]y?+ & public int]e/s are ( second>y importance8 ,?is is1 briefly /at$1 ! condition ( our public life1 :i* is b a reflection ( ! social condition ( society z a :ole4 #ahh ,a4 ,neym>ck--,la ,/ati/ique int]national des valeurs mobilires4 ,bullet9 de l'in/itut int]national de /ati/ique4 ,cop5hag51 #aijh4 #b4--;,aggravation ( ,social ,extremes4 ,9 pres5t-day life ! /ruggle = exi/5ce is becom+ increas+ly difficult4 ,! w> ( all aga9/ all is rag+ & is wag$ rel5tlessly1 (t5 )\t any discrim9ation 9 ! me?ods employ$4 ,! ,fr5* say+3 8,ote-toi de la1 que je m'y mette0 7get out ( !re t ,i may take y\r place71 is practic$ 9 actual life4 ,! weak mu/ make way = ! /rong4 ,if ! mat]ial =ce ( money1 ( prop]ty1 does n suffice1 ! meane/ me?ods are resort$ to t a desir$ aim may be atta9$4 ,lies1 fraud & deception1 =g]y & p]jury1 ! wor/ crimes are committ$ = ?is end4 ,z "o individual is array$ aga9/ ano!r 9 ?is w>f>e1 ?us we f9d class aga9/ class1 sex aga9/ sex1 age aga9/ age4 ,advantage is ! only arbit] ( human relations2 e o!r consid]ation is set aside4 ,z soon z advantage requires x1 ?\s&s ^u ?\s&s ( work+m5 & wom5 are ca/ out into ! /reet1 & become public *>ges or en=c$ vagabonds4 ,9 masses work]s w&] f place to place ?r\gh ! l5g? & bread? ( ! l&1 & society fe>s & despises !m m & m z ! duration ( _! unemploym5t makes _! ext]nal appe>ance m %abby1 &1 ev5tually1 also demoralizes _! "*4 ,respectable society does n "k :at x means to d )\t ! simple/ requirem5ts ( ord] & cleanl9ess = mon?s1 to w&] ab\t ) an empty /oma*1 & to reap no?+ b ill-disguis$ disgu/ & contempt f ^? :o are ! uphold]s ( ?is sy/em4 ,! families ( ^! un=tunates suff] ! h>de/ privations & become dep5d5t on public *>ity4 ,sometimes despair drives p>5ts to awful crimes aga9/ _! *ildr5 & !mselves1 to murd] & suicide4 ,especially dur+ h>d times ^! de$s ( despair increase to an appall+ degree4 ,b ! rul+ classes are n p]turb$ by su* occurr5ces4 ,! same editions ( ! daily pap]s t report su* de$s1 caus$ by pov]ty & despair1 also conta9 reports ( fe/ive revelries & glitt]+ (ficial pageants1 z if !re 7 joy & abundance ev]y:]e4 ,! g5]al ne$ & ! increas+ly difficult /ruggle = exi/5ce drive m & m wom5 & girls into lives ( degradation & ru94 ,demoralization1 brutality & crime increase1 :ile ! prisons1 ! p5it5ti>ies & ! s-call$ re=matories c h>dly conta9 ! mass ( _! inmates4 ,crime is closely connect$ ) social conditions4 ,society does n wi% to admit ?is fact4 ,l ! o/ri*1 t conceals its head 9 ! s& n to see approa*+ dang]1 we deceive ourselves 9 reg>d to ^! conditions t %\ld lead to self-accusation4 ,we try to p]suade ourselves t x is all due to laz9ess1 love ( pleasure & lack ( piety on ! "p ( ! work+m54 ,?is is self-delusion & hypocrisy ( ! wor/ k9d4 ,z social conditions gr[ m unfavorable = a majority ( ! population1 crimes become m num]\s & m sev]e4 ,! /ruggle = exi/5ce assumes its mo/ cruel & viol5t =m & creates a condition 9 :i* m5 reg>d "o ano!r z mortal enemies4 ,social bonds are sev]$ & human be+s treat ea* o!r ) ho/ility4#ahi ,! rul+ classes :o d n see1 nor wi% to see1 to ! bottom ( ?+s1 seek to rem$y ^! evils 9 _! own way4 ,:5 pov]ty & ne$ increase1 &1 z a result1 demoralization & crime increase likewise1 ! s\rce ( ! evil is n s\ght out 9 ord] to plug up ?is s\rce1 b ! products ( ^! conditions are puni%$4 ,z ! evils gr[ & ! numb] ( evil-do]s increases1 p]secutions & p5alties are made m sev]e4 ,! belief seems to be t ! devil c be driv5 out by ,satan4 ,ev5 ,pr(essor ,haeckel deems x ju/ifiable to puni% crime ) sev]e p5alties & to resort to capital puni%m5t4#aij ,on ?is po9t he is fully agre$ ) reaction>ies ( all %ades :o o!rwise are 8 mortal enemies4 ,haeckel holds ! op9ion t incorrigible crim9als & wrong-do]s %\ld be ext]m9at$ l we$s t rob ! plants ( air1 light & ! soil to gr[ 94 ,if ,haeckel _h devot$ himself p>tly to ! /udy ( social sci5ces in/ead ( devot+ himself to ! natural sci5ces exclusively1 he w\ld "k t ^! crim9als c\ld be trans=m$ into useful memb]s ( human society1 if society w\ld (f] !m ! ne$ful conditions ( exi/5ce4 ,he w\ld "k t ! ext]m9ation ( individual crim9als w\ld no m prev5t ! p]petuation ( new crimes1 ?an we$s c\ld be prev5t$ f gr[+ :ile _! roots or _! se$s rema9$4 ,man w nev] be able to prev5t absolutely ! =mation ( h>mful organisms 9 nature4 ,b he w be able s to improve ! social ord] t he himself has creat$1 t ! conditions ( exi/5ce %all be favorable to all1 t ea* individual %all be enabl$ to develop freely1 & %all no long] be compell$ to satisfy 8 hung]1 8 desire = possessions1 or 8 ambitions1 at ! exp5se ( o!rs4#aia ,!y :o seek to remove crime by remov+ its causes _c favor viol5t me?ods ( repression4 ,!y _c prev5t society f protect+ itself 9 its own way aga9/ crim9als :om x c1 ( c\rse1 n give free scope1 b !y dem& all ! m urg5tly a trans=mation ( society t w\ld mean a removal ( ! causes ( crime4 ,! connection betwe5 social conditions & misdemeanors & crimes has frequ5tly be5 %[n by /ati/icians & political economi/s4#aib ,"o ( ! mo/ frequ5t misdemeanors1 t is reg>d$ z a misdemeanor by our society1 9 spite ( all its ,*ri/ian tea*+s ab\t *>ity--is m5dicancy4 ,9 connection ) ?is subject ! /ati/ics ( ! ,k+dom ( ,saxony tea* u t ! increase ( ! great crisis t began 9 ,g]many 9 #ahij & atta9$ its height f #ahib to #ahic1 ! numb] ( p]sons puni%$ = m5dicancy increas$ likewise4 ,dur+ #ahij ! numb] ( p]sons puni%$ = ?is misdemeanor 0 #h1hae2 dur+ #ahia1 #aj1jge1 & dur+ #ahib1 #ac1abj4 ,simil> facts 7 obs]v$ 9 ,au/ria1 :]e1 dur+ #ahia1 #ij1ibf p]sons 7 convict$ ( m5dicancy & vagrancy1 & #ih1iih p]sons dur+ #ahib4aic ,?is is a consid]able increase4 ,paup]ization ( ! masses on ! "o h& & increas+ weal? on ! o!r is ! /amp ( our p]iod4 ,! tr5d ( pres5t-day developm5t may be well judg$ f ! fact t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates five m5--,john ,d4 ,rockefell]1 ! late ,h>riman1 ,j4 ,pi]pont ,morgan1 ,w4 ,k4 ,v&]bilt1 & ,g4 ,j4 ,g\ld--9 ! ye> #aijj1 own$ toge!r ov] #hjj1jjj1jjj doll>s1 & t !y possess$ suffici5t influ5ce to control ! economic life ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & p>tly also t ( ,europe4 ,9 all civiliz$ c\ntries ! l>ge comb9ations ( capitali/s =m ! mo/ notewor?y ph5om5on ( ! rec5t p]iod & are con/antly ga9+ m social & political importance4 #ahi ,plato already recogniz$ ! results ( su* conditions4 ,he wrote3 8,a /ate 9 :i* classes exi/ is n "o s+le /ate b two4 ,! poor =m "o1 & ! ri* =m ! o!r4 ,bo? dwell toge!r1 b always way-lay "o ano!r4 ,f9ally ! rul+ class becomes unable to wage a w>1 = !n x dep5ds ^u ! masses :om1 :5 arm$1 x fe>s m ?an ! enemy40--,plato1 ,! ,/ate4 ,ari/otle says3 8,widespread pov]ty is an evil1 = x c h>dly be prev5t$ t su* p]sons become promot]s ( disord]40 #aij ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,creation4 #aia ,a simil> ?\ght is express$ by ,plato 9 8 8,/ate03 8,crimes are caus$ by ignorance1 by bad education & in/itutions ( ! /ate40 ,plato 0 bett] acqua9t$ ) ! nature ( society ?an _m ( 8 le>n$ foll[]s two ?\s& & ?ree hundr$ ye>s lat]4 ,t is n v enc\rag+4 #aib ,m4 ,sursky--,new facts conc]n+ ! economic causes ( crime4 8,new ,era40 #aic ,h4 ,h]z--,crime & ,crim9als 9 ,au/ria4 ,! au?or says3 8,! prevail+ economic /atus mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation 9 ! judgm5t ( crime4 ,! organization ( production & consumption & ! di/ribution ( weal? has a m>k$ influ5ce on crime 9 _m ways40 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,! ,process ( ,conc5tration 9 ,capitali/ic ,indu/ry4 #a4--,! ,displacem5t ( ,agriculture by ,indu/ry4 ,! capitali/ic sy/em ( production n only dom9ates ! social organization b also ! political organization4 ,x influ5ces & controls ! ?\ghts & s5tim5ts ( society4 ,capitalism is ! rul+ p[]4 ,! capitali/ is "l & ma/] ( ! prolet>ian1 ^: labor p[] he buys z a commodity to be appli$ & made use (1 at a price t oscillates accord+ to supply & dem& & ! co/ ( production1 z ) e o!r commodity4 ,b ! capitali/ does n buy labor p[] 8to please ,god10 or to r5d] a s]vice to ! work+man--z he sometimes seeks to pres5t x--b to obta9 surplus value by x1 :i* he pockets 9 ! =m ( pr(it1 int]e/ & r5t4 ,?is surplus value squeez$ out ( ! work+man--inasmu* z x is n sp5t by ! employ] = 8 p]sonal enjoym5t--is cry/alliz$ into capital1 & enables him /eadily to enl>ge 8 plant1 to improve ! process ( production1 & to employ m labor p[]4 ,!reby aga9 he becomes enabl$ to enc\nt] 8 weak] competitor1 z a horseman1 clad 9 armor1 might enc\nt] an un>m$ p$e/rian1 & to de/roy him4 ,?is unequal /ruggle is develop+ m & m 9 all doma9s1 & woman1 furni%+ ! *eape/ labor p[]1 beside ! *ild1 plays an important "p 9 ?is /ruggle4 ,! result ( ^! conditions is1 t ! l9e ( dem>cation becomes %>p] betwe5 a relatively small numb] ( p[]ful capitali/s & ! great mass ( non-possessors ( capital1 :o dep5d ^u ! daily sale ( _! labor p[]4 ,) ?is developm5t ! position ( ! middle classes is becom+ m & m unfavorable4 ,"o l9e ( indu/ry aft] ano!r1 :]e until rec5tly ! small manufactur]s pr$om9at$1 are be+ tak5 hold ( by capitali/ic ent]prise4 ,! competition ( ! capitali/s among !mselves compels !m con/antly to seek new realms to be exploit$4 ,capital goes ab\t 8l a ro>+ lion seek+ some?+ to dev\r40 ,! small m5 are ru9$1 & if !y d n succe$ 9 f9d+ "s o!r field ( activity--:i* is becom+ increas+ly difficult--!y s9k d[n into ! class ( wage-work]s4 ,all attempts to prev5t ! decl9e ( h&icraft & ! middle class by means ( laws & in/itutions t h be5 tak5 f ! %elves ( ! pa/1 prove useless4 ,!y may deceive "o or ano!r = a little :ile 9 reg>d to 8 true position1 b soon ! delusion is dispell$ by ! =ce ( facts4 ,! process ( absorption ( ! small ones by ! great ones is becom+ cle>ly evid5t to all ) ! unrel5t+ =ce ( a natural law4 ,9 :at mann] ! social /ructure ( ,g]many has be5 trans=m$ dur+ ! brief p]iod ( tw5ty-five ye>s--f #ahhb to #ahie & f #ahie to #aijg--t may be se5 by a comp>ison ( ! c5sus figures f ^! ye>s1 z %[n by ! foll[+ table3 ,,key ,agr3 ,agriculture ,ind3 ,indu/ry ,com3 ,comm]ce & ,traffic ,dom3 ,dome/ic s]vice ,pub3 ,public s]vice & le>n$ pr(essions ,noo3 ,no occupation ,tot3 ,total ,p]sons ga9fully employ$ ,increase 77 or 9 pr9cipal call+ decrease 77 ------------------------------------ s9ce #ahhb #ahhb #ahie #aijg ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,agr #h1bcf1dif #h1bib1fib #i1hhc1beg #a1fdf1gfa #ai4hi ,ind #f1cif1dfe #h1bha1bbj #aa1bef1bed #d1hei1ghi #ge4ih ,com #a1egj1cah #b1cch1eaa #c1dgg1fbf #a1ijg1cjh #aba4df ,dom #cig1ehb #dcb1dia #dgg1fie #gd1aac #ah4fc ,pub #a1jca1adg #a1dbe1ifa #a1gch1ecj #gjg1chc #fh4ef ,noo #a1ced1dhf #b1adb1hjh #c1djd1ihc #b1jej1dig #aea4dj ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,tot #ah1ihf1did #bb1iac1fhc #cj1bcb1cde #aa1bde1hea #ec4ie ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,p]sons ga9fully employ$ ,increase 77 or includ+ _! families decrease 77 ------------------------------------ s9ce #ahhb #ahhb #ahie #aijf ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,agr #ai1bbe1dee #ah1eja1cjg #ag1fha1agf #a1edd1bgi #ah4ah ,ind #af1jeh1jhj #bj1bec1bda #bf1chf1ecg #aj1cbh1deg #fd4be ,com #d1eca1jhj #e1iff1hcf #h1bgh1bci #c1gdg1aei #hb4fi ,dom #ich1bid #hhf1hjg #gib1gdh #ade1edf #ae4eg ,pub #b1bbb1ihb #b1hce1jad #c1djg1abf #a1ahd1add #ec4cc ,noo #b1bdf1bbb #c1cbg1jfi #e1agd1gjc #b1ibh1dha #acj4cf ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,tot #de1bbb1aac #ea1gfj1bhd #fa1gbj1ebh #ai1hgh1jff #cd4bg ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,^! figures %[ t dur+ ! tw5ty-five ye>s ref]r$ to1 a consid]able %ift+ ( ! population & its occupations has tak5 place4 ,! population employ$ 9 indu/ry1 comm]ce & traffic has increas$ at ! exp5se ( ! agricultural population4 ,almo/ ! entire increase 9 population--#f1edh1aga f #ahhb to #ahie1 & #i1iej1bde f #ahie to #aijg--;has be5 absorb$ by ! =m]4 ,al?\gh ! numb] ( p]sons ga9fully employ$ 9 indu/ry z _! pr9cipal call+ has increas$1 ?is increase has n kept pace ) ! g5]al gr[? ( ! population1 & ! numb] ( ! memb]s ( ! families ( p]sons s employ$ has ev5 decreas$ by #a1edd1bgi #h p] c5t4 ,indu/ry 7includ+ ! build+ trades & m9+71 comm]ce & traffic1 pres5t a diff]5t aspect4 ,"h ! numb] ( p]sons ga9fully employ$ & _! families h consid]ably increas$2 9 fact1 !y h increas$ m rapidly ?an ! population4 ,! numb] ( p]sons employ$ 9 indu/ry exce$s ! numb] ( p]sons employ$ 9 agriculture by #a1cgb1iig #ae p] c5t4 ,! numb] ( ! memb]s ( _! families exce$s ! numb] ( ! memb]s ( families ( p]sons employ$ 9 agriculture by #h1gje1cfa #di p] c5t4 ,! numb]s ( p]sons employ$ 9 comm]ce & traffic1 toge!r ) _! families1 %[ a /ill great] increase4 ,! result is t ! agricultural population1 :i* is ! real cons]vative portion ( ! population & =ms ! ma9/ay ( ! old ord] ( ?+s1 is be+ repress$ m & m & ov]tak5 by ! population engag$ 9 indu/ry1 comm]ce & traffic4 ,t ! numb] ( p]sons engag$ 9 le>n$ pr(essions & _! families h increas$ likewise1 does n alt] ^! facts4 ,! /rong increase 9 ! numb] ( p]sons hav+ no occupation & _! families is due to ! gr[+ numb] ( p]sons liv+ on _! r5ts1 includ+ accid5t1 invalid & old-age insurance1 ! great] numb] ( p]sons dep5d5t on *>ity1 /ud5ts ( all sorts1 & inmates ( poorh\ses1 hospitals1 insane asylums & prisons4 ,ano!r *>act]i/ic fact is ! slight increase 9 ! numb] ( p]sons employ$ 9 dome/ic s]vice & ! direct decrease 9 ! numb] ( s]vants4 ,?is %[s1 fir/ly1 t few] p]sons c af=d to employ dome/ic help2 x %[s fur!rmore t prolet>ian wom5 :o /rive = great] indep5d5ce1 l ?is pr(ession less & less4 ,9 #ahhb ! numb] ( p]sons engag$ 9 agriculture z _! pr9cipal call+ con/itut$ #dc4ch p] c5t4 ( p]sons ga9fully employ$2 9 #ahie1 #cf4ai p] c5t41 & 9 #aijg only #cb4fi p] c5t4 ,! agricultural population--includ+ ! families ( ^? ga9fully employ$ 9 agriculture--9 #ahhb con/itut$ #db4ea p] c5t4 ( ! entire population2 9 #ahie1 #ce4gd p] c5t41 & 9 #aijg only #bh4fe p] c5t4 ,^? employ$ 9 indu/ry z _! pr9cipal call+ con/itut$1 9 #ahhb1 #cc4fi p] c5t4 ( ! entire population2 9 #ahie1 #cf4ad p] c5t41 & 9 #aijg1 #cg4bc p] c5t4 ,includ+ _! families1 !y con/itut$ #ce4ea p] c5t4 9 #ahhb2 #ci4ab 9 #ahie1 & #db4ge 9 #aijg4 ,! foll[+ figures %[ ! p]c5tage ( p]sons employ$ 9 comm]ce & traffic3 ,p]sons employ$4 ,includ+ _! families4 #ahhb #h4bg #aj4jb #ahie #aj4ba #aa4eb #aijg #aa4ej #ac4da ,we see1 !n1 t 9 ,g]many1 at pres5t1 #ef4af p] c5t4 ( ! population 79 ,saxony ev5 #gd4e p] c5t47 dep5d ^u indu/ry & comm]ce1 & t n m ?an #bh4fe p] c5t4 79 ,saxony only #aj4jg p] c5t47 are engag$ 9 agriculture4 #b4--;,increas+ ,paup]ization4--,prepond]ance ( ,l>ge ,indu/rial ,e/abli%m5ts4 ,x is also important to /ate h[ ! population employ$ 9 ga9ful occupations is divid$ among indep5d5t work]s1 employes & labor]s1 & :at proportion ( ea* ( ^! is furni%$ by ei!r sex4 ,?is in=mation may be ga!r$ f ! table on ! foll[+ page4 ,,key ,agr3 ,agriculture ,ind3 ,indu/ry ,com3 ,comm]ce ,alt3 ,altoge!r ,m 3 ,male ,f 3 ,female ,t 3 ,total ,indep5d5t ,p]sons ,employees ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #ahhb #ahie #aijg #ahhb #ahie #aijg ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,agr3 ,m #b1jaj1hfe #b1bba1hbf #b1agb1gdj #fj1gfc #gh1jff #hb1edh ,f #bgg1afh #cdf1hii #cbh1bcd #e1hha #ah1ajg #af1bfd ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,t #b1bhh1jbb #b1efh1gbe #b1ejj1igd #ff1fdd #if1agc #ih1hab ,ind3 ,m #a1fba1ffh #a1edb1bgb #a1dii1hcb #if1hjg #bed1dba #fbb1jga ,f #egi1dgh #eai1dib #dgg1bij #b1bfi #i1cbd #fc1icf ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,t #b1bja1adf #b1jfa1gfd #a1igh1abb #ii1jgf #bfc1gde #fhf1jjg ,com3 ,m #eej1icf #fdj1ida #gfe1eea #ach1chg #bdi1ibj #dbf1bbj ,f #aej1egb #bjb1faf #bdf1fda #c1afa #aa1ihg #gi1fhi ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #gja1ejh #hdc1eeg #a1jab1aib #ada1edh #bfa1ijg #eje1ijj ,alt3 ,m #d1ahc1dfi #d1dje1jci #d1cch1abc #bie1ieg #ehb1djg #a1acj1hci ,f #a1jjg1bah #a1jfi1jjg #a1jeb1afe #aa1caa #ci1dah #aei1hhi ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,t #e1aij1fhe #g1dgd1jdf #e1cij1bhh #cjg1bfh #fba1hbe #a1bij1gbh ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,wage-work]s ---------------------------------- #ahhb #ahie #aijg --------------------------------------- ,agr3 ,m #c1fbi1iei #c1bci1fdf #c1jbh1ihc ,f #b1bea1hfj #b1chh1adh #d1bed1dhh ------------------------------------ ,t #e1hha1hai #e1fbg1gid #g1bhc1dga ,ind3 ,m #c1eea1jad #d1ifc1dji #g1jcj1dbg ,f #ede1bbh #iib1cjb #a1efb1fih ------------------------------------ ,t #d1jif1bdc #e1iee1gaa #h1eic1abe ,com3 ,m #ehb1hhe #hcf1jdb #a1ced1dhb ,f #add1cgg #cfe1jje #fje1jdc ------------------------------------ #gbg1bfb #a1bja1jdg #a1iei1ebe ,alt3 ,m #g1gfc1heh #i1jga1jig #ac1fid1afj ,f #b1ida1dee #c1gde1dee #d1afa1ifa ------------------------------------ ,t #aj1gje1cbd #ab1haf1eeb #ag1hef1aba --------------------------------------- ,?is table %[s t ! numb] ( p]sons indep5d5tly engag$ 9 agriculture increas$ by #bhj1fib f #ahhb to #ahie1 an increase ( #ab4e p] c5t42 b t f #ahie to #aijg x decreas$ by #fg1gea1 s t f #ahhb to #aijg ! numb] ( indep5d5t p]sons 9 agriculture has increas$ by only #bab1ida #i4b p] c5t4 ,on ! o!r h& ! numb] ( work+m5 t _h decreas$ by #bed1jbe #d4c p] c5t41 f #ahhb to #ahie1 has1 s9ce #ahie1 increas$ by #a1fee1fgg #bi4d p] c5t4 ,^u exam9+ ?is increase m closely we f9d t x is ma9ly due to female memb]s help+ to support ! families4 7,among ! total increase ( #a1iij1icj are #agj1ecb male & #a1hbj1ich female47 ,:5 we take only ! rural day-labor]s & help into consid]ation1 we f9d t ! male work]s h decreas$ by #cha1aie p]sons1 :ile ! female work]s h increas$ by #de1idb p]sons4 ,altoge!r ?is %[s ! consid]able decrease ( #cce1bec p]sons among agricultural labor]s4 ,9 agriculture1 !n1 n only ! numb] ( indep5d5t p]sons1 b also ! numb] ( help & day labor]s has decreas$4 ,! increase 9 ! agricultural occupation1 comp>$ to ! previ\s c5sus1 is due to ! greatly increas$ assi/ance f memb]s ( ! families1 especially ! female memb]s4 ,! indu/rial occupation pres5ts a diff]5t picture4 ,9 a t]m ( #be ye>s ! p]sons indep5d5tly employ$ decreas$ by #bcd1jbd #aj4f p] c5t41 :ile ! population increas$ by #cf4dh p] c5t4 ,me*anics1 work+ alone or work+ ) two assi/ants1 h ma9ly disappe>$4 ,! numb] ( wage-work]s has increas$ by #a1hei1dfh f #ahhb to #ahie1 & by #b1fcg1dad f #ahie to #aijg4 ,:5 we c\nt only ! wage-work]s prop]1 n includ+ ! memb]s ( _! families :o assi/ at _! "w1 we f9d t _! numb] has increas$ f #e1hii1gjh 9 #ahie to #h1dfj1cch 9 #aijg4 ,?ree-qu>t]s ( all p]sons employ$ 9 indu/rial occupations are wage-work]s 7#ge4af p] c5t474 ,9 comm]ce & trade we f9d ! opposite ratio4 ,"h ! numb] ( p]sons indep5d5tly engag$ has greatly increas$1 b ! numb] ( employes & work]s has increas$ likewise4 ,! numb] ( wom5 indep5d5tly engag$ 9 comm]ce has increas$ especially2 !y *iefly are ei!r wid[s :o seek to make _! liv+ z small deal]s1 or m>ri$ wom5 :o endeav\r to increase _! husb&s' income4 ,! numb] ( p]sons indep5d5tly engag$ 9 comm]ce increas$ by #caj1ehd #dd4c p] c5t41 f #ahhb to #aijg4 ,b ! numb] ( employes & wage-work]s has increas$ /ill m 7by #cfd1cfa #beh4h1 & by #a1bcb1bfc #afi4d p] c5t474 ,?is %[s h[ trem5d\sly comm]ce & trade h develop$1 p>ticul>ly f #ahie to #aijg4 ,!re are almo/ twice z _m employes z prior to t p]iod1 & among ^! almo/ six times z _m female employes4 ,dur+ ! p]iod f #ahhb to #aijg ! entire numb] ( p]sons indep5d5tly engag$ 9 ! ?ree occupations increas$ by #e4g p] c5t42 x did n keep pace !n ) ! increase 9 population 7#cf4dh p] c5t474 ,! numb] ( employes increas$ by #cbe4d p] c5t41 & ! numb] ( wage-work]s by #ci4a p] c5t4 ,we mu/ fur!rmore take into consid]ation t among #e1dij1bhh indep5d5t p]sons1 _m lead an entirely prolet>ian exi/5ce4 ,among ! #b1jhf1cfh manufactories enum]at$ !re 7 no less ?an #iid1gdc small produc]s :o work$ alone & #hge1eah :o did n employ ov] five assi/ants4 ,9 comm]ce !re 71 9 #aijg among #gji1bca e/abli%m5ts1 no less ?an #bcb1ghj ma9ta9$ by ! own]s )\t assi/ance4 ,!re 71 besides1 #ebdj port]s1 err&-boys1 etc41 & ?\s&s ( insurance ag5ts1 book ag5ts1 etc4 ,ano!r po9t to be consid]$ is t ! numb] ( indep5d5t p]sons 9 ! ?ree occupations does n co9cide ) ! numb] ( e/abli%m5ts4 ,if a firm1 = in/ance1 has doz5s ( bran* e/abli%m5ts1 z is frequ5tly ! case 9 ! tobacco trade1 or if a conc]n runs a numb] ( /ores1 ea* bran* is enum]at$ z an individual e/abli%m5t4 ,! same is true ( indu/rial ent]prises1 :51 = in/ance1 a ma*9e factory also runs an iron f\ndry1 a c>p5t] %op1 etc4 ,! figures !n d n convey suffici5t in=mation reg>d+ ! conc5tration ( capital on ! "o h& & ! /&>d ( liv+ on ! o!r4 ,& yet1 9 spite ( all ^! defici5cies1 ! results ( ! late/ c5sus ( ,june #ab1 #aijg1 pres5t a picture ( ! mo/ p[]ful conc5tration ( capital 9 indu/ry1 comm]ce & traffic4 ,!y %[ t1 h& 9 h& ) ! indu/rialization ( our entire economic sy/em1 a conc5tration ( all ! means ( production into a few h&s is rapidly progress+4 ,! indep5d5t small manufactur]s & trad]s work+ alone1 ( :om !re /ill 7 #a1hgg1hgb 9 #ahhb1 h become few] aga9 s9ce #ahie4 ,9 #ahie1 #a1gad1cea 7 enum]at$1 & 9 #aijg only #a1ddf1bhf2 a decrease ( #dca1ehf #bb4i p] c5t4 ,! numb] ( small produc]s & deal]s has rapidly decreas$ f c5sus to c5sus4 ,9 #ahhb x 0 #ei4a p] c5t42 #ahie1 #df4e1 &1 #aijg1 only #cg4c p] c5t4 ( all p]sons ga9fully employ$4 ,at ! same "t ! numb] ( l>ge manufactur+ & comm]cial ent]prises has gr[n f #bb4j to #bi4f1 & 7#aijg7 to #cg4c p] c5t4 ,f #ahie to #aijg ! numb] ( p]sons employ$ by small conc]ns increas$ by #ab4b p] c5t42 ! numb] ( ^? employ$ by conc]ns ( m$ium size1 by #dh4e p] c5t41 & ! numb] ( ^? employ$ by l>ge conc]ns1 by #ge4g p] c5t4 ,among #e1cej1jbe p]sons indu/rially employ$ 9 #aijg1 ! by f> l>ge/ gr\p is employ$ by l>ge conc]ns1 :ile1 9 #ahhb1 a great] numb] ( p]sons 7 small1 individual produc]s4 ,9 ! sev5 foll[+ bran*es ( indu/ry ! l>ge conc]ns pr$om9ate1 employ+ m ?an half ( all p]sons engag$ 9 ^! indu/ries4 ,( ea* #ajj p]sons ! foll[+ p]c5tage 7 employ$ by l>ge conc]ns3 ,m9+ #if4f p] c5t4 ,ma*9e manufacture #gj4d 8 ,*emical trades #fi4h 8 ,textile trades #fg4e 8 ,pap] trades #eh4d 8 ,indu/ry ( pott]y & e>!nw>e #eb4e 8 ,indu/ry ( soaps1 fats & oils #eb4c 8 ,9 ! o!r gr\ps indu/ry on a l>ge scale already pr$om9at$ 9 #ahie1 & ev]y:]e its pr$om9ance has be5 /ill fur!r increas$4 7,9 ! malleation ( metals1 #dg4j2 9 ! polygraphic trades1 #dc4h2 9 traffic1 #da4f1 & 9 ! build+ trades1 #dj4e p] c5t4 ( all p]sons 7 employ$ by l>ge conc]ns47 ,we see1 !n1 t 9 almo/ e bran* developm5t has favor$ indu/ry on a l>ge scale4 ,! conc5tration ( manufacture & ! conc5tration ( capital1 :i* are "o & ! same ?+1 take place p>ticul>ly rapidly :]ev] capitali/ic production obta9s full control4 ,let u1 = in/ance1 consid] ! brew+ indu/ry4 ,9 ! ,g]man brew]y-tax di/rict1 exclud+ ,bav>ia1 ,wurtemb]g1 ,bad5 & ,alsace-,lorra9e1 !re 73 ,numb] ( ,produc+ #ajjj brew]ies4 ,comm]cial hectolitres ( be]4 #ahgc #ac1efa #aj1ibg #ai1fee #ahhj #aa1efd #aj1cgd #ba1acf #ahij #h1ifi #h1jed #cb1bgi #aijj #f1ijc #f1bhc #dd1gcd #aije #e1iie #e1fjb #df1bfd #aijf #e1ghe #e1dbc #de1hfg #aijg #e1ebh #e1bea #df1cee ,s ! numb] ( brew]ies decreas$1 f #ahgc to #aijg1 by #hjcc #ei4c p] c5t42 t ( brew]ies decreas$ by #efgf #ea4i p] c5t41 b ! production ( be] increas$ by #bf1gjj1jjj hectolitres #ace4g p] c5t4 ,?is signifies a d[nfall ( ! small conc]ns & a trem5d\s gr[? ( ! l>ge conc]ns1 ^: productivity has be5 multipli$4 ,9 #ahgc1 #adej hectolitres & 9 #aijg #hche hectolitres 7 produc$ by ea* brew]y4 ,x is ! same :]ev] capitalism rules4 ,simil> results are %[n by ! ,g]man coal-m9+ indu/ry & o!r m9+ indu/ries ( ! ,g]man ,empire4 ,9 coal m9+ ! numb] ( conc]ns t am\nt$ to an av]age ( #fbc1 f #ahga to #ahge1 dw9dl$ d[n to #djf1 9 #ahhi4 ,b at ! same "t ! production ( coal rose f #cd1dhe1djj tons to #fg1cdb1bjj tons1 & ! av]age numb] ( p]sons employ$ increas$ f #abg1jgd to #bci1ied4 ,! foll[+ table illu/rates ?is process ( conc5tration 9 ! m9+ ( m9]al coal & br[n coal1 until #aijg3 ,m9]al ,coal ,br[n ,coal ,numb] ,numb] ,ye> ( ,av]age ,no4 ,quantity ( ,av]age ,no4 ,quantity ,conc]ns ,employ$ #ajjj tons ,conc]ns ,employ$ #ajjj tons #aijj #cch #dac1fic #aji1bij4b #efi #ej1iaa #dj1dih4j #aije #cca #dic1cjh #aba1bih4f #ecc #ed1ifi #eb1eab4a #aijf #cbb #eaa1ajh #acg1aag4i #ecf #eh1fcg #ef1dai4f #aijg #cac #ede1ccj #adc1ahe4g #ece #ff1dfb #fb1edf4g ,we see1 !n1 t1 9 ! production ( m9]al coal s9ce ! sev5ties1 ! numb] ( conc]ns has decreas$ by #di4h p] c5t41 :ile ! numb] ( wage-work]s employ$ has increas$ by #baf4i p] c5t41 & ! output ev5 by #dbj4f p] c5t4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! developm5t 9 ! entire m9+ indu/ry3 ,ye> ,numb] ( ,av]age numb] ,quantity conc]ns employ$ #ajjj tons #ahga-ge #c1jcd #bgg1hgh #ea1jef4j #ahhg #b1adf #ccg1fcd #hh1hgc4j #ahhi #a1ifb #cfh1hif #ii1dad4j #aije #a1hfb #ffa1caj #bje1eib4f #aijf #a1hfb #fhh1hec #bbi1adf4a #aijg #a1ieh #gcd1ijc #bdb1fae4b ,"h ! numb] ( conc]ns has decreas$ by #ce4e p] c5t41 :ile ! numb] ( wage-work]s employ$ increas$ by #afd4d p] c5t41 & ! output1 #cgd4e p] c5t4 ,! numb] ( employ]s _h gr[n small] b weal?i]1 & ! numb] ( prolet>ians _h greatly increas$4 ,9 ! indu/rial di/ricts ( ! ,rh9e & ,we/phalia !re /ill 7 #aef m9es 9 #aijg1 b #cd ( ^! controll$ m ?an #ej p] c5t4 ( ! output4 ,al?\gh ! c5sus enum]ates #aef m9es1 ! coal tru/1 :i* controls ! m9es ) b a few exceptions1 _h only #gf memb]s4 ,to su* ext5t ! process ( conc5tration has develop$4 ,accord+ to ! reports ( ,febru>y1 #aijh1 ! output ( ! coal tru/ am\nt$ to #gg4i million tons ( coal4#aid ,9 #ahga !re 7 #cjf bla/-furnaces1 employ+ #bc1aia labor]s & produc+ #a1efc1fhb tons ( crude iron4 ,9 #aijg1 #cjc bla/ furnaces1 employ+ #de1bja labor]s1 produc$ #ab1hge1bjj tons4 ,9 #ahga crude iron 0 produc$ at ! rate ( #e1aaj tons = e bla/-furnace2 9 #aijg at ! rate ( #db1dia tons = e bla/-furnace4 ,accord+ to a li/ publi%$ 9 8,/eel & ,iron10 9 ,m>*1 #ahif1 only "o bla/-furnace 9 ,g]many 0 able to produce crude iron at ! rate ( #hbj tons 9 #bd h\rs4 ,b 9 #aijg !re 7 #ab bla/-furnaces t c\ld1 )9 #bd h\rs1 produce #ajjj tons1 & m4#aid ,9 #ahga-ahgb1 #caa factories 9 ! beet sug> indu/ry consum$ #b1bej1iah tons ( beets4 ,9 #aijg-aijh1 #cfe factories consum$ #ac1dhb1gej tons4 ,! av]age consumption ( beets p] factory 0 #g1bcg tons dur+ #ahga-ahgb1 & #cf1ici tons dur+ #aijg-aijh4 ,?is me*anical revolution does n take place 9 indu/ry alone1 b also 9 comm]ce & traffic4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! developm5t ( ,g]man m>itime trade3 ,ye> ,sail+ vessels ,regi/'d tonnage ,numb] ( crew #ahga #d1cgb #ijj1cfa #cd1gci #aija #b1bgb #ebe1adj #ab1ibb #aije #b1bid #dic1fdd #ab1iad #aijh #b1cde #dcc1gdi #ab1hjj #aiji #b1cfa #daf1ead #ab1hdd ,less ?an 9 #ahga #b1jaa less #dhc1hdg less #ba1hie ,sail+ vessels1 !n1 are consid]ably dim9i%+1 & among ^? /ill exi/+ ! regi/]$ tonnage & ! numb] ( ! crew is decreas+4 ,9 #ahga !re 71 = ea* sail+ vessel1 #bje4i regi/]$ tonnage & #g4i memb]s ( ! crew4 ,9 #aiji ea* sail+ vessel _h an av]age ( b #agf4d regi/]$ tonnage1 & only #e4d memb]s ( ! crew ,g]man m>itime trade by /eam navigation pres5ts a diff]5t aspect1 z ! foll[+ table %[s3 ,ocean-go+ ,ye> /eam%ips ,regi/'d tonnage ,numb] ( crew #ahga #adg #ha1iid #d1gcf #aija #a1cij #a1cdg1hge #cf1hja #aije #a1feg #a1ggd1jgb #df1gdg #aijh #a1ibb #b1bef1ghc #eg1iie #aiji #a1iec #b1cjb1iaj #eh1dea ,m ?an 9 #ahga #a1hjf #b1bba1jjf #ec1gae ,n only _h ! numb] ( /eam%ips greatly increas$1 _! tonnage _h increas$ m /ill1 b1 9 proportion to ?is increase ! numb] ( ! crew _h decreas$4 ,9 #ahga a /eam%ip _h an av]age tonnage ( #eeh tons & a crew ( #cb4a m54 ,9 #aiji x _h an av]age freight capacity ( #abcj tons & a crew ( only #bi m54 ,! rapid increase ( motor p[] employ$ is ano!r symptom ( capitali/ic developm5t4 ,9 ! t]ritory ( ! ,g]man 8,zollv]e910 accord+ to ,viebahn1 #ii1gfa horse-p[] 7 us$ 9 #ahfa4aie ,9 #ahge1 9 ,g]many1 factories employ+ m ?an five p]sons1 us$1 #a1jee1gej horse-p[]1 & 9 #ahie1 #b1icc1ebf horse-p[]1 almo/ ?ree times ! numb] us$ 9 #ahge4 ,railroads1 /reet c>s & /eamboats are n conta9$ 9 ?is li/4 ,! foll[+ li/ %[s ! am\nt ( horse-p[] us$ 9 ,prussia3 ,/ation>y ,movable boil]s & /eam eng9es traction eng9es #ahgi #hhh1jjj #dg1jjj #ahif #b1ecd1ijj #aei1djj #aijj #c1dfa1gjj #bbi1fjj #aije #d1fhd1ijj #cae1bjj #aijf #d1iie1gjj #ccd1djj #aijg #e1aij1djj #cfc1bjj ,s ! am\nt ( horse-p[] employ$ 9 ,prussia 9 #aijg is six times great] ?an 9 #ahgi4 ,h[ trem5d\sly indu/ry has develop$ s9ce ! c5sus ( #ahie c be se5 by ! fact t ! numb] ( /ation>y eng9es 9 ,prussia has increas$ by #ce p] c5t4 f #ahif to #aijg4 ,! productiv5ess ( ! ma*9es has increas$ by #aje p] c5t4 dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,:ile1 9 #ahih1 #c1cje /eam eng9es ( #beh1gbf horse-p[] s]v$ to run dynamos1 !re are #f1aia ( #ied1ide horse-p[] 9 #aijg4 ,t is an increase ( #hg & #bfi p] c5t4#aif ,! foll[+ figures %[ ! increas$ application ( /eam-p[] 9 ! mo/ important indu/ries 7express$ 9 horsep[]73 ,indu/ry #ahgi #ahig #aijg ,m9+ & f\ndries #eaf1jjj #a1dcj1jjj #b1bhd1jjj ,masonry & bricks #bi1jjj #acb1jjj #bee1jjj ,metallurgy #bc1jjj #eg1jjj #aac1jjj ,ma*9es #bb1jjj #fa1jjj #cbi1jjj ,textile #hh1jjj #bdc1jjj #cbc1jjjaig ,not)/&+ ?is fabul\s developm5t ( ! productive p[]s & ! imm5se conc5tration ( capital1 attempts are /ill be+ made to d5y ^! tru?s4 ,su* an attempt 0 made at ! elev5? session ( ! ,int]national ,in/itute ( ,/ati/ics 9 ,cop5hag5 9 ,augu/1 #aijg1 by ! ,fr5* economi/1 ,ives ,guyot4 ,on ! basis ( c>eless /ati/ics1 he mov$ to aboli% ! ^w 8conc5tration0 f /ati/ics4 ,among o!rs1 ,c>l ,bue*] answ]$ him z foll[s3 8,an absolute increase 9 ! numb] ( manufactories may easily co9cide ) a conc5tration ( same4 ,:]ev] ! c5sus enum]ates individual e/abli%m5ts1 x is unavoidable t _m %\ld be c\nt$ twice4 ,a bank ) #ajj tru/-funds is c\nt$ z #aja2 a brew]y t has op5$ & fitt$ out #ej saloons1 is c\nt$ z #ea e/abli%m5ts4 ,! results ( su* /ati/ics prove no?+ 9 reg>d to ! ph5om5on 9 "q4 ,inve/igation s f> %[s t agriculture alone does n seem to be subject$ to ! process ( conc5tration4 ,x is evid5t 9 m9+1 comm]ce1 transportation1 build+ trades & insurance4 ,9 indu/ry x is difficult to recognize1 because e civiliz$ nation 9 a heal?y /ate ( developm5t mu/ pres5t an ext5sion ( indu/rial production1 = ! foll[+ f\r reasons3 #a4 ,because occupations t 7 =m]ly dome/ic 9 "* h be5 tak5 ov] by indu/ry4 #b4 ,because natural products h be5 replac$ by indu/rial products 7wood by iron2 woad1 madd] & indigo by t>-colors1 etc474 #c4 ,because ( new inv5tions 7automobiles74 #d4 ,because ( ! possibility ( exportation4 ,= ^! reasons conc5tration on a l>ge scale takes place 9 indu/ry )\t any dim9ution 9 ! numb] ( e/abli%m5ts1 ev5 ) an increase 9 same4 ,:]ev] indu/ry creates commodities ready = use ( a typical "*1 ! de/ruction ( ! indep5d5t small conc]ns is inevitable4 ,! capitali/ic =ms ( production are accord+ly rapidly develop+ 9 ! mo/ important l9es ( indu/ry4 ,x is n wise to oppose ! ,sociali/s :]e !y are "r1 & !y are und\bt$ly "r 9 _! ass]tions 9 reg>d to increas+ conc5tration40#aih ,! same aspect pres5t$ by ! economic developm5t ( ,g]many is pres5t$ by all ! indu/rial /ates ( ! _w4 ,all ! civiliz$ /ates endeav\r to become indu/rial /ates m & m4 ,!y n only seek to manufacture articles ( indu/ry to supply _! own dem&1 b also to export !m4 ,!re=e we n only speak ( a national m>ket1 b also ( ! _w m>ket4 ,! _w m>ket regulates ! prices ( c\ntless articles ( indu/ry & agriculture & controls ! social /atus ( ! nations4 ,t indu/rial realm :i* has atta9$ ! greate/ importance 9 reg>d to ! relations ( ! _w m>ket1 is ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,union4 ,"h ! ma9 impetus is giv5 :]eby ! _w m>ket & b\rgeois society are revolutioniz$4 ,! c5sus ( ! la/ ?ree decades %[$ ! foll[+ figures3 ,am\nt ( capital inve/$ 9 indu/ry4 #ahhj #b1gij1jjj1jjj doll>s #ahij #f1ebe1jjj1jjj 8 #aijj #i1hac1jjj1jjj 8 ,value ( ,indu/ry4 #ahhj #e1cfi1jjj1jjj doll>s #ahij #i1cgb1jjj1jjj 8 #aijj #ac1jjj1jjj1jjj 8 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates1 accord+ly1 is ! lead+ indu/rial c\ntry ( ! _w4 ,its exportation ( products ( indu/ry & agriculture increase ) ea* ye>1 & ! trem5d\s accumulations ( capital t are a natural result ( ?is developm5t seek inve/m5t beyond ! b\nd>ies ( ! c\ntry1 & influ5ce ! indu/ry & trade ( ,europe to a m>k$ degree4 ,x is no long] ! individual capitali/ :o is ! motive p[] und]ly+ ?is developm5t4 ,x is ! gr\p ( capta9s ( indu/ry1 ! tru/1 t is b\nd to cru% ! mo/ p[]ful individual ent]prise1 :]ev] x *ooses to turn its activities4 ,:at c ! small man am\nt to 9 ! face ( su* developm5t1 to :i* ev5 ! great mu/ yield8 #aid ,otto ,hu--,hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( ! m9+ indu/ries4 #aie ,a4 ,hesse--,/ati/ics ( ,trade4 #aif ,a4 ,hesse--,/ati/ics ( ,trades4 #aig ,pr(4 ,dr4 ,s4 ,rey] ,kraft--,economic1 ,te*nical & ,hi/orical ,/udies 9 ! ,developm5t ( ! ,p[] ( ,/ates4 #aih ,bullet9 de l'in/itut int]national de /ati/ique4 ,cop5hag51 #aijh4 #c4--;,conc5tration ( ,weal?4 ,x is an economic law t1 ) ! conc5tration ( indu/ry & its increas$ productivity1 ! numb] ( work]s employ$ relatively decreases1 :ile ! weal? ( a nation1 9 proportion to ! entire population1 becomes conc5trat$ 9 few] h&s4 ,t c be cle>ly se5 by ! di/ribution ( ! income 9 v>i\s civiliz$ c\ntries4 ,( ! l>g] ,g]man /ates1 ,saxony possesses ! olde/ & be/ /ati/ics on ! income tax4 ,! pres5t law is 9 =ce s9ce #ahgi4 ,b x is advisable to take a lat] ye>1 because dur+ ! fir/ ye>s ! assessm5ts 71 on an av]age1 too l[4 ,! population ( ,saxony increas$ by #ea p] c5t4 f #ahhj to #aije4 ,! numb] ( p]sons assess$ increas$ by #afj p] c5t4 f #ahhb to #aijd2 ! assess$ income by #bc p] c5t4 ,until ! beg9n+ ( ! n9eties an income up to #cjj m>ks p] annum 0 exempt f taxation1 aft] t up to #djj m>ks4 ,9 #ahhb ! numb] ( p]sons exempt f taxes 7 #ge1fig #f4fa p] c5t42 9 #aijd1 #bje1ffg #aa4jc p] c5t4 ,x mu/ be not$ t1 9 ,saxony1 ! incomes ( wives & ( memb]s ( ! family "u #af are add$ to ! income ( ! husb& & fa!r4 ,! taxpay]s hav+ an income f #djj to #hjj m>ks =m$ #dh p] c5t4 ( ^? assess$ 9 #ahhb2 9 #aijd only #dc4ha p] c5t4 ,a "p ( !m _h advanc$ into a class ) a high] income4 ,! av]age income ( ! taxpay]s ( ?is class _h increas$ by #cg p] c5t--f #dba to #ehb m>ks--dur+ ?is p]iod1 b /ill rema9$ beh9d ! av]age ( #fjj m>ks4 ,! taxpay]s hav+ an income f #hjj to #abej m>ks =m$ #ab p] c5t4 ( ^? assess$ 9 #ahhb1 & #bd4ch p] c5t4 9 #aijd4 ,b ^? ) an income f #abej to #ccjj m>ks =m$ #bj p] c5t4 9 #ahhb & only #af4gd p] c5t4 9 #aijd4 ,9 #ahfc ,lassalle comput$ t only #d p] c5t4 ( all incomes 9 ,prussia 7 ov] #cjjj m>ks annually4 ,:5 we consid] t1 9 ! meantime1 r5ts1 taxes & ! co/ ( liv+ h increas$1 & t ! dem&s 9 reg>d to ! /&>d ( liv+ h gr[n1 x becomes evid5t t ! position ( ! masses has relatively sc>cely improv$4 ,! m$ium incomes ( f #c1djj to #aj1jjj m>ks 9 #aijd =m$ only #c4bd p] c5t4 ( ^? assess$1 & ! incomes ( ov] #aj1jjj m>ks less ?an #a p] c5t4 ,! numb] ( taxpay]s ) incomes f #ab1jjj to #bj1jjj m>ks1 #j4hj p] c5t4 ,! numb] ( incomes ( ov] #ab1jjj m>ks has increas$ f #d1abd1 9 #ahhb1 to #aa1gga1 9 #aijd2 t is1 by #ahh p] c5t4 ,! highe/ income 9 #ahhb 0 #b1egj1jjj m>ks2 9 #aijf1 #e1ijj1fjj m>ks4 ,^! figures %[ ! foll[+ facts3 ,! l[] incomes h increas$ some:at1 b 9 _m cases ?is increase has be5 m ?an equaliz$ by ! increas$ co/ ( liv+4 ,! middle classes exp]i5c$ ! lea/ improvem5t2 b ! numb] & ! income ( ! ri*e/ p %[ ! greate/ increase4 ,accord+ly ! class extremes became m m>k$4 ,9 8 inve/igations ( ! di/ribution ( income 9 ,prussia f #ahib to #aijb1 ,pr(essor ,adolf ,wagn] has asc]ta9$ ! foll[+ facts4 ,he divides ! population ( ,prussia into ?ree l>ge gr\ps3 ,! l[] gr\p 7l[e/ up to #dbj m>ks2 m$ium1 #dbj to #ijj2 highe/1 #ijj to #b1ajj72 ! middle gr\p 7l[e/1 #b1ajj to #c1jjj2 m$ium1 #c1jjj to #f1jjj2 highe/1 #f1jjj to #i1ejj m>ks72 ! upp] gr\p 7l[e/ f #i1ejj to #cj1ejj2 m$ium1 #cj1ejj to #ajj1jjj1 & highe/ ov] #ajj1jjj74 ,! entire income is divid$ almo/ equally among ^! ?ree gr\ps4 ,! #c4ea p] c5t4 ( ! upp] gr\p control #cb4a p] c5t4 ( ! entire income4 ,! l[] gr\p1 includ+ ! #gj4ff p] c5t4 ( ^? exempt f taxation1 also controls an income ( #cb4i p] c5t4 ( ! entire income2 & ! middle gr\p1 ) #be4hc p] c5t4 controls #cd4i p] c5t4 ( ! entire income4 ,if we take into consid]ation only ^? incomes t are subject to taxation1 we f9d t all ^? hav+ an income f #ijj to #cjjj m>ks1 :o =m$ #hf4ii p] c5t4 ( ^? enum]at$ 9 #ahib1 & #hh4jd p] c5t4 9 #aijb1 controll$ ov] half ( ! assessable income1 #ea4je p] c5t41 9 #ahib1 & #eb4a p] c5t4 9 #aijb4 ,incomes ( ov] #cjjj m>ks1 :i* =m$1 respectively1 #ac & #ab p] c5t4 ( ^? enum]at$1 controll$ ab\t #di p] c5t4 ( ! entire assessable income 9 #ahib & #dh p] c5t4 9 #aijb4 ,! av]age income ( ! small taxpay]s ?r\gh\t ,prussia am\nt$ to #acgd 9 #ahib & to #acdh 9 #aijb2 x _h1 accord+ly1 dim9i%$ to #a4hi p] c5t4 ,on ! o!r h& ! av]age income ( ! l>ge taxpay]s has increas$ f #h1haa m>ks1 9 #ahib1 to #i1aah m>ks1 9 #aijb1 or by #c4dh p] c5t4 ,^u ! upp] gr\p1 :i* =m$ only #j4e p] c5t4 ( all ^? enum]at$ 9 #ahib & #j4fc p] c5t4 9 #aijb1 #ae4ie p]c5t4 ( ! entire income devolv$ 9 #ahib1 & #ah4cg p] c5t4 9 #aijb4 ,! increase is slighte/ ) ! l[e/ & m$ium class ( ! middle gr\p4 ,x is some:at great] ) ! highe/ class ( ! l[] gr\p4 ,b x is greate/ & increas+ly great f class to class1 ) ! highe/ class ( ! middle gr\p & ) ! entire upp] gr\p4 ,! great] ! income ( a gr\p ( ^? enum]at$1 ! ri*] !y are2 ! m1 accord+ly1 _! numb] relatively increases4 ,! numb] ( ^? hav+ high & highe/ incomes increases1 :o1 on an av]age1 also atta9 increas+ly l>ge incomes4 ,9 o!r words1 a gr[+ conc5tration ( incomes takes place1 n only among p>ticul>ly ri* individuals1 b among ! economically high & highe/ gr\p ( ! population1 t is rapidly gr[+ & yet comprises a relatively small numb]4 8,?is %[s t ! mod]n economic developm5t has inde$ be5 favorable to ! entire population by increas+ ! income & by increas+ ! numb] ( memb]s ( ea* economic-social class1 b t ! di/ribution has be5 a v unev5 "o1 ! ri* be+ mo/ly favor$1 !n ! l[] classes1 & ! middle class lea/4 ,x %[s1 accord+ly1 t ! social class diff]5ces1 inasmu* z !y dep5d ^u ! size ( ! income1 h increas$40#aii ,! ,prussian income-tax assessm5ts ( #aijh %[ t !re 7 #ajd1ijd taxpay]s ) an income ( m ?an #i1ejj m>ks1 repres5t+ a total income ( #c1abc1bgc1jjj m>ks4 ,among ^! 7 #c1gif ) an income ( m ?an #ajj1jjj m>ks1 repres5t+ a total income ( #icd1jjj1jjj m>ks2 #gg 7 enum]at$ ) an income ( m ?an a million4 ,! #ajd1ijd taxpay]s1 or #a4gh p] c5t41 ) an income ( m ?an #i1ejj m>ks1 repres5t$ ! same total income z ! #c1aji1edj 7#eb4i p] c5t471 ) an income ( f #ijj to #a1cej m>ks4 ,9 ,au/ria ab\t #bd p] c5t4 ( ! assess$ net income devolv$ ^u approximately #ab to #ac p] c5t4 ( ! taxpay]s hav+ incomes ( f #d1jjj to #ab1jjj cr[ns4 ,if ! incomes up to #ab1jjj cr[ns are tak5 toge!r1 ?is gr\p comprises ov] #ig p] c5t4 ( ! taxpay]s & #gd p] c5t4 ( ! income4 ,! rema9+ #c p] c5t4 ( ! taxpay]s control #bf p] c5t4 ( ! assess$ income4#bjj ,! m9imum exempt f taxation is high] 9 ,au/ria ?an 9 ,prussia--#a1bjj cr[ns1 or #a1jad m>ks4 ,! small taxpay]s hav+ an income ( f #a1bjj to #d1jjj cr[ns =m$ #hd4c p] c5t4 ( all taxpay]s 9 #aijd4 ,! numb] ( ri*e/ p]sons hav+ an income ( m ?an #bjj1jjj cr[ns 0 #bee 9 #ahih1 & 9 #aijd x 0 #cjg1 or #j4jcb p] c5t4 ( all taxpay]s4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 accord+ to ,l4 ,g4 ,*iozza ,money1 half ( ! national income 7ov] #d1aej1jjj1jjj doll>s7 belongs to "o-n9? ( ! population4 ,he divides ! population into ?ree gr\ps3 ,! ri*1 ) an income ( m ?an #gjj p\nds /]l+2 ! weal?y1 ) an income ( f #afj to #gjj p\nds /]l+2 & ! poor1 ) an income ( less ?an #afj p\nds /]l+4 ,includ+ ,income 9 ,class ,p]sons families p\nds /]l+ ,ri* #bej1jjj #a1bej1jjj #ehe1jjj1jjj ,weal?y #gej1jjj #c1gej1jjj #bde1jjj1jjj ,poor #e1jjj1jjj #ch1jjj1jjj #hhj1jjj1jjj ,accord+ to ^! figures1 m ?an "o-?ird ( ! national income belongs to "o-?irtie? ( ! population4 ,! inve/igations ( ,boo? = ,london1 & ( ,r[ntree = ,york1 h %[n t ?irty p] c5t4 ( ! entire population lead an exi/5ce ( dire/ life-long pov]ty4#bja ,= ,france1 ,e4 ,levasseur compil$ ! foll[+ figures1 on ! basis ( ! /ati/ics ( inh]itance3 8,two-fif?s ( ! national weal? are own$ by #ih p] c5t4 hav+ less ?an #ajj1jjj francs2 ab\t "o-?ird is own$ by a small gr\p ( #a4g p] c5t41 & a qu>t] ( ! entire national weal? belongs to a wee m9ority--#j4ab p] c5t40#bjb ,all ^! figures %[ h[ great are ! numb]s ( ! non-possess+ masses1 & h[ ?9 ! /rata ( ! possess+ classes4 8,! gr[+ inequality10 says ,g4 ,s*moll]1 8is und5iable4 ,x _c be d\bt$ t ! di/ribution ( weal? 9 ,c5tral ,europe1 f #acjj to #aijj1 became increas+ly unequal1 ?\gh ( c\rse ! inequalities v>i$ 9 ! diff]5t c\ntries4 ,rec5t developm5t1 ) its gr[+ class di/9ctions1 has greatly increas$ ! inequalities 9 income & weal?40#bjc ,?is capitali/ic process ( developm5t & conc5tration1 t takes place 9 all civiliz$ c\ntries1 comb9$ ) ! prevail+ an>*y 9 ! me?ods ( production1 t s f> 0 unable to prev5t ! =mation ( tru/s1 inevitably leads to ov]production & to an ov]/ock+ ( ! m>ket4 ,we ent] ^u ! crisis4 #aii ,adolf ,wagn]--,a contribution to ! me?od ( /ati/ics ( ! national income & national weal? & fur!r /ati/ic inve/igations ( ! di/ribution ( ! national income 9 ,prussia1 f\nd$ on ! new income /ati/ics1 #ahib-aijb4 ,gazette ( ! royal ,prussian bureau ( /ati/ics1 #aijd4 #bjj ,f4 ,l4--,! di/ribution ( ! income 9 ,au/ria4 ,leipzig1 #aijh4 #bja ,l4 ,g4 ,*iozza ,money4 ,ri*es & ,pov]ty4 ,london1 #aijh4 #bjb ,e4 ,levasseur4 #bjc ,g4 ,s*moll]--,pr9ciples ( ,economics4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,crisis & ,competition4 #a4--;,causes & ,effects ( ! ,crises4 ,! crisis arises because no /&>d exi/s :]eby ! real dem& = a commodity may at any "t be measur$ & asc]ta9$4 ,!re is no p[] 9 b\rgeois society t is enabl$ to regulate ! entire production4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! consum]s ( a commodity are scatt]$ ov] a wide area1 & ! pur*as+ ability ( ! consum]s1 :o det]m9e ! consumption1 is influ5c$ by a numb] ( causes t no individual produc] is able to control4 ,moreov]1 e individual produc] mu/ compete ) a numb] ( o!r produc]s ^: productive abilities are unkn[n to him4 ,ea* "o seeks to defeat 8 competitors by e means at 8 comm&3 by a r$uction 9 prices1 by adv]tis+1 by giv+ cr$it = prolong$ p]iods1 by s5d+ out drumm]s1 & ev5 by cunn+ly & insidi\sly disp>ag+ ! products ( 8 competitors1 ! latt] means be+ especially frequ5tly resort$ to dur+ critical times4 ,! entire realm ( production accord+ly dep5ds ^u ! subjective discretion ( ! individual4 ,e manufactur] mu/ dispose ( a c]ta9 quantity ( goods 9 ord] to subsi/4 ,b he seeks to sell a f> l>g] quantity1 = ?is increas$ sale det]m9es n only 8 l>g] income1 b also ! probability ( 8 triumph+ ov] 8 competitors4 ,= a :ile sales are insur$1 !y ev5 increase2 ?is leads to m ext5sive ent]prises & to increas$ production4 ,b good times & favorable conditions tempt n only "o b all manufactur]s to multiply _! ef=ts4 ,production by f> exce$s ! dem&4 ,sudd5ly x becomes manife/ t ! m>ket is ov]-/ock$ ) goods4 ,! sales slack51 ! prices fall1 production is limit$4 ,to limit production 9 any bran* means to decrease ! numb] ( work]s employ$ 9 ?is bran*1 & a r$uction 9 wages1 :]eby ! work]s 9 turn are compell$ to limit _! consumption4 ,! inevitable result is1 t production & consumption 9 o!r bran*es slack5 likewise4 ,small deal]s ( all k9ds1 %opkeep]s1 bak]s1 but*]s1 etc4 ^: *ief cu/om]s are work+m5 fail to dispose ( _! goods & also suff] want4 ,! effects ( su* a crisis may be se5 f ! /ati/ics ( ! unemploy$ t 7 compil$ by ! trade-unions ( ,b]l9 at ! close ( ,janu>y1 #aijb4 ,9 ,b]l9 & suburban t[ns !re :]e ov] #gj1jjj p]sons :o 7 entirely unemploy$1 & ov] #fj1jjj :o 7 p>tly unemploy$4 ,on ,febru>y #ac1 #aiji1 ! trade-unions ( ,b]l9 took ano!r c5sus ( ! unemploy$ & f\nd t !re 7 #ajf1gbb unemploy$ p]sons 7#ib1fee m5 & #ad1jfg wom574#bjd ,9 ,engl& !re 7 #gej1jjj unemploy$ p]sons dur+ ,septemb] #aijh4 ,^! figures repres5t work+m5 & wom5 :o 7 will+ & eag] to "w b unable to f9d "w4 ,! deplorable social conditions ( ^! human be+s may be easily imag9$6 ,s9ce "o indu/ry furni%es ! raw mat]ial to ano!r & "o dep5ds ^u ! o!r1 ! ills t befall "o mu/ affect ! o!rs4 ,! circle ( ^? affect$ wid5s4 ,_m obligations t _h be5 ent]$ ^u 9 ! hope ( prolong$ favorable conditions _c be met1 & height5 ! crisis t gr[s worse f mon? to mon?4 ,a heap ( accumulat$ goods1 tools & ma*9es becomes almo/ wor?less4 ,! goods are frequ5tly sold und]price & ?is (t5 leads to ! ru9 ( ! own]s ( su* goods z well z to ! ru9 ( doz5s ( o!rs :o 9 turn are compell$ to sell _! goods und]price also4 ,b ev5 dur+ ! crisis ! me?ods ( production are con/antly improv$ 9 ord] to meet ! increas$ competition1 & ?is means aga9 =ms a cause = new crises4 ,aft] a crisis has la/$ = ye>s & ov]-production has gradually be5 remov$ by sell+ ! products und]price1 by limit+ production & by ! ru9 ( small] manufactur]s1 society sl[ly beg9s to recup]ate4 ,! dem& increases aga91 & promptly ! production increases also1 sl[ly & c>efully at fir/1 b m rapidly ) ! prolong$ duration ( favorable conditions4 ,p seek to reimburse !mselves = :at !y h lo/ & seek to secure _! portions be=e a new crisis sets 94 ,b z all manufactur]s are guid$ by ! same impulse1 z !y all seek to improve ! means ( production 9 ord] to excel ! o!rs1 a new cata/rophe is u%]$ 9 m rapidly & ) /ill m disa/r\s results4 ,c\ntless lives rise & fall l bubbles1 & ?is con/ant reciprocal action causes ! awful conditions t we exp]i5ce dur+ e crisis4 ,! crises become m frequ5t z production & competition increase1 n only among individuals1 b among entire nations4 ,! small battle = cu/om]s1 & ! great battle = m>kets becomes increas+ly sev]e & is b\nd to end ) enorm\s losses4 ,mean:ile goods & supplies are /or$ away 9 masses1 b c\ntless human be+s :o wi% to consume b are unable to buy1 suff] hung] & privation4 ,! ye>s #aija & #aijg-jh h prov5 ! correctness ( ?is repres5tation4 ,aft] ye>s ( bus9ess depression1 dur+ :i* capitali/ic developm5t nev]!less cont9u$ to progress un9t]rupt$ly1 ! upw>d c\rse set 91 /imulat$ to no slight ext5t by ! *anges & new equipm5ts t ! army & navy requir$4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod a trem5d\s numb] ( new indu/rial ent]prises sprang up1 & a great _m o!rs 7 increas$ & exp&$ to atta9 ! developm5t made possible by _! te*nical means & to height5 _! productivity4 ,b 9 ! same way ! numb] ( ent]prises increas$ t 7 transf]r$ f ! h&s ( individual capitali/s to capitali/ic associations 7/ock companies71 a trans=mation t is always accompani$ by an enl>gem5t ( ! manufactory4 ,_m ?\s&s ( millions ( m>ks repres5t ! newly =m$ /ock companies4 ,moreov]1 ! capitali/s ( all c\ntries seek to =m national & int]national agreem5ts4 ,tru/s spr+ up l mu%rooms f ! gr\nd4 ,^! endeav\r to det]m9e ! prices & to regulate production on ! basis ( exact /ati/ical rese>* to avoid ov]-production & r$uction 9 prices4 ,entire bran*es ( indu/ry h be5 monopoliz$ 9 ?is way to ! advantage ( ! manufactur]s & to ! disadvantage ( ! work]s & ! consum]s4 ,_m believ$ t !reby capital _h obta9$ ! means t w\ld enable x to dom9ate ! m>ket 9 all directions4 ,b appe>ances are deceiv+4 ,! laws ( capitali/ic production prove /rong] ?an ! mo/ cunn+ repres5tatives ( ! sy/em1 :o believ$ to h regulat$ x4 ,! crisis came1 nev]!less1 & x 0 se5 aga9 t ! wise/ calculation prov$ faulty & t b\rgeois society _c escape its fate4 ,b capitalism cont9ues 9 ! same mann] s9ce x _c *ange its sub/ance4 ,by ! way 9 :i* x is b\nd to act1 x upsets all laws ( b\rgeois economics4 ,unre/rict$ competition--! alpha & omega ( b\rgeois society--is suppos$ to place ^? mo/ capable at ! helm ( all ent]prises4 ,b exp]i5ce %[s t z a rule x places ^? at ! helm :o are mo/ %rewd & cunn+ & lea/ tr\bl$ by a consci5ce4 ,moreov]1 /ock companies set aside all individuality4 ,! tru/ goes fur!r /ill4 ,"h n only does ! individual manufactur] cease to be an indep5d5t p]son1 ! /ock company too becomes a m]e l9k 9 a *a9 t is controll$ by a bo>d ( capitali/s ^: ma9 purpose is to plund] ! public4 ,a h& full ( monopoli/s become ! ma/]s ( society2 ^! dictate ! prices to be paid by ! consum]s = commodities1 & to ! work]s _! wages & /&>d ( liv+4 ,?is developm5t %[s h[ sup]flu\s private ent]prise has become1 & t production conduct$ on a national & int]national scale is ! goal t[>d :i* society is b5t4 ,! only diff]5ce w ultimately be t organiz$ production & di/ribution w b5efit ! entire community in/ead ( b5efit+ ! capitali/ic class only1 z is ! case to-day4 ,! economic revolution above describ$1 :i* is rapidly driv+ b\rgeois society to ! heights ( its developm5t1 is con/antly int5sifi$ by new1 important ev5ts4 ,:ile ,europe is be+ m ?reat5$ ea* ye>1 bo? 9 its =eign & dome/ic m>kets1 by ! rapidly gr[+ ,nor? ,am]ican competition1 new enemies are aris+ 9 ! f> ,ea/ :o make ! economic conditions ( ! entire _w /ill m critical4 ,competition drives ! capitali/ ar\nd ! globe1 z ! ,communi/ ,manife/o expresses x4 ,he is con/antly seek+ new m>kets1 t is1 c\ntries & nations :]e he c dispose ( 8 goods & create new dem&s4 ,"o side ( ?is endeav\r may be se5 f ! fact t s9ce a few decades ! v>i\s /ates are eag]ly engag$ 9 colonization4 ,g]many 0 =emo/ among ^! & succe$$ 9 tak+ possession ( l>ge tracts ( l&1 b ^! possessions are *iefly occupi$ by p ( a v primitive degree ( civilization :o h no dem& wor? speak+ ( = ,european products4 ,! o!r side ( ?is endeav\r is direct$ t[>d c>ry+ capitali/ic civilization to nations :o h already atta9$ a high] degree ( civilization1 b :o until rec5tly 7 rigor\sly oppos$ to mod]n developm5t4 ,su* are ! ,ea/ ,indians1 ! ,japanese1 & especially ! ,*9ese4 ,^! are nations t comprise m ?an "o ?ird ( ! entire population ( ! e>?4 ,:5 once giv5 an impetus !y are well able--z ! ,japanese h already demon/rat$ dur+ ! w> ) ,russia--to develop ! capitali/ic me?od ( production q indep5d5tly1 & to d s1 moreov]1 "u conditions t w be accompani$ by disa/r\s results to ! m advanc$ nations4 ,! ability & skill ( ^! nations is well kn[n1 b x is equally well kn[n t _! wants are few--due to a great ext5t to ! w>m climate--& t1 :5 compell$ to d s1 !y rapidly adapt !mselves to *ang$ conditions4 ,"h ! old _w1 includ+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is be+ confront$ by a new competitor :o w demon/rate to ! :ole _w t ! capitali/ic sy/em is unt5able4 ,9 ! mean:ile1 ! compet+ nations1 especially ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,engl& & ,g]many1 seek to outdo "o ano!r1 & all means are resort$ to 9 ord] to obta9 ! l>ge/ possible %>e 9 ! control ( ! _w's m>ket4 ,?is leads to int]national politics1 to int]f]5ce 9 all int]national ev5ts ( importance1 & 9 ord] to int]f]e successfully1 ! navies especially are develop$ & increas$ z nev] be=e1 :]eby ! dang] ( great political cata/rophes is height5$ anew4 ,?us ! political realm gr[s ) ! realm ( economic competition4 ,! contradictions gr[ on an int]national scale1 & 9 all c\ntries t h und]gone a capitali/ic developm5t !y br+ =? simil> ph5om5a & simil> /ruggles4 ,n only ! me?od ( production b also ! mann] ( di/ribution is responsible = ^! unbe>able conditions4 #bjd ,unemploym5t & ,/ati/ics ( ! ,unemploy$ 9 ! ,w9t] ( #aijh to #aiji4 ,b]l91 #aiji4 #b4--;,int]m$iate ,trade & ! ,increas$ ,co/ ( ,liv+4 ,9 human society all individuals are l9k$ to "o ano!r by a ?\s& ?reads t become m complicat$ & int]wov5 ) increas+ civilization4 ,:5 di/urbances occur !y are felt by all memb]s4 ,di/urbances 9 production affect di/ribution & consumption & vice v]sa4 ,a m>k$ *>act]i/ic ( capitali/ic production is ! conc5tration ( ! means ( production 9 increas+ly l>ge factories4 ,9 di/ribution ! opposite trait becomes manife/4 ,:oev] has be5 driv5 by competition out ( ! ranks ( indep5d5t produc]s1 9 n9e cases out ( t5 seeks to w9 a place z deal] betwe5 produc] & consum] to obta9 a liv+4#bje ,?is acc\nts = ! surpris+ increase ( p]sons engag$ 9 int]m$iate trade1 deal]s1 small %opkeep]s1 huck/]s1 ag5ts1 jobb]s1 etc4 z has be5 /ati/ically prov5 9 a previ\s *apt]4 ,mo/ ( ^! p]sons1 among :om we f9d _m wom5 indep5d5tly engag$ 9 bus9ess1 lead a prec>i\s exi/5ce4 ,_m1 9 ord] to subsi/1 mu/ cat] to ! base/ fa%ions ( _! fell[-m54 ,?is acc\nts = ! trem5d\s preval5ce ( adv]tis+ especially 9 reg>d to ev]y?+ 9 connection ) ! gratification ( ! love ( luxury4 ,n[ x _c be d5i$ t 9 mod]n society ! desire = ! enjoym5t ( life is v noticeable1 & view$ f a high] /&>d ?is fact is gratify+4 ,p beg9 to und]/& t 9 ord] to be human !y mu/ lead lives wor?y ( human be+s1 & !y seek to gratify ?is desire 9 ! mann] 9 :i* !y conceive ! enjoym5t ( life4 ,9 ! display ( weal? society has become mu* m ari/ocratic ?an 9 any =m] p]iod4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! ri*e/ & ! poore/ is great] ?an ev]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 society has become m democratic 9 its ideas & laws4#bjf ,! masses dem& great] equality1 & s9ce 9 _! ignorance1 !y d n yet recognize ! means to a*ieve true equality1 !y seek x 9 try+ to ape ^? 9 sup]ior social positions & to obta9 e enjoym5t )9 _! rea*4 ,v>i\s /imulants s]ve to gratify ?is desire & ! results are frequ5tly detrim5tal4 ,a desire t is ju/ifi$ 9 itself leads to devi\s pa?s 9 _m cases2 x ev5 leads to crimes1 & society puni%es ! p]petrators )\t *ang+ matt]s 9 ! lea/4 ,! gr[+ numb] ( p]sons engag$ 9 int]m$iate trade has l$ to _m evils4 ,?\gh ! p]sons ?us engag$ "w h>d & are frequ5tly burd5$ ) c>e1 mo/ ( !m =m a class ( p>asites :o are unproductive & live on ! products ( ! labor ( o!rs z well z ! employ+ class4 ,an increas$ co/ ( liv+ is ! inevitable result ( int]m$iate trade4 ,! price ( provisions is !reby rais$ to su* ext5t t !y sometimes co/ twice & ?ree times z mu* z is obta9$ by ! produc]4#bjg ,b if provisions c n be rais$ 9 price any m1 because a fur!r raise w\ld limit ! consumption1 !y are dim9i%$ 9 quantity & quality1 adult]ation ( food & ! use ( incorrect weights & measures is resort$ to4 ,! *emi/ ,*evali] reports t among v>i\s articles ( food he f\nd ! foll[+ numb] ( me?ods ( adult]ation3 c(fee1 #cb2 w9e1 #cj2 *ocolate1 #bh2 fl\r1 #bd2 :iskey1 #bc2 bread1 #bj2 milk1 #ai2 butt]1 #aj2 olive oil1 #i2 sug>1 #f1 etc4 ,a great deal ( fraud is practic$ 9 ! groc]y /ores ) goods t h be5 previ\sly measur$ or weigh$ & pack$4 ,frequ5tly only #ab or #ad ounces are sold = a p\nd1 & 9 ?is way ! l[] price is made up =4 ,work+m5 & o!r p]sons ( small means suff] mo/ f ^! fraudul5t me?ods1 because !y are oblig$ to buy on cr$it & mu/ !re=e hold _! peace ev5 :]e ! fraud is p]fectly evid5t4 ,9 ! bak]y trade also incorrect weight is frequ5tly resort$ to4 ,sw9dle & fraud are inevitably l9k$ ) our social conditions1 & c]ta9 in/itutions ( ! /ate1 = in/ance high indirect taxes & duties1 favor sw9dle & fraud4 ,! laws enact$ aga9/ ! adult]y ( food accompli% b little4 ,! /ruggle = exi/5ce compels ! sw9dl]s to resort to m cunn+ me?ods1 & a ?or\ghgo+ & sev]e control r>ely exi/s4 ,s]i\s control is also made impossible because x is claim$ t 9 ord] to detect e adult]y1 an exp5sive & ext5sive organization w\ld be requir$ & t legitimate bus9ess w\ld also be damag$ !reby4 ,b :]ev] ! control does int]f]e successfully1 a consid]able increase 9 prices ensues1 because ! l[ prices 7 possible only by means ( adult]ation4 ,9 ord] to dim9i% ^! evils f :i* ! masses always & ev]y:]e suff] mo/1 coop]ative /ores h be5 e/abli%$4 ,9 ,g]many especially army & navy /ores & civil s]vice /ores h be5 develop$ to su* an ext5t1 t _m comm]cial ent]prises 7 ru9$ by !m4 ,b ! work+m5's coop]ative /ores h also develop$ trem5d\sly dur+ ! la/ decade & h p>tly ev5 und]tak5 ! manufacture ( c]ta9 commodities4 ,! coop]ative /ores 9 ,hamburg1 ,leipsic1 ,dresd51 ,/uttg>t1 ,breslau1 ,vi5na1 etc41 h become model e/abli%m5ts & ! annual sales ( ! ,g]man coop]ative /ores am\nt to hundr$s ( millions ( m>ks4 ,s9ce a few ye>s ! ,g]man coop]ative /ores h c5tral e/abli%m5ts 9 ,hamburg :]e ! goods are pur*as$ :olesale on ! l>ge/ scale2 ?is enables ! v>i\s bran* /ores to obta9 ^! goods at ! l[e/ possible price4 ,^! coop]ative /ores prove t ! scatt]+ me?ods ( int]m$iate trade are sup]flu\s4 ,t is _! greate/ advantage beside ! o!r advantage t !y furni% reliable goods4 ,! mat]ial advantages to _! memb]s are n v great nor d !y suffice to br+ ab\t any m>k$ improvem5t 9 _! social /atus4 ,b ! e/abli%m5t ( ^! coop]ative /ores proves ! exi/5ce ( a widespread recognition t int]m$iate trade is sup]flu\s4 ,society w ultimately a*ieve an organization t w d away ) comm]ce1 s9ce ! products w be turn$ ov] to ! consum]s )\t ! aid ( o!r int]m$iate ag5ts ?an are requir$ by transportation f "o place to ano!r & by di/ribution4 ,:5 ! common pur*ase ( food has be5 a*iev$1 ! common prep>ation ( food on a l>ge scale appe>s to be ! next logical /ep4 ,?is aga9 w\ld lead to a trem5d\s sav+ 9 labor p[]1 space1 mat]ial & _m o!r exp5ses4 #bje 8,! decl9e ( anci5t h&icraft is n ! only cause t acc\nts = ! great increase 9 ! small retail trade4 ,! gr[+ indu/rialization & comm]cialization ( ! c\ntry not)/&+ its t5d5cy t[>d manufacture on a l>ge scale always furni%es new gr\nd = small bus9esses4 ,inv5tions t create new bran*es ( indu/ry also cause ! rise ( new small e/abli%m5ts = ! di/ribution ( ^! products4 ,b ! ma9 cause ( ! great increase 9 retail trade is1--z express$ 9 a report submitt$ to ! gov]nm5t ( ,saxony by ! ,dresd5 *amb] ( comm]ce1--t trade on a small scale has become ! rally+ place ( _m p]sons :o despair ( mak+ _! liv+ 9 any o!r way40 ,paul ,lange--,retail ,trade & ,middle ,class ,politics4 8,new ,era40 #bjf ,9 8 fir/ adaption ( ,rau's 8,text ,book ( ,political ,economy10 ,pr(essor ,adolf ,wagn] expresses a simil> ?\ght4 ,he says3 8,! social /ruggle is ! consci\s contradiction betwe5 ! economic developm5t & ! social ideal ( fre$om & equality z express$ 9 political life40 #bjg ,9 8 book on 8,dome/ic ,indu/ry 9 ,?ur+ia10 ,dr4 ,e4 ,sax tells u t 9 #ahfi ! production ( #bdd million slate p5cils _h yield$ #abb1jjj to #bjj1jjj flor9s 9 wages to ! work+m51 b _! f9al sale _h yield$ #a1bjj1jjj flor9s1 at lea/ six times z mu* z ! produc]s _h receiv$4 ,dur+ ! summ] ( #ahhh1 #e m>ks 7 paid = #e hundr$-weights ( haddock by ! :olesal]4 ,b ! retail] paid #ae m>ks to ! :olesal]1 & ! public paid ! latt] #abe m>ks4 ,l>ge quantities ( food moreov] are de/roy$ because ! prices d n make _! transportation wor? :ile4 ,= in/ance1 dur+ ye>s :5 ! cat* ( h]r+s has be5 an ov] abundant "o1 loads ( !m h be5 us$ z manure1 :ile !re 7 ?\s&s ( p]sons 9 ! int]ior :o c\ld n af=d to buy h]r+s4 ,! same occurr$ 9 ,cali=nia 9 #ahib :5 ! crop ( potatoes 0 too abundant4 ,:5 9 #aija ! price ( sug> 0 v l[1 a trade pap] s]i\sly sugge/$ to de/roy a great] "p ( ! supplies s t ! price c\ld be rais$4 ,x is well kn[n t ,*>les ,f\ri] 0 inspir$ to 8 ideas ( a social sy/em because :ile he s]v$ z appr5tice 9 a comm]cial h\se 9 ,t\lon1 he _h be5 ord]$ to ?r[ a load ( rice ov] bo>d to raise ! prices4 ,he reason$ t a society :i* resorts to su* b>b>\s & irrational me?ods mu/ be f\nd$ on a false basis1 & s he became a sociali/4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,! ,revolution 9 ,agriculture4 #a4--,transatlantic ,competition & ,des]tion ( ! ,c\ntry4 ,! economic revolution 9 indu/ry & trade has also l>gely affect$ agricultural conditions4 ,! comm]cial & indu/rial crises affect ! rural population likewise4 ,hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( memb]s ( ! families ( f>m]s are tempor>ily or p]man5tly employ$ 9 indu/rial e/abli%m5ts ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,?is mann] ( employm5t con/antly exp&s1 fir/ly1 because ! great numb] ( small f>m]s d n h en\gh "w on _! own f>ms to keep !mselves & ! memb]s ( _! families usefully employ$1 &1 secondly1 because ! l>ge f>m]s f9d x pr(itable to h an important portion ( ! products ( _! soil trans=m$ into indu/rial commodities "r on _! own f>ms4 ,9 ?is mann] !y save ! heavy exp5se ( %ipp+ ! raw mat]ial1 = in/ance1 potatoes & gra9 = ! manufacture ( alcohol1 beets = sug>1 c]eals = fl\r or = brew+ be]1 etc4 ,!y1 fur!rmore1 are enabl$ to e/abli% a mutual relation betwe5 agricultural & indu/rial production & c employ ! labor p[] on h& to bett] advantage4 ,! wages are l[] & ! work]s are m will+ too ?an ^? 9 cities & indu/rial c5t]s4 ,exp5ses ( build+s & r5ts z well z taxes are consid]ably l[] too1 = ! l>ge l& own]s 9 ! rural di/ricts are bo? ! mak]s & executors ( ! law2 !y furni% _m repres5tatives f _! mid/ & control ! adm9i/ration & police =ce4 ,t is :y ! numb] ( factories 9 ! c\ntry increases ea* ye>4 ,agriculture & indu/ry are becom+ m & m closely l9k$1 & ! l>ge agricultural e/abli%m5ts ma9ly pr(it f ?is fact4 ,! capitali/ic developm5t t ! l>ge e/ates h und]gone1 9 ,g]many z else:]e1 has creat$ conditions simil> to ^? 9 ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,we no long] meet ) ^? ideal conditions 9 ! c\ntry t /ill exi/$ a few decades ago4 ,mod]n civilization has gradually tak5 possession ( ! c\ntry1 too1 9 ! remote/ places ev54 ,milit>ism especially has un9t5tionally ex]cis$ a revolution>y influ5ce4 ,! great increase 9 ! /&+ army has made itself especially sev]ely felt 9 ! op5 c\ntry4 ,a great portion ( ! troops = ! /&+ army is drawn f ! rural population4 ,b :5 ! peasant's son1 or day labor] or f>m-h&1 returns to ! c\ntry1 aft] an abs5ce ( two or ?ree ye>s1 f ! city & ! b>racks1 :]e ! atmosph]e has n be5 an exactly moral "o1 he has become acqua9t$ ) _m new ideas & requirem5ts ( civilization t he seeks to satisfy at home z he did away f home4 ,to make ?is possible 8 fir/ dem& is = high] wages4 ,! old mode/y & cont5t$ness h be5 %att]$ 9 ! city4 ,9 _m cases he pref]s to /ay away f ! c\ntry altoge!r1 & all endeav\rs1 support$ by ! milit>y au?orities1 to lead him back1 rema9 unsuccessful4 ,improv$ means ( traffic & communication also t5d to raise ! /&>d ( requirem5ts 9 ! c\ntry4 ,by 8 associations ) ! city ! f>m] becomes acqua9t$ ) ! _w 9 an entirely new & tempt+ way2 he is influ5c$ by ideas & le>ns ( requirem5ts ( civilization t h be5 entirely =eign to him until !n4 ,t causes him to become dissatisfi$ ) 8 position4 ,! increas$ dem&s made ^u ! population by /ate1 c\nty1 community1 etc41 affect ! peasant z well z ! rural work] & make !m m rebelli\s /ill4 ,to ?is o!r mo/ important factors mu/ be add$4 ,european agriculture1 & especially ,g]man agriculture1 has ent]$ ^u a new phase ( its developm5t s9ce ! close ( ! sev5ties ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,:ile1 until !n1 ! nations dep5d$ ^u ! f>m products ( _! own agriculture1 or1 z ,engl&1 ^u t ( ! neighbor+ c\ntries--,france & ,g]many--! situation n[ began to *ange4 ,z a result ( ! trem5d\sly improv$ means ( transportation--navigation & ! con/ruction ( railways 9 ,nor? ,am]ica--provisions began to be %ipp$ f !re to ,europe & l[]$ ! prices ( gra91 s t cultivation ( ! *ief k9ds ( gra9 9 ,middle & ,we/]n ,europe became f> less pr(itable1 unless ! entire conditions ( production c\ld be *ang$4 ,moreov]1 ! realm ( int]national gra9 production greatly exp&$4 ,besides ,russia & ,r\mania1 :o made e endeav\r to increase _! export ( gra91 products f ,arg5t9e ,republic1 ,au/ralia1 ,india & ,canada appe>$ ^u ! m>ket4 ,9 ! c\rse ( developm5t ano!r unfavorable factor 0 add$4 ,influ5c$ by ! causes above enum]at$1 ! small f>m]s & rural work]s began to des]t ! c\ntry4 ,!y ei!r emigrat$ beyond ! seas or scores ( !m mov$ f ! c\ntry to ! cities & indu/rial c5t]s1 s t labor p[] 9 ! c\ntry became sc>ce4 ,! antiquat$1 patri>*al conditions1 especially 9 ,ea/]n ,europe1 ! ill-treatm5t & almo/ s]vile /atus ( ! f>m-h&s & s]vants /ill height5$ ?is des]tion ( ! c\ntry4 ,to :at ext5t ?is %ift+ ( ! population has affect$ ! rural di/ricts f #ahdj until ! c5sus ( #aije1 may be se5 f ! fact t dur+ ?is p]iod ! ,prussian prov9ces--,ea/-,prussia1 ,we/ ,prussia1 ,pom]ania1 ,pos51 ,silesia1 ,saxony & ,hannov]--lo/ #d1jdi1bjj p]sons1 & ,bav>ia1 ,wurtemb]g1 ,bad5 & ,alsace-,lorra9e _h a loss ( #b1jbf1ejj1 :ile ,b]l9 increas$ by migration by ab\t #a1jjj1jjj p]sons1 ,hamburg by #djb1jjj1 ! ,k+dom ( ,saxony by #cbf1bjj1 ! ,rh9e prov9ces by #cdc1jjj1 & ,we/phalia by #bdf1ajj4bjh #bjh ,qu>t]ly ,gazette = ,/ati/ics ( ! ,g]man ,empire4 #b4--,peasants & ,great ,l&[n]s4 ,z a result ( all ^! *anges1 agriculture began to suff] f a want ( capital4 ,accord+ly ! =m] l9e ( developm5t1 :]eby ! great l&[n] b\ght up ! small & m$ium-siz$ f>m]s & made !m "p ( 8 prop]ty1 gave way to ! opposite t5d5cy4 ,b ?is pressure also br\ght ab\t1 t ! clumsy "* ( agricultural ent]prises 0 gradually modifi$1 because p recogniz$ t x w\ld no long] d to foll[ ! beat5 pa?1 b t x _h become necess>y to adopt new me?ods4 ,! national gov]nm5t1 z well z ! /ate gov]nm5ts1 endeavor$ to relieve agriculture f its exig5cy by appropriate trade & t>iff policies & by direct exp5ditures = v>i\s improvem5ts4 ,rec5tly ! m$ium & great l&[n]s are q successful aga9 :]ev] ! f>ms are conduct$ 9 keep+ ) mod]n te*nical developm5t1 z may be ga!r$ f ! fact t ! prices ( f>ms h greatly increas$4 ,if agriculture is to prosp] 9 capitali/ic society1 x is necess>y t x %\ld be conduct$ by capitali/ic me?ods4 ,"h1 z 9 indu/ry1 x is important t human labor %\ld be replac$ or aid$ by ma*9]y & te*nical improvem5ts4 ,t ?is is be+ done may be se5 f ! foll[+3 ,dur+ ! p]iod f #ahhb to #ahie ! numb] ( /eam-pl\ghs employ$ 9 agriculture 9 ,g]many has increas$ f #hcf to #afif1 & ! numb] ( /eam-?re%+ ma*9es has increas$ f #ge1fij to #bei1cfd4 ,comp>$ to :at might be done 9 ! way ( agricultural ma*9]y1 ^! figures are /ill exce$+ly l[ & prove ! undevelop$ /ate ( agriculture2 !y also prove t lack ( means & ! small size ( ! individual f>ms h s f> made ! application ( ma*9]y impossible4 ,! ma*9e1 9 ord] to be truly advantage\s1 requires application on a l>ge area ( l& devot$ to cultivation ( ! same k9d ( crop4 ,! great numb] ( small & m$ium-siz$ f>ms1 ! scatt]$ fields & ! great v>iety ( crops h prev5t$ a successful application ( ma*9]y4 ,! tables on page #cea %[ h[ ! f>m+ area is di/ribut$ 9 ! ,g]man ,empire4#bji ,among ! #e1gcf1jhb f>ms c\nt$ 9 #aijg !re 7 no less ?an #d1chd1ghf ( less ?an #e hect>es #gf4h p] c5t41 t c furni% b a poor exi/5ce to _! own]s1 unless ! soil is p>ticul>ly good1 or unless devot$ to horticulture4 ,a great _m ( !m c\ld n ev5 be us$ 9 ?is way1 s9ce !re are #b1gca1jee f>ms among !m ( "o hect>e1 & less1 9 area4 ,numb] ( ,f>ms ,increase or ,decrease ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,f>ms ,f #ahhb ,f #ahie #ahhb #ahie #aijg to #ahie to #aijg ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,less ?an #b hect>es #c1jfa1hca #c1bcf1cfg #c1cgh1eji #agd1ecf #adb1adb #b to #e ha4 #iha1djg #a1jaf1cah #a1jjf1bgg #cd1iaa #aj1jda #e 8 #bj 8 #ibf1fje #iih1hjd #a1jfe1eci #gb1aii #ff1gce #bj 8 #ajj 8 #bha1eaj #bha1gfg #bfb1aia #beg #ai1egf ,ov] #ajj 8 #bd1iia #be1jfa #bc1eff #gj #a1die ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #e1bgf1cdd #e1eeh1cag #e1gcf1jhb #bha1igc #agg1gfe ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,f>m+ area 9 hect>es ,increase or ,decrease ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,f>ms ,f #ahhb ,f #ahie #ahhb #ahie #aijg to #ahie to #aijg ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,less ?an #b hect>es #a1hbe1ich #a1hjh1ddd #a1gca1cag #ag1did #gg1abg #b to #e ha4 #c1aij1bjc #c1bhe1ihd #c1cjd1hgb #ie1gha #ah1hhh #e 8 #bj 8 #i1aeh1cih #i1gba1hge #aj1dba1efe #efh1dgg #fii1fij #bj 8 #ajj 8 #i1ijh1agj #i1hfi1hcg #i1cbb1ajf #ch1ccc #edg1gca ,ov] #ajj 8 #g1ghf1bfc #g1hca1hja #g1jee1jac #de1ech #ggf1ghh ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #ca1hfh1igb #cb1eag1ida #ca1hcd1hgc #fdh1ifi #fhc1jfh ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,b ev5 among ! f>ms ( m ?an #e hect>es !re are _m t yield only a poor product1 not)/&+ h>d & long labor1 ow+ to poor soil1 unfavorable climate1 bad location1 lack ( prop] means ( transportation1 etc4 ,x may be said )\t exagg]ation t fully n9e-t5?s ( ! f>m]s lack ! means & ! k to cultivate _! soil z x might be cultivat$4 ,nei!r d ! small peasants receive a fair price = _! products1 s9ce !y dep5d ^u ! int]m$iate trad]4 ,! deal] :o trav]ses ! c\ntry on def9ite days or 9 def9ite seasons & usually trades (f 8 m]*&ise to o!r deal]s aga91 mu/ obta9 8 pr(it4 ,b to ga!r 9 ! _m small quantities means mu* m tr\ble to him ?an to procure a l>ge quantity f a great l&[n]4 ,! peasants own+ small & m$ium-siz$ f>ms !re=e receive less = _! products ?an ! great l&[n]s1 & if _! products are ( inf]ior quality1 :i* is frequ5tly ! case ow+ to _! primitive me?ods1 !y mu/ accept almo/ any price4 ,sometimes !y _c ev5 wait = ! "t :5 _! product w br+ ! highe/ price4 ,!y owe money on r5t1 int]e/ & taxes1 !y mu/ repay loans1 or mu/ settle bills ) tradespeople & me*anics1 !re=e !y are oblig$ to sell no matt] h[ unfavorable ! "t may be4 ,9 ord] to improve _! prop]ty1 or to satisfy jo9t-heirs or *ildr5 !y h mortgag$ _! f>ms4 ,z !y h few l5d]s to *oose f1 ! conditions are n v favorable4 ,a high rate ( int]e/ & def9ite dates ( paym5t weigh heavily on !m4 ,a poor h>ve/ or a faulty speculation 9 reg>d to ! k9d ( product t !y expect$ to sell at a good price (t5 drive !m to ! v]ge ( ru94 ,sometimes ! products are b\ght & ! capital is loan$ by "o & ! same p]son1 & 9 t ev5t ! peasant is entirely 9 ! h&s ( 8 cr$itor4 ,9 ?is mann] ! peasants ( entire villages & di/ricts are sometimes 9 ! h&s ( a few cr$itors4 ,?is is ! case ) ! peasants :o raise hops1 w9e1 tobacco1 & vegetables 9 ,s\!rn ,g]many1 & on ! ,rh9e1 & ) small f>m]s 9 ,c5tral ,g]many4 ,! cr$itor fleeces ! peasants m]cilessly4 ,he all[s !m to rema9 on _! f>ms z app>5t own]s1 b z a matt] ( fact !y no long] own !m4 ,frequ5tly ! capitali/ic exploit] f9ds ?is me?od f> m pr(itable ?an to cultivate ! l& himself1 or to sell x4 ,9 ?is mann] ?\s&s ( peasants are record$ z own]s ( f>ms :o are virtually n ! own]s4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 _m great l&[n]s1 too1 :o manag$ badly or 7 un=tunate or took ! prop]ty "u unfavorable conditions1 fell victims to capitali/ic extortion]s4 ,! capitali/ becomes ma/] ( ! soil1 &1 9 ord] to increase 8 pr(its1 he divides up ! f>m into lots1 because 9 ?is way he c obta9 a f> high] price ?an if he sold x undivid$4 ,) a numb] ( small proprietors he fur!rmore has ! be/ prospect to cont9ue 8 usuri\s trade4 ,z is well kn[n1 9 ! city1 too1 ^? h\ses yield ! highe/ r5ts t conta9 ! l>ge/ numb] ( small ap>tm5ts4 ,a small numb] ( f>m]s take ! opportunity & buy portions ( ! divid$ e/ate4 ,! capitali/ic b5efactor is will+ to turn ov] l>g] portions to !m also ^u a small paym5t4 ,! rema9d] ( ! price he takes z mortgage at a high rate ( int]e/1 & !re ! difficulty beg9s4 ,if ! small f>m] is =tunate & succe$s 9 mak+ 8 f>m pay he escapes2 o!rwise 8 lot w be z describ$ above4 ,if ! small f>m] loses "s ( 8 cattle1 t is a great mis=tune = him2 if he has a daught] :o m>ries1 ! pur*ase ( h] outfit increases 8 debts & he loses a *eap labor p[]2 if a son m>ries1 ! latt] dem&s 8 %>e ( ! f>m1 or a paym5t 9 money4 ,frequ5tly he _c af=d ev5 necess>y improvem5ts4 ,if 8 /ock does n provide suffici5t manure--z is (t5 ! case--8 soil becomes poor] 9 quality1 because he _c af=d to buy manure4 ,sometimes he is too poor to buy good se$ ev52 ! use ( ma*9]y is d5i$ him1 & a *ange ( crop adapt$ to ! *emical nature ( 8 soil is frequ5tly unfeasible4 ,nei!r c he apply advantage\s me?ods (f]$ by sci5ce & exp]i5ce 9 ! improvem5t ( 8 /ock4 ,lack ( prop] fodd]1 lack ( prop] /alls1 lack ( o!r necess>y appliances1 prev5ts x4 ,s !re are _m causes t make exi/5ce difficult to ! small f>m]4 ,x is q diff]5t ) ! l>ge e/ates1 :]e a comp>atively small numb] ( f>ms cov] a l>ge area4 ,we see f ! /ati/ics t #bc1eff f>ms1 hav+ an area ( #g1jee1jac hect>es ( cultivat$ soil1 cov] #b1jai1hbd hect>es m ?an ! #d1chd1ghf f>ms hav+ an area ( less ?an five hect>es4 ,b ! numb]s ( ! f>ms & ! numb]s ( ! own]s d n co9cide4 ,9 #ahie !re 7 no less ?an #iab1iei leas$ f>ms ( all sizes1 #a1fid1bea f>ms t 7 p>tly own$ & p>tly leas$1 & #ihc1iag f>ms t 7 cultivat$ 9 diff]5t ways1 z f>ms loan$ to (ficials1 z "p ( communal prop]ty1 etc4 ,on ! o!r h&1 s+le individuals own a numb] ( agricultural e/ates4 ,! greate/ ,g]man l&[n] is ! ,k+ ( ,prussia1 :o owns #hc e/ates1 ) an area ( #ih1gdf hect>es2 o!r great ,g]man l&[n]s are3 ,pr9ce ( ,pless own+ #ge e/ates ( #gj1agj hect>es ,pr9ce ,hoh5zoll]n-,sigm> 8 #bd 8 8 #ei1ifh 8 ,duke ( ,uje/ 8 #eb 8 8 #ci1gdb 8 ,pr9ce ,hoh5lohe-,oehr+5 8 -- ------ #ci1cfe 8 ,pr9ce ( ,ratibor 8 #ea 8 8 #cc1jif 8 ,9 #ahie ! entail$ e/ates 9 ,prussia compris$ an area ( #b1aba1fcf hect>es1 or #f4ji p] c5t4 ( ! entire area ( ! l&4 ,! #ajde entail$ e/ates 7 own$ by #ici proprietors1 & _! common prop]ty 0 by #bjf1fjj hect>es l>g] ?an ! entire ,k+dom ( ,wurtemb]g1 :i* cov]s an area ( ab\t #a1iae1jjj hect>es4 ,! l>ge l&[n]s are naturally int]e/$ 9 ma9ta9+ ! pres5t conditions4 ,n s ! small proprietors1 :o w\ld draw great advantages f a rational trans=mation ( ! conditions4 ,x is an innate *>act]i/ic ( l>ge own]%ip ( l& t x seeks to enl>ge its possessions m & m1 & to take possession ( all ! f>ms )9 rea*4 ,x is s 9 ,silesia1 ,lausitz1 ! ,duk$om ( ,hessia & 9 o!r di/ricts f :i* pur*ases ( peasants' e/ates on a l>ge scale are frequ5tly report$4 ,9 ,au/ria ! l>ge e/ates pr$om9ate f> m ?an 9 ,g]many1 or p>ticul>ly 9 ,prusia4 ,"h1 besides ! nobility & ! b\rgeoisie1 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* has succe$$ 9 tak+ possession ( a lion's %>e ( ! soil4 ,! expropriation ( peasants is 9 full sw+ 9 ,au/ria also4 ,9 ,/yria1 ,tyrol1 ,salzburg1 ,upp] & ,l[] ,au/ria1 etc41 all means are appli$ to drive ! peasants f _! native soil & to turn _! f>ms into g5tlem5's e/ates4 ,! same sc5es t 7 at "o "t enact$ 9 ,scotl& & ,irel& may n[ be obs]v$ 9 ! mo/ picturesque p>ts ( ,au/ria4 ,individuals1 z well z societies1 pur*ase enorm\s tracts ( l&1 or r5t :at !y _c pur*ase1 & trans=m !m into hunt+ gr\nds4 ,trespass+ on ! valleys1 hills & hamlets is prohibit$ by ! new ma/]s1 & ! /ubborn proprietors ( "s e/ates1 :o refuse to comply ) ! dem&s ( ! g5tlem51 are annoy$ s long 9 v>i\s ways t !y yield & sell _! prop]ty4 ,soil t has be5 cultivat$ = ages1 :]e = ?\s&s ( ye>s _m g5]ations made a liv+1 are trans=m$ into a wild]ness :]e de] may roam ab\t1 & ! m\nta9s t h be5 tak5 possession ( by ! capitali/ic nobility or b\rgeoisie are ! hunt+ gr\nds ( ! *amois4 ,pov]ty spreads ov] entire communities because !y are d5i$ ! "r ( driv+ _! cattle on ! ,alp9e pa/ures4 ,& :o are ^! p]sons :o are robb+ ! peasant ( 8 prop]ty & 8 indep5d5ce8 ,besides ,ro?s*ild & ,b>on ,mey]-,melnh(1 ! ,c\nts ( ,coburg & ,me9+51 ,pr9ce ,hoh5lohe1 ! ,duke ( ,lie*t5/e91 ! ,c\nt ( ,braganza1 ! ,du*ess ,ros5b]g1 ! ,duke ( ,pless1 ! ,c\nts ,s*o5feld1 ,fe/etics1 ,s*afgots*1 ,trauttmannsdorff1 ! ,b>on ,gu/a$t ,hunt+ ,club1 ! ,c\nt ,k>oly ,hunt+ ,club1 ! ,noblem5's ,hunt+ ,club ( ,bluehnba*1 etc4 ,ev]y:]e ! great l&[n]s are ext5d+ _! prop]ty4 ,9 #ahge !re 7 only #i p]sons 9 ,l[] ,au/ria :o own$ m ?an #ejjj yokes ea*1 ) an area ( #hi1dij hect>es2 9 #ahie !re 7 #bd p]sons :o own$ an area ( #bac1egd hect>es4 ,?r\gh\t ,au/ria ! great l&[n]s control an area ( #h1gjj1jjj hect>es1 :ile #ba1cjj1jjj hect>es belong to ! small l&[n]s4 ,! proprietors ( entail$ e/ates1 #big families1 own #a1bjj1jjj hect>es4 ,millions ( small l&[n]s cultivate #ga p] c5t4 ( ! entire area1 :ile a few ?\s& great l&[n]s control m ?an #bi p] c5t4 ( ! entire area ( ,au/ria4 ,!re are few l&-rev5ue di/ricts 9 :i* !re are no great l&$ proprietors4 ,9 mo/ ( ! di/ricts !re are two or sev]al l&[n]s :o ex]t a det]m9+ political & social influ5ce4 ,almo/ half ( ! great l&[n]s hold prop]ty 9 sev]al di/ricts ( ! c\ntry1 a numb] ( !m 9 sev]al cr[n-l&s ( ! empire4 ,9 ,l[] ,au/ria1 ,bohemia1 ,moravia1 & ,silesia !re is no di/rict )\t !m4 ,only indu/ry succe$$ 9 dislodg+ !m to "s ext5t2 = in/ance1 9 ,nor!rn ,bohemia & at ! b\nd>y ( ,bohemia & ,moravia4 ,9 all o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry ! l>ge e/ates are increas+3 ,9 ,upp] ,au/ria1 :]e1 ( all cr[n-l&s1 we /ill f9d a class ( peasants t is fairly well (f2 9 ,go]z & ,gradiaska1 9 ,/yria1 ,salzburg1 9 ,galicia & ,bukov9a4 ,!y are increas+ less rapidly 9 ^? c\ntries t already are ! doma9s ( ! great l&[n]s--,bohemia1 ,moravia1 ,silesia & ,l[] ,au/ria4 ,9 ,l[] ,au/ria1 ( ! entire gr\nd compris+ #a1ihb1cjj hect>es1 #cic great l&[n]s own$ #edj1fee hect>es1 & ! ,*ur* own$ #gi1aha hect>es2 #ac e/ates comprise #dbe1jgi hect>es #i p] c5t4 ( ! entire area2 among ^!1 ,duke ,hoyos-,spr9z5/e9 owns #cc1abd hect>es4 ,! area ( ,moravia cov]s #b1aha1bbj hect>es4 ,( ^! ! ,*ur* own$ #ha1heg hect>es1 & #aaf e/ates ( m ?an #ajjj hect>es ea* compris$ a l>g] area ?an ! #ejj1jjj e/ates up to #aj hect>es1 t =m #ib4a p] c5t4 ( all e/ates4 ,! area ( ,au/rian ,silesia cov]s #ead1fgg hect>es4 ,( ^! ! ,*ur* own$ #ej1hde hect>es1 & #gi proprietors toge!r own$ #bjd1aah hect>es4 ,bohemia1 ) an area ( #e1aid1ejj hect>es1 has ab\t #a1bcg1jhe great l&[n]s4 ,! di/ribution ( prop]ty is *>act]iz$ by an unusual numb] ( e/ates ( smalle/ dim5sions1 & by ext5sive l>ge e/ates4 ,almo/ #dc p] c5t4 ( all ! e/ates are small] ?an hect>e1 & m ?an f\r-fif?s d n exce$ #e hect>es4 ,^! #gjc1egg e/ates 7#ha p] c5t47 only cov] #ab4e p] c5t4 ( ! area ( ,bohemia4 ,on ! o!r h&1 #ggf p]sons own #ce4f p] c5t4 ( ! entire area1 :ile !y only =m #j4a p] c5t4 ( all e/ates4 ,! unequal di/ribution ( prop]ty is m /rik+ /ill :5 we analyze ! l>g] class1 ^? ov] #bjj hect>es4 ,we !n obta9 ! foll[+ result3 #chj p]sons own ea* #bjj to #ejj hect>es toge!r #aaf1adc hect>es #ada 8 8 8 #ejj 8 #ajjj 8 8 #aja1gdh 8 #ajd 8 8 8 #ajjj 8 #bjjj 8 8 #aej1efg 8 #aea 8 8 8 ov] #bjjj 8 8 #a1dcf1jhd 8 ,( ! la/-nam$ gr\p1 #ca p]sons own #e1jjj to #aj1jjj hect>es ea*2 #ba p]sons own #aj1jjj to #bj1jjj hect>es ea*1 & ! ,pr9ces ,mor4 ,lobk[itz1 ,f]d9& ,k9sky1 ,k>l ,s*w>z5b]g1 ,alfr$ ,w9dis*graetz1 ! ,dukes ,ern/ ,wald/e91 ,johann ,h>ra*1 ,k>l ,buquoy own #bj1jjj to #cj1jjj hect>es ea*4 ,clam-,gallas & ,l>4 ,cz]n9 own ov] #cj1jjj ea*4 ,! ,pr9ce ( ,li*t5/e9 owns #cf1ahi hect>es2 ,pr9ce ,max ,egon ,fu]/5b]g1 #ci1afb hect>es2 ,pr9ce ,collor$o ,mannsfeld1 #eg1fia hect>es1 & ! ,pr9ce ( ,s*w>z5b]g1 #agg1caj hect>es #c4d p] c5t4 ( ! entire area ( ,bohemia4 ,! ,*ur* owns #aej1cie hect>es #c p] c5t4 ( ! area ( ,bohemia4#baj ,^! figures 7 compil$ 9 #ahif2 s9ce !n matt]s h gr[n /ill worse4 ,accord+ to ! agricultural c5sus ( #aijb !re 7 #ah1dcg e/ates 7#j4g p] c5t4 ( ! entire numb]7 t cov]$ #i1ibi1ibj hect>es1 or "o-?ird ( ! entire area4 ,9 ! di/rict ( ,s*waz sev5 ,alps & 9 ! di/rict ( ,zell sixte5 ,alps t _h hi!rto s]v$ z pa/ures to ! cattle1 7 %ut (f by ! new l&lords & trans=m$ into hunt+ gr\nds4 ,pa/ur+ ( cattle is prohibit$ along ! entire ,k>w5del range4 ,! lead+ nobility ( ,au/ria & ,g]many1 besides ri* b\rgeois p>v5us1 pur*as$ areas up to #gj1jjj yokes1 & m1 9 ! ,alp9e regions & _h !m f5c$ 9 z game pres]ves4 ,entire villages1 hundr$s ( f>ms disappe>1 ! inhabitants are driv5 f _! native soil1 & ! place ( human be+s & ( animals int5d$ = human food1 is tak5 by de] & /ags & *amois4 ,n a few ( ^! m5 :o h deva/at$ entire prov9ces 9 ?is mann]1 aft]w>ds speak on ! ne$y condition ( ! peasants 9 ! p>liam5ts1 & abuse _! p[] to employ ! aid ( ! /ate 9 ! =m ( taxes on gra91 wood1 live /ock1 meat1 :iskey1 etc41 at ! exp5se ( ! prop]tyless classes4 ,9 ! mo/ advanc$ indu/rial /ates x is n ! love ( luxury ( ! privileg$ classes t dislodges ! small e/ates1 z is ! case 9 ,au/ria4 ,"h ! increas+ dem&s ( a rapidly gr[+ population make x necess>y to organize f>m+ along capitali/ic l9es1 9 ord] to produce ! requir$ am\nt ( food4 ,?is may be obs]v$ 9 a c\ntry s highly develop$ indu/rially z ,belgium4 ,accord+ to ! 8,annual ,/ati/ics10 quot$ by ,emile ,v&]velde 9 an article1 8,l&$ ,prop]ty 9 ,belgium ,dur+ ! ,p]iod f #ahcd to #ahii10 x says3 8,only f>ms ( less ?an #e hect>es1 & especially ^? ( less ?an #b hect>es1 h dim9i%$ 9 numb]4 ,b ! f>ms ( m ?an #aj hect>es h increas$ to #c1ghi4 ,! conc5tration ( l&$ prop]ty t is 9 keep+ ) mod]n indu/ry & cattle bre$+ on a l>ge scale1 may "h be cle>ly obs]v$4 ,s9ce #ahhj a developm5t has set 9 t takes ! opposite c\rse ( ! "o t took place f #ahff to #ahhj4 ,:ile1 9 #ahhj1 !re /ill 7 #iaj1cif f>ms1 only #hbi1fbe rema9$ 9 #ahie2 t means a decrease by #hj1gga f>ms #i p] c5t41 9 fifte5 ye>s4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ?is decrease has affect$ only f>ms ( less ?an #e hect>es4 ,on ! o!r h&1 f>ms ( f #e to #aj hect>es increas$ by #fge2 ^? ( f #aj to #bj hect>es by #b1afh2 f #bj to #cj hect>es by #dad2 f #cj to #dj hect>es by #afd1 f #dj to #ej hect>es by #ahg1 & ^? ( ov] #ej hect>es by #aha40 #bji ,k>l ,kautsky--,! ,agr>ian "q & tempor>y results ( ! agricultural c5sus ( ,june #ab1 #aija4 ,qu>t]ly ,gazette = ,/ati/ics ( ! ,g]man ,empire1 #aiji4 #baj ,! ,prop]ti$ & ,prop]tyless ,classes 9 ,au/ria4--,t4 ,w4 ,teif54 ,vi5na1 #aijf4 #c4--,! ,contra/ ,betwe5 ,city & ,c\ntry4 ,! condition ( ! soil & its cultivation is ( ! greate/ importance to ! advancem5t ( our civilization4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! population prim>ily dep5ds ^u ! soil & its products4 ,! soil _c be increas$ at w2 ! mann] ( its cultivation is !re=e ! m important4 ,! population ( ,g]many1 :i* gr[s by ab\t #hgj1jjj p]sons annually1 requires a consid]able import ( bread & meat1 if ! prices ( ! mo/ necess>y articles ( food are /ill to be )9 rea* ( ! masses4 ,b "h we are confront$ by %>p-contra/+ int]e/s betwe5 ! agricultural & indu/rial population4 ,t "p ( ! population t is n engag$ 9 agricultural pursuits1 is int]e/$ 9 obta9+ articles ( food at l[ prices1 s9ce _! wellf>e1 bo? z human be+s & z individuals engag$ 9 indu/ry & comm]ce1 dep5ds ^u x4 ,e increase 9 ! co/ ( articles ( food leads to a det]ioration 9 ! /&>d ( liv+ ( a l>ge portion ( ! population1 unless ! wages ( ! population dep5d+ ^u agricultural products %\ld be rais$ also4 ,b an increase 9 wages usually implies an increase 9 ! prices ( indu/rial products1 & t may result 9 a decl9e ( sales4 ,b if wages rema9 /ation>y1 not)/&+ ! increas$ co/ ( articles ( food1 ! pur*ase ( o!r commodities mu/ be limit$1 & aga9 indu/ry & comm]ce suff]4 ,matt]s h a diff]5t aspect = ^? engag$ 9 agriculture4 ,j z p]sons engag$ 9 indu/ry1 !y seek to obta9 ! greate/ possible advantage f _! occupation1 & x does n matt] to !m f :i* p>ticul> product !y obta9 x4 ,if ! import ( =eign gra9 prev5ts _! obta9+ ! desir$ pr(it f ! cultivation ( gra91 !y devote _! soil to ! cultivation ( o!r products t are m pr(itable4 ,!y cultivate beets = ! manufacture ( sug>1 & potatoes & gra9 = ! manufacture ( :iskey1 in/ead ( :eat & rye = bread4 ,!y devote ! mo/ f]tile fields to ! cultivation ( tobacco1 in/ead ( to ! cultivation ( vegetables & fruit4 ,o!rs use ?\s&s ( hect>es ( l& = pa/ures = horses1 because horses br+ high prices = milit>y purposes4 ,moreov]1 great /ret*es ( =e/ l&1 :i* c\ld be employ$ = agricultural purposes1 are res]v$ z hunt+-gr\nds = sportsm5 ( rank4 ,?is is sometimes ! case 9 regions :]e a few ?\s& hect>es ( =e/s might be cut d[n & trans=m$ into fields1 )\t any h>mful results ensu+1 due to a decrease 9 humidity by ! cutt+ d[n ( ! =e/4 ,9 ?is mann] ?\s&s ( squ>e miles ( f]tile soil might /ill be won = agricultural purposes 9 ,g]many4 ,b ?is trans=mation is contr>y to ! mat]ial int]e/s ( a "p ( ! bureaucracy1 ! =e/- & game-keep]s1 z well z to ! int]e/s ( ! great l&[n]s1 :o d n wi% to give up _! hunt+-gr\nds & to d5y !mselves ! pleasures ( ! *ase4 ,x is a matt] ( c\rse t su* cle>+ ( =e/s c\ld take place only :]e x w\ld be truly advantage\s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 l>ge areas ( m\nta9 & wa/e l& might be plant$ ) =e/s4 ,rec5tly ! great influ5ce ( =e/s on ! =mation ( moi/ure has be5 d5i$1 z x appe>s1 unju/ly s4 ,to :at m>k$ degree ! =e/ influ5ces ! moi/ure ( ! l&1 & !reby ! f]tility ( ! soil1 is %[n by "s /rik+ facts giv5 9 ! book by ,p>vus & ,dr4 ,lehmann1 8,/>v+ ,russia40 ,! au?ors ass]t1 on ! gr\nd ( _! own obs]vations1 t ! b\ndless & desultory deva/ation ( =e/s 9 ! mo/ f]tile prov9ces ( ,russia1 0 ! *ief cause ( ! failure ( crops f :i* ^! at "o "t f]tile regions suff]$ sev]ely dur+ ! la/ few decades4 ,among _m o!r facts1 !y po9t$ out t dur+ ! c\rse ( "t five little riv]s & six lakes disappe>$ 9 ! gov]nm5t di/rict ( ,/awropol2 9 ! gov]nm5t di/rict ( ,busuluk f\r riv]s & f\r lakes disappe>$2 9 ! gov]nm5t di/rict ( ,sam>a six small riv]s1 & 9 ! gov]nm5t di/rict ( ,buguruslan two small riv]s disappe>$4 ,9 ! gov]nm5t di/ricts ( ,nikolajewsk & ,nov\s5sk f\r riv]s are b>ely ma9ta9$ by ! con/ruction ( dams4 ,_m villages t =m]ly _h runn+ wat] 9 _! vic9ity are robb$ ( ?is advantage1 & 9 _m places ! dep? ( wells is #de to #fj y>ds4 ,z a result ( ?is de>? ( wat] ! soil is h>d & crack$4 ,) ! cutt+ d[n ( ! =e/s ! spr+s dri$ up & ra9 became sc>ce4 ,capitali/ic cultivation ( ! soil leads to capitali/ic conditions4 ,= a numb] ( ye>s a portion ( our f>m]s d]iv$ enorm\s pr(its f ! cultivation ( beets & ! manufacture ( sug> connect$ ) x4 ,! sy/em ( taxation favor$ ! exportation ( sug>1 & 9 su* a mann] t ! rev5ue ( ! taxes on sug>-beets & on ! consumption ( sug> 0 to a consid]able ext5t employ$ z b\nties = exportation4 ,! reimbursem5t grant$ to ! sug> manufactur]s p] hundr$-weight ( sug> 0 consid]ably high] ?an ! tax paid by !m on ! beets1 & plac$ !m 9 a position to sell _! sug> at l[ prices to =eign c\ntries1 at ! exp5se ( ! dome/ic taxpay]s1 & to develop ! cultivation ( sug>-beets m & m4 ,! advantage ga9$ by ! sug> manufactur]s "u ?is sy/em ( taxation am\nt$ to ov] #ca million m>ks annually4 ,hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( hect>es ( l& t _h =m]ly be5 devot$ to ! cultivation ( gra91 etc41 7 n[ employ$ to raise beets2 c\ntless factories 7 erect$1 & ! inevitable result 0 ! panic4 ,! high pr(it obta9$ f ! cultivation ( beets also caus$ a rise 9 ! price ( prop]ty4 ,?is l$ to a :olesale pur*ase ( ! small f>ms1 ^: own]s 7 tempt$ to sell by ! high prices !y c\ld obta9 = _! prop]ty4 ,! soil 0 made to s]ve indu/rial speculation1 & ! rais+ ( gra9 & potatoes 0 relegat$ to soil ( inf]ior quality1 :i* height5$ ! dem& = ! importation ( products ( food4 ,f9ally ! evils t _h aris5 f ! all[ance on export ( sug> & _h gradually assum$ an int]national "*1 compell$ ! gov]nm5ts & ! p>liam5ts to aboli% ?is sy/em & !reby to rev]t to some:at m natural conditions4 ,"u pres5t-day conditions ! small f>m]s _c atta9 ! social /atus to :i* !y are entitl$ z citiz5s ( a civiliz$ /ate1 no matt] h[ h>d !y may "w & h[ mu* !y may d5y !mselves4 ,:atev] ! /ate & society may d to uphold ^! classes t =m a consid]able basis ( ! exi/+ =m ( /ate & society1 _! endeav\rs rema9 pat*-"w4 ,! agr>ian taxes h>m ?is portion ( ! agricultural population m ?an !y b5efit !m4 ,mo/ ( ^! f>m]s d n produce z mu* z !y ne$ = ! ma9t5ance ( _! own families4 ,!y mu/ pur*ase "p ( _! supplies1 ! means = :i* !y obta9 by indu/rial or o!r additional labor4 ,a great _m ( our small f>m]s are m int]e/$ 9 a favorable /atus ( indu/ry & comm]ce ?an 9 agriculture1 because _! own *ildr5 make _! liv+ by indu/ry or comm]ce1 s9ce ! f>m (f]s no employm5t & no income to !m4 ,"o failure ( crops increases ! numb] ( f>m]s :o are oblig$ to pur*ase agricultural products4 ,s h[ c agr>ian taxes & prohibition ( importation b5efit ^? :o h little to sell & mu/ occasionally buy mu*8 ,at lea/ #hj p] c5t4 ( all agricultural e/abli%m5ts are 9 ?is position4 ,h[ ! f>m] cultivates 8 soil is 8 own affair 9 ! era ( private prop]ty4 ,he cultivates :atev] seems mo/ pr(itable to him1 reg>dless ( ! int]e/s & requirem5ts ( society2 s 8laissez faire60 ,9 indu/ry ! same pr9ciple is appli$4 ,obsc5e pictures & indec5t books are manufactur$1 & factories are e/abli%$ = ! adult]ation ( food4 ,^! & _m o!r activities are h>mful to society2 !y und]m9e its morals & height5 corruption4 ,b !y are pr(itable1 m s ?an dec5t pictures1 sci5tific books & unadult]at$ food4 ,! manufactur]1 eag] = pr(its1 mu/ only succe$ 9 escap+ ! notice ( ! police1 & he may ply 8 trade 9 ! k t society w envy & respect him = ! money he has made4 ,! mammon "* ( our age is mo/ =cibly express$ by ! /ock ex*ange & its deal+s4 ,products ( ! soil & indu/rial products1 means ( transportation1 meteorological & political conditions1 want & abundance1 disa/]s & suff]+ ( ! masses1 public debts1 inv5tions & discov]ies1 heal? or disease & dea? ( influ5tial p]sons1 w> & rumors ( w> (t5 inv5t$ = ?is purpose1 all ^! & _m o!r ?+s are made ! object ( speculation & are us$ to exploit & *eat "o ano!r4 ,! k+s ( capital ex]t ! mo/ decisive influ5ce on ! weal & woe ( society1 &1 favor$ by _! p[]ful means & connections1 !y accumulate b\ndless weal?4 ,gov]nm5ts & (ficials become m]e puppets 9 _! h&s1 :o mu/ p]=m :ile ! k+s ( ! /ock ex*ange pull ! wires4 ,! p[]s ( ! /ate d n control ! /ock m>ket1 ! /ock m>ket controls ! p[]s ( ! /ate4 ,all ^! facts1 :i* are becom+ m evid5t e day because ! evils are daily increas+1 call = spe$y & ?or\ghgo+ re=ms4 ,b society /&s helpless be=e ^! evils & keeps go+ ab\t 9 a circle l a horse 9 a treadmill1 a picture ( impot5ce & /upidity4 ,!y :o w\ld l to act1 are /ill too weak2 !y :o ought to act1 /ill lack und]/&+2 !y :o might act1 d n wi% to4 ,!y rely ^u _! p[] & ?9k1 z ,madame ,pompad\r express$ x3 8,aprs n\s le dluge60 7,may ! deluge come aft] we are gone67 ,b :at if ! deluge %\ld ov]take !m8 ,! ,socialization ( ,society4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,! ,social ,revolution4 #a4--,! ,trans=mation ( ,society4 ,! tide rises & und]m9es ! f\ndation ( /ate & society4 ,e "o feels t ! pill>s are sway+ & t only p[]ful props c support !m4 ,b to erect su* props means great sacrifices on ! "p ( ! rul+ classes1 & !re ! difficulty lies4 ,e proposition1 ! realization ( :i* w\ld s]i\sly damage ! mat]ial int]e/s ( ! rul+ classes & w\ld ?reat5 to "q _! privileg$ position1 is bitt]ly oppos$ by !m & r\ndly condemn$ z a measure de/9$ to ov]turn ! pres5t ord] ( /ate & society4 ,b1 )\t que/ion+ & ultimately remov+ ! privileges ( ! rul+ classes1 ! diseas$ _w _c be cur$4 8,! /ruggle = ! lib]ation ( ! work+ class is n a /ruggle = privileges1 b "o = equal rights & equal duties & = ! removal ( all privileges40 ,?is decl>ation ( pr9ciples is conta9$ 9 ! ,sociali/ plat=m4 ,x foll[s t no?+ c be atta9$ by half measures & small concessions4 ,b ! rul+ classes reg>d _! privileg$ position z natural & self-und]/ood2 !y w admit ( no d\bt 9 its p]man5ce & ju/ification4 ,s x is q natural t !y oppose & combat e attempt to %att] _! privileges4 ,ev5 propos$ measures & laws t d n *ange _! privileg$ position & ! pres5t ord] ( society 9 ! lea/1 cause ! greate/ excitem5t among !m1 if _! purse-/r+s are loos5$ !reby or likely to be loos5$4 ,9 ! p>liam5ts m\nta9s ( pap] are pr9t$ ) spee*es until ! labor+ m\nta9s br+ =? a ridicul\s m\se4 ,! mo/ self-und]/ood dem&s ( work+m5's protection are met ) z mu* opposition z if ! exi/5ce ( society dep5d$ ^u x4 ,:51 aft] endless /ruggles1 "s concessions are won f ! rul+ classes1 !y act z if !y _h sacrific$ a "p ( _! =tune4 ,!y %[ ! same /ubborn opposition :5 call$ ^u to recognize ! oppress$ classes on a basis ( =mal equality2 = in/ance1 to discuss que/ions ( labor agreem5ts ) !m z ) _! equals4 ,?is opposition to ! simple/ ?+s & ! mo/ self-und]/ood dem&s confirms ! old exp]i5ce t no rul+ class c ev] be conv9c$ by reason1 unless ! =ce ( circum/ances compels discretion & compliance4 ,b ! =ce ( circum/ances may be f\nd 9 ! gr[+ measure ( und]/&+ creat$ 9 ! oppress$ by ! developm5t ( our conditions4 ,! class extremes are con/antly becom+ m sev]e1 m noticeable & m evid5t4 ,! oppress$ & exploit$ classes beg9 to recognize t exi/+ conditions are unt5able2 _! indignation increases1 & ) x ! imp]i\s dem& to trans=m & humanize conditions4 ,z ?is p]ception gr[s & rea*es ev] wid5+ circles1 x f9ally conqu]s ! va/ majority ( society1 :i* is mo/ directly int]e/$ 9 ?is trans=mation4 ,b to ! same ext5t 9 :i* ?is p]ception ( ! unt5abl5ess ( exi/+ conditions & ! ne$ ( _! trans=mation gr[s among ! masses1 ! p[] ( resi/ance ( ! rul+ classes decl9es1 s9ce _! p[] is f\nd$ ^u ! ignorance & ! lack ( und]/&+ ( ! oppress$ & exploit$ classes4 ,?is reciprocal action is evid5t1 & !re=e ev]y?+ t advances x mu/ be welcom$4 ,! progress ( capitalism on ! "o h& is balanc$ on ! o!r by ! gr[+ p]ception t ! exi/+ social ord] is adv]se to ! wellf>e ( ! va/ majority ( ! p4 ,al?\gh ! solution & removal ( social extremes w require great sacrifices & _m ex]tions1 a solution w be f\nd z soon z ! extremes h atta9$ ! height ( _! developm5t1 t[>d :i* !y are rapidly advanc+4 ,:at measures are to be resort$ to at ! v>i\s /ages ( developm5t1 dep5ds ^u circum/ances4 ,x is impossible to pr$ict :at measures w be necessitat$ by circum/ances 9 p>ticul> in/ances4 ,no gov]nm5t1 no prime-m9i/]1 be he ! mo/ p[]ful p]son1 c pr$ict :at circum/ances w compel him to d a ye> h5ce4 ,x is all ! m impossible to pr$ict measures t w be dictat$ by circum/ances unkn[n to u at pres5t4 ,! "q ( measures is a "q ( tactics to be obs]v$ 9 a /ruggle4 ,! tactics are influ5c$ by ! oppon5t & also by ! res\rces at ! comm& ( bo? p>ties4 ,means t are spl5did to-day may be h>mful to-morr[1 because ! circum/ances t ju/ifi$ _! employm5t may h *ang$4 ,x is b necess>y always to keep our aim be=e u2 ! means = atta9+ same dep5d ^u "t & circum/ances4 ,b ! mo/ effective means t "t & circum/ances p]mit ( %\ld be resort$ to4 ,9 depict+ future developm5ts we mu/ !re=e resort to hypo!tical me?ods2 we mu/ surmise c]ta9 conditions4 ,proce$+ f ?is po9t ( view1 we surmise t1 at a giv5 "t1 all ! depict$ evils w h develop$ to su* extremes & w h become s evid5t & tangible to ! great majority ( ! population1 t !y come to be reg>d$ z unbe>able2 t a g5]al1 irresi/ible dem& = a ?or\ghgo+ trans=mation w manife/ itself1 & t1 accord+ly1 ! quicke/ help w be consid]$ ! mo/ appropriate4 ,all social evils1 )\t exception1 spr+ f ! pres5t social ord]1 :i*1 z has be5 %[n1 is f\nd$ on capitalism1 on ! capitali/ic me?od ( production4 ,?is me?od ( production enables ! capitali/ class--! own]s ( all ! means ( production1 ! gr\nd1 m9es1 raw mat]ials1 tools1 ma*9es1 means ( transportation--to exploit & oppress ! masses1 :i* leads to insecurity ( exi/5ce & to ! degradation ( ! exploit$ classes4 ,accord+ly ! mo/ rapid & direct way w\ld be to trans=m capitali/ic prop]ty into common1 or social prop]ty by a g5]al expropriation4 ,! production ( commodities w be socializ$2 x w become a production = & by society4 ,manufacture on a l>ge scale & ! increas+ productivity ( social labor1 until n[ a s\rce ( mis]y & oppression = ! exploit$ classes1 w !n become a s\rce ( well-be+ & h>moni\s developm5t = all4 #b4--;,expropriation ( ! ,expropriators4 ,! trans=mation ( all means ( production into common prop]ty =ms ! new basis ( society4 ,! conditions ( life & "w = bo? sexes 9 indu/ry1 agriculture1 traffic1 education1 m>riage1 sci5ce1 art & social int]c\rse become radically diff]5t4 ,human life is giv5 a new purpose4 ,gradually ! organization ( ! /ate also loses gr\nd2 ! /ate disappe>s2 x1 s to say1 aboli%es itself4 ,9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is book we h %[n :y ! /ate _h to arise4 ,x is ! product ( developm5t f primitive society1 f\nd$ on communism1 t becomes dissolv$ z private prop]ty develops4 ,) ! rise ( private prop]ty antagoni/ic int]e/s are =m$ )9 society4 ,diff]5ces ( class & ca/e arise t necess>ily lead to class /ruggles among ! diff]5t gr\ps & ?reat5 ! ma9t5ance ( ! new ord]4 ,to keep d[n ! oppon5ts ( ! new ord] & to protect ! ?reat5$ proprietors1 an organization is requir$ t opposes su* attacks & decl>es prop]ty to be 8righte\s0 & 8sacr$40 ,?is organization1 :i* protects & ma9ta9s private prop]ty1 becomes ! /ate4 ,by laws ! /ate secures ! proprietor's "r to 8 prop]ty1 & ^u ^? :o w\ld attack ! ord] laid d[n by law x turns z judge & av5g]4 ,by _! inn]mo/ nature1 !n1 ! int]e/s ( ! rul+1 possess+ class1 & ( ! p[]s ( ! /ate1 always are cons]vative4 ,! organization ( ! /ate only *anges :5 ! int]e/ ( prop]ty dem&s x4 ,?us ! /ate is ! indisp5sable organization ( a society f\nd$ on class rule4 ,z soon z class extremes h be5 remov$ by ! abolition ( private prop]ty1 x becomes unnecess>y & impossible4 ,! /ate gradually ceases to exi/ ) ! pass+ away ( class rule1 z surely z religion ceases to exi/ :5 belief 9 sup]ior be+s & occult p[]s is no long] met )4 ,words mu/ h a purport2 :5 !y lose same !y cease to convey a mean+4 ,"h a read] :o is capitali/ically m9d$ may object & may ask on :at legal gr\nd c society ju/ify ^! ov]?r[+ *anges8 ,! legal gr\nd w be ! same t always 0 f\nd1 :5 simil> *anges & trans=mations 7 ne$ful3 ,! common wellf>e4 ,society1 n ! /ate1 is ! s\rce ( law4 ,! /ate is only cl]k to ! society1 ^: duty x is to measure & disp5se ! law4 ,until n[1 rul+ society 0 always b a small m9ority1 b ?is small m9ority act$ 9 behalf ( ! entire nation & repres5t$ itself z be+ society1 j z ,l\is ,,xiv4 repres5t$ himself z be+ ! /ate3 8,l'tat c'e/ moi40 7,i am ! /ate47 ,:5 our newspap]s report3 8,! season has begun1 society is return+ to t[n20 or3 8,! season is ov]1 society is ha/5+ to ! c\ntry10 !y d n mean ! p1 b ! upp] t5 ?\s& :o con/itute society z !y con/itute ! /ate4 ,! masses are ! 8plebs10 ! vile multitude4 ,9 ! same way1 ev]y?+ und]tak5 by ! /ate = society 9 behalf ( 8! common welf>e10 has1 fir/ & =emo/1 s]v$ ! int]e/s ( ! rul+ classes4 8,salus reipublicae suprema lex e/o0 7! welf>e ( ! republic %all be ! supreme law71 is ! well-kn[n legal pr9ciple laid d[n by ! anci5t ,romans4 ,b :o =m$ ! ,roman republic8 ,! subject$ peoples1 ! millions ( slaves8 ,no6 ,! comp>atively small numb] ( ,roman citiz5s1 above all ! ,roman nobility1 :o p]mitt$ ! slaves to support !m4 ,:51 dur+ ! middle ages1 nobility & pr9ces robb$ ! communal prop]ty1 !y did s on ! legal gr\nd ( 8! common welf>e10 & 9 :at mann] !y dispos$ ( ! communal prop]ty & ! prop]ty ( ! helpless peasants1 ! hi/ory ( ! middle ages1 d[n to rec5t times1 has amply %[n4 ,! agr>ian hi/ory ( ! pa/ ?\s& ye>s is a hi/ory ( un9t]rupt$ robb]y ( communal & peasant prop]ty1 practic$ by ! nobility & ! ,*ur* 9 all civiliz$ /ates ( ,europe4 ,:5 ! great ,fr5* ,revolution !n proce$$ to expropriate ! prop]ty ( ! nobility & ! ,*ur*1 x did s 89 behalf ( ! common welf>e10 & ! great] "p ( ! eight million ( prop]ty hold]s :o =m ! *ief /ay ( ,b\rgeois ,france1 owe _! exi/5ce to ?is expropriation4 ,9 behalf ( ! 8common welf>e10 ,spa9 took possession ( mu* ,*ur* prop]ty1 & ,italy confiscat$ x entirely1 applaud$ by ! mo/ ard5t def5d]s ( 8sacr$ prop]ty40 ,! ,engli% nobility = c5turies robb$ ! ,iri% & ,engli% nations ( _! prop]ty1 & f #ahjd to #ahcb legally pres5t$ itself--89 behalf ( ! common welf>e0--) no less ?an #c1eaa1gaj acres ( communal prop]ty4 ,:51 aft] ! great ,nor? ,am]ican civil w>1 millions ( slaves 7 emancipat$1 :o _h be5 ! lawfully acquir$ prop]ty ( _! ma/]s1 )\t reimburs+ ! latt]1 ?is 0 done 89 behalf ( ! common welf>e40 ,our entire b\rgeois developm5t is an un9t]rupt$ process ( expropriation & confiscation4 ,9 ?is process ! me*anic is expropriat$ by ! manufactur]1 ! peasant by ! great l&[n]1 ! small deal] by ! l>ge m]*ant1 &1 f9ally1 "o capitali/ by ano!r4 ,to judge by ! declamations ( our b\rgeoisie1 all ?is is be+ done to s]ve 8! common welf>e10 9 ! 8int]e/ ( society40 ,on ! #ah ,brumaire & ,decemb] #b1 ! foll[]s ( ,napoleon 8sav$0 8society0 & 8society0 congratulat$ !m4 ,:5 society w save itself by tak+ back ! prop]ty x has creat$1 x w p]=m ! mo/ notewor?y de$4 ,= !n its actions w n purpose to suppress "o to ! advantage ( ano!r1 b to obta9 equality ( opportunity = all & to enable ea* & e "o to lead an exi/5ce wor?y ( a human be+4 ,x w be ! gr&e/ measure1 morally1 ev] enact$ by society4 ,9 :at =ms ?is great process ( social expropriation w be consummat$ & "u :at conditions1 is ( c\rse q impossible to pr$ict4 ,9 8 f\r? social lett] to v4 ,kir*mann1 entitl$ 8,capital10#baa ,rodb]tus says3 8,a confiscation ( all private prop]ty 9 l&1 is n a *im]a1 b q possible f ! /&po9t ( political economy4 ,x w\ld also be ! mo/ radical help = society4 ,= society suff]s f ! increase ( r5t 9 l& & capital4 ,) ! abolition ( private prop]ty 9 l&1 traffic & ! progress ( national weal? w\ld n be int]rupt$ = "o mom5t40 ,:at d ! ,agr>ians say to ?is op9ion ( "o :o 0 =m]ly a memb] ( _! p>ty8 ,! fur!r c\rse ( ev5ts1 aft] su* a measure has be5 resort$ to1 _c be def9itely laid d[n4 ,no human be+ is able to =esee h[ com+ g5]ations w %ape ! details ( _! social organizations1 & 9 :at mann] !y w be/ succe$ 9 satisfy+ _! requirem5ts4 ,9 society1 z 9 nature1 !re is con/ant *ange4 ,"o ?+ appe>s :ile ano!r disappe>s2 :at is old & wa/$ is replac$ by :at is new & full ( vitality4 ,inv5tions & discov]ies along v>i$ l9es are made ^: significance _c be =ese51 & :5 appli$1 su* inv5tions & discov]ies may revolutionize human life & ! entire social organization4 ,9 ! foll[+1 !re=e1 we c only discuss ! developm5t ( g5]al pr9ciples4 ,!y may be laid d[n z a logical outcome ( ! prior explanations1 & to "s ext5t x is possible to ov]look 9 :at mann] !y w be c>ri$ out4 ,ev5 h]et(ore society c\ld n be guid$ & direct$ by s+le individuals1 al?\gh x sometimes appe>$ s4 ,b appe>ances are deceiv+2 presum+ to direct1 we are be+ direct$4 ,ev5 h]et(ore society has be5 an organism t develop$ 9 accordance ) def9ite1 inh]5t laws4 ,9 ! future ! guidance & direction1 accord+ to ! w ( individuals1 w be entirely out ( ! "q4 ,society w !n be a democracy t w h unravell$ ! secrets ( its nature4 ,x w h discov]$ ! laws ( its developm5t & w consci\sly apply !m to its fur!r gr[?4 #baa ,b]l91 #ahhd4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,fundam5tal ,laws ( ,sociali/ic ,society4 #a4--;,duty to ,"w ( ,all ,able-bodi$ ,p]sons4 ,z soon z society has become ! own] ( all means ( production1 ! duty to "w ( all able-bodi$ p]sons1 reg>dless ( sex1 becomes a fundam5tal law ( socializ$ society4 ,society _c exi/ )\t labor4 ,x !re=e is ju/ifi$ 9 dem&+ t all :o seek to satisfy _! requirem5ts1 %\ld also s]ve to ! be/ ( _! physical & m5tal abilities 9 produc+ ! commodities t are ne$ful to satisfy ! requirem5ts ( all4 ,! silly ass]tion t ! ,sociali/s wi% to aboli% "w is an absurdity4 ,lazy p]sons1 %irk]s ( "w1 are met ) 9 b\rgeois society only4 ,socialism is agre$ ) ! ,bible 9 ass]t+ t 8he :o w n "w nei!r %all he eat40 ,b "w %all be useful1 productive activity4 ,! new society w !re=e insi/ t ev]yone *oose "s def9ite indu/rial1 agricultural1 or o!r useful activity1 :]eby he p]=ms a c]ta9 am\nt ( labor = ! satisfaction ( exi/+ requirem5ts4 ,no enjoym5t )\t labor1 )\t labor no enjoym5t4 ,s9ce all are oblig$ to "w1 all h ! same int]e/ 9 hav+ ?ree conditions ( labor compli$ )4 ,fir/ly1 t ! "w-day %all n be too long & t ! "w %all n require ov]-ex]tion2 secondly1 t ! "w %all be v>i$ & z agreeable z possible2 ?irdly1 t x %all be z productive z possible1 s9ce on ?is ! l5g? ( ! "w-day & ! numb] ( obta9able enjoym5ts dep5d4 ,b ^! ?ree conditions aga9 are det]m9$ by ! numb] & ! nature ( ! means ( production & ! work]s2 !y are fur!rmore det]m9$ by ! requir$ /&>d ( liv+4 ,sociali/ic society does n e/abli% itself 9 ord] to lead a prolet>ian exi/5ce1 b to aboli% ! prolet>ian mann] ( liv+ ( ! great majority ( p4 ,x seeks to grant to ev]yone ! fulle/ measure ( ! com=ts & joys ( life1 & s ! "q arises3 ,to :at ext5t w ! requirem5ts ( society gr[8 ,9 ord] to det]m9e ?is an adm9i/ration w be necess>y t comprises all fields ( social activity4 ,"h our municipalities w =m an appropriate f\ndation4 ,if !y are too l>ge to p]mit ( obta9+ an insight1 !y may be divid$ into di/ricts4 ,z 9 primitive society1 all memb]s ( ! communities :o are ( age1 reg>dless ( sex1 w p>ticipate 9 ! elections & *oose ! p]sons :o are to take *>ge ( ! adm9i/ration4 ,at ! head ( all local bodies !re w be a c5tral adm9i/ration4 ,?is--let x be not$--w n be a gov]nm5t ) rul+ p[]s1 b an executive bo>d ( manag]s4 ,:e!r ?is bo>d ( manag]s is to be elect$ by ! entire population or by ! local bo>ds is n ess5tial4 ,^! que/ions w n be z important !n z !y are n[1 = election to ^! (fices w n mean great] p[] & influ5ce & a high] income4 ,!y w be positions ( tru/ to :i* ! fitte/1 be !y m5 or wom51 w be elect$1 & !y c be recall$ or re-elect$1 z conditions may dem&1 or z x may seem desirable to ! vot]s4 ,all (fices are tempor>y4 ,! p]sons :o hold ^! positions1 !re=e1 _c be reg>d$ z (ficials4 ,_! function is n a p]man5t "o1 nor is a hi]>*ical ord] ( advancem5t provid$ =4 ,view$ f ?is /&po9t1 x also becomes a matt] ( indiff]5ce :e!r !re w be any int]m$iate bodies betwe5 ! c5tral adm9i/ration & ! local adm9i/rations1 z prov9cial adm9i/rations1 etc4 ,if consid]$ necess>y !y w be in/itut$2 if n1 !y w be omitt$4 ,all t w be det]m9$ by exp]i5ce4 ,if progress 9 ! developm5t ( society %\ld make old in/itutions sup]flu\s1 !y w be aboli%$ )\t any ado & )\t any conflict1 s9ce no "o is p]sonally int]e/$ 9 _! ma9t5ance1 & new ones w be in/itut$ in/ead4 ,?is ?or\ghly democratic adm9i/ration is v diff]5t f ! pres5t4 ,at ! pres5t "t--:at battles 9 ! newspap]s1 :at a w>f>e ( tongues 9 ! p>liam5ts1 :at piles ( docum5ts 9 ! gov]nm5t (fices1 to accompli% an insignificant *ange 9 ! adm9i/ration or gov]nm5t6 ,to beg9 )1 ! ma9 task w be to det]m9e ! exi/+ =ces1 ! numb] & k9d ( means ( production1 factories1 work%ops1 means ( transportation1 area ( l&1 & ! previ\s productivity4 ,fur!r x w be necess>y to det]m9e ! supply on h& & ! numb] ( articles & products requir$ to supply ! dem& 9 a giv5 l5g? ( "t4 ,z at pres5t ! /ate & ! v>i\s municipalities annually det]m9e _! budgets1 ?is w 9 future be done = ! entire social dem&1 & *anges made necess>y by new or increas$ dem&s c be fully tak5 into consid]ation4 ,/ati/ics "h become ! ma9 factor4 ,!y are ! mo/ important auxili>y sci5ce 9 ! new society1 s9ce !y furni% ! /&>d :]eby all social activity may be measur$4 ,/ati/ics are be+ us$ = simil> purposes at pres5t on a l>ge scale4 ,! budgets ( nation1 /ate1 & municipality are f\nd$ on a great numb] ( /ati/ical inve/igations t are annually und]tak5 by ! v>i\s bran*es ( adm9i/ration4 ,exp]i5ce ( long duration & a c]ta9 /ability 9 curr5t dem&s simplify !m4 ,"u normal conditions e manufactur] & e m]*ant is also enabl$ to det]m9e 8 requirem5ts = ! com+ qu>t] ( a ye> & 9 :at mann] he mu/ arrange 8 production & 8 pur*ases4 ,unless excessive *anges occur he c meet !m readily & )\t mu* difficulty4 ,! exp]i5ce t ! crises are br\ght on by bl9d1 an>*i/ic production2 t is to say1 because goods are produc$ )\t any k ( ! /ock on h&1 ! sales1 & ! dem& = ! v>i\s articles on ! _w m>ket1 has caus$ ! capta9s ( indu/ry 9 v>i\s bran*es--z already /at$--to =m tru/s4 ,! object ( ^! tru/s is to det]m9e prices on ! "o h&1 & on ! o!r to regulate production4 ,by ! produc+ ability ( ea* individual conc]n & by ! sales x is likely to make1 ! am\nt ( goods to be produc$ = ! com+ mon?s is det]m9$4 ,failure to comply ) ^! rules is puni%$ by a f9e & by proscription4 ,! manufactur]s =m ^! agreem5ts n to b5efit1 b to h>m ! public1 & solely = _! own advantage4 ,_! purpose is to use ! p[] ( co-op]ation to insure ! greate/ advantage = !mselves4 ,by regulat+ production x becomes possible to exact ! paym5t ( prices t c nev] be obta9$ z long z ! individual manufactur]s compete ) "o ano!r4 ,s ! manufactur] enri*es himself at ! exp5se ( ! consum]1 :o mu/ pay ! fix$ price = ! article t he ne$s2 &1 z ! consum] is injur$ by ! tru/s1 s also ! work]4 ,regulation ( production by ! manufactur]s releases a numb] ( work]s & employes1 & ^!1 9 ord] to live1 mu/ und]bid _! fell[-work]s4 ,moreov]1 ! social p[] ( ! tru/ is s great t ! labor unions1 too c r>ely cope ) !m4 ,! employ]s1 accord+ly1 enjoy a d\ble advantage2 !y receive high] prices & pay l[] wages4 ,?is regulation ( production by associations ( employ]s is ! opposite ( t :i* w take effect 9 ,sociali/ic society4 ,to-day ! int]e/ ( ! employ]s is ! det]m9+ factor2 9 ! future x w be ! int]e/ ( ! g5]al public4 ,b 9 b\rgeois society ev5 ! be/ organiz$ tru/ _c ov]look & compute all ! factors4 ,competition & speculation on ! _w m>ket cont9ue to rage1 9 spite ( ! tru/1 & sudd5ly x becomes manife/ t ! calculation is faulty1 & ! artificial /ructure breaks d[n4 ,l indu/ry1 comm]ce also possesses f>-rea*+ /ati/ics4 ,e week ! l>ge c5t]s ( comm]ce & seaport t[ns publi% li/s ( ! supplies on h& ( k]os5e1 cotton1 sug>1 c(fee1 :eat1 etc4 ,sometimes ^! /ati/ics are n exact1 because ! own]s ( ! goods occasionally h a p]sonal int]e/ 9 prev5t+ ! tru? f becom+ kn[n4 ,b1 tak5 all 9 all1 ^! /ati/ics are pretty reliable & enable ^? int]e/$ to judge ! probable aspect ( ! m>ket 9 ! ne> future4 ,b "h1 too1 speculation ent]s into consid]ation t frequ5tly deceives & upsets all calculations & (t5 makes x impossible to c>ry on an hone/ bus9ess4 ,j z a g5]al regulation ( production is made impossible 9 b\rgeois society by ! conflict+ int]e/s ( ! c\ntless private produc]s1 s ! regulation ( di/ribution is made impossible by ! speculative nature ( comm]ce & by ! conflict+ int]e/s ( ! great numb] ( p]sons engag$ 9 x4 ,b :at has be5 accompli%$ s f> gives an idea ( :at c be accompli%$ z soon z private int]e/s disappe> & ! common int]e/ pr$om9ates4 ,an example ( ?is is1 = in/ance1 ! h>ve/ /ati/ics compil$ annually by v>i\s /ates1 t make x possible to calculate ! crops1 ! am\nt ne$ful to supply ! dome/ic dem&1 & ! probable prices4 ,b 9 a socializ$ society conditions w be p]fectly ord]ly1 s9ce ! solid>ity ( society w h be5 e/abli%$4 ,ev]y?+ is c>ri$ out1 accord+ to plans1 9 an ord]ly way1 & s x w be easy to det]m9e ! am\nts requir$ by ! v>i\s dem&s4 ,:5 "s exp]i5ce has be5 ga9$1 ev]y?+ w run smoo?ly4 ,:5 ! av]age dem& = meat1 bread1 %oes1 g>m5ts1 etc41 has be5 /ati/ically det]m9$1 & :5 ! output ( ! respective e/abli%m5ts ( production is kn[n1 ! av]age daily am\nt ( socially necess>y labor c be e/abli%$4 ,x1 fur!rmore1 c be det]m9$ :e!r m e/abli%m5ts ( production are ne$$1 or :e!r "s c be disp5s$ ) z sup]flu\s & c be fitt$ out = o!r purposes4 ,e individual *ooses ! bran* ( indu/ry 9 :i* he wi%es to be employ$4 ,! great numb] ( v diff]5t realms ( activity makes x possible to take ! mo/ v>i$ wi%es into consid]ation4 ,if !re is an excess ( work]s 9 "o bran* & a lack ( work]s 9 ano!r1 x w be ! duty ( ! adm9i/ration to make ! necess>y arrangem5ts & to br+ ab\t an equalization4 ,to organize production & to give opportunity to ! v>i\s =ces to be employ$ at ! "r place1 w be ! *ief task ( ! elect$ adm9i/rations4 ,z all p]fect !mselves 9 _! p>ticul> tasks ! :eels run m smoo?ly4 ,! diff]5t bran*es ( indu/ry & sub-divisions elect _! manag]s1 :o mu/ control ! "w4 ,b ^! are no slave-driv]s1 z ov]se]s & =em5 are to-day1 b fell[-work]s :o simply practice ! adm9i/rative function entru/$ to !m1 9 place ( a productive "o4 ,x is n impossible t at a m advanc$ /age ( organization & ) a m p]fect education ( all its memb]s1 ^! functions w become alt]nat+ & w1 9 def9ite rotation1 be ov]tak5 by all p]sons conc]n$1 reg>dless ( sex4 #b4--;,h>mony ( ,int]e/s4 ,labor1 organiz$ on a basis ( complete fre$om & democratic equality1 ) "o = all & all = "o1 w call =? a rivalry & a desire to create t are n[h]e met ) "u ! pres5t indu/rial sy/em2 & ?is joy ( creation w enhance ! productivity ( labor4 ,s9ce all "w = "o ano!r1 !y are int]e/$ 9 hav+ all objects well made & ) z little wa/e ( "t & /r5g? z possible1 be x to save labor1 or to ga9 "t = ! manufacture ( new products de/9$ to satisfy high] dem&s4 ,?is common int]e/ w cause all to seek to improve1 simplify & ha/5 ! process ( "w4 ,! ambition to discov] & inv5t w be /imulat$ to ! highe/ degree1 & p w endeav\r to outdo ea* o!r 9 new ideas & sugge/ions4#bab ,s ! opposite ( :at is claim$ by ! oppon5ts ( ,socialism w be true4 ,h[ _m discov]]s & inv5tors p]i% 9 b\rgeois society6 ,h[ _m are exploit$ & ca/ aside6 ,if intellig5ce & tal5t 7 to hold ! =emo/ place 9 b\rgeois society1 in/ead ( prop]ty1 ! great] "p ( ! employ]s w\ld h to make way = _! work+m51 =em51 me*anics1 eng9e]s1 *emi/s1 etc4 ,^! are ! m5 :o1 9 n9ety-n9e cases out ( a hundr$1 h made ! discov]ies1 inv5tions1 & improvem5ts t are appli$ by ! man ) ! full purse4 ,h[ _m ?\s&s ( discov]]s & inv5tors h fail$ because !y c\ld n f9d a man :o w\ld furni% ! money to c>ry out _! discov]ies & inv5tions1 & h[ _m m]itori\s discov]]s & inv5tors are cru%$ by ! social mis]y ( daily life1 is q beyond our calculation4 ,n ! p]sons end[$ ) a quick intellig5ce & a cle> bra9 are ma/]s ( ! _w1 b ^? end[$ ) ample means1 :i* does n imply t a cle> bra9 & a full purse _c belong to ! same p]son4 ,ev]yone engag$ 9 practical life kn[s ) h[ mu* suspicion ! work+m5 reg>d e improvem5t1 e new inv5tion t is introduc$ to-day2 & _! suspicion is entirely ju/ifi$4 ,=1 z a rule1 n ! work]s b ! employ]s are ! only ones to d]ive any advantage f x4 ,! work] mu/ fe> t ! new ma*9e1 or ! improvem5t1 w make him sup]flu\s & turn him out into ! /reet4 ,in/ead ( joyfully acclaim+ a new inv5tion t is a cr$it to humanity & ought to be a boon to him1 he curses x4 ,_m an improvem5t 9 ! process ( production inv5t$ by work+m5 has nev] be5 introduc$4 ,! inv5tor keeps 8 inv5tion to himself1 because he fe>s t x w h>m him1 in/ead ( b5efit+ him4 ,su* are ! natural results ( conflict+ int]e/s4#bac ,9 ,sociali/ic society ! conflict ( int]e/s w be remov$4 ,ev]yone w develop 8 abilities to s]ve himself & w !reby s]ve society4 ,at pres5t1 satisfaction ( p]sonal egotism & s]vice ( society usually are extremes t exclude ea* o!r4 ,9 ! new society ^! extremes w n exi/4 ,satisfaction ( p]sonal egotism & s]vice ( society w be h>moni\s2 !y w co9cide4#bad ,! spl5did influ5ce ( su* a /atus ( morals is obvi\s4 ,! productivity ( labor w rapidly increase4 ,especially w ! productivity ( labor gr[1 because ! dissem9ation ( =ces among hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( t9y manufactur]s ) imp]fect tools & insuffici5t means1 w cease4 ,x has be5 previ\sly %[n among h[ _m small1 m$ium-siz$ & l>ge manufactories ,g]man indu/ry is dissem9at$4 ,by ga!r+ 9 all ! small & m$ium-siz$ manufactories into manufacture on a l>ge scale 9 great e/abli%m5ts t w be furni%$ ) all ! mo/ mod]n te*nical improvem5ts1 a trem5d\s wa/e ( ef=t1 "t1 mat]ial ( all k9ds 7light1 heat1 etc471 & space w be remov$1 & ! productivity ( labor w be height5$4 ,! diff]5ce t exi/s betwe5 ! productivity ( small1 m$ium-siz$ & l>ge manufactories1 may be illu/rat$ by an example f ! indu/rial c5sus ( ,massa*usetts ( #ahij4 ,!re ! factories 9 t5 *ief bran*es ( indu/ry are divid$ into ?ree classes4 ,^? t produc$ less ?an #dj1jjj doll>s' wor? 7 plac$ 9 ! l[] class2 ^? t produc$ betwe5 #dj1jjj & #aej1jjj doll>s' wor? 9 ! middle class1 & ^? t produc$ ov] #aej1jjj doll>s' wor?1 9 ! upp] class4 ,?is division pres5t$ ! foll[+ figures3 ,p]c5tage ,p]c5tage ( ,numb] ( ( all ,value ( entire ,value ,e/abli%m5ts ,e/abli%m5ts ,production ( ,production ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,l[] class #b1jdb #ee4b #ea1ffj1fag #i4d ,middle class #ifh #bf4b #ajf1hfh1fce #ai4e ,upp] class #fhf #ah4f #cij1hag1cjj #ga4a ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #c1fif #ajj4-- #edi1cdf1eeb #ajj4-- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,twice ! numb] ( small factories1 comp>$ to ! l>ge & m$ium-siz$ ones1 turn$ out only #i4d p] c5t4 ( ! entire production1 :ile ! l>ge factories1 :i* =m$ only #bc p] c5t4 ( ! total numb]1 produc$ almo/ #b times ! quantity ( all ! o!rs4 ,b ev5 ! l>ge e/abli%m5ts c\ld be organiz$ mu* m rationally /ill1 s t ! total production might yield a /ill f> great] quantity4 ,h[ mu* "t c be ga9$ by plac+ production on a rational basis8 ,t has be5 %[n by int]e/+ calculations made by ,?4 ,h]tzka1 9 8 book on 8,! ,laws ( ,social ,evolution10 publi%$ 9 #ahhf4 ,he calculat$ h[ mu* "t & labor p[] w\ld be ne$ful to satisfy ! dem&s ( ! population ( ,au/ria1 :i* 0 #bb millions /rong at ! "t4 ,= ?is purpose1 ,h]tzka inve/igat$ ! productivity ( ! l>ge e/abli%m5ts 9 ! v>i\s l9es ( indu/ry & bas$ 8 calculations on ! results4 ,?is calculation includes ! f>m+ ( #aj million hect>es ( cultivat$ soil & #c million hect>es ( pa/urage1 :i* %\ld suffice to supply said population ) meat & ! products ( agriculture4 ,fur!rmore1 ,h]tzka includ$ 9 8 calculation ! build+ ( homes1 9 su* a mann] t e family might h _! own h\se1 ) a space ( #aej squ>e met]s1 = a p]iod ( fifty ye>s4 ,x 0 f\nd t1 = agriculture1 build+1 ! production ( fl\r & sug>1 coal-m9+1 iron & ma*9e indu/ry1 ! clo?+ indu/ry1 & ! *emical indu/ry1 #fae1jjj work]s w\ld be ne$$1 :o w\ld h to "w ?r\gh\t ! ye> = ! pres5t av]age numb] ( h\rs daily4 ,b ^! #fae1jjj work]s =m$ only #ab4c p] c5t4 ( ! able-bodi$ population ( ,au/ria1 n c\nt+ ! wom51 nor ! male inhabitants "u #af or ov] #ej4 ,if ! #e million m5 available at ! "t ( ! calculation 7 employ$ l ! #fae1jjj1 ea* ( !m w\ld h to "w only #cf4i days1 ab\t six weeks annually1 to supply ! mo/ ne$ful requirem5ts = #bb million human be+s4 ,b1 if we assume #cjj "w-days annually1 in/ead ( #cg1 we f9d t1 "u ! new organization x w\ld be necess>y to "w only #a h\rs daily to supply ! mo/ necess>y requirem5ts4 ,h]tzka also takes ! requirem5ts ( luxury ( ! bett] situat$ classes into consid]ation & f9ds t ! manufacture ( su* articles1 to supply ! dem&s ( #bb million p1 w\ld require #cae1jjj m work]s4 ,accord+ to ,h]tzka1 !n1 ab\t #a million work]s1 #bj p] c5t4 ( ! able-bodi$ male population ( ,au/ria1 exclud+ ^? "u #af & ov] #ej1 w\ld be ne$$ to supply ! entire ne$s ( ! population 9 sixty days4 ,if we aga9 take ! entire able-bodi$ male population into consid]ation1 we f9d t !y w\ld h to p]=m only ab\t #b h\rs ( "w daily4#bae ,?is calculation w n surprise anyone :o is well acqua9t$ ) exi/+ conditions4 ,if we fur!rmore assume t1 ) su* a %ort "w-day1 only ! sick & ! invalids mu/ be exclud$1 :ile m5 ov] #ej might /ill "w1 & y\?s "u #af might be active to "s ext5t1 & t ! wom5 might also s]ve 9 indu/ry1 except ^? :o are engag$ 9 *ild-re>+1 ! prep>ation ( food1 etc41 we f9d t ! h\rs ( "w might be %ort5$ /ill m1 or t ! dem&s might be greatly increas$4 ,nor w any "o d5y t trem5d\s1 incalculable progress may /ill be made 9 p]fect+ ! process ( production1 a factor t w create fur!r advantages4 ,on ! o!r h&1 _m requirem5ts w be satisfi$ t only a small m9ority c satisfy to-day1 &1 ) ! high] developm5t ( civilization1 new requirem5ts w arise t w also h to be satisfi$4 ,x mu/ be it]at$ & reit]at$3 ,! new society w n elect to lead a prolet>ian exi/5ce4 ,x w dem& ! exi/5ce ( a highly civiliz$ p = all its memb]s f ! fir/ to ! la/4 ,b x %all n only satisfy all ! mat]ial requirem5ts1 x %all also grant to all ample opportunity & "t = ! /udy ( sci5ce & art1 & = recreation4 #bab 8,! =ce ( rivalry t leads to supreme ef=ts to w9 ! praise & admiration ( o!rs1 has be5 %[n by exp]i5ce to be a useful "o :]ev] p]sons compete ) "o ano!r1 ev5 9 reg>d to frivol\s matt]s & su* matt]s f :i* ! public d]ives no b5efit4 ,b a rivalry z to :o c be/ s]ve ! common welf>e1 is a sort ( competition t ,sociali/s d n repudiate40--,john ,/u>t ,mill1 8,political ,economy40 ,e society1 e organization ( p]sons hav+ ! same aims & a common cause1 also furni%es _m examples ( a nobl] endeavor t leads to no mat]ial success b to a purely ideal "o4 ,! p]sons vie+ ) ea* o!r are inde$ impell$ by ! ambition ( s]v+ ! common cause & ( w9n+ recognition4 ,b ?is sort ( ambition is a virtue s9ce x s]ves ! common good & at ! same "t gives satisfaction to ! individual4 ,ambition is h>mful only :5 x is satisfi$ at ! exp5se ( o!rs or to ! detrim5t ( society4 #bac v4 ,?u55--8,! ,isolat$ ,/ate10 says3 8,! conflict+ int]e/s are ! reason :y prolet>ians & possessors are ho/ile to "o ano!r & w rema9 unreconcil$ z long z ! discord 9 _! int]e/s has n be5 remov$4 ,n only by ! weal? ( ! employ]1 b also by inv5tion 9 manufactory1 by ! build+ ( roads & railways1 & by ! op5+ ( new m>kets1 ! national income may be greatly increas$4 ,b 9 our pres5t social ord] ! work+man d]ives no b5efit f ?is increase4 ,8 /atus rema9s ! same1 & ! entire increase 9 income falls to ! %>e ( ! employ]s1 capitali/s & l&lords40 ,?is la/ s5t5ce is an almo/ v]bal anticipation ( a decl>ation by ,glad/one 9 ! ,engli% p>liam5t1 9 #ahhd4 ,he said3 8,?is intoxicat+ gr[? ( weal? & p[] 7exp]i5c$ by ,engl& dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s7 has be5 limit$ exclusively to ! possess+ classes20 & v4 ,?u55 says3 89 ! sep>ation ( ! work] f 8 product ! evil lies40--,morelly says 9 8 8,pr9ciples ( ,legislation03 8,prop]ty divides u into two classes1 ! ri* & ! poor4 ,! =m] love _! prop]ty & d n c>e to def5d ! /ate4 ,! latt] c n love _! fa!rl& = x gives !m no?+ b mis]y4 ,b "u ,communism e "o loves 8 fa!rl& = by x ev]yone obta9s life & happ9ess40 #bad ,9 weigh+ ! advantages & disadvantages ( ,communism1 ,john ,/u>t ,mill says 9 8 8,political ,economy03 8,no field c be m favorable to ?is conception 7t public int]e/ & private int]e/ are id5tical7 ?an a communi/ic association4 ,all ! ambition z well z ! physical & m5tal activity1 t is at pres5t direct$ ^u ! pursuit ( sporadic & selfi% int]e/s1 w\ld dem& a diff]5t sph]e ( activity1 & w\ld f9d x 9 ! s]vice ( ! common good ( society40 #bae ,9 8 8,false ,doctr9es10 ,eug5 ,ri*t] ridicules ! enorm\s %ort5+ ( ! h\rs ( "w pr$ict$ by u t w\ld result if all 7 oblig$ to "w & if ! process ( production 7 organiz$ 9 accordance ) ! highe/ te*nical developm5t4 ,he tries to belittle ! productivity ( l>ge manufacture & to enl>ge ! importance ( small manufacture1 9 ord] to ass]t t x w\ld n be possible to produce ! requir$ am\nt4 ,to make ,socialism seem impossible ! uphold]s ( ! pres5t 8ord]0 mu/ try to discr$it ! advantages ( _! own social sy/em4 #c4--,organization ( ,labor4 ,9 a numb] ( o!r v ess5tial po9ts ! sociali/ic co-op]ative sy/em w diff] f ! b\rgeois individuali/ic sy/em4 ,! *eap & poor goods t make up a l>ge portion ( b\rgeois production1 & necess>ily mu/ make up a l>ge portion ( x1 because a majority ( ! cu/om]s c af=d to pur*ase only *eap goods t we> out quickly1 w be elim9at$4 ,only ! be/ w be produc$ t w la/ long & w n h to be r5ew$ z (t54 ,! fads & follies ( fa%ion t only favor extravagance & bad ta/e w disappe>4 ,d\btless our we>+ app>el w be bett] suit$ to its purpose & m ta/y ?an to-day--= ! fa%ions ( ! la/ c5tury1 especially ^? ( ! m51 h be5 conspicu\s by _! bad ta/e--b new fa%ions w no long] be introduc$ e few mon?s4 ,! pres5t follies ( fa%ion are caus$1 on ! "o h&1 by ! competition ( wom5 among !mselves1 & on ! o!r by conceit & o/5tation & ! desire to display "o's weal?4 ,moreov]1 a great _m p]sons dep5d ^u ^! follies ( fa%ion to-day1 & x is to _! int]e/ to enc\rage & /imulate !m4 ,toge!r ) ! follies ( fa%ion 9 dress1 ! madness ( fa%ion 9 ! /yle ( dwell+s w disappe>4 ,"h ecc5tricity is rampant to-day4 ,/yles t h requir$ c5turies to become evolv$ among v>i\s nations--we are no long] satisfi$ ) ,european /yles1 b turn to ^? ( ! ,japanese1 ,indians1 ,*9ese1 etc4--are us$ up 9 a few ye>s & set aside4 ,p]sons engag$ 9 me*anical arts h>dly "k :at to d ) all ! designs & models4 ,!y h b>ely adapt$ !mselves to "o /yle1 tru/+ to recov] _! exp5ses1 :5 a new /yle appe>s t necessitates fur!r sacrifices ( "t & money & ( physical & m5tal =ces4 ,9 ?is mad ru%+ f "o fa%ion to ano!r & f "o /yle to ano!r ! n]v\sness ( our age is vividly reflect$4 ,no "o w\ld claim t !re is any s5se or reason 9 ?is ru% & ha/e1 or t x might be reg>d$ z a heal?ful /ate ( society4 ,socialism w give great] /ability to ! habits ( life4 ,x w make re/ & enjoym5t possible & w lib]ate u f ! pres5t ha/e & excitem5t4 ,n]v\sness1 ! sc\rge ( our age1 w disappe>4 ,"w w be made z agreeable z possible4 ,to accompli% ?is1 ! places :]e production is c>ri$ on w be furni%$ practically & ta/ily1 e means w be resort$ to t dang] may be elim9at$1 & t evil smells1 smoke1 etc41 & all unpleasant & h>mful factors w be done away )4 ,at fir/ ! new society w produce ) ! means ( production tak5 ov] f ! old society4 ,b ^! are insuffici5t4 ,! work%ops are scatt]$ & are n prop]ly con/ruct$ or furni%$1 & tools & ma*9]y d n come up to ! dem&s ( ! great numb] ( p]sons employ$ & _! desire = safety & com=t4 ,to create a great _m l>ge1 light1 airy1 well-equipp$ work%ops becomes an imm95t necessity4 ,! arts & crafts1 g5ius & skill1 are imm$iately giv5 a va/ realm ( activity4 ,all bran*es ( ma*9e manufacture & ! manufacture ( tools1 ! build+ trades & ! trades ( int]ior decoration f9d ample opportunity = occupation4 ,:atev] ! human m9d is able to inv5t 9 ! way ( conv5i5t & agreeable build+s1 appropriate v5tilation1 light+ & heat+1 & te*nical & me*anical improvem5ts1 w be in/itut$4 ,to save motor-p[]1 light & heat1 z well z "t & labor1 & to insure ! com=t ( ! work]s1 x w become desirable to conc5trate ! work%ops 9 def9ite places4 ,! dwell+s w be sep>at$ f ! work%ops & fre$ f ! unpleasantness ( indu/rial activity2 & ! unpleasantness w be dim9i%$ & f9ally aboli%$ by all sorts ( in/itutions & appliances4 ,ev5 ! pres5t /atus ( te*nical k gives u suffici5t means to deprive ! dang]\s occupations1 l m9+1 ! *emical trades1 etc41 ( _! dang]s entirely4 ,b ^! means are n appli$ 9 b\rgeois society1 because !y entail a heavy exp5se & because no "o is duty b\nd to d m = ! protection ( ! work+man ?an is absolutely necess>y4 ,! dang]s ( m9+1 = in/ance1 c\ld be remov$ by work+ ! m9e 9 a diff]5t mann]1 by a ?or\gh sy/em ( v5tilation1 by ! in/allation ( electric light1 by a consid]able %ort5+ ( ! h\rs ( "w1 & by a frequ5t *ange ( %ifts4 ,x does n require special +5uity to f9d safety appliances t w make accid5ts 9 ! build+ trade next to impossible & to make ?is sort ( "w p>ticul>ly agreeable4 ,= in/ance1 ample contrivances might be made to %ield ! work]s at l>ge build+s & at all out-(-door "w f ! sun & ! ra94 ,9 sociali/ic society1 :i* w control an abundance ( labor p[]1 x w also be a simple matt] to h frequ5t relays ( new work]s & to conc5trate c]ta9 tasks ^u def9ite seasons or def9ite h\rs ( ! day4 ,! problem ( aboli%+ du/1 smoke1 grime & unpleasant odors1 c also be solv$ entirely ev5 to-day by *emi/ry & me*anics4 ,b x is n done1 or insuffici5tly done1 because ! private employ]s d n c>e to meet ! heavy exp5se4 ,! future places ( production1 :]ev] !y may be1 bel[ ! e>? or above1 w diff] mo/ favorably f ! pres5t ones4 ,9 private indu/ry improv$ appliances are ma9ly a "q ( money4 ,if !y pay !y w be e/abli%$4 ,if !y d n pay1 ! heal? & life ( ! work+man are ( no conc]n4#baf ,9 sociali/ic society ! "q ( pr(its w h ceas$ to exi/4 ,?is society w recognize no o!r consid]ation b ! welf>e ( its memb]s4 ,:at is to _! advantage mu/ be e/abli%$4 ,:at is likely to h>m !m mu/ be refra9$ f4 ,no "o w be compell$ to ent] into dang]\s und]tak+s4 ,if tasks are und]tak5 t entail dang]s "o may be assur$ t !re w be _m volunte]s1 all ! m s because ! und]tak+s w n s]ve de/ruction b ! advancem5t ( civilization4 #baf 8,capital10 says ! 8,qu>t]ly ,review]10 8flees tumult & qu>rel & is ( a timid nature4 ,t is true1 b x is n ! :ole tru?4 ,capital abhors ! abs5ce ( pr(its or v small pr(its z nature abhors empty space4 ,) appropriate pr(its1 capital becomes bold4 ,if t5 p]c5t4 are insur$1 x c be appli$ ev]y:]e2 #bj p]c5t41 & x becomes aggressive2 #ej p]c5t41 positively reckless2 = #ajj p]c5t4 x tramples all human laws "u foot2 #cjj p]c5t41 & !re is no crime x w n risk ev5 at ! p]il ( ! gall[s4 ,if tumult & qu>rel br+ pr(it1 x w enc\rage bo?40 ,k>l ,m>x--,capital4 #d4--,! ,gr[? ( ! ,productivity ( ,labor4 ,a f>-rea*+ appliance ( motor-p[]1 & ( ! mo/ p]fect ma*9es & tools1 a detail$ division ( labor & a skillful comb9ation ( ! v>i\s =ces1 w s height5 ! productivity ( labor t ! necess>y quantities ( all commodities c be produc$1 not)/&+ a consid]able %ort5+ ( ! h\rs ( "w4 ,increas$ production w be to ! common advantage ( all4 ,! %>e ( ea* individual increases ) ! productivity ( labor1 & ! increas$ productivity ( labor aga9 makes x possible to r$uce ! "t requir$ = ! p]=mance ( socially necess>y labor4 ,among ! motor p[]s t w be appli$1 electricity w mo/ likely hold ! =emo/ place4 ,b\rgeois society ev]y:]e presses x into s]vice1 & ! m ?is is done ! bett] x is = g5]al progress4 ,! revolutioniz+ effect ( ! mo/ p[]ful ( all natural =ces w only ha/5 ! ov]?r[ ( ! b\rgeois _w & help to u%] 9 ,socialism4 ,b only 9 sociali/ic society w ! =ce be g5]ally appli$ & turn$ to ! be/ advantage4 ,bo? z a motor-p[] & z a s\rce ( light & heat x w contribute l>gely to ! improv$ /&>d ( liv+ ( society4 ,electricity is di/+ui%$ f e o!r =ce by ! fact t x exi/s 9 nature 9 abundance4 ,our /reams1 high & l[ tide ( ! sea1 w9d & sunlight w furni% c\ntless horse-p[]s :5 we %all ?or\ghly und]/& h[ to apply !m4 8,a weal? ( en]gy t by f> exce$s all dem&s is furni%$ by ^? p>ts ( ! surface ( ! e>? t are s regul>ly subject$ to ! heat ( ! sun t x might be appli$ to regul> te*nical op]ations4 ,p]haps x w\ld n be an exagg]at$ precaution if a nation w\ld ev5 n[ secure a %>e 9 su* places4 ,! requir$ areas ne$ n ev5 be v l>ge2 a few squ>e miles 9 ,nor!rn ,africa w\ld suffice = ! requirem5ts ( a c\ntry l ! ,g]man ,empire4 ,by conc5trat+ ! heat ( ! sun a high temp]ature c be produc$1 & !reby ev]y?+ else--portable me*anical "w1 *>g+ ( batt]ies1 light & heat1 &1 by electrolysis1 ev5 fuel40#bag ,! man :o op5s up ^! vi/as is n a dream]1 b an appo9t$ pr(essor at ! ,b]l9 ,univ]sity & presid5t ( ! ,royal ,physical & ,te*nical ,in/itute1 a man :o ranks high 9 ! sci5tific _w4 ,at ! #gi? congress ( ! ,briti% ,association 9 ,w9nipeg 7dur+ ,augu/1 #aiji71 ! fam\s ,engli% physici/1 ,sir ,s4 ,?ompson1 said3 8,! day is n too f> di/ant :5 our life w be revolutioniz$ by apply+ ! rays ( ! sun4 ,man w lib]ate himself f 8 dep5d5ce ^u coal-&-wat] p[]1 & all l>ge cities w be surr\nd$ by imm5se app>atus1 real sunbeam traps1 into :i* ! heat ( ! sun w be ga!r$1 & ! obta9$ en]gy w be /or$ away 9 trem5d\s res]voirs4 ,x is ! =ce ( ! sun1 /or$ away 9 coal1 9 wat]falls1 9 n\ri%m5t1 t p]=ms all ! _w's "w4 ,h[ great is ?is tribute ( =ce t ! sun p\rs d[n ^u u becomes evid5t :5 we consid] ! fact t ! w>m? receiv$ by ! e>? :5 ! sun is high & ! sky is cle>1 accord+ to ! rese>*es ( ,langley1 equals an en]gy ( #gjjj horse-p[]s p] acre4 ,al?\gh our eng9e]s h n yet f\nd ! way to apply ?is gigantic s\rce ( p[]1 ,i d n d\bt t !y w ultimately succe$ 9 f9d+ x4 ,:5 ! supply ( coal 9 ! b[els ( ! e>? has be5 exhau/$1 :5 ! wat]-p[]s w no long] suffice to meet our requirem5ts1 !n we w obta9 f ?is s\rce all ! en]gy ne$$ to complete ! "w ( ! _w4 ,!n ! c5t]s ( indu/ry w be remov$ to ! gl[+ des]ts ( ,sah>a1 & ! value ( ! l& w be measur$ by h[ well x is suit$ to ! erection ( ! great #8sunbeam traps4'0#bah ,accord+ to ?is1 our anxiety t we might at "s "t lack fuel1 is remov$4 ,! inv5tions ( ! accumulators w\ld make x possible to /ore a l>ge quantity ( =ce away = future use at any "t & place2 s t1 besides ! p[] furni%$ by sun & tide1 ! p[] furni%$ by ! w9d & by m\nta9 torr5ts1 :i* c be obta9$ only p]iodically1 might be /or$ & appli$4 ,s !re may f9ally be no human task = :i* motor p[] _c be suppli$ if necess>y4 ,only by ! assi/ance ( electricity has x become possible to employ wat]-p[] on a l>ge scale4 ,accord+ to ,t4 ,koehn1 eight ,european /ates h ! foll[+ supply ( wat]-p[] at _! disposal4 ,p] #ajjj ,horse-p[]s inhabitants ,great ,brita9 #ifc1jjj #bc4a ,g]many #a1dbe1ijj #bd4e ,switz]l& #a1ejj1jjj #ach ,italy #e1ejj1jjj #aej ,france #e1heg1jjj #afi ,au/ria & ,hung>y #f1dfj1jjj #ded4e ,sw$5 #f1gej1jjj #abij ,norway #g1ejj1jjj #cdji ,( ! ,g]man /ates1 ,bad5 & ,bav>ia control ! l>ge/ am\nt ( wat]-p[]4 ,bad5 alone c obta9 #bjj1jjj horse-p[]s at ! ,upp] ,rh9e4 ,bav>ia has at its disposal #cjj1jjj horse-p[]s t h s f> n be5 appli$1 besides #ajj1jjj t are appli$4 ,pr(essor ,rehbock e/imates t ! !oretical en]gy ( ! entire am\nt ( wat] fl[+ ^u ! surface ( ! e>? am\nts to eight ?\s& million horse-p[]s4 ,if only ! sixte5? "p ( ?is c\ld be effici5tly appli$1 #ejj millions ( p]man5tly s]viceable horse-p[]s c\ld /ill be won1 an am\nt ( en]gy t5 times z great z ! en]gy obta9$ by ! m9+ ( coal dur+ ! ye> #aijg1 approximately calculat$ at #ajjj million tons4 ,al?\gh su* calculations are ( a purely !oretical "* at pres5t1 !y /ill %[ :at a*ievem5ts we may anticipate 9 ! future f ! use ( 8:ite coal40 ,! ,niag>a ,falls alone1 :i* fl[ f lakes cov]+ an area ( #bca1hhj kilomet]s--ab\t #dc p] c5t4 ( ! entire area ( ,g]many--might furni% m wat]-p[] ?an exi/s 9 ,engl&1 ,g]many & ,switz]l& comb9$4#bai ,accord+ to ano!r calculation quot$ 9 an (ficial report1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates h wat]-p[] at _! disposal ( no less ?an tw5ty million horse-p[]s1 :i* repres5t an equival5t ( ?ree hundr$ million tons ( coal annually4#bbj ,! mills t w be driv5 by means ( ?is :ite or 8gre50 coal1 ) ! =ce ( ! gu%+ m\nta9 /reams & wat]falls1 w h no smoke/acks & no fire4 ,electricity w also make x possible to m ?an d\ble ! spe$ ( our railroads4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9eties ( ! la/ c5tury1 ,mr4 ,meems1 9 ,baltimore1 decl>$ x to be possible to con/ruct an electric c> t w\ld make #cjj kilomet]s an h\r1 & ,pr(essor ,elihu ,?omson1 9 ,lynn1 believ$ t electric motors c\ld be con/ruct$ t w\ld make x possible to cov] #bfj kilomet]s 9 an h\r4 ,^! expectations h ne>ly be5 realiz$4 ,! trial-rides made on ! milit>y railway ,b]l9-,zoss51 dur+ #aija & #aijb1 %[$ ! possibility ( spe$ up to #aej kilomet]s an h\r4 ,dur+ exp]im5ts made 9 #aijc1 ! ,siem5s c> atta9$ a spe$ ( #bja kilomet]s1 & t ( ! ,g5]al ,electric ,company1 #bjh kilomet]s4 ,9 ! succe$+ ye>s /eam locomotives h also atta9$ a spe$ ( #aej kilomet]s an h\r1 & m4 ,! pres5t aim is to atta9 #bjj kilomet]s p] h\r4 ,already1 ,augu/ ,%]l has ent]$ ! ar5a ) 8 new project ( rapid transit1 :i* relegates ! exi/+ railway l9es to freight s]vice & proposes to connect ! l>ge cities by monorail tra9 s]vice1 ) a spe$ ( #bjj kilomet]s4#bba ,! "q ( trans=m+ railroad s]vice f /eam into electricity is a curr5t topic 9 ,engl&1 ,au/ria1 ,italy1 & ,am]ica4 ,betwe5 ,new ,york & ,philadelphia an electric tra9 is to run at a spe$ ( #bjj kilomet]s an h\r4 ,! spe$ ( ocean vessels w increase 9 ! same mann]4 ,"h ! det]m9+ factor is ! /eam turb9e4#bbb 8,x holds ! =emo/ place 9 te*nical int]e/ at pres5t4 ,x seems de/9$ to displace ! pi/on4 ,:ile mo/ eng9e]s /ill reg>d$ ! /eam turb9e z a task ( ! future1 x _h become a pres5t-day problem t attract$ ! att5tion ( ! entire _w ( te*nics by its success4 ,x rema9$ = electrote*nics1 ) its rapidly runn+ ma*9]y to create a l>ge field = ! practical application ( ?is new p[] eng9e4 ,! by f> greate/ numb] ( all /eam-turb9es 9 use to-day s]ves to drive dynamos40#bbc ,! turb9e has especially prov$ its sup]iority ov] ! pi/on 9 navigation4 ,! ,engli% /eam%ip 8,lusitania10 :i* is equipp$ ) /eam-turb9es1 dur+ ,augu/1 #aiji1 made ! j\rney f ,irel& to ,new ,york 9 #d days #aa h\rs & #db m9utes1#bbd ) an av]age spe$ ( #be4he knots an h\r4 ,! /eam%ip 8,am]ica10 con/ruct$ 9 #ahfc1 ! fa/e/ vessel at ! "t1 made #ab4e knots an h\r4#bbe ,! day is n di/ant :5 ! problem ( electric propell]s = l>ge vessels w be satisfactorily solv$4 ,!y are already 9 use ) small] vessels4 ,simplicity1 safety1 good self-regulation1 & abs5ce ( %ak+ make ! /eam-turb9e ! ideal p[] = ! creation ( electric en]gy on bo>d4 ,electricity w ev5tually be g5]ally appli$ to bo? railway & /eam%ip s]vice4 ,by electricity ! te*nics ( mov+ loads has also be5 revolutioniz$4 8,/eam-p[]1 hav+ made x possible to con/ruct lift+-eng9es ) natural =ce1 electric transmission ( p[] l$ to a complete revolution 9 ! con/ruction ( lift+-ma*9es by giv+ ^! ma*9es fre$om ( motion & con/ant read9ess = use40 ,electric p[] has1 among o!r ?+s1 l$ to a complete trans=mation 9 ! con/ruction ( ! cranes4 8,) its massive curv$ beak ( roll$ iron1 re/+ ^u a heavy f\ndation ( /one-masonry1 ) sl[ motions & ! hiss+ noise ( ! puff$-out /eam1 ! /eam-crane conveys ! impression ( resembl+ a gigantic1 prehi/oric mon/]4 ,:5 x has grasp$ a load x exhibits a trem5d\s p[] = lift+1 b x ne$s ! assi/ance ( human be+s1 :o1 by means ( *a9s1 fa/5 ! weights to its hook4 ,ow+ to its clums9ess & sl[ motions x is s]viceable only = ! lift+ ( v heavy loads1 b n :]e quick action is ne$$4 ,ev5 ext]nally ! mod]n electric crane pres5ts an entirely diff]5t aspect4 ,we behold graceful /eel trellis-"w /ret*$ above ! hall1 & f ?is is /ret*$ out a sl5d] pair ( tongs1 :i* is movable 9 all directions4 ,! :ole me*anism is controll$ by a s+le man4 ,by means ( a g5tle pressure on ! lev]s1 he directs ! electric curr5ts & drives ! sl5d] /eel limbs ( ! crane to rapid action4 ,unaid$1 !y grasp ! gl[+ /eel & :irl x ?r\gh ! air1 :ile no o!r noise is he>d b ! l[ buzz+ ( ! electro-motors40#bbf ,)\t ! aid ( ^! ma*9es ! /eadily increas+ transportation ( masses ( goods w\ld n be possible4 ,by a comp>ison ( ! :>f-crane at ,pola & t at ,kiel1 ! developm5t1 9 reg>d to ! increase ( lift+-p[] f ! middle to ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 may be judg$4 ,! lift+-p[] ( ! =m] 0 #fj tons1 t ( ! latt]1 #bjj tons4 ,! manufacture ( ,bessem] /eel only is possible :5 rapidly work+ lift+-ma*9es are at h&1 = o!rwise ! trem5d\s quantities ( liquid /eel t are produc$ 9 a %ort "t c\ld n be transport$ 9 ! ca/+-m\lds4 ,9 ! iron-works ( ,krupp1 9 ,ess5 alone1 #fjh cranes are 9 action1 hav+ an aggregate lift+-p[] ( #feac tons1 equal to a freight tra9 ( #fej c>s4 ,! l[ co/ ( freight1 :i* is a condition ( pres5t-day int]national comm]ce1 w\ld n be possible1 c\ld n ! capital inve/$ 9 vessels be put to su* int5se use by ! rapid process ( unload+4 ,! equipp+ ( a vessel ) electric cranes l$ to a r$uction 9 ! annual co/ ( traffic f #bc1jjj to #ac1jjj m>ks1 almo/ by "o-half4 ,& ?is comp>ison takes into consid]ation only ! progress ( a s+le decade4 ,! te*nics ( navigation & transportation pres5t new a*ievem5ts almo/ daily along all l9es4 ,! problem ( a]ial navigation1 :i* seem$ insoluble b two decades ago1 is practically solv$4 ,at pres5t ! dirigible balloons & fly+ ma*9es d n s]ve ! easi] & *eap] transportation ( ! masses1 b only sport & milit>y purposes4 ,b lat] on !y w enhance ! productive =ces ( society4 ,great progress has also be5 made by wireless telegraphy2 its indu/rial value gr[s ea* day4 ,9 a few ye>s1 accord+ly1 traffic w be plac$ on a new basis4 ,m9+1 too1 is 9 a /ate ( trans=mation at pres5t t /ill seem$ inconceivable t5 ye>s ago4 ,electricity has be5 introduc$ & has revolutioniz$ ! ma*9es1 ! pumps1 & ! w9d+-eng9es4 ,m>vel\s are ! prospects reveal$ by ! =m] ,fr5* m9i/] ( public in/ruction1 ,pr(essor ,b]!lot 7di$ ,m>* #ah1 #aijg71 9 an address on ! future significance ( *emi/ry1 deliv]$ at a banquet ( ! syndicate ( manufactur]s ( *emicals4 ,9 ?is address1 ,mr4 ,b]!lot depict$ ! possible a*ievem5ts ( *emi/ry 9 ! ye> #bjjj1 &1 ?\gh 8 description conta9s "s humor\s exagg]ations1 x also conta9s mu* t is true1 ( :i* ! foll[+ is a brief synopsis4 ,mr4 ,b]!lot gave a resum ( :at *emi/ry _h accompli%$ 9 a few decades & enum]at$1 among o!r ?+s3 ,! manufacture ( sulphuric acid1 ( soda1 blea*+ & dye+1 beet-sug>1 !rapeutic alcaloids1 gas1 gild+ & silv]+1 etc4 ,!n came electro-*emi/ry1 :i* completely trans=m$ metallurgy1 ! *emi/ry ( explosives1 :i* provid$ m9+ & w>f>e ) new eng9es1 & ! m>vels ( organic *emi/ry 9 ! manufacture ( colors1 p]fumes1 !rapeutic & antiseptic rem$ies1 etc4 ,b all ?is1 said ! lectur]1 0 only a beg9n+4 ,f> great] problems w\ld soon be solv$4 ,9 ! ye> #bjjj1 agriculture & peasants w\ld h ceas$ to exi/1 z *emi/ry w\ld h made cultivation ( ! soil sup]flu\s4 ,!re w\ld be no coal-m9es &1 accord+ly1 no m9]s' /rikes4 ,fuel w\ld be replac$ by *emical & physical processes4 ,t>iff & w>f>e w\ld be aboli%$2 a]ial navigation1 employ+ *emicals z a means ( locomotion w\ld h done away ) ^! antiquat$ in/itutions4 ,! problem ( indu/ry consi/s 9 f9d+ s\rces ( p[] t are inexhau/ible & c be r5ew$ ) ! lea/ possible am\nt ( labor4 ,until n[ we h g5]at$ /eam by ! *emical en]gy ( burn$ coal4 ,b ! coal is difficult to obta91 & ! supply is dim9i%+ daily4 ,x becomes necess>y to utilize ! heat ( ! sun & ! heat inside ! e>?4 ,!re is good reason to hope t bo? ^! s\rces w f9d unlimit$ application4 ,!reby ! s\rce ( all heat & ( all indu/ry w\ld be made accessible4 ,if wat]-p[] 7 also appli$1 all imag9able ma*9es might be run on ! e>?4 ,?is s\rce ( p[] w\ld b>ely dim9i% 9 c5turies4 ,by means ( ! w>m? ( ! e>? _m *emical problems might be solv$1 among o!rs ! *emical production ( food4 ,!oretically ?is problem is already solv$4 ,! syn!sis ( fats & oils is long s9ce kn[n1 sug> & ! hydrates ( c>bon are kn[n also1 & ! syn!sis ( ! nitrog5-comp\nds w soon become kn[n4 ,! problem ( food is a purely *emical "o4 ,z soon z ! necess>y *eap p[] c\ld be obta9$1 by means ( c>bon f c>bonic acid1 oxyg5 & hydrog5 f wat]1 & nitrog5 f ! atmosph]e1 food ( all k9ds w\ld be produc$4 ,:at _h h]et(ore be5 done by ! plants w\ld h5ce=? be done by indu/ry1 & ! products ( indu/ry w\ld be m p]fect ?an ^? ( nature4 ,! "t w\ld come :5 e "o w\ld c>ry a box ( *emicals 9 8 pocket f :i* he w\ld satisfy 8 ne$ ( n\ri%m5t 9 album51 fat & hydrates ( c>bon1 reg>dless ( "t & seasons1 ( ra9 & dr\ght1 ( fro/1 hail & de/ructive insects4 ,?is w\ld lead to a trans=mation t 0 z yet beyond our conception4 ,or*>ds1 v9ey>ds & pa/ures w\ld disappe>4 ,man w\ld become m g5tle & humane1 because he w\ld no long] live ^u ! murd] & de/ruction ( liv+ be+s4 ,!n ! diff]5ce betwe5 f]tile & unf]tile regions w\ld also disappe>1 & p]haps ! des]ts w\ld become ! favorite resorts ( man1 s9ce !y are heal?i] ?an ! damp & m>%y pla9s :]e agriculture is c>ri$ on at pres5t4 ,!n art & all ! beauties ( human life w\ld atta9 _! fulle/ developm5t4 ,! e>? w\ld no long] be disfigur$ by ! geometrical figures drawn on its surface by agriculture1 b w\ld become a g>d5 9 :i* grass1 fl[]s1 %rubs & =e/s might be gr[n at w2 all humanity w\ld dwell 9 pl5ty1 9 a gold5 age4 ,b man w\ld n fall a victim to laz9ess & corruption4 ,"w is ne$ful to happ9ess1 & man w\ld "w z ev]1 s9ce he work$ = 8 own welf>e1 = ! developm5t ( 8 m5tal1 moral & /hetic possibilities4 ,! read] may accept z true f ?is address ( ,b]!lot :atev] he *ooses4 ,! fact rema9s t future developm5t w lead to a trem5d\s improvem5t 9 ! quantity1 quality & v>iety ( products1 & t ! com=ts ( life ( com+ g5]ations w increase to a degree t we c b>ely conceive to-day4 ,pr(essor ,elihu ,?omson agrees ) ,w]n] ,siem5s1 :o decl>$ at ! conv5tion ( sci5ti/s 9 ,b]l91 9 #ahhg1 t x w\ld become possible by means ( electricity to trans=m ! elem5ts directly into food4 ,w]n] ,siem5s held ! op9ion t x might be possible1 at a remote "t1 to produce artificially a hydrate ( c>bon1 z grape-sug> or />*1 :]eby ! possibility w\ld be giv5 8to make bread ( /ones40 ,! *emi/1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,mey]1 decl>$ t x w\ld be possible to make ligne\s fibre a s\rce ( human n\ri%m5t4 ,9 ! meantime 7#ahij71 ,emil ,fi%] has actually produc$ grape-sug> artificially1 & has !reby made a discov]y t ,w]n] ,siem5s consid]$ possible only 8at a remote "t40 ,s9ce !n *emi/ry has made /ill fur!r progress4 ,indigo1 vanilla & camphor h be5 artificially produc$4 ,9 #aijf1 ,w4 ,loeb succe$$ 9 a*iev+ ! assimilation ( c>bonic acid1 outside ( ! plant up to ! production ( sug> by means ( electric t5sion4 ,9 #aijg ,emil ,fi%] obta9$ "o ( ! mo/ complicat$ syn!tic bodies t is closely relat$ to natural prote94 ,9 #aijh ,will/att] & ,b5z produc$ pure *lorophyl & prov$ x to be a comp\nd ( magnesium4 ,!reby ! ma9 problem ( organic *emi/ry--to obta9 album5--may f9d its solution 9 a future n too f> di/ant4 #bag 8,! ,en]gy ( ,labor & ,appliance ( ! ,electric ,curr5t0 by ,fr4 ,kohlraus*4 ,leipsic1 #aijj4 #bah ,z e>ly z #ahfd1 ,augu/9 ,m\*ot made an attempt to make ! heat ( ! sun s]ve indu/rial purposes directly & con/ruct$ a sun-ma*9e t 0 improv$ by ,pifr4 ,! l>ge/ sun-ma*9e 7heliomotor7 is 9 ,cali=nia & s]ves z an app>atus = pump+4 ,! wat] 9 ! well is pump$ up at ! rate ( #aa1jjj litres a m9ute4 #bai ,t4 ,koehn--,"s ,l>ge ,european ,wat]-,p[] ,plants & ,_! ,economic ,significance4 #bbj ,supply & ,di/ribution ( ,cotton4 ,wa%+ton1 #aijh4 #bba ,9 #aijh1 ! ,prussian dep>tm5t ( public works decid$ to trans=m ! /eam-railways ,leipsic-,bitt]feld1 ,magdeburg & ,leipsic1 ,halle into electric railways4 #bbb ,:ile ! old /eam-eng9e turns ! driv+-:eels 9 a r\nd-ab\t way 7by ! transmission ( ! motion ( ! pi/on rods71 ! /eam-turb9e produces a direct rot>y motion1 l ! w9d turns ! w9d-mill4 #bbc ,c4 ,mat*oss--,! ,evolution ( ! ,/eam-,eng9e4 #bbd ,dur+ ,septemb]1 #aiaj1 ! ,mauretania broke ?is record by h\r & "o m9ute4--,tr4 #bbe ,dur+ ! fifties ( ! la/ c5tury1 ! sail+ vessels took ab\t six weeks to rea* ,new ,york4 ,! /eam]s cross$ 9 two weeks4 ,dur+ ! n9eties1 ! voyage 0 made 9 a week1 & n[ x is made 9 #e days4 ,z a result ( ?is progress1 ! two cont95ts are br\ght ne>] to ea* o!r n[ ?an ,b]l9 & ,vi5na 7 a c5tury ago4 #bbf ,o4 ,kamm]]--,! ,te*nics ( ,mov+ ,loads1 ,=m]ly & at ! ,pres5t ,"t4 ,b]l91 #aijg4 #e4--,removal ( ! ,contra/ betwe5 ,m5tal & ,manual ,"w4 ,a ne$1 deeply root$ 9 human nature1 is ! desire = fre$om ( *oice & = ! opportunity ( a v>iation ( occupations4 ,j z ! be/ food becomes disgu/+ if ! same ?+ is con/antly plac$ be=e u1 s an occupation repeat$ daily 9 treadmill fa%ion weak5s & dulls4 ,man p]=ms 8 task me*anically & does :at he mu/ d1 b )\t en?usiasm or joy4 ,a numb] ( tal5ts & abilities are innate 9 e human be+ t ne$ b to be awak5$ 9 ord] to f9d expression & produce favorable results4 ,only !reby man becomes a p]fect human be+4 ,sociali/ic society w (f] ample opportunity = ! satisfaction ( ?is desire = v>iation4 ,! imm5se increase 9 productive =ces1 comb9$ ) a simplifi$ process ( "w1 w n only make x possible to limit ! h\rs ( "w consid]ably1 x w also make x easy to ma/] a numb] ( v>i$ accompli%m5ts4 ,! old sy/em ( appr5tice%ip has already be5 ab&on$4 ,x /ill exi/s1 & is possible only among undevelop$ & antiquat$ =ms ( production1 z repres5t$ by small manufactures4 ,b z ^! w completely disappe> 9 ! new society1 all =ms & in/itutions peculi> to !m w disappe> also4 ,new ones w take _! place4 ,ev5 at pres5t x c be se5 9 any factory h[ few work+m5 h le>n$ & practice a def9ite trade4 ,! work+m5 employ$ 9 "s l9e ( production or o!r may h le>n$ ! mo/ v>i$ trades4 ,usually a %ort "t is suffici5t = !m to ga9 exp]i5ce 9 "o detail ( ! process ( production1 & to ?is "o detail !y are ti$ d[n !n1 accord+ to ! prevail+ sy/em ( exploitation1 = long h\rs1 )\t ! slighte/ v>iation1 & )\t any reg>d = _! p]sonal ta/es & incl9ations4 ,at ! ma*9e !y become ma*9es4#bbg ,?is /ate ( affairs1 too1 w be remov$ by ! new social ord]4 ,!re w be ample "t to practice manual skill & to develop ! me*anical arts4 ,l>ge1 spl5didly equipp$ polyte*nical s*ools w make x easy = bo? "y & old to le>n an occupation4 ,*emical & physical laboratories1 9 keep+ ) ! /&>ds ( ^! sci5ces1 w be erect$1 & capable tea*]s w be on h&4 ,only !n w p fully recognize :at a weal? ( tal5t & ability has be5 suppress$ or wrongly develop$ by ! capitali/ic sy/em ( production4#bbh ,n only w x be possible to satisfy ! desire = v>iation1 x mu/ be reg>d$ z ! purpose ( society to satisfy ?is desire1 s9ce ! h>moni\s developm5t ( man dep5ds ^u x4 ,! pr(essional types t we meet ) 9 pres5t-day society--be ^! types ! product ( a def9ite1 "o-sid$ occupation or ( laz9ess--w gradually disappe>4 ,!re are exce$+ly few p]sons to-day :o possess ! possibility ( a v>iety ( occupations4 ,r>ely "o f9ds p]sons s favor$ by special circum/ances1 t !y c escape ! monotony ( _! daily task & c1 aft] ! p]=mance ( physical "w1 recup]ate by m5tal "w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we sometimes f9d m5tal work]s :o devote "p ( _! "t to "s manual "w1 g>d5+ & ! l4 ,! b5eficial effects ( an occupation f\nd$ on a v>iation ( m5tal & physical "w are obvi\s4 ,su* occupation is ! only "o adapt$ to natural ne$s4 ,x is tak5 = grant$1 ( c\rse1 t e occupation mu/ be practic$ ) mod]ation & accord+ to individual /r5g?4 ,9 8 book on 8,! ,significance ( ,sci5ce & ,art10 ,c\nt ,leo ,tol/oi condemns ! hyp]critical & unnatural "* t art & sci5ce h assum$ z a result ( our unnatural social conditions4 ,he r\ndly condemns ! fact t pres5t-day society holds physical labor 9 contempt & advises a return to natural conditions4 ,he ass]ts t e human be+ :o wi%es to live naturally & to enjoy life %\ld sp5d 8 day--fir/ly1 at physical "w 9 agriculture2 secondly1 at "s manual trade2 ?irdly1 at "s m5tal occupation1 & f\r?ly1 9 intellectual social int]c\rse4 ,no human be+ %\ld p]=m m ?an eight h\rs ( physical "w4 ,tol/oi himself liv$ up to ?is ideal & claim$ t he has only become truly human s9ce he adopt$ ?is mode ( life4 ,b ,tol/oi ov]looks t :at is possible = him1 ! man ( indep5d5t means1 is n possible = ! va/ majority ( p "u pres5t-day conditions4 ,a man or woman :o mu/ "w t5 or twelve h\rs daily1 & sometimes long]1 to make a b>e liv+1 & :o has gr[n up 9 ignorance1 _c adopt ,tol/oi's mode ( life4 ,nei!r c all ^? adopt x :o are 9 ! mid/ ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce & mu/ con=m ) its requirem5ts2 & ( ! few :o might live 9 ?is mann]1 _m w\ld n wi% to4 ,x is "o ( ! illusions 9 :i* ,tol/oi indulges1 to believe t exhortations & examples might trans=m societies4 ,! exp]i5ce made by ,tol/oi1 9 reg>d to 8 mode ( life1 proves x to be a rational "o4 ,b to make ?is mode ( life g5]al1 diff]5t social conditions1 a new society1 w be ne$$4 ,! com+ society w e/abli% su* conditions4 ,x w produce c\ntless sci5ti/s & arti/s1 b all ( ^! w devote a "p ( ! day to physical labor1 & ! rema9d] ( ! day !y w devote to _! /udies1 _! arts & to social int]c\rse1 accord+ to _! ta/es & wi%es4#bbi ,! pres5t contra/ betwe5 m5tal & manual "w1 a contra/ t is int5sifi$ by ! rul+ classes1 :o are anxi\s to secure _! m5tal sup]iority also1 w1 accord+ly1 h to be remov$4 #bbg 8,! great mass ( work+m5 9 ,engl&1 z 9 mo/ ( ! o!r c\ntries1 h s little free *oice 9 reg>d to _! occupation & place ( resid5ce1 !y dep5d s absolutely ^u fix$ rules & ! w ( o!rs1 z c\ld be possible "u any sy/em ) ! exception ( real slav]y40 ,john ,/u>t ,mill--,political ,economy4 #bbh ,a ,fr5* work+man1 :o has return$ home f ,san ,francisco1 writes3 8,i w\ld h nev] believ$ t ,i w\ld be able to practice all ! trades t ,i h practic$ 9 ,cali=nia4 ,i _h be5 firmly conv9c$ t ,i 0 good = no?+ except pr9t+4 ,b 9 ! mid/ ( ^! adv5tur]s :o *ange _! trade m readily ?an _! %irt1 ,i did z ! o!rs4 ,s9ce m9+ 0 n suffici5tly remun]ative1 ,i left & mov$ into ! city4 ,"h ,i successively became typograph]1 slat]1 plumb]1 etc4 ,z a result ( ?is exp]i5ce ( be+ fit = all tasks1 ,i feel less ( a mollusc & m ( a human be+40 ,k>l ,m>x--,capital4 ,vol4 ,i4 #bbi ,:at p may a*ieve "u favorable conditions ( developm5t is %[n1 = example1 by ! life ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci4 ,he 0 a spl5did arti/1 a fam\s sculptur]1 an able ar*itect & eng9e]1 a milit>y eng9e]1 a musician & an extemporiz]4 ,b5v5uto ,cell9i 0 a fam\s goldsmi?1 an excell5t modell]1 a recogniz$ milit>y eng9e]1 a good soldi] & a capable musician4 ,abraham ,l9coln 0 a wood-cutt]1 a f>m]1 a boatsman1 a cl]k & a lawy]1 be=e he became presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x may be said )\t exagg]ation t mo/ p are engag$ 9 occupations t are n suit$ to _! abilities because _! c>e] has be5 %ap$1 n by *oice1 b by ! =ce ( circum/ances4 ,_m a poor pr(essor might make a v compet5t %oemak]1 & _m a good %oemak] might become a good pr(essor also4 #f4--;,increase ( ,consumption4 ,! above enum]at$ facts prove t panics1 crises1 & unemploym5t w be impossible 9 future society4 ,crises arise because capitali/ic production1 incit$ by ! desire = pr(it1 & )\t any reliable means ( e/imat+ ! true dem&1 leads to ov]-production & to ov]-/ock+ ( ! m>ket4 ,"u capitalism ! products assume ! "* ( goods t _! own]s indeavor to ex*ange1 & ! consumption ( goods dep5ds ^u ! consum]'s pur*as+ ability4 ,b ?is pur*as+ ability is v limit$ among a va/ majority ( ! population :o are n paid ! full value ( _! labor & ^: s]vices are n want$ if _! employ]s _c squeeze pr(its out ( !m4 ,pur*as+ ability & ! ability to consume are two entirely diff]5t matt]s 9 b\rgeois society4 ,_m millions are 9 ne$ ( new clo!s1 %oes1 furniture1 l95s & articles ( food1 b !y h no money1 & s _! ne$s1 _! ability to consume1 rema9s unsatisfi$4 ,! m>ket is ov]-/ock$1 b ! masses are hungry2 !y wi% to "w1 b _c f9d anyone will+ to pur*ase _! labor-p[]1 because ! employ]s c d]ive no pr(its f employ+ !m4 ,p]i%1 become a vagabond1 a crim9al1 ,i1 ! capitali/1 _c help x1 because ,i _c use goods t ,i _c sell at a pr(it4 ,9 8 position ! capitali/ is entirely ju/ifi$ 9 tak+ ?is attitude4 ,9 ! new society ?is contradiction w be remov$4 ,! new society w n produce 8goods0 to be 8b\ght0 & 8sold10 x w produce commodities = consumption1 n = any o!r purpose4 ,! ability to consume w n be limit$ by ! pur*as+ ability ( ea* individual1 b by ! common ability to produce4 ,if !re is suffici5t labor-p[] & suffici5t means ( production1 e want c be satisfi$4 ,! social ability to consume kn[s no b\nds except ! satisfaction ( ! consum]s4 ,if !re w be no 8goods0 9 ! new society !re w ultimately be no money1 ei!r4 ,money appe>s to be ! c\nt]p>t ( goods1 b is goods itself4 ,yet1 at ! same "t1 money is ! social equival5t1 ! /&>d ( value = all o!r goods4 ,b ! new society w n produce goods1 x w produce commodities ^: manufacture w require a c]ta9 measure ( social work+-"t4 ,! av]age "t requir$ to produce a giv5 commodity is ! only /&>d by :i* x w be measur$ = social consumption4 ,t5 m9utes ( social work+-"t at "o commodity equal t5 m9utes ( social work+-"t at ano!r commodity1 no m & no less4 ,society w n wi% to 8e>n10 x w m]ely wi% to br+ ab\t ! ex*ange ( commodities ( ! same quality & ( ! same value among its memb]s1 & ev5tually x w n ev5 be necess>y to det]m9e ! value4 ,society w simply produce :at x ne$s4 ,if x %\ld become evid5t1 = in/ance1 t ?ree h\rs ( "w daily are necess>y to produce all ! requir$ products1 ?ree h\rs w be ! fix$ "t4#bcj ,if ! means ( production %\ld be improv$ to su* ext5t t ! supply c be furni%$ by two h\rs ( "w1 x w be two h\rs4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! dem&s %\ld gr[ & ! increas$ productivity ( ! process ( "w w\ld n suffice to satisfy ^! dem&s1 ! work+-"t w\ld be l5g!n$4 ,x c easily be calculat$ h[ mu* social labor w be necess>y = ! manufacture ( ea* product4#bca ,!reby ! relation ( ?is portion ( "w to ! entire work+-"t c be calculat$4 ,any k9d ( c]tificate1 a pr9t$ piece ( pap]1 gold or t91 enables ! hold] to ex*ange same = v>i\s k9ds ( commodities4#bcb ,if he f9ds t 8 wants are less ?an :at he receives = 8 s]vices1 he c "w less1 accord+ly4 ,if he wi%es to give away :at he does n use1 nobody w prev5t him f s do+4 ,if he volunt>ily *ooses to "w = ano!r1 s t ! o!r "o may idle1 or if he wi%es to divide 8 %>e ( ! social products1 no "o w re/ra9 him4 ,b no "o c compel him to "w = ano!r p]son's advantage1 no "o c deprive him ( a "p ( ! %>e he is entitl$ to = 8 s]vices4 ,ev]yone w be able to satisfy all desires & requirem5ts possible ( fulfillm5t1 b n at ! exp5se ( o!rs4 ,he receives f society ! equival5t ( :at he produces1 no m & no less1 & rema9s free f exploitation4 #bcj ,x mu/ be not$ aga9 & aga9 t production w be organiz$ accord+ to ! highe/ scale ( te*nical developm5t & t all w be engag$ 9 x1 s t1 "u favorable circum/ances1 a work+-day ( ?ree h\rs may /ill prove too long4 ,ow51 :o 0 a l>ge manufactur] & 0 !re=e compet5t to judge1 e/imat$--9 ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury--t a work+-day ( two h\rs w\ld be suffici5t4 #bca 8,! am\nt ( social labor repres5t$ by a giv5 product ne$ n be det]m9$ 9 a r\nd-ab\t way2 daily exp]i5ce w %[ directly h[ mu* on an av]age w be requir$4 ,society w be able to calculate h[ _m h\rs ( "w are repres5t$ by a /eam-eng9e1 a hectolitre ( :eat ( ! la/ h>ve/1 or a hundr$ squ>e y>ds ( clo? ( a c]ta9 quality4 ,society w accord+ly n ?9k ( express+ ! quantities ( "w conta9$ 9 ! products--t w !n be directly kn[n--9 ! relative1 fluctuat+1 unc]ta9 mann] ( a ?ird product1 inevitable at pres5t1 in/ead ( express+ !m by _! natural1 adequate1 absolute measure-"t4 ,x w be necess>y to arrange ! plan ( production 9 accordance ) ! means ( production1 includ+ labor-p[]4 ,! usefulness ( ! v>i\s commodities1 balanc$ ) "o ano!r & ) ! am\nt ( "w necess>y = _! production w ultimately det]m9e ! plan4 ,ev]y?+ w be adju/$ 9 a v simple way )\t ! int]cession ( ! fam\s #8value'40 ,fr4 ,engels--,mr4 ,eug5 ,duehr+'s ,trans=mation ( ,sci5ce4 #bcb ,mr4 ,eug5 ,ri*t] 9 8 8,false ,doctr9es0 is s amaz$ by ! fact t 9 sociali/ic society ! use ( money w be dropp$ 7x w n be aboli%$ outright b w simply become sup]flu\s because ! products ( labor w no long] h ! "* ( goods71 t he devotes a special *apt] to ?is incid5t4 ,! ?+ t especially puzzles him is t x w be immat]ial :e!r ! work+ c]tificate w be a pr9t$ piece ( pap]1 gold or t94 ,he says3 8,) gold ! demon ( ! pres5t _w ord] w\ld ent] ! sociali/ic /ate aga90 7,mr4 ,ri*t] ob/9ately ov]looks t ev5tually !re w be only a sociali/ic society1 n a sociali/ic 8/ate10 = a great deal ( 8 argum5tation w\ld !n loose gr\nd71 8= gold has indep5d5t value z a metal & c easily be ho>d$1 & s ! possession ( pieces ( gold w\ld make x possible to accumulate values to escape ! duty to "w & ev5 to loan out money on int]e/40--,"o mu/ consid] "o's read]s v /upid to place su* bo% be=e !m4 ,mr4 ,ri*t] :o _c free himself f ! conception ( capital1 _c see t :]e !re is no capital1 no goods1 !re c be no money1 & t :]e !re is nei!r capital nor money !re c be no int]e/4 ,we %\ld l to "k h[ a memb] ( sociali/ic society c\ld 8ho>d0 8 gold5 work+ c]tificate or c\ld ev5 loan x on int]e/1 :5 all ! o!rs also own :at ! "o (f]s &--on :i* he lives4 #g4--;,equal ,duty to ,"w = ,all4 8,b h[ w y discrim9ate betwe5 ?rifty & lazy1 intellig5t & /upid p]sons80 ,t is "o ( ! que/ions mo/ frequ5tly ask$ by our oppon5ts1 & ! answ] we give !m puzzles !m greatly4 ,b ^! wise que/ion]s nev] /op to ?9k t1 among our hi]>*y ( (ficials1 ! di/9ction betwe5 ?rifty & lazy1 intellig5t & /upid p]sons is n made1 b t ! l5g? ( s]vice usually det]m9es ! sal>y & promotion4 ,tea*]s & pr(essors--_m ( :om are ! mo/ nave que/ion]s--h _! sal>ies det]m9$ by ! position !y fill1 n by ! value ( _! s]vices4 ,9 _m cases (ficials1 milit>y m5 & sci5ti/s1 are n promot$ accord+ to _! abilities1 b accord+ to rank1 relation%ip1 fri5d%ip1 & ! favor ( wom54 ,t weal? is n measur$ ei!r by intellig5ce & ?rift1 may be se5 by ! ?ree-class-electoral-sy/em ( ,prussia4 ,we f9d saloon-keep]s1 bak]s & but*]s1 _m ( :om are n able to speak grammatically1 enroll$ 9 ! fir/ class1 :ile m5 ( intellig5ce & sci5ce1 ! highe/ (ficials ( ! /ate & ! nation1 are enroll$ 9 ! second or ?ird class4 ,!re w be no diff]5ce betwe5 ?rifty & lazy1 intellig5t & /upid p]sons1 because t :i* we und]/& by ^! t]ms w h disappe>$4 ,society1 = in/ance1 calls "s p 8lazy0 because !y h be5 ?r[n out ( employm5t1 h be5 driv5 to a life ( vagabondage1 & h f9ally become real vagabonds4 ,we also apply ?is t]m to p :o are ! victims ( a bad education4 ,b :oev] %\ld v5ture to call lazy ! man ( means :o sp5ds 8 "t 9 idl5ess & debau*]y w\ld commit an insult1 = ! ri* idl] is a 8respectable0 man4 ,n[ :at aspect w matt]s assume 9 ! new society8 ,all w develop "u simil> conditions ( life1 & ev]yone w p]=m ! task assign$ to him by ability & incl9ation4 ,!re=e ! diff]5ces 9 a*ievem5ts w be slight4#bcc ,! social atmosph]e t w incite ea* to excel ! o!rs w help to level ! di/9ctions4 ,if a p]son %\ld realize t he is unable to accompli% 9 "o l9e ( "w :at o!rs accompli%1 he w *oose "s o!r l9e bett] suit$ to 8 /r5g? & 8 abilities4 ,ev]yone :o has work$ toge!r ) a great _m p]sons kn[s t p :o 7 ineffici5t at "o task h prov$ v effici5t :5 giv5 ano!r4 ,by :at "r c anyone ask = privileges8 ,if "s p]son is s incapacitat$ by nature t x is q impossible = him to accompli% :at o!rs accompli%1 society _c puni% him = ! %ortcom+s ( nature4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if "s "o has be5 end[$ by nature ) abilities t elevate him above ! o!rs1 society ne$ n rew>d him = t :i* is n 8 p]sonal m]it4 ,x mu/1 fur!rmore1 be rememb]$ t 9 ,sociali/ic society all w h ! same opportunities = education1 s t all c develop _! k & ability 9 accordance ) _! tal5ts & incl9ations4 ,z a result1 k & ability w be f> m develop$ ?an 9 b\rgeois society4 ,x w be m ev5ly di/ribut$ & yet m v>i$4 ,:5 ,goe!1 dur+ a j\rney along ! ,rh9e1 /udi$ ! ,ca!dral ( ,cologne1 he discov]$1 by p]usal ( ! ar*itectural de$s t ! ar*itects ( old _h paid all _! work+m5 alike by "t2 !y did s because !y desir$ good workman%ip consci5ti\sly c>ri$ out4 ,to b\rgeois society ?is seems an anomaly4 ,b\rgeois society has introduc$ ! piece-"w sy/em1 by means ( :i* ! work+m5 compel "o ano!r to ov]work & make x all ! easi] = ! employ] to "u-pay & to resort to a frequ5t r$uction 9 wages4 ,:at is true ( mat]ial productivity is equally true ( ! m5tal4 ,man is ! product ( "t & circum/ances4 ,if ,goe! _h be5 born 9 ! f\r? in/ead ( 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 "u equally favorable circum/ances1 in/ead ( becom+ a great poet & sci5ti/ he w\ld probably h become a great fa!r ( ! ,*ur* :o might h out%one ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,aga91 if ,goe! _h n come into ! _w z ! son ( a ri* patrician ( ,frank=t1 b z ! son ( a poor %oemak]1 he w\ld h>dly h become m9i/] to ! ,gr&-duke ( ,weim>1 b w\ld h liv$ & di$ a respectable ma/]-%oemak]4 ,goe! himself recogniz$ ( :at great advantage x 0 to him to h be5 born 9 a mat]ially & socially favorable position :i* help$ him to atta9 8 developm5t2 he ?us expresses himself 9 8,wilhelm ,mei/]40 ,if ,napoleon ,i4 _h be5 born t5 ye>s lat] he w\ld nev] h become ,emp]or ( ,france4 ,)\t ! w> ( #ahgj to #ahga1 ,gambetta w\ld nev] h become :at he has be54 ,if a gift$ *ild ( intellig5t p>5ts %\ld be plac$ among savages x w\ld become a savage4 ,m5 are :at society has made !m4 ,ideas are n ! product ( high] inspiration sprung f ! bra9s ( a s+le individual1 b !y are a product1 creat$ 9 ! bra9s ( ! individual by ! social life & activity amid/ :i* he lives & by ! _s ( 8 age4 ,ari/otle c\ld n h ! ideas ( ,d>w91 & ,d>w9 _h to reason diff]5tly f ,ari/otle4 ,we all reason z ! _s ( our age--t is1 our environm5t & its ph5om5a--compels u to reason4 ,t expla9s :at has be5 frequ5tly obs]v$1 t diff]5t p sometimes foll[ ! same l9e ( reason+ simultane\sly2 t ! same inv5tions & discov]ies are made at ! same "t at places situat$ f> ap>t4 ,t also expla9s t an idea express$ fifty ye>s ago may h f\nd ! _w indiff]5t1 b ! same idea express$ fifty ye>s lat]1 may agitate ! :ole _w4 ,9 #adae ,emp]or ,sigismund c\ld d>e to break ! promise giv5 ,huss & to h him burn$ at ! /ake 9 ,con/ance4 ,9 #aeba1 ,*>les ,v41 al?\gh a f> great] fanatic1 _h to p]mit ,lu!r to g 9 peace f ! diet at ,worms4 ,ideas are ! product ( social co-op]ation1 ( social life4 ,:at is true 9 reg>d to society 9 g5]al1 is especially true 9 reg>d to ! v>i\s social classes t compose society at any giv5 epo* ( hi/ory4 ,because e class has its peculi> int]e/s1 x also has its peculi> ideas & views4 ,^! conflict+ ideas & int]e/s h l$ to ! class /ruggles t fill$ ! annals ( hi/ory & h atta9$ _! culm9ation 9 ! class extremes & class /ruggles ( ! pres5t day4 ,! feel+s1 ?\ghts & actions ( a p]son are1 !re=e1 det]m9$ n only by ! age 9 :i* he lives1 b also by ! class to :i* he belongs4 ,)\t mod]n society no mod]n ideas c\ld exi/4 ,?is is cle> to ev]yone4 ,9 ! new society--let x be rememb]$--! means t ea* individual w employ = 8 education & developm5t w be ! prop]ty ( society4 ,society _c feel oblig$ to rew>d p>ticul>ly :at x alone has made possible1 its own product4 ,s mu* 9 reg>d to ! qualification ( physical & m5tal labor4 ,f ?is ! fur!r conclusion may be drawn1 t no di/9ction w be made betwe5 high] & l[] grades ( "w2 z1 = in/ance1 at pres5t me*anics consid] !mselves sup]ior to day-labor]s :o p]=m "w on ! roads1 etc4 ,society w h only su* "w p]=m$ z is socially useful1 & s e k9d ( "w w be ( equal social value4 ,%\ld x n be possible to p]=m "s k9ds ( dirty & disagreeable "w by means ( me*anical or *emical devices--:i* w und\bt$ly be ! case1 to judge by ! pres5t rate ( progress--& %\ld !re be no volunte]s1 x w be ! duty ( ea* work] to p]=m 8 %>e ( su* "w :5 8 turn comes4 ,no false pride & no irrational disda9 ( useful labor w be recogniz$4 ,^! exi/ only 9 our /ate ( drones1 :]e idl5ess is consid]$ enviable1 & :]e ^? work]s are ! mo/ despis$ ^: tasks are ! h>de/ & mo/ unpleasant ones1 & (t5 ! mo/ ne$ful to society4 ,to-day ! mo/ disagreeable tasks are ! ones mo/ poorly paid4 ,! reason = ?is is t we h a great _m work]s :o h be5 ma9ta9$ at a l[ level ( civilization1 :om ! con/ant revolution 9 ! process ( production has ca/ out into ! /reet1 z a res]ve =ce1 & :o1 9 ord] to live1 mu/ p]=m ! l[e/ k9ds ( "w1 at wages t ev5 make ! introduction ( ma*9]y = su* "w 8unpr(itable40 ,! cru%+ ( /one1 = in/ance1 is notori\sly "o ( ! mo/ disagreeable & mo/ poorly paid employm5ts4 ,x w\ld be a simple matt] to h ?is cru%+ ( /ones done by ma*9]y1 z is g5]ally be+ done 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,b 9 ,g]many !re is su* an abundance ( *eap labor1 t ! introduction ( ! /one-cru%] w\ld n 8pay40#bcd ,/reet-clean+1 ! clean+ ( sew]s1 collect+ a%es & g>bage1 "w 9 %afts & caissons1 etc41 might1 ev5 at ! pres5t "t1 ) ! aid ( prop] ma*9]y1 be p]=m$ 9 su* a mann] t mo/ ( ! unpleasantness connect$ ) !m = ! labor]s1 w\ld disappe>4 ,b1 z a matt] ( fact1 a work+man :o cleans sew]s1 to gu>d human be+s aga9/ ! dang]s ( g]ms ( disease1 is a v useful memb] ( society1 :ile a pr(essor :o tea*es falsifi$ hi/ory 9 ! int]e/ ( ! rul+ classes1 or a !ologian :o seeks to my/ify ! m9ds by ! tea*+ ( sup]natural doctr9es1 are v h>mful individuals4 ,a great _m ( our pres5t-day sci5ti/s & s*ol>s repres5t a guild t is employ$ & paid to def5d & v9dicate ! dom9ance ( ! rul+ classes1 by means ( ! au?ority ( sci5ce1 to let ?is dom9ance appe> j & necess>y1 & to ma9ta9 exi/+ prejudices4 ,9 tru?1 ?is guild1 to a great ext5t1 poisons ! m9ds1 & p]=ms "w ho/ile to ! advancem5t ( civilization1 9 ! int]e/ ( ! b\rgeoisie & its cli5ts4#bce ,a social condition t w h5ce=? make ! exi/5ce ( su* elem5ts ( society impossible1 w p]=m a lib]at+ de$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 true sci5ce is (t5 connect$ ) v disagreeable & revolt+ "w4 ,= in/ance1 :5 a physician dissects a corpse 9 a /ate ( decomposition1 or op]ates ^u a purul5t "p ( ! body1 or :5 a *emi/ exam9es fces4 ,^! tasks are (t5 m revolt+ ?an ! mo/ disagreeable "w p]=m$ by unskill$ labor]s4 ,yet no "o w admit t ?is is s4 ,! diff]5ce is t ! p]=mance ( ! "o "w requires pr(\nd /udy1 :ile ! o!r "w c be p]=m$ by anyone )\t previ\s prep>ation4 ,?is acc\nts = ! great diff]5ce 9 _! e/imation4 ,b 9 future society1 :]e1 by means ( equal opportunities ( education = all1 ! di/9ctions ( educat$ & un$ucat$ w disappe>1 ! di/9ction betwe5 skill$ & unskill$ labor w disappe> also4 ,?is is all ! m s because ! possibilities ( te*nical developm5t are unlimit$1 & mu* t is manual "w to-day w be p]=m$ by ma*9es & me*anical processes4 ,we ne$ b consid] ! pres5t developm5t ( our me*anical arts2 = in/ance1 engrav+1 wood-cutt+1 etc4 ,z ! mo/ disagreeable te/s (t5 are ! mo/ useful ones1 s our conceptions1 9 reg>d to pleasant & unpleasant "w1 l _m o!r conceptions 9 ! b\rgeois _w1 are sup]ficial & f\nd$ entirely on outw>d appe>ances4 #bcc 8,all normal well develop$ human be+s are born ) approximately ! same degree ( intellig5ce1 b education1 laws & circum/ances make !m diff] f "o ano!r4 ,individual int]e/1 prop]ly und]/ood1 is id5tical ) ! common or public int]e/40 ,helvetius--,man & ,8 ,education4 ,9 reg>d to ! great majority ( m51 ,helvetius is "r2 :at does diff] are ! tal5ts = v>i\s occupations4 #bcd 8,if "o _h to *oose betwe5 ,communism ) all its *ances & ! pres5t social ord] ) all its suff]+ & inju/ice2 if x 7 a necess>y result ( private prop]ty t ! products ( labor %\ld be divid$ z we see !m to-day1 almo/ 9 a rev]se ratio to ! "w p]=m$--t ! l>ge/ %>es fall to ^? :o h nev] work$ at all1 ! next l>ge/ to ^? ^: "w is almo/ nom9al1 & s on along ! l9e1 ! remun]ation becom+ small] z ! "w becomes m difficult & disagreeable1 until at la/ ! mo/ we>+ & exhau/+ labor _c ev5 be c]ta9 ( e>n+ ! mo/ ne$ful means ( exi/5ce2 if1 we say1 ! alt]native w\ld be3 ?is or ,communism1 all scruples 9 reg>d to ,communism1 bo? great & small1 w\ld be l *aff 9 ! scales40--,john ,/u>t ,mill--,political ,economy4 ,mill has hone/ly tri$ to 8re=m0 b\rgeois society & to 8make x li/5 to reason20 ( c\rse1 9 va92 & ?us l e rational human be+ capable ( recogniz+ ! true nature ( conditions1 he f9ally became a ,sociali/4 ,he did n d>e to confess to ?is dur+ 8 life-"t1 b caus$ 8 autobiography1 conta9+ 8 sociali/ic confession ( fai?1 to be publi%$ aft] 8 dea?4 ,8 position 0 simil> to ,d>w9's1 :o did n wi% to be reg>d$ z an a!i/ dur+ 8 life-"t4 ,b\rgeois society drives ?\s&s to su* hypocrisy4 ,! b\rgeoisie feigns loyalty1 piety & submission to au?ority1 because _! rule dep5ds ^u ! recognition ( ^! virtues by ! masses1 b inw>dly !y je] at !m4 #bce 8,le>n+ (t5 s]ves ignorance z mu* z progress40 ,buckle--8,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,civilization40 #h4--;,abolition ( ,trade4--,trans=mation ( ,traffic4 ,z soon z ! new society w h plac$ production on ! basis sket*$ above1 x w--z we h already not$--cease to produce 8goods10 & w only produce commodities to supply ! social dem&4 ,z a result ( ?is1 trade w also cease to exi/1 z trade is ne$ful & possible only 9 an organization ( society f\nd$ on ! production ( goods4 ,by ! abolition ( trade a great army ( p]sons ( bo? sexes w be mobiliz$ = productive activity4 ,?is great army becomes "o ( produc]s2 x br+s =? commodities & enables society to increase its dem&s1 or makes possible a /ill fur!r r$uction ( ! h\rs ( "w4 ,to-day ^! p]sons live m or less l p>asites on ! products ( ! toil ( o!rs4 ,/ill !y (t5 "w v h>d & are burd5$ ) c>es1 )\t e>n+ en\gh to supply _! wants4 ,9 ! new society comm]cial m51 ag5ts1 jobb]s1 etc41 w be sup]flu\s4 ,9 place ( ! doz5s1 hundr$s & ?\s&s ( /ores ( all k9ds t we f9d 9 e municipality to-day1 accord+ to its size1 !re w be l>ge municipal /ore-h\ses1 elegant baza>s1 entire exhibitions1 t w require a comp>atively small numb] ( p]sons = _! adm9i/ration4 ,! entire bu/le ( trade w be trans=m$ into a c5traliz$1 purely adm9i/rative activity4 ,! dis*>ge ( its duties w be simple & w become /ill m simplifi$ by ! c5tralization ( all social in/itutions4 ,traffic w exp]i5ce a simil> trans=mation4 ,telegraph & telephone l9es1 railroads1 mail s]vice1 riv] & ocean vessels1 /reet-c>s1 automobile c>s & trucks1 air-%ips & fly+ ma*9es1 & :atev] all ! in/itutions & vehicles s]v+ traffic & communication may be call$1 w h become social prop]ty4 ,9 ,g]many _m ( ^! in/itutions1 l ! mail1 ! telegraph1 ! telephone sy/em1 & mo/ railroads1 h already be5 made /ate in/itutions2 _! trans=mation into public prop]ty is a m]e matt] ( =m4 ,"h private int]e/s c no long] be injur$4 ,if ! /ate cont9ues to op]ate 9 ! pres5t direction1 s mu* ! bett]4 ,b ^! /ate-own$ in/itutions are n sociali/ic in/itutions1 z is errone\sly assum$4 ,^! in/itutions are exploit$ by ! /ate1 accord+ to ! same capitali/ic pr9ciples z if !y 7 privately own$4 ,nei!r ! (ficials nor ! work+m5 are p>ticul>ly b5efit$ by !m4 ,! /ate does n treat !m diff]5tly f a private employ]4 ,:51 = in/ance1 9 ! bureaus ( ! national navy & ! railroad adm9i/ration ord]s are issu$ n to employ work+m5 :o are ov] =ty ye>s ( age1 t is a measure :i* proves ! class "* ( ! /ate z a /ate ( exploit]s1 & is b\nd to r\se ! indignation ( ! work]s4 ,su* & simil> measures resort$ to by ! /ate 9 its capacity ( employ]1 are mu* worse ?an :5 resort$ to by private employ]s4 ,! latt] is always a small employ] comp>$ to ! /ate1 & ! employm5t t he refuses may be grant$ by ano!r4 ,b ! /ate1 monopoliz+ c]ta9 bran*es ( employm5t1 may1 by su* maxims1 ) "o bl[ drive ?\s&s into pov]ty4 ,^! are n sociali/ic b capitali/ic actions1 & ,sociali/s h e reason to prote/ aga9/ ! assumption t ! pres5t /ate-own$ in/itutions are sociali/ic 9 "* & may be reg>d$ z a realization ( sociali/ic aims4 ,z l>ge1 c5traliz$ in/itutions w replace ! millions ( private deal]s1 & ag5ts ( all k9ds1 s ! entire sy/em ( transportation w also assume a diff]5t aspect4 ,! millions ( small %ipm5ts t are s5t out daily to an equal numb] ( own]s1 & entail a great wa/e ( "w1 "t & mat]ial1 w be absorb$ by %ipm5ts on a l>ge scale1 s5t out to ! municipal /ore-h\ses & ! l>ge c5t]s ( manufacture4 ,"h1 too1 "w w become greatly simplifi$4 ,z x is mu* simpl] to %ip raw mat]ial to a factory employ+ #ajjj work+m5 ?an to %ip x to hundr$s ( scatt]$ small factories1 s ! c5t]s ( production & di/ribution = entire municipalities1 or = p>ts ( same1 w mean a consid]able sav+4 ,?is w be to ! advantage ( society1 b also to ! advantage ( ea* individual1 = public int]e/ & p]sonal int]e/ w !n be id5tical4 ,! aspect ( our places ( production1 ( our means ( transportation1 & especially also ( our resid5ces1 w !reby become entirely *ang$4 ,!y w obta9 a mu* m *e]ful aspect4 ,we w be fre$1 to a great ext5t1 f ! n]ve-rack+ noise1 spe$ & confusion ( our l>ge cities1 ) _! ?\s&s ( vehicles ( all k9ds4 ,! build+ ( /reets1 /reet-clean+1 ! mann] ( liv+1 ! int]c\rse ( p ) "o ano!r--all w exp]i5ce a great trans=mation4 ,x w !n be possible to c>ry out hygi5ic measures easily1 :i* to-day c be c>ri$ out only at a great exp5se & insuffici5tly1 & (t5 only 9 ! resid5tial qu>t]s ( ! weal?y classes4 ,"u su* conditions traffic & transportation mu/ atta9 _! highe/ developm5t4 ,p]haps a]ial navigation w be ! favorite means ( transportation !n4 ,! means ( transportation are ! ve9s t conduct ! ex*ange ( products--! circulation--?r\gh ! entire body social1 & are !re=e p>ticul>ly adapt$ to ! dissem9ation ( an equal /&>d ( com=t & culture4 ,to provide = ! ext5sion & ramification ( ! mo/ p]fect means ( transportation to ! remote/ portions ( ! prov9ces w become a necessity to ! public welf>e4 ,"h ! new society w set tasks = itself t by f> exce$ ^? ( pres5t-day society4 ,?is highly p]fect$ sy/em ( communication w also dec5tralize ! masses ( humanity t at pres5t conge/ our l>ge cities & c5t]s ( indu/ry1 & w scatt] !m broadca/ ov] ! l&4 ,?is w n only be ( ! greate/ b5efit to public heal?1 x w also h a decisive influ5ce on ! mat]ial & intellectual progress ( civilization4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,socialism & ,agriculture4 #a4--;,abolition ( ! ,private ,own]%ip ( ,l&4 ,l&1 be+ ! prime raw mat]ial = all human labor & ! basis ( human exi/5ce1 mu/ be made ! prop]ty ( society1 toge!r ) ! means ( production & di/ribution4 ,at an advanc$ /age ( developm5t society w aga9 take possession ( :at x own$ 9 primeval days4 ,at a c]ta9 /age ( developm5t all human races _h common own]%ip ( l&4 ,common prop]ty is ! f\ndation ( e primitive social organization2 x is ess5tial to its exi/5ce4 ,only by ! rise & developm5t ( private prop]ty & ! =ms ( rul]%ip connect$ ) x1 has common prop]ty be5 aboli%$ & usurp$ z private prop]ty1 z we h se51 n )\t sev]e /ruggles4 ,! robb]y ( ! l& & its trans=mation into private prop]ty =m$ ! fir/ cause ( oppression4 ,?is oppression has pass$ ?r\gh all /ages1 f slav]y to 8free0 wage-labor ( ! tw5tie? c5tury1 until1 aft] a developm5t ( ?\s&s ( ye>s1 ! oppress$ aga9 conv]t ! soil into common prop]ty4 ,! great importance ( ! soil to human exi/5ce 0 ! reason :y ! own]%ip ( ! soil con/itut$ ! *ief cause ( conflict 9 all social /ruggles ( ! _w--9 ,india1 ,*9a1 ,egypt1 ,greece1 ,rome1 ! ,*ri/ian middle ages1 ! realms ( ! ,aztecs & ,incas1 & 9 ! social /ruggles ( mod]n times4 ,ev5 at ! pres5t day m5 l ,adolf ,samt]1 ,adolf ,wagn]1 ,dr4 ,s*aeffle1 ,h5ry ,george1 & o!rs1 :o d n believe 9 o!r =ms ( common prop]ty1 favor ! common own]%ip ( l&4#bcf ,! welf>e ( a population dep5ds prim>ily ^u ! cultivation ( ! soil4 ,to develop ?is cultivation to ! highe/ degree is em95tly to ! int]e/ ( all4 ,t ?is highe/ degree ( developm5t _c be atta9$ "u ! rule ( private prop]ty1 has be5 %[n4 ,to obta9 ! greate/ possible advantage f ! soil1 n its cultivation alone mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,o!r factors mu/ be consid]$ to :i* nei!r ! l>ge/ private own] nor ! mo/ p[]ful association is equal1 factors t may exce$ ev5 ! jurisdiction ( ! /ate & require int]national consid]ation4 #bcf ,dur+ ! c5turies :5 common own]%ip ( l& /ill pr$om9at$1 b ! robb]y ( l& assum$ ev] great] portions1 fa!rs ( ! *ur*1 popes & bi%ops h also prea*$ communi/ic doctr9es4 ,( c\rse1 ! syllabus & ! encyclical lett]s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury no long] conta9 ref]5ces ( ?is sort1 & ! popes too h become subs]vi5t to b\rgeois society & rise to def5d x aga9/ ! ,sociali/s4 ,bi%op ,clem5s ,i 7di$ #ajb ,a4 ,d47 said3 8,! use ( all worldly ?+s %\ld be common to all4 ,x is wrong to say3 ,?is is m9e1 ?is belongs to me1 & t to someone else4 ,x is ?is :i* has caus$ diss5tion among m540 ,bi%op ,ambrosius ( ,milan1 :o liv$ ar\nd #cgd1 exclaim$3 8,nature gives all bless+s to all m5 9 common2 = ,god has creat$ all ?+s = ! common enjoym5t ( all1 t ! e>? %\ld be common prop]ty4 ,nature accord+ly has creat$ ! "r ( common own]%ip1 & only unfair usurpation creates ! "r ( private prop]ty40 ,9 8 ,book ( ,homilies direct$ aga9/ ! wick$ness & depravity ( ! p ( ,con/ant9ople1 ,/4 ,john ,*ryso/omus 7di$ #djh7 wrote3 8,let no "o call any?+ 8 own4 ,f ,god h we receiv$ ev]y?+ = common enjoym5t1 & m9e & ?9e are words ( falsehood60 ,/4 ,augu/9 7di$ #dcj7 said3 8,because we h private prop]ty1 we also h law suits1 ho/ility1 diss5tion1 w>s1 rebellion1 s91 inju/ice1 murd]4 ,:5ce come all ^! sc\rges8 ,only f prop]ty4 ,s1 my bre?r51 let u refra9 f own+ ?+s1 or let u1 at lea/1 refra9 f lov+ :at we own40 ,pope ,gregory ! ,great 7ab\t #fjj7 exclaim$3 8,let !m "k t ! e>? :5ce !y come & ( :i* !y are made is common to all m51 & t ! fruits :i* ! e>? br+s =? %\ld !re=e belong to all )\t di/9ction40 ,bossuet1 ! fam\s bi%op ( ,meaux 7di$ #agjd71 says 9 8 8,politics ( ! ,holy ,scripture30 8,)\t ! gov]nm5ts ! e>? & its products w\ld belong to all m5 9 common1 j z air & light4 ,accord+ to ! prime "r ( nature1 no "o may lay claim to any?+4 ,all ?+s belong to all4 ,f b\rgeois gov]nm5t prop]ty d]ives its orig940 ,! la/ s5t5ce might be m cle>ly express$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 because common prop]ty became private prop]ty1 we h obta9$ b\rgeois gov]nm5ts t mu/ protect x4 ,"o ( ! mod]ns1 ,za*>iae1 says 9 8 8,=ty ,books on ! ,/ates30 8,all suff]+s ( civiliz$ nations may be trac$ to ! private own]%ip ( l&40 ,all ! m5 quot$ above h m or less correctly recogniz$ ! nature ( private prop]ty4 ,z ,/4 ,augu/9 says3 ,s9ce its exi/5ce x has br\ght into ! _w law suits1 ho/ility1 diss5tion1 w>1 rebellion1 s91 inju/ice1 murd]1--evils t w disappe> aga9 by its abolition4 #b4--,! ,amelioration ( ,l&4 ,society mu/ consid] ! l& 9 its totality1 its topographical condition1 its m\nta9s1 pla9s1 =e/s1 lakes1 riv]s1 ponds1 hea!rs1 swamps & moors4 ,besides ! geographical location1 :i* is unalt]able1 ?is topographical condition ex]ts a c]ta9 influ5ce ^u ! climate & ! nature ( ! soil4 ,?is is a va/ field ( activity1 :]e mu* exp]i5ce is /ill to be ga9$ & mu* exp]im5tation /ill to be p]=m$4 ,until n[ ! /ate has accompli%$ b little along ^! l9es4 ,only mod]ate means h be5 appli$ to su* tasks ( civilization1 & ev5 if ! /ate desir$ to adopt effective measures1 ! l>ge l&$ proprietors1 :o h a decisive voice 9 legislation1 w\ld prev5t ! c>ry+ out ( su* measures4 ,)\t int]f]5ce ) private prop]ty no?+ effectual c\ld be done4 ,b s9ce ! /ate is f\nd$ on ! 8sanctity0 ( private prop]ty1 & s9ce ! l>ge own]s ( private prop]ty are its *ief support]s1 x is prev5t$ f proce$+ 9 ! mann] t has be5 designat$4 ,x w\ld be necess>y to und]take ! amelioration ( l& on a gr& scale1 to plant =e/s "h & cut d[n =e/s !re1 to irrigate & to dra92 to mix diff]5t k9ds ( soil1 to break gr\nd & to plant1 9 ord] to atta9 ! highe/ degree ( f]tility4 ,a highly important factor 9 ! amelioration ( ! l& w\ld be an ext5sive sy/em ( riv]s & canals1 to be conduct$ accord+ to sci5tific pr9ciples4 ,! "q ( *eap transportation by wat]1 s important to pres5t-day society1 w\ld be ( m9or importance to ! new society4 ,nev]!less transportation by wat] w be reg>d$ z a v conv5i5t means ( transportation1 requir+ ! lea/ exp5diture 9 /r5g? & mat]ial4 ,b ( ! greate/ importance an ext5sive sy/em ( riv]s & canals w be = purposes ( irrigation & dra9age1 = ! transportation ( manure & o!r mat]ials = ! amelioration ( ! l&1 & = ! di/ribution ( ! crops4 ,x has be5 det]m9$ by exp]i5ce t c\ntries :]e wat] is sc>ce1 suff] mu* m f cold w9t]s & hot summ]s ?an c\ntries hav+ an abundant wat] supply4 ,= ?is reason m>itime c\ntries r>ely suff] f extremes ( temp]ature4 ,su* extremes ( temp]ature are nei!r advantage\s nor agreeable to plants or human be+s4 ,an ext5sive sy/em ( canals1 comb9$ ) measures = ! pres]vation ( =e/s1 w\ld h a b5eficial influ5ce4 ,su* sy/ems ( canals & l>ge bas9s1 to collect & pres]ve masses ( wat]1 w\ld prove especially b5eficial1 :5 ! melt+ ice & sn[1 9 spr+1 or heavy ra9-falls cause riv]s & /reams to rise & to ov]fl[ _! banks4 ,! con/ruction ( simil> canals & bas9s w\ld be requir$ = ! m\nta9 torr5ts4 ,floods1 ) _! ravag+ effects1 w\ld !n become impossible4 ,ext5sive surfaces ( wat] & ! increas$ evaporation w\ld probably also cause ra9 to fall m regul>ly4 ,^! improvem5ts w\ld also make x possible to e/abli% pumps & lift+ app>atus = an ext5sive irrigation ( ! l& :5ev] necess>y4 ,wide /ret*es ( arid l& might be made f]tile by artificial irrigation4 ,:]e at pres5t ! graz+ %eep b>ely f9d suffici5t n\ri%m5t & :]e1 at be/1 only emaciat$ look+ trees /ret* _! lean bran*es skyw>d1 an abundance ( crops might be rais$ & a d5se population might obta9 n\ri%m5t & enjoym5t4 ,x is1 = in/ance1 only a "q ( ! am\nt ( labor employ$1 to trans=m ! /ret*es ( s&y soil ( ! ,m>*1 humor\sly call$ 8! s&-box ( ! ,g]man ,empire10 into an ,ed5 ( f]tility4 ,?is 0 po9t$ out by "o ( ! lectur]s at ! ,g]man agricultural exhibition1 9 ,b]l91 dur+ ! spr+ ( #ahid4bcg ,b ! l&[n]s ( ! ,m>* d n h suffici5t means to und]take ! build+ ( canals1 irrigation1 amelioration ( ! l&1 etc41 & s1 j beyond ! walls ( ! national capital wide /ret*es ( l& rema9 9 a condition t w seem incr$ible to com+ g5]ations4 ,on ! o!r h&1 by means ( canalization1 wide /ret*es ( swamps1 moor-l& & m>%es might be dra9$ & won = cultivation2 ?us1 9 nor!rn & s\!rn p>ts ( ,g]many1 ! canals might fur!r be us$ = ! bre$+ ( fi%1 & small communities t are n locat$ ne> riv]s might use !m to erect ba?+ e/abli%m5ts4#bch ,a few examples w suffice to %[ ! influ5ce ( irrigation4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( ,weiss5fels1 #g hect>es ( irrigat$ mead[s yield$ #dhj cwt4 ( hay1 :ile #e hect>es1 locat$ beside ^!1 t 7 n irrigat$1 yield$ only #cb cwt4 ,! =m] produc$ m ?an t5 times z mu* z ! latt]4 ,ne> ,riesa1 9 ,saxony1 #fe acres ( irrigat$ mead[s increas$ ! net proce$s f #e1hej to #aa1ajj m>ks4 ,by an inve/m5t ( #abd1jjj m>ks = irrigation ( ! arid l&s at ! "r bank ( ! ,lippe1 an annual ga9 ( approximately #djj1jjj m>ks 0 obta9$4 ,! amelioration ( ! l& und]tak5 9 ,l[] ,au/ria co/ ab\t "o million cr[ns & increas$ ! value ( ! produce by ab\t six million cr[ns4 ,! exp5sive improvem5ts paid4 ,o!r p>ts ( ,g]many1 besides ! ,m>* h an exce$+ly s&y soil1 & "h ! h>ve/s are only fairly satisfactory1 aft] a ra9y summ]4 ,if ^! vic9ities c\ld be furr[$ ) canals1 prop]ly irrigat$ & ameliorat$1 !y w\ld %ortly br+ =? five & t5 times _! pres5t am\nt4 ,examples are at h& 9 ,spa91 %[+ t well-irrigat$ soil br\ght =? #cg times z mu* z soil t _h n be5 irrigat$4 ,s wat] is all t is ne$$ to br+ =? fre% masses ( n\ri%m5t f ! soil4 ,h>dly a ye> passes 9 :i* n "o or ! o!r ( ! ,g]man /ates & prov9ces is ravag$ by floods4 ,l>ge tracts ( ! mo/ f]tile l& are c>ri$ away by ! =ce ( ! wat]2 o!rs are litt]$ ) /ones1 s& & rubbi%1 & are made unf]tile = ye>s to come4 ,entire or*>ds t h requir$ decades to be gr[n are uproot$4 ,h\ses1 bridges1 /reets & dams are wa%$ away1 railroads are ru9$ & human lives are sacrific$1 flocks p]i% & crops are de/roy$4 ,wide /ret*es ( l& t are expos$ to frequ5t ravages f floods are n cultivat$ at all1 or only slightly1 s9ce _! own]s d n wi% to suff] con/ant loss4 ,deva/ation ( ! =e/s1 especially on ! m\nta9s1 & p>ticul>ly by private own]s1 increases ! dang] f floods4 ,! mad deva/ation ( ! =e/s1 prompt$ by a desire = pr(it1 has l$ to a dim9ution ( ! f]tility ( ! soil 9 ! ,g]man prov9ces ( ,russia & ,pom]ania1 9 ,cor9?ia & ,/yria1 z also 9 ,italy1 ,france1 ,spa91 ,russia1 & o!r c\ntries4 ,frequ5t floods are ! result ( ! deva/ation ( =e/s on ! m\nta9s4 ,! inundations ( ! ,rh9e1 ! ,od]1 & ! ,vi/ula are ascrib$ ma9ly to ! deva/ation ( =e/s 9 ,switz]l&1 ,galicia1 & ,pol&4 ,! same causes lead to ! frequ5t inundations 9 ,italy1 especially ( ! ,riv] ,po4 ,z a result ( ! same causes1 ,madeira1 l>ge portions ( ,spa91 ! mo/ f]tile prov9ces ( ,russia1 & /ret*es ( l& 9 ,asia ,m9or1 :i* 7 at "o "t f]tile & bloom+1 h lo/ mu* ( _! f]tility4#bci ,at la/ ev5 b\rgeois society has begun to recognize t1 9 ?is respect1 x w no long] d to ma9ta9 ! policy ( 8laissez faire10 & t1 by s5sible measures1 appli$ on a l>ge scale1 ! de/ructive =ces c be trans=m$ into con/ructive ones4 ,s ! con/ruction ( l>ge dams 0 und]tak5 to collect imm5se quantities ( wat] & to utilize ! wat]-p[] to supply electric p[] to indu/ry & agriculture4 ,! ,bav>ian /ate especially has und]tak5 to dam ! m\nta9 /reams on a gr& scale to obta9 p[] = ! runn+ ( electric railways & o!r indu/rial und]tak+s4 ,agr>ian old ,bav>ia is !reby rapidly becom+ a mod]n indu/rial /ate4 #bcg ,an (ficial report on ! _w's-fair 9 ,*icago conta9$ ! foll[+3 8,! utilization ( wat] to raise fruit & vegetables becomes increas+ly desirable4 ,wat] companies e/abli%$ = ?is purpose might trans=m des]ts into ed5s40 #bch 8,9 a highly cultivat$ "p ( ! ,au/rian mon>*y--9 ,bohemia--#fef1jjj hect>es ( f>m l& are 9 want ( dra9age4 #agd1jjj hect>es ( mead[s are ei!r too moi/ or too dry4 ,( c\rse1 matt]s are mu* worse 9 ^? vic9ities t are less develop$ agriculturally1 z especially 9 ,galicia40 ,dr4 ,eug5e v4 ,philippovit*--,political ,economy4 #bci ,accord+ to ,s*woppa*1 ! =e/ is ( immeasurable value by prev5t+ ( wa%+ away ! soil on ! m\nta9s & prev5t+ ! soil f becom+ s&y 9 ! pla9s4 ,! deva/ation ( =e/s 9 ,russia is a *ief cause :y ! cultivat$ l& is becom+ increas+ly s&y4 #c4--;,*ang$ ,me?ods ( ,f>m+4 ,x is self-und]/ood t ^! great tasks _c be accompli%$ at once2 b ! new society w devote all its /r5g? to ^! & simil> und]tak+s1 s9ce x w be ! av[$ purpose ( ?is new society to p]=m tasks 9 ! int]e/ ( civilization & to p]mit no?+ to int]f]e ) _! p]=mance4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t x w accompli% works ! v ?\ght ( :i* w\ld make pres5t-day society dizzy4 ,measures & in/itutions l ! ones describ$ above w make agriculture mu* m favorable4 ,/ill o!r po9ts are to be consid]$ 9 connection ) ! improv$ me?ods ( f>m+4 ,at pres5t _m squ>e miles ( l& are plann$ ) potatoes to be us$ ma9ly = ! di/ill+ ( :iskey1 :i* is consum$ almo/ exclusively by ! poor & ne$y portion ( ! population4 ,:iskey is ! only /imulant !y c obta91 ! only bani%] ( c>e4 ,b among ! truly civiliz$ p ( ! new society ! consumption ( :iskey w disappe>2 ! soil & ! labor p[] w be employ$ to raise :olesome food4 ,we h already po9t$ to ! cultivation ( sug>-beets & ! manufacture ( sug> = export4 ,9 ,g]many m ?an #djj1jjj hect>es ( l&1 be/ suit$ to ! rais+ ( :eat1 are devot$ to ! cultivation ( sug>-beets1 to supply ,engl&1 ,switz]l&1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 etc41 ) sug>4 ,our /&+ army1 ! scatt]$ me?ods ( production & di/ribution1 ! scatt]$ me?ods ( f>m+1 etc41 make x necess>y to bre$ millions ( horses1 & l>ge areas ( l& are requir$ to pa/ure !m4 ,! ?or\ghly trans=m$ social & political conditions w enable ! new society to utilize mo/ ( ?is l& = agricultural purposes4 ,rec5tly areas ( _m squ>e kilomet]s h be5 )drawn f agriculture1 entire villages h be5 wip$ out1 because ! new long-range fire>ms & ! new me?ods ( combat necessitate drill+-gr\nds on :i* :ole troops may manuvre4 ,su* use w nev] be made ( ! l& 9 ! future4 ,! great realm ( agriculture1 =e/ry & irrigation has already be5 made ! subject ( discussion1 & a consid]able lit]ature exi/s on ! subject4 ,no p>ticul> field has rema9$ unconsid]$4 ,=e/ry1 irrigation & dra9age1 ! rais+ ( gra91 ! cultivation ( vegetables1 fruit1 b]ries1 fl[]s & ornam5tal plants1 ! rais+ ( fodd] = dome/ic animals1 cattle-bre$+1 rais+ ( p\ltry1 fi% & bees1 ! prep>ation ( dung & manure1 ! use ( wa/e mat]ials 9 f>m+ & 9 indu/ry1 *emical exam9ations ( ! soil1 & its prep>ation = "o or ano!r k9d ( crop1 ! nature ( se$s1 rotation ( crops1 f>m implem5ts & ma*9]y1 prop] con/ruction ( f>m-build+s1 conditions ( climate1 etc4--all ^! ?+s h be5 made subjects ( sci5tific discussion & inve/igation4 ,almo/ daily new discov]ies & exp]i5ces lead to improvem5ts along "o l9e or ano!r4 ,s9ce ! rese>*es ( ,?a] & ,j4 v4 ,liebig agriculture has become a sci5ce4 ,inde$ x has become "o ( ! fir/ & =emo/ sci5ces & has atta9$ a degree ( importance t few realms ( productive activity c equal4 ,b if we comp>e ?is trem5d\s progress along all l9es ) ! true /atus ( agriculture1 x mu/ be admitt$ t1 s f>1 only a small fraction ( ! private own]s h be5 able to make use ( ?is progress1 & all only pursue _! private int]e/1 reg>dless ( ! public welf>e4 ,! great majority ( our f>m]s1 we may say ab\t #ii p] c5t4 ( !m1 are q unable to make use ( ! progress & ! advantages (f]$ by sci5ce & by te*nical improvem5ts1 because !y lack ! necess>y means1 or k1 or bo?4 ,"h ! new society w f9d a field t has be5 well prep>$1 bo? !oretically & practically1 & t x w only ne$ to organize to atta9 ! gr&e/ results4 #d4--;,agriculture on a ,l>ge & ,small ,scale4--,electric ,appliances4 ,:ile ev5 among ,sociali/s "s p]sons /ill hold ! op9ion1 t small f>m]s are able to compete ) ! l>ge agricultural ent]prises by means ( _! own ?rift & t ( _! families1 exp]ts h come to hold a diff]5t op9ion4 ,by ov]-ex]tion ! peasant may a*ieve 8 utmo/1 b f ! /&po9t ( a civiliz$ human be+ 8 position is a deplorable "o4 ,no matt] h[ mu* he may a*ieve1 ! mod]n te*nical developm5t & ! sci5ce ( agriculture c a*ieve m4 ,b1 above all1 only by ! appliance ( sci5ce & te*nique does ! peasant atta9 ! full developm5t ( a civiliz$ human be+1 :ile to-day he is ! slave ( 8 prop]ty & ! helot ( 8 cr$itor4 ,! advantages ( f>m+ on a l>ge scale are imm5se4 ,to beg9 )1 ! area t c be utiliz$ is consid]ably enl>g$1 because ! num]\s pa?s & roads & ridges necessitat$ by ! disjo9t$ prop]ties1 disappe>4 ,fifty p]sons1 work+ on a l>ge f>m--reg>dless ( ! m rational implem5ts us$ by !m--c accompli% mu* m ?an #ej p]sons work+ on scatt]$ f>ms4 ,only f>m+ on a l>ge scale makes x possible to comb9e & direct ! =ces s z to obta9 ! be/ results4 ,to ?is mu/ be add$ ! imm5se advantage d]iv$ f ! application ( all k9ds ( ma*9]y1 ! use ( ! produce = indu/rial purposes1 ! m rational me?ods ( cattle & p\ltry bre$+1 etc4 ,electric appliances especially furni% advantages to agriculture t ov]%ad[ e o!r me?od ( cultivation4 ,p4 ,mack#bdj has asc]ta9$ t ! introduction ( ma*9]y l$ to a sav+ ( ov] #ejjj days' labor by horses1 & t a s+le inve/m5t ( #dj1jjj m>ks' capital l$ to a *eap5+ ( ! product ( ov] #ab1jjj m>ks or #dh m>ks p] hect>e4 ,?is computation did n ev5 take into consid]ation ! increase 9 produce f ! introduction ( deep pl\gh+1 or ! m exact cultivation by ma*9]y4#bda ,deep pl\gh+ l$ to an increase ( f #bj to #dj p] c5t4 9 ! cultivation ( gra91 & up to #ej p] c5t4 9 ! cultivation ( potatoes1 turnips1 & ! l4 ,tak+ an av]age ( only #bj p] c5t41 ,mack %[$ t1 on ! f>m "u consid]ation1 ?is meant a ga9 ( #ee4de m>ks p] hect>e2 toge!r ) ! sav+ ref]r$ to above1 ?is made a ga9 ( #ajc4de m>ks p] hect>e4 ,mack po9t$ out t x 0 necess>y to e/abli% a suffici5t numb] ( p[] plants1 :]eby n only all ! ma*9]y employ$ c\ld be set 9 motion1 b heat & light c\ld also be suppli$4 ,by means ( ! electric plants1 ! dwell+s1 /reets1 /ables1 b>ns1 /ore-h\ses & factories c be light$1 & if x %\ld become necess>y1 crops c be reap$ at night4 ,mack calculat$ t1 by ! g5]al introduction ( electricity1 two-?irds ( ! animals employ$ = draw+ & c>ry+ loads 7#a1gda1cjj heads7 might be disp5s$ )1 :i* w\ld imply an annual net pr(it ( #a1jjb1ihi1jjj m>ks4 ,! application ( electricity makes agriculture m & m a purely te*nical1 indu/rial process4 ,! foll[+ compilation %[s ! manifold applicability ( electricity 9 agriculture3#bdb ,! foll[+ c be run by electric motors3 #a4 ,ma*9es t height5 ! gross proce$s3 ,a4 = till+3 se$-assort] & electric pl\ghs4 ,b4 = ! h>ve/3 m[+-ma*9es ) b9d]s2 ma*9es = reap+ potatoes2 irrigation-works4 #b4 ,ma*9es = r$uc+ ! co/ ( production3 ,a4 lift+ ma*9es1 unload+ ma*9es 9 b>ns1 gra9 elevators1 pumps = liquid manure4 ,b4 means ( transportation3 groves1 /raps & bell[s1 field-railways1 sp9dles & cranes4 ,c4 = utilization3 /raw-presses1 corn-mills1 *aff-cutt]s4 #c4 ,ma*9es ( agricultural indu/ry3 ,a4 di/ill]y ma*9es & ma*9es = ! manufacture ( />*2 wat]-pumps = v>i\s purposes4 ,b4 dairy implem5ts3 refrig]ators1 c5trifuges1 *urn]s1 knead]s1 presses1 etc4 ,c4 saw-mills1 circul>-saws & saw-frames4 ,d4 drills1 turn+-la!s1 ma*9es = :eel-mak+4 #d4 ,food-*opp+ ma*9es1 = cattle-bre$+3 *aff-cutt]s1 turnip-*opp]s1 meal1 potato & oat-gr9d]s1 etc42 squeez]s1 wat]-pumps4 ,inve/igations h %[n t ab\t #ae p] c5t4 ( all f>m-labor c be p]=m$ 9 ?is economical way1 by ! aid ( electric motors4 ,! am\nt ( manual labor p[] requir$ = ! ?re%+ & prep>ation ( #ajjj kilograms ( gra9 0 asc]ta9$3 ,numb] ( h\rs requir$4 #a4 ,:5 all ! "w 0 done by h& #ajd #b4 ,:5 small ?ra%+-ma*9es & riddl+ ma*9es 7 employ$ #da4d #c4 ,:5 an electric ?ra%+-ma*9e ( #bj horse p[] 0 employ$ #bf4d #d4 ,:5 a giant electric ?ra%+-ma*9e ) w9n[+ & riddl+ ma*9e1 elevators1 etc4 0 employ$ #aj4e ,!re is no?+ to prev5t ! g5]al introduction ( electric pl\ghs4 ,l ! electric railway1 ! electric pl\gh has already atta9$ a high degree ( developm5t4 ,! heavy & exp5sive /eam-pl\gh c be rationally employ$ only on l>ge areas & = deep pl\gh+4 ,x is especially s]viceable = height5+ ! crops ( potatoes1 etc4 ,b ! electric pl\gh c be us$ equally well = deep & %all[ pl\gh+4 ,x makes x possible to cultivate ! soil on /eep incl9es1 :]e x is difficult to pl\gh ) horses1 or ox5 ev54 ,x is a great labor-sav+ device1 z may be se5 f ! foll[+ comp>ison ( exp5ses = pl\gh+1 :5 horses1 ox51 a /eam-pl\gh & an electric pl\gh 7 us$3 ,co/ p] acre = pl\gh+ numb] ( in*es ( m$ium dep? --------------------------------- #d #f #h #aa #ad ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,horses #b4ej #c4jj #d4bj #g4gj #ac4cj ,ox5 #c4fe #d4fe #e4hj #g4ij #aj4bj ,/eam-pl\gh1 r5t$1 f #f4jj #f4gj #g4fj #i4ae #aj4gj 8 8 8 to #g4ej #h4dj #i4ce #aa4jj #ab4ee 8 8 own$1 f #d4ej #e4jj #e4he #g4cj #h4he 8 8 8 to #f4jj #f4gj #g4fj #i4ae #aj4gj ,electric-pl\gh1 horse p[] #dj #b4gj #c4ee #d4fj #f4be #g4ie 8 8 8 8 #fj #b4fe #c4dj #d4cj #e4gj #g4aj 8 8 8 8 #hj #b4ej #c4ae #c4ij #e4bj #f4ej ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,! simple supply & di/ribution ( electric en]gy1 ! ease & simplicity ) :i* electric ma*9es c be run & kept 9 ord]1 make _! advantages to agriculture p>am\nt1 especially z a ?9 wire suffices to supply ! p[] to ext5sive areas4 ,z ! employm5t ( electric ma*9es w\ld necessitate a network ( electric wires across ! c\ntry1 electric motor-p[] 9 agriculture c\ld easily be comb9$ ) electro-cultivation1 ! direct influ5ce ( electricity on ! gr[? ( plants4 ,dur+ rec5t ye>s plant physiologi/s1 z also practical agriculturi/s1 7 eag]ly engag$ 9 /udy+ ! influ5ce ( electricity on ! gr[? & fructification ( plants1 especially ! v>i\s k9ds ( gra94 ,! task 0 accompli%$ by ! late ,pr(essor ,r4 ,s4 ,lem/roem 7di$ #aijf74 ,he spread a net ( wire across a l>ge area ( cultivat$ gr\nd :i*1 by means ( a batt]y1 he *>g$ ) positive electricity1 :ile ! negative pole rema9$ on ! gr\nd1 & subject$ a field1 or "p ( "o1 to an electric curr5t dur+ its entire p]iod ( vegetation1 :ile an adjac5t field1 :i* 0 "u obs]vation also1 rema9$ un9flu5c$4 ,! exp]im5ts 7 tri$ ^u v>i\s areas ( diff]5t size1 &1 :]ev] c>ri$ out prop]ly1 !y all %[$ ! same favorable results4 ,fir/ly1 ! crop increas$ f #cj to ov] #ajj p] c5t42 secondly1 x rip5$ 9 a %ort] "t1 & ?irdly1 ! quality 0 consid]ably improv$4 ,!re 7 /ill a few practical %ort-com+s connect$ ) ?is me?od1 :i* ,newman1 an ,engli% agriculturi/1 succe$$ 9 remov+4 ,he succe$$ 9 int]e/+ a fam\s ,engli% physici/1 ,oliv] ,lodge1 9 ,lem/roem's me?od4 ,accord+ to rec5t reports f ,lodge ^! exp]im5ts h be5 successively tri$ f #aijf to #aijh2 ! area "u obs]vation has be5 ext5d$ to t5 hect>es1 & x 0 satisfactorily prov5 t ! *>g$ wire net may be spread z high z five met]s above ! gr\nd1 )\t less5+ ! favorable influ5ce ( ! electric curr5t on ! h>ve/4 ,?is altitude makes x possible to drive load$ wagons b5ea? ! wire net & to p]=m all agricultural tasks )\t int]f]5ce1 :ile ,lem/roem's net 0 n to be m ?an #dj c5timet]s above ! plants to be influ5c$ by ! electric curr5t4#bdc ,sev]al mill]s in/itut$ comp>ative bak+ exp]im5ts1 & ! electrifi$ :eat 0 f\nd to make bett] fl\r ?an t :i* _h n be5 electrifi$4 ,s ! new me?od is ripe = be+ successfully introduc$ into agriculture & horticulture4 ,f[l]'s /eam-pl\gh1 ) two comp\nd locomotives1 requires an area ( #ejjj hect>es = its satisfactory application1 :i* is l>g] ?an ! cultivat$ area ( mo/ peasant communities4 ,x has be5 calculat$ t1 if ! soil "u cultivation 9 #ahie _h be5 cultivat$ ) ! application ( all available ma*9]y & all o!r mod]n advantages1 a sav+ ( #afjj million m>ks w\ld h be5 realiz$4 ,accord+ to ,ruhl&#bdd ! successful combat+ ( ! diseases ( gra9 alone w\ld make ! import ( gra9 into ,g]many sup]flu\s4 ,9 8 book on 8,our ,mead[s & ,produce ( ! ,fields10 ,dr4 ,sonn5b]g in=ms u1 t ,bav>ian agriculture suff]s a loss ( #cj p] c5t4 annually1 ow+ to ! spread ( we$s 9 ! fields4 ,on two areas ( #d squ>e met]s ea*1 "o ( :i* 0 full ( we$s1 :ile ! o!r _h be5 kept cle> ( we$s1 ,n[atzki atta9$ ! foll[+ results3 ,/alks4 ,gra9s4 ,crop ( /raw4 ,on ! area ) we$s #baf #ahj #bci grammes ,on ! area free f we$s #dbc #ebh #ajgg grammes ,dr4 v4 ,ruemk]1 ,pr(essor at ! ,agricultural ,in/itute ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,breslau1 decl>es t a c>eful economy ( ! n\ri%m5t ( ! soil is almo/ entirely want+ 9 ,g]many4 ,! cultivation ( ! soil & ! s[+ are done 9 su* a ?\ghtless mann]1 accord+ to old1 acquir$ habits1 & by means ( su* insuffici5t & imp]fect tools1 t ! returns ( all ! labor mu/ rema9 poor & unsatisfactory4 ,he claims t ! ,g]man f>m]s d n ev5 p]=m ! easy task ( rationally assort+ _! se$4 ,pr(essor v4 ,ruemk] %[$ by ! foll[+ table h[ ! h>ve/ c be increas$ p] hect>e by assort+ ! se$3 ,n assort$ ,assort$ ,numb] ( ,:eat furni%$ kilograms kilograms kilogr's m p] hect>e p] hect>e f ass'd se$s ,entire crop #h1jjj #aj1hjj #b1hjj ,gra9 #a1ffh #b1hhe #a1bag ,/raw & *aff #f1ccb #g1iae #a1ehc ,weight 9 hectolit]s ( crop #gg4b #gh4g #a4e ,s1 accord+ to ?is table1 #abjj kilograms m ( corn might be obta9$ p] hect>e by prop]ly assort+ ! se$1 :i*1 valu$ at #ae m>ks p] cwt41 repres5ts a ga9 ( #ahj m>ks4 ,e/imat+ ! co/ ( assort+ #d4dj m>ks p] hect>e at ! mo/1 !re /ill rema9s a cle> ca% pr(it ( #age4fj m>ks p] hect>e = ! gra9 alone1 n c\nt+ ! additional ga9 9 /raw & *aff4 ,by a numb] ( exp]im5tal cultivations1 ,ruemk] fur!rmore asc]ta9$ t by select+ t k9d ( gra9 be/ suit$ to ea* p>ticul> vic9ity1 ! h>ve/s might be increas$ & ! gross receipts improv$1 on an av]age1 z foll[s3 ,rye by #cjj- #gjj kilogr's ( gra9 or by #db- #ih m>ks p] hect>e ,:eat 8 #cjj- #hjj 8 8 8 8 8 #de-abj 8 8 8 ,b>ley 8 #bjj- #gjj 8 8 8 8 8 #cd-aai 8 8 8 ,oats 8 #bjj-abjj 8 8 8 8 8 #bf-aef 8 8 8 ,! ga9 obta9$ f assort+ ! se$ & f a prop] selection ( ! k9d ( :eat tak5 toge!r1 w\ld1 9 ! rais+ ( :eat alone1 increase ! h>ve/ by #aejj to #bjjj kilograms ( gra91 or by #bbj to #bie m>ks p] hect>e4 ,9 a pap] on 8,! ,future ( ,g]man ,agriculture10 x has be5 %[n h[ trem5d\sly all agricultural products c\ld be increas$ by suffici5t & appropriate f]tilization1 by supply+ m9]al manure1 z hypophosphate1 phosphoric acid1 etc4 ,! ,g]man h>ve/ ( :eat might be increas$ on an av]age ( #cf cwts4 p] hect>e1 & ! h>ve/ ( rye by #bd cwts4 p] hect>e4 ,moreov]1 a consid]able portion ( ! l& us$ = ! cultivation ( rye at pres5t1 might1 by prop] manur+1 be us$ = ! cultivation ( :eat1 s t ! av]age h>ve/ ( gra9 = bread--two-fif?s ( :eat1 ?ree-fif?s ( rye--might am\nt to #bh4h cwts4 p] hect>e4 ,aft] ! d$uction ( se$ & ( gra9 ( inf]ior quality1 !re w\ld /ill rema9 #bf cwts4 p] hect>e to fe$ ! nation4 ,! #g4i million hect>es t are plant$ ) :eat & rye at pres5t might be increas$ by an additional #a4e million hect>es ( pa/ure1 fall[-gr\nd1 hea?s & moor-l&1 s t1 ) an av]age crop ( #bf cwts4 p] hect>e & a cultivat$ area ( #i4d million hect>es1 a production ( #bea4ib million cwts4 ( gra9 = bread might be obta9$4 ,) an annual consumption ( #age kilograms = e p]son1 en\gh gra9 = bread c\ld be rais$ to supply ! ne$s ( #add million p]sons4 ,at ! "t ( ! c5sus ( #aijj1 ,g]many _h a population ( approximately #ef1cde1jjj inhabitants1 & ev5 at t "t sci5ce & te*nics 7 suffici5tly f> advanc$ t ! ,g]man soil might h suppli$ a population two & a half times z l>ge ) bread4 ,"u ! pres5t agricultural sy/em1 ) ! scatt]$ private own]%ip ( l&1 ,g]many is oblig$ to import annually ab\t "o-n9? ( its requisite supply ( :eat & rye4 ,if1 "u ! pres5t agricultural sy/em1 simil> quantities 7 to be rais$1 x w\ld mean s great an increase 9 ! co/ ( articles ( food1 t a majority ( ! p c\ld n af=d to buy !m1 & t w\ld n answ] ! purpose4 ,^! results c be obta9$ only by communi/ic me?ods1 :5 c>ri$ out on ! l>ge/ scale2 b ( c\rse ! au?ors quot$ above d n ?9k ( t possibility4 ,accord+ to calculations made by !m1 by means ( an int5sifi$ cultivation ( ! soil1 ! products ( ,g]man agriculture might be increas$ z foll[s3 ,rye & :eat by #ade4a million cwts4 ,potatoes 8 #ddd4j 8 8 ,oats1 b>ley1 peas & beans 8 #gh4g 8 8 ,hay 8 #adf4b 8 8 ,fodd] 8 #aaj4j 8 8 ,turnips 7= cattle7 8 #bbf4j 8 8 ,if we fur!rmore take into consid]ation ! sugge/ions by ,mack1 quot$ above1 %[+ t a v great numb] ( animals = draw+ & c>ry+ loads might be disp5s$ ) by ! introduction ( electric p[]1 we f9d t ! bre$+ ( cattle = n\ri%m5t might be consid]ably increas$1 or t mu* ( ! l& us$ = pa/ure might be plant$ ) food = man4 ,ano!r field ( agricultural activity t might be develop$ to a f> great] ext5t1 is p\ltry bre$+4 ,! value ( eggs import$ by ,g]many annually am\nts to #adi4g million m>ks 7#aijg71 & t ( live p\ltry to ov] #dj million m>ks4 ,! in/itutions = rais+ & bre$+ p\ltry are /ill sadly undevelop$4 ,! conc5trat$ me?ods ( agriculture on a l>ge scale w lead to ! conc5tration ( f>m+ e/abli%m5ts1 su* z /ables1 /ore-h\ses1 ice-h\ses1 fodd] & fe$+2 mu* "t1 labor & mat]ial w be sav$1 & practical advantages w be obta9$ t are inaccessible to small & m$ium-siz$ e/abli%m5ts1 & are b r>ely enjoy$ by l>ge ones4 ,h[ insuffici5t1 = in/ance1 are ! hygi5ic in/itutions 9 mo/ /ables1 h[ inadequate are ! provisions made = ! fe$+ & c>e ( ! cattle & p\ltry6 ,t cleanl9ess1 air & light are z necess>y to animals z to human be+s & h a favorable influ5ce on _! condition1 is a fact kn[n b little among peasants ( ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,x is self-und]/ood t1 by a g5]al dissem9ation & application ( ?is k1 milk1 butt]1 *eese1 eggs1 honey1 meat1 etc41 w be obta9$ "u f> m sanit>y & favorable conditions ?an at pres5t4 ,by a skillful comb9ation & application ( human labor p[] & ma*9]y1 n only ! cultivation ( ! fields1 b also ! reap+ ( ! h>ve/ w be done by ways & means unkn[n to u to-day4 ,! erection ( great halls = %elt] w make x possible to ga!r 9 ! crops dur+ any k9d ( wea!r1 &1 by br++ !m 9 quickly1 ! enorm\s losses w be avoid$ t are s frequ5t n[4 ,accord+ to v4 d4 ,goltz1 dur+ "o s+le unfavorable h>ve/-"t1 #h to #i million m>ks are lo/ on crops 9 ,meckl5burg1 & 9 ! gov]nm5t di/rict ( ,ko5igsb]g1 f #ab to #ae million m>ks4 #bdj ,p4 ,mack ,al?(-,ragnit ,cavalry-,capta9 & ,own] ( ,manorial ,e/ate--,! ,developm5t ( ,agriculture by ,*eap5+ ( ! ,co/ ( ,production4 ,an ,inve/igation ( ! ,s]vice r5d]$ ,agriculture by ,ma*9es & ,electricity4 ,ko5igsb]g1 #aijj4 #bda ,! pack+ into subt]ranean pits 7,campbell7 has become a v significant factor 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,9 "s regions ( ,nor? ,am]ica :]e ra9 is sc>ce1 m>vel\s results h be5 obta9$ by ?is me?od4 #bdb ,kurt ,krohne--,! ,exp&$ ,application ( ,electricity 9 ,agriculture4 ,j\rnal ( ,electrote*nics1 #aijh4 #bdc ,m4 ,breslau]--,! ,influ5ce ( ,electricity on ! gr[? ( plants4 ,j\rnal ( ,electrote*nics1 #aijh4 ,a small plant = purposes ( demon/ration is be+ erect$ ne> ,b]l9 "u ! direction ( ,breslau]4 #bdd ,dr4 ,g4 ,ruhl&--,fundam5tal ,pr9ciples ( ,actual ,agr>ian ,politics4 ,tueb+51 #ahic4 #e4--,v9e-,culture ( ! ,future4 ,! cultivation ( fruit & b]ries & horticulture w also atta9 a degree ( developm5t 9 ! future t hi!rto seem$ almo/ impossible4 ,to :at ext5t ! cultivation ( fruit is /ill neglect$ 9 ,g]many1 al?\gh ! ,g]man climate is p>ticul>ly favorable to ! cultivation ( or*>ds1 especially apple-or*>ds1 may be se5 f ! fact t m ?an #dj million m>ks' wor? ( fre% fruit & m ?an #bj million m>ks' wor? ( dri$ fruit are import$ annually4 ,"o look at ! poor condition ( our fruit-trees 9 ! great] "p ( ,g]many1 ev5 9 c\ntries l ,wurtemb]g1 :i* are fam$ = _! or*>ds1 makes ?is easily und]/ood4 ,"h a wide field pres5ts itself to agricultural & horticultural activity4 ,! cultivation ( b]ries is j begun & pres5ts a no m favorable aspect4 ,by apply+ artificial heat & moi/ure 9 l>ge1 %elt]$ halls1 x becomes possible to raise vegetables1 fruit & b]ries 9 l>ge quantities dur+ any season ( ! ye>4 ,! flori/s' %[-w9d[s 9 our l>ge cities pres5t z gorge\s an array ( fl[]s 9 mid-w9t] z !y d 9 summ]4 ,wond]ful progress 9 ! l9e ( artificial cultivation ( fruit1 is m>k$ by ! artificial 8v9ey>d0 ( ,g>d5-,director ,haupt1 9 ,brieg 9 ,silesia1 :i* has s9ce be5 imitat$ else:]e1 & already _h be5 tri$ 9 o!r c\ntries2 = in/ance1 9 ,engl&4 ,its equipm5t & ! results a*iev$ 7 s entic+ly describ$ 9 ! 8,vossi%e ,gazette10 ( ,septemb] #bg1 #ahij1 t an extract ( ?is description foll[s3 8,! glass-h\se is situat$ ^u an approximately squ>e field ( #ejj squ>e met]s4 ,x is f #d4e to #e met]s high1 & its walls face exactly nor?1 s\?1 ea/ & we/4 ,x conta9s twelve r[s ( d\ble fruit-walls1 runn+ f s\? to nor?1 #a4h met]s ap>t1 :i* at ! same "t s]ve z supports to ! flat ro(4 ,9 a b$ #a4be met]s deep1 re/+ on a bank ( e>? #be c5timet]s /rong1 :i* conta9s a net ( pipes = dra9age & v5tilation ( ! soil1 a b$1 ^: heavy gr\nd has be5 made loose & f]tile by ! introduction ( *alk1 rubbi%1 s&1 manure1 bone-du/ & pota%1 ,mr4 ,haupt plant$ #cfj grapev9es ( ! k9ds t yield ! be/ grape-juice 9 ! ,rh9e ,prov9ce3 ,:ite & r$ ,riessl+ & ,tram9]1 :ite & blue ,moscatelle & ,burgundy4 8,! v5tilation ( ! place is effect$ by sev]al ap]tures 9 ! side walls & by slats #bj met]s long atta*$ to ! ro(1 :i* c be op5$ & clos$ by a lev]1 & af=d protection f ! /orm 9 any position4 ,tw5ty-six %[]s s]ve to wat] ! v9es4 ,!y are atta*$ to rubb] pipes #a4be met]s long t are susp5d$ f a tank above4 ,b ,mr4 ,haupt has introduc$ /ill ano!r truly +5i\s contrivance = quickly & ?or\ghly wat]+ 8 #8w9e-hall' & 8 #8v9ey>ds'3 an artificial g5]ator ( ra94 ,"u ! ro( f\r long copp] tubes are atta*$ t conta9 f9e p]=ations half a met] ap>t4 ,?r\gh ^! p]=ations f9e /reams ( wat] are driv5 upw>d1 /rike small r\nd sieves made ( gauze1 &1 by be+ filt]$ ?r\gh !m1 are scatt]$ 9 f\nta9s ( a f9e spray4 ,x takes sev]al h\rs to wat] ! place ?or\ghly by means ( ! rubb] tubes2 b "o ne$ op5 only "o faucet1 & ?r\gh\t ! build+ a g5tle1 refre%+ ra9 falls d[n ev5ly ^u ! v9es1 ! gr\nd & ! granite walks4 ,)\t any artificial heat+1 only by ! neutral qualities ( ! glass-h\se1 ! temp]ature c be rais$ f #h to #aj degrees ,r4 above ! outside air4 ,9 ord] to protect ! v9es f _! mo/ dang]\s & de/ructive enemy1 ! v9e-l\se1 9 case "o %\ld appe>1 x w suffice to close all ! dra9-pipes & op5 all ! faucets4 ,!reby an inundation ( ! v9es w be caus$ :i*1 z is well kn[n1 ?is enemy _c resi/4 ,! glass walls & ro( protect ! v9ey>d f /orm1 cold1 fro/ & sup]flu\s ra94 ,a f9e wire nett+1 spread ov] ro( & walls1 af=ds protection f hail4 ,! artificial ra9 contrivance is a safegu>d aga9/ dr\ght4 ,! w9e-gr[] 9 su* a v9ey>d makes 8 own wea!r & c mock ! dang]s ( all ! incalculable :ims & trea*]ies ( indiff]5t or cruel nature t ?reat5 ) ru9 ! fruit ( ! w9e-gr[]'s toil & c>e40 ,mr4 ,haupt's expectations 7 fully realiz$4 ,! v9es ?riv$ spl5didly 9 ! ev5 temp]ature4 ,! grapes rip5$ to _! fulle/ p]fection1 & 9 ! fall ( #ahhe yield$ a juice t 0 n inf]ior 9 ri*ness & sweetness to any obta9$ along ! ,rh9e4 ,! grapes ?riv$ equally well 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 & 9 t mo/ unfavorable ye>1 #ahhg4 ,:5 ! v9es h atta9$ _! full height ( five met]s & be> an abundance ( grapes to _! v top1 9 ?is e/abli%m5t ab\t #bj hectolit]s ( w9e c be produc$ annually1 & ! co/ ( w9e p] bottle to ! produc] w n exce$ #dj 8pf5nige0 7#aj c5ts74 ,!re is no reason :y ?is new & mo/ favorable sy/em ( v9e-culture %\ld n be introduc$ on a l>ge scale4 ,glass-h\ses l ?is "o1 cov]+ "o-fif? ( an acre1 c )\t d\bt also be erect$ on areas ( "o acre1 or m1 equipp$ ) ! same contrivances = v5tilation1 dra9age & artificial ra94 ,"h ! vegetation w set 9 "s weeks e>li] ?an 9 ! op5 air1 & dur+ ! "t ( bloom ! "y v9es w be protect$ f ,may-fro/s1 ra9 & cold2 :ile ! grapes rip5 !y w be protect$ f dr\ght1 f pilf]+ birds & ?ieves & excessive moi/ure2 dur+ ! entire ye> !y w be protect$ f ! v9e-l\se1 & ! b]ries w rema9 safely on ! v9e until ,novemb] or ,decemb]4 ,9 an address deliv]$ be=e ! ,society = ! ,advancem5t ( ,horticulture1 9 #ahhh1 f :i* ,i h tak5 sev]al te*nical t]ms 9 ?is description ( ,haupt's 8v9ey>d10 ! inv5tor & f\nd] ( same clos$ ) ! foll[+ allur+ p]spective ( ! future3 8,s9ce ?is v9e-culture c be c>ri$ on ?r\gh\t ,g]many1 also on o!rwise b>r51 s&y or /ony soil 7z1 = in/ance1 9 ! ,m>*71 aft] x has be5 made arable & wat]$1 x becomes evid5t t v9e-culture "u glass becomes a matt] ( national int]e/4 ,i w\ld l to call ?is me?od ! v9e-culture ( ! future40 ,! au?or !n describ$ h[ ! w9e obta9$ =m ! grapes _h met ) ! highe/ approval ( exp]ts1 & add$3 8,! v9ey>d also left suffici5t room = ! cultivation ( o!r plants4 ,?us ,mr4 ,haupt1 betwe5 e two v9es raises "o rose-bu%1 :i* pres5ts a weal? ( bloom dur+ ,april & ,may4 ,on ! ea/]n & we/]n walls he also raises pea*es1 & dur+ ,april _! luxuriant blossoms mu/ imp>t to ?is glass palace a fairy-l appe>ance40 ,rec5tly ,belgium has be/[$ special att5tion ^u ?is me?od ( fruit-culture4 ,b 9 ,g]many also x is be+ ext5sively appli$1 = in/ance1 9 rais+ p9eapples4 ,no?+ w prev5t ! e/abli%m5t ( simil> hot-h\se plantations = v>i\s k9ds ( plants1 s t1 ) _m products ( ! soil1 we may enjoy ! luxury ( a d\ble or ?reefold h>ve/4 ,at pres5t ^! und]tak+s are prim>ily a "q ( pr(it1 & _! products are enjoy$ only by ! favor$ few4 ,b 9 ,sociali/ic society ! only "q w be :e!r suffici5t labor-p[] is obta9able4 ,?is be+ ! case ! task w be accompli%$ to ! common advantage ( all4 #f4--,measures to ,prev5t ,exhau/ion ( ! ,soil4 ,s we see t1 ev5 "u pres5t-day conditions1 a ?or\gh trans=mation 9 ! me?ods ( procur+ food is tak+ place4 ,b ! utilization ( all ^! discov]ies is extremely sl[1 because p[]ful classes--! agr>ians & _! social & political support]s--are pr(\ndly int]e/$ 9 suppress+ !m4 ,al?\gh 9 spr+ weekly pray]s are (f]$ up 9 all *ur*es = a good crop1 individual memb]s ( ! congregations may feel l t pi\s man :o implor$ 8 patron sa9t3 8,/4 ,florian1 protect my h\se1 set o!rs on fire60 ,= if ! crops turn out well 9 all c\ntries ! prices are l[]$1 & ?is possibility is dread$ by agr>ians4 ,:at is advantage\s to o!rs is h>mful to him1 & !re=e he is a sil5t oppon5t ( e discov]y or inv5tion t b5efits o!rs besides himself4 ,our society dwells 9 con/ant discord ) itself4 ,9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! soil 9 a f]tile condition & to improve x1 suffici5t manure is ess5tial4 ,to obta9 same w be an important task = ! new society also4#bde ,manure is to ! fields :at food is to man1 & j z n e k9d ( food is equally n\ri%+ to man1 s n e k9d ( manure is ( equal value to ! soil4 ,! gr\nd mu/ be giv5 exactly ! same *emical sub/ances t h be5 )drawn f x by ! reap+ ( a crop1 & su* *emical sub/ances1 z are requir$ = ! cultivation ( a c]ta9 k9d ( plant1 mu/ be introduc$ 9 l>ge quantities4 ,!re=e ! /udy ( *emi/ry & its practical application w develop to an ext5t unkn[n to-day4 ,n[ animal & human excrem5ts conta9 ! v *emical sub/ances t are suit$ to ! cultivation ( human food4 ,!re=e x is important to obta9 & prop]ly di/ribute !m4 ,little is done 9 ?is respect at pres5t4 ,especially ! cities & indu/rial c5t]s1 :i* receive l>ge quantities ( food1 return v little ( ! valuable (fal to ! soil4 ,z a result ! f>ms t are situat$ f> f ! cities & indu/rial c5t]s & t annually %ip ! great] "p ( _! products into ^!1 suff] f want ( manure4 ,(t5 ! (fal obta9able on ! f>ms does n suffice1 because ! human be+s & animals f :i* x is obta9$ h consum$ only a small portion ( ! crops4 ,s an exhau/ion ( ! soil w\ld be sure to take place1 unless ! want ( natural manure 7 made up = by artificial manure4 ,all c\ntries t export agricultural products & receive no manure 9 return1 w soon] or lat] be ru9$ by ! impov]i%m5t ( _! soil4 ,?is is ! case ) ,hung>y1 ,russia1 ! ,danubian pr9cipalities1 etc4 ,9 ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 ,liebig solv$ 8 !ory ( ! reproduction ( sub/ance = arable soil1 :i* l$ to ! use ( conc5trat$ manure4 ,s*ultze-,lupitz prov$ t c]ta9 plants1 al?\gh n giv5 manure conta9+ nitrog51 /ill add$ nitrog5 to ! soil1 a ph5om5on t 0 expla9$ lat] by ,hellriegel4 ,he %[$ t ! millions ( bacilli1 act+ on c]ta9 legum9\s plants1 obta9 ! nitrog5 = ! n\ri%m5t ( ! plant directly f ! air4#bdf ,*emi/ry con/itutes "o phase ( mod]n1 sci5tific agriculture1 & bact]iology con/itutes ! o!r4 ,9 its deposits ( pota%1 ,?omas-slag1 hypophosphate & phosphoric acid1 ,g]many possesses a numb] ( inexhau/ible s\rces ( m9]al manure4 ,a prop] application ( ^!1 comb9$ ) an appropriate till+ ( ! soil1 makes possible a production ( enorm\s quantities ( food4 ,an idea ( ! importance ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( artificial manure may be ga9$ f ! foll[+ figures3 ,dur+ #aijf ,g]many consum$ ab\t #cjj million m>ks' wor? ( artificial manure4 ,among ^! 7 sulphate ( ammonia = #eh4c millions2 nitrate ( soda = #abj1 & ! re/ 0 exp5d$ = ,?omas-slag1 hypophosphate1 pota%1 guano1 etc4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! f]tiliz]s are ! ones conta9+ nitrog54 ,! great importance ( ?is sub/ance may be se5 f ! foll[+3 ,inve/igations made by ,wagn] %[$ t crops ( oats f a field 9 ,hessia dim9i%$ by #ag p] c5t4 :5 !re 0 a de>? ( phosphoric acid2 by #ai p] c5t4 :5 !re 0 a de>? ( pota%1 & by #hi p] c5t4 :5 !re 0 a de>? ( nitrog54 ,! net pr(its = "o ye> p] hect>e 73 ,:5 ! f]tiliz] conta9$ all ! ne$ful +r$i5ts1 #if m>ks2 :5 ! pota% 0 omitt$1 #fb m>ks2 :5 phosphoric acid 0 omitt$1 #dh m>ks2 :5 nitrog5 0 omitt$1 #e m>ks4 ,x has be5 calculat$ t if ,g]many w\ld d\ble its nitrog5-manure1 x c\ld produce n only suffici5t gra9 & potatoes to supply ! dem&s ( its own population1 b c\ld also export consid]able quantities4 ,& ! *ief s\rces ( ?is valuable manure1 ! deposits ( nitrate soda 9 ,*ili1 l ! deposits ( guano1 are rapidly be+ us$ up1 :ile ! dem& = nitrog5 prep>ations con/antly increases 9 ,g]many1 ,france1 ,engl&1 &1 dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica also4 ,z e>ly z #ahii ! ,engli% *emi/1 ,william ,crookes1 prop\nd$ ?is "q & designat$ x z "o ( great] importance ?an ! possibility ( proximate exhau/ion ( ! ,briti% coal m9es4 ,he !re=e reg>d$ x to be "o ( ! mo/ important tasks ( *emi/ry to manufacture nitrog5 f]tiliz]s f ! trem5d\s nitrog5 res]voir ( ! atmosph]e4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! quantity ( air cov]+ "o squ>e c5timet] ( gr\nd1 weighs approximately #a kilogram1 & t f\r-fif?s ( x are nitrog54 ,f ?is may be calculat$ t ! nitrog5 conta9$ 9 ! atmosph]e ( ! e>?1 am\nts1 9 r\nd figures1 to #djjj million tons4 ,! pres5t annual consumption ( nitrate ( soda is1 9 r\nd figures1 #cjj1jjj tons4 ,s ev5 if ! nitrog5 9 ! atmosph]e 7 n replac$1 x w\ld suffice to supply ! dem& ( ! entire e>? dur+ #ad1jjj million ye>s4 ,?is problem has be5 practically solv$4 ,9 #ahii1 ,a4 ,frank & ,n4 ,c>o produc$ cyanide ( potassium t conta9s f #ad to #bb p] c5t4 ( nitrog54 ,! new f]tiliz] has be5 introduc$ ^u ! m>ket "u ! "n ( calc>e\s nitrog54 ,b ,frank's & ,c>o's me?od is n ! only "o4 ,9 #aijc ! ,norwegians1 ,c4 ,birkel& & ,s4 ,eyde1 succe$$ 9 trans=m+ ! atmosph]ic nitrog5 into nitric acid by combu/ion1 by means ( electricity4 ,?is second me?od furni%es a product t is equal to ,*ili nitrate ( soda 9 e respect & ev5 sup]ior to x = c]ta9 k9ds ( soil4 ,9 #aije ,otto ,s*o5h]r succe$$ 9 f9d+ a me?od /ill sup]ior to t ( ,birkel& & ,eyde4 ,=1 besides ! electric p[]1 only ! *eape/ mat]ials are requir$1 i4 e41 wat] & lime/one4 ,s agriculture has be5 giv5 a new f]tiliz] t c be obta9$ by a purely te*nical indu/rial process1 & has an unlimit$ supply at its disposal4#bdg ,accord+ to ,a4 ,muell]1 a heal?y adult secretes annually on an av]age ( #dh4e kilograms ( solid & #dc4h kilograms ( liquid matt]4 ,e/imat$ by ! pres5t prices ( manure1 ^! mat]ials repres5t a value ( ab\t #e4ae m>ks4 ,! great difficulty 9 fully utiliz+ ?is mat]ial lies 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( l>ge & appropriate contrivances = collect+ same & 9 ! high co/ ( transportation4 ,a great portion ( ! excrem5ts f ! cities is conduct$ into our riv]s & /reams & pollutes !m4 ,9 ! same way1 ! (fal & refuse f kit*5s & indu/rial e/abli%m5ts t might also be us$ = manure1 are usually c>elessly wa/$4 ,! new society w f9d ways & means to prev5t ?is wa/e4 ,x w solve ! problem m easily1 because ! l>ge cities w gradually cease to exi/ ow+ to ! dec5tralization ( ! population4 #bde ,!re is a recipe = ! f]tility ( fields & ! et]nal duration ( _! crops2 if prop]ly appli$ x w prove m remun]ative ?an any t has ev] be5 resort$ to by agriculture4 ,x is ! foll[+3 ,e f>m] :o takes a bag ( gra9 or a hundr$-weight ( rape1 c>rots1 potatoes1 etc4 to m>ket %all1 l ! ,*9ese coolie1 br+ back ) him z mu*1 if possible m1 ( ! +r$i5ts ( 8 products ( ! soil & %all give !m back to ! field f :i* he has tak5 !m4 ,he %all n despise a potatoe peal or a blade ( /raw1 b %all rememb] t "o ( 8 potatoes ne$s ! peal & "o ( 8 e>s ( corn ! blade4 ,8 exp5se = ?is import is slight & ! inve/m5t is sure2 no sav+s bank is saf]1 & no capital w br+ a high] rate ( int]e/4 ,! surface ( 8 field w br+ =? ! d\ble am\nt 9 t5 ye>s4 ,he w produce m corn1 m meat & m *eese )\t sp5d+ m "t or p]=m+ m labor1 & he w n be 9 con/ant anxiety seek+ new & unkn[n means to keep 8 field f]tile by o!r me?ods4 ,old bones1 soot & a%es1 ! blood ( animals & all k9ds ( (fal %\ld be collect$ 9 e/abli%m5ts erect$ = ?is purpose & prep>$ = %ipm5t4 ,! adm9i/rative & police (ficials 9 ! cities %\ld see to x t by an appropriate arrangem5t ( dra9s & cess-pools ?is wa/e ( mat]ial is avoid$4 ,liebig--8,*emical ,lett]s10 ,leipsic & ,heidelb]g1 #ahfe4 #bdf ,g]man ,agriculture at ! ,close ( ! ,c5tury4 ,address deliv]$ by ,dr4 ,max ,delbrueck at ! ,royal ,academy ( ,agriculture1 on ,janu>y #ab1 #aijj4 #bdg ,accord+ to ,pr(4 ,b]n?s5 on sulphuric acid ( ! atmosph]e4 ,lecture deliv]$ at ! sev5? int]national congress 9 ,london4--,j\rnal ( ,appli$ ,*emi/ry1 #aiji4 #g4--,removal ( ! ,contra/ betwe5 ,city & ,c\ntry4 ,no "o c adjudge our mod]n l>ge cities a heal?y product4 ,! prevail+ economic & indu/rial sy/em con/antly attracts great masses ( ! population to ! cities4#bdh ,!y are ! *ief seats ( indu/ry & comm]ce1 & !re all ! highways ( traffic conv]ge4 ,!re ! own]s ( great =tunes reside1 & !re ! civil1 judicial & milit>y au?orities are locat$4 ,9 ! cities are f\nd ! great in/itutions ( le>n+1 ! academies ( art1 ! places ( enjoym5t & recreation1 exhibitions1 museums1 !atres1 conc]t-halls1 etc4 ,?\s&s are attract$ by _! occupations1 ?\s&s by pleasure1 & ?\s&s ( o!rs by ! hope ( great] ga9 & a m pleasant life4 ,b ?is =mation ( great cities1 figuratively speak+1 rem9ds "o ( a man ^: gir? is con/antly increas+ :ile 8 legs are con/antly gr[+ lean]1 until !y c no long] c>ry ! load4 ,9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ^! cities all ! villages assume an urban "* also1 & "h ! prolet>ians flock toge!r4 ,^! usually poor municipalities mu/ tax _! memb]s to ! utmo/ & /ill are unable to meet all dem&s4 ,:5 !y h f9ally ext5d$ close to ! l>ge city !y are swall[$ up by x1 z a planet t has come too close to ! sun4 ,b !reby ! conditions ( life are n improv$4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y become m unfavorable by ! cr[d+ ( masses 9 conge/$ dwell+s4 ,^! ga!r+s ( masses are necess>y 9 pres5t-day developm5t &1 to a c]ta9 degree1 =m ! c5t]s ( revolution2 b 9 ! new society !y w h accompli%$ _! purpose4 ,_! gradual dissolution w be inevitable1 = !n ! contr>y w take place4 ,! population w migrate f ! l>ge cities to ! c\ntry1 w =m new communities adapt$ to ! *ang$ conditions1 & w comb9e indu/rial & agricultural activity4 ,z soon z ! urban population1 z a result ( ! developm5t ( ! means ( transportation1 me?ods ( production1 etc41 is enabl$ to transf] to ! c\ntry all its accu/om$ requirem5ts ( culture1 its in/itutions ( le>n+1 museums1 !at]s1 conc]t-halls1 libr>ies1 social c5t]s1 etc41 ! migration w beg94 ,life w (f] all ! advantages ( ! =m] l>ge city )\t its disadvantages4 ,! dwell+s w be f> m sanit>y & pleasant4 ,! rural population w p>ticipate 9 indu/ry1 & ! indu/rial population w p>ticipate 9 agriculture & horticulture1 a v>iety ( occupations t only a few p]sons c enjoy at pres5t1 & only by excessively long & h>d labor4 ,z on all o!r fields1 ! b\rgeois _w is pav+ ! way = ?is developm5t1 z ea* ye> a great] numb] ( indu/rial e/abli%m5ts are transf]r$ to ! c\ntry4 ,! unfavorable conditions prevail+ 9 ! l>ge cities1 high r5ts & high wages1 compel _m manufactur]s to transf] _! e/abli%m5ts to rural di/ricts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! l>ge l&[n]s are becom+ indu/riali/s 7manufactur]s ( sug>1 di/ill]s1 brew]s1 manufactur]s ( cem5t1 e>!nw>e1 bricks1 woodwork1 pap]1 etc47 ,ev5 to-day t5s ( ?\s&s ( p]sons :o "w 9 ! l>ge cities h _! homes 9 ! suburbs1 because ! improv$ means ( transportation enable !m to live 9 ?is mann]4 ,by ! dec5tralization ( ! population ! pres5t contra/ betwe5 urban & rural population w be remov$4 ,! peasant1 ?is mod]n helot1 :o1 until n[1 9 8 isolation 9 ! c\ntry1 has be5 exclud$ f all mod]n cultural developm5t1 w !n become a civiliz$ be+#bdi 9 ! fulle/ s5se ( ! ^w4 ,! wi% once express$ by ,pr9ce ,bism>ck1 t he might see ! l>ge cities de/roy$1 w be fulfill$1 b 9 a diff]5t s5se ?an he anticipat$4#bej #bdh ,accord+ to ! c5sus ( ,june #ab1 #aijg1 ,g]many _h #bd l>ge cities ) m ?an #ajj1jjj inhabitants ea*4 ,9 #ahaf1 !re 7 only two cities 9 ,g]many hav+ m ?an #ajj1jjj inhabitants4 ,9 #ahga1 !re 7 only #h ( !m4 ,! population ( ,b]l9 01 approximately1 #hbf1jjj 9 #ahga2 #a1hhj1jjj 9 #aijj2 #b1jdj1adh 9 #aije4 ,s its population _h increas$ by #adg p] c5t4 9 #cd ye>s4 8,great] ,b]l90 _h #hge1cbh inhabitants 9 #ahga1 & #b1dfi1jji inhabitants 9 #aijj4 ,9 #aijg1 #db l>ge cities _h #aa1gij1jjj inhabitants1 & _! proportion to ! entire population n[ am\nts to1 approximately1 #ai p] c5t4 ,a numb] ( ^! l>ge cities f\nd x necess>y to admit into _! municipalities a numb] ( ! suburban factory t[ns t1 accord+ to _! population1 7 cities 9 !mselves1 & s !y grew 9 leaps & b\nds4 ,dur+ ! p]iod f #ahie to #aije1 ,leipsic increas$ f #agj1jjj to #ejc1fgb inhabitants2 ,cologne f #afa1jjj to #dbh1gbb2 ,magdeburg f #aad1jjj to #bdj1fcc2 ,muni* f #bgj1jjj to #ech1ihc2 ,breslau f #bii1jjj to #dgj1ijd2 ,frank=t on ! ,ma9 f #aed1jjj to #ccd1igh2 ,hannov] f #adj1jjj to #bej1jbd2 ,duesseldorf f #aae1jjj to #bec1bgd2 ,nuremb]g f #aae1jjj to #bid1dbf2 ,*emnitz f #aaa1jjj to #bid1ibg2 ,ess5 f #fe1jgd to #bci1fib1 etc4 #bdi ,pr(essor ,adolf ,wagn] says 9 8 8,text-book ( ,political ,economy by ,rau0 t has be5 previ\sly quot$3 8,! small f>ms con/itute an economic basis t _c be replac$ by any o!r in/itution = a v important "p ( ! population1 an indep5d5t1 self-su/a9+ peasantry & its peculi> socio-political position & function40 ,if ! au?or w\ld n idealize ! small f>m] 8 t\t prix0 to please 8 cons]vative fri5ds1 he w\ld h to recognize ! small f>m] z ! poore/ ( be+s4 ,"u exi/+ conditions ! small f>m] is almo/ inaccessible to a high] culture4 ,he works h>d f dawn till d>kness & lives l a dog4 ,meat1 butt]1 eggs1 milk t he produces are n consum$ by him2 he produces = o!rs4 ,"u exi/+ conditions he _c atta9 a high] /atus ( life & s becomes an elem5t detrim5tal to ! progress ( civilization4 ,he :o likes retrogression because x s]ves 8 own ends1 may desire ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ?is social /ratum1 b human progress dem&s t x %\ld cease to exi/4 #bej ,9 ! ,union ,p>liam5t at ,erfurt1 9 #ahej1 ,pr9ce ,bism>ck rag$ aga9/ ! l>ge cities because !y 7 8hot-b$s ( revolution0 & %\ld !re=e be demoli%$4 ,he 0 "r4 ,9 ! mod]n prolet>iat b\rgeois society produces its own 8grave-digg]s40 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,abolition ( ! ,/ate4 ,:5 we review :at has be5 set =? s f>1 we f9d t1 ) ! abolition ( ! private own]%ip ( ! means ( production1 & _! trans=mation into social prop]ty1 ^? evils gradually disappe> t b\rgeois society pres5ts on all sides1 & :i* are becom+ m & m unbe>able4 ,class rule w cease4 ,society w apply all its activities accord+ to its own plans1 & w guide & control itself4 ,by abolition ( ! wage sy/em1 ! exploitation ( man by man1 deception & fraud1 adult]ation ( food1 speculation1 etc41 w be eradicat$4 ,! halls ( ! ,temples ( ,mammon w be empty1 = /ocks1 bonds1 promissory notes1 mortgages1 etc41 w h become wa/e-pap]4 ,! words ( ,s*ill]3 8,all old scores %all be eras$ & ! _w %all make its peace10 w be realiz$1 & ! scriptural say+3 8,9 ! sweat ( ?y br[ %alt ?\ eat ?y bread10 w !n prevail ) ! h]oes ( ! /ock-ex*ange & ! drones ( capitalism1 also4 ,! employ]s & capitali/s w be reliev$ =ev] ( t worry ab\t _! prop]ty :i*1 s !y pa!tically assure u1 is (t5 ev5 h>d] to be> ?an ! work+man's lot ( unc]ta9ty & privation4 ,! excitem5ts ( speculation1 t give s _m ( our /ock-jobb]s he>t-diseases & apoplexy1 & cause !m to be ! victims ( n]v\s pro/ration1 w be sp>$ !m 9 ! future4 ,fre$om f c>e w be _! lot & t ( _! desc5dants1 & !y w n deplore ?is lot4 ,) ! abolition ( private prop]ty & class antagonism1 ! /ate1 too1 w gradually pass out ( exi/5ce4 8,z ! capitali/ic me?od ( production conv]ts ev] great] numb]s ( ! population into prolet>ians1 x creates ! p[] t1 "u p5alty ( its own de/ruction1 is de/9$ to br+ ab\t ! trans=mation4 ,s9ce its t5d5cies are to conv]t into /ate prop]ty ! socializ$ means ( production1 x blazes ! trail = ! a*ievem5t ( ?is trans=mation4444 8,! /ate 0 ! (ficial repres5tative ( society z a :ole1 its unification 9 a visible body2 b x 0 ?is only 9 s f> z x 0 ! /ate ( t p>ticul> class :i* itself repres5t$ society z a :ole at its "t2 9 antiquity1 ! slave-own+ citiz52 9 m$ival days1 ! feudal nobility2 9 our own day1 ! b\rgeoisie4 ,by f9ally becom+ ! actual repres5tative ( society z a :ole1 x r5d]s itself sup]flu\s4 ,z soon z !re w be no social class t ne$s to be repress$1 z soon z ! conflicts & excesses w be remov$ t are root$ 9 ! pres5t an>*i/ic me?ods ( production & ! individual /ruggle = exi/5ce1 !re w be no?+ to necessitate a special p[] ( repression1 a /ate4 ,! fir/ act :]e9 ! /ate w appe> z ! true repres5tative ( ! :ole body social--! act ( tak+ possession ( ! means ( production 9 behalf ( society--w at ! same "t be its la/ indep5d5t act z /ate4 ,/ate int]f]5ce ) social relations w become sup]flu\s 9 "o doma9 aft] ano!r & w f9ally fall into disuse4 ,in/ead ( a gov]nm5t ( p]sons1 !re w be an adm9i/ration ( ?+s & a direction ( ! processes ( production4 ,! /ate w n be #8aboli%$1' x w die out40#bea ,toge!r ) ! /ate w vani% its repres5tatives3 m9i/]s1 p>liam5ts1 /&+ armies1 police1 c\rts1 lawy]s & di/rict attorneys1 prison (ficials1 collectors ( taxes & duty2 9 %ort1 ! entire political app>atus4 ,armories & o!r milit>y build+s1 palaces ( ju/ice & adm9i/ration1 prisons1 etc41 w !n s]ve bett] purposes4 ,t5s ( ?\s&s ( laws1 decrees & regulations w become j s mu* wa/e-pap]2 _! only value w be an hi/orical "o4 ,! great & yet s petty p>liam5t>y /ruggles1 dur+ :i* ! m5 ( ! tongue imag9e t by _! orations !y rule & guide ! _w1 w disappe>4 ,!y w make room = colleges ( adm9i/ration & adm9i/rative delegations1 ^: purpose w be to consid] & det]m9e ! be/ means & me?ods ( production & di/ribution1 to decide h[ l>ge a quantity ( supplies is requir$1 to introduce & utilize new appliances & improvem5ts 9 art1 sci5ce1 education1 traffic1 etc41 to organize & direct indu/ry & agriculture4 ,all ^! are practical1 visible1 tangible objects t w be objectively view$ by all1 because no "o w h any p]sonal int]e/s ho/ile to ! int]e/s ( society4 ,x w be to ! common int]e/ ( all to h ev]y?+ provid$ = & arrang$ 9 ! mo/ effective & advantage\s mann]4 ,! hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( =m] repres5tatives ( ! /ate w ent] v>i\s pr(essions1 & by _! intellig5ce & /r5g? w help to increase ! weal? & com=ts ( society4 ,nei!r political nor common crimes w be kn[n 9 ! future4 ,?ieves w h disappe>$1 because private prop]ty w h disappe>$1 & 9 ! new society ev]yone w be able to satisfy 8 wants easily & conv5i5tly by "w4 ,nor w !re be tramps & vagabonds1 = !y are ! product ( a society f\nd$ on private prop]ty1 &1 ) ! abolition ( ?is in/itution1 !y w cease to exi/4 ,murd]8 ,:y8 ,no "o c enri* himself at ! exp5se ( o!rs1 & ev5 ! murd] = hatr$ or rev5ge is directly or indirectly connect$ ) ! social sy/em4 ,p]jury1 false te/imony1 fraud1 !ft ( inh]itance1 fraudul5t failures8 ,!re w be no private prop]ty aga9/ :i* ^! crimes c\ld be committ$4 ,arson8 ,:o %\ld f9d pleasure or satisfaction 9 committ+ arson :5 society has remov$ all cause = hatr$8 ,c\nt]feit+8 ,money w be b a *im]a1 x w\ld be 8loves labor lo/40 ,blasphemy8 ,nons5se6 ,x w be left to good & almighty ,god himself to puni% :oev] has (f5d$ him1 provid$ t ! exi/5ce ( ,god is /ill a matt] ( controv]sy4 ,?us all ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! pres5t 8ord]0 become a my?4 ,9 lat] days p>5ts w tell _! *ildr5 ab\t !m l ab\t leg5ds ( days gone by2 &1 :5 told ( ! p]secutions to :i* m5 ( ! new ideas 7 subject$1 !y w be impress$ by ^! acc\nts j z we are impress$ by ! acc\nts ( ! burn+s ( h]etics & wit*es4 ,all ! names ( ^? 8great0 m5 :o di/+ui%$ !mselves by _! p]secutions ( ! new ideas & 7 applaud$ = x by _! n>r[-m9d$ contempor>ies1 w be =gott54 ,at be/ !y w only attract ! att5tion ( ! hi/orians engag$ 9 ! rese>* ( old docum5ts4 ,un=tunately we are n yet liv+ 9 t happy age :5 humanity may brea! freely4 #bea ,fr4 ,engels--,mr4 ,eug5 ,duehr+'s ,trans=mation ( ,sci5ce4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahid4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,! ,future ( ,religion4 ,z ) ! /ate1 s x w be ) religion4 ,x w n be 8aboli%$10 ,god w n be 8de?ron$10 p w n be 8robb$ ( _! fai?10 z all ! fooli% argum5ts are word$ t are direct$ aga9/ a!i/ic ,sociali/s4 ,su* follies ,sociali/s leave to b\rgeois ideali/s :o attempt$ su* measures dur+ ! ,fr5* ,revolution &1 ( c\rse1 fail$ utt]ly4 ,)\t any =cible attack or expression ( op9ions1 ( :atev] nature !y may be1 ! religi\s organizations w gradually disappe> & ! *ur*es ) !m4 ,religion is ! transc5d5tal reflection ( ! social condition ( e age4 ,9 ! measure 9 :i* human developm5t progresses & society is trans=m$1 religion is trans=m$ likewise4 8,religion10 says ,m>x1 8is ! /riv+ ( ! p = an imag9>y happ9ess2 x spr+s f a /ate ( society t requires an illusion1#beb b disappe>s :5 ! recognition ( true happ9ess & ! possibility ( its realization p5etrates ! masses40 ,x is to ! int]e/ ( ! rul+ classes to prev5t ?is recognition1 & s !y seek to uphold religion z a means = pres]v+ _! rule4 ,?is is cle>ly express$ 9 ! well-kn[n say+3 8,religion mu/ be pres]v$ = ! p40 ,?is bus9ess ( pres]v+ religion = ! p becomes an important (ficial function 9 a society f\nd$ on class-rule4 ,a ca/e is =m$ t assumes ?is function & conc5trates all its +5uity ^u ma9ta9+ & exp&+ ! /ructure1 = ?is means ! ma9t5ance & expansion ( _! own p[] & au?ority4 ,at ! l[e/ /ages ( civilization1 among primitive social conditions1 religion is m]e feti*ism4 ,) a high] developm5t religion becomes poly!ism1 & at a /ill high] /age1 x becomes mono!ism4 ,x is n ! gods :o h creat$ man1 b man :o has creat$ ! gods1 or ,god4 8,9 ! image ( himself 7man7 he creat$ him 7,god702 n vice-v]sa4 ,ev5 n[ mono!ism has dissolv$ itself into an all-compris+1 all-p5etrat+ pan!ism t is con/antly becom+ m volatile4 ,sci5ce has r$uc$ ! doctr9e ( creation ( ! e>? 9 six days to a my?4 ,a/ronomy1 ma!matics & physics make heav5 a phantom4 ,!y make ( ! />s 9 heav5 on :i* angels are en?ron$1 suns & planets t preclude angelic exi/5ce4 ,! rul+ class1 see+ its exi/5ce ?reat5$1 cl+s to religion1 ! support ( all au?ority1 z e rul+ class has done4#bec ,! b\rgeoisie itself does n believe1 & by its entire developm5t & by mod]n sci5ce t sprang f its lap1 x has de/roy$ ! fai? 9 religion & 9 all au?ority4 ,_! belief is hypocrisy1 b ! ,*ur* accepts ! support ( ?is false fri5d1 because x is sorely 9 ne$ ( aid itself4 8,religion mu/ be pres]v$ = ! p40 ,= ! new society no consid]ations w exi/4 ,un9t]rupt$ human progress & unadult]at$ sci5ce w be its device4 ,if "s "o %\ld h religi\s ne$s1 he may satisfy !m ) ^? :o %>e 8 belief4 ,society w pay no att5tion to !m4 ,ev5 ! prie/ mu/ "w to live1 & z he w improve 8 m9d by "w1 ! "t w come :5 ev5 he w recognize t x is our highe/ de/9y to be human4 ,e?ics & morality exi/ ev5 )\t religion4 ,only fools or hypocrites w\ld ass]t ! contr>y4 ,e?ics & morality are ! expression ( conceptions t regulate ! actions & mutual relations ( m51 :ile religion comprises ! relations ( m5 to sup]natural be+s4 ,b1 l religion1 our moral conceptions1 too1 arise f prevail+ social conditions4#bed ,! cannibal consid]s x moral to eat human fle%4 ,greeks & ,romans reg>d$ slav]y z a moral in/itution4 ,s]fdom seem$ moral to ! feudal lords ( ! middle ages1 & ! mod]n capitali/ deems wage-slav]y1 ! exploitation ( wom5 & ! demoralization ( *ildr5 by indu/rial labor1 a highly moral condition4#bee ,^! f\r /ages ( social evolution pres5t f\r diff]5t conceptions ( morality1 b 9 none ( !m does ! highe/ moral conception prevail4 ,! highe/ moral condition is "o 9 :i* all human be+s w be free & equal2 x is "o 9 :i* ! pr9ciple1 8d unto o!rs z y w\ld h o!rs d unto y10 w dom9ate all human relations4 ,9 ! middle ages a man's p$igree 0 ! decisive factor2 at ! pres5t "t 8 social /atus is det]m9$ by 8 weal?2 9 ! future e human be+ w be valu$ = 8 own true wor?1 & ! future lies ) ,socialism4 #beb ,k>l ,m>x--8,critic ( ! ,philosophy ( ,law by ,hegel40 #bec ,! foll[+ utt]ance by ,ari/otle %[s ! op9ion ( ! anci5ts on ?is subject3 8,! tyrant 79 anci5t ,greece e autocrat 0 call$ a tyrant7 mu/ appe> to take religion v s]i\sly4 ,= if ! subjects believe _! rul] to be pi\s & ,god-fe>+ !y d n expect unlawful treatm5t at 8 h&s2 on ! o!r h& !y w n readily turn aga9/ him = !y believe t he has ! support ( ! gods40 ,ari/otle--8,politics40 8,! ,pr9ce mu/ possess noble human qualities or1 at lea/1 mu/ seem to possess !m4444 ,he mu/ especially appe> v pi\s1 extremely religi\s4444 ,?\gh "s w p5etrate 8 guise1 !y w ma9ta9 sil5ce on ! subject2 = ! maje/y ( ! /ate protects ! ,pr9ce & by means ( ?is protection he may betray ! opposite qualities if 8 advantage %\ld require x4 ,because he appe>$ pi\s :5ev] 8 piety did n int]f]e ) 8 int]e/s1 ! majority ( 8 subjects w consid] him an honorable man1 ev5 :5 he acts contr>y to ! maxims ( fai? & religion4 ,!re=e ! ,pr9ce %all c>efully cultivate wor%ip & *ur* affairs40 ,mac*iavelli 9 8 fam\s book1 8,! ,pr9ce40 #bed ,see ,k4 ,kautsky--,e?ics & ! ,mat]iali/ic ,int]pretation ( ,hi/ory4 ,/uttg>t1 #aije4 #bee ,:5ev] a b\rgeois is 9 want ( argum5ts to ju/ify :at is inju/fiable1 x is a ?\s& to "o t he w make 8 appeal to 8morality40 ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahid1 at a meet+ ( ! ,evangelical ,synod1 a 8lib]al0 memb] ( ! ,b]l9 ,c\rt ( ,ju/ice ev5 decl>$ x to be 8moral0 t only taxpay]s %\ld h a vote at *ur* meet+s4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,! ,sociali/ ,sy/em ( ,education4 ,! late memb] ( ! ,g]man diet1 ,dr4 ,lask]1 deliv]$ a lecture 9 ,b]l91 dur+ ! sev5ties1 9 :i* he arriv$ at ! conclusion t x is possible = all memb]s ( society to h an equal /&>d ( education4 ,b ,dr4 ,lask] 0 an anti-,sociali/1 a rigid uphold] ( private prop]ty & capitalism1 & ! "q ( education "u pres5t-day conditions is pre-em95tly a "q ( money4 ,!re=e an equal /&>d ( education = all is impossible at pres5t4 ,"s may atta9 a high] education ev5 "u unfavorable circum/ances1 by ov]com+ _m difficulties & by apply+ an am\nt ( en]gy t few possess4 ,b ! masses c nev] atta9 x s long z !y mu/ live 9 a /ate ( social dep5d5ce & oppression4#bef ,9 ! new society ! conditions ( exi/5ce w be ! same = all4 ,! requirem5ts & incl9ations w diff] & w always cont9ue to diff]1 s9ce ^! diff]5ces are root$ 9 ! nature ( man4 ,b ea* individual w be able to develop "u conditions equally favorable to all4 ,! uni=m equality1 imput$ to ,socialism1 is l s _m o!r imputations1 %e] nons5se4 ,x w\ld be useless1 inde$1 if ,socialism %\ld /rive = uni=m equality1 = x w\ld !n come into conflict ) human nature itself & c\ld n hope to see society develop 9 accordance ) its pr9ciples4#beg ,inde$1 if ,socialism %\ld succe$ 9 =c+ society into unnatural conditions1 ^! new conditions w\ld soon make !mselves felt z %ackles t w\ld be torn asund]1 & ,socialism w\ld be doom$4 ,society develops by innate laws & acts accord+ly4#beh ,a prop] education ( ! "y mu/ be "o ( ! *ief tasks ( ! new society4 ,e *ild t is born w be a welcome addition to society4 ,9 ! *ild society beholds ! possibility ( its own cont9uity1 its own fur!r developm5t4 ,!re=e x w also recognize ! duty ( amply provid+ = ! new be+4 ,! fir/ object ( its c>e mu/1 accord+ly1 be ! *ild-be>+ woman1 ! "m4 ,com=table homes1 pleasant environm5t1 in/itutions ( all k9ds suit$ to ?is /age ( mo!rhood1 consid]ate c>e = h] & = ! *ild--^! are ! fir/ requirem5ts4 ,x is self-und]/ood t wom5 w be enabl$ to nurse _! *ildr5 z long z necess>y & desirable4 ,moles*ott1 ,sond]egg]1 all hygi5i/s & physicians are agre$ t no o!r n\ri%m5t c fully sub/itute ! "m's milk4 ,^? :o1 l ,eug5 ,ri*t]1 gr[ indignant at ! sugge/ion t "y mo!rs %all give bir? to _! *ildr5 9 a ly+-9-hospital1 :]e !y w be surr\nd$ by e c>e & com=t t only weal?y p]sons c af=d to-day1 & t ev5 !y _c obta9 z p]fectly z x c be provid$ 9 in/itutions especially equipp$ = ! purpose1 %\ld rememb] t at pres5t at lea/ f\r-fif?s ( all *ildr5 :o come into ! _w are born "u ! mo/ primitive conditions t mock civilization4 ,( ! rema9+ "o-fif? ( our mo!rs aga9 only a small m9ority are able to enjoy ! c>e & ! com=ts t %\ld be be/[$ ^u e woman 9 ?is condition4 ,ev5 to-day "s cities h spl5did provisions = *ild-be>+ wom51 & _m wom5 gladly make use ( ^! in/itutions :5 !y feel _! "t approa*+4 ,b ^! in/itutions are s exp5sive t only few wom5 are able to make use ( !m2 o!rs1 ( c\rse1 are prev5t$ by prejudice4 ,"h aga9 we h an example h[ ! b\rgeois _w ev]y:]e conta9s ! g]ms = future trans=mation4 ,mo!rhood among wom5 ( weal? & fa%ion becomes r peculi> by ! fact t ^! mo!rs transf] _! mat]nal duties z soon z possible to a prolet>ian wet-nurse4 ,x is well kn[n t ! ,lausitz 7,spreewald7 is ! region t supplies ! b\rgeois wom5 ( ,b]l91 :o d n or _c nurse _! infants1 ) nurses4 8,! bre$+ ( nurses0 is c>ri$ on z a trade1 s9ce c\ntry girls d n hesitate to become pregnant1 because !y f9d x pr(itable1 aft] ! bir? ( _! babies1 to hire out z nurses to ri* families 9 ,b]l94 ,x is n an unusual occurr5ce t girls h ?ree or f\r illegitimate *ildr5 9 ord] to hire out z nurses1 & if !y e>n en\gh money by ?is trade !y are reg>d$ z desirable wives by ! "y m5 ( ! ,spreewald4 ,reg>d$ f ! view-po9t ( b\rgeois morality1 su* actions are despicable2 b reg>d$ f ! view-po9t ( ! family int]e/s ( ! b\rgeoisie1 !y become praisewor?y & desirable4 ,z soon z ! *ild w h outgr[n infancy x w jo9 companions ( its age 9 common play "u common c>e & direction4 ,ev]y?+ ne$ful or desirable = ! *ild's physical & m5tal developm5t w be suppli$4 ,e obs]v] ( *ildr5 kn[s t !y c be mo/ easily educat$ 9 ! company ( o!r *ildr54 ,?is quality c be successfully appli$ to ! sy/em ( education4#bei ,! play-halls & ! k9d]g>t5 w be succe$$ by a playful introduction into ! rudim5ts ( k & ! v>i\s indu/rial tasks4 ,!y w be succe$$ by appropriate m5tal & physical "w1 comb9$ ) gymna/ic ex]cises & unre/rict$ motion on ! playgr\nd & 9 ! gymnasium1 ! skat+-r9k & ! swimm+-pool4 ,!re w be ex]cises1 drills & wre/l+-mat*es = bo? sexes1 = ! aim w be to br+ up a heal?y1 h>dy race t w be normal bo? physically & m5tally4 ,/ep by /ep ! *ildr5 w be initiat$ into ! v>i\s practical activities1 horticulture1 agriculture1 manufacture1 ! te*nics ( ! process ( production4 ,m5tal education 9 ! v>i\s realms ( k w n be neglect$4 ,! sy/em ( education w be purifi$ & improv$1 j l ! sy/em ( production4 ,_m antiquat$1 sup]flu\s me?ods & subjects1 :i* only s]ve to hamp] ! *ild's m5tal & physical developm5t1 w be dropp$4 ,! k ( natural ?+s1 adapt$ to ! *ild's und]/&+1 w incite a f> great] desire = /udy ?an a sy/em ( education :]e "o subject conflicts ) & contradicts ano!r2 = in/ance1 :51 on ! "o h&1 *ildr5 receive religi\s in/ruction z taught by ! ,bible1 &1 on ! o!r1 are taught sci5ce & natural hi/ory4 ,! equipm5t ( ! s*ools & ! me?ods & means ( education w be 9 keep+ ) ! advanc$ /age ( civilization ( ! new society4 ,all ! books & objects requir$ = education & /udy1 food & clo?+1 w be furni%$ by society2 no pupil w be at a disadvantage ) ! o!rs4#bfj ,?is is ano!r *apt] t causes indignation among our b\rgeois 8m5 ( ord]40#bfa ,!y claim t ,sociali/s seek to turn ! s*ool into b>racks1 & to deprive ! p>5ts ( all influ5ce ov] _! *ildr54 ,sociali/s d n aim at any?+ ( ! sort4 ,9 future society1 p>5ts w h f> m "t at _! disposal ?an ! great majority ( p>5ts h to-day4 ,we ne$ b po9t to ! fact t at pres5t _m work+m5 are employ$ t5 h\rs daily1 & ev5 long]1 & t _m employees 9 ! po/al & railroad s]vice1 prison & police (ficials1 etc41 z well z me*anics1 small f>m]s1 m]*ants1 milit>y m51 physicians1 etc41 mu/ devote an equal l5g? ( "t to _! occupations4 ,9 future p>5ts w be able to devote !mselves to _! *ildr5 9 a measure t is q impossible to-day4 ,moreov]1 ! p>5ts w control ! educational sy/em & w det]m9e ! measures & me?ods t are to be adopt$ & introduc$4 ,= !n society w be ?or\ghly democratic4 ,!re w be bo>ds ( education consi/+ ( p>5ts--m5 & wom5--& ( ! educators4 ,does anyone presume t ^! w act contr>y to _! s5tim5ts & int]e/s8 ,t is done 9 pres5t-day society1 :]e ! /ate c>ries out its ideas ( education contr>y to ! wi%es ( mo/ p>5ts4 ,our oppon5ts pret5d t x is "o ( ! mo/ agreeable ?+s to p>5ts to h _! *ildr5 ab\t !m all day & to be con/antly occupi$ ) _! education4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ?is is n s4 ,e p>5t kn[s t ! education ( a *ild is no easy task4 ,sev]al *ildr5 facilitate education1 b !y cause s mu* "w & worry1 especially to ! "m1 t %e is ?ankful :5 !y are old en\gh to att5d s*ool1 & %e is reliev$ ( _! c>e = a "p ( ! day4 ,moreov]1 mo/ p>5ts c educate _! *ildr5 b insuffici5tly1 because !y h no "t4 ,! fa!rs are engag$ 9 _! trades or pr(essions & ! mo!rs 9 _! h\sehold tasks1 & sometimes ! mo!rs are breadw9n]s1 also4 ,b ev5 ^? p>5ts :o h suffici5t "t usually lack ! ability4 ,h[ _m p>5ts are able to foll[ up ! m5tal developm5t ( _! *ildr5 at s*ool & to assi/ !m8 ,mighty few4 ,! "m1 :o1 9 mo/ cases1 might be be/ enabl$ to r5d] su* assi/ance1 r>ely has ! ability1 because %e has n be5 prop]ly tra9$ h]self4 ,moreov]1 ! me?ods & subjects are *ang$ s (t5 t !y are =eign to mo/ p>5ts4 ,= mo/ *ildr5 ! facilities at home are s insuffici5t t !y h no prop] ord]1 com=t or peace = do+ _! home-"w1 nor are !y help$ by anyone4 ,(t5 ! home is small & ov]cr[d$2 ! entire family are huddl$ toge!r 9 a few small rooms1 ! furniture is scanty1 & ! *ild wi%+ to /udy lacks e com=t & conv5i5ce4 ,n infrequ5tly light1 air & heat are want+4 ,! books & s*ool supplies are ei!r want+ entirely or are ( ! poore/ quality4 ,frequ5tly also ! little ones are tortur$ by hung]1 :i* de/roys all incl9ation = /udy4 ,hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( *ildr5 are put to "w at all k9ds ( dome/ic & indu/rial occupations t rob _! *ildhood ( its joy & incapacitate !m = m5tal "w4 ,sometimes *ildr5 mu/ cont5d ) ! opposition ( n>r[-m9d$ p>5ts1 :o object to x t ! *ildr5 devote "t to _! /udies or to play4 ,9 %ort1 !re are s _m ob/acles t x is to be wond]$ at t ! "y are s well educat$4 ,?is is a pro( ( ! heal? ( human nature & ( its innate desire = progress & p]fection4 ,b\rgeois society itself recognizes a numb] ( ^! evils & facilitates ! education ( ! "y by introduc+ free public in/ruction &1 "h & !re1 by also furni%+ ! s*ool supplies4 ,z late z ! middle ( ! eighties ! !n ,m9i/] ( ,education ( ,saxony1 designat$ bo? ^! in/itutions z 8,sociali/ic dem&s40 ,9 ,france1 :]e public education _h long be5 neglect$ & !n progress$ all ! m rapidly1 progress has advanc$ /ill fur!r2 at lea/1 ?is is ! case 9 ,p>is4 ,"h ! public-s*ool meal1 at ! exp5se ( ! municipality1 has be5 introduc$4 ,poor *ildr5 are giv5 ! meals free ( *>ge1 & ! *ildr5 ( p>5ts :o are 9 bett] circum/ances mu/ pay a nom9al sum into ! municipal treasury4 ,"h we behold a communi/ic in/itution t has prov$ entirely satisfactory to p>5ts & *ildr54 ,! insuffici5cy ( our pres5t educational sy/em--x (t5 fails to accompli% ! mod]ate aims x has set = itself--becomes evid5t f ! fact t ?\s&s ^u ?\s&s ( *ildr5 are unable to get along at s*ool on acc\nt ( insuffici5t n\ri%m5t4 ,e w9t] !re are ?\s&s ( *ildr5 9 our cities :o come to s*ool )\t breakfa/4 ,hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( o!rs are *ronically und]f$4 ,to all ^! *ildr5 public fe$+ & clo?+ w\ld be a bless+4 ,9 a community t w1 by prop] c>e & n\ri%m5t1 tea* !m :at x means to be human1 !y w n become acqua9t$ ) a h\se ( 8correction40 ,b\rgeois society _c d5y ! exi/5ce ( ?is mis]y1 & s compassionate s\ls unite to f\nd free-lun* e/abli%m5ts & s\p-kit*5s1 to p]=m1 z a *>ity1 :at ought to be p]=m$ by society z a duty4 ,rec5tly a few municipalities h und]tak5 to fe$ poor *ildr5 at public exp5se4 ,b all ?is is insuffici5t & mu/ be accept$ z a *>itable gift1 :ile x %\ld be dem&$ z a "r4#bfb ,x is well t ! am\nt ( home-"w is be+ r$uc$ 9 our s*ools1 s9ce ! insuffici5cy ( home facilities has be5 recogniz$4 ,! *ild ( weal?y p>5ts is at an advantage ov] 8 poor] s*oolmate1 n only because he is privileg$ by outw>d circum/ances1 b also because he is help$ at home by a gov]ness or a tutor4 ,on ! o!r h&1 laz9ess & c>elessness are fo/]$ 9 ! *ild ( weal?y p>5ts1 because _! weal? makes /udy appe> sup]flu\s to him1 & because demoraliz+ examples are frequ5tly plac$ be=e him & he is approa*$ by _m temptations4 ,he :o le>ns daily & h\rly t rank1 position & weal? c\nt = ev]y?+1 acquires a peculi> conception ( human duties & ( ! in/itutions ( /ate & society4 ,:5 we exam9e ?is "q m closely we f9d t b\rgeois society has no reason to become indignant ov] ! communi/ic me?ods ( education aim$ at by ,sociali/s1 = x has itself introduc$ su* me?ods = privileg$ classes1 b 9 a di/ort$ mann]4 ,we ne$ b po9t to ! cadet s*ools1 ! sem9>ies & colleges = ! cl]gy4 ,"h ?\s&s ( *ildr51 "s ( !m belong+ to ! upp] classes1 are tra9$ 9 ! mo/ absurd & "o-sid$ way & 9 /rict mona/ic seclusion = c]ta9 occupations4 ,_m memb]s ( ! bett] classes1 l physicians1 cl]gym51 (ficials1 manufactur]s1 l>ge f>m]s1 etc41 :o live 9 small t[ns :]e !re are no high] in/itutions ( le>n+1 s5d _! *ildr5 to bo>d+-s*ools 9 l>ge cities1 & d n see !m dur+ ! entire ye>1 except at vacation "t4 ,x is a contradiction1 !n1 :5 our oppon5ts decry a communi/ic sy/em ( education & e/rangem5t betwe5 p>5ts & *ildr51 & at ! same "t introduce a simil> sy/em ( education1 only 9 a wrong1 insuffici5t & di/ort$ mann]1 = _! own *ildr54 ,only too frequ5tly are ! *ildr5 ( ! ri* n educat$ by _! p>5ts at all1 b by nurses1 gov]nesses & tutors4 ,a special *apt] might be writt5 on ?is subject t w\ld n ca/ a favorable light on ! family relations ( ^! classes4 ,"h1 too1 hypocrisy prevails & conditions are any?+ b ideal1 bo? = ! educat$ & ! educators4 ,9 accordance ) ! entirely alt]$ sy/em ( education t aims at ! physical & m5tal developm5t & culture ( ! "y1 ! tea*+ =ce mu/ be increas$4 ,! tra9+ ( ! ris+ g5]ation %\ld be provid$ = 9 ! same way z ! tra9+ ( ! soldi]s is provid$ = 9 ! ,g]man army4 ,"h "o (fic] has *>ge ( f #h to #aj m54 ,if 9 future a simil> numb] ( pupils w be plac$ "u ! guidance ( "o tea*]1 ! desir$ aims w be atta9$4 ,introduction into me*anical activities 9 ! spl5didly equipp$ work%ops1 & into horticultural & agricultural activities1 w also con/itute an important factor 9 ! future education ( ! "y4 ,ev]y?+ w be taught ) a prop] v>iation ( occupations & )\t ov]-ex]tion1 9 ord] to educate h>moni\sly develop$ human be+s4 ,education mu/ be ! same = bo? sexes & mu/ be giv5 9 common to bo?4 ,sep>ation ( ! sexes is ju/ifiable only 9 cases :]e ! diff]5ces ( sex make x absolutely necess>y4 ,9 ?is mann] ( education ! ,unit$ ,/ates is f> advanc$ ov] ,europe4 ,"h education has be5 introduc$ f ! prim>y s*ool to ! univ]sity4 ,n only is education furni%$ free1 b ! s*ool supplies also1 inclusive ( ! tools = manual tra9+1 lessons 9 cook+1 & articles us$ by ! pupils 9 ! /udy ( *emi/ry & physics4 ,_m s*ools are equipp$ ) gymnasiums1 swimm+-pools & playgr\nds4 ,9 ! high] s*ools ! girls are tra9$ 9 gymna/ics1 swimm+1 r[+1 runn+1 etc41 z well z ! "y m54#bfc444 ,! ,sociali/ic sy/em ( education w atta9 /ill high] results4 ,prop]ly regulat$ & ord]$ & plac$ "u able control1 x w cont9ue until ! age at :i* society decl>es its "y m5 & wom5 to be ( age4 ,!n ! memb]s ( bo? sexes w be fully prep>$ to p]=m all duties & to enjoy all rights4 ,!n society w be c]ta9 ( hav+ educat$ capable1 fully develop$ memb]s1 human be+s to :om no?+ human is =eign1 :o are z famili> ) _! own nature z !y are ) ! nature & condition ( society1 into :i* !y =?) ent]1 enjoy+ full equality4 ,s ! excesses ( our mod]n y\? t are daily increas+1 & t are a natural product ( our dis9tegrat+ social conditions1 w disappe>4 ,unrul9ess1 lack ( self-control1 immorality & brutal s5suality1 :i* *>act]ize ! mod]n "y m5 at our high] in/itutions ( le>n+1 our colleges & univ]sities1 & t are ! result ( dome/ic demoralization & unre/ & ( ! baneful influ5ces ( social life1 w n m>k ! "y m5 ( ! future4 ,! evil influ5ces ( ! factory sy/em & ! conge/$ dwell+s1 t cause "y p to be self-ass]tive & unbridl$ at an age :5 human be+s are 9 ! greate/ ne$ ( education & ( be+ tra9$ to ex]cise self-control1 w also disappe>4 ,future society w avoid all ^! evils )\t be+ oblig$ to resort to compulsory measures4 ,! social in/itutions & ! result+ intellectual atmosph]e t w dom9ate society w simply make ! exi/5ce ( su* evils impossible4 ,9 society1 z 9 nature1 diseases & ! de/ruction ( organisms take place only :]e a process ( decay has set 94 ,none w d5y t our pres5t sy/em ( education is afflict$ ) great & s]i\s defects1 &1 z a matt] ( fact1 ^! defects are m m>k$ ) ! high] s*ools & in/itutions ( le>n+ ?an ) ! l[] ones4 ,a village s*ool is a model ( moral heal?fulness comp>$ ) a college2 a sew+ s*ool = poor girls1 a model ( morality comp>$ ) a numb] ( fa%ionable bo>d+ s*ools4 ,x is n h>d to f9d ! reason = ?is4 ,among ! upp] classes ( society e /riv+ aft] high] aims has be5 smo!r$2 !y are devoid ( ideals4 ,ow+ to ! lack ( ideals & l(ti] aspirations1 ! unb\nd$ love ( enjoym5t & ! incl9ation to excesses are dissem9at$1 ) _! result+ physical & moral det]ioration4 ,h[ c "y p]sons1 gr[+ up 9 su* an atmosph]e1 be diff]5t8 ,a purely mat]ial enjoym5t ( life1 c>ri$ to extremes1 is all !y see & "k4 ,:y %\ld !y /rive aft] high] aims :5 ! weal? ( _! p>5ts makes e endeavor appe> sup]flu\s8 ,! maximum education ( ! great majority ( sons ( ! ,g]man b\rgeoisie1 consi/s 9 _! pass+ ! exam9ation = "o ye>'s volunt>y s]vice 9 ! army4 ,:5 !y h atta9$ ?is aim1 !y believe t !y h absorb$ all k wor? kn[+ & reg>d !mselves z demi-gods4 ,if !y h obta9$ a res]ve-(fic]'s c]tificate1 _! conceit & arrogance kn[s no b\nds4 ,! influ5ce ex]cis$ by ?is g5]ation1 mo/ ( ^: memb]s are weak 9 "* & k1 b /rong 9 s]vility1 *>act]ize ! pres5t p]iod z ! 8age ( res]ve (fic]s40 ,its peculi>ities are3 ,ignorance1 lack ( "*1 & a s]vile disposition4 ,m5 fawn on _! sup]iors1 & are arrogant & brutal to _! inf]iors4 ,mo/ ( ! daught]s ( ! upp] classes are tra9$ to be society ladies1 walk+ fa%ion plates & silly dolls4 ,!y ru% f "o enjoym5t to ano!r1 until !y gr[ we>y ) ! bor$om ( _! empty lives1 & fall victims to _m real & imag9>y diseases4 ,:5 !y gr[ old !y become religi\s fanatics1 spirituali/s & fai? heal]s1 :o turn up _! eyes at ! wick$ness ( ! _w & prea* asceticism4 ,9 reg>d to ! l[] classes1 ef=ts are be+ made to fur!r dim9i% _! /&>d ( education4 ,! fe> prevails t ! prolet>ian might become too wise1 t he might tire ( 8 subjection & rebel aga9/ 8 e>?ly gods4 ,! m ignorant ! masses are1 ! m easily c !y be gov]n$ & controll$4 ,l>ge l&[n]s f ! ,ea/-,elbe prov9ce h repeat$ly decl>$ 9 _! meet+s3 8,! mo/ /upid work+man is ! "o mo/ welcome to u40 ,an entire program is conta9$ 9 ?is "o s5t5ce4 ,s pres5t-day society is z helpless & aimless 9 reg>d to ! "q ( education z x is 9 reg>d to all o!r que/ions4 ,:at me?ods1 !n1 does x resort to8 ,x calls = puni%m5t & prea*es religion2 t is1 x prea*es submissiv5ess & cont5tm5t to ^? :o are f> too submissive & cont5t$ already2 x tea*es ab/95ce1 :]e pov]ty compels p to ab/a9 f ! v necessities ( life4 ,!y :o brutally rebel aga9/ ?is /ate ( affairs are plac$ 9 s-call$ 8re=matories0 t are g5]ally controll$ by religi\s influ5ces4 ,t is ! limit ( ! p$agogical wisdom ( our society4 ,! vici\s me?ods ( education appli$ to neglect$ & demoraliz$ prolet>ian *ildr5 become manife/ by ! frequ5t cases ( abuse & ill-treatm5t committ$ by ! directors1 ov]se]s1 etc41 9 ^! 8homes0767 ,"h x has be5 %[n "t & aga9 h[ religi\s fanatics ( ! deepe/ dye h1 ) a p]v]t$ pleasure1 ill-treat$ poor1 helpless *ildr5 ) unspeakable brutality2 & h[ _m ( ^! horrors may nev] become kn[n6 #bef 8,a c]ta9 degree ( culture & well-be+ is a necess>y ext]nal condition = ! developm5t ( ! philosophic _s4444 ,we1 !re=e1 f9d t only su* nations beg9 to philosophize :o _h atta9$ a consid]able degree ( well-be+ & culture40 ,t5neman1 quot$ by ,buckle4--8,mat]ial & intellectual int]e/s g h& 9 h&4 ,"o _c exi/ )\t ! o!r4 ,!re is a connection betwe5 !m z betwe5 body & m9d4 ,to sep>ate !m means de/ruction40 v4 ,?u551 8,! ,isolat$ ,/ate40--8,! be/ life1 bo? = ! individual 9 p>ticul> & = ! /ate 9 g5]al1 is "o 9 :i* virtue is suffici5tly end[$ ) ext]nal possessions1 t p>ticipation 9 good & virtu\s de$s becomes possible10 ,ari/otle1 8,politics40 #beg ,mr4 ,eug5 ,ri*t]1 9 8 8,false ,doctr9es10 reit]ates ! worn-out phrase3 ! ,sociali/s wi% a co]cive /ate4 ,t !re w ev5tually be no /ate ought to be cle> to ! read]s ( our book4 ,he assumes t society w\ld introduce a /ate or a social ord] t w\ld be av]se to its own int]e/s4 ,b no new social ord] or /ate diff]+ fundam5tally f ! prec$+ "o c\ld be arbitr>ily creat$4 ,t w\ld be 9 opposition to all ! laws accord+ to :i* /ate & society develop4 ,mr4 ,eug5 ,ri*t] & ^? :o %>e 8 views may f9d consolation 9 ?is3 if ,socialism really pursues ! fooli% aims t !y impute to x1 x w die (f )\t any ef=t on _! "p4--,equally unt5able is ,ri*t]'s rem>k t = a social condition l ! "o aim$ at by ,sociali/s1 m5 mu/ be angels4 ,to beg9 )1 !re are no angels1 & we d n ne$ any4 ,man is influ5c$ by circum/ances1 b circum/ances are also influ5c$ by man1 & ! latt] w be ! case m & m1 z m5 become bett] acqua9t$ ) ! nature ( society1 :i* !y con/itute1 & apply _! exp]i5ces consci\sly to _! social organization4 ,we d n ne$ diff]5t human be+s1 b we d ne$ m intellig5t & rational human be+s ?an ! majority are to-day1 & to make !m m intellig5t & rational1 we agitate & publi% books l ?is "o4 #beh ,:5 we consid] ! b\ndless /upidity ( our oppon5ts1 x seems m>vel\s t no "o has z yet ass]t$ t "u ,socialism all w\ld be giv5 ! same quantity ( food & und]we> & clo?+ ( ! same size to cr[n ! sy/em ( 8uni=m equality40 #bei ,f\ri] has accompli%$ ?is brilliantly1 ev5 ?\gh 9 c>ry+ out 8 ideas1 he approa*$ ! utopia4 ,bebel1 ,*as4 ,f\ri]1 ,8 ,life & ,8 ,!ories1 #c;d ed4 ,/uttg>t1 #aijg4 #bfj ,condorcet po/ulates 9 8 educational plan3 8,education mu/ be g5]al1 free ( *>ge1 equal to all1 physical1 m5tal1 indu/rial & political1 & mu/ aim at true equality40 ,likewise ,r\sseau 9 8 8,political ,economy30 8,especially mu/ education be public1 equal & common1 to educate human be+s & citiz5s40 ,ari/otle also dem&s3 8,s9ce ! /ate has b "o object1 x mu/ give all its memb]s "o & ! same education1 & ! c>e = !m mu/ be a public1 n a private1 matt]40 #bfa ,?us ,eug5 ,ri*t] 9 8 8,false ,doctr9es40 #bfb 8,at pres5t #bj di/ricts ( ,p>is h e/abli%$ s*ool-kit*5s1 :]e ! *ildr5 are giv5 a noon-day meal consi/+ ( meat & vegetables4 ,only ?is meal is obligatory1 b 9 sev]al di/ricts ! *ildr5 c obta9 breakfa/ & aft]noon-tea also40 ,hel5e ,simon--,s*ool & ,bread4 ,hamburg1 #aijg4 ,x is due to ! initiative ( ! ,labor ,p>ty t a bill provid+ = ! fe$+ ( s*ool *ildr5 9 ,engl& 0 turn$ ov] to a committee 9 #aijf4 #bfc ,pr(essor ,dr4 ,emil ,hauskne*t--8,! ,am]ican ,educational ,sy/em40 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,lit]ature & ,art 9 ,sociali/ic ,society4 ,:51 9 ! new society1 ! "y g5]ation has come ( age1 ! fur!r education w be e p]son's own conc]n4 ,e "o w d :atev] 8 incl9ations & tal5ts prompt him to d4 ,"s w devote !mselves to "o or ano!r bran* ( ! natural sci5ces t w be m & m fully develop$3 ,an?ropology1 zoology1 botany1 m9]alogy1 geology1 physics1 *emi/ry1 ! prehi/oric sci5ces1 etc4 ,o!rs w take up hi/ory1 etymology1 or ! hi/ory ( art4 ,"s w become musicians1 o!rs arti/s1 sculptors1 actors4 ,9 ! future !re w be nei!r 8corporate0 arti/s & sci5ti/s nor corporate me*anics4 ,?\s&s ( brilliant tal5ts t h s f> be5 suppress$ w develop & w prove _! k & ability :]ev] an opportunity pres5ts itself4 ,!re w no long] be pr(essional musicians1 arti/s1 actors & sci5ti/s1 b ^! w be all ! m inspir$ by en?usiasm1 tal5t & g5ius4 ,_! a*ievem5ts are likely to excel pres5t-day a*ievem5ts on ^! fields z va/ly z ! indu/rial1 te*nical1 & agricultural a*ievem5ts ( future society w excel ^? ( mod]n society4 ,an era ( art & sci5ce w arise su* z ! _w has nev] kn[n1 & ! a*ievem5ts t w h creat$ x w be correspond+ly great4 ,! com+ r5aissance ( art t w result f ! introduction ( conditions m wor?y ( human be+s1 has be5 =ese5 by no less a man ?an ,ri*>d ,wagn]1 :o express$ himself on ?is subject z e>ly z #ahej1 9 8 book on 8,art & ,revolution40 ,?is book is especially notewor?y because x 0 publi%$ "r aft] a revolution t _h be5 beat5 d[n & 9 :i* ,wagn] himself p>ticipat$4 ,9 ?is book1 ,wagn] pr$icts :at ! future w br+4 ,he directly turns to ! work+ class1 :o mu/ help ! arti/s to e/abli% true art4 ,among o!r ?+s1 he says3 8,:51 = ! free human be+s ( ! future1 x w no long] be ! purpose ( life to obta9 ! means ( subsi/5ce1 b1 z a result ( a new belief1 or r1 k1 !y w be c]ta9 ( obta9+ ! means ( subsi/5ce 9 return = an appropriate natural activity1 :51 9 %ort1 indu/ry w no long] be our mi/ress1 b our s]vant1 ! true purpose ( life w become ! enjoym5t ( life1 & by education we w endeavor to make our *ildr5 capable ( its real enjoym5t4 ,an education f\nd$ on ! ex]cise ( /r5g? & ! c>e ( physical beauty1 w1 ow+ to ! love = ! *ild & ! joy at ! developm5t ( its beauty1 become a purely arti/ic "o1 & e human be+ w1 9 "s way1 be a true arti/4 ,! div]sity ( natural incl9ations w develop ! mo/ manifold t5d5cies 9 an un?\ght ( weal?40 ,?is is a ?or\ghly ,sociali/ic conception & co9cides ) our description4 ,9 ! future1 social life w become ev] m public4 ,its tr5d ( developm5t c be be/ judg$ by ! completely alt]$ position ( woman4 ,dome/ic life w be limit$ to :at is absolutely ess5tial1 :ile ! desire = sociability w be giv5 ! wide/ field4 ,l>ge meet+ halls = lectures & ! discussion ( public affairs--t w 9 future be decid$ ^u by ! p at l>ge--d9+-halls1 read+-rooms1 libr>ies1 playgr\nds1 conc]ts1 !at]s1 museums1 gymnasiums1 public ba?s1 p>ks & prom5ades1 in/itutions ( education & le>n+1 laboratories1 etc41 all spl5didly equipp$1 w af=d ample opportunity = ent]ta9m5t & sociability1 & w enable sci5ce & art to atta9 ! highe/ degree ( developm5t4 ,9 ! same way ! in/itutions = ! c>e ( ! sick1 ! infirm & ! ag$ w meet ! highe/ dem&s4 ,h[ petty w our pres5t age seem 9 comp>ison6 ,?is fawn+ = favors & good-w f above1 ?is s]vile disposition1 ?is envi\s /ruggle aga9/ "o ano!r = ! be/ place1 c>ri$ on by ! l[e/ & mo/ spiteful means1 &1 at ! same "t1 suppression ( "o's true convictions1 conceal+ ( good qualities t might displease ^? ^: favor x s\ght1 emasculation ( "*1 ! feign+ ( op9ions & feel+s t "o does n possess--all ^! qualities t may be t]m$ c[>dice & hypocrisy1 are daily becom+ m pron\nc$4 ,qualities t are truly ennobl+1 self-confid5ce1 indep5d5ce & incorruptibility ( "o's op9ions1 are usually turn$ into faults & %ort-com+s "u pres5t-day conditions4 ,p]sons :o _c suppress ^! good qualities are (t5 ru9$ by !m4 ,_m are s accu/om$ to _! degradation t !y d n ev5 p]ceive x4 ,! dog reg>ds x z a matt] ( c\rse t he has a ma/] :o is sometimes ill-temp]$ & :ips him4 ,! alt]$ conditions ( social life w also ?or\ghly revolutionize our lit]ature4 ,! !ological lit]ature1 :i* furni%es ! l>ge/ numb] ( works 9 ! annual catalogues ( lit]>y productions1 w be elim9at$1 toge!r ) ! judicial lit]ature4 ,= ! "o !re w be no m int]e/1 & = ! o!r no ne$4 ,! products t h ref]5ce to ! /ruggles ov] in/itutions ( ! /ate1 w also be elim9at$1 because ^! in/itutions w no long] exi/4 ,!y w assume ! "* ( hi/orical /udies4 ,! num]\s lit]>y products ( a highly sup]ficial nature1 :i* are j a pro( ( bad ta/e & sometimes are made possible only by a sacrifice ( ! au?or's pride1 w be dropp$4 ,ev5 f ! pres5t po9t ( view1 we may say t f\r-fif?s ( all lit]>y products might disappe> f ! m>ket )\t a loss to "o s+le int]e/ ( civilization1 s great is ! mass ( sup]ficial or h>mful products & obvi\s tra% on ! field ( lit]ature4 ,fiction & ! press w be affect$ 9 an equal measure4 ,!re is no?+ m sup]ficial & insipid ?an ! great] "p ( our j\rnali/ic lit]ature4 ,if our /&>d ( civilization 7 to be e/imat$ by ! cont5ts ( our newspap]s1 x w\ld be deem$ a l[ "o1 inde$4 ,p & conditions are judg$ by ! op9ions ( pa/ c5turies t h long s9ce be5 prov5 unt5able by sci5ce4 ,a great _m ( our j\rnali/s are p]sons :o1 z ,bism>ck correctly said1 h miss$ _! vocation1 b ^: /&>d ( education & sal>y are 9 keep+ ) ! b\rgeois int]e/ 9 _! trade4 ,moreov]1 ! newspap]s1 z well z a majority ( ! magaz9es1 h a v unwor?y mission 9 _! adv]tis+ sections1 & _! reports ( ! money-m>ket s]ve ! same int]e/s on a diff]5t field4 ,! mat]ial int]e/ ( ! publi%]s det]m9es ! cont5ts4 ,mod]n fiction is1 on an av]age1 n mu* bett] ?an j\rnali/ic lit]ature4 ,x cultivates ! excesses ( sexual relations4 ,x ei!r r5d]s homage to sup]ficial enlight5m5t1 or to antiquat$ prejudice & sup]/ition4 ,! purpose is to let ! b\rgeois _w appe> z ! be/ ( worlds1 reg>dless ( ! num]\s %ort-com+s t are1 to "s ext5t1 admitt$4 ,on ?is wide & important realm future society w h to cle> up ?or\ghly4 ,sci5ce1 tru?1 beauty & ! conflict ( op9ions z to :at is be/1 w alone control x4 ,e p]son ( tal5t & ability w be enabl$ to p>ticipate4 ,! writ] w no long] dep5d ^u ! favor ( ! publi%]1 f9ancial int]e/ or prejudice2 he w dep5d ^u ! judgm5t ( imp>tial exp]ts :om he w help to select & aga9/ ^: decisions he may appeal to ! community--all ( :i* is impossible to-day ) a publi%] or ! editor ( a newspap]1 :o only take _! private int]e/ into consid]ation4 ,! nave conception1 t a diff]5ce ( op9ions w\ld be suppress$ 9 a ,sociali/ic community1 c be ma9ta9$ only by ^? :o consid] ! b\rgeois _w a p]fect /ate ( society1 &1 out ( ho/ility to ,socialism1 seek to sl&] & belittle x4 ,a society f\nd$ ^u p]fect1 democratic equality1 w be> no oppression4 ,only p]fect fre$om ( ?\ght makes un9t]rupt$ progress possible1 :i* is ! pr9ciple ( life = society4 ,x is a gross misrepres5tation to depict b\rgeois society z a def5d] ( real fre$om ( ?\ght4 ,p>ties t repres5t ! int]e/s ( ! rul+ classes w only publi% t 9 ! press :i* is n adv]se to class int]e/s1 & woe to him :o w\ld d o!rwise6 ,8 social ru9 is c]ta91 z e "o kn[s :o is acqua9t$ ) conditions4 ,! writ]s "k h[ ! publi%]s treat lit]>y works t d n suit !m4 ,f9ally1 ! press & crim9al laws betray :at _s dom9ates ! rul+ classes4 ,true fre$om ( ?\ght appe>s to !m z ! mo/ dang]\s ( all evils4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,free ,developm5t ( ,individuality4 #a4--;,fre$om f ,c>e4 ,man %\ld be giv5 an opportunity = p]fect developm5t4 ,t is ! purpose ( human association4 ,s he mu/ n rema9 ti$ d[n to ! spot :]e he has be5 plac$ by ! *ance ( bir?4 ,"o %\ld become acqua9t$ ) ! _w & p n only ?r\gh books & newspap]s1 b also by p]sonal obs]vation & practical exp]i5ce4 ,s future society mu/ enable all to d :at _m are able to d ev5 9 pres5t-day society1 ?\gh at pres5t ! =ce ( want usually =ms ! motive4 ,! desire = *ange 9 all human relations is deeply root$ 9 human nature4 ,?is is due to ! impulse ( seek+ p]fection t is innate 9 e liv+ be+4 ,! plant t is plac$ 9 a d>k room ext5ds & /ret*es1 z if consci\s ( ! ray ( light t p5etrates "s crevice4 ,x is ! same ) man4 ,an in/9ct1 t is innate 9 man1 mu/ f9d rational satisfaction4 ,! desire = *ange w n be oppos$ by ! conditions prevail+ 9 ! new society2 ! satisfaction ( ?is desire w1 on ! contr>y1 become possible to all4 ,! highly develop$ sy/em ( communication w make x easy1 & ! int]national relations w dem& x4 ,9 ! future f> m p]sons w travel ?r\gh ! _w1 = ! mo/ v>i$ purposes1 ?an h]et(ore4 ,society w require an ample supply ( all ! necessities ( life to meet all dem&s4 ,society w !re=e regulate its h\rs ( "w accord+ to ! ne$s4 ,x w l5g!n or %ort5 !m1 z ! dem&s or ! season ( ! ye> make ?is appe> desirable4 ,dur+ "o season x w devote m "t to agriculture1 & dur+ ano!r x w devote m "t to indu/ry & to arti/ic crafts4 ,x w direct ! labor =ces z ! ne$s may let x appe> desirable4 ,by comb9+ v>i\s labor =ces ) ! mo/ p]fect te*nical appliances1 x w be able to c>ry out l>ge und]tak+s playfully1 t seem practically impossible to-day4 ,z society provides = ! "y1 s also w x provide = ! old1 ! sick & invalid4 ,if any "o has1 by "s mis=tune1 become incapacitat$ = "w1 society w provide = him4 ,?is w n be an act ( *>ity1 b a simple p]=mance ( duty4 ,! assi/ance w n be a morsel graci\sly giv51 b support & c>e provid$ ) e possible consid]ation1 be/[$ z a matt] ( c\rse ^u him :o p]=m$ 8 duty t[>d society z long z he 0 able to d s4 ,! ev5+ ( life w be made beautiful by all t society has to (f]4 ,= e "o w hope himself to receive "s day :at he be/[s ^u o!r ag$ p]sons4 ,no old p]son w be h>ass$ by ! ?\ght t o!rs are await+ _! dea? to inh]it _! possessions4 ,!y are also fre$ f ! t]ror ( be+ ca/ aside l a squeez$ lemon :5 !y h become old & helpless4 ,!y mu/ nei!r dep5d on ! k9dness & support ( _! *ildr51 nor on public *>ity4#bfd ,h[ un=tunate is ! position ( mo/ p>5ts :o 9 old age mu/ dep5d ^u ! support ( _! *ildr51 is a well-kn[n fact4 ,& h[ demoraliz+ to *ildr5 & to relatives is ! hope ( inh]it+6 ,:at degrad+ passions are ar\s$ & h[ _m crimes are caus$ !reby--murd]1 suppression1 legacy-hunt+1 p]jury & blackmail+6 ,! moral & physical condition ( society1 ! nature ( its "w1 homes1 food1 dress1 its social life1 all w t5d to prev5t accid5ts1 sickness & debility4 ,dy+ a natural dea?1 ! normal decl9e ( ! vigor ( life1 w become ! rule m & m4 ,! conviction t heav5 is ^u e>? & t dea? means ! end1 w cause p to lead a rational life4 ,he :o enjoys longe/1 enjoys mo/4 ,! cl]gy !mselves1 :o prep>e p = 8! h]eaft]10 "k h[ to value a long life4 ,_! c>e-free exi/5ce enables !m to atta9 ! highe/ av]age age4 #bfd 8,! p]son :o has work$ h>d & hone/ly until old age1 %\ld n dep5d ^u ! b5evol5ce ( 8 *ildr5 or t ( b\rgeois society4 ,an indep5d5t1 easy & c>e-free old age is ! natural rew>d = cont9u\s ex]tions dur+ ! days ( heal? & /r5g?40 v4 ,?u55--,! ,isolat$ ,/ate4 ,b h[ are ! ag$ treat$ 9 b\rgeois society8 ,millions look =w>d ) dread to ! "t :5 !y w be ca/ out into ! /reet because !y h gr[n old2 & our indu/rial sy/em makes p age be=e _! "t4 ,! mu* boa/$ old age & invalid p5sion 9 ! ,g]man ,empire is only a v scanty sub/itute2 ev5 its mo/ ard5t support]s admit t4 ,! assi/ance r5d]$ is /ill mu* m insuffici5t ?an ! p5sions all[$ by ! municipalities to ! majority ( _! p5sion$ (ficials4 #b4--;,*anges 9 ! ,me?ods ( ,nutrition4 ,food & dr9k are prime necessities ( life4 ,p :o believe 9 ! s-call$ 8natural mann] ( liv+0 frequ5tly ask :y ,sociali/s rema9 indiff]5t to veget>ianism4 ,ev]yone lives z be/ he may4 ,veget>ianism1 t is1 ! doctr9e ( an exclusive vegetable diet1 f\nd its *ief support]s among ! p]sons :o are s com=tably situat$ t !y are able to *oose betwe5 a vegetable & an animal diet4 ,b ! great majority ( p]sons h no *oice4 ,!y mu/ live accord+ to _! means1 & ! scant9ess ( _! means compels !m to live on a vegetable diet almo/ exclusively & (t5 on "o ( ! poore/ quality4 ,= ! ,g]man labor+ population 9 ,silesia1 ,saxony1 ,?ur+ia1 etc41 ! potato is ! pr9cipal article ( food2 ev5 bread comes only second4 ,meat only r>ely appe>s on _! tables1 & !n x is meat ( ! poore/ quality4 ,! great] "p ( ! rural population1 al?\gh !y raise cattle1 also r>ely eat meat2 = !y mu/ sell ! cattle1 &1 ) ! money obta9$1 mu/ satisfy o!r ne$s4 ,to ^! num]\s p :o are oblig$ to live z veget>ians1 a solid beef/eak or a good leg ( mutton w\ld mean a decid$ improvem5t 9 _! n\ri%m5t4#bfe ,if veget>ianism opposes ! ov]eat+ ( an animal diet1 x is "r4 ,if x combats ! p>tak+ ( meat z h>mful & detrim5tal1 ma9ly = s5tim5tal reasons1 x is wrong2 :5 x is claim$1 = in/ance1 t natural feel+s =bid to kill an animal & to p>take ( a 8corpse40 ,! desire to live 9 peace compels u to wage w> ^u & de/roy a great _m liv+ creatures1 su* z v]m91 &1 9 ord] n to be dev\r$ ourselves1 we mu/ kill & ext]m9ate wild bea/s4 ,if we c\ld all[ 8! good fri5ds ( man10 ! dome/ic animals1 to live undi/urb$1 ^! 8good fri5ds0 w\ld multiply to su* a degree t !y w\ld 8eat0 u by robb+ u ( n\ri%m5t4 ,! ass]tion t vegetable diet creates a g5tle disposition is false1 too4 ,ev5 9 ! g5tle1 veget>ian ,h9doos ! 8bea/0 0 ar\s$1 :5 ! sev]ity ( ! ,engli% drove !m to rebellion4 ,! nutritive value ( an article ( food _c be e/imat$ only by ! am\nt ( album5 t x conta9s4 ,x mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation h[ l>ge a quantity ( ! album5 consum$ rema9s undige/$4 ,consid]$ f ?is view-po9t1 we f9d1 = in/ance1 meat & rice1 or potatoes1 z #b4e to #bj or #bb4 ,9 o!r words1 ( #ajj grammes ( album5 consum$ ) meat1 #b4e grammes w pass out ( ! sy/em undige/$4 ,( #ajj grammes consum$ ) rice or potatoes1 respectively1 #bj & #bb grammes w pass out4 ,! fam\s ,russian physiologi/1 ,pawl[1 & 8 s*ol>s h %[n t1 ) ! dige/ion ( bread1 !re is mu* m f]m5t ?an ) ! dige/ion ( meat4 ,pawl[ has fur!rmore %[n t ! ga/ric juices produc$ by ! pancreas gl&s are ( two k9ds4 ,!y are produc$ ?r\gh /imulation ( ! muc\s membrane by ! food itself1 & are also produc$ z 8appetite juices0 by /imulation ( ! s5ses4 ,! quantity ( our appetite juice dep5ds ^u our psy*ic condition = ! "t be+2 = in/ance1 on hung]1 grief1 annoyance1 joy1 etc41 & x also dep5ds ^u ! nature ( ! food4 ,b ! importance ( ! appetite juice diff]s ) diff]5t articles ( food4 ,"s foods1 z1 = in/ance1 bread1 boil$ album51 z conta9$ 9 eggs1 or pure />*1 _c be dige/$ at all1 unless ! dige/ion is introduc$ by ! appetite juice1 z has be5 directly prov$ by exp]im5ts4 ,!y c only be dige/$ :5 !y are eat5 ) an appetite1 or toge!r ) o!r food4 ,b meat1 z ,pawl[ has %[n1 c be p>tly dige/$ )\t appetite juice1 al?\gh1 ) ! aid ( appetite juice1 meat is dige/$ mu* m rapidly 7five times z fa/74 8,we mu/ !re=e take factors into consid]ation t dep5d ^u ! psy*ology ( man4 ,"h a connection has be5 e/abli%$ betwe5 facts ( ! physiology ( nutrition & social conditions4 ,! mod]n resid5ts ( l>ge cities1 especially ! masses ( ! work+ class1 live "u social conditions t are b\nd to de/roy _! normal appetite4 ,"w 9 ! squalid factory1 ! con/ant worry ov] _! daily bread1 abs5ce ( m5tal repose & pleasant impressions1 complete physical exhau/ion1 all ^! are factors t are de/ructive ( appetite4 ,9 ?is psy*ological condition we are unable to furni% ! appetite juice requir$ = ! dige/ion ( vegetable food4 ,b 9 meat we possess an article ( food t--if we may ?us express x--provides = its own dige/ion4 ,a consid]able quantity ( meat c be dige/$ )\t appetite2 x also acts z a /imulant & a creator ( appetite4 ,s meat aids ! dige/ion ( vegetables consum$ at ! same "t1 & !reby insures a bett] assimilation ( ! consum$ matt]4 ,?is appe>s to be ! great advantage ( an animal diet to mod]n man40#bff ,sond]egg] hits ! nail on ! head :5 he says3 8,!re is no ord] ( rank among articles ( food1 b !re is an immutable law reg>d+ ! comb9ation ( _! nutritive qualities40 ,x is true t no "o c live on an animal diet exclusively1 :ile "o c live on a vegetable diet1 provid$ t ! diet c be prop]ly select$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 no "o w\ld c>e to cont5t himself ) "o specific k9d ( vegetable food1 no matt] h[ nutritive x might be4 ,?us1 beans1 peas1 l5tils1 9 "o ^w1 ! legum9os1 are ! mo/ nutritive ( all articles ( food4 ,b to live on !m exclusively--:i* is said to be possible--w\ld be a torture4 ,k>l ,m>x m5tions1 9 8 fir/ volume ( 8,capital10 t ! m9e-own]s 9 ,*ili compel _! work+m5 to eat beans all ! ye> r\nd1 because ?is n\ri%m5t gives !m an unusual am\nt ( /r5g? & enables !m to c>ry loads z no o!r n\ri%m5t w4 ,! work+m5 refuse ! beans1 not)/&+ _! nutritive value1 b are compell$ to cont5t !mselves ) ?is diet4 ,"u no circum/ances does ! happ9ess & welf>e ( man dep5d ^u a def9ite k9d ( food1 z ! fanatics among veget>ians claim4 ,climate1 social conditions1 cu/om & p]sonal ta/e are ! det]m9+ factors4#bfg ,9 ! measure 9 :i* civilization advances1 exclusive meat diet1 z is met ) among hunt+ & pa/oral tribes1 is p>tly replac$ by vegetable diet4 ,! v>iety ( cultivat$ plants is a pro( ( high] civilization4 ,on a giv5 area1 moreov]1 mu* m n\ri%m5t c be obta9$ by ! cultivation ( plants ?an by ! bre$+ ( cattle4 ,?is developm5t gradually causes ! vegetable diet to pr$om9ate4 ,! supply ( meat f di/ant c\ntries1 especially ,s\? ,am]ica & ,au/ralia1 w be exhau/$ 9 a few decades4 ,on ! o!r h&1 animals are rais$ n only = _! fle%1 b also = wool1 hair1 bri/les1 hides1 milk1 eggs1 etc4 ,_m indu/ries & a numb] ( human ne$s dep5d ^u x4 ,mu* (fal 9 indu/ry & h\sekeep+ c\ld n be m usefully employ$ ?an by cattle rais+4 ,9 ! future ! ocean1 too1 w h to yield to man its weal? ( animal food 9 a l>g] measure4 ,!n x w n occur t loads ( fi% w be us$ z manure1 ow+ to ! high co/ ( transportation1 or cann+1 t prev5t _! sale1 z is frequ5tly ! case at pres5t4 ,x is q probable t ! abolition ( ! extremes betwe5 city & c\ntry1 :5 "w 9 clos$ %ops w be comb9$ ) "w 9 ! op5 fields1 w aga9 lead to a prepond]ance ( ! vegetable diet4 ,( c\rse ! abs5ce ( /imulants 9 a vegetable diet c be equaliz$ by a prop] & rational prep>ation ( ! food ) ! aid ( spice4 ,b t future society %\ld live on vegetables exclusively is nei!r probable nor necess>y4 #bfe ,t ?is is ! fact has be5 prov5 by exp]im5ts 9 nutrition1 rec5tly report$ by two ,italian sci5ti/s4 ,! metabolic assimilation ( a population t has long s9ce liv$ on a vegetable diet exclusively1 0 exam9$4 ,su* an agricultural population1 liv+ 9 wret*$ economic conditions1 is met ) 9 s\!rn ,italy 9 ! ,abruzzi4 ,_! n\ri%m5t consi/s ( corn1 vegetables & olive oil4 ,!y d n p>take ( milk1 *eese or eggs4 ,meat is br\ght to _! tables only ?ree or f\r times a ye>4 ,by way ( exp]im5t meat 0 add$ to _! diet4 ,dur+ #ae days e p]son 0 giv5 #ajj grammes ( meat & dur+ ! foll[+ #ae days #bjj grammes4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! process ( assimilation became mu* m favorable4 ,! =m]ly great loss ( nutriti\s matt] 0 consid]ably dim9i%$4 ,n only 0 ! newly add$ animal album5 p]fectly assimilat$1 b also ! vegetable food t 0 consum$ toge!r ) ! meat _h be5 assimilat$ f> bett]4 ,?is 0 all ! m rem>kable because ?is p>ticul> k9d ( vegetable diet1 :i* consi/$ almo/ exclusively ( corn1 0 h>d to dige/1 z x conta9s mu* cellul> tissue4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,lips*uetz1 ,m4 ,d4--8,a ,re=m 9 our ,nutrition80 #bff ,a4 ,lips*uetz4 #bfg 8,! popul> nutrition is almo/ exclusively a vegetable diet ) a slight addition ( animal sub/ances4 ,peasants eat g5]ally v little meat4 ,no "o w d5y t "o c live 9 ?is mann]4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 an exclusive vegetable diet1 :i* c also be giv5 great] div]sity by prop] selection1 is q compatible ) good heal?4 ,b f> diff]5t ne$s are becom+ manife/ 9 e cont95t4 ,! popul> simple mann] ( nutrition is be+ =sak5 = m ta/y foods & comb9ations1 & = ?is meat is ess5tial1 because x c be employ$ 9 _m diff]5t ways4 ,ev]y:]e we p]ceive ?is t5d5cy4 ,l ! old1 simple cu/oms & national cu/oms disappe>1 s also are ! old =ms ( nutrition be+ set aside4 ,?is trans=mation c be obs]v$ 9 all c\ntries4 ,ev5 9 ,japan :]e a peculi> national diet prevail$ until rec5tly1 ,european f>e has displac$ ! old regime4 ,9 ! ,japanese navy ! new diet 0 introduc$ because x prov$ to be m b5eficial to ! m5 9 s]vice4 ,! endeavor to e/abli% ?is conc5trat$1 ri* & ta/y f>e is a g5]al "o40 ,m4 ,rubn]--,! ,"q ( ,public ,nutrition4 #c4--,! ,communi/ic ,kit*54 ,9 ! matt] ( nutrition quality is f> m important ?an quantity4 ,mu* food is n b5eficial if ! food is n good4 ,b quality may be greatly improv$ by ! mann] 9 :i* food is prep>$4 ,! prep>ation ( food %\ld be conduct$ z sci5tifically z any o!r human activity1 9 ord] to be z advantage\s z possible4 ,?is requires k & prop] equipm5t4 ,t our wom5 :o are *iefly engag$ 9 ! prep>ation ( food d n possess ?is k & _c possess x1 requires no fur!r pro(4 ,! equipm5t ( ! l>ge kit*5 has already atta9$ a degree ( p]fection t ! be/ equipp$ dome/ic kit*5 _c come up to4 ,! kit*5 equipp$ ) electricity = light+ & heat+ is ! ideal "o4 ,no m smoke1 heat1 or disagreeable odors6 ,! kit*5 resembles a work%op furni%$ ) all k9ds ( te*nical & me*anical appliances t quickly p]=m ! h>de/ & mo/ disagreeable tasks4 ,"h we see potato & fruit-p>+ ma*9es1 app>atus = remov+ k]nels1 meat-*opp]s1 mills = gr9d+ c(fee & spice1 ice-*opp]s1 corkscrews1 bread-cutt]s1 & a hundr$ o!r ma*9es & appliances1 all run by electricity1 t enable a comp>atively small numb] ( p]sons1 )\t excessive labor1 to prep>e a meal = hundr$s ( gue/s4 ,! same is true ( ! equipm5ts = h\se-clean+ & = wa%+ ! di%es4 ,to millions ( wom5 ! private kit*5 is an in/itution t is extravagant 9 its me?ods1 entail+ endless drudg]y & wa/e ( "t1 robb+ !m ( _! heal? & good spirits1 & an object ( daily worry1 especially :5 ! means are scanty1 z is ! case ) mo/ families4 ,! abolition ( ! private kit*5 w come z a lib]ation to c\ntless wom54 ,! private kit*5 is z antiquat$ an in/itution z ! work%op ( ! small me*anic4 ,bo? repres5t a useless & ne$less wa/e ( "t labor & mat]ial4 ,! nutritive value ( food is height5$ by its easi] assimilation2 ?is is a decisive factor4#bfh ,only ! new society w be able to provide a rational nutrition = all4 ,cato sets =? ) especial praise t 9 anci5t ,rome1 up to ! sixte5? c5tury ( ! city 7#bjj ,b4 ,c471 !re 7 m5 v]s$ 9 ! art ( heal+1 b t !y f\nd little occasion to practice _! art4 ,! ,romans l$ su* simple & temp]ate lives t sickness 0 r>e among !m1 & mo/ p di$ f old age4 ,only :5 extravagance & idl5ess1 9 %ort1 a dissolute life1 set 91 on ! "o h&1 & pov]ty & excessive "w on ! o!r1 matt]s 7 completely *ang$4 ,9 ! future1 extravagance1 idl5ess & dissolut5ess w be impossible1 b mis]y1 want & privation w be impossible likewise4 ,!re is an abundance = all4 ,he9ri* ,he9e has sung ere n[3 ,suffici5t gra9 is gr[n on e>? ,) bread all be+s to provide1 ,roses & myrtles1 beauty1 mir?1 ,& sug>-peas are !re beside4 ,yes1 sug>-peas = e "o6 ,:5 want no long] h>r[s1 ,!n heav5 gladly %all we leave ,to angels & to sp>r[s4#bfi 8,he :o eats little lives well0 7t is1 long71 said ! ,italian ,corn>o1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 z quot$ by ,niemey]4 ,f9ally1 *emi/ry1 too1 w be active 9 ! future to produce new & improv$ articles ( food4 ,to-day ?is sci5ce is frequ5tly abus$ to adult]ate food2 b x is cle> t a *emically prep>$ article ( food t has all ! qualities ( a natural product1 s]ves ! same purpose4 ,! mann] 9 :i* food is obta9$ is a matt] ( second>y importance1 provid$ t x answ]s all requirem5ts4 #bfh ,! p[] ( assimilation ( food by ea* individual is ! /&>d4 ,niemey]3 ,hygi5e4 #bfi ,he9ri* ,he9e3 ,g]many4 ,a ,w9t]'s ,tale4 #d4--,trans=mation ( ,dome/ic ,life4 ,z ! kit*51 s our entire dome/ic life w be revolutioniz$1 & c\ntless tasks t mu/ be p]=m$ to-day w become sup]flu\s4 ,z ! c5tral kit*5 w d away ) ! private kit*51 s c5tral heat+ & electric light+ plants w d away ) all ! tr\ble connect$ ) /oves & lamps4 ,w>m & cold wat] supply w enable all to enjoy daily ba?s4 ,c5tral laundries & dry+-rooms w assume ! wa%+ & dry+ ( clo!s2 c5tral clean+ e/abli%m5ts1 ! clean+ ( c>pets & clo!s4 ,9 ,*icago c>pet-clean+ ma*9es 7 exhibit$ t clean$ c>pets 9 an incr$ibly %ort "t1 call+ =? ! wond] & admiration ( ! ladies :o visit$ ! exposition4 ,! electric door op5s at a slight pressure ( ! f+] & %uts (f itself4 ,electric contrivances c>ry lett]s & newspap]s to e floor ( ! h\ses1 & electric elevators save "o ! tr\ble ( climb+ /airs4 ,! int]ior furni%+ ( ! h\ses1 ! cov]+s ( walls1 floors1 furniture1 etc41 w be s arrang$ z to make h\se-clean+ easy & to avoid ! ga!r+ ( du/ & g]ms4 ,g>bage & all k9ds ( (fal w be c>ri$ out ( ! h\ses by wa/e-pipes l ! wat] t has be5 us$4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & 9 "s ,european cities1 = in/ance1 9 ,zuri*1 ,b]l9 & its suburbs1 ,london1 ,vi5na1 ,muni*1 we already f9d wond]fully equipp$ h\ses1 9 :i* well-to-d families--o!rs c\ld n meet ! exp5se--reside & enjoy a great _m ( ! advantages describ$ above4#bgj ,"h aga9 we h an illu/ration ( h[ b\rgeois society paves ! way = ! revolutioniz+ ( dome/ic life1 ?\gh only = its *os5 few4 ,b :5 dome/ic life w be g5]ally trans=m$ 9 ! mann] we h po9t$ out1 !n ! dome/ic s]vant1 ?is 8slave to all :ims ( ! mi/ress10 w disappe>4 ,b ! 8lady ( ! h\se0 w disappe> also4 8,)\t s]vants1 no civilization10 ,mr4 v4 ,treits*ke exclaims1 horror-/rick51 ) an amus+ pa?os4 ,he c picture society )\t s]vants z little z ,ari/otle c\ld picture x )\t slaves4 ,x comes z a surprise to u1 ?\gh1 t ,mr4 v4 ,treits*ke reg>ds our s]vants z ! 8/&>d-be>]s ( our civilization40 ,treits*ke1 l ,eug5 ,ri*t]1 is also worri$ ov] ! %9+ ( %oes & ! clean+ ( clo!s1 :i* p _c possibly att5d to !mselves4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 n9e-t5?s ( ! p d poli% _! own %oes & clean _! own clo!s to-day1 or wom5 d x = _! husb&s1 or daught]s or sons d x = ! family1 & we c\ld answ] t :at has be5 done s f> by ! n9e-t5?s might z well be done by ! rema9+ t5?1 also4 ,!re might be /ill ano!r way4 ,:y %\ld n1 9 future1 "y p]sons1 reg>dless ( sex1 be call$ ^u to p]=m su* & simil> necess>y tasks8 ,"w is no disgrace1 n ev5 :5 x consi/s ( %9+ %oes4 ,t has be5 exp]i5c$ by _m an (fic] ( noble bir? :o _h to make 8 escape to ! ,unit$ ,/ates on acc\nt ( debts1 & !re became a port] or a boot-black4 ,9 "o ( 8 pamphlets1 ,mr4 ,eug5 ,ri*t] ev5 has ! %oe-poli%+ problem cause ! d[nfall ( ! 8,sociali/ *ancellor0 & ! disruption ( ! 8,sociali/ /ate40 ,= ! 8,sociali/ *ancellor0 refuses to poli% 8 own %oes1 & t is 8 great mis=tune4 ,our oppon5ts h enjoy$ ?is description hugely & h !reby only prov$ t _! dem&s on a criticism ( ,socialism are exce$+ly mode/4 ,mr4 ,eug5 ,ri*t] liv$ to exp]i5ce ! great grief t a memb] ( 8 own p>ty1 9 ,nuremb]g1 inv5t$ a %oe-poli%+ ma*9e1 %ortly aft] ! publication ( 8 pamphlet1 & t1 at ! ,_w's ,fair1 at ,*icago1 an electric %oe-poli%+ ma*9e 0 exhibit$ t p]=m$ ! task to p]fection4 ,s ,ri*t]'s & ,treits*ke's ma9 argum5t aga9/ ,sociali/ic society has be5 %att]$ by an inv5tion made )9 b\rgeois society itself4 ,! revolution>y trans=mation t is *ang+ all human relations completely1 especially ! position ( wom51 is be+ consummat$ "u our v eyes4 ,x is only a "q ( "t :5 society w take up ?is trans=mation on a l>ge scale1 w ha/5 & g5]alize ! process1 & w !reby enable all to p>ticipate 9 its c\ntless & multi=m advantages4 #bgj ,among #beba dwell+s erect$ 9 ,wilm]sdorf dur+ #aijh1 ! foll[+ numb] 7 equipp$ )3 ,c5tral heat+ #ajja or #ci4ga p] c5t4 ,hot wat] supply #acgc 8 #ed4df 8 8 ,electric light #abhh 8 #ea4ji 8 8 ,ba?s #bjfc 8 #ha4hc 8 8 ,elevators #fii 8 #bg4gc 8 8 ,vacuum clean]s #cjd 8 #ab4jf 8 8 ,all ( !m 7 suppli$ ) gas4 ,9 & ne> ,b]l9 !re also are a numb] ( h\ses furni%$ ) a c5tral kit*54 ,9 ?is common kit*5 ! food = all ! resid5ts ( ! h\se is prep>$4 ,?us b\rgeois society conta9s all ! g]ms ( future trans=mation4 8,! g>d5 city ( ! future w n only conta9 ! t[n hall1 ! c5tral gas1 electric light+ & heat+ plant1 ! s*ools & libr>ies1 b a c5tral kit*5 also4 ,x is n impossible t ! und]gr\nd passages1 conta9+ ! electric cables & heat+-pipes1 w be exp&$1 & t ?r\gh !m small automatic wagons w c>ry ! food directly into ! resid5ces ^u an ord] by telephone1 simil> to ! und]gr\nd1 electric mail-c>ri]s t h be5 plann$1 = transport+ ! mail f "o po/-(fice to ano!r 9 ! l>ge cities4 ,t is mu* simpl] & c be atta9$ mu* m easily ?an ! solution ( ! problem ( a]ial navigation t /ill seem$ utt]ly utopian a %ort :ile ago40 ,e4 ,lili5?al--,! ,re=m ( ,dome/ic ,"w1 8,docum5ts ( ,progress10 #aiji4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,woman 9 ! ,future4 ,?is *apt] may be brief4 ,x m]ely conta9s ! conclusions t may be drawn 9 reg>d to ! position ( woman 9 future society1 f all t has be5 said s f>2 conclusions t e read] c easily draw = himself4 ,9 ! new society woman w be entirely indep5d5t1 bo? socially & economically4 ,%e w n be subject$ to ev5 a trace ( dom9ation & exploitation1 b w be free & man's equal1 & mi/ress ( h] own lot4 ,h] education w be ! same z man's1 ) ! exception ( ^? deviations t are necessitat$ by ! diff]5ces ( sex & sexual functions4 ,liv+ "u normal conditions ( life1 %e may fully develop & employ h] physical & m5tal faculties4 ,%e *ooses an occupation suit$ to h] wi%es1 incl9ations & abilities1 & works "u ! same conditions z man4 ,engag$ z a practical work+ woman 9 "s field ( indu/rial activity1 %e may1 dur+ a second "p ( ! day1 be educator1 tea*] or nurse1 dur+ a ?ird %e may practice a sci5ce or an art1 & dur+ a f\r? %e may p]=m "s adm9i/rative function4 ,%e /udies1 works1 enjoys pleasures & recreation ) o!r wom5 or ) m51 z %e may *oose or z occasions may pres5t !mselves4 ,9 ! *oice ( love %e is z free & unhamp]$ z man4 ,%e woos or is woo$1 & ent]s into a union prompt$ by no o!r consid]ations b h] own feel+s4 ,?is union is a private agreem5t1 )\t ! int]f]5ce ( a function>y1 j z m>riage has be5 a private agreem5t until f> into ! middle ages4 ,"h ,socialism w create no?+ new1 x w m]ely re9/ate1 on a high] level ( civilization & "u a diff]5t social =m1 :at g5]ally prevail$ be=e private prop]ty dom9at$ society4 ,man %all dispose ( 8 own p]son1 provid$ t ! gratification ( 8 impulses is n h>mful or detrim5tal to o!rs4 ,! satisfaction ( ! sexual impulse is z mu* ! private conc]n ( ea* individual1 z ! satisfaction ( any o!r natural impulse4 ,no "o is acc\ntable to any "o else1 & no ?ird p]son has a "r to int]f]e4 ,:at ,i eat & dr9k1 h[ ,i sleep & dress is my private affair1 & my private affair also is my int]c\rse ) a p]son ( ! opposite sex4 ,intellig5ce & culture1 p]sonal indep5d5ce1--qualities t w become natural1 ow+ to ! education & conditions prevail+ 9 ! new society1--w prev5t p]sons f committ+ actions t w prove detrim5tal to !mselves4 ,m5 & wom5 ( future society w possess f> m self-control & a bett] k ( _! own natures1 ?an m5 & wom5 ( to-day4 ,! "o fact alone1 t ! fooli% prud]y & secrecy connect$ ) sexual matt]s w disappe>1 w make ! relation ( ! sexes a f> m natural & heal?ful "o4 ,if betwe5 a man & woman :o h ent]$ into a union1 incompatibility1 disappo9tm5t or revulsion %\ld appe>1 morality comm&s a dissolution ( ! union :i* has become unnatural1 & !re=e immoral4 ,z all ^? circum/ances w h vani%$ t h s f> compell$ a great _m wom5 ei!r to *ose celibacy or pro/itution1 m5 c no long] dom9ate ov] wom54 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! completely *ang$ social conditions w h remov$ ! _m h9drances & h>mful influ5ces t affect m>ri$ life to-day & frequ5tly prev5t its full developm5t or make x q impossible4 ,! imp$im5ts1 contradictions & unnatural features 9 ! pres5t position ( woman are be+ recogniz$ by ev] wid] circles1 & f9d expression 9 our mod]n lit]ature on social que/ions1 z well z 9 mod]n fiction2 only ! =m 9 :i* x is express$ sometimes fails to answ] ! purpose4 ,t pres5t day m>riage is n suit$ to its purpose1 is no long] d5i$ by any ?9k+ p]son4 ,s x is n surpris+ t ev5 su* p]sons favor a free *oice ( love & a free dissolution ( ! m>riage relation1 :o are n incl9$ to draw ! result+ conclusions t po9t to a *ange ( ! entire social sy/em4 ,!y believe t fre$om 9 sexual int]c\rse is ju/ifiable among memb]s ( ! privileg$ classes only4 ,9 a controv]sy1#bga 9 :i* %e opposes ! emancipation ( wom5 z set =? by ! writ]1 ,fanny ,lewald1 ,matilde ,rei*h>dt-,/romb]g says ! foll[+3 8,if y 7,f4 ,l471 dem& complete equality = wom5 9 social & political life1 ,george ,s& mu/ also be ju/ifi$ 9 h] /ruggles = emancipation1 t /rove = no?+ else b to possess :at has long s9ce be5 man's undisput$ possession4 ,= no good reason is to be f\nd :y only woman's head1 & n also h] he>t1 %all p>ticipate 9 ?is equality1 :y %e %all n give & take z freely z man4 ,on ! contr>y3 if nature gives woman ! "r1 & !reby also ! duty1--= we %all n bury a tal5t be/[$ ^u u1--to ex]t h] bra9 to ! utmo/ 9 competition ) ! intellectual ,titans ( ! opposite sex1 x mu/ also give h] ! "r to pres]ve h] equilibrium1 j z !y d1 by quick5+ ! circulation ( h] he>t 9 :atev] mann] %e may see fit4 ,we all read )\t be+ %ock$ 9 ! lea/ h[1 = in/ance1 ,goe!1--to *oose ! greate/ z an example1--aga9 & aga9 wa/$ ! w>m? ( 8 he>t & ! en?usiasm ( 8 great s\l ^u "s o!r woman4 ,intellig5t p consid] ?is p]fectly natural1 & only n>r[-m9d$ morali/s condemn x4 ,:y1 !n1 d]ide ! 8great s\ls0 among wom58 ,let u assume t ! entire female sex consi/$ ( great s\ls l ,george ,s&2 let u assume t e woman 7 a ,lucretia ,flor9i1 ^: *ildr5 are all *ildr5 ( love1 b :o br+s up ^! *ildr5 ) true mo!rly love & devotion1 z well z 9 a rational & intellig5t mann]4 ,h[ w\ld ! _w f>e8 ,!re is no d\bt t ! _w c\ld cont9ue to exi/ & develop z to-day1 & might ev5 f>e exceptionally well40 ,b :y %\ld only 8great s\ls0 lay claim to ?is "r1 & n also ! o!rs :o are no great s\ls8 ,if a ,goe! & a ,george ,s&1--to select only ^! two f among ! _m :o h done & are do+ likewise1--c\ld foll[ ! incl9ations ( _! he>ts1 if on ,goe!'s love affairs1 especially1 entire libr>ies are publi%$ t are dev\r$ 9 a sort ( rev]5d ec/acy by 8 admir]s1 :y %\ld we condemn 9 o!rs :at becomes an object ( admiration 9 ! case ( a ,goe!1 or a ,george ,s&8 ,( c\rse1 x is impossible to ass]t ! free *oice ( love 9 b\rgeois society1 z we h %[n by our entire l9e ( argum5t1 b if ! community 7 plac$ "u simil> social conditions z are enjoy$ to-day only by ! few :o are mat]ially & intellectually favor$1 all w\ld h ! possibility ( a simil> fre$om4 ,9 8,jacques10 ,george ,s& depicts a husb& :o judges ! illicit relation ( 8 wife ) ano!r man 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 8no human be+ c comm& love1 & none is guilty1 if he feels or goes )\t x4 ,:at degrades ! woman is ! lie2 :at con/itutes ! adult]y is n ! h\r %e grants to h] lov]1 b ! night t %e !reupon sp5ds ) h] husb&40 ,z a result ( ?is conception1 ,jacques feels x to be 8 duty to make way = 8 rival 7,borel71 & philosophizes accord+ly3 8,borel1 9 my place1 w\ld h calmly beat5 8 wife1 & w\ld n h blu%$ to receive h] into 8 arms aft]w>ds1 degrad$ by 8 bl[s & 8 kisses4 ,!re are m5 :o w\ld n hesitate1 accord+ to ori5tal cu/om1 to kill _! fai?less wife1 because !y reg>d h] z _! lawful prop]ty4 ,o!rs fight a duel ) _! rival1 kill or remove him1 & !n beg ! woman1 :om !y claim to love1 = kisses or c>esses1 :ile %e ei!r )draws full ( horror or yields 9 despair4 ,^!1 9 cases ( conjugal love1 are ! mo/ common ways ( act+1 & x seems to me t ! love ( hogs is less vile & debas+1 ?an ! love ( su* m540 ,to ^! s5t5ces1 ,br&es obs]ves3#bgb 8,^! tru?s1 t are elem5tal ones to educat$ p]sons to-day1 7 atroci\s sophisms fifty ye>s ago40 ,b ! prop]ti$ & cultur$ classes d n v5ture ev5 to-day1 op5ly to av[ ! pr9ciples ( ,george ,s&1 al?o !y actually live 9 accordance ) !m4 ,!y are hypocrites 9 m>riage1 z !y are hypocrites 9 morals & religion4 ,:at 0 done by ,goe! & ,george ,s&1 is be+ done by ?\s&s ( o!rs to-day1 :o _c be> comp>ison ) ,goe! or ,s&1 )\t suff]+ a loss ( social e/eem4 ,ev]y?+ c be done if p hold a respect$ position4 ,nev]!less ! lib]ties ( a ,goe! & a ,george ,s& are immoral f ! /&po9t ( b\rgeois morality1 = !y are 9 opposition to ! moral laws laid d[n by society1 & are 9 contradiction to ! nature ( our social sy/em4 ,compulsory m>riage is ! normal m>riage to b\rgeois society4 ,x is ! only 8moral0 union ( ! sexes2 any o!r sexual union is 8immoral40 ,b\rgeois m>riage is1--?is we h irrefutably prov$1--! result ( b\rgeois relations4 ,closely connect$ ) private prop]ty & ! "r ( inh]itance1 x is contract$ to obta9 8legitimate0 *ildr54 ,"u ! pressure ( social conditions x is =c$ also ^u ^? :o h no?+ to bequea?4 ,x becomes a social law1 ! violation ( :i* is puni%$ by ! /ate1 by imprisonm5t ( ! m5 or wom5 :o h committ$ adult]y & h become divorc$4 ,b 9 ,sociali/ic society !re w be no?+ to bequea?1 unless h\se furni%+s & p]sonal belong+s %\ld be reg>d$ z h]$it>y portions2 s ! mod]n =m ( m>riage becomes unt5able f ?is po9t ( view also4 ,?is also settles ! "q ( inh]itance1 :i* ,socialism w n ne$ to aboli%4 ,:]e !re is no private prop]ty1 !re c be no "r ( inh]itance4 ,s woman w be free1 & ! *ildr5 %e may h w n impair h] fre$om1 !y w only increase h] pleasure 9 life4 ,nurses1 tea*]s1 wom5 fri5ds1 ! ris+ female g5]ation1 all ^! w /& by h] :5 %e is 9 ne$ ( assi/ance4 ,x is possible t !re w be "s m51 ev5 9 ! future1 :o w say1 l ,a4 ,humboldt3 8,i am n built to become ! fa!r ( a family4 ,moreov]1 ,i consid] m>riage a s91 ! begett+ ( *ildr5 a crime40 ,:at does x matt]8 ,! =ce ( ! natural impulse w e/abli% ! equilibrium ) o!rs4 ,we are n al>m$ ei!r by ,humboldt's ho/ility to m>riage1 or by ! philosophic pessimism ( ,s*op5hau]1 ,ma9l&] or v4 ,h>tmann1 :o hold out to man ! prospect ( self-de/ruction 9 ! 8ideal /ate40 ,we are fully agre$ ) ,dr4 ,ratzel1 :o writes on ?is subject3 ,man %\ld no long] reg>d himself an exception to natural laws4 ,he %\ld f9ally /rive to recognize ! laws und]ly+ 8 own ?\ghts & actions1 & %\ld endeavor to live 9 accordance ) ^! laws4 ,he w ev5tually le>n to arrange 8 life ) 8 fell[-be+s1 t is1 ! family & ! /ate1 n accord+ to ! precepts laid d[n 9 c5turies gone by1 b accord+ to ! rational pr9ciples d]iv$ f an und]/&+ ( nature4 ,politics1 morals1 laws1 t are at pres5t drawn f v>i\s s\rces1 w be %ap$ accord+ to natural laws4 ,an exi/5ce wor?y ( human be+s1 t mank9d has be5 dream+ ( = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 w become a reality at la/4#bgc ,?is "t is rapidly approa*+4 ,= ?\s&s ( ye>s human society has pass$ ?ru all phases ( developm5t1 only to return to its />t+ po9t3 communi/ic prop]ty & complete lib]ty & frat]nity2 b no long] only = ! memb]s ( ! g5s1 b = all human be+s4 ,t is :at ! great progress consi/s (4 ,:at b\rgeois society has /riv5 = 9 va91 9 :at x fail$ & 0 b\nd to fail1--to e/abli% lib]ty1 equality & frat]nity = all1--w be realiz$ by ,socialism4 ,b\rgeois society c\ld m]ely advance ! !ory1 b "h1 z 9 _m o!r ?+s1 practice 0 contr>y to ! !ories4 ,socialism w unite !ory & practice4 ,b z mank9d returns to ! />t+ po9t ( its developm5t1 x w d s on an inf9itely high] level ( civilization4 ,if primitive society _h common own]%ip 9 ! g5s & ! clan1 x 0 b 9 a co>se =m & an undevelop$ /age4 ,! c\rse ( developm5t t man has s9ce und]gone1 has r$uc$ common prop]ty to small & insignificant remnants1 has %att]$ ! g5s & has f9ally atomiz$ society2 b 9 its v>i\s phases x has also greatly height5$ ! productive =ces ( society & ! ext5siv5ess ( its dem&s2 x has trans=m$ ! g5tes & ! tribes into nations1 & has !reby aga9 creat$ a condition t is 9 gl>+ contradiction to ! requirem5ts ( society4 ,x is ! task ( ! future to remove ?is contradiction by re-e/abli%+ ! common own]%ip ( prop]ty & ! means ( production on ! broade/ basis4 ,society takes back :at x has at "o "t possess$ & has itself creat$1 b x enables all to live 9 accordance ) ! newly creat$ conditions ( life on ! highe/ level ( civilization4 ,9 o!r words1 x grants to all :at "u m primitive conditions has be5 ! privilege ( s+le individuals or classes4 ,n[ woman1 too1 is re/or$ to ! active position ma9ta9$ by h] 9 primitive society2 only %e no long] is mi/ress1 b man's equal4 8,! end ( ! developm5t ( ! /ate resembles ! beg9n+s ( human exi/5ce4 ,primitive equality is re9/at$4 ,! mat]nal mat]ial exi/5ce op5s & closes ! cycle ( human affairs40 ,?us ,back(51 9 8 book on ,! ,matri>*ate2 & ,morgan says3 8,s9ce ! adv5t ( civilization1 ! increase ( weal? has be5 s enorm\s1 its =ms s v>i$1 its application s ext5sive1 & its adm9i/ration s skillful 9 ! int]e/ ( ! own]s1 t ?is weal? has become an inv9cible p[] aga9/ ! p4 ,! human m9d is helpless & bewild]$ 9 ! face ( its own creation4 ,& yet ! "t w come1 :5 human intellig5ce w be suffici5tly /rong to ma/] weal?1 :5 x w det]m9e bo? ! relation ( ! /ate to ! prop]ty t x protects1 & ! limit ( ! rights ( individual own]s4 ,! int]e/s ( society are absolutely p>am\nt to individual int]e/s1 & bo? mu/ be plac$ into a j & h>moni\s relation4 ,pursuit ( weal? is n ! ultimate aim ( man1 if progress is to rema9 ! law ( ! future z x has be5 ! law ( ! pa/4 ,! "t t has elaps$ s9ce ! adv5t ( civilization is only a small fraction ( ! pa/ exi/5ce ( humanity2 x is only a small fraction ( its com+ exi/5ce4 ,we are ?reat5$ by ! dissolution ( society z ! t]m9ation ( a hi/oric c>e]1 ^: sole aim is weal?2 = a c>e] ( ?is sort conta9s ! elem5ts ( its own de/ruction4 ,democracy 9 adm9i/ration1 frat]nity 9 social relations1 g5]al education1--^! w initiate ! next1 high] /age ( society1 t[>d :i* exp]i5ce1 reason & sci5ce are con/antly lead+ u4 ,x w be a resurrection1 only 9 a high] =m1 ( ! lib]ty1 equality & frat]nity ( ! old g5s40#bgd ,s m51 proce$+ f ! mo/ v>i$ /&po9ts1 arrive at ! same conclusions1 z a result ( _! sci5tific inve/igations4 ,! complete emancipation ( woman1 & h] e/abli%m5t ( equal rights ) man is "o ( ! aims ( our cultur$ developm5t1 ^: realization no p[] on e>? c prev5t4 ,b x c be accompli%$ only by means ( a trans=mation t w aboli% ! rule ( man ov] man1 includ+ ! rule ( ! capitali/ ov] ! labor]4 ,!n only c humanity atta9 its fulle/ developm5t4 ,! 8gold5 age0 ( :i* m5 h be5 dream+1 & = :i* !y h be5 ye>n+ = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 w come at la/4 ,class rule w =ev] be at an end1 & ) x ! rule ( man ov] woman4 #bga 8,rights ( ,wom5 & ,duties ( ,wom540 ,a ,reply to ,fanny ,lewald's ,epi/les3 8,= & aga9/ ,wom540 #bgb ,george ,br&es3 ,! lit]ature ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,leipsic1 #ahhc4 #bgc ,quot$ by ,ern/ ,haeckel 9 8 8,natural ,/ory ( ,creation40 #bgd ,morgan3 ,anci5t ,hi/ory4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,int]nationality4 ,b an exi/5ce wor?y ( human be+s _c be ! mann] ( liv+ ( a s+le privileg$ nation1 =1 be+ isolat$ f all o!r nations1 x c\ld nei!r e/abli% nor ma9ta9 ?is condition4 ,our entire developm5t is ! product ( ! comb9$ action ( national & int]national =ces & relations4 ,al?o ! national ideal /ill dom9ates ! m9ds to a great ext5t & is us$ z a means = ma9ta9+ political & social rul]%ip1--= ?is is possible only )9 national b\nds1--we are already deeply imbu$ ) int]nationalism4 ,treaties ( comm]ce1 t>iff & navigation1 ! _w po/al union1 int]national expositions1 congresses on int]national law & int]national measurem5ts ( degrees1 o!r int]national sci5tific congresses & associations1 int]national exp$itions ( exploration1 comm]ce & trade1 & especially ! int]national conv5tions ( work+m51 :o are ! h]alds ( ! new era1 & to ^: influ5ce x is due t1 dur+ ! spr+ ( #ahij1 ^u an invitation f ! ,g]man ,empire1 ! fir/ int]national conf]5ce on work+m5's protective legislation 0 held 9 ,b]l91--all ?is proves ! int]national "* t ! relations ( civiliz$ nations h assum$1 not)/&+ _! national seclusion4 ,beside speak+ ( national economy1 we speak ( int]national economy1 & consid] ! latt] m important1 because ! welf>e ( ! diff]5t nations dep5ds ^u x to a great ext5t4 ,a great _m ( our dome/ic products are ex*ang$ = =eign products1 t we c no long] disp5se )4 ,z "o bran* ( indu/ry suff]s :5 ano!r flags1 s ! entire national production ( a giv5 c\ntry is v mat]ially injur$ by a crisis 9 ano!r c\ntry4 ,! relations ( ! diff]5t c\ntries to "o ano!r are con/antly becom+ m cordial1 reg>dless ( ! pass+ di/urbances1 l w>s & ! in/igations ( national hatr$1 because ^! relations are dom9at$ by mat]ial int]e/s1 ! /ronge/ ( all4 ,e new highway1 e improvem5t 9 ! means ( transportation1 e inv5tion or improvem5t 9 ! process ( production :i* leads to a *eap5+ ( commodities1 /r5g!ns ^! relations4 ,! ease ) :i* p]sonal relations are e/abli%$ betwe5 widely sep>at$ c\ntries & nations1 is a new1 important l9k 9 ! *a9 ( connections4 ,emigration & colonization are o!r p[]ful lev]s4 ,nations le>n f "o ano!r & /rive to excel ea* o!r4 ,beside ! ex*ange ( all k9ds ( mat]ial products1 an ex*ange ( intellectual products takes place1 bo? 9 _! orig9al =ms ( expression & 9 translations4 ,to millions ( p x becomes a necessity to le>n =eign languages1 & beside mat]ial advantages1 no?+ is m likely to remove prejudice & to ar\se sympa?y1 ?an an acqua9tance ) ! language & intellectual products ( a =eign nation4 ,! effect ( ?is process ( approa* on an int]national scale is an increas+ resemblance 9 ! social conditions ( ! v>i\s nations4 ,) ! mo/ advanc$ civiliz$ nations1 t may !re=e be reg>d$ z ! /&>d1 ?is resemblance is s great1 t :oev] kn[s ! economic /ructure ( "o nation1 practically kn[s x ( all4 ,x is z 9 nature1 :]e animals belong+ to ! same species h skeletons t are id5tical 9 organization & /ructure1 & if a sci5ti/ is giv5 "s p>ts ( su* skeleton he c !oretically recon/ruct ! entire animal4 ,a fur!r conclusion is t1 :]ev] simil> social conditions exi/1 ! results spr++ f !m mu/ be simil>4 ,accumulation ( great weal? po9ts to ! opposite extreme ( wage-slav]y1 oppression ( ! masses by ! sy/em ( production1 rule ( ! masses by ! prop]ti$ m9ority1 & all ! result+ evils4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 we see t ! class antagonism & class /ruggle1 :i* is rag+ 9 ,g]many1 is /irr+ all ( ,europe1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica & ,au/ralia4 ,9 ,europe we meet ) a _s ( unre/ & dissatisfaction f ,russia to ,portugal1 f ! ,balkans1 ,hung>y & ,italy to ,engl& & ,irel&4 ,ev]y:]e we p]ceive ! same symptoms ( social f]m5tation1 g5]al dissatisfaction & decomposition4 ,al?o ^! movem5ts diff] outw>dly1 accord+ to ! degree ( developm5t & ! "* ( ! population1 !y all are id5tical 9 "*4 ,pr(\nd social antagonism is ! und]ly+ cause4 ,) ea* ye> ?is antagonism is gr[+ m pron\nc$1 ! f]m5tation & dissatisfaction p]vades ! body social m & m1 until p]haps "s slight provocation w cause an outbreak t w spread ) ! rapidity ( lightn+ ov] ! entire civiliz$ _w1 & w ev]y:]e ar\se m5 to side ) "o or ! o!r p>ty 9 ! great conflict4 ,x w be ! /ruggle ( ! new _w aga9/ ! old4 ,masses w ent] ! ar5a1 & ! /ruggle w be conduct$ ) an am\nt ( intellig5ce su* z ! _w has nev] se5 9 any previ\s /ruggle1 su* z x w nev] see aga92 = x w be ! la/ social /ruggle4 ,/&+ at ! beg9n+ ( ! tw5tie? c5tury1 we c see ?is /ruggle approa*+ its la/ /ages 9 :i* ! new ideas w be victori\s4 ,! new society w con/ruct itself ^u an int]national basis4 ,! nations w frat]nize1 !y w jo9 h&s1 & w endeavor to ext5d ! new conditions to all nations ( ! _w4#bge ,"o nation w no long] approa* ano!r z an enemy1 to exploit & to oppress x1 or z ! uphold] ( a =eign religion t x seeks to =ce ^u x1 b z a fri5d1 endeavor+ to make civiliz$ be+s ( all m54 ,! tasks ( colonization & civilization ( ! new society w diff] z radically f ^? ( ! pres5t 9 _! v nature1 & 9 ! means employ$ by !m1 z ! two social ord]s diff] f "o ano!r4 ,nei!r p[d] & lead nor 8fire-wat]0 & ! ,bible w employ$4 ,! mission ( civilization w be und]tak5 by peaceable means1 t w make ! civiliz]s appe> to b>b>ians & savages n z enemies1 b z b5efactors4 ,reasonable voyag]s & explor]s h long s9ce exp]i5c$ h[ successful ^! me?ods are4 ,:5 ! civiliz$ nations are unit$ 9 a mighty f$]ation1 !n ! "t w h come :5 ! trumpets ( w> %all be sil5c$ =ev]4 ,et]nal peace w !n no long] be a dream1 z uni=m$ g5tlem5 w\ld h ! _w believe4 ,?is "t w arrive z soon z ! nations w h recogniz$ _! true int]e/s4 ,^! int]e/s are n advanc$ by qu>rels & conflicts1 by w>like prep>ations t de/roy c\ntries & nations1 b by peaceable agreem5ts & common works ( civilization4 ,moreov]1 ! rul+ classes & _! gov]nm5ts see to x1--z has be5 previ\sly set =?1--t armam5ts & w>s come to an end by means ( _! own enormity4 ,s ! la/ weapons1 l s _m t h prec$$ !m1 w be ga!r$ into old curiosity collections to prove to com+ g5]ations h[ m51 = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 (t5 lac]at$ "o ano!r l wild bea/s ( ! jungle--until man f9ally triumph$ ov] ! wild bea/ )9 him4 ,t national *>act]i/ics & diff]5ces lead to w>s1--^! *>act]i/ics & diff]5ces be+ artificially /imulat$ by ! rul+ classes1 s t a great w> may1 9 case ( necessity1 c\nt]act dang]\s t5d5cies 9 ! int]ior1--is confirm$ by an utt]ance ( ! late ,g5]al ,fieldm>%al ,moltke4 ,9 ! fir/ volume ( 8 po/hum\s "w t deals ) ! ,g]man-,fr5* ,w> ( #ahgj-ga1 he says1 among o!r ?+s1 9 ! introductory rem>ks3 8,s long z nations lead a sep>ate exi/5ce1 !re w be diff]5ces t c only be settl$ by =ce ( arms4 ,b x is to be hop$ t ! w>s may become r>e z !y h become m t]rible40 ,?is national sep>ation1 t is1 ?is ho/ile exclusion ( "o nation f ano!r1 is pass+ away 9 spite ( all endeavors to ma9ta9 x1 & s com+ g5]ations w f9d x an easy matt] to c>ry out tasks1 t gift$ m9ds h long s9ce plann$ & h attempt$ to accompli%1 b unsuccessfully4 ,condorcet already conceiv$ ! idea ( introduc+ a univ]sal language4 ,! late ex-presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,ulysses ,s4 ,grant1 said 9 an address3 8,s9ce comm]ce1 education1 & ! quick transportation ( ?\ghts & objects by telegraph & /eam h trans=m$ ev]y?+1 ,i believe t ,god is prep>+ ! _w to become "o nation1 to speak "o language1 & to atta9 a degree ( p]fection 9 :i* armies & navies w be sup]flu\s40 ,) a full-blood$ ,yankee1 ,god mu/1 ( c\rse1 be ! adju/]1 in/ead ( recogniz+ t matt]s are be+ adju/$ 9 consequ5ce ( hi/oric evolution4 ,t is n to be wond]$ at4 ,ignorance or hypocrisy 9 religi\s matt]s are n[h]e great] ?an 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! less ! p[] ( ! /ate guides ! masses by its organization1 ! m mu/ x be done by religion1 by ! *ur*4 ,!re=e ! b\rgeoisie appe>s mo/ pi\s :]ev] ! p[] ( ! /ate is weake/4 ,beside ! ,u4 ,s41 ?is is ! case 9 ,engl&1 ,belgium & ,switz]l&4 ,ev5 ! revolution>y ,robespi]re1 :o play$ ) ! heads ( ari/ocrats & prie/s z ) b[l+ balls1 01 z is well kn[n1 exce$+ly religi\s4 ,!re=e he _h ! 8supreme be+0 solemnly re9/at$ aft] its rec5t de?ronem5t by ! conv5tion1--an action ( equally bad ta/e4 ,s9ce be=e ! great revolution ! frivol\s & dissolute ari/ocrats bragg$ ab\t _! a!ism1 ,robespi]re reg>d$ x z be+ ari/ocratic1 & ?us d5\nc$ x be=e ! conv5tion 9 8 spee* on ! 8supreme be+30 8,a!ism is ari/ocratic4 ,! idea ( a supreme be+ t wat*es ov] ! innoc5t oppress$ & puni%es triumphant crime1 has sprung f ! mid/ ( ! p4 ,if !re 7 no ,god x w\ld be necess>y to inv5t "o40 ,virtu\s ,robespi]re div9$ t 8 virtu\s b\rgeois republic c\ld n remove social extremes4 ,!re=e he prea*$ belief 9 a supreme be+1 av5g+ wrong & equaliz+ :at m5 c\ld n yet equalize2 !re=e ?is belief 0 a necessity to ! fir/ republic4 ,times *ange4 ,"o progress leads to ano!r4 ,mank9d w set ev] new tasks = itself1 & w lead !m to a degree ( developm5t 9 :i* national or religi\s hatr$ & w>s w no long] be kn[n4 #bge 8,at pres5t national int]e/s & human int]e/s are ho/ile to ea* o!r4 ,on a high] level ( civilization bo? int]e/s w become id5tical40--v4 ,?u554--,! ,isolat$ ,/ate4 ,,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,! ,"q ( ,population & ,socialism4 #a4--;,fe> ( ,ov]-,population4 ,!re are p :o reg>d ! "q ( population z "o ( ! mo/ important & urg5t ( all1 because1 !y claim t we are ?reat5$ ) ov]-population1 inde$1 t x is already at h&4 ,!re=e ?is "q mu/ be specially treat$ f an int]national /&po9t1 = n\ri%m5t & di/ribution ( ! population h become m & m a matt] ( int]national conc]n4 ,!re has be5 mu* discussion on ! law gov]n+ ! gr[? ( population s9ce ,mal?us4 ,9 8 fam\s & notori\s book1 an 8,essay on ! ,pr9ciple ( ,population10 t ,k>l ,m>x has describ$ z a 8s*ool-boyi%1 sup]ficial plagi>ism on ,sir ,james ,/ew>t1 ,t[ns5d1 ,frankl9 ,wallace1 etc41 declaim$ 9 a prie/-l mann] & n conta9+ a s+le orig9al ?\ght10--,mal?us prop\nds ! !ory t mank9d has ! t5d5cy to increase at ! ratio ( geometrical progression 7#a1 #b1 #d1 #h1 #af1 #cb1 etc471 :ile food increases only at ! ratio ( ari?metical progression 7#a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 etc474 ,! consequ5ce1 he ass]ts1 is t a disproportion arises betwe5 ! numb] ( human be+s & ! food supply :i* mu/ lead to :olesale />vation1 & t1 !re=e1 x becomes necess>y to impose ab/95ce ^u "o's self 9 ! procreation ( *ildr54 ,he1 :o has n suffici5t means to support a family %\ld n m>ry1 z !re w\ld n be suffici5t room at 8nature's table0 = 8 desc5dants4 ,! fe> ( ov]-population is a v old "o4 ,z we h %[n 9 ?is book1 x exi/$ among ! ,greeks & ,romans & 0 met ) aga9 at ! close ( ! middle ages4 ,plato & ,ari/otle1 ! ,romans1 ! small b\rgeois ( ! middle ages1 !y all 7 dom9at$ by ?is fe>4 ,x also occupi$ ,voltaire1 :o wrote a treatise on ?is subject at ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,o!r writ]s foll[$ him1 until ,mal?us f9ally gave ?is fe> ! mo/ poignant expression4 ,! fe> ( ov]-population is always met ) at p]iods :5 exi/+ social conditions are 9 a /ate ( decay4 ,! g5]al dissatisfaction t prevails at su* times is ascrib$ to ! sup]abundance ( human be+s & ! lack ( food1 in/ead ( be+ ascrib$ to ! mann] 9 :i* food is obta9$ & di/ribut$4 ,e exploitation ( man by man is f\nd$ on class rule4 ,! fir/1 & pr9cipal means ( e/abli%+ class rule is to take possession ( ! soil4 ,common prop]ty at fir/1 x gradually becomes private prop]ty4 ,! masses become prop]tyless & are oblig$ to e>n _! %>e ( food by s]v+ ! prop]ti$ class4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 e addition to ! family1 or new competitor1 becomes a burd54 ,! spect] ( ov]-population appe>s1 & spreads t]ror 9 ! same measure 9 :i* ! soil becomes monopoliz$ & loses its productivity1 ei!r because x is n suffici5tly cultivat$1 or because ! be/ gr\nd is turn$ into pa/ures1 or because x has be5 res]v$ = ! pleasures ( ! hunt ( its ma/]s1 & ?us )drawn f cultivation = human food4 ,rome & ,italy suff]$ f ! greate/ lack ( food at ! "t :5 ! l& 0 own$ by ab\t ?ree ?\s& latifundia proprietors4 ,h5ce ! cry ( fe>3 ! latifundia are de/roy+ ,rome6 ,! ,italian soil 0 conv]t$ into imm5se hunt+ gr\nds or p>ks = ! pleasure ( its noble own]s4 ,sometimes x 0 also left uncultivat$1 because its cultivation by slaves 0 m exp5sive ?an to import gra9 f ,sicily & ,africa2 ?is /ate ( affairs favor$ ! usury 9 gra91 9 :i* ! ri* nobility ( ,rome likewise p>ticipat$4 ,! nobility pr(it$ m by ! usury 9 gra9 ?an by cultivat+ gra9 9 _! own c\ntry4 ,"u su* conditions ! ,roman b\rgeois1 or ! paup]iz$ nobleman1 pref]r$ to refra9 f m>riage & ! procreation ( *ildr54 ,! premiums plac$ on m>riage & ! bir? ( *ildr51 to prev5t a dim9ution ( ! rul+ classes1 rema9$ ineffectual4 ,a simil> ph5om5on occurr$ at ! close ( ! middle ages1 aft] ! nobility & ! cl]gy _h1 = c5turies1 by =ce & by /eal?1 robb$ _m peasants ( _! prop]ty & usurp$ ! common l&4 ,:5 ! peasants revolt$ z a result ( all ! abuses !y _h suff]$1 b 7 beat5 d[n1 ! robb]y ( ! nobility 0 cont9u$ on a /ill l>g] scale1 & ! re=m$ pr9ces also practic$ x on ! prop]ty ( ! *ur*4 ,at t "t ! numb] ( ?ieves1 begg>s & vagabonds increas$ z nev] be=e4 ,_! numb] 0 greate/ aft] ! re=mation4 ,! expropriat$ rural population p\r$ into ! cities2 b "h1 too1 ! conditions ( life _h be5 gr[+ /eadily worse1 ow+ to causes t h be5 set =? 9 previ\s *apt]s1 & s 8ov]-population0 prevail$ ev]y:]e4 ,! appe>ance ( ,mal?us co9cides ) t p]iod ( ,engli% indu/ry :51 z a result ( ! new inv5tions by ,h>greaves1 ,arkwright & ,watt1 trem5d\s me*anical & te*nical *anges took place4 ,^! *anges especially affect$ ! cotton & l95 indu/ries1 & depriv$ t5s ( ?\s&s ( work+m5 ( employm5t1 :o 7 engag$ 9 ^! dome/ic indu/ries4 ,! conc5tration ( prop]ty 9 l&1 & ! developm5t ( indu/ry on a l>ge scale1 assum$ great dim5sions 9 ,engl& at t "t4 ,) ! rapid increase ( weal? on ! "o h&1 !re 0 gr[+ mis]y ( ! masses on ! o!r4 ,dur+ su* a "t ! rul+ classes1 :o h good cause to consid] ! _w1 z x is1 ! be/ ( worlds1 _h to seek a plausible explanation1 reliev+ !m ( all responsibility1 = s contradictory a ph5om5on z ! paup]ization ( ! masses 9 ! mid/ ( increas+ weal? & n\ri%+ indu/ry4 ,no?+ 0 m conv5i5t ?an to blame ! too rapid increase ( ! work+m5 by _! hav+ too _m *ildr5 = ?is /ate ( affairs1 in/ead ( blam+ ! fact t !y 7 be+ made sup]flu\s by ! process ( production1 & ! fur!r fact t ! soil 0 becom+ accumulat$ 9 ! h&s ( ! l&lords4 ,"u su* conditions ! 8s*ool-boyi%1 sup]ficial plagi>ism declaim$ 9 a prie/-l mann]0 :i* ,mal?us publi%$1 conta9$ an explanation ( exi/+ evils t express$ ! inn]mo/ ?\ghts & wi%es ( ! rul+ classes1 & ju/ifi$ !m be=e ! _w4 ,t expla9s :y x met ) s mu* success on ! "o h&1 & ) su* bitt] opposition on ! o!r4 ,= ! ,engli% b\rgeoisie ,mal?us _h spok5 ! "r ^w at ! "r "t1 & s--al?o 8 book did 8n conta9 a s+le orig9al ?\ght10 he became a great & fam\s man1 & 8 "n came to /& = ! entire doctr9e6#bgf #bgf ,t ,d>w9 & o!rs also become foll[]s ( ,mal?us only proves t a lack ( economic /udies leads to ! mo/ bias$ views 9 ! realm ( sci5ce4 #b4--,production ( ,ov]-,population4 ,! conditions t caus$ ,mal?us to utt] 8 cry ( w>n+ & to set =? 8 brutal doctr9es1--!y 7 address$ to ! work+ class1 :i* meant add+ insult to injury1--h s9ce exp&$ ) e decade4 ,!y h exp&$1 n only 9 ! native l& ( ,mal?us1 ,great ,brita91 b 9 all c\ntries ( ! _w t h a capitali/ic me?od ( production1 :i* implies robb]y ( ! soil & subjugation ( ! masses by means ( ! ma*9e & ! factory4 ,?is sy/em1--z has be5 %[n1--consi/s 9 ! sep>ation ( ! work] f 8 means ( production1 be x ! l& or tools1 & _! transf] into ! h&s ( ! capitali/s4 ,?is sy/em con/antly creates new bran*es ( indu/ry1 developes & conc5trates !m1 b x also con/antly turns out into ! /reet new masses ( ! population & makes !m 8sup]flu\s40 ,9 _m cases x also promotes1 z 9 anci5t ,rome1 ! latifundia own]%ip ) all its results4 ,irel& is ! classic l& ( ,europe t has be5 afflict$ wor/ ( all by ! ,engli% sy/em ( robb]y4 ,z e>ly z #ahgd x already _h an area ( mead[ & pa/ure l& ( #ab1cgh1bdd acres1 b only #c1cgc1ejh acres ( cultivat$ fields1 & e ye> ! population decreases1 & h& 9 h& ) ?is decrease proce$s ! fur!r conv]sion ( cultivat$ l& into mead[s & pa/ures = %eep & cattle & into hunt+ gr\nds = ! l&lords4#bgg 7,9 #aijh !re 7 #ad1hje1jdf acres ( mead[ & pa/ure l& & only #b1bch1ijf acres ( cultivat$ l&47 ,moreov]1 ! agricultural l& ( ,irel& is1 to a great ext5t1 r5t$ by small t5ants1 :o are unable to improve ^u ! cultivation ( ! soil4 ,s ,irel& pres5ts ! aspect ( a c\ntry t is retrogress+ f an agricultural to a pa/oral c\ntry4 ,at ! same "t ! population t numb]$ #h millions at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 has decl9$ to #d4c millions1 & a few million /ill are 8sup]flu\s40 ,?is cle>ly expla9s ! rebellion ( ! ,iri% aga9/ ,engl&4 ,scotl& pres5ts a simil> picture 9 reg>d to ! own]%ip & cultivation ( its l&4#bgh ,! same ?+ is re-enact$ 9 ,hung>y1 :i* ent]$ ^u mod]n l9es ( developm5t only a few decades ago4 ,few ,european c\ntries possess su* a weal? ( f]tile soil z ,hung>y1 & yet x is burd5$ ) debts & ! population is paup]iz$ & is at ! m]cy ( usur]s4 ,despair drives ! p to :olesale emigration4 ,! l& is conc5trat$ 9 ! h&s ( mod]n magnates ( capital1 :o apply _! rapaci\s sy/em to ! =e/s & ! fields4 ,x is likely t 9 a "t n f> di/ant1 ,hung>y w cease to be a gra9 export+ c\ntry4 ,italy pres5ts a simil> picture4 ,9 ,italy1 z 9 ,g]many1 political unity ( ! nation has favor$ capitali/ic developm5t1 b ! indu/ri\s peasants ( ,pi$mont & ,lomb>dy1 ( ,tuscany1 ,romagna & ,sicily1 are con/antly gr[+ poor] & are be+ utt]ly ru9$4 ,already swamps & m>%es beg9 to reappe>1 :]e1 up to a few decades ago1 7 ! well cultivat$ fields & g>d5s ( small peasants4 ,be=e ! v gates ( ,rome1 9 ! di/rict kn[n z ! ,campagna1 are hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( hect>es ( l& t are left uncultivat$1 9 a vic9ity t 0 "o ( ! mo/ fl\ri%+ ( anci5t ,rome4 ,ev]y:]e are swamps exhal+ _! poison\s miasms4 ,if ! necess>y means 7 employ$ to dra9 ! swamps & to introduce a prop] sy/em ( irrigation1 ! population ( ,rome w\ld obta9 a ri* s\rce ( n\ri%m5t & enjoym5t4 ,b ,italy suff]s f ! ambition to become a great p[]2 s x ru9s ! population by bad adm9i/ration1 milit>y & naval armam5t & colonization1 & has no means left = true tasks ( civilization1 su* z ! cultivation ( ! ,campagna4 ,9 s\!rn ,italy & ,sicily conditions are simil> z 9 ! ,campagna4 ,sicily1 at "o "t ! gran>y ( ,rome1 is ev] gr[+ poor]4 ,9 all ,europe !re is no poor]1 m exploit$ & worse treat$ population4 ,! sons ( ! mo/ beautiful c\ntry ( ,europe1 flood half ( ,europe & ,am]ica1 & because _! ne$s are few !y s]ve to l[] wages4 ,!y emigrate 9 masses1 because !y d n wi% to />ve on _! native soil1 :i* !y no long] own4 ,mal>ia1 t awful fev]1 has spread to su* an ext5t ?ru\t ,italy1 t 9 #ahhb ! gov]nm5t became al>m$ & in/itut$ an inve/igation4 ,?is inve/igation reveal$ t ( ! #if prov9ces ( ! c\ntry1 #cb 7 already sev]ely afflict$1 #cb o!rs 7 infect$ & only #e rema9$ free f ! disease4 ,=m]ly kn[n 9 ! c\ntry only1 ! disease 0 c>ri$ into ! cities1 :]e ! conge/$ prolet>ian population1 increas$ by ! rural prolet>iat1 =m$ ! c5tral seat ( ! infection4 #bgg ,9 8 pa!tic poem1 8,irel&10 ,f]d9& ,freiligra? s+s3 ,! "l provides t /ag & ox ,= him ! peasant's toil may fe$1 ,in/ead ( dra9+ pools & bogs-- ,irel&'s swamps1 well kn[n inde$6 ,unus$ he leaves & useless q ,! soil t weal? ( crops might be>1 ,!re b ! wild duck w+s its flight ,& gu9ea-h5s are ne/+ !re4 ,aye1 by ! curse ( ,god1 a m>% ,& wild]ness1 f\r million acres wide6 #bgh 8,two million acres1 compris+ ! mo/ f]tile p>ts ( ,scotl&1 entirely laid wa/e6 ,! natural grass ( ,gl5 ,tilt 0 among ! mo/ n\ri%+ ( ! ,c\nty ( ,p]?4 ,! ,de] ,=e/ ( ,b5 ,auld] 0 ! be/ graz+ gr\nd 9 ! wide di/rict ( ,bad5o*2 a portion ( ! ,black ,m\nta9 ,=e/ 0 ! be/ pa/ure = black-fac$ %eep4 ,an idea may be ga9$ ( ! ext5t ( ! l& laid wa/e = ! pleasure ( ! *ase1 f ! fact t x is l>g] ?an ! entire ,c\nty ( ,p]?4 ,! great loss entail$ by ?is =cible de/ruction ( ! s\rces ( production may be asc]ta9$ by call+ to m9d t ! soil ( ! ,de] ,=e/ ( ,b5 ,auld] c\ld pa/ure #ae1jjj %eep1 & t1 moreov]1 ?is de] =e/ is b "o ?irtie? ( ! entire hunt+ gr\nd ( ,scotl&4 ,all ?is hunt+ gr\nd is entirely unproductive4 ,x might z well h be5 caus$ to s9k into ! ,nor?-,sea40 ,! ,london 8,economi/10 ,july #b1 #ahff4 ,quot$ by ,k>l ,m>x 9 8,capital40 #c4--,pov]ty & ,fecundity4 ,no matt] f :at side we view ! capitali/ic sy/em ( production1 we arrive at ! conclusion t ! pov]ty & mis]y ( ! masses is n due to a lack ( food1 b to an unequal di/ribution ( same1 & to wrong me?ods1 t create an abundance = "s & compel o!rs to live 9 want4 ,! ass]tions ( ,mal?us h s5se only f ! /&po9t ( capitali/ic production4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! capitali/ic me?od ( production urges ! production ( *ildr54 ,*eap 8h&s10 9 ! %ape ( *ildr51 are ne$$ = its factories & "w-%ops4 ,among prolet>ians ! procreation ( *ildr5 becomes a sort ( calculation1 z !y e>n _! own liv+4 ,! prolet>ian employ$ 9 dome/ic indu/ry is ev5 oblig$ to h _m *ildr51 = !y help him to be able to compete4 ,?is is assur$ly an abom9able sy/em2 x increases ! paup]ization ( ! work+man & 8 dep5d5ce ^u ! employ]4 ,! prolet>ian is compell$ to "w = l[] & l[] wages1 & e labor law de/9$ to protect work+m51 t does n include ! p]sons engag$ 9 dome/ic indu/ry1 only causes ! employ] to wid5 ! circle ( ^? s employ$1 = :]ev] ?is =m ( production is possible1 x (f]s p>ticul> advantages to ! capitali/4 ,b ! capitali/ic sy/em does n lead only to an ov]-production ( goods & ( work]s1 b also to an ov]-production ( intellect4 ,intellectuals1 too1 f9d x increas+ly difficult to obta9 employm5t1 z ! supply con/antly surpasses ! dem&4 ,!re is only "o ?+ 9 ?is capitali/ic _w t is nev] sup]flu\s1 & t is capital & its own]1 ! capitali/4 ,if ! b\rgeois economi/s are foll[]s ( ,mal?us1 !y are :at !y mu/ be 9 accordance ) _! b\rgeois int]e/s4 ,only !y %\ld refra9 f transf]r+ _! b\rgeois prejudices to ,sociali/ic society4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill says3 8,communism is t v /ate ( affairs ( :i* "o may expect1 t x w vehem5tly oppose ?is sort ( selfi% immod]ation4 ,e increase ( ! population t w\ld dim9i% ! com=table /atus ( ! population or increase its toils1 w\ld cause direct & unmi/akable inconv5i5ce to ea* individual memb] ( ! association1 & ?is inconv5i5ce c\ld no long] be ascrib$ to ! rapacity ( ! employ]s or ! unfair privileges ( ! ri*4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 public op9ion c\ld n fail to make kn[n its disproval1 & if ?is w\ld n suffice1 puni%m5ts ( "o k9d or ano!r w\ld be resort$ to1 9 ord] to suppress ?is & simil> immod]ations4 ,! dang] ( ov]-population1 !n1 is n advanc$ by ! communi/ic !ory2 ?is !ory1 on ! contr>y1 t5ds to c\nt]act ?is dang] 9 a m>k$ degree40 ,pr(essor ,adolf ,wagn] says1 9 ,rau's 8,text-book ( ,political ,economy30 8,lea/ ( all c\ld a ,sociali/ic community grant absolute fre$om ( m>riage or fre$om 9 ! procreation ( *ildr540 ,! au?ors bo? proce$ f ! op9ion t ! t5d5cy t[>d ov]-population is common to all social sy/ems1 b !y bo? grant t ,socialism w be bett] able to ma9ta9 an equilibrium betwe5 population & n\ri%m5t ?an any o!r =m ( society4 ,! latt] is true1 b ! =m] is n4 ,!re 71 inde$1 "s ,sociali/s :o 7 infect$ by ! ideas ( ,mal?us1 & fe>$ t ov]-population 0 8an imm95t dang]40 ,b ^! ,sociali/ic ,mal?usians h disappe>$4 ,a bett] und]/&+ ( ! nature ( b\rgeois society has *ang$ _! op9ion on ?is subject4 ,! compla9ts ( our agr>ians also tea* u t we h too mu* food--view$ f ! /&po9t ( ! _w m>ket--& t ! result+ l[]+ ( prices make ! production ( food unpr(itable4 ,our ,mal?usians imag9e1--& ! *orus ( b\rgeois lead]s ?\ghtlessly e*o _! fe>s1--t a ,sociali/ic society uphold+ fre$om ( *oice 9 love & ma9ta9+ an exi/5ce wor?y ( human be+s = all its memb]s1 w\ld fo/] rabbit-l prop5sities4 ,!y imag9e t p1 "u su* conditions1 w\ld indulge 9 an unbridl$ satisfaction ( _! lu/s & 9 unlimit$ procreation ( *ildr54 ,r ! contr>y is likely to be true4 ,s f> n ! well-to-d classes h _h ! greate/ numb] ( *ildr51 b1 on ! contr>y1 ! poore/ classes4 ,inde$1 we may say )\t exagg]ation3 ! poor] ! position ( a prolet>ian /ratum is1 ! m num]\s is its bless+ ( *ildr52 occasional exceptions are1 ( c\rse1 conc$$4 ,?is op9ion is confirm$ by ,vir*[1 :o wrote1 9 ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury2 8z ! ,engli% labor] 9 8 deepe/ degradation1 9 ! utmo/ empt9ess ( m9d1 kn[s only two s\rces ( enjoym5t1 intoxication & cohabitation1 s ! population ( ,upp] ,silesia1 until rec5t ye>s1 _h conc5trat$ all its desires & endeavors ^u ^! two ?+s4 ,! enjoym5t ( liquor & ! satisfaction ( ! sexual impulse _h become ! supreme factors ( its exi/5ce1 & s x c be easily expla9$ t ! population increas$ z rapidly 9 numb]s1 z x det]iorat$ physically & morally40 ,k>l ,m>x expresses himself simil>ly 9 8,capital40 ,he says3 8,n only ! numb] ( bir?s & dea?s1 b ! absolute size ( ! families also is 9 rev]se ratio to ! height ( ! wages1 t is1 to ! means ( subsi/5ce at ! disposal ( ! v>i\s categories ( labor]s4 ,?is law ( capitali/ic society w\ld s\nd absurd among savages or ev5 among civiliz$ coloni/s4 ,x rem9ds "o ( ! enorm\s reproduction ( species ( animals t are individually weak & mu* hunt$40 ,m>x fur!rmore quotes ,la+1 :o says3 8,if ! :ole _w liv$ 9 com=table circum/ances1 ! _w w\ld soon be depopulat$40 ,s ,la+ holds ! opposite view f ,mal?us4 ,he ma9ta9s t an improv$ /&>d ( liv+ does n increase ! numb] ( bir?s1 b dim9i%es !m4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] expresses a simil> op9ion ?us3 8always & ev]y:]e p]fection ( ! species & its procreative ability are oppos$ to "o ano!r4 ,f ?is foll[s t ! fur!r developm5t ( man w probably lead to a decrease 9 procreation40 ,we see1 !n1 t m51 ma9ta9+ diff]5t /&po9ts on o!r subjects1 are fully agre$ on ?is "o1 & we fully concur ) _! conception4 #d4--,lack ( ,human ,be+s & ,abundance ( ,food4 ,! :ole "q ( population might be dispos$ ( by say+1 t = a long "t to come ?is fe> ( ov]-population is absurd1 = we are confront$ ) an abundance ( food t increases ea* ye>1 s t we w\ld be m ju/ifi$ 9 worry+ ov] h[ to apply ?is weal?1 ?an 9 worry+ ov] :e!r x w suffice4 ,! produc]s ( food w\ld ev5 welcome a m rapid increase ( consum]s4 ,b our ,mal?usians are indefatigable 9 rais+ objections1 & s we mu/ meet ^! objections1 le/ !y ass]t t !y _c be answ]$4 ,!y claim t ! dang] ( ov]-production 9 a n di/ant future lies 9 ! 8decrease ( ! productivity ( ! soil40 ,our cultivat$ soil1 !y claim1 is becom+ 8we>y ( yields10 an increase 9 crops c\ld no long] be expect$1 & s9ce fre% soil t /ill might be cultivat$ is becom+ r>]1 ! dang] ( a sc>city ( food1 if ! population cont9ues to increase1 is imm95t4 ,9 ! *apt]s on agriculture we h1 s we believe1 already prov$ irrefutably ( :at enorm\s progress mank9d is /ill capable 9 ! matt] ( obta9+ new masses ( n\ri%m5t1 judg+ ev5 by ! pres5t /ate ( agricultural sci5ce4 ,nev]!less we w add "s fur!r illu/rations4 ,a v capable l>ge l&-own] & an economi/ ( recogniz$ wor?1 :o1 !re=e1 f> surpass$ ,mal?us 9 bo? respects1 z e>ly z #ahej1 at a "t :5 agricultural *emi/ry 0 9 its beg9n+s1--express$ ! foll[+3 8,! productivity ( raw products1 especially ( food1 w 9 future n lag beh9d ! productivity 9 manufacture & transportation4 ,9 our days agricultural *emi/ry is j beg9n+ to op5 up vi/as to agriculture t may lead to "s errors1 b t w ultimately place ! production ( food into ! p[] ( society1 j z society has ! p[] to-day ( furni%+ any desir$ quantity ( clo?1 provid$ t !re is a suffici5t supply ( "w40#bgi ,ju/us v4 ,liebig1 ! f\nd] ( agricultural *emi/ry1 holds ! op9ion t 8if !re is suffici5t human labor p[] & suffici5t manure1 ! soil is inexhau/ible & cont9ually yields ! ri*e/ crops40 ,! 8law ( decrease ( ! productivity ( ! soil0 is a notion ( ,mal?us t c\ld be accept$ at a "t :5 agriculture 0 v undevelop$1 b x has long s9ce be5 refut$ by sci5ce & exp]i5ce4 ,! yield ( a field is 9 direct ratio to ! am\nt ( human labor p[] 7includ+ sci5ce & te*nic7 exp5d$ on x1 & to ! am\nt ( prop] f]tiliz]s appli$ to x4 ,if ! small peasantry ( ,france h be5 able to m ?an quadruple ! yields ( _! soil dur+ ! la/ #ij ye>s1 :ile ! population has n ev5 d\bl$1 :at results may be expect$ f a ,sociali/ic society6 ,our ,mal?usians ov]look1 fur!rmore1 t "u pres5t day conditions n only our own soil mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation1 b ! soil ( ! entire e>?1 includ+ c\ntries ^: f]tility is tw5ty & ?irty times z great z t ( our fields ( ! same size4 ,! e>? is l>gely occupi$ by man1 b ) ! exception ( a v small fraction1 x is n[h]e cultivat$ & utiliz$ z x might be4 ,n only ,great ,brita9 c\ld produce f> m food ?an x is produc+ at pres5t1 b also ,france1 ,g]many & ,au/ria1 & ! o!r ,european c\ntries might d s to a /ill great] ext5t4 ,9 little ,wurtemb]g alone1 ) its #hgi1igj hect>es ( gra9 soil1 by application ( ! /eam pl\gh1 ! av]age crop might be increas$ f #f1adj1jjj cwts4 to #i1jjj1jjj cwt4 ,european ,russia1 measur$ by ! pres5t /&>d ( ! population ( ,g]many1 might fe$ a population ( #dge million in/ead ( its pres5t #ajj million4 ,at pres5t ,european ,russia has ab\t #ai4d inhabitants to ! squ>e kilomet]2 ,saxony has ov] #cjj4 ,! objection t ,russia has va/ /ret*es ( l& t _c be r5d]$ m f]tile ow+ to _! climate1 is true4 ,b x is equally true t o!r /ret*es ( l& 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ,russia h a climate & a f]tility t ,g]many _c come up to4 ,moreov]1 ! great] d5sity ( ! population1 & ! increas$ cultivation ( ! soil1 w cause *anges 9 ! climate t _c be e/imat$ to-day4 ,:]ev] m5 aggregate 9 masses climatic *anges result4 ,we d n pay suffici5t att5tion to ^! ph5om5a4 ,moreov]1 we _c obs]ve !m to _! full ext5t1 because we h no occasion to d s & because1 z matt]s are at pres5t1 x is impossible to und]take exp]im5ts on a l>ge scale4 ,?us ,sw$5 & ,norway1 :o are bo? sp>sely populat$1 ) _! imm5se =e/s & inexhau/ible weal? ( metals1 _! num]\s /reams & _! sea-coa/s1 might become a ri* s\rce ( n\ri%m5t to a d5se population4 ,"u exi/+ conditions x is impossible to obta9 ! prop] means & appliances to disclose ! weal? ( ^! c\ntries1 & s ev5 a "p ( ! sp>se population emigrates4 ,:at has be5 said ( ! nor?1 applies to a /ill great] ext5t to ! s\? ( ,europe1 to ,portugal1 ,spa91 ,italy1 ,greece1 ! ,danubian ,prov9ces1 ,hung>y1 ,turkey1 etc4 ,a delightful climate1 a soil s ri* & f]tile z x c h>dly be f\nd 9 ! be/ regions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 w "s day provide an abundance ( food = unnumb]$ masses ( ! population4 ,! rott5 social & political conditions ( ^! c\ntries cause hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( p]sons to leave ,europe & cross ! ocean in/ead ( rema9+ 9 _! native l&s or settl+ d[n 9 mu* ne>] & m conv5i5tly locat$ places4 ,z soon z rational social & political in/itutions h be5 e/abli%$1 fre% millions ( p w be ne$$ to place ^? wide & f]tile c\ntries on a high] level ( civilization4 ,9 ord] to a*ieve high] objects ( civilization 9 ,europe1 we h1 = a long "t to come1 n a sup]abundance ( human be+s1 b r a de>? ( same1 & "u su* circum/ances x is absurd to ent]ta9 any fe>s 9 reg>d to ov]-population4#bhj ,at ! same "t we mu/ always keep 9 m9d t ! utilization ( exi/+ s\rces ( n\ri%m5t by ! application ( sci5ce & labor is practically unlimit$1 & t e day br+s u new discov]ies & inv5tions :]eby ! s\rces ( n\ri%m5t are increas$4 ,if we turn f ,europe to o!r p>ts ( ! e>?1 we f9d t ! lack ( human be+s & ! abundance ( food is /ill m pron\nc$4 ,! ri*e/ & mo/ f]tile l&s ( ! e>? /ill lie entirely1 or almo/ entirely1 unus$1 because _! cultivation & utilization _c be und]tak5 by a few ?\s& p]sons2 "h colonies ( _m millions w\ld be ne$$ only p>tly to ma/] ! ov]-abundant nature4 ,su* c\ntries are1 among o!rs1 ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica1 an area ( hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( squ>e miles4 ,9 ,arg5t9e ,republic1 = in/ance1 only ab\t #e million hect>es 7 cultivat$ 9 #ahib1 b ! c\ntry has #if million hect>es ( f]tile soil at its disposal4 ,t soil ( ,s\? ,am]ica t is fit = ! cultivation ( :eat1 b /ill lies fall[1 is e/imat$ at #bjj million hect>es at lea/1 :ile ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,au/ria1 ,hung>y1 ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 ,g]many & ,france altoge!r h cultivat$ only ab\t #aje million hect>es = ! rais+ ( gra94 ,ab\t #dj ye>s ago1 ,c>ey ass]t$ t ! valley ( ! ,or9oco alone1 hav+ a l5g? ( #cfj miles1 might produce suffici5t n\ri%m5t to fe$ ! entire human race4 ,if we accept b half ( ?is /atem5t1 an abundance /ill rema9s4 ,at any rate1 bo? ,am]icas alone1 c\ld fe$ _m times ! numb] ( p]sons liv+ on ! e>? at pres5t4 ,! nutritive value ( a t]ritory plant$ ) banana trees yield #ab to #bj times its se$2 rice1 9 its native soil1 yields #hj to #ajj times & corn #bej to #cjj times its se$4 ,9 "s regions1 = in/ance 9 ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 ! productivity ( rice is e/imat$ at #djj times its se$4 ,) all ^! articles ( food x is1 moreov]1 a matt] ( importance1 to make !m z n\ri%+ z possible by ! mann] 9 :i* !y are prep>$4 ,9 matt]s ( nutrition *emi/ry has an inexhau/ible field = developm5t4 ,c5tral ,am]ica & ,s\? ,am]ica1 especially ,brazil1 ab\nd ) a luxuriance & f]tility t cause ! m>vel & admiration ( travell]s4 ,^! c\ntries also possess a b\ndless weal? ( ores & metals4 ,brazil itself is almo/ z l>ge z all ( ,europe1 hav+ #h1ebd1jjj squ>e miles1 ) ab\t #bb million inhabitants1 z aga9/ ,europe's #i1hhg1jaj squ>e miles1 ) ab\t #dcj million inhabitants4 ,b to ! _w ^! c\ntries are b>ely disclos$1 because _! population is indol5t1 too few 9 numb]s & on too l[ a level ( civilization to ma/] ! gr&eur ( nature4 ,! discov]ies ( rec5t decades h enlight5$ u 9 reg>d to matt]s 9 ,africa4 ,al?o a great portion ( ,c5tral ,africa w nev] be available = ,european agriculture1 !re are o!r t]ritories ( a wide range t c be utiliz$ to a m>k$ degree z soon z rational pr9ciples ( colonization are appli$4 ,9 ,asia1 too1 !re are wide /ret*es ( f]tile l& t c\ld provide food = c\ntless numb]s4 ,! pa/ has %[n u h[1 9 regions t are unf]tile & almo/ des]t at pres5t1 ! climate c produce a weal? ( n\ri%m5t if man w b provide ! soil ) wat]4 ,! de/ruction ( gr& wat]-works & contrivances = irrigation 9 ,asia ,m9or1 along ! ,tigris1 ,euphrates1 etc41 by cruel w>s ( conque/ & by insane oppression ( ! p1 h trans=m$ ?\s&s ( squ>e miles ( f]tile l& into a des]t4#bha ,! same is true ( nor!rn ,asia1 ,mexico & ,p]u4 ,give u millions ( civiliz$ human be+s & inexhau/ible s\rces ( n\ri%m5t w be disclos$4 ,! date palm ?rives 9 ,asia & ,africa 9 m>vel\s abundance1 & requires s little room t #bjj ( ^! trees c be gr[n on "o acre ( l&4 ,9 ,egypt ! durria be>s fruit ?ree ?\s& fold1 & yet ?is c\ntry is poor4 ,x is poor1 n ow+ to an excessive population1 b ow+ to a sy/em ( robb]y t causes ! des]t to wid5 & exp& ) ea* decade4 ,:at m>vel\s results ,european agriculture & horticulture might obta9 9 ^! c\ntries is incalculable4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates1 measur$ by ! /&>d ( _! pres5t agricultural production1 c\ld easily ma9ta9 a population #ae or #bj times z l>ge z ! pres5t "o2 t is1 #abej to #agjj million1 in/ead ( #ij million4 ,at ! same rate1 ,canada c\ld provide food = sev]al hundr$ millions1 in/ead ( = its six millions4 ,!n !re is ,au/ralia1 ! num]\s & to "s ext5t exce$+ly f]tile isl&s ( ! ,pacific & ,indian ,ocean1 etc4 ,9 ! "n ( civilization man %\ld be exhort$ to multiply1 n to decrease4 ,ev]y:]e x is ! social in/itutions--! exi/+ me?ods ( production & di/ribution ( ! products--t cause mis]y & want1 n a too great numb] ( p4 ,a numb] ( ri* crops 9 succession l[] ! prices ( food to su* an ext5t1 t _m a f>m] is ru9$ !reby4 ,! lot ( ! produc]s gr[s worse in/ead ( be+ improv$4 ,at ! pres5t "t a great _m f>m]s reg>d a good h>ve/ z a mis=tune1 because x l[]s ! prices4 ,& su* conditions are suppos$ to be rational8 ,to keep out ! ri* crops ( o!r c\ntries1 high duties are impos$ on gra91 to make ! importation ( gra9 m difficult & to raise ! price ( ! dome/ic product4 ,!re is n a lack ( food1 b a sup]abundance ( food1 j z !re is a sup]abundance ( ! products ( indu/ry4 ,j z millions ( p]sons are 9 ne$ ( all k9ds ( indu/rial products1 b _c satisfy _! ne$s "u ! exi/+ conditions ( prop]ty & production1 s millions are 9 ne$ ( ! mo/ ess5tial articles ( food1 because !y _c pay = !m1 al?o !re is food 9 abundance4 ,! madness ( su* conditions is obvi\s4 ,:5 ! crops are good1 our speculators 9 gra9 (t5 int5tionally all[ a "p ( x to g to wa/e & ru91 because !y "k t ! price increases at ! same rate at :i* ! supply dim9i%es4 ,& ) all ?is1 we %\ld be 9 fe> ( ov]-population8 ,9 ,russia1 s\!rn ,europe & else:]e1 hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( hundr$weights ( gra9 are de/roy$1 because !re is a lack ( appropriate /ore-h\ses & means ( transportation4 ,_m million hundr$-weights ( food are wa/$ annually1 because ! provisions = ga!r+ 9 ! crops are imp]fect & insuffici5t1 or because !re is a lack ( h&s at ! decisive "t4 ,_m a gran>y1 _m a repl5i%$ b>n1 inde$1 entire f>ms are burn$ d[n1 because ! insurance premiums height5 ! pr(its4 ,food is de/roy$ = ! same reasons t cause p to s9k %ips ) _! entire crews4#bhb ,our milit>y drills cause ! de/ruction ( l>ge crops ea* ye>4 ,! co/ ( a s+le manoeuvre1 la/+ a few days only1 am\nts to hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( m>ks1 al?o ! e/imates are v mod]ate1 & !re are a numb] ( su* manoeuvres annually4 ,= ! same purpose entire villages h be5 raz$ & l>ge areas are )drawn f agriculture4 ,we mu/ n =get t to all ! s\rces we h enum]at$1 ! ocean mu/ be add$1 ^: surface is to ! area ( ! e>? z #ah to #g4 ,! surface ( ! wat] is1 accord+ly1 two & a half times z l>ge z t ( ! l&1 & is /ill await+ a rational utilization ( its enorm\s weal? ( food4 ,! future1 !n1 op5s up a vi/a v diff]5t f ! sombre picture drawn = u by our ,mal?usians4 ,:o c say :5 our *emical1 physical & physiological k w h rea*$ _! limit8 ,:o c\ld v5ture to pr$ict :at gigantic und]tak+s future mank9d w c>ry out to br+ ab\t m>k$ *anges 9 ! climates ( v>i\s c\ntries & ! utilization ( _! soil8 ,ev5 to-day1 "u ! capitali/ic sy/em ( society1 we see und]tak+s execut$ t w\ld h appe>$ impossible & insane a c5tury ago4 ,broad i/hmuses are cut ?ru & oceans connect$2 tunnels1 _m miles long1 connect c\ntries t are sep>at$ by ! highe/ m\nta9s2 o!rs are dug "u ! bottom ( ! sea to %ort5 di/ances1 & to avoid di/urbances & dang]s t occur :]e c\ntries are sep>at$ by ! sea4 ,:]e1 !n1 might "o say3 8?us f> & no fur!r80 ,n only mu/ ! 8law ( decrease ( ! productivity ( ! soil0 be answ]$ 9 ! negative1 x mu/ be reass]t$ t !re is an abundance ( cultivatable soil1 t w require millions ( human be+s = its cultivation4 ,if all ^! tasks ( civilization 7 to be und]tak5 at ! same "t1 we w\ld n h too _m p1 b too few4 ,humanity mu/ /ill multiply consid]ably to d ju/ice to all ! tasks t are await+ x4 ,! soil is f> f be+ cultivat$ z x might be1 & almo/ ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! surface ( ! e>? are /ill uncultivat$1 because !re are n en\gh p to und]take its cultivation4 ,! relative excess ( population t to-day is cont9ually produc$ by ! capitali/ic sy/em to ! detrim5t ( ! work+ class & ( society1 w prove a bless+ on a high] level ( civilization4 ,a num]\s population is n a h9drance to progress4 ,x is1 on ! contr>y1 a means to advance progress1 j l ! pres5t ov]-production ( commodities & food1 ! disruption ( m>riage by ! employm5t ( wom51 *ildr5 9 indu/ry & ! expropriation ( ! middle class by ! l>ge capitali/s1 are ! prelim9>y conditions ( a high] /age ( civilization4 #bgi ,rodb]tus3 8,an ,elucidation ( ! ,social ,"q40 #bhj ,?is is especially true ( ,g]many also4 ,not)/&+ ! /eady increase ( ! population1 emigration has /eadily decreas$4 ,9 #ahia1 #abj1jhi p]sons emigrat$2 9 #aijg1 only #ca1fif4 ,on ! o!r h&1 immigration has increas$1 because !re 0 a sc>city ( labor p[] 9 sev]al bran*es ( indu/ry4 ,9 #aijj1 #geg1aea p]sons immigrat$1 9 #aije1 #a1jjg1adi4 #bha ,ka]g] e/imates ! h>ve/s 9 ,anatolia1 ev5 :5 ! crops are poor1 at #bf4dj to #cj cwt4 ,! av]age is #bf4dj to #ci cwt42 on well f]tiliz$ & irrigat$ soil1 #ff cwt4 7,int]national ,agricultural ,competition1 a ,capitali/ic ,problem1 by ,pr(essor ,dr4 ,gu/ave ,ruhl&4 ,b]l91 #aija47 #bhb ,ev5 at ! "t ( ,/4 ,basil 7di$ #cgi71 simil> conditions mu/ h exi/$1 = he calls out to ! ri*3 8wret*es1 :at reply w y make to ! div9e ,judge8 ,y cov] ! nak$ness ( y\r walls ) tape/ry1 b y d n cov] ) clo!s ! nak$ness ( man4 ,y deck y\r horses ) co/ly1 s(t blankets1 b y despise y\r bro!r :o is clad 9 rags4 ,y suff] y\r gra9 9 ! b>ns & gran>ies to rot & to be eat5 by rats1 & d n ev5 ca/ a glance at ^? :o h no bread40 ,moraliz+ has nev] yet avail$ ) ! rul+ classes & nev] w4 ,let ! social in/itutions be *ang$ s t no "o c act unfairly t[>d 8 fell[m51 & ! _w w be well (f4 #e4--,social ,conditions & ,reproductive ,ability4 ,! o!r side ( ! "q is3 d p multiply indef9itely1 & d !y wi% to8 ,9 ord] to prove ! enorm\s reproductive ability ( man1 ! ,mal?usians l to po9t to ! abnormal cases ( "s families or peoples4 ,b ^! examples d n prove any?+4 ,!re are o!r cases :]e1 reg>dless ( favorable conditions ( exi/5ce1 complete /]ility sets 91 or ! reproductive ability is v slight4 ,x is surpris+ h[ quickly weal?y families (t5 die out4 ,al?o ! conditions = an increase ( ! population are m favorable 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry1 & hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( p]sons 9 ! prime ( life emigrate into ! ,unit$ ,/ates e ye>1 ! population d\bles only once 9 ?irty ye>s4 ,! claim t populations d\ble once 9 twelve or tw5ty ye>s is n born out by ! facts any:]e4 ,z has already be5 indicat$ by ! quotations f ,vir*[ & ,m>x1 ! population multiplies mo/ rapidly :]e x is poore/1 because1 z ,vir*[ correctly says1 beside dr9k1 sexual int]c\rse =ms _! only enjoym5t4 ,:5 ,gregory ,,vii =c$ celibacy ^u ! cl]gy1 ! cl]gy ( l[] rank ( ! ,diocese ( ,may5ce1--z previ\sly m5tion$1--compla9$ t !y did n h all k9ds ( enjoym5ts l ! prelates1 b t _! only joy 0 woman4 ,lack ( a v>iety ( occupations may also acc\nt = x t ! m>riages ( ! rural cl]gy are usually s ri*ly bless$ ) *ildr54 ,x _c be disput$1 fur!rmore1 t ! poore/ di/ricts 9 ,g]many1 ! ,silesian ,eul5gebirge1 ! ,lausitz1 ! ,erzgebirge & ,fi*telgebirge1 ! ,=e/ ( ,?ur+ia1 ! ,h>z1 etc4--di/ricts 9 :i* ! potato con/itutes ! *ief article ( food1 are at ! same "t ! mo/ d5sely populat$4 ,x is fur!rmore c]ta9 t ! sexual impulse is p>ticul>ly /rongly develop$ ) p]sons afflict$ ) consumption1 & su* p]sons (t5 beget *ildr5 9 a /age ( physical decl9e 9 :i* ?is seems almo/ impossible4 ,x is a law ( nature1 z express$ 9 ! utt]ances ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c] & ,la+1 :i* we h quot$1 to supply 9 quantity :at is lack+ 9 quality4 ,! mo/ highly develop$ & /ronge/ animals1 lion1 elephant1 camel1 etc41 our dome/ic animals1 z horse1 donkey1 c[ br+ =? b few "y1 :ile animals ( a l[] ord] multiply 9 inv]se ratio1 z all k9ds ( insects1 mo/ fi%1 etc41 & also ! small] mammals1 l rabbits1 rats1 mice1 etc4 ,d>w9 has %[n t c]ta9 species ( animals1 = in/ance ! elephant1 lose _! fecundity :5 !y are captur$ & tam$ by man4 ,all ?is proves t alt]$ conditions ( exi/5ce & ! result+ *ang$ mode ( life h a decisive influ5ce on reproductive ability4 ,/range to say1 ! ,d>w9ians %>e ! fe> ( ov]-population1 & our mod]n ,mal?usians lean on _! au?ority4 ,! ,d>w9ians seem to be un=tunate z soon z !y seek to apply _! !ories to man1 because !y employ r\ghly empirical me?ods & d n take into consid]ation t man1 al?o ! mo/ highly develop$ animal1 is di/+ui%$ f animals by ! fact t he has le>n$ to und]/& ! laws ( nature1 & may consci\sly & intellig5tly apply ^! laws4 ,! !ory ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 ! doctr9e t ! g]ms ( new life exi/ 9 a f> great] measure ?an c\ld be ma9ta9$ by ! exi/+ means ( subsi/5ce1 w\ld be equally applicable to man1 if human be+s1 in/ead ( ex]t+ _! bra9 & employ+ te*nics = ! consci\s utilization ( l& & wat]1 w\ld graze l cattle or w\ld yield1 l monkeys1 to an unbridl$ satisfaction ( _! sexual desires1 !reby rev]t+ to monkeys4 ,incid5tally1 be x not$1 t beside human be+s1 monkeys are ! only creatures ) :om ! sexual impulse is n limit$ to c]ta9 p]iods4 ,?is alone furni%es a /rik+ pro( ( ! close relation%ip betwe5 ! two4 ,b1 al?o closely relat$1 !y are n id5tical4 ,!y _c be plac$ ^u ! same level or measur$ by ! same /&>ds4 ,x is true t s f>1 ow+ to ! conditions ( prop]ty & production1 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce has prevail$1 & /ill prevails1 = individual human be+s1 & t _m 7 unable to obta9 ! ne$ful means ( subsi/5ce4 ,b ?is 0 s1 n because ! means 7 want+1 b because social conditions )held ! means f !m 9 ! mid/ ( pl5ty4 ,x is a mi/ake to assume t because conditions h be5 su* until n[1 !y mu/ always & unalt]ably rema9 s4 ,?is is ! po9t :]e ,d>w9ians make a great mi/ake4 ,!y /udy biology & an?ropology1 b !y fail to /udy sociology1 & ?\ghtlessly become ! foll[]s ( b\rgeois ideologi/s4 ,?us !y arrive at false conclusions4 ,! sexual impulse is p]5nial 9 man4 ,x is 8 /ronge/ impulse1 & mu/ be satisfi$ if 8 heal? is n to suff]4 ,z a rule ?is impulse is /ronge/ ) heal?y1 normally develop$ human be+s1 j l a he>ty appetite & good dige/ion are pro(s ( a heal?y /oma* & are ess5tial to a heal?y body4 ,b satisfaction ( ! sexual impulse & ! procreation ( *ildr5 are n "o & ! same ?+4 ,_m are ! !ories t h be5 prop\nd$ 9 reg>d to ! fecundity ( man4 ,on ! :ole1 we are /ill grop+ 9 ! d>k conc]n+ ^! important que/ions1 ma9ly because1 = c5turies1 a fooli% retic5ce has prevail$ t prev5t$ an inve/igation ( ! laws ( ! orig9 & developm5t ( man & a /udy ( human procreation & evolution4 ,only gradually w our conception *ange on ?is subject1 & x is highly important t !y %\ld4 ,"s claim t high] m5tal developm5t & /r5u\s intellectual activity1 9 fact all increas$ n]v\s activity1 has a repress+ effect on ! sexual impulse & dim9i%es ! productive ability4 ,by o!rs ?is is d5i$4 ,p po9t to ! fact t ! well-to-d classes g5]ally h few] *ildr51 & t ?is _c be ascrib$ to prev5tive measures only4 ,x is c]ta9 t a /r5u\s m5tal activity has a repress+ influ5ce on ! sexual impulse1 b x _c be claim$ t su* activity is c>ri$ on by a majority ( our prop]ti$ class4 ,excessive physical ex]tion also has a repress+ effect1 b any k9d ( excessive ex]tion is h>mful & !re=e n to be desir$4 ,o!rs ass]t t ! mode ( life1 especially ! n\ri%m5t1 beside c]ta9 physical conditions on ! "p ( ! woman1 h a decisive influ5ce on procreation & conception4 ,! food1 !y claim1 also influ5ces procreation among animals m ?an any o!r factor4 ,"h1 inde$1 ! det]m9+ factor may be f\nd4 ,! influ5ce ( ! nature ( food on ! organisms ( c]ta9 animals1 has be5 reveal$ 9 a surpris+ mann] among bees4 ,by fe$+ ! l>vae on special food1 !y c produce a que5 at w4 ,! bees accord+ly are fur!r advanc$ 9 _! recognition ( ! developm5t ( sex ?an man4 ,probably !y h n be5 prea*$ to = ?\s&s ( ye>s t x is 8indec5t0 & 8immoral0 to conc]n "o's self ) sexual matt]s4 ,x is also kn[n t plants gr[n 9 ri* & well manur$ soil ?rive luxuriantly1 b d n yield se$4 ,x is h>dly to be d\bt$ t1 ) human be+s1 also ! nature ( food influ5ces ! composition ( ! male sp]m & ! fecundity ( ! female egg1 & s x may be t ! reproductive p[] ( a population dep5ds l>gely ^u its food4 ,!re are o!r factors besides1 ^: nature is b slightly kn[n4 ,9 ! future "o factor w be decisive 9 reg>d to ! "q ( population3 ! high]1 fre] position ( woman4 ,z a rule1 intellig5t & en]getic wom5 are n incl9$ to reg>d a numb] ( *ildr5 z a 8,gods5d10 & to sp5d ! be/ ye>s ( _! lives 9 a condition ( pregnancy1 or ) babes at _! brea/s4 ,ev5 at pres5t1 mo/ wom5 h an av]sion aga9/ a too num]\s prog5y1 & ?is av]sion is likely to increase r ?an decrease1 reg>dless ( ! c>e t a ,sociali/ic society w be/[ ^u pregnant wom5 & mo!rs4 ,?is is ! ma9 reason :y1 9 our op9ion1 ! increase ( population is likely to progress m sl[ly 9 ,sociali/ic society ?an x does 9 b\rgeois society4 ,our ,mal?usians assur$ly h no cause to rack _! bra9s 9 reg>d to ! increase ( population 9 ! future4 ,until n[1 nations h be5 ru9$ by a dim9ution ( _! numb]s1 b nev] yet by an excess4 ,9 a society1 liv+ accord+ to natural laws1 ! numb] ( ! population w ultimately be regulat$ )\t h>mful ab/95ce1 or unnatural prev5tive measures4 ,k>l ,m>x w be v9dicat$ on ?is subject also4 ,8 conception1 t e economic p]iod ( developm5t has its special law ( population1 w prove true "u ! rule ( ,socialism4 ,9 a book on 8,! ,artificial ,limitation ( ,prog5y10 ,h4 ,f]dy sets =? ! foll[+ op9ion3 8,! /rong opposition ( ,sociali/s to ,mal?usianism is a piece ( rogu]y4 ,! rapid increase ( ! population favors paup]ization ( ! masses & fo/]s discont5t4 ,if ! ov]-population c\ld be *eck$1 ! spread ( ,socialism w\ld come to an end1 & ! ,sociali/ /ate ) all its spl5dor w\ld be buri$ =ev]40 ,"h we behold ,mal?usianism z a new weapon = combatt+ ,socialism4#bhc ,dr4 ,adolf ,wagn] is "o ( ^? :o are 9 fe> ( ov]-population1 &1 !re=e1 favor re/riction ( ! fre$om ( m>riage & fre$om ( settlem5t1 especially 9 ! case ( work+m54 ,he bewails ! fact t work+m5 m>ry too "y1 z comp>$ ) ! middle classes4 ,he & o!rs hold+ ! same views1 ov]look t ! male memb]s ( ! middle class d n atta9 a position until lat] 9 life1 t enables !m to support a family accord+ to _! /&>d ( life4 ,b !y seek recomp5se = ?is r5unciation ) pro/itution4 ,if m>riage is made m difficult = ! work+m5 also1 !y w be driv5 ^u ! same devi\s pa?4 ,b1 !n1 d n let u compla9 ( ! results1 & cry out at ! 8decl9e ( e?ics & morality40 ,nei!r let u gr[ indignant1 !n1 if m5 & wom51--s9ce ! natural impulses reside1 9 wom5 z 9 m51--if m5 & wom5 satisfy _! natural impulse 9 illegitimate relations1 & if ho/s ( illegitimate *ildr5 populate t[n & c\ntry4 ,b ! views ( ,wagn]1 & ^? :o agree ) him1 are also av]se to ! int]e/s ( ! b\rgeoisie & to ! int]e/s ( our economic developm5t t requires a l>ge supply ( 8h&s0 9 ord] to possess =ces t enable competition on ! _w m>ket4 ,by petty1 %ortsight$ sugge/ions1 born ( retrogressive & phili/9e m9ds1 ! evils ( ! age _c be cur$4 ,at ! dawn ( ! tw5tie? c5tury !re is no class & no p[] ( ! /ate t is /rong en\gh to ret>d ! natural evolution ( society4 ,e attempt is b\nd to fail4 ,! curr5t ( evolution is s /rong t x ov]comes e ob/acle4 ,n backw>d1 b 8=w>d10 is ! ^w1 & he :o believes 9 ret>d+ progress fools himself4 ,9 ,sociali/ic society1 :5 mank9d w be plac$ ^u a natural basis1 & w be truly free1 man w consci\sly guide 8 own developm5t4 ,9 all prec$+ epo*s1 man act$ 9 reg>d to production & di/ribution1 & 9 reg>d to ! increase ( population1 )\t any k ( _! und]ly+ laws2 he1 !re=e1 act$ unconsci\sly4 ,9 ! new society man w act consci\sly & me?odically1 kn[+ ! laws ( 8 own developm5t4 ,socialism is sci5ce appli$ to all realms ( human activity4 #bhc ,! imm5se ignorance ( ! ,sociali/-kill]1 ,f]dy1 is mo/ cle>ly se5 f ! foll[+ s5t5ces1 p]petrat$ on page #dj ( 8 book3 8,! ,sociali/s w g fur!r 9 _! dem&s ?an ! ,neo-,mal?usians4 ,!y w dem& t ! m9imum wage be s fix$ t e work+man c beget ! l>ge/ possible numb] ( *ildr5 accord+ to ! social supply ( food4 ,z soon z ,socialism has drawn its ultimate conclusions & private prop]ty has be5 aboli%$1 ev5 ! mo/ /upid w\ld soon beg9 to "q3 :y %\ld ,i "w long] & h>d] because my neighbor *ooses to ?ru/ a doz5 new memb]s into society80 ,x w\ld be well to "k ! ,a ,b ,c ( ,socialism be=e v5tur+ to write ab\t x & su* utt] nons5se z t6 ,conclusion4 ,we h %[n1 9 ! c\rse ( our argum5tation1 t ! realization ( ,socialism does n imply arbitr>y de/ruction & con/ruction1 b a process ( hi/orical evolution4 ,all factors active 9 ! process ( de/ruction1 on ! "o h&1 & 9 ! process ( con/ruction on ! o!r1 act z !y are b\nd to act4 ,nei!r 8brilliant /atesm50 nor 8demagogues :o incite ! p10 c direct matt]s at _! w4 ,!y believe t !y are pu%+1 & are be+ pu%$1 !mselves4 ,b ! day ( fulfilm5t is n di/ant4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ^! expositions1 we h frequ5tly ref]r$ to an ov]-production ( goods t leads to crises1 a ph5om5on peculi> to b\rgeois society1 t 0 n met ) at any previ\s /age ( developm5t4 ,b b\rgeois society does n only create an ov]-production ( goods & work]s1 b also an ov]-production ( intellig5ce4 ,g]many is ! classic l& :]e ?is ov]-production ( intellig5ce takes place on a l>ge scale1 intellig5ce t ! b\rgeois _w no long] kn[s h[ to employ4 ,a condition t has = c5turies be5 reg>d$ z a mis=tune to ,g]man developm5t1 has be5 in/rum5tal 9 produc+ ?is ph5om5on4 ,x 0 ! great numb] ( small /ates t imp$$ ! developm5t ( capitalism on a l>ge scale4 ,! l>ge numb] ( small /ates dec5traliz$ ! intellectual life ( ! nation by creat+ _m small c5t]s ( intellectual life1 t ex]cis$ _! influ5ce ^u ! :ole c\ntry4 ,9 comp>ison ) a s+le c5tral gov]nm5t ! num]\s /ates requir$ a v l>ge (ficial app>atus1 = ^: memb]s a high] education 0 ne$ful4 ,s a l>g] numb] ( high s*ools & univ]sities sprang up ?an 9 any o!r ,european c\ntry4 ,! ambition & jeal\sy ( ! v>i\s gov]nm5ts play$ an important "p 9 ?is developm5t4 ,x 0 ! same :5 "s ( ! gov]nm5ts began to introduce obligatory public education4 ,9 ^! in/ances ! desire n to be excell$ by ! neighbor+ /ate has _h a good effect4 ,! dem& = intellig5ce rose :5 increas+ education1 h& 9 h& ) ! mat]ial advance ( ! b\rgeoisie1 awoke a desire = political action1 = popul> repres5tation & self-gov]nm5t4 ,! gov]nm5tal bodies 7 small & repres5t$ only small c\ntries & di/ricts1 b !y caus$ ! sons ( ! upp] classes to covet seats 9 !m & to adapt _! education accord+ly4 ,z x 0 ) sci5ce1 s ) art4 ,no o!r c\ntry ( ,europe has1 9 proportion to its size1 s l>ge a numb] ( arti/s1 s _m art-s*ools & te*nical s*ools1 s _m museums & art collections1 z ,g]many4 ,o!r c\ntries may h a great] accumulation ( art 9 _! capitals1 b no o!r c\ntry possesses su* a di/ribution ( art ?ru\t its entire realm4 ,only ,italy c vie ) x4 ,?is entire developm5t l$ to a deep5+ ( ! ,g]man intellect4 ,! abs5ce ( great political /ruggles gave p "t & leisure1 z x 71 to lead a contemplative life4 ,:ile o!r nations wre/l$ = ! control ( ! _w m>ket1 divid$ ! e>? among !mselves1 & c>ri$ on great int]nal political /ruggles1 ! ,g]mans quietly rema9$ at home1 dream+ & philosophiz+4 ,b ?is dream+ & philosophiz+1 favor$ by a climate t necessitat$ h>d "w & a dome/ic life1 gave ! ,g]mans t ke51 obs]v+ intellect t di/+ui%$ !m aft] !y _h awak5$4 ,:ile ! ,engli% b\rgeoisie _h won a det]m9+ influ5ce ov] ! /ate z e>ly z ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & ! ,fr5* b\rgeoisie _h come into p[] at ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 x 0 n until #ahdh t ! ,g]man b\rgeoisie succe$$ 9 w9n+ a v mode/ influ5ce ov] ! p[]s ( ! /ate4 ,b ! ye> #ahdh 0 ! ye> ( bir? ( ! ,g]man b\rgeoisie z a self-consci\s class1 t ent]$ ! ar5a z an indep5d5t1 political p>ty1 repres5t$ by 8lib]alism40 ,"h1 too1 ! peculi> nature ( ,g]man developm5t manife/$ itself4 ,! lead+ m5 7 n manufactur]s1 m]*ants1 m5 ( comm]ce & f9ance1 b *iefly pr(essors1 writ]s1 juri/s & doctors ( all academic faculties4 ,!y 7 ! ,g]man ideologi/s1 & _! "w 0 %ap$ accord+ly4 ,aft] #ahdh ! b\rgeoisie 01 = ! "t be+1 sil5c$ politically2 b !y employ$ ! "t ( political gravey>d tranquility dur+ ! fifties to promote _! task all ! m ?oroly4 ,! outbreak ( ! ,au/ro-,italian w>1 & ! beg9n+ ( ! ,reg5cy 9 ,prussia1 caus$ ! b\rgeoisie aga9 to rea* out aft] political p[]4 ,! movem5t = national unity 78,nationalv]e907 began4 ,! b\rgeoisie 0 too f> develop$ to tol]ate any long] ! num]\s political b>ri]s1 t 7 also economic b>ri]s1 betwe5 ! v>i\s /ates4 ,!y ?reat5$ to become revolution>y4 ,bism>ck grasp$ ! situation1 & made use ( x 9 8 way to reconcile ! int]e/s ( ! b\rgeoisie ) ! int]e/s ( ! ,prussian mon>*y1 t[>d :i* ! b\rgeoisie _h nev] be5 ho/ile1 z x fe>$ ! revolution & ! masses4 ,f9ally ! b>ri]s fell t _h prev5t$ its mat]ial developm5t4 ,aid$ by ,g]many's weal? 9 coal & m9]als1 & by ! pres5ce ( an intellig5t1 b easily cont5t$ work+ class1 ! b\rgeoisie1 )9 a few ye>s1 atta9$ su* a gigantic developm5t1 z has n be5 atta9$ by ! b\rgeoisie ( any o!r c\ntry 9 an equally %ort "t1 ) ! exception ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?us ,g]many quickly came to hold ! second place 9 ,europe z an indu/rial & comm]cial /ate1 & %e is anxi\s to obta9 ! fir/4 ,b ?is rapid mat]ial developm5t has its d>k side also4 ,! sy/em ( seclusion t _h exi/$ among all ,g]man /ates1 until national unity 0 e/abli%$1 _h insur$ ! exi/5ce ( a v num]\s class ( small me*anics & f>m]s4 ,:5 all protective b>ri]s 7 sudd5ly torn d[n1 ?is class 0 confront$ by ! unbridl$ developm5t ( ! capitali/ic process ( production4 ,z a result _! position became a desp]ate "o4 ,! p]iod ( prosp]ity at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5ties made ! dang] appe> less great at fir/1 b x became all ! m noticeable :5 ! crisis set 94 ,! b\rgeoisie _h utiliz$ ! p]iod ( prosp]ity = its fulle/ developm5t1 & by excessive production creat$ a t5-fold pressure4 ,f n[ on ! *asm betwe5 ! prop]ti$ & ! non-prop]ti$ classes 0 rapidly & trem5d\sly wid5$4 ,?is process ( absorption & decomposition1 t is accompli%$ m & m rapidly1 favor$ by ! increase ( mat]ial p[] on ! "o h&1 & by a decl9e ( ! p[] ( resi/ance on ! o!r1 is int5sify+ ! di/ress ( entire /rata ( ! population4 ,!y f9d _! position becom+ m & m prec>i\s & _! ru9 c]ta94 ,9 ?is desp]ate /ruggle _m seek salvation 9 a *ange ( _! pr(ession4 ,! old p _c accompli% ?is *ange any m1 & only 9 r>e cases are !y able to leave a =tune to _! *ildr51 s !y make desp]ate ef=ts & employ _! la/ means to obta9 = _! sons & daught]s positions ) a fix$ income1 t require no capital4 ,^! are ! civil s]vice positions 9 ! empire1 /ates & municipalities1 tea*+1 positions connect$ ) ! po/al & railway s]vice1 ! high] positions 9 ! s]vice ( ! b\rgeoisie 9 (fices1 /ores & factories z cl]ks1 manag]s1 *emi/s1 te*nici/s1 eng9e]s1 con/ructors1 etc41 & also ! s-call$ lib]al pr(essions3 juri/s1 physicians1 !ologians1 writ]s1 arti/s1 ar*itects1 tea*]s1 etc4 ,?\s&s ^u ?\s&s :o w\ld =m]ly h tak5 up a trade1 n[ seek pr(essional positions1 because !re is no long] any possibility ( ma9ta9+ an indep5d5t & dec5t livelihood by practic+ a trade4 ,all /rive = le>n+ & a high] education4 ,high s*ools1 colleges & polyte*nical in/itutes spr+ up l mu%rooms1 & ! exi/+ ones are ov]cr[d$4 ,9 ! same measure ! numb] ( /ud5ts at ! univ]sities increases1 & ! numb] ( s*ol>s 9 physical & *emical laboratories1 9 art s*ools1 9 trade & comm]cial s*ools1 9 ! high] in/itutions ( le>n+ = wom51 etc4 ,all dep>tm5ts1 )\t exception1 are ov]-cr[d$1 & ! /ream is /ill ris+4 ,new dem&s are con/antly be+ made = ! e/abli%m5t ( colleges & high] in/itutions ( le>n+1 to accommodate ! l>ge numb] ( pupils & /ud5ts4 ,(ficials & private p]sons issue w>n+s ^u w>n+s1 n[ aga9/ ! /udy ( "o subject & !n aga9/ ! /udy ( ano!r4 ,ev5 !ology1 7t =m]ly ?reat5$ to dry out on acc\nt ( a lack ( c&idates7 n[ receives its %>e ( bless+s f ! abundance & f9ds its positions fill$ aga94 8,i w prea* belief 9 t5 ?\s& gods & devils1 if requir$1 only give me a position t w support me10 is ! g5]al cry4 ,sometimes ! respective m9i/]s ev5 refuse to give _! cons5t to ! e/abli%m5t ( new educational in/itutions1 8because ! ones 9 exi/5ce amply supply ! dem& = c&idates 9 all dep>tm5ts40 ,?is /ate ( affairs is r5d]$ m sev]e by ! fact t ! competitive & de/ructive /ruggle ( ! b\rgeoisie among !mselves1 compels _m ( _! sons to seek public positions4 ,moreov]1 ! /eadily gr[+ /&+ army1 ) its mass ( (fic]s1 ^: promotion is exce$+ly sl[ dur+ a long p]iod ( peace1 causes _m ( !m to be p5sion$ dur+ ! be/ ye>s ( _! lives1 & ^!1 aid$ by ! /ate1 seek employm5t 9 all k9ds ( (ficial positions4 ,! great numb] ( c&idates = civil s]vice positions1 f l[] grades ( ! army1 rob o!r /rata ( _! liv+4 ,to ?is mu/1 fur!rmore1 be add$ t ! sw>m ( imp]ial /ate & municipal (ficials ( all degrees1 educate1 & mu/ educate1 _! *ildr5 ma9ly = pr(essions1 l ! ones enum]at$ above4 ,! social position1 education & requirem5ts ( ^! classes make x necess>y to )hold _! *ildr5 f ! s-call$ l[] occupations1 b ^!1 z a matt] ( fact1 are ov]-cr[d$ also4 ,! sy/em ( "o-ye> volunt>y s]vice 9 ! army1 t1 ^u ! atta9m5t ( a c]ta9 degree ( education & a c]ta9 mat]ial sacrifice1 p]mits "y m5 to complete _! milit>y s]vice 9 "o ye> in/ead ( 9 two or ?ree1 also increases ! numb] ( c&idates = (fices & positions4 ,!re are1 especially1 _m sons ( weal?y peasants :o d n c>e to return to _! native villages & ! pr(essions ( _! fa!rs4 ,z a result ( all ^! circum/ances1 ! prolet>iat ( s*ol>s & arti/s & ( ! s-call$ lib]al pr(essions1 is m num]\s 9 ,g]many ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry4 ,?is prolet>iat is con/antly increas+1 & is be>+ ! f]m5tation & dissatisfaction ) exi/+ conditions into ! highe/ /rata ( society4 ,?is y\? is ar\s$ & incit$ to a criticism ( ! exi/+ ord]1 & helps to ha/5 ! g5]al decomposition4 ,s ^! conditions h br\ght ab\t t ! ,g]man ,social ,democracy took ! lead]%ip 9 ! gigantic /ruggle ( ! future4 ,g]man ,sociali/s 7 ! ones to discov] ! laws und]ly+ mod]n social developm5t1 & to demon/rate sci5tifically t ,socialism w be ! com+ =m ( society4 ,k>l ,m>x & ,fr$]ick ,engels took ! lead4 ,!y 7 foll[$ by ,f]d9& ,lassalle1 ^: agitation fir$ ! masses4 ,g]man ,sociali/s h also be5 ! pione]s ( ,sociali/ic ?\ght among ! work+m5 ( o!r c\ntries4 ,half a c5tury ago1 ,buckle wrote1 z a result ( 8 /udies ( ,g]man education & culture1 t ,g]many possess$ a numb] ( ! greate/ s*ol>s1 b t 9 no o!r c\ntry1 ! gulf betwe5 ! class ( s*ol>s & ! mass ( ! p 7 equally great4 ,?is 0 true ( ,g]many1 z long z sci5ce 0 limit$ to t circle ( s*ol>s :o /ood alo( f t practical life4 ,b1 s9ce ,g]many has be5 revolutioniz$ economically1 sci5ce has be5 press$ into ! s]vice ( practical life4 ,sci5ce itself became practical4 ,p began to recognize t sci5ce atta9$ its full value only :5 x help$ to promote ! com=ts ( life4 ,! developm5t ( capitali/ic production on a l>ge scale =c$ ?is recognition ^u u4 ,z a result1 all bran*es ( k h be5 democratiz$ 9 ,g]many dur+ ! la/ decade4 ,! great numb] ( "y m5 tra9$ = ! practice ( le>n$ pr(essions1 h help$ to c>ry sci5ce among ! p1 & ! g5]al education1 t has atta9$ a high] degree 9 ,g]many1 ?an 9 mo/ o!r c\ntries1 has dissem9at$ _m products ( ! intellect among ! masses4 ,b ! ,sociali/ movem5t1 especially1 ) its lit]ature1 its newspap]s1 its societies & meet+s1 its p>liam5t>y repres5tation & its con/antly practic$ criticism on all fields ( public life1 has consid]ably rais$ ! intellectual level ( ! masses4 ,! exceptional laws enact$ aga9/ ! ,social ,democrats 7f #ahgh to #ahij7 h 9 no wise *ang$ ?is4 ,!y m]ely hemm$ 9 ! movem5t to "s ext5t1 & slack5$ its pace4 ,b !y also help$ to make ! movem5t m pr(\nd1 & to ar\se mu* bitt]ness aga9/ ! rul+ classes & ! p[]s ( ! /ate4 ,! f9al repeal ( ! exceptional laws 0 only due to ! developm5t ( ! ,social ,democratic ,p>ty1 "u ^! laws1 & to ! economic developm5t ( ! nation4 ,?us ! movem5t is progress+1 z x mu/ progress1 "u ! giv5 circum/ances4 ,z ! ,sociali/ movem5t has progress$ 9 ,g]many1 x has also progress$1 beyond all expectations1 9 o!r /ates ( ! civiliz$ _w4 ,! int]national congresses ( labor1 ^: att5dance is con/antly increas+1 furni% an eloqu5t pro( ( ?is progress4 ,s ! great w> ( ! m9ds has begun 9 all civiliz$ c\ntries ( ! _w1 & is be+ wag$ ) ! greate/ ardor4 ,beside ! social sci5ces1 ! wide realm ( ! natural sci5ces1 hygi5e1 hi/ory & philosophy1 furni% ! weapons = ?is w>4 ,! f\ndations ( exi/+ conditions are atta*$ on all sides1 & ! /ronge/ bl[s are direct$ aga9/ ! pill>s ( ! old rgime4 ,revolution>y ?\ghts p5etrate ! mo/ cons]vative circles1 & create confusion 9 ! camp ( our enemies4 ,artisans & s*ol>s1 f>m]s & arti/s1 m]*ants & (fic]s1 ev5 manufactur]s & bank]s1 9 %ort1 m5 ( all positions1 jo9 ! work+m51 :o =m ! bulk ( t great army t is /riv+ = victory1 & is b\nd to w9 x4 ,all mutually support & supplem5t ea* o!r4 ,woman1 too1 & especially ! prolet>ian woman1 has be5 call$ ^u1 n to lag beh9d 9 ?is /ruggle t is be+ f\ght = h] lib]ation & r$emption also4 ,x is up to h] to prove t %e has recogniz$ h] true position 9 ! movem5t1 & 9 ! /ruggle ( ! pres5t = a bett] future1 & t %e is det]m9$ to p>ticipate4 ,x is ! duty ( ! m5 to help h] to ca/ aside all prejudices & to take "p 9 ! great /ruggle4 ,let no "o und]e/imate 8 /r5g?1 & ?9k t 8 help is ( no consequ5ce4 ,9 ! /ruggle = ! progress ( mank9d1 no p[]1 n ev5 ! weake/1 c be sp>$4 ,! /eady fall ( drops w f9ally holl[ ! h>de/ /one4 ,_m drops make a brook1 ! brooks make a riv]1 & ! riv]s make a /ream4 ,f9ally1 no ob/acle is /rong en\gh to hem ! /ream's maje/ic c\rse4 ,x is ! same ) ! developm5t ( man4 ,if all :o feel call$ ^u devote _! :ole /r5g? to ?is /ruggle1 ! ultimate victory w be c]ta94 ,?is victory w be all ! great]1 ! m eag]ly & unselfi%ly ea* "o pursues ! mapp$ out pa?4 ,d\bts1 :e!r ! individual = all 8 sacrifices1 toils & ef=ts1 may /ill live to see ! dawn ( a new1 m beautiful p]iod ( civilization1 mu/ n effect u1 nor mu/ !y prev5t u f pursu+ ! *os5 pa?4 ,we c nei!r det]m9e ! l5g?1 nor ! nature ( ! phases ( developm5t1 t ?is /ruggle = ! highe/ aims mu/ /ill pass ?ru2 we c d ?is z little z we h any c]ta9ty 9 reg>d to ! duration ( our lives4 ,b z we are dom9at$ by ! joy ( liv+1 s may we also *]i% ! hope t we may live to see ?is victory4 ,we are liv+ 9 an age t ru%es =w>d 8) sev5 league boots10 & t makes all enemies ( a new1 high] ord] ( society tremble4 ,e day furni%es new pro( ( ! rapid gr[?1 & ! trem5d\s spread ( ,sociali/ ?\ght4 ,ev]y:]e !re is motion & progress4 ,! dawn ( a bett] day is draw+ nigh4 ,s let u /ruggle & /rive onw>d1 reg>dless ( 8:]e0 & 8:50 ! b\nd>y-po/s ( a new & bett] age = mank9d w be rais$4 ,if we %\ld fall 9 ! c\rse ( ?is great /ruggle = lib]ation1 o!rs w take our place4 ,we w fall ) ! consci\sness ( hav+ done our duty z human be+s1 & ) ! conviction t ! goal w be atta9$1 no matt] h[ ! p[]s ho/ile to humanity may oppose & resi/ ! triumphal m>* ( progress4 8,! future belongs to ,socialism1 t is1 prim>ily1 to ! work] & to woman40 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,! texts ( pages #cfe & #cff 7"p ( ,*apt] ,,xx1 ,section #a7 are out ( ord] 9 ! orig9al4 ,! texts ( ^! pages are 9 ! correct ord] 9 ?is e-text4 ,! li/ ( ,cont5ts has be5 mov$ f ! end ( ! book4 ,head+s & page numb]s h be5 mat*$ to ^? 9 ! ma9 text4 ,! /yl+ ( head+s has be5 made consi/5t4 ,miss+ section numb]s 9 section head+s h be5 suppli$4 ,to fit ! wid? re/riction = ?is text v]sion1 "s tables h be5 re=matt$ &_/or split4 ,errors 9 punctuation h be5 correct$4 ,no *anges to ! num]ical figures & words 9 ! text1 includ+ ^? ) inconsi/5t hyph5ation & v>iant spell+s1 h be5 made except ^? li/$ bel[4 ,*anges involv+ footnote m>k]s & table column head+s h be5 made bas$ on ! #fbnd ,g]man edition 7publi%$ #aigc74 ,page #be1 8goddesses0 *ang$ f 8godesses0 7goddesses ,a/>te1 ,demet]72 8,isis0 f 8,iris0 7,latona1 ,isis1 ,frigga74 ,page #bf1 8,&ombies0 *ang$ f 8,audombies0 7,&ombies on ! ,congo74 ,page #bh1 8antiquity0 *ang$ f 8anitquity0 7/ates ( antiquity72 8necessitat$0 f 8ncessitat$0 7necessitat$ special k74 ,page #cd1 8,!smophoria0 *ang$ f 8,!rmophoria0 7celebration ( ! ,!smophoria74 ,page #cf1 8,eum5ides0 *ang$ f 8,eum9$es0 7! ,eum5ides reply74 ,page #dj1 m>k] = footnote #ac 0 ins]t$ 7by ,ari/ophanes1#ac74 ,page #dc1 8,a!ns'0 *ang$ f 8,a!n's0 7,a!ns' greate/ rival72 8across0 f 8acros0 7across ! ,taygetus74 ,page #dd1 8,isis0 *ang$ f 8,iris0 7,egyptian fe/ivals ( ,isis74 ,page #dh1 8fur!rmore0 *ang$ f 8fur!more0 7c fur!rmore be ga!r$72 8,araucanians0 f 8,araunanians0 7among ! ,araucanians74 ,page #di1 8,t>n[sky0 *ang$ f 8,t>n[sgy0 7,t>n[sky 0 told74 ,page #eb1 8,nabataeans0 *ang$ f 8,naba/aeans0 7,nabataeans1 an ,arabian tribe72 8,re*abites0 f 8,ra*ebites0 7,among ! ,re*abites74 ,page #ec1 8trampl$0 *ang$ f 8trampel$0 7& trampl$ ^u74 ,page #ed1 8adult]iis0 *ang$ f 8adultriis0 7lex ,julia de adult]iis74 ,page #ei1 8neighbor's0 *ang$ f 8neighbors0 7t is 8 neighbor's74 ,pages #gc-gd1 8praisewor?y0 *ang$ f 8praiswor?y0 7?is praisewor?y t[n74 ,page #gd1 8ma9t5ance0 *ang$ f 8ma9ta9ance0 7ma9t5ance ( bro!ls74 ,page #ic1 8h>ass+0 *ang$ f 8h>rass+0 7h>ass+ & p]secution72 8intellectual0 f 8intellectuel0 7_! intellectual horizon74 ,page #ig1 8develop0 *ang$ f 8devlop0 7to develop normally74 ,page #ih1 8k0 *ang$ f 8konwl$ge0 7we decry k74 ,page #ajd1 8,mill0 *ang$ f 8,mills0 7,john ,/u>t ,mill says 9 reg>d74 ,page #aje1 8,a!neum0 *ang$ f 8,an!neum0 7fragm5ts ( #8,a!neum'74 ,page #aaa1 8,mill0 *ang$ f 8,mills0 7,john ,/u>t ,mill says3 8,m574 ,page #aaf1 8tw5ty0 *ang$ f 8tw5y0 7be tw5ty &74 ,page #abg1 8/rata0 *ang$ f 8/>ta0 7& o!r /rata74 ,page #acd1 8#dga1eai0 *ang$ f 8#dga-eai0 7& #dga1eai 9 #ahii74 ,page #acf1 8illegitimate0 *ang$ f 8illigitimate0 7_! illegitimate relations72 8?irtie?0 f 8?ir?ie?0 7atta9$ ! ?irtie? ye>72 8,con/ant9ople0 f 8,contan/9ople0 7,9 #ahgb at ,con/ant9ople74 ,page #acg1 8#bbcf0 *ang$ f 8#bbbcf0 7f #aijb to #aijf1 #bbcf74 ,page #ach1 8int]dite0 *ang$ f 8ent]dite0 7pat]nit e/ int]dite72 8conu p5dant0 f 8concup5dant0 7,l'enfant conu p5dant74 ,page #aci1 8retrogressive0 *ang$ f 8retogressive0 7a retrogressive "o74 ,page #adj1 8abortions0 *ang$ f 8obortions0 7( crim9al abortions74 ,page #adh1 8*>act]i/ics0 *ang$ f 8*>acteci/ics0 7t ^! *>act]i/ics74 ,page #aej1 8equally0 *ang$ f 8equaly0 7are equally ignorant74 ,page #aec1 8physician0 *ang$ f 8physican0 7! physician mu/74 ,page #aed1 8*>act]i/ics0 *ang$ f 8*>ect]i/ics0 7diff]5ces & *>act]i/ics74 ,page #aee1 8?an0 *ang$ f 8t0 7m wom5 ?an m574 ,page #aeg1 table1 suppli$ miss+ fir/ comma 9 8#agd1iad1aai04 ,page #afe1 8revolution0 *ang$ f 8revolntion0 7a complete revolution74 ,page #afi1 8l[]$0 *ang$ f 8l[]r$0 7has be5 some:at l[]$72 8p5sion]s0 f 8p5sione]s0 7p5sion]s ) _! families74 ,page #aga1 second table1 8#ibe0 *ang$ f 8#bbe02 8#ajjh0 f 8#jjh04 ,page #agd1 8/rongly0 *ang$ f 8/ongly0 7p>ticul>ly /rongly at74 ,page #age1 8innate0 *ang$ f 8inate0 7an innate vice74 ,page #agf1 ! s5t5ce 8,b !y d n draw 444 conditions40 is bold only up to 8diff]5t0 9 ! orig9al4 ,page #ahb1 8associates0 *ang$ f 8asociates0 7ev]yone :o associates74 ,page #ahh1 8afflict$0 *ang$ f 8afflct$0 7afflict$ ) ?is disease72 8secrets0 f 8secets0 7reveal _! secrets74 ,page #ahi1 8t\rnam5t0 *ang$ f 8t\rnam5tt0 7eel-cat*+ t\rnam5t74 ,page #aib1 8,bu5os0 *ang$ f 8,buneos0 7& ,bu5os ,ayres72 ins]t$ 8to0 9 8paid to ! ag5ts04 ,page #bja1 8dsigns0 *ang$ f 8designs0 7ils s]ont dsigns72 8,aucune0 f 8,aucunne0 7,aucune autre qualification74 ,page #bjc1 8,b]tillon0 *ang$ f 8,b]tillion0 7,b]tillon claims1 t74 ,page #bje1 8appall+0 *ang$ f 8apall+0 7reveal appall+ facts74 ,page #bjf1 8increas$0 *ang$ f 89 creas$0 7h increas$ by74 ,page #bjg1 8ab\t0 *ang$ f 8abo t0 7ab\t "o-fif?72 8gonorrhoea0 f 8gonorrheoa0 7ab\t "o-fif?1 become diseas$ ) gonorrhoea72 8unm>ri$0 f 8unm>i$0 7( unm>ri$ life74 ,page #bjh1 8,russia0 *ang$ f 8,rusia0 7,russia1 #dj4e72 *ang$ p]iods 9 8#aba4ee0 & 8#aba4id0 f commas 79 #aije #aba4ee cases & 9 #aijf #aba4id cases74 ,page #baa1 table1 suppli$ miss+ p]iod 9 8#fa4a04 ,page #bab1 table key1 footnote m>k] #abf ins]t$ aft] r[ head+ 8,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica04 ,page #bac1 footnote m>k] #abh ins]t$ aft] 8to ! entire population40 ,page #bac1 table column head+1 8p]sons0 *ang$ f 8p]son0 7,( #ajj p]sons ga9fully employ$74 ,page #bae1 fir/ table1 80 sign be=e 8#afb1jdi0 *ang$ f 80 sign2 suppli$ uncle> fif? digit 8#i0 9 8#ahj1fij02 suppli$ miss+ ?ird digit 8#i0 9 8#agi1aec04 ,page #bae1 second table key1 r[ head+ 8,indep5d5t0 *ang$ f 8,indep5t04 ,page #bae1 ?ird table1 suppli$ respective second1 ?ird1 & fif? column head+s 8#aijg01 8#ahie01 & 802 *ang$ p]iod 9 8#ba4gg0 f comma4 ,page #bag1 fir/ table1 suppli$ head+ 8#aija0 = ?ird column2 8manufacture0 *ang$ f 8manufacfacture0 7manufacture ( ma*9]y74 ,page #bah1 8good0 *ang$ f 8go$0 7a good wage74 ,page #bai1 table1 data 8#b4j0 *ang$ f 8#j4f04 ,page #bbd1 8#f0 *ang$ f 8#d0 7#c4ge to #f74 ,page #bbe1 second table1 fif? r[1 suppli$ miss+ p]iod 9 8#b4ej04 ,page #bbi1 8prec$$0 *ang$ f 8prece$$0 7prec$$ by an op]ation72 8p>aff9e0 f 8p]aff9e0 7qu99e1 soda1 p>aff9e74 ,page #bcj1 8deg5]ation0 *ang$ f 8deegn]ation0 7increase ( immorality1 deg5]ation72 8mortality0 f 8morality0 7& infant mortality74 ,page #bcb1 8object0 *ang$ f 8obejct0 7object ( hatr$74 ,page #bdb1 8n>r[-*e/$0 *ang$ f 8n>[-*e/$0 7small1 n>r[-*e/$74 ,page #bdg1 8n>r[]0 *ang$ f 8n>[]0 7n>r[] vascul> sy/em72 8possesses0 f 8possessses0 7t he possesses74 ,page #bdh1 8w\ld0 *ang$ f 8wonld0 7w\ld n diff]74 ,page #bdi1 8,gauss0 *ang$ f 8,ganss0 7fam\s ma!matician ,gauss74 ,page #bej1 8indep5d5t0 *ang$ f 8dep5d5t0 7indep5d5t ( "o ano!r74 ,page #beb1 8o!rwise0 *ang$ f 8o?rwise0 7:at o!rwise rema9s74 ,page #beh1 8make0 *ang$ f 8maks0 7s !y make desp]ate ef=ts74 ,page #bfa1 8,abyss9ia0 *ang$ f 8,abys9nia0 7,india1 ,abyss9ia1 ,p]sia74 ,page #bfb1 8d5ti/ry0 *ang$ f 8d5tri/ry0 7m$ic9e & d5ti/ry72 8enum]at$0 f 8ennum]at$0 77 already enum]at$72 8!0 f 8!y0 7t ! girls' colleges74 ,page #bff1 8successor0 *ang$ f 8success]0 7appo9t$ 8 successor74 ,page #bgc1 8admitt$0 *ang$ f 8admit$0 7unm>ri$ wom5 7 admitt$74 ,page #bgi1 8patri>*al0 *ang$ f 8patri>*ial0 7! patri>*al sup]iority74 ,page #bha1 8,urs9s0 *ang$ f 8,urs90 7,pr9cess ( ,urs9s74 ,page #bhi1 8organiz$0 *ang$ f 8orga9z$0 7! t]ritory 0 organiz$74 ,page #bic1 8adm9i/ration0 *ang$ f 8adm9/ration0 79 ! adm9i/ration ( s*ools74 ,page #bif1 8same0 *ang$ f 8asme0 7& be elect$ to same72 8,briti%0 f 8,birti%0 7! ,briti% colony74 ,page #big1 8p]mitt$0 *ang$ f 8p]mittel0 7p]mitt$ to ex]cise74 ,page #bii1 8possessions0 *ang$ f 8possesions0 7& no possessions72 8favor0 f 8fav]0 7compels !m to favor74 ,page #cje1 8reorganization0 *ang$ f 8reorga9zation0 7,a ?or\gh reorganization74 ,page #cji1 8subsi/5ce0 *ang$ f 8subsi/ance0 7( its means ( subsi/5ce74 ,page #cac1 80 ins]t$ be=e 8#a1bae1jjj1jjj02 8million0 *ang$ f 8milion0 7#af to #bj million m572 9 8uncontrollable & indirigible01 8uncon0 n bold 9 ! orig9al4 ,page #caf1 8committ$0 *ang$ f 8commit$0 7wor/ crimes are committ$74 ,page #cag1 8p5alties0 *ang$ f 8p5alities0 7) sev]e p5alties74 ,page #cba1 fir/ table1 suppli$ miss+ 8#i0 9 column head+ 8#ahie02 suppli$ miss+ second to ! la/ 8#a0 9 8#b1cch1eaa02 suppli$ miss+ p]iod 9 8#aba4df02 suppli$ miss+ comma 9 8#dcb1dia02 suppli$ miss+ second 8#g0 9 8#dgg1fie04 ,page #cba1 second table1 suppli$ miss+ second 8#f0 9 8#bf1chf1ecg04 ,page #cbe1 8numb]0 *ang$ f 8uumb]0 7we f9d t _! numb]74 ,page #cbg1 8,wurtemb]g0 *ang$ f 8,wurtemburg0 7exclud+ ,bav>ia1 ,wurtemb]g74 ,page #cbg1 second table1 suppli$ ?ird column head+ 8,comm]cial04 ,?is head+ reads 8,d>unt] gew]bli*e0 9 ! ,g]man #fbnd edition4 ,page #ccf1 ins]t$ 8p] c5t40 9 8#hd4c p] c5t4 ( all taxpay]s04 ,pages #ccf-ccg1 syllable 890 9 8income ( m ?an 444 taxpay]s0 is n bold 9 ! orig9al4 ,page #cch1 8insidi\sly0 *ang$ f 8insidu\sly0 7& insidi\sly disp>ag+74 ,page #cdf1 8:]ev]0 *ang$ f 8:]eev]0 7,b :]ev] ! control74 ,page #cdh1 8affect0 *ang$ f 8effect0 7affect ! peasant z well74 ,page #cdi1 8affect$0 *ang$ f 8effect$0 7has affect$ ! rural di/ricts74 ,page #ced1 8o!r0 *ang$ f 8oht]0 79 o!r di/ricts74 ,page #ceg1 8,w9dis*graetz0 *ang$ f 8,w9dis*graatz0 7,alfr$ ,w9dis*graetz74 ,page #cei1 8humidity0 *ang$ f 8humiditty0 7decrease 9 humidity74 ,page #cfj1 8,sam>a0 *ang$ f 8,ssam>a0 7di/rict ( ,sam>a72 8,buguruslan0 f 8,buguruslaw0 7di/rict ( ,buguruslan72 8,nov\s5sk0 f 8,novaus5sk0 7,nikolajewsk & ,nov\s5sk72 8,)0 f 8,wtih0 7,) ! cutt+ d[n74 ,page #cfb1 8meteorological0 *ang$ f 8met]ological0 7meteorological & political72 8dluge0 f 8deluge0 7,aprs n\s le dluge674 ,page #cff1 8organization0 *ang$ f 8orga9zation0 7an organization is requir$74 ,page #cfg1 8c'e/0 *ang$ f 8c/0 7,l'tat c'e/ moi72 8reipublicae0 f 8reipublica0 7,salus reipublicae suprema lex e/o74 ,page #cgc1 8possesses0 *ang$ f 8posseses0 7comm]ce also possesses74 ,page #cgd1 8/ati/ically0 *ang$ f 8/ati/ictlly0 7be5 /ati/ically det]m9$74 ,page #cge1 8endeav\r0 *ang$ f 8endeav\rs0 7p w endeav\r74 ,page #cgi1 8,h]tzka0 *ang$ f 8,h]tza0 7,h]tzka also takes74 ,page #chb1 8&0 *ang$ f 8nad0 7in/itutions & appliances74 ,page #chf1 ex*ang$ positions ( footnote m>k]s #bai & #bbj4 ,page #cib1 8artificially0 *ang$ f 8artifically0 7produc$ grape-sug> artificially74 ,page #cif1 8&0 *ang$ f 8nad0 7crises1 & unemploym5t74 ,page #cig1 8suffice0 *ang$ f 8sufficice0 7w\ld n suffice to satisfy74 ,page #cii1 8que/ions0 *ang$ f 8quetsions0 7"o ( ! que/ions74 ,page #dje1 8baza>s0 *ang$ f 8bazz>s0 7elegant baza>s74 ,page #djf1 suppli$ miss+ 8c0 9 8municipalities0 7= entire municipalities74 ,page #dab1 8#abd1jjj0 *ang$ f 8#abd4jjj0 7inve/m5t ( #abd1jjj m>ks74 ,page #dac1 8,pom]ania0 *ang$ f 8,pomm]ania0 7( ,russia & ,pom]ania74 ,page #dag1 8oat-gr9d]s0 *ang$ f 8oat-g9d]s0 7oat-gr9d]s1 etc474 ,page #dai1 8succe$$0 *ang$ f 8succ$$0 7succe$$ 9 remov+74 ,page #dbj1 8?an0 *ang$ f 8t0 7make bett] fl\r ?an t74 ,page #dbc1 ins]t$ 8w0 9 8mat]ial w be sav$04 ,page #dbe1 8g5]ator0 *ang$ f 8g5]at]0 7an artificial g5]ator72 8dr\ght0 f 8draught0 7safegu>d aga9/ dr\ght74 ,page #dcg1 8progresses0 *ang$ f 8pregresses0 7human developm5t progresses74 ,page #deb1 8our *ildr5 capable ( its real enjoym5t4 ,an edu0 9 8c]ta9 ( obta9+ 444 weal?40 is n bold 9 ! orig9al4 ,page #dec1 8suppression0 *ang$ f 8suppresison0 7suppression ( "o's72 delet$ duplicat$ 8!0 9 8f ! pres5t po9t ( view04 ,page #ded1 8diff]5ce0 *ang$ f 8dlff]5ce0 7diff]5ce ( op9ions74 ,page #dei1 8,pawl[0 *ang$ f 8,pavl[0 7,russian physiologi/1 ,pawl[74 ,page #dfa1 8measure0 *ang$ f 8measue0 7measure 9 :i* civilization74 ,page #dfe1 8answ]0 *ang$ f 8ansewr0 7we c\ld answ]72 8necess>y0 f 8necsss>y0 7simil> necess>y tasks74 ,page #dgj1 8m>riage0 *ang$ f 8m>irage0 7hypocrites 9 m>riage72 8irrefutably0 f 8irrefutibly0 7we h irrefutably prov$74 ,page #dga1 8,s*op5hau]0 *ang$ f 8,s*opp5hau]0 7pessimism ( ,s*op5hau]74 ,page #dgi1 8pr9cipal0 *ang$ f 8pr9ciple0 7fir/1 & pr9cipal means74 ,page #dhj1 8affect$0 *ang$ f 8effect$0 7,^! *anges especially affect$74 ,page #dha1 8b\rgeoisie0 *ang$ f 8b\rgoisie0 7,= ! ,engli% b\rgeoisie74 ,page #dif1 8reproductive0 *ang$ f 8reproductiive0 7on reproductive ability74 ,page #ejd1 8comm]cial0 *ang$ f 8comm]ical0 7& comm]cial s*ools74 ,footnote #bh1 8,yves0 *ang$ f 8,yoes0 7,yves ,guyot74 ,footnote #eb1 8,may]0 *ang$ f 8,meyr0 7,george v4 ,may]74 ,footnote #fi1 8dtruit0 *ang$ f 8detruit0 7empire e/ dtruit74 ,footnote #gj1 table1 suppli$ respective second & ?ird column head+s 8,wom50 & 8,m504 ,footnote #hc1 8,hygi5e0 *ang$ f 8,hygi5ne0 7,text ,book ( ,hygi5e74 ,footnote #hd1 8,?40 *ang$ f 8,h40 7,?4 ,bade74 ,footnote #hi1 8,sev]us0 *ang$ f 8,sev]ns0 7,dr4 ,h4 ,sev]us74 ,footnote #ii1 8in/itutions0 *ang$ f 8in/itutioons0 7b5efit fund in/itutions74 ,footnote #afb1 8/r5g?0 *ang$ f 8/r5ght0 7size & /r5g?74 ,footnote #ahb1 8subtlety0 *ang$ f 8sublety0 7,) t subtlety74 ,footnote #ahh1 8mobilires0 *ang$ f 8mobilirs0 7des valeurs mobilires74 ,footnote #ahi1 8,ari/otle0 *ang$ f 8,ari/otel0 7,ari/otle says74 ,footnote #bjf1 8,rau's0 *ang$ f 8,raus's0 7fir/ adaption ( ,rau's74 ,footnote #bcd1 8,mill0 *ang$ f 8,mills0 7,mill has hone/ly tri$74 ,footnote #bcf1 8t0 *ang$ f 8?t0 7t w disappe>74 ,footnote #bdf1 8,delbrueck0 *ang$ f 8,delbruek0 7,dr4 ,max ,delbrueck74 ,footnote #bdg1 8,b]n?s50 *ang$ f 8,b5?s50 7,accord+ to ,pr(4 ,b]n?s574 ,footnote #beb1 8,philosophy0 *ang$ f 8,philisophy0 7,philosophy ( ,law74 ,footnote #beg1 8society0 *ang$ f 8socity0 7society w\ld introduce72 8arbitr>ily0 f 8arbitr>ely0 7arbitr>ily creat$74 ,footnote #bei1 8#aijg0 *ang$ f 8#ajig0 7,/uttg>t1 #aijg74 ,footnote #bfd1 8society0 *ang$ f 8socitey0 7treat$ 9 b\rgeois society874 ,"s portions ( ! text t appe> to be typographical errors are pr9t$ z su* 9 ! orig9al book4 ,a li/ ( ^! possible mispr9ts foll[s3 ,page #cg1 8gynacontis0 app>5t typo = 8gynaiconitis0 or 8gynaikonitis04 ,page #baf1 ! s5t5ce ,x is especially notewor?y t dur+ #ahha1 ! ye> ( a crisis1 ! numb] ( m5 emp>5t "o1 s9ce mo/ ( ! wives & daught]s ( numb] ( wom5 employ$ increas$ by #hj1fch4 is app>5t typo = ,x is especially notewor?y t dur+ #ahha1 ! ye> ( a crisis1 ! numb] ( m5 employ$ decreas$ comp>$ to #ahga by #dhf1edj p]sons & ! numb] ( wom5 employ$ increas$ by #hj1fch4 ,9 ! ,g]man #fbnd edition1 ! correspond+ s5t5ce reads 8,besond]s bem]k5sw]t i/ 9 d] ,tabelle1 da1 obglei* im ,jahre #ahha1 das e9 ,kris5jahr w>1 die ,zahl d] bes*ftigt5 mnnli*5 ,p]son5 im ,v]glei* zu #ahga um #dhf4edj ,kpfe abnahm1 die ,zahl d] weibli*5 um #hj4fch zunahm40 ,page #cbc1 table1 ! foll[+ data are app>5t typos3 8#g1dgd1jdf0 = 8#e1dgd1jdf0 8#d1cch1abc0 = 8#d1dch1abc0 8#e1cij1bhh0 = 8#e1dij1bhh0 8#i1jga1jig0 = 8#i1jci1jig0 8#ab1haf1eeb0 = 8#ab1ghd1eeb0 8#ac1fid1afj0 = 8#aa1dac1hib0 8#d1afa1ifa0 = 8#f1dbb1bbi0 8#ag1hef1aba0 = 8#ag1hcf1aba0 ,page #chg1 app>5tly miss+ 8an h\r0 or 8p] h\r0 aft] 8spe$ ( #bja kilomet]s01 8#bjh kilomet]s01 & 8spe$ ( #bjj kilomet]s04