,transcrib]'s note3 ,table ( ,cont5ts add$ by ,transcrib]4 ,,cont5ts ,*apt]s on ! ,/>s #bbg ,prev5tive ,inoculation4 7,,ii47 #bdj ,colonies & ! ,"m ,c\ntry4 7,,ii47 #bdh ,te*nical ,education at ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology #beg ,! ,psy*ology ( ,crazes #bhe ,"s ,phases ( ! ,e>?'s ,developm5t 9 ! ,light ( ,rec5t ,*emical ,rese>* #bie ,a ,prelim9>y ,acc\nt ( ! ,sol> ,eclipse ( ,may #bh1 #aijj1 ,z ,obs]v$ by ! ,smi?sonian ,exp$ition #cjb ,mal>ia & ! ,mal>ial ,p>asite #caj ,new ,s\rces ( ,light & ( ,rntg5 ,rays #cah ,discussion & ,correspond5ce #cbc ,sci5tific ,lit]ature #cbg ,! ,progress ( ,sci5ce #ccb ,,! ,,popul> ,,sci5ce ,,mon?ly ,,edit$ ,,by ,j4 ,mc,k,e,e,n ,,cattell ,,vol4 ,,lvii ,,may ,,to ,,octob]1 #aijj ,,new ,,york ,,& ,,london ,mc,c,l,u,r,e1 ,,phillips ,,& ,,company #aijj ,,copyright1 #aijj1 ,,by ,mc,c,l,u,r,e1 ,,phillips ,,& ,,company4 ,illu/ration3 ,,presid5t ,g4 ,k4 ,,gilb]t1 ,,am]ican ,,association ,,= ,,! ,,advancem5t ,,( ,,sci5ce4 ,,! ,,popul> ,,sci5ce ,,mon?ly4 ,,july1 #aijj4 ,,*apt]s ,,on ,,! ,,/>s4 ,,by ,,pr(essor ,,simon ,,newcomb4 ,i4 ,,introductory4 ,x w\ld be difficult to "n any subject ( inve/igation1 ! progress ( :i* dur+ our "t has be5 m rem>kable ?an t 9 ! field ( /ell> a/ronomy4 ,sev]al features ( ?is progress are especially notewor?y4 ,"o ( ^! is ! m]e ext5sion ( rese>*4 ,a natural result ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e be+ ! home ( civiliz$ peoples 0 t1 ?irty ye>s ago1 ! /udy ( ! s\!rn heav5s _h be5 comp>atively neglect$4 ,x is true t ! curiosity ( ! inquir+ a/ronom]s ( ! pa/ w\ld n be satisfi$ )\t _! kn[+ some?+ ( :at 0 to be se5 s\? ( ! equator4 ,v>i\s ent]prises & e/abli%m5ts _h !re=e contribut$ to our k ( ! region 9 "q4 ,z f> back z #affg1 dur+ a voyage to ,/4 ,hel5a1 ,halley catalogu$ ! bright] />s 9 ! region ne> ! ,s\? ,pole4 ,ab\t #agej ,lacaille1 ( ,france1 e/abli%$ an obs]v+ /ation at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 & made a catalogue ( sev]al ?\s& />s :i* has rema9$ a h&y book = ! a/ronom] up to ! pres5t "t4 ,9 #ahcd-ch ,sir ,john ,h]s*el made a special voyage to ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 arm$ ) ! be/ telescopes :i* ! g5ius ( 8 fa!r _h %[n him h[ to con/ruct1 = ! purpose ( do+ = ! s\!rn heav5s z mu* z possible ( :at 8 fa!r _h done = ! nor!rn4 ,! "w ( ?is exp$ition =ms "o ( ! mo/ important & int]e/+ *apt]s 9 ! hi/ory ( a/ronomic sci5ce4 ,n only is ,h]s*el's magnific5t volume a classic ( a/ronomy1 b ! obs]vations :i* x conta9s are /ill z c>efully & pr(itably /udi$ z any t h s9ce be5 made4 ,!y may be said to =m ! basis ( our pres5t k ( ! region :i* !y includ$ 9 _! scope4 ,h]s*el's "w may be describ$ z pr9cipally 9 ! nature ( an exploration4 ,he _h no in/rum5ts = accurately det]m9+ ! positions ( />s4 ,9 ! latt] field ! fir/ important contributions aft] ,lacaille 7 made by ,sir ,?omas ,brisbane1 ,gov]nor ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 & ,rumk]1 8 assi/ant1 at ,p>amata4 ,johnson1 ( ,engl&1 ab\t #ahcj1 introduc$ mod]n accuracy into ! con/ruction ( a r limit$ catalogue ( />s :i* he obs]v$ at ,/4 ,hel5a4 ,ab\t ! same "t ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t e/abli%$ ! obs]vatory at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 :i* has ma9ta9$ its activity to ! pres5t "t1 ?\gh1 at fir/1 its means 7 extremely limit$4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! c5tury ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,new ,s\? ,wales e/abli%$1 fir/ at ,william/[n & !n at ,melb\rne1 an obs]vatory :i* has work$ 9 ! same field ) m>k$ success4 ,an ,am]ican ent]prise 9 ! same direction 0 t ( ,capta9 ,james ,m4 ,gilliss1 :o1 9 #ahdi1 organiz$ an a/ronomical exp$ition to ,*ili4 ,! pr9cipal motive ( ?is ent]prise 0 ! det]m9+ ( ! sol> p>allax by obs]vations ^u ,v5us & ,m>s ne> ! "t ( _! ne>e/ approa* to ! e>?4 ,z ^! obs]vations w\ld take b a small "p ( 8 "t1 ,gilliss det]m9$ to take ) him in/rum5ts = det]m9+ ! positions ( ! />s4 ,he e/abli%$ 8 obs]vatory at a po9t ne> ,santiago1 :]e he cont9u$ 8 obs]vations = ne>ly ?ree ye>s4 ,he 0 a practical obs]v]1 b an unt[>d circum/ance detract$ f ! value ( 8 "w4 ,8 obs]vatory 0 built ^u a rocky em95ce1 a f\ndation :i* seem$ to af=d ! be/ possible gu>antee ( ! /ability ( 8 in/rum5ts4 ,he made no attempt to r$uce 8 obs]vations till aft] 8 return home4 ,!n x 0 f\nd t ! f\ndation1 ?r\gh ! expansion & contraction due to ! heat ( ! sun1 0 subject to a diurnal *ange :i* made x extremely difficult to d]ive good results f 8 c>eful "w4 ,x 0 n until #ahif1 m ?an ?irty ye>s aft] 8 dea?1 t ! catalogue ( ! />s obs]v$ by him 0 at la/ complet$ & publi%$4 ,we d n d]ogate 9 any way f ! m]it ( ^! ef=ts 9 say+ t !y c\ld n lead to results comp>able ) ^? ( ! score ( ri*ly equipp$ nor!rn obs]vatories :i* ! lead+ nations & univ]sities ( ,europe _h end[$ & support$ = m ?an a hundr$ ye>s4 ,only )9 ! la/ ?irty ye>s has x be5 possible to br+ our k ( ! s\!rn heav5s up to a satisfactory /age4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ! progress ( s\!rn a/ronomy1 if we may use ! t]m1 is su* t 9 sev]al po9ts our k ( ! s\!rn heav5s surpasses t ( ! nor!rn ones4 ,if we measure in/itutions by ! importance ( ! "w !y are do+1 !re are sev]al 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e :i* mu/ to-day be plac$ 9 ! fir/ rank4 ,! hi/ory & "w ( ! ,cordova ,obs]vatory are ( special int]e/4 ,9 #ahgj ,dr4 ,b4 ,a4 ,g\ld1 :o might fairly be consid]$ z ! fa!r ( mod]n ,am]ican a/ronomy1 conceiv$ ! idea ( e/abli%+ an obs]vatory ( ! fir/ class 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,he f\nd ! ,presid5t & ,gov]nor ( ! ,arg5t9e ,republic ready to support 8 s*eme ) a lib]ality well fitt$ to impress u ) a high s5se ( _! /&>d ( civilization4 ,9 a ye> or two ! obs]vatory at ,cordova 0 9 active op]ation4 ,a /atem5t ( its "w belongs to a subsequ5t *apt]4 ,suffice x to rem>k "h t ,dr4 ,g\ld cont9u$ 9 active *>ge until #ahhe1 :5 he return$ home1 & 0 succe$$ by ,?ome1 ! pres5t director4 ,a few ye>s aft] ,g\ld w5t to ,cordova1 ,gill 0 made director ( ! ,royal ,obs]vatory at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,! rapid gr[? ( ?is in/itution to "o ( ! fir/ rank is due no less to ! sci5tific ability ( ! new director ?an to ! unflagg+ en]gy :i* he has devot$ to ! enl>gem5t ( ! res\rces ( ! in/itution4 ,! great fact :i* he s\ght to impress ^u 8 support]s 0 t ! s\!rn cele/ial hemisph]e 0 z l>ge z ! nor!rn1 & !re=e equally wor?y ( /udy4 ,9 any g5]al review ( ! progress ( /ell> a/ronomy dur+ ! pa/ tw5ty ye>s1 we %\ld f9d ,h>v>d ,univ]sity be=e u at e turn4 ,:at x has done w be se51 p]haps 9 an imp]fect way1 9 subsequ5t *apt]s4 ,n satisfi$ ) ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 x has e/abli%$ a bran* at ,arequipa1 ,p]u1 9 :i* its me?ods ( obs]vation & rese>* are ext5d$ to ! s\? cele/ial pole4 ,its pr9cipal specialties h be5 ! cont9u\s exploration ( ! heav5s4 ,cele/ial photography1 photometry & spectroscopy sum up its fields ( activity4 ,= m ?an t5 ye>s x might be almo/ said t a sleepless wat* ( ! heav5s has be5 kept up by an all-see+ photographic eye1 ) an accuracy ( :i* ! _w has h>dly _h a conception4 ,! complet5ess ) :i* its "w has be5 done has rec5tly be5 %[n 9 a /rik+ way4 ,our read]s are d\btless acqua9t$ ) ! s+ul> "* ( ! m9or planet ,eros1 ^: orbit passes ?r\gh t ( ,m>s1 z "o l9k ( a *a9 passes ?r\gh ano!r1 & :i* comes ne>] ! e>? at c]ta9 times ?an any o!r cele/ial body1 ! moon except$4 ,:5 ! "* ( ! orbit became e/abli%$1 x 0 ( int]e/ to "k :e!r ! planet _h ev] be5 obs]v$ z a fix$ /> at =m] oppositions4 ,*&l]1 hav+ comput$ ! pa? ( ! planet at ! mo/ important ( ! oppositions1 beg9n+ ) #ahib-id1 communicat$ 8 results to ,director ,pick]+1 & sugge/$ a se>* ( ! ,h>v>d photographs to see if ! planet c\ld be f\nd on !m4 ,! result 0 ! discov]y ( ! planet ^u m ?an a score ( plates tak5 at v>i\s times dur+ ! prec$+ t5 ye>s4 ,new />s 7 =m]ly suppos$ to be ( v r>e occurr5ce1 b s9ce ! ,h>v>d sy/em ( photograph+ ! heav5s has be5 introduc$1 no less ?an ?ree h be5 kn[n to break out4 ,! great revelations ( our times h come ?r\gh ! application ( ! spectroscope to ! measurem5t ( motions 9 ! l9e ( sight f u to a />4 ,no a*ievem5t ( ! intellect ( man w\ld h seem$ f>!r )\t ! range ( possibility to ! ?9k] ( half a c5tury ago1 ?an ! discov]ies ( invisible bodies :i* are n[ be+ made ) ?is in/rum5t4 ,! revelations ( ! telescope take u by surprise4 ,b1 if we consid] :at ! ?9k] allud$ to might reg>d z atta9able1 !y are f> surpass$ by ^? ( ! spectroscope4 ,! d>k bodies1 planets1 we may call !m1 :i* are revolv+ r\nd ! />s1 mu/ be =ev] invisible 9 any telescope t x w\ld be possible to con/ruct4 ,!y w\ld rema9 invisible if ! p[] ( ! in/rum5t 7 increas$ t5 ?\s& times4 ,& yet1 if !re are inhabitants on ^! planets1 our a/ronom]s c\ld tell !m m ( ! motions ( ! _w on :i* !y live ?an ! human race knew ( ! motions ( ! e>? be=e ! "t ( ,cop]nicus4 ,! m5 & in/itutions :i* h contribut$ to ?is result are s few 9 numb] t x w n be t$i\s to m5tion at lea/ ! pr9cipal actors4 ,! possibility ( measur+ ! motions ( ! />s 9 ! l9e ( sight by means ( ! spectroscope 0 fir/ po9t$ out by ,mr4 n[ ,sir ,william ,hugg9s4 ,he actually put ! me?od into op]ation4 ,z soon z its feasibility 0 demon/rat$ x 0 tak5 up at ,gre5wi*4 ,9 ^! e>li] attempts1 eye me?ods alone 7 us$1 & ! results 7 n always reliable4 ,!n spectrum photography 0 appli$ at ! a/rophysical obs]vatory at ,potsdam by ,vogel4 ,!nce ! photographic me?od soon spread to ,meudon & ,pulkova4 ,b1 z (t5 happ5s :5 new fields ( rese>* are op5$1 we f9d !m ablaze 9 qu>t]s :]e we %\ld lea/ expect4 ,! successful application ( ! me?od requires n only ! be/ spectroscope1 b ! mo/ p[]ful telescope at comm&4 ,t5 ye>s ago ! mo/ p[]ful telescope 9 ! _w 0 at ! ,lick ,obs]vatory4 ,mr4 ,d4 ,o4 ,mills put at its eye end ! be/ spectrograph t human art c\ld make at t "t1 ! "w ( ,bra%e>4 ,x is ,campbell1 :o1 ) ?is in/rum5t1 has inaugurat$ a s]ies ( discov]ies 9 ! l9e 9 "q :i* are )\t a p>allel4 ,a m]e survey ( :at has be5 done 9 ! v>i\s l9es we h m5tion$ w\ld be f> f giv+ an idea ( ! real significance ( ! advance we are consid]+4 ,catalogu+ ! />s1 e/imat+ _! magnitudes1 record+ & comp>+ _! spectra & det]m9+ _! motions1 might be consid]$ z1 aft] all1 b>r5 ( results ( ! highe/ human int]e/4 ,:5 we "k ! exact position ( e /> 9 ! heav5s1 ! direction 9 :i* x is mov+ & ! "* ( its spectral l9es1 h[ mu* wis] are we8 ,:at c\ld h>dly h be5 =ese5 fifty ye>s ago1 is t ^! v>i\s classes ( results are n[ made to comb9e & conv]ge ^u ! greate/ problem :i* ! m9d ( man has ev] attempt$ to grasp--t ( ! /ructure ( ! univ]se4 ,! /udy ( v>iable />s has sudd5ly fall5 into l9e1 s to speak1 s t n[1 x is unit+ itself to ! /udy ( all ! o!r subjects to give u at lea/ a fa9t conception ( :at ! solution ( ?is problem may be4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal objects ( ! pres5t *apt] is to make a comp>ison ( ^! v>i\s rese>*es1 & discuss ! views respect+ ! con/itution ( ! />s individually1 z well z ( ! univ]se z a :ole1 to :i* !y lead u4 ,b !re are a numb] ( details to be consid]$ s+ly be=e we c comb9e results 9 ?is way4 ,our e>ly *apt]s w !re=e be devot$ to ! special features & individual problems ( /ell> a/ronomy :i* h occupi$ ! m9ds ( a/ronom]s f ! beg9n+ ( _! "w to ! pres5t "t4 ,keep+ ^! details 9 m9d1 we c pr(itably proce$ to ! consid]ation ( ! g5]al conclusions to be drawn f !m4 ,we may beg9 by refre%+ our memories on "s po9ts1 an und]/&+ ( :i* mu/ be tak5 = grant$4 ,:at are famili>ly kn[n z ! heav5ly bodies belong to two classes4 ,^? ne>e/ to u =m a sort ( colony f> remov$ f all ! o!rs1 call$ ! sol> sy/em4 ,! pr9cipal bodies ( ?is sy/em are ! sun & eight great planets ) _! moons1 revolv+ r\nd x4 ,on "o ( ! planets1 small :5 comp>$ ) ! great bodies ( ! univ]se1 b l>ge to our e-day conceptions1 we dwell4 ,! o!r planets appe> to u z />s4 ,f\r ( !m1 ,v5us1 ,m>s1 ,jupit] & ,saturn1 are di/+ui%$ f ! fix$ />s by _! sup]ior brightness & *>act]i/ic motions4 ,( ! rema9+ ?ree1 ,m]cury w only r>ely excite notice1 :ile ,uranus & ,neptune are z good z invisible to ! nak$ eye4 ,! dim5sions ( ! sol> sy/em are va/ :5 comp>$ ) any t]re/rial /&>d4 ,a cannon %ot go+ incessantly at its utmo/ spe$ w\ld be a ?\s& ye>s 9 cross+ ! orbit ( ,neptune f side to side4 ,b va/ z ! dim5sions are1 !y s9k into insignificance :5 comp>$ ) ! di/ance ( ! />s4 ,outside ! sol> sy/em are spaces :i*1 s f> z we "k1 are absolutely void1 save "h & !re a comet or a meteor1 until we look f> outside ! region :i* a cannon %ot w\ld cross 9 a million ( ye>s4 ,! ne>e/ /> is ?\s&s ( times f>!r away ?an ! mo/ di/ant planet4 ,scatt]$ at ^! inconceivable di/ances are ! bodies to :i* our att5tion is direct$ 9 ! pres5t "w4 ,if we are ask$ :at !y are1 we may reply t ! />s are suns4 ,b we might equally well say t ! sun is "o ( ! />s2 a small />1 inde$1 surr\nd$ by c\ntless o!rs1 _m ( :i* are mu* l>g] & bright] ?an itself4 ,we %all treat our !me z f> z possible by :at we may call ! natural me?od1 beg9n+ ) :at1 be+ mo/ obvi\s to ! eye1 0 fir/ notic$ by man1 or w be fir/ notic$ by an obs]v]1 & trac+ k up /ep by /ep to its pres5t /ate4 ,sev]al features ( ! univ]se ( />s w be evid5t at a glance4 ,"o ( ^! is ! div]sity ( ! app>5t brightness1 or1 9 te*nical language1 ( ! magnitudes ( ! />s4 ,a few f> out%9e ! great mass ( _! companions4 ,a great] numb] are ( :at we may call m$ium brightness2 !re is a yet l>g] numb] ( fa9t] ones1 & ab\t "o half ( all ^? se5 by a ke5 eye "u favorable conditions are s ne> ! limit ( visibility z to escape ord9>y notice4 ,moreov]1 ^? :i* we see are b an insignificant fraction ( ! numb] reveal$ by ! telescope4 ,! m we increase our optical p[]1 ! great] ! numb] t come into view4 ,h[ _m millions may exi/ 9 ! heav5s x is sc>cely possible ev5 to guess4 ,! photographic maps ( ! heav5s n[ be+ made probably %[ fifty millions1 p]haps "o hundr$ millions or m4 ,ano!r evid5t feature is ! t5d5cy ( ! bright] />s to clu/] into gr\ps1 kn[n z con/ellations4 ,! latt] are extremely irregul>1 s t x is impossible to decide :]e "o con/ellation %\ld end & ano!r beg91 or to :i* con/ellation a c]ta9 /> may belong4 ,h5ce1 we c nei!r def9e ! con/ellations nor say :at is _! numb]1 & ! division ( ! />s among !m is a some:at arbitr>y proce$+4 ,a ?ird feature is ! ,milky ,way or ,galaxy1 :i*1 to ord9>y vision1 appe>s z an irregul> succession ( cl\d-l =ms spann+ ! heav5s4 ,we n[ "k t ^! seem+ cl\ds are really cong]ies ( />s too small to be individually visible to ! nak$ eye4 ,we %all h]eaft] see t ! />s ( ! ,galaxy =m1 s to speak1 ! base on :i* ! univ]se appe>s to be con/ruct$4 ,ea* ( ^! ?ree features w be consid]$ 9 its prop] place4 ,,ii4 ,,magnitudes ,,( ,,! ,,/>s4 ,! app>5t brightness ( a />1 z we see x f ! e>?1 dep5ds ^u two causes--its intr9sic brilliancy or ! quantity ( light :i* x actually emits1 & its di/ance f u4 ,x foll[s t if all ! />s 7 ( equal intr9sic brightness we c\ld det]m9e _! relative di/ances by measur+ ! respective am\nts ( light :i* we receive f !m4 ,! quantity ( light 9 su* a case v>ies inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance4 ,?is w be made evid5t by ,fig4 #a1 :]e ,s repres5ts ! position ( a />1 reg>d$ z a lum9\s po9t1 :ile ,a & ,b are scre5s plac$ at su* a di/ance t ea* w receive ! same am\nt ( light f ! />4 ,if ! scre5 ,b is twice z f> z ! scre5 ,a1 its sides mu/ be twice z l>ge z ^? ( ,a 9 ord] t x %all receive all ! light t w\ld fall on ,a4 ,9 ?is case its surface w be f\r times ! surface ( ,a4 ,x is !n evid5t t any small portion ( ! surface ( ,b w receive "o f\r? z mu* light z an equal portion ( surface ,a4 ,?us an eye or a telescope 9 ! position ,b w receive f ! /> "o f\r? z mu* light z 9 ! position ,a1 & ! /> w seem "o f\r? z bright4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #a4 ,! fact is1 h[ev]1 t ! />s are v unequal 9 _! actual brightness1 & 9 consequ5ce ! app>5t magnitude ( a /> gives u no clue to its di/ance4 ,among ! ne>] ( ! />s are "s sc>cely1 if at all1 visible to ! nak$ eye1 :ile among ! bright] ones are sev]al ^: di/ances are immeasurably great4 ,a rem>kable example is t ( ,c>opes1 ! second brighte/ /> 9 ! heav5s4 ,= ^! reasons a/ronom]s are oblig$ to cont5t !mselves1 9 ! fir/ place1 ) det]m9ations ( ! actual am\nt ( light t ! v>i\s />s s5d to u1 or _! app>5t brilliancy1 )\t reg>d to _! di/ance or actual brilliancy4 ,! anci5t a/ronom]s divid$ all ! />s !y c\ld see into six classes1 ! numb] express+ ! app>5t brightness be+ call$ ! magnitude ( ! />4 ,! brighte/ ones1 numb]+ 9 all ab\t f\rte51 7 said to be ( ! fir/ magnitude4 ,! fifty next 9 brightness 7 said to be ( ! second magnitude4 ,?ree times z _m1 an ord] fa9t]1 7 ( ! ?ird magnitude4 ,! progression 0 cont9u$ up to ! six? magnitude1 :i* includ$ ^? :i* 7 b>ely visible4 ,z ! />s are actually ( e degree ( app>5t brilliancy1 no %>p l9e ( dem>kation c\ld be drawn betwe5 ^? ( "o magnitude & ^? ( ! magnitude next high]4 ,h5ce1 diff]5t obs]v]s made diff]5t e/imates1 "s call+ a /> ( ! second magnitude :i* o!rs w\ld call ( ! fir/1 :ile o!rs w\ld designate a /> ( ! ?ird magnitude :i* o!rs w\ld call ( ! second4 ,x is !re=e impossible to /ate ) absolute num]ical precision :at numb] ( />s %\ld be reg>d$ ( "o magnitude & :at ( ano!r4 ,an idea ( ! magnitude ( a /> c be readily ga9$ by ! casual obs]v]4 ,look+ at ! heav5s on almo/ any cl\dless ev5+1 we may assume t ! two1 ?ree or m brighte/ />s :i* we see are ( ! fir/ magnitude4 ,z examples ( ^? ( ! second magnitude1 may be tak5 ! five brighte/ />s ( ! ,dipp]1 ! ,pole ,/> & ! bright] />s ( ,cassiopeia4 ,"s or all ( ^! objects c be se5 on any cle> night ( ! ye> 9 our latitude4 ,/>s ( ! ?ird magnitude are s num]\s t x is difficult to select any "o = comp>ison4 ,! brighte/ /> ( ! ,pleiades is really ( ?is magnitude1 b x does n appe> s 9 consequ5ce ( ! five o!r />s by :i* x is surr\nd$4 ,at a di/ance ( #ae f ! ,pole ,/>1 ,beta ,ursa ,m9oris is always visible1 & may be di/+ui%$ by be+ slightly r$d] ?an ! ,pole ,/>2 x lies betwe5 two fa9t] />s1 ! bright] ( :i* is ( ! ?ird & ! o!r ( ! f\r? magnitude4 ,! five readily visible b fa9t] />s ( ! ,pleiades are ab\t ( ! f\r? magnitude4 ,( ! fif? magnitude are ! fa9te/ />s :i* are easily visible to ! nak$ eye1 :ile ! six? comprises ^? :i* are b>ely visible ) good eyes4 ,mod]n a/ronom]s1 :ile adh]+ to ! g5]al sy/em :i* has come d[n to !m f anci5t times1 h s\ght to give x great] def9it5ess4 ,c>eful /udy %[$ t ! actual am\nt ( light correspond+ to ! diff]5t magnitudes v>i$ ne>ly 9 geometrical progression f "o magnitude to ano!r1 a conclusion :i* accords ) ! well-kn[n psy*ological law t ! int5sity ( s5sation v>ies by equal am\nts :5 ! excit+ cause v>ies 9 geometrical progression4 ,x 0 f\nd t an av]age /> ( ! fif? magnitude gave betwe5 two & ?ree times z mu* light z an av]age "o ( ! six?2 "o ( ! f\r? gave betwe5 two & ?ree times z mu* light z "o ( ! fif?2 & s on to ! second4 ,9 ! case ( ! fir/ magnitude1 ! div]sity is s great t x is sc>cely possible to fix an av]age ratio4 ,sirius1 = example1 is really six times z bright z ,altair1 :i* is commonly tak5 z a /&>d = a fir/ magnitude />4 ,to give precision to _! e/imates1 mod]n a/ronom]s are gradually seek+ to lay ! subject ( magnitudes on an exact basis by def9+ a *ange ( "o unit 9 ! magnitude z correspond+ to an increase ( ab\t two & "o half times 9 ! am\nt ( light4 ,if ! practice ( sep>at+ ! visible />s into only six ord]s ( magnitude 7 cont9u$ )\t *ange1 we %\ld /ill h ! anomaly ( includ+ 9 "o class />s ( m>k$ly diff]5t degrees ( brightness4 ,"s m ?an twice z bright z o!rs w\ld be designat$ ( ! same magnitude4 ,h5ce1 to give quantitative exactness to ! results1 a magnitude is reg>d$ z a quantity :i* may h any value :atev]1 & may be express$ by decimals--t5?s or ev5 hundr$?s4 ,?us1 we may h />s ( magnitude #e4j1 #e4a1 #e4b1 etc41 or we may ev5 subdivide yet f>!r & speak ( />s hav+ magnitudes #e4aa1 #e4ab1 etc4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 !re is z yet no way kn[n ( det]m9+ ! am\nt ( light receiv$ f a /> except by an e/imate ( its effect ^u ! eye4 ,two />s are reg>d$ z equal :5 !y appe> to ! eye ( equal brilliancy4 ,9 su* a case ! judgm5t is v unc]ta94 ,h5ce1 obs]v]s h endeavor$ to give great] precision to x by ! use ( photomet]s1--in/rum5ts = measur+ quantities ( light4 ,b ev5 ) ?is in/rum5t ! obs]v] mu/ dep5d ^u an e/imat$ equality ( light z judg$ by ! eye4 ,! light f "o /> is increas$ or dim9i%$ 9 a kn[n proportion until x appe>s equal to t ( ano!r />1 :i* may be an artificial "o produc$ by ! flame ( a c&le4 ,! proportion ( increase or dim9ution %[s ! diff]5ce ( magnitude betwe5 ! two />s4 ,z we proce$ to place ! subject ( photometric measures ( /> light on ?is precise basis we f9d ! problem to be a complex "o4 ,9 ! fir/ place n all ! rays :i* come f a /> are visible to our eyes z light4 ,b all ! radiance1 visible or invisible1 may be absorb$ by a d>k surface1 & w !n %[ its effect by heat+ t surface4 ,! mo/ p]fect measure ( ! radiance ( a /> w\ld !re=e be ! am\nt ( heat :i* x conveys1 because ?is expresses :at is go+ on 9 ! body bett] ?an ! am\nt ( visible light c d4 ,b un=tunately ! heat+ effect ( ! rays f a /> is f> bel[ :at c be measur$ or ev5 indicat$ by any kn[n in/rum5t4 ,we are !re=e oblig$ to ab&on any ?\ght ( det]m9+ ! total am\nt ( radiation & conf9e ourselves to t portion :i* we call light4 ,"h1 :5 we aim at precision1 we f9d t light1 z we und]/& x1 is prop]ly measur$ only by its effect on ! optic n]ve1 & !re is no way ( measur+ ?is effect except by e/imation4 ,?us1 all ! photomet] c d is to give u ! means ( increas+ or dim9i%+ ! light f "o />1 s t we c make x equal by e/imation to t f "s o!r /> or s\rce ( light4 ,! difficulty ( rea*+ /rict results 9 ?is way is increas$ by ! fact t />s are diff]5t 9 color4 ,two lights c be e/imat$ z equal ) great] precision :5 !y are ( ! same color ?an :5 _! colors are diff]5t4 ,an additional s\rce ( unc]ta9ty is br\ght 9 by :at is kn[n z ! ,purk9je ph5om5on1 aft] ! physici/ :o fir/ obs]v$ x4 ,he f\nd t if we took two lights ( equal app>5t brightness1 ! "o r$ & ! o!r gre51 & !n increas$ or dim9i%$ !m 9 ! same proportion1 !y w\ld no long] appe> equal4 ,9 o!r words1 ! geometrical axiom t halves or qu>t]s ( equal quantities are !mselves equal1 does n apply to ! effect ( light on ! eye4 ,if we dim9i% ! two equal lights1 we f9d t ! gre5 w look bright] ?an ! r$4 ,if we increase !m 9 ! same proportion1 ! r$ w look bright] ?an ! gre54 ,9 o!r words1 ! r$ light w1 to our vision1 increase or fade away m rapidly ) a giv5 am\nt ( *ange ?an ! gre5 light w4 ,x is f\nd 9 rec5t times t ?is law ( *ange does n ext5d progressively ?r\gh all spectral colors4 ,x is true t z we pass f ! r$ to ! violet end ( ! spectrum ! yell[ fades away less rapidly ) a giv5 dim9ution ?an does ! r$1 & ! gre5 /ill less rapidly ?an ! yell[4 ,b :5 we pass f ! gre5 to ! blue1 x is said t ! latt] does n fade out q s fa/ z ! gre54 ,"o obvi\s conclusion f all ?is is t two />s ( diff]5t colors :i* look equal to ! nak$ eye w n look equal 9 ! telescope4 ,! r$ or yell[ /> w look relatively bright] 9 a telescope2 ! gre5 or blui% "o relatively bright] to ! nak$ eye4 ,9 rec5t times />s h be5 photograph$ on a l>ge scale4 ,_! magnitudes c !n be det]m9$ by ! effect ( ! light on ! photographic plate1 ! impression ( ! />1 z se5 9 a microscope1 be+ l>g] & m int5se z ! /> is bright]4 ,b ! magnitude ?us det]m9$ is n proportional to ! app>5t brightness z se5 by ! eye1 because ! photographic effect ( blue light is mu* great] ?an t ( r$ light hav+ ! same app>5t brightness4 ,9 fact1 ! diff]5ce is s great t1 ) ! *emicals =m]ly us$1 r$ light 0 almo/ )\t photographic effect4 ,ev5 n[1 :at we measure 9 tak+ ! photograph ( a /> is almo/ entirely ! light 9 ! m refrangible portions ( ! spectrum4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t :5 a blue & a yell[ />1 equally bright to ! nak$ eye1 are photograph$1 ! impression made on ! negative by ! blue /> w be great] ?an t made by ! yell[ "o4 ,a di/9ction is !re=e recogniz$ betwe5 photographic & visual magnitudes4 ,! photographic magnitudes ( ! />s are n[ be+ inve/igat$ & catalogu$ on a scale ev5 l>g] ?an t on :i* we h /udi$ ! visual magnitudes4 ,yet we h to admit ! non-correspond5ce ( ! two sy/ems4 ,! blu] ! />1 ! bright] w be its photographic z comp>$ ) its visual magnitude4 ,! mo/ t c be done is to br+ ab\t ! be/ atta9able agreem5t betwe5 ! two sy/ems 9 ! g5]al av]age ( all ! />s4 ,=tunately ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! colors ( ! />s are by no means s great z ^? betwe5 ! colors ( natural objects ar\nd u4 ,all ! />s radiate light ( all colors2 & al?\gh ! diff]5ce is q appreciable ei!r by ! eye or by ! photograph1 x is n s great z x w\ld h be5 7 ! v>iations 9 color z wide z 9 ! case ( t]re/rial objects4 ,two compreh5sive surveys ( ! heav5s1 int5d$ to det]m9e z accurately z possible ! magnitudes ( all ! bright] />s1 h rec5tly be5 und]tak54 ,"o ( ^! is ! ,h>v>d photometry1 comm5c$ by ,pr(essor ,pick]+ at ! ,h>v>d ,obs]vatory1 & n[ ext5d$ to ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e by ! aid ( a bran* e/abli%m5t at ,arequipa1 ,p]u4 ,! in/rum5t design$ by ,pr(essor ,pick]+ = 8 purpose is t]m$ a m]idian photomet]1 & is s arrang$ t ! obs]v] c see 9 ! field ( 8 telescope a reflect$ image ( ! ,pole ,/>1 &1 at ! same "t1 ! image ( "s o!r /> :ile x is pass+ ! m]idian4 ,by a pol>iz+ app>atus ! image ( ! /> to be measur$ is made to appe> ( equal brightness ) t ( ! ,pole ,/>1 & ! position ( a ,nicol prism1 :i* br+s out ?is equality1 %[s ! ratio betwe5 ! magnitudes ( ! two />s4 ,! o!r survey1 ) ! same object1 is n[ be+ made at ! ,potsdam ,a/rophysical ,obs]vatory1 ne> ,b]l94 ,9 ! photomet] us$ by ! ,g]man a/ronom]s ! image ( "o /> is comp>$ ) an artificial /> =m$ by ! flame ( a c&le4 ,! "w is p]=m$ 9 a m elaborate way ?an at ! ,h>v>d ,obs]vatory1 & 9 consequ5ce1 only t "p ( ! heav5s1 ext5d+ f ! equator to #dj nor? decl9ation1 has be5 complet$ & publi%$4 ,a comp>ison ( ! results ?us obta9$ ) ^? ( ,pr(essor ,pick]+1 %[s a curi\s diff]5ce dep5d+ on ! color ( ! />4 ,9 ! case ( ! r$de/ />s1 ! e/imates are f\nd to be 9 fairly close agreem5t1 ,pick]+'s be+ a little ! fa9t]4 ,b 9 ! case ( ! :ite or blui% />s1 ! e/imates ( ! ,g]man a/ronom]s are m ?an "o f\r? ( a magnitude great] ?an ^? ( ,pick]+4 ,?is corresponds to an increase ( ne>ly "o fif? 9 ! brightness4 ,:e!r ?is diff]5ce is to be reg>d$ z purely psy*ological or due to ! in/rum5ts us$1 is an int]e/+ "q :i* has n yet be5 settl$4 ,x is difficult to conceive h[ diff]5t in/rum5ts %\ld give results s diff]5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! comp>isons made by ! ,g]mans make x difficult to accept ! view t ! diff]5ce is due purely to ! p]sonality ( ! obs]v]s4 ,!re are two ,g]man obs]v]s1 ,drs4 ,mll] & ,kempf1 ^: results agree ) ea* o!r exactly4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,prit*>d1 at ,ox=d1 made q an ext5sive photometric survey1 us+ an in/rum5t by :i* ! light ( "o /> 0 cut d[n by a w$ge-%ap$ d>k glass1 :]eby any gradation ( light c\ld be produc$4 ,a comp>ison %[s t ! results ( ,prit*>d agree sub/antially ) ^? ( ,pick]+4 ,x is q possible t ! ,purk9je ph5om5on may be ! cause ( ! diff]5ce1 ! s\rce ( :i* is em95tly wor?y ( inve/igation4 ,?is fact simply emphasizes ! lack ( ma!matical precision 9 photometric measurem5ts ( /> light4 ,ev5 ap>t f ?is diff]5ce ( color1 ! e/imates ( two obs]v]s w frequ5tly diff] by #j4b & sometimes by ev5 #j4c ( a magnitude4 ,^! diff]5ces correspond r\ghly to #bj or #cj p] c5t 9 ! am\nt ( light4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ f ?is t su* e/imates are ( no value = sci5tific purposes4 ,v important conclusions1 bas$ on great numb]s ( />s1 may be drawn ev5 f ^! unc]ta9 quantities4 ,yet1 x c h>dly be d\bt$ t if ! light ( a /> c\ld be measur$ f "t to "t to its ?\s&? "p1 conclusions ( yet great] value & int]e/ might be drawn f ! measures4 ,we h said t 9 our mod]n sy/em ! aim has be5 to s designate ! magnitudes ( ! />s t a s]ies ( magnitudes 9 ari?metical progression %all correspond to quantities ( light rang+ 9 geometrical progression4 ,we h also said t a *ange ( "o unit ( magnitude corresponds to a multiplication or division ( ! light by ab\t #b4e4 ,on any scale ( magnitude ?is factor ( multiplication con/itutes ! light-ratio ( ! scale4 ,9 rec5t times1 aft] mu* discussion ( ! subject & _m comp>isons ( photometric measures ) e/imates made 9 ! old-fa%ion$ way1 !re is a g5]al agreem5t among obs]v]s to fix ! light ratio at ! numb] ^: log>i?m is #j4d4 ,?is is su* t an increase ( five units 9 ! numb] express+ ! magnitude corresponds to a division ( ! light by #ajj4 ,if1 = example1 we take a /&>d /> ( magnitude "o & ano!r ( magnitude six1 ! fir/ w\ld be #ajj times z bright z ! second4 ,?is corresponds to a light ratio slightly great] ?an #b4e4 ,:5 ?is scale is adopt$1 ! s]ies ( magnitudes may ext5d indef9itely 9 bo? directions s t to e app>5t brightness !re w be a c]ta9 magnitude4 ,= example1 if we assign ! magnitude #a4j to a c]ta9 />1 tak5 z a /&>d1 :i* w\ld =m]ly h be5 call$ a /> ( ! fir/ magnitude1 !n a /> a little m ?an #b4e times z bright w\ld be ( magnitude "o less 9 numb]1 t is1 ( magnitude #j4 ,! "o next bright] 9 ! s]ies w\ld be ( magnitude -#a4 ,s great is ! div]sity 9 ! brightness ( ! />s =m]ly call$ ( ! fir/ magnitude t ,sirius is /ill bright] ?an ! imag9>y /> j m5tion$1 ! numb] express+ its magnitude be+ -#a4d4 ,?is sugge/s :at we may reg>d z "o ( ! capital que/ions 9 cele/ial photometry4 ,!re be+ no limit to ! ext5t ( ! scale1 :at w\ld be ! /ell> magnitude ( ! sun z we see x :5 express$ ?is way on ! photometric scale8 ,su* a numb] is readily d]ivable :5 we "k ! ratio betwe5 ! light ( ! sun & t ( a /> ( kn[n magnitude4 ,_m attempts h be5 made by obs]v]s to obta9 ?is ratio2 b ! problem is "o ( great difficulty1 & ! results h be5 extremely discordant4 ,among/ !m !re are ?ree :i* seem less liable to error ?an o!rs2 ^? ( ,wolla/on1 ,bond & ,zlln]4 ,_! results = ! /ell> magnitude ( ! sun are z foll[3 ,wolla/on -#bf4f ,bond -#be4h ,zlln] -#bf4f ,( ^!1 ,zlln]'s seems to be ! be/1 & may1 !re=e1 9 tak+ ! mean1 be entitl$ to d\ble weight4 ,! result w !n be3 ,/ell> magnitude ( sun -#bf4d ,f ?is numb] may be readily comput$ ! ratio ( sunlight to t ( a /> ( any giv5 magnitude4 ,we ?us f9d3 ,! sun gives u3 #aj1jjj1jjj1jjj1 ! light ( ,sirius4 #ia1jjj1jjj1jjj1 ! light ( a /> ( magnitude #a4 #i1ajj1jjj1jjj1jjj1 ! light ( "o ( magnitude #f4 ,! squ>e roots ( ^! numb]s %[ ! numb] ( times we %\ld increase ! actual di/ance ( ! sun 9 ord] t x might %9e z a /> ( ! correspond+ magnitude4 ,^! numb]s & ! correspond+ p>allax are z foll[s3 ,sirius2 ,di/ance #ajj1jjj3 ,p>allax #b4jf ,mag4 #a 0 #cjb1jjj3 0 #j4fh 0 #b 0 #dgi1jjj3 0 #j4dc 0 #c 0 #gei1jjj3 0 #j4bg 0 #d 0 #a1bjb1jjj3 0 #j4ag 0 #e 0 #a1ijf1jjj3 0 #j4aa 0 #f 0 #c1jbj1jjj3 0 #j4jg ,^! p>allaxes are ^? t ! sun w\ld h if plac$ at su* a di/ance z to %9e ) ! brightness indicat$ 9 ! fir/ column4 ,!y are g5]ally l>g] ?an ^? ( />s ( ! correspond+ magnitudes1 f :i* we conclude t ! sun is small] ?an ! bright] ( ! />s4 ,,prev5tive ,,inoculation4 7,,ii47 ,,by ,,dr4 ,w4 ,m4 ,,haffk9e1 ,,director-,,9-,,*ief1 ,,gov]nm5t ,,plague ,,rese>* ,,laboratory1 ,,bombay4 ,9 a previ\s pap] ,i review$ briefly ! hi/ory ( prev5tive inoculation & describ$ ! results ( my attempts to secure a #8virus fix' 9 ! case ( *ol]a4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ! two vacc9es f9ally obta9$ protect$ gu9ea pigs successfully aga9/ all possible =ms ( *ol]a infection4 ,x 0 n[ necess>y to asc]ta9 :e!r ! same protection c\ld be giv5 to man :i* 0 obs]v$ 9 animals4 ,= ?is purpose x 0 ess5tial to fir/ ( all prove ! p]fect h>mlessness ( ! op]ation4 ,?is 0 e/abli%$ by v c>eful obs]vations ( m$ical m5 & sci5ti/s :o 7 inoculat$ 9 ,europe soon aft] ! results ( ! above inve/igations 7 publi%$4 ,! inoculation causes a rise ( temp]ature & g5]al discom=t1 :i* la/s "o or two days1 & "s pa9 at ! seat ( ! injection1 :i* disappe>s 9 a few days4 ,! fev] & discom=t induc$ are1 on ! :ole1 %ort] 9 duration1 ?\gh (t5 m int5se1 ?an ^? caus$ by vacc9ation aga9/ smallpox4 ,! effect disappe>s )9 a few days & ! individual returns to 8 usual condition ( heal?4 ,! next & all-important /age 0 to devise an exp]im5t or a s]ies ( exp]im5ts on man s z to te/ ! effici5cy ( ! me?od aga9/ *ol]a attacks4 ,?is "p ( ! inve/igation c\ld only be done 9 a *ol]a-/rick5 c\ntry1 :]e opportunities w\ld arise ( comp>+ ! incid5ce ( ! disease 9 inoculat$ & un9oculat$4 ,su* opportunities are limit$4 ,except 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,india & ,*9a1 *ol]a appe>s 9 localities unexpect$ly & does n la/ long4 ,9 ! places :]e ! disease is endemic ! cases are scatt]$ ov] l>ge areas4 ,^! features r5d]$ ! demon/ration ( ! effect ( ! vacc9e a matt] ( p>ticul> difficulty4 ,9 #ahic ,i w5t to ,india1 & 9 ! c\rse ( a ye> inoculat$ "s tw5ty-?ree ?\s& p 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ! c\ntry2 b no *ol]a appe>$ 9 _! mid/ to %[ :e!r ! vacc9e 0 ( value or n4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahid ! inoculations 7 introduc$ into ,b5gal1 &1 ) ! assi/ance & co-op]ation ( ,pr(4 ,w4 ,j4 ,simpson1 ( ,k+'s ,college1 ,london1 at t "t ,heal? ,(fic] ( ,calcutta1 & ( 8 /aff1 ef=ts 7 made to induce ! inhabitants ( ! bu/ees ( ,calcutta to get !mselves inoculat$4 ,^! bu/ees are isolat$ villages consi/+ ( gr\ps ( mud huts inhabit$ by ! poor] class4 ,ow+ to ! consumption ( wat] f ! ponds or tanks belong+ to ^! villages1 ! inhabitants ( ! bu/ees are subject to p]iodic visitations ( *ol]a4 ,x 0 9 "o ( ^! bu/ees t ! fir/ obs]vation 0 made z to ! effect ( ! *ol]a vacc9es4 ,! spr+ is ess5tially ! *ol]a season 9 ,calcutta4 ,ab\t ! end ( ,m>* two fatal cases ( *ol]a & two cases ( *ol]aic di>rha occurr$ 9 ,katal ,bagan ,bu/ee1 9 a population gr\p$ ar\nd two tanks4 ,?is outbreak l$ to ! inoculation ( "o hundr$ & sixte5 p]sons 9 ! bu/ee out ( ab\t two hundr$4 ,aft] ! inoculation !re occurr$ n9e m cases ( *ol]a1 sev5 ( :i* prov$ fatal1 & "o case ( *ol]aic di>rha4 ,all ! t5 cases occurr$ among ! un9oculat$ portion ( ! inhabitants1 :i* =m$ ! m9ority1 none ( ! inoculat$ suff]+4 ,! results 7 m int]e/+ :5 analyz$ 9 detail4 ,"s ( ! cases _h occurr$ 9 families 9 :i* "s ( ! memb]s _h be5 inoculat$ & o!rs n1 & ! disease select$ ! non-inoculat$ memb]s1 sp>+ ! inoculat$4 ,?us1 9 "o h\se six memb]s out ( eight _h be5 inoculat$4 ,! attack1 a fatal "o1 occurr$ 9 "o ( ! rema9+ two4 ,9 ano!r h\se elev5 memb]s out ( eighte5 7 inoculat$4 ,! elev5 memb]s rema9$ free :ile f\r out ( sev5 n inoculat$ 7 attack$4 ,^u ^! obs]vations ! ,calcutta municipality felt enc\rag$ to vote funds = ! cont9uance ( ! inoculations 9 an exp]im5tal f>m1 & appo9t$ = t purpose a special /aff4 ,9 #ahif ! result ( two ye>s' obs]vations 7 embodi$ by ! heal? (fic] 9 a report to ! ,calcutta ,municipal ,corporation4 ,x record$ a mo/ satisfactory /ate ( affairs4 ,dur+ ! "t "u obs]vation "s eight ?\s& p]sons 7 inoculat$4 ,cases ( *ol]a occurr$ 9 sev5ty-sev5 huts 9 :i* "s memb]s ( ! family _h be5 previ\sly inoculat$ & o!rs n4 ,comp>+ ! incid5ce ( ! disease 9 ! two gr\ps1 a /rik+ advantage 0 f\nd to be ) ! inoculat$4 ,i made an analysis ( ! cases accord+ to ! "t :i* _h elaps$ betwe5 inoculation 9 ea* ( ^! huts & ! occurr5ce ( *ol]a 9 !m1 & ! foll[+ results 7 f\nd4 ,dur+ ! fir/ f\r days aft] inoculation1 app>5tly be=e ! vacc9e _h "t to produce its full protective effect1 !re 7 proportionately #a4hf times few] dea?s among ! inoculat$ ?an among ! non-inoculat$ memb]s ( ! families4 ,9 a second p]iod1 ext5d+ f ! fif? to ! f\r hundr$ & tw5ty-n9? day--i4 e41 = f\rte5 mon?s--!re 7 #bb4fb times few] dea?s among ! inoculat$2 :ile 9 ! la/ p]iod--t is1 betwe5 ! f\r hundr$ & ?irtie? & sev5 hundr$ & tw5ty-eigh? day aft] ! inoculation--!re 7 only #a4ed few] dea?s among ! inoculat$1 ! immunity hav+ evid5tly gradually disappe>$4 ,! net result 0 t = two ye>s aft] inoculation1 includ+ ! p]iods ( incomplete protection1 !re 0 a r$uction 9 mortality ( #gb4dg p] c5t among ! inoculat$2 or 9 o!r words1 9 h\ses 9 :i* inoculations 7 p]=m$ & 9 :i* *ol]a subsequ5tly occurr$ !re 71 ev5 f ! day ( inoculation1 be=e ! full effect ( x c\ld be produc$1 elev5 dea?s among ! non-inoculat$ to only ?ree among ! inoculat$4 ,eight lives out ( e elev5 7 sav$4 ,at ! end ( my fir/ *ol]a campaign1 9 ,augu/1 #ahie1 !re 7 altoge!r #ca1jef natives ( ,india1 #abe ,eurasians1 #hfi ,europeans ( ! civil population1 #f1fbg native (fic]s & sepoys1 & #bid (fic]s ) #c1bjf m5 ( ! ,briti% troops /ation$ 9 ,india1 9 all #da1ghg p1 :o _h submitt$ to inoculation4 ,obs]vations in/itut$ among !m1 especially among prison]s1 soldi]s & coolies 9 tea e/ates1 ) reg>d to :om detail$ records c\ld be kept1 w5t to confirm ! results z detail$ above4 ,9 ord] to l5g!n1 if possible1 ! p]iod ( immunity1 ! plan 0 =m$ ( inoculat+ /rong] vacc9es & 9 high] doses4 ,! inoculations are n[ c>ri$ on 9 a ,gov]nm5t laboratory1 9 ,purulia1 ,b5gal1 *iefly among ! p emigrat+ to ! *ol]a di/ricts ( ,assam1 & !re is no d\bt t 9 ! c\rse ( "t a m>k$ effect ^u ! preval5ce ( *ol]a 9 ^? di/ricts w be produc$ & valuable !oretical data w be obta9$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re 0 "o noticeable feature ab\t ! results ( ! inoculation aga9/ *ol]a :i* e>ly attract$ my att5tion1 & ?is 0 t :ile ! numb] ( attacks & ! absolute numb] ( dea?s 0 /rik+ly influ5c$ by ! op]ation1 ! proportion ( dea?s to ^? attack$ did n appe> to be *ang$4 ,! case incid5ce 0 effectively *eck$1 b ! #8case mortality' 0 n r$uc$4 ,! inoculation dim9i%$ ! *ances ( an attack ( *ol]a--t is1 ! *ances ( ! *ol]a virus p5etrat+ into ! tissues ( a man2 b if x s happ5$ t ! pati5t 0 attack$ & ! virus f\nd an entrance & />t$ gr[+ 9 ! sy/em not)/&+ ! inoculation1 ! latt] w\ld n assi/ 9 mitigat+ ! sev]ity ( ! symptoms or r$uc+ ! fatality ( ! disease4 ,9 analyz+ ?is result fur!r1 x seem$ to me p]missible to assume t ! vacc9e protect$ aga9/ ! *ol]a microbes !mselves1 b did n protect aga9/ _! poison\s products1 :i* are ! cause ( ! actual symptoms4 ,?is int]pretation ( ! facts f\nd support 9 a set ( laboratory exp]im5ts by ,pr(essor ,pfeiff] & ,dr4 ,kolle1 ( ,ko*'s ,in/itute1 9 ,b]l91 :o %[$ t ! blood s]um ( animals & p]sons inoculat$ ) ! *ol]a vacc9e1 z practic$ 9 ,india1 acquir$ an int5se p[] ( de/roy+ *ol]a microbes1 b exhibit$ no prop]ties capable ( c\nt]act+ ! effect ( _! toxic products--no #8antitoxic prop]ties'4 ,comb9$ ) ^? ( previ\s exp]im5t]s ^! results t5d$ to prove t two k9ds ( immunity c\ld be produc$ sep>ately1 & x became incumb5t to devise a plan :i* w\ld secure n only a l[]+ ( susceptibility to ! disease1 b also a r$uction 9 ! case mortality4 ,= t purpose x seem$ rational to attempt ! treatm5t ) a vacc9e conta9+ a comb9ation ( bodies ( microbes1 toge!r ) _! toxic products4 ,i int5d$ to te/ ?is plan exp]im5tally 9 ! *ol]a di/ricts2 b1 plague hav+ brok5 out 9 ,bombay1 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,india commission$ me to inquire into ! bact]iology ( t disease1 & ,i det]m9$ t ! k ga9$ 9 ! *ol]a inoculations %\ld be appli$ & te/$ 9 ! prep>ation ( a prophylactic aga9/ ! new epidemic4 ,! exp]im5ts ,i _h 9 view involv$ manufactur+ a mat]ial on a l>ge scale1 & op]at+ on x = weeks cont9u\sly4 ,to d ?is x 0 ess5tial to f9d a way ( recogniz+ plague gr[? ) c]ta9ty1 s z to enable ! (fic]s engag$ 9 ! manufacture to control ! process & "k exactly :5 !y 7 h&l+ ! prop] /uff1 & :5 an admixture & invasion ( extrane\s gr[? took place4 ,:5 ?is 0 solv$1 a drug 0 prep>$ by cultivat+ ! plague microbe 9 /]iliz$ bro?1 to :i* a small quantity ( cl>ifi$ butt] or ( cocoanut oil _h be5 add$4 ,! plague bacilli atta* !mselves to ! drops ( butt] or oil float+ on ! surface1 & gr[ d[n into ! dep? ( ! liquid1 =m+ a peculi> ?readlike appe>ance4 ,:ile do+ s !y secrete toxic matt]1 :i* is gradually accumulat$ 9 ! liquid2 at ! same "t a l>ge am\nt ( microbial gr[? comes gradually d[n f ! surface ( ! liquid & collects at ! bottom ( ! flask4 ,:5 %ak5 up ! :ole repres5ts ! desir$ comb9ation ( ! bodies ( microbes & ( _! toxic products4 ,! process is cont9u$ = a p]iod ( five to six weeks4 ,z ! microbes ( plague _h be5 v little /udi$ be=e1 & z _! exact effect on ! human sy/em 0 unkn[n1 ,i decid$ n to use = ! treatm5t liv+ microbes1 b to use at lea/ at fir/ #8c>boliz$' vacc9es1 ?\gh ! result ( ! treatm5t might be less favorable or less la/+ ?an t :i* c\ld be expect$ f liv+ vacc9es4 ,! microbes 9 ! above plague gr[? 7 accord+ly kill$ by heat+ !m at a temp]ature rang+ f #fe to #gj ,c41 & !n mix$ ) a small proportion ( c>bolic acid1 to prev5t ! drug f subsequ5t contam9ation & decomposition4 ,! dose ( ! prophylactic 0 regulat$ by measur+ up ! quantity to be inject$4 ,! requisite am\nt is det]m9$ by ! degree ( fev] :i* x produces4 ,! febrile reaction v>ies 9 diff]5t individuals1 b a temp]ature rea*+ #ajb & above 9 at lea/ ?irty p] c5t ( ^? inoculat$ has be5 f\nd to indicate a good mat]ial4 ,9 ! *ol]a1 rabies & smallpox vacc9es1 ! microbes be+ employ$ 9 a liv+ /ate1 x 0 ess5tial to fix ! /r5g? ( ! vacc9e1 = o!rwise x 0 impossible to pr$ict ! behavior ( ! microbe :5 inject$ into ! sy/em4 ,9 ! case ( ! plague prophylactic ! activity ( ! microbes is arre/$ be=e x is inoculat$1 & ! effect c be regulat$1 z m5tion$ above1 by simply measur+ up ! doses 9 ! same way z is done ) any *emical drug4 ,! expectation =m$ :5 devis+ ! plan = ! plague prophylactic has be5 v =tunately ju/ifi$1 & an advance on ! results f ! *ol]a vacc9es 0 obta9$2 b ,i c n yet say c]ta9ly :e!r ?is favorable result is inde$ due to ! p>ticul> provisions :i* ,i _h made = obta9+ x4 ,! effect ( ! plague prophylactic 0 fir/ te/$ at ! ,byculla ,jail1 9 ,bombay1 :5 ! epidemic rea*$ t e/abli%m5t4 ,f ! fir/ day aft] ! inoculation till ! end ( ! outbreak !re 7 9 ! jail twelve cases & six dea?s among "o hundr$ & sev5ty-two un9oculat$ inmates1 & two cases1 ) no dea?s1 among "o hundr$ & =ty-sev5 inoculat$4 ,a ye> lat]1 almo/ exactly a simil> result 0 obs]v$ :5 ! plague attack$ ! s-call$ ,um>khadi ,common ,jail1 9 ,bombay4 ,9 ?is case aft] ! inoculation !re 7 t5 cases & six dea?s among "o hundr$ & tw5ty-sev5 un9oculat$ inmates1 & ?ree cases1 ) no dea?s1 among "o hundr$ & =ty-sev5 inoculat$4 ,^! & o!r obs]vations %[ t ! vacc9e = ! plague beg9s to ex]cise its effect )9 "s tw5ty-f\r h\rs aft] inoculation2 t x is useful ev5 9 ! case ( p]sons already infect$2 t x is !re=e applicable at any /age ( an epidemic4 ,num]\s fur!r obs]vations 7 soon collect$ on ! work+ ( ! sy/em4 ,at ! small village ( ,uudh]a1 ( ! ,b>oda feudatory /ate1 :]e plague broke out1 inoculation 0 appli$ to a half ( ea* family1 ! o!r half rema9+ un9oculat$4 ,aft] t !re 7 tw5ty-sev5 cases & tw5ty-six dea?s among sixty-f\r un9oculat$1 & eight cases1 ) ?ree dea?s1 among sev5ty-"o inoculat$ ( ! same h\seholds1 ! proportionate diff]5ce 9 mortality be+ ov] eighty-n9e p] c5t4 ,!re foll[$ obs]vations on a f> l>g] scale1 demon/rat+ t ! mortality ( ! inoculat$1 comp>$ to t ( ! non-inoculat$1 0 on an av]age betwe5 eighty & n9ety p] c5t less4 ,sometimes ?is r$uction rea*$ n9ety p] c5t4 ,9 ! ,punjaub1 9 a village call$ ,bunga1 !re occurr$1 9 two hundr$ & eighty-"o n inoculat$1 n9ety-sev5 cases ( plague & sixty-five dea?s1 :ile among sev5ty-f\r inoculat$ !re 7 six cases1 b no dea?s4 ,9 ,bangalore1 among #hj1bhe ( ! inhabitants n inoculat$1 !re 7 #b1bjh dea?s f plague1 :ile among #bc1ecg inoculat$ !re 7 only #ajh4 ,! obs]vations at ,lan[li1 ,kirkee1 ,daman1 ,hubli1 ,dh>w>1 ,gadag1 9 ! ,bombay ,presid5cy1 gave ! same results4 ,at ,hubli ov] =ty-two ?\s& inhabitants out ( "s fifty ?\s& 7 inoculat$4 ,9 ,bombay city1 out ( a population ( #hba1gfd1 #aeg1bef h n[ und]gone ! inoculation4 ,! "w proce$s "h at pres5t at ! rate ( "o ?\s& to elev5 hundr$ inoculations a day4 ,f plague hospitals ! returns %[ t among ^? ( ! attack$ :o 7 previ\sly inoculat$ ! mortality is r$uc$ to less ?an "o half ( t among pati5ts :o 7 n inoculat$4 ,! prop]ty ( r$uc+ ! case mortality ?us appe>s to belong to ! plague prophylactic 9 an unmi/akable degree4 99 99 99 99 99 ,by ! anti-*ol]a & anti-plague inoculation ! me?ods ( prev5tive treatm5t by means ( cultivat$ bact]ia & _! products h be5 r5d]$1 s to say1 a "p ( ! daily policy 9 human m$ic9e4 ,! usefulness & practicability ( ^? me?ods h become cle>ly app>5t1 & /eps h be5 tak5 to ext5d fur!r ! field ( _! application4 ,on ! gr\nd ( ! exp]im5ts made ) ! typhoid bacillus 9 ! ,pa/eur ,in/itute 9 #ahhi-'ic1 & ( ! results obta9$ f ! anti-*ol]a inoculation 9 ,india1 ,i 0 able to induce ,pr(essor ,wright1 ( ! ,pa?ological ,laboratory 9 ,netley1 :om ,i initiat$ 9 #ahib 9 ! pr9ciples & te*nique ( anti-*ol]a inoculation1 to />t a campaign ( simil> op]ations aga9/ typhoid among ! ,briti% troops4 ,! latt] are /ation$ at diff]5t times ( _! s]vice v ne>ly 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 & ye>ly pay a v heavy tribute to t disease4 ,! m$ical (fic]s 9 *>ge ( ^! troops pass ?r\gh a c\rse ( tra9+ at ,netley1 & ,pr(essor ,wright _h r5d]$ excell5t s]vices 9 connection ) ! *ol]a inoculations1 by dissem9at+ ! k ( !m among ! probation]s ( ! s*ool4 ,x seem$ to me exp$i5t1 !re=e1 to />t ! typhoid inoculation also ?r\gh ! /aff & pupils ( t s*ool4 ,! foll[+ plan z to ! prep>ation ( ! vacc9e1 & ! way ( c>ry+ out ! inoculation1 0 laid be=e ,pr(essor ,wright4 ,! typhoid bacillus 0 to be br\ght to a fix$ /age ( virul5ce by ! inoculation 9 ! p]itoneal cavity ( ,gu9ea pigs1 accord+ to ! exact rules prescrib$ = ! anti-*ol]a inoculation4 ,once ! virus 0 fix$1 x 0 to be cultivat$ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs on a solid m$ium1 & a fir/ vacc9e prep>$ by c>boliz+ t virus4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! durability ( ! effect ( c>boliz$ vacc9e alone 0 n kn[n1 ?is 0 to be foll[$ up by ! injection ( a dose ( ! fix$ liv+ virus4 ,! inoculation 0 fir/ to be made on volunte]s among ! physicians on probation at ,netley2 !n on volunte]s among ! "y (fic]s ( ! army on ! eve ( _! dep>ture = ! tropics2 & !n1 ) ! approval ( ! milit>y au?orities1 on volunte]s among private soldi]s4 ,at ! end ( #ahie1 dur+ my visit to ,engl&1 ,i obta9$ f ,sir ,william ,mack9non1 !n ,director-,g5]al ( ! ,army ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t1 p]mission = ,pr(essor ,wright to />t ! "w ^u ! plan above detail$2 & ! fir/ inoculations1 9 ! way describ$ above1 7 done 9 ! middle ( #ahif4 ,soon aft] t1 ,pfeiff] & ,kolle1 recogniz+ ! same simil>ity betwe5 ! *ol]a & typhoid microbes1 & po9t+ out t ! results obta9$ by u 9 ,india 7 likely to be repeat$ :5 apply+ ! me?od to typhoid1 propos$ & />t$ a simil> s]ies ( inoculations4 ,:5 ! inoculation aga9/ plague 0 begun1 & obs]vation %[$ t dead vacc9es alone 7 app>5tly suffici5t to produce satisfactory results1 a second inoculation ) liv+ virus appe>$ less urg5tly necess>y2 & z ! effect ( su* an inoculation1 :i* ,pr(essor ,wright v c\rage\sly tri$ fir/ on himself1 seem$ tr\blesome1 x 0 decid$ to d = ! "t be+ ! second inoculation also ) ! c>boliz$ virus4 ,simil>ly1 ! plan :i* 0 adopt$ = ! plague inoculation1 ( cultivat+ ! vacc9e 9 a liquid1 in/ead ( a solid m$ium1 & ( us+ cultures ( sev]al weeks' duration1 has be5 subsequ5tly adopt$ 9 ! typhoid inoculation also4 ,_m ?\s&s ( ,briti% soldi]s & civilians h already und]gone ! inoculation 9 "q4 ,! latt] 0 done p>tly ) vacc9es cultivat$ on a solid m$ium1 accord+ to ! old] plan1 & p>tly ) vacc9es prep>$ accord+ to ! plague inoculation me?od4 ,! results s f> obs]v$ are enc\rag+1 &1 ,i hope1 w %ortly be improv$ consid]ably4 ,at ! la/ ,h>veian d9n] 9 ,london1 ,surgeon-,g5]al ,jameson1 ,director-,g5]al ( ! ,army ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t1 summ>iz$ ! results ( ! obs]vations 9 ,india1 :]e1 among sev]al ?\s&s ( "y soldi]s1 ! mo/ prone to ! disease1 ! incid5ce ( typhoid s9ce _! inoculation 0 #j4g p] mille1 :ile among ! old]1 m resi/ant1 n inoculat$ soldi]s1 ! incid5ce 0 dur+ ! same p]iod j d\ble t4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! =ce n[ on s]vice 9 ! ,s\? ,african campaign h be5 inoculat$1 "s be=e emb>k+ & o!rs on _! way out4 99 99 99 99 99 ,su* is ! position ( prev5tive inoculation1 z appli$1 s f>1 to human communities4 ,! v success ( ^! op]ations is n[ apt to create "s sort ( feign$ or e>ne/ al>m1 & "o meets at pres5t ) ! "q1 ,:at is go+ to happ5 to our poor body if we are to be inoculat$ aga9/ all diseases8 & ) ?is o!r "o1 ,h[ d y expect u to make a liv+ if y try to keep all ( u alive8 ,! humor\s =m ( ^! que/ions usually p]mits ( _! dropp+ out ( ! conv]sation )\t a reply4 ,! e>ne/ answ]s are1 h[ev]1 obvi\s4 ,! ef=ts ( ! bact]iologi/s 9 combat+ diseases are at pres5t direct$ to a tw(old aim3 _! prev5tion1 by a prophylactic treatm5t1 & _! cure4 ,! advantage ( a curative treatm5t is t x is to be appli$ to a relatively small numb] ( p]sons1 to ^? :o actually fall victims to an attack2 :ile t ( ! prev5tive treatm5t is 9 ! great] c]ta9ty ) :i* safety & protection are secur$ by x4 ,! relative position ( ! two treatm5ts w1 9 practice1 diff] 9 diff]5t diseases--namely1 accord+ to ! preval5ce & fatality ( a giv5 disease1 & accord+ to ! m]its ( ! two treatm5ts z !y /& at ! "t4 ,9 diseases 9 :i* ! risks ( be+ attack$ are small]1 or ! consequ5ces ( an attack less s]i\s1 or = :i* a v effective & sure curative treatm5t has be5 discov]$1 ! majority ( p w pref] to wait = an actual attack r ?an to und]go ! discom=t ( a prev5tive treatm5t2 9 diseases1 on ! contr>y1 9 :i* ! *ances ( be+ attack$ are great1 or 9 :i* ! fatality is high]1 ! sequel ( an attack m s]i\s1 & = :i* a successful & n v tr\blesome prev5tive treatm5t has be5 f\nd1 l>ge numb]s w und]go prev5tive inoculation4 ,b1 ev5 9 ! latt] case1 a mutual co-op]ation betwe5 ! two me?ods w exi/ always1 z !re w always be a numb] ( p1 ei!r among ^? :o h neglect$ to protect !mselves by inoculation1 or among ^? 9 :om ! inoculation has prov$ unsuccessful1 :o w fall victims to an attack & require ! b5efits ( a curative treatm5t1 be ^? at ! "t little or great4 ,! answ] to ! second "q is ( c\rse to be expect$ r f ! politico-economi/1 ! wise adm9i/rator1 ! civilian1 ?an f ! bact]iologi/4 ,9 any case x is cle> already t if we are ev] to be told t we mu/ ?9 our ranks1 we %all pref] n to leave ! task 9 ! h&s ( ! indiscrim9at+ microbe1 b to h "s voice 9 ! matt] ourselves4 ,inoculation m>ks only ! conque/ ( ano!r =ce :i* h5ce=? we %all be glad to control4 ,,bombay1 ,,india1 ,m>*1 #aijj4 ,,colonies ,,& ,,! ,,"m ,,c\ntry4 7,,ii47 ,,by ,,james ,,colli]4 ,! gr[? ( ! relations betwe5 a colony & ! "m c\ntry closely foll[s ! developm5t ( ! relation%ip betwe5 an organism & its (fspr+1 or 79 high] species7 betwe5 p>5ts & *ildr54 ,:5 an infusorian subdivides into two cells1 ! new cell produc$ swims away & h5ce=? leads an indep5d5t life4 ,mo/ ( ! ,phnician & mo/ ( ! e>li] ,greek colonies 7 social infusoria :i* p>t$ f ! p>5t organism by segm5tation & _h no fur!r relations ) x4 ,z we rise 9 ! animal scale a new relation%ip1 t betwe5 "m & "y1 & a new in/9ct1 ! mat]nal1 come into exi/5ce4 ,^! beg9 z l[ d[n z ! mollusks1 & exp& & height51 ?\gh n )\t /range lapses1 9 bo? insects & birds z species develope2 b we ne$ n trace ! evolution "h4 ,let x suffice to note t !re are successive degrees ( specialization2 a site is *os5 suitable = deposit+ & hat*+ eggs2 means are f\nd = mak+ !m secure2 a %elt] is built = !m2 !y are deposit$ ne> sub/ances adapt$ to n\ri% ! "y2 special food is prep>$ = !m2 !y are re>$ ?r\gh food disgorg$ or br\ght to !m4 ,! accession ( ! male to ! family m>ks ! dawn ( ! pat]nal in/9ct2 x appe>s e>lie/ among fi%es4 ,?is evolution is repeat$ 9 ! hi/ory ( colonies1 :]e1 h[ev]1 ! mat]nal & pat]nal (fices melt into "o ano!r ins5sibly4 ,! "m c\ntry f\nds & nurtures colonies4 ,mo/ ( ! e>lie/ colonies are ! "w ( adv5tur\s b&s or navigat+ m]*ants or fi%]m51 :o seek _! own habitats1 c>ry ) !m _! own equipm5t & fight _! own battles4 ,!n ! metropolis settles its surplus or discont5t$ citiz5s 9 t]ritories previ\sly *os51 provides !m ) all t is necess>y = _! />t1 & (t5 n\ri%es !m dur+ ! infancy ( ! colony4 ,hispaniola 0 a /ate colony mann$ ) m9]s & artisans :o 7 provid$ ) tools1 & ?is at ! co/ ( a loan & a draught f ! confiscat$ prop]ty ( ! ,jews4 ,nor 0 x until gold began to be f\nd 9 l>ge quantities t ! receipts equall$ ! exp5diture on ! "y colony4 ,l\isiana 0 f\nd$ & fo/]$ ) a royal munific5ce t conf]r$ on x 8m ?an 0 contribut$ by all ! ,engli% mon>*s toge!r = ! twelve ,engli% colonies on ! ,atlantic40 ,georgia 0 a "o-man f\ndation1 b ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t twice grant$ consid]able sums to initiate x & c>ry x on2 ! ,society = ! ,propagation ( ! ,gospel aid$1 & ! b5evol5ce ( philan?ropic ,engl& contribut$ l>gely to its success4 ,n till #ahah--m ?an half a c5tury aft] ! conque/--did ! rev5ue ( ,canada balance its exp5diture4 ,! convict colony ( ,new ,s\? ,wales 01 ( c\rse1 entirely ( /ate orig94 ,/ores ( e k9d1 toge!r ) cattle & se$s1 7 s5t out at ! beg9n+1 & long cont9u$ to be s5t out to x4 ,! fir/ gov]nor 0 grant$ a space ( two ye>s to make x self-support+1 b ! gr[? ( a convict colony is abnormally sl[1 & ! civil & milit>y e/abli%m5ts = ?irty-f\r ye>s cont9u$ to be a dra9 on ! ,briti% ex*equ] to ! ext5t ( ov] t5 millions4 ,ev5 n[ "o ( ! olde/ & be/ ( exi/+ ,briti% colonies1 ) an area ( ov] ?ree hundr$ ?\s& squ>e miles1 does n produce ! bread/uffs ne$$ = its own consumption4 ,! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 ( mix$ ,dut* & ,fr5* orig91 0 fir/ made a truly ,briti% colony by ! dispat* ( six ?\s& emigrants at ! co/ ( ! "m c\ntry--a co/ mu* great] ?an 0 anticipat$4 ,:5 ! ,transvaal 0 =cibly annex$ by ,engl&1 ! /epmo!r c\ntry advanc$ a sum ( #ij1jjj to rescue ! quondam republic f its f9ancial difficulties4 ,9 #ahie ,p>liam5t vot$ ?ree millions = ! build+ ( a railroad 9 ,briti% ,ea/ ,africa4 ,ug&a is support$ by a ,briti% subsidy4 ,alg]ia is a manufactur$ colony1 :i* has all along _h to be support$ by its creator4 ,ap>t f ! co/ ( _! civil & milit>y e/abli%m5ts1 ,france has to subsidize h] colonies to ! ext5t ( ov] f\r millions /]l+1 p>tially exp5d$ 9 reproductive public works4 ,ev5 t9y ,new ,cal$onia co/s ,france half a million1 "o half ( :i*1 x is true1 is exp5d$ on ! convict e/abli%m5t4 ,mo/ colonies at _! beg9n+ are burd5some to ! "m c\ntry4 ,ye>s aft] its f\ndation ,s\? ,au/ralia fell into su* emb>rassm5t t its gov]nors _h to draw on ! imp]ial ex*equ] = ne>ly a million4 ,9 #ahcd ! exp5diture 9 ,cape ,colony 0 /ill 9 excess ( ! rev5ue4 ,si]ra ,leone _h to be aid$ by a p>liam5t>y grant ye> aft] ye>4 ,no wond] ! ,colonial ,(fice compla9$ t colonies 7 exp5sive to keep up4 ,9 ,g]man ,africa ! rev5ue does n meet ! exp5diture4 ,! ,congo ,free ,/ate does n pay its way4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,congo ,franaise has a sub/antial surplus4 ,we/]n ,au/ralia 0 ano!r exception to ! rule4 ,!re ! ,imp]ial ,gov]nm5t ann\nc$ t x w\ld contribute no?+ to ! f\ndation ( ! colony1 :i* 0 to be self-support+ f ! fir/4 ,private capitali/s 7 to arrange = ! emigration ( t5 ?\s& p]sons 9 f\r ye>s4 ,l&s 7 grant$ to ! emigrants on a scale ( extravagance :i* long hamp]$ ! progress ( ! colony4 ,companies likewise exp5d l>ge sums 9 _m colonies4 ,fr5* & ,engli% companies emb>k$ on ,am]ican1 ,indian1 ,african & isl& adv5tures at ru9\s loss4 ,law's company )drew f ,l\isiana1 ! ,new ,zeal& ,company f ,new ,zeal&1 & ! ,cant]bury ,association f ,cant]bury ) a balance on ! wrong side ( ! acc\nt4 ,weal?y individuals be> _! "p4 ,mr4 ,rhodes annually subsidizes ! ,briti% ,c5tral ,african ,protectorate1 & ,k+ ,leopold ! ,congo ,free ,/ate4 ,colonial bi%oprics h also be5 end[$ & colonial ca!drals built1 l>gely ) ! aid ( volunt>y contributions by sympa?iz]s 9 ! "m c\ntry4 ,! "m /ate sometimes gives ! colonies ! b5efit ( h] f9ancial good "n4 ,9 #ahfi ,engl& )drew h] regim5ts f ,new ,zeal& :5 ! colony 0 /ill at w> ) ! ,maoris1 & to salve ! w\nd$ feel+s ( ! coloni/s %e agre$ 7"u pressure7 to gu>antee a loan ( a million 9 aid ( emigration & public works4 ,be=e ! ,canadian ,pacific ,railway c\ld be complet$ ! ,imp]ial ,gov]nm5t _h to gu>antee a loan ( #c1fjj1jjj4 ,mr4 ,rhodes proposes 7unsuccessfully1 x n[ appe>s7 t ! ,imp]ial ,gov]nm5t1 :i* contribut$ #bjj1jjj to ! co/ ( a railway f ,kimb]ley to ,buluwayo1 %\ld gu>antee a loan ( an enorm\s am\nt = ! cont9uation ( ! ,african trunk railway f ,buluwayo to ,lake ,tanganyika4 ,! "m c\ntry supports or aids its self-gov]n+ colonies ?r\gh its capitali/s4 ,9 ord] to execute public works--roads1 bridges & railways--to assi/ immigration1 to build =tresses1 & sometimes to pay ! int]e/ on previ\s loans1 all ! colonies h habitual rec\rse to ! ,briti% ,/ock ,ex*ange4 ,!re are good reasons = ?is4 ,! colonies h little capital ( _! own1 = all _! money has be5 us$ up f day to day4 ,! ,engli% inve/or has an almo/ unlimit$ am\nt--! sav+s ma9ly ( "o indu/ri\s c5tury--& he is prep>$ to l5d x at a l[] rate ( int]e/ ?an w\ld cont5t ! colonial capitali/4 ,( ov] two ?\s& millions /]l+ :i* ,john ,bull has out at usury all ov] ! _w1 ! total public & private indebt$ness ( ! sev5 ,au/ralasian colonies alone1 ) a population ( f\r millions1 is /at$ to exce$ ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty millions1 or at ! rate ( eighty p\nds p] head ( ^! d>+ coloni/s4 ,"o half ( ?is sum is due f colonial gov]nm5ts = ! purposes already nam$4 ,! half ( x1 due f banks1 build+ companies1 m]cantile associations & mortgage ag5cies1 excites no misgiv+s2 ^! in/itutions c always g bankrupt1 z _m ( !m did 9 ! f9ancial collapse ( #ahia-'ic4 ,b x is n op5 to a ,briti% colony to file its s*$ules1 or at lea/ s we us$ to ?9k2 & s ! ,times said till ! olde/ ( ,briti% colonies w5t bankrupt ! o!r day4 ,at all ev5ts1 x is h>d]1 & we contemplate ?is enorm\s pile ( public indebt$ness 9 "y & scantily peopl$ communities ) ! same feel+s z made al>mi/s =esee imp5d+ ru9 9 ! gr[+ augm5tation ( ! gigantic public debt ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,x is commonly said t :ile ! imp]ial debt has be5 accumulat$ z ! co/ ( 8j & necess>y w>s10 or ( w>s t 7 nei!r j nor necess>y1 ! colonial debt has be5 contract$ = ! execution ( reproductive public works4 ,?is is n altoge!r s4 ,elev5 million p\nds ( ! public debt ( ,new ,zeal& 7 contract$ to c>ry on w> ) ! ,maoris1 :o 7 def5d+ _! t]ritory4 ,! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>1 :i* 0 begun on ! "p ( ,engl& to ga9 possession ( ! ,ohio ,valley & ?us increase ! ext5t ( h] colonies1 d\bl$ h] public debt4 ,:]e is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two classes ( exp5diture8 ,!n mo/ ( ! self-gov]n+ colonies h exp5d$ l>ge sums 9 =tify+ ports1 "s 9 p>tly support+ a fleet1 & "o at lea/ 9 pur*as+ w> %ips ( its own4 ,nor has all ! rema9d] be5 reproductively exp5d$4 ,! build+ ( s*ools is a wise way ( sp5d+ money1 "o's own or ano!r's1 b x c n be call$ a mat]ially reproductive way4 ,gov]nors' & m9i/]ial resid5ces1 p>liam5t>y & dep>tm5tal build+s1 are indisp5sable1 b !y c n be call$ #8assets1' especially if built ( p]i%able & inflammable timb]4 ,ev5 railways1 mo/ pr(itable ( public works1 are n always true assets4 ,9 _m ( ! colonies !y are light railways1 & :5 traffic increases & a high] spe$ is requir$ !y w h to be built ov] aga9 & new roll+ /ock procur$4 ,n a few ( !m1 too1 are #8political railways1' runn+ ?r\gh a sp>sely populat$ c\ntry no-:i!r1 & built to capture votes4 ,roads are only less valuable1 b !y 7 made 7sometimes by graduates & m5 ( sci5tific antec$5ts :o 7 aft]w>d cab9et m9i/]s7 at ! wage rate ( f two gu9eas to f\r p\nds t5 p] week1 & are an inadequate return on ! outlay4 ,la/ c5tury ,briti% loans 7 issu$ z prizes to fri5ds ( m9i/]s1 & a mu* r$uc$ am\nt f\nd its way to ! treasury4 ,d$uct an analog\s1 ?\gh n q simil>1 item ( wa/e 9 colonial loans1 add ?is to all ! o!r non-reproductive elem5ts1 & ! g5u9ely reproductive proportion w %r9k consid]ably4 ,e "o ( ! colonies1 ev5 ) ! fee simple ( t]ritories only less ?an ,europe 9 ext5t 9 _! h&s1 w\ld h sunk "u ! increas+ burd54 ,happily or n1 ! ev]-gr[+ weal? ( ,engl& has s *eap5$ money t ! int]e/ *>ge on ! :ole ,au/ralasian indebt$ness sank 9 five ye>s 7#ahij-'if71 ma9ly ?r\gh conv]sion ( loans1 f f\rte5 millions to twelve & a qu>t]4 ,x may be add$ t ! colonies :i* h borr[$ mo/ recklessly h n be5 ! mo/ popul\s or ^? ) l>ge/ res\rces1 b r ! sociali/ic colonies ) big s*emes on h&4 ,a fa!r may assi/ 8 son by supply+ him ) ! capital ne$$ to c>ry on 8 bus9ess4 ,?us x is entirely ) ! "m c\ntry's money t ! fir/ colonial banks are f\nd$4 ,z ! colony gr[s weal?i] & ! bus9ess ( ! banks ext5ds1 colonial %>ehold]s pur*ase /ock 9 x1 b ! numb] ( ,briti% %>ehold]s rema9s consid]able4 ,a typical example is t ( ! ,bank ( ,new ,zeal&1 f two fif?s to "o half ( ^: %>es are 7or 9 #ahhh 77 held 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,9 ! old] or weal?i] colonies ( ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,victoria ! numb] ( ,engli% %>ehold]s may be small]1 ?\gh /ill l>ge4 ,a /ill l>g] proportion ( ! %>es ( ! great colonial /eam%ip companies1 am\nt+ possibly to ?ree f\r?s or n9e t5?s ( ! :ole1 is held 7*iefly by comm]cial m5 & firms7 9 ,great ,brita94 ,_m comm]cial und]tak+s 9 all ! colonies are eng9e]$ entirely by ,engli% capital 7n includ$ 9 ! two ?\s& millions74 ,! ,canadian transcont95tal railway2 railways1 electric tramway l9es & silv] m9es 9 ,tasmania2 ! ,midl& ,railway & also copp] m9es 9 ,new ,zeal&2 ! gold m9es 9 ,we/]n ,au/ralia to su* an ext5t t mu* m ,engli% capital is said to p\r into t colony ?an gold fl[s out ( x--are only a few colonial ent]prises t w\ld nev] h be5 und]tak5 b = ! "m c\ntry's aid4 ,"s ( ^! are lucrative1 o!rs n2 "s h be5 ab&on$1 & o!rs belong to a /ill d>k] class4 8,unc\nt$ millions ( capital h be5 rais$ 9 ! c5tral money m>ket ( ,london1 only to be fool$ away 9 ill-conceiv$ & misdirect$ ent]prises abroad10 says ,"l ,brassey4 ,nor are ! losses conf9$ to que/ionable und]tak+s4 ,two great ,au/ralasian banks h fritt]$ away _! entire capital ( f\r & ?ree millions1 respectively1 & x may be assum$ t ! ,briti% inve/or has borne "o half ( ! losses4 ,( half a doz5 small] colonial banks a simil> tale might be told4 ,fa!r & son h to %>e 9 "o ano!r's adv]sity1 z 9 "o ano!r's prosp]ity4 ,! sociali/ic movem5t 9 ,engl& has lately s /rongly react$ on ! relations ( ! ,imp]ial ,gov]nm5t ) ! colonies t ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate is believ$ to be will+ to employ ! res\rces ( ! empire to assi/ backw>d colonies4 ,he has invit$ ,engli% capitali/s to aid ! decl9+ ,we/ ,indies1 & a lead+ firm has (f]$ to inve/ a million 9 ! sug> indu/ry if a gu>antee ( suffici5t returns is giv54 ,! con/itution ( ! project$ ,au/ralian ,f$]ation conta9s a novel analog\s provision1 p]mitt+ ! commonweal? to aid its ne$y prov9ces4 ,! gr[+ unity 9 ! social organism z a :ole is accompani$ by an increas+ unity 9 its compon5t p>ts4 ,! "m c\ntry cont9ues to def5d its colonies1 z animals def5d _! "y & p>5ts _! *ildr54 ,b ! polyp does n def5d its (fspr+1 nor did ! e>lie/ coloniz+ p[]s succor _! colonies4 ,:ile n ev5 ! arm$ p]suasion ( ,cambyses c\ld induce ,tyre to make w> aga9/ ,c>?age1 nei!r seems to h help$ ! o!r 9 its ne$4 ,c>?age f\ght savagely = h] ,sicilian colonies1 b 9 h] own int]e/s1 n 9 !irs4 ,?\gh ! ties betwe5 a ,greek metropolis & h] colonies 7 clos]1 ! "o did n inv>iably def5d ! o!r4 ,corcyra refus$ ! aid h] daught] city ,epidaurus s\ght1 & ! latt] _h to f9d x 9 ! gr&mo!r city ( ,cor9?1 :o consid]$ x h] colony no less ?an t ( ,corcyra4 ,! ,dorian city 0 celebrat$ = h] typical ,greek patriotism1 & %e gladly assi/$ ,syracuse to expel h] ,c>?ag9ian conqu]ors4 ,rome f\ght = h] colonies :ile h] p[] la/$4 ,france & ,engl& f\ght = _! colonies1 or r = ! possession ( !m1 all ?r\gh ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,spa9 has j f\ght = h] la/ colonies1 b z mu* aga9/ ! coloni/s z aga9/ ! =eign /ate t came to set !m free4 ,! "m c\ntry is also at ! co/ ( keep+ h] colonies 9 a /ate ( def5ce4 ,! sum ( #i1jjj 0 9 #afgi annually exp5d$ on ! ma9t5ance ( ,engli% soldi]s 9 ,virg9ia & two ,we/ ,indian colonies1 & #a1jjj on ! =tifications ( ,new ,york4 ,troops 7 (t5 dispat*$ to assi/ ! ,am]ican colonies 9 special exp$itions4 ,! colonial milit>y exp5diture ( ,great ,brita9 9 #ahei am\nt$ to ne>ly #a1bjj1jjj4 ,9 compliance ) ! f9d+s ( a ,royal ,commission1 repeat$ly reaffirm$ by resolutions ( ,p>liam5t1 to ! effect t ! self-gov]n+ colonies ought to suffice = _! own milit>y def5se1 ! troops 7 f9ally )drawn 9 #ahgc1 b %e /ill ma9ta9s a g>rison at ,halifax & 9 ,natal & a fleet 9 ,au/ralian wat]s1 to :i* la/ ! adjac5t colonies contribute a fraction4 ,mo/ ( ! self-gov]n+ colonies h at _! own co/ erect$ =tresses1 & !y ma9ta9 a def5sive =ce4 ,two ( !m h /ation>y %ips ( w>4 ,!y are will+ & eag]1 moreov]1 to aid ! "m c\ntry :5 %e is 9 difficulties4 ,:5 ,engl& 0 embroil$ 9 ,egypt or dang] ?reat5$ 9 ,india & ,s\? ,africa1 sev]al ( ^! colonies (f]$ to s5d1 & "o actually s5t1 troops to engage 9 w>s 9 :i* !y 7 n directly conc]n$4 ,! head & ! extremities are sometimes at v>iance because _! int]e/s conflict4 ,! he>t ( su* an empire is "o4 ,a /ride has be5 tak5 t[>d organic unity4 ,animals evolve special organs = ! nurs+ ( _! "y1 & all coloniz+ c\ntries seem to h creat$ special dep>tm5ts = ! sup]vision ( _! colonies4 ,z ! lacteal gl&s are only modifi$ sk9-gl&s1 are 9 c]ta9 l[] g5]a 7! ,monotremata7 at fir/ )\t teats & only 9 high] species develop into true mamm1 s ! colonial dep>tm5t 9 ! "m c\ntry is orig9ally a m]e adaptation ( exi/+ ag5cies4 ,a r p]fect example ( ?is /age is pres5t$ by ! e>lie/ ( mod]n coloniz+ p[]s4 ,! ,casa de la ,contratacion de las ,indias1 e/abli%$ soon aft] ! discov]y ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 0 organiz$ 9 #aejc4 ,x grant$ lic5ses1 equipp$ & despat*$ fleets1 receiv$ m]*&ise = export & c>goes import$ & contract$ = _! sale4 ,x controll$ ! trade ) ,b>b>y & ! ,can>ies & sup]vis$ ! %ipp+ bus9ess ( ,cadiz & ,seville4 ,tak+ cognizance ( all que/ions conc]n+ m>9e trade1 x 0 advis$ by two juri/s4 ,x also kept ! ,spani% gov]nm5t in=m$ ( all t conc]n$ ! colonies4 ,x 0 a g5]al bo>d ( colonial m>9e trade1 & su* x rema9$ ev5 :51 a few ye>s lat]1 its m important colonial functions 7 absorb$ by a high] dep>tm5t4 ,:]e ! colony has be5 f\nd$ by a comm]cial or by a coloniz+ company1 ! "m c\ntry controls ! colony ?r\gh ! directors ( ! company2 ! (fice ( ! company is pro tanto ! ,colonial ,(fice4 ,yet ! lat] colonial dep>tm5t1 z an organ ( gov]nm5t1 is n a developm5t ( ^! %ipp+1 comm]cial or coloniz+ bo>ds4 ,x is a delegation ( ! sov]eign au?ority4 ,?is is at fir/ ex]cis$ directly by ! sov]eign z x 0 notably by ,isabella & ,f]d9&4 ,x is next delegat$1 l almo/ all functions ( ! rul]1 to 8 privy c\ncil1 :i* assigns ! bus9ess ( colonies to a committee1 :i* aga9 may be set ap>t z an indep5d5t adm9i/rative body4 ,! ,spani% ,c\ncil ( ! ,indies1 ! sep>ate ,engli% privy c\ncil = colonial affairs contemplat$ 9 ! fir/ ,virg9ian *>t]1 ! ,c\ncil ( ,n9e appo9t$ by ! ,/ates-,g5]al ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 ! ,sw$i% royal c\ncil1 7 su* bodies4 ,_! p[]s are ev]y:]e ! same4 ,! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! :ole colonial sy/em is entru/$ to !m4 ,!y h supreme jurisdiction ov] all ! colonies4 ,!y appo9t & may recall vic]oys1 gov]nors-g5]al1 gov]nors & o!r local (fic]s4 ,!y c veto laws & ord9ances made by colonial rul]s or legislatures4 ,!y frame con/itutions = ! colonies & enact laws4 ,?r\gh ! gov]nors & o!r (fic]s s5t out by !m1 !y m9utely sup]vise & incessantly int]f]e ) ! :ole int]nal adm9i/ration ( ea* colony4 ,! t5d5cy ( ?is supreme c\ncil is to divorce itself ev]more f ! privy c\ncil & become indep5d5t1 till at la/ x is trans=m$ into a m9i/]ial dep>tm5t4 ,yet an amicable relation%ip 7su* z sometimes survives ! divorce c\rt7 long rema9s4 ,! ,colonial ,committee ( ! privy c\ncil 9 ,engl& 0 summon$ z late z #ahdi1 & ! ,judicial ,committee /ill he>s appeals f colonial c\rts ( ju/ice4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ! commonweal? 0 naturally av]se to ! k+'s c\ncil1 & a body ( special commission]s 7,cromwell & ,pym & ,vane among !m7 0 appo9t$ to gov]n ! colonies4 ,! ,re/oration did n at once return to ! old sy/em4 ,on ! contr>y1 a rem>kable democratic advance 0 made4 ,recogniz+ t ?\gh #8politics lie outside ! pr(ession ( m]*ants' 7z ! ,sw$i% & ,briti% gov]nm5ts decl>$71 yet trade is em95tly )9 _! scope1 ! re/or$ mon>*y set up a ,c\ncil ( ,trade & ,plantations1 ( ^: =ty memb]s tw5ty 7 elect$ repres5tatives ( ! five m]*ant companies & ! incorporat$ trades4 ,b !re 0 ev] a t5d5cy1 at lea/ "u ! despotic rule ( ! ,/u>ts1 to rev]t to ! privy c\ncil1 & 9 #afgd a /&+ committee ( x 0 appo9t$ ,lords ( ! ,committee ( ,trade & ,plantations4 ,! *ange appe>s to h be5 unimportant4 ,trade /ill gov]n$ ! committee & %ap$ its policy4 ,! ,bo>d ( ,trade set up 9 #afif1 r by ! ,h\se ( ,commons ?an by ! ,m9i/ry1 m>k$ ! m popul> "* ( ! revolution ( #afhh1 & la/$ = n9ety ye>s4 ,z if =e%ad[+ ! despotic "* ( ! ,engli% reaction aga9/ ! great] ,fr5* revolution1 ?is bo>d 0 aboli%$ by an act introduc$ by ! *ief reaction>y--,edmund ,burke4 ,a committee ( ! ,privy ,c\ncil = ,trade & ,plantations 0 9 #aghf aga9 resort$ to1 & ?is committee 9 a %ad[y mann] surviv$ 7p]haps x /ill survives7 till #ahdi1 :5 x 0 = ! la/ "t summon$ by ,e>l ,grey4 ,b ! real adm9i/ration ( ! colonies _h long be5 9 ! h&s ( a dep>tm5t ( /ate1 directly responsible to ,p>liam5t1 ?\gh x 0 /ill a dep>tm5t t dealt ) o!r affairs z well4 ,specialization began 9 #agjb by ! colonies be+ assign$ to ! ,secret>y = ! ,s\!rn ,dep>tm5t4 ,9 #agfh a sep>ate dep>tm5t ) a secret>y 0 creat$ = ,am]ica1 :]e almo/ all ( ! colonies 7 !n situat$4 ,aft] ! loss ( mo/ ( ! ,am]ican colonies ! new dep>tm5t 0 aboli%$ 9 #aghb4 ,! colonies 7 !n annex$ to ! home dep>tm5t4 ,9 #agid ! newly creat$ w> dep>tm5t nom9ally includ$ ! colonies1 ?\gh ^! 7 n actually unit$ ) x till ! ,committee = ,trade & ,plantations ceas$ to act1 sev5 ye>s lat]4 ,9 #ahed a sep>ate colonial dep>tm5t1 ) an indep5d5t secret>y ( /ate1 0 f9ally creat$4,a ,a ,! hi/ory ( ! relations betwe5 ! gov]nm5t ( ,great ,brita9 & h] colonies w be f\nd 9 _m books1 b be/ 9 ,mr4 ,eg]ton's compreh5sive survey ( ,briti% colonial policy4 ,z !re 7 tw5ty-?ree secret>ies 9 =ty-"o ye>s1 x w be readily und]/ood t ! practical "w ( adm9i/ration rema9$ ) ! p]man5t (ficials4 ,) a long] t5ure ( (fice1 previ\s tra9+ & ?or\gh ma/]y ( details1 !y held all ! ?reads ( colonial adm9i/ration 9 _! own h&s4 ,a newly-appo9t$ m9i/]1 ) little k ( ! colonies & no acqua9tance at all ) ! bus9ess ( 8 dep>tm5t1 0 no mat* = an exp]i5c$ (fic] :o _h colonial affairs at 8 f+]s' ends4 ,a m]e cl]k1 unkn[n outside 8 (fice1 ?\gh well kn[n 9 lit]ature1 c\ld recall a gov]nor2 ano!r1 ^: v "n 0 unkn[n till he di$1 recomm5d$ 7t is1 comm&$ on pa9 ( dismissal7 a rec5t ,gov]nor ( ,new ,zeal& to give away to 8 m9i/]s on a crucial ex]cise ( ! pr]ogative4 ,nor is x 9 matt]s ( r\t9e alone t ! p]man5t (fic]s %ape ! c\rse ( colonial adm9i/ration4 ,a /rong-m9d$ m9i/] ) a policy ( 8 own1 l ,"l ,grey or ,"l ,c>n>von1 w =ce 8 subord9ates to c>ry x out1 b ev5 "h a /ill /rong]-m9d$ "u-secret>y w (t5 h 8 way4 ,9 #ahdh ,"l ,grey1 !n ,secret>y = ! ,colonies1 summon$ ! ag$ & moribund ,committee 7( ! privy c\ncil7 on ,trade & ,plantations to advise ) him on ! policy to be adopt$ t[>ds ! ,au/ralian colonies4 ,! report 0 draft$ by ,sir ,james ,/eph5 & we h no difficulty 9 discov]+ 9 its f>-sight$ proposals & mascul9e /yle ! m9d z well z ! h& ( ! au?or ( ! essay on #8,hildebr&4' ,x is (t5 said t a /ate dep>tm5t is inevitably w$d$ to r\t9e4 ,9 ! report j m5tion$ ! /rik+ feature is ! outl9e ( a sy/em ( ,au/ralian f$]ation t is only n[ on ! po9t ( be+ realiz$4 ,s f> 0 ! p$antic ,colonial ,(fice !n1 z x has (t5 be5 be=e & s9ce1 ahead ( its subject colonies4 ,! o!r coloniz+ c\ntries h foll[$ ! same l9e ( developm5t4 ,beg9n+ z direct delegations ( ! sov]eign p[] to a bran*1 fir/ con/itu5t & !n sep>at$1 ( ! sov]eign's c\ncil1 ! dep>tm5t ( colonies has be5 9 c\rse ( "t made an indep5d5t m9i/ry directly answ]able to p>liam5t4 ,9 bureaucratic ,france ! colonies s9ce #ahed h be5 associat$ ) ! navy4 ,on ! fir/ ( ,janu>y1 #ahii1 ! empire on :i* ! sun nev] set1 hav+ lo/ ! la/ ( ! dep5d5cies t 7 once its glory1 aboli%$ its colonial (fice4 ,! sun _h set on ,spa9 to rise no m4 ,,te*nical ,,education ,,at ,,! ,,massa*usetts ,,in/itute ,,( ,,te*nology4 ,,by ,,pr(essor ,,george ,f4 ,,swa94 ,) ! enorm\s progress 9 ! arts & sci5ces :i* has *>act]iz$ especially ! la/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 education has kept well abrea/1 al?\gh its progress has be5 gradual & x is n always easy to recognize ! great advances t h be5 made4 ,9 ! sci5ces1 a discov]y is made or a ma*9e inv5t$ t 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s =ms ! basis ( a new indu/ry1 gives occupation to ?\s&s & places )9 ! rea* ( almo/ e "o conv5i5ces previ\sly atta9able only by ! few4 ,9 education no su* sudd5 revolutions occur1 & great *anges are introduc$ by degrees )\t produc+ any commotion or any surprise4 ,f ! days ( ,erasmus & ,rabelais1 if n e>li]1 educational re=m]s h urg$ ! importance ( /udy+ ?+s r ?an books ab\t ?+s1 ( cultivat+ ! h& & eye z well z ! m9d1 ( tra9+ ! p]ceptive p[]s1 ( cultivat+ a habit ( obs]vation & discrim9ation1 & ( develop+ ! faculty ( judgm5t4 ,yet1 not)/&+ all t has be5 said & writt51 progress 9 ?is direction has until rec5tly be5 v sl[4 ,c>lyle1 app>5tly look+ at ! matt] almo/ f ! old s*ola/ic /&po9t1 express$ ! op9ion t ! true univ]sity ( mod]n times 0 a great libr>y2 books1 n ?+s1 %\ld be /udi$4 ,x w\ld con=m m to ! mod]n po9t ( view to say t ! true univ]sity ( ! tw5tie? c5tury is a great laboratory4 ,ev5 ! function ( a libr>y 9 our mod]n in/itutions ( le>n+ is p]haps m t ( a laboratory ?an t ( a m]e /oreh\se ( facts & op9ions4 ,x is p]haps n too mu* to say t ! developm5t 9 ! direction indicat$ has be5 greate/ 9 our own c\ntry2 t ! ,unit$ ,/ates h tak5 ! lead 9 ! revolution aga9/ ! old me?od ( tea*+1 & t at ! pres5t "t ! high] s*ools ( ?is c\ntry are examples ( ! be/ practice & ! highe/ developm5t ( ! laboratory me?od4 ,x may1 !re=e1 be ( int]e/ to give ! read]s ( ?is magaz9e a brief acc\nt ( ! s*ool :i* has 9 ^! respects be5 "o ( ! =emo/1 if inde$ x has n l$ ! s*ools ( ?is c\ntry1 ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,rog]s ,,build+1 ,,massa*usetts ,,in/itute ,,( ,,te*nology1 ,,is ,,at ,,! ,,"r1 ,,! ,,walk] ,,build+ ,,at ,,! ,,left4 ,) ! developm5t ( ! natural sci5ces & ! gr[? ( ! con/ructive arts1 natural sci5ce long ago ga9$ a place 9 ! curricula ( ! great univ]sities ( ,europe2 & aft]w>ds special s*ools 7 f\nd$ = tea*+ ! applications ( sci5ce to ! arts4 ,9 ,france1 ! cole des ,ponts et ,*ausses1 orig9ally />t$ 9 #agdg z a draw+ s*ool1 0 organiz$ 9 #agfj = ! tra9+ ( eng9e]s4 ,9 ! ,/ates ( ,g]many1 a numb] ( simil> s*ools 7 organiz$ e>ly 9 ! pres5t c5tury4 ,9 ,am]ica1 ! ,r5ssela] ,polyte*nic ,in/itute1 ! pione] 9 te*nical education1 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahbd1 & 0 ! only s*ool devot$ to appli$ sci5ce until ! =ties1 :5 ,joseph ,%effield & ,abbot ,lawr5ce e/abli%$ ! s*ools :i* be> _! names1 9 connection1 respectively1 ) ,yale & ,h>v>d4 ,) ! developm5t ( railroads1 :i* dates f ! ?irties1 & ( manufactur+1 :i* began 9 ?is c\ntry b a few ye>s e>li]1 urg5t ne$ 0 felt = s*ools :i* %\ld fit y\ng] m5 to grapple ) ! problems :i* ! new indu/ries (f]$4 ,^! s*ools1 h[ev]1 ma9ta9$ = _m ye>s b a prec>i\s exi/5ce & 7 q elem5t>y 9 "*4 ,! ,civil ,w> int]rupt$ _! gr[? & absorb$ = a "t all ! res\rces ( ! nation2 b its t]m9ation set free an abundant /ore ( en]gy1 h5ce=w>d to seek its *ief application 9 ! developm5t ( trade1 comm]ce1 manufactur+ & indu/rial pursuits ( e k9d4 ,f ?is "t ! success ( s*ools ( te*nology 0 assur$4 ,!y 7 ne$$ to supply "y m5 = ! developm5t ( ! arts2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 z 9 all ?+s n purely mat]ial1 !y 7 to create a dem& = su* m5 by fir/ furni%+ a supply4 ,manufactur]s & lead]s ( indu/rial ent]prise soon f\nd t !y c\ld n af=d to d )\t ! s]vices ( "y m5 tra9$ 9 sci5tific pr9ciples4 ,9 ?is way1 by rev]s+ ! usual law ( supply & dem&1 ^! s*ools contribut$ p[]fully to advance ! te*nical developm5t ( ! c\ntry1 f> inde$ beyond ! measure t may be inf]r$ f ! m]e numb] ( _! graduates4 ,! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology 0 *>t]$ 9 #ahfa1 & fir/ op5$ to /ud5ts 9 #ahfe4 ,its claim to recognition z a lead] 9 ! developm5t ( te*nical education may p]haps be summ>iz$ z foll[s3 ,x 0 ! fir/ s*ool 9 ! _w to in/itute laboratory in/ruction 9 physics & *emi/ry to /ud5ts 9 l>ge classes z a "p ( ! regul> c\rse ( ea* c&idate = a degree2 ! fir/ to equip a m9+ & metallurgical laboratory = ! in/ruction ( /ud5ts by actual treatm5t ( ores 9 l>ge quantities2 ! fir/ to e/abli% a laboratory = tea*+ ! nature & uses ( /eam1 & a laboratory = te/+ ! /r5g? ( mat]ials ( con/ruction 9 comm]cial sizes2 & ! fir/ 9 ,am]ica to e/abli% a dep>tm5t ( ar*itecture4 ,lat] /ill1 x 0 ! fir/ s*ool 9 ,am]ica to e/abli% di/9ct & specializ$ c\rses ( /udy 9 electrical eng9e]+1 9 sanit>y eng9e]+1 9 *emical eng9e]+ & 9 naval ar*itecture4 ,! success ( ! s*ool has be5 comm5surate ) its progressiv5ess4 ,x /&s to-day ! l>ge/1 mo/ complete s*ool ( its class 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & "o ( ! l>ge/ 9 ! _w4 ,! numb] ( its /ud5ts is #a1agf1 ! numb] ( its tea*]s1 includ+ lectur]s1 #age4 ,exclud+ lectur]s1 ! numb] ( /ud5ts p] tea*] is only #h4g1 a ratio :i* is a good g5]al index ( ! "* ( ! in/ruction4 ,! /ud5ts come f #dj ,/ates & ,t]ritories ( ! ,union & f #ab =eign c\ntries4 ,be=e pass+ to a m detail$ description ( ! "w ( its v>i\s dep>tm5ts1 "s g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ! s*ool %\ld be m5tion$4 ,! fir/ is ! great v>iety ( its c\rses & ! specialization ( its in/ruction4 ,x is a college ( g5]al te*nology1 embrac+ almo/ e bran* ( /udy :i* f9ds application 9 ! arts4 ,!re are ?irte5 di/9ct c\rses ( /udy3 ,civil & topographical eng9e]+1 me*anical eng9e]+1 m9+ eng9e]+ & metallurgy1 ar*itecture1 *emi/ry1 electrical eng9e]+1 biology1 physics1 g5]al /udies1 *emical eng9e]+1 sanit>y eng9e]+1 geology & naval ar*itecture4 ,^! sev]al dep>tm5ts mutually support & re9=ce ea* o!r1 & all[ a specialization ( ! in/ruction :i* w\ld be impossible 9 a small] college ) a less num]\s /aff ( in/ructors4 ,?us1 at ! ,in/itute ( ,te*nology1 !re are n only pr(essors ( civil eng9e]+ & ( me*anical eng9e]+1 b pr(essors ( me*anism1 /eam eng9e]+1 railroad eng9e]+1 highway eng9e]+1 hydraulic eng9e]+1 topographical eng9e]+1 etc4 ,aga91 ! *emical /aff ( tw5ty-f\r p]sons is di/ribut$ ov] g5]al *emi/ry1 analytical *emi/ry1 organic *emi/ry1 indu/rial *emi/ry & sanit>y *emi/ry4 ,!re are sep>ate laboratories = wat] analysis1 = gas analysis1 = food analysis1 = dye+ & blea*+1 etc4 ,9 ea* ( ^! !re are tea*]s :o are able to give _! entire "t to in/ruction & rese>* 9 a s+le l9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,william ,,b>ton ,,rog]s1 ,,presid5t1 #ahfb-ahgj2 #ahgh-ahha4 ,! second *>act]i/ic ( ! ,in/itute is ! pr$om9ance ( laboratory1 %op & field practice1 exp]im5t & rese>*4 ,^! are us$ :]ev] x is f\nd practicable to supplem5t1 illu/rate or emphasize ! "w ( ! recitation or lecture-room4 ,! ?ird *>act]i/ic ( ! ,in/itute1 & "o :i* is abs5t 9 ! case ( _m simil> s*ools1 is ! fact t a n inconsid]able am\nt ( g5]al tra9+ has f ! beg9n+ be5 requir$ ( e c&idate = ! degree4 ,9 "s te*nical or sci5tific s*ools !re are no lib]aliz+ /udies1 aside f ^? ( a pr(essional "*4 ,! faculty ( ! in/itute h insi/$ t su* /udies %\ld be incorporat$ to a consid]able ext5t 9 ! curriculum ( e c\rse1 recogniz+ ! fact t few /ud5ts 9 te*nical s*ools are graduates ( colleges1 & t ! aim ( ! ,in/itute %\ld be fir/ ( all to graduate broadly tra9$ m54 ,aside f ! c\rses 9 lib]al /udies1 a broad _s is %[n 9 ! te*nical c\rses !mselves4 ,! /udy ( g5]al pr9ciples is always ! *ief end 9 view1 & to x are /rictly subord9at$ ! acquirem5t ( all knacks1 tricks ( ! trade or m]ely practical rules4 ,^! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,in/itute 7 impress$ ^u x f ! beg9n+ by ! ma/] h& ( its f\nd] & fir/ presid5t1 ,william ,b4 ,rog]s4 ,presid5t ,rog]s aim$ to e/abli% #8a compreh5sive1 polyte*nic college' :i* %\ld provide a #8complete sy/em ( indu/rial education4' ,x is n[ g5]ally recogniz$ t a complete sy/em ( indu/rial education w\ld consi/ ( ?ree p>ts3 ,fir/1 manual tra9+ s*ools1 = develop+ ! eye & h&1 n ) ! object ( produc+ artisans1 b = tra9+ alone4 ,second1 trade s*ools = special tra9+ 9 ! te*nique ( ! diff]5t trades4 ,?ird1 high] te*nical s*ools = tra9+ 9 ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! sci5ces1 & fitt+ m5 9 ! broade/ way to become lead]s 9 ! application ( ! sci5ces to ! arts4 ,manual tra9+ is n[ g5]ally recogniz$ z a desirable addition to e s*eme ( public in/ruction & a p[]ful adjunct to e te*nical s*ool4 ,x 0 n indicat$ 9 ! orig9al s*eme ( ! ,in/itute1 b 0 add$ 9 #ahgg ?r\gh ! wisdom ( ,presid5t ,runkle1 z a result ( ! exhibition 9 ,philadelphia ( ! results obta9$ 9 ,russia by in/ruction ( ?is k9d4 ,trade s*ools1 = ! tra9+ ( artisans1 7 nev] includ$ 9 ! s*eme ( ,presid5t ,rog]s1 & are n n[1 ei!r 9 ,am]ica or ,europe1 consid]$ suitable adjuncts to s-call$ te*nical s*ools1 al?\gh !y are v desirable z special & indep5d5t in/itutions4 ,! orig9al plan = ! ,in/itute contemplat$ simply a s*ool ( ! la/-nam$ k9d1 toge!r ) provision = ev5+ lectures1 to :i* outsid]s %\ld be admitt$1 & :i* x 0 expect$ w\ld be ( b5efit to artisans2 & also ! e/abli%m5t ( a museum ( arts1 & ( a society ( arts :i* %\ld hold regul> meet+s & :i* %\ld be ! m$ium = ! communication to ! public ( sci5tific discov]ies & inv5tions4 ,x may be z well to /ate "h t ! museum ( arts 0 nev] e/abli%$ except 9 s f> z ! sep>ate dep>tm5ts ( ! ,in/itute h accumulat$ collections2 b t ! society ( arts1 :i* held its fir/ meet+ 9 #ahfb1 has be5 cont9u$ to ! pres5t "t4 ,_m important inv5tions1 z = in/ance ! e>lie/ =ms ( ! ,bell telephone1 7 fir/ publicly exhibit$ at its meet+s4 ,9 outl9+ 8 plan1 ,presid5t ,rog]s %[$ wond]ful ke5ness & =esight4 ,) ! add$ exp]i5ce ( ! succe$+ =ty ye>s1 x w\ld sc>cely be possible to make a m complete /atem5t ( :at exp]i5ce has %[n to be ! be/ me?od ( organization4 ,9 fact1 8 ,scope & ,plan ( ! ,s*ool ( ,indu/rial ,sci5ce ( ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology may be said to be ! fir/ /ep t[>d a new ord] ( ?+s 9 education1 & conta9s ! fir/ cle> /atem5t ( ! desirability ( tea*+ physics1 m9+1 metallurgy & o!r bran*es by ! laboratory me?od4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,h5ry ,l4 ,,pi]ce ,,build+ ,,& ,,eng9e]+ ,,build+4 ,let u n[ see :at has be5 ! result ( ! ne>ly =ty ye>s ( developm5t s9ce ,presid5t ,rog]s outl9$ 8 plan4 ,orig9ally conf9$ to "o build+1 ! gr[+ ne$s ( ! s*ool h l$ to ! erection ( five o!rs1 9 addition to a gymnasium4 ,! orig9al build+1 complet$ 9 #ahfe1 is n[ kn[n z ! ,rog]s ,build+1 aft] ! f\nd] ( ! s*ool2 :ile ! "o next erect$1 9 #ahhc1 is nam$ aft] ! ?ird presid5t1 ! late ,g5]al ,francis ,a4 ,walk]4 ,^! two build+s ea* measure ab\t #ij by #aej feet1 & 9 addition to a build+ occupi$ by ! ,bo/on ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 occupy "o entire squ>e ne>ly 9 ! he>t ( ! city1 & 9 close proximity to ! ,public ,libr>y & ! ,art ,museum4 ,?ree o!r build+s1 :i* adjo9 ea* o!r & n[ =m "o /ructure1 are situat$ ab\t six hundr$ feet di/ant & =m ! front & "p ( "o side ( :at w "s day be "o l>ge quadrangle4 ,! fir/ ( ^! build+s to be erect$ 0 ! ,eng9e]+ ,build+1 built 9 #ahhi1 measur+ #eb by #adh feet on ! gr\nd1 adjo9+ :i* is a build+ erect$ 9 #ahib1 #eh by #fh feet on ! gr\nd1 & n[ =m+ "p ( ! ,eng9e]+ ,build+4 ,adjo9+ ?is is ! ,h5ry ,l4 ,pi]ce ,build+1 erect$ 9 #ahih1 & measur+ #eh by #afj feet4 ,9 addition to ^! build+s are ! work%ops1 ab\t a qu>t] ( a mile di/ant1 cov]+ #bd1jjj squ>e feet1 & a gymnasium & drill hall4 ,illu/ration3 ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,*emical ,,laboratories4 ,! fir/ laboratory to be e/abli%$ at ! in/itute 0 t ( *emi/ry1 & ?is leads u to speak fir/ ( ! dep>tm5t ( *emi/ry4 ,! laboratory ( g5]al *emi/ry 0 op5$ 9 #ahgf "u ! direction ( ,pr(essors ,eliot,b & ,/or]1 & is believ$ to be ! fir/ laboratory :]e in/ruction 0 giv5 9 g5]al *emi/ry to classes ( consid]able size4 ,f small beg9n+s1 ?is dep>tm5t has rapidly gr[n "u ! able direction ( su* m5 z ,james ,m4 ,crafts1 7s9ce #ahig presid5t ( ! ,in/itute71 ,william ,ripley ,ni*ols1 ,*>les ,h4 ,w+1 ,lewis ,m4 ,norton & ,?omas ,m4 ,dr[n1 until n[ ! in/ruct+ =ce consi/s ( five pr(essors1 ?irte5 in/ructors & six assi/ants1 a total tea*+ =ce ( tw5ty-f\r1 9 addition to sev5 or eight lectur]s on *emical subjects4 ,! dep>tm5t occupies ! two upp] floors 9 ! ,walk] ,build+1 toge!r ) ab\t half ( "o floor 9 ! ,h5ry ,l4 ,pi]ce ,build+1 devot$ to indu/rial *emi/ry4 ,! laboratories1 :i* are said to be ! l>ge/ & be/ equipp$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 are kn[n z ! ,kidd] *emical laboratories1 hav+ be5 s nam$ 9 recognition ( ! g5]osity ( ! late ,j]ome ,s4 ,kidd]4 ,!y comprise tw5ty-two sep>ate laboratories1 ?ree lecture-rooms1 a read+-room & libr>y1 two balance-rooms1 (fices & supply-rooms1 mak+ =ty rooms 9 all1 ) accommodation = sev5 hundr$ /ud5ts4 ,besides ! l>ge laboratories = g5]al *emi/ry & analytical *emi/ry1 !re are small] laboratories = volumetric analysis1 = organic *emi/ry1 = sanit>y *emi/ry ) special ref]5ce to ! analysis ( wat] & air1 = oil & gas analysis1 = ! optical & *emical exam9ation ( sug>s1 />*es1 etc41 = ! det]m9ation ( molecul> weights1 & s on4 ,9 ! indu/rial laboratories1 ! /ud5ts are taught h[ to manufacture *emicals ) due reg>d to economy ( mat]ial1 space & "t4 ,!re is also a special laboratory = textile color+1 ) pr9t+ ma*9es & all ! necess>y equipm5t ( ba?s1 dry]s1 etc41 = exp]im5tal dye+ & color+4 ,9 ?is laboratory ! prep>ation & use ( color+ matt]s are taught ) ! object ( fitt+ "y m5 = positions 9 dye works4 ,a c\rse ( lectures 9 textile color+ 0 fir/ introduc$ 9 #ahhh & ! laboratory c\rse 9 #ahhi4 ,b ,n[ ,presid5t ,eliot ( ,h>v>d4 ,a l>ge am\nt ( orig9al "w is accompli%$ ea* ye> 9 ^! laboratories1 bo? by /ud5ts & pr(essors4 ,dur+ ! ye> #ahig-ih1 = in/ance1 f\r books & sixte5 articles on *emical subjects came f !m4 ,9 ! developm5t ( sanit>y *emi/ry ! ,in/itute has be5 p>ticul>ly prom95t4 ,beg9n+ ) ! c>eful & ?or\gh inve/igations made by ,pr(essor ,ni*ols = ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 ! reputation ( ! in/itute 9 ?is direction has be5 /ill fur!r increas$ by ! rec5t ext5sive inve/igations ( ,pr(essor ,dr[n & ,mrs4 ,ell5 ,h4 ,ri*>ds1 made = ! same bo>d 9 connection ) ! exam9ation ( ! purity ( ! wat] supplies ( ! ,/ate1 & ! exp]im5ts at ,lawr5ce relat+ to ! be/ me?ods = purify+ wat] & dispos+ ( ! sewage ( inl& t[ns4 ,an illu/ration ( ! policy ( ! s*ool 9 sep>at+ out a subject :5ev] x is f\nd capable ( complete !oretical & practical treatm5t & putt+ x into ! h&s ( "s assi/ant pr(essor = developm5t1 is f\nd 9 ! laboratory = gas & oil analysis1 :i* = "s ye>s has be5 9 *>ge ( ,dr4 ,gill4 ,9 ?is laboratory1 inve/igations are made relat+ to *imney gases1 z well z que/ions ( fuel1 furnaces1 gas fir+1 etc41 :ile oils are te/$ & analyz$ ) ref]5ce to specific gravity1 viscosity1 friction1 fla%+ & fir+ po9ts1 & liability to spontane\s combu/ion4 ,! same policy is fur!r illu/rat$ 9 ! e/abli%m5t 9 #ahid ( a well equipp$ laboratory devot$ entirely to physical *emi/ry2 t is to say1 to ! relations betwe5 *emical *anges & heat1 light & electricity4 ,?is laboratory1 "u ! *>ge ( ,dr4 ,h4 ,m4 ,goodw91 occupies a room measur+ #bh by #bi feet1 & is devot$ to photographic "w1 exp]im5ts 9 electrical conductivity1 !rmo-*emi/ry1 molecul> weight det]m9ations & exp]im5ts 9 *emical dynamics4 ,m rec5tly /ill1 a complete option 9 electro-*emi/ry has be5 e/abli%$1 to meet a gr[+ dem&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,electrical ,,eng9e]+ ,,laboratory4 ,/ill ano!r illu/ration ( ! policy ( specialization is af=d$ by ! action ( ! ,in/itute 9 e/abli%+ new c\rses ( /udy1 ext5d+ ?r\gh ! entire f\r ye>s1 :5ev] ! ne$ is felt = m5 tra9$ 9 a direction n hi!rto specially provid$ =4 ,?us1 9 #ahhh a new c\rse 0 e/abli%$ 9 *emical eng9e]+4 ,! *emical eng9e] is n prim>ily a *emi/1 b a me*anical eng9e]--"o1 h[ev]1 :o has giv5 special att5tion to su* problems z ! con/ruction ( dye works & blea*]ies1 sug> ref9]ies1 soap works1 pap] & pulp manufactories1 f]tiliz] works1 *emical works1 & 9 g5]al all ! problems ( *emical ma*9]y & manufactur+4 ,t ?is new c\rse fill$ a real want 0 soon made evid5t4 ,! fir/ class1 t ( '#ia1 conta9$ sev5 graduates1 :ile eighty-eight /ud5ts 9 all h n[ be5 graduat$ & are = ! mo/ "p engag$ 9 *emical works4 ,! physical laboratories ( ! ,in/itute are n[ kn[n z ! ,rog]s laboratories4 ,al?\gh !y =m$ p]haps ! c5tral feature ( ,presid5t ,rog]s' plan1 f9ancial & o!r exig5cies prev5t$ _! be+ e/abli%$ :5 ! s*ool 0 op5$4 ,9 #ahfi1 ,pr(4 ,edw>d ,c4 ,pick]+1 !n 9 *>ge ( ! dep>tm5t ( physics1 submitt$ a s*eme to ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,in/itute entitl$ #8,plan ( ! ,physical ,laboratory4' ,?is plan 0 adopt$ & c>ri$ out 9 ! autumn ( #ahfi & has be5 9 use ev] s9ce4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k t ! orig9al /atem5t ( ,pr(essor ,rog]s ) ref]5ce to laboratory in/ruction 9 physics conta9$ no m5tion ( electricity1 !n a subord9ate bran*1 b "o ^: developm5t s9ce has caus$ x to occupy ! lead+ place 9 any physical dep>tm5t4 ,9 #ahhb ! corporation e/abli%$ a c\rse 9 electrical eng9e]+1 sett+ an example :i* has s9ce be5 foll[$ by almo/ e l>ge te*nical s*ool1 & f\nd+ a c\rse de/9$ 9 a few ye>s to become "o ( ! l>ge/ 9 ! ,in/itute4 ,at pres5t ! dep>tm5t ( physics & electrical eng9e]+1 "u ! head ( ,pr(4 ,*>les ,r4 ,cross1 has an active tea*+ =ce ( "o pr(essor1 f\r assi/ant pr(essors1 six in/ructors & ?ree assi/ants1 a total ( f\rte54 ,9 addition to ^!1 !re are twelve lectur]s on special topics1 includ+ _m m5 em95t 9 _! pr(ession4 ,! ,rog]s laboratories occupy sixte5 rooms 9 ! ,walk] ,build+1 includ+ two lecture-rooms & t5 laboratories4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! *emical dep>tm5t1 ^! laboratories are highly specializ$4 ,!re is a laboratory = g5]al physics1 "o = electrical measurem5ts1 two rooms devot$ to a laboratory = electrical eng9e]+1 conta9+ two di/9ct p[] plants driv5 by /eam eng9es ( #ajj & #aej horse-p[]1 ) a l>ge numb] ( dynamo ma*9es1 trans=m]s & a great v>iety ( o!r app>atus arrang$ = purposes ( in/ruction1 ! m]e enum]ation ( :i* w\ld occupy sev]al pages4 ,moreov]1 a light+ & p[] plant 9 ! new build+ on ,tr9ity ,place is available = exp]im5ts & in/ruction4 ,besides ^!1 !re are rooms = photometry1 = heat measurem5ts1 = ac\/ics1 = optics & = photography4 ,9 fact1 probably no dep>tm5t ( ! ,in/itute is m fully equipp$ ?an ?is1 ! weal? ( app>atus be+ s great t ! casual visitor is confus$ by ! network ( wires & ma*9]y :i* surr\nd him4 ,! int]dep5d5t & h>moni\s "w ( ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( ! ,in/itute is %[n 9 ! developm5t ( special lecture & laboratory c\rses1 & is 9 m>k$ contra/ to ! policy ( dep>tm5tal isolation sometimes practic$4 ,?us1 9 #ahhi1 two new c\rses ( in/ruction 7 e/abli%$ by ! physical dep>tm5t 9 response to ! dem& ( ! dep>tm5t ( m9+2 namely1 ! c\rse 9 heat measurem5ts1 includ+ measurem5ts ( high temp]atures1 ! det]m9ation ( ! calorific p[] ( fuels1 etc41 & a c\rse on ! applications ( electro-metallurgy to *emical analysis1 ! r$uction ( ores & simil> problems4 ,! equipm5t ( calorimet]s1 pyromet]s1 etc41 9 ! heat laboratory is said to be s l>ge z to p]mit a m complete exam9ation ( ! effici5cy ( fuels ?an has hi!rto be5 possible any:]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,smelt+ ,,furnace ,,9 ,,john ,,cumm+s ,,laboratory ,,( ,,m9+ ,,& ,,metallurgy4 ,p]haps ! greate/ innovation made by ! ,in/itute 9 ! e>ly days 0 9 e/abli%+ a laboratory = ! tea*+ ( m9+ & metallurgy4 ,previ\s to #ahga metallurgical "w 0 done 9 ! *emical laboratories1 b 9 t ye> ! m9+ & metallurgical laboratory 0 put into op]ation ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( ,presid5t ,runkle1 ,pr(essor ,ri*>ds & ,pr(essor ,ordway4 ,prior to ?is date1 !re 7 assay+ or metallurgical laboratories at ! cole des ,m9es at ,p>is1 ! ,royal ,s*ool ( ,m9es 9 ,london1 ! ,g]man ,m9+ ,s*ools at ,freib]g & ,clau/hal & ,b]l91 & also 9 sev]al te*nical s*ools 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! ,g]man m9+ s*ools 7 situat$ beside smelt+ works1 b ! plants c\ld n (t5 be us$ = exp]im5ts by pr(essors or /ud5ts 9 a way to alt] ! usual me?od ( runn+4 ,9 all ^! laboratories1 h[ev]1 ! app>atus 0 design$ to treat quantities ( ore n exce$+ a few ounces = ea* te/4 ,! ,in/itute laboratories 7 ! fir/ 9 ! _w :i* 7 design$ = ! treatm5t ( ores 9 economical quantities ( f five hundr$ p\nds to ?ree tons1 & us$ entirely = purposes ( in/ruction4 ,!y are n[ kn[n z ! ,john ,cumm+s laboratories1 9 memory ( "o :o = _m ye>s 0 treasur] ( ! ,in/itute & "o ( its mo/ devot$ fri5ds4 ,!y n[ occupy ! entire basem5t ( ! ,rog]s ,build+1 & include laboratories = mill+1 conc5trat+ & smelt+ ores1 z well z = te/+ !m by assay & by bl[pipe4 ,! developm5t ( ^! laboratories f ! small beg9n+s ( #ahga has be5 ma9ly due to ! ef=ts ( ,pr(4 ,r4 ,h4 ,ri*>ds1 pa/ presid5t ( ! ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,m9+ ,eng9e]s1 ^: contributions on me?ods ( ore dress+ are well kn[n to m9+ eng9e]s4 ,! /aff ( ?is dep>tm5t also includes ,pr(4 ,h4 ,o4 ,h(man1 well kn[n = 8 rese>*es 9 metallurgy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?ree ,,/amp ,,mill ,,9 ,,m9+ ,,laboratory4 ,m5tion %\ld "h be made ( ! dep>tm5t ( geology1 :i* is "u ! direction ( ,pr(essors ,niles1 ,crosby & ,b>ton1 & :i* n[ occupies commodi\s qu>t]s compris+ ! great] "p ( a floor 9 ! ,h5ry ,l4 ,pi]ce ,build+4 ,! collections ( ?is dep>tm5t numb] _m ?\s&s1 & are supplem5t$ by ^? ( ! ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 :i* are available = purposes ( in/ruction4 ,z w\ld be expect$ 9 a s*ool ( appli$ sci5ce1 ! economic aspects ( geology are kept closely 9 view1 & ! "w is adapt$ to ! p>ticul> object to be atta9$4 ,! /ud5t 9 ar*itecture1 = in/ance1 receives a c\rse 9 geology 9 :i* ! /udy ( build+ /ones is a prom95t feature4 ,an eng9e]+ laboratory =m$ "p ( ! orig9al s*eme ( ,presid5t ,rog]s1 al?\gh he includ$ x "u ! head ( physics & did n anticipate ! importance :i* has s9ce atta*$ to x4 ,su* a laboratory1 especially devot$ to eng9e]+1 0 e/abli%$ on a small scale 9 #ahgd1 ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( ,pr(essor ,:itak]4 ,an eng9e = exp]im5tal purposes 0 pres5t$ to ! in/itute by ,mr4 ,g4 ,b4 ,dixwell1 & ?is1 ) o!r app>atus1 con/itut$ :at is believ$ to h be5 ! fir/ eng9e]+ laboratory 9 ! _w = ! regul> in/ruction ( classes4 ,= lack ( funds & space1 x 0 n mu* develop$ until #ahhb1 b s9ce t "t x has be5 br\ght to a high /ate ( effici5cy4 ,to-day ! eng9e]+ laboratories1 z !y are call$1 :i* include laboratories ( /eam eng9e]+1 hydraulics1 = ! te/+ ( mat]ials & a room conta9+ cotton ma*9]y1 occupy a floor space ( #ba1chj squ>e feet on ! two l[] floors ( ! ,eng9e]+ & ,pi]ce ,build+s4 ,9 addition to ?is1 !re are work%ops :i* w be ref]r$ to aga94 ,x w\ld be t$i\s to enum]ate ! great v>iety ( app>atus to be f\nd 9 ^! laboratories1 b a few important po9ts may be m5tion$4 ,9 ! /eam laboratory a #aej horse-p[] triple-expansion ,corliss eng9e1 ! fir/ ( its k9d ( practical size ev] arrang$ = exp]im5tal purposes1 0 pur*as$ 9 #ahij & is regul>ly us$ = te/+ purposes4 ,a second eng9e ( #bbe horse-p[] 0 add$ two ye>s ago1 transf]r+ its p[] ?r\gh a rope drive4 ,besides ^! two l>ge eng9es1 !re are a numb] ( small] ones = exp]im5tal purposes & ! /udy ( valve sett+1 &1 9 addition1 !re are gas eng9es1 hot-air eng9es & o!r app>atus4 ,!re is also a collection ( cotton ma*9]y suffici5t to make cle> to ! /ud5t ! me*anism ( ! v>i\s ma*9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,horizontal ,,em]y ,,te/+ ,,ma*9e ,,( #cjj1jjj ,,p\nds ,,capacity ,,9 ,,! ,,appli$ ,,me*anics ,,laboratory4 ,! hydraulic laboratory is well equipp$ = ! /udy ( ! laws ( fl[+ wat]1 hav+ a /eel tank five feet 9 diamet] & tw5ty-sev5 feet high1 ) a sy/em ( /&-pipes eighty-five feet high1 rea*+ to ! top ( ! build+4 ,?is tank is furni%$ ) gates & o!r app>atus suitable = exp]im5ts on ! fl[ f orifices1 & connect$ ) a sy/em ( horizontal pipes by :i* a l>ge v>iety ( o!r inve/igations may be c>ri$ on4 ,among ! o!r app>atus ( int]e/ may be m5tion$ two impact wat] :eels1 plac$ 9 h\s+s ) glass sides s t ! action ( ! wat] on /rik+ ! buckets c be obs]v$4 ,"s exp]im5ts h already be5 made 9 ! laboratory on ! fl[ ( air1 ! results ( :i* h be5 communicat$ by ,pr(essor ,peabody to ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s4 ,x is n[ int5d$ to cont9ue ! /udy ( ! fl[ ( air & its use z a motive p[] 9 great detail1 j z ! fl[ ( wat] is /udi$1 & an air compressor ( #ajj horse-p[]1 :i* w produce a pressure ( tw5ty-five hundr$ p\nds1 is n[ be+ in/all$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! #ajj1jjj ,,p\nd ,,beam ,,ma*9e ,,9 ,,! ,,appli$ ,,me*anics ,,laboratory4 ,! laboratory = te/+ ! /r5g? ( mat]ials 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahha by ,pr(4 ,g4 ,lanza1 & has s9ce be5 ext5sively develop$ "u 8 direction1 until x is n[ "o ( ! mo/ complete 9 ! _w4 ,x is p]haps n too mu* to say t ! exp]im5ts made 9 ?is laboratory h 9 "s respects revolutioniz$ ! ideas ( eng9e]s4 ,previ\s to its e/abli%m5t1 ! only te/s ( timb] t _h be5 made 7 ^u small select$ specim5s "o or two in*es squ>e & a few feet long4 ,! results ( ^! te/s _h be5 us$ = ye>s by ar*itects & eng9e]s1 & !y 7 giv5 9 all ! eng9e]+ h&books4 ,9 ! ,in/itute laboratory !re 7 conduct$ ! fir/ sy/ematic & ext5d$ te/s ( beams ( comm]cial size4 ,! results soon %[$ t ! /r5g? ( su* timb] 0 a great deal less ?an previ\s te/s on small beams _h indicat$1 & ! practice ( eng9e]s & ar*itects has s9ce t "t be5 completely modifi$ ?r\gh ! results obta9$ 9 ?is & simil> laboratories4 ,9 ?is way does ! "w ( su* a laboratory become ( direct & la/+ value to ! arts4 ,! c5tral piece ( app>atus ( ! ,in/itute laboratory is ! ,em]y ma*9e1 simil> to ! great ma*9e at ! ,wat]t[n ars5al1 ) a capacity ( ?ree hundr$ ?\s& p\nds4 ,b 9 addition to ?is ma*9e !re are a doz5 or m o!r ma*9es design$ to te/ beams1 columns1 rope1 wire &1 9 fact1 mat]ials ( e k9d & 9 e =m4 ,an int]e/+ ma*9e is t = te/+ %afts 9 torsion1 & x is in/ructive to see x twi/ (f ) app>5t ease a /eel %aft ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 twi/+ ! fib]s be=e !y break till ! rod resembles a b>b]'s pole4 ,!re are also beam-te/+ ma*9es ) capacities up to "o hundr$ ?\s& p\nds1 9 :i* n only beams b wood5 trusses may be te/$ to ! break+ po9t4 ,"s ( ! app>atus is ( great delicacy2 = in/ance1 "o in/rum5t w measure ! twi/ ( a /eel %aft two & a half in*es 9 diamet] & six feet long s delicately t ! effect ( a twi/ giv5 by "o's h& is di/9ctly visible2 sci5tifically speak+1 x w measure an angle ( twi/ ( two seconds4 ,!re is also a ma*9e design$ = te/+ /one ar*es1 hav+ a capacity ( f\r hundr$ ?\s& p\nds & suitable = an inve/igation ( _m que/ions conc]n+ ^! unc]ta9 /ructures2 also ma*9]y = /udy+ ! we> ( brake %oes & :eel tires1 a subject 9 reg>d to :i* !re is room = mu* inve/igation4 ,f9ally1 m5tion %\ld be made ( ma*9]y = inve/igat+ ! int]e/+ subject ( ! effect ( repetition ( /ress4 ,illu/ration3 ,,=ge ,,%op4 ,! te/s p]=m$ 9 ! eng9e]+ laboratory cov] almo/ ! entire range ( me*anical sci5ce4 ,sometimes inve/igations are c>ri$ on ?r\gh a numb] ( ye>s2 = in/ance1 dur+ ?ree successive ye>s exp]im5ts 7 conduct$ & =m$ ! subject ( !ses on ! prop] me?od ( c\nt]balanc+ ! reciprocat+ p>ts ( a locomotive4 ,nor are ! te/s p]=m$ by ! ,in/itute /ud5ts z a regul> "p ( _! in/ruction conf9$ to ^! laboratories1 z is made evid5t by ! fifty-h\r te/ ( ! ,we/ ,end ,/reet ,railway p[] /ation & ! tw5ty-f\r h\r te/ ( ! pump+ eng9e at ,*e/nut ,hill1 bo? rec5tly c>ri$ out4 ,9 connection ) ! eng9e]+ laboratories1 brief m5tion may be made ( ! %ops1 :i* =m an important adjunct ( ! laboratories4 ,!y consi/ ( a %op = c>p5try1 wood-turn+ & patt]n-mak+1 equipp$ ) =ty c>p5t]s' b5*es1 ?irty-six patt]n-mak]s' b5*es & a full equipm5t ( saws1 plan]s1 la!s1 etc42 a f\ndry ) a cupola furnace = melt+ iron1 ?irty-two m\ld]s' b5*es1 two brass furnaces & a core-ov52 a =ge %op ) ?irty-two =ges1 a p[] hamm]1 vises1 etc42 a ma*9e %op ) ab\t =ty la!s1 toge!r ) drills1 plan]s & all ! o!r necess>y app>atus us$ 9 ma*9e tool "w4 ,! magnitude ( ! ,in/itute laboratories is %[n by ! foll[+ /atem5ts3 ,! total horse-p[] ( /eam & o!r eng9es is n9e hundr$ & eighty-?ree2 ! total capacity ( t5sion1 compression & transv]se te/+ ma*9es is ov] eight hundr$ ?\s& p\nds1 & ( torsion te/+ ma*9es ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty-six ?\s& in* p\nds2 ! total horse-p[] ( hydraulic motors is sixty-two2 & ! total capacity ( pumps is ?irty-two hundr$ gallons p] m9ute4 ,! eng9e]+ laboratories are us$ by /ud5ts ( all ! eng9e]+ dep>tm5ts1 t is to say1 by a l>ge majority ( ! /ud5ts 9 ! s*ool4 ,! b5efit d]iv$ by ?is actual contact ) mat]ials & ) ma*9es ( comm]cial size1 "u prop] in/ruction1 is believ$ to be v great4 ,! dep>tm5t ( me*anical eng9e]+1 "o ( ! orig9al dep>tm5ts1 is n[ ! l>ge/ 9 ! s*ool1 hav+ a =ce ( in/ruction ( five pr(essors & twelve in/ructors & assi/ants4 ,z an (f%oot ( x1 a dep>tm5t ( naval ar*itecture 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahic1 aft] a prelim9>y exp]i5ce ( f\r ye>s ) an option 9 ?is direction4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ c\rse ( its k9d e/abli%$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x is some:at rem>kable1 consid]+ ! prem95ce t ,am]ica has long enjoy$ 9 ! build+ ( %ips & m>9e eng9es1 t our te*nical s*ools %\ld = s long h fail$ to (f] specializ$ in/ruction 9 ^! important bran*es4 ,s*ools devot$ to ^! subjects h long exi/$ abroad4 ,! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t ,s*ool ( ,naval ,ar*itecture 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahfe = ! purpose ( educat+ "y m5 = ! ,gov]nm5t s]vice4 ,to ?is s*ool =eign]s are admitt$ "u c]ta9 re/rictions4 ,9 ,engl& ! fir/ s*ool ( naval ar*itecture 0 op5$ 9 #ahga1 b no sy/ematic in/ruction seems to h be5 provid$ until #ahfd4 ,at pres5t1 h[ev]1 ! ,royal ,naval ,college1 at ,gre5wi*1 gives excell5t & ?or\gh in/ruction to "y m5 desir+ to ent] ! ,gov]nm5t s]vice4 ,!re has also be5 = a numb] ( ye>s an excell5t c\rse ( /udy 9 naval ar*itecture at ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[4 ,! ,in/itute ( ,te*nology e/abli%$ 9 #ahhh an elem5t>y c\rse 9 %ip con/ruction1 & ?is 0 foll[$ 9 #ahij by a specializ$ option 9 naval ar*itecture ext5d+ ?r\gh ! f\r ye>s4 ,already =ty-"o m5 h graduat$ f ?is c\rse4 ,illu/ration3 ,,john ,d4 ,,runkle1 ,,presid5t1 #ahgj-ahgh4 ,"o ( ! l>ge dep>tm5ts ( ! s*ool is t ( ar*itecture4 ,=m+ "o ( ! orig9al dep>tm5ts e/abli%$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,in/itute 9 #ahfe1 :5 !re 0 no simil> dep>tm5t 9 ?is c\ntry1 x may fairly be affirm$ to h l$ 9 ! developm5t ( in/ruction 9 ?is important pr(ession4 ,x 0 = _m ye>s 9 *>ge ( ,pr(4 ,w4 ,r4 ,w>e1 :o left ! ,in/itute 9 #ahhj to assume *>ge ( ! newly e/abli%$ dep>tm5t at ,columbia ,college4 ,9 common ) ! o!r dep>tm5ts ( ! ,in/itute1 t ( ar*itecture has develop$ enorm\sly )9 rec5t ye>s4 ,?ree times s9ce #ahhc has ! dep>tm5t be5 oblig$ to *ange its location 9 ord] to meet ! cont9u$ ne$ ( expansion4 ,f ! orig9al small qu>t]s 9 ! upp] floor ( ! ,rog]s ,build+1 x has gr[n s t x n[ occupies two & "o half floors 9 ! ,pi]ce ,build+1 besides a l>ge room = modell+ 9 ano!r build+4 ,! draw+-rooms n[ accommodate ov] two hundr$ /ud5ts4 ,! dep>tm5t has a magnific5t libr>y & a v l>ge collection ( photographs & lant]n slides4 ,"u ! c>eful managem5t ( ,pr(4 ,f4 ,w4 ,*&l]1 :o at ! same "t is head ( ! ,ar*itectural ,dep>tm5t ( ! city & memb] ( ! ,f9e ,arts ,commission1 x has n[ atta9$ a mo/ enviable reputation4 ,in/itute /ud5ts compet$ = sev]al ye>s = ! prizes (f]$ by ! ,new ,york ,socit des ,beaux ,arts1 & 9 ea* competition 9 :i* !y ent]$ !y c>ri$ (f ! gold m$al & ! highe/ honors4 ,9 ! ?ree competitions ( '#id-'ie1 no less ?an sev5ty sets ( draw+s 7 submitt$ by all competitors4 ,! two gold m$als1 f\r fir/ m5tions & two second m5tions 7 aw>d$ to ,in/itute /ud5ts4 ,( ! n9e designs s5t f ! ,in/itute1 six 7 plac$ by ! jury among ! fir/ eight ( ! sev5ty designs submitt$2 two receiv$ second place & "o 0 put out ( competition because ( too great deviation f ! prelim9>y sket*4 ,?is great success is d\btless due to ! rigor\s tra9+ :i* ! /ud5ts receive 9 ar*itectural design at ! h&s ( ,pr(essor ,despradelle1 himself a graduate ( ! cole des ,beaux ,arts1 a w9n] ( high honors 9 ,p>is1 & ( ! ?ird prize 9 ! rec5t ,phbe ,he>/ _w competition = ! new build+s ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia1 & )9 a few weeks ! w9n] ( ! fir/ m$al 9 ar*itecture 9 ! ,p>is ,salon ( #aijj4 ,= ?ree ye>s ! /ud5ts are cont9ually engag$ ^u ar*itectural design1 & ! "w ( ea* /ud5t is exam9$ & criticis$ be=e ! class by a jury f ! ,bo/on ,society ( ,ar*itects4 ,/ud5ts 9 ar*itecture h also ! opportunity1 if !y desire1 ( tak+ an option 9 ar*itectural eng9e]+1 9 :i* !y are giv5 a c\rse 9 ! !ory & design ( /ructures z rigid z t receiv$ by ! /ud5ts 9 civil eng9e]+4 ,! relations betwe5 ar*itecture & eng9e]+ are exce$+ly close & are becom+ clos] e ye>4 ,! "w ( ! ar*itect1 aside f ! /hetic design ( 8 build+s1 is becom+ m & m l ! "w ( ! eng9e]1 & requires a ?or\gh k ( eng9e]+ con/ruction4 ,dur+ ! pa/ ye>1 aft] v c>eful consid]ation1 ! faculty has also e/abli%$ an option 9 ! c\rse ( ar*itecture1 devot$ p>ticul>ly to l&scape ar*itecture1 includ+1 besides a l>ge am\nt ( "w 9 ar*itecture prop]1 in/ruction 9 horticulture & l&scape design1 on ! "o h&1 & 9 survey+1 topographical draw+1 dra9age1 etc41 on ! o!r h&4 ,! l&scape ar*itect has h]et(ore _h no opportunity to secure a ?or\gh tra9+ 9 8 pr(ession1 except by pass+ ?r\gh an appr5tice%ip1 z 0 =m]ly necess>y 9 ! old] pr(essions4 ,on acc\nt ( ! /eady increase 9 ?is c\ntry 9 ! dem& = tra9$ l&scape ar*itects & ! increas+ att5tion :i* is n[ be+ paid by our municipalities to que/ions conc]n+ public p>ks1 & also by private individuals to ! beautify+ ( private gr\nds1 !re seems n[ to be an unusual opportunity = "y m5 to devote !mselves to ?is bran* ( ! pr(ession4 ,z usual1 ! ,in/itute ( ,te*nology is e>ly 9 ! field ) a c\rse design$ to ?is end4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hydraulic ,,survey+ ,,9 ,,! ,,essex ,,canal1 ,,l[ell4 ,! la/ ( ! eng9e]+ dep>tm5ts to be consid]$ & "o ( ! l>ge/1 is t ( civil eng9e]+1 a dep>tm5t e/abli%$ :5 ! ,in/itute 0 f\nd$1 & until #ahha "u ! direction ( t accompli%$ s*ol> & tea*]1 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,b4 ,h5ck1 & s9ce #ahhg 9 *>ge ( ! writ]4 ,?is dep>tm5t has gr[n s9ce #ahhf f f\r to elev5 tea*]s1 & f sixty to "o hundr$ & fifty-?ree /ud5ts 9 ! ?ree upp] classes4 ,x n[ occupies ! two upp] floors ( ! ,eng9e]+ ,build+1 or ab\t tw5ty-?ree ?\s& squ>e feet4 ,9 recognition ( ! increas+ importance ( sanit>y que/ions affect+ ! heal? ( communities1 a new bran* ( civil eng9e]+ 0 recogniz$ by ! ,in/itute 9 #ahhi by ! e/abli%m5t ( a regul> f\r ye>s' c\rse 9 sanit>y eng9e]+1 9 :i* p>ticul> att5tion is direct$ to su* problems1 & /ud5ts are af=d$ opportunities ( /udy+ ! be>+ ( *emi/ry & biology ^u !m4 ,"h aga9 ! bread? & specialization ( ! "w at ! ,in/itute 0 %[n1 r5d]+ x possible ) no *ange 9 ! tea*+ =ce & ) no dis>rangem5t ( /udies1 to e/abli% su* a c\rse ( in/ruction z soon z ! ne$ = x became app>5t4 ,int]e/+ "w has be5 done "u ! direction ( ,pr(essor ,burton1 pr(essor ( topographical eng9e]+1 9 connection ) ! measurem5t ( base l9es ) ! /eel tape4 ,aft] devis+ an app>atus = hold+ & support+ ! tape1 & measur+ ! coeffici5t ( expansion ( actual tapes1 an application 0 rec5tly made ( ! !rmophone = det]m9+ ! exact av]age temp]ature ( ! tape4 ,?is in/rum5t1 :i* 0 inv5t$ a few ye>s ago by two ,in/itute graduates1 all[s ! av]age temp]ature ( ! tape to be measur$ )9 half a degree4 ,an int]e/+ dep>tm5t ( ! ,in/itute1 & "o t has ( rec5t ye>s assum$ great practical importance1 is t ( biology4 ,x 0 organiz$ 9 #ahhb1 z an outgr[? ( :at 0 prior to t date ! c\rse 9 natural hi/ory1 & n[ has a tea*+ =ce ( six1 "u ! direction ( ,pr(4 ,william ,t4 ,s$gwick1 & occupies1 ) its laboratories & lecture-rooms1 "o entire floor ( ! ,pi]ce ,build+4 ,!re are five di/9ct laboratories1 fully equipp$1 ) private rooms1 /ore & prep>ation rooms1 & a libr>y & read+-room1 & x is p]haps safe to say t n[h]e 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is !re s compact or well arrang$ a s]ies ( laboratories devot$ *iefly to ! sanit>y1 hygi5ic & indu/rial aspects ( biology4 ,! great advances 9 sanit>y sci5ce 9 rec5t ye>s h made bact]iology "o ( ! mo/ important1 z well z "o ( ! mo/ practical1 ( ! biological sci5ces1 & ! biologi/ has tak5 8 place beside ! *emi/ & ! eng9e] 9 ! /udy ( ! sci5ce & art ( public sanitation4 ,b bact]iology is ( importance1 n only 9 sanit>y sci5ce1 b also 9 its indu/rial relations4 ,great indu/ries1 l ^? connect$ ) food pres]v+1 cann+1 v9eg> mak+1 tann+ & brew+1 dep5d ^u ! activity or ! exclusion ( micro-organisms4 ,z might be expect$ 9 a s*ool ( appli$ sci5ce1 ! developm5t ( ! biological dep>tm5t 9 ! ,in/itute has be5 ma9ly along sanit>y & indu/rial l9es1 r ?an 9 ! direction ( zology4 ,! biological "w 9 connection ) ! rec5t important inve/igations ( ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? reg>d+ ! purification ( wat] & ! disposal ( sewage1 0 done at ! ,in/itute1 & e>ly l$ to special in/ruction 9 ^! directions4 ,9 #ahid a c\rse 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! micro-organisms ( f]m5tation1 n only new to ! ,in/itute1 b1 x is believ$1 to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,important rese>*es _h be5 made 9 ,d5m>k 9 ^! l9es1 & 9 ord] to become ?or\ghly famili> ) !m1 "o ( ! in/ructors ( ! dep>tm5t sp5t a summ] 9 ! laboratory ( ,alfr$ ,jrg5s51 9 ,cop5hag54 ,9 #ahif1 a m elaborate c\rse1 t 9 indu/rial biology1 0 e/abli%$1 & s9ce t "t special /udies h be5 made 9 v>i\s l9es1 su* z ! effici5cy ( /]iliz+ processes1 ! prep>ation ( cann$ goods & ! cultivation ( butt] bact]ia4 ,?is dep>tm5t is de/9$ to /ill great] developm5t 9 ! ne> future1 & its laboratories are f9ely equipp$ 9 e direction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,francis ,a4 ,,walk]1 ,,presid5t1 #ahha-ahig4 ,ref]5ce to ! diff]5t dep>tm5ts 9 ! ,in/itute w\ld n be complete )\t brief m5tion ( its dep>tm5t ( g5]al /udies4 ,x is p]haps seldom recogniz$1 b x is nev]!less a fact t ! ,in/itute1 al?\gh prim>ily a te*nical s*ool1 is bett] equipp$ = giv+ in/ruction 9 languages1 9 hi/ory1 9 economics & /ati/ics & 9 political sci5ce ?an _m classical in/itutions4 ,inde$1 ! only important dep>tm5t ( /udy :i* is f\nd 9 su* in/itutions1 & = :i* no provision is made at ! ,in/itute1 is t ( anci5t languages4 ,! =ce ( in/ruction 9 ! dep>tm5t ( g5]al /udies1 leav+ out ( consid]ation ! dep>tm5t ( mod]n languages1 comprises two pr(essors1 "o associate pr(essor1 ?ree assi/ant pr(essors1 "o in/ructor & "o assi/ant1 a total ( eight1 probably a l>g] numb] ?an is f\nd 9 any b ! v l>ge/ colleges4 ,9 ! dep>tm5t ( mod]n languages1 !re is "o pr(essor1 "o associate pr(essor1 "o assi/ant pr(essor & f\r in/ructors4 ,!re are (f]$ t5 di/9ct c\rses 9 ,engli%1 elev5 9 mod]n languages1 eight 9 hi/ory & tw5ty 9 economics & /ati/ics & 9 political sci5ce4 ,z already /at$1 x has be5 a fundam5tal pr9ciple 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! s*ool t all regul> /ud5ts %\ld receive a n inconsid]able am\nt ( in/ruction 9 ^! subjects1 b 9 addition to ! eng9e]+ & o!r te*nical c\rses1 !re is a s-call$ c\rse 9 g5]al /udies1 design$ to tra9 "y m5 = bus9ess occupations1 9 :i*1 besides ?or\gh c\rses 9 *emi/ry1 physics & o!r sci5ces1 a l>ge am\nt ( "t is devot$ to ! g5]al /udies :i* h be5 ref]r$ to4 ,! late presid5t ( ! ,in/itute1 ,g5]al ,walk]1 ^: pr9cipal "w1 aside f t relat+ to education1 lay 9 ! field ( economics & /ati/ics1 took great int]e/ 9 ! developm5t ( ?is g5]al c\rse1 & to him1 m ?an to anybody else1 is due its pres5t high /&>d4 ,sev5ty-eight "y m5 h graduat$ f ! dep>tm5t1 & 9 _m respects its c\rse ( /udy (f]s advantages ov] ! usual college c\rse4 ,summ] s*ools are ma9ta9$ by ! ,in/itute 9 ! dep>tm5ts ( civil eng9e]+1 m9+ eng9e]+ & ar*itecture4 ,t 9 civil eng9e]+ af=ds cont9u\s field practice 9 geodesy & hydraulics dur+ ab\t a mon?4 ,t 9 m9+ eng9e]+ af=ds /ud5ts an opportunity to visit m9+ or metallurgical works & to become practically acqua9t$ ) ! me?ods employ$ by actually tak+ "p 9 !m4 ,^! summ] s*ools 9 m9+ & metallurgy h be5 held 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 f ,nova ,scotia to ,lake ,sup]ior & ,colorado4 ,! summ] s*ool 9 ar*itecture consi/s n infrequ5tly ( a trip abroad1 ) detail$ /udies & sket*es ( special types ( ar*itecture4 ,! ,in/itute also (f]s ext5d$ c\rses ( free ev5+ lectures1 ( :i* tw5ty c\rses ( twelve lectures ea* 7 giv5 dur+ ! pa/ ye>4 ,^! c\rses1 e/abli%$ by ! tru/ee ( ! ,l[ell ,in/itute "u ! sup]vision ( ! ,in/itute1 correspond to "o portion ( ,presid5t ,rog]s's orig9al plan1 & are fully appreciat$ by "y m5 :o _c af=d ! "t = a complete & consecutive education4 ,! tru/ee ( ! ,l[ell ,in/itute also e/abli%$ 9 #ahgb1 & has ma9ta9$ ev] s9ce1 a special s*ool ( practical design1 "u ! sup]vision ( ! ,in/itute1 9 :i* "y m5 & wom5 are giv5 free in/ruction 9 ! art ( mak+ patt]ns = pr9ts1 g+hams1 silks1 laces1 pap] hang+s1 c>pets1 etc42 ! object be+ to fit !m to engage 9 ! textile indu/ries especially1 b also 9 o!r bran*es ( manufacture 9 :i* ta/e 9 =m & color is an ess5tial elem5t = success4 ,m5tion may be made "h ( ! fact t all "w at ! ,in/itute is op5 to wom5 on ! same t]ms z to m54 ,z e>ly z #ahfg1 among ! ,l[ell free c\rses1 !re 7 two *emical c\rses op5 to bo? sexes1 & soon aft]w>d wom5 7 admitt$ to ! regul> "w ( ! s*ool4 ,! fir/ woman to graduate 0 ,mrs4 ,ell5 ,h4 ,ri*>ds1 9 #ahgc1 & s9ce t "t =ty-eight wom5 h receiv$ ! degree4 ,?is numb]1 h[ev]1 is no measure ( ! "p :i* wom5 h tak5 9 ! "w ( ! s*ool1 = a l>ge majority ( ^? :o att5d are special /ud5ts4 ,dur+ ! ye> #ahii-aijj1 !re 7 fifty-?ree wom5 /udy+ at ! s*ool1 pr9cipally 9 ! dep>tm5ts ( *emi/ry1 biology1 geology1 physics & ar*itecture4 ,f ! la/-nam$ c\rse elev5 "y wom5 h graduat$1 "o ( :om 0 ! design] ( ! ,woman's ,build+ at ! ,*icago ,exposition4 ,"o peculi>ity ( ! ,in/itute :i* has n be5 m5tion$ is ! sub-division ( its libr>ies4 ,in/ead ( hav+ "o g5]al libr>y1 ea* dep>tm5t has its special libr>y1 conv5i5tly locat$ ) ref]5ce to its rooms4 ,?is involves a slight duplication ( books1 b is ( ! greate/ advantage to /ud5ts & tea*]s = consultation4 ,! ,in/itute libr>ies are n l>ge1 comp>$ ) ! libr>ies ( _m colleges & univ]sities1 b !y are rem>kably ri* along ! l9es ( ! special topics to :i* !y are ( necessity pr9cipally devot$1 & p>ticul>ly 9 sci5tific p]iodicals4 ,! total numb] ( p]iodicals 9 all languages regul>ly receiv$ at ! ,in/itute1 n includ+ a l>ge numb] ( (ficial reports1 is eight hundr$ & =ty-sev54 ,9 ! eng9e]+ libr>y alone !re are "o hundr$ & sev5ty-?ree4 ,x is believ$ t ?is =ms "o ( ! l>ge/ collections ( sci5tific j\rnals to be f\nd any:]e4 ,! ,in/itute publi%es a sci5tific magaz9e1 kn[n z ! ,te*nology ,qu>t]ly1 :i* 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahhg1 & is ! (ficial organ = ! publication ( ! results ( te/s 9 ! laboratories & ( special inve/igations by memb]s ( ! /aff & by /ud5ts & alumni4 ,! ,association ( ,class ,secret>ies also publi%es ! ,te*nology ,review1 a m popul> qu>t]ly1 e/abli%$ only two ye>s ago1 & devot$ to ! social & g5]al int]e/s ( ! ,in/itute4 ,9 #ahif ! ,te*nology ,club 0 />t$1 occupy+ a build+ ne> ! ,in/itute & af=d+ alumni & /ud5ts ! social advantages ( a clubh\se4 ,! alumni ( ! ,in/itute n[ numb] two ?\s& ?ree hundr$ & ?irty-n9e2 !y ma9ta9 an ,alumni ,association :i* holds annual meet+s1 & sev5 local bran* associations :i* are scatt]$ ov] ! c\ntry f ! ,connecticut ,valley to ,colorado4 ,illu/ration3 ,,james ,m4 ,,crafts1 ,,presid5t1 #ahig-aijj4 ,9 review+ ! success :i* ?is s*ool has atta9$1 ! "q naturally pres5ts itself3 ,to :at is ?is success due8 ,let me "h record my conviction t x has be5 due ma9ly to ! c\rage & devotion ( its corporation & ( ! presid5ts :o h direct$ its policy4 ,9 ?is respect no in/itution 0 ev] m =tunate4 ,) a guid+ body possess$ ( ! c\rage & fai? t h animat$ ! corporation ( ! in/itution f ! e>lie/ days1 & especially ) ! able m5 :o h be5 its presid5ts1 success 0 assur$4 ,:ile ! s*ool 0 yet /ruggl+ = its v exi/5ce1 ) few fri5ds & little money1 !y nev] falt]$4 ,!y h n hesitat$ aga9 & aga9 to plunge ! s*ool deeply into debt :5 its ne$s requir$ x1 tru/+ to ! g5]osity ( ,new ,engl& t x %\ld n be all[$ to be crippl$1 & ea* "t has _! confid5ce be5 ju/ifi$4 ,pov]ty has nev] be5 p]mitt$ to impair ! effici5cy ( ! s*ool4 ,z ,presid5t ,crafts rem>k$ 9 a rec5t annual report1 8,we are less favor$ ?an _m neighbor+ in/itutions 9 build+ space1 b we h always foll[$ ! wise policy ( keep+ 9 ! =emo/ rank & 9 "s dep>tm5ts lead+ ! way 9 supply+ ! be/ me?ods & app>atus = tea*+ & = mak+ inve/igation4 ,we h run 9 debt to buy !m1 & run /ill fur!r 9 debt to build h\ses to hold !m1 b we h always _h !m :5 ! head ( a dep>tm5t told ! gov]nm5t ( ! s*ool t !y 7 necess>y to ! mo/ effici5t tea*+ ( 8 sci5ce40 ,) a corporation act+ on su* a pr9ciple !re c\ld be no failure4 ,x is true t ! faculty h /ood unfalt]+ly1 ev5 9 ! d>ke/ days1 = high s*ol>%ip2 & equally true t ! s*ool has be5 rem>kably =tunate 9 ! "* ( ! "y m5 :o h s\ght its halls1 b no faculty & no body ( /ud5ts c\ld h br\ght success ) a corporation less broadm9d$ & c\rage\s4 ,let me "h add my tribute to ! "w :i* 0 done by ! late ,g5]al ,francis ,a4 ,walk]1 presid5t ( ! in/itute f #ahha till #ahig4 ,probably no s+le p]son did m to secure ! success ( ! s*ool ?an he4 ,8 great adm9i/rative ability1 8 wide acqua9tance1 8 accurate judgm5t ( m51 8 magnific5t c\rage & 8 spl5did en?usiasm1 7 factors 9 ! developm5t ( ! s*ool ^: importance x is difficult to ov]e/imate4 ,g5]al ,walk] 0 succe$$ by ,presid5t ,james ,m4 ,crafts1 :o _h be5 connect$ ) ! ,in/itute = _m ye>s z pr(essor ( *emi/ry1 & "u ^: en]getic adm9i/ration ! progress ( ! ,in/itute has be5 /eadily cont9u$4 ,9 fact1 ?anks to "s unexpect$ additions to ! funds ( ! s*ool1 its mat]ial res\rces & its equipm5t h be5 m enl>g$ & ext5d$ dur+ ! pa/ ?ree ye>s ?an 9 _m ye>s previ\s4 ,only a few mon?s ago1 h[ev]1 ,presid5t ,crafts1 desir+ to devote himself m un9t]rupt$ly to ! pursuit ( ! sci5ce :i* fir/ awak5$ 8 en?usiasm & 9 :i* he has atta9$ su* em95t di/9ction1 bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & abroad1 decid$ to rel9qui% 8 (fice4 ,! corporation has *os5 z 8 successor1 ,dr4 ,h5ry ,s4 ,prit*ett1 = _m ye>s pr(essor ( a/ronomy 9 ,wa%+ton ,univ]sity1 ,/4 ,l\is1 & = ! pa/ few ye>s sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,coa/ & ,geodetic ,survey at ,wa%+ton4 ,a m =tunate selection c\ld n h be5 made1 & ! well-kn[n sci5tific & adm9i/rative ability ( ,dr4 ,prit*ett w no d\bt be ! means n only ( ma9ta9+ ! pres5t high reputation ( ! s*ool1 b ( ext5d+ & enl>g+ x4 ,un=tunately1 ! ,in/itute is /ill un5d[$ 9 ! s5se t its receipts f inve/$ prop]ty con/itute b a v small "p ( ! means requir$ to c>ry on ! s*ool4 ,to quote f "o ( ,presid5t ,walk]'s reports1 8,no o!r in/itution ( our size b has two1 ?ree or f\r times ! am\nt ( weal? to draw ^u :i* we possess4 ,x has only be5 exce$+ good =tune1 comb9$ ) extreme c\rage1 en]gy & self-devotion on ! "p ( its tru/ees & tea*]s t has m ?an once rescu$ ! s*ool f p>alysis1 if n f ext9ction40 ,9 #ahih-'ii1 ! total exp5ditures ( ! s*ool 7 ab\t #cfg1ejj1 :ile ! curr5t receipts 7 ab\t #cdg1ejj1 %[+ a deficit ( ab\t #bj1jjj4 ,( ! curr5t receipts1 #bjg1jjj1 or #ei p] c5t1 7 f /ud5ts' fees4 ,divid+ ! total exp5ditures by ! numb] ( /ud5ts1 we f9d an exp5diture ( #cad p] /ud5t1 )\t c\nt+ int]e/ on ! value ( l& & build+s1 :ile ! tuition fee is #bjj4 ,! inve/$ funds ( ! ,in/itute am\nt to b #a1iag1jjj4 ,all gifts & legacies1 ) ! exception ( ?is am\nt1 h _h to g into l&1 build+s & equipm5t4 ,betwe5 #ahhh & #ahii ! ,in/itute has be5 oblig$ to sp5d #cej1jjj = l&1 ! pur*ase ( :i* has be5 a great burd51 & )9 a few ye>s a fur!r exp5diture ( #bfj1jjj 9 ?is direction has be5 made4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h5ry ,s4 ,,prit*ett1 ,,presid5t-,,elect ,,( ,,! ,,massa*usetts ,,in/itute ,,( ,,te*nology4 ,! be>+ ( ^! figures w p]haps be realiz$ by comp>+ !m ) simil> figures reg>d+ ,cornell ,univ]sity1 :i* is l>gely a te*nical s*ool1 s9ce ne>ly "o half ( its /ud5ts pursue te*nical c\rses simil> to ^? 9 ! ,in/itute4 ,9 #ahih ! total income ( t univ]sity 0 #ehc1jjj1 ( :i* ab\t #aba1jjj1 or only #bj p] c5t1 0 receiv$ f tuition fees4 ,its inve/$ funds am\nt$ to #f1ddf1hah4 ,! ,/ate has g5]\sly giv5 aid to ! ,in/itute 9 "s ( its mo/ try+ times2 z 9 #ahhh1 :5 x gave #bjj1jjj1 "o half unconditionally & ! o!r half = ! support ( free s*ol>%ips2 & aga9 9 #ahie1 :5 x grant$ unconditionally #be1jjj a ye> = six ye>s & #b1jjj a ye> additional = s*ol>%ips4 ,al?\gh ! s*ool has a v inadequate end[m5t1 yet ! future looks bright4 ,x is significant ( ! g5]al appreciation ( its "w t m5 & wom5 :o h n receiv$ a te*nical education h devot$ a l>ge "p ( _! =tunes to provid+ su* education = o!rs4 ,among ! rec5t b5efactors ( ! ,in/itute we may "n ,h5ry ,l4 ,pi]ce1 ,john ,w4 ,r&all1 ,mrs4 ,julia ,b4 ,hunt+ton ,james & ,edw>d ,au/91 :o1 )9 less ?an ?ree ye>s h bequea!d ne>ly a million & a half doll>s to ! s*ool4 ,if ! l>ge gifts ( rec5t ye>s are cont9u$1 ! s*ool w be=e long be put f9ancially ^u a level ) its neighbors4 ,may we n hope t z ! applications ( sci5ce to ! arts enri* ! alumni & fri5ds ( ! ,in/itute1 !y may help to make ! road easy = _! successors by devot+ a "p ( _! ri*es to ! advancem5t ( te*nical education8 ,,! ,,psy*ology ,,( ,,crazes4 ,,by ,,pr(essor ,g4 ,t4 ,w4 ,,patrick1 ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,i[a4 ,a well-kn[n ,wa%+ton newspap] correspond5t1 writ+ ( ! rec5t ,congress ( ! ,daught]s ( ! ,am]ican ,revolution & its disord]ly meet+s1 says3 8,x is ! unanim\s op9ion ( ^? :o h att5d$ ! congress t1 :ile ! ,daught]s ( ! ,am]ican ,revolution1 individually1 are ne>ly all intellectual1 ref9$ & attractive wom51 collectively !y are an uncontrollable mob40 ,:y is ! social conduct ( human be+s diff]5t f _! conduct z individuals8 ,?is is ! problem ( ! new sci5ce ( social psy*ology4 ,! foll[+ /udy ( crazes & epidemics is (f]$ z a slight contribution to ?is sci5ce4 ,by way ( preface x might be said t a good deal ( ! confusion z to ! subject matt] ( social psy*ology w\ld be avoid$ if x 7 und]/ood t ?is sci5ce is n ! /udy ( any my/]i\s entity call$ #8! social m9d1' nor ! m]e /udy ( ^? individual traits t make m5 social be+s1 su* z imitation & sugge/ibility2 b r ! /udy ( ! peculi> & *>act]i/ic behavior ( ! m9d ( ! individual :5 "u ! influ5ce ( ! social afflatus4 ,"u ?is influ5ce we d inde$ f9d t he becomes a diff]5t be+1 & t 8 m5tal processes mu/ be =mulat$ by diff]5t laws2 & we are conv9c$ t1 z ?us und]/ood1 social psy*ology is j z di/9ct & legitimate a bran* ( /udy z is ! psy*ology ( ! *ild or ! psy*ology ( sex4 ,n[1 9 :at ways is ! behavior ( man z a social be+ diff]5t f 8 behavior z an individual8 ,to answ] ?is "q 9 "p1 let u exam9e 8 behavior 9 m5tal epidemics & crazes4 ,i select ^! because !y illu/rate 9 some:at extreme =m ! influ5ce ( ! social afflatus4 ,if1 = ! sake ( comp>ison1 we fir/ consid] ! normal individual z su*1 we f9d t he is a p]ceiv+1 rememb]+1 associat+1 judg+1 reflect+1 reason+ be+2 t he is subject to c]ta9 feel+s1 emotions1 desires & impulses1 prompt+ him to action2 t 8 action is m or less delib]ative1 &1 :5 x f9ally occurs1 is ! result ( a set ( motives det]m9$ by ! man's "*1 :i* 9 turn is ! outcome ( 8 h]$ity & education & 8 g5]al ability to appreciate & reflect ! moral ideals ( ! social ord] to :i* he belongs4 ,if n[ we /udy ?is man 9 respect to 8 m5tal developm5t1 :e!r f ! savage or ! *ild1 we f9d t ! direction ( *ange has be5 away f imitative1 impulsive action1 t[>ds ?\ght1 reflection1 delib]ation4 ,he cont9ually makes m use ( memory &1 anticipat+ ! future1 regulates 8 action 9 ! light ( 8 pa/ exp]i5ce4 ,?is *ange f ! imitative & impulsive to ! reason+ man accompanies ! developm5t ( ! high] bra9 c5t]s1 p>ticul>ly ( ! c]ebral cortex1 ^u :i* dep5d ! all-important functions ( memory & association4 ,z an exp]im5t x is q possible to r$uce ?is highly develop$ reason+ be+ 9 a s+le mom5t to a condition resembl+ 8 primitive /ate by means ( hypnotism4 ,9 hypnosis !re is a tempor>y p>alysis or sleep ( ! high] bra9 c5t]s1 ^u :i* dep5ds delib]ative1 rational action1 &1 ! l[] 7old]7 c5t]s alone be+ active1 ! subject becomes a m]e ideo-motor ma*9e act+ out e sugge/ion4 ,9 v>i\s relat$ /ates ( automatism1 :]e !re is any spontaneity at all1 ! m5tality & morality ( ! subject are ( a l[] type & may be call$ rev]sion>y 9 "*1 ow+1 no d\bt1 to ! fact t ^? bra9 c5t]s :i* repres5t ! mo/ rec5t acquirem5ts ( ! race are tempor>ily out ( ! circuit4 ,if aga9 we /udy ! m9d ( ! *ild1 we f9d t x pres5ts _m po9ts ( lik5ess to ! m9d ( ! hypnotic subject & to ! m9d ( ! primitive man4 ,we le>n f biology t ! *ild is to "s ext5t a recapitulation ( ! life ( ! race1 pass+ ?r\gh 9 8 individual developm5t ! /ages ( race developm5t4 ,physiologically speak+1 ! high] bra9 c5t]s & ! c5t]s = association1 :i* are late acquirem5ts ( ! race1 are la/ develop$ 9 ! *ild4 ,we are !re=e n surpris$ to f9d t ! *ild1 l ! savage & ! hypnotic subject1 is imitative1 impulsive1 non-reflective1 incapable ( mu* ab/ract ?\ght1 delib]ation or reason+1 & t he acts ) a view to imm$iate r ?an remote ends4 ,if n[ we turn to ! behavior ( ! normal adult man 9 m5tal epidemics & crazes ( all k9ds1 f ! ,crusades to ! ,massacre ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew1 f ! tulip mania 9 ,holl& to ! ,dewey welcome 9 ,new ,york ,city1 we obs]ve t 8 behavior is to "s ext5t simil> to t ( ! hypnotic subject1 & ! *ild1 & ! primitive man4 ,! g5]al "* ( m5tal action 9 epidemics is z foll[s3 ,m5 become imitative be+s & _! actions are det]m9$ by sugge/ion f ! actions ( o!rs4 ,memory & ! association ( ideas are inactive1 & !re is an inability to reason & an indisposition t[>ds delib]ation & calm reflection4 ,pa/ exp]i5ces are disreg>d$1 remote consequ5ces are n se5 & behavior is impulsive & spasmodic4 ,feel+ is v /rong & e k9d ( emotion is apt to be exagg]at$4 ,calm obs]vation is also lack+ & m5tal images may be mi/ak5 = objective reality1 z 9 ! case ( ! halluc9ations t are frequ5t 9 ^! ph5om5a4 ,! moral peculi>ities ( an epidemic are ( a simil> k9d4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( a craze1 ! moral "* ( a p suff]s a rev]sion to a primitive type4 ,9 times ( epidemic waves ! moral /&>ds ( ! cr[d approa* ^? ( ! savage4 ,we obs]ve ! exhibition ( primitive in/9cts1 su* z cruelty1 rev5ge & blood-?ir/9ess1 toge!r ) *angeabl5ess1 fanaticism1 self-sacrifice & en?usia/ic devotion to a lead]4 ,all ^! moral traits 7 well illu/rat$ 9 ! ,revolution crazes 9 ,france & 9 ! p]secution ( wit*es 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies4 ,ev5 9 our own times a /rik+ example ( ! primitive "* ( ! morality ( a p "u ! influ5ce ( social excitem5t 0 se5 9 ! battle-cry ( our ,am]ican sailors 9 ! rec5t ,spani% w>1 #8,rememb] ! ,ma9e1' ! e?ical motive be+ a precipitate impulse to seek rev5ge4 ,an in/ance l ?is c n be expla9$ ^u ! !ory t x repres5t$ ! actual individual morality ( ! sailors p>ticipat+ 9 ! battles1 = x 0 e*o$ & app>5tly endors$ by ! press ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry & ^u ! plat=m & ev5 9 ! pulpit4 ,x is h>dly conceivable t an ,engli%man ( noble bir? %\ld op5ly boa/ ( 8 joy 9 be+ rev5g$ ^u an enemy2 yet collective ,engl& is wild ) delight :5 #8,majuba ,hill is av5g$6' ,we are ?us l$ app>5tly to ! !ory t1 = "s reason n yet evid5t1 "u ! influ5ce ( social excitem5t1 some?+ takes place 9 ! bra9 ( ! individual n unlike ! action ( hypnotism1 by :i* ! high] c5t]s repres5t+ ! m rec5t moral & m5tal acquirem5ts ( ! race are tempor>ily p>alyz$1 r$uc+ ! subject 9 a great] or less degree to ! condition ( ! *ild & ( ! primitive man4 ,! obs]vation ( c]ta9 physical ph5om5a :i* (t5 accompany m5tal epidemics t5ds to confirm ?is !ory & at ! same "t to sugge/ a possible explanation4 ,epidemics ( ! m extreme k9d are apt to be accompani$ by great muscul> excitability1 v>y+ all ! way f m]e extreme mobility1 su* z %\t+1 jump+ & ?r[+ ! arms1 to convulsions l ^? ( epilepsy4 ,! danc+ manias ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies furni% ! be/ illu/rations ( ?is1 al?\gh ^! ph5om5a did n equal 9 int5sity ! frightful physical convulsions dur+ ! religi\s revivals 9 ,k5tucky at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury4 ,! p>ticul> "* ( ^! muscul> movem5ts is det]m9$ by imitation & sugge/ion4 ,! movem5ts !mselves are no d\bt due to conge/ion & irritation ( ! motor c5t]s1 or at lea/ to a rapid ov]fl[ ( n]v\s dis*>ges at ^! c5t]s1 an accompanim5t ( ! excessive emotion :i* att5ds all m5tal epidemics4 ,9 su* a condition ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 ?\ght1 reason+1 memory & association c h little place1 or1 to express x physiologically1 ! unusual excitem5t 9 ! l[] c5t]s ( ! bra9 accompany+ excessive emotion may n only f9d expression 9 muscul> movem5ts1 b may also ex]cise an inhibitory or p>alyz+ effect ^u ! high] c5t]s1 result+ 9 a k9d ( hypnotic condition4 ,nei!r is x difficult to und]/& ! pres5ce ( ?is excessive emotion dur+ m5tal epidemics or dur+ any purely social movem5ts1 :5 we rememb] t w> itself is ! great orig9al social movem5t1 :i* ev5 9 ?is age always takes ! =m ( a m5tal epidemic call$ ! w> _s4 ,! emotional effect ( ! m]e physical congregation ( a l>ge numb] ( m51 ! emotion increas+ ) ! size ( ! assemblage1 is kn[n to all4 ,z we glance n[ at a few ( ! typical m5tal epidemics ( hi/ory1 we %all notice ! ev]-recurr+ pres5ce ( "s or all ( ! m5tal & moral traits t ,i h po9t$ out4 ,= illu/rations ( ^! ph5om5a we may turn indiff]5tly to anci5t1 m$ieval or mod]n hi/ory4 ,!y ab\nd at e p]iod4 ,v good examples may be f\nd 9 ,heck]'s #8,epidemics ( ! ,middle ,ages4' ,9 ! ,crusades1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,*ildr5's ,crusades1 we may obs]ve all ! m5tal1 moral & physical peculi>ities t h be5 m5tion$4 ,9 ! anti-,semitic mania1 we see 9 its hi/ory ( crim9al horror ! dehumaniz+ effects ( ! epidemic & ! moral rev]sion :i* takes place "u ! influ5ce ( social excitem5t4 ,! peculi> physical ph5om5a :i* h be5 ref]r$ to z *>act]iz+ epidemic excitem5t are be/ illu/rat$ 9 ! danc+ manias ( ! ,middle ,ages & 9 ! religi\s revival4 ,al?\gh epidemic #8revivals' h occurr$ 9 all c\ntries1 "s ( ! be/ illu/rations are se5 9 ,am]ica 9 its e>ly hi/ory & to "s ext5t at ! pres5t day4 ,at ! "t ( ! eld] ,edw>ds1 revivals 7 accompani$ by fa9t+1 fall+1 tremor & numbness4 ,9 ! ,k5tucky revivals ! meet+s1 call$ camp meet+s1 7 held 9 ! op5 air4 ,! int]e/ 9 !m spread 9 true epidemic =m4 ,at ! height ( ! excitem5t1 z _m z #bj1jjj p1 m51 wom5 & *ildr51 7 ga!r$ 9 a s+le camp at "o "t4 ,dr4 ,davidson1 :o writes a hi/ory ( ?is revival1 says t 8! labor] quitt$ 8 task1 age snat*$ 8 crut*1 y\? =got 8 pa/ime1 ! pl\gh 0 left 9 ! furr[1 bus9ess ( all k9ds 0 susp5d$1 bold hunt]s & sob] matrons1 "y m51 maid5s & little *ildr5 flock$ to ! common c5t] ( attraction40 ,! emotional t5sion 0 v great4 ,a boy p]haps w\ld spr+ to 8 feet & beg9 to rave1 or "s ov]-excit$ p]son w\ld utt] a pi]c+ %riek1 or a cry ( triumph1 & ?is w\ld be ! signal = a g5]al hy/]ical outbreak1 accompani$ by _m rem>kable physical symptoms4 ,( ^! ! mo/ common 7 fall+ 9 convulsive spasms1 j]k+1 danc+1 b>k+ l dogs1 fa9t+1 cry+1 s++1 pray+ & curs+4 ,sometimes :ole companies 7 seiz$ ) uncontrollable laugh+ fits1 call$ ! holy laugh4 ,at a meet+ 9 ,ea/ ,t5nessee1 six hundr$ began j]k+ at "o "t4 ,9 _m in/ances s5sibility w\ld be lo/ & ! extremities w\ld be cold1 :ile ! face 0 flu%$4 ,9 "s places ! suff]]s 7 laid out 9 r[s & squ>es 9 ! *ur*y>d until !y %\ld recov]4 ,f a m$ical po9t ( view we %\ld call ?is epidemic *orea1 b its m exact physiology ,i h already ref]r$ to4 ,:5 closely exam9$1 ! ph5om5a lose a "p at lea/ ( _! my/]i\s "*4 ,we mu/ rememb] t religi\s emotions are p[]ful1 deep & anci5t4 ,! effect1 fur!rmore1 is increas$ by ! g5]al epidemic excitem5t1 by ! elem5t ( l>ge & unwont$ ga!r+s ( p1 by imitation1 by ! /imulat+ music & by ! fe>fully excit+ p[] ( human %rieks & wild cries & pray]s4 ,su* a n]v\s condition induc$ 9 an individual mu/ h two results3 fir/1 ! escape ( ! unusual n]v\s excitem5t 9 motor *annels1 giv+ rise to ! *oreic movem5ts2 & second1 ! p>alysis ( ! high] bra9 c5t]s1 result+ 9 v>i\s hypnotic ph5om5a & rev]sion>y morality & m5tality4 ,_m ( ^! sc5es 7 repeat$ 9 ! great revival t swept ,new ,york & ! ,middle ,/ates1 beg9n+ 9 ! ye> #ahcb4 ,9 ^! meet+s prea*]s :o kept cool & reason$ logically 7 n li/5$ to4 ,!re 0 r a dem& = ! wild1 impetu\s1 vocif]\s1 physically impassion$ oratory ( ! rude man4 ,z an example ( rev]sion>y morals 9 ?is epidemic1 we may notice ! fact m5tion$ by ,alb]t ,rhodes t 9 response to visions _m m5 put away _! own wives & took o!rs f _! neighbors4 ,f ! psy*ological po9t ( view p]haps ! mo/ in/ructive ( all epidemics is ! demonophobia or wit*craft mania :i* rag$ f ! end ( ! fifte5? to ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5turies4 ,! savage's fe> ( demons & ( unse5 sup]natural ag5cies lurk+ 9 e =e/ & moor n[ took hold ( ! mod]n _w & turn$ ! p1 n into brutes & devils z we figuratively say1 b simply into ! orig9al savages f :i* !y came1 ^: basal in/9cts !y /ill c>ri$ 9 _! l[] n]v\s c5t]s1 to be br\ght out "u ! influ5ce ( a social craze4 ,! ecclesia/ical au?orities1 bo? ,roman & ,prote/ant1 l$ 9 ?is homicidal fr5zy1 :ile s$ate judges1 le>n$ jurors & wise legislators l5t _! zeal\s aid4 ,x spread 9 true epidemic =m all ov] ! ,cont95t & into ,engl& & ,scotl&1 ev5 to ,am]ica4 ,di/+ui%$ juri/s decl>$ t ord9>y me?ods ( trial %\ld n be us$ = ?is (f5ce1 = s difficult is x to br+ pro( ( ! crime ( wit*craft1 t out ( a million ( wit*es n "o c\ld be convict$ if ! usual c\rse ( ju/ice 7 foll[$4 ,"o contempor>y ( und\bt$ au?ority wrote t he saw a li/ ( ?ree ?\s& wit*es t _h be5 put to dea? dur+ ! "t ( ! ,long ,p>liam5t alone4 ,9 ?is reign ( demonophobia ! psy*ological ph5om5a ( ! craze are well illu/rat$4 ,! excit+ cause 0 a widespread contagi\s & epidemic fe>4 ,! result 0 a recrudesc5ce ( ! b>b>ic in/9cts ( cruelty1 torture & homicide1 accompani$ by a loss n m]ely ( reason+ p[]1 b app>5tly ( common s5se1 s t intellig5t m5 seem$ to believe t old wom5 bla/$ ! crops 9 ! fields & ! (fspr+ ( animals1 & rais$ /orms & :irlw9ds4 ,! cruelty *>act]i/ic ( ! savage is aga9 notic$ 9 ?is case4 ,9 ! wit*craft p]secutions1 ! victims 7 commonly weak wom51 p>ticul>ly ! m helpless old & "y1 :ile ! "* ( ! inflictions 0 su* z is peculi> to primitive p1 viz41 torture & burn+ alive4 ,! p]fidy ( ! savage is also notic$1 z 9 innum]able in/ances ! victims 7 l$ to believe t !y w\ld be sp>$ if !y made a confession1 & 7 !n put to dea?4 ,to elude a legal requirem5t t torture %\ld n be repeat$1 ! mo/ horrible tortures 7 #8cont9u$' f day to day4 ,! psy*ology ( crazes is cle>ly se5 9 c]ta9 ( its aspects 9 ! homicidal manias t h swept ov] communities or :ole c\ntries at frequ5t int]vals 9 ! _w's hi/ory4 ,! homicidal impulse itself is "o ( ! mo/ primitive & basal ( all impulses4 ,! reason = ?is is app>5t4 ,! hi/ory ( man has be5 a hi/ory ( w>f>e & ( /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,x has be5 man aga9/ man1 tribe aga9/ tribe1 nation aga9/ nation4 ,habits l ^! are n quickly unle>n$1 & rev]sion to !m 9 times ( social di/urbance is n /range4 ,9 ! massacre ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew we h a typical in/ance ( ! homicidal mania4 ,! necess>y conditions 71 fir/1 great emotional excitem5t caus$ by religi\s fanaticism act+ z an inhibitory ag5t ^u ! high] bra9 c5t]s & all[+ ! primitive impulses to act un*eck$2 second1 ! removal ( ext]nal & cu/om>y re/ra9ts1 effect$ 9 ?is case by ! royal decree2 & ?ird1 ! m5tal effects ( imitation & sugge/ion4 ,^! conditions be+ all suppli$1 ! ,fr5* p resolv$ !mselves spe$ily into assass9s & cut-?roats1 & enjoy$ a homicidal debau*4 ,begun 9 ,p>is1 ! massacre spread 9 true epidemic =m ?r\gh\t ,france1 until fifte5 or tw5ty ?\s& p _h p]i%$4 ,^! homicidal manias h1 ( c\rse1 be5 v frequ5t 9 hi/ory4 ,! deciviliz+ influ5ce ( ! craze is1 h[ev]1 mo/ p]fectly illu/rat$ 9 ! v>i\s sc5es ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,"h ! ov]turn+ ( ! social & religi\s ord] itself act$ 9 "p z ! unsettl+ & emotionally excit+ cause4 ,! usual results foll[$4 ,! effect ( social excitem5t 9 p>alyz+ ! intellect 0 %[n 9 ?is case 9 ! :olesale & useless de/ruction ( wom5 & *ildr54 ,fur!rmore1 ?is rev]sion to ! mann]s ( ! savage c>ries ) x its appropriate mood4 ,! slaught]]s are n l demons1 z we imag9e demons to be1 b r l ?\ghtless *ildr54 ,!re is m]rim5t & mu* gayety1 & !re is danc+ & s++ ar\nd ! corpses1 & seats are arrang$ = ! ladies1 :o are eag] to enjoy ! spectacle2 & f9ally ! victims are made to pass ?r\gh a d\ble r[ ( execution]s1 :o c>ve !m into pieces gradually1 s t all c saturate !mselves ) ! sight ( ! blood%$4 ,al?\gh 9 "s cases w>s may be coolly plann$ by ! p's lead]s = p]sonal or political reasons or = purposes ( national conque/1 /ill !y all dep5d = _! successful issue ^u ! homicidal impulse 9 ! masses ( p4 ,?is is call$ ! w> _s & is always ( an epidemic "*4 ,x may h any degree ( f]ocity or mildness4 ,x has a t5d5cy to be p]iodic1 s t if x has slumb]$ = a consid]able p]iod a v slight cause is suffici5t to awak5 x4 ,a m]e b\nd>y l9e 9 ,v5ezuela1 9 :i* ?is c\ntry _h b a remote int]e/1 0 suffici5t a few ye>s ago to excite ?is w> _s 9 a mild] =m1 :5 a curi\s craze = a w> ) ,great ,brita9 fl[$ l a wave across ?is c\ntry4 ,any w> w furni% in/ructive mat]ial to ! /ud5t ( social psy*ology4 ,9 ! late ,spani%-,am]ican w>1 = in/ance1 we all felt ! w> _s :i* fl[$ 9 epidemic =m across ! c\ntry & engulf$ x4 ,! fir/ motive ( ! w>1 ! altrui/ic desire to free an oppress$ p1 0 ( ! ideal glitt]+ k9d1 well fitt$ to excite ! emotions ( ! masses4 ,a dramatic ev5t fur!r fans ?is emotional flame1 & at once ! aggregate p]sonality ( ! nation is 9 a condition ( automatism1 :]e primitive in/9cts1 su* z rev5ge & lu/ = ! p>aph]nalia ( w>1 are no long] *eck$ by ! m lately acquir$ moral pr9ciples4 ,congressm51 editors1 memb]s ( peace societies1 m9i/]s ( ! gospel1 =get _! long & pati5t ef=ts to e/abli% means = settl+ national diff]5ces by arbitration & jo9 lu/ily 9 ! w> cry1 & ! psy*ologically curi\s spectacle is pres5t$ ( a great nation1 prid+ itself z a lead] 9 ! _w's morals1 giv+ to ! appeal ( a weak] nation = ! arbitration ( a dispute ! answ] ( %ot & %ell4 ,al?\gh ! motive ( blood = blood is a moral motive belong+ to a bygone age & 9 individual e?ics has long be5 outgr[n1 yet collectively1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! w> craze1 we rev]t to x1 & x is %amelessly proclaim$ f plat=m & editorial room & vigor\sly applaud$ by ! p4 ,we h se5 t cruelty & ! p]secution ( ! weak by ! /rong 7 among ! rev]sion>y symptoms ( ! social epidemic 9 _m in/ances4 ,we may notice curi\sly en\gh a trace ( ^! qualities "h1 :]e ! fact t our enemy 0 a greatly inf]ior p[] does n detract 9 our eyes f ! brilliancy ( our victories1 ?\gh 9 ! e?ics ( ! individual su* a circum/ance w\ld put u to %ame4 ,9 all ?is we proce$ /rictly 9 accordance ) int]national law1 b int]national law itself is only int]national cu/om & is ! m]e expression ( ! wont$ behavior ( ! aggregate p]sonality1 p>ticul>ly 9 times ( w>4 ,z su* x does n repres5t ! highe/ e?ical developm5t ( man1 b t l[] /age ( developm5t to :i* he rev]ts 9 times ( social excitem5t4 ,f ?is po9t ( view x is possible to und]/& :y int]national e?ics is s f> beh9d individual e?ics4 ,p]sonal disputes 7 once settl$ by brute =ce z int]national disputes are n[ settl$4 ,!re is no reason to d\bt t ! latt] w1 some:at lat] 9 ! hi/ory ( civilization1 be settl$ by c\rts ( arbitration & en=c$ by a sy/em ( police z ! =m] n[ are4 ,! consid]ations n[ be=e u %[ ! futility ( peace congresses 9 t "p ( _! "w :i* contemplates ! en=c$ sub/itution ( arbitration = w>4 ,peace congresses are n social movem5ts4 ,!y spr+ f ! ef=ts ( individual m51 lead]s 9 social re=m4 ,!y belong to ! upw>d e?ical movem5ts l$ by individuals1 ! sl[1 pa9ful climb+ t[>ds high] moral & intellectual /&>ds4 ,^! congresses may meet & discuss arbitration & p]fect an int]national program1 b !y labor 9 va91 = !y =get t social man has a d\ble p]sonality & t ! p]sonality t meets & delib]ates 9 ! peace congress is n ! p]sonality t1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! w> craze1 ?rills ) emotion & acts f anci5t & deep root$ impulses & motives4 ,:5 ! w> _s sweeps ov] a c\ntry ! social p]sonality passes into a condition n unlike t ( hypnosis & is rul$ by a diff]5t set ( moral pr9ciples4 ,x %\ld n be und]/ood f ?is t peace congresses are useless4 ,!y are a "p ( an educative sy/em ^: influ5ce 9 ! end w be /rong en\gh to react ^u ! second>y social p]sonality & det]m9e its behavior4 ,among crazes ( a diff]5t k9d1 we may notice f9ancial crazes z an int]e/+ type1 fall+ "u ! same laws z ^? m5tion$4 ,bo? 9 panics & 9 speculative manias we obs]ve aga9 a species ( hypnotization4 ,9 ! case ( ! latt] ! ord9>y bus9ess %rewdness :i* *>act]izes ! deal+s ( ! individual 9 a normal /ate & :i* dep5ds ^u ! activity ( late develop$ association tracts 9 ! bra91 is to a l>ge ext5t lo/4 ,! memory is impair$ & :at 9 g5]al we may call prud5ce is lack+4 ,! psy*ology ( ! speculative mania is v simple4 ,!re is fir/1 gre$1 furni%+ ! necess>y emotional excitem5t2 !n imitation2 !n precipitate1 unreason+ action4 ,9 ! panic1 ! psy*ological sequ5ce is ! same1 except t fe> takes ! place ( gre$4 ,! /amp$e among animals may be tak5 z ! type ( all panics4 ,x is a reflex ph5om5on consi/+ m]ely ( contagi\s fe> & precipitate1 un9tellig5t flight4 ,fe> & flight con/itute a mo/ primitive =m ( m5tal action1 equall$ 9 primitive "* only by t o!r =m ^: survival we h se5 illu/rat$ 9 w>s & homicidal manias1 viz41 ang] & combat4 ,al?\gh ! individual has long outgr[n ^! simple reflexes1 yet 9 social excitem5t he rev]ts to !m4 ,! recrudesc5ce ( ! fir/ ( ^! two =ms is se5 9 ! case ( panics 9 !atres & burn+ build+s1 :]e social fe> is foll[$ by un9tellig5t flight1 !re be+ a tempor>y p>alysis ( reason1 prud5ce1 ! p[] ( *oos+ means to ends1 respect = wom5 & consid]ation = ! weak & feeble4 ,! limits ( ?is pap] p]mit me only to ref] to o!r =ms ( ! craze illu/rat+ ! same laws4 ,9 fads & fa%ions ( all k9ds1 ! behavior ( ! social p]sonality is diff]5t only 9 degree f t already describ$ 9 ! m s]i\s epidemics4 ,! law ( imitation is ! same1 b !re is less excitem5t & emotional di/urbance & consequ5tly a less] p>alysis ( ! high] m5tal faculties & a less] return to b>b>ic impulses4 ,:]eas ! o!rs may be call$ =ms ( social p>anoia1 ^! may be call$ =ms ( social monomania4 ,a s+le idea fills ! public m9d1 & z a result ?is idea is unduly exalt$ z to its importance & wor?4 ,! high] m5tal p[]s are p>alyz$ only s f> z t !re is a p]v]t$ judgm5t z to ! relative importance ( ?+s & consequ5tly a m or less di/ort$ view ( ! _w & its values4 ,p]haps ! simple/ =m ( ?is craze is se5 9 ! epidemic "* ( *ildr5's games4 ,at diff]5t times ( ! season diff]5t games completely fill ! social consci\sness ( ! *ild-_w1 s t = ! mom5t !re is no int]e/ 9 any o!r game4 ,new & int]e/+ sports1 su*1 = in/ance1 z golf1 (t5 fill ! social adult consci\sness 9 ! same way4 ,!n !re are social & lit]>y fads1 crazes 9 musical airs1 fa%ions 9 dress1 furniture1 h\ses & c>riages1 )\t numb]4 ,crazes ( all k9ds h f\nd a prolific soil 9 ,am]ica4 ,! ,am]ican m9d is highly sugge/ible4 ,"o fad aft] ano!r rages ov] ! c\ntry & 9 "s cases r$uces ! aggregate m9d to a condition ( idiocy4 ,! ,dewey craze 9 ,new ,york ,city la/ ye> is an illu/ration ( ?is4 ,no?+ b a sort ( hypnotic di/ortion ( intellectual vision c\ld cause gr[n m5 to /& 9 l9e = an h\r 9 ord] t !y might sit = an in/ant 9 ! *air 9 :i* ! h]o sat dur+ ! review1 or to fight = %r$s ( ! flags & awn+s t decorat$ ! plat=m4 ,sporadic social re=m movem5ts take ! =m ( crazes & illu/rate ! same laws4 ,"o recalls ! ,woman's ,crusade 9 #ahgc1 ! result n ( a rational plan b ( imitation1 & ! ,grang] movem5t & ! ,f>m]s' ,alliance & ! gre5back craze & ! silv] craze & _m o!rs4 ,s9ce ,ari/otle we h be5 told t man is a social animal & t to /udy him z he really is we mu/ n isolate him f society4 ,! evid5t tru? ( ?is may lead u to =get t x is b a half tru? & ! uncritical acceptance ( x w lead u :olly a/ray 9 our sociological /udy4 ,! inf]5ce :i* we seem compell$ to draw f /udies 9 social psy*ology is t social man is1 9 8 e?ical & intellectual developm5t1 _m /ages beh9d ! individual man4 ,! progress ( civilization is a sl[1 pa9ful1 upw>d climb+1 9 :i* individuals are ! ?9k]s1 ! plann]s1 ! promot]s & ! lead]s4 ,! m9d ( society1 on ! o!r h&1 us+ ! phrase 9 ! s5se def9$1 is an imitative1 unreflective1 half-hypnotic1 half-b>b>ic m9d1 always act+ z a drag ^u ! upw>d & =w>d movem5t1 &1 9 times ( crazes1 epidemics & social cataclysms1 ga9+ tempor>y dom9ance & caus+ disa/r\s relapses to a l[] plane ( civilization4 ,,"s ,,phases ,,( ,,! ,,e>?',s ,,developm5t ,,9 ,,! ,,light ,,( ,,rec5t ,,*emical ,,rese>*4 ,,by ,,pr(essor ,,edw>d ,,r5\f4 ,,johns ,,hopk9s ,,univ]sity4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages an ef=t is made to apply "s ( ! results ( rec5t *emical rese>* to ! e>li] hi/ory ( ! e>?4 ,x is hop$ t ! ma9 facts br\ght out may be readily grasp$ by ^? :o h nev] /udi$ *emi/ry1 & t ea* l9k 9 ! *a9 ( ev5ts w be made evid5t to ^? :o h ma/]$ ! rudim5ts ( ?is sci5ce4 ,*emical action involves *ange ( composition4 ,sub/ances m or less complex may be brok5 d[n into simpl] sub/ances1 or f sev]al simpl] sub/ances a complex sub/ance may be built up4 ,f ! complex ore ( copp] f\nd 9 nature ! simple elem5t copp] is obta9$4 ,f ! elem5ts sulphur & oxyg5 & ! simple sub/ance wat] ! complex sulphuric acid is built up4 ,)9 ! la/ few ye>s ! high temp]ature ( ! electric arc--! heat g5]at$ by a p[]ful electric curr5t play+ betwe5 two c>bon poles--has be5 employ$ 9 br++ ab\t *emical *anges :i* d n occur at ord9>y temp]atures nor at ^? obta9able by burn+ fuel4 ,! electric furnace is us$ indu/rially to make calcium c>bide f lime & coke1 c>bon silicide 7c>borundum7 f coke & s&1 & ! metal alum9um f its comp\nds4 ,*emical *anges at high temp]atures h long be5 an object ( rese>*1 b x 0 n until ! introduction ( ! electric furnace t x 0 possible to comm& temp]atures high en\gh to make exhau/ive /udies4 ,9 ! la/ few ye>s sev]al *emi/s1 especially ,moissan1 ( ,p>is1 & 8 pupils1 h done sy/ematic "w ) ! aid ( ! arc furnace4 ,! furnace us$ 9 ! laboratory = high temp]ature "w is a small & simple app>atus2 ,moissan's furnace is a block ( quick lime a little long] & wid] ?an a page ( ?is magaz9e & ab\t ?ree in*es ?ick4 ,a rectangul> cavity is cut on ! upp] surface ( ?is block4 ,a simil> block =ms ! cov]4 ,9 opposite grooves betwe5 ! top & bottom piece are plac$ ! c>bons1 su* z are us$ 9 ord9>y arc lights4 ,! arc plays across ! cavity 9 su* a mann] t ! sub/ance to be heat$ is n br\ght into ! arc itself1 :i* is vaporiz$ c>bon1 b bel[ x4 ,! cavity ?us repres5ts a t9y rev]b]atory furnace2 ! arc heats ! ro( & sides to an int5se heat1 :i* is radiat$ on ! op5 di% or clos$ crucible or tube conta9+ ! sub/ance heat$4 ,?is is ! simple/ =m ( laboratory furnace4 ,v>i\s modifications are us$1 b 9 all ! size is small & ! arrangem5t simple4 ,a p[]ful arc plays 9 ! smalle/ possible cavity ) ! object ( atta9+ ! maximum ( temp]ature1 exp5se & duration ( mat]ial be+ second>y consid]ations4 ,lime & magnesia are ! be/ mat]ials1 because !y are at ! same "t ! mo/ refractory sub/ances available & are poor conductors ( heat4 ,a furnace top "o & "o half in*es ?ick may be heat$ by s p[]ful an arc t ! melt$ quick lime drips f ! inn] surface1 :ile ! out] surface is sc>cely w>m to ! t\* ( ! h&4 ,moissan has utiliz$ 9 ^! little furnaces curr5ts ( electricity ( v>i$ /r5g?1 ! l[e/ be+ t giv5 by a f\r horse-p[] dynamo1 ! highe/ t g5]at$ by ?ree hundr$ horse p[]4 ,! highe/ temp]atures obta9$ 7 ab\t #c1ejj c5tigrade 7#f1cjj ,fahr5heit71 ) ! heat con/antly increas+2 ! limit to ! obta9able temp]ature--z f> z ! exp]im5tal evid5ce %[$--0 m]ely ! lack ( any kn[n sub/ance refractory en\gh to be> ! heat2 = at ! temp]ature m5tion$ quick lime & magnesia n only melt b are *ang$ into gases1 s t ! furnace 0 fill$ ) ! vapors ( its own mat]ial4 ,! effect ( ! heat on s+le sub/ances is v int]e/+4 ,refractory metals1 su* z iron1 manganese1 uranium1 plat9um1 melt rapidly & !n become gase\s2 ! mo/ refractory non-metallic elem5ts1 silicon1 boron1 c>bon1 are also *ang$ into ! gase\s =m4 ,v refractory comp\nds are brok5 d[n into simpl] ones4 ,magnesium pyrophosphate yields phosphorus1 magnesium oxide & oxyg54 ,asbe/os--a magnesium silicate--gives z *ief product magnesium silicide2 ! o!r sub/ances =m$ be+ silicon1 silicon dioxide & a little magnesium oxide4 ,su* are ! a/\nd+ *anges wr\ght by simple heat ^u ^? sub/ances :i* we are accu/om$ to reg>d z infusible4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! range ( temp]ature :i* *emi/s employ 9 ord9>y laboratory "w is n v great & t ! conditions ( "w 9 ! laboratory & ( nature's "w on ! e>?'s surface at ! pres5t day favor ! =mation ( two classes ( comp\nds--! oxides & _! hydrates4 ,al?\gh air is a mixture consi/+ ma9ly ( f\r p>ts ( nitrog5 & "o ( oxyg51 atmosph]ic nitrog5 is g5]ally in]t at ord9>y temp]atures1 & x is ! oxyg5 ( ! air :i* is ! m important factor 9 ! gr[? ( liv+ ?+s & 9 *anges 9 lifeless matt]4 ,wat]1 a comp\nd ( oxyg5 & hydrog51 is pres5t ev]y:]e1 ei!r 9 ! liquid =m or z vapor 9 ! air2 ev5 9 ! flame ( ! hotte/ fires !re is wat] vapor 9 abundance1 s9ce wat] is "o ( ! *ief products ( combu/ion ( mo/ =ms ( fuel4 ,is x a wond] t "u su* conditions we f9d ! e>?'s cru/ to conta9 ! elem5ts *iefly comp\nd$ ) oxyg58 ,0 ?is always s8 ,are we ju/ifi$ 9 suppos+ t conditions may h prevail$--nay1 mu/ h prevail$--9 =m] times on ! e>?'s surface1 :i* gave to o!r elem5ts z important or m important functions ?an to oxyg58 ,! answ] to ^! que/ions mu/ be s\ght 9 ! results ( ! *emi/ry ( high temp]atures4 ,fir/ let u consid] ! conditions ( exi/5ce ( ! omnipres5t wat]4 ,wat] beg9s to break d[n into its compon5ts1 hydrog5 & oxyg51 at #icd c5tigrade2 at #b1ejj c5tigrade 7#d1ejj ,fahr5heit7 ! decomposition is complete4 ,9 o!r words1 wat] vapor _c exi/ at temp]atures above #b1ejj1 b ! hydrog5 & oxyg5 exi/ 9 ! free /ate4 ,a/ronom]s tell u t refractory elem5ts l iron1 silicon & c>bon1 p]haps disassociat$ into /ill simpl] sub/ances1 are pres5t z vapor 9 ! atmosph]e ( ! sun & t _m o!rs ( our well-kn[n elem5ts1 includ+ hydrog51 are also pres5t 9 ?is gl[+ atmosph]e1 :ile ! heat ( ! sun's surface & t ( ! hott] />s is va/ly high] ?an t ( ! electric furnace4 ,geologi/s believe t ! evid5ce at _! disposal po9ts to a simil> p]iod ( great heat 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! e>?4 ,x may be consid]$1 !n1 t temp]atures high] ?an ^? ( ! electric furnace prevail$ 9 =m] times on ! e>?'s surface4 ,let u n[ return to ! /udy ( ! results obta9$ ) ! electric furnace4 ,! foll[+ reactions are especially important4 ,if metals1 or refractory non-metals1 or metallic or non-metallic oxides1 or complex silicates1 are heat$ to ! high] temp]atures 9 contact ) c>bon1 boron1 silicon or comp\nds ( ^! ?ree elem5ts ) oxyg51 ! result g5]ally is t v refractory c>bides1 borides or silicides ( ! metals or non-metals are =m$4 ,9 o!r words1 ^? complex sub/ances :i* =m ! *ief con/itu5ts ( ! out] cru/ ( ! e>? at ! pres5t day are decompos$ at high temp]atures1 & simple comp\nds ( two elem5ts--s-call$ b9>y comp\nds--are =m$4 ,f\r classes ( ^! b9>y sub/ances seem to be especially /able at high heat--! c>bides1 borides1 silicides & oxides2 b ! oxyg5 ( ! metallic oxides t5ds to pass (f z an oxide ( c>bon1 if c>bon be pres5t4 ,at some:at l[] temp]atures nitrog5 is v active & ! nitrides ( _m metals are readily =m$4 ,an excell5t example is %[n by heat+ a mixture ( c>bon & ( an oxide ( titanium 7titanic acid74 ,:5 heat$ by a feeble curr5t ! acid is simply r$uc$1 =m+ a l[] oxide ( titanium2 ) a m p[]ful curr5t ! mass is completely *ang$ into ! nitride ( titanium1 ! nitrog5 com+ f ! air2 ) a v p[]ful curr5t ?is is *ang$ into pure c>bide1 z ! nitride _c exi/ at ! high] temp]ature1 & ! nitrog5 escapes1 c>bon tak+ its place4 ,at /ill high] temp]atures hydrog5 acts on _m metals1 =m+ hydrides4 ,! c>bides & o!r comp\nds ( "s metals are n /able at high temp]atures1 be+ r$uc$ by gase\s c>bon to ! free metals1 :i* rema9 !n 9 ! gase\s =m4 ,at t p]iod ( ! e>?'s hi/ory :5 ! temp]ature 0 z high z t easily obta9$ 9 ! electric furnace1 we h ! sanction ( geologi/s = pictur+ ! e>?'s surface z an ocean ( molt5 matt] surr\nd$ by a gl[+ atmosph]e4 ,?is molt5 surface mu/ h consi/$ ( b9>y comp\nds su* z ^? m5tion$ above1 & probably conta9$ "s refractory elem5ts1 metals & non-metals1 9 ! free /ate4 ,! atmosph]e conta9$ free hydrog51 oxyg5 & nitrog51 gase\s b9>y comp\nds l ! oxides ( c>bon1 metals 9 ! gase\s =m & _m non-metallic elem5ts l sulphur & *lor9e4 ,9 ! atmosph]ic region fur!/ remov$ f ! molt5 surface viol5t *emical reactions occurr$ betwe5 ! heat$ elem5ts1 =m+ comp\nds :i* 7 aga9 dissipat$ into _! elem5ts by ! heat giv5 (f 9 ! act ( =mation or radiat$ f ! gl[+ surface bel[4 ,"u ! enorm\s pressure ( ?is atmosph]e ! liquid surface ( ! e>? solidifi$ at v high temp]ature4 ,:e!r ! e>?'s mass solidifi$ f ! c5tre outw>d or by =m+ a solid cru/ ov] a liquid int]ior1 is a "q to be decid$ by physici/s & geologi/s4 ,we w consid] only ! out] cru/ & ! atmosph]e4 ,z ! surface & ! atmosph]e above x gradually cool$1 ! =mation ( nitrides1 & lat] ( hydrides1 sulphides & *lorides1 occurr$4 ,! conditions n[ atta9$ may h be5 fairly /able z long z ! temp]ature ( ! surface & l[] regions ( ! atmosph]e 7 high en\gh to prev5t ! union ( ! atmosph]ic oxyg5 & hydrog51 or to decompose ! wat] =m+ 9 ! out] regions ( ! atmosph]e4 ,z soon1 h[ev]1 z by fur!r cool+1 wat] came into contact ) ! e>?'s surface1 v viol5t reactions occurr$1 :i* 7 supplem5t$ by o!r equally viol5t reactions :5 ! cool+ process p]mitt$ ! =mation ( ! ord9>y m9]al acids4 ,! reactions ( wat] & ( acids on _m ( ! b9>y comp\nds are s important 9 det]m9+ ! pres5t composition ( ! e>?'s cru/ t !y mu/ be consid]$ 9 detail4 ,! c>bides1 nitrides1 *lorides1 sulphides & hydrides ( mo/ elem5ts1 & "s silicides1 are decompos$ by wat]1 or else by dilute acids1 =m+ ! hydrog5 comp\nds ( c>bon1 nitrog51 *lor9e1 sulphur & silicon respectively1 & ! oxide or hydroxide ( ! o!r elem5t4 ,?us calcium c>bide & wat] give calcium hydroxide & acetyl5e1 a hydro-c>bon4 ,alum9um c>bide yields alum9a & me?ane 7m>% gas71 ano!r hydro-c>bon1 ! *ief con/itu5t ( #8natural gas4' ,o!r c>bides yield crude petroleum4 ,! nitrides yield ammonia1 :i* is ! hydrog5 compos$ ( nitrog54 ,! *lorides give hydro*loric acid1 ! sulphides sulphurett$ hydrog5 & ! silicides ! hydrog5 silicide4 ,! metallic hydrides yield free hydrog54 ,! viol5ce & ! magnitude ( "s ( ^! reactions almo/ baffle ! imag9ation4 ,let ! read] drop a piece ( calcium c>bide z l>ge z a small m>ble into a little wat] 9 a cup2 !re is a rapid action1 a gas 7acetyl5e7 is giv5 (f1 :i* burns ) a smoky flame if a light$ mat* is held ov] ! cup4 7,! exp]im5t %\ld be tri$ 9 ! op5 air47 ,s mu* heat is g5]at$ 9 ! reaction t ! cup becomes hot4 ,ne>ly f\r p] c5t4 ( ! e>?'s out] cru/ is calcium2 all ?is 0 at ?is p]iod ( ! e>?'s hi/ory 9 ! =m ( c>bide4 ,imag9e all ! va/ lime/one m\nta9 ranges ( ! pres5t day z c>bide1 & try to realize ! effect :5 wat] fell on any consid]able area4 ,! heat g5]at$ w\ld be s enorm\s t 9 a mom5t ! acetyl5e w\ld ignite & burn1 =m+ oxides ( c>bon & wat] vapor1 :i* w\ld 9 turn decompose1 ?r[+ ! jets ( gl[+ hydrog5 & oxyg5 va/ di/ances into ! atmosph]e1 !re to cool & reunite to wat]4 ,! decomposition ( o!r c>bides1 ( ! hydrides & silicides1 z well z ! =mation ( hydroxides by ! action ( ! light] metals on wat]1 w\ld produce simil> ph5om5a1 z ! sub/ances =m$ are combu/ible gases1 or liquids or solids easily volatiliz$4 ,?is is no wild fantasy1 b a cons]vative /atem5t4 ,simil> reactions are tak+ place at ! pres5t day 9 ^? />s ^: cool+ process has advanc$ f> en\gh2 a case 9 po9t is t ( ! s-call$ #8tempor>y />s4' ,extremely viol5t reactions are tak+ place con/antly 9 ! atmosph]e ( ! sun4 ,! sun's *romosph]e1 or out] lay] ( its atmosph]e1 consi/s ma9ly ( hydrog51 & jets ( gl[+ hydrog5 are ?r[n to great heights above ! *romosph]e2 ^! jets or #8prom95ces' h be5 frequ5tly obs]v$ to h a height ( #ajj1jjj miles1 & prom95ces ( m ?an d\ble ?is height are report$ by obs]v]s4 ,! mo/ cons]vative e/imates assume temp]atures ( ! sun's surface s enorm\s t t ( ! electric furnace is insignificant 9 comp>ison1 & we c h no conception ( ! *emical *anges occurr+ "u su* conditions4 ,:e!r "o believes1 ) ,locky]1 t ! *emical #8elem5ts' are disassociat$ by ! sun's heat into simpl] sub/ances or n1 x is cle> t v viol5t *emical reactions are 9 progress1 & if we realize t ! kn[n *emical reactions increase 9 int5sity ) increase 9 temp]ature1 x does n seem /range t at ! sun's temp]ature ! reactions occurr+ %\ld cause di/urbances l ^? obs]v$4 ,return+ to ! e>?1 let u consid] ! products ( ^! viol5t reactions4 ,! hydrog5 & hydrides ( boron1 silicon1 sulphur & c>bon1 comb9$ ) ! oxyg5 ( ! atmosph]e1 =m+ wat] & boric1 silicic1 sulphur\s & c>bonic acids1 :i* 9 turn act$ on ! metallic oxides & hydroxides1 =m+ sulphites1 c>bonates1 borates & simple & complex silicates2 "s quickly1 "s sl[ly1 "s at l[ temp]atures & atmosph]ic pressure1 o!rs at high temp]atures 9 liquid or semi-liquid condition & "u ! pressure ( rock masses above4 ,to det]m9e ! relative age ( exi/+ rock lay]s1 or ! mode ( _! =mation1 :e!r by eruptive action1 by surface heat1 by deposition ( f9ely divid$ mat]ial "u wat]1 or by metamorphic *anges ( ! cool$ silicate "u subsequ5t action ( wat]1 pressure & heat1 is ! prov9ce ( ! geologi/4 ,! pres5t writ] refra9s f an op9ion :e!r any ( ! fir/ =m$ solid cru/ c\ld or c\ld n survive to ! pres5t day 9 its prim>y =m1 consid]+ ! exposure to wat]1 acids1 heat & pressure :i* x suff]$4 ,yet an idea may be =m$ ( ! condition ( ! e>?'s surface :5 x _h cool$ s f> t ! m viol5t *emical action _h ceas$4 ,x consi/$ *iefly ( silicates1 simple & complex2 ( "s ( ! orig9al b9>y comp\nds1 :i* are sc>ce affect$ by wat] or acids1 su* z ! silicide ( c>bon 7c>borundum71 ( /able oxides1 *lorides & sulphides1 ) o!r comp\nds 9 small] proportion1 & free elem5ts 9 great] proportion ?an at ! pres5t day4 ,ev]y:]e1 f crevices 9 ! surface1 hydroc>bons1 phosphorett$ hydrog5 7phosph9e7 & ammonia 7 issu+ z gases2 ! atmosph]e 0 heavy ) ^! gases & ) c>bon dioxide4 ,no sci5tific obs]vations ?us f> %[ h[ or f :at def9ite comp\nds plant life or animal life 0 fir/ evolv$ f lifeless matt]2 b x is c]ta9 t ! mat]ials 7 mu* m abundant & ! conditions m favorable at ! p]iod :5 x 0 evolv$ ?an at ! pres5t day4 ,an ocean mu* w>m] & less sal9e ?an n[1 a damp atmosph]e l t ( a ho?\se1 an abundance ( plant food & a *oice ( raw mat]ial1 7 at h&4 ,! *ief foods requir$ = plant life are nitrog5 9 ! =m ( ammonia or nitrates1 c>bon dioxide1 phosphorus z phosphates1 sulphates ( lime1 ( magnesia & ( ! alkalies1 & wat]4 ,z to ! raw mat]ial = ! fir/ =mation ( ! liv+ cell1 x is impossible to say :at comp\nds ( c>bon 7 employ$2 suffice x to note t ! kn[n simple & complex b9>y comp\nds ( c>bon 7 !re ready = use2 ! hydroc>bons1 c>bon monoxide & c>bon dioxide 7 ooz+ f ! e>?'s surface1 f ! ocean floor z well z f ! l&1 or hang+ heavy 9 ! air above x4 ,if w>m? or increas$ pressure 7 desid]ata1 an ocean w>m to its greate/ dep?s c\ld af=d any pressure requir$4 ,f ! decomposition ( ! nitrides & phosphides bel[ ! surface1 ammonia & phosph9e 7 escap+ into ! ocean & into ! air4 ,! conditions !n dur+ long p]iods ( "t 7 especially favorable = m>9e life1 & z s& & mud accumulat$ on ! rocky surface ( ! e>?1 = l& plants2 ! abs5ce ( a ?ick soil be+ m ?an comp5sat$ = by ! abundance ( plant food1 notably ( c>bon dioxide & ammonia4 ,! /atem5t may be f\nd 9 excell5t mod]n text-books ( *emi/ry t ammonia is always =m$ by ! decomposition ( plants & animals1 accompani$ by ! fur!r /atem5t t ammonia is a requisite = plant food4 ,no plants--no ammonia2 no ammonia--no plants4 ,if ?is 7 true1 ! beg9n+ ( plant life w\ld inde$ h be5 a /ruggle = exi/5ce2 t x is n true is %[n above4 ,?is decomposition ( nitrides has ceas$ practically on ! actual surface ( ! e>? at ! pres5t day because ! nitrides h all be5 decompos$2 yet x may be m5tion$ t specim5s ( rock fre%ly qu>ri$ 9 ,sw$5 7 rec5tly f\nd to give (f ammonia :5 wet ) wat]1 %[+ ! pres5ce ( nitrides4 ,bel[ ! actual e>?'s surface x is probable t nitrides /ill exi/ 9 l>ge quantity1 = ammonia is "o ( ! con/itu5ts ( volcanic gases2 to believe t volcanic ammonia is a product ( plant or animal decomposition is difficult2 to suppose x =m$ by ! action ( /eam on nitrides 9 ! e>?'s int]ior is simple4 ,mu* ! same may be said ( ! pres5ce ( c>bides4 ,:ile !y no long] exi/ on ! surface1 !re is no d\bt ( _! exi/5ce 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 & ! volcanic gases conta9 _! decomposition products4 ,9 ?is connection ! !ory--fir/ put =w>d by ,m5deleff & s9ce support$ by ,moissan--( ! orig9 ( petroleum1 may be m5tion$4 ,^! writ]s favor ! hypo!sis t x 0 =m$ by ! decomposition ( c>bides by wat] "u pressure2 & :ile ! evid5ce at h& p]haps favors ! belief t ! petroleum ( ! m important oil fields owes its orig9 to decomposition ( ! l[] =ms ( m>9e animal life1 yet !re c be no d\bt t petroleum may be =m$ by c>bide decomposition1 & x seems probable t natural gas is 9 "p at lea/ a result ( ! same action4 ,a ,,prelim9>y ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,sol> ,,eclipse ,,( ,,may #bh1 #aijj1 ,,z ,,obs]v$ ,,by ,,! ,,smi?sonian ,,exp$ition4 ,,by ,,dr4 ,s4 ,p4 ,,langley1 ,,smi?sonian ,,in/itution4 ,p>tly 9 def]5ce to ! report ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau1 f :i* x appe>$ t ! *ance ( a fair ea/]n sky on ! morn+ ( ! eclipse 0 ab\t #h to #a1 & aft] exam9ation by ,mr4 ,abbot ( _m /ations 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,wadesboro1 ( t ,/ate1 0 select$ e>ly 9 ,april z ! site ( ! ,smi?sonian obs]vations4 ,! advantages ( ,wadesboro be+ also recogniz$ by ,pr(essor ,"y1 ( ,pr9ceton1 ,pr(essor ,hale1 ( ,y]kes ,obs]vatory1 & ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,m4 ,bacon1 ( ! ,briti% ,a/ronomical ,association1 x came ab\t t f\r l>ge obs]v+ p>ties1 besides sev]al small] ones & num]\s excursioni/s f ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 7 all jo9$ to produce at ,wadesboro "o ( ! l>ge/ company ( eclipse obs]v]s ev] assembl$ = sci5tific purposes4 ,x is a matt] = congratulation t ! sky at ,wadesboro ^u ! day ( ! eclipse 0 cl\dless & cle>] ?an ! av]age1 s t ! ef=ts ( ! obs]v+ =ces 7 n ?w>t$ by any circum/ances beyond _! control4 ,! provisions ( ! ,mayor & au?orities ( ,wadesboro = prev5t+ intrusion be=e & dur+ ! eclipse1 & ?us secur+ an undi/urb$ field ( op]ations1 des]ve especial recognition4 ,fur!r ?an ?is1 ! _m acts ( c\rtesy & hospitality to ! visit+ a/ronom]s on ! "p ( ! t[nspeople w long be rememb]$ by ! recipi5ts4 ,! ,smi?sonian p>ty prop] consi/$ ( ?irte5 obs]v]s1 & includ$ ,mr4 ,langley1 ,mr4 ,abbot1 aid act+ 9 *>ge ( ! ,smi?sonian a/rophysical obs]vatory2 ,mr4 ,smillie1 9 *>ge ( photography2 ,mr4 ,putnam1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,coa/ ,survey2 ,mr4 ,f[le1 ,mr4 ,m5d5hall1 ,mr4 ,*ild1 ,mr4 ,drap]1 ,mr4 ,gill1 ,mr4 ,kram] & ,mr4 ,smi?4 ,includ$ ) ^!1 ! ,rev4 ,fa!r ,se>le & ! ,rev4 ,fa!r ,woodman gave mo/ valuable assi/ance4 ,mr4 ,hoxie1 ( ,port ,royal1 ,s4 ,c41 & ,mr4 ,little1 ( ,wadesboro1 r5d]$ valu$ assi/ance to ,mr4 ,putnam dur+ totality4 ,pr(essor ,hale1 ( ! ,y]kes ,obs]vatory1 0 a memb] ( ! p>ty1 :ile /ill 9 g5]al *>ge ( ! ,y]kes exp$ition1 & 8 c\nsel & aid 7 ( ! greate/ s]vice4 ,mr4 ,clayton1 ( ,blue ,hill ,meteorological ,/ation1 occupi$ a "p ( ! gr\nds ( ! ,smi?sonian p>ty4 ,! ma9 object ( inve/igation 01 ( c\rse1 ! corona1 & ( ?is1 7fir/7 a photographic & visual /udy ( its /ructure2 )1 7second7 a det]m9ation by ! bolomet] :e!r appreciable heat rea*es u f x1 &1 if possible1 an exam9ation ( ! =m ( its spectrum en]gy curve4 ,! writ] _h be5 p>ticul>ly /ruck1 :5 obs]v+ ! eclipse ( #ahgh on ,pike's ,peak1 by ! rem>kable def9it5ess ( filam5t>y /ructure close to ! sun's limb1 & _h nev] f\nd 9 any photographs1 n ev5 9 ! excell5t ones ( ,campbell tak5 at ! ,indian eclipse ( #ahih1 any?+ approa*+ :at he saw 9 ! few seconds :i* he 0 able to devote to visual obs]vations at ! height ( f\rte5 ?\s& feet4 ,8 wi% to exam9e ?is inn] coronal region ) a m p[]ful photographic telescope ?an any h]et(ore us$ ^u x1 0 gratifi$ by ! mo/ valu$ loan by ,pr(4 ,e4 ,c4 ,pick]+ ( ! new #ab-;in* a*romatic l5s ( #ace feet focus1 j obta9$ = ! ,h>v>d ,college ,obs]vatory4 ,?is l5s1 furni%+ a focal image ( m ?an #ae in*es diamet]1 0 m\nt$ s z to give a horizontal beam f a clo/at clock-driv5 mirror by ,bra%e>1 ( #ah in*es ap]ture1 & us$ ) #cj-;in* squ>e plates4 ,to supplem5t ?is great in/rum5t1 a #e-;in* l5s ( #ch-;feet focus1 loan$ by ,pr(essor ,"y1 0 po9t$ directly at ! sun4 ,?is =m$ images ^u #aa #ad plates mov$ 9 ! focus ( ! l5s by a wat] clock4 ,specially equatorially m\nt$ l5ses ( #f1 #d & #c-;in* ap]ture1 driv5 by clock "w1 7 provid$ = ! /udy ( ! out] corona1 & ! se>* = possible intra-m]curial planets4 ,= ! bolometric "w1 ! massive sid]o/at ) its #ag-;in* mirror1 & a l>ge "p ( ! delicate adjuncts employ$ at ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution 9 rec5t ye>s1 to inve/igate ! sun's spectrum1 0 transport$ to ,wadesboro4 ,! excessively s5sitive galvanomet] rea*$ camp )\t injury ev5 to its susp5d+ fibre1 a ?read ( qu>tz cry/al #a-ae1jjj in* 9 diamet]4 ,besides ^! two *ief aims 7! photography & bolometry ( ! inn] corona71 sev]al o!r pieces ( "w 7 und]tak51 includ+ ! automatic reproduction ( ! #8fla% spectrum' by means ( an objective prism ) ! #ace-;foot l5s1 ! photographic /udy ( ! out] coronal region1 includ+ provision = recogniz+ possible intra-m]curial planets1 already allud$ to1 visual & photographic obs]vations ( times ( contact1 & sket*es ( ! corona1 bo? f telescopic & nak$-eye obs]vations4 ,! assignm5t ( ! obs]v]s 0 z foll[s3 ,mr4 ,langley1 9 g5]al *>ge ( ! exp$ition1 obs]v$ ) ! same #e-;in* telescope us$ by him on ,pike's ,peak 9 #ahgh1 :i* 0 mo/ k9dly l5t = ?is special comp>ison by ,pr(essor ,br[n1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,naval ,obs]vatory2 ,c4 ,g4 ,abbot1 aid act+ 9 imm$iate *>ge1 assign$ ) ,c4 ,e4 ,m5d5hall to ! bolomet]2 ,t4 ,w4 ,smillie1 hav+ g5]al direction ( ! photographic "w1 made exposures at ! #ace-;foot telescope2 ,f4 ,e4 ,f[le1 ,jr41 assign$ to ! #ch-;foot telescope2 ,fa!r ,se>le1 direct+ ! assembl$ telescopes = ! out] coronal region1 & = intra-m]curial planets1 assi/$ by ,p4 ,a4 ,drap] & ,c4 ,w4 ,b4 ,smi?1 expos$ two cam]as ( #c-;in* ap]ture & #aa feet focus1 & two ( #d-;in* ap]ture & #c feet focus1 all f\r ( ^! telescopes be+ m\nt$ on a s+le pol> axis driv5 by an excell5t clock2 ,de ,lancey ,gill1 assi/+ ,mr4 ,smillie1 remov$ ! fla% spectrum objective prism at second contact1 & made a s+le long exposure ) a #f-;in* photographic l5s ( #g feet focus equatorially m\nt$2 ,assi/ant ,g4 ,r4 ,putnam1 :o1 by ! k9dness ( ! sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,coa/ ,survey1 0 detail$ = latitude1,c longitude,d & "t obs]vations1 also obs]v$ contacts1 direct$ ! /rik+ ( signals by ,mr4 ,little1 & r5d]$ o!r valuable s]vices4 ,mr4 ,putnam 0 assi/$ 9 record+ contacts by ,mr4 ,hoxie4 ,r4 ,c4 ,*ild1 obs]v+ ) a #f-;in* telescope ( #g feet focus1 made sket*es ) special ref]5ce to inn] coronal detail1 & 0 9 addition *>g$ ) all electrical circuits = *ronograph & automatic photographic app>atus4 ,fa!r ,woodman1 ) #c-;in* telescope1 obs]v$ contacts & made sket*es4 ,c #cd1 #eg1 #eb ,n4 ,d #e;h41 #bjm41 #ag4hs4 ,w4 ,! fir/ deta*m5t1 consi/+ ( ,messrs4 ,abbot1 ,f[le1 ,kram] 7in/rum5t mak]7 & ,smi? 7c>p5t]71 rea*$ ,wadesboro ,may #d?1 & 7 soon jo9$ by ,messrs4 ,drap] & ,putnam4 ,! latt] return$ to ,wa%+ton aft] a %ort b satisfactory latitude & longitude campaign1 rea*+ ,wadesboro aga9 j be=e ! eclipse4 ,o!r memb]s ( ! p>ty rea*$ camp on & aft] ! middle ( ! mon?4 ,! fir/ com]s f\nd a v satisfactory %$ already erect$ & pi]s begun4 ,n a day pass$ f ! "t ( ! arrival ( ! app>atus1 ,may #g?1 to ! day be=e ! eclipse1 t 0 n fully occupi$ 9 p]fect+ ! arrangem5ts4 ,! mo/ /rik+ portion ( ! in/allation 0 ! l9e beg9n+ at ! nor?we/ pi]1 ) its equatorial & clo/at1 cont9u$ f !nce s\? ( ea/ by ! two great div]g+ tubes ( ! #ace-;foot telescope & spectroscope4 ,^! tubes 7 cov]$ ) :ite canvas1 pres5t+ ! appe>ance ( two imm5sely prolong$ #8,a' t5ts1 end+ beyond ! photographic h\se1 :]e ! #ch-;foot telescope tube po9t$ ea/ & upw>d at an angle ( #db ) ! horizon4 ,:5 ! equatorial1 ) its l>ge special conical tube cam]a1 ) all ?is long-bran*+ ext5t ( :ite canvas end+ 9 ! uplift$ tube ( ! #ch-;foot telescope1 0 se5 9 ! light ( ! moon1 ! ext5sive field ) ^! prep>ations1 exhibit$ a /ill m picturesque sc5e ?an by day4 ,less impos+1 & p]haps m unga9ly 0 ! comb9ation ( f\r great cam]as "u ! ma9 %$1 design$ to se>* = new planets & to depict ! out] corona4 ,^! might well be describ$ z l a cab9 & outbuild+1 m\nt$ on a pol> axis1 yet1 despite _! awkw>d proportions1 !y 7 made to foll[ v accurately4 ,! morn+ ( ! eclipse dawn$ cl\dless & v fairly cle>4 ,deep blue sky1 su* z ! writ] _h se5 on ,pike's ,peak1 ( c\rse1 is n among ! ord9>y possibilities ( an eclipse1 b ! milk9ess ( ! blue 0 less pron\nc$ ?an is usual 9 ! summ] season1 & all felt t ! see+ promis$ well4 ,at fifte5 m9utes be=e totality a s]ies ( rapid /rokes on ! bell call$ e "o to 8 po/1 & "o m9ute be=e ! expect$ contact five /rokes 7 giv5 z a f9al w>n+4 ,co9cid5tally ) ! actual obs]vation ( ! second contact by ,mr4 ,putnam1 ! fir/ two /rokes ^u ! bell s\nd$1 & ! "w began4 ,aft] #hb seconds 7! duration ( totality f ! ,nautical ,almanac 0 #ib seconds71 ?ree /rokes 7 giv5 z a signal to /op ! long photographic exposures4 ,sc>cely m ?an five seconds aft] ?is ! sun's cresc5t reappe>$4 ,! duration ( totality1 z obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,putnam1 0 approximately #hh seconds4 ,to visual obs]v]s ! sky 0 notably n a d>k "o4 ,no second magnitude />s 7 obs]v$ ) ! nak$ eye1 & mo/ ( ! on-look]s saw only ,m]cury conspicu\sly1 ?\gh ,v5us 0 di/+ui%$ at a l[ altitude & ,capella also 0 se54 ,s high a degree ( sky illum9ation c n b h op]at$ unfavorably 9 ! /udy ( ! out] corona or 9 ! se>* = intra-m]curial planets1 & ?is is to be rememb]$ 9 connection ) :at foll[s4 ,,be=e ,,totality4 ,a deep5$ color 9 ! sky1 a fall ( temp]ature & a ris+ breeze 7 di/9ctly noticeable4 ,no *ange 9 direction ( ! w9d 0 not$4 ,%ad[ b&s 7 se51 b ^? :o attempt$ to measure _! velocity f\nd !m too rapid & flick]+ = any great exactness 9 ?is det]m9ation4 ,!re 0 tol]able unanimity among indep5d5t obs]v]s z to _! size & di/ance ap>t 7ab\t five in*es71 ?\gh "s ?\ght ?is less z totality approa*$4 ,x 0 notic$ t ! birds grew sil5t j be=e & dur+ totality1 b true to _! nature1 ! ,engli% sp>r[s 7 la/ to be /ill & fir/ to beg9 _! discussion ( ! eclipse1 aft] ! return ( light4 ,,dur+ ,,totality4 ,! att5tion ( all visual obs]v]s 0 at once caught by ! equatorial /ream]s4 ,fa!r ,woodman's comp>ison ( ! appe>ance ( a /ructure ( "m ( pe>l 0 g5]ally recogniz$ z good1 b diff]5t obs]v]s diff]$ on ! color e/imate4 ,a yell[i% gre5 t+e 0 not$ by ! arti/ ( ! p>ty1 ,mr4 ,*ild1 :ile to o!rs ! light 0 /raw color$ or gold54 ,! g5]al coronal =m to ! nak$ eye 0 ne>ly t ( ! small annex$ photograph1 :i*1 ?\gh tak5 by "o ( ! small] objectives1 gives a good view ( ! relative int5sities4 ,! same ext5sions ( ! equatorial corona c\ld be foll[$ by ! nak$ eye f #c to #c sol> diamet]s4 ,! visual telescopic obs]vations ( ! writ] gave little indication ( ! f9ely divid$ /ructure ( ! inn] corona :i* he _h notic$ at ,pike's ,peak4 ,/ructure1 to be sure1 0 evid5t1 b n 9 su* m9ute subdivision z _h !n be5 se51 & ?\gh "o rem>kable prom95ce z well z sev]al small] ones 0 visible1 ! coronal /ream]s did n give to ! writ] ! impression ( be+ connect$ ) ^! prom95ces1 ?\gh ! relation%ip ( "s ( !m to ! sol> poles 0 abundantly manife/4 ,,aft] ,,totality4 ,results4 ,comp>+ notes aft] totality1 all obs]v]s report$ a successful c>ry+ out ( ! programme4 ,! greate/ int]e/ c5t]s 9 ! direct coronal negatives tak5 ) ! #ace-;foot telescope4 ,mr4 ,smillie expos$ six #cj #cj plates dur+ totality1 ) times rang+ f "o half a second to sixte5 seconds1 & ?ree o!rs 7 expos$ by him imm$iately aft] ! ?ird contact4 ,at ?is writ+ only a "p ( ! negatives tak5 h be5 develop$4 ,_! g5]al quality may be inf]r$ f ! examples "h giv51 aft] due all[ance = ! great loss suff]$ by translation onto pap] ev5 ) ! be/ c>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,g5]al ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,corona4 ,,tak5 ,,) #f ,,in* ,,l5s ,,( #g ,,feet ,,focus4 #hb ,,seconds ,,exposure4 ,fig4 #a is a view tak5 ) "o ( ! small] objectives 7#f in*es71 giv5 "h to af=d ! read] an idea ( ! g5]al disposition ( ! coronal light4 ,! upp] "p is ! v]tex 9 ! inv]t$ field4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,prom95ces ,,on ,,s\?we/ ,,limb ,,( ,,sun4 ,,tak5 ,,) #ab ,,in* ,,l5s ,,( #ace ,,feet ,,focus4 #h ,,seconds ,,exposure4 ,fig4 #b is a portion ( "o ( ! great #ae-;in* circul> images obta9$ ) ! #ace-;foot focus telescope4 ,x 0 obta9$ 9 ! great disc 9 ! la/ exposure dur+ totality ( #h seconds1 %[+ "o ( ! pr9cipal prom95ces !n on ! sun's disc1 ) ! disposition ( ! l[] filam5ts ne> x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,,nor? ,,pol> ,,coronal ,,/ream]s4 ,,tak5 ,,) #ae ,,in* ,,l5s ,,( #ace ,,feet ,,focus4 ,,exposure #af ,,seconds4 ,fig4 #c is a portion ( "o ( ! same set ( plates1 b tak5 ) a #af-second exposure4 ,! "p ne> ! sun has1 ( c\rse1 be5 int5tionally ov]-expos$1 9 ord] to bett] exhibit ! rem>kable pol> /ream]s1 ext5d+ "h to a di/ance ( ab\t six m9utes f ! sun1 b se5 /ill fur!r 9 ,mr4 ,*ild's telescopic draw+ 7n giv547 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,,d>k ,,room ,,& ,,tubes ,,( #ace ,,foot ,,& #ch ,,foot ,,telescopes4 #e ,,in* ,,equatorial ,,9 ,,=egr\nd1 ,,pr(4 ,,langley ,,obs]v+4 ,fig4 #d is a view ( a small "p ( ! great app>atus on ! field1 includ+ ! t]m9us ( ! horizontal tube ) its canvas cov]+1 :i* has be5 describ$ z l an ext5d$ #8,a' t5t4 ,! photographic room is se5 at ! end ( ! tube1 & beyond t ! tube conta9+ ! l5s loan$ by ,pr(essor ,"y po9t+ directly skyw>d4 ,t x w be impracticable to give "h all ( ! disc ( ! moon 9 ! l>ge photographs1 w be evid5t :5 x is consid]$ t ! lun> circumf]5ce on ea* plate is ab\t #d feet2 b x w be inf]r$ f ! examples t ! prom95ces & pol> /ream]s z well z _! features1 appe> 9 impos+ magnitude & detail4 ,_m ( :at x is hop$ w be ! mo/ int]e/+ photographs /ill await developm5t1 b ,mr4 ,smillie's ?or\gh prep>ation is promis+ adequate results4 ,,heat ,,( ,,! ,,corona4 ,mr4 ,abbot1 ) aid ( ,mr4 ,m5d5hall1 appe>s to h measur$ ! heat ( ! corona1 & 9 spite ( previ\s ef=ts1 ?is is probably ! fir/ "t t x has be5 really %[n to exi/4 ,= five m9utes be=e second contact1 ! bolomet] 0 successfully expos$ to ! region ( ! sky close to ! n>r[+ cresc5t ( ! sun :]e ! corona 0 %ortly to appe>4 ,a diaphragm 0 int]pos$ 9 ! beam hav+ an ap]ture ( only #j4d sq4 cm4 ,deflections1 rapidly dim9i%+ f #hj to #f mm4 7 obta9$1 ! la/ be+ ab\t #dj seconds be=e totality4 ,!n ! diaphragm 0 op5$ to #bij sq4 cm4 & a negative deflection ( #ac mm4 0 obs]v$ aft] totality1 :]e ^! positive deflections _h j be5 f\nd1 %[+ t ! corona 0 actually cool] ?an ! backgr\nd :i* _h be5 us$ at ! room temp]ature4 ,next ! black surface ( ! moon 0 all[$ to radiate ^u ! bolomet]1 & ! /ill l>g] negative deflection ( #ah mm4 0 obs]v$4 ,! important result 0 t ! corona gave a positive indication ( heat z comp>$ ) ! moon4 ,?is heat1 ?\gh c]ta91 01 h[ev]1 too slight to be sub-divid$ by ! disp]sion ( ! prism ) ! means at h&4 ,! negatives tak5 to depict ! out] corona %[ f ?ree to f\r sol> diamet]s ext5sion = ! longe/ /ream]s4 ,! equatorial #8w+s1' z !y rec$e f ! sun1 are f9ally lo/ 9 an illum9at$ sky1 )\t any indication ( hav+ actually come to an end4 ,no attempt to c>efully exam9e ! plates tak5 = intra-m]curial planets has yet be5 possible4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 z has be5 rem>k$1 d\btful if ! v fa9te/ objects w be f\nd1 9 consid]ation ( ! consid]able sky illum9ation dur+ totality4 ,h[ev]1 ,pleione 9 ! ,pleiades 7a /> ( ! #f4c magnitude71 is pla9ly se5 on "o ( ! plates1 & "s small] ones are disc]nible4 ,on ! :ole1 ! exp$ition may be consid]$ z promis+ to be v satisfactory 9 its results1 & t x 0 s is l>gely ow+ n only to ! effici5t c>e ( ,mr4 ,abbot1 b to ! _m g5tlem5 :o h assi/$ me ) ! loan ( valuable app>atus1 ) c\nsel1 ) volunt>y s]vice & ) pa9/ak+ obs]vation1 to "o & all ( :om ,i desire to express my obligations4 ,,mal>ia ,,& ,,! ,,mal>ial ,,p>asite4,e ,,by ,,patrick ,,manson1 ,m4 ,d41 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,,lectur] ,,on ,,tropical ,,diseases ,,at ,,/4 ,,george',s ,,hospital ,,& ,,*>+-,,cross ,,hospital ,,m$ical ,,s*ools ,,& ,,at ,,! ,,london ,,s*ool ,,( ,,tropical ,,m$ic9e4 ,e ,ab/ract ( a lecture deliv]$ at ! ,m$ical ,graduates' ,college & ,polycl9ic1 & pr9t$ 9 ! ,lancet ( ,may #ai4 ,?is lecture is devot$ to a description ( ! p>asite & ( its life cycles4 ,! exi/5ce ( a p>asite 9 mal>ial disease has be5 suspect$ = a long "t1 b only v rec5tly h we _h absolute assurance t su* a p>asite exi/s4 ,"s "t 9 ! ?irties ,meckel describ$ 9 ! human blood c]ta9 black p>ticles :i* he f\nd 9 leucocytes & 9 c]ta9 pale1 leucocyte-l bodies ! nature ( :i* he did n "k4 ,:5 he saw ^! bodies he c]ta9ly saw ! mal>ial p>asite4 ,8 obs]vations 7 repeat$ & ext5d$ 9 ! =ties & ! fifties by ,fr]i*s & ,vir*[1 & !y1 too1 und\bt$ly saw ! mal>ial p>asite4 ,b x is "o ?+ to see & q ano!r to recognize2 discov]y is recognition4 ,! discov]ies ( ,lav]an1 ,golgi1 ,m>*iafava1 ,bignami & o!rs result$ 9 consid]able k ( ! life hi/ory ( ! mal>ial p>asite & ( ! correspond5ce betwe5 its life cycle & ! cl9ical cycle ( ! disease4 ,lav]an discov]$ ! p>asite2 ,golgi describ$ ! cycle ( ! t]tian & qu>tan =ms2 ! o!rs add$ new data1 especially conc]n+ ! m malignant p>asites4 ,! mal>ial p>asite 9 its mature =m has ! appe>ance--,i %all take ! t]tian p>asite z a type--( a mass ( pale protoplasm occupy+ practically ! :ole ( ! r$ blood corpuscles4 ,scatt]$ ?r\gh ?is mass ( protoplasm are a numb] ( black specks or little rods ( int5sely black pigm5t4 ,lat] 9 ! life ( ! p>asite a peculi> ?+ happ5s3 all ^! little specks ( black pigm5t conc5trate usually t[>ds ! c5t] ( ! organism :il/ ! pale protoplasm arranges itself into little sph]ules1 ! :ole con/itut+ :at is kn[n z ! #8rosette body4' ,lat] 9 ! life ( ! p>asite ! surr\nd+ blood corpuscle breaks away & ?is rosette body floats free 9 ! liquor sangu9is & !n breaks up into its con/itu5t spores1 sett+ free at ! same "t ! black pigm5t clump4 ,phagocytes attack _m ( ^! free spores & probably absorb mo/ ( !m1 z well z ! little pieces ( pigm5t4 ,! result is ! pigm5t$ leucocyte1 s *>act]i/ic ( mal>ial blood4 ,a few ( ! spores escape & 9 virtue ( "s peculi> faculty1 :i* is n at pres5t und]/ood1 ent] fre% blood corpuscles & appe> !re z pale specks 9 ! hmoglob94 ,^! pale specks1 if wat*$ 9 p]fectly fre% blood1 are se5 to be possess$ ( v active amboid movem5t4 ,!y ?r[ out pseudopodia 9 v>i\s directions & w&] ab\t ?r\gh ! hmoglob9 ( ! corpuscle4 ,aft] a "t !y increase 9 size by assimilat+ ! hmoglob94 ,by & by !re appe> some:]e 9 ! p>asite ^? specks ( black pigm5t :i* we saw 9 ! mature animal4 ,lat] !y increase /ill fur!r 9 size until !y come to occupy half1 & f9ally ne>ly ! :ole1 ( ! blood corpuscle4 ,aga9 !re is conc5tration ( pigm5t & ! =mation ( little sporules4 ,?is is ! cycle1 z describ$ by ,golgi1 ( ! t]tian & qu>tan p>asite4 ,! cycle ( ! tropical or /ivo-autumnal p>asite corresponds 9 plan almo/ exactly ) t ( ! qu>tan & ord9>y t]tian p>asite4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! life cycles ( ^! p>asites ran p>allel ) ! cl9ical cycle ( mal>ial disease4 ,x 0 f\nd t :5 ! p>asite _h arriv$ at maturity ! apyretic int]val 9 an ague 0 ab\t to conclude1 & t :5 ! p>asite _h arriv$ at ! sporulat+ /age ! pati5t _h ent]$ on ! %iv]+ /age ( 8 fev]4 ,dur+ t & ! succe$+ hot & sweat+ /age ! spores _h ent]$ ! r$ blood corpuscles1 & :5 ! p>asite _h ensconc$ itself 9 ! r$ blood corpuscle & begun to gr[1 ! fev] _h come to an end4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 t]tian fev] t ! cycle ( ! p>asite took =ty-eight h\rs to complete1 exactly ! l5g? ( ! cycle ( ! cl9ical ph5om5a4 ,9 qu>tan fev] ! cycle took sev5ty-two h\rs1 exactly ! l5g? ( ! cl9ical cycle ( t =m ( mal>ial disease4 ,9 ! malignant or tropical fev]s !re 0 f\nd to be a simil> correspond5ce betwe5 ! cycle ( ! p>asite & ! cycle ( ! disease4 ,x 0 f\nd t ) ea* recurr+ p>oxysm ( fev] !re 0 a r5ewal ( ! life ( ! p>asite1 & t 9 ?is way ! life ( ! p>asite 0 cont9u$ f p]iod to p]iod & f cycle to cycle = weeks or ev51 especially 9 ! case ( qu>tan mal>ia1 = mon?s4 ,n[ ?is expla9s v well ! way 9 :i* ! mal>ia p>asite contrives to ma9ta9 its exi/5ce 9 ! human body1 b x does n expla9 h[ x passes f ho/ to ho/1 nei!r does x expla9 c]ta9 appe>ances t ,lav]an & ev]ybody else :o has /udi$ ! subject h witness$4 ,9 mal>ial blood y sometimes see t peculi> body1 ! flagellat$ body1 :i* ,i h already allud$ to z consi/+ ( a sph]e surr\nd$ by f "o to six or sev5 long t5tacles or arms 9 a /ate ( cont9ual agitation4 ,nei!r does x expla9 ! peculi> cresc5t-%ap$ body :i* also s po9t$ly arre/$ ,lav]an's att5tion4444 ,golgi's s*eme leaves ! passage ( ! p>asite f ho/ to ho/ & also ! nature ( ^! two bodies unexpla9$4 ,:at relation h ^! two bodies to ! life ( ! p>asite8 ,_! nature & purpose d n receive any illum9ation f ,golgi's !ory4 ,y w f9d 9 all =ms ( mal>ial infection1 if y look en\gh1 ! flagellat$ body2 b1 /range to say1 y w n f9d x 9 mal>ial blood imm$iately aft] x is )drawn f ! body4 ,x is only aft] an int]val ( m9utes1 p]haps a qu>t] ( an h\r1 aft] ! blood is )drawn t ^! flagellat$ bodies appe>4 ,:5ce d !y come8 ,if y make a prep>ation ( mal>ial blood f a pati5t by prick+ ! f+] & spread+ a little ( ! blood on a slide1 fix+ x imm$iately ) heat or alcohol & /a9+ x1 y w nev] see any ( ^! flagellat$ organisms4 ,b if ! slip be kept moi/ & 9 a w>m temp]ature = half an h\r & !n /a9$1 ! flagellat$ bodies w be se51 prov+ t !y develop only aft] ! escape ( ! p>asite f ! human body4 ,su* a fact is v int]e/+ & obvi\sly has "s significance 9 connection ) ! life ( ! p>asite4 ,:5ce1 ,i ask1 come ^! flagellat$ bodies8 ,if "o ( ! cresc5t-%ap$ bodies is obs]v$ cont9u\sly1 ! foll[+ *anges ( %ape may (t5 be obs]v$3 ,x becomes %ort]1 loses its cresc5t %ape & gives (f flagella1 :i* may break (f & swim ab\t by !mselves4 ,:5 !y come 9 contact ) a blood corpuscle !y /raight5 !mselves out & indulge 9 a peculi> vibratory movem5t1 z if endeavor+ to p5etrate ! corpuscle4 ,_m ye>s ago ,k+1 9 ,am]ica1 & o!rs too num]\s to m5tion suspect$ t ! mosquito _h some?+ to d ) mal>ia1 b 9 :at way !y c\ld n say4 ,n only civiliz$ obs]v]s _h ?is suspicion1 b ! savage natives ( c]ta9 tropical c\ntries _h ! same idea4 ,ko* tells u t c]ta9 natives ( ,g]man ,ea/ ,africa :o liv$ 9 a m\nta9\s1 & !re=e non-mal>ial1 "p notic$ t :5 !y desc5d$ to ! mal>ial regions on ! coa/ !y acquir$ a fev] :i* !y call$ #8mbu4' ,!y said t !y 7 bitt5 !re by c]ta9 insects :i* !y also call$ #8mbu'--mosquito or gnat4 ,!y give ! same "n to ! mosquito & to ! fev]1 !re=e obvi\sly ^! savages associate ! insect & ! fev] z cause & effect4 ,peasants 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,italy h ! same idea1 believ+ t ! bite ( ! mosquito may be foll[$ by ! developm5t ( mal>ial fev]4 ,lav]an1 "s ye>s ago1 9 "o ( 8 num]\s works on mal>ial fev]1 said t possibly ! mal>ial p>asite 0 c>$ = by ! mosquito 9 ! same way t ! latt] c>es = ! fil>ia ( ! blood4 ,he did n1 h[ev]1 =mulate a def9ite !ory on ! subject4 ,9 #ahid ,i 0 engag$ 9 work+ at mal>ia1 foll[+ out ,golgi's "w & t ( o!r ,italians4 ,i 0 p>ticul>ly /ruck by ! ph5om5a ( exflagellation & m p>ticul>ly by ! fact t x occurr$ only :5 ! blood _h be5 remov$ f & 0 outside ! human body4 ,i reason$ t if ?is exflagellation occurs only outside ! body1 ! purpose ( ! flagellat$ body mu/ lie outside ! human body1 & t !re=e ! flagellat$ body mu/ be ! fir/ phase ( ! mal>ial p>asite outside ! body1 mu/ be ! fir/ /ep t ! mal>ial p>asite takes 9 pass+ f "o human ho/ to ano!r4 ,!re seem$ to me to be a sort ( logic 9 ?is4 ,b h[ 0 ! mal>ial p>asite to pass f "o human be+ to ano!r8 ,x 0 n provid$ :ile inside ! human body ) any organs ( locomotion or p5etration2 z f> z we "k ! p>asite is nev] extrud$ 9 ! excreta1 nei!r does x habitually escape 9 hmorrhages4 ,!re=e1 ! idea ( a spontane\s escape ( ! p>asite f ! human body _h to be dismiss$4 ,i !re=e conclud$ t "s extrane\s ag5cy mu/ remove ! p>asite f ! human body1 s z to af=d ! opportunity = ?is flagellation :i* ,i _h conclud$ mu/ con/itute ! fir/ /ep 9 its extra-corporeal life4 ,9 ca/+ ab\t = an organism :i* c\ld effect ?is removal ,i1 = _m reasons simil> 9 "s respects to ^? t influ5c$ ! savage ,african1 ! ,italian peasant1 ,k+1 ,lav]an & o!rs1 came to ! conclusion t ! m$ium ( removal & transit mu/ be ! mosquito4 ,i 0 s impress$ ) ! probabilities ( ?is d\ble hypo!sis & ) its extreme practical value1 %\ld x prove to be correct1 t ,i endeavor$ to leave ,engl& = a "t & to visit ,briti% ,guiana or "s su* suitable mal>ial c\ntry :]e ,i might "w out ! idea4 ,un=tunately1 t c\ld n be accompli%$1 s ,i publi%$ my !ory 9 ! hope t x w\ld appeal to someone :o might enjoy ! opportunities d5i$ to me4 ,at t "t ,surgeon-,major ,ross 0 at home f ,india & we _h _m conv]sations on ! subject4 ,i describ$ to him my hypo!sis1 ! probabilities ( :i* & ! possibilities ( :i* p[]fully appeal$ to 8 highly logical & practical m9d4 ,he und]took1 :5 he return$ to ,india1 to d 8 be/ ei!r to e/abli% or confute x4 ,accord+ly he set to "w 9 ,india exp]im5t+ ) mosquitoes & mal>ia4 ,ross 0 /ation$ 9 ,secund]abad1 9 ! s\? ( ,india1 :]e !re 0 abundant opportunity = exp]im5tal "w--pl5ty ( pati5ts & pl5ty ( mosquitoes4 ,he got pati5ts ) cresc5t p>asites 9 _! blood & he got mosquitoes to bite !m4 ,he f\nd t 9 ! c\rse ( a few m9utes aft] ! blood _h ent]$ ! insects' /oma*s ! cresc5t p>asites proce$$ to ! =mation ( sph]e & flagellat$ body4 ,b he got no fur!r4 ,?is exp]im5t 0 repeat$ hundr$s ( times4 ,_m ( 8 prep>ations 7 s5t to me1 & ,i c\ld confirm f !m ! accuracy ( 8 /atem5ts on ! subject4 ,ross 0 enc\rag$1 = obvi\sly we 7 on ! "r track4 ,"o day ,ross1 ^: /ation _h 9 ! meantime be5 *ang$1 caught "s mosquitoes :i* _h be5 fe$+ on a pati5t ! subject ( t]tian mal>ia4 ,he kept ! mosquitoes & aft] a few days dissect$ !m4 ,he took ! /oma* out & plac$ x on a slip ) a little salt solution1 cov]$ x ) a cov]-glass & exam9$ x ) a microscope4 ,he 0 gratifi$ to f9d ly+ among/ ! transv]se & longitud9al muscul> fibres a numb] ( sph]ical bodies1 v %>ply def9$1 & includ+ a great _m gra9s ( int5sely black pigm5t exactly l ^? ( ! mal>ia p>asite4 ,ross 0 at once /ruck ) ! simil>ity4 ,aft] ye>s ( labor he believ$ he _h at la/ se5 ! mal>ia p>asite 9 ! tissues ( ! mosquito1 :]e we reason$ x ought to be2 & he 0 "r4 ,at a subsequ5t exp]im5t on ! mal>ial pati5t he f\nd exactly ! same bodies1 & on dissect+ sev]al mosquitoes at diff]5t int]vals ( "t he f\nd t ! p>asite1 :i* orig9ally 0 six micro-millimetres 9 diamet] only1 grew to sixty or eighty micro-millimetres1 ea* p>asite1 not)/&+ its gr[? & ! lapse ( "t1 /ill conta9+ ! peculi> & mo/ *>act]i/ic black pigm5t4 ,ross 0 n[ q sure t he _h f\nd ! extra-corporeal phase ( ! mal>ial p>asite4 ,"s ( ^! prep>ations he s5t home4 ,i exam9$ !m & %[$ !m to a numb] ( fri5ds 9 ,london famili> ) ! mal>ial p>asite2 !y agre$ ) me1 z ,lav]an also did1 9 believ+ t probably ?is inde$ 0 ! long-s\ght-= extra-corporeal phase ( ! mal>ial p>asite4 ,ross at t "t _h great difficulty 9 gett+ opportunities = exp]im5t on ! human subject & 9 procur+ prop] mosquitoes4 ,he f\nd t ! mosquitoes 9 :i* he _h discov]$ ^! pigm5t$ bodies 7 ( a diff]5t species to ^? on :i* he _h =m]ly exp]im5t$1 & t 9 ?is circum/ance lay ! explanation ( 8 lack ( success e>li] z well z ! secret ( 8 ultimate success4 ,fail+ to get suffici5t opportunity = exp]im5t+ on human mal>ia he turn$ to bird mal>ia4 ,he f\nd t ! sp>r[ ( ,calcutta1 9 a l>ge proportion ( in/ances1 conta9$ 9 its blood a mal>ia-l p>asite4 ,ross procur$ a numb] ( infect$ sp>r[s & let loose ^u !m a numb] ( mosquitoes ( a species belong+ to ! g5us culex4 ,^! mosquitoes1 aft] f "o to t5 days1 he dissect$ & exam9$ _! /oma*s4 ,he f\nd 9 ! /oma*-wall pigm5t$ bodies exactly simil> to ^? :i* he f\nd 9 ! /oma*-walls ( mosquitoes f$ on human mal>ial blood4 ,he f\nd t !y increas$ 9 size & 9 a week or t5 days grew f six to eighty micro-millimetres 9 diamet]4 ,:5 !y became ( consid]able size !y protrud$ l w>ts f ! surface ( ! insect's /oma* & 7 includ$ 9 a v def9ite capsule4 ,at ?is /age ! capsule 0 fill$ ) a va/ numb] ( v m9ute rod-l bodies4 ,^! capsules1 :i* n[ project$ into ! body cavity ( ! insect1 be+ ov]-di/5d$1 ruptur$ & dis*>g$ ! rod-l bodies into ! body cavity ( ! mosquito4 ,= a "t ,ross c\ld get no fur!r ?an ?is4 ,he c\ld n f9d :at became ( ! rod-l bodies4 ,"o day1 9 dissect+ ! head ( a mosquito1 he enc\nt]$ two small trilob$ gl&s ! ducts f :i* unit$ to =m a ma9 duct4 ,! gl&s lay on ei!r side ( ! head & ! common duct he trac$ to ! base ( ! proboscis ( ! mosquito4 ,?is 0 ! saliv>y gl& ( ! mosquito4 ,he f\nd t ! cells ( ! gl& conta9$ rod-l bodies exactly l ^? :i* he _h f\nd inside ! p>asitic capsules 9 ! /oma*-wall4 ,he conclud$ t someh[ ^! #8g]m9al rods' 7= s he call$ !m7 _h manag$ to f9d _! way into ! saliv>y gl& ( ! mosquito4 ,x imm$iately occurr$ to him t ?is might be ! r\te by :i* ! p>asite escap$ f ! mosquito into its v]tebrate ho/4 ,no soon] _h ! idea occurr$ to ,ross ?an he put x to ! te/ ( exp]im5t4 ,he select$ a numb] ( sp>r[s 9 ^: blood he satisfi$ himself t !re 7 no p>asites & let loose ^u !m a numb] ( mosquitoes :i* he _h already infect$ ) mal>ial p>asites4 ,he f\nd aft] a week or t5 days t ! sp>r[s :i* 7 exp]im5t$ ^u sick5$ & _m ( !m di$2 & 9 _! blood he f\nd ! mal>ial p>asite4 ,we n[ und]/& :y ! flagellat$ body is develop$ outside ! human ho/3 because its function lies outside ! human ho/4 ,we n[ und]/& :y ! flagella break away & ent] ! granul> sph]e3 !y impregnate x & />t x on ! road ( developm5t4 ,we n[ und]/& :y ,mac,callum's v]micule is beak$ & end[$ ) p[]s ( locomotion & p5etration3 t x may approa* & p5etrate ! /oma* ( ! mosquito4 ,& we n[ "k :y ! sporozooites1 ! #8g]m9al rods1' ent] ! mosquito's saliv>y gl&3 t !y may be inject$ into v]tebrate issue & s pass ! p>asite f v]tebrate to v]tebrate4 ,?is is "o ( ^? fairy tales ( sci5ce :i* p are incl9$ to d\bt1 b any "o :o has work$ at ! subject & tak5 ! tr\ble to g ?r\gh ! long s]ies ( prep>ations :i* h be5 s5t home f ,india c n = a mom5t h ! slighte/ d\bt t :at ,ross /at$ 0 absolutely true1 & t n only = bird b = human mal>ia4 ,s soon z ! idea got abroad t ! key to ! way 9 :i* ! mal>ial p>asite is propagat$ _h be5 f\nd ! ,italians imm$iately set to "w ) r5ew$ vigor & ) ! utmo/ skill4 ,almo/ at once !y demon/rat$ t :at happ5$ 9 ! case ( ,ross's sp>r[s happ5$ also ) ! human subject3 t ! appropriate species ( mosquito f$ ^u ! human mal>ial subject & subsequ5tly all[$ to fe$ ^u a non-mal>ial subject convey$ ! mal>ial p>asite & mal>ial disease1 & t ! appropriate species ( mosquito belong$ to ! g5us anopheles4 ,!re c n be ! slighte/ d\bt t ! mosquito acts ! "p ( transmitt+ ag5t z well z def9itive ho/ ( ! mal>ial p>asite4 ,?is is a piece ( k ( ! utmo/ importance to mank9d1 = we "k t mal>ial disease 9 tropical c\ntries--:i*1 aft] all1 9 ! future w be ! mo/ important p>ts ( ! _w1 see+ t !y c produce m food ?an temp]ate c\ntries & c !re=e support a l>g] population--causes m dea?s & m disposition to dea? by induc+ ca*ectic /ates pr$ispos+ to o!r affections ?an all ! o!r p>asites affect+ mank9d put toge!r4 ,we "k n[ 9 :at way ?is p>asite is acquir$4 ,dep5d ^u x1 9 "t1 9 virtue ( ?is k1 we w get enorm\s p[] ov] ! disease & soon] or lat] we w be able to prev5t ! infection ( man by ! p>asite4 ,x is only a "q ( /udy & ! application ( ! k already acquir$1 only a "q ( money & p]sev]ance & a little +5uity1 & ^! results w come4 ,x may n be 9 t5 ye>s or tw5ty ye>s1 b soon] or lat] ! en]gies ( a consid]able portion ( sci5tific mank9d n[ be+ exp5d$ 9 endeavor+ to devise means = prev5t+ ! infection ( m5 ) ! mal>ial g]m by ! mosquito w be> valuable fruit4 ,y c readily und]/& t x is ( great importance to be able to recognize ! special species ( mosquito :i* convey mal>ia4 ,! effective species z reg>ds human mal>ia belong to ! g5us anopheles2 species ( ! g5us culex are effective 9 ! case ( sp>r[ mal>ia4 ,=tunately1 ^! two g5]a are easily recogniz$ ev5 by ! amateur zologi/4 ,if y f9d a mosquito cl++ to ! wall or o!r surface y c tell :i* g5us x belongs to by its po/ure4 ,if ! body is /uck out ne>ly at "r angles to ! surface on :i* ! insect is re/+1 x is an anopheles4 ,if ! body is almo/ p>allel to ! surface1 x is a culex4 ,!re is ano!r te/ :i* is easily appli$ if y h a pocket l5s2 9 culex ! two organs kn[n z palpi are rudim5t>y & v %ort2 :]eas 9 anopheles ^? organs are almo/ z long z ! proboscis4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! male mosquito is n a blood-suck] & !re=e is n dang]\s4 ,x is ! female anopheles :i* transmits ! disease4 ,! mosquito l>v inhabit /agnant or sl[-runn+ wat]4 ,if a mosquito l>va be f\nd ) its head d[nw>ds1 ! body hang+ at "r angles to ! surface ( ! wat]1 x is a culex2 if ! body lies p>allel to ! surface ( ! wat]1 x is an anopheles4 ,!re are o!r po9ts ( diff]5ce ) :i* ,i ne$ n n[ tr\ble y2 ^? ref]r$ to suffice = diagnosis betwe5 ! innocu\s & ! dang]\s mosquitoes4 ,! facts reg>d+ ! mal>ia p>asite :i* ,i h describ$ are ( great importance = _m reasons4 ,fir/1 because !y help u to und]/& ! pa?ology & etiology ( mal>ia4 ,secondly1 !y help u 9 diagnosis4 ,?irdly1 our k ( ! p>asite is invaluable 9 direct+ treatm5t4 ,la/ly1 a k ( ! life-hi/ory ( ! mal>ial p>asite is ( extreme value = ! prev5tion ( mal>ial disease1 = c\ld we by me*anical or o!r arrangem5ts prev5t ! mosquito attack+ ! human body1 we c\ld prev5t ! mal>ial p>asites f ent]+ ! human body2 or if we c\ld aboli% ! mosquito by dra9age or o!r means f a c\ntry1 !n we might be sure t we w\ld aboli% ! mal>ia ( t c\ntry also4 ,attempts are be+ made to solve ^! practical problems4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t su* attempts are be+ actively made 9 ,rome by ,pr(essor ,celli & else:]e by o!rs4 ,i h no d\bt t 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s we %all get "s v valuable results 9 ?is direction & t1 ?anks to ?is new-born k ab\t ! mal>ial p>asites1 bett] times are rapidly approa*+ = mal>ial c\ntries4 ,,new ,,s\rces ,,( ,,light ,,& ,,( ,r,,ntg5 ,,rays4 ,,by ,,h5ry ,,c>r+ton ,,bolton1 ,,ph4 ,d4 ,among ! g5]al laws ( physical sci5ce1 none seems m firmly e/abli%$ ?an t ( ! cons]vation & correlation ( en]gy2 accord+ to ?is ! v>i\s =ms ( en]gy t con/itute ! doma9 ( exp]im5tal physics1 heat1 light1 electricity1 magnetism & *emical action1 h reciprocal dep5d5ce & 8c n orig9ate o!rwise ?an by devolution f "s prexi/+ =ce10 or r en]gy4 ,t motion is conv]tible into heat1 heat into light & bo? ! =m] into electricity are ph5om5a famili> to e "o :o uses inc&esc5t bulbs or rides 9 a trolley1 & we d n usually recognize any production ( light unaccompani$ by heat4 ,true1 ! little fire-fly is possess$ ( a my/]i\s p[] t enables x to emit light )\t en\gh heat to affect ,langley's mo/ s5sitive bolomet]1 b ! em95t ,secret>y ( ! ,smi?sonian has to admit t ! 8*eape/ =m ( light0 is produc$ by 8processes ( nature ( :i* we "k no?+40 ,?is little und]/ood prop]ty call$ phosphoresc5ce is %>$ by _m liv+ organisms1 bo? animal & vegetable1 z well z by sub/ances ( ! m9]al k+dom2 to ! =m] belong coel5t]ates1 mollusks1 cru/acea1 fi%es & insects1 & decay+ wood1 c]ta9 mu%rooms1 etc42 to ! latt] ! ,bologna /one1 s-call$1 & ! comm]cial article call$ #8,balma9's pa9t4' ,9 ! case ( ! m9]al sub/ances1 b>ium or calcium sulfids & ! l1 ! light-giv+ p[] is n an innate prop]ty1 b is set 9 op]ation by exposure to ! en]gy ( sunlight1 ! light ( burn+ magnesium or to "s o!r s\rce ( act9ism2 moreov]1 ! p[] ?us acquir$ by insolation is a fugitive "o1 ! sub/ances ex]cis+ x aft] ?ree or f\r h\rs become #8dead' & lose _! activity4 ,except+ !n ^! liv+ be+s & ^! phosphoresc5t bodies1 light z commonly kn[n to u is always correlat$ ) heat2 )9 ! la/ f\r ye>s1 h[ev]1 discov]ies h be5 made 9 ,france t seem to modify ! position tak5 by philosoph]s & to necessitate new views conc]n+ ! manife/ations ( t en]gy ) :i* ! univ]se is end[$4 ,a gr\p ( ,fr5* savants h f\nd m9]al sub/ances t app>5tly give out light p]petually )\t any excit+ cause1 realiz+ ! dream ( ! al*emi/s--a p]petual lamp consum+ no oil4 ,^! sub/ances also emit rays hav+ ! p5etrat+ prop]ties ( ,x-rays1 o!r rays affect+ a photographic plate1 & f\r?ly1 rays caus+ air to become a conductor ( electricity4 ,! hi/ory ( ^! discov]ies c be briefly giv54 ,rntg5's discov]y ( ! rays t pass ?r\gh metals & solids opaque to light 0 made 9 #ahie1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 ,becqu]el1 a di/+ui%$ ,fr5* academician1 discov]$ t salts ( ! metal uranium 7sub/ances t _h long be5 us$ 9 color+ *9a & glass7 emit invisible radiations capable ( dis*>g+ electrifi$ bodies & ( produc+ skiagraphic images on s5sitive plates2 he f\nd t potassio-uranic sulfate emits rays t pass ?r\gh black pap] & give photographic impressions 9 ! same way z ,rntg5 rays4 ,?is prop]ty is n limit$ to ! brilliantly fluoresc5t uranic salts1 b is %>$ by ! non-fluoresc5t uran\s salts1 & is exhibit$ by comp\nds :e!r phosphoresc5t or n1 :e!r cry/all9e1 melt$ or 9 solution1 z well z by ! metal itself4 ,! p]man5ce ( ?is activity is amaz+1 sub/ances kept 9 a d\ble lead5 box m ?an ?ree ye>s cont9u+ to ex]t ! p[]4 ,%ortly aft] ! ann\ncem5t by ,becqu]el1 exp]im5t]s f\nd t o!r sub/ances h ! p[] ( emitt+ #8,becqu]el ,rays1' su* z calcium & z9c sulfids & comp\nds ( ?orium4 ,9 #ahih ,mme4 ,sklod[ska ,curie1 work+ 9 ! laboratory ( ! ,municipal ,s*ool ( ,indu/rial ,physics & ,*emi/ry 9 ,p>is1 devis$ a special app>atus = measur+ ! electrical conductivity ( ! air :5 "u ! influ5ce ( #8radio-active bodies1' & by its means /udi$ ! behavior ( pit*bl5de 7uran9ite71 & ( o!r uranium m9]als2 f9d+ t "s specim5s ( pit*bl5de _h ?ree times z mu* en]gy z uranium itself1 %e came to ! conclusion t ! peculi> prop]ty is due to "s unkn[n body conta9$ 9 ! m9]als & n to uranium4 ,exam9+ ! m9]al ) ! aid ( h] husb&1 ! two f\nd a sub/ance analog\s to bismu?1 f\r ?\s& times /rong] ?an uranium1 :i* 0 nam$ #8,polonium1' 9 honor ( ! native l& ( ,mme4 ,curie4 ,9 ,decemb] ( ! same ye>1 ! lady receiv$ ! ,gegn] prize ( #d1jjj francs aw>d$ by ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 z a sub/antial appreciation ( h] discov]y1 & lat] 9 ! same mon? ,mme4 & ,m4 ,curie ann\nc$ t !y _h f\nd a second body 9 pit*bl5de1 :i* !y nam$ #8,radium4' ,m rec5tly1 ,m4 ,debi]ne1 work+ "u ! auspices ( ,mme4 ,curie1 has discov]$ a ?ird body1 :i* he calls #8,act9ium1' an un=tunate appellation because #8act9ium' has already be5 us$ = an elem5t ann\nc$ by ,dr4 ,phipson & s9ce disc>d$4 ,^! ?ree #8radio-active' sub/ances d n possess id5tical prop]ties2 _! rays are unequally absorb$ & are diff]5tly affect$ 9 a magnetic field2 moreov] radium emits visible rays1 :ile polonium does n4 ,nor h !y ! same *emical aff9ities2 polonium belongs to ! bismu? gr\p1 radium to ! b>ium & act9ium to ! titanium s]ies4 ,!y h n be5 sep>at$ p]fectly f _! analogues1 & consequ5tly _! *emical prop]ties & ! actual int5sity ( _! physical activities is v imp]fectly kn[n4 ,! difficulties ( secur+ ev5 small quantities ( crude mat]ials are enorm\s2 ,fritz ,giesel obta9$ f "o ?\s& kilograms ( raw mat]ial only fifte5 grams ( active comp\nds1 & ,mme4 ,curie1 op]at+ on half a ton ( ! residues ( uranium f a *emical manufactory1 got ab\t two kilograms ( b>ium *loride ri* 9 radium1 b ! p]c5tage ( active sub/ances 9 ^! mixtures is unkn[n4 ,radium is spontane\sly lum9\s1 & all ! bodies emit rays t excite phosphoresc5ce 9 gems1 fluorite & o!r m9]als2 !y communicate radiant en]gy to inactive sub/ances1 & !y ex]t *emical action1 trans=m+ oxyg5 into ozone & produc+ *anges 9 ! color ( glass & ( b>ium plat9o-cyanid4 ,?r\gh ! ent]prise & lib]ality ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 & by ! c\rtesy ( ,pr(essor ,langley1 ,i h enjoy$ ! opportunity ( /udy+ small specim5s ( ^! r>e & co/ly sub/ances2 !y compris$ t5 grams ( #8radio-active sub/ance' prep>$ by a manufactur+ *emi/ ( ,g]many & small] quantities ( #8radium' & ( #8polonium' f ,p>is4 ,on remov+ ! wrapp+s ( ! ,g]man specim5s 9 a d>k room1 !y 7 se5 to emit gre5i%-:ite light t gave to ! envelop+ pap]s a peculi> gl[1 simil> to ! fluoresc5ce produc$ by ,rntg5 rays4 ,simple te/s ( ! radium %[$ t x gave ! usual reactions ( b>ium2 on boil+ x ) wat] x lo/ its lum9osity1 b on heat+ to dull r$ness ?is prop]ty return$ 9 ! d>k4 ,x also caus$ a b>ium plat9o-cyanid scre5 to fluoresce4 ,exp]im5ts to te/ ! act9ic p[] ( ^! bodies gave int]e/+ results2 on expos+ sections ( photographic plates1 at di/ances ( five in*es1 f two to twelve m9utes1 b&s 7 obta9$ v>y+ 9 int5sity ) ! duration ( action4 ,by expos+ s5sitive plates beh9d negatives to ! radiant mat]ials f two to ?ree h\rs1 excell5t transp>5cies 7 secur$2 on sub/itut+ ,ea/man's bromide pap] good pr9ts 7 obta9$4 ,! p5etrat+ p[] ( ! rays emitt$ p]mits ! production ( skiagraphs2 ! plates 7 envelop$ 9 ,c>butt's black pap] 7imp]meable to light71 & on !m 7 laid pieces ( t9foil cut 9 op5work patt]n2 aft] "o h\r's exposure negatives 7 secur$ pla9ly %[+ ! patt]n4 ,analog\s exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ on ) ! specim5s f ,p>is1 b !y 7 only "o fif? z /rong 9 effects2 t labell$ #8polonium sub-nitrate' _h positively no action on ! plates us$4 ,! prim>y s\rce ( ! en]gy manife/$ by ^! extraord9>y sub/ances has greatly puzzl$ physici/s1 & z yet rema9s a my/]y4 ,mme4 ,curie1 speculat+ on ! matt]1 conjectur$ t all space is cont9ually trav]s$ by rays analog\s to ,rntg5 rays1 b f> m p5etrat+1 & n capable ( be+ absorb$ by c]ta9 elem5ts ( high atomic weight1 su* z uranium & ?orium4 ,becqu]el1 reflect+ on ! m>vell\s spontane\s emission ( light1 said3 8,if x c be prov$ t ! lum9osity causes no loss ( en]gy1 ! /ate ( ! uranium is l t ( a magnet :i* has be5 produc$ by an exp5diture ( en]gy & reta9s x indef9itely1 ma9ta9+ ar\nd x a field 9 :i* trans=mation ( en]gy c be effect$2 b ! photographic r$uctions & ! excitation ( phosphoresc5ce require an exp5diture ( en]gy1 ( :i* ! s\rce c only be 9 ! radio-active sub/ances40 ,some:at lat]1 ,becqu]el haz>d$ ! op9ion t ! radiation is compos$ at lea/ 9 "p ( ca?odic rays2 b ^! h be5 prov$ to be mat]ial1 h5ce ! induc$ activity mu/ be caus$ by mat]ial p>ticles imp++ ^u ! sub/ances excit$4 ,?is mat]iali/ic !ory seems to be confirm$ by ! results ( +5i\s exp]im5ts made by ,mme4 & ,m4 ,curie2 !y plac$ a s5sitive plate b5ea? a salt ( radium support$ on a slab ( lead1 9 ! vic9ity ( an electro-magnet4 ,"u ^! conditions1 :5 ! curr5t 0 pass+1 ! rays emitt$ 7 b5t 9 curv$ l9es ^u ! s5sitive plate1 mak+ impressions4 ,x may be object$1 says a ,fr5* writ]1 t ! mat]iali/ic !ory requires u to admit actual loss ( p>ticles ( matt]1 nev]!less ! *>ges are s feeble t ! mo/ int5se radiation yet obs]v$ w\ld require millions ( ye>s = ! removal ( "o milligram ( sub/ance4 ,:ile writ+ ^! l9es1 we h news ( exp]im5ts t seem to ?r[ d\bt on ! elem5t>y "* ( ^! radio-active bodies2 ,bela von ,l5gyel1 ( ,budape/1 claims to h prep>$ ! s-call$ #8radium' syn!tically4 ,by fus+ ) ! heat ( electricity uranium nitrate mix$ ) a small p]c5tage ( b>ium nitrate1 & treat+ ! mass ) acids1 he obta9$ a sub/ance t gives out act9ic rays1 ,rntg5 rays1 excites plat9o-cyanid scre5s & causes air to conduct electricity2 9 %ort1 ! ,hung>ian *emi/ gets mat]ial possess+ all ! prop]ties *>act]i/ic ( ! #8elem5t' ann\nc$ by ,mme4 ,curie4 ,admitt+ t radio-active bodies c be manufactur$ to ord]1 are we any ne>] expla9+ _! my/]i\s p[]s8 ,speculations z to ! future hi/ory & applications ( ^! wond]-work+ bodies press ^u ev5 ! dulle/ imag9ation2 if a few grams ( e>?-born mat]ial1 conta9+ only a small p]c5tage ( ! active body1 emit light en\gh to affect ! human eye & a photographic plate1 z well z rays t p5etrate ) ,x-ray p[]1 :at degree ( lum9osity1 ( act9ism & ( ,rntg5ism 7if ! t]m may be all[$71 is to be expect$ f an hundr$ weight ( ! qu9tess5ce ( en]gy purifi$ f int]f]+ matt]8 ,& to :at uses is ?is light-g5]at+ mat]ial to be appli$8 ,are our bicycles to be light$ ) discs ( radium 9 t9y lant]ns8 ,are ^! sub/ances to give u ! #8*eape/ =m ( light8' ,are we ab\t to realize ! *im]ical dream ( ! al*emi/s8 ,s]i\sly1 9 :at direction is pr(\nd /udy ( ^! sub/ances go+ to lead u8 ,w x n greatly ext5d our k ( physical manife/ations ( en]gy & _! correlation8 ,9 :at corn] ( ! globe w be f\nd ! *eap & conv5i5t supply ( ! raw mat]ial yield+ ! radio-active bodies8 ,w n *emi/s be oblig$ to re-exam9e mu* kn[n mat]ial by laboratory me?ods conduct$ 9 ! d>k8 ,_m ( u h work$ up p\nds ( pit*bl5de to extract ! uranium oxids1 & 9 s do+ h p\r$ d[n ! wa/e-pipe or ?r[n into ! du/-b9 ! m int]e/+ & preci\s bodies4 ,:atev] ! future may br+1 sci5ti/s are deeply indebt$ to ,becqu]el & to ,mme4 & ,m4 ,curie = plac+ 9 _! h&s new me?ods ( rese>* & = furni%+ a novel basis = speculation de/9$ to yield abundant fruits4 ,,discussion ,,& ,,correspond5ce4 ,,wa%+ton ,,z ,,an ,,explor] ,,& ,,surveyor4 ,wa%+ton 0 a surveyor & explor] be=e he ent]$ ^u ! fields ( w> & /atecraft1 & 8 hone/y ( purpose1 s9c]ity ( action & accuracy ( /atem5t & me?od1 s manife/ ?r\gh\t 8 c>e] z a soldi] & /atesman1 are f\nd also 9 ! e>li] record4 ,at ! age ( sixte5 he cross$ ! ,blue ,ridge on horseback & made a s]ies ( successful surveys 9 ! ,%5&oah valley1 ov]com+ physical ob/acles ) ! me?od & sy/em ( a mod]n sci5ti/4 ,at tw5ty-two he l$ a p>ty into ! wild]ness ( ! valley ( ! ,ohio to treat ) ! ,fr5* & ,indians4 ,he !n became acqua9t$ ) ! great res\rces ( ! int]ior1 & saw t ! valleys ( ! ,james & ,potomac af=d$ unusual facilities = l9es ( transportation = ! trade #8( a ris+ empire4' ,9 #aged he report$ 9 favor ( a s*eme ( communication betwe5 ! ,atlantic /ates & ! great we/4 ,sixte5 ye>s lat] he sugge/$ t ! project ( op5+ up ! ,potomac be #8recomm5d$ to public notice4' ,! idea conta9$ 9 ! ,potomac s*eme 0 ( f>-rea*+ import1 & only ! pres5t g5]ation c fully realize its significance4 ,wa%+ton 0 n only ! fir/ to map & recomm5d ! g5]al r\te ( ! great highways call$ ! ,national ,pike & ! ,*esapeake & ,ohio ,canal1 :i* are n[ 9 tru? #8becom+ ! *annels ( conveyance ( ! ext5sive & valuable trade ( a ris+ empire1' b he 0 also ! fir/ to pr$ict ! comm]cial success ( t r\te ?r\gh ! ,mohawk valley :i* 0 aft]w>ds tak5 by ! ,erie ,canal & ! ,new ,york ,c5tral ,railroad4 ,"o hundr$ & fifte5 ye>s ago he ask$3 8,w\ld x n be wor?y ( ! wisdom & att5tion ( ,congress to h ! we/]n wat]s well explor$1 ! navigation ( !m fully asc]ta9$ & accurately laid d[n1 & a complete & p]fect map made ( ! c\ntry4444 ,! advantages w\ld be unb\nd$1 = sure ,i am t nature has made su* a display ( h] b\nties 9 ^? regions t ! m ! c\ntry is explor$ ! m x w rise 9 e/imation1 consequ5tly great] w ! rev5ue be to ! ,union40 ,aga9 he decl>$1 8,i %all n re/ cont5t$ until ,i h explor$ ! we/]n c\ntry & h trav]s$ ^? l9es :i* h giv5 b\nds to a new empire40 ,wa%+ton did n d ?is z fully z he wi%$1 b 8 ambition has be5 & is be+ realiz$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( hundr$s ( ent]prises "u bo? national & private enc\ragem5t4 ,! result ( a trip made 9 ! fall ( #aghd 0 ! real hi/oric beg9n+ ( ! ,potomac ent]prise4 ,on 8 return he wrote to ,b5jam9 ,h>rison1 ,gov]nor ( ,virg9ia1 8,i %all take ! lib]ty n[1 my de> sir1 to sugge/ a matt] :i* w\ld m>k y\r adm9i/ration z an important era 9 ! annals ( ?is c\ntry if x %\ld be recomm5d$ by y & adopt$ by ! ,assembly40 ,he rea*$ f> out = ^? days1 assum+ ,detroit z a po9t ( dep>ture = ! trade ( ! nor?we/ t]ritory4 ,8 confid5ce 9 ! practical abilities ( ! ,am]ican p is %[n by ! rem>k1 8,a p :o are possess$ ) ! _s ( comm]ce1 :o see & w pursue _! de/9ies1 may a*ieve almo/ any?+4 ,no p]son :o kn[s ! temp]1 g5ius & policy ( ?is p z well z ,i d c h>bor ! smalle/ d\bt40 ,9 urg+ ! ,potomac s*eme1 he lat] ask$ t commission]s be appo9t$ to make a c>eful survey ( ! ,potomac & ,james riv]s to _! respective s\rces1 & t a complete map ( ! c\ntry int]v5+ betwe5 ! seabo>d1 ! ,ohio wat]s & ! ,great ,lakes be pres5t$ to ! p4 8,^! ?+s be+ done10 he says1 8,i %all be mi/ak5 if prejudice does n yield to facts1 jeal\sy to c&or & f9ally1 if reason & nature1 ?us aid$1 d n dictate :at is "r & prop] to be done40 ,he introduc$ 8 plan to ! notice ( ,congress1 ?us mak+ ! fir/ sugge/ion to t body ( ! policy ( national improvem5ts :i* ! pres5t g5]ation is c>ry+ on1 z well z ( ! policy ( exploration & national surveys to :i* our ,gov]nm5t s firmly adh]es4 ,to-day ! ,gov]nm5t is c>ry+ =w>d survey+ "w by means ( ! l>ge/ & mo/ ?or\ghly equipp$ organizations 9 exi/5ce1 & ?us is ,wa%+ton honor$4 ,! sci5tific m5 ( to-day owe to ,wa%+ton pr(\nd respect & gratitude = ! sci5tific _s he cultivat$ 9 8 "w4 ,! ,gov]nm5t once e/abli%$ on s high a plane1 x necess>ily foll[$ t all true sci5ce %\ld be enc\rag$ & be enli/$ 9 ! developm5t ( ! citiz5 & ( ! mat]ial res\rces ( ! nation4 ,,*>les ,d4 ,,walcott1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,fiction4 ,! lead+ article ( ! ,june numb] ( ! ,c5tury ,magaz9e is entitl$ 8,! ,problem ( increas+ ,human ,en]gy10 & is writt5 by ,nikola ,tesla4 ,mr4 ,tesla (f]s ! read] "s naive v]bal analogies betwe5 ! causes ( human progress & ! #8en]gy' ( !oretical physics1 & a eulogy ( a numb] ( inv5tions :i* he expects to make4 ,he int]sp]ses ^! ) sundry rem>kable /atem5ts su* z1 8our own e>? w be a lump ( ice20 8,?\gh ?is movem5t is n ( a translatory "*1 yet ! g5]al laws ( me*anical movem5t are applicable to x20 8,t we c s5d a message to a planet is c]ta91 t we c get an answ] is probable20 8,x is highly probable t if !re are intellig5t be+s on ,m>s !y h long ago realiz$ ?is v idea ! transmission ( electrical en]gy = indu/rial purposes )\t wires1 :i* w\ld expla9 ! *anges on its surface not$ by a/ronom]s40 7,! italics are our own47 ,mr4 ,tesla's doctr9e ( human en]gy is 9 "s ways z orig9al z ! inv5tions & discov]ies :i* he expects to make4 ,ea* ( u is1 he says1 a "p ( a unit>y :ole1 #8man4' 8,?is "o human be+ lives on & on4444 ,!re9 444 is to be f\nd ! p>tial explanation ( _m ( ^? m>vel\s ph5om5a ( h]$ity :i* are ! result ( c\ntless c5turies ( feeble b p]si/5t influ5ce40 ,n[ we may 8assume t human en]gy is measur$ by half ! product ( man's mass ) ! squ>e ( a c]ta9 hypo!tical velocity 444 ! great problem ( sci5ce is1 & always w be1 to increase ! en]gy ?us def9$4444 ,?is mass is impell$ 9 "o direction by a =ce ,f1 :i* is resi/$ by ano!r p>tly frictional & p>tly negative =ce ,r1 act+ 9 a direction exactly opposite1 & ret>d+ ! movem5t ( ! mass40 ,unhappily ,mr4 ,tesla 9 8 en?usiasm to progress to recomm5dations ( religion1 veget>ianism1 ! old rgime = wom5 & ! artificial prep>ation ( nitrog5 comp\nds1 neglects to /ate :i* direction is ! prop] "o = ! human mass to foll[1 nor?1 s\?1 ea/1 we/1 t[>d ! moon or ,sirius or to ,dante's ,satan 9 ! c5tre ( ! e>?4 ,nor does he expla9 h[ #8enlight5m5t' makes ! mass ( human bodies g 9 an exactly opposite direction to t t[>d :i* #8vision>9ess' impels !m1 nor reveal :y1 if 8 acc\nt be true1 he & a #8vision>y' c walk 9 ! same direction4 ,( c\rse ! :ole notion t ! #8velocity' ( ! human #8mass1' i4e4 ! space x trav]ses 9 a giv5 "t1 has any connection ) human progress or is ( any value to anybody or any?+1 is absurd4 ,mr4 ,tesla has enjoy$ consid]able1 excell5t repute z a gift$ /ud5t ( c]ta9 electrical ph5om5a & "o expects a good deal f 8 8electrical exp]im5ts1 n[ fir/ publi%$40 ,mr4 ,tesla1 too1 expects a good deal f !m4 ,x w\ld take too long to ev5 note "h all ! important sci5tific discov]ies :i* ,mr4 ,tesla expects to make or all ! b5efits :i* he expects to !reby conf] ^u mank9d 9 g5]al & 9 p>ticul> ^u ^? :o exploit 8 inv5tions4 ,"s samples may be giv54 ,w> w be r5d]$ h>mless by be+ r$uc$ to a sort ( game betwe5 #8telautaumata1' ma*9es :i* behave 8j l a bl9d-fold$ p]son obey+ in/ructions receiv$ ?r\gh ! e>10 any "o ( :i* is 8enabl$ to move & to p]=m all its op]ations ) reason & intellig5ce40 ,says ,mr4 ,tesla3 8,i purpose to %[ t1 h[ev] impossible x may n[ seem1 an automaton may be contriv$ :i* w h its #8own m9d1' & by ?is ,i mean t x w be able1 indep5d5t ( any op]ator1 left entirely to itself1 to p]=m1 9 response to ext]nal influ5ces affect+ its s5sitive organs1 a great v>iety ( acts & op]ations z if x _h intellig5ce4 ,x w be able to foll[ a c\rse laid out or to obey ord]s giv5 f> 9 advance2 x w be capable ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 :at x ought & :at x ought n to d1 & ( mak+ exp]i5ces or1 o!rwise /at$1 ( record+ impressions :i* w def9itely affect its subsequ5t actions4 ,9 fact1 ,i h already conceiv$ su* a plan40 ,inasmu* z ! int]e/ 9 ?is telautomatic w>f>e is to be purely /hetic1 x w\ld seem z if int]national bull-fights or kite-fly+ or spell+ mat*es or potato-races might d z well1 & h ! add$ advantage ( leav+ ,mr4 ,tesla's expectations free to w&] among ! foll[+ prospective discov]ies4 ,new s\rces ( en]gy1 ,mr4 ,tesla ?9ks1 may be op5$ up1 su* z a :eel :i* %all p]=m "w )\t any fur!r ef=t on our "p ?an t ( con/ruct+ x4 8,imag9e a disc ( "s homog5e\s mat]ial turn$ p]fectly true & arrang$ to turn 9 frictionless be>+s on a horizontal %aft above ! gr\nd4 ,?is disk1 be+ "u ! above conditions p]fectly balanc$1 w\ld re/ 9 any position4 ,n[1 x is possible t we may le>n h[ to make su* a disk rotate cont9u\sly & p]=m "w by ! =ce ( gravity )\t any fur!r ef=t on our "p4444 ,to make ! disk rotate by ! =ce ( gravity we h only to inv5t a scre5 aga9/ ?is =ce4 ,by su* a scre5 we c\ld prev5t ?is =ce f act+ on "o half ( ! disk1 & ! rotation ( ! latt] w\ld foll[40 ,into fur!r p>ticul>s conc]n+ ! nature ( su* a scre5 ,mr4 ,tesla does n ent]1 ?\gh x w\ld seem a matt] well fitt$ to engage 8 peculi> gifts4 ,! #8scre5 aga9/ gravity' idea has already ent]$ into a popul> /ory1 b sci5tific m5 h probably n giv5 x mu* consid]ation4 ,by produc+ a #8s9k' or res]voir ( a l[ temp]ature1 !reby induc+ ! heat ( ! ambi5t m$ium to trans=m itself 9 "p into o!r =ms ( en]gy 7e4g4 electrical71 ,mr4 ,tesla hopes to 8get any am\nt ( en]gy )\t fur!r ef=t0 beyond ! am\nt ne$$ to create ! #8s9k4' ,we %\ld ?us employ 8an ideal way ( obta9+ motor p[]10 & incid5tally rebuke ! n>r[-m9d$ physics ( ,c>not & ,"l ,kelv94 ,by means ( 8 electrical oscillator ,mr4 ,tesla has satisfi$ himself t he c transmit electrical en]gy 9 l>ge quantities )\t wires4 ,he expects t ?is c be done to great economic advantage4 ,!n w\ld come ! gold5 age4 8,m5 c\ld settle d[n ev]y:]e1 f]tilize & irrigate ! soil ) little ef=t1 & conv]t b>r5 des]ts into g>d5s1 & ?us ! entire globe c\ld be trans=m$ & made a fitt] abode = mank9d40 ,! gold5 age figures l>gely 9 ,mr4 ,tesla's article2 he (f]s u all t is entranc+ & wond]ful4 ,he is g5]\s4 ,we ask = ! bread ( def9ite facts ( sci5ce & intelligible evid5ce1 b he gives u ! ame?y/ & topaz & diamonds ( an ambi5t m$ium do+ all our "w & ! atmosph]e transport+ all our motive p[] & ! tyrant gravity held p[]less by a scre51 & ,mr4 ,tesla correct+ ,"l ,kelv9's errors4 ,/ill ame?y/ & topaz & diamonds are only /ones4 ,!y may dazzle ! magaz9e read]1 b !y d n n\ri% ! /ud5t ( sci5ce4 ,! editorial dep>tm5t ( ! ,c5tury ,magaz9e p]haps felt t ^! jewels 7 a bit too bright4 ,we read !re t 8mu* t mu/ seem speculative to ! layman c take its prop] place only 9 ! purview ( ! sci5ti/40 ,"s cons]vative sci5ti/s w feel l gr[l+1 8,& mu* t mu/ seem bo% to ! man ( sci5ce c take its prop] place only 9 ! purview ( ! editorial dep>tm5ts ( popul> magaz9es40 ,leav+ aside ! pres5t case1 x is a fact t ! same c>e :i* is ex]cis$ by editors to secure 9 _! contributions excell5ce ( /yle & syntax1 a prop] moral tone & fre$om f adv]tisem5t ( bus9ess v5tures1 is n ex]cis$ to secure accuracy 9 /atem5ts ( fact or dec5t cr$ibility 9 matt]s ( !ory4 ,! editors app>5tly impute to _! read]s a desire to be ent]ta9$ at all co/s4 ,!y desc5d to a foot+ ) ! ,sunday newspap] in/ead ( try+ to rise to ! level ( su* sci5tific lit]ature z ,huxley or ,tyndall gave u4 ,!y evid5tly (t5 d n "k sci5ce f rubbi% & app>5tly seldom make any ef=t to f9d out ! diff]5ce4 ,!y %\ld at lea/ submit _! sci5tific lit]ature to compet5t m5 = criticism & revision4 ,! g5]al public is helpless be=e any suppos$ly sci5tific /atem5t4 ,x may judge vaguely by ! /&+ ( ! pap] or magaz9e or book conta9+ x1 by ! "n ( ! writ] or by ! g5]al tone 9 :i* ! article is writt54 ,b x _c judge def9itely by comp>ison ) relevant facts or by critically exam9+ ! logic ( ! d$uctions1 = ! g5]al public lacks bo? k ( ! relevant facts & tra9+ 9 logical criticism4 ,t a man %\ld inv5t a microscope :i* w enable "o to see objects a million times z small z c be se5 ) ! nak$ eye seems no m que/ionable to ! g5]al public ?an t a man %\ld cause unf]tiliz$ eggs to develop4 ,yet ! fir/ w\ld be impossible :ile ! second has be5 possible1 probable1 & /ill m lately prov$4 ,guidance 9 sci5tific matt]s %\ld be welcome if only = ! protection ?us giv5 aga9/ fraudul5t m$ic9es1 bogus inv5tions & nons5sical ent]prises4 ,,physici/4 ,,sci5tific ,,lit]ature4 ,,ma!matical ,,physics4 ,! memoirs pres5t$ to ! ,cambridge ,philosophical ,society on ! occasion ( ! jubilee ( ,sir ,george ,/okes1 h be5 publi%$ 9 a /ately volume by ! ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,press4 ,a ye> ago "s f\r hundr$ m5 ( sci5ce met at ,cambridge to celebrate ! fiftie? anniv]s>y ( ! appo9tm5t ( ,sir ,george ,/okes to ! ,lucasian pr(essor%ip ( ma!matics1 a *air held by ,newton & a di/+ui%$ l9e ( ma!maticians4 ,an (ficial acc\nt ( ! proce$+s1 ) a portrait ( ,pr(essor ,/okes1 is giv5 9 ! volume n[ issu$4 ,! sev5ty-two in/itutions s5d+ delegates are arrang$ *ronologically 9 ! ord] ( _! f\ndation1 & x is n unwor?y ( note t among ! sixte5 olde/ in/itutions1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has five repres5tatives1 :]eas ,great ,brita9 has ?irte5 univ]sities & colleges y\ng] ?an ! ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity4 ,! ,r$e lecture giv5 by ,m4 ,alfr$ ,cornu & entitl$ #8,la ?orie des ondes lum9euses1' is publi%$ 9 ,fr5*1 ev5 ! quotations f ,newton's #8,opticks' be+ translat$ into t language4 ,m4 ,cornu /ates t by #8une tude appr(ondie' ( ! #8,opticks1' 8 lecture %[s t ,newton favor$ ,desc>tes's undulatory !ory ( light1 r ?an ! emission !ory usually attribut$ to him4 ,! tw5ty-two memoirs t foll[ cov] a wide range ( subjects1 ne>ly all ( :i* h1 h[ev]1 a connection ) ! rese>*es ( ,pr(essor ,/okes4 ,!y include ?ree contributions f ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ma!matical pap]s by ,pr(s4 ,e4 ,w4 ,br[n & ,e4 ,o4 ,lovett1 & a description by ,pr(essor ,mi*elson ( 8 e*elon spectroscope4 ,9 addition to ?is memorial volume1 ! ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,press1 :i* is repres5t$ 9 ,am]ica by ,! ,macmillan ,company1 is at pres5t publi%+ ! collect$ pap]s ( ?ree em95t /ud5ts ( ma!matical physics4 ,! fir/ volume ( ,"l ,rayleigh's #8,sci5tific ,pap]s' conta9s sev5ty-eight contributions publi%$ f #ahfi to #ahha4 ,! e>ly pap]s %[ ! influ5ce ( ,maxwell1 ,"l ,rayleigh's pr$ecessor 9 ! *air ( exp]im5tal physics at ,cambridge1 b x 0 app>5tly n until #ahha t he fully appreciat$ ! importance ( ,maxwell's electro-magnetic !ory ( light4 ,! pap]s on ac\/ics 7 foll[$ by ! publication 9 #ahgg ( ! classical "w on ! #8,!ory ( ,s\nd4' ,"l ,rayleigh1 at an e>ly p]iod1 treat$ v>i\s optical subjects1 includ+ "s ( ! ph5om5a ( color vision4 ,8 explanation ( ! blue color ( ! sky & 8 treatm5t ( ! resolv+ p[] ( telescopes are well kn[n4 ,! contributions on optics & ac\/ics h be5 cont9u$ to ! pres5t "t1 b !y by no means limit 8 int]e/s4 ,!re are important pap]s on hydrodynamics & ma!matics1 & long] & %ort] contributions on a great range ( subjects 9 ma!matical physics1 ! sci5ce :i* at ! pres5t day is p]haps ( supreme importance4 ,! second volume ( ,pr(essor ,tait's #8,sci5tific ,pap]s' conta9s ^? publi%$ s9ce #ahha4 ,! fir/ volume consi/$ ( sixty pap]s1 & ?is volume1 :i* has foll[$ ) b little delay1 adds sev5ty-?ree4 ,z mu/ be ! case 9 collect$ pap]s1 "s are elaborate treatises :ile o!rs fill only "p ( a s+le page2 "s are extremely te*nical :ile o!rs 7 fir/ publi%$ 9 ! #8,encyclopdia ,britannica' & ! #8,contempor>y ,review4' ,among ! m elaborate pap]s are ^? on ! physical prop]ties ( wat] contribut$ to #8,! ,voyage ( ,h4 ,m4 ,s4 ,*all5g]1' on ! k9etic !ory ( gases1 on impact & on quat]nions4 ,! ?ird s]ies j publi%$ by ! ,cambridge ,press is ! #8,pap]s on ,me*anical & ,physical ,subjects'1 by ,pr(4 ,osborne ,reynolds1 ( ,ow5s ,college4 ,! fir/ volume conta9s =ty pap]s f transactions & j\rnals issu$ f #ahfi to #ahhb4 ,! mo/ elaborate memoir is t on c]ta9 dim5sional prop]ties ( matt] 9 ! gase\s /ate1 :i* includes exp]im5ts on !rmal transpiration ( gases ?r\gh por\s plates & a !oretical ext5sion ( ! dynamic !ory ( gas4 ,_m ( ! pap]s1 su* z ^? on meteorological ph5om5a & ! /e]+ ( vessels1 are ( popul> int]e/4 ,! ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,press is p]=m+ a "w ( ! utmo/ value to sci5ce 9 und]tak+ ! publication ( ^! great volumes1 & we c only regret t1 9 spite ( ! beg9n+s made at ,johns ,hopk9s1 ,*icago1 ,p5nsylvania & ,columbia1 ,am]ican m5 ( sci5ce h no su* opportunities = ! publication ( _! works z ^? af=d$ at ,cambridge & ,ox=d4 ,,botany4 ,t a l>ge am\nt ( popul> int]e/ c5t]s 9 ! /udy ( tree life & all subjects incid5tal to =e/ry & horticulture is evid5c$ by ! appe>ance ( a second book on ! subject "u ! title ( #8,our ,native ,trees & ,h[ to ,id5tify ,!m' 7,scribn]s71 by ,h>riet ,l4 ,keel]4 ,! volume 9 "q takes up ! trees native ( nor!rn ,unit$ ,/ates ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 toge!r ) a few well-kn[n =eign species :i* h become naturaliz$ 9 ?is region4 ,! book op5s ) a key to ! families ( dicotyl$on\s species bas$ ^u leaf *>act]s1 & e species receives n only a full te*nical description1 b also comes 9 = int]e/+ comm5ts ^u habit & g5]al ecological relations4 ,num]\s draw+s & half-tones add to ! accuracy & cle>ness ( ! descriptions4 ,x is n too mu* to say t ! photographic reproductions surpass 9 beauty & pres5tation ( detail any rec5t botanical publication1 & ! v5ation ( leaves is %[n 9 mo/ in/ances by ?is me?od q z well z x might be done by means ( p5 & ink sket*es4 ,! value ( ! descriptions is height5$ by ! inclusion ( notes ( economic int]e/4 ,x is n unexpect$ t "s errors %\ld creep into ! discussions on almo/ all phases ( botany :i* are int]sp]s$ ?r\gh\t ! volume4 ,! appe>ance ( a new botanical diction>y is mo/ timely1 & x is =tunate t ! task ( its prep>ation %\ld be und]tak5 by su* a skilful bibliograph] z ,mr4 ,b4 ,d4 ,jackson4 ,8 #8,gloss>y ( ,botanical ,t]ms' 7,lipp9cott7 conta9s fifte5 ?\s& words1 or ?ree times z _m z h be5 includ$ 9 any previ\s "w ( ?is "*4 ,?is is indicative ( a mo/ en]getic pursuit ( inve/igations 9 all dep>tm5ts ( ! subject1 & also ( a lam5table t5d5cy to ! co9age by botani/s ( new & unnecess>y t]ms ^u ! slighte/ pretext4 ,a legitimate factor 9 ! increase ( ! cont5ts ( su* a "w consi/s 9 ! inclusion ( words 9 common use :i* take on a te*nical mean+ 9 botany2 su*1 = in/ance1 z altitude1 abnormal1 abrupt1 absolute1 accid5tal back1 etc4 ,d]ivations are giv51 b ! hi/ory ( ! t]ms has n be5 attempt$4 ,accord+ to ! au?or1 #8anlage' may be v>i\sly r5d]$ z rudim5t1 inception or primordium4 #8,*lorophyll' receives ! d\ble consonant at ! end ( ! la/ syllable aga9/ ! popul> extra-botanical practice4 ,reg>d+ #8m$ull>y' ! au?or says3 8,i h giv5 ! acc5t z x is always spok5 7m$ul'-l>y7 ?\gh all ( ! diction>ies 7botanical87 acc5t x z m$'-ull>y except ,h5sl['s40 ,9 ?is ! au?or _h 9 m9d ! practice among 8 insul> colleagues only1 s9ce ! latt] pronunciation is giv5 9 ! ,/&>d1 ,c5tury & ,web/]'s ,diction>ies & is foll[$ by n9e t5?s ( ! ,am]ican botani/s4 8,mycorhizome mycorrhiza-l /ructures 9 ,corallorhiza & ,epipogum roots10 & 8,mycorrhiza symbiotic fungi on ! roots ( plants1 pro?allia1 etc410 are n only incongru\s ) or?ography & botanical fact1 b also ) ! usage ( all rec5t writ]s on ?is subject4 ,:ile _m o!r errors ( ?is "* c\ld be adduc$1 ! g5]al value ( ! book is sc>cely less5$1 & x w be ( ! greate/ s]vice to ! work+ botani/1 n only 9 rais+ ! g5]al lit]>y tone ( 8 writ+s1 b also 9 plac+ at 8 comm& a *oice ( all ( ! e/abli%$ t]ms deal+ ) any phase ( ! subject2 an aid :i* w be greatly conducive to increas$ accuracy ( /atem5t4 ,a decade s9ce1 ! majority ( ! botani/s engag$ 9 ! /udy ( ! di/ribution ( plants on ?is cont95t1 z well z ! /rict sy/emati/s1 7 q unanim\sly ( ! op9ion t ! t]ritory )9 ! b\nd>ies ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h be5 q ?or\ghly explor$1 & t ! task ( ! collector are well-nigh done4 ,despite ?is disc\rag+ conclusion a few en?usia/ic work]s h n int]mitt$ _! labors 9 a m critical consid]ation ( ! floras ( ! new] & less ?ickly settl$ regions1 ) ! result t scores & hundr$s ( new species h be5 br\ght to light ea* ye>1 & ! awak5+ int]e/ 9 ! subject promises a re-exploration ( ! great ,we/4 ,a /rik+ example ( ! results await+ ! /ud5t 9 ?is l9e is af=d$ by ,dr4 ,rydb]g's #8,flora ( ,montana & ! ,yell[/one ,p>k' 7,new ,york ,botanical ,g>d571 :i* has rec5tly appe>$4 ,al?\gh ! fir/ collections ( plants 9 ?is region 7 made by ! ,lewis & ,cl>ke exp$ition ne>ly a c5tury ago1 ,dr4 ,ryb]g f9ds #afc new species & v>ieties 9 ! #a1igf :i* he li/s 9 ?is volume4 ,( ?is numb] #dhg are f\nd on bo? ! ea/]n & we/]n slopes ( ! cont95tal divide1 #bfh on ! ea/]n side only1 #ebj on ! we/]n side only1 #db ( :i* are arctic & inhabit ! high m\nta9 summits1 & #fei :i* h orig9at$ 9 ! exact region "u discussion4 ,sev5 hundr$ & sev5ty-six ( ! species li/$ 7 n includ$ 9 ,c\lt]'s #8,rocky ,m\nta9 ,botany1' publi%$ a few ye>s ago4 ,! symposium on ! #8,plant ,geography ( ,nor? ,am]ican1' to be giv5 at ! com+ meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 w d mu* to sy/ematize inve/igations ( ?is "* & broad5 ! me?od ( treatm5t accord$ ! subject 9 ! future4 ,,biology4 ,! #8,biological ,lectures f ! ,m>9e ,laboratory ( ,woods ,holl1 #ahii1' make up a volume ( ab\t ?ree hundr$ pages :i* repres5t fairly ! pres5t t5d5cies ( biological inve/igation 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! mo/ /rik+ ?+s ab\t ! lectures are ! wide range ( topics :i* !y treat1 & ! fir/-h& quality ( ! subject matt] 9 ea* case4 ,?is is mo/ cle>ly se5 by a c>eful read+ ( ! text1 b a m]e enum]ation ( a few ( ! sixte5 titles & lectures makes x fairly obvi\s4 ,?us1 ,d4 ,p4 ,p5hall[ writes on #8,! ,nature ( ! ,evid5ce ,exhibit$ by ,fossil ,plants1 & its be>+ ^u our ,k ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,plant ,life2' ,d4 ,t4 ,mac,dougal writes on ! #8,significance ( ,mycorrhizas1' ,edw>d ,?orndike on #8,in/9ct1' ,h]b]t ,s4 ,j5n+s on #8,! ,behavior ( ,unicellul> ,organisms1' ,alpheus ,hyatt on #8,"s ,gov]n+ ,factors usually neglect$ 9 ,biological ,inve/igations1' ,t4 ,h4 ,morgan on #8,reg5]ation1' ,c4 ,b4 ,dav5port on #8,! ,aims ( ! ,quantitative ,/udy ( ,v>iation1' ,jacques ,loeb on #8,! ,nature ( ! ,process ( ,f]tilization4' ,to ! pr(ess$ sci5ti/ ^! lectures w furni% exp]t op9ion on c]ta9 important topics2 ! g5]al read] w f9d 9 !m a pres5tation n too te*nical or detail$4 ,pr(essor ,loeb's lecture1 = example1 is = su* read]s ! be/ acc\nt yet giv5 ( 8 exp]im5ts 9 artificial f]tilization4 ,! range & orig9ality :i* *>act]ize ^! lectures are really *>act]i/ic ( ! g5]al "w & _s ( ! ,woods ,holl ,laboratory4 ,few p realize ! am\nt ( rese>* "w :i* is done !re f summ] to summ]4 ,yet la/ ye> !re 7 sev5ty-"o inve/igators !re4 ,moreov]1 ^! repres5t a sup]ior selection f among ! in/ructors & /ud5ts ( ! v>i\s colleges4 ,x is a symptom ( a heal?y1 vigor\s condition 9 biological sci5ce t ! be/ work]s ( ! c\ntry are glad to devote _! vacation season to rese>*1 & x is highly cr$itable to ! ,woods ,holl managem5t t x (f]s !m su* attractive facilities4 ,simil> summ] laboratories are n[ be+ e/abli%$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & are to be reckon$ ) z v important factors 9 ! progress ( biology4 ,,cytology4 ,x is a some:at surpris+ fact t among educat$ p ( sci5tific tra9+ !re prevails g5]ally ! greate/ ignorance z to "s ( ! mo/ important problems ( biology4 ,we ref] to ^? problems connect$ ) ! /ructure & functions ( ! animal & plant cell4 ,m5 :o c und]/& & appreciate rec5t discov]ies 9 a/ronomy1 physics1 *emi/ry & geology are usually :olly lo/ 9 cytology4 ,9 fact1 9 g5]al writ+ or spee* x is n safe to use ?is "n )\t at once def9+ x1 s9ce x is commonly suppos$ to be a mispronunciation or a /upid misspell+ ( #8psy*ology1' :ile to mo/ p nuclei1 *romosomes1 c5trosomes & mitotic sp9dles are words )\t mean+1 signify+ no?+4 ,! reason = ?is is tw(old3 ,fir/1 cytology is "o ( ! newe/ ( ! biological sci5ces & x has b rec5tly f\nd its way into college curricula1 & second1 !re h be5 few text-books or g5]al works on ?is subject to :i* an intellig5t layman c\ld turn = in=mation4 ,& yet1 9 spite ( ?is fact1 !re are few fields ( sci5tific "w possess+ m g5]al int]e/ ?an t ( cytology4 ,at ! pres5t day ! greate/ problems ( biology are c5t]$ 9 ! cell4 ,assimilation1 gr[?1 metabolism1 reproduction1 diff]5tiation1 inh]itance & v>iation--^! are at bottom cellul> ph5om5a1 ! result ( ! /ructure & functions ( cells4 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 t 8all ! se>*lights ( sci5ce h be5 turn$ ^u ! cell10 & t cell /udies dur+ ! pa/ t5 ye>s h receiv$ an am\nt ( att5tion :i* is comp>able only to t devot$ to evolution "u ! /imulus ( ,d>w9's "w4 ,pr(essor ,wilson's book on ! cell1,f ! second edition ( :i* has j appe>$1 is a "w ( m ?an ord9>y int]e/1 n only to ! biologi/1 b to all p]sons :o are int]e/$ 9 ! g5]al advance ( sci5ce4 ,al?\gh !re are sev]al o!r good text-books ( cytology :i* h appe>$ dur+ ! pa/ five or six ye>s1 ,pr(essor ,wilson's book1 9 ?or\ghness ( treatm5t1 9 philosophical insight1 9 cle>ness & =cefulness ( /yle & 9 weal? & beauty ( illu/rations1 easily surpasses !m all4 ,f ,! ,cell 9 ,developm5t & ,inh]itance4 ,edmund ,b4 ,wilson4 ,second ,edition ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 ,columbia ,univ]sity ,biological ,s]ies ,,iv4 ,new ,york & ,london1 ,! ,macmillan ,co41 #aijj4 ,pp4 xxi1 #dhc ) #aid ,figures 9 ! ,text4 #c4ej ,x is impossible 9 ?is brief note to give any adequate summ>y ( ! volume or ( ! position ( ! au?or on que/ions ( g5]al int]e/2 ! subjects ( ! *apt]s1 h[ev]1 may s]ve to give "s idea z to ! scope ( ! "w4 ,aft] an introduction :i* gives a brief hi/orical sket* ( ! cell !ory & its relation to ! evolution !ory1 !re are tak5 up 9 successive *apt]s a g5]al sket* ( cell /ructure1 cell division1 ! g]m cells1 f]tilization ( ! ovum1 ! =mation ( ! g]m cells & ! halv+ ( _! nuclei prep>atory to f]tilization1 cell organs & _! relations to ea* o!r & to ! life ( ! cell1 cell *emi/ry & cell physiology1 cell division 9 its relation to ! developm5t ( ! egg1 & f9ally1 "s !ories ( inh]itance & developm5t4 ,9 addition1 !re is app5d$ an excell5t gloss>y & a li/ ( all ! mo/ important lit]ature on ! subject up to ! curr5t ye>4 ,:ile ! "w is und\bt$ly int5d$ z a ref]5ce book = inve/igators & advanc$ /ud5ts 9 biology1 be+ m>k$ by ! ?or\ghness ( treatm5t ( an orig9al communication1 x is yet s well writt5 & s copi\sly illu/rat$ z to make x n only intelligible b also int5sely int]e/+ to ! g5]al read]4 ,,education4 ,! mo/ important rec5t book on education is und\bt$ly #8,education 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1' a book prep>$ 9 connection ) ! educational exhibit ( ?is c\ntry at ! ,p>is ,exposition4 ,x consi/s ( a s]ies ( monographs :i* cov] all ! important phases ( educational endeavor 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! two volumes include ne>ly a ?\s& pages1 almo/ all ( :i* pres5t def9ite & reliable facts4 ,only r>ely is !re any indulg5ce 9 expressions ( private op9ion1 & /ill m r>ely is su* op9ion que/ionable4 ,! editor is ju/ifi$ 9 8 /atem5t t ! book is #8a cross-section view ( education 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aijj4' ,x w be ( great value to ! /ud5t ( ,am]ican in/itutions or ( education 9 g5]al1 & %\ld be ( int]e/ to any citiz5 :o desires to be well in=m$ ab\t 8 c\ntry4 ,! quality ( ! monographs w be evid5t f ! li/ ( ! au?or's names4 ,= in/ance1 ^? writ+ on high] education are ,pr(4 ,a4 ,f4 ,we/1 ( ,pr9ceton2 ,pr(4 ,e4 ,d4 ,p]ry1 ( ,columbia2 ,presid5t ,?omas1 ( ,bryn ,mawr2 ,director ,p>sons1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york2 ,presid5t ,m5d5hall1 ( ! ,worce/] ,polyte*nic ,in/itute1 & ,pr(4 ,h4 ,b4 ,adams1 ( ,johns ,hopk9s4 ,,! ,,progress ,,( ,,sci5ce4 ,! conditions 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates h be5 favorable to ! developm5t ( geology4 ,! v>i$ =ms ( ! l& h (f]$ abundant opportunities = rese>*1 :]eas ! practical value ( ! "w has l$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( surveys1 ! magnitude ( ^: contribution to geology is only kn[n to special /ud5ts4 ,! ,geological ,society ( ,am]ica has ab\t two hundr$ & fifty memb]s1 ne>ly all ( :om are actively engag$ 9 geological rese>*1 p]haps a l>g] numb] ?an 9 any o!r sci5ce4 ,! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey is ! c5t] ( ?is movem5t1 & its great effici5cy is 9 l>ge measure due to ,mr4 ,g4 ,k4 ,gilb]t1 n[ presid5t ( ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce4 ,he 0 born 9 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y41 9 #ahdc1 & aft] graduat+ f ! univ]sity 9 t city1 act$ = five ye>s z assi/ant 9 ! ,w>d ,museum1 :]e a numb] ( em95t naturali/s h be5 tra9$4 ,he !n became geologi/ 9 ! ,ohio ,survey "u ,newb]ry1 0 engag$ 9 ! ,:eel] & ,p[ell ,surveys1 & has be5 geologi/ 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey s9ce its e/abli%m5t 9 #ahgi4 ,9 ! arid we/1 :]e ! face ( ! e>? is b>e1 ,mr4 ,gilb]t made ! obs]vations & discov]ies 9 dynamical & physical geology :i* h done s mu* t[>d ! mak+ ( ! sci5ce ( physiography4 ,8 monographs on ! ,h5ry ,m\nta9s & on ,lake ,bonneville1 ! "n he gave to ! anci5t lake t once fill$ ! ,utah bas91 are models1 bo? 9 reg>d to _! orig9al discov]ies & ! me?ods ( pres5tation4 ,he has ext5d$ 8 /udies to ! bas9s ( ! ,laur5tian ,lakes & to o!r regions1 always ) important results4 ,mr4 ,gilb]t has be5 presid5t ( ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,naturali/s1 ! ,geological ,society ( ,am]ica & ! ,philosophical ,society ( ,wa%+ton1 & has receiv$ ! ,wolla/on ,m$al ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,london4 ,8 presid5tial address be=e ! ,am]ican ,association w be giv5 at ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,new ,york ,city1 on ! ev5+ ( ,june #bf1 8 subject be+ #8,geological ,rhy?m4' 99 99 99 99 99 ,! meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,association 9 ,new ,york ,city1 op5+ z ?is issue ( ! ,,mon?ly is publi%$1 promises to be ( m ?an usual importance4 ,! prelim9>y programs ( ! diff]5t sections %[ long li/s ( valuable pap]s & promise ! att5dance ( lead+ m5 ( sci5ce f all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,a movem5t ( int]e/ is ! increas+ t5d5cy ( special sci5tific societies to meet 9 conjunction ) ! ,association4 ,no less ?an fifte5 societies w ?is ye> hold _! sessions at ,columbia ,univ]sity1 "s ( !m jo9+ ) ! sections ( ! ,association1 & o!rs hold+ indep5d5t meet+s4 ,! memb]s ( ^! diff]5t societies h ! advantage ( ! r$uc$ railway rates & o!r arrangem5ts :i* c be made once = all1 & ! /ill great] advantage ( meet+ sci5tific m5 9 o!r dep>tm5ts4 ,z sci5ce gr[s 9 details & 9 range1 !re is on ! "o h& an increas$ specialization1 mak+ x desirable = small gr\ps ( exp]ts to meet toge!r to discuss _! special problems1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 almo/ e sci5tific "q has ramifications ext5d+ to _m sci5ces4 ,h5ce1 ! ne$ ( _m sep>ate societies & at ! same "t ( a common meet+ gr\nd4 ,:5 ! ,am]ican ,association 0 organiz$1 9 #ahdh1 its memb]s c\ld meet 9 "o body2 lat] !y divid$ into two sections1 "o = ! exact sci5ces & "o = natural hi/ory4 ,9 #ahhb n9e sections 7 organiz$1 b x 0 n until #ahib t botany 0 sep>at$ f zology4 ,at pres5t ! sections no long] suffice1 & !re mu/ be ei!r a fur!r sub-division & a m effici5t organization ( ! sections1 or ! ,am]ican ,association mu/ become an adm9i/rative body1 t w arrange = ! simultane\s meet+s ( indep5d5t societies & ! union ( ^! societies 9 support ( _! common int]e/s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! obvi\s advantages ( meet+ toge!r h n[ l$ ne>ly all ! national sci5tific societies to select ei!r ! "t ( ! ,am]ican ,association or ,*ri/mas week = jo9t meet+s4 ,x is un=tunate t !y %\ld be divid$ into two gr\ps1 & x mu/ be admitt$ t nei!r midsumm] nor ! ,*ri/mas holidays are altoge!r suitable = ! meet+s4 ,! ,am]ican ,association has ?is ye> made ! exp]im5t ( select+ ! end ( ,june1 imm$iately aft] ! close ( ! college sessions1 in/ead ( a week 9 ,augu/4 ,?is has "s advantages1 b ev5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! summ] _m m5 ( sci5ce are ei!r abroad or are engag$ 9 sci5tific exp$itions4 ,! heat is apt to be excessive1 int]f]+ n only ) ! meet+s1 b also requir+ "s self-sacrifice on ! "p ( sci5tific m5 :5 !y leave _! com=table summ] homes to travel ?r\gh heat & du/ to a hot & du/y city4 ,*ri/mas week1 divid$ by ,sunday1 is too %ort = a s]ies ( sci5tific meet+s1 especially = ^? :o mu/ travel f a di/ance4 ,?is l$ to ! organization la/ w9t] ( ! ,cordill]ean ,geological ,society1 ! ,we/]n ,society ( ,naturali/s & ! ,we/]n ,philosophical ,association4 ,local associations are1 ( c\rse1 valuable1 b !y %\ld n int]f]e ) "o c5tral meet+ 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye>4 ,! plan has be5 sugge/$ ( tak+ "o week1 ei!r imm$iately aft] ! ,new ,ye> or 9 ! e>ly spr+1 = a g5]al sci5tific ga!r+1 :i* w\ld include n only ! exact & natural sci5ces1 b also philology1 hi/ory1 etc4 ,! plan w\ld be to secure an adj\rnm5t ( ex]cises or leave ( abs5ce 9 ! case ( univ]sities1 colleges1 museums1 ,gov]nm5t dep>tm5ts1 etc41 ) ! und]/&+ t x w\ld be ! duty ( all ^? :o 7 releas$ f _! regul> "w to att5d ! meet+s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,am]ican ,association la/ met 9 ,new ,york ,city 9 #ahhg1 ?\gh !re 0 a meet+ 9 ,brooklyn 9 #ahid4 ,! pa/ ?irte5 & ev5 ! pa/ six ye>s h witness$ an extraord9>y developm5t 9 ! educational & sci5tific in/itutions ( ! city4 ,columbia ,college & ,new ,york ,univ]sity h develop$ into great univ]sities1 ea* hav+ f\nd a new site & erect$ ^u x build+s :i* might h be5 expect$ to come only z ! gr[? ( a c5tury4 ,! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory has become "o ( ! great museums ( ! _w1 millions ( doll>s hav+ be5 sp5t on build+s4 ,a botanical g>d5 & a zological p>k h be5 e/abli%$1 :i* promise to rival ^? ( any ( ! ,european capitals4 ,a well-equipp$ aqu>ium has be5 op5$ "u ! auspices ( ! city2 ! ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art has be5 entirely rebuilt to accommodate its increas+ collections2 a magnific5t build+ is 9 c\rse ( erection = ! ,public ,libr>y to conta9 its great assemblage ( books1 :i* ) its end[m5t is l>gely ! result ( rec5t ye>s4 ,:ile ,bo/on & ,philadelphia h made great advances )9 ! la/ few ye>s1 & ,wa%+ton has become ! *ief sci5tific c5t] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 x is especially notewor?y t ,new ,york ,city has enjoy$ an educational & sci5tific developm5t comm5surate ) its mat]ial res\rces4 99 99 99 99 99 ,jonas ,g4 ,cl>k1 :o t5 ye>s ago e/abli%$ at ,worce/] a univ]sity & *ri/5$ x ) 8 "n1 has di$ & left to ! univ]sity sev]al hundr$ ?\s& doll>s1 & on c]ta9 conditions practically ! :ole ( 8 e/ate1 :i* is said to be betwe5 five & t5 million doll>s4 ,! w is a complicat$ docum5t ) num]\s codicils1 some:at difficult to int]pret & likely to give rise to legal complications4 ,! hi/ory ( ,cl>k ,univ]sity has be5 curi\s & int]e/+4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity1 !re 0 a diff]5ce ( op9ion betwe5 ! f\nd] & ! presid5t z to ! scope ( ! in/itution4 ,9 bo? cases ! f\nd] _h 9 view a m or less local college1 :ile ! presid5t believ$ t we _h colleges 9 suffici5t numb]1 b ne$$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates univ]sities on ,g]man models1 b go+ ev5 fur!r ?an ,g]many 9 mak+ rese>* r ?an in/ruction ! prim>y object ( ! in/itution4 ,johns ,hopk9s di$ v soon aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( 8 univ]sity1 & ?\gh !re 0 = a :ile a good deal ( diff]5ce ( op9ion 9 ! bo>d ( tru/ees1 ! univ]sity idea triumph$4 ,a college 01 h[ev]1 e/abli%$ 9 connection ) x4 ,at ,cl>k ,univ]sity ! f\nd] liv$ = t5 ye>s1 & appe>s to h alt]$ sev]al times 8 po9t ( view4 ,he )drew 8 support1 & ! univ]sity "w :i* began brilliantly 0 mu* r$uc$ 9 range & quality4 ,! great] "p ( ! faculty remov$ 9 a body to ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,x appe>s t at ?is "t ,mr4 ,cl>k bequea!d 8 money to ! univ]sity only on condition t ! presid5t %\ld resign1 b lat] devis$ a compromise by :i* ! univ]sity %\ld cont9ue z at pres5t1 :ile a p>tly indep5d5t college %\ld be e/abli%$ 9 conjunction ) x4 ,! int]pretation ( ! w1 ! value ( ! e/ate & ! developm5t ( ! univ]sity op5 problems t w only be settl$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,europeans :o look ^u ! ,unit$ ,/ates z a mat]ial & comm]cial nation mu/ f9d x difficult to int]pret ! great gifts t are cont9ually made = ! cause ( high] education4 ,tw5ty-five ye>s ago !re 7 9 ,am]ica no univ]sities 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! t]m is mo/ prop]ly employ$4 ,dur+ ?is comp>atively brief p]iod ! old] in/itutions h become univ]sities1 & ! great increase 9 exp5diture has be5 met *iefly by volunt>y contributions4 ,! annual exp5diture1 = example1 at ,h>v>d & ,columbia ,univ]sities is ab\t a half million doll>s beyond ! tuition fees1 & ! money inve/$ 9 gr\nds & build+s1 is 9 ! case ( ei!r univ]sity _m millions4 ,!n ?is p]iod has witness$ ! e/abli%m5t ( new univ]sities1 rival+ 9 end[m5t ! old] in/itutions4 ,! ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity & ,cl>k ,univ]sity h be5 m5tion$ above1 b ! mo/ notewor?y in/ances are ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago1 to :i* "o b5efactor /ill liv+ has giv5 eight million doll>s1 & ,lel& ,/an=d ,junior ,univ]sity1 ! end[m5t ( :i* rea*es ! enorm\s sum ( ?irty-five million doll>s4 ,at ! same "t1 ! ,/ate univ]sities1 directly support$ by ! p1 are beg9n+ to rival privately end[$ in/itutions4 ,x may be confid5tly ass]t$ t no nation has ev] s lib]ally support$ high] education1 & ! wisdom ( ?is lib]ality is n[ demon/rat$1 ev5 f ! mo/ m]c5>y po9t ( view1 by ! place ! ,unit$ ,/ates has tak5 9 ! _w's comm]ce4 ,x w be /ill fur!r demon/rat$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! next tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,x is possible t exi/+ conditions are n favorable to lit]ature & to art1 b ! future ( sci5ce 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is assur$ beyond "q4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is sometimes said t ,gov]nm5t control & individual initiative c n be unit$1 b !re is no ju/ification = ?is view 9 ! developm5t ( ! educational & sci5tific in/itutions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,in/itutions e/abli%$ by private initiative h be5 assi/$ by ! ,/ate1 & ,/ate in/itutions h receiv$ l>ge sums f private individuals4 ,! ,new ,york in/itutions ref]r$ to above--! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ! ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art1 ! ,public ,libr>y1 ! ,botanical ,g>d5s & ! ,zological ,p>k--are 9 almo/ equal measure support$ by ! city & by citiz5s ( ! city4 ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity1 ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 ,cornell ,univ]sity & o!r privately end[$ in/itutions h receiv$ assi/ance f ! ,/ate1 )\t any decrease 9 private gifts1 :ile ! ,/ate univ]sities1 ,cali=nia = example1 are receiv+ l>ge private end[m5ts 9 addition to _! support f ! ,/ate4 ,^! conditions may n la/1 b at all ev5ts !y obta9 at ! pres5t "t1 & we f9d ! c\ntry 9 :i* ! l>ge/ gifts f private individuals are made = education & sci5ce to be ! c\ntry 9 :i* !y are mo/ lib]ally support$ by ! ,gov]nm5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,nev] be=e has any gov]nm5t made su* great appropriations = ! developm5t ( ! res\rces ( ! c\ntry or = ! advance ( sci5ce z ! ,congress :i* has j adj\rn$4 ,we may take = example ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 = :i* ! appropriation is #d1jbc1ejj1 an increase ( m ?an #bhj1jjj ov] ! appropriation = ! prec$+ ye>4 ,e "o famili> ) ! conditions at ,wa%+ton & ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry w "k t ?is l>ge sum ( money is exp5d$ ) ! utmo/ economy1 & !re is no d\bt b :at ! money inve/$ by ! nation is return$ to ! p _m fold 9 ! c\rse ( e ye>4 ,"s ( ! items ( ! bill des]ve special notice4 ,?us1 a new agricultural exp]im5t /ation is to be e/abli%$ 9 ! ,hawaiian ,isl&s1 & ! "w ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau is to be ext5d$ to !m4 ,! agricultural res\rces & capabilities ( ,porto ,rico are to be inve/igat$1 & bullet9s ( in=mation 9 ,engli% & 9 ,spani% are to be di/ribut$ to ! inhabitants4 ,! division ( *emi/ry is to inve/igate ! use ( food pres]vatives & color+ matt]1 det]m9e _! relations to heal? & e/abli% ! pr9ciples :i* %\ld guide _! use4 ,! division ( =e/ry receives an increase ( #dj1jjj & ! ,wea!r ,bureau an increase ( ov] #ce1jjj4 ,o!r items ( ! appropriation act are z foll[s3 ,biological ,survey1 #cj1cjj1 an increase ( #b1gdj2 ,division ( ,botany1 #dc1jhj1 an increase ( #ad1bhj2 ,nutrition ,inve/igation1 #ag1ejj1 an increase ( #b1ejj2 ,division ( ,pomology1 #ah1djj2 ,public ,road ,inquiry1 #ad1jjj1 an increase ( #f1jjj2 ,division ( ,/ati/ics1 #adf1afj2 ,libr>y1 #ad1jjj2 & ,museum1 #b1bfj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:ile ,am]ican m5 ( weal? h giv5 freely ( _! means = ! promotion ( education & sci5ce1 !y h n s (t5 devot$ _! own "t to its s]vice4 ,?is is natural1 z ! weal? has 9 mo/ cases be5 acquir$ by ! pres5t g5]ation1 & x is 9 succe$+ g5]ations1 :5 families h be5 e/abli%$1 t leisure & weal? w give a class simil> to t :i* has accompli%$ s mu* = ,great ,brita9 & to a less] ext5t = ,g]many & ,france4 ,/ill1 x is ! case t ! heads ( two ( our *ief univ]sities are m5 ( great weal?1 :o h devot$ n only _! means1 b also _! s]vices to ! cause ( education1 & !re are 9 our univ]sities & o!r in/itutions _m :o hold _! positions purely out ( int]e/ 9 _! "w1 n z a means = _! support4 ,9 ! next g5]ation !re w probably be m repres5tatives ( a class to :i* belong$ ! ,duke ( ,argyll1 ^: dea? we 7 compell$ to record la/ mon?4 ,ano!r man has s9ce di$ ( a some:at simil> type4 ,:5 ,colonel ,lane-,fox some:at unexpect$ly succe$$ to l>ge e/ates 9 ,wilt%ire & ,dorset%ire & assum$ ! "n ,pitt-,riv]s1 8 *ief int]e/ seem$ to be 9 ! e>? works & tumuli ( ,cranb\rne ,*ase1 & ! ext5sive memoirs he has publi%$ & ! museum he has e/abli%$ %[ :at good use he made ( ! excavations4 ,"s ( ! results ( 8 e>li] "w w be f\nd at ,ox=d1 b he built at ,f>nham1 9 ,dorset%ire1 a museum :i* conta9s collections ( ! greate/ possible value4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! communication 9 ?is issue sign$ #8,physici/' is wor?y ( note4 ,if :at its writ] says is true1 x is evid5t t a reputation z a brilliant inv5tor does n insure t its possessor is a safe writ] ab\t g5]al physics4 ,our correspond5t1 :o repres5ts fairly ! op9ion ( sci5tific m5 9 g5]al1 f9ds fault ) ,mr4 ,tesla's article 9 ! ,june ,c5tury 9 _m important p>ticul>s4 ,dur+ ! ye>s s9ce ,mr4 ,tesla's notable inv5tion ( ! polyphase alt]nate curr5t trans=m]1 he seems to h become less def9ite & exact 9 8 ?9k+1 & less productive z an inv5tor4 ,! speculation & rhetoric ( ! ,c5tury article are c]ta9ly disappo9t+ to e "o :o is try+ to br+ ab\t an intellig5t & s\nd view ( sci5ce on ! "p ( non-sci5tific p4 ,m5 ( sci5ce ev]y:]e %\ld c]ta9ly make x _! bus9ess to in/ruct p 9 g5]al ab\t ! progress1 & ev5 ! prospects1 ( sci5ce ?r\gh ! press1 b x takes wisdom on ! "p ( bo? writ]s & editors to "k :at is in/ructive & :at is mislead+4 ,hone/ criticism su* z t ( our correspond5t is !re=e highly desirable4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is g5]ally agre$ t ! mo/ important advance ( la/ ye> 9 ! sci5ce ( m$ic9e 0 ! discov]y t ! p>asite caus+ mal>ia 0 transmitt$ f p]son to p]son by mosquitoes4 ,dr4 ,manson describes ?is discov]y fully 9 ?is numb] ( ! ,,popul> ,,sci5ce ,,mon?ly4 ,?is summ] a crucial exp]im5t is be+ made ( a some:at dramatic "*4 ,a mosquito-pro( t5t has be5 con/ruct$1 :i* is locat$ 9 ,italy1 9 ! ,campagna4 ,9 ?is ,dr4 ,luigi ,sambon1 lectur] ( ! ,london ,tropical ,s*ool ( ,m$ic9e1 & ,dr4 ,g4 ,c4 ,l[ w live until ,octob]1 tak+ ! utmo/ c>e n to be bitt5 by mosquitoes4 ,if !y escape mal>ia x w s]ve z corroborative evid5ce t ! mosquito is ! means ( infection4 ,on ! o!r h&1 sev]al ,engli%m51 includ+ ,dr4 ,manson's son1 h (f]$ !mselves z subjects = ! complem5t>y exp]im5t4 ,!y w live 9 a heal?y di/rict1 b w def9itely all[ !mselves to be bitt5 by mosquitoes :i* are kn[n to be infect$4 ,^! exp]im5ts w probably be p>ticul>ly useful 9 demon/rat+ to ! public at l>ge ! validity ( ! hypo!sis d]iv$ la/ ye> f te*nical bact]iological evid5ce4 ,transcrib]s' ,notes ,punctuation1 hyph5ation1 & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ?is book2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4 ,inconsi/5t spac+ 9 abbreviations 0 n *ang$4 ,simple typographical errors 7 correct$2 occasional unbalanc$ quotation m>ks reta9$4 ,ambigu\s hyph5s at ! ends ( l9es 7 reta9$4 ,page #bcj3 8spectrograph0 0 mispr9t$ z 8spectograph02 correct$ "h4 ,page #cae3 8sporozooites0 0 pr9t$ t way4 ,page #cbb3 8uranium oxids0 0 pr9t$ t way4 ,page #cbi3 8#8,plant ,geography ( ,nor? ,am]ican1'0 may be a mispr9t = 8,am]ica04