,transcriber's notes3      ,errata have 
been left as in the original book and   
not altered in the    text4             
,obvious printer's errors have been     
corrected as they were not listed    in 
the errata4      ,other than that1 the  
archaic and inconsistent spelling from  
the    original has not been altered4   
,illustration3  ,dr4 ,samuel ,stearns4  
,an ,american ,philosopher4             
,dr4 ,,stearns's    ,,tour    ,,from    
,,london ,,to ,,paris4    ,,containing1 
,a ,description of the ,kingdom of      
,france--,the ,customs1 ,manners1       
,polity1  ,science1 ,commerce1 and      
,agriculture of the ,inhabitants--,its  
,,ancient  form of ,government1--and the
 ,,new--,particulars concerning the     
,royal  ,family--,causes of the late    
,revolution--,proceedings and ,decrees  
of the  ,national ,assembly--,an        
,account of the ,destruction of the     
,bastille1 and  of many dreadful        
,commotions which have happened in the  
,nation--,with a  minute ,detail of the 

late grand ,proceedings at the ,champ de
 ,mars4--,the  whole interspersed with a
 ,variety of ,reflections1 humourous1   
moral1  critical1 and philosophical4    
,,after ,,which ,,is ,,delineated1    ,a
 ,,new ,,constitution3    ,,with    ,a  
,,description ,,of ,,the ,,road ,,to    
,,liberty4           99       99        
99       99       99    ,applicans      
animum meum ad disquirendum  ad         
explorandum ,sapientiam  de omni eo quod
 fit sub clis4 ,sol4           99       
99       99       99       99           
,,london1 ,printed3    ,,and ,,sold ,,by
 ,c4 ,,dilly1 ,,in ,,the ,,poultry4     
99       99       99       99       99  
,m ,,dcc ,,xc4    ,,price #c,s4         
,,sterling4    ,entered at ,stationers  
,hall4          ,,preface4        ,kind 
,reader1    ,as ,i am obliged to spend  
the greatest part of my time in         
mathematical1  philosophical1 and       
physical studies1 it was not my design  
to have  written on this subject1       
although ,i was advised to do it more   

than  twelve months ago2 but on seeing  
the movements in ,france1 on account  of
 the ,revolution1 ,i altered my mind1   
kept a journal of many things  which ,i 
saw and heard1 and have accordingly     
written the following  pages1 which are 
presented for your perusal and          
consideration4    ,i have endeavoured to
 avoid error1 and to compile the        
narration as  accurate as possible3 if  
any thing of that kind shall be         
discovered1  ,i hope it will be imputed 
to my being misinformed1 and not to any 
intention of mine to impose upon the    
public4    ,as it is the duty of every  
philosopher to promote the union1       
harmony1  and felicity of mankind1 ,i   
have mentioned many things which ,i hope
  may be productive of establishing the 
peace and happiness of the  inhabitants 
of the world4 ,but1 alas6 it is to be   
regretted1 that  some who have shone    
greatly in the philosophical profession1
 instead  of promoting this laudable    
work1 and for the sake of ingrossing the

  riches1 honours1 and profits of this  
perishing world to themselves1  have1   
under a cloak of religion and liberty1  
sowed discord amongst  brethren1 excited
 insurrections1 mobs1 and riots1 which  
have terminated  in carnage and         
desolation1 and proved destructive of   
the public  tranquillity1 and of the    
liberty and happiness of the people4    
,but these  abominable works are by no  
means the business of a true            
philosopher1  who will attempt to do    
good instead of doing evil4    ,how far 
the politicians of the present1 or      
future ages1 may agree with  me in      
sentiment1 time alone must determine4   
,but if the things that are  written in 
the subsequent sheets shall prove useful
 and profitable1 it  will rejoice the   
author4    ,after wishing your health   
and prosperity1 and the felicity of     
mankind  through the world1      ,i     
subscribe myself1    kind ,reader1      
,your's and the ,public's    most       
obedient    humble ,servant1            

,,samuel ,,stearns4     ,london1 ,sept4 
#cj1 #agij4          ,,errata4          
,page #ac4 line #ac4 for ni read in4    
#ad4 ----  #c4 --  abliged read obliged4
         #ah4 ---- #ai4 --  was read    
were4         #bc4 ----  #e4 --  market 
read marked4         #bf4 ----  #g4 --  
received into the centre read           
received them into the centre4          
#cf4 ---- #ah4 --  meteria read materia4
         #ga4 ---- #aj4 --  malconduct  
read maleconduct4         #if4 ---- #bj4
 --  againt read against4         #ih4  
---- #ae4 --  ,the semicolon should have
 been placed                            
after the word only2--4          ,,tour 
,,from    ,,london ,,to ,,paris4        
,,chap4 ,i4     ,the ,doctor engages a  
,passage to ,paris4--,copy of a ,card   
received at ,piccadilly4--,he arrives at
 ,dover1 and ,calais4--,is   met by a   
number of ,gentlemen1 who welcome him to
 ,france4--,an ,account   of the        
,beggars1 and of the ,french            
,diet4--,observations on drinking       

,healths4        ,july #g1 #agij4       
,having had an inclination to go to     
,paris for some months past1 ,i went  to
 ,piccadilly this day1 where ,i engaged 
a passage on board the stage  coaches1  
called the diligences1 for which ,i paid
 five guineas1 and was  told ,that ,i   
would be found for that sum1 with every 
thing that might  be needful on the way1
 only ,i must give about five shillings 
to the  porters4    ,at ,piccadilly ,i  
received a card1 a copy of which ,i     
publish for the  information of         
strangers1 and benefit of the owners of 
the stages4    ,the ,paris diligences to
 and from ,london1 set out from the     
office next  the ,white ,bear ,inn1     
,piccadilly1 every ,monday1 ,thursday1  
and ,saturday1  at five o'clock in the  
morning4 ,five guineas each person1 for 
carriage1  sea passage1 diet and        
lodging3 ,port fees excepted4 ,fourteen 
pounds  luggage allowed2 all above to   
pay three-pence farthing per pound4     
,n4 ,b4 ,in case passengers should be   

detained by contrary winds1 they  are to
 pay their own expences from the next   
day of their arrival at the  seaport1 to
 the time of their shipping4    ,also a 
wagon1 every ,monday at ten o'clock in  
the morning1 to carry  goods and        
merchandize1 which are registered at the
 said office1 and at  the ,blossoms     
,inn1 ,lawrence-lane1 ,cheapside1 where 
declarations must  be delivered in      
writing1 and signed by the owner1 of the
 quality1  quantity1 and value of the   
said merchandize1 which will be conveyed
 to  ,paris in the course of a          
fortnight1 at the rate of seventeen     
shillings  per hundred weight1          
,custom-house duties excepted4 ,the     
proprietors1 for  the conveniency of the
 public1 will discharge the said duties 
either in  ,england or ,france1 and     
charge them with the carriage to the    
person they  are directed to1 without   
requiring any interest or commission    
whatever4    ,attendance at the above   
offices every day from nine in the      

morning  till seven in the evening1     
where parcels are registered to ,paris1 
and  to every part of ,france4    999999
 ,passengers luggage must be sent to the
 office between six and  seven o'clock  
in the evening1 or it will be left 'till
 the following  carriage4    ,as ,i was 
on my way to ,piccadilly1 ,i was        
informed that the king of  ,france was  
to be crowned on the fourteenth of this 
month1 and sworn to  adhere to the new  
,constitution which has been framed by  
the ,national  ,assembly4 ,this made me 
anxious to get to ,paris as soon as     
possible3 but  being told the places    
were all taken in the coaches1 and that 
it was  impossible for me to set off    
till the #abth1 ,i was obliged to wait  
till  that time1 but was informed that  
,i must be at ,piccadilly with my trunk1
  c4 by seven in the evening of the     
#aath2 and ,i was there at the time2    
lodged at the ,white ,bear inn1 and at  
five the next morning set off for       
,paris in company with five gentlemen4  

,a lady in a post-chaise overtook  us   
near ,greenwich1 and came into the      
diligence4    ,we breakfasted at a good 
inn on the road1 and dined at           
,canterbury1  where the lady left us1   
and at evening reached ,dover1 where we 
supped1  lodged1 and went to breakfast4 
,about eleven in the morning of the     
#acth1 we embarked for ,calais1 and     
arrived there in about three hours2  but
 had a very rough passage1 in           
consequence of which almost every lady  
and gentleman on board was afflicted    
with sea-sickness1 which ,i believe  was
 advantageous to the greatest part of   
us4    ,on our arrival at ,calais a     
great number of ,french gentlemen came  
to  our vessel1 to welcome us to        
,france1 and invite us to put up at     
their  houses2 but on finding that some 
of us belonged to the diligences1 and   
that there was a place prepared for our 
entertainment1 they went off            
disappointed4    ,although we had been  
told that we should have nothing to pay1

 only  about five shillings to the      
porters1 we found ourselves mistaken2   
for  we were obliged to pay for the wine
 which we drank when we dined and       
supped on the preceding day1 and to give
 money to a swarm of servants1  c4 ,at  
,calais we were obliged to give in a    
list of our names to the  ,custom-house 
officers1 and to give them some money to
 buy liquor with1  that they might drink
 our healths--that being the custom1 as 
we were  told4    ,we put up at a hotel1
 called ,de la ,messagrie2 where we left
 another  list of our names2 for such   
were the orders of the mayor of the     
city4    ,an ,english lady that had come
 from ,dover with us1 and was a decent  
well-behaved person1 and one of         
excellent sense and understanding1 put  
up at this hotel3 she told me she had   
travelled above #d1jjj miles on  the    
,european ,continent1 had been through  
,france1 ,germany1 c4 and was  then on  
her way to ,flanders4    ,at this place 
we were soon beset with a number of     

beggars1 as    #a4 ,by a priest of the  
order of ,st4 ,francis4    #b4 ,by the  
captain of the vessel1 that brought us  
over the ,english  ,channel4    #c4 ,by 
the steward of the vessel4    #d4 ,by   
the sailors that came with us4    #e4   
,by the poor of the city4    #f4 ,by the
 porters1 c4    ,we gave the priest some
 money1 and he pronounced a blessing and
  departed very well pleased4 ,i was    
told that he and his convents got  their
 living altogether by begging4 ,we gave 
the captain half a crown  a-piece1 and  
some silver1 sous1 c4 to the other      
beggars4    ,in a few minutes another   
swarm of beggars came that belong to    
,calais1  and as we did not supply all  
their wants1 some of them broke one of  
the windows belonging to the room where 
we were sitting1 by a rapid  stroke with
 a stick1 stone1 or some such thing4    
,we soon sat down to dinner4 ,the table 
was spread in an elegant manner1  with  
napkins laid in our plates1 which we    
used to keep our clothes  clean4    ,i  

was asked1 ,a'imez vous la soupe  la    
,franoise1 ,monsieur8    ,my answer     
was--,oui1 ,madame4    ,besides soup1 we
 had beef1 mutton1 veal1 rabbits1 hares1
 geese1 fowls1  pigeons1 c4 several     
sorts of pies1 excellent wine1 and sweet
 cakes1  figs1 appricots1 cherries and  
strawberries2 the latter we mixed with  
white sugar and wine1 and eat the       
composition with spoons1 which is the   
,french fashion4 ,their loaves of bread 
were about two feet in length1  and six 
inches in breadth1 and their knives had 
picked points1 and  their forks four    
tines a piece4 ,every one of us was     
allowed a tumbler  to drink out of3 but 
the ,french do not drink healths1 though
 they  pretended at the ,custom-house1  
that we must give them money to buy     
liquor with for that purpose4 ,we did   
not pay for our wines in ,france as  we 
were on our way to ,paris1 as we had    
done at ,dover1 c4    ,the drinking of  
healths has been1 and still is1 too much
 practised both  in ,great ,britain and 

,america2 and especially among the lower
 class  of people4 ,for when ,timothy   
,toss ,pot is in company1 he says1 ,your
  healths ladies and gentlemen1 every   
time he drinks1 which will be  perhaps  
fifty times in an evening2 whereas it   
might be as well1 nay  much better1 to  
drink their healths but once1 or not at 
all1 which  would save much trouble1 and
 prevent the company from being         
interrupted  with such clamours4    ,i  
have asked why the health drinkers do   
not follow that practice when  they     
drink tea1 or coffee2 as the ,irish     
woman did when she partook  of the      
sacrament2 and have been told1 that it  
is because it is not  the fashion1 and  
that from hence it has been omitted4    
,the fashion1  however1 must be         
followed1 right or wrong2 for1 ,out of  
the fashion out  of the world1 according
 to the old woman's scripture3 ,and1    
,when we are  among the ,romans we must 
do as the ,romans do4 ,for1             
,custom is a living law1 whose sway     

,men more than all the written laws     
obey4    ,says the poet4 ,because it is 
customary ,i have sometimes been induced
 to  drink healths myself1 when ,i have 
been in company1 through fear that ,i   
should be called an uncivil and an      
unpolite person4 ,but this needless     
custom is now growing out of use2 for   
our nobility and gentry have  discovered
 that it is superfluous1 and many of    
them have forsaken the  needless        
practice2 which example will undoubtedly
 be followed by the  commonality in     
process of time4    ,we are told in     
,bailey's ,dictionary1 that the custom  
of drinking healths  sprang from        
,rowena1 a beautiful daughter of        
,hengistus1 general of the  ,saxons4    
,the general invited king ,vortigern to 
supper1 and after it was  over called   
for ,rowena1 who1 richly attired1 and   
with a graceful mein1  enters with a    
golden bowl full of wine in her hand1   
and drinks to the  king1 saying1 ,be of 
health1 lord king3 to which he replied1 

,drink  health4 ,the king enamoured with
 her beauty1 married her1 and gave her  
and her father all ,kent4 ,this was     
upwards of #acjj years ago4    ,we are  
also told in the ,historian's           
,vade-mecum1 that the custom of         
drinking healths was in fashion so early
 as #aacd years before ,christ4  ,the   
accounts do not agree1 and which is the 
truest ,i cannot tell4          ,,chap4 
,,ii4     ,the ,latitude1 ,longitude1   
and ,description of ,calais4--,the      
,doctor and others obliged to wear      
,national   ,cockades4--,english ,money 
and ,bank ,notes not passable in        
,france4--,how   ,strangers ought to be 
dressed4--,a ,table of ,french ,coins1  
with their   ,value in ,english         
,money4--,of ,french ,measures1 in      
,length4      ,calais is situated in    
latitude #ej deg4 and #eh min4 ,north1  
and longitude  #a deg4 and #di min4     
,east from the ,royal ,observatory at   
,greenwich4 ,it  is a very pleasant     
town1 invironed with ramparts thrown up 

at a vast  expence4    ,at this place we
 found the people under arms1 and they  
seemed to  be filled with joy in        
consequence of the ,revolution4 ,we that
 were  strangers1 were obliged to put on
 and wear ,national ,cockades1 to       
prevent being insulted by mobs2 and no  
lady or gentleman was suffered  to      
travel without4    ,whilst we tarried at
 ,calais we were informed that ,english 
money would  not pass in ,france1 and   
that it would be best for us to get our 
guineas  changed4 ,we therefore took    
change for some1 and received #bf livres
 for  each guinea1 although an ,english 
guinea commonly passes for but #bd      
livres in ,france4 ,hence1 about        
twelve-pence is lost by the exchange4   
,bank notes are not negotiable in       
,france2 therefore those that travel    
into that country1 ought to take gold   
and silver1 otherwise they will  meet   
with much difficulty4 ,if you draw on   
the bankers1 they will charge  you eight
 per cent4 discount2 but sometimes it is

 done at par by  ,french merchants who  
want to send money to ,london4 ,no money
 is allowed  to pass in ,france1 unless 
coined in the present king's reign4     
,strangers  ought therefore to be upon  
their guard1 lest they get imposed upon 
by  taking old coin4    ,they that go to
 ,france ought to dress in the ,french  
mode1 to prevent  being known by        
sharpers1 who sometimes try to take the 
advantage of  those they find to be     
foreigners4    ,as it may be of some    
utility to strangers going into ,france1
 ,i will  just add      ,a ,,table of   
,,french ,,coins1 with their value in   
,,english4                              
4 ,s4 ,d4   4 ,s4 ,d4    ,a ,louis d'or1
 #bd ,livres        #b   #j   #j      #a
   #j    #j    ,a ,grand ,ecu1 #f ditto 
#j  #aj   #j      #j   #e    #j    ,the 
,ecu1 #c ditto               #j   #e    
#j      #j   #b    #f    ,the           
,vingt-quatre ,sols ,piece    #j   #b   
#j      #j   #a    #j    ,a ,livre      
#j   #a   #h      #j   #j   #aj    ,a   

douze ,sols ,piece             #j   #a  
#j      #j   #j    #f    ,a ,six ,sols  
,piece               #j   #j   #f       
#j   #j    #c    ,a deux ,sols          
#j   #j   #b      #j   #j    #a    ,a   
,sols #a_/b                     #j   #j 
#a-a_/b  #j   #j    #j-c_/d    ,a ,sol1 
or ,sous                 #j   #j   #a   
#j   #j    #j-a_/b    ,a deux ,liard    
,piece             #j   #j   #j-a_/b  #j
   #j    #j-a_/d    ,a ,liard           
#j   #j   #j-a_/d  #j   #j    #j-a_/h   
,a louis d'or is a gold coin4 ,a grand  
ecu1 the ecu1 vingt quatre sols  piece1 
the livre1 a douze sols piece1 and the  
six sols pieces1 are  silver3 though a  
livre is no coin1 but nominal only4 ,the
 deux sols1 and  the sols and half1 are 
a mixture of copper and silver1 and the 
other  coins are all copper4    ,the    
,french measure the distances between   
their towns by leagues1 posts1  c4 and a
 post is two leagues1 of their measure4 
,a ,french league is fifty-seven yards  
and nine inches longer than an  ,english

 league4    ,a ,french toise1 or fathom1
 is #gf-c_/d inches longer than an      
,english2 and  a ,french foot is equal  
to #ab-gi_/ajj inches ,english measure1 
c4          ,,chap4 ,,iii4     ,leaves  
,calais4--,a ,description of the ,stage 
,coaches in ,france4--,the   ,doctor    
arrives at ,paris4--,a further ,account 
of the   ,beggars4--,with a ,description
 of the ,country4      ,early in the    
morning of the memorable #adth of ,july 
we left ,calais1  and proceeded in a    
stage coach1 drawn by eight horses1 on  
our journey  towards ,paris4    ,these  
coaches are almost as large as a small  
house4 ,they are very  heavy2 and eight 
persons may sit comfortably in the      
inside1 and ,i  believe a dozen more    
upon the outside4 ,we had a conductor   
who rode  armed on the fore-part of this
 wonderful machine1 and a very large dog
  sitting upon his rump at the          
conductor's left hand2 both of which    
were  employed as sentinals to guard us 
on the way4    ,the harnesses for the   

horses were made of ropes instead of    
leather1 and  were very long4 ,hence1 as
 our coach was very large and the traces
 very  long1 we made a grand appearance 
as we travelled6    ,upon the hindmost  
and foremost horses1 on the near side1  
two ,frenchmen  were mounted1 with boots
 of a most surprizing magnitude1 so well
  constructed with leather1 wood1 and   
iron1 that if a horse falls down  the   
rider is not in much danger of having   
his legs broke2 for the  prevention of  
which1 the boots were thus made4    ,the
 horses were not quite so large as ours 
in ,england2 but we drove  about five or
 six miles in an hour1 and at the end of
 every post the  horses and postillions 
were changed4 ,the postillions received 
twelve  sous of us when we parted with  
them1 which gave content4    ,we        
breakfasted at ,boulogne1 dined at      
,montreul1 and in the evening came  to  
,abbeville1 where we lodged4 ,the people
 were in arms through the  country4     
,scarce any body was at work in the     

fields1 as it was a time  of feasting1  
and all seemed rejoiced at the sound of 
the liberty they  expect1 in consequence
 of the great and glorious ,revolution4 
,at this place there was a young lady1  
who manifested by her actions1  which   
speak louder than words1 that she had an
 inclination to lodge  with me that     
night2 but as ,i had no disposition to  
deal in such  commodities1 she was      
disappointed4    ,the next morning we   
set out early1 breakfasted at ,amiens1  
dined at the  ,breteuil1 supped at      
,clermont1 and rode all night2 but were 
obliged to  pay for our breakfasts out  
of our own pockets the next morning     
before  we came to ,paris4 ,we arrived  
at ,paris about nine in the morning1    
being  the #afth of ,july1 having been  
four days and four hours on our journey4
  ,we were abliged to give the conductor
 half a crown a-piece2 and ,i spent     
near three guineas on the way1 besides  
what ,i paid at ,piccadilly4    ,at     
,paris we had our trunks searched at the

 ,custom-house1 and went from  thence in
 a coach to the ,hotel de ,beauvais1    
,rue des ,vieux ,augustins1  ,no4 #fi1  
,quartier du ,palais ,royal1 where a    
gentleman that had come from  ,london   
with me1 and myself1 hired three large  
rooms1 neatly furnished1  for four      
livres a-day4 ,we breakfasted at this   
place1 which cost us  fifteen sous      
a-piece each morning1 besides what we   
gave to the servants4    ,i hired a     
servant1 who remained with me all the   
time ,i tarried at  ,paris3 he charged  
me forty sous per day2 but he conducted 
me so well1  that ,i gave him more than 
double that sum4    ,i found ,paris very
 full of people from the country1 and   
from foreign  parts4 ,they had met to   
celebrate the ,revolution1 and tarried  
till the  next ,sunday in order to have 
another grand convention at the ,champ  
de  ,mars4    ,whilst we were on our way
 from ,calais to ,paris1 we were        
followed1 in  some of the intermediate  
towns and villiages1 by swarms of       

beggars1 who  seemed to be in great     
distress4 ,i asked the reason of their  
begging2  and was told that they were   
reduced to poverty in consequence of the
  commercial treaty between ,england and
 ,france2 that the manufactories in     
,great ,britain were so much cheaper    
than they were in ,france1 that the     
merchants bought many of their goods in 
,england1 which had thrown those  poor  
people out of employ1 and obliged them  
to beg for a livelihood4    ,we         
frequently contributed to the relief of 
those distressed objects3  but because  
we could not give to every one1 some of 
them threw a stone  at our coach1 which 
did not happen to strike any of us4 ,at1
 and near  ,paris1 we found but a few   
beggars1 in proportion to the great     
number of  people4 ,some how or another1
 they seemed to be much better provided 
for  than they were in the country4     
,the face of the country between ,calais
 and ,paris1 appears much like  many    
parts of the ,province of ,quebec1 in   

,america4 ,but ,i think the soil  is not
 quite so rich4 ,though some have       
supposed it is full as good by  nature  
as the island of ,great ,britain2 and   
that it would produce as  large crops1  
if it was as well manured and           
cultivated4 ,i was told1 that           
agriculture had been much discouraged in
 ,france1 before the ,revolution1  by   
reason of the oppression that the       
peasants were under4    ,more then      
three-fourths of the land between       
,calais and ,paris1 appeared  to be     
overspread with grain1 consisting of    
rye1 wheat1 oats1 and  barley4 ,there   
was also some excellent hemp and flax4  
,the people had  begun to reap1 and     
there was a sign of a very plentiful    
harvest2 but  the crops were not so     
large in general as they are in         
,england4 ,we saw  but a very few       
cattle1 horses and sheep1 and those we  
did see were  small4 ,the fields are not
 fenced1 but lie open to the high-way4  
,we  often passed by boys holding cows  

to feed1 by lines tied round their      
horns1 to keep them from running into   
the fields4 ,the wages for reaping  are1
 generally1 thirty sous per day4 ,both  
men and women follow the  business1     
begin early1 and lie down on the ground1
 and sleep in the  open sunshine1 at    
about ten or eleven in the morning2 a   
practice which  ,i esteem to be         
unhealthy4 ,perhaps one may see fifty   
asleep at a time4          ,,chap4 ,,iv4
     ,views and ,describes the ,champ de
 ,mars4--,goes to the ,royal ,palace    
belonging to the ,duke of               
,orleans4--,dines with the ,french      
,officers at   the ,grand ,hotel4       
,on the day of our arrival at ,paris1 ,i
 went in a coach with the  gentleman    
that had put up at the hotel with me1   
and viewed the ,champ  de ,mars4 ,here  
we saw great multitudes of people1      
eating1 drinking1 and  dancing at the   
sound of the bands of music4 ,at this   
place the oaths  of allegiance had been 
administered to the people on the       

preceding  ,wednesday2 and both the king
 and the subjects were sworn to adhere  
to  the constitution that has been      
framed by the ,national ,assembly4      
,some of the ,french took me by the hand
 when ,i entered into the ,champ  de    
,mars1 and cried1 ,entre1 entre1        
,monsieur4 ,i viewed the place  with    
admiration1 and was informed that it    
took about fifty thousand  people near  
ten days to erect the seats and other   
great works there4    ,the ,champ de    
,mars was formed into a grand           
amphitheatre1 having at  one end the    
military school1 against which was      
erected a covered  gallery two hundred  
and twenty-eight feet 7,french measure7 
in length1  and twenty-one in heighth1  
for the king1 queen1 foreign            
ambassadors1  national assembly1 c4 c4  
and at the other the triumphal arch2    
from  which1 to the military school1 on 
either side were thirty rows of  seats  
raised one above another1 two thousand  
seven hundred and ninety  ,french feet  

in length4 ,in the middle of the area   
was an altar in a  circular form1 whose 
circumference was six hundred and       
forty-eight  feet1 ,french measure1 and 
whose heighth was twenty feet1 built of 
stone  taken from the ,bastille4 ,the   
rest of the area1 except the places for 
the federation1 was filled with seats2  
the whole forming an oblong1  capable of
 accommodating between four and five    
hundred thousand people4  ,out of these 
limits were a number of galleries1      
erected for a great  multitude of       
spectators4 ,opposite the triumphal     
arch1 a bridge of boats  was thrown     
across the ,seine1 and the banks of the 
river was lined with  cannon4    ,for a 
great distance round the ,champ de      
,mars1 a number of temporary  buildings 
were erected for the entertainment of   
the people4    ,when we had surveyed    
these admirable works1 we went to the   
royal  palace1 which was built by       
cardinal ,richelieu1 and given by him to
  ,lewis the ,,xiv4 but is now the town 

seat of the duke of ,orleans1 who is  a 
nobleman of royal blood1 and enjoys the 
greatest revenue in ,france4  ,this     
palace is a most elegant and magnificent
 structure1 which is  adorned and       
beautified with splendid ornaments1 that
 dazzle the eyes  of a spectator4 ,in   
the centre of this structure is an      
oblong square1  laid out in beautiful   
walks1 interspersed with trees1 flowers1
 c4    ,sometimes the duke resides in   
one part of the palace himself4 ,but the
  other part is let out in shops1 which 
are under piazzas1 and the rooms  over  
them to gay fashionable ladies and      
gentlemen4    ,in this palace there is a
 gallery1 which contains most of the    
illustrious personages that ,france has 
produced1 drawn by the greatest         
masters3 ,italy has been ransacked1 and 
no expence spared to make the  whole    
complete1 with pictures1 busts1 statues1
 medals1 and other  curiosities worthy  
of being collected4 ,it is thought that 
this building  exceeds all in ,europe   

for beauty and grandeur4    ,after we   
had viewed the palace we went to a grand
 hotel1 where we dined  with a great    
number of officers4 ,we had a variety of
 dishes1 very  excellent wines1 and was 
entertained with much civility and      
politeness1  and at a very reasonable   
rate4 ,at evening we retired to our     
lodgings1  very well pleased with the   
entertainments of the day4              
,,chap4 ,v4     ,the ,contents of the   
,king's ,proclamation4--,of the         
,obedience paid to   it--and1 the       
,proceedings of the ,grand              
,confederation1 on the #adth of   ,july1
 at the ,champ de ,mars4      ,having in
 the preceding chapter given a          
description of the ,champ de  ,mars1 ,i 
shall attempt in this to exhibit how    
matters were conducted  on the #adth3   
but it may be proper to premise1 that on
 the #aath1 the  king1 to prevent       
confusion and disorder1 wisely issued a 
proclamation1  setting forth how the    
different corps that were to compose the

  confederation was to march1 c4 ,his   
majesty ordered that no troops1 but     
those on guard1 should be armed with    
guns2 nor any carriages suffered  to    
follow those of his majesty1 the royal  
family1 and their trains4  ,that if any 
deputy of the confederation1 or person  
invited1 should be  unable to walk1 they
 might ride in a carriage1 and be       
escorted by a  ,chevalier d',ordonnance 
to the military school1 providing they  
had  permission from the mayor of       
,paris4    ,that ,m4 de la ,fayette     
should be commander-general of the      
,parisian  national guard1 then charged 
by a decree of the national assembly1   
and  sanctioned by his majesty1 with the
 care of the public tranquillity1       
should fulfil1 under the king's orders1 
the functions of major-general  of the  
confederation2 and in that quality the  
orders should be given  and observed as 
the orders of his majesty himself4      
,that the king had in like manner       
nominated ,m4 ,gouvion1 major-general of

  the ,parisian guard1                  
lieutenant-general of the confederation 
for the day  of the ceremony4    ,that  
when all persons were placed1 the       
blessing the flags and colours  should  
be proceeded to1 and the celebration of 
the mass4    ,that the king empowered   
the said ,m4 de la ,fayette1 to         
pronounce the  confederation oath in the
 name of all the deputies of the        
national  guards1 and those of the      
troops and marines1 according to the    
forms  decreed by the national assembly1
 and accepted by his majesty2 and that  
all the deputies of the confederation   
should hold up their hands4    ,that    
then the president of the national      
assembly should pronounce the  civic    
oath for the members of the national    
assembly2 and that the king  should in  
like manner pronounce the oath1 the form
 of which had been  decreed by the      
national assembly1 and accepted by his  
majesty4    ,that the ,te ,deum should  
be sung1 and conclude the ceremony2     

after  which the procession should      
return from the ,champ de ,mars in the  
same order it came4    ,in obedience to 
this proclamation1 an order of          
procession was drawn up1  and proper    
measures concerted to prevent tumult and
 disorder1 by ,m4 de  la ,fayette1 and  
,m4 ,bailli1 the mayor of ,paris4    ,on
 the #acth1 at ten o'clock in the       
evening1 #djjj ,paris guards on  the    
outside of the ,champ de ,mars1 and     
#bjjj within1 were placed to  preserve  
order4 ,before eleven the people began  
to assemble and seat  themselves and    
came in small parties till day-break2   
from three to  nine they poured in in   
crowds at the great avenues1 where the  
guards  cautioned them not to hurry4    
,by ten o'clock the seats were filled1  
the outside gallaries1 the  windows1 and
 roofs of houses2 and every place where 
a glimpse of the  grand procession could
 be had1 was filled with people of all  
ranks1  sexes1 and ages1 who kept their 
places till the business was finished1  

notwithstanding the rain fell in        
torrents1 accompanied with cold  squalls
 of wind from eight till four4    ,those
 guards that were not wanted in the     
procession1 danced in circles1  and in  
great parties marched triumphantly at   
the beat of the drums1  with their hats 
and caps on the points of their swords1 
forming  battalions1 and making sham    
fights1 c4 ,sometimes they ran in all   
directions1 flourishing their swords1   
and being filled with joy cried1  ,vive 
la ,libertie6 ,vive la ,loi6 ,vive la   
,roi6 ,vive la ,confederation           
,national6 ,vive mon ,frere6--embracing 
one another1 and the spectators  that   
sat near them4    ,one1 personating a   
victim of tyranny1 was carried with     
great solemnity  to a market spot1 where
 the body was laid1 and made the        
occasion of  more firmly uniting1 which 
was testified with a variety of actions4
    ,having an abb within the circle1   
they marched him round with a gun in    
his hand and a grenadier's cap on his   

head2 and in the same manner they       
marched a capuchin friar4    ,at seven  
o'clock a crucifix was placed on the    
great altar4    ,just before nine a body
 of priests appeared on the altar1 and  
tied  sashes of national colours around 
their waists1 and decorated the         
crucifix1 and various parts of the      
altar1 with ribbons of the same4    ,at 
half past ten the bishop of ,auton1 with
 more than one hundred  priests1        
proceeded in a double line1 guarded by a
 strong body of  national troops1 from  
the grand pavilion to the altar1        
carrying with  them the tables with the 
commandments1 and the sacred books4     
,when they  had ascended the altar they 
began the ceremony of consecrating it4  
,just before twelve1 a grand salute of  
one hundred cannon announced the  near  
approach of the procession to the       
triumphal arch2 and the guards  formed  
into ranks for their reception4    ,the 
national federatives1 and all who       
assisted in the grand procession1  had  

assembled at six this morning on the    
,boulevards1 between the gates  of ,st4 
,martin and ,st4 ,antoine1 and were     
drawn up in the following order3    #a4 
,a troop of horse1 with standards1 and  
six trumpets4    #b4 ,one division of   
music1 consisting of several hundred    
instruments4    #c4 ,a company of       
grenadiers4    #d4 ,the electors of the 
city of ,paris4    #e4 ,a company of    
volunteers4    #f4 ,the assembly of the 
representatives of the commons4    #g4  
,the military committee4    #h4 ,a      
company of chasseurs4    #i4 ,a band of 
drums4    #aj4 ,the presidents of the   
districts4    #aa4 ,the deputies of the 
commons1 appointed to take for them the 
federal  oath4    #ab4 ,the sixty       
administrators of the municipality1 with
 the city guards4    #ac4 ,the second   
division of music4    #ad4 ,a battalion 
of children1 pupils of the military     
school1 carrying a  standard with the   
words1        ,the hopes of the nation4 
#ae4 ,a detachment of the colours of the

 national guard of ,paris4    #af4 ,a   
battalion of veterans4    #ag4 ,the     
deputies of forty-two chief departments 
of the nation1 in  alphabetical order4  
#ah4 ,the oriflamme1 or grand standard  
of ,france1 borne by the  marischalls of
 ,france1 general officers1 officers of 
the staff1  subaltern officers1         
commissioners of war1 invalids4    #ai4 
,the lieutenants of the marischalls of  
,france1--deputies of                   
infantry1--deputies of cavalry4    #bj4 
,deputies of hussars1 dragoons1 and     
chasseurs4    #ba4 ,general officers1   
and deputies of the marine1 according to
 rank4    #bb4 ,the deputies of         
forty-one last departments1 in          
alphabetical order4    #bc4 ,a company  
of volunteer chasseurs4    #bd4 ,a      
company of cavalry1 with a standard and 
two trumpets4    ,each department was   
preceded by a banner1 borne by the      
oldest deputy4  ,these banners were a   
present from the city of ,paris4 ,they  
consisted  of two branches1 forming an  

oak wreath1 tied together with national 
coloured ribbons1 bearing on one        
side--,the ,national ,confederation at  
,paris1 ,july #ad1 #agij2 and the       
other--,the ,constitution1 with the     
number and device of the department to  
which they severally belong4    ,the    
military deputies had only their side   
arms4    ,at nine the procession passed 
along the streets of ,st4 ,denis1 of the
  ,forronerie1 to ,st4 ,honor ,royal1 to
 the palace of ,louis ,,xv4 where they  
halted2 and the detachment of the       
colours of the national guard ,paris    
opening to the right and left1 received 
into the centre4    ,the procession then
 moved on through the ,cours la ,reine1 
along the  quay to the bridge of boats2 
and the deputies from the provinces     
received loud acclamations of applause  
from the people1 which were  answered by
 ,vivent lis ,parisians6    ,at the end 
of the bridge the triumphal arch        
appeared1 adorned with  various         
allegorical paintings which represented 

the gate of ,st4 ,antoine4    ,over the 
principal entrance1 referring to figures
 that were darting  through all the     
obstacles to reach the law1 was         
inscribed on the side3     ,sacred to   
the grand work of the constitution3 ,we 
will finish it4    ,on the other3       
,under this defender1 the poor man shall
 no more fear lest the   oppressor      
should spoil him of his heritage4       
,over the lateral entrance on the left  
side1 figures of warriors taking  the   
civic oath1 seemed to utter1     ,our   
country1 or the law alone can arm us3   
,let us die to defend it1   let us live 
to love it4    ,over the lateral        
entrance1 on the right1 heralds sounding
 trumpets1  proclaimed peace throughout 
the kingdom1 and the people were        
singing1     ,every thing is propitious 
to our happiness2 every thing flatters  
our wishes2 sweet peace drives tumult   
far from us1 and fills up the   measure 
of our pleasures4    ,on the front1 next
 the amphitheatre1 over the middle arch1

 was a  picture of deputies from various
 nations1 come to do homage to the      
national assembly1 with this            
inscription3     ,the rights of men were
 unknown for ages3 ,they have been      
re-established for the whole human race4
    ,under this picture1     ,the king  
of a free people is alone a powerful    
king4    ,over a picture--a woman       
chaining lions to her ear1 with ,force  
and ,power  in her suite1 and leaning on
 the book of the law4 ,the king and     
queen  holding the dauphin by the hand1 
follow1 preceded by a group of sages4   
,a combat is exhibited with a dreadful  
hydra1 whose head was seen struck  off4 
,we dread you no more1 ye subordinate   
tyrants1 who oppressed us under   a     
hundred various names4    ,in another   
place an immense multitude listening    
with attention to the  sage exhortations
 of a victorious warrior1 who seemed to 
say1     ,you prize this liberty1 you   
possess it while you do3 ,shew          
yourselves   worthy to preserve it4     

,at one o'clock the van of the          
procession appeared under this triumphal
  arch4    ,m4 de la ,fayette leading a 
body of cavalry1 himself mounted on a   
milk  white charger1 rode into the      
amphitheatre amid the acclamations of   
the people1 ,vive la ,fayette6 ,the     
cavalry filed off to the right1  and    
ranged themselves in the exterior line1 
on the opposite side to  the entrance4  
,the company of grenadiers formed under 
the steps of the  amphitheatre1 as well 
as all the companies who were employed  
as escorts4    ,the civil bodies took   
the places allotted for them1 which was 
previously marked out4 ,the battalion of
 youths of the military school1  formed 
about one hundred paces from the grand  
altar1 crossing the  ,champ de ,mars2   
but facing the altar on the side next   
the military  school4    ,while the     
national assembly passed through the    
triumphal arch1 the  escort of colours  
passed through the lateral gates1 and   
the members  took their seats on the    

right and left of the chair of state1   
and the  chair of their own president4  
,the battalion of veterans was placed a 
hundred paces behind the altar1  across 
the ,champ de ,mars1 but facing the     
altar4    ,the detachments of the       
national guards1 appointed to take the  
oath1  ranged themselves under each     
banner1 indicative of his place in the  
amphitheatre4    ,the music collected   
into one band1 and occupied the side of 
the  platform under the altar1 next to  
the invalids2 and the band of drums     
were placed on the opposite side4       
,the detachment of cavalry that closed  
the procession1 formed the  exterior    
line1 on the side where they entered1   
opposite to the first  detachment4      
,the altar was after an antique model4  
,the ascent to it was by four  stair    
cases2 at each corner was a platform    
supporting an urn1 which  exhaled       
perfumes4 ,on the south front were these
 verses from ,mahomet1  under a picture 
of arts and sciences3        ,les       

mortals sont egaux1 ce ne'st pas leur   
naissance1      ,c'est la seule vertu   
qui fait leur difference4     ,men are  
equal3 it is not by birth4 ,it is virtue
 alone that confers   distinction4      
,and these1        ,la loi dans tout    
doit etre universelle1      ,le mortels 
quels qu'ils soient egaux devant elle4  
,the law in all things ought to be      
universal3 ,men of all descriptions     
are equal in its eyes4    ,on the       
opposite side were four angels sounding 
trumpets1 with this  inscription3       
,hold in your remembrance these sacred  
words1 which are the guarantee   of your
 decrees2--,the nation1 the law1 and the
 king4 ,the nation is   yourselves--the 
law is your own1 for it is your         
will--and the king is   the guardian of 
the law4    ,on the front1 next to the  
,seine1 was the figure of ,liberty1     
dispersing  the surrounding clouds1 with
 attributes of ,agriculture1 and        
,abundance2  and the ,genius of ,france 
hovering in the air1 and pointing to the

 word  ,constitution4    ,on the front1 
facing the throne1 were warriors        
pronouncing the federal  oath1 viz4     
,we swear to remain ever faithful to the
 nation1 the law1 and the   king3 to    
maintain1 with all our power1 the       
constitution decreed by   the national  
assembly1 and accepted by the king3 to  
protect1 according   to the law1 the    
surety of persons and property1 the     
circulation   of corn and provisions    
within the realm1 the levying of public 
contributions1 under whatever form they 
may exist2 and to continue   united to  
all the ,french by the indissoluble ties
 of brotherhood4    ,at three the signal
 was made for conducting the oriflamme1 
or sacred  royal standard1 with the     
banners of the eighty-three departments1
 to  the altar to receive the           
benediction4    ,upon the same signal   
the queen1 7with her attendants7 made   
her  appearance in a partitioned place  
immediately behind the king's chair1    
having the dauphin with her1 whom she   

placed on her knee3 she was well        
received1 and the dauphin much          
applauded4 ,she was most becomingly     
dressed2 her cap decorated with pearls1 
a pearl necklace1 and pearl  ear-rings4 
,as soon as she was seated1 the king    
entered and took his chair of  state1   
which was fixed upon a line with a      
lesser chair1 upon which the  president 
of the national assembly sat4 ,from the 
top of the king's  state chair1 the     
crown had been removed1 and the cap of  
liberty  substituted in its place4 ,he  
was superbly dressed in a rich suit of  
gold tissue1 and appeared to be in good 
spirits4 ,he directed his  conversation 
to the president1 and it drew forth     
continual bursts of  applause4    ,at   
forty minutes after three the conclusion
 of the ceremony of  consecrating the   
banners was announced1 by a heavy       
discharge of the  artillery1 and the    
sound of martial music4    ,the banners 
having rejoined their several stations1 
the great body of  the national guards1 

who hitherto had lined the extreme of   
the inner  circle1 now formed on each   
side a half circle1 from the foot of the
  pavilion steps to the altar2 the      
ensigns of each of the sixty of ,paris  
districts1 all of which were extremely  
beautiful1 and various in their         
devices1 being marched first up to the  
front of the pavilion1 and  saluting as 
they passed it4    ,the bishop of       
,autun1 as grand ,almoner1 assisted by  
sixty deputy  ,almoners1 elected by     
sixty districts of ,paris1 then         
celebrated mass1 to  the sound of the   
musical instruments4    ,some delay took
 place in the expectation that the king 
would advance to  the altar1 and there  
take the civic oath4 ,but his majesty   
remained on  the throne4    ,m4 de la   
,fayette then gave the signal for the   
national deputies to come  forward and  
take the oath4 ,he ascended the altar2  
and on the sound of  the trumpet1       
extending his right hand1 and looking   
steadfastly at the  altar while the oath

 was reading1 pronounced the words1--,i 
swear it4  ,which the national guards   
all repeated after him1 turning round   
their  hats on the points of their      
bayonets4    ,the discharge of a bomb   
was the signal4    ,mons4 ,bonnay1 the  
president of the national assembly1 next
 rose from  his seat1 and advancing to  
the front of the covered gallery1 in    
which  the members of the national      
assembly and the civil bodies were      
seated1  fixed his eyes on the altar1   
extended his right arm1 and as the oath 
was repeating1 pronounced with great    
dignity1 ,i swear it3 followed  in like 
manner by the legislative1 and the      
deputies of the civil and  municipal    
bodies4    ,at forty-five minutes past  
four the king rose2 and1 waiting till   
every  thing was silent1 read very      
audibly1 and with an excellent majesty  
of  manner1 the ,,oath#a assigned to    
him2 extended his arm1 looked           
steadfastly at the altar1 and pronunced1
 ,i swear it4    ,footnote #a3 ,i swear 

to be faithful to the ,nation1 the ,law1
 and the  ,king1 and to maintain the    
,constitution to the utmost of my power1
 as  decreed by the ,national ,assembly1
 and confirmed by the ,king4    ,the    
acclamations of the people1 shouting    
,long live ,louis1  our ,country1 and   
,constitution6--the clattering of sixty 
thousand  swords1 the waving of one     
hundred and forty-three banners and     
ensigns1  and the discharge of an       
immense line of artillery1 excited      
feelings  which words cannot express1   
and which the human imagination1 unaided
  by a view of the grand and glorious   
scene1 can form no adequate  conception 
of4 ,the awful and unbroken stillness   
maintained during the  administration of
 the oaths1 rendered the acclamations   
which followed  more forcible than they 
would otherwise have been4    ,te ,deum 
was then sung by a choir of more than   
three hundred voices1  accompanied by   
three hundred drums1 and all the        
military musical  instruments4    ,the  

ceremony being over1 the king went away 
almost immediately4    ,the procession  
moved off in the order in which it      
entered4    ,the people walked home as  
they came1 without crowding2 and in     
little  more than an hour the place was 
cleared4    ,a repast for the deputies  
was served up at the ,chateau de la     
,muette4  ,each battalion of ,parisian  
guards undertook to be entertainers of  
their provincial brethren1 who all      
partook of the repast with the  utmost  
order4    ,thirty thousand persons dined
 in the gardens1 and wine and provisions
  were distributed to more than one     
hundred thousand4 ,the people were  so  
temperate1 that ,i cannot learn that any
 of the troops were seen at  night      
reeling about the streets1 in a state of
 intoxication4    ,the day concluded    
with dances in all places near the      
,champ de ,mars4  ,in the evening a     
superb fire-work was exhibited in the   
square of the  ,hotel de ,ville2 and at 
night there was a general illumination4 

,this is the most accurate account that 
,i have been able to obtain of  the     
proceedings of the king and the people4 
,as it is thought there were more people
 collected together upon  this occasion 
then ever met at one time and place in  
the world1 and  as some people are      
desirous of having a particular         
description of  the transactions of the 
day2 it is hoped the reader will excuse 
the  author for being more than usually 
copious in the incidents treated of     
throughout this chapter4                
,,chap4 ,,vi4     ,inquiry is made      
whether the ,doctor had                 
,recommendations1   c4--,his ,advice to 
,gentlemen and ,ladies4--,he is visited 
by a ,physician   to the ,court of      
,spain4--,views the ,place where the    
,bastille stood4--,how   that ,place was
 taken1 and the ,governor and other     
,officers executed4        ,paris1 ,july
 #ag4    ,this morning the gentleman who
 had put up at the hotel with me1 asked 
if ,i had any letters of recommendation 

from any gentlemen in ,london1 to  any  
in ,paris8 ,i told him ,i had not3 that 
,i had had the offer of some1  but for  
the want of time did not go to receive  
them3 ,that as ,i could  not tarry long1
 and had money enough to bear my        
expences1 ,i believed  that that would  
be recommendation enough1 if ,i behaved 
well4 ,i had  though1 by the way1 a     
general recommendation from some        
gentlemen of  my acquaintance1 but it   
was not directed to any body in         
particular in  ,paris2 and ,i also had a
 diploma in my pocket1 which was a      
sufficient  recommendation1 in any      
quarter of the globe2 but ,i did not let
 the  inquirer know ,i had any such     
thing with me4 ,he seemed to think ,i   
would  cut but a poor figure without    
recommendations2 but as it happened ,i  
had no need of shewing any--though ,i   
would not advise any gentleman  or lady 
to travel without2 because a            
recommendation may be of great  service 
sometimes1 and especially in a time of  

war4    ,at about nine this morning1 ,i 
was visited by ,m4 ,iberti1 ,docteur en 
,mdecine1 and physician to the ,court of
 ,spain4 ,he informed me that he  had   
heard that an ,english physician had    
arrived1 and that he was come  to tell  
me1 that if he could be of any service  
to me any way1 he should  be happy in   
doing of it4 ,i thanked him for his     
kindness1 and told him  that ,i wanted  
to get an account of the practice of the
 hospitals1 and  with that an account of
 the operation of medicines in ,france3 
,that for more than sixteen years ,i had
 been preparing for publication1  a ,new
 ,dispensatory1 which will contain2     
#a4 ,the meteria medica4    #b4 ,the    
operation of medicines4    #c4 ,the art 
and science of pharmacy4    #d4 ,the    
composition of medicines4    #e4 ,an    
index of diseases1 and their remedies2  
with1    #f4 ,the manual operations and 
remedies used in surgery4    ,that the  
work would be adorned with cuts of the  
chymical and surgical  instruments1 and 

also with chymical characters and       
botanical figures3    ,that ,i had      
travelled in ,great ,britain and        
,america1 to obtain knowledge2  and was 
come to ,paris for the same purpose4--  
,said he1 ,i am employed by the court of
 ,spain on the same business1 and  have 
travelled through ,england1 ,scotland1  
and ,ireland2 and am come here  to      
collect all the knowledge ,i possibly   
can4 ,he gave me a description  of the  
state and condition of the hospitals in 
,paris2 and told me where  ,i could     
obtain the publications ,i wanted1 which
 are entirely new1 and  had not reached 
,london4 ,he also advised me to view the
 hospitals1 and  to go to ,cherenton and
 see the anatomical productions there1  
which he  said exceeded every thing of  
the kind in the world4    ,he visited me
 three times1 and brought a ,french     
physician to see me  once4    ,i visited
 ,m4 ,iberti once1 and he gave me a book
 he had published1  entitled1           
,observations ,generales sur les        

,hopitauz2 suivies d'un  ,projeett      
d',hospital4 ,in consequence of which   
the ,royal ,academy of ,arts  and       
,sciences at ,paris had honoured him    
with a medal1 in token that  his works  
were highly applauded4 ,he also told me 
that he had the use of  the king's      
library4    ,i told him that ,i would   
endeavour to make him a present of a    
,new  ,dispensatory1 if he would let me 
know where ,i could send one that would 
get to him3 he thanked me1 and desired  
,i would send one to the ,spanish       
,ambassador in ,great ,britain1 with    
whom he said he was well acquainted4    
,the ,spanish physician's advice did me 
infinite service3 ,i followed his       
direction1 and obtained what ,i went    
after4    ,among the many curiosities   
that ,i viewed this day was the ground  
where  the ,bastille stood1 which had   
been a horrible place of punishment for 
about #djj years4 ,i found this prison  
almost demolished1 though a few  of the 
dungeons remained3 but the people were  

taking down the arches1  walls1 c4 ,an  
amazing quantity of stone had been      
carried from this  disagreeable prison1 
and piled up in a street that environs  
the city1  besides those at the ,champ  
de ,mars4    ,before this prison was    
demolished it was surrounded by a ditch1
 and had  no entrance to it but by a    
draw-bridge4    ,on the #fth of ,july1  
#aghi1 the ,national ,assembly having   
established a  committee of finances1   
which consisted of #fd members1 and     
appointed ,m4  ,necker1 president2 the  
king afterwards appointed ,baron de     
,breteuil1  president1 in the room of   
,m4 ,necker2 and having removed several 
other officers1 the indignation of the  
populace was raised1 who armed          
themselves1 and were joined by the      
,french guards4 ,a slight skirmish      
ensued in the ,place de ,louis ,,xv4 in 
which two was killed1 and two  wounded1 
which belonged to the ,duc de ,choiseu's
 regiment of dragoons4    ,on the #hth  
the populace forced the convent of ,st4 

,lazare1 in which was  found a quantity 
of corn1 arms1 ammunition1 c4 ,a general
 consternation  prevailed2 the shops    
were shut1 and business was at a stand4 
,on the #adth the hospital of invalids  
surrendered to about #bj1jjj  citizens1 
headed by the ,french guards3 ,about    
#d1jjj troops1 #eb1jjj  stands of arms1 
besides cannon1 ammunition1 c4 were     
taken4 ,in the  evening about #aj or    
#ab1jjj men1 with two pieces of cannon1 
demanded the  ammunition deposited in   
the ,bastille4 ,the governor held out a 
white  flag1 and opened one of the      
gates1 through which about forty        
citizens  and soldiers entered3 he      
immediately drew up the bridge1 and his 
troops  massacred those that had        
entered4 ,this breach of faith enraged  
the  populace3 a battle ensued1 and the 
,bastille was taken in about three      
hours4 ,the governor1 the jailor1 chief 
gunner1 and two others were  carried    
prisoners to the ,hotel de ,ville1 where
 they were tried and  executed1 by being

 shot1 and afterwards beheaded4 ,m4 de  
,flesselles1 the  first municipal       
officer of ,paris1 underwent the same   
fate1 on being  suspected of betraying  
the citizens4 ,their heads were carried 
in  triumph through the streets of the  
city4 ,in taking the ,bastille about    
#cjj were killed1 besides those the     
governor massacred4 ,the prisoners  were
 liberated2 and an old man1 who had been
 in a dungeon thirty years1  fell down  
when he came out1 by reason of the      
operation the light had  upon him4      
,those that took the ,bastille are      
honoured with a particular mark in      
their apparel1 to distinguish them from 
other people4          ,,chap4 ,,vii4   
,the ,doctor goes to the ,champ de      
,mars--an ,air ,balloon   descends on   
his ,head4--,he dines at a ,grand       
,hotel1 where commences un   tte  tte   
with a fine ,lady4--,he goes to the     
,italian ,opera4        ,paris1 ,july   
#ah4    ,this morning1 being ,sunday1 ,i
 sent my servant for a coach to carry   

me to the ,champ de ,mars2 but he       
returned without any1 with this         
intelligence from the coachman1 viz4    
that they were all forbid to  move a    
coach that day1 by reason of the great  
multitude of people that  was to        
convene2 as it was supposed1 that many  
would be crushed to death  if they were 
allowed to ride in coaches4 ,the        
nobility1 gentry1 and  commonalty1 were 
therefore all obliged to walk to the    
,champ de ,mars2  at which place ,i took
 a seat1 a little to the left of the    
,national  ,assembly1 where ,i had a    
fine prospect4 ,there was the greatest  
multitude  of people collected that ,i  
ever saw at one time1 and they behaved  
with  decency and good order4 ,the      
,marquis de la ,fayette rode at the head
 of  the army1 and was frequently       
honoured with huzzas1 loud acclamations1
  and other demonstrations of joy4      
,among the bands of music was a very    
large drum1 that seemed to make the     
earth tremble when it was beat4    ,i   

took a seat about ten1 and tarried about
 five hours4 ,about half past  one1 an  
air balloon1 of a large magnitude1      
ascended to the southward  of the ,champ
 de ,mars4 ,it was conducted by a great 
number of men1  who held its lines1 over
 the place where ,i was sitting4 ,it    
descended  on our heads1 and the ,french
 cried1 ,en bas1 en bas1 ,monsieur3     
,down1  down1 ,sir4 ,i bowed myself     
almost to the ground1 to prevent being  
hurt2  but arose1 and pushed the balloon
 upwards with my hand3 ,it ascended1    
and went to the northward2 but descended
 again several times1 and  afterwards   
passed to the southward by the ,national
 ,assembly1 almost in  a horizontal     
direction4 ,when it had got at a little 
distance from the  ,champ de ,mars1 the 
inflammable air took fire1 and the      
balloon split1  with a report something 
like that of a cannon4 ,it was said that
 several  persons were considerably     
burnt when the balloon burst4 ,i        
understood  the next day1 that some of  

the ,french supposed1 that a great      
blessing  will follow those upon whom   
the balloon descended4    ,after ,i had 
left the ,champ de ,mars1 ,i dined at a 
grand hotel1 where  thirty-two tables   
were spread in one room4 ,at this place 
a ,french  lady viewed me with an       
amorous eye2 and ,i perceived by some of
 her  motions1 after ,i had dined1 that 
she had an inclination to lead me  into 
temptation3 but ,i was soon off with    
myself1 and was thereby  delivered from 
evil4    ,in the evening ,i went to the 
,italian opera1 where sixty-two persons 
appeared on the stage at the first view4
 ,the vocal and instrumental  music was 
excellent1 and the other performances   
very entertaining4          ,,chap4     
,,viii4     ,the ,doctor views three    
,hospitals1 and the largest   ,cathedral
 in the ,kingdom4--,an ,account of the  
,foundling ,hospital4 ,he   goes to     
,versailles--views the ,king and        
,queen's ,palaces1 returns to   ,paris1 
and sees the ,dauphin of ,france4       

,paris1 ,july #ai4    ,this morning ,i  
viewed the grand hospital1 the lying-in 
hospital1 the  foundling hospital1 and  
the greatest cathedral in the kingdom1  
called  ,l',eglise de ,notre ,dame4 ,it 
is a grand ,gothic structure1 has a very
  fine choir1 altar1 c4 and many        
paintings1 some of which represent the  
miracles and resurrection of ,christ4   
,there were #ag1ejj children belonging  
to the foundling hospital1 above  #g1jjj
 of which had been taken in within the  
compass of a year4 ,they  were kept very
 clean1 and ,i did not hear a child cry 
amongst the whole  number4    ,the      
matron1 or governess of the hospital1   
shewed me their grand stores  of linen  
and garments for the children1 which was
 worth beholding4    ,this hospital is a
 most excellent institution3 ,people of 
all kinds1  and from all countries1 are 
allowed to bring their children into it2
  and no questions are asked2 only the  
person that leaves the child is  asked  
if the child has been christened4 ,if   

that has not been done1 they  get it    
done at the hospital4 ,those that bring 
their children put a  ribbon round their
 necks1 or mark them with something     
whereby they may  be known in some      
future time1 and they are permitted to  
take them away  when they please4       
,those that remain in the hospitals1 are
 put out to learn trades1 when  they are
 old enough2--and sums of money are     
given to those who take  them4    ,i was
 told that a young woman from ,great    
,britain had just lain in  at the       
lying-in hospital1 and had put her child
 into the foundling  hospital4 ,perhaps 
she may pass for a virgin again1 on her 
arrival in  ,england6    ,this hospital 
must be of great utility to the people1 
because it  relieves the poor1 and      
prevents murder2 as women have not the  
temptation to kill their children       
through fear of not having them         
supported2 and also1 because it produces
 a great number of good members  of     
society4    ,after ,i had viewed the    

hospitals1 ,i made a purchase of two    
books1 which  contained all ,i was in   
pursuit after4 ,i also viewed the house 
where  ,voltaire the famous ,french poet
 died4    ,the same day ,i went in a    
coach with my servant to ,versailles1   
which  is about twelve miles from       
,paris4 ,we arrived there about noon2   
and ,i  viewed the king and queen's     
palaces1 which are said to be the       
richest  in the world1 or at least1 the 
most beautiful and magnificent in       
,europe4 ,i also viewed the royal chapel
 and two of the royal theatres1  and the
 king's gardens planted with tropical   
and other trees1 plants1  and herbs4    
,the buildings are adorned and          
beautified with gold1 and  many splendid
 ornaments1 and there are a great number
 of statues1 and  elegant paintings2 all
 of which afford a very beautiful       
prospect4    ,versailles is a pleasant  
place1 and there are about #fj1jjj      
inhabitants  in the town4 ,i dined after
 ,i had viewed the curiosities1 and     

returned  to ,paris in the evening1     
where ,i saw the ,dauphin of ,france1   
attended by  a monk4    ,versailles is  
said to be the dearest place for        
entertainment that there  is in ,france1
 owing to the great number of nobility  
and gentry that  resort there3          
,therefore ought every traveller to be  
well provided with  money when he goes  
to see that place4          ,,chap4     
,,ix4     ,views two ,hospitals1 the    
,royal ,observatory1 and sundry other   
,magnificent ,buildings4--,goes to the  
,french ,theatre1 c4--,a ,caution       
against going into bad ,company4        
,paris1 ,july #bj4    ,this day ,i      
viewed the charity hospital1 and the    
hospital for invalids4  ,the latter is a
 large and elegant building1 in which   
there is a chapel1  that is said to     
cover as much ground as the cathedral of
 ,st4 ,paul's1  in ,london4 ,the floors 
of the domes are made of fine marble1   
and each  dome is dedicated to some     
saint1 whose statue is placed in a      

niche1 or  hallow4 ,there are some of   
the finest paintings in this chapel that
 ,i  ever saw2 and the hospital commonly
 contains about #bjj officers1 and      
#c1jjj soldiers4    ,afterwards ,i      
viewed the house of ,bourbonne1 and the 
royal observatory1  where astronomical  
observations are taken4 ,i looked       
through the  telescopes1 and surveyed   
the mathematical instruments4 ,i saw an 
account of the late observations1 and   
perceived that the ,french are  very    
accurate in performances of that kind3  
but ,i did not give them to  understand 
that ,i was a professor of the science4 
,i also viewed a great church1 called   
,jamies1 which has been near  twenty    
years in building1 and is not yet wholly
 finished4 ,in this  church there are   
some of the largest and finest pillars  
that ,i ever  beheld4    ,afterwards ,i 
took a survey of the buildings and      
gardens which belong  to the king's     
eldest brother2 and went to the ,french 
theatre and saw  the grand performances 

there4 ,after the play was over1 on     
returning  to my lodgings1 ,i was seized
 on the way by a very gay young lady1   
who  accosted me with--,j' aime vous1   
,monsieur4--,voulez vous venir avec     
moi8--,my answer was in the negative4 ,i
 was obliged to break her hold1  and be 
off with myself4 ,perhaps1 said ,i1 if  
,i go with you1 ,i may be  robbed and   
murdered3 it is best for me to keep out 
of the fire whilst  it is in my power4  
,i had heard but a few days before of a 
man that was so simple as to  accept of 
the invitation of two lewd women1 who   
took him to their  lodgings2 but before 
morning he was robbed1 not only of his  
watch and  money1 but of his clothes1   
and turned out naked into the street by 
some whore-mongers that frequented the  
house4 ,this shews how dangerous  it is 
to venture one's-self amongst strangers1
 and especially those  of this sort4 ,it
 is safest for every one1 either at home
 or abroad1  to shun all such kind of   
company1 as well as the company of      

thieves1  drunkards1 gamesters1 and     
those that use bad language3 for the    
keeping  of bad company has been the    
destruction of thousands2 and especially
  the greatest mischief has been done   
among unthinking youth3 their           
inexperience1 and unsuspecting          
dispositions1 making them the fit       
subjects for villainy to work upon4     
,,chap4 ,x4     ,contemplations1        
,philosophical and ,moral1 on the ,state
 and ,condition   of the ,living and the
 ,dead1 which the ,author indulges at   
the ,abbey of   ,st4 ,denis1 where the  
,kings of ,france are buried4           
,st4 ,denis1 ,july #ba1      ,at half   
past one1 ,p4 ,m4    ,i am now standing 
in the abbey of ,st4 ,denis1 which is   
about six miles  from ,paris1 and have  
been told that all the kings of ,france1
 excepting  ,lewis ,,xvi4 are buried    
here1 and that the house of ,bourbon lie
 under my  feet4--,alas6 said ,i1 here  
is the end of those mighty monarchs1    
that  once ruled the kingdom1 commanded 

armies1 fought battles1 obtained        
victories1 collected riches1 and enjoyed
 the honours1 the profits and  the      
pleasures of this perishing             
world4--,here they lie silent6 and their
  dominion1 strength1 and power1 are    
wholly gone6--,their bodies are         
returned to the elements out of which   
they were formed1 viz4 to the  earth1   
air1 fire1 and water4 ,alas6 continued  
,i1 the present king of  ,france1 with  
all the mighty kings and princes on the 
globe1 together1  with the rest of the  
human race1 must soon pass through this 
change6  ,and not only the human race1  
but the birds1 beasts and fishes1 trees1
  plants1 and herbs2 even every thing   
that hath life must be dissolved1  and  
return to the elements1 viz4 ,earth to  
earth1 air to air1 fire  to fire1 and   
water to water2 for it is the decree of 
the ,divine  ,artificer1 who is the     
former of our bodies1 and the father of 
our  spirits1 that all these things     
shall once die6--,and1 none of the      

mighty kings1 or learned physicians1 can
 hinder themselves or others1  from     
experiencing this awful change4         
,moreover1 ,i had further contemplations
 upon the state of the living and  the  
condition of the dead4 ,i considered the
 mutability of our bodies2  that they   
are continually changing2 that they     
increase in proportion  to the quantity 
of nutrition which they receive from    
meat1 drink1  the circumambient air1 c4 
or1 decrease in proportion to a want of 
nourishment from those things4    ,that 
they are continually flying off by      
insensible perspiration and  other      
evacuations1 and would soon come to a   
dissolution1 if not  nourished by the   
vegetable and animal productions4       
,that the bodies we had seven years ago1
 are totally dissolved by those         
evacuations2 and from hence we have new 
flesh1 new bones1 new skin1 new  hair1  
new nails1 c4 formed out of the four    
elements4    ,that the time we have     
lived1 is past and gone2 and1 that the  

time we  are to live is not yet come1 so
 that we only live at the present time4 
,that death is only a change from this  
state to another1--as our  bodies return
 again to the elements1 and our spirits 
to ,him that gave  them3 that the dead1 
being at rest1 are totally free from the
 cares1  troubles1 and vexations of a   
mortal life4 ,the king is not afraid of 
losing his kingdom1 nor the beggar of   
perishing with hunger4    ,i beg leave  
to conclude this chapter with the       
following reflections1  which will not1 
,i hope1 detract from their solemnity1  
because cast in  a poetical mould4      
,short is our passage thro' this nether 
world1      ,for soon by death we from  
the stage are hurl'd4      ,the tender  
infants in their lovely bloom1      ,are
 often hurry'd to the silent tomb6      
,adults grown up1 nay some of ev'ry age1
      ,by cruel death are taken from the
 stage2      ,the high1 the low1 the    
rich1 the poor1 the small1      ,by the 
great king of terrors soon must fall4   

,the richest man1 7it cannot be deny'd7 
,who with good things most amply is     
supply'd2      ,soon1 too1 he feels th' 
impartial stroke of death1      ,down   
falls his body1 and off flies his       
breath3      ,but where it goes1 or how 
far it doth fly1      ,no mortal man can
 tell below the sky4      ,the elements 
that in the body are1      ,return to   
those from whence they taken were4      
,thus1 dust to dust1 and air to air1 we 
find1      ,and heat to heat1 are soon  
again combin'd1      ,water to water    
soon again doth flow1      ,and the     
whole mass to dissolution go6           
,await1 ,o man6 thy doom2 for 'tis the  
fate      ,of ev'ry creature in this    
mortal state3      ,yet shall th'       
immortal spark ascend on high1      ,of 
righteous ones who in the ,,lord do die4
      ,thus whilst their bodies are     
behind at rest1      ,their pious souls 
with happiness are blest4        ----   
,again4----        ,o happy state in    
which the dead are cast6      ,their    

pain is gone and all their trouble's    
past4      ,when roaring winds bring up 
the thick'ned cloud1      ,and the deep 
thunder rumbles out aloud2      ,when   
the earth quakes1 when lofty cities     
fall1      ,when places sink1 and can't 
be found at all2      ,when inundations 
o'er the land arise1      ,and burning  
mountains burst towards the skies2      
,when famine and the pestilence doth    
rage1      ,and wicked nations in a war 
engage2      ,when blood and carnage    
greatly doth expand1      ,and          
desolation overspreads the land1        
,and boist'rous tempests rage upon the  
sea2      ,then are the ,dead from      
danger wholly free4      ,they're not   
afraid of being hurt1 or slain1         
,like wretched mortals who alive remain4
      ,let not the living then at ,death
 repine1      ,since it was made by ,god
 an act divine1      ,to raise the      
,just--the husband1 child1 and wife1    
,from scenes of trouble to a better     
life6          ,,chap4 ,,xi4     ,of the

 ,curiosities in the ,abbey of ,st4     
,denis4--,the   ,doctor views the       
,king's ,treasure4--,goes to the        
,italian   ,theatre4--,observations on  
the ,actors1 c4      ,whilst ,i was at  
the abbey of ,st4 ,denis1 ,i viewed many
 elegant statues  and paintings1 and the
 font1 or baptismal bason1 out of which 
the kings  of ,france had been          
christened4 ,afterwards ,i was admitted 
by a monk into  the king's treasure1    
where ,i saw the crowns of the kings and
 queens of  ,france1 with many golden   
vessels and splendid ornaments4    ,i   
dined at a hotel in ,st4 ,denis1 and    
returned to ,paris2 but in my rout  ,i  
ascended a hill which commands a sight  
of the city1 and affords a  fine        
prospect4 ,on this hill there is a great
 number of wind-mills1  dwelling-houses1
 and other buildings4 ,in the evening ,i
 went to the  ,italian theatre1 where ,i
 was very well entertained with         
performances of  different kinds4 ,their
 artificial thunder and lightning1 was  

alarming2  as the claps were very loud  
and sudden1 and the flashes appeared as 
natural as those from the clouds4       
,the theatres in ,paris are very large4 
,they are opened at five o'clock1  and  
the performances begin at six1 and end  
at nine1--which is much  better then to 
keep people till almost midnight2       
because they have time  to return to    
their dwellings in season4    ,i have   
often thought that the actors are       
deficient in one thing2 that  is1 in    
their not apprising the spectators of   
the subject before the  play begins2 and
 whether it is to be a tragedy or a     
comedy1 and who  or what it is to be in 
imitation of2 and whether it is to      
represent a  battle1 a duel1 or a       
courtship1 c4 for the entering upon     
these things  without any previous      
notice1 is like a divine's preaching    
without  naming his text1 or letting his
 auditors know what subject he is about 
to discourse upon4    ,it is true1      
indeed1 that the actors often send forth

 publications1 to  let the people know  
what is to be represented such and such 
evenings2  but ,i do not think that more
 than one person in twenty that attends 
the  plays ever reads the publications2 
and those that do1 are put to the       
trouble of carrying them to the         
theatres1 and of tracing them through   
the evening1 or they will not know      
before-hand what play is to be acted    
next4          ,,chap4 ,,xii4     ,views
 the ,anatomical ,productions at        
,cherenton4 ,a ,description of the      
,vineyards4--,the ,people meet where the
 ,bastille stood1 and pray for   the    
,souls of them that were slain in taking
 that ,place4 ,their ,form of           
,prayer4--,surveys the ,king's ,physical
 ,gardens4        ,paris1 ,july #bb4    
,this morning ,i went to ,cherenton1    
which is two leagues from ,paris1 and   
viewed a great number of skeletons1 not 
only of human bodies1 but of  birds1    
beasts1 and fishes2 and ,i must join in 
opinion with the ,spanish  physician1   

viz4 that they exceed every thing of the
 kind in the  world1 or at least that ,i
 ever saw or heard of4 ,here are        
skeletons of  infants and adults1       
mounted upon the skeletons of horses1 of
 different  sizes2 some with the bones  
only1 and some with the veins and       
arteries1  muscles1 c4 ,in short every  
part of the human machine is exposed to 
the view of the spectator4 ,the various 
parts of the body are also  preserved in
 spirits1 and anatomy is demonstrated in
 all its branches  in the best manner2  
which must be of excellent use to young 
students4    ,as ,i was returning to    
,paris1 ,i viewed a number of vineyards 
which are  cultivated for the purpose of
 raising grapes4 ,the vines in general  
were planted about two feet apart1 and  
are hoed much like the maze1  or ,indian
 corn1 in ,america4 ,in some places they
 have rows of potatoes  between the     
vines1 but at such places they are      
planted more than two  feet apart2 and  
for want of knowledge in philosophy1    

many hill their  potatoes too high1     
which hinders their growth1 by          
obstructing the  rays of the sun from   
heating their roots4    ,the vines run  
upon poles1 that are about four or five 
feet high2 and  after the grapes are    
gathered in the fall1 the vines are cut 
down close  to the ground1 and from the 
roots another set arises1 which bear    
grapes  the next year4 ,it appears to me
 that such vines would grow in many     
parts of ,america1 if they were properly
 cultivated4    ,on entering into       
,paris1 ,i passed by the place where the
 ,bastille stood2  and1 behold6 a number
 of the priests1 with a great multitude 
of people1  had met together to pray for
 the souls of them that had been slain1 
when the ,bastille was taken on the     
#adth of ,july1 #aghi4 ,i was told1 that
  this was the first time that the      
priests and the people had met to pray  
on that occasion since the battle       
happened4    ,the catholics have various
 forms of prayer1 which they make use of

  when they pray for the dead4 ,the one 
for brethren1 relations1 and            
benefactors1 runs thus3     ,o ,god1 the
 giver of pardon1 and lover of the      
salvation of man1   we beseech thy      
clemency in behalf of our brethren1     
relations1 and   benefactors1 who       
departed this life2 that by the         
intercession of the   ,blessed ,virgin  
,mary1 and of all thy saints1 thou      
wouldest receive   them into the joys of
 thy eternal kingdom3 through our ,lord 
,jesus   ,christ1 ,amen4    ,at the end 
of each form1 the following is used3    
,eternal rest give to  them1 ,o ,lord2  
and let perpetual light shine upon them4
    ,after ,i had left the place where  
the people were praying1 ,i walked      
through the king's physical gardens1    
where there are about seven  thousand   
different kinds of vegetables1          
consisting of trees1 plants  and herbs1 
collected from the four quarters of the 
globe1 that can  possibly be made to    
grow in ,paris4 ,i have been informed1  

that this  botanical garden1 and a      
museum of natural curiosities1 which may
 be  seen every ,wednesday and ,friday  
in the afternoon1 costs the king #gb1jjj
  livres per annum4    ,in these gardens
 there is a mount1 which ,i ascended by 
a path that runs  round it1 in a        
spiratic course4 ,at the top of this    
hill ,i had a fine  prospect1 not only  
of the gardens1 but of the city4    ,i  
observed as ,i passed through the       
gardens1 that the vegetables were       
distinguished from one another by ,latin
 inscriptions1 as calamus  aromaticus1  
sambucus1 rhabarbarum1 c4               
,,chap4 ,,xiii4     ,a ,description of  
,paris4--,of the ,river ,seine4--,of the
   ,climate4--,dress1--,anecdote of a   
,frenchman4--,french ,courtship1 and the
   ,fondness of the ,ladies1 c4         
,paris1 the capital of ,france1 is      
situated in lat4 #dh deg4 #ej min4      
north2 and long4 #b deg4 #aj min4 east  
of the royal observatory at  ,greenwich2
 and is called one of the grandest and  

most beautiful cities  in ,europe4 ,it  
is built in a circular form1 and was    
about eighteen miles  in circumference1 
'till of late it has been made much     
larger by the  augmentation of their    
buildings1 and the erection of a new    
wall1  which encompasses the old one at 
a great distance4 ,the city is walled   
in to prevent smuggling1 sentries being 
placed at the gates1 where  duties are  
paid1 c4 ,the houses in this city are   
from six to eight  stories high in      
general1 built chiefly of hewn stone1   
which are of a  lightish colour4 ,these 
stories are much higher than ours in    
,london4 ,the  buildings are very       
magnificent2 and the city is amazingly  
populous4    ,it contains upwards of    
#bb1jjj houses1--#igi streets1--#eb     
parishes1--#acj  convents1--#bh         
hospitals1--and about #hjj1jjj people4  
,the streets of this city are narrow2   
and being paved to the sides of  the    
houses1 with stones much like those in  
the middle of the streets in  ,london1  

makes the walking inconvenient1 and     
exposes travellers to the  danger of    
being hurt by the carriages4    ,it is a
 pity that the streets of ,paris1 and   
many other cities1 had not  been laid   
out at right angles1 at proper          
distances1 and at convenient  breadths1 
when the places were first built4       
,paris is divided almost into equal     
parts by the river ,seine1 which did    
not appear to me to be so large as the  
river ,thames4 ,there is a number  of   
bridges over the ,seine1 and several of 
them have buildings on either  side1    
which form a complete street4 ,this     
river rises in ,burgundy1 and  running  
through ,paris1 empties itself into the 
,english ,channel1 between              
,havre-de-,grace and ,honfleur4    ,the 
tides are not strong enough to bring    
heavy vessels up to ,paris4  ,the people
 are obliged to make use of long barges1
 and to tow them up  with horses4 ,there
 are some water-mills erected on this   
river1 for the  purpose of grinding     

grain1 c4    ,the air is much clearer at
 ,paris than it is at ,london2 and the  
country is healthy3 the climate in the  
south of ,france is called the          
wholesomest in ,europe4 ,it is something
 remarkable that ,i did not see  one    
funeral all the time ,i was in ,france2 
which made me suppose that  they buried 
their dead in the night3 but this1 on   
enquiry1 ,i found not  to be the        
practice4    ,the inhabitants of ,paris 
are polite1 gay and luxurious2 many of  
them  very handsome4 ,the amusements of 
the city are pleasing1 and the people   
enjoy their pleasures at a cheap rate1  
as foreigners contribute much  towards  
the support of their theatres1 hotels1  
c4    ,the people in ,france do not seem
 to be much given to intemperance2 and  
,i was told1 that when the farmers and  
mechanics have received their  wages1   
they spend them at home in their        
families1 instead of being  drunk at    
ale-houses2 a thing too common in       
,england4 ,i was also told1  that the   

,french do not use so much corrupt and  
abominable language as  the ,english and
 ,irish do4    ,the ladies have a much  
handsomer head dress than the ,english2 
they do  not wear stays1 neither do they
 make many of their gowns so long as to 
draw on the ground1 which is a waste1   
and a dirty indecent fashion4  ,the     
gentlemen dress much as we do in        
,london1 only they sometimes wear       
cloaks1 and the collars of their coats  
are not quite so high as ours4 ,i  have 
sometimes wondered that cloaks are not  
more in fashion in ,london4    ,the     
,french are very merry and cheerful2 and
 their light and airy  turn makes them  
patient in times of adversity2 they have
 also the  just reputation of being     
witty2 and it has been said1 that they  
are  sometimes too cunning for the      
,english4 ,this brings to my mind the   
following anecdote1 viz4 ,a ,frenchman1 
who had supped and lodged at an  inn    
kept by an ,englishman1 demanded his    
reckoning3 the landlord made  out a bill

 of ten shillings1 which the ,frenchman 
paid1 thinking in  the mean time that   
his host was something extravagant in   
his demands1  and was therefore resolved
 to be up with him4 ,the landlord soon  
complained that he was very much        
troubled with rats4 ,vell1 said the     
,frenchman1 for von bouteille of vin1 ,i
 vill tell how you may get rid  of dem  
all4 ,the landlord gave the wine4 ,vell1
 said the ,frenchman1  do you make out a
 bill1 and charge dem rats ten shillings
 a-piece for  every night da have lodged
 in your house1 and ,i vill be bound da 
vill  all go off1 and never trouble you 
any more4    ,i shall here give a slight
 specimen of the ,french courtship1     
which a  gentleman repeated to me2 and  
if the gentlemen in ,england1 ,scotland1
  ,ireland1 ,america1 or elsewhere1     
shall see fit to follow the same mode   
of address to the ladies1 ,i shall have 
no objection1 providing they  address   
themselves to proper persons4           
,madame1    ,upon the consideration of  

the good reputation you bear in the     
nation1 ,i find an inclination to offer 
you my salutation2 and1 upon  my        
salvation1 if this my declaration finds 
your acceptation1 it will  cause an     
obligation that will be of long         
continuation1 even from  generation to  
generation4    ,the ladies in ,france   
are very amorous1 and those that are    
married are  not much troubled with     
their husbands being jealous of them1   
let them  be honest or dishonest3 and   
you may court a ,frenchman's wife before
  his face1 and he will not be jealous  
of you1 as ,i was informed4 ,great      
numbers of the lewd women are said to be
 licensed by authority1 to keep  public 
houses for the entertainment of persons 
of that character4    ,the disease that 
is commonly spread by such people is    
rather upon the  decline at ,paris1 it  
is said2 owing to the frequent use of   
different  kinds of remedies1 as        
preventatives1 c4          ,,chap4      
,,xiv4     ,the ,length1 ,breadth1      

,boundaries1 ,inhabitants1 ,new         
,divisions1   ,mountains1 ,rivers1      
,soil1 ,produce1 ,manufactories1        
,commerce1 ,religion1   and ,laws of    
,france4      ,the kingdom of ,france is
 about six hundred and twenty-two miles 
in  length from north to south1 and six 
hundred and twenty in breadth  from east
 to west3 ,it is bounded--,easterly on  
,germany1 ,switzerland1  ,savoy1 and    
,piedmont--,southerly on the            
,mediterranean sea1 and the  ,pyrenean  
mountains1 which separate it from       
,spain--,westerly on the  ,bay of       
,biscay--,northerly on the ,english     
channel--and ,north-easterly  on the    
,spanish ,netherlands4 ,it contains near
 #bf1iej-g_/ab square                   
leagues--#be1jjj1jjj of                 
inhabitants--,eighteen                  
arch-bishoprics--#afg1jjj               
clergymen--#bh universities--#be        
academies--#gej great convents of       
monks--#bjj of nuns--#aj1jjj of a       
smaller kind--and upwards of #bjj1jjj of

  monks and nuns4    ,i understand that 
the ,national ,assembly have divided the
 kingdom into  eighty grand divisions1  
or counties1 of eighteen leagues in     
length1 and  as many in breadth2 and    
each grand division into nine           
commonalities1  that are six leagues    
square2 and also each commonality into  
nine  cantons1 of two leagues in length1
 and two in breadth4    ,hence there are
 eighty grand divisions1 seven hundred  
and twenty  commonalities1 and #fdhj    
cantons in the kingdom4    ,the         
mountains in ,france are1 the ,alps--the
 ,pyrenees--the ,vague--,mount          
,jura--the ,convennes--and ,mount ,dor4 
,the chief rivers are1 the ,rhone--the  
,garoune--the ,loire--the ,seine--the   
,somme--and the ,ardour4    ,the climate
 is mild and healthy1 as has already    
been observed2 and the  soil fruitful1  
though not equal to ,great ,britain for 
corn3 but their  fruits are more        
numerous1 and of a higher flavour than  
ours1 by reason  of their growing in a  

more southern country4 ,they have the   
largest  plumbs ,i ever saw3 but their  
beans1 peas1 and strawberries were      
small4  ,in the northern provinces they 
have good cider and perry2 and in the   
southern the best of wines4 ,in the     
province of ,languedoc they raise  silk 
and olive oil4    ,france does not      
abound in coal1 which obliges the people
 to raise and  burn wood1 and sometimes 
turf4 ,there are many excellent forests 
between  ,paris and ,calais1 and some   
beds of turf4 ,in ,paris they have the  
largest  magazines of wood that ,i ever 
saw4    ,the animals in ,france are of  
the same kinds of those in ,england2    
only  they have some wolves1 as ,i was  
informed4    ,the ,french manufacture   
silks1 woollens1 velvets1 brocades1     
alamodes1  lawns1 laces1 cambrics1      
tapestry1 glass1 hardware1 war-like     
implements1  paper1 hats1 thread1 toys1 
c4 but ,i do not think their            
manufacturies  are equal to those of    
,england in all respects4    ,france    

carries on the greatest foreign trade of
 any kingdom in the  world1 except      
,great ,britain2 and the inland trade is
 very large1 by the  way of their       
navigable rivers1 canals1 c4 ,one of the
 latter is said to  be one hundred miles
 in length1 and opens a communication   
between the  ocean and the              
,mediterranean2 it is carried over      
mountains and vallies1  and through one 
mountain4 ,it was begun and finished in 
the reign of  ,lewis ,,xiv4 ,it is      
called the ,royal ,canal1 or ,canal of  
,languedoc4    ,the established religion
 of ,france is that of the ,roman       
,catholicks2 but  of late the           
,protestants have been allowed a        
toleration4    ,i was told at ,paris    
that many of the people look upon the   
,romish clergy  as impostors1 and that  
they had found them out1 and intend to  
pull them  down4    ,it was said that a 
few of the laws of ,france were very    
arbitrary  and tyrannical before the    
late ,revolution1 as they were totally  

inconsistent with the laws of humanity2 
among which was that for  confiscating  
the property of foreigners dying in     
,france1 and  appropriating it to the   
use of the state4 ,but since my arrival 
at  ,paris the ,national ,assembly have 
abolished for ever that unreasonable    
decree4 ,had ,i died whilst ,i was in   
that kingdom1 and before the decree  was
 abolished1 my hat1 shirts1 coats1      
waistcoats1 breeches1 stockings1  shoes1
 buckles1 books1 trunk1 money1 diploma1 
recommendations1 c4  would have been    
confiscated and taken from my heirs2 and
 for no other  crime than that of my    
going to see the country1 and do        
business for  myself in ,paris6    ,how 
unreasonable was it1 that the heirs of  
the deceased1 viz4 the  poor widows and 
the fatherless children1 should have    
their property  alienated in such a     
manner6 ,surely such a transaction must 
be  disgraceful1 not only to            
,christendom1 but even to the most      
barbarous  nations6    ,i was told that 

the ,national ,assembly had also        
abolished1 for ever1 two  other decrees1
 which they deemed unreasonable4 ,they  
were those that  debarred the clergy    
from the liberty of entering into the   
bands of  matrimony1 and certain females
 the same privilege2 and also1 for the  
keeping them in confinement all the days
 of their lives in nunneries4    ,before
 the ,revolution the laws were executed 
with the utmost severity4    ,a servant 
would be hung for stealing less then a  
shilling4 ,murderers  and high-way      
robbers1 and those that attempted to    
poison any body1 were  broke on the     
wheel4    ,smugglers were condemned to  
be gally-slaves for life4    ,women     
brought to bed with dead bastard        
children1 without having made  known    
their pregnancy1 were burnt alive4      
,priests that revealed the confessions  
of penitents1 had their tongues  tore   
out1 their gowns stripped off1 and were 
expelled from their  employments4    ,he
 that robbed a church had his hands cut 

off at the church door1 and  was        
afterwards burnt at the place of        
execution1 which was always in the      
centre of the town4    ,people of       
family1 convicted of a capital offence1 
though not executed1  are disennobled1  
with all their relations1 turned out of 
their public  employments1 and rendered 
incapable of holding any afterwards1 and
 all  marriage contracts become void4   
,the nobility and clergy1 with the      
burgesses of ,paris1 and some other     
free cities1 were exempted from paying  
land taxes4          ,,chap4 ,,xv4      
,france an unlimited ,monarchy before   
the ,revolution4--,the ,kingdom was     
divided into fifteen ,parts1 in which   
were as many ,parliaments4--,it   was   
also divided into twenty-five           
,generalities4--,the ,king nominated    
the ,bishops4--,the ,privileges of the  
,clergy4--,the ,orders of               
,knighthood4--,from what the ,revenues  
were collected4--,a ,statement   of the 
,annual ,incomes and ,expences4--,of the

 ,gold and ,silver in                   
,circulation4--,national ,debt1 c4      
,having1 partly from my own knowledge1  
and partly from credible  information1  
given in the preceding chapter a short  
geographical  description of the kingdom
 of ,france1 ,i proceed1 in the next    
place1 to  say something concerning its 
,constitution and ,government before the
  late ,revolution4    ,let us therefore
 observe1    #a4 ,that ,france was an   
unlimited monarchy4    #b4 ,that both   
the legislative and executive powers    
resided in the king4    #c4 ,that his   
decrees had the same force as our acts  
of parliament4    #d4 ,that the kingdom 
was divided into fifteen parts1 each of 
which had  a parliament2 as that of     
,paris1 ,toulouse1 ,rouen1 ,grenoble1   
,bordeaux1  ,dijon1 ,aix1 ,rennes1 ,pau1
 ,besancon1 ,metz1 ,dowa1 ,perpignan1   
,arras1 and  ,alsace4    #e4 ,that these
 parliaments consisted of a certain     
number of presidents  and inferior      
judges1 who purchased their offices of  

the crown1 or of  those that possessed  
them1 as they were for life1 unless the 
officers  were found guilty of          
malconduct in the execution of their    
office4    #f4 ,that the parliament of  
,paris was esteemed the highest1 because
  it was composed of princes of royal   
blood1 dukes and peers1 besides         
ordinary judges4 ,here the king         
frequently came in person1 and had his  
royal edicts recorded and promulgated4  
#g4 ,that the kingdom was also divided  
into twenty-five generalities1  every   
one of which had an intendant1 on whom  
the king depended for the               
administration of justice1 in civil and 
criminal causes2 for ruling and         
governing the subordinate officers1 and 
ordering and conducting his  finances   
and revenues4    #h4 ,that the king     
nominated the bishops and their livings1
 and then the  pope sent his bulls of   
consecration4    #i4 ,that the crown    
seized all the temporalities of         
archbishopricks1 and  bishopricks1 which

 was called the regal1 and the king     
frequently  gave pensions to laymen out 
of the bishopricks4    ,the privileges  
of the clergy were3    #a4 ,an exemption
 from paying land-taxes4    #b4 ,from   
having their books seized1 with the     
other things they used in  divine       
service4    #c4 ,they might be tried in 
criminal causes1 if they chose it1      
before the  grand chamber1 which is a   
court where the nobility were tried4    
#d4 ,they had the liberty of being      
degraded1 or placed lower1 before they  
could be executed for any atrocious     
crime4    #e4 ,they were exempt from    
having soldiers quartered on them4      
#f4 ,their persons could not be taken   
with executions in civil actions4    #g4
 ,they were exempted from being brought 
before lay courts for personal  matters3
    ,but they could not bring a layman  
before an ecclesiastical court4    ,all 
spiritual actions were recognizable in  
the ecclesiastical courts1  providing   
they were not blended with temporal     

matters2 and when that  was the case1   
they were obliged to try their causes   
before the civil  courts4    ,there have
 been four orders of knighthood in      
,france3      ,viz4 #a4 ,knights of the 
,holy ,ghost1                #aegh4     
#b4 ,knights of ,st4 ,michael1          
,instituted in  #adfi4           #c4    
,knights of ,st4 ,louis1 and            
#afic4           #d4 ,knights of ,st4   
,lazarus1       ,the annual revenues    
were collected by a land-tax--by the    
customs--by a  tax on salt--by a        
poll-tax--by a tenth of estates and     
employments--by  a sale of all offices  
of justice--and by a tenth1 or free gift
 of the  clergy4 ,but this revenue was  
subject to an enlargment1 by raising    
the value of the coin1 and by the       
compounding of the state bills and      
debentures4    ,the annual revenue of   
,france1 before the ,revolution1 was    
said to be  #ehe1jjj1jjj of livres1 or  
#bd1cge1jjj pounds sterling4 ,of which  
sum the  clergy possessed #acj1jjj1jjj  

of livres4 ,the annual balance of trade 
in favour of ,france1 was #gj1jjj1jjj of
 livres4 ,the gold and silver  supposed 
to be in circulation #b1jjj1jjj1jjj of  
livres1 and the annual  increase of it  
#dj1jjj1jjj more4    ,the annual        
expences of ,france #faj1jjj1jjj livres1
 or #be1daf1fffl4  #acs4 #d;d4 sterling4
 ,the annual income #bd1cge1jjjl4 ,the  
nation run  in debt #a1jda1fffl4 #acs4  
#d;d4 per annum4      ,a ,,general      
,,statement of the ,expences1 ,incomes1 
c4 stands thus3                         
,livres       ,sterling4      ,expences 
for collecting taxes     #eh1jjj1jjj    
#b1daf1fff #ac #d    ,annual of         
importations           #bcj1jjj1jjj     
#i1ehc1ccc  #f #h    ,ditto of          
exportations            #cjj1jjj1jjj    
#ab1ejj1jjj  #j #j    ,ditto of balance 
of commerce      #gj1jjj1jjj            
#b1iaf1fff  #f #h    ,an4 int4 of the   
national debt    #bjg1jjj1jjj           
#h1fbe1jjj  #j #j    ,annual charge of  
the army        #abd1fej1jjj            

#e1aic1gej  #j #j    ,ditto of the navy 
#de1bjj1jjj   #a1hhc1ccc  #f #h    ,the 
amount of the taxes1 c4     #ehe1jjj1jjj
  #bd1cge1jjj  #j #j    ,annual expences
 of the state     #faj1jjj1jjj          
#be1daf1fff #ac #d    ,gold and silver  
coin           #b1bjj1jjj1jjj           
#ia1fff1fff #ac #d    ,supposed annual  
increase          #dj1jjj1jjj           
#a1fff1fff #ac #d    ,national debt     
#c1djj1jjj1jjj #ada1fff1fff #ac #d      
------------------------------    ,may  
#a1 #aggi1 ,national expen4             
#dge1bid1jjj                 ,revenue   
#dca1ecc1jjj                            
-----------                 ,nation fell
 in debt  #dc1gfa1jjj                   
,,chap4 ,,xvi4     ,the ,constitution of
 ,france changed from ,monarchy to      
,democracy4--,the   ,number and ,power  
of the ,national ,assembly4--,the ,king 
is only an   executive ,officer4--,a    
,decree of the ,national                
,assembly4--,titles of   ,nobility      
abolished4      ,having in the preceding

 chapter given an account of the        
constitution  and government of ,france 
before the ,revolution1 let us consider1
 in the  next place1 of the present     
constitution and government of that     
kingdom4    ,we must therefore observe3 
#a4 ,that the constitution is changed   
from monarchy to democracy2 that  the   
legislative powers are taken from the   
king1 and vested in the  people4    #b4 
,that the kingdom is divided into eighty
 grand divisions1 and  subdivided into  
seven hundred and twenty commonalities  
and #fdhj cantons4    #c4 ,that each    
commonality is empowered to send one    
representative to the  ,national        
,assembly4    #d4 ,that the ,national   
,assembly is composed of seven hundred  
and twenty  members1 when the whole are 
convened4    #e4 ,that this assembly is 
the supreme legislative head of the     
nation4    #f4 ,that the power of making
 laws1 raising of taxes1 the coining1   
borrowing1 and lending of money2 the    
setting up and pulling down of          

officers1 granting of commissions and   
employments2 the making of war  and     
peace2 and the entering into treaties   
and alliances with foreign  powers1     
belongs to this assembly only4    #g4   
,that the king is only an executive     
officer1 as he is to see the laws  of   
the representatives of the nation       
executed4    ,the king is to execute the
 actual decrees of the ,national        
,assembly1  respecting war and peace2   
and is allowed to provide for the safety
 of  the realm1 in case of a foreign    
invasion1 during the recess of the      
assembly4    ,a decree of the ,national 
,assembly1 passed in ,may last1 runs    
thus3    ,the king shall have the right 
to provide for the security of the      
frontiers1 to make every preparation1   
and take every necessary step to  defend
 the national possessions2 to manage the
 operations of the war1  and to propose 
whatever he thinks proper for the       
general good3    ,but the legislative   
body shall have the right to decide on  

the  propriety of the war1 make peace1  
and settle treaties4    ,in case of war1
 the king shall give immediate notice of
 it to the  legislative body1 if the    
assembly is sitting1 and if not1 it     
shall be  summoned immediately4    ,i   
was informed in ,paris1 that the        
,national ,assembly have abolished all  
the titles of nobility2 and observed    
that their coats of arms were  taken    
from their carriages4    ,it was also   
reported1 that the nobility are to pay  
land and other  taxes1 in proportion to 
their abilities4    ,these are some of  
the fundamental alterations in the      
,constitution1  according to the best   
information that ,i have been able to   
obtain4 ,let  us then1 in the next      
chapter1 consider of the causes of the  
,revolution4          ,,chap4 ,,xvii4   
,supposed ,causes of the                
,revolution4--,the ,resolutions of the  
,national   ,assembly4--,names of some  
of the ,officers appointed under the    
,new   ,constitution4      ,it is said  

that the ,revolution arose from various 
causes3 as1    #a4 ,the people had no   
part of the power of legislation4    #b4
 ,they were deprived of the right of a  
trial by jury4    #c4 ,they paid more   
than their proportion of the public     
taxes1 because  the nobility1 clergy1 c4
 were exempted from paying a land-tax4  
#d4 ,they were under some laws          
peculiarly oppressive4    ,their        
grievances will appear by the following 
resolutions1 which on the  #dth of      
,august1 #aghi1 the ,national ,assembly 
unanimously agreed to1 as a  proof of   
their genuine patriotism to the people1 
as their affectionate  and disinterested
 representatives1 devoid of every motive
 but the  common good2 and1 to give a   
great example to nations and ages1 in   
the  sacrifice of every abusive right   
and privilege whatsoever1 incidental  to
 all the orders1 provinces1 cities and  
communities1 will raise the  ,french    
name to a heighth unparalleled in       
history1 and consecrate  their memory as

 worthy of representing the enlightened 
knowledge1 the  courage1 and the virtues
 of so great and generous a people4     
,article ,i4 ,an equality of taxes1 to  
commence from the present moment4       
,,ii4 ,the renunciation of all          
privileges for orders1 cities1          
provinces1  and individuals2 a general  
uniformity to take place through the    
whole  kingdom4    ,,iii4 ,the          
redemption of all feudal rights4        
,,iv4 ,a suppression of mortmain and    
personal servitude4    ,v4 ,the produce 
of the redemption of the estates of the 
clergy to be  applied to the            
augmentation of the salaries of the     
parish priests4    ,,vi4 ,the abolition 
of the game laws1 capitaineries4        
,,vii4 ,the abolition of seigniorial    
jurisdictions4    ,,viii4 ,the abolition
 of the venality of officers4    ,,ix4  
,justice to be rendered gratuitously to 
the people4    ,x4 ,the abolition of    
privileged dove-coats and warrens1 7a   
dreadful and  serious grievance to the  

,french peasant74    ,,xi4 ,the         
redemption of tithes and field-rents4   
,,xii4 ,it is forbidden to create in    
future any rights of the same  nature1  
or any other feudal rights whatever4    
,,xiii4 ,the abolition of the fees of   
parish priests1 for births1  marriages1 
or deaths1 except in the cities4        
,,xiv4 ,a speedy augmentation of the    
benefices of parish priests4    ,,xv4 ,a
 suppression of the droits d'annates1 or
 first fruits4 7,the  sum paid by       
,france to the pope on this head1       
ammounted annually to  #ceg1accl4       
sterling47    ,,xvi4 ,the admission of  
all ranks of citizens to civil and      
military  employments4    ,,xvii4 ,the  
suppression of the duties of removal1   
paid by parish priests  to the bishops  
in certain provinces4    ,,xviii4 ,the  
suppression of corporations and         
wardenships4    ,,xix4 ,the suppression 
of the plurality of livings4    ,,xx4 ,a
 medal to be struck to consecrate this  
memorable day2 expressive  of the       

abolition of all the privileges1 and of 
the complete union of  all the provinces
 and all the citizens4    ,,xxi4 ,te    
,deum to be sung in the king's chapel1  
and throughout all  ,france4    ,,xxii4 
,louis ,,xvi4 proclaimed the restorer of
 public liberty4    ,there were several 
other articles1 viz4    ,the abolition  
of all unmerited pensions4    ,all      
artizens to be exempt from taxes1 who   
employ no journeymen4    ,all suits for 
seignioral and royal rights1 then       
pending in the courts1  to be suspended 
till the constitution shall be          
completed4    ,all the interior councils
 were suppressed2 and the cabinet were  
composed of the following ministers1 who
 were responsible for every  measure of 
state3    #a4 ,m4 ,necker1 minister of  
the finances1 or first lord of the      
treasury4    #b4 ,m4 ,montmorin1        
secretary for the foreign department4   
#c4 ,m4 ,st4 ,priest1 secretary for the 
home department4    #d4 ,m4 de la       
,lazurne1 minister of the marine        

department4    #e4 ,m4 le ,comt de la   
,tour du ,piu ,paulin1 minister of the  
war department4    #f4 ,m4 l',archeveque
 de ,bourdeaux1 keeper of the seal4     
#g4 ,m4 l',archeveque de ,vienne1       
minister for bishops and abbies4    #h4 
,m4 le ,prince de ,beauveau1 to be of   
the council1 but with no  particular    
department4          ,,chap4 ,,xviii4   
,a ,declaration of the ,rights which    
have been adopted by the ,national      
,assembly4--,reductions made from the   
,annual ,revenues4--,two ,banks         
established4--,criminals may employ     
,counsel1 c4      ,the representatives  
of the people of ,france1 constituted in
 national  assembly1 considering that   
ignorance1 forgetfulness1 or neglect of 
the rights of man1 are the sole causes  
of public misfortunes1 and of  the      
corruption of governments1 have resolved
 to explain1 in a solemn  declaration1  
the natural imprescriptible1            
inalienable1 and sacred  rights of man2 
to the end that this declaration1 being 

constantly  presented to all the members
 of society1 may unceasingly recal to   
their  minds their duties and their     
rights2 and to the end that the acts of 
legislative and executive powers1 being 
at all times compared with the  design  
of the political institution1 may be    
more respected1 and that  the appeals of
 the citizens1 being founded            
henceforward on plain and  incontestible
 principles1 may always tend to the     
maintenance of the  constitution and the
 general happiness4    ,the ,national   
,assembly1 in consequence1 recognizes   
and declares in  the presence1 and under
 the auspices of the ,supreme ,being1   
the sacred  rights of the man and the   
citizen4    ,i4 ,men are born and remain
 free and equal in their rights4 ,no    
distinction can be founded1 but in      
principles of general utility4    ,,ii4 
,the object of all society ought to be  
the preservation of the  natural and    
imprescriptible rights of man4 ,these   
rights are his  liberty1 his property1  

his security1 and the resistance of     
oppression4    ,,iii4 ,the principle of 
all sovereignty resides essentially in  
the  nation2 and no authority1 which is 
not expressly derived from thence1  can 
be exercised by any associations1 or any
 individual4    ,,iv4 ,liberty consists 
in the power of doing every thing which 
does not  injure another person3 ,thus  
the exercise of the natural rights of   
every  man1 have no other boundaries1   
than those which assure to men the free 
exercise of the same rights4 ,these     
boundaries cannot be determined by  law4
    ,v4 ,the law ought to prohibit only 
such actions as are injurious  to       
society4 ,that which is not forbidden by
 the law1 should not be  prevented2 and 
no person can be compelled to do what   
the law does not  ordain4    ,,vi4 ,the 
law is the expression of the general    
will2 and all  citizens have a right to 
contribute1 either personally1 or by    
their  representatives1 to its          
formation4 ,the law1 whether it protects

 or  punishes1 ought to be the same to  
all4 ,all citizens being equal  in its  
regard1 are equally admissible to all   
dignities1 places1  and employments1    
according to their capacities1 without  
any other  distinction than what arises 
from their virtues and their talents4   
,,vii4 ,no man can be accused1 arrested1
 or retained1 but in the case           
determined by the law1 and under the    
forms which it has prescribed4  ,those  
who solicit1 forward1 execute1 or cause 
to be punished4 ,every  citizen called  
on or arrested by the power of the law1 
ought to obey1  and renders himself     
culpable by resistance4    ,,viii4 ,the 
law should establish no punishments but 
what are strictly  and evidently        
necessary2 and no person can be punished
 but by the  power of the law           
established2 promulgated at a period    
anterior to the  offence1 and legally   
applied4    ,,ix4 ,every man shall be   
presumed innocent until he is condemned4
 ,if  it be deemed indispensibly        

necessary that he should be detained in 
custody1 all rigour that is not         
absolutely necessary to secure his      
person1 should be severely repressed by 
law4    ,x4 ,no person shall be         
disturbed for his opinions1 even though 
on  religion1 provided that the         
manifestation of those opinions does not
  disturb the public order established  
by law4    ,,xi4 ,the free communication
 of thoughts and opinions is one of the 
most  precious rights of man4 ,every    
citizen shall1 therefore1 speak1 write1 
and print his opinions freely1 still    
being responsible for the abuse of  his 
liberty1 in cases prescribed by the law4
    ,,xii4 ,the security of the rights  
of man and of citizens requires a       
public force2 but this force is         
instituted for the advantage of all1    
and not for the particular use of those 
to whom it is confided4    ,,xiii4 ,for 
the maintenance of the public force1 and
 the other expences  of government1     
contribution is necessary2 but this     

should be as common  as it is           
indispensible1 and should be levied     
equally on all citizens1  in proportion 
to their ability4    ,,xiv4 ,every      
citizen has a right1 either by himself  
or his  representatives1 to establish   
the necessity of the public             
contribution1  to consent to it freely1 
to look to its application1 and to      
determine  on its quota1 the assessment1
 and duration4    ,,xv4 ,society has a  
right to demand from every public agent 
an account  of his administration4      
,,xvi4 ,every society1 if the guarantee 
of the individual rights is not         
assured1 and the distinction of the     
several powers ascertained1 is  without 
a constitution4    ,,xvii4 ,the right of
 property being inviolable and secured1 
no person  can be deprived of his1 but  
when the public necessity1 legally      
established1 shall evidently demand it1 
and then only on the just and  previous 
assurance of indemnification4     ,in   
,sept4 #aghi1 the ,national ,assembly   

resolved1 it is said1 to make the       
following ,reductions from the ,annual  
,income3                                
,livres4       #a4 ,the household of the
 king1 queen1 and princes               
#h1jjj1jjj     #b4 ,the foreign         
department                              
#h1cjj1jjj     #c4 ,the war ditto       
#h1ijj1jjj     #d4 ,the marine ditto    
#b1jjj1jjj     #e4 ,the finance ditto   
#a1jjj1jjj     #f4 ,the pensions1       
besides the reductions made before      
#f1jjj1jjj     #g4 ,the intendants and  
delegates                               
#a1hjj1jjj     #h4 ,the registers and   
farmer-general                          
#b1fjj1jjj     #i4 ,the mint            
#a1gjj1jjj    #aj4 ,the premiums and    
encouragements to trade                 
#fjj1jjj    #aa4 ,the royal gardens     
#cf1jjj    #ab4 ---- ---- library       
#fb1jjj    #ac4 ---- ---- stud1 to be   
suppressed                              
#hjj1jjj    #ad4 ,the contingencies     
#b1ejj1jjj    #ae4 ,the fund reserved   

for lotteries1 to be suppressed         
#agc1jjj    #af4 ,the plantation of     
forests                                 
#hag1jjj    #ag4 ,the clergy            
#b1ejb1jjj    #ah4 ,the charities       
#e1eaa1jjj                              
----------                              
,livres #ec1cja1jjj                     
,sterling 4 #b1bbj1hge    ,and ,i       
understand that two public banks have   
been established2 one  consisting of    
about #bje millions of livres1 and the  
other of near #bgc  millions4           
,criminals are now permitted to employ  
counsel1 bring evidence1 and have  the  
benefit of a trial by jury1 in ,france4 
,,chap4 ,,xix4     ,an ,account of      
several ,insurrections1 ,mobs1 and      
,riots in ,france4--,of   an ,attempt to
 seize and kill the ,queen4--,the ,king1
 ,queen1 c4 go from   ,versailles to    
,paris4--,an ,account of several other  
,riots4--,the ,king1   a wise and       
prudent ,man4      ,it appears by the   
information ,i received in ,france1 and 

a number of  publications that ,i have  
read1 that there have been divers       
tumults  and outrages in different parts
 of the kingdom1 in consequence of the  
,revolution3 for besides the taking of  
the ,bastille1 where more than  three   
hundred were slain1 exclusive of those  
that were afterwards  executed1         
hostilities have commenced in other     
places4 ,it has been said1  they first  
began in the park of the ,thuilleries1  
by a regiment of  ,german troops1       
commanded by ,le ,prince ,lambache1 who 
is cousin to the  queen4 ,this park     
being thronged by ,parisians1 and the   
prince conceiving  something that had   
passed among the people as a gross      
insult1 ordered  his regiment to        
fire3--,his orders were obeyed4 ,the    
populace immediately  beat to arms1 and 
a vast concourse joined the standard1   
drove the  prince and his regiment out  
of the park1 and obliged them to fly to 
,germany4 ,the prince narrowly escaped  
with his life4 ,his carriage was  burnt 

to ashes1 his horses killed1 and a      
reward was offered for his  head4 ,how  
many were slain in this action ,i have  
not been able to learn4    ,the people  
have been much enraged against ,le      
,compte de ,artois1 and have  supposed  
that he was the author of their wrongs4 
,his estate has been  confiscated1 and  
his horses1 with three hundred of his   
houses1 sold4 ,it  was thought at       
,paris1 that he cannot return at present
 with safety4    ,some time in the      
spring1 #aghi1 a proprietor to a large  
manufactory  in ,paris1 reported that   
fifteen sous per day would be sufficient
 to  support a journeyman and his       
family1 providing certain taxes were    
abolished4 ,his house was soon          
surrounded by the manufacturers1 who    
came  in a very hostile manner4 ,the    
guards were sent to preserve the peace4 
,but the enraged multitude killed       
several of the soldiers with stones4    
,the military was drawn forth1 and a    
battle ensued1 in which more then  six  

hundred persons were killed on the spot4
    ,at ,st4 ,germin and ,poissy1 the   
populace seized all the arms belonging  
to the invalids2 and upwards of six     
hundred went to the house of one        
,sauvage1 where they found between six  
and seven hundred sacks of flour4  ,he  
was a miller1 and it is probable they   
supposed he meant to hoard up  his      
flour4 ,he was dragged to a convent1 was
 examined by the friars1 and  declared  
innocent3 but notwithstanding1 the mob  
led him to a butcher1  who cut off his  
head2 and carried it about the streets2 
and they were  so inhuman as to insist  
upon the miller's sons being present at 
the  execution4 ,his daughter1 unable to
 bear the sight1 threw herself over  the
 bridge1 into the water1 and was        
drowned4    ,dreadful were the outrages 
committed at ,rouen3 ,many of the       
citizens  were killed by the troops1 and
 some suffered greatly by the populace1 
who ransacked and pillaged all the      
houses where they suspected corn  was   

concealed4 ,two vessels were stripped1  
and all sorts of carriages  attacked and
 robbed4    ,on the #adth of ,july1     
#aghi1 an insurrection happened at      
,lions1 wherein  three peasants were    
killed by the dragoons1 who suppressed  
the mob4    ,at the castle of ,quinsay1 
as an immense crowd of citizens and     
soldiers  were amusing themselves with  
festivity and dancing1 on account of the
  ,revolution1 they were blown up by a  
powder plot1 and found floating in      
their blood4 ,scattered corpses1 and    
dissevered members1 palpitating  for    
life1 were seen1 after some spectators  
had arrived1 near the place  where the  
horrible catastrophe happened4 ,this    
plot was supposed to be  laid by the    
very man who had prepared the feast1 and
 had invited the  people1 but had       
withdrawn himself before the powder took
 fire4    ,on the #eth of ,oct4 #aghi1  
#e1jjj women1 armed with different      
weapons1  marched from ,paris to        
,versailles1 followed by a great        

multitude of  people1 among which were  
several detachments of the city militia4
 ,the  ,marquis de la ,fayette arrived  
at ,versailles late in the evening1 with
  #bj1jjj corps1 who were under arms all
 night1 in order to prevent acts  of    
violence4    ,about two in the morning  
of the #fth1 a number of persons in     
women's  dresses1 many of whom1 it is   
said1 were guards1 having gained the    
outward entrances of the castle1 forced 
their way into the palace1 and  went up 
the stair-case leading to the queen's   
apartment1 with an intent  to seize and 
murder her2 but they were fired upon by 
the king's guard4  ,seventeen were      
killed on the spot1 the rest retreated1 
and things  remained quiet till         
day-light4    ,the ,parisian troops     
demanding an entrance into the palace1  
were fired  upon by a regiment of the   
king's body guard4 ,the ,parisians      
returned  the fire2 and the action      
becoming more general1 the ,count de    
,lusignan1  commandant of a regiment of 

,flanders1 ordered his troops to fire1  
but  they refused1 and laid down their  
arms4 ,the king's body guard finding    
themselves overpowered1 took to flight4 
,the troops then forced the  entrances  
of the castle1 but were prevented from  
entering the palace by  the prudent     
management and command of ,m4 de la     
,fayette4 ,it is thought  that the king1
 queen1 and royal family1 would have    
fallen victims to  the troops1 had they 
entered the palace4    ,the ,marquis was
 soon introduced to the king1 with some 
of the  magistrates of ,paris1 and      
communicated the desire of the city1    
that he might conduct his majesty and   
the royal family thither4 ,on  being    
assured of protection1 the king complied
 with the request2 and  their majesties1
 with the dauphin1 c4 the king's aunts1 
with their  attendants1 proceeded toward
 town in eighteen carriages1 attended by
 ,m4  de la ,fayette1 and about #e1jjj  
guards4    ,the road from ,versailles   
was so thronged by the mob1             

notwithstanding  #ej1jjj ,parisian      
troops had been sent to keep the way    
clear1 that the  royal family were eight
 hours in reaching the ,hotel de ,ville1
 though  only twelve miles distance4    
,this tedious journey must have been    
rendered the more painful1 by the       
thoughts of being led captives in       
triumph to the city of ,paris1 and the  
fear of what might follow4    ,the king1
 with the royal family1 stayed near two 
hours at the ,hotel  de ,ville1 and were
 afterwards conducted to the old ruinous
 place of  the ,thuilleries1 which had  
not been inhabited since the days of    
,lewis  ,,xiv4 and where nothing was    
prepared for their reception4    ,the   
regiment of the king's body guards1 both
 officers and privates1  were composed  
of persons of the second order of       
nobility in ,france4  ,about thirty of  
them were killed1 and their heads       
carried in triumph to  ,paris1 and shewn
 about the streets on tent poles4       
,eighty were carried  prisoners to this 

city2 but the rest saved themselves by  
flight4 ,about  fifty of the ,parisian  
troops and mob were killed in the       
affray4    ,on the #gth1 the avenues of 
the ,thuilleries were guarded by #ajjj  
men1  and the gates of the palace were  
secured by a train of cannon1 to        
prevent any surprize or escape4    ,this
 day being court day1 their majesties   
received the foreign  ministers in the  
palace4 ,the king looked uncommonly     
dejected2 the queen  was in tears the   
whole time1 and only talked a little to 
the imperial  ambassador4 ,the sight was
 uncommonly gloomy1 and the court broke 
up  after a short time4    ,in the      
evening the districts of ,paris passed a
 resolution1 that the  regiment of the  
king's body guard should be immediately 
broken1 and  never more revived2 and    
that in future his majesty should be    
guarded by  citizens instead of         
soldiers4    ,this evening the ,national
 ,assembly at ,versailles resolved to   
adjourn to  ,paris2 and that its meeting

 should ever be inseparable from the    
king's  place of residence4    ,just    
before the affray at ,versailles1       
several riots had commenced at  ,paris4 
,it is said1 that whilst the king1      
queen1 c4 were on their journey from    
,versailles1 nothing but the watchful   
eye of the ,marquis de la ,fayette1  and
 the confidential guards around the     
royal coaches1 prevented the mob  from  
committing the most violent outrages4   
,the queen's name was handed  about in  
very gross terms3 ,one barbarian asked  
his companion1 ,whether  he thought her 
head would not make a very pretty       
tennis-ball8 ,in  short1 her majesty    
must be in the most imminent danger4    
,the harmless spectators were in a      
dangerous condition at this  tumultuous 
scene4 ,an ,english gentleman1 dressed  
in white clothes1 on  a riotous day1 was
 seized by a mob1 when one cried out1   
,that is the  miller of----1 who        
secreted so many bags of flour3 ,he told
 them he was  an ,englishman1 and was   

innocent3 but all was in vain3 they     
insisted he  was the man2 and he was so 
much affrighted that he spake nothing   
but  ,french4    ,they dragged him to   
the place of execution1 he protesting   
all the way  that he was an ,englishman3
 at last one of the mob cried out1      
,d----n  you1 if you are an ,englishman1
 speak ,english4 ,he then spake in his  
own language1 and was released4         
,besides these insurrections1 ,i        
understand that two happened in ,may    
last3 one was at ,montpellier1 and the  
other at ,saumur1 where several  lives  
were lost4    ,i was told in ,paris1    
that the king would have lost his       
kingdom1 if he  had not been a wise and 
prudent man2 that had he opposed the    
,national  ,assembly1 he would have been
 no longer king4 ,and it was reported   
that the representatives of the nation1 
are able to raise an army of  seventeen 
hundred thousand men1 in the defence of 
liberty4          ,,chap4 ,,xx4     ,of 
the ,birth1 ,marriage1 and ,character of

 the ,king of ,france--,of the   ,birth 
and ,character of the ,queen4--,an      
,account of the ,dauphin1 and of   the  
,princess ,royal4--,where the ,royal    
,family may be seen4      ,his most     
,christian ,majesty1 ,lewis ,,xvi4 king 
of ,france and ,navarre1 was  born      
,august #bc1 #agec4 ,he was married ,may
 #af1 #aggj2 to ,marie ,antoinette1     
sister to the late ,emperor of ,germany4
 ,the king began to reign1 ,may  #aj1   
#aggd2 and was crowned ,june #aa1 #agge4
 ,he is of a middling stature1          
something corpulent1 and of a light     
complexion4 ,his majesty is good        
humoured1 very humane1 kind1 and        
affable2 and as he is easy of access1   
and possesses the most amiable virtues1 
he is much beloved by his  people4      
,the queen was born ,november #b1 #agee4
 ,she is very handsome1 and of a  civil1
 mild1 complaisant1 and obliging        
deportment4 ,and although the  public   
clamour was violent againt her for a    
time1 on a supposition that  she wished 

the king absolute2 yet ,i was informed1 
that the spirit of  discontent has      
subsided4    ,madame la princesse royal 
is about thirteen years of age4 ,she is 
very  handsome1 and possesses excellent 
accomplishments4    ,the dauphin is     
about seven years old3 an active1       
beautiful child4    ,the royal family   
may be seen at the royal chapel on      
,sundays1 and also  upon every other day
 in the week1 at the same place1 when   
they are at  ,paris4          ,,chap4   
,,xxi4     ,some of the ,nobility and   
,clergy opposed to the                  
,revolution4--,monks   and ,nuns have   
,liberty to marry4--,the ,standing ,army
 reduced4--,soldiers   ,wages           
augmented--,and the ,incomes of the     
lower ,orders of the   ,clergy4--,why   
the ,revolution is called               
,glorious4--,the ,protest of a          
,bishop4--,observations on the ,king's  
,oath4      ,it is said1 that some of   
the nobility and clergy are much opposed
 to  the ,revolution1 because the titles

 of honour are abolished1 the annual    
incomes diminished1 and all are obliged 
to pay taxes in proportion to  their    
abilities4    ,i was informed1 that the 
salaries of the bishops are reduced from
  twenty-five thousand pounds per annum1
 to one thousand2 only that  some of    
them could not live with twenty-five    
thousand1 without running  in debt1 and 
that they are now in a disagreeable     
situation4    ,it was reported that the 
,national ,assembly have given leave to 
the  monks and nuns to marry1 a         
privilege that people of those orders   
have  been debarred from through many   
ages and generations4 ,i asked1 what    
must be done on account of the solemn   
vows by which they had devoted          
themselves to ,heaven1 by engaging to   
shun the pomps and vanities of  this    
wicked world1 and the sinful lusts of   
the flesh8 and was informed  that they  
were all absolved and abolished4    ,the
 standing army is to be reduced from two
 hundred to one hundred  and fifty      

thousand3 but the soldiers' wages have  
been augmented3 and  although the       
incomes of the bishops are greatly      
reduced1 yet those of  the inferior     
orders of the clergy are to be          
increased2 and the sale of  judicial    
offices will no longer be permitted4    
,the impost on salt is  also abolished4 
,before the ,revolution the king had the
 disposal of the whole of the  national 
revenue2 and with unbounded generosity  
gave #a1ejj1jjj pounds  annually to the 
nobility1 as ,i was informed4    ,some  
call the ,revolution in ,france         
,glorious1    #a4 ,because 7they say7   
that no ,revolution ever conferred      
liberty and  equal laws upon so great a 
number of people4    #b4 ,because it has
 been brought about with so little      
effusion of blood4    #c4 ,because they 
suppose that other nations will follow  
the laudable  example1 until liberty1 in
 its meridian splendor1 is extended and 
established through the world6    ,it is
 said1 that the prince bishop of ,spiers

 has again solemnly  protested against  
the proceedings of the ,national        
,assembly1 in  choosing mayors1 and     
municipal members in the towns and      
places of  ,elsas1 belonging to his     
bishopric1 and other innovations against
 his  rights and privileges4 ,in this   
important protest he says1 ,that he  had
 laid before the king1 in the most      
earnest manner1 his opposition  to the  
decrees of the ,national ,assembly2     
which decrees had absolutely  overset   
all the existing treaties with ,france3 
that he had delivered a  memorial to the
 emperor and to the realm upon this     
important subject2  notwithstanding     
which they had proceeded to the         
appointment of new  municipal officers  
in ,elsas1 according to the decrees of  
the ,national  ,assembly1 and against   
his right of jurisdiction and           
appointment2 that  the new mayors       
committed great outrages1 and set his   
subjects against  paying him any dues1  
and were endeavouring to make them throw

 off his  dominion3 and he concludes by 
saying1 that his powers leave him no    
other remedy than to protest against    
what is done1 which he does in  the most
 solemn manner4    ,a spirit of         
discontent will undoubtedly reign for a 
time among some  of those that have had 
their incomes diminished in consequence 
of the  ,resolution4    ,agreeable to   
the bishop's opinion1 in regard to the  
existing treaties1  c4 being overset1 is
 the following paragraph1 inserted in   
the ,st4  ,james's ,chronicle1 ,july    
#bd1 #agij4    ,the king of ,france has 
now bound himself by a sacred oath1 to  
adhere  to the decrees of the ,national 
,assembly1 and support the constitution 
in its renovated form2 consequently     
there is an end to all foreign          
interferences on his behalf1 either in  
,spain1 ,sardinia1 or any other         
quarter4 ,to countenance such an        
interference would be an act of         
perjury1 and justify his subjects in    
such measures as might be fatal  to     

himself and the whole house of ,bourbon4
 ,his majesty may be deemed             
unfortunate2 but no prince ranks higher 
in the estimation of mankind1  as an    
honest and conscientious man4    ,the   
,national ,assembly have decreed to     
strengthen1 by a treaty1 the  family    
compact between ,france and ,spain1 and 
to augment the ,gallic navy  in         
consequence of the armaments of the     
different nations in ,europe4           
,,chap4 ,,xxii4     ,the ,author sets   
out for ,london4--,falls in ,company    
with   a ,lady4--,arrives at            
,amiens4--,views the ,convent1          
,cathedral1 c4 in   ,company with the   
,lady--,with whom he is left            
alone4--,they discourse   about         
,matrimony4        ,paris1 ,july #bc1   
,having viewed the greatest hospitals   
and principal curiosities in this  city1
 and the parts adjacent1 and obtained an
 account of the late  observations on   
the operation of medicines1 and         
collected intelligence  upon political  

subjects1 ,i paid my reckoning at the   
hotel1 bid the  people farewel1 and set 
off for ,london4 ,my landlady sent a    
servant  after me1 praying that ,i would
 put up there again when ,i came to     
,paris4  ,i returned her my thanks1 and 
told the servant that ,i would endeavour
  to come there if ,i should ever visit 
the city again4    ,some days before ,i 
had engaged a passage back to ,london1  
on board the  diligences1 for which ,i  
paid five ,louis d'ors4 ,my servant who 
had  waited upon me1 seemed urgent ,i   
should take him to ,england1 having  an 
inclination to live with me2 which ,i   
should have done1 had ,i not  determined
 to spend much of my time in travelling4
    ,i left ,paris about noon1 in       
company with two ,spanish1 one ,french1 
one  ,irish1 and two ,english gentlemen3
 one of the latter was a lawyer1 who    
had travelled through many countries on 
the ,european continent4    ,i inquired 
where we should dine2 and was informed  
that we were to have  no dinner that    

day1 unless we payed for it ourselves1  
although we were  to be found on the    
way1 according to the agreement we had  
made when we  paid for our fare1        
entertainment1 c4 at ,paris4    ,as we  
had no inclination to starve1 we stopped
 at a hotel1 where we  dined and paid   
for our dinners a second time4    ,at   
evening we came to ,clermont1 where we  
supped and lodged1 but was  called up   
before day-light1 to proceed on our     
journey4 ,at this place  a lady came    
into our coach1 who had come in a       
post-chaise on the  preceding day from  
,paris4        ,july #bd4    ,at about  
twelve we came to ,amiens1 having       
breakfasted by the way4 ,we  put up at a
 hotel1 where the lady that came in     
company with us1 said  she had an       
inclination to go and see the convent4  
,several of us waited  upon her to the  
convent2 but just after we had set out1 
she said she  had so much silver with   
her that she could not walk2 and desired
 ,i  would ease her of a part of her    

burthen4 ,i took a large number of her  
crowns into my pocket1 and she walked   
betwixt the lawyer and myself4  ,after  
we had viewed the convent1 and conversed
 with the nuns1 we went  to a very      
elegant cathedral church at ,notre      
,dame1 where some of the  inside pillars
 are said to be one hundred and thirty  
feet high4 ,the  pulpit is made of      
beautiful white marble1 gilt with gold1 
and the  cloths of the altar are        
ornamented with beautiful gold and      
silver  embroidery3 many rich vessels1  
and other splendid ornaments also       
dignify this cathedral4    ,afterwards  
we viewed the town1 in which are eleven 
parish churches4  ,amiens is the capital
 of the province of ,picardie1 which is 
esteemed  the most fruitful of all the  
provinces in ,france1 for corn and flax4
 ,as  we continued our walk1 our company
 took a wrong street1 and left me  with 
the lady4 ,now1 forsooth1 said ,i to    
myself1 we shall be taken for  man and  
wife2 however1 that will not trouble me1

 inasmuch as she  is a decent behaved   
person1 and one that appears to have an 
excellent  education1 with a proper     
share of good sense and understanding4  
,she told me by the way that she        
belonged to ,great ,britain1 but had had
  her education in a convent in ,france3
 ,that she had been a widow about  three
 years1 was left with four children1    
viz4 with two sons and two  daughters1  
and had been to ,paris to get her       
daughters into a convent1  as she       
esteemed such places to be the best for 
the instruction of young  persons4    ,i
 told her that as she was but young     
herself1 it was probable she  would     
marry again2 but she said that she did  
not intend to marry4 ,said  ,i1 ,perhaps
 you will alter your mind1 peradventure 
you may find an  agreeable companion4   
,said she1 ,if ,i should be inclined to 
marry1 nobody  will have me1 because ,i 
have so many children4 ,my answer was1  
,you  ought not to be despised because  
you have children4 ,undoubtedly many    

would be glad to marry you1 though you  
have sons and daughters4 ,as we  had    
arrived at the hotel1 we dropped our    
discourse upon this subject2  ,i        
returned her silver1 and she thanked me 
for my kindness4 ,she was a  beautiful  
woman1 and was besides well stocked with
 cash1 which often  makes the mare to   
go4 ,but as ,i was not in pursuit of a  
wife1 ,i did  not attempt to court her  
on my own account2 but told her1        
however1 that  ,i believed ,i could send
 her an agreeable companion4            
,,chap4 ,,xxiii4     ,the ,lady         
concludes to lodge at                   
,abbeville4--,observations on her       
,plan4--,she being disappointed about   
getting a ,post-chaise1 continues   in  
the ,stage ,coach4--,a short            
,description of ,montreul4--,they arrive
   at ,calais4--,embark for and arrive  
at ,dover4--,of ,disputes upon          
,philosophical ,subjects4               
,saturday1 ,july #bd4    ,we dined at   
the hotel1 and set off towards ,london4 

,sometime before  night1 our lady told  
me1 that she was almost beat out2 that  
she had  had but a little sleep for     
several nights1 and intended to lodge at
  ,abbeville1 and go from thence in a   
post-chaise in the morning to  ,calais2 
as she supposed that she could get there
 as soon that way1 as  she should if she
 kept in the stage coach1 which was to  
travel all  night4 ,she told me1 by the 
way1 that she had no company1 and wished
 she  could get somebody to ride in the 
post-chaise with her4 ,i informed her1  
that ,i had paid for my passage and     
entertainment to ,london3 but if she    
could do no better1 ,i would tarry all  
night1 and ride with her in the         
morning4 ,she thanked me1 and said1 it  
should cost me nothing2 for she  had    
money enough4    ,now1 thought ,i1 you  
are opening a fine door for another     
discourse upon  matrimony2 now you are  
laying a foundation whereby we may be   
taken  for man and wife4 ,this may be an
 artful plan of yours to get another    

husband1 as you may suppose ,i am a     
batchelor1 or a widower2 and that  we   
may converse1 eat1 drink1 and even sleep
 together1 and escape  undiscovered4    
,she said she was in a great hurry to   
get to ,england2 that she had  tarried  
longer than she had expected1 and wanted
 to see her family1  as she supposed    
they thought she was dead by that time3 
and withal  informed me that she lived  
forty miles from ,london4 ,but ,i did   
not ask  her name1 thinking it would be 
an impertinent question1 and esteemed   
unpolite4    ,at length we arrived at   
,abbeville1 where we supped2 and as our 
lady  found she could not have a        
post-chaise till the next ,monday1 and  
as  she felt much refreshed by her      
supper1 she concluded to take the stage 
again4 ,we travelled all night1 and     
arrived in the morning at ,montreul1    
where we viewed the town and went to    
breakfast4    ,this town is situated on 
a high hill1 and is strongly fortified  
with  great walls1 intrenchments1 c4    

,there are some good buildings in it1   
and many genteel inhabitants4    ,from  
,montreul we went to ,boulogn1 where we 
were obliged to dine at too  early an   
hour1 viz4 at about eleven4 ,many of us 
had an inclination  not to dine at all2 
but on being informed that there would  
be no other  dinner for us1 we          
consented4 ,we left this place about    
twelve1 and  arrived at ,calais at about
 four in the afternoon1 much fatigued   
with  our journey4    ,as we had rode   
all night1 we escaped being haunted by  
the beggars1  which ,i have spoken of in
 the beginning of this ,tour2 and from  
hence  it did not cost me quite so much 
to come from ,paris as it did to go     
there4    ,we drank tea and supped at   
the hotel in ,calais1 and were visited  
again  by the same monk or priest1 who  
had begged of me at the hotel before4   
,we gave him some money1 and he         
pronounced a blessing1 and departed4    
,as the tide was down1 we were not able 
to set off for ,dover till  late in the 

evening4 ,at about nine we were obliged 
to go down near  the vessel1 and tarry  
till it was high-water1 because we had  
to pass  through several gates that the 
people were ordered to shut at that     
hour4    ,we stayed at a public-house1  
where we drank punch1 negus1 c4 and at  
about eleven we embarked for ,dover1 and
 arrived at our desired haven  about    
four the next morning1 having had a very
 pleasant and agreeable  passage4 ,but  
as it was low water when we came to     
,dover1 we were obliged  to go ashore in
 a boat1 and to pay three shillings     
a-piece to the  boatman for carrying us 
about half a mile4    ,whilst ,i was on 
the way to and from ,paris1 we had some 
warm debates  upon several philosophical
 subjects1 viz4 ,chymestry1 electricity1
  the cause of earthquakes1 the         
variation of the compass2 the formation1
  preservation1 and dissolution of the  
human body1 c4 and1 although ,i do  not 
take much delight in arguments1 but have
 rather endeavoured to shun  and avoid  

them as much as possible2 yet inasmuch  
as ,i had begun upon  a good basis1 and 
found myself violently opposed1 ,i stood
 my ground1  supported and maintained my
 cause1 and at last had the satisfaction
 of  seeing my opponents convinced of   
their error4          ,,chap4 ,,xxiv4   
,further ,claims on our                 
,bounty4--,french ,coin exchanged for   
,english4--,views the ,castle and ,town 
of ,dover4--,arrives at                 
,canterbury4--,a ,description of the    
,abbey4--,comes to ,rochester1 and   at 
length reaches ,piccadilly4        ,july
 #bf4    ,when we had arrived at ,dover 
we breakfasted at the hotel1 where the  
captain of the vessel1 the steward1     
porters1 c4 came and begged of us4  ,we 
gave the captain half a crown a-piece1  
and something to the rest of  the       
beggars2 but were now obliged to get our
 ,french money changed for  ,english1   
and to lose considerably by the         
exchange4    ,afterwards we walked upon 
the ,high-lands at ,dover1 and viewed   

the  castle and the town3 and when the  
tide was up1 our vessel arrived with    
our baggage3 our trunks were searched at
 the ,custom-house1 and one in  our     
company1 who had brought a number of    
prints from ,paris1 had them  seized1   
because they were prohibited goods4 ,a  
thing he said he did not  know till they
 were taken from him4 ,he told me they  
were worth about  thirty pounds4        
,when our business was done at the      
,custom-house1 we returned to the       
hotel1 where our lady1 the lawyer1 and  
one of the merchants1 set off  in a     
post-chaise for ,london1 because they   
had not paid their fare any  further    
than to ,calais1 and could travel faster
 in the chaise than  they could in the  
diligences4 ,i told the lady before we  
parted1 that  ,i intended to give the   
public a narration of my journey4 ,she  
prayed ,i  would let her have one1 and  
promised to call on me when she came to 
,london4    ,the two ,spanish gentlemen1
 a ,frenchman1 and two other gentlemen1 

with myself1 left ,dover about noon1 and
 dined at ,canterbury1 where  we viewed 
the abbey1 which is a very ancient and  
elegant building3 ,a  part of it has    
been built eleven hundred years4 ,we    
were there in the  time of divine       
worship4 ,they chanted the service1 and 
their vocal  and instrumental music was 
very excellent3 ,the former bishops of  
,canterbury are buried here1 and there  
are many statues and paintings in       
commemoration of ancient kings1 bishops1
 and generals4    ,before we left the   
hotel we were obliged to pay for the    
wine we had  drank4    ,at about ten in 
the evening we came to ,rochester1 where
 we called for  supper3 but were        
informed that if we had one we must pay 
for a part of  it1 as the money was all 
exhausted that we had paid for our      
passages  and entertainment1 excepting  
five shillings4 ,we had a supper1 and   
paid an extravagent price for it1 but   
were careful to have the five  shillings
 deducted4    ,after we had supped1 we  

pursued our journey1 and arrived at the 
,white  ,bear ,inn1 ,piccadilly1 about  
five the next morning1 greatly fatigued2
  as we had been but about eighty-nine  
hours upon our journey1 which is        
nineteen hours short of the time        
commonly allowed for the performance    
thereof4 ,i had not been in bed for     
three nights1 only ,i lay down a few    
minutes on a mattress when we were      
crossing the ,english ,channel4    ,i do
 not think that the owners of the       
diligences can afford to carry  people  
to and from ,paris for a less sum than  
what they demand1 nor to  give better   
entertainment than such as we received1 
as it is a great  distance1 and half a  
guinea is given1 out of five for the    
conveyance  of a passenger over the     
,english ,channel3 but people ought to  
know how  they are to fare before they  
set off to ,france2 and for that reason 
,i  have been more minute in many       
circumstances1 than at first sight might
  appear to some to be necessary4       

,,chap4 ,,xxv4     ,definition of       
,liberty4--,all have a ,right to it1 but
 some deprive   themselves of that      
,right by their own ,conduct1 and some  
by the   ,conduct of others4--,of the   
,duty of ,nations4--,the evil ,effects  
of bad   ,constitutions4--,of the       
,french ,revolution4--,the happy        
,condition of the   ,british ,empire4   
,as liberty consists in the free        
exercise of our religion1 the enjoyment 
of our rights1 and the profits of our   
labour1 with the protection of  our     
persons and properties1 it is a         
privilege of an immense value4 ,and  as 
it is the natural right of every man1 it
 is our indespensible duty  to seek     
after it1 whenever we are deprived of   
its benefits4 ,but we find  that many   
deprive themselves of liberty by their  
own evil conduct--by  breaking the good 
and wholesome laws of the land1 by doing
 things  dishonourable to the ,creator1 
and injurious to mankind4 ,thus thieves1
  robbers1 murderers1 c4 destroy their  

own freedom by their vicious  behaviour2
 and expose themselves1 not only to     
confinement1 but to more  severe        
punishments4    ,we also find1 that many
 are deprived of liberty by the inhuman 
conduct  of tyrants1 who oppress and    
persecute those over whom they have     
usurped  dominion and power1 by taking  
from them the liberty of conscience1 and
  loading them with burthens which they 
are unable to bear4    ,it is the duty  
of every nation to guard against all    
these evils2 and  from hence arises the 
necessity of having a good constitution 
and  system of laws in every kingdom or 
state2 binding upon all ranks1  orders1 
and degrees of men4 ,hence also arises  
the necessity of having  kings1         
counsellors1 governors1 magistrates1 and
 other officers  appointed for the      
administration of justice1 and the      
preservation of  public tranquillity4   
,various constitutions and systems of   
laws have been framed and  established  
amongst different nations2 and where    

ignorance and  superstition have reigned
 triumphant1 the constitution and laws  
have  been very deficient1 so that      
things have been established and        
practised  that were repugnant to the   
principles of justice and humanity4     
,what  numerous multitudes have been    
massacred for a difference of opinion   
in matters of religion and modes of     
worship6 ,and how many thousands  have  
worn out their days in vassalage and    
slavery1 because laws have  been made   
contrary to the requisitions of the     
great law of reason6  ,but whenever the 
minds of the people are illuminated1 and
 the clouds  of darkness1 ignorance and 
superstition are dispelled1 the spirit  
of liberty breaks forth like the sun in 
its meridian splendor4 ,the             
constitutions are altered1 oppressive   
laws abolished1 the bands of  tyranny   
and oppression are broken asunder1      
distressed objects are  discharged from 
confinement1 the liberal and mechanical 
arts and  sciences thrive and flourish1 

and all enjoy those liberties which are 
the natural right of every man4    ,the 
illumination of the minds of the people 
in ,france1 has been  productive of the 
great and glorious ,revolution2 of the  
forming of  a new constitution1 the     
enacting of new laws1 and the abolishing
 of  those things that were repugnant to
 the interest and prosperity of the     
kingdom4 ,how pleasing must it be to see
 both the ,king and the ,national       
,assembly unite together in establishing
 the new constitution1 and in  promoting
 whatever may conduce to the good of the
 nation1 and benefit  of mankind in     
general6 ,may the flame of liberty1 like
 the refulgent  beams of the sun1 be    
extended over the face of the whole     
globe2 and  may all nations partake of  
the great and glorious blessings of     
natural  freedom6    ,and with pleasure 
we recollect1 that once in the ,british 
,empire1 the  inhabitants1 fired with   
the love of liberty1 drove ignorance1   
darkness1  and superstition before them2

 made a glorious stand for their rights1
  and were thereby brought into a happy 
situation4 ,we are now blest with  a    
good king1 with good rulers1 and with a 
good constitution and system  of        
laws4--,here a man enjoys a free        
toleration of religion4--,here he  is   
rewarded for his labour4--,here he is   
protected in his person and             
property4--,here agriculture1           
navigation1 trade1 commerce1            
architecture1  and the manufactories    
thrive and flourish2 and the nation has 
arrived  to an inconceivable pitch of   
grandeur and affluence4 ,our            
constitution1  being pregnant with a    
variety of privileges1 is admired by    
distant  nations3 foreigners come from  
afar1 and find shelter and protection1  
liberty and freedom1 under our          
government6          ,,chap4 ,,xxvi4    
,,the ,,great      ,,constitution       
,,of      ,,liberty1      ,founded upon 
the ,principles of ,justice1    and the 
,laws of ,humanity4      ,every         

constitution and system of laws ought to
 be constructed upon the  principles of 
justice and humanity1 which will ensure 
the rights of a  king1 and the peace1   
liberty1 and happiness of his subjects4 
,i shall  therefore beg leave to        
observe3    #a4 ,that every man has a   
legal right to perform religious worship
  according to the dictates of his      
conscience1 at such times and places  as
 shall be most agreeable to himself2    
providing he doth not injure  others in 
their persons1 characters1 or           
properties4    #b4 ,that it is unlawful 
to persecute any of the human race1 for 
a  difference of opinion in matters of  
religion or modes of worship4    #c4    
,that public teachers are needful to    
instruct people in the  principles of   
religion and morality4    #d4 ,that good
 rulers1 both in church and state1 ought
 to be reasonably  rewarded for their   
services1 out of the public funds2 and  
impowered to  remove officers for       
malconduct2 and1 by and with the advice 

and consent  of the body corporate1 to  
expel members for vicious practices4    
#e4 ,that the freedom of speech1 and the
 liberty of the press1 are the  natural 
rights of every man1 providing he doth  
not injure himself nor  others by his   
conversation1 or publications4    #f4   
,that legislative and executive         
officers1 consisting of kings1          
counsellors1 governors1 judges1         
magistrates1 representatives1 and other 
rulers1 are necessary to make and       
execute laws for the preservation of    
the public tranquillity in empires1     
kingdoms1 and states4    #g4 ,that it is
 unlawful for rulers to make and execute
 laws repugnant to  those of the great  
,governor of the universe1 or           
destructive to the  peace and prosperity
 of the community at large4    #h4 ,that
 the people have a right to chuse and   
send delegates1 to  represent their     
state and condition in a legislative    
assembly4    #i4 ,that a legislative    
body ought to consist of a mixture of   

monarchical1 aristocratical1 and        
democratical governments1 and be        
divided into three branches1 as that of 
a king1 lords1 and commons4    #aj4     
,that each branch ought to have a       
negative voice on the other  branches2  
and no bill ought to be passed into a   
law without the advice  and consent of1 
at least1 two-thirds of the members of  
two of the  branches of the legislature4
    #aa4 ,that legislators ought to meet
 once in a year1 and as much oftener  as
 the circumstances of the nation may    
require1 at such times and  places as   
may be most convenient4    #ab4 ,that   
the people have a right to petition the 
legislature for a  redress of           
grievances4    #ac4 ,that every branch  
of an empire ought to be subject to the 
supreme  legislative head of a nation3  
,to render all proper honour and        
obedience  to the king1 and to all in   
authority1 and to be subordinate to the 
good  and wholesome laws of the land4   
#ad4 ,that a king ought to be considered

 as the first supreme legislative  and  
executive officer in a kingdom1 and to  
be empowered to grant  pardons to       
criminals whenever it may be needful4   
,he has a right to a  free liberty of   
conscience2 to protection in his person1
 character1 and  property2 to rule and  
govern his people according to the      
constitution1  statutes1 laws and       
ordinances of his realm2 to that honour 
and  obedience that is due to personages
 in such an exalted station2 and to     
such a revenue as his circumstances may 
require1 and his subjects be  able to   
raise4    #ae4 ,that no man ought to be 
chosen into office1 unless he is endowed
  with wisdom and knowledge1 and can be 
well recommended for good works  and    
pious actions4    #af4 ,that it is      
lawful to confer titles of honour upon1 
and to give  rewards to such persons as 
may merit them1 by their vigorous       
exertions  and good conduct4    #ag4    
,that legislators ought to be exempted  
from being arrested for debt1  whilst   

they are passing to1 remain at1 and are 
returning from the  legislative         
assemblies1 because an arrestment would 
impede the public  service4    #ah4     
,that courts of justice ought to be     
established1 and justice  administered  
to all1 without respect of persons4     
#ai4 ,that every man ought to be allowed
 a trial by jury4    #bj4 ,that those   
under confinement ought to know what    
they are confined  for2 who their       
accusers are2 not be compelled to bear  
witness against  themselves2 be allowed 
to bring evidence1 with the benefit of  
counsel2  and should not be condemned1  
unless found guilty by the testimony of 
two or three credible witnesses4    #ba4
 ,that excessive bail ought never to be 
demanded1 excessive fines  required1 nor
 excessive punishments inflicted4       
#bb4 ,that criminals under confinement1 
ought to have no punishment  laid upon  
them1 but that which is requisite for   
the securing of their  bodies2 unless   
after they have been found guilty1 it is

 ordered by the  judges1 agreeable to   
the laws of the land4    #bc4 ,that no  
man ought to be imprisoned for debt1    
providing he gives up  his property to  
his creditors1 and has not waited his   
time in idleness1  nor his estate by    
intemperance1 gaming1 or any other      
vicious practice4    #bd4 ,that persons 
falsely imprisoned1 ought to be         
immediately liberated1  and to have     
ample satisfaction for the injuries they
 have received2 and  those guilty of the
 abomination of confining the innocent1 
ought to be  severely punished for their
 atrocious conduct4    #be4 ,that every 
one who is a subject of taxation1 ought 
to be allowed to  vote for a            
representative4    #bf4 ,that every man 
ought to be taxed in proportion to his  
abilities4    #bg4 ,that the power of   
levying and collecting taxes1 duties1   
imposts1  c4 with that of coining money1
 emitting bills of credit1 borrowing    
money for the public use1 entering into 
treaties and alliances with  foreign    

powers1 appointing1 commissioning1 and  
sending of ambassadors1  ministers1     
consuls1 messengers1 c4 belongs to the  
legislature4    #bh4 ,that such treaties
 ought to be esteemed as a part of the  
law of the  land2 kept inviolate2 and   
whenever they are broken1 restitution   
ought  to be made to the party injured4 
#bi4 ,that as money is a defence as well
 as wisdom1 a circulating medium  ought 
to be established1 consisting of gold1  
silver1 copper1 and  bills of exchange4 
,its credit should be kept up1 and but  
one currency  established in a kingdom4 
#cj4 ,that churches ought to be built   
for the accommodation of the  people    
when they perform religious worship2    
public schools1 colleges1  academies1   
and universities erected1 for the       
promotion of literature2  hospitals     
founded for the reception of the sick2  
work-houses for the  employment of idle 
persons2 and prisons for the securing of
 thieves1  robbers1 murderers1 and other
 felons2--and societies instituted1 for 

the purpose of making further           
discoveries and improvements in the     
liberal and mechanical arts and         
sciences4    #ca4 ,that custom-houses1  
post-offices1 and post-roads1 ought to  
be  established in every kingdom and    
state4    #cb4 ,that weights and        
measures ought to be alike in every part
 of an  empire1 if not through the      
world4    #cc4 ,that all foreigners     
ought to be treated with hospitality1   
and  protected by the laws of the land4 
#cd4 ,that the heirs of an estate ought 
not to be disinherited by reason  of the
 ill conduct of their parents2 nor      
thrown out of their posts of  honour and
 profit1 in consequence of the unlawful 
behaviour of their  relations4    #ce4  
,that every author ought to have the    
benefit of his own productions1  whether
 they be upon theological1 mathematical1
 philosophical1  physical1 mechanical1  
or any other subject4    #cf4 ,that all 
officers1 whether ecclesiastical1 civil1
 or military1  with every other person1 

ought to guard against sedition1        
treason1  rebellion1 and every thing    
that may tend to sow discord amongst    
brethren1 destroy the public            
tranquillity1 and make mankind unhappy4 
,thus have ,i framed a ,,constitution1  
which appears to me to  be according to 
the law of reason1 and the dictates of  
sound policy4  ,perhaps some things have
 escaped my observation1 that might     
justly be  added4 ,however1 ,i believe  
that one calculated and established upon
  these principles1 would secure the    
rights of kings and those of their      
subjects1 which is all that any rational
 person can desire4          ,,chap4    
,,xxvii4     ,of the impossibility of   
framing a ,constitution that will please
 every   ,body4--,anecdote of two       
,irishmen4--,the ,rights of ,kings1 and 
,liberties   of their ,subjects1 ought  
to be secured by a good ,constitution   
and   ,system of ,laws4--,story of the  
,parson's ,wig4--,thoughts on the ,mode 
of   chusing ,representatives4--,the    

,happiness of the ,people ought to be   
promoted4      ,i cannot expect my      
political sentiments will please every  
body1 let  them be ever so well founded 
on reason2 for there are such a number  
of  discontented mortals in the world1  
who lust after dominion and power1  and 
such multitudes that do not wish to be  
under any government at all1  that      
should the ,angel ,gabriel frame and    
send a ,constitution from  ,heaven1 some
 would be found to murmur at it4        
,many are of such a craving temper and  
disposition1 that they would  engross   
the whole world to themselves1 and rule 
and govern it1 were it  in their power4 
,the ambition of some men is almost     
boundless4--,this  brings to my mind an 
anecdote of two ,irishmen1 who being    
intoxicated  with liquor at an inn1     
began to think that they were masters of
 the  whole globe1 and agreed to divide 
it equally between themselves3 but  as  
the intoxication increased1 one of them1
 who was of a very craving  disposition1

 concluded that he had the best right to
 the world1 and  swore that he would    
have it all to himself2 whilst the other
 contended1  that he was justly entitled
 to one half of it1 and wanted no more  
than  his right4 ,at last they settled  
the matter by a number of heavy blows2  
but whether the world was at last to be 
equally divided1 or whether  one was to 
have it all1 and the other no part of   
it1 ,i have forgot1  although ,i had my 
information from a gentleman who was    
witness to this  very singular contest1 
and knew something of our wise          
combatants4    ,the same temper and     
disposition amongst others1 has         
prevailed too  much in the world2 and   
has sometimes broke out into such acts  
of  violence1 that kings and nobles have
 been deprived of their rights1  and    
oftentimes the people at large of       
theirs4 ,a monarch may crave the        
estates1 and all the profits of the     
labours of his subjects2 and1 on  the   
contrary1 the people may crave those    

things that legally belong  to their    
king2 and1 by acts of violence and      
injustice1 both may lose  their rights4 
,but both of these extremes ought to be 
carefully guarded  against1 and the     
rights of kings1 and those of their     
subjects1 secured  by a good            
,constitution and system of laws4 ,is it
 not strange that  mortal men1 who can  
abide but a very short time in this     
troublesome  world1 should be so craving
 as to lust after more riches1 honours  
and  profits1 than they can enjoy1 or   
that can possibly do them any good8     
,why doth the miser all his cares       
employ1      ,to gain those riches that 
he can't enjoy8    ,when the powers of  
legislation are lodged altogether in one
 man1  and the nobles and other         
inhabitants of a country are shut out   
from  having any voice in the making of 
laws2 or when the powers are in the     
nobles1 or in the people only1 it will  
naturally generate a spirit of          
discontent amongst those who have not a 

share in that power4 ,will not a  king  
feel very uneasy1 if he has no part of  
the legislative power8 ,will  not the   
nobles be discontented1 if they have no 
part of it8 ,and1 will  not the people  
murmur1 if they have no share in the    
same8 ,therefore1  to prevent           
uneasiness1 and promote a spirit of     
union and harmony in  empires1 kingdoms 
and states1 it is best1 in my opinion1  
to have a  mixture of monarchy1         
aristocracy1 and democracy in every     
legislative  body1 like the parliament  
of ,great ,britain4    ,the things of   
this world are so mutable1 that we      
cannot foretel what  constitutions may  
be established hereafter4 ,and although 
an astronomer  can determine the        
revolutions and rotations of the        
rambling planets1  and point out the    
directions1 stations1 and               
retrogradations of the  luminaries of   
heaven1 for thousands of years to come2 
yet he cannot  foretel what will be done
 hereafter1 even in his own country1 or 

in  any other part of the globe1 in     
regard to the overturning1 altering1    
framing1 and establishing of            
constitutions1 kingdoms1 or states4 ,it 
is  probable that there may be          
alterations in these things2 and perhaps
  the future generations may have a     
greater knowledge in politics than  the 
present1 and be able to frame better    
modes of government than the  nations   
are in this age3 for if the knowledge of
 philosophy increases  in the world1 and
 the glorious sun-shine of liberty and  
freedom  breaks forth1 the clouds of    
darkness and ignorance will be          
dispelled1  atheism1 superstition and   
idolatry will wear away1 and the people 
be  freed from those burthens and       
impositions that involve many1 in the   
dark and benighted corners of the globe1
 in vassalage and slavery6  ,it is      
probable they will discover that some   
constitutions have been  deficient1 and 
be able to correct and amend whatever   
has been amiss4    ,but such is the     

changeableness and discontented tempers 
of many1 that  they would be for ever   
altering that which is even good and    
complete1  and so alter till they spoil 
it1--like the minister's wig2 an account
  of which ,i will just relate as ,i    
received it4    ,a ,reverend ,divine    
having lost his hair in his old age1    
bought a large  white wig to cover his  
naked head2 but it displeased his       
auditors  to that degree that they had a
 church-meeting on the subject1 and     
concluded that the wearing of such a    
large wig was idolatry1 and  accordingly
 sent a committee to their ,reverend    
,pastor1 to acquaint  him that his      
congregation was much displeased1 c4 ,he
 told them that  he did not wish to have
 any uneasiness about the wig1 and if   
they  thought it was too large they     
might make it smaller2 and delivered  it
 to the committee1 who laid it before   
the congregation to have it  altered2   
when one cut off a lock of hair in one  
place1 and another in  another1 c4 till 

the wig was utterly spoilt4 ,at length  
they agreed  that it was fit to be seen 
in the pulpit1 whereupon it was returned
 to  the owner2 who said it could not   
now be idolatry to wear the wig1 for  it
 had not the likeness of any thing in   
,heaven or ,earth4--,just  so it is with
 a constitution that is constructed in  
the best manner2  it will not suit every
 one2 and if it is clipped by every     
discontented  mortal1 it will be wholly 
ruined1 like the ,reverend ,divine's    
wig4    ,there is a vanity that ,i have 
seen under the sun1 and have often      
wondered that it has not been suppressed
 in this enlightened age4 ,i  mean the  
unjustifiable mode of chusing           
legislators in some parts of the  globe4
    ,when the people are called upon to 
chuse their representatives1 a  number  
will put up in some public place1 when  
perhaps not more than one  or two is to 
be chosen4 ,there scaffolds must be     
erected1 publications  sent forth1 mobs 
convened day after day1 harangues       

delivered1 and  many thousands spent to 
induce the freeholders to chuse their   
delegates--when the whole of the work   
might be completed in half a day1  by   
the people's assembling at the places   
appointed for the performance  of       
religious worship1 and carrying in their
 votes1 in writing1 to the  clerk of    
every parish1 who might easily send them
 to some person that  might be          
authorised in the county to receive and 
count the same1 and  to promulgate who  
has the greatest number1 or who the     
people have  chosen for their           
legislators4 ,would not this mode take  
up less time1 be  much easier to the    
people1 and much more commendable1 and  
beneficial  to the community1 than to   
have the freeholders fatigue themselves 
by  coming a great distance1 wasting    
their time by being kept from their     
employments1 day after day2 quarrelling 
and wrangling about the choice  of a    
representative8 or1 than to have the    
candidates for such places  waste their 

estates by keeping open houses1 giving  
away victuals1  drink1 ribbands1        
cockades1 c4 till they have ruined      
themselves1  families1 and creditors8   
,,the    ,,epistle    ,of the ,,author4 
,,chap4 ,,xxviii4    ,a ,description of 
the ,road to ,liberty4      ,to all     
people1 nations1 and languages1 that    
dwell in all the world4    #b4 ,grace1  
mercy1 and peace be multiplied unto you4
    #c4 ,it hath seemed good unto me to 
promulgate this ,epistle1 and to  make  
known thereby the genuine description of
 the road which leads to  that liberty  
which is destitute of licentiousness4   
#d4 ,to mention those things that will  
make you comfortable in this life1  and 
conduct you in the way to everlasting   
felicity in the realms of  immortal     
bliss and happiness4    #e4 ,i beseech  
you1 therefore1 to remember that        
atheism1 superstition1  idolatry1       
sedition1 treason1 rebellion1           
covetousness1 theft1 robbery1  murder1  
intemperance1 debauchery1 bad language1 

gaming1 idleness1  and all kinds of     
vice1 will carry you out of the road    
that leads to  liberty1 and involve you 
in destruction and misery4    #f4 ,shun1
 therefore1 all kinds of vice and       
immorality1 and walk in the  pleasant   
paths of piety and virtue1 which will   
establish your freedom  on a parmanent  
basis4    #g4 ,let those who doubt the  
existence of a ,supreme ,being2 and1    
those  who worship the sun1 moon1 or    
stars2--the birds1 beasts1 or           
fishes2--or  idols made by the hands of 
men1 contemplate upon the works of the  
visible creation2 which will naturally  
convince them of their error1  and      
excite them to pay homage and adoration 
to ,him1 who  created1 upholds1 and     
governs the universe1 and is the only   
proper  object of religious worship4    
#h4 ,avoid contentions1 divisions and   
animosities1 which too frequently       
terminate in bloodshed and devaluation4 
#i4 ,follow peace with all men2 break   
not your oaths of allegiance1  fulfil   

your obligations2 fear ,god1 honour the 
king1 and those in  authority1 and be   
subordinate to the good and wholesome   
laws of the  kingdom or state in which  
you reside4    #aj4 ,walk honestly2     
render to all their dues2 pay your      
debts1 and your  proportion of the      
public taxes4    #aa4 ,be kind to the   
poor and needy1 relieve the oppressed1  
visit the  sick1 bury the dead1 feed the
 hungry1 clothe the naked2 and shew     
acts of kindness1 charity1 and humanity 
to strangers1 captives1 and  prisoners4 
#ab4 ,love yourselves1 your families1   
and your neighbours2 do good to  your   
enemies2 avenge not yourselves4    #ac4 
,be not high-minded in prosperity1 but  
patient in adversity4    #ad4 ,cultivate
 and improve the liberal and mechanical 
arts and sciences1  and promote every   
thing that may tend to make mankind     
happy4    #ae4 ,be careful of your      
credit1 your time1 and your money2 shun 
bad  company1 use not bad language1 be  
not idle1 waste not your estate  in     

superfluities1 be temperate and         
exemplary in your lives and             
conversations4    #af4 ,shun the        
pollutions that are in the world1       
suppress that which is  evil2 do as you 
would be done by1 and continually follow
 that which is  good3 then will ye be in
 the road that leads to liberty4    #ag4
 ,grace1 mercy1 and peace be multiplied 
unto you all1 ,amen4     ,this ,epistle 
of the ,author1 was written from        
,anglia1 to the inhabitants of the      
world4      ,,finis4