,the ,sportswoman's ,library4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,illustration3 ,from a ,sketch by ,w4 ,l4 ,wyllie1 ,a4,r4,a4 ,for ,the ,sportswoman's ,library4 ,,punts ,,racing4 7,,the ,,start47 ,,the ,,sportswoman',s ,,library4 ,,edited ,,by ,,frances ,e4 ,,slaughter4 ,,volume ,,ii4 ,illustration ,,with ,,illustrations ,,by ,w4 ,l4 ,,wyllie1 ,a4,r4,a41 ,,cuthbert ,,bradley1 ,,and ,,from ,,photographs4 ,,westminster3 ,,archibald ,,constable ,,co41 ,,new ,,york3 ,,longmans1 ,,green1 ,,co41 #ahih4 ,,dedicated ,,by ,,permission ,,to ,,the ,,marchioness ,,of ,,worcester ,a ,,keen ,,sportswoman ,,and ,,wife ,,of ,,one ,,of ,,the ,,foremost ,,sportsmen ,,of ,,the ,,age4 ,,birmingham3 ,,printed ,,at ,,the ,,guild ,,press4 #de1 ,,great ,,charles ,,street4 ,,the ,,sportswoman',s ,,library4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,contents4 ,preface4 #a4 ,cruising and ,small ,yacht ,racing on the ,solent4 ,miss ,barbara ,hughes4 #b4 ,punt ,racing4 ,mrs4 ,w4 ,l4 ,wyllie4 #c4 ,in ,red ,deer ,land4 ,mrs4 ,penn-,curzon4 #d4 ,chase of the ,carted ,deer4 ,the ,editor4 #e4 ,women's ,hunters4 ,the ,editor4 #f4 ,otter ,hunting4 ,mrs4 ,wardell4 #g4 ,salmon ,fishing1 with ,notes on ,trout and ,coarse ,fishing4 ,susan1 ,countess of ,malmesbury4 #h4 ,fly ,fishing4 ,the ,editor4 #i4 ,driving4 ,miss ,massey-,mainwaring4 #aj4 ,cycling4 ,mrs4 ,a4 ,c4 ,hills4 #aa4 ,fancy ,figures and ,musical ,rides4 ,miss ,van ,wart4 #ab4 ,tennis4 ,miss ,maud ,marshall4 ,appendix ,a4 ,glossary of ,nautical ,terms4 ,appendix ,b4 ,rules of ,lawn ,tennis4 ,,preface4 ,when ,i look at the completed ,,mss4 of the first volumes of the ,sportswoman's ,library1 ,i feel deeply grateful to the many good sportswomen who have aided me in my work1 not only for the great stores of practical knowledge they have brought to bear on the several subjects of which we have treated1 but for the way in which they have collaborated with me4 ,for this my warmest thanks are due to them one and all4 ,the object we have placed before us1 is to give women the information and help they are not likely to find in those books1 which are written chiefly from a man's point of view1 and we have therefore avoided1 as far as possible1 trenching on ground that has been already adequately covered by those who1 to sportsmen and sportswomen alike1 are the best authorities on the various subjects4 ,if1 therefore1 our writings sometimes seem to be wanting in completeness1 it is1 ,i venture to think1 to be attributed to this cause4 ,when ,i first gathered round me the body of contributors1 some of whom were personally unknown to me1 ,i could but feel that the many threads ,i held in my hand might prove to be a very tangled skein1 before the work was brought to completion4 ,this foreboding1 however1 ,i am glad to say1 was entirely without foundation1 for each writer threw herself into her part with such genuine determination to do the best she could for the matter of her work1 that the minor details as to the manner in which it should be given to the world1 did not assume undue proportions1 and there has been nothing to throw the slightest shadow over the harmony in which we have worked4 ,that the effort we have thus jointly made to give some help to our sister-sportswomen may be successful1 is to wish the writers the best reward they can have1 for the labour they have bestowed4 ,besides my fellow workers1 ,i have a debt of gratitude to discharge to all who have so kindly assisted me4 ,foremost among these ,i must acknowledge the valuable help given by ,lady ,gifford1 ,mrs4 ,pryse-,rice1 ,mrs4 ,cheape1 and ,miss ,lloyd1 of ,bronwydd1 without whose assistance ,i could not have ventured to write on the subject of ,hare-,hunting3 by ,mr4 ,t4 ,f4 ,dale1 author of ,the ,game of ,polo1 whose great practical knowledge of sport has made him an invaluable referee on many important questions3 by another good sportsman1 ,captain the ,hon4 ,r4 ,c4 ,drummond1 who generously gave me the benefit of his advice on matters which have been a lifelong study to him3 by ,elizabeth1 ,lady ,wilton2 ,lady ,theodora ,guest1 ,lady ,gerard1 ,lady ,dorothy ,coventry1 ,mrs4 ,wrangham1 ,mrs4 ,t4 ,e4 ,harrison1 ,miss ,serrell1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,bassett1 late ,master of the ,devon and ,somerset ,staghounds2 ,mr4 ,ian ,heathcoat-,amory1 ,master of the ,tiverton ,staghounds2 ,mr4 ,w4 ,l4 ,wyllie1 ,a4,r4,a42 ,miss ,maud ,earl1 ,miss ,walrond1 ,mr4 ,cuthbert ,bradley1 ,dr4 ,lewis ,mackenzie1 ,miss ,florence ,ritson1 and ,mrs4 ,dudley ,smith4 ,i must also acknowledge the help so readily given by ,mr4 ,charles ,lancaster1 and ,messrs4 ,holland and ,holland1 on the sport with which their names are so closely connected1 and ,i must thank those photographers who have exercised their skill on our behalf1 viz43 ,messrs4 ,lombardi and ,co41 who1 from the first1 have helped us largely2 ,messrs4 ,lambert ,weston1 ,j4 ,weston and ,son1 ,stuart1 ,becken1 and ,a4 ,debenham4 ,my thanks are also due to the ,proprietors of ,baily's ,magazine1 ,the ,field1 ,the ,gentlewoman1 and ,the ,lady's ,pictorial4 ,lastly1 ,i must discharge the debt of gratitude ,i owe ,messrs4 ,a4 ,constable and ,co41 for the unfailing courtesy ,i have met with at their hands1 and for the hearty way in which they have thrown themselves into the interests of the book4 ,whether we have all succeeded in our object1 viz41 to give clear1 practical directions to women in the several outdoor recreations of which we have written1 it is for our readers to determine1 and on their verdict will depend the extension of our plan to other branches of sports and pastimes4 ,to the great body of sportsmen1 who so far have held almost undisputed sway in the realm of sporting literature1 ,i would plead3 ,softly1 my ,masters6 ,do me this right--hear me with patience4 ,the ,editor4 ,beeding1 ,march #cast1 #ahih4 ,illustration3 ,,miss ,,barbara ,,hughes4 ,debenham and ,smith4 ,southampton4 ,,cruising ,,and ,,small ,,yacht ,,racing ,,on ,,the ,,solent4 ,how can ,i with my poor pen do justice to all the delights of yachting as practised on the ,solent8 ,we need a nautical ,whyte ,melville to describe the joys of yacht-racing1 and the real good sport which is its chief characteristic4 ,what an exciting game it is1 how enthralling1 how interesting1 and more important still1 how wholesome4 ,what a benefit for city men to get right away to the sea1 and enjoy such a complete change and relaxation as this racing affords4 ,and how much they do appreciate it is shown by the number of little boats owned by stockbrokers and others who can only get down occasionally1 but1 nevertheless1 keep their boats out the whole season through1 so as not to lose the chance of a sail when their opportunity comes4 ,not on the principle that race-horses are kept1 either1 as every one knows there is no chance of a racing boat doing more than pay her own way at best1 for the prizes are barely adequate to meet the expenses4 ,yacht-racing makes quite a new interest in life4 ,the clever mathematician can find a large field for his energies in the designing line1 and the keen sailor a never-wearying delight in developing to the utmost the powers of the boat confided to him4 ,how much better than the ,london drawing-room's close atmosphere is the fresh sea air1 and the delightful freedom of bounding over the waves in a well-equipped craft1 with the additional pinch of excitement afforded by racing4 ,let me assure you no fear of sea-sickness need deter any4 ,many of us would not be proof against a long ,channel swell in a large steamer1 but the motion of our little boats over the diminished waves inside the ,wight1 is not likely to upset any but the most pronounced bad sailor4 ,besides1 the excitement of racing drives away all qualms of that sort1 sea-sickness being1 ,i believe1 in most cases the result of boredom and nervous anticipation as much as anything else4 ,no one could hate yachting as generally accepted more than ,i do4 ,anything so boring as a long sea voyage in a great lumbering schooner1 ,i cannot imagine4 ,the fact of being taken1 in nine cases out of ten1 where one would not1 without having a hand in the matter1 with a large crew of slow men to do all the work and take all the fun off one's hands1 is to me nothing but an aggravation4 ,the deliberate cut and dried way in which everything is done1 the foresail being lowered and the peak eased when about two miles from the moorings1 and such cautious measures1 fidget me to death4 ,there is this about racing1 that one can never enjoy cruising in the same way after one has experienced its far superior joys4 ,i must say1 however1 it is rather nice after the scrimmage of a long day's racing1 to get on board a solid old cruiser and bundle peacefully home4 ,but woe betide you if the wind is ahead1 for you won't get home that night4 ,no1 you must be of a very leisurely disposition1 and a great lover of ,nature1 for you to appreciate stereotyped cruising4 ,this kind of thing is about as different from our ,solent yachting1 as the ,derby is from a ,margate donkey ride4 ,of course ,i can understand the pleasure of cruising if the owner is also master of his vessel1 but such a state of things is the exception1 the owners mostly passing their time in standing about deck1 or having large meals below1 utterly oblivious of their course1 their compass1 or anything else4 ,this must be a very stagnant amusement at the best1 impossible to an energetic disposition1 and only suited to an invalid1 or man in his declining years4 ,to people who lack any sporting instincts1 racing1 ,i suppose1 seems ridiculous1 but if they love the sea let them learn all about it1 and navigate their own vessels like men1 instead of being mere passengers on board their own craft1 while their skipper is getting all the fun4 ,some women have taken their own line in this matter1 and having mastered the science of navigation1 are most enthusiastic on the subject1 realising how it enhances a hundred-fold the pleasures of a sea voyage4 ,the news of a large schooner being on the stocks now-a-days comes as a surprise1 as this type of vessel has almost entirely gone out of fashion in this country4 ,that is to say1 though there are still several to be seen about1 the old ones being used because they are too good to throw away1 so to speak1 no new ones have been built for years4 ,the advantages of steam are so great for cruising and travel1 that they outweigh the more pleasant sensation of sailing1 which is the schooner's only claim to superiority4 ,the difference in the expense is not very great after all1 as you require double the crew in a sailing craft1 and at least double the time to accomplish your distance4 ,so if you want to get--say to ,gibraltar--the chances are1 that the extra time for which you are paying your crew1 would easily cover your coal bill on the steamer4 ,the auxiliary in nine cases out of ten proves a simple farce4 ,many1 ,i know1 have never once set their sails4 ,it requires all the crew of an out-and-out sailing boat1 and also the great unwieldly spars1 which make it a bad sea boat when not under canvas4 ,i would only recommend an auxiliary to a real wanderer1 a born man of the sea like ,lord ,brassey1 for whom of course there is nothing like it4 ,the variety afforded in sailing and steaming on a lengthened sea trip1 must be attractive and resting1 and when both courses are open1 you would not need to carry so much coal as in a steamer1 or endure the wearisome hours becalmed in a heavy swell1 which are such a drawback to sailing4 ,the discomfort people will endure in the name of yachting1 has always been a marvel to me4 ,the less they know about the life on board1 the more you will find they patiently put up with4 ,they seem to think because they are on a yacht1 cleanliness1 cuisine1 even elbow-room itself1 should be entirely abjured4 ,the miseries that rational1 civilised human beings will suffer in this respect1 is a constant source of wonder1 to those who know how unnecessary they are4 ,not that these sufferers do not like yachting1 for they are even persuaded to put their foot on board a yacht a second time after such experiences4 ,it is only novices in the game1 however1 that you will find suffering these deprivations1 for1 believe me1 there is no need for them4 ,do not overcrowd your vessel1 or cut her accommodation up into about a dozen little cabins1 into which you would not put a dog on land4 ,you really require double the room for living afloat that you do ashore1 as even your exercise has to be taken on board4 ,there is nothing to prevent your having most home comforts1 a boiling hot sea-water bath every morning1 for example1 and your meals served as well as they are in your own house4 ,neither need you have a bed only two feet wide1 so that it is impossible to turn over without parting with the bedclothes4 ,it is no longer necessary to go about on all fours1 even in a #bj-tonner1 any size below which ,i would not recommend for a night's lodging4 ,illustration3 ,,daphne ,,and ,,lil4 ,west and ,son4 ,southsea4 ,it is the custom of builders to furnish a small saloon with gigantic sideboards1 or lockers1 as they are called4 ,these are ugly1 clumsy1 superfluous impediments1 which are only made into receptacles for every sort of rubbish1 and take up an immense amount of room4 ,there is no need to have your store cupboard in the drawing-room1 as by a little ingenuity ample room can be devised in the pantry1 and in a safe on deck4 ,another plan is to have a passage down the side from forward right away aft1 which obviates the perpetual disturbance of the stewards passing through your sitting-room4 ,there is then only one door1 which necessarily makes a much cosier room4 ,unless you are an assured good sailor1 do not be beguiled into occupying the after cabin1 which is likewise called the ladies' cabin4 ,how it earned this appellation ,i am at a loss to explain1 as ,i was always brought up to suppose ladies came first1 and if they are relegated to the after cabin they very decidedly come off second-best4 ,there is twice the motion aft that there is in the middle of the vessel1 and in a steamer you feel twice the vibration1 beside being right over the screw4 ,how one gets spoilt6 ,i remember sailing about as proud as ,punch in an old ,itchen ferry boat1 with ragged sails and tarred topsides4 ,the distances we used to cover1 and the weather we went through in this old ,zephyr are a wonder to look back upon4 ,the whole day1 from nine in the morning till nine at night1 used to be spent on board1 and the experience never palled1 as far as ,i remember4 ,large lunches were always provided1 in case of our getting becalmed1 or stuck on the mud1 both very frequent occurrences4 ,we were always out to tea1 and to boil the kettle in a choppy sea was the great excitement4 ,there was only a kind of dog-hole place forward1 where this important function took place4 ,it was a severe test for the best sailor to balance a hot lamp1 head over ears in methylated spirits1 the hot fumes of which inundated the small cabin1 while she patiently waited till the water boiled4 ,it was even worse at night1 when a smelly paraffin lamp which would have made the atmosphere almost unbearable ashore1 had to be endured1 and in a small and lively boat was certainly trying4 ,when we were caught out on our way home from some long expedition1 the unfortunate women of the party used to be thrust into this salubrious resort1 ostensibly for their own comfort1 really and truly1 to get them out of the way4 ,that was a place1 when there were half a dozen women in there1 a paraffin lamp1 and the door shut6 ,if one of us ventured so much as to open a chink of door1 it was instantly shut again1 with such exclamations from our male tyrants as--,whatever you want to come out for1 into all this wet and cold1 when you can be warm and cosy in there1 ,i can't think1 upon which the brow-beaten female crawled back disconsolate into her lair1 muttering rebelliously4 ,and yet we were nothing daunted4 ,out we would be again with the dawn1 to go through all the same thing without a dissenting thought4 ,we had not even the luxury of a paid hand in those days1 my brother1 and my sisters and myself doing all the work1 which was a splendid education in more ways than one4 ,i reluctantly confess ,i am spoilt for this sort of thing now1 though ,i shall always look back upon the time with pleasure1 and ,i very much doubt if it was not one of the most enjoyable experiences in my life4 ,it was all so new1 so different from inland amusements1 and ,i then learnt that a sea life has a charm all its own4 ,in #ahhh we hired a #dj-ton old-fashioned yawl called the ,fox1 with which we went in for the regular stereotyped cruising1 as generally accepted4 ,it was not a success1 and ,i cannot say ,i enjoyed it4 ,my back was always aching from stooping1 and there was a permanent bruise on my head from constant impact with the beams4 ,besides1 we were always being thwarted in our most urgent desires by the weather--as the skipper said--really by the incompetence of the vessel to cope with the elements4 ,it was never worth while for instance starting with a head wind1 as the time the yawl would take in accomplishing any distance1 would have worn even ,job's patience to a shadow4 ,of course we share the sailor's love of fishing1 and two large trawlers have been built at ,brixham1 by my brother and brother-in-law1 for the special purpose4 ,the ,goddess was a huge great yawl1 most comfortable below1 and a grand sea boat4 ,we did plenty of trawling in her1 miles outside the ,eddystone1 and made some grand hauls4 ,she had an enormous great trawl-beam1 and steam to get it with4 ,night was the best time for fishing1 and we were not spared if we happened to be enjoying our beauty sleep1 when the momentous four hours were up4 ,the row of course would have awaked the dead1 and so we scrimmaged into our clothes and rushed on deck ready to claw the great net on board4 ,a waterproof overall and indiarubber boots were essential for this performance1 and old gauntlet gloves were a precaution against stinging fish1 advisable for the uninitiated4 ,what a grand sight it was4 ,picture a bright moonlight night1 when you were alone on the great rolling ocean1 nothing in sight except perhaps the fitful gleam of the ,eddystone in the far distance4 ,the great vessel with shortened sail1 dipping and curtseying to the proud billows which toyed with her bulky form1 as though it was nothing more than a feather4 ,then amidst great shouting and racket1 the huge trawl-beam was brought slowly alongside1 and the heavy net was clawed on board full of treasures from the hallowed precincts of the deep4 ,what a flippering was there1 from whiting1 soles1 red mullet1 etc41 etc4 ,what wonderful curiosities do live in ,davey ,jones' locker4 ,all kinds of leggy1 finny1 and jelly mollusca1 none of them very appetising in appearance1 and most of them imbued with some formidable means of defence1 such as a sting or a prickle4 ,once we got two enormous dog-fish1 measuring five foot long1 they were a great nuisance1 as they cut the net all to pieces and were no good to man or beast4 ,one of the best hauls we ever made was in the ,wayfarer1 my brother's trawler1 between ,torquay and ,dartmouth1 when we had the whole deck full of fish1 mostly whiting and soles1 and the trouble was to get rid of them1 even though we supplied every one in ,dartmouth1 and that in the time of the regatta4 ,brixham and ,bosham fishermen are much pleasanter to deal with than the self-styled ,yachtsmen1 and they give much less trouble1 do more work and require less wage4 ,the custom of making a friend of the ,captain is a huge mistake1 as these individuals are usually the most wholesale extortioners that exist4 ,the exorbitant wages they demand for filling a luxurious billet would stagger a longshoreman1 and the petty pilferings1 nominally perquisites1 in which they indulge are what really make yachting so expensive4 ,the familiar manner of some of these brass-bound autocrats is simply atrocious4 ,they seem to consider themselves complete masters of the situation1 and treat the owner and his friends as so much superfluous cargo to be ordered about at their desire4 ,this1 without any exaggeration1 is the state of things on numerous yachts ,i could name1 more especially those with lady-owners4 ,to turn now to clothes1 that all important point to members of my sex4 ,i can only venture to suggest the merest hints1 as really it is not a subject on which ,i am an authority1 that is to say1 if one is supposed to practise what one preaches4 ,brown in any form is to be avoided on the water1 it is unspeakably ugly1 and a number of people dressed in brown on a boat would destroy its appearance1 be it never so smart4 ,nothing looks so well as white and red1 or dark blue1 but not black4 ,blue gauze veils are useful1 but not ornamental1 though a broad-brimmed sailor hat embraces both these virtues4 ,i have been twice to the ,mediterranean1 once in a sailing boat1 the ,goddess1 and once in a steam yacht1 the ,normania4 ,so ,i will close my cruising yarns with a description of what we experienced at the hands of a ,greek pilot4 ,we were between the ,pirus and ,corfu one evening when it came on suddenly very dark and dirty4 ,being a very determined party of women on board1 we made a stand for taking shelter behind one of the islands4 ,we all held a board on the chart1 but could see no harbour of refuge equal to sheltering our sumptuous craft4 ,the little ,greek pilot however proved equal to the occasion4 ,pointing out a small indentation in the coast1 he urged us to confide in him1 and he would guarantee us a peaceful night4 ,accordingly we slowed down the engines1 and made for a faint red light4 ,the chart1 by the bye1 said this light should be green1 but that was neither here nor there4 ,there was a rocky promontory sticking out with a lighthouse on the end1 where was the aforesaid red light that should have been green4 ,this our valiant pilot steered straight for4 ,it was blowing a sirocco1 with thick rain and a heavy sea1 nevertheless we all stood on the bridge to watch the hazardous venture4 ,on we went1 straight for the rocks where the rollers were breaking4 ,it was becoming decidedly interesting1 and as the chart evidently did not consider the place worth its serious attention1 we could no longer look to that for guidance4 ,very soon the darkness and hurly-burly of the storm lifted for a second1 and displayed a most disorganizing prospect4 ,we were almost on the beach on the starboard side1 and could have thrown a biscuit into the lighthouse window on the port1 and there was land right ahead4 ,we were in a little pocket1 a neck of rocks which ran parallel to the coast1 taking the fury of the waves1 and affording a good shelter4 ,but a tighter place for a five hundred ton vessel could not be imagined4 ,when we looked out of our ports in the morning1 we were still more astonished1 for without exaggeration we could have held easy converse with the people ashore all round the vessel1 while our bow positively overshadowed the small quay4 ,it was a place into which one would have hesitated to take a #ej-tonner with twin screws in broad daylight1 and for a #ejj-tonner to get in safely in a howling hurricane1 and when it was pitch dark1 was indeed a feat of ingenuity4 ,of course it entailed backing out1 but as the yacht fortunately was a very handy vessel1 this was safely accomplished4 ,such little incidents1 which lend a piquancy to cruising dispel the monotony1 and while they keep up the interest in the manipulation of your vessel1 also serve to entertain your friends on getting home4 ,yacht-racing is in every respect a sport suited to our sex4 ,no unseemly gymnastics1 no over-straining or over-tiring1 no cruelty can be laid to its charge1 in fact nothing to offend the most exacting upholder of the feminine4 ,yet ,yacht-racing is open to abuse1 though even here in a lesser degree1 perhaps1 than other amusements4 ,where it stands alone1 is that in it a woman can compete on equal terms with man4 ,yacht-racing needs much study1 and should not be attempted till the ordinary art of sailing is thoroughly understood4 ,it is the most delightful education in the world1 the most interesting and healthful4 ,it becomes so engrossing you will not rest till you understand the whole thing1 and know the why and wherefore of all the different moves4 ,it is not advisable to order a boat of your own till you have served an apprenticeship as hand4 ,very few people are now contented to go as hand or crew1 every one preferring to paddle his own canoe4 ,nevertheless it is delightful to go in a well managed boat where you have full confidence in the skipper1 and a beginner should certainly not be above it4 ,she will then see how much there is in handling1 and realize how many races are won solely by clever management and attention to small details4 ,at any rate do not attempt to have a boat of your own for the first time until you have secured an experienced racing skipper4 ,when you have done this be guided by him entirely to start with1 only you will do well to be still more particular than he is in adhering to the ,yacht ,racing ,association ,rules1 which of course you should know by heart4 ,if you are racing do what the skipper tells you instantly1 and do not wait to ask the reason first1 do that afterwards4 ,the great secret of racing is to keep your wits about you1 do everything smartly1 never hesitate or waver between two opinions at a critical moment1 for that will merely lose you the race4 ,the need of prompt decision is one of the most exciting features of racing1 now it has been brought to such perfection4 ,one faux pas and you are done if the wind stops true1 but on the other hand it seldom answers to give up1 as you need never despair of the wind veering round and coming to the rescue1 even if you have made a blunder4 ,to be really good in a boat you should have done some single-handed work1 but this is not to be recommended until you are well grounded in the rudiments of sailing1 or you will very shortly be well grounded on something harder still4 ,the single-handed matches in one-raters which were witnessed in #ahie and #ahif were excellent trials of skill1 as was shown by the results4 ,it is impossible to exaggerate the difficulty of sailing those boats single-handed in rough weather1 for it is a task worthy of a ,sandow and a ,carter rolled into one1 and the greatest kudos is therefore due to those sportsmen who brought their boats safely across the winning line4 ,there were some lame ducks too1 through no fault of their own1 and many ,i regret to say made but a poor show of their prowess4 ,there is plenty of variety1 however1 in racing without going to any extremes1 or attempting impossibilities like those single-handed matches4 ,a half-rater would be quite as much as one man could manage properly in rough weather4 ,illustration3 ,becken4 ,cowes4 ,,one-,,raters ,,at ,,cowes4 ,every year affords fresh interests1 as the type of boat alters1 for there is skill required to get them into trim and learn their ways4 ,each individual boat1 too1 wants different handling1 and it will often be a surprise to an adept in one boat1 to find himself quite adrift in another4 ,steering has been steadily becoming more difficult hitherto1 but now ,i fancy there will be a return to the fixed rudders we began with1 which are much easier to handle than the balanced ones of later years4 ,the business will not then be as fidgety1 or require such close attention1 as with balanced rudders your boat which may be ever so light on her helm1 will be constantly veering about and getting off her course1 if you do not keep an undeviating watch on your steering4 ,of course it all makes it more interesting1 because more difficult1 but in a way it is not an advantage for the helmsman to be entirely engrossed with his steering1 unless he can conscientiously rely on his crew to do the rest4 ,to enjoy racing to the full you should have it all in your own hands with no one to say you nay1 otherwise that spirit of independence--so rarely enjoyed by our sex--is lost4 ,the sensation of being master of your own vessel1 with the helm in your hand and a willing crew to do your commands1 unquestionably1 these are elements which should be experienced to be enjoyed4 ,as a man is dependent on his eye for shooting1 his hands for driving1 his pocket for betting1 so does he depend on his wits for sailing4 ,to be a good skipper you must above all things have a clear head and plenty in it1 for there is much to learn and to keep up4 ,yacht racing has now attained to a pitch of perfection verging on science1 and to succeed in it you must have observation1 self-control1 perseverance1 good ready judgment and self-reliance1 besides many other qualities too numerous to mention1 such as patience and cheerfulness4 ,there is nothing to compare to yacht-racing in my opinion for a woman's sport1 calling into play as it does all these qualities1 besides giving the wholesome enjoyment of an ocean life4 ,i began my racing career practically in #ahhf1 though ,i had had some experience with a little boat called ,fairy1 which my father had bought from ,picket of ,southampton4 ,this boat had been built for letting out to pleasure-parties1 and was nearly as broad as she was long4 ,some years before this he--my father--had built the #fj-tonner ,vanguard1 and as he was a great connoisseur on boats he made a good hit in buying the little pleasure-boat1 ,fairy4 ,she and the ,bird o' ,freedom were the pioneers of that now famous body the ,solent classes4 ,with some slight alterations to the keel1 and with the addition of a large jib to the sail plan1 little ,fairy proved herself capable of beating the ,bird o' ,freedom1 which was then the greatest flyer of the day4 ,this caused some surprise to the faculty--who were few in those days--and some of them decided to try and beat her the following season4 ,consequently #ahhf saw the ,minima and ,tootsie added to the list1 and some jealous competitions ensued4 ,illustration3 ,west and ,son4 ,southsea4 ,,ready ,,for ,,the ,,start4 7,,mynah1 ,,hoopoo1 ,,stork1 ,,and ,,molly47 ,the ,royal ,southampton and ,portsmouth ,corinthian ,yacht ,clubs came to the rescue and gave fortnightly matches for the small craft1 as well as for the #be and #cj footers4 ,then the fun grew fast and furious1 for the small boat racing having been given the necessary fillip1 the designers put their best foot foremost and the sport was fairly started4 ,a motley crew it was that assembled off the ,town ,quay every ,saturday fortnight4 ,most of the boats were of the nice little cruiser type1 slow as a country dinner party1 nevertheless so enshrouded in canvas as to present a most sporting appearance4 ,any deficiency in design was balanced by unlimited additions in canvas1 no expense being spared in sailcloth to make up the necessary speed4 ,and how zealous was the competition6 ,life and death might have hung on the issue1 judging by the ardour and agility displayed in the management of the boats4 ,every dog has his day1 and this was the heyday of the ,dauntless ,amateur4 ,an eager1 perspiring1 undefeated creature was he6 ,minus hat and socks1 having shed all superfluities in clothing1 he gallantly plied his task before the mast4 ,any effort to persuade him further aft1 or into the well1 were unavailing4 ,he loved to stand boldly up forward1 the wind running riot through his hair1 the poor boat shoving along all out of trim1 owing to his misplaced weight1 while he gallantly stood at attention1 eager to signify that he was ready for anything4 ,however we shall see our hatless1 sockless friend no more1 his place being now filled by the peerless ,itchen ferryman at thirty shillings a week4 ,the richest man now has the best boat1 and if he does not get it the first time he goes on building till he succeeds4 ,the same with the crew1 the man with well-lined pockets gets all the best men by paying the best wages4 ,but still even the designers are not wholly responsible for what their craft will turn out1 as was proved by ,sibbick building the unsuccessful ,white ,rose for the ,duke of ,york4 ,other cases ,i could also mention where money was no object1 and boat after boat untiringly turned out for the same owner1 yet without success4 ,then some lucky man may get a boat from the same designer which will clear the board for two or three seasons1 her capacities having been all unknown to the designer himself4 ,how we managed in those days of unlimited canvas with only two hands remains a mystery4 ,what with the enormous topsail and all the extra gear it entailed1 the long spinnaker1 boom1 etc41 and the largest mainsail that could be crammed on1 the wonder is that we ever gybed round a mark at all1 without capsizing the whole lot overboard4 ,the gear of course was very much stouter and the boats slower on their helms than they are now1 or it could not have been done4 ,we have the same crew on a one-rater now that we used to have on the #be-;footer ,lil1 which is most astonishing to think of when we compare the two boats4 ,true they are practically the same length1 but with what a difference in build4 ,the ,lil was a regular ship with her enormous spars and canvas1 and her well timbered heavy hull and large cabin1 whereas these little one-raters are mere cockle shells without half the amount of gear1 nor are they nearly so hard on it4 ,nevertheless1 anyone will tell you it is impossible now-a-days to manage a one-rater properly with less than two hands1 and that with only two sails instead of four4 ,the first race ,i think ever sailed by women was between us--my sisters and myself--in the ,fairy1 and the ,miss ,coxes in their sister ship ,colinette1 ,i believe the ,miss ,hammersleys also formed part of the rival crew4 ,i have but a vague recollection of the whole thing1 being too young at the time really to grasp the situation in its full value1 or for it to make any great impression on my mind1 as ,i was always being taken racing in some boat or other4 ,in #ahhe1 we were again rivals in ,verena and ,lil1 one of the ,miss ,coxes always going in the former1 and one of us in the ,lil4 ,these were great wholesome boats with enormous sails1 and we managed to do a lot of cruising between the races1 which in those days only took place once a week4 ,the ,lil had quite a nice deep cabin which was the pride of our lives1 pictures being hung in every available space1 and little curtains and cushions to match4 ,little ,fairy meanwhile was not quite dead yet1 and in #ahhh came up smiling to fight the battle and the breeze in a resuscitated form4 ,that year she proved herself no mean opponent1 and succeeded in making the same figure of merit as ,thalassa1 the champion of the previous year4 ,this success was due to a fin keel1 an experiment of my father's which has since been through almost every imaginable variation1 and still holds sway in a modified form among the smaller classes4 ,in #ahhg1 ,miss ,cox built the ,madcap at ,payne's1 and divided the honour with ,thalassa1 also a two-and-a-half-rater by ,payne4 ,the latter belonged to ,colonel ,bucknill1 whose daughters are now so well known on the ,solent4 ,miss ,bucknill is indeed much sought after as a helmswoman1 and with good cause1 as she has learnt the work thoroughly and is as proficient at the helm as she is on the jib sheet4 ,her father has raced steadily every season since #ahhf1 and she has almost always accompanied him and shared in the work most gallantly4 ,i cannot be quite sure if we sailed ,fairy or ,lil that year1 #ahhg1 but ,i think both went to the line1 my brother also designed a five-rater with but little success1 being young he had to buy his experience of course1 and learnt the advisability of going to ,arthur ,payne in future4 ,the year #ahhi was a memorable one for us1 as we were fortunate enough to possess the champion two-and-a-half-rater by ,payne4 ,hummingbird was a charming boat in every respect1 comparatively roomy1 a good sea boat1 and a wonderful performer to windward4 ,she gained twenty-five firsts and four seconds1 out of thirty-eight starts1 and succeeded in routing three creations of the famous ,g4 ,l4 ,watson4 ,it was one of these1 the ,thief1 which my sister1 ,mrs4 ,schenley1 had the misfortune to possess4 ,a most uncomfortable little craft it was4 ,only about five foot beam1 with decks like sieves1 and we were all crammed into little holes or cockpit places with only our head and shoulders out1 for all the world like chickens coming out of an egg4 ,that was really my introduction to racing4 ,i had to work hard1 as it was not the boat to take people in who did nothing4 ,we were fortunate in securing ,charlie ,devis1 who is now considered almost if not quite the best skipper on the ,solent4 ,he was then little more than a boy1 so we were all young and enthusiastic together1 and despite the many drawbacks ,i think we all enjoyed that season thoroughly4 ,at any rate we were nothing daunted1 and only waited till the next year to renew our efforts in a five-rater of the same type4 ,illustration3 ,west and ,son4 ,southsea4 ,,thief4 ,this was also ,lord ,dunraven's dbut on the ,solent1 and he was not much better off than we were1 having a sister ship to ours1 by name ,cosette4 ,therefore1 with the ,queen ,mab1 ,g4,g41 ,lady ,nan 7,mrs4 ,rudstan ,reid71 ,thalassa and ,madcap 7,miss ,cox71 we had to be content to compete for second honours1 the ,hummer always carrying off the first4 ,i might here put in a word in season1 on the evils resulting from keeping rival boats in the family4 ,the battles are bound to be re-fought over the domestic board again in the evening1 and of the two the wordy war is by far the most bitter and lasting4 ,the envy and jealousy of the defeated cannot fail to show itself1 and even the conqueror owes the other a grudge1 for having so much as dared to get in his way at the start6 ,we learnt the lesson in #ahhg1 and have kept studiously clear of each other's hunting grounds ever since1 even counselling our friends not to put our fidelity to so severe a test as to join the same class4 ,it was this year that ,mr4 ,philip ,perceval made his dbut with the ,lollypop1 a boat he bought from ,mr4 ,st4 ,julien ,arabin4 ,since that time ,mr4 ,perceval has been an enthusiastic member of yacht-racing circles1 and is now almost as well known on the ,solent as ,calshot ,castle4 ,most lucky in his boats1 whatever he touches must turn to gold1 and besides this phenomenal luck1 he has unrivalled skill at the helm and in the general manipulation of the craft4 ,so his racing record must be indeed a remarkable one4 ,perhaps some day he will be persuaded to publish it1 in all its branches4 ,at the end of this season1 a ladies' match was sailed in the sister ships ,cosette and ,queen ,mab4 ,miss ,bucknill was at the helm of the former1 and ,miss ,harvey had the ,queen ,mab4 ,it is much to be regretted that ,miss ,harvey did not persevere in her racing career1 as she showed much ability and came of a nautical family4 ,her father1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,harvey1 was well known as one of the original members of the squadron4 ,the race was very interesting and well managed1 but far be it from me to say which proved herself the better steerer4 ,lord ,dunraven and ,mr4 ,perceval who now had the racing fever1 had both built five-raters at ,payne's and divided the honours in that class4 ,mrs4 ,schenley determined to make another experiment with ,mr4 ,watson's design in the five-raters4 ,the ,valentine1 however1 was a worse failure than the ,thief had been1 ,glycera and ,alwida being always first and second4 ,the stern chase became rather wearisome1 and we did not keep at it so steadily as we should have1 only starting twenty-six times to the others forty4 ,we managed to pick up five first and four second prizes1 chiefly in light weather4 ,the ,babe1 ,mr4 ,payne's design1 was champion of the two-and-a-half-raters1 and poor old ,hummer1 which had served us in such good stead the year before1 was clearly worsted4 ,she was beginning the season in her old style1 when the dreaded advent of the ,babe put an end to her prosperous career1 and she had a hard struggle till the end of the season to keep up her old traditions4 ,i sailed many times on ,hummer and ,cock-a-whoop1 my brother's two-and-a-half-rater1 and on the former ,i said less1 but thought the more1 as my father's seamanship was undisputed1 and his tactics a wonder to behold4 ,that year the inventive genius of ,mr4 ,clayton1 champion designer of the old length classers1 produced the ,dolphin1 also a two-and-a-half-rater4 ,she was looked at with decided disapproval and some disgust by the rival faculty1 as her over-hang was considered a crafty mode of cheating the rule4 ,so it was1 and continues to be to this day in a still larger degree1 but after all it is the designer's object to get as much as he can out of the rule1 without paying for it in time allowance4 ,miss ,cox and her sister1 now ,mrs4 ,rudston ,reid1 both built two-and-a-half-raters1 which they sailed most conscientiously but without much success4 ,miss ,cox's ,mliss did the better of the two1 the ,troublesome not being a morsel of use except in light air4 ,however1 it was a very strong class1 and of course every one could not expect to win4 ,mrs4 ,schenley was at last persuaded1 in #ahia1 to give ,payne an order1 and he proved himself fully equal to the trust confided in him1 by producing that most delightful of boats the ,windfall4 ,seaworthiness1 dryness1 roominess1 and lightness of helm were some of her qualifications1 besides her exceptional speed4 ,war to the knife ensued between us and ,mr4 ,perceval1 who had likewise got a new five-rater from ,payne4 ,we came out of the fray each with thirty-four flags1 ,windfall's string however being the better by six firsts1 indicated her superiority by six conquests out of the forty deadly conflicts4 ,these struggles have never been renewed1 the ordeal having been too great for both sides4 ,the small pickings left over and above1 namely nine first prizes and twelve second1 were shared by ,alwida and ,iernia respectively4 ,the latter boat1 one of ,fife's failures1 was owned by that genial ,irishman1 ,mr4 ,langrishe1 who had previously sold the famous ,samna to join the ranks of the owners of the smaller classes1 to which he has remained faithful ever since4 ,he placed his confidence from the first in young ,mr4 ,charles ,nicholson1 who ultimately proved more than equal to the trust reposed in him1 and he designed the ,dacia in #ahib4 ,miss ,cox was again at a discount with a most unattractive two-and-a-half-rater1 she called ,fiera4 ,this was one of the hard-mouthed type1 and wanted a fresh wind and a strong man at the helm4 ,she gave a good account of herself however on such occasions1 and ran up a better record than ,mliss4 ,miss ,harvey was the possessor of a very pretty two-and-a-half-rater called ,undine1 built from a design by ,mr4 ,clayton4 ,this last was still more of an advance towards the type of the present day1 and no doubt would have made a good performance then if she had been raced4 ,she only showed up once or twice1 however1 and so of course never had a chance of getting into trim or anything else4 ,possibly ,miss ,harvey was put off by a collision she had with the ,windfall during the ,cowes week4 ,it was very unfortunate1 but not her fault as ,i can testify4 ,nevertheless it was none the better for that1 and ,i remember pointing out the best place on the ,windfall for her to ram with the least danger4 ,undine's bowsprit accordingly went clean through ,windfall1 just forward of the mast1 and then the two boats got locked together and the spars began falling about our ears4 ,there was a strong wind and a still stronger tide1 and we were rapidly driven under the bows of a large steamer ,gladwyn4 ,the ,undine had the inside berth between ,windfall and ,gladwyn1 and as ,windfall got across the tide she fairly ground poor little ,undine's frail hull till the timbers groaned again4 ,meanwhile the gallant crew of the ,gladwyn insisted on dragging us ladies up over the bows1 and this was the most alarming part of all1 as it was such a height4 ,the owner of the ,gladwyn1 who was in the ,squadron at the time1 was much surprised a little later to see a strange lot of rather dilapidated females1 being rowed ashore in his gig4 ,illustration3 ,west and ,son4 ,southsea4 ,,nadador4 ,i must not forget to mention that lively little club at ,bembridge1 situated on a remote corner of the ,wight1 near to which is the double attraction of a superior golf-links4 ,the ,bembridge ,sailing ,club1 or ,b and ,s ,club1 as it is irreverently called1 was started in #ahhi by ,colonel ,moreton and ,major du ,boulay4 ,some of the rules were nothing if not eccentric1 and ,i am told the favourite hour for match sailing was about midnight4 ,the women were duly considered in this club1 and most ably did they acquit themselves in the one design class4 ,miss ,sutton was tempted out to the more easterly regattas1 when she had a half-rater called ,wee-,winn1 of which more later on4 ,miss ,moreton1 ,miss ,hallows1 and ,mrs4 ,dudley ,ward and her daughters1 were among the other ,bembridge sailoresses1 though of course many more came down in ,august to this cheerful little resort4 ,the next year1 #ahib1 both our family boats were beaten by a new talent1 young ,mr4 ,c4 ,nicholson4 ,it was a great thing bringing a new brain to bear on the matter1 as for the previous five years ,arthur ,payne had held the whole sway1 and prior to that ,mr4 ,clayton4 ,these boats went quite fast enough to make a good race of it amongst themselves1 and though they assuredly were hard to beat yet they were beaten by the ,dacia in the five-rater1 and the ,gareth in the two-and-a-half-rater class4 ,the latter was the property of ,mr4 ,henderson1 who was indeed fortunate1 as he was a complete novice1 to own the champion of three seasons4 ,lord ,dudley bought ,dacia from ,mr4 ,langrishe in the middle of the season for a fabulous price1 nevertheless the latter was generally to be seen at the helm4 ,lord ,dunraven's ,cyane1 from ,mr4 ,payne's design1 was at the old game of shovelling the first prizes into her locker1 until ,dacia came out and put a stop to it4 ,the pace of this flyer soon spread dismay in the class1 which was not very well filled even at first1 and soon no one could be got to start against her1 until she went down to ,torbay to show a boastful ,scotch antagonist the way round the course4 ,the rivalry between ,north and ,south is always exceedingly bitter1 but latterly the ,scotchmen have not thought it infra dig4 to come to the ,south for their best designs in the small classes4 ,it would be more patriotic1 to say the least of it1 if the best ,clyde amateurs were to challenge us in their home manufactures1 otherwise their triumphs are but reflected glories after all4 ,illustration3 ,west and ,son4 ,southsea4 ,,morwena1 ,,steered ,,by ,,miss ,,sutton4 ,a little stranger from over the water appeared this year 7#ahib71 to the order of ,miss ,winnie ,sutton4 ,wee ,winn1 however1 did not belie her somewhat ambitious appellation1 as is often the case4 ,on the contrary1 she amply fulfilled it1 and the tiny ,yankee did her country great credit1 and that in what we flattered ourselves to be a very formidable class4 ,she had nine competitors from four different designers1 and yet fairly walked round the lot4 ,her performances were the signal for further ,yankee inroads1 and #ahic saw two ,american boats1 namely ,meneen and ,morwena1 added to the list4 ,so now there was an ,american in all three classes from two-and-a-half downwards1 and to our shame be it said each one headed her class4 ,it was not till the year #ahig either1 that ,meneen may fairly be said to have been outclassed1 her construction also was a masterpiece of lightness and durability4 ,her record was forty prizes in forty-nine starts1 and this with seven rivals1 one of ,mr4 ,nicholson's design and one of ,mr4 ,payne's included4 ,mrs4 ,hardie ,jackson constantly accompanied her husband in ,meneen1 and was as at home on the water as she is known to be in the saddle4 ,this was not a propitious year for ,south coast designers1 as ,fife held the laurels in the five and likewise in the twenty class4 ,the twenties were a new institution promoted by ,lord ,dunraven1 and they flourished for four years as ,solent classes1 but last season 7#ahig7 no new ones came to the line except towards the end of ,july4 ,in #ahic the race programmes were almost too well stocked1 the scrimmage on the line to get the start being a sight to behold1 especially in the one-rater class4 ,there were considerably over a dozen of these1 and almost as many half raters1 all determined to get the start of the others over the line1 and that sometimes a very narrow one as in the ,hamble river4 ,the ,morwena1 champion of her class1 was owned by one of the sisters of ,miss ,winnie ,sutton1 and though her success did not cause such a stir as ,wee ,winn's1 she made almost as good a record4 ,miss ,cox's luck again failed her in ,kismet1 a two-and-a-half rater built by ,payne4 ,i believe she also was a very hard boat to steer1 in fact worse than ,fiera4 ,my brother sailed the majority of races that year in ,gareth1 whose performance was a good one but not so good as the ,meneen's4 ,gareth started five times more than ,meneen and won two more prizes1 but ,meneen's figure of merit came out the highest4 ,these two consequently pretty well monopolised the prizes1 but a few being left for the other six1 of which ,kismet picked up two firsts and six seconds4 ,mr4 ,jessop was the owner of the ,molly1 twenty rater1 and ,coquette1 half rater4 ,he consequently often required a helmswoman for the latter1 which office he kindly offered me4 ,little ,coquette was an extremely fast boat of ,mr4 ,nicholson's design1 and made one of the longest string of flags ever recorded4 ,wee ,winn1 fortunately for us1 only started eleven times that season4 ,in the same year 7#ahic7 the majority of boats and the largest prize winners were of a good wholesome type1 but the three following seasons they went steadily down hill in this respect4 ,elf was considered an unsightly monster then1 but there have been many like her since1 not a whit uglier or less exaggerated1 which have proved themselves also the fastest movers4 ,flat ,fish was a case in point4 ,she was most aptly named2 indeed1 ,i think the ,flounder would have been a still more appropriate designation4 ,she was put together with most wonderful despatch by ,fay and ,co41 from ,mr4 ,soper's design1 for my sister1 ,mrs4 ,schenley4 ,the first two races she came to pieces1 owing to the hurry over her construction1 and had to go back for repairs4 ,to hear the flump of her bow on to the water1 it was marvellous that anything could hold out2 she was just the shape of a spoon forward1 and when driven against a head sea she naturally made the splinters fly4 ,her nose was quite four inches higher in the air by the end of the season1 in fact she presented the most cheeky appearance4 ,a most powerful boat in a breeze1 in all senses of the word except perhaps the individual frame1 she also required a ,goliath to steer her4 ,my sister's and my united forces were unequal to the task1 and it used to amuse us to watch for the signal of distress held out towards the end of a race by the boastful amateurs1 whom we requisitioned to steer on hard windy days4 ,they were never keen to repeat the experiment1 and if they did1 they were glad enough for us to take turns4 ,our chief antagonist was ,fleur-de-,lys1 built by ,fife and owned by ,major ,montgomery1 one of the few lucky yachtsmen who have not followed up their successes1 although a dweller on the scene of action4 ,lady ,sophia ,montgomery occasionally accompanied her husband1 and took a keen interest in the fray and kept a jealous eye on the records of the rival craft4 ,theirs was undoubtedly the better all round boat1 as ,flat ,fish was no more good than a barge in light weather1 although she was conscientiously sailed in all the races for which she was entered4 ,in #ahid two new aspirants for yachting fame joined the ranks1 namely1 the ,hon4 ,mrs4 ,oliphant and ,miss ,lord4 ,i can hardly say which has proved herself the keenest sailor4 ,mrs4 ,oliphant was most fortunate in securing an excellent two-and-a-half rater from ,sibbick1 called ,zivolo1 which made a very good record1 taking twenty-nine flags in thirty-six starts4 ,although the boat was her own property1 she very wisely got others to steer at first1 though she always accompanied the ship4 ,now she no longer needs assistance1 and though not possessing a boat of her own this year1 she has had several mounts on other peoples4 ,the ,rosemary1 a formidable customer to steer was in her hands the latter part of this season1 and though a slow boat ,mrs4 ,oliphant often led the fleet in her1 and won two or three prizes4 ,miss ,lord has had a succession of one-raters since her dbut in #ahie4 ,she favoured ,soper's design at first1 but latterly has adopted ,sibbick's4 ,all her boats have been large prize winners4 ,illustration3 ,west and ,son4 ,southsea4 ,,flat ,,fish4 ,in #ahie1 yacht-racing was distinctly the fashionable sport4 ,lord ,dunraven was no doubt in a great measure responsible for this1 he having persuaded several friends to join the twenty-rater class4 ,lord ,lonsdale owned one of these1 ,lord ,dudley another1 ,prince ,batthyany ,stratmann1 a pretty boat painted blue1 and the unfortunate ,baron von ,zedtwitz1 who was subsequently drowned off his twenty-rater1 the ,isolde4 ,even ,royalty patronized the ,solent classes4 ,the ,duke of ,york had a one-rater built at ,sibbick's in less than a week1 in which he took a great interest though he did not venture himself to join in the sport4 ,the ,white ,rose was1 however1 in good hands1 being most ably sailed by his equerry1 the ,hon4 ,derek ,keppel4 ,she was not a success1 however1 and when ,mr4 ,keppel1 who was called away at the end of ,august1 confided her to me1 ,i made but a poor show with her1 gaining only one first in tour starts4 ,miss ,cox was well to the fore in the same class1 also having got her craft from ,sibbick4 ,she made a string of twenty-five flags1 eleven of which were firsts4 ,my brother had bought an unsuccessful one-rater1 he re-named ,fusee1 the year before4 ,he and ,i sailed this little boat in several races1 ,i steering and he doing the work4 ,it was fun1 and the boat was well suited to this game as she was only good for light water1 directly it blew up at all she was passed in spite of all we could do4 ,so when my brother went abroad at the end of ,june ,i got a boy to help1 and sailed in the light wind races throughout the season4 ,i thoroughly enjoyed myself and got ten prizes out of twenty starts1 though poor little ,fusee was invariably beaten on a reach except in the lightest air1 and had to make up all her time on the beats4 ,that ,august was a busy month1 for on looking back ,i find ,i raced every day1 ,sunday not excepted1 as we used to have duels in ,fusee and ,white ,rose with amateur crews4 ,the class to which these belonged 7one-raters7 was then and has remained the most popular of all classes on the ,solent4 ,once at ,yarmouth1 fourteen of us started together over the line4 ,it was grand fun and ,i was very proud of leading at the end of the first round in little ,fusee1 but unfortunately the wind dropped completely in the second round1 and only a few of us managed to complete the course at all4 ,i think ,mr4 ,paget's ,soper got in first1 and ,miss ,cox's ,mavis second4 #ahif was also a great one-rater year1 and ,miss ,cox had the honour of leading the whole fleet in almost every race she sailed4 ,she had returned to her old ally1 ,arthur ,payne1 who designed her the ,speedwell4 ,no praise is too high for this little champion1 for she still holds pride of place and has proved herself as seaworthy as she is fast4 ,i never steered such a wonderful boat1 to windward she positively edged along in the teeth of the wind and made all the others look foolish1 as she outpointed them to such a ridiculous extent4 ,i often sailed the old ,meneen that year1 and she also was dependent on her windward powers for her success1 as being much shorter than the others she could not be expected to reach with them4 ,this was well shown at some races at ,seaview in ,august1 when we headed the ,florence 7,sibbick's crack owned by the ,marquise de ,serramezzana7 every time to windward1 whereas she would pass us again on the reach4 ,the ,florence got two firsts and one second1 and we secured two seconds and one first out of the three races4 ,mrs4 ,schenley had bought the ,corolla1 a success of the previous season4 ,we did very well with her until about the end of ,july1 when ,tatters became too much for us1 some slight alteration having given her the advantage over us4 ,florence then came out1 and we left those two to fight it out to the bitter end4 ,these boats1 both of which were of ,sibbick's design1 were extremely fast1 though they were not remarkably close-winded4 ,lord ,albemarle built ,valeria ,i4 at ,payne's1 and ,i sailed in her many times but failed to score1 there were certainly numerous and formidable rivals and ,valeria came rather late to the fray4 ,it must be an unlucky name ,i think1 as ,valeria ,,ii4 has not proved any better1 though she is a beautiful boat and great things were expected of her1 being ,payne's design4 ,tatters1 with ,miss ,lord at the helm1 won first prize in the ,ladies' race 7promoted by the ,gentlewoman7 on ,august #dth1 ,mrs4 ,oliphant who had a good mount in the ,florence was second1 ,miss ,bucknill being third in ,meneen1 ,i fourth in ,valeria1 my sister last in ,mem ,sahib4 ,there was a fresh wind1 and as the harbour was full of yachts1 and the course was all amongst them1 considerable skill was required in the handling4 ,there were happily no casualties4 ,another ladies' race in one-raters1 with a diminished crew of one amateur1 was got up one evening at ,cowes by ,lord ,harrington4 ,there was a fine scrimmage getting on board1 most of the women or their boats being late1 the starting-gun--a #ab-;bore--was fired off in one of the bathing machines1 regardless of the entreaties of the competitors for time4 ,i was dragged on board the wrong boat at the last minute1 my mount being late1 and off we went after ,speedwell1 but she was already a speck in the distance1 and we found we should never catch her again4 ,my sister and ,i had a deadly encounter in ,tartar and ,bodagh1 and after jostling each other round and round and tacking and filling in a remarkable manner only known to ourselves1 ,i came out the best of it and she gained third honours4 ,illustration3 ,becken4 ,cowes4 ,,corolla1 ,,steered ,,by ,,miss ,,hughes4 ,in #ahig1 ,mrs4 ,schenley joined the one-design class--with ,cresta--- started the year before by ,major ,colville and ,colonel ,bucknill4 ,these boats proved very popular and much good racing has resulted4 ,they are ugly but wholesome1 not very fast but answer their purpose well4 ,we did not race very assiduously that season as we were often otherwise engaged4 ,cresta won us about fourteen prizes1 in thirty starts ,i think4 ,many women sailed in this class1 ,mrs4 ,parry and ,mrs4 ,tower constantly accompanying their husbands1 also ,mrs4 ,towers ,clark and ,mrs4 ,alwyne ,greville were occasionally to be seen on the ,c'lerk and ,eileen4 ,these latter1 however1 never ventured to take the helm1 though they were much attached to the sport and nothing daunted by weather4 ,the boats owned by women this year were the ,fairy1 ,miss ,lord1 ,cresta1 ,mrs4 ,schenley1 and ,speedwell1 ,miss ,cox1 while ,mrs4 ,oliphant was ,queen ,regent on the ,rosemary4 ,my sister1 ,miss ,hughes1 constantly sailed the ,meneen and ,speedwell1 but she will never make such a record as she did with the ,viva1 half-rater1 lent her by ,mr4 ,wood1 which was one of the largest prize-winners and most successful of her class ever floated4 ,half-raters are too small for my taste1 and ,i think a two-and-a-half1 as the boats are built now1 is the best size for a woman4 ,possibly the day may come back when the five-raters will be as easy on their helms as they were in #ahia4 ,my sister tells me she steered ,forella1 five-rater1 in quite a fresh wind this season and had no difficulty in managing her1 so perhaps ,i am not too sanguine in anticipating more sport for us in this class4 ,illustration3 ,f4 ,g4 ,stuart4 ,southampton4 ,,fairy1 ,,steered ,,by ,,miss ,,lord4 ,my ideal mode of yachting would be to have a new two-and-a-half-rater whenever the old one was worsted1 with a five-rater perhaps now and then to vary the monotony4 ,a fifty-ton steamer1 or one perhaps a little smaller1 to act as convoy is essential1 and it should be fast and have a good saloon1 and a couple of rooms to change in if needed4 ,cowes is the most convenient pied--terre from a racing point of view1 being very central with regard to the more frequent regattas4 ,racing is not a cheap amusement1 but then1 nothing nice ever is4 ,to put it roughly1 the two-and-a-half-rater would cost #cjj to build1 and #ajj to run4 ,the steamer #b1ejj to build1 and #cjj to run1 and the little house at ,cowes1 one or two hundred for the season4 ,of lesser items connected with racing there are several1 the numerous club subscriptions for one thing being no small matter4 ,the expenses of yacht-racing have been steadily on the increase1 and ,i hope now they have attained their maximum4 ,we have had sixteen racing boats in the family during the last twelve years1 our last effort being made in the poor man's class1 the one designers1 which fact speaks for itself4 ,many others are in the same hole as ourselves1 and are glad enough to find a means of racing without so much expense4 ,the one-design class was specially instituted to meet this demand1 as the boat only costs #bjj to begin with1 and all the costs1 wages1 etc41 are limited and prescribed by the rules4 ,they are fine little craft too1 stiff and dry and light-helmed1 in fact very suitable boats for a woman to start her racing in4 ,about fifty prizes are given by ,solent clubs for this class1 though1 of course1 they are not so well catered for elsewhere4 ,a trip to the ,westward at the end of the ,ryde week is a pleasant change1 the regattas at ,torquay and ,dartmouth being quite unique spectacles4 ,i know of nowhere in ,england where ceremony is so lightly disregarded1 or where conviviality is so essentially the order of the day4 ,the late ,prince ,henry of ,battenberg did honour to these festivities in #ahid1 and won himself golden opinions by his geniality1 and genuine enjoyment of the fun4 ,he asked my brother to sail his twenty-rater1 ,asphodel1 during this time1 and proved himself not only a lenient master1 but a kind friend and a keen sportsman4 ,my chronicle is now at an end4 ,i am conscious of having made many omissions1 and though my love of yachting makes even writing on it a welcome task1 still ,i feel the futility of my endeavours to portray adequately the pleasures of the sport1 which it has been my life interest to enjoy4 ,barbara ,s4 ,hughes4 ,the following list of ,racing ,clubs of the ,solent may be of use to those interested in the sport3 ,ent4 ,fee4 ,sub4 ,royal ,southampton ,y4,c4 #b gns4 #c gns4 ,royal ,portsmouth ,y4,c4 #j #c ,royal ,albert ,y4,c4 #d #d ,royal ,victoria ,y4,c4 7,ryde7 #e #f ,royal ,southern ,y4,c4 7,southampton7 #d #d ,castle ,y4,c4 7,calshot7 #c #c ,bembridge ,sailing ,club #c #a ,island ,sailing ,club 7,cowes7 #a #a ,minima ,y4,c4 7,hamble7 #aj_/f #aj_/f ,hythe ,y4,c4 7,hythe7 #b gns4 #b gns4 ,seaview ,sailing ,club 7,seaview7 #a #a ,illustration3 ,lombardi and ,co4 #ac1 ,pall ,mall ,east4 ,,mrs4 ,w4 ,l4 ,,wyllie4 ,,punt ,,racing4 ,the first punts on our river--the ,medway--were simply flat-bottomed shoe-shaped boats1 which were built to slide over the mud1 and were principally used by muddies and watermen1 or by those people who1 having boats anchored off the shore1 required something they could push over the intervening flat4 ,with a wind astern or on a slight incline in the mud1 the slipping process was simple1 the happy owner of one of these primitive punts finding himself on the river with but little trouble4 ,a friend of ours at ,gillingham determined to build himself one in his own dining-room to use for rowing1 and being of an ingenious turn of mind1 as he had to pull the punt up into his garden every time she was used1 he added a detachable wheel under the bow1 and then by fixing her oars on either side of the gunwale as handles1 he was able to wheel her up and down the causeway with the greatest ease4 ,this friend had long since found out that the ,gillingham boy1 boats1 and mud did not agree4 ,he it was who first saw the possibility of the punt being turned into a sailing boat1 and when this idea occurred to him he started building the ,snowflake1 an ordinary mud punt with square chime1 a centre plate and lug1 which in its turn gave place to another named ,crystabel4 ,a small club was then thought of1 for the purpose of opening up the healthy enjoyment of punt racing to the working class1 and it was soon formed and my husband invited to become ,commodore4 ,a small subscription of half-a-crown1 and a shilling entrance fee1 made it possible for the working man to enter1 and most races were arranged to suit his convenience4 ,the money was paid to the officer of the day before the start1 and only by the boats competing4 ,illustration3 ,,crystabel4 ,,nelson4 ,sketch made by ,w4 ,l4 ,wyllie1 ,a4,r4,a4 ,for ,the ,sportswoman's ,library4 ,,punts ,,racing4 ,punts in those days only cost from #d to #e1 and we soon had several4 ,our eldest son was promised a boat as soon as he could swim1 which hurried matters1 and a new punt was laid down1 finished and christened ,nelson before the summer was out1 but this1 as well as all the earlier ones1 leaked4 ,then a real start was made4 ,my husband being fired with the idea of improving the breed1 began cutting out and drawing many models preparatory to building4 ,the greenhouse was found to be the only place long enough1 so the boat throve though the flowers faded1 the pots grew chips and copper tacks to the despair of the gardener1 and we had no show of flowers that winter4 ,in the early spring1 the new creation was taken into the little wood close at hand1 and there with the sweet primroses and bluebells growing all round her was turned bottom up for all who were interested to come and sand-paper her whenever there was a spell oh in the course of the day's work4 ,she was then finished off with a scarlet coat1 and carried on the shoulders of four men in procession to the beach1 where the christening ceremony was to be performed4 ,at the moment1 the family being full of ,lear's ,nonsense ,songs and ,stories1 the little girl insisted she must have lavender water tinged with pink4 ,so this of course was supplied4 ,the boys ran up flags and hurrahed enough for the launching of a first-class cruiser1 the men gave a big shove1 and the little girl broke her bottle1 calling out good luck to ,scarlet ,runner4 ,this punt never leaked a drop1 and sailed splendidly for her size1 though unlike the accommodating bicycle of a well-known song1 she would not hold two1 and in a sea little but a man1 mast and sail could be seen4 ,at this time bigger punts were built1 principally by ,mr4 ,baker1 a fruit-grower of ,gillingham1 who introduced a stronger1 larger type with much higher freeboard4 ,from his little yard were launched ,tar ,baby1 ,go ,by1 ,satan1 and lastly ,black ,bess1 which held her own against all comers4 ,the blacksmith also built ,ethel and ,mud ,puppy1 so that altogether there was a nice little class4 ,scarlet ,runner1 after several alterations1 ultimately beat ,black ,bess4 ,then came a decision to sail under ,y4,r4,a4 rules1 and bring the boats up to half-rating4 ,this in most cases meant building afresh1 so once more ,commodore started chipping bits of nice soft wood1 till the desired shape for the new punt to hold two was arrived at4 ,we then hunted for a building shed1 and at last settled on a loft over the stables1 a nasty draughty place1 but one with plenty of room4 ,the punt was drawn out life size on the floor in chalk1 and five nice fir planks were procured from the village carpenter for the bottom4 ,the centre plank was one inch thick1 and the two on either side three-quarter2 a grown oak knee formed the stem1 and another the stern post1 and to these a strong rope was fastened to make into a tourniquet to give the proper rocker to the bottom4 ,every day as it grew dusk1 off we all went to that horrid cold loft1 lit up the lamps and started an abominable din of hammering1 a boy generally buzzing round the while with a broom to clear away some of the chips4 ,when ,i grew tired of crouching and holding a hammer to the rivets1 then the boy was victimised4 ,the wheelwright came to lend a hand in the evenings1 and envy seized my soul as ,i watched him send home screw after screw as if they were going into so much butter4 ,commodore would not even leave his work to come in to dinner1 and looking back now1 ,i really think it must have been a very uncomfortable time4 ,the sides were made out of one wide plank of ,kauri pine without a join4 ,this was riveted to the beams and angles of ,bull metal1 and a devoted friend put in the mast step1 which to this day holds all the water it catches1 sending up a spirt as the mast drops into place4 ,the centre board case gave a good deal of trouble1 but even this gave way to patience4 ,the seams were gone over with the greatest care with putty and varnish1 as we were determined she should not leak1 and the mixture proved most satisfactory1 as whatever water the punt shipped ran out of the centre board case1 and never a drop came through the seams4 ,i was greatly distressed when the well was put in4 ,i really could not see how ,i could be expected to sit in any comfort on a butcher's tray1 which it resembled4 ,the idea in itself no doubt was lovely1 for any water coming on board emptied itself out of the tray1 which was flush with the top of the centre-board case1 down the case1 thus making the boat absolutely unsinkable4 ,but fancy sitting for hours with one's knees up to one's chin in a calm4 ,i argued for a long time1 and was made to sit in position over and over again1 my husband declaring it was quite comfortable1 but ,i could not see it4 ,i agreed1 however1 to waive the question till the punt should be afloat4 ,so a light deck was put on her1 with canvas strained and painted over it1 and then she was turned bottom up on the tressels1 and ,commodore planed1 whittled and sand-papered till every line was beautifully fair4 ,the rudder was shipped on to the transom on the curved ,bull metal gudgeons1 so that if it touched the bottom it slid up the gudgeons without coming off4 ,it could also be triced up with a line when sailing in shallow water4 ,illustration3 ,from a ,drawing ,by ,w4,l4 ,wyllie1 ,a4,r4,a4 ,,punt3 ,,sea ,,maiden4 ,at last came the happy day for launching1 when a cart was brought up from the farm filled with straw1 and pulled up close under the door of the loft1 the punt being lowered away carefully on the top4 ,in procession we followed down the old road to the brickfields1 the little girl#a bringing up the rear in her chair4 ,when the cart had been backed as close down the river as possible1 ,sweet ,pet dashed her bottle of wine against the boat's side1 and with a little excited shriek1 called out good luck to ,sea ,maiden1 as the punt plunged into the water4 ,that same evening1 ,sea ,maiden's sail plan was calculated1 and drawn out4 ,we have very strong ideas of our own on the sit of a sail1 and had proved by many experiments that a sail that sits dead flat is a mistake1 but to make sure1 we made one more trial with a lot of little paper vanes stuck on pins1 and setting our sail1 pinned these right across1 shifting them time after time as we sailed about4 ,then we came to the conclusion that there should be a fairly flat after-leach curving very gradually to the luff1 and that seams carried across the sail in the direction of the wind1 caused less deflection than the usual seams up and down4 ,now the carpet was rolled up in the drawing-room1 and our union silk cut and ruled with the greatest care1 each seam with half-an-inch curve towards the luff over-lapping to form pockets for the light ash battens1 and a nice round after-leach and foot4 ,then came the machining1 which was simple enough1 and fell to my lot1 and in time the sail was bundled up and sent off to be roped1 with strict injunctions that it was to be sewn loosely to the rope1 especially the luff4 ,when it came home it was set between a tree and a fence1 where through the early spring it flapped gently up and down whenever there was a light breeze1 stretching and improving itself in the sun4 ,sailing was then started in real earnest1 so that we might learn the ways of the boat1 and get all the gear to work with the least amount of trouble1 before the racing came on4 ,our balance-jib looked after itself1 being laced to a light ash boom4 ,in going to windward the sheet was always fast1 and when off the wind it could be goosewinged in a second by letting the sheet run1 and pulling on the lee-guy1 so that what little we lost in the size of the sail was counteracted by the speed with which we could handle it4 ,illustration3 ,drawn by ,w4 ,l4 ,wyllie1 ,a4,r4,a4 ,for ,the ,sportswoman's ,library4 ,,punts ,,racing4 7,,the ,,race47 ,that butcher's tray was uncomfortable1 and there was not a thing in the boat ,i could lay hold of to keep myself on board4 ,only those who have sailed punts can imagine the rapidity of their movements1 and my first attempts were certainly exciting1 as only having the tiller to hold on to1 which naturally was not of much use1 it came over with me4 ,i several times nearly went backwards into the river4 ,after this1 ,commodore cut a square out of the well1 so that my feet could just fit down1 and framed it in with water-tight canvass1 and so altered matters that my real joy in sailing began4 ,the feeling of being run away with in a boat is glorious1 and a good punt is hard to beat at this4 ,the excitement keeps you in a glow1 though the water breaks all round and over you4 ,the first race in which ,i steered we won1 and then began a record on our own river4 ,punt after punt was built to beat us1 but still ,sea ,maiden came in first4 ,emboldened by our wins1 we took her round to the ,thames to try her against the half-raters4 ,our first race was over the circular course off the ,royal ,corinthian ,club1 at ,erith1 in a very strong wind4 ,as we stepped on board the ,sea ,maiden1 the waterman1 from a little grey steamer that was being repaired1 begged us to be careful1 as it was blowing very hard and we should find more sea on the other side4 ,mr4 ,hope thinking ,lotus' mainsail too big for her1 hoisted one belonging to a dinghy1 the other boats starting closely reefed4 ,lotus led the first round1 with ,sea ,maiden a close second1 but the wind gradually lightening1 ,lotus increased her lead4 ,we saw it was absolutely necessary to shake out our reefs1 which we dared not do whilst close-hauled1 so we could only wait impatiently as the stern of the leading boat grew smaller and smaller4 ,at last we got round the buoy1 and out came our reefs in a minute4 ,the effect was magical1 and we ran up to ,lotus hand over hand1 till by the time we reached ,crayford ,ness mark we were close astern4 ,mr4 ,hope could not stand this1 so began shaking out his reefs1 but we now had a turn to windward and at once passed him1 and throughout the remainder of the race kept the lead4 ,the boat was looked at with great curiosity as we came alongside the causeway4 ,she was called a ,thing1 an ,eggbox1 and other uncomplimentary names1 but all agreed that she could go in a breeze4 ,illustration3 ,a4 ,debenham4 ,cowes4 ,,sea ,,maiden4 ,next day was almost a perfect calm4 ,a racing tide was running down the wind to ,greenhithe1 and we were all mortally afraid of being drifted over the line before gun-fire4 ,nevertheless1 we thought it best to risk it1 and consequently stood away close hauled right into the middle of the stream1 the other boats meanwhile keeping in a little eddy close to the shore4 ,when the gun did go they were over the line long before us1 but we were in the middle of a swinging tide which swept us away at four miles an hour1 whilst the others were all trying to work out of their little slack4 ,on reaching ,greenhithe we found we had left our instructions behind1 and could not remember on which hand to leave the buoy1 so to make no mistakes rounded first to port and then to starboard4 ,unfortunately ,lotus came in sight as we rounded the wrong way1 and having also left her instructions behind was led astray4 ,our very light draught enabled us to skirt the mud out of the tide all the way back1 and brought us in first again with a very long lead4 ,our third race was sailed in a moderate breeze which fell to almost a dead calm at the last4 ,lotus led for the three rounds of the circular course1 and do what we would it seemed impossible to pass her2 however1 at the very last1 a stretch of strong tide had to be crossed to reach the line1 ,lotus left the slack first1 sailing straight for the mark4 ,seeing it was our last chance we kept away in the slack much further down1 then started across keeping the line on our weather beam and the tide on the lee-bow1 we slowly drifted crab-wise across the broad stretch of river4 ,it was a moment of intense excitement1 the wind had died down to a mere breath and a crowd of tugs1 huge steamers and drifting barges were coming up with the tide1 we had to pick our way through these as we both converged towards the bobbing flag-boat4 ,lotus1 seeing her mistake1 set a spinnaker and tried to stem the tide1 but it was too late1 and again ,sea ,maiden took first gun1 and the ,muriel ,challenge cup for the best of three races4 ,the punt went on winning after this1 till we were afraid of being disliked on our own river1 so put her in a railway truck and took her down to the ,solent1 where the storm drum was up and a sou'wester blowing in heavy squalls4 ,as we started across from ,portsmouth ,harbour1 we reefed down small1 for the sea was the biggest ,i had ever sailed the boat in1 the waves breaking completely over us1 filling my bucket and drenching us both to the skin4 ,a strong tide too was running to windward1 but we got into the shelter of ,wooton ,creek in a very short time1 and were most hospitably received in the ,canoe camp and dried bit by bit4 ,our first race on the ,solent was at ,ryde1 for the hundred-guinea cup1 presented by ,mr4 ,west4 ,and here we met our old enemy1 ,lotus1 which had been doing wonders against the ,isle of ,wight craft4 ,unfortunately1 ,mr4 ,hope exclaimed as we came up1 ,hullo1 ,mrs4 ,wyllie1 ,i think the race lies between the ,thames and the ,medway today4 ,now this was most unlucky1 as we have always found that wherever any bragging is done we are sure to lose2 and so it proved4 ,keeping an eye on the time ball on ,ryde ,pier1 ,sea ,maiden was first over the line1 the wind was terribly light with a nasty bobbly swell which seemed to knock the life out of her4 ,the boats with heavy lead keels went through it better than she did1 and it was not long before we were passed4 ,after rounding the ,stourbridge it was a close pinch to ,gillicker point1 with the tide racing out and the sun blazing and dazzling one's eyes with its reflection in the oily heaving water4 ,it was a weary time1 and as we became mixed with the lagging members of the large fleet of one-raters which had started before us1 our chances for that day were lost4 ,it took the best part of a day to sail the one round4 ,the ,thames and ,medway were not in it1 ,sea ,maiden finishing an inglorious seventh4 ,illustration3 ,,punts ,,racing4 ,next day there was a little more wind1 and ,lotus came in a very good first1 ,sea ,maiden second1 and ,wee ,winn third4 ,the moment the race was over1 the helm was put up and we ran across to ,portsmouth hard1 and in two hours from the finish1 the boat was safely placed on the truck that was to take her to ,burnham-on-,crouch1 where we were to do some racing1 and where ,lotus took first each time4 ,there we had a week of first-class sport1 some of the races being very exciting1 one especially so1 for there was a long run in a heavy sea1 ending up in a jibe round the buoy which some did1 and some did not do4 ,it was a breathless moment as the boom came over and we careered away at a tremendous pace1 the boat rocking wildly from side to side1 and the waters seething all round and over us4 ,suddenly ,i found ,i had no grip on the helm1 the rudder having floated up on our following wave4 ,she broached to at once1 and though1 thanks to ,commodore's prompt letting go of the sheet1 we managed to save a capsize1 it was a close thing4 ,that year we sailed twenty-seven races1 winning fifteen firsts1 six seconds1 and two thirds1 and ending the season on the ,medway with a series of matches in which we all changed boats and crews4 ,it was on a lovely autumn afternoon that we anchored our barge yacht under the wood as committee boat1 with tea1 something stronger1 dry clothes1 and a party of friends on board4 ,in every case and with every crew ,sea ,maiden came in first1 till we persuaded ,lord ,charles ,beresford to sail his ,undaunted with our sail1 when she at once turned the tables4 ,next year there were a number of new punts built1 namely3 ,mosquito1 ,star ,fish1 ,water ,lily1 ,princess ,may1 and ,tartar4 ,the ,royal ,engineers1 too1 built the ,terrible and ,powerful1 sister ships1 with long overhanging sterns1 and ,captain ,mareney1 ,r4,e41 with his own hands built ,bb1 which has proved the fastest of her class4 ,in a strong wind the ,bb's speed is something quite phenomenal1 and one race she sailed in a hard gale1 surprised everyone who saw her4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,c4 ,kerr's punt1 ,l',esprance1 besides being good-looking1 sails very fast2 and on one occasion1 in a light wind1 beat the seventeen-ton1 ,buccaneer1 in a race to ,sheerness and back1 without time allowance4 ,owing to the drawing of our punt1 which appeared in the ,field1 there have been many imitations of our flat-bottomed class started in different parts of the world4 ,the ,puffins at ,plymouth1 a little fleet at ,weymouth1 the new class at ,southampton1 and individual boats in ,scotland1 ,northumberland1 ,anglesea1 ,florida1 and even distant ,hong ,kong4 ,there was a rumour that a challenger for the ,seawanhaka ,cup should take the shape of a long flat punt1 and for this purpose a drawing was made by one of our most celebrated designers1 but the ,canadian holders of the cup have accepted the ,american challenge1 instead of that of the ,minima ,yacht ,club1 so1 this spring1 the sound of the hammer will not be heard in our loft4 ,m4 ,a4 ,wyllie4 ,illustration3 ,,mrs4 ,,penn-,,curzon4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,mrs4 ,wyllie's invalid daughter4--,ed4 ,,in ,,red ,,deer ,,land4 ,books and ,magazine articles dealing with the ,chase and the habits of the ,red deer1 are so many and so excellent that ,i feel diffident about attempting to say anything on a subject that has been so thoroughly thrashed out4 ,in old days1 or at any rate twenty-five years ago1 very few people wended their way ,westward in the months of ,august and ,september1 to see what has now become such a popular sport4 ,the crowds at the present time are now enormous1 often worse than the ,quorn fields1 and the riders all full of zeal and desperately anxious not to miss anything from find to finish1 thus often causing the ,master no little anxiety1 and trying his patience sadly4 ,in case my readers are not acquainted with the method in which stag-hunting is conducted1 ,i will try to give a brief history of a day's sport4 ,in the first place the deer must be harboured1 that is slotted or tracked into covert1 and this requires great knowledge of woodcraft on the part of him to whom the business is entrusted4 ,the harbourer's business is to find out that his deer is a warrantable1 i4e41 a runnable1 stag1 which he can tell by the size of the slot1 or footprint on the ground1 and he must also make sure that his quarry has not passed through the covert4 ,to do this he must search carefully for a slot leading out of the wood1 or if the covert be too large he must make good as many of the paths round where he thinks his deer is lying1 as he can4 ,the difference between the slot of a hind and a stag is almost imperceptible to the ordinary eye1 but if closely observed it will be noticed that the slot of a stag is larger and has a wider heel and blunter toes1 also that an old heavy deer has his toes frequently uneven in length1 while a hind's toe is pointed1 and she has a narrow heel4 ,in an old deer there is generally also a little space open between her toes4 ,the harbourer can tell whether a stag or hind has been feeding1 and though the signs believed in by some are disputed1 one infallible test is whether the ash shoots have been nibbled or not4 ,for while the hinds and young deer do not affect them1 stags have a perfect passion for them1 and the delicacy seems to be as irresistible to them as oysters and caviare are to a human gourmet4 ,the harbourer generally goes to the scene of action the day before the meet1 and gleans what information he can from those whose knowledge he can rely on4 ,with regard however to the feeding ground of the deer1 he will do well to depend entirely on his own eyes1 and to form his own conclusions4 ,next morning he must be afoot in the small hours1 and look for any fresh slot pointing towards the covert1 made by the deer returning from feeding4 ,should he see what he thinks belongs to a warrantable deer1 he must next make sure the animal has not gone through the covert1 and if the woods be very large1 he must try and localise him as much as possible4 ,the late ,miles1 who was the harbourer in the ,devon and ,somerset country for so many years1 was a marvel in doing this1 for he seemed to know the habits of the deer as well as they did themselves4 ,his loss to the hunt was irreparable1 for apart from the harbouring1 he was of unbounded assistance during the run1 and often when the deer seemed hopelessly lost1 and ,master and huntsman were in despair1 have ,i heard ,miles's whistle and his cheery holloa1 saving the day at the eleventh hour4 ,for the business of tufting1 as finding the deer is called1 four or five couples of the strongest hounds are required1 as they will have to run with the pack afterwards4 ,also1 it is well to select those hounds most inclined to throw their tongues1 as their deep notes are more than welcome in the big coverts1 where they get out of sight4 ,if the deer has been well harboured and is inclined to leave covert quickly1 so much the better1 but patience is often sorely wanted in stag hunting1 when a cunning old deer will double back into covert time after time1 and turn out his younger relations to try and get hounds off his line4 ,we will suppose1 however1 that the deer has chosen to break covert quickly1 and the welcome sound of ,anthony's horn means that the body of the pack1 till now kennelled in a convenient barn or stable1 will be laid on4 ,if the deer has chosen a good line1 that is over the forest1 we must pull ourselves together and save our horses wherever possible1 knowing that we may gallop for eighteen or twenty miles or more4 ,it is wonderful how two or three miles over holding ground will steady a field1 and weed them to within reasonable bounds4 ,i consider ,exmoor the worst possible country for a stranger to take his own line1 the best man to hounds on earth cannot tell some of the crossings by instinct1 many of the combes having only one even decent crossing1 and that has to be negotiated with care4 ,most people1 however1 seem to come down with the idea that ,exmoor is one vast bog1 which is all nonsense1 for most of it is quite rideable1 or at any rate you can pick your way over it4 ,the crossings are the worst drawbacks to riding straight to hounds4 ,a large majority of the field ride to points1 and most annoying it is1 after you have galloped your hardest at the tail of hounds1 to see a batch of tourists who have been piloted by someone who knows every inch of the country1 and who has guessed the stag's point1 with comparatively fresh horses1 while your own1 no matter how carefully you have nursed him1 has pretty nearly had enough4 ,a deer will nearly always soil once1 if not oftener during a run1 and it is marvellous how a plunge in one of the many streams1 or a roll in a peat hole1 will refresh him4 ,stags1 especially the older and fatter ones1 generally lie down after they have run for a time if not pressed1 that is if hounds are not laid on at once1 and the master generally gives a big heavy deer a little law4 ,a fresh find is a beautiful sight1 and the tricks and dodges of a wily old stag would fill many chapters4 ,to anyone fond of seeing hounds work1 and not only anxious for a gallop1 the sight of hounds trying to pick out the line of their deer1 when he has gone up or down stream1 is alone worth going out for4 ,it is extraordinary how long a deer's scent will hold on the moor4 ,it is no uncommon thing for hounds to hunt up to1 and kill their stag1 after he has been two hours ahead of them4 ,illustration3 ,,hounds ,,of ,,the ,,devon ,,and ,,somerset ,,pack4 7,from a ,picture in the possession of ,c4 ,h4 ,basset1 ,esq41 of ,watermouth ,castle47 ,one thing in hunting the red deer impresses people very strongly who have only seen foxhunting1 and that is the way hounds tail on the moor4 ,several explanations of this are given4 ,one is that the deer running in a straighter line than the fox1 the fastest hound gets in front and stays there1 others say that it is easier to get through the heather in a string1 and again some hold that the scent of a deer being very sweet1 hounds run one behind another to get it all4 ,when they do carry a head1 the sight of the big hounds1 none under twenty-four-and-a-half inches and all unrounded1 racing over the heather1 is a very fine one4 ,deer almost invariably die in the water1 either in one of the numerous streams or rivers1 or going to sea4 ,in the last case they have to be followed by boatmen1 and are brought to shore and killed4 ,this is the greatest drawback to stag hunting1 but it is no good being sentimental about it4 ,the deer do an immense amount of damage to the farmer's crops1 and if they were not killed in the chase they would very soon be shot1 and stag hunting would be no more1 so that my advice to those who cry out about the cruelty to the poor dear stag1 when they see him being ignominiously towed to shore1 is to stay at home1 so that their feelings may not be hurt by the sight4 ,it is wonderful how the more ignorant portion of the large field of strangers1 who condescend to honour ,exmoor with their presence in the stag-hunting season1 grumble unceasingly at the sport4 ,the country1 ,master1 hounds1 and hunt servants1 all come in for scathing criticism4 ,one has a great longing to let them try and hunt a deer themselves1 to convince them that it is not such ,a ,b ,c work as they seem to think4 ,also1 should the ,master persist in remaining in a covert to hunt the big deer he knows to be there1 instead of laying on to the four-year-old which has just broken away over a tempting line on the forest1 there is a chorus of discontented ones1 ,oh1 what rot this is2 why can't he go after a decent deer8 ,the malcontents1 either forgetting or not knowing that it is the fat old sinner now doing his utmost to save his skin by turning out his younger relations1 which gorges himself nightly on the farmer's best turnips and corn1 and that it will be a poor consolation to the latter if hounds pursue a young deer twenty odd miles and then lose him1 while the author of the mischief is left1 possibly with a keener appetite than ever1 after his unwonted exertions4 ,there is always a hope that a big fat stag may be run up and killed1 should his whereabouts be a certainty1 in time to lay on to another1 and ,i have often seen two deer killed in one day4 ,a fat stag which is merely blown and not exhausted1 will waste a lot of valuable time beating up and down the water1 too out of breath to breast the hill and give a gallop1 and too strong to be pulled down4 ,this gentleman is a most unpleasant customer to tackle1 as in fact is any deer at bay4 ,a stag is a grand looking beast when he stands with his back against a rock1 in one of the picturesque streams that abound on ,exmoor1 with his lovely head well up1 and great1 sad1 frightened eyes1 the pack baying round him and not daring to come within striking distance of those death-dealing horns4 ,the sooner then the huntsman1 or one of the willing farmers always at hand and ready to assist1 can slip behind the beast and lasso him1 the better for everyone4 ,the head and slots of stags are the ,master's perquisite1 the skin and inside and the hinds' heads belong to the huntsman1 who generally shares the liver with the farmers4 ,the carcase is distributed amongst the farmers on whose land the deer was found1 and who highly appreciate a bit of venison4 ,the ,master alone never gets any1 and to speak for myself ,i have only tasted hunted stag once4 ,this was when my mother was sent1 by a kind neighbour1 a haunch of a five-year old deer1 which had given us a run of nearly thirty miles1 and very excellent it was4 ,i have never seen a more vicious stag either than this one1 for though he had run from ,cloutsham to within five miles of my mother's home1#b he fought desperately and severely injured two hounds before he was taken4 ,i always remember that gallop too on account of the marvellous way the puppies worked1 with hardly any old hounds to help them1 my father#c having saved the older hounds for the next day1 when he was meeting in a close woodland country1 where he thought the inevitable crowded field would work less havoc among the older and more sensible hounds than on the puppies1 many of which were hardly way-wise4 ,there is one delusion that strangers labour under who meditate a few days with the ,devon and ,somerset ,staghounds1 and this is1 that it is absolutely necessary to ride the horse of the country1 as they term it4 ,i think this is quite a mistake4 ,any horse that looks where he is going1 and doesn't go yawing about with his head in the air1 will go well on ,exmoor1 at any rate after a time or two1 but horses accustomed to the country certainly get less frightened in soft ground than strangers4 ,in fact1 a moor-bred animal wont go into a bog at all4 ,i have ridden all sorts and conditions of horses1 and ,i think ,i would choose animals that stand about #ae4a or #ae4b41 short-legged and strong backed and with good shoulders1 for though ,i have seen a little straight-shouldered ,exmoor pony canter down a hill without a false step1 when most people have been leading down it1 yet ,i never think it gives you a comfortable sensation to be sitting almost on your horse's ears4 ,two things are absolute necessities1 blood and condition1 without these one cannot hope to get to the end of a long moorland gallop with comfort to either man or beast4 ,i know no more hopeless-looking objects than a poor underbred and underfed hireling1 floundering through the wet ground1 remorselessly urged on by an ambitious but ignorant tripper1 whose pedigree will probably bear even less looking into than his unfortunate steed's4 ,for a very light weight with extravagant ideas1 polo ponies would be ideal mounts1 being in the height of condition1 after the close of the season at ,hurlingham1 and very fast and handy on their legs1 but it is not everyone who can afford or would care to risk valuable animals on such broken ground4 ,some people hold that big horses are better than small ones1 but ,i cannot say ,i agree with them4 ,a large horse shakes himself and his rider to pieces galloping down the hills1 and if you would see a long run well1 you must gallop down hills1 and take it easy up them2 he also does not recover himself so quickly should he make a mistake over the rough ground1 and is more liable to strains and over-reaches in the boggy land1 to say nothing of the fact that he can frighten you to death in the tiny narrow paths through the woods1 where a false step means rolling into the river many feet below4 ,a small horse may be quite as dangerous1 but ,i don't think he feels so clumsy1 and again1 a small horse undoubtedly comes to time again sooner after a hard day4 ,one thing ,i specially dislike on the moor1 and that is a hard puller4 ,people say1 what does it matter1 when there's heaps of room4 ,this is all very well on a racecourse1 but when you are on the verge of almost a precipice intersected with ruts1 peat holes and other trifles1 with either a bog or a river waiting for you at the bottom1 it is very poor fun to be hardly able to steady your horse1 much less hold him1 and ,i have seen some very nasty falls resulting from the inability of an unhappy sportsman to control his mount4 ,illustration3 ,,princess1 ,,irish ,,mare4 7,property of ,mrs4 ,lewis ,mackenzie47 ,you can also have a nasty fall if you try and descend the steep combes sideways4 ,it is a golden rule to ride a horse straight down4 ,at the worst then he can but sit down1 but if you are half cantering1 half shambling down a hill sideways1 and your mount puts a foot wrong1 a horrible fall is the probable result4 ,it is a wonder to me1 looking at the crowd of people riding1 most of them ignorant of the first principles of horsemanship1 why there are not more bad falls than there are on ,exmoor4 ,now and then it is true a man gets his face cut1 or a rib broken or something of that sort1 but really bad accidents are most rare4 ,i suppose that the sweet little cherub that sits up aloft1 looks after the welfare of the bold tripper1 or perhaps the softness of the ground has more to do with it4 ,i think ,exford is the best centre for stag-hunting1 that is if you do not mind having absolutely nothing to do on the off days1 or have enough horses to go out with the foxhounds or harriers4 ,some people like ,minehead1 others prefer ,dulverton4 ,personally ,i prefer ,porlock1 as it is quite close to the ,moor meets1 and is far and away the prettiest place to stop in4 ,accommodation is good and moderate1 hirelings are to be obtained there and at ,minehead1 and are generally very good animals1 though ,i would advise anyone with a couple or more well-bred horses in condition1 to bring them down4 ,the difference in comfort1 especially in the long distances hacking home1 is great4 ,special care should be taken of saddles for this work1 for there is no country where horses suffer so terribly from sore backs as ,exmoor4 ,the steep climbs up and down hill1 the great heat1 followed by standing still till a horse is chilled1 then another gallop perhaps1 and lastly a long ride home1 horse and man1 or oftener woman1 dead beat1 work absolute havoc in a stable full of otherwise sound horses4 ,i would advise anyone hunting with the staghounds to have all saddles thoroughly fitted1 if possible one for each horse1 the horses' backs hardened a little1 and above all to see that the saddle is left on the horse for some time after he is cool1 whenever he comes in from hunting4 ,very few persons will take the trouble to do this1 especially when a horse comes home about eleven o'clock at night1 but it should always be insisted on4 ,towards the end of ,september is to my mind the pleasantest time on ,exmoor1 and from the middle of the month to the time stag-hunting ends1 about the tenth of ,october1 sport is generally far better than earlier in the season4 ,the deer break covert quicker1 and run better1 the weather is cooler1 and ,cloutsham which has in the earlier part of the season1 been the happy picnic ground1 to crowds of delighted strangers1 now affords a sure find of a good ,stag4 ,this is1 thanks to its kind owner and his son1 who though not hunting-men themselves1 are most desirous of showing sport to others4 ,so much has been said about this opening function at ,cloutsham and the beauty of the surrounding scenery1 which in fact cannot be over-rated1 that ,i will not allude to the vast leafy combes1 the hazy outline of the ,welsh coast1 and the stately purple-clad hill of ,dunkerry1 except to warn those who have never tried to gallop over the said ,dunkerry that it is the most deceptive bit of going to my mind in the whole of the stag-hunting country4 ,it is covered with rocks and stones1 alternating with bogs1 and is generally productive of a lame horse4 ,i never saw it look so lovely as one day during hind-hunting4 ,it was a soft muggy day in ,november1 and ,i was standing in a field behind ,cloutsham farm1 when a hind went away over ,dunkerry4 ,as ,i was riding a pony1 ,i stood still and watched the proceedings4 ,anthony laid on1 and the whole hunt swept away up the hill1 and as they did so down came the fog like a curtain1 but only covering half the hill4 ,by and bye1 back came the hind1 and ran into ,sweet ,tree1 as the extension of ,cloutsham ,wood on the ,exford ,road is called1 and the hounds1 huntsman and field all came one by one out of the mist4 ,it was like a ghost hunt4 ,twice did that hind do the same thing1 and then sent a young sister to take her place1 but hounds were luckily stopped and the wily lady was captured1 after a great deal of twisting and doubling up and down the water4 ,very few people have any idea of the different aspect the country wears in the hind hunting season to what it does in stag-hunting time4 ,in ,august on your way to the meet1 you pass dozens of people1 walking1 riding1 or driving1 the latter with huge luncheon hampers1 which are most welcome later on4 ,the meet may be at ,culbone ,stables1 in which case the ,lynton road outside ,lord ,lovelace's plantation will be packed with carriages1 etc41 and people will idle about and stand in groups among the stunted fir trees1 looking out on a calm blue sea4 ,the stag may after some time go to moor1 and then away go the field after him1 but for hours there will be carriages on the ,lynton ,road on the chance he may turn back and go to sea1 which he may very likely do4 ,in this case1 those of the riders who have had enough1 will turn round at the top of the hill and go home1 but the majority will ride down through the ,ashley ,combe woods to the sea1 and wait in the warm ,august afternoon till the stag is brought to land4 ,the fishermen from ,porlock ,weir are always on the look out on a hunting day for a possible windfall in the shape of a deer going to sea1 which means a sovereign in their pockets4 ,the field meanwhile refresh themselves and their horses at the picturesque little hotel1 the ,anchor1 and after the last rites of the chase have been gone through1 ride home in the cool of the evening4 ,in hind hunting on a bitter ,december day1 we have a very different picture4 ,about four shivering women1 or perhaps fewer1 half a dozen sporting farmers1 the ,master and the hunt servants form the field4 ,the women generally make a bolt for the little cottage at ,culbone ,stables1 and sit round the fire there till ,anthony comes for the pack4 ,the wind is blowing half a gale1 and sleet is falling1 but once we are started no one cares for the weather4 ,deer1 unlike foxes1 will run in the teeth of the fiercest gale1 and sometimes one is literally nearly blown out of the saddle4 ,the hind which has probably left her calf lying in her bed1 will run a big ring out to the ,deer ,park and back4 ,with the ground at its heaviest1 the small field has to gallop its fastest to keep the flying pack in sight4 ,back into ,culbone the hind comes1 and we stop and listen1 and wonder if she will go to sea1 trying in the meantime to get a little shelter from the icy wind under the larch trees4 ,but our friend has not had half enough yet1 and may take us over the same ground again1 if she fails to induce another deer to take her place1 or possibly we may go away after a fresh hind without knowing it2 heart-rending work this for horses and hounds4 ,ultimately she will go to sea1 either down the steep cliffs of ,glenthorne1 or from ,porlock ,weir1 and the boatmen have to follow her1 supposing it is not too rough for their safety1 while the field1 by this time of still smaller dimensions1 wait patiently for the end4 ,then home we go4 ,porlock ,weir was comparatively sheltered1 but once on top of the hill again1 the gale seems to have increased1 and the sleet to be thicker1 and by the time we get home we are nearly frozen1 and it is pitch dark4 ,yet to my mind notwithstanding the horrible weather1 hind hunting is a finer1 wilder sport than stag-hunting1 and a run after a straight-going hind in the spring when the weather is better1 is hard to beat4 ,fog is the great enemy to hunting in the winter4 ,often the hounds have to go home from the meet1 after waiting a couple of hours and more for it to lift4 ,illustration3 ,f4 ,downer4 ,watford4 ,,heads ,,at ,,watermouth ,,castle4 ,i do not think casual visitors have any idea of the immense strain on hounds1 horses and men that hunting from ,july to ,april entails1 or they would not grumble as much as they do when they get a poor day's sport4 ,rather let them follow the example of one most genial tripper1 who when a friend of mine remarked we had had a shocking bad day1 nothing but wood work1 said3 ,well1 ,i 'ear folks say they 'aven't 'ad a gallop1 but ,i always 'as a gallop1 and what ,i do is this4 ,i watch one of them 'scarlet bounders' 7presumably the huntsman71 and when he lays on to the stag1 ,i don't care where 'e is1 ,i lays on to 'im4 ,it takes a bit of doing too1 and ,i always 'as a gallop6 ,whether the scarlet bounder was equally pleased with a noisy follower1 when he wanted to catch the slightest sound in covert1 is another matter1 but a jovial sportsman of this sort is far more welcome to the ,west ,country than those people who go down and grumble at everything1 and generally depart with the donation of a few shillings to the deer damage fund4 ,it is out of this fund the farmers are paid for the harm done to their crops by the deer1 and richly they deserve some compensation1 for without their help stag-hunting on ,exmoor would soon be a thing of the past4 ,edith ,curzon4 ,,the ,,tiverton ,,staghounds4 ,illustration3 ,,sir ,,john ,,amory',s ,,staghounds4 ,though when ,mr4 ,fenwick ,bisset undertook to revive ,stag-hunting on ,exmoor in #ahee1 the attempt was regarded almost as a forlorn hope4 ,it has now been found necessary to start a second pack in ,devon1 in order to keep down the herds of red deer4 ,the last established pack is a private one belonging to ,sir ,john ,heathcoat ,amory1 and its popularity with all classes of the sport-loving ,west country is very great4 ,mr4 ,ian ,amory hunts the hounds himself1 and he is assisted by the ,messrs4 ,las ,casas1 who act as his whippers-in1 the important duties of the harbourer being also performed by an amateur4 ,everything in this establishment is carried out in the most sportsmanlike manner1 and the time-honoured traditions of the hunt of the wild red deer are strictly adhered to4 ,the sport shown by this pack1 since its institution in #ahig1 has been excellent1 and to the sportswoman who dares not brave the storm-swept expanse of ,exmoor during the winter months1 and yet loves to share in the grand sport of hind-hunting1 the less exposed country hunted over by ,sir ,john ,amory's staghounds offers very great advantages4 ,the picturesque little town on the ,exe1 indeed1 is likely to take a high place among ,western sporting centres1 for it offers the triple attraction of the pursuit of the stag1 the fox and the hare in its immediate neighbourhood4 ,illustration3 ,j4 ,weston and ,son ,folkestone4 ,,mrs4 ,,culpeper ,,clarke4 ,,footnotes3 #b ,near ,ilfracombe4--,ed4 #c ,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,basset1 then ,master of the ,devon and ,somerset ,staghounds4--,ed4 ,,the ,,chase ,,of ,,the ,,carted ,,deer4 ,,note4--,this article has been kindly read and approved by ,mrs4 ,culpeper ,clarke1 who was unfortunately prevented from undertaking the task of writing it herself4 ,in several cases the valuable suggestions she has made will be found embodied in the paper1 marked by the initials ,c4,f4,c4,c4 ,at the special request of the writer of the paper1 ,mrs4 ,culpeper ,clarke has consented to allow her photograph to appear4 ,of all forms of the chase1 that of the carted deer1 has the unenviable distinction of having been followed1 discussed and written about1 by a greater number of people ignorant of the first elements of sport1 than any other4 ,it has too the disadvantage of being scorned by some of the boldest followers of the fox and the red deer1 and thus while crabbed by those incompetent to judge1 it is a thing of naught in the hunting calendar of some of the best sportsmen and women of the day4 ,in spite of this1 however1 the hunt of the carted deer is the source of pleasure and health to many who otherwise would seldom or never be seen in the hunting-field1 and as such it deserves to be chronicled4 ,that certain objections have always been urged with more or less weight against this particular form of sport1 ,i am well aware1 but ,i will leave its defence to abler hands than mine1 and while ready to give help1 if it may be1 to any sister-sportswoman who would take it up1 ,i must say boldly that a day with fox or hare is in my opinion1 worth more than a dozen brilliant gallops after an enlarged deer4 ,on the score of humanity1 however1 there is undoubtedly nothing to be said in its disfavour4 ,the deer is well fed and cared for1 and rarely comes to harm when before the hounds1 and though there are nervous deer as nervous people1 who will in the one case funk a possible fence1 and in the other show signs of extreme fear at the pursuit of hounds1 ,i do not believe in the agonies of terror of which the so-called humanitarians are pleased to make so much4 ,on this point1 however1 let those who like ,lord ,ribblesdale1 can wield the pen with as skilful a hand as they can steer a horse across country1 speak with the authority which is theirs by right of profound knowledge1 and long and unusual experience4 ,and if we should find that other forms of sport are for whatever reason out of our reach1 we may well be content to ride after the carted deer with such sisters of the chase as ,lady ,julia ,follett1 ,lady ,georgiana ,curzon1 ,lady ,downshire1 and the brilliant horsewomen who week after week are among the followers of the ,wards over the stiffest part of the ,meath country4 ,can we go far wrong either in following such sportsmen as ,lord ,coventry and ,lord ,ribblesdale1 with the spirit of ,whyte-,melville inspiring us8 ,let us then turn for a few words about the quarry of the ,stag-hunt4 ,the animal pursued1 whether it be ,stag1 ,havier1 or ,hind1 has been carefully selected and most heedfully cared for1 so that when it comes out for a gallop it is in the very height of condition4 ,it is not often that it is asked to exert itself1 for it comes out only in its proper turn1 and this in the larger hunting establishments would not be more than three or four times in the course of the season4 ,a ,stag1 fed on the choicest oats and the best old hay is not easily fatigued1 and probably at the close of the day's proceedings1 will not be nearly so done as the horses that have ridden in its pursuit1 or the men and women to whom it has been giving pleasure4 ,we all know the old history of ,mr4 ,henry ,nevill's deer1 which lived on terms of perfect amity with the hounds kept for their chase1 and ,i have myself seen a stag deliberately trot down a road and look over the hedge at the pack1 which had considerately been stopped till his ,lordship should get his second wind4 ,the exploits of a celebrated old hind too1 which was on the best of terms with all connected with her hunt1 are still remembered in the country in which she afforded sport4 ,as soon as she was released she would speed away1 often for twenty miles or so1 and when weary would take refuge in a wood4 ,recognising the sign that the hunt was at an end1 the huntsman then stopped his hounds1 leaving the hind in peace till the deer-cart came up4 ,when this had been backed to the boundary fence of the covert where the deer was waiting1 and the old driver had given a low peculiar whistle1 the keen ears and soft eyes of the hind would appear through the bushes4 ,if no enemy was in sight1 she would then jump lightly in the cart and be driven home4 ,let us hope she would have a more comfortable journey than many a sportswoman1 with weary limbs and a weary horse to carry her1 and many long miles stretching between her and her abode4 ,illustration3 ,,in ,,the ,,air4 ,,no4 #a4 ,there are certain women who ride hard1 for whom this form of the chase has special advantages4 ,for example there is the woman who from whatever cause1 whether from the care of a large household1 or the pressure of the duties that her literary or artistic1 or it may be her political tastes1 have involved her in1 finds it extremely difficult to take a whole long day for her pleasure in the field1 and to such an one the short day with staghounds will be an inestimable boon4 ,again there are women1 whose social or domestic duties keep them in town during the winter months1 and to them a run with the staghounds will be a much-prized form of recreation4 ,on the other hand it should be remembered that to some women who are more or less of invalids1 and who would yet rather not go out at all than leave off before the run is over1 the possible long day1 and the almost certain fast pace with staghounds1 will be against this form of sport4 ,this1 like most other matters connected with sport1 will depend very much whether the chase of the deer is the sport of the neighbourhood1 when hounds will often make long days1 or whether1 as in some good foxhunting countries1 it is more or less subservient to the chase of the fox4 ,there are others again whose lot is cast in a good stag-hunting country1 who honestly find a satisfying enjoyment in riding after the hounds4 ,these will like to make long days1 and if they follow the chase to the end1 will be not less weary than their foxhunting sisters1 by the time they turn their steps homewards4 ,let us see how such will fare4 ,suppose that a run with ,lord ,rothschild's splendid pack is in prospect1 and that the meet is fixed for twelve o'clock4 ,if time is of moment to you1 you may reckon that if you arrive at the rendezvous three quarters of an hour later1 you will find you still have a margin before hounds are laid on4 ,this will give you a comfortable morning's work1 before the cart is at the door4 ,for remember1 that a pony cart or dog cart1 or the more luxurious brougham1 is very necessary to the comfort of the hunter of the carted deer4 ,in the first place the long distances covered and the fast pace1 make large demands on a woman's powers and those of her horse1 and she should1 therefore1 husband both till the moment of the chase arrives4 ,equally for both horse and rider too1 she should1 if possible1 make the return journey also in the cart4 ,that this often will not be practicable1 and for the same reason that it is generally useless to have a second horse out stagging1 does not in any way detract from the comfort of having the cart at hand if it can be managed4 ,if1 however1 the deer should run too fast and too far1 for his cart to come up to him for many hours after the take1 then--and this will be the most frequent experience of the followers of the chase--the rail may prove the best hack home for both woman and horse4 ,the former will thus be saved a weary jog home1 and her horse will also be spared what1 even if he is a good hack1 will be the most difficult part of the day's work to him4 ,and though1 of course1 an ideal woman's hunter should also be a perfect hack1 how few even good horses answer the description4 ,what hunting woman cannot recall some animal1 and many it may be1 which have served their turn1 for which she would not have taken centuries1 if offered when he was sailing with magnificent action over a grass country1 but which on the journey home at night1 she would have been almost inclined to give away to the first comer8 ,but even with a good hack1 it is a doubtful pleasure to ride him after he has tired himself in the chase1 and you will find it a relief unspeakable to exchange the saddle for the cushions1 and to drive or train home1 instead of striving to keep your weary hunter on his legs4 ,illustration3 ,t4 ,bennett and ,sons4 ,worcester and ,malvern ,,lady ,,dorothy ,,coventry ,,on ,,sixpenny4 ,but to return to the meet4 ,when you get to the place of meeting there will be three courses open to you as a rule4 ,you can either see the stag un-carted and the hounds laid on1 or you can omit the first ceremony and come on the scene with the hounds1 which in well regulated establishments will not have been allowed to catch a view of the cart1 or you can adopt another course1 and wait till the stag has completed his first circle1 which he is almost sure to run before leaving4 ,if you incline to the last1 and there is much to be said in its favour1 you will look out for some point1 such as the crossing of a road by the stag1 and trotting quietly down to it1 you will wait for the hounds to come up4 ,by the time they reach you1 they will have got over the first flurry with which staghounds always make for the line1 and will come chiming down as prettily as a pack of harriers4 ,i think the best plan is to come into the field with the hounds1 if possible1 pick your own place at the first fence--of course riding wide of the hounds--and do your level best to get a good start4 ,if staghounds really run1 a good start is every bit as important with them as in the ,shires1 and that is one reason ,i think they are such good training for judgment1 decision and nerve4 ,she who hesitates is sure to be lost sooner or later1 and when you have been out of a good thing two or three times1 because you did not push along at first1 it does make you keen4--,c4,f4,c4,c4 ,then you should ride to the hounds and watch them working4 ,you will observe that they string more than foxhounds--though they are foxhounds in everything but the use to which they are put--but such packs as ,lord ,rothschild's or the ,queen's1 will drive forward on a hot scent and work out a cold one1 in a way that will delight any lover of hound work4 ,now you may1 nay you must1 ride somewhat closer to the pack than would be quite orthodox with foxhounds1 and if there should be anything like a scent you will find that in spite of being a light weight1 it may be1 and riding one of the best1 it will take you all your time to live with them4 ,nor will you be in any danger of overriding hounds4 ,with a good deer you will find you need all your judgment1 horsemanship1 coolness and pluck to live to the end4 ,after you have been going some twenty or twenty-five minutes1 perhaps1 hounds will run up to their deer4 ,but the sport will not be over4 ,if possible at this point you should notice whether the deer has his mouth open or shut1 for this will tell you whether you may still look for a long gallop or not4 ,a deer1 be it remembered1 closes his mouth when he is beaten1 but as long as he has it open1 you may be sure he has not the smallest intention of being captured4 ,you will find that with the consideration for the feelings of the quarry which marks all the proceedings1 hounds will not be allowed to go on till ample time has been given for the deer to get a good start4 ,he may not unlikely be encouraged by the friendly crack of a hunting crop by one of the field1 but otherwise his ,lordship will be left to himself1 and the hounds meanwhile will stand with their sterns waving in eager impatience to be off1 and their eyes fixed on the face of the huntsman4 ,it was a grand sight to see poor ,mark ,howcutt at such a moment1 in the vale of ,aylesbury4 ,the loose thong of his whip1 as he sat motionless in front of hounds was enough to keep them in check1 and when he quietly gathered the thong up1 they knew the moment had come1 and casting themselves on the line1 they would break into a chorus of rejoicing1 and race eagerly away4 ,it is not till you see the stag soil1 that you may begin to take things easily1 for this is generally a sign of the beginning of the end4 ,it is1 however 7and here ,i recall the words of ,whyte ,melville71 an act of courtesy to those who supply our sport1 to stay and see the deer taken before we leave4 ,if you are up at the end of a good gallop over the ,vale1 you may be pretty sure you will be able to hold your own wherever fortune may lead you1 even if the ,quorn hounds should be running their best from the ,ashby ,pastures1 over the ,twyford ,vale to ,burrough ,hill1 or the ,cottesmore lady-pack be racing in front of you from ,ranksboro' ,gorse to ,woodwell ,head4 ,as stag-hunting begins later in the day than the pursuit of the fox1 so does it leave off earlier1 and the sportswoman who shares in it will generally find herself at home in time to get into a comfortable tea-gown1 and give what our neighbours call five o'clock to her friends4 ,there will then be the chance of a rest before dinner1 and to those who are not over-strong1 or who have heavy social duties before them1 ,i would recommend the plan of a well-known rider to hounds in ,leicestershire1 who goes quietly to bed and gets perhaps a couple of hours sleep before her maid rouses her to dress for dinner4 ,as many women undoubtedly suffer from the strain entailed by the great demands on their strength during the hunting season1 the plan may help them to keep both good looks and health1 and will thus give them a keener enjoyment in their favourite sport4 ,and now a word as to equipment1 though this will be brief indeed1 as what applies to the follower of the fox applies in almost every particular to her who rides after the stag4 ,i would only suggest in the latter case that the habit worn should be plain1 and that the distinctive collar of any ,foxhunt of which you may be a member1 is not quite in place when you are following another form of sport4 ,as to the vexed question of the tall and the round hat1 in the hunting-field1 some will declare in favour of comfort as represented by the latter1 while others will prefer the undeniable smartness of the ugliest product of modern civilization4 ,my advice to everyone is to take a change in a ,gladstone1 and leave it either at the ,inn where the meet is1 or better still with the clothing and horse-box1 for it is a serious matter to get ducked in a brook and then perhaps have a long train journey home1 without the possibility of dry clothes4 ,i say this feelingly1 as this year after the ,stag in ,kent1 ,i fell at a brook about #b4ae--my watch stopped1 so ,i know the hour--and after finishing the run1 ,i had to ride seven miles to ,paddock ,wood1 before training home4 ,of course ,i ought to have died of pneumonia after this1 but happily was none the worse4--,c4,f4,c4,c4 ,the above note reminds me that if at any time you should get a wetting1 such as that described above1 and have no welcome change at hand1 you will in nine cases out of ten experience no harm1 if in train or cart you cover your wet clothing with coat or rug1 or even horse-cloth should nothing else be available4 ,some may think even a probable chill preferable to the last suggestion1 but verbum sap4 ,the canteen for a day with staghounds will not require much thought1 for between the late breakfast and early tea1 which generally are possible1 the demands of appetite will not be great4 ,however1 as there will be no second horseman to rely on1 the sportswoman will do well to carry with her a few biscuits and a little cold essence of beef1 or a slice of plum pudding1 and some port wine should she prefer it4 7,a medical friend says there is nothing like ,kola ,wine47 ,but now1 last1 though of more importance than all that has gone before1 we come to the question of the hunter4 ,to leave out of count for the moment1 the points we should insist on for all women's hunters1 the first great requisite for a horse that is to follow staghounds1 is speed4 ,for remember that the fastest possible form of the chase1 is when a pack of large-sized foxhounds1 is in pursuit of a red deer hind1 over a grass country4 ,a well-bred horse is essential1 and other things being equal1 if clean thoroughbred1 so much the better4 ,from my eleven years' experience of ,stag-hunting1 ,i have come to the conclusion that the most essential thing is that a hunter should be well-seasoned4 ,if you ride a young horse with the stag1 which would go perfectly well with foxhounds1 he will go off his feed and fall all to pieces1 even if you are lucky enough not to strain or over-reach him4 ,a horse ought in my opinion to be quite seven years old1 to take his turn regularly once a week stagging4 ,i quite agree with what you say about breeding1 but for a woman the ideal horse for staghounds must not only be temperate1 but in every way good-mannered4 ,i suppose it is the rush at starting1 which of course suggests racing1 that excites them1 but ,i know by experience that a horse which is a comfortable mount for a woman with ,foxhounds or ,harriers1 may prove quite unmanageable if taken with ,staghounds4 ,a hot horse1 too1 even if you can ride it1 takes so much out of itself1 that it cannot stand the long days1 and is sure to knock up4 ,with the packs ,i know in ,surrey and ,kent1 a good timber jumper is essential1 and in ,kent you also want a water jumper--a rare combination4--,c4,f4,c4,c4 ,a good fencer will be the best to carry you in the ,vale of ,aylesbury or the ,ashford ,vale2 while if you go out with the ,queen's1 you will need a stouter animal for their ,beaconsfield country1 and indeed for most of the country of the ,royal ,hunt4 ,with the ,wards in ,ireland1 you will need the very best class of horse you will ride with the ,meath1 and in all countries where the chase of the carted deer is pursued1 you will1 in my opinion1 find size and scope important1 as a large horse will be going well within himself while a smaller one is at a stretch4 ,as however to every rule there is an exception1 so an undoubted authority tells me1 that an ,arab pony standing only #adb1 was well to the front in a good run after stag one day this season 7#ahig-h71 and pounded some gallant ,dragoons over a six-barred gate4 ,although the fences in most stag-hunting countries are generally of a manageable size1 yet as you have to gallop at them1 you should have a bold free horse under you4 ,one too which has his wits about him is perhaps1 if that be possible1 even more valuable after stag than after fox or hare1 the pace necessitating the promptest decision and the greatest possible judgment in making the best of the unexpected1 which is sure to happen1 even when you think you know every inch of the country4 ,stag-hunting then1 we have seen1 has its advantages1 and ,i am not sure that if your lot is cast in a provincial country where the interest of watching hounds track their fox over flinty hills1 from the depths of one thick covert to the recesses of another1 is seldom varied by a gallop1 you will not do well to take your place1 at least occasionally1 with the followers of the local staghounds4 ,of course1 ,i am taking for granted that you are1 more or less1 interested in the working of hounds2 but if you should be one of the hard-riding brigade1 who frankly acknowledge they hunt to ride1 then ,i should say that your best place will always be with staghounds1 for with them you may reckon on the gallop which with other hounds is1 and always must be1 a matter of doubt4 ,in most parts of the country you will find some staghounds within reach1 at least of the iron covert hack1 and in ,ireland the ,wards and the ,rosscommon are unrivalled for speed and incident in any land4 ,it is only1 though1 the youngest1 and pluckiest1 and best mounted of us who can hope to live over the stiff ,irish banks at the pace at which the latter hounds go4 ,a saddening thought1 but true1 as many a good woman has found to her cost4 ,illustration3 ,,in ,,the ,,air4 ,,no4 #b4 ,if your hunting lot should be cast within distance of a stag-hound kennel1 ,i would strongly advise you to learn something about the hounds4 ,your pleasure in the chase will be greater if you can distinguish between the notes of a trusted hound and those of a youngster which has not proved his right to your confidence4 ,my own reception by kindly ,fred ,cox1 when ,i made my first visit to ,lord ,rothschild's celebrated kennels1 ,i have always felt to be a reproach to my fellow-sportswomen on this point4 ,it was during a frost in the early days of #ahie1 that ,i determined to ask ,cox to show me his beauties on the flags4 ,a telegram brought back a satisfactory reply1 and ,i duly presented myself at ,cox's door4 ,mrs4 ,cox1 however1 was doubtful about admitting me1 and told me her husband was engaged to show the hounds to a visitor at twelve o'clock4 ,but ,i made an appointment for that hour1 was my remark1 and the astonishment with which the old lady regarded me ,i shall never forget4 ,with uplifted hands she exclaimed1 ,well1 to be sure ma'am1 we thought you was a man6 and it was some little time1 ,i could see1 before the old huntsman himself decided that though ,i had the misfortune to be a woman1 ,i was not altogether ignorant of what a good hound should be4 ,it will be a good thing when more women who ride to hounds know sufficient of hound work to be able to take an intelligent interest in the performance of the pack in the field1 for those who can only enjoy a mad gallop know but little of the inner joys of the hunting field4 ,frances ,e4 ,slaughter4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,lady ,,theodora ,,guest ,,on ,,pembroke4 7,with the ,blackmore ,vale ,hounds47 ,,hunters4 ,the great question in buying horses to carry us with hounds is1 of course1 expense4 ,if our purses are deep and well-lined1 then we can ensure being well carried1 provided of course we know sufficiently what we want to be able to choose aright4 ,but even with two or three hundred guinea hunters1 we may1 according to good authority1 only hope for the superlatively good one1 once in a lifetime4 ,yet if only once this joy is to be ours it is worth trying for1 the nearer perfection is our horse the greater will our pleasure and comfort be in the hunting field4 ,in saying this ,i am speaking of the great majority of women1 those1 who while being good riders and fair judges of what a horse should be1 are yet not among the exceptional few who can make any horse go and most go well1 and who can1 therefore1 lay claim to the title of consummate horsewoman4 ,that the latter is rare1 even in these days of hard riding1 few will be found to deny1 though perhaps many of us have a belief deep down in our minds1 to which we would not give utterance for worlds1 that we ourselves are above the average in our skill with1 and knowledge of1 horseflesh4 ,so those who feel they have nothing to learn will not be likely to trouble themselves with these few words on the choice of hunters1 and to the exceptional few there is certainly nothing to be said that they do not know far better than one of their less-blessed sisters can tell them4 ,but with these reservations there may still be a goodly proportion of riders to hounds1 who will like to consider the subject of what a hunter should and should not be4 ,with a devout wish then that we could each truly say we find our pleasure in any horse1 because even if he is a bad one1 the excitement and interest of checking his faults and getting the best out of him1 will make up for our loss of pride of place1 let us think for a moment of the points essential for the average woman's hunter to possess4 ,these are1 a well-laid shoulder1 good carriage of the head and neck1 and good manners4 ,many other qualities there are which are more or less desirable1 but the above are absolutely indispensable to a woman's safety1 as well as pleasure in the hunting field1 and1 from choice1 no woman should buy a horse that does not possess them4 ,a good shoulder1 as we all know1 means so much to the comfort of every rider1 whether man or woman1 that too much stress cannot be laid on it4 ,but if desirable for all1 to a woman it is the one point1 for which1 if she have to choose1 she will give up all else4 ,without a shoulder which gives the play necessary for him to recover himself1 a horse with the dead weight of a woman on his back1 has no chance in the case of a slip-up1 or peck1 or any of the thousand-and-one trifles that will scarcely receive passing notice1 if he does put himself right and go on4 ,strange as it may seem1 some women who go fairly hard in the wake of hounds1 do not realise how all-important a matter this is4 ,they do not1 in fact1 seem to understand the enormous difference between the dead pressure of our weight on a horse--light in comparison though this be in reality--as we sit with our support entirely on one side1 to that of the man1 who though in nine cases out of ten heavier than we are1 yet by the even distribution of pressure and the springiness afforded by the double support of the grip of his legs on both sides of the animal1 may be described as living weight4 ,the advantage given by a man's seat is1 ,i believe1 incalculable1 as those of us who have done long distance rides in uncivilised parts of the world1 can say from practical experience1 yet ,i would not--even if it were of the smallest use1 in the face of popular opinion--advise women to start a crusade against the existing state of things4 ,we have crusades enough in these days1 without taking up the war of the saddle1 a victory in which might turn out to be a disastrous failure from other points of view4 ,that the head should be well put on1 is again of special importance to a woman1 because beside the fact that she has less physical power than a man as a rule1 from the nature of her seat she has less control over her horse1 one therefore that carries his head badly1 may prove beyond her power altogether to control1 and will certainly be unpleasant and fatiguing to ride4 ,from the full clear eye which will look at you with such winning intelligence1 you may and indeed must1 if the horse is a stranger to you1 make up your mind as to his character4 ,and this is a test that will never fail4 ,i would1 therefore1 counsel an intending buyer to turn resolutely from any horse that does not satisfy her in this respect1 however good his points may otherwise be4 ,this brings me to the subject of manners1 and full as much may be said on this important topic when we discuss the equine species1 as when our talk concerns the human race1 for is it not true1 and equally true1 that manners maketh both horse and rider what they are4 ,but to confine ourselves to the former for the present1 and to see first what he should not be4 ,a horse that is to give you pleasure in the hunting field should not pull1 and above all things must not rear1 for nothing is so likely to lead to a ghastly accident as this4 ,he must not be a refuser1 as here a woman's physical lack of power will be against her4 ,if he fidgets1 you will find a long day on his back most fatiguing1 and should he be a kicker your enjoyment will be marred4 ,if1 indeed1 you ride an animal with this fault1 and one which at the same time has any turn of speed1 you should try to get to the front and stay there1 for so you will have more space and freedom than can otherwise be the case4 ,wherever you are1 remember you cannot be too careful to keep the active heels out of reach of the hounds1 and of your companions in the field4 ,it is most desirable that a hunter should be quiet at gates1 and here1 perhaps1 ,i may be allowed to remark that all women who ride to hounds should be able to open a gate quietly and quickly1 so if you are not proficient in this1 ,i should advise a little practice by yourself4 ,in a flying country your horse should be more than ordinarily bold1 and as clever as you can get him for a creeping country1 for never forget that you cannot drive or squeeze him as a man can4 ,if you are a thorough good horsewoman you may of course use spurs1 and thus force him where he would not1 but to raise the whip as you near a fence is to teach your horse to swerve1 for he very soon learns to expect and shrink from the blow4 ,beside all these negative and positive qualities1 the perfect hunter must be a perfect hack if possible1 and when you have these combined you may congratulate yourself on having the horse of a lifetime4 ,illustration3 ,,la ,,cigale4 7,property of ,mrs4 ,gordon ,canning47 ,a horse with the manners ,i have described will not be young1 and ,i should say1 though each rider will have her own opinion about this1 that a horse is best for a good woman with hounds1 when he is seven off1 or even over4 ,in height he may be about #af to #af4a1 and when buying1 remember that there is a certain class of horse which looks much smaller than it really is4 ,this is the animal with a large body on short legs1 which has the large bone1 the good barrel1 and the large knees and feet of one that stands much higher4 ,whether you have one of these1 or an upstanding creature which looks all1 and perhaps1 more than he is1 let him be as near thoroughbred as you can afford to buy him4 ,i think1 myself1 as ,i have said1 that old horses are on the whole safer to ride than young ones1 though of course if anything does go wrong with them1 they have not the power of recovery that a younger one has4 ,a saying of that good judge ,whyte ,melville is worth remembering4 ,he was speaking of the horses that would be at the end of a long run1 and said1 it will always be found that one or more of these is a thoroughbred1 an old horse1 and under #ae4b1 and is ridden by a lightweight1 he might have added4 ,at any rate our lightweight is one point in our favour1 and another is our light-hands4 ,i am firmly of opinion that in the matter of hands we distinctly score in comparison with our husbands and brothers1 who in so many ways have the best of it in the saddle4 ,for every man who possesses the coveted hands1 you will find half-a-dozen women who have them4 ,we are too1 quicker as a rule1 to grasp a situation1 or to anticipate an impending fall1 and indeed1 if we were not1 we should rarely have time to free ourselves and get clear of our horse1 for unless we are ready when the time comes we have no chance of escape1 as those have who can save themselves on either side1 when they feel their horses going4 ,illustration3 ,,silver ,,doctor 7,by ,death or ,glory47 ,the property of ,mrs4 ,t4 ,e4 ,harrison4 #ast ,prize1 ,dublin ,horse ,show1 #ahig1 and winner of #ae first prizes in ,ireland4 ,it is difficult to say what price you would have to give for animals such as these1 but any coming with a good character from a known stable1 would probably cost from #aej to #cjj1 and if you can afford it the money would be well spent4 ,with two good all-round horses1 such as ,i have attempted to describe1 a woman would see more sport than with three or four inferior ones to carry her4 ,they will come out sooner than less well-bred ones1 and by good management and having both out with hounds1 their owner should be able to get two days a week with them4 ,wherever possible ,i should always advise women to have out two horses1 for this plan not only economises horse flesh1 but is an immense saving of fatigue to them1 as nothing is more tiring than to ride a weary horse4 ,an intelligent groom should know how to pick up hounds in the middle of the day1 if they should be anywhere near home1 and though in the case of a great run this would be out of the question1 then the enjoyment of the long gallop will have to make up to them for the days when the horse will not be able to come out4 ,but inasmuch as many of us know by mournful experience that we cannot afford to buy the best in the way of horse flesh1 let us consider what we can forego without risk to life or limb4 #a4 ,we may dispense with size1 because if a light weight1 we can ride horses that would not carry the average man4 ,this at once lessens the price1 as the demand is of course much smaller1 and for #fj or #hj1 or even less1 you might meet with a serviceable and pleasant mount4 ,of course to the few women who weigh as much or more than a man this cannot apply1 and indeed1 for such ,i may say frankly that ,i know of no way in which they can mount themselves with safety1 except by buying the best horses that money can procure4 #b4 ,the second way in which1 if we must cut down our prices1 we can do so fairly safely1 is in having less of strength behind the saddle4 ,not that ,i would advise a horse with weak quarters under any circumstances1 but while the qualifications in front of the saddle of which ,i have spoken are indispensable1 ,i believe1 if we do not ride over eleven stone1 we may make some sacrifice in the matter of power behind the saddle4 ,those horses which are too light behind to carry heavy weights with safety are often very pleasant to ride1 and we may meet with them at a very reasonable price4 #c4 ,again1 if we wish to keep within a moderate figure in the purchase of our hunters1 we need not reject those that are undeniably slack in the couplings and have short back ribs1 and consequently give the impression of being very long in the back1 always of course supposing that they are suitable in other respects4 ,such horses are often pleasant enough to ride1 and as they could in no case be suitable for a heavy weight1 they should never be high priced4 ,the great drawback to having such1 of course1 is that they will not come out so often1 or stand so long a day as a truer shaped horse will4 ,illustration3 ,,skyscraper4 7,grandson of ,hermit ,in ,alarm4 ,property of ,lady ,gerard47 ,a counsel of perfection is to have a saddle for every horse in your stable4 ,this is so important that though it involves a considerable outlay with every change in your horses1 it will be found a real economy in the end4 ,when your saddles are overhauled1 as they should be at the beginning of the hunting season1 every horse should have a saddle fitted to it1 and thus1 and thus only1 will you--provided of course your stable management is what it should be--escape the sore backs which will entail loss of sport in a way that is peculiarly aggravating1 when you know it might have been avoided4 ,as important and yet within the reach of everyone is for every horse to have its own bridle4 ,never allow any departure from this rule1 and see yourself that the head piece of each horse fits easily and that the throat lash is loose1 also 7and this is a point on which few grooms are to be trusted7 that the bit has been properly fitted to rest on the right part of the mouth4 ,this is of no slight importance1 for a badly fitting bridle will spoil the manners of the very best of horses4 ,i should advise a woman always to ride with a double bridle1 for with a snaffle her strength1 as a rule1 will not be sufficient to hold the horse together when he is tired4 ,with light-mouthed horses1 either a leather curb or a curb chain sewn in leather will be found the best4 ,a good hint given by an experienced horseman is to drop the snaffle and ride lightly on the curb when going home after a long day1 as this by relieving the horse will be less tiring to his rider4 ,another thing to remember is1 that while in the morning when hacking to the meet you will naturally choose the soft sidings of the roads1 on returning at night you should keep your horse on the crown of the road1 as this will be easier going for him and he will be less liable to stumble4 ,as samples of high-class hunters that have been ridden well up to hounds in different countries1 ,i would point to the horses reproduced in these pages1 and the choice between the speedy thoroughbred and the clever ,irish or provincial horse1 must be dictated by the form of the chase and the country over which he is to carry you1 and by the depth of purse to be reckoned with in the purchase4 ,frances ,e4 ,slaughter4 ,illustration3 ,elliott and ,fry4 #ee1 ,baker ,street4 ,,mrs4 ,,wrangham ,,on ,,the ,,dude4 ,illustration3 ,elliott and ,fry4 #ee1 ,baker ,street4 ,,mr4 ,,and ,,mrs4 ,,wardell4 7,with the ,hawkstone-,otter ,hounds47 ,,otter-,,hunting4 ,possibly no form of sport has grown into favour more than ,otter-hunting of late years4 ,fresh hunts are continually springing into existence1 and there are now in the ,united ,kingdom some eighteen recognised packs of ,otterhounds4 ,in speaking of a pack of ,otterhounds one does not necessarily imply that the pack are ,otterhounds by breed1 as ,foxhounds1 both ,welsh and ,english1 are frequently pressed into the service of ,hunting the ,otter1 most1 if not all packs of ,otterhounds having some ,foxhounds among them4 ,besides these1 many half-bred hounds are used1 that is a cross between ,otterhound and ,foxhound4 ,in fact for all round work the latter are often preferred1 as the cross-bred hounds possess the stamina1 constitution1 high courage and dash of the ,foxhound1 together with the deep1 musical note1 heavy coat1 and grand appearance of the ,otterhound4 ,some packs of ,otterhounds indeed are composed entirely of ,foxhounds entered to otters1 and so keen do hounds get on the scent of the ,otter1 that ,foxhounds will become perfectly steady from hunting a fox1 though they may have run two or three seasons with a pack of foxhounds1 as soon as they have become accustomed to hunting their new quarry1 and are fairly entered to the ,otter4 ,the true ,otterhound is a large upstanding hound with hard shaggy coat1 long ears with the roll in them similar to that of the ,bloodhound4 ,in colour1 more of them are whole-coloured than ,foxhounds1 the commonest colour being black with tan points1 though they are also sometimes red1 and black and white4 ,the ,otterhound has a beautiful1 deep melodious note1 which he uses freely when hunting1 in fact one of his faults is that he is apt to throw his tongue sometimes too freely and to be noisy4 ,for real sport1 as a general rule1 a mixed pack is to be preferred i4e41 one composed of ,otterhounds1 half-bred ,hounds1 and ,foxhounds4 ,they must be in the best condition1 have good sound1 hard feet to stand a long tramp along the road to the meet1 perhaps several hours swimming in very cold water1 and then the long walk--sometimes fifteen or twenty miles--back to their kennels at night4 ,the management of the ,hounds in kennel is exactly like that of ,foxhounds4 ,they should be regularly fed and exercised in exactly the same manner as ,foxhounds1 the only difference being that they can be kept bigger in condition1 as ,otterhounds do not have to go fast1 but have often long1 slow1 tiring hunts1 and have to stand long exposure to cold water4 ,in addition to the hounds themselves1 good terriers are indispensable4 ,these must be of good constitution1 with good feet and legs to stand the long journeys on the road1 and as hard as nails in every respect4 ,otter-hunting is a sport that is followed on foot and is therefore one that any woman1 rich or poor1 possessed of a good pair of legs and a thick pair of boots1 can join in whenever the meet is within reach4 ,most packs have given up hunting at break of day1 and meet at the more reasonable hour of nine or ten4 ,having arrived at the meet1 and after a few minutes' law has been given for late comers1 the hounds will be put on to the river1 and the business of the day will begin4 ,the ,huntsman will always1 if he knows his business1 have some hounds on each side of the river1 so that not a holt or inch of the water may be missed4 ,illustration3 ,,group ,,of ,,otter ,,hounds4 ,we will suppose that the river is being drawn up stream1 for most huntsmen1 for various reasons too lengthy to go into here1 prefer to draw up stream4 ,perhaps several miles are traversed and no sign of an otter4 ,suddenly one of the old hounds is seen to hang and lash his stern at a bend of the river1 the rest of the pack eagerly rush to him1 and soon are busy trying every stick and stone and tuft of grass an otter may have touched during his nightly wanderings1 and though they cannot quite speak to it1 there are unmistakeable signs that an otter has been on the river4 ,the whole pack know it too1 and become doubly keen and swim backwards and forwards across the river eagerly examining with their trusty noses1 every stone1 island1 or bit of shingle where an otter may have touched4 ,every now and again they come to some spit or bend in the river where he has touched1 and then they can just feather to it1 and one old hound actually speaks1 but it is only a stale line and the rest of the pack can but just own it4 ,a mile higher up we come to a spot where a small brook joins the river we are drawing1 and in a moment a change comes over the scene4 ,across a bend at the mouth of the brook every hound dashes forward on a hot drag1 a cheer from the ,master--who is his own huntsman--a touch on his horn1 and away the whole pack of eighteen couples dart up the rocky dingle1 and with a musical chorus make the wooded valley ring again4 ,here is a burning scent1 and the ground being rough they get clean away from the most of the field for nearly two miles1 but at length they check on an old weiring made of wattle work and covered with big stones4 ,one by one the old hounds leave this1 and with a satisfied shake plainly say they know their otter is not there4 ,no doubt a place where he has been lying the day before1 but now he has moved on to fresh quarters4 ,the master makes a dash up stream to make quite sure his otter is not above him1 then a return is made to the main river1 by the nearest route4 ,and now as we are quite sure the otter is not below us we have every hope of a find4 ,we soon strike the drag again1 but here there is more water1 and consequently it is only across certain bends or spots where the otter has landed1 that hounds can speak to his line4 ,illustration3 ,,otter ,,hound ,,and ,,terrier ,for nearly three miles they pick out his line up stream1 trying every hole and corner and tree stump where an otter might possibly lie1 till at length we come to a long deep pool half-a-mile in length1 and shaded by many overhanging trees4 ,at the head of this is an old ash tree1 with roots spreading down to the water's edge4 ,hounds seem to wind it before they get within twenty yards of the spot1 and with a dash and cry they rush at it1 and begin baying and tearing the roots with tooth and claw4 ,excitement is now at its height4 ,look out below6 shouts the master1 and the first and second whippers-in make their best pace to the fords above and below1 accompanied by willing members of the hunt1 all anxious to help in the day's sport1 whilst others put themselves in likely spots to get a view if the otter should but show his nose above water1 or betray his whereabouts by the long line of bubbles called his chains4 ,the hounds dart a little way down stream to make sure that our quarry has not slipped away from the belt1 but they can make nothing of it and seem loath to leave the old ash tree1 most of the old hounds persisting in returning to it4 ,at last1 after some difficulty1 an entrance is made for one of the terriers1 and after a short scuffle inside1 a line of silvery bubbles darts out from the belt4 ,another minute and a ringing ,tally-ho comes from down stream1 and away swim the hounds1 every one in the pack speaking to him4 ,now the hunt begins in real earnest4 ,for two long hours they hunt him in this pool1 marking him first in one place1 now in another1 then they swim him from one end to the other1 and once he narrowly escapes meeting his doom on the bank4 ,suddenly he disappears1 and nothing can be made of him for some twenty minutes1 till at last one of the old hounds hits him off below the lower ford4 ,he has slipped by1 unseen in the muddy water and after going about a hundred yards or so down stream1 has taken to the land1 through a thick covert overhanging the river on the steep hillside4 ,every hound is now throwing his tongue wildly on the line and making the woodland fairly rattle again with their music1 they are close behind him1 after a couple of rings round the big wood1 and it seems as if he would never reach the river1 but the briars are very thick and the hounds have difficulty in getting through1 and he just manages to reach the water as one hound makes a grab at him4 ,hounds1 otter and one of the field all come tumbling down into the water together4 ,we are now in a deep pool half-a-mile lower down the river1 but there is little or no cover here and he gets no rest4 ,there is a capital scent on the water too1 and hounds never give him a moment's peace4 ,he is constantly viewed and is getting dead beat4 ,at last he makes an attempt to get over the lower ford4 ,but the hounds are too close to him1 and with a dash they are on him4 ,woo-whoop1 and another dog-otter is added to the tale of the slain after a capital hunt of three-hours-and-a-half4 ,with considerable difficulty he is taken from the hounds1 his head1 tail1 and pads are distributed to the field and the hounds receive their well-earned blood4 ,to those women who can enjoy healthy exercise1 good sport1 and can appreciate beautiful hound-work amidst lovely surroundings1 and at a time of year when they can get no other kind of hunting1 my advice is come otter hunting4 ,having once come out1 you will assuredly want to come again4 ,the season for otter hunting commences as soon as the water is warm enough1 that is in ,march or ,april1 and goes on till about the end of ,september4 ,of course ,may1 ,june1 ,july and ,august are the best months1 as to hunt big rivers they must be low and the weather warm1 to enable hounds and men to stand many hours of water work4 ,illustration3 ,,end ,,of ,,the ,,season4 7,looking back47 ,the late ,lord ,hill hunted an otter for ten hours and eventually killed it4 ,hunts of five to seven hours are of frequent occurrence1 and often end in the otter being left master of the situation4 ,one word of advice to those ladies who may be going out for the first time4 ,do not in your eagerness crowd on the hounds or get in front of them when drawing4 ,do not walk down the river the hounds are going to draw1 to find them1 instead of coming to the meet4 ,do not1 when an otter is found1 rush wildly about1 up and down the bank in front of hounds swimming their otter1 in hope of seeing him4 ,if you do1 you will be doing harm and spoiling the sport of others as well as your own4 ,remember that thick boots and a short skirt are necessaries1 if you wish to enjoy your day with otter hounds4 ,l4 ,wardell4 ,illustration3 ,alice ,hughes4 #eb1 ,gower ,street4 ,,susan1 ,,countess ,,of ,,malmesbury4 ,,salmon ,,fishing1 ,,with ,,notes ,,on ,,trout ,,and ,,coarse ,,fishing4 ,autrefois1 ,carpillon fretin ,eut beau prcher1 il eut beau dire1 ,on le mit dans la pole frire4 ,in olden days the little fish ,in spite of all they could say or wish ,were fried in a pan and served on a dish6 ,la ,fontaine's lines1 to which ,i have appended a somewhat free translation1 could certainly not be applied to the modern representative of the species1 whose extensive educational privileges on the subject of bait and flies have formed his mind1 brought his acquirements thoroughly up to date1 and elevated him from an innocent unresisting victim into an adversary whose cunning not unfrequently out-matches our own1 but of whom the true fisherman should scorn to take an unfair advantage4 ,this being a sport in which delicacy of hand is more necessary than mere brute strength1 it is especially adapted to women who love fresh air and beautiful scenery1 and who are willing to bide the good time at which the fish feel disposed to rise4 ,i should perhaps say here that my remarks are intended to apply to salmon and trout fishing in rivers and lakes1 taking incidentally such coarse fish1 pike1 perch1 etc41 as are to be found by the way4 ,of all fish the salmon stands pre-eminent for his sporting qualities1 and next to him in order come trout of all kinds4 ,salmon are a curious and interesting race1 whose habits have been an object of study to the naturalist for many years past4 ,they are born in the shallow reaches of rivers1 the eggs taking from eighty to over a hundred days to hatch1 the exact length of incubation being determined by the temperature of the water1 and they sometimes remain in or near their original quarters till they are from one to three years old1 when they migrate to the sea4 ,by far the greater number1 however1 descend to the sea within twelve to fifteen months after they are hatched out from the ova4 ,up to this crisis in their history they are called parr1 and seldom exceed some three ounces in weight4 ,as the period of migration approaches--usually in the spring1 though autumn migrations also occur--the samlets increase in size2 silvery scales replace their barred markings1 and they are known as smolts4 ,both parr and smolts feed greedily in the rivers1 but it is a curious fact that subsequent to their first visit to the sea none of the salmon tribe appear to feed in fresh water1 the stomach almost invariably being empty when examined4 ,they remain in the sea for an uncertain period which may vary from three or four months to as much as two years1 and during this time must certainly feed with voracity1 as they increase many pounds in weight4 ,on their first return to fresh water as grilse they weigh from two to eight pounds4 ,i have myself seen1 in the ,killery ,bay1 a shoal of salmon making for the mouth of the ,erriff river4 ,they were apparently led by a large fish1 which from time to time sprang out of the water1 ,i suppose to reconnoitre the neighbourhood4 ,the fisherman used to look out for this leading fish1 and run a net round the shoal4 ,salmon certainly do not live in company in the rivers1 whatever they may do in the sea4 ,they start on the journey up stream in shoals1 but soon separate to take up their quarters in the different pools through which they pass4 ,they are now promoted to the name of grilse1 and attain the rank of salmon on their second and all subsequent migrations4 ,their arrival in fresh water is partly determined by conditions of weather and water2 also by the special circumstances of the river to which they belong1 i4e41 whether it be early or late4 ,the fish come up in prime condition1 for the purpose of spawning1 and return eventually emaciated and most unattractive-looking1 after this has been accomplished4 ,in the first state they are called clean or fresh-run fish1 and are a bright silvery colour2 in the second they are termed kelts1 become reddish or dark in colour1 and from being thick and cobby in shape appear long and eel-like1 the males having developed strange crooked snouts which vanish in quite a miraculous way when they return to the sea4 ,there is no sign of this odd proboscis when they first enter the river1 so that it comes and goes1 leaving no token of its presence behind4#d ,salmon are now unfit for the table1 and must be returned to the water uninjured1 when they are caught4 ,i might here say1 as ,i am regarding the salmon from a culinary point of view1 that it greatly enhances the flavour and firmness of a clean fish1 if he is crimped at once on being landed4 ,he should first be killed by a blow on the head1 and then cut into slices about an inch thick2 taking out the joints of the backbone and running a stout piece of cord through the hole thus made4 ,these slices may then be put into the river where the current is not too strong1 the string being secured to the bank by a stout peg1 and they should remain in the water for several hours until the flesh rises1 as it is called1 to the crimp4 ,my appetite for crimped salmon received1 however1 on one occasion a severe shock4 ,i caught a beautiful fish weighing about eight or ten pounds1 in the ,hampshire ,stour4 ,the keeper proceeded first to kill him1 and then began the crimping process4 ,he advanced as far as the shoulder1 at which moment ,i told him to stop1 saying he might have the rest for himself4 ,thanking me1 he laid his portion on the ground and we went further down the river4 ,in half-an-hour we returned1 and a friend who was with me and who had studied medicine1 took up the head and shoulders of the fish and showed it me4 ,to my horror1 the heart1 which was plainly visible and untouched by the cut of the knife1 was still beating strongly4 ,my companion assured me it was merely muscular action1 but it was a ghastly sight1 and for a long time ,i could not face crimped salmon again4 ,the instinct of the fish urges them to run up the river as high as possible1 sometimes at a tremendous pace1 and to make violent efforts to leap all obstacles in their way4 ,when in this state of mind they very frequently turn into small tributary streams1 which1 being flooded1 allow them to pass up1 but where they are sometimes found almost high and dry and unable to return1 like a stranded whale of small proportions4 ,sea trout also belong to the migratory species1 and of them it may be said1 shortly1 that they are1 in appearance much like miniature salmon1 and have game and fighting qualities of very high order4 ,i may perhaps be allowed to say here that ,i have found mackerel1 caught in the sea with a light trolling rod and trout tackle1 give a great deal of sport4 ,they are particularly muscular little fish1 and the curl of their lithe tapering bodies1 and forked tails1 seems to give them a hold on the water which is out of all proportion to their actual size4 ,when caught1 after they have been killed1 the large vein in the throat or gills should be torn4 ,they bleed to quite an extraordinary extent1 but are much better eating and less oily when they have been treated thus4 ,bull-trout are something between the salmon and the sea-trout1 and are also migratory fish of much the same habits and characteristics4 ,they are very common in some rivers1 less so in others1 but ,i remember seeing one caught in ,dhulough1 ,county ,mayo4 ,there were also in this same place numbers of sea-trout which rose to the fly or came at a minnow1 but as far as we could learn there was no egress from the lake by which these fish could get into the sea4 ,they must1 however1 have had some means of descent4 ,the ,salmo ,ferox1 or ,great ,lake ,trout grows to an enormous size1 weighing as much as thirty pounds4 ,they give quite as good sport as a salmon1 and many of them were caught some years ago in ,loch ,arkaig4 ,the method of fishing was to troll for them in a boat1 either with a fly or with a small gudgeon or minnow1 but always with pretty fine tackle1 heavily shotted so as to sink to a considerable depth4 ,i hear that none have been taken in this way for a very long time in that water4 ,there only remains to be mentioned the ordinary brown trout of our streams and rivers1 so common and so delicious when in good condition1 but by far the most wary and difficult to catch of all his tribe4 ,illustration3 ,the ,cast for ,salmon4 ,one of the greatest initial mistakes made by the novice in salmon-fishing is to continue flogging the water for hours together1 without intermission1 and regardless of the state of the sky or water4 ,it is very difficult to give general directions as to the latter1 for circumstances vary in different rivers1 and experience only can enable the angler to judge when the right moment has come1 but in floods or in rising water no fish will1 as a rule1 pay the slightest attention to the fly4 ,as to the weather1 a fresh breeze which ripples the current of the river or the surface of the lake is always a point in the angler's favour1 and the sky should be overcast4 ,a bright sun is generally fatal to any chance of sport1 but there are of course exceptions to this rule4 ,the largest salmon ,i ever caught1 and which weighed thirty-two pounds1 rose to a fly just before sunset1 after a cloudless day1 during which he had remained at rest close under the bank1 holding a leve of numerous visitors who came to admire his fair proportions as he lay motionless and1 apparently1 without fear1 within a foot of the surface of the water4 ,i have seen fish rise as if they were mad1 in a gale1 with pelting rain and flashes of lightning4 ,in weather like this1 my father caught in one day some years ago1 thirteen salmon and one hundred-and-seventy sea trout to his own rod in the ,erriff4 ,it was a sort of convulsion of nature and the fish seemed to look upon it as an opportunity for a ,saturnalia4 ,in all rivers and lakes with which ,i am acquainted ,i have found that the ,salmon rise at certain fixed hours morning and evening1 and sometimes also in the middle of the day4 ,as salmon do not rise from hunger1 as far as we know1 it is difficult to understand why this should be4 ,i leave the explanation to others and merely state the fact as ,i have found it4 ,in that part of the ,hampshire ,stour with which ,i am best acquainted1 the hours for rising were five in the morning1 one p4m41 and sunset4 ,at one p4m4 the fish were so regular in their habits that the servants' dinner-bell1 which rang at that hour and was audible for some miles round1 came to be called the ,salmon bell4 ,in ,dhulough1 ,delphi1 and ,glendalough lakes1 in ,county ,mayo1 the fish were lotus-eaters1 and preferred the afternoon for intercourse with the human race4 ,in ,pool ,persyn1 on the ,usk1 near ,brecon1 they never rose1 as far as we could find out1 before twelve o'clock1 or between two and four1 when ,i presume they had their siesta4 ,no doubt a great deal depends on the time of year and the amount of daylight4 ,these peculiarities in a river can only be ascertained by experience1 or by consultation with someone who knows the water1 and should never be disregarded1 as for all we know to the contrary1 fish may get used to the sight of a fly which is constantly being dangled before their nose1 and end by paying no attention to it4 ,another very important matter is to make oneself acquainted with the haunts of the fish1 the spots where they lie and rest on their way up the river--,i do not say down as well1 because they must not then be caught at all1 owing to their condition4 ,in fine weather1 therefore1 when the sun is bright and the water low1 the wise fisherwoman will leave her rod at home and walk along the bank1 slowly and carefully examining the bed of the river and ascertaining1 as far as she can1 where the fish are lying and where the rocks and roots of trees1 or snags1 as they are called1 are situated4 ,this knowledge will assist her to cast her fly in the right and not in the wrong place1 and may avoid the loss of a fish which would otherwise either accidentally or of malice prepense entangle the line and snap it by means of a resistance which he cannot get from a lissom rod and a running line4 ,this is such a favourite trick with pike that it amounts to a recognised dodge1 and would almost seem to be the result of some form of reasoning1 however dim4 ,to flog the river for hours at a stretch1 without having first ascertained these simple facts1 at a wrong time of day1 or when1 for instance1 the water is rising1 is worse than useless1 for it disgusts the angler1 and renders her incapable1 from sheer fatigue1 of throwing a light fly when at last there is really a chance of a prize4 ,casting1 let us say1 from forty to sixty feet of line with a heavy rod is hard work for any woman2 indeed1 most men return from their first day's sport with a stiffness in the muscles of the back and shoulders which it takes a vast amount of ,elliman to alleviate4 ,it is most important for a woman1 in fishing for salmon1 to husband her strength1 otherwise1 if she hooks a heavy fish and is already tired out1 she may find it a difficult matter to play it safely1 and to land it eventually1 after perhaps following and keeping strain on him for some distance over unequal ground4 ,thick waterproof boots1 made high in the legs1 gaiters if required1 a short skirt1 a blouse or tennis flannel1 strong belt of leather or webbing and loose jacket1 with a small hat well fixed on head1 is the most suitable costume to go out fishing in4 ,i take for granted that most women will not care to wade1 a practice which is dangerous to health and sometimes to life itself1 even when waders are used1 as few women so hampered could regain their footing in a strong current once they had lost it1 or if they accidentally stepped into a hole4 ,quiet colours1 heather mixture and the like1 should be worn1 as fish1 and more especially trout1 have a quick eye for a bright patch4 ,white objects are to be avoided4 ,it is a well-known trick with poachers to send a large piece of white paper floating down stream4 ,not a fish will rise for hours afterwards4 ,it seems to affect them as flying a kite does partridges--they lie close and can be netted afterwards with ease4 ,salmon are distinctly less clever than trout1 and the same precautions against being seen are not so necessary1 although always advisable even in the case of the former1 which will also be attracted by a much coarser form of lure4 ,no doubt the reason is partly that we fish for salmon and its varieties--the sea and bull-trout--in deeper water of which the surface1 being broken by the current1 is roughened and intercepts their view of the upper world4 ,in trout streams this is not nearly so much the case1 as a rule1 and where the banks rise high above the water1 trout require the greatest care1 coaxing and delicacy in handling to induce them to exchange a comfortable home for the angler's creel4 ,when salmon are rising1 they will take almost anything1 and in thick or heavy water ,i have caught them myself with the identical spoon-bait which ,i used for mackerel in the sea4 ,it is difficult to fathom what is in the salmon's mind when he takes either a spoon or a boiled prawn1 objects which he can never have met with in the sea in his natural state1 but many fish will come at the fly merely to drown it by striking at it with their tail1 and are ingloriously foul-hooked in consequence4 ,when this happens they are far more difficult to kill1 and often lead their captor a pretty dance before being finally gaffed or netted1 the tail fin not being so sensitive as the mouth1 which the fish can therefore close1 thus swallowing no water when the strain begins to be severe4#e ,before starting for a day's fishing it is necessary thoroughly to examine the rod and tackle which are to be used4 ,i recommend from personal experience1 for a woman1 a light1 well-balanced rod about sixteen or seventeen feet in length4 ,greenheart is a very good wood1#f and mine1 which is made of this1 has lasted for years and is1 apparently1 none the worse4 ,all depends on the care which is taken of it during the time it is not being used4 ,i have always kept my rod in a moderately warm place1 where neither the damp could get at1 to warp and swell the wood1 nor too great dryness make it brittle1 and before beginning the season ,i varnish it carefully to preserve it from wet4 ,spare tops should be always kept ready in case of an emergency1 but the accomplished sportswoman will of course learn how to splice a broken joint1 as accidents do not always occur within reach of assistance4 ,each joint1 unless made with screw fastenings1 is provided with brass eyes2 a piece of waxed thread should be fixed to these so that1 being wound round an eye in each joint1 the whole rod can be securely put together4 ,having omitted this precaution on one occasion when ,i was fishing for pike1 ,i cast into the river1 with my bait1 the top joint of my trolling rod1 which floated in the water1 but did not1 strange to say1 prevent my hooking and landing a fish of seven or eight pounds4 ,examine the reel carefully2 take it to pieces1 oil it1 if necessary1 and work the handle to see that it runs smoothly without a hitch before winding on the line4 ,large heavy reels and coarse tackle are1 to my mind1 very inartistic and unsuitable for women1 as they naturally lessen the chance of hooking a fish1 although1 once hooked1 all the angler has to do is to hold on1 show the butt persistently1 keep the point of the rod well up and tire out the fish by main force4 ,illustration3 ,knot for ,gut ,loop4 ,this manner of proceeding has always seemed to me to be taking an unfair advantage of a salmon or trout4 ,with a pike1 of course1 the question is a different one1 as he cuts the line with his teeth1 if you give him the chance and nothing but gimp is of any service4 ,the rings through which the line runs should also be examined to see that they are secure and that the line itself1 which is best of hemp for salmon-fishing is free from kinks and not chafed anywhere1 also that it is wound evenly on the reel1 from which it must run lightly and easily4 ,a check in the running of the line1 when a large fish makes a sudden dash1 would almost certainly enable him to break away4 ,many people waterproof or varnish the line to keep it from rotting1 and its usual length is from sixty to seventy yards1 the gut cast at the end being generally about three more and stained 7according to the colour of the water in which it is to be used7 either with tea or coffee1 or else ink and water4 ,one very important point is to wet both line and cast thoroughly before using2 the former should be run through the rings in the rod1 and casts made on a lawn or other open space for practice and to remove kinks if any4 ,lines must be thoroughly dried after use4 ,illustration3 ,ordinary method of tying ,gut4 ,most women buy their tackle ready made1 or are accompanied by an expert fisherman1 but1 if breakage in the cast takes place and no help be at hand1 they should know how to make a single and double slip-knot1 and how to put on fresh flies in case of need4 ,it should always be remembered that the two ends of gut about to be joined should be thoroughly moistened before they are manipulated4 ,otherwise the knots will not bind and the gut will break4 ,illustration3 ,method of fastening ,dropper to ,cast4 ,it is better for a woman1 if not an expert1 to keep to one fly1 that at the end of the cast1 called the tail fly1 unless she is fishing for sea-trout in which case a smaller one1 called the dropper1 may be employed a little higher up the cast1 or it may be advisable to use two different kinds of salmon flies1 but they are apt to get entangled and give a great deal of trouble1 without any conspicuous advantage4 ,this is particularly the case where casting is interfered with by high rocks1 or trees and branches just behind the fisherman4 ,illustration3 ,dropper and ,cast4 ,the length of my own favourite salmon and trout rods are seventeen and eleven feet respectively1 but many people recommend a length of not over fourteen for the former1 as a woman's strength is so much less than a man's4 ,illustration3 ,dropper and ,cast4 ,my own experience is1 that in casting against a strong wind1 a stiffish rod of eighteen feet is quite within my powers1 so much depending on the balance of the whole apparatus1 the size of the reel and weight of the butt4 ,in quiet weather my ,castle ,connell1 a foot less in length and much more supple was very satisfactory4 ,marvellous tales are told of long casts1 but personally ,i have found sixty feet or thereabouts to be the length of my tether1 at least so far as a satisfactory performance is concerned4 ,this distance is usually quite enough for all practical purposes1 and it will be some time before the angler can be certain of dropping his fly lightly and surely on a given spot1 even at forty feet4 ,women should practise casting on lawns without a cast at the end of their lines1 as1 when the fly is on1 a novice has been known to hook swallows and even inquisitive puppy-dogs4 ,the ,spey cast should be studied as well as the ordinary method1 the former being most useful where there are high branches or rocks just behind the place where the angler must stand4 ,the ,spey cast consists in so switching the line that it shoots out direct to the required spot without ever passing behind the angler's head1 while in the more ordinary method1 the great secret is to send the line right out at the back1 and then with a dexterous turn of the wrist to bring it forward4 ,by raising the tip of the rod slightly just before the fly touches the water1 it will fall into its position in a light and natural manner4 ,casting requires great care and patience in practising1 and many a time the beginner may find her flies firmly embedded in her own back hair1 instead of speeding swiftly through the air to where the fish lies4 ,in casting a line either for salmon or trout it should be noted that fish always lie with their heads up-stream1 and that it is therefore necessary to stand some distance above where they are supposed to be1 and cast across the water so that the fly may fall delicately and gently1 without the least splash1 a little above their noses4 ,it cannot be too often repeated that1 in fishing for trout1 the great art is not to be seen4 ,the angler must therefore stand well back from the bank1 hide behind trees and bushes and crouch in hollows4 ,above all1 it is absolutely essential that the figure should never be seen against the sky4 ,she must keep her face to the sun1 that her shadow may not fall on the water1 throwing her fly first of all under the near bank and then by successive casts across the stream4 ,the salmon cast is naturally a longer and slower movement than that which is used for trout1 but in both instances it is often well to allow the fly to sink a little before beginning to play it4 ,for salmon the line should be drawn gently and with successive movements of the wrist up-stream and across the space which intervenes between the spot where the fly has fallen and that at which the angler stands4 ,the trout cast is much more rapid1 and the playing should be across and down stream as well as up1 the movements of the wrist being much lighter and more varied4 ,in both cases1 when a fish is felt1 a strike should be made1 at least1 authorities1 to whom ,i am bound to bow1 insist on this ceremony4 ,personally ,i believe that the fish1 by this sharp turn of the wrist1 is as often lost as hooked1 unless care be taken to chose the actual moment when he has closed his jaws upon it4 ,i have seen a fly pulled right out of a salmon's mouth1 and have been told by those looking on and instructing me that ,i had done that same thing myself1 when ,i merely intended to strike4 ,my impression is1 therefore1 that the novice had better let her salmon hook themselves1 which they will certainly do if they come well at the fly4 ,the cast itself requires careful examination before it is used2 it should be stained to the required colour and tested with a steelyard up to sixteen or seventeen pounds for finer tackle1 and eighteen for that which is coarser4 ,trout-casts1 will not1 of course1 require or bear so severe a strain1 but should be tried to see whether there is any defect either in the gut or in the knots which unite the several lengths of which they consist4 ,few women1 ,i imagine1 will care to make their own casts1 although some do1 and for those ,i may mention that the best and cheapest gut is to be had in the ,south of ,spain1 where it is about one-third of the price which it fetches in ,england4 ,fly-making is very pretty work for delicate fingers but tedious and1 on the whole1 not very remunerative1 as flies can be bought very cheap now-a-days4 ,they may not be quite so carefully finished as those of home manufacture1 but they are1 ,i must admit1 equally killing1 although for years ,i placed implicit faith in the latter4 ,there was one fly for which ,i had a special fancy2 it is a combination of orange-coloured silks and tinsel for the body with pheasant and jay for the wings1 peacock for the head and golden pheasant for the tail4 ,on one occasion1 this ,orange ,body of private manufacture was presented to a friend1 who admired it greatly and sallied forth1 on slaughter bent4 ,he hooked a salmon almost with the first cast1 struck with decision1 and behold1 all the dressing of the hook including of course the eye1 came away and he lost his fish4 ,what had happened8 ,the secret was this3 that the cobbler's wax used for fly-making had been mislaid1 and an ordinary piece of wax-candle used instead1 the result being that the fish went away with the hook in his mouth while the rest of the fly remained to adorn the cast4 ,test your flies1 therefore1 see that they are thoroughly sound and that the eye and piece of gut by which they are fastened to the cast are not frayed4 ,it is a good thing to try a new fly in a basin of water or shallow pond to see whether it floats1 as it should1 horizontally1 and whether the wings have a life-like motion1 as by repeated short movements you play it with your hand4 ,attention to all these little matters may seem very irksome at first1 but it is by these means that one angler will succeed when another who precedes him on the same ground1 will obtain no sport4 ,to give an accurate description of the different kinds of flies used in salmon and trout fishing1 would be quite impossible in so short an article as the present one1 but it should be said that1 as a general rule1 the deeper and larger the river the larger and brighter will be the flies required4 ,in thick or heavy water1 after a flood1 large bright coloured flies are indicated1 and the clearer the stream the smaller must be the size1 and the more neutral the colours tend to become4 ,most authorities seem to agree that the size of flies is a much more important factor in their killing qualities than the special materials of which they are made1 or the finish and delicacy of their manufacture4 ,when fish do not seem to be rising it is well to try them with another colour or make1 and this will often enable the angler to fill his basket1 when otherwise the day's sport must have been marked with a duck's egg4 ,the same general rules also apply to trout fishing1 but it should be remembered that in the latter case1 except when fishing in lakes or rivers for the larger species which may fairly be angled for as salmon1 the shallow water1 enabling the lure to be plainly seen1 requires less gaudy colours1 and1 of course1 an immense reduction in size4 ,i must not omit to mention the gaff and the landing-net1 most important parts of the angler's outfit4 ,the former is best for large fish1 under which it is much more difficult to get a net4 ,there is always a great controversy raging as to whether it is best to gaff over or under1 and the right place to accomplish the former is said by some authorities to be the back just at the shoulder4 ,personally ,i belong to those who gaff under1 and have always found it much easier than the other4 ,when a fish is brought close to the bank1 sometimes only half or three-parts killed1 he will generally make a dash for his life when he sees a murderous-looking steel instrument close to him1 so it must be concealed from his view1 and it is a good plan to have the gaff pretty deep in the water before he is brought up to it then striking under and drawing the gaff sharply forwards and upwards4 ,i have landed some very heavy fish in this way1 and scarcely ever missed one4 ,once ,i gaffed a beautiful salmon of at least eighteen pounds1 on the ,usk1 landed him triumphantly1 and stood admiring him while the fly was taken out of his mouth4 ,he seemed quite dead1 but just as we turned away to what we hoped would be fresh conquests1 with a vigorous flap of his tail1 he managed to slide over into the river and was lost to view4 ,i am afraid he was mortally wounded by the gaff1 and must have died before long4 ,this was a lesson to me to remove my fish to some distance from the water's edge and to make sure that they were really dead before leaving them4 ,the net should be used for red or black fish1 which must be returned to the river on account of their condition1 with as little injury as possible4 ,grayling are not usually considered as interesting to catch as salmon and trout1 for1 although they will sometimes make a desperate fight for life1 they will only too often sink down to the bottom of the stream and remain there4 ,they must be fished for with the same precautions against being seen which are used for trout1 and with several flies on the cast1 as they often move in shoals4 ,they usually lie in the middle of the river1 in its lower reaches towards the sea1 and when these are broad1 the angler is often compelled to wade to get the best chance at them4 ,they are caught with the fly as well as worms and other bait4 ,the cast should be made up-stream4 ,i must not forget to mention dry-fly fishing1 which is particularly suitable for women4 ,this form of angling is usually necessary in chalk streams1 where trout will often refuse to be tempted by any other4 ,the cast must be made up-stream so that the fly drops on the nose of the fish in a natural manner1 and floats on the top of the water4 ,the moment the fly gets wet it is useless1 and must be dried by making two or three false casts in the air before returning to a real one on the stream4 ,the fly must be worked with the greatest delicacy of touch1 and allowed to float down with the current on the surface of the water4 ,,coarse ,,fish4 ,illustration3 ,lead for ,spinning4 ,double ,swivel4 ,the above title includes pike1 perch1 roach1 dace1 chub1 bream1 barbel1 and tench1 the last of which is very good eating1 its fat being almost like that of the turtle4 ,when the nobler varieties are not to be obtained1 coarse fish are by no means to be despised1 either for the table or for sporting purposes1 and many a happy day may be spent on rivers and lakes at a time of year when perhaps neither salmon nor trout are available4 ,illustration3 ,archer ,spinner4 ,my experience of pike fishing has been chiefly in the ,hampshire ,stour1 which has a gravelly bottom1 so that those fish1 which are apt to be muddy in flavour1 were superior to any ,i have tasted caught elsewhere4 ,they are to be taken either with a float and live bait1 or else with a trolling-rod and spinning tackle1 baited with a dace or other small fish4 ,after the care and tact which must be displayed in salmon1 and especially in trout fishing1 pike seem to be of a very inferior order of intellect4 ,no concealment of one's person at the river-side is absolutely necessary1 though it may be advisable sometimes1 and the splash made by the bait in the water when spinning and which is enough to frighten all the trout in the pool1 does not seem to affect the appetite of the fish we are now dealing with4 ,illustration3 ,bickerayke's ,snap ,tackle4 ,as far as my experience goes1 ,i should say that gimp is the only thing that will hold a large pike1 whose tactics are to cut the line with his teeth1 or to wind it round a rock or root in the bed of the river and so defeat his human enemy4 ,even when safely landed he is still dangerous for he has jaws like a tiger1 fitted with large1 sharp teeth1 which must be approached with caution4 ,the trolling-rod is short and stiff1 with large rings so that the line can run freely2 the latter cannot of course be wound on the reel when fishing1 unless in casting from the reel1 but must be drawn in by hand4 ,great care is required to prevent entanglement1 and the angler must beware of treading on his line as he moves along4 ,i found1 inside a pike of twenty-five pounds1 caught in the ,hampshire ,stour1 a perch of three pounds1 which had been swallowed whole4 ,the pike had1 apparently1 only regarded this as a ,hors d'oeuvre and not as a square meal1 since he came to my dace with the greatest voracity4 ,perch fishing has always had great attractions for me1 and ,i have caught many beautiful baskets of them1 also in the ,hampshire ,stour4 ,they are curious fish in some ways1 and are to be found in large companies in pools and lakes1 at the time of year when they are in season4 ,when they are on the shallows they are not fit to eat1 and will not usually take the bait4 ,we fished for them with a live minnow and float1 sometimes from the bank and sometimes from a punt4 ,they do not seem shy1 and ,i have caught them with my hand in the water holding the gut and minnow1 but if once a perch is lost1 no more will rise in that pool4 ,they must have some means of communication with each other1 for after such an event the only thing to do is to move to another hole4 ,when1 by the disappearance of the float under water1 the angler becomes aware that a fish has taken the bait1 a short time should be allowed before striking as it must be remembered that the perch has to swallow part of the minnow before arriving at the hook4 ,if left too long1 the perch will gorge the bait 7and this applies also to pike71 the result being very unpleasant for all parties concerned4 ,i have also caught perch with a worm1 in which case the bait should be almost on the bottom of the river4 ,the great attraction in this sport is that you can fish on a brilliantly fine summer's day1 and see the objects of your attentions swimming about and playing regardless of you in the deep clear water4 ,illustration3 ,pennell ,flight for ,small ,baits4 ,it is said that certain kinds of trout croak1 but that roach do1 ,i myself can testify1 and so distressing is the noise they emit that when ,i have caught them by accident1 ,i always returned them to the water with great despatch4 ,carp and tench are exceedingly shy fish and both prefer muddy and weedy ponds to a clear running stream4 ,in the former they may be caught with paste and other forms of bait1 but1 to my mind1 are hardly worth the trouble and1 if wanted for the table may just as well be circumvented with a net1 for all the sport they afford4 ,illustration3 ,pennell ,flight for ,large ,baits4 ,barbel and bream are very dull fish to catch with a rod and line2 the former especially dive at once and burrow sulking in the mud1 opposing merely dead weight to the angler's efforts4 ,dace and chub only remain to be noticed4 ,the former will take a fly very readily1 and give very good sport for their size1 while chub are as shy as trout and as difficult to catch1 if once they obtain a sight of their antagonist on the bank4 ,it has only been possible to give a very short account of the various kinds of fresh-water fish1 and numerous questions will occur to the novice in angling1 which must be elucidated partly by study of the many excellent volumes already published on the subject1 but chiefly by experience and consultation with men who possess special knowledge of their own locality4 ,still1 ,i hope ,i have said enough to encourage women to look into the science of angling for themselves1 and not to be entirely dependent on the services and advice of anyone who may chance to accompany them4 ,s4 ,h4 ,malmesbury4 ,illustration3 ,,natural ,,forms ,,of ,,favourite ,,trout ,,flies4 ,,footnotes3 #d ,this hook or beak on the lower jaw of male salmon is a provision of nature to enable them to rake those furrows in the gravel wherein the female deposits her ova4 ,it has been known to pierce entirely through the upper jaw1 causing the ultimate death of the fish4--,ed4 #e ,the foul-hooked salmon1 too1 has far more leverage4--,ed4 #f ,rods of split cane are very largely used1 and as they are light and strong have much to recommend them4--,ed4 ,,trout ,,and ,,other ,,fly ,,fishing4 ,this subject far from being treated exhaustively1 or even with any attempt at fulness1 will1 on the contrary1 only be written of1 so as to give a few hints to those who love to wield the rod4 ,bottom fishing1 with the paraphernalia necessary to that branch of the sport1 has objections at least from a woman's point of view1 but to fishing with the fly there is no drawback1 unless indeed you happen to be one of those who hold that you should never pit your skill against one of the lower animals in a struggle for life4 ,of all sports indeed there is none more entirely suited to the powers of woman than fly-fishing4 ,the nicety1 the quickness1 the light-handedness1 and care as to details1 and ,i think ,i may add thoroughness in any pursuit they really take to1 in which women generally excel are all points in her favour the moment she takes a rod in hand4 ,great strength is not needed1 unless indeed she choose to go after one of the leviathans of the deep1 but only constant and exhaustless patience4 ,yet it is the mention of the last that will make many who know only of the sport by hearsay1 look scornful and say they see no fun in standing watching and waiting for the bite that often never comes1 and that they prefer something more active4 ,as it is no use arguing with people who are persuaded they view the subject from a vastly superior standpoint1 the only answer to this is1 ,if you do not change your opinion after a week's--or even a day's--experience--well1 fly-fishing is not for you4 ,what ,i am anxious to impress upon all is1 that fly-fishing is not necessarily an expensive sport4 ,for the best of salmon-fishing and the right to try for trout in their choicest waters you must indeed pay1 but for the right to fish for their less thought of brethren there need be but small demands on your purse4 ,my own experience one summer may be of some use to those who would fain do likewise4 ,my lot was cast in a part of ,sussex where under the ,downs flowed a tiny but most beautiful little river4 ,no trout1 had been the answer given when ,i enquired as to the prospect of sport from its banks1 so sadly ,i made up my mind that beyond an occasional visit to a trout stream1 owned by some friends in the same county1 my rod would be idle that summer4 ,if only it was stocked with trout1 was my frequent reflection as ,i wandered along its banks and noted the swift flowing current and the tempting stickles that looked a perfect paradise from a trouting point of view4 ,one evening as ,i stood watching the clear waters as they rushed round and over some opposing rocks into a large pool1 ,i caught sight of a silvery1 most graceful fish dart through the water at the side of the eddy4 ,then when my eye became accustomed to the curious light1 as the rays of the setting sun fell slantways over the pool1 through the branches of a mighty oak tree that rose from the banks1 ,i saw another1 and another4 ,dace1 was my verdict1 and forthwith dismissed them from my mind4 ,but ,i had not reached home before the thought of trying for those dace with fly came to me1 and the next day1 trout rod in hand1 and with a ,black ,palmer and ,alder on the cast1 ,i made my first venture in what was to me quite a new branch of sport4 ,illustration3 ,method of fastening ,dropper to ,cast4 ,as the line flew out for the second time and the flies fell gently and lightly on the water1 ,i had but to wait a second before a faint thrill ran through my hand and told me something had touched the fly4 ,could it be a bite8 ,so different was it to the sudden onslaught of a trout1 that ,i hesitated whether or not to strike1 and contrary to the usual fate of the waverer1 it was the momentary pause which gave me the fish4 ,a slight movement of the wrist and ,i had him fast1 and then a delicious few minutes followed while ,i played as game a dace as ,i ever wish to measure skill with4 ,indeed ,i should not have been surprised when at last my prize was safely caught in the landing net1 to see the spotted scales of a trout4 ,but no1 the slender1 silvery1 beautiful-headed fish could be no other than a dace1 and his captor at least was content with the gallant bid he had made for his life4 ,if dace would take the fly1 why not also roach and chub1 and soon1 faute de mieux it is true1 but none the less with very considerable enjoyment1 ,i was fishing the little stream for all three kinds in turn4 ,on the gravelly bottom of a certain portion of the water1 ,i found a red ,palmer very attractive to the roach which were there in considerable numbers4 ,some of them were of fair size1 the largest ,i took turning the scales at #a-lb41 but ,i am bound to confess that ,i found these fish such very shy biters that ,i generally preferred to try either for dace or chub4 ,one roach1 however1 gave rather a novel experience by hanging itself in a tree1 and causing the greatest excitement among our party1 the members of which quickly came from their chosen spots to see and admire4 ,i was fishing from the shelter of a bush on the top of a high steep bank1 and with some trees close at the rear and a decidedly fresh breeze blowing1 it was not an easy matter to get the line safely out at all4 ,the water1 however1 was but little disturbed by the wind1 from which just there it was protected by the high ground1 and the fish were clearly visible in the water below4 ,as there was nothing for it in such a position but to swing the fish out if ,i caught one1 ,i did not for that once wish to make a big capture4 ,scarcely had the tail fly--this was a red ,palmer--touched the water than one of the usual shy bites was made1 and fortunately my strike secured the prize so far4 ,but he seemed heavy and was1 besides1 the gamest of his kind ,i have ever played4 ,quietly we could not manage things1 and it was very soon clear that if ,i did not then secure him1 ,i need not struggle with the difficulties of casting again in that part of the stream1 for every other finny inhabitant would have taken the alarm4 ,all my faculties were therefore intent on the capture4 ,when ,i saw him at last tired of struggling and almost beneath me1 ,i tried to swing him up1 wondering1 as ,i did so1 if it were possible my light tackle could stand the strain4 ,a flash of silver through the air1 then a puff of wind1 and a red-finned1 black-backed roach of about #h-oz4 in weight1 was dangling over the topmost bough of a tree which grew up from the lower part of the bank a little to my left4 ,the poor fish struggled and the line swayed ominously among the branches1 till at last a nimble climber released them both1 and to my delight restored them to me4 ,for chub ,i found a larger fly effective1 and a ,coachman and a ,red ,palmer1 both tied large1 were what ,i generally used4 ,in my experience1 chub is the most determined biter of any of those ,i am now discussing1 and he is very game up to a certain point1 his dashes and struggles as he tries to free himself from the hook1 being as fierce as those of many a good trout4 ,the battle1 however1 will be over much sooner than with one of the latter species1 and when you see the inert form in the water1 you will realise with sorrow that after all he does not belong to the kind known as game fish4 ,in fishing for chub you must be as careful about showing yourself as you would be in trying for a trout1 for he is very quick in spotting anything unusual1 and once he has done this1 you may offer him the most tempting flies unavailingly4 ,by the time you have landed a #b-lb4 chub1 you will1 in my opinion1 have exercised to the full as much1 if not more skill1 than you would have done in the capture of a trout1 and though the sport of playing him will be sooner over1 it will have been good indeed while it lasted4 ,illustration3 ,method of fastening ,reel-line to ,cast4 ,the chub ,i found to rise earlier in the day in this little ,sussex stream than either dace or roach1 the two last on the warm ,august evenings often rising freely as long as we could see to cast for them4 ,the great difference between fishing with the fly for game and coarse fish lies in this1 that while with the latter you require even more lightness of hand and skill in casting than on any ordinary trout stream1 the intense excitement of the moments when you play a good trout or salmon will not be experienced to the same extent4 ,but that sport and good sport may be enjoyed with any of the three varieties ,i have named1 ,i have proved to my own satisfaction1 and ,i hope that what ,i have said may induce others to try for themselves4 ,at the same time that nothing can equal the joy of playing and landing your first trout1 ,i would be the last to deny1 for the day on which the first fell to my rod is still marked as a red letter day in my life4 ,this also was in ,sussex1 in a well-stocked merry little stream which babbled and chattered over its white stones1 giving the last touch of beauty to the peaceful valley through which it flowed4 ,after the preliminary walk along the banks of that part of the water ,i was to fish1 so as to get the knowledge of the position of the pools and eddies and overhanging banks without which one's labour is likely to be thrown away1 ,i sallied forth1 rod in hand1 to the neighbourhood of a bridge from which ,i had noted several trout lying with their heads up stream4 ,a few hundred yards from this1 where the banks it is true did not seem to offer much facility for casting1 there was an eddy at one side of the stream and a mass of rushes on the other1 all under the shadow of trees which rose between them and the bridge4 ,when it is remembered that ,i was trying for my first trout--the experience now lies back in the dim distance of the past--it will not perhaps cause surprise if ,i say that my whole being thrilled with the excitement of the moment4 ,my cast had a red ,palmer for the tail fly1 and black ,alder as dropper1 for at dinner the night before ,i had been advised to try these by a local fisherman4 ,i should probably make a mess of it1 and catch my line in one or other of the traps that literally bristled on all sides of me1 was the thought that was uppermost1 as after scrambling down cautiously and keeping well out of view1 ,i craned my neck to see how ,i could possibly get my cast to alight on the spot ,i had chosen4 ,as ,i had my hand up for the venture a swift rise just where my eyes were fixed on the water1 told me of the presence of a trout4 ,my line flew out1 and the tail-fly falling within the widening circle was instantly seized1 and a sharp turn of the wrist gave me a trout with a bewildering suddenness4 ,up went the point of the rod1 and the good cane bent to the weight beneath4 ,a maddened dash across stream to the reeds1 was the first attempt of the prey1 then a trial to get to the shelter of a rock conveniently near1 but slowly and surely he gave in to the steady pull brought to bear on him1 and soon ,i looked with unspeakable delight on a #a_/b-lb4 trout1 in the prime of condition1 safe within the folds of the landing net4 ,that no fish ever comes up to the one you first capture1 has since this moment been an article of faith with me4 ,others larger1 gamer1 better in every sense may1 and will if you have ordinary skill and perseverance1 fall to your rod1 but nothing will give you the same thrill of rapture you felt when you saw your first trout on the bank at your feet4 ,illustration3 ,a good ,gut ,knot4 ,to make a good trout fisher there are of course many things to learn1 and one of the greatest charms of the sport lies in this1 that you never come to the end of what there is to know of it4 ,but pre-eminently is it true that an ounce of practice is worth a ton of precepts4 ,you must to a very great extent buy your own experience1 and though you will always do well to profit by other people's advice1 you must yourself build up the theories which will show you how1 when1 and where to cast so that fish may rise to your fly1 when they are proof against the blandishments of the less skillfully-thrown lure4 ,that you should always study the lie of the water over which you mean to fish is a truism1 and yet it is a fundamental rule to the neglect of which many both men and women owe the fact1 that they never rise above a very mediocre degree of skill4 ,unless you know something of the habits of the fish and the spots in which he is likely to be found1 how can you hope to succeed in making him acquainted with your fly8 ,to prevent him catching a glimpse of you1 and for this end to be dressed so as scarcely to be distinguished from the ground upon which you will be standing1 to make no noise or disturbance1 to throw with the utmost delicacy of hand1 to strike instantaneously or the reverse according to the particular class of fish you are angling for1 to cast up stream or partly up and across1 and never to allow the gut to make a ripple as you draw your cast through the water1 all these constitute the ,,abc of an angler's stock of learning4 ,i believe that most people carry about with them a quite unnecessary stock of flies1 and that as much success will fall to you if you only provide yourself with different kinds of ,palmers1 ,black and ,red ,gnats1 the ,black ,alder1 ,red ,spinner1 ,march ,brown1 ,blue ,upright1 ,yellow ,dun1 ,stone ,fly1 ,wickham's ,fancy1 ,greenwell's ,glory1 and on some streams the ,green ,drake1 having these in several shades and tied on different sized hooks1 never forgetting to supplement them by any others recommended by local fishermen1 whose knowledge remember has probably been bought by careful study and long and varied experience4 ,for coarse fish ,i have found the ,palmers1 ,black ,gnat1 ,artificial ,grub1 and ,bumble ,bee the most successful4 ,the ,chub always liking their fly tied large1 the ,dace and ,roach preferring theirs small4 ,a rod well-chosen and well-balanced is of course of the first necessity to your success4 ,to speak again from my own experience1 ,i found an inexpensive light ,greenheart made by ,hancock1 a delightful rod in every respect and with this my first ventures both with trout and coarse fish were made4 ,it only measured #aj-;ft4 #f-;in41 but was beautifully balanced1 and you could make very fairly long casts with it4 ,as a beginner you should always get some experienced friend to choose your rod for you1 though like everything else of the kind1 you will naturally prefer to make the choice yourself as soon as you know how to test the balance on which all else depends4 ,in the matter of outfit1 you will need a creel which should contain an upper tray for luncheon1 a landing net1 and one or two casts ready made for use4 ,the last may be fastened round your hat1 and of course if you have any idea of being independent and going out by yourself1 your creel and net should be chosen with a view to lightness1 or they will naturally add materially to the fatigue of a day on the river bank4 ,lastly1 ,i would say1 that if you should have the opportunity of going out with a good fisherman on a river or lake1 there to learn the elements of fly-fishing1 by all means avail yourself of it4 ,in no other way can you master the rudimentary practice so easily as from a boat1 for there will be no bushes or banks1 or the hundred and one difficulties you may have to consider on land1 and you will therefore be able to concentrate your efforts on getting your line out in a fairly workmanlike manner4 ,that you should not be easily discouraged it is scarcely necessary to add1 for who that has landed her first trout has not straightway felt the fever of the rod take possession of her8 ,frances ,e4 ,slaughter4 ,illustration3 ,lafayette4 ,dublin4 ,,miss ,,massey-,,mainwaring4 ,,driving4 ,of the many forms of sport indulged in by women there is in my opinion none more fascinating than driving4 ,single1 pair1 and tandem-driving are within the capabilities of most women1 though to control a team thoroughly1 especially with a full coach behind it1 requires exceptional skill1 nerve and strength4 ,the first thing to learn when beginning driving lessons is the proper position and use of each piece of harness1 the effect of shifting the reins on the bit1 the correct position of the bit in the horse's mouth1 and in pair or team driving how the horses should be coupled to go well together4 ,there are no two horses quite alike in character1 and each one to go well in harness requires attention to his individual habits and characteristics4 ,very few people realise how much unnecessary pain is caused to horses by mere thoughtlessness4 ,how many people there are who to be smart have very tight bearing reins1 never dreaming of the agony the poor animals are suffering when left waiting as they often are at the front door1 with their mouths aching and their heads strained up4 ,yet ,i do not by any means wish to condemn the use of the bearing rein altogether1 especially in a crowded city1 as it would be impossible to drive many horses without one4 ,frequently1 too1 the bit is put very much too high in the horses' mouths1 and then people wonder why the poor animals are restless and fidgety while their mouths are being pinched and cut4 ,illustration3 ,reins for ,single ,harness4 ,there are so many things to be mentioned in speaking of driving that it is difficult to know where to begin1 what to leave out1 and what to mention4 ,i cannot do better than begin with the start from the front door4 ,there are exceedingly few women who have any idea how to start properly4 ,i remember once noticing a very good whip start4 ,she was ready when the cart came to the door1 for she well knew that nothing is worse for an animal than to be kept waiting4 ,she went and patted the pony1 giving a glance at the harness to see that it was all in its proper place4 ,finding the throat lash too tight she let it out a hole1 then unfastening the reins from the off-side terret1 she took them in her right hand with the second and third fingers between the two reins1 got in and sat down immediately4 ,putting the rug over her knees1 she then transferred the reins to her left hand1 the near rein over the first finger and the off rein between the second and third fingers1 and took the whip in her right hand4 ,when she was quite ready to start1 she dropped her left hand and the pony moved off4 ,my first impression naturally was1 ,i am sure that girl can drive1 and ,i was quite right4 ,in driving there are so very many things to be remembered and others to be avoided1 that ,i think a few good rules will be the easiest way of mentioning them3 #a4 ,both the reins should be held in the left hand1 on no account should either rein be taken out of that hand4 #b4 ,the hand should be kept just above the level of the waist1 fairly close to the body1 the wrist being well bent so as to give plenty of spring to the horse's mouth1 the nails and thumb turned towards the body and the elbow close to the hip4 #c4 ,the reins should be kept close to the knuckles1 so as to avoid the possibility of their slipping out of the hand4 #d4 ,the right hand should not be kept altogether on the reins1 but when on them it should be slightly in front of the left1 and the hands should never be far apart4 #e4 ,to shorten either or both the reins push them through the left hand from the front1 with the right4 #f4 ,to lengthen1 pull them through the left hand from the front with the right hand1 never let a rein slip4 #g4 ,always hold the whip in the right hand when driving4 #h4 ,the whip should be held where it balances best1 usually just below the collar1 and the thong should be kept fairly high so as to avoid the possibility of the lash tickling the horse4 #i4 ,never jerk a horse when starting1 and never flap the reins on his back4 #aj4 ,if a horse does not start when you drop the hand slightly1 draw the whip gently over his withers4 #aa4 ,when whipping a horse1 with the exception of leaders1 always hit him in front of the pad4 #ab4 ,a kicker can often be stopped by a sharp hit on the ears4 #ac4 ,always keep a steady1 firm1 though not heavy hold of a horse's mouth1 feel his mouth all the time he is going4 #ad4 ,when driving through a crowded thoroughfare1 remember there is traffic behind as well as in front that must not be stopped unnecessarily4 #ae4 ,pass all the near-side traffic on its off-side4 #af4 ,when turning a corner or pulling up1 always indicate your intention1 in the former case by swinging the whip in the direction in which the turn is being made1 or in the latter by swinging the lash straight above the head4 #ag4 ,always go fairly slowly round corners1 and keep to the near side4 #ah4 ,keep a horse well in hand on greasy wood or asphalt1 or when going down hill1 and never hurry going up a steep hill4 #ai4 ,always look straight ahead1 and on no account at the traffic passing or being passed4 #bj4 ,never hit a horse when the right hand is on the reins1 as otherwise in using the whip the hand necessarily goes forward and relaxes the hold on the rein or reins4 ,of course it is quite impossible to lay down rules for everything1 and a great deal in driving can only be learnt by long and varied experience4 ,one often hears people talking of self-made whips1 but that term generally means people who think they can drive and cannot4 ,for anyone beginning to drive it is essential to start by taking lessons from a really first-class whip4 ,most of the road coach-drivers give lessons4 ,it is quite as necessary to have good lessons to drive one horse as it is to drive four1 as the foundation of pair1 team1 and tandem driving is to be able to drive one horse perfectly4 ,a made pair is quite as easy to drive as a single horse1 but when it is a case of driving two horses1 which have not been previously in harness together1 it is quite a different matter4 ,nothing looks nicer than to see a good pair of cobs in a smart phaeton1 going well1 driven by a lady who knows what driving means4 ,women who drive well1 as a rule1 have light hands1 though many of them do not keep a sufficiently steady hold on a horse's mouth4 ,they so often forget that it is a matter of the greatest importance to feel their horse's mouth the whole time they are going4 ,it is not an easy matter to get any two horses of about the same size to go well together1 unless the greatest attention is given to all the lesser details4 ,it is absolutely necessary that the harness should fit well and be properly adjusted4 ,when starting two new horses it is as well to do so with the couplings level and bitted cheek all round4 ,after they have gone a short distance it can easily be seen whether they are going comfortably and well together and each doing his fair share of work4 ,if they are not1 the reason can soon be discovered1 and the fault rectified4 ,very often one horse goes a good deal more freely1 and takes a stronger hold of the bit1 and in that case it will be necessary to see that the other horse has sufficient room in the couplings1 and at the same time to put the free horse middle bar if he is inclined to pull4 ,frequently though1 the mistake is made of shifting the reins on the bit when only the couplings require altering4 ,very few horses carry their heads quite alike1 and consequently will require more or less room in the couplings as the case may he4 ,many horses too do not carry their heads straight1 and need special attention4 ,for instance3 it the near side horse carries his head over to the left1 the off-side rein will have to be shortened1 which means the buckle will have to be taken on the other horse's off-rein4 ,it requires the greatest care and nicety to couple horses correctly1 for it makes all the difference as to the way in which they will go4 ,when putting two horses together it is as well if possible to get them the same size1 colour and build4 ,size is the most important1 and many people consider colour the next to be considered1 but personally ,i think colour makes very little difference as long as the horses are the same stamp and go comfortably together4 ,it is most disagreeable to drive two horses together1 one having a long swinging stride1 and the other taking short shuffling steps4 ,it is most trying for the horses too1 as the former is sure to do more work than the latter1 which to keep up will be continually breaking into a canter4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,harness4 #a4 ,brow ,band4 #b4 ,blinkers4 #c4 ,nose ,band4 #d4 ,liverpool ,bit4 #e4 ,curb ,chain4 #f4 ,cheek ,strap4 #g4 ,throat ,lash4 #h4 ,collar4 #i4 ,hames4 ,when putting in a young horse for the first time1 it is best to put him in a brake with a steady old horse which knows his work4 ,the off-side is best for the youngster just at first1 but he should be perpetually changed sides1 as otherwise he will be apt to develop numerous bad habits1 besides getting a crooked mouth4 ,when starting get somebody to hold his head till ready to go1 and then the man should run beside him for a few minutes1 without holding him4 ,be sure to drop the hand to the horses well as they move off1 and do not on any account allow the young horse to be the first to get into his collar1 as if you do he will feel the whole weight of the brake and the other horse1 and be unable to move1 and will in all probability jib4 ,once a horse has learnt that he can jib1 it is a most difficult habit to break him of4 ,therefore1 avoid letting a young horse find out that he can do so4 ,very often a young horse will go better through the traffic in ,london than he will round the ,park when it is empty1 as in the traffic there are so many things to occupy his attention that he will forget to resent he is made to work4 ,if anything frightens him and he refuses to pass it1 get him led by and do not hit him1 as otherwise he will always associate that particular thing with being hit1 and think it is the object of his fright which caused him to be hit1 and afterwards either jib when he sees it again1 or rush by it4 ,before a young horse is driven he should be thoroughly accustomed to having the harness on and the bit in his mouth4 ,it is best to have the harness put on with very long reins1 so that a man can walk behind him and make him walk as it he were being driven4 ,his first lessons should be short so as not to worry or tire him4 ,once a woman can drive any two horses together and make them go well1 she will probably be capable of learning to drive a tandem or team4 ,it is very hard to say which is the better of the two to begin with4 ,personally ,i think if both are going to be taken up1 it is as well to start with a team1 but it really makes very little difference4 ,of course a team requires a great deal more strength1 but very often to drive any two horses together makes a large demand on your strength4 ,one of the best ways of learning is to watch a good driver1 both going through the traffic and driving in the country1 and to pay great attention to his hands as well as the horses1 so as to notice how the turns1 etc41 are done4 ,an easy means of doing this is to take the box seat of a road coach when a professional is driving1 and afterwards to take lessons from a road coach driver4 ,a great deal can be learnt at first1 simply by watching a person's hands1 noting how a loop is made1 how when the leaders are turning the wheelers are kept off a corner1 and how the team is straightened4 ,illustration3 ,how to take up ,reins4 ,the most difficult thing for a beginner to learn is how to start the horses properly1 and how to pull up well4 ,it is absolutely necessary always to see that the horses and harness are in their proper places1 and the horses correctly bitted1 as anything being out of place may easily cause a serious accident4 ,avoid keeping the horses waiting once they are ready to start4 ,go to the off-side wheeler and take the reins first in the left hand1 the first finger between the lead reins and the middle finger between the wheel reins1 take them gently so as not to touch the horses' mouths1 then pull out a good piece of the off reins1 so that the buckles and splicings may be about level when you are seated4 ,transfer the reins to the right hand1 the middle finger between the lead and the third finger between the wheel reins1 get on the box1 and sit down immediately1 so as to avoid being jerked off should the horses start suddenly4 ,then transfer the reins back to the left hand4 ,all reins do not have the splicing quite in the same place1 but as a rule the buckles and splicing will be about level4 ,gently feel the wheelers' mouths and then the leaders'1 the latter should be standing away from the bars4 ,the near wheel rein may be a trifle shorter than the off1 as this is the most difficult one to take up in a hurry4 ,be sure that the leaders have plenty of head room when starting1 otherwise they will be likely to jib4 ,though the wheelers should start the coach1 if any one of the horses is inclined to jib he should not be allowed to feel the weight of the coach when moving off4 ,once started the lead reins can easily be shortened a trifle4 ,take the whip in the right hand1 and drop the left hand well to the horses just as they start1 and then bring it back to its proper place4 ,be careful when dropping the left hand not to bend forward and lean over the reins2 nothing looks worse4 ,the proper position of the left hand is about level with the waist1 the elbow close to the side1 the wrist well bent1 and the fingers and thumb turned towards the body1 in fact practically the same as for driving a single horse or pair1 but as the driver is higher over the horses and the weight of the reins is greater the hand will probably be a trifle lower4 ,illustration3 ,position of ,hands and ,reins4 ,the horses must be continually watched so as to see that each is doing his fair share of the work and that the team is absolutely straight1 otherwise it will be quite impossible to get through the traffic or to turn corners properly4 ,it is best always to shorten reins by pushing them through from the front1 but at first the beginner will find it very difficult4 ,if the team is not going straight it can generally be put right by either shortening or lengthening the two middle reins--the off lead and the near wheel--these being the two easiest to alter1 being together4 ,of course sometimes only one rein may be wrong1 and if that is the case it should immediately be either pulled out or pushed through1 or three reins may be too long1 and then it is very often found convenient to lengthen the short one1 and then put the right hand on the reins some inches in front of the left and slide the left hand up to it4 ,shortening the reins by this method looks far more workmanlike than by pulling them through the left hand from behind1 and it does not jerk the horses in the mouth4 ,a team should always be kept well in hand1 and a steady though light pressure maintained on their mouths4 ,if a horse is found to be pulling or boring1 he should be differently bitted at once1 as every horse must be well under control4 ,before turning a corner be sure that all the mouths are felt1 slacken the pace slightly1 and then point the leaders in the direction and make the wheelers follow them round4 ,a loop has to be made in the reins as the horses must not turn together1 but the wheelers after the leaders4 ,the point or loop is made by placing the right hand on the lead rein of the side to which the turn is being made1 some distance in front of the left hand1 this depends on the size of the turn and whether the leaders answer quickly1 the rein must then be brought back to the left hand and placed under the thumb1 which forms a loop and leaves the right hand free either to hit the wheelers or be put on the reins to steady the horses4 ,when the leaders are round the corner the loop can be allowed to slide gradually through the hand1 but should never be let go all at once4 ,in bringing back the loop to the left hand1 the leaders must be watched so as to tell exactly how much rein is required to be taken up1 to make them turn as desired4 ,free horses that have been going in the lead for some time1 especially if they know the road well1 will only require a very small loop4 ,horses too1 that have been in the wheel long are apt to cut the corners very short1 as the wheeler on the side on which the turn is being made1 recognises the sign of the leaders being about to turn1 by feeling the lead rein shortened at the side of his head4 ,in those cases what is called the opposition point is made use of4 ,for instance1 turning to the right the near wheel rein is looped over the thumb1 and the off lead is looped under the first finger1 to the left the off-wheel rein is looped under the first finger1 and the near lead under the thumb4 ,this is by far the easiest way of making the opposition point1 as by this means either loop can be let out by itself if necessary4 ,be careful when taking up a loop never to let the left hand go forward to meet the right4 ,the right hand should always bring the rein back to the left hand4 ,by turning the left hand towards one1 the near reins get shortened1 and by turning it outwards1 away from one1 the off reins get tightened4 ,a great deal can be done by giving the hand4 ,again a slight curve to either side1 not a sharp turn1 may be accomplished by placing the right hand on the lead reins and one wheel rein4 ,for instance if an incline to the right were being made1 the right hand would take hold of the lead reins and the near wheel4 ,in ,london1 when the wood and asphalt are greasy1 it is best to drive slowly1 as a coach is fairly heavy and not easy for the horses to stop1 in spite of the assistance given by the brake4 ,going through the traffic the bars should always chatter1 which means that the leaders should not be doing their full share of the work1 when turning1 they should be quite out of draught otherwise the pole would most probably be snapped4 ,some coaches have a foot brake1 and this is very useful1 especially in traffic when a lady is driving and has to pull up suddenly1 and at the same time it saves the horses' legs greatly1 though it does not do to make too frequent use of it4 ,it is best for a lady to have someone sitting on the brake seat1 to put on the brake for going down steep hills1 but this person should never touch the brake till he is told to do so1 as only the driver can know the exact moment when it is required4 ,when coming to the top of a hill1 before going down always take a pull at the horses1 shorten all the reins1 and make sure of feeling all their mouths4 ,the leaders should always be out of draught going down hill1 but they should on no account be too far back on the bars as otherwise knocking up against them might cause one of the leaders to kick and get a leg over the trace4 ,generally when shortening all the reins on the top of a hill1 the wheelers come so far back that the leaders are brought right back on the bars1 and if anything1 the lead reins have to be let out4 ,it is best to begin going down hill fairly slowly1 as the pace can always be increased1 but it is most difficult to lessen it4 ,when pulling up1 run the right hand some way down the reins1 and bring it back to the left if possible4 ,it is as well to shorten the reins slightly in the left hand previously4 ,when putting the right hand on the rein to steady the horses1 it is a very good plan to place it over three reins only1 the third and fourth fingers over the off rein and the first and second fingers over one of the others4 ,the lead reins should never be buckled1 and on road coaches none of the reins have buckles on them as a rule4 ,one of the great difficulties to be overcome at the beginning is the management of the whip4 ,a team whip should not be too heavy1 especially for a lady's use1 but at the same time it ought not to be very light4 ,a whip should always be kept hung up1 and it is a very good plan to keep one handy and have it down from the wall every day for five or ten minutes' practice even after you have learnt to fold it4 ,the common way of learning to fold or catch is to chalk a big ,illustration on the wall1 and beginning at the bottom of this go upwards towards the right1 swinging the lash upwards1 and then allowing it to come back to the stick4 ,the whip should be held with the first finger pointing up the stick1 and the lash under the second finger4 ,an expensive whip is by no means necessary4 ,schomberg1 in the ,brompton ,road1 has some useful ones at #ads4 #f;d4 ,in choosing a whip it is best to get a springy one1 with several knots on the stick near the quill so as to keep the thong on the stick when folded4 ,it should balance well when held near the collar4 ,when on the box the whip should be held in the right hand under the thumb1 with the lash twisted a few times round the stick1 which is also held under the thumb4 ,the lash should always be in a big loop1 so that there is not more than six inches to spare beyond the hand4 ,the wheelers should always be hit before the pad with the double thong1 and the leaders should be hit on the hind legs1 by the end of the lash of course4 ,when about to hit the leaders unfold the whip and bring the stick back to the side of the coach1 and then by a movement of the wrist send the lash in the required direction under the bars4 ,afterwards bring the thong back to the stick and fold it up again4 ,when the thong is on the stick1 put the left thumb through the loop that is on the stick1 pull off the lash and give it one or two turns to the left4 ,in hitting wheelers one must remember that they cannot do their fair share of work if the leaders have too much head room1 and it is quite useless hitting them without first shortening the leaders' reins4 ,above all1 when driving a team1 keep them well in hand and feel their mouths4 ,tandem driving in many respects closely resembles team driving4 ,the reins are held in the same way1 and the whip is practically the same though generally rather lighter and the lash a trifle shorter1 but this will depend of course on the size of the horses you are driving4 ,many people consider a tandem1 even apart from the difference in the weight of the reins1 more difficult to drive than a coach1 but personally ,i have always considered tandem driving the easier of the two2 it is easier to pull up in the traffic and you can turn in a fairly small space1 though to make the horses go well they require neat1 quick1 handling1 and exceptionally light hands4 ,many horses will make good tandem leaders that will not go in any other form of harness2 of course1 there are many too which make safe leaders1 but at the same time could not be called good4 ,a perfect leader should be quick and free1 and always be taking a slight hold of the bit1 he should go wherever he is driven and not shy off omnibuses1 etc4 ,a slug in the lead is most difficult to drive1 and quite takes away from the pleasure of a tandem4 ,there are two kinds of harness1 with and without bars4 ,with bars is supposed to be the safer of the two1 but1 if proper care is taken1 there is practically no danger without bars1 as the leader should never be allowed to get far enough back to risk his getting a leg over the trace4 ,to turn1 a loop can be taken up just the same as in turning a team1 but it is necessarily much smaller1 and great care must be taken not to allow the leader to come completely round4 ,most corners1 if not sharp ones1 can be turned by placing the right hand over the lead reins and one wheel rein1 but a great deal depends on the give and take of the left hand4 ,this is a most important thing1 as a tandem turns very easily1 a turn of the wrist being usually sufficient to move the horses across the road4 ,when the right hand is kept on the reins1 it should be in the same position as on team reins4 ,when getting into the cart the reins should also be taken the same way as team reins1 first in the left hand and then passed to the right1 and finally1 when seated1 transferred back to the left hand4 ,before taking the reins to get into the cart1 the whip should always be neatly folded and placed in the socket ready for immediate use4 ,though the wheeler starts the cart1 the leader should have plenty of head room1 or otherwise he will be liable to jib4 ,a tandem is most useful for going fairly long distances at a good pace1 as the weight is not great and the leader can do his full share of the work going up hill4 ,except when going up hill a leader should only do a very small share of the work4 ,if proper care is taken1 the danger of a tandem is by no means so great as is generally supposed1 and a good tandem is a most enjoyable turn-out to drive4 ,illustration3 ,downer4 ,watford4 ,,miss ,,massey-,,mainwaring4 ,i hope the foregoing hints may be of some use to those interested in driving1 who wish to become steady and clever whips4 ,the most necessary things to ensure success are plenty of practice in driving different horses1 and great care and attention to all the minor details4 ,there is nothing more enjoyable than road coach-driving1 in my opinion1 except a day with foxhounds4 ,but women should not attempt coaching unless they are fairly strong1 and have had plenty of experience4 ,before ,i end ,i cannot help mentioning one whip whose driving ,i have always particularly admired1 and that is ,ernest ,k4 ,fownes1 of ,rocket fame4 ,i have often had the pleasure of seeing him drive1 and a useful lesson it has been each time4 ,it is most interesting to watch how he goes through the thickest traffic1 never stopping it1 and never seeming himself to stop1 his horses going as one4 ,ada ,j4 ,c4 ,massey-,mainwaring4 ,illustration3 ,,mrs4 ,a4 ,c4 ,,hills4 ,,cycling4 ,the subject of cycling is distinctly a many-sided one4 ,while the same general remarks which apply to the subject of exercise for women1 apply also to the use of the cycle1 we should remember that though every woman is benefitted by exercise of some kind1 there are a few women who are not fitted to ride the cycle at all4 ,this may seem a strong assertion from one who is devoted to cycling1 and who so thoroughly believes in its health-giving properties4 ,but though to the practised rider cycling is much easier work than walking1 to the novice1 or to the unskilled rider1 and even to the skilled rider who is out of form1 it becomes hard work4 ,especially in learning1 an amount of muscular effort is required which some women are unfitted to undertake4 ,therefore1 we must assume that the would-be cyclist is a person of average health1 strength1 and activity1 and to such an one1 the cycle should be a boon indeed4 ,it is impossible to lay down rules as to who is fit or unfit to take up the pastime1 for even doctors are sometimes much at fault on this point4 ,my own view is that any girl1 or older woman either1 who is used to a fair amount of exercise1 should be able to cycle and to cycle well1 in time4 ,but those with weak hearts or similar complaints should not attempt to cycle1 any more than they should run upstairs quickly or climb steep hills4 ,before leaving the health view of cycling1 ,i wish to impress most strongly on all who take up cycling the necessity of taking it easily at first4 ,apart from the fact that actually the hardest work is in the learning1 it must be remembered that even after the learner can ride without assistance1 the body has to become accustomed to an entirely new form of exercise4 ,if you took a good walker and stopped her from all walking exercise for a few months1 how tired she would get when she began again4 ,this fatigue would continue until her muscles had got into good order again1 and yet walking comes naturally to everyone4 ,cycling does not come naturally1 except in very rare instances1 so how much more necessary is it to begin carefully1 and let the body become gradually accustomed to it4 ,the girl who rides ten or fifteen miles after being on a cycle only once or twice1 and who--from not having mastered the art of riding--uses two or three times more exertion over it than she need1 would not dream1 perhaps1 of walking five miles on end at a good pace4 ,yet she then pronounces the cycle hard work1 and says she finds no pleasure in it4 ,no wonder6 ,really to appreciate cycling many conditions are necessary1 and that is why ,i called it a many-sided subject at the outset4 ,first of all it is an active exercise1 so those who have not been in the habit of taking enough outdoor exercise in other forms1 must not expect to cycle with comfort or enjoyment until they have gradually got their general health1 into a state which is known as fit4 ,then when the cyclist is fitted in herself to enjoy riding1 there are other things to be considered1 and these ,i put as follows3 7a7 ,to ride correctly2 7b7 to have a good cycle1 suited to the particular requirements of the rider1 and properly adjusted2 and 7c7 to look well4 ,first then as to ,riding1 and here we are met by the reflection1 how few women ride really well4 ,it makes me sad to see how badly three-fourths of the riders one meets are getting along1 and when ,i reflect how much more they would enjoy themselves1 and how much better they would look if taken in hand for a time by a good tutor1 ,i feel angry at the so-called ,instructors one usually has to put up with at the average riding school4 ,when you are learning1 you should if possible select a grass lawn1 or failing this a quiet piece of broad road1 and practice on this little and often4 ,short rides1 even of a few yards1 are valuable1 if done frequently4 ,the pupil should not get over-tired1 or struggle on after her efforts become worrying4 ,she should take a rest and have another turn a few hours later1 and will then find the result very different4 ,to the novice my advice is1 do not trouble about mounting and dismounting without assistance1 as this will come later as a matter of course4 ,the object must be to sit quite still in the saddle1 and not to rely on the handles4 ,good riders never move their bodies at all1 but ride with their hands just resting lightly on the handles1 not pulling at them4 ,in time it will be found the machine can be steered by just slightly inclining the shoulders in the direction in which it is wished to turn4 ,above all things when you are learning do not fix your eyes on the front wheel1 but look ahead4 ,this is essential4 ,when the machine goes naturally in a straight line1 then the rider will know that she is not only sitting well1 but has begun to acquire the art of pedalling4 ,there is a very great deal in pedalling evenly1 as this not only lessens the labour but takes away all difficulty of steering4 ,when a rider sits well and pedals well1 there is practically no steering to be done1 for the machine will go automatically in the direction desired by the rider1 or so at least it will appear4 ,the saddle should be so adjusted that when the pedal is at its lowest point1 the foot of the rider should be just able to drop on to it naturally1 without quite straightening the knee4 ,a good way to test this1 is to stretch the toe out as far as it will go 7knee quite straight7 and if the foot will just go underneath the pedal1 no more1 the length of reach is correct4 ,force should never be exerted in driving the pedals1 they must be coaxed round1 for this in a word is the art of ankling4 ,when the pedal is at the top of the stroke1 the heel should be downward as in ,fig4 #a4 ,as the pedal travels forward and down1 the foot should follow it1 keeping the ankle as still as possible1 till at the bottom of the stroke1 the toe is pointing downwards1 and the heel is highest4 ,the effect of this will be first of all to give power in riding as shown by ,fig4 #b4 ,if the foot is pressed downward only1 it will be in operation for a very small part of the stroke1 as the pedal moves in a circle1 but by ankling1 it will easily be seen 7,fig4 #c7 that power is maintained for a much longer time4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,from a woman's point of view too the effect of ankling is still more important1 as beside the gain in speed1 it promotes gracefulness4 ,the rise and fall of the knee in riding1 is reduced by one half when the ankles are used properly1 and the result to the onlooker is consequently more pleasing4 ,for the skirt to hang gracefully and the rider to look well1 there should be as little movement of the knees as possible4 ,therefore1 if you sit sufficiently high and use your ankles properly1 you will not only be using your powers to the very best advantage1 and lessening fatigue1 but will at the same time be attaining gracefulness1 and in every way improving your appearance in the saddle4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,another important point is to keep the legs straight up and down when riding4 ,the knees should not be allowed to go either inwards or outwards on any account1 and there should be no wobbling in the leg action4 ,the toe and heel should be in a line1 at right angles across the pedal1 that is1 exactly parallel with the crank all the time4 ,take care that the heel does not twist at all 7,fig4 #d7 on the stroke4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,learn to mount from either side of the machine1 and to do so lean the machine a little toward you with the outside pedal up1 and rather forward1 then place your foot on the pedal furthest from you1 and as you raise yourself into the saddle1 the weight of your body will bear on that pedal1 thus sending the opposite one up to meet the other foot4 ,the dress should be caught in the hand as you put your foot across the machine on to the pedal1 and if any further arrangement should be necessary you will1 when you are at home in the saddle1 find it easy to do this as you go along4 ,a slight pull to the side will be all that is required4 ,when once in the saddle1 do not be anxious to find the other pedal1 simply keep the machine straight1 as it will run a surprising distance of its own accord after the start given to it by the act of mounting1 unless1 indeed1 you should be mounting up hill1 which is never desirable for a beginner to attempt4 ,if the foot which was on the ground is allowed to hang downwards as soon as the rider is seated in the saddle1 it will find the pedal quite naturally1 in fact the pedal will come round to the foot4 ,in dismounting as in mounting1 the rider should learn to do it with equal ease and confidence from either side4 ,when the pedal is coming upward1 throw the weight upon it--this stops the momentum of the machine--at the same time rising out of the saddle1 then pass the other foot over the cycle and step down in front of the pedal1 on which the weight of the body is resting4 ,a firm grasp should be kept on both handles1 and the machine inclined towards the rider1 on the side she dismounts4 ,the rule of the road is usually ignored by cycling women1 but nothing in connection with the pastime is really more important4 ,to observe it always whether necessary or not1 is to reduce the possibility of accident to a minimum4 ,it then becomes a habit1 and in an emergency the instinct is to do the right thing immediately1 the value of which can scarcely be over-estimated4 ,always ride then to the left side of the road1 whether there are vehicles about or not4 ,remember1 it is the unexpected that always happens1 and should a cart or cycle suddenly appear from a bye road1 an accident will almost surely happen if you are on the side that should be free for them4 ,if in spite of your caution an accident happens1 you will at least have the chance of being compensated if you can prove that you were on your proper side at the time2 you certainly would not1 if you were on the wrong side4 ,there are only two occasions on which this rule is deviated from1 viz43 when passing a vehicle which is going in the same direction or when passing a led horse going in either direction4 ,when overtaking a vehicle1 never pass between it and the pavement or side-walk1 for the tendency is for the driver to pull in toward the left when he hears anything behind him4 ,with a led horse the custom is to keep the man in charge always between oneself and the led horse1 no matter in which part of the road the latter may be4 ,the reason is obvious1 led horses being sometimes playful with their heels4 ,the most fruitful cause of accidents is the wrong taking of corners4 ,the right way to do it1 however1 is very simple4 ,thus if proceeding along a road1 and desiring to turn off to the left1 make the curve 7if possible7 in the road you are in1 and thus enter the other road on the left1 i4e41 safe side4 ,remember that you cannot see what is in the other road1 and the act of turning will make the machine swing out more or less from the proper side 7,fig4 #e74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,the principle is reversed when taking a turn to the right4 ,never cut across the nearest corner in doing this4 ,go nearly across the side road so as to turn into it on your proper side thus 7,fig4 #f74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,if these simple matters are borne in mind1 a cyclist may go many years without even the risk of an accident4 ,another thing to remember1 is never on any account to lose control of your machine when descending a hill you do not know1 if the bottom of it cannot be seen4 ,though to fly a hill is the height of enjoyment1 safety demands that the end of the spin should be visible1 or that you should know your ground thoroughly4 ,in the choice of a machine1 remember it is very essential to have a cycle well suited to the rider4 ,cyclists of experience get to know their own requirements exactly and can suit their physical peculiarities1 but more often than not the beginner is entirely in the hands of the cycle agent4 ,hence we so often see a slight1 frail woman struggling along with a great1 heavy unwieldy machine altogether beyond her strength1 or on the other hand a heavy woman who is obviously under-mounted4 ,for riders who are of moderate height or even a little over ,i believe in #bf-;inch wheels1 but tall women should have #bh-;inch wheels fitted to their machines1 to look proportionate to the extra high frame necessary4 ,in the latter case everything else should be also larger4 ,the #bf-;inch wheels look well for all but very tall or stout riders4 ,the usual height of frame is about #ba inches measured from the top of the frame--the part where the seat pillar is fixed in--to the centre of the bracket axle 7,fig4 #g74 ,this will accommodate riders whose length of leg-reach is up to #cb inches or #cc inches4 ,it is better on the whole to have the frame too short than too long4 ,it is more rigid if short1 and a little seat pillar standing out will not detract greatly from the appearance4 ,always ascertain that there is a margin of at least six inches between the height of the seat pillar1 when down at the lowest point1 and when raised to the fullest height at which it can be safely fixed4 ,exactly the same should apply to the stem of the handle bars1 as1 if the saddle is raised the handles should be raised to a corresponding degree1 otherwise the rider will be in a stooping position4 ,the exact position of the handles depends a great deal on the length of arm and length of body of the rider1 but in the ordinary way the lowest part of the handles should be at least two inches above the saddle 7see ,fig4 #g71 as it is above all things necessary that the rider shall not have to stoop forward when riding4 ,on the other hand1 the handles must not be higher than is necessary for a comfortable grasp1 otherwise the effect will be extremely ungraceful4 ,as the rider sits in the saddle with her arms extended straight downward1 she should be able to swing them forward exactly into the riding position1 without bending the elbow in any appreciable degree4 ,in purchasing a cycle the most important points for the rider to consider are3 #a4 ,rigidity of frame4 #b4 ,weight4 #c4 ,width of tread4 #d4 ,height of pedal from the ground4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,rigidity of frame means speed1 i4e41 ease of propulsion4 ,if the frame is badly designed it will yield sideways to the rider's pressure1 and much of the power which would be otherwise used to send it forward will be wasted4 ,if you grasp the steering head and the down tube of a cycle 7see ,fig4 #g7 and endeavour to twist the frame1 you can ascertain whether it is rigid or not4 ,it should not be possible to force these two points towards each other at all1 or to pull them sideways out of line with each other4 ,if you can1 there will be no chance of riding up a steep incline on that machine6 ,there is another essential matter on which the purchaser can protect herself4 ,this is to see that the cycle is properly stayed in various parts of the frame4 ,these stays bind the whole frame firmly together and prevent give or yielding1 when pressure is applied on the pedals4 ,in addition to the stays in the front portion of frame 7examples of which are shown in ,fig4 #g7 there should be a stay between the two back legs1 just above the back wheel4 ,if you are purchasing a machine with an acknowledged reputation1 and made by a maker of standing1 it can safely be assumed that these matters have been provided for1 as they would only be omitted on the score of cheapness4 ,never on any account be persuaded to ride a machine which is not fully guaranteed by a well-known firm4 ,there are so many points on which a cycle may be faulty1 and the only safeguard to the rider is that the work shall have been carried out in the most careful and conscientious fashion throughout4 ,therefore ,i would repeat never trust yourself on any but a machine by a good maker4 ,far better buy even a good second-hand cycle than a cheap new one1 for the latter may cause constant trouble1 to say nothing of the possibility of serious accident4 ,the weight of an ordinary good-class ladies' machine should not be over #cj-lbs4 ,it is possible to obtain them fully equipped at about #bh-lbs41 but to get them at this or less either the weight of the tyres1 etc41 have to be very much reduced1 or the fittings are not efficient4 ,if the tyres are very thin and light they will be constantly puncturing4 ,the gear case too should be of sufficient stability1 and the same remark applies to the dress-guards and mud-guards2 in fact it is in the fittings that the weight of a cycle is found1 the actual frame not weighing more than #e-lbs4 as a rule4 ,this is the reason why ,american machines are lighter than ,english1 the simple explanation being that the former are fitted with the flimsiest of chain covers1 mud-guard1 brake work1 etc41 whilst the ,english-made cycle is properly equipped for use in all weathers4 ,the width of tread is important1 as both for comfort and speed and also on the score of appearance1 the rider's feet should not be wider apart than is absolutely necessary4 ,a narrow tread is the sign of a well designed machine4 ,to measure this1 the distance should be ascertained between the inside faces of the two cranks1 and this distance should not be above five inches4 ,the height of the pedals from the ground is a point which is never overlooked by a really good firm of cycle makers4 ,it is desirable to get the pedals as near to the ground as possible for comfort in mounting and for ease of propulsion2 but there is a limit1 as if too low1 the pedal would be likely to catch the ground when the machine leans over on a sharp corner4 ,the consequence of this would be disastrous to the rider4 ,there is also the lesser danger of the pedal striking a stone if too near the ground4 ,the usual distance is about ten or ten-and-a-half inches from the centre of bracket-axle to the ground4 ,suitable clothing is as necessary in cycling as in all other forms of exercise4 ,warmth with lightness are the things to be aimed at1 while it is of the first necessity that there should be no pressure anywhere1 from the crown of the head to the soles of the feet1 to impede free circulation4 ,having said this1 little more remains to add1 as each rider will naturally have her own ideas as to the underclothing she prefers1 and provided this is warm enough to guard the wearer against chills and sufficiently light to prevent it adding to her fatigue1 ,i do not think it much signifies what she chooses4 ,silk or woollen knickerbockers of some dark colour should of course be worn1 and these which should be cut fairly full must on no account be made of very heavy material1 a warm flannel lining being sufficient in any case to give warmth4 ,a loosely-fitting bodice1 or nicely-cut coat1 according to the time of year1 will be found suitable1 and this brings me to the part of our attire about which there is a real difficulty1 namely1 a well cut skirt4 ,of all the many so-called cycling skirts1 there are but few really suitable for the purpose1 for not only is it necessary they should be useful1 but it is on the way they fall that the graceful or other appearance of the rider will greatly depend4 ,a woman may sit well and pedal to perfection1 but if she has a skirt that does not hang evenly and easily on each side of her saddle1 and is of the right length1 she will not look well in motion4 ,the great difficulty is of course to get the hang right beside the saddle1 and to ensure the fulness keeping it its proper place1 ,i have originated a method for my own skirts which ,i have found answer well4 ,this is very simple1 and consists of a ,v shaped piece of the material of which the skirt is made being firmly stitched on below the band at the back1 to hold the pleats in place4 ,with this1 the fulness does not move too easily to one side1 when the necessary touch to the skirt is made in mounting4 ,the skirt should be cut slightly longer behind than in front1 as of course when the rider is in the saddle it will hang shorter than where it falls straight down4 ,when the wearer is standing up1 the skirt should come to within six inches of the ground in front4 ,as regards width1 it should not be too full1 as nothing looks more ungraceful than a skirt which flies out on either side with every turn of the foot4 ,at the same time it must be full enough to allow complete freedom of movement4 ,about three-and-a-half yards is generally considered the right width4 ,when having a skirt made from a new pattern1 ,i should always insist on having it fitted when you are seated in the saddle1 as only so can you tell how it will really answer4 ,for keeping the skirt from blowing up1 ,i have found nothing better than to pass the feet through a strap of #a_/d-;inch elastic1 about nine inches in length1 laid flat against the inside of the hem4 ,these straps should be placed about ten inches on either side of the middle of front of skirt1 so as to enable you to walk without inconvenience4 ,as a material1 a light woollen cloth of dark and unobtrusive colour is in my opinion the most suitable4 ,for riding you should have a hat that will not catch the wind1 and as shade for a part of the year is desirable1 you will find nothing better than a sailor as a fitting accompaniment to a sensible and workmanlike dress4 ,a common mistake is to have a heavy hat with a great deal of trimming1 which cannot be comfortable during rapid motion through any but the stillest of atmospheres4 ,as to foot-gear1 a low-heeled flexible waisted shoe is to be recommended1 with gaiters for winter wear4 ,an important matter for all and especially for the delicate in health1 who may so often derive benefit from cycling1 is to guard against a chill after riding4 ,no time should be lost after reaching home1 before putting on a complete set of dry underclothing4 ,it is by standing about1 perhaps out of doors or in a draught1 till the warm glow which was upon you when you stepped off your machine has given place to a shivery feeling1 that you will get harm instead of good from your pleasant spin1 whereas a warm bath and a fresh set of clothing1 and not even the most delicate need suffer from her exertions4 ,if you should for any reason not find this possible without a certain delay1 then put on a warm coat or other wrap immediately1 and this will generally prevent you from suffering any ill effects4 ,you should always have your cycle dusted over and any mud carefully wiped off1 directly you return from a ride4 ,to prevent damage to the enamel1 the mud should be wiped very gently with a soft wet cloth1 and if this is carefully done it does not matter whether the mud has dried or not4 ,the bright parts should be rubbed with a soft leather or selvyt1 and then a ,holland cover be thrown over the machine1 to keep it free from dust or any slight damp4 ,with the exception of a rub with the selvyt the cycle will then be ready for use4 ,if a slight application of a good furniture cream is made to the enamelled parts1 it will brighten them considerably4 ,when it is known that the machine will not be required for any length of time1 all the bright parts should be smeared with ,vaseline1 and the machine itself should be stood in a dry place4 ,it is best to rest it on a small stand1 which is also very useful for cleaning purposes4 ,after a long rest all the bearings should be well oiled1 the lamp refilled1 and the machine generally overhauled4 ,the tyres should be kept hard4 ,some people let the air out when their machine is not in use1 under the idea that it is good for the tyres1 but this is a mistake4 ,if the tyres are allowed to go flat1 the weight of the machine will be likely to nip the inner tube4 ,above all1 oil should be kept from the tyres1 and if any should by chance drop on them while the machine is being oiled1 it should be carefully wiped off4 ,a tyre should not need blowing up1 more than once in two or three weeks1 if the valves are in good order4 ,if1 therefore1 it should require inflating every day1 as sometimes happens1 either there is a small puncture1 or the valve is out of order4 ,if the trouble is caused by a puncture1 it will generally mean a visit to the repairers1 but first examine the valves in case these should be at fault1 for very often a little attention to them will put matters right4 ,as there are so many kinds of valves a technical illustration would be of little use1 but as a rule all valves can be unscrewed and examined easily4 ,in the valve most in use1 viz43 that of the ,dunlop tyre1 if the end is unscrewed--after the dust cap is taken off--the whole mechanism of the valve can be taken out1 and this will be found to consist only of a small cylinder covered by a little indiarubber tube4 ,this piece of rubber covers the valve hole in the cylinder1 and it is the rubber which generally wants replacing4 ,the dust cap is the small cap1 attached by a little chain to the spokes1 and which is screwed over the end of the valve to keep the dirt out1 after the tyre has been inflated4 ,if the rider does not object to a little trouble1 a puncture can be repaired at home1 though the chief objection to the operation is the dirty state in which it is apt to get the operator1 unless indeed the tyres are thoroughly cleaned first4 ,when you buy a machine1 the exact details are given with each particular class of tyre1 and general instructions for repairing will be found included in the repair-outfit1 which can be purchased for about sixpence4 ,this tyre-outfit consists of a small quantity of solution--which be careful not to get on the fingers--some rubber patches1 and ,french chalk4 ,when the inner tube has been taken off1 the valve should be refitted to it1 and the tubes inflated4 ,then pass the tube through water1 using a shallow bowl for the purpose4 ,from each spot where there is a puncture1 little air bubbles will come out whilst the tube is under water4 ,mark these with a pencil1 let the air out--by the valve--and dry the tube4 ,then with a piece of glass paper1 clean the tube from sulphur--till the natural dark colour of the rubber appears--where the puncture is1 say for a space as large as a sixpence4 ,put some solution thinly on the rubber patch1 let it nearly dry1 and then press it down on the tube1 on the spot cleaned from sulphur1 and hold it there for a minute or two4 ,the puncture of course will be in the centre of this spot if you have managed properly4 ,a little ,french chalk dusted over the patch will prevent any solution there may be round the patch1 from sticking to the outer cover when the tyre is put together again4 ,with regard to the general adjustment of a cycle1 it is most essential that all the bearing parts should be in proper order1 as any one of them will make a very great difference in labour to the rider4 ,a few brief notes on the principal parts will enable the rider to ascertain if her mount is in proper condition to do justice to her own riding powers4 ,first the chain4 ,this should be oiled occasionally in its whole length1 so that each joint is properly lubricated4 ,when it has been oiled along the top half1 the wheels should be revolved sufficiently to bring the other half on top for oiling4 ,the chain must not be too tight1 or the machine will be hard to drive1 neither must it be too loose1 or accidents will occur4 ,the state of the chain can be ascertained by taking hold of one pedal1 whilst the machine is at rest with its weight on the ground4 ,the pedal and crank should just show the slightest perceptible movement1 without moving the machine1 if the chain is in good order4 ,the pedals should revolve twenty or thirty times at least1 when given a good sharp spin with the hand1 and there should be no perceptible shake in them4 ,the steering is a very important point1 as if this is stiff it will increase the labour in riding4 ,if the front wheel is lifted from the ground1 its own weight should make it drop over to one side or the other1 which ever way the machine lies1 else the steering is too stiff for easy riding4 ,there should be no shake whatever in the steering1 the front wheel1 when tested1 should be immoveable from the rest of the machine1 either backwards or forwards4 ,all the bearings require a moderate oiling for about every fifty miles you ride4 ,olive or other clear oil is used for lubricating the bearings1 and on no account must paraffin or a similar oil be used1 except for cleaning the bearings out4 ,most cycle depts supply a suitable oil for lubricating4 ,once or twice in the year it is advisable to run paraffin through the bearings1 but care must be taken to drain it all out afterwards1 and the bearings should then be oiled with proper lubricant4 ,sperm or colza oil is good for burning in the lamp4 ,add a small piece of camphor to this to give a clearer light4 ,a little paraffin may be put on the top of the wick at the burner1 to make the lamp light easily1 but if this is added to the burning oil1 the lamp will smoke1 and be liable to jolt out over rough places4 ,if the machine is properly adjusted and well oiled1 the wheels should--after being revolved--swing back and forth once or twice with their own weight4 ,at the same time1 no shake should be discernible sideways1 but the wheels should appear to be a rigid part of the machine4 ,lillian ,j4 ,hills4 ,a very useful aid to wheel-women is the ,cyclists' ,pocket ,book4 ,most portable and well printed1 it contains all kinds of useful information as to the obligations of cyclists1 the care of the machine1 and some most excellent and practical hints to those about to take a tour4 ,a list of reliable cycle repairers1 of hotels which cater for cyclists1 besides an almanack and other items usually found in pocket books1 are contained within its covers4 ,as there are books which no gentleman's library should be without1 so this is one of which no cyclist's pocket should be empty4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 ,i ,illustration3 ,fig4 ,,ii ,,fancy ,,figures ,,and ,,musical ,,rides4 ,the branch of ,cycling familiarly known as figure riding is open to all1 and there is no doubt that the short turns and rapid curves required are not only fascinating1 but at the same time excellent practice4 ,the control over the machine given by them will enable the rider to pick his or her way very exactly through the most difficult pathway4 ,some may laugh at the idea of riding to music1 but having once tried it you will find they are generally glad to do it again4 ,the figures1 varied as they are1 and presenting almost endless possibilities1 are intricate enough to give a beginner in this branch of the art1 absorbing work1 and even afterwards1 when perfection has been attained1 there will be found a charm in winding in and out in the execution of the figures1 so long as everyone engaged in the ride keeps time4 ,for it must not be forgotten that it is in the neatness and precision with which they are done that the fascination exists4 ,it was while staying at an hotel in the country that a rainy day drove me to the nearest ,gymnasium to try ,cycling for the first time4 ,as it happened1 the instructors were accustomed to put up clubs and teach their pupils to circle round them so as to ensure balance and absolute control over their machines4 ,i believe it was by accident that they first tried riding to music1 but once tried it was never abandoned1 as it was found an enormous help in keeping a regular pace1 and in enabling the leader to guide the ride more accurately4 ,nothing but a waltz1 however1 will be found suitable4 ,in the summer1 shortly after this1 ,i first turned figure riding to account1 as a means of amusing my guests1 and ,i found it so popular that eventually ,i procured the services of an instructor1 and we used to ride every afternoon4 ,it is surprising how many miles one goes1 simply turning and twisting1 and going over the same ground4 ,with tea spread near by1 and comfortably seated in easy chairs1 placed so as to command a view of the riding1 even the onlookers1 ,i found1 were well amused1 and for those who wish to spend a delightful summer's afternoon in an exercise1 combining sociability and amusement1 ,i know of no better pastime than this4 ,there are a few simple rules to be attended to1 which it may not be amiss for me to state1 and then by the aid of some diagrams ,i hope to give the key to what may look difficult1 though1 in reality1 it is easy enough4 #a4 ,in the first place either a ,gymnasium or smooth lawn must be selected to ride on4 ,in the latter case it will not hurt the grass1 no matter what your gardener may say to the contrary1 and if he will only water it and roll it daily1 or even twice a day1 you will have a delightful ground1 and in the following year an even better grass crop than if it had not been so treated4 #b4 ,the lawn should be the size that is usually allotted to a full size ,croquet lawn4 ,however1 there is no rule as to size1 though with a greater number of riders1 you will have to go over a larger space4 ,i1 therefore1 recommend a fairly large ground1 especially as after rain the grass is apt to become slippery1 and even in those rides which are done by only four riders you will have to make larger circles to avoid accidents4 #c4 ,never attempt to do the rides too quickly4 ,sacrifice speed to exactitude when necessary1 and pay great attention to making all your turns simultaneously4 #d4 ,if a mistake is made in a figure1 dismount and begin again4 ,in some of the rides if one person makes an error1 she can ride to the side and dismount1 while the others continue1 but in most cases this will put the ride out1 and it is better for all to stop4 ,in any case no one should ever try to cut in and resume her original place or join in a ride after it has begun4 ,when possible1 it is best to have someone on foot who will give the word of command1 for this is a great help1 not only to the leaders but to all who are riding4 ,before mounting or dismounting1 have the order given to do so very distinctly1 and make it a never-failing rule never to let the riders be taken by surprise4 ,i think too1 at a garden party1 it is always a good plan to let all who are going to take part in the ride join in the first figure1 as it will make them feel more interest in the proceedings1 and give everyone time to become at ease on their bicycles4 ,for this purpose ,i would suggest the double snake through clubs4 7,see ,fig4 #a47 ,for this you will begin with single snake1 by riding once round the lawn4 ,be sure that everybody is in line when the word to mount is given2 it creates confusion and leads to unnecessary collisions when several mount in a group4 ,of course the pace must be regulated by the leader4 ,starting at the corner below clubs ,c1 this rider will go round outside the clubs1 and having reached the point marked 7997 will turn in and ride straight between clubs ,a1 then going to the right between those marked ,b1 and afterwards through ,c4 ,at the same place the turn was made the first time it should be repeated1 and having passed between ,a turn to the left through ,e and ,d4 ,after repeating some four or five times begin the double snake4 ,up to this point all have followed one leader1 now two will be required4 ,continue as before1 but when leader ,no4 #a1 after passing through clubs ,a turns to the right to clubs ,c1 leader ,no4 #b will turn to the left between ,e and ,d4 ,the third rider will then follow ,no4 #a and the fourth ,no4 #b1 each keeping her original distance1 for when leader ,no4 #a1 having passed clubs ,c turns through ,a again1 ,no4 #b will fall in behind1 and the same with all the others1 each resuming her original place4 ,the next time ,no4 #a will turn to the left1 ,no4 #b to the right1 each leader being followed by half the riders1 dividing alternately4 ,to finish the ride all will follow leader ,no4 #a1 and having again been the round of the lawn should dismount together4 ,to add to the effect it is most important that this should be done in line and simultaneously4 ,although exceedingly easy1 when done with care and in time with the music1 this is a very pretty ride4 ,the next ride is commonly called ,centre ,circles4 ,this cannot be done by more than four4 ,each rider will start from her own corner1 and while riding separately should remember that ,no4 #a always regulates the pace1 and the others must keep in time with her4 ,the proper distances should be kept in the ride round the ground1 and then ,no4 #a having come abreast of club ,e1 ,no4 #b abreast of club ,d1 ,no4 #c with club ,c1 and ,no4 #d with club ,b1 at the word circle all will circle to the left1 making a semi-circle1 and when abreast of club ,a circling that fully1 and branching off when ,no4 #a is again beside club ,c1 which she encircles4 ,thus3 ,as ,no4 #a goes round her club 7,e7 the others will circle theirs1 and as all are doing the same figure at the same time the four will meet in the centre circle 7,a71 and when ,no4 #a turns off to circle club ,c1 ,no4 #d1 who began by circling club ,b1 will go to club ,d1 and circle that1 and ,no4 #c who began at ,club ,c will go to club ,e 7for her second circle71 etc4 ,this can be continued as long as desired1 the riders ,no4 #a and ,no4 #c alternating between clubs ,c and ,e1 and the other two taking clubs ,b and ,d4 ,each one1 from her own starting point1 does exactly the figure as drawn in ,figure #b4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 ,,iii ,cross bows4 ,another ride1 but requiring more accuracy in time-keeping1 is that known as cross bows1 and this is one of the prettiest of all1 for the whole of the lawn is occupied1 and when done by practised riders and rather quickly1 it is charming to watch and most fascinating to do4 ,again four riders are required1 and they mount in line4 ,the five clubs are in the same position as for ,centre ,circles4 ,in this ride1 however1 there are two leaders1 ,no4 #a being followed by rider ,no4 #c1 and ,no4 #b by rider ,no4 #d4 ,as in ,figure #c1 leader ,no4 #a will follow the dotted lines1 while leader ,no4 #b will go over the heavy lines indicated2 rider ,no4 #c following leader ,no4 #a1 and rider ,no4 #d following leader ,no4 #b4 ,it is imperative that the original distances be kept exactly1 or in crossing at points ,f and ,g there will surely be a collision otherwise4 ,this being a complicated ride to do well1 it will require practice1 but ,i think that by following the lines of the diagram there will be no difficulty in learning it4 ,leader ,no4 #a 7having led the ride all round the lawn7 on reaching club ,b will ride straight across to club ,d1 keeping to the right of centre club ,a1 and turning round club ,d will then ride straight back to club ,b again1 followed by rider #c4 ,at the same time leader #b1 in starting the ride1 will turn short to her left1 going outside club ,e1 where she begins the cross bow1 by riding straight across the lawn to club ,c4 ,leaders #a and #b should reach clubs ,d and ,e simultaneously and turn them together1 and leader ,no4 #a making her curve closer to the club than ,no4 #b1 should pass the point ,f on the diagram just as ,no4 #b reaches it on her way to club ,c4 ,in this way rider #c will pass point ,f immediately after ,no4 #b1 and rider #d1 following ,no4 #b will pass ,f a second after ,no4 #c4 ,reaching ,b1 leader #a will now make the double curve round clubs ,b and ,e1 as shown1 and leader #b will do the same between ,c and ,d1 and on reaching ,b and ,c again1 they will do once more the cross bow as described1 only this time leader #a will pass over point ,g first1 and leader #b will follow1 as was done before in passing ,f4 ,the greatest exactitude should be kept in crossing each other1 for not only does safety demand it1 but when done with indecision and over zig-zag lines1 the figure loses its beauty1 and like all the other rides1 becomes difficult to follow4 ,it is fatal to any ride to do it in a wavering way1 which will impress people with the idea that you are not sure of it yourself4 ,the best riders ,i have ever seen doing these figures1 have always emphasized the straight lines1 thus making their curves seem more sweeping by contrast1 and adding greatly to the effect4 ,another thing figure riders invariably advocate1 is to ride very high1 and certainly once any one has ridden with both handle-bars and seat well up1 they never can go back to the lower saddle4 ,some people indeed say it is more difficult to ride high1 but ,i do not think when you have become used to it1 that you will find it so4 ,of all things to be avoided ,i would mention the mistake of putting up the handle bars1 without heightening the saddle4 ,i heard this position once described as that of begging1 and it has always seemed to me irresistibly ludicrous ever since4 ,if you will watch the ankle play of two riders1 one with the saddle high and the other with it low1 you will not hesitate an instant as to which position is preferable4 ,there is no limit to the number of rides you can do4 ,almost any book of army drills1 especially for cavalry1 will give you ideas for a hundred new figures1 and you can vary these1 not the least amusing part being in creating1 adapting and arranging figures to add to the old repertoire4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 ,,iv ,american ,circle ride4 ,but to go back to the well-known figures1 with which one is never tired1 and which always hold their own as to prettiness4 ,let us continue with the ,american ,circle ,ride4 ,this can be ridden by any number and is a great favourite when introduced at garden-parties4 ,with eight riders1 three rows of three clubs each are needed1 and these rows should be about three bicycle lengths from each other1 while two bicycle lengths should separate the clubs in the rows4 ,all the riders start in a line4 ,on reaching line ,b1 leader #a goes to the left of ,club #c1 and ,no4 #b will keep to its right so that they ride side by side1 divided by the clubs4 ,the others divide in the same way and at the bottom they will turn to their respective sides1 leader ,no4 #a following line ,a1 and leader ,no4 #b line ,c4 ,to begin with1 they will both do the circles to the left as drawn down line ,c1 and meeting at the top they again come down the centre on either side of ,clubs ,b1 side by side4 ,the second time they both do the ride as shewn through line ,a1 doing the middle club the reverse way to the first and last1 and for the third round1 reverting to the ride as shown through ,clubs ,c1 only of course1 where those following leader #b turn to the left1 those following ,no4 #a will turn and circle to the right4 ,in coming down the centre the leaders can join hands1 and the others naturally will do the same1 but this is generally called by another name1 and is often worked as another figure4 ,speaking of circling to left and right brings up another very pretty figure for a number of riders4 ,set your ,clubs as for ,centre ,circles and begin 7all following one leader7 by circling ,club ,b1 going right round it as shown in ,figure #b1 and going on to ,e1 then ,d1 and finally to ,c1 then describe the double curve as shown in 'cross bows' 7between ,clubs ,b and ,e of ,figure #c7 only ride straight round ,club ,d--,figure #b4 ,the ,club marked ,e in the former1 is ,d in ,figure #b4 ,having gone round ,club ,d1 go on to ,club ,e1 and circle that to the right1 and then on to ,b1 and so circle every club as you come to it4 ,having circled ,d again1 to finish the ride1 go to ,club ,c passing outside it1 and then straight round the lawn4 ,this can be done by two parties at the same time1 one starting from ,club ,b1 the other from ,club ,d1 and each doing the same thing at opposite corner ,clubs throughout the ride4 ,i have seen as many as twenty riding in this figure together4 ,the ,maypole is of course very pretty and when care is taken to ensure the riders having ribbons to match the colour they wear1 or in which they have decked their bicycles1 it is lovely4 ,it is simple to execute1 too1 and can be done by almost any number1 though ,i think eight or ten quite enough4 ,half the riders will go to the left1 the other half to the right4 ,supposing the pole to be in the centre of the lawn1 the four who are going to the right will mount at the four points of the compass1 holding their ribbons high above them1 in their right hands4 ,the other four will mount1 a little farther from the pole1 as they will make a larger circle to begin with1 and hold their ribbons in their left hands as they go to the left4 ,in order to weave a regular pattern1 those going to the left and right must pass each other in and out1 as they meet4 ,it is easier to learn the ride if ,clubs are put up1 where the riders should meet and pass each other1 as they go in and out4 ,there should be an even number of riders and a club for each4 ,if eight were riding1 four would pass the first club on the left and the next on their right1 and so on1 while the other half would pass their first ,club on the right and the second club to the left4 ,it will be found easier to keep your balance if you hold your arm high1 and there is no doubt that it looks better4 ,the idea of passing clubs first on the right and then on the left alternately has been the foundation of a number of rides4 ,a pretty sight is to have a circle of clubs1 with a rider to each4 ,one rider will begin by going outside the circle1 from inside1 and passing between the clubs at the same time that the next rider will pass from outside into the circle1 and so picking their way to the left of one club and the right of the next1 all the way round the ring4 ,however1 all depends on the riders passing the clubs at the same moment on their several ways1 and as this requires no little practice to do well1 one rarely sees this figure to advantage4 ,fancy ,figure ,riding may sound tame to those who have never tried it1 but ,i venture to think that those who once take to it will very quickly become fascinated1 and my own belief is1 that as figures become better known1 and more hostesses introduce them at their gatherings1 this branch of cycling will increase in popularity4 ,evelyn ,van ,wart4 ,illustration3 ,j4 ,weston and ,son ,folkestone4 ,,miss ,,maud ,,marshall4 7,figure ,b4 ,overhand ,service47 ,,lawn-,,tennis4 ,lawn-tennis1 though still in its youth1 may with some justice lay claim through its prototypes1 ,longue paume1 ,pallone1 ,tennis1 etc41 to an illustrious ancestry2 the connection between the modern and the older games being sufficient to establish a relationship4 ,it is not necessary here to trace this connection step by step1 beginning perchance with the game which ,louis ,x4 of ,france played in the forest of ,vincennes to the championship fought out on the ,wimbledon ,club grounds in #ahig4 ,the greater part of such a history would of necessity belong to tennis proper1 which1 as we know1 has been a popular ,english game for many ages4 ,so in the #aeth century we hear of a tennis court at ,windsor ,castle1 and the present one at ,hampton ,court was originally built by ,henry ,,viii41 in whose reign it was that ,sir ,thomas ,more1 in his ,utopia1 stigmatised tennis along with dice1 cards1 tables1 bowls and quoits as a naughty and unlawful game4 ,the first authentic record we have of lawn-tennis as we know it dates back no further than #ahgd1 when ,major ,wingfield patented a certain pastime by him named ,sphairistike4 ,it was not ,i believe claimed to be an invention1 but merely an adaptation of a sport almost as old as the world itself4 ,a sub-committee of the ,marylebone ,cricket ,club was asked in #ahge to bring order into chaos1 everyone for the twelve months of its existence having chosen to play ,sphairistike1 or lawn-tennis1 as it was now called1 as it best pleased them4 ,a code was drawn up1 issued and quickly superseded1 but at least there was a recognised length and breadth of court and height of net1 which prior to this1 as ,i have said1 depended entirely upon the taste of the players4 ,in #ahge lawn-tennis took up its headquarters at ,wimbledon1 being admitted to form part of the ,all ,england ,croquet ,club there4 ,the game was introduced at ,prince's ,club in the same year4 ,in #ahgf tennis scoring was adopted1 and it was the general opinion that lawn-tennis had come to stay4 ,in the following year the ,all ,england ,croquet ,club determined to include the name of the new game in its title1 and it became known as the ,all ,england ,croquet and ,lawn-,tennis ,club4 ,in another twelve or eighteen months the visitor had pushed the host out of house and home1 the club becoming henceforth headquarters of lawn-tennis alone4 ,it was in the ,july of #ahgg that the first lawn-tennis championship meeting was held at ,wimbledon1 a silver challenge cup being offered for competition by the proprietors of ,the ,field4 ,there were twenty-two entries1 ,mr4 ,spencer-,gore carrying off the championship and the all-comers prizes4 ,the principal results of the first tournament was to show up a serious defect1 viz43 the great preponderance of games won by the server against those gained by the striker-out2 the proportion being about five to three4 ,this defect was remedied in #ahgh by bringing the service line four feet nearer the net1 from twenty-six feet to twenty-two feet4 ,the net at the same time was lowered from five feet at the posts to four feet nine inches1 and from three feet three inches at the centre to three feet4 ,in #ahgi two more championships were instituted1 those of the ,oxford ,university ,lawn-,tennis ,club1 and of ,ireland4 ,the latter meeting was of particular importance to lady players1 owing to the fact that it was their first competition ground4 ,this pioneer of women's lawn-tennis championships was carried off by ,miss ,m4 ,langrishe1 who was also successful in securing the ,irish prize in #ahhc and #ahhf4 ,the first occasion on which ladies competed at ,wimbledon was in the year #ahhd1 when ,miss ,m4 ,watson secured the ,all ,england ,championship1 to which she joined the double victory of ,ireland1 where she defeated ,miss ,m4 ,langrishe4 ,in #ahhe the manager of the ,buxton ,tournament instituted a ladies' double championship1 carried off by ,mrs4 ,watts and ,miss ,bracewell4 ,the championship of ,england and ,ireland was again held by ,miss ,m4 ,watson4 ,it was during this year that ,miss ,l4 ,dod first began to be known in the front ranks of lady players1 though it was not until #ahhg that she held the championship of ,england and ,ireland1 since when she has held the ,english ,championship four times4 ,in #ahhf ,miss ,bingley1 now ,mrs4 ,hillyard1 shot to the fore1 defeating ,miss ,watson at ,wimbledon4 ,her victory1 though coming as something of a surprise1 was magnificently earned1 her extreme accuracy and power creating a good deal of enthusiasm4 ,the next epoch of importance in ladies' tennis--and the last possible variation of the game--was the institution1 in #ahhh1 of the ,all ,england ,mixed ,doubles ,championship1 won by ,mr4 ,e4 ,renshaw and ,mrs4 ,hillyard4 ,during the same year the ,lawn-,tennis ,association came into existence1 the want having for long been felt of one recognised authority1 under whose rules all championship matches should be played4 ,in #ahij1 the ,association made important alterations in some of the previously recognised laws4 ,the change of sides under the new regime was fixed at the end of the first1 third and every alternate game of the set1 instead of at the end of each game4 ,bisques were abolished1 and the quarter system of receiving odds was instituted1 more of which hereafter4 ,subsequently the distance of the service line from the net was fixed at #ba-;ft41 and the height of the net at #c-;ft4 #f-;in4 at the posts1 and #c-;ft4 at the centre4 ,the strides made in lawn-tennis since its first institution as a game are remarkable indeed1 when we consider that the first and only tournament in the land was held in #ahgg1 and that in #ahig1 the list of tournament dates issued by the ,lawn-,tennis ,association comprised sixty-two fixtures in the ,united ,kingdom1 and seven on the ,continent4 ,i must not forget to add that in #ahhe1 the first ,covered ,court ,championship was held1 ,mr4 ,lawford carrying off the prize4 ,the ,ladies' ,covered ,court ,championship was not inaugurated till #ahij1 when ,miss ,jacks secured the coveted title1 ,miss ,austin being the holder in #ahig4 ,the ,ladies' ,championship of #ahig1 was very closely contested1 ,mrs4 ,hillyard playing ,miss ,c4 ,cooper 7the holder74 ,the first set was won by the latter lady1 but owing to the severity of ,mrs4 ,hillyard's returns1 ,miss ,cooper was unable to maintain her advantage and was finally beaten1 the sets standing at #e-g1 #g-e1 #f-b4 ,mrs4 ,hillyard also carried off the ,ladies' ,singles1 defeating ,mrs4 ,pickering by two sets to love--#f-b1 #g-e4 ,the ,irish ,championship was also gained by the ,wimbledon victor1 who beat the ,irish candidate1 ,miss ,dyas1 by two sets to one--#g-e1 #b-f1 #f-c1--thus proving herself the best lady player of the year4 ,with many lawn-tennis players the choice of a court is unfortunately apt to exemplify the old saying that the coat must be cut according to the cloth1 though in these days of plenty when every town in the ,united ,kingdom possesses at least one lawn-tennis club1 it should not be so difficult to secure the best advantages for practice4 ,it is a different matter of course with a private court1 the formation of which may1 for many reasons be a difficult task2 though the advantages of a ground upon the premises is too obvious to need demonstration4 ,in the first place the court should be chosen lengthways from ,n4 to ,s41 to provide for obtaining the best possible light2 secondly1 if the process of levelling cannot be indulged in1 let the ground chosen be at least as level as possible2 and thirdly1 let my foregoing remark apply equally to drainage4 ,the absence of any obstacles such as overhanging branches1 or the too close proximity of shrubs1 is also to be carefully thought of1 and avoided4 ,an ample margin all round being allowed for1 according to the first recommendation in the handbook of the ,lawn-,tennis ,association4 ,there should be1 if possible1 a clear margin of at least #ab-;ft4 on each side1 and #ba-;ft4 at each end of the court4 ,the preparation of the court should be1 as far as possible1 the player's individual care4 ,even when the turf is coarse or weed grown to begin with1 the careful application of a mowing machine1 a roller and a knife1 will soon work wonders4 ,should plantains prevail1 cut them off close to the soil1 whenever they appear--,i have known a promising court spoilt by an attempt to dig these weeds out1 root and all1 with the result that when play commenced1 the balls shot at obtuse and unexpected angles4 ,the mowing machine and the roller must be kept in constant use1 the former should do its work every day if necessary1 after the grass has finished growing1 during the process once a week will be sufficient--this1 perhaps1 is more applicable when grass has been sown4 ,old turf should never be allowed to look even slightly ragged4 ,the energetic use of a roller helps the grass roots to spread out and obtain the mastery over the decapitated weeds4 ,i quote from the ,lawn-,tennis ,association handbook for the dimensions of the court4 ,law #a4 ,for the single-handed game1 the court is #bg-;ft4 in width1 and #gh-;ft4 in length4 ,it is divided across the middle with a net1 the ends of which are attached to two posts1 which stand #c-;ft4 outside the court on each side4 ,the height of the net is #c-;ft4 #f-;in4 at the posts1 and #c-;ft4 at the centre4 ,at each end of the court1 parallel with the net1 and at a distance of #ci-;ft4 from it1 are drawn the base-lines1 the extremities of which are connected by the side-lines4 ,half-way between the side-lines and parallel with them1 is drawn the half-court-line1 dividing the space on each side of the net into two equal parts1 and called the right and left courts4 ,on each side of the net1 at a distance of #ba-;ft4 from it1 and parallel with it1 are drawn the service-lines4 ,illustration3 ,single ,court4 #gh feet4 ,illustration3 ,double ,court4 ,when a double court is required1 the base-lines must be prolonged #d-;ft4 #f-;in4 in each direction1 when by joining the four new points1 the side-lines of a double court are obtained2 it will not now be necessary to prolong the inner side-lines further than the service lines4 ,the measuring of a court is always apt to be tedious work1 but with a little method1 a measuring tape1 a reel of stout string1 some small wooden pegs and a fair supply of patience1 the difficulties are soon overcome4 ,the first necessity is to fix the posts in position--,i have always found it simplified matters to represent the net by a piece of string from post to post--then measure off a distance of #c-;ft4 from each1 inwards of course4 ,from the point now obtained1 measure the side-lines1 #gh-;ft4 which gives us #ci-;ft4 each way from the posts4 ,from the side-lines now measure #d-a_/b-;ft4 inwards1 and #ba-;ft4 each way from the net string for the service-lines4 ,it now only remains for these lines to be joined along their base by four others running parallel with the net1 two on each side of it1 respectively termed the base-lines and the service-lines4 ,half-way between the service-lines and parallel with the side-lines1 a line is next drawn to form the half-court-line1 which accomplishes the task4 ,each point as it is measured should be marked off with a peg2 then when all the dimensions are taken1 a piece of string should be pulled taut from peg to peg1 serving as guide to the marker4 ,as a last word on the subject1 ,i may say that ,i have never heard a low price in markers1 nets1 posts1 or indeed in any implement of the game1 recommended as being really economical4 ,as to balls they can be obtained in many makes1 but ,ayre's ,championship stand first in the list of excellence4 ,by the laws of the ,lawn ,tennis ,association the weight of a ball shall be not less than #a-a_/h-oz41 or more than #b-oz4 ,in #ahgg1 the year of the first ,championship1 the minimum weight was #a-a_/d-oz41 and the maximum #a-a_/b-oz4 ,the ,racket4 ,on the fortunate choice of a racket1 depends literally at least half the success or failure of any battle fought with it4 ,writing of rackets1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,heathcote says3 ,the essential points are--a good hoop1 free from knots1 with a well-marked and continuous grain1 plain wooden handle1 round or slightly octagonal1 fitting the hand of the player1 attached to the middle piece without any perceptible interval1 and good strong gut4#g ,it is an essential point that the racket should not be too heavy2 on the other hand an over-light racket is far from desirable1 except perhaps for a volleying game4 ,from #ab to #ac-oz4 is usually considered a good weight range for a lady's racket1 though ,i have frequently met with ladies who never touched anything under #ad-oz4 ,indeed1 in a matter of this sort1 the choice must rest very much with the player herself1 who will soon find from experience what weight suits her best4 ,and so long as she confines her selection to the first makes1 she cannot go very far wrong4 ,scoring4 ,the only satisfactory manner in which lawn-tennis scoring can be dealt with on paper1 is by quoting once more from the laws of the ,lawn-,tennis ,association1 thus3 ,law #ba4 ,on either player winning his first stroke1 the score is called #ae for that player1 on either player winning his second stroke1 the score is called #cj for that player2 on either player winning his third stroke1 the score is called #dj for that player2 and the fourth stroke won by either player is scored game for that player1 except as below3 ,if both players have won three strokes1 the score is called deuce1 and the next stroke won by either player is called advantage for that player4 ,if the same player win the next stroke1 he wins the game2 if he lose the next stroke the score is again called deuce1 and so on until either player win the two strokes immediately following the score at deuce1 when the game is scored for that player4 ,law #bb4 ,the player who first wins six games wins a set1 except as below3 ,if both players win five games1 the score is called games-all1 and the next game won by either player is scored advantage-game for that player4 ,if the same player win the next game1 he wins the set2 if he lose the next game1 the score is again called games-all2 and so on until either player wins the two games immediately following the score of games-all1 when he wins the set4 ,note4 ,players may agree not to play advantage sets1 but to decide the set by one game after arriving at the score of games-all4 ,odds4 ,in the year #ahhh1 bisques--which had been borrowed from tennis--were abolished4 ,a bisque is one stroke which may be claimed at any time during a set4 ,the principal disadvantage of this system lay in the difficulty of employing it judiciously1 thereby causing a certain mental strain1 possibly injurious to the player's form4 ,the bisque gave place to the quarter and the perfect systems1 which in their turn were superseded by the sixth system in #ahid1 now in universal use4 ,roughly1 the sixth system of handicapping is to receive odds of one1 two1 three1 four1 or five strokes in every six games of a set2 each given stroke being respectively described as one-sixth1 two-sixths1 three-sixths1 four-sixths1 five-sixths1 fifteen4 ,for complete and detailed tables of the system of handicapping1 the reader is referred to the handbook of the ,lawn-,tennis ,association4 ,on the subject of suitable clothing much might be written4 ,for any form of outdoor exercise1 the two chief requisites of costume are warmth and lightness4 ,a thin flannel shirt is more useful than anything1 worn with a short light skirt4 ,i have seen such terrible and distressing results arise from the wearing of skirts which1 though short in front1 dropped at the back that ,i cannot too strongly emphasise the need for all-round shortness2 loss of temper and dignity being among the lesser evils accruing from neglect of this particular4 ,the shoes worn should be strong and serviceable1 usefulness never being allowed to give way to the merely ornamental2 but now-a-days it is an easy matter to combine the two qualities4 ,for play in damp weather it is permissible to wear shoes with a leather sole into which short nails1 known as steel points1 are fitted4 ,these are allowed on all grounds4 ,in the matter of hats a straw sailor with a widish brim is the most workmanlike form of head gear possible4 ,it is perhaps scarcely necessary to add that perfect looseness of every garment is a sine qu non for the freedom of movement necessary in lawn-tennis4 ,illustration3 ,figure ,a4 ,,under-,,hand ,,service4 ,good form is as much an essential in the pursuit of any sport or pastime as it is in the manners and usages of polite society1 and the cultivation of style is not an achievement purely confined to the wayfarer in the paths of literature4 ,in lawn-tennis1 as in everything else1 a good beginning makes a good noontide2 and really1 when one comes to think about it1 it is as easy to learn well as badly4 ,therefore it is never advisable for a beginner to be content with another beginner as her opponent4 ,no doubt a certain diffidence may be felt by the inexperienced player in throwing down the gauntlet to a more practised hand1 because of the lack of interest and excitement for the latter in the game4 ,but this consideration should never be allowed to deter the seizing of an opportunity of playing against an opponent from whom something may be learnt4 ,there are plenty of good-natured people in the world1 and an ounce of practical demonstration1 is worth a ton's weight of written explanation as to the different actions necessary for playing the varied strokes1 which go to compose the game of lawn-tennis4 ,service4 ,like everything else worth having1 a good service is extremely difficult to acquire4 ,it is always best to ascertain by experiment and observation what particular style of service would seem most within one's power of attainment1 and this style should be kept to4 ,there is nothing more detrimental to good play than indecision or constant change of form4 ,experiments1 though doubtless necessary at first1 should be discontinued as soon as possible4 ,the majority of ladies1 for a variety of reasons1 prefer to serve underhand4 ,miss ,l4 ,dod1 in her able contribution in the ,badminton ,library1 is of the opinion that unless in exceptional cases1 overhand service tends merely to a waste of strength without making the stroke more difficult to take than the ordinary underhand service4#h ,in the face of such competent authority it would be fatuous to advance a contrary opinion2 but if any special aptitude is felt for the overhand service1 it will probably be found easier to practice with success than the underhand4 ,the server should stand either in the middle of the base-line1 or a few feet to the right or left of it1 though she is at liberty to take up any position on the base-line that she chooses4 ,according to ,law #g of the game3 ,the server should stand with one foot beyond--i4e41 further from the net than--the base-line1 and with the other foot upon the base-line1 and shall deliver the service from the right and left courts alternately1 beginning from the right4 ,this law is of great importance and should never1 even in the most ordinary play1 be disregarded4 ,for the underhand service1 the body should be slightly bent and the racket swung well up4 ,i have seen the swing carried high above the right shoulder1 the ball being dropped in front of the racket as it arrives near the middle of the downward stroke 7,fig4 ,a74 ,in the overhand service1 the body should be inclined somewhat backward1 and the racket brought well above the head 7as in ,fig4 ,b7 to obtain the utmost possible reach4 ,the ball is held somewhat below the level of the left shoulder1 and thrown gently in front of the descending racket4 ,before a great degree of swiftness is attempted in either of these two services1 accuracy should be ensured4 ,in fact a well-known saying might be profitably adapted for the use of lawn-tennis players1 both proficient and non-proficient3 ,take care of accuracy1 and brilliancy will take care of itself4 ,for the purpose of training the eye1 it is no bad device to place a ball on the spot where the service is intended to drop and take aim at it4 ,the satisfaction of hitting the mark will not be frequent1 but the practice will at least impart some idea of locality4 ,in service when one fault has already been made1 it is wonderfully easy to drop into the bad habit of sending an easy catch to represent the second stroke2 neither is this reprehensible custom entirely confined to beginners who might1 perhaps1 be excused for exercising a certain amount of caution over their last chance4 ,over and over again ,i have seen ladies1 who did not by any means count themselves tyros1 indulging in this defective style of play4 ,they appear to think that one ball either smashed into the net1 or sent a dozen yards out of court absolves them from further effort2 their second stroke being as harmfully innocuous as their first was mistakenly vicious4 ,and in this case again1 nothing but practice will give equality4 ,to obtain a twist the ball should be struck first with the left side of the racket--which will be held in a more horizontal position than for the regular forward stroke--and as it were run across its face1 or in other words the racket is twisted round the ball from right to left4 ,to receive a service the striker-out should1 generally speaking1 stand near the base-line1 opposite the centre of the service court1 a position which commands either a fore or back-handed stroke4 ,of course her position must naturally depend upon the style of service given1 and here again1 nothing but experience will impart the intuitive consciousness of the exact spot on which the ball is likely to drop4 ,through excess of zeal and over anxiety to make a correct return1 the non-proficient player will nearly always commit the error of rushing at her stroke and hitting the ball while it is yet rising1 instead of waiting to catch it in the fall and lift it with a nearly vertical racket over the net4 ,the ball should so to speak be allowed to meet the player half way for an ordinary stroke4 ,of course in the case of a cut or a screw1 which may bound backwards instead of forwards1 it is advisable to approach the stroke more closely1 but even in such a case it is better to wait and see the angle of rising before striking4 ,any undue hurry will cause the ball to perform the feat known as going through the racket4 ,for the fore-handed stroke1 the racket should be held in a firm grasp 7as in ,fig4 ,c71 great care being taken that the position of the fingers is correct from the first1 the ball being struck with a full racket4 ,for the back-handed stroke1 the grip is changed 7see ,fig4 ,d74 ,this change may at first appear a serious difficulty1 but after a little practice at fore and back-handed strokes alternately1 the change will become both unconscious and mechanical4 ,the back-handed stroke is a weak point with many players1 for which reason extra attention should be bestowed upon its cultivation4 ,any attempt to run round the ball1 or to take it with both hands1 should from the first be severely discouraged4 ,practising for the back-handed stroke against a blank wall is advised by many competent authorities as a useful means of overcoming preliminary awkwardness4 ,illustration3 ,figure ,c4 ,,fore-,,handed ,,stroke4 ,the position of the feet and body in lawn-tennis is of the utmost importance4 ,the player should await her stroke standing facing the net with the feet a little apart1 and the weight of the body resting on the toes4 ,in the case of a fore-hand stroke the left foot should be brought quickly across the right1 by way of turning the body sideways1 while the racket is swung back in readiness to receive the stroke4 ,when the ball is struck1 the weight of the body is shifted from the right foot to the left4 ,for a back-handed stroke the right foot is brought across the left1 and whilst striking the weight is shifted from the left foot to the right4 ,the ,volley has ever been a subject of controversy in lawn-tennis annals4 ,we all know what an instrument of defence the stroke became off the rackets of the ,messrs4 ,renshaw2 but at present we are considering lawn-tennis from a woman's point of view1 which is a very different thing4 ,the ordinary variety of the volley is employed to save change of position necessary in taking a ball off the ground4 ,this stroke resembles a lob1 and should be so placed as to obviate the chance of punishment4 ,the volley from the net is an overhand stroke and may be played with either a bent or extended arm1 according to the force employed4 ,the latter variety1 known as the smash1 is given with an uncontrolled swing of the racket4 ,in the former stroke1 where the force used is not so great1 an excellent effect may be obtained by a quick turn of the wrist1 either to right or left1 at the moment of striking the ball1 causing it to drop near the base of the side line4 ,the volley from the service line is played with a horizontal racket1 which may be held either below the bend of the shoulder1 or almost close to the ground1 when the player is obliged to stoop for the purpose of lifting the ball over the net4 ,the half volley is a stroke as difficult to attain as to describe4 ,briefly it consists in blocking the ball--roughly speaking--within the first half-foot of its rise from the drop4 ,the difficulty of the stroke lies in estimating correctly the exact spot on which the ball will drop1 and in having the racket ready just behind that spot4 ,the stroke is chiefly used in cases where retreat is impossible1 or at least likely to be attended with ill-success1 and when the reach is too short for a volley2 but it is a stroke which should be indulged in with caution1 as1 unless in the case of exceptionally good players1 it is likely to prove a dismal failure4 ,that it can generally be dispensed with by either a step forward1 or a few steps back is consoling to the medium performer4 ,illustration3 ,figure ,d4 ,,back-,,handed ,,stroke4 ,the ,lob claims ,mr4 ,haslow as its discoverer4 ,this gentleman1 chiefly owing to the agency of the stroke1 succeeded in defeating the champion1 ,mr4 ,spencer-,gore1 who first practised volleying tactics1 in #ahgh4 ,the lob is a useful invention against net play1 being merely a stroke lifted high over the opponent's head1 thus preventing a volleying return4 ,the counter tactics to this stroke are technically known as the smash1 to which reference has already been made1 and the lob volley4 ,the former of these two strokes consists in getting the racket--either by reach or springing into the air--above the ball and smashing it with all the strength at the player's command1 to the confusion of the opponent1 and the alarm and consternation of the bye-standers4 ,the lob volley consists in catching the dropping ball with a vertical drive similar to the ordinary forward drive played off the ground4 ,lady players will1 as a general rule1 find the back game quite as effective1 and a good deal more graceful than forward or volleying tactics1 which owing to various circumstances1 such as the necessity for extra reach and freedom of movement--are more suited to a man's play than a woman's4 ,the back game with the aid of judicious placing will always prove hard to beat1 a few well-worn maxims for its successful issue being3 to hit as hard1 and to keep the ball as low as possible4 ,neither to court nor to avoid volleying1 but to take it as it comes4 ,to thoroughly master the art of placing4 ,never to relax good style by slovenly play1 and finally to follow in all cases the advice of a well-known authority1 ,to start at once1 to arrive in time1 and never to be in a hurry4 ,m4 ,marshall4 ,,footnotes3 #g ,lawn-,tennis1 ,chap4 ,,vii4 ,badminton ,library4 ,c4 ,e4 ,heathcote4 #h ,lawn-tennis1 ,chap4 ,,xvi41 ,badminton ,library4 ,,appendices4 ,,glossary ,,of ,,nautical ,,terms4 ,abeam3 ,said of an object that is in a line at right angles from the centre of a vessel's side4 ,about3 ,the act of a vessel going from one tack to the other1 when working to windward4 ,abreast3 ,beam and beam2 abeam4 ,two ships are said to be abreast when alongside of each other4 ,a-lee3 ,the situation of the tiller or helm when it is put down or to leeward1 when going about1 or luffing4 ,all in the wind3 ,when a vessel's sails are shaking from sailing too near the wind4 ,a-weather3 ,the opposite of a-lee4 ,the helm is a-weather when put up in the direction of the wind to bear away for gybing1 wearing1 or merely to alter course and keep a point or so more off the wind4 ,to back a sail3 ,to bring the sail round so that the wind comes on its other side4 ,backstays3 ,large ropes used to support the masts4 ,they come aft either side of the ship from the masthead4 ,balloon foresail or fore staysail3 ,an enormous sail set on the forestay of cutters and schooners1 and used for close-hauled sailing in light weather4 ,balloon-jib3 ,an enormous jib made of light canvas carried by fore-and-aft rigged craft2 the foot extends from the bowsprit end to the fore-rigging4 ,it is used when sailing from one to eight or nine points free4 ,balloon-,topsail3 ,a square-headed gaff topsail of very large proportions1 set with a yard and a jack-yard at clew2 to the latter the sheet is bent4 ,battens3 ,strips of wood let into the mast to prevent its wearing4 ,strips of wood put round hatches over tarpaulins to keep the latter down4 ,a batten of wood is also used for several purposes on a vessel's rigging4 ,a thin splint of wood used by naval architects for making curved lines4 ,beam3 ,the breadth of a ship4 ,the midship side of a ship4 ,abaft the beam is behind the centre of the ship's side1 and forward of the beam is in front of that centre4 ,see also ,abeam4 ,bear away3 ,to put the helm up and cause the vessel's head to go off the wind4 ,beating to windward3 ,making for a point to windward by short tacks4 ,belay3 ,to make a rope fast to a pin or cavel1 without hitching or seizing4 ,belay there6 ,stop hauling1 and make fast4 ,bend3 ,to attach a sail to a yard4 ,to bend a cable is to attach it to an anchor4 ,a knot by which two ropes are fastened together4 ,bight3 ,the loop of a rope when doubled4 ,bilge-pieces3 ,placed on a vessel's side to support her when grounding4 ,blanketing3 ,a slang term1 used when one vessel covers or becalms another with her sails4 ,board3 ,the distance a vessel traverses before tacking when working to windward4 ,to make a sternboard is to make way by the stern1 as a vessel will often do in a tideway or when in irons4 ,to go by the board is said of a mast when it is carried away4 ,bobstay3 ,a rope or chair with tackle and double blocks attached to the bowsprit end and stem of a vessel1 and used to keep the bowsprit down when the jib is set4 ,boom3 ,the spar that extends the foot of fore-and-aft sails4 ,bowline3 ,a rope used to stretch taut the after leech of a sail when on a wind4 ,a vessel is said to be on a bowline when close hauled4 ,bowsprit3 ,a spar that extends from the bows of a vessel4 ,a running bowsprit is such as a cutter has1 and is horizontal1 and can be reefed at pleasure4 ,brace3 ,a rope by which a yard is worked4 ,break off3 ,a vessel when close-hauled is said to break off when the wind comes more ahead4 ,bridle3 ,two or more ropes extending from the leech of a sail to which the bowline is attached4 ,cable length3 #ajj fathoms1 or #bjj yards4 ,a cable length denoted on a chart is #fjge feet4 ,to ,check-sheets3 ,to ease them off4 ,claw3 ,to beat to windward off a lee-shore1 or generally to beat to windward when such is difficult on account of heavy weather4 ,cleat3 ,a piece of wood used to belay ropes to4 ,clew3 ,the after lower corner of a fore-and-aft sail4 ,clew-line3 ,a line used to hoist up the lower corners of a sail4 ,close-hauled3 ,when a vessel's sheets are hauled so flat that she sails as near the wind as possible4 ,a schooner yacht will sail #d-a_/b points off the wind1 and a cutter about #d-a_/d4 ,coamings3 ,pieces of timber forming a frame on the deck round a hatchway or skylight4 ,crank3 ,said of a vessel when she will not stand up well to her canvas4 ,a narrow and deep vessel is sure to be crank4 ,cross sea3 ,a sea or swell caused by a wind different from that blowing at the time the cross sea is running4 ,cross-trees3 ,pieces of timber supported by the trestle-trees1 used to spread the topmast rigging4 ,crutch3 ,forked pieces of timber or iron fixed into a socket of the taffrail1 and used to support the boom when the mainsail is stowed4 ,cuddy3 ,a cabin under the deck1 put in the fore-part of small boats4 ,davits3 ,iron stanchions or pieces of timber fixed on a vessel's side or stern1 to carry boats1 they being hoisted to the davits by tackles4 ,earings3 ,small ropes used to fasten the upper corners of sails to the yards4 ,ease off1 or ,ease away3 ,to slacken out the fall of a tackle1 sheet1 or any rope that is belayed4 ,ease the helm3 ,to put the helm down when close-hauled1 so that a vessel's head may enter a sea fairly4 ,generally to put the helm more amidships when it has been put either to port or starboard4 ,eyelet-hole3 ,holes in a sail through which a lacing is passed or reef nettles rove4 ,fair3 ,said of a wind which a vessel has when she can lay her course a point or any number of points free4 ,fetch3 ,to arrive at a point when sailing to windward by weathering it4 ,fly up in the wind3 ,said of a vessel when she comes up suddenly head to wind1 by reason of her griping or through the bad steering of the helmsman4 ,foot3 ,the lower part of a sail or mast4 ,fore-and-aft sails3 ,sails that are set on gaffs and stays1 and not on yards4 ,fore-reach3 ,when close-hauled to sail ahead of another vessel4 ,to fore-reach to windward is to sail ahead of a vessel and yet to windward of her at the same time4 ,free-wind3 ,when a vessel has the wind so as not to be close-hauled4 ,when the wind comes abeam or on the quarter1 a vessel is said to be going large4 ,a fair wind may mean free1 large1 or any wind that blows between #a-b points of the compass from the point on which the vessel would be close-hauled4 ,gaskets3 ,ropes used to secure sails to their yards or booms when furled or stowed4 ,goose-winged3 ,said of a schooner whose mainsail and foresail are extended on opposite sides as she runs before the wind4 ,guy3 ,a rope used to prevent a boom swinging aboard either fore or aft4 ,in running before the wind a guy is often attached to the main boom of a schooner to prevent a sudden gybe4 ,gybe3 ,when running before the wind1 to bring the wind on the other side by putting up the helm1 and thereby cause the sails to fall over4 ,halyards3 ,the ropes used to hoist sails1 yards1 etc4 ,hatches3 ,openings in the decks4 ,haul aft a sheet3 ,to haul a sail flatter or at a less angle to the wind4 ,haul her wind3 ,said of a vessel going free1 when she comes up closer to the wind and flattens her sheets4 ,helm3 ,generally applied to the tiller1 but properly it means the whole apparatus for steering4 ,housed3 ,the situation of a topmast that has been lowered4 ,in irons3 ,a vessel is said to be in irons when in going about she comes up head to wind1 and will not fill off one way or the other4 ,jack-stay3 ,a stay along a mast or yard to which a sail is bent4 ,jack-yard3 ,a small yard used to extend the foot of a fore-and-aft balloon topsail that extends beyond the end of the gaff4 ,jaws3 ,the part of a gaff or boom which encircles the mast4 ,jib3 ,a triangular sail set on a stay in square-rigged ships1 and then called a standing jib4 ,jib-boom3 ,a spar that extends beyond the bowsprit4 ,a flying jib-boom is another spar that extends beyond the jib-boom4 ,jib-foresail3 ,the fore-staysail of fore-and-aft schooners4 ,jib-purchase3 ,a tackle used for setting up a jib4 ,jib-topsail3 ,a triangular sail set on the fore-topmast stay of fore-and-aft vessels4 ,jib-traveller3 ,the travelling ring that encircles the bowsprit to which the tack of a jib is secured and hauled out on the bowsprit or jib-boom1 as the case may be4 ,larboard3 ,port4 7,obsolete47 ,large3 ,a vessel is said to be going large when she has the wind three or four points free4 ,leech3 ,the outer edge of a sail4 ,luff3 ,to sail closer to the wind4 ,lug-sail3 ,a sail set on a yard1 as generally used in small boats4 ,main-boom3 ,the spar that extends the foot of the mainsail of a fore-and-aft craft4 ,mainsheet3 ,the sheet of a mainsail4 ,martingale3 ,a short spar under the bowsprit1 used to give more spread to the stays that set the bowsprit or jib-boom down4 ,nautical mile3 #bjbeb yards3 thus #ac knots or nautical miles are nearly equal to #ae statute miles4 ,nautical day3 ,from noon till noon1 #bd hours4 ,nothing off3 ,said to a helmsman when he has to keep a vessel as close to wind as practicable4 ,off-and-on3 ,working along a shore by standing off1 and then on1 by short boards4 ,painter3 ,a rope attached to the bows of a boat1 used to make her fast to a landing-place1 etc4 ,preventer stays3 ,additional ropes set up taut to prevent spars carrying away when a vessel is under a press of canvas4 ,reef-points3 ,short pieces of rope by which the foot of a sail is secured when a reef is rolled up1 or1 as the nautical term has it1 hauled down4 ,reef-tackles3 ,the tackles by which the reef-pendants are hauled down4 ,schooner3 ,a fore-and-aft rigged craft with two masts4 ,sometimes schooners carry square topsails1 and then are distinguished by being called square-topsail schooners4 ,spinnaker3 ,a modern adaptation of a jib-shaped sail1 often seen set from the top masthead and boomed out from the mast4 ,it is made of light canvas1 and hoists to the topmast-head1 and is boomed out from the mast4 ,some cutters carry enormous spinnakers1 containing in one sail nearly as much canvas as is spread in mainsail and topsail4 ,a spinnaker is a very handy sail1 and preferable to a squaresail in light weather4 ,steady63 ,an order after the helm has been put to port or starboard1 to put it no farther in either direction1 but bring it back amidships4 ,when the wind is fair1 an order given to a steersman to ,steady6 is to keep the helm as it is4 ,tack3 ,the lower weather corner of a sail4 ,to tack3 ,to go about from one tack to the other4 ,tackle3 ,a purchase composed of blocks and a rope1 for multiplying power4 ,tail block3 ,a tackle consisting of two blocks1 to one of which is attached a length of rope for fastening to any object at pleasure4 ,taunt3 ,tall4 ,taut3 ,tight4 ,thwart3 ,athwart2 across4 ,the seat of a boat4 ,tiller3 ,the bar of wood or iron by which the rudder is worked4 ,toggle3 ,a pin placed through the bight or eye of a rope to secure it round a stay1 mast1 etc4 ,top a boom3 ,to raise one end of it by hoisting on the topping-lifts4 ,topmast3 ,the next mast to the lower mast2 in ships1 the topmast is succeeded by top-gallant mast and royal mast4 ,wear3 ,to come round with the wind until it blows on the opposite side4 ,in tacking1 a vessel is turned round against the wind4 ,yaw3 ,a vessel is said to yaw when in running she flies off her course4 ,yawl3 ,a vessel rigged like a cutter1 with the addition of a short mizzen-mast4 ,,lawn-,,tennis4 ,,laws ,,of ,,the ,,game4 ,,the ,,single-,,handed ,,game4 #a4--;,for the single-handed game1 the ,court is #bg ft4 in width and #gh ft4 in length4 ,it is divided across the middle by a net1 the ends of which are attached to the tops of two posts1 which stand #c ft4 outside the ,court on each side4 ,the height of the net is #c ft4 #f in4 at the posts1 and #c ft4 at the centre4 ,at each end of the ,court1 parallel with the net1 and at a distance of #ci ft4 from it1 are drawn the ,base-lines1 the extremities of which are connected by the side-lines4 ,half-way between the side-lines1 and parallel with them1 is drawn the half-court-line1 dividing the space on each side of the net into two equal parts1 called the right and left courts4 ,on each side of the net1 at a distance of #ba ft4 from it1 and parallel with it1 are drawn the service-lines4 #b4--,the balls shall not be less than #b-a_/b in41 nor more than #b-i_/af in4 in diameter2 and not less than #a-g_/h oz41 nor more than #b oz4 in weight4 #c4--;,in matches where ,umpires are appointed1 their decision shall be final2 but where a ,referee is appointed1 an appeal shall lie to him from the decision of an ,umpire on a question of law4 #d4--,the choice of sides and the right of serving during the first games shall be decided by toss2 provided that1 if the winner of the toss choose the right to serve1 the other player shall have the choice of sides1 and vice-vers2 and provided that the winner of the toss may1 if he prefer it1 require the other player to make the first choice4 #e4--,the players shall stand on opposite sides of the net2 the player who first delivers the ball shall be called the ,server1 the other the ,striker-out4 #f4--;,at the end of the first game the ,striker-out shall become ,server1 and the ,server shall become ,striker-out2 and so on alternately in the subsequent games of the set4 #g4--,the ,server shall stand with one foot beyond 7i4e41 further from the net than7 the base line1 and with the other foot upon the base line1 and shall deliver the service from the right and left ,courts alternately1 beginning from the right4 #h4--,the ball served must drop within the service-line1 half-court-line1 and side-line of the ,court which is diagonally opposite to that from which it was served1 or upon any such line4 #i4--;,it is a fault if the service be delivered from the wrong ,court1 or if the ,server do not stand as directed in ,law #g1 or if the ball served drop in the net or beyond the service-line1 or if it drop out of ,court or in the wrong ,court2 it is not a fault if the ,server's foot1 which is beyond the base-line1 do not touch the ground at the moment at which the service is delivered4 #aj4--;,a fault may not be taken4 #aa4--;,after a fault1 the ,server shall serve again from the same ,court from which he served that fault1 unless it was a fault because served from the wrong ,court4 #ab4--;,a fault may not be claimed after the next service has been delivered4 #ac4--,the service may not be volleyed1 i4e41 taken before it touches the ground4 #ad4--,the ,server shall not serve until the ,striker-out is ready4 ,if the latter attempt to return the service1 he shall be deemed to be ready4 #ae4--;,a ball is in-play from the moment at which it is delivered in service 7unless a fault7 until it has been volleyed by the ,striker-out in his first stroke1 or has dropped in the net or out of ,court1 or has touched either of the players or anything that he wears or carries1 except his racket in the act of striking1 or has been struck by either of the players with his racket more than once consecutively1 or has been volleyed before it has passed over the net1 or has failed to pass over the net before its first bound 7except as provided in ,law #ag71 or has touched the ground twice consecutively on either side of the net1 though the second time may be out of ,court4 #af4--;,it is a let if the ball served touch the net1 provided the service be otherwise good2 or if a service or fault be delivered when the ,striker-out is not ready2 or if either player be prevented by an accident beyond his control from serving or returning the ball in play4 ,in case of a let1 the service or stroke counts for nothing1 and the server shall serve again4 #ag4--;,it is a good return although the ball touch the net1 or1 having passed outside either post1 drop on or within any of the lines which bound the ,court into which it is returned4 #ah4--,the ,server wins a stroke if the ,striker-out volley the service1 or fail to return the service or the ball in-play 7except in the case of a let71 or return the service or ball in play so that it drop outside any of the lines which bound his opponent's ,court1 or otherwise lose a stroke1 as provided by ,law #bj4 #ai4--,the ,striker-out wins a stroke if the ,server serve two consecutive faults1 or fail to return the ball in-play 7except in the case of a let71 or return the ball in-play so that it drop outside any of the lines which bound his opponent's ,court1 or otherwise lose a stroke1 as provided by ,law #bj4 #bj4--;,either player loses a stroke if the ball in-play touch him or anything that he wears or carries1 except his racket in the act of striking2 or it he touch or strike the ball in-play with his racket more than once consecutively2 or if he touch the net or any of its supports while the ball is in-play2 or if he volley the ball before it has passed the net4 #ba4--,on either player winning his first stroke1 the score is called #ae for that player2 on either player winning his second stroke1 the score is called #cj for that player2 on either player winning his third stroke1 the score is called #dj for that player2 and the fourth stroke won by either player is scored game for that player2 except as below3-- ,if both players have won three strokes1 the score is called deuce2 and the next stroke won by either player is scored advantage for that player4 ,if the same player win the next stroke1 he wins the game2 if he lose the next stroke1 the score is again called deuce2 and so on until either player win the two strokes immediately following the score at deuce1 when the game is scored for that player4 #bb4--,the player who first wins six games wins a set2 except as below3-- ,if both players win five games1 the score is called games-all2 and the next game won by either player is scored advantage-game for that player4 ,if the same player win the next game1 he wins the set2 if he lose the next game1 the score is again called games-all2 and so on until either player win the two games immediately following the score of games-all1 when he wins the set4 ,note4--,players may agree not to play advantage-sets1 but to decide the set by one game after arriving at the score of games-all4 #bc4--,the players shall change sides at the end of every set1 but the ,umpire1 on appeal from either party1 before the toss for choice1 shall direct the players to change sides at the end of the first1 third1 and every subsequent alternate game of each set1 provided that in such event the players shall not change sides at the end of a set if the number of games in such set be even2 but if the appeal be made after a match has been begun1 the ,umpire shall only direct the players to change sides at the end of the first1 third1 and every subsequent alternate game of the odd and concluding set4 #bd4--,when a series of sets is played1 the player who was ,server in the last game of one set1 shall be ,striker-out in the first game of the next4 ,,odds4 #be4--;,in the case of received odds3-- a4 ,one sixth of fifteen is one stroke given in every six games of a set in the position shown by the annexed table4 b4 ,similarly1 two-sixths1 three-sixths1 four-sixths1 and five-sixths of fifteen are respectively two1 three1 four1 and five strokes given in every six games of a set in the position shown by the table4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #ast #bnd #crd #dth #eth #fth ,game4 ,game4 ,game4 ,game4 ,game4 ,game4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #a_/f of #ae4 #j #ae #j #j #j #j ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #b_/f of #ae4 #j #ae #j #ae #j #j ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #c_/f of #ae4 #j #ae #j #ae #j #ae ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #d_/f of #ae4 #j #ae #j #ae #ae #ae ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #e_/f of #ae4 #j #ae #ae #ae #ae #ae ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,example4--,a player receiving four-sixths of fifteen receives nothing in the first and third games1 and fifteen in the second1 fourth1 fifth and sixth games of a set4 ,note4--,the table is not carried beyond the sixth game1 as in the next and every succeeding six games the odds recur in the same positions4 c4 ,the above odds may be given in augmentation of other receiving odds4 d4 ,fifteen is one stroke given at the beginning of every game of a set4 e4 ,thirty is two strokes given at the beginning of every game of a set4 f4 ,forty is three strokes given at the beginning of every game of a set4 #bf4--;,in the case of owed odds3 a4 ,one-sixth of fifteen is one stroke owed in every six games of a set in the position shown by the annexed table4 b4 ,similarly1 two-sixths1 three-sixths1 four-sixths1 and five-sixths of fifteen are respectively two1 three1 four1 and five strokes owed in every six games of a set in the position shown by the following table3 ---------------------------------------- ------------- #ast #bnd #crd #dth #eth #fth ,game4 ,game4 ,game4 ,game4 ,game4 ,game4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- #a_/f of #ae4 #ae #j #j #j #j #j ---------------------------------------- ------------- #b_/f of #ae4 #ae #j #ae #j #j #j ---------------------------------------- ------------- #c_/f of #ae4 #ae #j #ae #j #ae #j ---------------------------------------- ------------- #d_/f of #ae4 #ae #j #ae #j #ae #ae ---------------------------------------- ------------- #e_/f of #ae4 #ae #j #ae #ae #ae #ae ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,example4--,a player owing two-sixths of fifteen would owe fifteen in the first and third games1 and nothing in the second1 fourth1 fifth1 and sixth games4 ,note4--,the table is not carried beyond the sixth game1 as in the next and every succeeding six games the odds recur in the same positions4 c4 ,the above odds may be owed in augmentation of other owed odds4 d4 ,fifteen is one stroke owed at the beginning of every game of a set4 e4 ,thirty is two strokes owed at the beginning of every game of a set4 f4 ,forty is three strokes owed at the beginning of every game of a set4 ,,the ,,three-,,handed ,,and ,,four-,,handed ,,game4 #bg4--,the above laws shall apply to the three-handed and four-handed games1 except as below4 #bh4--;,for the three-handed and four-handed games1 the ,court is #cf ft4 in width4 ,within the side-lines1 at a distance of #d-a_/b ft4 from them1 and parallel with them1 are drawn the service-side-lines4 ,in other respects the ,court is similar to that which is described in ,law #a4 #bi4--;,in the three-handed game1 the single player shall serve in every alternate game4 #cj4--;,in the four-handed game1 the pair who have the right to serve in the first game may decide which partner shall do so1 and the opposing pair may decide similarly for the second game4 ,the partner of the player who served in the first game shall serve in the third2 and the partner of the player who served in the second game shall serve in the fourth1 and so on in the same order in all the subsequent games of a set4 #ca4--,the players shall take the service alternately throughout each game2 no player shall receive or return a service delivered to his partner2 and the order of service and of striking out1 once arranged1 shall not be altered1 nor shall the ,striker-out change ,courts to receive the service before the end of the set4 #cb4--,the ball served must drop within the service-line1 half-court-line1 and service-side-line of the ,court1 which is diagonally opposite to that from which it was served1 or upon any such line4 #cc4--;,it is a fault if the ball do not drop as provided in ,law #cb1 or if it touch the ,server's partner1 or anything that he wears or carries4 #cd4--;,if a player serve out of his turn1 the ,umpire1 as soon as the mistake is discovered by himself or by one of the players1 shall direct the player to serve who ought to have served2 but all strokes scored1 and any fault served before such discovery1 shall be reckoned4 ,if a game shall have been completed before such discovery1 then the service in the next alternate game shall be delivered by the partner of the player who served out of his turn2 and so on in regular rotation4 ,,knotty ,,points4 ,,addenda ,,to ,,the ,,laws ,,of ,,the ,,game4 7,revised and approved by the ,council of the ,lawn-,tennis ,association47 #a4--;,in no case may the ,striker-out volley the service1 not even if the ball is clearly outside the service court4 #b4--;,a player who is struck by1 or strikes a ball in play 7unless he thereby makes a good return7 loses the stroke1 no matter whether he is standing within the limits of the court or outside them4 7,for definition of in play see ,law #ae47 #c4--;,if the service is delivered before the ,striker-out is ready1 and he tries to return it1 but fails1 he loses the stroke4 #d4--;,if the ,striker-out cries not ready after the service has been delivered1 but before the ball touches the ground1 he may not claim a fault because the ball ultimately drops outside the service ,court4 #e4--;,if the ,server1 in attempting to serve1 misses the ball altogether1 it does not count as a fault1 but it the ball is touched1 no matter how slightly1 by the racket1 a service is thereby delivered and the rules governing the service at once apply4 #f4--;,if a ball1 served or returned1 drops into the proper ,court and screws or is blown back over the net1 the player whose turn it is to strike may reach over the net and play the ball1 provided that neither he nor any part of his clothes or racket touch the net4 ,if he fails to play the ball1 the stroke of course scores to his opponent1 notwithstanding that the ball has gone back over the net4 #g4--;,if a player throws his racket at the ball and so returns the ball into the proper ,court1 he loses the stroke4 #h4--;,if a player catches the balls on his racket1 walks with it to the net1 and1 reaching over1 drops it into ,court1 he loses the stroke1 as such a proceeding cannot be defined as an act of striking 7vide law #ae74 #i4--;,if a player's racket passes over the net after he has returned the ball1 he does not lose1 providing the ball has passed over the net before being played1 and has been properly returned4 #aj4--;,if a player or his racket touches the posts or supports of the net or posts while the ball is in-play1 he loses the stroke4 7,for definition of in-play see law #ae47 ,,ii4--,if a player's racket slips out of his hand and touches the net while the ball is in-play1 he loses the stroke4 #ab4--;,if a player to avoid touching the net1 jumps over it while the ball is in play1 he loses the stroke4 #ac4--;,if a ball is returned outside the posts1 either above or below the level of the top of the net1 and drops into ,court1 it is a good return4 #ad4--;,if a player succeeds in returning a ball served or in-play which strikes a ball lying in the ,court1 it is a good return4 #ae4--;,if a spectator impedes1 or in any way interferes with1 a player1 a let may be allowed under ,law #af4 #af4--;,a let does not annul a previous fault4 #ag4--,the service always commences from the right-hand ,court1 even though odds are given or owed1 and the service always continues alternately from the right and left ,courts4 #ah4--;,if an ,umpire erroneously calls fault and at once corrects himself and cries play1 and the striker-out tails to return the ball1 a let must be allowed4 #ai4--;,if the ball in play 7other than a service7 strikes any part of the net or its supports1 or the centre stay1 no matter how low down 7provided it does not touch the ground71 and eventually goes over into the proper ,court1 it is a good return4 #bj4--;,if in a double game the ,server's service strikes either of his opponents1 he wins the stroke4 #ba4--;,if a match is postponed on account of rain or darkness coming on1 or for any similar reason1 and is continued on the subsequent day1 the match shall be resumed from the point where it was discontinued on the previous day4 ,an entirely new commencement may only be made with the consent of the ,referee4 #bb4--;,if two players in a handicap play at the wrong odds1 the match stands1 unless they have been wrongly instructed by the referee1 or any person or persons acting under his instructions1 in which case the loser may claim to have the match replayed1 unless the mistake in the odds has been in his favour4 ,such claim must be made within a reasonable time4 #bc4--;,a similar decision must be given if two players neglect to play advantage sets when one of the conditions of the event in which they are competing is that advantage sets should be played4 ,,handicaps4 ,table ,no4 #a4 7,received ,odds74 ,when two players1 both in receipt of odds1 meet1 the player receiving the smaller odds is put back to scratch4 ,the following ,table shows the point at which the other should then start4 ,the number at the left of the horizontal columns denotes the player who goes back to scratch1 those at the head of the vertical columns the player who still receives odds2 and the numbers within the columns show the odds to be received by the player whose number stands at the head of the column3 ---------------------------------------- -------- #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #a_/f #b_/f #c_/f #d_/f #e_/f of of of of of #ae #aea #aeb #aec #ae #ae #ae #ae #ae ---------------------------------------- -------- #a_/f #b_/f #b_/f #d_/f #e_/f #a of of of of of #ae #aea #aeb #ae #ae #ae #ae #ae ---------------------------------------- -------- #a_/f #a_/f #c_/f #e_/f #b of of of of #ae #ae #aea #ae #ae #ae #ae ---------------------------------------- --- #a_/f #b_/f #d_/f #e_/f #c of of of of #ae #aea #ae #ae #ae #ae -------------------------------------- #a_/f #c_/f #d_/f #e_/f #d of of of of #ae #ae #ae #ae #ae --------------------------------- #a_/f #c_/f #d_/f #e_/f #e of of of of #ae #ae #ae #ae ---------------------------- #a_/f #c_/f #d_/f #f of of of #ae #ae #ae ----------------------- #a_/f #b_/f #g of of #ae #ae ------------------ #a_/f #h of #ae ------------ #i ------ ---------------------------------------- -------------- #aj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #aed #aee #cj #cja #cjb #cjc #cjd #cje #dj ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #a #aec #aed #aee #cj #cja #cjb #cjc #cje #dj ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #b #aeb #aed #aee #cj #cja #cjb #cjc #cjd #cje ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #c #aea #aec #aed #cj #cj #cja #cjb #cjd #cje ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #d #aea #aeb #aed #aee #cj #cja #cjb #cjc #cje ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #e #ae #aea #aec #aee #aee #cj #cja #cjb #cjd ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #e_/f #f of #ae #aea #aec #aee #aee #cj #cja #cjd #ae ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #d_/f #e_/f #g of of #ae #aeb #aed #aee #cj #cja #cjc #ae #ae ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #b_/f #d_/f #h of of #ae #aea #aeb #aed #aee #cj #cjb #ae #ae ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #a_/f #c_/f #e_/f #i of of of #ae #aeb #aec #aed #cj #cja #ae #ae #ae ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #a_/f #d_/f #aj of of #ae #aea #aeb #aec #aee #cja #ae #ae ---------------------------------------- -------------- #b_/f #d_/f #aa of of #ae #aea #aeb #aed #cj #ae #ae ---------------------------------------- -------- #b_/f #d_/f #e_/f #ab of of of #ae #aeb #aee #ae #ae #ae ---------------------------------------- -- #b_/f #c_/f #e_/f #ac of of of #aea #aec #ae #ae #ae ------------------------------------ #a_/f #c_/f #e_/f #ad of of of #aeb #ae #ae #ae ------------------------------ #a_/f #d_/f #ae of of #aea #ae #ae ------------------------ #b_/f #af of #ae #ae ------------------ #e_/f #ag of #ae ------------ ,this table has been calculated upon the following data3-- ,in the case of received odds ,the average value of #a_/f is #bjdh4 #b_/f is #ceeb4 #c_/f is #dhaa4 #d_/f is #fjfi4 #e_/f is #ghda4 length of a game is #dfbej strokes4 #aea means #ae and one-sixth of #ae1 and so on4 ,,handicaps4 ,table ,no4 ,,ii4 7,owed ,odds74 ,when two players meet who are handicapped to owe odds1 the player owing the lesser odds is placed at scratch4 ,this ,table shows the odds the other will still owe3 ---------------------------------------- -------- #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #a_/f #b_/f #c_/f #d_/f #e_/f of of of of of #ae #aea #aeb #aec #ae #ae #ae #ae #ae ---------------------------------------- -------- #a_/f #a_/f #c_/f #c_/f #e_/f #a of of of of of #ae #aea #aea #ae #ae #ae #ae #ae ---------------------------------------- -------- #a_/f #a_/f #d_/f #c_/f #e_/f #b of of of of of #ae #ae #ae #ae #ae #ae #ae ---------------------------------------- --- #a_/f #b_/f #b_/f #d_/f #e_/f #c of of of of of #ae #ae #ae #ae #ae #ae -------------------------------------- #a_/f #b_/f #c_/f #d_/f #e_/f #d of of of of of #ae #ae #ae #ae #ae --------------------------------- #a_/f #b_/f #c_/f #d_/f #e of of of of #ae #ae #ae #ae ---------------------------- #a_/f #b_/f #b_/f #f of of of #ae #ae #ae ----------------------- #a_/f #a_/f #g of of #ae #ae ------------------ #h #j ------------ #i ------ ---------------------------------------- -------------- #aj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #aed #aee #cj #cja #cjb #cjc #cjd #cje #dj ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #a #aeb #aec #aed #cj #cj #cja #cjb #cjc #cjd ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #b #aea #aeb #aec #aed #aee #cj #cj #cja #cjb ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #c #ae #aea #aeb #aec #aed #aee #cj #cj #cja ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #e_/f #d of #ae #aea #aeb #aec #aed #aee #aee #cj #ae ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #e_/f #e_/f #e of of #ae #aea #aeb #aec #aec #aed #aee #ae #ae ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #c_/f #d_/f #e_/f #f of of of #ae #aea #aea #aeb #aec #aed #ae #ae #ae ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #b_/f #c_/f #d_/f #e_/f #g of of of of #ae #ae #aea #aea #aeb #ae #ae #ae #ae ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #a_/f #b_/f #c_/f #d_/f #e_/f #e_/f #h of of of of of of #ae #ae #aea #ae #ae #ae #ae #ae #ae ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #a_/f #b_/f #c_/f #d_/f #e_/f #e_/f #i #j of of of of of of #ae #aea #ae #ae #ae #ae #ae #ae ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #a_/f #a_/f #b_/f #c_/f #d_/f #e_/f #e_/f #aj of of of of of of of #ae #ae #ae #ae #ae #ae #ae #ae ---------------------------------------- -------------- #a_/f #a_/f #b_/f #c_/f #d_/f #d_/f #e_/f #aa of of of of of of of #ae #ae #ae #ae #ae #ae #ae ---------------------------------------- -------- #a_/f #a_/f #b_/f #c_/f #c_/f #d_/f #ab of of of of of of #ae #ae #ae #ae #ae #ae ---------------------------------------- -- #a_/f #a_/f #a_/f #b_/f #c_/f #ac of of of of of #ae #ae #ae #ae #ae ------------------------------------ #a_/f #a_/f #b_/f #ad #j of of of #ae #ae #ae ------------------------------ #a_/f #b_/f #ae #j of of #ae #ae ------------------------ #a_/f #af #j of #ae ------------------ #a_/f #ag of #ae ------------ ,this table has been calculated upon the following data3-- ,in the case of owed odds ,the average value of #a_/f is #baeh #b_/f is #cibi #c_/f is #eahh #d_/f is #fddh #e_/f is #gige length of a game is #dfbej strokes4 ,in using this table1 supply throughout the word owe before the odds specified4 ,,regulations ,,for ,,the ,,management ,,of ,,lawn-,,tennis ,,prize ,,meetings4 #a4--;,at ,prize ,meetings promoted by associations or clubs affiliated to the ,lawn-,tennis ,association1 the laws of lawn-tennis for the time being sanctioned by the ,lawn-,tennis ,association1 and the regulations hereinafter contained1 shall be observed4 #b4--;,all details connected with any ,prize ,meeting shall be settled by the ,committee of the club holding the meeting1 or by a ,committee specially appointed for the purpose1 of whom two1 or such larger number as the ,committee may determine1 shall form a quorum4 #c4--;,a circular shall be issued by the ,committee specifying the conditions of the competition 7see ,recommendation #e74 #d4--,no cheques1 orders for money1 or cash payments in any form shall be given as prizes1 and the amount actually paid for each prize shall in no case be below the advertised value of the same4 #e4--,the ,committee shall elect a ,referee1 with power to appoint a substitute to be approved by them4 #f4--,the ,referee1 or such other member or members of the ,committee as may be selected for the purpose1 shall have power to appoint ,umpires1 and the ,referee shall decide any point of law which an ,umpire may profess himself unable to decide1 or which may be referred to him on appeal from the decision of an ,umpire4 #g4--,the ,referee shall1 during the ,meeting1 be ex-officio a member of the ,committee4 #h4--,the ,courts shall be allotted to the ,competitors1 and the ,competitors shall be called upon to play1 by a member or members of the ,committee1 to be selected for the purpose1 and in case of disagreement the ,committee shall decide4 #i4--,the ,committee shall help to keep order on the ground1 and shall consult and decide upon any question arising out of the competition1 if summoned for that purpose by the ,referee or by any two of their number2 and they shall have power1 when so convened1 the misconduct of a ,competitor having been reported to them by a member of the ,committee or an ,umpire1 to disqualify the offender1 and further to order him off the ground1 should his misconduct appear to them to justify such action1 but before such action shall be taken1 an opportunity of offering an explanation shall be afforded to the ,competitor whose misconduct has been reported to them4 #aj4--;,it is the duty of an ,umpire-- a4 ,to ascertain that the net is at the right height before the commencement of play1 and to measure and adjust the net during play1 if asked to do so1 or if1 in his opinion1 its height has altered2 b4 ,to call the faults 7subject to ,regulation #aa72 c4 ,to call the strokes when won1 or when he is asked to call them1 and to record them on the ,umpire's second sheet2#i d4 ,to call the games and the sets at the end of each1 or when asked to call them1 and to record them on the ,umpire's scoring sheet2 ,,note4--,at the end of each game the games should be called with the name of the player who is in advance1 thus3 #b games to #a1 ,b4 wins1 or ,b4 leads4 ,if the games are level the score should be called thus1 #c games all1 or as the case may be4 ,at the end of each set the sets should be called in like manner4 e4 ,to direct the competitors to change sides1 in accordance with ,law #bc2 f4 ,when appealed to1 during a rest1 whether a doubtful ball is in-play or not1 to call ,play it out1 and at the conclusion of the rest1 to give his decision 7subject to ,regulation #aa7 or direct the ,competitors to play the stroke again2 g4 ,to decide all doubtful or disputed strokes1 and all points of law 7subject to ,regulations #aa and #ab72 h4 ,in handicap matches to call the odds at the commencement of each set2 i4 ,to sign the ,umpire's scoring sheets1 and to deliver them at the conclusion of the match to such person as the ,committee may authorize to receive them2 ,provided1 that no omission of any of the foregoing duties on the part of an ,umpire shall of itself invalidate a game or match4 #aa4--;,it is the duty of a ,line-,umpire to call faults and to decide strokes relating to the line for which he is appointed ,umpire1 and to such line only4 #ab4--,the decision of an ,umpire shall be final upon every question of fact1 and no ,competitor may appeal from it2 but if an ,umpire be in doubt as to a point of law1 or if a ,competitor appeal against his decision on such a point1 the ,umpire shall submit to it the ,referee1 whose decision shall be final4 #ac4--,the ,referee shall not bet on a match1 nor shall an ,umpire on a match in which he is acting1 and if an objection for this or any other reason be made to a ,referee or ,umpire1 either before or during the match1 by a member of the ,committee or a ,competitor1 the match1 if begun1 shall1 if necessary1 be at once stopped by the ,referee or two members of the ,committee1 who shall take the opinion of the ,committee on the objection1 and the ,committee shall have power to remove or suspend the ,referee or ,umpire so objected to2 provided that the decision of the majority of the ,committee present shall be final1 and that the ,referee or ,umpire so objected to 7if a member of the ,committee7 shall not be at liberty to vote on the question4 #ad4--,no competitor may transfer his entry to another player4 #ae4--;,competitors shall have a right1 by themselves or their deputies1 to be present at the draw4 #af4--,the draw shall be conducted in the following manner3--,each ,competitor's name shall be written on a separate card or paper1 and these shall be placed in bowl or hat1 drawn out one by by one at random1 and copied on a list in the order in which they have been drawn4 #ag4--,when the number of ,competitors is #d1 #h1 #af1 #cb1 #fd1 or any higher power of #b1 they shall meet in pairs1 in accordance with the system shown by the following diagram3 ---------------------------------------- -------------- #ast ,round4 ,a #bnd ,round4 ------------,b ,b #crd ,round4 ------------,d ,c ------------,d ,d -------------,d ,e ------------,f ,f ------------,f ,g ------------,h ,h ---------------------------------------- -------------- #ah4--,when the number of ,competitors is not a power of #b1 there shall be byes in the first round4 ,the number of byes shall be equal to the difference between the number of competitors and the next higher power of #b2 and the number of pairs that shall meet in the first round shall be equal to the difference between the number of ,competitors and the next lower power of #b4 ,the byes1 if even in number1 shall be divided1 as the names are drawn1 in equal proportions at the top and bottom of the list1 above and below the pairs2 if uneven in number1 there shall be one more bye at the bottom than at the top4 ,thus1 in ,,series #a4 ,from #e to #h ,competitors4 ,with #e1 there will be #a bye at the top1 and #b byes at the bottom of the list1 thus3 #ast ,round4 #bnd ,round4 #crd ,round4 ,a 7a bye7 444444,a ,b ------------,a ------------,b ,c ------------,a ,d 7a bye7 444444,d ------------,e ,e 7a bye7 444444,e ,with #f1 there will be #a bye at the top1 and #a bye at the bottom4 ,with #g1 #a bye at the bottom4 ,with #h1 no byes4 ,,series #b4 ,from #i to #af ,competitors4 #ast ,round4 #bnd ,round4 #crd ,round4 #dth ,round4 ,a 7a bye7 444444,a ------------,b ,b 7a bye7 444444,b ------------,e ,c 7a bye7 444444,c ------------,e ,d ------------,e ,e ------------,g ,f 7a bye7 444444,f ------------,g ,g 7a bye7 444444,g ------------,g ,h 7a bye7 444444,h ------------,h ,i 7a bye7 444444,i ,with #aj1 #c byes at the top1 and #c byes at the bottom4 ,with #aa1 #b byes at the top1 and #c byes at the bottom4 ,with #ab1 #b byes at the top1 and #b byes at the bottom4 ,with #ac1 #a bye at the top1 and #b byes at the bottom4 ,with #ad1 #a bye at the top1 and #a bye at the bottom4 ,with #ae1 #a bye at the bottom4 ,with #af1 no byes4 ,,series #c4 ,from #ag to #cb ,competitors4 ,with #ag1 #g byes at the top1 and #h byes at the bottom1 thus3 #ast ,round4 #bnd ,round4 #crd ,round4 #dth ,round4 #eth ,round ,a 7a bye7444,a --------,a ,b 7a bye7444,b --------,d ,c 7a bye7444,c --------,d ,d 7a bye7444,d --------,d ,e 7a bye7444,e --------,f ,f 7a bye7444,f --------,h ,g 7a bye7444,g --------,h ,h --------,h ,i --------,d ,j 7a bye7444,j --------,k ,k 7a bye7444,k --------,k ,l 7a bye7444,l --------,m ,m 7a bye7444,m --------,o ,n 7a bye7444,n --------,o ,o 7a bye7444,o --------,o ,p 7a bye7444,p --------,q ,q 7a bye7444,q ,with #ah1 #g byes at the top1 and #g byes at the bottom4 ,with #ai1 #f byes at the top1 and #g byes at the bottom4 ,with #bj1 #f byes at the top1 and #f byes at the bottom4 ,with #ba1 #e byes at the top1 and #f byes at the bottom4 ,with #bb1 #e byes at the top1 and #e byes at the bottom4 ,with #bc1 #d byes at the top1 and #e byes at the bottom4 ,with #bd1 #d byes at the top1 and #d byes at the bottom4 ,with #be1 #c byes at the top1 and #d byes at the bottom4 ,with #bf1 #c byes at the top1 and #c byes at the bottom4 ,with #bg1 #b byes at the top1 and #c byes at the bottom4 ,with #bh1 #b byes at the top1 and #b byes at the bottom4 ,with #bi1 #a bye at the top1 and #b byes at the bottom4 ,with #cj1 #a bye at the top1 and #a bye at the bottom4 ,with #ca1 #a bye at the bottom4 ,with #cb1 no byes4 ,and so on1 with larger numbers1 in like manner4 #ai4--;,if a ,competitor be absent when called on to play1 or shall refuse to play1 or shall have given previous notice to the ,referee1 or a member of the ,committee that he cannot play in his next round1 his adversary shall win in that round4 #bj4--;,in handicap-matches the ,competitors shall be handicapped by the ,committee1 or by a ,handicapper appointed by the ,committee4 #ba4--,unless any other principle of handicapping be adopted1 the handicap shall be by classes1 as below3 ,,class #j 7scratch74 ,class #a receives #a-sixth of #ae4 #b #b-sixths of #ae4 #c #c-sixths of #ae4 #d #d-sixths of #ae4 #e #e-sixths of #ae4 #f #ae4 #g #ae and #a-sixth of #ae4 #h #ae and #b-sixths of #ae4 #i #ae and #c-sixths of #ae4 #aj #ae and #d-sixths of #ae4 #aa #ae and #e-sixths of #ae4 #ab #cj4 #ac #cj and #a-sixth of #ae4 #ad #cj and #b-sixths of #ae4 #ae #cj and #c-sixths of #ae4 #af #cj and #d-sixths of #ae4 #ag #cj and #e-sixths of #ae4 #ah #dj4 ,when two players in different classes below scratch meet1 the superior player shall start from scratch1 and the odds received by the inferior player are as shown by the annexed table1 ,no4 #a4 ,to use the table1 find in the diagonal line of figures the number representing the class of the superior player1 then travel along the corresponding horizontal column until the vertical column is reached1 which bears at the top the number of the class of the inferior player4 ,the odds specified at the intersection of the two columns are the odds required4 ,example4--,if ,class #c has to meet ,class #i1 start from the figure #c in the diagonal line of figures1 and look horizontally until the vertical column is reached headed by the figure #f4 ,the odds given at the point of intersection of the two columns 7viz41 #ae and #a-sixth of #ae7 are the odds required4 ,when the difference between the best and worst players entered is great 7say more than #cj71 it is desirable to handicap the best players at owed odds4 ,the players above scratch 7i4e41 owing odds7 should be classified as follows3 ,class #a owes #a-sixth of #ae4 #b #b-sixths of #ae4 #c #c-sixths of #ae4 #d #d-sixths of #ae4 #e #e-sixths of #ae4 #f #ae4 #g #ae and #a-sixth of #ae4 #h #ae and #b-sixths of #ae4 #i #ae and #c-sixths of #ae4 #aj #ae and #d-sixths of #ae1 #aa #ae and #e-sixths of #ae4 #ab #cj4 #ac #cj and #a-sixth of #ae4 #ad #cj and #b-sixths of #ae4 #ae #cj and #c-sixths of #ae4 #af #cj and #d-sixths of #ae4 #ag #cj and #e-sixths of #ae4 #ah #dj4 ,when the two players in different classes above scratch meet1 the inferior player shall start from scratch1 and the odds owed by the superior player are as shown by the annexed table1 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,this table is to be used in the same way as the former1 the class of the superior player being looked for in the horizontal line of figures at the top1 and the class of the inferior player in the diagonal line of figures4 ,example4--,if ,class #ab 7owe #cj7 meet ,class #g 7owe #ae and one-sixth of #ae71 the former must owe the latter the odds of four-sixths of #ae4 #bb4--;,in championship matches and handicaps by classes1 as above1 advantage sets shall be played throughout the ties4 #bc4--,the ,committee may1 whether appealed to by any ,competitor or not1 postpone the meeting or any match or part of a match if1 in their opinion1 the state of the weather1 or of the light1 or the condition of the ground1 or other circumstances1 render it advisable to do so4 ,,championships4 ,,england4 #ahhd4 ,miss ,maud ,watson #ahhe4 ,miss ,maud ,watson #ahhf4 ,miss ,bingley #ahhg4 ,miss ,l4 ,dod #ahhh4 ,miss ,l4 ,dod #ahhi4 ,mrs4 ,hillyard #ahij4 ,miss ,rice #ahia4 ,miss ,dod #ahib4 ,miss ,dod #ahic4 ,miss ,dod #ahid4 ,mrs4 ,hillyard #ahie4 ,miss ,c4 ,cooper #ahif4 ,miss ,c4 ,cooper #ahig4 ,mrs4 ,hillyard ,,ireland4 ,,ladies' ,,singles4 #ahgi4 ,miss ,m4 ,langrishe #ahhj4 ,miss ,meldon #ahha4 ,no competition #ahhb4 ,miss ,abercrombie #ahhc4 ,miss ,m4 ,langrishe #ahhd4 ,miss ,m4 ,watson #ahhe4 ,miss ,m4 ,watson #ahhf4 ,miss ,m4 ,langrishe #ahhg4 ,miss ,l4 ,dod #ahhh4 ,mrs4 ,hillyard #ahhi4 ,miss ,martin #ahij4 ,miss ,martin #ahia4 ,miss ,martin #ahib4 ,miss ,martin #ahic4 ,miss ,stanuell #ahid4 ,mrs4 ,hillyard #ahie4 ,miss ,c4 ,cooper #ahif4 ,miss ,martin #ahig4 ,,scotland4 ,,ladies' ,,singles4 #ahhf4 ,miss ,boulton #ahhg4 ,miss ,butler #ahhh4 ,miss ,butler #ahhi4 ,miss ,butler #ahij4 ,miss ,jackson #ahia4 ,miss ,jackson #ahib4 ,miss ,jackson #ahic4 ,miss ,corder #ahid4 ,miss ,l4 ,paterson #ahie4 ,miss ,l4 ,paterson #ahif4 ,miss ,l4 ,paterson #ahig4 ,,wales4 ,,ladies' ,,singles4 #ahhg4 ,miss ,m4 ,watson #ahhh4 ,mrs4 ,hillyard #ahhi4 ,miss ,pope #ahij4 ,no competition #ahia4 ,miss ,pope #ahib4 ,miss ,m4 ,sweet-,escott #ahic4 ,miss ,cochrane #ahid4 ,miss ,jackson #ahie4 ,miss ,corder #ahif4 ,no competition #ahig4 ,,covered ,,court ,,championships4 ,,england4 ,,lady ,,champions4 #ahij4 ,miss ,jacks #ahia4 ,miss ,m4 ,shackle #ahib4 ,miss ,m4 ,shackle #ahic4 ,miss ,m4 ,shackle #ahid4 ,miss ,austin #ahie4 ,miss ,c4 ,cooper #ahif4 ,miss ,austin #ahig4 ,miss ,austin ,,wales4 ,,lady ,,champion4 #ahif4 ,mrs4 ,pickering #ahig4 ,,footnotes3 #i ,example3 ,the strokes are scored by means of pencil-marks in the spaces beneath the words ,strokes1 thus3 ,column headings3 ,g3 ,game4 ,i3 ,initials of ,players4 ,,gw3 ,game won by4 ,g ,i ,,strokes4 ,,gw ,a4,b4#aa #a #a #a----------------------;,a4,b4 ,c4,d4 #a #a ,c4,d4 #a #aaaa #aaa #b----------------------;,c4,d4 ,a4,b4#a #a #aa ,the ,scoring ,shows that in the first ,game the score ran1 and would have been called thus3 #ae--love1 #cj--love1 #cj--ae1 #dj--ae1 #dj--cj1 game 7,a4,b472 in the second ,game3 ,love--#ae1 #ae all1 #ae--cj1 #cj all1 #dj--cj1 deuce1 advantage 7,c4,d471 deuce1 advantage 7,a4,b471 deuce1 advantage 7,c4,d471 game 7,c4,d47 ,the score of the ,server should be called first4 ,in scoring handicap matches1 the odds received should be marked by crosses on the right of the first perpendicular thick line before the commencement of each game1 thus3 ,column headings3 ,g3 ,game4 ,i3 ,initials of ,players4 ,game ,g ,i ,,strokes4 won by4 ,a4,b4 #a----------------------- ,c4,d4 ,a4,b4 #b----------------------- ,c4,d4 ,a4,b4 #c----------------------- ,c4,d4 ,a4,b4 #d----------------------- ,c4,d4 ,a4,b4 #e----------------------- ,c4,d4 ,a4,b4 #f----------------------- ,c4,d4 ,here ,a4,b4 is receiving fifteen and three-sixths of #ae4 ,when odds are owed1 they should be marked on the left on the first perpendicular thick line1 before the commencement of each game1 thus3 ,column headings3 ,g3 ,game4 ,i3 ,initials of ,players4 ,,gw3 ,game won by4 ,g ,i ,,strokes4 ,,gw ,a4,b4#aa #a--------------------- ,c4,d4 ,c4,d4 #b--------------------- ,a4,b4 #a ,a4,b4#aa #c--------------------- ,c4,d4 ,c4,d4 #d--------------------- ,a4,b4 #a ,a4,b4 #a #e--------------------- ,c4,d4 ,c4,d4 #f--------------------- ,a4,b4 #a and crossed off one by one when the player owing wins a stroke1 thus3 ,column headings3 ,g3 ,game4 ,i3 ,initials of ,players4 ,,gw3 ,game won by4 ,g ,i ,,strokes4 ,,gw ,a4,b4 #a-------------------- ,c4,d4 ,c4,d4 #b-------------------- ,a4,b4 ,a4,b4 #c-------------------- ,c4,d4 ,c4,d4 #d-------------------- ,a4,b4 ,a4,b4 #e-------------------- ,c4,d4 ,c4,d4 #f-------------------- ,a4,b4 ,here ,a4,b4 owes fifteen and two-sixths of #ae4 ,,index4 ,a4 ,alwida--#cg2 prizes1 #ci ,amory1 ,ian1 hunts ,tiverton ,staghounds1 #aah ,amory1 ,sir ,john ,heathcoat1 ,staghounds1 #aah1 #aai ,asphodel1 owned by ,prince ,henry of ,battenberg1 #fd ,austin1 ,miss1 ,covered ,court ,champion 7lawn-tennis71 #cah ,b4 ,babe1 champion of two-and-a-half-raters1 #cg ,baker1 ,punts built in ,gillingham by1 #gb ,barbel1 dull to catch1 #baf ,battenberg1 ,prince ,henry of1 at ,torquay and ,dartmouth ,regattas1 #fd ,batthyany1 ,prince1 owner of ,stratmann1 #ed ,bb1 ,captain ,morency's punt1 #ij ,bembridge ,sailing ,club1 #dj1 #fd ,bingley1 ,miss1 lawn-tennis victories1 #caf ,bird o' ,freedom1 reputation of1 #bg ,bisset1 ,fenwick1 revived stag-hunting on ,exmoor1 #aah ,black ,bess punt1 #gb ,bodagh race with ,tartar1 #eh ,bosham ,fishermen pleasant to deal with1 #ad ,boulay1 ,major du1 starts ,bembridge ,sailing ,club1 #dc ,bracewell1 ,miss and ,mrs4 ,watts1 double 7lawn-tennis7 champions1 #caf ,bream1 dull to catch1 #baf ,brixham ,fishermen pleasant to deal with1 #ad ,bucknill1 ,colonel1 starts one-design class1 #ei ,bucknill1 ,colonel1 yacht-racing1 #ca ,bucknill1 ,miss1 experience in yacht-racing1 #ca ,bucknill1 ,miss1 steering ,cosette1 #cf ,bull-trout common in some rivers--migratory1 #aia ,c4 ,carp1 shy--prefer muddy1 weedy ponds1 #baf ,,chase ,,of ,,the ,,carted' ,,deer1 by the ,editor1 #abe ,canteen1 for1 #adj ,coming into field with hounds recommended1 #ace ,deer closes mouth when beaten1 #acf ,desirable to drive or train to and from the chase1 #aca ,equipment for1 #aci ,hunter1 ,essentials for1 #adj ,in ,surrey and ,kent--,vales of ,ashford or ,aylesbury--,with ,wards in ,ireland1 #ada ,objections urged against1 #abf ,qualities necessary for riding with good deer1 #acf ,quarry1 state of1 #abg ,short day with ,staghounds boon for busy women1 #abi ,stag-hunting1 advantages of1 #adc ,three courses open at meet1 #acb ,,chub3 ,flies used for1 #bbf1 #bcc ,game up to certain point1 #bbg ,shy and difficult to catch1 #bag ,clarke1 ,mrs4 ,culpeper1 suggestions for article on ,chase of the ,carted ,deer1 #abe ,clarke1 ,mrs4 ,culpeper1 portrait1 #abd ,clayton1 designs ,dolphin1 #cg ,cloutsham1 sure find of good stag at1 #aaa ,,coarse ,,fish3 ,flies recommended for1 #bcb ,kinds included under1 #baa ,not to be despised either for sport or table1 #bab ,cock-a-whoop1 two-and-a-half-rater1 #cg ,colinette and ,fairy1 ,race between1 #cj ,colville1 ,major1 starts one-design class1 #ei ,cooper1 ,miss ,c41 in ,ladies' ,championship 7lawn-tennis7 #ahig1 #cah ,coquette1 half-rater1 ,nicholson's design1 #di ,corolla1 bought by ,mrs4 ,schenley1 #ef ,cosette and ,queen ,mab1 ,ladies' match between1 #cf ,coventry1 ,lady ,dorothy1 on ,sixpenny1 #acc ,coventry1 ,lord1 hunting carted deer1 #abg ,cox1 ,fred1 reception of ,editor1 #add ,cox1 ,miss1 successes in #ahif1 #ee ,cox1 ,misses1 sailing ,colinette1 #cj ,cresta1 owned by ,mrs4 ,schenley1 #ei ,cruising and small yacht-racing on ,solent1 by ,miss ,barbara ,hills1 #a ,cruising and yacht-racing contrasted1 #c ,crystabel punt1 #fh2 racing ,nelson1 #fi ,curzon1 ,lady ,georgiana1 hunting carted deer1 #abg ,cyane 7,lord ,dunraven's71 ,first ,prizes1 #dd ,,cycling1 by ,mrs4 ,a4 ,c4 ,hills1 #bfe ,ankling1 #bfj ,bearings1 oiling1 #bij ,chain1 the1 #bhi ,choice of machine1 #bgf2 points to consider1 #bgh ,cleaning cycle1 #bhe ,clothing suitable for1 #bha ,corners1 taking1 #bgd ,dismounting1 #bgc ,health1 view of1 #bfe ,height of pedals from ground1 #bha ,how to learn1 #bfh ,learning fatiguing1 #bff ,leg action1 #bga ,mounting1 #bgb ,oil for lubricating bearings and for lamp1 #bij ,pedalling1 #bfi ,precautions against chills1 #bhd ,puncture1 directions for repairing1 #bhg ,rigidity of frame1 #bgh ,rule of the road1 #bgc ,skirts1 #bhb ,steering1 #bhi ,valves1 #bhg ,weight of ,machine1 #bhj ,width of tread1 #bhj ,,cycling1 ,fancy ,figures and ,musical ,rides1 by ,miss ,van ,wart1 #bie ,american ,circle ,ride1 figure iv41 #cje ,centre ,circles1 #cjj2 figure ii41 #bid ,cross bows1 #cjb2 figure iii41 #cja ,double ,snake through clubs1 #bih2 figure i41 #bid ,figure riding1 #bie ,maypole1 #cjg ,popular entertainment1 #bif ,rules for1 #big ,waltz1 only suitable ,music for1 #bif ,cyclists' ,pocket ,book1 recommended1 #bia ,d4 ,dace1 fly-fishing for1 #bbc2 flies liked by1 #bcc ,dace take a fly readily and give good sport1 #baf ,dacia1 designed by ,charles ,nicholson1 #ci1 #dd ,daphne and ,lil1 #g ,dartmouth ,regatta1 #fc ,deer dying in water1 #aja ,deer's scent on moor1 #ih ,devis'1 ,charlie1 reputation as skipper1 #cb ,dhulough1 co4 ,mayo1 ,bull and ,sea-,trout in1 #aia ,dod1 ,miss ,l41 ,lawn-,tennis ,champion of ,england and ,ireland1 #caf ,on underhand service in ,badminton ,library1 #ccj ,dolphin1 over-hang of1 #cg ,downshire1 ,lady1 hunting carted deer1 #abg ,,driving1 by ,miss ,massey-,mainwaring1 #bcg ,bearing-rein1 #bch ,coupling horses1 care and nicety required in1 #bdd ,habits and characteristics of each horse should be studied1 #bcg ,jibbing difficult to cure1 #bdf ,lessons from first-class whip essential1 #bdb ,pair1 ,advice on driving1 #bdc ,position and use of each piece of harness should be known1 #bcg ,rules for1 #bci ,start described1 #bch ,tandem driving1 #bef2 ,harness for1 #beg ,team1 best way of learning to drive1 #bdg ,team1 going down hill with1 #bed ,team1 turning corners with1 #bea2 opposition point1 #beb ,team whip1 management of1 #bee ,young horse1 #bde ,dry-fly fishing suitable for women1 #baa ,dudley1 ,lord1 buys ,dacia1 #dd ,dudley1 ,lord1 owned twenty-rater1 #ed ,dunraven1 ,lord1 dbut on ,solent1 #ce ,dunraven1 ,lord1 persuades friends to join twenty-rater class1 #ed ,dyas1 ,miss1 in ,irish championship 7lawn-tennis71 #ahig1 #cah ,e4 ,,editor 7,frances ,e4 ,slaughter74 ,chase of the ,carted ,deer1 #abe ,hunters1 #adi ,trout and other fly-fishing1 #bba ,visits ,lord ,rothschild's kennels2 reception by ,fred ,cox1 #add ,elf1 #di ,erriff1 number of salmon and sea-trout caught during gale in1 #aic ,exford as centre for stag-hunting1 #aji ,exmoor-crossings1 #ig ,f4 ,fairy1 owned by ,miss ,lord1 #ei ,capabilities of1 #bd ,steered by ,miss ,lord1 #fa ,fairy and ,colinette1 race between1 #cj ,fiera1 ,miss ,cox's two-and-a-half-rater1 #ci ,flat ,fish 7,mrs4 ,schenley's71 #ea2 account of1 #di ,fleur-de-,lys1 owned by ,major ,montgomery1 #ej ,florence in ladies' race1 #eh ,florence--prizes1 #ef ,follett1 ,lady ,julia1 hunting carted deer1 #abg ,forella1 five-rater1 #fj ,fownes1 ,ernest ,k41 driving of1 #bfa ,fox1 #dj-ton yawl1 #ab ,fusee1 one-rater1 ,mr4 and ,miss ,b4 ,s4 ,hughes sailing1 #ed ,g4 ,gareth 7,mr4 ,henderson's71 champion of three seasons1 #dd ,gareth--prizes1 #dh ,gladwyn rescuing ladies1 #dj ,glycera1 #cf ,goddess1 #ae2 trawling in1 #ab ,grayling move in shoals--lie in middle of river1 #baj ,greek pilot1 ,miss ,b4 ,s4 ,hughes' experience of1 #ae ,guest1 ,lady ,theodora1 on ,pembroke1 #adh ,h4 ,hallows1 ,miss1 member of ,bembridge ,sailing ,club1 #dc ,hammersley1 ,misses1 in ,colinette1 #cj ,hampshire ,stour1 hours for salmon rising in1 #aid ,harbourer's business1 #id ,harrington1 ,lord1 got up ladies' race in one-raters1 #eh ,harvey1 ,e41 yacht-racing1 #cf ,harvey1 ,miss1 steering ,queen ,mab1 #cf ,haslow1 discoverer of lob 7lawn-tennis71 defeated ,spencer ,gore1 #cda ,heads at ,watermouth ,castle1 #aae ,heathcote1 ,c4 ,a41 on essential points of lawn-tennis racket1 #cbc ,hill1 ,lord 7late71 hunted otter for ten hours1 #ahj ,hills1 ,mrs4 ,a4 ,c41 article on cycling1 #bfe ,hills1 ,mrs4 ,a4 ,c41 portrait1 #bfd ,hillyard1 ,mrs41 and ,e4 ,renshaw1 win ,all-,england mixed doubles championship1 #cag ,hillyard1 ,mrs41 lawn-tennis victories1 #caf1 #cah ,hounds of ,devon and ,somerset ,pack1 #ii ,hounds tailing on moor1 #ih ,howcutt1 ,mark1 in ,vale of ,aylesbury1 #acg ,,hughes1 ,miss ,barbara ,s4 ,article on ,cruising and ,small ,yacht ,racing on ,solent1 #a ,commencement of racing career1 #bd ,sailing ,meneen1 #ef ,sailing ,white ,rose1 #ed ,hummer carries off honours1 #ce ,hummer1 end of prosperous career1 #cg ,hummingbird1 account of1 #cb ,,hunters1 ,article on1 by the ,editor1 #adi ,consummate horsewoman rare1 #aej ,double bridle recommended1 #aff ,each hunter should have its own saddle and bridle1 #afe ,essential points in woman's hunter1 #aej ,good carriage of head and neck1 #aeb ,good manners1 #aec ,well-laid shoulders1 #aea ,height desirable1 #aeg ,horsewomen should be able to open gates1 #aed ,price of good hunter1 #aeh ,price of small hunter1 #afa ,saddles should be fitted to each hunter1 #afe ,women's hands1 #aeh ,i4 ,iernia--prizes1 #ci ,isolde1 owned by ,baron von ,zeduwitz1 #ed ,j4 ,jackson1 ,mrs4 ,hardie1 in ,meneen1 #dg ,jessop1 owner of ,molly and ,coquette1 #di ,k4 ,kismet1 ,miss ,cox's two-and-a-half rater1 #dh ,l4 ,l',esprance1 ,g4 ,c4 ,kerr's punt1 #ij ,la ,cigale 7property of ,gordon ,canning71 #aee ,la ,fontaine--,autrefois1 carpillon fretin1 etc41 #ahe ,lady ,nan1 #ce ,langrishe1 ,miss ,m41 pioneer of ,women's ,lawn-tennis ,championships1 #caf ,langrishe1 owner of ,iernia1 #ci ,las ,casas act as whippers-in to ,ian ,amory1 #aah ,,lawn-,,tennis1 by ,miss ,maud ,marshall4 ,all ,england ,croquet and ,lawn-,tennis ,club1 #cae ,all ,england ,mixed ,doubles ,championship1 #cag ,back-handed stroke1 #ccd2 figure ,d1 #cci ,balls1 weight of1 #cbc ,bisques abolished1 #cag1 #cbe ,clothing suitable for1 #cbf ,championships1 #cae1 #cge ,courts--,dimensions1 #cbj ,margin1 #cai ,plans of single and double1 #cba ,covered ,court ,championships1 #cah ,first authentic record of1 #cad ,first championship meeting at ,wimbledon 7#ahgg71 #cae ,fore-handed stroke1 #ccd2 figure ,c1 #cce ,good style in1 #cbi ,half volley1 #cch ,handicapping1 #cbf1 #cfc ,ladies' championship 7#ahig71 #cah ,lawn-tennis ,association1 #cag ,lob1 #cda ,measuring court1 #cbb ,net1 ,height fixed1 #cag ,overhand service1 figure ,a1 #cbg2 figure ,b1 #cab ,placing1 ,art of1 #cdb ,position of feet and body1 #ccg ,prototypes1 #cac ,racket1 ,c4 ,a4 ,heathcote on essential points of1 #cbc ,scoring3 ,lawn-tennis ,association's laws1 #cbd ,scorer's position1 #cca ,service1 difficult to acquire good1 #ccj ,service-line1 distance from net1 #cag ,tennis scoring adopted1 #cad ,volley1 #ccg ,women champion1 #caf ,lawn-tennis ,rules1 #cec ,lil1 description of1 #bi ,loch ,arkaig1 great lake trout in1 #aia ,lollypop1 #ce ,lonsdale1 ,lord1 owned twenty-rater1 #ed ,lord1 ,miss1 steering ,tatters1 #eg ,lord1 ,miss1 winning prizes with one-raters1 #ec ,,lotus4 ,on ,solent1 #hg ,race with ,sea ,maiden1 #hb ,sailed by ,mr4 ,hope1 #hb ,louis ,x4 playing tennis at ,vincennes1 #cac ,m4 ,mackerel giving good sport1 #aij ,madcap1 built by ,miss ,cox1 at ,payne's1 #ca ,malmesbury1 ,susan1 ,countess of4 ,article on ,salmon ,fishing1 with ,notes on ,trout and ,coarse ,fishing1 #ahe ,malmesbury1 ,susan1 ,countess of1 portrait1 #ahd ,,marshall1 ,miss ,maud1 ,article on ,lawn-tennis1 #cac ,portrait 7overhand service71 #cab1 #cbg 7fore-handed stroke71 #cce 7back-handed stroke71 #cci ,,massey-,,mainwaring1 ,miss1 ,article on ,driving1 #bcg ,portrait1 #bcf1 #bei ,mavis1 ,miss ,cox's one-rater1 #ee ,mayo1 hours for salmon rising in lakes in1 #aid ,mem ,sahib in ,ladies' ,race1 #eh ,meneen in ladies' race1 #eh ,meneen1 successes and construction1 #dg ,miles1 knowledge of habits of deer1 #ie ,mliss1 ,miss ,cox's two-and-a-half rater1 #ch ,molly1 twenty-rater1 #di ,montgomery1 ,lady ,sophia1 in ,fleur-de-,lys1 #ej ,morwena1 ,champion of class1 #dh ,morwena1 steered by ,miss ,sutton1 #de ,more1 ,sir ,thomas1 opinion of tennis1 #cac ,moreton1 ,colonel1 starts ,bembridge ,sailing ,club1 #dc ,moreton1 ,miss1 member of ,bembridge ,sailing ,club1 #dc ,n4 ,nadador1 #da ,nautical terms1 ,glossary of1 #cde ,nelson punt1 #fh ,nevill1 ,henry1 story of deer1 #abh ,nicholson1 ,charles1 designed ,dacia1 #ci1 #dd ,normania1 steam yacht1 #ae ,o4 ,oliphant1 ,hon4 ,mrs41 steering ,rosmary1 #ec ,one-raters at ,cowes1 #ba ,,otter-,,hunting1 article by ,mrs4 ,wardell1 #aga ,cross-bred hounds1 #aga ,distribution of dead otter1 #agi ,drawing up stream described1 #agd ,followed on foot1 #agc ,foxhounds used for hunting otter1 #aga ,management of hounds in kennel1 #agc ,mixed pack preferred1 #agb ,otterhound described1 #agb ,otterhounds1 eighteen recognised packs of1 #aga ,otters' chains1 #agg ,season for1 #ahj ,thick boots and short skirt necessary for1 #aha ,time of meet1 #agc ,p4 ,payne1 ,arthur1 ,yachts built by1 #ca1 #cg ,penn-,curzon1 ,mrs41 article on stag-hunting1 #ic ,penn-,curzon1 ,mrs41 portrait1 #ib ,percival1 ,philip1 yacht-racing record1 #ce ,perch caught in ,hampshire ,stour1 #bad ,perch1 habits of1 #bad ,,pike3 ,favourite trick of1 #aie1 #bac ,gimp line required for1 #bjj1 #bac ,jaws like a tiger's1 #bac ,pike-fishing in ,hampshire ,stour1 #bab ,pike-fishing1 ,trolling-rod for1 #bac ,porlock as centre for stag-hunting1 #aji ,portsmouth ,corinthians ,y4 ,c4 matches for small craft1 #bg ,powerful punt1 #hi ,princess1 ,irish mare 7property of ,mrs4 ,lewis ,mackenzie71 #ajg ,,punt-,,racing1 by ,mrs4 ,w4 ,l4 ,wyllie1 #fg ,cost of punts1 #fh ,first punts on ,medway1 #fg ,races for working class1 #fh ,punts ,racing1 #gi2 ,crystabel--,nelson1 #fi ,q4 ,queen ,mab1 #ce ,r4 ,ready for the start 7,mynah1 ,hoopoo1 ,stark1 and ,molly71 #be ,red ,deer ,land1 article on stag-hunting by ,mrs4 ,penn-,curzon1 #ic ,renshaw1 ,e41 and ,mrs4 ,hillyard1 win ,all ,england ,mixed ,doubles ,championship1 #cag ,ribblesdale1 ,lord1 hunting carted deer1 #abg ,,roach3 ,croaking1 #bae ,hanging itself in a tree1 #bbe ,like flies tied small1 #bcc ,rosmary steered by ,hon4 ,mrs4 ,oliphant1 #ec ,rosscommon ,staghounds unrivalled1 #add ,rothschild1 ,lord1 run with staghounds described1 #acj ,rothschild1 ,lord1 staghounds' manner of working1 #acf ,royal ,southampton ,y4 ,c4 matches for small craft1 #bg ,s4 ,sailing and ,steaming--comparative advantages and expense1 #e ,salmo ,ferox1 or ,great ,lake ,trout1 method of fishing1 #aia ,,salmon3 ,born in shallow reaches of rivers1 #ahf ,clean or fresh run fish1 #ahh ,crimped salmon1 #ahi ,grilse1 weight of1 #ahg ,habits of1 #ahf ,haunts of fish should be known1 #aie ,journey up stream in shoals1 then separate to different pools1 #ahh ,kelts1 #ahh ,length of incubation1 #ahf ,less clever than trout1 #aig ,migration to sea1 #ahf ,number caught during gale in ,errif1 #aic ,parr1 #ahg ,proboscis1 use of1 #ahh n4 ,rank of salmon attained on second migration1 #ahh ,rise at certain fixed hours1 #aic ,shoal in ,killery ,bay1 #ahg ,smolts1 #ahg ,sometimes stranded in small streams1 #aij ,sporting qualities1 #ahf ,,salmon ,,fishing1 with ,notes on ,trout and ,coarse ,fishing1 by ,susan1 ,countess of ,malmesbury1 #ahe ,casting line hard work1 #aif ,casting should be practised on lawns1 #bjc ,casting4 ,that fish lie with heads up-stream should be noted1 #bjd ,casts1 ,length of1 #bjc1 #bjd ,casts should be stained and tested1 #bjf ,conditions of weather and water desirable for1 #aib ,costume suitable for1 #aif1 #aig ,especially adapted to women1 #ahf ,flies should be tested1 #bjg ,flies1 size of1 important1 #bjh ,flies1 tail1 dropper1 #bjb ,flogging river at wrong time1 worse than useless1 #aie ,fly-making1 tedious1 #bjf ,foul-hooked salmon1 #aih and note ,gaff1 over and under1 #bji ,gut1 method of tying1 #bja ,heavy reels and coarse tackle unsuitable for women1 #bjj ,hemp or dressed silk line preferable for1 #bjj ,landing-net1 #bji ,line and cast to be wet before using1 #bja ,rods1 length of1 #bjb ,rods recommended1 #aih and note2 care in keeping them necessary1 #aii ,spey cast1 #bjc ,samna sold by ,langrishe1 #ci ,scarlet ,runner punt1 #ga ,schenley1 ,mrs41 owner of ,thief and ,valentine1 #cf ,schooners out of fashion1 #d ,sea ,maiden1 punt1 #ge1 #hc ,at ,burnham-on-,crouch1 #hh ,building of1 #gb ,imitations of1 #ij ,on ,solent1 #hg ,prizes1 #hf1 #hi ,race with ,lotus1 #ha1 #hb ,sail plan1 #gg ,sea-trout in ,dhulough1 ,co4 ,mayo1 #aia ,silver ,doctor 7property of ,mrs4 ,t4 ,e4 ,harrison71 #aei ,skyscraper 7property of ,lady ,gerard71 #afc ,small boat racing1 #bg ,snowflake1 mud punt1 #fh ,solent ,list of yacht-racing clubs of1 #fd ,soper1 ,mr4 ,paget's one-rater1 #ee ,speedwell1 ,miss ,cox's one-rater1 #ef1 #ei ,spencer-,gore1 first ,lawn-tennis ,champion1 #cae ,spencer-,gore1 volleying tactics1 #cda ,stag at bay1 #ajb ,,stag-,,hunting1 ,article on1 by ,mrs4 ,penn-,curzon1 #ic ,best time for1 #aaj ,centres for1 #aji ,deer damage fund1 ,farmers paid for damage to crops from1 #aah ,different aspects of country in hind hunting and stag hunting seasons1 #aab ,hind hunting finer1 wilder sport than stag hunting1 #aag ,hind hunting in ,december1 #aac ,hind run over ,dunkerry described1 #aaa ,horses suffering from sore backs1 #if ,horses suitable for ,exmoor1 #ajd ,hunting from ,july to ,april1 strain on hounds1 horses1 and men1 #aag ,meet at ,culbone stables in ,august described1 #aab ,methods of stag-hunting1 #ic ,story of tripper and 'scarlet bounders'1 #aag ,stags1 distribution of dead1 #ajc ,stags' passion for ash shoots1 #ie ,steaming and ,sailing1 comparative advantages and expense of1 #e ,sutton1 ,miss1 half-rater ,wee-,winn1 #dc ,t4 ,tandem driving1 #bef ,tarter race with ,bodagh1 #eh ,tatters competition with ,florence1 #ef ,tatters ,first prize in ladies' race1 #eg ,team driving1 #bdg ,tench1 shy--prefer muddy1 weedy ponds1 #baf ,tennis-courts at ,hampton ,court and ,windsor ,castle1 #cac ,terrible1 punt1 #hi ,thalassa1 champion yacht1 #ca ,thief1 owned by ,mrs4 ,schenley1 #cb1 #cc ,tiverton1 advantages as sporting centre1 #aba ,tiverton staghounds1 #aah2 ,sport shown by1 #aba ,torquay ,regatta1 #fc ,trawling outside the ,eddystone1 #ab ,troublesome1 ,mrs4 ,rudston ,reid's two-and-a-half-rater1 #ch ,,trout4 ,brown trout1 wary and difficult to catch1 #aib ,first1 #bbi ,fishing1 flies for1 #bjh ,fishing1 great art in1 not to be seen1 #bjd ,game and fighting qualities1 #aij ,migratory1 #aij ,require greatest care and delicacy in handling1 #aig ,,trout ,,and ,,other ,,fly ,,fishing1 by the ,editor1 #bba ,first trout1 #bbi ,flies recommended1 #bcb ,habits of fish should be studied1 #bca ,not an expensive sport1 #bbb ,outfit needed for1 #bcc ,practice from boat desirable1 #bcd ,qualities needed for1 #bba ,rod recommended1 #bcc ,suited to powers of women1 #bba ,trout-flies1 ,natural forms of favourite1 #bbj ,tufting1 business of1 #if ,u4 ,undaunted1 ,lord ,charles ,beresford's punt1 #hi ,undine1 ,miss ,harvey's two-and-a-half-rater1 #ci2 ,collision with ,windfall1 #dj ,usk1 ,pool ,persyn1 hours for salmon rising in1 #aid ,usk1 ,salmon gaffed on1 #bji ,v4 ,valeria ,i41 owned by ,lord ,albemarle--sailed by ,miss ,hughes1 #eg ,valeria ,,ii41 #eg ,van ,wart1 ,miss1 article on ,cycling1 ,fancy ,figures and ,musical ,rides1 #bie ,vanguard1 #fj-tonner1 #bd ,verena and ,lil1 race between1 #cj ,viva1 half-rater1 ,miss ,hughes' record with1 #ei ,w4 ,ward1 ,mrs4 ,dudley1 member of ,bembridge ,sailing ,club1 #dc ,wardell1 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 with ,hawkstone otter hounds1 #agj ,wardell1 ,mrs41 article on otter-hunting1 #aga ,wards in ,ireland1 staghounds unrivalled1 #adc ,watson1 ,g4 ,l41 design in five-raters1 #cf ,watson1 ,miss ,n41 gained ,lawn-tennis ,all-,england's ,championship1 #caf ,wayfarer trawling in between ,torquay and ,dartmouth1 #ad ,wee ,winn 7,miss ,sutton's71 #dc1 #dg1 #di ,white ,rose1 built for ,duke of ,york1 #bh ,white ,rose1 sailed by ,hon4 ,derek ,keppel1 #ed ,whyte ,melville on hunter at end of long run1 #aeg ,windfall 7,mrs4 ,schenley's7 collision with ,undine1 #dj ,windfall 7,mrs4 ,schenley's71 qualifications and successes1 #ch ,wingfield1 ,major1 patented ,sphairistike1 #cad ,wrangham1 ,mrs41 on ,the ,dude1 #afg ,wyllie1 ,mrs4 ,w4 ,l41 ,article on ,punt ,racing1 #fg ,wyllie1 ,mrs4 ,w4 ,l41 portrait1 #ff ,y4 ,,yacht-,,racing1 ,article on1 by ,miss ,barbara ,hughes1 #a ,amateur described1 #bh ,american boats heading classes1 #dg ,association ,rules1 should be known by heart1 #ai ,chief characteristic1 #a ,clubs of ,solent1 ,list of1 #fd ,difference between cruising and1 #c ,dresses suitable for1 #ae ,expense of1 #fj ,fashionable in1 #ahie1 #ec ,first race sailed by women1 #cj ,ideal model of1 #fj ,ladies' race1 #ahif1 #eh ,needs study1 #ah ,one-design class1 #ei1 #fc ,one-raters in1 #ahif1 #ee ,pleasures of1 #a ,seq4 ,prizes barely cover expenses1 #b ,qualities necessary for1 #bc ,races in1 #ahic1 #dh ,rivalry between ,north and ,south1 #dd ,secret of1 #ai ,single-handed matches in one-raters1 #bj ,suited to women1 #ah1 #bd ,,yachts4 ,after cabin1 ladies' cabin1 #i ,each one requires different handling1 #bj ,discomfort not necessary on1 #f ,steering becoming more difficult1 #bj ,york1 ,duke of1 interest in ,white ,rose1 #ed ,z4 ,zedtwitz1 ,baron von1 drowned off ,isolde1 #ed ,zephyr1 ,itchen ferry boat1 accommodation on1 #aj ,zivolo1 ,hon4 ,mrs4 ,oliphant's yacht1 #ec ,,birmingham3 ,,printed ,,at ,,the ,,guild ,,press1 #de1 ,,great ,,charles ,,street4 ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,simple spelling1 grammar1 and typographical errors were silently corrected4 ,punctuation normalized4 ,anachronistic and non-standard spellings retained as printed4 ,italics markup is enclosed in underscores4